cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrography and mineral chemistry of Ca-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite

Abstract There are two types of white, coarse-grained, Ca-Al-rich inclusions in Allende. Type A inclusions contain 80–85 per cent melilite, 15–20 per cent spinel, 1–2 per cent perovskite and rare plagioclase, hibonite, wollastonite and grossularite. Clinopyroxene, if present, is restricted to thin rims around inclusions or cavities in their interiors. Type B inclusions contain 35–60 per cent pyroxene, 15–30 per cent spinel, 5–25 per cent plagioclase and 5–20 per cent melilite. The coarse pyroxene crystals in Type B's contain >15 per cent Al2O3 and >1.8 per cent Ti, some of which is trivalent. Type A pyroxenes contain Electron microprobe analyses of 600 melilite, 39 pyroxene, 35 plagioelase, 33 spinel and 20 perovskite grains were performed in 16 Type A, 1 intermediate and 9 Type B inclusions in Allende and 1 Type A in Grosnaja. Melilite composition histograms from individual Type A inclusions are usually peaked between Ak10 and Ak30 and are 15–20 mole % wide while those from Type B inclusions are broader, unpeaked and displaced to higher akermanite contents. Most pyroxenes contain Inferred bulk chemical compositions of Type A inclusions are rather close to those expected for high-temperature condensates. Those of Type B inclusions suggest slightly lower temperatures but their Ca/Al ratio seems less than the Type A's, indicating that the Type B's may not be their direct descendants. Some textural features suggest that the inclusions are primordial solid condensetes while others indicate that they may have been melted after condensation. Fragmentation and metamorphism may have also occurred after condensation.
STEPPING THROUGH AN RNA STRUCTURE : A NOVEL APPROACH TO CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS

Drawing from the growing database of complex three-dimensional RNA structures, a systematic method has been developed for classifying and analyzing the variety of conformations adopted by nucleic acids. This method is based on the development of a reduced representation for nucleic acid backbone conformation, simplifying the formidable eight-dimensional problem that has long complicated nucleic acid conformational analysis. Two pseudotorsion angles (eta and theta) have been defined, based on the selection of two appropriate pivot points along the RNA backbone, P and C4'. These pseudotorsions, together with a complete library of conventional torsion angles, can be calculated for any RNA structure or all-atom model using a new program called AMIGOS. Having computed eta and theta pseudotorsions for each position on an RNA molecule, they can be represented on a two-dimensional plot similar to the phi-phi plots that have traditionally been used for protein conformational analysis. Like a Ramachandran plot, clusters of residues appear at discrete regions on an eta-theta plot. Nucleotides within these clusters share conformational properties, often belonging to the same type of structural motif such as A-platforms, sheared tandem purine-purine pairs and GNRA tetraloops. An eta-theta plot provides a two-dimensional representation of the conformational properties of an entire RNA molecule, facilitating rapid analysis of structural features. In addition to the utility of eta-theta plots for intuitive visualization of conformational space, the pseudotorsional convention described here should significantly simplify approaches to macromolecular modeling of RNA structure.
Charge Funneling in N- and P-Type Si Substrates

Enhanced charge collection via funneling may increase the vulnerability of integrated circuits to single particle induced upsets or errors. In this paper, measurements of the enhanced charge collection for diffused p+-n and n+-p junctions are compared for substrates of comparable resistivities and doping densities. Charge collection measurements on MOS capacitors are also presented. A simple phenomenological model of the charge funneling effect is developed based on an effective funnel length and is compared with the experimental results.
Disgust, anxiety and fainting symptoms associated with blood-injection-injury fears: a structural model

The present study examines the structural relations between disgust sensitivity, anxiety symptoms, blood-injection-injury (BII) fears, and fainting symptoms associated with BII fears in 259 nonclinical participants. Results revealed that both disgust and BII fear were independent predictors of fainting symptoms. However, structural equation modeling revealed that the relation between disgust sensitivity and fainting was reduced to negative and non-significance when the path from BII fear to fainting was also introduced. Subsequent analysis indicated that the relation between disgust sensitivity and fainting symptoms was fully mediated by BII fear. It was also found that animal reminder disgust was related to fainting symptoms whereas core disgust was not. However, the relation between animal reminder disgust and fainting was also fully mediated by BII fear. Furthermore, anxiety symptoms did not add directly to the structural model predicting fainting associated with BII fears. Implications of these findings for better understanding the interaction of the emotional mechanisms that mediate fainting responses in BII phobia are discussed.
A POPULATION-BASED TWELVE YEAR SURVEY OF CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA(CHD) IN UPSTATE NEW YORK. † 1598

A POPULATION-BASED TWELVE YEAR SURVEY OF CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA(CHD) IN UPSTATE NEW YORK. † 1598
Cluster Sustainability: The Israeli Life Sciences Industry

In the past two decades, many industrial districts have become more specialized in particular stages of production. Two related processes contribute to this specialization: globalization and fragme...
Studies on sweating. V. Studies of quantity and distribution of thermogenic sweat delivery to the skin.

