cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domestic Production for Public Markets: The Arts and Crafts Movement in Deerfield, Massachusetts, c.1850–c.1911

The prescriptive separation of gender roles during the Victorian era in America idealized domestic spaces as a “woman’s sphere.” The household was codified as a private locus for raising children, a space for the production of goods for family use, and a place that served as a cultural counterpoint to the public economic sphere of men (Wall 1994). Distinctions between public and private spaces did exist, but these separations were rarely as complete as social prescriptions advocated. At least until the mid-nineteenth century, rural women produced farm products for public markets, from eggs, butter, and cheese to textiles (McMurry 1988; Spencer-Wood 1991a: 237, 2007: 41).
Exploring Group Dynamics in Activity-Based Group Work with Young People Experiencing Homelessness

ABSTRACTThis article explores the development of group dynamics in an activity-based group comprising four young people experiencing homelessness and one group facilitator. Over the course of 12 sessions, the group produced a coconstructed audio documentary. Nine group sessions were recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for patterns of group dynamics, including communication and interaction patterns, cohesion, social integration and influence, and culture. Findings suggest that the task-oriented nature of coproducing the audio documentary facilitated the development of interpersonal dynamics, provided young people with opportunities for personal growth, and provided them with opportunities to engage their strengths as well.
Ensiling characteristics of whole-crop small grains harvested at milk and dough stages

Dynamics of the ensiling process and final quality of whole-crop wheat, oats, and barley harvested at the milk and the dough stage of maturity were studied using 2.2-liter laboratory silos. An ensiling period of 64 d was used. Silage DM was higher (P less than .05) at the dough than at the milk stage on d 0 and 64. Silage total N content was not different (P greater than .05) among small grain species or stages of maturity either at harvest or 64 d after ensiling. Overall, buffering capacity (BC) on d 0 was greater (P less than .05) in oats and barley than in wheat silages. Small grains had a greater (P less than .05) BC when harvested in the milk stage than when harvested in the dough stage. In all silages, pH had declined (P less than .01) by d 64, when it ranged from 3.8 to 4.1. During the ensiling period, lactic acid concentrations increased (P less than .01) and ranged from 6 to 11% of DM by 64 d of ensiling. Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content was greater (P less than .01) in milk- than in dough-stage silages for each small grain species and declined (P less than .05) during the ensiling period. The WSC decline during ensiling was greater (P less than .01) for milk-stage than for dough-stage harvested forage. Water-soluble N increased during ensiling (P less than .01) and increased 100 to 200% by d 64 for all silages. Ammonia N increased during the 64-d ensiling period but never exceeded .2% of DM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Isotopic fractionation by a fungal P450 nitric oxide reductase during the production of N2O

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with a 100-year global warming potential approximately 300 times that of CO2. Because microbes account for over 75% of the N2O released in the U.S., understanding the biochemical processes by which N2O is produced is critical to our efforts to mitigate climate change. In the current study, we used gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC–IRMS) to measure the δ15N, δ18O, δ15Nα, and δ15Nβ of N2O generated by purified fungal nitric oxide reductase (P450nor) from Histoplasma capsulatum. The isotope values were used to calculate site preference (SP) values (difference in δ15N between the central (α) and terminal (β) N atoms in N2O), enrichment factors (e), and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). Both oxygen and Nα displayed normal isotope effects during enzymatic NO reduction with e values of −25.7‰ (KIE = 1.0264) and −12.6‰ (KIE = 1.0127), respectively. However, bulk nitrogen (average δ15N of Nα and Nβ) and Nβ exhibited inverse isotope effects with e va...
Atomic Interactions in Silicon-Metal Complexes on W(110)

With the field-ion microscope one not only can locate individual atoms at a surface, but under some circumstances also can discriminate between chemically different species. These capabilities are illustrated in an examination of the strength of binding in silicon-metal surface clusters and in a detailed analysis of their mobility.
Conductivity enhancement of PEDOT:PSS film through the surface treatment and its application in optical devices

A novel way was discovered to enhanced the conductivity of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films by five hundred times through a simple surface treatment with ethylene glycol. High performance polymer light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells were obtained using this high-conductivity PEDOT:PSS film as anode.
Determination of Six Trizole Bactericides Residues in Vegetable Origin Food by Gas Chromatography

A gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of six trizole bactericides residues,including tetraconazole,penconazole,trifluconazole,hexaconazole,propiconazole,epoxiconazole,in vegetable food.The samples were extracted with acetonitrile,followed by a salting-out step with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride,and cleaned up by florisil solid phase extraction(SPE) cartridge.The target compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection(GC/ECD).The calibration curves showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.01-0.5 mg/L for six trizole bactericides with correlation coefficients of 0.996 3-0.999 4.Average recoveries of six trizole bactericides from vegetable origin food spiked at three concentration levels of 0.05,0.1 and 0.20 mg/kg ranged from 87% to 110%,with the relative standard deviations(RSDs) between 3.0% and 5.6%.The detection limits(S/N=3) were 0.002-0.007 mg/kg.The method could meet the requirement for the simultaneous determination of many trizole bactericides residues in vegetable origin food.
Design and research on mine refuge chamber with oxygen supply by ground drilling hole in the underground in Wulan coal mine

