cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative electromyography of the anal sphincter after uncomplicated vaginal delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Fecal incontinence in women is thought to be associated with sphincter laceration or pudendal nerve damage. A prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latency is evidence of profound nerve damage, but pudendal nerve terminal motor latency can be normal even when nerve injury has been sustained. We performed quantitative electromyography (EMG) to compare multiple motor unit action potential parameters between recently postpartum women and nulliparous women. METHODS: Standardized examinations were prospectively performed on 2 groups: 1) healthy nulliparous women without pelvic floor disorders (n = 28) and 2) asymptomatic women who were postpartum following vaginal delivery of their first child (n = 23). The examinations included pelvic organ prolapse quantification measurements, endoanal ultrasonography, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, sacral reflexes, and concentric needle EMG using multiple motor unit action potential analysis. RESULTS: A mean of 11.5 (standard deviation [sd] 1.1) weeks had elapsed since first vaginal deliveries in the postpartum group. The mean fetal weight at delivery was 3,495 (sd 458) grams. There were no sphincter defects seen by ultrasonography. Compared with the nulliparous women, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency and sacral reflexes (clitoral-anal reflex, urethral-anal reflex) were not increased in the postpartum group. Each of the quantitative parameters (duration, amplitude, area, turns, and phases), measured from motor unit action potentials in the postpartum group, were larger than in the nulliparous group (P ≤ .004, nested analysis of variance [ANOVA]). CONCLUSION: Quantitative EMG using multiple motor unit action potential analysis can detect the presence after vaginal childbirth of subtle nerve injury not demonstrable by pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. Even asymptomatic women show evidence of pelvic floor nerve injury after uncomplicated deliveries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2
Wound morbidity with staples compared with suture for cesarean skin closure by diabetic status.

AbstractObjective: To determine if the risk of post-cesarean wound morbidity in patients undergoing staple versus suture closure is modified by diabetic status.Methods: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial of skin closure with subcuticular 4-0 monocryl suture or surgical staples after cesarean delivery. The primary outcome was a composite of wound disruption or infection within 4–6 weeks. We compared the association between this outcome and skin closure method by diabetic status (also stratified by gestational or pregestational) using the Breslow–Day test for interaction.Results: Of 350 patients, 179 were randomized to staples and 171 to suture. Of the 67 (19.1%) diabetic patients, 35 were gestational and 32 pregestational. The incidence of composite wound morbidity in non-diabetics was 16.7% for staples and 3.6% for suture (p ≤ 0.001, RR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.8–11.8); it was 5.7% for staples and 15.6% for sutures in diabetics (p = 0.25, RR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.1–1.7). The corresponding Breslow–Day p value indic...
Endoscopic ultrasound may be unnecessary in the preoperative evaluation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.

Objectives Several imaging modalities are commonly performed during work-up of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), but guidelines do not suggest any one technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate tumour and duct measurements by computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and their ability to predict high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and cancer within pancreatic IPMN.
Pressure coefficients of elastic constants for porous materials: Correction for porosity and discussion on literature data

An empirical scheme, by which one can correct porosity effects on pressure coefficients of elastic constants for porous materials, is presented. The underlying idea for the scheme is our recognition of experimental observations that the rate of change of ultrasonic transit-times with hydrostatic pressure in a porous medium is independent of small porosity at a pressure range of 2 to 10 kb, a range of pressure most commonly utilized in acoustic experiments. The scheme has been successfully tested with two polycrystalline forsterite samples of 1.65% and 6.09% porosities, two polycrystalline corundum samples with about 0.3% porosity each, and one polycrystalline rutile sample with 0.89% porosity, for all of which the corresponding single-crystal data are available. In the light of the present work, most of the elasticity data obtained on polycrystalline samples may require revision; for example, the literature value of dKs/dp for hematite with 0.4% porosity is 4.53, which after the porosity correction becomes 4.91, while dKs/dp reported as 4.80 for a forsterite sample with 6.09% porosity becomes 5.19 with the porosity correction. It is concluded that the scheme presented here may be useful as a working tool for experimentalists dealing with the elasticity of polycrystalline materials.
Five-year trend of acquired antitubercular drug resistance in patients attending a tertiary care hospital at Dehradun (Uttarakhand).

