cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable Organopalladium(II) and Organoruthenium(II) Complexes with Spin-Labeled Phosphine Ligands

Palladium(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes containing aminoxyl radical-substituted triphenylphosphine ligands are reported. The novel spin-labeled phosphine ligands [(p(4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazolinyl-1-oxyl-3-oxide)phenyl)diphenylphosphine] (1) and [(p-(Noxyl-tert-butylamino-2-)phenyl)diphenylphosphine] (2) react with PdCl2 to yield transPd[1]2Cl2 and trans-Pd[2]2Cl2 (complexes 3 and 4, respectively), which show exchange-coupled EPR spectra. This through-space, intramolecular coupling provides a method of determining the number of radical phosphines coordinated to the Pd(II) center. Systems with only one coordinated phosphine show EPR spectra typical of the ligand. Phosphine 2 reacts with [( 3 C3H5)PdCl]2 and [( 6 -p-cymene)RuCl2]2 to form the mononuclear metal phosphine adducts ( 3 -C3H5)Pd[2]Cl (5) and ( 6 -p-cymene)Ru[2]Cl2 (6). All complexes show broad, shifted 1 H NMR spectra, and magnetic susceptibility measurements confirm the presence of one (complexes 5, 6) or two (complexes 3, 4) radicals per complex accordingly. The X-ray crystal structures of Pd[2]2Cl2 and ( 3 -C3H5)Pd[2]Cl are also reported. Complexes 5 and 6 are unusual examples of stable organometallic systems with peripheral free radicals, i.e., spin-labeled organometallics.
Experimental Rhodococcus equi and equine infectious anemia virus DNA vaccination in adult and neonatal horses: Effect of IL-12, dose, and route

Improving the ability of DNA-based vaccines to induce potent Type1/Th1 responses against intracellular pathogens in large outbred species is essential. Rhodoccocus equi and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) are two naturally occurring equine pathogens that also serve as important large animal models of neonatal immunity and lentiviral immune control. Neonates present a unique challenge for immunization due to their diminished immunologic capabilities and apparent Th2 bias. In an effort to augment R. equi- and EIAV-specific Th1 responses induced by DNA vaccination, we hypothesized that a dual promoter plasmid encoding recombinant equine IL-12 (rEqIL-12) would function as a molecular adjuvant. In adult horses, DNA vaccines induced R. equi- and EIAV-specific antibody and lymphoproliferative responses, and EIAV-specific CTL and tetramer-positive CD8+ T lymphocytes. These responses were not enhanced by the rEqIL-12 plasmid. In neonatal foals, DNA immunization induced EIAV-specific antibody and lymphoproliferative responses, but not CTL. The R. equi vapA vaccine was poorly immunogenic in foals even when co-administered with the IL-12 plasmid. It was concluded that DNA immunization was capable of inducing Th1 responses in horses; dose and route were significant variables, but rEqIL-12 was not an effective molecular adjuvant. Additional work is needed to optimize DNA vaccine-induced Th1 responses in horses, especially in neonates.
A compact low-power supply-insensitive CMOS current reference

A simple low-power current reference using dual-threshold MOS transistors is introduced. The area required for this reference is small and the sensitivity of the output current to the supply voltage is low. Simulation results show that an implementation of this current reference in a TSMC 0.18um CMOS process with a 1.8V power supply is constant to within ±1.25% over the temperature range of −10°C to 100°C. In this implementation, the active area is 86 µm2, the power dissipation is 72µW, and the worst process corner nonlinearity due to temperature variations is bounded by ±4.16%.
Quantum mechanical reaction dynamics in collisions of chlorine atom with hydrogen molecule

We report the accurate determinations of quantum mechanical state-to-state probabilities for reactions Cl + H2 HC1 + H and H' + HC1 H'Cl + H by the generalized Newton variational principle, on the most accurate available potential energy surface. We compare the results for three versions of realistic potential energy surfaces, and to those from hyperspherical close-coupling calculations.
Atomic beam diffraction from solid surfaces

Abstract Atomic beam diffraction has become a powerful tool for surface structural investigations. The requirements for an apparatus capable of atomic diffraction under UHV conditions are discussed and the theoretical framework necessary for quantitative analysis of diffraction data is outlined. Recent results obtained on ionic crystals, semiconductors, metals and adsorbate-covered surfaces are reviewed.
Binding of aflatoxin to DNA as studied by optical detection of magnetic resonance.

