cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Special Relation Between Oxygen and Nitrogen in Pulmonary Injury

The lungs of post-vagotomy newborn rabbits show the lesion of hyaline membrane disease extent directly proportional to the percentage of oxygen in polybaric (0.2–3.0 Atm. Abs.) mixtures [Lab. Invest. 21: 439, 1969]. At 7% O2 lesions do not form, but all vagotomized animals die. comparative gas studies show the direct proportionality to be related to nitrogen itself, probably through physical interaction at the pulmonary interface [South. med. J. 61: 1338, 1988; Fed. Proc. 28: 654, 1969]. In 3% O2 (1 Atm.) further dissociation between mortality and pulmonary lesion is seen. 3% O2 in nitrogen is 100% lethal without vagotomy over a time course (3.0–27.0 h) questionably longer (0.02 > p > 0.01), but otherwise similar to vagolomy effects. Minimal lesions are seen in both (2–3% extent). 3% O2 in helium with or without vagotomy shows moderate lesions (19–32% extent); without vagotomy only 7% die by 24 and 40% by 48 h. 3% O2 in sulfur hexafluoride shows moderate lesions (7–15% extent) after vagotomy; without vagotomy only 15% die by 24 and 26% by 48 h. The protective effect of SF6 after vagotomy [South. med. J., ibid] is thus seen only at 20% + O2. The difference in survival without vagotomy between N2, He and SF6 is highly significant (p 3% O2) described by G. AVERY [Pediatrics 32: 801, 1963], inter alia, is thus an effect of specific interaction of oxygen and nitrogen. (Supported by the John A. Hartford Foundation, New York.)
Stable, isotopically substituted carbohydrates: an improved synthesis of (6-13C)aldohexoses.

Abstract 1,2- O -Isopropylidene-α- d - xylo -pentodialdo-1,4-furanose ( 1 ) has been used as the parent aldose in the preparation of d -(6- 13 C)glucose and l -6- 13 C)idose via cyanohydrin reduction. The addition of K 13 CN (pH 6.8, 5 min) to 1 yields d - gluco and l - ido cyanohydrins that are readily reduced with H 2 and Pd-BaSO 4 , to give 1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- d - gluco -hexodialdo-1,4-furanose ( 2 ; ∼65%) and 1,2- O -isopropylidene-β- dl - ido -hexodialdo-1,4-furanose ( 3 ; 35%). Aldehydes 2 and 3 are reduced in situ with NaBH 4 , the resulting alcohols are deprotected with aqueous acid, and the aldoses are chromatographed on Dowex 50 X-8 (Ca 2+ ) ion-exchange resin (200–400 mesh), to yield d -(6- 13 C)glucose ( 6 ) and l -(6- 13 C)idose ( 7 ). Molybdate epimerization of 6 and 7 yields d -(6- 13 C)mannose and l -(6- 13 C)gulose, respectively. A similar reaction scheme may be applied to methyl 2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- d - ribo -pentodialdo-1,4-furanoside to generate the remaining four (6- 13 C)-aldohexoses. This route is considerably simpler than the traditional Kiliani-Fischer route, and higher yields are obtained.
A simplified bioassay for organophosphate detoxification and interactions

Abstract In the simplified bioassay 0.5 nmol malaoxon or 0.15 nmol paraoxon was incubated with mouse brain with or without addition of a second, detoxifying tissue. After 25 min acetylcholine was added to the flasks and the brain cholinesterase activities remaining were determined manometrically. The difference in brain cholinesterase activities was a measure of the organophosphate detoxifying capacity of the second tissue, and was proportional to the quantity of detoxifying tissue added. Malaoxon detoxification was greatest in mouse liver, but lung, kidney and plasma also possessed considerable activity. Hepatic subcellular fractionation studies demonstrated that malaoxon detoxification was greatest in the microsomes. Administration of TOTP (triorthotolyl phosphate) and other carboxylesterase inhibitors also inhibited malaoxon detoxification in the simplified bioassay. EDTA, an inhibitor of paraoxonase but not of paraoxon binding did not inhibit paraoxon detoxification in the simplified bioassay. TOTP, an inhibitor of paraoxon binding but not of paraoxonase, inhibited paraoxon detoxification in the simplified bioassay. These results suggest that the simplified bioassay measures paraoxon binding rather than hydrolysis by paraoxonase. TOTP (125 mg/kg, 18 hr) pretreatment potentiated the anticholinesterase action of paraoxon in vivo. A single pretreatment with aldrin (16 mg/kg, po, 4 days earlier) increased the liver: body weight ratio in the mouse to 130% of control, and increased liver and plasma paraoxon and malaoxon detoxification and liver and plasma carboxylesterase activities. A corresponding decrease was observed in the acute toxicity of paraoxon and malaoxon administered 4 days after aldrin. The simplified bioassay for determining detoxification of malaoxon or paraoxon in vitro may be useful in screening tests for detecting other synergists and antagonists of organophosphate toxicity.
Angiogenin supports endothelial and fibroblast cell adhesion.

