cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The High precision, charge dependent Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential (CD-Bonn)

We present a charge-dependent one-boson-exchange nucleon-nucleon $(\mathrm{NN})$ potential that fits the world proton-proton data below 350 MeV available in the year 2000 with a ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ per datum of 1.01 for 2932 data and the corresponding neutron-proton data with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}/\mathrm{datum}$ $=1.02$ for 3058 data. This reproduction of the $\mathrm{NN}$ data is more accurate than by any phase-shift analysis and any other $\mathrm{NN}$ potential. This is achieved by the introduction of two effective $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ mesons the parameters of which are partial-wave dependent. The charge dependence of the present potential (which we call ``CD-Bonn'') is based upon the predictions by the Bonn full model for charge symmetry and charge-independence breaking in all partial waves with $Jl~4.$ The potential is represented in terms of the covariant Feynman amplitudes for one-boson exchange which are nonlocal. Therefore, the off-shell behavior of the CD-Bonn potential differs in a characteristic way from commonly used local potentials and leads to larger binding energies in nuclear few- and many-body systems, where underbinding is a persistent problem.
A New Semantics for First-Order Logic, Multivalent and Mostly Intensional

Cited by many as distinctive of first-order logic are the bivalence of its statements and the extensionality of its operators, among them the three operators '~', '&', and 'V'. It is to that bivalence and that extensionality, we are told, that the logical entailments and, hence, logical truths peculiar to the logic are due. But first-order logic is a far more diverse thing than its exponents usually allow. As proof I submit here a new semantics for it, one in which statements are susceptible of up to 2 t~~ values, the operators '&' and 'V' are intensional, and yet the logical entailments and logical truths that first-order logic acknowledges are all preserved. Credit should go to Karl Popper, from whom I largely borrowed Constraints D1-D6 on p. 57; to Kent Bendall, from whom I borrowed Constraint D7 on that page; and to Nicholas Rescher, who pointed out in 1963 that '&' - as interpreted here - is intensional in the presence of '~'.
Water Production Rates in Comet P/Halley from IUE Observations of HI Lyman-β

Abstract During the 1985-1986 apparition of Comet P/Halley, the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite observed the comet using both the long-wavelength and short-wavelength spectrographs. The combination of a spherical radiative transfer model and the hybrid gas-dynamic/Monte Carlo model for hydrogen coma, which had been used to analyze H Lyman-α IUE observations of Comet P/Giacobini-Zinner, has been applied to a large body of H observations of Comet Halley taken with the short wavelength spectrograph. The data include nucleus-centered large aperture observations as well as a few serendipitous offset observations. The inferred water production rates from the nucleus-centered observations are compared herein with a self-consistent analysis already performed for the IUE observations of OH. The agreement is quite good despite the high degree of optical depth in the coma during its most active periods. The results imply that, in order to bring the H and OH observations into agreement at all heliocentric distances, a model for OH which accounts for the variation of the outflow speed of the coma with heliocentric distance is required.
A Decomposition Approach for Solving Seasonal Transmission Switching

Economic transmission switching has been proposed as a new control paradigm to improve the economics of electric power systems. In practice, the transmission switching operation itself is a disruptive action to the system. Frequently switching lines into or out of service can create undesirable effects on the security and reliability of power systems and may require new investments in the automation and control systems. In this paper, we formulate an economic seasonal transmission switching model where transmission switching occurs once at the beginning of a time period (season) and then the transmission topology remains unchanged during that period. The proposed seasonal transmission switching model is a large-scale mixed integer programming problem. The objective of the optimization model is to minimize the total energy generation cost over the season subject to loads and N-1 reliability requirements. We develop a novel decomposition method that decomposes the seasonal problem into one-hour problems which are then solved efficiently. We demonstrate our model and the decomposition approach on the 14-bus, 39-bus, and 118-bus power systems and show potential cost savings in each case.
Data management subsystem software architecture for JWST

At the Space Telescope Science Institute, the Data Management Subsystem (DMS) is responsible for data reformatting from telemetry to FITS, pipeline calibration, and providing the data archive. A DMS has been previously developed for two astronomical telescopes in space, the Hubble Space Telescope and the Kepler Mission. DMS software analysis and design has begun for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which is scheduled for launch in 2014 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Although there will be a great deal of software reuse from the previous missions, differences in the operations concept for JWST will have implications for the DMS software system architecture. A number of the design challenges for the DMS software system architecture that result from the JWST operations concept will be considered. Event-driven operations, which mean the detailed observation schedule cannot be predicted ahead of execution time, will require extensive changes to the data flow at the beginning of DMS science data processing. A scheme for priority processing of exposures must be implemented to insure rapid turn-around on time critical wave front sensing data. JWST science data product design will reflect infrared detectors utilizing up-the-ramp processing. The concept of an observation in program planning will result in a new model to associate exposures and form higher level data products. In addition, the JWST DMS will introduce a new paradigm for reprocessing to meet data user demands and be compatible with the Virtual Observatory protocols.
X-ray and optical studies of the morphology of polymer blends

