cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Decay of CaMKII FRET Sensor Signal in Spines after LTP Induction Is Not Due to Its Dephosphorylation.

Because CaMKII is the critical Ca2+ sensor that triggers long-term potentiation (LTP), understanding its activation and deactivation is important. A major advance has been the development of a FRET indicator of the conformational state of CaMKII called Camui. Experiments using Camui have demonstrated that the open (active) conformation increases during LTP induction and then decays in tens of seconds, with the major fast component decaying with a time-constant of ~ 6 sec (tau1). Because this decay is faster if autophosphorylation of T286 is prevented (the autophosphorylation prolongs activity by making the enzyme active even after Ca2+ falls), it seemed likely that the fast decay is due to the T286 dephosphorylation. To test this interpretation, we studied the effect of phosphatase inhibitors on the single-spine Camui signal evoked by two-photon glutamate uncaging. We applied inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A, two phosphatases that are present at synapses and that have been shown to dephosphorylate CaMKII in vitro. The inhibitors increased the basal Camui activation state, indicating their effectiveness in cells. However, in no case did we find that tau1 was prolonged, contrary to what would be expected if the decay was phosphatase-dependent. This could either mean that decay was due to some unknown phosphatase or that the decay was not due to dephosphorylation. To distinguish between these possibilities, we expressed pseudo-phosphorylated Camui (T286D) (plus additional mutations [T/A] that prevented inhibitory 305/306 phosphorylation). This form had an elevated basal activation state, but was further activated during glutamate uncaging; importantly the activation state decayed with tau1 nearly the same as that of WT Camui. Therefore, the data strongly indicate that tau1 is not due to T286 dephosphorylation. We conclude that, although Camui is an excellent tool for observing CaMKII signaling, further experimentation is needed to determine how CaMKII is turned off by its dephosphorylation.
Statics and Dynamics of Twin Boundaries in Martensites

The formation of a coherent array of twins is studied for a tetragonal to orthorhombic displacive transition. This structure is stabilized by an interface strain, coupling the twin band and the parent phase. The interface restoring forces for twin boundary oscillations result in unusually low frequencies and a limiting ~ (wavevector)1/2 dispersion.
Spatial kinematic modeling of a long and thin continuum robotic cable

In this paper, we present a new forward kinematic model for a novel class of long and thin continuum robots for operation in spatial workspace. Such robots are well suited for navigation through unstructured environments with superior reach using their flexible and thin profile, especially for inspection applications. This cable-like continuum robot design [1] has a concentric backbone arrangement but is spring-loaded and tendon-actuated, has improved compliance with a light and compact motor-encoder actuation mechanism. To account for the spring-loading, a compression factor is introduced on top of the established constant curvature continuum kinematics. The resulting continuum or shape variables are then estimated as a function of the measurable encoder variables. The effectiveness of the model is validated by performing experiments with the robot prototype.
How have soil temperatures been affected by the surface temperature and precipitation in the Eurasian continent

[1] In light of the importance of soil temperatures at shallow depths as the source of the deep (terrestrial) soil temperature variations, this study examined how variations of the former have been associated with the surface air temperature (SAT) variations, testing the hypothesis that the deep soil temperatures, e.g., borehole temperatures, can be used as a proxy of the SAT. Over 153 stations in the Eurasian continent were used in the study. Its major results show a dominant SAT effect on the soil temperatures across the continent and over the seasons, but also depict precipitation influences in some regions, most significantly in winter. The latter suggests that the terrestrial soil temperatures may be more accurately considered as a proxy of very low frequency varying climate conditions at the surface.
Ferric pyrophosphate citrate administered via dialysate reduces erythropoiesis-stimulating agent use and maintains hemoglobin in hemodialysis patients

Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) is a water-soluble iron salt administered via dialysate to supply iron directly to transferrin. The PRIME study tested whether treatment with FPC could reduce prescribed erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) use and maintain hemoglobin in hemodialysis patients. This 9-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical study included 103 patients undergoing hemodialysis 3-4 times weekly. The FPC group received dialysate containing 2 pmol/l of iron. The placebo group received standard dialysate. A blinded central anemia management group facilitated ESA dose adjustments. Intravenous iron was administered according to the approved indication when ferritin levels fell below 200μg/l. The primary end point was the percentage change from baseline in prescribed ESA dose at end of treatment. Secondary end points included intravenous iron use and safety. At the end of treatment, there was a significant 35% reduction in prescribed ESA dose in FPC-treated patients compared with placebo. The FPC patients used 51% less intravenous iron than placebo. Adverse and serious adverse events were similar in both groups. Thus, FPC delivered via dialysate significantly reduces the prescribed ESA dose and the amount of intravenous iron needed to maintain hemoglobin in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Consistency of mean-variance analysis and expected utility analysis

