cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN ULTRALUMINOUS LYα EMITTER WITH A BLUE WING AT z = 6.6* **

We report the detection of the most luminous high-redshift Lyα emitting galaxy (LAE) yet seen, with . The galaxy—COSMOS Lyα1, or COLA1—was detected in a search for ultraluminous LAEs with Hyper Suprime-Cam on the Subaru telescope. It was confirmed as lying at z = 6.593, based on a Lyα line detection obtained from follow-up spectroscopy with the DEIMOS spectrograph on Keck II. COLA1 is the first very high-redshift LAE to show a multi-component Lyα line profile with a blue wing, which suggests that it could lie in a highly ionized region of the intergalactic medium (IGM) and could have significant infall. If this interpretation is correct, then ultraluminous LAEs like COLA1 offer a unique opportunity to determine the properties of the H ii regions around these galaxies, which will help in understanding the ionization of the z ~ 7 IGM.
Oligodendrocytes enhance axonal energy metabolism by deacetylation of mitochondrial proteins through transcellular delivery of SIRT2

Summary Neurons require mechanisms to maintain ATP homeostasis in axons, which are highly vulnerable to bioenergetic failure. Here, we elucidate a transcellular signaling mechanism by which oligodendrocytes support axonal energy metabolism via transcellular delivery of NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT2. SIRT2 is undetectable in neurons but enriched in oligodendrocytes and released within exosomes. By deleting sirt2, knocking down SIRT2, or blocking exosome release, we demonstrate that transcellular delivery of SIRT2 is critical for axonal energy enhancement. Mass spectrometry and acetylation analyses indicate that neurons treated with oligodendrocyte-conditioned media from WT, but not sirt2-knockout, mice exhibit strong deacetylation of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocases 1 and 2 (ANT1/2). In vivo delivery of SIRT2-filled exosomes into myelinated axons rescues mitochondrial integrity in sirt2-knockout mouse spinal cords. Thus, our study reveals an oligodendrocyte-to-axon delivery of SIRT2, which enhances ATP production by deacetylating mitochondrial proteins, providing a target for boosting axonal bioenergetic metabolism in neurological disorders.
Transverse Instability of Rogue Waves.

Rogue waves are abnormally large waves which appear unexpectedly and have attracted considerable attention, particularly in recent years. The one space, one time ($1+1$) nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation is often used to model rogue waves; it is an envelope description of plane waves and admits the so-called Pergerine and Kuznetov-Ma soliton solutions. However, in deep water waves and certain electromagnetic systems where there are two significant transverse dimensions, the $2+1$ hyperbolic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation is the appropriate wave envelope description. Here we show that these rogue wave solutions suffer from strong transverse instability at long and short frequencies. Moreover, the stability of the Peregrine soliton is found to coincide with that of the background plane wave. These results indicate that, when applicable, transverse dimensions must be taken into account when investigating rogue wave pheneomena.
A 1-year longitudinal study of the stress, sleep, and parenting of mothers of toddlers.

Abstract Objectives The present study, building on cross-sectional research showing links between mothers’ sleep, stress, and parenting, used a longitudinal design to consider (1) the temporal direction of links between mothers’ sleep and stress, (2) whether mother sleep deficits predict change in parenting across time, and (3) whether mother sleep deficits mediate the inverse association between stress and positive parenting. Design The study used repeated measures of stress, mother sleep, and positive parenting at toddler ages 30, 36, and 42 months. Setting Data were collected at 2 sites, one in the Midwest and one in the East. Participants Four hundred thirteen mother-toddler pairs were followed. Mothers were mostly married, college educated, and middle class, but there was also considerable variability between families. Measurements Stress was measured via parenting hassles, CHAOS, and role overload scales. Mother sleep was measured via actigraphy. Positive parenting was observed during the bedtime routine and rated using the HOME scale and other items. Results Mother stress and sleep were inextricably linked across toddlerhood, and worse sleep was predictive of less observed positive parenting, even when controlling for prior levels of stress and parenting. Conclusions Improving mothers’ sleep may be important in efforts to improve their parenting.
Die serienmäßige Bestimmung von Kupfer und Eisen im Blutserum mit Hilfe der Atomabsorptions-Spektralphotometrie

Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Fe und Cu im Blutserum wird beschrieben. Nach einer eingehenden Untersuchung der moglichen Storungen und ihrer Ausschaltung konnte gezeigt werden, das Cu und Fe im Blutserum ohne Abtrennung des Eiweises direkt vermessen werden konnten. Um storenden Einflussen auf das Eisen zu begegnen, wurde schlieslich den Eich und Probelosungen ein gleicher uberschussiger Anteil von La-Salzen zugesetzt. Der dabei auftretende Reaktionsmechanismus in der Flamme konnte weitgehend geklart werden.
Part-Time Faculty in Colleges and Universities: Trends and Challenges in a Turbulent Environment

