cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formulation of a plan of care for culturally diverse patients.

PURPOSE To formulate a plan of care for a culturally diverse population and develop a resource for the healthcare team in providing culturally competent care. DATA SOURCES Books, journal articles. DATA SYNTHESIS Healthcare workers are challenged to provide appropriate care for an increasingly diverse population. A cluster of nursing diagnoses were used to develop a plan of care addressing the unique challenges of caring for a diverse population served by a community hospital. CONCLUSION A care plan was devised and inserted into the nursing diagnosis–based nursing documentation computer system for easy access when needed. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS A care plan for a diverse population can promote respectful and excellent care for every patient.
Enhanced Chemical Classification of Raman Images in the Presence of Strong Fluorescence Interference

Raman spectra and spectral images containing severe fluorescence interference are analyzed by using a variety of correlation and classification algorithms, both before and after preprocessing with the use of the Savitzky–Golay second-derivative (SGSD) method (and other related methods). Spectral correlation coefficient, principal component, and minimum Euclidean distance analyses demonstrate superior suppression of background and noise interference in Raman spectra when using SGSD preprocessing. The tested spectra include fluorescence interference that is more intense than the Raman features of interest and also contains broad background peaks that vary in shape and intensity from sample to sample. The high chemical information content of the SGSD-processed Raman spectra is demonstrated by using quantitative comparisons of correlation coefficients in a series of synthetic Raman spectra with either different or identical large backgrounds. The practical utility of SGSD in chemical image classification is illustrated by using an experimental Raman image of sugar microcrystals on substrates with large interfering background signals. The functional equivalence of SGSD and other windowed preprocessing algorithms is discussed.
Measuring the Effect of Ion-Induced Drift-Gas Polarization on the Electrical Mobilities of Multiply-Charged Ionic Liquid Nanodrops in Air

The electrical mobilities of multiply-charged nanodrops of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMI-N[CN]2) were accurately measured in air at 20 °C for mass-selected clusters of composition [EMI-N[CN]2] n [EMI+] z , with 2 ≤ n ≤ 369 and 1 ≤ z ≤ 10. We confirm prior reports that the mobility Z of a globular ion of mass m is given approximately by the modified Stokes–Millikan law for spheres, Z = Z SM,mod (d m + d g , z, m), where d m = (6m/πρ)1/3 is the nanodrop mass-diameter based on the density ρ of the liquid (corrected for the capillary compression and electrostatic deformation of the nanodrop), and d g is an effective air molecule diameter. There is however a measurable (up to 7 %) and systematic z-dependent departure of Z from Z SM,mod . As theoretically expected at small e * , this effect is accurately described by a simple correction factor of the form Z/Z SM,mod = δ(1 − βe *), where kTe * is the potential energy due to the ion–induced dipole (polarization) attraction between a perfectly-conducting charged nanodrop and a polarized neutral gas-molecule at a distance (d m + d g )/2 from its center. An excellent fit of this model to hundreds of data points is found for d g ≈ 0.26 nm, β ≈ 0.36, and δ ≈ 0.954. Accounting for the effect of polarization decreases d g considerably with respect to values inferred from earlier nanodrop measurements that ignored this effect. In addition, and in spite of ambiguities in the mobility calibration scale, the measured constant δ smaller than unity increases Millikan’s drag enhancement factor from the accepted value ξ m ≈ 1.36 to the new value ξ ≈ ξ m /δ ≈ 1.42 ± 0.03.
Coordinated patterns of unit speed particles on a closed curve

We present methods to stabilize a class of motion patterns for unit speed particles in the plane. From their initial positions within a compact set in the plane, all particles converge to travel along a closed curve. The relative distance between each pair of particles along the curve is measured using the relative arc-length between the particles. These distances are controlled to converge to constant values.
Effects of gibberellic acid on hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua: Growth and artemisinin production

Artemisinin (AN), a potent antimalarial drug that has been used for centuries as a folk remedy in China, is an effective treatment against quinine-resistant strains of Plasmodium. It can be produced through the in vitro culture of genetically transformed (hairy) roots. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the growth and secondary metabolite production of hairy roots of Artemisia annua was investigated. Six different concentrations of GA3 were tested in shaker flasks to determine the optimum concentration. GA3 levels of 0.01–0.001 mg/l (28.9–2.89 µM) provided the most significant increase in biomass, and 0.01 mg/l (28.9 µM) produced the highest amount of AN. Investigation of growth kinetics showed that the use of GA3 at 0.01 mg/l (28.9 µM) increased the growth rate of hairy roots of A. annua by 24.9%. Thus, the cultures treated with GA3 reached stationary phase faster than control cultures.
Landscape Genetics Reveals Population Subdivision in Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Pacific Cod

