cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exclusionary inclusion and the normalization of biomedical culture

This article offers a postcolonial critique of the Foucaultian literature on neoliberal governmentality. Although the Foucaultian approach to neoliberalism moves beyond market fundamentalism to indicate how governance operates through knowledge regimes, relations of force and technologies of the self, it nonetheless serves to normalize a culturally Western paradigm of the body. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research conducted with people living with HIV/AIDS in two squatter camps in contemporary South Africa, this article argues that the public provision of antiretrovirals constitutes a shift from roll-back to roll-out neoliberalism, instigating a new regime of biomedical citizenship. Structural obstacles often impede marginalized populations from embodying the biological technologies of the self required of them to access citizenship rights. As such, biopolitics blurs into thanatopolitics at the threshold of citizenship, constituting a new form of exclusionary inclusion. But this contractual citizenship is also a tool of empire – a means of normalizing biomedical hegemony at the cost of indigenous conceptualizations of the body and health. This article argues, then, that there are both structural and cultural constraints to the imposition of neoliberal rationalities of rule, which have significant implications for the possibilities of resistance.
Potential analyzes for the diagnosis of thrombosis An overview

Abstract The coagulation response is a complex interaction involving the vascular surface, blood platelets, and the plasma coagulation factors. These reactions are integrated to give rise to a locally efficient generation of both platelet aggregates and the enzymatic process associated with fibrin formation. Following mechanical, chemical, or biological “damage” to the vascular endothelial surface, coagulation is initiated by a composite of cellular adhesive reactions certainly involving the platelet and potentially also involving other inflammatory cells. The blood coagulation mechanism can be presented as a collection of zymogen-to-enzyme transformations, with each proteases participating with a cofactor protein on a “surface” that gives rise to the competent blood clotting complex. These complexes catalyze the generation of additional enzymes required for succeeding reaction complexes. It is likely that the coagulation reaction system is continuously “on,” producing products at some low “idling” rate, with the products of the various reactions being neutralized by the collection of protease inhibitors and cofactor-neutralizing reactions that regulate the blood clotting process. These latter systems include, as principal components, the antithrombin III-heparin anticoagulant and the activated protein C pathway that disables cofactor proteins. Small changes in the concentrations of modulators can cause large effects in response to relatively small inputs. The coagulation process may be regarded as being at an incipient stage, separated from visually observable coagulation by a narrow threshold, which, once crossed, gives rise to the generation of fibrin and other products associated with alpha-thrombin generation. In addition to the anticoagulant mechanisms associated with damping platelet, enzyme, and cofactor activities, the appearance of insoluble fibrin is moderated by the thrombolytic pathway that leads to the generation of plasmin. The process of plasmin generation is itself mediated by multiple enzymes and regulated by multiple inhibitors.
Dental treatment prior to stem cell transplantation and its influence on the posttransplantation outcome

Patients who receive allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for hematological malignancies are at increased risk of developing oral complications. To reduce morbidity pretransplantation dental evaluation and treatment of all sources of potential infection have become standard of care for these patients. This study examined the effect of dental foci on the posttransplantation (post-SCT) outcome in two groups of patients who underwent allogeneic or autologous SCT: those who had no dental foci or completed dental treatment preoperatively (n=36) and those who underwent SCT without dental interventions (n=22). Statistical analysis showed no significant correlations between dental foci and infections, mucositis, and survival rate post-SCT. We therefore do not recommend a radical dental treatment pre-SCT.
Surgical Myths in Dermatology

Throughout medical training and clinical practice, many of our surgical tenets and practices are deep seated and believed to be evidence based. Numerous current surgical practices are actually not based on randomized controlled studies but rather on experience. Developing strong clinical studies in
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Is Essential for Embryonic Development of the Mouse Colon

