cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Dissipation inside Turbulent Convection Zones from 3D Simulations of Solar Convection

The development of 2D and 3D simulations of solar convection has lead to a picture of convection quite unlike the usually assumed Kolmogorov spectrum turbulent flow. We investigate the impact of this changed structure on the dissipation properties of the convection zone, parametrized by an effective viscosity coefficient. We use an expansion treatment developed by Goodman & Oh 1997, applied to a numerical model of solar convection (Robinson et al. 2003) to calculate an effective viscosity as a function of frequency and compare this to currently existing prescriptions based on the assumption of Kolmogorov turbulence (Zahn 1966, Goldreich & Keeley 1977). The results match quite closely a linear scaling with period, even though this same formalism applied to a Kolmogorov spectrum of eddies gives a scaling with power-law index of 5/3.
Can tidal tomography be used to unravel the long‐wavelength structure of the lunar interior?

[1] The Moon displays a number of hemispherically asymmetric features that may be related to long-wavelength structure and dynamics in the lunar mantle. Here we propose to use observations of the non-degree-2 gravitational response of the Moon to degree-2 tidal forcing to constrain the long-wavelength lunar mantle structure. For a planetary body with laterally varying structure, degree-2 tidal forces excite gravitational response at non-degree-2 harmonics due to mode coupling effects. Using a new numerical model, we determine that for a lunar mantle with ∼5% hemispherical variations in seismic shear wave velocityVs, the degree-3 response could reach ∼2% of the degree-2 response. The larger the hemispherical variations inVs, the larger the degree-3 response. We suggest that if observations from recent lunar missions such as SELENA and GRAIL could be used to determine the non-degree-2 tidal response, it might be possible to place constraints on the lunar mantle structure.
1,2,3-Oxadiazole

[288-43-7] C2H2N2O (MW 70.06) InChI = 1S/C2H2N2O/c1-2-5-4-3-1/h1-2H InChIKey = WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,5-electrocyclic ring opening3; 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition7 with alkynes and nitrous oxide)
The Caddo Chiefdoms: Caddo Economics and Politics, 700‐1835

The Caddo Chiefdoms: Caddo Economics and Politics, 700-1835. David La Vere. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 198 pp.
Neuromuscular Transmission—The Transmitter-Receptor Combination

Our understanding of neuromuscular transmission has improved greatly since the classic experiments of Claude Bernard (1856) showing that injection of curare produced paralysis in frog leg muscle and that the curare-poisoned leg muscle could not be stimulated electrically via its nerve, but was fully sensitive to direct electrical stimulation. Almost 50 years later, Langley (1906) demonstrated that nicotine stimulated skeletal muscles and its action was blocked by curare, and introduced the term “receptive substance” to define the site of action of these drugs. Evidence of cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles was obtained by Dale et al. (1936), who recovered ACh from the perfusate of neuromuscular preparations following nerve stimulation and produced twitchlike contraction in the muscle following close arterial injection of ACh. Until recently, the notion of the AChreceptor was essentially an operational term, but opinions differed as to its precise nature. The advent of improved electrophysiological techniques, such as the microelectrode (which made intracellular recording possible) and iontophoresis (with which the amount of applied agent was controlled) as well as voltage clamp techniques, helped accumulate data essential for the models of neuromuscular transmission.
Hysterectomy, menopause, and estrogen use preceding Parkinson's disease: An exploratory case-control study

We studied the association of Parkinson's disease (PD) with type of menopause (natural or surgical), age at menopause, and postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy using a case-control design. We used the medical records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify 72 women who developed PD in Olmsted County, MN, during the twenty years 1976-1995. Each incident case was matched by age (+/- 1 year) to a general population control subject. We collected exposure data through review of the complete medical records of cases and control subjects in the system. PD cases had undergone hysterectomy (with or without unilateral oophorectomy) significantly more often than control subjects (odds ratio [OR] = 3.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-10.77). In addition, PD cases had experienced early menopause (< or = 46 years) more commonly than control subjects (OR = 2.18; 95% CI = 0.88-5.39). Finally, PD cases had used estrogens orally or parenterally for at least 6 months after menopause less frequently (8%) than control subjects (14%; OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.12-1.85). However, the findings for early menopause and estrogen replacement therapy were not statistically significant. Despite the limited sample size of this exploratory study, we hypothesize that there is an increased risk of PD in conditions causing an early reduction in endogenous estrogen. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed in a larger study.
Microstructural characterization of metamorphic magnetite crystals with implications for oxygen isotope distribution

