cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety of Immunomodulators and Anti-TNF Therapy in Pregnancy

Biologics have proved to be extremely effective therapies for active, difficult to treat ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Given that active disease appears to be what drives worse outcomes in conception and pregnancy, understanding of the potential risks of continued biologic therapy during pregnancy is important. Knowledge of the mechanisms of placental transfer helps clinicians explain to patients the timing of potential cessation of therapy, and the ongoing data collection from the efforts of the Crohn’s and Colitis Pregnancy Registry have helped immensely to move this field forward. The body of evidence for use of thiopurines as well has supported their continued use during pregnancy in patients, despite their category D rating. Family planning and counseling have come a long way with our efforts in understanding that the real enemy is active inflammation, not the therapies we use to treat it.
Disseminated gonococcal infection in women

A high index of suspicion is critical in the prevention of serious complications of gonorrheal infection. This article reviews published information regarding the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of gonorrhea. MEDLINE was used to search the literature for articles and studies that have a bearing on these issues. Keywords used were disseminated gonococcal infection; septic arthritis; gonorrhea and pregnancy; and gonorrhea and pathophysiology. We conclude that disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) should be in the differential diagnosis of any sexually active patient who presents with arthritis, dermatitis, and/or tenosynovitis. Although the incidence of DGI has declined in recent years, it still is the most common cause of newly diagnosed arthritis requiring hospitalization. Careful culturing of every site that could be infected is imperative to aid in diagnosis and treatment. Prompt therapy with appropriate antibiotics such as ceftriaxone will prevent the more serious complications of DGI.
Marketing the Marketing Major

This article addresses the issue of recent declines in the number and quality of marketing majors within business schools. These issues are discussed within the more general context of changing student enrollment patterns and alternative models of student choice of major The development of proactive marketing plans and strategic alliances between marketing departments and other departments and units, both on campus and outside the university, is discussed as a means of more effectively marketing the marketing major.
Myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2C expression in fetal mouse brain development.

We have previously found that myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2C (MEF2C) is expressed in the brain, where it is found at high levels in the developing cerebral cortex. We have now examined MEF2C expression in fetal mouse brain byin situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry from E11 to E17, the period when most cortical neurons are born. The distribution of MEF2C mRNA detected byin situ hybridization closely resembles that of MEF2C immunoreactivity. MEF2C is not present in proliferative zones in the brain. It is present at high levels in cells that have migrated to the subplate and cortical plate. MEF2C is also found in the olfactory bulb at high levels and at lower levels in hippocampus, basal forebrain, striatum, cerebellum, and inferior colliculus, and in some nuclei of the hypothalamus, thalamus and brainstem. The pattern of expression suggests that MEF2C is expressed in a subset of postmitotic neurons in the brain and that it may therefore function to promote terminal differentiation of the cells that express it.
Young Children's Responses to Direct and Indirect Directives

Summary Theories in the philosophy of language suggest that the comprehension of indirect requests is a more difficult process than understanding direct requests and involves inferring the intention of the speaker. The results of the present research challenge this accepted theoretical view. Twenty-five girls and 23 boys, 3.2–6.3 years of age, were tested on their comprehension of two types of directives: (a) Nonconventional indirect directives (NID), those not of the imperative form which omit the desired action and agent of action, and (b) Conventional directives (CD), those of the imperative form. An ANOVA demonstrated that the children responded as appropriately to NID as they did to CD. A correlational analysis yielded neither convergent nor discriminant validity for two separate constructs, understanding NID and understanding CD.
Uranium and thorium enrichment in rocks from the base of DSDP Hole 465A, Hess Rise, central North Pacific

Abstract Uranium and thorium are concentrated in Cretaceous limestone, chert, ash, basalt, and other rock types at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 465 located on the southern Hess Rise in the central North Pacific. U concentrations, up to 194 ppm on a carbonate-free basis, are among the highest recorded for any deep-sea deposits. U was initially derived from seawater and concentrated by absorption on terrigenous (humic) organic matter in limestone in a shallow marine environment. U and Th were probably concentrated further by low-temperature hydrothermal fluids emanating from the basaltic basement. Mainly montmorillonite, an alteration product of basalt and ash, and organic matter in sedimentary rocks acted as hosts for U and Th. The unique combination of sediments rich in humic organic matter, abundant smectite in altered ash and basalt, and warm hydrothermal solutions provided the necessary conditions for migration and concentration of U and Th. To better understand the conditions limiting the migrating and concentration of U and Th, other rocks deposited during the ocean-wide Cretaceous anoxic events should be analyzed for these elements.
Theory of donor-bound multi-exciton complexes in Germanium

