cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHOSPHATE INCORPORATION AND NA, K-ATPASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN RED BLOOD CELL GHOSTS.

An attempt is described to demonstrate a phosphorylated intermediate correlated with the membrane ATPase reaction in human red cell ghosts. It was found that ghosts incubated with γ-labeled ATP32 incorporate 400 to 1600 μM P/kg dry weight and that this incorporation required Mg, could be enhanced by the addition of Na and perhaps of strophanthidin but was inhibited by Ca, cooling or heat denaturation. If the total P32 content of ghosts washed with Tris is taken as the Tris-insoluble fraction, this fraction can be divided, operationally, into the PCA-insoluble fraction, and the PCA-soluble fraction-B. It was found that the PCA-soluble fraction-B was composed primarily of unsplit, intact ATP32 (as shown in parallel experiments with C14-labeled ATP) and some Pi32. The PCA-insoluble fraction contained only Pi32. If the Pi32 contained in the PCA-insoluble fraction represents an intermediate in the membrane ATPase, this Pi32 should be exchangeable upon restitution of the ATPase activity. However, this Pi32 was found to be stable and nonexchangeable upon reincubation of prelabeled ghosts under conditions which reactivate the ATPase reaction. Two alternative interpretations were considered: (1) that the P32 that is incorporated into an intermediate product of the ATPase reaction is masked by nonspecific binding of P32 and, (2) that the phosphorylated product is resident in the PCA-soluble fraction-B. Further experiments are needed to evaluate these possibilities.
Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions make animals highly sensitive to high fixed ratio requirements but do not impair primary food reinforcement.

It has been suggested that dopamine in nucleus accumbens is involved in the process of enabling organisms to overcome work-related response costs. One way of controlling work costs with operant schedules is to use ¢xed ratio schedules with diierent ratio requirements. In the present study, the eiects of nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions were investigated using six schedules: ¢xed ratio 5, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 300. In the ¢rst three schedules the food reinforcement consisted of one 45 mg food pellet per ratio completed. In the remaining schedules the food reinforcement per ratio completed was increased to two pellets for ¢xed ratio 100, four pellets for ¢xed ratio 200, and six pellets for ¢xed ratio 300. All rats were trained extensively prior to surgery, and rats were able to maintain high levels of responding on all schedules up to the ¢xed ratio 300. After training, rats were injected with either ascorbate vehicle or 6-hydroxydop- amine into the nucleus accumbens. Rats were tested post-surgically on each of the schedules, with 3 days of testing per schedule. Rats with nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions exhibited behavioral de¢cits that were highly dependent upon the ratio value. There were small and transient eiects of dopamine depletion on ¢xed ratio 5 lever pressing, but as the ratio value got larger the impairment became greater. On the ¢xed ratio 20 and 50 schedules, response rates were partially reduced in dopamine-depleted rats. Responding on the ¢xed ratio 200 and 300 schedules was severely impaired, and on the last day of ¢xed ratio 300 testing no dopamine-depleted rats obtained a single reinforcer. These data are consistent with previous reports that accumbens dopamine depletions enhance 'ratio strain', making rats more sensitive to high ratio values. The induction of ratio strain by dopamine depletions does not appear to be related to a loss of appetite, and seems to be relatively independent of the baseline rate of responding and the overall density of food reinforcement across the session. We conclude that dopamine in nucleus accumbens may be important for enabling rats to overcome behavioral con- straints such as work-related response costs, and may be critical for the behavioral organization and conditioning pro- cesses that enable animals to emit large numbers of responses in the absence of primary reinforcement. fl 2001 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Out Of The Quagmire Of Plant Defense Hypotheses

ABSTRACT Several hypotheses, mainly Optimal Defense (OD), Carbon:Nutrient Balance (CNB), Growth Rate (GR), and Growth‐Differentiation Balance (GDB), have individually served as frameworks for investigating the patterns of plant defense against herbivores, in particular the pattern of constitutive defense. The predictions and tests of these hypotheses have been problematic for a variety of reasons and have led to considerable confusion about the state of the “theory of plant defense.” The primary contribution of the OD hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of genotypic expression of plant defense, with the emphasis on allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the CNB hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of how resources affect phenotypic expression of plant defense, often with studies concerned about allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the GR hypothesis is that it explains how intrinsic growth rate of p...
Contributions of anomalous singularities in elastic K-D scattering

Abstract The contributions of the lowest intermediate states | Λ ,N〉 and | Σ , n〉 to the scattering amplitude for elastic K-D forward scattering are investigated in the framework of dispersion theory. The analytic continuation of these contributions with respect to the K-meson mass is explicitly performed by making use of the impulse approximation for the K -D absorptive process K +D→Y+N . It turns out that in the unphysical region in addition to anomalous logarithmic branch cuts anomalous poles play an important role. A numerical estimation of the different contributions due to the intermediate states considered shows that the anomalous pole contributions are large if compared to the respective continuous contributions. If the latter are separately analysed the anomalous continuous contributions dominate the normal ones. The dispersion relation for the elastic K-D forward scattering considered is compared with the corresponding relations for the scattering on free nucleons.
Structures on M × R