Abstract The binding of aflatoxin B1 to intact DNA has been studied by Optical Detection of Magnetic Resonance. It is demonstrated that this method which does not require degradation of the DNA, has the requisite sensitivity and resolution for investigating the properties of the intact carcinogen-DNA adduct. The results for aflatoxin are consistent with binding at the furofuran ring for both in vitro and in vivo samples.
Evaluating reported candidate gene associations with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To replicate variants in candidate genes associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in a population of European women with PCOS and control subjects. Design Case–control association analysis and meta-analysis. Setting Major academic hospital. Patient(s) Women of European ancestry with PCOS (n = 525) and controls (n = 472), aged 18–45 years. Intervention(s) Variants previously associated with PCOS in candidate gene studies were genotyped (n = 39). Metabolic, reproductive, and anthropomorphic parameters were examined as a function of the candidate variants. All genetic association analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index, and ancestry and were reported after correction for multiple testing. Main Outcome Measure(s) Association of candidate gene variants with PCOS. Result(s) Three variants, rs3797179 ( SRD5A1 ), rs12473543 ( POMC ), and rs1501299 ( ADIPOQ ), were nominally associated with PCOS. However, they did not remain significant after correction for multiple testing, and none of the variants replicated in a sufficiently powered meta-analysis. Variants in the FBN3 gene (rs17202517 and rs73503752) were associated with smaller waist circumferences, and variant rs727428 in the SHBG gene was associated with lower sex hormone-binding globulin levels. Conclusion(s) Previously identified variants in candidate genes do not seem to be associated with PCOS risk. Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT00166569.
A report on the first Joint Conference on Electronic Packaging Education

A Joint Conference on Electronic Packaging Education was held to address the issues involved in University curriculum and continuing education. This report summarizes the recommendations of the Conference. Among them is the need to develop teaching materials and to share such materials among the users. The establishment of a electronic packaging, education information center, is also recommended, a function of which is to collect and distribute the teaching materials developed. >
Kohn's variational principle for rearrangement collisions☆☆☆

Abstract By rewriting the Gell-Mann Goldberger transformation, a generalized Kato identity is obtained both in its prior and post forms. Dropping the second order terms from these identities, the prior and post forms of Kohn's variational principle are secured. The principle is applied to the discussion of the ( d , p ) reaction. It is shown that the DWBA amplitude for this reaction is a variational solution of the problem and as such is free from the theoretical difficulties associated with the perturbative approach.
Activation and alteration of plant and fungal polyphenoloxidase isoenzymes in sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis

Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of polyphenoloxidase isoenzymes from a variety of angiosperms and from mushroom revealed that the enzymes remain active in the presence of 0.1 % sodium dodecylsulfate. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate allows the detection of latent enzyme forms of polyphenoloxidase, and can also convert slower migrating enzyme forms to faster migrating forms. Electrophoresis in the absence of sodium dodecylsulfate followed by incubation in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate can also be used to detect latent forms of polyphenoloxidase. Together, these approaches provide a method for screening latent enzymes and give some insight into the mechanism of activation by sodium dodecylsulfate.
GM-CSF RESCUES TF-1 CELLS FROM GROWTH FACTOR WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED, BUT NOT DIFFERENTIATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS: THE ROLE OF BCL-2 AND MCL-1

Cytokines such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-3 promote the survival and stimulate the proliferation of haematopoietic cells. Using the GM-CSF-dependent TF-1 myeloid leukaemia cell line, the authors show that the endogenous levels of BCL-2 and MCL-1 are downregulated upon GM-CSF withdrawal, whereas the levels of BCL-x(L)and Bax are unchanged. Re-exposure of growth factor deprived cells to GM-CSF resulted in an early and transient increase in MCL-1 expression, and prolonged induction of BCL-2, which prevented apoptosis. In contrast, the expression of BCL-2 and MCL-1 were not modulated during TPA-induced differentiation of TF-1 cells, which was followed by apoptosis despite the presence of GM-CSF. TF-1 cells overexpressing BCL-2 or MCL-1 underwent delayed apoptosis upon growth factor withdrawal, but displayed no impaired apoptosis in response to TPA. Erythropoietin (Epo) induced the expression of BCL-2 and MCL-1 protein in TF-1 cells, however it did not support their long term proliferation, further demonstrating that upregulation of these anti-apoptotic genes is insufficient for the long term proliferation of TF-1 cells.
III. Concession or Cure: the Sociological Premises of the First Reform Act

Traditionally, the first English Reform Act has been conceived within the context of two discreet but overlapping models. Both separately and together these models have performed two important functions. They have provided a means of defining the nature and dynamics of the Act itself by relating certain of its crucial provisions to certain aspects of the pre-reform constituency structure. They have also provided a means of relating the Act as a whole—and as thus defined—to the general course of British history in the nineteenth century, to the general problems of explaining how Britain was transformed from an aristocracy to a democracy, from a rural and agri-cultural society to an urban and industrial one, from a Gemeinschaft to a Gesellschaft.
Putting quality on the global health agenda

Universal health coverage has been proposed as a primary goal for health in global development priorities. But to improve the health of the world's population, we must simultaneously ensure that the care provided is of sufficiently high quality.
Schedule Delay and Departure Time Decisions in a Deterministic Model

We develop a simple approach for modeling schedule delay in a deterministic setting based on user equilibrium concepts and deterministic queuing theory. Several cases of peak period commuting or travel to scheduled events such as sporting events are analyzed as illustrations. The results demonstrate the importance of schedule delay for departure time decisions. The analysis framework can be used to improve the transportation planning and evaluation process, and we have identified several related research issues which could provide further insights into departure time decisions and the performance of transportation systems.
Learned helplessness in the sexually abused child.

