cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Athletic Trainers: Collegiate Student-Athletes' Perceptions.

Context Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) athletic trainers (ATs) face uncertain acceptance in the workplace. Objective To examine the perceptions of National Collegiate Athlet...
Evidence of analogical re-representation from a change detection task

Abstract The flexibility to map similar, but non-identical relations, is a key characteristic of human analogical reasoning. Understanding how this flexibility is implemented is necessary for a complete accounting of analogical processes. The structure mapping theory of analogy addresses this issue by invoking re-representation—an online transformation of conceptually similar relational content that reveals potential partial identity matches between predicates. Despite the critical importance of re-representation to structure mapping, very little empirical work has validated the psychological reality of this mechanism, with the existing evidence being no more than suggestive. The present work investigates the likelihood of re-representation across two experiments using a novel change detection task. The resultant findings demonstrate precise evidence of representational change in relational content of analogs. Experiment 2 further explores the relationship between lower-order relational similarity and the likelihood of re-representation.
Dynamic modeling of carbon nanofiber growth in strong electric fields via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is an important method in the synthesis of carbon nanofibers which have been widely used in many technologies. Previous work devoted to the theoretical modeling of this process focused only on kinetics, i.e., the steady-state growth rate and its dependence on experimental conditions. This paper develops a dynamic model of a single carbon nanofiber grown in the cathode layer of a weakly ionized C2H2 glow discharge plasma. The model takes into account all main processes, including chemical kinetics, heat transfer, and the dynamics of electric field distribution. Specifically, the model considers the effects of a strong electric field on nanofiber growth: the field enhanced neutral particle flux and heat flux toward the catalyst and the increased catalyst temperature as a result of the thermal field emission current (along with its accompanying Nottingham effect). Numerical simulation shows that the increased fluxes caused by a strong electric field are unlikely to lead to a substantial acceleration of nanofiber growth. The growth tends to saturate, up to a complete stop, caused by the catalyst heating, which starts around the same time the field enhanced fluxes become significant. This serves as an alternate termination mechanism of nanofiber growth to the commonly-known catalyst poisoning. The competition and transition of the two mechanisms when changing the characteristic time of catalyst poisoning are shown. The results of this work help to improve the physical understanding of nanofiber growth and lay the foundation for further studies on other types of plasma-assisted nanofabrication.
Drinking water vulnerability in less-populated communities in Texas to wastewater-derived contaminants

De facto potable reuse occurs when treated wastewater is discharged upstream of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and can lead to contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) occurring in potable water. Our prior research, focusing on larger communities that each serve >10,000 people across the USA, indicates that elevated de facto reuse (DFR) occurs in Texas, and thus we added to our model DWTPs serving smaller communities to understand their vulnerability to CECs. Here, we show that two-thirds of all surface water intakes in Texas were impacted by DFR at levels exceeding 90% during even mild droughts, and under average streamflow DFR levels range between 1 and 20%. DWTPs serving lower population communities (<10,000 people) have higher DFR levels, and fewer than 2% of these communities have advanced technologies (e.g., ozone, activated carbon) at DWTPs to remove CECs. Efforts to improve water quality in these less populated communities are an important priority. The model approach and results can be used to identify prioritization for monitoring and treatment of CECs, including in underserved communities, which normally lack knowledge of their impacts from DFR occurring within their watersheds.
Sequential Therapy for Remission Induction in Severe Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis.

