cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigations into modifications of neuromuscular physiology by axonal transport disruptions in Drosophila SOD1 mutants

Abstract Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a cytoplasmic antioxidant enzyme, which, when mutant in humans, is linked to familial cases of the motor neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Drosophila SOD1 gene (Sod) shares a highly conserved sequence with the human homolog, and this study includes examinations of the established hypomorphic n108 allele (Sodn108), alongside a knock-in construct of the G85R allele found in human ALS patients (SodG85R). In addition to previously documented decreased adult lifespan and attenuated motor function, we show that Sod mutant Drosophila can display significant mortality during larval and pupal development. Immunostaining of neuronal membrane at neuromuscular synapses in Sod mutant larvae revealed presynaptic terminals of abnormal morphology, with incompletely segregated and enlarged synaptic boutons along the motor terminal branches, in which vital staining indicated mitochondrial aggregation. We demonstrate strong genetic interactions between SodG85R and the axon transport-linked Pk mutants PkPk and PkSple in larval NMJ morphology and neuromuscular transmission. Intracellular recordings of larval excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) demonstrate enhanced EJP size in the double-mutant of PkPk and SodG85R. To examine synaptic terminal excitability, maintained by Ca2+ channel action and independent of Na+ channel function, we used the NaV blocker TTX, along with the KV1 blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and the commonly used broad-spectrum K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA). We were able to induce prolonged “plateau-like” EJPs, which were further extended in Pk mutants and Pk;Sod double-mutants. These observations were corroborated with focal EJP recording from individual boutons. Altogether, this study highlights alterations in synaptic morphology and function at a developmental stage prior to neurodegeneration and death of Sod mutant organisms, along with a potential role of axonal transport in the maintenance of neuronal health.
Generating Monocyte-Derived Endothelial-like Cells for Vascular Regeneration

A major limitation in engineering vascular grafts is the lack of proper endothelium to prevent thrombosis and subsequent graft failure. Obtaining endothelial cells from patients' vasculature is intrusive and requires extensive culture time. Here we present an alternative strategy wherein abundant and easily accessible monocytes from peripheral blood are cultured and differentiated towards an endothelial-like state capable of preventing thrombosis through production of nitric oxide and formation of endothelial adherens junctions. Considering the plethora of monocytes present within peripheral blood, this method provides a robust alternative to generating endothelial cells required for vascular graft production.
Integration of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutical compounding: Progress, prospects, and challenges

ABSTRACT A significant limitation of current medication development and usage is the reliance on the 'one-size-fits-all' approach. 3D printing technology is an innovative strategy for customizing medication design and preparation. In this review, we highlighted the potential of 3D printing of medications as an effective strategy to achieve personalized precision medicines. Particular attention was paid to possible integration of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutical compounding process to improve flexibility, efficiency, safety, quality, trust, and utility. Significant barriers to overcome include: (i) insufficient training on 3D printing compounding and regulation requirements, (ii) limited choices of 3D printers and approved excipients that are amenable to routine pharmacy operations, and (iii) lack of efficient medication verification techniques to ascertain that the intended medication qualities and characteristics are achieved through 3D printing customization.
Regulation of the Cellular Localization and Trafficking of the Adrenergic Receptors

The family of adrenergic receptors (ARs; the α1-, α2-, and β-ARs) are key regulators of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, involved in both central and peripheral cardiovascular function. Here, we review our current understanding of the cellular localization and trafficking properties of the α1-, α2-, and β-ARs. We then examine recent evidence indicating that the cellular localization of these receptors and their excursion into intracellular compartments play an underappreciated role in the activation of both G protein and novel non-G protein-dependent cellular signaling.
Deletion variants within the NF-kappa B activation domain of the LMP1 oncogene prevail in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related large cell lymphomas and human immunodeficiency virus-negative atypical lymphoproliferations

This sequencing study of 17 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphomas (9 primary brain, 8 systemic) and 8 human immunodeficiency virus-negative atypical lymphoproliferations expressing large amounts of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus was performed to characterize the carboxy terminal NF-kappa B activation domain of LMP1 at the molecular level in an immunocompromised host. In-frame deletions within the NF-kappa B activation domain were identified in all but 2 primary brain lymphomas, 4 systemic lymphomas, and 4 atypical lymphoproliferations, ie, in 60% of cases. In addition, non silent point mutations (range 1 to 5, mean 3.3) were detected in all cases. Although all changes occurred within the first 100 nucleotides of the carboxy terminal NF-kappa B activation domain--a critical sequence for the protein half-life--not a single point mutation was found in the remaining 62 nucleotides, necessary for malignant transformation. Such a clustering of nonrandom sequence variations, associated with a high oncoprotein expression in immunocompromised hosts, suggests that this part of the LMP1 oncogene behaves as a hypervariable region with natural selection of growth-promoting variants through prolongation of the protein half-life.
GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE AND MATING SYSTEM IN CHONDRUS CRISPUS (RHODOPHYTA)1.

