cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Families with mixed eligibility for public coverage: navigating Medicaid, CHIP, and uninsurance.

In the midst of health care reform, eligible but uninsured children remain a cause for concern. Children in the same family often have differing eligibility status for public coverage. Mixed eligibility is associated with higher uninsurance rates, even when all children in a family are eligible. Medicaid policies play an important role in creating mixed-eligibility families via age-related eligibility thresholds and limited benefits for immigrants; states running separate Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) programs have higher uninsurance rates among eligible children. Recent policies to simplify enrollment have not lowered uninsurance among these children. States may improve take-up rates by focusing on eligible children in mixed-eligibility families.
Catatonic signs in neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

The study assessed catatonic signs in neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Records of inpatients meeting both stringent research criteria and DSM-IV criteria (n = 11) or only DSM-IV criteria (n = 5) for NMS were identified. The records were systematically rated on a 23-item rating scale for the presence of catatonic signs. Scores for NMS severity were related to the number of catatonic signs. Fifteen patients met both research criteria for catatonia and DSM-IV motor criteria for organic catatonia. The severity scores of NMS correlated with the number of catatonic signs (Spearman rho = +.71, P < .005). We conclude that multiple catatonic signs are present in NMS and the severity of NMS predicts the number of catatonic signs.
Receptors and Secretory Actions of σ/Phencyclidine Agonists in Anterior Pituitary Cells

Opiate receptor subtypes in the adenohypophysis were analyzed by binding studies with tritiated etorphine, phencyclidine (PCP), and N-allylnormetazocine [(+)SKF 10,047] in anterior pituitary cell (AC) cultures and membranes, and in cell populations separated by centrifugal elutriation. In cultured AC, specific binding of [3H]etorphine revealed two sets of saturable sites with Kd values of 5 nM and about 10 μM. The high affinity [3H]etorphine sites were present in low concentration and represent specific opiate receptors that mediate the direct inhibitory actions of etorphine and morphine on LH release in vitro. The more abundant low affinity sites, observed in the presence of higher concentrations of unlabeled opiates, exhibited the properties of σ/PCP receptors. In intact AC and pituitary membranes, specific [3H]PCP binding was saturable with respect to labeled and unlabeled ligand concentrations, and Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of relatively high affinity [3H]PCP-binding sites (Kd = 98 nM...
HIP: hybrid interrupt-polling for the network interface

The standard way to notify the processor of a network event, such as the arrival or transmission of a packet, is through interrupts. Interrupts are more effective than polling, in terms of the per packet send/receive latency. Interrupts, however, incur a high overhead both during and after the interrupt handling, because modern superscalar processors use long pipelines, out-of-order and speculative execution, and multi-level memory systems, all of which tend to increase the interrupt overhead in terms of clock cycles. In this paper, we attempt to reduce the network interface overhead by introducing a hybrid scheme (HIP) that uses interrupts under low network load conditions and polling otherwise. Even though such hybrid schemes have been proposed in the past, the polling period in HIP is adjusted dynamically based on the rate of the arriving packet stream. In this way, the increase in the per packet latency, which occurs with polling, is quite low. This is quantified with trace-driven simulations, which also show that the per packet overhead with HIP is significantly reduced compared to the conventional interrupt-based mechanism. HIP would be beneficial for high bandwidth network interfacing in servers with a heavy WWW or streaming media workload.
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce: Addressing Problem Behaviors of Students with Autism in General Education Classrooms

Children with autism and other disabilities are often prohibited from participating in inclusive educational environments due to the occurrence of problem behaviors. In this study, a standardized m...
Evolution of the syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men

Syphilis has existed for millenni, but its epidemiology was only recently linked to men who have sex with men (MSM) after the introduction of penicillin in the 1940s; the syphilis epidemic became concentrated within the MSM community in subsequent decades. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1980s led to a surge of new syphilis cases and revealed the potentiation between HIV and syphilis, as evidenced by a shift in the natural history of neurosyphilis. In response, MSM revolutionised their sexual behaviour by implementing community-driven seroadaptive strategies to stem HIV transmission. The Centers for Disease Control in the US called for the elimination of syphilis in the late 1990s since the rates had fallen sharply but this effort was overtaken by a resurgence of global outbreaks among MSM in the 2000s, many of which were linked to methamphetamine use and sexual networking websites. Syphilis remains highly prevalent today, especially among MSM and individuals infected with HIV, and it continues to present a significant public health conundrum. Innovative syphilis prevention strategies are warranted. MSM engaging in high-risk behaviour such as condomless anal receptive intercourse, sex with multiple partners or recreational drug use should be routinely screened for syphilis infection; they should also be counselled about the limits of seroadaptive behaviours and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis as they relate to syphilis transmission.
Mineralization of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) in 11 contrasting soils

