cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Preservation: Early Results of a Novel Arthroscopic Technique for Suture Anchor Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair

Purpose To propose a technique of arthroscopic suture anchor primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) preservation for patients with proximal avulsion ACL tears that maintain excellent tissue quality. Methods We performed a retrospective review and early follow-up of 11 consecutive cases of ACL preservation. Patients were included if they had a proximal avulsion tear and excellent tissue quality confirmed to be adequate for repair during arthroscopy. Patients were excluded if these criteria were not met or if patients had multiligamentous injury patterns or significant arthrosis. The ACL was reinforced with a No. 2 FiberWire (Arthrex, Naples, FL) and a No. 2 TigerWire (Arthrex) and was anchored to the femoral footprint by two 4.75-mm BioComposite SwiveLock suture anchors (Arthrex). The surgical procedures were performed at 3 different hospitals by a single surgeon. Anterior stability was determined with a KT-1000 arthrometer (MEDmetric, San Diego, CA). Clinical outcomes were measured using the Lysholm score, modified Cincinnati score, Tegner activity score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and subjective and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores. Results Ten of eleven patients had good subjective and clinical outcomes after ACL preservation surgery at a minimum of 2 years' and mean of 3.5 years' follow-up. The mean Lysholm score was 93.2; the mean modified Cincinnati score was 91.5; the preoperative Tegner activity score was maintained postoperatively in 8 of 10 patients; the mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score was 91.5; the mean subjective IKDC score was 86.4; and the objective IKDC score was A in 9 of 11 patients, B in 1 patient, and C in 1 patient. KT-1000 measurements were available in 8 of 11 patients, with 7 of 8 showing a side-to-side difference of less than 3 mm on maximum manual testing and 1 showing a 6-mm difference. Conclusions Preservation of the native ACL using the described arthroscopic primary repair technique can achieve short-term clinical success in a carefully selected subset of patients with proximal avulsion–type tears and excellent tissue quality. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Pyrolysis of scrap tires and conversion of chars to activated carbon

The primary objective of this work was to demonstrate the conversion of scrap tires to activated carbon. The authors have been successful in this endeavor, producing carbons with surface areas greater than 500 m[sup 2]/g and significant micropore volumes. Tire shreddings were pyrolyzed in batch reactors, and the pyrolysis chars activated by reaction with superheated steam. Solid products of pyrolysis and activation were studied with nitrogen adsorption techniques. They find that the porosity development during steam activation of tire pyrolysis char is similar to that reported for various other chars. A maximum in micropore volume is observed as a function of conversion, but the total surface area increases monotonically with conversion. They suggest that the activation process consists of micropore formation, followed by pore enlargement. The process conditions used in this study are a good starting point from which to optimize a process to convert tires to activated carbon.
Effects of pediatric head trauma for children, parents, and families.

Accidental injury is the leading cause of death and acquired disability for children over 1 year of age. Hospitalization in a pediatric intensive care unit may exacerbate the fears of families who are suddenly faced with uncertainty about the child's survival and future. Continued progress in emergency medical care has lead to increased survival of children with traumatic brain injury, but many survivors are at high risk for acute and chronic impairments in functioning. A review of the research suggests that head-injured children and their families face significant challenges during and after hospitalization that affect the children's daily lives, school performance, future, and the well-being of family members and the family system.
Ethical Imperatives for Intervention with Elder Families

This article discusses the ethical dilemmas common to counseling practice with elder families and describes virtue ethics, rule ethics, and principle ethics in their application to the unique challenges of the life stage of diverse adults 60 years and older. The Five P Model of Ethical Decision Making of Gamino and Ritter is examined as a process for conceptualizing the ethics of care in complex situations like those of elder families. The authors challenge family counselors to expand their gerontological knowledge, including that of end-of-life care and bereavement, and to use a developmental lens when taking perspective on issues of aging clients and their families.
A Culture of Distrust: The Impact of Local Political Culture on Participation in the Detroit EZ

Although the US 1993 Empowerment Zone (EZ) initiative mandates community participation, the level and nature of input varies across sites. Detroit's EZ is notably community-driven. A political culture approach is used to explore EZ participation as a response to patterns of past development decision-making. The author examines Detroit's economic development policy-making culture and assesses its impact on the formation of the community development corporation (CDC) network that dominated EZ planning in the initial stages. The importance of distrust between City Hall, business interests and community residents in consolidating CDC influence is analysed.
Structure and Distribution of Endogenous Nonecotropic Murine Leukemia Viruses in Wild Mice