Chondrus crispus Stackh. has been intensely studied, yet no study to date has elucidated its population structure or mating system despite many populations in which there was a haploid bias and lack of male gametophytes. Therefore, 12 nuclear microsatellite loci were identified in this red alga. Microsatellite markers were developed and tested against a panel of specimens collected from two shore levels at two sites in Brittany, France: Pointe de Primel and Pointe de la Jument, Concarneau. Single locus genetic determinism was verified at eight polymorphic loci, as only one band was observed for haploid genotypes, whereas one or two bands were observed for diploids. These markers enabled the detection of unique genotypes within sampled populations, indicating that very few fronds shared the same multilocus genotype. This finding suggests that asexual reproduction was not the prevailing mode of reproduction. In addition, we explored the hierarchical population structure showing that gene flow is restricted at small spatial scales (<50 m) between upper and lower Chondrus-range populations within a shore. Sexual reproduction predominated in the populations of C. crispus studied, but probably due to fine-scale spatial substructuring, inbreeding was also significant. In conclusion, this study reveals that fine-scale genetic variation is of major importance in C. crispus, suggesting that differences between microhabitats should be essential in understanding evolutionary processes in this species.
Approximate Dirichlet process computing in finite normal mixtures: Smoothing and prior information

A rich nonparametric analysis of the finite normal mixture model is obtained by working with a precise truncation approximation of the Dirichlet process. Model fitting is carried out by a simple Gibbs sampling algorithm that directly samples the nonparametric posterior. The proposed sampler mixes well, requires no tuning parameters, and involves only draws from simple distributions, including the draw for the mass parameter that controls clustering, and the draw for the variances with the use of a nonconjugate uniform prior. Working directly with the nonparametric prior is conceptually appealing and among other things leads to graphical methods for studying the posterior mixing distribution as well as penalized MLE procedures for deriving point estimates. We discuss methods for automating selection of priors for the mean and variance components to avoid over or undersmoothing the data. We also look at the effectiveness of incorporating prior information in the form of frequentist point estimates.
GYRATORY EVALUATION OF AGGREGATE BLENDS TO DETERMINE THEIR EFFECT ON SHEAR RESISTANCE AND SENSITIVITY TO ASPHALT CONTENT

Transverse and longitudinal shoving of asphalt paving mixtures is primarily related to the inability of current test methods to identify the properties of mixtures at different levels of traffic densification, and the influence that aggregate properties have on the mixtures' resistance to plastic deformation (shoving). Research was conducted to investigate the use of the air roller equipped Gyratory Testing Machine for evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing aggregates from the same sources but with varying amounts of crushed and natural sand aggregates (different blend proportions). Both identical gradations as well as different gradations were tested. Analyses performed on the test results indicated overall excellent correlation between Gyratory shear (Gs) after 200 revolutions of densification and asphalt content (A/C), voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), and air void content (AV) at as-compacted densities. Similarly, statistical regression analyses indicated that asphalt, mineral filler, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate contents have a significant effect on the Gs value for the different mixtures. As a result it is concluded that VMA and AV contents are not absolutely essential for mixture design or mixture evaluation. It is suggested that the GTM air roller procedure for testing of asphalt mixtures is probably all that is needed for evaluation of a mixture's resistance to plastic deformation. For the covering abstract see IRRD 858225.
An upper bound on the reheat temperature for short duration inflation

We calculate the upper bound on the reheating temperature given the non-observation of gravitational waves if the number of efolds during ination are the minimum number required to address the horizon problem as formulated in terms of entropy. This bound is valid for canonical single eld slow roll ination with a generic potential. Our bound numerically is Treh . 1:7 10 13 GeV, which is a factor of 428 less the usual bound one obtains from the non-observation of gravitational waves alone. If ination lasted much longer than the minimum number of required efolds, our bound relaxes to coincide with the usual bound. We discuss the relevance for studies of primordial black holes.
Social effects and circadian rhythms in squirrel monkey pituitary-adrenal activity.

Simultaneous measures of plasma cortisol and ACTH were collected at the morning peak (AM) and evening nadir (PM) of the circadian rhythm in group-housed and individually housed squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Pronounced AM-PM differences in cortisol were evident in both conditions, but morning measures of cortisol in monkeys housed without companions were 32% higher than baseline control values observed when the same monkeys were sampled in groups. Consistent AM-PM differences in cortisol were not associated with consistent AM-PM differences in ACTH, and for monkeys housed without companions, plasma ACTH concentrations were consistently and significantly reduced (23% lower in the morning, 42% lower in the evening). All monkeys were subsequently pretreated overnight with dexamethasone to temporarily suppress the secretion of endogenous ACTH and then challenged the following morning with a bolus injection of synthetic ACTH. Monkeys housed without companions responded to the challenge with greater, more prolonged elevations in cortisol relative to monkeys housed in groups. These observations together suggest that squirrel monkeys housed without companions hypersecrete cortisol at the morning peak of the rhythm because adrenal responsiveness to ACTH is enhanced. Low circulating ACTH levels in turn are maintained by robust glucocorticoid feedback mechanisms that inhibit the synthesis or release of pituitary ACTH.
The estimation of heats of formation of gaseous cations from core electron binding energies

