cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tail fields of partially exchangeable arrays

We give an elementary, direct proof that if an array of random variables {(Xij, α, ξi, ηj); i, j ∈ N} is separately exchangeable, then X = {Xij; i, j ∈ N} and {(α, ξi, ηj); i, j ∈ N} are conditionially independent given the shell σ-field SX of X. We show further that if (X, Y) = {(Xij, Yij); i, j ∈ N} is separately exchangeable, then X and SX, Y are conditionally independent given SX.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ruthenium(II) Phenanthroline Complexes Containing Quaternary Amine Substituents

A series of mixed ligand complexes of ruthenium(II) complexes containing 5-methylphenanthroline and trimethylamino-5-methylphenanthroline have been synthesized to investigate the impact of the quaternary amine on the photophysical properties. Thermal stability studies indicate that the quaternary amine group is stable with respect to hydrolysis. Mass spectral analysis of the complexes revealed only fragments consistent with homolytic cleavage of the amines and no parent ions were observed. Both electrochemical and photophysical investigations indicate that the quaternary amine has little or no impact on the properties of the complex when compared to the complexes lacking the amine.
I will survive: DNA protection in bacterial spores.

Dormant spores of Bacillus , Clostridium and related species can survive for years, largely because spore DNA is well protected against damage by many different agents. This DNA protection is partly a result of the high level of Ca 2+ -dipicolinic acid in spores and DNA repair during spore outgrowth, but is primarily caused by the saturation of spore DNA with a group of small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP), which are synthesized in the developing spore and then degraded after completion of spore germination. The structure of both DNA and SASP alters upon their association and this causes major changes in the chemical and photochemical reactivity of DNA.
Characterization of neurofilament-associated protein kinase activities from bovine spinal cord.

1. A neurofilament-enriched preparation from bovine spinal cord contains endogenous protein kinases that phosphorylate high, middle, and low molecular weight neurofilament subunits (NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L), as well as certain other endogenous and exogenous substrates. 2. Most of this associated kinase activity can be separated from the neurofilament subunits and the bulk of the protein by extraction of the neurofilament preparation with 0.8M KC1. Assays using specific exogenous substrates, activators, and inhibitors for known kinases reveal significant levels of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent, cyclic nucleotide-dependent, Ca2+-phosphatidylserine diglyceride-dependent, and regulator-independent kinase activities in the high-salt extract. 3. Fractionation of the salt extract on a gel filtration column resolves a regulator-independent kinase activity identified by its ability to phosphorylate purified NF-M. This preparation can phosphorylate all three neurofilament proteins either in purified form or in the assembled form, as well asα-casein. Only the regulator-independent kinase activity in this fraction is responsible for the phosphorylation of neurofilament proteins. 4. While this partially purified kinase activity does not show a strong substrate specificity between the three neurofilament subunits, the phosphorylation pattern it produces upon incubation with salt-extracted neurofilaments is similar to the regulator-independent phosphorylation pattern found in the original neurofilament preparation and, thus, represents a useful starting point for the further purification of this neurofilament-associated kinase activity.
Changes in ejection fraction and pulmonary artery pressure can be influenced by coronary sinus lead position

Nowadays cardiac resynchronization therapy can be applied using simultaneous (BiV0) and sequential biventricular pacing (BiVS). This enables pacing with a large number of combinations between atrioventricular (AVD) and interventricular delays (VVD). We hypothesized that determination of the AVD and VVD that result in maximal improvement of pump function, is facilitated by calculating an effective VV-delay (VVeff) characterizing the contribution to resynchronization of paced and intrinsic activation under all conditions. Methods: In 8 canine hearts with chronic LBBB, leading to 17 16% LV hypertrophy and 25 19% LV dilation, BiV0, BiVS and LV pacing were performed with a large number of combinations of AVDs and VVDs. Mechanical interventricular asynchrony (VVmech) was calculated from the timing difference between the upslopes of LV and RV pressure. LVdPdtmax was used as measure of LV pump function. VVeff was calculated as the difference between LV stimulation time and (a) RV stimulation time or (b) time of intrinsic RV activation (RAVDintr), whichever occurred earlier. RAVDintr was determined during BiV0 pacing with incremental AVD, and defined as the AVD at which the shape of the QRS duration changed as a result of loss of full capture. Results: RAVDintr correlated linearly with PQ-time (r 0.84) and was 35 4 ms shorter than PQ-time. Improvement of LVdPdtmax and VVmech at an applied VVD differed depending on the applied AVD and vice versa. However, for all conditions both LVdPdtmax and VVmech related uniquely to VVeff (figure). Maximal improvement in LVdPdtmax was similar between LV, BiV0, BiVS pacing (12.2 5.9%) and occurred at VVeff -7 16ms (NS vs. 0). Conclusion: AVD and VVD have a complementary effect on pump function. Choice of the optimal combination of AVD and VVD can be facilitated by calculation of VVeff using simple surface ECG measurements.
Getting Down to Business Talk, Gaze, and Body Orientation During Openings of Doctor‐Patient Consultations

