cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erythema Ab Igne in a 12-Year-Old Boy Diagnosed via Telemedicine

In March of 2020, an otherwise healthy 12-year-old boy developed a unilateral patch of reticulated erythema limited to his left lower extremity. The child could not be examined in the clinic due to limited in-person appointments during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, so he was examined via a telemedicine visit. The diagnosis of erythema ab igne was made as his mother verified that the child was spending approximately two hours per day playing video games in the cold basement of his house, with a space heater positioned close to his left leg. Our case of erythema ab igne is unique due to the relatively young age of the affected child, and it provides an example of how this diagnosis can be made via a telemedicine visit. Being able to recognize the classic appearance of erythema ab igne through the scrutiny of photographs and obtaining pertinent history can preclude the need for an in-person visit during times when home sequestration may be a necessity.
The Political and Economic Consequences of COVID-19 for China

In popular discourse, the consequences of COVID-19 for China have been described by some authors as potentially existential for the Chinese Communist Party, either through internal political or via economic channels. However, the weight of the existing evidence about Chinese regime strength should have made it clear that this outcome (regime change) was unlikely. Xi Jinping has successfully removed any serious competitors for power, Chinese economic prosperity has a relatively strong macroeconomic foundation, and the long-run prospects for growth, even in the COVID-19 era, are reasonably good. However, in both the political and economic realms, there are a number of existing fissures and imbalances within the Chinese system that are likely to be made worse by the impact of COVID-19. Chief among these include a long run increase in cynicism toward the regime, increased and increasingly unresolvable local government debt problems, and possibly an increase in official corruption because of government stimulus measures. All of these consequences have the potential to be difficult and stubborn to resolve, even if they do not rise to the level of threatening CCP power.
Design of an Enhanced Reconfigurable Chaotic Oscillator using G 4 FET-NDR Based Discrete Map

In this paper, a novel chaotic map is introduced using a voltage controlled negative differential resistance (NDR) circuit composed of an n-channel and a p-channel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) four-gate transistor (G4FET). The multiple gates of the G4FET are leveraged to create a discrete chaotic map with three bifurcation parameters. The three tunable parameters are the gain of a transimpedance amplifier (TIA), top-gate voltage of n- channel G4FET, and top-gate voltage of p-channel G4FET. Two methods are proposed for building chaotic oscillators using this discrete map. The effect of altering bifurcation parameters on chaotic operation is illustrated using bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponent. A design methodology for building flexible and reconfigurable logic gate is outlined and the consequent enhancement in functionality space caused by the existence of three independent bifurcation parameters is demonstrated and compared with previous work.
Developing Nutrition Programs for the Cow/Calf Herd

Cow calf producers have the tools and technology to produce a 95% calf crop that weans at 525-550 lbs. at 205 days. A multitude of publications from industry and extension services are available to these producers, yet only an estimated 70-85% of cows exposed to the bull wean calves. The veterinarian, as part of a production team, should help the producer match genetic, nutritional, and management resources to optimize productivity. The author suggests that the development of an effective nutrition program for the cow/calf herd to meet these goals requires 4 steps: 1. Evaluate the producer.2. Evaluate the cows.3. Evaluate the feeds.4. Evaluate the feeding management.
Deterrence Effects of Enforcement Schemes: An Experimental Study

Private and public organizations are interested in finding effective ways to reduce crime and promote ethical behavior without investing heavy resources into monitoring and compliance. In this pape...
Corrections to “mSOUND: An Open Source Toolbox for Modeling Acoustic Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Media”

In the above article [1] , the authors regret that there were some mistakes pertaining to (1) – (3) and (5) .
Employing Stochastic Multiplayer Games to Support Self-Organization over Ad Hoc Networks

Self-organization over ad hoc networks is of growing interest due to their application to collective adaptive systems of IoT devices, such as wearables and drones. These devices can possess situational goals that depend on the availability of external services provided by service providers (SPs) within the ad hoc network. SPs have quality-of-service (QoS) attributes whose values are based on the service(s) they have available. These QoS attributes can be negatively affected by environmental sources of uncertainty as well as behavioral constraints imposed on the SP to support self-organization via integration. Novel mechanisms are needed to evaluate the impact of an integration configuration on the SP's QoS attributes to produce Pareto optimal configurations. We construct a stochastic multiplayer game (SMG) that evaluates a SP's expected satisficing level given its privileged data access, sources of uncertainty, and QoS values. Polynomial regression is applied to the output of the SMG to produce a model to evaluate an integration configuration at runtime. We demonstrate the model on a rescue scenario involving wearables and drones and examine the efficacy of the resulting configurations.
Heat stress and LPS activate multiple signaling pathways to regulate cytokine expression in macrophages