Background The introduction of combination therapy with glucocorticoids (GC) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) or rituximab (RTX) has resulted in remission rates exceeding 90% in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). However, early treatment-related mortality remains a major concern and has driven the search for safer induction regimens exploring minimization or avoidance of GC and CYC. Most trials have excluded patients with severe renal disease. We report the outcomes of AAV patients with severe renal disease treated with sequential therapy (ST) starting with (GC) and oral (CYC) followed by transition to (RTX). Methods Patients with new or relapsing severe AAV who presented with severe renal disease and/or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) were identified. RPGN was defined as at least a 20% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over a 2-week period along with hematuria and proteinuria. Induction treatment included pulse (GC) for 3 days followed by oral prednisone tapered to 5 mg by month 6, oral (CYC) adjusted for GFR until improvement in Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), and serum creatinine at which point (CYC) was stopped and induction dose of (RTX) was given. Use of plasmapheresis (PLEX) was allowed. The primary outcome was complete remission defined as BVAS of zero by 6 months. Descriptive data are presented as median with range and mean with SD. Results Nine patients met the inclusion criteria. Median age at diagnosis was 63 years. The majority were females, myeloperoxidase ANCA positive, and had a new diagnosis. The mean nadir (SD) eGFR was 12 (5) with 3 requiring dialysis. The median BVAS at the time of diagnosis was 15. All patients received ST and 3 received PLEX. The median exposure to oral CYC was 35 days. The mean (SD) eGFR and median BVAS were 26 (12) and 3, respectively, at the time of switching to RTX. The median prednisone dose at 6M was 5 mg. The median follow-up was 44 months. All patients achieved remission. One patient with relapsing disease reached ESRD. The mean (SD) eGFR in the remaining 8 patients at last FU was 37 (27), and the mean (SD) eGFR rise at 1 year was 26 (25). Adverse events included 2 patients with pneumonia and 3 with bone marrow suppression. There were no deaths. Conclusion ST with GC and CYC followed by RTX is effective for in AAV patients with severe renal disease. Therapy-related adverse events are comparable to other studies, and further modification in ST with decrease in GC dosage should be explored.
Assessment of mechanical properties of articular cartilage with quantitative three-dimensional ultrashort echo time (UTE) cones magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not capable of detecting signal from the deep cartilage due to its short transverse relaxation time (T2). Moreover, several quantitative MRI techniques are significantly influenced by the magic angle effect. The combinations of ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI with magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) and Adiabatic T1ρ (UTE-AdiabT1ρ) imaging allow magic angle-insensitive assessments of all regions of articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between quantitative three-dimensional UTE MRI biomarkers and mechanical properties of human tibiofemoral cartilage specimens. In total, 40 human tibiofemoral cartilage specimens were harvested from three male and four female donors (64 ± 18 years old). Cartilage samples were scanned using a series of quantitative 3D UTE Cones T2* (UTE-T2*), T1 (UTE-T1), UTE-AdiabT1ρ, and UTE-MT sequences in a standard knee coil on a clinical 3T scanner. UTE-MT data were acquired with a series of MT powers and frequency offsets to calculate magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), as well as macromolecular fraction (MMF) and macromolecular T2 (T2mm) through modeling. Cartilage stiffness and Hayes elastic modulus were measured using indentation tests. Correlations of 3D UTE Cones MRI measurements in the superficial layer, deep layer, and global regions of interest (ROIs) with mechanical properties were investigated. Cartilage mechanical properties demonstrated highest correlations with UTE measures of the superficial layer of cartilage. AdiabT1ρ, MTR, and MMF in superficial layer ROIs showed significant correlations with Hayes elastic modulus (p
Implementation of a screening tool for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) in a pediatric otolaryngology clinic.

Abstract Background Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disease arising from motile ciliary dysfunction and associated with recurrent and chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Pediatric otolaryngologists may see these patients prior to the development of lung disease. Features of PCD may overlap with other suppurative respiratory diseases, creating diagnostic challenges. A simple screening tool would be beneficial to identify potential patients who have chronic upper respiratory tract disease requiring further specialist evaluation. Objective To test a simple screening tool consisting of four questions to detect PCD in children with chronic otitis media and chronic rhinosinusitis seen in a tertiary otolaryngology clinic. Methods A prospective, single site, observational study in a tertiary care pediatric otolaryngology clinic. Children aged 3–17 years diagnosed with chronic otitis media or rhinosinusitis with onset at less than 2 years of age were recruited. All study subjects had at least one of four key clinical features for PCD as determined by answers to screening questions, while control subjects had none. All participants completed a medical history questionnaire and nasal nitric oxide measurements. Those with reduced nasal nitric oxide levels were referred to our PCD center for further evaluation. Results A total of 153 patients were screened and 62 subjects were enrolled. Of those, 35 were enrolled as study subjects and 27 as matched controls. Study subjects had mean age of 7.5 years (3.2–16.5) with pre-screening diagnosis of chronic otitis media (n = 29) or chronic rhinosinusitis (n = 6). Control subjects (n = 27) had mean age 7.2 years (3.0–16.3) with pre-screening diagnosis of chronic otitis media (n = 25), and chronic rhinosinusitis (n = 2). There were no differences in subject demographics or mean nasal nitric oxide values between the two groups (179.8 vs 210.8 nl/min). Ten individuals had low nasal nitric oxide values, 7 of which were normal on repeat testing. Three subjects failed to return for follow up evaluations. Four referrals were made for further evaluation on the basis of clinical symptoms and nasal nitric oxide results. While no new cases of PCD were detected, a subject and his sibling with recurrent sinopulmonary infections were referred for immunologic evaluation. Conclusion The use of standardized screening questions can be used in an otolaryngology clinic to identify patients who require further evaluation for PCD or primary immunodeficiency.
Spectroelectrochemical and Computational Analysis of a Series of Cycloaddition-Retroelectrocyclization-Derived Donor-Acceptor Chromophores.

