cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial metabolism of a parathion-xylene pesticide formulation.

A mixed bacterial culture was adapted to growth on a mixed carbon substrate consisting of the pesticide parathion and its xylene-based formulation. The environmental growth parameters of temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration were optimized to obtain complete metabolism of parathion from this mixed carbon substrate. This adapted culture grew rapidly (μ = 0.7 per h) on the pesticide formulation at high parathion suspensions (3,000 mg/liter). Carbon utilization from this mixed substrate was strongly dependent on pH. At slightly acidic pH, xylene was preferentially metabolized, whereas at slightly alkaline pH, parathion was preferentially metabolized. Diethylthiophosphoric acid, a metabolite from parathion, and toluic acid, a metabolite from xylene, also influenced the selection of the primary carbon source.
Laptop improvisation in an multi-dimensional space

Using information theory as a foundation, this paper defines virtuosity in the context of laptop performance, outlines a number of challenges that face laptop performers and software designers, and provides solutions that have been implemented in the author's own software environment. A summary of the argument is that by creating a multi-dimensional environment of Sonic Vector Spaces (see page 17) and implementing a method for quickly traversing that environment, a performer is able to create enough information flow to achieve laptop virtuosity. At the same time, traversing this multi-dimensional environment produces a perceptible sonic language that can add structural signposts for the listener to latch on to in performance. Specifics of the author's personal approach to this problem, a software environment coded in SuperCollider, are then shared. Lastly, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow psychology is applied to the three stages of creation in the laptop performance process - software design, patch design, and performance.
Fisher's Theory of Crises: A Criticism

The sequence of events leading up to a crisis, 95. — Interest as a factor in cost of production, 96. — A comparison of interest rates and commodity prices, 97. — Two-fold demand for loans causes rapid rise of interest, 98. — Increase in profits due to lagging behind of cost of production, 101. — Disappearance of profits due to increased cost of production, 102. — No automatic check to prosperity in rise of virtual interest rates, 104.
H-2-associated specificity of virus-immune cytotoxic T cells fromH-2 mutant and wild-type mice: M523 (H-2K ka ) and M505(H-2K bd ) do, M504 (H-2D da ) and M506(H-2K fa ) do not crossreact with wild-typeH-2K orH-2D

B10.A(3R) (H-2Kb) mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or vaccinia virus generate cytotoxic T cells capable of specifically lysing virus-infected macrophage target cells fromH-2Kb mutant mice M505 (H-2Kbd), and vice versa. Similarly, virus-immune B10.A(4R) (H-2Kk) T cells specifically lyse infected targets from M523 (H-2Kka), and vice versa. In contrast, virus-specific cytotoxic T cells from neither M504 (H-2Dda) and B10.A(5R) (H-2Dd) nor M506 (H-2Kfa) and B10.M(11R) (H-2Kf) mutually crossreact at the cytotoxic effector-cell level. As far as tested, the crossreactivity patterns between wild-type and mutantK orD specificities are identical for LCMV- and vaccinia virus-immune spleen cells. Although this finding is no proof for either the altered self nor the dual recognition concept of T-cell recognition, it may be compatible with the latter model.
Minicells of Bacillus subtilis. A unique system for transport studies.

Abstract Ultrasound-purified minicells produced by Bacillus subtilis mutant div IV-Bl have been studied for their ability to transport and incorporate into macromolecules a variety of amino acids, uracil and thymine. Minicells transport all 12 amino acids examined, but are unable to incorporate them into macromolecules. No significant differences were found in the initial uptake rates of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine by minicells and parental cells. The uptake of methionine and proline by minicells was shown to be inhibited by metabolic poisons, indicating an energy-metabolism requirement for transport in this system. The proline pool in minicells was found to be readily exchangeable with exogenous proline. In contrast metabolically poisoned minicells only slowly lose their pool proline, indicating an energy requirement for pool maintenance. Packed-cell experiments reveal that minicells accumulate proline against a concentration gradient. In addition to amino acids, minicells are able to transport uracil but cannot incorporate uracil into acid-precipitable material (RNA). Neither thymine transport nor its incorporation into macromolecules can be demonstrated in minicells. Minicells appear to be a new system, therefore, in which transport may be studied in the absence of macromolecular biosynthesis.
Selective enrichment of cDNAs from salt-stress-induced genes in the wheatgrass, Lophopyrum elongatum, by the formamide-phenol emulsion reassociation technique.

