cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidermal proliferation and the neutrophilic infiltrates of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in mice.

A mouse model of cutaneous candidiasis was used to determine if the prominent neutrophilic infiltrates in the infected skin of nonimmune animals were responsible for inducing the early phase of epidermal proliferation seen in these infections. Both the organisms and resulting neutrophilic microabscesses were found in the cellular layers of the epidermis at 12 h after inoculation, and were then extruded together to a more superficial site in the stratum corneum over the next 1–2 days. The degree of epidermal proliferation elicited at the site of the Candida foci, as determined from the thickness of the cellular layers of the epidermis, was the same for foci with neutrophils as for those without, even when the latter came from severely leukopenic animals. The location of neutrophils within the infected skin or the numbers of organisms present did not seem to make a difference with respect to the degree of epidermal proliferation produced at the site of Candida foci. These data suggest that in acute experimental cutaneous Candida infections the organisms can elicit a vigorous epidermal proliferative response in the absence of the neutrophilic infiltrates usually seen in these infections.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: state of the art.

HE COMBINED procedures of positive-pressure ventilation, closed-chest precordial compression, and electrical defibrillation, which constitute the conventional components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), were introduced into clinical practice 30 years ago.*J Because of the simplicity and noninvasiveness of these techniques, they were rapidly implemented and, in the past two decades, almost universally used by both professional providers and lay bystanders. However, there has been increasing concern with the hemodynamic efficacy of these conventional methods of CPR. The success rate is as low as 5% and even less after protracted cardiac arrest.3 Accordingly, other options for CPR have been investigated in an effort to develop alternative techniques that might improve both resuscitability and long-term, meaningful survival. Open-chest direct cardiac massage actually preceded closed-chest precordial compression,4 and there is little doubt that it is more effective for initial cardiac resuscitation though not necessarily of proven benefit for improved survivability. Extracorporeal circulation is even more effective for initial resuscitation, but, again, unproven with respect to its capability to increase ultimate survival. In addition, vasopressor agents, calcium salts, vagolytic drugs, antiarrhythmic agents, and buffer solutions are cited as potentially beneficial when they supplement the physical interventions during CPR. In this review, basic principles and the status of current clinical and experimental interventions for CPR are covered.
Sildenafil is a pulmonary vasodilator in awake lambs with acute pulmonary hypertension.

Background Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) hydrolyzes cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the lung, thereby modulating nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate-mediated pulmonary vasodilation. Inhibitors of PDE5 have been proposed for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. In this study, we examined the pulmonary and systemic vasodilator properties of sildenafil, a novel selective PDE5 inhibitor, which has been approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Methods In an awake lamb model of acute pulmonary hypertension induced by an intravenous infusion of the thromboxane analog U46619, we measured the effects of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg sildenafil administered via a nasogastric tube on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics (n = 5). We also compared the effects of sildenafil (n = 7) and zaprinast (n = 5), a second PDE5 inhibitor, on the pulmonary vasodilator effects of 2.5, 10, and 40 parts per million inhaled NO. Finally, we examined the effect of infusing intravenous l-NAME (an inhibitor of endogenous NO production) on pulmonary vasodilation induced by 50 mg sildenafil (n = 6). Results Cumulative doses of sildenafil (12.5, 25, and 50 mg) decreased the pulmonary artery pressure 21%, 28%, and 42%, respectively, and the pulmonary vascular resistance 19%, 23%, and 45%, respectively. Systemic arterial pressure decreased 12% only after the maximum cumulative sildenafil dose. Neither sildenafil nor zaprinast augmented the ability of inhaled NO to dilate the pulmonary vasculature. Zaprinast, but not sildenafil, markedly prolonged the duration of pulmonary vasodilation after NO inhalation was discontinued. Infusion of l-NAME abolished sildenafil-induced pulmonary vasodilation. Conclusions Sildenafil is a selective pulmonary vasodilator in an ovine model of acute pulmonary hypertension. Sildenafil induces pulmonary vasodilation via a NO-dependent mechanism. In contrast to zaprinast, sildenafil did not prolong the pulmonary vasodilator action of inhaled NO.
Stability and design criterion for cable-in-conduit-conductors with a broad transition to normal state

Abstract Stability criterion in cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC) is often associated with heat removal rate higher than heat generated in the normal zone, which requires low current density in the strands. We show that this criterion is not a mandatory requirement for serviceability of CICC and that CICC may work reliably at higher current densities. In conditions of limited and well defined perturbations, sufficient stability is provided not by a large amount of copper and high transient heat transfer, but by a smooth transition to the normal state and easy current redistribution. A strand parameter space in terms of I c and N -value meeting CICC requirements for stability, limited heat generation, and minimum temperature margin is proposed and discussed. The theory predictions are compared with known experimental data on CICC.
Matching and stabilization of discrete mechanical systems