Blends may be made of pairs of polymers where neither, one, or both components are crystalline. The state of compatibility for such blends may be deduced by x-ray and light scattering. A survey of recent studies in this laboratory of several binary blends of crystalline and amorphous polymers is presented.
Age, origin, and significance of an unconformity that predates island-arc volcanism in the northern Sierra Nevada

The paleogeographic position of rocks of the northern Sierra Nevada relative to North America has long been the topic of debate. A detailed study of the Lakes Basin region of the northern Sierra Nevada substantiates that the Shoo Fly Complex, of early Paleozoic age, was folded and unconformably overlain by an island-arc sequence in late Paleozoic time. Microfossils recovered during the study represent the first in situ fauna ever collected from the Shoo Fly Complex and provide an Ordovician-Silurian lower limit on the early deformation. Late Jurassic (Nevadan) deformation strongly affected all rocks in the region. Regional considerations suggest that mid-Paleozoic deformation may have been widespread in the Sierra Nevada and could indicate an early phase of an eastward-prograding suture that ultimately resulted in emplacement of the Roberts Mountain allochthon of the Great Basin.
A rapid kinetic study of divalent metal interactions with flavin coenzymes

Abstract Research in these laboratories has focussed in recent years on the kinetics of divalent metal ion interactions with coenzymes. The principal kinetic tool has been temperature-jump relaxation spectroscopy. A large amount of kinetic information is now available for several nucleotides (e.g. AMP) and inorganic phosphates. The purpose of this paper is to report the first rapid kinetic study of the mechanism of divalent metal ion interactions with the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The two compounds are structurally related to each other as well as to other coenzymes and phosphates that we have previously studied. FAD, for example, is structurally a combination of riboflavin phosphate and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Ni(II) was chosen as the metal ion for these studies because of the large body of kinetic information that is already available for that ion. It can serve as a useful representative of divalent transition metal ion interactions with these and related coenzymes. The NiFMN system. Two relaxation effects were observed in the kinetic experiments: one (τ 1 ) on the order of 0.2 msec, the other (τ 2 ) at about 2 msec. The detailed concentration and pH dependencies of τ 1 and τ 2 are quite similar to those for the relaxation times found in the Ni-ribose phosphate and NiAMP systems respectively. The mechanism consistent with these observations is a dual-pathway, back-bound complex mechanism, shown schematically as I; in which NiL is the phosphate-bound complex, NiL′ the phosphate + base bound complex. The NiFAD System . FAD presents a number of different binding sites in the ionized phosphate bridge and the base nitrogens on both the adenine and isoalloxazine rings. The flexibility of this molecule facilitates both individual and simultaneous ring interactions with the phosphate-bound metal. The NiFAD system is unique in that four distinct relaxation times, τ–τ 2 , were found and characterized. The relaxation times ranged from 90 μsec to 20 msec and were found to be only slightly pH and concentration dependent. Based on the large body of prior data from our laboratory on simple nucleotide systems, we were able to associate specific relaxation times with reaction steps in scheme II and to determine the rate constants. The mechanism shown as II quantitatively accounts for the number and behavior of all the relaxations steps. In this scheme, F, P and A refer to the flavin, phosphate, and adenine moieties of the FAD molecule, respectively. The first step (1–2) involves bridging to the phosphate moiety only, followed by species involving interactions with the phosphate plus the flavin (5) or adenine moieties (3). The final complex (4) involves simultaneous interactions with all the components of the molecule.
Trade, power and APEC: Hirschman revisited

This paper is about the relationship between foreign trade and national power in the contemporary Asia Pacific. Imports and exports among the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Community) members are studied over time in order to assess the extent to which this trade has evolved in ways which ceteris paribus provide the larger trading states with more or less leverage to influence the smaller ones. We offer a conceptual discussion of conditions that are likely to shape the incentives to actually use such leverage and, if actually exercised, the prospects that such attempts may succeed. A pattern analysis of trade in the Asia Pacific then follows from which we conclude that the smaller non‐Latin American APEC countries have diversified their trading partners recently and thus reduced their exposure to leverage based on asymmetric dependence in their trade relations. At the same time, we expect from our conceptual discussion that the larger APEC countries are generally more likely to exercise self restraint than t...
A short note on scanning signed integers

The "common sense" algorithm for translating from signed decimal representation to the two's complement binary representation doesn't always work. A correct algorithm (reinvented or discovered many times by various people) is presented. The presentation will hopefully encourage use of the correct algorithm and discourage use of the "common sense" algorithm.
Maladaptive Processing of Maladaptive Content: Rumination as a Mechanism Linking Cognitive Biases to Depressive Symptoms