Animals exposed to heat stress (HS) have suppressed response to immune stimulants such as bacteria lipopolysaccharide. This has implication for health and production of livestock because an effecti...
Whose Motive Matters: Discrimination in Multi-Actor Employment Decision Making

Disparate treatment claims require a finding of an intent to discriminate. The search for discriminatory intent or motive in disparate treatment cases often is envisioned as an attempt to determine whether a supervisor, despite his denials, consciously acted out of bias, animus or on the basis of "inaccurate or stigmatizing stereotypes" in making an employment decision. Many employment decisions, however, are not made by a single individual. Sometimes, employment decisions are made after a recommendation works its way up a chain of authority. Sometimes, they are made by a committee or group, and sometimes, the decision making process incorporates elements of both. Some of the participants in the decision making process may act for prohibited reasons, while others may act for reasons having nothing to do with a plaintiff's protected class status. In such cases, whose motive matters? An ultimate decision maker or members of a decision making group may be, and often are, unaware that others involved in the process have based their decisions, in whole or in part, on an employee's protected-group status. Courts facing such claims generally have not considered that unawareness a sufficient basis for depriving a plaintiff of her discrimination claim. Instead, they have examined whether impermissible considerations in one part of the decision making chain caused the action to occur, in whole or in part. These multiple actor cases provide a useful model for the intent inquiry in individual decision maker situations as well. Just as persons involved in a decision making process may be unaware of the motives of others, individuals, as work in social cognition has demonstrated, are often unaware of their own biases. Implicit stereotypes can influence an individual's decision making in much the same way as an invidiously motivated supervisor can influence the actions of her superiors. In either context, the fact-finder should ask not whether decision makers made conscious use of the plaintiff's group status in the decision making process, but whether the plaintiff's group status caused the challenged decision to be made, in whole or in part. But causation alone, the article submits, is not a sufficient basis for employer liability. Under principles articulated by the Supreme Court in Burlington Industries v. Ellerth, the action complained of must be attributable to the employer, either directly or vicariously. Moreover, there must exist an unbroken chain of causation between these actions and the harm suffered by the plaintiff.
Latinos and the Color Line

This essay reviews the issues and current literature on how “race,” skin color, and/or phenotype operate as stratifying agents among Latinos in the United States. We review the trends and emerging issues in this area with regard to health, housing and segregation, and socioeconomic status (SES), including education and criminal justice. We do so in the context of the Census Bureau's release of its 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment (AQE) study. This 5-year study focuses on how to best ask the race question. One of the key findings of the study was that including “Hispanic/Latinos” as a race in the combined questionnaire format did not reduce the number of people identifying as Hispanic/Latino; however, it did reduce the number of Hispanics/Latinos reporting detailed information on specific national origin. The AQE also recommended further testing of the combined question format. The only time that a Hispanic origin group was included in the Census as a racial category was in 1930 when “Mexican” was included as a race. If the Census recommends the inclusion of Hispanic as a race, it would mark a significant departure from the 1997 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidelines and the Census' current policy of thinking of Latinos as an ethnic group, composed of many races, to a racial group similar to Whites, Blacks, or Asians in the United States. We also examine works that assess the importance of collecting data on race and ethnicity as analytically distinct concepts. Keywords: race; ethnicity; census; Latino; Hispanic; racialization; ancestry; health; housing; socioeconomic status (SES); alternative questionnaire experiment (AQE); color line; measuring race
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide As an Active Site Director in Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Modification

Abstract Multivalent anions, sulfate, phosphate, or arsenate, selectively decrease the rate of alkylation of rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by both iodoacetamide and iodoacetate. N-Acetylation of the lysine residue that in the apoenzyme neighbors the essential cysteine residue does not eliminate this anion effect, suggesting that an alternative unique enzyme site is responsible for binding these anions. NAD+ (or 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide) at high concentration strikingly reverses this effect with iodoacetate; with iodoacetamide a further retardation in alkylation rate is observed. It is proposed that binding of NAD+ limits access of iodoacetamide or other uncharged reagents to the active site sulfhydryl group and simultaneously produces, via the pyridinium cation, a site capable of binding iodoacetate or any other negatively charged reagent. The role of NAD+ in acyl phosphatase and p-nitrophenyl hydrolase activities is considered in this context. The dependence on coenzyme concentration of the alkylation reaction for both reagents was determined with apoenzyme in various media. The results at low NAD+ concentrations in the presence of a multivalent anion indicate that a given coenzyme molecule facilitates, by means of the specific coulombic interaction, carboxymethylation (and not carbamylmethylation) at each of the sites to which it is bound during the reaction period. Finally the possible use of NAD+ (NADP+) as an active site director is commented upon in terms of modifying enzymatic behavior in vivo.
Tissue-specific Expression of Functional Isoforms of Mouse Folylpoly-γ-glutamate Synthetase: A Basis for Targeting Folate Antimetabolites