Abstract We report calculations of ground and excited state energies for multi- exciton complexes bound to phosphorus, arsenic, and bismuth donors in germanium. Band structure effects are included in a self consistent density functional calculation. Theoretical recombination spectra derived from our results agree very well with existing data. The results imply the existence of a kinetic bottleneck to the growth of large complexes.
Some Asymptotic ith Ramsey numbers

Let G be a graph with chromatic number @g(G) and let t(G) be the minimum number of vertices in any color class among all @g(G)-vertex colorings of G. Let H' be a connected graph and let H be a graph obtained by subdividing (adding extra vertices to) a fixed edge of H'. It is proved that if the order of H is sufficiently large, the ith Ramsey number r"i(G, H) equals [((@g(G)-1)(|H|-1)+t(G)-1)i]+1.
The impact of false sharing on shared congestion management

Recently, several proposals have been made for sharing congestion information across concurrent flows between end-systems. In these proposals, the granularity for sharing has ranged from all flows to a common host to all hosts on a shared LAN. While these proposals have been successful at ensuring sound AIMD behavior of the aggregate of flows, they suffer from what we term "false sharing". False sharing occurs when two or more flows sharing congestion state may, in fact, not share the same bottleneck.In this work, we investigate the effects of false sharing on shared congestion management schemes. We characterize the origins of false sharing into two distinct cases: (i) networks with QoS enhancements such as differentiated services, where a flow classifier segregates flows into different queues, and (ii) networks with path diversity where different flows to the same destination address are routed differently --- a situation that occurs in dispersity routing, load-balancing, and with network address translators (NATs). We evaluate the impact of false sharing on flow performance and consider whether it might cause a bottleneck link to become persistently overloaded. We propose schemes for detecting false sharing and show how different metrics (loss rate, delay distribution, and reordering) compare for this purpose. We also consider the issue of how a sender should respond when it detects false sharing.
Physiological and ventral medullary surface activity during hypovolemia

The objective was to determine ventral medullary surface responses to blood loss sufficient to induce shock. We examined changes in scattered light from rostral and intermediate areas of the ventral medullary surface in four intact, drug-free cats during acute hypovolemia. Scattered light images, collected during 660 and 560 nm illumination to measure cellular activity and hemodynamic aspects, respectively, were digitized at 50 frames/s during baseline, and during withdrawal of 20-30% blood volume. Hypovolemia elicited a profound hypotension and eventual bradycardia. In all cats, a modest increase in ventral medullary surface reflectance (activity decline) accompanied initial blood loss; as hypovolemia continued, and blood pressure declined, reflectance switched to a decline (activity increase), with the lowest reflectance occurring at maximal blood loss. Hypovolemia elicited multiple transient physiologic behaviors, including tachycardia, tachypnea, intermittent isolated and sustained bursts of enhanced inspiratory efforts, and extensor activation of the somatic musculature. The phasic physiological behaviors during hypovolemia were accompanied by partial recovery of medullary surface reflectance and blood pressure towards baseline values; however, reflectance continued to decrease as blood pressure progressively fell after these recovery efforts. Patterns of reflectance were not uniform over areas examined; isolated regions of enhanced or diminished reflectance appeared upon the overall images. Optical signals indicating hemodynamic changes followed the neural activity patterns, but not precisely. Regions within the ventral surface are responsive to hypovolemia, and to transient behaviors associated with momentary restoration of blood pressure; these ventral surface areas may assume essential roles in the systemic response to hypovolemic-induced shock.
A Comment on Gender and the Social Perception of Power

Limits on the interpretation of data presented recently by Onyx, Leonard, and Vivekananda are outlined.
MODE-LOCKED RAMAN LASER IN H2 PUMPED BY A MODE-LOCKED EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASER

We experimentally demonstrate a far-off resonant mode-locked Raman laser at 1196 nm pumped by an actively mode-locked external-cavity diode laser (ML-ECDL) at 799 nm. Using the Pound-Drever-Hall locking technique, we simultaneously frequency locked all the longitudinal modes from the ML-ECDL to a high-finesse Raman cavity filled with diatomic hydrogen (H2). When operating at an average power level slightly above the mode-locked (ML) threshold (which is comparable to the cw threshold), each of the nine pump modes, taken on its own, is below the cw lasing threshold. However, since the modes are in-phase, they can augment each other through four-wave-mixing processes, causing all of them to lase. The measured threshold for this process is approximately 5.4 mW. The FWHM of the ML Stokes output is 310 ps.
Grid Generation for Wing-Tail-Fuselage Configurations