Cognitive theories propose that negatively biased thinking is an important factor in the development and maintenance of depression. The mechanisms by which cognitive biases lead to depression, however, have not been thoroughly researched. One potential mechanism is that negatively biased thoughts trigger rumination, or the process of focusing passively and repetitively on the causes and consequences of one’s mood, a well-established risk factor for depression. In a series of three studies, we examined rumination and other cognitive emotion regulatory strategies as mechanisms of the relationship between cognitive biases and depressive symptoms. We found consistent evidence that rumination mediates the relationship between interpretation and memory biases and depressive symptoms. The indirect effects through rumination were stronger than indirect effects through other cognitive emotion regulation strategies (dampening and worry). These findings indicate that negatively biased thinking may increase risk for depression by increasing rumination, supporting the notion that rumination is a useful target for intervention with depressed clients.
Landlords and Tenants in Britain, 1440–1660: Tawney's Agrarian Problem Revisited

Jane Whittle's collection marks the centennial of R. H. Tawney's Agrarian Problem, a monument in socio-economic analysis by a historian whose activism installed him in Britain's twentieth-century h...
Basic protein changes during the final stages of sperm maturation in the house cricket

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to analyse basic protein changes during the final stages of spermiogenesis in the house cricket. Mature sperm were obtained from the spermathecae of inseminated females. Their basic protein is electrophoretically heterogeneous, with two major and two minor components, all of unusually high mobilities, as expected ofprotamine. No histones are present. Testis also contains basic protein components of high mobilities, although in small amount relative to the histones present. Testis preparations were centrifuged on a density gradient of colloidal silica to separate nuclei of different stages of spermiogenesis from each other, and it was found that very late spermatids contain relatively large amounts of protamine. At least seven different protamine-like components, each with a different mobility, occur during the final maturation stages. The particular components present, and their abundancies, vary during development. The complement first found in spermatids is different from that of a later spermatid; still another complement is found in sperm from the seminal vesicle; and still another in mature sperm. Components which are abundant in spermatids are progressively eliminated, while components which are barely detectable in them gradually increase in abundance to become the major components of the basic protein complement at maturity.
Comparison of gentamicin with other antibacterials and variation of incubation temperature on growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes from skin scales

Neutral (Emmons modification) Sabouraud medium, Dermatophyte Test Medium and Littman oxgall agar, with substitutions in type of antibacterial antibiotic, were quantitatively evaluated by colony counts for ability to support growth when suspensions of trypsintreated guinea pig skin scales, infected withTrichophyton mentagrophytes, were used as inocula. Both liquid and powder form of gentamicin sulfate were used separately in place of other routinely used antibacterial antibiotics. Also evaluated were three isolation temperatures. No differences in ability to support growth were noted among media. No difference was noted between the two forms of gentamicin. No data were available on the antibacterial activities of the antibiotics because no bacterial growth was produced on any of the media. Room temperature (24 °–26 °C), 30 °C and 37° C were found to support growth similarly as primary isolation temperatures for this fungus.
DEPRESSION AND TRAIL MAKING TEST SCORES IN A SAMPLE OF COCAINE ABUSERS

Depression effects on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used for screening cognitive impairments, were examined in a sample of cocaine abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample of 4299 subjects was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of depression on the TMT scores A and B, and also derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of cocaine abusers. The variables of sex, age, ethnicity, and education were included in analyses to control for demographic effects. The TMT part A and the difference score were the least sensitive TMT scores to the effects of depression but all TMT R-squares were quite small.
Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose.

Background The management of warfarin therapy is complicated by a wide variation among patients in drug response. Variants in the gene encoding vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) may affect the response to warfarin. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of European-American patients receiving long-term warfarin maintenance therapy. Multiple linear-regression analysis was used to determine the effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on the warfarin dose. We determined VKORC1 haplotype frequencies in African-American, European-American, and Asian-American populations and VKORC1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human liver samples. Results We identified 10 common noncoding VKORC1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and inferred five major haplotypes. We identified a low-dose haplotype group (A) and a high-dose haplotype group (B). The mean (±SE) maintenance dose of warfarin differed significantly among the three haplotype group combinations, at 2.7±0.2 mg per day for A/A, 4.9±0.2 mg per day for A/B, and 6...
pH Control Using Advanced Proportional−Integral Controls with the Dual-Injection In-Line Process

This paper presents both simulation and experimental results for the application of a dual-reagent-injection in-line pH controller for wastewater neutralization. The dual-reagent-injection in-line ...
Oxidized ATP (oATP) attenuates proinflammatory signaling via P2 receptor-independent mechanisms