Virtually all of our present understanding of endogenous murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) is based on studies with inbred mice. To develop a better understanding of the interaction between endogenous retroviruses and their hosts, we have carried out a systematic investigation of endogenous nonecotropic MLVs in wild mice. Species studied included four major subspecies of Mus musculus ( M. m. castaneus , M. m. musculus , M. m. molossinus , and M. m. domesticus ) as well as four common inbred laboratory strains (AKR/J, HRS/J, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6J). We determined the detailed distribution of nonecotropic proviruses in the mice by using both env - and long terminal repeat (LTR)-derived oligonucleotide probes specific for the three different groups of endogenous MLVs. The analysis indicated that proviruses that react with all of the specific probes are present in most wild mouse DNAs tested, in numbers varying from 1 or 2 to more than 50. Although in common inbred laboratory strains the linkage of group-specific sequences in env and the LTR of the proviruses is strict, proviruses which combine env and the LTR sequences from different groups were commonly observed in the wild-mouse subspecies. The “recombinant” nonecotropic proviruses in the mouse genomes were amplified by PCR, and their genetic and recombinant natures were determined. These proviruses showed extended genetic variation and provide a valuable probe for study of the evolutionary relationship between MLVs and the murine hosts.
Opium War or an Excuse for War

The first armed conflict recorded in history between Great Britain and China, usually referred to as the 'Opium War', appears to have had less to do with opium and everything to do with consequences that would have naturally occurred between any two nations engaged in trade while possessing customs diametrically opposite to one another. Theirs’ was truly a recipe for disaster. China seemed confident in her self-perception of being the Middle Kingdom. She viewed her position, relative to the rest of the world, as most favored. Ironically, this view of China was consistent with the aspirations expressed by western nations since the time of Marco Polo’s exploration to China. On the other hand, Great Britain had emerged during this period as the most potent military power in the world. Thus, any relationship developed between ethnocentric China and egocentric Britain would have proved fatal no matter what the immediate cause. This analysis will demonstrate that opium was not the primary cause but merely an excuse for war. The real impetus behind the so called 'Opium War' can only be understood by examining China’s conditioning decades and even centuries before the war. The results of this conditioning led her to provoke the British into an arms confrontation.
Anti-Angiogenic Therapy with Thrombospondins

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is an extracellular protein that regulates the behavior of many cell types, including endothelial cells, during the tissue remodeling that is associated with angiogenesis, development, synaptogenesis, wound healing and neoplasia. The physiological angiogenesis that occurs during processes such as wound healing, mammary gland involution and cycling of the hair follicle requires endogenous inhibitors to complete the remodeling process. During tumor progression, the spatial and temporal coordination of pro- and anti-angiogenic signaling is lost and the endothelial cells receive conflicting signals from the constituents of the tumor microenvironment. The importance of suppression of angiogenesis by TSP-1 is underscored by the observation that TSP1-null mice exhibit increased tumor angiogenesis and the fact that TSP-1-based therapeutics are currently in clinical trials for the inhibition of angiogenesis. TSP-1 and-2 inhibit angiogenesis through direct effects on endothelial cell migration and apoptosis, and through indirect effects on the various growth factors, cytokines and proteases that stimulate angiogenesis. Using synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins, several investigators have shown that the direct effects of TSP-1 are mediated by the interaction of the three type 1 repeats (3TSR) with the endothelial cell membrane protein CD36. The detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action of TSP-1 and -2 has facilitated the design of therapeutic strategies to optimize these activities for the inhibition of tumor progression.
"Déjà Vu All Over Again": Repeated Adjustment of Delegated Powers and the History of Eminent Domain

In representative democracies, citizens delegate powers. Not surprisingly, citizens react angrily when the delegated powers are misused (i.e., used so as to decrease social welfare). Perhaps more puzzlingly, citizens sometimes re peatedly delegate the same powe r (e .g., surveillance of citizens, conscription), and then repeatedly react with anger to its misuse. In this paper, we investigate a power that the American public has consistently delegated and repeatedly seen misused for nearly 200 years: the power of eminent domain. We begin by developing a simple theoretical model in which a stylized public chooses the set of powers to delegate. The public obtains new information each period and can forecast rationally (but not perfectly) the benefits and costs of delegation. We then apply the model to the history of eminent domain in the United States. Our model provides a simple explanation of why the public has continued to allow the delegation of substantial discretion over taking private property, despite the fact that eminent domain has generated so much public backlash over the last 200 years. The model also highlights the crucial role played by the courts in forestalling (or not) public backlash. Our analysis helps explain why many scholars have misunderstood the public reaction to the Kelo decision. More generally, our analysis provides insight into the public's response to a perennial dilemma: How much power should be delegated to elected officials?
Creating kairos

Social media has become globally ubiquitous, transforming how people are networked and mobilized. This forum explores research and applications of these new networked publics at individual, organizational, and societal levels. --- Shelly Farnham, Editor
Surface Plasmon Resonance Responses of Au-SnOx Nanocomposite Films