The fastest-growing group in postsecondary education is part-time faculty. The authors examine why the number of part-time faculty has increased so rapidly and then discuss some of the problems that part-timers face. Part-timers are increasing in academe, and administrators need to treat and evaluate them effectively and fairly. The authors recommend mentoring, job security, compensation, and self-worth as ways to improve performance.
Is Ignorance of Fact an Excuse Only for the Virtuous

Professor Yeager's thoughtful response to my essay has convinced me that there is indeed a connection worth noting between the mistake of law doctrine and the mistake of fact doctrine. Yeager suggests that my position on mistake of law reduces to the view that someone who would be guilty of a "lesser wrong" were things as he perceived them to be may be punished for the "greater wrong" that he actually commits a conception of mistake of fact that has provoked fierce denunciation from commentators. But I would in fact put things slightly differently: under both doctrines courts excuse a mistaken offender when, but only when, the offender's mistake negates the inference that he has failed to internalize society's moral norms. Regina v. Prince' is an excellent example. The "elopement" statute in that case made it a crime for a man to "take . . . any unmarried girl, being under the age of sixteen years, out of the possession and against the will of her father or mother."2 Against the background of the traditional moral norms that gave rise to the statute, the critical element was not the age of the female but the absence of consent from the parents; the statute was much more concerned with protecting the "possessory rights" of fathers, who historically had negotiated the betrothal of their daughters in exchange for various kinds of commercial, social, and political benefits,3 than it was with protecting teenage females from sexual predation.4 Thus, the court tells us, a man who took an unemanci-
Aluminum hydrous oxide sols

Abstract The preparation and properties of colloidal dispersions of boehmite by aging aluminum chloride and aluminum perchlorate solutions at elevated temperatures have been described. Under certain conditions, the sols consist of particles uniform in size. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs show the shape of these particles to be rather unique.
N2O Evolution by Green Algae

Evidence is presented here that axenic cultures of Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Coelastrum, and Chlorococcum spp. evolve N2O when grown on NO2−, showing that the Chlorophyceae are a source of N2O in aquatic systems.
Guanylation of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid by a Cell-free Lysate of Rabbit Reticulocytes

Abstract The guanylation of tRNA in a cell-free system has been achieved in a lysate of rabbit reticulocytes. The enzymatic nature of the reaction is indicated by sensitivity to trypsin, heat inactivation, and by the precipitation of the guanylating activity with ammonium sulfate. The lysate did not incorporate guanine after endogenous tRNA was removed by RNase, or by binding the tRNA to an anion exchange resin. Guanylating activity was restored only by adding back reticulocyte or yeast tRNA. Liver tRNA or the synthetic homopolymers poly(A), poly(U), poly(C), or poly(G) did not serve as substrates. The reaction requires a monovalent cation which is best met by Li+ or K+ and the Km for guanine is 2.5 x 10-5 m. The guanylated tRNA appears to be identical with that produced in vivo since the guanine residue is incorporated into an internal position in the polynucleotide chain and the guanylated tRNA co-chromatographs with the minor reticulocyte tRNAhis on a reversed phase column. When uniformly labeled guanosine is the substrate the purine ring but not the ribose moiety is incorporated into tRNA.
Differential regulation of action potential firing in adult murine thalamocortical neurons by Kv3.2, Kv1, and SK potassium and N-type calcium channels.

Sensory signals of widely differing dynamic range and intensity are transformed into a common firing rate code by thalamocortical neurons. While a great deal is known about the ionic currents, far less is known about the specific channel subtypes regulating thalamic firing rates. We hypothesized that different K+ and Ca2+ channel subtypes control different stimulus–response curve properties. To define the channels, we measured firing rate while pharmacologically or genetically modulating specific channel subtypes. Inhibiting Kv3.2 K+ channels strongly suppressed maximum firing rate by impairing membrane potential repolarization, while playing no role in the firing response to threshold stimuli. By contrast, inhibiting Kv1 channels with α-dendrotoxin or maurotoxin strongly increased firing rates to threshold stimuli by reducing the membrane potential where action potentials fire (Vth). Inhibiting SK Ca2+-activated K+ channels with apamin robustly increased gain (slope of the stimulus–response curve) and maximum firing rate, with minimum effects on threshold responses. Inhibiting N-type Ca2+ channels with ω-conotoxin GVIA or ω-conotoxin MVIIC partially mimicked apamin, while inhibiting L-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels had small or no effects. EPSC-like current injections closely mimicked the results from tonic currents. Our results show that Kv3.2, Kv1, SK potassium and N-type calcium channels strongly regulate thalamic relay neuron sensory transmission and that each channel subtype controls a different stimulus–response curve property. Differential regulation of threshold, gain and maximum firing rate may help vary the stimulus–response properties across and within thalamic nuclei, normalize responses to diverse sensory inputs, and underlie sensory perception disorders.
The gene H spike protein of bacteriophages phiX174 and S13. I. Functions in phage-receptor recognition and in transfection.