The microstructures of magnetite crystals in three samples from a single outcrop of granulite-facies marble were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine how exsolution history can affect physical properties and mineral reactivity during retrograde metamorphism. The microstructure of sample 90LP9 consists of dislocation, dislocation arrays (with dislocation spacings of 100 to 500 nm), and linear channels filled with layer silicates. Acid etching and ion milling of polished 90LP9 magnetite grains show dislocation arrays clustered near grain boundaries with rheologically hard magnetite, diopside, and monticellite, but rarely near grain boundaries with softer calcite. Samples LP204-1 magnetite grains contain coherent {l{underscore}brace}100{r{underscore}brace} Al-Mn-Fe-spinel precipitates ({approximately}40 nm diameter, {approximately}1--3 nm thick, {approximately}10{sup 4} platelets/{micro}m{sup 3}) and very few dislocations. Larger, more widely spaced spinel precipitates are present in a third sample, 94AK3. Extremely low dislocation densities in powders of LP204-1 and intermediate dislocation densities in powders of 94AK3, compared with extremely high dislocation densities in powders of 90LP9, are related to strong dislocation pinning effects by precipitates. The different exsolution behavior of the three magnetite samples is attributed to small, but important, differences in Al content. Because dislocations can provide fast pathways for exchange that enhance diffusion, especially in very slowly cooledmore » rocks, these microstructural results may explain previously reported subgrain-scale oxygen isotopic heterogeneity in 90LP9 magnetite compared with relative isotopic homogeneity in LP204-1 magnetite.« less
Infrastructure, Logistics and Regulation of Transplantation: UNOS

Organ transplantation has evolved into the standard of care for patients with end-stage organ failure. Despite considering increasingly complex transplant recipients for organs recovered from donors with increasing comorbid conditions, 1-year patient survival following kidney transplantation is 97% in the United States, whereas liver transplant recipient 1-year survival is 90%. There were 16,485 kidney recipients in the United States in 2012, and 6256 patients who underwent liver transplantation. The intent of this review is to highlight the logistics required for transplantation as well as reviewing the current oversight of transplantation.
Effect of bilateral adrenalectomy on metastatic choriocarcinoma from teratoma of the testis.

Testicular cancer becomes apparent most frequently in the middle and late twenties, that is, near the height of sexual potency. This might suggest an androgenic influence. McClelland (1) performed bilateral orchiectomy in a 26-year-old man with embryonal-cell carcinoma of a testis. The clinically evident metastases vanished after a month. This patient, however, had three courses of deep roentgen therapy before being seen by McClelland. Although a large epigastric mass was present at the time of orchiectomy and disappeared thereafter, the history does not indicate whether the orchiectomy was performed in the immediate postradiation period. If it were, regression might have been due to the radiotherapy. Saleeby (2) reported disappearance of a large retroperitoneal mass from a testicular teratoma in a 50-year-old man after bilateral orchiectomy and after the delivery of 3500 r to the mass from several fields. Description of the testicular tumor fits seminoma, and radiotherapy may have accounted for the regre...
Relative Abundance of the Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), and the Apple Blotch Leafminer, P. crataegella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), on Sprayed and Unsprayed Apple Trees in Connecticut

The relative abundance of Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) and P. crataegella (Clemens) was examined on sprayed and unsprayed apple trees in Connecticut by identifying pupae collected from fallen leaves during the third leafminer generation of 1980–1982. P. crataegella dominated at eight of nine sprayed sites. By contrast, P. blancardella dominated at seven of eight unsprayed sites. The widespread occurrence of P. blancardella on apple trees and especially its dominance in one sprayed orchard contradicts published reports on its absence in Connecticut. Temporal and spatial variation in species composition at unsprayed sites is attributed partly to defoliation by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), and to the proximity of potential colonists in commercial orchards. Dominance of P. crataegella in most commercial orchards is probably related to its resistance to insecticides. The cause of P. blancardella dominance at most unsprayed sites is unknown.
Cyclic Changes in Enzyme Activity in Synchronized Mammalian Cell Cultures

Activity of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase increases intermittently in synchronized cultures of Chinese hamster cells. During G 1 phase (3 hours after mitosis), midway through S phase (7 hours after mitosis) and again in late S phase (10 hours after mitosis), rapid increases in activity were observed and correlated with a net increase in cell size and total protein. The evidence suggests that this is a general phenomenon which affects a whole population of proteins and may be the expression of an endogenous cellular rhythm.
Mercury concentrations and distribution in soil, water, mine waste leachates, and air in and around mercury mines in the Big Bend region, Texas, USA.

