cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hysteresis motor-advances whick permit economical fractional horsepower ratings

The theory of the development of torque in a hysteresis motor is analyzed from both the hysteresis lag angle and total loop energy points of view. A new development, comprising the use of a closed slot stator in co-operation with a hysteresis rotor, which permits building hysteresis motors of high power output at high efficiency is explained qualitatively and supplemented by considerable quantitative experimental data. A new method of stator construction, permitting the use of closed slot stator laminations assembled on a mandrel with non-magnetic bearing supporting spiders, wound externally in either a d-c type of armature winding machine or with form-wound coils, impregnated with a thermosetting resin and baked to form a unitary structure, is described. The electrical design of the machine is covered and quantitative data on both design details and operating characteristics are given on several models.
Serum of rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum (Nichols) inhibits in vitro transformation of normal rabbit lymphocytes.

Abstract Serum collected from outbred male New Zealand white rabbits infected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum (Nichols) was assayed for ability to alter transformation of normal rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro . Sera collected from 25 infected rabbits inhibited [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation by normal rabbit PBL stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A, 16μg/ml), relative to PBL cultured in normal rabbit serum (NRS). Maximal inhibitory activity was detected in serum collected at the time of peak orchitis. The degree of inhibition was related to the concentration of syphilitic serum in PBL cultures. Inhibition of Con A stimulation was reversed by increased mitogen concentration. Sera which depressed Con A stimulation also depressed lymphocyte transformation induced by oxidation with sodium m -periodate (NaIO 4 ). Cytotoxic activity was detected in occasional sera. All sera were heat inactivated at 56 °C for 30 min prior to testing. Both freshly collected sera and sera stored at −70 °C significantly inhibited PBL transformation. These results suggested that serum of syphilitic rabbits contains one or more inhibitors of in vitro lymphocyte transformation.
Dependent irrigation systems in Southeast Asia: Complication for irrigation performance improvements

Abstract Canal irrigation systems in Southeast Asia are being examined with a view to improving their performances. Some systems of medium size may, with their drainage water, be supporting small irrigation systems unknown to officials of water and land development agencies. With a decision to modify the water flow pattern of a medium-size system, the administrators who plan the modifications should learn whether such dependent systems occur. This paper suggests that dependent systems are more likely to have been created on gently sloping land cut by gullies and small, locally deep valleys than on land without such valleys. It also suggests that aerial photographs, satellite images, maps, and government records may not provide information on the locations of the systems, and that such information be sought instead from farmers.
Neuropathology of cervical dystonia

The aim of this study was to search for neuropathological changes in postmortem brain tissue of individuals with cervical dystonia (CD). Multiple regions of formalin-preserved brains were collected from patients with CD and controls and examined with an extensive battery of histopathological stains in a two-stage study design. In stage one, 4 CD brains underwent a broad screening neuropathological examination. In stage two, these 4 CD brains were combined with 2 additional CD brains, and the subjective findings were quantified and compared to 16 age-matched controls. The initial subjective neuropathological assessment revealed only two regions with relatively consistent changes. The substantia nigra had frequent ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions known as Marinesco bodies. Additionally, the cerebellum showed patchy loss of Purkinje cells, areas of focal gliosis and torpedo bodies. Other brain regions showed minor or inconsistent changes. In the second stage of the analysis, quantitative studies failed to reveal significant differences in the numbers of Marinesco bodies in CD versus controls, but confirmed a significantly lower Purkinje cell density in CD. Molecular investigations revealed 4 of the CD cases and 2 controls to harbor sequence variants in non-coding regions of THAP1, and these cases had lower Purkinje cell densities regardless of whether they had CD. The findings suggest that subtle neuropathological changes such as lower Purkinje cell density may be found in primary CD when relevant brain regions are investigated with appropriate methods.
The reaction of poly-l-ornithine with 1-halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of the reactions of poly- l -lysine with 1-chloro-, 1-bromo, and 1-iododinitrobenzene have been investigated over the pH range 8.5–11.0. 2. 2. The reactivity of poly- l -lysine was resolved into two parts, one associated with the helical regions and the other associated with the coil regions. 3. 3. The order of the reactivity was found to be Br ≈ CI > I. 4. 4. No base catalysis was observed.
Effect of beta blockade on silent regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities

Abstract The effect of β-adrenergic blockade on regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities was studied in 11 patients with coronary artery disease and silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing. Four patients were asymptomatic; 7 were asymptomatic after a myocardial infarction. Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities were characterized by reduced regional ejection fraction (EF) during exercise as determined by gated left anterior oblique images of the cardiac blood pool. In the 11 patients, 10 anteroseptal and 8 inferoposterior regions were subserved by stenotic coronary arteries. Before β blockade, regional EF decreased in 15 of 18 regions. After β blockade, this occurred in only 6 of 18 regions (p
Factors Associated with HIV-Testing History among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (BMSM) in Los Angeles County