In order to improve the anti disaster capability,raise the level of security and defense of coal mine and reduce the loss caused by coal mine accidents,this paper took Wulan coal mine for study background,according to the refuge chamber layout principle,designed the refuge chamber with oxygen supply by ground drilling hole.According to actual situation of Wulan coal mine,the refuge chamber rational position,scale,size and corresponding support method were determined.Besides,the refuge chamber includes totally 9 systems in order to guarantee existence of people and normal operation of appliances in the chamber.The design and construction of the permanent refuge chamber in the underground in Wulan coal mine can provide a safe airtight space and create the basic living conditions for personnel in distresses who couldn't evacuate after the disaster,which plays a key role in the implementation of scientific,orderly and effective rescue.
Childhood cancer: basic considerations in diagnosis and treatment.

Causes underlying the development of malignant processes in children, such as immune defects and viral, genetic, and environmental factors, are considered and general decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
Acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: current understanding and future directions.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) complicates recovery from cardiac surgery in up to 30 % of patients, injures and impairs the function of the brain, lungs, and gut, and places patients at a 5-fold increased risk of death during hospitalization. Renal ischemia, reperfusion, inflammation, hemolysis, oxidative stress, cholesterol emboli, and toxins contribute to the development and progression of AKI. Preventive strategies are limited, but current evidence supports maintenance of renal perfusion and intravascular volume while avoiding venous congestion, administration of balanced salt as opposed to high-chloride intravenous fluids, and the avoidance or limitation of cardiopulmonary bypass exposure. AKI that requires renal replacement therapy occurs in 2–5 % of patients following cardiac surgery and is associated with 50 % mortality. For those who recover from renal replacement therapy or even mild AKI, progression to chronic kidney disease in the ensuing months and years is more likely than for those who do not develop AKI. Cardiac surgery continues to be a popular clinical model to evaluate novel therapeutics, off-label use of existing medications, and nonpharmacologic treatments for AKI, since cardiac surgery is fairly common, typically elective, provides a relatively standardized insult, and patients remain hospitalized and monitored following surgery. More efficient and time-sensitive methods to diagnose AKI are imperative to reduce this negative outcome. The discovery and validation of renal damage biomarkers should in time supplant creatinine-based criteria for the clinical diagnosis of AKI.
Theorizing Disagreement: Reconceiving the Relationship between Law and Politics

Phil Frickey's death leaves an irreparable hole in the fabric of legal scholarship. Frickey never deviated from the perfect balance of integrity and tact. He was generous and kind, yet his Midwestern virtues were tough and supple as steel. He radiated the instinct of justice, yet his judgment was clear eyed and impervious to distraction. His scholarship was unmistakable: judicious, perspicuous, wide ranging, and generative. I treasured my association with Professor Frickey. I learned from him in dimensions scholarly and non-scholarly. I mourn his loss in the best way I can, by examining seriously a question that haunted Professor Frickey throughout his long and distinguished career: Should judges take account of the political consequences of their decisions when these consequences affect the ongoing legitimacy of law? In this Article, I explore whether the virtue of technical legal craft, which exemplifies the ideal of a formally autonomous law, can appropriately be joined to the virtue of judicial statesmanship, which exemplifies the ideal of politically responsive law.1
Captive Environmental Influences on Behavior in Zoo Drills and Mandrills (Mandrillus), a Threatened Genus of Primate