Controlled Lagrangian and matching techniques are developed for the stabilization of equilibria of discrete mechanical systems with symmetry as well as broken symmetry. Interesting new phenomena arise in the controlled Lagrangian approach in the discrete context that are not present in the continuous theory. Specifically, a nonconservative force that is necessary for matching in the discrete setting is introduced. The paper also discusses digital and model predictive controllers.
Loading Transformers By Temperature

It is pointed out that safe loading of transformers by temperature requires not only an accurate knowledge of the thermal laws but also a knowledge of what is a safe temperature limit to be maintained continuously which condition seldom, if ever, happens with the present method of limiting the load to nameplate rating. In view of our present knowledge and experience the author questions the advisability of loading transformers continuously up to the present A. I. E. E. limit of 105 deg. cent. hot spot and argues for the establishment of a differential of 10 deg. cent. between the limit to be maintained continuously by means of overloads and the limit to be reached occasionally with rated load. In other words, for continuously maintained maximum temperatures the hot spot should not exceed 95 deg. cent. It is shown by the use of the thermal laws that without increasing the maximum or hot spot temperature, transformers can be overloaded 1 per cent for each degree centigrade by which the ambient is below 30 deg. cent. (air) for self-cooled transformers, 25 deg. (water) for water-cooled transformers. The results of laboratory aging tests conducted on class A insulations in air and in oil are given. These tests show that the rate of aging is roughly double for each 8 deg. cent. increase in temperature.
Optimal kernels for Wigner-Ville spectral estimation

Current theories of a time-varying spectrum of a nonstationary process all involve, either by definition or by implementation, an assumption that the signal statistics vary slowly over time. This restrictive quasi-stationarity assumption limits the use of existing estimation techniques to a small class of nonstationary processes. We overcome this limitation by deriving a statistically optimal kernel, within Cohen's (1989) class of time-frequency representations, for estimating the Wigner-Ville spectrum of a nonstationary process. Both time-frequency invariant and time-frequency varying kernels are derived. It is shown that, in the presence of any noise, optimal performance requires a nontrivial kernel, and that optimal estimation may require smoothing filters very different from those based on a quasi-stationarity assumption. An example illustrates that the optimal estimators can potentially yield tremendous improvements in performance over existing methods. >
The Capacitance of Rosette Ice Crystals

The capacitances of seven bullet rosette ice crystals are computed based on the classical electrostatic analogy theory of diffusional growth. The rosettes simulated have 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 lobes using mathematical formulas published previously. The Laplace equation for the water vapor density distribution around a stationary rosette is solved explicitly by the finite element method. The total flux of vapor toward the rosette surface and the vapor density on the surface determine the capacitance. The capacitances of these rosettes are smaller than that of spheres of equal radii but greater than columnar ice crystals of the same maximum dimensions. They can be greater or smaller than that of circular plates, depending on the number of lobes. Since many previous estimates of rosette growth rates were based on the assumption that their capacitances are the same as spheres of equal radii, the present finding implies that some of the previous rosette growth rates may be overestimated. The overestimation becomes less important if the rosettes have more lobes. Empirical power equations are given to fit the relations between the capacitance and the number of lobes, surface area, and volume of rosettes. Possible implications of rosette capacitance on the atmospheric heating by cirrus clouds are also discussed.
Impact of Sun Glint on Salinity Remote Sensing: An Example With the Aquarius Radiometer

The Aquarius/SAC-D mission will employ three L-band (1.41 GHz) radiometers dedicated to the remote sensing of sea surface salinity. The radiation from the Sun reflected at the ocean surface toward the radiometer is an important source of interference for retrieving salinity; in fact, the mission will be in a dawn/dusk Sun-synchronous orbit with the beams oriented toward the night side of the orbit in order to limit this signal. In this paper, the effect of ocean surface roughness on the reflected radiation is examined. The reflected Sun radiation can be separated into two components: (1) a quasi-specular component and (2) a scattered component, due largely to small-scale roughness. We show that the first component has a large brightness temperature but, in the Aquarius geometry, is located far from the antenna boresight. The scattered component has relatively small brightness temperature but can extend to the antenna boresight where the gain is maximum. This can occur at high latitude near the summer solstice when the antenna footprint is not in shadow and can cause significant contamination. While the calculations have been done for the specific geometry of the Aquarius instrument, the conclusions drawn regarding the effect of roughness on the reflected solar radiation are characteristic of remote sensing at L-band.
ClpS1 Is a Conserved Substrate Selector for the Chloroplast Clp Protease System in Arabidopsis