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are disproportionately affected with HIV, and nearly half are unaware of their status. Those unaware of their status are more likely to engage in risky behavior; thus, HIV-testing uptake is crucial. This study explored correlates of past-two-year HIV-testing history. BMSM (n = 102) completed self-administered questionnaires. Fisher exact test indicated that BMSM at clubs/bars and Gay Pride events had higher rates of being tested within the past two years (86%–65%) than did participants who responded to online advertisements (44%, p < .001). Among those untested for HIV, slightly half reported receptive anal sex without a condom (48%, p = .033), used the Internet seeking sex (54%, p < .001), low HIV knowledge (52%, p = .005), and less education. Literacy and tailored online interventions might be worth considering to increase HIV-testing uptake.
New certified length scale for microfabrication metrology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology is developing a dimensional pitch standard covering the range 1 micrometers to 10 mm, intended for the calibration of microscope magnification and of dimensional metrology instrument scales. Called SRM 2800, Microscope Magnification Standard, it consists of symmetrical nested linear pitch patterns in decade ranges printed in one direction on a quartz microscope slide. The array of parallel lines is printed on a clear background to facilitate use in optical microscopes using transmission mode or reflection mode illumination. This pitch standard is also useful in atomic force microscopes, and in scanning electron microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes when coated with a conducting film (although there are other standards from NIST which are more suitable for SEMs). It can be used to calibrate the scales of micromachining tools. The positions of the centers of the lines relative to the origin in the center of the pattern will be certified. The linewidths are not calibrated. While this standard facilitates accurate magnification and scale calibration, care must be taken when measuring the size (left edge to right edge, or linewidth) of an object. The appropriate definition for `edge' becomes an important issue, and proximity effects and edge effects can become important when the required measurement uncertainty is less than the wavelength of the light used.
Creative approaches to rapid assessment and transfer of patients at risk.

Ambitious projects to bring the 'digital revolution' to villages in developing countries are ongoing throughout the world. Although sophisticated telemedicine facilities are envisioned to eventually blanket much of the globe, it is not possible to predict how soon this will come to pass and at what cost. Despite this knowledge deficit, currently available cell tower and satellite coverage in many developing counties provide opportunities to begin simple telemetry projects with the potential of saving lives and improving the quality of available medical care [1]. A simple low cost program might include loaning a cell phone to each pregnant woman during the month preceding her estimated due date and identifying tertiary care centers willing to provide phone advice 24/7 and alternative transportation sources in the event of an emergency In the future, as the communications infrastructure changes, the program may eventually include additional telemedicine services. In India, for example, in 2003, 22 government organizations, 94 civil society organizations, 34 private sector information and communication technology (ICT) leaders, 18 academic institutions and 10 financial institutions joined together to form 'Mission 2007' [2]. Mission 2007 aims to provide knowledge connectivity to every village of India by August 15, 2007. This
Formation of Aniline as a Transient Metabolite During the Metabolism of Tetryl by a Sulfate-Reducing Bacterial Consortium

A laboratory study was conducted to determine whether tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) can be degraded by an anaerobic process. The results indicated that the metabolic conversion of tetryl to aniline is possible by a sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) consortium. This SRB consortium metabolized tetryl by co-metabolism with pyruvate as a growth substrate. For every mole of tetryl metabolized, 1 mole of aniline was produced, and the aniline was further metabolized. This metabolic conversion of tetryl is likely to be of value in the anaerobic treatment of tetryl-contaminated soil and ground water, such as found at many military ammunition sites.
ILLINOIS PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF SOYMILK

A beverage consisting of water, whole soybeans (including hulls), sugar and flavor has been developed. Preparation includes soaking and then blanching the whole soybeans in 0.5% sodium bicarbonate, grinding with water in a hammermih, heating the slurry to 200° F, homogenizing, neutralizing, dilution, addition of sugar and flavor, pasteurizing and rohomogenizing. Enzyme inactivation by blanching prior to grinding of soaked beans was found to completely prevent formation of painty (oxidized) flavor and result in a bland flavored product. Trypsin inhibitors were also inactivated by blanching. A sufficient degree of tender-ization of soybean tissue during the soak and blanch treatments was necessary to obtain good mouth feel and colloidal stability. Homogenizing conditions such as temperature and pressure were also important; when the soybeans had been blanched to a LEE-Kramer Tenderometer reading of 300 lb or below and homogenization was done at 200°F and 3500 psi, the resulting beverage showed zero separation after 2 months refrigerated storage. Dilution to below 1% protein had no effect on colloidal stability. Coulter Counter measurements of the beverage indicated that 81% of the particles fell between 3.4-7.3 microns which is larger than the defined colloidal particle range. Recoveries of protein and total solids based on the raw soybean were 99% and 90%, respeo tively.
Influence of Social Cognitive and Ethnic Variables on Academic Goals of Underrepresented Students in Science and Engineering: A Multiple-Groups Analysis.