The sexual abuse of children is more prevalent in our society than previously recognized. Pediatric nurses, in a variety of clinical settings, are encountering an increased number of cases of child...
Nucleic Acid Structures, Energetics, and Dynamics

In 1953 DNA was shown to be a double helix of hydrogen-bonded complementary bases. Since then, knowledge of nucleic acid structures, thermodynamic stabilities, and dynamics of conformational changes has grown exponentially. This knowledge has led to the development of the biotechnology industry, the identification of plants and animals from a few cells, and many advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. All the methods of physical chemistry have been used to characterize the primary structures (sequences), the secondary structures (base pairing), and the tertiary structures (folded 3D conformations) of the nucleic acids. The interactions of nucleic acids with themselves, with proteins, and with small-molecule ligands control their many functions. Novel methods are being developed to probe the structures and functions of nucleic acids. These include methods to study a single molecule and methods to select, amplify, and characterize one sequence among 1017 different sequences.
Probabilistic Analysis of Creep of Metal-Matrix Composites

In this paper, a probabilistic model is developed to evaluate the creep reliability of metal-matrix composites under constant loading. The scatter of fiber strength and the randomness in elastic moduli of the matrix and the fibers are incorporated into the model for failure prediction of the composite material due to creep. Time-dependent reliability is evaluated at different service life times. The effect of broken fibers on the failure of the composite is included. The first-order reliability method (FORM) is used to evaluate the reliability. The proposed probabilistic analysis of the composite due to creep is demonstrated with a numerical example. The effects of different random variables on the failure probability are investigated.
Biotechnology valuation and governance: Drug development and board of directors composition

This paper examines the valuation of biotechnology firms and measure firm value relative to the firmsâ€™ drug development pipelines, alliances with other firms, and the varied composition of those firmsâ€™ boards of directors.Â Unsurprisingly, the advancement of drugs in the pipeline is associated with increased valuation, and the failure of drugs in testing is found to have negative impacts. Â Findings do not support the notion that companies engaged in partnerships or alliances have better performance. Extending prior research, the study finds that the presence of medical doctors on the boards of directors is significantly positively associated with the price-to-book ratio and firm value. Drug approvals seemed less likely for small cap firms; this outcome is likely the result of small cap firms with more promising prospects being acquired, and exiting â€œsmall capâ€ status. Among other findings, a higher number of drug approvals among such targeted diseases as AIDS and cancer are observed; modestly higher approval rates are observed in concert with a relatively higher proportion of financiers â€“ such as hedge fund managers and investment bankers â€“ on biotechnology boards. Â Findings are important to the investor, the biotechnology manager and the regulator.
And the Beat Goes On: Popular Billboard Song Beats Per Minute and Key Signatures Vary with Social and Economic Conditions

The beats per minute and key signatures of popular Billboard songs from 1955 to 2008 were investigated along with changes in the social and economic conditions of the USA, in accordance with the Environmental Security Hypothesis. Slower pop songs and songs in less common keys are generally more reflective and serious, whereas faster pop songs and songs in common keys are generally more celebratory and fun. Consistent with theory predictions, songs with more beats per minute and in common key signatures were most popular in social and economic good times and songs with less beats per minute and in less common key signatures were most popular during social and economic bad times. Environmental conditions appear to influence tempo and key preferences of popular music.
Weighted myriad filters for image processing

Median filters, developed in response to the need for nonlinear image filters, have been used extensively in image processing. However, median filters do not work well when the outlier concentration is small, and are constrained to be smoothers, among other limitations. In order to combat the problems of median filters, weighted myriad filters have been proposed. Although myriad filters are analogous to both mean and median filters, myriad filters prove more effective in image processing applications. Weighted myriad filters have a sound theoretical basis, work well in impulsive noise environments, and can act as both edge enhancers and smoothers. This paper discusses optimization of the filter weights, with the goal of providing better image filtering than that of either linear or median filters.
"May It Please Your Honor": Letters of Petition as Historical Evidence in an African Colonial Context

I humbly lay my reputation on your verdict, and beg that your acute interest to help your subjects in this time of conflict mark you [as] an asset and real factor, helpful figure whose merciful eye would reflect upon my case which stands me a subject of compassion. — Odili Ezeoke to the Authority Controlling Food Supply, Aba, 9 July 1943.Historians have relied on a variety of sources to analyze Africa's encounter with Europe and response to colonialism. Several scholars, who have published in the Heinemann African Social History Series, have relied on oral accounts to add an indigenous perspective to the history of colonialism in Africa. African history nevertheless suffers from a lack of other sources, such as diaries, journals, and personal narratives, which can enrich the historical narrative. Letters of petitions provide one of the very few opportunities to locate African men and women's voices as they confronted the new political, economic, judicial and social system that emerged in the colonial context. Petitions were widely used by every class of the African population in the colonial period and can help to re-evaluate African-European interactions and dialogues in a colonial context. Their existence challenges the notion of colonial authorities as a hegemonic force in the making of colonized societies in light of new forms of evidence that redefine this encounter. Petitions were used by individuals as well as groups as a means to seek remedy for grievance for a number of types of actions, ranging from taxation, court cases and a variety of other issues.
Wafer scale architecture for an FFT processor