Abstract We present a novel technique for the enrichment of cDNA libraries to enhance the abundance of clones of differentially expressed genes. The technique is relatively simple, requires moderate quantities of poly(A)+RNA and results in preferential enrichment of clones derived from mRNAs that were of low abundance in their original population. This method was used to isolate cDNA clones of salt-stress-induced genes in the roots of Lophopyrum elongatum, a highly salt-tolerant wheatgrass. An excess of sonicated plasmid DNA from a cDNA library from nonstressed roots was hybridized in a formamide-phenol emulsion with inserts from a cDNA library of stressed roots. Clones that were more abundant in, or were unique to, the library of the stressed roots were recovered as double-stranded fragments by virtue of reconstituted restriction-enzyme-digested ends by ligating them to a plasmid vector. The resulting enriched library was screened by differential colony hybridization and clones of eleven different genes that were more strongly expressed in stressed roots than in controls were selected.
New versatile operating room table and mobile C-arm fluoroscopic system

The rapid development of endourologic procedures and ultrasonic renal stone surgery has left most hospital operating rooms without a suitable radiolucent operating table and a safe up-to-date C-arm fluoroscopic unit for these operations. A new radiolucent operating room table top combined with a new mobile C-arm fluoroscopy unit will allow versatility in the operating room for these percutaneous antegrade renal and ureteral operations. This table offers the additional benefits of being excellent for transurethral resection of the prostate, bladder tumors, litholapaxy, and cystoscopy as well as open bladder, prostate, trauma, and renal surgery. It also offers adequate space under it so that the microsurgeon can get his knees under the table while seated to do vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy with comfort. The urologist can thus perform all types of surgery on one table top and also relieve the cystoscopy room of a crowded schedule by doing some endoscopic surgery in the regular operating room.
Solvation and Zero-Point-Energy Effects on OH(ads) Reduction on Pt(111) Electrodes

The linear Gibbs energy relationship (LGER) is a theoretical model in which one adds to the known bulk solution-phase reversible potential for a reaction involving electron transfer the internal energy change, divided by nF, when the reactants and products are adsorbed, where n is the number of electrons transferred and F is the Faraday constant. This yields predictions of the reversible potentials for the same reactions but with the reactants and products in adsorbed states on the electrode surface. The LGER theory has been used in previous studies where De bond strengths, measured from the bottom of the Born−Oppenheimer potential at equilibrium, were used rather than the Do values, which include zero-point vibrational energies. Here, it is shown that, when zero-point energies are included, the result is to increase the reversible potential for OH(ads) reduction to H2O(ads) on Pt(111) electrodes, an important fuel-cell cathode reaction, by 0.05 V. The effects of solvation are also shown to be small, lead...
Identification and characterization of an odorant receptor from the West Nile Virus mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus

Members of the Culex pipens mosquito group including C. quinquefasciatus are responsible for the transmission of Bancroftian filarisis as well as West Nile Virus (WNV) in the United States. As is the case for other mosquitoes, the host preference of this disease vector relies on olfaction and accordingly mediated via G-protein coupled signal transduction pathways. Here, we identify and characterize CqOR7, the first candidate member of the odorant receptor gene family from C. quinquefasciatus. CqOR7 displays extremely high primary amino acid conservation with other apparent orthologs including AaOR7, from the Dengue virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti, AgOR7 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae and DOr83b from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that form an essential non-conventional odorant receptor sub-family. CqOR7 transcripts can be detected in adult chemosensory tissues and during several pre-adult stages of C. quinquefasciatus, and the CqOR7 protein is localized to characteristic olfactory tissues such as the antennae and maxillary palps as well as the proboscis, a typically gustatory appendage. These results suggest that CqOR7 and its orthologs are likely to play a role in the chemosensory processes of Culicine and other mosquitoes that underlie their vectorial capacity.
Long-Term Results of Open Meniscal Repair

The purpose of this study was to document the long-term clinical and radiographic results of open meniscal repair. Thirty consecutive patients, involving 33 open repairs, were evaluated by history, physical examination, KT-1000 arthrometer testing, Lysholm II score, Tegner activity score, and weightbearing radiographs. The mean followup was 10.9 years (range, 10.1 to 13). No patients were lost to followup. Seven meniscal retears (21%) were documented (six demonstrated by repeat arthroscopy and one suspected on clinical evaluation). Three of 21 (14%) acute repairs (performed within 6 weeks of injury) retore as compared with 4 of 12 (33%) chronic repairs (P = 0.38). None of the 12 menisci in stable knees (< 3 mm side-to-side difference in anterior laxity on manual maximum load testing) sustained retears, compared with 7 of 21 (33%) menisci in nearly stable or unstable knees (P = 0.03). Standing radiographs revealed no degenerative changes in 22 of 26 (85%) compartments with successful repairs as compared with 3 of 7 (43%) compartments with retorn menisci (P = 0.04). We concluded that the long-term survival rate of repaired menisci was 79%, that increased retear rates were encountered in unstable knees, and that radiographs provided evidence for the biomechanical function of successful meniscal repairs.
Optical Materials for Immersion Lithography

