cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferring latent user properties from texts published in social media

We demonstrate an approach to predict latent personal attributes including user demographics, online personality, emotions and sentiments from texts published on Twitter. We rely on machine learning and natural language processing techniques to learn models from user communications. We first examine individual tweets to detect emotions and opinions emanating from them, and then analyze all the tweets published by a user to infer latent traits of that individual. We consider various user properties including age, gender, income, education, relationship status, optimism and life satisfaction. We focus on Ekman's six emotions: anger, joy, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness. Our work can help social network users to understand how others may perceive them based on how they communicate in social media, in addition to its evident applications in online sales and marketing, targeted advertising, large scale polling and healthcare analytics.
Protein delivery of a Ni catalyst to photosystem I for light-driven hydrogen production.

The direct conversion of sunlight into fuel is a promising means for the production of storable renewable energy. Herein, we use Nature’s specialized photosynthetic machinery found in the Photosystem I (PSI) protein to drive solar fuel production from a nickel diphosphine molecular catalyst. Upon exposure to visible light, a self-assembled PSI-[Ni(P2PhN2Ph)2](BF4)2 hybrid generates H2 at a rate 2 orders of magnitude greater than rates reported for photosensitizer/[Ni(P2PhN2Ph)2](BF4)2 systems. The protein environment enables photocatalysis at pH 6.3 in completely aqueous conditions. In addition, we have developed a strategy for incorporating the Ni molecular catalyst with the native acceptor protein of PSI, flavodoxin. Photocatalysis experiments with this modified flavodoxin demonstrate a new mechanism for biohybrid creation that involves protein-directed delivery of a molecular catalyst to the reducing side of Photosystem I for light-driven catalysis. This work further establishes strategies for construc...
IDENTIFICATION AND TYPING OF STRAINS OF FLAVOBACTERIUM MENINGOSEPTICUM AND PASTEURELLA HEMOLYTICA BY THE GEL DIFFUSION TECHNIC.

Numerous antigens, including many of bacterial origin (Allison et al, 1960; Borchardt et al, 1963; Crockson, 1963; Ellner and Bohan, 1962; Kagan and Norman, 1961; Mansi, 1957; Oeding and Haukenes, 1963; Olitzki, 1960; Strannegard, 1962; Surgalla et al, 1952), have been studied by the gel diffusion technic, with extension of the procedure to serologic typing in certain instances (Jensen, 1961; Lancaster and Sherris, 1960; Muraschi and Tompkins, 1963; Redfearn and Berman, 1960; Slaterus, 1961). In studies we made of Flavobacterium meningosepticum and Pasteurella hemolytica the gel diffusion test proved valuable both in identifying and in typing of strains.
Effect of an additional ring profile on transmission characteristics of 1.55-μm dispersion- shifted fibers

Various types of 1.55-μm dispersion-shifted fiber have been presented. Among them, triangular core1 and similar fibers have the advantage in terms of optical loss. Recently, a triangular profile with a ring in the cladding was proposed to minimize the bending loss.2 Our paper now describes the effect of the ring on the transmission characteristics of triangular and Gaussian core fibers.3
Inhibition of Recovery From Bleomycin-Induced Potentially Lethal Damage

Mammalian cells are able to recover from bleomycin (Bleo)-induced potentially lethal damage. We examined the influences of inhibitors of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis on that recovery. Cytosine arabinoside and cycloheximide did not inhibit recovery from Bleo-induced damage; however, actinomycin D (Act D) did inhibit it. At a dose that produced minimal cell killing and inhibited only RNA synthesis, inhibition of recovery by Act D was immediate and complete.
Radiation from an axial electric dipole with oblate spheroidal metamaterial cloak cover

Exact analytical expressions for the electromagnetic field due to an electric dipole source located inside and along the axis of symmetry of an oblate spheroid are derived. The spheroid is made of a penetrable, linear, isotropic, homogeneous and lossless material whose propagation constant is either equal (isorefractive cloak) or of opposite sign (anti-isorefractive metamaterial cloak) to the propagation constant of the medium surrounding the spheroid. In particular, the influence of the spheroidal material on the radiation pattern of the spheroid is examined.
42 Cases gastric hemorrhage of newborn infant treated with omeprazol (Losec) intravenous infusion

Objective: Compare observed to two groups gastric hemorrhage of newborn infants treated with omeprazol (Losec) and cimetidine intravenous infusion. Methods: Omeprazol 0. 6 ~ 0. 8 mg/kg intravenous infusion once every day. Results: 40 Cases have more effect in 42 observed group and effect rate were 95. 2% , 19 cases have more effect in 42 control group and effect rate were 45. 2%. Compare with two groups ( P 0. 01) effect different significantly. Conclusion: Gastric hemorrhage of newborn infant treated with omeprazol intravenous infusion cease the bleeding more quickly and continuously so more effect, we have no found any side - effect in treated usual dosage.
Laparoscopic splenectomy in children.