Abstract A risk-averse individual's expected utility is a function of mean and variance if and only if the class of random variables to be ranked is completely ordered by Rothschild-Stiglitz increasing risk after normalization by their means.
Optimal exchange-rate policy under collateral constraints and wage rigidity

Abstract This paper studies the conduct of monetary policy in economies with currency mismatch. To this end, I build a model that embeds financial frictions from households' collateralized borrowing in foreign currency into an open-economy Keynesian framework. The monetary authority faces a trade-off between traditional unemployment stabilization gains from currency depreciation and its costs in terms of generating debt deflation and tightening households' ability to borrow. The optimal policy under this trade-off results in macroeconomic patterns aligned with those observed in emerging-markets data, including large currency depreciation and consumption adjustments during crises. The optimal degree of “fear of floating” depends on the level of indebtedness with which the economy arrives to a crisis and on the type of experienced by the economy.
Modeling the Thermosphere as a Driven-Dissipative Thermodynamic System

Thermospheric density impacts satellite position and lifetime through atmospheric drag. More accurate specification of thermospheric temperature, a key input to current models such as the High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model, can decrease model density errors. This paper improves the model of Burke et al. (2009) to model thermospheric temperatures using the magnetospheric convective electric field as a driver. In better alignment with Air Force satellite tracking operations, we model the arithmetic mean temperature, T1/2, defined by the Jacchia (1977) model as the mean of the daytime maximum and nighttime minimum exospheric temperatures occurring in opposite hemispheres at a given time, instead of the exospheric temperature used by Burke et al. (2009). Two methods of treating the solar ultraviolet (UV) contribution to T1/2 are tested. Two model parameters, the coupling and relaxation constants, are optimized for 38 storms from 2002 to 2008. Observed T1/2 values are derived from densities and heights measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite. The coupling and relaxation constants were found to vary over the solar cycle and are fit as functions of F10.7a, the 162 day average of the F10.7 index. Model results show that allowing temporal UV variation decreased model T1/2 errors for storms with decreasing UV over the storm period but increased T1/2 errors for storms with increasing UV. Model accuracy was found to be improved by separating storms by type (coronal mass ejection or co-rotating interaction region). The model parameter fits established will be useful for improving satellite drag forecasts.
Teaching and Practice: Composing Texts, Composing Lives

In this article, Sondra Perl draws on the work of theorists in composition studies, reader response theory, critical pedagogy, and feminist studies to explicate a pedagogy that incorporates her own learning and development with that of her adult students. She emphasizes not only the importance of her students' responding critically to various literary texts, but also the importance of teachers' critically analyzing the texts of their teaching practice. Perl asserts that a classroom of adult learners has the potential to be a supportive milieu in which both students and teachers use writing as a way of brining their own experience to their interpretation of texts. In this way, Perl believes, students and teachers alike author their coming together, and the classroom becomes a site in which they compose not only texts, but also themselves.
Parametric Study of Glass Fiber Drawing Process

Drawing of glass fibers is an important industrial process used for the manufacture of a variety of materials ranging from optical communications cables to fiber filter media. A variety of machines exist for performing the drawing function, but all share similar problems with control of the fiber diameter and breakage of the fibers during the extrusion process. In many cases, control systems are not configured to monitor the most critical process variables, but instead use only furnace crown temperature. Upsets in disturbance variables such as ambient temperature are compensated manually by operators, usually only after significant problem with fiber breakage occur. This work seeks to provide a better understanding of the effects of important process variables on the key quality and production parameters such as fiber diameter and production rates.
Vagal afferent stimulation-evoked gastric secretion suppressed by paraventricular nucleus lesion

Studies were performed to evaluate the possibility that the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus modulates gastric acid secretion by changing the sensitivity of the gastric secretory control mechanism to vagal afferent input. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, 17 rats were prepared with esophageal and pyloric catheters such that the stomach could be perfused continuously on a flow-through basis. Thus, acid secretion could be monitored throughout the experiment. Stimulating electrodes were attached to the central cut end of the cervical vagus nerve. Unilateral stimulation of cervical vagal afferents resulted in a substantial increase in gastric acid secretion. This vagal afferent-mediated increase in acid outflow was suppressed following a single PVN lesion ipsilateral to the side of afferent stimulated output. Given the nature of PVN connections with brainstem regions responsible for the elaboration of vago-vagal reflexes, our results suggest that the PVN may control gastric acid outflow by changing the gain of gastric vago-vagal reflexes.
The cyclic order property of vertices as an aid in scene analysis