Abstract The gene H protein of bacteriophage ∅X174 is a coat component located in the spikes at the vertices of the polyhedron. In extracts of ∅X174-infected cells, the gene H protein binds to exogenous single-stranded phage DNA enhancing its infectivity in transfection of spheroplasts. This stimulation was not observed with extracts deficient in gene H protein. Transfection by the gene H protein-DNA complex was specifically inhibited by antibody to gene H protein. Lipopolysaccharide derived from ∅X174-sensitive cells blocked transfection by the DNA complex with gene H protein but not by the DNA alone, suggesting that the gene H protein functions as the phage adsorption protein by recognizing the phage lipopolysaccharide receptor. Gene H protein from ∅X174 stimulated the transfection by single-stranded DNA from the closely related phage S13; this stimulation was blocked by antibody to gene H protein and by the ∅X174 lipopolysaccharide receptor. These actions in phage-receptor recognition and in transfection suggest that the gene H protein has multiple functions and behaves as a “pilot protein” in guiding the phage and its DNA through several stages of the infection cycle.
Multiple forms of supernatant malate dehydrogenase in salmonid fishes.

Abstract Salmon generally possess three forms of supernatant malate dehydrogenase whose subunit compositions are indicated by the formulas AA, AB, and BB. Each of the homodimers (AA and BB) has now been purified to homogeneity. The two enzymes are similar in molecular size and in catalytic properties to the supernatant malate dehydrogenases of higher vertebrates; both are catalytically distinct from the mitochondrial form of this enzyme in salmon as well as in higher vertebrates. The two enzymes differ significantly in amino acid composition. The compositional differences are small enough to suggest that the amino acid sequences of A and B subunits are related. Such a relationship is supported by immunological experiments conducted with rabbit antisera prepared against the purified enzymes. These findings suggest that the A and B subunits are the products of duplicate genes which have undergone limited evolutionary divergence. Salmon and trout populations were examined by electrophoresis for malate dehydrogenase variants. The B-type subunit was found to exist in two common forms, B and B'. Most king salmon were found to produce only the B form, whereas most rainbow trout possess the B' form. A few salmon and trout were observed to be heterozygotes producing both the B and B' subunits. By chromatographic and densitometric determination, most rainbow trout heterozygotes possessed a distinctly asymmetrical 1:6:9 ratio of the three enzymes, BB, BB', B'B'; in contrast, king salmon heterozygotes possessed a 9:6:1 ratio of BB, BB', and B'B'. The genetic basis of these peculiar ratios was investigated by matings of heterozygous and homozygous salmon. The offspring were grown for 4 months and tested electrophoretically for the presence and ratio of B and B' subunits. The results demonstrate that salmon possess not one but two genetic loci for the B-type subunit of supernatant malate dehydrogenase. Isoenzyme dosage studies with brown trout suggest that duplicate genes also exist for the A-type subunit. We conclude that two rounds of gene duplication for supernatant malate dehydrogenase have taken place before or during the evolution of salmonid fishes.
Effect of hydrophilic additives on the dissolution and pharmacokinetic properties of itraconazole-enteric polymer hot-melt extruded amorphous solid dispersions

AbstractHot-melt extrusion technology has been widely reported for producing amorphous solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble compounds. A number of studies revealed that enteric polymers containing ionizable groups are able to improve the physical stability and maintain drug supersaturation, thereby enhancing oral bioavailability. However, our previous studies found that itraconazole (ITZ)-enteric polymer amorphous solid dispersions are hydrophobic and poorly wettable. Moreover, drug release in an acidic environment (i.e. stomach) is very limited, indicating a narrow absorption window. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hydrophilic additives on the in vitro and in vivo performance of ITZ-enteric polymer amorphous solid dispersions. Incorporating Vitamin E TPGS into ITZ-HPMCAS amorphous solid dispersions significantly improved drug release in the acidic media. Surprisingly, a low concentration of Vitamin E TPGS also enhanced the degree of drug supersaturation in neutral pH media, which...
Measurement of high lung volumes by nitrogen washout method.

Studies on human infants suggested that thoracic gas volume (TGV) measured at end exhalation may not depict the true TGV and may differ from TGV measured from a series of higher lung volumes and co...
Continuing education equals technical vitality: For today's dynamic engineer commencement does not mark the end of one's formal education

The goal of continuing education is not only to maintain and increase skills; vitality is the broader goal. Vitality is the foundation for career success; it is the intellectual vigor, the creativity, and the diligence with which professional tasks are initiated, pursued, and completed. Remaining vital is a strong contributor to increased job satisfaction and to greater job security.
English language education across Greater China

English language education across Greater China, edited by Anwei Feng, Bristol, Multilingual Matters, 2011, 304 pp., $49.95 (£29.95) (paperback), ISBN 9781847693495 China is much discussed, but not...
Roots of solvable polynomials of prime degree

