cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dye exclusion microfluidic microscopy

We present an optical system to measure height maps of non-adherent cells as they flow through a microfluidic channel. The cells are suspended in an index-matching absorbing buffer, where cell height is evaluated by measuring the difference in absorption between the cell and the background. Unlike interferometric microscopes, the measured cell height is nearly independent of the cell’s optical properties. The height maps are captured using a single exposure of a color camera, and consequently the system is capable of high-throughput characterization of large collections of cells. Using this system, we have measured more than 1600 height maps and volumes of three different leukemia cell lines.
Electric dichroism spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet dimethylsulfide and thiiran

Abstract Electric field techniques have been used to investigate certain s, p and d Rydberg absorption bands for dimethylsulfide (DMS) and ethylene sulfide (thiirane) with respect to the polarization of the transitions, the dipole moment, and mean polarizability changes that occur upon excitation.
Auto convergence for stereoscopic 3D cameras

Viewing comfort is an important concern for 3-D capable consumer electronics such as 3-D cameras and TVs. Consumer generated content is typically viewed at a close distance which makes the vergence-accommodation conflict particularly pronounced, causing discomfort and eye fatigue. In this paper, we present a Stereo Auto Convergence (SAC) algorithm for consumer 3-D cameras that reduces the vergence-accommodation conflict on the 3-D display by adjusting the depth of the scene automatically. Our algorithm processes stereo video in realtime and shifts each stereo frame horizontally by an appropriate amount to converge on the chosen object in that frame. The algorithm starts by estimating disparities between the left and right image pairs using correlations of the vertical projections of the image data. The estimated disparities are then analyzed by the algorithm to select a point of convergence. The current and target disparities of the chosen convergence point determines how much horizontal shift is needed. A disparity safety check is then performed to determine whether or not the maximum and minimum disparity limits would be exceeded after auto convergence. If the limits would be exceeded, further adjustments are made to satisfy the safety limits. Finally, desired convergence is achieved by shifting the left and the right frames accordingly. Our algorithm runs real-time at 30 fps on a TI OMAP4 processor. It is tested using an OMAP4 embedded prototype stereo 3-D camera. It significantly improves 3-D viewing comfort.
Design and Analysis of Lithium–Niobate-Based High Electromechanical Coupling RF-MEMS Resonators for Wideband Filtering

This paper reports on a new type of microresonators enabled by micromachining of ion sliced X -cut LiNbO3 thin films. In operation, the device is excited into lateral vibrations, thus allowing the center frequency to be determined by the lithographically defined dimensions of the excitation electrodes. The demonstrated device has a high electromechanical coupling (kt2) of 11.5%-the highest attained for laterally vibrating microelectromechanical systems resonators. Device orientation was also varied to investigate its impact on kt2 and experimental data have shown good agreement with theoretical predictions. Several key performance parameters, including the quality factor (Q), the static capacitance, C0 , the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF), and the power handling, are also characterized and the related experimental data are presented. The devices demonstrate Q 's up to 1800. The measured TCFs range from -55 to -69 ppm/K and can be considered sufficiently low for wideband RF filtering. The high electromechanical coupling and the high Q of this new class of devices show promise for the implementation of multifrequency wideband multiplexers and filter banks for reconfigurable RF front-ends.
Atomic force microscopy of oriented linear DNA molecules labeled with 5nm gold spheres

The atomic force microscope (AFM;1) can image DNA and RNA in air and under solutions at resolution comparable to that obtained by electron microscopy (EM) (2-7). We have developed a method for depositing and imaging linear DNA molecules to which 5nm gold spheres have been attached. The gold spheres facilitate orientation of the DNA molecules on the mica surface to which they are absorbed and are potentially useful as internal height standards and as high resolution gene or sequence specific tags. We show that by modulating their adhesion to the mica surface, the gold spheres can be moved with some degree of control with the scanning tip.
Role of bicarbonate as a pH buffer and electron sink in microbial dechlorination of chloroethenes

Background Buffering to achieve pH control is crucial for successful trichloroethene (TCE) anaerobic bioremediation. Bicarbonate (HCO3−) is the natural buffer in groundwater and the buffer of choice in the laboratory and at contaminated sites undergoing biological treatment with organohalide respiring microorganisms. However, HCO3− also serves as the electron acceptor for hydrogenotrophic methanogens and hydrogenotrophic homoacetogens, two microbial groups competing with organohalide respirers for hydrogen (H2). We studied the effect of HCO3− as a buffering agent and the effect of HCO3−-consuming reactions in a range of concentrations (2.5-30 mM) with an initial pH of 7.5 in H2-fed TCE reductively dechlorinating communities containing Dehalococcoides, hydrogenotrophic methanogens, and hydrogenotrophic homoacetogens.
Luminescent imaging of beta-galactosidase activity in living subjects using sequential reporter-enzyme luminescence.