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic splenectomy is being performed more commonly in children, although its advantages are not clear. We sought to determine whether laparoscopic splenectomy was superior to open splenectomy. METHODS The records of all pediatric patients undergoing splenectomy without significant comorbidities over a 12-year period were examined. The patients were divided into those undergoing laparoscopic splenectomy and those undergoing open splenectomy. Demographics, operative time, estimated blood loss, spleen size, length of stay, and total charges were compared between the groups. RESULTS Eighty-one (58%) children underwent laparoscopic splenectomy, and 59 (42%) children underwent open splenectomy. The groups were similar in age and sex; hereditary spherocytosis was more common in the LS group. Operating time was longer in the laparoscopic splenectomy group (231 +/- 10 min vs 138 +/- 9 min; P<0.001), but blood loss and complication rates were similar. Twelve (15%) conversions were necessary primarily due to spleen size. Although children undergoing LS had a shorter length of stay (2.4 +/- 0.1 vs 4.1 +/- 0.3 days; P<0.001), they incurred higher charges (dollars 21199 +/- 664 vs dollars 15723 +/- 1737; P<0.002). CONCLUSION Laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe procedure in children, resulting in shorter hospital stay, which may translate into earlier return to activity and a smaller burden on the child's caretakers.
Oxygen Monitoring and Use in the Drowning Victim

The optimal use of inspired O2 is one of the most controversial areas in contemporary resuscitation [1]. Before discussing the studies supporting the recommendation, it is important to review information that is essential to a basic understanding of O2-related physiology.
Abstract LB-299: Enhanced inhibitory effects on mutant KrasG12D-initiated murine pancreatic carcinoma growth in Fat-1 transgenic mice treated with soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor t-AUCB

Anti-carcinogenic effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) are well known; but the mechanism/s remains unclear. Of the three metabolic pathways (COX, LOX, and CYP), ω-3 PUFAs are predominantly metabolized by cyto-p450 epoxygenase/s, leading to an accumulation of ω-3 epoxy fatty acid (ω-3 epoxides), and ω-3 PUFAs are poor substrates of COX and LOX. Functional studies indicate that ω-3 epoxides are highly potential metabolites responsible for anti-inflammatory/carcinogenic actions. However, under physiologic conditions, these ω-3 epoxides are quickly inactivated by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to the diol products, and a sEH inhibitor appears crucial to stabilizing/enhancing the actions of these ω-3 epoxides. Fat1 transgenic mouse constitutively converts ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs in all organs and are an efficient model to study ω-3 PUFAs. Herein, we have determined if a potent sEH inhibitor t-AUCB enhanced the inhibitory effect on mutant KrasG12D-initiated pancreatic cancer growth in Fat-1 mice and further determined the metabolic profile of ω-3 PUFAs, particularly on epoxide metabolites. Using an implanted mouse pancreatic carcinoma model (PK03 cell line, obtained from LSL-KrasG12D/Pdx1-Cre mice), a significant reduction of in vivo implanted PK03 pancreatic carcinoma growth was observed in Fat1 mice compared to wild type mice (Tumor volume: 355 ± 50 vs 519 ± 61 mm3, P Citation Format: Jie Liao, Rong Xia, Jun Yang, Haonan Li, Dandan Xu, Xueyan Wang, Xiaoming You, Sung Hee Hwang, Bruce Hammock, Guang-Yu Yang. Enhanced inhibitory effects on mutant KrasG12D-initiated murine pancreatic carcinoma growth in Fat-1 transgenic mice treated with soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor t-AUCB. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-299.
Critical behavior of quasi-two-dimensional semiconducting ferromagnet Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6

The critical properties of the single-crystalline semiconducting ferromagnet ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$ were investigated by bulk dc magnetization around the paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition. Critical exponents $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ with a critical temperature ${T}_{c}=62.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ K and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ with ${T}_{c}=62.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ K are obtained by the Kouvel-Fisher method whereas $\ensuremath{\delta}=7.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ is obtained by a critical isotherm analysis at ${T}_{c}=62.7$ K. These critical exponents obey the Widom scaling relation $\ensuremath{\delta}=1+\ensuremath{\gamma}/\ensuremath{\beta}$, indicating self-consistency of the obtained values. With these critical exponents the isotherm $M(H)$ curves below and above the critical temperatures collapse into two independent universal branches, obeying the single scaling equation $m={f}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}(h)$, where $m$ and $h$ are renormalized magnetization and field, respectively. The determined exponents match well with those calculated from the results of the renormalization group approach for a two-dimensional Ising system coupled with a long-range interaction between spins decaying as $J(r)\ensuremath{\approx}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}(d+\ensuremath{\sigma})}$ with $\ensuremath{\sigma}=1.52$.
Paragon-a mixed-signal behavioral modeling environment

A novel, mixed-signal behavioral modeling environment for the creation, testing and validation of hardware description language based models is presented. The environment presently supports the generation of multiple hardware description languages including VHDL-AMS, MAST and Verilog-A. The software architecture and feature set of the environment is described. The utility of Paragon is illustrated through examples.
Modeling the P300-based brain-computer interface as a channel with memory

The P300 speller is a brain-computer interface that enables people with severe neuromuscular disorders to communicate. It is based on eliciting and detecting event-related potentials (ERP) in electroencephalography (EEG) measurements, in response to rare target stimulus events. One of the challenges to fast and reliable communication is the fact that the P300-based ERP has a refractory period that induces temporal dependence in the user's EEG responses. Refractory effects negatively affects the performance of the speller. The contribution of this paper is to provide a model for the P300 speller as a communication process with memory to account for refractory effects. Using this model, we design codebooks that maximize the mutual information rate between the user's desired characters and the measured EEG responses to the stimulus events. We show simulation results that compare our codebook with other codebooks described in literature.
Uncoupling apical constriction from tissue invagination.

