cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Weberian Bureaucracies Lead to Markets or Vice Versa? A Coevolutionary Approach to Development

Are Weberian bureaucracies a precondition for capitalist markets or is it the other way around? According to the developmental school, state bureaucracies organized along Weberian precepts is necessary for successful state-led growth. Yet some level of economic wealth also appears to be necessary for achieving such desirable institutions. Departing from conventional linear approaches to development, this essay develops and applies a coevolutionary approach that traces the mutual adaptation of bureaucracies and markets among local states in China. My analysis demonstrates that the particular features of bureaucracy that promote growth vary over the course of development, even among locales within a single country. More surprisingly, I find that the bureaucratic forms that initially sparked growth actually defied Weberian norms of technocratic specialization and impersonality. In other words, in rethinking the relationship between markets and institutions, we must distinguish between market-building and market-preserving institutions. Conventionally good institutions like Weberian bureaucracies are necessary to preserve markets after they have already emerged; however, it is the adaptive refashioning of preexisting “weak” institutions that build markets in the first place.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on pyridine dinucleotides. I. The pH dependence of the carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Abstract An assignment of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of NAD+ is presented based on the 13C chemical shifts of the following model compounds: protonated pyridine, benzamide, and N-methylnicotinamide. The pH dependence of the 13C spectra of NAD+ and oxidized thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is presented. The 13C chemical shifts of certain carbon atoms in both the adenyl and pyridyl rings are sensitive to pH. An inflection point in the pD profile occurs at a value slightly above 4 for all of these carbons. This implies that protonation of N1 in the adenine ring of NAD+ coincides with changes in the 13C chemical shifts of the pyridyl carbons. These data are interpreted to indicate the operation of a complex pH-dependent intramolecular anisotropic ring current effect in both pyridine dinucleotides.
Multicompartment kinetic models for cadmium: I. Effects of zinc on cadmium retention in male mice

Abstract A multicompartmental model was fitted to data on cadmium concentrations in male mice published by K. E. Shank, R. J. Vetter, and P. L. Ziemer (1977, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6 , 63–68 1977, Environ. Res. 13 , 209–214. The zinc treatment increased the rate of flow of cadmium from rapidly exchanging compartments to slowly exchanging compartments in blood and liver, and possibly increased the rate of release from the slowly exchanging liver compartment. Most other cadmium distribution processes were slowed by zinc treatment, including blood into liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas, and back into blood from the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Many other processes were slowed less significantly. The rate of excretion processes was nearly unchanged.
The Normal Distribution as a Limit of Generalized Sato-Tate Measures

With suitable order of limits, as p, m, and n all tend to infinity, the distribution of the normalized trace of Frobenius on H^1 of a "random" plane curve of degree n over the field with p^m elements, tends to a Gaussian distribution. The same is true of a "random" curve of genus g over the field with p^m elements.
Re-evaluating Network Onload vs. Offload for the Many-Core Era

This paper explores the trade-offs between on-loaded versus offloaded network stack processing for systems with varying CPU frequencies. This study explores the differences of onload and offload using experiments run at different DVFS settings to change the frequency, while measuring performance and power. This allows for a quantitative comparison of the the performance and power and trade-offs between onload and offload cards, with a wide range of CPU performances. The results show that there is often a significant performance increase in using offloaded cards especially at lower CPU frequencies, with only a small increase in power usage. This study also uses MPI profiling to analyze why some applications see a larger benefit than others. This paper's contributions are an analytical, quantitative analysis of the trade-offs between onload and offload. While there has been debate to this question, this is the first, to the authors' knowledge, analytical evaluation of the performance difference. The range of frequencies analyzed give insight on how this MPI might perform on different architectures, such as the low frequency, many-core CPUs. Finally, the power measurements allow for the study to provide further depth in the analysis.
α-Actinin-4-Mediated FSGS: An Inherited Kidney Disease Caused by an Aggregated and Rapidly Degraded Cytoskeletal Protein

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common pattern of renal injury, seen as both a primary disorder and as a consequence of underlying insults such as diabetes, HIV infection, and hypertension. Point mutations in theα-actinin-4 gene ACTN4 cause an autosomal dominant form of human FSGS. We characterized the biological effect of these mutations by biochemical assays, cell-based studies, and the development of a new mouse model. We found that a fraction of the mutant protein forms large aggregates with a high sedimentation coefficient. Localization of mutant α-actinin-4 in transfected and injected cells, as well as in situ glomeruli, showed aggregates of the mutant protein. Video microscopy showed the mutant α-actinin-4 to be markedly less dynamic than the wild-type protein. We developed a “knockin” mouse model by replacing Actn4 with a copy of the gene bearing an FSGS-associated point mutation. We used cells from these mice to show increased degradation of mutant α-actinin-4, mediated, at least in part, by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. We correlate these findings with studies of α-actinin-4 expression in human samples. “Knockin” mice with a disease-associated Actn4 mutation develop a phenotype similar to that observed in humans. Comparison of the phenotype in wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous Actn4 “knockin” and “knockout” mice, together with our in vitro data, suggests that the phenotypes in mice and humans involve both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mechanisms.
Generation of mesenchymal stromal cells from HOXB4-expressing human embryonic stem cells.