We generated a sequential reporter-enzyme luminescence (SRL) technology for in vivo detection of β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity. The substrate, a caged D-luciferin–galactoside conjugate, must first be cleaved by β-gal before it can be catalyzed by firefly luciferase (FLuc) to generate light. As a result, luminescence is dependent on β-gal activity. Using this technology, constitutive β-gal activity in engineered cells and inducible tissue-specific β-gal expression in transgenic mice can now be visualized noninvasively over time. A substantial advantage of β-gal as a bioluminescent probe is that the enzyme retains full activity outside of cells, unlike FLuc, which requires intracellular cofactors. As a result, antibodies conjugated to the recombinant β-gal enzyme can be used to detect endogenous cells and extracellular antigens in vivo. Thus, coupling the properties of FLuc to the advantages of β-gal permits bioluminescent imaging applications that previously were not possible.
A fuzzy logic based extension to Payton and Rosenblatt's command fusion method for mobile robot navigation

Payton and Rosenblatt (1990) have proposed a command fusion method for combining outputs of multiple behaviors in a mobile robot navigation system such that information loss due to command fusion can be reduced. Using linguistic fuzzy rules to explicitly capture heuristics implicit in the Payton-Rosenblatt approach, we have extended their approach to a fuzzy logic architecture for mobile robot navigation in dynamic environments, which is simpler and easier to understand and modify. We have also developed and empirically tested a new defuzzification technique for alleviating difficulties in applying existing defuzzification methods to mobile robot navigation control. >
Turning up the heat on myeloma

In this issue of Blood , Qian and colleagues report that vaccination with heat shock protein 96 (HSP96) derived from pooled allogeneic, MM cell lines are as effective as autologous HSP96 in preventing MM growth and treating MM in a mouse model. 1 Further, administration of anti-B7H1 or anti-IL10 monoclonal antibodies counteracted myeloma-mediated immune-subversion of the vaccine-induced antitumor effect and allowed for treatment of mice with larger tumor burdens. This study raises the prospect of using allogeneic MM cell line–derived HSP96 as an universal tumor vaccine in MM.
Ideas Are Free: How the Idea Revolution Is Liberating People and Transforming Organizations

The article reviews the book “Ideas Are Free: How the Idea Revolution Is Liberating People and Transforming Organizations,” by Alan G. Robinson and Dean M. Schroeder.
New Compounds: Amides Derived from [(10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a, d]cycloheptens-5-yl)thio]acetic Acid

Abstract Synthesis of sulfide amides from [(10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[ a , d ]cyclohepten-5-yl)thio]acetic acid is described. Preliminary pharmacological results are reported.
Exact output tracking in decentralized adaptive control systems

This paper shows that in strictly decentralized adaptive control systems, it is theoretically possible to asymptotically track desired outputs with zero error. It is assumed that all the controllers share their prior information and the principal result is derived assuming that they cooperate implicitly.
Co-channel interference in microcellular mobile radio system

The probability of co-channel interference is evaluated for a microcellular mobile radio system operating in Rician fading channel. All co-channel cells surrounding the base stations are considered. The results are used to calculate the reuse distance ratio and the cluster size for FM and SSB (single sideband) modulations. It is found that the use of modulation schemes which require a high protection ratio increases the reuse distance ratio for a given co-channel interference level. Also, the lower and upper bounds on probability of co-channel interference are given for different values of the specular-to-random ratio. The effect of traffic load on the interference level is evaluated, and the results obtained indicate that a microcellular system has a higher capacity and suffers less co-channel interference than the conventional cellular system. >
The impact of pressure overload on coronary vascular changes following myocardial infarction in rats.

This study investigates the impact of pressure overload on vascular changes after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. To evaluate the effect of pressure overload, MI was induced in three groups: 1)...
Model for Control of a Tandem Hot Metal Strip Rolling Process

The tandem rolling of hot metal strip presents a significant control challenge because of nonlinearities and process complexities. The challenge is heightened by an extremely hostile environment that precludes the location of sensors to measure process variables that are important for control. In addition, it is essential that the controller structure allows for a high degree of physical intuition in the design process and provides for simplicity of tuning during commissioning. Based on our previous work using a state-dependent Riccati equation technique for control of the tandem cold rolling process, it is considered that a similar method also might be useful as a basis for the development of a control technique for tandem hot strip rolling. For the hot rolling process, the development of a process model in a form that is suitable for use with a state-dependent Riccati equation-based method is a significant and challenging task. This paper describes our work to develop an initial portion of this model. Based on simulation results, it is determined that the initial part of the model has the potential to be useful in the development of the complete nonlinear model that can be used for development of a viable control method which offers the likelihood for improvement in the control of the hot metal rolling process.
On real-time databases: concurrency control and scheduling

