cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of cocaine on dietary self-selection during pregnancy and lactation in the rat

Previously, we have shown that patterns of food selection are altered by pregnancy and lactation in rats. Reproductive animals increase total food intake during gestation and lactation, and select more carbohydrate and protein during lactation than virginal controls. In other self-selection studies, female rats administered cocaine compensate for decreases in carbohydrate and fat but not protein intake, resulting in a potential protein deficiency. The present study was designed to test the combined effects of cocaine and reproductive period on food intake. Cocaine was administered daily (PO) to 18-h food-deprived rats during the second and third week of gestation and the first week of lactation. Immediately following drug administration, each animal had free access to isocaloric carbohydrate, protein, and fat in a dietary self-selection situation. Intake of each component was measured at 30 min, 60 min, 2 h, and 6 h following the drug treatment. The results of this study indicate that cocaine administration during gestation and lactation disrupts normal patterns of food intake. Altered patterns of food intake may be responsible for some of the deleterious effects of maternal cocaine use on offspring.
Combined Mutation of Catalytic Glutamate Residues in the Two Nucleotide Binding Domains of P-glycoprotein Generates a Conformation That Binds ATP and ADP Tightly

Combined mutation of "catalytic carboxylates" in both nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) of P-glycoprotein generates a conformation capable of tight binding of 8-azido-ADP (Sauna, Z. E., Muller, M., Peng, X. H., and Ambudkar, S. V. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 13989-14000). Here we characterized this conformation using pure mouse MDR3 P-glycoprotein and natural MgATP and MgADP. Mutants E552A/E1197A, E552Q/E1197Q, E552D/E1197D, and E552K/E1197K had low but real ATPase activity in the order Ala > Gln > Asp > Lys, emphasizing the requirement for Glu stereochemistry. Mutant E552A/E1197A bound MgATP and MgADP (1 mol/mol) with K(d) 9.2 and 92 microm, showed strong temperature sensitivity of MgATP binding and equal dissociation rates for MgATP and MgADP. With MgATP as the added ligand, 80% of bound nucleotide was in the form of ATP. None of these parameters was vanadate-sensitive. The other mutants showed lower stoichiometry of MgATP and MgADP binding, in the order Ala > Gln > Asp > Lys. We conclude that the E552A/E1197A mutation arrests the enzyme in a conformation, likely a stabilized NBD dimer, which occludes nucleotide, shows preferential binding of ATP, does not progress to a normal vanadate-sensitive transition state, but hydrolyzes ATP and releases ADP slowly. Impairment of turnover is primarily due to inability to form the normal transition state rather than to slow ADP release. The Gln, Asp, and Lys mutants are less effective at stabilizing the occluded nucleotide, putative dimeric NBD, conformation. We envisage that in wild-type the occluded nucleotide conformation occurs transiently after MgATP binds to both NBDs with associated dimerization, and before progression to the transition state.
The Irish rent … and mended: transitional textual communities in nineteenth-century America

In this paper, traditional folkloric forms that were ritualised and practised in pre-Famine Ireland are examined. So, too, are the strategies that storytellers employed in disseminating the imaginative aspects of the oral tradition to their audiences. Following the disruption of the storytelling tradition precipitated by the Great Famine and emigration, the fabric of Irish storytelling lay threadbare, both in Ireland and abroad. Of interest is the fact that in America the less “heroic” and more subtle strands of Irish folklore resurfaced in the theatrical venues that developed during the second half of the nineteenth century, namely, minstrelsy, Vaudeville, and Tin Pan Alley. By the turn of twentieth century, the Irish were responding to other “heroic” depictions of themselves, not only with protestation but also with “tongue-in-cheek” laughter. Their grounding in a variety of folkloric texts in Ireland enabled them to transition to multiple kinds of accommodation and expressive resistance.
Total knee arthroplasty: Evaluation of an acute care rehabilitation program

This retrospective research was performed to evaluate the acute care rehabilitation program provided for patients receiving total knee arthroplasties in one institution. Included were 146 patients with unilateral arthroplasties and 40 patients with bilateral arthroplasties. Care and charge data, functional scores, and discharge disposition were documented for all subjects. The mean hospital days and associated charges were, respectively, 9.9 and $16,149 for unilateral arthroplasties and 11.9 and $23,594 for bilateral arthroplasties. Significant improvements in function (bed mobility, transfers, locomotion, and stairs) occurred during the course of rehabilitation. Over 96% of the patients were discharged home (either with or without services). Predictive of both discharge disposition and hospital charges were arthroplasty type, initial bed mobility score, and discharge transfer score. The results demonstrate differences associated with unilateral and bilateral surgeries, verify that functional changes accompany rehabilitation, and show that functional capacity has implications for charges and discharge disposition.
Effects of respiratory mechanical unloading on thoracoabdominal motion in meconium-injured piglets and rabbits.