Background aimsHOXB4 transcription factor plays an important role in embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. Overexpression of HOXB4 in murine and human embryonic stem cells (ESC) has been used to generate hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) via the embryoid body formation method.MethodsWe used FuGENE 6-based transfection of YPL2-HOXB4 vector to generate HOXB4-expressing colonies from human ESC line H9 and investigated the potential of these cells for differentiation into primitive CD34+ hematopoietic cells, via co-culture methodology with OP9 murine bone marrow stromal cells. Expression of HOXB4 in transfected human ESC colonies and their derivatives was verified using immunocytochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).ResultsUtilizing OP9 stromal cell co-culture methodology, we generated CD34+ cells from HOXB4-expressing H9 human ESC at a frequency similar to, and not higher than, non-transfected human ESC. However, we observed that some colonies of HOXB4-expressing human ESC not co-...
Adjoint QCD1 + 1 in light-cone gauge, quantized at equal time

Abstract SU (2) gauge theory coupled to massless fermions in the adjoint representation is quantized in light-cone gauge by imposing the equal-time canonical algebra. The theory is defined on a space-time cylinder with “twisted” boundary conditions, periodic for one color component (the diagonal 3-component) and antiperiodic for the other two. The focus of the study is on the non-trivial vacuum structure and the fermion condensate. It is shown that the indefinite-metric quantization of free gauge bosons is not compatible with the residual gauge symmetry of the interacting theory. A suitable quantization of the unphysical modes of the gauge field is necessary in order to guarantee the consistency of the subsidiary condition and allow the quantum representation of the residual gauge symmetry of the classical Lagrangian: the 3-color component of the gauge field must be quantized in a space with an indefinite metric while the other two components require a positive-definite metric. The contribution of the latter to the free Hamiltonian becomes highly pathological in this representation, but a larger portion of the interacting Hamiltonian can be diagonalized, thus allowing perturbative calculations to be performed. The vacuum is evaluated through second order in perturbation theory and this result is used for an approximate determination of the fermion condensate.
Computation of Leading-Edge Film Cooling With Injection Through Rows of Compound-Angle Holes

Computations were performed to investigate the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer about a semi-cylindrical leading edge with a flat afterbody that is cooled by film-cooling jets, injected through three staggered rows of compound-angle holes with one row along the stagnation line and two rows along ±25°. Results are presented for the surface adiabatic effectiveness, temperature distribution, velocity vector field, turbulent kinetic energy, and surface pressure. These results show the interactions between the mainstream hot gas and the cooling jets, and how those interactions affect surface adiabatic effectiveness. The computed results were compared with experimental data generated under a blind test, and reasonably good agreements were obtained.This computational study is based on the ensemble-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum (compressible Navier-Stokes), and energy closed by a low Reynolds number k-ω turbulence model. Solutions were generated by a cell-centered finite-volume method that uses second-order accurate flux-difference splitting of Roe on a multiblock structured grid system. In the computations, the flow is resolved not just in the region about the leading edge, but also inside the film-cooling holes and in the plenum where the cooling flow emerges.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Fabrication and Characterization of PZT/Thermoplastic Polymer Composites for High-Frequency Phased Linear Arrays

A new method of fabricating PZT/potymer composites with 2-2 connectivity is described. This fabrication technique offers significant advantages over conventional dice-and-fill fabrication methods, and the composites exhibit the high electromechanical coupling expected from conventional PZT/polymer composites. In this method, thin (≤20μm) sintered PZT plates and sheets of a thermoplastic polymer film (≤6 μm) are bonded together via thermal processing. A technique for sintering thin, flat PZT plates from tape cast materials was developed to provide the necessary PZT plates. The resulting composite blocks were cut to required dimensions, electroded, and poled. Electromechanical properties were measured to evaluate the composites.
A robot path planning framework that learns from experience

We propose a framework, called Lightning, for planning paths in high-dimensional spaces that is able to learn from experience, with the aim of reducing computation time. This framework is intended for manipulation tasks that arise in applications ranging from domestic assistance to robot-assisted surgery. Our framework consists of two main modules, which run in parallel: a planning-from-scratch module, and a module that retrieves and repairs paths stored in a path library. After a path is generated for a new query, a library manager decides whether to store the path based on computation time and the generated path's similarity to the retrieved path. To retrieve an appropriate path from the library we use two heuristics that exploit two key aspects of the problem: (i) A correlation between the amount a path violates constraints and the amount of time needed to repair that path, and (ii) the implicit division of constraints into those that vary across environments in which the robot operates and those that do not. We evaluated an implementation of the framework on several tasks for the PR2 mobile manipulator and a minimally-invasive surgery robot in simulation. We found that the retrieve-and-repair module produced paths faster than planning-from-scratch in over 90% of test cases for the PR2 and in 58% of test cases for the minimally-invasive surgery robot.
Adenoviral gene transfer of eNOS: high-level expression in ex vivo expanded marrow stromal cells.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an attractive target for cardiovascular gene therapy. Marrow stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, hold great promise for use in ad...
The Comorbidity of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Foreseeable Medical Challenge in Post-HAART Era

Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a strong reduction of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) incidence, the prevalence of minor HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is rising among AIDS patients. HAART medication has shifted neuropathology from a subacute encephalitic condition to a subtle neurodegenerative process involving synaptic and dendritic degeneration, particularly of hippocampal neurons that are spared prior to HAART medication. Considerable neuroinflammation coupled with mononuclear phagocyte activation is present in HAART-medicated brains, particularly in the hippocampus. Accumulating evidence suggests that the resultant elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β can increase amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) generation and reduce Aβ clearance. Recent advancements in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research identified Aβ biogenesis and clearance venues that are potentially influenced by HIV viral infection, providing new insights into beta-amyloidosis segregation in HIV patients. Our study suggests enhanced beta-amyloidosis in ART-treated HAD and HIV-associated encephalitis brains and suppression of Aβ clearance by viral infection of human primary macrophages. A growing awareness of potential convergent mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration shared by HIV and Aβ points to a significant chance of comorbidity of AD and HAND in senile HIV patients, which calls for a need of basic studies.
Identification of a Novel Phosphorylation Site in Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor-1 as a Negative Regulator of Cardiac Function

Human and experimental heart failure is characterized by increases in type-1 protein phosphatase activity, which may be partially attributed to inactivation of its endogenous regulator, protein phosphatase inhibitor-1. Inhibitor-1 represents a nodal integrator of two major second messenger pathways, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium, which mediate its phosphorylation at threonine 35 and serine 67, respectively. Here, using recombinant inhibitor-1 wild-type and mutated proteins, we identified a novel phosphorylation site in inhibitor-1, threonine 75. This phosphoamino acid was phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase Cα independently and to the same extent as serine 67, the previous protein kinase Cα-identified site. Generation of specific antibodies for the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated threonine 75 revealed that this site is phosphorylated in rat and dog hearts. Adenoviral-mediated expression of the constitutively phosphorylated threonine 75 inhibitor-1 in isolated myocytes was associated with specific stimulation of type-1 protein phosphatase activity and marked inhibition of the sarcoplasmic calcium pump affinity for calcium, resulting in depressed contractility. Thus, phosphorylation of inhibitor-1 at threonine 75 represents a new mechanism of cardiac contractility regulation, partially through the alteration of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport activity.
Calculation of Ground and Excited State Polarizabilities of Unsubstituted and Donor/ Acceptor Polyenes: A Comparison of the Finite-Field and Sum-Over-States Methods §

In this manuscript, a relatively simple and inexpensive INDO/SCI finite-field (FF) method for calculating polarizabilities (α) is demonstrated to give good agreement with results obtained by both the INDO/MRD/SDCI sum-over-states routine and published results using the RPA method. The FF method is as effective as the other techniques in predicting both ground and excited state α's in all substituted and unsubstituted polyenes studied. We observe the correlation described by Marder and co-workers between bond-order-alternation (BOA) and dipolar properties, such as the change in α between the ground and excited states (Δα). In addition, qualitative, but not quantitative, agreement is seen between the calculated Δα's of polar polyenes and those measured by Stark-effect spectroscopy.
Pulmonary function in preterm infants whose lungs were ventilated conventionally or by high-frequency oscillation

To test the hypothesis that high-frequency ventilation may reduce the risk of barotrauma and thus the incidence of chronic pulmonary damage in preterm infants who need mechanical ventilation, we measured lung function before discharge in 53 infants who needed mechanical ventilation on the first day after birth and were randomly assigned to receive intermittent mandatory ventilation (n = 26) or to receive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (n = 27). There were no significant differences between the groups in birth weight (mean +/- SD: 1010 +/- 240 vs 1030 +/- 230 gm), gestational age (29.1 +/- 2.0 vs 28.9 +/- 2.1 weeks), initial ventilatory support (mean airway pressure 7.2 +/- 1.8 vs 8.1 +/- 2.1 cm H2O; FiO2 0.62 +/- 0.24 vs 0.75 +/- 0.22), duration of mechanical ventilation (median (range): 6 (1 to 61) vs 10 (1 to 50) days) and duration of oxygen therapy (13 (1 to 109) vs 27 (4 to 227) days) for the intermittent mandatory ventilation group and the high-frequency oscillatory ventilation group, respectively. At the time of testing, weight was 1830 +/- 340 vs 1830 +/- 290 gm, and age was 68 +/- 24 vs 70 +/- 31 days. Respiratory flows were determined by pneumotachygraphy, esophageal pressure through a water-filled feeding tube, and functional residual capacity by N2 washout. Both groups had abnormal lung function with decreased lung compliance (1.65 +/- 0.51 vs 1.54 +/- 0.36 ml/cm H2O) and elevated pulmonary resistance (102 +/- 24 vs 107 +/- 36 cm H2O/L/sec). Functional residual capacity was in the normal range (30.6 +/- 6.0 vs 28.2 +/- 10.7 ml) in both groups. There were no significant differences in lung function between the two treatment groups. These results do not support the hypothesis that high-frequency oscillatory ventilation reduces the risk of lung damage in preterm infants.
Lepidoptera outbreaks in response to successional changes after the passage of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico

Fifteen species of Lepidoptera occurred in large numbers in spring and early summer after the passage of Hurricane Hugo over the north-east of Puerto Rico. Spodoptera eridania (Noctuidae) was the most common of the larvae and fed on 56 plant species belonging to 31 families. All the Lepidoptera fed on early successional vegetation. Some of the plants represent new host plants for these species. The outbreaks appeared to be based on the flush of new foliage that developed in the Luquillo Mountains after the passage of the hurricane. The end of the S. eridania outbreak was concurrent with the consumption of its preferred host plants and to an apparent increment in parasitism by ichneumonids (Hymenoptera). Parasitism by tachinids (Diptera) may have contributed to the reduction in abundance of other Lepidoptera species that were temporarily very abundant. Natural enemies of S. eridania were recorded for the first time in Puerto Rico.
Derivation of an expression for the conductivity of superconductors in terms of the normal-state conductivity

Recent experiments performed by Karecki et al. show that an expression for the conductivity of superconductors containing impurities, developed by the author but never published, describes well the behavior of strong-coupling superconductors. We present here a derivation of that expression.
Innovations in the design of magnetic tape subsystems

This paper explores the selection of magnetic tape as an input/output medium for electronic computers and reviews the innovations in the development of magnetic tape and tape handling machines since their introduction in the early 1950s.
Anchorless keratinocyte survival: an emerging pathogenic mechanism for squamous cell carcinoma in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

Squamous cell carcinomas in patients sufering from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa are highly invassive and frequently metastatic. Expression of a collagen VII fragement (NC1) has been described as a prerequisite for the development of this tumor form. This commentary focuses on potential molecular mechanisms by which expression of the NC1 fragment may augment anchorage-independent growth and survival of malignant keratinocytes.
An economic analysis of three hydrogen liquefaction systems

Abstract Solar-hydrogen energy systems have received some attention in recent years as viable alternatives to the present fossil-fuel based energy systems. This paper presents an economic analysis of three hydrogen liquefaction systems with an associated cost comparison. The analysis takes into account the energy cost, operation and maintenance, and fixed charges on capital investment. Electrical requirements of the compressors or energy cost of a liquefier are prodemoninantly functions of the liquefier efficiency and are less dependent on the production rate required. Liquefaction costs in a large-scale liquid hydrogen plant depend primarily on the energy costs. Operation and maintenance costs, on the other hand, constitute; (1) plant payroll, (2) consumable supplies and equipment, (3) outside support services, and (4) miscellaneous costs. Finally, capital investment in a liquefaction system depends, to a great extent, upon the production rate, the types of liquefaction cycles utilized, and the location of the plant. The analysis showed that the cost of liquefying hydrogen is lowest for an optimized large-scale type liquid hydrogen plant and is highest for a simple conceptual liquid hydrogen plant. The liquefaction cost was also shown to reach a value of $0.63/kg for the optimized large-scale type plant at a production rate of 30,000 kg/h when the cost of electricity is $0.04/(kW h).
PRE-MRNA PROCESSING ENHANCER (PPE) ELEMENT INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF AN INTRONLESS THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE GENE BUT DOES NOT AFFECT INTRON-DEPENDENT S PHASE REGULATION

The pre-mRNA processing enhancer (PPE) element is an RNA sequence element derived from the intronless HSV-TK gene. Insertion of the element into the highly intron-dependent human beta-globin gene leads to efficient expression in the absence of splicing. We have analyzed the effect of the PPE element on the expression of mouse thymidylate synthase (TS) minigenes. We have previously shown that the expression of intronless TS minigenes is moderately (up to 20-fold) stimulated by the inclusion of introns. Furthermore, S phase-specific expression of TS minigenes in growth-stimulated cells depends on the presence of a spliceable intron as well as the TS promoter. The goal of our study was to determine if the PPE element would overcome the dependence on introns for efficient expression and for S phase-specific expression of transfected TS minigenes. We found that insertion of the PPE element into an intronless TS minigene partially overcame intron dependence. However, the increase in expression was much less than that observed for the intronless beta-globin gene. We also found that intronless TS or HSV-TK genes that contained the PPE element and that were driven by the TS promoter were expressed at a constant level in serum-stimulated cells. However, when an intron was included in these genes, they were expressed in an S phase-specific manner. Thus the PPE element was not able to overcome the dependence on introns for S phase-specific expression of TS minigenes.
Nonlinear Characteristic of Two-Span Dissymmetric Elastic Supported Rotor System with Crack and Rub-Impact Faults

