cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender role orientation and conflict as predictors of family roles for men

This study examined men's gender role factors (i.e., gender role orientation and gender role conflict) as they contribute to the formation of either traditional, participant, or rolesharing family roles in men. Responses from 71 married, mostly Caucasian, dual-career family men on measures of gender role orientation, gender role conflict, and measures of participation in child care and management of the household were analyzed. Results indicated that (a) rolesharing husbands were more likely to view their wives' interests as equal to their own as compared to participant and traditional husbands; (b) rolesharing husbands had less traditional attitudes about husbands'/fathers' authority than traditional husbands; and (c) traditional husbands reported greater pressure to be successful, powerful, and competitive compared to rolesharing and participant husbands.
POSTNATAL DECLINE OF SERUM ALPHA FETOPROTEIN (AFP) CONCENTRATION

The concentration of serum AFP of 35 newborn infants was measured serially during the first 3 to 12 weeks of life. In general, the concentration at birth was found to be inversely related to gestational age. However, the wide range of values makes the use of the serum AFP concentration at birth of little value in establishing the duration of gestation. The individual curves of decline of serum AFP concentration are classified into 3 groups. Group I has a rapid regular fall with a half-life of 4.5 ± 0.8 days. The 14 infants in this group are AGA term and AGA preterm with uncomplicated postnatal courses. Group II has a slow regular fall with a half-life of 8 to 14 days. This group is made up of 2 very small AGA preterm infants with marked respiratory difficulties and 1 SGA preterm infant. Group III is characterized by serial values which decline irregularly with spikes and plateaus so that the half-life cannot be determined. Of the 18 members of this group, 1 AGA term infant had asphyxia and seizures, and 17 preterm infants had a variety of problems including SGA, sepsis, severe RDS and shock. The curves of Groups II and III may be the result of continued postnatal AFP synthesis by the liver in response to chemical, circulatory or toxic hepatic injury. Several infants in this group had prolonged hyperbilirubinemia and 1 infant had marked cholestasis with hepatic failure.
Low‐frequency Sonophoresis: Pathologic and Thermal Effects in Dogs

Objective: Low-frequency sonophoresis has recently been shown to significantly facilitate transdermal permeability of various substances (e.g., insulin) in animal models, thus eliminating the need to inject such agents. Prior to human trials, the authors studied the safety profile of low-frequency sonophoresis in dogs by evaluating microscopic and temperature changes in the skin after sonophoresis. Methods: An evaluator-blinded canine study of sonophoresis using different energy intensities and probe diameters was performed. Low-frequency ultrasound was applied for 60 seconds to the clipped abdominal skin of 3 anesthetized adult mongrel dogs using a sonicator operating at a frequency of 20 KHz with a maximal energy output of 400 W. The sonicator was immersed in normal saline, and intensities of 4%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% were applied during 600 msec of every second (pulsed mode). Three probes, 1-cm cylindrical, 5-cm cylindrical, and 10-cm disc-shaped, were evaluated. Each experimental condition was performed twice. Subcutaneous temperatures were measured by temperature probe before and after sonophoresis. At 30 minutes post-sonophoresis, full-thickness skin biopsies were taken for blinded histopathologic evaluation. Results: Minimal urticarial reactions were noted with the 1-cm probe at intensities of ≤20% and with the 5-cm probe at 4% intensity. With higher intensity, thermal injuries were observed grossly with erythema and vesicles. The microscopic correlates were papillary and dermal edema with neutrophils and telangiectasia. The conditions producing vesicles grossly had foci of epidermal necrosis, subepidermal vesicles, and degeneration of papillary dermal collagen. With still higher intensities, confluent epidermal necrosis became apparent. Use of the 10-cm probe did not result in any injury. Conclusions: Low-frequency ultrasound at low intensities appears safe for use to enhance the topical delivery of medications, producing only minimal urticarial reactions. Higher-intensity conditions resulted in second-degree burns, most likely attributable to localized heating.
Turning a penrose triangle inside out

Abstract Why do impossible figures, which cannot exist in three dimensions, appear to make threedimensional sense? In order to shed some light on this question the limits may be tested to which three-dimensional operations on these figures can be performed. In this paper a particularly difficult operation, viz., torus eversion is attempted. Not only is an eversion found to be possible but an unfamiliar impossibility develops. The regular form of the eversion is shown to be unique.
Motorneuronal control of locomotion in Aplysia