Abstract Landscape genetics of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus within the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands (BSAI) management area of Alaska was examined in samples from nine spawning locations, including one temporal replicate sample, using 17 microsatellite DNA markers. This study examined fine-scale population structure of Pacific cod in the BSAI with the goal of identifying breaks in genetic continuity associated with physical barriers to migration and larval transport. Samples were taken from spawning fish collected from the western Aleutian Islands east to Unimak Pass and as far north as the Pribilof Islands. Overall, this work confirms previous studies, which found that genetic differentiation between samples is proportional to the distance between them, and also resolves population structure on a scale not previously possible. Results indicate that dispersal is not continuous at a fine scale and several distinct genetic groups were identified that correspond to differences in the physical environmen...
A potentiometric investigation of the hydrolysis of chromate(VI) ion in NaCl media to 175°C

The hydrolysis of chromate ion was studied potentiometrically in a concentration cell fitted with hydrogen electrodes by titrating basic NaCl−Na2CrO4 solutions with standardized HCl against a NaOH reference solution. The temperature was varied from 25 to 175°C at 25° intervals at the following ionic strengths (I): 0.1140, 0.2346, 0.5337, 0.9988, 2.940, and 5.239 (NaCl). Depending on the ionic strength, the molality of total chromium was varied from 0.001 to 0.100. The resulting titration curves could be resolved best in terms of three equilibria involving the formation of HCrO 4 − (aq), Cr2O3− (aq), and CrO3Cl− (aq). The equilibrium quotients for all three reactions were fitted as a function of temperature and ionic strength, and the molal thermodynamic parameters that were computed from these relationships are tabulated at specific ionic strengths over the experimental temperature range.
Persistent purulent drainage from the glans penis: atypical presentation of pyoderma gangrenosum.

A 28-year-old man with ulcerative colitis presented with a 2-month history of persistent purulent drainage from the glans penis. Symptoms began with the appearance of a small pustule on the glans followed by spontaneous drainage that was associated with tenderness and induration. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging conducted elsewhere were unremarkable except for colonic wall thickening consistent with a prior diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Gram and acid-fast stains, and fungal, and aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were negative. The patient recalled a history of intermittent fevers, pain, swelling and purulent drainage from the glans despite treatment with broadspectrum intravenous and oral antibiotics. In addition to medical management, he had previously undergone 3 separate incision and drainage procedures for a suspected penile abscess. Physical examination revealed purulent drainage from incision sites made in the glans 2 weeks previously (fig. 1). Erythema, induration and multiple pustules were also present on the glans. Gross examination of the penile shaft, scrotal skin and rectum was unremarkable. No other cutaneous lesions were noted. The patient had a fever of 102F, and complete blood count demonstrated mild leukocytosis (white blood count 14,300, normal 4,500 to 11,000). Other laboratory data were unremarkable, and repeat bacterial and fungal cultures remained negative. Biopsy of the ulcerative glans lesion showed acanthosis of the epidermis with extensive fibrinoid necrosis and neutrophilic infiltration (fig. 2). There was no evidence of bacteria or fungus using additional stains. These clinical and histological findings were consistent with a diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum. Within 24 hours following initiation of oral prednisone the patient was afebrile and the glans drainage had decreased significantly. The patient was discharged from the hospital on a regimen of oral prednisone, and at 1-week followup the wounds had healed dramatically, with resolution of the purulent drainage. Accepted for publication December 6, 2002. * Financial interest and/or other relationship with Transurgical.
Axigluon contribution to electron-positron scattering

Abstract Massive strongly interacting axial gauge bosons are found in certain extensions of quantum chromodynamics. Working in an effective field theory formalism, I calculate the effect of these axigluons on the cross section for electron-positron annihilation into hadrons. I find that it is not possible to use this calculation to put a lower limit on the mass of such particles.
Sex ratio in spontaneous abortions

An analysis of sex ratio was made for chromosomally normal and trisomic spontaneous abortions identified in a cytogenetic survey of spontaneous abortions. For the chromosomally normal group, the extent of maternal contamination among 46, XX abortions was determined by comparing chromosome heteromorphisms of the parents with those from the tissue samples. The sex ratio among the normal abortions was then estimated to be approximately 1.30, after correcting for the maternal contaminants and 46, XX hydatidiform moles of androgenetic origin. This estimate is significantly higher than values typically reported for newborns, indicating an effect of X-linked genes acting in utero. The sex ratio among trisomic abortions identified in the present study and in four other cytogenetic studies of spontaneous abortions was also significantly greater than 1.0, but not as high as the estimates of sex ratio for the chromosomally normal abortions. There was considerable variability among individual trisomies, and possible mechanisms leading to this variation are discussed.
Perceptual learning and nonword repetition using a cochlear implant simulation

