cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADC characterization of region-specific response to cerebral perfusion deficit in rats by MRI at 9.4 T.

Region-specific cerebral blood flow (CBF) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water in the rat brain were quantified in vivo by high-field MRI (9.4 T) for 6 ‐7 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Upon occlusion, average CBF fell from about 1.5‐2 ml/g/min to below 0.5 ml/g/min in cortical areas and the amygdala, and below 0.2 ml/g/min in the caudate putamen. CBF in some of the homologous contralateral areas also decreased by 20 ‐30%. Average ADC decreased from about 8 10 ‐4 to 5 10 ‐4 mm 2 /s in the caudate putamen and parietal cortex. Corresponding changes in ADC were lower in the frontal cortex and negligible in the piriform cortex, suggesting that the perfusion threshold for ADC decrease may be different for different brain regions in the same animal. The area of decreased ADC correlated well with the infarction area revealed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining of brain slices in vitro. A better understanding of the mechanisms linking ADC and CBF changes to ischemic cell disorders may prove useful in characterizing the degree of tissue damage, and in developing and evaluating treatment strategies. Magn Reson Med 47:562‐570, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predicting Reading Acquisition in High and Low IQ Groups

A developmental study completed in Germany provided the data to compare groups of children varying in second grade reading performance and IQ on language related skills in kindergarten and in second grade. This population is suited for such a developmental study, given the lack of preschool literacy knowledge in comparison to other populations. Children were first tested in phonological awareness, verbal memory, and verbal ability at age 6, before formal literacy training, and once again in second grade, when reading performance and IQ were tested. Multivariate analyses indicated interaction effects for reading performance and IQ for the memory span tests (two time points) and for the verbal ability tests (at both time points). Reading performance for children in the lower IQ range varied with verbal ability and verbal memory. Children in the higher IQ range did not differ in these two measures in relation to reading performance. The phonological awareness measures (at both time points) indicated a main effect for reading performance, but not for IQ, and no significant interaction. Phonological awareness varied with reading performance in both IQ groups. This study suggests the robustness of phonological awareness in its long term and concurrent relationship to reading performance over a wider range of general IQ levels, in comparison to other variables believed to significantly influence reading. It also suggests that there may be divergence in the importance of certain predictor and covariate factors in emergent reading among different populations of children.
A criterion for supersaturation in simultaneous gas absorption and desorption

Abstract A quantitative criterion for predicting the occurrence of supersaturation during the simultaneous countercurrent absorption and desorption of two gases was derived by means of penetration theory. Supersaturation may be followed by bubble nucleation and thus can result in an enhanced mass transfer rate.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the incidence and outcome of pulmonary hypertension.

Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) prevent the development of and reverse pulmonary hypertension (PH) in animal models. We sought to determine whether SSRIs are associated with a decreased incidence of PH in at-risk patients and whether SSRIs are associated with decreased mortality in patients with established PH. Methods In a case-control study of patients enrolled in the Surveillance of Pulmonary Hypertension in America (SOPHIA) registry, we tested whether patients without PH (no-PH group; n = 155) were more likely to be receiving SSRIs when compared to those with confirmed PH (n = 1,180). In a separate cohort study of adults with documented PH in the referral-based Pulmonary Hypertension Connection (PHC) registry (n = 542), we classified patients into categories by SSRI use, and we examined whether SSRI use was associated with decreased mortality. Results In SOPHIA, the confirmed PH group was less likely to be receiving SSRIs compared with the no-PH group (univariate odds ratio [OR], 0.56 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39 to 0.82]; p = 0.003; multivariate OR, 0.71l [95% CI, 0.48 to 1.06]; p = 0.09). In the PHC, 69 of 542 patients (13%) were receiving SSRIs at the time of referral. During a mean (± SD) follow-up period of 4.0 ± 3.1 years, 12% of patients receiving SSRIs vs 23% of patients not receiving SSRIs died (hazard ratio [HR], 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.87; p = 0.023). The association between SSRI use and decreased mortality persisted after adjusting for age, gender, etiology of PH, and obesity (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.88; p = 0.026). Conclusions SSRIs appear to be associated with a decreased development of PH and a decreased mortality in PH. These findings provide a rationale for clinical trials of SSRIs in PH.
Scheduling Parallel Manufacturing Cells with Resource Flexibility