This study examines the openings of British general-practice medical consultations. The authors use conversation analysis to analyze how doctors' and patients' practices of gaze and body orientation organize interaction such that doctors routinely initiate the sequence wherein patients disclose their chief complaint. Gaze and body orientation communicate levels of engagement with and disengagement from courses of action. As doctors and patients accomplish regular tasks preparatory to dealing with patients'chief complaints, doctors use gaze and body orientation to communicate that they are preparing but are not yet ready to deal with those compkints. In response, patients wait for their doctors to solicit their chief complaint. These findings have implications for research on nonverbal communication, interactional asymmetry, and power.
America's First Great Depression: Economic Crisis and Political Disorder after the Panic of 1837. By Alasdair Roberts. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. Pp. 255. $26.00.)

Alasdair Roberts argues that America's first great depression was not the economic downturn of the 1930s but actually occurred ninety years earlier between 1836 and 1848. The boom times of the 1820...
Comparison of the Resonance Raman Behavior of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Bromine or Iodine Vapors

This report focuses on the comparison of the effects of two different halogen dopants (bromine and iodine) on the Raman spectra of “double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) buckypaper”. By changing the laser excitation energy, it is possible to study the effects of the dopants on different DWNTs. We observed that the Raman spectra of these doped DWNTs are dominated by the stretching bands of the dopants. The frequency of both the ωBr−Br and ωI−I bands showed a dependence on the laser excitation energy. Specifically, a minimum of the frequency of the halogen-based bands occurred when the halogen species were in electronic resonance with Elaser. This can be explained by the stronger interaction between dopant molecules and the carbon molecules in the DWNTs when the electronic resonance is at a maximum.
A Process Evaluation Of Gaf Microline Photoresist - PR 102

Increasing demands for minimizing defect density in wafer processing have resulted in a significant emphasis on non-contact printing of the photoresist using either a proximity or projection mode of align-ment. Correspondingly, the need for shrinking geometry sizes to increase packing density and improve device performance is very important in coping with the complexity of LSI devices.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Computer-aided detection of small bowel strictures in CT enterography

The workflow of CT enterography in an emergency setting could be improved significantly by computer-aided detection (CAD) of small bowel strictures to enable even non-expert radiologists to detect sites of obstruction rapidly. We developed a CAD scheme to detect strictures automatically from abdominal multi-detector CT enterography image data by use of multi-scale template matching and a blob detector method. A pilot study was performed on 15 patients with 22 surgically confirmed strictures to study the effect of the CAD scheme on observer performance. The 77% sensitivity of an inexperienced radiologist assisted by CAD was comparable with the 81% sensitivity of an unaided expert radiologist (p=0.07). The use of CAD reduced the reading time to identify strictures significantly (p<0.0001). Most of the false-positive CAD detections were caused by collapsed bowel loops, approximated bowel wall, muscles, or vessels, and they were easy to dismiss. The results indicate that CAD could provide radiologists with a rapid and accurate interpretation of strictures to improve workflow in an emergency setting.
Molecular Characterization of the α1 Subunit of the L Type Voltage Calcium Channel Expressed in Rat Calvarial Osteoblasts

Voltage-activated calcium channels (VACCs) regulate extracellular calcium influx in many cells. VACCs are composed of five subunits. The α1 subunit is considered the most important in regulating channel function. Three isoforms of this subunit have been described: skeletal, cardiac, and neuroendocrine. It was the purpose of the present study to determine the molecular identity of the α1 subunit of the VACCs in rat calvarial osteoblasts and to study the nature of the regulation of these channels as a function of cellular growth. We also attempted to identify which isoform of the α1 subunit of the VACCs mediates the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on osteoblastic cell proliferation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the isoforms of the VACCs that are expressed in osteoblastic cells. These analyses showed that the proliferative state of the cell and the time in culture influence RNA expression. The only α1 subunit detected in osteoblasts corresponds to the cardiac isoform. In additional experiments, the effects of EGF on cytosolic calcium and osteoblast proliferation were determined. For these experiments, the synthesis of the different isoforms of the VACCs was selectively blocked by antisense oligonucleotides prior to EGF stimulation. These studies showed that the cardiac isoform mediates the effects of EGF on cytosolic calcium and cellular proliferation in rat calvarial osteoblasts.
Modes of peripheral isolate formation and speciation

Peripheral isolates are relatively small isolated or semiisolated populations dis? tributed around the periphery of a large central portion of a species' range. Range maps typically show the distribution of a species to be continuous (Udvardy, 1969; Hengeveld, 1990). However, close exami? nation of the distribution of a species or monophyletic group will likely reveal pe? ripheral isolates (Mayr, 1963). Peripheral isolates have been regarded as important units of evolutionary divergence (e.g., Mayr, 1963; Bush, 1975; Mayr and Ashlock, 1991). This idea stems from early obser? vations of "differences between central and
Effective event discovery: using location and social information for scoping event recommendations