The microbial mineralization of [U-14C-ring] linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and [U-14C-ethoxylate] linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) was examined in 11 soils. These soils differed in their physical-chemical properties and were obtained from geographically distinct locations. With one exception, they had no previous exposure to synthetic surfactants. Soil samples were amended with trace levels (50 ng/g soil) of each 14C surfactant, and evolution of 14CO2 was measured over time. When appropriate, the data were fitted to a first-order production equation, and first order rate constants and asymptotic yields of 14CO2 were estimated using nonlinear regression. Both surfactants were mineralized without a lag period in every soil tested. Yields ranged from 16 to 71% and 30 to 69% for LAS and LAE respectively. First-order rate constants ranged from 0.14 to 0.63 for LAS and 0.07 to 0.62 for LAE. Mean half-life (across all soils) was 2 d for both surfactants. Community microbial activity, measured as the rate of acetate incorporation into lipids, did not correlate with either the rate or extent of surfactant mineralization. Subjecting these soils to cycles of wetting and drying in the laboratory prior to testing in most cases resulted in more rapid and extensive mineralization. These results indicate that microbial communities in soils have an indigenous ability to degrade low concentrations of LAS and LAE. This ability appears to be ubiquitous since it is present in a wide array of soil types from various locations. In addition, laboratory experiments involving wetting and drying of soils indicated that both the rate and extent of mineralization may be affected by climatological events.
Gadolinium attenuates exercise pressor reflex in cats.

The exercise pressor reflex, which arises from the contraction-induced stimulation of group III and IV muscle afferents, is widely believed to be evoked by metabolic stimuli signaling a mismatch be...
Nonminimal universal extra dimensions

In this paper, we investigate the phenomenological implications of boundary localized terms (BLTs) in the model of universal extra dimensions (UED). In particular, we study the electroweak Kaluza-Klein mass spectrum resulting from BLTs and their effect on electroweak symmetry breaking via the five-dimensional Higgs mechanism. We find that the addition of BLTs to massive five-dimensional fields induces a nontrivial extra-dimensional profile for the zero and nonzero Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes. Hence BLTs generically lead to a modification of standard model parameters and are therefore experimentally constrained, even at tree level. We study standard model constraints on three representative nonminimal UED models in detail and find that the constraints on BLTs are weak. On the contrary, nonzero BLTs have a major impact on the spectrum and couplings of nonzero KK modes. For example, there are regions of parameter space where the lightest Kaluza-Klein particle is either the Kaluza-Klein Higgs boson or the first KK mode of the W{sup 3}.
Exploring Online Structures on Chinese Government Portals: Citizen Political Participation and Government Legitimation

This article explores the communicative structures of Chinese government web sites and their implications for citizen political participation. Taking issue with the party-state's dubious claim of building a transparent, service-oriented, and democratic administration, the study analyzed web features on 31 Chinese provincial government portals. The UN's e-participation framework was adapted to locate venues for citizen involvement. The results suggest that by manipulating online structures, Chinese government resorts to more subtle forms of online social control through information delivery, agenda setting, and containment of public dissent. Limited improvement in administrative efficiency and transparency serves the dual role of deflating social tension and reestablishing party legitimacy. Paradoxically, citizens' political participation may generate unintended consequences of incremental reform of China's local governance and political institutions.
Knee Medial Compartment Contact Pressure Increases with Release of the Type I Anterior Intermeniscal Ligament

BackgroundThe anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee is at risk during knee arthroscopy, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and tibial nail insertion.HypothesisRelease of the anterior intermeniscal ligament, in knees with type I ligaments, will result in altered contact pressures in the medial compartment.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsFive fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees with intact type I anterior intermeniscal ligaments were chosen for testing in a modified MTS machine from 0° to 60° of flexion under 2 conditions: (1) intact and (2) after sharp sectioning of the anterior intermeniscal ligament. Measurements were made using inframeniscal contact pressure sensors covering the medial compartment. Poststudy analysis was done in 10° increments between 0° and 60° of flexion, looking at peak contact pressure and the amount of contact area seeing pressure.ResultsSectioning of the anterior intermeniscal ligament caused a statistically significant increase in the peak pressure at ...
Ionic Liquid Mediated Dye Recovery from Aqueous Solution

We describe a method to retrieve hazardous dye from aqueous solution that employs magnetic nanoparticles with strong affinity to dyes. Ionic liquids with stronger affinity to the magnetic particles promote up to 99% dye recovery.
Consensus statement from the first international colloquium on basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS)

The first international colloquium on basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) was held at Saint Louis University School of Medicine and supported by the Basal Cell Carcinoma Nevus Syndrome (BCCNS) Life Support Network (www.gorlinsyndrome.org). The foremost goal of the conference was to review and revise the prior diagnostic criteria and define the surveillance recommendations for affected pediatric and adult patients to allow for early intervention. The invited consensus group participants included geneticists, dermatologists, orthopedists, neurologists, and dental/oral medicine specialists, who treat patients with BCNS or related disorders. This group also included individuals who have a research interest in BCNS and who additionally serve on the medical advisory board of the BCCNS Life Support Network. Expert opinion was based on the collective clinical and research experience of the consensus group participants after presentation and review of the previously published literature regarding diagnosis and treatment of BCNS. A consensus was achieved and agreed upon by open roundtable discussion of the group participants. The consensus statement outlines the proposed diagnostic and management protocols that will hopefully limit morbidity and mortality for affected individuals until more specific and targeted therapies are widely available.
Structural effects on K-vacancy production by protons of extreme relativistic energies

