cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swelling and related mechanical and physical properties of carbon nanofiber filled mesophase pitch for use as a bipolar plate material

Abstract Mesophase pitch was investigated as a melt processable precursor to a compression or injection moldable all carbon bipolar plate. After shaping, carbonization to 1000 °C or greater is required to achieve the desired electrical and mechanical properties, but gases evolved during this step lead to swelling. Carbon nanofiber was added to suppress swelling during carbonization and bypass the typical oxidation steps used when processing mesophase pitch. The addition of carbon nanofiber decreased swelling by increasing the viscosity of the melt. Carbonized materials with carbon nanofibers can show strengths (30–50 MPa) and conductivities (20–80 S cm−1) consistent with composite bipolar plate materials. The materials show conductivities below Department of Energy target values at the current carbonization temperatures, which were limited to 1000 °C. The use of glass fibers as a secondary filler led to reduced gas permeability in porous samples.
TH‐C‐224‐02: Economic Focus: Practical Aspects

The Continuing Medical Physics Consultation CPT© code (77336) is one of only two codes that explicitly recognize the work effort of the Medical Physicist in the title and text. It provides the foundation for the reimbursement of clinical medical physics services in radiation oncology departments. As the complexity of the work done by the Medical Physicist increases, the valuation of this code has been decreasing. In this presentation, we will review the components of the work process that give rise to the code, the process by which the code is assigned a relative value, the recent changes to the valuation in both the Hospital Outpatient Payment system and the Medicare Fee Schedule, and strategies for returning the value of the code to an appropriate level. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the components of the work effort associated with the Continuing Medical Physics Consultation CPT© code (77336) 2. Understand how the code is valued and priced by Medicare 3. Offer opinions and comments on strategies to properly value the CPT© code 77336 4. Implement procedures in the clinic that properly reflect the description of the code provided by AAPM and ASTRO
Surface growth mechanisms and structural faulting in the growth of large single and spherulitic titanosilicate ETS-4 crystals

Abstract Morphological, surface and crystallographic analyses of titanosilicate ETS-4 products, with diverse habits ranging from spherulitic particles composed of submicron crystallites to large single crystals, are presented. Pole figures revealed that crystal surfaces with a -, b - and c - axes corresponded to 〈110〉, 〈010〉 and 〈001〉 directions, respectively. Thus, technologically important 8-membered ring pores and titania chains in ETS-4 run along the b -axis of single crystals and terminate at the smallest crystal face. Height of the spiral growth steps observed on {1 0 0} and {0 0 1} surfaces corresponded to the interplanar spacings associated with their crystallographic orientation, and is equivalent to the thickness of building units that form the ETS-4 framework. Data suggest that the more viscous synthesis mixtures, with a large driving force for growth, increased the two- and three-dimensional nucleation, while limiting the transport of nutrients to the growth surface. These conditions increase the tendency for stacking fault formation on {1 0 0} surfaces and small angle branching, which eventually results in spherulitic growth. The growth of high quality ETS-4 single crystals (from less viscous synthesis mixtures) occurred at lower surface nucleation rates. Data suggest that these high quality, large crystals grew due to one-dimensional nucleation at spiral hillocks, and indicate that under these conditions un-faulted growth is preferred.
Effect of CO2 exposure history on sorption and transport in polycarbonate

Abstract Exposure of glassy polycarbonate to high pressures of CO 2 has been found to alter the subsequent equilibrium sorption and transport of CO 2 in membranes made of this polymer. Evidently, the CO 2 sorbed at these high pressures plasticizes and dilates the polymer; and upon subsequent removal of the CO 2 , the glassy polymer does not contract to its original volume. This volume expansion gives rise to an increased capacity for the glassy polymer to sorb CO 2 by a Langmuir mechanism. The lower mobility of gas molecules held by this mode compared to the accompanying Henry's law mode explains the increased diffusion time lag caused by this CO 2 conditioning. The observed results are interpreted in terms of a dual sorption/dual mobility model.
Analytical application of the stereospecific hydrogen exchange reaction between (R)-carnitine and water, catalyzed by (R)-carnitine dehydrogenase and α-lipoamide dehydrogenase (diaphorase)

Abstract A stereospecific hydrogen exchange between tritiated water and the hydrogen at C 3 of (R)-carnitine takes place under the coupled catalyses of (R)-carnitine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and α-lipoamide dehydrogenase (diaphorase) from pig heart. This exchange reaction can be used to synthesize (R)-(3- 3 H) -carnitine. The amount of tritium released from the C 3 position of (R)-(3- 3 H) -carnitine into water is decreased proportionally by the addition of non labelled (R)-carnitine, making possible a new sensitive assay for (R)-carnitine.
A computational study of an atomizing liquid sheet