An abstract of the dissertation of Erik Terdal for the Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences and Resources: Biology presented November 22, 1995. Title: Captive Environmental Influences on Behavior in Zoo Drills and Mandrills (Mandrillus), a Threatened Genus of Primate Drills (Mandrillus leucophaeus) are an endangered species of African monkey (Cercopithecidae), and their sole congener the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is vulnerable to extinction. Both species are threatened in the wild by deforestation and hunting. Drills have a poor record of captive reproduction. Many individuals appear to have behavioral deficiencies which interfere with reproduction. Thus, the zoo population of drills does not serve as a “hedge” against the species’ total extinction: drills are endangered in captivity as well as in the wild. Mandrills, by contrast, reproduce well in captivity. Information on the behavior of mandrills in captivity may help zoo managers improve husbandry for both species. The intent of this research was to study the relationship between aspects of the captive environment and behaviors which lead to reproduction. A review of the literature on both drills and mandrills, in the wild and captivity, was used to suggest “essential characteristics” of the captive environment that may encourage animals of both species to engage in natural, active behaviors, to form cohesive dyads with opposite-sex adults, to develop affiliative bonds, and to engage in sexual behavior. Sixty-two drills and mandrills in 14 groups in the U.S. and Germany were studied with behavior sampling methods, using the Drill Species Survival Plan ethogram. Data were analyzed by multiple regression using transformed variables. No over-all species differences in behavior were found. Results suggested that two factors promoted natural activity: 1) environmental enrichment which provides positive reinforcement for active behaviors, and 2) an affiliative husbandry style by the animal’s keepers. Active animals were more likely to engage in social behaviors leading to copulation. Many of the non-reproducing drills appeared to be “passive and withdrawn,” and shared a constellation of signs that appeared to be analogous to human clinical depression. An etiological model for “passive and withdrawn” Mandrillus, based on biobehavioral theories of human depressive disorders, was developed to link early rearing conditions and environmental enrichment. This model was then used to develop a historicdemographic hypothesis for why mandrills have historically had greater reproductive success than drills in zoos.
Prime Ideals in Commutative Rings

Prime ideals. One of the most important properties of a prime integer p is that a product of two integers is divisible by p only if at least one of the integers is divisible by p. In the notation of principal ideals, this can be restated as follows. If p is a prime, then n 1 n 2 ≡ 0(p) implies that n 1 ≡ 0(p) or n 2 ≡ 0(p) , or both. Now if R is an arbitrary commutative ring, an ideal p in R is said to be a prime ideal if and only if ab ≡ 0(p) implies that a ≡ 0(p) or b ≡ 0(p) , or both. Thus the prime ideals in I are precisely the ideals (p) , where p is a prime, together with the ideal (0) and the ideal I. In any commutative ring R, it is obvious that the ideal R is always prime; and the ideal (0) is a prime ideal if and only if R has no proper divisors of zero.
Comprehensive population screening in the Ashkenazi Jewish population for recurrent disease-causing variants.

The Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) population has an increased risk for a variety of recessive diseases due to historical founder effects and genetic drift. For some, the disease-causing founder mutations have been identified and well-characterized, but for others, further study is necessary. The purpose of this study is to assess the carrier frequencies of 85 pathogenic variants causative of 29 recessive conditions in the AJ population. Up to 3000 AJ individuals were genotyped by Luminex MagPlex®-TAG™ bead array or Agena Bioscience™ MassARRAY assays. We identified seven conditions with carrier frequencies higher than 1 in 100, nine between 1 in 100 and 1 in 200, and four between 1 in 200 and 1 in 500. Variants in nine conditions had a detected carrier rate of less than 1 in 500 or were not identified in approximately 2000 AJ individuals. We assessed the combined AJ carrier frequency for 18 relatively prevalent diseases to be 1 in 6, and the risk of AJ individuals to be a carrier couple for one of these 18 diseases as 1 in 441. We note additional recessive genetic conditions should be considered for AJ carrier screening panels.
Cyber‐Assurance Through Embedded Security for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) comprises billions of Internet‐connected devices (ICD) or "things", each of which can sense, communicate, compute, and potentially actuate and can have intelligence, multimodal interfaces, physical/virtual identities, and attributes. Cyber‐assurance is the justified confidence that networked systems are adequately secure to meet operational needs, even in the presence of attacks, failures, accidents, and unexpected events. The cyber‐assurance recognition strategy is to define only the service‐level interfaces and leave out domain‐specific implementation details. Once the recognition of a cyber‐attack has been identified from the recognition process, the fortification process takes place. Reestablishment is a means to return the ICDs to its operational condition after the cyber‐attack through remapping to a different route since the ICD was under attack. When the IoT technologies are used as part of mission critical systems, the IoT services should be survivable in order to support the important missions.
Numerical Investigation of Vertical Penetration of Steel Catenary Riser Near the Touch Down Zone

Steel catenary risers (SCR) are widely used in offshore to transport hydrocarbon from the seabed to floating or fixed platforms. The fatigue life of SCR near the touchdown zone (TDZ) is one of the main design concerns because the risers are often subjected to cyclic loading (vertical penetration/uplift, lateral and axial displacements) from various sources of environmental loadings, such as sea waves and currents. Numerical modeling of the penetration and uplift behaviour of an SCR is a challenging task. Most of the models available in the literature for uplift resistance are empirical, which have been developed mainly from the results of physical experiments.In this study, numerical simulation of vertical resistance is presented. Analysis is performed using ANSYS CFX software. Strain-softening and strain-rate dependent undrained shear strength behavior of soft clay sediment has been reported by many researchers. Unfortunately, these models were not available in CFX. Numerical simulations presented in this paper are performed implementing this behavior in CFX. Numerical results are compared with available empirical models. The present CFX modeling explains some mechanisms involved in trench formation and suction development during uplift. Factors affecting uplift resistance such as the size and shape of the trench are also discussed from a parametric study.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Seismic behavior and modeling of concrete partially filled spirally welded pipes (CPF-SWP)

