cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Theory of (H, H 2 ) Scattering: Approximate Treatments of Reactive Scattering

A quantum-mechanical study is made of reactive scattering in the (H, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$) system. The problem is formulated in terms of a form of the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) suitable for collisions in which all particles have finite mass. For certain incident energies, differential and total cross sections, as well as other attributes of the reactive collisions, (e.g., the reaction configuration) are determined. Two limiting models in the DWBA formulation are compared; in one, the molecule is unperturbed by the incoming atom, and in the other, the molecule adiabatically follows the incoming atom. For thermal incident energies and the semiempirical interaction potential employed, the adiabatic model seems to be more appropriate. Since the DWBA method is too complicated for a general study of the (H, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$) reaction, a much simpler approximation method, the "linear model," is developed. This model is very different in concept from treatments in which the three atoms are constrained to move on a line throughout the collision. The present model includes the full three-dimensional aspect of the collision, and it is only the evaluation of the transition matrix element itself that is simplified. It is found that the linear model, when appropriately normalized, gives results in good agreement with that of the DWBA method. By application of this model, the energy dependence, rotational-state dependence, and other properties of the total and differential reaction cross sections are determined. These results of the quantum-mechanical treatment are compared with the classical calculation for the same potential surface. The most important result is that, in agreement with the classical treatment, the differential cross sections are strongly backward peaked at low energies and shift toward the forward direction as the energy increases. Finally, the implications of the present calculations for a theory of chemical kinetics are discussed.
Relative Gains Concerns when the Number of States in the International System Increases

Realists argue that relative gains concerns make cooperation more difficult than liberal institutionalists expect. In response, Duncan Snidal has argued that when the number of states increases, the problem of relative gains concerns is generally attenuated. The author contends that current analysis of the impact of increasing the number of states is contingent on two implicit and inaccurate assumptions. Relative gains concerns, rather than being relative “absolute” gains concerns, are relative “percentage” gains concerns, and currently, an increase in the number of states is caused by the breakup of a state. Using these new assumptions, the author shows that when the number of states increases, the negative impact of relative gains concerns can continue under many conditions to inhibit cooperation. The results have specific predictions about changes in the likelihood of cooperation due to state breakup, such as the Soviet Union, and state merging, such as the European Union.
Precise Neural Stimulation in the Retina Using Focused Ultrasound

Focused ultrasound is a promising noninvasive technology for neural stimulation. Here we use the isolated salamander retina to characterize the effect of ultrasound on an intact neural circuit and compared these effects with those of visual stimulation of the same retinal ganglion cells. Ultrasound stimuli at an acoustic frequency of 43 MHz and a focal spot diameter of 90 μm delivered from a piezoelectric transducer evoked stable responses with a temporal precision equal to strong visual responses but with shorter latency. By presenting ultrasound and visual stimulation together, we found that ultrasonic stimulation rapidly modulated visual sensitivity but did not change visual temporal filtering. By combining pharmacology with ultrasound stimulation, we found that ultrasound did not directly activate retinal ganglion cells but did in part activate interneurons beyond photoreceptors. These results suggest that, under conditions of strong localized stimulation, timing variability is largely influenced by cells beyond photoreceptors. We conclude that ultrasonic stimulation is an effective and spatiotemporally precise method to activate the retina. Because the retina is the most accessible part of the CNS in vivo, ultrasonic stimulation may have diagnostic potential to probe remaining retinal function in cases of photoreceptor degeneration, and therapeutic potential for use in a retinal prosthesis. In addition, because of its noninvasive properties and spatiotemporal resolution, ultrasound neurostimulation promises to be a useful tool to understand dynamic activity in pharmacologically defined neural pathways in the retina.
Jogger: models for context-sensitive reminding

We describe research on principles of context-sensitive reminding that show promise for serving in systems that work to jog peoples' memories about information that they may forget. The methods center on the construction and use of a set of distinct probabilistic models that predict (1) items that may be forgotten, (2) the expected relevance of the items in a situation, and (3) the cost of interruption associated with alerting about a reminder. We describe the use of this set of models in the Jogger prototype that employs predictions and decision-theoretic optimization to compute the value of reminders about meetings.
Alpha estimation in natural images

Many boundaries between objects in the world project onto curves in an image. However, boundaries involving natural objects (e.g., trees, hair, water, smoke) are often unworkable under this model because many pixels receive light from more than one object. We propose a technique for estimating alpha, the proportion in which two colors mix to produce a color at the boundary. The technique extends blue screen matting to backgrounds that have almost arbitrary color distributions, though coarse knowledge of the boundary's location is required. Results show a number of different objects moved from one image to another while maintaining naturalism.
Frequency synthesis with arbitrary input clock rate and rational K/L multiplier ratio