Impaired pulmonary mechanics can cause chest wall distortion (CWD) so that work of breathing is dissipated in deforming the rib cage. We hypothesized that respiratory mechanical unloading as a technique of assisted mechanical ventilation would reduce CWD in animals with injured lungs. We studied five piglets and five adult rabbits to test across different ages and chest configurations. As a result of intratracheal meconium instillation, lung compliance decreased from 21 (median; range 17-35) to 9.5 (6.7-14) mL/kPa/kg in rabbits and from 26 (18-31) to 7.9 (4.9-11) in piglets. Airway resistance increased from 5.0 (4.6-6.1) to 6.9 (5.8-7.9) kPa/L/s in rabbits only. Respiratory inductive plethysmography was used to measure the phase shift between the rib cage and abdominal compartment movements and the total compartmental displacement ratio. We aimed at unloading at least three-fourths of lung elastance in all animals and 2.0 kPa/L/s of resistance in rabbits. Elastic unloading decreased the phase shift in all but one animal. It reduced the total compartmental displacement ratio from 1.27 (1.14-3.73) to 1.16(1.02-1.82) in piglets and from 1.77 (1.45-5.24) to 1.37 (1.11-4.78) in rabbits. The inspiratory rib cage expansion increased, whereas abdominal expansion did not. The tidal esophageal pressure deflection decreased. Tidal volume increased, whereas respiratory rate remained unaffected so that the partial pressure of arterial CO2 decreased. Resistive unloading as an adjunct to elastic unloading further reduced CWD and induced a more rapid, shallower breathing. We conclude that respiratory unloading as a mechanical support to spontaneous breathing reduces CWD. We speculate that the decrease in CWD increases ventilatory efficiency for a given diaphragmatic effort.
Blending service and financial security: A study in the organizational adaptation of a fraternal benefit society

Abstract A little known organizational model rooted in earliest social welfare history, the fraternal benefit society, is presented as a case study in organizational adaptation to changing internal and environmental pressures. The fraternal benefit society combines elements associated with commerce, human services, and self‐help groups. Rooted in early Greek and Roman mutual aid societies, the fraternal benefit movement paralleled the development of social services since the mid‐19th century, and in many ways serves as a prototype for newly emerging organizations which seek to combine elements of economic development with social welfare service provision. Fraternals present structural issues also seen in organizations in which employee shareholders benefit from the commercial success of the company in which they work. The writer uses Lawrence and Lorsch's Contingency Theory to analyze how one fraternal has adapted to become a major financial and voluntary service institution. Gordon and Babchuk's Typology...
Microwave properties of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films

A study of the microwave properties of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O (TBCCO) thin films deposited on LaAlO3 has been performed. These films have transition temperatures (Tc,R=o) within 101-105 K, and were predominantly c-axis oriented with critical current densities (Jc) of approximately 1.6 * 105 and 2.8 * 106 A cm-2 at zero field and at 77 and 4.5 K respectively. By using a power transmission method we have determined the complex conductivity ( sigma * = sigma 1 - j sigma 2) and the magnetic penetration depth ( lambda ) at 33.5 GHz. To the best of our knowledge this represents the first report published on sigma * for TBCCO films. It was observed that in the superconducting state sigma 1 deviates from the predictions of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory and the phenomenological two-fluid model. Values of lambda of 613 and 555 nm were obtained at 77 and 20 K respectively. The surface resistance (Rs) of these films was determined after patterning them into a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) resonators, ring resonators, and microstrip linear resonators, by measuring the quality factor (Q) at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K and 10.8 GHz, the best of our CBCPW resonators has an unloaded quality factor (Qo) seven times that of a similar all-gold resonator. For neighbouring ring and linear resonators fabricated on the same high transition temperature superconductor film, Qo was found to be approximately three times that of a similar gold resonator at 77 K and 8 GHz. Rs values at 77 K of 6.6 and 4.5 m Omega were obtained at 10.8 and 8 GHz respectively.
Advances in the stable isotope-mass spectrometric measurement of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.

Methods for measuring rates of DNA synthesis, and thus cell proliferation, in humans had not been avail- able until recently. We (D. C. Macallan, C. A. Fullerton, R. A. Neese, K. Haddock, S. S. Park, and M. K. Heller- stein, 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 708 -713) recently developed a stable isotope-mass spectromet- ric technique for measuring DNA synthesis by labeling the deoxyribose (dR) moiety of purine deoxyribonu- cleotides through the de novo nucleotide synthesis pathway. The original analytic approach had limita- tions, however. Here, we describe technical improve- ments that increase yield, stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the method. The purine deoxyribo- nucleoside, deoxyadenosine (dA), is directly isolated from hydrolysates of DNA by using an LC18 SPE col- umn. Two derivatives were developed for analyzing the dR moiety of dA alone (without the base), an aldo- nitrile-triacetate derivative, and a reduced pentose- tetraacetate (PTA) derivative. The PTA derivative in particular exhibited greater stability (no degradation after several weeks), greater GC/MS signal, and much less abundance sensitivity of isotope ratios (i.e., less dependence of mass isotopomer abundances on the amount of material injected into the mass spectrome- ter source), compared to previous derivatives of dA. The need for complex, multidimensional abundance corrected standard curves was thereby avoided. Using the PTA derivative, dR enrichments from DNA of fully turned over cells of rodents with 2 H2O enrichments in body water of 2.2-2.8% were 9.0 -9.5%, and less than 1.0 mg DNA (ca. 2 3 10 5 cells) was required for reproduc- ible analyses. In summary, these methodologic ad- vances allow measurement of stable isotope incorpo- ration into DNA and calculation of cell proliferation and death rates in vivo in humans and experimental animals, with fewer cells, greater reproducibility, and less labor. Many applications of this approach can be envisioned. © 2001 Academic Press
Employment after spinal cord injury: an analysis of cases from the Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems.