Abstract An explicit formula for the most general root of a solvable polynomial of prime degree is stated and proved. Such a root can be expressed rationally in terms of a single compound radical determined by the roots of a cyclic polynomial whose degree divides μ − 1 , where μ is the prime. The study of such formulas was initiated by a formula of Abel for roots of quintic polynomials that are solvable, and was carried forward by Kronecker and a few others, but seems to have lain dormant since 1924. A formula equivalent to the one given here is contained in a paper of Anders Wiman in 1903, but it seems to have been forgotten.
Importance of Data Management in a Long-Term Biological Monitoring Program

The long-term Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) has always needed to collect and retain high-quality data on which to base its assessments of ecological status of streams and their recovery after remediation. Its formal quality assurance, data processing, and data management components all contribute to meeting this need. The Quality Assurance Program comprehensively addresses requirements from various institutions, funders, and regulators, and includes a data management component. Centralized data management began a few years into the program when an existing relational database was adapted and extended to handle biological data. The database’s main data tables and several key reference tables are described. One of the most important related activities supporting long-term analyses was the establishing of standards for sampling site names, taxonomic identification, flagging, and other components. The implemented relational database supports the transmittal of data to the Oak Ridge Environmental Information System (OREIS) as the permanent repository. We also discuss some limitations to our implementation. Some types of program data were not easily accommodated in the central systems, and many possible data-sharing and integration options are not easily accessible to investigators. From our experience we offer data management advice to other biologically oriented long-term environmental sampling and analysis programs.
An investigation of wide- angle dense-medium cycloning for the recovery of metal and aggregate from fine slag

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using wide-angle dense-medium cycloning to process a fine (‐600 μm) stainless-steel slag. The slag was characterized by size and density using a combination of sieving and pycnometer measurements. Separation testing was carried out using a laboratory dense-medium cyclone to concentrate the stainless-steel fraction and produce a low-metal aggregate material. The effects of cyclone geometry (cone angle, underflow diameter, overflow diameter, cylinder length, and vortex finder length) and medium density on cyclone performance were evaluated. A Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to determine the significant variables as related to recovery and purity of the metal and aggregate products. Based on these results, full-factorial designs were performed at two different medium densities. Regression models relating the significant variables to product recovery and purity were developed for both the metal and aggregate fractions.
Model-driven evaluation of the production potential for growth-coupled products of Escherichia coli

Integrated approaches utilizing in silico analyses will be necessary to successfully advance the field of metabolic engineering. Here, we present an integrated approach through a systematic model-driven evaluation of the production potential for the bacterial production organism Escherichia coli to produce multiple native products from different representative feedstocks through coupling metabolite production to growth rate. Designs were examined for 11 unique central metabolism and amino acid targets from three different substrates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Optimal strain designs were reported for designs which possess maximum yield, substrate-specific productivity, and strength of growth-coupling for up to 10 reaction eliminations (knockouts). In total, growth-coupled designs could be identified for 36 out of the total 54 conditions tested, corresponding to eight out of the 11 targets. There were 17 different substrate/target pairs for which over 80% of the theoretical maximum potential could be achieved. The developed method introduces a new concept of objective function tilting for strain design. This study provides specific metabolic interventions (strain designs) for production strains that can be experimentally implemented, characterizes the potential for E. coli to produce native compounds, and outlines a strain design pipeline that can be utilized to design production strains for additional organisms.
T –cell specific defect in expression of the NTPDase CD39 as a biomarker for lupus

Regulatory T cells (T(regs)) are critical for maintenance of peripheral tolerance via suppression of T-cell responses, and absence of T(regs) results in autoimmunity. The role of aberrations in the T(reg) pool for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) remains uncertain. T(reg)-mediated generation of adenosine, dependent on the ectonucleotidase CD39, is an important mechanism for suppression of T-cell responses. We tested whether decreases in numbers of T(regs), and specifically CD39-expressing T(regs), are associated with human lupus. We studied 15 SLE patients, six patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 24 healthy controls. T(reg) phenotypic markers, including CD39 expression, were studied by flow cytometry. Varying numbers of sorted T(regs) cells were co-cultured with responder T (T(resp)) cells, with proliferation assessed by (3)H-thymidine incorporation. The proportion of T(regs) as defined by Foxp3(+) CD25(+high) CD127(-/low) was similar in lupus and control populations. CD39-expressing T(regs) comprised 37±13% of the T(reg) population in healthy controls and 36±21% in lupus subjects using nonsteroidal immunosuppressants to control active disease, but was nearly absent in five of six lupus subjects with minimally active disease. In contrast to healthy controls and lupus subjects without the CD39 defect, in SLE subjects with the CD39 defect, adenosine-dependent T(reg)-mediated suppression was nearly absent. These results suggest that functional defects in T(regs), rather than reduced T(reg) numbers, are important for the loss of peripheral tolerance in lupus. Presentation of this defect may serve as a biomarker for untreated disease.
Catalyst poisoning and fixed bed reactor dynamics