INTRODUCTION In a previous communication (1) we described a relatively simple method for assaying the quantities of sweat delivered on circumscribed areas of the surface of the human skin. This method, which employes the indicator used by Manuila of the school of Werner Jadassohn (2) for the detection of sweat, consists of the following essentials: Prints are taken of the sweat pattern on the skin by means of filter paper squares prepared with an indicator-powder containing Bromphenol-Blue and are compared with standard prints produced by measured quantities of water or sweat. Unlike the other quantitative technics thus far employed for the purpose of measuring sweat-output, the newly developed method permits examinations on a large scale within relatively short periods of time and without any intricate equipment. Furthermore, in contrast to the other technics, our method assays exclusively the outpouring sweat proper, i.e., the water coming from the sweat organ and collecting on the skin surface.
Incipient instability of growth in blends of polymer melts

Crystallization from melts of polymer blends containing a noncrystallizable component (solute) results in morphologies that are open, based upon bundles of lamellas separated from one another by noncrystalline regions. We model the formation of an open spherulite initially as growth of a compact sphere. The growing sphere rejects the noncrystallizable component (solute). To allow for better dissipation of the solute, the interface breaks down into protuberances, the result being the transition of a compact sphere to a more open one. The stabilizing effects are the kinetics of attachment and the capillarity effect at the interface. The balance between the breakdown and stabilization determines the critical radius of instability (R r ) of a growing sphere. We have computed R r from a stability analysis which includes the Lauritzen and Hoffman interface kinetics for the crystallizing species. Results for a blend of isotactic polystyrene and atactic polystyrene indicate that there exists a sharp transition from relatively large stable spheres to unstable ones, over a few degree of undercooling. R r 's predicted for undercoolings of 25 K and higher are in the submicrometer range. The value of R r provides an upper bound for the bundle diameter. The predictions for the i-PS/a-PS blend are consistent with experimentally observed results : the bundle diameter is in the submicrometer range for large undercoolings and changes little with undercooling, the diameter being in the range of 0.06-0.02 μm (∼2-6 lamellas/bundle) for an undercooling of 35-55 K.
Thyrotropin receptor antibodies: advances and importance of detection techniques in thyroid diseases

The study of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) has greatly contributed to our knowledge of autoimmunity. Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis represent two ends of the range of autoimmune responses seen in AITD. Autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic antigens are associated with cell damage, and thyrotropin (TSH)-receptor antibodies (TRAb) influence the function and growth of the gland and play a major role in pathogenesis. The heterogeneous nature of TRAb is well accepted. Besides their long-known thyroid stimulating activity, TRAb can act as blocking antibodies or growth-promoting antibodies and, thus, cause hypothyroidism (primary myxedema) or endemic and sporadic goiters, respectively. Advanced methodologies for detection of these antibodies with the TSH-receptor assay and thyroid cell bioassay allow various activities to be measured. Current data using these assays confirm the presence of heterogeneity of functional activities of TRAb(s) in vivo. The activity of predominating antibody may relate to clinical presentation. This indicates a need for paired determinations of both TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) for accurate clinical correlations. Cloning the TSH-receptor gene has clarified its structure and function. The future identification of its epitopes will further delineate the clinical role of these antibodies and may allow development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
The magnesium-hydrogen system: Transmission electron microscopy

The exothermic formation of MgH2 in Mg has been studied by TEM. The hydrides were formed in the thinned samples by a high pressure technique. Results on the precipitate morphology are reported. The orientation relationship is(100)MgH 2(0001)Mg and [001]MgH 2[1120]Mg. Our results on high purity hydrides confirm previous structural work. Cracking was observed in growing hydrides at the hydride/matrix interface leading to an ‘onion structure’. Dehydriding was found to occur also through the formation of internal H2 bubbles in the MgH2 precipitates. A model for the Mg→MgH2 transformation is presented and the lattice expansion is expressed in terms of the dipole force tensor approach. Finally, the implications of the present results on recent kinetic models by Rudman are discussed.
Plasma Etching of Silk Fibroin: Experiments and Models

. Scanning electron micro-graphsshowthatsilkﬁbroinisaheterogeneousmaterialforwhichplasmaetchingrevealsa silk backbone structure as the matrix is more quicklyvolatilized. A simple physical model of silk etchingaccurately predicts the etch rate without any ﬁttingparameters. The model and experimental data show thatatomic oxygen, in the absence of ion bombardment, onlyslowly etches silk (<0.017mmmin
The Privatization of Security and Change in the Control of Force

