cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local perspective of the impact of the HIPAA privacy rule on research

BACKGROUND The operational and economic impact of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was evaluated. The setting was a natural experiment which involved a single-site, clinical research study that was initiated before the enactment of HIPAA and subsequently modified to be compliant with the new policy. METHODS A formative assessment was conducted of the recruitment process to a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of an educational strategy to inform Veterans about the National Cancer Institute/Department of Veterans Affairs cosponsored Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Personnel time and costs were determined based on weekly accrual for study periods before and after the implementation of HIPAA. Root cause analysis was used to assess the recruitment protocol and to identify areas for improvement. RESULTS The implementation of HIPAA resulted in a 72.9% decrease in patient accrual (7.0 patients/wk vs. 1.9 patients/wk, P < 0.001), and a threefold increase in mean personnel time spent recruiting (4.1 hrs/patient vs. 14.1 hrs/patient, P < 0.001) and mean recruitment costs ($49/patient vs. $169/patient, P < 0.001). Upon review of the modified HIPAA-compliant protocol, revisions in the recruitment procedure were adopted. The revised protocol improved weekly accrual by 73% (1.9 patients/wk vs. 7.1 patients/wk, P < 0.001) and resulted in improvements in personnel time (5.4 hrs/patient) and recruitment costs ($65/patient). CONCLUSION Enactment of HIPAA initially placed a considerable burden on research time and costs. Establishing HIPAA-compliant recruitment policies can overcome some of these obstacles, although recruitment costs and time are likely to be greater than those observed before HIPAA. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Surfactant Protein A Modulates Cell Surface Expression of CR3 on Alveolar Macrophages and Enhances CR3-mediated Phagocytosis

Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A), a member of the collectin family, plays an important role in innate immune defense of the lung. In this study, we examined the role of SP-A in modulating complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Complement receptors (CR), CR3 (CD11b), and CR4 (CD11c) were expressed at reduced levels on the surface of alveolar macrophages from Sp-a–/– compared with Sp-a+/+ mice. Administration of intratracheal SP-A to Sp-a–/– mice induced the translocation of CR3 from alveolar macrophage intracellular pools to the cell surface. Intratracheal challenge with Haemophilus influenza enhanced CR3 expression on the surface of alveolar macrophages from Sp-a–/– and Sp-a+/+ mice, but relative expression remained lower in the Sp-a–/– mice at all time points post-inoculation. The effects of SP-A on macrophage and neutrophil CR3 redistribution between intracellular and cell surface pools were restricted to cells isolated from the lung. SP-A augmented CR3-mediated phagocytosis in a manner that was attenuated by N-glycanase or collagenase treatment of SP-A, implicating the N-linked sugar and collagen-like domains in that function. The binding of CR3 to SP-A was calcium dependent and mediated by the I-domain of CR3 and to a lesser extent by the CR3 lectin domain. Mapping of the domains of SP-A that were required for optimal binding to CR3 revealed that the N-linked sugars were more critical than the collagen-like domain or the extent of oligomeric assembly. We conclude that SP-A modulates the cell surface expression of CR3 on alveolar macrophages, binds to CR3, and enhances CR3-mediated phagocytosis.
Temperature and Humidity Effects on Dark CO2 Fixation by Kalanchoe pinnata

Summary Net CO2 exchange and acid accumulation during 12 h dark periods were measured in attached leaves of K. pinnata in a range of leaf temperatures from 12–25°C and at high and low leaf-air water vapor deficits. The results showed that 1. Stomatal opening during the dark period was highly sensitive to air humidity at all temperatures tested. Reduction in stomatal conductance resulted in lowered total CO2 fixation integrated over the 12 h dark period; 2. Maximal rates of dark CO2 fixation were similar at all temperatures tested within a given range of leaf-air vapor pressure deficit. However, beginning of net dark CO2 fixation and time to reach peak rate of CO2 uptake were delayed as temperature increased. Therefore, net CO2 uptake and acid accumulated were reduced with increasing temperature during the dark period; 3. A linear relationship between net CO2 fixation and acid accumulation was obtained, its slope was parallel to the 2 : 1 acid/CO2 ratio line.
The interaction of morphine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems in anxiolytic behavior: Using μ-opioid receptor knockout mice