Many organs in the human body – like the kidneys, lungs, and salivary glands – are organized as a single layer of cells that surround a hollow tube. There are a number of ways that cells can achieve this particular arrangement. In one mechanism, a small group of cells bud out of a single cell layer to become the end of a new tube or a new branch of an existing tube. Since all the cells are still connected, the first cells bring their neighbouring cells along behind them, rearranging these cells to form the walls of a tube. In addition to changing position, the cells must change their shape to form a tube. One crucial change in cell shape is called apical constriction, and involves the side of the cell facing the inside of the tube becoming smaller than the other sides. This creates cells with a wedge-like shape that can fit together to form the curved wall of the tube, similar to shaped bricks in an archway. Apical constriction has been widely studied and is controlled by proteins that act like motors moving along protein-based filaments; however the roles of apical constriction in tube formation have not been fully explained. Using the developing salivary glands of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Chung et al. confirmed that the motor protein known as myosin II controls apical constriction during tissue invagination. Further examination showed that proteins (called Fork Head and Fog) activate and localize an enzyme (Rho kinase) to control the localized accumulation of myosin II and thereby control apical constriction. Chung et al. then showed that salivary glands could still form tubes if apical constriction was blocked, indicating that it is not an essential part of tissue invagination in this organ. However, blocking apical constriction led the tube to develop unusual shapes at intermediate stages. More work is now needed to better understand the links between apical constriction, cell rearrangement and tissue invagination. These processes are fundamental for organs to form correctly in many organisms and understanding their control could have wide-ranging impacts. A better understanding of these processes may provide insight into how the tubes can form while keeping all the cells adequately supplied with oxygen and nutrients, and into diseases that result if there are defects in the invagination process.
Introduction: Breaking the Cycle of Obesity in Mothers and Children

Obesity in pregnancy is part of a vicious cycle that contributes to the epidemic of obesity and diabetes across generations. Breaking the cycle of transgenerational obesity will require a better understanding of the epidemiological and clinical aspects of obesity as well as the translation of science into standardized clinical care and targeted interventions across the life span of women and children. The objective of this book is to (1) summarize the state of the science of perinatal obesity and (2) provide clinicians with the information they need to effectively care for their patients during this important teachable moment in their lives.
Molecules as wires: Molecule-assisted movement of charge and energy

In this chapter, we explore experimental and theoretical aspects of molecular wire-like charge transport from the mechanistic point of view. We discuss competition between coherent superexchange and sequential mechanisms of transport through donor-bridge-acceptor systems, where the donor and acceptor are either molecules or metal/semiconductor contacts. The focus is on the two major determinants of mechanism: electronic coupling and energy level matching. Some methods of calculating conductance are outlined, and the relationship between conductance in a metal/molecule/metal junction and electron transfer, where donor and acceptor have relatively discrete electronic energy levels is explored. Finally, we give several examples of chemical systems that have displayed wire-like behavior and discuss their characterization.
What is the extent of the AYA gap for young adults with cancer

6591 Background: Poorer outcome is documented among AYA (15-39y at diagnosis [dx]) with cancer as compared to younger (<15y) or older (40-65y) patients with similar dx, coining the term AYA Gap. Wh...
The PD-1: PD-L1 pathway promotes development of brain-resident memory T cells following acute viral encephalitis.

Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that during acute viral brain infection, glial cells modulate antiviral T cell effector responses through the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway, thereby limiting the deleterious consequences of unrestrained neuroinflammation. Here, we evaluated the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway in development of brain-resident memory T cells (bTRM) following murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Flow cytometric analysis of immune cells was performed at 7, 14, and 30 days post-infection (dpi) to assess the shift of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cell populations from short-lived effector cells (SLEC) to memory precursor effector cells (MPEC), as well as generation of bTRMs. In wild-type (WT) animals, we observed a switch in the phenotype of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cell populations from KLRG1+ CD127− (SLEC) to KLRG1− CD127+ (MPEC) during transition from acute through chronic phases of infection. At 14 and 30 dpi, the majority of CD8+ T cells expressed CD127, a marker of memory cells. In contrast, fewer CD8+ T cells expressed CD127 within brains of infected, PD-L1 knockout (KO) animals. Notably, in WT mice, a large population of CD8+ T cells was phenotyped as CD103+ CD69+, markers of bTRM, and differences were observed in the numbers of these cells when compared to PD-L1 KOs. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that brain-resident CD103+ bTRM cells were localized to the parenchyma. Higher frequencies of CXCR3 were also observed among WT animals in contrast to PD-L1 KOs. Taken together, our results indicate that bTRMs are present within the CNS following viral infection and the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway plays a role in the generation of this brain-resident population.
Photoacoustic based visual servoing of needle tips to improve biopsy on obese patients

