cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age differences in memory as a function of depth of processing

Abstract It has been proposed that the old do not process information as deeply as the young and therefore show poorer memory. This study manipulated level of processing via type of instructions given to subjects prior to the memory tasks (recall followed by recognition). Five types of instructions were employed: non-semantic, non-semantic + intentional, intentional, semantic, and semantic + intentional. Type of instruction affected the two age groups differentially on recall memory but not on recognition memory. The young and old recalled at the same level following a non-semantic (shallow) instruction, but parted ways thereafter; the young became disproportionately superior with semantic instructions. The addition of an intentional component lo the non-semantic instruction benefited the recall performance of the young to a greater extent than the old. The addition of an intentional component to a semantic component benefited the recall performance of the young, but not the old. It was concluded that the...
Comparison of rice-crayfish and grain sorghum-crayfish double cropping systems

Two crayfish (Procambarus spp.) and grain double cropping systems were compared over two production cycles in southwest Louisiana. Rice, Oryza sativa L., grain production averaged 3192 kg/ha, while grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moensch, yielded 3786 kg/ha of grain. Straw and stubble dry matter present at the time the crayfish ponds were flooded was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for rice (3293 kg/ha) than for grain sorghum (2227 kg/ha). Grain sorghum ratoon production (2577 kg/ha) was approximately four times that of rice (573 kg/ha). Rates of post-flood vegetative degradation and loss were similar during the first 6-week period, but there-after retention of rice biomass was significantly higher than that of grain sorghum. Mean crayfish production was similar in both systems, and exceeded Louisiana statewide average yields by more than 3 to 1, averaging 2592 kg/ha in 1985–1986 and 1818 kg/ha in 1986–1987.
Studies of the reactions of lithium atoms with methyl cyanide and methyl isocyanide in inert gas matrices

Abstract Linear LiNC is known to be the more stable isomer when isolated in inert gas matrices at low temperatures (4–15K).1 In an attempt to form the other geometrical isomer, LiCN, studies of the reaction of lithium atoms with CH3CN and CH3NC were undertaken. A new absorption in the CN stretching region was observed when lithium atoms were co-condensed with CH3NC in solid argon and xenon matrices. Photolysis of the matrices with a medium pressure Hg lamp during deposition of Li/CH3NC seemed to favour the formation of the more stable isomer, LiNC. Reactions of lithium atoms with CH3CN only led to the formation of LiNC, with or without photolysis.
Team-based Learning and Leadership Effect in Multi-agent System of Mixed Personalities☆

Abstract This paper explores the effects of team-based learning for multi-agent system when mixed personalities are put together. Team- based learning is a policy for statistical learning systems that has been tested with teams of Collective Learning Automatons (CLA) to address a problem of joint learning. Each CLA is assigned a Five-Factor model of personality that affects its learning and decision-making. When teamed up, CLAs with some personalities show improved performance when playing the simple game of Nim.
Action-Reaction or Rational Expectations?: Reciprocity and the Domestic-International Conflict Nexus during the “Rhodesia Problem”

In this article, the author makes a case for expanding our focus from national-attribute studies of intranational conflict toward strategic behavior studies of intranational conflict. One payoff of such a move is that it enables us to specify a linkage between the strategic behavior of both domestic and international actors and thus address the often theorized, but rarely established, intranational-international conflict nexus. Further, the author takes a synthetic approach to the recent debate between action-reaction and rational expectations models of international conflict behavior and derives hypotheses concerning the behavior of both domestic and international parties to an armed intranational conflict. The hypotheses are then tested in a time-series case study design using the Rhodesian/Zimbabwean case for the period from 1957 to 1979. The results demonstrate that there existed an intranational-international conflict nexus in this case and highlight the utility of adopting a strategic behavior appro...
Extreme Resolution of Infra-Red Absorption Spectra

Rank and Wiggins have constructed an infra-red spectrometer with a plane grating of fine quality and 10-metre optics, double-passed1.
The Health Professions Stress Inventory: Factor Structures for Pharmacists:

Scores from a sample of pharmacists on the Health Professions Stress Inventory were factor analyzed to identify any underlying components of these professionals' job-related stress. Data were collected via mail questionnaires from a nationwide sample of 573 practicing pharmacists. Three- and four-factor solutions, using both orthogonal and oblique rotations, were compared. Based on these comparisons, a four-factor oblique solution was judged to be most appropriate, the four factors being labeled Professional Recognition, Patient Care Responsibilities, Job Conflicts, and Professional Uncertainty. The factors show evidence of internal consistency and construct validity.
Growth defects in the dorsal pallium after genetically targeted ablation of principal preplate neurons and neuroblasts: a morphometric analysis.