We investigated the interaction of morphine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems in anxiolytic action using mu-opioid receptor knockout and wild-type female mice. An elevated plus-maze test was used to assess anxiolytic behavior. The anxiolytic activities were monitored after experimental animals were pretreated with morphine [15 mg/kg, subcutaneous (s.c.)] and 3 h later received a single dose of muscimol (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.). In another experiment, mice received a single dose of opioid antagonist, naloxone [1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)], or GABA(A) receptor antagonist, (+)bicucullin (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.), 2.5 h after the morphine and 30 min before the muscimol injection. Control mice received vehicle only. The results show that morphine enhanced muscimol-induced staying time in open arms by 160% in wild-type mice. Moreover, the effect of morphine in the wild type was inhibited by the pretreatment of either naloxone or (+)bicucullin. Autoradiographic analysis indicated that morphine-administration raised [(3)H]muscimol binding by around 25% of the basal level in posterior thalamic, mediodorsal thalamic, and amygdaloid areas, but not in the hippocampal area in wild-type mice. In contrast, morphine administration did not alter the [(3)H]muscimol binding in mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. The present results reveal that mu-opioid receptor may play a role in the modification of anxiolytic behavior regulated by GABAergic neurotransmission.
Pseudolayering artefact on postcontrast magnetic resonance images of the bladder of 18 dogs and three cats.

An artefact was observed on postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging (mri) of the urinary bladder of several small animals; it took the form of a dark layer in the dependent (dorsal) part of the bladder, with a thin hyperintense layer on top of it, and a hypointense signal in the rest of the non-dependent (ventral) part. The mri database was searched for animals with T1-weighted images of the urinary bladder after the injection of gadolinium. Eighteen dogs and three cats were included in the study. The artefact was observed in 16 of the animals on the postcontrast images but not on the T1-weighted and T2-weighted precontrast images. A phantom experiment showed that the signal intensity observed on T1-weighted images decreased rapidly as the concentration of gadolinium increased from 6·25 mmol/l to 25 mmol/l. It is hypothesised that the early excretion of concentrated gadolinium into the bladder causes the pseudolayering artefact observed, which has also been reported in human patients.
Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater

Abstract Isotopic composition of NO 3 ( δ 15 N NO 3 and δ 18 O NO 3 ) and B ( δ 11 B) were used to evaluate NO 3 contamination and identify geochemical processes occurring in a hydrologically complex Basin and Range valley in northern Nevada with multiple potential sources of NO 3 . Combined use of these isotopes may be a useful tool in identifying NO 3 sources because NO 3 and B co-migrate in many environmental settings, their isotopes are fractionated by different environmental processes, and because wastewater and fertilizers may have distinct isotopic signatures for N and B. The principal cause of elevated NO 3 concentrations in residential parts of the study area is wastewater and not natural NO 3 or fertilizers. This is indicated by some samples with elevated NO 3 concentrations plotting along δ 15 N NO 3 and NO 3 mixing lines between natural NO 3 from the study area and theoretical septic-system effluent. This conclusion is supported by the presence of caffeine in one sample and the absence of samples with elevated NO 3 concentrations that fall along mixing lines between natural NO 3 and theoretical percolate below fertilized lawns. Nitrogen isotopes alone could not be used to determine NO 3 sources in several wells because denitrification blurred the original isotopic signatures. The range of δ 11 B values in native ground water in the study area (−8.2‰ to +21.2‰) is large. The samples with the low δ 11 B values have a geochemical signature characteristic of hydrothermal systems. Physical and chemical data suggest B is not being strongly fractionated by adsorption onto clays. δ 11 B values from local STP effluent (−2.7‰) and wash water from a domestic washing machine (−5.7‰) were used to plot mixing lines between wastewater and native ground water. In general, wells with elevated NO 3 concentrations fell along mixing lines between wastewater and background water on plots of δ 11 B against 1/B and Cl/B. Combined use of δ 15 N and δ 11 B in the study area was generally successful in identifying contaminant sources and processes that are occurring, however, it is likely to be more successful in simpler settings with a well-characterized δ 11 B value for background wells.
Heisenberg limited interferometry with neutral atoms

We propose an efficient strategy for generating GHZ states of neutral atoms trapped inside a cavity. We then deterministicaly transform these GHZ states into path entangled NOON states for Heisenberg limited atom interferometry.
Profile of systemic hypertension in black patients.

Abstract Hypertension extracts a huge toll from the black community in terms of excess morbidity and mortality. The black hypertensive is more likely to die from the disease and to have stroke, end-stage renal disease or heart failure. Furthermore, contrary to previous beliefs, blacks are at least as likely to have coronary artery disease as whites. Although substantial overlap occurs, the black hypertensive is more likely to be volume-expanded, to have a lower plasma renin level, and to be classified as salt-sensitive than is the white hypertensive. Decreased dietary potassium and calcium intake, altered intracellular handling of sodium and calcium, and psychosocial factors have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension in blacks.
A note on the Bayesian estimation of Solow's distributed lag model

Abstract This note develops the Bayesian estimation of the parameters of Solow's distributed lag model with implicit autocorrelation of disturbances in its autoregressive form. The estimation technique extends Chetty's method for independent disturbances. The results of some Monte Carlo experiments are given comparing point estimates from the posterior distributions with the maximum likelihood estimates. The characteristics of the Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimates are very similar.
Economic Confidence and Shopping Costs: An Empirical Analysis in an Emerging Economy

