cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presentation of the Morris F. Collen award to Jean-Raoul Scherrer, MD.

The American College of Medical Informatics is an honorary society established to recognize those who have made sustained contributions to the field. Its highest award, for lifetime achievement and contributions to the discipline of medical informatics, is the Morris F. Collen Award. Dr. Collen's own efforts as a pioneer in the field stand as the embodiment of creativity, intellectual rigor, perseverance, and personal integrity. At most once a year, the College gives its highest recognition to those whose attainments have, throughout their careers, substantially advanced the science and art of medical informatics. In 2000, the College was proud to present the Collen Award to Professor Jean-Raoul Scherrer. It is especially appropriate that we draw attention to the work of a distinguished European informatician, because ideas in Europe are somewhat different from ours and complementary. In the early days of the field, a lot of experiments were really essential, and Professor Scherrer was one of the pioneers. Jean-Rauol Scherrer was born in the Canton of Jura, Switzerland, in October 1932 but has lived most of his life in Geneva, Switzerland. He went to college in Fribourg, at a Jesuit School called College of Saint Michel, and followed the classical pathway—ancient Greek, Latin, and strong mathematics studies. In 1959, he graduated from the Medical School of the University of Geneva, where he studied physiology and internal medicine. Professor Scherrer: My first interest was to become a writer. Since I was not particularly convinced I was right, because I was too young, I decided to visit a famous author who was living quite close to where I was. And I asked him the question. And he said, “Well, as I see you, I would recommend that you become a doctor instead of becoming a writer.” So, I did it! From 1967 until 1969, …
Approximate reachability with combined symbolic and ternary simulation

Logic synthesis and formal verification both rely on scalable reachable state characterization for numerous purposes. One popular technique is over-approximate reachability analysis using an iterative ternary simulation. This method trades precision of reachability characterization for a high degree of computational efficiency. Although effective on many industrial designs, it breaks down when the design has registers that have complex initial states or has extremely deep deterministic subcircuits. In this paper, we improve upon the precision of ternary simulation-based approximate reachability while retaining its scalability by representing certain variables as symbols vs. unknowns, and by selectively saturating subcircuits which would otherwise preclude convergence. These techniques are particularly beneficial for enhancing the scalability of industrial sequential equivalence checking problems, occasionally solving such problems outright with no need for more costly and precise analysis.
A Novel Extracellular Calcium Sensing Mechanism in Voltage-Gated Potassium Ion Channels

Potassium (K(+)) channels influence neurotransmitter release, burst firing rate activity, pacing, and critical dampening of neuronal circuits. Internal and external factors that further modify K(+) channel function permit fine-tuning of neuronal circuits. Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) K(+) channels are unusually sensitive to external calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](o)). Small changes in [Ca(2+)](o) shift the voltage dependence of channel activation to more positive membrane potentials, an effect that cannot be explained by nonspecific surface charge screening or channel pore block. The HERG-calcium concentration-response relationship spans the physiological range for [Ca(2+)](o). The modulatory actions of calcium are attributable to differences in the Ca(2+) affinity between rested and activated channels. Adjacent extracellular, negatively charged amino acids (E518 and E519) near the S4 voltage sensor influence both channel gating and Ca(2+) dependence. Neutralization of these charges had distinct effects on channel gating and calcium sensitivity. A change in the degree of energetic coupling between these amino acids on transition from closed to activated channel states reveals movement in this region during channel gating and defines a molecular mechanism for protein state-dependent ligand interactions. The results suggest a novel extracellular [Ca(2+)](o) sensing mechanism coupled to allosteric changes in channel gating and a mechanism for fine-tuning cell repolarization.
The optical absorption and luminescence bands near 2 eV in irradiated and drawn synthetic silica

Abstract The annealing behaviors of the 2 eV optical absorption and luminescence and of the various paramagnetic defect centers (E′, O2− and nonbridging oxygen hole center [HBOHC]) in irradiated synthetic silica rods and unirradiated drawn fibers have been measured. Good agreement was found between the intensities of the 2 eV absorption and luminescence bands and the sum of the intensities of the hole traps in irradiated Suprasil W, suggesting that the optical transitions in this low OH material might be due to a nonparamagnetic electron trap. However, in Suprasil equally good correlations were observed between the absorption and luminescence and the NBOHC intensity for anneal temperatures above 100°C, consistent with the postulate that the 2 eV bands in high OH silica are principally due to the NBOHC. Although the ESR spectrum attributable to NBOHCs was observed for the first time in as-drawn low OH silica fibers, preliminary estimates of oscillator strength support the suggestion that the drawing-induced 2 eV absorption is nonetheless due to the nonparamagnetic electron trap.
Inflammatory cytokines in acute renal failure

Inflammatory cytokines in acute renal failure. A growing body of evidence indicates that inflammatory mechanisms contribute to toxin-induced acute renal failure as well as ischemia/reperfusion injury. A role for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in mediating the inflammatory injury in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure has recently been established. Cisplatin induces the expression of TNF-α and TNF receptor subtype 2 (TNFR2) within the kidney. Genetic deletion of either TNF-α or TNFR2 substantially reduces cisplatin-induced renal failure and also necrosis and apoptosis within the kidney. Studies will be required to determine if pharmacologic inhibition of TNF-α might reduce cisplatin-induced renal failure in humans.
Combined ICRS insertion and LASIK to maximize postoperative residual bed thickness in high myopia.