A description is given of research on a WSI FFT processor. Attention is focused on the design methodology, architecture, and sparing strategy and restructuring. The basic cells utilized are the MSA and the coefficient ROM. The wafer thus has only two types of cell, making the algorithm highly suitable for restructable wafer-scale integration (WSI) design. The restructuring algorithm is discussed briefly, and the tradeoffs between cell redundancy, wafer-area utilization, and effective yield are evaluated. Indeed, interest in WSI arises from expectations of higher speed, better reliability, and significant improvement in the circuit density. This FFT wafer represents the first of several envisioned in large-scale signal processing and computing under a DARPA microelectronics project in progress. >
Carbon dioxide column angioscopy: a new endovascular imaging technique.

Summary: A new angioscopic technique with a CO2 gas medium for prolonged viewing sessions in the carotid artery is described. A stationary column of CO2 gas, angled 17–30° subhorizontally and buoyed against a balloon catheter, can be safely maintained. During 10–20-min sessions in dogs, endothelia, thrombi, stent filaments, coils, and an intimal flap were visualized. This technique eliminates the need for continuous saline infusion, which has prevented the application of angioscopy in the carotid artery.
A Project-Based Approach To First-Year Engineering Curriculum Development

First-year engineering curricula are vitally important in improving the quantity and quality of engineering graduates. Many innovative approaches to first-year engineering curriculum development have been created and implemented over the past twenty years. Often, innovative approaches incorporate one or more engineering projects as learning experiences for first-year students. Further, problem-based and project-based pedagogical theories have offered the framework for many innovative learning experiences for engineering students in all four years of engineering curricula. As Texas A&M University improves its first-year engineering curricula, faculty members are re-examining the nature of the project-based learning experiences both to improve the learning experiences and to develop specifications for future project-based learning experiences. This paper presents the rationale behind the five specifications and offers experiences in developing and implementing the design projects for the prototype first-year engineering curricula. The paper also describes the assessment and evaluation plan as well as assessment data that has been analyzed to date
Some properties of conditioned and unconditioned eyelid reflexes in the albino rat

Eyelid responses in the rat were recorded as electromyographic activity (EMG) or as movements detected by a photoelectric technique. Spontaneous blinks, startle responses to acoustic stimuli, unconditioned responses to air puffs, and conditioned responses based on the corneal reflex were recorded under a variety of conditions. Special attention was given to topographical and temporal characteristics of the responses. Some relationships between the EMG and eyelid movements are described, as well as changes in eyelid responses related to habituation, conditioning, and various stimulus manipulations, In addition to the substantive findings, the study suggests that the rat may yet become a useful S in the study of eyelid conditioning.
Seminal plasma proteins in prostatic carcinoma: increased nuclear semenogelin I expression is a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

Summary Semenogelins and eppin are seminal plasma proteins that form a complex and inhibit sperm motility. However, the role of these proteins in prostate cancer is poorly understood. We immunohistochemically stained for semenogelins I and II and eppin in 291 radical prostatectomy specimens. We then evaluated the association between their expressions in nuclei, cytoplasms, or intraluminal secretions of benign/high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/carcinoma cells and clinicopathologic profile available for our patient cohort. Stains were positive in 32%/77%/84% (nuclear semenogelin I), 87%/94%/84% (nuclear semenogelin II), 56%/64%/37% (nuclear eppin), 7%/15%/11% (cytoplasmic semenogelin I), 6%/11%/9% (cytoplasmic semenogelin II), 68%/74%/95% (cytoplasmic eppin), 97%/98%/13% (secreted semenogelin I), 98%/97%/11% (secreted semenogelin II), and 97%/98%/48% (secreted eppin) of benign/prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/carcinoma, respectively. The levels of nuclear semenogelin I/cytoplasmic eppin were significantly higher in carcinoma than in benign ( P P P P P P = .006). Significantly higher nuclear semenogelin II expression was found in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia than in benign ( P P P P P P P = .046). Multivariate Cox model showed a trend toward significance ( P = .093) in nuclear semenogelin I positivity as an independent predictor for recurrence. These results suggest that nuclear semenogelin I expression could be a reliable prognosticator in men who undergo radical prostatectomy.
p16 immunohistochemistry can be used to detect human papillomavirus in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

