cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attenuation Measurements Across Surface-Ship Wakes and Computed Bubble Distributions and Void Fractions

A surface ship's wake is composed of several hydrodynamic phenomena. A large part of that wake contains a mixture of air bubbles of various sizes in turbulent water. Eventually, as the wake ages, the turbulence subsides and bubbles begin to rise at rates that are determined by their sizes. These bubbles of various sizes and concentrations control the propagation of acoustic signals inside and across a wake. To further our understanding of these phenomena, a series of three continuous-wave (CW)-pulsed signals were transmitted across a wake as the wake aged. Each transmission contained a set of four 0.5-ms-long pulses. The 12 pulses ranged over frequencies from 30 to 140 kHz in 10-kHz steps. The acoustic attenuations across wakes that were due to varying bubble-size densities within the wakes were determined experimentally. From those data, estimates of the bubble densities as functions of the speed of the wake-generating ship, the wake's age, and acoustic frequency were calculated. From the bubble-density results, power-law fits and void fractions are calculated. The attenuation measurements were taken at 7.5-m intervals behind the wake-generating ship and continued for about 2 km. The experiment was run for wakes generated at ship speeds of 12- and 15-kn wakes, and the 15-kn run was repeated for consistence determination. The bubble densities were observed to have power-law forms with varying parameters with the strongest, for early ages, having an exponent of -3.6 and a void fraction of 4 x 10-7 , and with both diminishing for older wakes, as might be expected.
Who is Your Satisfied Customer

What causes consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a product? Two psychological theories are provided as an explanation of the amount of perceived satisfaction. By categorizing consumers on the basis of their “activation level,” the marketer can affect the amount of resulting satisfaction. Doing this may require adjusting pricing, promotional, and distribution policies to suit the categories of “high sensation seekers” and “low sensation seekers.” Marketers of services, among others, may find this consumer categorization process useful in developing made‐to‐measure offerings. Operators of shopping malls, hotels, travel agencies, car rental agencies, financial services, restaurants, and bars are naturals for the successful application of this concept.
An interactive authoring system for video object segmentation and annotation

An interactive authoring system is proposed for semi-automatic video object (VO) segmentation and annotation. This system features a new contour interpolation algorithm, which enables the user to define the contour of a VO on multiple frames while the computer interpolates the missing contours of this object on every frame automatically. Typical active contour (snake) model is adapted and the contour interpolation problem is decomposed into a two-directional contour tracking problem and a merging problem. In addition, new user interaction models are designed for the user to interact with the computer. Experiments indicate that this system offers a good balance between algorithm complexity and user interaction efficiency.
Cognitive Components of Blocking

Sixty subjects, 40 of them blockers, provided over 5000 examples of self-talk accompanying the initiation and completion of writing sessions. An inductive procedure of sorting those thought-list cards into reliable and discrete categories produced 7 cognitive components of blocking (listed in descending order of importance): (1) work apprehension, (2) procrastination, (3) dysphoria, (4) impatience, (5) perfectionism, (6) evaluation anxiety, and (7) rules. Blockers were more likely than nonblockers to list negative thoughts and less likely to evidence “psych-up” thoughts during writing sessions.
Sleep Disturbances Time to Join the Top 10 Potentially Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Approximately 90% of the population-attributable risk for coronary artery disease has been estimated to relate to 9 potentially modifiable risk factors, including tobacco smoking, overweight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, physical inactivity, poor diet, and psychosocial factors.1 Accordingly, published guidelines for primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention support aggressive risk factor modification. 2 Although sleep disturbances have not been identified as specific targets in current cardiovascular prevention guidelines, research over the last decade provides increasing evidence that poor sleep and sleep disorders significantly contribute to the development of heart disease. Furthermore, because of their prevalence, sleep disturbances ranging from sleep apnea to sleep curtailment may serve as important novel targets for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. This issue’s report by Laugsand and colleagues linking insomnia symptoms and subsequent risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) over an 11-year time period in a sample of 50 000 individuals from Nord Trondelag County, Norway, provides further evidence supporting the importance of sleep disorders in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.3 Use of a simple question, “Have you had difficulties falling asleep in the last month?” identified a group of individuals at a significantly increased relative risk of experiencing a subsequent AMI. Even after considering a comprehensive set of potential confounders such as age, depression, anxiety, and physical activity, the 3% of the sample who reported that this symptom occurred “almost every night” experienced a 40% to 50% increased multivariate adjusted hazard ratio for AMI. Further, there was a continuous graded relationship between increasing sleep disturbance and increased risk of AMI. Article see p 2073
Suppression of Ser/Thr phosphatase 4 (PP4C/PPP4C) mimics a novel post-mitotic action of fostriecin, producing mitotic slippage followed by tetraploid cell death.