Linear instability predictions of liquid sheets injected into a gas medium are well established in the literature. These analyses are often used in Lagrangian-Eulerian spray simulations, a prominent simulation method, to model the dynamics occurring in the near-nozzle region. In the present work, these instability predictions are re-examined by first generalizing the treatment of interfacial conditions and related assumptions with a two-phase Orr-Sommerfeld (OS) system, and second, by employing highly resolved-Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) simulations. After presenting some validation exercises for both the VoF and OS solvers, the OS predictions are compared to earlier studies from the literature leading to reasonable agreement in the limit as the boundary layer thickness tends to zero. Results from VoF simulations of liquid sheet injection are used to characterize the range of scales of the liquid structures immediately before atomization. The mean value in this range is found to be approximately two to three orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding predictions from previous studies. A two-phase mixing layer under the same physical conditions is used to examine this disparity, revealing that within the linear regime, relatively good agreement exists between the VoF and OS predicted instability mechanisms. However, the most unstable mode in the linear regime is too small to cause a fracture or atomization of the liquid sheet and hence cannot be directly responsible for the atomization. The generation of a much larger mode, which emerges well beyond the linear regime, is the one causing breakup.
The Politics of Childhood in Ellis's Three Wishes

In "The Politics of Childhood in Ellis's Three Wishes: Palestinian and Israeli Children Speak," Wafaa Hasan outlines the recent controversy in Canada over the restrictions that shape "children's literature." Using Neil Postman's and John Locke's conceptions of childhood, Hasan unpacks the ways in which Ellis's Three Wishes has threatened popular conceptions of childhood. Specifically, as her analysis shows, Ellis's work redefines the boundaries of children's fiction by heterogenizing childhood experience and by affording its readers -limited but consequential -authorial agency. Further, Hasan asserts that Three Wishes liberates the idea of childhood as a developmental stage of ignorance by revealing the ways in which the "child" is a subject position that is applicable to different age groups (particularly adults who are racially or politically marginalized) and is often characterized by subordination. In the end, Hasan's article serves as a response to the censorship Ellis's text endured in 2006, highlighting and questioning the fervent investment some Ontarian adults have had in securing the illusion of apolitical and innocent childhoods. Wafaa Hasan, "The Politics of Childhood in Ellis's Three Wishes" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10.2 (2008): Thematic Issue, Racialized Narratives for Children. Ed. C. Richard King and John Streamas
Kinesin-Related Proteins at Mitotic Spindle Poles: Function and Regulation

Clearly, bimC homologs are essential for mitotic spindle assembly. All members that were analyzed functionally appear to play some role in spindle pole formation or separation. Whether all the bimC motors play the same role or whether the protein sequence is conserved and the precise function has diverged slightly to accommodate differences in mitosis between organisms is not known. In the future, it will be important to pursue the exact mechanism of spindle pole function of each family member. Resolution of the role of phosphorylation is likely to tell us a great deal about the function of the bimC family motors. It should be relatively straightforward to determine whether phosphorylation of the tail directly affects motor structure or function, for example by regulating tetramer formation or ATPase activity. Formation of higher order oligomers by polymerizing tetramers is another interesting possibility but one for which there is no evidence at the present time. Determining whether phosphorylation regulates binding to some other spindle component may be more difficult; the interaction need not be strong, since the motor domain itself might tend to concentrate the protein in the spindle. If bimC homologs do indeed interact with another, presumably conserved, spindle component, its identification would then become an important priority for students of spindle structure and function. Analysis of the function of bimC homolog phosphorylation will also set the stage for studying regulation of other mitotic kinesins that are likely to be equally interesting.
Probability distribution of maximum wooden shore loads in multistory R.C. buildings

Abstract The first part of this paper describes a refined three-dimensional computer model that is capable of predicting the maximum wooden shore loads in a multistory R.C. Building during construction. This is followed by a sensitivity study of various factors influencing the maximum shore loads during the entire construction process. In this study, all significant factors are treated as random variables. Finally, using the Monte Carlo method, the probability distribution of maximum shore loads and the influence of various random factors are presented. Herein, only vertical static loading conditions and wooden shores are considered.
Toxicity of local anesthetic mixtures

Abstract Groups of 10 adult white mice each were injected ip with a solution containing two local anesthetics, mixed in proportion to their median convulsant doses (CD 50 ). Dose-response logistic curves for the convulsant and lethal dose of the anesthetic mixtures were computed, and the median values expressed as percentages of the corresponding CD 50 and LD 50 . The CD 50 of bupivacaine-containing solutions was elevated 25% or more compared with either drug given alone. The LD 50 of all mixtures was raised by approximately 20% as compared with the LD 50 of local anesthetics given alone. Nonetheless, the LD 50 was but little higher than the CD 50 ; this was most pronounced with the bupivacaine-lidocaine mixture, and least so with the lidocaine-chloroprocaine solution. Though compounding of local anesthetics reduces the toxicity of the mixture below that of the sum of the component toxicities, convulsions remain a potentially life-threatening complication.
The “Myth” of Media Multitasking: Reciprocal Dynamics of Media Multitasking, Personal Needs, and Gratifications