Abstract When coated on bacteriological plastic at doses greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/cm2, human and bovine angiogenin support calf pulmonary artery endothelial and Chinese hamster fibroblast cell adhesion and spreading, but do not affect cell adhesion when in solution. The kinetics of endothelial cell attachment to angiogenin are indistinguishable from those in the presence of gelatin. Calcium and/or magnesium ions are critical for cell adhesion or spreading onto angiogenin but protein synthesis and glycoprotein secretion are not necessary. Adhesion to angiogenin is not altered by the addition to the incubation solution of fibronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, collagen I and IV, or vitronectin. The peptide Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser inhibits endothelial cell response to angiogenin whereas the reverse peptide Ser-Asp-Gly-Arg-Gly has no effect. These findings show that angiogenin can serve as an effective substratum for cell adhesion by inducing an interaction similar to but independent from that of other extracellular matrix molecules. Induction of cell adhesion and subsequent migration may be critical steps in the process of angiogenesis.
The Locally Optimal Combination of Independent Test Statistics

Abstract A class of locally optimal tests based on linear functions of certain transformations of independent test statistics is proposed and studied. These overall tests are useful in combining independent tests for certain multivariate or multiparameter hypotheses where local optimality is interpreted in a specialized sense. For the two-sample case, along with the expressions for the null distributions of the test statistics, tabulations of percentile points are provided.
A Selective Guide to Training Literature for the Reference Librarian/Trainer

Reference librarians in various library settings are often assigned responsibilities for training students, support staff, or other new professionals, a task for which they rarely have sufficient professional education. This bibliography recommends readings on topics that will assist reference librarians in understanding the philosophy of staff development. The readings listed here cover subjects such as: establishing an atmosphere that facilitates learning, assessing training needs, describing competent performance, writing clear and specific objectives, selecting appropriate training methods, maintaining skills and providing feedback, and evaluating the effectiveness of a training program.
Effects of taurine on psychomotor activity in the rat.

Abstract Taurine, a proposed neurotransmitter, possesses distinctive effects on psychomotor activity in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of taurine causes a dose-dependent depression of habituated psychomotor activity. Intraventricular administration of taurine results in a depression of psychomotor activity peaking at approx. 20 min, followed by a brief stimulation in activity occurring at 60–70 min after infusion. Larger doses of taurine prolong the depressant effect and appear to mask the following stimulant effect. The behavioural properties observed for taurine suggest a functional role for taurine in the central nervous system.
Systematics of crossover effects in inelastic diffraction dissociation

The behavior in momentum transfer of the differential cross sections for (exclusive) inelastic diffraction dissociation processes is examined. Cross sections for pairs of reactions related to each other by $t$-channel charge conjugation (line reversal) may exhibit crossover phenomena near $t = \ensuremath{-} 0.2$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ similar to elastic scattering. Detailed predictions for crossovers are developed based on the pion-exchange Deck model and are contrasted with expectations obtained from an analogy with the Regge phenomenology of elastic scattering. The two sets are not always in agreement. Experimental checks are proposed. Quantitative values of slopes and integrated cross sections are derived from the Reggeized Deck model for $Kp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}p$, and for the charge-exchange reaction $Kp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}n$; these are presented as a function of energy. Selections on decay angles in the rest frame of the low-mass excited system are described as a method for isolating the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-exchange Deck graph.
In vivo fluorescence of tumors after treatment with derivatives of hematoporphyrin.

Abstract— Administration of a mixture of porphyrins termed HPD (hematoporphyrin derivative) to mice bearing the Lewis lung tumor leads to preferential accumulation of fluorescence at tumor loci in vivo after 48 h. HPLC analysis shows that the fluorescent species consist of hematoporphyrin and its dehydration products. But injection of these porphyrins does not lead to fluorescence localization. The intracellular fluorescence which is observed apparently arises from intracellular degradation of the tumor-localizing component of HPD. These fluorescent species represent only a small fraction of the total accumulated porphyrin pool; a larger weakly-fluorescent porphyrin pool is also present, and may be the major factor in tumor photosensitization.
Formation and stability of liquid and molten beads on a solid surface

We present an experimental study of the formation and stability of small-scale beads deposited onto a solid surface by sweeping a droplet stream over it. We are concerned particularly with beads formed from molten droplets deposited on a cold substrate, as in the work of Gao & Sonin (1994), but some results of isothermal deposition are also shown. We show that a molten bead forms with parallel contact lines which have been arrested by freezing while the bead itself is still largely in a liquid state, and that the still-molten material is stable when the contact angle is less than ½π and unstable when it exceeds ½π, consistent with Davis's (1980) theory. In addition, we present a relatively simple inviscid theory for small-scale (small Bond number) beads which allows us to compute the wavelength associated with the maximum growth rate of the instability, and show that it agrees with the dominant wavelength in the experiments.
Control of Microinch Displacements