A central role in the theory of smoothing combinatorial manifolds is played by the Cairns–Hirsch Theorem, which may be expressed (in a weak form) as follows: If M is a combinatorial manifold and if M × R has a differentiable structure a, compatible with its combinatorial structure then M has a differentiable structure λ, such that (M × R) α is diffeomorphic with M λ × R .
The SIMs meet ESL Incorporating authentic computer simulation games into the language classroom

Despite their motivational appeal to learners, innovative and technologically advanced computer simulation games targeting native English speakers frequently remain beyond the competence of ESL learners as independent didactic tools. Guided by Chapelle’s (2001) criteria for determining CALL task appropriateness, this paper illustrates how the popular authentic simulation, The SIMs, can be adapted to enhance vocabulary learning through supporting materials. Adult ESL learners completed a five‐week unit, experiencing different conditions of supplemental materials while completing tasks using The SIMs. The participants received mandatory supplemental materials in one condition, voluntary access to supplemental materials in the second, and no supplemental materials in the third. The results indicate a statistically significant increase in vocabulary acquisition for the first condition. Student feedback suggests the supplemental materials were beneficial for successful task completion. Thus, how authentic computer simulation tasks are structured and supported appears to have a considerable bearing on the appropriateness of the task.
Tolerance of vegetable crops to salinity

Global constraints on fresh water supplies and the need to dispose of agricultural, municipal, and industrial waste waters have intensified interest in water reuse options. In many instances, the value of the water is decreased solely because of its higher salt concentration. Although quantitative information on crop salt tolerance exists for over 130 crop species, there are many vegetables which lack definitive data. Vegetable crops are defined as herbaceous species grown for human consumption in which the edible portions consist of leaves, roots, hypocotyls, stems, petioles, and flower buds. The salt tolerance of vegetable species is important because the cash value of vegetables is usually high compared to field crops. In this review some general information is presented on how salinity affects plant growth and development and how different measurements of salinity in solution cultures, sand cultures, and field studies can be reconciled to a common basis. The salt tolerance of vegetables has been condensed and reported in a uniform format based on the best available data. Discrepancies and inconsistencies exist in some of the information due to differences in cultivars, environments, and experimental conditions. For a great number of species little or no useful information exists and there is an obvious need for research.
Impact of optical antenna and plasmonics on infrared imagers

Abstract The advent of nanophotonics allows devising and fabricating optical antenna as the advanced optical structures that can enhance light–matter interaction in quantum structures such as quantum wells. Improving infrared photodetector performance is discussed theoretically in this paper. We also investigate our recent demonstration of optical antenna integrated on quantum well infrared photodetector which improves the performance of the detector as can be evidence in responsivity of the detector.
A Study of Discovery Mechanisms for Peer-to-Peer Applications

Peer-to-peer applications allow peers to connect or disconnect from a network at any time and are based on a loosely coupled resource distribution model. As a result, robust and efficient discovery mechanisms are central to the efficient functioning of such applications. In this paper we evaluate four discovery mechanisms (flooding and the forward routing algorithms CHORD, Pastry and CAN) against the requirements of three prevalent classes of peer-to-peer applications, and investigate the suitability of these mechanisms for the applications.
Osteopathology in the Equine Distal Phalanx Associated With the Development and Progression of Laminitis

Although the equine distal phalanx and hoof lamellae are biomechanically and physiologically integrated, bony changes in the distal phalanx are poorly described in laminitis. The aims of this study were (1) to establish a laminitis grading scheme that can be applied to the wide spectrum of lesions seen in naturally occurring cases and (2) to measure and describe changes in the distal phalanx associated with laminitis using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Thirty-six laminitic and normal feet from 15 performance and nonperformance horses were evaluated. A laminitis grading scheme based on radiographic, gross, histopathologic, and temporal parameters was developed. Laminitis severity grades generated by this scheme correlated well with clinical severity and coincided with decreased distal phalanx bone volume and density as measured by micro-CT. Laminitic hoof wall changes included progressive ventral rotation and distal displacement of the distal phalanx with increased thickness of the stratum internum-corium tissues with lamellar wedge formation. Histologically, there was epidermal lamellar necrosis with basement membrane separation and dysplastic regeneration, including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis, corresponding to the lamellar wedge. The changes detected by micro-CT corresponded to microscopic findings in the bone, including osteoclastic osteolysis of trabecular and osteonal bone with medullary inflammation and fibrosis. Bone changes were identified in horses with mild/early stages of laminitis as well as severe/chronic stages. The authors conclude that distal phalangeal pathology is a quantifiable and significant component of laminitis pathology and may have important implications for early detection or therapeutic intervention of equine laminitis.
The Influence of GED Obtainment on Inmate Release Outcome