An efficient procedure for generating boundary-conforming coordinate systems for three-dimensional wingtail-body combinations is presented. A sequence of conformal and shearing transformations is employed to yield a slotted and nearly orthogonal computational domain and the resultant grid is nearly orthogonal almost everywhere. Computational grids for several realistic configurations are shown to illustrate the capability of the mesh generation procedure. The method is computationally more efficient than a number of other grid generation techniques, i.e., numerical methods or algebraic procedures; it allows for the control of orthogonality and requires less computational effort than one sweep of a transonic potential flow solver.
Secure Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Randomized Dispersive Routes

Compromised node and denial of service are two key attacks in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we study data delivery mechanisms that can with high probability circumvent black holes formed by these attacks. We argue that classic multipath routing approaches are vulnerable to such attacks, mainly due to their deterministic nature. So once the adversary acquires the routing algorithm, it can compute the same routes known to the source, hence, making all information sent over these routes vulnerable to its attacks. In this paper, we develop mechanisms that generate randomized multipath routes. Under our designs, the routes taken by the ? shares? of different packets change over time. So even if the routing algorithm becomes known to the adversary, the adversary still cannot pinpoint the routes traversed by each packet. Besides randomness, the generated routes are also highly dispersive and energy efficient, making them quite capable of circumventing black holes. We analytically investigate the security and energy performance of the proposed schemes. We also formulate an optimization problem to minimize the end-to-end energy consumption under given security constraints. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the validity of our mechanisms.
Capsular restraints to anterior-posterior motion of the abducted shoulder: a biomechanical study.

Twenty-three fresh-frozen cadaver shoulders free of degenerative arthritis or rotator cuff disease were tested biomechanically to quantitate the contribution of specific capsular structures to restricting anterior-posterior translation of the abducted shoulder. With the glenohumeral joint in 90° of abduction on a servohydraulic control testing system, translation was measured in 30° of forward flexion (with regard to the coronal plane of the scapula), 0°, and 30° of extension while a 25 N anterior-posterior load was applied. Measurements were taken both in the intact (vented) shoulder and after selective cutting of different capsuloligamentous structures was performed. In the intact shoulder the largest anterior-posterior translation occurred in 0° of horizontal flexion and extension with regard to the scapular plane, with equal amounts of anterior and posterior translation noted. The primary anterior-posterior stabilizer of the abducted shoulder is the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex. The anterior band is the primary stabilizer in 30° of horizontal extension and at 0° (neutral). The posterior band is the primary stabilizer in 30° of horizontal flexion. This study quantifies for the first time the normal amount of anterior-posterior translation in the intact cadaveric shoulder model. In addition, it demonstrates the relative role of the anterior and posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint at 90° of abduction, where most clinical instability of the shoulder occurs.
Variance Heterogeneity in Published Psychological Research

Parametric assumptions for statistical tests include normality and equal variances. Micceri (1989) found that data frequently violate the normality assumption; variances have received less attention. We recorded within-group variances of dependent variables for 455 studies published in leading psychology journals. Sample variances differed, often substantially, suggesting frequent violation of the assumption of equal population variances. Parallel analyses of equal-variance artificial data otherwise matched to the characteristics of the empirical data show that unequal sample variances in the empirical data exceed expectations from normal sampling error and can adversely affect Type I error rates of parametric statistical tests. Variance heterogeneity was unrelated to relative group sizes or total sample size and observed across subdisciplines of psychology in experimental and correlational research. These results underscore the value of examining variances and, when appropriate, using data-analytic metho...
Accuracy of upwind schemes applied to the Navier-Stokes equations

A systematic comparison was carried out of the different forms of the van Leer et al. (1987) flux-vector splitting scheme (FVSS) for solving the Navier-Stokes equations with Roe's (1981) implicit flux-difference splitting scheme (FDSS) as applied to a simple viscous configuration. Particular attention is given to the effects of spacial accuracy, grid resolution, and grid stretching on the accuracy of the resulting flow field. It was found that, on coarse highly stretched grids, the FDSS produces more accurate results than the FVSS.
Asian American transfer students: The intersection of race & class

ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Problem Statement 3 Purpose of the Study 4 Research Questions 4 Proposed Methodology 4 Theoretical Frameworks 6 Significance of the Study 7 Definition of Terms 8 Summary 9 Outline of Dissertation 10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 Community Colleges: Divergent Purposes & Diverse Students 12 Transfer Function 16 Non Linear Transfers 19 Transfer Process 20 Post-transfer experiences. 21 Asian American and Pacific Islander 22
A Piezo-Powered Floating-Gate Sensor Array for Long-Term Fatigue Monitoring in Biomechanical Implants

