cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Typology and the Study of Language Change

SUMMARYIn seeking to comprehend language, including language change, linguists need a framework. A century and a half of phonological study has provided such a framework, as evident especially in Trubetzkoy's Principles of Phonology. Change in phonological systems is clarified by attention to its generalizations. Parallel work in syntax, leading to important generalizations with reference to syntactic framework, has provided means for similar understanding of syntactic change in the past decades. Examples of syntactic change are cited, as illustrations, such as changes in the comparison of inequality, in reflexivi-zation, in complement structures. Data on these have been provided by typological studies. Syntactic typology has in this way furnished important information for identifying, describing and explaining changing syntactic structures.RESUMELe linguiste cherchant a comprendre le langage, y compris le changement langagier, a besoin d'un point de reference. La recherche phonologique d'un siecle et demi nous a donne un tel cadre de reference; voir particulierement les Principes de phonologie de Troubetzkoy. Le changement phonologique est eclairci par l'attention a ses generalisations. Pendant les dernieres decennies d'un travail comparable dans la syntaxe qui a amene a des generalisations concernant un cadre de reference syntaxique, nous a fourni un moyen pour la comprehension du changement syntaxique. Dans le present article nous illustrons le phenomene tels que les changements dans la comparaison d'inegalite, dans la reflexivation et dans les structures des complements. Des donnes concernant ces mecanismes nous ont ete fournies par des etudes typologiques. De cette maniere la typologie syntaxique nous a procure de l'information importante pour l'identification, la description et l'ex-plications des changements dans les structures syntaxiques.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Sprachforscher bedarf eines wissenschaftlichen Rahmens, um Sprache und Sprachwandel zu verstehen. Eineinhalb Jahrhunderte phono-logischer Untersuchungen haben einen solchen Rahmen geliefert, wie es besonders klar in Trubetzkoy's Prinzipien der Phonologie hervortritt. Rucksicht auf Generalisierungen hat sie Veranderung phonologischer Systeme deutlich werden lassen. Vergleichbare Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Syntax, welche zu bedeutenden Verallgemeinerungen in bezug auf einen die Syntax betreffenden Rahmen gefiihrt hat, hat uns Mittel ver-schafft, die wahrend der letzten Jahrzehnte uns in ahnlicher Weise er-laubt, syntaktischen Wandel zu verstehen. Beispiele hierzu werden an-gefiihrt, wie etwa im Ungleichheitsvergleich, in der Reflexivisierung und den Komplementarstrukturen. Material hierzu wird von typologischen Studien herbeigetragen. Auf diese Weise liefert die syntaktische Typologie wichtige Informationen zur Identifikation, Beschreibung und Er-klarung des Wandels syntaktischer Strukturen.
Effect of disturbances on trophic groups in soil nematode assemblages

Free-living nematodes in soil ecosystems are vital in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. The effects of various types of disturbances on nematode assemblages were examined in several experiments on a single soil: a short-term detrimental disturbance from solarisation, a short-term beneficial disturbance from amendment addition, and a long-term detrimental disturbance from bare ground without plant cover. Comparison of solarised and non-solarised field plots revealed lower numbers of fungivores in solarised plots. As a result, indices involving ratios of fungivores to bacterivores and fungivores to total free-living nematodes were decreased as well. Addition of an amendment increased numbers of bacterivores. This change was also reflected in calculated indices that expressed trophic groups as percentages of the total free-living nematodes. A severely disturbed site with bare ground that was without plant cover for more than 5 years was compared with an adjacent site maintained in grass. No plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered from the bare ground site, which contained lower numbers of nematodes in all trophic groups than the grass site. However, the structure of the free-living nematode assemblages in both sites was similar, as indicated by the proportions of various trophic groups and by ratios of fungivores and bacterivores. The free-living nematode assemblage in a site with a perceived severe long-term disturbance maintained a trophic structure similar to a site with perennial plant cover.
A parametric approach to solving bicriterion shortest path problems

Abstract In this paper a new algorithm is developed to solve bicriterion shortest path problems (BSP). This algorithm first relaxes the integrality conditions and solves a simple bicriterion network problem. The bicriterion network problem is solved parametrically, exploiting properties associated with adjacent basis trees. Those Pareto-optimal paths not obtained by solving the LP relaxation are obtained using a label correcting procedure. Computational results comparing the parametric approach to the label setting approach and the K -th shortest path approach are also presented. They indicate that the parametric approach is orders of magnitude faster than the K -th shortest path approach for most problems tested. For problems with a positive correlation between the two cost coefficients, the parametric approach is seen to be significantly faster than the label setting approach.
Collaboration in a Traditional Classroom Environment