The focal point of this study is the effect of GED obtainment on inmate recidivism, using data from 403 offenders released from New Jersey correctional institutions in 1999 and 2000. Results indicate that leaving prison with at least the equivalent of a high school diploma improves significantly the chances that an ex-offender will not recidivate. Although an offender's participation in GED programming is predictive of no recidivism, once an offender does recidivate, the value of the GED participation depreciates and has no discernible effect on the raw number of reoffenses. Therefore, GED participation is an insignificant predictor of the number of postrelease arrests.
Chemotaxis by Naegleria fowleri for bacteria.

Naegleria fowleri amebae demonstrated a chemotactic and chemokinetic response toward live cells and extracts of Escherichia coli and other bacterial species when experiments were performed using a blind-well chemotaxis chamber. The peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine acted as a chemokinetic rather than a chemotactic factor for N. fowleri amebae. Competition experiments in which nerve cell extracts or bacteria were placed on either side of the filter in chemotaxis chambers resulted in increased movement towards bacteria. A scanning electron microscopy study of the interaction of N. fowleri with different bacterial species confirmed that when the amebae were near ingestible bacteria they moved toward the bacteria by pseudopod formation. Naegleria fowleri appeared to respond to bacteria by three interrelated but distinct processes: (a) chemokinesis, (b) chemotaxis, and (c) formation of food cups.
Temporally adaptive motion interpolation exploiting temporal masking in visual perception

In this paper we present a novel technique to dynamically adapt motion interpolation structures by temporal segmentation. The number of reference frames and the intervals between them are adjusted according to the temporal variation of the input video. Bit-rate control for this dynamic group of pictures (GOP) structure is achieved by taking advantage of temporal masking in human vision. Constant picture quality can be obtained by variable-bit-rate coding using this approach. Further improvement can be made when the intervals between reference frames are chosen by minimizing a measure of the coding difficulty of a GOP. Advantages for low bit-rate coding and implications for variable-bit-rate coding are discussed. Simulations on test video are presented for various GOP structures and temporal segmentation methods, and the results compare favorably with those for conventional fixed GOP structures. >
Developmental models for children's temperament: alternatives to chronometric polynomial curves

Partridge and Lerner (2007), in a secondary analysis of the New York Longitudinal Study, employed a chronometric polynomial growth curve model to argue that the developmental course of difficult temperament follows a non-linear trajectory over the first 5 years of life. The free curve slope intercept (FCSI) growth curve model of Meredith and Tisak (1990) is presented as a preferable conceptual alternative because it contains a number of currently popular statistical models, including repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, factor mean, linear growth, linear factor analysis, and hierarchical linear models as special cases. As such, researchers can compare the fit of each of these models relative to the FCSI model, and, at times, to each other. The present paper conducts a re-analysis of the data, and establishes that fit of the FCSI model is arguably better than other statistical alternatives. The FCSI model is also used as the basis for identifying subgroups of individuals with their qualitatively distinct growth patterns within a growth mixture modeling framework. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive Psychology Perspectives Across the Cancer Continuum: Meaning, Spirituality, and Growth

This chapter takes a positive psychology perspective on cancer survivorship, focusing specifically on three related topics particularly relevant to positive psychology: meaning, spirituality, and growth. The meaning making model (Park, Psychological Bulletin 136:257–301, 2010a; Park, Stress, coping, and meaning. In: Folkman S (ed.), Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 227–41), 2010b) serves as a framework for discussing the current state of research in meaning, spirituality, and growth within psycho-oncology. A brief overview of this meaning making model is thus presented before the literature regarding meaning in the context of cancer is reviewed. Spirituality, an important aspect of meaning in the lives of many survivors, follows. Stress-related growth, a product of meaning making that has recently received a great deal of attention within psycho-oncology research, is the third positive psychology topic discussed. The chapter concludes with a brief mention of clinical implications and future research directions. Importantly, because cancer survivorship spans a continuum from diagnosis through treatment and far beyond, and because survivors’ experiences of cancer change across this continuum, this chapter attends to the ways that issues of meaning, spirituality, and growth may differ across the survivorship continuum, and begins with an overview of this continuum.
Is consolidation drainage an indirect mechanism for increased abundance of cattail in northern prairie wetlands