Folates and folate antimetabolites are metabolically trapped in mammalian cells as polyglutamates, a process catalyzed by folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS). Using 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RNase protection assays, transfection of cDNAs into FPGS-deficient cells, and kinetic analysis of recombinant enzymes expressed in insect cells, it was determined that the species of active FPGS in mouse liver and kidney was different from that in mouse tumor cells, bone marrow, and intestine. The NH2-terminal peptide of hepatic enzyme contained 18 amino acids not found in enzyme from dividing tissues, and the specificity of the two isoforms for antifolates also differed, suggesting different architecture of the active sites. In most tissues, the expression of one isozyme or the other was an all-or-nothing event. The exclusive use of one of two alternative sets of initial coding exons in different tissues underlies this phenomenon, suggesting the design of antifolates specific for activation by individual FPGS isoforms and hence tissue-selective targeting of antifolate therapy for cancer, arthritis, or psoriasis.
Geology of the islas revillagigedo, 3. Effects of erosion on isla San Benedicto 1952-61 following the birth of Volcán Bárcena

The eruption of Volcan Barcena in 1952 covered Isla San Benedicto with trachytic tephra, except for the nearly vertical sea cliffs. Pluvial erosion on land generally was more important than colian deflation after mid-September 1952. Wave erosion, primarily occurring during summer storms, affected the island’s new shoreline that had built 900 ft. (274 m) seward by tephra fall-out and an additional 2160 ft. (658 m) by lava flowing into the sea in 1952–53. Photogrammetric study of photographs taken on 13 flights to the island showed that in the fall of 1952 wave erosion of the tephra sea cliff east of Barcena occurred at an average rate of 5.5 ft. (1.7 m) per day. About 25×106 ft.3 (0.71×106 m3) of tephra were eroded during the initial 40-day period after formation of the volcano. This represents an average erosion rate of 625,000 ft.3 (17,700 m3) per day. Waves croded the seaward side of the lava flow by 60 ft. (18 m) during the 158-day period in 1953, representing an average daily rate of 0.4 ft. (0.12 m). Relatively little erosion occurred after 1953. The volcanic ash and lapilli beach north of the flow showed seasonal cut and fill, while the beach to the west was little affected by seasonal changes because of the prevailing direction of wave attack.
A graphics processing method for occlusion reasoning in monocular tracking using nonparametric belief propagation

Tracking of articulated subjects like humans is plagued by complex occlusions among the interacting parts of the subject. The use of monocular views only accentuates this problem. We propose a method to jointly estimate a field of pixel labels along with an articulated pose within the framework of nonparametric belief propagation. We show how this algorithm may be efficiently implemented using a graphics processing unit to streamline complex occlusion reasoning computations via graphics rendering.
Inflation and capital accumulation under a finite horizon

Abstract The effect of inflation on demand for capital and the aggregate capital-labor ratio is investigated in a finite-horizon utility-maximization model. It is shown that deriving saving and asset choice decisions from utility maximization does not in itself lead to superneutrality (independence of steady-state capital-labor ratio from the rate of monetary growth) as in the work of Sidrauski, and that a finite horizon is crucial in explaining this difference. It is further shown that it is possible under very general conditions to show that increases in the rate of inflation will increase the aggregate capital-labor ratio, allowing us to extend the Mundell-Tobin effect to a wider class of models.
Derivation of general expressions for quantum and power efficiencies for atomic fluorescence of atoms in a hot gas with emphasis on atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry

Abstract The general equations for the quantum efficiency of resonance, direct-line, and step-wise fluorescence of atoms in a hot gas (a flame in atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry) are derived. A kinetic approach is used to obtain the exact expressions for the quantum efficiencies. Expressions are derived for a combination of resonance, direct-line and step-wise line atomic fluorescence which results when unfiltered line sources or continuous sources of excitation are used. The general equations for power efficiency are presented. Examples of using the derived expressions for calculation of quantum efficiencies for spectral lines of atoms exhibiting each type of atomic fluorescence are given and discussed. The experimental measurement of quantum efficiencies of spectral lines of atoms in flames is also discussed.
Simultaneous detection of cysteine sulfenate, sulfinate, and sulfonate during cysteine interfacial ozonolysis.