For many routine surgeries and procedures, such as liver biopsies, obese patients present an increased challenge. In liver biopsies, it is more difficult to visualize the needle tip in realtime abdominal ultrasound images, particularly when multiple layers of fat and other tissues obscure needle localization, which results in multiple needle passes to obtain an adequate biopsy sample. This work aims to develop a robotic system that can autonomously and robustly follow a biopsy needle regardless of the tissue medium by using photoacoustic imaging. Our system consists of a robotically controlled ultrasound probe that continually visualizes the location of the biopsy needle tip by segmenting photoacoustic signals generated from an optical fiber inside the needle. This system was able to track and remain centered over a needle inserted in fat, muscle, and liver tissue with mean errors of less than 1mm, and it successfully recovered from a perturbation of the ultrasound transducer that caused the needle to exit the image plane. Our results show promise for guiding biopsies in obese patients with this novel system.
Focused ultrasound in neurosurgery: a historical perspective

Focused ultrasound (FUS) has been under investigation for neurosurgical applications since the 1940s. Early experiments demonstrated ultrasound as an effective tool for the creation of intracranial lesions; however, they were limited by the need for craniotomy to avoid trajectory damage and wave distortion by the skull, and they also lacked effective techniques for monitoring. Since then, the development and hemispheric distribution of phased arrays has resolved the issue of the skull and allowed for a completely transcranial procedure. Similarly, advances in MR technology have allowed for the real-time guidance of FUS procedures using MR thermometry. MR-guided FUS (MRgFUS) has primarily been investigated for its thermal lesioning capabilities and was recently approved for use in essential tremor. In this capacity, the use of MRgFUS is being investigated for other ablative indications in functional neurosurgery and neurooncology. Other applications of MRgFUS that are under active investigation include opening of the blood-brain barrier to facilitate delivery of therapeutic agents, neuromodulation, and thrombolysis. These recent advances suggest a promising future for MRgFUS as a viable and noninvasive neurosurgical tool, with strong potential for yet-unrealized applications.
Intimations of democratic impatience: The Book of Job

This article challenges democratic theorists’ disregard for democratic impatience by showing that the Book of Job not only defends impatience but that it intimates the merits of democratic impatien...
Maintaining oncologic integrity with minimally invasive resection of pediatric embryonal tumors.

BACKGROUND Embryonal tumors arise typically in infants and young children and are often massive at presentation. Operative resection is a cornerstone in the multimodal treatment of embryonal tumors but potentially disrupts therapeutic timelines. When used appropriately, minimally invasive surgery can minimize treatment delays. The oncologic integrity and safety attainable with minimally invasive resection of embryonal tumors, however, remains controversial. METHODS Query of the Vanderbilt Cancer Registry identified all children treated for intracavitary, embryonal tumors during a 15-year period. Tumors were assessed radiographically to measure volume (mL) and image-defined risk factors (neuroblastic tumors only) at time of diagnosis, and at preresection and postresection. Patient and tumor characteristics, perioperative details, and oncologic outcomes were compared between minimally invasive surgery and open resection of tumors of comparable size. RESULTS A total of 202 patients were treated for 206 intracavitary embryonal tumors, of which 178 were resected either open (n = 152, 85%) or with minimally invasive surgery (n = 26, 15%). The 5-year, relapse-free, and overall survival were not significantly different after minimally invasive surgery or open resection of tumors having a volume less than 100 mL, corresponding to the largest resected with minimally invasive surgery (P = .249 and P = .124, respectively). No difference in margin status or lymph node sampling between the 2 operative approaches was detected (p = .333 and p = .070, respectively). Advantages associated with minimally invasive surgery were decreased blood loss (P < .001), decreased operating time (P = .002), and shorter hospital stay (P < .001). Characteristically, minimally invasive surgery was used for smaller volume and earlier stage neuroblastic tumors without image-defined risk factors. CONCLUSION When selected appropriately, minimally invasive resection of pediatric embryonal tumors, particularly neuroblastic tumors, provides acceptable oncologic integrity. Large tumor volume, small patient size, and image-defined risk factors may limit the broader applicability of minimally invasive surgery.
An Infinite-Dimensional $\square_q$-Module Obtained from the $q$-Shuffle Algebra for Affine $\mathfrak{sl}_2$