The increasing popularity of media multitasking is frequently reported in national surveys while laboratory research consistently confirms that multitasking impairs task performance. This study explores this apparent contradiction. Using dynamic panel analysis of time series data collected from college students across 4 weeks, this study examines dynamic reciprocal impacts of media multitasking, needs (emotional, cognitive, social, and habitual), and corresponding gratifications. Consistent with the laboratory research, cognitive needs are not satisfied by media multitasking even though they drive media multitasking in the first place. Instead, emotional gratifications are obtained despite not being actively sought. This helps explain why people increasingly multitask at the cost of cognitive needs. Importantly, this study provides evidence of the dynamic persistence of media multitasking behavior.
P300- like event related potential amplitude in rats is a correlate of conditioned reinforcement

We have developed a methodology for recording a robust P300 event related potential (ERP) in rats. In these experiments a contingency shaped model of the human “oddball’ paradigm was employed in which rats were shaped to press a lever for food reinforcement signaled by the click of the pellet dispenser. A target tone cued the insertion of the lever that retracted after 1-sec or immediately following a single reinforced response, while a non-target tone was randomly presented. Brain activity was recorded through stainless steel electrodes implanted 1mm below the skull. Here, we compared the amplitude of the P300 response to the click of the pellet dispenser to the amplitude of the P300 response to the target and non-target tones. We found that the amplitude to food click was significantly greater that the amplitude to the target tone that cued lever insertion. Since the food click is more proximal to the primary reinforcer than the lever tone, it is a stronger conditioned reinforcer than the lever tone that sets the occasion for the food click. Accordingly we suggest that the P300 in rats is a correlate of conditioned reinforcement.
Differences among exporting firms based on their degree of internationalization

Abstract An overwhelming majority of the investigations of company export behavior have utilized data obtained from all types of firms in a sample. An alternative approach would involve disaggregating the sample into some meaningful groups and contrasting company characteristics across the subsamples of firms. This study attempts to delineate differences among exporting firms when firms are classified by their degree of internationalization. Three types of exporters are identified in light of the internationalization hypothesis: experimental exporters, active exporters, and committed exporters. These firms are then contrasted with each other with respect to measurable company characteristics, domestic market environment, nature of international business involvement, marketing policy aspects, and export market research practices. The analysis in the paper is based upon data gathered through personal interviews with the executives of 70 midwestern manufacturers. The study reveals significant differences among the three types of exporters and provides further insights into the export marketing behavior of firms.
On the auxiliary lattices and dislocation reactions at triple junctions.

Coincidence site and displacement shift complete lattices of triple junctions are analysed. Dislocation reactions at triple junctions are considered. It is shown that in α = 1 junctions no trapped residual triple-junction dislocation is geometrically necessary for dislocation transmission between adjoining grain boundaries. However, the situation is different for α ≠ 1 triple junctions, where in some cases the residual dislocation cannot leave the triple junction for a grain boundary without generating a stacking-fault-like defect.
Organic–inorganic multilayer structures: a novel route to highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes

Abstract A novel device structure for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is described, which consists in the most general case of an alternating sequence of thin inorganic and organic layers sandwiched between two electrodes. Compared to conventional OLEDs, these devices have a significantly enhanced current flow, increased brightness, and higher luminous efficiency at a given voltage. These improvements in performance can be attributed to increased and more balanced charge-carrier injection as well as charge-carrier confinement effects, which together lead to higher radiative recombination probability.
Differences in sociodemographic, health status, and lifestyle characteristics among American Indians by telephone coverage.

Abstract Background . Telephone interviews are often used to obtain population-based estimates of health-related behaviors but they have serious limitations if phone coverage is poor and people without telephones differ from those with telephones. In this article we examine differences in selected sociodemographic, health status, and lifestyle factors among a sample of American Indian adults with and without telephones. Methods . In-person interviews were conducted with 410 adult residents of a Rocky Mountain state American Indian reservation. The interview included a question asking about telephone coverage. We compared respondents with and without telephones on demographics, health status, and lifestyle practices. The comparison was repeated for health status and lifestyle practices after adjusting for differences in demographic characteristics. Results . Residents without phones generally were less educated, had lower income and were more likely to be unemployed. The prevalence of unhealthful lifestyle practices/factors was consistently higher for residents without telephones. Many of the differences were reduced by adjusting for demographic characteristics, but significant differences remained for alcohol and marijuana use. Conclusions . These results suggest that developing estimates of sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics on a Native American Indian reservation using a telephone survey method may result in significant noncoverage biases. Adjusting for demographic characteristics eliminated most of these differences. However, significant differences were still apparent with alcohol and marijuana use.
Effect of perioperative blood transfusion on mortality for major urologic malignancies

