cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activated chemical defenses suppress herbivory on freshwater red algae.

The rapid life cycles of freshwater algae are hypothesized to suppress selection for chemical defenses against herbivores, but this notion remains untested. Investigations of chemical defenses are rare for freshwater macrophytes and absent for freshwater red algae. We used crayfish to assess the palatability of five freshwater red algae relative to a palatable green alga and a chemically defended aquatic moss. We then assessed the roles of structural, nutritional, and chemical traits in reducing palatability. Both native and non-native crayfish preferred the green alga Cladophora glomerata to four of the five red algae. Batrachospermum helminthosum, Kumanoaholtonii, and Tuomeya americana employed activated chemical defenses that suppressed feeding by 30–60 % following damage to algal tissues. Paralemanea annulata was defended by its cartilaginous structure, while Boldiaerythrosiphon was palatable. Activated defenses are thought to reduce ecological costs by expressing potent defenses only when actually needed; thus, activation might be favored in freshwater red algae whose short-lived gametophytes must grow and reproduce rapidly over a brief growing season. The frequency of activated chemical defenses found here (three of five species) is 3–20× higher than for surveys of marine algae or aquatic vascular plants. If typical for freshwater red algae, this suggests that (1) their chemical defenses may go undetected if chemical activation is not considered and (2) herbivory has been an important selective force in the evolution of freshwater Rhodophyta. Investigations of defenses in freshwater rhodophytes contribute to among-system comparisons and provide insights into the generality of plant–herbivore interactions and their evolution.
ATP-binding site of human brain hexokinase as studied by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis.

The interaction of ATP with the active site of hexokinase is unknown since the crystal structure of the hexokinase−ATP complex is unavailable. It was found that the ATP binding site of brain hexokinase is homologous to that of actin, heat shock protein hsc70, and glycerol kinase. On the basis of these similarities, the ATP molecule was positioned in the catalytic domain of human brain hexokinase, which was modeled from the X-ray structure of yeast hexokinase. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to test the function of residues presumably involved in interaction with the tripolyphosphoryl moiety of ATP. Asp532, which is thought to be involved in binding the Mg2+ ion of the MgATP2- complex, was mutated to Lys and Glu. The kcat values decreased 1000- and 200-fold, respectively, for the two mutants. Another residue, Thr680 was proposed to interact with the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP through hydrogen bonds and was mutated to Val and Ser. The kcat value of the Thr680Val mutant decreased 2000-fold, whereas th...
Breaching the Theoretical Divide: Reassessing the Ordinary and Everyday in Habermas and Garfinkel*

This article argues that Habermas and Garfinkel present complementary perspectives on the dynamics of ordinary language and the ways in which communication is configured and prefigured in interactive settings. Together they provide a basis for thinking about action and its environments not simply in terms of the in situ or formal conditions in isolation from one another, but as extensions of an integrated dependency between the local (indexical) contexts in which interactions occur and the rational (pretheoretical) presuppositions that make such interactions possible. The conditions on which actors are identified as rational agents or as being bound by the structured environments in which they move are not differentiated in the course of everyday life. Communication consists of produced events that admit both rational presuppositions and practical accomplishments. Taken concomitantly, these properties constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions for creating the intersubjective links that individuals rely on when interacting.
Influence of glycosidic linkage on solution conformational entropy of oligosaccharides: Malto‐ vs. isomalto‐ and cello‐ vs. laminarioligosaccharides

Carbohydrate flexibility can influence a variety of recognition, processing, and end-use properties, at both the polymeric and oligomeric levels. The influence of glycosidic linkage, in particular, on carbohydrate flexibility is manifested in properties such as bacterial selectivity, solution viscosity, and the ability to regulate the spread of disease. Here, we apply size-exclusion chromatography, an entropically controlled technique, to determine the solution conformational entropy (ΔS) of various oligosaccharide series. The aim of the present study is to highlight how, for a given anomeric configuration, glycosidic linkage affects ΔS, and to do so quantitatively as a function of degree of polymerization (DP). To this end, we compare ΔS values for DP 1-7 for malto- and isomaltooligosaccharides, and for DP 1-5 for cello- and laminarioligosaccharides. To do so, we realize previously unattainable separations of disaccharides via a strict size-exclusion mechanism. Also given here are the requirements for extending our method to other oligomers, as well as to biopolymers
Synchronous versus asynchronous operation of a packet switch with combined input and output queueing