This study examined the effects of perceptual learning on nonword repetition performance of normal-hearing listeners who were exposed to severely degraded auditory conditions that were designed to simulate the auditory input of a cochlear implant. Twenty normal-hearing adult listeners completed a nonword repetition task using an eight-band, frequency-shifted cochlear implant simulation strategy both before and after training on open- and closed-set word recognition tasks. Feedback was provided during training. The nonword responses obtained from each participant were digitally recorded and played back to normal-hearing listeners. These listeners rated the nonword repetition accuracy in comparison to the original unprocessed target stimuli using a seven-point scale. The mean nonword accuracy ratings were significantly higher for the non words repeated after training than for non words repeated prior to training. These results suggest that the word recognition training tasks encouraged auditory perceptual learning that generalized to novel, nonword auditory stimuli. The present findings also suggest that adaptation and learning from the degraded auditory stimuli produced by a cochlear implant simulation can be achieved even in a difficult perceptual-motor task such as nonword repetition which involves both speech perception and production of an auditory stimulus that lacks any lexical or semantic representation.
mRNA sequence features that contribute to translational regulation in Arabidopsis.

DNA microarrays were used to evaluate the regulation of the proportion of individual mRNA species in polysomal complexes in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana under control growth conditions and following a mild dehydration stress (DS). The analysis determined that the percentage of an individual gene transcript in polysomes (ribosome loading) ranged from over 95 to <5%. DS caused a decrease in ribosome loading from 82 to 72%, with maintained polysome association for over 60% of the mRNAs with an increased abundance. To identify sequence features responsible for translational regulation, ribosome loading values and features of full-length mRNA sequences were compared. mRNAs with extreme length or high GU content in the 5′-untranslated regions (5′-UTRs) were generally poorly translated. Under DS, mRNAs with both a high GC content in the 5′-UTR and long open reading frame showed a significant impairment in ribosome loading. Evaluation of initiation A+1UG codon context revealed distinctions in the frequency of adenine in nucleotides −10 to −1 (especially at −4 and −3) in mRNAs with different ribosome loading values. Notably, the mRNA features that contribute to translational regulation could not fully explain the variation in ribosome loading, indicating that additional factors contribute to translational regulation in Arabidopsis.
Cytolytic activity of interferon-gamma and its synergism with 5-fluorouracil

Highly purified natural or recombinant human immune interferon (IFN-gamma) was found to be directly cytolytic to certain tumor cell lines in vitro. Out of 5 human tumor cell lines and one normal fibroblast line tested, the colon adenocarcinoma line HT-29 and the rhabdomyosarcoma line A673 were highly sensitive to cytolysis by interferon, as determined by 125I-iododeoxyuridine release in a 72 h microcytotoxicity assay. Cytolysis was marked at IFN-gamma concentrations of less than I U/ml, and it reached a near-maximal level at 6.4 U/ml. A synergistic cytolysis on HT-29 cells of IFN-gamma and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was observed at 5-FU concentrations ranging from 64 to 640 micrograms/ml. In contrast, no synergism was observed between IFN-gamma and mitomycin C. The direct cytolytic activity and synergistic cytolysis with 5-FU of the IFN-gamma preparations used in the present study were abolished completely by treatment with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific for human IFN-gamma.
Correlates of Oral-Genital Experience Among College Students

Personal characteristics associated with having performed the active role in heterosexual oral-genital intercourse were investigated with a sample of 188 female and 175 male never-married college students. Men and women were equally likely to have taken the active role in oral intercourse, and this experience was positively correlated with coital experience. Regardless of coital experience, orally experienced young women, compared to their nonexperienced peers, were more likely to view sex as both a source of pleasure and as an expression of love, to have lowersex anxiety, to report more sexual behavior societally defined as masculine and fewer social behaviors societally defined as feminine. Except for coital experience, none of the variables studied discriminated between orally experienced and nonexperienced young men.
Wide-band single-mode photonic band-gap fiber with extended triangular lattice and capillary core

We propose a single-mode photonic band-gap fiber with an extended triangular lattice cladding and a capillary core. We numerically optimize the design of the core and show that the fiber has a very wide transmission window, such as from 1200 nm to 2300 nm.
Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids: prospective, randomized trial comparing closed excisional hemorrhoidectomy and the Harmonic Scalpel technique of excisional hemorrhoidectomy.