Abstract The poisoning kinetics of thiophene on Ni-kieselguhr catalysts and the deactivation behavior of nonisothermal fixed bed reactors have been studied experimentally using benzene hydrogenation as a model exothermic reaction. The time dependent axial temperature profiles in the reactors were measured and compared with values evaluated from a dispersion model, the parameters of which have been determined in separate experimentation. Poisoning kinetics were measured in a series of differential reactor experiments at atmospheric total pressure, thiophene partial pressures of 0·037-0·19 torr, hydrogen to benzene molar ratios > 8 1 and temperatures from 60–180°C. Excellent agreement was found with a power law equation for the rate of change of activity with time, first order in catalyst activity and in thiophene concentration, with an experimental activation energy of 1080 kcal/kmole. This correlation of poisoning kinetics, however, was not able to predict the propagation of the zone of activity (hot-spot) on poisoning of an integral fixed bed reactor. Initial (steady state) temperature profiles were modeled satisfactorally, but the rate of migration of the hot spot was found experimentally to be more rapid than that predicted from the correlation of poisoning kinetics. A semi-empirical two site deactivation model is shown to resolve the discrepancy.
Enabling "aging in place" for urban dwelling seniors: An adaptive or remedial approach

ABSTRACTGiven that the majority of older adults prefer to remain in their homes as they age, rather than relocate to an institution or live with family members, “aging in place” is critical to life satisfaction and quality of life for the older adult. To address this issue, the authors define place and discuss the aspects of place that could contribute to an individual's ability to “age in place.” Factors addressed include social capital and the physical environment (including the home and neighborhood environments). The authors present an argument for consideration to facilitate successful “aging in place,” and suggest an adaptive rather than remedial occupational therapy approach. This approach is contrary to the usual way of thinking in occupational therapy practice, where compensation or adaptation is usually not considered until remediation is complete. Finally, plans for the future in occupational therapy practice are discussed with emphasis on embracing the client's needs from a social capital pers...
Actions and interactions of dihydropyridines and ethanol on the rat sinus node.

The actions and interactions of dihydropyridines (DHPs) and ethanol on sinus node (SN) automaticity were studied using rat sinoatrial preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution at 37°C. Intracellular microelectrodes were used to monitor SN rate (SNR). The automaticity of the SN was not affected by nimodipine 10−10 M, but it was depressed by a higher concentration of this calcium antagonist (10−8 M). The racemic compound (±)Bay K 8644 had a dosedependent biphasic chronotropic action: At 10−8 M it decreased the SNR, while at 10−7 M it increased the SNR. The negative component was blocked by atropine. A small concentration of ethanol (1.8×10−2 M) had a positive chronotropic effect on the SN, and this action was blocked by nimodipine 10−10 M. This small concentration of ethanol did not modify the chronotropic effects of either of the DHPs. A higher concentration of ethanol (5.3×10−2 M) did not by itself affect the SNR, but it antagonized the chronotropic actions of the two DHPs.
Surface composition changes in GaAs due to low-energy ion bombardment

Abstract Auger spectroscopy has been used to study the changes in composition produced in the surface of crystalline GaAs by low energy (0.5 Ga As ratio showed very little dependence on ion energy, flux (current density), or temperature. When the crystal was held below a certain annealing temperature, the Ga As ratios of the bombarded surface increased. The amplitude of the low energy Ga/As ratio increased by approximately 20% from the high temperature value, which suggests that As was preferentially sputtered. The high energy Ga As ratio increased from ∼1.6 to a maximum of ∼2.1 with increasing ion energy and decreasing temperature, indicating that As depletion also extended to the subsurface layers. In addition, the implanted Ar concentration, which ranged from 0.4 (at E = 5.0 keV) to 1.2 (at E = 0.5 keV) at% increased by up to 50% in the As-depleted surface. The surface composition changes took place at a temperature, Ta, which depended strongly on ion energy and flux (current densities of 1 and 100 μ A cm 2 ). At a fixed ion energy. Ta increased with increasing ion flux; at a fixed flux, with increasing energy. The dependence of Ta on the ion flux is discussed in terms of a simple model in which the rate of defect production equals the rate of defect annealing. An activation energy of φ = 1 eV was found for annealing of defects produced by 5 and 2 keV Ar+ ion bombardment of GaAs. As depletion is attributed to preferential As sputtering from a surface disordered by ion bombardment. The depth of the disordered layer shrunk to near zero as T reached Ta.
Another Look at the Index Formulas of Cyclotomic Number Theory

Abstract To the cyclotomic number fieldKgenerated by the roots of unity of orderfwe attach a Galois module which is a hybrid of the Stickelberger ideal and the group of circular units; this Galois module also admits interpretation as the universal punctured distribution of conductorf. We embed our Galois module in another naturally occurring Galois module, and prove that the index is exactly the class number ofK. By avoiding even-odd splittings and the analytic class number formula, we are able to avoid the consideration of {±1}-cohomology groups as well. Cohomological considerations become necessary only when making comparisons to the classical index formulas of Kummer, Hasse, Iwasawa, and Sinnott.
Polymer Thin Film Waveguide Sensors: Characterization Of Scattered Light Intensity At The Waveguide Surface