An inexpensive servo-motor-driven hinge-arm actuator device has been realized with the capability of producing linear displacements on the order of 0.5 ?in. The device is applicable to precision control of machine tools and alignment of optical systems. Transfer-function and calibration data for the actuator are given. A closed-loop alignment control system incorporating the actuator and linear differential transformer (LVDT) sensors has a precision of 0.05? with a dynamic range of ±3.5? and a response time of 2 s.
Acute and Chronic Stimulation Thresholds of Intramyocardial Screw-in Pacemaker Electrodes

Abstract Two screw-in intramyocardial electrodes were inserted in the left ventricle of each of 6 mongrel dogs, and the electrical characteristics were studied over a six-month period. The unipolar lead configuration had consistently better threshold and sensing values than the bipolar configuration during this period. Peaking between implantation and 3 weeks later, mean lead thresholds increased significantly (unipolar, 0.4 to 8.2 μJ; bipolar, 0.6 to 10.2 μJ) while R wave amplitude decreased (unipolar, 16.6 to 8.5 mv; bipolar, 10.6 to 5.8 mv). Mean chronic values for stimulation thresholds were as follows: unipolar, 2.6 μJ, and bipolar, 3.1 μJ. Mean values for the R wave amplitude were as follows: unipolar, 10.6 mv, and bipolar, 7.2 mv. Analysis of the results indicated that with certain exceptions, the optimum system has 2 intramyocardial electrodes, 1 in unipolar configuration and 1 "reserve." In general, adequate values at implantation are a stimulation threshold of 1.4 μ) (e.g., 1.1 v at 500 ohms and 0.6 msec pulse width) and an R wave amplitude of 5 mv.
Aminoacyltransferase II catalyzed hydrolysis of gtp by muscle ribosomes from normal and diabetic rats

Aminoacyltransferase II catalyzed the hydrolysis of GTP in the presence of unwashed skeletal muscle ribosomes; however, there was also hydrolysis of the nucleoside triphosphate in the absence of the enzyme. Hydrolysis of GTP in the absence of aminoacyltransferase II was reduced, though not eliminated, by washing the ribosomes in 0.5 M NH4Cl. A further reduction was obtained by adding ATP (0.01 mM). The ribosome dependent aminoacyltransferase II catalyzed hydrolysis of GTP increased linearly for 15 min and was proportional to ribosome concentration; 4–7 moles of the nucleoside triphosphate were hydrolyzed per mole of ribosomes. Ribosomes which had been incubated with puromycin so as to remove peptidyl-tRNA showed no reduction in the aminoacyltransferase II catalyzed hydrolysis of GTP. Ribosomes from the muscle of alloxan-diabetic rats were less active in protein synthesis than those from normal rats. However, there was no difference in the ability of the ribosomes to support GTP hydrolysis even when aminoacyltransferase II was present in saturating amounts. We conclude that the decreased ability of diabetic ribosomes to catalyze protein synthesis is not a result of an inability to utilize aminoacyltransferase II to hydrolyze GTP.
Synaptic potentials in afferent fibers innervating hair cells of the lateral line organ in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract Spontaneous synaptic activity in afferent fibers innervating hair cells of the lateral line organ was monitored with micropipettes at visually identified locations near the peripheral terminations of the fibers. Spontaneous action potentials as well as spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) were observed. Some action potentials were preceded by EPSPs. Most EPSPs did not reach threshold to generate action potentials. The frequency of occurrence of spontaneous EPSPs was related to the number of neuromasts innervated by a fiber. Single EPSPs were most readily observed in fibers innervating only a few neuromasts. Perfusion of the synapse with solutions containing cobalt reversibly diminished discharge rate by reducing the occurrence of EPSPs. Manganese produced similar effects on discharge rate. The blockage of spontaneous EPSPs by cobalt, an agent that can block voltage-dependent transmitter release, supports the hypothesis that spontaneous discharge in afferent fibers of the lateral line organ is due to voltage-dependent release of transmitter from the hair cells.
Pediatric Orthopedic Emergencies

Many well seasoned emergency physicians often find it challenging to assess and treat pediatric patients regardless of the complaint. Because of anatomic and physiologic differences, pediatric patients experience orthopedic injuries that are both unique and specific to this subset of the population. Emergency physicians must be aware of these nuances to properly diagnose and treat these injuries. An understanding of fractures unique to growing bone, such as buckle/torus and greenstick types, will provoke clinicians to have a keener eye when reviewing pediatric radiographs. The Salter-Harris classification provides a proven, generally accepted stratification of injury to describe and properly disposition pediatric fractures. Emergency physicians must also recognize a distal radial fracture, because it is the most common pediatric fracture, and the many complications of the supracondylar fracture. Nursemaid's elbow and ankle injuries are further common presenting complaints that are discussed. Recognition of child abuse and the work-up of the child presenting with a limp are additional areas that the Emergency physician should feel comfortable evaluating.
Sequence determinants of thermodynamic stability in a WW domain—An all‐β‐sheet protein

