cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An argument for proof testing brittle microsystems in high-reliability applications

The vast majority of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for sensor and actuator applications are fabricated from brittle materials, such as Si, SiC and diamond. Numerous prior studies have shown that the structural reliability of these flaw-intolerant materials is governed by processing-induced critical defects, and that their failure strengths have a wide dispersion associated with a low Weibull modulus. This broad distribution of critical failure conditions creates an uncertainty that cannot be tolerated in high-risk or high-consequence applications. This note presents arguments for the adoption of proof testing methodologies which will provide a statistically-sound basis for certifying MEMS component reliability.
Pain and helplessness as correlates of depression in systemic lupus erythematosus

Depression in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common yet poorly understood phenomenon. This research adopted a biopsychosocial model in which pain and family support were hypothesized to predict depressive symptoms directly, and indirectly, through perceived helplessness. A total of 44 confirmed SLE patients recruited through the community completed a set of questionnaires in a cross-sectional, correlation design. The results confirmed our model's applicability, demonstrating that high pain and high helplessness independently contributed to depression; however, the contribution of family support was not significant. While mixed support was found for a pain-learned helplessness link, helplessness mediated the effects of patients' socio-economic status on depression such that patients of lower socio-economic status reported greater helplessness in the face of their illness. In summary, the data indicate that pain and helplessness are important concomitants of SLE-related depression. Longitudinal research is recommended to clarify the relationships among these variables over time in clinical samples.
Atom-Resolved EC-STM Studies of Anion Adsorption at Well-Defined Surfaces: Pd(111) in Sulfuric Acid Solution.

Abstract The interfacial structure of well-defined Pd(111) single-crystal electrodes in 0.05 M H 2 SO 4 has been studied by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) at potentials within the electrical double-layer region. Experiments with (virtually) atomically sharp STM tips yielded images of such quality that the intermolecular and intramolecular structures of the highly ordered compact layer could actually be resolved on an atomic scale. Fundamental concepts in inorganic chemistry have been invoked to postulate that SO 4 2− , H 3 O + , and H 2 O are the most likely constituents of the compact layer. A structural model of such a compact layer is presented.
Anti-NF-κB and anti-inflammatory activities of synthetic isothiocyanates: Effect of chemical structures and cellular signaling

Many cancer chemopreventive agents have been associated with lower cancer risk by suppressing nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways, which subsequently leads to attenuated pro-inflammatory mediators and activities. Of the natural compounds, the isothiocyanates (ITCs) found in cruciferous vegetables have received particular attention because of their potential anti-cancer effects. However, limited studies regarding the influence of ITCs structure on NF-kappaB transactivation and anti-inflammatory action are reported. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory potential of ten structurally divergent synthetic ITCs were evaluated in HT-29-N9 human colon cancer cells and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The effect of ITCs on the basal transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB and the inflammatory response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were assessed. The synthetic ITC analogs suppressed NF-kappaB-mediated pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Among the ITC analogs, tetrahydrofurfuryl isothiocyanate, methyl-3-isothiocyanatopropionate, 3-morpholinopropyl isothiocyanate and 3,4-methyelendioxybenzyl isothiocyanate showed stronger NF-kappaB inhibition as compared to the parent compound, phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). Molecular analysis revealed that several of the pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) were reduced by ITCs, and correlated with the downregulation of NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Immunoblotting showed that ITCs suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB alpha and decreased nuclear translocation of p65. In parallel, ITCs suppressed the phosphorylation of IkappaB kinase alpha/beta (IKKalpha/beta). Taken together, our findings provide the possibility that synthetic ITC analogs might have promising cancer chemopreventive potential, based on their stronger anti-NF-kappaB and anti-inflammatory activities, than the natural ITCs.
Distribution of asthma by occupation: Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data, 2006–2009

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthma in workers by occupation in Washington State. Methods: Data from the 2006–2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the BRFSS Asthm...
Investigation of Host Structure Compliance in Aeroelastic Energy Harvesting

This paper experimentally investigates the interactions between host structure compliance and natural frequency and the behavior of a fluttering piezoelectric energy harvester. Unlike the base excitation case where a piezoelectric energy harvester extracts energy from a vibrating base structure, the aeroelastic flutter energy harvester generates limit cycle oscillations from an ambient fluid flow. The flow induced oscillatory motion of the energy harvester can transfer energy into the host mounting structure, and may introduce significant vibrations in the structure as well affect the behavior of the energy harvester itself. The energy harvester motion and electrical output is compared for a rigid host structure, as well as a flexible host structure, and the vibrations induced in the host structures are also be examined. The results show significant effects on the energy harvester cut-in wind speed, power output, flutter limit cycle oscillation frequency, and optimal electrical load as a result of the host structure compliance.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Geochemistry of thirteen Voronin Trough cores, Kara Sea, European Arctic : Hg and As contaminants at a 1965 timeline

