cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech-gesture mismatches: Evidence for one underlying representation of linguistic and nonlinguistic information

Adults and children spontaneously produce gestures while they speak, and such gestures appear to support and expand on the information communicated by the verbal channel. Little research, however, has been carried out to examine the role played by gesture in the listener's representation of accumulating information? Do listeners attend to the gestures that accompany narrative speech? In what kinds of relationships between gesture and speech do listeners attend to the gestural channel? If listeners do attend to information received in gesture, how is this information represented—is it 'tagged' as originating in the gestural channel? In this article research is described that addresses these questions. Results show that listeners do attend to information conveyed in gesture, when that information supplements or even contradicts the information conveyed by speech. And information received via gesture is available for retelling in speech. These results are taken to demonstrate that gesture is not taken by the listener to be epiphenomenal to the act of speaking, or a simple manual translation of speech. But they also suggest that the information conveyed in a discourse may be represented in a manner that is neither gesture nor language, although accessible to both channels.
Statically equivalent load and support conditions produce different hip joint contact pressures and periacetabular strains

The hip is a common site of orthopaedic trauma and disease, and considerable research has been directed toward understanding the development of contact pressures within the joint. Virtually all experimental studies to date have employed proximal femurs compressed along the joint reaction force vector into acetabulae explanted from cadaver pelves. This approach presumes that deformations of the acetabulum are highly localized, and that the pelvis is functionally a rigid body. We have developed a methodology that uses intact pelves loaded through simulation of the abductor mechanism. A direct comparison of the two techniques revealed significantly different joint contact characteristics and periacetabular strains. Fuji film measurements of contact area and pressure were more widely distributed across the acetabulum for the intact pelvis, with significant pressure development in anterior and posterior regions. Contact patterns in the explanted acetabulae were concentrated in the superior portion of the joint. Principal strains from three rosette gages placed near the acetabular rim were also significantly different for the two testing techniques, but were not substantially altered by the presence of Fuji film within the joint. The results indicate that deformation of the entire pelvis and the manner in which loads are applied significantly affect development of contact pressures within the hip joint, and that Fuji film is a suitable technique for recording those patterns.
Submicroscopic structure of the compound eye as revealed by electron microscopy.

The submicroscopic structure of the ommatidium and periopticon of the adult Drosophila virilis has been studied in thin tissue sections by electron microscopy. The rhabdomere of the compound eye is composed of two segments, a distal segment with a homogeneous structure and a proximal segment with a lamellar or polygonally reticular structure. The submicroscopic structure of the rhabdomere is compared with that of the vertebrate retinal rod cell. The present observations lend support to the idea that the proximal segment of the rhabdomere consists of tightly packed tubules or rods which are arranged perpendicularly or obliquely to the long axis of the rhabdomere. The ommatidium comes in close contact with the non-medullated nerve fibers through discontinuities in the basement membrane. The periopticon, which consists of ganglion cells and a complex synaptic apparatus, is demonstrated at a low magnification.
Methyl substituted 2-picolinamine N-oxide complexes of copper(II) perchlorate

Abstract Cu(II) complexes of N-Methyl-2-picolinamine N-oxide (MA) and N,N-dimethyl-2-picolinamine N-oxide (DMA) have been prepared with Cu(II) perchlorate. Both the dull violet [Cu(MA) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 and bright purple [Cu(DMA) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 consist of two bidentate ligands in a square planar arrangement. IR, electronic and electron spin resonance spectra as well as molar conductivities and elemental analyses are presented as evidence for the essentially square planar geometry.
Public contacts with Russian police in life-threatening situations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine key factors responsible for unwillingness of Russian respondents to contact police in life-threatening situations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a survey data (n=5,088) collected during 1998-2007 in Volgograd, Russia. The multivariate regression is employed for data analysis. Findings – Findings of this study suggest that pervasive public distrust and dissatisfaction of police institution coupled with fear of police abuse and negative previous experiences with crime reporting are responsible for citizens’ unwillingness to contact Russian police. Research limitations/implications – The findings imply that both instrumental and normative approaches to the police legitimacy are useful when explaining the issues of public-police cooperation in Russia. Practical implications – Paper also has practical implications pertinent to the 2011 police reform in Russia. Originality/value – The study also provides an original empirical research in pr...
Angular Correlations of Cascade Gamma Rays in the Decay of Lu 172

Angular correiation experiments were performed on the 1095-78.7, 901- 1095, 901-78.7, and 1586-78.7 kev gamma ray cascades in Lu/sup 172/. The results of the directional correlation and polarization correlation measurements on the 1095-78.7 kev gamma rays establish the spin and parity of the 1174-kev excited state as 3/sup +/. The other measurements are consistent with previous assignments for the spins and parities of the 1664 and 2075-kev excited states. (auth)
Plasma and DLC film characteristics from pulsed laser ablation of single crystal graphite and amorphous carbon: A comparative study employing electrostatic probe measurements

