cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific Aspects of Prompting and Fading Procedures in Teaching Beginning Reading.

Summary.-Three groups of kindergarten children received 4 training trials and a word-recognition test with 15 words in a beginning-reading task. There was a prompting-and-fading group with pictorial prompts which were gradually faded. There was a prompting-only group who received the same pictorial prompts but no fading. There was a no-prompting group, also, who were exposed to the printed words but no pictorial prompts. The prompting-andfading and the prompting-only groups maintained few errors during training, while the no-prompting group showed high initial errors which gradually declined. The prompting-and-fading and the no-prompting groups performed similarly on word recognition after training and scored significantly higher than the prompting-only group. Lack of advantage in word-recognition skills for the prompting-and-fading group over the no-prompting group was discussed. Prompting and fading is an effective technique for developing beginning reading skills in young children (Taber & Glasser, 1962; McDowell. 1968). The major advantages of the prompting and fading technique for teaching beginning reading are few errors during acquisition and effective learning as measured by tests of word-recognition skills (McDowell, 1971). The prompting procedure is designed to over-determine correct reading responses during acquisition, while the gradual fading of the prompts results in transfer of control from the prompt to the printed word. Several studies have investigated specific aspects of the prompting-andfading technique. McDowell, Nunn, and McCutcheon ( 1969) compared a prompting-and-fading technique with a no-prompting procedure in teaching kindergarten children to read. The prompts included pictorial and contextual cues from the story, "Goldilocks and the Three Bears." The prompting-andfading group showed fewer errors during acquisition; however, there were no significant differences between the groups in word-recognition skills. Corey and Shamow ( 1972 ) compared a pictorial prompting-and-fading technique with a prompting-only procedure in teaching preschoolers to read. The prompting-and-fading group was superior to the prompting-only group on both initial and cumulative word-recognition tests. In two studies which involved teaching beginning reading to nonreading mentally retarded persons, Dorry and Zeaman (1975) and Dorry (1976) compared three groups utilizing (1) a pictorial prompting-and-fading technique, (2) an alternating pictorial prompting and non-prompting procedure, and (3) a no-prompting method. Both studies showed the prompting-and-fading
Dietary lysine effects on stress-related mortality of the marine shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris

Abstract Studies with semi-synthetic diets revealed that dietary lysine reduced the effects of an un-identified disease of penaeid nervous systems. Four semi-synthetic diets were prepared with different levels of dietary lysine as the sole variable. Heavy treatment-related mortality resulted after the first weight period. Subsequent stress exercises resulted in a consistent mortality pattern which was inversely related to lysine levels in the diet. Microscopic examination of the dead shrimp revealed neural lesions in all test treatments but in greatest incidence and severity in shrimp fed the lowest lysine level.
Empowering and Disempowering Aspects of New Media Networking and Digital Democracy

The relationship between new media networking (NMN) and political participation continues to develop in complex ways. In light of evidence pointing to increased political participation through NMN, the structures of the networks people engage continue to exhibit both empowering and disempowering aspects. While some gaps associated with the Digital Divide are closing, others are opening. This essay utilizes network theory and power law distribution to further understand new media networks. The article concludes that there are inherent inequalities in new media networks, the inequalities can be addressed through public policy, and that they are made relevant through narratives of optimistic but realistic, progress.
A Redescription of Hepatozoon mocassini (Laveran, 1902) n. comb. from Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Troost, 1836

Hepatozoon mocassini (Laveran, 1902) n. comb. from Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (water moccasin) is redescribed by light microscopic study of all developmental stages and reclassified since mature oocysts contained sporocysts. Formerly this species was assigned to the genus Haemogregarina on the basis of a description of the gamonts. A neotype is designated because the original specimens cannot be located. Mature oocysts, containing sporocysts, developed in the hemocoel of the experimental host Aedes aegypti. These oocysts proved infective for A. piscivorus leucostoma when administered orally.
Seeing and hearing in space and time: Effects of modality and presentation rate on implicit statistical learning

