cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the Laboratory to the Field: Developing a Portable Workplace Examination Simulation Tool

To perform a successful workplace examination, mineworkers must be able to find and fix hazards at their workplace. NIOSH recently completed a laboratory study to identify differences in hazard recognition performance for mineworkers, safety professionals, and mining engineering students tasked with performing a simulated workplace examination in a virtual environment. The laboratory methodology and study results were used to develop a training product aimed at improving mineworker safety. The purpose of the current chapter is to describe the efforts that were taken to modify the laboratory workplace examination simulation into a portable software tool called EXAMiner, which can be used for data collection and training purposes in the field. This chapter provides an explanation of the literature and results from the NIOSH laboratory research studies used to inform and motivate development of EXAMiner. In addition, the software specifications are explained.
What if Miracles Don’t Happen?: Empowerment for Longsuffering

Theodical concerns are intricately embedded within accounts of divine healing and miracles. The following essay highlights some of these challenges for Pentecostals and charismatics, those who are especially affected by the point. What is needed in contexts such as these is nothing short of a recalibration of sensibilities and expectations regarding the theodical task overall. The work concludes with an amplification of what ‘empowered for witness’ can mean for Pentecostals facing the challenge of frustrated expectations on these concerns.
Expanding the Donor Pool: Donation After Cardiac Death

Lung transplantation (LTx) is the definitive treatment of patients with end-stage lung disease. Availability of donor lungs remains the primary limitation and leads to substantial wait-list mortality. Efforts to expand the donor pool have included a resurgence of interest in the use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) lungs. Unique in its physiology, lung viability seems more tolerant to the variable durations of ischemia that occur in DCD donors. Initial experience with DCD LTx is promising and, in combination with ex vivo lung perfusion systems, seems a valuable opportunity to expand the lung donor pool.
Three Quarters of This Century

The distribution and motion of stars in the Galaxy, spectral classification and the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, work on the restricted three-body problem, first extragalactic studies with the new Mt. Wilson telescope, the laws of stellar interiors, and the impact of relativity theory upon astronomy — these and other early highlights of 20th-century work are so much connected with the present, that the historical outline can be said here to merge into the stream of current research. Similarly, many results on double stars will have to be reported in later sections, rather than in the present survey.
Recent Developments Concerning Saint-Venant's Principle

This chapter provides an overview of the recent developments concerning Saint-Venant's principle. The task of determining, within the framework of the linear theory of elasticity, the stresses and displacements in an elastic cylinder in equilibrium, under the action of loads that arise solely from tractions applied to its plane ends has come to be called Saint- Venant's problem. Saint-Venant's construction does not permit the arbitrary preassignment of the point-by-point variation of the end tractions giving rise to these forces and moments; indeed, this variation is essentially determined as a consequence of the special assumptions made in connection with his so-called semi-inverse procedure. The early work of Saint-Venant and Boussinesq furnished the seeds from which grew a large number of more general assertions, most referring to elastic solids of arbitrary shape and many being rather imprecise, concerning the effect on stresses within the body of replacing the tractions acting over a portion of its surface by statically equivalent ones. Such propositions usually went by the name of Saint-Venunt's principle, despite the fact that Saint-Venant's original conjecture was intended to apply only to cylinders. This chapter discusses in detail about flow in a cylinder, a representation for the exact solution, and energy decay for other linear elliptic second-order problem. Linear elastostatic problems are also stated in the chapter.
Managing membership in Large-Scale International Science Projects

Abstract The purpose of this study is to introduce the concept of membership management in Large-Scale International Science Projects by addressing those variables that are influential in establishing and maintaining commitment through a dynamic economic, scientific, cultural, and political environment. We conduct a systematic literature review and we find that 77% of the research papers in our sample mention at least one of these four variables. This paper analyzes the evolution of these four variables in the context of ITER, currently the world's largest scientific project, and concludes with several propositions that provide insightful contributions for the discipline of technology management.
Synthesis, X-ray Structure, and Properties of Fluorocyclopropane Analogs of the Duocarmycins Incorporating the 9,9-Difluoro-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benzo[e]indol-4-one (F2CBI) Alkylation Subunit

The synthesis of 9,9-difluoro-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (F2CBI), a difluorocyclopropane analog of the CC-1065 and duocarmycin alkylation subunits which represents the first such agent containing substitution of the reactive center in the natural products, is detailed. The core structure of F2CBI was prepared by an intramolecular metal carbenoid insertion reaction into a 1,1-difluoroalkene (74%) employing a p-quinonediazide, and its incorporation into F2CBI-TMI (24) provided a key analog of the duocarmycins. A study of the solvolysis of N-BOC-F2CBI (19) revealed that introduction of the difluorocyclopropane substitution increased the reactivity 500× without altering the inherent regioselectivity which occurred with nucleophilic addition to the difluoro substituted C9 cyclopropane carbon. A single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of 17 and its comparison with the X-ray structures of CBI and related agents beautifully reveal the structural origin of the difluoro substitution effects ...
The tricuspid valve in review: anatomy, pathophysiology and echocardiographic assessment with focus on functional tricuspid regurgitation