This paper investigates the improvements in manufacturing performance that can be realized by broadening the scope of the production scheduling function to include both job sequencing and processing-time control through the deployment of a flexible resource. We consider an environment in which a set of jobs must be scheduled over a set of parallel manufacturing cells, each consisting of a single machine, where the processing time of each job depends on the amount of resource allocated to the associated cell. Two versions of the problem are introduced: a static problem in which a single resource-allocation decision is made and maintained throughout the production horizon, and a dynamic problem in which resource can be reassigned among the production cells as local bottlenecks shift. We provide mathematical formulations for each version of the problem, establish problem complexity, identify important characteristics of optimal solutions, develop optimal and heuristic solution approaches, and report the results of a set of computational experiments. The computational results demonstrate that substantial improvements in operational performance can be achieved through effective utilization of resource flexibility.
Histone deacetylase turnover and recovery in sulforaphane-treated colon cancer cells: competing actions of 14-3-3 and Pin1 in HDAC3/SMRT corepressor complex dissociation/reassembly

Background Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical evaluation as anti-cancer agents. Dietary constituents share certain properties of HDAC inhibitor drugs, including the ability to induce global histone acetylation, turn-on epigenetically-silenced genes, and trigger cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or differentiation in cancer cells. One such example is sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from the glucosinolate precursor glucoraphanin, which is abundant in broccoli. Here, we examined the time-course and reversibility of SFN-induced HDAC changes in human colon cancer cells.
A high-speed CMOS full-adder cell using a new circuit design technique-adaptively-biased pseudo-NMOS logic

A circuit design technique called adaptively biased pseudo-NMOS logic (APNL) is investigated and used in a differential-type full-adder cell design. Based on the layout and simulation results, the APNL full-adder cell is nearly 80% faster than conventional cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL) and over 30% faster than the domino CVSL circuits, while consuming comparable power and silicon area. An application example of the APNL technique is described. >
Networking mechanisms for delay-sensitive applications

The diversity of applications served by the explosively growing Internet is increasing. In particular, applications that are sensitive to end-to-end packet delays become more common and include telephony, video conferencing, and networked games. While the single best-effort service of the current Internet favors throughput-greedy traffic by equipping congested links with large buffers, long queuing at the congested links hurts the delay-sensitive applications. Furthermore, while numerous alternative architectures have been proposed to offer diverse network services, the innovative alternatives failed to gain widespread end-to-end deployment. This dissertation explores different networking mechanisms for supporting low queueing delay required by delay-sensitive applications. In particular, it considers two different approaches. The first one assumes employing congestion control protocols for the traffic generated by the considered class of applications. The second approach relies on the router operation only and does not require support from end hosts.
Avulsión completa de la arteria y la vena femoral a partir de un traumatismo por hiperextensión: caso clínico y revisión de la literaruta

Las lesiones vasculares contusas de la extremidad inferior son mucho menos frecuentes que las penetrantes, en particular en ausencia de un traumatismo musculoesqueletico sustancial. Presentamos un caso insolito de avulsion completa de la arteria y vena femoral que fue consecuencia de una hiperextension forzada de la cadera y abduccion del muslo por caida accidental en una escalera. Se presento a las 8 h del traumatismo con isquemia aguda de la extremidad inferior derecha, que requirio una exploracion quirurgica inmediata, un shunt intravascular temporal, un injerto de interposicion y una fasciotomia profilactica. Hasta lo que conocen los autores, el caso de este paciente es el primero en el que se describe este mecanismo que dio lugar a la transeccion completa tanto de la arteria como de la vena femoral. Revisamos el mecanismo de la lesion y su tratamiento.
The bullwhip effect in capacitated supply chains with consideration for product life-cycle aspects

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the bullwhip effect and net-stock amplification in a three-echelon supply chain considering step-changes in the production rates during a product's life-cycle demand. The analysis is focused around highly complex and engineered products (e.g., automobiles), that have relatively long production life-cycles and require significant capital investment in manufacturing. Using a simulation approach, we analyze three stages of the product life-cycle including low volumes during product introduction, peak demand, and eventual decline toward the end of the life-cycle. Parts of the simulation model have been adopted by a major North-American automotive OEM as part of a scenario analysis tool for strategic supply network design and analysis. The simulation results show that performance of a system as a whole deteriorates when there is a step-change in the life-cycle demand. While restriction in production capacity does not significantly impact the bullwhip effect, it increases the net stock amplification significantly for the supply chain setting under consideration. Furthermore, a number of important managerial insights are presented based on sensitivity analysis of interaction effect of capacity constraints with other supply chain parameters.
C-Reactive Protein Adversely Alters the Protein–Protein Interaction of the Endothelial Isoform of Nitric Oxide Synthase