Background/Aim: To study the prevalence and trend of acquired drug resistance to the first line antitubercular drugs . Materials and Methods: Sputum of 215 previously treated adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients over a period of 2002-2006 were subjected to culture and sensitivity testing against common antitubercular drugs. Result: Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was obtained from sputum specimen of 184 (85.58%) of the 215 patients who were studied; Overall, 113 (62.77%) of these were resistant to at least one antitubercular drug. Resistance to isoniazid was most common (62.22%) followed by rifampicin (57.22%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 103 (57.22%) cases. During the five-year study period, an increasing trend in drug resistance including MDR-TB was observed. Conclusion: This study showed increasing trend in drug resistance including MDR-TB in five years.
An Immersive Virtual Peer for Studying Social Influences on Child Cyclists' Road-Crossing Behavior

The goal of our work is to develop a programmatically controlled peer to bicycle with a human subject for the purpose of studying how social interactions influence road-crossing behavior. The peer is controlled through a combination of reactive controllers that determine the gross motion of the virtual bicycle, action-based controllers that animate the virtual bicyclist and generate verbal behaviors, and a keyboard interface that allows an experimenter to initiate the virtual bicyclist's actions during the course of an experiment. The virtual bicyclist's repertoire of behaviors includes road following, riding alongside the human rider, stopping at intersections, and crossing intersections through specified gaps in traffic. The virtual cyclist engages the human subject through gaze, gesture, and verbal interactions. We describe the structure of the behavior code and report the results of a study examining how 10- and 12-year-old children interact with a peer cyclist that makes either risky or safe choices in selecting gaps in traffic. Results of our study revealed that children who rode with a risky peer were more likely to cross intermediate-sized gaps than children who rode with a safe peer. In addition, children were significantly less likely to stop at the last six intersections after the experience of riding with the risky than the safe peer during the first six intersections. The results of the study and children's reactions to the virtual peer indicate that our virtual peer framework is a promising platform for future behavioral studies of peer influences on children's bicycle riding behavior.
Evidence for a two-directional hydrogen ion transport in chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis

Abstract The light-induced “pH rise” of Euglena chloroplasts is greatly enhanced by the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, and is reversed (“pH drop”) by the addition of amine uncouplers. The pH rise observed without either addition equals the difference between the changes in the presence of dinitrophenol and that in the presence of amines. When chloroplasts are suspended in medium of low osmolarity ( The data suggest the existence of two pumps, transporting protons in opposite directions, possibly coupled to different internal compartments.
Three Methods of Estimating a Model of Group Effects: A Comparison with Reference to School Effect Studies.

Three methods of estimating a model of school effects, involving either contextual or structural variables, are compared. The comparison shows that two methods, ordinary least squares and an approach based on the analysis of covariance, produce unbiased estimators under a given set of assumptions. The third method, based on a residualized input-output approach, produces biased estimators. When the model involves only contextual variables, the first two methods result in the same estimators. These results are presented using a matrix algebra formulation: they apply to the case where the model contains one or more covariates, and one or more school level variables. The relative advantages of the first two methods are considered, and it is suggested that in most situations the ordinary least squares approach is preferable.
Botswana's Beef Global Commodity Chain: Explaining the Resistance to Change.

Abstract In an era of increasing global agricultural trade, many firms and farms seek to upgrade their agricultural commodity chains to become better integrated into global markets. Utilizing a global commodity chain (GCC) approach, this analysis unravels the challenges to and the potential consequences of upgrading Botswana’s beef commodity chain. Specifically, the argument is made that political, economic, and cultural influences in the GCC contribute to distinctive driving factors that have prevented upgrading or niche marketing of Botswana’s beef. In comparison to two other countries in the region (South Africa and Namibia) that have upgraded their beef GCCs, Botswana’s producer driven GCC has not upgraded due in large part to the existence of three disparate producer groups: commercial feedlot, commercial extensive grazing, and communal producers. The diverse expectations, norms, daily practices and identities of the various actors in Botswana’s beef GCC contribute to contradictory policies and practices. This study reveals that cultural differences in a GCC can affect the capacity of the actors to upgrade the chain. Although culture does not drive or determine the action of actors in a commodity chain, it does shape the meanings associated with particular commodities and influences the ways in which actors think and behave. Moreover, if upgrading strategies are culturally alien or alienating to a significant segment of actors within the chain, upgrading efforts will be resisted by those alienated actors.
Pore Shrinkage and Sintering Stress

The criterion for the stability of a large pore in a fine pore matrix is reconsidered, taking into account the pressure exerted by the densifying matrix. The result indicates that progressively larger pores can shrink, even if grain growth is minimal or absent.
Public Transport in Dhaka: Organizational, Funding, and Financing Issues for Sustainable Development