In an ongoing effort to investigate plasma plume features yielding high quality DLC films, we have applied plasma plume diagnosis and film characterization to examine plume character distinction from KrF laser ablation of both amorphous carbon (a-C) and single crystal graphite (SCG) targets- The advancing plasma plume produced by these structurally different targets are observed to possess quantitatively similar total heavy particle inventory, ionized fraction, and electron thermal content, yet quite different ion kinetic energy, plume profile, C 2 formation mechanism, and concentration of complex molecules. All data support the conclusion that the SCG target plasma plume is populated with heavier, more complex molecules than those in a-C which have been shown to be predominantly comprised of C and C + under vacuum conditions with the addition of C 2 at high fill pressure. Significantly smaller plume profile peaking factor, less energetic and slightly lower temperature plume conditions, laser energy ( E 1 ) dependent plume peaking, harder films produced at lower E l strongly heterogeneous films, and lesser plume energy attenuation in high pressure background fill in SCG target plumes all support the conclusion of more massive plume species in SCG target plumes. Energy balance estimates indicate that ion kinetic energy dominates and that SCG target ablation liberates about twice the number of 12 C atoms per unit E l .
Graduate Students as Mentors: An Approach for the Undergraduate Class Project

This article explores the expanded role of mentoring in management education. The study describes and evaluates a suggested course activity that uses graduate MBA students to mentor undergraduate project teams, reviews literature on mentoring, and discusses the role of mentoring in management learning and effectiveness.
Effect of Applied Water Amounts at Various Fractions of Evapotranspiration on Productivity and Water Footprint of Chardonnay Grapevines

The effects of irrigation treatments with applied water amounts at various fractions of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) on productivity of Chardonnay grapevines grafted onto two rootstocks were determined across eight years. Irrigation treatments during the first four years were applied water amounts at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 of ETc while those in subsequent years were a no applied water treatment and applied water amounts at 0.5 and 1.0 of ETc. Grapevine water use was determined using the soil water balance method. Year had a significant effect on all measured parameters (berry weight, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and yield and its components). The highest (21.9 t/ha) and lowest (11.6 t/ha) yields differed almost two-fold across years. While rootstock had a significant effect on some of the above parameters, they were not consistent among years and there were only a few instances in which there was a rootstock by irrigation interaction. Yield per unit applied water averaged 4.43 and 13.7 t/ML for the 1.25 and 0.25 irrigation treatments while yield per unit ETc averaged 4.28 and 6.45 t/ML for the 1.25 and 0.25 treatments, respectively. The high and low water footprint values per unit ETc ranged from 130 to 400 m3 of water/t across the duration of the study. The large difference in the water footprint from year to year was due to differences in yield. The water footprint for the no applied water treatment was 166 m3/t in 1998 and 228 m3/t in 1999. The fact that the water footprint reported here is lower than published values for grapevines may have been due to higher yields and better estimates of vineyard ETc.
Effects of dopaminergic drugs on phencyclidine-induced behavior in the rat.

Abstract Phencyclidine-induced behavior was studied in combination with drugs which block or enhance central dopamine activity. Haloperidol inhibited phencyclidine-induced stereotyped behavior and locomotor activity, and increased ataxia at all dose levels used (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg/kg). Apomorphine potentiated phencyclidine-induced stereotypy at all doses in later post-injection periods (beyond 30 min). The effects of apomorphine on phencyclidine-induced locomotor activity were dose-dependent, showing inhibition at 2.0 mg/kg and enhancement at 4.0 and 6.0 mg/kg. These findings support suggested involvement of dopamine in phencyclidine-induced behavior and indicate the value of concurrent assessment of different phencyclidine-induced behavior for evaluating neurotransmitter effects.
Randomized system trajectories

The notion of system trajectory of a time-varying input-output, dynamical system is reviewed. By introducing a probability measure on a class of such systems a stochastic system, the randomized system, is defined. The randomized system has a trajectory induced by the trajectories of the original systems. A theorem is proved giving fairly general conditions under which the randomized system trajectory is generated by a strongly continuous semigroup of bounded linear operators in a Banach space. An example is presented for a system represented by a quadratic integral operator.
Carrier recombination in clusters of NiO

Abstract We studied the dependence of carrier recombination pathways in nanoparticles of NiO on surface conditions. Two types of 0.6 nm short-range order clusters of NiO were prepared in reverse micelles of dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The steady-state absorption and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were done in order to investigate the photo-physical properties of d–d in-gap transitions. The NiO nanoclusters and bulk steady-state optical absorption and emission properties are comparatively discussed from the prospective of Laporte's rules relaxation. The results of the time-resolved emission studies allowed us to develop the phenomenological model of the in-gap carrier recombination in NiO clusters.
Odontode morphology and skin surface features of Andean astroblepid catfishes (Siluriformes, Astroblepidae)

