cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factorial Composition of the Short Form of the Stanford-Binet with Culturally Disadvantaged Head Start Children

This study reports a factor analysis of the 1960 revision of the Stanford-Binet (Short Form). The Binet was administered to 363 children ranging in age from 3.0 to 5.8 yr. with a mean of 4.3 yr. All Ss were classified as culturally disadvantaged. The mean IQ for this group was 91.6. Three factors were found—a general one and two specific factors of visual ability and judgment and verbal ability. The study was compared with Ramsey and Vane's study which applied a similar analysis to a similar age group of middle-class Ss using Stanford-Binet.
Modeling redundancy in 64K to 16Mb DRAMs

This paper will discuss a statistical model based on the level of individual and clustered defects, which has been applied to 64K, 256K, 1M, 4M and 16Mb DRAMs. The study predicts the optimum time for the introduction of the 64K to 16Mb RAM.
TEACHERS' PERCEPTION OF A PSYCHOLOGY OF PEDAGOGY '

Szlmmary.--A survey of 455 graduate students at a university in Southeast Texas was conducted using a 40-item Survey of Teacher Attitudes-R by White and Stanley and a four-case instrument with 20-item responses. Four rotated factors emerged from the analysis of data: (1) Classroom Evaluation Systems, (2) Beyond Essential Elements, (3) Motivation and Rewards For Teadung, and (4) Pride, Self-esteem, and Love of Students. Responses to 20 questions relating to four case studies were rank-ordered to frequency of principles used in resolving the four case studies. Reinforcement or operant conditioning principles were the most frequently used. The educational reform movement has been focused on teachers' competence, teaching strategies, teachers' appraisal systems, curricula, the finance of educating a student, and teacher-education programs, but not on theory of teaching. In the search to evaluate the competence of the teacher, the competence of instruction, minimum competence of students, and the effectiveness of the public schools, there has been a broad inquiry into the nature of teaching. It has not been a careless omission on the part of the reformers; the evaluation instruments of teachers' performance have been generated as the means to change the nature and function of teaching. Just as boIdly and determined as it could be accomplished, the reformers are attempting to manipulate the theory, i.e., the model and interpretation of teaching. In higher education there has been an aggressive movement by the Carnegie Foundation, the Holmes Group (of colleges and universities), together with the legislatures in several states (Watts, 1989) to do away with the bachelor of education degree and cap the number of education courses that an education major might include in a program of study. The educational reformers are eliminating education courses and teacher-education programs. The college student preparing to be a teacher must major in an academic discipline, e.g., mathematics, English, history, etc. Education courses are to be cut back and limited to about four courses (12 semester hours) plus six semester hours of student teaching under supervision. A basic instruction has prevailed in the reform movement, namely, that all teachers and educators have a common view of how learning takes place and how effective teaching practice should occur. Indeed, the assumption is expanded to project that there is one method, or mode, of teachers' prac
Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Hypophysial Stalk-Transected Pigs as Affected by Growth Hormone and Prolactin-Releasing and Inhibiting Factors:

Control of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) release was investigated in hypophysial stalk-transected (HST) and stalk-intact pigs by determining the effects of analogs of GH-releasing factors (GHRF), somatostatin (SRIF), arginine, thyrotropin- releasing hormone, a-methyl-p-tyrosine, and haloperidol. HST and control gilts were challenged with intravenous injections of human pancreatic GHRF( 1-40)OH, thyrotropin- releasing hormone, and analogs of rat hypothalamic GHRF. HST animals remained acutely responsive to GHRF by releasing 2-fold greater quantities of GH than seen in controls. This occurred in spite of a 38% reduction in pituitary gland weight and a 32 and 55% decrease in GH concentration and total content. During SRlF infusion, GH remained at similar basal concentrations in HST and control gilts, but increased imme- diately after stopping SRlF infusion only in the controls. Releasable pituitary GH appears to accumulate during SRlF infusion. GHRF given during SRlF infusion caused a 2-fold greater release of GH than seen in animals receiving only GHRF. Arginine increased (P c 0.05) GH release in controls, but not in HST gilts, which suggests that it acts through the central nervous system. Basal PRL concentrations were greater (P c 0.05) in HST gilts than in control gilts. TRH acutely elevated circulating PRL (P c 0.001) in HST gilts, suggesting that it acts directly on the pituitary gland. Haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, increased circulating PRL in controls but not in HST animals. a-Methyl-p- tyrosine did not consistently increase circulating PRL, however, suggesting that it did not sufficiently alter turnover rate of the tyrosine hydroxylase pool. The results indicate that the isolated pituitary after HST remains acutely responsive to hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors for both GH and PRL release in the pig. (P.S.E.B.M. 1991, Vol1961
An Analysis of Office Market Rents: Some Empirical Evidence

This paper provides an empirical analysis of office building rents using data for a five-year period in a medium- sized city. The results indicate that rent levels respond to various factors in the expected manner: rents vary systematically across classes of buildings and locations, overall market conditions have a significant impact on rents, and contract variations are associated with rent differences. We also present the first evidence at the building level on the rent-vacancy adjustment process. The results show a significant relationship between rent changes and vacancies.
Guinea pig pancreatic acini prepared with purified collagenase.