Abstract A single-stage non-blocking N × N packet switch with combined input and output queueing is considere. The limited queueing at the output ports partially resolves output port contention. Overflow at the output queues is prevented by employment of a backpressure mechanism and additional queueing at the input ports. This paper investigates the performance of the switch under two different modes of operation: asynchronous and synchronous or slotted. For the purpose of comparison a switch model is developed. Assuming Poisson packet arrivals, several performance measures are obtained analytically. These include the distribution of the delay through the switch, the input queue length distribution, packet losses at the inputs in the case of finite input queues, and the maximum switch throughput. The results obtained demonstrate a slight performance advantage of asynchronous over synchronous operation. However, the maximum switch throughput is the same for both modes of operation.
Suppression of glial activation is involved in the protection of IL-10 on maternal E. coli induced neonatal white matter injury

White matter damage (WMD) is an important cause of disability including cerebral palsy in preterm, low birth-weight infants. Maternal infection is now recognized as one of the risk factors for WMD. Previously we reported that intrauterine inoculation of Escherichia coli to pregnant rats resulted in WMD in offspring and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was protective against this damage. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism involved in the protective effect of IL-10 against neonatal WMD. We found that E. coli treatment in dams resulted in significant apoptosis in periventricular white matter of rat pups on postnatal day 0 (P0). On P8, a remarkable increase in ED-1 immunostaining (indicating either microglial activation or macrophage infiltration) was detected in brains of pups in the E. coli-treated group. Astrogliosis was also noticed in brain white matter of pups in the E. coli-treated group. In addition to the strong activation of microglia and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (OLs) were significantly reduced in periventricular areas in the brains of pups from the E. coli-treated group. Later, on P15, hypomyelination was also noticed in rat brains from the E. coli-treated group, using myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining. Treatment with IL-10 after E. coli inoculation significantly reduced TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activation, and partially restored the impaired immunostaining markers for immature and mature OLs, such as CNPase, O4, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and MBP. These results indicate that the protective effect of IL-10 against brain WMD is linked with suppression of microglial activation/macrophage infiltration, as shown by significantly reduced ED-1+ cells in the white matter.
Factors relted to breadth of use in course management systems

A unique resource in course management systems (CMSs) is that they offer faculty members convenient access to a variety of integrated features. Some featurs allow faculty members to provide information to students, and others allow students to interact with each other or a computer. This diverse set of features can be used to help meet the variety of learning goals that are part of college classes. Currently, most CMS research has analyzed how and why individual CMS features are used, instead of analyzing how and why multiple features are used. The study described here reports how and why faculty members use multiple CMS features, in resident college classes. Results show that nearly half of faculty members use one feature or less. Those who use multiple features are significantly more likely to have experience with interactive technologies. Implications for using and encouraging the use of multiple CMS features are provided.
Indicators of the educational effectiveness of subspecialty training programs in internal medicine.

PURPOSE: To identify markers within the subspecialty educational process in internal medicine that are associated with greater improvements in knowledge and skill. METHOD: Candidates for the 1991 cardiovascular disease examination of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) were matched to the fellowship programs they attended, and their performances on the internal medicine examination of the ABIM, demographic data, and performances on the cardiovascular disease examination were averaged within each program. Information on the programs themselves was also available. The variables were divided according to whether they controlled for input to the training programs, were indicators of educational process, or served as the outcome measure. Analyses were restricted to the 140 programs for which complete information was available and that had four or more candidates who took the cardiovascular examination (97 programs were excluded). RESULTS: The multiple correlation between all measures and scores on the cardiovascular disease examination was .80. Forty-five percent of the explained variance is attributable to previous performance on the internal medicine examination alone. The remaining 55% is shared by the educational indicators and the input measure or explained by the indicators alone. Among the indicators, location of medical school, length of fellowship training, ratings of overall clinical competence, fellow-to-faculty ratio, and number of subspecialties in the same institution made small contributions on their own. Program size, university affiliation, and period of approval by the residency review committee contributed little. CONCLUSION: The data are clear that indicators of educational process such as fellow-to-faculty ratio, longer periods of training, and performance during fellowship can generate greater gains in knowledge and judgment than would be expected if fellows merely built on their abilities at the time of entry to training. Such indicators may be useful if changes in health care delivery require reducing the numbers of specialty and subspecialty training positions.
SCHOTTKY UNIFORMIZATIONS OF CLOSED RIEMANN SURFACES WITH ABELIAN GROUPS OF CONFORMAL AUTOMORPHISMS

by RUBEN A. HIDALGOf(Received 8 June, 1992)1. Introduction Let us consider a pair (S,H) consisting of a closed Riemannsurface 5 and an Abelian group H of conformal automorphisms of 5. We are interested infinding uniformizations of 5, via Schottky groups, which reflect the action of the group H.A Schottky uniformization of a closed Riemann surface S is a triple (Q, G, ;r.:Q—»5)where G is a Schottky group with Q as its region
Protein for calves on a limited milk-early weaning system.