Two types of odontodes, or dermal teeth, occur in the neotropical Andean astroblepid catfishes. Both odontode types conform in structure to dermal teeth of gnathostomes in having dentine surrounding a central pulp cavity covered by a superficial layer of enameloid, but differ from one another in terms of attachment and association with other epidermis features. Type I odontodes in astroblepids, also found in all representatives of the superfamily Loricarioidea, are larger (40–50 μm base diameter), generally conical and sharply pointed, occur on the fin rays, and are associated with dermal bone. Type I odontodes attach to an elevated pediment of dermal bone of the fin lepidotrich, and to dermal bone generally in loricarioids, via a ring of connective tissue. Type II odontodes of astroblepids are smaller (15–20 μm base diameter) and blunt, occur in the skin of the head, maxillary barbels, nasal flap, and lip margins, and are not associated with dermal bone. Observations based on histology and scanning electron microscopy indicate that Type II odontodes are associated with other epithelial structures to form a putative mechanosensory organ. The odontode base lies deep in the dermis. The shaft is surrounded by a dense patch of microvillous epithelium and projects from within a pit formed by an elevated ring of laminar epithelial cells bearing several columnar, knob-like putative mechanosensory structures. Type II odontode organs have thus far been observed in only three astroblepid species, Astroblepus longifilis, A. chotae, A. rosei, where they occur in especially dense arrays on the maxillary barbels, surrounded by discrete patches of microvilli and separate mechanoreceptors. Type II odontode organs are less dense elsewhere on the body, but also occur in the skin of the snout, head, and lips. Typical taste buds are absent from the barbels of these species, but present in other astroblepids. The presence of Type II odontodes and their association with specialized epithelial pit organs are unique to astroblepids among siluriforms and may be potentially important adaptations to life in torrential mountain streams. J. Morphol. 254:139–148, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Water exchange across red cell membranes: II. Measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance T1, T2, and T12 hybrid relaxation. The effects of osmolarity, cell volume, and medium.

We have used the nuclear magnetic relaxation of water protons to measure the diffusional permeability (Pw) of human red blood cells to water as a function of concentration of nonpermeable and permeable solutes. Measurements ofT1,T2, and a hybrid of the two were made and yielded the samePw. In the presence of the nonpermeable electrolyte NaCl, membrane permeability is constant between the volumes of 70 and 105μm3 and increases both as the cells swell and shrink beyond these limits. Changes in both the internal and external osmolarity, using the permeable solutes urea and ammonium chloride, do not affect membrane permeability. The composition of the suspending medium also has a significant effect on membrane permeability. Cells suspended in plasma have a cell water lifetime about 30% longer than cells of the same volume suspended in serum, or isotonic saline with human serum albumin. Addition of a crude preparation of fibrinogen in physiological amounts to isotonic saline and human serum albumin restores the cell water lifetime to a value similar to that observed in plasma.
Brief inhalation of low-dose carbon monoxide protects rodents and swine from postoperative ileus

Objective: Carbon monoxide (CO), an endogenous byproduct of heme metabolism, is produced at high levels in injured tissue via induction of heme-oxygenase–1 activity, where it contributes to the modulation of proinflammatory processes. Alone, CO has potent anti-inflammatory effects in models of acute and chronic inflammation. In rodents, inhalation of low concentrations of CO (250 ppm) for 24 hrs protects against postoperative gastrointestinal ileus. The current study determined whether shorter exposures and lower concentrations were equally protective and whether CO treatment would be effective in a large animal species (swine) managed under conditions approximating the clinical setting. Design: Dosing studies were first performed in rats by exposing them to CO (30–250 ppm) or air by inhalation for 1 or 3 hrs before anesthesia. An effective dosing regimen was then selected for testing in swine. Postoperative ileus in both species was induced by laparotomy and mild compression (running) of the small intestine. Measurements and Main Results: In rats, inhalation of 75 ppm CO for 3 hrs before anesthesia and surgery ameliorated the surgically induced delay in gastrointestinal transit to levels achieved using 250 ppm for 24 hrs. Swine treated with 250 ppm CO for the same time period exhibited significantly improved postoperative intestinal circular muscle contractility in vitro and gastrointestinal transit in vivo. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations measured after termination of CO exposure averaged 5.8% (baseline, 1.5%). No deleterious effects on heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood chemistries, and serum electrolytes were observed. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that inhalation of a low concentration of CO before surgery attenuates postoperative ileus in rodents and, more importantly, in a large animal species without risk to well-being during surgery or perioperatively. Exposures need not be prolonged, with significant benefit occurring with a 3-hr pretreatment.
Modular functionalization of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.

