cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hwabyung as Caregiving Stress Among Korean-American Caregivers of a Relative with Dementia

Abstract Qualitative research using narrative analysis was undertaken to illuminate how Korean-American caregivers with a relative with dementia give meaning to their caregiving experiences. Hwabyung as caregiving stress was described in the context of Korean culture. Two Korean born caregivers living in the United States, one indicating she had hwabyung and the other that she did not, participated in telephone interviews. Four themes emerged: (1) perception of dementia, (2) caregiving situation, (3) the expression of stress and (4) coping skills. The outcomes suggested that caregiving stress, and service needs for Korean Americans are similar to other groups, but the expression of stress is different. Alternative interventions for caregivers are then suggested.
Genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, in San Francisco Bay

The genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, in San Francisco Bay was described using starch gel electrophoresis at eight presumptive loci. Specimens were taken from five environmentally distinct sites located throughout the bay. The population maintains a high degree of genetic variation, with a mean heterozygosity of 0.295, a mean polymorphism of 0.75, and an average of 3.70 alleles per locus. The population is genetically homogeneous, as evidenced from genetic distance values and F-statistics. However, heterogeneity of populations was indicated from a contingency chi-square test. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and heterozygote deficiencies were found at the Lap-1 locus for all populations and at the Lap-2 locus for a single population. High levels of variability could represent a universal characteristic of invading species, the levels of variability in the source population(s), and/or the dynamics of the introduction. Lack of differentiation between subpopulations may be due to the immaturity of the San Francisco Bay population, the “general purpose” phenotype genetic strategy of the species, high rates of gene flow in the population, and/or the selective neutrality of the loci investigated.
Kinetic Properties of the Cardiac L-Type Ca2+ Channel and Its Role in Myocyte Electrophysiology: A Theoretical Investigation

The L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2) plays an important role in action potential (AP) generation, morphology, and duration (APD) and is the primary source of triggering Ca2+ for the initiation of Ca2+-induced Ca2+-release in cardiac myocytes. In this article we present: 1), a detailed kinetic model of CaV1.2, which is incorporated into a model of the ventricular mycoyte where it interacts with a kinetic model of the ryanodine receptor in a restricted subcellular space; 2), evaluation of the contribution of voltage-dependent inactivation (VDI) and Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) to total inactivation of CaV1.2; and 3), description of dynamic CaV1.2 and ryanodine receptor channel-state occupancy during the AP. Results are: 1), the CaV1.2 model reproduces experimental single-channel and macroscopic-current data; 2), the model reproduces rate dependence of APD, [Na+]i, and the Ca2+-transient (CaT), and restitution of APD and CaT during premature stimuli; 3), CDI of CaV1.2 is sensitive to Ca2+ that enters the subspace through the channel and from SR release. The relative contributions of these Ca2+ sources to total CDI during the AP vary with time after depolarization, switching from early SR dominance to late CaV1.2 dominance. 4), The relative contribution of CDI to total inactivation of CaV1.2 is greater at negative potentials, when VDI is weak; and 5), loss of VDI due to the CaV1.2 mutation G406R (linked to the Timothy syndrome) results in APD prolongation and increased CaT.
applying econometric techniques to economic anthropology

This paper demonstrates the ways in which techniques developed by economists prove to be useful tools to compare emic and etic models of production and how these techniques shed light on long-standing anthropological concerns, including decision-making processes and processes of socioeconomic differentiation.
Circulating thyroid hormone levels in recycled turkey breeder hens during a short day prelighting period and renewal of photosensitivity for egg production

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with yearling turkey hens at the end of their first season of egg laying. The purpose was to examine changes in plasma thyroid hormone levels during recycling and renewal of photosensitivity for egg production. Plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones were determined weekly or biweekly for 8 wk following a change from existing photoperiods of long days (LD) to short days (SD) and during the associated complete renewal (recycling) of photosensitivity for egg production. In both experiments, neither thyroxine (T4) nor triiodothyronine (T3) declined from starting values during the SD exposure but plasma T3 increased significantly from LD controls. There were no significant treatment effects (SD vs. LD) for T4 in either experiment. The increase in T3 was 101 and 145% in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and extended over the 8-wk SD treatment period in a parabolic fashion. The T3/T4 ratio was also significantly increased in the SD treatments of both experiments as compared to LD controls. Plasma concentrations of T3, but not T4, clearly changed during recycling and renewal of photosensitivity for egg production in breeder hens. These results were consistent with a participation of plasma T3 in promoting photosensitivity and diminishing photorefractoriness in turkey hens during SD-induced recycling.
Bioenhancement of soil microorganisms in natural surfactant solutions. III. Effect of hexachlorobenzene