Fostriecin is a natural product purified from Sterptomyces extracts with antitumor activity sufficient to warrant human clinical trials. Unfortunately, difficulties associated with supply and stable drug formulation stalled further development. At a molecular level, fostriecin is known to act as a catalytic inhibitor of four PPP-family-phosphatases, and reports describing the syntheses of designed molecules in the class suggest derivatives targeting enzymes within the fostriecin sensitive sub-family can be produced. However, it is not clear if the tumor selective cytotoxicity of fostriecin results from the inhibition of a specific phosphatase, multiple phosphatases, or a limited subset of fostriecin sensitive phosphatases. How the inhibition of sensitive phosphatases contributes to tumor selective cytotoxicity is also not clear. Here, high-content time-lapse imaging of live cells reveals novel insight into the cellular actions of fostriecin, showing that fostriecin induced apoptosis is not simply induced following a sustained mitotic arrest. Rather, apoptosis occurs in an apparent second interphase produced when tetraploid cells undergo mitotic slippage. Comparison of the actions of fostriecin and antisense-oligonucleotides specifically targeting human fostriecin-sensitive phosphatases revealed that the suppression PP4C alone is sufficient to mimic many actions of fostriecin. Importantly, antisense-oligonucleotides targeting PP4C induce apoptosis, with death occurring in tetraploid cells produced following mitotic slippage. This affect was not observed following the suppression of PP1C, PP2AC or PP5C. Although future studies are needed to clarify how the suppression of PP4C triggers mitotic slippage/apoptosis, our observations suggest further development of fostriecin class inhibitors should consider PP4C as a potentially important target.
Structure of the Minimum-Time Control Law for Multiple Robot Arms Handling a Common Object

In this paper, the problem of the existence and structure of the minimum-time control for multiple robot arms cooperatively handling a common object is addressed. The dynamical system is modeled by considering the arms as closed kinematic chains. The conditions of the existence of the time-optimal solution are verified by emloying a Lyapunov approach and the concept of feedback equivalence to linear systems. Furthermore, it is shown that the structure of the minimum-time control law for individual joint actuators requires that at least one of the actuators is always saturated on any finite time subinterval, while the rest of them are either saturated or singular depending upon the motion configurations and robot parameters Thus, it is suggested that the totally-singular optimal control does not exist in this problem while a partially-singular control may occur. The theoretical result should be able to provide insight into the dynamic characteristic of the multiple robot system which can be valuable in the path planning and design specifications of the system.
The Involvement of Gibberellins in 1,8-Cineole-Mediated Inhibition of Sprout Growth in Russet Burbank Tubers

The involvement of gibberellins in 1,8-cineole-mediated inhibition of tuber sprout growth was investigated in non-dormant field- and greenhouse-grown tubers of Russet Burbank. Continuous exposure of tubers to cineole in the vapor-phase resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of sprout growth. Comparative studies using plant bioassay systems whose growth was differentially dependent on cell division, cell elongation, or both demonstrated that cineole had no direct effect on either process. Of the assays used, only cineole-mediated inhibition of etiolated hypocotyl growth mirrored the inhibition of tuber sprout growth which suggested an effect on gibberellin synthesis or action. Both GA19 and GA20 were detected in extracts prepared from control sprouts but only GA19 was found in extracts prepared from cineole treated sprouts. Exogenous GA3, GA20, and GA1 (but not GA19) reversed cineole-mediated sprout growth inhibition. Expression of genes encoding key GA metabolic enzymes was altered by cineole treatment in a manner consistent with diminished endogenous GA content. Collectively, these results suggest that the inhibition of sprout growth by low vapor-phase concentrations of cineole is in part a result of impaired GA biosynthesis resulting in a reduction in bioactive GA content.
Rethinking Health Law: Assuming Responsibility

Health law and scholarship about health law has been dominated in the past two decades with concerns about autonomy and rights (usually about patient autonomy and patient rights) and with the application of principles of market theory. In this essay, the author urges consideration of another approach - one which focuses on responsibility. While health care is fundamentally concerned with the prevention and alleviation of suffering, responsibility for the alleviation of that suffering is rarely discussed or, if discussed, is seldom explored in comprehensive ways. The author argues that our relationships to one another regarding health care carry responsibilities because health is uniquely interpersonal - individual health conditions, health habits, and health care decisions all affect others. In addition, particular relationships might carry heightened responsibilities for others' health and health care - for example, through the voluntary creation of expectations, the invitation of trust, the receipt of a license, or a relative's dependency. In fact, some responsibilities are already recognized as an ethical or legal matter, and not always as simply a corollary of an existing right. But while there exists in some contexts good explanations for why someone has responsibility and what that responsibility is, this is the exception rather than the rule. Focusing on responsibilities, rather than simply rights or efficiencies would, in the author's view, offer greater possibilities for reducing or eliminating health-related suffering.
Sleep Disturbances in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Updated Review and Implications for Treatment