With more than 15 million inhabitants in an area of some 360 sq km, Dhaka emerges as one of the rapidly growing, densely populated, congested, and polluted mega-cities in the world today. Dhaka's transportation system is road based, and transport infrastructure is substantially inadequate with approximately 7% land dedicated to transport infrastructure. Despite the tremendous demands for public transportation services, Dhaka is poorly served by only a bus-based system, and government has yet to articulate strong policies, regulations, and investment commitments in this sector. The Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC), a poorly funded government agency, provides bus service covering only a small area of the large metropolis. Privately owned and operated bus transit providers are very fragmented and unorganized small companies that provide inadequate and very poor quality of service. The resulting effect is a degraded mobility for the dwellers that severely hampers livelihoods, economic growth, and productivity. The focus of this paper is to addresses the scopes and opportunities for the government and private sectors to participate in the development of a sound public transportation system from organizational, operational, and investment (e.g., funding and financing) prospective. As such, the paper critically examines various organizational settings, as well as funding and financing options and mechanisms from local socioeconomic and governmental contexts, and makes recommendations accordingly. The paper suggests that the national government should focus on enacting appropriate policies and regulations to establish an umbrella organization that would ensure seamless transit service across jurisdictions and consolidate/integrate all service providers. Finally, the paper discusses the opportunities for the private transit providers to participate in the operations of routes and systems under a public and private partnership framework.
Luffariellolide, an anti-inflammatory sesterterpene from the marine sponge Luffariella sp.

Luffariellolide (2) is a sesterterpene from the Palauan spongeLuffariella sp. that has useful anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast with the irreversible action of manoalide (1) on phospholipase A2, luffariellolide (2) is a slightly less potent but partially reversible PLA2 inhibitor.
Convergence of the transfer operator for rational maps

We prove that the transfer operator for a general class of rational maps converges exponentially fast in the supremum norm and in Holder norms, for small enough Holder exponents, to its principal eigendirection.
Universal and Systematic Design Instruction for accommodating diverse learning styles in criminal justice

This research illustrates the benefits of Universal Design for Instruction (UDI) and the Systematic Design for Instruction (SDI) in the classroom. The UDI and SDI approaches assist in accommodating legal mandates, diversity and equity among students without compromising academic standards. The UDI philosophy and SDI methods of instruction serve as the foundation for an introductory criminal justice course. The focus is on diverse student learning styles and active learning strategies. A questionnaire evaluated student opinions concerning their experiences with varied instructional modalities and computer technology. The preliminary survey findings were positive for active learning demonstrations, varied learning experiences, and on-line practice testing. Summative evaluation results indicate that these are preferred learning modalities for student participants in two introductory criminal justice courses at the University.
Testing theories of chiral symmetry

We investigate various physical consequences of theories of chiral symmetry. Predictions of the symmetry are given for the meson electroproduction process at an on-shell kinematical point where unknown contributions are minimized. Sum rules are derived for the corrections. Then we present a sum rule for the ∑ term in meson-baryon scattering from the assumptions of Bjorken limit, precocious asymptopia, and finite-mass dispersion relations. We use the commutation relations of the gluon model as input for a numerical evaluation. Next the explicit canonical structure of the light-cone restriction of the commutator of the weak current with its divergence is considered in the interacting quark-gluon model quantized in the infinite–momentum frame. The implications on neutrino scattering are analyzed. W4 and W5 are predicted to scale nontrivially as v−2F4(ω) and v−2F5(ω), which provides a simple test of light-cone current algebra feasible in the near future. The ∑ term for weak currents is deduced from a causal representation near the light-cone, and a correction is also made in the W5 – sum rule obtained by naive infinite momentum techniques. As a by-product we obtain improved derivations of the Adler neutrino sum rules.
Chronic Reduction of Endocochlear Potential Reduces Auditory Nerve Activity: Further Confirmation of an Animal Model of Metabolic Presbyacusis

Gerbils aged in quiet show a decline of the endocochlear potential (EP) and elevated auditory nerve compound action potential (CAP) thresholds. However, establishing a direct relationship between an age-related reduction in the EP and changes in the activities of primary auditory neurons is difficult owing to the complexity of age-related histological changes in the cochlea. To address this issue, we developed a young gerbil model of “metabolic” presbyacusis that uses an osmotic pump to deliver furosemide into the round window niche for 7 days, resulting in a chronically reduced EP. In this model, the only major histopathologic changes were restricted to the hook region of the cochlea and consisted of loss of strial intermediate cells and massive edema in the lateral wall. The morphological and physiological evidence suggests that the cochlea can adapt to furosemide application over time. The morphology of spiral ganglion cells and hair cells appeared normal throughout the cochlea. CAP responses and EP values in this model are similar to those of quiet-aged ears. The spontaneous activity of single auditory fibers (n = 188) was assessed in 15 young gerbils treated with furosemide for 7 days. The percentage of recorded low-spontaneous rate (SR) fibers at characteristic frequencies (CFs) ≥ 6 kHz was significantly lower in furosemide-treated than in control ears. Recovery function tests of CAP responses after prior stimulation also showed a decline in activity of the low-SR population with CFs ≥ 6 kHz in the treated cochleas. A similar loss in the activity of low-SR fiber has been previously shown in quiet-aged gerbils. These results suggest that dysfunction of the cochlear lateral wall and subsequent chronic reduction in the EP can directly affect the activity patterns of primary auditory neurons in a manner similar to that seen in aged gerbils.
Metabolic Modulation: A New Therapeutic Target in Treatment of Heart Failure