The evanescent and scattered light from poly(styrene) thin film waveguides are being investigated to evaluate the potential use of integrated optic waveguides as sensors. A fiber optic system is described for measuring the light intensity of different waveguide modes in two directions; perpendicular to the waveguide streak and parallel to the streak as a measure of decay. Rayleigh and poly(styrene) Raman scattered light are used as intensity indicators and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Profiles of Raman scattered light across the waveguide streak are shown as a function of position along the waveguide. Decay measurements of four waveguide modes along a single waveguide are divided into three regions with different rates of decay and possible causes. These results show that the excitation field along the surface of 10 waveguides is predominantly scattered light rather than surface localized evanescent light.
Some theoretical considerations in the microchemical detection of airborne toxic chemical agents

Abstract The increasing use of toxic phosphonates, thiophosphonates, phosphates, and carbamates as pesticides, insecticides, corrosion inhibitors, and antiknock compounds has shown the desirability of developing highly sensitive detector devices for use in industry, agriculture, food distribution centers, and the home. This paper deals with some of the theoretical considerations in the microchemical detection of toxic chemical agents as aerosols or gases in the absence of concentration or sampling devices. It appears that, even if the kinetics of a stoichiometric reaction between toxic gases or aerosols and porous solid detectors is assumed to be adequate, a sufficient amount of reaction to produce visible color in seconds will be possible only in regions of very high air flow velocities.
Biodegradable materials for surgical management of infective endocarditis: new solution or a dead end street?

One third of patients with infective endocarditis will require operative intervention. Given the superiority of valve repair over valve replacement in many indications other than endocarditis, there has been increasing interest and an increasing number of reports of excellent results of valve repair in acute infective endocarditis. The theoretically ideal material for valve repair in this setting is non-permanent, “vanishing” material, not at risk of seeding or colonization. The goal of this contribution is to review currently available data on biodegradable materials for valve repair in infective endocarditis. Rigorous electronic and manual literature searches were conducted to identify reports of biodegradable materials for valve repair in infective endocarditis. Articles were identified in electronic database searches of Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library, using a predetermined search strategy. 49 manuscripts were included in the review. Prosthetic materials needed for valve repair can be summarized into annuloplasty rings to remodel the mitral or tricuspid annulus, and patch materials to replace resected valvar tissue. The commercially available biodegradable annuloplasty ring has shown interesting clinical results in a single-center experience; however further data is required for validation and longer follow-up. Unmodified extra-cellular matrix patches, such as small intestinal submucosa, have had promising initial experimental and clinical results in non-infected valve repair, although in valve repair for endocarditis has been reported in only one patient, and concerns have been raised regarding their mechanical stability in an infected field. These evolving biodegradable devices offer the potential for valve repair with degradable materials replaced with autologous tissue, which could further improve the results of valve repair for infective endocarditis. This is an evolving field with promising experimental or initial clinical results, however long-term outcomes are lacking and further data is necessary to validate this theoretically interesting approach to infective endocarditis.
Wideband He-Ne Laser Communication System Suitable for the Transmission of Color Television and Data

A He-Ne laser communication system with video bandwidth capability is described. The system is suitable for the transmission of video signals generally compatible with U. S. commercial practice and the transmission of digital data at rates of approximately 10 to 1000 Kb/s, over ranges extending from a few hundred feet to several miles. The system utilizes an externally modulated He-Ne laser, direct detection with a photomultiplier tube and a frequency modulated subcarrier method for coping with the dynamic fade due to atmospheric turbulence. Use experience indicates that such systems perform according to specification in a variety of applications and over a wide range of weather conditions.
Power management of multi-core chips: challenges and pitfalls

Modern processor systems are equipped with on-chip or on-board power controllers. In this paper, we examine the challenges and pitfalls in architecting such dynamic power management control systems. A key question that we pose is: How to ensure that such managed systems are "energy-secure" and how to pursue pre-silicon modeling to ensure such security? In other words, we address the robustness and security issues of such systems. We discuss new advances in energy-secure power management, starting with an assessment of potential vulnerabilities in systems that do not address such issues up front.
Quality of life in childhood cancer survivors.