Whereas the plastid caseinolytic peptidase (Clp) P protease system is essential for plant development, substrates and substrate selection mechanisms are unknown. Bacterial ClpS is involved in N-degron substrate selection and delivery to the ClpAP protease. Through phylogenetic analysis, we show that all angiosperms contain ClpS1 and some species also contain ClpS1-like protein(s). In silico analysis suggests that ClpS1 is the functional homolog of bacterial ClpS. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana ClpS1 interacts with plastid ClpC1,2 chaperones. The Arabidopsis ClpS1 null mutant (clps1) lacks a visible phenotype, and no genetic interactions with ClpC/D chaperone or ClpPR core mutants were observed. However, clps1, but not clpc1-1, has increased sensitivity to the translational elongation inhibitor chloramphenicol suggesting a link between translational capacity and ClpS1. Moreover, ClpS1 was upregulated in clpc1-1, and quantitative proteomics of clps1, clpc1, and clps1 clpc1 showed specific molecular phenotypes attributed to loss of ClpC1 or ClpS1. In particular, clps1 showed alteration of the tetrapyrrole pathway. Affinity purification identified eight candidate ClpS1 substrates, including plastid DNA repair proteins and Glu tRNA reductase, which is a control point for tetrapyrrole synthesis. ClpS1 interaction with five substrates strictly depended on two conserved ClpS1 residues involved in N-degron recognition. ClpS1 function, substrates, and substrate recognition mechanisms are discussed.
Identification of Low-Dimensional Energy Containing / Flux Transporting Eddy Motion in the Atmospheric Surface Layer Using Wavelet Thresholding Methods

The partitioning of turbulent perturbations into a ‘‘low-dimensional’’ active part responsible for much of the turbulent energy and fluxes and a ‘‘high-dimensional’’ passive part that contributes little to turbulent energy and transport dynamics is investigated using atmospheric surface-layer (ASL) measurements. It is shown that such a partitioning scheme can be achieved by transforming the ASL measurements into a domain that concentrates the low-dimensional part into few coefficients and thus permits a global threshold of the remaining coefficients. In this transformation‐thresholding approach, Fourier rank reduction and orthonormal wavelet and wavelet packet methods are considered. The efficiencies of these three thresholding methods to extract the events responsible for much of the heat and momentum turbulent fluxes are compared for a wide range of atmospheric stability conditions. The intercomparisons are performed in four ways: (i) compression ratios, (ii) energy conservation, (iii) turbulent flux conservation, and (iv) finescale filtering via departures from Kolmogorov’s K41 power laws. For orthonormal wavelet and wavelet packets analysis, wavelet functions with varying time‐frequency localization properties are also considered. The study showed that wavelet and wavelet packet Lorentz thresholding can achieve high compression ratios (98%) with minimal loss in energy (3% loss) and fluxes (4%). However, these compression ratios and energy and flux conservation measures are comparable to the linear Fourier rank reduction method if a Lorentz threshold function is applied to the latter. Finally, it is demonstrated that orthonormal wavelet and wavelet packets thresholding are insensitive to the analyzing wavelet.
A biologically inspired learning to grasp system

We propose and implement a learning to grasp system inspired from the development of reaching and grasping in infants, and the neurophysiology of the monkey premotor cortex. The system is composed of a virtual 19 DOF kinematics arm/hand and a learning mechanism that enables it to perform a successful grasp. The learning is based on "motor babbling". The model performs open hand reaches to the vicinity of the targets, which human infants younger than 4 moths of age appear to do. The contact of the hand with the object triggers an enclosure of the hand simulating the palmer reflex, characteristic to infants that are younger than 6 months of age. The varying degree of enclosure of each finger and the randomness in the reaching phase enables the system to explore the grasp configuration space. The learning scheme employed is a Hebbian one.
Effect of Mechanical Loading on Electrical Conductivity in Porcine TMJ Discs

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of mechanical loading on solute transport in porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs using the electrical conductivity method. The electrical conductivity, as well as ion diffusivity, of TMJ discs was determined under confined compression with 3 strains in 5 disc regions. The average electrical conductivity over the 5 regions (mean ± SD) at 0% strain was 3.10 ± 0.68 mS/cm, decreased to 2.76 ± 0.58 mS/cm (-11.0%) at 10% strain, and 2.38 ± 0.55 mS/cm (-22.2%) at 20% compressive strain. Correspondingly, the average relative ion diffusivity (mean ± SD) at 0% strain was 0.273 ± 0.055, decreased to 0.253 ± 0.048 (-7.3%) at 10% strain, and 0.231 ± 0.048 (-15.4%) at 20% compressive strain. These results indicated that compressive strain impeded solute transport in the TMJ disc. Furthermore, our results showed that the transport properties of TMJ discs were region-dependent. The electrical conductivity and ion diffusivity in the anterior region were significantly higher than in the posterior region. This regional difference is likely due to the significant differences of tissue hydration between these 2 regions. This study provides important insight into the electrical and solute transport behaviors in TMJ discs under mechanical loading and aids in the understanding of TMJ pathophysiology related to tissue nutrition.
Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice

One of the most noted phenomena in social and political decision-making is the occurrence of a framing effect. For example, on problems involving risky choices, individuals tend to act risk-averse when the problem is framed in terms of gains (e.g., saving lives, making money) and risk-seeking when the same problem is instead framed in terms of losses (e.g., deaths, losing money). Scholars have begun to identify the processes underlying framing effects as well as the conditions under which framing effects occur. Yet, extant work focuses nearly exclusively on cognitive processes, despite growing recognition of the importance of emotion in general decision-making tasks. In this paper, we explore the impact of emotional states on risk attitudes and framing. We find that emotions significantly influence both individuals’ tendencies to take risks and the impact of a frame on risky choices (e.g., emotions amplify or depress a frame’s impact). The precise role of emotions depends on the problem domain (e.g., a life-death or a financial decision), and the specific type of emotion under study. Moreover, in contrast to much work in political science, we show that emotions need to be distinguished beyond their positive or negative valence, as different negative emotions exert opposite effects. Our results accentuate the importance of integrating emotions into research areas traditionally dominated by more cognitive perspectives.
Interaction of Microwave and Radio Frequency Radiation with Biological Systems

A survey of thermal and nonthermal effects is presented with some recommendations for future work. A basis of all biophysical considerations are the electrical properties including dielectric constants and conductivities for nearly all body tissues. Equations are presented which summarize previous experimental work and state dielectric constant and conductivity for tissues of high water content as functions of macromolecular content and frequency. No evidence is available supporting resonance behavior. Previous thermal work includes determination of depth of penetration values and the relative absorption cross section of man and was the basis for present standards. Nonthermal principles which explain many previous observations are largely due to field-induced forces. Such effects occur in the human body only at field-strength levels which are thermally dangerous. Several important conclusions are made. 1) Field-force effects cannot be enhanced by use of pulsed fields. 2) It is not possible to directly stimulate nerve membranes by microwave fields. 3) It is fluids and tissues. Finally, a guideline for future standard work in complex fields is proposed. It is based on the concept of a tolerance current density, which is stated to be near 3 mA/cm/sup 2/ between 1 and 1000 MHz. The biophysical principles which pertain to the interaction of nonionizing electromagnetic radiations with biological systems are not discussed. This was done in the past on several occasions. The field will be summarized only briefly and attention will be given to problems not already delt with satisfactorily. We intend to concentrate on some topics that are presently of particular interest.
Radiometric Dating of Wolfcamp Ground Water Using 4He and 40Ar: ABSTRACT

Hydrologic investigations of the Wolfcamp aquifer, Palo Duro basin, Texas Panhandle, report slow flow rates and long travel paths, which lead to a prediction of very old ages for the ground water. Because the expected ages are about 10 million years, many methods of dating ground water are unsuitable. The U, Th^rarr4He and 40K^rarr40Ar clocks are suitable. All ground water samples have large amounts of radiogenic 4He and 40Ar. Using these 4He and 40Ar data and a mixture of estimated and measured values for K, U, and Th contents, water-rock ratios, and release factors, the initial age estimate for the ground water is about 100 million years at two wells, Stone and Webster 1 Sawyer in Donley County Texas, and Stone and Webster 1 Zeeck in Swisher County, Texas. At a third well, Stone and Webster 1 Mansfield in Oldham County, Texas, the concentrations of 4He and 40Ar are much higher, and the apparent ages are about 250 million years. Other isotopic and chemical data (^dgrD, ^dgr18O, Br/Cl) for ground water from this third well indicate a different origin and/or history. The current working hypothesis is that ground water sampled in the 1 Mansfield well is a mixture of meteoric water and a deep-basin ground water. The 4He ages for the 1 Sawyer well and 1 Zeeck well samples appear to be valid and are presently assigned errors of about a factor of two, determined almost entirely by uncertainties in U and Th concentrations and water-rock ratios. The 40Ar ages remain suspect because data are currently too few to confirm or negate the possibility that a significant fraction of the 40Ar is inherited from detrital minerals. End_of_Article - Last_Page 542------------
Serum Biomarkers of Polyfluoroalkyl Compound Exposure in Young Girls in Greater Cincinnati and the San Francisco Bay Area, USA

Abstract PFC serum concentrations were measured in 6–8 year-old girls in Greater Cincinnati (GC) (N = 353) and the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA) (N = 351). PFOA median concentration was lower in the SFBA than GC (5.8 vs. 7.3 ng/mL). In GC, 48/51 girls living in one area had PFOA concentrations above the NHANES 95th percentile for children 12–19 years (8.4 ng/mL), median 22.0 ng/mL. The duration of being breast fed was associated with higher serum PFOA at both sites and with higher PFOS, PFHxS and Me-PFOSA-AcOH concentrations in GC. Correlations of the PFC analytes with each other suggest that a source upriver from GC may have contributed to exposures through drinking water, and water treatment with granular activated carbon filtration resulted in less exposure for SWO girls compared to those in NKY. PFOA has been characterized as a drinking water contaminant, and water treatment systems effective in removing PFCs will reduce body burdens.
FAITH, KNOWLEDGE AND FEELING: TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF KUHN'S APPRAISAL OF SCHLEIERMACHER