The architecture of a frequency synthesizer that generates an arbitrary-frequency output clock from an arbitrary-frequency input clock is presented. This design supports fully-programmable synthesis ratios, including integer-N, fractional-N and rational-K/L ratios. An earlier solution presented by the authors requires an input clock frequency above a few hundred mega-hertz for a low phase noise output clock. In the present work, a digital noise-canceling technique is introduced to eliminate the noise contribution from the input frequency divider, thus allowing an input clock rate reduction down to tens of mega-hertz.
Bridging the Gap: Towards a Unified Framework for Hands-Free Speech Recognition Using Microphone Arrays

In this paper we describe two families of algorithms for hands-free speech recognition using microphone arrays. Enhancement-based approaches use a cascade of independent processing blocks to perform speech enhancement followed by speech recognition. We discuss the reasons why this approach may be sub-optimal and motivate the need for a solution that tightly integrates all processing blocks into a common unified framework. This leads to a second family of algorithms called unified approaches which considers all processing stages to be components of a single system that operates with the common goal of improved recognition accuracy. We describe several examples of such algorithms that have been shown to outperform more traditional signal-processing-based approaches. In doing so, we hope to convey the benefits of performing hands-free speech recognition in this manner and motivate further research in this area.
Perioperative clinical and economic outcomes associated with replacing first-generation high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (Hextend®) with low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven®) at a large medical center

Background Several plasma volume expander alternatives exist to enhance intravascular volume status in patients undergoing surgery. The optimal intravascular volume expander in the perioperative setting is currently unknown. Low molecular weight hetastarch, Voluven® (130/0.4), may have a better safety profile than high molecular weight hetastarch, Hextend® (450/0.7). We examined the clinical and cost outcomes of converting from Hextend® to Voluven® in a large tertiary medical center.
Prevention and control of food safety risks: the role of governments, food producers, marketers, and academia.

Background: Food systems are rapidly changing as world population grows, increasing urbanization occurs, consumer tastes and preferences change and differ in various countries and cultures, large scale food production increases, and food imports and exports grow in volume and value. Consumers in all countries have become more insistent that foods available in the marketplace are of good quality and safe, and do not poise risks to them and their families. Publicity about food risk problems and related risks, including chemical and microbiological contamination of foods, mad-cow disease, avian flu, industrial chemical contamination all have made consumers and policy makers more aware of the need of the control of food safety risk factors in all countries. Objective: To discuss changes in food systems, and in consumer expectations, that have placed additional stress on the need for better control of food safety risks. Outcomes: Food producers, processors, and marketers have additional food law and regulations to meet; government agencies must increase monitoring and enforcement of adequate food quality and safety legislation and coordinate efforts between agriculture, health, trade, justice and customs agencies; and academia must take action to strengthen the education of competent food legislation administrators, inspectorate, and laboratory personnel for work in government and industry, including related food and food safety research . Conclusions: Both Government and the food industry must assure that adequate control programs are in place to control the quality and safety of all foods, raw or processed, throughout the food chain from production to final consumption. This includes appropriate laboratory facilities to perform necessary analysis of foods for risk and quality factors, and to carry out a wide range of food science, toxicological and related research.
Advances in Electromagnetic Launch Science and Technology and its Applications

The U.S. continues a broad spectrum of research to provide the scientific underpinnings for electromagnetic launch. These efforts include fundamental research on materials, properties of materials subjected to electromagnetic and thermal stresses, railguns (particularly the rail-armature sliding interface), coilguns, and energy storage and power conditioning. There is also broad and growing interest in novel applications of electromagnetic launch. For example, a supersonic beam of neon atoms have been slowed and stopped, opening the door for investigating the atomic and molecular properties of most of the periodic table of atoms and certain molecules. Research is continuing on magnetic brakes and the more traditional research on the launch of materials to hypervelocities. More recently, the launching of materials into the Earth's orbit or even deeper in space is obtaining renewed interest. Consequently, some attention is being given to the types of materials of projectiles for hypersonic flight. The U.S. Navy has initiated new multidisciplinary university research teams including physics, chemistry, and materials science to develop new diagnostic tools and to provide a more detailed examination of the rail-armature interface. Most significantly, the U.S. Army has elevated its emphasis from electromagnetic launch science and technology development to the operational consequences of long-range precision fires. In concert with the recent U.S. Navy efforts on long-range fires, it is anticipated that the pull of these applications will enable even greater advances in the science and technology of electromagnetic launch.
On the oscillatory instability of a differentially heated fluid loop