The effect on the $K$-vacancy-production cross section due to the finite distribution of charge and magnetic moment of the incident proton is examined. Numerical results are given for two target elements, namely, Ni and U. The results show that even at energy as high as ${10}^{3}$ GeV the incident proton can still be regarded as a point charge. The effect on the stopping power of matter is discussed.
Effects of soil temperature and water on maize root growth

Maize (Zea mays L.) growth and the rate of nutrient uptake are influenced by the length and radius of roots in the surface 20-cm of soil. In many soils a large share of the available P and K is in the upper 20-cm because of cycling from greater depths by the plant roots and application of P and K fertilizers, hence most P and K uptake comes from this layer.
On the export of reactive nitrogen from Asia: NO x partitioning and effects on ozone

Abstract. The partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NOy was measured over the remote North Pacific during spring 2006. Aircraft observations of NO, NO2, total peroxy nitrates (ΣPNs), total alkyl and multi-functional nitrates (ΣANs) and nitric acid (HNO3, made between 25° and 55° N, confirm a controlling role for peroxyacyl nitrates in NOx production in aged Asian outflow. ΣPNs account for more than 60% of NOy above 5 km, while thermal dissociation limits their contribution to less than 10% in the lower troposphere. Using simultaneous observations of NOx, ΣPNs, ΣANs, HNO3 and average wind speed, we calculate the flux of reactive nitrogen through the meridional plane of 150° W (between 20° and 55° N) to be 0.007 ± 0.002 Tg N day−1, which provides an upper limit of 23 ± 6.5% on the transport efficiency of NOy from East Asia. Observations of NOx, and HOx are used to constrain a 0-D photochemical box model for the calculation of net photochemical ozone production or tendency (Δ O3) as a function of aircraft altitude and NOx concentrations. The model analysis indicates that the photochemical environment of the lower troposphere (altitude
Geothermal Prospecting in the Geysers-Clear Lake Area, Northern California

The geochemistry of thermal waters combined with mapping and geophysical studies have been used to define boundaries of the geothermal steam field in The Geysers-Clear Lake area, California. Chemical geothermometry and drill hole data imply that a 200/sup 0/C hot-water geothermal system underlies much of the 2.0 to 0.01-m.y.-old Clear Lake Volcanics. Chloride concentrations and electrical resistivity define the concealed extent of Great Valley sedimentary rocks underlying the young volcanic cover. It is suggested that the 80 or more vents in the volcanic field act as permeable conduits for water recharge and thus prevent creation of a widespread vapor-dominated system northeast of the Collayomi fault zone.
Neighborhood physical disorder, social cohesion, and insomnia: results from participants over age 50 in the Health and Retirement Study.

Background: We determined the association between neighborhood socio-environmental factors and insomnia symptoms in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged >50 years. Methods: Data were analyzed from two waves (2006 and 2010) of the Health and Retirement Study using 7,231 community-dwelling participants (3,054 men and 4,177 women) in the United States. Primary predictors were neighborhood physical disorder (e.g. vandalism/graffiti, feeling safe alone after dark, and cleanliness) and social cohesion (e.g. friendliness of people, availability of help when needed, etc.); outcomes were insomnia symptoms (trouble falling asleep, night awakenings, waking too early, and feeling unrested). Results: After adjustment for age, income, race, education, sex, chronic diseases, body mass index, depressive symptoms, smoking, and alcohol consumption, each one-unit increase in neighborhood physical disorder was associated with a greater odds of trouble falling asleep (odds ratio (OR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.14), waking too early (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.10), and, in adults aged ≥69 years (adjusting for all variables above except age), feeling unrested in the morning (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.22 in 2006). Each one-unit increase in lower social cohesion was associated with a greater odds of trouble falling asleep (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.11) and feeling unrested (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15). Conclusions: Neighborhood-level factors of physical disorder and social cohesion are associated with insomnia symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. Neighborhood-level factors may affect sleep, and consequently health, in our aging population.
Breaking Audio CAPTCHAs