Abstract Hollow spirally welded pipes (SWP) have been used widely as piles for the foundations of buildings, bridges, and flood wall structures. These members have limited ductility due to extensive local buckling and denting when subjected to seismic loading. In cases where improved seismic performance and ductility is required, the SWP are filled, fully or partially, with concrete. Fully filled SWP are called CF-SWP, while partially filled SWP are referred as CPF-SWP. Researchers have experimentally investigated the structural behavior of SWP and CF-SWP. However, there is lack of benchmarked numerical models that can be used to investigate the seismic behavior of SWP, CF-SWP or CPF-SWP, and lack of research regarding the seismic behavior and ductility of CPF-SWP. This paper develops and benchmarks detailed 3D finite element method (FEM) models for evaluating the seismic behavior of SWP, CF-SWP, and CPF-SWP. The FEM models account for behavioral complexities such as steel yielding, pipe local buckling and fracture, concrete cracking and crushing, cyclic stiffness degradation and recovery, and effects of concrete confinement. The FEM models for both the hollow SWP and filled CF-SWP are benchmarked using experimental data available in the literature. The benchmarked models are used to investigate the seismic behavior and ductility of the partially filled CPF-SWP, which include the transition from hollow SWP to filled CF-SWP. These investigations show that the infill ratio ( L c / L ) has a significant influence on the seismic behavior of CPF-SWP. Increasing the infill ratio delays the steel pipe local buckling and fracture, and improves the stiffness, strength, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity. Fully filling the plastic hinge region with concrete can significantly improve the seismic behavior of CPF-SWP.
Movement in the Mathematics Classroom

This chapter is about some of the benefits of incorporating movement into the Mathematics curriculum. The authors offer several activities aligned to the five significant Mathematics areas or strands represented in Common Core Standards that effectively integrate movement into Mathematics to benefit both student learning and physical activity. The Mathematics content areas included in this chapter are: numbers and operations, measurement, data analysis, algebra, and geometry.
Abstract 14693: Sodium Hydrosulfide in the Setting of Cardioplegia and Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Rat Model Reduces Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Introduction: Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has been shown to be a promising cardioprotective agent against ischemia-reperfusion injury, but its use as a component of cardioplegia in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is untested. We investigated the potential cardioprotective effects of NaHS added to cardioplegia solution, in rats in cardiac arrest on CPB. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (n=16) were placed on CPB and underwent 30 minutes of aortic cross-clamp (AoX)/ischemia, followed by 1 hour of reperfusion. Rats in the treatment group (n=8) received 40uM of NaHS in the cardioplegia solution, rats in the control group (n=8) did not. Hemodynamic parameters were measured intraoperatively and blood samples were collected at baseline, before and after AoX, and after weaning off CPB. Hearts were harvested at the end of the procedure. Results: The dP/dT max, indicative of systolic function, was better preserved in treatment groups post-CPB (32.7% decrease vs. 56.8% decrease from baseline) (p Conclusions: NaHS in cardioplegia solution significantly improves systolic function, diastolic function and ATP utilisation (which in turn results in improved hemodynamic parameters). It is superior to plain cardioplegia in reducing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat CPB and cardiac arrest model.
The Growth of Chinese Think Tanks and the Question of Crime

This paper reviews several of the key issues that underlie the development and expansion of think tanks in China from both a domestic and international perspective. Substantively, the review focuses on the need to develop criminological think tanks in China due to the well-documented relationship between rapid urbanization, social displacement, and crime. Though work on urbanization, social disorganization, and crime has existed for over half a decade in Western criminology, it suffers from a lack of research outside of the Western and usually more specifically American, cultural context. To advance this call for research, the paper identifies 14 generative research programs in the areas of the Routine Activities Theory, Social Bonds Theory, and Institutional Anomie Theory pursuable by Chinese criminological think tanks. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some potential barriers to the successful production and dissemination of criminological research in China.
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Elbow in the Throwing Athlete.

UpdateThis article was updated on February 26, 2018, because of a previous error. On pages 1 and 7, in the author byline section, the authors' names that had read “Andrew Harris” and “Brett Owens” now reads “Andrew P. Harris” and “Brett D. Owens.”An erratum has been published: JBJS Reviews. 2018 Feb
Family Characteristics, Attitudes, and Values

Since family factors weigh heavily in determining a child’s academic success, we examined their effects in our Riverside School Study.
Message Framing and Engagement in Specialty Mental Health Care: A Follow-up Analysis.