Periodate-oxidized ATP (oATP), which covalently modifies nucleotide-binding proteins, can significantly attenuate proinflammatory signaling. Although the P2X7 nucleotide receptor (P2X7R) is irreversibly antagonized by oATP, it is unclear whether anti-inflammatory actions of oATP are predominantly mediated via its actions on P2X7R. Here, we describe inhibitory effects of oATP on proinflammatory responses in three human cell types that lack expression of P2X7R: human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), HEK293 cells, and 1321N1 astrocytes. oATP decreased by 40-70% the secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in all three cell types, by IL-1beta in HUVEC and 1321N1 cells, and by endotoxin in HUVEC. Attenuation of TNF-alpha-stimulated IL-8 secretion by oATP was similar in wild-type HEK cells or HEK cells stably expressing recombinant P2X7R. oATP also attenuated cytokine-stimulated expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-luciferase reporter genes expressed in HEK or 1321N1 cells, but did not affect the rapid downregulation of IkappaB. oATP had no effect on uridine triphosphate-induced activation of native P2Y2 receptors in HEK cells, but reduced the potency and efficacy of ADP as an agonist of native P2Y1 receptors. However, inhibition of P2Y1 receptors with the specific antagonist MRS2216 did not mimic the effects of oATP on TNF-alpha-stimulated IL-8 secretion. Although 1321N1 astrocytes lack expression of any known P2 receptor subtypes, oATP markedly inhibited ecto-ATPase activity in these cells, resulting in a significant accumulation of extracellular ATP. In summary, oATP can attenuate proinflammatory signaling by mechanisms independent of the expression or activation of known P2 receptor subtypes.
A new class of bandpass frequency selective structures

This work presents a new approach for designing frequency selective surfaces. In this approach the FSS is composed of AFA cells, which receive, filter. and transmit the signal. Two types of 3-pole bandpass FSS have been designed using the AFA approach. which demonstrate the application of this technique for synthesizing all-pole as well its more complicated bandpass FSSs. Finite element simulations predict an excellent performance for these designs at normal incidence. Prototypes of these FSSs are currently being fabricated, which will be used to verify the numerical results and determine the performance limitations such as insertion loss and angular sensitivity.
TH-D-304A-02: Quantifying Magnetic Moments and Susceptibilities of Small Spherical Objects in MRI

Purpose: To quantify magnetic moment and susceptibility of any small object to monitor the progression of neurodegenerate diseases and measure the amount of nanoparticlesin vivo in MRI.Methods and Materials: We have been developing the CISSCO(Complex Image Summation around a Spherical or Cylindrical Object) method in the past [1,2]. This method involves summing up complex signals from voxels within a defined circle or sphere, whose center coincides with the center of the object. The effective magnetic moment of a spherical object can be numerically solved from complex signals within three concentric spheres [2]. The phantom study is presented here. Two different diameter sizes of glass beads, 3mm and 5mm, were imbedded in the gel. The gel phantom was scanned by a 1.5T MRI system with a 3D multi‐echo gradient echo sequence and a spin echosequence. The gradient echo sequence was used to determine the effective magnetic moment. The volume measurements of glass beads were analyzed from the spin echosequence. To confirm the accuracy of the measurements from the CISSCO method, the magnetic moments of glass beads were also measured by SQUID(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). The magnetic susceptibilities of glass beads were properly calculated and compared between SQUID and MRI.Results: The measuredmagnetic moments and their uncertainties at different echo times agree with each other. The uncertainties of volume measurements from the spin echosequence are less than 5% of the actual volumes of glass beads. In addition, the calculated magnetic susceptibilities from MRI agree well with those from SQUID. Conclusions: Our phantom study demonstrates the feasibility of the CISSCO method that can be used to accurately quantify the magnetic moment and susceptibility of a small object such as microbleeds or implanted nanoparticles. Ref:[1]Cheng et. al, MRI, 2007, pp.1171–1180.[2]Hsieh et.al, Med. Phys., 2008, p. 2906.
High mobility group box 1 acts as an adjuvant for tuberculosis subunit vaccines

Summary In order to ensure an ample supply of quality candidate tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccines for clinical trials, it is imperative to develop new immunostimulatory adjuvants. High Mobility Box Group 1 (HMGB1), a member of the alarmin group of immunostimulatory proteins, is released by antigen-presenting cells under various conditions and has been shown to induce T helper type 1 cytokines. We report that HMGB1 is effective as an adjuvant to enhance the protective efficacy and cellular immune response of TB subunit vaccines and that it is not dependent on the interaction between HMGB1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products, a major receptor for HMGB1. In the mouse model of TB, HMGB1 protein, when formulated with dioctadecylammonium bromide and 6000 MW early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6), was protective as a subunit vaccine but did not protect as molecular adjuvant in an ESAT-6-based DNA formulation. We then evaluated the immunoprophylactic and protective potential of a fusion protein of HMGB1 and ESAT-6. The HMGB1–ESAT-6 fusion protein induced strong antigen-specific T helper type 1 cytokines at 30 days post-immunization. The fusion protein vaccine enhanced activated and effector memory CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in the lungs and spleens of mice at 80 days post vaccination. Vaccination with the HMGB1–ESAT-6 fusion protein also resulted in elevated numbers of poly-functional CD4 T cells co-expressing interleukin-2, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. The potent cell-mediated immune response generated by the fusion protein correlated with protection against subsequent challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse TB model.
Double-Strand Cleavage of DNA by a Monofunctional Transition Metal Cleavage Agent