Measurement of the cumulative loading statistics experienced by an implant is essential for prediction of long-term fatigue failure. However, the total power that can be harvested using typical in-vivo strain levels is less than 1 muW. In this paper, we present a novel method for long-term, battery-less fatigue monitoring by integrating piezoelectric transduction with hot-electron injection on a floating-gate transistor array. Measured results from a fabricated prototype in a 0.5-mum CMOS process demonstrate that the array can sense, compute, and store loading statistics for over 70000 stress-strain cycles which can be extended to beyond 107 cycles. The measured response also shows excellent agreement with a theoretical model and the nominal power dissipation of the array has been measured to be less than 800 nW.
Getting Enough: Mothers' Concerns About Breastfeeding a Preterm Infant After Discharge

Objective: To describe maternal concerns about breastfeeding a preterm infant in the postdischarge period and to delineate the strategies mothers used in managing these concerns. Design: Naturalistic inquiry was used. Setting: A semistructured interview was conducted with the mother in the home 1 month after discharge of the infant. Participants: Twenty mothers of preterm infants; the infants had been in a level 3 hospital nursery, and the mothers had received individualized breastfeeding support services in the hospital. Main outcome measures: Three categories of maternal concerns emerged from the data: adequate milk consumption by infants; milk composition; and problems with the mechanics of breastfeeding a preterm infant. Mothers identified strategies for these concerns. Results: The mothers' main concern was whether infants consumed an adequate volume of milk by breastfeeding alone. Strategies for managing concerns about getting enough included using supplemental and complemental feedings, using ongoing cues to tell that the infant is getting enough, and persevering with breastfeeding. Conclusions: Mothers of preterm infants have unique concerns about breastfeeding in the postdischarge period and need individualized interventions.
Shrinkage and recovery of cells of the lateral geniculate nuclei with prism-rearing in macaques

Infant macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were subjected to optical dissociation of binocular vision by wearing prisms before their eyes for 30 days, beginning about 30 days of age. Such treatment mimicked strabismus during infancy and resulted in a dramatic loss of cortical binocular neurons. A concurrent shrinkage of 21% was found in the cells of the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) at the end of a terminal electrophysiological study at 60 days of age. A group of monkeys surviving for 5 years showed recovery of normal cell size, even though they did not recover functional binocular neurons in visual cortex.
All-electronic terahertz spectroscopy system with terahertz free-space pulses

We have developed all-electronic integrated circuits that generate and detect picosecond pulses. We have used these circuits with integrated antennas in a system capable of free-space spectroscopy in the terahertz regime. With this system we have measured magnitude- and phase-transmission characteristics for a variety of samples in the frequency range of 200 GHz–1 THz.
A Preliminary Study of Nasal Airway Patency and Its Potential Effect on Speech Performance

Abstract The relationship between nasal airway size and articulatory performance was studied in a group of cleft palate patients. Articulation analysis revealed that children with bilateral cleft lip and palate were nearly twice as likely to manifest compensatory articulations as children with unilateral cleft lip and palate or with cleft palate only. When subjects were grouped according to speech performance, aerodynamic assessment indicated that children with compensatory articulations had significantly larger nasal cross-sectional areas than children without compensatory articulations. The findings suggest that children with comparatively large nasal airways may be at increased risk for developing abnormal speech patterns. If these findings are confirmed by further research, such children may be candidates for relatively early palate repair.
Vertical particle segregation in structural crusts: experimental observations and the role of shear strain

Abstract There is ample evidence that coarse-textured soils can be highly sensitive to crust formation under rainfall. One of the most controversial aspects of crust formation on such soils is the frequent occurrence of a thin clay band buried below a washed-out layer. In order to better understand the mechanisms that may lead to this vertical sorting in structural crusts, mixtures of 92.5% sand and 7.5% clay were exposed to simulated rainfall for 1 h at 63 mm h−1. The sand fraction of the samples consisted of a binary mixture of contrasting particle-size classes between 106 and 1000 μm, mixed in varying proportions. Micromorphological changes in surface structure were observed on thin sections made from undisturbed samples. Before rainfall, the clay was present as coatings around the sand grains. In all samples subjected to rainfall, a washed-out layer 2 to 2.5 mm thick formed at the soil surface. Except for the samples containing 50% or more 106–150 μm sand, the lower boundary of the washed-out layer was marked by an accumulation of clay material, generally in the form of a band. This clay material was present as microaggregates that were probably derived from the initial grain coatings. Within the washed-out layer a vertical sorting of the sand grains was sometimes observed, which resulted in a relative concentration of the coarsest particles at the surface. The sorting was more pronounced as the ratio between the diameter of the large and small sand grains increased, and as the relative percentage of finer sand decreased. By analogy with a physical model derived for particle segregation in granular media, it is proposed that the vertical sorting of particles according to their size was caused by the shear strain created in the first few millimeters of the samples by drop impact. The strain is believed to have induced temporary changes in pore size which allowed the preferential downward movement of finer grains that would otherwise riot percolate freely. The present observations suggest that strain-induced segregation may be one of the main mechanisms leading to clay band formation in structural crusts formed on coarse-textured soils. The implications of the model are discussed in terms of the range of conditions under which segregation is expected to occur. The experimental results also point to the distinctive role of the particle-size distribution of the sand fraction on the morphology of structural crusts.
Breakdown characteristics of interconnect dielectrics