This study investigated the academic interests and goals of 223 African American, Latino/a, Southeast Asian, and Native American undergraduate students in two groups: biological science and engineering (S/E) majors. Using social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994), we examined the relationships of social cognitive variables (math/science academic self-efficacy, math/science outcome expectations), along with the influence of ethnic variables (ethnic identity, other-group orientation) and perceptions of campus climate to their math/science interests and goal commitment to earn an S/E degree. Path analysis revealed that the hypothesized model provided good overall fit to the data, revealing significant relationships from outcome expectations to interests and to goals. Paths from academic self-efficacy to S/E goals and from interests to S/E goals varied for students in engineering and biological science. For both groups, other-group orientation was positively related to self-efficacy and support was found for an efficacy-mediated relationship between perceived campus climate and goals. Theoretical and practical implications of the study's findings are considered as well as future research directions.
Development of a rating scale to assess social skill deficits in mentally retarded adults

In the current study, two experiments were conducted to establish the reliability of a scale developed with persons of normal intelligence for the assessment of social skill deficits and excesses of the mentally retarded. The experiment was divided into two studies. The first was aimed at establishing which of the 100 items could be accurately rated by having pairs of staff independently score 22 mild and moderately retarded adults who were outpatients at a local community mental health center. A correlation of r = .30 was established as a minimum cut off for reliability. With this criterion, 57 items were selected from the scale for further testing. In the second study, 207 different patients from the same outpatient clinic, from the mental retardation center of a nearby state psychiatric hospital and from Champaign, Illinois, were assessed on the 57-item Social Performance Survey Schedule. A factor analysis was then run and four subscales of the assessment instrument were established. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Increased expression of miRNA-146a in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse models

Abstract A mouse and human brain-enriched micro-RNA-146a (miRNA-146a) is known to be important in modulating the innate immune response and inflammatory signaling in certain immunological and brain cell types. In this study we examined miRNA-146a levels in early-, moderate- and late-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) neocortex and hippocampus, in several human primary brain and retinal cell lines, and in 5 different transgenic mouse models of AD including Tg2576, TgCRND8, PSAPP, 3xTg-AD and 5xFAD. Inducible expression of miRNA-146a was found to be significantly up-regulated in a primary co-culture of human neuronal–glial (HNG) cells stressed using interleukin1-beta (IL-1β), and this up-regulation was quenched using specific NF-кB inhibitors including curcumin. Expression of miRNA-146a correlated with senile plaque density and synaptic pathology in Tg2576 and in 5xFAD transgenic mouse models used in the study of this common neurodegenerative disorder.
Born again at the synapse: a new function for the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome.

Abstract Currently, perhaps the most significant biological problem is to understand the mechanisms of learning and memory, and many of the answers will come from molecular explanations of synaptic plasticity. Two new papers have established a surprising connection: the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) has a second function in controlling local protein stability at synapses, and hence in the control of behavior (Juo and Kaplan, 2004; van Roessel et al., 2004).
Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with ascidians in Eel Pond (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA)

Recent studies have revealed that many marine invertebrates are closely associated with diverse microorganisms, frequently resulting in the production of compounds of biomedical interest. Thus far, ascidians have not been widely examined for the presence of bacterial associations, although the production of secondary metabolites is well documented. In the present study, we examined the gonad of Molgula manhattensis and the tunic surfaces of Botryllus schlosseri, Didemnum sp., and Botrylloides violaceus for the presence of associated bacteria. These ascidians are common inhabitants of the coastal ocean of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) as well as cloning and sequencing of 16S rDNA to analyze the microbial communities. There is a strong evidence that spiroplasma-like bacteria colonize the gonad of the solitary ascidian M. manhattensis. The bacteria might be vertically transmitted and may be involved in the production of secondary metabolites that deter predators of the ascidians. The bacterial communities found on the tunic surfaces of the colonial ascidians were found to be more diverse. However, in all cases the bacterial communities were predominated by alpha-proteobacteria. Alpha-proteobacteria related to the obtained sequences have been identified as symbionts in a variety of hosts, suggesting a specific role for these bacteria. However, based on our data it is difficult to differentiate between persistently and only transiently associated bacteria. Overall, this study demonstrates that ascidian species are associated with diverse bacterial populations. Future studies will aim to elucidate the precise relationships between bacteria and ascidians and to identify bioactive compounds that might be produced as a result of these relationships.
Effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate on whole-body leucine kinetics and fractional mixed skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans.