ABSTRACT This study is aimed at exploring consumers' economic confidence in an emerging market recovering from a major economic crisis. The study analyzes the perceived impact of shopping costs on male and female consumers, as well as the effect of shopping habits (shopping style and timing) on the purchase of three different frequently purchased products-FPP-(a global brand, a local brand and a new product). Personal interviews and a survey were conducted at the point-of-purchase while consumers were buying promoted products within the retail store after a major economic crisis. Our binary logistic regression results showed that changes in consumer confidence and major shopping cost components might be used as indicators of changing consumer attitudes toward promoted local products in stores with additional merchandising support for FFPs in emerging economies. The study's results introduce new survival strategies for both local and international retailers and manufacturers trying to reach marketing effec...
EARLY CT FINDINGS OF FOURNIER'S GANGRENE IN A HEALTHY MALE

Abstract Early clinical identification of Fournier’s gangrene is imperative to avoid delay in the aggressive surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen treatments. We report on the early computed tomography findings of a non-gas-forming Fournier’s gangrene in a healthy male to aid urolo- gists, surgeons, and radiologists in the recognition of this rapidly progressive and often fatal infection.
Fabrication of SiC‐Whisker‐Reinforced MoSi2 Composites by Tape Casting

In this paper, we describe a procedure for the processing of SiC-whisker-reinforced MoSi2 composites via tape casting. Based on the characteristics of SiC whiskers and MoSi2 powder in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents, a slip formulation (solvent, dispersant, binder, etc.) has been developed. The formulation developed allows for a uniform distribution of SiC whiskers in the matrix, easy separation of the tapes from the polymeric carrier, convenient control of both tape thickness and orientation of SiC whiskers, and a low binder burnout temperature. The latter is important for the prevention of the oxidation of MoSi2 powder during the binder burnout in an oxidizing atmosphere.
Work Patterns in a Mayo Village2

IN HIS Economic Anthropology, Melville Herskovits disagrees with what he labels the "coconut tree theory" concerning the work habits of nonliterate peoples, "the point of view that holds the 'savage' to be a man who ... neither is required to exert himself nor is willing to do so when he can obtain even the necessary minimum to support life by abstaining from effort." Using quantitative data found in several ethnographic descriptions, Herskovits shows that considerable effort is expended by primitive peoples in their productive activities. He therefore takes exception to the inconsistency of those like Thurnwald, who, while claiming that nonliterate peoples often do more work than is necessary for survival, feel that they lack the "concentration and discipline," acquired only through working with machinery, that would compel them to overcome their tendency to "yield to the feeling of fatigue." According to Herskovits, "nonliterate peoples, like ourselves, do as much work as they feel they must to meet the basic demands of getting a living, plus as much more as their desire to achieve any given end not encompassed by those basic demands calls for. Unlike workers in a machine economy, however, they take their ease at their own pleasure."2 In this paper we shall present additional case material on the subject of work patterns among nonliterate peoples as a further test of the validity of Herskovits' generalization. The field data presented here were gathered during 1948 in the Mayo Indian village of Tenia, which lies on the southern coast of the state of Sonora, Mexico, about twenty-five miles south of the Mayo River. While Tenia is both a "nonliterate" and a "nonmachine" village, it provides an example of a community which has become fully participant in a cash economy but whose members still adhere to the nonliterate pattern of taking "their ease at their own pleasure." We shall begin with a description of village economic activities and family variation in those activities, followed by the presentation of quantitative data on the daily rhythm of work and leisure. Tenia is a village of some two hundred inhabitants divided among thirtytwo households. Economic activities of the men include deer hunting, fishing, gathering, agriculture, cattle raising, cutting and selling firewood, and the manufacture of maguey fiber products (carrying bags, saddle pads, woven saddle girths and hammocks), etc. Women occasionally gather wild plant food in the thorn forest near their homes or in the fields, keep poultry, sheep and goats, and weave blankets. Only eleven men in the village still hunt deer and most of these hunt only after winter rains when the deer are fat and their tracks are clear. Six family heads do a limited amount of fishing during lisa season from July to September, wading into the surf with circular casting nets. Gathering of wild plant food is engaged in to a limited degree by twenty-six
Experimental Observations of Substrate Fracture Caused by Residually Stressed Films

Model systems for studying thin-film cracking consisting of thin plates of alumina and soda-lime glass were diffusion bonded to silica substrates at high temperature. Upon slow cooling, substrate fracture was induced by residual stresses from the thermal and elastic mismatch of the film and substrate. In particular, multiple substrate cracks formed parallel to the interface. The observed crack paths closely followed predictions based on a zero mode II stress intensity. Crack depths were found to be strongly dependent on the relative substrate thickness and the Young's modulus ratio.
Characterization of Contact Damping and Frequency in Elastic-Plastic Contact