Researchers and teachers are joining in a movement to introduce more collaborative work in language arts classrooms. While collaborative learning and writing are valuable activities in any classroom, not enough is understood about what happens when collaborative activities are introduced into a traditional classroom discourse structure. This study analyzes a collaborative activity, both as a traditional classroom event and as a collaborative event. The results of the analysis suggest that, even when the activity is explicitly collaborative and students are experienced collaborators, patterns of traditional classroom discourse dominate their communicative choices.
Global environmental history: The long view

Looking ahead to the remaining decades of the twenty-first century, this essay considers four themes that seem certain to characterize the course of world environmental history in the long run. These are: (1) population growth; (2) local vs. global determination of policy; (3) threats to biodiversity; and (4) the supply of and demand for energy and materials. The conclusion, noting that each of these themes presents a challenge and that together they constitute a crisis of survival, asks what kinds of changes might constitute a positive response.
Subseabed Disposal: A Geosciences Perspective

Billions of dollars are spent every year in the search for natural resources, utilizing the most sophisticated technology available to assess the geological, geochemical, and geophysical characteristics of a particular region. This technology can also be used, however, to search for the most desolate, isolated, useless terrain available, to be used as a repository for high level nuclear waste. This terrain is not limited to the 30% of the planet’s surface upon which we live; it includes the 70% lying beneath the ocean waters as well.
Actin as an ancient nucleotide‐binding protein

In order to propose how actin may become energized by ATP, a three-dimensional structure of the nucleotide-binding domain of actin is constructed, based on homologous structures of other nucleotide-binding proteins and on its known amino acid sequence.
An improved convergence analysis of a one-step intermediate Newton iterative scheme for nonlinear equations

We revisit a one-step intermediate Newton method for the iterative computation of a zero of the sum of two nonlinear operators that was analyzed by Uko and Velasquez (Rev. Colomb. Mat. 35:21–27, 2001). By utilizing weaker hypotheses of the Zabrejko-Nguen kind and a modified majorizing sequence we perform a semilocal convergence analysis which yields finer error bounds and more precise information on the location of the solution that the ones obtained in Rev. Colomb. Mat. 35:21–27, 2001. This error analysis is obtained at the same computational cost as the analogous results of Uko and Velasquez (Rev. Colomb. Mat. 35:21–27, 2001). We also give two generalizations of the well-known Kantorovich theorem on the solvability of nonlinear equations and the convergence of Newton’s method. Finally, we provide a numerical example to illustrate the predicted-by-theory performance of the Newton iterates involved in this paper.
The dodo bird revisited: A qualitative study of psychotherapy efficacy research

Abstract This article is a qualitative study of psychotherapy efficacy research spanning more than four decades. The findings are organized into five temporal categories characterizing the evolution of psychotherapy research. All five categories are integrated in the central phenomenon of two views of human behavior, a reactive or a proactive view. The categories are (1) psychotherapy is no more effective than no psychotherapy (1950s and 1960s), (2) the “core conditions” (empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard, and congruency) are necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change (1960s and 1970s), (3) psychotherapy is for better or for worse (early 1960s), (4) the core conditions are necessary but not sufficient for therapeutic personality change (late 1970s and mid-1980s), and (5) specific techniques are uniquely effective in treating particular disorders (late 1980s and early 1990s). The findings concerned with Categories 4 and 5 are (a) that the conclusion that Rogers's attitudinal conditions are necessary but not sufficient has virtually no direct research support, and (b) that the research concerning specificity of treatment, dysfunction, therapist variables, and client variables is characterized by fragmentation, few replications, and lack of generalizability. Implications of the study indicate that specificity research, driven by the unfounded assertion that Rogers' attitudinal conditions are not sufficient, have yielded inconclusive and misleading findings. The pattern of research is one that culminates in the picture of a self-fulfilling model driven and directed by the “scientificating” deterministic view of human behavior, the movement toward narrow and specific application. Over four decades, the major thread in psychotherapy efficacy research is the presence of the therapist attitudes hypothesized by Rogers.
Clipping of complex aneurysms with fenestration tubes: application and assessment of three types of clip techniques.

OBJECTIVE Straight fenestrated clips can be stacked to create tubes that reconstruct origins of branch arteries at the necks of complex aneurysms. Three variations of fenestration tubes were conceived and applied to a consecutive series of patients with aneurysms to determine their usefulness. METHODS Antegrade fenestration tubes are built with stacked, straight fenestrated clips with an open tube transmitting the efferent artery with forward blood flow. Retrograde fenestration tubes are also built with stacked, straight fenestrated clips, but the fenestration tube is closed with a nonfenestrated clip to reverse the direction of blood flow into the efferent artery that exits from the base of the tube. Aneurysm dome fenestration tubes encircle the dome rather than transmitting an efferent artery and use the tips of stacked, straight fenestrated clips to reconstruct the aneurysm neck. RESULTS During a 2-year period in which 465 aneurysms were treated microsurgically, 25 patients had 26 aneurysms clipped with fenestration tubes (antegrade tubes, 15 aneurysms; retrograde tubes, four aneurysms; dome tubes, seven aneurysms). Angiographically, 92% of the aneurysms were completely eliminated with no branch artery occlusions. Neurologically, good outcomes were observed in 84% of the patients (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 5 or 4) with 96% either improved or unchanged. CONCLUSION Clip reconstruction with fenestration tubes is another microsurgical technique that can be used to treat aneurysms with large or giant-sized efferent arteries that adhere to the aneurysm and/or unusual branch anatomy. Fenestration tubes are safe and effective, and they are used more frequently than expected for what might seem to be a subtle technical nuance. This technique relies on intraoperative adjuncts such as temporary clipping, careful application of clips to preserve the patency of branch arteries, and technology to detect inadvertent branch occlusions.
The wind tunnel simulation of wind turbulence for surface vehicle testing