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) inhibits the activity of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via uncoupling of the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo. eNOS activity appears to be related in part to its interaction with other cellular proteins, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), caveolin-1, and porin. In this study, we examined the effect of CRP treatment of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) on eNOS interaction with caveolin-1, Hsp90, and porin. METHODS: We incubated HAECs with CRP (0, 12.5, and 25 mg/L) for 1, 6, or 24 h and assessed the interaction of these proteins with eNOS by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. RESULTS: CRP treatment (12.5 and 25 mg/L) of HAECs for 24 h significantly increased eNOS binding to caveolin-1 (40% and 54% increase, respectively; P < 0.05) and decreased binding to Hsp90 (33% and 66% decrease, respectively; P < 0.05). CRP (25 mg/L) also significantly decreased the binding of porin to eNOS (11% decrease, P < 0.05). Similar results were seen when HAECs were treated with CRP for 6 h. CONCLUSIONS: These negative protein–protein interactions of eNOS were able to partly explain the CRP-induced decreases in the activity of this critical enzyme, which caused endothelial dysfunction.
Disruption of Eye Movements by Ethanol Intoxication Affects Perception of Depth From Motion Parallax

Motion parallax, the ability to recover depth from retinal motion generated by observer translation, is important for visual depth perception. Recent work indicates that the perception of depth from motion parallax relies on the slow eye movement system. It is well known that ethanol intoxication reduces the gain of this system, and this produces the horizontal gaze nystagmus that law enforcement's field sobriety test is intended to reveal. The current study demonstrates that because of its influence on the slow eye movement system, ethanol intoxication impairs the perception of depth from motion parallax. Thresholds in a motion parallax task were significantly increased by acute ethanol intoxication, whereas thresholds for an identical test relying on binocular disparity were unaffected. Perhaps a failure of motion parallax plays a role in alcohol-related driving accidents; because of the effects of alcohol on eye movements, intoxicated drivers may have inaccurate or inadequate information for judging the relative depth of obstacles from motion parallax.
Removal of a well fixed acetabular component. A brief technical note of a new method.

Removal of a well fixed acetabular component. A brief technical note of a new method. P Lachiewicz;W Anspach; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
March Calculations Performed for the Three Mile Island Unit 2 Analysis Exercise

Calculations with the STCP version of MARCH were performed as part of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) Analysis Exercise. In the light of the present knowledge of what happened at TMI-2, a number of modeling enhancements were found necessary to interpret the accident. These enhancements and the results of calculations are described. The modified version of MARCH reproduced many of the key accident signatures, including the timing of core heatup, reasonable predictions of the core melt and cladding reaction fractions, the primary system pressure, and the hydrogen release to the containment, which eventually produced a burn at 10 h.
NSU3D Results for the First AIAA High-Lift Prediction WOrkshop

Simulation results for the rst AIAA CFD High Lift Prediction Workshop using the unstructured computational uid dynamics code NSU3D are presented. The solution algorithms employed in NSU3D for this study are described along with examples of convergence history and computational cost. The geometry used for the simulation is the NASA threeelement swept wing (Trap Wing) model with experimental data taken in the 14x22 foot wind tunnel at NASA Langley. Computational grids for the study were prepared by the authors with the VGRIDns package using CAD geometry provided by the workshop committee. A grid convergence study was performed using a family of three grids to assess sensitivity to grid resolution. A range of angle-of-attack values from 6 to 37 was completed on the medium grid and the resulting lift, drag and longitudinal moments are compared to the experimental results. The e ect of changing the ap angle is investigated with a second model using an equivalent medium grid. Comparisons of surface pressure to experimental data are presented for both con gurations. Flow features are also presented using surface constrained and volume streamlines for selected cases.
Oxygen Precipitation in CMOS Wafers

The application of denuding, nucleation, and intrinsic gettering in CMOS integrated circuit processes is described. Specifically, it will be demonstrated that an initial oxidizing step, as many manufacturers are using, seriously retards the effectiveness of any subsequent nucleation step or procedure. The results of a large number of one-step, two-step, and three-step heat treatments are summarized and design criteria for controlled oxygen precipitation in integrated circuit fabrication are described. Two-step heat treatments, without denuding and with the nucleation step first, have been used to induce precipitates close to the surface of CMOS wafers and DLTS measurements made to deduce the effectiveness of intrinsic gettering and the electrical characteristics of precipitation induced microdefects.
Development of New Method for Direct Measurement of High Strain Rate Testing Parameters

High strain rate testing and dynamic characterization of materials have been always serious challenges. Traditional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is being used for this purpose for the last 100 years. Traditional SHPB concept relays completely on the one dimensional stress wave propagation theory that adopts several assumptions. Besides, this method is subjected to some limitations of specimen dimensions, specimen material type, bars material, pulse shaping and others. The new developed direct measurement SHPB utilizes two force sensors to measure forces on both sides of the tested specimen thereby the stress on the specimen. Also, it utilizes two laser displacement sensors to measure the displacement on both sides of the specimen thereby measure the strain and the strain rate. This system measures the stress, the strain and the strain rate simultaneously all through the test period. The new developed method opens the door for great developments in the field of dynamic testing and characterization of all types of materials. It is a non-assumptions method independent of specimen material or dimensions.
Engineering large Stark shifts for control of individual clock state qubits