Abstract Objective: To describe the relationship of multiple biographic, injury-related, and educational factors with employment outcomes after spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Data were collected through 18 model SCI systems, a nationwide network of hospitals that treat approximately 14% of all SCIs in the United States. Participants: A total of 3,756 persons with traumatic SCI who completed the Form II data collection during their annual follow-up at years 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 years (the most recent Form II was accepted). Main Outcome Measures: The Model Systems Forms I and II were used to identify biographic, injury-related status, employment at injury, and productivity status upon follow-up (Form I is used to elicit basic demographic and discharge information, whereas Form II is used to track multiple outcomes during annual follow-ups). The Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique (CHART) was used to assess hours spent in gainful employment and other productive activities. Results: CHART data revealed only a modestly higher employment rate (24.8%) than that of the traditional single Form II item (22%). Being Caucasian, younger at injury, having lived more years with SCI, having a less severe injury, and having more years of education were all predictive of being employed. Violence at injury was associated with lower employment rates (only 12.9% employed), especially among Caucasians (only 24% employed). Being employed at injury was associated with a greater probability of postinjury employment, but only in the first few years after injury. Among employed participants, women and those who had been injured fewer years averaged fewer hours spent at work. Conclusions: Findings were consistent with those in previous studies. Interventions to improve employability should focus on education and the needs of individuals from minority backgrounds.
Properties And Band Structure Of Short-Period Compensated N-I-P-I Doping Superlattices

ABSTRACT Dispersion and miniband structure of GaAs compensated n-i-p-i doping superlattices have been calculated by using matrix transfer method, multistep potential approach, and numerical calculations. The results are compared with energy levels calculated by use of harmonical-oscillator-type potential well. The dependence of the effective energy gaps of heavy and light holes on the period length L is also discussed. 1. INTRODUCTIONIt has attracted many attentions for n-i-p-i doping superlattices because of their special properties, such as the tunability of the effective energy gap ' . Although n-i-p-i doping superlattices have been known for a few years, many important physical properties, such as energy dispersion and miniband structures, consequently, the effective energy gap are still not clear because of their complicated structures. One usually uses an uncoupled quantum well to estimate the energy levels. The energy levels corresponding to a potential form of harmonical-oscillator-type quantum wellshave been widely used, (2) which can be written asE =(jy+l/2)u>, i/-0, 1, 2 . . . (1)where a>=(47rnne 2 /m e) 1/2, and m and e are the electron effective mass and dielectric L) e econstant, respectively. One must notice that this approximation will not be valid as soon as the period length becomes small. Furthermore, the dispersion of n-i-p-i doping superlattice is absent under this approximation.With the realization of the Esaki-Tsu-type doping superlattices, the understanding of dispersion and miniband structure of n-i-p-i doping superlattice becomes very important. By using the 5 -doping technique, doping superlattices with very small superlattice periods, in the order of the electron de Broglie wavelength, have been obtained. Different optical properties have been observed for this kind of doping superlattices compared with doping superlattices with large periods.In this paper, we report the calculated results of compensated n-i-p-i doping superlattices, with emphasis on the small period length. The results were obtained by using matrix transfer method, multistep potential approach, and numerical calculations. Our calculation shows that the energy levels obtained from the harmonic-oscillator-type potential approximation is not a good one in many cases. The dispersion, miniband structure and effective energy gaps of heavy and light holes for GaAs doping superlattices are calculated as functions of period length L. The results obtained here should be very useful for basic research and device applications .
Distributional analysis of swaps in Quick Select

We investigate the number of swaps made by Quick Select (a variant of Quick Sort for finding order statistics) to find an element with a randomly selected rank under realistic partition algorithms such as Lomuto's or Hoare's. This kind of grand average provides a smoothing over all individual distributions for specific fixed order statistics. The grand distribution for the number of swaps (when suitably scaled) is a perpetuity (a sum of products of independent mixed continuous random variables supported on the interval (0,1)). The tool for this proof is contraction in the Wasserstein metric space, and identifying the limit as the fixed-point solution of a distributional equation. The same methodology carries over when Quick Select is commissioned to find an extremal order statistic (of a relatively small or relatively large rank) and the results are of similar nature. It is one of our purposes to show that analysis under different partition algorithms leads to different results.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTE LYSOSOMES IN VITRO.