Purpose Human papillomavirus (HPV) is of etiologic significance in the development of oral squamous carcinoma and is noted to result in p16 overexpression. Identification of HPV is clinically important because the presence of HPV has prognostic and epidemiologic associations. Detection of HPV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is expensive and not widely accessible. The authors examined p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate marker for high-risk HPV and its use as an alternative test to PCR. Patients and Methods A retrospective cohort of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma underwent surgery and then analysis with p16 IHC and HPV PCR. The p16 IHC staining intensity was graded from 0 to 3+, and these results were compared with PCR. Descriptive and frequency statistics were performed by comparing HPV PCR results with p16 IHC, patient age, gender, and outcome. Results Eighty-one cases were included in the study. Forty-four study patients were men and 37 were women (mean age, 63.9 yr). Forty-five cases (55.6%) had 0 staining, 22 cases (27.2%) had 1+ staining, and 7 cases (8.6%) had 2+ staining. Seven cases (8.6%) had 3+ staining, all of which were positive for HPV serotype 16 by PCR. Three of 7 HPV PCR-positive cases had keratinization typical of an oral cavity location and not the basaloid growth of HPV oropharyngeal tumors. There was a statistical correlation (P Conclusion p16 3+ staining correlates with HPV PCR positivity. p16 IHC is a technically simple and widely available test, and this study establishes the use of p16 IHC as an alternative test to HPV PCR. Given the clinical significance of HPV in oral squamous carcinoma, p16 IHC should be performed in all cases and included in the pathology report.
Validation of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Neonates

Analysis of blood samples yields both functional measurements and fractional oxyhemoglobin measurements of oxygen saturation, whereas clinical monitors can indicate only functional oxygen saturations.1 (The relationship between functional and fractional measurements of oxygen saturation is as follows1: For blood samples, oxygen saturation = oxyhemoglobin/[oxyhemoglobin + reduced hemoglobin], where [oxyhemoglobin+reduced hemoglobin] < 1. For clinical monitor measurements, oxygen saturation = 1 – reduced hemoglobin, where [oxyhemoglobin+reduced hemoglobin]=1.) Neonates have predominantly fetal hemoglobin in their blood, which has a high affinity for oxygen and thus releases less oxygen to the body tissues, following the principle of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.2-4 To date, few data have been collected to support the appropriate safety ranges of oxygen saturation measured by clinical monitors in neonates. Pulse oximetry is commonly used in neonates to assess oxygenation (Spo2), but it does not detect changes in hemoglobin levels. Although the importance of monitoring venous and arterial oxygen saturation (Svo2 and Sao2) during nursing care is well established in adults,5-8 such monitoring is rarely used in neonates.9,10 Oximetry should be used with caution in neonates because it cannot account for all hemoglobin variations. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (1) to validate the monitor measurements of Sao2, Svo2, and Spo2 against oxyhemoglobin measurements with correction for fetal hemoglobin, and (2) to present the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves that show the association of oxyhemoglobin and oxygen saturation measurements with oxygen tension (Po2) values in neonates.
Parametric surface interpolation

A survey comparing methods for constructing smooth parametric surfaces to interpolate vertices and normal vectors of a triangulated polyhedron is presented. Particular attention is paid to the quality or fairness of the fit, measured by examining how curvature is distributed over the surface. The methods surveyed all generate surfaces composed of one or more surface patches per triangular facet of the input polyhedron. The approaches require an analysis of the number of constraints versus the number of degrees of freedom. Constraints include not only the interpolation conditions, but also continuity conditions imposed where adjacent surface patches abutt. Once the constraints are satisfied, there are generally surplus degrees of freedom. It is shown that the setting of these remaining free parameters can dramatically affect the shape of the surface, so the various methods are classified according to how they assign values to the free parameters. >
AB Initio Calculations of Point Defects in Silicon

We use the ab initio plane wave pseudopotential method and the density functional theory (DFT) to study the arsenic(As)-vacancy interactions in silicon. The detailed lattice distortions surrounding the As-vacancy defect and the energetics of As-vacancy reaction around the six-fold ring are investigated. We find that the As displaces its neighboring silicon atoms outward while the vacancy attracts its neighboring atoms inward. The binding energy and the formation energy of an As-vacancy pair are 1.21 eV and 2.37 eV, respectively. Once the vacancy and As binds together, the highest migration barrier for the whole complex is 1.19 eV, which is in good agreement with the experimental measurement of 1.07 eV. The calculated activation energy for the vacancy mediated diffusion of the neutral As in silicon is 3.56 eV. The nature of the binding between As and vacancy is explained from the lattice distortions introduced by the As-vacancy complex.
IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS AND ASSET RETURNS IN THE REAL-BUSINESS-CYCLE MODEL: AN APPROXIMATE ANALYTICAL APPROACH