193 nm immersion lithography optical projection systems using conventional UV optical materials and water as the immersion fluid, with planar lens/fluid interfaces, have a practical numerical aperture (NA) limit near 1.3. Higher-index resists and immersion fluids are being developed, but the bottleneck for pushing the NA further is the relatively small refractive index of the final lens element material. In this paper we consider the possibility of using novel high-index materials in the last lens element to get around this bottleneck and to push the NA limit to at least 1.5, while containing the lens system size and complexity. We discuss four classes of high-index (n>1.8), wide-band-gap, oxide-based materials that have the potential for being fabricated with optical properties appropriate for lithography optics: group-II oxides, magnesium-aluminum-spinel-related materials, ceramic forms of spinel, and aluminum garnets. We present measurements of the optical properties of these materials, including intrinsic birefringence, and we assess their prospects.
SU-E-T-441: Comparison of Dose Distributions for Spot-Scanned Pencil-Beam and Scattered-Beam Proton Treatments of Ocular Tumors

Purpose: To study the cross-field and depth dose profiles of spot-scanned pencil beam configurations for the treatment of ocular tumors and to compare their performance to a simulated scattered beam. Methods: Dose distributions in a cubic water phantom were compared for beams that passed through a final 24mm diameter aperture to deposit maximum dose at 2.4cm depth. The pencil-beam spots formed a hexagonally-packed ring with a center-to-center spacing of 4mm. The protons exited the nozzle with energy 95.5MeV, traversed a 4.5cm water-equivalent range shifter, and travelled either 42.5cm or 100cm to the phantom surface. The aperture-to-phantom distance (APD) was 5.7cm to allow room for eye-tracking hardware. A configuration with APD=0 was also tested. The scattered beam was generated with energy 159MeV, passed through 127mm of Lexan, exited the final aperture, and travelled 5.7cm to the phantom surface. This latter configuration is comparable to the MGH single scattered beamline. All beams were modelled with TOPAS1.0-beta6 compiled with GEANT4.9.6p2. Results: The modeled scattered beam produced a distal fall-off along the central axis of zd90%-zd10%=3.6mm. For the pencil beam, the zd90%-zd10% was 1.6mm in all configurations. The scattered beam's cross-field penumbra at depth of maximum dose was r90%- r10%=1.9mm. For the spot-scanned configuration with the range-shifter-tophantom distance (RsPD) of 100cm, similar cross-field profiles were achieved with r90%-r10%=2.0mm. At shorter RsPD of 42.5cm, the crossfield penumbras were 5.6mm and 7.7mm for APD=0cm and APD=5.7cm, respectively. Conclusion: For proton treatments employing a range shifter, the cross-field and central axis dose profiles depend on the quality of the original beam, the size of the range shifter, the distance from the range shifter exit to the patient, and the distance from the final aperture to the patient. A spot-scanned pencil beam configuration can achieve cross-field penumbras equal to a scattered beam and superior distal gradients.
A Simple 100 MW Tunable CO2 TEA Laser Volumetrically Excited without Using Any Preionization

A CO2 TEA laser was built which is excited by a single short discharge pulse without using any preionizing devices. The laser is tunable to more than 80 lines between 9.1 IJIM and 10.9 pm. Maximum output energies of 20 .11 and peak powers in excess of 100 MW were obtained. Laser radiation was also generated using N20, CO and HF.
Seasonal changes in the gonads and accessory glands of male mammals

Summary The seasonal or cyclical changes in the size, histology and secretions of the male reproductive organs and accessory glands of certain mammals are reviewed briefly. Some mammals such as man and the laboratory rat are fertile throughout the year whereas others such as the Red deer stag and the mole are fertile only at certain periods. The male's cycle cannot necessarily be inferred from the female's cycle in those mammals that have a seasonal cycle, neither can it be inferred from rutting or copulatory behaviour. In some species the male is fecund throughout the year whereas the female has a well defined breeding season or seasons, which is defined as the period between conception and parturition. It is stressed that morphological changes, whether macroscopic or histological, do not necessarily reflect the secretory activity of the gland and that the presence of spermatozoa indicates fecundity, not fertility. The information available on the reproductive organs, accessory glands and breeding cycles of mammals which occur in Britain is summarized. The majority of these mammals exhibit a seasonal cycle. The reproductive cycle of Fallow, Red and Sika deer, which are temperate species, can be correlated with the shedding and growth of antlers; for Red and Sika deer this is controlled by changes in the photoperiod. Two tropical mammals, the wildebeest and the hippopotamus, are considered and in the wildebeest we may have an animal which has a well–defined rutting period although spermatogenesis proceeds throughout the year. Although the male hippopotamus is sexually active throughout the year, there are peaks in the calving season which can be correlated with the rainy seasons. In some hibernating insectivores and rodents, recrudescence of the gonads and accessory glands begins before hibernation finishes. In temperate bats insemination usually takes place in the Autumn and this is followed by hibernation, fertilization not taking place until the Spring. Fertilization in some species of Miniopterus takes place after copulation but growth of the embryo is retarded during hibernation. Finally, the causes of the cyclical waxing and waning of the reproductive organs and accessory glands and the effects of various external stimuli are considered. Very little experimental work has been done in this field apart from that on the effect of light on some domesticated species.
Influence in Action in Catch Me if You Can

Objective: To define, identify, and apply six persuasive strategies Courses: Persuasion; Communication Theory; Interpersonal Communication
Graphitization of a high-sulfur mesophase pitch-based fiber

