cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phytochemicals for taming agitated immune-endocrine-neural axis

Homeostasis of immune-endocrine-neural axis is paramount for human health. If this axis gets agitated due to age, genetic variations, environmental exposures or lifestyle assaults, a cascade of adverse reactions occurs in human body. Cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters, the effector molecules of this axis behave erratically, leading to a gamut of neural, endocrine, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. Current panel of drugs can tackle some of them but not in a sustainable, benign way as a myriad of side effects, causal of them have been documented. In this context, phytochemicals, the secondary metabolites of plants seem beneficial. These bioactive constituents encompassing polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, lignans, stilbenoids (resveratrol), saponins, polysaccharides, glycosides, and lectins etc. have been proven to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, analgesic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, dermatoprotective, and antimicrobial properties, among a litany of other biological effects. This review presents a holistic perspective of common afflictions resultant of immune-endocrine-neural axis disruption, and the phytochemicals capable of restoring their normalcy and mitigating the ailments.
The Confirmation Bias in Special Education Eligibility Decisions.

Research in cognitive social psychology suggests that the high placement-to-referral ratio of special education eligibility decisions may result from a “confirmation bias” set in motion by a teache...
Prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with primary glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain cancer in adults and one of the deadliest of human cancers. Seizures are one of the most frequent presentations of glioblastoma. The use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in glioblastoma patients suffering from seizures is well accepted. However, the role of long-term AED use in patients with glioblastoma without a history of seizures is controversial. Here, we performed a review of the literature to identify studies that examined the use of AEDs in seizure-free glioblastoma patients. We identified one randomized controlled study suggesting no clinical benefit of seizure prophylaxis in this population. Three of the four retrospective studies identified in our search recapitulated this finding, while the remaining study suggested a benefit for prophylactic AED use. All identified studies were focused on seizure incidence in the post-operative period, ranging from 1 week to long-term follow up. Implications of these findings are reviewed herein.
Local Bounds for Orders of Contact and a Conjecture about Subellipticity

This work describes the local geometry of a real hypersurface of ℂn, and how it relates to subelliptic estimates for the \( \bar \partial \)-Neumann problem. The geometric results appear in (3,5); the results on subellipticity appear in the works of Kohn (7,8) and Catlin (1,2). In this paper we formulate a conjecture about the interplay between these subjects.
Management of post-traumatic retained hemothorax:

IntroductionChest injuries occur in a significant portion of trauma patients and hemothorax is a common result. While the initial management of traumatic hemothorax is most commonly treated with tube thoracostomy, the management of retained hemothorax is a subject of debate. Recent literature has proposed different methods for treating or preventing retained hemothorax, yet the approach to this pathology is not straightforward.MethodsThe literature was reviewed for relevant studies regarding the prevention and management of post-traumatic retained hemothorax. What follows is a review of the recent literature and an algorithm for the approach to treating a traumatic retained hemothorax.ResultsIdentifying a traumatic retained hemothorax and preventing subsequent complications such as pneumonia, empyema, and fibrothorax are significant issues faced by surgeons. Studies for preventing retained hemothorax have focused on initial chest tube size, location, and peri-procedural placement conditions, as well as th...
Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary focal hyperhidrosis: impact on psycho-social symptomatology and psychotropic medication use.

OBJECTIVES The tendency for patients with primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFH), characterized by excessive sweating, to experience psycho-social deficits is well documented. In addition, although endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) effectively corrects PFH, its role in the psycho-social management of these patients remains unclear. Here, we examined changes in psychiatric symptomatology and psychotropic medication usage in PFH patients following ETS. METHODS In total, 106 PFH patients underwent ETS and were compared against 213 matched controls. Information on psychiatric diagnosis and prescription was obtained through a retrospective chart review. Prospectively, PFH patients completed Hyperhidrosis Impact Questionnaires, Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scales and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales to evaluate pre- and postoperative quality-of-life and psycho-social impairment. RESULTS A significantly greater proportion of PFH patients had been prescribed psychotropic medication (37.7%) compared to controls (14.1%) despite no differences in the proportion of psychiatric diagnoses. Following ETS, 52.5% of the PFH patients who were using psychotropic medications reduced their prescription regimen, compared to only 10% of control patients (P < 0.01). Additionally, scores improved dramatically in each Hyperhidrosis Impact Questionnaires category, and in both the Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scales and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that in over half of PFH patients, psychotropic medication usage was discontinued after ETS, which is consistent with our findings on postoperative improvements in Hyperhidrosis Impact Questionnaires, Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scales and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales scores. Furthermore, our findings suggest that a considerable proportion of PFH patients who experience psychopathology may be doing so secondary to excessive sweating. Thus, improved awareness or recognition of these associations in the diagnosis and management of PFH patients is warranted.
Why are triploid zebrafish all male