Au-SnOx nanocomposite thin films composed of gold nanoparticles embedded in SnOx matrix were prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique and their crystal structure, morphology and chemical composition were evaluated by low angle X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. For the nanocomposite films with high Au percentage, the surfaces of nanocomposite films are very smooth, while for the films with low Au percentage, the films consist of many embedded Au nanoparticles with particle size of 5-20 nm. The XRD results revealed that in the nanocomposite films Au existed in a polycrystalline phase while SnOx in an amorphous phase. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) responses of the Au-SnOx nanocomposite thin films were investigated as functions of Au percentage and film thickness in the Kretschmann geometry of attenuated total reflection using a polarized light beam at the wavelength of 640 nm. The reflectance minima (SPR dip) of SPR responses of the Au-SnOx nanocomposite films appeared at higher values of incident angle than that of a pure Au film and as the Au percentage decreases the SPR angles shift to higher values and the widths also become broader. The potential use of Au-SnOx nanocomposite films for SPR gas sensing was discussed.
Abstract B54: Prevention of mouse lung tumors by combinations of budesonide and Targretin or SAHA

Individual chemopreventive drugs have been shown to prevent and slow the growth and progression of mouse lung tumors. Combinations of these chemopreventive agents have been proposed as a strategy for increasing efficacy, while lowering drug toxicity. In addition, non-invasive procedures such as MRI have been suggested as a means to determine the ability of drugs to inhibit the growth of tumors and avoid using serial sacrifices. Three drugs representing different mechanisms of action (budesonide, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory; Targretin, a selective activator of RXR; and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid ( SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor) were used singly and in combination to inhibit development of mouse lung tumors. Lung tumors were induced in female Strain A/J mice by i.p. administration of 100 mg/kg 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNK) once a week for four consecutive weeks. Two weeks after the fourth dose of NNK, the mice started to receive a diet (AIN-76A) containing either1.6 mg/kg budesonide, 160 mg/kg Targretin, 500 mg/kg SAHA, or combinations of budesonide plus either Targretin or SAHA. At Week 21, the multiplicity of lung tumors in control mice (28.13 ± 1.62) was significantly reduced to 10.50 ± 0.74, 15.96 ± 0.90, and 12.42 ± 1.57 by budesonide, Targretin, and SAHA, respectively. The combinations containing budesonide plus Targretin or SAHA demonstrated significantly more inhibition of total tumors than either agent acting alone, resulting in 7.25 ± 0.87 and 5.00 ±1.16 tumors/mouse, respectively. The multiplicity of carcinomas was also significantly reduced by budesonide, Targretin, and SAHA from 5.10 ± 0.83 in control mice to 0.88 ± 0.21, 1.12 ± 0.27, and 0.37 ± 0.15, respectively, whereas the combinations demonstrated a greater efficacy than either agent acting alone, yielding 0.10 ± 0.07, and 0.12 ± 0.12 for the combinations containing Targretin or SAHA, respectively. Mice administered budesonide, Targretin or the control diet were monitored by MRI at Weeks 21, 26 and 31 after the first dose of NNK and groups sacrificed at Weeks 21 and 31 after MRI for tumor counts. The two drugs (budesonide and Targretin) significantly reduced the size and number of tumors when monitored by MRI. At week 21, it was demonstrated by MRI that Targretin and budesonide significantly reduced the multiplicity of total lung tumors by 32% and 64%, respectively, from controls. In conclusion, relative to their individual effects, combinations containing budesonide and either Targretin or SAHA demonstrated greater efficacy in inhibiting both the occurrence of mouse lung tumors and their progression to carcinomas. Supported in part by NCI grant 5R21CA135335. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B54.
Application of the probabilistic approximate analysis method to a turbopump blade analysis

An eigenvalue analysis of a typical space propulsion system turbopump blade is presented using an approximate probabilistic analysis methodology. The methodology was developed originally to investigate the feasibility of computing probabilistic structural response using closed-form approximate models. This paper extends the methodology to structures for which simple closed-form solutions do not exist. The finite element method will be used for this demonstration, but the concepts apply to any numerical method. The results agree with detailed analysis results and indicate the usefulness of using a probabilistic approximate analysis in determining efficient solution strategies.
Abstract IA09: Use of novel treatments for childhood ALL