Samples of soil, water, mine waste leachates, soil gas, and air were collected from areas mined for mercury (Hg) and baseline sites in the Big Bend area, Texas, to evaluate potential Hg contamination in the region. Soil samples collected within 300 m of an inactive Hg mine contained elevated Hg concentrations (3.8–11 µg/g), which were considerably higher than Hg in soil collected from baseline sites (0.03–0.05 µg/g) distal (as much as 24 km) from mines. Only three soil samples collected within 300 m of the mine exceeded the probable effect concentration for Hg of 1.06 µg/g, above which harmful effects are likely to be observed in sediment-dwelling organisms. Concentrations of Hg in mine water runoff (7.9–14 ng/L) were generally higher than those found in springs and wells (0.05–3.1 ng/L), baseline streams (1.1–9.7 ng/L), and sources of drinking water (0.63–9.1 ng/L) collected in the Big Bend region. Concentrations of Hg in all water samples collected in this study were considerably below the 2,000 ng/L drinking water Hg guideline and the 770 ng/L guideline recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to protect aquatic wildlife from chronic effects of Hg. Concentrations of Hg in water leachates obtained from leaching of mine wastes varied widely from <0.001 to 760 µg of Hg in leachate/g of sample leached, but only one leachate exceeded the USEPA Hg industrial soil screening level of 31 µg/g. Concentrations of Hg in soil gas collected at mined sites (690–82,000 ng/m3) were highly elevated compared to soil gas collected from baseline sites (1.2–77 ng/m3). However, air collected from mined areas at a height of 2 m above the ground surface contained concentrations of Hg (4.9–64 ng/m3) that were considerably lower than Hg in soil gas from the mined areas. Although concentrations of Hg emitted from mine-contaminated soils and mine wastes were elevated, persistent wind in southwest Texas disperses Hg in the air within a few meters of the ground surface.
Experimental study of Perceptron-type local learning rule for Hopfield associative memory

Abstract Kamp and Hasler proposed in 1990 a Perceptron-type learning rule for storing binary patterns in the Hopfield associative memory. They also proved its convergence. In this paper this rule is evaluated experimentally. Its performance is compared with that of the commonly-used Hebb rule. Both rules are tested on a variety of randomly generated collections of library patterns parametrized by the number of patterns M in a collection, the density p of the patterns, and the measure of correlation B of the bits in a pattern. The results are evaluated on two criteria: stability of the library patterns, and error-correction ability during the recall phase. The Perceptron-type rule was found to be perfect in ensuring stability of the stored library patterns under all evaluated conditions. The Hebb rule on the other hand was found to degrade rapidly as M was increased, or the density p was decreased, or the correlation B was increased. For not too large M , the Perceptron-type rule was also found to work much better, under a variety of conditions, than the Hebb rule in correcting errors in probe vectors. The conditions, when the Perceptron-type rule worked better, included a range of pattern-densities p , a range of correlations B , and several degrees of error e in a e in a probe vector. The uniformly random case ( p = 0.5, B = 1) was the main exception when the Hebb rule systematically equalled or outperformed the Perceptron-type rule in the error-correction experiments. The experiments revealed interesting aspects of the evolution of the Perceptron-type rule. Unlike the Hebb rule, the Perceptron-type rule evolved over multiple epochs (multiple presentations of a library pattern). The error was found not to decrease monotonically, though eventually it always became zero. When M was sufficiently large, it was found that, for the uniformly random patterns, the Perceptron-type rule produced a degenerate weight matrix, whose diagonal terms dominated (stability was achieved as a byproduct).
Angular momentum selectivity in transfer reactions with heavy deformed nuclei

Abstract It is shown that transfer reaction amplitudes which lead to rotational states at high spin I are built from a constructive superposition of intermediate transitions centered about the value 1 2 I . This feature follows from the general structure of the underlying Coulomb excitation mechanism.
Transplasmalemma NADH dehydrogenase is inhibited by actinomycin D.

Summary Actinomycin D and puromycin inhibit the NADH dehydrogenase activity of mouse liver and pig erythrocyte plasma membrane. Actinomycin is effective at 10−6 M and inhibits the transmembrane ferricyanide reduction by whole erythrocytes. The NADH dehydrogenase of endoplasmic reticulum is not inhibited. Puromycin inhibits the plasma membrane dehydrogenase but does not inhibit ferricyanide reduction by whole erythrocytes. Effects of these drugs on metabolism after short term exposure may be mediated through the plasma membrane dehydrogenase.
Help-seeking for premenstrual symptomatology: a description of women's experiences.

The new consumer‐oriented literature on PMS both directly and indirectly suggests that the health care system, and in particular physicians, offer little acknowledgement, understanding or assistance to women seeking care for perimenstrual distress. In fact clinical reports point to disrespectful, dismissing and antagonistic attitudes on the part of health care providers as an important stress for women seeking help. Although some writers claim that physician bias and female stereotypes pervade all aspects of women's health care, others charge that gynecological and reproductive health care is even more prone to these abuses because of the nature of the problems. This pilot study was conducted to explore the experiences of women seeking help for premenstrual symptomatology. The sample consisted of 83 women who attended an evening lecture on premenstrual symptoms sponsored by a local civic group. Single, brief overview questions were used to obtain general information about symptoms, experiences with the he...
Mapping the mental space of rectangles.

The cognitive structure of a shape space--the space of rectangles--is explored by a nonmetric scaling technique. Our experiment was designed to extract the major transformational paths or 'modes' that characterize the mental shape space. Earlier studies of rectangle similarities using multidimensional scaling have provided conflicting evidence about whether the coordinate system of the mental rectangle space is based on height and width or on area and shape (i.e. aspect ratio). Our study reveals shape to be the single dominant factor. We suspected that earlier evidence for a height-width parameterization might have been due to the presentation of rectangles upright in a pseudo-gravitational coordinate system (whereas our rectangles are randomly rotated). In a control experiment with upright (vertical or horizontal) rectangles, the heavy bias towards shape preservation was still the dominant mode. In addition, however, a secondary bias towards change of height or width emerged, exactly following the pattern expected from the biasing change in context. This finding established a concrete path by which context and frame can influence the way shape is represented. The relevance of these findings to the cognitive organization of more complex shape spaces is discussed.
NPC1L1 and cholesterol transport.