Sulfenic acids (RSOH) are reactive intermediates in the oxidation of protein cysteines. Among cysteine oxoforms, RSOH represent redox-reversible species that can thus participate in regulation and signaling mechanisms and play key roles in enzyme catalysis and antioxidant activity. How the cysteine (CyS) thiol groups of the human surfactant protein that lines the lung epithelium react with inhaled ozone is deemed critical in preserving structural integrity and immune functions. Here we report the simultaneous detection, by online thermospray ionization mass spectrometry, of cysteine sulfenate (CySO^−) and the overoxidized cysteine sulfinate (CySO_2^−) and cysteine sulfonate (CySO_3^−) species on the surface of aqueous CyS microdroplets exposed to O_3(g) for <1 ms. These species are produced by rapid, sequential O-atom additions whose relative rates are herein quantified for the first time. From the pH-dependence of ozonation rates, we derive pK_a(CySOH) = 7.6 ± 0.3 < pKa(CyS) = 8.3.
Semantic Clues in Comprehension of Novel Sentences

It has been suggested that semantics provide important clues to underlying linguistic structure. The present results supported this suggestion, since self-embedded sentences containing 3 relative clauses were easier to decode when semantic clues were present. Lack of transfer of learning from one set of sentences to another set of similarly constructed sentences was interpreted as supporting models of linguistic competence and language acquisition that give greater emphasis to context-specific processes.
Osteoporosis treatment disparities: a 6-year aggregate analysis from national survey data

Summary We studied factors to determine the receipt of osteoporosis treatment in individuals with osteoporosis. Treatment was associated with age, gender, race, body mass index (BMI), family history, arthritis and thyroid problems, daily glucocorticoid use, number of prescriptions and healthcare visits, and insurance type.
A Steady-State Thermomechanical Solution of Continuously Quenched Axisymmetric Bodies

A finite element methodology to solve steady-state thermochemical problems is presented in this paper, where axisymmetric geometry is considered, and small strain and small rotation are assumed for the mechanical problem. Both thermal and mechanical problems are formulated in the Eulerian frame with the finite element method. The heat transfer problem is solved with the Petrov-Galerkin method due to the convection-diffusion nature of the governing equation, and the virtual work principle is applied to the equation of motion to obtain the finite element formulation. To determine the inelastic deformation, an additional system of equations is formed by applying the Petrov-Galerkin method to the material derivatives of the inelastic strain rates. Studies in this paper focus on continuous axisymmetric problems with quenching examples. Generally, the computational time with the steady-state (Eulerian) method presented in this paper is significantly less than that with transient (Lagrangian) approaches.
Omitting Types: Application to Recursion Theory

Omitting-types theorems have been useful in model theory to construct models with special characteristics. For instance, one method of proving the ω -completeness theorem of Henkin [10] and Orey [20] involves constructing a model that omits the type { x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1, x ≠ 2,···} (i.e., { x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1, x ≠ 2,···} is not satisfiable in the model). Our purpose in this paper is to illustrate uses of omitting-types theorems in recursion theory. The Gandy-Kreisel-Tait Theorem [7] is the most well-known example. This theorem characterizes the class of hyperarithmetical sets as the intersection of all ω -models of analysis (the so-called hard core of analysis). The usual way to prove that a nonhyperarithmetical set does not belong to the hard core is to construct an ω -model of analysis that omits the type representing the set (Application 1). We will find basis results for and s — sets that are stronger than results previously known (Applications 2 and 3). The question of how far the natural hierarchy of hyperjumps extends was first settled by a forcing argument (Sacks) and subsequently by a compactness argument (Kripke, Richter). Another problem solved by a forcing argument (Sacks) and then by a compactness argument (Friedman-Jensen) was the characterization of the countable admissible ordinals as the relativized ω 1 's. Using omitting-types technique, we will supply a third kind of proof of these results (Applications 4 and 5). S. Simpson made a significant contribution in simplifying the proof of the latter result, with the interesting side effect that Friedman's result on ordinals in models of set theory is immediate (Application 6). One approach to abstract recursiveness and hyperarithmeticity on a countable set is to tenuously identify the set with the natural numbers. This approach is equivalent to other approaches to abstract recursion (Application 7). This last result may also be proved by a forcing method.
Goals and motivation related to work in later adulthood: An organizing framework

Demographics of workforce aging in the developed world have spurred research on the determinants of older worker motivation to work, motivation to retire, and motivation at work. We propose an integrative framework of later adulthood goals related to work and the motivational determinants of these goals in order to better understand goal relations. We also discuss the common and unique effects of person and contextual determinants of later adulthood work-related goals and propose new directions for future research.
Teaching with Technology: May You Live in Interesting Times

