cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid Dynamic Structures in a Fire Environment Observed in Laboratory-Scale Experiments

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were performed in laboratory-scale experimental fires spreading across horizontal fuel beds composed of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) excelsior. The continuous flame, intermittent flame, and thermal plume regions of a fire were investigated. Utilizing a PIV system, instantaneous velocity fields for the three regions were measured and special attention was given to the coherent fluid dynamic structures that are present in a propagating fire environment. Measurements were performed inside the fire itself and in the surrounding environment. From the PIV data the formation of vortex structures in front of the fire were observed. For the 3 flame regions, instantaneous velocity field data was analyzed to determine existing vortex diameters and vorticity values. The presented results of the detailed and measured velocity field within a propagating fire are likely the first of its type.
Diffusional boundary conditions during coarsening of elastically interacting precipitates

The elastic fields associated with a dispersion of spherical particles in an isotropic matrix are determined using the equivalent inclusion approach of Moschovidis and Mura. The coherent particles possess a misfit strain and have elastic constants different from those of the matrix phase. A spatially nonuniform stress field can be applied to the system. The stress fields are used to calculate the equilibrium compositions at the precipitate-matrix interface for use as diffusional boundary conditions in computer simulations of multiparticle coarsening in elastically stressed systems.
Resemblance of Tongue Anatomy in Twins

This study compared the anatomical features of the tongue in nine pairs of twins - six monozygotic and three dizygotic. The aim of the project was to determine if tongues, like any other anatomical structure, could be used to reliably predict relatedness given that tongue shape, presentation and surface can be influenced by environment. Using the method of forced choice, 30 subjects were asked to match the photographs of tongues from twins. Our data indicate that, based on visual assessment, monozygotic twins have highly similar tongues (60% matches); similarly, dizygotic twins were matched 31% of the time, which is a higher probability than would be expected from random selection. This study should help identify baseline and control data in future behavioral studies of taste, which has a genetic basis.
Regularity and uniqueness of a class of biharmonic map heat flows

We consider a class of weak solutions of the heat flow of biharmonic maps from \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R }^n\) to the unit sphere \(\mathbb{S }^L\subset \mathbb{R }^{L+1}\), that have small renormalized total energies locally at each interior point. For any such a weak solution, we prove the interior smoothness, and the properties of uniqueness, convexity of hessian energy, and unique limit at \(t=\infty \). We verify that any weak solution \(u\) to the heat flow of biharmonic maps from \(\Omega \) to a compact Riemannian manifold \(N\) without boundary, with \(\nabla ^2 u\in L^q_tL^p_x\) for some \(p>\frac{n}{2}\) and \(q>2\) satisfying (1.12), has small renormalized total energy locally and hence enjoys both the interior smoothness and uniqueness property. Finally, if an initial data \(u_0\in W^{2,r}(\mathbb{R }^n, N)\) for some \(r>\frac{n}{2}\), then we establish the local existence of heat flow of biharmonic maps \(u\), with \(\nabla ^2 u\in L^q_tL^p_x\) for some \(p>\frac{n}{2}\) and \(q>2\) satisfying (1.12).
1064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of Argyria: a systematic review

Argyria is a benign skin disease characterized by blue to slate-grey discoloration that is caused by deposition of silver granules in the skin and/or mucus membranes as a result of long-term ingestion of ionized silver solutions or exposure to airborne silver particles. The skin discoloration can be generalized or localized and is exacerbated by sunlight. The skin discoloration is usually permanent, and until recently, there has been no effective treatment for argyria. Over the past 6 years, a number of case reports and one case series have described cases of argyria that were successfully treated with a 1064 nm Q-switched (QS) neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser; however, a review of these studies has never been reported in the dermatologic literature. To review the use of the 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of argyria. A search of the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Database and the SCOPUS Database was performed to find articles that detailed the treatment of argyria with 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser. Six articles were selected for inclusion in this review. Each article was reviewed and summarized in a table. A 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser offers a novel and effective treatment for argyria. A systematic review of the dermatologic literature revealed a limited number of case reports and case series using this treatment. However, the results gleaned by the authors from the literature review provide important information to the clinician. For patients with argyria, a single pass of the 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser offers immediate, effective and sustained pigment clearing without any long-term adverse effects.
Experimental approach to controllably vary protein oxidation while minimizing electrode adsorption for boron-doped diamond electrochemical surface mapping applications.