A copper-based transition metal complex has been designed which performs double-stranded cleavage of DNA in a nonrandom fashion. The complex, ((2S,8R)-5-amino-2,8-dibenzyl-5-methyl-3,7-diazanonanedioate)copper(II), presents an ammonium group on one side of the metal equatorial coordination plane to the DNA backbone phosphate groups, while the aromatic phenylalanine-derived side chains are constrained to the opposite side of the coordination plane toward the DNA groove. This structure was designed to bind at locations where phosphate groups are in proximity to accessible hydrophobic regions of the DNA. We have estimated single-strand break to double-strand break ratios for DNA strand scission by this complex under a variety of activation conditions, and they are substantially lower than that predicted by statistical models for a random DNA linearization process. This means that more double-strand breaks are produced per single strand break than can be accounted for by random coincident single-strand breaks...
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) phosphorylates HMGA1a at Ser-35, Thr-52, and Thr-77 and modulates its DNA binding affinity.

The chromosomal high-mobility group A (HMGA) proteins, composed of HMGA1a, HMGA1b and HMGA2, play important roles in the regulation of numerous processes in eukaryotic cells, such as transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, RNA processing, and chromatin remodeling. The biological activities of HMGA1 proteins are highly regulated by their post-translational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. Recently, it was found that the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2), a newly identified serine/threonine kinase, co-immunoprecipitated with, and phosphorylated, HMGA1 proteins. However, the sites and the biological significance of the phosphorylation have not been elucidated. Here, we found that HIPK2 phosphorylates HMGA1a at Ser-35, Thr-52, and Thr-77, and HMGA1b at Thr-41 and Thr-66. In addition, we demonstrated that cdc2, which is known to phosphorylate HMGA1 proteins, could induce the phosphorylation of HMGA1 proteins at the same Ser/Thr sites. The two kinases...
A clp Gene Homologue Belonging to the Crp Gene Family Globally Regulates Lytic Enzyme Production, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Control Activity Expressed by Lysobacter enzymogenes Strain C3

Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3, a biological control agent for plant diseases, produces multiple extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and displays antimicrobial activity against various fungal and oomycetous species. However, little is known about the regulation of these enzymes or their roles in antimicrobial activity and biocontrol. A study was undertaken to identify mutants of strain C3 affected in extracellular enzyme production and to evaluate their biocontrol efficacy. A single mini-Tn5-lacZ1-cat transposon mutant of L. enzymogenes strain C3 that was globally affected in a variety of phenotypes was isolated. In this mutant, 5E4, the activities of several extracellular lytic enzymes, gliding motility, and in vitro antimicrobial activity were reduced. Characterization of 5E4 indicated that the transposon inserted in a clp gene homologue belonging to the Crp gene family of regulators. Immediately downstream was a second open reading frame similar to that encoding acetyltransferases belonging to the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily, which reverse transcription-PCR confirmed was cotranscribed with clp. Chromosomal deletion mutants with mutations in clp and between clp and the acetyltransferase gene verified the 5E4 mutant phenotype. The clp gene was chromosomally inserted in mutant 5E4, resulting in complemented strain P1. All mutant phenotypes were restored in P1, although the gliding motility was observed to be excessive compared with that of the wild-type strain. clp mutant strains were significantly affected in biological control of pythium damping-off of sugar beet and bipolaris leaf spot of tall fescue, which was partially or fully restored in the complemented strain P1. These results indicate that clp is a global regulatory gene that controls biocontrol traits expressed by L. enzymogenes C3.
2H NMR and Simulation Studies of Chain Segment Orientation in PDMS Bimodal Networks

We present a systematic study through 2H NMR and molecular simulations of chain segment orientation in model PDMS bimodal networks. Estimates of the average segment orientation order parameter in m...
High‐resolution field‐emission scanning electron microscopy of nuclear pore complex