SummaryA method has been described for isolation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes from 25 ml of peripheral venous blood. These granules resembled in content and behavior the granules of rabbit white cells and rat and rabbit liver. The “latent” acid hydrolases could be released from the granules by agents which have been shown to disrupt lysosomes from other tissues: streptolysins, lysolecithin, and etiocholanolone.
Molecular models need to be tested: the case of a solar flares discoidal HDL model.

In the absence of atomic structures of high-density lipoproteins in their lipid-bound states, many molecular models have been produced based on experimental data. Using molecular dynamics, we show that a recently proposed “solar-flares” model of discoidal high-density lipoprotein is implausible. Our simulations show a collapse of the protruding solar-flare loops and a notable protein rearrangement due to an energetically unfavorable orientation of the hydrophobic protein surface toward the aqueous solvent.
Holocene Carbon Accumulation of Fen Peatlands in Boreal Western Canada: A Complex Ecosystem Response to Climate Variation and Disturbance

Understanding the long-term ecological dynamics of northern peatlands is essential for assessment of the possible responses and feedbacks of these carbon-rich ecosystems to climate change and natural disturbance. I used high-resolution macrofossil and lithological analyses of a fen peatland in western Canada to infer the Holocene developmental history of the peatland, to document the temporal pattern of long-term peat accumulation, and to investigate ecosystems responses to climate changes in terms of species composition and carbon accumulation. The peatland has been dominated by sedges and brown mosses during its 10,000-year history, despite interruption by tephra deposition. Peat accumulation rates vary by more than an order of magnitude and decline from 5500 to 1300 cal BP, resulting in a convex depth–age curve, which contrasts with the carbon accumulation patterns documented for oceanic peatlands. The synthesis of regional data from continental western Canada indicates that fens tend to accumulate more carbon than bogs of the same ages. These data suggest that the carbon sink potential of northern peatlands has varied dramatically in the past, so estimates of the present and projected carbon sink strengths of these peatlands need to take this temporal variation into consideration. Widespread slowdown of peat accumulation over the last 4000 years may have resulted from climate cooling in northern latitudes after the Holocene insolation maximum. The findings indicate that long-term peatland dynamics are modified by many local and regional factors and that gradual environmental change may be capable of triggering abrupt shifts and jumps in ecosystem states.
Organic anions in layered double hydroxides: An experimental investigation of citrate hydrotalcite

The nature of the chemical interactions between organic species and mineral surfaces and inter-layers has significant implications for many geochemical processes and for medical and materials applications, but the molecular-scale characteristics of such interactions are poorly understood. Here we describe an experimental investigation of citrate-hydrotalcite (HT) that is designed to investigate the structural environments and dynamical behavior of carboxylic species interacting with the protonated surfaces of positively charged materials such as layered double hydroxides (LDHs). X-ray diffraction, compositional analysis, and thermal analysis confirm successful intercalation of trivalent citrate anions into the interlayers of the Mg/Al hydrotalcite using an ion-exchange method. The basal spacing changes from 8.9 A at relative humidity (R.H.) = 0% to 11.3 A at R.H. = 75%, to 18.9 A at 100% R.H., consistent with reorientation of the citrate from parallel to the hydroxide layers at low water contents to perpendicular to them at higher water contents. At the largest water contents, the citrate may lose contact with one of the hydroxide layers, in contrast to the behavior of LDHs containing small, inorganic species. The similarity of the 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts for citrate-HT and sodium citrate solution demonstrates the absence of grafting (covalent bond formation) between the citrate molecules and the metal hydroxide layers, and the dominance of Coulombic and H-bond interactions in stabilizing the structure. Decreasing 13 C NMR peak widths, decreasing signal/noise ratios in the 1 H- 13 C CPMAS NMR spectra, and increasing basal spacing with increasing R.H. are consistent with increasing dynamical disorder of the interlayer citrate sites in a progressively more water-rich interlayer.
Rate of persistent perforation after elective tympanostomy tube removal in pediatric patients.