The tricuspid valve (TV) is a complex anatomical structure that incorporates a saddle-shaped annulus, asymmetric leaflets, the subvalvular apparatus and the right ventricle and its loading conditions. In this paper, an appreciation of the normal anatomy and physiology of the TV is reviewed before discussing functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR), a disease that has garnered renewed interest due to increased awareness of adverse outcomes and novel transcatheter therapeutic options. Two and three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging of the TV using transthoracic and transesophageal windows are subsequently discussed. The future of cardiovascular medicine will have more to offer the "forgotten" right-sided chambers and valves, and this review aims to refresh knowledge and enthusiasm around the forgotten but crucially important TV.
Assessing the Viability of the Methylsulfinyl Radical-Ozone Reaction.

Although integral to remote marine atmospheric sulfur chemistry, the reaction between methylsulfinyl radical (CH3 SO) and ozone poses challenges to theoretical treatments. The lone theoretical study on this reaction reported an unphysically large barrier of 66 kcal mol-1 for abstraction of an oxygen atom from O3 by CH3 SO. Herein, we demonstrate that this result stems from improper use of MP2 with a single-reference, unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) wavefunction. We characterized the potential energy surface using density functional theory (DFT), as well as multireference methodologies employing a complete active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) reference. Our DFT PES shows, in contrast to previous work, that the reaction proceeds by forming an addition adduct [CH3 S(O3 )O] in a deep potential well of 37 kcal mol-1 . An O-O bond of this adduct dissociates via a flat, low barrier of 1 kcal mol-1 to give CH3 SO2 +O2 . The multireference computations show that the initial addition of CH3 SO+O3 is barrierless. These results provide a more physically intuitive and accurate picture of this reaction than the previous theoretical study. In addition, our results imply that the CH3 SO2 formed in this reaction can readily decompose to give SO2 as a major product, in alignment with the literature on CH3 SO reactions.
Application of artificial neural network in optimizing the drilling rate of penetration of western desert Egyptian wells

This study presents an intensive artificial neural network ANN model designed using FORTRAN language to predict the drilling rate of penetration ROP with high accuracy. The developed ANN model gives a new correlation to be used in ROP prediction as a function of drilling parameters: bit size, mud circulation rate, drilling interval, wight on bit WOB and rotary speed RPM. The back-propagation algorithm is used as learning procedure to supervise neural nets. In the training process More than 3000 actual data points are collected to be used as inputs for the neural network box. The optimization process of ANN model shows that the optimum number of neurons that gives the lowest average error between the actual and predicted ROP is 20 neurons. The resultant average square error estimated for ANN model was less than 3% with R of 0.958. A comparison between the developed ANN-ROP model and the number of selected published ROP models are performed. The results show that ANN model able to estimate ROP with high accuracy compared with other models. The novel ANN model in this study gives empirical correlation that can be used to estimate the ROP without need for artificial intelligence software.
Revisiting Precipitation-Induced Smoking: The Role of Hedonic Versus Utilitarian Advertising Message on Smoking-Related Intervention

Background:Smoking-related intervention remains an important social marketing challenge. This article investigates the role of precipitation in driving smoking initiation and, by extension, examine...
Utility of Bone Scintigraphy and PET-CT in the Surgical Staging of Skeletal Chondrosarcoma.

Background/aim Surgical staging is paramount to treatment of primary bone sarcomas. Often, bone scintigraphy and/or positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) are used to exclude skeletal metastases; however, skeletal metastases in chondrosarcoma are rare. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of these staging methods in patients with chondrosarcoma. Patients and methods We reviewed 138 (87 males, 51 female) patients, mean age 54±20 years, with a chondrosarcoma, who had completed a bone scintigraphy or PET/CT as part of surgical staging. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive value of the scans was calculated. Results Seventeen (12%) patients had a positive bone scintigraphy or PET-CT for skeletal metastases. In cases of bone scintigraphy (n=11), 6 were benign and 5 were skeletal metastases. In cases of PET-CT, 6 were skeletal metastases, 3 were positive and 3 benign. All positive cases regarded dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. The overall sensitivity and specificity of a bone scan or PET-CT was 100% and 93.1%; with a positive and negative predictive value of 47.1% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Skeletal metastases at presentation of chondrosarcoma are rare and associated with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Bone scintigraphy or PET-CT should only be performed in cases of high grade and dedifferentiated histology.
Can the Treatment of Limit Orders Reconcile the Differences in Trading Costs between NYSE and Nasdaq Issues