Abstract The potentially toxic elements Hg and As are found at high concentrations in surface/near-surface sediments from Arctic ocean cores collected from the Voronin Trough, Kara Sea, during 1965. The levels reach 2045 ppb for Hg and 270 ppm for As. Manganese high values (up to 1.27%) are also found in the cores’ surface/near-surface sections. Other heavy metals tracked by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (e.g., Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn) have baseline concentrations in the cores. The cores average >57% clay-size and >35% silt-size in their textural composition. The elevated contents may result from anthropogenic input for Hg and As with diagenesis adding to the As concentration. Possible sources for these elements are emissions and effluents from industry such as mining and smelting operations, and burning of fossil fuels in Siberia and the Urals. When discharged into the Kara Sea from Siberian catchments, the As and Hg likely attach to charged particulate surfaces of Fe oxy/hydroxides (for As) and particulate organic matter or clay minerals (for Hg). These are transported, entrained in ocean currents or adhered to pack ice, to the Voronin Trough where they deposit according to size and specific gravity.
Cognitive training in academically deficient ADDH boys receiving stimulant medication

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a 16-week intensive cognitive training program in stimulant-treated, academically deficient ADDH boys. Cognitive training focused exclusively on academic skills and tasks, and included attack strategy training as well as self-monitoring and self-reinforcement of problem-solving behaviors and response accuracy. Control groups included remedial tutoring plus medication, and medication alone. Despite the scope of the program, the results provided no support for the notion that academically based cognitive training ameliorates the performance and achievement of academically deficient ADDH youngsters. Further, this intervention did not enhance self-esteem or attributional perceptions of academic functioning. There was poor agreement between teacher ratings of academic competence and test score changes. The lack of concordance between measures, and the scarcity of academically deficient ADDH children are discussed.
Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: prevalence and mental health correlates.

OBJECTIVES: This study hypothesized that interpersonal workplace stressors involving sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse are highly prevalent and significantly linked with mental health outcomes including symptomatic distress, the use and abuse of alcohol, and other drug use. METHODS: Employees in 4 university occupational groups (faculty, student, clerical, and service workers; n = 2492) were surveyed by means of a mailed self-report instrument. Cross-tabular and ordinary least squares and logistic regression analyses examined the prevalence of harassment and abuse and their association with mental health status. RESULTS: The data show high rates of harassment and abuse. Among faculty, females were subjected to higher rates; among clerical and service workers, males were subjected to higher rates. Male and female clerical and service workers experienced higher levels of particularly severe mistreatment. Generalized abuse was more prevalent than harassment for all groups. Both harassment and...
Pathology of the penis in long-term diabetic rats.

Pathological changes in the penis of long-term diabetic rats (>1 year) include epidermal atrophy and lipid droplets in erectile tissue and dermis, as well as thickening of capillary basement membranes, dilatation and microaneurysms of capillaries, and atrophy and degeneration of erectile smooth muscle. These changes are similar to those previously described as occurring in other organs, but damage to nerves and smooth muscle can best be appreciated with electron microscopy.
Rescoring effectiveness of language models using different levels of knowledge and their integration

In this paper, we compare the efficacy of a variety of language models (LMs) for rescoring word graphs and N-best lists generated by a large vocabulary continuous speech recognizer. These LMs differ based on the level of knowledge used (word, lexical features, syntax) and the type of integration of that knowledge (tight or loose). The trigram LM incorporates word level information; our Part-of-Speech (POS) LM uses word and lexical class information in a tightly coupled way; our new SuperARV LM tightly integrates word, a richer set of lexical features than POS, and syntactic dependency information; and the Parser LM integrates some limited word information, POS, and syntactic information. We also investigate LMs created using a linear interpolation of LM pairs. When comparing each LM on the task of rescoring word graphs or N-best lists for the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) 5k- and 20k- vocabulary test sets, the SuperARV LM always achieves the greatest reduction in word error rate (WER) and the greatest increase in sentence accuracy (SAC). On the 5k test sets, the SuperARV LM obtains more than a 10% relative reduction in WER compared to the trigram LM, and on the 20k test set more than 2%. Additionally, the SuperARV LM performs comparably to or better than the interpolated LMs. Hence, we conclude that the tight coupling of knowledge from all three levels is an effective method of constructing high quality LMs.
Crushing analysis of rotationally symmetric plastic shells