In addition to maintaining database consistency as in conventional databases, real-time database systems must also handle transactions with timing constraints. While transaction response time and throughput are usually used to measure a conventional database system, the percentage of transactions satisfying the deadlines or a time-critical value function is often used to evaluate a real-time database system. Scheduling real-time transactions is far more complex than traditional real-time scheduling in the sense that (1) worst case execution times are typically hard to estimate, since not only CPU but also I/O requirement is involved; and (2) certain aspects of concurrency control may not integrate well with real-time scheduling. In this paper, we first develop a taxonomy of the underlying design space of concurrency control including the various techniques for achieving serializability and improving performance. This taxonomy provides us with a foundation for addressing the real-time issues. We then consider the integration of concurrency control with real-time requirements. The implications of using run policies to better utilize real-time scheduling in a database environment are examined. Finally, as timing constraints may be more important than data consistency in certain hard realtime database applications, we also discuss several approaches that explore the nonserializable semantics of real-time transactions to meet the hard deadlines. >
Perinatal Exposure of Mice to the Pesticide DDT Impairs Energy Expenditure and Metabolism in Adult Female Offspring

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been used extensively to control malaria, typhus, body lice and bubonic plague worldwide, until countries began restricting its use in the 1970s. Its use in malaria control continues in some countries according to recommendation by the World Health Organization. Individuals exposed to elevated levels of DDT and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) have an increased prevalence of diabetes and insulin resistance. Here we hypothesize that perinatal exposure to DDT disrupts metabolic programming leading to impaired metabolism in adult offspring. To test this, we administered DDT to C57BL/6J mice from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5 and studied their metabolic phenotype at several ages up to nine months. Perinatal DDT exposure reduced core body temperature, impaired cold tolerance, decreased energy expenditure, and produced a transient early-life increase in body fat in female offspring. When challenged with a high fat diet for 12 weeks in adulthood, female offspring perinatally exposed to DDT developed glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and altered bile acid metabolism. Perinatal DDT exposure combined with high fat feeding in adulthood further impaired thermogenesis as evidenced by reductions in core temperature and in the expression of numerous RNA that promote thermogenesis and substrate utilization in the brown adipose tissue of adult female mice. These observations suggest that perinatal DDT exposure impairs thermogenesis and the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids which may increase susceptibility to the metabolic syndrome in adult female offspring.
Unequally Distributed Psychological Assets: Are There Social Disparities in Optimism, Life Satisfaction, and Positive Affect?

Socioeconomic status is associated with health disparities, but underlying psychosocial mechanisms have not been fully identified. Dispositional optimism may be a psychosocial process linking socioeconomic status with health. We hypothesized that lower optimism would be associated with greater social disadvantage and poorer social mobility. We also investigated whether life satisfaction and positive affect showed similar patterns. Participants from the Midlife in the United States study self-reported their optimism, satisfaction, positive affect, and socioeconomic status (gender, race/ethnicity, education, occupational class and prestige, income). Social disparities in optimism were evident. Optimistic individuals tended to be white and highly educated, had an educated parent, belonged to higher occupational classes with more prestige, and had higher incomes. Findings were generally similar for satisfaction, but not positive affect. Greater optimism and satisfaction were also associated with educational achievement across generations. Optimism and life satisfaction are consistently linked with socioeconomic advantage and may be one conduit by which social disparities influence health.
Containing East Bengal: Language, Nation, and State Formation in Pakistan, 1947—1952'

Recent scholarship on the state has moved towards a focus on state formation as a contingent and contradictory process, and the role of culture therein. Since all states today are understood to be `nation-states', `national culture' becomes a key arena for struggles over hegemony and consequently for understanding nation-state formation. This article uses the `national language controversy' in Pakistan between 1947 and 1952 as a lens through which to explore the relationship between discourses of national culture and the consolidation and contestation of power within the modern (postcolonial) nation-state.
Occurrence of antennal glands in ants.