Abstract Introduction Patients who undergo surgical treatment for malignancy often receive perioperative blood transfusion (PBT). We examined the association between PBT and mortality in patients who received surgical treatment of prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer. Materials and Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data set from 1992-2009, we identified 28,854 men with prostate cancer, 5462 patients with bladder cancer, and 14,379 patients with renal cell carcinoma who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), radical cystectomy (RC), or radical (RN) or partial nephrectomy (PN) as primary therapy. Univariate and multivariate models were used to evaluate the association of PBT with cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM). Results The rate of PBT in bladder and kidney cancer have been increasing over time, and PBT in prostate cancer steadily increased and peaked in 2002 and declined afterward. The median follow-up for the RP, RC, and RN/PN cohorts were 70 months, 21 months, and 39 months, respectively. In the RP cohort, PBT was associated with greater CSM (hazard ratio [HR], 1.609; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.235-2.097; P = .0004) and ACM (HR, 1.121; 95% CI, 1.006-1.251; P = .0394). In the RC cohort, PBT was not associated with greater CSM (HR, 1.047; 95% CI, 0.917-1.195; P = .4962) or ACM (HR, 1.095; 95% CI, 0.998-1.200; P = .0547). In the nephrectomy cohort, PBT was associated with greater CSM (HR, 1.365; 95% CI, 1.167-1.597; P = .0001) and ACM (HR, 1.402; 1.273-1.544; P Conclusion PBT was associated with increased CSM and ACM for prostate and kidney cancer in a multivariate model. Although these data do not identify a causative relationship between PBT and mortality, efforts made to limit PBT in patients who undergo urologic cancer surgery can yield long-term survival benefits.
Streambank Soil and Phosphorus Losses Under Different Riparian Land-Uses in Iowa1

: Phosphorus and sediment are major nonpoint source pollutants that degrade water quality. Streambank erosion can contribute a significant percentage of the phosphorus and sediment load in streams. Riparian land-uses can heavily influence streambank erosion. The objective of this study was to compare streambank erosion along reaches of row-cropped fields, continuous, rotational and intensive rotational grazed pastures, pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream, grass filters and riparian forest buffers, in three physiographic regions of Iowa. Streambank erosion was measured by surveying the extent of severely eroding banks within each riparian land-use reach and randomly establishing pin plots on subsets of those eroding banks. Based on these measurements, streambank erosion rate, erosion activity, maximum pin plot erosion rate, percentage of streambank length with severely eroding banks, and soil and phosphorus losses per unit length of stream reach were compared among the riparian land-uses. Riparian forest buffers had the lowest streambank erosion rate (15-46 mm/year) and contributed the least soil (5-18 tonne/km/year) and phosphorus (2-6 kg/km/year) to stream channels. Riparian forest buffers were followed by grass filters (erosion rates 41-106 mm/year, soil losses 22-47 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 9-14 kg/km/year) and pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream (erosion rates 22-58 mm/year, soil losses 6-61 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 3-34 kg/km/year). The streambank erosion rates for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 101-171, 104-122, and 94-170 mm/year, respectively. The soil losses for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 197-264, 94-266, and 124-153 tonne/km/year, respectively, while the phosphorus losses were 71-123, 37-122, and 66 kg/km/year, respectively. The only significant differences for these pasture practices were found among the percentage of severely eroding bank lengths with intensive rotational grazed pastures having the least compared to the continuous and rotational grazed pastures. Row-cropped fields had the highest streambank erosion rates (239 mm/year) and soil losses (304 tonne/km/year) and very high phosphorus losses (108 kg/km/year).
Phenylalanine kinetics in cirrhosis.

The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter: Tugtekin, I., U. Wachter, E. Barth, H. Weidenbach, D. A. Wagner, G. Adler, M. Georgieff, P. Radermacher, and J. A. Vogt. Phenylalanine kinetics in healthy volunteers and liver cirrhotics: implications for the
The phyletic relationships of extant and fossil Pitheciinae (Platyrrhini, Anthropoidea)

A phylogenetic assessment of Pitheciinae ( sensu Hershkovitz, 1977) is undertaken. Among the three living genera of pitheciines, Chiropotes and Cacajao share a more recent common ancestor than either does with Pithecia . Evidence for the position of pitheciines within the platyrrhine clade is weak and contradictory owing partly to the amount of parallelism within and among various platyrrhine subfamilies. Rosenberger's (1979, 1984) hypothesis that Aotus and/or Callicebus are closely related to pitheciines is not supported by a review of the cranial, dental and postcranial evidence. The evidence is weak that Alouatta and the atelines are the sister group of pitheciines as argued by Ford (1986) . An alternative view is advanced that pitheciines are an early offshoot of the platyrrhine clade. The relationships of some fossil forms to living pitheciines are considered. Cebupithecia from the Miocene of Colombia is definitely pitheciine based especially on the dentition (rounded, chisel-shaped canines) but also on postcranial evidence. However, it lacks some of the dental specializations shared by living pitheciines; therefore it is most likely a sister group of living pitheciines. Argentine Miocene Soriacebus is not a pitheciine but is convergently specialized for a diet similar to living pitheciines. Colombian Miocene Mohanamico hershkovitzi (a senior synonym of Aotus dindensis ) is possibly a very primitive pitheciine and an unlikely sister taxon to Callimico .
Effects of growth factors and glucosamine on porcine mandibular condylar cartilage cells and hyaline cartilage cells for tissue engineering applications.