Oxidative protein surface mapping has become a powerful approach for measuring the solvent accessibility of folded protein structures. A variety of techniques exist for generating the key reagent – hydroxyl radicals – for these measurements; however, these approaches range significantly in their complexity and expense of operation. This research expands upon earlier work to enhance the controllability of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemistry as an easily accessible tool for producing hydroxyl radicals in order to oxidize a range of intact proteins. Efforts to modulate oxidation level while minimizing the adsorption of protein to the electrode involved the use of relatively high flow rates to reduce protein residence time inside the electrochemical flow chamber. Additionally, a different cell activation approach using variable voltage to supply a controlled current allowed us to precisely tune the extent of oxidation in a protein-dependent manner. In order to gain perspective on the level of protein adsorption onto the electrode surface, studies were conducted to monitor protein concentration during electrolysis and gauge changes in the electrode surface between cell activation events. This report demonstrates the successful use of BDD electrochemistry for greater precision in generating a target number of oxidation events upon intact proteins.
Mental Disorder and Offending in Prison

This research uses specific diagnoses and symptoms of mental disorder (MDO) to predict whether inmates offend in prison. Social psychological theories of aggression are used to make predictions abo...
Image of God, Religion, Spirituality, and Life Changes in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Qualitative Approach

Religion and spirituality are much studied coping mechanisms; however, their relationship to changes in behaviors, relationships, and goals is unclear. This study explored the impact of a breast cancer diagnosis on religion/faith and changes in behaviors, relationship, or goals. In this qualitative study, women, who participated in a larger, quantitative study, completed written responses to questions regarding the role of religion/faith in their lives, the impact of their diagnosis on their image of God and on faith/religious beliefs, and any changes in behaviors, relationships, or life goals were examined. Based on previous findings noting differences in psychological outcomes based on a higher (HE) or lesser (LE) engaged view of God, 28 (14 HE; 14 LE) women were included in the analysis. Awareness of life and its fleeting nature was common to all. Ensuing behaviors varied from a need to focus on self-improvement-egocentrism (LE)-to a need to focus on using their experiences to help others-altruism (HE). Study results suggest that seemingly small, but highly meaningful, differences based on one's worldview result in considerably different attitudinal and behavioral outcomes.
Therapeutic drug monitoring with valproate–Why product selection is an important factor

There is a modest collection of literature describing the pharmacokinetic and clinical differences between the extended-release form of divalproex sodium (Depakote ER®) and the delayed-release form...
Managing The Future: Foresight In The Knowledge Economy

The article reviews the book “Managing the Future: Foresight in the Knowledge Economy,” edited by Haridimos Tsoukas and Jill Shepherd.
Dynamics of an Aggressive Vocalization in the Common Loon (Gavia immer): A Review

Abstract. Unlike most waterbirds, Common Loons (Gavia immer) have a dynamic vocal repertoire that includes the high-amplitude wail, tremolo, and yodel. This paper is a review of the acoustic structure of the yodel, an aggressive warning signal only given by male Common Loons. The context in which males yodel is described along with the possible adaptive functions of this signal. The yodel is the most acoustically complex vocalization of the Common Loon and contains a wealth of information about the signaler. Suites of frequency and time elements of the yodel appear to communicate information about the identity of the signaler, which may be important for neighbor-stranger, mate, and kin recognition. The peak frequencies of the final note of the introductory phrase and repeat phrases also appear to communicate the condition-dependent fighting ability. Finally, the number of repeat phrases a male adds to its yodel appears to communicate the aggressive motivation, or the willingness a male Common Loon has to ...
High Stakes Testing and Distributive Justice.

Evaluation of high stakes testing regimes must consider not simply mean test scores, but their distribution among students. Taking high school graduation tests and black and white student populations to illustrate the argument, I identify two criteria of success: a larger proportion of black high school graduates and a narrower gap between the two groups. I evaluate various possible distributions against these criteria. I then consider the question of which students merit our focused attention, those students who are furthest behind or those with the greatest likelihood of passing the test given extra help. A medical triage analogy suggests we should help the former, but I show here that the analogy is misplaced.
Biochemical characterization and biosynthesis of the uterine milk proteins of the pregnant sheep uterus.

The uterine milk proteins (UTM-proteins), a pair of basic glycoproteins with similar isoelectric points and molecular weights (57,000 and 55,000), are secreted by the endometrium of the pregnant ewe. Peptide mapping of the two species of UTM-proteins demonstrated them to be structurally related. Furthermore, pulse-chase and continuous-labeling experiments indicated that both are produced from a common precursor of lower molecular weight. Purified UTM-proteins were found to be rich in basic amino acids, low in tyrosine, and apparently lacking in tiyptophan. The proteins were about 5.6-5. 7% carbohydrate by weight and bound the lectin, concanavalin A. UTM-proteins synthesized in vitro incorporated D-f3Hlglucosamine. Analysis of [3H]glucosaminelabeled glycopeptides of Pronase-digested UTM-proteins by gel filtration indicated that most radioactivity is associated with one size class of oligosaccharide. UTM-proteins secreted by the endometrium in the presence of tunicamycin, an N-glycosylation inhibitor, were of lower molecular weight than those from control endometria, indicating that sugar chains are attached to the protein core via N-linkages to asparagine. UTM-proteins synthesized in culture incorporated [32P1 orthophosphate, and tunicamycin inhibited this incorporation. Analysis of hydrolyzed UTM-.proteins by paper chromatography indicated that much of the 32P was associated with mannose 6-phosphate. Because this moiety is the so-called lysosomal recognition marker and is present on uteroferrin, the acid phosphatase of porcine uterine secretions, we tested UTM-proteins for several enzymatic activities characteristic of lysosomes, but none was found. In conclusion, the UTM-proteins are related glycoproteins that, like porcine uteroferrin, contain mannose 6-phosphate, a result which suggests that secretion of glycoproteins with phosphorylated oligosaccharide chains may be a common feature of the progestational uterus.
Patterned Media Based on Soft/Hard Composite Nanowire Array of Ni/CoPt