PURPOSE: The object of this study was to evaluate technique using the ultrasonically activated scalpel as an alternative to closed hemorrhoidectomy in an unbiased evaluation of this new technology. METHODS: Thirty patients with Grade 2 or 3 symptomatic hemorrhoids were prospectively randomized to undergo closed hemorrhoidectomy assisted by electrocautery or hemorrhoidectomy with the ultrasonically activated scalpel,i.e., the Harmonic Scalpel®. We evaluated the difference between techniques in operative time, postoperative pain, incontinence, and quality of life (using the Short Form-36 survey), as well as complications. RESULTS: Mean operative time for closed hemorrhoidectomy with electrocautery was 35.7 ± 3 minutes; for Harmonic Scalpel® patients, it was 31.7 ± 2 minutes (P<0.37). There was no statistical difference in operative time for two- or three-column hemorrhoidectomy. There was no significant difference in pain measurements reported on Day 1 (5.8 ± 0.4 for electrocautery and 5.6 ± 0.6 for Harmonic Scalpel®,P<0.82). On postoperative Dayaq 7, the difference in pain between groups approached significance, with pain reported as 3.7 ± 0.3 for electrocautery and 5.1 ± 0.7 for Harmonic Scalpel® (P<0.06). At six weeks, both groups were pain free. There was a significant decrease in pain between postoperative Days 1 and 7 in the electrocautery patients that was not seen in the Harmonic Scalpel® patients. Incontinence measured preoperatively, at postoperative Day 7, and at postoperative Week 6 was similar for both groups and reflected occasional incontinence of gas. When the various items of the Short Form-36 survey were compared, there was no significant difference between posttreatment and preoperative values. There was no difference in the number of complications between patient groups. CONCLUSION: Although the Harmonic Scalpel® is an effective tool in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease, we found no specific advantage in postoperative pain, fecal incontinence, operative time, quality of life, or complications compared with traditional closed hemorrhoidectomy.
Use of simple molecular models in the study of the mechanical behavior of solutions of flexible macromolecules

Abstract Six illustrations are given of the use of single-particle theories with elastic dumbbells and other simple models in polymer kinetic theory: (1) Marrucci's incorporation of thermal history in rheological equations of state; (2) Radial migration of polymers in a coaxial-cylinder viscometer (Uhlenhopp effect); (3) Crude incorporation of excluded volume effects; (4) Finite extensibility effects and the use of Peterlin's approximation; (5) Use of the Wang—Zimm theory to describe concentration effects in the non-Newtonian viscosity of solutions; and(6) Hydrodynamic interaction and the “effective velocity gradient” approximation. The dumbbell kinetic theory results have supplied useful guidance in the rheology and fluid dynamics of polymers.
The Memory of a Tree; An Interactive Visual Storytelling Installation

Over the centuries, people have combined fields, leading to the creation of new domains. For example, artists have used technology to widen the range of their medium to express ideas in new ways. Similarly, technology has leveraged art to expand its range of application. Both art and technology continue to inspire innovation in each other. A contemporary example of this process is evident in interactive art era; this article covers this topic focusing on tangible interface pieces. There have been many compelling demonstrations that involve tangible interaction to increase audience interests through their embodied interaction. However, most existing approaches are limited to engaging a user’s immediate, temporary experience with setting some context of the environment with story elements. This article presents an interactive installation that engages the audience, building an immersive environment based on the synergy between embodied interaction and storytelling in a more active and meaningful way. It is based on the belief that tangible interfaces have the potential to convey narratives more meaningfully based on physical interaction and human senses and fundamentally, aims to supply another potential of tangible interfaces to spark further discussion in this area.
The compressible elastica in three dimensions

Abstract The theory of the spatial elastica is generalized to include the effect of centerline compressibility, and this leads to a nonlinear boundary-value problem containing seven differential equations. An algorithm employing a shooting method with two missing initial conditions is devised to solve the problem, and some graphical results are presented for a particular set of examples.
Spatial Contacts and Nucleosome Step Movements Induced by the NURF Chromatin Remodeling Complex

The nucleosome remodeling factor NURF is a four-subunit, ISWI-containing chromatin remodeling complex that catalyzes nucleosome sliding in an ATP-dependent fashion, thereby modulating the accessibility of the DNA. To elucidate the mechanism of nucleosome sliding, we have investigated by hydroxyl radical footprinting how NURF makes initial contact with a nucleosome positioned at one end of a DNA fragment. NURF binds to two separate locations on the nucleosome: a continuous stretch of linker DNA up to the nucleosome entry site and a region asymmetrically surrounding the nucleosome dyad within the minor grooves, close to residues of the histone H4 tail that have been implicated in the activation of ISWI activity. Kinetic analysis reveals that nucleosome sliding occurs in apparent increments or steps of 10 bp. Furthermore, single nucleoside gaps as well as nicks about two helical turns before the dyad interfere with sliding, indicating that structural stress at this region assists the relative movement of DNA. These findings support a sliding model in which the position-specific tethering of NURF forces a translocating ISWI ATPase to pump a DNA distortion over the histone octamer, thereby changing the translational position of the nucleosome.
Further test of the relationship between satisfaction and perceived self-environment similarity.