A theoretical discussion is given of the motion of a fluid contained in a tube forming a closed loop that is heated from below and cooled from above. The fluid is assumed to have uniform temperature over each cross-section, and the heat transfer is assumed proportional to the difference between the local temperatures of the fluid and the tube. The latter temperature is prescribed. The system has one steady solution with warm fluid rising in one branch and cold fluid sinking in the other. This solution may, however, become unstable in an oscillatory manner. A weak instability takes the form of pulsations, the motion being always of one sign, while a strong instability takes the form of oscillations with zero mean motion. These oscillations are irregular and do not repeat themselves even over very long times.These unstable motions are associated with thermal anomalies in the fluid that are advected materially around the loop. The anomalies amplify through the correlated variations in flow rate. A warm pocket of fluid creates maximum flow rate going through the upper part and minimum flow rate going through the lower part of the loop. Accordingly it passes quicker through the heat sink than through the heat source, and the latter becomes more effective. Similarly, the heat sink acts more effectively on a cold pocket of fluid.The curve of neutral stability is worked out as a function of the two parameters of the problem, a non-dimensional gravity and a non-dimensional friction coefficient. The instability has also been studied by direct numerical time integration of the model equations.It is suggested that the mechanism of instability found for this model operates also in more complicated systems, and can explain the pulsative type of motions observed recently in certain convection experiments.
Developmental profile of glutamine synthetase in lines of mice bred for ethanol sensitivity.

Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was used as a marker to examine differences in astrocyte development in mice selectively bred for ethanol sensitivity: long sleep (LS), short sleep (SS), mild ethanol withdrawal (MEW), severe ethanol withdrawal (SEW) and control ethanol withdrawal (CEW). We found that (1) GS activity in MEW and SEW was higher than in LS and SS during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, in the forebrain but not in the cerebellum; (2) lower GS activity was observed consistently in all areas examined with the SS mice as compared to the LS; (3) glutamine synthetase activity in MEW and SEW differed significantly from their controls (CEW) during the early developmental period regardless of the brain region examined; however, after 30 days of maturation, GS activity in SEW was higher than that in MEW and CEW in the forebrain. Astrocytes are known to contribute in the regulation of the neuronal microenvironment. Therefore, we interpret the differences we found in astrocytic function during early brain development among these lines of mice to account in part for the neuronal predisposition to ethanol sensitivity.
Effects of grain refinement and strength on friction and damage evolution under repeated sliding contact in nanostructured metals

The early stage sliding contact fatigue behavior of nanocrystalline materials, with average and total range of grain sizes well below 100 nm, was studied. The evolution of friction and damage during repeated sliding contact in the nanocrystalline metals and alloys was systematically compared and contrasted with that in ultrafine-crystalline and microcrystalline materials so as to develop a broad perspective on the effects of grain size on sliding contact fatigue. Some critical experiments were performed to separate the effects of material strength and grain size on friction and damage evolution. Over the range of materials examined, strength rather than grain size appeared to dominate the steady-state friction coefficient and damage accumulation, each diminishing with substantial increases in material strength.
Estimation of the junctional resistance between electrically coupled receptor cells in Necturus taste buds

Junctional resistance between coupled receptor cells in Necturus taste buds was estimated by modeling the results from single patch pipette voltage clamp studies on lingual slices. The membrane capacitance and input resistance of coupled taste receptor cells were measured to monitor electrical coupling and the results compared with those calculated by a simple model of electrically coupled taste cells. Coupled receptor cells were modeled by two identical receptor cells connected via a junctional resistance. On average, the junctional resistance was approximately 200-300 M omega. This was consistent with the electrophysiological recordings. A junctional resistance of 200-300 M omega is close to the threshold for Lucifer yellow dye-coupling detection (approximately 500 M omega). Therefore, the true extent of coupling in taste buds might be somewhat greater than that predicted from Lucifer yellow dye coupling. Due to the high input resistance of single taste receptor cells (> 1 G omega), a junctional resistance of 200-300 M omega assures a substantial electrical communication between coupled taste cells, suggesting that the electrical activity of coupled cells might be synchronized.
The impact of advection on stratification and chlorophyll variability in the equatorial Pacific

Previously reported global-scale correlations between interannual variability in upper ocean stratification and chlorophyll a (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass) have been shown to be driven by strong associations between the two properties in the central and western equatorial Pacific. Herein, we present evidence that these correlations are not causal but instead result from the advection of heat, salt, and nutrients in the region. Specifically, we demonstrate that stratification and chlorophyll are simultaneously influenced by shifts in the horizontal advective inputs of cold/saline/nutrient-rich waters from upwelling regions to the east and warm/fresh/nutrient-poor waters to the west. We find that horizontal advection contributes substantially to the annual surface layer nutrient budget and, together with vertical advection, significantly impacts interannual variability in chlorophyll. These results highlight the importance of a three-dimensional framework for examining nutrient supply in the upper ocean—a crucial requirement for assessing future marine ecosystem responses to a changing climate.
Some observations on the spatial and eigenfunction representations of dyadic Green's functions (electromagnetic theory)