Perhaps the most dramatic incursion of the private sector into public policy is in the realm of security. Though the legitimate use of force is presumed to be the realm of the state, during the 1990s and into the new century the private sector's role in security has mushroomed. When Sierra Leone faced an insurgency in 1995, Valentine Strasser's government hired Executive Outcomes, a South African security firm, to train and support its troops. When the 1995 Dayton Accords required that the Bosnian military be rebuilt, MPRI (Military Professional Resources Incorporated), an American firm, was hired to advise and train the Bosnian military. When the World Wildlife Fund was faced with the possible extinction of the northern white rhino in a park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, it solicited a bid from Saracen, a South African and Angolan security firm to train and protect the guards. And global corporations, like British Petroleum, Exxon, DeBeers, and others, contracted with private security companies for site security and security planning all over the globe. A burgeoning transnational market for force now exists alongside the system of states. In this essay, I briefly describe this market and argue that it poses tradeoffs to the state control of violence—offering new tools for control even as it erodes others. Furthermore, the changes in the process of controlling violence that privatization brings with it pose tradeoffs to nonstate actors as well. Rather than simply shifting influence from governments to markets and civil society, the privatization of security is likely to engender changes in each, opening the way for new institutional innovations and the intensification of international change. The presence of private companies providing military services is not entirely new. In the period before the rise of the modern state, military contractors were common. Even in the …
Hohlraum Target Alignment from X-ray Detector Images using Starburst Design Patterns

National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a high-energy laser facility comprised of 192 laser beams focused with enough power and precision on a hydrogen-filled spherical, cryogenic target to initiate a fusion reaction. The target container, or hohlraum, must be accurately aligned to an x-ray imaging system to allow careful monitoring of the frozen fuel layer in the target. To achieve alignment, x-ray images are acquired through starburst-shaped windows cut into opposite sides of the hohlraum. When the hohlraum is in alignment, the starburst pattern pairs match nearly exactly and allow a clear view of the ice layer formation on the edge of the target capsule. During the alignment process, x-ray image analysis is applied to determine the direction and magnitude of adjustment required. X-ray detector and source are moved in concert during the alignment process. The automated pointing alignment system described here is both accurate and efficient. In this paper, we describe the control and associated image processing that enables automation of the starburst pointing alignment.
Fine structure in representations of faces and objects.

The organization of cortical regions associated with face and object recognition has been controversial. A new study uses high-resolution imaging to find that small intermingled cortical regions are very selective for particular categories.
Dielectric response enhancement in the current carrying CDW state

Abstract The dc electric field dependence of the low frequency dielectric constant was investigated in the linear chain compound orthorhombic TaS3. While the dielectric constant is barely effected by an applied dc field below the threshold field of the nonlinear conduction, in the current carrying state a large enhancement is observed. Inductive response at the narrow band noise frequency was also detected.
Assessing hurricane season

With the official conclusion of the Atlantic hurricane season on 29 November, Irene was the only hurricane to strike the United States this year and the first one since Hurricane Ike made landfall in Texas in 2008, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Irene “broke the ‘hurricane amnesia’ that can develop when so much time lapses between landfalling storms,” indicated Jack Hayes, director of NOAA's National Weather Service. “This season is a reminder that storms can hit any part of our coast and that all regions need to be prepared each and every season.” During the season, there were 19 tropical storms, including 7 that became hurricanes; 3 of those were major hurricanes, of category 3 or above. The activity level was in line with NOAA predictions. The agency stated that Hurricane Irene was an example of improved accuracy in forecasting storm tracks: NOAA National Hurricane Center had accurately predicted the hurricane's landfall in North Carolina and its path northward more than 4 days in advance.
Usefulness of tilt-induced heart rate changes in the differential diagnosis of vasovagal syncope and chronic autonomic failure

To determine whether the heart rate changes during tilt table testing could be used in the differential diagnosis between vasovagal syncope and chronic autonomic failure. We compared the relationship between electrocardiographic R-R intervals and beat-to-beat blood pressure in 43 patients with typical vasovagal responses and 30 patients with chronic autonomic failure (6 pure autonomic failure, 23 multiple system atrophy, and 1 Parkinson’s disease). In every patient with vasovagal syncope, at the time when the blood pressure was falling, it was possible to identify at least 12 successive heart beats (mean 33 ± 2 heart beat, range 12–57) when blood pressure and heart rate fell in parallel, i.e., there was a negative relationship between blood pressure and R-R intervals (P < 0.001). In contrast, the relationship between blood pressure and R-R intervals in patients with chronic autonomic failure was never negative, i.e., heart rate always increased, albeit less than expected for the given fall in blood pressure, or remained unchanged. The heart rate changes during the fall in blood pressure can distinguish patients with vasovagal responses from those with chronic autonomic failure.
Imaging serotonergic transmission with [11C]DASB-PET in depressed and non-depressed patients infected with HIV.