AbstractThe crushing analysis of rotationally symmetric plastic shells undergoing very large deflections is presented. A general methodology is developed and simple closed-form solutions are derived for the case of a conical shell, a spherical shell under point load, a spherical shell crushed between rigid plates and under boss loading, and a spherical cap under external uniform pressure.
Adequacy of surgeon-performed ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of specimens obtained by a surgeon performing office-based ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of thyroid nodules. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From 2003 to 2006, a single surgeon performed 447 consecutive office-based US-guided FNABs without on-site cytological specimen evaluation. Adequate specimens had at least six clusters of follicular cells from at least two separate needle passes. RESULTS: Non-diagnostic specimens occurred in 16 of 447 (3.6%) nodules, whereas suboptimal specimens occurred in 17 of 447 (3.8%). Adequate samples were obtained in 413 of 447 (92.6%) of specimens. Malignancy was present in 20 of 447 (4.5%) and atypical features were present in 37 of 447 (8.3%). Benign diagnoses were rendered in 357 of 447 (79.9%) of specimens, of which four of 357 (1.1%) represented false-negative results. CONCLUSION: Prior publications recommend that obtaining adequate thyroid cytology specimens requires use of US-guided FNAB and on-site evaluation of cytology adequacy. This study demonstrates that a combination of experienced US guidance, both capillary and aspiration sampling, and three to four needle passes produce comparable results while conserving costs and resources.
Effects of Anonymity and Social Setting on Survey Responses

Anonymity was tested by placing an identifying number on half of the questionnaires on a mail survey designed to elicit reactions from teachers concerning teacher unions. Bias due to social setting was tested by mailing half the questionnaires to teachers at their home addresses, the other half to teachers at their school addresses. In a two-by-two factorial design, anonymity and social setting had no appreciable effect on response or speed of return, although social setting did have an effect on return rate. Respondents receiving the questionnaire at their school address had a higher return rate than those receiving it at home. Richard C. Wildman is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois. This report is based on a study which was begun in collaboration with the late Dr. Wayne E. Gregg, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The author wishes to thank Marvin Leavy of Bradley University for his comments on an earlier draft. POQ 41 (1977) 74-79 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.172 on Tue, 23 Aug 2016 06:07:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EFFECTS OF ANONYMITY AND SOCIAL SETTING 75 source of bias in mail surveys. Respondents who can be identified may give more "socially desirable" responses than those who remain anonymous. Fuller (1974), however, concludes from her review of the literature that the risk of significant bias is relatively small. While a few researchers have found some systematic bias, others have not, even when the information is somewhat sensitive (see Fischer, 1946; Ash and Abramson, 1952; Hamel and Reif, 1952; Rosen, 1960; Backer and Bakal, 1970; Kosen et al., 1970; Fuller, 1974). King (1970), for example, found no difference in admission of drug use, in return rate, or in response to attitudinal items in a mail survey of Dartmouth undergraduates, half of whom received questionnaires with identifying numbers, half of whom did not. Fuller (1974) herself, however, reports an 11 percent higher return rate and some social desirability response bias for one of the identified groups in the mail questionnaire she examined.
Early cancer detection colorectal cancer

Persons with symptoms or signs suggestive of colorectal cancer require complete exam of the large bowel either by sigmoidoscopy, preferably flexible, with barium enema, or by total colonoscopy. A test for fecal occult blood (FOBT) is not necessary here. In asymptomatic persons at average risk for colorectal cancer, the following screening recommendations are made: from age 40, annual digital rectal exam and FOBT; and, from age 50, sigmoidoscopy, preferably flexible, every 3 to 5 years after two negative annual exams. If there is a family history of colorectal cancer in one or more first-degree relatives, annual digital rectal exam and FOBT should begin at age 40, with either barium enema and sigmoidoscopy or total colonoscopy every 3 to 5 years. Persons with a history of chronic ulcerative colitis, polyposis syndromes, or prior colorectal adenomas or cancer merit special attention.
Thermal consolidation in porous media by homogenization theory — II. Calculation of effective coefficients

Abstract In Lee & Mei7 the macroscale equations for thermal consolidation in a periodic porous medium have been derived by homogenization theory. Here the macroscale coefficients are calculated for a cubic array of Wigner-Seitz grains. We first show that the elastic coefficient tensor of rank four has only three distinct constants and all the second rank tensor coefficients are isotropic. The canonical boundary cell problem for the elasticity tensor is then replaced by a variational principle, which is used as the basis for three-dimensional finite element computation. The dependence of the macroscale coefficients on the porosity is examined by varying an aspect ratio of the Wigner-Seitz cell. It is shown that the effective elastic coefficients and thermal modulus decrease with porosity whereas the pressure coefficient increases with porosity.
Myoepithelial tumours of skin and soft tissue: an update

Abstract Over the past decade, myoepithelial neoplasms have been recognized to arise primarily in skin and soft tissue. Similar to their salivary gland counterparts, owing to the plasticity of myoepithelial cells, these tumours show considerable cytological and architectural heterogeneity. Recognition of these uncommon neoplasms can be challenging, and a broad differential diagnosis may be considered. Criteria for malignancy in myoepithelial tumours of soft tissue have recently been established and are essentially cytological in nature, in contrast to the criteria used in salivary gland neoplasms. Myoepithelial carcinomas of soft tissue appear to be overrepresented in the paediatric population, in whom an aggressive clinical course is common. Whereas some cutaneous myoepitheliomas are similar to those in soft tissue, a distinctive ‘syncytial variant' comprises at least 50% of dermal cases. This review will examine the pathological features, clinical behaviour and differential diagnosis of myoepithelial tumours of skin and soft tissue.
Interview with Jay Nunamaker on “Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing”