Across a wide range of tasks, vision appears to process input best when it is spatially rather than temporally distributed, whereas audition is the opposite. Here we explored whether such modality constraints also affect implicit statistical learning in an artificial grammar learning task. Participants were exposed to statistically governed input sequences and then tested on their ability to classify novel items. We explored three types of presentation formats*visual input distributed spatially, visual input distributed temporally, auditory input distributed temporally*and two rates of presentation: moderate (4 elements/second) and fast (8 elements/second). Overall, learning abilities were best for visual-spatial and auditory input. Additionally, at the faster presentation rate, performance declined only for the visual-temporal condition. Finally, auditory learning was mediated by increased sensitivity to the endings of input sequences, whereas vision was most sensitive to the beginnings of sequences. These results suggest that statistical learning for sequential and spatial patterns proceeds differently across the visual and auditory modalities.
Pentacyclic Nitrofurans with In Vivo Efficacy and Activity against Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The reductively activated nitroaromatic class of antimicrobials, which include nitroimidazole and the more metabolically labile nitrofuran antitubercular agents, have demonstrated some potential for development as therapeutics against dormant TB bacilli. In previous studies, the pharmacokinetic properties of nitrofuranyl isoxazolines were improved by incorporation of the outer ring elements of the antitubercular nitroimidazole OPC-67683. This successfully increased stability of the resulting pentacyclic nitrofuran lead compound Lee1106 (referred to herein as 9a). In the current study, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 9a and panel of 9a analogs, which were developed to increase oral bioavailability. These hybrid nitrofurans remained potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with favorable selectivity indices (>150) and a narrow spectrum of activity. In vivo, the pentacyclic nitrofuran compounds showed long half-lives and high volumes of distribution. Based on pharmacokinetic testing and lack of toxicity in vivo, 9a remained the series lead. 9a exerted a lengthy post antibiotic effect and was highly active against nonreplicating M. tuberculosis grown under hypoxia. 9a showed a low potential for cross resistance to current antitubercular agents, and a mechanism of activation distinct from pre-clinical tuberculosis candidates PA-824 and OPC-67683. Together these studies show that 9a is a nanomolar inhibitor of actively growing as well as nonreplicating M. tuberculosis.
Isomorphic phase transformation in shocked cerium using molecular dynamics

Cerium (Ce) undergoes a significant ({approx}16%) volume collapse associated with an isomorphic fcc-fcc phase transformation when subject to compressive loading. We present here a new Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potential for Cerium that models two minima for the two fcc phases. We show results from its use in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of Ce samples subjected to shocks with pressures ranging from 0.5 to 25 GPa. A split wave structure is observed, with an elastic precursor followed by a plastic wave. The plastic wave causes the expected fcc-fcc phase transformation. Comparisons to experiments and MD simulations on Cesium (Cs) indicate that three waves could be observed. The construction of the EAM potential may be the source of the difference.
Isolated Impact of Ruffling on the Vibrational Spectrum of Ni Porphyrins. Diagnosing Out-of-Plane Distortions

The intrinsic effect of the B1u ruffling (ruf) distortion on the heme vibrational frequencies was evaluated using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)). Ni(II) porphine (NiP) was constrained for a wide range ruffling angles (τruf = the cross macrocycle Cα−N---N−Cα angle), but otherwise freely geometry optimized, and vibrational frequencies were calculated at each point. This approach allowed the impact of the out-of-plane distortion to be isolated from complicating factors arising from peripheral substituents, the environment, and the metal−macrocycle interaction. The potential energy surface revealed a minimum energy structure at τruf = 22.8° and a small barrier at the planar conformation of 0.162 kcal mol-1. A clear pattern of vibrational shifts driven by the ruffling distortion was observed. Seven degenerate and 17 nondegenerate modes shift by >10 cm-1 upon ruffling by 45°. In general, shifts to lower frequencies were seen for higher frequency modes and vice versa. The in-plane asymmetric Cα−Cm ...
Lexicon and Bibliography of Cenozoic Deposits of New Mexico, 1869–1980

This lexicon includes the names of all Cenozoic lithostratigraphic units in New Mexico formally and informally proposed before 1981. It also includes Cenozoic chronostratigraphic units defined in New Mexico. Previous lexicons by Elston (1976), Keroher and others (1967), Lochman-Balk (1959, 1964, 1965, 1967), Lochman-Balk and Bruning (1971), Maclachlan (1976), Northrop (1973), Wilmarth (1938) and Wilson and others (1957) have aided in the compilation of this lexicon. Each entry begins with the unit name; underlined names are those that have been formally recognized, at one time or another, by the United States Geological Survey. Parenthetical insertions after the unit name give alternate usages (for example, Abiquiu Formation or Abiquiu Tuff) and/or indicate the member, formation, group or series in which the unit is (or was) included. Unit names in brackets are old, discarded names and more recently proposed names no longer in use.
The frequency of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene variants in the US population and correlation with the C4-acylcarnitine concentration in newborn blood spots

Abstract Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is a clinically heterogeneous disorder. The clinical phenotype varies from fatal metabolic decompensation in early life to subtle adult onset, some patients remain asymptomatic. Two mutations (511C > T; 625G > A) have been described in exons 5 and 6 of the SCAD gene. Although they alter the structural and catalytic properties of the SCAD protein, these variants are not true disease-causing mutations but confer disease susceptibility. Previous studies found these gene variants to be common in Europeans. We aimed to establish the frequency of these variants in the US population and to determine whether the presence of these variants correlates with elevated butyrylcarnitine (C4-acylcarnitine) concentrations in newborn blood spots. Based on the analysis of 694 samples, we found that the allele frequency of the 625G > A variant was significantly higher (22%) than that of the 511C > T variant (3%). These gene variants were detected in either homozygous or compound heterozygous form in 7% of the study population. Additionally, the frequency of the 625G > A allele in the Hispanic population (30%) was significantly higher than that of the African-American (9%) and Asian (13%) subpopulations. A previously unreported variant, IVS 5 (−10) C > T, was identified in three African-American newborns (0.3%). The C4-acylcarnitine concentration in blood spots was significantly higher in subjects homozygous for the 625A variant when compared to those homozygous for the wild type (p
Maudsley reactive (MR/Har) and nonreactive (MNRA/Har) rats: performance in an operant conflict paradigm.