Johannes Evangelist von Kuhn (1806-1887) est le successeur de Drey a la faculte de theologie catholique de Tubingen. L'A. degage les elements importants qui concernent l'approche de Schleiermacher par Kuhn, surtout a propos de la conception de la conscience religieuse. Entre 1839 et 1846, Kuhn critique particulierement la contribution de Schleiermacher a la theologie dogmatique. En envisageant la critique de Kuhn, c'est egalement et plus largement la reception de Schleiermacher par les catholiques allemands qui se degage
The role of context in object recognition

In the real world, objects never occur in isolation; they co-vary with other objects and particular environments, providing a rich source of contextual associations to be exploited by the visual system. A natural way of representing the context of an object is in terms of its relationship to other objects. Alternately, recent work has shown that a statistical summary of the scene provides a complementary and effective source of information for contextual inference, which enables humans to quickly guide their attention and eyes to regions of interest in natural scenes. A better understanding of how humans build such scene representations, and of the mechanisms of contextual analysis, will lead to a new generation of computer vision systems.
Shortest path planning with dominance relation

A method of partitioning a workspace using rectilinear visibility in 3-D or higher space is presented. Unlike the case of 2-D space, where the space of a partition is a rectangle, the shape of a partition in 3-D or higher space is arbitrary. In spite of the arbitrary shape of partitioned regions, it is proved that there exist dominance relations between regions. This relation is then utilized to solve efficiently the shortest path planning problem in 3-D or higher space. >
Effect of coprophagy on digestion and mineral excretion in the guinea pig.

The prevention of coprophagy decreased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and acid detergent fiber when guinea pigs were fed alfalfa meal or a semipurified diet. The feces of guinea pigs fed the semipurified diet were analyzed for eight minerals by mass spectroscopy, and the prevention of coprophagy increased the amount of minerals appearing in the feces. The addition of 250 ppm molybdenum to the semipurified diet did not increase the amount of copper in the feces. It was concluded that coprophagy is important in the utilization of nutrients by the guinea pig and that coprophagy must be considered in digestion trials with any rodents. The importance of coprophagy in the nutrition of the rat and rabbit has received considerable study but little work has been conducted with guinea pigs. For example, coprophagy is not mentioned by Reid (1) in her review of the nutrition of the guinea pig, nor is the guinea pig discussed in a recent review dealing with coprophagy (2). Therefore, the following trials were initiated to study the effect of coprophagy on digestion and mineral excretion in the guinea pig. EXPERIMENTAL
A Complete Modeling and Simulation of Induction Generator Wind Power Systems

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind power systems based on two different induction generators; the squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) and the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The techniques of direct grid integration of SCIG system and independent power control of DFIG system are discussed. Particularly, to solve the droop in distribution line voltage in SCIG system, a reactive power static compensator (STACOM) is used and a comparison of distribution line voltage is conducted between the SCIG and DFIG systems. Besides, in DFIG system, a fitting curve for optimal power versus speed is proposed for the turbine model and a cross-coupling relation between three phase choke and stator-side converter is also emphasized. Both wind power systems and their grid integration techniques are modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. The results demonstrated the characteristics of both systems under varying wind speeds. Compared to the conventional constant speed SCIG system, variable speed DFIG reveals its superiority in terms of optimal power capture as well as constant distribution line voltage.
Influence of Mammal Activity on Nesting Success of Passerines

For many avian species, predation is the leading cause of nest failure. However, relationships between predator abundance and nest predation often differ across spatial scales. We examined the relationship between environmental characteristics in meadows and mammalian predator activity, the relationship between predator activity at 2 spatial scales, and the probability of nest predation of willow flycatchers (Empidonax traillii), dusky flycatchers (Empidonax oberholseri), and yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, USA. Environmental characteristics associated with the detection of nest predators varied depending on species. Douglas's squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) and chipmunks (Tamias spp.) were associated with characteristics common along edges of meadows; short-tailed weasels (Mustela erminea) were associated with willows, whereas mice (Peromyscus maniculatus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, and Microtus spp.) and long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata) were distributed throughout the meadows. The probability of predation of willow and dusky flycatcher nests increased with increasing short-tailed weasel activity, and the probability of predation of yellow warbler nests increased with increasing activity of chipmunks and short-tailed weasels. Variation in the occurrence of predator species in different areas of the meadows likely influences the probability of nest predation by each species and the nesting success of birds. Identifying factors that influence the distribution and abundance of common nest predators will likely be integral to the development of conservation efforts to increase the reproductive success of some bird species.
Predicting Bond Yields Using Defensive Forecasting