Jay F. Nunamaker Jr. is Regents Professor and Soldwedel Professor at the University of Arizona. He founded the MIS department at University of Arizona in 1974, and the Center for the Management of Information in 1985. Dr. Nunamaker has over 40 years of experience in analyzing, designing, testing, evaluating, and developing information systems. His multidisciplinary research is built on a foundation of computer supported collaboration, decision support, deception detection and determination of intent. Nunamaker’s research has led to major breakthroughs in collaboration, decision support systems, and automated systems analysis and design. He is known for developing generalizable solutions to important classes of unsolved real-world problems, and testing his systems with scientific rigor. He was elected a fellow of the Association for Information Systems in 2000, and in 2002, he was the recipient of the LEO (lifetime achievement) Award from the Association of Information Systems, at ICIS in Barcelona, Spain. In a 2005 article in Communications of the Association for Information Systems, he was recognized as one of the most productive information systems researchers, ranking no. 4–6 for the period from 1991–2003 based on the number of papers in top IS journals. He received his Ph.D. in systems engineering and operations research from Case Western Reserve University. BISE: You were a pioneer in the field of group support systems. What do you see as some of the major accomplishments of the early years of collaboration systems, CSCW, and Social media? Nunamaker: Perhaps the most fundamental breakthrough was conceptual – the notion that teams could use technologies in ways that made them more successful. Once we had the concept, there were a lot of opportunities to explore. A lot of studies showed that groups using group support systems (GSS) could cut their project cycle times by 90 %, and cut labor hours by 50 %, while producing higher-quality deliverables. You may have heard the old saying, ‘‘Faster, better, cheaper – you can have any two, but you can’t have all three.’’ Well, collaborative work with GSS could faster, better, and cheaper – so it was a paradigm shift. Prof. R. O. Briggs (&) College of Business Administration, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-8230, USA e-mail: rbriggs@mail.sdsu.edu URL: http://cbaweb.sdsu.edu/faculty/profile/Robert-O.-Briggs
Comparison of Plastids and Pigments of Pinus palustris Mill. and Pinus-elliottii Engelm. in Callus Tissue Culture

Summary Callus cultures of two closely related pine species, Pinus palustris Mill. and Pinus elliottii Engelm., initiated from hypocotyl explants and grown under identical cultural conditions on the same chemically defined medium are strikingly different in pigmentation and plastid development. P. palustris maintains a deep green color throughout healthy callus growth, whereas P. elliottii quickly loses its initial green color and grows vigorously as a friable yellow-white callus. Acetone extracts of pigments from P. palustris callus contain quantifiable levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids, but the amount of pigments contained in comparable extracts of P. elliottii callus is practically nil. Typical grana as found in normal green leaves were not observed in either species, however green callus cells of P. palustris commonly contain plastids possessing 2–4 thylakoids in stacks. The plastids observed in the typically yellow-white callus cells of P. elliottii were devoid of thylakoid structures.
Single Trocar Skin Puncture Laparoscopic Orchidopexy

Objective To assess the outcomes of a modified technique for pediatric laparoscopic orchidopexy performed without instrument trocars. Methods A retrospective cohort study, for all laparoscopic orchidopexy performed without instrument trocars, was performed. Patient demographics, surgical technique, complications, and clinical outcomes were reviewed. All patients undergoing this procedure had a single trocar placed to insufflate and introduce the laparoscope. Skin punctures were used without trocars to introduce 3-mm instrumentation for laparoscopic orchidopexy. Initial follow-up visits were performed 2 to 4 weeks after surgery. Subsequent follow-up visits were performed at 6 to 12 months after surgery to reassess position and size of the testes. Results A total of 22 patients with 27 undescended testes (20 right, 7 left) were identified. Median age was 1.3 years old (range, 5 months-7 years). Median operative time was 61 minutes (range, 42-81 minutes) for primary unilateral procedures (18 patients). Median operative time was 84 minutes (range, 75-90 minutes) for bilateral procedures (3 patients). All procedures were performed without additional trocars. There were no intraoperative complications. Patients were followed for 1 year and discharged. No patients were lost in follow-up. Postoperatively, 26 of 27 (96%) laparoscopic orchidopexy were successful. One patient developed atrophy with subsequent orchiectomy 6 months after the initial procedure. Conclusion Using skin punctures without trocars for laparoscopic orchidopexy is a safe and effective modification of standard laparoscopic orchidopexy. Further studies are warranted to compare the morbidity, ergonomics, cosmesis, costs, and reproducibility of outcomes for various options of pediatric minimally invasive surgery for intra-abdominal testes.
Hitting a moving target: toward a compliance-driven patient record.