CAPTCHAs are computer-generated tests that humans can pass but current computer systems cannot. CAPTCHAs provide a method for automatically distinguishing a human from a computer program, and therefore can protect Web services from abuse by so-called "bots." Most CAPTCHAs consist of distorted images, usually text, for which a user must provide some description. Unfortunately, visual CAPTCHAs limit access to the millions of visually impaired people using the Web. Audio CAPTCHAs were created to solve this accessibility issue; however, the security of audio CAPTCHAs was never formally tested. Some visual CAPTCHAs have been broken using machine learning techniques, and we propose using similar ideas to test the security of audio CAPTCHAs. Audio CAPTCHAs are generally composed of a set of words to be identified, layered on top of noise. We analyzed the security of current audio CAPTCHAs from popular Web sites by using AdaBoost, SVM, and k-NN, and achieved correct solutions for test samples with accuracy up to 71%. Such accuracy is enough to consider these CAPTCHAs broken. Training several different machine learning algorithms on different types of audio CAPTCHAs allowed us to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the algorithms so that we could suggest a design for a more robust audio CAPTCHA.
Beyond the Margins: Evaluating the Support for Multicultural Education Within Teachers' Editions of U.S. History Textbooks

Although previous research has described analysis of history textbooks in terms of multicultural education, limited attention has been given to teacher only resources, such as the “wraparound features” of teachers' editions. The study highlighted in this article applies critical discourse analysis to explore the potential for teachers' editions to support multicultural education. Teachers' editions of five U.S. history textbooks demonstrate the tendency for textbook authors to position Native peoples as invisible, as the savage Other, and as actors of the past. Additionally, teachers' editions privilege White settler and economically-motivated narratives, which suggests that conflict between Native peoples and settlers was a matter of destiny. Less frequently, wraparound features encourage critical thinking about dominant culture narratives and actors. The results demonstrate that today's teachers' editions frequently marginalize Indigenous peoples, experiences, and histories both spatially and literally ...
Forced Convection Normal Helium

In many applications of cryogenics, cooling is achieved best by confining the fluid to a tube or duct and circulating it through the system in a closed loop. Several aspects of this method distinguish it from immersion cooling in a pool of liquid. First, the fluid characteristics are more variable because the system is not restricted to operation in the liquid state. Subcritical fluids are obtained relatively easily in closed systems. Second, apart from the fluid properties, the mass flow or fluid velocity may be varied externally to obtain optimum flow or heat transfer characteristics. Finally, because forced flow systems are predominantly one dimensional, there is a greater possibility to interpret and predict the fluid behavior including pressure drop and heat transfer.
Biochemical investigation of the basis for the genetic N-acetylation polymorphism in the inbred hamster.

Cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A-dependent N-acetyltransferase enzyme (E.C. 2.3.1.5) from inbred hamsters of each acetylator genotype was partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Two distinct N-acetyltransferase enzymes were identified; the first one exhibited a polymorphic expression across acetylator genotypes whereas the second exhibited a monomorphic expression. The monomorphic enzyme had consistently high isoniazid and procainamide N-acetyltransferase activity in homozygous rapid acetylator (Bio. 87.20), homozygous slow acetylator (Bio. 82.73/H), obligate heterozygous rapid acetylator F1 progeny and in each of the three acetylator genotypes of F2 progeny. In contrast, the polymorphic enzyme exhibited marked acetylator genotype-dependent N-acetyltransferase activity. High p-aminobenzoic acid N-acetyltransferase activity was exhibited in the homozygous rapid acetylator parental and F2 generation progeny, intermediate activity was exhibited in the heterozygous rapid acetylator F1 and F2 generation progeny and very low or nondetectable activity was exhibited in homozygous slow acetylator parental and F2 generation progeny. A similar gene dose-response relationship was exhibited by the polymorphic N-acetyltransferase enzyme toward isoniazid and procainamide. These results provide new insight into the biochemical basis for the substrate-dependent polymorphic and monomorphic expression of N-acetylation capacity in the inbred hamster.
Debt Term Structures: Beyond Yield to Maturity Assumptions

In this article, a variety of practical techniques are used to construct debt term structures from market prices of Treasury and corporate bonds. The term structure exercises are motivated by several pedagogical objectives. First, problems with the common practice of using the yield to maturity of an outstanding bond as a discount rate for another set of cash flows are noted and corrected. Second, exercises are structured to expose students to tools used in modern bond and swap pricing practice. Third, term structures constructed from zero coupon discount rates measure the market's aversion to risk, offering an alternative theory for the shape of yield curves. Finally, the paper offers a pedagogical integration of term structure, time value of money, discounting, cost of debt, and bond pricing concepts. Exercises from the article are adapted for classroom use as problem sets and appear as appendices.
Development and Validation of an Improved PCR Method Using the 23S-5S Intergenic Spacer for Detection of Rickettsiae in Dermacentor variabilis Ticks and Tissue Samples from Humans and Laboratory Animals