The present studies were designed to characterize the behavior of Maudsley reactive (MR/Har) and nonreactive (MNRA/Har) rats in a modification of the Geller-Seifter operant conflict paradigm. Food-restricted (85% of free-feeding weights) female MR/Har and MNRA/Har rats were trained to lever press for food reinforcement in a multiple-schedule operant conflict paradigm. In the absence of a tone, a fixed ratio-30 (FR-30) schedule for reinforcement only was in effect (i.e., every 30th lever press resulted in the delivery of a 45-mg food pellet). During the presence of a tone, a fixed ratio-1 (FR-1) schedule of both reinforcement (food) and punishment (0.20 mA footshock applied for 500 ms) was in effect (i.e., each lever press resulted in both food and shock delivery). The tone periods were 27 s in duration and were presented on a variable interval (VI)-120-s schedule (approximately 20 tones/40-min session). Behavioral testing was conducted 5 days/week for 35 weeks. Initially, punished responding between the MR/Har and MNRA/Har rat strains did not differ dramatically. However, over the course of many weeks of conflict testing, rats of the MNRA/Har strain came to accept significantly more shocks than did subjects of the MR/Har strain. A direct examination of footshock sensitivity in these rats revealed that this difference in conflict behavior over time was not due to strain differences in shock sensitivity. The mechanism for this time-dependent difference in conflict behavior between the MR/Har and MNRA/Har rats remains undetermined.
The use of stab incisions for instrument access in laparoscopic urological procedures

ABSTRACT Purpose: Traditional laparoscopic procedures use expensive cannulas to facilitate the insertion and removal of laparoscopic instruments. We report our experience with limited access stab incisions for the insertion of instruments into the peritoneal cavity during laparoscopic urological procedures to minimize the use of disposable cannulas. Materials and Methods: All patients undergoing laparoscopic urologic procedures using stab incisions, as performed by us, from November 1999 through March 2003 were included. Procedures included nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, varicocelectomy, nephroureterectomy, orchiopexy and adrenal procedures. A single cannula was used for telescope access. In select cases additional cannulas were used for unique instruments or specimen manipulation/extraction. Abdominal wall stab incisions were used for the remaining instruments. Stab incisions were closed with a Steri-Strip (3M Healthcare, St. Paul, Minnesota) at the skin level only. Results: A total of 53 procedures were performed during the study period. Pneumoperitoneum was maintained in all cases. There were no complications associated with the use of stab incisions. A total of 105 cannulas were saved using our technique. At a cost to the patient of $140 per cannula the overall cost saving was $14,700 with an average saving of $277 per case. Conclusions: Laparoscopic urological procedures can be performed effectively and safely with stab incisions for instrument access. There are significant cost savings related to the elimination of cannulas. We believe that our technique of stab incisions for instrument access is equivalent to the traditional cannula approach and should be used when possible.
Multicomponent system with polydisperse species

We consider a multicomponent system containing polydisperse species of polymers produced in equilibrium polymerization. We present a general theory of such a system by solving the model on a Bethe lattice. We show that the resulting free energy has certain universal features regardless of the number of components, their architecture, and dispersity.
Fast near-optimal subnetwork selection in layered relay networks

We consider the problem of finding the largest capacity subnetwork of a given size of a layered Gaussian relay network. While the exact capacity of Gaussian relay networks is unknown in general, motivated by recent capacity approximations we use the information-theoretic cutset bound as a proxy for the true capacity of such networks. There are two challenges in efficiently selecting subnetworks of a Gaussian network. First, evaluating the cutset bound involves a minimization of a cut function over the exponentially many possible cuts of the network and therefore a greedy approach has exponential complexity. Second, even if the min-cut for each subnetwork can be evaluated efficiently, an exhaustive search over the possibly exponentially many subnetworks of a network has prohibitive complexity. Algorithms exploiting the submodularity property of the cut function have been proposed in the literature to address these challenges. Instead, in this paper, we develop algorithms for computing the min-cut of a layered network and selecting its largest capacity subnetwork which are based on the observation that the cut function of a layered network admits a line-structured factor graph representation. We demonstrate numerically that our algorithms exploiting the layered structure can be significantly more efficient than the earlier algorithms exploiting submodularity. Our findings suggest that while submodularity of the cut function holds in more generality independent of the topology of the network, in the case of layered networks, algorithms exploiting the layered structure of the cut function can be much more efficient.
Differential effects of pre-tension on shear wave propagation in elastic media with different boundary conditions as measured by magnetic resonance elastography and finite element modeling