The present study delineates the large-scale, organic responses of growth in the dorsal pallium to targeted genetic ablations of the principal PP (preplate) neurons of the neocortex. Ganciclovir treatment during prenatal development [from E11 (embryonic age 11) to E13] of mice selectively killed cells with shared S-phase vulnerability and targeted expression of a GPT [golli promoter transgene; GPT linked to HSV-TK (herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase), τ-eGFP and lacZ reporters] localized in PP neurons and their intermediate progenitor neuroblasts. The volume, area and thickness of the pallium were measured in an E12-P4 (postnatal age 4) longitudinal study with comparisons between ablated (HSV-TK+/0) and control (HSV-TK0/0) littermates. The extent of ablations was also systematically varied, and the effect on physical growth was assessed in an E18 cross-sectional study. The morphological evidence obtained in the present study supports the conclusion that genetically targeted ablations delay the settleme...
EXTRAPERITONEAL PLACEMENT OF RENAL ALLOGRAFTS IN CHILDREN WEIGHING LESS THAN 15 KG.

Purpose: Extraperitoneal renal transplantation is not routine in small recipients, in whom transperitoneal engraftment is the norm. The outcome of extraperitoneal placement of renal allografts in children weighing less than 15 kg. was evaluated at 2 institutions.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all pediatric renal transplantations at 2 institutions from 1988 to 2000 and identified 29 children 14 to 72 months old (mean age 29.2) weighing less than 15 kg. (range 8 to 14.8, mean 11.2). All children underwent allograft placement extraperitoneally via a modified Gibson and low midline retroperitoneal incision in 27 and 2, respectively. A concurrent procedure was done via the same incision during 2 ipsilateral and 2 bilateral nephrectomies.Results: Of the 29 patients 25 have a functioning renal allograft. In 2 cases the initial allograft was lost due to early postoperative thrombosis and acute rejection in 1 each. Two patients with a functioning allografts died of medical complications greater...
The effects of endometritis on the establishment of pregnancy in cattle

Endometritis is common in post partum dairy cows and is associated with impaired reproductive performance reflected in reduced first service conception, reduced hazard of pregnancy over the breeding period and increased risk of reproductive culling. The observed effects may be mediated directly by bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin), or indirectly by inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, eicosanoids, nitric oxide and oxidative stress affecting sperm, ovarian, uterine and embryonic function. An inflammatory milieu in the uterus has been associated with changes in sperm motility and function as well as increased sperm phagocytosis. Zygotes resulting from fertilisation of oocytes with sperm subjected to oxidative stress are less likely to develop to the blastocyst stage. In addition, LPS and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) impair follicular steroidogenesis, growth and ovulation. Oocytes exposed to LPS or prostaglandin (PG) F(2α) during maturation are less likely to develop to blastocyst stage after fertilisation. Embryos exposed to inflammatory mediators during development have fewer trophoectoderm cells. Nitric oxide impairs development of preimplantation embryos and TNFα increases blastomere apoptosis. Endometritis in women has been associated with higher rates of implantation failure. Extragenital inflammation (e.g. mastitis) is also associated with an increased rate of embryonic loss in cattle. These observations make it clear that direct and indirect effects of endometritis, and inflammation in general, can interrupt successful reproduction at several crucial stages.
Pre- and postweaning excretion of puberty-influencing chemosignals in house mice.

Pre- and postweaning excretion urinary chemosignals that influence puberty in female house mice were tested. The dependent variable used to assess the effectiveness of urine samples collected from donor mice was the age of first vaginal estrus in young female mice. Preweaning excretion of the puberty-delaying chemosignal by females was affected by litter sex composition; this effect interacted with the age of the young donor females. In litters of all females, the substance occurred from about the age of 9 days and in litters with 6 females and 2 males the delay substance was released from about the age of 17 days. Grouping dams during gestation but not prior to conception resulted in excretion of the puberty-delaying substance in the female progeny from the age of 17 days or possibly earlier. Young male mice do not excrete the puberty-accelerating chemosignal prior to the age of puberty. However, giving young males injections of testosterone resulted in an earlier first excretion of the acceleratory signal, suggesting that the machinery for chemosignal production is operative prior to the time of sexual maturity. Caging young males with an adult female prior to puberty resulted in earlier excretion of the puberty-accelerating substance, while caging young males with adult males retarded excretion of the substance. The findings are discussed in terms of early hormone effects on behavior and with regard to consequences for the chemosignal systems in house mice. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Chaos in continuous-mode icebreaking

Abstract Presented herein are the results of an exploratory study on the applicability of chaos theory to continuous-mode icebreaking by a model-scale POLAR-class icebreaker hull towed in a laboratory ice tank. Chaos theory pertains to chaoticdynamic systems. Such systems are nonlinear and deterministic, and are very sensitive to initial conditions such that they give outputs which standard frequency analysis techniques indicate to be indistinguishable from a stochastic process. Further, their phase-space trajectories are characterizable as being contained in a strange attractor of fractal dimension. Temporal records of resistance and hull motions of the towed hull, under several test conditions, were analyzed to show that continuous-mode icebreaking by a model-scale hull, in fact, comprises a chaotic-dynamic system with a strange attractor having a dimension (in phase-space) between 4 to 5, for the conditions tested. The implications of this result for modeling and understanding of continuous-mode icebreaking are discussed.
A high-resolution anatomical framework of the neonatal mouse brain for managing gene expression data