The polytopic transmembrane protein, Niemann–Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), is enriched in the apical membrane of small intestine absorptive enterocytes where it mediates extracellular sterol transport across the brush border membrane. It is essential for intestinal sterol absorption and is the molecular target of ezetimibe, a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor that lowers blood cholesterol in humans. NPC1L1 is also highly expressed in human liver. The hepatic function of NPC1L1 may be to limit excessive biliary cholesterol loss. NPC1L1-dependent sterol uptake seems to be a clathrin-mediated endocytic process and is regulated by cellular cholesterol content. Recently, NPC1L1 inhibition has been shown to have beneficial effects on components of the metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver, in addition to atherosclerosis.
Functional Contribution of Neuronal AChR Subunits Revealed by Antisense Oligonucleotides

Although multiple related genes encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits have been identified, how each of these subunits contributes to AChRs in neurons is not known. Sympathetic neurons express four classes of AChR channels and six AChR subunit genes (alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5, alpha 7, beta 2, and beta 4). The contribution of individual subunits to AChR channel subtypes in these neurons was examined by selective deletion with antisense oligonucleotides. An alpha 3 antisense oligonucleotide decreased the number and altered the properties of the normally expressed ACh-activated channels. The remaining AChR channels have distinct biophysical and pharmacological properties that indicate an important functional contribution of the alpha 7 subunit.
ASPEN: An Advanced System for Process Engineering

Abstract The paper presents an overview of ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) which is a next-generation process simulator and economic evaluation system. The system is presently under development for use in engineering of fossil energy conversion processes.
Intrinsic birefringence in calcium fluoride and barium fluoride

We report measurements of the intrinsic birefringence in ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}$ for wavelengths in the range 365 nm to 156 nm, and ab initio optical response calculations in these materials and Si, Ge, GaAs, and GaP. Calculations typically agree within 40%. For 〈110〉 propagation, where the effect is largest, our measurements for ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}[{\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}]$ give ${n}_{〈1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}10〉}\ensuremath{-}{n}_{〈001〉}=(\ensuremath{-}11.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}[(+34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}]$ for $\ensuremath{\lambda}=156.10\mathrm{nm}.$ The magnitudes of these values have serious consequences for the use of crystalline optics in precision optical systems in the ultraviolet, including 193 nm and 157 nm optical lithography.
Stability analysis of the two compartment model of cell proliferation.

Abstract The behavior of the G0 model upon perturbation of its equilibrium state is investigated in some detail. Algebraic expressions for stability conditions of the linearized model are derived. A distribution of mitotic times as well as population-dependent transition probabilities are incorporated into the analysis.
Erythromycin prolongs the QTc interval among patients with pneumonia.

Erythromycin is commonly used to treat simple community-acquired pneumonia. We measured the prolongation in QTc intervals in EKGs associated with intravenous erythromycin administration among patients hospitalized for simple pneumonia (DRGs 89 and 90). We reviewed the medical records of 50 patients who received at least 5 days of intravenous erythromycin, and found 15 with readable paired EKGs, at least one taken during the period of erythromycin administration and at least one other obtained when the patient had no erythromycin. The mean QTc interval in lead II for EKGs taken without erythromycin was 0.422 s and the average prolongation of the QTc interval associated with erythromycin administration was 0.046 s (P<0.01). The administration of erythromycin was thus associated with an increase in QTc intervals to a mean of 0.468 s, a value considered to be abnormally prolonged. We conclude that erythromycin prolongs the QTc interval among patients hospitalized with pneumonia in the same manner previously reported for healthy volunteers in an experimental setting. The magnitude of this erythromycin-induced QTc prolongation raises QTc intervals into the abnormal range. Although no patient in this small study suffered an adverse effect from the QTc prolongation, the magnitude of this effect is sufficiently large to raise clinical concerns. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small domes on Venus: Probable analogs of Icelandic lava shields

On the basis of observed shapes and volumetric estimates, small, dome-like features on radar images of Venus are interpreted to be analogs of Icelandic lava-shield volcanoes. Morphometric data for Venusian domes in Aubele and Slyuta as well as measurements of representative dome volumes and areas from Tethus Regio are used to demonstrate that the characteristic aspect ratios and flank slopes of these features are consistent with a subclass of low Icelandic lava-shield volcanoes (LILS).
Esophageal atresia, distal tracheoesophageal fistula, and an air shunt that compromised mechanical ventilation