Abstract It is shown that the “core replacement energy” of an atom in a gaseous species is equal to a core binding energy plus the difference between the heats of formation of two isoelectronic species and that it is essentially a constant quantity for the atom, almost independent of the nature of the gaseous species. Core binding energies and heats of formation of gaseous molecules have been combined with the appropriate core replacement energies to estimate the heats of formation of 156 gaseous cations. Most of these estimated values are believed to be accurate to ±10 kcal mol −1 or less.
A Method for the Extraction of Fat in Ice Cream in Order to Determine its Purity

Summary A method is given for the extraction of fat from ice cream in large quantities. Results obtained in the extraction of fat from ice cream indicate that the acetic acid method is more economical, more fat is secured per extraction and takes less time than either the sulphuric acid or ammonium hydroxide methods.
Relationship of sialic acid to the biological activity of vertebrate gonadotropins.

Abstract The sensitivity of pituitary gonadotropins to inactivation by neuraminidase was assessed in a lizard testis bioassay to evaluate the role of sialic acid in the biological activity of these hormones. Sialic acid was found to be important for gonadotropic activity in some members of all classes of vertebrates, but striking dichotomies occurred in the Reptilia and Amphibia. In no case did desialylation completely inactivate gonadotropins, loss of activity was usually between 70 and 90%. All mammalian and avian preparations tested (crude rat and pork pituitary extracts, purified porcine, ovine and chicken FSH, and ovine LH) were largely inactivated by neuraminidase. Among Reptilia, desialylation inactivated pituitary extracts from squamates (a lizard and snake), but the adenohypophysial gonadotropic activity in three turtles, representing three families, was unaffected by neuraminidase. Among Amphibia, neuraminidase inactivated pituitary extracts from two anurans (a frog and toad) and a urodele (tiger salamander), but the pituitary activity of a second urodele (newt) was unaffected by neuraminidase. A piscine (salmon) gonadotropic preparation was largely inactivated by desialylation. Thus, the importance of sialic acid for gonadotropic activity does not conform to a clear phylogenetic pattern. The present results provide additional evidence of the marked disparity between the potencies of mammalian FSH and LH in the lizard; FSH is at least 1000-fold more active. Residual gonadotropic activity in crude pituitary extracts after treatment with neuraminidase is attributed to residual FSH activity and is not considered to be evidence for a separate, neuraminidase-insensitive, hormone.
Characteristics of Anxious and Depressed Youth Seen in Two Different Clinical Contexts

Previous research has revealed that youth seen at community clinics present with a higher frequency of externalizing problems and are demographically different from youth seen at research clinics. This study extends findings on these discrepancies by examining differences between youth at research and community clinics meeting criteria for two different primary disorders (anxiety and depression). Consistent with prior research, community clinic youth reported lower incomes, were more ethnically diverse, and had higher rates of externalizing problems compared to research clinic youth, regardless of primary diagnosis. Findings are discussed in terms of enhancing dissemination of evidence-based treatments for internalizing disorders in community settings.
Migration regions of the Philippines.

In contrast to results for several other nations, hierarchical regionalizations based upon 1960 Philippine lifetime migration do not indicate that islands act as migration regions — groups of provinces, relatively self-contained with respect to migration flows. Inter-island links seem to be more important than intra-island ties. Northern Luzon, the Bicol Peninsula and the Southern Philippines are among the regions that appear. Manila and its suburban province of Rizal are exceptional both for the breadth and strength of their interprovincial migration ties.
Correlation of age and body weight with local cerebral glucose utilization in 8–14 week-old rats

The regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) in 8-14 week-old, male, albino, Wistar rats, weighing 200-385 g was autoradiographically measured using the [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique. Three age-weight groups of rats were tested: (I) 8-9 weeks old (200-250 g, average 227 +/- 14); (II) 10-11 weeks old (255-300 g, average 280 +/- 15 g); (III) 12-14 weeks old (305-385 g; average 331 +/- 25 g). A gradual reduction in rCMRgl was observed in the older and heavier groups. The reductions were statistically significant in 18/28 investigated structures in group III as compared to group I. Since such significant variation in the investigated age-weight range may affect rCMRgl values obtained in different experiments, it is suggested to use narrow and uniform age-weight groups for experimentation concerning brain metabolic functions.
Modulation of intracortical inhibition in response to acute psychosocial stress is impaired among individuals with chronic neck pain