Patients receive care in a variety of treatment facilities. With each patient, every treatment event generates two pieces of information: a clinical record (notes, orders, and results generated by and for practitioners) and a billing record . The two are processed separately (most often in parallel; at times, serially). Integrating them yields the patient record . Current technology is based on the unintegrated historic record. Only when the patient leaves a treatment facility do a number of people/software systems start the reconciliation process—matching clinical information from the clinical record with charge information from the billing record to meet the requirements of Federal agencies and third-party payers. Incomplete compliance, discovered only after discharge, is difficult or impossible to resolve. The absence of a coherent and integrated (whether physical or virtual) patient record introduces problems with both compliance and adaptation. It seems that with each blink of an … Correspondence and reprints: C. Frank Starmer, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; e-mail:
Microplasma breakdown in high-voltage p--n junctions

The voltage-breakdown characteristics of controlled-avalanche junctions demonstrate the presence of microplasmas whose bistable current-switching properties are described. Microplasmas are exhibited by both diffused and alloyed junctions. The relationship between the breakdown voltage of the first microplasma with temperature for 1500–1800 V junctions is similar to that reported for 7–128 V junctions.
EFFECTS OF UNCERTAINTIES OF TIME AND OCCURRENCE ON REACTION TIME OF MENTALLY HANDICAPPED STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of uncertainties of time and occurrence on reaction time of mildly handicapped students. 33 students were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: no catch-trials, 10% catch-trials, and 20% catch-trials. Randomly varied foreperiods of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 sec. were used in a reaction time task. The role of catch-trials varied over four days of testing. Reaction times following 3.0- and 4.5-sec. were significantly faster than measurements following a 1.5-sec. foreperiod.
Probing Glass Transition of Ultrathin Polymer Films at a Time Scale of Seconds Using Fast Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Ultrasensitive, thin-film, differential scanning calorimetry is used to determine the glass-transition temperature of 3−400 nm thick, spin-cast films of polystyrene, poly (2-vinyl pyridine), and poly (methyl methacrylate) on a platinum surface. The technique used here is modified to characterize the glass transition over a time scale of seconds rather than milliseconds. No appreciable dependence of the glass-transition temperature on thickness is observed over the entire range used. The results are discussed in comparison with previous calorimetric measurements, characterized by the glass-transition time scale of milliseconds.
Activation of the CPP32 Apoptotic Protease by Distinct Signaling Pathways with Differential Sensitivity to Bcl-xL

In the absence of growth factors, many types of mammalian cells undergo apoptosis. We and others have shown recently that growth factors promote cell survival by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) in several cell types. In the present study, we have compared downstream elements of the apoptotic pathways induced by PI 3-kinase inhibitors and other stimuli. In U937 cells, both PI 3-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002) and etoposide activated the CPP32 apoptotic protease by cleavage to active p17 subunits. In contrast, treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) resulted in the accumulation of a distinct active CPP32 subunit, p20. Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-xL blocked DNA fragmentation, CPP32 activation and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in U937 cells treated with both PI 3-kinase inhibitors and etoposide, but not in cells treated with TNFalpha. Distinct patterns of CPP32 activation and differential sensitivities to Bcl-xL thus distinguish the cell death pathways activated by PI 3-kinase inhibition and DNA damage from that activated by TNFalpha.
Novel innate cancer killing activity in humans

Background In this study, we pilot tested an in vitro assay of cancer killing activity (CKA) in circulating leukocytes of 22 cancer cases and 25 healthy controls.
The Utility of an Admission Assessment to Predict In-Hospital Nutrient Intake

Objective: To determine if pre-complication nutrient intake can be predicted based on an admission assessment. Design: Survey (cross-sectional study). Setting: Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit (GRU) of a Veterans Administration hospital. Patients: Three-hundred-twelve randomly selected admissions to the GRU. Measurements: At admission, each patient completed a comprehensive medical, neuropsychological, functional, and nutritional assessment. While remaining hospitalized, each subject was monitored on a daily basis for the development of complications. Complete calorie counts were obtained at least every other day, and the average pre-complication daily volitional nutrient intake was expressed as a percent of predicted requirements as determined using the Harris-Benedict equation. Results: Based on a stepwise linear regression analysis, the strongest predictor of pre-complication volitional intake was the first day calorie count, followed by waist circumference, the percent of weight lost in the 6 months prior to admission, supra-iliac skinfold thickness, and admission Katz ADL score. The model R2 = 0.66. Conclusions: It is possible to predict pre-complication nutrient intake with a fair degree of accuracy based on an admission assessment, which includes a 1-day calorie count.
Estimates of body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults

Background: Little is known about the distributions of percentage body fat (PBF), total body fat (TBF), and fat-free mass (FFM) in the adult population in the United States. Objectives: We sought to estimate the means and percentile cutoffs of PBF, TBF, and FFM and to assess the differences by sex, age, race-ethnicity, and body mass index in US adults. Design: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which were collected during the 6-y period from 1999 to 2004 and comprise a large nationally representative sample of the US population, were analyzed (n = 6559 men and 6507 nonpregnant women). TBF and FFM were measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PBF was calculated as TBF divided by total mass multiplied by 100. Results: There were large differences between men and women in unadjusted mean PBF (28.1% compared with 40.0%, P , 0.001), TBF (25.4 compared with 30.8 kg, P , 0.001), and FFM (62.3 compared with 44.0 kg, P , 0.001); the sex differences persisted across all body mass index categories after adjustment for age and race-ethnicity (all P , 0.001). The common percentile cutoffs of PBF, TBF, and FFM were estimated by sex, race-ethnicity, and age groups. Equations for the estimation of PBF (R 2 = 0.85), TBF (R 2 = 0.94), and FFM (R 2 = 0.94) according to demographic characteristics and simple anthropometric measures were generated. Conclusion: The estimates of means and percentile cutoffs for PBF, TBF, and FFM, on the basis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 199922004 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data, provide a reference in the US adult population. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28141.
Across the great divide: Proximate units at the lexical‐phonological interface

Evidence that languages differ in the initial, proximate units of phonological encoding presents a challenge to current theories of language production. The proximate units principle is the idea that variation in the proximate, first selectable, phonological units during word form retrieval for speaking is key to understanding the implementation of phonological encoding in diverse languages. It proposes that rather than imposing a unilingual phonemic template across languages, the variety of proximate units should be incorporated in theories. From this perspective, cross-linguistic differences in speech error patterns, in phonological preparation, in automatic activation, in multi-word coordination, and in metalinguistic awareness are more clearly interpretable. The proximate units perspective aims to accelerate scientific progress by incorporating linguistic diversity at the lexical-phonological interface into theories of word and sentence production.
Health Consequences of Uninsurance among Adults in the United States: Recent Evidence and Implications

Context: Uninsured adults have less access to recommended care, receive poorer quality of care, and experience worse health outcomes than insured adults do. The potential health benefits of expanding insurance coverage for these adults may provide a strong rationale for reform. However, evidence of the adverse health effects of uninsurance has been largely based on observational studies with designs that do not support causal conclusions. Although recent research using more rigorous methods may offer a better understanding of this important subject, it has not been comprehensively reviewed. Methods: The clinical and economic literature since 2002 was systematically searched. New research contributions were reviewed and evaluated based on their methodological strength. Because the effectiveness of medical care varies considerably by clinical risk and across conditions, the consistency of study findings with clinical expectations was considered in their interpretation. Updated conclusions were formulated from the current body of research. Findings: The quality of research has improved significantly, as investigators have employed quasi-experimental designs with increasing frequency to address limitations of earlier research. Recent studies have found consistently positive and often significant effects of health insurance coverage on health across a range of outcomes. In particular, significant benefits of coverage have now been robustly demonstrated for adults with acute or chronic conditions for which there are effective treatments. Conclusions: Based on the evidence to date, the health consequences of uninsurance are real, vary in magnitude in a clinically consistent manner, strengthen the argument for universal coverage in the United States, and underscore the importance of evidence-based determinations in providing health care to a diverse population of adults.
Compressive Fatigue Limits of Composite Restorative Materials

Compressive fatigue limits at 5,000 stress cycles have been measured for seven commercial composite restorative materials. The average of the ratios between fatigue limit and compressive strengths is 0.64.
The Natives Are Gazing and Talking Back: Reviewing the Problematics of Positionality, Voice, and Accountability among "Native" Anthropologists

In this article, a linguistic anthropologist reviews the growing literature on the possibilities and problematics of under- standing "native" anthropology and its implications for the construction of ethnographic knowledge. The author examines the cen- trality of language for "native" scholars in negotiating their legitimacy in the field. Confessions of failure by native scholars and their dilemmas with translation illuminate the dialogic and political nature of ethnographic inquiry, particularly when research is conducted in "home" communities. Moreover, native ethnographers' critical reflexivity regarding their subject positionings and "voice" may con- stitute a counterhegemonic rhetorical strategy for negotiating multiple accountabilities. Self-identification as a native scholar is seldom a means through which researchers "play the native card" via a noncritical privileging of their "insider" status. Instead, claiming native status may act tactically as both a normalizing and an exclusivizing endeavor, as well as a signif ier of the decolonization of anthropo- logical thought and practice. The author considers these and other critical implications of native anthropological research in relation to her own multisited research on African American linguistic and cultural practices focused on hair care. (Keywords: "native" anthropol- ogy, language, representation, reflexivity, translation)
The Effects of Cyclosporine on Platelet Function and Cyclooxygenase Expression in Normal Dogs