We have carried out a combined behavioral and cellular analysis of escape locomotion in Aplysia. Using videotape recording we obtained a detailed description of the coordinated movements of the different regions of the foot and body during locomotion. Alternating waves of extension and longitudinal contraction begin at the head and propagate caudally through each pedal segment at a constant rate. Cobalt backfill of pedal nerves indicated that certain regions of the pedal ganglia were likely to contain motor neurons for the foot and body wall musculature. We examined these areas using intracellular techniques and identified three unique cells and three regional classes of neurons having clear motor effects on the foot and body wall. We also found that locomotion is driven by a central program. The basic locomotor pattern of the identified motor neurons and regional classes of motor neurons persists even after the circumesophageal ganglia have been isolated from the periphery. The motor neurons are not synaptically interconnected; patterned bursting during locomotor activity is produced by cyclic synaptic input. Because the locomotor system has large neurons favorable for cellular analysis and because locomotion is characterized by features of both stereotypy and flexibility, Aplysia promises to be useful for investigating the mechanisms underlying both the generation and modulation of a central program.
Aspects of the chemistry of donor solvent coal dissolution. The hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions of tetralin-d12 with Illinois No. 6 coal, coal products and related compounds

Abstract The exchange of hydrogen and deuterium atoms between Illinois No. 6 coal and tetralin-d 12 and naphthalene-d 8 has been studied at 400 °C. These exchange reactions are readily reversible and the evidence suggests that the same kinds of hydrogen atoms exchange with tetralin as with naphthalene. The influence of illinois No. 6 coal, selected coal products and other compounds representative of the structural elements in Illinois No. 6 coal on the rate of the exchange reaction between diphenylmethane and tetralin-d 12 has been studied also. The results indicate that the exchange reaction is initiated by compounds which have labile linkages or reducible structures but not by the weak acids or weak bases. The reactions are initiated by single-bond homolyses and by molecule-induced homolyses.
Maturation and germination of Phaseolus vulgaris embryonic axes in culture.

In this study of embryo development in Phaseolus vulgaris L., we found that immature embryonic axes placed in culture show a growth lag before germinating. The length of this lag phase varies according to axis age at excision, but is not affected by transfer to fresh medium, alteration of sucrose concentration between 0.5 and 2%, or whether the culture medium is liquid or agar-solidified. The lag phase was shortened by both actinomycin D and cordycepin treatment, and by treatment with 10-5 to 10-6 M benzyladenine. The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) varied with concentration: below a certain level, it had no effect on the lag phase, but above that level it inhibited, germination. This threshold concentration was 10-7 M for 20-d-old axes but increased to 10-5 M by the time the axes were 32 to 34 d old. To determine whether the axes were continuing their embryonic development during the lag phase, we tested them for desiccation-tolerance and for synthesis of phaseolin, a seed storage protein which is specific for embryos of P. vulgaris. The ability to germinate after rapid desiccation was acquired by axes at 26 d past anthesis; when axes younger than this were placed in culture, they developed desiccation-tolerance during the lag phase of growth, indicating that they were continuing embryonic maturation. Phaseolin was present in isolated axes, although at lower levels than in cotyledons. It accumulated during axis development in parallel with total protein, staying at about 1% of total protein content. When isolated immature axes were pulsed with 3H-or 14C-amino acids, they incorporated label into phaseolin, shown by precipitation with anti-phaseolin antibody. Isolated axes from mature seeds, however, did not synthesize detectable amounts of phaseolin. Immature axes cultured in vitro for a period of one to several days continued synthesizing phaseolin until the day prior to visible germination. Treatment of cultured axes with ABA increased the amount of precursor amino acids incorporated into protein, but had a small or no effect on the relative proportion of phaseolin synthesized. We conclude that P. vulgaris axes in culture continue to develop embryonically for a period of time which seems to be under intrinisc control by the axis. This contrasts with “precocious germanation”, a pattern of embryo behavior seen in many other species. When such embryos are excised from seeds while immature and placed in culture, they switch promptly from embryo development into germination. If ABA or water stress is responsible for preventing precocious germination, it may be that a high level of ABA is maintained or synthesized internally by embryonic axes of Phaseolus, while in other embryos the maternal environment supplies ABA and/or causes water stress.
Direct projection of pause neurons to nystagmus-related excitatory burst neurons in the cat pontine reticular formation.

Abstract Brain-stem pause neurons (ce:simple-paraNs) are inhibitory neurons which cease their tonic firing about 20 ms prior to the quick phase of horizontal vestibular nystagmus in either direction. One group of nystagmus-related burst neurons just rostral to the abducens nucleus exhibits a burst of spikes before and during the quick phase to the ipsilateral side—excitatory burst neurons (EBNs). The present study supported the conclusion that PNs project to, and tonically inhibit EBNs during the slow phase and that the burst of activity of EBNs at the quick phase is partly caused by the abrupt release from pauser inhibition. The evidence leading to this conclusion is: simultaneous recording of PNs and EBNs showed close alternation of firing; PNs were antidromically activated from the EBN region; systematic microstimulation tracks within the EBN region showed an antidromic activation pattern of low threshold sites separated by high threshold sites consistent with PN axonal branching in the EBN region; during the nystagmus slow phase there were positive field potentials in the EBN region, followed by an abrupt negative deflection whose onset was synchronous with the last pauser spike; when single PN spikes were used to trigger averages of extracellular field potentials in the EBN region (postspike averaging), a consistent short-latency positivity was observed. This study shows an additional connection in the premotor neural network responsible for the generation of the quick phase of horizontal vestibular nystagmus.
Merging Markov and DCT Features for Multi-Class JPEG Steganalysis