This chapter introduces a new method of forecasting, defensive forecasting, and illustrates its potential by showing how it can be used to predict the yields of corporate bonds in real time.Defensive forecasting identifies a betting strategy that succeeds if forecasts are inaccurate and then makes forecasts that will defeat this strategy. The theory of defensive forecasting is based on the game-theoretic framework for probability introduced by Shafer and Vovk in 2001. In this framework, we frame statistical tests as betting strategies. We reject a hypothesis when a strategy for betting against it multiplies the capital it risks by a large factor. We prove each classical theorem, such as the law of large numbers, by constructing a betting strategy that multiplies the capital it risks by a large factor if the theorem’s prediction fails. Defensive forecasting plays against strategies of this type.
Molding the Matrix: The Theoretical and Historical Foundations of International Law and Practice Concerning Hate Speech

Although the right to freedom of expression is central to the protection and enjoyment of many other human rights, international law recognizes that this right may be limited in certain circumstances. Indeed, the limitations clauses in human rights treaties have been interpreted to permit restriction of what some have termed "hate speech". In addition, three human rights treaties explicitly require governments to prohibit hate speech - the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the American Convention on Human Rights. What led the drafters of human rights treaties to give governments the power to restrict such expression, and on what theories did they base their decision to do so? This article explores the history of the prohibition of hate speech in international human rights law and practice, and analyzes the theories that emerge from that history. The sections on drafting history are based on detailed research of the drafting documents. With respect to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, it is evident from the records of the UN Commission on Human Rights that many delegates appreciated both the complexity of the issue and the viewpoints expressed by various sides. The drafting history of the European Convention on Human Rights reveals that its drafters laid the groundwork for interpreting Article 10 to allow restrictions on freedom of expression in hate speech and Holocaust denial cases. The history behind inclusion of an advocacy of hatred prohibition in the American Convention on Human Rights has an interesting twist to it involving the conflict then taking place between Honduras and El Salvador. After examining the international and regional human rights treaties, the paper addresses the question of what sanction is appropriate or permissible under international human rights law for an infraction of an anti-hate speech law. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the divergence of U.S. jurisprudence from international norms.
Genetic Transformation in Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Cranberry)

More than 400 Vaccinium species are found worldwide. The majority of these species are endemic to tropical or subtropical regions, with less than 100 species occurring in the temperate or boreal climates of Japan, Africa, Europe, North America, and South America (Van der Kloet 1988). Many of the species produce edible berries that are locally harvested, but only a few have found commercial success in fruit production. Other species are grown commercially for landscaping and ornamental purposes. Among the cultivated Vaccinium species, blueberries, cranberries, and lingonberries are the three most utilized (Luby et al. 1990).
EEG and MR Spectroscopy in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Term Newborns

Researchers from the University of Bologna, Italy, studied the relation of amplitude integrated EEG findings in the first 24 hrs of life to brain metabolic changes, detected by proton MR spectroscopy (H-MRS) at 7-10 days of life, in 32 term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
Vertebral artery anomalies at the craniovertebral junction in the US population.

Study design Retrospective review. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of anatomical variations of the vertebral artery at the craniovertebral junction and the posterior arch of the atlas in the US population. Summary of background data Recent studies from Asia have reported a 5% to 10% prevalence of a persistent first intersegmental vertebral artery and 1% to 2% prevalence of a fenestrated artery. These anomalous vertebral artery courses lie directly over the starting point for atlas lateral mass screw insertion. The relatively high reported prevalence of these anomalies suggests that routine preoperative computed tomographic angiogram be considered prior to upper cervical fixation. We have not observed this anomaly as commonly as reported. Methods The authors analyzed the records of 975 patients from a level I trauma center and adjacent university hospital who underwent computed tomographic angiography to evaluate the incidence of anomalous variations in the third segment of the vertebral artery. These results were compared with similar studies performed in Korea and Japan. Results The mean age of the patients was 52.9 years. The ethnic distribution of the patients was as follows: 69.3% of the patients were Caucasian, 11% Asian, 10.8% African American, and 6% Hispanic. The prevalence of a persistent intersegmental artery was 0.01% (1/975); a fenestrated vertebral artery was 0.01% (1/975); and origin of a posterior inferior cerebellar artery was 0.4% (4/975). The incidence of these anomalies was significantly lower than those previously published from Korea and Japan. Conclusion Vertebral artery course anomalies in the upper cervical spine were rare (0.42%) in our patient population. This finding contrasts with recent published reports from Asia, citing as high as a 10% rate of vertebral artery presence over the starting point for C1 lateral mass screw insertion. On the basis of the infrequent occurrence of this anomaly, we do not recommend routine computed tomographic angiography when planning upper cervical instrumentation. Level of evidence N/A
Daily cortisol activity, loneliness, and coping efficacy in late adolescence A longitudinal study of the transition to college