The ever blurring line between online interactions and physical encounters presents an interesting challenge when recommending events. Events created on social networking sites may have ambiguous location scope. The location information provided may be fuzzy or non existent and additionally the reach and radius of interest in the event can vary greatly. In this work, we identify four categories of events: global, location dependent and socially independent, socially dependent and location independent, and location and socially dependent. We classify events from an organizations internal event management service where the location of the event is unknown, but the location of the attendees are known in order to improve scoping of event recommendations. Our results, investigate the impact of ignoring location properties when recommending events using classic collaborative filtering techniques. Additionally, once global and socially independent events are identified, they can be used to provide recommendations to new users, addressing the cold-start problem.
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL HETEROGENEITY WITHIN URBAN TRAVEL CORRIDORS ON THE TRAVEL BEHAVIOR OF RESIDENTS

Results from behavioral investigations of urban travel indicate the importance of privacy as a personal construct that significantly affects the manner in which individuals traverse North American urban transportation networks. With an expectation of encountering social heterogeneity in travel, the privacy aspect becomes all the more important to the traveling public. It is hypothesized in this paper that social heterogeneity within urban travel corridors significantly reduces patronage of public transportation by residents of these corridors. A causal analysis of bus patronage in travel corridors of Columbus, Ohio, Louisville, Kentucky, Syracuse, New York, and Hartford, Connecticut results in the acceptance of the hypothesized relationship, and it points out a critical question that must be addressed if public transportation is to meet the desires of consumers of travel services.
Bioenergetics of a stream “collector” organism, Tricorythodes minutus (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)1,2

The energy budget of a fine-particle collector organism, Tricorythodes minutus Traver (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae), was determined under conditions (flow, substratum, temperature) representative of its natural habitat. Digestion time (gut clearance) was rapid (30 min). Ingestion values ranged widely: 33 to 220 ..mu..g dry wt depending on the type of food provided. Assimilation rates were lowest approx. 2 ..mu..g ash-free dry wt with mixed diatoms, intermediate with the blue-green alga Anabaena (approx. 23), and high with the blue-green Lyngbya (approx. 61) and with a pure culture of Nitzschia (approx. 62). Assimilation efficiencies showed a much narrower spread, being 33, 34, and 57% for mixed diatoms, blue-green algae, and Nitzschia. A mean respiration rate of 2.51 ..mu..l O/sub 2/ was derived for T. minutus at 20/sup 0/C. Growth, estimated from length-weight relationships, was 4.5 wW.h/sup -1/. The instantaneous growth rate for T. minutus (0.126) is higher than those reported for any other mayfly (0.034 to 0.060) except Tricorythodes atratus (0.153). Cast skins accounted for over 30% of the total production (G + Ex = 6.5 wW.h/sup -1/). Comparison with Stenonema pulchellum, the only other mayfly for which complete energy budget information is available, showed respiration rates to be similar and assimilation and growthmore » of Tricorythodes to be 2.9 and 5.3 times higher. However, the major distinction between the two was the high ingestion rate for Tricorythodes compared with that for Stenonema (7 wW.h/sup -1/).« less
Mycolaminarans: storage (1→3)-β-D-glucans from the cytoplasm of the fungus phytophthora palmivora

Abstract Laminaran-like polysaccharides were isolated from zoospores and mycelium of Phytophthora palmivora . These glucans, which we have termed mycolaminarans, are readily soluble in cold water, appear highly homogeneous by gel filtration, and contain exclusively D -glucose residues. Methylation analyses and enzymic digestions revealed that mycolaminarans are linear chains of (1→3)-linked β- D -glucose residues, with one or two branches joined by (1→6)-β- D linkages. The zoospore mycolaminaran has one branching residue and d.p. 29. The mycelial mycolaminaran has two branching residues and d.p. 36. The possibility is considered that mycolaminarans may be distinctive storage-polysaccharides of the oomycetous fungi.
BACTERIAL AVIRULENCE GENES

Although more than 30 bacterial avirulence genes have been cloned and characterized, the function of the gene products in the elictitation of resistance is unknown in all cases but one. The product of avrD from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea likely functions indirectly to elicit resistance in soybean, that is, evidence suggests the gene product is an enzyme involved in elicitor production. In most if not all cases, bacterial avirulence gene function is dependent on interactions with the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes. Many hrp genes are similar to genes involved in delivery of pathogenicity factors in mammalian bacterial pathogens. Thus, analogies between mammalian and plant pathogens may provide needed clues to elucidate how virulence gene products control induction of resistance.
A metabolomic approach to identifying platinum resistance in ovarian cancer