In quantum information science, the external control of qubits must be balanced with the extreme isolation of the qubits from the environment. Atomic qubit systems typically mitigate this balance through the use of gated laser fields that can create superpositions and entanglement between qubits. Here we propose the use of high-order optical Stark shifts from optical fields to manipulate the splitting of atomic qubits that are insensitive to other types of fields. We demonstrate a fourth-order ac Stark shift in a trapped atomic ion system that does not require extra laser power beyond that needed for other control fields. We individually address a chain of tightly spaced trapped ions and show how these controlled shifts can produce an arbitrary product state of 10 ions as well as generate site-specific magnetic field terms in a simulated spin Hamiltonian.
Professional and interprofessional differences in electronic health records use and recognition of safety issues in critically ill patients.

ABSTRACTDuring interprofessional intensive care unit (ICU) rounds each member of the interprofessional team is responsible for gathering and interpreting information from the electronic health records (EHR) to facilitate effective team decision-making. This study was conducted to determine how each professional group reviews EHR data in preparation for rounds and their ability to identify patient safety issues. Twenty-five physicians, 29 nurses, and 20 pharmacists participated. Individual participants were given verbal and written sign-out and then asked to review a simulated record in our institution’s EHR, which contained 14 patient safety items. After reviewing the chart, subjects presented the patient and the number of safety items recognised was recorded. About 40%, 30%, and 26% of safety issues were recognised by physicians, nurses, and pharmacists, respectively (p = 0.0006) and no item recognised 100% of the time. There was little overlap between the three groups with only 50% of items predicted to...
Mesoscale Observations of Dynamic Penetration in Granular Media Using Transparent Soils

One of the methods used to visualize projectile interactions with granular media is to use transparent soil surrogates. A realistic understanding of these interactions ultimately demands the use of granular surrogates with properties that mimic actual soil response. Surrogates used in the past, while useful in the study of geological materials, suffer from several shortcomings. In this chapter, transparent surrogates with macroscopic properties similar to those of natural soils are introduced. First, a background is provided on the physical and mechanical properties of the transparent soil surrogates that mimic natural soil behavior. The experimental setup used to visualize deformations during rapid penetration into a transparent soil target is then described, including the optical setup, projectile accelerator, sample preparation, and image analysis methods used to obtain soil displacements from acquired images. Finally, an analysis of measured deformations, at the mesoscale, is presented to investigate various features of soil-projectile interaction during penetration.
Internalizing class in historical archaeology

Historical archaeologists have either ignored class or defined it as a category or objective entity. In this work, it is argued that viewing class as a formation provides a powerful tool for studying the past. Defining class in this way stems from a theory of internal relations that sees class as a relational, analytical concept that operates at more than one scale or level of abstraction. Two examples demonstrate the class dynamics in different social and historic contexts. The first focuses on class at the community level, while the second looks at the class structure within a single household. Only through the process of abstracting class in real historic contexts can we operationalize class as an analytical concept powerful enough to understand internal social relations.
Electro-optic tuning of silicon carrier injection degenerate band edge resonators

We present electro-optic degenerate band edge resonators in silicon based on carrier injection modulation. Measurements of fabricated devices demonstrate a tunability of 1.09 nm/V.
Use of Recursive Partitioning to Predict National Bridge Inventory Condition Ratings from National Bridge Elements Condition Data

In the United States, National Bridge Inventory (NBI) condition ratings, since the 1970s, and AASHTO’s commonly recognized (CoRe) element condition data, since the 1990s, have provided two major sources of bridge condition data. Although these separate systems of condition assessment had their individual uses, comparing the two, and mapping one from the other had uses for both state and federal agencies and the bridge management community. Alternative methods for this mapping have been proposed in the literature with varying predictive accuracy. With the publication of the new AASHTO Manual for Bridge Element Inspection in 2013, national bridge elements (NBEs) replace the CoRe element condition data as the comparable condition data for the NBI condition ratings. This paper investigates the use of the recursive partitioning method to develop classification trees that predict NBI condition ratings from NBE condition data. On the basis of data from a 2016 submission and 12 transportation agencies, classifica...
Cholinergic sensitivity of the developing bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) does not explain vulnerability to chronic nicotine exposure.