In the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, disturbances to wetlands that disrupt water-level fluctuations in response to wet–dry climatic conditions have the potential to alter natural vegetative communities in favor of species that proliferate in stable environments, such as cattail (Typha spp.). We evaluated the effect of water-level dynamics during a recent fluctuation in wet–dry conditions on cattail coverage within semipermanently and permanently ponded wetlands situated in watersheds with different land use and amounts of wetland drainage. We found that ponded water depth increase was significantly greater in wetlands where water levels were not near the spill point of the topographic basin, where banks were steeper, and in larger wetlands where past dry conditions had less influence on change in pond area. Proportion of the wetland covered by cattail was negatively correlated with increased water depth, bank slope and pond area. Our observations provide evidence that cattail coverage in prairie wetlands is regulated by water-level fluctuations and that land use surrounding the wetland might have an indirect effect on cattail coverage by altering water-level response to wet–dry climate conditions. For example, drainage of smaller wetlands into larger wetlands that are characterized by more permanent hydroperiods, leads to stabilized water levels near their spill point and is therefore a potential mechanism for increased cattail abundance in the northern prairie region.
Chemical Analysis of the Defensive Scent Fluid Released by Hypselonotus punctiventris (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

In the Austin, Tex., area the small coreid Hypselonotus punctiventris (Stal) is most readily found in October and early November, appearing almost exclusively on flowering frostweed, Verbesina virginica L. When disturbed, this gray and brown insect will take to the air revealing a bright red dorsal surface which is otherwise completely hidden by the wings at rest.
Evidence of Aestivation in Field Populations of Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus

Field populations of adult Hylobius pales (Herbst) and Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Athens, Ga., area demonstrate a pronounced reduction in oxygen (O2) consumption during the summer months. Males of both species express 2 periods of reduced O2 consumption during the spring and summer months, while females of the 2 species exhibit one such period in the summer. The onset of aestivation, as evidenced by decreasing O2 consumption, begins as early as April for H. pales and P. picivorus males. Aestivation for female H. pales and P. picivorus apparently begins during May and June. The B30 values for H. pales and P. picivorus males and females increased sharply by September, indicating termination of aestivation.
Accelerating thermal aging tests for insulated magnet wire

The thermal endurance of insulated magnet wire has been determined for many years by aging twisted pair test specimens in ovens at several temperatures. The procedure is described in ASTM D2307 which is a revision of work done in the AIEE (now IEEE) and published originally as AIEE #57. Two types of procedures are described.
Changes of CREB in brain cortex of ethanol dependent rats and effect of fluoxetine

AIM To investgate the changes in the expression of CREB and p-CREB in the cortex of ethanol dependent rats. On other hand, the effects of fluoxetine on these changes were also studied. METHODS Ethanol was administered in drinking water at the concentration of 6% V/V, for 28 d. The expression of CREB and p-CREB in the rat cortex were measured by immunohistochemistry methods. RESULTS It was found that chronic ethanol treatment and its withdrawal did not modify the expression of CREB in the rat cortex. However, the levels of p-CREB in the frontal and piriform cortex of rats were significantly decreased during ethanol withdrawal, and respectively decreased 57.28%?55.84% compared to control rats at 24 h after ethanol withdrawal. When fluoxetine (ip, 10 mg·kg -1) were administried concurrently with ethanol, it can significantly dampen alcohol withdrawal symptoms and antagonize the down-regulation of the phosphorylation of CREB in the frontal and piriform cortex of rats at 24 h after ethanol withdrawal, the expression of p-CREB protein respectively increased 292 58%,128 44% compared with rats intaking ethanol. CONCLUSION CREB may be one of the substance of the signal transduction process for ethanol dependence. Fluoxetine can reverse the decreased p-CREB levels in rat cortex induced by ethanol withdrawal, which may be the part reason of fluoxetine dampening alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Power, hegemony, and social reality in Gramsci and Searle

This paper reconstructs Gramsci’s account of social objects in light of recent developments in analytic social ontology. It combines elements of Gramsci’s account with that of John Searle, and argues that when taken together their theories constitute a robust account of social reality and a nuanced view of the relation between social reality and power. Searle provides a detailed analysis of the creation of social entities at the level of the agent, while Gramsci, by employing his concepts of hegemony and domination, is able to provide an analysis of the differential ability of societal subgroups to construct the social world.
Central Decision-Making in Pluralistic Systems

Conceiving communities as composed of interacting self-regulating systems has provided an invaluable technique of social system analysis. The world community itself may be viewed as a pluralistic order consisting of states, corporations, international organizations and other groupings serving the whole range of human values at every level of aggregation. It is suggested that ‘linkage persons’ operating on the boundaries of organized groups or as detached elements may strongly condition organizational decision-making and that the interaction of such persons produces, in effect, informal or semi-formal decision-making hierarchies potentially capable of organizing (under severe constraints) systemic interactions at levels normally viewed as unprogrammed.
Retrospective Review of Hypercoagulability in Minority Populations at an Inner City Hospital’s General Hematology Clinic.