Abstract Mathematicalexpressions are presented which describe the spectral properties of the turbulent flow field that must be produced in a wind tunnel to simulate the effects of natural winds on surface vehicles. It is shown that the turbulence field in the wind tunnel must be adjustable at fixed wind speed, in both intensity and length scale, to replicate the range of effects of the variable wind. This, in turn, requires the use of an active turbulence-producing mechanism. Preliminary results from one such device under development at the National Research Council Canada are presented.
TAHA processing of a 6201 aluminium alloy

In order to gain better understanding of the effect of pre-aging on the tensile properties of 6201 Al alloy, different TAHA processes have been performed in this study. A 6201 AI alloy was first solution treated, followed by pre-aging at 135°C for 30 minutes (some specimens were without pre-aging). The specimens were then cold rolled to 60, 70 or 80% reduction in thickness followed by final aging at 140, 150 or 160°C for 1 to 20 hours. For specimens of 60% cold reduction, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) were significantly improved by pre-aging. The improvement in strengths by pre-aging was most (least) significant if the final aging temperature was 140°C (160°C). For specimens of 70% reduction, the improvement in UTS and YS by pre-aging was not as significant. For specimens of 80% cold reduction, lower strengths were found for pre-aged specimens as compared to specimens without pre-aging. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that there was close relationship between the fractu...
Rereading to Understand: The Role of Text Coherence and Reader Proficiency.

Abstract We examined good and poor comprehenders′ use of a rereading strategy to regulate understanding. Students were presented with texts containing referential and factual coherence problems. Students′ reading times and rereading times for each passage sentence were recorded and their text memory was examined. All students detected textual problems and reread sentences containing factual and referential coherence problems longer. Although poor comprehenders generally reread more than good comprehenders, good comprehenders were better able to selectively direct their rereading to text coherence problems, and had better text memory relative to poor comprehenders. Results are discussed in terms of the benefits of using an on-line methodology to examine strategy effectiveness and of the implications of failing to selectively reread.
Analysis of stagnation points for a pumping well in recharge areas.

Stagnation points in groundwater flow fields delineate different flow regions by the separation streamlines passing through them. Stagnation-point analysis can hereby provide a useful tool in streamline delineation as well as in hydraulic control. In the present work, we present a stagnation-point analysis for a flow field created by a pumping well in recharge areas. This scenario is of great interest since it is very common in practice for pumping wells to be located inside or near a recharge area. A typical case is that an irrigation system is fed by groundwater pumped from an inside well. By performing stagnation-point analysis, it is found that the behavior of the created flow field under study is not only determined by the magnitudes of specific parameters such as pumping rate, regional flow rate, infiltration rate, recharge area, and well location, but also related to the interrelation of these parameters. Applying the properties of the potential Hessian matrix at stagnation points, we also identified the nature of stagnation points (e.g., maximum, minimum, or saddle point) assuming that the pumping well locates at the center of the recharge area. In addition, we delineated the streamlines by tracing streamlines starting from the stagnation points. The orientation of the separation streamlines is determined by the potential Hessian matrix. Generally, for a well with a relatively high pumping rate, there is one, and only one stagnation point outside the recharge area, since all infiltration and partial regional flow are pumped by the well. For a well inside the recharge area with a relatively low pumping rate, however, it is found that there are always three stagnation points, because infiltration is surplus for providing the well extraction, which results in the separation streamlines outside the recharge area and eventually forms a third stagnation point. Under certain field conditions, cases of two stagnation points can occur, and these critical conditions have also been identified.
Conditional non-independence of data in a practical bayesian decision task

Abstract The repetitive use of Bayes' theorem to aggregate data requires that the data be conditionally independent. The robustness of Bayesian analysis to violations of this assumption was tested by comparing Bayesian with other techniques in a practical prediction task. In classifying 861 MMPI profiles as either neurotic or psychotic, two variants of Bayesian analysis techniques, both of which ignored sizable conditional dependence in the data, had cross-validated hit rates as high as comparable analyses which correctly handled the interrelationships among the MMPI scales.
Effects of sensor spatial resolution on landscape structure parameters