Abstract Dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells have been used to investigate several aspects of stimulus-secretion coupling but possess the disadvantage that they are less sensitive and less responsive to secretagogues than in vitro preparations of intact pancreatic tissue (lobules). To overcome the poor responsiveness of isolated acinar cells, we have developed a new procedure for preparing dispersed, intact pancreatic acini whose sensitivity to secretagogues and morphological characteristics are similar to those of pancreatic lobules. Dispersed acini can be manipulated as suspensions of cells and full access of macromolecular probes to apical and basolateral plasmalemmal domains is obtained. Acini were prepared in good yields (~70% on a DNA basis) using only purified collagenase and mild mechanical shear in medium containing 2.0 mM Ca 2+ . Morphologically, acinar cells in the preparations retained intact junctional complexes, asymmetrical distribution of intramembranous particles between apical and basolateral plasmalemmal domains, and polarized distribution of intracellular organelles as found in intact pancreas. Dose-response curves of acini and mechanically prepared lobules to caerulein, carbachol, and bombesin were similar though acini were more sensitive to the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin. Net stimulated secretory protein discharge was ~36% over 2 h. Crude collagenase was purified for use in preparation of acini by Sephadex G-75 column chromatography which resolved collagenase from clostripain and a non-sulfhydryl-requiring protease. The purified collagenase contained at least four proteins with molecular weights between 85 000 and 110 000. Collagenase with 0.9 units of protease per unit of collagenase yielded unresponsive acini. Acini incubated with crude collagenase, chymotrypsin, or the non-sulfhydryl-requiring protease showed depressed secretory response to caerulein. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of protease-treated acini indicated that the intramembranous particles aggregated and that many of the tight junctions had undergone a proliferation of non-cross-linked sealing strands which extended far down the basolateral plasma membrane and encircled gap junctions. Acini incubated with purified collagenase or with a clostripain-containing fraction from the Sephadex G-75 column appeared unaltered. This procedure produces acini which are morphologically and biochemically similar to the in situ pancreas and overcomes the poor response to secretagogues by isolated pancreatic acinar cells.
Paternal Socio-Psychological Factors and Infant Attachment: The Mediating Role of Synchrony in Father-Infant Interactions

Abstract The present research explored the role of synchrony as a mediator of the relationship between marital satisfaction and infant attachment, and between depressive symptoms and infant attachment. Fifteen father–infant and mother–infant dyads were videotaped in face-to-face interactions. Videotaped interactions were coded for frequency of synchronized interactions. Quality of attachment was assessed several months later using the Waters’ Attachment Q-sort (AQS). Tests of mediation revealed that synchrony accounts for the relation between marital quality and infant attachment to fathers, and between depressive symptoms and level of attachment to mothers. Finally, demographic variables associated with work and family role strain were explored as potential correlates of marital dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms.
Chronic kidney disease and diabetes

Chronic kidney disease has a significant worldwide prevalence affecting 7.2% of the global adult population with the number dramatically increasing in the elderly. Although the causes are various, diabetes is the most common cause of CKD in the United States and an increasing cause of the same worldwide. Therefore, we chose to focus on diabetic chronic kidney disease in this review. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving adaptive hyperfiltration, advanced glycosylated end-product synthesis (AGES), prorenin, cytokines, nephrin expression and impaired podocyte-specific insulin signaling. Treatments focus on lifestyle interventions including control of hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia as well treatment of complications and preparation for renal replacement therapy. This review examines the current literature on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, complications and treatment of CKD as well as possible areas of future disease intervention.
Modelling an outbreak of an emerging pathogen

.Since then, the analysis of simple transmission models has often been shown to provide important and non-intuitive insights into the dynamics of infectious diseases. Simple models have been used as ‘building blocks’ to develop more elaborate complex models that have been analysed using sophisticated mathematical and computational techniques. In this Review, we show how to construct and analyse a simple transmission model of the outbreak dynamics of an emerging pathogen. We use, as an illustra tive example, an outbreak of community-acquired meticil lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Strains of CA - MRSA have recently emerged, and one of the major risk factors for CA - MRSA that has been identified is incar ceration
Green chemistry through the mill

Turning wood into paper uses lots of chemicals, whose waste products are a serious environmental concern. A new approach to the problem conjures up some clever chemistry but shows that there are no quick fixes.
The problem of drainage in perforated peptic ulcer