Abstract Purpose: To describe a new technique and early outcomes of combined intrastromal corneal ring segment (ICRS) insertion and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to treat patients with moderate to high myopia and thin corneas. Setting: University-based academic practice, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Methods: Combined ICRS insertion and LASIK was performed in 2 stages: ICRS channel formation (stage I) followed by LASIK and ICRS insertion (stage II). Results: Fifteen eyes of 11 patients with a mean preoperative spherical equivalent of −9.98 diopters (D) ± 2.60 (SD) (range −7.13 to −16.25 D) and mean preoperative astigmatism of 1.11 ± 0.75 D (range 0.00 to −3.00 D) were treated with combined ICRS insertion and LASIK. The mean central pachymetry was 526.13 ± 35.69 μm (472 to 579 μm). The uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 7 of 15 eyes (46.67%) at 1 month, 6 of 12 eyes (50.00%) at 3 months, 5 of 12 eyes (41.67%) at 6 months, and 6 of 12 eyes (50.00%) at 12 months. The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better at all times. Postoperative maps confirmed the absence of ectasia. The postoperative spherical equivalent was within ±1.00 D of the intended refraction in 11 of 15 eyes (73.33%) at 1 month, 9 of 12 eyes at 3 and 6 months, and 8 of 12 eyes (66.67%) at 12 months. Conclusions: Results of combined ICRS insertion and LASIK in moderately to highly myopic patients with relatively thin corneas were good. Long-term studies are needed to determine whether this procedure will decrease the risk of LASIK-induced keratectasia in these patients.
Measurements of Convective and Radiative Heat Transfer in Small Mammals

The coefficient of convection and the effective surface area for the emission and absorption of thermal radiation are two physical characteristics of an organism that must be quantified before the energy budget of that organism can be calculated. These two parameters were measured by using internally heated, pelt-covered metal casts of four species of western chipmunks ( Eutamias alpinus, E. speciosus, E. amoenus , and E. minimus ). The casts were suspended in a vacuum and the effective radiating surface area (Aee) was calculated from the wattage necessary to maintain a constant cast radiating surface temperature ( Tr ), Tr , and chamber surface temperature. The casts were placed in a wind tunnel and the coefficients of convection at different wind speeds were calculated from Tr , wattage necessary to maintain that Tr, air temperature, tunnel wall temperature, and total cast surface area.
Variational methods, bounds and size effects for two-phase composites with coupled heat and mass transport processes at the two-phase interface

Abstract New variational principles are developed for the effective heat conductivity tensor of anisotropic two-phase composites in the presence of coupled mass and heat transport processes at the two-phase interface. We focus on physical situations where an imposed temperature gradient causes impurities or lattice defects to concentrate on the two-phase interface and diffuse along it. This is accompanied by the release and absorption of heat as the impurities, respectively, enter or leave the interface. We investigate the effect of the inclusion geometry on the overall thermal conductivity. For randomly distributed inclusions new size effects are given in terms of the inclusion size distribution and nearest neighbor distribution function for the included phase.
A bootstrap approximation to the joint distribution of sum and maximum of a stationary sequence

This paper establishes the asymptotic validity for the moving block bootstrap as an approximation to the joint distribution of the sum and the maximum of a stationary sequence. An application is made to statistical inference for a positive time series where an extreme value statistic and sample mean provide the maximum likelihood estimates for the model parameters. A simulation study illustrates small sample size behavior of the bootstrap approximation.
Conserved rhodopsin intradiscal structural motifs mediate stabilization: effects of zinc.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a neurodegenerative disorder, can arise from single point mutations in rhodopsin, leading to a cascade of protein instability, misfolding, aggregation, rod cell death, retinal degeneration, and ultimately blindness. Divalent cations, such as zinc and copper, have allosteric effects on misfolded aggregates of comparable neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease, prion diseases, and ALS. We report that two structurally conserved low-affinity zinc coordination motifs, located among a cluster of RP mutations in the intradiscal loop region, mediate dose-dependent rhodopsin destabilization. Disruption of native interactions involving histidines 100 and 195, through site-directed mutagenesis or exogenous zinc coordination, results in significant loss of receptor stability. Furthermore, chelation with EDTA stabilizes the structure of both wild-type rhodopsin and the most prevalent rhodopsin RP mutation, P23H. These interactions suggest that homeostatic regulation of trace ...
Oral discussions on session: “Energy Storage and Distributed generation” - Part II

This paper contains the second part of the transcribed oral discussions of Session “Energy Storage and Distributed generation” of the 2013 IREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control, held on Friday morning, August 30, 2013. Papers [1]–[5] were presented.
Identification of sialic acid at the nerve ending periphery and electrophoretic mobility of isolated synaptosomes.