Elastic-plastic interaction of a block of rough surface with a smooth plane is considered in this paper. The nonlinear normal vibration response of the block is examined when subject to an external compressive load. Free vibration response of the block is studied. The vibration response corresponds to the application of a constant compressive external load and the study yields closed-form equations for the contact damping rate and contact natural frequency. It is shown that vibration decay rate is constant as opposed to the exponential decay rate for the linear vibrating systems. Closed form equations relating contact damping rate and contact natural frequency to the surface parameters are given.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On minimizing flux pump heat dissipation

In an important class of flux pumps, the load current is switched back and forth between two parallel paths each cycle. It is shown that if this is done by driving a current-carrying path resistive, heat will be dissipated equal to the change in persistent current inductive energy before and after the switching process. This heat is independent of path resistance. The efficiency of pumps operated in this mode goes to zero as the pumped current approaches its maximum value. It is shown, however, that this energy dissipation can be eliminated by using electromagnetic induction to cancel the current in a branch that is to be driven resistive. In this mode of operation, the switching dissipation at low temperature can be made arbitrarily small. Comparison with published data confirms the analysis.
The utility of modelling word identification from visual input within models of eye movements in reading

Decades of empirical work have shown that a range of eye movement phenomena in reading are sensitive to the details of the process of word identification. Despite this, major models of eye movement control in reading do not explicitly model word identification from visual input. This paper presents an argument for developing models of eye movements that do include detailed models of word identification. Specifically, we argue that insights into eye movement behaviour can be gained by understanding which phenomena naturally arise from an account in which the eyes move for efficient word identification, and that one important use of such models is to test which eye movement phenomena can be understood this way. As an extended case study, we present evidence from an extension of a previous model of eye movement control in reading that does explicitly model word identification from visual input, Mr. Chips (Legge, Klitz, & Tjan, 1997), to test two proposals for the effect of using linguistic context on reading...
AN EEG STUDY OF DEEP-SEATED CEREBRAL AND SUBTENTORIAL LESIONS IN COMPARISON WITH CORTICAL LESIONS.

Abstract 1. 1. The comparative localizing value of EEG was determined in 50 cortical lesions of the cerebral convexity, 50 deep-seated cerebral lesions, and 50 subtentorial lesions. Because the EEG technique utilized afforded evidence with respect to certain deep pathways of neurophysiological importance, its value in the localization of deep-seated lesions was of particular interest to us. 2. 2. The EEG characteristics of deep lesions, as opposed to the characteristics of cortical lesions, were discussed. Two EEG signs, indicative of deep-seated lesions, and which have been described by others, were verified in this series: (a) Bilateral simultaneous bursts of slow wave activity occurred in two out of three deep-seated lesions and in over one half of the subtentorial lesions. (b) Shifting asynchronous bursts of slow wave activity were found predominantly in the temporal regions, occurred in more than one half of the subtentorial lesions, and were found twice as commonly in association with lesions in this region than in the deep-seated cerebral location. Such bursts occurred in ten out of fourteen extraparenchymatous lesions of the posterior fossa. These patterns rarely occurred in cortical lesions. Their correlative value with respect to other findings and parameters of study were discussed. 3. 3. The value of EEG in localizing cortical convexity lesions was 94 per cent and slightly superior to the roentgenographic diagnostic results obtained in these same patients. 4. 4. The diagnostic value of EEG diminished in proportion to the relative remoteness of the lesions from the point of scalp recording. 5. 5. A possible explanation of bilateral simultaneous bursts and of shifting asynchronous bursts was discussed in terms of the activation of deep-seated lesions, which directly or indirectly involved the “pacemaker” mechanism and its diffuse projection system.
A fatal case of postpartum cerebral angiopathy with literature review.

Postpartum cerebral angiopathy (PCA) is a rare and pathophysiologically ill-characterized cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, occurring within 30 days of a usually uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. Its onset has been associated with the use of vasoactive medications, particularly ergot alkaloids. Other cases have occurred in the absence of these medications, prompting conjecture into possible overlap between PCA and other conditions known to cause cerebral vasoconstriction, including primary angiitis of the central nervous system and postpartum eclampsia. The vast majority of cases follow a relatively benign course; however, a fatal case has been reported. Histopathologic findings in PCA, so far limited to the fatal case and two more recent biopsies, have been nonspecific. Here we present a second fatal case of PCA, including pre- and post-mortem histopathologic analysis. We also include a review of all PCA cases reported in the English literature. Criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PCA are proposed and used to select case reports from the medical literature. Data pertaining to patient characteristics, clinical symptomatology, cerebral imaging findings, and clinical outcomes are compared between cases associated with the postpartum use of vasoactive medications and spontaneous cases. We conclude that histopathologic findings in PCA are nonspecific and secondary to ischemic brain injury. Functional vasoconstriction is the most likely primary pathophysiologic process in PCA. The etiology in cases associated with medications may be due to idiosyncratic reactions to these agents. Significant overlap in symtomatology and clinical features exists between spontaneous cases and late postpartum eclampsia.
Silicon germanium optical waveguides with 0-5 dB/cm losses for singlemode fibre optic systems

