cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying Technology To Facilitate Poster Presentations

Because college graduates with baccalaureate degrees in psychology are often employed in positions that are not directly related to psychology, we offer a rationale for introducing applied technological skills in the classroom. We focus specifically on presentation software, primarily as a vehicle for creating posters. Given the surge in popularity of poster presentations and the impact of high-quality visual displays, we review sources of information for preparing posters and graphs. We also offer guidelines for the use of PowerPoint(tm) presentation software to create single-unit poster presentations, a skill applicable in a variety of academic and employment settings.
The Blind Spot for Achromatic and Chromatic Stimuli

The disagreement in the literature as to a color Wind zone at the margin of the physiologic blind spot is here discussed. The apparatus and method used to investigate this point are described. The results of observations made are reported in a series of tables, and the differences in size of the blind spot, for white on black, black on white and colors against white, black and gray backgrounds of the brightness of the color, are shown by charts. Reported from the Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College.
Two-photon three-dimensional memory

ABSTRACTA new type of memory device is presented which takes advantage of the volume of a storage material in order to achieve extremely high information density and capacity. The unique propertiesof two-photon materials allows for reading and writing to any localized region throughout the volumeof material. In addition to the high capacity, the 2-photon 3-D memory system has been designed toaccess up to 106 bits in a single clock cycle. This large parallelism, combined with an access time of1/1 sec, gives a memory bandwidth of 1012 bits/sec. It is shown that this value of memory bandwidthfar exceeds that available from current memory systems and therefore is well-suited for the demandsof current and future supercomputing systems. 1. INTRODUCTION Existing memory devices such as the semiconductor RAM and optical/magnetic disk, store data across a single 2-dimensional plane. One property of these and other 2-D memory media, is that inorder to increase the capacity, either the total area of the memory must be increased or technology
Growth and Characterization of Epitaxial Al1−xInxN Films Grown on Sapphire (0001) by Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Epitaxial Al1−xInxN films (thickness ∼150 nm) with 0 ≤ × ≤ 1 have been grown by Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy on Sapphire (0001) at a low substrate temperature of 375°C and were characterized by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both RHEED and XRD measurements confirm the c-plane growth of Al1-xInxN films on sapphire (0001) with the following epitaxial relations: Nitride [0001] ∥ Sapphire [0001] and Nitride ∥ Sapphire . The films do not show any alloy segregation. However, the degree of crystalline mosaicity and the compositional fluctuation increases with increasing In concentration. Further, AFM measurements show an increased surface roughness with increasing In concentration in the alloy films.
An automatic feeding device and the use of live and frozen Artemia for culturing larval stages of the American lobster, Homarus americanus

Abstract A simple and inexpensive automatic feeding device is described, suitable for dispensing a variety of food items to larval stages of Homarus americanus or other larval forms. The device consists of a row of food cups which are periodically tipped and emptied into the culture container by a revolving tripping bar driven by a clock motor. The feeding interval, as well as the amount and type of food, can be varied as required. A description also is given of the use and relative effectiveness of frozen and live adult brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as food for Homarus larvae.
Alterations of sex differentiation in males: From candidate genes to diagnosis and treatments

Sex, that is, whether one is physically male or female, is the basic dichotomy of life. Sex is important not only for reproductive role, but also for physical attributes, personal identity and disease susceptibility. Sex determination is genetically controlled, with the key event in males being the transmission of a Y chromosome from father to offspring. The sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome, SRY, triggers the expression of a repertoire of other genes that cause the undifferentiated gonad to develop as a testis. Hormones secreted by the developing testis cause the internal and external genitalia to masculinize. Testicular development is disrupted by de novo or inherited genetic alterations leading to gonadal dysgenesis. Decreased hormone production from dysgenetic testes disrupts the normal development of the internal and external genitalia. Incomplete masculinization of the genitalia also occurs from hormonal biosynthetic defects or decreased response to hormones from inherited receptor defects. Treatment is tailored to the individual diagnosis and may include removal of dysgenetic gonads, surgical correction of incompletely masculinized genitalia, replacement of deficient hormones, and, in some instances, gender reassignment.
Application of two-thirds law to plume rise from industrial-sized sources

Plume rise measurements from industrial-sized sources (F < 100m4sec−3), including those experiencing stack-tip downwash, were compared to the plume-rise predictions from the “23 law”. When stack-tip downwash was not significant, plume rises for sources having a buoyancy flux less than 100 m4 s−3 were typically 70–75 % of that predicted by the 23 law. Plume rises for sources experiencing severe stack-tip downwash were on the average 44 % of that predicted by the 23 law; however, most plume rises were 12 to 50% of the predicted values, and some were negative. Reduced rise and weakened correlation of rise with buoyancy flux indicated that factors other than buoyancy flux—such as downwash, increased entrainment, and turbulence controlled termination—significantly controlled plume rise.
Differential activation of DNA-PK based on DNA strand orientation and sequence bias