A novel nested PCR assay was developed to detectRickettsiaspp. in ticks and tissue samples from humans and laboratory animals. Primers were designed for the nested run to amplify a variable region of the 23S-5S intergenic spacer (IGS) ofRickettsiaspp. The newly designed primers were evaluated using genomic DNA from 11Rickettsiaspecies belonging to the spotted fever, typhus, and ancestral groups and, in parallel, compared to otherRickettsia-specific PCR targets (ompA,gltA, and the 17-kDa protein gene). The new 23S-5S IGS nested PCR assay amplified all 11Rickettsiaspp., but the assays employing other PCR targets did not. The novel nested assay was sensitive enough to detect one copy of a cloned 23S-5S IGS fragment from "CandidatusRickettsia amblyommii." Subsequently, the detection efficiency of the 23S-5S IGS nested assay was compared to those of the other three assays using genomic DNA extracted from 40 adultDermacentor variabilisticks. The nested 23S-5S IGS assay detectedRickettsiaDNA in 45% of the ticks, while the amplification rates of the other three assays ranged between 5 and 20%. The novel PCR assay was validated using clinical samples from humans and laboratory animals that were known to be infected with pathogenic species ofRickettsia The nested 23S-5S IGS PCR assay was coupled with reverse line blot hybridization with species-specific probes for high-throughput detection and simultaneous identification of the species ofRickettsiain the ticks. "CandidatusRickettsia amblyommii,"R. montanensis,R. felis, andR. belliiwere frequently identified species, along with some potentially novelRickettsiastrains that were closely related toR. belliiandR. conorii.
The “ornament of the law”: vestments and the translation of Judaism in the Geneva Bible

AbstractWhile the 1560 Geneva Bible has long been recognized as a landmark in the development of English Puritan culture, little has been said about its relation to the English vestiarian controversy. The Geneva translators were among a faction of radical Protestants who regarded the liturgical vestments as a form of idolatry that should be completely expunged from Christian worship. This paper argues that the translators’ hostility toward the physical garments of Roman Catholicism prompted their effort within the Geneva translation to appropriate a spiritualized version of the Judaic priestly dress described in Exodus. A consideration of this process will demonstrate that the Geneva translators did not simply repudiate Judaism as a form of fleshly idolatry, but, rather, aimed to appropriate its ritual forms to bring spiritual authority to the new biblical text.
Portfolio Performance Evaluation Benchmark: A Note

Jones and Swaleheen (2014) examine the performance of an equity portfolio in a student managed investment fund and document the out-performance of the portfolio relative to the S&P 500 index on an absolute basis. We show that the apparent out-performance of the portfolio is due to using the index without its dividend component. Once we use the S&P 500 total return as the benchmark, the out-performance of the equity portfolio disappears. We explain why the S&P 500 total return should be used in this case, and propose and justify two alternative proxies for the S&P 500 total return.
In Memoriam: Arthur Tracey Grant Jr. (1925–2015)

If ever a person's legacy could be said to be “written in stone,” it may well be that of legendary gem cutter Arthur Tracey Grant Jr., who passed away on 24 September 2015 in Richmond, Kentucky. A ...
Multi-scale Modeling of Failure in Nano-Particle Reinforced Polymers Using the Atomistic J-Integral

This paper is directed towards understanding damage initiation and failure progression in advanced nanostructured composite materials using hierarchical coupling of molecular dynamics with micromechcanics and continuum mechanics. The molecular dynamics method is a subset of computational chemistry codes which creates system trajectories consistent with thermo-dynamic ensembles. The molecular dynamics program LAMMPS, (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) is a versatile code with numerous functionalities which can be used to simulate polymer systems. Although, the results for molecular simulation models, in particular polymer models are system size dependent, the ease with which large molecular systems can be evaluated, especially with parallel molecular dynamics codes such as LAMMPS makes it a more attractive choice compared to other approaches such as ab-initio calculations, which are limited to the calculation of a few 100 atoms. The critical value of the J-integral (JI) at crack initiation is related to the fracture toughness of the material, where the subscript I denotes the fracture mode (I=1, 2, 3). Therefore, the J-integral could be used as a suitable metric for estimating the crack driving force as well as the fracture toughness of the material as the crack begins to initiate. However, for the conventional macroscale definition of the J-integral to be valid at the nanoscale in terms of the continuum stress and displacement fields and their spatial derivatives requires the construction of local continuum fields from discrete atomistic data, and using these data in the conventional contour integral expression for atomistic J-integral. One such methodology is proposed by Hardy that allows for the local averaging necessary to obtain the definition of free energy, deformation gradient, and Piola-Kirchoff stress as fields (and divergence of fields) and not just as total system averages. Further, the conventional isothermal definition of J-integral does not take into account the entropic contribution to the free energy, and consequently, may lead to significant overestimation of the J-integral at the atomistic level, especially at finite temperatures. As a case study, the feasibility of computing the dynamic atomistic J-integral over the MD domain at finite temperature using Hardy estimates of continuum fields based on localization functions is evaluated for a graphene nano-platelet. For model verification, the values of atomistic J-integral are compared with results from linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) for isothermal crack initiation at 0 K and at 300 K. Good agreement is observed between the atomistic J and the LEFM results at 0 K, with predictable discrepancies at 300 K due to entropic effects. Finally, a nano-micro-macro hierarchical multi-scale model is presented that is capable of simulating progressive damage evolution in a composite aerospace structural component.
Characterization and modeling of mechanical behavior of single crystal titanium deformed by split-Hopkinson pressure bar