One of the drawbacks of using high-coercivity materials for magnetic data storage is the need for large write head fields for data writing. In attempts to solve this problem, we have fabricated an array of CoPt/Ni composite nanowires using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates, electrochemical deposition, and an annealing treatment. The array consists of vertically aligned, ~25-nm diameter, composite nanowires with ~80-nm-long, magnetically soft Ni at the base and ~20-nm-long, magnetically hard, L10 phase CoPt at the top. To see the influence of the composite structure on the magnetic properties, separate samples with Ni and CoPt nanowires of the same height were prepared and annealed using identical conditions. M-H loops along the nanowire axis show that the Ni nanowires exhibit relatively soft magnetic coercivity of 242 Oe, while the CoPt nanowires show a very high coercivity of 10.97 kOe. The composite CoPt/Ni nanowires exhibit an intermediate coercivity of 1.96 kOe. The results show a reduction in coercivity versus the CoPt nanowires, potentially leading to easier data writing
Making P2P Downloading Dependable by Exploiting Social Networks

P2P file sharing networks are rife with unusable copies of files, polluted either incidentally or deliberately. Pollution has made P2P downloading undependable --- users may end up receiving polluted copies of a target file. To combat pollution, we propose a recommender that maintains users' opinions on previously downloaded files over their social network and provides recommendations on demand to assist users in making file download decisions. The big challenge for the recommender is to produce right recommendations in face of various potential attacks. To this end, we propose novel techniques in managing user opinions and forming recommendations. Our experimental results show that our recommender greatly outperforms existing download selection strategies in identifying authentic files.
Lhermitte’s Sign following VMAT-Based Head and Neck Radiation-Insights into Mechanism

Purpose/Objectives We observed a number of patients who developed Lhermitte’s sign (LS) following radiation to the head and neck (H/N), since instituting volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). We aimed to investigate the incidence of LS following VMAT-based RT without chemotherapy, and determine the dosimetric parameters that predict its development. We explored whether the role of inhomogeneous dose distribution across the spinal cord, causing a “bath-and-shower” effect, explains this finding.
Sorption of Surfactants in Polyester Fibers1

Sorption of amphiphilic compounds in polyester fiber above 200°C increases hydrophilicity of the fiber and facilitates oily soil removal. Hydrophilicity of the treated fabric depends upon the structure of the amphiphile. Sorption of carboxylic or sulfonic acid salts is related to their compatibility with the fiber or a fiber-like model solvent and decreases with the increasing size of their alkali metal ion: Li+ > Na+ > K+. The parent carboxylic acids to not increase hydrophilicity of the fiber. Quaternary ammonium halides with a long hydrocarbon chain increase hydrophilicity, but primary, secondary, or tertiary amine hydrochlorides are ineffective. The efficacy of nonionic surfactants in increasing hydrophilicity depends upon their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values; surfactants with HLB values of 13 to 16 are most effective.
Utilization of aluminosilicate catalyst production waste in treating acidic wastewater

The catalyst sludge formed in the filtration of sodium silicate solution, for use in the neutralization of acidic wastewater and the precipitation of metal ions, was investigated. Production involved the separation of the sodium silicate from the insoluble solid impurities (sludge). Due to the highly alkaline nature of an aqueous sludge suspension, it can be used to replace calcium or sodium hydroxide slurry, which are in short supply. Chemical composition of the catalyst sludge is shown. Test results show that alkaline sludge has a high propensity for precipitating metal ions and is an effective reagent for neutralizing acidic waste-water.
Caloric excess or restriction mediated modulation of metabolic enzyme acetylation—proposed effects on cardiac growth and function

Caloric excess has been postulated to disrupt cardiac function via (i) the generation of toxic intermediates, (ii) via protein glycosylation and (iii) through the generation of reactive oxygen species. It is now increasingly being recognized that the nutrient intermediates themselves may modulate metabolic pathways through the post-translational modifications of metabolic enzymes. In light of the high energy demand of the heart, these nutrient mediated modulations in metabolic pathway functioning may play an important role in cardiac function and in the capacity of the heart to adapt to biomechanical stressors. In this review the role of protein acetylation and deacetylation in the control of metabolic programs is explored. Although not extensively investigated directly in the heart, the emerging data support that these nutrient mediated post-translational regulatory events (i) modulate cardiac metabolic pathways, (ii) integrate nutrient flux mediated post-translational effects with cardiac function and (iii) may be important in the development of cardiac pathology. Areas of investigation that need to be explored are highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondria and Cardioprotection.
The Northern Snakehead Channa argus (Anabantomorpha: Channidae), a non-indigenous fish species in the Potomac River, U.S.A