We examined the effects of increasing grain size from 20 m to 1100 m on landscape parameters characterizing spatial structure in the northern Wisconsin lake district. We examined whether structural parameters remain relatively constant over this range and whether aggregation algorithms permit extrapolation within this range. Images from three different satellite sensors were employed in this study: (1) the SPOT multispectral high resolution visible (HRV), (2) the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), and (3) the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Each scene was classified as patches of water in a matrix of land. Spatial structure was quantified using several landscape parameters: percent water, number of lakes (patches), average lake area and perimeter, fractal dimension, and three measures of texture (homogeneity, contrast, and entropy). Results indicate that most measures were sensitive to changes in grain size. As grain size increased from 20 m using HRV image data to 1100 m (AVHRR), the percent water and the number of lakes decreased while the average lake area, perimeter, the fractal dimension, and contrast increased. The other two texture measures were relatively invariant with grain size. Although examination of texture at various angles of adjacency was performed to investigate features which vary systematically with angle, the angle did not have an important effect on the texture parameter values. An aggregation algorithm was used to simulate additional grain sizes. Grain was increased successively by a factor of two from 20 m (the HRV image) to 1280 m. We then calculated landscape parameter values at each grain size. Extrapolated values closely approximated the actual sensor values. Because the grain size has an important effect on most landscape parameters, the choice of satellite sensor must be appropriate for the research question asked. Interpolation between the grain sizes of different satellite sensors is possible with an approach involving aggregation of pixels.
Position occupied by the Activator in Impurity-activated Phosphors

ALTHOUGH it is often assumed that the activator in impurity-activated phosphors is in solid solution in the matrix of the material, direct evidence of this has hitherto been lacking. Recently, G. R. Fonda1, in a general paper on fluorescence, mentions briefly that he has found an expansion of the lattice due to manganese in the case of zinc orthosilicate, but gives no experimental details.
Finding a manhattan path and related problems

Let S be a set of n horizontal and vertical segments on the plane, and let s, t ∈ S. A Manhattan path (of length k) from s to t is an alternating sequence of horizontal and vertical segments s = r0, r1,…,rk = t where ri intersects ri+1, 0 ≤ i < k. An from all s ∈ S to t. Also given is a method to determine a maximum set of crossings (intersections of segments) with no two on the same segment, as well as a maximum set of nonintersecting segments, both in O(n3/2 log2 log2n) time. The latter algorithm is applied to decomposing, in O(n3/2 log2n) time, a hole-free union of n rectangles with sides parallel to the coordinate axes into the minimal number of disjoint rectangles. All the algorithms require O(n log n) space, and for all of them the factor log2n can be improved to log n log log n, at the cost of some complication of the basic data structure used.
TPF-Emma: concept study of a planet finding space interferometer

A novel space interferometer design originating in Europe has been studied. The interferometer uses the technique of starlight nulling to enable detection of earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars. A set of four telescope spacecraft flying in formation with a fifth, beam-combiner spacecraft forms the interferometer. This particular concept shows potential for reducing the mission cost when compared with previous concepts by greatly reducing the complexity of the telescope spacecraft. These spacecraft have no major deployable systems, have simplified propulsion and a more rugged construction. The formation flying geometry provides for greater average separation between the spacecraft with commensurate risk reduction. Key aspects of the design have been studied at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory with a view to collaborations between NASA and the European Space Agency. An overview of the design study is presented with some comparisons with the TPF-FFI concept.
Deconfining phase transition in the U(1) model with Wilson's action

In dimensiond≧4, the lattice U(1) gauge theory defined with the Wilson action is shown to have a deconfining phase transition at weak coupling. The proof uses a higher dimensional analogue of the Higgs mechanism and a correlation inequality to remove the massless modes of the theory. The remaining modes are controlled by a simple cluster expansion.
The minimal time regulator problem for linear sampled-data systems: General theory☆

Abstract This paper considers a single-input, linear, time-invariant, sampled-data system described by its state transition equation x k +1 = Ax k + f k + la , where the control f k +1 is subject to the admissibility condition I f k +1 |1. Necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability with admissible controls are derived. For any system satisfying these conditions, the following problem is solved: determine a scalar valued function f(x) such that if, at each sampling instant, f(x) is used as a control when the system is at state x at that sampling instant, then, given any initial state x 0 , the system will be brought to the origin in the minimum number of sampling periods. In other words, f(x) constitutes an optimal strategy for the minimal time regulator problem. The function f(x) is describable as follows: (1) in the state space, a hypersurface is constructed; (2) the line through x 1 , parallel to r 1 = - A −1 a intersects at point c, thus x = c + λr 1 ; (3) f(x) = sat λ.
Executive stock-based compensation and firms’ cash payout: the role of shareholders’ tax-related payout preferences