Sleep disturbances are common in adults with PTSD and range from insomnia and nightmares to periodic leg movements and disruptive nocturnal behaviors. Together these findings suggest profound disturbances in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, although there is a lack of consensus regarding a distinct profile of objective sleep disturbances associated with PTSD. Prospective, longitudinal studies have established that sleep disturbances represent a risk factor for the development and course of PTSD, suggesting that sleep is an important neurobiological mechanism in the etiology and maintenance of this disorder. This research highlights the importance of early identification and treatment of sleep disturbances in at-risk and trauma exposed populations. A number of psychological and pharmacological treatments are effective at treating sleep disturbances in PTSD. Additional research is needed to further develop clinical guidelines informing when and how to integrate sleep-specific treatment with PTSD focused clinical care.
TIDE-INDUCED MASS TRANSPORT IN LAGOON-INLET SYSTEMS

This paper examines the tide-induced net discharge in lagoon-inlet systems. In particular, attention is given to the role inlets play in inducing a steady current. The flow in the lagoon is described by the one-dimensional long wave equations, the flow in the inlets is described by a semi-empirical equation. Both numerical and analytical techniques are employed to solve for the net discharge. The results of the study indicate that 1) the net discharge can be significant provided the tidal amplitude to depth ratio is not small 2) the net discharge can be considerably increased by the proper selection of the inlet dimensions.
Dissociative Adsorption of 5-Nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO) on Aluminum-Terminated (0001) Surface of α-Alumina As Predicted from Plane-Wave Density Functional Theory

Plane wave density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the adsorption of 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), an insensitive high performance explosive material, on Al-terminated (0001) surface of (4 × 4) α-Al2O3 using the PBE, PBEsol, BLYP, and recently developed van der Waals functional (vdW-DF2) within the Generalized Gradient Approximation. The interactions of valence electrons with atomic cores were approximated using the ultrasoft pseudopotentials. Various orientations of NTO with respect to the alumina surface were considered. It was revealed that the carbonyl site of NTO binds more strongly than the nitro group site with the surface aluminum ion. Important information revealed from the present investigation was that NTO undergoes dissociative adsorption on the Al-terminated α-alumina surface. During this process, both the carbonyl oxygen and the nitro oxygen are involved in binding with surface Al ions and a proton from the N4 site of the adsorbate (NTO) is dissociated and migra...
A method for calculating nonlinear seismic response in two dimensions

A method is presented for calculating the seismic response of two-dimensional configurations of soil resting on bedrock. The method, which is based on a rheological model suggested by Iwan, takes account of the nonlinear, hysteretic behavior of soil and offers considerable flexibility for incorporating laboratory data on soil behavior. An approximate treatment of the boundary conditions is employed which permits energy to the radiated into the underlying medium. Examples are shown to illustrate the method.
Developing a mind–body exercise programme for stressed children

Objective:To describe the process of developing a Health Qigong programme for stressed children using a formative evaluation approach.Methods:A multi-step formative evaluation method was utilised. These steps included (1) identifying programme content and drafting the curriculum, (2) synthesising effective and age-appropriate pedagogies, (3) consulting an expert panel, (4) teaching pilot lessons and soliciting feedback from students and (5) revising and finalising the programme.Results:A total of 16 theme-based lessons were generated in order to help children manage stress by imitating interesting plants and animals, such as sunflowers, pine trees, white cranes, tigers, sleeping lions and deer. Five age-appropriate teaching strategies were synthesised to make the programme fun and enjoyable for children. These included (1) using theme-based lesson plans, (2) building mind–body connections, (3) balancing repetition and creativity, (4) interweaving pictures, stories, volunteers and teamwork and (5) involvin...
Osteology of a large allosauroid theropod from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) Morrison Formation of Colorado, USA

Study of the pedogenic features of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in western Colorado, USA, shows a clear difference in the types of paleosols between the strata of the lower and upper Brushy Basin Member. Lower Brushy Basin paleosols are mostly calcareous Aridisols with Stage I through Stage III calcrete Bk horizons, abundant root traces, occasional vertic features, but only rarely with ochric epipedons. Upper Brushy Basin paleosols are mainly thicker and commonly display ochric epipedons and well-developed Bt and Bw horizons. We assign these paleosols to the order Inceptisol. Limestones occur in the Brushy Basin Member and include both uniformly micritic limestones and limestones with strongly brecciated textures. The former contain sparse body fossils and charophyte debris, while the latter are characterized by clotted-peloidal fabrics with circumgranular cracking and silica replacement. We interpret these limestones as the deposits of carbonate in small water bodies on a low-gradient flood plain, with the textures resulting from pedogenic reworking of the carbonate sediment. We find no evidence for the presence of extensive lacustrine or wetlands (Lake T’oo’dichi’) deposits in the study area. The paleoclimate suggested by all of these features is strongly seasonal, but subject to variations on orbital (precessional and higher) timescales causing intervals of semi-aridity during weaker monsoons, to alternate with sub-humid periods during stronger monsoons. The apparent long-term change in climate during Brushy Basin deposition potentially resulted from northward drift of North America.
Convergent Phenomenology and Asymmetrically Real Relations