This study was performed to determine the rate of persistent perforations according to age, tube type and duration of intubation in children who underwent elective tympanostomy tube removal. Our retrospective analysis of hospital and clinic charts included all patients who underwent elective tube removal from July 1995 to December 1997 at our institution. Information from the chart review included patient age at time of tube removal, type of tube removed, duration of intubation, presence of granulation tissue/polyps, and concomitant paper patch placement. The outcome of each surgical removal was determined by examining follow-up clinic charts. A patient was deemed to have a persistent perforation if the eardrum had not adequately healed within 3 months after surgery. Data on 201 patients were gathered. These patients had 273 tube removals. Eleven percent of ears (29/273) had persistent perforations. According to tube type, no perforations (0/48) occurred with Collar Bobbin tubes, 6% (3/50) with Tytan tubes, 7% (3/44) with Duravent tubes, and 22% (16/74) with Paparella II tubes. Three percent (3/101) of tubes in place for 3 years showed persistent perforations after removal. Ears with granulation polyps had a 9% (18/203) rate of perforations, whereas those without granulation polyps had a 16% (11/70) rate of perforations. Forty percent (4/10) of ears were treated with paper patches at the time of tube removal showed persistent perforations. Our data indicate that the rate of persistent perforation (11%) after elective tympanostomy tube removal is high. The factors associated with higher rates of persistent perforation (P 3 years prior to removal and the use of long-term Paparella II tubes.
Rifamycin derivatives: Specific inhibitors of nucleic acid polymerases

Abstract Rifampicin and three rifamycin SV derivatives with different lipophilic side chains were tested as inhibitors of a number of purified enzymes including the α and αβ forms of RNA-directed DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). AF ABDMP (2,5-dimethyl-4-N-benzyl demethyl rifampicin), AF 013 (O-n-octyloxime of 3-formyl rifamycin SV) and C-27 (rifamycin SV with a dicyclohexylalkyl substituted piperidyl ring at the 3-position) at concentrations less than 20 to 40 μg/ml completely inhibited the RNA- and DNA-directed DNA polymerase and RNase H activities of both AMV enzymes. Rifampicin was inactive at 100 μg/ml. When used against a variety of non-polymerizing enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, DNase I, and RNase A, these derivatives were inactive at drug concentrations between 100 and 200 μg/ml. Polynucleotide phosphorylase was inhibited slightly by all three derivatives. These results support the idea that rifamycin SV derivatives with appropriate 3-substituted side-chains are specific inhibitors of nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes.
Perceptual preferences and verbal originality among adolescents.

Various researchers have documented the creative individual's preference for complexity and asymmetry and his independence in judgment (1, 2, 3 ) . Consequently, it was hypothesized that adolescents choosing to write about a disorganized stimulus will demonstrate more over-all verbal originality and greater independence from an assigned stimulus, by making both common and atypical phenomena original. On the other hand, adolescents choosing to write about an organized stimulus will demonstrate differential originality in response to an assigned organized or disorganized stimulus. The 112 Ss were the entire eighth grade class of a rural Iowa public school who were present on the day of the experiment. The 56 boys and 56 girls were between 13 and 14 yr. old. Ss were ind~vidually asked to choose between a pair of stimuli including one organized and one d~sorgaruzed drawing. As a group, Ss were then randomly assigned an organized or disorgan~~ed sumulus from a different set of drawings and given 15 min. to write a story about it. The drawings within each set were similar in color, detail, and objects. All were drawn by the same artist in the same style. However, the disorganized drawing differed from its pair by the scattered (but artistic) arrangement of the same objects. The stimuli were similar to but more complex than those used by May and Tabachnick ( 4 ) . Three judges blind coded each story as original or non-original, using the general descriptions of Yamamoto and Torrance ( 5 ) . e.g., an original story might be picturesque or vivid in style or contain unusual or surprising plots and/or themes. The average correlation of the inter-judge reliabilities of .52 was significant. Stories were categorized as original or non-original if two or more judges agreed. The judges also evaluated writing style as either exposition, description, simple or complex narration. The results supported the hypotheses. Ss who had initially chosen the disorganized stimulus wrote significantly more original stories than S's who had chosen the organized stimulus (x2 = 4.42, df = 1, p < .05). The originality of these two groups, Ss having chosen the organized stimulus versus Ss having chosen the disorganized stimulus, was separately,analyzed with respect to the assigned stimulus. Only the verbal originality of Ss initially choosing the organized stimulus was significantly affected by the assigned stimulus ( x a = 4.13, d f = 1, p < .05). , G a t is, among these Ss those receiving the disorganized stimulus demonstrated more orlg~nality than those receiving the organized stimulus. Their level of originality approached that of Ss initially choosing the disorganized stimulus. Complex narration was somewhat more likely to be written by a female ( x 2 = 10.60, d f = 3, p < .05) and to be evaluated as original than was exposition, description, or simple narration ( x 2 = 11.34, df = 3 , p < .O5). However, sex was not related to originality.
Implications of anomalous Lorentz structure in neutral weak processes

Effects of possible anomalous Lorentz structures in the neutral weak interaction in neutrino-electron scattering, deep-inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering, and pion production in the ${N}^{*}$ region are discussed.
Brine Radiolysis and Its Effect on the Corrosion of Grade 12 Titanium