The stabilities of 66 sequence variants of the human Pin1 WW domain have been determined by equilibrium thermal denaturation experiments. All 34 residues composing the hPin1 WW three-stranded β-sheet structure could be replaced one at a time with at least one different natural or non-natural amino acid residue without leading to an unfolded protein. Alanine substitutions at only four positions within the hPin1 WW domain lead to a partially or completely unfolded protein—in the absence of a physiological ligand. The side chains of these four residues form a conserved, partially solvent-inaccessible, continuous hydrophobic minicore comprising the N- and C-termini. Ala mutations at five other residues, three of which constitute the ligand binding patch on the concave side of the β-sheet, significantly destabilize the hPin1 WW domain without leading to an unfolded protein. The remaining mutations affect protein stability only slightly, suggesting that only a small subset of side chain interactions within the hPin1 WW domain are mandatory for acquiring and maintaining a stable, cooperatively folded β-sheet structure.
Prime Power Divisors of Multinomial and q-Multinomial Coefficients

Abstract We prove that for any integer d multinomial coefficients satisfying some conditions are exactly divisible by p d for many large primes p . The obtained results are essentially the best possible. Also, we show that under some hypothesis q -multinomial coefficients are divisible by p d .
Optimal multivariate bounded adjustment

A bounded adjustment strategy is an important link between statistical process control and engineering process control (or closed-loop feedback adjustment). The optimal bounded adjustment strategy for the case of a single variable has been reported in the literature and recently a number of publications have enhanced this relationship (but still for a single variable). The optimal bounded adjustment strategy for a multivariate processes (of arbitrary dimension) is derived in this article. This uses optimization and exploits a symmetry relationship to obtain a closed-form solution for the optimal strategy. Furthermore, a numerical method is developed to analyze the adjustment strategy for an arbitrary number of dimensions with only a one-dimensional integral. This provides the link between statistical and engineering process control in the important multivariate case. Both infinite- and finite-horizon solutions are presented along with a numerical illustration.
Merchant Liability:Changing the Standards

This paper examines the changing merchant liability standards for criminal attacks occurring on business premises. Customer lawsuits seeking to hold businesses responsible for the criminal attacks of others are becoming more common. Selected cases illustrate the requirements to prove business negligence, the usual theory of merchant liability. Varying, sometimes conflicting, state court decisions set each state’s merchant liability standard for third party criminal attacks. Generally, state courts are now more willing to impose liability when merchants fail to protect customers from third party attacks. Four suggestions for merchant response to the varying standards are provided.
2-D BEM analysis of anisotropic half-plane problems—application to rock mechanics

This note is part of continuing research on the applications of BEM to rock mechanics problems.
Higher-twist term in inclusive pion production at large transverse momentum

We calculate the absolute rate and kinematic dependence of the cross sections for the high-twist subprocesses $\mathrm{qG}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}q$ and $q\overline{q}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}G$ in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). These cross sections are used to estimate the high-twist contribution to large-transverse-momentum inclusive single-pion production in hadronic collisions. We compare the normalization of these terms with leading-order minimum-twist QCD processes such as $\mathrm{qG}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{qG}$. The high-twist contributions are shown to be quantitatively important for ${p}_{T}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{l}6$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ and ${x}_{T}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}0.5$, and they should be included in detailed analyses of data. We discuss cross sections and charge ratios, and we comment briefly about inclusive spin-correlation measurements at large ${p}_{T}$.
The orientation of the QCD vacuum

Abstract It is emphasized that when P and CP symmetry is imposed on the order parameter describing chiral symmetry breaking in massless QCD, there are two physically distinct orientations of that order parameter. Using a theorem of Vafa and Witten, it is decided which is chosen by QCD.
Estimation of the time course of slow-wave sleep over the night in depressed patients: effects of clomipramine and clinical response

The distribution of slow-wave activity during sleep has been analyzed using a method related to the two-process model of sleep regulation. This method is applied to the analyses of data collected from 21 inpatients with unipolar depression who received the antidepressant clomipramine (CMI) in a pulse-loading protocol. CMI infusion was found to redistribute slow-wave activity, producing more concentration in the early part of the night, and also significantly reduced the fluctuation in slow-wave power as a function of time. These measures also distinguished clinical responders from the nonresponders. Drug responders had a significant redistribution of slow-wave activity to the earlier part of the night as compared to nonresponders. This suggests that measures of the distribution of slow-wave activity over the night may represent a good measure of clinical response to antidepressant therapy and have implications for the interpretation of the two-process model and sleep in depression.
Advances in Remote Monitoring of Implantable Cardiac Devices

The implantation of cardiac electronic devices has increased substantially over the past decade in response to widening indications. Subsequent monitoring is an integral part of both device and patient care but remains unguided by any prospectively derived data. Current practice generally follows an in-clinic follow-up protocol by physicians or device specialists to retrieve stored diagnostic data. For implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, this is performed at short intervals because of safety concerns. Consensus suggests that patients with ICDs should be evaluated routinely every 3 to 6 months either in person during clinic checks or through remote mechanisms. This recommendation represents a significant clinical burden that may increase further when devices reach elective replacement indicator (ERI) or in response to product advisories and recalls. Additional challenges are the ability for early problem detection, management of unscheduled encounters, and management of data downloaded from increasingly complex devices. Recently developed remote monitoring technologies may provide mechanisms for performing intensive device surveillance without overburdening device clinics.
Active oxidative decarboxylation of malate by mitochondria isolated from L-1210 ascites tumor cells