We hypothesize that the structure of executive stock-based compensation helps to align managers’ payout choices with shareholders’ tax-related payout preferences. Specifically, stock options, which are not dividend-protected, can deter self-interested executives from using dividends as a form of payout. In contrast, restricted stock, which is dividend-protected, is more likely to induce the use of dividends. Relatedly, shareholders’ preferences for dividends, which are taxed as ordinary income, can depend on the income tax consequences of dividends relative to those of long-term capital gains. To test our hypothesis, we investigate whether the exogenous changes in shareholders’ tax-related payout preferences following the 2003 dividend tax rate reduction result in predictable shifts in executive stock-based compensation and in managers’ payout choices. Consistent with our prediction, we find a positive relation between the increased use of dividends in firms’ payouts and the increased (decreased) use of restricted stock (stock options) in executive compensation, particularly for firms with a greater percentage ownership by individual investors and with lower costs associated with modifying the structure of their compensation plans. Our investigation of the role of shareholders’ tax-related payout preferences in the design of executive stock-based compensation extends the prior literature that has largely focused on the role of incentive contracts in inducing managerial effort, risk taking, and retention.
A personalized food allergen testing platform on a cellphone.

We demonstrate a personalized food allergen testing platform, termed iTube, running on a cellphone that images and automatically analyses colorimetric assays performed in test tubes toward sensitive and specific detection of allergens in food samples. This cost-effective and compact iTube attachment, weighing approximately 40 grams, is mechanically installed on the existing camera unit of a cellphone, where the test and control tubes are inserted from the side and are vertically illuminated by two separate light-emitting-diodes. The illumination light is absorbed by the allergen assay, which is activated within the tubes, causing an intensity change in the acquired images by the cellphone camera. These transmission images of the sample and control tubes are digitally processed within 1 s using a smart application running on the same cellphone for detection and quantification of allergen contamination in food products. We evaluated the performance of this cellphone-based iTube platform using different types of commercially available cookies, where the existence of peanuts was accurately quantified after a sample preparation and incubation time of ∼20 min per test. This automated and cost-effective personalized food allergen testing tool running on cellphones can also permit uploading of test results to secure servers to create personal and/or public spatio-temporal allergen maps, which can be useful for public health in various settings.
Allergenicity and immunogenicity of Basidiomycetes.

Abstract Species selected from six families of the class Basidiomycetes were evaluated for allergenicity in atopic and nonatopic individuals and for immunogenicity and antigenic cross-reactivity in experimental animals. Between 42% and 68% of atopic asthmatics demonstrated positive Type I wheal-and-flare skin reactivity to basidiomycete metabolic and somatic antigens. Sixty-four percent of skin test-positive atopic asthmatics exhibited positive RAST to a basidiomycete metabolic antigen and 50% were positive to somatic antigen. Negative RAST results were obtained in all nonatopic control sera. Only an occasional individual demonstrated positive serum antibasidiomycete precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. All basidiomycete species studied were highly immunogenic in the rabbit and most appeared to contain an electrophoretically heterogenous group of antigens with predominant anodal mobility. Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis employing hyperimmune rabbit antisera indicated the presence of shared antigens among all basidiomycete species with the exception of Pleurotus. Rabbit antibasidiomycete sera did not cross-react with antigens of several common species of the Fungi imperfecti . Results indicate that many atopic asthmatics of the Gulf South area demonstrate IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to basidiomycete antigens as evidenced by positive wheal-and-flare skin reactivity and/or RAST. Basidiomycetes are also immunogenic in the rabbit and possess antigens that do not cross-react with those of certain Fungi imperfecti .
Angle of arrival estimation using MIMO array antenna

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar has received increasing attention in recent years. MIMO radar has many advantages over conventional phased array radar such as target detection, resolution enhancement, and interference and jamming suppression. In this paper, the results are presented from a simulation study of MIMO uniformly-spaced linear array antennas. The performance is investigated under varied parameters, including varied array size, PN sequence length, number of snapshots, and signal to noise ratio. The results of MIMO are compared to a traditional array antenna.
Effect of fatty acids on the movement and staining of membrane proteins in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Summary The presence of fatty acids in preparation of membrane proteins can cause a change in the apparent mobility and staining characteristics of the proteins as well as induce the appearance of multiple bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
High quality MgB2 thick films and large-area films fabricated by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition with a pocket heater

A hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition process using a pocket heater was developed for the growth of high quality epitaxial large-area MgB2 thin films and c-axis textured MgB2 thick films. This technique is able to independently control the substrate and Mg source temperatures and maintain sufficient Mg overpressure to ensure phase stability. The two-inch large-area MgB2 thin films showed uniform superconducting properties with the superconducting transition temperature Tc of about 40 K, residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of about 10, and critical current density Jc of about 107 A cm−2 (0 T, 5 K). The thick films (~10 µm) on sapphire substrates showed a maximum Tc of 40 K and RRR of 15, and a Jc of 1.6 × 106 A cm−2 at low applied magnetic fields even at 20 K. High quality thick films also have been obtained on metal substrates.
Children Born Prematurely: Risk of Parental Chronic Sorrow