Abstract Complete pelleted calf starter rations were fed to Holstein heifer calves on a limited milk-early weaning program from 3 days to 12 wk of age. Five rations fed to each of 10 calves were to contain crude protein percentages of 10, 12.5, 12.5 with .7% urea, 15, and 15 with 1.1% urea (as fed). The digestible protein:digestible energy ratios (g digestible protein/Mcal digestible energy) of the rations (in same order) were 23.4, 30.7, 28.8, 36.4, and 41.5. Average birth weight was 42.9kg and weaning weight at 4 wk, 52.8kg. Treatment effects on feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were analyzed after adjustment of birth weight and removal of effects of block and location. Feed intake for 12 wk was greater for 15% crude protein with 1.1% urea than for either 12.5% ration but not different from 10% protein. Average daily gain was increased for both 15% protein rations compared to 10 or 12.5% protein. Gain by calves fed 10% protein was equal to that by those fed 12.5% protein. Feed efficiency during wk 5 to 12 was improved for 15% with vegetable protein compared to 10% crude protein or the 12.5% crude protein ration with vegetable protein. There were no differences in intake, gain, or efficiency between urea and vegetable protein.
Veratryl Alcohol-Mediated Indirect Oxidation of Pentachlorophenol by Lignin Peroxidase

The oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by lignin peroxidase (LiP) is characterized by a rapid loss of activity during which time the enzyme is quickly converted to compound III, an inactive form of the enzyme. We investigated the indirect oxidation of PCP by LiP using veratryl alcohol (VA) as a mediator. The oxidation of VA to veratryl aldehyde by LiP was inhibited by PCP. Inhibition was characterized by lag period followed by the same rate of VA oxidation. The lag period before VA oxidation was increased by increasing concentrations of PCP. During the lag period, PCP was oxidized and the extent of PCP oxidation increased with increasing concentrations of VA. The enzyme stayed as compound II during PCP oxidation in the presence of VA, suggesting that VA has a protective role in the LiP catalysis. The kinetics of PCP oxidation in the presence of VA were similar to those of VA oxidation. All these results suggest that PCP is oxidized indirectly via the veratryl alcohol cation radical. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone was a stoichiometric product during PCP oxidation in both the presence and the absence of VA. An equivalent amount of inorganic chloride was formed by oxidative 4-dechlorination during PCP oxidation in the presence of VA. The increase in the rate and extent of PCP oxidation by VA results from mediation of PCP oxidation and reversion of inactive compound III to native enzyme, both by the veratryl alcohol cation radical.
Seasonal Variation of the Indonesian Throughflow in Makassar Strait

AbstractThe seasonal variation of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport is investigated using ocean general circulation model experiments with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Twenty-eight years (1981–2008) of ⅓° Indo-Pacific basin HYCOM simulations and three years (2004–06) from a global HYCOM simulation are analyzed. Both models are able to simulate the seasonal variation of upper-ocean currents and the total transport through Makassar Strait measured by International Nusantara Stratification and Transport (INSTANT) moorings reasonably well. The annual cycle of upper-ocean currents is then calculated from the Indo-Pacific HYCOM simulation. The reduction of southward currents at Makassar Strait during April–May and October–November is evident, consistent with the INSTANT observations. Analysis of the upper-ocean currents suggests that the reduction in ITF transport during April–May and October–November results from the wind variation in the tropical Indian Ocean through the generation of a Wyr...
Anthrax: A motor protein determines anthrax susceptibility

A new study has found that polymorphisms in the host gene kif1C, which encodes a kinesin-like motor protein, determine whether mouse macrophages are resistant or sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin. These findings may lead the way to discovering how both germ and host factors might contribute to a lethal infection.
Evaluation of temporary safe havens

Abstract In the event of an accidental release to the environment of a volatile hazardous chemical, buildings can serve as temporary safe havens (TSHs), providing potentially exposed personnel some protection from toxic fumes. However, the actual infiltration rate into buildings is often not known, and TSH candidates have been selected solely on the basis of building construction and/or air exchange ‘guestimates’. Tracer techniques now enable the deliberate identification of suitable buildings and their intergration into emergency response planning. This paper discusses the sulphur hexafluoride tracer decay method, which can measure the absolute infiltration rate into a candidate TSH building and allow calculation of ‘safe time’ protection for various scenarios appropriate to the particular site. Results of actual plant studies are discussed along with suggestions for extending TSH concepts to community emergency planning.
Effect of carbohydrate and nitrogen on hydrogen peroxide formation by wood decay fungi in solid medium

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been implicated in degradation of wood by both brown-rot and white-rot fungi. This study found that low concentrations of nitrogem and carbohydrates (cellobiose, glucose, xylose and mannose) in an agar medium had little effect on H2O2 production by white-rot fungi. However, low concentrations of nitrogen and carbohydrates stimulated H2O2 production by brown-rot fungi. Use of the chromogen 2,2′-azino-di(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) with horseradish peroxidase to detect H2O2 by the fungi was slightly better than detection by the chromogen o-dianisidine with horseradish peroxidase. An auxiliary test to check the role of H2O2 in wood decay found that hydrogen peroxide-negative isolates of the white-rot fungi Pharnerochaete chrysosporium and Ganoderma applanatum were unable to decay sweetgum and southern pine.
Active immunotherapy using dendritic cells in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.