Introduction Site-selective imaging can provide significant insight into the mechanism of HIV-associated neurological disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate the involvement of serotonergic transmission in HIV-associated depression using [11C]DASB, a serotonin transporter (5-HTT)-specific radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET).
Diminished Ovarian Reserve, Clomid, and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Case Study.

Abstract Background: Infertility caused by diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) can result from an endocrinological imbalance. A rise in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and decrease in antral follicle count (AFC) for women age ≤35 can lower pregnancy rates to 75%. Chinese medicine may improve FSH and AFC levels in patients with DOR. It is common for women to seek adjunctive Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment with biomedical clomid treatment. Objective: This article reports the case of a female with DOR who had completed three multiple, serial clomid cycles from September to December 2005, and for whom clomid failed. Design, Setting, and Patient: This is a case study of a 34-year-old patient with a 5-year history of infertility caused by DOR. She was treated in a private practice in Bellevue, WA. Intervention: TCM treatment—including acupuncture and herbal therapy—lasted from from January 2007 to April 2007. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcomes sought we...
H-Atom Product Channels in the Photodissociation of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I at 121.6 nm

H-atom product channels in the photodissociation of jet-cooled methyl halides (CH3X, X = Cl, Br, and I) at 121.6 nm are studied by using the high-n Rydberg-atom time-of-flight technique. Bimodal product center-of-mass (c.m.) translational energy distributions (with a fast and a slow component) and isotropic angular distributions have been observed. In going from CH3Cl to CH3Br to CH3I, the translational energy of the fast component in the bimodal profiles decreases slightly, while that of the slow component, as well as its relative intensity, increases. The fast component, with a significant energy release, corresponds to direct production of H + CH2X(X2B1). The slow component, as suggested by the correlation of its translational energy distribution with the parent molecule CH3X, might be mainly due to H + H2 + CX(X2Π) and/or X(2P3/2)/X*(2P1/2) + H + CH2(X3B1) channels via the concerted three-body and/or two-step sequential dissociation. Although CH3I is excited above its first two ionization thresholds,...
A note on the arithmetic-geometric-mean inequality for matrices

Abstract We give a simple proof of the inequality ⦀ AA ∗ X + XBB ∗ ⦀ ⩾ 2 ⦀ A ∗ AB ⦀, where A , B , and X are arbitrary n × n matrices and ⦀ · ⦀ is any unitarily invariant norm. For the Schatten p -norms ‖ · ‖ p with 1 p AA ∗ X + XBB ∗ ‖ p = 2‖ A ∗ XB ‖ p if and only if AA ∗ X = XBB ∗ .
Is dual therapy superior to monotherapy for the endoscopic treatment of patients with high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding?

Is dual therapy superior to monotherapy for the endoscopic treatment of patients with high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding?
Expression of a X. laevis tRNATyr gene in mammalian cells.

Abstract Expression of a X. laevis tRNATyr gene has been studied in mammalian cells. This tRNATyr gene has a 13 base intervening sequence adjacent to its anticodon. A fragment containing the tRNATyr gene was cloned into the late region of SV40. Cells infected with a recombinant virus stock vastly overproduce a tRNATyr that is properly spliced, processed and modified. It was also found that the X. laevis tRNATyr is identical or nearly identical to an endogenous tRNATyr of monkey kidney cells. The possibility of using the X. laevis tRNATyr gene to create an amber suppressor for mammalian cells is discussed.
Grid-oscillator beam-steering array

Recently Liao and York (see IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.41, no.10, p.1810, 1993) showed that beam-steering can be achieved by detuning the end elements of a coupled-oscillator array. The advantage of this approach is that no phase shifters are required. Liao and York used a single line array of patch antennas. Here we report the results for a pair of 1/spl times/4 HEMT line-grid oscillators at 11 GHz. This array can scan from -6.5/spl deg/ to +5/spl deg/ by changing the bias. >
PRECISE LOCALIZATION OF FLUORESCENT PROBES WITHOUT NUMERICAL FITTING

A new algorithm for determining the location of a fluorescent probe in the plane is described. Inspired by the Bancroft algorithm for localization in the global positioning system, the technique calculates the position of the probe without the use of a numerical fitting procedure. Numerical simulations are presented which indicate that the precision of the localization is similar to that obtained using the standard method of fitting a Gaussian profile to the measured fluorescence intensity. Moreover, the computational time is two orders of magnitude shorter than when performing such a fit.
Useful Immunohistochemical Markers of Tumor Differentiation