ObjectivePsychosocial stress has been associated with a variety of chronic pain disorders although the mechanisms responsible for this relationship are unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the excitability of intracortical and corticospinal pathways to the trapezius muscle in individuals with and without chronic neck pain during exposure to low and high levels of psychosocial stress.MethodsSingle and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during mental math performed in the presence and absence of social evaluative threat.ResultsAll participants demonstrated higher amplitude MEPs in the high stress compared to the low stress condition (p < 0.01). Participants with chronic neck pain had significantly greater SICI than healthy participants in the low stress condition (p = 0.03). During exposure to the stressor, healthy participants showed an increase in SICI, whereas participants with neck pain showed no change (group difference for change in SICI, p < 0.01).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that individuals with chronic neck pain inhibit motor output to the trapezius in the presence of minor stressors, and are unable to compensate for additional stress-evoked increases in corticospinal excitability through further modulation of SICI. This observation has potential implications for the management of patients who have difficulty relaxing painful muscles during times of stress.
Revision of Ethmolaiminae Filipjev & Stekhoven, 1941 (Nematoda, Chromadorida), with descriptions of one new genus and three new species

Nematode species belonging to the subfamily Ethmolaiminae Filipjev & Stekhoven, 1941 are examined. Ethmolaimus De Man, 1880 contains six species which are united by a rounded head with lip region not set-off. Trichethmolaimus Platt, 1982 is regarded synonymous with Ethmolaimus. Paraethmolaimus gen. nov. contains two species which have lip region set-off. Three new species are described; i.e. E. bothnicus sp. nov., E. intermedius sp. nov. and P. appendixocaudatus sp. nov. The type species E. pratensis De Man, 1880 is redescribed. The other four species are briefly discussed; i.e. E. hirsutus (Gerlach, 1956) comb. nov., E. multipapillatus Paramonov, 1926, E. parapratensis Alekseyev & Naumova, 1979 and P. dahli (Gerlach, 1953) comb. nov. A pictorial key is provided to facilitate identification and separation of above eight species.
OUTCOME FOR SURVIVORS OF PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PPH)

Limited information is available regarding the developmental outcome of survivors of PPH. Of 36 infants admitted with PPH in 1979-1982, 26 survived. Twenty-one were evaluated at 4, 8 and 12 mos. of age by physical exam, neuromuscular testing and Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The mean MDI was 106±18.9(median 102) and mean PDI was 90.8±18.1(median 91). Ten infants were normal (47.6%) and 11 infants (52%) had mild to severe developmental abnormalities. Of the abnormal infants 7(33%) had an MDI and/or PDI 1 S.D. below the mean and a mild neuromuscular abnormality. Four(19%) had an MDI and/or PDI 2 S.D. below the mean and/or severe neuromuscular deficit. Two infants had chronic lung disease and growth failure. In review of neonatal data on the normal and abnormal infants, there was no difference in birthweight, race, sex, number inborn, lowest paO2 and pH, highest paO2, pCO2 and pH. However the abnormal infants spent a significantly greater number of hours with pCO2 <25 than the normal infants, 120±62 vs 60±73. (p<.01). This result is in variance with previous reports of generally good developmental outcome in infants made hypocapneic during PPH and suggests that caution in applying hyperventilation is warranted until further data are available.
Variants of the Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and Adiponectin Receptor 1 (ADIPOR1) Genes and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Context Current epidemiological evidence suggests an association between obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and colorectal cancer risk. Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue, and serum levels are inversely correlated with obesity and hyperinsulinemia. While there is evidence of an association between circulating adiponectin levels and colorectal cancer risk, no association between genes of the adiponectin pathway and colorectal cancer have been reported to date. Objective To determine the association of 10 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1) genes with colorectal cancer risk. Design, Setting, and Patients Two case-control studies including patients with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer and controls were recruited between 2000 and 2007. Case-control study 1 included a total of 441 patients with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer and 658 controls; both groups were of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry and from New York, New York. Case-control study 2 included 199 patients with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer and 199 controls from Chicago, Illinois, matched 1:1 for sex, age, and ethnicity. Main Outcome Measures ADIPOQ and ADIPOR1 SNP frequency among cases and controls. Results In study 1, after adjustment for age, sex, and SNPs from the same gene, 3 ADIPOQ SNPs and 1 ADIPOR1 SNP were associated with colorectal cancer risk: rs266729 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.95) and rs822396 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14-1.00) were associated with decreased risk whereas rs822395 (AOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.09-2.84) and rs1342387 (AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.18-2.72) were associated with increased risk. In study 2, after adjustment for age, sex, race, and SNPs from the same gene, the ADIPOQ SNP rs266729 was associated with a decreased colorectal cancer risk of similar magnitude as in study 1 (AOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.34-0.78). Combined analysis of both studies shows an association of rs266729 with decreased colorectal cancer risk (AOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53-0.99). Conclusion The SNP rs266729, which tags the 5′ flanking region of the ADIPOQ gene, is associated with decreased colorectal cancer risk.
Calculation of critical exponents in two dimensions from quantum field theory in one dimension