Adult triploid zebrafish Danio rerio has previously been reported to be all male. This phenomenon has only been reported in one other gonochoristic fish species, the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus, despite the fact that triploidy is induced in numerous species. To investigate the mechanism responsible, we first produced triploid zebrafish and observed gonad development. Histological sections of juvenile triploid gonads showed that primary growth oocytes were able to develop in the juvenile ovary, but no cortical alveolus or more advanced oocytes were found. All adult triploids examined were male (n = 160). Male triploids were able to induce oviposition by diploid females during natural spawning trials, but fertilization rates were low (1.0 ± 3.1%) compared with diploid male siblings (67.4 ± 16.6%). The embryos produced by triploid sires were aneuploid with a mean ploidy of 2.4 ± 0.1n, demonstrating that triploid males produce aneuploid spermatozoa. After confirming that adult triploids are all male, we produced an additional batch of triploid zebrafish and exposed them (and a group of diploid siblings) to 100 ng/L estradiol (E2) from 5 to 28 dpf. The E2 treated triploids and nontreated triploids were all male. The nontreated diploids were also all male, but the E2 treated diploids were 89% female. This demonstrates that triploidy acts downstream of estrogen synthesis in the sex differentiation pathway to induce male development. Based on this and the observations of juvenile gonad development in triploids, we suggest that triploidy inhibits development of oocytes past the primary growth stage, and this causes female to male sex reversal.
Supportive Coparenting, Parenting Stress, Harsh Parenting, and Child Behavior Problems in Nonmarital Families.

Supportive coparenting is an identified protective factor for child development and behavioral outcomes. What is less known is how supportive coparenting dynamically links with other aspects of parenting and parent well-being, particularly in multi-stressed nonmarital families. This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, analyzed within a structural equation model, to explore how mothers' experience of maternal depression, maternal age, father education, and SES interacted with their parenting stress and supportive coparenting to impact child behavioral problems and harsh parenting practices. Among the findings, more supportive coparenting was found to be significantly associated with fewer child behavioral problems and less harsh parenting. Transmitted through supportive coparenting and parenting stress acting as mediator, maternal depressive symptoms were indirectly and positively related to harsh parenting practices and child behavior problems. These findings are discussed within the context of the broader literature and next steps for research are discussed.
The Heuristic Value of Freud

Wolman approaches the examination of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory by a brief course in philosophy of science. He demonstrates his noted skill at attacking problems in a careful, scholarly, step-by-step process. His enormous breadth of scholarship, which extends far beyond psychoanalysis and psychology, is excellently used in the present paper. By defining the philosophical ground rule of evaluating Freudian theory on the basis of epistemological realism, he negates much of the objection of the demand of logical positivism that the description must entail directly observable phenomena.
Steric and Electronic Properties of the Bulky Terphenyl Ligand ArtBu6 (ArtBu6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-tBu3)2) and Synthesis of Its Tin Derivatives ArtBu6SnCl, ArtBu6SnSn(H)2ArtBu6, and ArtBu6SnSnArtBu6: A New Route to a Distannyne via Thermolysis of the Asymmetric Hydride ArtBu6SnSn(H)2ArtBu6

A larger scale, modified synthesis of the bulky terphenyl ligand iodo precursor ArtBu6I (1; ArtBu6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-tBu3)2), featuring six tert-butyl groups on the flanking aryl rings, and the synthesis of its tin derivatives ArtBu6SnCl (2), ArtBu6SnSn(H)2ArtBu6 (3), and ArtBu6SnSnArtBu6 (4) are described. For the key reagent ArtBu6I (1), recently reported by Schrock, Hoyveda, and co-workers, modifications to the synthesis using the easily prepared Grignard reagent EtMgBr to obtain ArtBu6MgX, as well as use of their published trituration and iodination protocols in hexane, allowed isolation of ca. 80 g quantities of ArtBu6I (1). The tin(II) halide derivative 2 and the unsymmetrical hydride 3 were synthesized by salt metathesis and reduction with DIBAL (iBu2AlH), respectively. The distannyne 4 was obtained by a new synthetic route by the dehydrogenation of 3 at 100 °C in toluene. It was also synthesized by reduction of 2 with KC8. All compounds were characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffractio...
Future Directions for Integrated Pediatric Behavioral Healthcare

This chapter synthesizes the evidence for use of interdisciplinary, collaborative care in pediatric behavioral health. In addition, the importance of multi-tiered integrated healthcare service delivery is addressed, as well as current barriers to this approach. The chapter calls for further development of models of professional training and professional functioning in integrated care, as well as the organizational structures and processes, and implementation strategies that will support these. Several areas for further development are emphasized as a means of increasing the uptake of integrated pediatric behavioral healthcare. These include increasing cross-systems understanding, common factors training, collaboration with parents and families, cross-system progress monitoring, eHealth/mHealth approaches, and financial issues. In addition, actions that can be taken at a number of levels that represent the systems that affect pediatric behavioral health service delivery are addressed. These levels include graduate and professional education, the individual practitioner, service delivery setting management/administration, researchers, professional organizations, and the state and federal level.
Loss of C/EBPδ Exacerbates Radiation-Induced Cognitive Decline in Aged Mice due to Impaired Oxidative Stress Response