Abstract Objective Glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant brain tumor still has a dismal prognosis with conventional treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new and/or adjuvant treatment options to improve patient outcomes. Active immunotherapy is a new area of research that may be a successful treatment option. The focus is on vaccines that consist of antigen presenting cells (APCs) loaded with tumor antigen. We have conducted a systematic review of prospective studies, case reports and clinical trials. The goal of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety in terms of complications, median overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS) and quality of life. Methods A PubMed search was performed to include all relevant studies that reported the characteristics, outcomes and complications of patients with GBM treated with active immunotherapy using dendritic cells. Reported parameters were immune response, radiological findings, median PFS and median OS. Complications were categorized based on association with the craniotomy or with the vaccine itself. Results A total of 21 studies with 403 patients were included in our review. Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with autologous tumor cells resulted in increased median OS in patients with recurrent GBM (71.6–138.0 wks) as well as those newly diagnosed (65.0-230.4 wks) compared to average survival of 58.4 wks. Conclusions Active immunotherapy, specifically with autologous DCs loaded with autologous tumor cells, seems to have the potential of increasing median OS and prolonged tumor PFS with minimal complications. Larger clinical trials are needed to show the potential benefits of active immunotherapy.
Principles of development: Implications for early intervention

Abstract Developmental psychologists working in applied settings increasingly confront issues related to early intervention. One of the greatest challenges is how to apply developmental theory to the practical problems of developing appropriate intervention programs for a variety of at-risk infants and toddlers. This article focuses on several principles derived from current systems approaches to development and the implications of those principles for the planning and implementation of intervention with infants and toddlers. Examples of specific programs are discussed, and conclusions are offered through several guidelines that alllow from the discussion.
Scaling behavior of sub-micron MOSFETs on fully depleted SOI

Abstract Fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs offer a number of advantages over conventional bulk silicon transistors, making them attractive candidates for deep sub-micron low power electronics. In this paper, we present detailed characterization and analysis of the scaling behavior of fully depleted SOI MOSFETs down to quarter-micrometer channel lengths. Based on the consideration of transconductance, short channel effects, sub-threshold conduction and breakdown voltage, a scaling guideline for thin SOI devices is developed for 0.5 and 0.25 μm channel lengths in terms of silicon film thickness, channel doping, and channel length.
Natural Convection in Modulated Thermal Gradients and Gravity: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Measurements

This paper presents an investigation on natural convection in a cavity with an imposed modulated thermal gradient or modulated gravity forces. Numerical computations are presented, which are based on the finite element solution of transient Navier-Stokes and energy balance equations, along with appropriate boundary conditions or time-varying gravity forces. To verify the numerical predictions, an experimental system is setup where wall temperatures are oscillated to produce modulated temperature gradients and the velocity fields are measured by a laser-based Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. Computed results compare well with experimental measurements for various conditions. With the mathematical model, so verified by experimental measurements, extensive numerical simulations are carried out to study the effects of modulation frequency and Prandtl numbers on the fluid flow. Results show the strong nonlinear interaction in the intermediate range of modulation frequency. It is also found that with a small Prandtl number typical of molten metals and semiconductor melts, modulated gravity and thermal gradients produce almost the same flow field both in structure and in magnitude.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL SUPPORT FOR SELF-SIMILARITY BETWEEN ATOMIC AND STELLAR SYSTEMS

Abstract Several lines or evidence are presented in support of the hypothesis that systems on the stellar and atomic scales arc nontrivially self-similar.
Peripheral levels of estrogen in the cyclic hamster.

Peripheral levels of plasma estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2), as measured by RIA, showed little correspondence in the cycling hamster. A diurnal pattern of Ex was apparent during the cycle with peak levels reached at 2200. Estradiol levels were low on the first 2 days of the cycle, correlated with the absence of antral follicles, but were higher at 2200 of day 2. A peak was reached at 1400 of day 3 (approximately 90 pg/ml) and the levels remained elevated for at least 8 hr. E2 was depressed at 0900 of day 4, but this was followed by an almost linear increase between 0900 and 1500 when the highest value for the estrous cycle was attained (186.6 pg/ml). A sharp decrease, down to baseline values, followed. The day 4 peak in E2 was temporally related to the preovulatory surge in LH and an abrupt increase in ovarian progesterone. Phenobarbital (Phen) injected to day 4 cycling animals prevented the E2 peak at 1500, whereas the addition of 5 μg of LH restored E2 to normal values. However, E1 was not affected by e...
AN UNLABELED BRACKETING SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF CONJOINED PHRASES IN MONTAGUE'S PTQ*