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a large macro-molecular assembly inserted into the nuclear envelope (NE). It controls the traffic of proteins, RNA, and RNA proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm. Its chemical composition and function are now intensively investigated in many organisms. To understand this unique membrane transport system, we must know the supramolecular organization of the NPC. In recent years, high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy has made important contributions to our knowledge of NPC structure. It provided the first images of the complex and beautiful fish trap-like structure of its intranuclear surface, documented in this review. It also has provided the first images of a new intranuclear structure, a system of branching hollow cables connecting the nuclear interior with the NPCs at the nuclear surface. Most likely this is an intranuclear transport system, assuring efficient exchange between the nuclear interior and the NE, especially in large nuclei.
Paleo-fluid flow and deformation in the Aztec Sandstone at the Valley of Fire, Nevada—Evidence for the coupling of hydrogeologic, diagenetic, and tectonic processes

Paleo-fluid flow conditions are reconstructed for an exhumed faulted and fractured sandstone aquifer, the Jurassic Aztec Sandstone at Valley of Fire, Nevada. This reconstruction is based on detailed mapping of multicolored alteration patterns that resulted from syndepositional reddening of the eolian sandstone and repeated episodes of dissolution, mobilization, and reprecipitation of iron oxide and hydroxide. A first stage of bleaching and local redeposition of hematite is attributed to upward migration of reducing basinal fluid during and subsequent to Late Cretaceous Sevier thrusting and foreland deposition of clastic sediments. A second stage of bleaching and iron remobilization, precipitating predominantly goethite and minor iron sulfates, occurred during Miocene strike-slip faulting associated with Basin and Range tectonics. This second stage is explained by mixing of reducing sulfide-rich basinal fluid with meteoric water entering the aquifer. The distribution of alteration patterns indicates that regional-scale fluid migration pathways were controlled by stratigraphic contacts and by thrust faults, whereas the outcrop-scale focusing of flow was controlled by structural heterogeneities such as joints, joint-based faults, and deformation bands as well as the sedimentary architecture. The complex interaction of structural heterogeneities with alteration is consistent with their measured hydraulic properties, demonstrating the significance of structural heterogeneities for focused fluid flow in a porous sandstone aquifer.
Coherent and incoherent multiple scattering of light in seawater.

Abstract : Scattering of light in sea water is dominated by scattering from suspended particles and biological organisms. Since the wavelength of the radiation is small compared with the mean distance between scattering centers, the particles scatter independently. Coherent scattering--important only when the wavelength is large compared with the mean separation--is negligible for scattering by sea suspensions. The simpler aspects of multiple scattering theory are discussed.
Factors affecting the stability of social networks during early recovery in ex-offenders.

AbstractBackground: Few studies have considered the retention of the individuals (alters) comprising the social networks of people in recovery. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe factors predicting whether alters were retained 6 months after participants completed treatment. Method: The Important Person Inventory was given to 270 ex-offenders (224 men, 46 women) transitioning from treatment to Oxford House residences, Safe Haven therapeutic communities, or to usual aftercare. A 6-month follow-up was completed by 176 participants (137 men, 39 women). Results: We found that alters who were related to the participant, did not use drugs, were embedded in smaller networks, and had more frequent contact with the participant were significantly more likely to be retained as important people over 6 months. The alters’ drinking and criminal history were not significantly predictive of retention in the network. Conclusions: Certain characteristics of important people are related to their retention ...
Mon1a Protein Acts in Trafficking through the Secretory Apparatus

Mon1a was originally identified as a modifier gene of vesicular traffic, as a mutant Mon1a allele resulted in increased localization of cell surface proteins, whereas reduced levels of Mon1a showed decreased secretory activity. Here we show that Mon1a affects different steps in the secretory pathway including endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi traffic. siRNA-dependent reduction of Mon1a levels resulted in a delay in the reformation of the Golgi apparatus after Brefeldin A treatment. Endoglycosidase H treatment of ts045VSVG-GFP confirmed that knockdown of Mon1a delayed endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi trafficking. Reductions in Mon1a also resulted in delayed trafficking from Golgi to the plasma membrane. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis showed that Mon1a associates with dynein intermediate chain. Reductions in Mon1a or dynein altered steady state Golgi morphology. Reductions in Mon1a delayed formation of ERGIC-53-positive vesicles, whereas reductions in dynein did not affect vesicle formation. These data provide strong evidence for a role for Mon1a in anterograde trafficking through the secretory apparatus.
Three-dimensional solubility parameters and chemical protective clothing permeation. I. Modeling the solubility of organic solvents in Viton® golves

A model based on the polymer solution theory of Flory and Rehner is presented for estimating the solubility of organic solvents in chemical protective clothing (CPC) polymers using three-dimensional (3-D) solubility parameters. Immersion test solubility values of 40 organic solvents in commercial Viton® glove samples are used to develop and assess the performance of the model. It is found that the solvent-polymer 3-D solubility parameter differences must be weighted to obtain accurate solubility estimates. However, in most cases, a single weighting factor is sufficient to bring estimated values within a factor of two of experimental values for the members of a given chemical class. The effect of temperature on solubility from 25 to 37°C is predicated within 6%, on average, for the subset of 17 solvents examined. In the companion article that follows, solubility values estimated with this approach are combined with diffusion coefficients, also estimated using 3-D solubility parameters, to determine solvent-Viton breakthrough times and steady-state permeation rates. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transport of calcium by mitochondria.