Overall and disease free survival for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has continued to improve such that there are now subsets of patients with ALL who have a greater than 98% chance for cure, while some have significantly poorer outcomes and remain refractory to conventional treatments. Prognostic factors are refined sufficiently to allow risk-directed categorization and disease treatment allocation, which for some patients may mean less intensive therapy and the potential for fewer short- and long-term side effects, while advances in molecular and genomic diagnostics are increasingly being used to consider alterations in primary therapy for higher risk patients. Recent developments in therapies for childhood ALL such as those presented at this meeting have altered the landscape of available options for the treatment of relapsed ALL in particular, and increasingly, practicing pediatric oncologists are challenged to place these new treatments into the context of currently established therapies and prioritize the options for relapsed patients specifically. Immunotherapy and strategies using chimeric antigen T-cells, virus-specific T-cells, bi-specific antibodies (T-cell engaging and otherwise), and immunotoxins have greatly increased in availability and sophistication, and are now more widely available, with ever-increasing potential applications, although to date, they have not been applied to newly diagnosed patients. Simultaneously, the number of available new therapeutic options is large enough that meaningful clinical trials can be difficult to conduct based on the proportion of agents to the number of available patients eligible for such trials. A pressing challenge to the field is to begin to place these therapies in the context of more conventional approaches to the currently highly successful treatment of ALL for a large majority of affected patients, and to continue to evaluate both the short- and long-term consequences of newer treatments both alone and in combination with other more conventional agents. Discussion about what constitutes a truly novel therapy and examples of currently available experimental therapies for childhood ALL will be reviewed. The context of these treatments to future strategies and trial opportunities for both single agent and combination explorations will be discussed. Citation Format: Lia Gore. Use of novel treatments for childhood ALL. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA09.
On Target Optimum International Normalized Ratio for Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients

The use of mechanical circulatory support for patients with advanced heart failure has increased exponentially within the past 10 years. Durable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) in particular have changed the treatment paradigm for medically refractory heart failure, with an evolution in patient selection from those tethered to the hospital bed with inotrope support as a bridge to transplant, to those with earlier stage disease, and for use as destination devices for those not eligible for heart transplant. Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support has registered more than 15 000 patients implanted with Food and Drug Administration–approved devices since the creation of the program in 2006.1 LVADs not only prolong life but have been shown to improve the quality of life and the functional capacity of patients.2 Many factors are responsible for the explosion in use and improved outcomes. Remarkable improvements in device design and technology, including smaller device size and better power supply, have lead to easier placement and improved patient acceptance. The engineered changes in pump flow mechanisms and component materials, however, with the shift from pulsatile to continuous-flow pumps, represent the most dramatic change. See Article by Nassif et al Despite the technological advances in LVADs and the overall improvement in life expectancy, serious complications persist. The 2 major complications—thrombosis and bleeding—are the result of the inherent prothrombotic nature of the artificial surfaces in contact with the blood and the requirement for mandatory anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis. Bleeding events comprise the highest adverse events. Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support reports a bleeding rate of 9.41 events per 100 patient-months in the first year after implantation during the time period 2008 to 2011, with a subsequent decrease to 7.79 events per 100 patient-months during 2012 to 2014.2 During these 2 time periods, as …
A Contingency Cost Estimation System for Road Maintenance Contracts

Abstract Generally, a contingency cost is provided in a project to cover the change orders (CO) that may be generated in a project during the construction phase due to various reasons, such as unforeseen conditions, design errors, and scope changes. If the contingency cost could be accurately estimated during the contract's procurement phase, the CO cost could be properly managed during the construction phase. Traditionally, contingency costs are allocated around 10% to 15% of the project cost without considering any of the historical CO costs. In this study, a tool was developed to estimate the contingency cost of a road maintenance contract by using a mathematical model. The tool forecasts the contingency costs for each of the road maintenance activities included in the contract by using an artificial neural network model based on the historical CO data. The tool was validated using the CO cost data available from road maintenance contracts.
Acute limb ischemia.

Acute ischemia of the extremity may be due to arterial occlusion from spontaneous thrombosis, embolus, arterial bypass graft thrombosis, trauma, or spasm. The presence of occlusion or stenosis can be determined noninvasively with the use of duplex Doppler ultrasonography. Most patients will require arteriography prior to thrombolytic or surgical therapy. New techniques, such as percutaneous aspiration thrombolectomy, expand the role of radiologic percutaneous therapy of the acutely ischemic limb. Prompt diagnosis and therapy are required to avoid limb loss or systemic metabolic complications from reperfusion of a dying limb.
Putting concepts into context

At first glance, conceptual representations (e.g., our internal notion of the object “lemon”) seem static; we have the impression that there is something that the concept lemon “means” (a sour, yellow, football-shaped citrus fruit) and that this meaning does not vary. Research in semantic memory has traditionally taken this “static” perspective. Consequently, only effects demonstrated across a variety of contexts have typically been considered informative regarding the architecture of the semantic system. In this review, we take the opposite approach: We review instances of context-dependent conceptual activation at many different timescales—from long-term experience, to recent experience, to the current task goals, to the unfolding process of conceptual activation itself—and suggest that the pervasive effects of context across all of these timescales indicate that rather than being static, conceptual representations are constantly changing and are inextricably linked to their contexts.
The structure of δ-carotene

Abstract δ-Carotene, a crystalline, yellow-orange carotene isolated from tomatoes was shown to have a monocyclic, isoprenic structure whose perhydro derivative was identical to that of perhydro-γ-carotene. Alkaline isomerization of δ-carotene yielded an isolable amount of γ-carotene, and treatment with N -bromosuccinimide produced a dehydro-δ-carotene with two additional conjugated bonds. Ozonolysis products isolated, as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives, were acetone, levulinic aldehyde, methylglyoxal, and glyoxal. Based on its total physical and chemical properties, δ-carotene's structure is believed to be the α-ionone analog of γ-carotene.
Surgical resection for colorectal hepatic metastases.