Blind steganalysis based on classifying feature vectors derived from images is becoming increasingly more powerful. For steganalysis of JPEG images, features derived directly in the embedding domain from DCT coefficients appear to achieve the best performance (e.g., the DCT features10 and Markov features21). The goal of this paper is to construct a new multi-class JPEG steganalyzer with markedly improved performance. We do so first by extending the 23 DCT feature set,10 then applying calibration to the Markov features described in21 and reducing their dimension. The resulting feature sets are merged, producing a 274-dimensional feature vector. The new feature set is then used to construct a Support Vector Machine multi-classifier capable of assigning stego images to six popular steganographic algorithms-F5,22 OutGuess,18 Model Based Steganography without ,19 and with20 deblocking, JP Hide&Seek,1 and Steghide.14 Comparing to our previous work on multi-classification,11, 12 the new feature set provides significantly more reliable results.
First-principles study of metal adatom adsorption on graphene

The adsorption of 12 different metal adatoms on graphene is studied using first-principles density-functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. The adsorption energy, geometry, density of states (DOS), dipole moment, and work function of each adatom-graphene system are calculated. For the adatoms studied from groups I--III of the Periodic Table, the results are consistent with ionic bonding, and the adsorption is characterized by minimal change in the graphene electronic states and large charge transfer. For transition, noble, and group IV metals, the calculations are consistent with covalent bonding, and the adsorption is characterized by strong hybridization between adatom and graphene electronic states. For ionically bonded adatoms, the charge transfer is calculated quantitatively using two methods, one based on the DOS and the other based on the real-space-charge density. A variation in dipole moments and work-function shifts across the different adatoms is observed. In particular, the work-function shift shows a general correlation with the induced interfacial dipole of the adatom-graphene system and the ionization potential of the isolated atom.
Chemical coding of neurons expressing δ- and κ-opioid receptor and type I vanilloid receptor immunoreactivities in the porcine ileum

Opioid drugs have profound antidiarrheal and constipating actions in the intestinal tract and are effective in mitigating abdominal pain. Mediators of intestinal inflammation and allergy produce increased mucosal secretion, altered bowel motility and pain due to their ability to evoke enteric secretomotor reflexes through primary afferent neurons. In this study, the distribution of δ- and κ-opioid receptor (DOR and KOR, respectively) immunoreactivities in chemically identified neurons of the porcine ileum was compared with that of the capsaicin-sensitive type 1 vanilloid receptor (VR1). DOR and VR1 immunoreactivities were observed to be highly localized in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive neurons and nerve fibers of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses and both receptors exhibited frequent colocalization. In the inner submucosal plexus, they also were colocalized in substance P (SP)-positive neurons. Neurons in the outer submucosal plexus expressed DOR immunoreactivity alone or in combination with VR1. KOR-immunoreactive neurons were found only in the myenteric plexus; these cells coexpressed immunoreactivity to ChAT, CGRP, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In addition, some KOR-positive neurons coexpressed immunoreactivities to DOR and VR1. Based on their neurochemical coding, opioid and vanilloid receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses may include primary afferents and constitute novel therapeutic targets for the palliation of painful intestinal inflammatory, hypersensitivity and dysmotility states.
Somnifacient action of α‐methylmercaptohippuramide

α -Methylmercaptohippuramide has an LD 50 in mice of 670 ± 20 mg./Kg. Sublethal doses produce sleep but not anesthesia. In preliminary tests on a dog, the drug showed no effect on the autonomic system, nor did it alter the normal responses to the autonomic drugs or histamine. Its pharmacology appears to be similar to that of trimeglamide and thalidomide to which it is structurally related.
The Art of Language Teaching as Interdisciplinary Paradigm

One can extrapolate from the art of language instruction to discover methods applicable across the disciplines in higher education. The paradigm presented by language instruction is applicable throughout the arts and sciences. If cultivated—and there are institutional pressures working against it—such an art can impact the languages and codes of the individual disciplines so as to advance the research mission of scholars in those fields; it can also favor the interrelationships between the disciplines. How the student learns another language (L2) is comparable to the process of learning a scientific discipline.
Echinacea and its alkylamides: Effects on the influenza A-induced secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and PGE2 from RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells

The goal of this study was to determine whether extracts and isolated alkylamides from Echinacea purpureawould be useful for prevention of the inflammatory response that accompanies infections with H1N1 influenza A. Seventeen extracts and 4 alkylamides were tested for the ability to inhibit production of cytokines, chemokines, and PGE2 from RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells infected with the H1N1 influenza A strain PR/8/34. The alkylamides undeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynic acid isobutylamide, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide, dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide, and undeca-2E-ene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide suppressed production of TNF-a and PGE2 from infected cells. Dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide was especially effective at inhibiting production of these mediators and also strongly inhibited production of G-CSF, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1a and CCL5/RANTES. In contrast, the ethanol extracts (75%), which were prepared from dormant roots of E. purpurea grown in different locations throughout North Carolina, displayed a range of effects from suppression to stimulation of mediator production. Precipitation of the extracts with ethanol removed the stimulatory activity, however, even after precipitation; many of the extracts did not display any suppressive activity. Analysis of the extracts revealed slight variations in concentration of alkylamides, caftaric acid, and cichoric acid, but the activity of the extracts did not strongly correlate with concentrations of these compounds. Our in vitro experiments suggest that E. purpurea extracts have the potential for use in alleviating the symptoms and pathology associated with infections with influenza A; however, further study will be necessary to define procedures necessary to unmask the alkylamide activity in crude extracts.
Abstract 1913: Uses of questionnaire- and biomarker-based measures of pro- and antioxidant exposures in relation to prostate cancer risk

We previously used an oxidative balance score (OBS) as a measure of combined pro- and antioxidant exposure status using either questionnaire or biomarker data. However, questionnaires are subject to recall bias while biomarkers may reflect only recent exposures. In this analysis, we used questionnaire and biomarker data separately and in combination in an effort to better characterize oxidative stress exposures in a study of prostate cancer. Data from a previously conducted population-based case-control study of incident prostate cancer was used for the current analysis. A total of 13 a priori-selected pro- and antioxidant factors were used to calculate the OBS. All continuous variables reflecting pro-oxidant (unsaturated fat and iron) and antioxidant exposures (vitamin C, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, α-tocopherol, and urinary selenium) were divided into low, medium, and high categories using tertile cutoffs among the controls. Participants with low (1st tertile) pro-oxidant exposure were awarded 2 points, those with medium (2nd tertile) exposure received 1 point, and those with high (3rd tertile) exposure received 0 points. For antioxidants, low, medium, and high levels were assigned 0, 1, and 2 points, respectively. A similar scoring approach was used for categorical variables (smoking and use of aspirin and NSAIDs). The overall OBS was then calculated by adding up the points assigned to each participant. The OBS was calculated using three types of data: questionnaire, biomarkers, and a combination of both. In the combined (questionnaire plus biomarker) OBS analysis, 0 points were assigned to those who had low antioxidant exposures for both questionnaire and biomarker measurements, 2 points were assigned for those who had both high antioxidant values, and 1 point for all the other combinations. The association between OBS and prostate cancer was examined using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for age, race, total energy intake, BMI, plasma cholesterol, and a family history of prostate cancer in a first degree relative. The OBS was divided into three equal intervals, using the lowest interval as reference. In the combined OBS analysis, the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for the middle and highest intervals were 0.52 (0.30-0.91) and 0.62 (0.14-2.72), respectively. Similar results were obtained using questionnaire data only. Using only biomarker measurements, the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for the middle and highest intervals were 0.56 (0.30-1.08) and 0.19 (0.07-0.49), respectively. These findings provide evidence that the use of questionnaire data instead of and in addition to biomarkers may not necessarily improve the assessment of oxidative stress-related exposures. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1913. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1913
Dispersion relation predictions for π, p scattering

The disl)ersion re l a t ions for f o r w a r d elast ic =, p s c a t t e r i n g were used b y PUPPI a n d ~TANGHEI ,LINI (1) tO c a l c u l a t e t h e rea l p a r t s D~)(,,~) of t h e f o r w a r d s c a t t e r i n g ampl i t udes . F o r ~+ sca t t e r ing , t h e va lues t h u s o b t a i n e d were in agreem e n t w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l resul ts , us ing as coup l ing c o n s t a n t
A Three-Dimensional Numerical Model of an Isolated Thunderstorm. Part II: Dynamics of Updraft Splitting and Mesovortex Couplet Evolution

Abstract This study analyzes the dynamics of an isolated convective storm embedded within marked ambient vertical wind shear dominated by low-level veering, as simulated by a three-dimensional anelastic numerical modeling experiment. Two particular aspects of the model results, namely, cell splitting and the development of a cyclonic-anticyclonic mesovortex couplet in the updraft, are of main interest. The analysis includes parcel trajectory calculations, decomposition of the pressure perturbation, and examination of the tilting and concentration (stretching) terms as contributors to vorticity generation. It is found that: 1) The updraft is fed by potentially warm low-level air from downshear. This is also the case for the lower part of the main downdraft, which is located upshear of the updraft. Potentially cold middle-level air originating from upshear of the cloud feeds the upper part of the mean downdraft, as well as a secondary downdraft that splits the updraft by propagating inward from the downshea...
Comparison of and investigation into the size effects on the rotational dynamics of two spherical molecules : CCl4 and C60