Abstract A case of perforated duodenal ulcer is reported in which the peritoneal cavity was not drained. Subsequently a pelvic abscess developed. The most likely origin of the abscess was an accumulation of fluid which had gravitated to the pelvis from the site of the perforation. The present trend in the treatment of perforation is away from drainage. It is thought to be futile if not harmful. A case is cited also in which much serous fluid was drained from the pelvis several days after the closure of a perforation. As a result of the leakage from a perforation peritoneal contamination is inevitable. The type of infection and its virulence must always remain an unknown factor. Prolonged drainage of the abdomen is admittedly impossible but clinical experiments with a dye indicate that the peritoneal cavity, contrary to general opinion, can be drained for thirty-six hours through a tube in the pelvis. Therefore, as a means of preventing the occurrence of peritonitis and the formation of pelvic abscess, drainage deserves reconsideration.
Clinical Use of Growth Factors in the Myelodysplasic Syndromes

The anemia of chronic disease may be viewed simply as the anemia that accompanies chronic inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic disorders. Because these conditions are very common, the anemia of chronic disease is one of the most frequent anemias encountered, and is only second in incidence to iron-deficiency anemia. The anemia of chronic disease is primarily an anemia due to underproduction, and is most often a normochromic, normocytic anemia
Sonoluminescence: Sound basis for light emission

Tiny collapsing bubbles can focus acoustic energy into bursts of visible light. Careful measurements of the emitted light reveal extraordinary conditions at the centre of the implosion of a single bubble, but not so extraordinary as to support fantastical claims.
Probability Tails of Gaussian Extrema

Abstract We study the supremum of ‘the’ standard isonormal linear process L on a subset C of a real Hilbert space H. Upper and lower bounds on the probability that supxϵ C LX>λ, λ large, are found. We treat a number of examples. These include the distribution of the maximum of certain ‘locally stationary’ processes on R 1, as well as those of the rectangle indexed, pinned Brownian sheet in R k and the half-plane indexed pinned sheet in R 2. We also consider Brownian motion indexed by convex sets in [0, 1]2.
Hurricanes, submarine groundwater discharge, and Florida's red tides

A Karenia brevis Harmful Algal Bloom affected coastal waters shallower than 50 m off west-central Florida from January 2005 through January 2006, showing a sustained anomaly of ∼1 mg chlorophyll m -3 over an area of up to 67,500 km 2 . Red tides occur in the same area (approximately 26-29°N, 82-83°W) almost every year, but the intense 2005 bloom led to a widespread hypoxic zone (dissolved oxygen <2 mg L -1 ) that caused mortalities of benthic communities, fish, turtles, birds, and marine mammals. Runoff alone provided insufficient nitrogen to support this bloom. We pose the hypothesis that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) provides the missing nutrients, and indeed can trigger and support the recurrent red tides off west-central Florida. SGD inputs of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in Tampa Bay alone are ∼35% of that discharged by all central Florida rivers draining west combined. We propose that the unusual number of hurricanes in 2004 resulted in high runoff, and in higher than normal SGD emerging along the west Florida coast throughout 2005, initiating and fueling the persistent HAB. This mechanism may also explain recurrent red tides in other coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico.
THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE NORMAL STATE AND THE FULLY SUPERCONDUCTING STATE IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT

We consider the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations, in the presence of electric current and the absence of magnetic field. We first study one-dimensional equilibrium solutions on a semi-infinite domain, describing a layer of transition from the normal state at one edge to the fully superconducting state at infinity. We find that the normal conductivity has a significant effect on the maximal current that can pass through such a transition layer. The global stability of the purely superconducting state in a finite domain is also considered, assuming zero potential drop between the conducting surfaces.
Variations in College Women's Self-Reported Heterosexual Aggression

The purpose of this study was to provide an examination of differences in college women's self-reported heterosexual aggression between two samples. One sample of college women was drawn from three colleges in and around New York city (East; N = 212) and one was drawn from a midsized commuter university in Louisiana (South; N = 249). The respondents were questioned about their lifetime initiation of heterosexual activity. Approximately 28.5% of the women from the East reported engaging in sexually initiatory behaviors traditionally defined as sexual coercion, 21.1% in sexual abuse, and 7.1% in physically forced sex. The women in the sample from the South also reported engaging in sexual coercion (25.7%), sexual abuse (7.3%), and physically forced sex (1.6%), but at lower rates than the other sample. Chi-square tests demonstrated significant group differences for overall sexual aggression (the combination of coercion, abuse, and physical force), sexual abuse, and physically forced sex but not for sexual coercion. Theory building and differences between samples are discussed.
What's new in general surgery: endocrine