A test of the hypothesis that satisfaction with one's environment is related to perceived self-environment similarity and to the utility of TAPE (Transactional Analysis of Personality and Environment), based on the semantic differential. 169 Ss rated the concepts Self, Ideal Self and My Club on 52 polar adjective scales. Perceived self-club environment similarity was found to be related to ratings of satisfaction with a club environment on two different forms of TAPE. The relationship between similarity and satisfaction varied for different types of club satisfaction and did not appear to reflect satisfaction with the self. It was suggested that the semantic differential is a useful tool for individual-environment interaction research but further research with it would be more effective if relationships, in terms of distance and direction, of ratings for concepts such as Self, Ideal Self and Environment, were available.
Microscopic Polyangiitis following Silicone Exposure from Breast Implantation

We describe a case of a patient who developed microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in the setting of exposure to silicone after breast implantation. A 57-year-old Hispanic woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of fever, cough, and hemoptysis. She had undergone silicone breast implantation two years prior to presentation. She was diagnosed as having microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) based on acute progressive renal failure, hematuria, pulmonary hemorrhage, and positivity for myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). A renal biopsy performed showed focal segmental necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. The patient received high dose steroids, cyclophosphamide, and plasmapheresis with remarkable clinical response. This case report raises the possibility of the development of MPA after silicone exposure from breast implantation.
Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms

In excitatory synapses of the brain, specific receptors in the postsynaptic membrane lie ready to respond to the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the presynaptic terminal. Upon stimulation, these glutamate receptors activate multiple biochemical pathways that transduce signals into the postsynaptic neuron. Different kinds of synaptic activity elicit different patterns of postsynaptic signals that lead to short- or long-lasting strengthening or weakening of synaptic transmission. The complex molecular mechanisms that underlie postsynaptic signaling and plasticity are beginning to emerge.
Molecular testing in the diagnosis of melanocytic tumors

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) are molecular techniques that have become valuable adjuncts in the diagnosis of histopathologically ambiguous melanocytic tumors. These techniques detect the presence of chromosomal gains or losses that are characteristic of malignant transformation in melanocytic neoplasms. CGH and FISH have been used to characterize distinct genomic characteristics of melanocytic tumors at various anatomic sites and tumors with certain histopathologic features (e.g. spitzoid, blue nevus-like, congenital nevi). Recent developments in this field include the transition of CGH from a research tool to a clinically available test and a new FISH probe set targeting chromosomal loci 11q13, 8q24, 6p25 and 9p21 that reportedly distinguishes melanoma from melanocytic nevi with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 98% respectively. Genomic analysis of melanocytic tumors also provides prognostic information. This review discusses these new advances in molecular diagnostics in melanoma and future directions in the field.
Computer modeling of fluorescence dip spectroscopy with pulsed laser excitation

Abstract This article is an electronic publication in Spectrochimica Acta Electronica (SAE), the electronic section of Spectrochimica Acta Part B (SAB). The hard copy text is accompanied by a disk with a demonstration program, block libraries, demonstration files, and ancillary files. The article discusses the computer modeling of fluorescence dip spectroscopy, a relatively new and powerful atomic diagnostic technique. The models were found to agree essentially perfectly with previously published photostationary results and to extend those results to the more realistic laser temporal profiles encountered in actual experiments. The fluorescence dip parameters were found to be robust so long as the system under study approached saturation conditions. Short, noisy laser pulses were found to be acceptable, for determination of the fluorescence dip parameters, provided the laser pulses were sufficiently intense to cause near saturation of the three level system. Conversely, steady state excitation was not found to be crucial to the determination of accurate fluorescence dip parameters. For a five level model of the silver atomic system, “negative fluorescence dips” were readily found in the simulations, even though some of the relevant parameters were rough estimates of the actual, unknown parameters.
Effect of platelet activation on the platelet surface sialic acid

Abstract Alteration in platelet surface neuraminidase-and total releasable sialic acids in response to platelet activation was studied by treating twice-washed intact human platelets with acid soluble collagen, thrombin, adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine. At the resting state, approximately 50% of the total platelet sialic acids were removable by neuraminidase. When platelets were treated with collagen or thrombin at 37° for ten minutes, more than 80% of the total sialic acids became removable by neuraminidase. Treatment with adenosine diphosphate resulted in a mild but significant increase in platelet surface releasable sialic acids, while epinephrine treatment did not induce any change in sialic acids. The effect of ADP was completely abolished by 2-chloroadenosine, whereas that of collagen or thrombin was only partially affected. Acetylsalicylic acid did not inhibit the surface sialic acid increase induced by any of the three platelet activating agents. The results indicate that upon activation with ADP, collagen or thrombin, an increased amount of terminal sialic acid residues of the membrane glycoproteins become externally exposed and thus become removable by neuraminidase. We postulate that alteration of neuraminidaseremovable sialic acids is due to redistribution of the membrane glycoproteins in response to platelet activation.
Imprinted polymers for water purification