13C spin-lattice relaxation measurements were performed on CCl 4 and C 6 0 , two spherical molecules, to investigate the role of molecular size on reorientational dynamics. Measurements were taken at common temperatures and in a common environment; deuterated chlorobenzene-d 5 . Our data indicate that both CCl 4 and C 6 0 reorient in the small-step diffusion limit. Correlation times for CCl 4 were found to be smaller in CBZ than in the neat and much shorter than predicted by viscosity arguments. We have attributed the higher rotational freedom to higher "free volume" or lower solute-solvent contact probability, in CBZ than in the neat. Experimental τ C values for CCl 4 and C 6 0 in CBZ were found to be much different than those predicted by hydrodynamics. Pure inertia differences did not explain the disparities in the correlation times. However, a very reasonable explanation for our experimental findings was found by considering the solvent-to-probe molecular volume ratio and its effect on rotational diffusion. We applied four hydrodynamic-based theories to our data and found that the model by Gierer-Wirtz best duplicated our experimental observations. The success of this model suggests that the relative size of solute and solvent molecules, as well as events at the microscopic level, rather than bulk properties, are excellent descriptors of the factors affecting rotational diffusion.
Melatonin response to atenolol administration in depression: indication of β-adrenoceptor dysfunction in a subtype of depression

Objective: To investigate peripheral β-adrenoceptor sensitivity in depression by assessing urinary melatonin pre- and post-administration of atenolol. Method: Overnight urinary melatonin pre- and post-administration of 100 mg oral atenolol was assessed in 36 depressed subjects and 47 controls. Results: Baseline melatonin was significantly lower in depressed patients than controls (P=0.004). Melatonin following atenolol administration was strongly reduced in both groups (P < 0.0001). This reduction depends on whether the subject is a high or low (cutoff: 0.25 nmol/l) baseline melatonin excretor (P=0.025) and on whether he is depressed being a low excretor (P=0.048). A negative correlation (P=0.007) was found between melatonin decrease after atenolol and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score. Conclusion: Atenolol strongly reduces melatonin in depressed and control subjects; this decrease relates inversely to the severity of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, responsiveness to atenolol differs between low melatonin depressed patients and low excretor controls, alluding to β-adrenoceptor up-regulation in a subtype of depression.
Mothers Performing In-Home Measurement of Milk Intake during Breastfeeding for their Preterm Infants: Effect on Breastfeeding Outcomes at 1, 2 and 4 weeks Post-NICU Discharge

Mothers Performing In-Home Measurement of Milk Intake during Breastfeeding for their Preterm Infants: Effect on Breastfeeding Outcomes at 1, 2 and 4 weeks Post-NICU Discharge
Túnel : A case study of avian zooarchaeology and taphonomy

Although not often considered, there are many osteological characters unique to the avian skeleton that influence the taphonomy of bird bones. These characters are reviewed and their archaeological significance discussed herein. The presence of marrow in many avian long bones is important to interpretation of avian remains from archaeological sites because the presence of marrow affects bone density and, in turn, preservation. Other structural properties that affect avian bone preservation include cortical wall thickness, length and pneumatic state. Based on an analysis of approximately 10,000 bird bones from the archaeological site of Tunel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, I found that specific breakage patterns resulted from natural taphonomic processes acting as a result of the unique avian bone characteristics. This information may allow researchers to distinguish breakage patterns in avian bones resulting from natural taphonomic processes from breakage patterns that are culturally induced.
Macrophage-induced cytostasis: kinetic analysis of bromodeoxyuridine-pulsed cells

The effect of tumoricidal macrophages on the cell cycle progression of six different cell lines was studied using an anti-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) monoclonal antibody to follow the traverse of BrdUrd-labeled cells. Exponentially growing cultured mammalian cells, from six different cell lines, were prepulsed with BrdUrd before exposure to tumoricidal macrophages. The cultured cells were then analyzed as a function of time for DNA content (by propidium iodide staining) and for BrdUrd incorporation (using a fluoresceini-sothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-BrdUrd monoclonal antibody). The position of the cells in cycle and the progression of the BrdUrd-labeled cohort was followed using flow cytometry. The cell lines examined were: Colon 26; BALB/c-3T3, ST3T3 (a spontaneously transformed, tumorigenic clone of 3T3), WCHE5 (a clone of whole Chinese hamster embryo cells), RIF (a radiation-induced fibrosarcoma), and A101D (a human melanoma). The bivariate distributions showed that for all six cell lines the BrdUrd-labeled cohort in the control cultures progressed around the cell cycle during the first 12 h of culture, as the cells exponentially increased. In contrast, when each cell line was incubated with tumoricidal macrophages, the BrdUrd-labeled cohort did not progress through cell cycle but remained in S phase throughout the 12-h culture period. There was also no evidencemore » for progression of cells out of G/sub 1/. The data show that cells were arrested in every phase of cell cycle. This study suggests that cytostasis, as manifested by the termination of progression in all phases of the cell cycle, is a universal phenomenon induced by tumoricidal macrophages. 20 references, 4 figures.« less
Assessment of Pain and Analgesic Use in African American Cancer Patients: Factors Related to Adherence to Analgesics