Abstract Graphitization of high-sulfur content mesophase pitch fibers is complicated by the evolution of sulfur-bearing gases at high temperatures. Removal of these gases leads to appreciable strain and crystal misorientation if large structural units are present. The most obvious result of gas removal is “puffing,” an increase in the fiber cross-sectional area, accompanied by a decrease in lattice-dependent properties such as elastic modulus and conductivity. In this study, the effect of sulfur removal on fiber crystal structure is addressed. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry are used to characterize the structure resulting from various heating rates, maximum temperatures, and dwell times. High heating rates during the sulfur removal period (from 1600 to 2000°C) were found to lessen the severity of fiber damage. When followed with a slow, high-temperature annealing treatment, a well-ordered graphitic structure was produced. Finally, a heat treatment strategy is outlined to improve the elastic properties of fibers produced from a high sulfur content mesophase.
Retrieval behavior of derived truncated search keys for a large on-line bibliographic file

Two models of retrieval behavior of name/title-derived search keys in a large on-line library network system were studied. The results predicted by the two models were compared with results obtained from actual retrieval behavior of keys entered by users of the system. The findings of the study form the basis of recommendations to improve overall efficiency of the on-line system for its users.
Upgrading of Lignin-Derived Compounds: Reactions of Eugenol Catalyzed by HY Zeolite and by Pt/γ-Al2O3

The conversion of eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), a compound derived from the lignin in woody biomass, was catalyzed by HY zeolite at 573 K and atmospheric pressure. The main products were isoeugenol and guaiacol, formed by isomerization and by deallylation, respectively. Substituted guaiacols with saturated side-chains (4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, and 4-propylguaiacol) were also formed, by hydrogen transfer and alkylation reactions. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for the overall disappearance of eugenol was found to be 12.4 L (g of catalyst)/h. When the catalyst was Pt/γ-Al2O3 used in the presence of H2, significant hydrogenation of the propenyl side-chain took place, accompanied by isomerization, and hydrodeoxygenation. Under similar operating conditions, the reaction catalyzed by Pt/γ-Al2O3 in the presence of H2 gave a higher eugenol conversion (X = 0.70) than the reaction catalyzed by HY zeolite (X = 0.11), primarily because of the dominant hydrogenation observed with the former catalyst. In the absence of H2 as a co-reactant, the acidic γ-Al2O3 support in Pt/γ-Al2O3 evidently catalyzed all the classes of reactions catalyzed by HY zeolite. .
Phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) based on partial mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences.

We have performed the first DNA molecular phylogenetic analysis of giant clams. An approximately 462-nucleotide fragment of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (16S) was sequenced for all eight species of giant clams and two species of an outgroup taxon, the edible cockle Cerastoderma. The data were analyzed using a maximum parsimony approach and a single most parsimonious tree was found. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the genera Hippopus and Tridacna are monophyletic sister taxa. Tridacna (Chametrachea) is the sister taxon to (T. tevoroa (T. derasa + T. gigas)), with these latter three taxa all being placed in a single subgenus, Tridacna (Tridacna). The number of recognized giant clam species has increased by one-third over the last two decades with the discovery of two rare new species having restricted geographic ranges: H. porcellanus (Palau and the Sulu Archipelago) and T. tevoroa (Tonga and Fiji). These two species lack a known fossil record but exhibit greater genetic distances from sister taxa than do extant giant clam species pairs which are recognizable in Neogene strata, e.g., T. gigas/T. derasa and T. maxima/T. squamosa. We propose that the two new species represent ancient relict lineages of Miocene origin.
Decreased absorption of propoxyphene by activated charcoal.

AbstractIn 1968 we first suggested that activated charcoal (AC) should be administered in the emergency treatment of propoxyphene overdosage. The dramatic increase in recent years of deaths involving propoxyphene has prompted us to again evaluate the efficacy of AC in preventing absorption of propoxyphene from the GI tract. Male rats (100—125 g) were administered propoxyphene hydrochloride (P-HCl, 350 mg/kg) or propoxyphene napsylate (P-N, 825 mg/kg) either dissolved or suspended in 5% acacia in H2O. After 30 min the rats were administered either AC at 10 times the drug dose or water. Surviving rats were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h; the brain, liver, and both kidneys were removed intact, weighed, and stored at -70°C. After lyophilization, the tissues were analyzed for propoxyphene and its metabolite, norpropoxyphene, by GLC. There were significantly less deaths in rats that received P—HCl ± AC or P-N ± AC than rats that received either P-HCl or P-N alone (9 vs 19, p <. 01 and 5 vs 10, p <. 05 r...
The development of a series hybrid electric vehicle for near-term applications

The design of a feasible hybrid electric vehicle for use in near-term applications is presented. The challenge involved cost effectiveness, acceleration, range, safety, and emissions, which were incorporated into the vehicle design. The relationship of the design goals was studied, and compromises were made to provide near-optimal system design. This process resulted in the selection and design of the major vehicle components. The design decisions and the actual vehicle components are reviewed. >
Control of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.