A series of highly efficient, modular zwitterion-mediated transformations have been developed which enable diverse functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs, both single-walled and multi-walled) and fullerenes. Three functionalization strategies are demonstrated. (1) Trapping the charged zwitterion intermediate with added nucleophiles allows a variety of functional groups to be installed on the fullerenes and carbon nanotubes in a one-pot reaction. (2) Varying the electrophile from dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to other disubstituted esters provides CNTs functionalized with chloroethyl, allyl, and propargyl groups, which can further undergo SN2 substitution, thiol addition, or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. (3) Postfunctionalization transformations on the cyclopentenones (e.g., demethylation and saponification) of the CNTs lead to demethylated or hydrolyzed products, with high solubility in water (1.2 mg/mL for MWCNTs). CNT aqueous dispersions of the latter derivatives are stable for months and ...
Effects of alatrofloxacin, the parental prodrug of trovafloxacin, on phagocytic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation events of human THP-1 monocytes.

Abstract Alatrofloxacin functions similar to other fluoroquinolone antibiotics in that it not only has antibiotic activity to kill invading organisms by interfering with DNA synthesis, it possesses immunosuppressive activity. In the first hour after bacteria have been phagocytosed by THP-1 monocytes, the drug activates a lytic mechanism involving the release of c-AMP, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and nitric oxide, with elevations in lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme activities. This effect reverses between 2 and 4 h. At this time, all of these inflammatory processes are returned to normal values or below suggesting that alatrofloxacin reduces the spread of infection and destruction of tissue related to inflammation.
Morphine dependence in rats assessed in a shock discrimination task.

The effects of chronic morphine sulfate (5 mg/kg/day for 14 days) on shock discrimination performance of rats were assessed in Experiment I. Significant tolerance developed to the disruptive effects of morphine on performance. A significant increase in discrimination performance was found 48h after the last injection in tests conducted without the injection environment cues present. Ten days after the chronic drug regimen, tests conducted 30 min after exposure to the injection-environment cues revealed no differences between animals previously administered morphine and control animals administered saline. In Experiment II, shock discrimination performance was assessed in a separate group of rats after exposure to a single injection of morphine sulfate (30 mg/kg), which eliminated associative processes, e.g., Pavlovian or instrumental conditioning, as factors in the subsequent behavioral tests for hyperalgesia. Significant changes in discrimination performance (primarily enhanced percent correct to the high shock stimulus) indicative of increased pain sensitivity were obtained in tests conducted 1,2, and 3, but not 9 days after the injection. These experiments indicate that increased pain sensitivity, as opposed to hyperresponsivity operationally measured in traditional analgesia tests (e.g., hot plate, jumpflinch, and tail flick), is a component of morphine withdrawal of a nonassociative origin.
Challenges and opportunities in low-power design enablement

At 32nm and beyond, SoC designs will become more challenging and achieving low-power targets requires a new working model between Design and Process teams. There are significant opportunities for lowering power at the interface of design and process technologies. This talk addresses these opportunities and discusses the critical role of Design Enablement function.
Effects of amides on the structure of the mitotic apparatus and on chromosome condensation

Abstract Formamide (1 M) disrupts the mitotic apparatus of sea urchin eggs in vivo. The apparent breakdown of structure is reversed when the formamide is removed. The freshly isolated mitotic apparatus is dispersed by 1 M formamide, but the structure becomes stabilized and, some time after isolation, is affected visibly only by much higher concentrations of formamide. At all stages of mitosis, the structure of the chromosomes is altered drastically, the end result being the collapse of the chromosome threads into spheres resembling liquid drops. Upon removal of the formamide, the normal structure of the chromosomes is restored.
Using artificial neural networks and regression to predict percentage of applied nitrogen leached under turfgrass

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model that accurately predicts the percentage of applied nitrogen (N) that leaches through the upper 50 cm of soil under a variety of conditions. The statistical regression models were used for comparison with the ANN model. The Sum of the Squared Error (SSE) between the anticipated values (from research data) and the predicted values (produced by the model) was calculated to be 0.3 for the ANN model and 0.1 for the third order regression. In this particular project, the first and second order regression equations are not useful; however, the third order equation could be used by turf managers along side the ANN model to accurately predict leachate under given field conditions. These models enable the turfgrass manager to determine the effects of management practices on N leaching.
Nitric Oxide is Required for Tactile Learning in Octopus vulgaris

Nitric oxide, produced by nitric oxide synthase in brain tissue, is essential for several different kinds of learning in vertebrates. We present the first evidence that it is also essential for learning in an invertebrate. Intramuscular injections of an inhibitor of the enzyme completely block touch learning in Octopus vulgaris. Eight control animals learned a touch paradigm, but none of eight synthase-inhibited ones learned it.
Optical hole-burning in the ultraviolet spectrum of 3,4,9,10-dibenzpyrene at room temperature