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can non-invasively determine material stiffness based on the propagating shear wavelength. Shear wave propagation in a finite homogenous isotropic material can be affected by multiple factors. In this study we examined the effects of pre-tension and frequency on MRE shear measurements of gel phantoms with different boundary conditions, frequencies, and geometries. Results from MRE measurements were compared to wave motion theory in elastic solids and qualitatively to a finite element (FE) model. Results indicated that boundary conditions, geometry and pre-tension are important factors to be considered when performing MRE tests on a finite material, and that FE modeling can help explore how the shear wave propagation is affected under various boundary conditions and axial stresses, among other potential factors.
Creation of highly anisotropic wave packets in quantum wells: Dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect in the optical and terahertz regimes

We study the dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect by subjecting a semiconductor quantum well to both a strong THz-frequency driving field and a weak broadband optical pulse. Coulombic effects and the THz field are included nonperturbatively. Our results show THz sidebands in the optical absorption spectrum and harmonically generated subpicosecond bursts of radiation in the THz regime. The propagating wave packets are simultaneously analyzed and applications are discussed.
Construction and Analysis of an Augmented Lattice Square Design

Augmented designs are useful for screening experiments involving large numbers of new and untried treatments. Since resolvable row-column designs are useful for controlling extraneous variation, it is desirable to use such designs for the check or standard treatments to construct augmented lattice square experiment designs. A simple procedure is described for constructing such designs using c = 2k and c = 3k check treatments and n = rk(k -— 2) and n = rk(k — 3) new treatments, respectively, r being the number of complete blocks. A trend analysis for these designs, which allows for solutions of fixed effects, is presented. The random effects case is also discussed. A SAS computer code and the output from this code illustrated with a small numerical example are available from the author.
Adjuvant endocrine therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunotherapy in stage II breast cancer: 6-year result.

Five-year results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial of three treatment regimes—(a) cytoxan, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF); (b) CMF plus the antiestrogen drug, tamoxifen (CMFT); and (c) CMFT plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinations—in 312 women with stage-II breast cancer are reported. Estrogen receptors (ER) were measured in all of the primary tumors. Addition of tamoxifen to CMF therapy significantly decreased the number of recurrences at five years in ER positive patients with four or more positive axillary lymph nodes. Addition of tamoxifen to CMF had no effect on disease-free survival in ER-positive patients with 1–3 positive axillary lymph nodes or in patients with ER-negative tumors. Addition of BCG vaccinations had no discernible effect on disease-free survival. ER measurements in the primary tumor provide important prognostic information regardless of treatment, with ER-positive patients having lower recurrence rates and mortality after five years. ER measurements also have predictive value for response to endocrine therapy. Further follow-up is needed to determine whether tamoxifen is delaying recurrence or preventing it in a subset of these patients.
A γ-herpesvirus deficient in replication establishes chronic infection in vivo and is impervious to restriction by adaptive immune cells

Chronic γ-herpesvirus infection is a dynamic process involving latent infection, reactivation from latency, and low level persistent replication. The γ-herpesviruses maintain latent infection in restricted subsets of hematopoietic cells as a result of an intricate balance between host factors that suppress infection and viral factors that facilitate evasion of the immune response. Immune effectors limit reactivation and subsequent replication events, and the adaptive immune response ultimately restricts infection to a level compatible with life-long infection. However, it has not been possible to determine whether the immune system constrains chronic infection by directly targeting latently infected cells in vivo due to the complex nature of chronic infection. To begin to address this issue, we generated a murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) deficient in its ability to replicate or undergo reactivation from latency via a mutation in the single-stranded DNA binding protein encoded by ORF6. Even in the absence of lytic replication, this virus established long-term infection in peritoneal cells of wild-type mice at levels identical to that of wild-type γHV68, and generated an immune response that was sufficient to protect against secondary challenge with wild-type γHV68. Nevertheless, the number of latently infected cells was not significantly altered in mice deficient in T cells or both T cells and B cells, demonstrating that the adaptive immune system is incapable of altering infection with a virus lacking the capacity for lytic replication and reactivation from latency. Thus, these data support the conclusion that latency is immunologically silent.
Harnack-type mass bounds and bernstein theorems for area-minimizing flat chains modulo v.