Imprinting polymerization is used to make resins with a high capacity for cadmium ions for wastewater treatment. A random copolymer of methacrylate and methacrylamide was found to be most effective, especially when the porosity of the resin is increased. Complete removal for up to 80 ppm of cadmium with only 50 mg of resin was demonstrated with the imprinted resins, but not the nonimprinted reference samples. This shows that imprinting polymerization improves the capacity of the resin in the uptake of cadmium ions.
Pore network simulation of fluid imbibition into paper during coating¿III: modelling of the two-phase flow

Extensive computer simulations have been carried out to model imbibition of a coating fluid into a paper. The microstructure of the paper's pore space is represented by a network of interconnected channels or pore throats that are formed between the paper's fibers. The geometrical characteristics of the channels, such as their effective radius and length, as well as their connectivity, are selected from the experimental data presented in Part II of this series. The imbibition process that we simulate is the result of forcing the coating fluid into the pore space by applying a time-dependent flow-driven pressure distribution to the external surface of the paper, or is driven only by capillary forces. The dynamic pressure distribution is representative of a high-speed coating process. The simulations indicate that the connectivity of the pore throats, the anisotropic structure of the paper's pore space, and the dynamic pressure distribution all have a strong influence on imbibition of a coating fluid into a paper's pore space and, hence, on the quality of the coating.
The role of gender identity and gender constancy in sex-differentiated development.

Kohlberg's 1966 challenge to the dominant theories concerning gender development influences current research in the field.
STM-excited luminescence on organic materials

Abstract A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is used to generate electroluminescence from thin films of tris(8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (Alq 3 ) deposited on Au(111) substrates. The emission spectra are highly dependent on the local structural features of the thin film. Furthermore, the intensity distribution is modulated by the collective charge-carrier excitations of the tip and the substrate. This is manifested as a red-shifted emission spectrum characterized by relatively narrow emission lines from the organic material. The luminescence signal appears to be a linear superposition of two different kinds of Alq 3 . We show also that the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) can be determined with the aid of measurements of the threshold for tunneling-excited electroluminescence. For Alq 3 we find E LUMO = 1.57 ± 0.15 eV above the Fermi level.
Factors Correlated with Bicycle Commuting: A Study in Six Small U.S. Cities

ABSTRACT Although bicycling as a mode of transportation can mitigate traffic congestion, improve environmental quality, and yield health benefits, it accounts for a small share of all commute trips in the U.S. This paper aims to expand our understanding of the individual decision to bicycle commute through a cross-sectional study of bicycle commuting in six small U.S. cities. The study was designed to explore the relationships between bicycle commuting and socio-demographic characteristics, individual attitudes, and the physical and social environments of the workplace. Results show that residential preference for a good environment for bicycling, a measure of self-selection, is associated with bicycle commuting. The physical environment, including a short distance to work, safe streets for bicycling, and high monthly parking costs around the workplace, is also important. The social environment of the workplace has an impact as well. This research provides an empirical basis for the development of policie...
Atomistic simulation and analysis of plasticity in amorphous silicon

The principal findings of a comprehensive computational simulation of plastic flow in amorphous Si – presented elsewhere in detail – are summarized. The unit plastic events have been identified to consist of discrete shear transformations triggered at characteristic thresholds of stress that result in transformation shear strains of about 0.015. Based on these findings, a kinetic model of plastic flow is proposed that provides for the temperature dependence of the plastic flow resistance and explains the evolution of a unique flow state starting from different amorphous structures. It is proposed that these findings should be broadly applicable to other strongly bonded glassy covalent compounds. §Dedicated to F. R. N. Nabarro on the occasion of his 90th birthday, in recognition of six and a half decades of insightful contributions to materials science.
Application of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy for adsorption studies of different types of components on poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Abstract Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is utilized to study in real-time and, by label-free means, the reversible and quasi-irreversible adsorption of small ionic or neutral molecules, pharmaceuticals, and proteins on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces. The SPR sensor is covered with 0.2% (w/v) PDMS in octane. During the timescale of a typical lab-on-a-chip analysis or an electrophoretic separation, it was found that small neutral components containing a hydrophobic part do not adsorb or absorb onto PDMS, while larger, water-soluble polymer-like materials like proteins generally irreversibly adsorb to PDMS. The technique can be used to monitor the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of the molecules. For the non-specific adsorption of teicoplanin to PDMS, a Langmuir-like adsorption isotherm was obtained (Kd = 32 ± 2 μmol L−1).
Cofactor Molecules Induce Structural Transformation during Infectious Prion Formation