The five de novo enzyme activities unique to the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway were found to be present in Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes ATCC 17440. A mutant strain with 31-fold reduced orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (encoded by pyrE) activity was isolated that exhibited a pyrimidine requirement for uracil or cytosine. Uptake of the nucleosides uridine or cytidine by wild-type or mutant cells was not detectable; explaining the inability of the mutant strain to utilize either nucleoside to satisfy its pyrimidine requirement. When the wildtype strain was grown in the presence of uracil, the activities of the five de novo enzymes were depressed. Pyrimidine limitation of the mutant strain led to the increase in aspartate transcarbamoylase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activities by more than 3-fold, and dihydroorotase and orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activities about 1.5-fold, as compared to growth with excess uracil. It appeared that the syntheses of the de novo enzymes were regulated by pyrimidines. In vitro regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase activity in P. pseudoalcaligenes ATCC 17440 was investigated using saturating substrate concentrations; transcarbamoylase activity was inhibited by Pi, PPi, uridine ribonucleotides, ADP, ATP, GDP, GTP, CDP, and CTP.
Rapid and Sensitive Assay for Milk Lipase

Abstract An improved micromethod has been developed for measuring lipase activity in milk by the pH stat technique. The silica-gel procedure measures only 16.8% of the lipase activity observed in milk by the pH stat method. The major factors contributing to this apparent low lipase activity by the silica-gel method were a) incomplete titration of the long chain free fatty acids; b) lack of proportionate response of milk lipase activity to increased concentrations of milk in the assay system; and c) variations in the pH of the lipase assay mixture during the silica-gel incubation period. Compared to the silica-gel method, the pH stat assay had greater sensitivity, accuracy, and rapidity and allowed measurement of the initial reaction velocity. During storage at 4C the lipolytic activity of fresh raw milk was constant up to 24 hr, after which it decreased. Homogenization of raw milk does not appear to affect lipase activity per se.It appears to be a substrate activating phenomenon, in that there is a direct relationship between homogenization pressure and susceptibility of milk fat to lipolysis.
Growth hormone reverses impaired wound healing in protein-malnourished rats treated with corticosteroids

Abstract Corticosteroid (CS) administration amplifies the inhibitory effect of protein malnutrition (PM) on wound healing. Abdominal surgery in protein malnourished patients receiving corticosteroids (eg, advanced malignancy, transplant recipients) may be complicated by wound dehiscence or anastomotic breakdown. Although preoperative parenteral nutrition can reduce the incidence of these complications, this is not possible in patients requiring urgent surgical intervention. In a previous report we demonstrated that postoperative growth hormone (GH) administration could restore normal wound healing in PM rats. This study evaluates the effect of GH on wound healing in PM rats treated with CS. Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180 to 210 g were divided into four groups: (1) normally nourished; (2) PM only; (3) PM + CS; and (4) PM + CS + GH. PM rats (groups 2 to 4) received 5.5% protein chow every other day for 8 weeks. Control rats (group 1) received 23.4% protein chow for the same duration. Group 3 and 4 rats received prednisolone (2 mg/kg, intramuscularly) during the last 3 weeks of PM. All animals underwent precise 5-cm midline celiotomies. Postoperatively, rats in all groups were given 23.4% protein chow. Group 3 and 4 rats continued to receive CS postoperatively. Group 4 rats were given GH (0.5 mg/d, intraperitoneally) postoperatively for 5 days. Wound testing was performed on the 6th postoperative day after removal of the sutures. A balloon inserted into the peritoneal cavity through the vagina was gradually inflated. The pressure at which the wound disrupted was recorded as the wound bursting strength. The results of this study suggest that (1) postoperative GH restored the wound bursting strength in PM animals treated with CS to that seen in normally nourished controls, and (2) the wound healing enhancement of GH occurs at an early stage when compromised abdominal wounds are most likely to dehisce.
Would society pay more attention to injuries if the injury control community paid more attention to risk communication science

“If a disease were killing our children at the rate unintentional injuries are, the public would be outraged and demand that this killer be stopped.” Former US Surgeon General, C Everett Koop Whenever injury control professionals gather, it doesn’t take long for the conversation to turn to one topic: “Why is it that more attention and resources aren’t devoted to injuries, the leading cause of death for children and young adults?” One early hypothesis—that people think injuries cannot be prevented—has not held up to scientific scrutiny.1–6 Another possible explanation, however, may be found in the risk communication literature. Since the 1980s, corporate and government officials have turned to risk communication experts for help with a problem contrary to our own: why do communities “overreact” to hazards that pose minimal risk from an epidemiological perspective?7 In such situations, environmental engineers and safety experts characterize lay people’s views as irrational or ignorant.8 For example, in a national (US) survey, more than twice as many parents worried about their children being kidnapped than being involved in an “automobile accident”.2 Many professionals assumed that if they shared more data with the public, enlightenment would follow. The risk communication literature suggests, however, that scientists may also benefit from enlightenment.8 Most Americans know that injuries are a leading cause of death,9,10 yet they display little concern for injury prevention. In trying to explain this disconnect between vital statistics and public support, psychometric researchers have identified qualitative dimensions of risk not captured by epidemiologic methods. Sandman conceptualizes Risk, as it is perceived by the public, as a function of Hazard + Outrage.8 His “hazard” refers to the statistical calculation of risk that professionals generally rely on. “Outrage”, on the other hand, is more emotional and predicts an issue’s …
Metabolic integrity of deoxyribonucleohistones.