Background Cyclosporine has been shown to alter platelet plasma membranes and have a hypercoagulable effect in humans, leading to thromboembolic complications. Hypothesis/Objectives Our hypothesis was that by modulating platelet reactivity, cyclosporine increases the risk of thromboembolic complications. The objective was to determine the effects of cyclosporine on primary hemostasis in normal dogs. Animals Eight healthy, intact female dogs. Methods A repeated-measures design utilized flow cytometry to evaluate platelet expression of platelet reactivity markers (P-selectin and phosphatidylserine) and COX-1 and COX-2 during the administration of 2 cyclosporine dosages (19 mg/kg q12h [immunosuppressive dosage] and 5 mg/kg q24h [atopy dosage]). Urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane-B2 (11-dTXB2) concentration was normalized to urine creatinine concentration, and platelet function was analyzed by PFA-100. Results After a week of the immunosuppressive dosage, all platelet reactivity markers showed a significant decrease in mean fluorescent intensity (MFI). After the atopy dosage, only P-selectin and COX-2 MFI demonstrated a change from baseline, decreasing by 29% (P = .013) and 31% (P = .003), respectively. Urinary 11-dTXB2-to-creatinine ratio significantly increased at all time points during the immunosuppressive dosage, but no significant change occurred during administration of the atopy dosage. PFA-100 closure times using collagen/ADP cartridges increased by 62% (P = .008) with the immunosuppressive dosage and decreased by 45% with the atopy dosage (P = .035). No significant changes in closure times occurred with collagen/epinephrine cartridges. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Our study suggests that, similar to what is observed in humans, cyclosporine alters the platelet plasma membrane and increases thromboxane production in dogs, especially at immunosuppressive dosages.
Perceiver's Occupation and Client's Grooming: Influence on Person Perception

The purpose of the research was to investigate the relationship of the occupations of two groups of perceivers, school counselors and law enformcement officers, and the grooming of male adolescent clients to a) the number of person cues perceived, b) the type of person cues perceived, and c) the content of the inferences made about the client. The research contributed to person perception and clothing research by expanding information on a characteristic of the perceiver by employing an open response format for data collection. Pictorial stimuli and a questionnaire were used for collection of data from 120 subjects. Data were submitted to content analysis, analysis of variance, and loglinear analysis. Counselors noted fewer cues and based their inferences on more general aspects of appearance than did law enforcement officers. Members of each occupation drew inferences appropriate to their occupation. Differences in grooming were related to varying perceptions of the client's attitude; grooming and occupa...
Pediatric bicycle-related head injuries: a population-based study in a county without a helmet law

Head injuries are the leading cause of death among cyclists, 85 % of which can be prevented by wearing a bicycle helmet. This study aims to estimate the incidence of pediatric bicycle-related injuries in Olmsted County and assess differences in injuries between those wearing helmets vs. not. Olmsted County, Minnesota residents 5 to 18 years of age with a diagnostic code consistent with an injury associated with the use of a bicycle between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011, were identified. Incidence rates were calculated and standardized to the age and sex distribution of the 2000 US white population. Type of injuries, the percentage requiring head CT or X-ray, and hospitalization were compared using a chi-square test. Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, permanent neurologic injury, seizure, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality were compared using Fisher’s exact test. A total of 1189 bicycle injuries were identified. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate of all injuries was 278 (95 % CI, 249 to 306) per 100,000 person-years for females and 589 (95 % CI, 549 to 629) for males. The corresponding rates for head injuries were 104 (95 % CI, 87 to 121) for females and 255 (95 % CI, 229 to 281) for males. Of patients with head injuries, 17.4 % were documented to have been wearing a helmet, 44.8 % were documented as not wearing a helmet, and 37.8 % had no helmet use documentation. Patients with a head injury who were documented as not wearing a helmet were significantly more likely to undergo imaging of the head (32.1 percent vs. 11.5 %; p < 0.001) and to experience a brain injury (28.1 vs. 13.8 %; p = 0.008). Children and adolescents continue to ride bicycles without wearing helmets, resulting in severe head and facial injuries and mortality.
Localization of Dopamine in Banana

Dopamine was located histochemically in the latex vessels and in a few isolated parenchyma cells of banana ripened to the green-tip stage. Such fruit averaged 58.1 μg dopamine per gram of pulp compared to 24.5 μg per gram in halves of the same bananas at the fully ripe stage.
Chip-Package-Interaction Modeling of Ultra Low-k/Copper Back End of Line