Because intravenous infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) has been reported to decrease urinary nitrogen excretion, we investigated in vivo metabolism of leucine, an essential amino acid, using L-[1-13C]leucine as a tracer during beta-OHB infusion. Leucine flux during beta-OHB infusion did not differ from leucine flux during normal saline infusion in nine normal subjects, whereas leucine oxidation decreased 18-41% (mean = 30%) from 18.1 +/- 1.1 mumol.kg-1.h-1 (P less than 0.01), and incorporation of leucine into skeletal muscle protein increased 5-17% (mean = 10%) from 0.048 + 0.003%/h (P less than 0.02). Since blood pH during beta-OHB infusion was higher than the pH during saline infusion, we performed separate experiments to study the effect of increased blood pH on leucine kinetics by infusing sodium bicarbonate intravenously. Blood pH during sodium bicarbonate infusion was similar to that observed during the beta-OHB infusion, but bicarbonate infusion had no effect on leucine flux or leucine oxidation. We conclude that beta-OHB decreases leucine oxidation and promotes protein synthesis in human beings.
Passive water sampling via semipermfable membrane devices (SPMDS) in concert with bivalves in the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta

Freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) and the Huckins et al. (1) semi-permeable membrane sampling device (SPMD) were simultaneously deployed at three sites on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers in 1990. Both clams and the SPMDs were analyzed for sequestered pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and non-ortho PCBs were quantified by high resolution mass spectrometry (MS). In general, levels of organochlorine compounds were approximately 1.6 times higher in clams on a wet weight basis than in the SPMDs, and trends in accumulation were similar except where biofouling of the SPMD membranes decreased uptake rates. Comparisons between the normalized, average levels of PCDDs accumulated showed that while octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was most prevalent in both clams and SPMDs, much higher levels of 2,3,7,8 TCDD were found in the SPMDs than in the clams; 2,3,7,8 TCDD was 32% of the profile relative to the OCDD level for the SPMDs and <1% of the clam OCDD level. PCB levels showed the clams primarily accumulated hexachlorinated PCBs while the pentachlorinated and tetrachlorinated congeners were higher in the SPMDs. Differences in profiles for homologous series among the PCBs reveal that some congeners, especially those with 2,4,5 substitution, are more likely to bioaccumulate than those with lower chlorination or adjacent unsubstituted sites. GC/MS chromatograms indicate the SPMDs also sequestered several polyaromatic hydrocarbons. GC/ECD chromatograms indicate the presence of several unidentified, early eluting compounds in the SPMDs.
Surface chemistry and dispersion of magnetic pigment for a solventless process

Coupling agents with a variable spacer length between the silane and the branch point were synthesized. The chemical bonding between the silane group and the particle surface was confirmed by the Si 2s and Si 2p peaks in the X-ray photoelectron spectra. The surface coverage of the branched coupling agent with long spacer was larger than the branch with short spacer. A solventless formulation could be prepared up to 30 volume percent of the particle using the treated particles. The viscosity was shear rate dependent, showing a power law dependence for all formulations.
Localization of RFID Tags Using Stochastic Tunneling

This paper presents a novel localization scheme in the 3D wireless domain that employs cross correlation in backscattered signal power from a cluster of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to estimate their location. Spatially co-located RFID tags, energized by a common tag reader, exhibit correlation in their received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values. Hence, for a cluster of RFID tags, the posterior distribution of their unknown radial separation is derived as a function of the measured RSSI correlations between them. The global maxima of this posterior distribution represent the actual radial separation between the RFID tags. The radial separations are then utilized to obtain location estimates of the tags. However, due to the nonconvex nature of the posterior distribution, deterministic optimization methods that are used to solve true radial separations between tags provide inaccurate results due to local maxima, unless the initial radial separation estimates are within the region of attraction of its global maximum. The proposed RFID localization algorithm called LOCalization Using Stochastic Tunneling (LOCUST) utilizes constrained simulated annealing with tunneling transformation to solve this nonconvex posterior distribution. The tunneling transformation allows the optimization search operation to circumvent or "tunnel&#x201D; through ill-shaped regions in the posterior distribution resulting in faster convergence to the global maximum. Finally, simulation results of our localization method are presented to demonstrate the theoretical conclusions.
Structure of deoxyhemoglobin: ionizable groups and polyethylene glycol.

X-ray studies on deoxy-hemoglobin have been reported on crystals grown under conditions of high (about 2.5 M) and low salt (about 0.1 M). The high-salt crystals were grown in water, whereas the low-salt crystals were prepared in polyethylene glycol solutions (m.w. 6000-8000 Da, 10-30% w/v). Oxygen-binding characteristics of hemoglobin in these two environments differ radically. In salt solutions, hemoglobin binds oxygen with a p50 value of about 5 torr of oxygen and in a cooperative manner characterized with an n value of Hill varying from two to three. In polyethylene glycol solutions, hemoglobin crystals are oxygenated with a p50 value of about 270 torr of oxygen, without exhibiting a cooperative effect. I report on a detailed study of the X-ray data defining the dimer interface (alpha1beta2) of these two forms of hemoglobin. The study reveals that the main difference between the two structures lies in the number and arrangement of the water molecules and in distances between ionizable side chains in the dimer interface. I propose that these differences lead to significant shifts in the pK values of the ionizable groups in the dimer interface.
Modification of the Phe3 aromatic moiety in delta receptor-selective dermorphin/deltorphin-related tetrapeptides. Effects on opioid receptor binding.