In this paper, we determine whether each bid (ask) quote reflects the trading interest of the specialist, limit order traders, or both for a sample of NYSE stocks in 1991. We then compare Nasdaq spreads with NYSE spreads that reflect the trading interest of the specialist. Our empirical results show that the average Nasdaq spread is significantly larger than the average NYSE specialist spread. We find that, on average, 49% of the difference between Nasdaq and specialist spreads is due to the differential use of even-eighth quotes between Nasdaq dealers and NYSE specialists. We also find that the NYSE specialist spread is significantly larger than the limit order spread, although NYSE specialists and limit order traders are similar in their use of even-eighth quotes.
Cell-level metadata are indispensable for documenting single-cell sequencing datasets

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides an unprecedented view of cellular diversity of biological systems. However, across the thousands of publications and datasets generated using this technology, we estimate that only a minority (<25%) of studies provide cell-level metadata information containing identified cell types and related findings of the published dataset. Metadata omission hinders reproduction, exploration, validation, and knowledge transfer and is a common problem across journals, data repositories, and publication dates. We encourage investigators, reviewers, journals, and data repositories to improve their standards and ensure proper documentation of these valuable datasets.
COVID-19 and Employment Losses for Workers with Disabilities: An Intersectional Approach

This paper studies the disparate effects of COVID-19 on workers with physical and mental disabilities, paying particular attention to an intersectional analysis by disability, race/ethnicity, and gender. Results indicate that White and Black women with disabilities experienced relatively greater employment losses during the pandemic compared to White men without disabilities. Our decomposition procedures reveal that the disability employment gap increased during the pandemic, and a substantial portion of the increased gap is explained by differential effects of the pandemic across occupations. The unexplained component of the disability gap also rose, which could partly reflect growing discrimination against people with disabilities.
Spinoza’s Notions of Essence

The topic of this chapter is Spinoza’s notion (or, more accurately, notions) of essence. I argue for a spectrum interpretation of essences in Spinoza, distinguishing between common essences at the level of attribute and infinite mode at one extreme, singular essences at the level of finite individuals at the other extreme, and species essences in the middle (which, I argue, exist only as beings of reason). I also clarify Spinoza’s notions of formal essence and actual essence and address the sense in which the essences of finite things enjoy non-durational (or eternal), as well as durational, existence. I argue that the essences of finite things exist both durationally and non-durationally as finite, not infinite, modes.
4D Flow MRI: Flow Dynamics

Blood flow imaging of the heart and vasculature is critical for the assessment of patients with congenital heart disease. 4D flow MRI has emerged as the state-of-the-art technique for comprehensively evaluating time-resolved volumetric cardiovascular hemodynamics. This imaging technique allows for dynamic visualization of 3D blood flow as well as quantification of conventional (e.g., net flow, peak velocity) and advanced hemodynamic metrics (e.g., flow distribution, laminar and turbulent kinetic energy, viscous energy loss, vortex flow, pressure gradients, wall shear stress). Such comprehensive hemodynamic assessment can be achieved while adding less than 10 min to the standard clinical MRI exam by utilizing the increasingly available acquisition acceleration techniques.
Effect of Online Learning on Transfer Student Success

Introduction: Online learning increased rapidly during the 2020 school year due to COVID-19. While online learning was perhaps the only realistic response to the health crisis, students differ in terms of their success with online learning. One particular group which may be vulnerable to problems with online learning is transfer students. Transfer students may be coming from smaller, in-person classes and are now put into fully online environments. This paper studies the performance of transfer students in online classes versus in-person classes. Methods: This study compares the success of transfer students for an in-person semester to an online semester. A simple statistical test was performed to compare results for transfer students to control students. Results: Transfer students appear to be performing worse than control students in the fully online learning environment. Discussion: There may be a variety of reasons for the poorer performance of transfer students. They may be switching from smaller, in-person learning environments to more impersonal online environments. Limitations: Pre-existing differences in individual students could not be controlled for. Conclusion: These results suggest that transfer students may not be adapting to fully online learning as well as control students. Further research is needed to clarify this.
Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of methane in India as influenced by multiple environmental changes during 1901–2010