Abstract A plant‐based natural surfactant extracted from fruit pericarps of Sapindus mukorossi was tested to remediate contaminated soils. Natural surfactants are shown to increase the solubility of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) significantly and recover them from soil. Bioenhancement of typical soil microorganisms in natural surfactant solutions under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was investigated in our earlier studies. These surfactant solutions can readily serve as both carbon and energy sources and degrade considerably. In this study, a chlorinated organic, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is used as a model contaminant to study the effect of contaminants on the bioenhancement. HCB at a concentration of 1 mg/l which is about 20 times that of HCB aqueous solubility was used for both aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation experiments were conducted in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and 125 ml serum bottles respectively. HCB at the concentration tested did not affect the growth ...
Order (and Disorder) in Early Colonial Moquegua, Peru

In the viceroyalty of Peru, Spanish authorities imposed several mechanisms to try to establish Christian social order among the colonists and dwindling indigenous populations, two of which were encomienda and reduccion. The implementation of these and other policies and practices is examined using a case study in Moquegua, a colonial periphery in far southern Peru: the encomienda of Cochuna and the reduction site of Torata Alta. Incomplete knowledge of local conditions left the area vulnerable to social and religious disorder: overlapping boundaries, contested jurisdictions, and competing interests. Further historical archaeological consideration of such disorder can illuminate local impacts of colonialism.
Aircraft Noise and the Practice of Indian Medicine: The Symbolic Transformation of the Environment

An epistemological and theoretical framework is developed for use in sociocultural impact assessment (SIA). This framework is based on the necessity of understanding the symbols and meanings by which a group of people transforms the nonhuman environment symbolically into meaningful sociocultural phenomena. The framework is applied to an SIA of the effects on the practice of Indian medicine among a Native American people that would result from low-altitude military aircraft noise. The impacts to Indian patients are very different from the impacts to non-Indian patients of a practicing medicine woman because of the symbols and meanings of medicine to Indian patients. The benefits to be gained from this framework in the practice of SIA are discussed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Dialkyl Carbocyanine Dyes in a DPPC Bilayer: Atomistic Insights Into Single Molecule Fluorescence

Our group uses di-alkyl carbocyanine dyes to detect force-induced membrane perturbation in mechanotransduction studies (Butler et al 2000). These dyes are also used extensively in single molecule spectroscopic techniques to infer dynamics of native membrane lipids. However, the precise distribution and orientation of the dye in a bilayer and how well the dye dynamics mimic native lipid dynamics are not known. Thus we present the results of a 40 nanosecond molecular dynamics simulation of a fully hydrated bilayer containing 0, 2, or 4 molecules of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI-C18) and 128 molecules of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline (DPPC).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Rules is rules.

When I am asked to provide an ethics assessment of a research proposal, one of the self-imposed “rules” I apply is to ask myself after reading the proposal is if I would give consent to be enrolled...
Magnetically enhanced reactive ion etching of submicron silicon trenches

Submicron trench etching of single crystal silicon was studied in a single wafer magnetically enhanced reactive ion etching system. Trenches were etched with both HBr/SiF4/NF3/Iie/02 and HBr/SiF4 etch chemistries. A detailed comparison between the two etch chemistries revealed that acceptable trench profiles could be achieved with either chemistry. The HBr/SiF4/NF3IHeIO2 chemistry was found to be much more selective to the trench hard mask. However it also exhibited a higher density of " black silicon" in large trench areas. Trench profile silicon etch rate and hard mask selectivity were studied as a function of both magnetic field strength and wafer cooling with cooling producing the greater effect. Silicon loading was also found to affect the trench profiles that were obtained with either chemistry. Both of the etch processes exhibited a dependence of silicon etch rate on trench feature size. This dependence was found to become more pronounced as the trench depth increased. Analysis of transmission electron micrograph (TEM) data as well as preliminary electrical results indicate that very little crystal damage occurs with either etch chemistry.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ribozymes: Red in tooth and claw

A population of catalytic RNA molecules has been engineered to operate and evolve in vitro in a continuous manner. The novel continuity of the process allows the propagation of many generations in a very short time and without the manual manipulation necessary with traditional in vitro selection techniques.
A novel QSAR approach for estimating toxicity of phenols.

Abstract Toxicity values (log IGC−1 50) for 60 phenols tested in the 2-d static population growth inhibition assay with the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis were tabulated. Each chemical was selected so the series formed uniform coverage of the hydrophobicity/ionization surface. A high quality hydrophobicity-dependent (log K ow) structure-toxicity relationship (log IGC−1 50 = 0.741 (log Kow) −1.433; n = 17; r2 = 0.970; s = 0.134; F = 486.55; Pr > F = 0.0001) was developed for phenols with pKa values > 9.8. Similarly, separate hydrophobicity-dependent relationships were developed for phenols with pKa values of 4.0, 5.1, 6.3, 7.5, and 8.7. Comparisons of intercepts and slopes, respectively, revealed phenols with pKa values of 6.3 to be the most toxic and the least influenced by hydrophobicity. These relationships were reversed for the more acidic and basic phenols. Plots of toxicity versus pKa for nitro-substituted phenols and phenols with log Kow values of either 1.75 or 2.50 further demonstrated bilinearity...
Optimization and development of a high-performance liquid chromatography-based one-site immunometric assay with chemiluminescence detection