A new twenty-freedom non-linear dynamic model for two-span dissymmetric elastic rotor system was established by considering the crack fault, rub-impact fault and oil film force. The complex motion characteristics of this system were numerically studied and the effect of different parameters on the system is investigated. Moreover, the both cases with and without crack fault were discussed in detail. The results indicate that the system has obvious single-period, period-doubling bifurcation and chaos phenomena. There are marked influences of the crack faults on the nonlinear characteristics of the system, especially under some the rotating speed. The case considering crack faults has different chaos region from the case without crack fault. The chaos phenomenon appears at lower rotating speed, and when the chaos comes again, the corresponding rotating speed extends backwards. Synchronously, the influence of crack fault increases along with the depth of crack. The results may provide theoretical references for rotor fault diagnosis.
Accounting for the cost of social media

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the importance of identifying the cost associated with using social media for library marketing efforts, as well as assessing the effectiveness of social media activities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper references articles and trends on this topic. Findings – With an increase in use of social media activities within libraries, there is clear evidence that creating formal assessment practices and tracking expenditures provides an increase in effectiveness and efficiency of those activities. Originality/value – This paper is written from the author’s own perceptions and actions taken on this topic.
Pediatric Oncology Center of the Catholic University of Rome, Italy.

Located on Rome's highest hill and occupying the tenth and eleventh floors of a building of the Catholic University of Rome's campus, our Pediatric Oncology Center is presently following about 500 children with cancer. A large section of the eleventh floor contains such facilities as kitchen, dining room, living room, playroom, and an extensive roof garden; it has been designed to help handle the psychological problems of children and parents by giving them a feeling of being at home.
Studies of the mechanism of thiophene hydrodesulfurization: 2H NMR and mass spectral analysis of 1,3-butadiene produced in the deuterodesulfurization (DDS) of thiophene over PbMo6S8 catalyst

Abstract The deuterodesulfurization (DDS) of thiophene was investigated over PbMo 6 S 8 at 400°C using a flow-microreactor. Evidence indicates that 1,3-butadiene (BDE) is the first desulfurized product; its deuterium content was established by 2 H NMR and mass spectrometries. At different levels of thiophene conversion (0.86–10.2%), the amount of deuterium incorporated into BDE remains constant at 3.47 D atoms per BDE molecule. Unconverted thiophene incorporates 0.42 D atoms at 10.2% thiophene conversion but only 0.05 D atoms at 0.86% conversion. Reaction of 2,5-dihydrothiophene (2,5-DHT) with D 2 at 400°C over PbMo 6 S 8 liberates BDE as the only hydrocarbon product. This BDE incorporates no deuterium. Thiophene and H 2 S effectively inhibit both BDE hydrogenation and deuterium exchange. The results indicate that during the DDS process, a total of 3.2 deuterium atoms are incorporated into the BDE; 0.83 D are in the D A -position while 1.2 D are in each of the D B -and D C -positions. Several HDS mechanisms proposed in the literature are consistent with these results; two are not. Details of all of these mechanisms are discussed.
Spins and Decay Modes of Certain Neutron-Deficient Silver Isotopes

Isotopically enriched Pd foils were bombarded with protons to determine the origin of the 1.2-hr activity which was previously discovered in an even-$A$ Ag isotope. The only appropriate activity was found in ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{104}$ which was observed to have a (69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)-min predominantly $K$-capture activity with intense $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of 550, 764, and 920 kev. Using the atomic beam magnetic resonance method it was verified that the 69-min activity has $I=5$. The $I=2$ resonance in ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{104}$, when counted in an x-ray detector, was found to decay with a 69-min half-life with a small admixture of a 27-min component. When viewed in a $\ensuremath{\beta}$ counter, only the 27-min component is observed. These characteristics of the $I=2$ resonance can be explained by placing the $I=2$ level above the $I=5$ level with an appreciable amount of isomeric transition. This interpretation is supported by the observation of feeding in the 920-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray which only occurs in the decay of the $I=5$ state.Further work with isotopically-enriched Pd foils showed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of 120 and 150 kev, and, tentatively, 260 kev which have been assigned to the decay of 59-min ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{103}$. A positive identification of a (15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)-min activity in ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{102}$ has been made.
Oleic acid content in ground corn by NIR spectroscopy with an indirect calibration method