A cyclic-order property is defined for bodies bounded by smooth-curved faces. The property is shown to be useful for analyzing pictures of such bodies, particularly when the line data extracted from the pictures are imperfect. This property augments previously known grammatical rules that determine the existence of three-dimensional bodies corresponding to given two-dimensional line-structure data.
Plastic instability mechanisms in bimetallic nanolayered composites

Abstract Strain localization is a common deformation-induced instability in many metallic metals. How it happens is related to both microstructure and the way in which plasticity is mediated prior to localization. Both aspects can fundamentally change in a face-centered cubic metal when it becomes nanostructured; the propensity for deformation twinning increases and the behavior is dominated by dislocation–interface interactions. Here we carry out a transmission electron microscopy investigation to elucidate the collaborative role of deformation twinning and dislocation transmission on the onset of strain localization in nanolayered composites. Two material systems are examined, Cu–Ag and Cu–Nb, and for each system, two interface structures are examined, one prone to dislocation transmission and the other not. We show that dislocation transmission favors crystallographic band formation, whereas dislocations that do not transmit cause interface tilting and are associated with (non-crystallographic) shear band formation.
ABILITY OF GLUCAGON TO PRODUCE CARDIAC STIMULATION WITHOUT ARRHYTHMIAS IN HALOTHANE-ANAESTHETIZED ANIMALS

SUMMARY The cardiovascular effects of glucagon were determined in cats and dogs anaesthetized with halothane. Glucagon increased heart rate and myocardial contractility but did not produce ventricular arrhythmias. Adrenaline and isoprenaline, which also increased heart rate and myocardial contractility, did produce ventricular arrhythmias. The cardiac stimulant effects of glucagon were not prevented by beta-adrenergic blockade while those of adrenaline and isoprenaline were.
Evaluation of System Errors in TLC-Densitometry when using the Streaking Technique

Abstract The errors that contribute to the total variance of the automated streaking technique are examined. These results are compared with computer optimized and zig-zag scanning approaches. The error due to inhomogeneous sample distribution is shown to be the most important.
More Information, More Ripoffs: Experiments with Public and Private Information in Markets with Asymmetric Information

It is well known that asymmetric information can be a catalyst for producing a lemons market. What is much less well known is how different institutional arrangements and their concomitant information conditions affect the lemons outcome. We conduct a laboratory experiment to examine the role that two different types of markets—two-sided multilateral negotiations and posted offers—play in an environment with sufficient conditions to yield a lemons outcome. We also investigate the effect that publicly available prices and advertisements have on buyers and sellers in a posted-offer market.
Fluoride Resistance and Adherence of Selected Strains of Streptococcus mutans to Smooth Surfaces After Exposure to Fluoride

The fluoride resistance and smooth surface adherence characteristics of Streptococcus mutans were examined using tooth model and radioactive cell assays. Resistance to 600 ppmF by S. mutans isolated from the plaque of radiation-induced xerostomia patients receiving daily topical applications of a caries preventive 1% NaF gel was transient. Resistance induced in vitro in two strains of S. mutans by exposure to gradually increasing levels of NaF was apparently permanent. Smooth surface adherence by both fluoride-sensitive and -resistant strains of S. mutans 6715 in a tooth model system was slightly diminished by 1% NaF gel. Fluoride-resistant strains retained 89 to 93% of their adherence capability in 600 ppmF, as determined by the cell radiolabeling assay.
Respiratory muscle strength training with nonrespiratory maneuvers

The diaphragm and abdominal muscles can be recruited during nonrespiratory maneuvers. With these maneuvers, transdiaphragmatic pressures are elevated to levels that could potentially provide a stre...
Prediction for top mass and Kobayashi-Maskawa parameters from a solution to the strong CP problem

I examine a simple model of spontaneous family SO(3) and CP violation in which the neutron naturally has a small but measurable electric dipole moment. In addition the model constraints several quark mixing angles and the top quark mass. At tree level the top quark mass satisfies mt⩽mbmcKub/mdKcb, where K is the Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM) matrix and mi is the mass of the i-type quark. The KM element Kub is predicted to approximately equal KcbKcd, and the CP violating phase δ13 is predicted to satisfy cosδ13⋍KcbKcd2Kub+Kub2KcbKcd1−McMbMtMs2
Hepatitis C virus subverts liver-specific miR-122 to protect the viral genome from exoribonuclease Xrn2.