The [2+2] cyclcoaddition (CA) and subsequent retroelectrocyclization (RE) reactions are useful in constructing nonplanar donor–acceptor chromophores that exhibit nonlinear optical properties and in...
Decolonizing “Natural Logic”

“Natural logic” was proposed by Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) as the engine of cultural evolution, concluding that the “course and manner” of cultural development “was predetermined, as well as restricted within narrow limits of divergence, by the natural logic of the human mind.” This essay argues that Morgan’s conception of natural logic aids the project of settler colonialism. Rather than being a false account of human agency, however, it is a conception of natural logic that is produced through the systematic narrowing of possibilities for agency, human, and otherwise. This narrowed logic is thus only a part of a differently conceived logic of agency that is also general (and so serves as the framework for all action) and normative (albeit with a set of norms different from those identified by Morgan). The discussion proceeds in four sections: first, a presentation of Morgan’s conception of natural logic and its origins; second, an analysis of four colonizing implications of Morgan’s view; third, examples of further developments of natural logic in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the work structuralist and post-structuralist theorists; and, last, a brief introduction of a decolonial logic that provides a broader alternative conception of the structure of agency, human, and otherwise, and that avoids the oppressive effects of the reductionism of the natural logic received from Morgan and his successors.
Negotiation and Conflict Management: Essays on Theory and Practice

This book presents a series of essays by I. William Zartman outlining the evolution of the key concepts required for the study of negotiation and conflict management, such as formula, ripeness, pre-negotiation, mediation, power, process, intractability, escalation, and order. Responding to a lack of useful conceptualization for the analysis of international negotiation, Zartman has developed an analytical framework and specific concepts that can serve as a basis for both study and practice. Negotiation is analyzed as a process, and is linked to other major themes in political science such as decision, structure, justice and order. This analysis is then applied to negotiations to manage particular types of conflicts and cooperation, including ethnic conflicts, civil wars and regime-building. It also develops typologies and strategies of mediation, dealing with such aspects as leverage, bias, interest, and roles. Written by the leading exponent of negotiation and mediation, Negotiation and Conflict Management will be of great interest to all students of negotiation, mediation and conflict studies in general.
House Fly: (Musca domestica)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses house fly or Musca domestica. The house fly, Musca domestica, is one of the best-known and most widely distributed insects known to humans. Courtship and copulatory behaviors are the most important and the most complex behaviors exhibited by the house fly. Visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory cues are all used, to various degrees, in courtship and copulation. House flies, particularly in large numbers, are a nuisance to humans when they enter houses, land and feed on human food, and spot windows with their feces. Of greater importance to humans, however, is their ability to spread human and veterinary disease agents. Unlike the pathogens responsible for many other insect-borne diseases, the pathogens spread by the house fly do not usually multiply within the fly, nor do they require association with the fly for part of their life cycle. Instead, the usual association between house flies and pathogenic organisms is one of physical transmission of pathogens the flies pick up on their bodies at one feeding site and transfer to human and/or animal food on which they land and feed. House flies are associated with the transfer of a variety of viral and bacterial diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and infantile diarrhea, as well as a variety of parasitic worms.
Relationships among Enzymes of the β-Ketoadipate Pathway IV. MUCONOLACTONE ISOMERASE FROM ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS AND PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA

The enzymes of the β-ketoadipate pathway are governed by different induction mechanisms in Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas; muconolactone isomerase is one of the enzymes of the catabolic pathway. In order to determine whether the different inductive controls reflect the independent evolutionary acquisition of the pathway in the two bacterial genera, the properties of muconolactone isomerase purified from a representative of each genus were compared. Procedures previously used to crystallize the enzyme from extracts of Pseudomonas putidia were modified to permit crystallization of the enzyme from extracts of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The isofunctional enzymes were found to be serologically remote, and some differences in their amino acid compositions were observed. Nevertheless, the muconolactone isomerases possessed similar molecular weights (100,000 for the Acinectobacter enzyme and 94,000 for the Pseudomonas enzyme) and similar subunit sizes (12,000 for the Acinetobacter subunit and 11,500 for the Pseudomonas subunit). At least 12 (and perhaps 13) of the first 15 residues in the NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of the proteins are identical. On the basis of this evidence we conclude that the muconolactone isomerases from the two genera share a common ancestral gene. The apparently close evolutionary homology of the muconolactone isomerases and the wide evolutionary separation of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas suggest that the structural gene for the catabolic enzyme may have been exchanged well after the divergence of other genes that dictated the evolutionary separation of the two genera. Conservation of the distinctive inductive controls that are characteristic of each genus may have resulted from selective pressures imposed by the nutritional opportunities available to each bacterial group in its natural environment.
Low-power CDMA multiuser receiver architectures