Aging is characterized by increased inflammation and deterioration of the cellular stress responses such as the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium, DNA damage repair fidelity, and telomeric attrition. All these factors contribute to the increased radiation sensitivity in the elderly as shown by epidemiological studies of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. There is a global increase in the aging population, who may be at increased risk of exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) as part of cancer therapy or accidental exposure. Therefore, it is critical to delineate the factors that exacerbate age-related radiation sensitivity and neurocognitive decline. The transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) is implicated with regulatory roles in neuroinflammation, learning, and memory, however its role in IR-induced neurocognitive decline and aging is not known. The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of C/EBPδ in IR-induced neurocognitive decline in aged mice. We report that aged Cebpd−/− mice exposed to acute IR exposure display impairment in short-term memory and spatial memory that correlated with significant alterations in the morphology of neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 apical and basal regions. There were no significant changes in the expression of inflammatory markers. However, the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) were altered post-IR in the hippocampus of aged Cebpd−/− mice. These results suggest that Cebpd may protect from IR-induced neurocognitive dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress in aged mice.
“I'm gonna Spanglish it on you”: Self-reported vs. oral production of Spanish–English codeswitching

Much bilingualism research includes some consideration of codeswitching, which may be measured via self-report, an experimental task, or sociolinguistic interview; however, there is little triangulation across measures in either psycholinguistic or sociolinguistic approaches. To consider possible differences between self-report and oral production of codeswitching, Spanish–English bilinguals completed a codeswitching questionnaire and oral production in an autobiographical memory task. They also completed proficiency and executive function tests. We found that broad measures of self-reported and orally produced codeswitches were positively correlated, although relationships with proficiency and executive function were more complex. These findings may direct future studies’ operationalization of codeswitching.
A DC-to-108-GHz CMOS SOI Distributed Power Amplifier and Modulator Driver Leveraging Multi-Drive Complementary Stacked Cells

This article proposes a complementary distributed power amplifier (DPA) using stacked gain cells with multiple input driving signals. The stack multi-drive compensates for the increasing input transmission line (TL) and stack losses as frequency increases and results in bandwidth (BW) extension with a flat gain response. The technique simultaneously increases the gain-BW (GBW) product and the output power at high frequencies while maintaining a smaller chip area compared with the conventional DPA design. A broadband active splitter is introduced before the output stage to create two complementary distributed paths which are exploited for AM–AM and AM–PM non-linearity compensation. The CMOS DPA is implemented in 45-nm RFSOI with a core area of 0.31 mm2. The amplifier has a 23-dB gain and 108-GHz 3-dB BW from true-dc frequency with no need for external bias tees. The DPA maintains a P1 dB and PSAT over 16.9 and 18.4 dBm, respectively, from dc-to-70 GHz, with a 70-GHz PSAT 3-dB BW. When operated with modulated signals, the DPA provides over 100 Gb/s in both 64-QAM and PAM-4 modulations. To the best of our knowledge, the CMOS DPA reports the highest GBW (1.525 THz), the highest data rate in 64-QAM for carriers up to 59 GHz, and the highest single-ended output swing in PAM-4 modulation.
Reliability modeling for aged SAC305 solder joints cycled in accelerated shear fatigue test

Abstract Solder joints reliability is a determinant factor for the life of the electronic assemblies. In this study, the reliability of actual SAC305 solder joints is investigated using accelerated shear fatigue tests. The effect of aging time and stress amplitude are studied. Five levels of aging time at 100 °C and three levels of stress amplitudes are applied in the experiments. Two-parameters Weibull distribution is used to describe the fatigue life of the solder joints at each test condition. A numerical model for the solder joints reliability is developed as a function of stress amplitude and aging time. The hysteresis loops at different aging times and stress amplitudes are demonstrated. The relationships between the inelastic work, plastic strain, and fatigue life are identified by exploiting the Coffin-Manson and Morrow Energy models. The results indicate a reduction in fatigue life and an increase in inelastic work and plastic strain when the cyclic stress amplitude is increased. Increasing the aging time has a negative impact on the fatigue life of the solder joint. The Morrow Energy model significantly outperforms the Coffin-Manson model in describing the fatigue behavior of the solder joints regardless of the aging conditions. Finally, a general reliability model as a function of the inelastic work per cycle is introduced.
Temperature Measurements with Depth and Physical Evidence for the Effect of High Temperature Gradients on Top-Down Fatigue Cracking:

This paper presents the results of pavement temperature measurements with depth over a year obtained with a setup emulating the heat flow on a pavement with 305 mm (12 in.) of hot mix asphalt (HMA)...
Intratumor injection of CCL21-coupled vault nanoparticles is associated with reduction in tumor volume in an in vivo model of glioma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary adult brain tumor. Current care includes surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Recent clinical trials for GBM have demonstrated extended survival using interventions such as tumor vaccines or tumor-treating fields. However, prognosis generally remains poor, with expected survival of 20 months after randomization. Chemokine-based immunotherapy utilizing CCL21 locally recruits lymphocytes and dendritic cells to enhance host antitumor response. Here, we report a preliminary study utilizing CPZ-vault nanoparticles as a vehicle to package, protect, and steadily deliver therapy to optimize CCL21 therapy in a murine flank model of GBM. GL261 cells were subcutaneously injected into the left flank of eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice. Mice were treated with intratumoral injections of either: (1) CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticles (CPZ-CCL21), (2) free recombinant CCL21 chemokine empty vault nanoparticles, (3) empty vault nanoparticles, or 4) PBS. The results of this study showed that CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticle injections can decrease the tumor volume in vivo. Additionally, this study showed mice injected with CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticle had the smallest average tumor volume and remained the only treatment group with a negative percent change in tumor volume. This preliminary study establishes vault nanoparticles as a feasible vehicle to increase drug delivery and immune response in a flank murine model of GBM. Future animal studies involving an intracranial orthotopic tumor model are required to fully evaluate the potential for CCL21-packaged vault nanoparticles as a strategy to bypass the blood brain barrier, enhance intracranial immune activity, and improve intracranial tumor control and survival.
Improving immunogenicity and safety of flagellin as vaccine carrier by high-density display on virus-like particle surface.

Abstract Flagellin is a protein-based adjuvant that activates toll-like receptor (TLR) 5. Flagellin has been actively explored as vaccine adjuvants and carriers. Preclinical and clinical studies find flagellin-based vaccines have a risk to induce systemic adverse reactions potentially due to its overt activation of TLR5. To improve safety and immunogenicity of flagellin as vaccine carriers, FljB was displayed at high densities on hepatitis b core (HBc) virus-like particle (VLP) surface upon c/e1 loop insertion. FljB-HBc (FH) VLPs showed significantly reduced ability to activate TLR5 or induce systemic interleukin-6 release as compared to FljB. FH VLPs also failed to significantly increase rectal temperature of mice, while FljB could significantly increase rectal temperature of mice. These data indicated systemic safety of FljB could be significantly improved by high-density display on HBc VLP surface. Besides improved safety, FH VLPs and FljB similarly boosted co-administered ovalbumin immunization and FH VLPs were found to induce two-fold higher anti-FljB antibody titer than FljB. These data indicated preserved adjuvant potency and improved immunogenicity after high-density display of FljB on HBc VLP surface. Consistent with the high immunogenicity, FH VLPs were found to be more efficiently taken up by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and stimulate more potent dendritic cell maturation than FljB. Lastly, FH VLPs were found to be a more immunogenic carrier than FljB, HBc VLPs, or the widely used keyhole limpet hemocyanin for nicotine vaccine development with a good local and systemic safety. Our data support FH VLPs to be a potentially safer and more immunogenic carrier than FljB for vaccine development.
The β-arrestin-biased β-adrenergic receptor blocker carvedilol enhances skeletal muscle contractility

A decrease in skeletal muscle strength and functional exercise capacity due to aging, frailty, and muscle wasting poses major unmet clinical needs. These conditions are associated with numerous adverse clinical outcomes including falls, fractures, and increased hospitalization. Clenbuterol, a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonist enhances skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy; however, its clinical utility is limited by side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias mediated by G protein signaling. We recently reported that clenbuterol-induced increases in contractility and skeletal muscle hypertrophy were lost in β-arrestin 1 knockout mice, implying that arrestins, multifunctional adapter and signaling proteins, play a vital role in mediating the skeletal muscle effects of β2AR agonists. Carvedilol, classically defined as a βAR antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of chronic systolic heart failure and hypertension, and has been demonstrated to function as a β-arrestin-biased ligand for the β2AR, stimulating β-arrestin-dependent but not G protein-dependent signaling. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with carvedilol could enhance skeletal muscle strength via β-arrestin-dependent pathways. In a murine model, we demonstrate chronic treatment with carvedilol, but not other β-blockers, indeed enhances contractile force in skeletal muscle and this is mediated by β-arrestin 1. Interestingly, carvedilol enhanced skeletal muscle contractility despite a lack of effect on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Our findings suggest a potential unique clinical role of carvedilol to stimulate skeletal muscle contractility while avoiding the adverse effects with βAR agonists. This distinctive signaling profile could present an innovative approach to treating sarcopenia, frailty, and secondary muscle wasting.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ß-cardiac myosin mutation (P710R) leads to hypercontractility by disrupting super-relaxed state