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been somewhat underutilized in the practice of toxicological pathology but can be a valuable tool for the evaluation of rodent neoplasms, both in a diagnostic and an investigational role. Determining an exact tumor type using standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of formalin-fixed tissues can be challenging, especially with metastatic and/or poorly differentiated tumors. Successful IHC is dependent on many factors, including species and tissue type, type and duration of fixation, quality fresh or frozen sectioning, and antibody specificity. The initial approach of most tumor diagnosis IHC applications is distinguishing epithelial from mesenchymal differentiation using vimentin and cytokeratin markers, although false-negative and/or false-positive results may occur. Experimentally, IHC can be employed to investigate the earliest changes in transformed tissues, identifying cellular changes not normally visible with H&E. Individual markers for proliferation, apoptosis, and specific tumor proteins can be used to help distinguish hyperplasia from neoplasia and determine specific tumor origin/type. IHC provides a relatively rapid and simple method to better determine the origin of neoplastic tissue or investigate the behavior or progression of a given neoplasm. Several experimental and diagnostic examples will be presented to illustrate the utility of IHC as a supplement to standard staining techniques.
Stent-Assisted Coiling of Intracranial Aneurysms: Predictors of Complications, Recanalization, and Outcome in 508 Cases

Background and Purpose—Self-expanding stents are increasingly used for treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms. We assess the safety and the efficacy of intracranial stenting and determine predictors of treatment outcomes. Methods—A total of 508 patients with 552 aneurysms were treated with Neuroform and Enterprise stents between 2006 and 2011 at our institution. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify predictors of complications, recanalization, and outcome. Results—Of 508 patients, 461 (91%) were treated electively and 47 (9%) in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Complications occurred in 6.8% of patients. In multivariate analysis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, delivery of coils before stent placement, and carotid terminus/middle cerebral artery aneurysm locations were independent predictors of procedural complications. Angiographic follow-up was available for 87% of patients at a mean of 26 months. The rates of recanalization and retreatment were, respectively, 12% and 6.4%. Older age, p...
Limiting the Unintended Consequences of Institutional Change

Students of institutional change pay insufficient attention to the conditions under which institutional reform produces unintended procedural and policy consequences. The authors contend that the b...
An approach to the evaluation of peripheral neuropathies

Requests for an evaluation for a peripheral neuropathy are common in the clinic and electrodiagnostic laboratory. Lists of types of neuropathies are long as are diagnostic tests. An approach to the evaluation of peripheral neuropathies is valuable as it permits full characterization of the neuropathy after which the lists of possible types and tests becomes much shorter and manageable. In this article, the author presents such an approach, focusing on the clinical aspects.
Glitazones regulate glutamine metabolism by inducing a cellular acidosis in MDCK cells.

We studied the effect of the antihyperglycemic glitazones, ciglitazone, troglitazone, and rosiglitazone, on glutamine metabolism in renal tubule-derived Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Trog...
Electro-Thermally Coupled Power Optimization for Future Transistors

We have developed a self-consistent, electro-thermally coupled, total power, (includes dynamic, DP, and static leakage power, SDL) optimization methodology for future transistors. It calculates the best power-delay tradeoff curve, and the corresponding self-consistent, temperature-delay curves for a given transistor from its current-voltage characteristics. The methodology, by serving as a comprehensive comparison standard for different future transistor options, presents a unique and powerful tool for suitable device selection at future nodes, where no SPICE models are available. In addition, in this work, we also use the methodology to provide insight into the (1) optimum transistor design and operational parameters for minimum Ptot, (2) device-specific hot spot problems, (3) multi-Vt design for different functional blocks, and (4) the efficacy of novel thermal solutions (superior thermal conductivity, sub-ambient cooling). We choose an 18nm gate length (Lg) double gate FET (DGFET) to illustrate the methodology.
Further generalization of Landau-Zener calculation

A three-level model is used for an atom driven by two laser beams of constant amplitude; their detunings are proportional to the time. Simple formulas for the resulting transition probabilities are derived analytically. Special cases of these results are the Landau–Zener result for a two-level model and our earlier result for a symmetrical three-level model.
Globalization and the Politics of Religious Knowledge Pluralizing Authority in the Muslim World

Globalizing processes have rendered as analytically insufficient accounts of authority in the Muslim world that rely exclusively on the interaction between text, discursive method and personified k...
SecA drives transmembrane insertion of RodZ, an unusual single-span membrane protein.