Abstract Background: Although much is known about the incidence of hypercoagulable disorders in the Caucasian population, data is lacking in many other racial groups. We therefore retrospectively analyzed charts of all patients referred to our inner city hospital's general hematology clinic from January 2003 to December 2006 for evaluation of possible hypercoagulable state. Methods: We reviewed charts for all patients referred for investigation of thrombophilia or hypercoagulable state seen in our clinic. Data regarding history of thrombosis was recorded. In the case of venous thromboembolic disease possible precipitants were noted. Demographic data and family history were noted. A clinical diagnosis of hypercoagulability was made based on whether the patient had any of the following: age Results: 59 patients were referred. Of these 12 patients were excluded from further analysis as the reason for referral was investigation of ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Using the above clinical criteria 33 patients were identified as having hypercoagulability. Diagnoses and demographics are noted in tables 1 and 2. Conclusions: Our study illustrates several important practical points about the investigation of hypercoagulable patients. A larger number of protein C or S deficiencies would likely have been diagnosed had these studies been performed prior to starting anticoagulation. Similarly it is likely that the proportion of patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is high as it is possible to test for this condition whilst patients are anticoagulated. It is therefore appropriate that the best time for testing be disseminated more widely to general internal medicine providers. Importantly it appears that certain diagnostic tests would have a much higher yield in minority populations. It is likely that resources would be better allocated if African American patients in particular were tested initially for the antiphospholipid antibodies and activated protein C resistance rather than prothrombin gene mutations or factor V Leiden. Further prospective studies are planned to confirm these findings. Baseline demographics Race Gender Age Male Female >40 years All patients 12 21 22 11 African American 6 12 11 7 White 3 5 5 3 Hispanic 1 3 4 0 Asian 2 1 2 1 Diagnosis by ethnic group Race Diagnosis Antiphospholipid Protein S def. ATIII def. V Leiden MTHFR Multiple Disorders Unknown All patients 12 3 3 1 (heterozygous) 1 2 15 African American 5 2 2 0 1 1 9 White 3 0 0 1 (heterozygous) 0 0 4 Hispanic 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 Asian 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 No cases of Protein C deficiency or Prothrombin Gene Mutation identified
Love, not war, drove the Mesozoic marine revolution.

To be in flagrante delicto requires a sophisticated sensory and anatomical toolkit. Substantial musculature and an active metabolism are required to roam about “on the hunt.” Advanced sensory systems and neurological processing are needed to locate and recognize mates from among the wide gamut of other organisms in one’s habitat, some of which are prey, some predators, but few potential mates. Copulatory organs (if present) also must be physically compatible when successfully transferring gametes. In many species, mating is preceded by complex courtship rituals involving careful selection among potential mates, or by physical combat among rivals. These abilities are not that far removed from those required for a predator or omnivore to successfully detect, hunt down, and capture prey. In PNAS, Bush, Hunt, and Bambach (1) recognize the dual-function of this sophisticated toolkit and argue that the mating function better explains the diversification in marine predators starting ∼200 million y ago, a transition widely termed the “Mesozoic marine revolution” (2) that continues to shape the modern world. The power of predators to shape communities has been long acknowledged (3, 4). Vermeij’s hypothesis of escalation (5, 6) formalized this concept across geological time, arguing that ecological history is shaped by coevolutionary arms races, in which predators exert powerful selection pressures on prey, which respond in kind with their own defensive adaptations. This competitive milieu has been invoked to explain a variety of ecological trends spanning marine animal history, but especially those involving increases in more powerful predators, durophagous-resistant shell defenses, colonization of infaunal habitats, more active metabolisms, and greater mobility (see recent summaries in refs. 6 and … [↵][1]1Email: pnovack-gottshall{at}ben.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Sensing the Art Object

Having outlined the scope and terms of reference for this book in chapter one, in the second chapter of my essay I briefly review the work of Rosalind Krauss and Paul Crowther. Both of these scholars have addressed a similar series of questions and subject matter in their research, namely, both have written about how we perceive and understand three-dimensional art. In reviewing Crowther and Krauss’ published work I attempt to illustrate the different perspectives each has taken in their research in this area. Krauss has considered the expanded field in which modernist three-dimensional artwork resides and of which it is an intimate part. She offers a Klein Group model to account for the structural composition of the three-dimensional artwork. Crowther on the other hand addresses the ontological nature of abstract three-dimensional art. He proposes eight distinct ontological elements in his theoretical depiction of this content domain. Both of these approaches are extremely germane to my research and I use the characteristics of Crowther and Krauss’ research to set the scene for my own theorizing on this subject in the form of a structural mereological/ontological account, which I propose and discuss in subsequent chapters.
Multimorbidity: constellations of conditions across subgroups of midlife and older individuals, and related Medicare expenditures