Treatment of heart failure involves management of risk factors and control of symptoms. Traditional management of heart failure involves the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, and digitalis. Metabolic modulators are a newer class of drugs that benefit these patients by modulating cardiac metabolism without altering hemodynamics. They have the potential to relieve symptoms in patients with refractory heart failure who are already on optimal medical therapy. These drugs increase glucose metabolism at the expense of free fatty acid metabolism, thereby enhancing efficient use of oxygen. This review discusses the role of 4 metabolic modulators drugs that could potentially be used for heart failure therapy: trimetazidine, ranolazine, perhexiline, and etomoxir.
Optical properties of a retro-reflection fiber cross section formed via tri-component fiber extrusion

A retro-reflection, polymer fiber cross section is fabricated using a tri-component fiber extruder. The fiber cross section is comprised of a series of right angles. The right angles are retro-reflection features that run the entire length of the fiber. The retro-reflective features are formed by an extrusion process where the polymer fiber material is forced through a series of plates resulting in the cross section having the desired shape. Because the fiber cross sectional features form naturally by intersecting chords, the features scale naturally and have a tendency to maintain their form when the fiber is drawn to the desired diameter. Alternating the indices of refraction of the cross-sectional features allows for the realization of a number of unique and useful optical effects. The fiber cross section exhibits refraction and diffraction qualities as well as retro-reflection properties. As such, it exhibits prismatic and multiple-order diffraction interference. Hence, the fiber appears colorful when illuminated with white light. The colors can be controlled by a number of means: for example by the inclusion of dyes, nanoparticles, and by post-processing applications of thin films.
Release of Coordinated Behavior in Crayfish by Single Central Neurons

By stimulating and recording from the same interneuron at two separate points, we have shown that coordinated output to the postural abdominal muscles of crayfish can be produced by electrical stimulation of a single cell. Several central neurons can individually initiate one type of movement(for example, flexion),each producing a unique abdominal geometry.
Adapting sheet impedance for electromagnetic compatibility

The ability to manipulate a complex impedance sheet about a cylinder of arbitrary diameter to control the overall scattering characteristics at particular angles for shielding or scattering applications is presented. It is shown that with the capability to readily control both the real and imaginary components of a percolated lossy film's effective impedance, specific impedance distributions can be obtained to effectively direct the overall nulls in the bistatic scattering pattern. The exact approach only requires negligible truncation error of the matrix solution and can be applied to cylinders of arbitrary size.
Eating disorder symptomatology is not associated with pregnancy and perinatal complications in a cohort of adolescents who were born preterm.

Objective We attempt to resolve the question of whether pregnancy complications and perinatal trauma, including brain insults, in premature infants increase the susceptibility to eating disorder symptomatology during the adolescent years. Method This study uses a historical, prospective methodology to investigate the 84 members of a cohort of infants born prematurely (<33 weeks gestation) at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital during a 25-month period, from 1979 to 1981. We extracted the following information from their neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) records: ultrasound examination findings (graded on intraventricular hemorrhage [IVH] and periventricular leukomalacia [PVL]), records of pregnancy complications and perinatal trauma, and medical problems during the NICU stay. This method eliminated recall bias, a problem with previous studies. We followed up the members of this cohort, obtaining data on 53 (63%). We correlated the NICU data with the following outcome measures: physical measurements and psychosocial, psychological, and eating disorder symptomatology data obtained by self-report questionnaires. Pregnancy and perinatal complications were combined into one composite variable. We used the method of multiple discriminant function analysis to determine statistical significance between groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the low (0–2) and high (3–7) composite variable of pregnancy/perinatal complications and outcome variables. Conclusions These results indicate that traumatic episodes early in life, including brain insults, do not appear to increase the susceptibility of developing eating disorder symptomatology, depression, deficiency of self-esteem, or distortion of body shape during late adolescence. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 202–209, 2002; DOI. 10.1002/eat.10021
Area-to-point Kriging in spatial hedonic pricing models

This paper proposes a geostatistical hedonic price model in which the effects of location on house values are explicitly modeled. The proposed geostatistical approach, namely area-to-point Kriging with External Drift (A2PKED), can take into account spatial dependence and spatial heteroskedasticity, if they exist. Furthermore, this approach has significant implications in situations where exhaustive area-averaged housing price data are available in addition to a subset of individual housing price data. In the case study, we demonstrate that A2PKED substantially improves the quality of predictions using apartment sale transaction records that occurred in Seoul, South Korea, during 2003. The improvement is illustrated via a comparative analysis, where predicted values obtained from different models, including two traditional regression-based hedonic models and a point-support geostatistical model, are compared to those obtained from the A2PKED model.
Some mathematical aspects of mapping DNA cosmids.