Abstract Various practical and theoretical considerations were examined in the creation and optimization of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based one-site immunometric assay. This method used an HPLC analyte analog column and post-column chemiluminescence detection. The specific analyte chosen as the model for this study was l -thyroxine (also known as T 4 ). In this technique, a sample containing thyroxine was first combined with an excess of anti-T 4 antibody Fab fragments that had earlier been conjugated with chemiluminescent acridinium ester labels. After incubation, the mixture was injected onto a column that contained immobilized T 4 . The amount of thyroxine in the original sample was then determined by measuring the labeled Fab fragments that appeared in the non-retained fraction, or the decrease in excess Fab fragments that were bound to and later eluted from the column. Items considered in creating this assay included the preparation of acridinium ester-labeled Fab fragments, the detection of these fragments with a post-column reactor, and the creation of a suitable immobilized analog column for capturing excess labeled Fab fragments. The final method could measure T 4 in standards at clinically-relevant concentrations and provided a response within 1.5 min of sample injection, following a 20–45 min incubation with the labeled Fab fragments. Possible applications of this method include its use in clinical chemistry and the screening of proteomic or combinatorial libraries.
Discovering My Mother as the Other in the Saturday Evening Post

This article begins by mapping an oral history project on World War II Japanese war brides in which the objective boundaries between the insider and outsider relationships of the interviewer and her subjects not only collapse but give way to a more self-reflexive and collaborative project between the interviewer and her own war bride mother. The final result is one which raises questions about the limits of objectivity in conducting feminist research that is situated close to one’s own home as well as the relationship of women’s silences to speech.
Changes in sperm morphology in normal men treated with danazol and testosterone.

Abstract Thirty-five normal volunteers were administered different combinations of danazol and testosterone. Sperm count and sperm morphology were examined prior to, during and following drug administration. The number of volunteers in each group and drug assignment category appear in Table I. In all groups except the danazol placebo groups, a decrease in sperm counts occurred. The percentage of immature germ cells increased and the percentage of oval spermatozoa decreased. This was most pronounced in groups V (danazol 400 mg qd and testosterone enanthate 200 mg/mo) and VI (danazol 600 mg qd and testosterone enanthate 200 mg/mo). After discontinuation of treatment, the sperm count and the sperm morphology returned to pretreatment values within four months. The most effective treatment for suppression of spermatogenesis was danazol 600 mg daily and testosterone enanthate 200 mg i.m. monthly. When sperm count was suppressed to below 10 × 106/ml, the sperm morphology showed about 70–90 percent immature forms. The appearance of spermatids only, and the absence of earlier germ cells such as spermatocytes and spermatogonia, suggests that danazol acts by inhibiting spermatogenesis at the spermatocyte spermatid level rather than by causing premature sloughing of the germinal epithelium.
c-Jun Downregulation by HDAC3-Dependent Transcriptional Repression Promotes Osmotic Stress-Induced Cell Apoptosis

c-Jun, a major transcription factor in the activating protein 1 (AP-1) family of regulatory proteins, is activated by many physiologic and pathologic stimuli. However, whether c-jun is regulated by epigenetic modification of chromatin structure is not clear. We showed here that c-jun was transcriptionally repressed in response to osmotic stress via a truncated HDAC3 generated by caspase-7-dependent cleavage at aspartic acid 391. The activation of caspase-7, which is independent of cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-12, depends on activation of caspase-8, which in turn requires MEK2 activity and secretion of FAS ligand. The cell apoptosis induced by the truncated HDAC3 or enhanced by c-Jun deficiency during osmotic stress was suppressed by exogenous expression of c-Jun, indicating that the downregulation of c-Jun by HDAC3-dependent transcriptional repression plays a role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis.
Bicycle-related injuries: Injury, hazard, and risk patterns

Abstract This paper provides the results of a U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) study to determine the circumstances involved in bicycle-related injuries treated in U.S. hospital emergency rooms. It also includes information from a CPSC exposure survey of the U.S. population of bicycle users and their patterns of bicycle and helmet use. Together, these data were used to identify and evaluate risk factors currently associated with bicycle use in the United States Risk models identified factors specifically associated with injuries to children and to adults. Children were at particular risk of injury, and appeared to be especially vulnerable to head injury. In addition, the risk of injury for children was significantly increased when riding in non-daylight conditions. For both adults and children, there was a higher risk of injury on streets than in such areas as bike paths or unpaved surfaces. While some problems associated with bicycle assembly, operation, and maintenance were observed, the d...
HLA-DM and HLA-DO, key regulators of MHC-II processing and presentation