This chapter defines asymmetrically real relations as relations that remain the selfsame relations though they are actually toward exterior terms that are, on the contrary, not actually related back into the ground of those relations. Examples of asymmetrically real relations are given. Truth is defined as an asymmetrically real relation to Being Itself. Then the attempt of Brian Davies to explain Aquinas’s notion of an asymmetrical relatedness of creatures toward a God not really related back is critically reviewed and rejected. It is established that such a relation is not just a “way of talking,” but is intended as ontologically real.
Competition and Growth

The economic theory of market competition involves two stages of decision making. One is at the firm level, where each firm chooses its output optimally by maximizing profits. This yields the rule: price equals marginal cost. The second stage involves the optimal number of firms in the total industry or market, where total supply must satisfy total demand. The first stage is internal to the firm, whereas the second stage is internal to the industry. At the equilibrium price each active firm maximizes its profits and the market clears in the sense that all demand is satisfied.
An Experimental Approach to Assessing the Perceived Value of Personal and Social Responsibility

AbstractPersonal and social responsibility (PSR), one of four essential learning outcomes identified by the Liberal Education and America’s Promise (LEAP) Report (AAC&U, 2007), was rated as “very” or “extremely” important by 88% of the participants in the study. To supplement the expected results from the traditional survey methods that assess the perceived value of PSR, this study provided additional experimental evidence that students were sensitive to, and highly valued, the markers of achieving PSR. Participants were randomly assigned to examine one resume in a 3 (GPA) × 2 (PSR) design. Beyond and independent of the effect of academic achievement, PSR positively influenced hiring decisions, salary recommendations, and performance expectations.
Compressive Sensing for GPR Imaging

The theory of compressive sensing (CS) enables the reconstruction of sparse signals from a small set of non-adaptive linear measurements by solving a convex lscr1 minimization problem. This paper presents a novel data acquisition and imaging algorithm for ground penetrating radars (GPR) based on CS by exploiting sparseness in the target space, i.e., a small number of point-like targets. Instead of measuring conventional radar returns and sampling at the Nyquist rate, linear projections of the returned signal with random vectors are taken as measurements. Using simulated and experimental GPR data, it is shown that sparser and sharper target space images can be obtained compared to standard backprojection methods using only a small number of CS measurements. Furthermore, the target region can even be sampled at random aperture points.
Investigation of equivalence between the interstate transition rates and state probabilities in the data analysis and applications

Conditions for equivalence of state probabilities obtained from the data on state residence times and those from data on interstate transitions are explored in this paper. The derived conditions are useful in applications under various situations. The situations illustrated in this paper include when data is available only for state residence times but a state transition rate matrix needs to be developed for purposes of application. A situation is also illustrated when data on state residence times and interstate transitions is collected but inaccuracies may exist in the collection or processing of interstate data. Another condition explored is the effect of the probability distribution of state residence times on the reliability indices.
On the Preferred Active Sites of Promoted MoS2 for Hydrodesulfurization with Minimal Organonitrogen Inhibition

Hydrodesulfurization is a process to produce ultralow-sulfur diesel fuel. Although promoted molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) catalysts have been used industrially for several decades, the active site requirements for selective hydrodesulfurization of organosulfur compounds with minimal inhibition by organonitrogen constituents of a real gasoil feed has not been resolved. Using molecular binding energy descriptors derived from plane wave density functional theory calculations for comparative adsorption of organosulfur and organonitrogen compounds, we analyzed more than 20 potential sites on unpromoted and Ni- and Co-promoted MoS2. We find that hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are simple descriptors of adsorption of sterically unhindered organosulfur and organonitrogen compounds such as dibenzothiophene and acridine, respectively. Further, organonitrogen compounds in gasoil bind more strongly than organosulfur compounds on all sites except on sites with exposed metal atoms on the corner and sulfur edges of promoted Mo...
Human βB2-Crystallin Forms a Face-en-Face Dimer in Solution: An Integrated NMR and SAXS Study