Acquisition of metabolic alterations has been shown to be essential for the unremitting growth of cancer, yet the relation of such alterations to chemosensitivity has not been investigated. In the present study our aim was to identify the metabolic alterations that are specifically associated with platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. A global metabolic analysis of the A2780 platinum-sensitive and its platinum-resistant derivative C200 ovarian cancer cell line was performed utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Per-metabolite comparisons were made between cell lines and an interpretive analysis was carried out using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic library and the Ingenuity exogenous molecule library. We observed 288 identified metabolites, of which 179 were found to be significantly different (t-test p < 0.05) between A2780 and C200 cells. Of these, 70 had increased and 109 had decreased levels in platinum resistant C200 cells. The top altered KEGG pathways based on number or impact of alterations involved the cysteine and methionine metabolism. An Ingenuity Pathway Analysis also revealed that the methionine degradation super-pathway and cysteine biosynthesis are the top two canonical pathways affected. The highest scoring network of altered metabolites was related to carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, and small molecule biochemistry. Compilation of KEGG analysis and the common network molecules revealed methionine and associated pathways of glutathione synthesis and polyamine biosynthesis to be most significantly altered. Our findings disclose that the chemoresistant C200 ovarian cancer cells have distinct metabolic alterations that may contribute to its platinum resistance. This distinct metabolic profile of platinum resistance is a first step towards biomarker development for the detection of chemoresistant disease and metabolism-based drug targets specific for chemoresistant tumors.
Storage Power and Efficiency Analysis Based on CFD for Air Compressors Used for Compressed Air Energy Storage

The compression process in a piston cylinder devic e in a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system is studied computationally. Twelve different cases featuring f our different compression space length-to-radius aspect ratios an d three different Reynolds numbers are studied computationally using the commercial CFD code ANSYS FLUENT. The solutions show that for compression with a constant velocity, the compression can be approximated by a polytropic pressure vs. volume relation. The polytropic exponent, �, characterizes the heat transfer and temperature rise of the air being compressed. For the cases computed, it varies from 1.124 to 1.3 05 and is found to be more affected by Reynolds number and less by the length-to-radius ratio. Since the efficiency and st orage power of the compressor depend on pressure vs. volume trajec tory during compression, they are written as functions of the p ressure rise ratio and the polytropic exponent, �. The efficiency is high at the beginning of the compression process, and decre ases as the compression proceeds. The effect of temperature ris e, or heat transfer, on efficiency and storage power is shown by comparing the efficiency and storage power vs. volume curves having
More on Superiority of Women in Statistics Achievement: A Reply to Brooks:

This article explores possible reasons for the differences between my results (Buck, 1985) and those of Brooks (this issue) concerning gender differences in statistics achievement. Additional analysis of my data revealed no significant gender differences. There is a need for better controlled studies to test some of the hypotheses that our exchange has generated.
Advances in the diagnosis, management and pathophysiology of capillary nonperfusion

‘Capillary dropout’ or ‘nonperfusion’ describes both an anatomic condition and an angiographic appearance in many retinal diseases. In this review, we will discuss several illustrative pediatric and adult retinal vascular diseases including retinopathy of prematurity, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions with capillary nonperfusion. Enhanced retinal imaging techniques have demonstrated that capillary nonperfusion is more common in vascular diseases than previously assumed. A large body of experimental evidence in animal models has started to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of this process. In addition, it has become clear in hereditary and congenital diseases that genetic mutations involving Wnt signaling are integral to retinal vascular development and disease. Defects in the Wnt signaling pathway seem to be related to abnormalities in retinal vascular formation and/or angiomaintenance. Abnormalities in either of these processes may lead to capil...
Learning lessons from cancer centers in low- and middle-income countries

Infectious Agents and Cancer is introducing a new section on Cancer Centers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries intended to provide the oncology community with detailed information about lessons learned in cancer control in resource-limited settings. The growing burden of cancer and the high rates of infection-related cancers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) argue for exploring the successes and challenges of cancer centers in low-resource settings. Detailed analyses are needed on how successful cancer centers have developed and managed such key components as strategic partnerships, trained cancer professionals, sustainable funding, appropriate technology, and research capacity. Many examples exist wherein local cancer centers have made significant progress and as such, the series will provide a platform to showcase detailed features of cancer institutes in LMICs and provide valuable information for those seeking to replicate successful models and to help invigorate efforts to build cancer capacity.
The breeding of captive wild species by artificial methods

The growing interest in many zoos, wildlife parks and game ranches in the captive breeding of wild species has brought about much interest and research in developing and testing artificial methods of breeding. Much of this work has been concentrated in endangered species. The author outlines the relevance and utilization of such techniques and reviews successful attempts in this area and elaborates on future potential ones. A brief review is given of successful artificial methods of breeding domestic species and how this may be applied to non-domestic ones. Areas that are covered are semen collection, semen freezing, induction of estrus, artificial insemination, embryo transfer including interspecies transfer and embryo surgery. It is acknowledged that it is highly unlikely that an artificial program could save a species from extinction but such methods could greatly assist a comprehensive natural breeding program.
Prädiktives Wissen: die verdrängte Dimension der Leiblichkeit

„Das Grundproblem der modernen Medizin ist nicht ihre Knappheit, sondern das Grundproblem ist eher ihr Uberfluss, und zwar sowohl der Uberfluss an Machbarem als auch der Uberfluss an Anspruchen“, behauptet Giovanni Maio.
Identification of binding sites of EVI1 in mammalian cells