Introduction: The Department of Health and Human Services’ 2010 Strategic Framework on Multiple Chronic Conditions called for the identification of common constellations of conditions in older adults. Objectives: To analyze patterns of conditions constituting multimorbidity (CCMM) and expenditures in a US representative sample of midlife and older adults (50–64 and ≥65 years of age, respectively). Design: A cross-sectional study of the 2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS; n =17,912). The following measures were used: (1) count and combinations of CCMM, including (i) chronic conditions (hypertension, arthritis, heart disease, lung disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and psychiatric conditions), (ii) functional limitations (upper body limitations, lower body limitations, strength limitations, limitations in activities of daily living, and limitations in instrumental activities of daily living), and (iii) geriatric syndromes (cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, incontinence, visual impairment, hearing impairment, severe pain, and dizziness); and (2) annualized 2011 Medicare expenditures for HRS participants who were Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries ( n =5,677). Medicaid beneficiaries were also identified based on their self-reported insurance status. Results: No large representations of participants within specific CCMM categories were observed; however, functional limitations and geriatric syndromes were prominently present with higher CCMM counts. Among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 50–64 years, 26.7% of the participants presented with ≥10 CCMM, but incurred 48% of the expenditure. In those aged ≥65 years, these percentages were 16.9% and 34.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Functional limitations and geriatric syndromes considerably add to the MM burden in midlife and older adults. This burden is much higher than previously reported. Journal of Comorbidity 2017;7(1):33–43
Role of High-Resolution Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI with Golden-Angle Radial Sparse Parallel Reconstruction to Identify the Normal Pituitary Gland in Patients with Macroadenomas.

Background and purpose Preoperative localization of the pituitary gland with imaging in patients with macroadenomas has been inadequately explored. The pituitary gland enhancing more avidly than a macroadenoma has been described in the literature. Taking advantage of this differential enhancement pattern, our aim was to evaluate the role of high-resolution dynamic MR imaging with golden-angle radial sparse parallel reconstruction in localizing the pituitary gland in patients undergoing trans-sphenoidal resection of a macroadenoma. Materials and methods A retrospective study was performed in 17 patients who underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma. Radial volumetric interpolated brain examination sequences with golden-angle radial sparse parallel technique were obtained. Using an ROI-based method to obtain signal-time curves and permeability measures, 3 separate readers identified the normal pituitary gland distinct from the macroadenoma. The readers' localizations were then compared with the intraoperative location of the gland. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the interobserver agreement and correlation with operative findings. Results The normal pituitary gland was found to have steeper enhancement-time curves as well as higher peak enhancement values compared with the macroadenoma (P Conclusions This study confirms our ability to consistently and accurately identify the normal pituitary gland in patients with macroadenomas with the golden-angle radial sparse parallel technique with quantitative permeability measurements and enhancement-time curves.
Revisiting the Quality of Reporting Randomized Controlled Trials in Nursing Literature

PURPOSE To examine and update the literature on the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as reported in top nursing journals, based on manuscripts' adherence to the CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. DESIGN Descriptive review of adherence of RCT manuscript to CONSORT guidelines. METHODS Top 40 International Scientific Indexing (ISI) ranked nursing journals that published 20 or more RCTs between 2010 and 2014, were included in the study. Selected articles were randomly assigned to four reviewers who assessed the quality of the articles using the CONSORT checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. FINDINGS A total of 119 articles were included in the review. The mean CONSORT score significantly differed by journal but did not differ based on year of publication. The least consistently reported items included random allocation, who randomly assigned participants and whether those administering the interventions were blinded to group assignment. CONCLUSIONS Although progress has been made, there is still room for improvement in the quality of RCT reporting in nursing journals. Special attention must be paid to how adequately studies adhere to the CONSORT prior to publication in nursing journals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Evidence from (RCTs) are thought to provide the best evidence for evaluating the impact of treatments and interventions by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Since the evidence may be used for the development of clinical practice guidelines, it is critical that RCTs be designed, conducted, and reported appropriately and precisely.
(Poly)cationic λ3‐Iodane‐Mediated Oxidative Ring Expansion of Secondary Alcohols

Herein, we report a simplified approach to the synthesis of medium-ring ethers through the electrophilic activation of secondary alcohols with (poly)cationic λ3-iodanes (N-HVI). Excellent levels of selectivity are achieved for C-O bond migration over established α-elimination pathways, enabled by the unique reactivity of a novel 2-OMe-pyridine-ligated N-HVI. The resulting HFIP-acetals are readily derivatized with a range of nucleophiles, providing a versatile functional handle for subsequent manipulations. The utility of this methodology for late-stage natural product derivatization was also demonstrated, providing a new tool for diversity-oriented synthesis and complexity-to-diversity (CTD) efforts. Preliminary mechanistic investigations reveal a strong effect of alcohol conformation on reactive pathway, thus providing a predictive power in the application of this approach to complex molecule synthesis.
Classic, Provocative and/or Influential: A Twin Study Sampler/Twin Research Reviews: Twin Pregnancies With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Ectopic Twin Pregnancy; Sex Differences in Cognition; Maternal Cardiac Hemodynamics/Newsworthy: President Obama's Portrait Artist; Winkelvoss Twins Update; Triplet Models; ‘Meet Your Twin’