Let $\mathbb F$ denote a field, and pick a nonzero $q \in \mathbb F$ that is not a root of unity. Let $\mathbb Z_4=\mathbb Z/4 \mathbb Z$ denote the cyclic group of order 4. Define a unital associative ${\mathbb F}$-algebra $\square_q$ by generators $\lbrace x_i \rbrace_{i \in \mathbb Z_4}$ and relations $$\frac{q x_i x_{i+1}-q^{-1}x_{i+1}x_i}{q-q^{-1}} = 1,\qquad x^3_i x_{i+2} - \lbrack 3 \rbrack_q x^2_i x_{i+2} x_i + \lbrack 3 \rbrack_q x_i x_{i+2} x^2_i -x_{i+2} x^3_i = 0,$$ where $\lbrack 3 \rbrack_q = \big(q^3-q^{-3}\big)/\big(q-q^{-1}\big)$. Let $V$ denote a $\square_q$-module. A vector $\xi\in V$ is called NIL whenever $x_1 \xi = 0 $ and $x_3 \xi=0$ and $\xi \not=0$. The $\square_q$-module $V$ is called NIL whenever $V$ is generated by a NIL vector. We show that up to isomorphism there exists a unique NIL $\square_q$-module, and it is irreducible and infinite-dimensional. We describe this module from sixteen points of view. In this description an important role is played by the $q$-shuffle algebra for affine $\mathfrak{sl}_2$.
Psychotherapie und Psychopharmakotherapie in der Behandlung Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörungen

Stresreaktionen nach abnormen Belastungen, wie z. B. Kriegserlebnissen, sind seit der Antike beschrieben. Jungere Schilderungen der Symptomatik tragen die Begriffe: „DaCosta-Syndrom“, „Unfallneurose“, „Granatenschock“, „Uberlebenden-Syndrom“, „Posttraumatic Stress Disorder“ und in der deutschen Ubersetzung der ICD 10 sowie des DSM-IV (APA, 1994) den Begriff der „Posttraumatischen Belastungsstorung“ (PTBS). Diese Begriffe spiegeln die unterschiedlichen Ursachen (z. B. Granatenbeschus) wie auch verschiedene Konzepte der Auswirkungen auf das Opfer (z. B. Neurose, Herz-Kreislauf-Regulationsstorungen) wider.
Long-term quality of life measures after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease that has a significant impact on quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the longer-term effects of combined medical ...
Bodies and Motions

Mechanics is a classical subject, and any good course necessarily contains much old material, often merely repeated, oftener recast in a form useful in a new context. The recent renascence of mechanics broadened and deepened it but rather elevated than annulled the older parts of the subject. The classical nature of mechanics reflects its greatness: Ever old and ever new, it continues to pour out for us understanding and application, linking a changing world to unchanged law. My lectures will include topics with which most listeners are already familiar, but I hope that in the greater generality and compactness of the modern approach, these classical areas will be welcome as a foundation and as a guide to method and viewpoint.
Going among Them: The Evolution of the Home Visit

The methods, motives and objectives of home visiting have been ignored by most social work historians, while the profession of social work has become almost universally associated with this practice by the public. This paper examines the historical, social, and political implications of home visiting from the founders of the profession to the present day, suggesting a revitalization of this taken for granted practice for the purpose of collecting "social evidence" to be used for social reform. Much attention has been paid to the philosophical, scientific, moral and institutional roots of the profession of social work. Mencher has traced the profession's ideologies on the nature of man and society from their origins in British Poor Law to their transplantation in the American colonies and beyond. 1 Klein has reviewed the 'what' and 'why' of American social work from the history of casework technique to the major social services offered by social workers today. Zimbalist has followed the major trends of social work research from their early 19th century moralistic beginnings to their present state of statistical sophistication. Platt has untangled the complex moral, cultural and economic conditions that led to the turn of the century "child-saving movement" and provided the profession with its major evolutionary impetus. 4 Finally, Lubove has given the profession
Effectiveness of a Parent-led Physical Activity Intervention in Youth with Obesity.

PURPOSE Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex, rare neurobehavioral syndrome characterized by excessive fat, hypotonia, poor motor skills, and behavioral and cognitive disabilities. We tested the effectiveness of a home-based physical activity (PA) intervention led by parents in youth with obesity with and without PWS to increase moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and gross motor proficiency. METHODS Participants were 111 youth age 8 to 16 yr (45 with PWS and 66 without PWS, but categorized as obese). A parallel design was used with the control group (C) receiving the intervention after serving as control. Intervention participants (I) completed a PA curriculum 4 d·wk for 24 wk including warm-up exercises, strengthening exercises, and playground games 2 d·wk and interactive console games 2 d·wk guided by their parents. Pre-post outcomes (baseline to 24 wk) included MVPA (7-d accelerometry) and motor proficiency including upper limb coordination, bilateral coordination, balance, running speed and agility, and muscle strength (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency). RESULTS The intervention led to no change in MVPA (I group, 39.6 vs 38.9 min·d; C group, 40.6 vs 38.3 min·d). The intervention led to improvements in body coordination (22.3%; P < 0.05), as well as strength and agility (13.7%; P < 0.05). Specifically, the I group showed increases in upper limb coordination (19.1%), bilateral coordination (27.8%), and muscle strength (12.9%; P < 0.05 for all) not observed in the C group: -0.2%, 2.5%, and -3.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This parent-guided PA intervention did not increase PA. However, the intervention led to improvements in gross motor skill competency. Providing families with tools and support can lead to implementation of PA routines that contribute to motor skill proficiency in youth with and without PWS.
2-Deoxy-D-glucose: Old molecule, new brain tumor agent inducing autophagy