Abstract Infants with esophageal atresia and a distal tracheoesophageal fistula are predisposed to respiratory failure on the basis of prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, aspiration of saliva, and reflux of gastric contents into the tracheobronchial tree. Thoracotomy and primary repair may be delayed to allow time for complete evaluation of the infant and respiratory stabilization. Poorly compliant lungs and a large distal fistula can result in selective passage of ventilatory gases into the gastrointestinal tract with result-ant hypercarbia. Fogarty balloon occlusion of the distal esophageal segment halts this air shunt and facilitates effective mechanical ventilation.
Thermal-work strain in law enforcement personnel during chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) training

Background: Thermal safety standards for the use of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) ensembles have been established for various US occupations, but not for law enforcement personnel. Objectives: We examined thermal strain levels of 30 male US law enforcement personnel who participated in CBRN field training in Arizona, Florida, and Massachusetts. Methods: Physiological responses were examined using unobtrusive heart rate (HR) monitors and a simple thermoregulatory model to predict core temperature (Tc) using HR and environment. Results: Thermal strain levels varied by environments, activity levels, and type of CBRN ensemble. Arizona and Florida volunteers working in hot-dry and hot-humid environment indicated high heat strain (predicted max Tc.38.5uC). The cool environment of Massachusetts reduced thermal strain although thermal strains were occasionally moderate. Conclusions: The non-invasive method of using physiological monitoring and thermoregulatory modeling could improve law enforcement mission to reduce the risk of heat illness or injury.
Structures, Intramolecular Rotation Barriers, and Thermodynamic Properties (Enthalpies, Entropies and Heat Capacities) of Chlorinated Methyl Hydroperoxides (CH2ClOOH, CHCl2OOH, and CCl3OOH)

Chlorinated methyl hydroperoxides are important intermediates in the oxidation, combustion, and atmospheric photochemistry of chlorocarbons. The thermochemical property data on these oxy-chlorocarbon species are important for understanding their stability, reaction paths, and kinetics. Enthalpy, , entropy, , and heat capacities, Cp(T) (300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500), are determined for monochloromethyl hydroperoxide, dichloromethyl hydroperoxide, and trichloromethyl hydroperoxide using density functional B3LYP/6−31 G(d,p), and B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p), ab initio QCISD(T)/6-31G(d,p), and the composite CBSQ//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculation methods (abbreviated as CBSQ//B3**). The molecular structures and vibration frequencies are determined at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) density functional calculation level, with single point calculations for energy at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p), QCISD(T)/6-31G(d,p) and CBSQ//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) levels. The vibration frequencies are scaled for zero point energies and for thermal corrections. The enthalp...
Estimation of the electrical parameters of spinal motoneurons using impedance measurements.

Electrical parameters of spinal motoneurons were estimated by optimizing the parameters of motoneuron models to match experimentally determined impedance functions with those of the models. The mod...
Analysis of 1970-1995 Trends in Tropospheric Ozone at Northern Hemisphere Midlatitudes with the GEOS-CHEM Model

I ] The causes of trends in tropospheric ozone at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes from 1970 to 1995 are investigated with the GEOS-CHEM model, a global three-dimensional model of the troposphere driven by assimilated meteorological observations from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS). This model is used to investigate the sensitivity of tropospheric ozone with respect to (1) changes in the anthropogenic emission of nitrogen oxides and nonmethane hydrocarbons, (2) increases in methane concentrations, (3) variations in the stratospheric source of ozone, (4) changes in solar radiation resulting from stratospheric ozone depletion, and ( 5 ) increases in tropospheric temperatures. Model results indicate that local increases in NO, emissions have caused most of the increases seen in lower tropospheric ozone over Europe and Japan. Increases in methane are responsible for roughly one fifth of the anthropogenically induced increase in tropospheric ozone at northern midlatitudes. However, changes in ozone precursors do not adequately explain either the spatial differences in observed ozone trends across midlatitudes or the observed decreases in ozone over Canada throughout the troposphere. We argue that ozone depletion in the lowermost stratosphere is likely to have reduced the stratospheric source by as much as 30% from the early 1970s to the mid 1990s. Model simulations that account for such a reduction along with reported changes in anthropogenic emissions show steep declines of ozone in the upper troposphere and variable increases in the lower troposphere that are more consistent with observations. Differential temperature trends in summer between North America and Europe may account for at least some of the remaining spatial variation in tropospheric ozone trends. Increases in ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion do not appear to significantly reduce tropospheric ozone, except at midlatitudes in the Southern Hemisphere following the breakup of the ozone hole.
Protein C and Protein S: Vitamin K—Dependent Inhibitors of Blood Coagulation

SELECTED CASE A 53-YEAR-OLD asymptomatic white man was evaluated for a possible thrombotic tendency after the death of his 19-year-old son from a pulmonary embolus. The father and his relatives had no history of venous thrombotic disease, but there was a history of coronary artery disease in the family. Physical examination of the father was normal. The deceased son had been athletic and was healthy until he sustained a knee injury that required surgery. His postoperative course had been uneventful for 8 weeks after the surgery, when he died suddenly. The postmortem examination revealed a massive pulmonary embolism. Testing performed on a postmortem blood sample was said to show low protein C levels. Laboratory tests showed that the father had a normal complete blood cell count and platelet count and normal results on screening coagulation tests (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen). Immunologic assays for antithrombin
Comparison of subsistence activities among natives and non‐natives in Bristol Bay, Alaska