βγ-Crystallins are long-lived eye lens proteins that are crucial for lens transparency and refractive power. Each βγ-crystallin comprises two homologous domains, which are connected by a short linker. γ-Crystallins are monomeric, while β-crystallins crystallize as dimers and multimers. In the crystal, human βB2-crystallin is a domain-swapped dimer while the N-terminally truncated βB1-crystallin forms a face-en-face dimer. Combining and integrating data from multi-angle light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and small-angle X-ray scattering of full-length and terminally truncated human βB2-crystallin in solution, we show that both these βB2-crystallin proteins are dimeric, possess C2 symmetry, and are more compact than domain-swapped dimers. Importantly, no inter-molecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement effects compatible with domain swapping were detected. Our collective experimental results unambiguously demonstrate that, in solution, human βB2-crystallin is not domain swapped and exhibits a face-en-face dimer structure similar to the crystal structure of truncated βB1-crystallin.
Metabolic Vulnerability in the Neurodegenerative Disease Glaucoma

Axons can be several orders of magnitude longer than neural somas, presenting logistical difficulties in cargo trafficking and structural maintenance. Keeping the axon compartment well supplied with energy also presents a considerable challenge; even seemingly subtle modifications of metabolism can result in functional deficits and degeneration. Axons require a great deal of energy, up to 70 percent of all energy used by a neuron, just to maintain the resting membrane potential. Axonal energy, in the form of ATP, is generated primarily through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. In addition, glial cells contribute metabolic intermediates to axons at moments of high activity or according to need. Recent evidence suggests energy disruption is an early contributor to pathology in a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by axonopathy. However, the degree to which the energy disruption is intrinsic to the axon versus associated glia is not clear. This paper will review the role of energy availability and utilization in axon degeneration in glaucoma, a chronic axonopathy of the retinal projection.
Housing Defense as the New Gideon

New York City has become the first jurisdiction in the United States to create a right to appointed counsel for poor people facing eviction. This Article draws on NYC’s housing defense statute to highlight three ways in which the creation of a civil right to counsel has the potential to build on and expand beyond the Gideon v. Wainwright model. The right to appointment of criminal defense counsel, as recognized in Gideon, was part of the Supreme Court’s indirect response to the Civil Rights Movement. In contrast, the NYC legislature openly promotes substantive outcomes, explicitly targeting eviction and its secondary effects. Additionally, the legislature’s focus on housing recognizes concerns that disproportionately impact Black women; this echoes the racial equality goal underlying Gideon and promotes gender equality. Finally, while the criminal defense model defends individuals against only state power, NYC’s right to housing defense counsel includes tenants of private landlords and thereby checks private power. All three of these features are worth attention from legislatures considering expansion of the right to civil counsel. The Article also identifies one important way in which the new model of appointment of housing counsel is like the criminal model for appointment: NYC’s legislation addresses appointment of defense lawyers, as opposed to lawyers for plaintiffs, potential plaintiffs, or people engaged in non-litigation matters. This Article argues that the focus on defense lawyering limits the impact of appointment of counsel. Defense lawyering suffers from systemic limitations that influence litigation strategy and the potential to collaborate with social movements. With respect to the substantive goal of housing preservation, problems like discrimination, harassment, and dangerous conditions also pose significant threats and could be more robustly addressed through affirmative suits. In spite of recognizing the limits of defense lawyering, this Article concludes that the availability of counterclaims in civil litigation makes civil defense more flexible than criminal defense. As a result, civil defense might be able to do more than criminal defense to challenge the status quo and advance substantive improvements for poor litigants.
Skepticism, Justification and the Trustworthiness Argument

We must, therefore, in every reasoning form a new judgement, as a check or controul on our first judgement or belief; and must enlarge our view to comprehend a kind of history of all the instances, wherein our understanding has deceived us, compar’d with those, wherein its testimony was just and true.
The role of ligand redox non-innocence in ring-opening polymerization reactions catalysed by bis(imino)pyridine iron alkoxide complexes

The reactivity of iron-based ring opening polymerization catalysts is compared when the catalyst is in three different oxidation states. Formally iron(I) monoalkoxide complexes 3a (p-methoxyphenoxide) and 3b (neopentoxide) supported by bis(imino)pyridine ligands were synthesized and investigated as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization and copolymerization of various monomers. For most monomers, 3a and 3b were superior catalysts compared to analogous, formally iron(II) and iron(III) complexes (1a/1b and 2a/2b, respectively) for the ring opening polymerization of various cyclic ester and cyclic carbonate monomers. Experimental and computational investigation into the electronic structures of 3a and 3b revealed that they are most accurately described as containing a high spin iron(II) center that is antiferromagnetically coupled to a singly reduced bis(imino)pyridine ligand. This electronic structure leads to increased electron density near the metal center without modulating the apparent metal oxidation state, which results in superior catalytic performance for the more highly reduced 3a and 3b compared to the increasingly more oxidized complexes (i.e.1a/1b and 2a/2b, respectively) in ring opening polymerization reactions. These findings have significant ramifications for the emerging field of redox-switchable polymerization catalysis.
Inchoate Situations and Extra-Rational Behavior