DNA-PKcs and Ku are essential components of the complex that catalyzes non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Ku, a heterodimeric protein, binds to DNA ends and facilitates recruitment of the catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs. We have investigated the effect of DNA strand orientation and sequence bias on the activation of DNA-PK. In addition, we assessed the effect of the position and strand orientation of cisplatin adducts on kinase activation. A series of duplex DNA substrates with site-specific cisplatin-DNA adducts placed in three different orientations on the duplex DNA were prepared. Terminal biotin modification and streptavidin (SA) blocking was employed to direct DNA-PK binding to the unblocked termini with a specific DNA strand orientation and cisplatin-DNA adduct position. DNA-PK kinase activity was measured and the results reveal that DNA strand orientation and sequence bias dramatically influence kinase activation, only a portion of which could be attributed to Ku-DNA binding activity. In addition, cisplatin-DNA adduct position resulted in differing degrees of inhibition depending on distance from the terminus as well as strand orientation. These results highlight the importance of how local variations in DNA structure, chemistry and sequence influence DNA-PK activation and potentially NHEJ.
Applying a Goal-Oriented Method for Hazard Analysis: A Case Study

Traceability between hazards and countermeasures is important for hazard analysis to give confidence and help justify whether relevant hazards have been considered and sufficiently mitigated. However, use case modeling, the current de facto standard technique for requirements elicitation lacks negative modeling constructs for representing hazards. This paper presents a case study to apply a goal-oriented method for car security related hazard analysis where hazards are represented as operationalizations with negative contribution toward system non-functional requirements (NFRs). In turn, countermeasures are represented as operationalizations with negative contribution toward the respective hazards to negate their negative effect on the NFRs. The study finds that using the goal-oriented approach is most suitable for risk-driven applications, but also compatible and complementary to other applications.
The icosahedral and related crystal approximant phases in Ti-Zr-Ni alloys

Abstract The discovery of the icosahedral phase (i-phase) and higher-order crystal approximant phases in rapidly quenched Ti-Zr-Ni alloys is reported. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies reveal a series of rational approximants, including 3/2 and 5/3 and structures intermediate between the 2/1 and the i-phase, which form in the same alloys. Si is demonstrated to influence strongly the phase formation and structural disorder. Alloys containing less than 2at.% Si give near-resolution-limited X-ray diffraction patterns, although TEM studies still show a phase mixture of i-phase and approximants. X-ray peak widths increase with increasing Si, indicating a decreasing grain size and an increased structural disorder. Samples containing more than 4at.% Si are amorphous. Differential thermal analysis and external heating experiments show that the i-phase and approximant phases are stable to 650°C. Unlike Ti 3d transition metal quasicrystals, no evidence of localized diffuse scattering is observed in eit...
The biogenesis of illudins S and M in clitocybe illudens

Abstract Illudin S and illudin M were biologically labelled with C 14 by adding mevalonic acid 2-C 14 as precursor to cultures of Clitocybe illudens . The positions of the label, determined by degradation, are consistent with the origin of these sesquiterpenes from 3 molecules of mevalonic acid.
Sorting sixteen numbers

Sorting is a basic operation in data processing. A common direction in research is to design fast methods that sort millions of numbers. The focus of this article is to sort 16 numbers. Let a hextuple be an unordered tuple of 16 numbers. Although the data may consist of thousands to millions of hextuples, the task is to sort the numbers in each hextuple. GPUs have become powerful coprocessors to CPUs. Sorting networks, originally meant for hardware implementation, are suitable for sorting many hextuples on GPUs. Batcher's sorting network for 16 numbers has ten parallel steps, whereas Van Voorhis's network has nine. Software implementations of the former are well-known and publicly available, whereas the latter seems to remain on paper. The main results in this article are implementations of Van Voorhis's network. After several iterations of improvement, the final implementation of Van Voorhis's network is more than ten percent faster than the existing code for Batcher's network. Insights gained in implementing Van Voorhis's network lead to an improved implementation of Batcher's network. The last result is useful for sorting more than 16 numbers.
1,2 Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) in well water in the Fresno/Clovis metropolitan area, California.