The middle range nursing theory of chronic sorrow offers guidance in the care of families dealing with an ongoing disparity. One such example is the reality of having an infant born prematurely with serious medical conditions. Nurses working in a neonatal intensive care unit, and other pediatric settings need to assess families for symptoms of fear, helplessness or sadness and signs of chronic sorrow. A case scenario provides an example of chronic sorrow. Nurses need to assist families in developing healthy coping strategies so as to alleviate any effects of chronic sorrow that they may experience.
Prostaglandin stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in mammary gland explants from mid-pregnant mice

The effects of various prostaglandins on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in mammary gland explants from mid-pregnant mice have been tested. PGE1, E2 and I2 elicit a concentration-dependent stimulation of ODC activity. The minimally effective concentrations are 0.5 ug/ml for PGE1 and E2, and 50 ug/ml for PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. The PGE1 effect had a time course identical to that of prolactin. The prolactin action on ODC activity was attenuated by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Arachidonic acid stimulated ODC activity and its effect was abolished by indomethacin. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, potentiated the PGE1 effect on ODC activity. The results suggest that the prostaglandins may modulate prolactin's action on ODC activity via a cAMP dependent mechanism.
Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis: intent to treat, hospitalization outcome and mediation by believability

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be efficacious when used as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for psychotic disorders. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a contextual form of CBT that attempts to alter one’s relationship to symptoms of psychosis rather than attempting to reduce or control them. Two previously published randomized trials of ACT for symptoms of psychosis have found evidence for decreased believability of symptoms and decreased hospitalization, among other outcomes. Using the combined dataset from these trials, the impact of ACT on intent to treat analyses of hospitalization outcomes and the mediating role of symptom believability on hospitalization outcomes were examined. Results showed reduction of rehospitalization at the 4-month follow-up, mediated by symptom believability but not symptom-related distress. The current study provides incremental support for the impact and putative processes of ACT for psychosis.
Numerical Classification of Proximity Data with Assignment Measures

An approach to numerical classification is described, which treats the assignment of objects to types as a continuous variable, called an assignment measure. Describing a classification by an assignment measure allows one not only to determine the types of objects, but also to see relationships among the objects of the same type and among the types themselves.
Earplugs improve patients’ subjective experience of sleep in critical care

Aims: This study aimed to determine the effects of earplug use on the subjective experience of sleep for patients in critical care. Background: The negative effects of noise in critical care include sleep disturbances, increased stress response, and reduced patient satisfaction. The nature of critical care often precludes quiet time protocols. Previous studies indicated that earplugs can improve REM sleep and sleep efficiency. This study examined the effects of earplugs as a non-invasive method for improving the subjective sleep experience and increasing patient satisfaction. Design: Quasi-experimental intervention study with random assignment of subjects. Method: Subjects were non-ventilated, non-sedated adults admitted to critical care. The intervention group used earplugs during nighttime sleep hours allowing short term removal during patient care. Participants completed the Verran-Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale, an 8-question visual analogue scale, to describe their subjective response to sleep. Two sample T-tests were used to detect differences between the group scores. Results: 88 participants (49 intervention/39 control) completed the study. Mean age 63, 56% males, 93% Caucasian. Total sleep satisfaction scores were significantly better for the intervention group (p = .002). Seven of the subjective categories were independently significant (p = .005-.044). One category, satisfaction with the amount of time needed to fall asleep, was not significant (p = .111). Conclusions: Earplug use improved the subjective experience of sleep for un-medicated critical care patients without interfering with care delivery. Relevance to Practice: The negligible cost and low level of invasiveness of earplugs makes this preferable as a primary intervention to promote sleep while avoiding unnecessary sedating medications.
Cofermentation of Syrah with Viognier: Evolution of Color and Phenolics during Winemaking and Bottle Aging

Cofermentation of Syrah with additions of 5, 10, and 20% (by weight) of the white variety Viognier was followed during winemaking and up to 580 days postpressing to assess the effect of Viognier additions on the chromatic and phenolic composition of the wines. Additions of 10 and 20% Viognier lowered most of the chromatic parameters. At day 580, no differences were observed for tannins and iron reactive phenolics among the wines. Analysis of anthocyanins and flavonols uncovered no differences between 100% Syrah and 5% Viognier wines but the 20% Viognier wines had lower concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols, suggesting possible dilution of these phenolics. These results suggest that additions of Viognier at the rates studied here neither improve the phenolic composition nor enhance the color stability of the final wines.
Effect of temperature on the inhibition of rat brain synaptosomal ATPases by DDT and its structural analogs