Ultraviolet fluorescence spectra are presented for 3,4-benzpyrene, 1,12-benzeperylene and 3,4,9,10-dibenzpyrene, which were obtained by single-laser, consecutive two-proton excitation. Experiments using two-laser excitation have permitted the study of fluorescence line-narrowing in the spectrum of dibenzpyrene at 300 K in hexane solution. These unique observations are interpreted in terms of optical site-selection.
Small angle neutron scattering study of microstructural transitions in a surfactant-based gel mesophase

A surfactant-based rigid gel mesophase containing bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), and D2O has been characterized using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). The addition of water to a solution of AOT and lecithin in isooctane leads to a dramatic increase in viscosity and the formation of a rigid gel as the water content is increased above a specific threshold. SANS profiles indicate that these gels have a crystalline microstructure with characteristic dimensions that are clearly correlated to the system's water content and temperature. The scattering patterns are consistent with models that describe the microstructure as columnar hexagonal at lower water contents and temperatures and lamellar at higher water contents and temperatures. SANS is also able to examine characteristics of the intermediate region where the two phases coexist and to calculate the characteristic dimensions of these microstructures. The rigidity of t...
Theoretical model of errors in micromirror-based three-dimensional particle tracking

Several recently developed particle-tracking and imaging methods have achieved three-dimensional sensitivity through the introduction of angled micromirrors into the observation volume of an optical microscope. We model the imaging response of such devices and show how the direct and reflected images of a fluorescent particle are affected. In particle-tracking applications, asymmetric image degradation manifests itself as systematic tracking errors. Based on our results, we identify strategies for reducing systematic errors to the 10nm level in practical applications.
Quantitative predictions of structure—conformation relations in isobutyl and neopentyl alcohol from ethanol and propanol

Abstract Using the ab initio gradient procedure at the 4-21G level, the geometries of isobutyl alcohol (2-methyl propanol, MPOL) and neopentyl alcohol (2,2′-dimethyl propanol, DMPOL) were refined at regular intervals of the CCCO torsion angle from 0° to 360°. The resulting structures make it possible to define standard geometry functions, i.e. representations of conformationally dependent changes, of the bond distances and angles of the investigated systems. When previously determined standard geometry functions for ethanol and propanol are combined with the correct phases, it is found that the combinations reproduce rather accurately the conformational trends directly calculated for MPOL and DMPOL. This procedure for simulating the structure—conformation relations of a molecule from the conformational properties of some of its component fragments is restricted to predictions of relative trends rather than absolute values, and to bond distances and angles which form part of all the systems needed for the simulation.
Thermal field-flow fractionation universal calibration : Extension for consideration of variation of cold wall temperature

The well-known size exclusion chromatography (SEC) universal calibration allows the characterization of a polymer sample using a set of polymer standards of a different polymer family. This is a polymer-transferable calibration method. A more “universal” calibration method has been proposed for thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) where the calibration constants closely describe the ratio of ordinary (molecular) diffusion coefficient D to thermal diffusion coefficient (or, more correctly, thermophoretic mobility) DT. The universal calibration for ThFFF is therefore instrument or system transferable. Systematic experiments have previously been carried out to verify this calibration method for a wide range of conditions. Results showed that the method holds well provided experimental conditions such as sample size and cold wall temperature Tc are the same for each system. This paper quantifies the effect of cold wall temperature on polymer retention in ThFFF and on the universal calibration constants fo...
Delivering an Engineering Laboratory Course Using the Internet, the Post Office, and a Campus Visit

We present the redesign of a sophomore-level mechanics of materials engineering laboratory course for distance delivery. The distance laboratory course combined multi-media computer experiments, portable hands-on exercises, and place-bound laboratory experiments. Class communication was accomplished through e-mail, online discussion groups and telephone conversations. Preliminary assessment of this new model for providing hands-on distance education gave valuable information that supports its effectiveness.
Sources of organic matter to surficial sediments from the Scotian Shelf and Slope, Canada

On the basis of chemical analyses of sediments sampled by grab and by box corer on the Scotian Shelf and Slope off Nova Scotia, Canada, an attempt is made to assign to source the organic matter (OM) found in surface and near-surface sediments. Concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen were higher in Shelf basins and the Laurentian Channel than on the Shelf banks and Slope. Organic carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios within the basins and Channel imply OM is predominantly marine in origin. There is no progressive decrease in C/N across the shelf and down the slope that could be interpreted as due to declining terrestrial influence offshore, but a decrease with distance west of Cabot Strait implicates the Gulf of St Lawrence as a major source of terrigenous OM to the Shelf east of 62°W. The distribution of less-polar organic fractions (n-alkanes, isoprenoids, fatty acids, sterols) in the Gulf indicates that there is OM of both marine and terrestrial origin in surface unconsolidated sediments with a dominance of the terrigenous component. This study of a well-characterized continental margin illustrates that existing estimates of the mass and composition of organic sedimentation world-wide are far from being robust. The distribution of OM in marine sediments is complex and it is premature to generalize about the proportion of terrigenous to marine OM preserved in oceanic sediments.
The role of affective traits in the creative and problem‐solving performance of gifted urban children