Abstract Hepatic resection of metastatic disease due to primary colorectal cancer provides a relatively safe and reliable method to control this otherwise fatal disease. At New York University 45 hepatic resections have been performed in 42 patients over the last fifteen years. Preoperative screening was performed by liver chemistry and intraoperative exploration in synchronous lesions and by liver chemistry, carcinoembryonic antigen, and computed tomography in metachronous lesions. Careful monitoring of fluid management, glucose utilization, and albumin requirements are essential for low postoperative morbidity and mortality. In major hepatic resections, changes in coagulation profile correlate with normalization of hepatic function as evidenced by decrease in serum bilirubin levels and increase bile production. The incidence of major operative morbidity was 17%; operative mortality was 4%. Hepatic resection gives the greatest possibility of extended survival, in our patients providing a 22% crude five year survival rate and a mean duration of survival of 33 months.
Management of independent motion between multiple targets in lung cancer radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose To quantify interfractional independent motions between multiple primary targets in radiation therapy (RT) of lung cancer and to study the dosimetric benefits of an online adaptive replanning method to account for these variations. Methods and materials Ninety-five on-treatment diagnostic-quality computed tomography (CT) scans acquired for 9 lung cancer patients treated with image-guided RT (IGRT) using a CT-on-rails (CTVision, Siemens) were analyzed. On each on-treatment CT set, contours of the targets (gross tumor volume, clinical target volume, or involved nodes), and organs at risk were generated by populating the planning contours using an autosegmentation tool (ABAS, Elekta) with manual editing. For each patient, an intensity modulated RT plan was generated based on the planning CT with a prescription dose of 60 Gy in 2 Gy per fraction. Three plans were generated and compared for each on-treatment CT set: an IGRT (repositioning) plan by copying the original plan with the required shifts, an online adaptive plan by rapidly modifying the aperture shapes, and segment weights of the original plan to conform to the on-treatment anatomy and a new fully reoptimized plan based on the on-treatment CT. Results The interfractional deviations of the distance between centers of masses of the targets from the planning CTs varied from –1.0 to 0.8 cm with an average –0.09 ± 0.41 cm (1 standard deviation). The average combined CTV receiving at least 100% of the prescribed dose (V100) were 99.0 ± 0.7%, 97.8 ± 2.8%, 99.0 ± 0.6%, and 99.1 ± 0.6%, and the lung V 20Gy 928 ± 332 cm 3 , 944 ± 315 cm 3 , 917 ± 300 cm 3 , and 891 ± 295 cm 3 for the original, repositioning, adaptive, and reoptimized plans, respectively. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed that the adaptive plans were statistically significantly better than the repositioning plans and comparable with the reoptimized plans. Conclusion Interfractional, relative volume changes and independent motions between multiple primary targets during lung cancer RT, which cannot be accounted for by the current IGRT repositioning exist, but can be corrected by the online adaptive replanning method.
Binary stable embedding via paired comparisons

Suppose that we wish to estimate a vector x from a set of binary paired comparisons of the form “x is closer to p than to q” for various choices of vectors p and q. The problem of estimating x from this type of observation arises in a variety of contexts, including nonmetric multidimensional scaling, “unfolding,” and ranking problems, often because it provides a powerful and flexible model of preference. The main contribution of this paper is to show that under a randomized model for p and q, a suitable number of binary paired comparisons yield a stable embedding of the space of target vectors.
Regressions during reading: The cost depends on the cause

The direction and duration of eye movements during reading is predominantly determined by cognitive and linguistic processing, but some low-level oculomotor effects also influence the duration and direction of eye movements. One such effect is inhibition of return (IOR), which results in an increased latency to return attention to a target that has been previously attended (Posner & Cohen, Attention and Performance X: Control of Language Processes, 32, 531-556, 1984). Although this is a low level effect, it has also been found in the complex task of reading (Henderson & Luke, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(6), 1101-1107, 2012; Rayner, Juhasz, Ashby, & Clifton, Vision Research, 43(9), 1027-1034, 2003). The purpose of the current study was to isolate the potentially different causes of regressive eye movements: to adjust for oculomotor error and to assist with comprehension difficulties. We found that readers demonstrated an IOR effect when regressions were caused by oculomotor error, but not when regressions were caused by comprehension difficulties. The results suggest that IOR is primarily associated with low-level oculomotor control of eye movements, and that regressive eye movements that are controlled by comprehension processes are not subject to IOR effects. The results have implications for understanding the relationship between oculomotor and cognitive control of eye movements and for models of eye movement control.
Classification of otoliths of fishes common in the Santa Barbara Basin based on morphology and chemical composition