The principal-volume method of expressing the spatial representation of the dyadic Green's function in free space is reviewed, followed by the eigenfunction expansion method of deriving the dyadic Green's function in free space and an arbitrarily shaped waveguide. In both cases, there are Dirac delta function singularities. It is shown that Dirac delta function in the eigenfunction representation has the same physical interpretation as the Dirac delta function singularity in the principal-volume method. However, in the eigenfunction representation, there is no need to specify a principal volume. This study shows some relationships between the principal-volume method and the eigenfunction-expansion method and reasserts that the dyadic Green's function should be regarded as a distribution or a generalized function. >
Anti‐apoptotic genes Aven and E1B‐19K enhance performance of BHK cells engineered to express recombinant factor VIII in batch and low perfusion cell culture

The engineering of production cell lines to express anti-apoptotic genes has been pursued in recent years due to potential process benefits, including enhanced cell survival, increased protein expression, and improved product quality. In this study, a baby hamster kidney cell line secreting recombinant factor VIII (BHK-FVIII) was engineered to express the anti-apoptotic genes Aven and E1B-19K. In high cell density shake flask culture evaluation, 11 clonal cell lines expressing either E1B-19K or a combination of Aven and E1B-19K showed improved survival compared to both parental and blank vector cell line controls. These cell lines exhibited lower caspase-3 activation and reduced Annexin-V binding compared to the controls. Parental and blank vector cell lines were less than 50% viable after 48 h of exposure to thapsigargin while cell lines expressing E1B-19K with or without Aven maintained viabilities approaching 90%. Subsequently, the best Aven-E1B-19K candidate cell line was compared to the parental cell line in 12-L perfusion bioreactor studies. Choosing the appropriate perfusion rates in bioreactors is a bioprocess optimization issue, so the bioreactors were operated at sequentially lower specific perfusion rates, while maintaining a cell density of 2 x 10(7) viable cells/mL. The viability of the parental cell line declined from nearly 100% at a perfusion rate of 0.5 nL/cell/day to below 80% viability, with caspase-3 activity exceeding 15%, at its lower perfusion limit of 0.15 nL/cell/day. In contrast, the Aven-E1B-19K cell line maintained an average viability of 94% and a maximum caspase-3 activity of 2.5% even when subjected to a lower perfusion minimum of 0.1 nL/cell/day. Factor VIII productivity, specific growth rate, and cell size decreased for both cell lines at lower perfusion rates, but the drop in all cases was larger for the parental cell line. Specific consumption of glucose and glutamine and production of lactate were consistently lower for the Aven-E1B-19K culture. Furthermore, the yield of ammonia from glutamine increased for the Aven-E1B-19K cell line relative to the parent to suggest altered metabolic pathways following anti-apoptosis engineering. These results demonstrate that expression of anti-apoptotic genes Aven and E1B-19K can increase the stability and robustness of an industrially relevant BHK-FVIII mammalian cell line over a wide range of perfusion rates.
Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis

This meta-analysis of oral contraceptive use in relation to myocardial infarction is based on 19 case-control studies and 4 cohort studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria. A comprehensive literature search was performed using the MEDLINE computerized database (for studies from January 1966 through October 2002). In addition, a manual search was performed for references cited in published original and reviewed articles. Current oral contraceptive (OC) users have an overall adjusted odds ratio (OR) of myocardial infarction (MI) of 2.48 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91-3.22] compared to never-users. The risk of MI for past OC users is not significantly different from that for never-users, overall OR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.98-1.35; p = 0.096).
Bending icons: syntactic and semantic transformations of icons

The notion of icons in visual environments is limited by perceiving icons as tacit entities that have meaning only to human beings and not to the machines that display them. This perception leads to visual tools that provide very little support for the creation of related icons representing related concepts. A large number of complex icons can be generated automatically by applying simple syntactic and semantic transformations to more fundamental icons. These transformations can significantly reduce the laborious work of icon designers and programmers. This paper describes some of the essential icon transformations that have emerged from the experience of 25 designers using the Agentsheets system and creating a total of 500 icons. >
Percutaneous device closure of congenital and iatrogenic ventricular septal defects in adult patients