This study describes pain experience, analgesic use and barriers to pain control in African American cancer patients (N = 116). The overall adherence rate of analgesics was 46%. Constipation and nausea were the most commonly cited side effects of analgesics. Eighty-seven percent of patients reported concern about addiction to analgesics. Patients who believed their doctor needed to focus on curing illness rather than on controlling pain tended to comply with analgesic prescriptions (r = 0.20, p < 0.05). Patients with concerns that analgesics may cause confusion were less likely to take any type of analgesics (r = −0.16, p < 0.05). The study confirms that a patient’s perceived barriers influence their decision to take analgesics, and also suggests that African American cancer patients may benefit from education that prevents misconceptions about analgesic use.
Mutations affecting Ty-mediated expression of the HIS4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have identified mutations in seven unlinked genes ( SPT genes) that affect the phenotypes of Ty and δ insertion mutations in the 5′ noncoding region of the HIS4 gene of S. cerevisiae. Spt mutants were selected for suppression of his4-912δ , a solo δ derivative of Ty912. Other Ty and δ insertions at HIS4 are suppressed by mutations in some but not all of the SPT genes. Only spt4 suppresses a non-Ty insertion at HIS4 . In addition to their effects on Ty and δ insertions, mutations in several SPT genes show defects in general cellular functions—mating. DNA repair and growth.
Investigating the interplay between structure and information and communications technology in the real estate industry

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are reshaping many industries, often by reshaping how information is shared. However, while the effects and uses of ICT are often associated with organizations (and industries), their use occurs at the individual level. To explore the relationships between individual uses of ICT and changes to organization and industry structures, we examined the residential real estate industry. As agents, buyers and sellers increase their uses of ICT, they also change how they approach their daily work. The increasing uses of ICT are simultaneously altering industry structures by subverting some of the realtors’ control over information while also reinforcing the existing contract‐based structures. This structurational perspective and our findings help to explain why information intermediaries persist when technology‐based perspectives would suggest their disappearance.
Ratings of characteristics of ethnic groups by authoritarians and nonauthoritarians when stereotypes vary in favorability.

Szrmmory.-White non-Jewish participants in che 1990 General Social Survey with low scores on Tolerance of deviation ("Intolerant"), a measure of authoritarianism, rated African Americans more unfavorably than did Toleram respondents on nvo traits, intelligence and laziness, when stereotypes about the Latter group are unfavorable. But the Intolerant were not more negative in their evaluations than the Tolerant when Jews, a group for whom the stereotypes on these traits are favorable, \\!ere rated. The Intolerant rated Jews more favorably on intelligence, and their ratings of laziness did not diFFer from chose by the Tolerant. Conventionality and negativity toward outgroups have both been viewed as basic elements of the authoritarian syndrome since the original formulation by the Adorno group (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950). There has been much evidence that those scoring high in authoritarianism are more prejudiced than those scoring low in authoritarianism (Altemeyer, 1996) However, the prejudiced response has often also been a conventional one because it has been consistent with negative stereotypes in the general public, as in the American South of the recent past (Pettigrew, 1959). The question of how authoritarians and nonauthoritarians compare when the conventional evaluation is favorable rather than unfavorable has been neglected, and it is not dear whether the tendency of authoritarians to denigrate minority groups would result in lower evaluations by them when a stereotype is favorable. There has long been evidence of the conformity and conventionahty of authoritarians (see Raden, 1982). Thus, another possibhty is that given their conformity, authoritarians would accept a favorable stereotype, even though it deals with a minority group, sufficiently that they would not dlffer from nonauthoritarians or perhaps even exceed them in favorabilicy. The purpose of chis study was to use the full national probability sample of the 1990 General Social Survey to contrast the ethnic evaluations by persons high and low on an authoritarianism measure, both when stereotypes about an outgroup were favorable and when they were unfavorable. METHOD
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis as an Evaluation Tool

Cost-effectiveness analysis refers to evaluations that consider both the costs and consequences of alternatives. It is a decision-oriented tool that is designed to ascertain the most efficient means of attaining particular educational goals. For example, there are many alternative approaches for pursuing such goals as raising reading or mathematics achievement. These include the adoption of new materials or curriculum, teacher training, educational television, computer- assisted instruction, smaller class sizes, and so on. It is possible that all of these alternatives, when well-implemented, have a positive effect on student achievement. Often the one that is recommended is the one with the largest apparent effect.
Group Size and Its Effects on Collective Organization