For an area-minimizing flat chain modulo v with no boundary inside the unit ball, an absolute upper bound is given for the amount of area inside a shrunken ball. Such Harnack-type estimates lead to generalizations of area inside a shrunken ball. Such Harnack-type estimates lead to generalizations of Bernstein's Theorem. For example, for n⪇5, a 2-dimensional, area-minimizing locally flat chain modulo 2 without boundary in IRn which has at least 1 singularity must consist of 2 orthogonal planes.
A Comparison of Coping Strategies in Chronic Pain Patients in Different Age Groups

This study examined the effects of age on the frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of coping strategies in patients having chronic pain. Subjects were chronic pain patients in four age groups (young, middle, older, and geriatric). All subjects completed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, which measures the use and perceived effectiveness of a variety of cognitive and behavioral coping strategies in controlling and decreasing pain. Subjects also completed measures of pain, depression, and psychological distress. Data analysis revealed that there were no significant age differences in either the use or perceived effectiveness of pain coping strategies. Correlational analyses based on data combined from the different age groups suggested that, while certain pain coping strategies appear to be adaptive (e.g., coping self-statements), other coping strategies appear to be maladaptive (e.g., catastrophizing, diverting attention, increasing behavioral activities). Patients who rated their ability to decrease pain as relatively high, reported lower levels of depression and pain. These findings are consistent with a contextual perspective on coping which postulates that few, if any, age differences in coping are to be expected when individuals are coping with a similar life event.
Stability of the equilibrium for atomic H in solid H2

The previously reported phenomenological rate process theory for the storage of atomic hydrogen free radicals in a tritium-impregnated crystalline molecular hydrogen solid is used to determine the dynamical stability of the constant uniform equilibrium solution. The analysis indicates that the equilibrium is unstable (thus, unattainable experimentally) for storage temperatures in a certain range (specifically between 0.134 and 0.80 K for 0.03% tritium by weight, and between 0.165 and 0.80 K for 1.20% tritium by weight), while being absolutely stable with respect to arbitrary small-amplitude perturbations for all storage temperatures below and above this range. The theory also predicts the maximum size for a stable H/H2 sample with an appreciable concentration of trapped H and a net excess rate of volumetric heating due to the tritium decay.
A 10-year experience of infection following carotid endarterectomy with patch angioplasty.

Objective Although infection following carotid endarterectomy is rare, consequences of this seldom seen complication can be devastating. Polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and vein patches have all been used by many institutions for patch angioplasty, each with reported cases of infection following surgery. Our institution has preferentially used PTFE for the majority of cases, and here, we report our experience with postoperative infection following endarterectomy over the last decade. Methods From January 2000 through July 2009, we treated infections following carotid endarterectomy in 25 patients. Results Of the 25 patients undergoing treatment for postoperative infection, 21 had PTFE patches placed during the initial surgery. The remaining four consisted of two polyester patches and two bovine pericardial patches. Twenty-three of the 25 initial endarterectomies were performed at our institution, and the other two were referrals. The majority of cases (56%) were due to gram-positive organisms, with only two cases being polymicrobial. The interval from the original surgery to clinical presentation ranged from 7 days to 85 months, with 20 patients (80%) presenting within 60 days of the first operation. Thirteen patients underwent incision and drainage with antibiotics, and 12 patients underwent definitive surgical treatment. Four received patch excision with vein patch angioplasty, four received patch excision with vein interposition, and four received sternocleidomastoid flaps. The 30-day stroke rate was 8%, and the freedom from recurrent infection was 100% at a mean follow-up of 32 months. Conclusion Infection following carotid endarterectomy occurs
Orbital T-cell Lymphoma Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-I Infection

This is the first report of orbital involvement in systemic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The etiologic agent of ATLL is the human T-cell leukemia virus-I (HTLV-I), the first retrovirus demonstrated to induce cancer in humans. The diagnosis of ATLL is based on characteristic clinicopathologic features in combination with serologic or virologic evidence of HTLV-I infection. Serum antibodies to HTLV-I were identified by immunofluorescent microscopy. Viral particles characteristic of HTLV-I were found in a culture of the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes. The patient was a native of the Caribbean, one of the known endemic foci of HTLV-I infection. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of orbital T-cell lymphomas.
Multigenic inheritance of biotype‐E greenbug resistance in wheat

Relatively little is known about host-plant insect-resistance genes. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) can be a useful tool in evaluating such genes and their mechanisms of action. Through backcrossing and single-seed selection, NILs have been produced in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for resistance/susceptibility to biotype-E greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). Crosses among several resistant and susceptible NILs produced segregation patterns in the F 2 generation that were inconsistent with simple monogenic inheritance. The simplest genetic hypothesis consistent with the data would involve two independently segregating loci, requiring complementary expression of multiple resistance alleles. F 3 segregation data were also consistent with the proposed genetic hypothesis. Multiple alleles are required to account for the observed variation, although the source of the multiple alleles is unknown. Direct comparison of specific resistant/susceptible pairs of NIL's, as well as bulked segregant analysis, should permit elucidation of resistance mechanisms. Based on the segregation data presented, new designations for the resistance loci studied are proposed.
Spectral eigenanalysis of up- and downwelling k profiles