How do individuals act when rational action is not possible? Using Gintis ’s 2009 beliefs, preferences, and constraints model, I delineate his three necessary conditions for rational action in the economist’s sense of the concept. In order to demonstrate that rational action is not always possible, I provide a range of examples where one or more of Gintis ’s conditions are not met. I label these “inchoate” situations. I then consider the wide variety of behaviors that can occur in inchoate situations. I describe these as “extra-rational” behaviors. Importantly, I show that extra-rational behavior can be intentional without being rational. I conclude by arguing that the social sciences need multiple, potentially complementary, models of action. Psychology’s recent distinction between System I and System II thinking represents an important move in this direction. The idea of extra-rational behavior strategies for action in inchoate situations potentially provides another additional type of action that is not rational.
The Origins of Economic Laws: Railway Entrepreneurs and Public Policy in Nineteenth-Century America

From the perspective of the late 20th century, American economic history appears to many as a monument to the principle of the free market.
Data for: Quick-brain MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging as a first imaging modality in pediatric stroke

Abstract Background Diagnostic delay hinders management of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Quick-brain MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging sequences (QB+DWI) may provide a rapid diagnosis without the ionizing radiation of a computed tomography (CT) scan. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of children 1 month to 18 years old with acute arterial ischemic stroke hospitalized at our institution between January 2010 and January 2017. We evaluated sensitivity and time to diagnostic study based on first imaging study (CT or QB+DWI). Results Twenty-five patients met inclusion criteria. Children most often presented to the emergency room (60%) while 40% presented while already hospitalized. Eleven patients (44%) were initially assessed with CT, 10 (40%) with QB+DWI, and 4 (16%) with a full MRI. Compared with children receiving CT, children with QB+DWI as first study were younger (5.8 vs. 14.1 years, t=4.19, P Conclusions In a small study of children with arterial ischemic stroke, QB+DWI was more sensitive than CT for ischemia without missing clinically significant findings. QB+DWI may be considered as first study for some children presenting with symptoms of arterial ischemic stroke.
Cancer patient perspectives regarding preparedness for end-of-life care: A qualitative study.

Purpose: The extent to which patients feel prepared for end-of-life (EOL) may be associated with important clinical outcomes. Despite growing interest in the concept of “preparedness,” however, the...
Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

This chapter reviews the remarkable recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis that underlies the pathophysiology of sepsis. This knowledge has improved diagnostic techniques and introduced new therapeutic agents into the standard management of patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. The current treatment regimens for sepsis are discussed, and the evidence to support each major treatment strategy is outlined in detail. Research priorities to further the optimal management of septic shock in the future are highlighted.
Control and Quantification of Residual Stresses in Anodically Bonded MEMS Structures

Residual stresses in anodically bonded silicon devices can result in quality control and process control deficits if the stresses are not controlled. At the same time several geometries may benefit from a controlled introduction of residual stresses. For example, long, thin structures may utilize a residual tensile stress to minimize the likelihood of buckling, while etched cavities with sharp corners can benefit from a residual compressive stress to suppress crack initiation and growth.
Second-line treatment of metastatic gastric cancer in the era of predictive biomarkers: A cost-effectiveness analysis.

e15517Background: Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with only a 30% five-year survival rate. Patients who progress after one round of systemic therapy face an e...
Real-time microscopic and rheometric observations of strain-driven cavitation instability underlying micro-crack formation in asphalt binders

We observed and analysed the early stages of formation and growth of instabilities in binders that lead to crack formation. A monotonic mechanical strain was applied to a thin, confined film of bin...
Have you heard? Testing the warranting value of third-party employer reviews

The present work advances warranting scholarship by considering the effect of online reviews (in response to organizational self-claims) on organizational attributions offline. An experiment expose...
Provider Attitudes and Support of Patients’ Autonomy for Phosphate Binder Medication Adherence in ESRD:

This cross-sectional study of 56 dialysis providers from 3 dialysis clinics examined providers' attitudes and perception of autonomy support for patients' medication adherence behaviors. Respondents completed surveys assessing attitudes and perception of autonomy support. Compared to all other provider types, physicians and nurse practitioners (MD/NP) thought it was "less true" that phosphate binder medications are very important for dialysis patients (MD/NP vs others: 5.1 [1.4] vs 6.1 [1.1]; P = 0.02). More dialysis technicians (19%) offered the highest level of support. Attitudes and perception of autonomy support for medication adherence are suboptimal, vary by dialysis provider type, and are targets for quality improvement in dialysis care. This study addresses critical gap in existing knowledge about these two novel provider-based psychosocial factors and their potential impact on phosphate binder medication adherence.
Early Response Assessment to Targeted Therapy Using 3'-deoxy-3'[(18)F]-Fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) PET/CT in Lung Cancer.