Ground-water contamination with the pesticides 1,2 dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) affects Fresno/Clovis city in California. The spatial and temporal distribution of DBCP and EDB in public wells in Fresno/Clovis was examined, using mapping and time-series analyses of chemical test results, during the time periods 1979-1980 and 1992-1993. Health risks were estimated from mean concentrations, lifetime cancer risks were estimated, and monitoring and control programs were reviewed. Mean DBCP concentrations in selected wells declined from 0.56 ppb in 1979-1980 to 0.18 ppb in 1992-1993. Closure of wells and wellhead filtration caused levels to be reduced further (i.e., to 0.06 ppb). Mean EDB concentrations declined from 0.25 ppb to 0.15 ppb during the same time periods. The estimated lifetime cancer risk for DBCP was 1 excess death per 125 000 population in 1992-1993, but this risk varied within the city. The risk for EDB was 1 excess death per 2.2 million. Recommendations were made for the modeling of pesticide movement in ground water and for epidemiological studies.
Effect of neonatal stunting on development of rats: Large litter rearing

As nurslings, rat pups reared in large litters showed reduced frequencies of returns to their nest from other parts of the home cage and reached maximum levels of nest returns at older ages than control animals from small litters. These differences were not due to differences in activity level or attraction to the nest but appeared to be perceptual in nature. As adults, animals from large litters showed deficits in learning the 1st 2 problems in a series of visual discriminations in a modified version of the Lashley jumping stand technique in which food reinforcement was not used. The deficits were confined to male animals only and were the result of stronger position habits in the early part of training, rather than an inability to make the discriminations. A comparison of these results with those obtained when other methods of stunting animals are employed revealed that different methods of stunting may result in both common and divergent effects on behavior. One long-term consequence of large litter rearing appears to be increased emotional response to noval situations.
Preliminary evaluation of the persistence of organic gunshot residue

The organic components of gunshot residue (OGSR, also called firearms discharge residue (FDR) or cartridge discharge residue (CDR)) have been studied and discussed in the literature. These residues, consisting of particulates such as burned and unburned powder as well as molecular compounds, are rarely used in casework except for purposes such as shooting reconstructions. Molecular compounds that survive the firing event or that are created as a result of the firing event could, with focused research and development, open a new avenue for forensic gunshot residue analysis. In this study, the persistence of organic gunshot residue was evaluated using diphenylamine (DPA) as a target analyte and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) as the detection system. Samples were collected from hands using a solvent swabbing technique and the swab was analyzed using direct thermal desorption for sample introduction into the IMS. OGSR was found to persist for at least 4 h. Although DPA is a widely used industrial compound, analysis of numerous blank and background samples (n∼100) did not show any significant response for DPA using this detector. Variations were noted among individuals and as such, the data set does not support estimation of a half-life as has been done for traditional primer residues. No secondary transfers were observed, suggesting the possibility of skin adhesion via interactions between the lipophilic organic compounds and skin lipids. IMS proved valuable as a means of generating patterns for forensic pattern matching and shows promise as a screening tool applied to firearms discharge.
Depletion of 9L rat brain tumor cell polyamine content by treatment with d,l-α-difluoromethylornithine inhibits proliferation and the G1 to S transition

d,l-α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inactivator of ornithine decarboxylase, inhibited 9L monolayer culture rat brain tumor cell proliferation at concentrations as low as 1 mM DFMO to about 25% of control growth when cells were seeded at an initial density of 5 × 105/flask. DFMO reduced intracellular putrescine content to <5% of control by 8 h and spermidine content to <5 % of control by 48 h post-treatment. Cytostasis caused by 10 or 25 mM DFMO could both be reversed and blocked by addition of exogenous putrescine. Cells pretreated for 48 h with DFMO and then replated in its absence could not enter exponential growth until polyamine production resumed. Addition of exogenous putrescine at the time of replating allowed pretreated cells to resume exponential growth at the same time as controls. Flow cytometry revealed that the fraction of cells in G1 increased until polyamine accumulation resumed, implying the presence of a G1-S block. Within 6 h of replating, there was a decrease in the fraction of control cells in G1. These observations support the hypothesis that entry of 9L cells into S phase depends on an adequate intracellular pool of polyamines.
Bilateral Isthmic L3 Spondylolisthesis in an Adult Female

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to describe an incidental finding of bilateral isthmic L3 spondylolysis in an adult female. Clinical Features A 26-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Lumbar radiographs were reported normal. Computed tomography scan showed bilateral L3 spondylolysis of the pars interarticularis. Interventions and Outcomes On the basis of the normal results of physical and neurologic examinations, the spondylolysis was considered to be an incidental finding. Conclusions L3 spondylolysis is described very rarely in the literature. According to the unique features of L3 in the lumbar spine, which include its relatively horizontal position and its equal anterior and posterior diameters, we suggest that mechanical shearing forces may be less effective in causing spondylolysis in this area. This case is more suggestive of congenital and genetic causes as the contributing factors of spondylolysis.
Greening the urban frontier: Race, property, and resettlement in Detroit