Abstract It is highly uncertain on how human and natural environmental factors have altered methane (CH 4 ) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems in India. Using a process-based, Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) driven by climate, land cover and land use change (LCLUC), atmospheric nitrogen deposition (NDEP), atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration, and tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) pollution, we examined CH 4 flux from terrestrial in India during 1901–2010. The DLEM simulations have shown that total CH 4 flux over the country ranged from 2.9 Tg C year −1 to 6.5 Tg C year −1 with significant inter-annual variations driven by climate during 1901–2010. Contemporary CH 4 emissions have primarily occurred from rice fields (3.9 ± 0.9 Tg C year −1 ) while wetlands contributed to 2.1 ± 0.6 Tg C year −1 in the 2000s. During 1901–2010, total CH 4 emission from the terrestrial biosphere has increased by ∼2.1 Tg C year −1 . LCLUC has increased CH 4 emissions by 2.3 Tg C year −1 primarily due to increase in the rice-based cropping systems as well as irrigation expansion during the study period. Elevated CO 2 concentration stimulated plant biomass production in both rice fields and wetlands that increased CH 4 emissions by 0.7 Tg C year −1 . On the contrary, climate change decreased net CH 4 emissions by ∼1.2 Tg C year −1 due to negative effects of extreme high temperature as well as occurrences of extreme drought events on plant growth. Our study suggests that LCLUC and elevated CO 2 concentration have significantly increased CH 4 emissions from terrestrial ecosystems in India.
A Brief For Power and Against Weapons

Megawatts and Megatons A Turning Point in the Nuclear Age?. Richard L. Garwin and Georges Charpak. New York, Knopf, 2001. 431 pp. $30, C$45. ISBN 0-375-40394-9. Blending explanations of the physics of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons with policy analyses, the authors argue for accepting the benefits of nuclear power and acting to reduce the dangers of nuclear weaponry.
Understanding American Political Conservatism

This essay examines contemporary American political conservatism from a variety of angles. It asks first what scholars and activists mean by conservative. It then turns to controversies about the meaning of the term to the general public and to the question of whether the United States is a conservative nation and, if so, how this came about. A central theme here is that the increasing link of conservative self-identification and party identification grew out of reactions to events in the 1960s and early 1970s and that increased partisan polarization along ideological grounds, particularly in the South, has had a large impact on American politics at all levels (elite and general public) of the polity. After a brief look at the Tea Party phenomenon and its implications, the essay closes with a discussion of the future of American conservatism, with emphasis on the ability of conservative factions to coalesce, the evolving relationship between conservative self-identification and issues attitudes, and the likelihood that political polarization will endure. Keywords: conservative; republican; ideology; polarization; elites; general public; Burke; South; Tea Party; fusionism
The Band Spectrum of Mercury excited by a High Frequency Discharge

A METHOD of exciting spectra by a high frequency discharge has been described by Wood and Loomis (NATURE, 120, 510; 1927), Clarke (NATTJUE, 120, 727; 1927), and others. The method consists of sending a high frequency current through a wire coiled around the tube in which the discharge is excited. While experimenting with a low voltage Tesla coil in which the primary circuit power was supplied from a 110-volt buzzer, it was observed that when contact was made between one side of the secondary and a metal support on a diffusion pump, a brilliant green discharge was produced in the mercury circulating through the pump at a pressure of about 5 cm. The spectrum of this discharge showed a very intense emission of the green fluorescence band of mercury.
Ceftazidime versus Tobramycin/Ticarcillin in Treating Hospital Acquired Pneumonia and Bacteremia

Thirty-five patients in a neurosurgical intensive care unit who had nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia were randomly assigned to receive either ceftazidime (Cef) or the combination of ticarcillin and pharmacokinetically adjusted doses of tobramycin (T/T). Fifteen of 17 patients (88%) who received Cef were cured or improved compared to 15 of 18 (83%) who received T/T. The original pathogen was eradicated from the respiratory secretion in 10 of 15 patients receiving Cef compared to only 6 of 18 patients receiving T/T (p = 0.12). All patients in both treatment groups who had positive blood cultures cleared the organism from the bloodstream. No cases of drug toxicity, including renal toxicity, were seen in either group. Cef used as a single agent in nosocomial pneumonias and bacteremias performed at least as well as T/T.
Public participation in transportation decision making

In this paper we describe the system design phase of the participatory geographic information system for transportation (PGIST) project. The PGIST web portal is being developed to support public participation in transportation improvement decision making in the central Puget Sound region of Washington State. Design considerations are based upon system requirements collected through case study and interview. We elucidate those considerations to articulate project directions.
The Information Prescription for Drug Regulation

Before it can sell a prescription drug lawfully in interstate commerce, a manufacturer must prove to the satisfaction of the Food and Drug Administration that the drug is both safe and effective. Congress approved this requirement in 1962 unanimously. Four decades of changes in the drug market have reshaped this regulatory hurdle. This article makes detailed reference to these transformative developments to argue that the statute's adjectives have merged into one unitary inquiry about utility, a multifaceted query that many sectors ask and answer. Because consumers - that is, patients, physicians, managed-care organizations, and third-party purchasers like employers - cannot resolve this query without information, revealing information lies at the heart of the safe and effective regulatory promise. We locate in the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act an obligation for regulators to foster the revelation of known (or readily knowable) information that consumers need to determine whether a drug offers value. We give examples of particular drugs that were marketed without the information that would have given a more accurate picture of their utility to show that this shift in regulatory policy would not only fulfill the statutory mandate, but also repair a market failure for the benefit of consumers.
The medical management of refractory Overactive Bladder

Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome describing the symptom complex of urgency, with or without urgency incontinence and is usually associated with frequency and nocturia. Those women with refractory or intractable symptoms following initial conservative and antimuscarinic medication may benefit from further assessment and investigation of their symptoms prior to considering different approaches to drug therapy. This review is the first of two to cover the management of intractable OAB in women and provides a practical clinical approach to managing women with refractory OAB symptoms. This paper covers the investigation and medical management of this demanding patient group whilst the second paper will focus on the role of more invasive treatments such as Botulinum Toxin, neuromodulation and reconstructive surgery.
Identification and verification of a longitudinal human driving model for collision warning and avoidance systems

The main contribution of this paper is the identification of a human driving model based on field measured car-following data, and the verification of the model's performance in a microscopic traffic simulator. We first examined the SAVME database and obtained a well-defined set of data under closing-in and decelerating lead-vehicle scenarios, i.e. the transient manoeuvre starts with a large range and negative range rate toward the equilibrium point with proper range and zero range rate. Subsequently, the ICC FOT database is used to extract model parameters under normal highway driving conditions. These well-defined data sets are then used to test the flexibility of several existing driving models, i.e. the model parameters are tuned to fit these data. The Gipps model was found to be able to fit the highest number of manoeuvres, and the identified parameters are used to represent human-controlled vehicles, which are deterministic but have different attributes (aggressiveness, target speed, etc.). The Gipps model and the parameter sets are then implemented in a microscopic traffic simulator. Macroscopic and microscopic behaviours of these simulated human-controlled vehicles are presented.
Radiative enhancement of tube-side heat transfer

Abstract The potential of augmenting film coefficient by uniformly dispersing thin metallic/ceramic filaments oriented longitudinally along a tube is investigated. The purpose of the rigidly held filaments is to create a participating medium from a gas otherwise transparent to thermal radiation. The filaments absorb the thermal radiation emitted by the tube and transfer the heat convectively to the flowing gas. Wave theory shows that optical thickness > 10 can be achieved with 50 μm SiC filaments at 300 cm −2 number density in a 2.54 cm diameter tube. Solution of the radiation transport equation indicates that the radiative film coefficients are a function of filament material, diameter and number density, and gas and surface temperatures.
Resonance Raman Analysis of the Tryptophan Cation Radical

Electron transfer (ET) reactions within proteins are accomplished by a broad set of redox-active molecules, including natural amino acids. Tryptophan participates in ET chemistry as both a cation and a neutral radical. Identification and characterization of the biologically relevant species is essential to understand efficient ET mechanisms in proteins. We present resonance Raman spectra and excitation profiles of the tryptophan cation radical generated by combining a strong oxidant, Ce(IV), with tryptophan model compounds in a fast-flow mixing device. Isotopically modified derivatives, coupled with calculations, allowed the assignment of the normal modes of this radical. Raman bands that are sensitive to protonation state and hydrogen bonding environment of the cation radical were identified. The present findings, along with resonance Raman spectra of the closed-shell and neutral radical counterparts, form a foundation for probing tryptophan-mediated ET reactions in proteins.
The Effective Field Theory approach towards membrane-mediated interactions between particles.

Fluid lipid membranes can mediate forces between particles bound to them: A local deformation of the surface geometry created by some object spreads to distant regions, where other objects can respond to it. The physical characteristics of these geometric interactions, and how they are affected by thermal fluctuations, are well described by the simple continuum curvature-elastic Hamiltonian proposed 40 years ago by Wolfgang Helfrich. Unfortunately, while the underlying principles are conceptually straightforward, the corresponding calculations are not-largely because one must enforce boundary conditions for finite-sized objects. This challenge has inspired several heuristic approaches for expressing the problem in a point particle language. While streamlining the calculations of leading order results and enabling predictions for higher order corrections, the ad hoc nature of the reformulation leaves its domain of validity unclear. In contrast, the framework of Effective Field Theory (EFT) provides a systematic way to construct a completely equivalent point particle description. In this review we present a detailed account for how this is accomplished. In particular, we use a familiar example from electrostatics as an analogy to motivate the key steps needed to construct an EFT, most notably capturing finite size information in point-like "polarizabilities," and determining their value through a suitable "matching procedure." The interaction (free) energy then emerges as a systematic cumulant expansion, for which powerful diagrammatic techniques exist, which we also briefly revisit. We then apply this formalism to derive series expansions for interactions between flat and curved particle pairs, multibody interactions, as well as corrections to all these interactions due to thermal fluctuations.
Priming involuntary autobiographical memories.