ABSTRACT Mitochondrial sequence variation was examined in the northern snakehead, Channa argus (Cantor, 1842), a species of fish native to Asia and recently collected in the eastern United States. There are seven unique haplotypes in 29 specimens studied, with no haplotype shared between areas of introduction. One haplotype was shared by 15 individuals from the Potomac River system (both males and females <480 mm total length), indicating possible breeding within the system. A single large adult male from the Potomac River system has a unique haplotype. All Crofton, Maryland, specimens had one haplotype. Two haplotypes were found in Meadow Lake, FDR Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Unique haplotypes were found in Wheaton, Maryland, and Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. These results support the conclusion that there were several independent introductions of the northern snake-head into these waters, and that no two introductions came from the same maternal source.
Design of shielded pulsed power toroid

The AC-shielded pulsed coil concept introduced at the University of Wisconsin Applied Superconductivity Center uses superconductive coils for fast discharges. The superconducting part of the coil is shielded from AC fields by a cryogenic shield that carries all the AC currents and produces zero field in the superconducting coil. The AC-shielded coil may be either a solenoid or toroid. For the solenoid, the turns of the cryoresistive part are arranged around the superconducting winding to produce zero field on the superconductive turns. For toroids, the cryoresistive part is inside the superconducting coils and restricts the AC fields to the toroidal core without superconductor interaction. A major advantage for toroids is the zero external field; it can pulse undetected. The disadvantage is that toroids require twice as many conductors as the solenoids and about 20% more structure. The author selects toroids based on the zero external field advantage. >
Effect of Calcium, Temperature, and Polarizing Currents upon Alternating Current Excitation of Space-Clamped Squid Axons

Alternating current threshold excitation of space-clamped squid giant axons was measured as a function of frequency, external calcium concentration, temperature (from 10° to 35°C), and hyper- and depolarizing steps. In normal axons there is usually an optimum frequency at about 120 Hz, at which the threshold is a minimum. The threshold rises at both lower and higher frequencies to give a resonance curve. Low calcium causes an increase in optimum frequency, a decrease in current threshold, and an increase in sharpness of tuning in both real axons and axons computed according to the Hodgkin-Huxley formulation; high calcium causes opposite effects. An increase in temperature causes an increase of optimum frequency, an increase in sharpness of tuning, and an increase in threshold current in both real and computed axons. The Q10 for the effect of temperature upon optimum frequency is 1.8 in real and computed axons at moderate temperatures. Hyperpolarization causes (a) a decrease in optimum frequency, (b) a decrease in sharpness of tuning, and (c) an increase in threshold. Depolarization causes opposite effects.
Vascular wall invasion in neurofibromatosis-induced aortic rupture.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant disease primarily characterized by cutaneous cafe au lait macules, benign neurofibromas, and iris hamartomas. A spectrum of vascular abnormalities is associated with NF-1. We present a case of a 49-year-old female with NF-1 and spontaneous rupture of the infrarenal aorta caused by invasion of a neurofibroma and treated with endovascular stent grafting.
Metabolic mechanisms of yeast ageing

The genetic analysis of ageing of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae points to several processes important in determining life span. Among these, metabolic control plays a leading role. An examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic control of longevity has revealed two separate pathways. The retrograde response signals mitochondrial dysfunction to the nucleus resulting in gene regulatory changes that compensate. Nutritional status also modulates life span, adjusting metabolism to efficiently utilize energy resources, in a response that closely resembles the caloric restriction paradigm described in rodents. Although the retrograde response and caloric restriction are distinct pathways of life span extension, there appears to be some overlap of the longevity effectors under their control.
Renal membrane transport of glutathione in toxicology and disease.

Membrane transport processes, at both the plasma membranes and intracellular membranes, play critical roles in renal function and are a determining factor in the susceptibility of renal epithelial cells to blood-borne drugs and toxic chemicals. Proximal tubular epithelial cells possess a large array of transport proteins for organic anions, organic cations, and peptides on both basolateral and brush-border plasma membranes. Although these transporters function in excretion of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients, they also play a role in the susceptibility of the kidneys to drugs and other toxicants in the blood. The proximal tubules are typically the primary target cells because they are the first epithelial cell population exposed to such chemicals in either the renal plasma or glomerular filtrate and because of their large array of membrane transporters. Besides transport across the basolateral and brush-border plasma membranes, transport across intracellular membranes such as the mitochondrial inner membrane is a critical determinant of metabolite distribution. To illustrate the function of these transporters, carrier-mediated processes for transport of the tripeptide and antioxidant glutathione across the basolateral, brushborder, and mitochondrial inner membranes of the renal proximal tubule are reviewed. Studies are summarized that have identified the involvement of specific carrier proteins and characterized the role of these transporters in glutathione metabolism and turnover, susceptibility of the proximal tubules to oxidative and other stresses, and modulation in disease and other pathological processes.
Auger Recombination in Luminescent, CMOS-compatible Si Nanowires