As part of an effort to permit a computation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient, k, as a function of depth, given a satellite derived surface k value at 490 nm, a method which involves the spectral eigenanalysis of specific datasets was formulated. The method consists of breaking the kd and ku spectral datasets for a specific ocean region/season into single wavelength data matrices for each station. Then, an eigenanalysis is performed on each of these individual data matrices. Using the resulting eigenvectors and scalar multiples for each data matrix, the original k profiles may be reconstructed. Moreover, by parameterizing the scalar multiples of the eigenvectors for each station in terms of the satellite surface k values, an associated k profile may be computed for a given surface k value.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonparametric Notions of Multivariate “Scatter Measure” and “More Scattered” Based on Statistical Depth Functions

Nonparametric notions of multivariate “scatter measure” and “more scattered,” based on statistical depth functions, are investigated. In particular, notions of “more scattered” based on the “halfspace” depth function are shown to generalize versions introduced by P. J. Bickel and E. L. Lehmann (1976, 1979) in the univariate case and by M. L. Eaton (1982) and H. Oja (1983) in the multivariate case. Scatter measures are also discussed, with emphasis on those based on the halfspace depth. Basic desirable properties established for the previous versions of “more scattered” are shown to carry over to the depth-based notions as well, in both the univariate and the multivariate cases. Further, some properties unique to the depth-based notions are established.
Scattering of Light from Histologic Sections: A New Method for the Analysis of Connective Tissue

We have developed a light scattering technique that can be used to analyze the orientation and diameter of collagen fibers in histologic sections of connective tissue. Scattering patterns obtained by transmitting laser light through sections of tissue contain information both on the orientation, degree of alignment, and size of the constituent collagen fibers. Analysis of the azimuthal intensity distribution of scattered light yields numerical values of the degree of alignment by use of an orientation index, S, which is chosen to vary between 0 for randomly oriented fibers and 1 for a perfectly aligned arrangement. The average diameter of the collagen fibers is calculated from the scattering angle at which the intensity reaches its first minimum. These measurements are independent of the nature of histologic stain. The procedure is illustrated by measurements obtained with sections of the guinea pig dermis and of control scar. We conclude from our experiments that light scattering can complement the analysis of tissue architecture typically performed with the light microscope.
Seeing the Other Whole

If the gospel is authentically to be preached in today's fragmented and globalized world, Christians need to develop an attitude of profound regard for one another in all their difference and diversity, and a profound regard for those with whom they share the Christian message. Such a basic, transforming attitude Herbert Anderson calls in this article a habitus for globalization. The foundational question for Christians, he says, is what attitude we take toward the "Other." The Other can be understood in three ways: as not me, as not like me, or as like me but different from me. In this era of globalization, however, an understanding of the Other in the third sense--as what Anderson calls the "proximate Other"--is perhaps most fruitful, most challenging and holds the most theological potential. When we see the Other "whole" we are called out of our narrowness and into God's way of seeing the world. In order to unpack what a habitus for globalization might consist, Anderson reflects on four characteristics that it evidences: a sense of wonder in the presence of the Other, the practice of hospitality toward the Other, a sense of recognition of the Other's uniqueness, and a life lived in commitment to genuine reconciliation despite injustice and lack of understanding. Christian mission is carried out with a firm conviction of the basic interconnectedness of all things, and the promise of ultimate human and cosmic integrity.
Evening Insulin Strategy

A series of regimens based on intermediate-acting insulin given in the evening have been proposed as an alternative to conventional insulin therapy for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This concept dates back to the earliest use of sustained-action insulin and has a rationale strengthened by recent physiological insights. Specifically, the predominance of fasting over postprandial hypoglycemia and occurrence of the dawn phenomenon in NIDDM argue for carefully timed overnight delivery of insulin. High nocturnal concentrations of free fatty acids in NIDDM may contribute to hepatic insensitivity to insulin and fasting hyperglycemia and can be suppressed by evening insulin. Although several clinical studies suggest that evening insulin regimens are safe and effective, their role in clinical practice is not yet established. Further study of this approach may clarify not only its proper use but also the best use of conventional strategies.
Per-Input Control-Flow Integrity