Abstract Mitochondria from L-1210 mouse ascites tumor show a very high rate of oxidation of L-malate in comparison with mitochondria from normal tissues. They were found to contain large amounts of malic enzyme (E.C.1.1.1.39) catalyzing oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate. Malic enzyme in extracts of tumor mitochondria requires Mn2+ or Mg2+, utilizes either NAD+ or NADP+ as electron acceptor, and shows positive cooperativity in binding of L-malate. These observations suggest that L-1210 tumor mitochondria actively convert excess tricarboxylate cycle intermediates and their precursors into pyruvate for further oxidation.
Carotodynia associated with carotid arterial disease and stroke.

Abstract The unusual disorder of carotodynia has for the first time been associated with carotid artery disease and stroke. On the basis of the reported experience, an aggressive approach to the patient with the carotodynia syndrome is advocated.
A test of the approximate coupled cluster doubles approximation

Abstract The approximate coupled cluster doubles (ACCD) approximation is tested, both at the infinite-order level and at fourth order of many-body perturbation theory. It is found that in the presence of strong pair coupling, i.e. for most molecules, there is a substantial deviation between the ACCD and the full representation of unlinked clusters of double substitutions at the additive fourth-order level.
Local Catheter-Based Intracoronary Radiation Therapy for Restenosis

Abstract Intracoronary radiation therapy was shown to be effective in limiting “restenosis-like” phenomena by inhibiting neointima formation after balloon angioplasty in porcine coronary arteries. Using the same treatment doses, both gamma and beta emitters demonstrated similar results, despite differences in isotope characteristics (e.g., penetration, activity, dose rate, and treatment time). In addition, intracoronary radiation delivered via a catheter-based system prior to coronary stenting reduced neointimal hyperplasia in the porcine model and may further reduce restenosis when coupled with stent implantation. Radioactive stents are of value, especially in large vessels, because of their low activity and proximity to the vessel wall. Adventitial labeling and immunostaining have suggested that the mechanisms by which radiation reduces restenosis are (1) inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation in the adventitia and (2) favorable effects on vessel remodeling. Technical radiation considerations are also discussed, including isotope selection, treatment dose, homogeneous dosimetry, treatment time, and total body dose to the patient and healthcare personnel. New catheter-based delivery systems for intracoronary use are currently being developed and are described. Preliminary clinical and angiographic studies using endovascular radiation after balloon angioplasty in both stented and nonstented peripheral and coronary arteries indicate favorable long-term results. In response to the growing enthusiasm for this approach, larger populations must be studied to determine whether this new therapy will influence the restenosis rate and clinical events after angioplasty and, in a broader sense, the field of interventional cardiology. (Am J Cardiol 1996;78(suppl 3A):23–28)
Approximation method for high-energy scattering at large angles

The Glaubcr t h e o r y (~) is k n o w n to be one o~ the m o s t successful a p p r o x i m a t i o n m e t h o d s for descr ib ing the s ca t t e r ing of a h igh-energy pa r t i c l e by a nucleus. This is because, in his theory , the compl i ca t ed in t e rac t ion of a p ro jec t i l e w i th a nucleus is reduced to a s imple additivity o] phase shi]ts due to the pro jec t i l e -nuc leon in t e r ac t ion which are b e t t e r known. The Glauber t heo ry , however , is val id only for a smal l -angle sca t te r ing . I t fails for a large-angle s ca t t e r ing in general (2). In fac t , t he p re sen t knowledge abou t a ]urge-angle sca t t e r ing is v e r y l imi ted e x p e r i m e n t a l l y a n d theore t ica l ly (~.a). However , t h e b a c k w a r d s c a t t e r i n g d a t a are now e x p e c t e d to be fo r thcoming in a yea r f rom the Meson Fac i l i t y a t Los Alamos. A workable t h e o r y w i t h a sound basis is r a t h e r urgent . I n th i s no te we shall p r e sen t a new fo rmula w h i c h has t he nice p r o p e r t y of t he Glauber-type additivity and, more i m p o r t a n t l y , works also for a large-angle sca t te r ing . Our fo rmula for the sca t t e r ing a m p l i t u d e for a par t ic le w i t h an ini t ial m o m e n t u m ?tki and a final m o m e n t u m hk t due to a po ten t i a l V(r) is (]ki] = Ikfl ..... k, U = (2m/h 2) V)
Evaluation of the Research-Version TMPA Rainfall Estimate at Its Finest Spatial and Temporal Scales over the Rome Metropolitan Area