Auger recombination is an important process limiting stimulated optical emission in many semiconductor systems as it is especially prevalent at high excitation intensities. We have quantified the Auger rate in TiSi2-catalyzed Si nanowires by determining an Auger coefficient from time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) data. Above a threshold excitation intensity, the PL decay lifetime at 1.55 eV (800 nm) shortens with increasing excitation, suggesting that Auger recombination is the dominant non-radiative process at high excitation. The determined Auger rates are greater than that for bulk, but an order of magnitude less than that measured for nanoparticles.
Atmospheric solar tides and their electrodynamic effects—I. The global Sq current system

Abstract This paper is Part I of a study dealing with the electrodynamic consequences of solar tides in the E-region of the Earth's atmosphere. The major result to emerge from Part I is that E-region dynamo action of combined diurnal and semidiurnal winds consistent with measurements is found to account for the Sq variations in ground magnetic data, without having to resort to electric fields of plasmaspheric origin as suggested in the recent literature. Real discrepancies on the order of 20% in amplitude and 1 to 2 h in phase still exist between the data and the present theoretical model. The model couples a global thin-shell dynamo solution which takes into account the vertical structure of the winds with a full three-dimensional model of the equatorial electrojet. Part I is primarily concerned with the classical thin-shell global solution, whereas Part II deals solely with the equatorial electrojet; however, the equatorial magnetic variations to be presented here are taken from Part II. Previous global dynamo models have utilized winds which are shown to be unrealistic by recent measurements and dissipative tidal theory, and do not include the important effects of vertical current flow at the magnetic equator. Inclusion of vertical current effects, which are discussed in detail in Part II, relaxes the need for E-region diurnal wind speeds as large as those required by previous workers to reproduce the Sq current system. Computed vertical structures of the Sq currents explain some puzzling features of the few midlatitude rocket magnetometer measurements that are available. The joule heating by Sq currents is comparable to solar EUV heating above 60°N, but contributes negligibly to the total heat budget of the thermosphere.
Mechanism of Neutralization by the Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibody VRC01

The structure of VRC01 in complex with the HIV-1 gp120 core reveals that this broadly neutralizing CD4 binding site (CD4bs) antibody partially mimics the interaction of the primary virus receptor, CD4, with gp120. Here, we extended the investigation of the VRC01-gp120 core interaction to the biologically relevant viral spike to better understand the mechanism of VRC01-mediated neutralization and to define viral elements associated with neutralization resistance. In contrast to the interaction of CD4 or the CD4bs monoclonal antibody (MAb) b12 with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), occlusion of the VRC01 epitope by quaternary constraints was not a major factor limiting neutralization. Mutagenesis studies indicated that VRC01 contacts within the gp120 loop D, the CD4 binding loop, and the V5 region were necessary for optimal VRC01 neutralization, as suggested by the crystal structure. In contrast to interactions with the soluble gp120 monomer, VRC01 interaction with the native viral spike did not occur in a CD4-like manner; VRC01 did not induce gp120 shedding from the Env spike or enhance gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER)-directed antibody binding to the Env spike. Finally, VRC01 did not display significant reactivity with human antigens, boding well for potential in vivo applications. The data indicate that VRC01 interacts with gp120 in the context of the functional spike in a manner distinct from that of CD4. It achieves potent neutralization by precisely targeting the CD4bs without requiring alterations of Env spike configuration and by avoiding steric constraints imposed by the quaternary structure of the functional Env spike.
Mutated BCR-ABL Generates Immunogenic T-Cell Epitopes in CML Patients

Purpose: Characterization of an approach to identify leukemia neoantigens arising in the context of drug resistance. Experimental Design: We assessed whether leukemia neoantigens could be generated from drug-resistant mutations in BCR-ABL after imatinib relapse in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Results: We computationally predicted that approximately 70 peptides derived from 26 BCR-ABL mutations would bind eight common alleles of MHC class I (IC 50 50 = 28 nmol/L), and showed that this peptide is endogenously processed and presented. Polyfunctional E255K-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in two imatinib-resistant HLA-A3+ CML patients concurrent with an effective anti-CML response to further therapy. Conclusions: Our in vitro studies support the hypothesis that leukemia-driven genetic alterations are targeted by the immune system in association with a clinical response, and suggest the possibility of immunizing relapsed patients with CML against newly acquired tumor neoantigens. Clin Cancer Res; 18(20); 5761–72. ©2012 AACR .
Microgrid Protection Using Communication-Assisted Digital Relays