The present paper uses an analytical approach to derive approximate closed-form solutions for the asset moments of a real-business-cycle model with idiosyncratic risk. To preserve analytical tractability, risk sharing is completely shut down. Further, the firm is assumed to maximize a variant of value maximization, given that its usual objective is no longer well defined under market incompleteness. When idiosyncratic risk is incorporated into the model, the asset moments can be decomposed into their value under identical households plus a new idiosyncratic term. Under full constrained persistence, in which case the same household determines the asset moments every period, the model is able to generate the risk premium in the data with reasonable parameter values, but it cannot generate the risk return trade-off. While the quantitative impact of idiosyncratic risk is smaller when there is only some persistence in who is constrained, the qualitative predictions are unaltered.
The (Identification) Cards You Are Dealt: Biased Treatment of Anglos and Latinos Using Municipal‐Issued versus Unofficial ID Cards

The current field experiment investigated if and how Latinos versus Anglos experience biased treatment in a setting where documentation is relevant. In an audit experiment, Latino customers were treated differently than a matched team of Anglo customers when making $10 check payments at retail stores. Specifically, Latinos were asked to present an identification card (ID) more frequently than Anglo customers, were quoted a higher minimum-dollar amount for purchasing a gift certificate, and received more negative affect from salespersons. Among those who were asked for identification, a municipal-issued ID card was declined at equal rates from Latinos and Anglos, while an unofficial ID card was declined more from Anglos than Latinos. The association of Latino identity with foreignness and undocumented immigration, and the potential of municipal-ID card programs to serve undocumented immigrants are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE STABILITY MARGIN OF A COMBUSTOR USING EXHAUST FLOW AND FUEL INJECTION RATE MODULATIONS

This paper describes a new experimental technique for determining the stability margin of combustors, which is a measure of how close they are to becoming unstable. The stability margin is determined from measurements of transfer functions G q/p and G p/q , which describe the response of the combustion process heat release to driven flow oscillations and the response of the combustor flow to the excitation of reaction rate oscillations, respectively. For limit cycle oscillations to occur, the product of these two nonlinear transfer functions must equal unity, and the sum of their phases must equalzero. The two transfer functions were measured in a developed small-scale combustor setup and were used to determine its stability margin for a range of frequencies. In this study, a siren was used to drive flow oscillations and a fuel injector actuator was used to generate reaction rate oscillations. Comparisons of the determined stability margin of the combustor with observations of its stability characteristics show that the proposed technique can indeed determine the stability margin of the combustor. The results indicate that the transfer function G q/p is amplitude dependent and dominates the nonlinear processes that determine limit cycle amplitude. Therefore, determination of this transfer function by the developed technique will enable combustor designers to predict the amplitude of the limit cycle oscillations in the combustor should it become unstable.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase and ethanol preference in mice.

Abstract The aldehyde dehydrogenases from livers of the inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and the F1 generation of the cross between these strains (C57BL/6J x DBA/2J) have been purified over 60-fold. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity is not present in the purified enzyme preparation. Enzyme preparations from both strains and from the F1 cross specifically require NAD but can oxidize a variety of aldehyde substrates. Results obtained previously, using a crude liver homogenate as enzyme source and indoleacetaldehyde as substrate, demonstrate a 2- to 3-fold greater aldehyde-oxidizing capacity in the liver extracts of the C57BL/6J strain compared to similar extracts from the DBA/2J mice. Mice of the former strain prefer a 10% solution of alcohol to water, whereas DBA/2J mice avoid alcohol in this preference test. F1 generation mice are intermediate to the parents with regard to alcohol preference and aldehyde-oxidizing capacity. The purified enzymes from the two inbred sources are indistinguishable as determined by disc gel electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration criteria. Nevertheless, the aldehyde dehydrogenases of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice exhibit 2- to 3-fold differences in the Michaelis constants of aldehyde substrates. Reaction velocity differences between the two enzyme preparations are particularly apparent when acetaldehyde is the substrate. The C57BL/6J aldehyde dehydrogenase is activated by 10-6 m acetaldehyde to a reaction velocity greater than 2 times its original value, whereas the DBA/2J aldehyde dehydrogenase exhibits substrate activation only above 10-3 m acetaldehyde. Finally, it has been demonstrated by chromatographic analysis that, following intraperitoneal ethanol injection, acetaldehyde accumulates in the blood of DBA/2J mice to a greater extent than it does in C57BL/6J mice. This observation lends support to the possibility that the lower aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of the DBA/2J mice results in an acetaldehyde-induced avoidance of ethanol.
Synchrony and frequency regulation by synaptic delay in networks of self-inhibiting neurons

Abstract We show that a pair of mutually coupled self-inhibitory neurons can display stable synchronous oscillations provided only that the delay to the onset of inhibition is sufficiently long. The frequency of these oscillations is determined either entirely by the length of the synaptic delay, or by the synaptic delay and intrinsic time constants. We also show how cells can exhibit transient synchronous oscillations where the length of the transients is determined by the synaptic delay, but where the frequency is largely independent of the delay.
Phase equilibria in polymer solutions