Abstract The electrophoretic mobilities of synaptosomal particles isolated from guinea pig cerebral cortex were measured before and after treatment with neuraminidase. The electrophoretic mobility at 25 ± 0.1 °C of guinea pig cerebral cortex synaptosomes in saline-sorbitol, pH 7.2 ± 0.1, was −1.860 ± 0.006 μm/sec/volt/cm. Release of sialic acid increased in proportion to addition of neuraminidase (0.7 units/mg) during incubation. The release of sialic acid was essentially linear with time to 30 min at 37 °C. Five μg neuraminidase per mg synaptosomal protein released 0.84 nmoles sialic acid per mg synaptosomal protein at 37 °C for 30 min. This treatment with neuraminidase lowered the electrophoretic mobility of the isolated synaptosome to −1.492 ± 0.005 μm/sec/V/cm.
Thermolysis of acetylene terminated sulfone resins. I. Volatile products of degradation

Abstract Acetylene terminated sulfone (ATS) resin fractions and related model polymers have been pyrolysed to 1000°C under high vacuum conditions. Thermal volatilization analysis (TVA) experiments were performed to provide a semi-quantitative kinetic analysis of degradation processes which produce volatile by-products. Application of sub-ambient thermal volatilization analysis (SATVA) in conjunction with ancillary techniques of analysis allowed quantitative measure of the condensable volatile product distribution as a function of pyrolysis temperature. The noncondensable volatile products of degradation were determined by the technique of adsorption thermal volatilization analysis (ATVA) used in conjunction with quantitative gas phase infrared spectroscopy. Four overlapping volatile forming processes were identified and characterized through their product distributions. The yields of noncondensable products of degradation and the char yield increased with the crosslink density. In contrast, the yields of condensable volatile products remained insensitive to crosslink density.
On the isocline methods for analyzing prey-predator interactions

Abstract The concept of “isoclines” as a tool to understand the interaction between a prey and a predator is here refined and expanded. The assumptions necessary for using isoclines as a tool for determining the dynamical equations governing a prey-predator system are explicitly given. Two sets of experimental data, on basically the same prey-predator system, are analyzed in full for the isoclines. The isoclines corresponding to the more recent data are used to generate a set of dynamical equations, which belong to a general class describing prey-predator systems. It is shown that the isocline method can also be used to detect time-lags in a prey-predator system.
A niobium(V) complex with mixed O,S-donor ligands. Synthesis, structure and properties of the anion tris(2-mercapto-4-methylphenolato)niobate(V)

Abstract Reaction of Nb(OEt)5 with 2-mercapto-4-methylphenol (mmpH2) in the presence of triethylamine gave the mononuclear tris complex (Et3NH)[Nb(mmp)3] which was structurally characterized. The coordination geometry around the niobium is between octahedral and trigonal prismatic, with a twist angle of 41.5°. The mercaptophenolate ligands are arranged around the metal in a “propeller” fashion. (Et3NH)[Nb(mmp)3] was characterized by IR, 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, and cyclic voltammetry. A reversible reduction wave found at −1.03 V is for reduction to the NbIV complex.
Where is the Fossil Evidence for Gondwanan Crayfish

Abstract Crayfish body- and ichnofossils recently reported from Lower Permian and Lower Triassic strata of Antarctica have been reinterpreted to be the body fossils of euthycarcinoid arthropods and the burrows of small- to large-sized therapsids (mammal-like reptiles). The earliest fossil evidence of crayfish presence and activity in continental deposits is still from the Laurasian continents of Pangea. This evidence is in the form of body fossils and burrows from the Upper Triassic and burrows from the Lower Permian of the American southwest. For that matter, nearly all ichno- and body fossils have been described from Laurasian rocks with the exception of the occurrence of an isolated claw of a parastacid crayfish from Paleogene deposits in Queensland, Australia. Where is all the fossil evidence for Gondwanan crayfish? There is a rich extant diversity of parastacid crayfish in Australia, and they are dispersed between other Gondwanan continents, with the exception of Africa and Antarctica. Paleontological and ichnological evidence, when taken into consideration with paleogeographic reconstructions, indicates that they originated early, during, or slightly after the formation of Pangea. Thus, at the very least, there should be trace and body fossil evidence in Australia indicating the long evolutionary history of the parastacids. Evidence for ancient Gondwanan crayfish in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems should occur in rocks of similar ages to those in North America where ichno- and body fossils have been identified.
D-C Cleanup in Insulating Oils