The previously described cyclic delta opioid receptor-selective tetrapeptide H-Tyr-d-Cys-Phe-d-Pen-OH (JOM-13) was modified at residue 3 by incorporation of both natural and unnatural amino acids with varying steric, electronic, and lipophilic properties. Effects on mu and delta opioid receptor binding affinities were evaluated by testing the compounds for displacement of radiolabeled receptor-selective ligands in a guinea pig brain receptor binding assay. Results obtained with the bulky aromatic 1-Nal3 and 2-Nal3 substitutions suggest that the shape of the receptor subsite with which the side chain of the internal aromatic residue interacts differs for delta and mu receptors. This subsite of either receptor can accommodate the transverse steric bulk of the 1-Nal3 side chain but only the delta receptor can readily accept the more elongated 2-Nal3 side chain. Several analogs with pi-excessive heteroaromatic side chains in residue 3 were examined. In general, these analogs display diminished binding to mu and delta receptors, consistent with previous findings for analogs with residue 3 substitutions of modified electronic character. Several analogs with alkyl side chains in residue 3 were also examined. While delta receptor binding affinity is severely diminished with Val3, Ile3, and Leu3 substitutions, Cha3 substitution is very well tolerated, indicating that, contrary to the widely held belief, an aromatic side chain in this portion of the ligand is not required for delta receptor binding. Where possible, comparison of results in this delta-selective tetrapeptide series with those reported for analogous modification in the cyclic delta-selective pentapeptide [d-Pen2, d-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) and linear pentapeptide enkephalins reveals similar trends.
Sex Bias in Vocational Programming for Handicapped Students

Data for 204 handicapped students in 68 work-study programs were analyzed to determine the nature and extent of sex differences in student characteristics and competencies, experiences, and outcomes. Females, who were underrepresented in the programs, did not differ from males in characteristics, intelligence, and school achievement. While the two sexes did not differ extensively in the amount of vocational training they received, qualitative differences in training were consistent with sex-role stereotypes, and females were more likely to have been exposed to sheltered forms of employment. At graduation, females were clustered in the service occupations, working fewer hours, and receiving less pay than males. These findings support the need for efforts to expand the vocational opportunities of handicapped females.
A Position-Based Clustering Technique for Ad Hoc Intervehicle Communication

Intervehicle communication is a key technique of intelligent transport systems. Ad hoc networking in the vehicular environment was investigated intensively. This paper proposes a new clustering technique for large multihop vehicular ad hoc networks. The cluster structure is determined by the geographic position of nodes and the priorities associated with the vehicle traffic information. Each cluster elects one node as its cluster head. The cluster size is controlled by a predefined maximum distance between a cluster head and its members. Clusters are independently controlled and dynamically reconfigured as nodes move. This paper presents the stability of the proposed cluster structure, and communication overhead for maintaining the structure and connectivity in an application context. The simulation is performed with comparative studies using CORSIM and NS-2 simulators.
Improving Students' Evaluation of Informal Arguments

Evaluating the structural quality of arguments is a skill that is important to students' ability to comprehend the arguments of others and produce their own. The authors examined college and high school students' ability to evaluate the quality of 2-clause (claim-reason) arguments and tested a tutorial to improve this ability. These experiments indicated that college and high school students had difficulty evaluating arguments on the basis of their quality. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that a tutorial explaining skills important to overall argument evaluation increased performance but that immediate feedback during training was necessary for teaching students to evaluate the claim-reason connection. Using a Web-based version of the tutorial, Experiment 3 extended this finding to the performance of high school students. The study suggests that teaching the structure of an argument and teaching students to pay attention to the precise message of the claim can improve argument evaluation.
Form-Meaning Mapping in Vocabulary Acquisition in a Second Language.

The mapping of lexical form to meaning is an important part of vocabulary acquisition in a second language (L2). This study examines the proposition that L2 lexical forms are often mapped to the existing semantic content of their first language (L1) translations rather than to new semantic specifications of their own. Native and nonnative English speakers were asked to perform two semantic judgment tasks in which they had to determine the degree of semantic relatedness of English word pairs (experiment 1) or to decide whether two English words were related in meaning (experiment 2). The nonnative speakers, but not the native speakers, were found to provide higher rating scores on or responded faster to L2 word pairs sharing the same L1 translations than to L2 word pairs that do not. The finding is interpreted as strong evidence in support of the presence of L1 semantic content in L2 lexical entries.
Endoscopic surgery of the orbital apex: Outcomes and emerging techniques.