Problem-solving and creativity measures were administered to 127 gifted New York City school children from grades 4–6, in an attempt to relate these cognitive variables to the affective traits of locus of control, self-esteem, and tolerance of ambiguity. A canonical correlation analysis indicated one significant canonical set (p <.05) in which 46% of the variability in a set of cognitive measures was explained by a set of affective measures. A factor analysis was performed on the creativity and problem-solving tasks, with two factors emerging: Fluency and Rearrangement. Factor scores were used to analyze sex and grade differences. Sex differences on the cognitive tasks were consistent with those reported in the literature. No sex differences were obtained on the affective tasks. Grade 4 students differed significantly from grade 6 students on the Rearrangement factor only. On the affective tasks, grade 4 students differed from both grade 5 and grade 6 students only on tolerance of ambiguity. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of affective personality traits in the creative and problem-solving process.
The crystallization of calcium carbonate. II. Calcite growth mechanism

Abstract Stable supersaturated solutions of calcium carbonate have been prepared at 10, 25, and 40°C by careful control of experimental conditions. Upon the addition of seed crystals of calcite, the crystallization kinetics have been followed by monitoring the calcium and hydrogen ion concentrations. After an initial growth surge, the process follows the kinetic equation established previously in which the rate of crystallization is proportional to the product of the concentrations, [Ca+2][CO3−2]. The activation energy for crystal growth is 11.0 ± 1.0 kcal mole−1, and the rate is independent of the stirring rate. Photomicrographic evidence is presented in support of the suggestion that the initial surge in the growth curves results from additional nucleation at the surface of the added calcite crystals and in the bulk of the supersaturated solution.
NMDA and AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors modulate dentate neurogenesis and CA3 synapsin-I in normal and ischemic hippocampus

The effect of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetic acid/kainate (AMPA/kainate) glutamate receptors on dentate cell proliferation and hippocampal synapsin-I induction was examined after global ischemia. Cell proliferation was assessed using BrdU labeling, and synaptic responses were assessed using synapsin-I expression, Systemic glutamate receptor antagonists (MK-801 and NBQX) increased BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate subgranular zone (SGZ) of control adult gerbils (30% to 90%, P 1000%, P < 0,0001). Systemic injections of MK801 or NBQX, as well as intrahippocampal injections of either drug, when given at the time of ischemia completely blocked the birth of cells in the SGZ and the death of CA1 pyramidal neurons at 15 days after ischemia. Glutamate receptor antagonists had little effect on cell birth ...
Energy transfer in the tropical subcloud layer measured with DC‐6 aircraft during GATE

Turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture measured during the GARP Tropical Atlantic Experiment of 1974 (GATE) are analyzed with respect to magnitude, distribution with height, intercorrelation and relation to synoptic weather systems. Sensible heat transport on the average is small, whereas latent heat transport is large and nearly always directed upward. In and near convective cloud masses both fluxes become very large compared to clear air, especially sensible heat transfer. A qualitative model of cold and warm downdrafts is presented. There are not only warm, moist updrafts, but also warm, dry downdrafts sinking against buoyancy so that sensible heat fluxes up and down nearly cancel. The role of enhanced fluxes in the general circulation is discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00869.x
Comparison of echocardiography and electron beam tomography in differentiating the etiology of heart failure.

Background: The clinical manifestations in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy are often indistinguishable from those in patients with primary dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Clinicians often base work-up of patients with heart failure on echocardiographic wall motion abnormalities; however misclassification can lead to unnecessary coronary angiography. Hypothesis: The study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic ability of echocardiography and electron beam tomography (EBT) to differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods: The accuracy of EBT and echocardiography was compared in 111 patients undergoing coronary angiography for the evaluation of heart failure. The presence of coronary calcification (CC) by EBT or segmental wall motion abnormalities by echocardiography was used as evidence of coronary-induced cardiomyopathy. Results: Of 63 patients, 61 (97%) with obstructive coronary artery disease had CC by EBT. This sensitivity was significantly higher compared with 43 of 63 patients (68%) with segmental wall motion abnormalities by echocardiography (p < 0.001). Of 48 patients without obstructive coronary artery disease by angiography, 39 (81%) had no CC by EBT and 35 (73%) had no segmental wall motion (global hypokinesis) by echocardiography (p = 0.33). The overall accuracy of EBT to differentiate ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy was 90%, significantly higher than echocardiography (70%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This double-blind study demonstrates that the presence of CC by EBT is superior to that of segmental wall motion abnormalities by echocardiography to distinguish ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy. This modality may prove to be an important diagnostic tool when the etiology of the cardiomyopathy is not clinically evident.
Liquid Space Lubricants Examined by Vibrational Micro-Spectroscopy