Presented in this paper are low-power, reconfigurable adaptive CDMA multiuser receiver architectures developed via dynamic algorithmic transforms (DAT). The architectures achieve low-power operation via run-time reconfiguration of receiver complexity to match the requirements of a time-varying multiuser channel. Simulation results with 0.25 /spl mu/m, 2.3 V CMOS technology parameters indicate that the proposed architectures have high resistance to the near-far problem, and can achieve up to 60.4% in power savings compared to architectures without DAT depending on the interference situation.
Choroid tissue supports the survival of ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro

It is well established that during in vivo development the neurons of the avian ciliary ganglion are dependent for their survival on structures in the eye. Separate neuron populations innervate intraocular smooth and striated muscle targets. All ciliary neurons survive when cocultured with striated muscle. We demonstrate that when ciliary ganglion neurons are plated on explants of the choroid coat (a smooth muscle-containing target tissue) using a defined medium (N2), the neurons survive and grow vigorously into the tissue, forming contacts between axons and target cells identified as smooth muscle. Conditioned medium from choroid explants also rescues all the neurons, as does coculturing ciliary ganglion neurons with dissociated choroid cells. However, the presence of horse serum and chick embryo extract in the medium inhibits the choroid's ability to support ciliary neurons. The effects of these additives on the phenotypic expression of the smooth muscle may explain the inability of previous investigators to demonstrate target-derived support from smooth muscle preparations. Because the choroid contains cell types other than smooth muscle (e.g., fibroblasts and endothelial cells), we could not identify smooth muscle as the only cell type responsible for the release of the soluble trophic factor present in the target tissue. However, indirect evidence using avian primary fibroblast cultures, a fibroblast cell line, and an anatomically simple smooth muscle preparation, the avian amnion, suggests that smooth muscle cells are sufficient to account for the observed trophic activity, and that similar target-derived molecules support the survival of both types of ciliary ganglion cells.
Ion-Solvent Interactions

Complex systems are often understood by making a number of simplifying assumptions, building a model based on these assumptions, and then testing the model against the real world in the laboratory. Subsequent modifications can be made in the model depending on the empirical results. In building such model systems, the thermodynamic formulations already developed can be invaluable. The model building exercise that will follow is a reasonably detailed examination of the forces that exist between ions and a solvent and will lead to an understanding, in molecular terms, of the deviations from the ideal, characterized empirically by the activity coefficient. Initially, a very simple system that neglects the reader’s knowledge of the molecular structure of water will be examined to point the way toward a more detailed examination of ion-solvent interactions. It will be found that, to a crude approximation, the behavior of ion-solvent interactions can be described in terms of simple electrostatics. As further detail about the solvent and its interaction with ions is sought however, it will become apparent that the structure of water has important effects in modifying the electrostatic environment. In considering the dielectric constant and the Kirkwood equations, the effects of water structure on the electrostatic forces are described in some detail, an exercise that is important when considering the more complex relationships in cellular systems.
Predictors of condom use in first sexual intercourse: a consideration of individual, situational, relational, and cohort effects

This study examined condom use during first sexual intercourse, with a large sample of university students. Differences in condom use based on individual, family, relational, and situational variables were considered; in addition to the year when sexual intercourse occurred. A steady increase in condom use was found from the 1980s to the present time. Among other factors found to be associated with the likelihood of condom use during first sexual intercourse were being older at first intercourse, having a higher family social class, having first sex in a serious and longer relationship (as compared to a casual or brief relationship), and not consuming alcohol. Some differences in predictors of condom use were found based on cohort and sex of respondent.
Lung adenocarcinoma presenting with isolated ‘chronic cough’ of 3 years duration-a cautionary tale

Chronic cough that is dry, non-productive and without constitutional symptoms is often thought to have a non-malignant etiology such as asthma, post-nasal drip or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We present a case of a patient with a 3 year history of 'chronic cough' that was dry, non-productive cough and without any constitutional symptoms. Initial chest x-ray (CXR) done 3 years ago showed some streaky atelectasis in the right middle lobe along with some volume loss on that side. Another CXR performed one and half years later showed progression to a complete right middle lobe collapse. She ultimately presented to our facility a year later with stable CXR findings, but persistent cough. A chest CT scan was suspicious for a right lower lobe mass. A PET scan subsequently confirmed a hypermetabolic right hilar mass causing extrinsic compression of the bronchus intermedius. She ultimately required a complete right pneumonectomy with partial pericardiectomy and had complete resolution of her cough. This case highlights the fact that 'chronic cough' should always be thoroughly investigated and should remain a diagnosis of exclusion until all sinister pathologies have been ruled out.
Properties of dynamic rupture and energy partition in a solid with a frictional interface