A new semiempirical equation is presented for the Gibbs energy of mixing for solutions of polymers in single and mixed solvents. The equation contains two adjustable parameters per binary mixture and can readily be extended to multicomponent systems without additional parameters. The new expression gives a very good representation of the properties of a variety of polymer solutions including those in which there are strong specific interactions such as hydrogen bonding. Parameters are determined from binary vapor pressure data. A graphical method based on the new equation is given for predicting solubility limits in ternary systems containing one polymer and a mixed solvent. Only binary data are used. The method is demonstrated by comparisons of predicted solubility behavior with new experimental data taken on systems composed of polystyrene and the following mixed solvents: acetone-toluene, acetone-benzene, methanol-benzene, methanol-ethyl acetate, and acetone-methylcyclo-hexane.
(Trimethylsilylmethyl) Tributyltin. Improved Synthesis of (Trimethylsilylmethyl) - Triphenyltin via Transmetalation

Abstract Several projects under investigation in our laboratory require trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted organostannanes as reagents. Although delivery of tin to substrate may often be accomplished with highly nucleophilic organotin anions, in our hands preparation of (trimethylsilylmethyl) triphenyltin (3) by reaction of triphenyltinlithium (1)2 and chloromethyltrimethylsilane (2) is rather capricious and attended by a number of side products. An alternative mode for the synthesis of 3, utilizing an electrophilic tin species, would couple a trimethylsilylmethylmetal (5a,b) and a triphenyltin halide. Although 3 has been prepared in modest yield (62%) from this approach, we sought to avoid the somewhat cumbersome synthesis of the Grignard reagent 5b associated with this procedure.3 Recent reports from our laboratory have demonstrated (trimethylsilylmethy1)tributyltin (4) to be a convenient in-situ precursor of trimethylsilylmethyllithium (5a) via transmetalation with n-butyllithium. Significantly, yields o...
Marked point process hotspot maps for homicide and gun crime prediction in Chicago

Abstract Crime hotspot maps are a widely used and successful method of displaying spatial crime patterns and allocating police resources. However, hotspot maps are often created over a single timescale using only one crime type. In the case of short-term hotspot maps that utilize several weeks of crime data, risk estimates suffer from a high variance, especially for low frequency crimes such as homicide. Long-term hotspot maps that utilize several years of data fail to take into account near-repeat effects and emerging hotspot trends. In this paper we show how point process models of crime can be extended to include leading indicator crime types, while capturing both short-term and long-term patterns of risk, through a marked point process approach. Several years of data and many different crime types are systematically combined to yield accurate hotspot maps that can be used for the purpose of predictive policing of gun-related crime. We apply the methodology to a large, open source data set which has been made available to the general public online by the Chicago Police Department.
Shifting suitability for malaria vectors across Africa with warming climates.

Background Climates are changing rapidly, producing warm climate conditions globally not previously observed in modern history. Malaria is of great concern as a cause of human mortality and morbidity, particularly across Africa, thanks in large part to the presence there of a particularly competent suite of mosquito vector species.
A superfast algorithm for single-error correction in RRNS and hardware implementation

A superfast algorithm for correcting single residue errors in the RRNS (redundant residue number system) is developed with a slight increase in redundancy. Based on this algorithm and another recently proposed fast algorithm, two architectures are designed for their hardware implementation. The hardware complexity for this superfast algorithm is O(k) while the hardware complexity for previously known algorithm is O(k/sup 2/). >
A new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) associated with Dactylopius (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae).

Abstract Torymus evansi Grissell, new species, is described, illustrated, and compared to other Nearctic species of the genus. Morphologically it is intermediate between the varians and tubicola species groups. Torymus evansi is associated with rearings of Dactylopius sp. (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) on Opuntia sp. (Cactaceae), and although its true host remains unknown, the association with this host-complex is unique for the genus.
Effect of Pregabalin on Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise and Postexercise Pain and Fatigue in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Study

Pregabalin, an approved treatment for fibromyalgia (FM), has been shown to decrease sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and inhibit sympathetically maintained pain, but its effects on exercise responses have not been reported. Methods. Using a randomized double-blind crossover design, we assessed the effect of 5 weeks of pregabalin (versus placebo) on acute cardiovascular and subjective responses to moderate exercise in 19 FM patients. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise and ratings of pain, physical fatigue, and mental fatigue before, during, and for 48 hours after exercise were compared in patients on pregabalin versus placebo and also versus 18 healthy controls. Results. On placebo, exercise RPE and BP were significantly higher in FM patients than controls (p 0.26). Cardiovascular responses of nonresponders (n = 7) were not altered by pregabalin. In responders, pregabalin improved ratings of fatigue and pain (p < 0.04), but negative effects on pain and fatigue were seen in nonresponders. Conclusions. These preliminary findings suggest that pregabalin may normalize cardiovascular and subjective responses to exercise in many FM patients.
Candidate Attributes and Attitudes Toward Courts in Judiciary Elections: An Experimental Study