Objectives: We report our 10-year experience with percutaneous closure of adult congenital and acquired (non-post-infarct) ventricular septal defects (VSDs) using different types of Amplatzer occluder devices. Background: Adult congenital and acquired VSDs may produce significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, such VSDs pose a significant surgical challenge. Methods: Between February 2000 and August 2009, data were retrospectively reviewed from 28 patients who underwent 29 procedures for percutaneous device closure of hemodynamically significant VSDs. Seventeen had unrepaired congenital VSDs, 10 had post-operative VSDs (5 with residual patch-margin defects, 4 post-aortic valve replacement, 1 post-myomectomy), and one had an acquired traumatic VSD. Indications for closure included: symptoms related to significant shunt (dyspnea on exertion); unexplained deterioration of LV function, and/or LV dilation; recurrent endocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension. Outcome parameters were procedural success, procedure-related complications, evidence of residual shunt by echocardiography, and improvement in the signs/symptoms for which the procedure was performed. The mean follow-up interval was 68 months. Results: Of the 28 patients studied, a single VSD was present in 26 patients, while one patient had two defects, and one patient had one defect on the LV side with three openings at the RV side. The median size of the defects by echocardiography was 6 mm. A device was successfully implanted in 28 of 29 (97%) procedures and 28 of 28 (100%) patients. Procedure-related complications occurred in two cases: one involving an access site hematoma not requiring transfusion as well as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia that resolved spontaneously and the other involving acute mitral regurgitation due to inadvertent trapping of the anterior mitral valve leaflet between the left ventricular disk and the septum that was resolved by recapturing of the disk. There was immediate complete closure in 20 patients (71%). In six cases there was trivial residual shunt and in two patients the residual shunt was mild. At the latest follow-up, four of the eight with a residual shunt had no shunt and in the remaining four the residual shunt was trivial. Among symptomatic patients 18 (64%), there was marked improvement in symptoms and for those patients 17 (61%) for whom the procedure was performed to address left ventricular enlargement, there was reduction or stabilization in LV size on serial echoes. Conclusions: Percutaneous closure of VSDs in the adult patient appears to be safe and effective. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lactobacillus acidophilus upregulates intestinal NHE3 expression and function

A major mechanism of electroneutral NaCl absorption in the human ileum and colon involves coupling of Na+/H+ and Cl−/HCO3− exchangers. Disturbances in these mechanisms have been implicated in diarr...
Cosmic-Ray Nuclei up to 10$^{10}$ eV/u in the Galaxy [and Discussion]

O f the nuclear cosmic rays arriving in the vicinity of Earth from interstellar space, more than 90% have energies less than 1010 eV /u.f Some effects of their modulation (including deceleration) in the Solar System are briefly discussed. The origin of particles at energies
A Parasitic Species of Claudopus

Several of the Agaricaceae have been described as parasitic on others of the same group. Of these may be mentioned Volvaria Loveiana on Clitocybe nebularis,1 Stropharia coprin,ophila on Coprinus atramentarius,2 and the species of the genus Nyctalis. No instance of a species of the Agaricaceae parasitic on one of the Polyporaceae appears, however, to have been cited. On August 2, I914, the writer discovered such a case in Six Mile Gorge, near Ithaca, N. Y. Polyporus perennis3 occurs in this locality in unusual abundance and a few fruit bodies of this fungus were found parasitized a member of the genus Claudopus. Study has proved this to be a hitherto undescribed species. The fruit bodies of the parasite occur in considerable numbers about the mouths of the tubes and along the stipe of the Polyporus. They are minute, the expanded pilei in no case exceeding 4 mm. in diameter, while the developmental stages or " buttons" are almost microscopic. The lateral stipe and the salmoncolored gills suggest at once the genus Claudopus. The parasitized host plants, if examined superficially, give little evidence of the presence of the parasite. They exhibit the normal appearance of healthy plants, showing neither hypertrophy nor dwarfing, and viewed from above can in no way be distinguished from the uninfected sporophores. An examination with the hand lens reveals the fact that certain of the tubes of the
Seasonal Variation in Homicide and Assault Across Large U.S. Cities

Although most crimes follow seasonal cycles, homicide is an apparent exception. The absence of homicide seasonality is surprising given that assault, a closely related offense, has an obvious annual pattern. Focusing on large U.S. cities, this article reevaluates seasonality in homicide rates using data with more extensive spatial and areal dimensions than in previous research. Panel decompositions reveal seasonal cycles in both homicide and assault rates. Seasonality stands out more clearly in assault, however, and the patterns differ somewhat in their details. The findings support the idea that assault and homicide have similar seasonal fluctuations, but they also suggest that the crimes are more distinct than criminologists often believe.
Bidirectional Beam Propagation Method For Computation in Nonlinear Optics