Objectives/Hypothesis To review our experience with endoscopic orbital apex surgery. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods All cases with Current Procedural Terminology codes for endoscopic orbital decompression between 2002 and 2011 at two institutions were reviewed. Patients with a diagnosis of Graves orbitopathy or an orbital complication of sinusitis were excluded. Presenting symptoms, lesion location, pathology, surgical outcomes, and complications were examined. Results A total of 27 patients were identified. Seventeen (63%) of the patients were men, and the average age was 56 (range = 14–82) years. Eighteen patients had primary orbital apex lesions, and nine patients had sinonasal lesions that predominantly involved the medial orbital apex. The lesions were found to be on the right in 59% of cases. The etiologies include benign (40.7%), malignant (44%), infectious (7.4%), and metastatic (7.4%) lesions. Obtaining a pathologic diagnosis was successful endoscopically in all but two (7.4%) patients, both with lateral lesions. The two-surgeon, four-handed technique and intraoperative image guidance employing fused computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging were used in the majority of intraconal cases. Complications occurred in three patients (11%) and included myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis, and vision loss. There were no cerebrospinal fluid leaks or postoperative hemorrhages. Notably, vision remained stable or improved in all but one patient (3.7% risk of vision decline). Average follow-up was 4 years (range = 1 month–8 years). Conclusions The endoscopic approach to the orbit apex offers significant advantages over traditional external approaches, and should be the preferred approach for all medial and inferior lesions. A two-surgeon multihanded technique can help facilitate difficult cases. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2015
Regulation of Natural mRNAs by the Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Pathway

The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway is a specialized mRNA degradation pathway that degrades select mRNAs. This pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes examined so far, and it triggers the degradation of mRNAs that prematurely terminate translation. Originally identified as a pathway that degrades mRNAs with premature termination codons as a result of errors during transcription, splicing, or damage to the mRNA, NMD is now also recognized as a pathway that degrades some natural mRNAs. The degradation of natural mRNAs by NMD has been identified in multiple eukaryotes, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and humans. S. cerevisiae is used extensively as a model to study natural mRNA regulation by NMD. Inactivation of the NMD pathway in S. cerevisiae affects approximately 10% of the transcriptome. Similar percentages of natural mRNAs in the D. melanogaster and human transcriptomes are also sensitive to the pathway, indicating that NMD is important for the regulation of gene expression in multiple organisms. NMD can either directly or indirectly regulate the decay rate of natural mRNAs. Direct NMD targets possess NMD-inducing features. This minireview focuses on the regulation of natural mRNAs by the NMD pathway, as well as the features demonstrated to target these mRNAs for decay by the pathway in S. cerevisiae. We also compare NMD-targeting features identified in S. cerevisiae with known NMD-targeting features in other eukaryotic organisms.
The Difficulty in Diagnosing Cord Colitis

of CIBMTR contributions to the literature that help guide the wide range of the decisions involved in stem cell transplantation. Utility of these data in daily practice would be strengthened by streamlining the analytic process so that patients undergoing alloHCT more recently than 2007 are included, as well as comparing outcomes with those in the non-HCT populations adjusted for comorbidities, perhaps adapting the HCT-CI to the nonestem cell transplantation group or using comprehensive geriatric assessments. Meanwhile, recent advances in targeted therapies approved for indolent and mantle cell lymphoma are already altering the equation, and we anticipate similar advances for aggressive lymphomas. Although reasonable people may have different definitions of “encouraging,” these data do support the idea that age alone should not be a deciding factor in alloSCT.
DFT Analysis of Fe(H2O)63+ and Fe(H2O)62+ Structure and Vibrations; Implications for Isotope Fractionation

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of structure and vibrational modes are reported for the ferrous and ferric hexaaquo ions, using B3LYP gradient-corrected hybrid density functionals, standard 6-31G* basis sets on the O and H atoms, and Ahlrichs' valence triple-ζ (VTZ) basis set on the Fe atom. The effect of hydrogen bonding in solvents or in crystals has been approximated with the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The optimized structures predict a regular FeO6 octahedron for Fe(H2O)63+, as expected, but inequivalent Fe−O distances (Ci symmetry) for Fe(H2O)62+, reflecting Jahn−Teller distortion. PCM shortens the Fe−O distances and produces excellent agreement with crystallographic data. In vacuo, DFT produces a stable Th structure for Fe(H2O)63+, with the H2O molecules lying in FeO4 planes, but PCM induces tilting and rotation of the H2O molecules. This effect is shown to be an artifact of the PCM methodology, but it does not significantly affect the computed Fe−O stretching and bending freque...
Subliminal words activate semantic categories (not automated motor responses).