Morphological and chemical features of fish otoliths are used to distinguish between populations and stocks. We hypothesized that these features can also be used to distinguish between fishes of different taxonomic groups common in and near the Santa Barbara Basin, including mesopelagic, pelagic, and demersal fish. Sagittal otoliths obtained from 905 fish representing six taxonomic groups were imaged, and 12 geometric and 59 elliptic Fourier morphometric features were extracted. A subset of 143 otoliths was also analyzed for Li, Na, Mg, K, Mn, Sr, and Ba. We used chemical composition in addition to morphology because the latter may be altered between otolith formation and analysis. Two sets of classifiers were made: one using only morphometric features and one using both morphometric and element features. Random forest analysis was generally superior to discriminant function analysis. Highest classification success, evaluated using cross-validation and otoliths of masked identity, was achieved with multip...
Feedback Procedures in Computer-Assisted Instruction

AbstractThe relative effectiveness of six different feedback conditions in computer-assisted instruction was investigated. Ninety high school freshmen and sophomore algebra students were randomly blocked into six groups according to a mathematics achievement test. Each group completed a CAI program designed to teach an algorithm for solving algebraic equations of one variable, with each group receiving one of the following feedback conditions after errors: a) knowledge-of-correct-response (KCR), immediate question review (IQR); b) KCR, next question (NQ); c) KCR, process explanation (PsE), IQR; d) KCR, PsE, NQ; e) knowledge-of-results (KR), IQR; or, f) KR, PsE, IQR. The findings replicated earlier research in showing the benefit of KCR over KR, but KR with PsE was as effective as KCR in correcting errors. KR, IQR (“Wrong. Try Again.”) was the least effective feedback procedure. Combining PsE with KCR did not produce an additive effect. Implications for educational research and practice are discussed.
Multipath mitigation techniques for nonlinear adaptive beamforming

Nonlinear adaptive processing using sparse arrays has received a fair amount of attention in the radar community recently because it is possible to exploit more spatial degrees of freedom for beamforming than a conventional linear processor would allow. However, the practical difficulties of nonlinear adaptive beamforming have received little consideration in the literature. This paper will describe the deleterious impact of multipath on the adapted output of a nested array and show that nulling performance is severely degraded. Insight into the multipath problem for nonlinear adaptive beamforming will be derived by analyzing an optimal beamformer which suppresses multipath residue at the adapted output. In addition, an analysis of the effectiveness of using the physical array elements to perform spatial smoothing for mitigating the residual effects of multipath will be presented.
Analysis of Errors in the Form of a Part in Forming of Polyhedra by a Planetary Gear with the Use of Methods from the Geometric Theory of Cutting

Methods of forming polyhedral (multifaceted) surfaces by means of a planetary plotting device and a technique of determining the error are presented. Through the use of the obtained data, an analysis of error in the geometric form of a produced part as a function of the overall dimensions and number of facets is performed. The results of the study may be used in the development of design and production documentation in the training of the production of parts containing multifaceted surfaces to assure specified characteristics of an article.
Sleep Duration and Telomere Length in Children

Objective To test the association between sleep duration and telomere length in a pediatric population. Study design We analyzed cross-sectional data for 1567 children from the age 9 study wave of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a population-based birth cohort of children born between 1998 and 2000 in large American cities (population >200 000). We measured telomere length using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and children's typical nightly sleep duration was reported by their primary caregivers. Using linear regression, we estimated the association between sleep duration and telomere length both in unadjusted models and adjusting for a number of covariates. Results We found that children with shorter sleep durations have shorter telomeres than children with longer sleep durations. Each hour less of nightly sleep duration is associated with having telomeres that are 0.015 log-kilobases per chromosome shorter ( P Conclusions We provide preliminary evidence that children with shorter sleep durations have shorter telomeres. This finding is consistent with a broader literature indicating that suboptimal sleep duration is a risk for increased physiological stress and impaired health. Future research should address the limitations of our study design by using longitudinal study designs and telomere measurements, measuring sleep duration via polysomnography or actigraphy, and assessing the intermediate biological mechanisms of the link between sleep and telomere dynamics.
College Major and Modern Racism: A Matter of Moral Hypocrisy?