Abstract Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited form of heart disease, associated with over 1000 mutations, many in β-cardiac myosin (MYH7). Molecular studies of myosin with different HCM mutations have revealed a diversity of effects on ATPase and load-sensitive rate of detachment from actin. It has been difficult to predict how such diverse molecular effects combine to influence forces at the cellular level and further influence cellular phenotypes. This study focused on the P710R mutation that dramatically decreased in vitro motility velocity and actin-activated ATPase, in contrast to other MYH7 mutations. Optical trap measurements of single myosin molecules revealed that this mutation reduced the step size of the myosin motor and the load sensitivity of the actin detachment rate. Conversely, this mutation destabilized the super-relaxed state in longer, two-headed myosin constructs, freeing more heads to generate force. Micropatterned hiPSC-cardiomyocytes CRISPR-edited with the P710R mutation produced significantly increased force (measured by traction force microscopy) compared with isogenic control cells. The P710R mutation also caused cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cytoskeletal remodeling as measured by immunostaining and electron microscopy. Cellular hypertrophy was prevented in the P710R cells by inhibition of ERK or Akt. Finally, we used a computational model that integrated the measured molecular changes to predict the measured traction forces. These results confirm a key role for regulation of the super-relaxed state in driving hypercontractility in HCM with the P710R mutation and demonstrate the value of a multiscale approach in revealing key mechanisms of disease. Significance Statement Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited form of heart disease, affecting over 1 in 200 people. Mutations in myosin, the motor protein responsible for contraction of the heart, are a common cause of HCM but have diverse effects on the biomechanics of the myosin protein. We demonstrate that complex biomechanical effects of mutations associated with heart disease can be effectively studied and understood using a multi-scale experimental and computational modeling approach. This work confirmed an important role for disruption of the super-relaxed state for one particular HCM mutation, and our approach can be extended to aid in the development of new targeted therapies for patients with different mutations.
An Empirical Study on Few-shot Knowledge Probing for Pretrained Language Models.

Prompt-based knowledge probing for 1-hop relations has been used to measure how much world knowledge is stored in pretrained language models. Existing work uses considerable amounts of data to tune the prompts for better performance. In this work, we compare a variety of approaches under a few-shot knowledge probing setting, where only a small number (e.g., 10 or 20) of example triples are available. In addition, we create a new dataset named TREx-2p, which contains 2-hop relations. We report that few-shot examples can strongly boost the probing performance for both 1-hop and 2-hop relations. In particular, we find that a simple-yet-effective approach of finetuning the bias vectors in the model outperforms existing prompt-engineering methods. Our dataset and code are available at \url{this https URL}.
Physiological adaptations in early-lactation cows result in differential responses to calcium perturbation relative to nonlactating, nonpregnant cows.

ABSTRACT The peripartal cow experiences a rapid change in calcium metabolism at the onset of lactation. Research has focused on understanding how mammary-derived factors, such as serotonin (5HT) and parathyroid hormone like hormone (PTHLH), aid in coordinating these calcemic adaptations to lactation. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine how induced subclinical hypocalcemia influences physiological responses, specifically the 5HT-PTHLH-Ca axis, in lactating and nonlactating dairy cows to elucidate the potential contribution of the mammary gland. Twelve nonlactating, nonpregnant (NL) multiparous Holstein cows and 12 early-lactation (EL) multiparous Holstein cows received either (1) a continuous 24-h intravenous solution of 0.9% NaCl or (2) 5% ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) solution in 0.9% NaCl (n = 6 EL, n = 6 NL per treatment) with the aim of maintaining blood ionized calcium (iCa) less than 1.0 mM. Mammary gland biopsies were taken immediately after and 48 h after termination of infusion. Blood was sampled hourly during infusion and 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after termination of infusion. Infusion of EGTA successfully decreased blood iCa concentrations. However, EL EGTA-infused cows required increased rates of EGTA infusion to maintain iCa below 1.0 mM. Circulating and mammary serotonin concentrations were increased in EL relative to NL cows, with no difference as a result of EGTA infusion. Mammary PTHLH expression was increased in EL cows, with highest expression observed in EL EGTA-infused cows. Collectively, these data demonstrate the robust adaptations EL cows have to maintain Ca homeostasis and the supporting roles 5HT and PTHLH may play.
Point Process Differentials with Evolving Intensities

The theory of stochastic differential equations customarily assumes one is a priori given known coefficients and known driving terms (e.g., white noise, Poisson white noise, etc.). Motivated by simple models in microeconomics ([3], [5]), in this article we investigate stochastic differential equations where one of the driving terms is not a priori given but evolves in a fashion depending on the paths of the solution. For example, a driving term may be a point process N = N[λ(X)] with an instantaneous stochastic intensity λS = λ(X)S, where X is a solution of the equation: $${X_t} = {K_t} + \int\limits_0^t F {\left( X \right)_s}d{Y_s} + \int\limits_0^t {G{{\left( X \right)}_S}} dN{\left[ {\lambda \left( X \right)} \right]_s}.$$ (1.1)
Continuity Conditions for a Class of Second-order Permanental Chaoses

Just as permanental processes are generalizations of stochastic processes that are the square of Gaussian processes we define permanental fields as a generalization of certain second-order Gaussian chaos processes. A sufficient condition for the continuity of permanental fields is obtained that generalizes an earlier result for second-order Gaussian chaoses.
A Review of “Human Resources for Results: The Right Person for the Right Job”