Control-Flow Integrity (CFI) is an effective approach to mitigating control-flow hijacking attacks. Conventional CFI techniques statically extract a control-flow graph (CFG) from a program and instrument the program to enforce that CFG. The statically generated CFG includes all edges for all possible inputs; however, for a concrete input, the CFG may include many unnecessary edges. We present Per-Input Control-Flow Integrity (PICFI), which is a new CFI technique that can enforce a CFG computed for each concrete input. PICFI starts executing a program with the empty CFG and lets the program itself lazily add edges to the enforced CFG if such edges are required for the concrete input. The edge addition is performed by PICFI-inserted instrumentation code. To prevent attackers from arbitrarily adding edges, PICFI uses a statically computed all-input CFG to constrain what edges can be added at runtime. To minimize performance overhead, operations for adding edges are designed to be idempotent, so they can be patched to no-ops after their first execution. As our evaluation shows, PICFI provides better security than conventional fine-grained CFI with comparable performance overhead.
The effects of camptothecin on mammalian DNA

Abstract Interactions between the drug camptothecin and DNA were studied using intact cells, DNA released after cell lysis, and purified DNA. The data show the following: 1. 1. The apparent molecular weight of DNA on alkaline sucrose or formamide gradients is lowered after cells are treated with the drug. 2. 2. The degradation of DNA detected on alkaline sucrose is related to the high pH of the gradients. 3. 3. Sedimentation of cell-free DNA through alkaline (but not neutral) sucrose gradients containing camptothecin, in the presence of light, results in degradation of DNA. 4. 4. Treatment of cells with high concentrations of camptothecin causes double strand breaks detectable on neutral sucrose gradients. 5. 5. An interaction between purified DNA and comptothecin lactone can be demonstrated by difference spectra. We conclude that camptothecin treatment produces alkaline labilization of cell DNA; this phenomenon can be observed using DNA from lysed cells. Additional cell DNA degradation not involving alkaline labilization can also be demonstrated. Damage of DNA may result from a drug-DNA interaction, or may follow dissociation of a DNA-protein complex.
Lithographic performance of isomeric hydroxystyrene polymers

The synthesis and lithographic characterization of the three positional isomers of polyhydroxystyrene is described. Large differences in dissolution rates are found as a function of the position of the hydroxy group, which are explained in terms of intra- versus intermolecular hydrogen bonding and steric shielding of the hydroxy group by the polymer backbone. In plots of log(dissolution rate) versus developer strength, linear plots are observed for the 2- and 4-isomers, whereas for poly(3- hydroxystyrene), a break occurs in the plot, leading to two linear regions. While the 2-hydroxy isomer is too slow and the 4- hydroxy isomer too fast for use in conventional dissolution inhibition systems, the copolymerization of both allows one to choose any dissolution rate between these extremes ('dial a dissolution rate'-copolymers). Determination of the copolymerization parameters of the corresponding 4- and 2- acetoxystyrene precursors by the method of Kelen and Tudos shows the polymerization to be nearly ideal and azeotropic (r1 equals 0.76, r2 equals 0.94). Analysis of the dissolution rates as a function of developer strength according to the Huang-Reiser-Kwei equation shows that the critical concentrations c are a linear function of copolymer composition, whereas the penetration exponents n show a minimum near unity in the region of the 1:1 copolymer, down from the values of 3.2-3.3 observed for all three homopolymers. The 1:1 copolymer shows a dissolution rate comparable to novolak resins, and when formulated into a photoresist together with a diazonaphthoquinone sensitizer resolved 0.4 micrometers features at a dose of 340 mJ/cm2. The thermal flow resistance of the resist was found to be improved over that of novolak resists although not to the degree expected from the increased Tg of the 1:1 copolymer.
Reconciling high server utilization and sub-millisecond quality-of-service

The simplest strategy to guarantee good quality of service (QoS) for a latency-sensitive workload with sub-millisecond latency in a shared cluster environment is to never run other workloads concurrently with it on the same server. Unfortunately, this inevitably leads to low server utilization, reducing both the capability and cost effectiveness of the cluster.In this paper, we analyze the challenges of maintaining high QoS for low-latency workloads when sharing servers with other workloads. We show that workload co-location leads to QoS violations due to increases in queuing delay, scheduling delay, and thread load imbalance. We present techniques that address these vulnerabilities, ranging from provisioning the latency-critical service in an interference aware manner, to replacing the Linux CFS scheduler with a scheduler that provides good latency guarantees and fairness for co-located workloads. Ultimately, we demonstrate that some latency-critical workloads can be aggressively co-located with other workloads, achieve good QoS, and that such co-location can improve a datacenter's effective throughput per TCO-$ by up to 52%.
Respecting component architecture to migrate product copies to a software product line

Software product lines (SPL) are a well-known concept to efficiently develop product variants. However, migrating existing, customised product copies to a product line is still an open issue due to the required comprehension of differences among products and SPL design decisions. Most existing SPL approaches are focused on forward engineering. Only few aim to handle SPL evolution, but even those lack support of variability reverse engineering, which is necessary for migrating product copies to a product line. In this paper, we present how component architecture information can be used to enhance a variabilty reverse engineering process to target this challenge and show the relevance of component architecture in the individual requirements on the resulting SPL. We further provide an illustrating example to show how the concept is applied.
A characterization of the Euclidean topology among the affine topologies