Three unusual types of behavior of insulating oils have been subjected to a series of experiments which indicate that all 3 are closely related. These types of behavior are the reduction of conductivity and a-c dielectric loss following a sustained application of continuous potential (called ``d-c cleanup''), the current-time relation under continuous potential and the unequal potential distribution under continuous stress due to the accumulation of space charges toward the electrodes. Theories regarding a common cause of these different types of behavior are drawn from the experiments.
Optoacoustic elastography for tissue biomechanical property characterization using a ring transducer

Elastography, capable of quantitatively providing the biomechanical properties of tissue, plays a key role in clinical diagnosis, such as cancerous tumor detection and atherosclerotic plaque characterization. Phase-resolved optical coherence elastography (PR-OCE) possesses superior resolution and high imaging speed with the capability of providing point-by-point elastogram mapping. An acoustic radiation force (ARF), generated by high-intensity ultrasound bursts, offers the dynamic excitations with the benefits of directly and remotely inducing the localized displacement of tissue within the region of interest. An amplitude modulated (AM) acoustic wave can be used to generate pressure to harmonically vibrate the tissue. In this work, we successfully differentiate biological tissues with different biomechanical properties utilizing a ring transducer with AM beam geometry in a PR-OCE system, which demonstrates the feasibility and superiority to move this imaging system into clinical application.
Branching out: a new idea for dendritic function. Focus on "Coincidence detection in pyramidal neurons is tuned by their dendritic branching pattern".

For decades, neuroscientists have marveled at the complexity and intricacy of dendritic trees and pondered their function. At first, it was proposed that dendrites served as a way to increase the surface area of a neuron, allowing it to receive more synaptic inputs. Later, with the emergence of
Retroactive inhibition of preexperimentally established associations through 24 hours

In replication and extension of a prior experiment, both male and female undergraduates provided “B” associations to “A” words with primaries of high-and low-frequency by Palermo and Jenkins’s norms. This AB pretest was followed by 10 trials of acquisition of AC or DC associations. In an AB posttest with A words again alone, more C words and fewer pretest-posttest agreements of B responses occurred after acquisition of AC than of DC associations. These differences obtained in two trials immediately after acquisition and in a third trial that was administered either immediately or 24 h after the first two trials. RI of preexperimentally established associations extends through 24 h.
Transition-Metal Pseudopotentials

The pseudopotential method is reformulated and directly generalized to transition metals. The Schr\"odinger equation, in the self-consistent field approximation, is transformed without approximation into a transition-metal pseudopotential equation. The usual simple-metal pseudopotential appears in a modified form, but is nevertheless weak. An additional term appears which plays a role akin to $s\ensuremath{-}d$ hybridization. Eigenstates and eigenvalues are then sought in a perturbation expansion in the pseudopotential and hybridization terms. It is possible, as with simple-metal pseudopotentials, to sum over states to obtain both the screening field and the total energy, though this summation is simple only when we neglect the partial filling or partial emptying of $d$ bands. This is appropriate for the noble metals, the alkaline earths, and perhaps some transition metals between. For such cases there exists a pseudopotential form factor, just as in the simple metals, and an energy-wave-number characteristic from which a two-body central-force interaction may be derived. The form factor is evaluated for copper (using a semilocal approximation); it yields a good estimate of the $s\ensuremath{-}p$ gap at $L$ and of the resistivity of liquid copper.
Phycobilisome-photosystem II association in Synechococcus 6301 (Cyanophyceae)

Abstract In the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301 two photosystem II complexes compete for excitation energy from the same phycobilisome in a statistical pigment bed organization of the light-harvesting antenna. Incubation of intact cells at 0°C causes reversible dissociation of one photosystem II complex from the phycobilisome. Allophycocyanin-B is proposed to link the two core-cylinders of the phycobilisome in the excitation energy transfer pathway.
Studies begin on Armenian quake

Scientists investigating the recent earthquake near Leninakan in Soviet Armenia have begun to come up with information that may help them understand the threat of future disasters in the region, one of the world's most seismically active and densely settled. One earthquake engineer has concluded that the seismic history of the area was a factor in the earthquakes's large death toll. 25,000 bodies have been recovered, and many more people may have been killed. The main shock was felt in northern Armenia for about half a minute at 11:41 AM local time. Current calculations from the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Boulder, Colo., show that the surface-wave magnitude was 6.8. The epicenter was located at 40.94°N, 44.29°E, about 100 km northwest of Yerevan, Soviet Armenia's capital. Four minutes later a magnitude 5.8 aftershock hit the same area and hundreds of tremors have continued to shake the area. James Dewey of NEIC said the forms of seismic waves produced by the main shock suggest “that the earthquake was a multiple source event.”
The lo sulfur torus in 1981