Since this book was published under the auspices of the Public Library Association, one might assume that it applies only to public libraries and librarians. And, the authors clearly say that the b...
Polypharmazie in der Behandlung depressiver Störungen

Bis zu 30% aller depressiven Patienten sprechen auf eine konventionelle Pharmakotherapie entweder uberhaupt nicht oder nur unzureichend an (Nierenberg und Amsterdam 1990, Fawcett 1994, Amsterdam und Hornig-Rohan 1996, Thase und Rush 1997, Souery et al. 1999, Souery et al. 2006, Nelson 2003, Dunner et al. 2006). Therapieresistenz auf Antidepressiva ist also ein relevantes klinisches Problem, selbst wenn bisher eine allgemein gultige Definition fur Therapieresistenz auf Antidepressiva noch gar nicht existiert (Guscott und Grof 1991, Souery et al. 1999). Der Begriff wird von einzelnen Autoren unterschiedlich gehandhabt (Ubersichten: Schmaus und Meller 1989, Thase und Rush 1997, Rush 2005). Nach der gebrauchlichsten Definition (Helmchen 1990, Moller 1991, 2004 a, b) spricht man dann von Therapieresistenz, wenn depressive Syndrome bei Behandlung mit mindestens zwei Antidepressiva mit unterschiedlichem Wirkschwerpunkt in ausreichender Dosierung uber eine Dauer von jeweils mindestens vier Wochen unbeeinflusst bleiben. Je restriktiver die Definition der Therapieresistenz, desto weniger Patienten sind davon betroffen. Diese gehoren dann aber sicherlich zum harten Kern der Antidepressiva-Nonresponder, bei denen mit medikamentosen Masnahmen nur noch wenig zu erreichen ist.
Nonparametric Tests of Additive Derivative Constraints

This paper proposes nonparametric tests of additive constraints on the first and second derivatives of a model E(y‖x) = g(x), where the true function g is unknown. Such constraints are illustrated by the economic restrictions of homogeneity and symmetry, and the functional form restrictions of additivity and linearity. The proposed tests are based on estimates of regression coefficients, that statistically characterize the departures from the constraint exhibited by the data. The coefficients are based on weighted average derivatives, that are reformulated in terms of derivatives of the density of x. Coefficient estimators are proposed that use nonparametric kernel estimators of the density and its derivatives. These statistics are shown to be √N consistent and asymptotically normal, and thus are comparable to estimators based on a (correctly specified) parametric model of g(x)
Pharmacokinetics of Oral Dichloroacetate in Dogs

We characterized the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of dichloroacetate (DCA), an investigational drug for mitochondrial diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and cancer. Adult Beagle dogs were orally administered 6.25 mg/kg q12h DCA for 4 weeks. Plasma kinetics was determined after 1, 14, and 28 days. The activity and expression of glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1), which biotransforms DCA to glyoxylate, were determined from liver biopsies at baseline and after 27 days. Dogs demonstrate much slower clearance and greater inhibition of DCA metabolism and GSTZ1 activity and expression than rodents and most humans. Indeed, the plasma kinetics of DCA in dogs is similar to humans with GSTZ1 polymorphisms that confer exceptionally slow plasma clearance. Dogs may be a useful model to further investigate the toxicokinetics and therapeutic potential of DCA.
Impact of ‘targeted’ fluconazole prophylaxis for preterm neonates: efficacy of a highly selective approach?

Impact of ‘targeted’ fluconazole prophylaxis for preterm neonates: efficacy of a highly selective approach?
Factors related to receipt of dental care in Eastern Iowa nursing facilities.

Objective: To assess factors related to nursing facility residents’ receipt of dental treatment when it was offered on site. Methods: Screening forms that included demographic, general, and dental health information were obtained from residents of 10 nursing facilities in Eastern Iowa, and their dental procedure history for up to 7 years after screening was recorded. Residents were grouped as having received either no procedures; diagnostic procedures only; or nondiagnostic procedures. Results: Of the 586 residents, the mean age was 83.8 years at screening and 31.3% were edentulous. The odds of receiving nondiagnostic procedures were lower among residents who were older (OR = 0.98, 95%CI 0.96–0.99) or edentulous (OR = 0.31, 95%CI 0.20–0.46), compared to those who received no dental procedures. Conclusions: Those who were older or edentulous had lower odds of receiving nondiagnostic dental procedures. Well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed to better evaluate barriers to receipt of dental treatment among the institutionalized elderly.
New Directions in Economic Anthropology

New Directions in Economic Anthropology. Susana Narotzky. London: Pluto Press, 1997. 253 pp.
Use of a Flexible Inflatable Multi-Channel Applicator for Vaginal Brachytherapy in the Management of Gynecologic Cancer.