Peptide loading of class II MHC molecules in endosomal compartments is regulated by HLA-DM. HLA-DO modulates HLA-DM function, with consequences for the spectrum of MHC-bound epitopes presented at the cell surface for interaction with T cells. Here, we summarize and discuss recent progress in investigating the molecular mechanisms of action of HLA-DM and HLA-DO and in understanding their roles in immune responses. Key findings are the long-awaited structures of HLA-DM in complex with its class II substrate and with HLA-DO, and observation of a novel phenotype--autoimmunity combined with immunodeficiency--in mice lacking HLA-DO. We also highlight several areas where gaps persist in our knowledge about this pair of proteins and their molecular biology and immunobiology.
Magnetic Fields and Helium-D 3 Spectroheliograms

Spectroheliograms, having a resolution approaching 2″, have been obtained which show He-D3 in absorption against the disk. The He-D3 features are compared with the distribution of magnetic fields and with Hα structures. The brightest regions in Hα usually show the strongest D3 absorption. Most Hα dark filaments show some D3 absorption, but the degree of correlation varies from filament to filament. The correlation between BII and He-D3 absorption is rather poor and the He features are much more diffuse than the photospheric magnetic field.
Estimation of parameters in petrologic materials balance equations

A rigorous treatment of the least-squares estimation of the parameters in petrologic materials balance equations is developed to take into account the uncertainties inherent in the chemical analyses. The choice of the optimal estimation procedure for a particular problem is dependent upon the extent of the petrogenetic understanding of the exact nature of the materials balance involved. Some of the complications entailed in obtaining least-squares estimates are illustrated by the examples of magmatic differentiation and metamorphic reactions.
Effects of progressive reduction in coronary blood flow on regional and global left ventricular contraction and relaxation during normal and increased afterload: A roentgen videometric study

The effects of step-wise reduction in left circumflex coronary blood flow on: 1) posteroinferior wall dynamics; 2) normally-perfused anterior wall dynamics; and 3) cavity function were assessed simultaneously by roentgen videometric analysis of left ventricular angiograms in open-chest dogs during normal and increased afterload. At control coronary flow with normal afterload, peak rates of systolic thickening and diastolic thinning of the posteroinferior and anterior walls were similar. Step-wise reduction in circumflex coronary flow resulted in a progressive fall in systolic and diastolic posteroinferior wall dynamics. Increased LV afterload resulted in a decrease in posteroinferior wall dynamics even at control coronary flow, and reduction in flow resulted in even greater deterioration than occurred with normal afterload. The decrease in posteroinferior wall dynamics with reduction in circumflex coronary flow was accompanied by an increase in peak rates of systolic thickening and diastolic thinning of the normally perfused anterior wall. The level of coronary blood flow at which this increase in anterior wall dynamics occurred, varied with LV loading conditions, occurring earlier when afterload was increased. There was no earlier or greater decrease in diastolic than systolic wall dynamics with progressive reduction in coronary flow with either normal or increased afterload. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-diastolic pressure and ejection fraction changed little until coronary blood flow was reduced to 50% of control; by contrast, stroke-work was exquisitely sensitive to changes in coronary flow. There was no correlation between changes in regional and cavity systolic or diastolic function. The delay in onset of LV cavity dysfunction with ischemia may have been partly due to the "compensatory increase" in anterior wall dynamics, counterbalancing the impaired posteroinferior wall dynamics.
Workforce diversity: implications for the effectiveness of health care delivery teams

This paper examines the implications of racial diversity for the self-perceived communication effectiveness of nursing care teams. An RN leads the nursing care team (NCT) and delivers care in collaboration with two or more nonlicensed caregivers. Overlap is intentionally designed into the roles of NCT members and the range of duties the team performs is generally expanded to include functions previously performed by personnel from centralized departments. NCTs are highly reliant on mutual respect and effective communication among team members. Team conflict and miscommunication can be exacerbated by the strong correlation between role on the nursing care team (NCT) and race. Verbatim transcripts of fourteen focus groups from two study hospitals were used to develop a grounded theory of the role that race plays in the self-perceived communication effectiveness of nursing care teams. Two themes that emerged from the focus group discussions constitute the overarching framework within which racially diverse team members evaluate team communication effectiveness: different perspectives and alternative realities. Three additional themes, social isolation, selective perception and stereotypes, that serve as reinforcing factors were also identified, i.e., these factors deepen the conflict and dissatisfaction with team communication that occurs as a natural consequence of the overarching framework of different perspectives and alternative realities. Leadership emerged as a powerful mitigating factor in the model of how race influences the self-perceived communication effectiveness of nursing care teams. Leaders who can transcend racial identity as evidenced by the ability to validate alternative realities and appreciate different perspectives appear to moderate the potential negative effects of racial diversity on team communication processes and strengthen the positive aspects of diversity.
Pulmonary Embolism Averted Trapped Thrombus in Inferior Vena Cava Filters