Silicon germanium waveguides with losses of less than 1 dB/cm have been fabricated and characterised at 1-32/nn. Propagation losses are as low as 0-62dB/cm for TM polarised light and 0-50dB/cm for TE polarised light.
Selected equipment, materials, and process interactions in a surface-imaging process

The advantages of surface-imaging photoresist processes have been well documented; it has shown to have greater resolution, wider focus budget, and less sensitivity to topography and reflections from the substrate. The DESIRE process (Diffusion Enhanced Silylated Resist) is a good example of a surface-imaging process. In previous papers we have described the characterization of this process in a lab environment, discussed some of the issues involved in the implementation of this process in a manufacturing environment, and more recently presented results from its implementation in a dynamic random memory, DRAM, manufacturing environment
BT1, a protein critical for in vivo starch accumulation in maize endosperm, is not detected in maize endosperm suspension cultures

Maize Btl is a structural gene for the major 39-44-kDa amyloplast membrane polypeptides. Loss of BTl in the brittlel (btl) mutant results in an 80% reduction in kernel starch. As an initial step toward the understanding of BTl function, we investigated the relation of BTl to starch accumulation in the two well-characterized maize endosperm suspension-cultured cell lines which were derived from 10 days post pollination (DPP) kemels of inbred A636 and 12-DPP kernels of the waxy mutant in the A636 background. Starch in A636 endosperm cultures accounted for about 1.5% of the fresh weight of cells but BTl was not detectable in amyloplast membranes or in microsomal membranes isolated from the cultured cells. Btl transcripts were detected in 10- and 20-DPP A636 kernels, but only a trace of Btl transcripts was detected in the suspension-cultured cells. Southem blotting indicated that the Btl gene was present in the genome of the cultured cells. The Btl gene products in A636 endosperm cultures were not increased by treatments which enhance starch accumulation such as sucrose supplementation, chlorocholine chloride (CCC) addition to the medium, or both. A similar pattem of differential Btl gene expression was found in the wary endosperm cultures. These results indicate that starch accumulation in the cultured cells is not correlated with Btl gene expression. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Monitoring of Homogenization and Analysis of Nanoscale Structure in a Butadiene−Acrylonitrile Copolymer/Poly(vinyl chloride) Blend†

The progress of homogenization in the mechanical blending of a butadiene−acrylonitrile copolymer (NBR) and a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was observed with scanning and transmission electron microsco...
Prior Learning Assessment: The Use of Electronic Portfolios in Assessing Student Learning Outcomes

(2007). Prior Learning Assessment: The Use of Electronic Portfolios in Assessing Student Learning Outcomes. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 65-69.
Vermicompost stimulates mycorrhizal colonization of roots of Sorghum bicolor at the expense of plant growth

Summary Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on the biological and nutritional effects of vermicompost on Sorghum bicolor growth and root infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Two rates of sterile and non-sterile vermicompost (5% and 20%) were added to two media (peat and mineral). In experiment 1, all treatments received AMF inoculant but in experiment 2 uninoculated treatments were included. The addition of vermicompost to substrates increased N, P and K levels. Vermicompost stimulated mycorrhizal colonization of roots in both experiments, particularly in the peat medium. Shoot and root dry weights were increased by vermicompost in the absence of AMF. Inoculation with AMF reduced dry weights particularly at the higher rate (20%) of vermicompost. Steam sterilization of vermicompost had no consistent effect on mycorrhizal colonization but generally enhanced dry weights relative to the non-sterile treatment.
A Comparative Study of the Body Movenients of Displaying Males of the Lizard Genus Sceloporus (Iguanidae)

Males of species of the genus Sceloporus (Sauria, Iguanidae) display by performing a series of push-ups involving their forelegs and, to varying degrees, their hindlegs. The amount of shoulder and hip movement per push-up was quantified by calculating two ratios: one by dividing the vertical shoulder movement by the vertical eye movement, and the second by dividing the vertical hip movement by the vertical eye movement. Each of the 2I species analyzed had a characteristic mean hip ratio. Inter-specifically there was a highly significant positive correlation coefficient between the mean shoulder and hip ratios, which simply indicated that species which had much hip movement also had much shoulder movement. Another significant, but negative, correlation was between the mean hip ratios and the mean snout-vent lengths. This relationship was attributed to a general compensation for the proportionately greater weight of the larger species. Further analysis indicated that the amount of hip movement was not merely an individual response to the weight/ length relationship, rather it was a genetic response by the species with closely related species having similar amounts of hip movement.
Risk taking on gender-typed tasks following an assignment based on sex.