A number of experimental and mathematical problems must be solved before high resolution physical maps of mammalian chromosomes can be reliably determined. Such a map might consist of an ordered set of nonsequenced, overlapping DNA fragments 20,000-40,000 bases long, produced by digestion of a chromosome, using two restriction enzymes. Map construction requires assigning a signature to each fragment that differentiates it unambiguously from every other fragment, and then devising a computationally efficient algorithm that will provide a unique ordering of the fragments. In the first part of this paper we present a polynomial time algorithm that yields a unique map, and is largely independent of the method for assigning signatures.
The 1980–81 Drought in Eastern Pennsylvania

Newspapers, television, and newsweeklies contained numerous articles proclaiming drought conditions during 1980 and 1981. This study investigates the causes and consequences of the drought as it affected eastern Pennsylvania. Precipitation data indicate below-average amounts during this period, while temperature records show above-average values. These values show that a meteorological drought did occur in this region during 1980 and 1981. However, meteorological factors were only part of the cause of the region's water shortage. In addition to analyzing the drought's meteorological origin, this study probes the anthropogenic and regional social-political causes and impacts of the water shortage. Although regional water storage facilities are adequate when below-average precipitation amounts occur in very local areas, they are not adequate when below-average amounts occur over larger regions. This inadequacy is compounded when demands such as the needs of other political regions and the river-basin ecolog...
Inclines of algebraic structures

An incline is a generalization of a Boolean algebra or fuzzy algebra consisting of a semiring satisfying additive idempotence and the incline axiom xy + x = x, xy + y = y. The ideals in a ring or semigroup form an incline, as do the topologizing filters in a ring. We generalize the latter result to semirings, and obtain the structure of these inclines in specific cases.
Ultrastructure of vegetative organization and cell division in the freshwater red alga Compsopogon

Uniseriate filaments of the freshwater red algaCompsopogon coeruleus were examined by transmission electron microscopy for details of vegetative organization and cell division with the goal of providing useful taxonomic characters. Each cell's single, complex chloroplast contains a peripheral encircling thylakoid, and unlike the vast majority of red algae, the cis-regions of dictyosomes are not consistently juxtaposed with mitochondria. These subcellular features, which are present in all examined genera in theCompsopogonales, Erythropeltidales, andRhodochaetales, along with certain unique reproductive characteristics, unify these three orders. During mitosis in uncorticated axial cells, a small, ring-shaped nucleus associated organelle (NAO) is located at each division pole, an intranuclear spindle comes to a moderately acute focus at the flattened, fenestrated metaphase-anaphase division poles and perinuclear ER partially encloses dividing nuclei, including a well-developed interzonal midpiece. The cleavage furrow penetrates the large, central vacuolar region to separate daughter nuclei. These cell division features most closely resemble the pattern described for the orderCeramiales. Our observations of vegetative and dividing cells ofC. coeruleus supplement the growing volume of evidence in favour of uniting all red algae into a single class without subclass designations.
High-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular risk reduction: promises and realities.

In a recent article in the Revista Espanola de Cardiologia, Cordero et al. reported a study of the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in 959 unselected consecutive patients who were admitted for chest pain. The authors found that low levels of HDL-C (<40 mg/dL) were independently associated with diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), that is, the lower the level of HDL-C, the greater the prevalence of ACS. This article appears at a time when the assumed protective role of HDL-C against arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been called into question after the publication of the ACCORD clinical trial and the premature discontinuation of the AIM-HIGH study. In view of this, it is worth asking ourselves about the actual role of HDL-C in CVD.
Results of Revision Anterior Shoulder Stabilization Surgery in Adolescent Athletes

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine failure rates, functional outcomes, and risk factors for failure after revision anterior shoulder stabilization surgery in high-risk adolescent athletes. Methods Adolescent athletes who underwent primary anterior shoulder stabilization were reviewed. Patients undergoing subsequent revision stabilization surgery were identified and analyzed. Failure rates after revision surgery were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Failure was defined as recurrent instability requiring reoperation. Functional outcomes included the Marx activity score; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score; and University of California, Los Angeles score. The characteristics of patients who required reoperation for recurrent instability after revision surgery were compared with those of patients who required only a single revision to identify potential risk factors for failure. Results Of 90 patients who underwent primary anterior stabilization surgery, 15 (17%) had failure and underwent revision surgery (mean age, 16.6 years; age range, 14 to 18 years). The mean follow-up period was 5.5 years (range, 2 to 12 years). Of the 15 revision patients, 5 (33%) had recurrent dislocations and required repeat revision stabilization surgery at a mean of 50 months (range, 22 to 102 months) after initial revision. No risk factors for failure were identified. The Kaplan-Meier reoperation-free estimates were 86% (95% confidence interval, 67% to 100%) at 24 months and 78% (95% confidence interval, 56% to 100%) at 48 months after revision surgery. The mean final Marx activity score was 14.8 (range, 5 to 20); American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, 82.1 (range, 33 to 100); and University of California, Los Angeles score, 30.8 (range, 16 to 35). Conclusions At 5.5 years' follow-up, adolescent athletes had a high failure rate of revision stabilization surgery and modest functional outcomes. We were unable to convincingly identify specific risk factors for failure of revision surgery. Level of Evidence Level IV, retrospective therapeutic case series.
Stereoselective Dihapto-Binding of Prochiral Aromatic Compounds by {TpRe(CO)(PMe3)}: Synthesis, Characterization, Stability, and Enantiofacial Discrimination (Tp = Hydrido(tris)pyrazolylborate)