A 55-year-old morbidly obese male (body mass index 54) underwent placement of a prophylactic inferior vena cava (IVC) filter before a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Preoperative lower extremity venous duplex examination was negative for deep vein thrombosis. He was discharged home on postoperative day 3 after the bariatric procedure and had an uneventful recovery. Approximately 7 weeks later, he underwent an attempt at IVC filter retrieval. A repeat lower extremity venous duplex examination at that time was again negative for deep vein thrombosis. Cavography at the time of attempted retrieval demonstrated thrombus adherent to and trapped in the middle of the IVC filter, with a flow void that extended to the level of the hepatic veins (Figure 1A; online-only Data Supplement Movie IA). The filter retrieval was aborted, …
Intranasal Immunization with Influenza VLPs Incorporating Membrane-Anchored Flagellin Induces Strong Heterosubtypic Protection

We demonstrated previously that the incorporation of a membrane-anchored form of flagellin into influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) improved the immunogenicity of VLPs significantly, inducing partially protective heterosubtypic immunity by intramuscular immunization. Because the efficacy of mucosal vaccination is highly dependent on an adjuvant, and is particularly effective for preventing mucosal infections such as influenza, we determined whether the membrane-anchored flagellin is an efficient adjuvant for VLP vaccines by a mucosal immunization route. We compared the adjuvant effect of membrane-anchored and soluble flagellins for immunization with influenza A/PR8 (H1N1) VLPs by the intranasal route in a mouse model. The results demonstrate that membrane-anchored flagellin is an effective adjuvant for intranasal (IN) immunization, inducing enhanced systemic and mucosal antibody responses. High cellular responses were also observed as shown by cytokine production in splenocyte cultures when stimulated with viral antigens. All mice immunized with flagellin-containing VLPs survived challenge with a high lethal dose of homologous virus as well as a high dose heterosubtypic virus challenge (40 LD50 of A/Philippines/82, H3N2). In contrast, no protection was observed with a standard HA/M1 VLP group upon heterosubtypic challenge. Soluble flagellin exhibited a moderate adjuvant effect when co-administered with VLPs by the mucosal route, as indicated by enhanced systemic and mucosal responses and partial heterosubtypic protection. The membrane-anchored form of flagellin incorporated together with antigen into influenza VLPs is effective as an adjuvant by the mucosal route and unlike standard VLPs, immunization with such chimeric VLPs elicits protective immunity to challenge with a distantly related influenza A virus.
Alterations in the transfer RNA population of hepatoma 9618A as compared with normal rat liver

Abstract Aminoacyl-tRNAs from hepatoma 9618A were compared with the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNAs from normal rat liver using reversed phase cochromatography. The hepatoma exhibited two more Lys-tRNA species and one more Phe-tRNA species than did rat liver. These species appeared to be due to new or altered species of tRNA.
The tick/volatility ratio as a determinant of the compass rose pattern

This study provides evidence that low frequency data masks certain returns phenomena in the foreign exchange (forex) market. It is shown that the compass rose pattern is entirely absent in daily returns in the spot and futures forex markets. In contrast, the intraday returns, especially those for holding periods of less than an hour, clearly exhibit the pattern. Monte Carlo investigation of the tick/volatility ratio provides convincing evidence that the pattern appears only if the tick/volatility ratio is above some threshold level. Since intraday returns have a ratio above the threshold value, they exhibit the pattern. On the other hand, the absence of the pattern in daily returns is due to the fact that the spot and futures currency returns examined have a ratio much smaller than the threshold value. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the tick/volatility ratio is a determinant of the compass rose pattern. The economic implications of this pattern are discussed.
Oxygen K-edge extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure studies of molecules containing oxygen and carbon atoms.

The absorption spectra of a group of selected molecules containing O---C bonds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, acetone, ethanol, diethylether, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane, have been recorded in a transmission mode in the energy region from 500 to 1000 eV. Earlier observation of extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) in some of these molecules is confirmed. A systematic analysis of the EXAFS spectra is performed. The results in both phase and amplitude show disagreement with the single-electron single-scattering theory with plane-wave approximation. The measured phase is systematically lower than the theory of Teo and Lee [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 2815 (1979)] by about 0.7--1.5 rad, which may be significant in determining interatomic distances. The EXAFS amplitude function in the molecules containing oxygen-carbon single bonds also shows an appreciable deviation (decrease) in the first-neighbor backscattering from that predicted by theory and an increase in the second-neighbor backscattering at high-k values.
Universal scaling of the C–G distribution of genes

Using our previous result that the C--G distribution in genomes is very broad, varying as a power law of the size of the block of genome considered, we examine the C--G distribution in genes themselves. We show that the widths of the C--G distributions for the genes of several simple organisms also vary as power laws. This suggests that the power law behavior gives a universal scaling whereby the distributions for the C--G content of the genes from all species are mapped onto a single function.
A method for rapid tailoring of the intraatrial baffle in transposition of the great vessels.

Abstract Numerous reports have described successful use of the Brom "trouser-shaped" baffle in the Mustard procedure. A simple technique to fashion the baffle accurately by use of a prefashioned template is described.
Appearance of calcification centers in the femoral head of the hypophysectomized rat.