Abstract The focus of this study is the evaluation of the research-version Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) rainfall product at its finest spatial and temporal resolutions (3-hourly and 0.25° × 0.25°) over the Rome, Italy, metropolitan area during the period from October 2008 to January 2009. Accurate ground reference rainfall estimates for two satellite pixels are obtained from a dense rain gauge network (22 rain gauges in one pixel and 16 in the other one). The evaluation is based on examination of time series, scatterplots, and survival functions, as well as measures of agreement and disagreement. The results of this study point to the importance of using the TRMM satellite for rainfall estimation. Suggestions in terms of minimum number of rain gauges required to estimate ground reference rainfall are also provided.
No Spt6, No Nucleosomes, No Activator Required

In the February 3 issue of Molecular Cell, a paper from Adkins and Tyler (2006) demonstrates that nucleosome reassembly is required for gene repression and, strikingly, that transcriptional activators are not necessary for gene activation in the absence of nucleosome reassembly.
The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen suspension, chewable tablets, and tablets in children with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen administered as a suspension, chewable tablet, or tablet in children with cystic fibrosis and to determine the optimal blood sampling times for measuring ibuprofen peak concentrations. Study design: A single oral 20 mg/kg dose of ibuprofen was administered, and blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes after the dose was administered. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax ), time to peak concentration (Tmax ), and other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined and compared (analysis of variance and analysis of covariance). Results: Thirty-eight children were included (22, 4, and 12 in the suspension, chewable tablet, and tablet groups, respectively). Tmax was the only parameter for which statistical differences were noted (suspension vs tablet, P ≤ .02). After age and sex were removed as potential confounding variables, Tmax remained statistically different (P ≤ .001). Conclusions: A 20 mg/kg dose of ibuprofen suspension is recommended, with blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis obtained 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the dose is administered. Obtaining the first blood sample 1 hour after dose administration will miss ~90% of peak concentrations, increasing the likelihood of overdosing. (J Pediatr 1999;134:58-63)
Tachycardia-Mediated Cardiomyopathy

Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy is a little appreciated but highly relevant disorder that is curable, unlike most other cardiomyopathies. This article describes the symptoms, testing, and treatment used in the case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with progressive congestive heart failure. An electrophysiologist determined that this was most likely a non-reentrant 1:2 tachycardia. Success was achieved without transplant.
Do Public Schools Teach Voiding Dysfunction? Results of an Elementary School Teacher Survey

ABSTRACTPurpose: Dysfunctional voiding in children may partly be learned, and constitutes a significant percentage of pediatric urological referrals. Half of a child’s waking hours are spent at school, suggesting a significant potential impact on learned toileting behaviors. Nonetheless, data on teacher perception and practice regarding pediatric voiding are lacking.Materials and Methods: A total of 1,000, 21-question surveys were mailed to randomly selected Iowa public elementary school teachers, of which 467 were returned and analyzed.Results: Eighty percent of respondents reported set times for student bathroom breaks. More than half requested all children go to the bathroom at the set times. One-third asked a child requesting a break in the middle of class to wait. Thirty-five percent and 48%, respectively, reported the boys and girls bathrooms were always sanitary. Forty-seven percent and 36% believed bathroom sanitation was progressively worse during the day for boys and girls bathrooms, respectivel...
Formation of non-beta 6.3-helical gramicidin channels between sequence-substituted gramicidin analogues.

Using the linear gramicidins as an example, we have previously shown how the statistical properties of heterodimeric (hybrid) channels (formed between the parent [Val1]gramicidin A (gA) and a sequence-altered analogue) can be used to assess whether the analogue forms channels that are structurally equivalent to the parent channels (Durkin, J. T., R. E. Koeppe II, and O. S. Andersen. 1990. J. Mol. Biol. 211:221–234). Generally, the gramicidins are tolerant of amino acid sequence alterations. We report here an exception. The optically reversed analogue, gramicidin M- (gM-) (Heitz, F., G. Spach, and Y. Trudelle. 1982. Biophys. J. 40:87–89), forms channels that are the mirror-image of [Val1]gA channels; gM- should thus form no hybrid channels with analogues having the same helix sense as [Val1]gA. Surprisingly, however, gM- forms hybrid channels with the shortened analogues des-Val1-[Ala2]gA and des-Val1-gC, but these channels differ fundamentally from the parent channels: (a) the appearance rate of these heterodimers is only approximately 1/10 of that predicted from the random assortment of monomers into conducting dimers, indicating the existence of an energy barrier to their formation (e.g., monomer refolding into a new channel-forming conformation); and (b), once formed, the hybrid channels are stabilized approximately 1,000-fold relative to the parent channels. The increased stability suggests a structure that is joined by many hydrogen bonds, such as one of the double-stranded helical dimers shown to be adopted by gramicidins in organic solvents (Veatch, W. R., E. T. Fossel, and E. R. Blout. 1974. Biochemistry. 13:5249–5256).
LANTHANIDE(III) COMPLEXATION WITH LIGANDS AS POSSIBLE CONTRAST ENHANCING AGENTS FOR MRI