Developing corn hybrids with improved FA profiles is important in providing products with enhanced nutritional characteristics. To support this effort, rapid screening methods are needed to track the various traits of interest. In using NIR methods, calibrations are based on an assumed linear relationship between the concentration of the analyte of interest and the absorbance of the sample. Although this point seems obvious, this linear relationship does not exist when using GC analysis as a reference method for oleic acid content in ground corn kernels. In this case, the GC data provide a relative oleic acid content of the oil and not of the grain from which the NIR spectrum is measured. A method of removing this nonlinearity by modeling the absolute oleic acid content in the grain has been developed. The relative oleic acid content of the oil is then calculated from this predicted absolute oleic acid value, and the total oil content of the grain is predicted from another calibration model. Significant improvement in the model's predictive ability is demonstrated using this two-calibration model.
Vidian canal: analysis and relationship to the internal carotid artery.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe the anatomy and relationships of the vidian canal to known endonasal and skull base landmarks. This will allow the endoscopic skull base surgeon to safely approach the anterior genu of the potrous carotid artery during expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base. Study Design: The study is a prospective cohort study. Methods: Axial, coronal, and sagittal computed tomography scans of the paranasal sinuses and skull base of 44 patients were examined. Individuals with known skull base pathology were excluded. Measurements induded the length of the vidian canal, the relationship of the vidian canal to the anterior genu of the petrous carotid artery, and the type of pneumatization of the noid sinus as it pertains to foramen rotundum and the vidian canal. In addition, we will focus on the relationship of the vidian canal to the sphenopalatine foramen and base of the medial pterygoid plato. Results: The degree of pneumatization of of the sphenoid sinus is highly variable. The mean length of the vidian canal is 18 mm (10-23 mm). The vidian canal is found entirely within bone in 27% to 30% of scans re viewed. The anterior genu of the petrous internal carotid artery is found superior-medial to the vidian canal in 44 of 44 of the CT scans reviewed. The vidian canal runs medial to lateral in 93% to 98% of patients studied. Couciusions: As a result of this study the endoscopic skull base surgeon has a number of anatomical landmarks and measurements that may be helpful in safely localizing the anterior genu of the petrous internal carotid artery during expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF USING MONETARY DATA FOR NATIONAL INCOME ESTIMATES

In a number of underdeveloped countries today, adequate statistics for estimating national output by traditional national accounting methods are unavailable or unreliable. However, many of these same countries do publish data on monetary variables at an early stage in their development. These data can now be used to estimate national income. In this study the money supply was defined to include all currency in circulation, private deposits subject to check at all banks and postal systems, all government deposits, and unused overdrafts less float. The national accounts data were taken from United Nations sources and data supplied by various foreign statistical offices. To make the accounts more comparable in terms of coverage and to limit reported income to the monetized sector of the economy, non-monetary imputations were deleted. The monetary and national accounts data were combined in a multiple, stepwise regression. National income was used as the dependent variable and money supply and other data were used as the independent variables. The final estimating equations explained about 96 per cent of the variation in income between countries. Other tests were conducted using the currency ratio, transactions velocity, population, and per capita consumption. However, these variables did not augment the explanatory power of the regression equations. When the equations were used to estimate national income for twenty-two under-developed countries, the derived estimates showed a high degree of concordance with reported income where it existed for comparative purposes. The results indicate that monetary data can be used to estimate national income for underdeveloped countries with a relatively high degree of accuracy, between countries, and from year to year within a country.
Chemical modification of wood. II. Use of trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst for the acetylation of wood

Sapwood lengths of Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) have been acetylated, without loss of strength or discoloration, at temperatures of 25–45° to 16–30% acetyl with acetic anhydride, using trifluoroacetic acid and magnesium perchlorate as combined synergistic catalysts. When matched samples were acetylated to similar weight gains and acetyl contents by low- and high-temperature methods, the former method resulted in permanent shrinkage of the wood blocks and a small reduction (∼20%) in swelling property, whilst the latter method, in corroboration of published data, caused permanent bulking and a 75% reduction in swelling property.
Capture efficiency of cooking‐related fine and ultrafine particles by residential exhaust hoods

Effective exhaust hoods can mitigate the indoor air quality impacts of pollutant emissions from residential cooking. This study reports capture efficiencies (CE) measured for cooking-generated particles for scripted cooking procedures in a 121-m3 chamber with kitchenette. CEs also were measured for burner produced CO2 during cooking and separately for pots and pans containing water. The study used four exhaust hoods previously tested by Delp and Singer (Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 46, 6167-6173). For pan-frying a hamburger over medium heat on the back burner, CEs for particles were similar to those for burner produced CO2 and mostly above 80%. For stir-frying green beans in a wok (high heat, front burner), CEs for burner CO2 during cooking varied by hood and airflow: CEs were 34-38% for low (51-68 l/s) and 54-72% for high (109-138 l/s) settings. CEs for 0.3-2.0 μm particles during front burner stir-frying were 3-11% on low and 16-70% on high settings. Results indicate that CEs measured for burner CO2 are not predictive of CEs of cooking-generated particles under all conditions, but they may be suitable to identify devices with CEs above 80% both for burner combustion products and for cooking-related particles.
Developing methods for timely and relevant mission impact estimation