A previous report of the discovery of exocrine glands in the antennal club of queens and workers of Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972 (Isidoro et al., Insectes Sociaux 47: 236-240, 2000) left open the question of the extent to which similar glands occur in the Formicidae family. We wanted to know if these antennal glands are unique to Solenopsis, or if they are found in a wider taxonomic group. Using scanning electron microscopy, we examined the antennae of 41 ant species. Presence of the antennal glands was indicated by a characteristic circumferential ring of pores in a distal antennal segment of workers. Pores were found in the 9th antennal segment of all 26 species of Solenopsis examined. Pores were absent in the following: Monomorium minimum, M. pharaonis, Pheidole sp., Crematogaster sp., Linepithema humile, Forelius sp., Dorymyrmex sp., Paratrechina sp., Oecophylla smaragdina, Campanotus sp., Ectatomma ruidum, E. tuberlatum, and Pseudomyrmex ferruginea. However, pores were found in the antennal club of Tetramorium bicarinatum workers and queens. After KOH digestion of T. bicarinatum antennae, internal canals were observed in both workers and queens, and the canals connected to spherical reservoirs in queens. T. bicarinatum was only non-Solenopsis species examined which showed evidence for antennal glands in the distal funiculus.
Are you including genomics in nursing practice

A national consensus panel representing 48 nursing organizations, including the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, identified and endorsed essential genetic and genomic competencies for all registered nurses regardless of academic preparation, role, or clinical specialty. The competencies were designed to guide academic curricula, continuing education, and specialty certification. A 5-year implementation plan for these competencies includes components applicable to practicing psychiatric nurses, regulatory and quality control issues, and academics. This article will describe the implementation strategies identified, some examples of genetics and genomics nursing activities in the psychiatric specialty, and recommendations that support the national implementation plan.J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2008; 14(1), 63-68. DOI: 10.1177/1078390307311974
Multiple Atypical Fibroxanthomas in a Cardiac Transplant Recipient

Background. Solid organ transplant recipients have an increased incidence of multiple cutaneous neoplasms. Objective. We hope to draw attention to the potential risk for organ transplant recipients to develop atypical fibroxanthomas. Methods. A review of the patient's medical record was performed and summarized as a case report. Results. We present the case of a cardiac transplant recipient who developed three atypical fibroxanthomas. This is the first reported case of multiple atypical fibroxanthomas in an organ transplant recipient. Conclusion. Atypical fibroxanthomas are uncommon cutaneous malignancies for which transplant recipients may be at increased risk. BRADLEY T. KOVACH, MD, HUNTER H. SAMS, MD, AND THOMAS STASKO, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Economic Capacity Utilization and its Determinants: Theory and Evidence

This paper develops and estimates a model of economic capacity utilization and its determinants by allowing for the firm's full optimization behavior that considers endogenous output choice. The model consists of deriving the short-run output supply function and the capital demand function which generate optimal and capacity output. Optimal capacity utilization is determined as the ratio of optimal to capacity output and its determinants are identified. Evidence from U.S. manufacturing shows that capital expansion not accompanied by market growth and higher materials and capital prices has contributed to lower capacity utilization. Energy price increases have exerted a stimulating impact on capacity utilization. Conventional capacity utilization measures are found to be biased and fail to capture the influences of changes in economic conditions facing firms.
Neural correlates of verbal and nonverbal working memory deficits in individuals with schizophrenia and their high-risk siblings.

Impaired working memory and functional brain activation deficits within prefrontal cortex (PFC) may be associated with vulnerability to schizophrenia. This study compared working memory and PFC activation in individuals with schizophrenia, their unaffected siblings and healthy comparison participants. We administered a “2back” version of the “nback” task. Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity. Nineteen individuals with DSM-IV schizophrenia, 18 of their siblings, and 72 healthy comparison participants underwent fMRI scans while performing word and face “nback” working memory tasks. Repeated trials (items whose prior presentation was not in the correct nback position) allowed us to assess group differences in the ability to code the temporal order of items. Individuals with schizophrenia and their siblings performed worse than controls on repeated lure trials, suggesting an association between schizophrenia and impairments in the coding of temporal order within working memory. Both individuals with schizophrenia and their siblings also demonstrated abnormal brain activation in PFC, such that both groups had hyperactivation in response to word stimuli and hypoactivation in response to face stimuli. These results provide further evidence that individuals with schizophrenia and their siblings are impaired in their ability to encode the temporal order of items within working memory and that disturbances in working memory and PFC activation may be genetic markers of the vulnerability to schizophrenia.
The Monitoring and Generation of Standard Atmospheres of Nitrogen Dioxide for Inhalation Studies: Problems and Solutions

Abstract Nitrogen dioxide inhalation exposures are used to evaluate the biological mechanisms and dose-response of animals to known concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. This paper describes generation techniques which have been evaluated and the final method using a Teflon bag-pump system chosen for safety, reproducibility, and stability. Also included are the problems and solutions of using a chemiluminescent NO2 analyzer for monitoring chamber concentrations. The problems typically are related to stability, and the recommended solution is to use an NO2 permeation system for calibration.
Multiple myeloma with leptomeningeal involvement and positive CSF.