The leukemia-associated protein EVI1 possesses seven zinc fingers within an N-terminal domain (amino acids 1–250) that binds to GACAAGATA. Single amino acid missense mutants of EVI1 were developed that failed to bind DNA either in vitro, as assessed by gel shift assay, or in vivo, as shown by transactivation studies. Specifically, mutation R205N lacks high affinity binding to the GACAAGATA motif. Putative EVI1 target genes were identified by using an EVI1-(1–250)-VP16 fusion protein that acts as a transcriptional activator with the binding specificity of EVI1. Sixteen genes induced in NIH 3T3 cells by wild type EVI1-VP16 but not by mutant forms were identified. Sequence analysis revealed evolutionarily conserved GACAAGATA-like motifs within 10 kb of their transcription start sites, and by chromatin immunoprecipitation in fibroblasts, we showed occupancy of many of these sites by EVI1-VP16. To assess whether native EVI1 binds to these sites in EVI1-transformed myeloid cells, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation in 32Dcl3 and NFS58 cells, using anti-EVI1 antisera, and we showed that the majority of these sites is bound by wild type EVI1. These putative target genes include Gadd45g, Gata2, Zfpm2/Fog2, Skil (SnoN), Klf5 (BTEB2), Dcn, and Map3k14 (Nik). In this study we demonstrated for the first time that the N-terminal DNA binding domain of EVI1 has the capacity to bind to endogenous genes. We hypothesized that these genes play a critical role in EVI1-induced transformation.
Proteomic characterization of HIV-modulated membrane receptors, kinases and signaling proteins involved in novel angiogenic pathways.

Background: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), hemangioma, and other angioproliferative diseases are highly prevalent in HIVinfected individuals. While KS is etiologically linked to the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) infection, HIV-patients without HHV-8 and those infected with unrelated viruses also develop angiopathies. Further, HIV-Tat can activate proteintyrosine-kinase (PTK-activity) of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor involved in stimulating angiogenic processes. However, Tat by itself or HHV8-genes alone cannot induce angiogenesis in vivo unless specific proteins/ enzymes are produced synchronously by different cell-types. We therefore tested a hypothesis that chronic HIVreplication in non-endothelial cells may produce novel factors that provoke angiogenic pathways. Methods: Genome-wide proteins from HIV-infected and uninfected T-lymphocytes were tested by subtractive proteomics analyses at various stages of virus and cell growth in vitro over a period of two years. Several thousand differentially regulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and >200 proteins were confirmed in multiple gels. Each protein was scrutinized extensively by protein-interaction-pathways, bioinformatics, and statistical analyses. Results: By functional categorization, 31 proteins were identified to be associated with various signaling events involved in angiogenesis. 88% proteins were located in the plasma membrane or extracellular matrix and >90% were found to be essential for regeneration, neovascularization and angiogenic processes during embryonic development. Conclusion: Chronic HIV-infection of T-cells produces membrane receptor-PTKs, serine-threonine kinases, growth factors, adhesion molecules and many diffusible signaling proteins that have not been previously reported in HIV-infected cells. Each protein has been associated with endothelial cell-growth, morphogenesis, sprouting, microvessel-formation and other biological processes involved in angiogenesis (p = 10 -4 to 10 -12 ). Bioinformatics analyses suggest that overproduction of PTKs and other kinases in HIV-infected cells has suppressed VEGF/VEGFR-PTK expression and promoted VEGFR-independent pathways. This unique mechanism is similar to that observed in neovascularization and angiogenesis during embryogenesis. Validation of clinically relevant proteins by gene-silencing and translational studies in vivo would identify specific targets that can be used for early diagnosis of angiogenic disorders and future development of inhibitors of angiopathies. This is the first comprehensive study to demonstrate that HIV-infection alone, without any co-infection or treatment, can induce numerous "embryonic" proteins and kinases capable of generating novel VEGFindependent angiogenic pathways.
Sleep Deprivation in Critical Illness: Its Role in Physical and Psychological Recovery