This study aims to provide a high-resolution atlas and use it as an anatomical framework to localize the gene expression data for mouse brain on postnatal day 0 (P0). A color Nissl-stained volume with a resolution of 13.3×50×13.3 µm3 was constructed and co-registered to a standard anatomical space defined by an averaged geometry of C57BL/6J P0 mouse brains. A 145 anatomical structures were delineated based on the histological images. Anatomical relationships of delineated structures were established based on the hierarchical relations defined in the atlas of adult mouse brain (MacKenzie-Graham et al., 2004) so the P0 atlas can be related to the database associated with the adult atlas. The co-registered multimodal atlas as well as the original anatomical delineations is available for download at http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Atlases/. The region-specific anatomical framework based on the neonatal atlas allows for the analysis of gene activity within a high-resolution anatomical space at an early developmental stage. We demonstrated the potential application of this framework by incorporating gene expression data generated using in situ hybridization to the atlas space. By normalizing the gene expression patterns revealed by different images, experimental results from separate studies can be compared and summarized in an anatomical context. Co-displaying multiple registered datasets in the atlas space allows for 3D reconstruction of the co-expression patterns of the different genes in the atlas space, hence providing better insight into the relationship between the differentiated distribution pattern of gene products and specific anatomical systems.
Cognitive algebra versus representativeness heuristic

Cognitive algebra strongly disproved the representativeness heuristic almost before it was published; and therewith it also disproved the base rate fallacy. Cognitive algebra provides a theoretical foundation for judgment-decision theory through its joint solution to the two fundamental problems – true measurement of subjective values, and cognitive rules for integration of multiple determinants.
Urban Damage Estimation Using Statistical Processing of Satellite Images: 2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake

Remotely sensed satellite imagery of an earthquake-affected area can significantly assist in estimating the severity of infrastructure damage. Modern high-resolution satellite systems have been launched to provide users optical or Synthetic Aperture radar (SAR) data with sub-meter accuracy, which enable the possibility of sensing damage for individual infrastructure by means of pre- and post-event imagery. Herein, we focus our study on the region of Bam, Iran, which was devastated by a moment magnitude Mw = 6.6 earthquake on December 26, 2003, causing approximately 43,200 lives lost. To recognize houses within the Bam region before the earthquake, the boundary of houses are located using a combination of morphological gray-level open and intensity threshold operators. The unique aspect of this paper, as demonstrated with satellite imagery data from this event, is the use of an probabilistic framework for determining the optimal combination of morphological and intensity threshold parameters, which results in an estimated ground truth (EGT). By overlaying the EGT obtained from images before the earthquake with images of the same region after the earthquake, two statistical damage indices, including a new boundary-compactness based index proposed in this study, are compared. This comparison is presented using easily interpretable damage maps, where individual houses are rendered with colors representing the severity of damage.
Prognosis after regional lymph node recurrence in patients with stage I-II breast carcinoma treated with breast conservation therapy.

BACKGROUND The authors evaluated the risk factors for regional lymph node recurrence and the prognosis of patients with regional nodal recurrence after breast conservation therapy for Stage I–II breast carcinoma. METHODS Between 1977 and 1995, 1293 women with pathologic Stage I and II (T1–2, N0–1) breast carcinoma were treated with breast-conserving therapy including lumpectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and definitive breast irradiation. A total of 39 women (3%) had any regional lymph node recurrence. The median follow-up was 8.5 years (range, 1.5–24 years). RESULTS Among 39 patients with a regional lymph node recurrence, 10 women had regional recurrence only, 16 had simultaneous locoregional recurrence, and 13 had simultaneous regional and distant recurrence. Regional recurrence occurred in the axillary lymph nodes only (n = 21; 51%), supraclavicular lymph nodes only (n = 8; 23%), internal mammary lymph nodes only (n = 3; 8%), infraclavicular lymph nodes only (n = 3; 8%), or multiple lymph node sites (n = 4; 10%). The median time to regional lymph node recurrence was 3.1 years (range, 0.2–20.9 years). Overall survival after regional-only disease recurrence was 44%, locoregional disease recurrence was 26%, and regional with distant disease recurrence was 12%. Cause-specific survival rates at 10 years for the 3 groups were 44%, 40%, and 12%, respectively. For patients who presented with simultaneous regional and distant metastases, the median survival period was 1.1 years, compared with 5.2 years for women who developed distant disease subsequent to regional recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Regional lymph node recurrence after breast conservation therapy may be salvaged, but is associated with a high rate of either simultaneous or subsequent distant metastatic dissemination and poor overall prognosis. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Monitoring Fungicide Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola of Sugar Beet for Disease Management Decisions