The identification of intramitochondrial free calcium ([Ca2+ m) as a primary metabolic mediator [see Hansford (this volume) and Gunter, T. E., Gunter, K. K., Sheu, S.-S., and Gavin, C. E. (1994)Am. J. Physiol. 267, C313–C339, for reviews] has emphasized the importance of understanding the characteristics of those mechanisms that control [Ca2+]m. In this review, we attempt to update the descriptions of the mechanisms that mediate the transport of Ca2+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane, emphasizing the energetics of each mechanism. New concepts within this field are reviewed and some older concepts are discussed more completely than in earlier reviews. The mathematical forms of the membrane potential dependence and concentration dependence of the uniporter are interpolated in such a way as to display the convenience of consideringV max to be an explicit function of the membrane potential. Recent evidence for a transient rapid conductance state of the uniporter is discussed. New evidence concerning the energetics and stoichiometries of both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent efflux mechanisms is reviewed. Explicit mathematical expressions are used to describe the energetics of the system and the kinetics of transport via each Ca2+ transport mechanism.
Adaptive Disturbance Rejection and Stabilization for Rotor Systems with Internal Damping

Advanced rotor systems today consist of a lightweight rotor supported by radial active magnetic bearings. It has been shown in previous works that composite materials have high energy dissipation characteristics, mainly due to internal damping. In applications where the rotor speed is subcritical, this property is of low concern, whereas at supercritical speeds the effect of internal damping should not be ignored due to instability effects described in detail later. Therefore, it is essential that one must have a detailed understanding of the sources and effects of internal damping in these structures. This work addresses the application of Adaptive Disturbance Rejection control method to deal with the rotordynamic instability caused by internal damping and synchronous vibrations caused by mass imbalance in a rotor system operating at supercritical speed. The simulated system is a slim, flexible shaft represented by a 73-node finite element model. A detailed description of the problems and the strategies for addressing them are discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Acquisition of acoustic pattern categories by exemplar observation.

Abstract Three experiments investigated how individuals learn to classify sequentially structured patterns of complex environmental sounds. In Experiment 1, listeners classified either auditory patterns or their visually presented symbolic analogues as targets or nontargets. Some individuals received “observation” trials on which they simply heard (saw) examples of the target patterns prior to classification. The observation trials were shown to be effective for target acquisition, and positive transfer occurred between symbolic observation and subsequent auditory pattern classification. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggested further that listeners may acquire a global attentional strategy during the observations and that the generalizability of observational learning will be limited when structurally ambiguous patterns are used. Post-experimental tests in Experiments 1 and 3 also suggested that individuals had learned something about the composition rules used to produce the target patterns rather than simple paired-associate responses. These findings have implications for pattern classification theory and for the design of performance aids for sonar technicians.
Assessment of carbon stores in tree biomass for two management scenarios in Russia

Accurate quantification of terrestrial carbon storage and its change is of key importance to improved understanding of global carbon dynamics. Forest management influences carbon sequestration and release patterns, and gap models are well suited for evaluating carbon storage. An individual-based gap model of forest dynamics, FAREAST, is applied across Russia to estimate aboveground carbon storage under management scenarios. Current biomass from inventoried forests across Russia is compared to model-based estimates and potential levels of biomass are estimated for a set of simplified forestry practices. Current carbon storage in eastern Russia was lower than for the northwest and south, and lower than model estimates likely due to high rates of disturbance. Model-derived carbon storage in all regions was not significantly different between the simulated ‘current’ and hypothetical ‘even-aged’ management strategies using rotations of 150 and 210 years. Simulations allowing natural maturation and harvest after 150 years show a significant increase in aboveground carbon in all regions. However, it is unlikely that forests would be left unharvested to 150 years of age to attain this condition. These applications indicate the value of stand simulators, applied over broad regions such as Russia, as tools to evaluate the effect of management regimes on aboveground carbon storage.
Passive and active stabilization of dopamine in the striatum

Abstract Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with cell loss from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The dopaminergic cells of the SNc project to the striatum where the loss of dopaminergic tone is thought to be the main cause of Parkinsonism symptoms. Animal models have shown that striatal tissue content of dopamine declines proportionally to cell death in the SNc but the extracellular concentration of dopamine (EDA) in the striatum remains near normal until more than 85% of SNc neurons have died. We investigate various explanations for the remarkable homeostasis of EDA with a mathematical model that has recently been constructed for dopamine synthesis, release, and reuptake, which includes the effects of the autoreceptors. We provide evidence and explanations for the passive stabilization hypothesis and show that the autoreceptors enhance stabilization of EDA only when fewer than 25% of the SNc cells remain.
Induction of a neoarthrosis by precisely controlled motion in an experimental mid-femoral defect