Summary The abundant, liver-specific microRNA miR-122 forms extensive base-pairing interactions with the 5′ noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome, protecting the viral RNA from degradation. We discovered that the 5′-3′ exoribonuclease Xrn2, which plays a crucial role in the transcription termination of RNA polymerase II, modulates HCV RNA abundance in the cytoplasm, but is counteracted by miR-122-mediated protection. Specifically, Xrn2 depletion results in increased accumulation of viral RNA, while Xrn2 overexpression diminishes viral RNA abundance. Depletion of Xrn2 did not alter translation or replication rates of HCV RNA, but affected viral RNA stability. Importantly, during sequestration of miR-122, Xrn2 depletion restored HCV RNA abundance, arguing that Xrn2 depletion eliminates the miR-122 requirement for viral RNA stability. Thus, Xrn2 has a cytoplasmic, antiviral function against HCV that is counteracted by HCV's subversion of miR-122 to form a protective oligomeric complex at the 5′ end of the viral genome.
3D Virtual Simulation of Beam Pumping Unit Motion Based on Inverse Kinematic

The movement of beam pumping unit is a kind of involute moment. The exiting virtual reality engines provide translation, rotation and zooming, which belong to the category of the forward kinematics. It is difficult to simulate the beam pumping unit movement based on forward kinematics. The paper first analyzes the motion rule of beam pumping unit, and then introduces the forward kinematics method (FK) and the inverse kinematics method (IK).According IK, the paper establishes the motion model of beam pumping unit, in the motion model the donkey head is seen as the end effector.The paper finally realizes 3D virtual simulation of beam pumping unit motion based on IK. The method of using IK to simulate the motion of beam pumping unit is is proved to be correct by contrasting the simulation results between using FK and IK.
Surface voltage and surface photovoltage: history, theory and applications

Surface voltage and surface photovoltage measurements have become important semiconductor characterization tools, largely because of the availability of commercial equipment and the contactless nature of the measurements. The range of the basic technique has been expanded through the addition of corona charge. The combination of surface charge and illumination allows surface voltage, surface barrier height, flatband voltage, oxide thickness, oxide charge density, interface trap density, mobile charge density, oxide integrity, minority carrier diffusion length, generation lifetime, recombination lifetime and doping density to be determined. In this review I shall briefly review the history of surface voltage, then discuss the principles of the technique and give some examples and applications.
The Genus Cyclidiopsis: An Obituary

Since its creation in 1917 the genus Cyclidiopsis, and its validity, has been a source of debate among euglenid taxonomists. While many authors have supported its legitimacy, various other authors have considered it to be a subgenus of Astasia or even promoted its complete dissolution. In this study, we have sequenced the small subunit and large subunit ribosomal DNA of Cyclidiopsis acus, the type species for the genus. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that C. acus grouped with taxa from the genus Lepocinclis, which necessitated the removal of this taxon from Cyclidiopsis and into Lepocinclis as Lepocinclis cyclidiopsis nom. nov. After an extensive literature search it was determined that only two other previously described Cyclidiopsis taxa were morphologically distinct, and the rest were reassigned as synonyms of L. cyclidiopsis. These findings prompted a re-examination of the initial description of Cyclidiopsis, and it was determined that the morphological characters establishing the genus as a distinct group were no longer valid in light of current phylogenetic analyses and the emended generic description for Lepocinclis. Therefore, the remaining two taxa were formally moved to the genus Lepocinclis as L. crescentia comb. nov. and L. pseudomermis comb. nov.
Kaposi's sarcoma of the colon in a young HIV-negative man with chronic ulcerative colitis. Report of a case.

In the United States, visceral Kaposi's sarcoma most commonly occurs in association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The authors report a unique case of primary colonic Kaposi's sarcoma in a young heterosexual HIV-negative man with chronic ulcerative colitis
The genetics of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis

Abstract Ischemic stroke attributable to atherosclerosis remains a major public health problem. Genetic factors are increasingly recognized as influencing risk for atherosclerosis directly and indirectly. Genetic makeup may influence the development of major vascular risk factors or alter susceptibility of the cerebral vasculature to these risk factors. More recently, newly identified risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as plasma homocysteine and infection, have also been reported to be influenced by important genetic determinants. This article reviews the current literature on genetics of cerebral and precerebral atherosclerosis and seeks to identify areas of promise for future clinical application.
Evaluation of Bacillus as a practical means for degradation of geosmin

A specific method for analysis of geosmin in bacterial cultures was developed which used a minimum of manipulation. Strains of Bacillus cereus, previously reported to degrade geosmin, were tested for their ability to degrade synthetic geosmin. The initial concentration of geosmin in media was not appreciably changed by the growth of the Bacillus strains. The natural isomer of geosmin was also tested with one of these strains and was not degraded. Previous evidence for the degradation of geosmin by Bacillus is discussed critically.
Pigeons respond to produce periods in which rewards are independent of responding.