We construct a relationship between the Baxter model in two dimensions and the Luttinger model in one, and use it to calculate critical exponents for the Baxter model from appropriate Luttinger-model correlation functions. An important part of this work involves the generalization of the Jordan-Wigner transformation to provide a representation for continuum spin operators. With this generalization, we are also able to calculate spin correlation functions for a continuum generalization of the spin-\textonehalf{} Heisenberg-Ising chain. We discuss the difference between the continuum and discrete lattice models, and with the help of a new scaling law, use previous results for the Baxter model to calculate new exponents for the Baxter and Heisenberg-Ising model on a lattice.
Compass-M1 Broadcast Codes in E2, E5b, and E6 Frequency Bands

With the launch of the compass-M1 satellite on 14 April 2007, China is set to become the latest entrant into global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Understanding the interoperability and integration of the Chinese Compass with the current GNSS, namely the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS), the European Galileo, and the Russian GLONASS, requires knowing and understanding its signal structures-specifically its pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes and code structures. Moreover, the knowledge of the code is a prerequisite for designing receivers capable of acquiring and tracking the satellite. More important is determining if the signal may degrade performance of the current GNSS in the form of interference. Finally, we are eager to learn from the code and signal design of our Chinese colleagues. For this research, we set up a 1.8-m dish antenna to collect the broadcast Compass-M1 signals. Even with the dish antenna, the received signal is still weak and buried in thermal noise. We then apply signal processing and are able to extract the PRN code chips out of the noise in all three frequency bands. The PRN codes are thousands of bits long. In addition, we find that the Compass-M1 PRN codes in all frequency bands are Gold codes. We also derive the Gold code generators to represents thousands of code chips with fewer than a hundred bits. Finally, we implement these codes in our software receiver to verify and validate our analysis.
Automatic cardiac MR image segmentation using edge detection by tissue classification in pixel neighborhoods

A highly sensitive edge detector has been developed that uses tissue classification of pixels based on analysis of data in their local neighborhoods. In conjunction with recursive region growing, it has been used successfully to define regions of interest (ROI) when applied specifically to gradient echo MR images of the heart. The detector adapts to nonuniformity by carrying out an independent analysis at each location. If two tissues are present in a neighborhood and the pixel at that location cannot be classified with the seed pixel, a region edge has been crossed and recursion is stopped. No geometric assumptions relating to object shape such as definition of a region center and radial search are required. The detector was applied to multi-slice, multi-phase images of the heart from 26 subjects. A segmentation strategy specified slice processing order, graded ROIs, and used successfully detected ROIs to guide subsequent detection. Segmentation of all images resulted in a 90.3% median edge pixel detection efficiency.
Patterns of venture gestation process: Exploring the differences between tech and non-tech nascent entrepreneurs

Abstract The process of creating new organizations has increasingly become the focus of entrepreneurship research [Gartner, W. (1990). What are we talking when we talk about entrepreneurship? Journal of Business Venturing 5(1), 15–28]. However, few entrepreneurship studies explore the venture creation process, and even fewer do it empirically, with the exceptions of Bhave [Bhave, M. (1994). A process model of entrepreneurial venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing 9, 223–242], Reynolds and Miller [Reynolds, P., & Miller, B. (1992). New firm gestation: conception, birth, and implications for research. Journal of Business Venturing 7, 405–417], Carter, Gartner and Reynolds [Carter, N., Gartner, W., & Reynolds, P. (1996). Exploring startup event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing 11, 151–166] and Delmar and Shane [Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2002). What firm founders do: a longitudinal study of the startup process. In William D. Bygrave, Candida G. Brush, Per Davidsson, & James Fiet (Eds.), Frontier of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson Park, MA: Babson College]. Using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) dataset, this study examines different venture creation process attributes across technology-based entrepreneurs (TBEs) and non-technology-based nascent entrepreneurs (N-TBEs), In particular, we address this research question: Do TBEs and N-TBEs differ in their venture creation process in terms of the number of startup activities engaged, gestation duration, association and sequencing patterns of startup activities? We find that, compared to N-TBEs, TBEs engage in more startup activities in planning, legitimacy establishment and resource acquisitions, but not in marketing. TBEs take longer to complete gestation. Surprisingly, the two types of startups share a common set of core activities, very similar in their sequencing patterns. It suggests that creating a business entails many common core processes irrespective of organizational and industry settings. What differentiates them is non-core, peripheral activities. Implications for future research are provided.
Induced steady color shifts from temporally varying surrounds