The shrinking of line-to-line spacing in interconnect systems for advanced IC technology and the use of new lower dielectric constant materials create the need for tools to evaluate the interconnect dielectric reliability. A multi-temperature, dual ramp-rate voltage-ramp to breakdown methodology is presented and used here to extract important dielectric breakdown parameters accurately for minimum spaced metal-lines. It is demonstrated that correction for the true minimum line-to-line spacing distributions become critically important and that the minimum spacing can be extracted electrically and compares favorably to electron microscopy cross sections. The spacing-corrected breakdown field distributions, at various temperatures, for the organo-silicate materials tested, indicated a very low apparent zero-field activation energy (0.14/spl plusmn/0.02 eV) and an apparent field acceleration parameter /spl gamma/ = 4.1/spl plusmn/0.3 cm/MV that has little or no temperature dependence. Constant-voltage time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown (TDDB) measurements were found to agree well with these observations.
Self-perception and Body Image Associations with Body Mass Index among 8–10-year-old African American Girls

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among body mass index (BMI), selfperceptions, and body image discrepancy in African American (AA) girls. Methods Baseline self-perception and BMI data were collected by trained staff from 303 preadolescent AA girls participating in the girls health enrichment multi-site studies. Correlations and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify relationships of BMI with self-perception factors. Results Girls with a BMI at or above the 85th percentile were more likely to have greater body image discrepancy and participate in weight control behaviors than girls with a BMI below the 85th percentile. Body image discrepancy was not related to selfesteem, but was positively correlated with physical activity self-concept and self-efficacy, and diet selfefficacy. Conclusion Girls with higher BMI had greater body image discrepancy and were less confident in abilities to be active and eat healthy. Findings may inform the development of obesity interventions for preadolescents.
Simulation of turbulence and transport for Tokamak plasmas in general geometry

Summary form only given. Direct numerical simulation of microturbulence and the induced anomalous transport in Tokamak plasmas had long been thwarted by the difficulty with large time step due to fast electron parallel motion, and by the difficulty to accurately account for the effects of magnetic perturbations, both arising from the large ion/electron mass ratio. Recently an electromagnetic kinetic electron particle simulation model that uses a generalized split-weight scheme has been developed in three dimensional geometry using the field-line-following coordinates. The model includes electron-ion collisional effects and has been linearly benchmarked with continuum codes. The model is most suitable for studying the Ion-Temperature-Gradient-Driven drift-wave instabilities and turbulent transport, but can also be employed to study the nonlinear behavior of tearing modes. General magnetic field configuration in the form of Miller equilibrium has been implemented. Effects of plasma elongation, triangularity and flux surface shift on turbulence and transport level will be reported.
Familial aggregation and genome-wide linkage analysis of carotid artery plaque: the NHLBI family heart study.

Objective: To evaluate familial and genetic influences on carotid artery plaque, a qualitative marker of the systemic burden of atherosclerosis. Methods: The desi
Ab Initio Calculations on Porphyrins in the Condensed Phase

Porphyrins are a promising class of materials for optical limiting applications, and in the condensed phase solvent effects have been shown to be significant. We report results with a method designed to simulate the effects of discrete solvent molecules, namely the effective fragment potential (EFP) approach which has been implemented for use in ab initio calculations. Further, a simulated annealing (SA) method has been implemented with the EFP solvation model in an attempt to solve the problem of multiple minima in clusters of molecules. The results with this method indicate some success on models of aqueous formamide and aqueous glutamic acid. Ab initio calculations can now be carried out on porphyrins, and the solvation methods are being updated for their use on these systems.
Beam loss monitors in the SLC Final Focus

Beam loss monitors in the SLC (Standford Linear Collider) Final Focus System are used for protecting accelerator and detector components, optimizing adjustment of beam halo collimators, and diagnosing beam size and halo. Construction of a variety of monitors based on discrete ion chambers, proportional tubes, continuous ion chambers, and signals from the Mark II detector is reported. The interfaces to the SLC control system, the Mark II detector data acquisition system, and the SLC machine protection system are discussed. Experience with the system during SLC commissioning and operation is reported. >
Signal integrity characterization and modelling of a PCI/PCI-x 66/133 MHz bus

Design and characterization of high speed digital buses and interconnects is an essential part in the computer hardware development process. Signal Integrity (SI) testing and verification examines the signal levels, shapes and timing requirements against specifications. In this work, we present a full SI characterization and modelling of a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus as well as a PCI-extended (PCI-x) bus running at 66 MHz/133 MHz, respectively. Laboratory measurements show the compliance with specification timing and signal levels.
Vitamin E and selenium concentrations in livers of pigs diagnosed with mulberry heart disease.