We demonstrate the first use of the bidirectional Beam Propagation Method to simulate nonlinear problems. Specifically, the reection response of a nonlinear grating is calculated. Additionally, nonlinear gratings used for switching or amplification are simulated.
Predicting Group Decision-Making with a Computerized Text Analysis Tool

Decision-making tasks are often performed in groups because it is believed that a discussion of the topic from varying individual perspectives will lead to a better decision. However, researchers find group members often spend the majority of their discussion time focused on information members have in common rather than on unique pieces of information each group member holds (Stasser & Titus, 2003). Determining which groups are most likely to fall into this trap would benefit team leaders. A computerized text program, the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), offers one technological tool to meet this need. Significant correlations between LIWC word categories and time groups spent discussing common information, discussing unique information, and making the decision were found among 104 students who assessed candidates for student government president in face-to-face groups of two or four. The linguistic profile of groups following this unproductive pattern is identified and suggestions for further resea...
Strategy of Broadband Network Connection for Hotel Customer Room

With the development and popularization of computer network technology,network has already been applied into different areas in social production and our daily life.Today in such a information society,the technology of wideband network plays an important role not only for home use but company as well.In addition,some service enterprises who aim to improve their service quality and standard set about exploring the network system which will be suitable to themselves and can satisfy the needs of customers of different levels.Wideband network system for hotel customer room may be one of them.
The mechanism of rotation in combination with lateral deviation in the normal spine.

1. The intrinsic mechanism for rotation in combination with lateral deviation in the normal spine depends upon soft-tissue tensions rather than upon the arrangement of the spinal articular facets. The behavior may be summarized by stating that the structure under the greater tension will describe the straighter line. 2. Thirty-nine roentgenograms of five subjects showed a tendency to convex-side rotation in both flexion and extension of the laterally deviated living spine.
Juvenile Delinquency in Girls

Since the scope of characteristics and problems encompassed under the term juvenile delinquency is vast, for the purposes of this chapter we define a pathological delinquent as an individual suffering from an impulse-ridden character disorder with origins of pathology in pre-school years ... we find that children with delinquent character formation have suffered the trauma of a serious disturbance in object relationships.* We have found that many of the parents are disturbed, and are also acting-out, impulse-ridden people with a tendency toward sado-masochistic† patterns of relating (in which they are both victim and oppressor in alternation). There is, then, neither a normally adequate parental model for identification and reality orientation, nor the security and support necessary for the development of the ego mechanisms to cope with both the inner and the external threats that confront the child.1
Using Intranet-Based Order Sets to Standardize Clinical Care and Prepare for Computerized Physician Order Entry

Article-at-a-Glance Background The high cost of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and physician resistance to standardized care have delayed implementation. An intranet-based order set system can provide some of CPOE's benefits and offer opportunities to acculturate physicians toward standardized care. Intranet Clinician Order Forms (COF) The COF system at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) allows caregivers to enter and print orders through the intranet at points of care and to access decision support resources. Results Work on COF began in March 2000 with transfer of 25 MUSC paper-based order set forms to an intranet site. Physician groups developed additional order sets, which number more than 200. Web traffic increased progressively during a 24-month period, peaking at more than 6,400 hits per month to COF. Decision support tools improved compliance with Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services core indicators. Discussion Clinicians demonstrated a willingness to develop and use order sets and decision support tools posted on the COF site. COF provides a low-cost method for preparing caregivers and institutions to adopt CPOE and standardization of care. The educational resources, relevant links to external resources, and communication alerts will all link to CPOE, thereby providing a head start in CPOE implementation.
(Ad)dressing Identity: Clothing as Artifice and Authenticity

In 1950, Christopher Isherwood, long a fan of D. H. Lawrence, visited the ranch outside Taos to pay his respects at the ‘shrine’ of the dead author; meeting Dorothy Brett for the first time he felt an immediate attraction: ‘I really love her, with her hearing aid. . . and absurd ban- dit’s jacket.’1 Brett, in her late sixties, still dressed the part of a stock Western character, as she had done upon coming to New Mexico in 1924, demonstrated in photographs from the earlier period.2 Her attire is one piece of evidence that what we choose to put on our backs has much to say about who we are, who we would like to be, and how the two sometimes conflate. This chapter (and the one to follow) will focus on the ways in which tropes of otherness and issues of identity are literally embodied. Lawrence’s works across his career illustrate the importance of our fashion choices for making statements about our character and our aspirations. I would postulate that he paid more consistent attention to clothing, especially to its symbolic function, than most other writers, conscientiously addressing identity in the ways he dressed his characters, and on occasion himself, as well as by the way he dressed his prose in clothing imagery.
Politics and Cable Television: The Case of Houston, Texas

(1983). Politics and Cable Television: The Case of Houston, Texas. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 7, Communication Yearbook 7, pp. 443-461.
“Drive on”: The relationship between psychological variables and effective squad leadership.