Many insects and arthropods live in colonies or aggregations of varying size. Group size may affect collective organization either because the same individual behavior has different consequences when displayed in a larger group or because larger groups are subject to different constraints and selection pressures than smaller groups. In eusocial colonies, group size may have similar effects on colony traits as body size has on organismal traits. Social insects may, therefore, be useful to test theories about general principles of scaling, as they constitute a distinct level of organization. However, there is a surprising lack of data on group sizes in social insects and other group-living arthropods, and multiple confounding factors have to be controlled to detect effects of group size. If such rigorous studies are performed, group size may become as important to understanding collective organization as is body size in explaining behavior and life history of individual organisms.
Transmission of Relaxin from Lactating Bitches to Their Offspring Via Suckling

The 6-kDa polypeptide hormone relaxin (Rlx) has been identified in human and bovine milk, and we recently reported its presence in canine milk. We postulated that Rlx might be transferred via suckling to the newborn pups, where, by virtue of its known effects to increase the distensibility of the pelvic connective tissues, it could play a role in causing the excessive laxity of the capsule and ligaments of the coxofemoral joint that precedes the development of hip dysplasia in genetically predisposed animals. Rlx was found in the serum of dysplastic (HD + ) bitches for up to 6 wk of lactation, whereas it was detected in the serum of nondysplastic (HD-) bitches for only 1-2 wk of lactation. Rlx concentrations in milk were up to 60-fold greater than in serum. Milk Rix levels varied markedly, but were highest during the first week of lactation and decreased thereafter. There were no significant differences in milk Rlx concentrations between HD + and HD- bitches. Although the source of Rlx in milk is unknown, it cannot be the ovary or uterus, since hystero-ovariectomy performed at the time of cesarean section did not eliminate Rlx from milk during subsequent lactation. In serum samples taken from newborn pups before suckling, there were significant quantities of Rlx, demonstrating that the hormone enters the fetus in utero. However, Rlx rapidly disappears from serum of pups prevented from suckling for five hours. Daily ingestion of milk sustained a low but significant level of relaxin in a litter of pups for up to 30 days of lactation, and orally administered porcine relaxin was rapidly absorbed into the circulation of newborn pups. Relaxin extracted from canine placentas and tested in the mouse pubic symphysis direct measurement assay has been demonstrated to alter pelvic connective tissues. Partially purified canine placental Rlx exerted typical Rlx-like activity in the mice. In summary, Rlx is transmitted from bitches to their suckling young via their milk and is absorbed into the circulation of the pups. Canine Rlx induces a typical pelvic "relaxation" in mice. We therefore suggest that Rlx may play a role in causing the laxity of the coxofemoral joint that leads to hip dysplasia in genetically predisposed pups.
Lower estimates of generalized subharmonic functions

Lower estimates of generalized subharmonic functions, associated with the stationary Schrodinger operator, and upper estimates of their differences are proved outside of some exceptional sets.
Modeling of a concentrating photovoltaic system for optimum land use

Concentrating photovoltaic solar power plants using dual-axis trackers are in increasing demand. In a utility-scale photovoltaic system, both capacity factor and ground coverage ratio are widely used to characterize systems in view of the land use efficiency. Current system modeling approaches lack accurate location-specific direct normal irradiance (DNI), miss a reliable electrical model for power optimization and conversion and are inadequate for optimizing the tracker array configuration. In this paper, a comprehensive modeling of a concentrating photovoltaic system is introduced. First, a more accurate estimation of hourly DNI is obtained by considering location-dependent DNI and air mass changes according to the sun's elevation. Second, mismatch effects of modules are factored in. Third, various power optimization and conversion levels are taken into account for optimization with self-shading in each module. The tracker array configuration has been optimized to maximize energy harvest by getting a maximum capacity factor for a given ground coverage ratio. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in the United States

We examine financial literacy in the United States using the new National Financial Capability Study, wherein we demonstrate that financial literacy is particularly low among the young, women, and the less-educated. Moreover, Hispanics and African-Americans score the least well on financial literacy concepts. Interestingly, all groups rate themselves as rather well-informed about financial matters, notwithstanding their actual performance on the key literacy questions. Finally, we show that people who score higher on the financial literacy questions are also much more likely to plan for retirement, which is likely to leave them better positioned for old-age. Our results will inform those seeking to target financial literacy programs to those in most need.
Evaluation of a Parent Led Curriculum in Developmental Disabilities for Pediatric and Medicine/Pediatric Residents