During the past 10 years, teaching with computer technology, such as e-mail and the Web, has become customary throughout undergraduate economic education. The authors review the literature on the implications for student learning, present specific educational activities that use a number of different computer technologies, and discuss growing problems, such as "cyber-plagiarism," along with suggesting potential solutions. The future of using technology for teaching economics will be the continuation of recent trends: increased portability in the access to instruction and increased opportunities for interaction, including students' interaction with the material and with the instructor and other students.
A comparison of a Eulerian and a Lagrangian time scale for over-water atmospheric flows during stable conditions

Lagrangian integral time scales were calculated from crosswind concentration distributions of oil-fog smoke released from a continuous point source over the ocean during stable atmospheric conditions assuming an exponential correlation function. Variance of the lateral velocity fluctuations, Σ v 2, and the energy dissipation rate, ɛ, were obtained from simultaneous Eulerian measurements at the beach. An Eulerian energy dissipation scale defined as Σ v 2/ɛ was then computed. The ratio of the Lagrangian integral scale to the Eulerian energy dissipation scale was found to be close to 1. This ratio was also estimated to be 1 based on physical and dimensional considerations regarding the cascade of energy. Length scales for longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions were interpreted with a model based on similarity considerations applicable for over-water atmospheric flows.
A factor-analytic study of the double standard in attitudes toward U.S. and Russian actions.

Attitudes of 320 college freshmen toward 50 identical actions taken recently by the U.S. and Soviet Russia were factor analyzed. For both U.S. and Russian items, a similar first factor of warlike or hostile actions emerged, but the three smaller factors for the two nations showed little overlap. As predicted, a double standard was clearly evident, the U.S. actions almost always being rated favorably while the identical Russian actions were usually evaluated unfavorably. The double standard was most extreme for warlike and competitive actions, relatively small for conciliatory behavior, and almost absent on items involving free dissemination of information. A two-sided presentation of information produced more neutral attitudes, particularly less favorable attitudes toward U.S. warlike actions and disapproving actions toward other nations.
The Chemical and Biological Warfare Environment: Psychological Responses and Social Supports in a High‐Stress Environment

In order to better understand psychological responses to high-stress environments and the contributions of social supports to mediating the effects of this stress, we conducted a preliminary investigation of a health care delivery team in a simulated chemical and biological warfare (CBW) environment. Our data suggest that state anxiety prior to the exercise, perceived social support from family and friends, and active training stand out as predictors of psychological outcome, even after trait and pre-exercise psychological variables are considered. Interventions directed at state anxiety and active training may offer mechanisms to decrease the psychological distress of the high-stress environment. Future research should examine variables which are amenable to intervention to determine if they are causally related to health outcome in high-stress environments.
"Brain attack": the rationale for treating stroke as a medical emergency.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind only heart disease and cancer. With an estimated three million survivors of stroke in the United States, the cost to society, both directly in health care and indirectly in lost income, is staggering. Despite recent advances in basic and clinical neurosciences, which have the potential to improve the treatment of acute stroke, the general approach to the acute stroke patient remains one of therapeutic nihilism. Most basic science studies show that to be effective, acute intervention to reperfuse ischemic tissue must take place within the first several hours, as is the case with ischemic myocardium. In addition, most neuroprotective agents must also be administered within a short time frame to be effective at salvaging at-risk tissue. Recent studies have suggested that the outcome after intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage is improved with early intervention. However, most stroke patients fail to present to medical attention within this short "window of opportunity." The public's knowledge about stroke is woefully inadequate. However, clinicians who deal with stroke can use the dramatic changes in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction over the last 2 decades as a guide for shaping changes in the management of acute stroke. Comprehensive educational efforts aimed at clinicians and the public at large have dramatically reduced the time from symptom onset to presentation and treatment for acute myocardial infarction, enabling treatment methods such as thrombolysis to be effective. The Decade of the Brain offers a unique opportunity to all concerned with the treatment of the patient with acute stroke to engage in a concerted effort to bring patients with a "brain attack" to specialized neurological attention within the same timeframe that the "heart attack" patient is handled. Such an effort is justified because, although at the present time there are few therapeutic interventions of "proven" value in the treatment of acute stroke, there is more than sufficient suggestive evidence that a number of approaches may be beneficial within the first few hours after the onset of the stroke.
The role of 4,4'-trimethylene-dipyridine flexibility in the construction of hybrid networks templated on aromatic alcohols

A series of zinc phosphite hybrid structures with trimethylene dipyridine as the linking ligand and templated on the aromatic alcohols, hydroquinone, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, nitrophenol, and bromophenol are reported. The aromatic alcohols interact with the framework by hydrogen bonding to oxygen atoms that bridge zinc and phosphorus atoms in the inorganic portion of the network. In addition, three hydrogen-bonded networks that contain trimethylene-dipyridine and either hydroquinone or 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene are reported. In these structures, the aromatic alcohol acts as a hydrogen bond donor to trimethylene-dipyridine. The flexibility of trimethylene-dipyridine is important to the construction of the new frameworks. Calculations using PM5 parameters demonstrate that trimethylene-dipyridine can adopt a wide variety of conformations with a minimal energy expense.
Taste and smell perception affect appetite and immunity in the elderly.