The successful treatment for children with cancer has greatly increased the survival rates for these young people compared to children diagnosed with cancer 30 years ago. These new medical realities direct attention to the psychosocial consequences of successful treatment and subsequent survival. In this paper, quality of life in 176 childhood cancer survivors (age 16–28) is assessed using a survey instrument designed for cancer survivors. In addition, the instrument is evaluated for its utility with this population. Survivors indicate that symptoms often associated with treatment are at a minimum but that other long-term effects like fatigue, aches, and pain negatively impact quality of life. They rate themselves high on happiness, feeling useful, life satisfaction and their ability to cope as a result of having had cancer but their hopefulness is tempered by uncertainty. Whereas the salience of spiritual and religious activities appears to be low, having a sense of purpose in life and perceiving positive changes as a result of cancer are associated with positive quality of life. A lower valence of physical concerns reflects the vitality and positive life outlook of a young population. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deciphering Mechanisms Controlling Placental Artery Endothelial Cell Migration Stimulated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulated fetoplacental artery endothelial (oFPAE) cell migration and activated multiple signaling pathways including ERK2/1, p38MAPK, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2), v-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (Akt1), and c-Src in oFPAE cells. VEGF-induced cell migration was blocked by specific kinase inhibitors of JNK1/2 (SP600125), c-Src (4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (wortmannin) but not ERK2/1 (U0126) and p38MAPK (SB203580). VEGF-induced cell migration was associated with dynamic actin reorganization and focal adhesion as evidenced by increased stress fiber formation and phosphorylation of cofilin-1 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin. Inhibition of JNK1/2, c-Src, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt suppressed VEGF-induced stress fiber formation and cofilin-1 phosphorylation. c-Src inhibition suppressed VEGF-induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, and focal adhesion. VEGF-induced cell migration requires endogenous nitric oxide (NO) as: 1) VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) via activation of Akt, JNK1/2, and Src; 2) a NO donor diethylenetriamine-NO-stimulated cell migration; and 3) NO synthase inhibition blocked VEGF-induced cell migration. Targeted down-regulation and overexpression of caveolin-1 both inhibited VEGF-induced cell migration. Caveolin-1 down-regulation suppressed VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt, JNK, eNOS, c-Src, and FAK; however, basal activities of c-Src and FAK were elevated in parallel with increased stress fiber formation and focal adhesion. Caveolin-1 overexpression also inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt, JNK, c-Src, FAK, and eNOS. Thus, VEGF-induced placental endothelial cell migration requires activation of complex pathways that are paradoxically regulated by caveolin-1.
Aphasics' selective deficits in appreciating grammatical agreements.

Abstract This study attempted to dissociate in aphasic patients different aspects of grammatical capacity. Subjects were asked to evaluate sentences containing violations of agreements between pronouns and verbs. Agreements which are considered primarily structural in nature were violated (e.g., a surface object case like “them” placed in a surface subject sentential slot) while other violated agreements seemed to involve both structural and semantic information (e.g., lack of agreement between a pronoun and a verb in terms of the number of people performing the act). These violations were couched in one of three types of sentential frames which varied in terms of syntactic complexity (e.g., active declarative vs. passive syntactic voices). The results revealed that Broca's aphasics found agreement violations difficult to detect in complex syntactic frames. They were quite successful at detecting even violations of the largely structural “case” type of agreement, however, when couched in simpler syntactic frames. Fluent aphasics encountered more difficulty detecting violations of agreements involving both semantic and structural information than agreements which were primarily structural in nature, that is, regardless of the syntactic frame. These unique performance profiles suggest that Broca's aphasics may be agrammatic only with respect to certain aspects of a sentence's structure, and that fluent aphasics may also experience some selective—but different—grammatical deficits.
Steady State Operation of Cylindrical Loop Heat Pipe Evaporators

Abstract : The loop heat pipe evaporators operating under steady state conditions were numerically investigated to describe evaporator characteristics and evaluate evaporator performance. Numerical solutions were obtained for conjugate flow and heat transfer in primary evaporator components. Two typical geometrical configurations used for the cylindrical LHP evaporator, non-bayonet evaporator and bayonet evaporator, were considered to examine the bayonet effects on evaporator operation. It was found that the presence of a bayonet significantly affects the flow and heat transfer in the liquid core and helps to prevent vapor bubbles from accumulating inside the liquid core. The influences of input heat flux, inlet liquid sub cooling , external loop resistance and effective thermal conductivity of the wick structure on evaporator performance were also studied. It was observed that increasing the applied heat flux and inlet liquid subcooling decreases the maximum temperature in the liquid core and helps to prevent vapor formation in the liquid core, which is favorable for proper evaporator operation. Decreasing the external loop resistance and effective thermal conductivity also decreases the maximum temperature in the liquid core. Additionally increasing the applied heat flux and liquid subcooling significantly enhances the cooling capability of the liquid in the bayonet. This helps to prevent vapor bubbles from accumulating in the liquid core.
The stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis by porphyrins

Abstract Several synthetic metalloporphyrins, as well as hemin, stimulate hemoglobin synthesis in isolated nuclei from erythrocytes. The effect of a metalloporphyrin appears to be related principally to the character of the metal component. Hematoporphyrins complexed with transition metals of the fourth period tend to be stimulatory while porphyrins complexed with either smaller or larger metals have no effect or are inhibitory. Evidence is presented that the synthetic metalloporphyrins probably act at the same site as the natural porphyrin, heme.
Situation Awareness, Mental Workload, and Trust in Automation: Viable, Empirically Supported Cognitive Engineering Constructs