Considerable effort has been expended to develop liquid lubricants for satellites and space exploration vehicles. These lubricants must often perform under a range of harsh conditions such as vacuum, radiation, and temperature extremes while in orbit or in transit and in extremely dusty environments at destinations such as the Moon and Mars. Historically, oil development was guided by terrestrial application, which did not provide adequate space lubricants. Novel fluids such as the perfluorinated polyethers provided some relief but are far from ideal. With each new fluid proposed to solve one problem, other problems have arisen. Much of the work performed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) in elucidating the mechanisms by which chemical degradation of space oils occur has been done by vibrational micro-spectroscopic techniques such as infrared and Raman, which this review details. Presented are fundamental lubrication studies as well as actual case studies in which vibrational spectroscopy has led to millions of dollars in savings and potentially prevented loss of mission.
Preparation of radioactive acetyl-L-carnitine by an enzymatic exchange reaction.

A rapid method for the preparation of (1-/sup 14/C)acetyl-L-carnitine is described. The method involves exchange of (1-/sup 14/C)acetic acid into a pool of unlabeled acetyl-L-carnitine using the enzymes acetyl-CoA synthetase and carnitine acetyltransferase. After isotopic equilibrium is attained, radioactive acetylcarnitine is separated from the other reaction components by chromatography on Dowex 1 (C1/sup -/) anion exchange resin. One of the procedures used to verify the product (1-/sup 14/C)acetyl-L-carnitine can be used to synthesize (3S)-(5-/sup 14/C)citric acid.
Optimal dynamic assignment of a flexible worker on an open production line with specialists

This paper models and analyzes serial production lines with specialists at each station and a single, cross-trained floating worker who can work at any station. We formulate Markov decision process models of K-station production lines in which (1) workers do not collaborate on the same job, and (2) two workers can work at the same task/workstation on different jobs at the same time. Our model includes holding costs, set-up costs, and set-up times at each station. We rigorously compute finite state regions of an optimal policy that are valid with an infinite state space, as well as an optimal average cost and the worker utilizations. We also perform a numerical study for lines with two and three station. Computations and bounds insightfully expose the performance opportunity gained through capacity balancing and variability buffering.
Acute Elevations of Intraocular Pressure Following Nd:YAG Laser Posterior Capsulotomy

Abstract We performed applanation tonometry preoperatively, hourly for the first four postoperative hours and on the first postoperative day in 66 eyes after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy in order to determine the nature of the acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and the risk factors involved. Forty-one percent of eyes developed an intraocular pressure greater than 30 mmHg and 14% greater than 40 mmHg. The IOP spike occurred on the second postoperative hour in 35% of eyes. Patients with controlled glaucoma prior to capsulotomy had a significantly lower mean IOP rise than patients without glaucoma. Eyes with posterior chamber IOLs were less likely to develop an lOP greater than 30 mmHg than were aphakic eyes without IOLs. There was no correlation between the laser energy or the size of the capsulotomy and the IOP rise
Commensal-derived probiotics as anti-inflammatory agents

Indigenous bacteria in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract comprise a rich ecosystem of organisms and secreted factors with direct effects on intestinal immunity. Commensal constituents of the gastrointestinal microbiota include the lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus species. The genus Lactobacillus includes a restricted set of intestine-indigenous species from a pool of more than 100 Lactobacillus species. Scientific challenges include the abilities to define commensal species and specific bacterial clones with specific immunomodulatory activities. Our studies have resulted in the identification of Lactobacillus strains from mice and humans with potent anti-inflammatory effects. Commensal-derived Lactobacillus strains were isolated from healthy mice lacking evidence of intestinal inflammation and identified as candidate probiotics due to immunomodulatory activities. Less than 10% of commensal strains isolated from humans and mice had potent tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-inhibitory activity. These strains down-regulated the production of TNF-α by macrophage cell lines and successfully suppressed inflammation in mouse colitis models. Human-derived Lactobacillus reuteri strains have been identified with potent human TNF-a-inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human myeloid cell lines and primary monocyte-derived macrophages from children with Crohn’s disease. Human commensal-derived probiotics suppressed the transcription of human TNF-a by inhibition of MAP kinase signaling via AP-1. Alternatively, commensal-derived human L. reuteri strains suppressed nuclear factor (NF)-kB signaling in TNF-α-stimulated human myeloid cells. Suppression of NF-kB signaling in TNF-α-activated immune cells promotes apoptosis of activated immune cells and provides a novel mechanism for anti-inflammatory action in the mammalian intestine. In summary, commensalderived probiotics provide opportunities for understanding mechanisms of microbialhost interactions in the gastrointestinal tract. By understanding mechanisms of probiosis, novel therapeutic strategies may be developed for prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and other intestinal disorders.
Kerogen chemistry 5. Anhydride formation in, solvent swelling of, and loss of organics on demineralization of Kimmeridge shales