Semantic priming by visually masked, unidentifiable (“subliminal”) words occurs robustly when the words appearing as masked primes have been classified earlier in practice as visible targets. It has been argued (Damian, 2001) that practice enables robust subliminal priming by automatizing learned associations between words and the specific motor responses used to classify them. Two experiments demonstrate that, instead, the associations formed in practice that underlie subliminal priming are between words and semantic categories. Visible words classified aspleasant or unpleasant in practice with one set of response key assignments functioned later as subliminal primes with appropriate valence, even when associations of keys with valences were reversed before the test. This result shows that subliminal priming involves unconscious categorization of the prime, rather than just the automatic activation of a practiced stimulus-response mapping.
DAREonline: A Web-Based Domain Engineering Tool

DAREonline is a web-based tool for domain engineering. It supports the DARE framework in a centralized platform-independent environment. Our approach leverages concepts of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) to aggregate data and functionality from diverse sources that can be helpful in domain engineering. In this paper, we describe DAREonline's1 architecture and implementation, and its use in a graduate course on software design and quality. Initial results indicate that DAREonline can be a valuable resource for domain analysts and can achieve acceptance at similar levels to DARE COTS.
Unhealthy Food and Beverage Consumption: An Investigative Model

Regardless of benefactor—marketer or policy maker—understanding purchase processes of unhealthy food and beverage options would be of value. Yet, quantitative investigation into this domain is not complete; to address this research lacuna, data were collected to help explicate purchase processes for corn-fed beef and soft drinks made with artificial sugar. Specifically, nutrition information usage, organic food brand tribalism, self-esteem, and feelings about shopping smart for healthy food were modeled as chronological determinants of intentions to purchase corn-fed beef and soft drinks. The data collected support this sequential model. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.
Professional promises: Summary and next steps.

A summary of the key themes discussed during the sessions is provided highlighting the participants’ recommendations for addressing the ethics of access. Areas reviewed included strategies utilizing ethics as an educational tool. The need for professional associations and accrediting and licensing bodies to address access to care in their guidelines is an additional recommendation. Networking, sharing resources, and continuing the dialogue about ethics and access to care are identified as important strategies following the workshop. The summary also highlights promises made to continue the dialogue about the issue in various forums.
Group Support Systems: Overview and Guided Tour

In recent years, collaboration has been of increasing importance in almost all organizations. Meetings are a common form of collaboration, be they face-to-face or virtual. Unfortunately, there are many well-known problems with meetings such as group-think and conformity, rush to judgement, wasted time, poor decisions, and many others. Group Support Systems (GSS) are one of several information technologies that have been designed to support and improve collaboration and decisionmaking. Since their inception in the early 1980s, GSSs have been used to enhance group processes and decision outcomes in thousands of meetings. Typical GSS software provides tools for idea generation, discussion and organization, and evaluation. Evaluation approaches can include sophisticated techniques such as multi-criteria decision analysis. This chapter reviews the history of GSS development and use, discusses the research literature, and provides a guided tour of one GSS that has been in continuous use for over 25 years.
The Kuel and Ceremonial Fields as Places of Patriotism and Patriarchy

This chapter presents the broader theoretical and historical significance of the Araucanian polity. Unlike many regions of the Americas where indigenous groups experienced rapid and often drastic changes from contact with and occupation by European colonialism, the intrusion of the Spanish in south-central Chile led to the formation and growth of an ethnic polity or proto-state, one that lasted for nearly 350 years. Also presented is the formation of this polity in terms of the telescopic shift of the Araucanian’s patrilineal and patriarchical organization to higher levels of geo-political integration to form a formidable and lasting resistance to the Spanish empire.
Benchmarking and cost accounting: the North Carolina approach

Benchmarking is a management tool that promotes process improvement. By comparing service units across jurisdictions, best practices can be identified and used to enhance less efficient and effective operations. However, the lack of generally accepted criteria to compare service costs for local government has hindered benchmarking initiatives. One of the key components of the North Carolina Local Government Performance Measurement Project (NCLGPMP) is the full-cost accounting model developed to ensure that localities employ the same methodology to collect and report cost data associated with performance measures. This article presents an overview of the development and implementation issues associated with that model and highlights the areas of direct costs, indirect costs, and capital costs. It is argued that accuracy and comparability of performance and cost data are the fundamental ingredients of a benchmarking and performance measurement project.
Research in Neutrino Physics