ABSTRACT Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc., is the most serious and important foliar disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) wherever it is grown worldwide. Cercospora leaf spot first caused economic damage in North Dakota and Minnesota in 1980, and the disease is now endemic. This is the largest production area for sugar beet in the United States, producing 5.5 to 6.0 million metric tons on approximately 300,000 ha, which is 56% of the sugar beet production in the United States. This Plant Disease feature article details a cooperative effort among the participants in the sugar beet industry in this growing area and represents a successful collaboration and team effort to confront and change a fungicide resistance crisis to a fungicide success program. As a case study of success for managing fungicide resistance, it will serve as an example to other pathogen–fungicide systems and provide inspiration and ideas for long-term disease management by fungicides.
Parameters of Double Tactile Stimulation

Summary The phenomenon of extinction of response under conditions of double simultaneous tactile stimulation was examined in 129 normal subjects. Graduated nylon filaments were employed as stimulators. In stimulation of the forearms, extinction could be elicited when stimuli of unequal strength were applied provided that the weaker stimulus was at the minimal supra-threshold intensity or slightly above this value. Stimulation of a cheek at, or slightly above, the minimal supra-threshold intensity extinguished response to minimal supra-threshold stimulation of the forearm. It was usually impossible to effect extinction of response to stimulation to the cheek by increasing intensity to the forearm. The results are interpreted as lending support to the concept of “face dominance.” The clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
The Industrial Electrical Engineer's Responsibilities and How They Reflect on Management

The technological as well as the administrative responsibilities of the electrical engineer in today's industrial society are discussed and it is shown how these reflect on his organizational status. The paper will be of interest to the experienced engineer as a tool to assist in management presentations, project presentation planning, and recognizing forgotten responsibilities; it will serve him by presenting methods of management exposure for the promotion of the individual and his ideas.
Does providing technical assistance for toxics use reduction really work? A program evaluation utilizing toxics use reduction act data to measure pollution prevention performance

Abstract The 1989 Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) instituted a preventive approach to chemical pollution and wastes: reducing toxic chemicals at the source through prevention planning, public reporting of chemical input, and fees for chemical use. The act also created the Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance for Toxics Use Reduction (OTA), a voluntary program, to make onsite visits to companies that request assistance. OTA staff review the use of toxic chemicals at the facility, and make recommendations for either using substitutes, or using the chemicals more efficiently. Because TURA requires covered companies (large quantity toxics users) to report chemical input (what they use), output (resulting chemical waste), and a production index, it is possible to measure trends in toxics use relative to production, and waste byproduct per pound of chemical use input. These are uniquely precise measurements of a company's ability to accomplish the form of pollution prevention known as toxics use reduction. From 1993 to 2002, companies used approximately 500 million pounds (227 million kg) less toxic chemicals than they were expected to use, based on past performance. Those companies that received onsite technical assistance visits from OTA made substantially greater improvements in TUR performance than those not visited, and as compared to their own performance after being visited. They reduced an average of 9.4% more toxics use after being visited than before, and the difference was statistically significant. More companies in the visited group made progress than companies not visited, and had greater reductions than those not visited by nearly all measures. The results of two additional studies supported these findings of program effectiveness. One study examined companies that dropped out of the system, and found that those that were visited employed toxics use reduction to achieve below-threshold use amounts more frequently than those that were not visited. The other study, an independent research project using econometric methods to determine the causative relevance of provided assistance, found OTA's service to be an explanatory factor associated with significant toxics use and byproduct reductions.
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPING AND QUANTITATION

Rapidly evolving knowledge of the molecular biology of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the recognition that current therapeutic strategies are ineffective in most patients with chronic hepatitis C have fueled the search for methods to predict a favorable response to treatment. It is hoped that with information derived from demographic or virologic variables, therapy can be tailored to individual patients, offering them the greatest likelihood of response or, when treatment failure is deemed probable, preventing the unnecessary use of costly, occasionally unpleasant treatments. Genotyping of HCV and quantitation of viral load are virologic variables that have been evaluated as predictors of response to interferon therapy. Until recently, these tests were available only as research tools. However, most reference laboratories now offer some type of HCV RNA genotyping and quantitation, so that this information is readily available to gastroenterologists and patients. As we shall see, it is important to recognize the differences and limitations of the available HCV RNA assays within the context of clinical practice. The aim of this chapter will be to briefly review methodologies available for characterizing HCV RNA and to discuss their interpretation and clinical utility.
Characteristics of hydrogen storage by spillover on Pt-doped carbon and catalyst-bridged metal organic framework.

Metal dispersion is a crucially important factor for hydrogen spillover storage on metal/carbon materials. For Pt on carbon (Pt/C), dispersion into nearly 2 nm clusters or nanoparticles is necessar...
Newborn infant with inherited ring and de novo interstitial deletion on homologous chromosome 22s.