Abstract The corrosion of Grade 12 titanium, a possible canister material for the storage of high-level nuclear wastes, has been studied in brine solution under γ radiation (Ce137, 1.5×105 rad/h), in which a variety of radiolytic species that may change the redox reactions involved in corrosion processes is known to be produced. It was found that radiolysis of the brine solution permits additional partial cathodic reactions and shifts the open circuit potential (OCP) of the alloy in the noble direction. Furthermore, it was found that the changes in the oxide responsible for decreased hydrogen absorption by Grade 12 Ti under γ radiation are caused by the radiolysis products of the brine solution and not by the direct effect of radiation on the metal or oxide. γ radiation also increases the pitting potential of the alloy in 1 M KBr solution at 25 C. Among the radiolytic products, hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in determining the corrosion conditions in the irradiated brine solution: (1) it provid...
Effects of early rolipram treatment on histopathological outcome after controlled cortical impact injury in mice.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology includes contusions, cavitation, cell death, all of which can be exacerbated by inflammation. We hypothesized that an anti-inflammatory drug, rolipram, may reduce pathology after TBI, since in several CNS injury models rolipram reduces inflammation and improves cell survival and functional recovery. Adult male C57BL/6 mice received a craniotomy over the right parietotemporal cortex. Vertically directed controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury was delivered. Naive controls were used for comparison. At 30 min post-surgery, animals were treated with vehicle or rolipram (1 mg/kg), and then once per day for 3 days. On day 3, the brains were systematically sectioned and stained to visualize the resulting pathology using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and NeuN immunocytochemistry. Total parietotemporal cortical contusion and cavity volume were significantly increased in rolipram-treated as compared to vehicle-treated CCI animals. Contusion areas at specific bregma levels indicated a significant effect of drug across bregma levels. Neuronal cell loss in the dentate hilus and area CA3 of the hippocampus were similar between vehicle and rolipram-treated animals. Although rolipram is well known to reduce pathology and inflammation in several other CNS injury models, the pathology resulting from CCI was worsened with rolipram at this particular dose and administration schedule. These studies suggest that consideration of the unique characteristics of TBI pathology is important in the extrapolation of promising therapeutic interventions from other CNS injury models.
Applications of Asynoptic Space–Time Fourier Transform Methods to Scanning Satellite Measurements

A method proposed by Salby (1982) for computing the zonal space-time Fourier transform of asynoptically acquired satellite data is discussed. The method and its relationship to other techniques are briefly described, and possible problems in applying it to real data are outlined. Examples of results obtained using this technique are given which demonstrate its sensitivity to small-amplitude signals. A number of waves are found which have previously been observed as well as two not heretofore reported. A possible extension of the method which could increase temporal and longitudinal resolution is described.
Technology use and academic performance

As technology use continues its steady growth among college students, both within and outside of the classroom, its effect on academic performance becomes an increasingly important question to address. Cognitive theory and multitasking research strongly support a negative effect while other studies have found little to no effect. Using a large sample of students, this study attempted to address these opposing results and help find clarity. We explored the relationship of the frequency of students' use of technologies and their academic performance as measured by GPA, SAT scores, study hours, and predicted course grade. In order to help understand our findings, we also examined the role of gender and employment status in this relationship. Our hypotheses were partially supported, with frequency of technology use negatively related to academic performance. We discuss our findings and limitations of the research.
Maternal separation stress leads to enhanced emotional responses to noxious stimuli in adult rats

The purpose of the current study was to examine pain processing in adult rats following repeated maternal separation in infancy, a common model of early life stress. Sensory pain processing remained unaltered, as measured using threshold testing of nociception. However, affective pain processing was enhanced as revealed by increased responding during the tonic phase of the formalin test and during the place escape/avoidance test. The pattern of enhanced responses suggests that early life stress alters the emotional response to pain. Further research could determine if this pattern holds true for different pain models, or if post-weaning enrichment could reverse the effects of maternal separation on pain processing.
Prior task failure as a determinant of biofeedback and cognitive task performance

In a study of the effects of controllability of outcomes upon behavior in a biofeedback context, 40 college students were assigned to four groups differing in pretreatment: (1) a success-failure group, given false feedback in a fictitious blood-vessel control task for two sessions designed to convey success followed by two sessions of failure feedback; (2) a failure-failure group, given false failure feedback throughout pretreatment; (3) a contingent failure group, receiving actual feedback in a temperature biofeedback task with criteria that assured failure throughout pretreatment; and (4) a control group, given no specific task during this phase. In a subsequent phase, all subjects received actual frontal (forehead) electromyographic (EMG) response training with biofeedback. In analyses of the results, during EMG training, the contingent failure group attained lower levels than the other three groups. By contrast, on a cognitive (anagram) task, interpolated between pretreatment and EMG training, the contingent failure group demonstrated relatively poorer performance than the other groups. The results are discussed in terms of reactance and learned helplessness theories of perceived loss of control in this context.
Impact of a 1-day ophthalmology experience on medical students.