Abstract The utility of low molecular weight gadolinium complexes as contrast enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well established. Gadolinium complexes of various acyclic and macrocyclic aminopolycarboxylates, aminopolyphosphonates and aminopolyphosphinates have been investigated as potential contrast enhancing agents for MRI. An understanding of the chemical factors which influence the thermodynamic stabilities, kinetic labilities and relaxivities of these complexes is of importance both in evaluating the potential usefulness of the complexes as contrast enhancing agents, and in identifying new directions for study. The detailed understanding of the coordination chemistry of the lanthanides guiding the design of low molecular weight gadolinium chelates for use as potential contrast agents is reviewed in this article.
Reflection study of silicon nanopillar arrays: Compact lattice versus square lattice

This paper studies the effect of 2-D compact and square silicon nano pillars lattices on the light absorption of the silicon based solar cell. The absorption spectra of both compact and square lattice silicon nanopillars were calculated using full-wave analysis, 3D Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, within the window of 300 nm −1000 nm for different incidence angles.
Quantum and All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Protonation and Divalent Ion Binding to Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate (PIP2)

Molecular dynamics calculations have been used to determine the structure of phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) at the quantum level and to quantify the propensity for PIP2 to bind two physiologically relevant divalent cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+. We performed a geometry optimization at the Hartree-Fock 6-31+G(d) level of theory in vacuum and with a polarized continuum dielectric to determine the conformation of the phospholipid headgroup in the presence of water and its partial charge distribution. The angle between the headgroup and the acyl chains is nearly perpendicular, suggesting that in the absence of other interactions, the inositol ring would lie flat along the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. Next, we employed hybrid quantum mechanics / molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations to investigate the protonation state of PIP2 and its interactions with magnesium or calcium. We test the hypothesis suggested by prior experiments that binding of magnesium to PIP2 is mediated by a water molecule that is absent when calcium binds. These results may explain the selective ability of calcium to induce the formation of PIP2 clusters and phase separation from other lipids.
Finite size effects on the real-space pair distribution function of nanoparticles

The pair distribution function (PDF) method is a powerful approach for the analysis of the structure of nanoparticles. An important approximation used in nanoparticle PDF simulations is the incorporation of a form factor describing nanoparticle size and shape. The precise effect of the form factor on the PDF is determined by both particle shape and structure if these characteristics are both anisotropic and correlated. The correct incorporation of finite size effects is important for distinguishing and quantifying the structural consequences of small particle size in nanomaterials.
National disparities in laparoscopic colorectal procedures for colon cancer.

Racial disparity in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been cited as a potential cause for differences in mortality. This study compares the rates of laparoscopy according to race, insurance status, geographic location, and hospital size. The 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project: Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) database was queried to identify patients with the diagnosis of CRC by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to look at age, gender, insurance coverage, academic versus nonacademic affiliated institutions, rural versus urban settings, location, and proportional differences in laparoscopic procedures according to race. A total of 14,502 patients were identified; 4,691 (32.35 %) underwent laparoscopic colorectal procedures and 9,811 (67.65 %) underwent open procedures. The proportion of laparoscopic procedures did not differ significantly by race: Caucasian 32.4 %, African-American 30.04 %, Hispanic 33.99 %, and Asian-Pacific Islander 35.12 (P = 0.08). Among Caucasian and African-American patients, those covered by private insurers were more likely to undergo laparoscopic procedures compared to other insurance types (P ≤ 0.001). The odds of receiving laparoscopic procedure at teaching hospitals was 1.39 times greater than in nonteaching hospitals (95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.29–1.48) and did not differ across race groups. Patients in urban hospitals demonstrated higher odds of laparoscopic surgery (2.24, 95 % CI 1.96–2.56) than in rural hospitals; this relationship was consistent within races. The odds of undergoing laparoscopic surgeries was lowest in the Midwest region (0.89, 95 % CI 0.81–0.97) but higher in the Southern region (1.14, 95 % CI 1.06–1.22) compared with the other regions. Nearly one-third of all CRC surgeries are laparoscopic. Race does not appear to play a significant role in the selection of a laparoscopic CRC operation. However, there are significant differences in the selection of laparoscopy for CRC patients based on insurance status, geographic location, and hospital type.
A Centenary Reconsideration of Bellamy’s Looking Backward

The worlds of literature, social criticism, and political-economic analysis are approaching, in 1987, the centenary of one of the most remarkable and important books in the history of economic thought with regard to the formation of public opinion, Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward, 2000–1887.1 Together with several dozen other contemporary representatives of the genre and also Henry George’s Progress and Poverty (1879), Bellamy’s utopian novel had a profound impact on the political viability of, if not necessity for, the welfare state, notwithstanding the fact that the future did not materialize as foreseen by pellamy2. Not incidentally, Looking Back-ward had a profound effect on a number of individuals, not the least of whom was Thorstein Veblen.3 The book also continues to be important because Bellamy, a New England journalist whose success with this book (which sold a million copies within a few years) was something of a surprise to its author, dealt therein with fundamental and abiding questions of economic belief and of the organization and control of the economic system. The purpose of this article is to reconside Looking Backward in the hindsight of virtually a century’s knowledge and experience.
The responsiveness of individual hypothalamic neurons to microelectrophoretically administered endogenous amines