To study the relative turnover rates of histones and DNA in various tissues, rats were simultaneously injected intraperitoneally with [5-125I]iodo-2′-deoxy-uridine to label the DNA and L [U-14C]lysine to label the histones. At various times after administration, animals were killed and lysine-rich and other histones as well as DNA from various tissues isolated. After determining the specific activities (cts/min/mg) of isolated materials, turnover rates were calculated from the first-order decay curves plotted by the method of least squares. The ratios t½ (days) lysine-rich histones/t½ DNA as well as the ratios t½ “other histones”/t½ DNA were found to be close to unity for various rapidly growing rat tissues and tumors. Long-term experiments with liver showed that neither ratio deviated largely from unity. These data indicate that histones, or at least the bulk of histones, and DNA turn over at approximately the same rates, which would appear to be evidence for metabolic integrity of the deoxyribonucleo-protein complex.
An experimental and modeling study of ethanol oxidation kinetics in an atmospheric pressure flow reactor

Experimental profiles of stable species concentrations and temperature are reported for the flow reactor oxidation of ethanol at atmospheric pressure, initial temperatures near 1100 K and equivalence ratios of 0.61–1.24. Acetaldehyde, ethene, and methane appear in roughly equal concentrations as major intermediate species under these conditions. A detailed chemical mechanism is validated by comparison with the experimental species profiles. The importance of including all three isomeric forms of the C2H5O radical in such a mechanism is demonstrated. The primary source of ethene in ethanol oxidation is verified to be the decomposition of the C2H4OH radical. The agreement between the model and experiment at 1100 K is optimized when the branching ratio of the reactions of C2H5OH with OH and H is defined by (30% C2H4OH + 50% CH3CHOH + 20% CH3CH2O) + XH. As in methanol oxidation, HO2 chemistry is very important, while the H + O2 chain branching reaction plays only a minor role until late in fuel decay, even at temperatures above 1100 K.
Effect of nifedipine on myocardial ischemia: Analysis of collateral flow, pulsatile heat and regional muscle shortening

Abstract Effects of intravenous nifedipine on the ischemic myocardium of dogs subjected to coronary ligation were evaluated with a newly developed myothermal technique. Sensitive, fast-reacting miniature thermistors implanted within the ventricular wall were used in conjunction with low noise thermistor bridges to monitor beat-to-beat intramyocardial heat pulses and to detect intramyocardial cold transients after mechanized injections of cold saline into the left atrium. Myocardial ischemia reduced the amplitude of the pulse signals and decreased mean intramyocardial temperature. Ischemia also reduced the amplitude of the intramyocardial cold transients detected after injection of cold saline solution. All thermal changes due to ischemia were partly reversed by nifedipine. The amplitude of the cold signals correlated positively ( r = 0.85) with local myocardial perfusion estimated by the radioactive microsphere technique. Thus, estimates of local perfusion by two independent techniques confirmed that nifedipine increased collateral perfusion. In addition, simultaneous measurements of peripheral coronary pressure indicated that the drug decreased resistance in the coronary bed distal to the occlusion. Ultrasonic measurements of myocardial segment length revealed that nifedipine improved myocardial shortening in ischemic zones, a response that accounts for the nifedipine-induced increases in local heat. Thus, the results show that nifedipine increases collateral flow to the acutely ischemic myocardium and that improved perfusion is accompanied by enhanced contractile performance. These findings also indicate that the protective action of nifedipine on ischemic myocardium is not predominantly mediated by a cardioplegic effect limiting the metabolic needs of the myocardium at risk.
Cellulosic Ethanol: A Unique Sustainable Liquid Transportation Fuel

Although ethanol is now made from the sugars in the starch fraction of corn and other crops and from the sugar in sugarcane, a much greater impact for ethanol in terms of fuel use could be realized if the sugars from more recalcitrant cellulosic biomass could be converted to ethanol. Cellulosic biomass is the structural portion of plants and includes agricultural (e.g., corn stover, which is all of the above-ground portion of the corn plant, excluding the grain) and forestry (e.g., sawdust) residues, major fractions of municipal solid waste (e.g., waste paper and yard waste), and herbaceous (e.g., switchgrass) and woody (e.g., poplar) crops grown as energy resources. Although distinctive in outward appearance, these materials all comprise about 40–50% cellulose and 20–30% hemicellulose, with lesser amounts of lignin and other compounds such as sugars, oils, and minerals. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose sugar molecules that are physically linked together in a crystalline structure to provide structural support for plants. Hemicellulose is also made up of sugars covalently joined together in long chains, but it generally includes fve different sugars: arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose. In addition, hemicellulose is an amorphous, branched material. Lignin is a phenylpropene compound that can be viewed as a low-sulfur, immature coal.
Contribution to the study of Jupiter's atmosphere