Abstract In 2014, approximately 100,000 lots lie “vacant” in Detroit after decades of industrial decline, white flight, and poverty. Planners and government officials have proposed to repurpose Detroit’s highest vacancy neighborhoods, deemed to have “no market value,” as blue and green infrastructure (retention ponds, carbon forests, urban farms, greenways). According to the Detroit Future City plan, traditional public services (water, street lights, transportation, garbage pickup) and the “grey infrastructures” that deliver them will be reduced and eventually withdrawn from these zones. While Detroit is widely touted for its potential as a model green city, the costs and benefits of green redevelopment are distributed unevenly within the context of gentrification and bankruptcy. Through an analysis of media representations, a contentious citywide planning project, and the construction of a private urban forest, I demonstrate how settler colonial imaginaries and rationalities articulate with austerity measures to prepare a postindustrial urban frontier for resettlement and reinvestment. During the historical era of U.S. settler colonialism, economic development happened through westward expansion on a continental scale (and then imperial scale), but today, in the urban United States, it occurs through internal differentiation of previously developed spaces and is taking a new form. Where the rural settlers of the 19th century sought to conquer wilderness, “urban pioneers” in the 21st century deploy nature as a tool of economic development in a city with a shrinking population and a large spatial footprint. Yet accumulation by green dispossession still turns on some of the defining features of settler colonialism, e.g., private property as a civilizing mechanism on the frontier, the appropriation of collective land and resources, and the expendability of particular people and places. The production of this new urban frontier also depends, like any frontier, on erasure: the material and discursive work of presenting “empty” landscapes as in need of improvement by non-local actors. I argue that understanding the stakes of postindustrial urban development struggles requires attention to how concepts of (white) settler society – which have been absorbed into political and legal-juridical institutions, discourses, myths, symbols, and national metaphors – are used to claim “wild” and “empty” lands like those in Detroit.
Reduced plasma cortisol binding to albumin in ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose. To compare plasma cortisol binding as well as total plasma cortisol, free cortisol and percent free cortisol in normals, ocular hypertensives and primary high pressure open-angle glaucomas. Methods. Blood samples were obtained on outpatient visits of 18 normals, 19 ocular hypertensives and 18 primary open-angle glaucomas. Plasma cortisol binding was determined after the endogenous steroids were removed by charcoal absorption. Scatchard analysis was used to determine both the affinity of binding and the cortisol binding capacity of corti-costeroid binding globulin and albumin. Plasma total and free cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results. Both the ocular hypertensive and the open-angle glaucomas in comparison to normals were found to have a highly significant reduced cortisol binding capacity to albumin (p = 0.006) with a borderline significantly increased binding affinity to plasma corticosteroid binding globulin (p = 0.0495) and no significant difference in binding affinity to albumi...
Bond dissociation energies in second-row compounds.

Heats of formation at 0 and 298 K are predicted for PF3, PF5, PF3O, SF2, SF4, SF6, SF2O, SF2O2, and SF4O as well as a number of radicals derived from these stable compounds on the basis of coupled cluster theory [CCSD(T)] calculations extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. In order to achieve near chemical accuracy (±1 kcal/mol), additional corrections were added to the complete basis set binding energies based on frozen core coupled cluster theory energies: a correction for core−valence effects, a correction for scalar relativistic effects, a correction for first-order atomic spin−orbit effects, and vibrational zero-point energies. The calculated values substantially reduce the error limits for these species. A detailed comparison of adiabatic and diabatic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) is made and used to explain trends in the BDEs. Because the adiabatic BDEs of polyatomic molecules represent not only the energy required for breaking a specific bond but also contain any reorganization energie...
The History of Surgery According to Owen Wangensteen

Owen Wangensteen (1898-1981), the great Minnesota surgical master, made a firm and intense dedication to the history of surgery from the early stages of his exemplary surgical career. While in Germany and Switzerland, he learned from distinguished European professors and clearly realized the importance of history on the understanding and appreciation of important surgical problems. In 1928, on returning to Minneapolis, he began his quest to introduce history into many of his clinical and research laboratory works. In 1930, he attained the surgery chairmanship at the University of Minnesota, and there he excelled until his retirement from surgical practice in 1967. Throughout his career and until he died in 1981, the history of surgery was his continuous and persistent companion. In fact, this discipline, the history of surgery, was indeed part of the family, since his wife Sally Davidson Wangensteen was a dedicated contributor to their common papers and the scholarly jewel of their work, the monumental treatise, The Rise of Surgery: From Empiric Craft to Scientific Discipline.
Infrared spectra of trifluoroacetate esters

Abstract Infrared spectra obtained for seven trifluoroacetate esters show that most of the fundamental vibrations of the trifluoroacetate group have characteristic frequencies.
Reliability of hybrid photovoltaic DC micro-grid systems for emergency shelters and other applications