Summary The spread of misfolded proteins may occur in many neurodegenerative diseases. Mammalian prions are currently the only misfolded proteins in which high specific biological infectivity can be produced in vitro. Using a system that generates infectious prions de novo from purified recombinant PrP and conversion cofactors palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) and RNA, we examined by deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (DXMS) the stepwise protein conformational changes that occur during prion formation. We found that initial incubation with POPG causes major structural changes in PrP involving all three α helices and one β strand, with subsequent addition of RNA rendering the N terminus highly exposed. Final conversion into the infectious PrP Sc form was accompanied by globally decreased solvent exposure, with persistence of the major cofactor-induced conformational features. Thus, we report that cofactor molecules appear to induce major structural rearrangements during prion formation, initiating a dynamic sequence of conformational changes resulting in biologically active prions.
Dealing with the Tinder as Well as the Flint Editorial, Science, November 30, 2001

IOLENCE is not a pathology of the poor. But the compound of poverty, powerlessness, lack of opportunity, IT R r Xand injustice is volatile: exactly the mix that the terrorists who attacked us hope to ignite. Osama bin P c) ~Laden seems bent on provoking a war in which the poor would be his soldiers. Under such circumstances, we cannot create security only by striking at the flint; we must also deal with the tinder. If we only capture the leaders of terrorist groups, seize their resources, disrupt their networks, and deter their state sponsors, will our world be secure? Or does a safe and stable world require more fundamental change-a broader response focused not only on dealing out justice to our enemies but also on displacing the conditions that foster injustice? Half the world's jobs depend on fisheries, forests, and small-scale farming. But two-thirds of the world's fisheries are being harvested beyond sustainability, forest loss in poor regions is accelerating, and soil degradation is widespread. One-third of the world's people, nearly all in developing countries, face water scarcity. These trends degrade the resource base for economic development and directly undercut people's livelihoods. As a result, the cities in poor regions are being overwhelmed by the tide of desperate people leaving rural areas in search of opportunity. The squalid slums of those sprawling cities of the poorest parts of the world are expanding by a million people a week. Within a decade, if trends continue, there will be z7
Quantitative estimation of left ventricular ejection fraction from mitral valve E-point to septal separation and comparison to magnetic resonance imaging

This study tested the hypothesis that the mitral valve E point-to-septal separation (EPSS) can be used to quantify the left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) on a continuous scale rather than simply as "normal" or "reduced." After excluding 5 patients with mitral valve prostheses, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, or significant aortic insufficiency, EPSS was measured in 42 patients by 3 independent observers on a cardiac magnetic resonance image identical to the echocardiographic parasternal long-axis view. In each patient, the reference standard LVEF was calculated from the magnetic resonance short-axis cross-sectional stack images by Simpson's rule and ranged from 11% to 72%. For all 42 patients, linear regression revealed the relation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) LVEF = 75.5 - 2.5. EPSS (millimeters). Correlation between EPSS and the MRI LVEF for the 3 observers agreed closely, ranging from r = 0.78 to r = 0.82 (SEE 9 to 10), with similar regression coefficients. After blinded segmental wall motion scoring of the gated magnetic resonance cine images of the left ventricle in each patient, correlations, SEEs, and regression coefficients were found to be very similar in the 21 patients with the most homogenous wall motion, compared with the 21 patients with the most heterogenous wall motion. In conclusion, clinically useful quantitative prediction of the LVEF as a continuous variable can be obtained from the EPSS with a simple linear regression equation in a substantial portion of patients and may be a useful adjunct for assessment of LV function.
Comparison of serum levels following the administration of oral and parenteral preparations of penicillin to infants and children of various age groups