Although Montague claims that the system of The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English includes some conjunction and disjunction, the rules for other grammatical constructions do not take conjunction or disjunction into account, and in general fail either syntactically or semantically when one of their arguments is so formed. Using an unlabeled bracketing of syntactic structure and recursive definitions, we have been able to rewrite the rules so that correct results are obtained.
Reintroduction of American Chestnut in the National Forest System

American chestnut restoration depends on a multitude of biological, administrative, and technological factors. Germplasm traditionally bred for resistance to the chestnut blight disease caused by the exotic pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica has been deployed on national forests in the Eastern and Southern Regions of the National Forest System (NFS) since 2009. Trees were challenged by biological factors, primarily deer browse and ink disease (caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi). Because of these problems, inferences regarding resistance or tolerance to blight are premature. Mitigation to improve success includes improved technology in seedling production for planting and selection of appropriate test sites with limited management restrictions. We suggest that chestnut restoration within the USDA Forest Service be conducted through deployment of a series of long-term multidisciplinary tests. Limitations in resources required for this effort necessitate partnership building both within and outside the agency. Vegetation establishment targets that include chestnut test plantings within the NFS should be developed.
In the heat of the moment: Notes on the past, present, and future of Born in Flames

In these brief notes, the author's aim is to situate Born in Flames historically, including within the history of feminist theory. His starting point for thinking through this film was the presumption that what it means now differs from what it meant in its own time. While that would be true of almost any text, it has seemed to the author that Born in Flames, as an incendiary text, is extraordinarily provocative in the very ways that make it now seem “dated.” It remains inspiring, however, because it offers a vision of intersectional political coalition more radical than any feature film that we are likely to see now, despite the influence of decades of feminist, queer, and critical race studies. Revisiting the discourses the film generated at the time of its release, the author has come to recognize that, though times and the trends in theory have changed since 1983, the stakes of the revolution in the film have not. It presents a desire to make the world otherwise, economically and culturally.
Photogeneration and reactivity of acyl nitroso compounds

Acyl nitroso compounds have been generated by photolysis of several different classes of precursors including 9,10-dimethylanthracene adducts, nitrodiazo compounds, and 1,2,4-oxadiazole-4-oxides. C...
Incidence and management of testicular carcinoma metastatic to the neck.

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the incidence and impact on outcome of neck metastasis in germ cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A retrospective, institutional analysis of patients who presented with germ cell neoplasms was performed.Results: During an 11-year period 7 of 155 patients (4.5 percent) with testis cancer had neck metastasis. The incidence of neck metastasis strongly correlated with disease stage. Selective neck dissection in 3 patients with post-chemotherapy residual neck masses demonstrated teratomatous elements in 2, with scar and necrosis in 1.Conclusions: Post-chemotherapy neck masses should be treated by definitive surgery for local disease control and to eliminate the possibility of residual neoplastic or teratomatous elements.
The M&M Propositions 40 years later

Some months ago I was being deposed as an ‘expert economic witness’ in a law suit where our side was advancing, among other things, the view that a firm, not actually run by known thieves ready to abscond, could always raise additional equity capital. The firm might not want to raise more equity capital, but, in principle, it could. That’s basically just a straightforward, implication of the M&M perfect capital market assumption, I noted. As I was trying to explain that point in the course of my deposition, the attorney for the other side suddenly cut in and asked: ‘Professor. Do you or do you not believe the M&M Propositions are true?’ Fortunately, you cannot really be held to simple yes or no answers in a deposition. And I hope my inevitably longer answer to the opposing attorney can serve at least as a useful takeoff for my remarks today on the M&M Propositions and where they appear to stand. Let us first be clear what the M&M Propositions are that we are talking about. I will mean essentially the three capital structure propositions in the original 1958 article. Though I am sure no one here needs to be reminded, Proposition I, which is really the key to all the others, is the invariance proposition that the value of a firm, in the sense of the total value of its securities, depends only on the earning power and risk of its operating assets and not at all on the debt/equity composition of the liabilities. Otherwise, the capital markets would be out of equilibrium and arbitrage opportunities would exist. Proposition II goes on to show that if Proposition I holds, the expected return on levered shares will be a linear increasing function of leverage. And Proposition III— which is the one that figures most directly in the law suit—says, in effect, that the cost of capital, in the sense of the minimum expected rate of return required for a project to be just worth doing from the perspective of the current stockholders, is a property of the project and its risk, and not of the particular securities that happen to be used to finance it. I call these the capital structure propositions to distinguish them from the M&M dividend propositions though, as I pointed out in my 1988 survey article, even the dividend propositions are really subsumed under the capital structure
Voltammetric study of halide ion adsorption on platinum in perchloric acid solutions