Improvement of energy efficiency in the SunSmart Schools Emergency Shelters requires new methods for optimizing the energy consumption within the shelters. One major limitation in current systems is the requirement of converting direct current (DC) power generated from the PV array into alternating current (AC) power which is distributed throughout the shelters. Oftentimes, this AC power is then converted back to DC to run certain appliances throughout the shelters resulting in a significant waste of energy due to DC to AC and then again AC to DC conversion. This paper seeks to extract the maximum value out of PV systems by directly powering essential load components within the shelters that already run on DC power without the use of an inverter and above all to make the system reliable and durable. Furthermore, additional DC applications such as LED lighting, televisions, computers and fans operated with DC brushless motors will be installed as replacements to traditional devices in order to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Cost of energy storage technologies continue to decline as new technologies scale up and new incentives are put in place. This will provide a cost effective way to stabilize the energy generation of a PV system as well as to provide continuous energy during night hours. It is planned to develop a pilot program of an integrated system that can provide uninterrupted DC power to essential base load appliances (heating, cooling, lighting, etc.) at the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) command center for disaster management. PV arrays are proposed to be installed on energy efficient test houses at FSEC as well as at private homes having PV arrays where the owners volunteer to participate in the program. It is also planned to monitor the performance of the PV arrays and functioning of the appliances with the aim to improve their reliability and durability. After a successful demonstration of the hybrid DC microgrid based emergency shelter together with the monitoring system, it is planned to replicate it at other schools in Florida and elsewhere to provide continuous power for essential applications, maximizing the value of PV generation systems.
Safety and long-term benefit of carotid endarterectomy in the asymptomatic patient

In order to determine the safety and long-term salutary effects of carotid endarterectomy in the asymptomatic patient, we retrospectively reviewed all asymptomatic patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy from 1980 through 1986. There were 60 carotid endarterectomies performed in 54 patients, 53 men and one woman. The mean age was 64 years. Arteriography revealed a high grade stenosis of 70% or greater in 46 carotid arteries (77%), ulceration in five (8%), and both in nine (15%). Risk factors included coronary artery disease in 60% of patients, smoking in 87%, hypertension in 67%, and diabetes in 22%. Perioperative morbidity included three cranial nerve injuries, one myocardial infarction and one contralateral stroke. There were no deaths. Mean follow-up was 47 months with only two patients being lost to follow-up. During follow-up three patients suffered ipsilateral transient ischemic attacks without recurrent carotid stenosis and one patient had a transient ischemic attack secondary to contralateral carotid occlusion. There was one ipsilateral stroke occurring two years after operation secondary to restenosis that required reoperation and four late contralateral strokes. Ten patients died in the follow-up period. Causes of death were stroke (1), cardiac (4), malignancy (2), pulmonary (2), and unknown (1). All surviving patients were evaluated by duplex scan at a mean interval following surgery of 47 months. Restenosis of endarterectomized arteries was seen at the following rates: less than 50% in 41 (87%); 50–75% in four (8.5%); 80% in one (2%); and 90% in one (2%). Life table analysis revealed a 98% ipsilateral stroke-free rate at five and eight years. In summary, (1) carotid endarterectomy in the asymptomatic patient can be done with tow morbidity and virtually no mortality. (2) Late stroke occurs rarely in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the operated carotid artery. (3) Objective follow-up by duplex scanning shows only a 4% incidence of significant restenosis. (4) the low restenosis rate correlates with the low long-term stroke rate.
Observations on mastoid versus ear canal recorded cochlear microphonic in newborns and adults.

The cochlear microphonic (CM) may play an important role in the diagnosis of auditory neuropathy (AN) in newborns. However, since the CM tends to mirror the waveform of the acoustic stimulus, conscientious recording methodology must be applied to separate true response from artifact. The difficulty in achieving this separation has limited the clinical usefulness of the CM. In an effort to call attention to the importance of recording protocol when measuring the CM, the present study was designed to optimize CM recordings in humans by investigating the following parameters: (1) secondary minus electrode recording site (mastoid versus ear canal [EC]), (2) stimulus parameters, and (3) grounding and shielding conditions. Normative data were collected in fullterm newborns (n = 7) and adults (n = 4) with no known risk factors for cochlear or retrocochlear pathology. Results suggest that the CM is easier to separate from stimulus artifact using an EC electrode and toneburst stimuli. In addition, electromagnetic shielding and grounding of the electrode cables and the acoustic transducer were effective in reducing and/or eliminating stimulus artifact. Results from this normative study may be helpful in improving the diagnostic utility of the CM in AN and other hearing-related disorders.
Synthesis and properties of tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine and tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide

Abstract The functionalized triaryl phosphine tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMPP) was prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules of TMPP on general positions that adopt a pseudo-propeller arrangement of the arene substituents. The basicity of TMPP was evaluated by measuring the νA1(CO) stretching mode for the complex Ni(CO)3L; the value for Ni(CO)3TMPP is νA1(CO) = 2048 cm−1, which is the lowest reported value for a tertiary phosphine complex (PR3)Ni(CO)3. The phosphine oxide derivative, tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMPPO), was prepared by oxidation with H2O in refluxing acetone. In the structure of TMPPO, the oxygen atom of the phosphine oxide is hydrogen bonded to two interstitial water molecules. Both the phosphine and phosphine oxide compounds were fully characterized by a variety of physical and spectroscopic techniques, including NMR (1H, 31P, 13C), IR and electronic absorption spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry.
Analysis of Tumor-Initiating Cells in Engrafted Patient-Derived Human Bladder Carcinomas May Direct Precise Cancer Therapy

Purpose/Objective(s): In head and neck, pancreatic, and breast cancers, tumor engraftment into immune-deficient mice is mediated by tumorinitiating cells (TICs) and has been associated with a poor prognosis. Volkmer et al proposed three distinct bladder TIC populations: CD90 + CD44 + CD49f+ (basal), CD90-CD44 + CD49f+ (intermediate) and CD90-CD44-CD49f+ (differentiated) TICs. However, the prognostic significance and the relationship between tumor engraftment and urothelial TICs has yet to be established. TICs have also been implicated in radiation resistance but this has not been investigated in bladder cancer. We investigated the distribution of TIC populations in patient-derived xenografts from bladder cancer patients as well as the effect of radiation on TIC populations. Materials/Methods: We injected fragments of 40 primary bladder tumors intradermally in NOD-SCID mice. After intradermal injection, 23 of the 40 primary human bladder tumors engrafted to produce patient-derived xenografts. Using flow cytometry, we have analyzed the proportion of TIC populations. We irradiated these patient-derived xenografts with 20 Gy and analyzed the surviving TIC cell populations. Results: Total TIC content per tumor ranged from 0.03% to 67%. The average TIC content per tumor of basal, intermediate and differentiated TICs was 2.42% (range, 0-17%), 5.68% (range, 0-67%), and 16.1% (range, 0-61%), respectively. Tumors that regrew following 20 Gy were enriched 2 to 3 fold for basal TICs. Conclusions: All bladder tumors contain TICs; however, heterogeneity exists with regard to the distribution of the TIC populations. We continue to accrue human bladder cancer derived xenografts and to analyze their TIC content with the goal of defining the relationship between growth in NOD-SCID mice and clinical outcome. Our preliminary results identify radioresistant TICs and molecular analysis of these cells is underway. We hypothesize that patient-derived xenografts may identify patients with radioresistant TIC populations and that patients that do not have significant numbers of these radioresistant TICs may be suitable for bladder-sparing therapy. Author Disclosure: O.D. Offor: A. Employee; University of Chicago Medicine. J. Namm: A. Employee; University of Chicago Medicine. M. Beckett: A. Employee; University of Chicago Medicine. G. Steinberg: K. Advisory Board; Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network. R.R. Weichselbaum: A. Employee; University of Chicago Medicine.
Mechanical properties of cyromilled nanocrystalline Zn studied by the miniaturized disk bend test

Abstract The miniaturized disk bend test (MDBT) is useful for the study of the mechanical properties of small specimens in tension. The yield stress of cryomilled nanocrystalline Zn measured by MDBT shows periodic hardening and softening with milling time, consistent with the variation of microhardness with milling time. The periodic softening is due to the reduction of dislocation density controlled by dynamic recrystallization. The ductility of these softened nanocrystalline Zn specimens is consistently higher than that of the hardened specimens. Young’s modulus shows little variation with the average grain size.
A Complex-screen Method For Modeling Elastic Wave Reflections

In this paper. we first give a brief summary of the formulation for calculating reflections from a 3D elastic structure based on a complex-screen method. The incident wave and reflected wave are propagated by using a complexscreen propagator. The reflections are calculated based on local Born approximation. When using a small angle approximation, the backscattering can also be formulated into a screen reflection which has a high computation efficiency and needs relatively small computer memory. As expected from the scattering theory. the forward transmitted waves, like P to P or to are controlled by the Pand S-wave velocity perturbations, while the reflections are controlled by the impedance perturbations. The converted waves are mainly controlled by the density and shear module perturbations. Numerical examples are given to show the accuracy of the method. For two special cases, the synthetic seismograms obtained with this method are compared with that calculated by elastic finite-difference method. The results show general consistency.
Micropatterning of biomedical polymer surfaces by novel UV polymerization techniques