A Fabry-Perot spectrometer was used to obtain images of the Io torus in emission lines of S II (wavelength 6716 and 6731) and S III (wavelength 9531) in February and March 1981, on the 2.1 meter telescope at KPNO. The S II and S III images showed a large variation in brightness and radial extent. There is an indication the S II and S III emissions in the warm torus are correlated. The S II and S III emissions in the warm torus also have similar scale heights along the magnetic field lines of approximately 0.6 to 0.72 R sub J. The east-west asymmetry in the S II images taken at similar magnetic longitudes, but 2.5 Jovian rotations apart, supports the theory of convective motions suggested by others. In addition to the images, simultaneous measurements of the S II (6731 wavelength) line profile were also made on one night using a Fabry-Perot scanning spectrometer on the 4 meter at KPNO. The S II spectral scans implied ion temperatures of 52 (+ or - 10) x 10 to the 3rd at 5.2 to 5.6 R sub J from Jupiter and a minimum temperature of at least 3 x 10 to the 5th K at 6 R sub J from Jupiter.
A hybrid negotiation strategy mechanism in an automated negotiation system

This paper describes a hybrid negotiation strategy mechanism using a strategy pool framework that allows negotiation agents more flexibility and robustness in an automated negotiation system. The strategy pool framework supports: a) dynamically assigning an appropriate negotiation strategy to a negotiation agent according to the current negotiation environment and b) creating new negotiation rules by learning from past negotiations. Learning forms we use here for the framework are Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) neural networks and multidimensional inter-transaction association rules mining.
A qualitative study examining the perceived barriers and facilitators to medical healthcare services among women with a serious mental illness.

Abstract Objective This qualitative study investigates the barriers and facilitators to accessing and utilizing healthcare services among women with a serious mental illness (SMI). Methods A purposive sample of 30 poor, urban, predominantly African-American women with a diagnosis of an SMI was recruited. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was guided by a modified constant comparison approach. Results The findings highlight a variety of nonmedical factors that serve as both barriers and facilitators to accessing and utilizing medical healthcare services, such as a trusting relationship with a mental health provider and a women’s social network. Conclusion Nonmedical factors and personal circumstances seem to be important factors influencing pathways to healthcare services among women with an SMI. Efforts to better engage and retain women with an SMI into healthcare will need to better acknowledge and incorporate the larger social context of the women’s lives.
Comparison of Leak Rates Predicted by ROTT Constants With Experimental Data From a 16″ and 24″ Pressure Vessel

Leak rates on two pressure vessels were experimentally determined. The first vessel was tested with a pair of 24″ flanges class 150 raised face weld neck flanges, the second vessel had a pair of 16″ class 300 RFWN. Comparisons between the experimental data and the predictions made by the ROTT gasket constants were made.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Mobile adaptive networks with self-organization abilities

In this paper we investigate the self-organization and cognitive abilities of adaptive networks when the individual agents are allowed to move in pursuit of an objective. The network as a whole acts as an adaptive entity with localized processing and is able to respond to stimuli in real-time. We apply the ensuing model to the foraging behavior of fish schools in search of food sources and reproduce their ability to move in remarkable coherence.
CELLULAR COOPERATION IN COCHLEAR MECHANICS

Two recent articles on cochlear mechanics adopt very different perspectives on understanding its function [2,4]. Kolston, in the abstract of his paper, says: “It is argued that threedimensional fluid behavior should be regarded as a bare minimum in any quantitative description of cochlear mechanics.” In the body of the text he states ‘‘not only is the 1-D model unable to simulate the response of the dead cochlea (Fig. 3), it also provides incorrect information regarding the effects of adding a particular type of cochlear amplifier when simulating a live cochlea. It is therefore of little value to consider further the operation of the 1-D model.” The abstract from the second paper by Eguiluz et al. states [2]: “Our hearing organ, the cochlea, evidently poises itself at a Hopf bifurcation to maximize tuning and amplification. ... All the well-documented nonlinear aspects of hearing therefore appear to be consequences of the same underlying mechanism.” The Rockefeller cochlea is not one, two, or threedimensional, it has zero dimensions! Martin and Hudspeth in a later paper observe that: “The sensitivity of basilar-membrane movements in the chinchilla’s cochlea displays a (l /3) powerlaw relation to the acoustical input over 4 orders of stimulus amplitude . ... This result suggests that the active process of the mammalian cochlea also operates near a Hopf bifurcation” [5]. A contemporaneous, carefully written paper by Camalet et al. [l] also suggests t.hat the basilar membrane operates near a Hopf bifurcation, and emphasizes the universality of that bifurcation. Their paper concludes with: “We pr+ pose that the physics of self-tuned criticality is the ‘central science of transducer
Continuous infusion of interleukin-2 in children with refractory malignancies.