Bone regeneration during fracture healing has been demonstrated repeatedly, yet the regeneration of articular cartilage and joints has not yet been achieved. It has been recognized however that the mechanical environment during fracture healing can be correlated to the contributions of either the endochondral or intramembranous processes of bone formation, and to resultant tissue architecture. Using this information, the goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that induced motion can directly regulate osteogenic and chondrogenic tissue formation in a rat mid-femoral bone defect and thereby influence the anatomical result. Sixteen male Sprague Dawley rats (400±20 g) underwent production of a mid-diaphyseal, non-critical sized 3.0 mm segmental femoral defect with rigid external fixation using a custom designed four pin fixator. One group of eight animals represented the controls and underwent surgery and constant rigid fixation. In the treatment group the custom external fixator was used to introduce daily interfragmentary bending strain in the eight treatment animals (12° angular excursion), with a hypothetical symmetrical bending load centered within the gap. The eight animals in the treatment group received motion at 1.0 Hz, for 10 min a day, with a 3 days on, one day off loading protocol for the first two weeks, and 2 days on, one day off for the remaining three weeks. Data collection included histological and immunohistological identification of tissue types, and mean collagen fiber angles and angular conformity between individual fibers in superficial, intermediate, and deep zones within the cartilage. These parameters were compared between the treatment group, rat knee articular cartilage, and the control group as a structural outcome assessment. After 35 days the control animals demonstrated varying degrees of osseous union of the defect with some animals showing partial union. In every individual within the mechanical treatment group the defect completely failed to unite. Bony arcades developed in the experimental group, capping the termini of the bone segments on both sides of the defect in four out of six animals completing the study. These new structures were typically covered with cartilage, as identified by specific histological staining for Type II collagen and proteoglycans. The distribution of collagen within analogous superficial, intermediate, and deep zones of the newly formed cartilage tissue demonstrated preferred fiber angles consistent with those seen in articular cartilage. Although not resulting in complete joint development, these neoarthroses show that the induced motion selectively controlled the formation of cartilage and bone during fracture repair, and that it can be specifically directed. They further demonstrate that the spatial organization of molecular components within the newly formed tissue, at both microanatomical and gross levels, are influenced by their local mechanical environment, confirming previous theoretical models.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Amprenavir and Rifabutin or Rifampin in Healthy Males

The objective of this study was to determine if there is a pharmacokinetic interaction when amprenavir is given with rifabutin or rifampin and to determine the effects of these drugs on the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT). Twenty-four healthy male subjects were randomized to one of two cohorts. All subjects received amprenavir (1,200 mg twice a day) for 4 days, followed by a 7-day washout period, followed by either rifabutin (300 mg once a day [QD]) (cohort 1) or rifampin (600 mg QD) (cohort 2) for 14 days. Cohort 1 then received amprenavir plus rifabutin for 10 days, and cohort 2 received amprenavir plus rifampin for 4 days. Serial plasma and urine samples for measurement of amprenavir, rifabutin, and rifampin and their 25-O-desacetyl metabolites, were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Rifabutin did not significantly affect amprenavir's pharmacokinetics. Amprenavir significantly increased the area under the curve at steady state (AUCss) of rifabutin by 2.93-fold and the AUCss of 25-O-desacetylrifabutin by 13.3-fold. Rifampin significantly decreased the AUCss of amprenavir by 82%, but amprenavir had no effect on rifampin pharmacokinetics. Amprenavir decreased the results of the ERMBT by 83%. The results of the ERMBT after 2 weeks of rifabutin and rifampin therapy were increased 187 and 156%, respectively. Amprenavir plus rifampin was well tolerated. Amprenavir plus rifabutin was poorly tolerated, and 5 of 11 subjects discontinued therapy. Rifampin markedly increases the metabolic clearance of amprenavir, and coadministration is contraindicated. Amprenavir significantly decreases clearance of rifabutin and 25-O-desacetylrifabutin, and the combination is poorly tolerated. Amprenavir inhibits the ERMBT, and rifampin and rifabutin are equipotent inducers of the ERMBT.
Reactive Ion Etching Damage to Strained Si 1-x Ge x Heterojunction Diodes

This work describes the experimental results of the effect of dry etching on the electrical characteristics of strained Si 1-x Ge x /Si p+-n heterojunctions. An increase in the series resistance and a dominance in recombination current is noticed from the I-V characteristics of the dry etched devices. A degradation in the device characteristics due to the introduction of active states at the interface is seen in the high frequency C-V measurements. This indicates that the process induced damage can introduce mis-fit dislocations at the silicon and silicon-germanium interface which in turn seriously limit the electrical characteristics of the device.