Objective To improve the ophthalmic knowledge and eye examination skills of third-year medical students through the development and implementation of a 1-day ophthalmology experience. Design Noncomparative interventional case series. Participants One hundred twenty-one third-year medical students at the Penn State College of Medicine completed the 1-day ophthalmology experience. Methods A 1-day ophthalmology curriculum, based on the Association of University Professors in Ophthalmology Policy Statement on Medical Student Education, was developed and implemented. The 1-day program consisted of a morning conference series and an afternoon case-based learning and eye examination skills session. Main Outcome Measures The students completed a questionnaire to assess the impact of the experience on their ophthalmology knowledge and skills. In addition, the students completed a pretest and posttest to measure the impact of the 1-day ophthalmology experience on their ophthalmic knowledge. Results The 1-day ophthalmology experience was effective in improving the ophthalmic knowledge and eye examination skills of medical students based on the results of questionnaires, multiple choice examinations, and skills assessment. There was a statistically significant increase in test score percentage after the 1-day ophthalmology experience: the mean score on the pretest was 55%, compared with a mean score of 80% on the posttest. Conclusion The ophthalmology-in-a-day experience is an effective way to improve the ophthalmic knowledge and eye examination skills of medical students.
Gastric acid and pepsin secretion in patients with Barrett's esophagus and appropriate controls.

The objective of this study was to determine whether gastric secretion of acid and pepsin is different in the subset of esophagitis patients who also have Barrett's esophagus. Basal and stimulated gastric secretions were studied for 1 hr in the unstimulated state and 1 hr after pentagastrin 6 µg/kg subcutaneous injection. Because Barrett's patients are predominantly male, the 30 patients were matched with patients who had esophagitis, but not Barrett's, for sex (26 men, 4 women) and age as well as for background gastrointestinal disease (duodenal ulcer in 10, no ulcer disease in 17 and Zollinger-Ellison hypersecretors in 3). Patients with Barrett's weighed more than controls (P<0.05). Acid and pepsin output in the basal and stimulated state were no different in Barrett's and their appropriately matched controls. Overnight fasting residue—volume, pH, acid and pepsin concentrations, and bile content—were also alike. The severity of esophagitis or prevalence of esophageal ulcer or stricture was not different between those with and without Barrett's and in neither was the grade of esophagitis related to acid or pepsin output. It is concluded that Barrett's esophagus patients do not have gastric secretions different from appropriately matched controls with esophagitis alone. When present, esophagitis due to reflux in Barrett's epithelium should be treated on its merits by appropriate reduction of acid exposure.
Behavioral Characterization of the Hyperphagia Synphilin-1 Overexpressing Mice

Synphilin-1 is a cytoplasmic protein that has been shown to be involved in the control of energy balance. Previously, we reported on the generation of a human synphilin-1 transgenic mouse model (SP1), in which overexpression of human synphilin-1 resulted in hyperphagia and obesity. Here, behavioral measures in SP1 mice were compared with those of their age-matched controls (NTg) at two time points: when there was not yet a group body weight difference ("pre-obese") and when SP1 mice were heavier ("obese"). At both time points, meal pattern analyses revealed that SP1 mice displayed higher daily chow intake than non-transgenic control mice. Furthermore, there was an increase in meal size in SP1 mice compared with NTg control mice at the obese stage. In contrast, there was no meal number change between SP1 and NTg control mice. In a brief-access taste procedure, both "pre-obese" and "obese" SP1 mice displayed concentration-dependent licking across a sucrose concentration range similar to their NTg controls. However, at the pre-obese stage, SP1 mice initiated significantly more trials to sucrose across the testing sessions and licked more vigorously at the highest concentration presented, than the NTg counterparts. These group differences in responsiveness to sucrose were no longer apparent in obese SP1 mice. These results suggest that at the pre-obese stage, the increased trials to sucrose in the SP1 mice reflects increased appetitive behavior to sucrose that may be indicative of the behavioral changes that may contribute to hyperphagia and development of obesity in SP1 mice. These studies provide new insight into synphilin-1 contributions to energy homeostasis.
Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. 4th ed. by COOK, VIVIAN

The article reviews the book "Second Language Learning and Language Teaching," 4th edition, by Vivian Cook.
Guest Editorial: Special Section on Advances in Target Acquisition Modeling

The U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) has had a broad interest in modeling and simulation techniques during the last several decades. Specifically, as army ground vehicle designers, our group is interested in predicting the performance of military observers for detecting and discriminating vehicle targets in complex background scenes.
Shocklike Dynamics of Inelastic Gases

We provide a simple physical picture which suggests that the asymptotic dynamics of inelastic gases in one dimension is independent of the degree of inelasticity. Statistical characteristics, including velocity fluctuations and the velocity distribution, are identical to those of a perfectly inelastic sticky gas, which in turn is described by the inviscid Burgers equation. Asymptotic predictions of this continuum theory, including the ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}2/3}$ temperature decay and the development of discontinuities in the velocity profile, are verified numerically for inelastic gases.
The Consumer Does Benefit from Feasible Price Stability