Juvenile bullfrogs previously identified as highly sensitive to acute nicotine, demonstrated normal neuroventilation following 3 wk of chronic nicotine exposure. Acute bath application of 1 μM galantamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, significantly attenuated both bullfrog normocapnic neuroventilation and response to hypercapnia in a fashion similar to that of acute nicotine. This would suggest that the developmental increase in nicotine sensitivity does not enhance vulnerability to chronic exposure, and that acute nicotine acts via endogenous acetylcholine pathways to depress neuroventilation and hypercapnic drive.
Conflicting Cultural Pressures and the Adjustment of Latino College Students

The risk and protective variables for Latino students’ experience of depression, college adjustment, and drop-out intentions were examined. Perceived bicultural competence emerged as a protective f...
Is Betrayal in EVE Online Unethical

Betrayal is common in EVE Online. While not all gameplay based on deception is wrong, betraying a genuine friendship is wrong in any context. While some neo-Aristotelians have argued that perfect friendship is impossible online, it is possible for imperfect people to become Aristotelian character-friends even across imperfect communications channels. Good people are disposed to form friendships when they spend large amounts of time with others; people who make a hobby of feigning friendship are displaying bad character. While the possibility of betrayal does make EVE more interesting as a test of social skills for all players, that does not justify the actions of those who choose to betray.
The Unconditional Self-Kindness Scale: Assessing the Ability to Respond with Kindness to Threats to the Self

Despite psychology’s awareness of the benefit of viewing oneself positively, there is a dearth of scales on self-kindness, with one notable example in a subscale of self-compassion. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a unique measure of self-kindness. The measure is called the Unconditional Self-Kindness (USK) scale because it assesses self-kindness in the context of common and potential harmful threats to the self. These threats include (1) being criticized and rejected by another person, (2) failing or making a mistake, and (3) becoming aware of personal flaws and imperfection. A total of 1452 undergraduate participants filled out the USK scale and a range of mental health, risk, and protective factors. The results showed that the USK scale was internally consistent, loaded on a single latent variable, demonstrated test-retest reliability, and was related in the expected directions to the mental health, psychological well-being, and variety of risk and protective factor measures. In addition, the USK scale still predicted several mental health predictors when controlling for protective factors including grit, hope, resilience, self-esteem, and social support. Finally, mean USK scores were significantly higher in men than women and in Native American participants than all other ethnicities and significantly lower in non-Hispanic White participants than all other ethnicities.
Coral Microbiomes as Bioindicators of Reef Health

Coral reefs are currently in steep decline worldwide due to changes in climate and anthropogenic activity. Given reefs’ key roles as centers of biodiversity and the variety of services they provide for humans, it is imperative that we develop reef management strategies that are sensitive to environmental changes and that allow timely interventions in response to specific threats. The use of bioindicators has been demonstrated as an effective way to monitor a broad range of ecosystems, and coral microbiomes show immense potential as bioindicators for coral reefs. Given the decline of coral reefs worldwide, and the diversity of species that are currently under threat, coral microbiomes can provide much-needed insights and information for the purposes of reef conservation and protection.
An Analysis of Consolidation Theories

This paper analyzes the one-, pseudo three- and three-dimensional theories of consolidation. The particular problem of a strip load on a half-plane is solved for the complete stress field. The Mandel-Cryer effect is noted and analyzed in terms of its physical motivation and influence on failure conditions. Attention is drawn to the lateral distribution of excess pore pressure and maximum shear stress. The effect of pore pressure spreading is noted. Three-dimensional pseudo and three-dimensional theories are compared. The pseudo theory is not a good approximation to three-dimensional consolidation. An analysis of thick clay layers is made using London clay an an example. Predictions of the progress of consolidation by three-dimensional theory are approximately one order of magnitude faster than by conventional theory. It is concluded that three-dimensional theory models the consolidation process better than other comparable theories. It is recommended that field experience by developed to enable appropriate interpretation of this theory.
Re-irradiation of head and neck tumors. Benefits and toxicities.

Most patients with nonresectable, recurrent head and neck malignancies who have previously been irradiated are referred for palliative chemotherapy. Although re-irradiation is not currently considered a standard approach for these patients, it may improve outcome and should be considered for certain patients. This article presents some of the issues that should be considered regarding re-irradiation.
Autologous stem cell transplantation for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myleogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant disorder arising from the hematopoietic stem cell. It is characterized by abnormal expansion of malignant hematopoietic progenitor and precursor cells with concomitant suppression of normal hematopoiesis. CML is characterized cytogenetically by the 9;22 translocation resulting in the characteristic Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) [1] and, at the molecular level, the bcr/abl fusion oncogene [2]. Several studies have demonstrated a critical role for the bcr/abl oncogene in the pathogenesis of CML [3]. In contrast to other leukemias, treatment with conventional chemotherapy usually fails to induce a persistent complete cytogenetic remission in CML, and does not alter the course of the disease or prevent progression to accelerated phase (AP) and blast crisis (BC) over a median of 3 to 5 years. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation using HLA-matched sibling or unrelated donor marrow is at present the most effective therapy for CML and successfully eliminates the malignant clone in a large proportion of patients. However, allogeneic transplants are available to less than 50% of CML patients either because of lack of a suitable donor or because older patients are unable to tolerate the associated morbidity and mortality. In view of this, there is a clear need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies.
Naïve Empiricism and the Nature of Science in Narratives of Conflict between Science and Religion.