Abstract Ninety traditional-aged Caucasian college students (44 men and 46 women) were assigned to be group leaders according to either ambiguous or gender-based criteria. They were then presented with two dilemmas that had been prerated as masculine or feminine by a separate sample (N 87) and were asked to judge their willingness to pursue a risky decision. Women made more cautious decisions following a leadership assignment based on gender than they did on an assignment based on ambiguous criteria. However, this occurred only when the task was gender typed as masculine. A gender-based assignment had no effect on risk taking by women attempting a task gender typed as feminine. Although men were more cautious at feminine tasks than at masculine tasks, the type of assignment criterion did not alter their risk-taking judgment.
TRIMETHYLENEMETHANE. COMPARISON OF MULTICONFIGURATION SELF-CONSISTENT FIELD AND DENSITY FUNCTIONAL METHODS FOR A NON-KEKULE HYDROCARBON

Relative energies for different multiplets of trimethylenemethane and methylenecyclopropane are calculated at MCSCF, CASPT2N, and DFT levels of theory. Comparison to the experimentally measured heat of formation for the 3A2‘ state and to the experimentally measured 3A2‘−1A1 gap permits analysis of the relative importance of active space and basis set selection in the multiconfigurational methods. Such comparison also reveals that while DFT accurately treats triplet trimethylenemethane, there is a limitation in present DFT functionals with respect to accurately treating nondynamic correlation effects for closed-shell singlets in a molecule characterized by degenerate frontier molecular orbitals. Implications for calculations on larger systems are discussed.
A self-constraint strengthening mechanism and its application to seashells

A self-constraint strengthening mechanism for multilayered brittle materials is proposed. The strengthening is a result of the self-constraint of the individual layers on each other, and no additional reinforcements are needed. The proposed model predicts that when individual brittle layers are stacked and properly “glued” together with a weak interphase, each layer will be ensured a minimum tensile strength, regardless of the flaw size in the individual layers. Estimation of the minimum strength using this model yields an apparently close agreement with the measured values for one type of nacreous structure reported in the literature. It is also predicted that low-strength ceramic sheets, which might be produced by some low-cost fabrication techniques, can be used to construct high strength man-made nacreous ceramics.
The use of processability tests for quality assurance

Abstract Effective processability testing should duplicate process conditions and result in information directly related to the processing behavior of the test material. A correlation between the processability tests and the factory process must be established through a development program before the test can be used as a quality assurance test. Since each factory's equipment is unique, this correlation should be established for each process. This paper discusses the types of processability tests available for the rubber industry, and methods for applying those tests to the goal of Quality Assurance.
The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between faith maturity, religious coping, and psychological adjustment among Christian university students

In the current study, the authors investigated the relationship between faith maturity, religious coping, experiential avoidance (EA), and psychological maladjustment (depression, anxiety, and stress) among a sample of Christian college students (N = 84). Findings revealed a strong positive correlation between faith maturity and positive religious coping, and weak negative correlations between faith maturity and negative religious coping and maladjustment. Moreover, a weak negative correlation emerged between positive religious coping and maladjustment, as well as a moderate positive correlation between negative religious coping and maladjustment. Finally, consistent with the proposed hypothesis, EA partially mediated the link between negative religious coping and psychological maladjustment, although EA played no mediating role with positive religious coping and maladjustment. Further studies are needed to replicate and generalise these preliminary findings.
Effect of a sawtooth boundary on Couette flow

Abstract The relative tangential motion of a smooth plate and a corrugated plate separated by a viscous fluid is studied. The full Navier–Stokes equations are solved using Hermite collocation and Newton's method. Detailed streamlines and vorticity distributions are determined. The increased drag due to corrugation is found to be substantial.
Influence of Molecular-Level Interactions on the Orientations of Liquid Crystals Supported on Nanostructured Surfaces Presenting Specifically Bound Proteins

We report an experimental investigation of the role of molecular-level interactions in determining the anchoring of liquid crystals supported on surfaces possessing nanometer-scale topography on wh...
Influence of chromium on ordering of Ni4Mo

L'addition de chrome a des effets significatifs sur l'ordre a courte distance et l'ordre a longue distance dans les alliages Ni 4 Mo. Le degre d'ordre a courte distance dans les alliages bruts de trempe diminue avec la teneur en chrome. La mise en ordre a longue distance est dissuadee par l'addition de chrome. L'addition de 3,84% poids de chrome entraine un etat d'ordre a courte distance independant de la vitesse de refroidissement, c'est-a-dire plus stable thermodynamiquement que l'etat d'ordre a longue distance
Real-time holographic microscope with nonlinear optics