Background. The toxicity of interleukin-2 (IL-2) administered by continuous infusion has not been investigated in children. Methods. This study enrolled 10 boys and 7 girls with refractory malignancy. Recombinant IL-2 was infused continuously for cycles of 120 hours at doses escalating from 3 to 30 x lo6 IU/m2 per day. Results. A total of 45 cycles was administered. The most common toxicities included fever, anemia, hypotension (usually responsive to fluid bolus), hyponatremia, oliguria, hypoalbuminemia, nausea, thrombocytopenia, vomiting, and weight gain. Most side effects were correlated significantly with a dosage of 18 X lo6 IU/mZ or more per day. Respiratory distress was infrequent. Two cycles were interrupted due to severe toxicity (hypotension in one case and confusion in another), but there were no fatalities. During infusion, there was a significant nondose-related increase in serum IL-2 receptor levels. Despite this evidence of immunomodulation, no objective tumor response was noted. Conclusions. Continuous infusion of IL-2 at doses up to 30 x lo6 IU/m2 per day can be administered safely to children by this method. Cancer 1993; 72623-8.
Performance of Automated Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Analyzers with Respect to a Proposed 5-Minute Ambient Air Quality Standard

Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is considering an additional ambient air quality standard for sulfur dioxide that would be based on an average value over a 5-minute period. In planning for such a standard, issues such as “How well do currently used ambient air instruments respond to high concentrations over short time periods?” and “What changes might have to be made to monitoring equipment to accommodate the proposed standard?” must be considered. This article Investigates these issues with information obtained from the literature, instrument manufacturers, state and local air monitoring agencies' ambient air measurements, laboratory tests of currently used fluorescence-type sulfur dioxide analyzers, and mathematical models of instrument responses. Models were derived from the laboratory data and exercised to predict instrument response to various pollutant challenges. This article will emphasize the development and testing of the model. Eaton, W.C.; Parker, C.D.; Rickman, E.E.; McElroy...
Relationship of sampling efficiency for manikin-mounted personal samplers to efficiency measurements made independent of manikin

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine if measurement of the airflow approaching manikin-mounted personal samplers can be used to predict their sampling efficiency using efficiency measurements made independently of the manikin. The first part of the work involved the determination of the velocity and direction of airflow at specific locations (where personal samplers would be located) around a human-like manikin by using laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) at two wind speeds and three orientations of the manikin with respect to the wind. Sampling-efficiency measurements for two personal samplers, the IOM (SKC, Inc., Eighty-Four, PA) and GSP (Strohlein GmbH and Co., Kaarst, Germany) for a 70 μm (mass median diameter) aerosol were made both independently of the manikin for a range of wind speeds and directions and while mounted on the manikin for the wind speeds and directions studied by LDV. The efficiency measurements made independently of the manikin were adjusted by using the local-manikin concentration experienced by the sampler to calculate an approximated efficiency for manikin-mounted personal samplers that experienced a similar wind speed and direction. The approximated efficiency agreed with the measured efficiency of the manikin-mounted samplers when the manikin faced the wind or was at 90° to the wind. Some assumptions were required to obtain agreement when the manikin was at 180° to the wind probably due to the turbulent nature of the flow with the manikin at this angle to the wind. This technique may be useful in simplifying testing procedures and in developing performance criteria for inhalable dust samplers since clearly defined test conditions can be specified.
Engineering Ethics in a Combat Environment: The LNQA Timecard Dilemma

A newly-arrived US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Resident Engineer (RE), Major Andrews, is getting ready to meet with his Local National Quality Assurance (LNQA) representatives to review and app...
Genetic basis of endocrine disease 2: congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Most cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the inherited inability to synthesize cortisol, are caused by a deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase activity required to convert 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol. Poor synthesis of cortisol results in chronic stimulation of the adrenal cortex by corticotropin with consequent overproduction of cortisol precursors. Some of these precursors are shunted into the androgen biosynthetic pathway causing the signs and symptoms of androgen excess seen in this disorder. The disease occurs in a wide spectrum of clinical variants, including a severely affected form with a concurrent defect in aldosterone biosynthesis (“salt wasting” type), a form with apparently normal aldosterone biosynthesis (“simple virilizing” type) and a mild “nonclassic” form that may be asymptomatic or may be associated with symptoms of androgen excess developing during childhood or at puberty (1). The disorder is inherited as a monogenic autosomal recessive trait located within the HLA major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6~21.3. There are a number of associations between the different forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency and specific combinations of HLA antigens, or haplotypes. In particular, the unusual haplotype A3;Bw47;DR7 is associated with about 10% of classic (i.e. salt wasting or simple virilizing) 21-hydroxylase deficiency alleles, whereas HLA-B14;DRl is associated with 70% of alleles for nonclassic disease. Based on these associations and on studies of pedigrees containing patients with the different forms of the disease, it appears that these forms are inherited as allelic variants. Classic disease occurs in approximately l/10,000 births, whereas nonclassic disease occurs in approximately 1% of the general population (2). The molecular genetic basis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency has been thoroughly studied. The 21-hydroxylase enzyme is a microsomal cytochrome P450 termed P45OXXI or P45Oc21. The structural gene encoding
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine.