Microgrids have been proposed as a way of integrating large numbers of distributed renewable energy sources with distribution systems. One problem with microgrid implementation is designing a proper protection scheme. It has been shown that traditional protection schemes will not work successfully. In this paper a protection scheme using digital relays with a communication network is proposed for the protection of the microgrid system. The increased reliability of adding an additional line to form a loop structure is explored. Also a novel method for modeling high impedance faults is demonstrated to show how the protection scheme can protect against them. This protection scheme is simulated on a realistic distribution system containing a high penetration of inverter connected Distributed Generation (DG) sources operating as a microgrid. In all possible cases of operation the primary and secondary relays performed their intended functions including the detection of high impedance faults. This system is simulated using Matlab Simulink's SimPowerSystems toolbox to establish the claims made in this paper.
The Death of Burghardt Du Bois, 1899; Implications for Today

Acknowledgements Laura Dattner, John Krai and Linda Oppenheim provided assistance in obtaining archival material and manuscript review. Edwin Rosenthal’s decedents, Robert, Eleanore Jane and Edwin Rosenthal II, provided information about their distinguished grandfather’s life and commitments. Linda Oppenheim, Michael Angelo, Jessica Lydon, and Sofie Serada, archivists at Princeton University, Thomas Jefferson University, Temple University, and the College of Physicians of Philadelphia provided access to material on Edwin Rosenthal and medical care in Philadelphia at the turn of the 20th century. We thanks Laura Dattner, John Krai and Linda Oppenheim for their manuscript review. Background The Souls of Black Folks , W. E. B. Du Bois’ compelling narrative from 1903, includes a description of the death of his only son, Burghardt. His death was caused by diphtheria and occurred in Atlanta, GA in the year 1899. Mortality from diphtheria had fallen precipitously in the mid-1890s, but neither city of Atlanta nor Philadelphia, from which the family had recently moved, had made the diphtheria antitoxin available for general use. Objectives To identify factors affecting availability diphtheria treatment in the two cities the Du Bois family lived in and to address implications for immunization policies today. Methods We reviewed data and observations from medical texts and articles from the turn of the 20th century, health department records, archives of newspapers and Du Bois’ writings. Results Mortality from diphtheria dropped precipitously at the end of the 19th century with the introduction of laryngecostomy and a diphtheria antitoxin. However these measures required action by health departments and was dependent on the availability of physicians and medical facilities. Lack of Public Health Departments put all southerners at risk for infectious illnesses. With respect to diphtheria, there was neither an available supply of antitoxin nor physician care available. Philadelphia may have been too mired in corruption to provide antitoxin. Burghardt lived in close proximity to a facility where antitoxin was available, data suggests he would have received appropriate treatment there and was likely to have survived. Similar phenomena—disinterest and dysfunction—affect provision of immunization for children today. Currently, availability of immunization is affected by ethnicity, income levels and immigration status.
A 2-gigawatt, 1-microsecond, microwave source

For the last decade or more, researchers in a number of US government laboratories have been attempting to develop L-band microwave sources capable of generating one or more gigawatts, with one-microsecond pulses. In order to produce the required high beam currents, the common approach has been to employ field emission cathodes. For this and other reasons the devices which have been built (MILOs, RKAs, relativistic magnetrons) have operated with a poor vacuum, a condition not consistent with the necessity to hold off the very high rf and dc gradients encountered at these power levels. As a result, the microsecond goal has never been attained. Although in some cases several gigawatts have been generated, pulse duration is limited to about 100 ns. This condition is referred to as “pulse shortening”. The proposed source is based on periodic magnetic (PPM) focusing and is an outgrowth of work performed at SLAC on very high peak power X-band klystrons for a future electron-positron linear collider. These tubes must be focused with permanent magnets, for economic reasons. The new device (GMBK, for Gigawatt Multiple Beam Klystron) is entirely within the state-of-the-art and need only depend on good vacuum tube practice to perform to its specification. It employs thermionic cathodes, loaded to about 40 A/cm 2 , a current density which is within the state-of-the-art for microsecond pulses.
Structural Investigation of the Transmembrane Domain of KCNE1 in Proteoliposomes

KCNE1 is a single-transmembrane protein of the KCNE family that modulates the function of voltage-gated potassium channels, including KCNQ1. Hereditary mutations in KCNE1 have been linked to diseases such as long QT syndrome (LQTS), atrial fibrillation, sudden infant death syndrome, and deafness. The transmembrane domain (TMD) of KCNE1 plays a key role in mediating the physical association with KCNQ1 and in subsequent modulation of channel gating kinetics and conductance. However, the mechanisms associated with these roles for the TMD remain poorly understood, highlighting a need for experimental structural studies. A previous solution NMR study of KCNE1 in LMPG micelles revealed a curved transmembrane domain, a structural feature proposed to be critical to KCNE1 function. However, this curvature potentially reflects an artifact of working in detergent micelles. Double electron electron resonance (DEER) measurements were conducted on KCNE1 in LMPG micelles, POPC/POPG proteoliposomes, and POPC/POPG lipodisq nanoparticles to directly compare the structure of the TMD in a variety of different membrane environments. Experimentally derived DEER distances coupled with simulated annealing molecular dynamic simulations were used to probe the bilayer structure of the TMD of KCNE1. The results indicate that the structure is helical in proteoliposomes and is slightly curved, which is consistent with the previously determined solution NMR structure in micelles. The evident resilience of the curvature in the KCNE1 TMD leads us to hypothesize that the curvature is likely to be maintained upon binding of the protein to the KCNQ1 channel.
Investigation of Cathode Behavior of Model Thin Film SrTi1-xFexO3-δ Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting Electrodes