Introduction: Evaluate use of novel multi-channel applicator (MC) CapriTM to improve vaginal disease coverage achievable by single-channel applicator (SC) and comparable to Syed plan simulation. Material and Methods: 28 plans were evaluated from 4 patients with primary or recurrent gynecologic cancer in the vagina. Each received whole pelvis radiation, followed by 3 weekly treatments using HDR brachytherapy with a 13-channel MC. Upper vagina was treated to 5 mm depth to 1500 cGy/3 fractions with a simultaneous integrated boost totaling 2100 cGy/3 fractions to tumor. Modeling of SC and Syed plans was performed using MC scans for each patient. Dosimetry for MC and SC plans was evaluated for PTV700 cGy coverage, maximum dose to 2cm3 to bladder, rectum as well as mucosal surface points. Dosimetry for Syed plans was calculated for PTV700 cGy coverage. Patients were followed for treatment response and toxicity. Results: Dosimetric analysis between MC and SC plans demonstrated increased tumor coverage (PTV700 cGy), with decreased rectal, bladder, and contralateral vaginal mucosa dose in favor of MC. These differences were significant (p<0.05). Comparison of MC and Syed plans demonstrated increased tumor coverage in favor of Syed plans which were not significant (p=0.71). Patients treated with MC had no cancer recurrence or ≥ grade 3 toxicity. Conclusion: Use of MC was efficacious and safe, providing superior coverage of tumor volumes ≤1cm depth compared to SC and comparable to Syed implant. MC avoids excess dose to surrounding organs compared to SC, and potentially less morbidity than Syed implants. For tumors extending ≤1cm depth, use of MC represents an alternative to an interstitial implant.
The positive power of negative thinking : using defensive pessimism to manage anxiety and perform at your peak

A psychologist challenges the tyranny of optimism by claiming that negative thinking is often a far better way to deal with anxiety than striving to stay positive. How often are we urged to "look on the bright side"? From Norman Vincent Peale to the ubiquitous smiley face, optimism has become an essential part of American society. In this long-overdue book, psychologist Julie Norem offers convincing evidence that, for many people, positive thinking is an ineffective strategy-and often an obstacle-for successfully coping with the anxieties and pressures of modern life. "Defensive pessimism," which involves imagining the worst possible outcomes to any action and everything that could go wrong in a given situation, actually helps millions of people manage their anxiety and perform their best work, all the while refusing to succumb to "oblivious optimism. "Drawing on her own research and many vivid case histories, Norem shows how to use defensive pessimism and provides evidence and fascinating explanations of its powerful benefits. While there is no "one size fits all" prescription for confronting psychological roadblocks, Defensive Pessimism will help people identify the method that works best for them, and provide practical, proven advice on changing strategies.
Dealing with Korean multinationals

The author investigates business strategies of Korean multinational enterprises in general, and their impact on international transactions. Since Korean government agencies have been instrumental in past economic development, existing government rules and regulations governing Korea's international transactions are analyzed, and the roles of various government and semi-government agencies discussed. Typical problems that arise from differences in business practices and culture are identified, and some recommendations that may expedite US business dealings with Korean business are presented. >
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-2 (MCP-2) Uses CCR1 AND CCR2B as Its Functional Receptors

Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-2 is a member of the C-C chemokine subfamily, which shares more than 60% sequence homology with MCP-1 and MCP-3 and about 30% homology with macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, regulated on activation of normal T cell expressed (RANTES), and MIP-1beta. Despite this considerable sequence homology to other C-C chemokines, MCP-2 appears to have unique functional properties in comparison with other C-C chemokines such as MCP-1 and MCP-3. Although evidence obtained from studies on leukocytes suggested that MCP-2 may share the receptors with these C-C chemokines, the actual functional receptors for MCP-2 have not yet been identified. In this study, by using radioiodinated MCP-2, we identified high affinity binding sites for MCP-2 on human peripheral blood monocytes. The MCP-2 binding was competed for by MCP-1 and MCP-3, but less well by MIP-1alpha or RANTES. In experiments using cells transfected with C-C chemokine receptors, 125I-MCP-2 bound to human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with CCR1 or CCR2B, known to also bind MIP-1alpha/RANTES and MCP-1, respectively, but both shared by MCP-3. The binding of 125I-MCP-2 to these receptor-transfected cells was displaced completely by chemokines that bind to these receptors. Both CCR1- and CCR2B-transfected 293 cells showed significant migration in response to MCP-2, in addition to responding to other specific chemokines. These results clearly demonstrate that MCP-2, unlike MCP-1, uses both CCR1 as well as CCR2B as its functional receptors, and this accounts for the unique activities of MCP-2.
Bevelled carbon-fiber ultramicroelectrodes

Abstract A technique for polishing the surface of carbon-fiber ultramicroelectrodes to a bevelled tip is described which simplifies electrode preparation. The bevelled surface has an active area that is more than twice that of a disk electrode fabricated from the same material. This results in larger faradaic currents. It is found that the chronoamperometric current at these electrodes is equal to that calculated for a disk of equivalent area to the elliptical area of the electrode. While the area is increased, the residual current is not, and thus quantitative applications of these electrodes as in vivo probes as facilitated. Furthermore, the bevelled tip results in an electrode that minimizes tissue damage during insertion into brain tissues.
Building a better mousetrap II: using Design of Experiments with unconfounded ions to compare the growth of different microalgae.