Research in Neutrino Physics We describe here the recent activities of our two groups over the first year of this award (effectively November 2010 through January 2012) and our proposed activities and associated budgets for the coming grant year. Both of our groups are collaborating on the Double Chooz reactor neutrino experiment and are playing major roles in calibration and analysis. A major milestone was reached recently: the collaboration obtained the first result on the search for 13 based on 100 days of data from the far detector. Our data indicates that 13 is not zero; specifically the best fit of the neutrino oscillation hypothesis to our data gives sin2 (2 13) = 0.086 ± 0.041 (stat) ± 0.030 (syst) The null oscillation hypothesis is excluded at the 94.6% C.L. This result1 has been submitted to Physical Review Letters. As we continue to take data with the far detector in the coming year, in parallel with completing the construction of the near lab and installing the near detector, we expect the precision of our measurement to improve as we gather significantly more statistics, gain better control of backgrounds through use of partial power data and improved event selection, and better understand the detector energy scale and detection efficiency from calibration data. With both detectors taking data starting more » in the second half of 2013, we expect to further drive down the uncertainty on our measurement of sin2 (2 13) to less than 0.02. Stancu’s group is also collaborating on the MiniBooNE experiment. Data taking is scheduled to continue through April, by which time 1.18 × 1021 POT is projected. The UA group is playing a leading role in the measurement of antineutrino cross sections, which should be the subject of a publication later this year as well as of Ranjan Dharmapalan’s Ph.D. thesis, which he is expected to defend by the end of this year. It is time to begin working on projects which will eventually succeed Double Chooz and MiniBooNE as the main foci of our efforts. The Stancu group plans to become re–involved in LBNE and possibly also to join NO A, and the Busenitz group has begun to explore joining a direct dark matter search. « less
Effects of Glass and Carbon Fiber on Nylon 6,6 Crystallization

The effects of addition of glass fiber and HMS4 carbon fiber on the crystallization of nylon 6,6 has been investigated using DSC and polarized optical microscopy (POM). DSC observations indicate that HMS4 fiber lowers the supercooling required to initiate crystallization. A transcrystalline layer is also observed in the near-fiber region of carbon fiber-reinforced composites after DSC. The presence of transcrystallinity and the earlier onset of crystallization for this composite are due to heterogeneous nucleation on carbon fiber surfaces. DSC measurements of nylon 6,6 with glass fibers show supercoolings similar to those of neat nylon 6,6. Transcrystallinity is also absent in the glass-reinforced composites. These glass fibers appear to be weak nucleation catalysts. Different transcrystalline layer thickness is found to be influenced by thermal processing condition. In addition to transcrystallinity, the HMS4 carbon fiber also influences the bulk morphology of the nylon 6,6.
Dayānanda Sarasvatī as Irascible Ṛṣi: The Personal and Performed Authority of a Text

Scholarly discussions of a Christianised (Nandy 1983), modernised (Radice 1998), Semiticised (Hansen 1999), Orientalised, or middle class (Fuller 2009) Hinduism have emphasised the wide-ranging changes in south Asian religion in the colonial period. While these analyses have moved beyond earlier binaries of reform and revival in some ways, they simultaneously echo common themes of Protestant historiography, especially in their stress on the effects of modern textuality on Hindu notions of scripture. This article examines the case of Dayānanda Sarasvatī, often called the ‘Luther of India’ because of his use of the Veda in the cause of ‘reform’. In contrast, I argue that close reading of his Satyārtha Prakāśa reveals neglected dimensions of mythic, personal, and traditional authority that work performatively to authorise both him and his text. These dimensions are best captured in the image of Dayānanda as a ‘Mahāṛṣi’, precisely the title his followers gave him.
Research on the difference between rectal temperature and axillary temperature in febrile children

Objective To explore the difference in rectal temperature and axillary temperature adding 0.6℃. Method A total of 101 children were measured rectal temperature and axillary temperature at the same time. Results The difference between the rectal temperature and the axillary temperature varied from 0℃to 1.7℃. There was significant difference between the rectal temperature and the axillary temperature adding 0.6℃(P0. 05). Conclude Rectal tem- perature should be taken in the febrile children.
Characterization of serotonin uptake in isolated bovine pinealocyte suspensions.

The uptake of radiolabeled serotonin as a function of concentration exhibited saturation when low (0.005-2 µM) concentrations of serotonin were used. Kinetics of the initial rate (30 s) of entry of radiolabeled serotonin into pinealocytes were examined using various concentrations of the substrate. The effects of temperature, changes in external ion concentrations, drugs, metabolic inhibitors, and other compounds on the uptake of serotonin were investigated. High concentrations (10 µM-5 mM) of serotonin appear to use amino acid transport systems, e.g., L-lysine, L-leucine, and L-alanine. Uptake is partially sodium dependent, temperature dependent, sensitive to metabolic inhibitors, and inhibited by various amino acids. Low concentrations (0.005-1 µM) of serotonin appear to use a highly specific, allosteric carrier for transport. Uptake is sodium dependent, temperature dependent, and sensitive to a variety of metabolic inhibitors.
The Genetics of Breast Cancer

Some of the genetic abnormalities that give rise to human breast cancer have been identified. This article reviews the biology of the oncogenes c-myc and neu and the antioncogene p53. Data supporting the role of these genes in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer are reviewed. Potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications that have developed out of our understanding of the molecular genetics of breast cancer are also discussed.