Selected twin research papers that are classic, provocative, and/or influential are surveyed. Many papers meet these criteria, so those chosen reflect the opinion of the author. Reviews of recent research on twin pregnancies with and without polycystic ovary syndrome, ectopic pregnancy, sex differences in cognition and maternal cardiac hemodynamics follow. Newsworthy twin-based items, including President Obama's portrait artist, the financial activities of the Winkelvoss twins, a set of triplet fashion models and the experience of seeing oneself in a painting, are summarized.
An Evaluation of User Movement Data

In this paper, an empirical evaluation of different classification techniques is conducted on user movement data. The datasets used here for experiments are composed of accelerometer data collected from various devices, including smartphones and smart watches. The user movement data was processed and fed into five traditional machine learning algorithms. The classification performances were then compared with a deep learning technique, the Long Short Term Memory-Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM-RNN). LSTM-RNN achieved its highest accuracy at 89% as opposed to 97% from a traditional machine learning algorithm, specifically, K-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), on wrist-worn accelerometer data.
Risk, Rents, and Regressivity: Why the United States Needs Both an Income Tax and a VAT

In this article, Prof. Avi-Yonah argues that the legal academic debate about fundamental tax reform from 1974 onward has been skewed by the assumption that a consumption tax must replace the income tax. He addresses three of the major issue in recent writings on the income/consumption tax debate, and shows how none of the arguments in favor of the consumption tax are conclusive. Avi-Yonah also addresses the various consumption tax proposals that have been made and shows that they are all deficient in comparison with a VAT, as well as failing to achieve the goals of an income tax. Finally, he develops the proposal that the United States should adopt a VAT in addition to the existing income tax, and addresses some of its implications (for example, for the state and local sales tax). He then distinguishes the proposal from one made by Prof. Michael Graetz to substitute a VAT for the income tax on middle-class taxpayers, and argues that while the Graetz proposal is sensible, we cannot afford it.
The "new body snatchers": analyzing the effect of presumed consent organ donation laws on privacy, autonomy, and liberty.

This Note examines, in three parts, presumed consent laws as they pertain to organ donation. Part I discusses presumed consent and explains the salient features of presumed consent laws. It then discusses case law that addresses the aftermath of unauthorized organ or tissue harvesting. Part II evaluates the United States Supreme Court’s evolving conceptions of the rights of individual and family-based privacy, autonomy, and liberty, for subsequent application to the presumed consent organ donation controversy. Part III analyzes presumed consent laws in light of the donors and their families’ privacy, autonomy, and liberty interests. The Note concludes that current presumed consent organ donation laws in the United States are both unethical and unconstitutional.
Paradigm Shifts and the Development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Past Experiences and Future Aspirations:

Objective:Work is currently underway on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fifth Edition, due to be published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013. Dissatis...
GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS OF MICROWAVE ABSORPTION BY TROPOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR

Accuracies obtained in measurement of the amount of water vapor in air using transmission and radiometric techniques are discussed. Observations of nonlinear behavior of millimeter-wave total absorption as a function of water vapor content are given. Radiometric design for measurement of precipitable water vapor for weather forecasting purposes and data from an operational prototype are presented.
The Antibody Combining Site

Antibodies are characterized by regions of conserved as well as variable amino acid sequence. Small portions of each molecule, highly variable in structure (the complementarity-determining regions), are arranged to form the surface that binds antigen. The amino acid sequences of the polypeptide chain segments that fold to form this region (approximately 60 amino acid residues) determine the nature of the antigen recognized. Three segments of the heavy and three of the light chain participate in forming the site.
The Long-Term Impact of Severe Burn Trauma on Musculoskeletal Health

Severe burn injury causes a profound stress response that leads to muscle and bone cachexia. Evidence suggests that these deficits persist for several months or even years after injury and are associated with growth delay, increased incidence of fractures, and increased hospital admissions for musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, there is an overwhelming need to determine the optimal acute and rehabilitative strategies to mitigate these deficits and improve quality of life for burn survivors. To date, there is limited research on the long-term impact of cachexia on functional performance and overall health, as well as on the lasting impact of pharmacological, nutritional, and exercise interventions. The aim of this review is to emphasize the long-term consequences of musculoskeletal cachexia and determine the best evidence-based strategies to attenuate it. We also underline important knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to improve care of burn survivors.
Mode-Transition Bragg Gratings with Increased Group Index for On-Chip Optical Delay Lines