Abstract In Part I, using the method suggested by Focas and Banos in 1964, we determine the photometric coefficient of activity during the period 1963–1967 in three wavelengths, from photographic plates taken at New Mexico State University Observatory. We also give coefficients of distribution of activity for the Jovian latitudes between ±45°. We establish for the first time a coefficient of asymmetry of the activity and we study the asymmetry by latitude during 1963–1967. A direct correlation between activity and the rotation period is observed. In Part II, we give the relative intensities of some belts and zones for the period 1964–1967. We find that properties of the belts are different from those of the zones. We give for the first time the evolution of the relative intensity of the Red Spot from images on plates, during the period 1963–1967. We find that properties of the Red Spot are similar to those of the belts. No phase angle dependence of the relative intensity of the Red Spot is observed. We calculate the coefficient of correlation of the Red Spot's relative intensity and the rotation period, area, activity, etc. We examine the correlation between the Red Spot's intensity and the sunspot number. On this matter we find a possible correlation in the red.
Infrared spectroscopic characterization of 1:1 molecular complexes of SO2 with benzene and related conjugated π electron donors in argon matrices

Abstract 1:1 Molecular complexes of sulfur dioxide with electron donors containing conjugated π electrons have been isolated and characterized in argon matrices. The SO 2 subunit was perturbed in each of the complexes, with a shift to lower energy of the symmetric and antisymmetric SO 2 stretching modes. At the same time, the bending mode was not perturbed, within the bandwidth of the parent absorption. Certain modes of the base subunit were shifted as well, in a direction which agreed with earlier studies of the HF complexes of these bases. The spectra obtained here are consistent with the recently determined structure of the SO 2 ·C 6 H 6 complex in a supersonic expansion.
Processes controlling sediment yield from watersheds as functions of spatial scale

Abstract The need for estimates of sediment yield are ubiquitous throughout water resources analyses, modelling, and engineering as sediment is a major pollutant, a transporter of pollutants, and sedimentation rates and amounts determine the performance and life of reservoirs, canals, drainage channels, harbors, and other downstream structures and improvements. Moreover, as a ‘watershed wide’ measure of soil erosion, transport, and deposition, sediment yield reflects the characteristics of a watershed, its history, development, use, and management. The major factors and processes controlling sediment yield from watersheds are described and discussed in the context of spatial scale. Historical sediment yield data from selected watersheds across a range of scales are used to illustrate variations of sediment yield with watershed scale. Generalized relationships between sediment yield and drainage area from the USA and Australia are used to show the statistical variations of sediment yield with watershed area. Area is shown to be an important predictor variable which usually, but not always, is correlated with sediment yield. Experimental data from a small experimental watershed are used in a case study to illustrate processes controlling sediment yield. The case study summarizes and interprets simulation model studies using experimental field data from measurements distributed across a range of scales. Information presented here should help guide the conceptual development of sediment yield models and their mathematical formulation. It should also be useful in design and implementation of spatially distributed verification and validation studies.
An economic storage and processing method for two‐electron integrals in LCAO‐MO calculations

An economic algorithm for storing and processing two-electron integrals arising in LCAO-MO calculations is presented. The integrals are sorted prior to the SCF iterative scheme, classified according to equivalences in the orbital indices and finally stored on separate files that contain only integrals of one type. The novel approach of physically separating the integrals according to category is shown to be more efficient than random storage. Actual computing times for the new technique are tabulated for a representative number of molecular systems and compared with times obtained using previously reported methods.
Experimental growth of mammary gland in male and female mice.

Summary1. Maximum growth of the lobule-alveolar system of mammary gland, as measured by total DNA, in ovariectomized female and estrogen-primed male mice(to develop duct system) was observed when 1 μg estradiol benzoate and 3 mg progesterone were administered daily for 19 days.(2) Maximum total DNA experimentally stimulated in female mice, on an equal weight basis, was only 57.6% of the DNA observed in normal mice pregnant 18 days.(3) Corresponding value for males was 48.3%.(4) These data suggest that a hormone of placental origin may be involved in mammary gland growth other than ovarian hormones.(5) On an equal body weight and gland basis, the mammary glands of mice at end of pregnancy contain approximately 150% as much DNA as do rats.
Drug Interactions: A Professional Responsibility

The dentist must be alert to the possibility of a drug reaction when two or more drugs are administered for medical or dental purposes, or both. Questions about any medication his patient might be taking should be asked when the dentist takes a medical history. A comprehensive table lists interactions of many of the common drugs.
Alpha-linolenic acid is a potent neuroprotective agent against soman-induced neuropathology ☆