Scientific inquiry is both theoretical and empirical. It succeeds by bringing thought into productive harmony with the observable universe, and thus, students can attain a robust understanding of the nature of science (NOS) only by developing a balanced appreciation of both these dimensions. In this article, I examine naive empiricism, a teaching pattern that deters understanding of NOS by attributing to observation scientific achievements that have been wrought by a partnership of thought and empirical experience. My more specific concern is the naive empiricism promoted when teachers illustrate NOS through historical anecdotes about conflict between science and religion. Since the religious actors depicted in such accounts appear to reject evidence, these narratives lead readers to suppose that scientists draw their conclusions in exactly the opposite way, from empiricism alone. I illustrate this pattern by examining two representative treatments of the Copernican revolution. My methods are historical and critical.
Chapter 6 – Skeletal System*

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the skeletal anatomy of a generalized teleostean fish.A functional approach is utilized to describe the anatomy. Quite unlike the majority of terrestrial vertebrates, most fishes possess highly kinetic heads (capable of impressive expansion for suction generation) and their vertebral columns have a lateral flexibility and compressional rigidity capable of powering a caudal propulsion mechanism of unrivalled beauty and efficiency. The teleostean neurocranium (or skull) is a complex structure formed of a large number of individual bony elements united together into a single structural unit. The neurocranium is divided into four regions—(1) the ethmoid region that forms the anterior limit of the neurocranium, (2) the supraorbital bridge that forms the roof of the orbit and the interorbital septum, (3) the infraorbital bridge that transmits pressure away from the ethmoid region to the reinforced cranial vault, and (4) the cranial vault that occupies the remainder of the postorbital neurocranium. There are no discrete boundaries between these regions and their use is a strictly pragmatic device to facilitate ease of description while conveying a broad notion of the functional division of the teleostean skull.
5 – Drip Irrigation

Water is important for optimal vegetable production, not only for total yield but also for high-quality produce. For example, adequate water is needed to produce high yields of large pepper fruits with thick walls, desirable in the marketplace. Agriculture uses a considerable portion of the available fresh water on the globe and as the need for food grows with the growth in population, so will the demand for water. Some estimates are that, on average, about 70% of the global freshwater supplies are committed to agriculture. This number is nearly halved for the United States due to increased water-use efficiency related to farmer adoption of irrigation technologies like drip irrigation. Farmers are keenly aware of the current and future competition for available water and they are interested in adopting the most efficient irrigation systems available. The most common irrigation systems used for vegetable production in the United States are sprinkler, subirrigation, and drip irrigation. This chapter covers drip irrigation, especially in conjunction with plastic-mulched vegetable production systems.
Estimated Prevalence of Asthma in US Children With Developmental Disabilities.

Importance The prevalence of asthma in US children with various developmental disabilities and delays is unclear, including how estimates vary by ethnic group. Objective To report asthma prevalence estimates by various disability categories and developmental delays in a diverse sample of the US pediatric population. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cross-sectional study encompassed a total of 71 811 families with children or adolescents aged 0 to 17 years (hereinafter referred to as children) who participated in the 2016 and 2017 National Survey of Children’s Health. Data were collected from June 10, 2016, to February 10, 2017, for the 2016 survey and from August 10, 2017, to February 10, 2018, for the 2017 survey. Data were analyzed from September 20, 2019, to April 5, 2020. Exposures Developmental disability, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, seizure, intellectual and/or learning disability, and vision, hearing, and/or speech delay. Delay was defined as not meeting growth milestones with unknown cause. Main Outcomes and Measures Weighted asthma prevalence estimates and 95% CIs were generated for children with and without disabilities. Results A total of 71 811 participants (mean [SE] age, 8.6 [0.1] years; 36 800 boys [51.1%; 95% CI, 50.2%-52.0%]; 50 219 non-Hispanic white [51.4%; 95% CI, 50.6%-52.3%]) were included in our final analytical sample, of whom 5687 (7.9%; 95% CI, 7.5%-8.4%) had asthma and 11 426 (15.3%; 95% CI, 14.7%-16.0%) had at least 1 disability. Overall asthma prevalence estimates were 10 percentage points higher in children with a disability (16.1%; 95% CI, 14.3%-17.8%) vs children without a disability (6.5%; 95% CI, 6.0%-6.9%). The odds of asthma were significantly higher in children with a disability (odds ratio [OR], 2.77; 95% CI, 2.39-3.21) or delay (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.78-2.77) vs typically growing children. Adjusted models remained significant for all disability categories (overall adjusted OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.87-2.62). Subgroup analyses showed ethnic minorities had a higher prevalence of concurrent asthma and developmental disabilities vs non-Hispanic whites (19.8% [95% CI, 16.6%-23.0%] vs 12.6% [95% CI, 11.1%-14.0%];P Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that US children with various developmental disabilities or delay may have higher odds for developing asthma vs their typically developing peers. These findings support asthma screening in pediatric health care settings among patients with developmental disabilities and delays, particularly among those from ethnic minority backgrounds. In addition, very young children with asthma should be screened for disabilities and delays, because temporality cannot be determined by the current data source and analytical approach.
Performance prediction of crosses in plant breeding through genotype by environment interactions