We proposed and demonstrated mode-transition Bragg gratings for optical delay line applications. It shows a stronger slow light effect than conventional apodized Bragg gratings, and a maximum group index of 15.8 has been achieved.
Metabolism of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) by canine cytochrome P450 2B11

This work is performed to determine if there is a potential for the accumulation and potential toxicity of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) in canines. Additional utility of this information may suggest human toxicity and possibly detection of biomarkers, metabolites or intact molecule of those using this material for nefarious reasons. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of dog liver microsome (DLM) incubation samples of TATP was used to measure substrate depletion. Trapping of electrophilic products was performed using glutathione (GSH) and semicarbazide. Comparisons were made to free hydroperoxides found in methyl ethyl ketone peroxides (MEKP). The non-specific Km value of 2.2 μM and a Vmax of 1.1 nmol/min/mg of protein were determined. Canine recombinant cytochrome P450 (rCYP) 2B11 with human cytochrome b5 was found to catalyze the NADPH-dependent metabolism of TATP into its only phase I metabolite, hydroxy-TATP (TATP-OH). No secondary metabolite(s) or degraded products were detected or trapped from microsomal incubations. MEKP subjected to similar conditions was found to undergo significant metabolism, semicarbazide trapping and rapid oxidation of GSH to GSSG. The synthesized TATP-OH metabolite incubated in DLM progressed three times faster than TATP metabolism with no secondary metabolites found or trapped. TATP does not react as MEKP suggesting that TATP does not ring-open to form hydroperoxides. TATP and TATP-OH compete for the same enzyme, with TATP dominating this competition. Failure to detect additional metabolite(s) suggests they may be too small to detect by our system or bound covalently to a protein or polymer in the incubation reaction.
Barber Conable: A Tribute to His Contributions to Tax Law and Lessons for Tax Education

ABSTRACT Barber Conable, a U.S. congressman from New York, served for 20 years as a member of the House Ways and Means Committee. During that time, he actively participated in the tax legislative p...
Cervical carcinomas that overexpress human trophoblast cell-surface marker (Trop-2) are highly sensitive to the antibody-drug conjugate sacituzumab govitecan.

e17028Background: Recurrent disseminated cervical cancer is a discouraging clinical entity with 1-year survival rates between 10-15%, and development of novel, effective treatments remains an unmet...
Contributions of community psychologists to research, theory, intervention, and policy on homelessness since 1980

Homelessness is a social problem that has been growing on the collective minds of people in many developed nations over the last 40 years. Community psychologists have conducted a range of research...
Binge Drinking among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults with Diabetes

Purpose. This study investigated the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors as well as the role of health determinants on alcohol consumption and binge drinking among economically disadvantaged African American older adults with type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM). Methods. This survey recruited 231 African Americans who were older adults (age 65+ years) and had T2DM. Participants were selected from economically disadvantaged areas of South Los Angeles. A structured face-to-face interview was conducted to collect data on demographic factors, objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) including education and financial difficulty, living arrangement, marital status, health, and drinking behaviors (drinking and binge drinking). Results. Age, gender, living alone, pain, comorbid conditions, and smoking were associated with drinking/binge drinking. Male gender, pain, and being a smoker were associated with higher odds of drinking/binge drinking, while individuals with more comorbid medical conditions had lower odds of binge drinking. Conclusion. In economically constrained urban environments, gender, pain, and smoking but not age, SES, depression, and health may predict binge drinking for African American older adults with T2DM. African Americans older adult men with T2DM with comorbid pain should be screened for binge drinking.
Ultrasound shear wave elastography for measuring intracompartmental pressure of compartment syndrome using a turkey hind limb model.

Abstract Diagnosis and treatment of acute compartment syndrome are quite challenging. It is well known that compartment pressure is an important factor for diagnosing fasciotomy. However, the current technology to measure the pressure using a needle-catheter is invasive and painful. Recently ultrasound elastography has been used to measure soft tissue elasticity based on shear wave propagation speed. Because the muscle’s elasticity is affected by the pressure within the compartment, ultrasound elastography might be a possible tool for the compartment pressure evaluation. Ultrasound shear wave elastography and pressure were simultaneously measured using a clinical ultrasound system and clinically used catheter in a turkey anterior-lateral and anterior-deep compartment under elevated pressures of baseline, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mmHg using vascular infusion technique. Shear wave propagation speed increased linearly in proportion to the increase in intra-compartmental pressure. Strong correlation was observed between measured pressure and mean shear wave speed in each compartment (anterior-lateral compartment, mean R2 = 0.929, P