The losses in taste and smell that occur with advancing age can lead to poor appetite, inappropriate food choices, as well as decreased energy consumption. Decreased energy consumption can be associated with impaired protein and micronutrient status and may induce subclinical deficiencies that directly impact function. Most nutritional interventions in the elderly do not compensate for taste and smell losses and complaints. For example, cancer is a medical condition in which conventional nutritional interventions (that do not compensate for taste and smell losses) are ineffective. Evidence is now emerging that suggests compensation for taste and smell losses with flavor-enhanced food can improve palatability and/or intake, increase salivary flow and immunity, reduce chemosensory complaints in both healthy and sick elderly, and lessen the need for table salt. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, Suppl 3, S54–S63
A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence for Hot Accretion

Abstract Although the type-3 to -6 ordinary chondrite recrystallization sequence is attributed to prograde thermal metamorphism by most researchers, various studies have inferred support for the hot-accretion alternative on the basis of the composition and fine structure of pyroxene, the composition and texture of metallic Fe–Ni, misshapen chondrules, the texture of fine-grained silicate matrix material, the depletion of volatile trace elements in chondrite whole rocks, and natural remanent magnetization. Critical assessment of these studies shows that the arguments favoring hot accretion are based largely on inadequate data, flawed experiments, or improbable interpretations. The properties of ordinary chondrites are more readily understood in terms of prograde metamorphism of initially cold, unequilibrated type-3 material and episodes of brecciation, shock heating, and, in some cases, aqueous alteration.
The effects of visual and verbal feature-emphasis on form discrimination in preschool children.

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the effect of emphasizing relevant stimulus features on the acquisition and transfer of a form discrimination in kindergarten age children. Relevant features of several letter-like forms were emphasized visually by outlining these features in red and/or verbally by supplying S s with verbal descriptions of the features. Independent groups of S s received pretraining with visual emphasis of relevant features, verbal emphasis of the same features, or both visual and verbal emphasis in combination. A fourth group viewed the forms with no emphasis of features and a control group received no pretraining experience. Following differential pretraining, all S s were trained to identify variants of two forms and then tested for transfer to other variants of the same forms. Visual emphasis pretraining facilitated acquisition relative to the no pretraining control. Verbal emphasis produced no effect either alone or in combination with visual emphasis. The visual observation group performed at a level midway between visual emphasis and no pretraining. All pretraining procedures facilitated transfer to new form variants. Several explanations for these findings were offered.
Revisiting System Paradigms from the Viewpoint of Manufacturing Sustainability

A system paradigm is an abstract representation of system; it includes system architecture used to determine the types and numbers of components and their relations in the system. The design of system paradigm relies on customers’ requirements and the characteristics of the manufacturing environment. Many system paradigms and design guidelines have been proposed for a variety of customers’ needs including functions, cost, quality, personalization, and lead time of products. However, the consideration of sustainability becomes essential to today’s manufacturing systems; a new challenge is how to evolve existing paradigms to accommodate the requirements of sustainability. In contrast to ample research activities on system paradigms in past decades, recent studies on system paradigms have been restricted, partially due to unclear research directions. Limited works can be found on conceiving new manufacturing system paradigms from the perspective of sustainability; most of the related literature concerns the new requirements of sustainability. The objectives of this work are (i) to examine the requirements of manufacturing systems in a wider scope; (ii) to revisit existing paradigms to clarify their limitations and bottlenecks; and eventually (iii) to identify some research directions, which will lead to a solution of sustainable manufacturing. To achieve these objectives, firstly, a brief description of today’s manufacturing environment is provided. Secondly, the requirements of sustainability are discussed, and the relevant researches on system sustainability are surveyed. Thirdly, the reconfigurable system paradigm is focused, and the gaps between a reconfigurable manufacturing system and a sustainable manufacturing system are discussed. Finally, the future endeavors towards to the next-generation manufacturing system paradigms are discussed.
MHC–Peptide Binding is Assisted by Bound Water Molecules