There have been many advances in the field of endocrine surgery over the past year. We continue to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of endocrine dis- ease through the use of intraoperative hormone mea- surement. Standard surgical procedures have been mod- ified to allow a less invasive approach to surgically cure several endocrine problems. Videoscopic technology has also improved to allow safe operative resection of adre- nal, pancreatic, thyroid, and parathyroid pathology. These procedures have shortened hospital stays, time off work, and improved patient comfort after the proce- dure. A summary of some of these advances, resulting from thoughtful investigation by endocrine surgeons throughout the world, is presented below. solved in only 6% of patients 1 month after undergoing RAI ablation. Hyperthyroidism eventually resolved in 84% of RAI patients with a mean RAI treatment dose of 28 mCi and only 10 (6%) required a second treatment dose. More than half of the patients studied had local symptoms of compression, and size reduction of the goi- ter was seen in only 55 patients (38%) treated with RAI. Thyroidectomy resulted in no postoperative mortality and recurrent nerve paresis and hypoparathyroidism each occurred in three patients (2%). Surgical treatment of toxic multinodular goiter results in rapid and reliable correction of hyperthyroidism with low morbidity. RAI ablation is also safe and effective, usually with a single dose, but resolution of hyperthyroidism is delayed and thyroid goiter persists in many patients. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) continues to play an important role in the characterization and treat- ment of thyroid nodules, but distinguishing benign from malignant follicular nodules remains difficult if not impossible. The accuracy of FNAB in detecting thy- roid malignancy is well known in both the academic and community healthcare environments. 2 Thyroid nodules containing follicular cytopathologic features, often de- scribed as follicular neoplasms, are almost always treated with thyroidectomy and are associated with a 20% to 30% malignancy rate. 3 Goldstein and colleagues 4 fur- ther characterized follicular thyroid nodules based on the presence or absence of cytologic atypia. Thyroid ma- lignancy was found by histopathologic examination in only 6.8% of patients without atypia in their FNAB sample, and all of these tumors were a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. In contrast, 44% of patients with atypia in their FNAB samples harbored thyroid carci- noma, including two invasive follicular carcinomas. This observation may allow for a more conservative ap- proach for carefully selected patients with follicular thy- roid nodules without atypia. The thyroid malignancy
The use of prednisolone (sterane) in the treatment of severe allergic diseases.

Abstract We have found prednisolone to be a very effective, convenient, and safe form of corticosteroid therapy. Severe side reactions were not numerous. These subsided quickly with cessation of the drug. It is still our opinion that such medications should be reserved for emergencies, such as symptoms of unusual severity, and intractability to other forms of treatment. Our experience is largely limited to short-term therapy. The ten patients who are being maintained on small doses of prednisolone all have intrinsic asthma with advanced emphysema. It has been impossible in these to interrupt therapy without severe exacerbation of symptoms. Our experience supports the general opinion that peptic ulcer and certain infections are contraindications to its use. Prednisolone is our drug of choice in severe drug reactions (except anaphylaxis requiring epinephrine), acute pollinosis, severe contact dermatitis, and severe urticaria with angioedema. We feel that it shares honors with ACTH in the treatment of intractable asthma.
A program for the screening and treatment of hypercholesterolemia

The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute has formulated guidelines for the screening and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The authors have written a computer program which individualizes these guidelines for a given patient based on serum cholesterol level and epidemiological characteristics. The health care provider enters data on each patient and receives recommended screening procedures and treatment options. This program can then be used as a reliable instrument in clinical trials of the efficacy of screening for hypercholesterolemia. >
Bank x-efficiency in Ukraine: An analysis of service characteristics and ownership

Abstract This paper investigates managerial and scale x-efficiencies of commercial banks in Ukraine from 1998 to 2003. A large number of banks would suggest competition and efficiency. Ukrainian banks waste half of factor inputs during the production of services by operating off the efficient frontier. Large banks dominate in managerial efficiency; small banks are superior in scale efficiency. Significant numbers of small banks experience increasing returns to scale. Consolidation between small banks may help banks exploit economies of scale and become attractive foreign investment targets. Evidence suggests majority foreign owned joint ventures are optimal formats; banks operating in industrial, politically favored areas outperform others.
Combined effect of radiant warmer and phototherapy oninsensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants

Our observations show that maintenance of pressure in the naso-oro-pharynx when delivered by the nasal prong is dependent on a seal between the palate and the tongue of the baby. If a good seal exists, end expiratory pressure is maintained in the pharynx and, presumably, in the lower airway. Logically, when no seal exists, the further the tongue is from the palate the lower the resistance to airflow and hence the larger the pressure drop. Small movements of the tongue would have significant effect on such airflow, hence the wide scatter in the "mouth open" group. We found no reliable way of predicting which babies would maintain such a seal, either from the history or experimentally. We attempted to assess the "muscle tone" of the oral musculature in babies by measuring the "suck pressure" generated within a nipple, but showed no correlation with maintenance of pharyngeal pressure in six babies studied. During the course of a single study, we observed large variation in the efficiency of the seal over a short period of time in many of the babies. However, babies in whom it was difficult or impossible to record the oropharyngeal pressure due to an active gag reflex more frequently maintained a low AP. Possibly this reflex was involved in the maintenance of the seal in these babies. We have found the monitoring of nasopharyngeal pressure during nasal CPAP a clinically useful method of discovering the probable level of CPAP transmitted to the lower airway. Forcible closure has been used by some to increase the efficiency of nasal CPAP. ~ Our studies indicate that benefit is sporadic and that there is an equal chance of it being detrimental to maintenance of pressure. The lips provided little in the way of seal (a "blow-off" effect was frequently seen). It is reasonable to suppose that any variation in pressure drop was due to variation in the position of the tongue relative to the palate. Moreover, crying always reduced the pharyngeal pressure to atmospheric.
Role of N-Linked Glycosylation of the Hendra Virus Fusion Protein

The Hendra virus fusion (F) protein contains five potential sites for N-linked glycosylation in the ectodomain. Examination of F protein mutants with single asparagine-to-alanine mutations indicated that two sites in the F(2) subunit (N67 and N99) and two sites in the F(1) subunit (N414 and N464) normally undergo N-linked glycosylation. While N-linked modification at N414 is critical for protein folding and transport, F proteins lacking carbohydrates at N67, N99, or N464 remained fusogenically active. As N464 lies within heptad repeat B, these results contrast with those seen for several paramyxovirus F proteins.
The Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Niacin and Folic Acid Content of Fresh, Dehydrated and Field-Cured Alfalfa

Abstract DEHYDRATED alfalfa is used extensively in poultry and livestock feeds as a source of carotene (provitamin A) and of riboflavin. The effect of dehydration on the carotene content of alfalfa and the stability of carotene in the dehydrated material stored under various conditions and for different periods has been studied extensively. A portable dryer developed by the Arnold Dryer Company was in operation on the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Farm during the 1948 season. Information on the mechanical operation of the machine and the carotene content of the dehydrated alfalfa has been reported by Miller (1948). The purpose of this paper is to report the results of studies on the effect of dehydration on the lipoxidase, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid content of alfalfa. Evidence that the rapid destruction of carotene in freshly cut alfalfa is enzymatic in nature has been presented by several investigators (Hauge, 1935; Guilbert, . . .
Process evaluation of the Pool Cool Diffusion Trial for skin cancer prevention across 2 years

Though process evaluation of health programs has received growing attention, few interventions have reported process evaluation over multiple years. This article describes 2 years of process evaluation (2003-04) for the Pool Cool Diffusion Trial. Pool Cool is a skin cancer prevention program designed to increase sun protection habits among children and improve organizational and environmental supports for sun protection at swimming pools. Each year, 80 telephone interviews and 40 site visits at pools across the United States were completed, to examine how fully the program was implemented and the extent of use of program components between the two study conditions. Major components of the Pool Cool program, including sun safety lessons, sun safety signs and sunscreen use, had high implementation. Between the 2 years, most of the core elements were either maintained or increased in use. There were no significant differences between the basic and enhanced conditions on implementation. Reasons given for successful implementation were the provision of a toolkit, ease of implementing the program, pool staff and children enjoying the program and the field coordinators' support. These data provide information on programmatic factors that contribute to successful program diffusion.
Modelling the epidemic spread of an H1N1 influenza outbreak in a rural university town

SUMMARY Knowledge of mechanisms of infection in vulnerable populations is needed in order to prepare for future outbreaks. Here, using a unique dataset collected during a 2009 outbreak of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 in a university town, we evaluated mechanisms of infection and identified that an epidemiological model containing partial protection of susceptibles best describes H1N1 dynamics in a rural university environment. We found that the protected group was over 14 times less susceptible to H1N1 infection than unprotected susceptibles. Our estimates show that the basic reproductive rate, R0, was 5·96 (95% confidence interval 5·83–6·61), and, importantly, R0 could be decreased to below 1 and similar epidemics could be avoided by increasing the proportion of the initial protected group. Moreover, several weeks into the epidemic, this protected group generated more new infections than the unprotected susceptible group, and thus, such protected groups should be taken into account while studying influenza epidemics in similar settings.
Evolution of Liver Transplantation

Thomas E. Starzl, Shunzaburo Iwatsuki, David H. Van Thiel, J. Carlton Gartner, Basil J. Zitelli, J. Jeffrey Malatack, Robert R. Schade, Byers W. Shaw Jr., Thomas R. Hakala, J. Thomas Rosenthal, and Kendrick A. Porter Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Health Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, Department of Pathology, Saint Mary’s Hospital and Medical School, London, England
Macronutrient intake and glycemic control in a population-based sample of American Indians with diabetes: the Strong Heart Study.