In vitro effects of DDT and its isomers or metabolites were studied on Na+-K+-ATPase and oligomycin-sensitive (OS) Mg++-ATPase activities at 17, 27 and 37 degrees C in rat brain synaptosomes. Dicofol and methoxychlor were found to be more effective inhibitors of Na+-K+-ATPase and OS Mg++-ATPase than DDT, DDD and DDE. Inhibition of OS Mg++-ATPase by the compounds tested (except DDE) was found to be greater at 17 degrees C than at higher temperatures (17 greater than 27 greater than 37 degrees C), suggesting a negative temperature correlation trend Na+-K+-ATPase was less sensitive to these compounds when compared with OS Mg++-ATPase and the inhibition was greater at higher temperatures (37 greater than 27 greater than 17 degrees C), suggesting a positive temperature correlation trend. Other DDT isomers and metabolites showed variable effects on Na+-K+-ATPase and OS Mg++-ATPases. DDD, but not DDE, inhibited both enzyme activities and the inhibition was independent of temperature. No significant differences were observed in the inhibitory potencies of the various DDT, DDD or DDE ring substitutes studied. The present data indicate that DDT, dicofol and methoxychlor were more effective inhibitors of OS Mg++-ATPase than Na+-K+-ATPase and that the inhibition of the former enzyme had a negative temperature dependence, a feature which parallels toxicity results in insects.
Positive renal response to intravenous acetazolamide in patients with carbonic anhydrase II deficiency.

ABSTRACT.: Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) is the only soluble isozyme of CA which is known to be expressed in kidney. We recently identified a deficiency of this enzyme as the basis for the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. In order to explore the physiological importance of CA II in the kidney, we studied the renal response to intravenously infused acetazolamide in two CA II-deficient patients and two control subjects. Following acetazolamide infusion, the CA II-deficient patients exhibited a prompt rise in urinary pH and HCO3– excretion similar to the response seen in control subjects. These findings indicate that CA II-deficient patients, who lack detectable CA II in their erythrocytes, still expressed an acetazolamide-inhibitable CA activity in their kidneys. These results can be explained in three ways: 1) the CA II deficiency which is profound in the erythrocytes of these patients may not be expressed in their kidney. 2) An acetazolamide-sensitive CA other than CA II, such as CA I and CA III, which is not normally expressed in kidney, is expressed in kidneys of CA II-deficient patients. 3) The CA II deficiency is expressed in kidney in these patients but the acetazolamide response is due to inhibition of the luminal, membranebound CA which is the product of a different gene and unaffected by the CA II deficiency mutation. We favor the third possibility. On this basis, we suggest that patients with CA II deficiency provide an experiment of nature which complements existing pharmacological evidence that distinguishes the contributions of CA II and the membranebound CA to HCO3– reclamation by the human kidney. A model to explain their roles in proximal and distal acidification is presented.
A Close Look at Domain Formation in DPPC Monolayers

Insoluble monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) exhibit a phase transition resulting in the formation of domains with interesting shapes. We studied the features of DPPC domain shapes throughout the coexistence region. We find that the basic domain shape is an asymmetric “bean” with a flattened lobe and a distinct cavity. The cavity is a locus for growth, in the form of either a terminal nub or a projection which grows to form a new lobe. Multilobed domains thus grow from beans via a specific process; however, these are not stable and transform over time back to beans. We also find that atypical compression schemes can be used to generate domain shapes that stray markedly from the norm, such as multilobed complexes or toruses.
Use of Psathyrella cf. hymenocephala (Coprinaceae) as a spice in Haiti.

Ethnobotanical studies conducted in Haiti revealed that dried mushrooms, called ‘djon djon’ in Creole are gathered in the wild and used as a spice in a number of food preparations throughout the country. Previous taxonomic investigations of the constituents of Haitian ‘djon djon’ had been unable to resolve the identity of this mushroom and it was thought to be a mixture of species from closely related genera. Possible explanations for this confusion are given. We propose that ‘djon djon’ contains a single species, Psathyrella cf. hymenocephala in the Coprinaceae.
Electron microscopy of focal neuroaxonal lesions produced by beta-beta-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in rats. I. The advanced lesions.

An electron microscopic study was made on neuroaxonal lesions in the anterior motoneurons of the lumbar spinal cord in IDPN-treated rats which manifested the permanent “waltzing syndrome” during the stages of axonal balloon formation. The following observations and discussion were made. 1. Within the axonal balloons, there were focal accumulations of usual axoplasmic constituents, viz., neurofibrils, mitochondria, and small vesicles. 2. The balloons, outlined by a thin myelin or axolemmal layer, or axoplasmic contents without definite membrane structure, were often surrounded by edematous spaces filled with granular material. 3. Distal to the balloons, there were segmental accumulations of degenerating mitochondria, vesicles, and also of dense complex bodies within the myelinated portions of axons. 4. No significant alterations were observed in the perikarya of the anterior motoneurons. 5. The present study seems to support a previously held hypothesis of a mechanism of “primary axostasis” as the cause of the lesions as well as of the waltzing syndrome. The intra-axonic dense complex bodies, resembling pigment granules, would provide a plausible explanation for the permanence of the induced syndrome.
Extensive multisegmental bronchiectasis presenting as a transient parahilar coin lesion.