Research has demonstrated a relationship between gender, race, and modern racism. Recent studies have revealed this relationship exists in college business majors as well as in the world of business. Moral hypocrisy appears as a possible explanation of why apparently normal moral individuals at times, do behave in a less than moral manner when their self-interests are threatened. This paper explores how self-interest often overpowers moral integrity.
Monotherapy insufficient in severe anxiety? Predictors and moderators in the child/adolescent anxiety multimodal study

This secondary analysis of the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS) used baseline patient characteristics to identify prognostic subgroups of children based on likelihood of remission. We also investigated predictors and moderators of outcome. CAMS randomized 488 youths with generalized, social, and separation anxiety disorders to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sertraline, both, or pill placebo. Outcomes were Week 12 child, parent, and independent evaluator (IE) ratings of child anxiety. We used receiver operating characteristics analysis and stepwise regression to identify predictors and moderators of outcome. Severe anxiety, lower socioeconomic status, and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder predicted higher IE-rated anxiety posttreatment; child-rated social anxiety predicted poorer outcomes reported by all informants. Regarding moderators, Hispanic ethnicity predicted higher IE-rated anxiety after CBT and higher parent-rated anxiety after sertraline. In youths with severe anxiety (P...
Serum theophylline after multiple dosing with transdermal gels in cats.

ObjectivesOur objectives were, first, to determine if therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations could be achieved using long-term, once-daily dosing of transdermal theophylline and, secondarily...
Case Comment, Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health & Human Services, 682 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2012)

Since 2004, when Massachusetts became the first state to legalize same-sex marriage, over one hundred thousand same-sex couples have married in the United States. The federal government does not recognize these marriages, however, due to section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines “marriage” for federal purposes as “a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife.” Recently, in Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health & Human Services, the First Circuit held that section 3 violates the equal protection principles of the Fifth Amendment. Notably, the court did not base its holding on the “rigid categorical rubrics” of rational basis or intermediate scrutiny, but instead applied what it called “intensified scrutiny” to DOMA’s justifications. The First Circuit explained that such scrutiny — consistent with a preexisting form of review called rational basis with a “bite” — is more contextually sensitive than the “abstract categorizations” of typical equal protection analysis, as it takes a broad view of a law’s harms rather than focusing on the fit between the law and an appropriate purpose. Though the First Circuit did not clarify whether it conceived of its scrutiny as a complement to or replacement for traditional scrutiny, courts would do well to interpret its analysis as a welcome alternative to the rigid three-tiered equal protection inquiry.
Growth by Ledges

The prediction and observation of growth ledges at various moving interphase boundaries in solid-solid phase transformations has become increasingly widespread since first proposed in the early 1960's by Aaronson. The role of steps at the growth interfaces in several phase transformations is reviewed. For precipitate plates emphasis is placed on rationalizing experimental growth kinetics with mathematical models developed for the migration rate of a ledge. More complex transformations are employed to examine the possible role of growth ledges to account for microstructure development. In all cases, the growth ledge is shown to be necessary to fully understand solid-solid phase transformations.
Charitable ratings and financial reporting quality: Evidence from the human service sector

Prior research has shown that many donors utilize charity ratings for decisions and they give more to higher rated charities. Because ratings are partly or completely based on financial information, the financial reporting quality of highly rated charities is more critical to donors than that of the poorly rated ones. In this study, we examine whether the financial reporting quality of charities systematically varies with charitable ratings. Examining a sample of human service charities, we find that highly rated organizations are more likely to underreport fundraising expenses and overstate program ratios. Highly rated organizations appear to be exercising accounting discretion to achieve this desirable outcome. Collectively, our findings suggest that stakeholders should be cautious when they use the rating information.
High Precision Determination of Microgram Quantities of Rare Earth Metals By X-Ray Emission Spectrography of Ion Exchange Paper Disk

Rare earth metals, in the range of 0 to 250 micrograms, have been extracted quantitatively from perchloric, nitric or hydrochloric acid solutions by strong acid ion exchange paper disks in the sodium ion form. After the exchange is completed, the ion exchange paper disk is placed in a rotating sample holder and the amount of rare earth metals exchanged is determined by x-ray emission spectrography. At the 10 microgram level, the accuracy has a mean error of 2% with a precision of 1.5% relative standard deviation. The procedure has been applied to Sc+3, Y+3, Ce+4, Pr+3, Nd+3, Sm+3, Eu+3, Gd+3, Tb+3, Dy+3, Ho+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Yb+3 and Lu+3.
EXPANSION PROCEDURES AND SIMILARITY LAWS FOR TRANSONIC FLOW. PART I. SLENDER BODIES AT ZERO INCIDENCE

The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed and comprehensive account of a transonic approximation as applied to flows past wings and bodies. It is mainly concerned with the derivation of approximate equations, boundary conditions, etc., rather than with the more difficult problem of the solution of transonic flow problems. Thus the report contains for the most part a re-examination of the basic ideas, as presented for example, in Ref. 1. The essential new point of view introduced here is to regard the approximate transonic equations as part of a systematic expansion procedure. Thus, it becomes possible, in principle, to compute the higher terms of this approximation or at least to estimate errors. In the next section the form of the expansion and the reasons for it are explained. In the succeeding sections the equations of motion, shock relations, and boundary conditions for the flow problem are presented and then the expansion procedure is applied systematically. The resulting system of equations for the first, second, and higher approximations i s presented in Section 5. The main results of interest for practical applications concern similarity laws and the pressure coefficient on the surface of slender bodies and these appear in Section 6. The remaining section treats bodies of non-circular cross-section.
Risk factors for 30-day readmission after adrenalectomy.