Abstract Water plays an important role in determining the high affinity of epitopes to the class I MHC complex. To study the energy and dynamics of water interactions in the complex we performed molecular dynamics simulation of the class I MHC–HLA2 complex bound to the HIV reverse transcriptase epitope, ILKEPVHGV, and in the absence of the epitope. Each simulation was extended for 5 ns. We studied the processes of water penetration in the interface between MHC and peptide, and identified 14 water molecules that stay bound for periods longer than 1 ns in regions previously identified by crystallography. These water molecules in the interface perform definite “tasks” contributing to the binding energy: hydrogen bond bridges between MHC and peptide and filling empty spaces in the groove which enhance affinity without contributing to epitope specificity. We calculate the binding energy for interfacial water molecules and find that there is an overall gain in free energy resulting from the formation of water clusters at the epitope–MHC interface. Water molecules serving the task of filling empty spaces bind at the interface with a net gain in entropy, relative to their entropy in bulk. We conclude that water molecules at the interface play the role of active mediators in the MHC–peptide interaction, and might be responsible for the large binding affinity of the MHC complex to a large number of epitope sequences.
8 Effect of Dexamethasone on Neuronal Nuclear Calcium Influx in the Developing Fetal Guinea Pig

Background: Endogenous steroids are known to be essential for normal brain development. Pre-and postnatal glucocorticoids however, are associated with increased risk for adverse neurological outcome through mechanisms that are not clear, but may lead to alterations of cell structure and function.
The geometry and efficacy of cation–π interactions in a diagonal position of a designed β‐hairpin

Cation-pi interactions are common in proteins, but their contribution to the stability and specificity of protein structure has not been well established. In this study, we examined the impact of cation-pi interactions in a diagonal position of a beta-hairpin peptide through comparison of the interaction of Phe or Trp with Lys or Arg. The diagonal interactions ranged from -0.20 to -0.48 kcal/mole. Our experimental values for the diagonal cation-pi interactions are similar to those found in alpha-helical studies. Upfield shifting of the Lys and Arg side chains indicates that the geometries of cation-pi interactions adopted in the 12-residue beta-hairpin are comparable to those found in protein structures. The Lys was found to interact through the polarized Cepsilon, and the Arg is stacked against the aromatic ring of Phe or Trp. Folding of these peptides was found to be enthalpically favorable (DeltaH degrees equals approximately -3 kcal/mole) and entropically unfavorable (DeltaS degrees equals approximately -8 cal mole(-1) K(-1)).
Frosted branch angiitis in a child with HIV infection

Abstract PURPOSE: In adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, frosted branch angiitis is commonly associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis and responds to anti-cytomegalovirus therapy. We describe the first pediatric case of HIV-associated frosted branch angiitis. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 7-year-old HIV-infected male with frosted branch angiitis was refractory to induction doses of intravenous ganciclovir and foscarnet over a 2-month period. Although cytomegalovirus antigenemia resolved, the angiitis only improved after subsequent treatment with systemic corticosteroids. CONCLUSION: Frosted branch angiitis in this patient was not attributed to cytomegalovirus. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated frosted branch angiitis may differ between children and adults.
Non-equilibrium Stationary States in the Heliosphere and the Influence of Pick-up Ions

Space plasmas from the solar wind to planetary magnetospheres and the outer heliosphere are systems in stationary states out of equilibrium. Empirical kappa distributions successfully describe these space plasmas. Non‐extensive Statistical Mechanics offers a solid statistical foundation and provides a set of proven tools for understanding these distributions. Here, by expressing the entropy in terms of the κ‐index, we show the detailed paths by which the transition of stationary states evolves toward equilibrium. This procedure naturally provides four indices that are frequently observed in space plasmas: The extreme kappa values of infinity and ∼1.5 correspond to the stationary states at equilibrium and the furthest state from equilibrium, respectively; the value of κ∼1.63 is the fundamental state exhibiting the minimum entropy; and the value of κ∼2.45 is the escape state which separates the near‐equilibrium states included in the monotonic region κ>2.45, from the far‐equilibrium states included in the n...
Organizing wires for reliability in magnetic QCA

This article investigates, via analytic modeling, how a magnetic QCA wire should be organized to provide the highest reliability. We compare a nonredundant wire and two redundant wire organizations. For all three organizations, a fault rate per unit length is used for comparison; additionally, since extra components are necessary to implement the redundant organizations, these components are faulty as well. We show that the difference between these two fault rates is the main driver for selecting a wire organization. Lastly, we develop a guideline for selecting the most reliable wire organization during the circuit design process.
Genetic Variation in FGF20 Modulates Hippocampal Biology