Abstract Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar cartilage is a distinct cartilage that has both fibrocartilaginous and hyaline-like character, with a thin proliferative zone that separates the fibrocartilaginous fibrous zone at the surface from the hyaline-like mature and hypertrophic zones below. In this study, we compared the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), and glucosamine sulphate on porcine TMJ condylar cartilage and ankle cartilage cells in monolayer culture. In general, TMJ condylar cartilage cells proliferated faster than ankle cartilage cells, while ankle cells produced significantly greater amounts of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen than TMJ condylar cartilage cells. IGF-I and bFGF were potent stimulators of TMJ cell proliferation, while no signals statistically outperformed controls for ankle cell proliferation. IGF-I was the most effective signal for GAG production with ankle cells, and the most potent upregulator of collagen synthesis for both cell types. Glucosamine sulphate promoted cell proliferation and biosynthesis at specific concentrations and outperformed growth factors in certain instances. In conclusion, hyaline cartilage cells had lower cell numbers and superior biosynthesis compared to TMJ condylar cartilage cells, and we have found IGF-I at 100 ng/mL and glucosamine sulphate at 100 μg/mL to be the most effective signals for these cells under the prescribed conditions.
Analysis of the expression of extensin and p33-related cell wall proteins in carrot and soybean

We have identified p33 as a cell wall protein in carrot storage roots that increases in the cell wall after wounding, using antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide derived from the p33 cDNA sequence. The mRNA encoding p33 increases markedly within 1 h after wounding in carrots, indicating that p33 may be involved in one of the early cellular responses to physical damage. In contrast with extensin, p33 mRNA does not accumulate in carrot roots in response to ethylene or in carrot suspension culture cells incubated in the presence of a crude endogenous elicitor fraction. These results indicate that the wound-induced signals responsible for the synthesis of p33 and extensin after wounding are different. Protein immunologically related to carrot p33 and RNA transcripts homologous to p33 cDNA sequences were detected in the apical hook of the soybean seedling indicating that a cell wall protein related to p33 is also synthesized during plant development.
Energy spectrum of sputtered uranium - A new technique

The fission track technique for detecting ^(235)U has been used in conjunction with a mechanical time-of-flight spectrometer in order to measure the energy spectrum in the region 1 eV to 1 keV of material sputtered from a 93% enriched ^(235)U foil by 80 keV^(40)Ar+ ions. The spectrum was found to exhibit a peak in the region 2–4 eV and to decrease approximately as E^(–1.77) for E ≳ 100 eV. The design, construction and resolution of the mechanical spectrometer are discussed and comparisons are made between the data and the predictions of the random collision cascade model of sputtering.
Asymptotic normal modes of the Earth—III. Fréchet kernel and group velocity

SUMMARY A comprehensive study of the Frechet kernels and group velocities of the Earth's normal modes is conducted based upon the asymptotic eigenfrequency and eigenfunction analyses that we developed previously. Two different approaches, which employ the eigenfunctions or eigenfrequency equations, yield asymptotically equivalent results for the Frechet kernels and group velocities. The latter approach is considerably simpler, since the need to specify the normal-mode eigenfunctions as well as their radial derivatives is removed, so that the Frechet kernels and group velocities can be obtained from knowledge of the asymptotic eigenfrequencies only. The asymptotic analyses are discussed for all possible ray parameter regimes and ray-path combinations within a crustless version of the earth model 1066A with two discontinuities: a core-mantle boundary and an inner core boundary. The exact and asymptotic numerical results for the Frechet kernels and group velocities are compared for such a model. The comparison shows that the asymptotic Frechet kernels and group velocities are very accurate. The accuracy is better for toroidal modes and relatively high-frequency spheroidal modes.
The role of age in cost-benefit analysis of thromboprophylaxis.

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has challenged the position of unfractionated heparin (UFH) as the treatment of choice in preventing progression, recurrence, and complications of venous thromboembolism (VTE). A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials has shown that subcutaneous LMWH is associated with lower rates of recurrence, bleeding, and mortality than is intravenous UFH. The use of subcutaneous LMWH yields substantial savings in pharmacy and nursing costs. Recent trials have demonstrated that home treatment with enoxaparin and dalteparin is at least as safe and effective as inpatient treatment with UFH, is feasible in more than 70% of patients with VTE, and is associated with improved quality of life. Home treatment saves as much as $6000 per patient relative to inpatient treatment with UFH and nearly $3000 per patient relative to inpatient treatment with LMWH. Of the three LMWH preparations available in the United States, enoxaparin, dalteparin, and ardeparin, only enoxaparin is approved for the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. These LMWHs differ substantially in molecular weight and molecular size distribution, bleeding indices in animal models, anti-Xa activity, anti-Xa/anti-IIa ratio, and release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Although the clinical relevance of these differences remains uncertain, the United States Food and Drug Administration recognizes LMWHs as distinct noninterchangeable drugs.
The FOX(O1) Blasts Off