Abstract Periodic current/potential curves were taken potentiostatically at 30 mV/sec on smooth platinum in 1 N HClO 4 with different additions of HCl, HBr, and HI, in the potential range between hydrogen evolution and deposition of oxygen or of the respective halide ion. The effect of increasing halide ion concentration, starting at 10 −6 M, on hydrogen adsorption and oxygen adsorption was studied systematically. Impedance measurements were made at 1000 c/s under the same conditions as the measurements of the current/potential curves. It is concluded from the dependence of the double layer capacitance upon the bulk concentration of halide ions in the double layer region that nearly a monolayer of adsorbed ions is present there for 0 c Cl − ≈ 10 −2 M, 0 c Br ≈ 10 −4 M, and 0 c HI ≈ 10 −5 M. The measurements at larger concentrations, especially for I − , show additional effects which are due to the deposition of halides and to the reverse reaction.
Renal Transplantation of the Infant and Young Child and the Use of Pediatric Cadaver Kidneys for Transplantation in Pediatric and Adult Recipients

Transplantation of infants less than 1 year of age with kidneys from live-related parental donors has recently led to good results, whereas cadaver donor renal transplantation in this recipient age group has led to a high mortality rate (11/13). Similarly, the results of cadaver donor renal transplantation in infants and young children less than 5 years of age has been suboptimal in the past, although recent data are more encouraging. With recent availability of long-term peritoneal dialysis for the infant and young child with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), it is possible to defer transplantation until an optimal donor becomes available. Because of the possible immunologic hyperactivity of such recipients, the immunosuppressive regimen may need to be modified if improved cadaver donor survival rates are to be obtained. The use of anencephalic kidneys for transplantation has been associated with a high incidence of primary nonfunction and few recipients with long-term functioning grafts. Harvesting of kidneys from anencephalic donors declared "brain-dead" at birth may reduce the incidence of primary nonfunction and increase the availability of anencephalic kidneys for transplantation. Reports of the use of pediatric cadaver kidneys for transplantation into pediatric and adult recipients yields discrepant results. Analysis of the data indicates that if pediatric cadaver kidneys from donors less than 6 years of age are used, the potential for decreased graft survival rates and an increased incidence of technical complications exists. However, the use of pediatric cadaver kidneys can provide adequate graft function in both pediatric and adult recipients and the use of such kidneys should increase the number of kidneys available for transplantation.
Management of metastatic breast cancer

Systemic treatment almost certainly prolongs the median survival of women with metastatic breast cancer, and it may prolong the survival of a small number of patients substantially. Even with conventional therapy, 10% or more patients may live into the second decade after recurrence. However, the disease cannot be eradicated, and the primary goal of treatment remains palliation and improvement of the quality of life. Because of the great variability in the pattern and course of the disease from one patient to another, therapy should be selected judiciously to maximize response and minimize toxicity. In some clinical situations, such as pathologic fractures and brain metastases, local therapies alone, such as surgery or irradiation, are the treatments of choice. Patients who will respond to endocrine therapy are well defined, and all patients with the characteristics of an endocrine responder deserve a chance at palliation with this modality alone because of its limited toxicity. A number of new forms of endocrine therapy with more specific targets at estrogen and progesterone receptor sites are now in clinical trials. When used appropriately, chemotherapy significantly improves patient quality of life despite its toxicity. No drug combinations, schedules, or doses have been shown to prolong survival or provide better net palliation than classic CMF (oral cyclophosphamide with intravenous methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) or CAF (intravenous cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil). Treatment with these combinations in excess of 6 to 9 months provides only marginal additional benefits and no survival advantage. The role of high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation remains a promising area of investigation, but the available survival data are entirely compatible with the possibility that this modality will eventually prove inferior to conventional therapy. Many new cytotoxic agents with unique mechanisms of action are currently under investigation, including taxol, taxotere, Topotecan, and amonafide. Taxol may be the most promising therapy now available for patients whose disease has become refractory to doxorubicin. Biologic therapies using monoclonal antibodies against a specific oncogene or its product have entered clinical trials, and novel drug delivery systems using liposomes are under evaluation.
Biophysical Factors Associated with the Marine Survival of Auke Creek, Alaska, Coho Salmon

Abstract Correlation analyses and stepwise regression models were run to examine relationships between the marine survival of Auke Creek coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and a number of physical and biological covariates: Local sea surface temperature, local precipitation, local hatchery releases of pink salmon O. gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta, regional and state coho and pink salmon catches, and smolt survival of three other regional coho salmon stocks. Auke Creek jack return rates and adult marine survival covaried, indicating that a significant amount of the variation in marine survival is due to conditions encountered in the first 4 to 5 months of marine life. Sea surface temperature was not significantly correlated with adult survival but was significantly associated with jack return rates. Precipitation had no relationship with marine survival. The number of locally released hatchery pink and chum salmon had the strongest correlation with marine survival (r = 0.71). Marine survival trends of coh...
Development of coatings to control electroosmosis in zero gravity electrophoresis