The "living" radical polymerization with an ini- ferter was used to create micropatterned biomedical sur- faces. Novel, photosensitive biomedical polymers were cre- ated by the incorporation of dithiocarbamate groups from iniferters. A second monomer layer was then irradiated onto the photosensitive polymer substrate created with the ini- ferter to form a copolymer. Patterns were created on the films by application of modified microfabrication-based photolithographic techniques. The technique was used to create patterns with depths from 5 to 80 mm. In addition, various polymers were incorporated, including polyethyl- ene glycol methacrylates, styrene, and methacrylic acid, to synthesize regions with different physico-chemical proper- ties. Applications include novel surfaces for biosensors and biomaterials for the selective adhesion of cells and proteins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 56: 351-360, 2001
Motive-matching: Perceptions of intentionality for coerced action

article i nfo Three studies examined perceivers' judgments of intentionality for an agent who acted under varying levels of psychological coercion. Study 1 demonstrated that judgments of intentional action are sensitive to psychological constraints surrounding an agent's aggressive behavior. Moreover, intentionality judgments were mediated by perceptions of the agent's motives for acting. Study 2 extended these findings by showing that coercion and explicit motive information independently contribute to ascriptions of intentionality. Study 3 demonstrated that perceived motives also inform judgments of intentionality for coerced prosocial behavior. Together, these studies suggest that perceived intentionality is reduced when there is a "mismatch" between an agent's apparent motives and behavior (e.g., the agent appears motivated to help a victim, but nevertheless hurts the victim). These results challenge the common view that intentionality rests on an agent's ability to do otherwise and suggest an important role for cues about an agent's motive.
Reliability in deep brain stimulation

Neurostimulation has been used successfully for disabling tremor disorders and Parkinson's disease. Electrodes are implanted into the deep brain structures with leads extending down to the chest and connecting to the programming hardware and battery source (implantable pulse generator). The only currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment of this type is the Activa Therapy from Medtronic, Inc., now in the US market since 1997 and available worldwide. Reliability issues pertaining to the design, manufacturing, and clinical use of this device, with attention paid primarily to those issues unique to implantation and use in humans, will be reviewed.
WATER MEDIATION IN PROTEIN FOLDING AND MOLECULAR RECOGNITION

AbstractWater is essential for life in many ways, and without it biomolecules might no longer truly be biomolecules. In particular, water is important to the structure, stability, dynamics, and function of biological macromolecules. In protein folding, water mediates the collapse of the chain and the search for the native topology through a funneled energy landscape. Water actively participates in molecular recognition by mediating the interactions between binding partners and contributes to either enthalpic or entropic stabilization. Accordingly, water must be included in recognition and structure prediction codes to capture specificity. Thus water should not be treated as an inert environment, but rather as an integral and active component of biomolecular systems, where it has both dynamic and structural roles. Focusing on water sheds light on the physics and function of biological machinery and self-assembly and may advance our understanding of the natural design of proteins and nucleic acids.
Delta-sigma data conversion in wireless transceivers

High-performance analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, and fractional-N frequency synthesizers based on delta-sigma (/spl utri//spl Sigma/) modulation - collectively referred to as /spl utri//spl Sigma/ data converters have contributed significantly to the high level of integration seen in recent commercial wireless handset transceivers. This paper presents a tutorial on /spl utri//spl Sigma/ data converters and their uses and implications with respect to wireless transceiver architectures.
FMRP Regulates Neurotransmitter Release and Synaptic Information Transmission by Modulating Action Potential Duration via BK channels

Loss of FMRP causes fragile X syndrome (FXS), but the physiological functions of FMRP remain highly debatable. Here we show that FMRP regulates neurotransmitter release in CA3 pyramidal neurons by modulating action potential (AP) duration. Loss of FMRP leads to excessive AP broadening during repetitive activity, enhanced presynaptic calcium influx, and elevated neurotransmitter release. The AP broadening defects caused by FMRP loss have a cell-autonomous presynaptic origin and can be acutely rescued in postnatal neurons. These presynaptic actions of FMRP are translation independent and are mediated selectively by BK channels via interaction of FMRP with BK channel's regulatory β4 subunits. Information-theoretical analysis demonstrates that loss of these FMRP functions causes marked dysregulation of synaptic information transmission. FMRP-dependent AP broadening is not limited to the hippocampus, but also occurs in cortical pyramidal neurons. Our results thus suggest major translation-independent presynaptic functions of FMRP that may have important implications for understanding FXS neuropathology.
Combined dimension reduction and tabulation strategy using ISAT–RCCE–GALI for the efficient implementation of combustion chemistry