Ultra low-k (ULK, k=2.4) dielectric has weaker mechanical properties than first generation low-k films (k=3.0). The introduction of ULK into advanced back end of lines (BEOL) presents a significant challenge due to chip package interaction (CPI) where the packaged die is cycled over a temperature range and the resulting stress can cause ULK BEOL delamination. To avoid CPI failure detailed modeling from the package down to the BEOL must be coupled with quantitative material property measurement. In this paper multi-level finite element models have been used to investigate the parameters which drive CPI failure. It is found that the defect size in the BEOL and the package geometry are key drivers for delamination. Finally, this paper presents a detailed example of the utility of modeling to optimize dicing to reduce defect size, and provide targets for crackstop toughness, which has resulted in a successful reliability qualification of the porous SiCOH (k=2.4) for 45 nm BEOL technology with an organic flip-chip package.
Seven design challenges for fully-realized experience management

Drama Managers, a specific type of the more general Experience Manager, have become a common subject of study in the interactive narrative literature. With a range of representational and computational approaches, authors have repeatedly developed techniques that enable computers to generate, reason about, and adapt narratives in an interactive virtual setting. In order to fully realize an experience manager, seven representational and computational problems need to be solved, generally on a case-by-case basis. In other words, the choice to use an Experience Manager is the choice to model the design as, and implement solutions to, seven interdependent design problems. We explicitly articulate those design problems and provide a number of examples of methods that both motivate the design problems as well as illustrate a range of approaches to solving them.
Chronic alcohol intake interferes with retinoid metabolism and signaling

Chronic and excessive ethanol consumption is associated with cellular proliferation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cancer of the liver. The critical event in early alcohol-induced hepatic injury is an alcohol-induced activation (cell proliferation and increased fibrogenesis) of hepatic stellate cells. However, the mechanisms by which alcohol causes proliferative activation in hepatic stellate cells have not been identified. An important characteristic of alcohol-induced injury is impaired vitamin A nutritional status. The demonstration that retinoic acid is the most physiologically active derivative of vitamin A and the discovery of retinoic acid receptors provide a mechanistic basis for understanding the actions of vitamin A and alcohol on hepatic cell proliferation. Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic alcohol intake can reduce hepatic retinoic acid concentrations, diminish retinoid signaling, and enhance activator protein-1 (AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos)) expression in rat liver. These are the possible biochemical and molecular mechanisms whereby ethanol ingestion results in hepatic stellate cell proliferative activation and hepatic fibrogenesis.
Delete, Restart, or Rewind? Post-1989 Public Memory Work in East-Central Europe

In this review, I survey the empirical research literature on collective memory work in post-1989 Central-East Europe. Among the central cultural changes that the transformative moment of 1989 represented for the seven former members of the Eastern Bloc was the restructuring of public memory, through new anniversaries, monuments, museums, and apologies. By synthesizing the existing literature, we can discern a number of common threads in public memory across these locations, as well as differences, signaling that each country is charting its own path. Trends point toward preferences for damning the communist history, reviving national traditions, lustrating particular individuals, and hesitating over how to commemorate the 1989 events. There are gaps in the arenas that the literature address, which could be filled by a more representative balance across the seven countries, and toward increased attention to the publicly performed meanings of 1989.
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a Rogue among Symbiotes

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains are strains of B. fragilis that secrete a 20-kDa heat-labile zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin termed the B. fragilis toxin (BFT). BFT is the only recognized virulence factor specific for ETBF. ETBF strains are associated with inflammatory diarrheal disease in children older than 1 year of age and in adults; limited data suggest an association of ETBF colonization with inflammatory bowel disease flare-ups and colorectal cancer. ETBF secretes one of three highly related BFT isoforms. The relationship between BFT isoform and disease expression is unknown. Although the mechanism of action of BFT is incompletely understood, available data suggest that BFT binds to a specific intestinal epithelial cell receptor, stimulating intestinal cell signal transduction pathways that result in cell morphology changes, cleavage of E-cadherin, reduced colonic barrier function, and increased epithelial cell proliferation and cytokine expression (such as the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8). Together, the data suggest that in some hosts, ETBF acts via secretion of BFT to induce colitis. However, the full spectrum of clinical disease related to ETBF and the impact of chronic ETBF colonization on the host remain to be defined.
Duality between quantum and classical dynamics for integrable billiards

We establish a duality between the quantum wave vector spectrum and the eigenmodes of the classical Liouvillian dynamics for integrable billiards. Signatures of the classical eigenmodes appear as peaks in the correlation function of the quantum wave vector spectrum. A semiclassical derivation and numerical calculations are presented in support of the results. These classical eigenmodes can be observed in physical experiments through the autocorrelation of the transmission coefficient of waves in quantum billiards. Exact classical trace formulas of the resolvent are derived for the rectangle, equilateral triangle, and circle billiards. We also establish a correspondence between the classical periodic orbit length spectrum and the quantum spectrum for integrable polygonal billiards.