Although 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) is a sensitive nuclear medicine modality, specificity for characterizing lung cancer is limited. Tumor proliferation and early response to molecularly targeted therapy could be visualized using 3′-deoxy-3′[(18)F]-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) PET/CT. The superiority of 18F-FLT PET/CT over 18F-FDG PET/CT in early therapeutic monitoring has been well described in patients after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or chemo/radiotherapy. In thispilot study, we explorethe use of 18F-FLT PET/CT as an early response evaluation modality in patients with lung cancerand provide specific case studies of patients with small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer who received novel targeted therapies. Early response for c-MET inhibitor was observed in four weeks and for MDM2 inhibitor in nine days.
Slow Oil, Slow Water: Long-Range Dynamic Coupling across a Liquid–Liquid Interface

Liquid interfaces are dynamic environments characterized by chemical and physical properties that are different from the bulk. Here we use ultrafast, two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy and molec...
Mental Health and COVID-19: Implications for the Future of Telehealth

This article uses mental health trends during the COVID-19 pandemic to question how we can leverage current technologies such as telehealth to provide better mental health care. Based on this compilation of literature, an increase in suicide rates, suicidal ideation, and mental health disorders is possible as a result of the impact of COVID-19. By increasing the use of telehealth and investigating best practices for its use, the outcome is 3-fold. We can provide preventative measures after the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, more effective care to patients during future pandemics and global crises, and reduce mental health care disparities by reaching rural Americans.
Evaluation of Outcomes Following Pulmonary Artery Stenting in Fibrosing Mediastinitis.

Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare disease characterized by fibrosis of mediastinal structures with subsequent constriction of the bronchi and pulmonary vessels leading to potential respiratory compromise and death. Presently, there is no effective curative treatment with available treatments focused on reducing symptomology, including placement of pulmonary artery stents. Limited studies examine the use of stents in fibrosing mediastinitis. Given this knowledge gap, we assessed stent patency, hemodynamics, complications, and secondary outcomes of clinical improvement of pulmonary artery stenting for fibrosing mediastinitis. Nine patients with fibrosing mediastinitis and pulmonary artery stents were retrospectively identified for inclusion (six females, three males; mean age 44.17 years, range 13–68; total 13 primary stents) from 2005 to 2018. Eight patients had history of PH. All patients had dyspnea on presentation. Seven patients had ventilation/perfusion studies demonstrating impairment. Results from computed tomography and echocardiography studies were collected to assess patency and physiologic response. All patients received initial angioplasty and stenting of the right pulmonary artery (10 stents). Two patients underwent additional left-sided intervention (3 stents). Stenting significantly increased lesion luminal patency (54–79%; P < 0.005) and reduced systolic pressure gradients across stenoses (mean −9.38 mmHg; P < 0.005). Primary patency at one year was 90%. Two stents received reintervention at 276 and 497 days. 89% reported improvement in dyspnea in the initial post-stenting period. There were no mortalities or major complications. Pulmonary artery stenting improves vascular patency and provides symptomatic relief in patients with fibrosing mediastinitis.
Striking Down Death: S. v. Makwanyane

In Makwanyane delivered on 6 June 1995, the Constitutional Court, in its first politically important and publicly controversial holding, struck down the death penalty. Although there had been a moratorium placed on executions from the end of 1989, as part of the initial moves towards a negotiated democratic transition, approximately 400 persons were awaiting execution at the time of the Court’s ruling. Declaring capital punishment as provided for in s 277(1 )(a) and (c)-(f) of the Criminal Procedure Act unconstitutional the Court emphasized that the transitional Constitution establishes a new order in South Africa. One in which human rights and democracy are entrenched and in which the Constitution is supreme.
Preservice Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusion in Early Childhood Classrooms: A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this article is to describe what has been learned over the past 20 years of research on general early childhood preservice teachers’ attitudes toward inclusion. An extensive literature review was conducted to critically examine the purposes that guided the reviewed studies, the methods used to measure preservice teachers’ attitudes toward inclusion, and the major findings of these studies. A total of sixteen studies were identified. Results of this review revealed that general early childhood preservice teachers held positive attitudes toward inclusion. However, they had mixed feelings toward their preparedness for working with children with disabilities, especially those children with severe disabilities or challenging behaviors. Related to factors (e.g., course work, field experience) that influenced the teachers’ attitudes, there were mixed findings. The methods the researchers used varied, although most studies included surveys or interviews. Gaps in the literature and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Real-Time Object Detection for Smart Connected Worker in 3D Printing