Pecks by pigeons on a response key produced an ON state during which intermittent rewards were freely available, i.e., independently of responding. Pecks during the ON state caused it to remain ON. If no pecks occurred, the state changed to OFF—the key color changed—and rewards were not presented. The state remained OFF until the next response. Thus, responses controlled the state in the chamber but did not cause immediate reinforcement. Four dimensions of the schedule were varied: the rates of response-independent rewards during ON; the duration of ON produced by each peck; the pattern of rewards during ON; and the presence vs absence of exteroceptive cues during ON and OFF. The results showed that rates of responding were primarily controlled by the duration of ON produced by each response. When each response caused a long period of ON, pecks occurred infrequently; when each response caused a brief period of ON, pecks were frequent.
Additivity in electron capture from fluorocarbon gases to the continuum of ∼ MeV/u bare H and He projectiles

Abstract ECC cusp yields obtained from fluorocarbon gas targets of CF 4 , C 2 F 6 and C 4 F 8 at proton energies of 0.6–2.0 MeV and He 2+ energies of 2.4 and 3.2 MeV exhibit additivity failure similar to that seen from hydrocarbon gases. An intramolecular geometric outscattering model is used to estimate the yield of “atomic” C and F cusp electrons.
Using a Differential Evolutionary Algorithm to Test the Efficient Market Hypothesis

The proposition that a relatively new technology such as a differential evolutionary algorithm (DEA) can violate the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis is tested using daily data from the Australian share market from 2000 until 2008. An option trading strategy based on forecasts from a DEA is shown to perform better than a buy and hold strategy over parts of the sample space and, on average, over all of it. Speculators may make supernormal profits using new methodologies however such profits are unlikely to be sustained.
The role of transvaginal sonography and endometrial biopsy in the evaluation of peri- and postmenopausal bleeding.

The number of women seeking medical attention for peri- and postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) has been increasing. Determining the cause of PMB is essential in planning appropriate therapy. In these women, transvaginal sonography (TVS) is a sensitive means for diagnosing the causes of such bleeding, yet endometrial biopsy (EMB) is still preferred as the first diagnostic test. We prospectively compared TVS with aspiration biopsies of the endometrium in the examination of women with PMB.Between mid April 1994 and December 1995, 329 consecutive perimenopausal women underwent EMB. Of these EMBs 302 had negative results. We prospectively obtained TVS in 259 of these 302 women within 1 month of EMB (range, 10 days to 2 months) when the results of biopsy were negative. Forty-three patients were lost to follow-up. In 59 women who had endometrial thickening greater than 5 mm, dilatation and curettage, hysteroscopy, or hysterectomy was performed. Ninety-four of the 130 women who were found at TVS to have fibromyomata o...
The Object Called "Language" and the Subject of Linguistics

The trajectory of linguistics in the coming decades is likely to be shaped by how it formulates its object of study (whether as language or as some narrowly defined aspect of language) and by the corresponding breadth or narrowness with which it articulates its own epistemic project within the twenty-first-century-academy. This article discusses two epistemic projects that have shaped linguistics in the previous century, both of which survive in rather distinct institutional zones of the academy today. I diagnose some of the assumptions underlying the narrower conception of linguistics in the first of these traditions. I argue that the "linguistic turn" within the academy is, by contrast, oriented to the study of language more broadly understood. This creates difficulties for any narrowly conceived linguistics, difficulties which a broader vision of language as an object of study-and of any discipline that studies it-must strive to overcome.
Retarded Van der Waals potential between a conducting plane and a polarizable particle

Abstract The method of zero point energy is used to obtain the retarded Van der Waals potential between a perfectly conducting plane and a particle possessing both electric and magnetic polarizability. As a special case, the force between a conducting plane and a conducting sphere is obtained.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of three manganese centers in reduced SrTi O 3