A 2-day-old infant was evaluated and suspected of having 22q11.2 deletion based on microcephaly, short and narrow palpebral fissures, a prominent nose with hypoplastic alae nasi, thin fingers, and a right aortic arch. He also had an imperforate anus, which is not in the del 22q11.2 syndrome. Karyotype analysis identified a ring 22, while fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the DiGeorge syndrome critical region identified a 22q deletion on the other homologue. The karyotype designation was 46,XY,r(22)(p13q13.3).ish del(22)(q11.2q11.2) (D22S75-). Both parents function in the mildly mentally retarded range. The father's karyotype was normal whereas the mother had the ring 22 that was inherited by her son. This is the first case reported for abnormalities on both 22 homologues.
Design of an MR image processing module on an FPGA chip

We describe the design and implementation of an image processing module on a single-chip Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for real-time image processing. We also demonstrate that through graphical coding the design work can be greatly simplified. The processing module is based on a 2D FFT core. Our design is distinguished from previously reported designs in two respects. No off-chip hardware resources are required, which increases portability of the core. Direct matrix transposition usually required for execution of 2D FFT is completely avoided using our newly-designed address generation unit, which saves considerable on-chip block RAMs and clock cycles. The image processing module was tested by reconstructing multi-slice MR images from both phantom and animal data. The tests on static data show that the processing module is capable of reconstructing 128 × 128 images at speed of 400 frames/second. The tests on simulated real-time streaming data demonstrate that the module works properly under the timing conditions necessary for MRI experiments.
The molecular size of Myxicola infundibulum chlorocruorin and its subunits.

Abstract The molecular shape and size of the extracellular chlorocruorin of Myxicola infundibulum was determined using scanning transmission electron microscopy and its dissociation in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The shape of the chlorocruorin is that of a two-tiered hexagon with a vertex-to-vertex diameter of 29.0–29.5 nm and a height of 19.0–19.7 nm: it appears to be smaller by 5–10% relative to several annelid extracellular hemoglobins examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The quarternary structure of the chlorocruorin appears to be sensitive to ca(II) concentration; dissociation fragments of the whole molecule were observed, consisting of octamers and dimers of one-twelfth subunits. The unreduced chlorocruorin dissociated into two subunits with estimated molecular masses of 23000 (1) and 60000 (2); the reduced chlorocruorin dissociated into subunits with estimated molecular masses of 13000 (I), 14000 (II) and 30000 (III). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced subunits 1 and 2 showed that subunit 1 corresponded to subunit III and that subunit 2 dissociated to subunits I and II. Densitometry of the polyacrylamide gels indicates that 85–90% of the Myxicola chlorocruorin consists of disulfide-bonded tetramers of polypeptide chains of about 15000. Such a pattern of subunit aggregation has not been observed previously in annelid extracellular hemoglobins and chlorocruorins
Analysis and simulation of continuous-time digital signal processors

Digital signal processors operating in continuous time are analyzed. We demonstrate, through analytical and simulation studies, that by operating without a sampling clock the in-band quantization error power is reduced compared to conventional discrete-time systems. We present an equivalence that facilitates the study of continuous-time digital signal processors and we explore in detail the case of single sinusoid inputs as well as inputs with a Gaussian distribution. The in-band quantization error power is shown to be lower by up to 25dB for an 8-bit system, compared to a classical, sampled one with the same resolution.
The Gender Gap on Wall Street: An Empirical Analysis of Confidence in Investment Decision Making

Abstract We attempted to identify the personal characteristics that influence confidence in an investment decision in an experiment administered to 1,359 subjects nationwide. Multiple regression was used to control statistically for variation among subjects and to develop a model of investment decision confidence. The most striking finding was that women had significantly lower confidence in an investment task than men, after controlling for all other relevant variables and characteristics including the amount of the investment decision itself. Familiarity with and present attitude about investing in the stock market, college credit hours in accounting and finance, experience in evaluating common stocks, the current level of the stock market, and the investment decision itself (the amount to be invested) were also found to be significant. Age, value of personal portfolio, years of college, and years of business experience were not significant characteristics.
Failure Modes of a Unidirectional Ultra‐High‐Modulus Carbon‐Fiber Carbon‐Matrix Composite

Abstract : The objective of this study was to observe the effects of various microstructural features on the in situ, room-temperature tensile fracture behavior of an ultra-high-modulus, unidirectional carbon/carbon (C/C) composite as a function of processing heat-treatment temperature (HTT) over the range of 1100 deg C to 2750 deg C. An in situ SEM flexural stage was used to observe the interactions between the advancing crack tip and the microstructural features in the frontal process zone. Following the lowest HTT of 1100 deg C, failure is dominated by the well-bounded brittle matrix; a tortuous crack path in the E130 fibers appears to contribute to a relatively high utilization of fiber strength in spite of this brittle-matrix failure. Approximate calculations of the interfacial shear stress that might be generated by matrix shrinkage during pyrolysis of the polymer to carbon were compared to approximations of crack-tip interfacial shear stresses (IFSS) using the Cook-Gordon approach. The results suggest that the strong bonding in the 1100 deg C HTT composite cannot be accounted for by friction alone, and, therefore, chemical bonding or some type of fiber-matrix mechanical interlocking must be involved. Higher HHTs lead to progressive weakening of the fiber-matrix interface, and, with heat treatment to 2150 deg C, multiple matrix cracking (MMC) is observed. Using the crack-spacing model of Aveston, Cooper, and Kelly (ACK), an IFSS of 1 MPa is estimated for the MMC case. Attempts to calculate the matrix failure strain using the ACK formulation led to a large overprediction of the failure strain, although a number of the parameters used in the calculation are known only very approximately. Heat treatments to 2400 deg C and 2750 deg C led to longitudinal intramatrix cohesive failure; at 2750 deg C, this damage is extensive and results in composites with strength utilizations approaching those of dry fiber bundles.
Interaction of N-acetylmethionine with a non-C2-symmetrical platinum diamine complex.