The schematic of a real-time holographic microscope featuring a phase-conjugate mirror for retroreflection and a scanning module is reported. The instrument is provided with Epi- and Dia- brightfield capabilities, video/photosensing output, and optional optoelectronic processing. An analysis of the real-time restoration process in comparison with conventional holography is presented. The paper reviews the merits and drawbacks of the setup and concludes with a brief discussion on 2-D scanning options.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identifying small subsets of agents for behavior tracking and abnormal event detection in dynamic networks

For very large dynamic networks, monitoring the behavior of a subset of agents provides an efficient framework for detecting changes in network topology. For example, in mobile caller networks with millions of subscribers, we would like to monitor the dynamics of the smallest possible set of subscribers and still be able to infer abnormal events that occur over the entire network. In general, we assume that the temporal behavior of a network agent is captured by a (local) dynamic state, which may reflect either a physical property such as the number of connections or an abstract quantity such as opinions or beliefs. Further, assuming coupled linear inter-agent dynamics in which the local agent states evolve as weighted linear combinations of the neighboring agents' states, we focus on tracking network-wide agent dynamics.Due to the large-scale nature of the problem, directly monitoring data streams of the state dynamics for every individual agent is infeasible. To address this issue, we propose a method that identifies a relatively small subset of agents whose state streams enable us to reconstruct the dynamic state evolution of all the network agents at any given time and, simultaneously, detect agent departure events. Using structural properties of the coupled inter-agent dynamics, we provide an algorithm, which is polynomial in the number of agents, to identify a small subset of agents that ensures such network observability regardless of any agent leaving. In addition, we show how well-known tools in dynamic control systems may be useful for identifying abnormal events; in particular, we use a fault detection and isolation scheme to identify agent departures. Finally, we illustrate our method and algorithms in a small test network as a proof of concept.
Slow flow past an insulator in a perfectly conducting liquid

The transient plane disturbance of a stream at any angle to the applied magnetic field is studied. For an airfoil, when this angle is comparable to the thickness ratio, the potential disturbance is not comparably small. Such a result persists for non-vanishing Alfven numbers, so that the method developed for aligned fields will not succeed. Care is taken to show that the Alfven waves emitted by a body are not capable of realigning the flow into the direction of the magnetic field, which would be the only way of avoiding the airfoil conclusion. Es wird der Einflus einer ebenen Storung auf die Ubergangslosung fur eine Stromung unter beliebigem Winkel zum ungestorten Magnetfeld untersucht. Fur ein Tragflugelprofil ist die potentielle Storung nicht mehr klein, falls dieser Winkel mit dem Dickenverhaltnis vergleichbar ist. Dieses Ergebnis gilt auch fur nicht verschwindende Alfvenzahlen, so das die fur Stromungen parallel zum Magnetfeld entwickelte Methode nicht angewendet werden kann. Insbesonders wird gezeigt, das die von einem Korper ausgehenden Alfvenwellen keine Ausrichtung der Stromung nach der Richtung des Magnetfeldes verursachen konnen, was die einzige Moglichkeit ware, die Schlusfolgerung bezuglich des Tragflugels zu umgehen.
Loyalty: Why Is It so Problematic in Athletics?.

What is loyalty and why is it problematic in athletics? The author discusses the ethical lapses that can occur when a powerful social value, loyalty, trumps individuals’ ability to make moral decisions. She argues that education about morality should be a necessary part of sport education and explains how moral education programs can make a difference in reasoning and sometimes moral behavior of athlete populations. Research on moral reasoning with athlete and coach populations is given.
Toward the virtual university: Collaborative development of a web-based course

Abstract In 1995 librarians from ten colleges and universities throughout Utah collaborated to develop Internet Navigator, a one credit-hour introductory course intended to emphasize information literacy rather than Internet mechanics. Since January 1996 this self-paced, independent study course has been offered simultaneously at all ten institutions, via the World Wide Web; 171 students completed it during the first six months. This article describes the development, purpose, and content of Internet Navigator, as well as student and faculty responses, the issues encountered in collaborative implementation, and future prospects for Web-based courses.
Diamine Oxidase Induces Neurite Outgrowth in Chick Dorsal Root Ganglia by a Nonenzymatic Mechanism

The enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of histamine, diamines, and polyamines. DAO has been localized to several tissues, including thymus, kidney, intestine, seminal vesicles, placenta, and pregnancy plasma. DAO is not constitutively expressed in the mammalian brain, but it becomes detectable following focal injury. Although the physiologic role of DAO remains unknown, the observation that it is present at the interface between rapidly dividing and quiescent cells in several tissues suggests that it might be involved in regulating cell division or differentiation at tissue boundaries. In addition, the observation that DAO is expressed in the brain following injury suggests that the protein might play a role in the CNS response to focal neuronal damage. To test that hypothesis, we assessed the ability of purified DAO to alter the pattern of neuronal differentiation and nerve growth in vitro. In chick dorsal root ganglion explant cultures, purified porcine DAO induced neurite outgrowth in the low nanomolar range. Addition of aminoguanidine, which inhibits DAO enzyme activity, did not inhibit the protein's neurotrophic activity. These findings suggest that DAO can function as a neurotrophic ligand independent of its enzymatic activity.
Fatigue studies of metal crystals