Critically ill patients frequently experience poor sleep, characterized by frequent disruptions, loss of circadian rhythms, and a paucity of time spent in restorative sleep stages. Factors that are associated with sleep disruption in the intensive care unit (ICU) include patient-ventilator dysynchrony, medications, patient care interactions, and environmental noise and light. As the field of critical care increasingly focuses on patients' physical and psychological outcomes following critical illness, understanding the potential contribution of ICU-related sleep disruption on patient recovery is an important area of investigation. This review article summarizes the literature regarding sleep architecture and measurement in the critically ill, causes of ICU sleep fragmentation, and potential implications of ICU-related sleep disruption on patients' recovery from critical illness. With this background information, strategies to optimize sleep in the ICU are also discussed.
Fibroblast growth factor-23 is regulated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Serum FGF-23 regulation was studied in patients with hypoparathyroidism or pseudohypoparathyroidism treated with calcitriol. Serum FGF-23 levels changed in parallel in response to changes in serum 1,25-D, suggesting that FGF-23 may be regulated by 1,25-D. In addition, the phosphaturic effect of FGF-23 may be diminished in the absence of PTH action on the kidney. Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is a recently described hormone that has been shown to be involved in the regulation of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. The physiologic role of FGF-23 in mineral metabolism and how serum FGF-23 levels are regulated have yet to be elucidated. Three patients with mineral metabolism defects that allowed for the investigation of the regulation of FGF-23 were studied. Materials and Methods: Patient 1 had postsurgical hypoparathyroidism and Munchausen's syndrome and consumed a pharmacologic dose of calcitriol. Patient 2 had postsurgical hypoparathyroidism and fibrous dysplasia of bone. She was treated with increasing doses of calcitriol followed by synthetic PTH(1–34). Patient 3 had pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. She underwent parathyroidectomy, which was followed by the development of hungry bone syndrome and hypocalcemia, requiring treatment with calcitriol. Serum FGF-23 and serum and urine levels of mineral metabolites were measured in all three patients. Results: Patient 1 had an acute and marked increase in serum FGF-23 (70 to 670 RU/ml; normal range, 18–108 RU/ml) within 24 h in response to high-dose calcitriol administration. Patient 2 showed stepwise increases in serum FGF-23 from 117 to 824 RU/ml in response to increasing serum levels of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-D). Finally, before parathyroidectomy, while hypercalcemic, euphosphatemic, with low levels of 1,25-D (10 pg/ml; normal range, 22–67 pg/ml), and with very high serum PTH (863.7 pg/ml; normal range, 6.0–40.0 pg/ml), patient 3 had high serum FGF-23 levels (217 RU/ml). After surgery, while hypocalcemic, euphosphatemic, and with high serum levels of serum 1,25-D (140 pg/ml), FGF-23 levels were higher than preoperative levels (305 RU/ml). It seemed that the phosphaturic effect of FGF-23 was diminished in the absence of PTH or a PTH effect. Conclusions: Serum FGF-23 may be regulated by serum 1,25-D, and its phosphaturic effect may be less in the absence of PTH.
On the design of adaptive space-time codes

In this letter, we investigate the design of adaptive space-time codes that exploit partial transmitter channel state information (CSI). We introduce the adaptive space-time parsing paradigm as a generalization of the transmitter selection-diversity approach. We then use this new framework to construct full-diversity adaptive space-time codes for delay-limited applications with fixed-rate transmission. The proposed codes allow for reduced-complexity decoders and are robust to inaccuracies in the transmitter CSI.
Balloon dilatation in infants and children with dysplastic pulmonary valves: Short-term and intermediate-term results

This study was designed to document the results of balloon valvuloplasty in patients with dysplastic pulmonary valves and to determine whether dysplastic pulmonary valves are responsible for recurrence of stenosis after balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Balloon valvuloplasty in 13 patients, aged 6 days to 12 years (median 1 year), with dysplastic pulmonary valves reduced the pulmonary valve gradient from 77.2 ± 44.2 (mean ± SD) to 26.8 ± 17.0 mm Hg (p 0.1) in both groups. However, the balloon/anulus ratio used in dysplastic pulmonary valves (1.3 ± 0.25) was insignificantly (p > 0.1) higher than that used in nondysplastic pulmonary valves (1.2 ± 0.24). Two of the 13 patients with dysplastic valves and 3 of the 23 patients without dysplastic valves required repeat valvuloplasty (p > 0.1) at follow-up. Residual valvar gradients in excess of 30 mm Hg at follow-up were present in 3 of 13 and 4 of 23 (p > 0.1) patients, respectively, with and without dysplastic valves. When all valvuloplasties were divided into those with good results at follow-up (gradient ≤ 30 mm Hg; 29 patients) and those with poor results (gradient >30 mm Hg; 7 patients), the prevalence of dysplastic pulmonary valves, respectively, in these two groups was 10 and 3, and was similar (p > 0.1). In 10 patients with dysplastic valves with good results, the balloon/anulus ratio (1.37 ± 0.22) used for valvuloplasty was larger (p < 0.01) than that (1.04 ± 0.17) used in three patients with poor results. These data suggest that the results of balloon valvuloplasty in patients with dysplastic valves are comparable to those without, that the dysplastic valves were not responsible for recurrence of valve stenosis, and that use of large balloons in patients with dysplastic pulmonary valves may have reduced the chance for recurrence.
The Hygiene of Instruction in Elementary Schools

(1898). The Hygiene of Instruction in Elementary Schools. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 242-248.
Where Have All the Victories Gone? Peacekeeping and War Outcomes