Abstract A large number of unconfounded media variations were used with a Scheffe Mix Model to examine in an unambiguous fashion the effects of variations in six important ions; NH 4 + , NO 3 − , Na + , K + , PO 4 − , and Cl − , on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris . This allows several novel observations on media components, for example, the inhibitory effects of chloride, to be made. Using a side by side comparison, it is shown that two strains of Chlorella show significant physiological and functional differences brought out by this approach. Testing selected formulations with a diverse set of algae demonstrated different effects on both growth and cellular lipid content, in some cases driving significant lipid production. This suggests that future work using a larger portion of media composition space could lead to the development of novel media supporting maximal biomass production and lipid production.
Monoid varieties defined byx n+1 =x are local

We offer a new proof of the theorem in the title. In fact, we prove that for any varietyH of groups of finite exponent, the varietyCR(H) of all completely regular monoids with subgroups fromH, is local. The analogous result holds for pseudovarieties. A previously published proof of the theorem in the title has been found deficient.
Intracellular Mediators of Goblet Cell Degranulation in Isolated Pancreatic Ducts

The involvement of particular intracellular signalling pathways in agonist-evoked degranulation of guinea pig pancreatic duct goblet cells was investigated. Carbachol, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcium ionophore A23187, phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), cyclic AMP analogue Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS and forskolin each caused degranulation of goblet cells in isolated ducts. Degranulation induced by carbachol was not inhibited by okadaic acid, cytochalasin-D or nocodazole. These results indicate that at least two major signalling pathways are involved in pancreatic duct goblet cell secretion.
Synthesis of Pd-Au Bimetallic Nanocrystals via Controlled Overgrowth

This paper describes the synthesis of Pd−Au bimetallic nanocrystals with controlled morphologies via a one-step seeded-growth method. Two different reducing agents, namely, l-ascorbic acid and citric acid, were utilized for the reduction of HAuCl4 in an aqueous solution to control the overgrowth of Au on cubic Pd seeds. When l-ascorbic acid was used as the reducing agent, conformal overgrowth of Au on the Pd nanocubes led to the formation of Pd−Au nanocrystals with a core−shell structure. On the contrary, localized overgrowth of Au was observed when citric acid was used as the reducing agent, producing Pd−Au bimetallic dimers. Through this morphological control, we were able to tune the localized surface plasmon resonance peaks of Pd−Au bimetallic nanostructures in the visible region.
Legislator voting and shirking: A critical review of the literature

We set out to critically review the progress in answering two related questions: what determines how legislators vote and how can shirking by legislators be measured? In the first category, the hypothesis that legislators shirk in order to indulge their personal ideological preferences has led researchers astray. The theoretical underpinning is shaky on two counts. First, legislators who indulge their preferences at the expense of their constituents' preferences put themselves at a competitive electoral disadvantage. Second, the original two-stage procedure used to measure ideological shirking is severely flawed. Among many other problems, the residual measure of shirking implicitly assumes that the median voter is the relevant constituent-principal for the legislator-agent.
Physical chemical studies on the age changes in rat tail tendon collagen.

Abstract Collagen was solubilized from the tail tendons of rats of different ages in dilute acetic acid. Optical rotation measurements on the solubilized collagen indicated that no significant age changes occur in the overall secondary structure of collagen. Sedimentation velocity measurements on the solubilized collagen in KSCN solutions, in which the secondary structure is broken down, revealed only α (single-stranded) and β (double-stranded) subunits. The portion of α in the acid-solubilized collagen, measured by sedimentation velocity, decreases markedly between 1 and 3 months but remains fairly constant thereafter. The rate of solubilization and the fraction of the total collagen eventually solubilized, however, showed drastic changes after 3 months, but not before. These observations are in line with a continuing production of covalent crosslinks in the collagen fiber throughout the life span of the animal, according to the following kind of picture: β subunits are, effectively, first produced by crosslinking α subunits within the tropocollagen molecules laid down in the formation of the fiber. Crosslinking then spreads randomly within and between tropocollagen units, and eventually an insoluble matrix is built up, so that less and less solubilizable collagen becomes more and more entrapped.
Drivers' Adaptation to Adaptive Cruise Control: Examination of Automatic and Manual Braking

Drivers may adapt to the automatic braking control feature available on adaptive cruise control (ACC) in ways unintended by designers. This study examines drivers' adaptation using a conceptual model of adaptive behavior developed and examined quantitatively using logistic regression techniques. Data for this model come from a field operational test on the use of an advanced collision avoidance system, which integrated forward collision warning and ACC functions. A sample of “closing” events was extracted from a subset of these ACC data. The logistic regression model predicted the drivers' likelihood to intervene (i.e., manually brake) whenever ACC began braking or slowing down the vehicle. The results indicate that several factors influence drivers' response, including the environment, selected gap setting, speed, and drivers' age. Safety consequences and the design of future ACC systems based on drivers' adaptation to these factors are discussed.