Involuntary autobiographical memories occur frequently in daily life and are usually triggered by cues in one's environment. This study investigated the possibility that priming plays a role in the production of involuntary memories. In Study 1, participants recorded their involuntary memories in a diary for 14 days and then completed a questionnaire assessing their cognitive activity during the recording period. Participants indicating frequent thought about significant others on the questionnaire showed significantly more involuntary memories related to such individuals than a control group. In Studies 2 and 3, participants recorded their involuntary memories in diaries for 14 days and were primed with recall sessions in the laboratory during that period (recalling episodes from high school, Study 1, the past year, or ages 13–16, Studies 2 & 3). The results of both studies showed significant priming effects in the involuntary memories of participants for all of the periods primed. The possibility that p...
Effect of bacteriophage infection upon the specificity of leucine transfer RNA for RNA codewords

Codon responses of Leu-tRNA isolated from Escherichia coli before and after T2 phage infection were examined, using Leu-tRNA fractionated on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns, and by binding the fractionated tRNA to ribosomes in the presence of various polynucleotides and trinucleotides. The presence of four or probably five Leu-tRNA species in uninfected E. coli is suggested. They are numbered according to their relative chromatographic mobilities. Responses of Leu-tRNA species to trinucleotides and polynucleotides can be assigned as follows: Leu-tRNA1, CUG; Leu-tRNA2, poly (U,C); Leu-tRNA3, CUU, CUC; Leu-tRNA4, poly U; and Leu-tRNA5, UUG. One minute after infection, a new Leu-tRNA species (leu-tRNAF) appears, which responds to poly UG with high efficiency, and simultaneously the amount of the tRNA1 decreases markedly. By eight minutes after infection Leu-tRNAF is no longer observed, but significant increases are observed in the response of Leu-tRNA3, Leu-tRNA4 and Leu-tRNA5 species. The differences in codon response of Leu-tRNA from E. coli before and after infection are correlated with the alteration of their elution profiles by methylated albumin-kieselguhr column chromatography. However, the biological significance of the modified tRNA remains to be determined.
Defect-mediated room temperature ferromagnetism in zinc oxide

We have introduced systematic changes in the electrical, magnetic and optical properties of undoped ZnO films through irradiation with an UV Excimer laser. Increases in the electrical conductivity and magnetic moment have been controlled precisely with the number of laser pulses, without altering the Wurtzite crystal structure and n-type semiconducting characteristics of the films. The laser induced ferromagnetism and concomitant conductivity enhancement can be reversed through subsequent thermal annealing. Hence, we have successfully demonstrated reversible switching of RTFM in undoped ZnO by employing oxygen annealing (off) and laser irradiation (on). We discuss these findings in terms of defects and defect complexes created by pulsed laser irradiation.
Nutrient intakes of 1–3, 4–6 and 7–10 year age group children: Analysis of diets reported in 1987–1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey

Abstract The 3-day food intake data from 1987–1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) was used to evaluate the nutrient intakes of 1–3, 4–6 and 7–10 year old American children. Nutrient intakes were compared with 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and percent RDAs were computed. On average, the children consumed 35 to 37% of their energy from fat, 49 to 51% of energy from carbohydrate, 15% of energy from protein, 13 to 14% of energy from saturated fat and 142 to 148 mg of cholesterol/1000 calories. Intakes of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol were higher, while intakes of polyunsaturated fat and ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat were lower than the expert recommendations. Mean intakes of vitamins and minerals were adequate except for vitamin E and zinc for all age groups. Calcium and iron intakes were below the RDA (84% of RDA) only in the 1–3 year age group. Although dietary intake patterns observed in this study were in agreement with other survey results, caution should be used in applying these results to general the US population because of possible bias introduced by survey low-response.
Von Warzen und Viren

The discovery that papillomaviruses are correlated with various types of cancer in man has led to increased interest in this virus group. A more detailed study of these viruses has only become possible with the introduction of recombinant DNA techniques. The most thoroughly studied representative, the bovine papillomavirus type 1, has now itself become a tool in genetic engineering.
Series Introduction: The transcription factor NF-κB and human disease