We study properties of dynamic ruptures and the partition of energy between radiation and dissipative mechanisms using two-dimensional in-plane calculations with the finite element method. The model consists of two identical isotropic elastic media separated by an interface governed by rate- and state-dependent friction. Rupture is initiated by gradually overstressing a localized nucleation zone. Different values of parameters controlling the velocity dependence of friction, the strength excess parameter and the length of the nucleation zone, lead to the following four rupture modes: supershear crack-like rupture, subshear crack-like rupture, subshear single pulse and supershear train of pulses. High initial shear stress and weak velocity dependence of friction favor crack-like ruptures, while the opposite conditions favor the pulse mode. The rupture mode can switch from a subshear single pulse to a supershear train of pulses when the width of the nucleation zone increases. The elastic strain energy released over the same propagation distance by the different rupture modes has the following order: supershear crack, subshear crack, supershear train of pulses and subshear single pulse. The same order applies also to the ratio of kinetic energy (radiation) to total change of elastic energy for the different rupture modes. Decreasing the dynamic coefficient of friction increases the fraction of stored energy that is converted to kinetic energy. General considerations and observations suggest that the subshear pulse and supershear crack are, respectively, the most and least common modes of earthquake ruptures.
Point charge model calculations of electric field gradients in systems containing the 35Cl nucleus

Abstract 35 Cl electric field gradients have been calculated for HgCl 2 , BiCl 3 , FeCl 2 ·2H 2 O and Na 2 ZnCl 4 using the point charge model. The results are compared with experimental NQR data. The bond properties of the MCl bond are also calculated in these molecules.
A feasible and timely enterprise: Commentary on “culture-bound syndromes and international disease classifications” by Raymond Prince and Françoise Tcheng-Laroche

Prince and Tcheng-Laroche are to be commended for their effort toward establishing a niche for culture-bound syndromes in future versions of ICD and DSM. I agree with them that initially the syndormes should be classified by descriptive features and that interesting as they were, issues of local meaning are only marginally relevant to this classification. However I suggest that the term “culture-bound syndromes” continue to be used to denote culture-bound psychiatric syndromes (those with some alteration of behavior and experience prominent in the symptomatology) and that the term “folk illnesses” be retained as the general term. I also agree that it is time to remove from lists of culture-bound syndromes those folk illnesses which consist of a variable spectrum of somatic and psychological symptoms unified only by their local etiological attribution. These are not syndromes, much less culture-bound syndromes. I agree that the desired diagnostic system will include the culture-bound syndromes not as a separate category but rather incorporated throughout, that some current categories will be adequate and that some entirely new categories will be needed. Because published descriptions of episodes of most syndromes are sketchy and incomplete we still know too little about most of the syndromes to make more than a first approximation at appropriate placement. Thus I agree that much better descriptions of episodes of the culture-bound syndromes are needed, and I believe that when they are obtained many syndromes will sort readily into homogenous sets. In contrast to Prince and Tcheng-Laroche, I believe that it is useful to search for etiologies and that etiologic knowledge must affect the final placement of syndromes within the classification. However I quite agree that at our current primitive level of knowledge very few culture-bound syndromes can be attributed with any confidence to any specific set of causes.
Extended cyanine dyes

Abstract Extended cyanine dyes are attractive candidates for molecular switches, wires, and nonlinear optical devices. When dye width exceeds half the confinement width for solitons (30 C atoms or less) cyanines should exhibit localization phenomena, i.e., double-minimum potentials with degenerate ground states. To investigate this phenomenon, we have synthesized a number of dipyridocyanines DPyN , N = 1, 3, 5, 9… through a novel synthetic approach which allows considerable flexibility in end group attachment. Such molecules in principle provide entry into a number of interesting molecular devices.
Dryland corn response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization. II. P, K, Ca, Mg.