Systemic glucose homeostasis is primarily regulated by insulin, which targets liver, fat, and skeletal muscle cells, setting up important feedback loops. New studies now show that the osteoblast also has a significant role in modulating systemic insulin responses, via the insulin-regulated transcription factor FOXO1 and the hormone osteocalcin.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALE ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY TEACHERS' IMPRESSIONS OF SELECTED SOCIAL REINFORCERS

Summary.-A recently proposed multidimensional similarity analysis methodology was used to analyze the dimensionalicy of a set of selected classroom social reinforcers. Judges were elementary school teachers who frequently administered such reinforcers. The three extracted evaluation dimensions, accounting for 81% of the judgmental variance, were all readily interpretable. The success of this exploratory application of a multidimensional scaling procedure in the realm of educational concerns suggested further uses for such investigative methodologies with regard ro other forms of educational judgment-evaluation. It seems almost unnecessary to comment on the well known fact that the teacher in the primary level elementary school classroom actually has great influence over the classroom behavior of her students (see Becker, 1969; Becker, Thomas, & Carnine, 1969; Patterson & Gullion, 1968). This observation, that selecrively desirable classroom behavior can be shaped and maintained by elementary school teachers, implies by definition that the events used to produce these changes are reinforcing. Alchough there are many kinds of reinforcers the teacher can use, "it is of extreme social importance that stimulus events most readily managed by the teacher (those stimulus events produced by her behavior) have been found to be most influential in strengthening and maintaining the behavior of children" (Becker, Thomas, & Carnine, 1969, p. 5). These "social stimuli [produced by the behavior of the teacher] which function to strengthen behavior which they follow are called social reinforcers" (Becker, Thomas, & Carnine, 1969, p.'5 ) .
Simultaneous Monitoring of Polymer and Particle Characteristics during Emulsion Polymerization

Emulsion polymerization reactions constitute complex, nonequilibrium systems in which there is strong interaction between polymers, monomers, and the colloidal structures that mediate the reactions. A novel and general method was sought to monitor emulsion polymerization reactions. Instrumentation and methods were hence developed here to achieve, for the first time, simultaneous monitoring of the evolving characteristics of both the organosoluble components (monomer conversion, polymer molar mass, and reduced viscosity) and the colloidal components (particle size of monomer droplets and nucleated polymer particles). No empirical models were required for these determinations. This represents a new capability for the broadening ACOMP platform (automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions). The method was applied to free radical emulsion homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate over a wide monomer concentration range, with and without surfactant stabilization. A succ...
The Biology and Seasonal Abundance of the Frit Fly, Oscinella frit, in Reed Canarygrass in Virginia

Oscinella frit (L.) occurs throughout Virginia, but is more plentiful at higher altitudes. There are 3 generations each year in Virginia; the spring generation is the largest, the summer generation smallest. Frit fly populations closely parallel the seasonal changes in density of reed canarygrass and quantity of food per tiller. Males mate within 6 h following eclosion, females do not mate until the 2nd day. The mean in-copula time is 45 min. The average fecundity, egg viability and female longevity of the 3 generations were respectively: overwintering generation 16.6 eggs, 95.7%, 5.5 days; spring generation 59.0 eggs, 98.8%, 17.7 days; and summer generation 31.8 eggs, 41.9%, 26.4 days. In the laboratory frit fly adults preferred dead leaf sheaths attached to newly emerging tillers as oviposition sites.
Do Majority-Minority Districts Maximize Substantive Black Representation in Congress?

Majority-minority voting districts have been advanced as a remedy to the underrepresentation of minority interests in the political process. Yet, their efficacy in furthering the substantive goals of minority constituents has been questioned because they may dilute minority influence in surrounding areas and lead to an overall decrease in support for minority-sponsored legislation. Thus, there may be a trade-off between increasing the number of minority officeholders and enacting legislation that furthers the interests of the minority community. Using nonlinear estimation techniques, we simulate the districting strategies that maximize substantive minority representation, and find that such a trade-off does exist. We also find that, outside of the South, dividing minority voters equally across districts maximizes substantive representation; inside the South the optimal scheme creates concentrated districts on the order of 47% black voting age population. In addition, minority candidates may have a substantial chance of being elected from districts with less than 50% minority voters.
Notes on reproduction of eight species of Eastern Pacific cold-water octocorals