Synthetic access to {TpRe(CO)(PMe3)} and the ability of this fragment to bind unsaturated compounds are reported. A variety of complexes of the type TpRe(CO)(PMe3)(η2-L) (L = cyclohexene, cyclopentene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, thiophene, 2-methylthiophene, furan, or acetone) have been isolated and characterized, and stereochemical and stability issues of aromatic molecules bound to {TpRe(CO)(PMe3)} are discussed in detail. In particular, a solid-state structural study of TpRe(CO)(PMe3)(η2-cyclohexene) has provided a foundation for a discussion of the stereoelectronic features of the Re(I) fragment, and substitution reactions of an aromatic ligand by acetone provide insight into the stability of these aromatic complexes. In addition, a solid-state X-ray diffraction study of the Re(II) complex TpRe(CO)(PMe3)(OTf) (OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate) is presented.
Incubation of avoidance CRs in the rabbit produced by increase over time in stimulus generalization to apparatus.

The present paper presents an explanation of the phenomenon of increase with time following learning, in the frequency of a learned response (incubation). Two experiments tested predictions derived from a stimulus generalization (SG) hypothesis about incubation. In the first, exposure to apparatus stimuli for 8 hr immediately following single session avoidance acquisition was not as effective as a 24-hr delayed exposure in reducing resistance to delayed extinction. Both immediate and delayed exposure reduced the frequency of intertrial responses (ITRs) in the delayed extinction test. In addition, these results showed: (a) persistance of the exposure-produced decrement in resistance to extinction through a minimum interval of 24 hr; and (b) a greater sensitivity of ITRs than of CRs to the exposure treatments. In the second experiment, single-session acquisition was followed by tests for SG at each of three intersession delays (0-, 24-, or 48-hr). Using ITR data of the test session, SG gradients to altered apparatus stimuli were constructed at each delay value. The results showed that incubation and stimulus control by apparatus both occurred at the 24-hr delay. Neither phenomenon was associated with either the 48-hr delay or the 0-hr delay. The results of both experiments were in agreement with the predictions of the SG hypothesis. Compatibility with data on incubation, of alternative hypotheses having consolidation of memory, incubation of fear, and distribution of conditioning trials as central factors, was examined. It was concluded that incubation is an adaptive mechanism which results in compensation for loss with time of many component discriminations comprising a learned behavior.
Time-of-Flight Spectroscopy at the NIST Center for Neutron Research

The time-of-flight method has a long and distinguished history. In one form or another it has been in use at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly known as the National Bureau of Standards, since 1970. The current incumbent is the Disk Chopper Spectrometer (DCS) [1], a direct geometry machine with an optical filter and cooled graphite filter, seven disk choppers, a sample stage, and 913 non-position-sensitive detectors. Slots of different widths in the pulsing and monochromating choppers enable the user to choose among three distinct intensity/resolution conditions without having to change the wavelength or chopper speeds. In practice the high resolution option is not used because the beam does not have sufficient intensity. On the other hand we have used the narrowest (1.35°) slots in the choppers closest to the sample, with the remaining choppers stopped, for pulsed white beam transmission measurements (e.g. ref. [2]) and for Laue diffraction measurements (to determine the ...
Cross Validation of a Self-concept Tool for Use with Children with Cerebral Palsy

The purpose of this research was to cross validate a self concept tool, the Self Description Questionnaire-I (SDQ-I), for use with children with cerebral palsy (CP). The children with CP had average intelligence (AI) or mild intellectual disability (MID). In order to cross validate the tool, 104 children with CP were administered the SDQ-I. Then, the psychometric stability of the SDQ-I was investigated using coefficient alpha to determine internal reliability, and factor analysis was used to determine construct validity. The primary results revealed that the Self Description Questionnaire had moderate internal consistency using coefficient alpha and emerging construct validity using scree plot, principal factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The construct validity is emerging as there were too few participants to make a final determination regarding the validity of the tool using structural equation modeling and factor analysis. It is suggested that more research needs to be done in this area to provide a clearer consensus on the construct validity of the SDQ-I for use with children with CP.
The thermodynamics of Pd-Au-H ternary solid solutions