4863 Prevalent changes that occur with the progression of brain tumors include activation of survival pathways and a number of adaptive changes that incorporate a metabolic shift that promote activation of glycolysis, preferentially. Additionally, poorly perfused tumors that become regionally hypoxic also stimulate signaling pathways to up-regulate angiogenesis and shift metabolism to preferentially utilize glycolysis. We postulated that because of these features, gliomas represent a unique disease state that will be particularly sensitive to inhibitors of glycolysis that can deprive tumor cells of glucose derived energy and induce autophagy. To test this hypothesis we have used 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a known glycolytic inhibitor, against a number of glioma cell line panels in vitro in both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. 2-DG inhibited glioblastoma cells grown under both conditions at 2-6 mM; these concentrationsare achievable in vivo. Most interestingly, 2-DG potently induces autophagic cell death at 2 mM concentrations in two tested gliomblastoma cell lines (U87 and D54). Subsequently, animals containing orthotopic glioma xenografts were used in dose response studies to confirm, in vivo, activity we observed in vitro. Our studies demonstrated that 2-DG administered orally demonstrated significant antitumor activity. Surprisingly, 2-DG was equally effective in animal survival gains as the positive control used, temozolomide, a drug which is a standard care therapy for brain tumors. This therapy was also well tolerated in vivo with animals showing no evidence of toxicity. These findings are very promising and warrant further preclinical evaluation of 2-DG as well as studies aimed at the design and synthesis of new inhibitors of glycolysis.
An N-Shaped I-V Characteristic Circuit with a Mem-impedance Feature

A circuit built from readily available integrated circuits is shown to have a nonlinear first quadrant current-voltage characteristic with a negative differential resistance region similar to the tunnel diode. With a slight modification, it is shown that a memory impedance feature can be added that has interesting dynamic consequences. The circuit shows great potential in the study of negative resistance oscillators and chaotic circuits.
Study on integrated effect of PDC double cutters

Abstract This paper studies the integrated effect of double cutters on cutting rock. The rock being cut is subjected to hydrostatic pressure. Double cutters paralleled to each other and separated with a distance are advancing in the same direction and removing rock materials over constant depths of cut. The integrated effect indicates the situation where stresses in rock induced by double cutters can be large enough to even fragment the rock between double cutters. Once this happens, double cutters will have a large cutting area, thus increasing cutting efficiency. A cutting model is built in this paper to study the integrated effect of double cutters. The model calculates coupled stresses and pore pressure in the rock induced by double cutters and predicts cutting forces and MSE. The influences of depths of cut and cutter interval on the integrated effect are discussed. The MSE of double cutters is compared to that of a single cutter under the same cutting condition. Case studies on Indiana limestone show that when the depths of cut are large and the cutter interval is small enough, the integrated effect of double cutters can help reduce the MSE by 5–25 percent. Results in this paper can provide new insights on bit-rock interaction and PDC bit design.
High School Start Time and Migraine Frequency in High School Students.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether later high school start time is associated with lower migraine frequency in high school students with migraine. BACKGROUND Adequate sleep is thought to be important in managing adolescent migraine. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends teenagers sleep ≥8 hours/night. Adolescents have a physiologically delayed sleep phase, going to bed, and waking later than children and adults. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) accordingly recommends high schools start no earlier than 8:30 AM. METHODS Cross-sectional observational study of U.S. high schoolers with migraine. Participants were recruited nationally using social media. Respondents attending high schools starting at 8:30 AM or later were compared to those attending earlier start time schools. The primary outcome was headache days/month. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty-six subjects constituted the analysis set: 115 later group vs 141 earlier group. Age and sex did not differ. Mean (SD) self-reported headache days/month were 7 (5) vs 8 (7), respectively, (P = .985); mean difference (95% CI for the difference) was -0.8 (-2.3-0.7) days. Median (IQR) self-reported total hours of sleep/school night were: 5.6 (5.0-6.6) vs 5.6 (4.5-6.4), P = .058. Students attending later start time schools woke later (median [IQR] 6:38 AM [55 minutes] vs 6:09 AM [59 minutes], P < .0001) and left home later (median [IQR] 7:28 AM [28 minutes] vs 7:02 AM [60 minutes], P < .0001). Average commute time was also longer: 41 (21) minutes vs 28 (16), P < .0001. The vast majority in both groups reported missing breakfast at least once/week: 103/114 (90.4%) vs 128/141 (90.8%), P = .907. Hours of sleep did not correlate with headache days per month. CONCLUSION High school start time does not have a large effect on headache frequency in high schoolers with migraine. Given the high variance in headache days/month observed in this study, a larger study would be needed to determine whether there might still be a small effect of starting high school at/after 8:30 AM. More research is needed to establish evidence-based recommendations about lifestyle factors in adolescent migraine management.
Preparation of a fluorous benzyl protecting group and its use in fluorous synthesis approach to a disaccharide