The results of three short and related, but experimentally independent, studies of 4 Kimmeridge shales and their kerogens are reported. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) studies of the kerogens reveal that three of the four show evidence of anhydride formation when heated at 20 °C/min between 50 °C and 180 °C. There is no regular rank dependence of anhydride formation. After solvent swelling in tetrahydrofuran (THF), extracted organics were isolated from the THF and the recovered kerogens were swollen a second time in fresh THF. The second solvent swelling ratios were slightly larger than the first because the presence of the extracts in the original THF lowers solvent activity thus reducing swelling. The shales were demineralized in the usual way except that methylene chloride was added to dissolve any organics that were liberated from the rock as a consequence of mineral dissolution. Small amounts of organics were found in the methylene chloride supporting Price and Clayton's conclusion that organics are expelled from the kerogen and are present in lacunae in the minerals.
SY32-2COMMON AND SPECIFIC GENES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CO-MORBID DISORDERS IN ALCOHOLISM

Introduction. Substance use disorders, including alcohol dependence are common in most countries of the world, including the United States. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol dependence in the US is about 8.5%, while tobacco dependence is 13% and marijuana dependence is 1.5%. Other psychiatric disorders are also common among persons with alcohol dependence. Major depressive disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder are the most frequently noted. Methods. Data will be presented from a review of the literature and from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). COGA uses an extended family study designed to identify vulnerability genes associated with alcoholism and related conditions, including those that are com-morbid. COGA has conducted genome-wide association studies across a variety of phenotypes, including Axis I disorders. Results. Associations between alcohol dependence and several genes have been identified, including ADH1B, ADH4, GABRA2, CHRNA4. Several genes also demonstrate an association with other co-morbid substance use disorders, particularly depression and externalizing behavior. Conclusions. A number of genes have demonstrated an association not only with alcohol dependence but also with other alcohol-related conditions. This suggests that some genes are common across alcohol and substance abuse conditions while others contribute a specific vulnerability.
QTL mapping for low-dose ethanol activation in the LXS recombinant inbred strains.

Background: Most mouse quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for behavioral traits have been mapped using populations of mice derived from C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2). It is also important to identify QTLs for behavior in populations derived from other progenitors. We report results from QTL mapping for low-dose (ethanol) locomotor activation (LDA) using the recently developed LXS recombinant inbred (RI) strains, derived from Inbred Long Sleep (ILS) and Inbred Short Sleep (ISS) progenitors. The LXS RI panel has additional genetic variation, and greater power due to a larger number of strains, compared with other RI panels and strain crosses. Methods: Mice were tested using a 3-day protocol in which activity levels were monitored for 15 minutes each day. On day 1, baseline activity was recorded; on day 2, mice were injected with saline before testing; and on day 3, mice were injected with 1.8 g/kg ethanol and tested. Results: Several suggestive QTLs were found, on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, and 13; 3 of these QTLs were sex-specific. Conclusions: Two apparently novel LDA QTLs were identified, on chromosomes 4 and 8. The other QTLs appear to replicate previously identified LDA QTLs. These replicated QTLs will be pursued in subsequent studies designed to identify candidate genes.
Fundamentalism: Prophecy and Protest in an Age of Globalization by Torkel Brekke, Cambridge University Press: New York, 2012, vii + 291 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-76625-8, US$99.00 (hardback); ISBN 978-0-521-14979-2, US$29.99 (paperback)

Torkel Brekke's Fundamentalism: Prophecy and Protest in an Age of Globalization is a study in terms and terminologies, or to put it differently, it is an examination of one particularly controversi...
A chamber study of secondary organic aerosol formation by linalool ozonolysis

Limonene ozonolysis was examined under conditions relevant to indoor environments in terms of temperatures, air exchange rates, and reagent concentrations. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) produced and particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied under situations when the product of the two reagent concentrations was constant, the specific concentration combi- nations play an important role in determining the total SOA formed. A com- bination of concentration ratios of ozone/limonene between 1 and 2 produce the maximum SOA concentration. The two enantiomers, R-(+)-limonene and S-())-limonene, were found to have similar SOA yields. The measured ROS concentrations for limonene and ozone concentrations relevant to prevailing indoor concentrations ranged from 5.2 to 14.5 nmol/m 3 equivalent of H2O2. It was found that particle samples aged for 24 h in freezer lost a discernible fraction of the ROS compared to fresh samples. The residual ROS concentra- tions were around 83-97% of the values obtained from the analysis of samples immediately after collection. The ROS formed from limonene ozonolysis could be separated into three categories as short-lived, high reactive, and volatile; semi-volatile and relatively stable; non-volatile and low-reactive species based on ROS measurements under various conditions. Such chemical and physical characterization of the ROS in terms of reactivity and volatility provides useful insights into nature of ROS.