Cognitive engineering needs viable constructs and principles to promote better understanding and prediction of human performance in complex systems. Three human cognition and performance constructs that have been the subjects of much attention in research and practice over the past three decades are situation awareness (SA), mental workload, and trust in automation. Recently, Dekker and Woods (2002) and Dekker and Hollnagel (2004; henceforth DWH) argued that these constructs represent "folk models" without strong empirical foundations and lacking scientific status. We counter this view by presenting a brief description of the large science base of empirical studies on these constructs. We show that the constructs can be operationalized using behavioral, physiological, and subjective measures, supplemented by computational modeling, but that the constructs are also distinct from human performance. DWH also caricatured as "abracadabra" a framework suggested by us to address the problem of the design of automated systems (Parasuraman, Sheridan, & Wickens, 2000). We point to several factual and conceptual errors in their description of our approach. Finally, we rebut DWH's view that SA, mental workload, and trust represent folk concepts that are not falsifiable. We conclude that SA, mental workload, and trust are viable constructs that are valuable in understanding and predicting human-system performance in complex systems.
Risk in Irrigation Water Supply and the Effects on Food Production

: This paper examines irrigation water supply deficit and associated risk indicators due to random climate events and potential effects on irrigated food production during the period 1996 to 2025 for seven river basins in the USA, China, and India. An integrated water and food model with global scope is applied for the analysis. The global climate regime during 1961 to 1990 is used to generate 30 climatic scenarios for the time period 1996 to 2025, and these scenarios are applied to the model in order to characterize the randomness of precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration, which affects both irrigation water supply and demand. The risk with random climate events is represented by reliability, variability, and vulnerability from different perspectives. Regarding irrigation water supply, Colorado will bear an increasingly unstable situation although the average water supply relative to the demand will maintain at a relatively high level; selected basins in China and India indicate that significantly lower levels of reliability and more deleterious affects from drought can be expected, but under a less variable condition due to assumed water storage increase. From 1996 to 2025, the effects of water deficits on irrigated food production are characterized with a nonlinear phenomenon and food production loss will be more sensitive to irrigation water supply deficit in the future. Future work following this paper needs to consider the impact of global climate change and the water quality of the irrigation return flow and result verification by local studies.
Electron spin dephasing model for molecular reorientation: exact solutions

Abstract Electron spin coherence decay was recently applied to the molecular reorientation of spin probes. We employed the approximation of Van 't Hof and Schmidt [C.A. Van 't Hof and J. Schmidt, Chem. Phys. Letters 36 (1975) 460]. The approximation was not strictly applicable at low reorientation rates. We found the exact solutions to the coupled differential equations governing the magnetization. The real and imaginary parts of the characteristic matrix yield rate constants and resonance frequency shifts, respectively. The predicted temperature dependence of the coherence decay rates gives a narrower peak and is in better agreement with experiment.
Personality at three levels of abstraction

Personality is an abstraction used to describe and explain the coherent patterning over time and space of affect, cognition, and desire as they result in behaviour for an individual. This unique patterning or individual signature reflects a complex set of dynamic processes that can be modelled in terms of rates of growth and decay of excitation and inhibition in response to environmental cues. These processes reflect genetically based biological sensitivities that may be modelled by the differential equations of the Dynamics of Action. The important parameters within individuals reflect rates of change; the important parameters between individuals reflect average levels, frequencies and persistence. Going beyond models within and between individuals, it is also necessary to consider how individuals choose their environments. We will consider how analyses of these three levels (within individuals, between individuals, and between groups of individuals) can lead to different descriptions about the structure and processes of personality.
Mobile Radar Observations of Severe Convective Storms

Fixed-site ground-based radars seldom are able to collect data with sufficient resolution for research purposes owing to the small-scale nature, rapid translation, and infrequency of severe convective storms and the small-scale phenomena they spawn. Accordingly, in recent years, radars mounted on mobile1 platforms have played an important role in advancing our understanding of the behavior of these phenomena. Ground-based mobile platforms such as vans and trucks, and airborne mobile platforms such as aircraft, have been used to transport various types of radars close to storms as they evolve. In addition to increasing substantially the likelihood of collecting datasets in which convective phenomena are sampled adequately, it is possible to document simultaneously the evolution of severe storm features photographically. Satellites have also been used to carry radars that can view a wide region of the globe.
Lateral laryngeal suspension: A new procedure to minimize swallowing disorders following tongue base resection

Fourteen patients who underwent composite resections for oropharynx and tongue base cancers had lateral laryngeal suspensions in order to improve postoperative swallowing ability, minimize the surgical defect, and decrease shifting of the mandible after composite resection. Eleven of these patients had significant base of tongue resections (30-90%) and 3 had oropharyngeal resections. Thirteen (93%) were able to eat by mouth, 14 patients (100%) had a normal airway, and 14 (100%) had intelligible speech.