Abstract The reaction of N -acetylmethionine ( N -AcMet) with the complex [Pt(Et 2 en)(D 2 O) 2 ] 2+ (Et 2 en = N , N -diethylethylenediamine) was studied by NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations. Complexes containing two methionine residues coordinated to the platinum atom were calculated to be relatively high in energy unless the bulk of the methionine residues was directed away from the diethyl group of the Et 2 en ligand. In contrast, sulfur–oxygen chelates were found to be relatively free of steric clashes. Experimentally, two sets of NMR resonances were observed when [Pt(Et 2 en)(D 2 O) 2 ] 2+ was reacted with N -AcMet; variable temperature experiments indicated intermediate chemical exchange between the two sets of resonances. NMR studies indicated that the resonances corresponded to [Pt(Et 2 en)( N -AcMet- S , O )] + complexes with the sulfur atom trans to the diethyl group of the Et 2 en ligand. No product with the sulfur atom cis to the diethyl group was observed experimentally even though molecular mechanics calculations suggested that such forms have few steric clashes. The NMR results suggested that the chemical exchange was a result of sulfur chirality inversion. In early stages of the reaction, a [Pt(Et 2 en)( N -AcMet- S )(D 2 O)] + complex was observed, indicating that coordination of the oxygen to form the chelate is relatively slow.
Effects of compounds which inhibit lymphocyte stimulation on the utilization of glucose by leukocytes

Abstract A number of agents are known to inhibit the lymphocyte transformation stimulated in vitro by phytohemagglutinin. Knowledge concerning their modes of action is meager. Leukocytes depend greatly on metabolism of glucose for energy and derivatives needed for synthetic processes. The present study undertook a quantitative examination of the effects of some compounds known to inhibit lymphocyte stimulation on the basic process of glucose metabolism by leukocytes. A high degree of correlation was found between the inhibitory effect on lymphocyte stimulation and suppression of glucose utilization for the quite diverse types of compounds studied. The precise loci or modes of action of the compounds on glucose metabolism of leukocytes remain to be resolved, as is the question of whether disturbance of glucose utilization is a primary or secondary action of compounds inhibitory for lymphocyte stimulation.
Probabilistic D-Clustering

We present a new iterative method for probabilistic clustering of data. Given clusters, their centers and the distances of data points from these centers, the probability of cluster membership at any point is assumed inversely proportional to the distance from (the center of) the cluster in question. This assumption is our working principle. The method is a generalization, to several centers, of theWeiszfeld method for solving the Fermat---Weber location problem. At each iteration, the distances (Euclidean, Mahalanobis, etc.) from the cluster centers are computed for all data points, and the centers are updated as convex combinations of these points, with weights determined by the above principle. Computations stop when the centers stop moving. Progress is monitored by the joint distance function, a measure of distance from all cluster centers, that evolves during the iterations, and captures the data in its low contours. The method is simple, fast (requiring a small number of cheap iterations) and insensitive to outliers.
High-Performance Single and Polycrystal-Based Pyroelectric Smart Materials for Energy Harvesting from Pavements:

Energy-harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging) technology allows for capturing unused ambient energy—such as solar, thermal, strain, and vibration—and converting the energy to a usable form. The goal of this study was to determine whether the possibility of capturing thermal energy derived from natural heating of pavements, storing the energy, and using it as an alternative power source for other devices. In this study, pyroelectric materials were used as the energy harvester. A change in temperature creates current flows in pyroelectric material. Single and polycrystal-based materials and a polycrystalline composite material based on ordinary portland cement with carbon nanofibers have been used as pyroelectric smart materials. Smart material based on portland cement can capture ambient thermal energy from pavements. When carbon nanofibers are added, the cement-based composite acts as a pyroelectric material. Addition of carbon nanofibers increases the pyroelectric properties of ...
Redox-Dependent Structural Changes in the Azotobacter vinelandii Bacterioferritin: New Insights into the Ferroxidase and Iron Transport Mechanism(,).