The color appearance of a physically steady central region can appear to vary over time if a surrounding chromatic light varies in time. The induced temporal variation, however, is strongly attenuated at surround temporal frequencies above ∼3 Hz. At these higher temporal frequencies, the central region appears steady (De Valois et al., 1986). The posited explanation is a cortical low-pass temporal filter. Here, we investigate whether higher temporal-frequency surrounds induce color shifts in the steady appearance of the central test. Surrounds modulated in time along the l or s chromatic direction of MacLeod-Boynton color space were symmetric around equal-energy white (EEW). The temporal frequency of the surround was varied. If observers perceived the central test to be temporally modulating between two points in time, they set two separate matches to the extreme points of this modulation. If the central test appeared steady in time, then color matches were made to this steady appearance. Corroborating previous reports, measurements showed that surround temporal frequencies below ∼3 Hz induced temporal modulation. At higher temporal frequencies, however, the surround induced steady color shifts, compared to a steady surround at its time average (EEW). The measurements imply that a nonlinear neural process affects chromatic induction from time-varying context.
1H-31P nuclear magnetic double resonance study of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide mobility

Abstract Purified lipopolysaccharide preparations from Escherichia coli K12 were studied by 1 H- 31 P nuclear magnetic double resonance methods (cross-polarization and dipolar decoupling). At each of the temperatures studied (24, 37 and 46°C), the overall rotational mobility of a sizeable fraction of the phosphorus nuclei was restricted on the time scale of the NMR measurements, approx. 10 −4 s. The fraction of motionally restricted material, as well as the extent of restriction, decreased with increasing temperature. These studies provide the first numerical estimate of the percentage of lipopolysaccharide that is motionally restricted at a given temperature.
Methods for extracting pollen and parasite eggs from latrine soils

Abstract Previous standard procedures for processing soil samples, particularly latrine or cesspit soils, for both pollen and parasites required two separate and individual subsamples per singular sample processed, one subsample for each, pollen and parasites. Standard processing procedures for parasite eggs follow variations of methods with the deletion of the acetolysis step, as acetolysis destroys parasite eggs. After reviewing the processing procedures for both pollen and parasites, we concluded that the procedures for processing latrine soils containing both were identical except for the additional step of acetolysis for pollen samples. Therefore, it is possible to process a single sample for both pollen and parasites, separating the sample into two subsamples only at the point before acetolysis, when the parasite processing is completed.
The effect of freezing rate on the cooperativity of antifreeze glycopeptides

Abstract 1. 1. The glycopeptide antifreezes isolated from the serum of polar fishes depress the freezing point of the fishes' body fluids in a non-colligative manner. 2. 2. The high molecular weight glycopeptides exhibit freezing-point-depressing activity which is independent of the rate of freezing. 3. 3. The antifreeze activity of the low molecular weight glycopeptides is very sensitive to the freezing rate. 4. 4. When freezing points are determined on a freezing point osmometer, the small glycopeptides appear to potentiate the activity of the larger glycopeptides. 5. 5. When freezing points are measured by gradually cooling the sample in the presence of a seed ice crystal, the potentiation is not observed. 6. 6. The apparent potentiation observed in freezing point osmometer measurements appears to be an artifact which can be explained by the sensitivity of the antifreeze activity of the small glycopeptides the rate of freezing.
Set-associative cache simulation using generalized binomial trees

Set-associative caches are widely used in CPU memory hierarchies, I/O subsystems, and file systems to reduce average access times. This article proposes an efficient simulation technique for simulating a group of set-associative caches in a single pass through the address trace, where all caches have the same line size but varying associativities and varying number of sets. The article also introduces a generalization of the ordinary binomial tree and presents a representation of caches in this class using the Generalized Binomial Tree (gbt). The tree representation permits efficient search and update of the caches. Theoretically, the new algorithm, GBF_LS, based on the gbt structure, always takes fewer comparisons than the two earlier algorithms for the same class of caches: all-associativity and generalized forest simulation. Experimentally, the new algorithm shows performance gains in the range of 1.2 to 3.8 over the earlier algorithms on address traces of the SPEC benchmarks. A related algorithm for simulating multiple alternative direct-mapped caches with fixed cache size, but varying line size, is also presented.
Allergen-induced substance P synthesis in large-diameter sensory neurons innervating the lungs.

Background Tachykinins such as substance P are localized in unmyelinated slow-conducting C fibers that can be activated by noxious stimuli and tissue inflammation. Substance P is seldom expressed in fast-conducting large-diameter (A-fiber) vagal sensory neurons. We have previously found that allergic inflammation causes a phenotypic change in tachykinergic innervation of the trachea such that the production of substance P is induced in large-diameter sensory neurons projecting mechanosensitive A fibers to the trachea. Objective To evaluate whether allergic inflammation also induces substance P synthesis in large-diameter sensory stretch-receptor neurons innervating guinea pig lungs, and to investigate potential mechanisms by which this may occur. Methods Sensitized guinea pigs were exposed to allergen (ovalbumin) aerosol. One day later, immunohistochemical analysis was performed on vagal sensory neurons that had been retrogradely labeled from the lungs. Results Ovalbumin inhalation caused a significant increase in substance P expression in large-diameter neurofilament-positive nodose ganglion neurons that innervate the lungs (P Conclusion Allergic inflammation induces substance P synthesis in large-diameter (A-fiber) nodose ganglion neurons innervating guinea pig lungs. This could contribute to the hyperreflexia seen in allergic airway disease. The full expression of this phenotypic switch in vagus nodose ganglion neurons requires intact vagus nerve, but if allergen reached the systemic circulation in sufficient quantities, it could also affect substance P synthesis by local activation of vagal ganglionic mast cells.
Inhibitory activity of sulfentrazone and its metabolic derivatives on soybean (Glycine max) protoporphyrinogen oxidase