Performance prediction of potential crosses plays a significant role in plant breeding, which aims to produce new crop varieties that have higher yields, require fewer resources, and are more adaptable to the changing environments. In the 2020 Syngenta crop challenge, Syngenta challenged participants to predict the yield performance of a list of potential breeding crosses of inbreds and testers based on their historical yield data in different environments. They released a dataset that contained the observed yields for 294,128 corn hybrids through the crossing of 593 unique inbreds and 496 unique testers across multiple environments between 2016 and 2018. To address this challenge, we designed a new predictive approach that integrates random forest and an optimization model for G [Formula: see text] E interaction detection. Our computational experiment found that our approach achieved a relative root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of 0.0869 for the validation data, outperforming other state-of-the-art models such as factorization machine and extreme gradient boosting tree. Our model was also able to detect genotype by environment interactions that are potentially biologically insightful. This model won the first place in the 2020 Syngenta crop challenge in analytics.
To Play or Not to Play? The Relationship Between Active Video Game Play and Electrophysiological Indices of Food-Related Inhibitory Control in Adolescents

Sedentary behaviors, such as computer use and sedentary video games, are barriers to physical activity, contribute to overweight and obesity among adolescents, and can adversely affect eating behaviors. Active video games may increase daily physical activity levels among adolescents and improve food-related inhibitory control. We compared the effects of acute bouts of active and sedentary video gaming on event-related potential (ERP) indices of food-related inhibitory control, energy expenditure, and ad libitum eating. In a within-subjects design, 59 adolescent participants (49% female, Mage = 13.29 ± 1.15) completed two separate counterbalanced, 60-min long video gaming sessions separated by seven days. Immediately after, participants completed two go/no-go tasks with high- and low-calorie images and N2 and P3 ERP amplitudes were measured. Participants also completed a Stroop task and were given high- and low-calorie snacks to consume ad libitum. Results indicated that active relative to sedentary video games significantly increased energy expenditure on multiple measures (e.g., METs, heart rate, kcals burned) and participants consumed more calories after the active compared to the sedentary video game session. N2 amplitudes were larger when participants inhibited to high- compared to low-calorie foods, suggesting that high-calorie foods necessitate increased the recruitment of inhibitory control resources; however, there were non-significant differences for the N2 or P3 amplitudes, accuracy or response times, and Stroop performance between active versus sedentary video game sessions. Overall, sixty minutes of active video gaming increased energy expenditure and food consumption but did not significantly alter neural or behavioral measures of inhibitory control to food stimuli.
The North American Industry Classification System and Its Implications for Accounting Research

Industry classification is an important component of the methodological infrastructure of accounting research. Researchers have generally used the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system for assigning firms to industries. In 1999, the major statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico, and the United States began implementing the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The new scheme changes industry classification by introducing production as the basis for grouping firms, creating 358 new industries, extensively rearranging SIC categories, and establishing uniformity across all NAFTA nations. We examine the implications of the change for accounting research. We first assess NAICS's effectiveness in forming industry groups. Following Guenther and Rosman 1994, we use financial ratio variances to measure intra-industry homogeneity and find that NAICS offers some improvement over the SIC system in defining manufacturing, transportation, and service industries. We also evaluate whether NAICS might have an impact on empirical research by reproducing part of Lang and Lundholm's 1996 study of information-transfer and industry effects. Using SIC delineations, they focus on whether industry conditions or the level of competition is the main source of uncertainty resolved by earnings announcements. Across all levels of aggregation, we find inferences are similar using either SIC or NAICS. How-ever, we also observe that the regression coefficients in Lang and Lundholm's model show smaller intra-industry dispersion for NAICS, relative to SIC, definitions. Overall, the results suggest that NAICS definitions lead to more cohesive industries. Because of this, researchers may encounter some differences in using NAICS-industry definitions, rather than SIC, but these will depend on research design and industry composition of the sample.
Cut wires: The Electrophysiology of Regenerated Tissue.