A 50-year-old female with multiple myeloma was initially treated with lenalidomide/bortezomib/dexamethasone. She had progression of disease after three cycles. She was then treated with DB-PACE (dexamethasone, bortezomib, cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide) ×3 cycles.
Monitoring Network Confirms Land Use Change is a Substantial Component of the Forest Carbon Sink in the eastern United States

Quantifying forest carbon (C) stocks and stock change within a matrix of land use (LU) and LU change is a central component of large-scale forest C monitoring and reporting practices prescribed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Using a region–wide, repeated forest inventory, forest C stocks and stock change by pool were examined by LU categories. In eastern US forests, LU change is a substantial component of C sink strength (~37% of forest sink strength) only secondary to that of C accumulation in forests remaining forest where their comingling with other LUs does not substantially reduce sink strength. The strongest sinks of forest C were study areas not completely dominated by forests, even when there was some loss of forest to agriculture/settlement/other LUs. Long-term LU planning exercises and policy development that seeks to maintain and/or enhance regional C sinks should explicitly recognize the importance of maximizing non-forest to forest LU changes and not overlook management and conservation of forests located in landscapes not currently dominated by forests.
Professional standards of practice for psychologists, social workers, and counselors in SCI rehabilitation.

Statement of PurposeAcknowledgmentsPrefaceI. Introduction A. Concept and Goal of SCI Rehabilitation B. Biopsychosocial Rehabilitation Process C. Importance of the Treatment Team D. Role of Psycholo...
Near-infrared fluorescence and nuclear imaging and targeting of prostate cancer

Despite advances in the treatment of castration-resistant and bone metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), there is still no clear demonstration that PCa growth and metastases can be unambiguously detected. We review recent advances including our own development of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) and near-infrared nuclear (NIRN) imaging approaches. We validated our results in experimental models of PCa bone and soft tissue metastases including PCa colonization at metastatic sites by injecting PCa cells either intratibially or intracardiacally. We describe our experience using noninvasive imaging and targeting modalities to probe PCa tumors grown at metastatic sites, molecular studies to understand the multiple molecular and cellular processes within tumor cells and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, and targeting tumor growth at metastatic bone site. In this review, current knowledge and emerging technologies based on NIRF and NIRN disciplines will be summarized. Additionally the mechanisms of differential uptake of these agents by normal and cancerous cells will be described.
A droplet microfluidics platform for rapid microalgal growth and oil production analysis

Microalgae have emerged as a promising source for producing future renewable biofuels. Developing better microalgal strains with faster growth and higher oil production rates is one of the major routes towards economically viable microalgal biofuel production. In this work, we present a droplet microfluidics-based microalgae analysis platform capable of measuring growth and oil content of various microalgal strains with single-cell resolution in a high-throughput manner. The platform allows for encapsulating a single microalgal cell into a water-in-oil emulsion droplet and tracking the growth and division of the encapsulated cell over time, followed by on-chip oil quantification. The key feature of the developed platform is its capability to fluorescently stain microalgae within microdroplets for oil content quantification. The performance of the developed platform was characterized using the unicellular microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the colonial microalga Botryococcus braunii. The application of the platform in quantifying growth and oil accumulation was successfully confirmed using C. reinhardtii under different culture conditions, namely nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-limited conditions. These results demonstrate the capability of this platform as a rapid screening tool that can be applied to a wide range of microalgal strains for analyzing growth and oil accumulation characteristics relevant to biofuel strain selection and development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1691-1701. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tolerance of Plesiomonas shigelloides to pH, Sodium Chloride and Temperature1.

Forty strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides representing environmental and clinical isolates were characterized as to their tolerance to sodium chloride, acid and alkaline conditions and growth temperatures. In Tryptone broth all isolates grew in 3% but not 4% sodium chloride; whereas, in Trypticase Soy broth all isolates grew in 4% and 65% of them grew in 5% sodium chloride. All isolates initiated growth at pH 4.5 and 8.5 and 58% of the isolates grew at pH 4.0. Only 22% of the isolates grew at 8°C and 25% of them grew at 45°C. Heating at 60°C for 30 min destroyed all isolates tested.
C incorporation in epitaxial Ge 1 − y C y layers grown on Ge(001): An ab initio study

Ab initio density-functional calculations, employing the generalized-gradient approximation, have been used to determine formation energies U and the strain associated with different C lattice site configurations in fully coherent ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ layers grown on Ge(001). Calculations using strained 64-atom supercells show that substitutional C, for which $U=2.40\mathrm{eV},$ is the most stable configuration involving only one C atom per configuration. The bond-centered interstitial and the Ge-C split interstitial configurations have formation energies which are 2.9 and 1.78 eV higher, respectively. However, [001]-oriented C pairs and C triplets are even more stable than substitutional C, by 0.17 and 0.80 eV per C atom, indicating a strong tendency for C atoms to cluster during ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ growth. Calculated C-induced strain coefficients provide insight for interpreting ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{C}}_{y}$ x-ray diffraction results and macroscopic strain measurements.
Increasing Influenza Immunization Compliance in a Health Care System Using Electronic Reporting When Implementing a Mandatory Flu Shot Program