Nerve agents are deadly threats to military and civilian populations around the world. Nerve agents cause toxicity to peripheral and central sites through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that metabolizes acetylcholine. Excessive acetylcholine accumulation in synapses results in status epilepticus in the central nervous system. Prolonged status epilepticus leads to brain damage, neurological dysfunction and poor outcome. Anticonvulsants are effective but must be given rapidly following exposure. Because these agents cause mass casualties, effective neuroprotective agents are needed to reduce brain damage and improve cognitive outcome. α-Linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid that is found in vegetable products and has no known side effects. α-Linolenic acid is neuroprotective against kainic acid-induced brain damage in vivo, but its neuroprotective efficacy against nerve agents is unknown. α-Linolenic acid also exerts anti-depressant and anti-inflammatory activities and enhances synaptic plasticity in vivo. These properties make this polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) a potential candidate against nerve agent-induced neuropathology. Here we show that α-linolenic acid is neuroprotective against soman-induced neuropathology in either a pretreatment or post-treatment paradigm. We also show that subcutaneous injection of α-linolenic acid shows greater neuroprotective efficacy compared with intravenous injection in a brain region-specific manner.
Synthesis and activity of folate conjugated didemnin B for potential treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Abstract A folate receptor targeted didemnin B conjugate was synthesized using a hydrophilic peptide spacer linked to folate via a releasable disulfide carbonate linker. Cell cytotoxicity and TNF-α inhibition in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells exhibited IC 50 s of 13 and 5 nM, respectively. Folate didemnin B was found to be ∼50–100 fold more potent than didemnin B itself. More importantly, activity of the prodrug was blocked by excess folic acid, demonstrating receptor-mediated cellular uptake of the conjugate.
Sharing stories: A study of African American students in a predominantly white teacher education program

Abstract This qualitative study explores the experiences of Jessica Smith and Donna West (fictitious names), two African American students in a predominantly White teacher education program at a midwest university. Interviews and field observations illuminated these students’ frequent encounters with overt racism, as well as what J. King (1991) called “dysconscious racism"—a form of racism that tacitly accepts dominant White norms and privileges. Their experiences with racism at the university underscored for them the importance of addressing issues of diversity and racial inequality in their own classrooms. Moreover, both women noted that the interviews conducted for this study deepened their resolve to bring diversity issues into the classroom by helping them put their experiences into perspective and clarify their own belief and goals. Instructors and researchers need to continue this effort to hear the stories that students of color have to tell.
Effects of Clothing and Behavior on Perceptions Concerning an Alleged Date Rape

The use of schemata in social cognition was the theoretical framework for this quasiexperimental study that investigated the relative effect of clothing, behavior, and participants' sex on perceptions surrounding an alleged date rape. A convenience sample of 368 individuals (men = 160, women = 208) read vignettes that manipulated the independent variables in a description of a date. After reading the vignettes, participants responded on Likert-type scales to questions measuring their perceptions, including whether or not a rape had occurred. Participants were asked to provide reasons for each of their responses. Data were analyzed by using multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs), analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and qualitative techniques. Although the victim's clothing did not result in significant differences, the victim's behavior and participant's sex were statistically significant influences on participants' perceptions.
Volatile Breeding Grounds: The Radicalization of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood

Under what conditions did the social movement the Muslim Brotherhood resort to the use of terrorist tactics? Three factors led to the radicalization of the Muslim Brotherhood. Hasan al-Banna, the charismatic leader (as defined by Max Weber) and founder of the Muslim Brotherhood commanded the Brotherhood to use terrorism. Secondly, the Muslim Brotherhood radicalized because Hasan al-Banna himself was radicalized throughout time. The last factor that led to the radicalization occurred because the Brotherhood became more and more frustrated after each attempt to reform the Egyptian population failed. This accumulation of frustration led to the use of terrorist tactics.
Affinity-Seeking Strategies and Open Communication in Peer Workplace Relationships

This study examines peer relationships in the workplace in relation to open communication and the use of affinity-seeking strategies. Findings indicate that special peers use affinity-seeking strategies significantly more often than do informational peers but not significantly more often than collegial peers. Open communication strategies are used significantly more often by special peers than informational peers. Discussion includes why these concepts are critical to understanding friendships in the workplace.
Dissociation energies for carbon cluster ions (C+2–15): A system where photodissociation is misleading

This letter reports a collision‐induced dissociation study of the stabilities and fragmentation patterns for carbon cluster ions C+n (n = 2–15). For clusters of six or more atoms, the primary fragmentation channel is loss of C3 neutral. Fragmentation thresholds are analyzed to yield dissociation energies, which are found to be substantially higher than the upper limits estimated from photodissociation experiments of Geusic et al. [Z. Phys. D 3, 309 (1986)], but in good agreement with theoretical estimates. The stabilities oscillate strongly, with some evidence of a change in behavior as size increases above 9 atoms. This is the size where the most stable structure is believed to change from linear to cyclic. Photodissociation measurements were also done, and we find that the clusters dissociate efficiently at photon energies far below the CID thresholds. Possible reasons for the anomalous photodissociation results are discussed.