Abstract Benzylation of glucal with a fluorous benzyl group provided a fluorous tribenzyl glucal derivative which was coupled with excess diacetone galactose to make a fluorous disaccharide. These experiments break ground for a fluorous approach to oligosaccharide synthesis.
Mastery-Level Achievement Method for Assessing Module-Based Educational Tools

AbstractActive-based learning techniques provide an effective pedagogical strategy to support student learning. This paper describes the development of new assessment techniques to evaluate an acti...
A posteriori error analysis of the local discontinuous Galerkin method for the sine–Gordon equation in one space dimension

Abstract In this paper, we present asymptotically exact a posteriori error estimators of the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method for the nonlinear sine–Gordon equation in one space dimension. We apply our recent optimal L 2 error estimates and superconvergence results (Baccouch, 2018) to show that the LDG errors on each element can be split into two parts. The first part is proportional to the ( p + 1 ) -degree Radau polynomial and the second part converges with order p + 3 ∕ 2 in the L 2 -norm, when piecewise polynomials of degree at most p are used. This new result is used to construct asymptotically exact a posteriori error estimates by solving a local steady problem on each element. The proposed error estimates are computationally simple and are obtained by solving a local steady problem with no boundary conditions on each element. We further prove that, for smooth solutions, these a posteriori error estimates for the solution and its derivative, at a fixed time, converge to the exact spatial errors in the L 2 -norm under mesh refinement. The theoretical order of convergence is proved to be p + 3 ∕ 2 while our computational results show higher O ( h p + 2 ) convergence rate. Finally, we prove that the global effectivity index converges to unity at O ( h 1 ∕ 2 ) rate. Several numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical results.
Associations between self-monitoring and weight change in behavioral weight loss interventions.

OBJECTIVE The current study is a secondary analysis of the Live SMART trial, a randomized controlled trial comparing a behavioral weight loss (BWL) condition delivered via smartphone (SMART) to a group-based BWL condition (GROUP) and a control condition (CONTROL). Given the established importance of self-monitoring for weight loss, the aims were to evaluate bidirectional associations between adherence to self-monitoring and weight change and to examine the moderating effect of treatment condition on these associations. METHOD Adults with overweight/obesity (n = 276; 83% women; 92.8% White; Mage = 55.1 years; Mbody mass index = 35.2 kg/m2) were instructed to self-monitor dietary intake, daily weight, and physical activity minutes via paper diaries in GROUP and CONTROL and via a smartphone application in SMART. All participants were weighed monthly at the research center. Adherence to self-monitoring was assessed via examination of self-monitoring records. RESULTS Generalized linear mixed models revealed that adherence to self-monitoring of dietary intake, self-weighing, and physical activity for each month was associated with weight change throughout that month, such that increased frequency of self-monitoring led to greater weight loss (ps < .001). For the GROUP condition only, poorer weight losses in 1 month were prospectively associated with poor adherence to self-monitoring the following month (ps ≤ .01). CONCLUSIONS Results provide evidence of a bidirectional association between self-monitoring and weight change. Better self-monitoring was consistently associated with better weight loss across intervention and tracking modalities. Poorer weight loss was prospectively associated with poorer self-monitoring in group treatment, suggesting that social influences could drive adherence in this form of treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Children's detailed non‐water beverage consumption habits and longitudinal early childhood caries experiences

Objectives Sugar-sweetened beverages and dental caries are prevalent among children. Measurement choices could explain their inconsistent relationships. This study evaluated associations between detailed baseline non-water beverage consumption (NWBC) behaviors and longitudinal early childhood caries (ECC) experiences in young, high-caries risk children. Methods Researchers followed poor, rural, African Americans, recruited at 8-18 months old from Uniontown, Alabama, through convenience sampling, annually for 5 years (N = 66). Baseline questionnaires obtained demographics, oral hygiene, and daily dietary histories, including beverage types, frequencies, and NWBC behaviors of intake speed (intermittent/rapid), container (bottles/non-bottles), and bedtime beverages (yes/no). Dentists conducted examinations annually to determine decayed, missing, filled (carious) surfaces (dmfs) scores, producing increments (dmfsfinal - dmfsinitial ). Age-adjusted logistic regressions estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for ECC (carious: incidence >0 versus caries-free: incidence = 0) with NWBC behavior then NWBC frequency, individually and conditional on NWBC behaviors, exposures. Results NWBC behaviors were not associated with ECC; juice was significant (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.2). Adjusting for intake speed, juice persisted as a risk factor (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.3), remaining suggestive after controlling for container or bedtime beverages (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 0.9, 4.3; OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 0.9, 4.0, respectively). Container could be an effect modifier (ORbottle : 3.5, 95% CI: 0.8, 16.2 vs. ORnon-bottle : 1.5, 95% CI: 0.6, 3.7). Milk was not associated with ECC. Conclusions Independently, NWBC behaviors are insufficient in evaluating NWBC/ECC relationships; beverage type, frequency, and consumption behaviors, collectively, can better evaluate associations.
High-speed imaging of n-heptane ignition in a high-pressure shock tube