The biological activities of sulfentrazone and its metabolic derivatives were investigated in an effort to elucidate the basis for soybean tolerance to this herbicide. All of the metabolic derivati...
A texture-enhancement procedure for separating orchard from forest in Thematic Mapper data

Abstract A procedure is described for automatically separating temperate fruit tree orchardsfrom mixed deciduous forest in LANDSAT Thematic Mapper data. A filter is applied to enhance the texture of bands 4 and 3 prior to ratioing, smoothing, and level-slicing to a binary image on the basis of supervised training. Including the binary image in supervised classification of single date imagery has reduced misclassification of forest as orchard from 75 percent of the forest pixels to fewer than 7 per cent.
Secondary structural prediction of proteins from their amino acid sequence

Abstract Predicted secondary structures of proteins (α-helix, β-pleated sheet and β-turns) give insight into the understanding of protein folding and biological activity.
Adverse hemodynamic effects of intravenous disopyramide compared with quinidine in conscious dogs.

Disopyramide resembles quinidine electrophysiologically, but its effect on left ventricular function has not been clarified. Twelve awake dogs were instrumented for measurement of cardiac output, left ventricular pressure and its maximal first derivative (dP/dt max), and left atrial and aortic pressures. Disopyramide or quinidine at identical, clinically relevant doses (1 and 5 mg/kg i.v.) was infused over 5 minutes at each level. Peak changes after disopyramide 1 mg/kg included increases in heart rate (34%), mean aortic pressure (24%) and systemic vascular resistance (33%), and decreases in stroke volume (16%) and dP/dt max (19%). With disopyramide at 5 mg/kg these changes were of greater magnitude (e.g., dP/dt -- 36%). Quinidine at both doses caused no changes except a 13% decrease in vascular resistance at 5 mg/kg. Heart rate with disopyramide increased after propranolol (1 mg/kg i.v.), was unchanged after atropine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), and slowed after propranolol and atropine. Phenoxybenzamine (2 mg/kg i.v.) did not prevent the rise in systemic vascular resistance produced by disopyramide. Thus, disopyramide in clinical dosages exerts opposing direct and indirect effects on cardiac pacemakers and, unlike quinidine, is a potent myocardial depressant and vasoconstrictor in the conscious dog.
The Integration of Local Nationals into the Managerial Hierarchy of American Overseas Subsidiaries: An Exploratory Study

Two forms of integration are identified on the basis of causal forces and the resulting consequences. The first type of integration is induced by the internal forces of the multinational firm and t...
Structural and biochemical basis for novel mutations in homozygous Israeli maple syrup urine disease patients: a proposed mechanism for the thiamin-responsive phenotype.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) results from mutations affecting different subunits of the mitochondrial branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. In this study, we identified seven novel mutations in MSUD patients from Israel. These include C219W-α (TGC to TGG) in the E1α subunit; H156Y-β (CAT to TAT), V69G-β (GTT to GGT), IVS 9 del[-7:-4], and 1109 ins 8bp (exon 10) in the E1β subunit; and H391R (CAC to CGC) and S133stop (TCA to TGA) affecting the E2 subunit of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Recombinant E1 proteins carrying the C219W-α or H156Y-β mutation show no catalytic activity with defective subunit assembly and reduced binding affinity for cofactor thiamin diphosphate. The mutant E1 harboring the V69G-β substitution cannot be expressed, suggesting aberrant folding caused by this mutation. These E1 mutations are ubiquitously associated with the classic phenotype in homozygous-affected patients. The H391R substitution in the E2 subunit abolishes the key catalytic residue that functions as a general base in the acyltransfer reaction, resulting in a completely inactive E2 component. However, wild-type E1 activity is enhanced by E1 binding to this full-length mutant E2 in vitro. We propose that the augmented E1 activity is responsible for robust thiamin responsiveness in homozygous patients carrying the H391R E2 mutation and that the presence of a full-length mutant E2 is diagnostic of this MSUD phenotype. The present results offer a structural and biochemical basis for these novel mutations and will facilitate DNA-based diagnosis for MSUD in the Israeli population.
Solvothermal synthesis and structure of iron tellurido carbonyl clusters