Background: Little research has explored the association of macronutrient intake and glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) in adults with diabetes. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the cross-sectional association between macronutrient intake and HbA 1c in diabetic American Indians. Design: A total of 1284 participants aged 47- 80 y who had diabetes for ≥ 1 y y at the second examination (1993-1995) of the Strong Heart Study were included in this study. Dietary intake was assessed by using a 24-h recall. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the odds of poor glycemic control (HbA 1c ≥ 7%) among sex-specific quintiles of macronutrient intake, after adjustment for the possible confounders age, sex, study center, body mass index, duration of diabetes, diabetes treatment, smoking, alcohol drinking, total energy intake, and physical activity. Results: Higher total fat (>25-30% of energy), saturated fatty acids (>13% of energy), and monounsaturated fatty acids (>10% of energy) and lower carbohydrate intake (<35-40% of energy) were associated with poor glycemic control. Lower fiber intake and higher protein intake were marginally associated with poor glycemic control (P for trend = 0.06 and 0.09, respectively). No significant association was found between polyunsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids and glycemic control in this population. Conclusions: These data suggest that a higher consumption of total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and a lower intake of carbohydrates are associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic American Indians. Clinical trials focusing on whether modifications of macronutrient composition improve glycemic control in persons with diabetes are needed.
Multimodal pressure-flow method to assess dynamics of cerebral autoregulation in stroke and hypertension

This study evaluated the effects of stroke on regulation of cerebral blood flow in response to fluctuations in systemic blood pressure (BP). The autoregulatory dynamics are difficult to assess because of the nonstationarity and nonlinearity of the component signals. We studied 15 normotensive, 20 hypertensive and 15 minor stroke subjects (48.0 ± 1.3 years). BP and blood flow velocities (BFV) from middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were measured during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. A new technique, multimodal pressure-flow analysis (MMPF), was implemented to analyze these short, nonstationary signals. MMPF analysis decomposes complex BP and BFV signals into multiple empirical modes, representing their instantaneous frequency-amplitude modulation. The empirical mode corresponding to the VM BP profile was used to construct the continuous phase diagram and to identify the minimum and maximum values from the residual BP (BPR) and BFV (BFVR) signals. The BP-BFV phase shift was calculated as the difference between the phase corresponding to the BPR and BFVR minimum (maximum) values. BP-BFV phase shifts were significantly different between groups. In the normotensive group, the BFVR minimum and maximum preceded the BPR minimum and maximum, respectively, leading to large positive values of BP-BFV shifts. In the stroke and hypertensive groups, the resulting BP-BFV phase shift was significantly smaller compared to the normotensive group. A standard autoregulation index did not differentiate the groups. The MMPF method enables evaluation of autoregulatory dynamics based on instantaneous BP-BFV phase analysis. Regulation of BP-BFV dynamics is altered with hypertension and after stroke, rendering blood flow dependent on blood pressure.
Function of sperm chromatin structural elements in fertilization and development

Understanding how DNA is packaged in the mammalian sperm cell has important implications for human infertility as well as for the cell biology. Recent advances in the study of mammalian sperm chromatin structure and function have altered our perception of this highly condensed, inert chromatin. Sperm DNA is packaged very tightly to protect the DNA during the transit that occurs before fertilization. However, this condensation cannot sacrifice chromosomal elements that are essential for the embryo to access the correct sequences of the paternal genome for proper initiation of the embryonic developmental program. The primary levels of the sperm chromatin structure can be divided into three main categories: the large majority of DNA is packaged by protamines, a smaller amount (2-15%) retains histone-bound chromatin and the DNA is attached to the nuclear matrix at roughly 50 kb intervals. Current data suggest that the latter two structural elements are transferred to the paternal pronucleus after fertilization where they have important functional roles. The nuclear matrix organization is essential for DNA replication, and the histone-bound chromatin identifies genes that are important for embryonic development. These data support the emerging view of the sperm genome as providing, in addition to the paternal DNA sequence, a structural framework that includes molecular regulatory factors that are required for proper embryonic development.
Growth of a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 on xylitol by recruiting enzymes for D-xylose and L1,2-propanedol metabolism

Wild type Escherichia coli K-12 cannot grow on xylitol and we have been unsuccessful in isolating a mutant directly which had acquired this new growth ability. However, a mutant had been selected previously for growth on L-1,2-propanediol as the sole source of carbon and energy. This mutant constitutively synthesized a propanediol dehydrogenase. Recently, we have found that this dehydrogenase fortuitously converted xylitol to D-xylose which could normally be metabolized by E. coli K-12. In addition, it was also discovered that the D-xylose permease fortuitously transported xylitol into the cell. A second mutant was thus isolated from the L-1,2-propanediol-growing mutant that was constitutive for enzymes of the D-xylose pathway. This mutant could indeed grow on xylitol as the sole source of carbon and energy, by utilizing the enzymes normally involved in D-xylose and L-1,2-propanediol metabolism.
Interactive decision-making for picture processing