The U.S. Reserve Officer Training Program (ROTC) conducts systematic assessments of cadets’ leadership abilities during field training exercises (FTX) to assess their leadership abilities. While ca...
Voltage-sensitive conductances increase the sensitivity of rod photoresponses following pigment bleaching

Author(s): Pahlberg, Johan; Frederiksen, Rikard; Pollock, Gabriel E; Miyagishima, Kiyoharu J; Sampath, Alapakkam P; Cornwall, M Carter | Abstract: Key pointsFollowing substantial bleaching of the visual pigment, the desensitization of the rod photovoltage is not as substantial as the desensitization of the rod outer segment photocurrent. The block of cation conductances during the internal dialysis of Cs+ further desensitizes the photovoltage thereby eliminating its difference in desensitization with the rod outer segment photocurrent. Bleached visual pigment produced an acceleration of the rod photovoltage with respect to the outer segment photocurrent, which is eliminated upon internal dialysis of Cs+ .AbstractA majority of our visual experience occurs during the day when a substantial fraction of the visual pigment in our photoreceptor cells is bleached. Under these conditions it is widely believed that rods are saturated and do not contribute substantially to downstream signalling. However, behavioural experiments on subjects with only rod function reveals that these individuals unexpectedly retain substantial vision in daylight. We sought to understand this discrepancy by characterizing the sensitivity of rod photoresponses following exposure to bright bleaching light. Measurements of the rod outer segment photocurrent in transgenic mice, which have only rod function, revealed the well-studied reduction in the sensitivity of rod photoresponses following pigment bleaching. However, membrane voltage measurements showed that the desensitization of the photovoltage was considerably less than that of the outer segment photocurrent following equivalent pigment bleaching. This discrepancy was largely eliminated during the blockade of cation channels due to the internal dialysis of Cs+ , which increased the bleach-induced desensitization of the photovoltage and slowed its temporal characteristics. Thus, sensitization of the photovoltage by rod inner segment conductances appears to extend the operating range of rod phototransduction following pigment bleaching.
Letter by Rask-Madsen et al Regarding Article, “Selective Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity in the Endothelium In Vivo Reveals a Novel Proatherosclerotic Signaling Loop”

In an article published online on December 5, Viswambharan et al1 presents interesting data on atherosclerosis in mice with overexpression of the insulin receptor in vascular endothelial cells. Their work adds to a growing literature on the importance of insulin signaling in endothelial cells with impact on blood flow regulation, whole-body metabolism, angiogenesis, and atherogenesis. Viswambharan et al ascribe increased atherosclerosis in these mice to overactive signaling through Akt, an important pathway activated by insulin. However, it is important to note that gain of insulin-stimulated Akt signaling in endothelial cells may not model any common human condition. In many tissues, insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling is impaired, whereas other signaling pathways through MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)2 or SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c)3 remain sensitive to insulin. To describe this phenomenon, we proposed the term selective insulin resistance in 1999.2 This concept has been embraced by many groups working on insulin signaling in endothelial cells and other cell types.4–7 According to this concept, insulin-stimulated Akt activation is impaired in endothelial cells in obesity or diabetes mellitus. Hyperinsulinemia develops as compensatory …
EMI Reduction of PMSM Drive Through Matrix Converter Controlled With Wide-Bandgap Switches

An innovative method to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) of an electric machine drive has been simulated and experimented in this paper. In this method, matrix converter with wide-bandgap switches is built. This control system not only makes the controlling smooth but also has the capability to reduce the EMI since the switching frequency is high. In this method, finite element model of the permanent magnet synchronous machine is implemented and coupled with the MATLAB simulink simulation. In addition to the modeling, numerical simulation for two different wide-bandgap switches i.e., Si-IGBT and silicon carbide MOSFET (SiC MOSFET) are carried out and results are compared. The results of the proposed system show that ripple in torque and speed response, as well as harmonics in stator current for SiC MOSFET, are less than Si-IGBT. Moreover, the proposed converter is implemented in hardware to verify the simulation results. The practical implication of this paper is that the proposed matrix converter that can replace the conventional one for sensitive applications in which the EMI disturbs the system's performance.
Ferroxidases and Ferrireductases: Their Role in Iron Metabolism