Abstract Three compounds prepared solvothermally from a mixture of Fe3(CO)12, Na2Te2, and Ph4PBr in the 1:5:6 molar ratio are described. The compound (Ph4P)2[Fe6Te14(CO)12]·2H2O (1) was obtained by heating the reaction mixture in water at 130°C for 16 h. With 0.5 ml ethanol as the solvent for a reaction carried out at 110°C for 12 h, (Ph4P)2[Fe4Te6(TeC2H5)2(CO)8] (2) was obtained. (Ph4P)2[Fe2Te3(CO)6] (3) was obtained as the only product in 4 h with 0.5 ml methanol heated at 80°C. These high-yield preparations illustrate vividly how strongly the identity of product is dependent on the conditions of a solvothermal reaction. X-ray structural studies reveal a variety of coordination modes for the Tex 2− ligands present in these anionic polynuclear clusters.
Habitat conditions associated with a reproducing population of the critically endangered freshwater mussel Quadrula mitchelli in central Texas

Abstract The false spike (Quadrula mitchelli) is a freshwater bivalve native to central Texas and thought to be extinct until a small population, consisting only of mature adults, was located on the Guadalupe River in 2011. In fall of 2012, we located a small population of the false spike in another section of the Guadalupe River. This population, consisting of adults and juveniles, displayed evidence of successful reproduction and recruitment. We present a description of the physical habitat during low water-flow for this reproducing population of a critically endangered species.
People-centric urban sensing

The vast majority of advances in sensor network research over the last five years have focused on the development of a series of small-scale (100s of nodes) testbeds and specialized applications (e.g., environmental monitoring, etc.) that are built on low-powered sensor devices that self-organize to form application-specific multihop wireless networks. We believe that sensor networks have reached an important crossroads in their development. The question we address in this paper is how to propel sensor networks from their small-scale application-specific network origins, into the commercial mainstream of people's every day lives; the challenge being: how do we develop large-scale general-purpose sensor networks for the general public (e.g., consumers) capable of supporting a wide variety of applications in urban settings (e.g., enterprises, hospitals, recreational areas, towns, cities, and the metropolis). We propose MetroSense, a new people-centric paradigm for urban sensing at the edge of the Internet, at very large scale. We discuss a number of challenges, interactions and characteristics in urban sensing applications, and then present the MetroSense architecture which is based fundamentally on three design principles: network symbiosis, asymmetric design, and localized interaction. The ability of MetroSense to scale to very large areas is based on the use of an opportunistic sensor networking approach. Opportunistic sensor networking leverages mobility-enabled interactions and provides coordination between people-centric mobile sensors, static sensors and edge wireless access nodes in support of opportunistic sensing, opportunistic tasking, and opportunistic data collection. We discuss architectural challenges including providing sensing coverage with sparse mobile sensors, how to hand off roles and responsibilities between sensors, improving network performance and connectivity using adaptive multihop, and importantly, providing security and privacy for people-centric sensors and data.
Metal Nanotubule Membranes with Electrochemically Switchable Ion-Transport Selectivity

Membranes containing cylindrical metal nanotubules that span the complete thickness of the membrane are described. The inside radius of the nanotubules can be varied at will; nanotubule radii as small as 0.8 nanometer are reported. These membranes show selective ion transport analogous to that observed in ion-exchange polymers. Ion permselectivity occurs because excess charge density can be present on the inner walls of the metal tubules. The membranes reject ions with the same sign as the excess charge and transport ions of the opposite sign. Because the sign of the excess charge on the tubule can be changed potentiostatically, a metal nanotubule membrane can be either cation selective or anion selective, depending on the potential applied to the membrane.
Is academic marketing losing its way? Embrace intermediaries ☆

I suggest that a solution to Reibstein et al. (2009) diagnosis that Academic Marketing is losing its way is to seek creative connections with marketing intermediaries (consultancies and market rese...
Hybrid Model for Solidification and Convection

A hybrid model for continuum phase-change problems is presented. The hybrid model accounts for flow in regions of concentrated mush, dilute mush, and single-phase liquid. Scale analysis shows that, in dilute mush, the Blake-Kozeny-Carman relation may lead to inaccuracy in the continuum formulation for certain values of the Rayleigh and Darcy numbers. The hybrid model uses arctangent switching functions to switch on the Darcy flow and variable viscosity terms depending on the local value of the fraction solid. Two-dimensional example calculations suggest that the hybrid model more accurately accounts for transport in the dilute mush region.
Numerical modeling of power mosfets

Abstract The voltage limitations of UMOS vs VDMOS field-effect power transistor structures have been compared using 2-dimensional, 2-carrier numerical simulation for these devices in which the channel doping varies from source to drain. The electric field distribution at the surface and in the bulk is compared for these two structures. Premature voltage breakdown is predicted for the UMOS device caused by impact ionization due to the high electric field near the Si/SiO 2 interface.
Effects of Ethanol versus MTBE on Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene Natural Attenuation in Aquifer Columns

The increased use of ethanol as a replacement for the gasoline oxygenate, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), may lead to indirect impacts related to natural attenuation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenze...
Weapons in the molecular arms race.

Flock House virus protein B2 suppresses the RNA-mediated interference response by binding double-stranded RNA of almost any size or sequence. The crystal structure of this protein bound to RNA reveals a novel fold that suggests its mechanism of action.