This paper documents and proposes an explanation for a puzzling empirical trend: the number of wars ending in a draw, rather than with a victory for one side, has increased markedly over time. This change in war outcomes occurs for interstate wars after WWII, and for civil wars after the end of the Cold War. I argue that this change, and its timing in the two types of war can best be explained by the development of peacekeeping. For war to end in a draw, two conditions must hold: neither side is able to defeat the other outright, and the belligerents can agree to stop fighting rather than continuing the war in the hope of eventual victory. Using this framework, I outline and test a number of possible explanations for the shift in outcomes. I rule out a number of alternative explanations, including the offense-defense balance, patterns of intervention, terrain, population growth, and issue salience. Only the peacekeeping argument can explain the change in both civil and interstate wars.
Controlled, Double-blind Investigation of the Clozapine Discontinuation Symptoms With Conversion to Either Olanzapine or Placebo

The abrupt appearance of clozapine discontinuation symptoms represents a particularly unique situation that has not been characterized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A randomized, double-blind comparison of placebo (N = 53) and olanzapine 10 mg (N = 53) for 3 to 5 days following the abrupt discontinuation of clozapine (< 300 mg/day) was carried out. Subjects were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Clinical Global Impression Scale of Severity, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Mini-Mental State Evaluation. Subsequently both groups received open-label olanzapine (10-25 mg/day) for an additional 9 weeks. Statistically significantly more placebo-treated (24.5%) than olanzapine-treated (7.5%) patients experienced clozapine discontinuation symptoms (p = 0.017). Core symptoms included delusions, hallucinations, hostility, and paranoid reaction and translated into a significantly higher worsening from baseline on the PANSS total, PANSS General Psychopathology subscale, and MADRS among subjects randomly assigned to receive placebo. After open-label treatment with olanzapine for 9 weeks, both groups were clinically stable, suggesting that the discontinuation symptoms were transient. However, subjects who had been randomly assigned to the 3- to 5-day placebo discontinuation segment achieved somewhat less global clinical improvement. Although a pharmacologic interpretation is speculative, evidence of a clozapine discontinuation syndrome was apparent. In most cases, the direct substitution of a pharmacologically similar agent (olanzapine) prevented the syndrome. Clozapine discontinuation or noncompliance should be considered in the differential assessment of an acutely emergent psychosis. The possibility that subjects who experience a clozapine discontinuation syndrome may take longer or are less likely to clinically restabilize warrants further investigation.
Alexandre Vinet on Religious Liberty and Separation of Church and State

Separation of church and state as a guarantee of religious liberty, sometimes called the second great administrative revolution in Christian history,1 is frequently and rightly seen as the contribution of the United States. The origins and meaning of this development in the revolutionary period have been a matter of considerable discussion, especially in the context of the debates over civil religion in recent decades. One important focus of interest has been the relationship of rationalists and pietists in the articulation of a clear justification for separation of church and state, with Thomas Jefferson2 and Isaac Backus3 as the outstanding figures in either
Comment on "Double K-shell ionization in the electron capture decay of 55Fe"

The corrections made in a recent paper to the published values for double K-shell ionization in the electron capture decays of $^{54}\mathrm{Mn}$ and $^{65}\mathrm{Zn}$ are not applicable to the data from which these values were derived. Attention is called to a recent article that is relevant to the topic of the paper.
Evaluation of Two Rapid Urine Screening Tests

Three hundred and five urine specimens were evaluated for evidence of urinary tract infection. Standard culture techniques and urinalysis were used to compare two rapid urine screening tests: Bac-T-Screen (BTS) from Vitek and Uriscreen from Analytab Products. At the level of >104 CFU/mL, BTS and Uriscreen had sensitivities of 81.7% and 91.5%, specificities of 70.1% and 43.2%, positive predictive values of 45.3% and 32.8%, and negative predictive values of 92.7% and 94.4%, respectively. Leukocytes and bacteria should be present in the urine samples of immunocompetent patients who have urinary tract infections. When positive specimens contained both leukocytes (determined in the urinalysis section of the laboratory) and significant numbers of microorganisms, the sensitivities (BTS 96%, Uriscreen 100%) and negative predictive values (BTS 99.2%, Uriscreen 100%) of both urine screening tests became almost identical. Both screening tests are inexpensive, easy to use, and acceptable for the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Wide-Angle Beam Propagation with a Transparent Boundary Condition

We present a new beam propagation algorithm based upon a Pade approximation of the propagation operator that is accurate at angles of up to 65 degrees from the propagation axis. Ours represents an alternate approach to previous work[l] in which the square root Helmholtz operator was first expanded and then approximated. In contrast, we define the various Pade approximants more directly (and accurately) from the recursion formula.
Recombinant 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyses both dehydrogenase and hydrolase reactions utilizing the synthetic substrate 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate.