In this work, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the aerobically isolated (oxidized) and the anaerobic dithionite-reduced (at pH 8.0) forms of the native Azotobacter vinelandii bacterioferritin to 2.7 and 2.0 A resolution, respectively. Iron K-edge multiple anomalous dispersion (MAD) experiments unequivocally identified the presence of three independent iron-containing sites within the protein structure. Specifically, a dinuclear (ferroxidase) site, a b-type heme site, and the binding of a single iron atom at the four-fold molecular axis of the protein shell were observed. In addition to the novel observation of iron at the four-fold pore, these data also reveal that the oxidized form of the protein has a symmetrical ferroxidase site containing two five-coordinate iron atoms. Each iron atom is ligated by four carboxylate oxygen atoms and a single histidyl nitrogen atom. A single water molecule is found within hydrogen bonding distance of the ferroxidase site that bridges the two iron atoms on the si...
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Exerts Protective and Immunomodulatory Effects in Cortical Trauma

Neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury is facilitated by innate and adaptive immunity and can be harnessed to affect brain repair. In mice subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI), we show that treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) affects regulatory T cell numbers in the cervical lymph nodes coincident with decreased lesion volumes and increased cortical tissue sparing. This paralleled increases in neurofilament and diminished reactive microglial staining. Transcriptomic analysis showed that GM-CSF induces robust immune neuroprotective responses seven days following CCI. Together, these results support the therapeutic potential of GM-CSF for TBI.
Forced convection heat or mass transfer with rapidly varying surface boundary conditions

Abstract An asymptotic solution to the problem of forced convection of mass transfer with rapidly varying boundary conditions is derived. This solution, which has an especially useful and convenient form, is shown to be applicable under appropriate conditions to a large class of problems. In particular, the results are valid for situations involving either laminar or turbulent flows in both boundary layers and ducts; fluid properties maybe variable, and moderate transverse surface velocities and dissipative effects may be present. For special conditions, the present solution is shown to reduced to certain known results. The new results are applied to certain problems involving neither a specified surface temperature or heat flux, such as convection—radiation and catalytic surface recombination. The relationship of the new solution to other asymptotic forced convection results is discussed.
Chiral recognition by CD-sensitive dimeric zinc porphyrin host. 1. Chiroptical protocol for absolute configurational assignments of monoalcohols and primary monoamines.

A general microscale protocol for the determination of absolute configurations of primary amino groups or secondary hydroxyl groups linked to a single stereogenic center is described. The chiral substrates are linked to the achiral trifunctional bidentate carrier molecule (3-aminopropylamino)acetic acid (1, H2NCH2CH2CH2NHCH2COOH) and the resultant conjugates are then complexed with dimeric zinc porphyrin host 2 giving rise to 1:1 host/guest sandwiched complexes. These complexes exhibit exciton-coupled bisignate CD spectra due to stereodifferentiation leading to preferred porphyrin helicity. Since the chiral sense of twist between the two porphyrins in the complex is dictated by the stereogenic center of the substrate, the sign of the couplet determines the absolute configuration at this center. The twist of the porphyrin tweezer in the complex can be predicted from the relative steric sizes of the groups flanking the stereogenic center, such that the bulkier group protrudes from the complex sandwich. In c...
A semantic model for parallel systems with scheduling

This paper presents a semantic model for parallel systems with a scheduling mechanism that is useful for expressing and proving a wider range of properties than semantic models that do not consider scheduling.We formally describe a number of properties related to scheduling and deadlock, including "Fairness" and "Fullness", and show that schedulers with these properties behave in desirable ways.Lastly, we prove and conjecture some proof rules for scheduled systems and outline briefly the relation of this work to modelling protection in parallel systems.
Fibrin glue terminates massive bleeding after complex hepatic injury.

Objective: We determined the ability of a packaged fibrin glue (FG) product to terminate severe bleeding in a new porcine model of complex hepatic injury. Methods: Femoral arterial and venous catheters were placed in pentobarbital-anesthetized swine In = 7 per group, 16-18 kg). Pigs received an external blast to the right upper abdomen at 0 minutes, followed by uncontrolled hemorrhage at 0 to 30 minutes, with anticoagulation (heparin, 200 U/kg) at 10 minutes. Pigs were resuscitated with lactated Ringer's solution (20 mL/ kg) beginning at 15 minutes and then underwent laparotomy to control bleeding at 30 minutes. Lactated Ringer's solution was infused to keep mean arterial pressure greater than 70 mm Hg until 120 minutes, when repeat laparotomy was performed. Control animals (group I) underwent routine surgical procedures to terminate bleeding followed by packing if hepatic bleeding continued. The FG animals (group II) underwent routine surgical procedures plus application of FG. Avoidance of packing, estimated blood loss (EBL) during and after laparotomy, and fluid resuscitation volume were the primary end points studied. Results: In both groups, mean arterial pressure varied significantly from baseline to 120 minutes (group I: 100 ± 3 to 52 ± 11 mm Hg; group II: 99 ± 4 to 66 ± 3 mm Hg). Temperature decreased at the end of each experiment (group 1: 37 ± 1 to 33 ± 1°C; group II: 37 ± 1 to 34 ± 1°C). There were no group differences in EBL before laparotomy (0-30 minutes), but from initial laparotomy to repeat laparotomy (30-120 min), EBL (group 1: 875 ± 265 mL; group II: 300 ± 59 mL) and total fluid resuscitation (group 1: 2.9 ± 0.4 L; group II: 1.9 ± 0.3 L) were statistically significantly less in FG pigs. Of greatest importance, six of seven control pigs required packing, but none of the FG animals were packed and none bled at repeat laparotomy. Conclusion: FG stopped bleeding and eliminated the need for packing in a model of severe liver injury. Further work in the clinical arena is warranted to determine the potential benefits of FG in arresting hemorrhage in hypotensive, hypothermic, coagulopathic trauma patients with complex visceral injuries.
In-process drilled hole inspection for aerospace applications