Abstract Nitrogen fertilization and tillage practices may influence the availability and uptake of essential plant nutrients other than N. This study was conducted to assess the interactive effects of N rate and timing and tillage practices on uptake and concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg in corn grown under dryland conditions. Potassium accumulations in no till (NT) soils were greater than in conventional till (CT) near the surface and lower than CT in the subsoil. Phosphorus and Ca levels decreased with soil depth, while Mg tended to accumulate in the subsoil. Phosphorus uptake and concentration of 5‐leaf stage corn was increased as tillage intensity decreased. Nitrogen rate at planting increased 5‐leaf P uptake but reduced P concentration; however, by silking no effect of tillage or N fertilization practice on ear leaf P concentration was obtained. Increases in 5‐leaf corn K uptake and concentration as tillage intensity decreased may have reduced Mg and Ca concentrations via cation antagonism. Ear leaf M...
Behavioral and Ecological Characteristics of a Eulophid Egg Parasite of Two Species of Domiciliary Cockroaches

During 1973–74 studies were carried out on reproduction, parasitization rate, and host preference in the cockroach egg parasite Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Outdoor surveys of parasitization by T. hagenowii on oothecae of Periplaneta fuliginosa in an urban environment yielded a rate of 22.2–84.2%. There was no significant difference in parasitization rate between concealed and unconcealed oothecae. In laboratory experiments an average of 68.4 wasps were produced from Periplaneta americana oothecae in an average of 48.1 days after exposure. Periplaneta fuliginosa produced an average of 83.4 individuals in 45.6 days after exposure. T. hagenowii showed no oviposition preference between the 2 cockroach species and the difference in developmental time is not significant. The greater number of wasps produced from P. fuliginosa oothecae may be due to its larger size. Sex ratio of all broods was 3 females to 1 male. In oothecae of both species of cockroaches, developmental time of T. hagenowii was significantly less in broods of more than 70 individuals than for broods of less than 60 individuals.
Impact of Microphysics Parameterizations on Simulations of the 27 October 2010 Great Salt Lake–Effect Snowstorm

AbstractSimulations of moist convection at cloud-permitting grid spacings are sensitive to the parameterization of microphysical processes, posing a challenge for operational weather prediction. Here, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used to examine the sensitivity of simulations of the Great Salt Lake–effect snowstorm of 27 October 2010 to the choice of microphysics parameterization (MP). It is found that the simulated precipitation from four MP schemes varies in areal coverage, amount, and position. The Thompson scheme (THOM) verifies best against radar-derived precipitation estimates and gauge observations. The Goddard, Morrison, and WRF double-moment 6-class microphysics schemes (WDM6) produce more precipitation than THOM, with WDM6 producing the largest overprediction relative to radar-derived precipitation estimates and gauge observations. Analyses of hydrometeor mass tendencies show that WDM6 creates more graupel, less snow, and more total precipitation than the other schemes. Th...
Education for strategic environmental behavior

This article reviews four bodies of research that shed light on how to promote active care for the environment in children and youth: research on sources of proenvironmental behavior, socialization for democratic skills and values, the development of a personal sense of competence, and the development of collective competence. The article begins with an overview of studies of formative childhood experiences reported by environmental activists and educators, followed by correlational and experimental studies with young people regarding factors associated with their taking action for the environment. Because behaviors with the largest potential benefits for the environment require political engagement, the article also reviews experiences associated with young people’s interest and engagement in public issues. Action for the environment in the home or in public arena like schools and communities requires a personal sense of competence and a sense of collective competence, or confidence in one’s ability to a...
Donepezil in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder

Abstract Background: A considerable percentage of patients with bipolar disorder do not respond or do not tolerate conventional treatment. Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors have been suggested to possess depressogenic and antimanic properties. Methods: We report a case series of treatment-resistant bipolar patients (n = 11) to whom we administered the ChE inhibitor donepezil. Four patients met criteria for current manic episode, 5 for mixed episode, 1 for hypomanic episode, and 1 for major depressive episode. Donepezil was added to current medication on an open-label basis. Ratings were based on a retrospective chart review. Results: Of the 11 patients, 6 (54.5%) demonstrated marked improvement (improvement in CGI-S ≥ 2), 3 (27.2%) demonstrated slight improvement, 1 did not respond, and 1 did not tolerate the medication. Among those patients who had marked improvement (i.e., responders, n = 6), improvement was observed within 2 weeks or less in 5 of them (83%). Patients experienced only minor side effects. Conclusions: These pilot data suggest the efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of bipolar disorder. To our knowledge this is the first published report on the use of donepezil in the treatment of mood disorders. Controlled, randomized, double-blind studies are necessary to validate these preliminary observations.
Comparison of electric fields and density structures seen in simulations and satellite observations

There are now clear observations of large parallel electric fields (E(sub ||)) from Polar and FAST in the auroral upward-current region (UCR). Such fields are associated with large perpendicular electric fields (E(sub perpendicular) and density cavities. The observed features of the fields and density are found to be compatible with their spatial structures seen in a simulated U-shaped potential structure (USPS), consisting of double layers (DL) with obliqueness ranging from zero to 90 degrees from the magnetic field. The spatial and temporal evolution of the USPS, its up and down motions and its striations into thin long potential structures, suggest a variety of signatures in the satellite detection of E(sub ||) and E(sub perpendicular)
Effects of Acute Withdrawal on Ethanol-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in DBA/2J mice