When nerves are damaged by trauma or disease, they are still capable of firing off electrical command signals that originate from the brain. Furthermore, those damaged nerves have an innate ability to partially regenerate, so they can heal from trauma and even reinnervate new muscle targets. For an amputee who has his/her damaged nerves surgically reconstructed, the electrical signals that are generated by the reinnervated muscle tissue can be sensed and interpreted with bioelectronics to control assistive devices or robotic prostheses. No two amputees will have identical physiologies because there are many surgical options for reconstructing residual limbs, which may in turn impact how well someone can interface with a robotic prosthesis later on. In this review, we aim to investigate what the literature has to say about different pathways for peripheral nerve regeneration and how each pathway can impact the neuromuscular tissue’s final electrophysiology. This information is important because it can guide us in planning the development of future bioelectronic devices, such as prosthetic limbs or neurostimulators. Future devices will primarily have to interface with tissue that has undergone some natural regeneration process, and so we have explored and reported here what is known about the bioelectrical features of neuromuscular tissue regeneration.
Constant time delay to teach reading to students with intellectual disability and autism: a review

The ability to read promotes academic success and serves as an essential prerequisite skill for many postsecondary opportunities. However, developing proficient reading skills is particularly diffi...
The role of perceived thought control ability in the psychological functioning of Black American mothers.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which perceived thought control ability (PTCA) promotes the psychological functioning of Black American mothers, as well as moderates the negative effects of key stressors faced by this population, including discrimination experiences, financial strain, and parenting stress. METHODS: An online survey was administered to 305 Black American mothers across the U.S. Participants completed measures of PTCA, psychological well-being (life satisfaction and emotional well-being), psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms), and stressors (discrimination experiences, financial strain, and parenting stress). RESULTS: Discrimination experiences, financial strain, and parenting stress were related to higher anxiety and depressive symptoms. Financial strain and parenting stress were also related to lower life satisfaction and emotional well-being. PTCA protected against the link between discrimination experiences and depressive symptoms (s = -.15, p < .001), discrimination experiences and anxiety (s = -.15, p < .001), and parenting stress on anxiety (s = .08, p = .04). PTCA also was associated with higher life satisfaction (s =.19, p = .001) and emotional well-being (s =.42, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that PTCA is a culturally relevant and practical psychological resource for psychological functioning among Black American mothers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Dynamics and energy coupling of gas puff Z-pinches on a fast linear transformer driver

Gas puff Z-pinch experiments with annular Ar and Ne gas shells have been conducted on the Compact Experimental System for Z-pinch and Ablation Research (CESZAR) linear transformer driver (LTD) with 500 kA current and 160 ns rise time. Here, we present results from the first systematic gas puff Z-pinch experiments using a fast ( ≤200 ns) LTD as a driver, in which we show that 7% of the stored energy in the capacitors is coupled to plasma kinetic energy as estimated via self-emission and laser schlieren images. 0D and 1D simulations—which do not allow instability growth and thus reach greater maximum average velocities—using initial conditions inferred from experimental implosion trajectories predict coupling in excess of 10% of the stored energy. The Ar and Ne implosions were comparably massed and thus achieved similar maximum kinetic energies, though the Ne pinches were more stable and the x-ray pulses were longer and produced higher yield: 2–5 ns and 0.21–0.52 J (0.15–0.37 J/cm) of Ar K-shell and 12–25 ns and 2.2–3.9 J (1.6–2.6 J/cm) of Ne K-shell, respectively. The difference in stability is most likely attributed to variations in initial conditions such as density distribution and gas breakdown initiation.
Nanopore Whole Transcriptome Analysis and Pathogen Surveillance by a Novel Solid-Phase Catalysis Approach.

The requirement of a large input amount (500 ng) for Nanopore direct RNA-seq presents a major challenge for low input transcriptomic analysis and early pathogen surveillance. The high RNA input requirement is attributed to significant sample loss associated with library preparation using solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) beads. A novel solid-phase catalysis strategy for RNA library preparation to circumvent the need for SPRI bead purification to remove enzymes is reported here. This new approach leverages concurrent processing of non-polyadenylated transcripts with immobilized poly(A) polymerase and T4 DNA ligase, followed by directly loading the prepared library onto a flow cell. Whole transcriptome sequencing, using a human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes as a model, demonstrates this new method displays little sample loss, takes much less time, and generates higher sequencing throughput correlated with reduced nanopore fouling compared to the current library preparation for 500 ng input. Consequently, this approach enables Nanopore low-input direct RNA-seq, improving pathogen detection and transcript identification in a microbial community standard with spike-in transcript controls. Besides, as evident in the bioinformatic analysis, the new method provides accurate RNA consensus with high fidelity and identifies higher numbers of expressed genes for both high and low input RNA amounts.