Amlodipine is a low-clearance, dihydropyridine calcium antagonist. The slow rate of elimination (elimination half-life of 40-60 h) confers several pharmacokinetic characteristics that are not seen wit
Conducting polymers as lithographic materials

Conduclng polyaniline is found to be suitable for several lithographic applications. With the use of onium salts, polyaniline is made radiation sensitive and shown to be a high resolution conducting photo and electron-beam resist. Conducting lines of 0.25 μm have been patterned with e-beam irradiation. Thin films of conducting polyaniline are found to be effective discharge layers for e-beam lithography. Insulating resist systems charge during e-beam exposure, which results in pattern displacements. When polyaniline is used as a conducting layer below the imaging resist, no pattern displacements are observed
Direct tyrosine oxidation using the MLCT excited states of rhenium polypyridyl complexes

Rhenium(I) polypyridyl complexes have been designed for the intramolecular photogeneration of tyrosyl radical. Tyrosine (Y) and phenylalanine (F) have each been separately appended to a conventional ReI(bpy)(CO)3CN framework via an amide linkage to the bipyridine (bpy) ligand. Comparative time-resolved emission quenching and transient absorption spectra of Re(bpy-Y)(CO)3CN and Re(bpy-F)(CO)3CN show that Y is oxidized only upon its deprotonation at pH 12. In an effort to redirect electron transport so that it is more compatible with intramolecular Y oxidation, polypyridyl ReI complexes have been prepared with the amide bond functionality located on a pendant phosphine ligand. A [Re(phen)(PP-Bn)(CO)2](PF6) (PP = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene) complex has been synthesized and crystallographically characterized. Electrochemistry and phosphorescence measurements of this complex indicate a modest excited-state potential for tyrosine oxidation, similar to that for the (bpy)ReI(CO)3CN framework. The excited-stat...
Multifaceted approach to reducing unnecessary red blood cell utilization.

Abstract • Strong organizational leadership, experienced project leaders, and the engagement of front-line stakeholders are critical elements for performance improvement efforts. • A holistic approach, including incentives, feedback, a collaborative interdisciplinary process, decision support, and education may be necessary to change clinician behavior. • A multifaceted performance improvement effort can lead to dramatic improvement in value for patients and society.
The CD4 Determinant for Downregulation by HIV-1 Nef Directly Binds to Nef. Mapping of the Nef Binding Surface by NMR†

Using heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that a 13-residue peptide (MSQIKRLLSEKKT) from the cytoplasmic tail of CD4 binds to Nef protein. This part of CD4 is critical for downregulation of CD4 by HIV-1 Nef [Aiken et al. (1994) Cell 76, 853−864]. We show that a control peptide without the central dileucine does not bind to Nef. The dependence of Nef 1H and 15N amide chemical shifts on peptide concentration indicates that the binding is in the fast chemical exchange limit, with a dissociation constant Kd of ∼1 mM. The peptide binding site has been mapped onto the previously determined solution structure of HIV-1 Nef [Grzesiek et al. (1996) Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 340−345] on the basis of peptide-induced chemical shift changes. It comprises amino acids W57, L58, E59, G95, G96, L97, R106, and L110. When Nef is complexed to the SH3 domain of Hck tyrosine protein kinase, the peptide binds to the same site on Nef but with slightly higher affinity (Kd ∼ 0.5 mM). This indicates that the binding of CD4 an...
Sound's Use in Instructional Software to Enhance Learning: A Theory-to-Practice Content Analysis.

Sound may hold great promise for instructional software by supporting learning in a variety of ways. Conceptual and preconceptual barriers, however, still appear to prevent software designers from using sound more effectively in their instructional products. Interface books seldom discuss the use of sound and when they do, it is most often simple verbatim narration of on-screen text. This content analysis of 12 award-winning instructional software products indicated that, while sound is being incorporated into many learning environments, many instructional designers are using sound only for literal, information conveyance and not yet exploring how to exploit the associative potential of music, sound effects, and narration to help learners process the material under study more deeply.
Perceptual-components architecture for digital video.

A perceptual-components architecture for digital video partitions the image stream into signal components in a manner analogous to that used in the human visual system. These components consist of achromatic and opponent color channels, divided into static and motion channels, further divided into bands of particular spatial frequency and orientation. Bits are allocated to an individual band in accord with visual sensitivity to that band and in accord with the properties of visual masking. This architecture is argued to have desirable features such as efficiency, error tolerance, scalability, device independence, and extensibility.
B-side electron transfer in a Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center mutant in which the B-side monomer bacteriochlorophyll is replaced with bacteriopheophytin

The mutation, H(M182)L, in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center (RC) results in the replacement of the monomer bacteriochlorophyll on the inactive side (B-side) of the RC with a bacteriopheophytin (the new cofactor is referred to as φB). In φB containing RCs, P* stimulated emission decays with an accelerated time constant of 2.6 ± 0.1 ps at room temperature compared to 3.1 ± 0.2 ps in WT RCs. Analysis of the time-resolved spectra implies that two states are being formed during the initial reaction in the mutant: the usual P+HA- state, as seen in WT, and a new state, P+φB-. P+φB- is formed during the decay of P* and recombines to the ground state with a lifetime of 200 ± 20 ps. The yield of the P+φB- state is 35 ± 5% at room temperature, while the remaining 65 ± 5% of the initial electron-transfer results in P+HA-. There does not appear to be any further electron transfer from φB- to HB. Apparently, in the H(M182)L mutant, the state P+φB- is lower in free energy than the P+HB- state.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Incidence, morbidities and outcomes in surgical ICU patients