Objective:Nonengagement rates in specialty mental health care are high. This study examined the extent to which varying the message frame of appointment reminder letters was associated with attenda...
Race and Sex Differences in Post-Myocardial Infarction Angina Frequency and Risk of 1-Year Unplanned Rehospitalization.

Background:Race and sex disparities in in-hospital treatment and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) have been described, but little is known about race and sex differences i...
Fault Mapping in Multi-machine Power Systems by Principal Component Sensitivity-An Energy Function Perspective

This paper envisages the mapping of particular faults associated with their real time occurring events in a large scale power system by exploring the underlying rich information embedded in the Structure Preserving Energy Function (SPEF) components. A sliding window based prediction is employed to continuously monitor the change in the SPEF components in pre-fault, during-fault and post-fault stages. A Stacked Potential Energy (SPE) matrix is introduced and subjected to Principal Component Sensitivity (PCS) to discern the effect of events by analyzing the upper and lower dimensional sub-spaces. The effectiveness of the proposed sequence of classification can be observed from the results on a 4-machine, 2-area test system, where a coherency can be noticed between types of events and the corresponding mappings in the respective SPEFs. Highly correlated energy functions can be sought-after by pointing at different events which may trigger some specific components of interconnected power systems.
Recent technical advances in proteomics

Mass spectrometry is one of the key technologies of proteomics, and over the last decade important technical advances in mass spectrometry have driven an increased capability for proteomic discovery. In addition, new methods to capture important biological information have been developed to take advantage of improving proteomic tools.
Correction: DLPFC transcriptome defines two molecular subtypes of schizophrenia.

Author(s): Bowen, Elijah FW; Burgess, Jack L; Granger, Richard; Kleinman, Joel E; Rhodes, C Harker | Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Editorial Commentary: Long-Term Outcomes of Fresh-Frozen Meniscal Allografts—Shrinkage Progresses, but Is It Clinically Significant?

Meniscal allograft transplantation has been reported to be an excellent treatment for young patients with symptoms related to meniscal deficiency. To date, several studies reporting on extrusion or shrinkage after a meniscal transplant have failed to correlate these findings with clinical outcomes. However, longevity, graft durability, and overall joint health have yet to be determined in the context of graft extrusion and shrinkage. Given a growing body of evidence showing varying degrees of shrinkage over time with no effect on functional outcome, allograft morphologic changes may not be as clinically important as once thought from a clinical standpoint.
ATYPICAL ATRIAL FOCUS OF A WIDE COMPLEX TACHYCARDIA

Wide complex tachycardia (WCT) may reflect supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy or ventricular tachycardia. Although ECG may provide clues to diagnosis, differentiating the two remains difficult. A 49-year-old male with hypertension presented to the ED with palpitations and lightheadedness.
Ab initio study of ferroelectric domain walls in PbTiO 3

We have investigated the atomistic structure of the 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain boundaries in the ferroelectric perovskite compound ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ using a first-principles ultrasoft-pseudopotential approach. For each case we have computed the position, thickness and creation energy of the domain walls, and an estimate of the barrier height for their motion has been obtained. We find both kinds of domain walls to be very narrow with a similar width of the order of one to two lattice constants. The energy of the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain wall is calculated to be $35{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2},$ about a factor of 4 lower than the energy of its 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} counterpart, and only a miniscule barrier for its motion is found. As a surprising feature we detected a small offset of 0.15--0.2 eV in the electrostatic potential across the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain wall.
Integrated vehicle assignment and routing for system-optimal shared mobility planning with endogenous road congestion

Abstract Ride-sharing services, that have been growing in recent years with the start of network service companies, will be further enhanced by the recently emerging trend of applications for autonomous vehicles for future traveler mobility. One fundamental question that transportation managers should address is how to capture the endogenous traffic patterns involving the new and uncertain elements facing future transportation planning and management. By concentrating on one ideal system optimal (SO) scenario, in which (i) all vehicles are autonomous, or can be centrally guided and (ii) all passengers’ pickup/drop-off trip requests can be given at the beginning, this paper aims to integrate travel demand, vehicle supply, and limited infrastructure. Available ride-shared and autonomous vehicles, from different (real/virtual) depots, can be optimally assigned to satisfy passengers’ trip requests, while considering the endogenous congestion in capacitated networks. A number of decomposition approaches are adopted in this research. Focusing on this primal problem, we propose an arc-based vehicle-based integer linear programming model in space-time-state (STS) networks, which is solved by Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition. From the perspective of dynamic traffic assignment, a space-time-state (STS) path-based flow-based linear programming model is also provided as an approximation according to the mapping information between vehicle and passenger, and between a vehicle and the space-time arc in each STS path in our priori-generated column pool. Finally, numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate our decomposition approaches and their computation efficiency. From our preliminary experiments, we have a few interesting observations: (i) without considering road congestion, the network performance/efficiency could be overestimated; (ii) passengers’ required pickup and drop-off time windows could be a buffer to mitigate road congestion, without impacting system performance; (iii) the ride-sharing service could reduce the total transportation system cost under centralized control.
IgG4-Related Disease Manifesting as Hypocomplementemic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review:

Immunoglobulin G4–related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic fibrosing inflammatory systemic disorder that has been recognized relatively recently in the medical literature. Little is known about the e...
Accruals, Cash Flows, and Equity Values

We find, as predicted, that the differential ability of accrual and cash flow components of earnings to help forecast future abnormal earnings and the persistence of the components result in the components having different valuation implications. We base our tests on Ohlson (1999) applied to fourteen industries. We find: (1) Accruals and cash flows aid in forecasting future abnormal earnings incremental to abnormal earnings and equity book value. (2) Accruals and cash flows provide explanatory power for equity market value incremental to equity book value and abnormal earnings. (3) There is evidence that accruals and cash flows valuation coefficients are consistent with the Ohlson model.
Climate Sensitivity and the Responsiveness of Temperature to Atmospheric CO2

Detrended correlation analysis of global mean temperature observations and model projections are compared in a test for the theory that surface temperature is responsive to atmospheric CO2 concentration in terms of GHG forcing of surface temperature implied by the Climate Sensitivity parameter ECS. The test shows strong evidence of GHG forcing of warming in the theoretical RCP8.5 temperature projections made with CMIP5 forcings. However, no evidence of GHG forcing by CO2 is found in observational temperatures from four sources including two from satellite measurements. The test period is set to 1979-2018 so that satellite data can be included on a comparable basis. No empirical evidence is found in these data for a climate sensitivity parameter that determines surface temperature according to atmospheric CO2 concentration or for the proposition that reductions in fossil fuel emissions will moderate the rate of warming.
A Novel Paradigm for Surgical Skills Training and Assessment of Competency.

Importance Sustainment of comprehensive procedural skills in trauma surgery is a particular problem for surgeons in rural, global, and combat settings. Trauma care often requires open surgical procedures for low-frequency/high-risk injuries at a time when open surgical experience is declining in general and trauma surgery training. Objective To determine whether general surgeons participating in a 2-day standardized trauma skills course demonstrate measurable improvement in accuracy and independent performance of specific trauma skills. Design, setting, and participants General surgeons in active surgical practice were enrolled from a simulation center with anatomic laboratory from October 2019 to October 2020. Differences in pretraining/training and posttraining performance outcomes were examined using (1) pretraining/posttraining surveys, (2) pretraining/posttraining knowledge assessment, and (3) training/posttraining faculty assessment. Analysis took place in November 2020. Interventions A 2-day standardized, immersive, cadaver-based skills course, developed with best practices in instructional design, that teaches and assesses 24 trauma surgical procedures was used. Main outcomes and measures Trauma surgery capability, as measured by confidence, knowledge, abilities, and independent performance of specific trauma surgical procedures; 3-month posttraining skill transfer. Results The study cohort included 65 active-duty general surgeons, of which 16 (25%) were women and 49 (75%) were men. The mean (SD) age was 38.5 (4.2) years. Before and during training, 1 of 65 participants (1%) were able to accurately perform all 24 procedures without guidance. After course training, 64 participants (99%) met the benchmark performance requirements for the 24 trauma procedures, and 51 (78%) were able to perform them without guidance. Procedural confidence and knowledge increased significantly from before to after the course. At 3 months after training, 37 participants (56%) reported skill transfer to trauma or other procedures. Conclusions and relevance In this study, direct measurement of procedural performance following standardized training demonstrated significant improvement in skill performance in a broad array of trauma procedures. This model may be useful for assessment of procedural competence in other specialties.
Controversies on the relationship between increased body mass index and treatment-resistant chronic constipation in children.

Background There are conflicting reports on the association between children with increased Body Mass Index (BMI),and constipation. This retrospective chart review of two groups of children from a primary care clinic was designed to address the controversy. Methods Group- 1: Charts of all children seen in a year for general pediatric care were reviewed for incidences of increased BMI (>85th percentile) and constipation as well as overweight recognition in the final diagnosis; Group- 2: Children diagnosed with constipation at the same primary care setting for 5 years were identified by ICD-9 code. These charts were reviewed for prevalence of increased BMI and incidences of referral to subspecialty clinic. Results Group- 1: Three hundred nineteen (33.4%) of the 955 children had increased BMI and 28 (2.93%) had constipation. The prevalence of constipation was not increased among children with increased BMI. Group- 2: Twenty four of the 66 children with constipation were referred to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic. children with increased BMI were 3 times more likely to be referred (n = 20, p = .04). The two groups had a similar prevalence of children with increased BMI (Group 1 = 33.4%; Group 2 = 30.3%). Conclusion In general pediatric population, children with increased BMI were not at an increased risk of developing constipation. However, children with increased BMI and constipation were 3 times more likely to be referred, presumably for treatment failure, to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic .Hence children with increased BMI were more likely to develop treatment resistant constipation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Holistic Rehabilitation: Biological Embedding of Social Adversity and its Health Implications.