During a 2-year period from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2000, 77 diagnoses of mulberry heart disease (MHD) were documented at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Mean (±SD) liver vitamin E concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs with MHD (3.12 ±1.12 ppm, wet weight) than in pigs that died of causes other than MHD (4.80 ± 3.2 ppm, wet weight). The majority of the pigs affected with MHD ranged in age from 3 to 7 weeks. Statistical influence of age was found on the concentration of vitamin E (P < 0.01) but not on concentration of selenium in liver in pigs with MHD. Concentrations of vitamin E below 2 ppm were considered deficient. Hepatic vitamin E concentrations below 2 ppm were measured in 25% of the pigs with gross and microscopic lesions of MHD. In contrast, liver selenium concentrations were adequate in all pigs.
Human Lifting Strength in Different Postures

A laboratory study was conducted to determine static lifting strengths on 13 males and 12 females from 18 to 28 years of age. Using the strength monitor, the average strength and peak strength were measured in four different postures: standing, sitting, lying on stomach with elbows support, and without elbow support. Five sets of data were collected at constant heights. There was a significant difference in lifting strengths between standing lifts and lying on stomach without elbow-support postures; maximum lift occurred in the standing position. It was found that there was no significant difference in lifting strengths between sitting and lying on stomach with elbows sup port. The average female strengths were found to be about 49% to 55% of male subjects in all postures.
The Importance of Pharmacist Providing Patient Education in Oncology

The world’s increasing diversity requires health care professionals to adjust delivery methods of teaching to accommodate different cultural values and beliefs. The ability to communicate effectively across languages and various cultural practices directly affects patient education outcomes. Pharmacist should be aware of varying modalities and considerations when counseling a patient diagnosed with cancer and undergoing chemotherapy. In more recent years, the medical profession has seen an increase in patient outcomes due to using the multidisciplinary team approach and has benefited by implementing Medication Therapy Management (MTM) programs at various institutions. For the clinical pharmacist, this would mean documentation for these services should be precise and accurate based on the specific patients needs. There are several factors involved in the care and therapy of the patient with cancer. Clinical oncology pharmacist should be aware of the ever-changing role in oncology and be able to implement n...
WILL MONEY INCREASE SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING? A Literature Review and Guide to Needed Research

Four replicable findings have emerged regarding the relation between income and subjective well-being (SWB): 1. There are large correlations between the wealth of nations and the mean reports of SWB in them, 2. There are mostly small correlations between income and SWB within nations, although these correlations appear to be larger in poor nations, and the risk of unhappiness is much higher for poor people, 3. Economic growth in the last decades in most economically developed societies has been accompanied by little rise in SWB, and increases in individual income lead to variable outcomes, and 4. People who prize material goals more than other values tend to be substantially less happy, unless they are rich. Thus, more money may enhance SWB when it means avoiding poverty and living in a developed nation, but income appears to increase SWB little over the long-term when more of it is gained by well-off individuals whose material desires rise with their incomes. Several major theories are compat- ible with most existing findings: A. The idea that income enhances SWB only insofar as it helps people meet their basic needs, and B. The idea that the relation between income and SWB depends on the amount of material desires that people's income allows them to fulfill. We argue that the first explanation is a special case of the second one. A third explanation is relatively unresearched, the idea that societal norms for production and consumption are essential to understanding the SWB-income interface. In addition, it appears high SWB might increase people's chances for high income. We review the open issues relating income to SWB, and describe the research methods needed to provide improved data that will better illuminate the psychological processes relating money to SWB.
Adults' Complicity in Limiting Students' Understanding of Sex, Gender and Sexuality at School.

My reading of the seven papers chosen for inclusion in this special issue of Sex Education reveals several important themes that enhance and challenge our understanding of the multiple ways in whic...
Ontology-Based Semantic Interpretation via Grammar Constraints

We present an ontology-based semantic interpreter that can be linked to a grammar through grammar rule constraints, providing access to meaning during language processing. In this approach, the parser will take as input natural language utterances and will produce ontology-based semantic representations. We rely on a recently developed constraint-based grammar formalism, which balances expressiveness with practical learnability results. We show that even with a lightweight ontology, the semantic interpreter at the grammar rule level can help remove erroneous parses obtained when we do not have access to meaning.
Correlation of Postreduction Roentgenograms and Thirty-One-Year Follow-up in Congenital Dislocation of the Hip