Abstract The solubility of hydrogen in PdAuH ternary solutions in equilibrium with H gas at atmospheric pressure has been measured in the temperature range 625–1250 K and in Pd-Au “binary solvents” containing up to 80 At % of Au Concomitant elastic measurements have provided data which enable the partial thermodynamic functions of the H atoms deduced from the solubility measurements to be converted so as to refer to a hypothetical Pd-Au lattice of constant specific volume The resulting “volume corrected” functions have been discussed in terms of the cell model for ternary solutions and have been shown to vary with temperature and Au concentration in a manner in accord with this model.
Spectroscopic Studies of Electron and Hole Trapping in Zeolites: Formation of Hydrated Electrons and Hydroxyl Radicals

The trapping of electrons by water clusters and the reaction of positively charged holes in pulsed electron radiolysis of hydrated zeolites X and Y were studied using time-resolved transient absorp...
Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration

Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration. Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis(editors). Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991. 278 pp. $39.95 (cloth), $24.95 (paper). ISBN 1-56098-035-4, ISBN 1-56098-036-2.
Treatment of bone and joint infections utilizing a third-generation cephalosporin with an outpatient drug delivery device

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy, safety, and cost effectiveness of a third-generation cephalosporin, cefotaxime, administered via an ambulatory delivery system (ADS) in the treatment of bone and joint infections (BJI). A total of 27 BJI patients enrolled as a subgroup of a multicenter, prospective, open-label trial were administered 1-2 g of cefotaxime every 8 hours using ADS. Of these patients, 18 were evaluable, with the causative organisms identified and susceptible to cefotaxime. The evaluable group comprised 7 primary and 11 postsurgical BJI patients. Inpatient treatment followed by outpatient treatment with cefotaxime/ADS achieved a clinical success rate of 83.3%; however, the mean length of hospital stay for these patients was not substantially reduced. Administration via ADS permitted administration of several daily doses with minimal intervention by the patient. Both the drug and the delivery system were well tolerated. In conclusion, an intravenous antibiotic regimen such as cefotaxime administered via an ADS is an appropriate management option for patients with BJI. It is efficacious, well tolerated, and user friendly.
Complications associated with the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of athletic injuries.

Background:The potent anti-inflammatory pharmacologic effects of the corticosteroids (cortisone and synthetic derivatives) has led to their extensive usage in the management of rheumatologic diseases and athletic musculoskeletal injuries. The efficacy and risks of locally injected or systemically ad
Application of Gas Turbine Power to Oilwell Service Pumping

This paper discusses the application of the two-shaft gas turbine to oilwell stimulation pumping through the successful design and manufacture of a mobile mounted 2000-hp pumper, using two 1000-hp turbines. The design is discussed from the standpoint of: functional requirements; operational requirements; power train design; control requirements and design; auxiliary systems; and field operating experience. The pumper was put into operation in October 1968 and after one year of experience it was judged successful in terms of reliability and reduction of maintenance and operating costs. Two more pumpers are now planned and scheduled for completion in March and June 1970.Copyright © 1970 by ASME
Role of Calcium in Bone Health during Childhood

A discussion of observational and longitudinal studies examining the effect of early-life calcium intake on bone health is provided. A critical analysis of pediatric calcium supplementation trials is conducted by determining annualized percent changes in bone mineral density (BMD). The focus of the analysis is to identify consistent findings at specific bone sites, determine whether effects differed by the age of children studied, and establish the relationship between bone changes and baseline calcium intake. We found that increases in BMD owing to higher calcium intake among children appear to occur primarily in cortical bone sites, are most apparent among populations with low baseline calcium intakes, and do not seem to persist beyond the calcium supplementation period. Older (e.g., pubertal) children appear to have greater annual increases in lumbar BMD than younger (e.g., prepubertal) children. The annual percent increase in midradius BMD appears to be greater at higher intakes among the older children, but such a relationship is less apparent among the younger children.
994-94 Use of Moderately Lossy JPEG Compression Does Not Result in Loss of Diagnostic Information in Digital Coronary Angiograms

Purpose Digital image compression is a means of reducing storage and exchange requirements for coronary angiograms. In order to assess the diagnostic accuracy of image compression, digital coronary arteriograms were analyzed in compressed and noncompressed formats. Methods The effect on visual assessment of stenosis severity of digital coronary angiograms was evaluated on a set of 100 image sequences using lossy (15: 1) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression software. A panel of 3 angiographers reviewed 6200 frames from 10 clinical exams both with and without standard JPEG compression. Original and compressed versions of each sequence were viewed in random order by all panel members blinded to compression status. Images were viewed on the same display used for digital acquisition with the Philips Digital Cardiac Imaging (DCI) System. Panelists identified and graded severity of 99 stenoses in quartiles with g50% considered to be significant. Results There was no significant difference in the number of lesions identified with each modality. Overall agreement for severity of all lesions between compressed and non-compressed modalities was 0.60 and Kappa = 0.52. If lesions were dichotomized into “significant” (g50%) or “insignificant” (≤50%), agreement was 0.94 and Kappa = 0.88, suggesting that when disagreement occurred, it tended to be within one severity grade. These agreement statistics are consistent with previously reported intra-observer variability in the review of cine-coronary angiograms. Conclusions The significant reduction in digital storage and exchange requirements provided by lossy JPEG does not result in a decrease in diagnostic quality of digital coronary angiograms. Variability in visual assessment from original and compressed data formats is comparable to intra-observer variability from identical data formats. Therefore, JPEG compression does not result in loss of diagnostic information and is a valid means of reducing storage and exchange requirements of coronary angiograms.
Hepatocytes produce TNF-α following hypoxia-reoxygenation and liver ischemia-reperfusion in a NADPH oxidase- and c-Src-dependent manner