The defect structure, transport properties and band structure of the perovskite solid solution SrTi1−xFexO3−δ (STF) can be systematically controlled, over wide limits, by variation in the Fe fraction. In this paper, the authors review recent results which show that STF exhibits model mixed ionic-electronic conducting cathode behavior and extend the composition range investigated to include compositions from SrTiO3 rich values (x = 0.05) to SrFeO3−δ (x= 1). While the majority of the cathodes were prepared as dense films by pulsed layer deposition (PLD), selected compositions were also prepared by thermal inkjet printing. The cathodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a function of electrode geometry, temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The electrode behavior was found to be controlled by surface exchange kinetics in almost all cases. Values for the surface exchange coefficient, k, were derived and found to be comparable in magnitude to those exhibited by other popular mixed ionic-electronic conductors such as (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3, thereby, confirming STF’s suitability of as a model mixed conducting cathode material. Surprisingly, the magnitude of k was found to be only weakly dependent on the bulk electronic and ionic conductivities of STF which varied by many orders of magnitude (over nearly five orders of magnitude change in σel) over the x values examined in this study. The observed trends are discussed in relation to the known defect and transport properties of STF.
Fly Control and Chronic Toxicity from Feeding Two Chlorinated Organophosphorus Insecticides to Laying Hens

The effects of administering technical SD-8211 (2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethlyl phosphate) and SD-8280 (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) at concentrations of 50, 200, and 800 ppm in the feed of laying hens for 1 year were studied. The mean daily intake of actual insecticide per hen was estimated as 5.2, 20.4, and 84.2 mg for those receiving 50, 200, and 800 ppm of SD-821, respectively, and 5.3, 20.8, and 80.3 mg for those receiving 50, 200, and 800 ppm SD 8280, repectively. More effective fly control was obtained in droppings from SD-8280-treated hens than from SD8211-treated hens. Levels as low as 50 ppm resulted in moderate control of the house fly. Musca domestica L, and a flesh fly, Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), but at least 200 ppm were required for good control of these species and moderate control of an anthomyid, Fannia pusio (Wiedemann); a blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.); and a flesh fly, Parasarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy). No hen mortality occurred that could be attributed to insecticidal treatment, but there was an inhibiting effect on blood plasma cholinesterase activity related to insecticidal concentration. Egg production was slightly lower in hens fed 800 ppm SD-8280 than in the control hens. However, overall feed consumption, body weight, feed efficiency, egg weight, interior egg quality, shell thickness, egg flavor, and egg odor were normal in all treated hens.
Changing Membership Patterns in House Committees

Of the many excellent studies of Congress completed by political scientists in recent years, few, if any, suggest a departure from Woodrow Wilson's apt phrase, â€œCongressional government is Committee government.â€ Despite numerous efforts to analyze legislative action in terms of roll call votes, constituency characteristics, state delegations, and/or specialized interest blocs, the committee system remains the central focal point of congressional behavior and organization. Thus, if Wilson's nineteenth century insight is still valid, then it would seem that more intensive studies of the congressional committee systemâ€”in the manner employed by Huitt and Fenno, for exampleâ€”would yield many new relevant facts concerning the complexities of the legislative process.As a case in point, the manner in which individual members of Congress are assigned to various committees has been well covered by Matthews, Clapp, and Masters. The situation in the Senate is such that each member carries at least two, and in many instances three standing committee assignments. In the House, the maximum standing committee work-load is two assignments, although most Representatives have only a single committee responsibility. However, in connection with this latter point, if one examines the standing committee assignments of all House members for the first session of every Congress from the 80th through the 89th, an interesting pattern emerges in which a gradual but steady increase in the number of double committee assignments is clearly evidenced during the past twenty years.
Microwave Scattering and Medium Characterization for Terrestrial Snow With QCA–Mie and Bicontinuous Models: Comparison Studies

Comparison studies are made between the QCA–Mie model and the bicontinuous model in microwave scattering from terrestrial snow. Both the scattering properties and the medium characterization are compared. For QCA, we use the multisize and the sticky particle models. For the bicontinuous model, we use the probability distribution function for the wavenumber. We compare the scattering rate and the angular distribution of scattering using the mean cosine of scattering and show that the two models have similar properties. In medium characterization, we use the pair distribution functions used in QCA to derive the correlation functions. We show that both the Percus–Yevick pair functions and the bicontinuous model have tails in the correlation functions that are distinctly different from the traditional exponential correlation functions. The methodologies of using ground measurements of grain size distributions and correlation functions to obtain model parameters are addressed.
Information Fusion Fault Diagnosis System Based on Fuzzy Neural Network