Background Readmissions represent a substantial burden to the health care system. Risk factors for 30-day readmission after adrenalectomy were examined. Methods Patients who underwent adrenalectomy were selected from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2011 to 2015. Results Among 4,221 patients who underwent adrenalectomy, 216 (5.1%) were readmitted. On multivariate analysis, pre-operative predictive factors associated with readmission were American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.8), disseminated cancer (OR 1.6, CI 1.1–2.5), and adrenal injury (OR 10.9, CI 1.8–68.9). Elective procedures had fewer readmissions (OR 0.50, CI 0.33–0.76). and procedures with greater relative value units had greater readmission rates (OR 1.01, CI 1.004–1.02). An open adrenalectomy (21% of patients) had a higher rate of readmission than a laparoscopic approach (8.0% vs 4.3%, OR 1.5, CI 1.1–2.0). Postoperative risk factors affecting readmission included reoperations (OR 3.2, CI 1.3–8.0), wound complications (OR 6.6, CI 3.8–11.7), systemic infection (OR 6.5, CI 3.9–10.7), renal complications (OR 7.1, CI 2.6–19.2), venous thrombotic events (OR 11.3, CI 5.6–22.6), and discharge to home (OR 0.40, CI 0.22–0.73). Conclusion Encouraging the appropriate use of laparoscopic adrenalectomy, preventing venous thrombotic events and surgical infections, and improving early post-operative follow-up in high-risk patients may decrease readmissions.
Analysis of clinical outcomes of upper and lower extremity reconstructions in patients with soft‐tissue sarcoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Primary amputations have been the standard of treatment for extremity soft tissue sarcomas. However, over the last few decades, this mode of treatment has been increasingly replaced by limb-sparing procedures.1 Our goal is to report the clinical outcomes of upper and lower extremity reconstructions in patients with a history of soft-tissue sarcoma. METHODS A retrospective review of 178 patients with a history of soft-tissue sarcoma who underwent upper or lower extremity reconstructions was conducted. Demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment modalities, type of flap utilized, functional outcomes, and postoperative donor-/recipient-site complications (DSC/RSC) were analyzed. Variables were compared between free and pedicle flaps (FF or PF). RESULTS PF reconstructions had a higher rate of DSC (P < 0.044), whereas FF reconstructions had a higher rate of RSC (P < 0.03). Upper extremity reconstruction resulted in a mean QuickDASH score of 5.98 (SD 9.37) with no significant difference between PF and FF. Lower extremity reconstruction resulted in a mean score of 71.2 (SD 10.7) for PF and 71.3 (SD 5.1) for FF on the Lower Extremity Function Scale. CONCLUSION Limb-preserving reconstruction with PF and FF is a reliable and safe option after sarcoma resection. In addition, long-term outcomes are promising and reassure the adequate functionality of the limb.
Snoring for the million: Pickwick and the parliamentary papers

In an 1847 preface to the Cheap Edition of The Pickwick Papers, Charles Dickens explained how he came to revive the serial novel as a form a decade earlier. “I was a young man of three-and-twenty,”...
Community Health Worker Interventions

Interventions involving community health workers (CHWs) are another mechanism to engage vulnerable patient populations and address healthcare disparities. As defined by the American Public Health Association in 2009, CHWs are “frontline public health workers who are trusted members of and/or have an unusually close understanding of the community served” and, as such, CHWs are able to “serve as a liaison, link, or intermediary between health/social services and the community to facilitate access to services and improve the quality and cultural competence of service delivery” [1]. While other definitions of CHWs exist under the United States Department of Labor, Department of State Health Services, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Resources and Services Administration, common elements include a special connection to a community and a purpose of improving access to care and promoting health equity [2]. CHWs are also referred to by several other names including lay health workers, community care coordinators, community health educators, outreach workers, peer educator, promotores de salud (health promoters), and patient navigators [2]. Many of the terms are used interchangeably. However, in some cases, the exact terminology refers to specific roles. For example, patient navigator duties fall under a subset of CHW responsibilities, and patient navigation services can be CHWs, nurses, or social workers. Patient navigators are often assigned to specific patients for a particular purpose [2].