The current debate over subsistence rights is presently one of Alaska's most volatile unresolved public policy issues. Preference has been given to subsistence uses of wild resources, but debate has raged over how to define subsistence users. The special rights of Alaskan Native communities to harvest resources have been eroded through political and legal battles that have extended subsistence harvesting rights to all rural residents (federal law) and to all state residents (state law) and that seek to individualize the eligibility criteria. This study demonstrates that there are significant behavioral differences between the subsistence activities of Native, part‐Native, and non‐Native households in Bristol Bay, Alaska. These differences are cultural in nature and are rooted in different systems for organizing relationships between people and the natural world. These differences need to be taken into account in the legal and political debates over subsistence and in resource management decisions that aff...
LEARNING FIBREOPTIC INTUBATION: USE OF SIMULATORS V. TRADITIONAL TEACHING

This study compared a graduated training programme with that of a traditional teaching method to facilitate the learning of the technique of fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation. Thirty-two anaesthesia trainees were randomly assigned to two groups. The graduated programme involved: practice on a bronchoscopy teaching model: exposure of the epiglottis and vocal cords in patients recovering from general anaesthesia; performance of fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation in awake sedated patients. The traditional programme involved: demonstration (on a patient) of one fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation by the instructor; performance of fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation (by the trainee) in awake sedated patients. Nasotracheal intubation was accomplished significantly more often by the trainess in the graduated programme (86 out of 96 (89.6%) v. 64 out of 96 (66.5%) (P
Extensor indicis proprius tendon: case report of a rare anatomic variation.

This case study describes an unusual location of the extensor indicis proprius tendon discovered during a reconstructive thumb procedure.
Broad beam attenuation measurements in lead in kilovoltage X-ray beams

Broad beam attenuation is dependent on several parameters, such as the beam energy, thickness of attenuator, distance between the detector and attenuating material, atomic number of the attenuator, and the size and the volume of the ionization chamber. Lead is a common shielding material and hence the lead attenuation was studied in the context of the distance between detector and attenuating material and the chamber volume. Lead sheets of size 30 x 30 cm2 and high purity and precise thickness of 0.1 mm to 4.5 mm were used for the broad beam attenuation measurements of X-ray beams from a Philips Super 80CP unit with the range of 50 kVp-125 kVp. Six different chambers of 6 cm3, 15 cm3, 60 cm3, 150 cm3, 180 cm3 and 600 cm3 volume from two manufacturers were used. The source to the attenuator distance was kept constant at 1 m and the distance between ionization chamber and attenuating material (Pb) was varied in the range of 0-20 cm. The results show that the broad beam attenuation depends on the distance between chamber and attenuating material for each kV and ionization chamber volume. Shorter distances between chamber and attenuating material provide higher transmission. The attenuation differences were more pronounced at lower transmission values (< 10(-3)). The choice of the detector was shown not to be a critical factor except for the large volume of the 600 cm3 ionization chamber. In conclusions, broad beam attenuation measurements used for shielding calculation is relatively independent on the measuring devices except for a very large ion chamber. However, the distance between the attenuator and the detector is critical for the accuracy of attenuation measurements especially for smaller transmission values, which are most critical for public exposure.
Effect of esophageal ligation on the development of fetal rabbit intestinal lactase

To investigate the effect of normal fetal swallowing and amniotic fluid ingestion on small intestinal disaccharidase development, 13 pregnant New Zealand White rabbits underwent operation on day 24 of a normal 31-day gestation. The right ovarian fetus in the bicornuate uterus underwent esophageal ligation (EL), while the contralateral left fetus underwent cervical exploration only, and served as the control (C). Rabbits were sacrificed on gestational day 31, fetal somatic measurements obtained, and the midjejunum removed for determination of disaccharidase activity and protein content. There was one maternal death, and 9 of 12 fetal pairs survived the entire study period (75%). Results are reported as mean +/- SEM, analyzed by two-tailed Student's t testing with P < .05 being considered significant. Fetal weight was decreased in EL (48.6 +/- 2.7 g) versus C (51.4 +/- 3.2 g) (P = .06). Small intestinal length decreased in EL (49.2 +/- 2.0 cm) versus C (54.9 +/- 1.1 cm) (P = .01). Midjejunal protein content (mg/mL homogenate) was also significantly decreased in EL (38.4 +/- 3.4) versus C (46.2 +/- 3.7) (P = .05). Sucrase activity was not detectable in either group. Lactase activity in jejunal mucosa was not effected when expressed as units of enzyme per milliliter of homogenate (EL = 0.357 +/- 0.03 v C = 0.373 +/- 0.04; P = .70) and units enzyme per gram of protein (EL = 38.8 +/- 4.2 v C = 34.2 +/- 4.6; P = .44). We have confirmed previous studies demonstrating decreases in somatic growth, small intestinal length, and mucosal nutrient transport in rabbit fetuses following esophageal ligation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The study of behaviour in personality psychology: Meaning, importance and measurement

The target paper was intended to initiate dialogue about challenges to personality psychology's progress as a truly behavioural science, and the commentaries' diverse reactions underscore the fact ...
Patient adherence and persistence with Imatinib, Nilotinib, Dasatinib in clinical practice.