Pictorial data forms an integral part of most patient records. Such data take the form of radiographs, blood smears, cervical smears, sonograms, chromosome karyotypes, etc. It is in the long range interest of biomedicine to encourage the development of programming systems and languages oriented toward the scientist-user who engages in the analysis (on-going theory) of such data (on-going observation) as well as toward his scientific subject. PEEP, a collection of picture editing and evaluation procedures, is such a conversational, interactive yet rapidly extensible programming system. It deals with digitized images with respect to global scene analysis, local scene analysis, feature and relationship extraction, feature selection, and classification. PEEP is habitable in scope, civilized in use, and rapidly expandable and extensible. It is meeting the demands of several picture processing applications to white blood cells, tissue characterization, aspiration biopsies and computerized tomography brain scans.
Regulation of beta 1 integrin-mediated adhesion by T cell receptor signaling involves ZAP-70 but differs from signaling events that regulate transcriptional activity.

Stimulation of the CD3/TCR results within minutes in an increase in T cell adhesion mediated by β1 integrins. The biochemical pathways that control CD3-mediated increases in β1 integrin-mediated adhesion remain poorly characterized. In this study, the role of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 in the regulation of β1 integrin activity by the CD3/TCR was investigated. CD3 stimulation did not increase β1 integrin-mediated adhesion of the ZAP-70-deficient Jurkat T cell line, P116, to the β1 integrin ligand fibronectin. Reintroduction of wild-type ZAP-70, but not a kinase-inactive variant, K369R, corrected the adhesive defect observed in P116 T cells. In addition, the kinase-inactive ZAP-70 mutant inhibited CD3-induced adhesion of primary human T cell blasts. Interestingly, a ZAP-70 mutant with a tyrosine to phenylalanine substitution at position 319 (Y319F) restored the adhesive defect in P116 T cells, even though Y319F ZAP-70 failed to fully reconstitute CD3-initiated NF-AT-dependent transcription and tyrosine phosphorylation of the LAT adapter protein. Finally, expression of mutants of LAT and the SLP-76 adapter protein that modulate CD3-mediated activation of an NF-AT reporter gene failed to block CD3-induced increases in β1 integrin-mediated adhesion. These observations support a model in which the tyrosine kinase activity of ZAP-70 kinase is critical for regulation of β1 integrin activity by CD3/TCR. However, the signaling events downstream of ZAP-70 that regulate CD3/TCR-mediated activation of β1 integrin function exhibit key differences when compared with the signaling pathways that regulate transcriptional events initiated by CD3/TCR stimulation.
Thermochemistry of the Amorphous System SiO2-GeO2: Comparision of Flame Hydrolysis Materials to High Temperature Fused Glasses

Energetics and structure of germania doped silica prepared from high temperature melts and by flame hydrolysis were investigated using transposed temperature drop and solution calorimetry. Heat contents (H973-H298) are similar for first and second drops for the flame hydrolysis preforms reflecting the effect of temperature of deposition (1073 K) in creating a relaxed structure which is not easily rearranged. Heats of solution, at 973 K in molten lead borate, of fused glasses along the SiO2-GeO2 binary show ideal heats of mixing between the endmembers. This'indicates that fused glasses behave in a simple manner, with ideal substitution of Ge for Si in the tetrahedral framework. Flame hydrolysis samples (preform and annealed glasses) also show ideal heats of mixing. This suggests that the flame hydrolysis materials are energetically very similar to their bulk-melted counterparts. This insensitivity of energetics to preparation conditions is consistent with our previous studies on silica prepared at various temperatures [1].
Socializing the newcomer: The mediating role of leader–member exchange

Abstract We expand organizational socialization research by integrating social exchange theory, specifically leader–member exchange (LMX), as an important mediator in explaining newcomer attachment to the job, occupation, and organization. Using temporally-lagged data from 213 newcomers across 12 telemarketing organizations, we found that newcomer perceptions of LMX mediate the association between supervisory socialization tactics (i.e. supervisory job-focused advice, guidance, and role modeling) and occupational identification as well as between supervisory socialization tactics and perceived person-organization fit – but not between supervisory socialization tactics and job satisfaction. Our study specifies (1) LMX as a compelling mediating mechanism within the new employee ‘on-boarding’ process and (2) the immediate supervisor as an important relational source for newcomer attitudes.
MOTO-X: A Multiple-Output Transistor-Level Synthesis CAD Tool

Transistor count minimization is an important goal as very-large-scale integration technology approaches its technical and physical limits. In this paper, we present a computer-aided design synthesis tool that tries to minimize the number of transistors required to implement a given multiple-output logic function. The proposed transistor-level synthesis approach goes beyond the traditional series-parallel design style and allows for extensive bridging. It starts from a sum-of-products expression for each output, allowing also for don’t care terms, and produces a transistor network with a small number of transistors to implement all outputs jointly under a user-specified bound on the number of transistors in series to avoid long charge/discharge paths. Experimental results on previously examined multioutput functions and case studies (full adder, Gray/binary counter, and seven-segment display) demonstrate the benefit of the approach.
GM-CSF regulates protein and lipid catabolism by alveolar macrophages.