Many late adolescents who transition to the college environment perceive changes in psychosocial stress. One such stressor, loneliness, has been associated with numerous health problems among adolescents and adults. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is one mechanism through which loneliness may affect health. Guided by a risk and resilience framework, the present study investigated the association between longitudinal changes in loneliness from high school to college and diurnal cortisol activity (waking levels, cortisol awakening response, diurnal slope) by sampling saliva intensively 5 times a day for 3 weekdays in a US sample of late adolescents in their first semester of college (N = 70; Mage = 18.49, SD = 0.38). The present study also explored how the link between loneliness and cortisol might depend on coping efficacy-one's belief in successfully coping with future stressors or novel situations. Results from hierarchical linear growth curve models demonstrated that an increase in loneliness across this contextual transition was associated with steeper cortisol slopes in college. Coping efficacy at baseline (in high school) significantly moderated the relation between changes in loneliness and diurnal slopes, such that late adolescents with low levels of coping efficacy who reported increased loneliness across the transition exhibited significantly flatter diurnal slopes in college. Higher levels of coping efficacy at baseline also significantly predicted lower waking cortisol levels during the first semester of college. These results suggest that coping efficacy may serve as a protective factor by contributing to regulation of daily physiological stress activity for late adolescents as they struggle with loneliness across the transition to college.
Intestinal absorption of glucose in hypothalamic obesity.

Summary1. Hypothalamic obesity (HO) was produced in rats by means of electrolytic lesions. Glucose intestinal absorption determinations yielded the following glucose coefficients of absorption (GCA): Control, 114.0; HO, 107.4; HO thyroxinized. 173.5; thyroxinized, 191.6; thyroidectomized, 75.2. These results indicate that the intestinal absorption of glucose need not differ from control values in order for obesity to occur. 2. Thyroxine elevated the GCA of HO rats as well as that of unlesioned rats. Unlesioned thyroidec-tomized and thyroxinized rats served as method controls. 3. Observations on HO rats which did not exhibit excessive weight gain suggest that hypothalamic lesions may interfere with the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary.
Control of expression of the homeotic labial (lab) locus of Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for both positive and negative autogenous regulation

The homeotic gene labial (lab) is required for proper development of the embryonic and adult head in Drosophila melanogaster. The lab gene product accumulates in a complex pattern in both embryonic and imaginal tissue. During embryogenesis, lab is expressed in the endodermally derived cells of the midgut, in ectodermally derived cells of the procephalon and dorsal ridge, and in a small subset of progenitor sensory cells. Imaginal expression is restricted to a narrow region of the peripodial membrane of the eye-antennal disc. As part of our continuing effort to understand the role of lab in development, we have begun a dissection of the regulatory elements of the lab transcription unit and used germ line transformation experiments to determine which aspects of the observed expression pattern are essential for proper head development and viability. Transgenic embryos harboring an abridged lab gene are able to overcome the embryonic lethality associated with the loss of lab function and survive to adulthood. Interestingly, in these transgenic lines the lab protein accumulates only in a subset of those embryonic cells that normally express the gene, namely the procephalon and the anterior midgut. We also find that, once initiated, lab expression is maintained by positive autoregulation. Although lab minigene activity is sufficient to rescue the embryonic lethality of lab mutations, the transgenes fail to rescue defects in the adult head capsule. However, the defects observed in this study encompass a broader domain than those seen using somatic recombination to generate lab- clonal tissue. The failed rescue and observed cuticular defects are, at least in part, explained by the observation that the transgenes, rather than failing to be expressed, are associated with ectopic accumulation of lab protein in the peripodial membrane of the antennal disc. Moreover, this aberrant expression pattern is correlated with the abnormal expression of two other homeotic genes, Deformed (Dfd) and Sex combs reduced (Scr) in the eye-antennal disc. These results are only observed when the transgene is resident in a lab- genotype and ectopic expression of lab and misregulation of Dfd and Scr are not seen in a lab+ background. This result suggests that the wild-type lab gene product is necessary for the normal regulation of the locus in the imaginal discs, but unlike the case in the embryo, the event is negative. We discuss the biological implications of these results in relation to the role of lab in development.
The Problem of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions and Conceptual Analysis

In this article the standard philosophical method involving intuition-driven conceptual analysis is challenged in a new way. This orthodox approach to philosophy takes analysanda to be the specifications of the content of concepts in the form of sets of necessary and sufficient conditions. Here it is argued that there is no adequate account of what necessary and sufficient conditions are. So, the targets of applications of the standard philosophical method so understood are not sufficiently well understood for this method to be dependable.
Arctic sea ice decline contributes to thinning lake ice trend in northern Alaska