A central assumption of this paper is that voters make up their minds under the influence of their attitudes toward the court system as a whole. Another purpose of this study is to compare this influence with the impact of voters’ exposure to candidate information. The sample of 314 registered voters was drawn from a multicultural urban community in southern California, and studied using pretest-posttest experimental method. The results show that voter exposure to candidate information play an important role in the elections. Notwithstanding, one’s attitude toward the court system as a whole is at least as important as information in making a decision. This seems to be so because in nonpartisan judiciary elections, information about the candidates typically is scare and hard to obtain, and thus, voters depend primarily on their heuristic assessment of the courts in general in making their decisions. To conclude, personal attitudes toward the courts appear to be a viable concept with applications in a variety of judiciary elections.
Chromosomal Microarray Testing and Epilepsy

Investigators at the Boston Children's Hospital, MA, and other centers evaluated the role of copy number variants (CNVs) detected using chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing in 805 patients seen between 2006 and 2011 and having ICD-9 codes for epilepsy or seizures.
Race, Skin Color, and Economic Outcomes in Early Twentieth-Century America

We study the effect of race on economic outcomes using unique data from the first half of the twentieth century, a period in which skin color was explicitly coded in U.S. censuses as “White,” “Black,” or “Mulatto.” We construct a panel of siblings by digitizing and matching records across the 1910 and 1940 censuses, identifying all 12,000 African-American families in which enumerators classified some children as light-skinned (“Mulatto”) and others as dark-skinned (“Black”). Siblings coded “Mulatto” when they were children (in 1910) earned similar wages as adults (in 1940) as their Black siblings. This within-family earnings difference is substantially lower than the Black-Mulatto earnings difference in the general population, suggesting that skin color in itself played only a small role in the earnings gap. In the second half of the paper, we focus on individuals who “passed for White,” an important social phenomenon at the time. To do so, we identify individuals coded “Mulatto” as children but “White” as adults. Passing meant that individuals changed their racial affiliation by changing their social presentation while skin color remained unchanged. Comparing passers to their siblings who did not pass, we find that passing was associated with substantially higher earnings, suggesting that social presentations of race could have significant consequences for economic outcomes.
Nephrotic Syndrome: Updates and Approaches to Treatment

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is among the most common pediatric kidney diseases with a high risk of morbidity and mortality due to infection and thrombosis. Goals of treatment are to reduce proteinuria to normal levels thereby reducing symptoms and risk of complications. Children with NS should initially be treated with prednisone or prednisolone at a dose of 60 mg/m2/day daily for 6 weeks followed by 40 mg/m2/day given every other day for an additional 6 weeks. While most children are steroid responsive, approximately 20 % of children with NS do not go into remission with steroids and should be treated with a calcineurin inhibitor such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Some children with NS who respond to steroids eventually have a frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent course and may have significant side effects from cumulative corticosteroid therapy. For these children, steroid-sparing medications are required. Treatment with mycophenolate mofetil is recommended as first-line therapy for treatment of frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent NS with steroid toxicity due to its favorable side effect profile compared to alternatives. If this is not effective, alternate agents such as cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors, or rituximab could be considered after careful review of the pros and cons of each medication with the child’s family. Further randomized controlled trials are necessary to determine which agents are most effective and to determine methods to predict medication response in individual children.
Bioelectrocatalysis of Pyruvate with PQQ-dependent Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Although pyruvate has not been considered as a fuel for an enzymatic biofuel cell, there are dehydrogenase enzyme capable of oxidizing pyruvate. This paper details the discovery of a pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase (PQQ-PDH) in Gluconobacter species. A method was developed to isolate and purify PQQ-PDH from Gluconobacter, along with the characterization of the purified enzyme. It was found that the purified enzyme can undergo direct electron transfer at carbon electrodes surfaces, which allowed for its incorporation into a pyruvate biofuel cell. It was also found that PQQ-PDH lacks substrate specificity, which minimizes its usefulness in many sensor applications, but is advantageous for deep oxidation in biofuel cell anodes.
Modeling the Solubility of Nitrogen Dioxide in Water Using Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory

NO2 is one of the important components in flue gas from combustion in power plants, which together with CO2 and SO2 pollute the atmosphere if released and cause the undesired acid rains. NO2 reacts immediately with H2O upon dissolution, which prevents direct measurements on the physical phase equilibria of the chemical system. Modeling this reacting system is a challenging task due to the complexities arising from the heterogeneous nature of the chemical reaction, the multiple components that are involved in the phase equilibria, ionic dissociation in water, self- and cross-associations among the molecules, and multiple chemical reactions that may occur before reaching the physicochemical equilibria. Therefore, efforts on modeling this NO2/H2O system have been made so far with no satisfactory progress. In this work, we propose a complete model of the system using Perturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PCSAFT) equation of state (EOS). The model is found to be able to calculate the solubility...