Theorem: The Euclidean topology on a finite dimensional vector spaceX is the weakest Hausdorff affine topology onX for whichX is second category in itself.
Complex symptoms of demyelination and nerve damage explained by nonlinear dynamical analysis of conductance-based models

Multiple sclerosis and other demyelination diseases are associated with positive (gain of function), negative (loss of function), and paroxysmal (sudden and short duration) symptoms. These symptoms occur in a remarkable diversity of modalities including prolonged or, in the case of paroxysmal symptoms, brief episodes of pain, paresthesia (numbness), dysarthria (difficulty speaking), weakness, muscle spasms, etc. [1]. Using computational modeling, we have recently established the mechanisms underlying four distinct phases of action potential (AP) firing associated with demyelination and secondary compensatory changes [2]. Transitions in axonal excitability caused by varying the ratio of gNa and gL indicate that a single mechanism controlling conductance balance is sufficient to explain normal spiking, failed conduction, afterdischarge (AD) and spontaneous activity, and can thus account for the full range of negative, paroxysmal and tonic positive symptoms, respectively. Positive symptoms are thought to arise from ectopic spike discharge, but the biophysical mechanisms responsible for the abrupt onset and self limiting duration of paroxysmal AD are poorly understood and were thus a particular area of focus. We used two types of complementary models. The first was a Hodgkin-Huxley (HH), multi-compartment model of a focally demyelinated axon created using the NEURON Simulator (http://www.neuron.yale.edu/neuron, [3]) based on a geometrically simplified model to first understand the behaviors of electrical conductances. The second was a modified Morris-Lecar, single compartment model [4] that has been described in detail [5]. We explored this model with phase-plane and bifurcation analysis using XPPAUT in order to rigorously characterize the dynamical mechanisms underlying phenomena identified in the HH model. In both models, the paroxysmal AD can only occur when the system is bi-stable and initiation occurs when a perturbation abruptly switches the system between attractor states. Termination of paroxysms occurs when internal dynamics shift the basins of attraction until the system falls back to its original stable state. Temporal summation and refractoriness can also be simply explained within this framework. Disruption of the oligodendrocytes that form the myelin sheaths may lead to abnormal electrolyte homeostasis in the vicinity of the denuded axon. Our models indicate that the pathological accumulation of Na + or K + can influence the duration of paroxysmal firing by acting as an additional, ultra-slow feedback mechanism in the dynamical system. As such, a naked patch of previously myelinated axonal membrane becomes capable of competing with the same neuron’s soma for the initiation of burst firing patterns and interferes with normal firing patterns. Although not biologically detailed, our modeling nonetheless provides significant insight into how biologically realistic mechanisms can interact to produce neuronal discharges as well as other abnormal firing characteristics in the course of demyelination.
Regulation of interleukin-12 production byG-protein-coupled receptors

G-protein-coupled receptors have long been known to play a critical role in the recruitment and migration of leukocytes to areas of inflammation. This review will focus, however, on emerging data that G-protein-coupled receptors can modulate cytokine production by antigen-presenting cells including interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and may therefore play a significant role in the regulation of innate and acquired immunity.
Two Types of Public Relations Problems and Integrating Formative and Evaluative Research: A Review of Research Programs within the Behavioral, Strategic Management Paradigm

Through a review of related research programs within the behavioral, strategic management paradigm in public relations, this article integrates the use of formative and evaluative research in two types of public relations problems. Aiming to propose a theory-driven guiding procedure for public relations practice, this article first defines 2 different kinds of public relations problems and proposes new ways of using existing theories (situational theory and relational theory) for both formative research (focusing on identification of publics) and evaluative research (i.e., assessment of public relations effectiveness using the most appropriate metrics).
RNA interference in Colorado potato beetle: steps toward development of dsRNA as a commercial insecticide

Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is a notorious pest on potatoes and has a remarkable ability to detoxify plant chemicals and develop resistance against insecticides. dsRNA targeting CPB genes could be expressed in potato plants to control this pest. However, previous attempts at introducing transgenic potato plants to control CPB were not highly successful. Recent studies showed that feeding dsRNA expressed in bacteria works very well to kill CPB. To realize the potential of RNAi to control this and other economically important pests, more efficient methods for production and delivery of dsRNA need to be developed. Extensive research to determine off-target and non-target effects, environmental fate and potential for resistance development is also essential.
Minkowski decomposition of convex sets

A setK is decomposable if it can be written as the Minkowski sumA+B where neitherA norB is homothetic toK. In this paper, it is shown that a wide class of convex sets is decomposable including those which contain a sufficiently smooth neighborhood on their boundary.