Metabolism of surfactant protein (SP) A and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was assessed in alveolar macrophages isolated from granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulated factor (GM-CSF) gene-ta...
Understanding Possible Roles of Locally-grown Ethnic Produce in Dietary Practices and Food Cultures: An Exploratory Study

The objective of this study was to explore possible roles of locally-grown ethnic produce in dietary practices and food cultures in rural northern California. Four focus groups were conducted with Hmong, Mexican, and white participants (N = 24). Focus group results indicate that availability and accessibility of fresh ethnic produce may be a key to preservation of traditional food practices among ethnic groups. Focus groups also revealed that sharing food cultures across different groups through ethnic produce promotion at farmers’ markets may contribute to both openness to other food cultures and preservation efforts of traditional food practices.
EFFECTS OF LAUNCH TUBE GASES ON STARTING OF THE RAM ACCELERATOR

I. Introduction The ram accelerator is a ramjet-in-tube concept for propelling projectiles to very high velocities. Using a conventional gun, a subcaliber projectile is injected supersonically into a tube filled with premixed gaseous fuel and oxidizer, through which it is driven by a wave of combustion. Normal operation involves the use of a perforated tube to vent gases from the conventional gun into an evacuated tank before the projectile enters the ram accelerator tubes. Because there is residual air in the launch tube and gases from the gun that blow by the full caliber piston, or "obturator," placed at the base of the projectile, a shock is generated and reflects between the moving projectile/obturator and the diaphragm that separates the launch tube from the ram accelerator tube. The vent tube perforations relieve the resulting the pressure rise, such that it does not become significant until after the projectile has passed the vent section. It was found, as expected, that the pressure increase from the shock reflections was much higher for ventless operation than for vented operation and in some cases prevented initiation of the ram acceleration process. The effect of increasing residual launch tube pressure on the starting process of the ram accelerator was also investigated. It was found that for initial gun launch tube pressures of 3.1 psi or less, a successful start occurred at a fill pressure of 50 atm. Instruments just beyond the entrance diaphragm showed that the initiation of combustion generated enough thrust to allow the projectile to overtake a transmitted shock, whereas, in a non-reacting experiment, the projectile experienced a start failure. Presumably, the initiation process at launch tube pressures higher than 3.1 psi did not generate sufficient thrust to allow the projectile to outrun the shock.
Catalysis of Heterocyclic Azadiene Cycloaddition Reactions by Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Concise Total Synthesis of Methoxatin

Although it has been examined for decades, no general approach to catalysis of the inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions of heterocyclic azadienes has been introduced. Typically, additives such as Lewis acids lead to nonproductive consumption of the electron-rich dienophiles without productive activation of the electron-deficient heterocyclic azadienes. Herein, we report the first general method for catalysis of such cycloaddition reactions by using solvent hydrogen bonding of non-nucleophilic perfluoroalcohols, including hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and trifluoroethanol (TFE), to activate the electron-deficient heterocyclic azadienes. Its use in promoting the cycloaddition of 1,2,3-triazine 4 with enamine 3 as the key step of a concise total synthesis of methoxatin is described.
The Importance of Minority Teachers: Student Perceptions of Minority Versus White Teachers

The demographic divide between teachers and students is of growing public concern. However, few studies have explicitly addressed the common argument that students, and particularly minority students, have more favorable perceptions of minority versus White teachers. Using data from the Measure of Effective Teaching study, we find that students perceive minority teachers more favorably than White teachers. There is mixed evidence that race matching is linked with more favorable student perceptions. These findings underscore the importance of minority teacher recruitment and retention.
Comparable Educational Benefits in Half the Time: An Alternating Organic Chemistry Laboratory Sequence Targeting Prehealth Students

The laboratory is a mainstay in STEM education, promoting the development of critical thinking skills, dexterity, and scientific curiosity. The goals in the laboratory for nonchemistry, prehealth majors, though, could be distinguished from those for chemistry majors. In service courses such as organic chemistry, much laboratory time is often spent building discipline-specific technical skills that poorly align with the postgraduate goals of prehealth students. To address the needs of students in Muhlenberg College’s organic chemistry course for nonchemistry majors, we developed a time- and resource-saving laboratory sequence that alternates traditional experiments with computer-graded self-guided inquiry activities. This innovative sequence requires approximately half the amount of reagents and fewer staff members, and it offers increased flexibility for students and instructors compared to a traditional (i.e., weekly) lab experience. When this model was offered in 2013–15, student performances on reports...