Beginning with its discovery in 1986 and continuing through the present, the transcription factor NF-κB has attracted widespread interest based on its unusual regulation, the variety of stimuli that activate it, the diverse genes and biological responses that it controls, the striking evolutionary conservation of structure and function among family members, and its apparent involvement in a variety of human diseases (Table ​(Table1).1). Importantly, and consistent with the last point, NF-κB has been shown to be the target of several anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs.
Imaging ion and molecular transport at subcellular resolution by secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract The transport of K + , Na + , and Ca 2+ were imaged in individual cells with a Cameca IMS-3f ion microscope. Strict cryogenic frozen freeze-dry sample preparations were employed. Ion redistribution artifacts in conventional chemical preparations are discussed. Cryogenically prepared freeze-fractured freeze-dried cultured cells allowed the three-dimensional ion microscopic imaging of elements. As smaller structures in calcium images can be resolved with the 0.5 μm spatial resolution, correlative techniques are needed to confirm their identity. The potentials of reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy are discussed for microfeature recognition in freeze-fractured freeze-dried cells. The feasibility of using frozen freeze-dried cells for imaging molecular transport at subcellular resolution was tested. Ion microscopy successfully imaged the transport of the isotopically tagged ( 13 C, 15 N) amino acid, l -arginine. The labeled amino acid was imaged at mass 28 with a Cs + primary ion beam as the 28 ( 13 C 15 N) − species. After a 4 h exposure of LLC-PK 1 kidney cells to 4 mM labeled arginine, the amino acid was localized throughout the cell with a preferential incorporation into the nucleus and nucleolus. An example is also shown of the ion microscopic imaging of sodium borocaptate, an experimental therapeutic drug for brain tumors, in cryogenically prepared frozen freeze-dried Swiss 3T3 cells.
Scheduling Suspendable, Pipelined Tasks with Non-Preemptive Sections in Soft Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems

While most prior work on multiprocessor real-time scheduling focuses on independent tasks, dependencies due to non-preemptive sections, suspensions, and pipeline-based precedence constraints are common in practice. In this paper, such complexities are considered in the context of the global earliest-deadline-first scheduling algorithm. It is shown that any periodic task system with such dependencies can be transformed into one with only suspensions in a way that preserves maximum per-task response times. This result enables analysis directed at systems with suspensions to be applied if non-preemptive sections and/or pipelines are present as well.
Low dietary zinc alters indices of copper function and status in postmenopausal women.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: To better define the relationship between dietary zinc and copper for humans so that sound recommendations for intakes of these elements can be made. METHODS: A study was conducted to ascertain the effect of moderately excessive and deficient intakes of zinc on copper metabolism and use in humans fed low and luxuriant amounts of copper. Twenty-one postmenopausal women housed in a metabolic unit completed the study as designed. After a 10-d equilibration period in which they were fed a diet providing 31.5 μmol (2 mg) Cu and 91.8 μmol (9 mg) Zn/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal), the women were divided into two groups. One group was fed a diet containing 15.7 μmol (1 mg) Cu/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal), and the other group was fed a diet containing 47.2 μmol (3 mg) Cu/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal). After equilibration, both groups were fed the basal diet providing 45.9 μmol (3 mg) Zn/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) for 90 d; this was followed by another 10-d equilibration period before dietary zinc was increased to 811 μmol (53 mg)/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) for 90 d. RESULTS: The women were in positive copper balance only when the diet provided 47.2 μmol (3 mg) Cu and 811 μmol (53 mg) Zn/d. Immunoreactive ceruloplasmin concentrations and platelet cytochrome-c oxidase activity on a platelet number basis were significantly lower and the ratio between enzymatic and immunoreactive ceruloplasmin was significantly higher during low dietary than during high dietary zinc intake. Serum cholesterol was higher in subjects fed 15.7 μmol (1 mg) Cu/d than in those fed 47.2 μmol (3 mg) Cu/d. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased with zinc supplementation. Whole-blood glutathione concentration and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity were lower during high than during low dietary zinc intake. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that an inadequate intake of zinc (45.9 μmol/d; 3 mg/d) was more effective than a moderately high intake of zinc (811 μmol/d; 53 mg/d) in inducing changes associated with a decreased copper status in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, the findings indicate that copper status indicators might be useful in evaluating changes in zinc status in humans, and an intake of 15.7 μmol (1 mg)/d of copper may be inadequate for postmenopausal women.
Solid phase synthesis and NMR conformational studies on cyclic decapeptide template molecule.