The transmembrane (TM) helices of most type II single-span membrane proteins (S-SMPs) of Escherichia coli occur near the N-terminus, where the cell's targeting mechanisms can readily identify it as it emerges from the ribosome. However, the TM helices of a few S-SMPs, such as RodZ, occur a hundred or more residues downstream from the N-terminus, which raises fundamental questions about targeting and assembly. Because of RodZ's novelty and potential usefulness for understanding TM helix insertion in vivo, we examined its membrane targeting and assembly. We used RodZ constructs containing immunotags before the TM domain to assess membrane insertion using proteinase K digestion. We confirmed the Nin-Cout (type II) topology of RodZ and established the absence of a targeting signal other than the TM domain. RodZ was not inserted into the membrane under SecA depletion conditions or in the presence of sodium azide, which is known to inhibit SecA. Insertion failed when the TM proton gradient was abolished with Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. Insertion also failed when RodZ was expressed in SecE-depleted E. coli, indicating that the SecYEG translocon is required for RodZ assembly. Protease accessibility assays of RodZ in other E. coli depletion strains revealed that insertion is independent of SecB, YidC, and SecD/F. Insertion was found to be only weakly dependent on the signal recognition particle pathway: insertion was weakly dependent on the Ffh but independent of FtsY. We conclude that membrane insertion of RodZ requires only the SecYEG translocon, the SecA ATPase motor, and the TM proton motive force.
Reflections on the Cultural Contexts of Conflict Resolution via Truth and Reconciliation Processes

We are living in a global era in which widely accessible information and communication technology have raised our awareness; the many conflicts in interests, values, ideologies; and the ways of life of different people, societies, and nations. Amidst this awareness, tensions are increasing and efforts to resolve them have assumed a new priority within government, businesses, religious institutions, and other groups and organizations. A “versus” mentality has emerged that is undermining our social fabric, pitting individuals, groups, and nations against one another under conditions of distrust, resentment, and anger that are making it difficult to stem the rising tide of confrontation and to bring justice and accord. Truth and reconciliation assumptions and procedures have been used in local, national, and international to resolve conflicts and to promote harmonious solutions. However, the immediate and long-term effectiveness of truth and reconciliation are subject to debate, and the question of what constitutes a fair, just, and equitable solution remains controversial. One of the critical issues in answering this question, as well as questions related to the effectiveness of the all conflict resolution processes, is the role of cultural differences of the parties involved. The assumption that truth and reconciliation processes (e.g., confession, apology, penance, restitution, forgiveness) have universal validity and application is a major conceptual error. Though widely used at local, national, and international levels to resolve human rights offenses and violations, the failure to systematically consider and respond to the role of cultural variables can impede success. A multivariate equation is proposed that identifies critical cultural variables that need to be considered for a successful resolution of conflict.
Collective Computing for Scientific Big Data Analysis

Big science discovery requires an efficient computing framework in the high performance computing architecture. Traditional scientific data analysis relies on Message Passing Interface (MPI) and MPI-IO to achieve fast computing and low I/O bottleneck. Among them, two-phase collective I/O is commonly used to reduce data movement by optimizing the non-contiguous I/O pattern. However, the inherent constraint of collective I/O prevents it from having a flexible combination with computing and lacks an efficient non-blocking I/O-Computing framework in current HPC. In this work, we propose Collective Computing, a framework that breaks the constraint of the two-phase collective I/O and provides an efficient non-blocking computing paradigm with runtime support. The fundamental idea is to move the analysis stage in advance and insert the computation into the two-phase I/O, such that the data in the first I/O phase can be computed in place and the second shuffle phase is minimized with a reduce operation. We motivate this idea by profiling the I/O and CPU usage. With both theoretical analysis and evaluation on real application and benchmarks, we show that the collective computing can achieve 2.5X speedup and is promising in big scientific data analysis.
Medical Thoracoscopy: Technique and Application

Medical thoracoscopy (MT) is a procedure that involves access to the pleural space with an endoscope allowing direct visualization of the pleural space and intrathoracic structures while aiding in obtaining tissue or performing interventions under direct visual guidance. This article reviews the technique, applications, and complications of MT.
Modeling and control for launch and shift of dual-clutch transmission vehicles

This paper presents an analytical model for the simulation, analysis and control of dual clutch automatic transmissions (DCT). The research work is concentrated on the vehicle launch and shift processes. A gearshift is affected by load transfer from one clutch to the other, without traction interruption since both gears are engaged during the entire shifting process. The timing of engagement and disengagement of the twin-clutch is extremely critical to achieve a smooth shift without loss of traction. Matlab/Simulink is used as a simulation platform to develop the dynamic model and control logic for the integrated vehicle powertrain model. The simulation model is used to study the variation in output torque in response to different clutch pressure profiles. An optimized clutch pressure profile is created to achieve the best possible shift quality. As a numerical example, the model is used for a vehicle equipped with a dual clutch transmission to simulate the wide-open throttle performance. Vehicle launch and shift process are also simulated to assess transmission shift quality and validate the effectiveness of the transmission control strategy.© 2005 ASME
Fragmentation of CH4 caused by fast-proton impact.