IoT and smart systems have been introduced into the advanced manufacturing, especially 3D printing with the trend of the fourth industrial revolution. The rapid development of computer vision and IoT devices in recent years has led the fruitful direction to the development of real-time machine state monitoring. In this study, computer vision technology was adopted into the Smart Connected Worker (SCW) system with the use case of 3D printing. Specifically, artificial intelligence (AI) models were investigated instead of discrete labor-intensive methods to monitor the machine state and predict the errors and risks for the advanced manufacturing. The model achieves accurate supervision in real-time for twenty-four hours a day, which can reduce human resource costs significantly. At the same time, the experiments demonstrate the feasibility of adopting AI technology to more aspects of the advanced manufacturing.
Linking field and laboratory studies: Reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances on avian populations

Although both laboratory and field studies are needed to effectively assess effects and risk of contaminants to free-living organisms, the limitations of each must be understood. The objectives of this paper are to examine information on field studies of reproductive effects of perfluorinated substances (PFASs) on bird populations, discuss the differences among field studies, and then place those results in context with laboratory studies. Hypotheses to explain the divergences between field studies and between laboratory and field studies will be discussed. Those differences include mixture issues, misattribution of the mechanism or the specific PFAS causing impairments, as well as other possible reasons. Finally, suggestions to better link laboratory and field studies will be presented. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:690-696. Published 2021. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Forged by Fire: Home Country IPR Reforms And Emerging Economy Firm Innovativeness Abroad

We investigate whether and under what conditions IPR reforms matter for domestic firms’ outcomes. Given that prior research has mostly adopted an inward focus on firm behavior in reforming countrie...
Collecting and Analyzing Data

Most travelers will want to collect various things while on a trip that they will later treasure as they reflect upon their travel journeys. While these treasured collectibles will obviously vary from one person to another, there are some typical ways that travelers chronicle their journeys, including capturing digital or video images.
Immunosuppressive Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system granulomatous disorder of yet unknown etiology that predominantly involves the lungs in over 90 % of cases but can also involve any organ in the body. Cardiac sarcoidosis is detected clinically in about 5 % of patients with sarcoidosis but on autopsy in as many as 40 % suggesting that the majority of cases may be underdiagnosed. Complications of cardiac sarcoidosis can include ventricular dysfunction, conduction abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. These may occur suddenly, without warning in a previously asymptomatic or undiagnosed patient. There are currently no guidelines on how to definitively manage cardiac sarcoidosis. The goal of immunosuppressive (IS) therapy in cardiac sarcoidosis is to reverse any ongoing active granulomatous myocarditis, potentially prevent progression of myocardial granulomatous inflammation to scar tissue, and reduce or prevent the development of serious or life threatening cardiac complications. Management of cardiac sarcoidosis requires the collaborative effort of a sarcoidosis expert, an electrophysiologist, and a general cardiologist.
Hepatocyte migration during liver development requires Prox1

Several genes are required during the early phases of liver specification, proliferation and differentiation1,2,3. Here we report that Prox1 is required for hepatocyte migration. Loss of Prox1 leads to formation of a smaller liver with a reduced population of clustered hepatocytes surrounded by a laminin-rich basal membrane.
Analytical protein measurements from 400 tumor-derived stem cells

AACR Centennial Conference: Translational Cancer Medicine-- Nov 4-8, 2007; Singapore C11 The discovery of tumor stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia a decade ago initiated a field of research has accelerated growth in the past few years. Researchers are now describing tumor stem cells in a variety of hematopoietic and solid tumors. The impetus for much of this research is the desire to identify targets for drug intervention in these critical tumor populations. The molecular pathways that functionally define these cells are important therapeutic targets. Tumor stem cells are rare and with insufficient material to use standard assay methods. Although DNA microarray and/or qPCR are used to study tumor stem cells, their rare nature limits quantitative protein analysis. This creates a gap in our knowledge since many proteins, such as β-catenin or MAPK signaling proteins, are not regulated at the transcriptional level, but through post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitination, etc ¼). Here we describe a technique utilizing a nanoimmunoassay platform (FireflyTM) to measure tumor stem cell proteins. Transitional tumor stem cells (TCC+) were sorted from a patient tumor and lysed for analysis. A lysate of 400 cells was subjected to isoelectric focusing and immobilization. Immunodetection was performed and quantitation of signal was measured using HRP-labeled secondary chemiluminescence reagents. Here we report β-catenin protein concentrations of 192 ng/mg of total protein in the tumor stem cells, which was undetectable in ‘non-stem’ tumor cells. Comparisons of protein levels and the degree of phosphorylation are made between these samples, other tumor cell lines and hematopoetic stem cells.
History of solar-terrestrial relations as deduced from spacecraft and geomagnetic data - Solar M regions

This brief history is organized around the long problem of the solar M region, i.e. the structure on the sun that is responsible for recurrent geomagnetic disturbances.