Introduction The aim of this study is to evaluate adherence and persistence of patients treated with Imatinib, Nilotinib or Dasatinib, also giving economic evaluations on therapy costs for Received Daily Dose (RDD). Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, we took into account 3 years from 1st Jan. 2009 to 31st March.2012. Treatment adherence was quantified utilizing ratio between RDD and PDD (Prescribed Daily Dose). Persistence is reckoned taking into account the actual therapy days, comparing posology with supplied dose, drawing the graph using Kaplan-Meir method. Results Adherence results in values between 0.8 and 1.0 for Nilotinib (Adh = 0.93), Imatinib (Adh = 0.83) and Dasatinib (0.85). Imatinib has better persistence, 90% of patients in treatment exceed one year of treatment versus 83.3% for Nilotinib and 80% for Dasatinib. The cost per single day of treatment (cost per RDD) was € 39.41 for Imatinib, € 113.60 for Nilotinib and € 94.84 for Dasatinib. Conclusion Patients with CML have a loose of adherence both in first line with Imatinib and in second line of therapy with Dasatinib and Nilotinib. Loss of adherence remains a big problem and could be minimized by a patient-oriented project invlolving physicians, nurses, pharmacists and caregiver.
Factors contributing to job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction in six occupational groups

Abstract The taxonomy of job situations suggested by Herzberg et al. [Personnel Psychology, 1959, 18, 393–402] was used to develop two Q-sort decks of 36 statements each, one describing satisfying job situations, the other describing dissatisfying job situations. Subjects in six occupational groups used these Q-sort decks in counterbalanced order to describe previously satisfying and dissatisfying job situations. Mean job-dimension scores for each type of situation for each occupational group were computed. Also, two (one for satisfying situations, one for dissatisfying situations) person—person correlation matrices were developed for each of the six occupational groups, and Q-type factor analyses carried out on them. Results show that the Herzberg two-factor theory is a grossly oversimplified portrayal of the mechanism by which job satisfaction or dissatisfaction comes about. Satisfaction or dissatisfaction can reside in the job content, the job context, or both jointly. Moreover, certain job dimensions—notably Achievement, Responsibility, and Recognition—are more important for both satisfaction and dissatisfaction than certain other job dimensions—notably Working Conditions, Company Policies and Practices, and Security. Results of other recent studies are reviewed which, along with results of this one, lead us to conclude that the two factor theory should be laid to rest so as to reduce the danger of further research or administrative decisions being dictated by its seductive simplicity.
A Decision–Support Tool for Airline Yield Management Using Genetic Algorithms

Airline yield management has gained widespread acceptance in recent years. Yield management is used to estimate the number of passengers belonging to each fare class in order to maximize revenue-to increase profits. Forecasts of future booking for different classes and the fare for each class are assumed fixed and known. The complexity of the problem increases as additional attributes such as the effect of continued flights on pricing, ticket cancellations, and overbooking are considered. In addition, demand varies with time. Hence, to make the problem realistic, the dynamic nature of demand has to be accounted for in the model. The focus of this article is to develop a decision-support tool to estimate the number of seats allocated to each fare class in the yield management problem. This problem is formulated as a linear integer programming model. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are used as a solution technique. The model is coded using C programming language. The decision-support tool considers the effect of time-dependent demand, ticket cancellations, and overbooking policy. The results are consistent with expectations.
Alkaloids of Argemone polyanthemos, A. corymbosa, A. chisosensis, A. Sanguinea, A. Aurantiaca and general Argemone systematics☆

Abstract The alkloid contents of Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) Ownb., A. corymbosa Greene subsp. arenicola Ownb., A. chisosensis Ownb., A. sanguinea Greene, and A. aurantiaca Ownb. were determined. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Argemone and among Argemone and other genera are discussed.
Albedo of summer snow on sea ice, Ross Sea, Antarctica

[1] Surface all-wave albedo and physical parameters (grain radius, mass density, surface temperature, and stratification) of an austral summer snow cover on sea ice were measured in the Ross Sea during January-February 1999. It was observed that (1) from north to south the snow surface temperature decreases, albedo increases, snow mass density decreases, snow composite grain radius decreases, and number density of composite grains increases; (2) the size of the clusters of snow grains (i.e., melt clusters and well-bonded chains of grains), rather than the size of the individual snow grains, is the dominant parameter controlling albedo (the smaller the snow composite grain radius and the larger the number density are, the higher the albedo is); and (3) in determining the snow albedo, grain size dominates over the number density and the upper layers dominate over the lower layers. A comparison of the statistical relation between albedo and the averaged grain size shows that statistical significance is independent of the selection of the grain size averaging method. Suggestions for snow albedo parameterization are made.
Mechanical damping and dynamic modulus measurements in alumina and tungsten fibre-reinforced aluminium composites