This study examined the reproductive ecology of eight Eastern Pacific deep-sea octocorals, collected from Washington to Southern California. The sexuality, reproductive mode, oocyte size, and fecundity of each species were identified using histological techniques. This research increases the knowledge of basic life histories of deep-sea corals. Swiftia simplex had the highest total fecundity of 42.53 (±9.82 SE) oocytes per polyp. Mean oocyte diameters in S. simplex and S. pacifica females differs among sample months. Swiftia pacifica and S. kofoidi had the lowest total fecundity: 4.6 (±2.06 SE) and 3 (±1.53 SE) oocytes per polyp, respectively.
Construct Validity: Advances in Theory and Methodology

Measures of psychological constructs are validated by testing whether they relate to measures of other constructs as specified by theory. Each test of relations between measures reflects on the validity of both the measures and the theory driving the test. Construct validation concerns the simultaneous process of measure and theory validation. In this article, we review the recent history of validation efforts in clinical psychological science that has led to this perspective, and we review the following recent advances in validation theory and methodology of importance for clinical researchers. These are: the emergence of nonjustificationist philosophy of science; an increasing appreciation for theory and the need for informative tests of construct validity; valid construct representation in experimental psychopathology; the need to avoid representing multidimensional constructs with a single score; and the emergence of effective new statistical tools for the evaluation of convergent and discriminant val...
“Vague-to-Crisp” Neural Mechanism of Perception

This brief describes neural modeling fields (NMFs) for object perception, a bio-inspired paradigm. We discuss previous difficulties in object perception algorithms encountered since the 1950s, and describe how NMF overcomes these difficulties. NMF mechanisms are compared to recent experimental neuroimaging observations, which have demonstrated that initial top-down signals are vague and during perception they evolve into crisp representations matching the bottom-up signals from observed objects. Neural and mathematical mechanisms are described and future research directions outlined.
Intranasal nicotine spray does not augment the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on myocardial oxygen demand or coronary arterial dimensions

Abstract Purpose Nicotine replacement therapy has become a popular therapy for smokers attempting to stop smoking. Unfortunately, some subjects continue to smoke while receiving it. Since nicotine is believed to be the primary constituent of cigarette smoke responsible for its acute adverse effects on myocardial oxygen supply and demand, concomitant nicotine replacement therapy and smoking theoretically could provoke a marked decrease in myocardial oxygen supply and increase in demand. This study was performed to assess the effects of cigarette smoking with and without concomitant intranasal nicotine spray on: (a) myocardial oxygen demand, (b) coronary arterial dimensions, and (c) the development of acute cardiovascular tolerance. Patients and methods In 19 smokers referred for cardiac catheterization for the evaluation of chest pain, we assessed the effects of cigarette smoking with and without concomitant intranasal nicotine spray on: (a) heart ratesystolic arterial pressure product (an estimate of myocardial oxygen demand), (b) coronary arterial dimensions (measured with computerassisted quantitative arteriography), and (c) the development of acute cardiovascular tolerance. Results Smoking a first cigarette increased rate pressure product ( P P 0.0001). Subsequently, neither variable was altered by intranasal nicotine spray or a second cigarette. Despite a substantial increase in serum nicotine concentration with nicotine spray and smoking, acute cardiovascular tolerance appears to develop. Conclusions Cigarette smoking causes an increase in myocardial oxygen demand and concomitant coronary arterial vasoconstriction. However, further increases in the serum nicotine concentration do not cause a greater increase in demand or decrease in coronary arterial dimensions. These data suggest that humans acutely develop tolerance to an increasing nicotine concentration, thereby helping to explain the apparent lack of a potential synergistic adverse effect associated with continued smoking during nicotine replacement therapy.
Evaluation of a new hydrogen peroxide wipe disinfectant.

A new activated hydrogen peroxide wipe disinfectant was used to disinfect 10 high-touch surfaces in 72 patient rooms. After cleaning, 99% of surfaces yielded less than 2.5 colony-forming units/cm2, 75% yielded no growth, and 70% yielded adenosine triphosphate counts of less than 250 relative light units. The new disinfectant was highly effective.
The influence of parent, sibling, and peer modeling and attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol.

This 1-year prospective study of 173 families with two or more children examines the influence of parent, sibling, and peer modeling (i.e., use) and attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol. Independent questionnaire data were obtained from the adolescent, father, mother, and sibling(s). Structural equation modeling methods were employed to examine these relationships. Parent attitude toward youth alcohol use and parent modeling of alcohol use were strongly related to change in adolescent alcohol use, suggesting that parents can influence the future use of alcohol by their children. Peer and sibling modeling and peer attitudes also influenced adolescent alcohol use
A note on equity of ramp metering

The equity issue has been recognized as one of the main causes for public opposition to ramp metering. This communication note summarizes some findings of our recent study on defining and addressing user inequality in ramp metering. We discuss the definition and measure for user inequality of ramp metering, and present the observations of equity performance of three selected ramp metering algorithms and provide some thoughts on how to balance the efficiency and equity of ramp metering.
First Report of Stem Blight Caused by Calonectria colhounii (Anamorph Cylindrocladium colhounii) on Greenhouse-Grown Blueberries in the United States