Abstract Homogeneous and inhomogeneous ignition modes of n-heptane were studied using high-speed imaging in a high-pressure shock tube (HPST). n-Heptane, a fuel with strong negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior, was mixed with 4%-21% oxygen in argon or nitrogen and ignited over a wide temperature range (700–1250 K) and at elevated pressures (> 10 atm). Ultraviolet (UV) images of OH* emission were captured through a sapphire shock-tube end wall using a high-speed camera and a UV intensifier. The current study demonstrates the capability to study auto-ignition modes using high-speed imaging in a high-pressure shock tube. Both homogeneous and inhomogeneous auto-ignition events were observed with the latter generally confined to intermediate temperatures and reactive n-heptane mixtures. We also observed that conventional sidewall diagnostic signals are, in many cases, sufficient to identify inhomogeneous ignitions that are not accurately modeled under the assumption of spatially uniform chemistry.
Robust 3-D Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Rotating Fields for Multi-User Charging

A wireless power transfer system for multi-user charging is proposed to demonstrate a robust quasi-uniform power efficiency in a 3-D space. It employs a set of balanced magnetic coils excited with phase-shifted currents on the transmitting side to feature omnidirectionality. In this article, two transmitter structures, 2-coil and 3-coil systems are discussed and compared. These systems produce a quasi-uniform magnetic field magnitude regardless of the locations of the receiving coils provided that the coils point to the center of the transmitting system sphere at the same distance. A simulation platform is established for the proposed method. Experimental results at 2MHz substantiate a uniform spatial efficiency and bound the average error of analytical calculations within 10%. Furthermore, the proposed method with rotating fields based on phase-shifted currents shows that the 3-coil system yields a higher efficiency and a lower efficiency spread, 6.8% improvement on average efficiency and 88.7% reduction on efficiency variance, compared to the 2-coil system.
Planning the Barrio: Racial Order and Restructuring in Neoliberal Los Angeles:

Scholarship examining the legacy of early twentieth-century zoning and real estate practices on present-day urban landscapes has provided significant insight into the ways public officials appraise...
Paraesophageal hernia repair in the emergency setting: is laparoscopy with the addition of a fundoplication the new gold standard?

Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) with fundoplication is currently the preferred elective strategy, but emergent cases are often done open without an anti-reflux (AR) procedure. This study examined PEH repair in elective and urgent/emergent settings and investigated patient characteristic influence on the use of adjunctive techniques, such as AR procedures or gastrostomy tube (GT) placement. Utilizing the University HealthSystem Consortium Clinical Database Resource Manager, selected discharge data were retrieved using International Classification of Disease 9 diagnosis codes for PEH and procedure specific codes. Chi-squared and paired t tests were applied (α = 0.05). Discharge data from October 2010 through June 2014 indicated 7950 patients (≥18 years) underwent PEH surgery, 84.7 % were performed laparoscopically and 15.3 % open. 24.6 % of cases were classified urgent/emergent upon admission, and almost 70 % of these were completed laparoscopically. Open paraesophageal hernia repairs (OHR) represented a higher proportion of urgent/emergent cases but were only 30 % of this total. Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair (LHR) patients were more likely to receive an AR procedure in all situations (54.9 % LHR vs. 26.3 % OHR). Almost 90 % of elective PEH repairs in this cohort were laparoscopic. Elective cases were more commonly associated with AR procedures than emergent cases which frequently incorporated GT placement. We demonstrate that laparoscopic PEH repair has become accepted in emergent cases. Open PEH repair is often reserved for emergent surgeries and less commonly includes an AR procedure. Laparoscopy with an AR procedure is clearly the standard of care in elective surgery. The decision to perform an open or laparoscopic surgery, with or without adjunctive techniques, may be based more on the physician’s comfort with laparoscopic surgery and surgical practices than the patient’s condition. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the functional outcomes of these strategies.
The Internet of Tomorrow

The ever increasing speed and data handling capacity of computers is placing high demands on the Internet, which has to get faster in turn. Clark (page [353][1]), discusses how Internet technology is advancing, allowing not only ever faster transmission of large amounts of data, but also the possibility of prioritizing information transfer and other new capabilities not known in the original Internet. A key bottleneck will be the transmission speed to individual households, which may have to wait for a long time for the new, faster Internet to reach them. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/285/5426/353
Kevin E. Trenberth Receives 2013 Climate Communication Prize: Citation

We, Kevin's friends and colleagues, are pleased to have prepared his nomination package. Across the broad and expansive climate science community, there are very few people who have a history of sustained engagement like Kevin. Whereas many people have worked to convey the importance of climate change, Kevin has tirelessly done so for decades. In addition, the breadth of his activities is astonishing. It includes innumerable interviews on radio, on television, and in printed media over the past 30 years. He has also taken on many leadership communication roles within the scientific community, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to name just one.
Running on Empty: Health Care Energy Use in a Developing Country

Health care systems require reliable energy for high-quality services. Rising fossil fuel prices globally limit the capacity of developing countries to provide continuous and essential health care services. Global health care projects should focus on energy innovation for health care use.