ISSUE: Altru Health System has offered free influenza vaccination to its health care workers (HCWs) for over 20 years, but compliance averaged about 50%. Hearing the successes of mandatory programs elsewhere, we implemented declination forms andmandatory documentation as part of the flu shot program in 2006-2007. The goal was to increase influenza vaccination rates and to analyze reasons why our HCWs chose not to get immunized. Incentives included a party for departments who had 100% compliance with documentation and at least 75% compliance with getting a flu shot. There were no penalties for not completing the required documentation or for not getting a flu shot.
Nutrition and Exercise

The nutritional aspects of exercise are topics of popular interest, misconception, and active research. In this article, the authors review basic concepts of muscle metabolism; information concerning the role of exercise in weight loss; dietary supplements for athletes, including nutrition for competition; and eating disorders among those performing vigorous exercise.
Methods for Assessing Genome-wide DNA Methylation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the more commonly used genome-scale methods for DNA methylation analysis. DNA methylation was the first epigenetic modification. To explore DNA methylation profiles at genome scale, a wide range of approaches have been developed. Most of the methods were originally used for detecting methylation changes at the single gene level but by coupling them with extensive cloning and sequencing work or combining them with microarray platforms, genome-wide analysis tools have been developed. Most methylation analysis methods can be categorized into several well-characterized groups on the basis of their principles. Several methods are based on restriction endonucleases that possess altered sensitivity towards methylated cytosine residues present in the cleavage site. In this way, the restriction endonuclease digestion pattern depends on the methylation status of the cleavage sites and ultimately reflects methylation profiles of the given chromosomal region. Techniques are based on antibodies or proteins that bind to methylated DNA. Resolution at the single nucleotide level often requires bisulfite-sequencing approaches for which high throughput techniques are currently being developed.
Does a Higher Society of Thoracic Surgeons Score Predict Outcomes in Transfemoral and Alternative Access Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Background Nontransfemoral (non-TF) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is often associated with worse outcomes than TF TAVR. We investigated the relationship between increasing Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) predicted risk of mortality (PROM) score and observed mortality and morbidity in TF and non-TF TAVR groups. Methods We reviewed 595 patients undergoing TAVR at Emory Healthcare between 2007 and 2014. Clinical outcomes were reported for 337 TF patients (57%) and 258 non-TF patients (43%). We created 3 STS PROM score subgroups: 15%. A composite outcome of postoperative events was defined as death, stroke, renal failure, vascular complications, or new pacemaker implantation. Results TF patients were older (82.4 ± 8.0 vs 80.8 ± 8.7 years, p = 0.02), whereas the STS PROM was higher in non-TF patients (10.5% ± 5.3% vs 11.7% ± 5.7%, p = 0.01). Observed/expected mortality was less than 1.0 in all groups. The rate of the composite outcome did not differ between STS PROM subgroups in TF ( p = 0.68) or non-TF TAVR ( p = 0.27). One-year mortality was higher for patients with STS PROM >8% in the non-TF group; however, this difference was not observed in TF patients ( p = 0.40). Conclusions As expected, non-TF patients were at a higher risk than TF patients for procedural morbidity and death. Although no differences were observed in 30-day deaths or morbidity in different STS PROM subgroups, those undergoing non-TF TAVR at a higher STS PROM (>8%) had higher 1-year mortality. When applicable, TF TAVR remains the procedure of choice in high- or extreme-risk patients undergoing TAVR.
Solid state physics in a nutshell

Solid state physics, or condensed matter as it is now more commonly known, is the underpinning of the vast majority of modern technology. This (long) chapter will examine key elements of the solid state physics of bulk systems. Understanding the origins of the properties of macro scale materials leads to insights about why nanoscale materials are different. This is not intended to be a complete treatment of modern solid state physics – that would take hundreds of pages alone! At the end of the chapter I list a few of the many excellent books on this vast subject for those interested in learning more. As shall become clear, the quantum mechanical character of electrons is essential to understanding matter in the solid state, even though the more exotic quantum effects evade everyday experience. However, describing realistic solids is, in principle, incredibly complicated. Restricting the discussion to relatively low energy scales, in a cubic centimeter of copper are ∼ 10 23 nuclei, surrounded by ∼ 10 24 electrons. Exactly solving the detailed quantum many-body problem for this system is clearly a practical impossibility. This makes the case for the other key component of approaches to understanding the solid state: statistical physics. Solving classical equations of motion for every gas molecule in your room is just as impractical as the solid state problem. Fortunately, statistical mechanics has been developed, allowing us to consider distributions of particle velocities. Similar approaches are routinely applied in the solid state, along with related concepts like a density of states. Note that all of the electrons and nuclei are electrically charged and therefore interact with one another. These interactions are not necessarily weak! Strongly interacting many-body problems are exceedingly hard to solve, but the observation that atoms remain a useful way of thinking about solid materials hints at a way out of this dilemma.
Outcomes among North American patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are independent of tumor Epstein-Barr virus positivity or immunosuppression