Necrotic stems and leaves were observed on 2- to 4-month-old, rooted microshoot plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Liberty’ and ‘Bluecrop’, V. angustifolium Aiton ‘Putte’, and V. corymbosum × V. angustifolium ‘Polaris’) in a Michigan greenhouse in 2008 and 2009. As the disease progressed, leaves fell off and 80 to 100% of the plants died in some cases. Root rot symptoms were also observed. A fungus was isolated from stem lesions. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), cultures first appeared light tan to orange, then rusty brown and zonate with irregular margins. Chains of orange-brown chlamydospores were abundant in the medium. Macroconidiophores were penicillately branched and had a stipe extension of 220 to 275 × 2.5 μm with a narrowly clavate vesicle, 3 to 4 μm wide at the tip. Conidia were hyaline and cylindrical with rounded ends, (1-)3-septate, 48 to 73 × 5 to 7 (average 60 × 5.5) μm and were held together in parallel clusters. Perithecia were globose to subglobose, yellow, 290 to 320 μm high, and 255 to 295...
An Effective Global Gouge Detection in Tool-Path Planning for Freeform Surface Machining

This paper examines a usually neglected gouge phenomenon in tool-path planning for machining parts having freeform surfaces with 3-axis ball-end mills. That is, when a freeform surface is being milled with a ball-end cutter, a gouge may exist anywhere around the cutter circumference, in addition to the tool driving plane. A global gouge detection concept is developed to solve this problem. An effective method is proposed to identify the potential gouge areas on the sculptured surface during machining, before generating tool paths. Thus, it greatly simplifies the tool-path planning procedure and improves the accuracy and reliability of machining. It also facilitates geometric design processes of products and cutter radius selection which are crucial to machining efficiency. The designed part surfaces tested by the proposed methodology are constructed based on bicubic B2-splines and are assumed to be at least C
Deeply-cooled water under strong confinement: neutron scattering investigations and the liquid–liquid critical point hypothesis

We present an overview of recent experimental investigations into the properties of strongly-confined water below the bulk freezing temperature. Under strong confinement, the crystallization of water is completely suppressed and the behavior of the confined liquid state can be measured at temperatures and pressures that are inaccessible to the bulk liquid. We focus on two phenomena that have recently been discovered in strongly confined water: the density minimum and the fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover. All experimental results seem to indicate that confined water undergoes a unique kind of transition below the bulk homogeneous nucleation limit. Much of the recent work on deeply-cooled water under strong confinement has been motivated by the liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) hypothesis. We discuss this hypothesis in the context of the various experimental findings.
Cutting, Deforming and Painting of 3D meshes in a Two Handed Viso-haptic VR System

We describe M4, the multi-modal mesh manipulation system, which aims to provide a more intuitive desktop interface for freeform manipulation of 3D meshes. The system combines interactive 3D graphics with haptic force feedback and provide several virtual tools for the manipulation of 3D objects represented by irregular triangle meshes. The current functionality includes mesh painting with pressure dependent brush size and paint preview, mesh cutting via drawing a poly-line on the model and two types of mesh deformations. We use two phantoms, either in a co-located haptic/3D-stereo setup or as a fish tank VR setup with a 3D flat panel. In our system, the second hand assists the manipulation of the object, either by ";holding"; the mesh or by affecting the manipulation directly. While the connection of 3D artists and designers to such a direct interaction system may be obvious, we are also investigating its potential benefits for landscape architects and other users of spatial geoscience data. Feedback from an upcoming user study will evaluate the benefits of this system and its tools for these different user groups.
Evaluation of fever in the returned traveler.

The febrile patient who presents with a history of travel poses an unusual challenge to the primary care physician. In addition to the familiar but broad differential of a febrile illness acquired in the developed world, the health care provider must consider the possibility of more exotic diseases, many of which are covered in only scant detail in most medical training programs. It is neither reasonable nor appropriate for a primary care physician to be well versed in all aspects of tropical medicine or the management of geographically limited diseases; however, it is important for the primary care physician, who often is the first health care provider to encounter the ill returning traveler, to be familiar with the most common causes of fever after travel, the most potentially lethal causes of fever after travel, illnesses that require specific infection control precautions, and the most useful and appropriate diagnostic tests available. He or she also should be aware of the most appropriate empiric therapy to institute in cases of severe disease and how and where to access specialist assistance and consultation. Many other authors have written on the topic of the evaluation of the febrile returning traveler, in various degrees of detail and for various audiences, and their contributions are recommended for further reading [1–5]. Some extremely useful reference books include Mary Wilson’s A World Guide to Infections: Diseases, Distribution, Diagnosis [6], DuPont and Steffen’s Textbook of Travel Medicine and Health [7], Hunter’s Tropical Medicine [8], Manson’s Tropical Diseases [9], and other standard texts.