Three paramagnetic centers associated with manganese substituting for ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$ have been observed at 300 K by EPR in reduced crystals of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The first is a ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ion having cubic symmetry, with isotropic $g$ and $A$ values given by $g=2.0036\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$ and $A=(82.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The second center is characterized by an axially symmetric EPR spectrum with effective $g$ values of ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{e}\ensuremath{\cong}2.00$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{e}\ensuremath{\cong}5.9$ at $X$ band. The spectrum is attributed to $\ensuremath{\Delta}M=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions between the ${S}_{z}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}$ levels of a ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ion located in a strong tetragonal crystalline field. The tetragonal field presumably arises from a nearest-neighbor oxygen vacancy, hence we designate it as ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$, in analogy with the previously investigated ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ center. An exact computer diagonalization of the $S=\frac{5}{2}$ matrix, together with data on a second fine-structure transition, yielded a zero-field splitting parameter $|2{D}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}|=1.088\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0010$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $g$ values of ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.0030\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.0082\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0060$. The hyperfine-structure splitting parameters were determined to be $A=(76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $B=(65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The normally forbidden $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions were also observed for this center, and their separations are consistent with an $S=\frac{5}{2}$ formalism. The third paramagnetic center also gives rise to a highly-anisotropic spectrum with effective $g$ values of ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{e}=7.945\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{e}l0.4$, and a hyperfine constant $A=(37.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The center is assigned to a ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ ion associated with a nearest-neighbor oxygen vacancy, hence we designate it as ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$. The one fine-structure transition observed is assigned to occur between the $M=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ levels of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}(3{d}^{4},S=2)$. By careful measurements at $X$- and $K$-band frequencies, the cubic zero-field splitting between these levels was determined to be $a=0.054\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Harmonic Transfer Function to Measure Translational and Rotational Velocities With Continuous-Scan Laser Doppler Vibrometry

A laser Doppler vibrometer typically measures the translational velocity at a single point along the direction of incident light. However, it has been shown that rotational velocities can also be recovered by scanning the laser continuously along a line or circular path around that point. This work uses the harmonic transfer function concept, which is analogous to the transfer function in conventional modal analysis, to relate the measured rotational and translational velocities to the input force. With this concept, the continuous-scan approach can be combined with the conventional point by point scan approach, acquiring normalized translational and rotational velocities under various types of excitation conditions in the same amount of time that is required for obtaining only the translational velocity. The proposed approach is validated on measurements taken from a downhill ski under free-free boundary conditions. The influence of the circle size, the scanning rate and the surface quality on the noise level in the measured signal is discussed, and the measured deflection shapes using both the point and circular scan approaches are compared. Local slopes at measurement locations are computed from the identified principal rotational velocities, laying the foundation for constructing a much more accurate estimate of the deformation shape, which may be valuable in damage detection and/or model updating.
Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Stink Bugs in Southeastern Farmscapes

A 3-yr study (2009–2011) was conducted to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of stink bugs in three commercial farmscapes. Study locations were replicated in South Carolina and Georgia, in an agriculturally diverse region known as the southeastern coastal plain. Crops included wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), corn, Zea mays (L.), soybean, Glycine max (L.), cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), and peanut, Arachis hypogaea (L.). Farmscapes were sampled weekly using whole-plant examinations for corn, with all other crops sampled using sweep nets. The predominant pest species of phytophagous stink bugs were the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), the green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris (Say), and the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.). Chi-square tests indicated a departure from a normal distribution in 77% of analyses of the variance to mean ratio, with 37% of slopes of Taylor’s power law and 30% of coefficient β of Iwao’s patchiness regression significantly greater than one, indicating aggregated distributions. Spatial Analyses by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) indicated aggregated patterns of stink bugs in 18% of year-end totals and 42% of weekly counts, with 80% of adults and nymphs positively associated using the SADIE association tool. Maximum stink bug densities in each crop occurred when the plants were producing fruit. Stink bugs exhibited greater densities in crops adjacent to soybean in Barnwell and Lee Counties compared with crops adjacent to corn or fallow areas. The diversity of crops and relatively small size of fields in the Southeast leads to colonization of patches within a farmscape. The ecological and management implications of the spatial and temporal distribution of stink bugs within farmscapes are discussed.
2008 Special Issue: Optimal wide-area monitoring and nonlinear adaptive coordinating neurocontrol of a power system with wind power integration and multiple FACTS devices

Wide-area coordinating control is becoming an important issue and a challenging problem in the power industry. This paper proposes a novel optimal wide-area coordinating neurocontrol (WACNC), based on wide-area measurements, for a power system with power system stabilizers, a large wind farm and multiple flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices. An optimal wide-area monitor (OWAM), which is a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), is designed to identify the input-output dynamics of the nonlinear power system. Its parameters are optimized through particle swarm optimization (PSO). Based on the OWAM, the WACNC is then designed by using the dual heuristic programming (DHP) method and RBFNNs, while considering the effect of signal transmission delays. The WACNC operates at a global level to coordinate the actions of local power system controllers. Each local controller communicates with the WACNC, receives remote control signals from the WACNC to enhance its dynamic performance and therefore helps improve system-wide dynamic and transient performance. The proposed control is verified by simulation studies on a multimachine power system.
Age-adjusted modification of the Duke Treadmill Score nomogram