Field measurements, satellite observations, and models document a thinning trend in seasonal Arctic lake ice growth, causing a shift from bedfast to floating ice conditions. September sea ice concentrations in the Arctic Ocean since 1991 correlate well (r = +0.69, p < 0.001) to this lake regime shift. To understand how and to what extent sea ice affects lakes, we conducted model experiments to simulate winters with years of high (1991/92) and low (2007/08) sea ice extent for which we also had field measurements and satellite imagery characterizing lake ice conditions. A lake ice growth model forced with Weather Research and Forecasting model output produced a 7% decrease in lake ice growth when 2007/08 sea ice was imposed on 1991/92 climatology and a 9% increase in lake ice growth for the opposing experiment. Here, we clearly link early winter 'ocean-effect' snowfall and warming to reduced lake ice growth. Future reductions in sea ice extent will alter hydrological, biogeochemical, and habitat functioning of Arctic lakes and cause sub-lake permafrost thaw.
Potential for Intrathecal Baclofen in Treatment of Essential Tremor.

Introduction Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder of adults, affecting an estimated 7 million Americans. Symptoms of ET range from slightly noticeable to debilitating, with 1 cohort study finding 15% of patients were forced into early retirement. Additionally, depression has also been correlated with the severity of disability of ET. Treatment options include propranolol and primidone. Current treatment options are not very effective, with more than half (56.3%) of patients discontinuing medications because of no changes in symptoms. Methods Unfortunately, there is a relative void and controversy in the literature explaining ET pathophysiology; however, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) hypothesis is the strongest. We conducted a PubMed search on 30 September 2015 with no time constraints using the search terms “essential tremor” and “baclofen,” which resulted in a total of 5 articles. Results Neurohistopathologic studies have demonstrated decreased GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in the cerebellar cortex of ET patients. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is proposed to have an inhibitory effect on pacemaker output activity of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway, with lower receptors resulting in decreased inhibition of baseline tremors. Tariq et al showed delayed onset and intensity of tremor with oral administration of R-baclofen in a mouse model of ET. Conclusion With a better side-effect profile and success in a physiologically related condition, we propose more clinical trials and research be carried out on intrathecal baclofen as a potential treatment option, especially drug refractory ET, so as to increase the quality of life of this patient population.
A note on the chromatic number of the square of Kneser graph K(2k+1,k)

Abstract The vertices of Kneser graph K ( n , k ) are the subsets of { 1 , 2 , … , n } of cardinality k , two vertices are adjacent if and only if they are disjoint. The square G 2 of a graph G is defined on the vertex set of G with two vertices adjacent if their distance in G is at most 2. Z. Furedi, in 2002, proposed the problem of determining the chromatic number of the square of the Kneser graph. The first non-trivial problem arises when n = 2 k + 1 . This remains an open problem and it is believed that χ ( K 2 ( 2 k + 1 , k ) ) = 2 k + c where c is a constant. The best known upper bounds are by Kim and Park: 8 k ∕ 3 + 20 ∕ 3 for k ≥ 3 (Kim and Park, 2016) and 32 k ∕ 15 + 32 for k ≥ 7 (Kim and Park, 2014). Kim and Park, (2014) conjecture that χ ( K 2 ( 2 k + 1 , k ) ) ≤ 2 k + 2 for all k ≥ k 0 where k 0 is some fixed integer. We refine the proof techniques of the first author in Kang, (2018), where it is shown that χ ( K 2 ( 2 k + 1 , k ) ) ≤ 5 k ∕ 2 + 6 , to prove the upper bound 2 ( k + 1 ) + 2 ⌊ log 2 k ⌋ for k ≥ 3 .
Achiral Zeolites as Reaction Media for Chiral Photochemistry

Obtaining enantiomerically-enriched photoproducts from achiral reactants has been a long-sought goal. The various methods developed to achieve chiral induction in photoproducts during the last fifty years still suffer from a lack of predictability, generality, and simplicity. With the current emphasis on green chemistry, obtaining enantiomerically enriched products via photochemistry is a likely viable alternative for the future. Of the various approaches developed during the last three decades, the one pioneered in the author’s laboratory involved the use of commercially-available and inexpensive achiral zeolites as the media. This approach does not use any solvent for the reaction. Examples from these studies are highlighted in this article. Since no chiral zeolites were available, when the work was initiated in the author’s laboratory, commercially-available zeolites X and Y were modified with chiral inductors so that the reaction space becomes chiral. The results obtained established the value of chirally-modified, commercial zeolites as media for achieving chiral induction in photochemical reactions. A recent report of the synthesis of a chiral zeolite is likely to stimulate zeolite-based chiral photochemistry in synthesizing enantiomerically-pure organic molecules. The availability of chiral zeolites in future is likely to energize research in this area. Our earlier observations on this topic, we believe, would be valuable for progress of the field. Keeping this in mind, I have summarized the work carried out in our laboratory on chiral photochemistry on chirally-modified zeolites. This review does not include examples where high chiral induction has been obtained via a strategy that examines molecules appended with chiral auxiliary within achiral and chirally-modified zeolites. The latter approach yields products with diastereomeric excess >80%.