A major problem confronting the operation of free fluid electrophoresis in zero gravity is the control of electrokinetic phenomena and, in particular, electroosmosis. Due to the severity of counter flow, as a result of electroosmosis, the electrical potential developed at the surface of shear must be maintained at near, or as close to, zero millivolts as possible. Based upon this investigation, it has been found that the amount of bound water or the degree of hydroxylation plays a major role in the control of this phenomena. Of necessity, factors, such as adhesion, biocompatibility, protein adsorption, and insolubility were considered in this investigation because of the long buffer-coating exposure times required by present space operations. Based upon tests employing microcapillary electrophoresis, it has been found that gamma amino propyl trihydroxysilane produced a coating which provides the lowest potential (minus 3.86 mv) at the surface of shear between the stationary and mobile layers. This coating has been soaked in both borate and saline buffers, up to three months, in a pH range of 6.5 to 10 without deleterious effects or a change in its ability to control electrokinetic effects.
Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) yield and nitrate loss predictions for Wisconsin maize receiving varied amounts of nitrogen fertilizer.

Agriculture in the US. Midwest faces the formidable challenge of improving crop productivity while simultaneously mitigating the environmental consequences of intense management. This study examined the simultaneous response of nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N) leaching losses and maize (Zea mays L.) yield to varied fertilizer N management using field observations and the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) model. The model was validated against six years of field observations in chisel-plowed maize plots receiving an optimal (180 kg N ha - 1 ) fertilizer N application and in N-unfertilized plots on a silt loam soil near Arlington, Wisconsin. Predicted values of grain yield, harvest index, plant N uptake, residue C to N ratio, leaf area index (LAI), grain N, and drainage were within 20% of observations, However, simulated NO 3 -N leaching losses, NO 3 -N concentrations, and net N mineralization exhibited less interannual variability than observations, and had higher levels of error (20-65%). Potential effects of 30% higher (234 kg N ha - 1 ) and 30% lower (126 kg N ha - 1 ) fertilizer N use (from optimal) on NO 3 -N leaching loss and maize yield were simulated. A 30% increase in fertilizer N use increased annual NO 3 -N leaching by 56%, while yield increased by only 1%. The NO 3 -N concentration in the leachate solution at 1.4 m below the soil surface was 30.7 mg L - 1 . When fertilizer N use was reduced by 30% (from optimal), annual NO 3 -N leaching losses declined by 42% after seven years, and annual average yield only decreased by 8%. However, NO 3 -N concentration in the leachate solution remained above 10 mg L - 1 (11.3 mg L - 1 ). Clearly, nonlinear relationships existed between changes in fertilizer use and NO 3 -N leaching losses over time. Simulated changes in NO 3 -N leaching were greater in magnitude than fertilizer N use changes.
Evaluation of indeterminate bile duct (BD) stenosis with a new over the wire intraductal ultrasound probe (IDUS)

Evaluation of indeterminate bile duct (BD) stenosis with a new over the wire intraductal ultrasound probe (IDUS)
Role of nucleus retroambigualis in respiratory reflexes evoked by superior laryngeal and vestibular nerve afferents and in emesis

An ascending projection from the medullary nucleus retroambigualis (NRA) has recently been described as important for the control of the upper airway during vocalization. We evaluated the importance of this projection in other behaviors by making localized injections of the neurotoxin kainic acid in the NRA in decerebrate cats, most of which were paralyzed and artificially ventilated. In contrast to its importance for vocalization, the NRA is not essential for activation of upper airway musculature during respiration, swallowing, vomiting, or reflexes elicited by superior laryngeal or vestibular nerve afferents. However, kainic acid injections in the NRA and adjacent reticular formation prolonged the inhibitory phrenic motoneuronal response to superior laryngeal nerve stimulation and abolished or reduced abdominal motoneuronal responses during respiration, vomiting, and superior laryngeal nerve stimulation. Thus, of the behaviors we investigated, the importance of the ascending projection from the NRA appears to be limited to vocalization, while descending projections from the NRA region are important in a number of behaviors.
Influence of pyrethroid ester, oxime ether, and other central linkages on insecticidal activity, hydrolytic detoxification, and physicochemical parameters