Military organizations embed information systems and networking technologies into their core mission processes as a means to increase operational efficiency, improve decision making quality, and shorten the "kill chain". Unfortunately, this dependence can place the mission at risk when the loss or degradation of the confidentiality, integrity, availability, non-repudiation, or authenticity of a critical information resource or flow occurs. Since the accuracy, conciseness, and timeliness of the information used in command decision making processes impacts the quality of these decisions, and hence, the operational mission outcome; it is imperative to explicitly recognize, quantify, and document critical missioninformation dependencies in order to gain a true appreciation of operational risk. We conjecture what is needed is a structured process to provide decision makers with real-time awareness of the status of critical information resources and timely notification of estimated mission impact, from the time an information incident is declared, until the incident is fully remediated. In this paper, we discuss our initial research towards the development of a mission impact estimation engine which fuses information from subject matter experts, historical mission impacts, and explicit mission models to provide the ability to estimate the mission impacts resulting from an information incident in real-time.
Creating word-level language models for large-vocabulary handwriting recognition

We discuss development of a word-unigram language model for online handwriting recognition. First, we tokenize a text corpus into words, contrasting with tokenization methods designed for other purposes. Second, we select for our model a subset of the words found, discussing deviations from an N-most-frequent-words approach. From a 600-million-word corpus, we generated a 53,000-word model which eliminates 45% of word-recognition errors made by a character-level-model baseline system. We anticipate that our methods will be applicable to offline recognition as well, and to some extent to other recognizers, such as speech recognizers and video retrieval systems.
A study of the relationship between wear rate and nitrogen concentration profile and application to plasma source ion implanted Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Abstract Nitrogen implantation by plasma source ion implantation was conducted on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The wear performance was characterized using a pin-on-disk wear tester and an alpha-step profilometer. Nitrogen concentration depth profiles of implanted samples were studied using a scanning Auger microprobe. It is found that the lowest wear rate in the implanted zone corresponds to the nitrogen concentration peak. By varying the target temperature, the nitrogen concentration profile was engineered to achieve a better wear behavior. The pin-on-disk wear data agree with the expected result.
Preparation and characterization of heterophase blends of polycaprolactam and hydrogenated polydienes

The preparation, analysis, testing, and structure determination of ultrahigh impact rubber-toughened polycaprolactams (nylon 6) are described. Partially unsaturated hydrocarbon rubbers were used for this purpose. They were functionalized by reaction either in solution or in bulk with maleic anhydride to give rubbery “ene” adducts containing varying amounts of pendnet succinic anhydride. Tough, rigid, thermoplastic engineering resins with notched Izod impact strengths of 750–1000 J/m were prepared by briefly melt-blending these adducts with nylon 6. Properties of the blends could be affected by the type and amount of elastomer used, the anhydride content, the type of nylon, the mixing conditions and the test conditions. Fractionation by coacervation in m-cresol/cyclohexane of a typical resin containing 20% by weight of functionalized rubber showed approximately 35% of a rubber–nylon graft, along with a few percent of free rubber dispersed in the nylon 6 matrix. A comb-block copolymer structure for the graft and a model for its formation are proposed, consistent with analyses of the fractions. Some of the blends prepared with partially hydrogenated medium vinyl polybutadiene–maleic anhydride adducts displayed a retention of impact properties at low temperatures which was superior to that obtainable with a similarly prepared EPDM-modified nylon 6. Transmission electron microscopy of a blend containing an anhydride-modified hydrogenated medium vinyl polybutadiene showed a morphology consisting of a nylon matrix containing finely dispersed, irregularly shaped, 0.03–0.55 μm rubber domains in which were found even smaller domains of nylon.
Conceptualizing self-control

A pair of arguments suggests that self-control is not properly conceptualized on the pattern/act/preference model Rachlin proposes. The first concerns the irrational following of personal rules. The second concerns scenarios in which behavioral patterns an agent deems good come into conflict.
Soil Physical Chemistry

Electrochemistry of the Double Layer: Principles and Applications to Soils, Upendra Singh and Goro Uehara Chemical Modeling of Ion Adsorption in Soils, John M. Zachara and John C. Westall Thermodynamics of the Soil Solution, Donald L. Suarez Kinetics and Mechanisms of Chemical reactions at the Soil Mineral/Water Interface, Donald L. Sparks Precipitation/Dissolution Reactions in Soils, Wayne P. Robarge The Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter, Nicola Senesi and Elisabetta Loffredo Characterizing Soil Redox Behavior, Richmond J. Bartlett
Studies on rat spinal cord polysomes: postnatal development and experimental demyelination.