Abstract The principles of operation and comprehensive testing of a prototype system for high speed in-process inspection of drilled holes in aerospace applications are described. The system measures both the general geometry of the hole (diameter, roundness, taper etc.) and the profile of the surface finish. The proposed system, based on the use of fringe-field capacitive sensors, is rapid and sufficiently rugged for in-process monitoring. Principles of analysis and design of the sensor system are presented within the context of aerospace inspection requirements. Experimental results include the direct comparison of the system with conventional metrology techniques.
Childhood Conduct Problems and Other Early Risk Factors in Rural Adult Stimulant Users.

ABSTRACT: Context: Understanding childhood risk factors associated with adult substance use and legal problems is important for treatment and prevention. Purpose: To examine the relationship of early substance use, conduct problems before age 15, and family history of substance abuse on adult outcomes in rural, stimulant users. Methods: Adult cocaine and methamphetamine users (N = 544) in rural Arkansas and Kentucky were interviewed. Data were analyzed using both bivariate analyses and multiple logistic and log-linear regression models, with dependent variables being any substance abuse/dependence, stimulant abuse/dependence, total number of arrests since age 18 and days incarcerated since age 18. Findings: One third reported 3 or more conduct disorder problems prior to age 15; half reported initiation of substances (excluding alcohol) before age 15; and 60% reported family history of substance problems. All 3 variables were associated with adult substance abuse/dependence but only the latter two were associated with stimulant abuse/dependence. Conclusions: This study highlights early risk factors for adult substance abuse/dependence among rural stimulant users.
Nutrition in the management of necrotizing pancreatitis

Comparative trials have shown that enteral feeding (EN) is better than total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in acute pancreatitis. However, the following case report of a 64-year-old man with necrotizing pancreatitis suggests that EN may cause complications in patients with ductular damage. In the second week, this patient with acute pancreatitis developed >50% pancreatic necrosis, resulting in gastroduodenal obstruction and pain, leading to the use of TPN. A trial of EN delivered past the obstruction was associated with increased abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and pancreatic fluid accumulation. Measurement of the pancreatic response to feeding showed a 90% reduction in enzyme secretion compared to healthy volunteers, but no change in the uptake of stable isotope labeled amino acids into secreted trypsin. This suggests that enzymes were being synthesized by the remaining pancreatic tissue, but that some of the secretions were leaking into the inflammatory mass. Symptoms resolved after reinstitution of TPN and bowel rest. A further trial of EN was successful when the tube was advanced to the distal jejunum to avoid pancreatic stimulation. After 3 weeks of home EN, he was readmitted for surgical evacuation of an infected fluid collection. Although enteral feeding is generally better than TPN in the nutritional management of acute pancreatitis, there may be a subgroup of patients with ductular damage due to necrotizing disease in whom TPN and pancreatic rest may be safer.
The effects of a dopamine antagonist on luteinizing hormone and prolactin release in women with anorexia nervosa and in normal controls.

To evaluate the possible role of central dopaminergic suppression of gonadotropin secretion in the genesis of amenorrhea associated with anorexia nervosa (A.N.), a central D-2 dopamine receptor blocker was administered to 10 women with A.N. and 10 regularly menstruating age-matched controls. Serum prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured at -15, 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after administration of metoclopramide (10 mg orally). Mean basal prolactin (p less than 0.001) and estradiol levels (p less than 0.02) were significantly lower in women with A.N. The prolactin response to metoclopramide was significantly impaired in women with anorexia nervosa. No correlation was found between the prolactin response and percentage ideal body weight. Basal and post-stimulation prolactin levels were correlated with estradiol levels. After adjusting for the effects of estradiol, significant differences between patients with A.N. and controls remained in prolactin levels at baseline (p less than 0.01), 120 min (p less than 0.02) and 180 min (p less than 0.05). Metoclopramide did not induce a significant rise in LH levels in either the A.N. or control groups. These data are consistent with central dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in anorexia nervosa but do not support the hypothesis that central dopaminergic inhibition is related to diminished LH release in this state.