10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.6) is a bifunctional enzyme, displaying both NADP(+)-dependent dehydrogenase activity for the formation of tetrahydrofolate and CO2, and NADP(+)-independent hydrolase activity for the formation of tetrahydrofolate and formate. A previous report [Case, Kaisaki and Steele (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1024-1027] claimed that dehydrogenase and hydrolase activities were products of separate cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of this enzyme. Here we report that recombinant 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase carries out both enzymic reactions, proving that a product of a single gene, i.e. one protein, not two, has both activities. The stable synthetic analogue 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate can substitute for the labile natural substrate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, in both reactions. This was shown with both native and recombinant rat liver enzyme. The Km values for 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate were half of those for 10-formyltetrahydrofolate in both the dehydrogenase and hydrolytic reactions. The Vmax, values were similar for both substrates. Both dehydrogenase and hydrolase reactions were dependent on the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The pH optima were 7.8 and 5.6 for the dehydrogenase and hydrolase reactions respectively, consistent with the presence of two active sites in the enzyme.
OBTAIN THE PROCEDURE OF THE REMANENT MAGNETISM DIRECTION, PALEO-MAGNETIC POLE AND PALEO-LATITUDE BASED ON THE CONVERGENCY SUPERPOSED MAGNETIZATION CIRCLE

In this paper we discuss the principle of ″Obtain the least squares procedure of remanency direction based on the convergency superposed magnetization circle″ proposed by Halls [1] . In the way of this principle, the procedure obtaining remanency direction, paleo magnetic pole and paleo latitude has been programmed. Any problems on concentrating the best cross over point of convergency great circles can be solved by this method. Therefore, besides the paleomagnetism, it can be applied to the structural geology, plate tectonics, astronomy as well as the other aspects.
Several key factors in the risk control of drug impurity

Objective To analyze and discuss the related factors in the risk control of chemical drug impurity.Methods The basic rule and related factors of drug impurity control were discussed,and the purpose,content and general process of the impurity study were analyzed.Results Scientific analytical method,strict impurity limit and critical process control are the key factors in the risk control of drug impurity.Conclusion Appropriate analytical method,reasonable impurity limit,accurate impurity identification and determination are very important in the control of drug impurity.In addition,pharmacological,toxicological and clinical studies should be combined at the same time.Through source control measures of raw materials and excipients,process control measures of preparation process and terminal control measures in packing materials,storage condition and shelf life,impurity can be well controlled within safe and reasonable range.
Process mineralogy of high lead copper anode slime

In order to improve the technology of the process of noble metal extracted from high lead copper anode slime, the process mineralogy was investigated by XRD, SEM and microscope. The particle size of high lead anode slime is small, and the composition is complex. The main noble metals are Au 0.33%, Ag 9.94% and Pd 0.1%(mass fraction), and the main base metals are Cu 16.35% and Pb 13.74%. The chief phases include Au and gold-lead alloy, eukairite, sulfate, arsenate, antimonate and oxygen. The results show that there are two main phases of gold as elemental gold and gold-lead alloy with the mass ratio of approximately 3:1. The particle size is uneven, the biggest particle size is about 15 μm and the smallest one is about 0.1 μm. The elemental Au is often wrapped in copper sulfate, so, Cu should be removal before extracting Au. Ag exists in silver selenide and eukairite. Three elements are miscible and form a solid solution. Cu and Pb are major base metal. Cu exists in Cu, copper sulphate, eukairite and chalcopyrite. Pb exists in lead sulfate, lead antimonite, lead arsenate and lead sulphide. Arsenic antimony bismuth compounds mainly include lead antimonite, bismuth arsenate and antimony arsenate. The characteristics of the structure indicates that bought-out anode slime structured on copper sulphate, nickel oxide constantly wrapped copper, antimony arsenate constantly wrapped chalcopyrite, barium sulfate and lead sulfate constantly growed interactively.
Influenza M2 Transmembrane Domain Interacting with Lipid Membranes: An Atomic Force Microscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy Study

By clustering at domain edge of host cell membranes, M2 protein of influenza A virus was proposed to participate in virus budding and scission. Despite large interest, the molecular mechanism that is responsible for M2 enhanced membrane curvature is obscure. Previous studies have focused on a water-soluble helix located at the cytoplasmic side of M2. A recent study by Hong and coauthors showed that by adopting a flexible conformation, transmembrane (TM) helix can actively promote curved membrane structures (Yao et al., 2015, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112, 10926-10931). Their observation prompts us to ask whether the TM domain of M2 (M2TM) can play a similar role in generating raft dependent membrane curvature. We use high-resolution liquid-compatible atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy to study M2TM interacting with planar and vesicular lipid membranes. Specifically, we directly visualize molecular-level structure of M2TM in fluid lipid membranes. We also find that cholesterol and sphingomyelin play an important role in governing M2TM oligomerization. We next investigate M2TM distribution in lipid membranes containing liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases. We find that M2TM exclusively partitions into Ld phase. In addition to topographic information, our AFM measurements also entail mechanical properties of lipid membranes. Surprisingly, we find that M2TM increases bending stiffness of Ld phase, while leaving Lo phase unaltered. In our fluorescence microscopy study of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we show that M2TM enhances miscibility transition temperature of phase coexisting GUVs. In addition, we observe that M2TM can induce an array of vesicle shapes that have not been seen before. Together, our experimental data highlight that the TM domain of M2 can act as a lipid raft sensor and a membrane curvature enhancer.