Reexposure to ethanol during acute withdrawal might facilitate the transition to alcoholism by enhancing the rewarding effect of ethanol. The conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure was used to test whether ethanol reward is enhanced during acute withdrawal. DBA/2J mice were exposed to an unbiased one-compartment CPP procedure. Ethanol (0.75, 1.0, or 1.5 g/kg IP) was paired with a distinctive floor cue (CS+), whereas saline was paired with a different floor cue (CS−). The withdrawal (W) group received CS+ trials during acute withdrawal produced by a large dose of ethanol (4 g/kg) given 8 h before each trial. The no-withdrawal (NW) group did not experience acute withdrawal during conditioning trials but was matched for acute withdrawal experience. Floor preference was tested in the absence of ethanol or acute withdrawal. All groups eventually showed a dose-dependent preference for the ethanol-paired cue, but development of CPP was generally more rapid and stable in the W groups than in the NW groups. Acute withdrawal suppressed the normal activating effect of ethanol during CS+ trials, but there were no group differences in test activity. Acute withdrawal enhanced ethanol’s rewarding effect as indexed by CPP. Since this effect depended on ethanol exposure during acute withdrawal, the enhancement of ethanol reward was likely mediated by the alleviation of acute withdrawal, i.e., negative reinforcement. Enhancement of ethanol reward during acute withdrawal may be a key component in the shift from episodic to chronic ethanol consumption that characterizes alcoholism.
Complex Complexes: Report of an NIDDK Workshop on Coactivators and Corepressors, Bethesda, USA, 15–16 December 1998

Exciting new observations about receptor-interacting and nuclear accessory proteins and their ability to regulate gene expression have provided insight into hormonal regulation of gene expression. The goal of a recent NIDDK workshop was to discuss how diverse signaling pathways could converge on target genes and provide regulatory input to either activate or repress transcription.
Improving the Performance of Projection-Based Image Registration

Projection-based image registration algorithms use the sum of the pixel values along a given axis of an image to detect spatial changes in temporally separated images. These algorithms have been shown to be computationally efficient and effective for aligning temporally separated images and for visually detecting sensor motion. Registering images via projections has also been shown as a method for overcoming registration errors caused by the presence of fixed pattern noise. This paper describes a method that exploits the statistical properties of images with significant autocorrelation to improve the performance of projection-based image registration algorithms. The algorithm is shown to operate in low SNR conditions and to significantly improve registration performance by as much as a factor of 4 in mean squared error over existing projection-based registration algorithms at a minimal computational cost.
Role Playing and the Study of Jury Behavior

Widespread use of simulated trials and mock juries to study jury behavior has stimulated concern for the external validity ofsuch simulations. A study is reported which examined the role-playing nature of mock jury deliberation. Subjects were either given typical role-playing instructions, or were led to believe that they were deciding an actual student discipline case. The two conditions did not differ significantly on their group or individual verdicts, sentence recommendations, deliberation time, or estimated social decision schemes. The significance and limitations of these results for the study of jury behavior are discussed.
In vitro models of calcium crystal formation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals are common components of synovial fluids from degenerated joints and often accompany unusually severe cartilage destruction. Progress in understanding why and how calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals form in articular cartilage has been hampered by the scarcity of good models in which to study this phenomenon. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, the author discusses various models of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation from early work with solutions and gels to more recent models using cells, tissues, and cell fractions. Each of these systems has advantages and disadvantages. SUMMARY Current models of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation are less than ideal for studying the major factors involved in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation. Borrowing from the transplantation literature, solid matrices that support cell growth and allow for easy manipulation of matrix components hold some promise for better models in the future.
An ab initio study of self-trapped excitons in α-quartz

The structure and properties of self-trapped excitons (STE), were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and wave function-based [UHF, UMP2, CAS-SCF, and CCSD(T)] electronic structure methods. The DFT results were compared to those obtained using the different wave function-based electronic structure methods that treat the electron correlation and exchange with varying degrees of accuracy. The calculations were carried out on cluster configurations extracted from supercell DFT calculations of the STE in α-quartz. Two luminescent STEs were found, as well as a nonradiative state at a crossing of the singlet and triplet surfaces. One of the luminescent STEs is the same as that previously found by Fisher, Hayes, and Stoneham [J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2, 6707 (1990)]. It was furthermore determined that the PW91 functional underestimates the energy of the triplet state, and that this error is greater with greater delocalization of the excess spin density of the state.
Studies of Microflares in RHESSI Hard X-Ray, Big Bear Solar Observatory Hα, and Michelson Doppler Imager Magnetograms