The cross sections of the different breakup channels of ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$, produced by 4-MeV proton impact, have been measured using the coincidence time-of-flight technique. The relative abundances of the different breakup channels were evaluated for collisions in which the molecule broke into two charged fragments as well as for collisions where only a single charged molecular ion or fragment was produced. These relative abundances are compared to the ones measured for photodissociation, and for electron and proton impact. Only the ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}^{+}$ ion survives long enough to be detected as a molecular ion, while the doubly charged ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}^{2+}$ ion dissociates rapidly. The most probable final product of the fragmentation of doubly charged methane as formed by fast-proton impact is ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+${\mathrm{CH}}_{2}^{+}$+H. The abundance of ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{m}}^{+}$+${\mathrm{CH}}_{\mathit{n}}^{+}$ (m+n\ensuremath{\le}4) ion pairs decreases rapidly with increasing m, as suggested by Siegbahn [Chem. Phys. 66, 443 (1982)]. The momentum of neutral fragments, in channels where they are produced, is small in comparison with the momentum of the charged fragments so that two-body breakup holds approximately. The deviation from two-body breakup increases with increasing number of neutral hydrogen atoms produced. The sensitivity of the experimental method enabled us to extend the study of the fragmentation pattern of ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}^{2+}$ to include small breakup channels such as ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}^{2+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$+${\mathrm{CH}}^{+}$. Furthermore, some breakup channels of the triply charged ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}^{3+}$ have been detected as triple coincidences.
Finite Element Modeling of Nanoindentation Measurements of Crystalline and Amorphous Si

Nanoindentation testing of amorphous Si layers, formed by self-ion implantation, has been performed, and their mechanical properties compared to crystalline Si. The data was analyzed using finite element modeling of the indentation measurement, allowing the properties of the thin amorphous layers to be separated from those of the underlying material. By modeling the materials as isotropic, elastic-plastic solids with the Mises yield criterion, the amorphous Si is shown to have a hardness about 15% lower than crystalline Si and an elastic modulus about 10% lower. Electron and atomic force microscopies of the indents indicate that the amorphous Si does not undergo phase changes during indentation, and that it may be somewhat more ductile than crystalline Si.
Highlights from the 2013 National Science Foundation Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Promise, Progress, and Priorities (SOFC-PPP) Workshop

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) are solid-state devices that can be used to (a) convert between chemical and electrical energy and /or (b) drive chemical reactions. Both technologies offer a unique opportunity to reduce the environmental impact of today's hydrocarbon based economy while simultaneously providing the infrastructure for a CO2-neutral economy that utilizes biofuels, solar fuels or hydrogen. This article presents highlights from the 2013 National Science Foundation Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Promise, Progress, and Priorities (SOFC-PPP) Workshop.
The effect of hyperprolactinemia on the diurnal variation of adrenal androgens

Morning and evening plasma cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEA-S) were measured in ten women with hyperprolactinemia secondary to pituitary adenomas and in seven control subjects with cyclic menses and normal prolactin (PRL) levels. Plasma cortisol and DHEA-S levels were comparable in both groups. A diurnal variation for cortisol and DHEA was identified and comparable in both groups. These findings indicate that PRL may not be an important physiologic regulator of adrenal androgen secretion.
A linkage map for the Newt Notophthalmus viridescens: Insights in vertebrate genome and chromosome evolution.

Abstract Genetic linkage maps are fundamental resources that enable diverse genetic and genomic approaches, including quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses and comparative studies of genome evolution. It is straightforward to build linkage maps for species that are amenable to laboratory culture and genetic crossing designs, and that have relatively small genomes and few chromosomes. It is more difficult to generate linkage maps for species that do not meet these criteria. Here, we introduce a method to rapidly build linkage maps for salamanders, which are known for their enormous genome sizes. As proof of principle, we developed a linkage map with thousands of molecular markers (N=2349) for the Eastern newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens ). The map contains 12 linkage groups (152.3–934.7 cM), only one more than the number of chromosome pairs. Importantly, this map was generated using RNA isolated from a single wild caught female and her 28 offspring. We used the map to reveal chromosome-scale conservation of synteny among N. viridescens, A. mexicanum (Urodela), and chicken (Amniota), and to identify large conserved segments between N. viridescens and Xenopus tropicalis (Anura). We also show that met1, a major effect QTL that regulates the expression of alternate metamorphic and paedomorphic modes of development in Ambystoma, associates with a chromosomal fusion that is not found in the N. viridescens map. Our results shed new light on the ancestral amphibian karyotype and reveal specific fusion and translocation events that shaped the genomes of three amphibian model taxa. The ability to rapidly build linkage maps for large salamander genomes will enable genetic and genomic analyses within this important vertebrate group, and more generally, empower comparative studies of vertebrate biology and evolution.
Head and Neck Manifestations of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Systematic Review.