Human health is affected by lived experiences, both past and present. The environments we encounter throughout our lives, therefore, shape how we respond to new challenges, how we maintain a healthy immune system, and even how we respond to treatment and rehabilitation. Early in life and throughout adulthood, social experiences-such as exposure to various forms of adversity-can alter how cells in our body function, with far-reaching consequences for human health, disease, and treatment. This Perspective highlights studies from an ever-growing body of literature on the social determinants of health, with a focus on exposure to social adversities, like social isolation, discrimination, or low social status, experienced both early in life and adulthood and how they variably impact health. By focusing on recent observational studies in humans and experimental studies on social nonhuman animals, this article details how social adversity can become biologically embedded in our cells at the molecular level. Given that humans are social animals, it is no surprise that social adversity can negatively impact our health, and experimental animal studies have helped us to uncover some of the causal mechanistic pathways underlying the link between social adversity and health outcomes. These molecular consequences can have far-reaching implications, and, when combined with our growing knowledge on the social determinants of health, should inform how we approach treatment and rehabilitation.
Making tourism more supportive of small state development: The case of St. Vincent

Abstract Britton, Robert A., “Making Tourism More Supportive of Small State Development: The Case of St. Vincent,” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.IV, No. 5, May/September, 1977, pp. 268–278. With few resources and alternate sources of income, most Caribbean islands depend at least partially on tourism for foreign exchange and employment. The development of tourist facilities, however, has usually been controlled by the metropolitan travel industry rather than island people. High technology tourism is seen as inappropriate for underdeveloped islands. Capital- and energy-intensive hotels with high import requirements contribute little except poorly paid employment to the local economy. Enclaves of luxury surrounded by poverty produce deleterious social and cultural effects.
Observations on the rare earths—LXXXIV: The preparation and properties of 1,2-propanediamine complexes☆

Abstract In a completely anhydrous system, the carefully controlled reaction of 1,2-propanediamine (pn) with a lanthanide(III) salt yields a solid compound of the type Ln(pn)nX3, where Ln = La3+, Nd3+, Gd3+, and Er3+; n = 3 or 4; X = NO3−, ClO4−, and Cl−. I.R. data established coordination by the anion in several of the complexes. The decrease in metal-ion radius across the lanthanide series does not affect the number of 1,2-propanediamine molecules that coordinate to the cation, but the space available for coordination by the anion is affected. The result is a variation of total coordination number of the cation from 9 to 8.
Guantanamo By Other Means: Conspiracy Prosecutions and Law Enforcement Dilemmas After September 11

The recent conviction of Jose Padilla is not a victory for the rule of law. Instead, it signals the onset of a new phase in the post-9/11 shadow government of detention, interrogation, and surveillance. The use of conspiracy charges in cases of alleged political violence has always heightened the risk of false positives. The preventive paradigm that emerged after September 11 has combined this risk with the convenient capacity to erase the shadow government's mistakes. The government's broad interpretation of liability under section 956, analyzed previously by Professor Chesney in an important piece, accentuates conspiracy's costs. By charging Padilla with conspiracy to murder, maim, and kidnap abroad based on his application to attend a terrorist training camp, the government attributed plots and plans to Padilla that far exceeded the narrow scope of his alleged agreement. Padilla's conviction was surely expedient in light of the government's earlier assertions, never mentioned at trial, that Padilla had sought a "dirty bomb." However, the expedience of the conviction only heightens the risk that the government will use section 956 conspiracy charges to target people because of who they are, or whom the government fears them to be. As Robert Jackson warned during an earlier time of crisis, that temptation is a central threat to the rule of law. Prosecutors should reject this temptation, while preserving conspiracy's virtues as a legitimate weapon against terrorists. Where suspects have prior knowledge of attacks and appear to be a common strand in a web of wrongdoing, as in the case of the "blind sheik" Abdel Rahman, the use of stings and informers is appropriate. This is also true where the suspects are already engaging in illegal conduct, as in the undocumented aliens taking target practice in the Fort Dix case, or have special knowledge or experience, as in the JFK Airport arrests. The best prosecutors will use this powerful weapon when necessary, after deliberation about the always elusive balance between false positives and false negatives. Courts should also play a gatekeeping role by more closely scrutinizing the fit between the defendant's acts and the agreement required under federal conspiracy law.
PRICE TRANSMISSION, THRESHOLD BEHAVIOR, AND ASYMMETRIC ADJUSTMENT IN THE U.S. PORK SECTOR