In Wistar rats, calcified centers normally appeared in the epiphyseal cartilage of the femoral heads by 21 days of age, but ossification centers were not observed until the animals were at least 6 weeks old. The effects of hypophysectomy, performed when the rats were 13 days old, and estradiol, 5 μg per g body weight injected subcutaneously on the day of birth and subsequently every second day, were investigated. All animals were sacrificed when 21 days old and the development of calcified centers examined radiographically and histologically. At this time there were fewer calcified centers in the femoral heads of the hypophysectomized rats than in those of the control animals, but there was no significant difference between the number of calcified centers in the estradiol-treated hypophysectomized rats and the controls. Estradiol-injected rats developed calcified centers at a nearlier stage than hypophysectomized rats receiving estradiol injection. These findings are interpreted to show that hypophysectomy produces the opposite effect to estradiol treatment on the development of calcified centers in the femoral heads of rats.
Molybdate and Tungstate Doped Porous Carbons as Hydrogen Peroxide Activation Catalysts for Sulfide Oxidations

Molybdenum and tungsten compounds activate hydrogen peroxide in homogeneous solution to oxidize a variety of substrates including organic sulfides. MoO{sub 4}{sup 2-} is also a remarkable nucleophile with a second-order rate constant 35 times that of phosphate for the hydrolysis of p-nitro-phenylacetate in spite of phosphate having a 1000-fold larger basicity. This research demonstrates that absorbent carbons, pore filled with molybdate and tungstate ions, are very effective catalysts for the oxidation of sulfides with 30% aqueous H{sub 2}O{sub 2}. The novel feature of these catalysts is that they carry out oxidations under basic conditions where G-agents would also undergo catalyzed hydrolysis.
Superfilling When Adsorbed Accelerators Are Mobile

Bottom-up superconformal feature filling during electrodeposition, called "superfilling," that is used for industrial processing of damascene copper interconnects has also been demonstrated during electrodeposition of silver and gold. The curvature enhanced accelerator coverage (CEAC) mechanism has been proposed to underlie all three processes and has been used to quantitatively predict observed filling of patterned features. The key feature of the CEAC mechanism is redistribution of adsorbed additives through changes of local surface area as dictated by mass conservation and the relative strengths of adsorption. Previous studies of CEAC-mediated superfilling have neglected adsorbate diffusion along the surface that might arise during deposition due to the CEAC-induced gradients in surface coverage. This paper extends the CEAC model to include such diffusion, applying the resulting formulation to understand differences in the geometries of experimental superfilling systems.
Performance of colour‐deficient people on the Holmes–Wright lantern (type A): consistency of occupational colour vision standards in aviation

Introduction: The Holmes–Wright lantern type A (H-W A) is an occupational colour vision test used by the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and approved by Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) to select aircrew. Pass, to obtain a CAA Class 1 Aviation medical certificate, can be achieved at three stages of the examination. The Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) recommends that the Falant pass criteria are used with all approved lanterns. A pass to obtain CIE Colour Vision Standard 2 can be achieved at two stages of the examination. This study examines the consistency of these pass criteria. Methods: One hundred and twenty-five men with red–green colour deficiency were examined. All subjects completed three runs of the nine colour pairs shown on the H-W A at high brightness, in photopic and scotopic viewing. Results: Ten of 78 deuteranomalous trichromats examined passed to obtain a CAA Class 1 Aviation medical certificate at the first stage of the examination but only two of these subjects were successful at all three stages. Seventeen deuteranomalous trichromats passed to obtain CIE Colour Vision Standard 2 in photopic viewing and 20 subjects (one protanope and 19 deuteranomalous trichromats) passed in scotopic viewing. Only 50% of subjects who passed at the first stage of the examination were also successful at the second stage in either viewing condition. Ten deuteranomalous trichromats passed to obtain CIE Colour Vision Standard 2 in both photopic and scotopic viewing. Forty-three per cent of subjects made red–green errors and 79% made red–white errors at some stage of the examination. Conclusions: The staged pass criteria used by the CAA and the CIE lack internal consistency when applied to the H-W A. Colour-deficient people who pass to a standard at the first stage of the examination are unlikely to be successful if the examination is continued. The staged pass criteria do not identify individuals with superior colour discrimination ability and it is difficult to justify selection of personnel for high risk occupations in aviation on this basis.
Light-dependent predation by the invertebrate planktivore Bythotrephes longimanus