Data fusing method is introduced in this paper via constructing blur neural network model. In order to measure stimulant data difference in input temperature of refrigerant, stator temperature and output temperature of refrigerant multi-sensors are set in the hydro-generator group and membership of every sensor about fault is computed and the cause of fault is determined via data fusing method .At last via contrasting fusing result of single sensor and fusing result of multi-sensor it is indicated that fault diagnosis of multi-sensor data fusing is more exact than those of single sensor.
Survey on iodine nutrition of pregnant women and lactating women of Dapu county in Guangdong province

Objective:To understand iodine nutrition level of pregnant women and lactating women of Dapu county,to adopt effective measures to eliminate harm to provide the scientific basis for lack of iodine. Methods:According to the proportion of the population to "probability sampling method (PPS)" random sampling method and Dapu county town,as exemplified in 10 pregnant and lactation women test urine iodine,family,edible salt of iodine. Results:Tested 320 pregnant women and lactating women's family edible salt,iodized salt qualified rate was 93.75 %,iodized salt coverage for 95.62%,not iodized salt rate for 4.38%,median of iodine median was 29.23 mg/kg. Pregnant women's urine and lactation iodine median 238.6 μg/L,nearly 7% below 50 μg/L,about 15% of human urine iodine less than 100 μg/L. Conclusion:The most town of Dapu county iodine pregnant and lactating women trophic lenel of iodine nutrition status,but still have individual not iodized salt sterilisation relatively serious,its pregnant and lactating women iodine nutrition level is low.
Preliminary observation on predation of Aedes albopictus by Culex fuscanus

Objective To study the predatory capacity of Culex fuscanus on Aedes albopictus and the relevant influencing factors.Methods Culex fuscanusand Ae. albopictus larvae were collected in the field. Densities of Cx. fuscanus and Ae. albopictus larvae were recorded and the relationship between densities and the predatory capacity of Cx. fuscanus was studied. The surviving status of Ae. albopictus at different temperature and in water inhabited by Cx. fuscanus wasinvestigated.ResultsWhen the density of prey fell in a certain range [under 25 Ae. albopictus larvae/(Cx. fuscanus larva·d)],the daily predation by Cx. fuscanus larvae was positively correlated with the density of Ae. albopictus(R=0.942, P0.01),and the highest number of caught Ae. albopictus larvae was 55.86, as calculated by the Holling's disc equation. When the density of prey remained consistent, the daily predation by Cx. fuscanus larvae was negatively correlated with the density of its own(R=-0.943, P0.01). Cx. fuscanus larvae could change the quality of water to reduce the survival rate of Ae. albopictus larvae(χ2=8.661, P=0.002). Significant difference in high temperature tolerance was observed between Ae. albopictus and Ae. albopictus larvae(t=7.365, P0.01).ConclusionThe biological control capability of Cx. fuscanus on Ae. albopictus is affected by many factors including temperature and densities of Ae. albopictus and Cx. fuscanus. Further studies are needed to evaluate the actual field efficacy of biological control. Predation of Ae.albopictus by Cx. fuscanus can be used as an attempt of biological control.
Inviscid and Incompressible Flows

The finite element solution of ideal flows, also known as inviscid and incompressible flows, is presented in this chapter. The applicability of the methods presented includes the flow around a cylinder, the flow out of an orifice, and the flow around an airfoil. These problems can be formulated in terms of either a velocity potential or a stream function. The x and y components of the velocity of the fluid ( u and v ) can be defined in terms of the potential or stream function. The boundary conditions need to be stated in terms of the potential or stream function depending on how the equations are formulated. Both the potential and stream function formulations are presented. For each formulation, the governing differential equation and its variational form as well as the boundary conditions are given, the finite element equations are derived using the Galerkin approach, and computational details are presented using a comprehensive example giving step-by-step details of the finite element computation and the resulting solution.
A hybrid learning approach for semantic labeling of cardiac CT slices and recognition of body position

We work towards efficient methods of categorizing visual content in medical images as a precursor step to segmentation and anatomy recognition. In this paper, we address the problem of automatic detection of level/position for a given cardiac CT slice. Specifically, we divide the body area depicted in chest CT into nine semantic categories each representing an area most relevant to the study of a disease and/or key anatomic cardiovascular feature. Using a set of handcrafted image features together with features derived form a deep convolutional neural network (CNN), we build a classification scheme to map a given CT slice to the relevant level. Each feature group is used to train a separate support vector machine classifier. The resulting labels are then combined in a linear model, also learned from training data. We report margin zero and margin one accuracy of 91.7% and 98.8% and show that this hybrid approach is a very effective methodology for assigning a given CT image to a relatively narrow anatomic window.