The metal most precious to man is iron, not gold. Man can survive without gold, but without iron in his diet he soon loses his capacity to carry and to utilize oxygen and his metabolism grinds to a deadly halt. This need of iron for essential biological processes is not exclusive to man, but is found throughout nature, in plants, insects, fish, birds and bacteria. Despite his desperate need for iron the human being is relatively poorly equipped to capture iron from his food. Even in iron deficiency, only a small proportion of dietary iron is absorbed. Once absorbed, iron is carefully conserved and the amount of iron lost by excretion is extremely low. In spite of this the absorption of iron frequently cannot keep pace with the organism’s need for it, especially in crucial periods of life. Even in our relatively overfed society in the United States, iron deficiency may appear as a nutritional disease. It has been estimated by Dr. Louis K. Diamond (1971) of the Univ. of California School of Medicine (San Francisco) that at least 5,000,000 Americans suffer some degree of physical or mental impairment due to iron deficiency. Recent surveys in some under-developed tropical countries revealed moderate to severe anemia, responsive to iron therapy, in more than 50 percent of the women examined. Thus, if we extrapolate from our relatively well fed society to the underfed areas of the world, the number of iron deficient individuals must surely be in the hundreds of millions.
Restricting Involuntary Extension of Failures in Smart Grids using Social Network Metrics

Modern communication technologies are expected to be available in the future Smart Grids to enable the control of equipments over the whole power grid. In this paper, we consider such networked control approach to address failures that may occur at any location of the grid, due to attacks or unit malfunction, and provide a wide-scale solution that prevent the failure impacts from spreading over a large area. Different from literature work that focuses on modifying power equations under the standard constraints of the power system, we estimate the impact of controlling different nodes on topological areas of the grid based on social metrics, which are derived from the graph capturing both the topological and electrical properties of the power grid. We propose a failure control algorithm for topological containment of failures in smart grid. Our algorithm also takes careful consideration of the impact the planned control has on the grid to avoid the possibly involuntary failure extension. We show that social metrics can efficiently trade off between the topological and electrical characteristics revealed by the power grid graph representation. We evaluate the performance against networked control strategies that only use power models to determine the actions to be performed at power nodes. Our results show that the proposed control scheme can effectively contain failures within their original location range.
The role of the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) in the execution of primary motor activities in brain tumor patients: functional MRI detection of time-resolved differences in the hemodynamic response.

Background Interpreting volume of activation maps of brain tumor patients remains difficult using blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods. A time-resolved fMRI may offer an informative strategy for investigating the possibility of functional reorganization by elucidating temporal variations in the activation of cortical structures . The aim of this study is to use time-resolved fMRI to investigate potential alterations in the spatially-varying and time-dependent hemodynamic response function within the supplementary motor area (SMA) and primary motor cortex (PMC) in the presence of an adjacent brain tumor, relative to normal control subjects. Material/methods Fifteen patients and eight healthy volunteers were recruited. By utilizing a brief motor paradigm that exerts a differential effect on the activation of these structures, latency differences in the hemodynamic responses of such areas may be sensitively investigated. The present study determines the utility of this approach in brain tumor patients by examining the time to peak of the BOLD hemodynamic response within the SMA and PMC. Results In patients with glial tumors involving the PMC, the activation of the SMA was delayed and approached that of the PMC with time-to-peak difference between the PMC and SMA averaging 0.2 s. This delay in SMA activation was seen in all patients with glial tumors involving the PMC. Conclusions The results suggest that in patients with high-grade brain tumors invading the PMC , the SMA may assume a greater role in the execution of primary motor activities, in addition to its role in executive motor planning.
Biomedical and Biochemical Effects

Potential toxic foreign compounds or metabolites are capable of interacting with an endogenous target, triggering perturbation in cellular functions, and mediating a biochemical or biomedical effect. The cells initially respond to such perturbation with repair and adaptive mechanisms. When the induced perturbation exceeds the repair and adaptive capacity, toxic effects occur. In most cases, foreign compounds are absorbed and distributed to target organs, where they exert harmful effects. Liver and kidneys are frequent target organs of toxicity. The exhibition of foreign compound toxicity including biomedical and biochemical effects may occur under the following circumstances.
An Approach to Microcomputer Based Data Acquisition and Control for Forest Environmental Measurements

A low-power, low-cost microprocessor based data acquisition and control system (CDACS) is described. The system consists of a data acquisition module (DACM) developed at the University of Washington Forest Meteorology Laboratory (UWFML) interfaced to commercially available microcomputers and peripheral devices. The description is placed within the context of the evolution of the various aspects of the measurement system developed at UWFML for not only data acquisition, but also data reduction, report generation and information management. The discussion emphasizes possible future developments in environmental data gathering and analysis as a result of the new microelectronic technology.