Single crystal titanium samples were dynamically loaded using split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and the resulting microstructures were examined. Characterization of the twins and dislocations present in the microstructure was conducted to understand the pathway for observed mechanical behavior. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to measure textures and quantify twinning. Microstructures were profusely twinned after loading, and twin variants and corresponding textures were different as a function of initial orientation. Focused ion beam (FIB) foils were created to analyze dislocation content using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Large amounts of dislocations were present, indicating that plasticity was achieved through slip and twinning together. Viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) modeling was used to confirm the complex order of operations during deformation. The activation of different mechanisms was highly dependent upon crystal orientation. For [0001] and [101¯1]-oriented crystals, compressive twinning was observed, followed by secondary tensile twinning. Dislocations, though prevalent in the microstructure, contributed to final texture far less than twinning.
A Preliminary Study of the Insecticidal Efficiency of the Pyrethrins, Nicotine and Rotenone Against the Greenhouse Red Spider Mite

Without the addition of some wetting agent, the pyrethrins, rotenone, and nicotine, even at high concentrations, have little toxicity to the greenhouse red spider mite. With the addition of 0.25 per cent potassium oleate soap, rotenone at 0.02 per cent is slightly more toxic than the pyrethrins (0.02 per cent); nicotine is much less toxic than either of these two, approximately 0.66 per cent being necessary to produce a mortality equivalent to that produced by the above concentrations of the other two poisons. With sulphonated castor oil as the wetting agent, the pyrethrins and rotenone at 0.02 per cent are about equivalent in toxicity; nicotine again is much less toxic, about 0.2 per cent being necessary to equal the insecticidal efficiency of the other two at the concentrations given above. Potassium oleate soap at 0.25 per cent and 0.5 per cent is approximately equivalent in toxicity to sulphonated castor oil at 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent, respectively. Soap is more efficient than sulphonated castor oil as a wetting agent for rotenone and the pyrethrins. With nicotine, however, the reverse appears to be true. Nicotine (1–500) makes distinctly alkaline the almost neutral 0.5 per cent sulphonated castor oil, but has a relatively slight effect on the already alkaline soap solution. Alcoholic extracts of the pyrethrins have an acidic effect when added to either sulphonated castor oil or soap solution. Acetone solutions of rotenone have very little effect on the pH of either of these wetting agents.
A Simple Proof for Partial Pivoting

(1975). A Simple Proof for Partial Pivoting. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 9, pp. 919-921.
The Impact of a Short-Term Pharmacology Enrichment Program on Knowledge and Science Attitudes in Precollege Students

As our nation and the global economy place an increased demand for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) jobs, science educators must implement innovative approaches to pique precollege student’s interests in these careers. Pharmacology remains a relevant and engaging platform to teach biology and chemistry concepts, and this strategy applied over several months in the formal classroom increases science literacy in high school students. In order to improve the affordability and accessibility of this educational approach, we developed and assessed the impact of a short-term pharmacology day camp, ‘Pills, Potions, and Poisons’ (PPP), on high school students’ science knowledge and attitudes toward science careers. The PPP program was offered annually from 2009 through 2012, and participants spent 6 days learning about pharmacology and careers in the biomedical sciences. All PPP student participants (n=134) completed surveys assessing their basic science knowledge and science attitudes before and after the program. Students achieved significant gains in their science knowledge by the end (Day 6) of the PPP program (from 41% mean test score to 65%; p<0.001). In addition, the majority of participants agreed or strongly agreed that the PPP program positively impacted their attitudes toward science (p<0.001). This study provides evidence that a short-term pharmacology-centered science enrichment program can achieve significant gains in participant’s science knowledge as well as motivation and confidence towards science careers. Moreover, we report benefits experienced by the undergraduate, graduate, and professional pharmacy student teaching assistants (TAs, n=10) who reported improved communication skills and an increased interest in future educational work. Type: Original Research
Endosymbiont bacteria Holospora undulata confers oxidative tolerance in host Paramecium caudatum