Fifty-three patients with seventy-five congenital dislocations of the hip were evaluated on the average of thirty-one years after reduction. The adequacy of reduction was determined roentgenographically by comparison with fifty normal hips from a comparable age group. The adequacy of the initial reduction was then correlated with the end-result evaluation based on pain, range of motion, and roentgenographic appearance of the hip. Only eleven of the seventy-five hips were normal with respect to freedom from pain, range of motion, and roentgenographic appearance after thirty-one years. Seven hips, perfectly reduced, were normal at follow-up. Fourteen other hips, also reduced to a theoretically normal position, were not normal by these criteria. Only four hips, outside the range of a theoretically normal reduction, were normal thirty-one years later. It can be concluded that a perfect reduction must be achieved if one is to expect the long-range result to be a normal hip. However, all perfect reductions were not followed by the development of perfect hips. This finding indicates that a perfect reduction is a significant factor, but certainly not the only one. Prevention of the vascular complications of reduction and perfection in the initial reduction emerge as the factors which in this series would have improved results.
Locating Radioactive Wastes Using Infrared Scanning Techniques

An infrared scanning system for producing thermal contour maps of radioactive waste storage tanks is capable of detecting a 1-ft2 area on the bottom of a 75-ft-diam tank if the temperature of the scanned area exceeds the background temperature by 3°C. Representative thermal maps of storage tank bottoms with artificially-introduced target regions are illustrated. Although the scanning system is primarily intended to measure temperature differences, it can be used to make background temperature measurements in the storage tanks by the use of a calibrated target.
Aminosilane — Polyimide Interactions and Their Implications in Adhesion

By means of a two-component dilution technique we have evaluated a series of primary and tertiary aminosilanes as adhesion promoters for polyimides and native SiO2 in order to study the effect of chain-scission during covalent bond formation between the adhesion promoters and the polyimide. A rapid leveling-off of the increase in adhesion with an increase in the concentration of the reactive component may indicate that the scission of the polymer chains at the interface is detrimental to adhesion. An attempt to use a secondary aminosilane to obtain bonding without scission was unsuccessful. The reaction was not quantitative, as judged by model compounds, and the diamide product decomposed at elevated temperatures yielding a thermally stable imide via chain scission.
Preserved contractile function despite atrophic remodeling in unloaded rat hearts

The present study was designed to determine whether myocardial atrophy is necessarily associated with changes in cardiac contractility. Myocardial unloading of normal hearts was produced via hetero...
Vascular dysfunction in children and young adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Background Adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) exhibit vascular dysfunction, as evidenced by impaired endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. However, it is unknown whether vascular dysfunction begins earlier in the course of ADPKD. The aim of the study was to assess EDD and arterial stiffness in children and young adults with ADPKD. Methods Fifteen children and young adults 6–22 years of age with ADPKD and normal renal function were prospectively recruited for participation in a cross-sectional study. Fifteen healthy controls were enrolled to match cases for age and sex. The primary outcomes were EDD, measured as brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA), and arterial stiffness, measured as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV). Results ADPKD cases were more likely to be taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, but otherwise did not differ from controls in clinical characteristics, including blood pressure. FMDBA was 25% lower in children and young adults with ADPKD (7.7 ± 0.9%, mean ± SE) when compared with matched controls (10.2 ± 0.8%) (P < 0.05). CFPWV was 14% higher in children and young adults with ADPKD (544 ± 23 cm/s) when compared with matched controls (478 ± 17 cm/s) (P < 0.05). Secondary measures of arterial stiffness, carotid augmentation index and carotid systolic blood pressure were also increased in cases when compared with controls (P < 0.05). Conclusions Impaired EDD and increased arterial stiffness, important independent predictors of future cardiovascular events and mortality, are evident very early in the course of ADPKD in the presence of normal kidney function. Novel interventions to reduce vascular dysfunction in children and young adults with ADPKD should be evaluated, as childhood and young adulthood may represent a critical therapeutic window to reduce future cardiovascular risk in patients with ADPKD.
Effect of aging on changes in plasma potassium during exercise.