Abstract Single crystals of silver and zinc were fatigued in alternating bending at constant strain amplitude of 0.12 per cent and 0.2 per cent for silver and 0.01 per cent for zinc. They were studied by a combination of several X-ray techniques (double-crystal diffractometer, divergent beam, X-ray reflection microscopy), electron transmission microscopy and hardness measurements. The experimental results indicate that the fatigue process may be divided into three stages. The initial stage can be identified with cyclic work-hardening and is attributed to a general increase in dislocation density. The second stage represents a period of dynamical recovery. It consists in the removal of dislocations from distorted lattice domains and leads to a decrease of coarse lattice misalignments. At this stage cross-slip seems to play a fundamental role, as a process by which dislocations can escape from their locked positions. When cross-slip was obstructed by a high-angle boundary in silver or a twin boundary in zinc a premature fatigue failure occurred at the obstruction. The third stage is characterized by an extensive fragmentation of the structure. Due to the interaction of basal and pyramidal slip in zinc the structure resulting from this process shows considerable differences compared to that of silver. It appears that the high-stress fatigue process (below yield stress) is in principle not different from the low-stress fatigue mechanism except for a higher rate. It is believed that fatigue failure may perhaps result from the obstructions to cross-slip by internal barriers consisting of lattice domains of high dislocation density, the latter being formed by dynamical recovery.
Treatment of Relapse of Acute Myeloid Leukemia After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Disease relapse remains a major cause of mortality for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Historically, patients who experience disease relapse after HSCT have a dismal prognosis with very few long-term survivors. There is no standard treatment for patients in this situation given the variability in patient characteristics, disease biology, complications such as graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) and infections, donor availability, and patient choice. Here, we discuss the current options for treatment of relapsed AML after HSCT including conventional chemotherapy, novel agents, donor leukocyte infusion, second allogeneic HSCT, and emerging therapies.
Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Severe Aortic Regurgitation and Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

To the Editor: Chaliki et al1 have presented data in patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR) with normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF ≥50%; n=≥73). “Mild” LVEF reduction (35% to 50%; n=134) and “markedly” low LVEF (<35%; n=43) who were operated on between 1980 and 1995. In February of 1980,2 we documented (in a study not cited by the authors) the outcome of 17 patients with severe AR and LVEF of 0.25 to 0.49 who had aortic valve replacement (AVR) between January 1973 and July 1977. There were no operative deaths. There were 5 late deaths, and of the remaining 12 patients, 5 and 6 were in New York Heart Association functional classes II and I, respectively. We concluded that all patients with severe AR and moderately severe impairment of LV function should be offered AVR with or without coronary artery bypass graft unless there is a specific contraindication to surgery because of the low operative mortality and the improvement in symptoms and in …
Configuration design of a lightweight torpedo subjected to an underwater explosion

Abstract The response of a lightweight torpedo when subjected to an underwater explosion (UNDEX) is an important criterion for multidisciplinary design. This paper investigates the effect of structural stiffeners on the performance of a lightweight torpedo. The finite element package ABAQUS was used to model the UNDEX and the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) phenomena, which are critical for accurate evaluation of torpedo stress levels. The pressure wave resulting from an underwater explosion was modeled using similitude relations and it was assumed to be a spherical wave. Various explosive weights and explosion distances were explored to determine the critical distance both for an un-stiffened and a stiffened torpedo. Once it was established that the stiffened torpedo performed better under explosive pressure loads, various configurations were studied to determine the optimal number of ring and longitudinal stiffeners. A final configuration was obtained for the torpedo that had minimum weight and was least sensitive to small manufacturing variations in the dimensions of the stiffeners. This paper presents details of the torpedo and fluid models and the finite element analysis method for FSI.
CSF–venous fistula in spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an important cause of new daily persistent headaches.1 In most patients, the underlying cause is a CSF leak, always at the level of the spine.2 Once escaped into the epidural space, CSF is rapidly absorbed by the spinal epidural venous plexus, which is often maximally dilated in the setting of SIH. With conventional imaging, the presence of contrast in epidural veins has not been demonstrated in SIH, but indirect evidence for rapid venous absorption such as contrast in the renal collection system on CT myelography or early activity of tracer in the bladder on nuclear cisternography is common.1 We report the radiographic demonstration of direct CSF–venous fistulae in patients with SIH using digital subtraction myelography (DSM). DSM allows real-time high-resolution imaging of contrast injected through a lumbar puncture.3–5