Summary 1. Penicillin levels in the serum of infants and children of various age groups were obtained following the administration of two oral and two parenteral preparations of penicillin. The various preparations were given in single doses of 10,000 units per pound of body weight. 2. Distinctly higher and more sustained blood levels were observed in the full-term newborn and premature infants than in older infants and children after the administration of comparable doses of all four preparations. The possible explanations for these differences have been discussed. 3. Minor differences have been observed in the levels following the administration of orally administered potassium penicillin-G and orally administered procaine penicillin. 4. Orally administered penicillin in doses of 10,000 units per pound of body weight produced levels of at least 0.03 unit per millititer for a minimum of six hours in full-term newborn and premature infants, for a minimum of four hours in infants up to 2 years of age, and for at least two hours in children over 2 years. 5. In all age groups intramuscularly administered potassium penicillin-G in doses of 10,000 units per pound of body weight resulted in very high initial levels. The levels declined rapidly, however, so that the 6-hour levels were comparable to those observed after the oral administration of penicillin in all age groups except the youngest newborn infants. 6. Intramuscularly administered procaine penicillin in doses of 10,000 units per pound of body weight produced high, sustained levels for six hours; detectable levels were often demonstrable at the end of twentyfour hours. 7. Suggestions have been made for dosage regimens for orally administered penicillin.
Modeling the frictional boundary condition in friction stir welding

Abstract Material flow and frictional heating in friction stir welding are investigated using a three-dimensional numerical model. Two mechanical boundary conditions are investigated, including a sticking constant velocity and a slipping variable shear stress model. For the constant velocity model, material in contact with the tool is set at a velocity equal to some fraction of the tool rotational speed. The variable shear stress model is formulated such that it degenerates to Coulomb friction under low forces, but as forces at the tool increase, shear stresses at the tool/material boundary are limited according to Tresca friction. The variable shear condition model permits areas of significant slip, while shear stresses at other regions approach the flow stress of the material. The boundary models are compared with experimental data from flow visualization experiments and thermocouple measurements from plasticine welds. Results show that the variable shear model is superior to a sticking condition. With the variable shear model, the peak temperature in the weld compares well with thermocouple measurements. The variable shear model predicts that material simply extrudes around the tool, while the constant velocity model shows a region of material that rotates with the tool. Maximum velocities with the variable shear stress model are only 9% of the rotational speed of the tool and agree well with experimental findings. Additionally, the variable shear model shows a region of diminishing shear stress, velocity, and pressure at the back advancing side of the pin, suggesting formation of an internal void. The limited deformation, low velocities, and suggestion of void formation agree well with flow visualization studies using plasticine under identical operating parameters.
On the robust adaptive control of a contour-following robotic system

Abstract To demonstrate the force sensing and control, a possible model of a contour-following system is represented by a fourth-order linear continuous-time time-invariant system, in which stiffness k t , robot natural frequency, ω n , linear accommodation gain k x , and angular accommodation gain k φ are all constants obtained by measurement and experiment. This model works well for following a short contour. To satisfactorily follow a longer contour, k t , ω n , k x and k φ can be treated as unknown constants or time-varying variables. When they are considered as unknown constants, a robust model reference adaptive controller can be used to achieve both stability and tracking without having to know or find the true values of those constants, given bounded input or output disturbances and stable unmodeled dynamics. If ω n is assumed to be a given constant but K t , k x , and k φ are assumed to be unknown variables, then one has a linear time-varying plant and other types of model reference adaptive controllers have to be used to achieve the same purpose. In this paper, the schemes from various robust model reference adaptive control design will be studied and comparison and suggestions will also be made based on the simulation results for the contour-following robotic system mentioned above.
Pesticide Contamination of Ground Water Artificially Recharged by Farmland Runoff

Atrazine, cyanazine, alachlor, and metolachlor in the surface water of a recharge structure, which impounds runoff from row-cropped farmland in Nebraska, are transported with seepage to the shallow ground water flow system and to the locally confined regional aquifer. All wells in the shallow flow system and all those in the regional flow system impacted by seepage from the structure had detectable concentrations of at least one of the four pesticides. The detectable concentrations of cyanzine, alachlor, and metolachlor in the two flow systems ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ppb. These concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than those in the surface water. Concentrations in the regional aquifer clustered at the lower end of this concentration range. These three pesticides were not detected in the baseline study of the regional aquifer. Unlike alachlor, cyanzine, and metolachlor, atrazine was always present in the wells impacted by seepage from the recharge structure. In the shallow flow system, concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 8.8 ppb and from 0.1 to 2.5 ppb in the regional aquifer. The average of the detectable atrazine concentrations in the baseline study was 0.04 ± 0.05 ppb.
Pseudocyesis in Adolescent Females

Three adolescent patients were diagnosed as having pseudocyesis based on an assessment including pelvic examination, pregnancy tests, and pelvic ultrasound scanning. Their psychosocial evaluation demonstrate a conversion reaction in already deprived and depressed adolescents. They responded to psychotherapeutic counseling. Pseudocyesis merits consideration in the differential diagnosis of secondary amenorrhea. It occurs psychologically in vulnerable adolescents who exhibit rather primitive defense mechanisms. Once a patient acknowledges that she is not pregnant, severe depression is a possible complication. A review is presented of the current medical literature on this subject.