Abstract The relative potency to target and nontarget insects of ester pyrethroids and the analogous oxime ethers, and the degree of synergism of the esters with tributyl phosphorotrithioate, provide a useful guide to the importance of esterase detoxification in species specificity. These criteria indicate that esterase detoxification is a more important component of pyrethroid tolerance in Chrysopa carnea and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri larvae than in Exochomus flavipis larvae and Musca domestica adults. Studies with 3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopropylacetate and the corresponding 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl ester, their oxime ether analogs, and permethrin and its thiol ester and amide analogs provide evidence that the high insecticidal activity of some ester and E-oxime ether pyrethroids, relative to that of the corresponding thiol ester and amide, is more closely associated with the dipole moment and polarizability of the central linkage and its resistance to esterase detoxification than with bond lengths or lipophilicities conferred by a specific linkage. Pentafluorobenzyl tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate is very effective in the vapor state for house fly control.
Detecting memory leaks in managed languages with Cork

A memory leak in a managed language occurs when the program inadvertently maintains references to objects that it no longer needs. Memory leaks cause systematic heap growth that degrade performance and can result in program crashes after perhaps days or weeks of execution. Prior approaches for detecting memory leaks rely on heap differencing or detailed object statistics which store state proportional to the number of objects in the heap. These overheads preclude their use on the same processor for deployed long-running applications. This paper introduces Cork as a tool that accurately identifies heap growth caused by leaks. It is space efficient (adding less than 1p to the heap) and time efficient (adding 2.3p on average to total execution time). We implement this approach of examining and summarizing the class of live objects during garbage collection in a class points-from graph (CPFG). Each node in the CPFG represents a class and edges between nodes represent references between objects of the specific classes. Cork annotates nodes and edges with the corresponding volume of live objects. Cork identifies growing data structures across multiple collections and computes a class slice to identify leaks for the user. We experiment with two functions for identifying growth and show that Cork is accurate: it identifies systematic heap growth with no false positives in 4 of 15 benchmarks we tested. Cork's slice report enabled us to quickly identify and eliminate growing data structures in large and unfamiliar programs, something their developers had not previously done. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum walks with infinite hitting times

Hitting times are the average time it takes a walk to reach a given final vertex from a given starting vertex. The hitting time for a classical random walk on a connected graph will always be finite. We show that, by contrast, quantum walks can have infinite hitting times for some initial states. We seek criteria to determine if a given walk on a graph will have infinite hitting times, and find a sufficient condition, which for discrete time quantum walks is that the degeneracy of the evolution operator be greater than the degree of the graph. The set of initial states which give an infinite hitting time form a subspace. The phenomenon of infinite hitting times is in general a consequence of the symmetry of the graph and its automorphism group. Using the irreducible representations of the automorphism group, we derive conditions such that quantum walks defined on this graph must have infinite hitting times for some initial states. In the case of the discrete walk, if this condition is satisfied the walk will have infinite hitting times for any choice of a coin operator, and we give a class of graphs with infinite hitting times for any choicemore » of coin. Hitting times are not very well defined for continuous time quantum walks, but we show that the idea of infinite hitting-time walks naturally extends to the continuous time case as well.« less
Neonatal Systemic Glucocorticoids Alter the Body Weight Gain Pattern during the Pre-Weaning Stages of Development

Neonatal Systemic Glucocorticoids Alter the Body Weight Gain Pattern during the Pre-Weaning Stages of Development
Increased diagnostic yield of small bowel tumors with capsule endoscopy.

BACKGROUND It is believed that cancers of the small intestine represent <2% of all malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, although the accuracy of this estimate is unknown, because the current methodologies for examining the small bowel have proved inadequate. Capsule endoscopy allows a more detailed inspection of the small intestine and may improve the ability to diagnose small bowel tumors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of capsule endoscopy in diagnosing small bowel tumors and to help establish the true incidence of tumors in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the charts of 562 patients who underwent capsule endoscopy from August 2001 to November 2003 for a variety of indications was performed. The indication for the procedure was bleeding (alone or in addition to another indication, such as abnormal imaging) in 443 patients. RESULTS A diagnosis was made by capsule endoscopy in 277 patients (49.3%). Of 562 patients who were included in the study, 50 patients (8.9%) were diagnosed with small bowel tumors. The types of tumor diagnosed by capsule endoscopy included 8 adenocarcinomas (1.4%), 10 carcinoids (1.8%), 4 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (0.7%), 5 lymphomas (0.9%), 3 inflammatory polyps, 1 lymphangioma, 1 lymphangioectasia,1 hemangioma, 1 hamartoma, and 1 tubular adenoma. Of the tumors diagnosed, 48% were malignant. It was observed that 9 of 67 patients (13%) younger than age 50 years who underwent capsule endoscopy for obscure bleeding had small bowel tumors. The pathology results were not available for 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS Capsule endoscopy diagnosed small bowel tumors in 8.9% of patients who underwent the procedure for a variety of reasons, establishing it as an effective diagnostic modality. This incidence of small bowel tumors suggests an important role for capsule endoscopy in the algorithm for the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected small bowel lesions. Capsule endoscopy may lead to earlier detection and treatment of small bowel tumors and an improved prognosis for patients with these neoplasms. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.