Spinal cord polysomes were prepared from 15-day-old rats, 3-month-old rats, and adult triethyl tin-fed and control rats by a procedure adapted from that of Zomzely-Neurathet al. (1973) for brain polysomes. The state of aggregation and the activity in a cell-free system supplemented with a hepatic enzyme fraction were studied with these preparations. The properties of the amino acid-incorporating system in spinal cord polysomes were similar to those of brain systems with respect to rapid incorporation in the first 30 min of incubation, dependence on polysomes and supplementary enzymes, sensitivity to emetine and high Mg2+, and relative insensitivity to cycloheximide. Polysomes from 15-day-old rats were more highly aggregated than those from 3-month-old rats, but incorporation of radioactive amino acids was not different in the preparations from the two age groups with respect to the requirement for the supplementary enzyme fraction or the kinetics. Spinal cord polysomes prepared from rats with chronic triethyl tin-induced edema and demyelination were slightly more aggregated than those from the controls. Average increases of 30% in amino acid incorporating activity were observed in spinal cord polysomes from triethyl tin-fed rats compared to those of controls. Similar increases have been shown previously in fractions from the spinal cord slice, especially in the myelin fraction (Smith, 1973). Spinal cord polysomes from rats in two stages of development and in different experimentally-caused physiological states behaved differently within the limits of our in vitro system.
Activation of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and rose mosaic virus by RNa 4 components of some llarviruses

Abstract RNA extracted from rose mosaic virus (RMV) and from necrotic ringspot virus-G(NRSV) separated into four sedimenting components in sucrose density gradients. The components were designated RNAs 1, 2, 3, and 4 in order of decreasing sedimentation velocities. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-denatured NRSV and RMV preparations showed a prominent protein species of about 25,000 daltons when electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels. In addition, two closely migrating protein species of about 19,000 daltons were also observed in SDS-denatured RMV preparations. Preparations containing RNA 1+2+3 and preparations containing RNA 4 were obtained by two successive cycles of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Neither preparation was infectious alone. Mixtures of RNA 1+2+3 from each virus became infectious, however, with the addition of homologous RNA 4. RMV protein also activated RMV-RNA 1+2+3 preparations. NRSV-RNA 4 efficiently activated RMV-RNA 1+2+3, but RMV-RNA 4 had very little ability to activate NRSV-RNA 1+2+3 even though it efficiently activated its homologous RNA 1+2+3 preparations. RNA 4 preparations from alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and citrus leaf rugose virus (CLRV) activated RMV-RNA 1+2+3. Comparable concentrations of RMV-RNA 4, however, failed to activate RNA 1+2+3 from AMV and from CLRV. RNA from CLRV, RMV, and citrus variegation virus (CVV) efficiently uncoated AMV particles. However, AMV-RNA and CLRV-RNA 4 uncoated CVV but not CLRV or RMV. The evidence presented indicated that viruses in the new Ilarvirus group [Shepherd, R. J., et al. (1976). Intervirology 6, 181–1841 have similar infectivity requirements; that is, mixtures of RNA 1+2+3 are not infectious but can be activated by either RNA 4 or coat protein.
Temporal assessment of ribose treatment on self-assembled articular cartilage constructs

Articular cartilage cannot repair itself in response to degradation from injury or osteoarthritis. As such, there is a substantial clinical need for replacements of damaged cartilage. Tissue engineering aims to fulfill this need by developing replacement tissues in vitro. A major goal of cartilage tissue engineering is to produce tissues with robust biochemical and biomechanical properties. One technique that has been proposed to improve these properties in engineered tissue is the use of non-enzymatic glycation to induce collagen crosslinking, an attractive solution that may avoid the risks of cytotoxicity posed by conventional crosslinking agents such as glutaraldehyde. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether continuous application of ribose would enhance biochemical and biomechanical properties of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs, and (2) to identify an optimal time window for continuous ribose treatment. Self-assembled constructs were grown for 4 weeks using a previously established method and were subjected to continuous 7-day treatment with 30 mM ribose during culture weeks 1, 2, 3, or 4, or for the entire 4-week culture. Control constructs were grown in parallel, and all groups were evaluated for gross morphology, histology, cellularity, collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and compressive and tensile mechanical properties. Compared to control constructs, it was found that treatment with ribose during week 2 and for the entire duration of culture resulted in significant 62% and 40% increases in compressive stiffness, respectively; significant 66% and 44% increases in tensile stiffness; and significant 50% and 126% increases in tensile strength. Similar statistically significant trends were observed for collagen and GAG. In contrast, constructs treated with ribose during week 1 had poorer biochemical and biomechanical properties, although they were significantly larger and more cellular than all other groups. We conclude that non-enzymatic glycation with ribose is an effective method for improving tissue engineered cartilage and that specific temporal intervention windows exist to achieve optimal functional properties.
On a variational formulation of problems in the classical continuum mechanics of solids

Abstract The basic equations of linear elasticity, of mildly non-linear elasticity and of plastic flow are reduced to a generalization of Hamilton's canonical formalism. Complementary variational principles are deduced. Numerical applications of these principles are demonstrated in some simple cases.