Cell line studies have previously demonstrated that hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) leads to the production of NADPH oxidase 1 and 2 (NOX1 and NOX2)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) required for the activation of c-Src and NF-κB. We now extend these studies into mouse models to evaluate the contribution of hepatocytes to the NOX- and c-Src-dependent TNF-α production that follows H/R in primary hepatocytes and liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). In vitro, c-Src-deficient primary hepatocytes produced less ROS and TNF-α following H/R compared with controls. In vivo, c-Src-KO mice also had impaired TNF-α and NF-κB responses following partial lobar liver I/R. Studies in NOX1 and p47phox knockout primary hepatocytes demonstrated that both NOX1 and p47phox are partially required for H/R-mediated TNF-α production. To further investigate the involvement of NADPH oxidases in the production of TNF-α following liver I/R, we performed additional in vivo experiments in knockout mice deficient for NOX1, NOX2, p47phox, Rac1, and/or Rac2. Cumulatively, these results demonstrate that NOX2 and its activator subunits (p47phox and Rac) control the secretion of TNF-α by the liver following I/R. Interestingly, in the absence of Kupffer cells and NOX2, NOX1 played a dominant role in TNF-α production following hepatic I/R. However, NOX1 deletion alone had little effect on I/R-induced TNF-α. Thus Kupffer cell-derived factors and NOX2 act to suppress hepatic NOX1-dependent TNF-α production. We conclude that c-Src and NADPH oxidase components are necessary for redox-mediated production of TNF-α following liver I/R and that hepatocytes play an important role in this process.
THE ONTOLOGICAL MOTIVATIONS FOR THE THEORY OF DESCRIPTIONS

: In this paper I argue that Russell's “On Denoting” is a work in ontology, not the philosophy of language or logic. Specifically, I claim that it addresses two ontological problems: (1) What is the proper analysis of the truth-makers for sentences containing definite descriptions? (2) What is the proper analysis of the connection between those sentences and their truth-makers?
Intelligent Materials Properties of DNA and Strategies for Its Incorporation into Electroactive Polymeric Thin Film Systems

We propose to create a novel class of intelligent materials by integrating two separate classes of intelligent materials—one biological and the other a thin film conducting polymer. The first class, DNA possesses superior intelligent material properties designed over evolutionary time to function specifically and efficiently in integrated macromolecular arrays in cells called chromo somes. The second material is the polymeric thin film or two-dimensional Langmuir Blodgett (LB) monolayer film. In our approach, films will be comprised of electroactive alkylated conducting polymeric materials, such as polyalkylpyrrole and polyalkylthiophene, that are derivatized with biotin. Steptavidin conjugated DNA will be attached directly or biotinylated DNA will be stably at tached to this film via a bridging streptavidin protein. To date, the bulk of our work has centered on characterizing the DNA binding to thick films of conducting polymers. A near term aim is to incor porate this signal transduction system into fib...
Autonomy, Reciprocity, and Responsibility: Darwall and Levinas on the Second Person

Abstract Stephen Darwall’s The Second‐Person Standpoint converges with Emmanuel Levinas’s concern about the role of the second‐person relationship in ethics. This paper contrasts their methodologies (regressive analysis of presuppositions versus phenomenology) to explain Darwall’s narrower view of ethical experience in terms of expressed reactive attitudes. It delineates Darwall’s overall justificatory strategy and the centrality of autonomy and reciprocity within it, in contrast to Levinas’s emphasis on the experience of responsibility. Asymmetrical responsibility plays a more foundational role as a critical counterpoint to ‘mean‐spirited’ reciprocity than Darwall’s laudable distinction between accountability and revenge, and responsibility even founds this distinction. The experience of being summoned to asymmetrical responsibility amplifies the meaning of ‘authority’, which is a presupposition for Darwall. Finally, asymmetrical responsibility helps develop decentred reasoning, invites risk beyond the b...
Thermal-wave imaging of composites and polymers

We describe pulse-echo thermal wave imaging and present images of defects in fiber- reinforced polymers and ceramics. In addition we will show thermal images of propagating cracks in polymers.