Families of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) want to partner with their physicians to provide family-centered care and a medical home for their children. A parent group independently developed a parent-led curriculum to assist in the training of residents for this purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate pediatric residents’ satisfaction with and perceived relevance of this parent-led curriculum demonstrating the effects a disability has on the child and family. From 2002 to 2009, 188 residents participated in a parent interview and a home visit with families of CSHCN through Project DOCCSM (Delivery of Chronic Care), as part of their required developmental disabilities rotation. Residents voluntarily completed anonymous quantitative surveys regarding the parent interview and home visit, rating the Parent Presenters, Information Provided, Depth of Coverage, Relevance to Future Practice, and Overall Satisfaction. Scores were reported on a Likert scale: 1 = Poor, 2 = Fair, 3 = Satisfactory, 4 = Very Good, and 5 = Excellent. Qualitative comments regarding the residents’ experience on the quality and relevance of the curriculum were also received. 112 (60 %) residents completed the survey for the parent interview and 96 (51 %) for the home visit. Average scores and standard deviations were calculated for each variable. Results for the parent interview: Presenters = 4.76 ± 0.52, Information = 4.40 ± 0.73, Depth = 4.59 ± 0.67, Relevance = 4.47 ± 0.73, and Satisfaction = 4.64 ± 0.60. Results for the home visit: Presenters = 4.68 ± 0.62, Information = 4.25 ± 0.89, Depth = 4.46 ± 0.82, Relevance = 4.40 ± 0.75, and Satisfaction = 4.49 ± 0.74. The overall experience was favorable with qualitative comments such as: excellent, eye opening, humbling, informative, valuable, and relevant. Pediatric residents rated this parent-led curriculum “very good” to “excellent” overall. Residents were highly satisfied with all areas assessed and felt that it was relevant to their future practices. Parent-led curricula regarding care of children with disabilities can be incorporated into and enhance pediatric resident training programs.
Stored Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particles in Differentiated Sclerotia of Physarum polycephalum

Starvation induces vegetative microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum to differentiate into translationally-dormant sclerotia. The existence and the biochemical nature of stored mRNA in sclerotia is examined in this report. The sclerotia contain about 50% of the poly(A)-containing RNA [poly(A)+RNA] complement of microplasmodia as determined by [3H]-poly(U) hybridization. The sclerotial poly(A)+RNA sequences are associated with proteins in a ribonucleoprotein complex [poly(A)+mRNP] which sediments more slowly than the polysomes. Sclerotial poly(A)+RNP sediments more rapidly than poly(A)+RNP derived from the polysomes of microplasmodia despite the occurrence of poly(A)+RNA molecules of a similar size in both particles suggesting the existence of differences in protein composition. Isolation of poly(A)+RNP by oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography and the analysis of its associated proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that sclerotial poly(A)+RNP contains at least 14 major polypeptides, 11 of which are different in electrophoretic mobility from the polypeptides found in polysomal poly(A)+RNP. Three of the sclerotial poly(A)+RNP polypeptides are associated with the poly(A) sequence (18, 46, and 52 × 103 mol. wt. components), while the remaining eight are presumably bound to non-poly(A) portions of the poly(A)+RNA. Although distinct from polysomal poly(A)+RNP, the sclerotial poly(A)+RNP is similar in sedimentation behavior and protein composition (with two exceptions) to the microplasmodial free cytoplasmic poly(A)+RNP. The results suggest that dormant sclerotia store mRNA sequences in association with a distinct set of proteins and that these proteins are similar to those associated with the free cytoplasmic poly(A)+RNP of vegetative plasmodia.
Methodology to Assess Traffic Signal Transition Strategies for Exit Preemption Control

Enabling vehicles to preempt the normal operation of traffic signals has the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of both the requesting vehicle and all other vehicles. Little is known about which strategy is the most effective to exit from preemption control and transition back to the normal traffic signal timing plan. This research evaluates the commonly available transition strategies: best-way, long, short, and hold strategies. The major contribution of this research is to enhance the methodology to evaluate the impacts of using these alternative transition strategies with the software-in-the-loop simulation tool. The research concludes that a statistically significant interaction exists between traffic volume levels and traffic signal transition strategies; this eliminates the ability to determine the isolated effects of either the transition strategies on average travel delay and average travel time or the effects of changes in traffic volume levels on average travel delay and average trav...
Raising the Bar for Reproducible Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development

Considerable concern has been raised regarding research reproducibility both within and outside the scientific community. Several factors possibly contribute to a lack of reproducibility, including a failure to adequately employ statistical considerations during study design, bias in sample selection or subject recruitment, errors in developing data inclusion/exclusion criteria, and flawed statistical analysis. To address some of these issues, several publishers have developed checklists that authors must complete. Others have either enhanced statistical expertise on existing editorial boards, or formed distinct statistics editorial boards. Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, already has a strong Quality Assurance Program, an initiative was undertaken to further strengthen statistics consideration and other factors in study design and also to ensure these same factors are evaluated during the review and approval of study protocols. To raise awareness of the importance of statistical issues and provide a forum for robust discussion, a Community of Practice for Statistics was formed in January 2014. In addition, three working groups were established to develop a series of questions or criteria that should be considered when designing or reviewing experimental, observational, or modeling focused research. This article describes the process used to develop these study design guidance documents, their contents, how they are being employed by the Agency’s research enterprise, and expected benefits to Agency science. The process and guidance documents presented here may be of utility for any research enterprise interested in enhancing the reproducibility of its science.