Selectively addressable topological templates represent a key feature in the de novo design of proteins using the TASP concept (Template Assembled Synthetic Proteins). The regioselectively addressable (orthogonally protected) lysine-containing cyclic templates are especially interesting for combinatorial chemistry. We report the synthesis and structural analysis of a series of cyclic and bicyclic decapeptide templates (model of TASP molecules). The peptides were synthesized via solid phase synthesis and followed by solution cyclization. The conformation of the peptides was studied by proton nmr spectroscopy in dimethylsulfoxide and in trifluoroethanol/water. The structure of the peptide template was calculated with the program DIANA and followed by simulated annealing from the nmr experimental constraints. The peptide adopts a fold comprising two β-strands and two type II β-turns predicted for conformationally well-defined templates. The design of such a restained cyclic decapeptide template will be discussed along with Regioselectively Addressable Functionalized Template (RAFT) molecular recognition and template for combinatorial synthesis. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 49: 565–574, 1999
What the Past Will Be: Curating Memory in Peru’s Yuyanapaq: Para Recordar

This article analyzes the photographic exhibit Yuyanapaq: Para Recordar, which was a product of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It focuses specifically on the curatorial process and political desires shaping Yuyanapaq, and it examines the ways in which photographs were intended to intervene in and script a national consciousness and shared memory during and after Peru’s transition process. Exploring across the three iterations of Yuyanapaq, I ask how we might attempt to bear witness to past conflict without inadvertently perpetuating its logic.
Prediction of Forced Ventilation in Animal Fur from a Measured Pressure Distribution

A model and computation scheme are given for predicting forced ventilation in the fur on an animal limb or torso, modelled here as a fur-covered cylinder with the hairs erect. The intra-fur flow is described by an anisotropic Darcy model, and pressure distribution measured previously for flow past a solid cylinder at Reynolds number 1.29 $\times $ 10$^{5}$ is used for the outer flow. Calculations from the model are presented for five mammalian species.
Chemical Bonding and Size-Scaling of Nonlinear Polarizabilities of Conjugated Polymers.

Using sum rules for spectral moments of linear and nonlinear absorption we show that the jth order off-resonant polarizabilities of polyacetylene chains scale as $\ensuremath{\sim}j{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{-}j}{N}^{j+1}/(N+L{)}^{j}$; $N$ is the number of carbon atoms, $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ the bond-length alternation, and $L(\ensuremath{\Delta})$ the exciton coherence size. This result is in excellent agreement with time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations performed for chains with up to 200 carbon atoms.
Modulation of the Primary and Secondary Antifluoresceyl Antibody Response in Rats by 17β-Estradiol*

Estradiol (E2) enhances humoral immunity, but the quantitative and temporal relationship between serum E2 and antibody titers is unclear. The present study was therefore designed to determine whether the sex of the animal, ovariectomy (OVX), and replacement with various tonic levels of serum E2 influenced the primary and secondary antifluorescein antibody titers of rats. Two experiments were performed. In Exp I, intact male and intact female Lewis inbred rats were given primary and booster (secondary) immunizations with fluorescein-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Primary and secondary bleedings for antifluorescein antisera were obtained. In Exp II female Lewis inbred rats were randomly distributed among the following treatment groups: sham OVX, sham implanted; OVX, sham implanted; and three groups of OVX and implanted with E2-filled Silastic capsules of 0.5, 1.5, or 5.0 cm lengths. Immunization with fluorescein-keyhole limpet hemocyanin and bleedings for antifluorescein antisera followed the same schedule as in Exp I. In Exp I, females had significantly higher antifluorescein antibody titers than males during the primary and secondary response. In Exp II, OVX significantly depressed the primary and secondary antifluorescein antibody titers relative to sham OVX controls. During the primary antifluorescein antibody response, a significant quadratic relationship was seen between antibody titers and serum E2 when measurements included the pharmacological range of the serum E2 concentrations. A significant linear relationship existed between serum E2 and antifluorescein antibody titers when the same data were examined over a range of 15-130 pg E2/ml. This linear relationship is more significant during the primary response than the secondary response. It is concluded that females generate higher antifluorescein antibody titers than males; OVX significantly depresses the antifluorescein antibody response; E2 is immunoenhancing in the physiological range and immunosuppressive in the pharmacological range; and the presence of E2 during the primary response may be more critical to immunoenhancement.
Precision and accuracy of an assay for detecting Ascaris eggs in various biosolid matrices.

This paper presents quality assurance data and quality control data on the recovery of Ascaris suum eggs from various biosolid matrices: acid-treated, alkaline-treated, amended-soil blended, and lagoon stored biosolids. Over a period of years, the same procedure, the “Tulane Method,” was performed on different matrices, and in this work, the data collected on the recovery of the eggs from the different matrices is examined and compared. The egg recoveries are discussed in terms of precision (the comparison of the recovery of eggs from a sample processed in duplicate) and in terms of accuracy (the percentage of eggs recovered from a sample to which eggs were added at the beginning of the extraction procedure). This form of quality analysis/control is typically called the “Split/Spike” method. This method of biosolid processing for helminth egg recovery had an overall accuracy of about 60% or greater and a percent variation from the mean density (an indirect method of assessing precision) of only 3–35%.