Computations of turbulent combustion flows using detailed chemistry involving a large number of species and reactions are computationally prohibitive, even on a distributed computing system. Here, we present a new combined dimension reduction and tabulation methodology for the efficient implementation of combustion chemistry. In this study, the dimension reduction is performed using the rate controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) method, and tabulation of the reduced space is performed using the in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) algorithm. The dimension reduction using RCCE is performed by specifying a set of represented (constrained) species, which in this study is selected using a new Greedy Algorithm with Local Improvement (GALI) (based on the greedy algorithm). This combined approach is found to be particularly fruitful in the probability density function (PDF) approach, wherein the chemical composition is represented by a large number of particles in the solution domain. In this work, the combined approach has been tested and compared to reduced and skeletal mechanisms using a partially-stirred reactor (PaSR) for premixed combustion of (i) methane/air (using the 31-species GRI-Mech 1.2 detailed mechanism and the 16-species ARM1 reduced mechanism) and (ii) ethylene/air (using the 111-species USC-Mech II detailed mechanism, a 38-species skeletal mechanism and a 24-species reduced mechanism). Results are presented to quantify the relative accuracy and efficiency of three different ways of representing the chemistry: (i) ISAT alone (with a detailed mechanism); (ii) ISAT (with a reduced or skeletal mechanism); and (iii) ISAT–RCCE with represented species selected using GALI. We show for methane/air: ISAT (with ARM1 reduced mechanism) incurs 6% error, while ISAT–RCCE incurs the same error using just 8 or more represented species, and less than 1% error using 11 or more represented species, with a twofold speedup relative to using ISAT alone with the GRI-Mech 1.2 detailed mechanism. And we show for ethylene/air: ISAT incurs 7% and 3% errors with the reduced and skeletal mechanisms, respectively, while ISAT–RCCE achieves the same levels of error 7% with just 18 and 3% with just 25 represented species, and also provides 15-fold speedup relative to using ISAT alone with the USC-Mech II detailed mechanism. With fewer species to track in the CFD code, this combined ISAT–RCCE–GALI reduction–tabulation algorithm provides an accurate and efficient way to represent combustion chemistry.
Sexual imprinting misguides species recognition in a facultative interspecific brood parasite

Sexual reproduction relies on the recognition of conspecifics for breeding. Most experiments in birds have implicated a critical role for early social learning in directing subsequent courtship behaviours and mating decisions. This classical view of avian sexual imprinting is challenged, however, by studies of megapodes and obligate brood parasites, species in which reliable recognition is achieved despite the lack of early experience with conspecifics. By rearing males with either conspecific or heterospecific brood mates, we experimentally tested the effect of early social experience on the association preferences and courtship behaviours of two sympatrically breeding ducks. We predicted that redheads (Aythya americana), which are facultative interspecific brood parasites, would show a diminished effect of early social environment on subsequent courtship preferences when compared with their host and congener, the canvasback (Aythya valisineria). Contrary to expectations, cross-fostered males of both species courted heterospecific females and preferred them in spatial association tests, whereas control males courted and associated with conspecific females. These results imply that ontogenetic constraints on species recognition may be a general impediment to the initial evolution of interspecific brood parasitism in birds. Under more natural conditions, a variety of mechanisms may mitigate or counteract the effects of early imprinting for redheads reared in canvasback broods.
Loss of von hippel-lindau protein (VHL) increases systemic cholesterol levels through targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 2α and regulation of bile acid homeostasis

Cholesterol synthesis is a highly oxygen-dependent process. Paradoxically, hypoxia is correlated with an increase in cellular and systemic cholesterol levels and risk of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanism for the increase in cholesterol during hypoxia is unclear. Hypoxia signaling is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α. The present study demonstrates that activation of HIF signaling in the liver increases hepatic and systemic cholesterol levels due to a decrease in the expression of cholesterol hydroxylase CYP7A1 and other enzymes involved in bile acid synthesis. Specifically, activation of hepatic HIF-2α (but not HIF-1α) led to hypercholesterolemia. HIF-2α repressed the circadian expression of Rev-erbα, resulting in increased expression of E4BP4, a negative regulator of Cyp7a1. To understand if HIF-mediated decrease in bile acid synthesis is a physiologically relevant pathway by which hypoxia maintains or increases systemic cholesterol levels, two hypoxic mouse models were assessed, an acute lung injury model and mice exposed to 10% O2 for 3 weeks. In both models, cholesterol levels increased with a concomitant decrease in expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis. The present study demonstrates that hypoxic activation of hepatic HIF-2α leads to an adaptive increase in cholesterol levels through inhibition of bile acid synthesis.
Prefetching in supercomputer instruction caches

Prefetching methods for instruction caches in supercomputers are studied via trace-driven simulation. The two primary methods studied are fall-through prefetch for sequential line accesses and target prefetch for nonsequential ones. As measured by miss rate, both methods are shown to improve performance significantly. When combined in a hybrid algorithm their performance improvement is cumulative. A prefetch efficiency measure that reflects the amount of memory fetch delay that is successfully hidden by prefetching is defined. The better prefetch methods (in terms of miss rate) also have very high efficiencies, hiding approximately 90% of the miss delay for prefetched lines. The results obtained also show that the top-performing prefetch caches produce less memory traffic than the top-performing nonprefetch caches. >