In this paper, we present a study of the morphology of 12 microflares jointly observed by RHESSI in the energy range from 3 to 15 keV and by Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) at the Hα line. They are A2-B3 events in GOES classification. From their time profiles, we find that all of these microflares are seen in soft X-ray, hard X-ray, and Hα wavelengths, and their temporal evolution resembles that of large flares. Co-aligned hard X-ray, Hα, and magnetic field observations show that the events all occurred in active regions and were located near magnetic neutral lines. In almost all of the events, the hard X-ray sources are elongated structures connecting two Hα bright kernels in opposite magnetic fields. These results suggest that, similar to large flares, the X-ray sources of the microflares represent emission from small magnetic loops and that the Hα bright kernels indicate emission at footpoints of these flare loops in the lower atmosphere. Among the 12 microflares, we include five events that are clearly associated with type III radio bursts as observed by the radio spectrometer on board Wind. Spectral fitting results indicate the nonthermal origin of the X-ray emission at over ~10 keV during the impulsive phase of all the events, and the photon spectra of the microflares associated with type III bursts are generally harder than those without type III bursts. TRACE observations at EUV wavelengths are available for five events in our list, and in two of these, coincident EUV jets are clearly identified to be spatially associated with the microflares. Such findings suggest that some microflares are produced by magnetic reconnection, which results in closed compact loops and open field lines. Electrons accelerated during the flare escape along the open field lines to interplanetary space.
Modeling and simulation of compact strength due to particle bonding using a hybrid discrete-continuum approach

Abstract The compaction of powder beds into solid bodies occurs by virtue of the formation of inter-particle bonds. The mechanical strength of the compact depends on the type of bonding interaction, as well as, the inter-particle contact area created in the compression process. A hybrid quasi-continuum computational approach has been implemented to study the bonding occurring in compressed granular assemblies. The approach resolves the powder bed on the particle level, allowing for the tracking of contact area generated by particle deformation and the computation of history-dependent inter-particle bonding forces. The magnitude of the bonding force is calculated using a synthetically constructed potential aiming to mimic the shape of typical molecular-type interactions. The uniaxial compaction and subsequent relaxation of powder beds, representative of pharmaceutical excipients have been simulated. Due to the bonding occurring between the individual particles the compressed beds acquire tensile strength. Post-relaxation tensile loading of the compacts is used to quantify the magnitude of this tensile strength. To validate the computational results, tablets are prepared using a compaction simulator under conditions closely resembling the simulated scenarios, where subsequently the tablets are subjected to tensile loads until failure. The predicted values for the tablet strength utilizing the present methodology capture the general trends exhibited by the experimental record.
Interannual Rainfall Variability in the Tropical Atlantic Region

Rainfall variability on seasonal and interannual-to-interdecadal time scales in the tropical Atlantic is quantified using a 25-year (1979-2003) monthly rainfall dataset from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). The ITCZ measured by monthly rainfall between 15-37.5 deg W attains its peak as moving to the northernmost latitude (4-10 deg N) during July-September in which the most total rainfall is observed in the tropical Atlantic basin (17.5 deg S-22.5 deg N, 15 deg-37.5 deg W); the ITCZ becomes weakest during January-February with the least total rainfall as it moves to the south. In contrast, rainfall variability on interannual to interdecadal time scales shows a quite different seasonal preference. The most intense interannual variability occurs during March-May when the ITCZ tends to be near the equator and becomes weaker. Significant, negative correlations between the ITCZ strength and latitude anomalies are observed during boreal spring and early summer. The ITCZ strength and total rainfall amount in the tropical Atlantic basin are significantly modulated by the Pacific El Nino and the Atlantic equatorial mode (or Atlantic Nino) particularly during boreal spring and summer; whereas the impact of the Atlantic interhemispheric mode is considerably weaker. Regarding the anomalous latitudes of the ITCZ, the influence can come from both local, i.e., the Atlantic interhemispheric and equatorial modes, and remote forcings, i. e., El Nino; however, a direct impact of El Nino on the latitudes of the ITCZ can only be found during April-July, not in winter and early spring in which the warmest SST anomalies are usually observed in the equatorial Pacific.
On Increasing the Accuracy of MacCormack Schemes for Aeroacoustic Applications

Due to their inherent dissipation and stability, the MacCormack scheme and its variants have been widely used in the computation of unsteady flow and acoustic problems. However, these schemes require many points per wavelength in order to propagate waves with a reasonable amount of accuracy. In this work, the linear wave propagation characteristics of MacCormack-type schemes are investigated, and methods for greatly improving their performance are described and demonstrated.