The US pork sector has experienced many significant structural changes in recent years. Such changes may have influenced price dynamics and transmission of shocks through marketing channels. We investigate linkages among farm, wholesale, and retail markets using weekly price data for the period covering 1987 through 1998. Our analysis uses a threshold cointegration model that permits asymmetric adjustment to positive and negative price shocks. Our results reveal important asymmetries. Our results are consistent with existing literature which has determined that price adjustment patterns are unidirectional and that information tends to flow from farm, to wholesale, to retail markets.
Circular Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Shigella dysenteriae Y6R

Circular deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from Shigella dysenteriae Y6R and was found to consist of six species having molecular weights of 10^6, 1.3 x 10^6, 2.6 x 10^6, 3.8 x 10^6, 20 x 10^6, and 24 x 10^6 daltons. These size classes were partially resolved by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The minicircles (10^6 and 1.3 x 10^6) were found to have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.710 g/ml. The 3.8 x 10^6 dalton class had a density of 1.707 g/ml. The two largest species had a density of 1.702 g/ml. Two other strains, S. sonnei II and S. dysenteriae 60, also contained circular deoxyribonucleic acid.
Application of the Smith-Åström Predictor to robot force control

Input/output transport delay is prevalent in process control, causing performance degradation and even instability. This paper focuses on input and measurement delays in robot force control with stiff environments which tend to be susceptible to modeling error and disturbances. Traditional remedies include increasing the sampling rate, adding passive compliance, or modifying the feedback algorithm, e.g., using integral force feedback instead of proportional feedback. For force control using industrial robots, the problem is even more severe, as the loop closure is done at the outer kinematic loop through setpoint modification, which typically has long actuation latency, in addition to force measurement delay. In this paper, we apply two types of delay compensation to force control for a spring-type environment via direct cancellation: Smith Predictor, and its variant Astrom Predictor. We show through simulation, and experimental validation on an industrial robot arm, that both methods significantly improve the stability margin as compared to the typical integral force control, with the Astrom Predictor further improving the dynamical response by decoupling delay compensation and tracking response.
Zero-voltage-transition converters using an inductor feedback technique

A technique using inductor feedback is presented for achieving zero-voltage switching (ZVS) in PWM controlled topologies. These converters exhibit low voltage and current stresses characteristic of hard-switched PWM converters, yet achieve ZVS with minimal current and voltage rating of the auxiliary soft-switching circuitry. Based on this technique, an experimental 730 W, 300 kHz boost converter is designed for universal off-line power factor correction. A complete analysis and a design procedure are also presented. >
Relationship of base temperature to development of winter wheat

Development of wheat (Triticum spp.) is primary driven by temperature, but is also affected by other factors such as vernalization and photoperiod. Crop growth and development are often described in terms of calendar days. However, determining the development in terms of thermal time or physiological time is more accurate because it is an accumulation of the caloric energy needed for the occurrence of phenological stages. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the base temperature for key phenological stages of different winter wheat cultivars and (ii) to develop a phenological model using the base temperature for predicting the duration in terms of thermal time for different phenological stages. Eight wheat cultivars were selected according to their vernalization period to determine the base temperature for three critical developmental phases, i.e., planting to heading, heading to harvest and planting to harvest. For each cultivar, the base temperature for each critical period was estimated as well as the duration of the three key phenological stages in terms of thermal time for three locations in Georgia from 1999 to 2010. The base temperatures and the growing degrees varied widely depending both on the developmental stage and the cultivar. The estimated base temperatures for the eight wheat cultivars ranged from 3.1 to 8.1 o C, 10.6 to 18.4 o C and 1.6 to 8.4 o C, for planting to heading, heading to harvest maturity and planting to harvest maturity. Also, the duration in Growing Degree Days (GDD) was determined for each season and cultivar. When 0 o C was used as the base temperature, the GDD between cultivars varied from 1675-1844, 1017-1239 and 2827-2936 o C from planting to heading, heading to harvest maturity and planting to harvest maturity, respectively. The results from this study provided specific base temperatures for each developmental stage for each individual cultivar and,
Intra‐industry Trade, Aggregation and the HOS Model

It seems to be well understood that the simultaneous import and export of goods which have different production functions, but which are aggregated into the same industry in classification schemes such as the SITC, is quite consistent with the standard trade theory of the Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Samuelson (HOS) model. For example, Grubel and Lloyd (1975, p.87) admit that two‐way trade in products such as wood and metal furniture, or nylon and wool yarn, which have similar end uses but different input requirements, can be explained readily by the HOS model (1979, p. 88). Gray explicitly distinguishes between “categorical aggregation” which occurs when there is two‐way trade in goods with different production functions and is consistent with the HOS model, and “true intra‐industry trade” which occurs when a country imports and exports “goods with virtually identical production functions”.