Paramecium is a genus of ciliated protozoan that, while unicellular, has a complex intracellular structure, comparable to Metazoan cells, which has made them excellent models for the study of genetics and cellular functions. Holospora undulata is a bacterial endosymbiont specific to the species Paramecium caudatum ; they are unable to grow outside of P. caudatum . The presence of this endosymbiont has proven to have an effect on the subsequent gene expression and cellular maintenance of its host cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that infection by H. obtusa increases the expression of host heat-shock genes and leads to both resistance at normally-lethal high temperatures and heat resistance in ciliary movement (Fujishima, Kawai, & Yamamoto, 2005; Hori & Fujishima, 2003). Heat-shock resistance occurs because bacterial DNA triggers the upregulation of its P. caudatum host’s heat-shock genes ( i.e. , hsp60 and hsp70), although the mechanisms are not known (Hori & Fujishima, 2003). These studies demonstrate that infection of P. caudatum by H. undulata (a closely-related species to H. obtusa ) induces heat-shock resistance, but fail to address whether H. undulata protects against other common environmental stressors such as oxidative damage. To determine if infection by H. undulata has the ability to induce additional tolerances, we examined differences in oxidative tolerance, based on percent survival, between P. caudatum with and without H. undulata infection. Samples of both lines were treated with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, the number of surviving cells were counted, and the percent survivability of each sample was calculated. There was an approximate 20% increase in survival when P. caudautum was infected with H. undulata —thus H. undulata infections confer oxidative tolerance. Further studies will be conducted to determine if an increase in survivability occurs in response to other damaging mechanisms. Future work will also investigate if the genes responsible for oxidative damage repair are upregulated, in addition to the already characterized heat-shock genes.
Who Is Worthy to Serve? The Call to Evangelical Ministry

The sect that came to be called Methodists had its beginnings in early 1729 when John Wesley and a small group of Oxford University friends formed a group that came to be known as the Holy Club. This chapter examines the organizational and administrative strategies designed by the leadership of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society (WMMS) to attract committed men, train them for mission in the slave colonies, and later station and support their work in the slave colonies. The voluntarist form of salvation central to the evanelization process preached by Wesleyan Methodists and preached to enslaved Africans is interrogated. The efficacy of the evangelical message and the organizational strategies used by the Methodists to meet the spirtual and material needs, of enslaved and free blacks in the colonies are examined.
Association of Optimal Time Interval to Re-resection for Incidental Gallbladder Cancer With Overall Survival: A Multi-Institution Analysis From the US Extrahepatic Biliary Malignancy Consortium

Importance The current recommendation is to perform re-resection for select patients with incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer. The optimal time interval for re-resection for both patient selection and long-term survival is not known. Objective To assess the association of time interval from the initial cholecystectomy to reoperation with overall survival. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2014 at 10 US academic institutions. A total of 207 patients with incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer who underwent reoperation and had available data on the date of their initial cholecystectomy were included. Exposures Time interval from the initial cholecystectomy to reoperation: group A: less than 4 weeks; group B: 4 to 8 weeks; and group C: greater than 8 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was overall survival. Results Of 449 patients with gallbladder cancer, 207 cases (46%) were discovered incidentally and underwent reoperation at 3 different time intervals from the date of the original cholecystectomy: group A: less than 4 weeks (25 patients, 12%); B: 4 to 8 weeks (91 patients, 44%); C: more than 8 weeks (91 patients, 44%). The mean (SD) ages of patients in groups A, B, and C were 65 (9), 64 (11), and 66 (12) years, respectively. All groups were similar for baseline demographics, extent of resection, presence of residual disease, T stage, resection margin status, lymph node involvement, and postoperative complications. Patients who underwent reoperation between 4 and 8 weeks had the longest median overall survival (group B: 40.4 months) compared with those who underwent early (group A: 17.4 months) or late (group C: 22.4 months) reoperation (log-rank P = .03). Group A and C time intervals (vs group B), presence of residual disease, an R2 resection, advanced T stage, and lymph node involvement were associated with decreased overall survival on univariable Cox regression. Only group A (hazard ratio, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.25-5.54) and group C (hazard ratio, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.17-3.66) time intervals (vs group B), R2 resection (hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.27-5.69), and advanced Tstage (hazard ratio, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.11-3.08) persisted on multivariable Cox regression analysis. Conclusions and Relevance The optimal time interval for re-resection for incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer appears to be between 4 and 8 weeks after the initial cholecystectomy.
Wearable Biometric Technologies and Public Health.

Karkazis and Fishman (2017) describe domains other than professional sport where the use of biometric technologies is expanding. Conspicuously absent, however, is an acknowledgment of their current...
An International Order without Globalism

The world seems to be transitioning from a liberal world order to a new world order—one firmly based on nation-states and respect for their sovereignty. This article asserts that such a transition is not as unsettling as it may seem; many features of the liberal world order are, in fact, not as liberal as commonly depicted, and there is room for other liberal elements, such as the promotion of human rights and democracy, in the new world order. Although the world needs effective and legitimate supra-national global governance, it is not sociologically ready for such an achievement.
Reductive dechlorination rates of 4,4′-DDE (1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene) in sediments of the Palos Verdes Shelf, CA