ObjectiveTo conduct the first and only systematic review of the existing literature on head and neck manifestations of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis to guide clinical decision makin...
IBM zEnterprise 196 processor

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on IBM's zEnterprise 196 processor. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features, system specifications, and system design for these products; system architectures; applications for use; platforms supported; processing capabilities; memory capabilities; and targeted markets.
Building a 4-QAM Modem

This chapter focuses on the design of 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) modem system. This system consists several functional modules namely message source, pulse shape filter, QAM modulator, Hilbert transformer, QAM demodulator, frame synchronizer, and phase and frequency tracker. The system is essentially divided into two parts—transmitter and receiver. The first three modules constitute the transmitter side and the other modules the receiver side. The chapter also discusses the building process of each functional module in detail. The first module of the transmitter side is the message source. It readily uses PN sequences for this purpose. Frame marker bits are inserted in front of these sequences to achieve frame synchronization. The first module on the receiver side is the Hilbert transformer. This module builds the required analytic signal for demodulation based on the transmitted QAM signal. A Hilbert transformer is built by using the digital filter design (DFD) Remez Design virtual instrument (VI) of the DFD toolkit.
High Speed Epitaxial Perovskite Memory on Flexible Substrates

Single-crystal perovskite ferroelectric material is integrated at room temperature on a flexible substrate by the layer transfer technique. Two terminal memory devices fabricated with these materials exhibit faster switching speed, lower operating voltage, and superior endurance than other existing flexible counterparts. The research provides an avenue toward combining the rich functionality of charge and spin states, offered by the general class of complex oxides, onto a flexible platform.
Summarizing and propagating uncertain information with triangular norms

Abstract A wide variety of numerical or symbolic approaches to reasoning with uncertainty have been proposed in the artificial intelligence (AI) literature. This article postulates a list of desiderata that any such formalism should try to satisfy. The author then proposes a new approach to reasoning with uncertainty, which is organized in three layers: representation, inference, and control. In the representation layer the structure required to capture information used in the inference layer and meta-information used in the control layer are described. In this structure, numerical slots take values on linguistic term sets with fuzzy-valued semantics. These term sets capture the input granularity usually provided by users or experts. In the inference layer a large number of uncertainty calculi based on triangular norms (T-norms), intersection operators whose truth functionality entails low computational complexity, are described. It is shown that for a common negation operator, the selection of a T-norm uniquely and completely describes an uncertainty calculus. Previous experiments have determined the existence of a small number of equivalence classes among the uncertainty calculi (as a function of the input granularity). This property drastically reduces the number of different combining rules to be considered. In the control layer the policy selection for the different calculi used in the inference layer, based on their meanings, properties, and contextual information, is specified. Conflicts and ignorance measurements are also defined. The proposed formalism is compared against the requirements of the desiderata and contrasted with existing schemes for reasoning with uncertainty.
Efficient detection of consecutive facial expression apices using biologically based log-normal filters

The automatic extraction of the most relevant information in a video sequence made of continuous affective states is an important challenge for efficient human-machine interaction systems. In this paper a method is proposed to solve this problem based on two steps: first, the automatic segmentation of consecutive emotional segments based on the response of a set of Log-Normal filters; secondly, the automatic detection of the facial expression apices based on the estimation of the global face energy inside each emotional segment independently of the undergoing facial expression. The proposed method is fully automatic and independent from any reference image such as the neutral at the beginning of the sequence. The proposed method is the first contribution for the summary of the most important affective information present in a video sequence independently of the undergoing facial expressions. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed method to different data acquisition and facial differences has been evaluated on a large set of data (157 video sequences) taken from two benchmark databases (Hammal-Caplier and MMI databases) [1, 2] and from 20 recorded video sequences of multiple facial expressions (between three to seven facial expressions per sequence) in order to include more challenging image data in which expressions are not neatly packaged in neutral-expression-neutral.
STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON BEEF HEART CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE FROM WHICH SUBUNIT III HAS BEEN REMOVED BY CHYMOTRYPSIN TREATMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the use of chymotrypsin to remove subunit III from beef heart cytochrome c oxidase. Enzyme missing subunit III has been compared structurally with that containing a full complement of subunits. The subunit III provides the M2 domain of cytochrome c oxidase. The chapter presents the studies undertaken to locate subunit III within the three dimensional, Y-shaped structure of cytochrome c oxidase. Firstly, a method has been devised to remove subunit III under mild conditions. Second, subunit III-less enzyme has been studied with respect to molecular weight and lastly, the arrangement of subunit III in the complex has been explored by chemical labeling and by cross linking experiments. The removal of fragments after cleavage was monitored by selective labeling of subunit III with iodoacetamide, DCCD, and through labeling with adamantane diazirine. Cleavage of subunit III with chymotrypsin was shown to occur in at least two places in the sequence, one near the center of the polypeptide and to the C-terminus of Glu 90 and close to Cys 115. Preliminary studies with oriented membranes or cytochrome c oxidase confirm that chymotrypsin cleaves subunit III from the C side of the membrane and experiments in progress should indicate whether one or both cleavage sites are present in the C domain.