Objectives To determine the incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and severe sepsis in surgical ICU patients and define patient characteristics associated with their acquisition and outcome.
Freshwater variability and predictability in the Alaska Coastal Current

Abstract We constructed the annual cycle of the baroclinic, geostrophic component of the mass and freshwater transports and freshwater content (FWC) in the Gulf of Alaska's Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) from CTD data to assess the processes controlling the freshwater budget of the ACC. In most months the coastal freshwater discharge is balanced by the along-shelf freshwater transport (FWT). Freshwater is trapped to the ACC because offshore eddy freshwater fluxes appear to buffer onshore Ekman transport of low-salinity surface waters due to the cyclonic winds. The annual average FWT is 880 km 3 yr −1 , which compares favorably with the annually averaged runoff of 760 km 3 yr −1 . The barotropic component of the ACC might transport an additional 380 km 3 yr −1 of freshwater, with the imbalance due to underestimates in runoff, the neglect of freshwater influx from the British Columbian shelf, or the reference salinity (33.8). The mean FWC is 540 km 3 , so that the freshwater flushing time over the 1500 km portion of the ACC considered is ⩽1 yr. Our conclusions are tentative because of uncertainties in discharge estimates, structures of the cross-shelf flow and along-shelf winds, neglect of flow-topography interactions, and the barotropic transport. If our results hold, they imply that the ACC is an important freshwater source for the Bering Sea shelf and Arctic Ocean. Mass transports and FWT in late winter 1998 (El Nino) were nearly twice as large as in winter 1999 (La Nina), and the springtime onset of stratification was earlier in 1998 than in 1999. These differences were due to the winter 1997–98 being subject to anomalously large runoff and strong downwelling over the coastal Northeast Pacific Ocean. The comparison suggests that climate changes leading to warmer, rainier winters will advance the onset of springtime stratification on the inner shelf. November–May anomalies of ACC mass transport, FWT, and FWC are significantly correlated with runoff anomalies and the latter are significantly correlated with anomalies of Ketchikan–Seward atmospheric sea level pressure gradient. These results lead to a 20th century runoff record that permits retrospective examination of the ACC. It appears that the wettest (driest) decade was the 1920s (1900s) during which time ACC transports decreased (increased). While the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is correlated with this “runoff” time series, it explains
Interaction of the adenoviral IVa2 protein with a truncated viral DNA packaging sequence.

Abstract Adenoviral (Ad) infection typically poses little health risk for immunosufficient individuals. However, for immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients, especially pediatric heart transplant recipients, Ad infection is common and can be lethal. Ad DNA packaging is the process whereby the Ad genome becomes encapsulated by the viral capsid. Specific packaging is dependent upon the packaging sequence (PS), which is composed of seven repeated elements called A repeats. The Ad protein, IVa2, which is required for viral DNA packaging, has been shown to bind specifically to synthetic DNA probes containing A repeats I and II, however, the molecular details of this interaction have not been investigated. In this work we have studied the binding of a truncated form of the IVa2 protein, that has previously been shown to be sufficient for virus viability, to a DNA probe containing A repeats I and II. We find that the IVa2 protein exists as a monomer in solution, and that a single IVa2 monomer binds to this DNA with high affinity (Kd
Neuroendocrine responses produced by enantiomeric pairs of drugs that interact with phencyclidine and σ receptors

The present study characterized the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis after the acute administration of enantiometic pairs of drugs that bind to phencyclidine (PCP) and σ receptors. Rats were injected with the enantiomers of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine (PCMP), N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10,047), dioxadrol (dexoxadrol and levoxadrol) or pentazocine, and plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. The effects of the enantiomers of PCMP and dioxadrol showed stereospecificity as both (+)-PCMP and dexoxadrol increased plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone but (-)-PCMP and levoxadrol had no effect. Whereas (-)-pentazocine produced greater responses than (+)-pentazocine, the two enantiomers of SKF 10,047 did not show stereoselectivity. Although the potency of the enantiomers of PCMP and dioxadrol parallel their affinity for binding to PCP receptors, the potency of the enantiomers of pentazocine did not. These results suggest that although the stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by PCP and drugs with PCP-like activity might be due to interactions with PCP receptors, the effects of pentazocine also involve interactions at other sites.
Casting Architecture in an Expanding Horizon: Atacama Lab: 07

Abstract The search for “alternatives” can no longer rest in an avant-garde quest for singular originality. Rather than advancing narrower slivers of refinement alone, we must create patterns of practice that demonstrate the intricacy of expanding connections between the work of architects and planetary inhabitation by supporting new models that operate directly within the full complexities of our environment.