BACKGROUND Exercising skeletal muscle releases large amounts of potassium into plasma. beta-adrenergic receptors enhance reuptake of potassium into muscle. Since beta-adrenergic responses decline with aging in many tissues, the elderly might be predisposed to hyperkalemia during exercise. METHODS Venous plasma potassium (K+) was measured during graded bicycle exercise (30 W initial workload with 3-minute 30 W increments) in 18 healthy young men (24.0 +/- 2.9 yrs; mean +/- SD), 18 healthy untrained elderly men (70.0 +/- 3.6 yrs), and 7 elderly master athletes (70.0 +/- 4.6 yrs). Subjects exercised to exhaustion. RESULTS Exercise times and maximal oxygen uptake were: young (N = 14; 19.6 +/- 4.4 min, 42.1 +/- 3.8 ml/kg/min), elderly (N = 13; 11.7 +/- 1.9 min, 26.6 +/- 8.0 ml/kg/min), elderly master athletes (N = 6; 16.8 +/- 2.4 min, 40.2 +/- 10.2 ml/kg/min). The rate of increase in K+ was greater in both elderly (89 +/- 59 mumol/l/min) and elderly master athletes (88 +/- 26) compared with healthy young men (60 +/- 30), p < .05. Despite this greater rate of increase, the elderly group did not achieve higher maximal K+ concentrations than the young because of the much shorter duration of exercise in the elderly group. For subjects performing a maximal exercise test, the maximal increase in K+ was similar in the elderly (1.15 +/- 0.91), but significantly greater in elderly master athletes (1.70 +/- 0.31), compared with healthy young men (1.31 +/- 0.45). CONCLUSIONS Changes in K+ during short-lasting exercise are similar in untrained healthy elderly men compared with healthy young men, but elderly master athletes have greater changes in K+ during exercise. The greater rate of increase in potassium in healthy and athletic subjects supports the hypothesis of an age-related impairment of the beta 2-adrenergic process that mediates potassium flux into skeletal muscle.
Experimental Radiotherapy: A Brief History

Studies of the effects of ionizing radiation on tumors and normal tissues began within weeks of Roentgen's discovery of X rays, and are continuing today. The evolution of these studies reflects both the changing philosophy and sociology of science and the continuing application of new technologies and new knowledge from a diverse range of scientific fields to address the important problem of improving the treatment of cancer. This brief history reviews the evolution of "experimental radiotherapy" over the past century and describes how the development of new technologies and new experimental models influenced this field of study. In addition, it describes critical points at which studies in radiation biology and cancer biology had an impact on research throughout the biomedical sciences.
Holly Bud Moth Control

The holly bud moth, Rhopobota naevana (Hbn.) Kearfott, was introduced into British Columbia before 1923 and has subsequently spread southward through Washington into Oregon. It is now an important pest in Oregon holly plantings. Evaluation of insecticides for holly bud moth control showed that a high degree of control can be obtained with organic phosphate insecticides. Malathion consistently provided excellent control with one spray applied sometime between the opening of the leaf buds and the time of blossoming. Good control was also obtained with methoxychlor. DDT did not give consistent results under the same conditions. The difference between the results with the organic phosphates and with DDT might be explained on the basis of DDT tolerance in the holly bud moth. Another possible explanation is that the organic phosphate insecticides have an ovicidal effect which DDT does not have. The results with methoxychlor make the first explanation more probable.
SP0079 Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a heterogenous group of complex muscle diseases of unknown cause. These diseases are characterized by muscle inflammation, progressive muscle weakness and damage, together with involvement of other organ systems. Conventionally, adaptive immune mechanisms (cell mediated and humoral) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies. However, recent studies have provided evidence that not only adaptive immune pathways but also innate immune (e.g., TLR-NF-κB) signaling, and non-immune pathways such as endoplasmic reticulum stress response, autophagy, metabolic deficits in ATP generating pathways and hypoxia are involved in the disease pathogenesis. However, the relative contributions of each of these mechanisms to disease pathogenesis are currently unknown. Understanding the relative contributions of each of these pathways to disease pathogenesis would help to identify drugs that target these pathways to improve muscle weakness and quality of life for patients suffering from these debilitating muscle diseases. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Exercise and deficient carbohydrate storage and intake as causes of hypoglycemia.

Under certain circumstances exercise and deficient calorie intake can cause hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia results when hepatic glucose output from glycogen breakdown and glu- coneogenesis is inadequate to support essential glucose utilization, which is increased in muscles during exercise and decreased in all tissues during starvation. In both exercise and starvation the plasma insulin level falls and glucagon and growth hormone levels increase. The symp toms of exhaustion during exercise are not due to hypoglycemia, and the usual symptoms of hypoglycemia are absent during severe caloric restriction. In some patients with hypoglycemia and starvation, low plasma glucose persisted despite administration of very large amounts of glucose.
Considerations for Curriculum Design

Educational values held by academic and clinical faculties subtly but strongly influence curriculum design in physical therapy education. Five major value orientations, Curriculum as the Development of Cognitive processes, Curriculum as Technology, Curriculum as Self-Actualization, Curriculum as Social Reconstruction-Relevance, and Curriculum as Academic Rationalism, are presented. The suggestion is made that these underlying value-orientations influence the choice of curriculum design more than do "available resources." A second component of curriculum design, i.e., evaluation of student performance, also influences and is influenced by the direction and development of physical therapy curricula. A plea is made for expressive objectives and outcome objectives to be considered along with instructional or behavioral objectives to yield more comprehensive and creative appraisals of student growth.