Responsiveness of individual hypothalamic nerve cells to microelectrophoretically administered acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) was investigated. Ninety-eight units responded to one or more of these amines. About equal numbers of ACh-sensitive cells either increased or decreased their spontaneous rate of discharge when tested; NA-sensitive and 5-HT-sensitive units predominantly showed a decreased rate of firing. From histological reconstruction of electrode tracts, it appears that responsive units are diffusely distributed throughout the hypothalamus, although many ACh-sensitive and NA-sensitive cells were encountered in paraventricular and ventral median nuclei. The results are interpreted as compatible with a possible functional role for these endogenous amines in the hypothalamus, although not necessarily as neurohumural transmitters.
Temporal integration of auditory and vestibular stimuli.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Integration of balance-related cues from the vestibular and other sensory systems requires that they be perceived simultaneously despite arriving asynchronously at the central nervous system. Failure to perform temporal integration of multiple sensory signals represents a novel mechanism to explain symptoms in patients with imbalance. This study tested the ability of normal observers to compensate for sensory asynchronies between vestibular and auditory inputs. Study Design: Double-blinded experimental design. Methods: We performed whole-body rotations about the earth-vertical axis following a raised-cosine trajectory at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz to several peak velocities up to a maximum of 180°/s in five normal subjects. Headphones were used to present a diotic auditory stimulus at various times relative to the onset of the rotation. Subjects were required to indicate which cue occurred first. Results: The vestibular stimulus needed to be presented 61 milliseconds (at a stimulus frequency of 0.5 Hz) and 19 milliseconds (at 1.0 Hz) before the auditory stimulus. Stimuli presented within a window of 300 milliseconds (at 0.5 Hz) to 200 milliseconds (at 1.0 Hz) were judged to be simultaneous. Conclusions: The central nervous system must accommodate for delays in perception of vestibular and other sensory cues. Inaccurate temporal integration of these inputs represents a novel explanation for symptoms of imbalance.
Joint Morphological-Lexical Language Modeling (JMLLM) for Arabic

Language modeling for inflected languages such as Arabic poses new challenges for speech recognition due to rich morphology. The rich morphology results in large increases in perplexity and out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rate. In this study, we present a new language modeling method that takes advantage of Arabic morphology by combining morphological segments with the underlying lexical items and additional available information sources with regards to morphological segments and lexical items within a single joint model. Joint representation and modeling of morphological and lexical items reduces the OOV rate and provides smooth probability estimates. Preliminary experiments detailed in this paper show satisfactory improvements over word and morpheme based trigram language models and their interpolations.
The significance of the ratio of blood to marrow hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM) in relation to disease state of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We studied a total of 143 patients with 231 assays of CFU-GM, of these, 45 patients were studied with 58 simultaneous assays of CFU-GEMM in an attempt to correlate progenitor colony growth with disease state. Blood and marrow leukocytes were cultured in a standard methylcellulose culture system using normal human leukocyte colony stimulating activity. Results are expressed as natural logarithm of the ratio of blood colonies to marrow colonies. A high ratio of blood to marrow (greater than 1) was seen in active disease while a low ratio occurred during remission. Eighty-seven per cent of CFU-GM matched pair samples with active disease had high ratios while less than 1% of remission samples were high. In addition, patients with suspected relapse or relapse up to 14 months after this test often had high ratios indicating this test could be of prognostic value. It is not known if this effect of ALL is unique to ALL or if it occurs as a reaction to any hematopoietic stress.
Characterization of sensitivity and specificity in leaky droplet-based assays

This paper uses numerical methods to characterize the crosstalk of small fluorescent molecules and molecular probes among aqueous droplets immersed in a continuous phase of hydrocarbons or fluorocarbons in microfluidic systems. Droplet-based biochemical assays rely on the reagents to remain isolated in individual droplets. It has been observed, however, that small and hydrophobic fluorescent molecules can diffuse across the droplet boundary into other drops. The contents among droplets become mixed and homogenized over time. Such cross-contamination can have detrimental effects on the accuracy of droplet-based assays, especially those using fluorescent molecules and the corresponding number of fluorescent droplets for a quantitative readout. This work examines the competing dynamics of the generation of fluorescent molecules in “positive” drops (in response to the presence of molecules or cells of interest), against its leakage into “negative” drops, where such molecules or cells of interest are absent. In ideal droplet assays, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)—defined as the fluorescence signal from a positive drop to that from a negative drop—would increase and saturate with time. In a leaky droplet assay, the SNR tends to decay with time. Under certain conditions, however, the SNR from a leaky droplet assay could increase and reach a maximum value before it starts to diminish. This maximum value can be estimated from a dimensionless number relating the rate of leakage relative to the rate of generation of fluorescence signal in the drops. Beyond the time when the SNR peaks, the SNR value, as well as the accuracy of the leaky droplet assay continues to degrade. In the absence of immediate experimental remedies to completely eliminate the crosstalk of molecules among drops, performing detection at the optimal time point becomes critical to minimize errors in leaky droplet assays.