The finding of a 2 cm parahilar coin lesion in a patient with hemoptysis suggests a variety of etiologies including neoplastic disease. Of considerable interest in the present case, however, was the disappearance of the coin lesion in the upright chest roentgenogram shortly after admission. Tomography demonstrated cystic changes in the apex of the left lower lobe in place of the former nodular lesion. Further investigation by means of bronchography revealed the true nature of the underlying disease process, namely, saccular bronchiectasis. This report illustrates an unusual radiologic presentation or bronchiectatic disease and emphasizes the need to consider the bronchiectatic sac filled with debris in the differential diagnosis of the pulmonary coin lesion.
An alpha-1-adrenergic receptor subtype is responsible for delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity during simulated ischemia and reperfusion of isolated canine Purkinje fibers.

BACKGROUNDWe used standard microelectrode techniques to study delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced by alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in canine Purkinje fibers in the setting of simulated ischemia and reperfusion.METHODS AND RESULTSThe ischemic environment included 10.8 mM [Ca2+]o, 10 mM [K+]o, 40-50 mm Hg PO2, 20 mM lactate (pH 6.7), and 1 x 10(-7) M phenylephrine. During ischemia, there was the variable occurrence of abnormal automaticity, early afterdepolarizations, and delayed afterdepolarizations. During reperfusion, 100% of preparations manifested delayed afterdepolarizations and 40% manifested triggered activity. Decreasing PO2 to less than 20 mm Hg markedly reduced the incidence of delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity, as did increasing PO2 to values of more than 90 mm Hg. WB 4101, an alpha 1-subtype-selective competitive blocker that antagonizes the effects of alpha 1-agonists to induce phosphoinositide metabolism and increase [Ca2+]i, significantly reduced th...
The stalking victim's decision to contact the police: A test of Gottfredson and Gottfredson's theory of criminal justice decision making

Abstract There is a significant body of research exploring the reporting behaviors of crime victims. Much of this literature has focused on specific types of victimization (e.g., sexual assault) and the correlates of victim reporting. Recently, the crimes of stalking and cyberstalking have received empirical attention; however, few studies have examined the reporting behaviors of victims of these crimes. Using the theoretical framework proposed by Gottfredson and Gottfredson (1988), the current study explored how offense seriousness, the victim-offender relationship, and the prior record of the offender influenced a victim's decision to contact the police. Data were drawn from the 2006 stalking supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which examined stalking in the United States. Results offered support to Gottfredson and Gottfredson (1988) and highlighted the significance of understanding the reporting behaviors for this sample of crime victims. Differences in reporting for victims of stalking and cyberstalking were also examined.
Locational Factors in the New Textile Industry: Focus on the U.S. South

Abstract After a brief examination of the geographic shift in the U.S. textile industry from New England to the South in the early twentieth century, this article focuses on the location of contemporary textile mills, which continue to be heavily concentrated in the U.S. South. The industry is analyzed cartographically by types of mills and number of mill workers. The new dynamics of the industry are expressed through modern corporate management strategies that recognize increased integration between manufacturing and markets, especially apparel and home furnishings retailing. Electronic technology, substituted for traditional low-cost labor, has led to the growing importance of localization economies in accounting for the spatial concentration of the industry in the core state of North Carolina and its extensions along the Piedmont into Alabama to the south and Virginia to the north. Economies of scope, flexible production, and quality output characterize the contemporary U.S. textile industry, which ope...
Role of genes O and P in the replication of bacteriophage λ DNA

Abstract DNA replication in coliphage λ occurs in two stages. The first round of replication generates mainly circular progeny DNA by a double-branched θ-type replicative form (Ogawa et al ., 1968; Schnos & Inman, 1970). In the late stage of λ DNA replication, however, σ-type rolling-circle replicative form DNA molecules, which produce multigenomic linear concatemers, are primarily found (Takahashi, 1974). At both early and later times, a temperature shift of λ Ots or Pts infected cells from 32 °C (permissive) to 43 °C (non-permissive temperature) caused a rapid reduction of the rate of radioactive precursor incorporation into λ DNA, showing that the gene O and P products are essential for the continuation of λ DNA synthesis. Observations on the molecular fine structure of the replicating fork after a temperature shift revealed characteristic long “single-strand connections” and single-strand “whiskers” at the branch point. These observations suggest that λ gene O and P products are directly involved in the propagation of daughter strands.