Simultaneous measurements of mechanical damping, or internal friction (Q −1 ), and dynamic Young's modulus (E) were made near 80 kHz and at strain amplitudes (e) in the range 10−8 to 10−4 on small specimens of continuous or chopped fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs): 6061 aluminium reinforced with alumina (Al/Al2O3) and 6061 aluminium reinforced with tungsten (Al/W). Baseline experiments were also done on 99.999% aluminium (pure Al). The strain amplitude dependence of damping and the temperature dependence of dynamic modulus were of particular interest in this study. The temperature (T) dependence of the modulus from room temperature up to 475° C was determined for the Al/Al2O3 and pure Al specimens and a highly linear decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was observed. The rate of modulus loss (dE/dT ≈ −80 M Pa° C−1 ) was the same for both materials and the reduction in modulus of the Al/Al2O3 was attributed to the reduction in modulus of the alu minium matrix, not the alumina fibres. The size, type, and amount of fibre reinforcement were found to have a significant effect on the strain amplitude dependence of the damping in both MMCs. Unreinforced aluminium exhibited classical dislocation damping trends with a region of strain amplitude independent damping at low strains (less than 10−5) followed by a non linear, strain amplitude dependent region at higher strains. The addition of alumina fibres (chopped or continuous), while increasing stiffness, resulted in a significant reduction in damping capacity for the MMC relative to that for aluminium and near complete suppression of the amplitude dependent response. The damping levels increased as the volume fraction of fibre, and therefore, the amount of fibre/matrix (FM) interface decreased, indicating that the matrix, not factors such as increased dislocation densities at the FM interface, was the dominant influence on the damping. Analysis of the Al/Al2O3 results by Granato-Lucke (GL) theory indicated that dislocation densities were increased relative to those in aluminium, but the dis locations were well pinned and unable to increase damping levels effectively. Analysis of the Al/W results by GL theory also revealed high dislocation densities, but, unlike the Al/Al2O3 specimens, the Al/W specimens (continuous fibres) exhibited strong amplitude dependent damping (starting near strain levels of 2 × 10−6) with damping levels approximately twice those of pure aluminium. Trends showed increased damping with increased fibre diameter, not with increased FM interface area. There was some evidence that it was the tungsten fibre itself that dominated the damping behaviour in Al/W composites, not the aluminium matrix or the FM interface.
In vivo methylation of Escherichia coli DNA following ultraviolet and x-irradiation.

Abstract Escherichia coli 15T− (555-7) was irradiated with ultraviolet light and X-rays and the DNA examined for quantitative and qualitative changes in the methylation pattern. DNA synthesized following ultraviolet irradiation was under-methylated by approximately 25% as compared to DNA from unirradiated cells. The ratio of 6-methyladenine to 5-methylcytosine was unchanged. DNA synthesized following X-irradiation was methylated about 15% more than normal with a slight increase in the 6-methyladenine to 5-methylcytosine ratio. No additional methylation or turnover of methyl groups could be detected in parental DNA present at the time of ultraviolet or X-irradiation. E.coli 15T− (555-7) synthesized “unmethylated DNA” by growth in the absence of methionine. Ultraviolet irradiation of cells containing unmethylated DNA did not quantitatively change the ability of the cells subsequently to methylate this DNA when methionine was added to the culture. The ratio of 6-methyladenine to 5-methylcytosine in both control and ultraviolet-irradiated cells changed from 1.8 ± 0.2 when examined 15 minutes after addition of methionine to 1.4 ± 0.1, the normal value, when examined one hour after methionine was added.
Flux monitor diode radiation hardness testing

Abstract A flux monitor diode is being explored as an option for measurement of the output of an X-ray tube that is used for active transmission measurements on a pipe containing UF 6 gas. The measured flux can be used to correct for any instabilities in the X-ray tube or the high voltage power supply. For this measurement, we are using a silicon junction p–n photodiode, model AXUV100GX, developed by International Radiation Detectors, Inc. (IRD, Inc.). This diode has a silicon thickness of 104 μ and a thin (3–7 nm) silicon dioxide junction passivating, protective entrance window. These diodes have been extensively tested for radiation hardness in the UV range. However, we intend to operate mainly in the 10–40 keV X-ray region. We are performing radiation hardness testing over this energy range, with the energy spectrum that would pass through the diode during normal operation. A long-term measurement was performed at a high flux, which simulated over 80 years of operation. No significant degradation was seen over this time. Fluctuations were found to be within the 0.1% operationally acceptable error range. After irradiation, an I – V characterization showed a temporary irradiation effect which decayed over time. This effect is small because we operate the diode without external bias.