Background The Duke Treadmill Score (DTS) is an established clinical tool for risk stratification of patients referred for exercise testing, but it does not consider age. We aimed to determine if age could improve the prognostic power of the DTS and if so, to modify the DTS nomogram to include age. Methods Of 1,959 patients referred for exercise testing from 1997 to 2006, 1,759 male veterans (age range 23-86 years) remained after exclusion of female and patients with heart failure. Cardiovascular mortality was the main outcome considered. Results Cox survival analysis was performed entering age and the DTS; both were significant ( P ≤ .002) with similar Wald Z values (5.4 and −3.1) and regression coefficients but opposite signs. The score: age–DTS yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80 compared with 0.76 for the DTS ( P P Conclusions We propose an age-adjusted DTS nomogram that improves the prognostic estimates of average annual CV mortality over the DTS alone. This nomogram requires external validation and extension to women.
Complex local features as determinants of pattern discrimination

Random polygons were generated in a manner that permitted us to test whether unfamiliar patterns were discriminated on the basis of their most complex or simplest local features. Results showed that subjects based discrimination primarily on the most complex local features, although the simpler features were not entirely ignored. This tendency persisted, although subjects had ample opportunity to learn that the complex and simple local features provided equally reliable cues for discrimination.
On the Interaction Between Radiation and Electrons

In the production of recoil electrons we have an example of the action of radiation on free electrons, whereas the photoelectric effect with x-rays is an example of the action of radiation on a pair of positive and negative charges. In both effects experiment indicates that the whole momentum absorbed from the radiation is imparted to the electron that is set in motion by the radiation, showing that the duration of the action of the radiation is short compared with the natural period of the electron in the atom. It is assumed that the action is sensibly instantaneous. In contrast with the prediction of Lorentz's force equation, which would predict an impulse imparted to an isolated electron almost in the direction of the electric vector, the experiments show that the preferred direction of motion of the recoil electrons is perpendicular to the electric vector. An impulse on a free electron in the direction of the electric vector would not be consistent with the conservation of momentum. The photo-electrons on the other hand have the electric vector of the incident wave as their preferred direction of motion (neglecting radiation pressure), though the experiments show that the impulse imparted to the electron by the radiation may make a considerable angle with the electric vector. In this case the conservation of linear momentum permits motion in any direction, since equal and opposite impulses are applied to the positive and negative parts of the atom by the electric vector; but the conservation of the angular momentum of the system requires that the impulse shall be imparted in a direction determined by the instantaneous position of the electron in the atom. The experiments of Auger and Bubb are consistent with this requirement, but indicate that Lorentz's force equation is only statistically valid in defining the direction of the action of the electric vector on the photo-electron.
Halothane depresses C-fiber-evoked windup of deep dorsal horn neurons in mice.

A progressive increase in the response of a nociceptive spinal neuron to repeated electrical C-fiber stimulation reflects a phenomenon called windup. Second order neurons in the dorsal horn, as well as motoneurons, can develop windup. Inhaled anesthetics act primarily in spinal cord to suppress movement induced by noxious stimulation. We hypothesized that halothane would depress neuronal windup in mice at concentrations that also prevented movement. We measured windup in deep dorsal horn neurons in lumbar spinal cord at 0.75 MAC (the minimum alveolar concentration of anesthetic that prevents movement in 50% of subjects in response to noxious stimulation), 0.9 MAC, and 1.1 MAC. The change from 0.75 to 0.9 MAC did not significantly decrease windup (−11±22%), but the change from 0.9 to 1.1 MAC decreased windup (−35±7%, P<0.01). We conclude that halothane depresses neuronal windup in the range that prevents movement, and that the effect on windup might play a role in halothane's immobilizing action.
Spirituality and well-being: An exploratory study of the patient perspective

Spirituality has become a construct of interest in American health care: however, there remains a limited understanding of how patients themselves describe spirituality and view its impact on their health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe elements of patient-reported, health-related spirituality. A qualitative study utilized focus group interviews of 17 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 18 women with no self-identified illness. Purposeful sampling of participants who had prior experiences in healthcare settings, with or without a chronic illness, guided the sampling strategy. Editing analysis of the interview transcripts were coded into conceptual categories. Participant narratives were grouped into eight general categories: (1) change in functional status, (2) core beliefs, (3) medical/disease state information gathering and processing, (4) interpretation and understanding, (5) life scheme, (6) positive intentionality, (7) agency, and (8) subjective well-being. A change in functional status was the catalyst for two process-oriented categories; medical/disease state information gathering and processing, and the higher-order interpretation and understanding, or meaning making of life events. Core beliefs were sources that grounded and maintained an interpretative structure through which participants viewed their life events and positively framed their experiences. Life scheme described a heuristic framework through which all life events were viewed. Positive intentionality was participant belief in the capacity to execute a specific action that was required for a desired outcome. Participants tied the attitudes and practices of positive intentionality with agency, or the use or exertion of power through belief, practice, or community. Participants outlined both a positive affective and cognitive component of subjective well-being. Patients describe several interrelated elements and a process of events in their depiction of spirituality in healthcare settings. Patient-reported spirituality is predominantly a cognitive construct incorporating the domains of life scheme and positive intentionality.
Anxiety Symptomatology: The Association With Distress Tolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity

Research focused on psychological risk factors for anxiety psychopathology has led to better conceptualization of these conditions as well as pointed toward preventative interventions. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has been well-established as an anxiety risk factor, while distress tolerance (DT) is a related construct that has received little empirical exploration within the anxiety psychopathology literature. The current investigation sought to extend the existing literature by examining both DT and the relationship between DT and AS across a number of anxiety symptom dimensions, including panic, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive anxiety. Participants (N=418) completed a number of measures that assessed DT, AS, anxiety symptomatology, and negative affect. Findings indicated that DT was uniquely associated with panic, obsessive compulsive, general worry, and social anxiety symptoms, but that DT and AS were not synergistically associated with each of these symptom dimensions. These findings indicate that an inability to tolerate emotional distress is associated with an increased vulnerability to experience certain anxiety symptoms.
Does the Holland model of occupational choice (HMOC) perpetuate the Beancounter-Bookkeeper (BB) stereotype of accountants?

Abstract This article investigates the Holland model of occupational choice's (HMOC) development, influence, and validity in relation to its classification of bookkeepers, accountants, and business professionals. Study 1 reanalyzes published data and provides evidence that the Beancounter-Bookkeeper (BB) stereotype, which is promoted in the HMOC, is partially predictive of the personality characteristics of individuals who choose to enter professional accountancy. Study 2 investigates the influence of HMOC training, and exposure to accounting education, on perceptions of the personality type needed for accounting work; results indicate that: (1) HMOC training is associated with perceptions that accounting work requires a BB personality, and (2) the importance of investigative skills to accounting work increase with accounting education. Following this, we review evidence that suggests low validity in the HMOC's claims of greater job success and satisfaction among BB accountants. Finally, we consider three possible processes that may explain Holland and colleagues’ conjoining of accountants with bookkeepers. Together, the analysis promotes skepticism regarding whether the HMOC's claim that professional accounting success demands a passive, compliant, subservient, i.e., BB, personality supports the public interest obligations of professional accountants.
Recombinant infusion therapies indicated for bleeding disorders.

Hemophilia is a genetic condition that causes prolonged bleeding in those affected after surgeries, dental procedures, and injuries. It has been treated with a variety of products in the modern era, with some of the treatments causing serious viral infections. The development of recombinant-factor products has led to longer life expectancy and better quality of life for those affected. The objectives of this article are to review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of hemophilia A and B and von Willebrand’s disease and to outline the development of treatment products, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each product. Research on newer products is progressing at a rapid pace. The article will also discuss some of the newer products currently in development.
Stochastic modeling of transient contaminant transport

A stochastic perturbation-based formulation for transient contaminant transport in the vadose zone was developed and implemented. The proposed methodology provides an efficient way to incorporate the small-scale variability of soil properties into large-scale models using effective parameters. A finite element solution of the stochastic differential equation for transient contaminant transport was formulated. The mean concentration value and its variance at each node were evaluated. The advantage of the proposed stochastic finite element approach is that only a few soil parameters are required to describe the variability of its stochastic properties. In addition, the proposed approach is neither site-specific nor contaminant-specific. A one-dimensional transient contaminant transport was simulated and the stochastic results were compared to deterministic and experimental results. The stochastic perturbation-based numerical formulation predicted the velocity of spreading of the contaminant much closer to the experimental measurements, as compared to the deterministic approach.
Directions for theoretical and algorithmic developments

The purpose of this report is to summarize the opinions and discussions presented by members of the informal group that surveyed the state of the art in modern system science and control theory and to summarize certain of the recommendations dealing with needs for future developments in both theory and algorithmic approaches. The members of the informal group that contributed to this exchange of ideas were: L.A. Zadeh, J.C. Willems, P.P. Varayia, E. Gilbert, H.J. Kushner, R. Drenick, Y.C. Ho, R. Baum, D. Kendrick, A.P. Sage, and M. Athans. Other workshop attendees also participated in a part time basis. It should be noted that the material contained in this report represents the interpretation by the author of the many remarks voiced at the Workshop meeting; it probably does not represent an exact consensus of each and every member of the discussion group.