The prevalence, presenting clinical and pathological characteristics, and outcomes for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that is Epstein-Barr virus positive remain uncertain as does the impact of congenital or iatrogenic immunosuppression. Patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with available tissue arrays were identified from the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Molecular Epidemiology Resource. Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus or who had undergone a prior organ transplant were excluded. Epstein-Barr virus-associated ribonucleic acid testing was performed on all tissue arrays. A history of significant congenital or iatrogenic immunosuppression was determined for all patients. At enrollment, 16 of the 362 (4.4%) biopsies were positive for Epstein-Barr virus. Thirty-nine (10.8%) patients had a significant history of immunosuppression. Patients with Epstein-Barr-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma had no unique clinical characteristics but on pathology exhibited a higher frequency of CD30 positivity (25.0% versus 8.1%, respectively; P<0.01), and non-germinal-center subtype (62.5% versus 34.1%, respectively; P<0.01). No baseline clinical characteristics were associated with a history of immunosuppression. With a median follow up of 59 months, and after adjustment for International Prognostic Index, there was no association of Epstein-Barr virus positivity or immunosuppression with event-free survival at 24 months (odds ratio=0.49; 95% confidence interval: 0.13-1.84 and odds ratio=0.81; 95% confidence interval: 0.37-1.77) or overall survival (hazard ratio=0.86; 95% confidence interval: 0.38-1.97 and hazard ratio=1.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.57-1.74). In contrast to non-Western populations, our North American population had a low prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that did not convey an adverse prognosis. A history of immunosuppression, while known to be a risk factor for the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, did not affect subsequent prognosis.
Long Bone Fractures

More than 50% of femoral fractures are simple transverse, closed and non-comminuted (Rockwood 1991). The middle third is the most frequent site of fracture (70%), followed by the proximal third and lastly the distal third. Femoral fractures occurring before the child is able to walk are strongly associated with child abuse (Gross and Stranger 1983). Birth related fractures are exceedingly rare (0.13 per 1000) and usually associated with twin pregnancies, breech presentation or foetal osteoporosis (Morris et al. 2002). The majority are of spiral configuration
Dispositionalism and the Metaphysics of Science

Dispositionalism is the view that causal powers are among the irreducible properties of nature. It has long been among the core competing positions in the metaphysics of laws, but its potential implications for other key debates within metaphysics and the philosophy of science have remained under-explored. Travis Dumsday fills this major gap in the literature by establishing new connections between dispositionalism and such topics as substance ontology, ontic structural realism, material composition, emergentism, natural-kind essentialism, perdurantism, time travel, and spacetime substantivalism. He also puts forward a novel view concerning the precise relationship between causal powers and the fundamental laws of nature. His rich and accessible study will appeal to readers interested in contemporary analytic metaphysics and philosophy of science.
Possible involvement of multiple P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux systems in the transport of verapamil and other organic cations across rat intestine

Purpose. We investigated the intestinal transport of verapamil, chlorpromazine, and propantheline, particularly their P-glycoprotein-mediated secretion.
Shapley Value Approximation with Divisive Clustering

In cooperative game theory, the two foremost problems are determining what coalitions will form and how a coalition's payoff should be divided. The Shapley value, a proven fair and unique payoff distribution, has become a central solution concept in the field. Computing the Shapley value is exponential in the number of agents, however, and has motivated many practical approximation methods, only two of which apply to arbitrary cooperative games. We propose a Shapley value approximation method using hierarchical clustering that partitions coalitions based on agent feature similarity and then interpolates the subcoalitions' Shapley values. Additionally, the approximation is guaranteed to satisfy the Shapley value's desirable fairness properties of symmetry, efficiency, and often null player. With a low runtime, experimental error, and a tuning parameter for error-runtime trade-off, this algorithm is the most practical for cooperative games requiring fast, near-optimally fair payoff distributions.
Promising Evidence of Antipsychotic Efficacy without Dopamine D2-Receptor Binding.