The general overcompensated theorem, 476. — The Waugh time-symmetric case, 477. — Inapplicability of the Waugh theorem, 477. — The anti-Waugh theorem, 478. — Utility areas versus consumer surplus areas, 480. — Second-round discussion and the dual Waugh theorem, 483. — Third-round discussions: producer benefit from price instability? 487. — No perpetual motion machine of the third kind in economics, 488. — Conclusion, 493.
Thioacetamide as a source of hydrogen sulfide for colony growth of purple sulfur bacteria

Thioacetamide (TAA), CH3CSNH2, is an unstable sulfur compound which upon addition of acid decomposes into acetic acid, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This characteristic may be taken advantage of when doing plate counts or isolation streaks of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria. We have performed plate counts and isolation streaks of these bacteria in Gas-Pak anaerobic jars (BBL) supplemented with a test tube containing 0.05 g or 0.10 g TAA dissolved in 1.0 ml of 0.2 N or 0.5 N HCl. It may be demonstrated in a Warburg respirometer that the gas is released over a period of at least 1 week. Colony growth may be observed in 5–10 days. One advantage of this technique is that sodium sulfide (Na2S·9H2O) need not be added to the agar medium, which, therefore, may be prepared and stored for future use. This technique has been used successfully for the isolation ofAmoebobacter, Chromatium, Ectothiorhodospira, Lamprocystis, Thiocapsa, andThiocystis.
FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SHAPE OF THE UPPER F REGION UNDER DAYTIME EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

Shape of upper f-region - equilibrium solutions for continuity equation for atomic oxygen ions in terms of exponential series
Climate Control of Cretaceous Coal Distribution: ABSTRACT

The large-scale distribution of coal deposits is generally associated with wet paleoclimates and is given a wide tolerance for paleotemperatures. Numerical modeling of the climate pattern considering continental positioning at 100 Ma indicates five latitudinally controlled "wet" and "dry" zones. Coal deposits have a high probability of being formed in the wet zones where precipitation exceeds evaporation. The global belts of net precipitation and net evaporation for the Cretaceous show no basic latitudinal deviation from those of today. The wet zones run from the polar regions to approximately the 35° latitudes and include the equatorial region between the 4° to 8° latitudes. Based upon precipitation balance alone, coals would be expected in the equatorial ropics and the higher latitudes up to and including the polar regions. Several factors, such as the absence of coal deposits from Cretaceous tropical landmasses, indicate that other controls on coal formation are present. As part of IGCP Project 191 (Cretaceous Paleoclimate Atlas Project), the significance of climate control on coal formation is determined by mapping coal distribution relative to paleogeography and coal abundance and quality. The quantity and quality of North American data relative to quantitative coal distribution provides a good framework for observation in the Cretaceous. Distributions of coal by Cretaceous stage level show a good relationship with paleolatitude and a shifting pattern relative to sea level cycles. End_of_Article - Last_Page 453------------
Centralized teleprocessing network design

The problem considered is that of finding an optimal (minimum cost) design for a centralized processing network given a set of locations, traffic magnitudes between these locations, and a single common source or destination. Several heuristics, which are efficient (in terms of their execution time and memory requirements on a digital computer) and which produce seemingly good results, have already been developed and are currently accepted techniques. Some work has also been done on finding optimal solutions to this problem both as a design tool and as a means of verifying the effectiveness of proposed heuristics. We focus on this latter area. Currently known techniques for the optimal solution of this problem via integer programming have fallen short of the desired objectives as they require too much memory and running time to be able to treat problems of realistic size and complexity. We develop an improved technique which is capable of handling more realistic problems.
Analysis of Single-Phase Multi-Layer Heat Sinks Using a Porous Media Approach: Influence of Spatially Varying Porosity

Prior analyses and experiments have demonstrated that varying or scaling the number of fluid channels in each layer of a stacked multi-layer heat sink yields distinct advantages over traditional single-layer designs which use channels with high aspect ratios. Specifically, a design which implements scaling in order to vary the porosity (or equivalently, the number of channels) from one layer to the next allows a given thermal performance to be realized at a lower pressure drop than the corresponding non-scaled design. While previous studies use porous media theory for their analytical foundation just as the current studies do, they also focused on heat exchangers with machined channels, and have consequently been limited to discrete variation of the porosity (or number of channels) in each layer. Extending this approach by allowing for continuous porosity variation provides a generalized and powerful design method for scaled multi-layer heat exchangers by mathematically modeling them using two-equation volume averaged quantities. This approach also yields insight into the fundamental design parameters which control the performance of this class of heat exchangers, and suggests that their performance-governing parameters are similar to those which govern fin performance.This paper focuses primarily on the thermal behavior of these liquid cooled heat sinks which employ various scaling functions to define the spatial variation of porosity. Comparisons are made with available closed-form solutions as well as results available from prior studies of discretely-scaled designs. The results indicate that scaling laws which have not been investigated previously can likely yield further performance improvements relative to prior designs.Copyright © 2013 by ASME