Abstract Wastes from the world's largest manufacturer of DDT (1-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene) were released into the Los Angeles County municipal sewer system from 1947 to 1971. Following primary treatment, the effluent was discharged through a submarine outfall system whereupon a portion of the DDT and associated degradation products were deposited in sediments of the Palos Verdes Shelf (PVS). Parent DDT is present only in trace amounts in the sediments today, the vast majority having been transformed to DDE (1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene) shortly following deposition. Previously believed to be inert, DDE is slowly being converted to DDMU (1-chloro-4-[2-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene) and DDMU to DDNU (1-chloro-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene) via microbially-mediated reductive dechlorination (RDC). Kinetic and compositional data suggest that this process began sometime in the mid- to late 1970s. Rates of DDE RDC in shelf sediments are spatially variable and have proven difficult to determine accurately. This limits our ability to understand the factors controlling RDC rates and to predict the course of natural recovery. In the present study, concentrations of ten DDT compounds and twelve PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) congeners were determined in cores collected at two locations on the PVS (stations 3C, 6C, ~ 7 km and ~ 2 km downcurrent from the outfalls, respectively). DDE inventories, normalized to those of non-degrading PCB congeners having similar physico-chemical properties , were modeled to yield first-order RDC rates for the period 1981–2010. Average rates at stations 3C and 6C were 0.044 ± 0.004 and 0.008 ± 0.002 yr− 1, respectively, with depth-dependent RDC rates at station 3C (1992–2003) ranging from 0.0025 to 0.102 yr− 1. Comparison of RDC and total loss (i.e., RDC + physical loss) rates suggests that the average per cent loss of DDE due to RDC is ~ 90% at station 3C (1981–2010) and ~ 57% at station 6C (1992–2010). Trajectories of adjusted molar inventories of DDE, DDMU, and DDNU were forecast using a first-order multi-step reaction series (M-SRS) model. The results for DDE are consistent with the normalization procedure; RDC rates at stations 3C and 6C were 0.036 ± 0.002 yr− 1 and 0.010 ± 0.001 yr− 1, respectively. At station 6C, the DDE to DDMU transformation appears to be the rate limiting step in the reaction sequence, DDE k 1 → DDMU k 2 → DDNU k 3 → unidentified compound(s), whereas at station 3C RDC rates for DDE and DDMU are roughly equivalent. At both locations the transformation rate of DDNU is 7–20 times that of the other steps. Estimated half-lives of DDE at stations 3C and 6C based on the M-SRS model results are ~ 19 and 72 years, respectively.
Rarity of shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pine seedlings in oak-pine forest types: An assessment of associated environmental, stand, site, and disturbance factors

Abstract Determining the factors that influence the regeneration of pine in oak-pine forests is crucial for understanding natural regeneration dynamics and for planning forest management strategies. We investigated the vegetation structure and seedling dynamics of shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pine in oak-pine forest types of the southeastern United States. We used logistic regression with penalized maximum likelihood estimation because of the rarity of the regeneration from these pines. We performed canonical correlation, analysis of variance, and community structure analysis to produce multivariate relationships and statistical inferences. The classification accuracy of the logistic regression models for shortleaf, slash, and shortleaf pine were 96.0%, 96.7%, and 97.7%, respectively. The models indicated that environmental, climatic, stand, site productivity, and disturbance factors, or their combinations, had a significant influence on seedling occurrence. The probability of occurrence of seedlings of the three pine species increased with the increase in the overstory basal area from these species: one unit increase in overstory purity ratio of shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pine increased the odds of occurrence of their seedlings by approximately 51, 24, and 7 times, respectively. The probability of occurrence of shortleaf pine seedlings increased with increasing canopy openness in stands with a substantial proportion of shortleaf pine in the overstory. The increase in mean annual temperature and overstory basal area of slash pine increased the probability of occurrence of slash pine seedlings on wetter sites that had disturbance through harvesting and silvicultural treatments. The chances of occurrence of longleaf pine seedlings increased with increasing overstory basal area of longleaf pine, species diversity, and mean annual temperature in low density stands on low productive sites. The findings can help forest managers in designing and implementing silvicultural treatments to promote the natural regeneration of the three pines in oak-pine forests.
The Central Role of the Tail in Switching Off Myosin II in Cells

Abstract Myosin II is a motor protein playing an essential role in cell motility. The molecule can exist as a polymer that pulls on actin to generate motion, or as an inactive monomer with a compact structure, in which its tail is folded and its two heads interact with each other. This conformation functions in cells as an energy-conserving storage and transport molecule. The mechanism of inhibition is not fully understood. We have carried out a 3D reconstruction of the switched-off form revealing for the first time multiple interactions between the tail and the two heads that trap ATP hydrolysis products, block actin binding, obstruct head phosphorylation, and prevent filament formation. Blocking these essential features of myosin function can explain the high degree of inhibition of the folded form of myosin, serving its energy-conserving, storage function in cells. The structure also suggests a mechanism for unfolding when activated by phosphorylation.
Delays from neoadjuvant chemotherapy to interval debulking surgery and survival in ovarian cancer.

5552Background: Prolonged time from primary surgery to chemotherapy is associated with worse survival in ovarian cancer (OC); however, the impact of prolonged time from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NA...