A French surgeon, Henri Laborit, discovered the first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), in 1952 while experimenting with compounds to enhance anesthesia. Since then, antipsychotic dru...
Several neonates reported positive for COVID-19.

To the Editor,Given the low incidence of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection in children and neonates, the article by Aghdam MK et al. providing information on a neonate who developed COVID-19 in...
Managing Moving Objects With Imprecise Location

In this demo, we present a system for managing location uncertainty in moving objects’ data and refining their uncertain trajectories. Therefore, users are able to query objects’ past, present, and predicted location more precisely. In the absence of precise location data, i.e. exact lat and long, the uncertain location is defined by an uncertainty region that overlaps multiple nodes in the underlying road network graph. Imprecise location comes from various causes such as inaccurate GPS readings, cloaked region for privacy, or communication issues. The main idea is to find a maximum likelihood connected path of nodes across consecutive regions of uncertainty. By doing so, we narrow down the possible paths and hence prune out a considerable number of nodes in the uncertain regions which in turn leads to a smaller and more precise region. Finally, using the latest location data received from a given object, following refinements, we predict its future movements. Due to the uncertain nature of the problem, there are always multiple possible locations for a moving object. This is only amplified when we try to predict future movements. The refinement steps narrow down possible locations significantly and hence reduces the computation cost. During the demo, the audience will be able to interact with the system to define the size of the uncertainty region, examine the refinement process, and visually experience how the system narrows down the possible locations of the objects’ past, current, and future trajectory segments.
Quota or Disclosure? Evidence from Corporate Board Gender Diversity Policies

In this paper, I compare two policy interventions used in Europe to increase gender equality on corporate boards: quota versus disclosure. While quota has a stronger enforcement effect, disclosure allows firms to decide on the optimal board gender ratio taking into consideration their own information. This information includes the friction that causes low female representation on boards. I show that it is important to separate supply and demand side frictions. In industries that have a low supply of female directors, quota leads firms to hire more foreign female directors, new female directors with no prior board experience, and more female directors with PhDs. In industries not constrained by female director supply, disclosure and quota can be equally effective in shattering the glass ceiling. Additionally, I find that effects are stronger in countries where there is a stronger social norm on gender equality. Last, I do not find this increase in board gender diversity leads to better financial performance.
Insights from behavioural economics for effective leadership during the pandemic

The novel coronavirus and related COVID-19 pandemic have introduced unprecedented public policy and health challenges. In addition, healthcare consumers and workers face poor coordination by government and health officials, who lack consensus on critical elements that range from understanding risks and managing uncertainty to crafting responses that could help safely guide their constituents. As such, healthcare organisations increasingly look to their own leaders to successfully steer patients and workers through the crisis. Insights from behavioural economics can help healthcare leaders communicate information to their constituents as they make important and difficult decisions under situations of risk and uncertainty. Understanding how people interpret information about risk and uncertainty, and how they might respond to strategies that help them contextualise this information through defaults and social norms, can lead to better outcomes in patient health, employee safety and well-being and overall health system utilisation. Leaders who effectively leverage these insights may chart a clearer path towards desirable short-term and long-term organisational outcomes.
The resilience of reproductive interference

Mating with the wrong species is surprisingly common in nature. Interspecific mating can lead to reproductive interference, where wasted time, energy, nutrients, or gametes reduces the fitness of one or both of the interacting species. However, the ecological and evolutionary forces that maintain this seemingly maladaptive behavior remain poorly understood, in part because the natural complexity of heterospecific encounters is often not considered experimentally. The goal of this study was to directly test if the negative effects of heterospecific mating can be mitigated by conspecific mating. We used two closely related species of squash bug, Anasa tristis and Anasa andresii, which are known to readily mate with each other despite clear negative fitness consequences. We gave all females opportunities to mate with conspecific males before and after encountering heterospecific males. We found that A. tristis females can alleviate temporary bouts of heterospecific interference when given opportunities to mate with conspecifics. However, we found the opposite for A. andresii females. Mating with conspecifics did not shelter female A. andresii from the consequences of heterospecific mating. Our study reveals the complex dynamics of reproductive interference and highlights scenarios where mating with the wrong species can have either minimal or long-lasting effects on fitness. We emphasize the benefit of assessing reproductive interference using experiments that not only vary heterospecific encounter rates, but that also quantify lifetime measures of fitness. Our study adds to the growing body of research highlighting the importance of reproductive interference and sheds light on why this seemingly paradoxical behavior continues to persist.
Quizartinib with decitabine and venetoclax (triplet) is highly active in patients with FLT3-ITD mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

e19019Background: The outcomes in patients (pts) with newly diagnosed FLT3 mutated AML who are ineligible for intensive induction chemotherapy are poor. Added to a low intensity chemotherapy backbo...