We explored the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fibroblast growth factor 20 gene (FGF20) associated with risk for Parkinson's disease on brain structure and function in a large sample of healthy young-adult human subjects and also in elderly subjects to look at the interaction between genetic variations and age (N = 237; 116 men; 18-87 years). We analyzed high-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance images using voxel-based morphometry, a quantitative neuroanatomical technique. We also measured FGF20 mRNA expression in postmortem human brain tissue to determine the molecular correlates of these SNPs (N = 108; 72 men; 18-74 years). We found that the T allele carriers of rs12720208 in the 3'-untranslated region had relatively larger hippocampal volume (p = 0.0059) and diminished verbal episodic memory (p = 0.048) and showed steeper decreases of hippocampal volume with normal aging (p = 0.026). In postmortem brain, T allele carriers had greater expression of hippocampal FGF20 mRNA (p = 0.037), consistent with a previously characterized microRNA mechanism. The C allele matches a predicted miR-433 microRNA binding domain, whereas the T allele disrupts it, resulting in higher FGF20 protein translation. The strong FGF20 genetic effects in hippocampus are presumably mediated by activation of the FGFR1 (FGF receptor 1), which is expressed in mammalian brain most abundantly in the hippocampus. These associations, from mRNA expression to brain morphology to cognition and an interaction with aging, confirm a role of FGF20 in human brain structure and function during development and aging.
A properly invariant theory of small deformations superposed on large deformations of an elastic rod

In the context of the direct or Cosserat theory of rods developed by Green, Naghdi and several of their co-workers, this paper is concerned with the development of a theory of small deformations which are superposed on large deformations. The resulting theory is properly invariant under all superposed rigid body motions. Furthermore, it is also valid for elastic rods which are subject to kinematical constraints, and it specializes to a linear theory of an elastic rod which is invariant under superposed rigid body motions. The construction of these theories is based on the method developed by Casey & Naghdi [1] who established similar theories for unconstrained nonpolar elastic bodies.
Volume and yield of screening colonoscopy at a tertiary medical center after change in medicare reimbursement.

Volume and Yield Of Screening Colonoscopy at a Tertiary Medical Center After Change in Medicare Reimbursement
TUBERCULOUS CERVICAL ADENITIS: A STUDY OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLI CULTIVATED FROM FIFTEEN CONSECUTIVE CASES

The examination of fifteen consecutive cases of primary tuberculous cervical adenitis resulted in the isolation of nine cultures of B. tuberculosis of bovine type and six cultures of human type, the classification being made on the basis of adaptability to artificial cultivation, character of growth on glycerine bouillon, virulence for rabbits, and, in three instances, virulence for calves. The results of the determination of the reaction changes in glycerine bouillon due to the growth of the cultures on this medium were in general accord with the classification as based on other characters. One culture otherwise of human type was found to give the slightly acid or even alkaline end reaction characteristic of the bovine type of bacillus. One culture, otherwise of bovine type, has so far given an end reaction more highly acid than is usual with bovine cultures. Two cultures, highly virulent for rabbits, showed even less adaptability to artificial cultivation than the usual true bovine cultures and the reaction change could not, therefore, be determined.
Radiation-Induced Polymerization of Ethyl Vinyl Ether in n-Pentane and Neopentane

Abstract The radiation-induced polymerization of ethyl vinyl ether was studied in n-pentane and neopentane solutions under super-dry conditions. The free ion yields of these solvents are reported to be 0.16 and 1.0, respectively. The rate of polymerization in neopentane was about twice as fast as in n-pentane. The dose-rate dependence of the rate of polymerization was found to be nearly 0.50 in both solutions. It seems clear that the free solvent ions do, indeed contribute to the initiation. Regenerative chain transfer to monomer played a more important role in n-pentane than in neopentane as revealed by the molecular weight of the polymers.
Experience with a conversational parser generating system

The author describes some of his experience gained by working in the area of syntax-directed compilers and parser generating systems during the past ten years. His most recent work in this area was designing and supervising the implementation of a conversational parser generator which has been operational for about two years. The paper describes this generator, its implementation, usage and the characteristics which make it practical to use. The author's main conclusion is that althouth it is relatively easy to implement nuclei of parser generating systems which are of educational value, the implementation of a practical system requires a major programming effort.
Role of farnesoid X receptor and bile acids in alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the major causes of liver morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to development of liver pathogenesis encompassing steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in extreme cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, ALD may also associate with cholestasis. Emerging evidence now suggests that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and bile acids also play important roles in ALD. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on FXR, bile acids and gut microbiome as well as their impacts on ALD. Moreover, we summarize the findings on FXR, FoxO3a (forkhead box-containing protein class O3a) and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) in regulation of autophagy-related gene transcription program and liver injury in response to alcohol exposure.