We evaluated predation by the invasive invertebrate planktivore Bythotrephes longimanus on a Lake Michigan prey assemblage as a function of light intensity. Daphnia mendotae was the only prey type significantly reduced and light intensity strongly affected this reduction. Specifically, Bythotrephes consumption of D. mendotae was not detected under low light intensity ( 100 mmolm -2 � s -1 ) at which point Bythotrephes ingestion rate was 2.3 Daphnia per hour. These results indicate that By- thotrephes predation is more sensitive to light than previously thought, a discrepancy that can be explained after consider- ing the ability of D. mendotae to detect Bythotrephes' hydromechanic disturbance. The observed effect of light intensity on Bythotrephes predation is more like that of planktivorous fish than that of other previously studied invertebrate plankti- vores. Our findings elucidate the role that Bythotrephes plays in the food web and provide a novel explanation for its ten- dency to invade lakes of high water clarity. The importance of light-dependent predation found here may extend to other visually oriented predatory cladocerans. Resume´ : Nous evaluons la predation par l'invertebreenvahissant planctonophage Bythotrephes longimanus sur un ensem- ble de proies du lac Michigan en fonction de l'intensitelumineuse. Daphnia mendotae est le seul type de proie asubir une reduction significative et l'intensitelumineuse affecte fortement cette reduction. En particulier, on ne decele pas de con- sommation de D. mendotae par Bythotrephes aux faibles intensites lumineuses ( 100 mmolm -2 � s -1 )e t ace point, le taux d'ingestion de Bythotrephes est de 2,3 Daphnia par heure. Ces resultats indiquent que la predation de Bythotrephes est plus sensible ala lumiere qu'on ne le croyait anterieurement, un ecart qui peut s'expliquer si l'on tient compte de la capacitede D. mendotae adetecter la perturbation hydraulique causee par Bythotrephes. L'effet de l'intensitelumineuse observesur la predation chez Bythotrephes ressemble plus acelui qui se produit chez les poissons planctonophages que chez les autres invertebres planctonophages etudies. Nos observations mettent en lumiere le role joue ´ par Bythotrephes dans le reseau alimentaire et apportent une explication inedite ala tendance qu'a Bythotrephes aenvahir les lacs aeau tres claire. L'importance de la predation dependante de la lumiere s'applique peut-etre aussi ad'autres cla- doceres predateurs aorientation visuelle. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Effect on striatal dopamine metabolism and differential motor behavioral tolerance following chronic cholinesterase inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate

Rats were treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), using 1 or 2 mg/kg acutely, or with 1 mg/kg daily for 4, 14 or 28 days. Their behaviors and striatal dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels were studied. The behaviors: tremors, chewing-movements and hind-limb abduction induced by DFP increased in a steeply dose-dependent manner. Chronic treatment for up to 28 days produced biphasic patterns of change for all the behavioral parameters. Tremor occurred in a complex spectrum of slow to intense fast types. Except for chewing, tolerance developed for these parameters, but at different rates. After acute treatment striatal DA and DOPAC levels were altered and the DOPAC/DA ratios were consistently increased within about the first two hr, suggesting an increased turnover of DA. After chronic treatment for 4 and 14 but not 28 days, both DA and DOPAC levels were decreased without a change in their ratios. It is suggested that the changes in DA metabolism arose secondarily to an elevation of brain acetylcholine following cholinesterase inhibition. A prolonged change in the levels or turnover of DA could be responsible for increase of postsynaptic DA receptor density previously found by us [36], which might then partly mediate the behavioral tolerance to DFP.
Escape probability of Martian atmospheric ions: Controlling effects of the electromagnetic fields

[1] This study quantifies several factors controlling the probability of a pickup oxygen ion to escape from the Mars upper atmosphere. It is commonly presumed that ions with sufficient kinetic energy are able to escape to space. To test the validity of this simple assumption, we examined results from our Monte Carlo model, which monitors the motion of billions of test particles due to gravity and the Lorentz force through the electromagnetic fields of a magnetohydrodynamic model solution. It is shown that the electromagnetic fields are the dominant factor, surpassing the deceleration of gravity, in controlling ion transport and thus determine whether particles ultimately escape Mars or return to the planet. The particle kinetic energy and the local time of the crustal fields are also important factors greatly influencing the escape probability. In a simulation case in which the strongest crustal fields face the Sun at nominal solar minimum conditions, on average, only 45% of isotropically distributed newborn particles at ∼400 km altitude are able to escape, even with a sufficiently high initial energy of ∼10 eV. Furthermore, there is a distinct hemispheric asymmetry in the escape probability distribution, as defined by the upstream convection electric field direction (Esw). In the above case, the particles produced in the −Esw hemisphere have a much smaller chance to escape, on average, about 17%. These findings imply that one has to be careful when using satellite periapsis measurements to estimate atmospheric loss, where ion densities are high but escape chances may be very low.
Enuresis Incidence and pertinence of genitourinary disease in healthy enuretic children

Abstract Of 200 children (three to fifteen years old) with a history of persistent nocturnal enuresis, 154 with persistent diurnal symptoms and suspected genitourinary disease were treated endoscopically, and 46 asymptomatic enuretics received imipramine. Prior to drug therapy 21 patients in the latter group had been treated unsuccessfully with endoscopic procedures. Excluding 6 lost to follow-up, endoscopic techniques cured or significantly reduced bedwetting in 76 per cent and provided relief of diurnal urinary symptoms in 86 per cent of the 148 patients. In the asymptomatic group, excluding 4 lost to follow-up, enuresis was successfully managed by imipramine in 79 per cent of the 42 patients. Side effects occurred in only 2 patients in the imipramine group. Study results are analyzed and correlated with opposing theories of causality in enuresis.
The hispanic writings of C. Wright Mills: A study in social psychology

The purpose of this article is to conduct a social-psychological analysis of C. Wright Mills and his “Hispanic writings.” I demonstrate how Mills's social-psychological theoretical framework, as articulated in Character and Social Structure, is attendant in his comments on Latinos and Latin America—a population and geopolitical region for which he seemed to have a compelling if somewhat distant fascination. I conclude with a synopsis and appraisal of: (1) Mills's personal perceptions of Latinos; (2) the social structural factors that impacted on the four Latino groups, and (3) the personality traits of Latinos as Mills saw them.
Cholinergic phenotype developed by noradrenergic sympathetic neurons after innervation of a novel cholinergic target in vivo.

Mammalian sympathetic neurons in vivo may express either a noradrenergic or cholinergic phenotype. In view of the opposing effect of noradrenaline and acetv Icholine on most autonomic target organs, the target-appropriate expression of neurotransmitter is critical. We have examined the maturation of the sympathetic innervation of rat sweat glands to define the developmental mechanisms regulating neurotransmitter choice in vivo1–5. Eccrine sweat glands and their sympathetic innervation develop together post-natally in the rat. Early postnatal innervation expresses only noradrenergic properties, but as the glands and their innervation mature, noradrenergic properties decrease dramatically and cholinergic features appear in the same population of neurons. To investigate the role of the sweat gland in this change we have used a transplantation paradigm which allows sweat glands to be innervated by sympathetic neurons that would normally innervate noradrenergic target organs and remain noradrenergic throughout life. We observe that the sympathetic neurons that innervate the novel cholinergic target alter their neurotransmitter properties and develop a cholinergic phenotype. These results indicate that target organs are able to induce appropriate neurotransmitter traits in the neurons that innervate them.
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Visceral Adipose Tissue

Overweight and obesity are associated with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. In a national survey of nearly 200 000 adults, the prevalence of hypertension was 28% among adults who were overweight compared with only 16% among normal-weight adults. Other epidemiologic studies have also clearly established the association of increases in body mass index with an increase in the age-adjusted relative risk for the development of type 2 diabetes in both men and women. In men, the relative risk of diabetes has more than doubled in overweight individuals whose body mass index is 25 compared with lean individuals with a body mass index of <23. The risk rises exponentially as body mass index increases: risk is increased 12-fold in obese men with a body mass index of 31 and 42-fold in severely obese men with a body mass index greater than or equal to 35. Even more precipitous increases in the risk of diabetes with increases in body mass index are seen in women. In the Nurses' Health Study, relative risk rose about 8-fold in women with a body mass index of 25 compared with women whose body mass index was less than 22. The risk quintupled to about 40-fold in women with a body mass index of 31. In severely obese women, the relative risk of type 2 diabetes was 93-fold greater than in lean women.
Recombinant Human MFG-E8 Attenuates Intestinal Injury and Mortality in Severe Whole Body Irradiation in Rats

The gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome component of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) results from depletion of immature parenchymal stem cells after high dose irradiation and contributes significantly to early mortality. It is associated with severe, irreparable damage in the GI tract and extremely low survival. There is a need for the development of viable mitigators of whole body irradiation (WBI) due to the possibility of unexpected high level radiation exposure from nuclear accidents or attacks. We therefore examined the effect of recombinant human milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (rhMFG-E8) in mitigating damage after WBI. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10 Gy WBI using Cesium-137 as the radiation source. The animals in the treatment group received rhMFG-E8 (166 µg/kg BW) subcutaneously once a day with the first dose given 6 h after WBI. Blood and tissue samples from the ileum were collected after 3 days of treatment. A separate cohort of animals was treated for 7 days and the 21 day mortality rate was determined. Treatment with rhMFG-E8 significantly improved the survival from 31% to 75% over 21 days. Furthermore, rhMFG-E8 treatment resulted in a 36% reduction in the radiation injury intestinal mucosal damage score, corresponding to visible histological changes. MFG-E8 gene expression was significantly decreased in WBI-induced animals as compared to sham controls. Treatment with rhMFG-E8 increased p53 and p21 expression by 207% and 84% compared to untreated controls. This was accompanied by an 80% increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic cell regulator Bcl-2. p53 and p21 levels correlate with improved survival after radiation injury. These cell regulators arrest the cell after DNA damage and enable DNA repair as well as optimize cell survival. Taken together, these results indicate that rhMFG-E8 ameliorates the GI syndrome and improves survival after WBI by minimizing intestinal cell damage and optimizing recovery.
Structural Safety Control and Stochastic Aspects

Recently, increasing interest has been shown in structural safety design using active and hybrid control systems. This interest is driven by the rapid development of intelligent control systems, advanced sensor technology, signal processing, and successful applications in the control of large flexible space structures.