Background & Aims: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is a transcription factor that has been shown to be required for hepatocyte differentiation and development of the liver. It has also been implicated in regulating expression of genes that act in the epithelium of the lower gastrointestinal tract. This implied that HNF4α might be required for development of the gut. Methods: Mouse embryos were generated in which Hnf4a was ablated in the epithelial cells of the fetal colon by using Cre- lox P technology. Embryos were examined by using a combination of histology, immunohistochemistry, DNA microarray, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses to define the consequences of loss of HNF4α on colon development. Results: Embryos were recovered at E18.5 that lacked HNF4α in their colons. Although early stages of colonic development occurred, HNF4α-null colons failed to form normal crypts. In addition, goblet-cell maturation was perturbed and expression of an array of genes that encode proteins with diverse roles in colon function was disrupted. Several genes whose expression in the colon was dependent on HNF4α contained HNF4α-binding sites within putative transcriptional regulatory regions and a subset of these sites were occupied by HNF4α in vivo. Conclusions: HNF4α is a transcription factor that is essential for development of the mammalian colon, regulates goblet-cell maturation, and is required for expression of genes that control normal colon function and epithelial cell differentiation.
Photoluminescence study of symmetric, coupled, double InxGa1-xAs-GaAs quantum well structures

Abstract Detailed photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation (PLE) measurements are reported for narrow, pseudomorphic, nominally symmetric, coupled In∼0.08Ga∼0.92As-GaAs double quantum well (QW) structures. Well widths from 4 to 14 monolayers (MLs) and “coupling” barrier widths from 20 to 120 A are examined ( 1 ML = 2.8635 A ). Free-exciton and subband edge transitions for both light- and heavy-holes are observed and are associated with symmetric and antisymmetric combinations of isolated OW wave functions. The difference between the subband energy and the exciton energy gives the exciton binding energy. The subband energy was confirmed by magneto-optical studies involving field dependent PLE measurements from which Landau oscillations were observed. From the Landau level fan diagram the subband energy was obtained. Exciton binding energies deduced from these measurements were found to be greater for symmetric than for antisymmetric heavy-hole free-excitons (HHFEs). For example, the exciton binding energy EB for two 14ML wide In0.085Ga0.915As QWs separated by a 120 A GaAs “coupling” barrier is found to be EB (S-HHFE) ≈ 8.3 meV for the symmetric HHFE (S-HHFE) and EB (A-HHFE) ≈ 6.8 meV for the antisymmetric HHFE (A-HHFE). That EB (S-HHFE) >EB (A-HHFE) is expected since S-HHFEs are more confined than A-HHFEs: heavy-holes and electrons associated with symmetric combinations of isolated QW wave functions lie lower in energy than heavy-holes and electrons associated with antisymmetric combinations of isolated QW wave functions. These results are compared with transition energy calculations based on a four band k.p formalism, and reasonably good agreement is found. Additionally, fine structure is observed for the 14 ML double QW sample in both the symmetric and antisymmetric HHFE transitions and is explained on the basis of variations in well width and/or indium content.
Mobility evolution during tri-axial deformation of a glassy polymer

Abstract In this study, the evolution of mobility with deformation in a glassy polymer is compared in cases of dilatationally dominated longitudinal and deviatorically dominated uniaxial deformation. The mobility is evaluated via stress relaxation experiments performed at various points along the stress–strain curve, including pre-yield, yield, and post-yield regions. At T g −5 °C the mobility decreases with deformation in uniaxial extension, but increases with deformation in tri-axial extension. The τ eff relaxation time calculated for longitudinal deformation exhibits a dramatically different dependence on the excess volume than the relaxation time obtained in structural relaxation experiments. Finally, the criterion for cavitational failure is proposed based on the thermodynamic stability considerations.
Hypoxia stimulates inflammatory and fibrotic responses from nasal-polyp derived fibroblasts.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Chronic sinusitis is primarily an inflammatory disorder characterized by hyperplasia of immune cells and sinus tissue. Nasal mucosal swelling or polyps can occlude the sinus ostia, decreasing the level of oxygen available to the sinus tissue. Hypoxia in many diseases results in increased recruitment of inflammatory cells and release of cytokines. The role of hypoxia in chronic sinusitis is unknown. We hypothesized that hypoxia induces production of mediators that recruit cells into the sinus tissue and are involved in remodeling of the nasal mucosa. Methods: We compared data from unstimulated nasal-polyp derived fibroblasts with those cultured in hypoxic (10% O2) and anoxic (0% O2) environments. Changes in mRNA expression and protein levels of cytokines and chemokines were measured along with changes in cellular proliferation. Results: Hypoxic conditions did not change the proliferative capacity of fibroblasts, whereas anoxia led to a 40% reduction in cellular proliferation (P < .05). Hypoxia led to increases in secretion of many cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor and CCL11. As a marker of remodeling, procollagen and fibronectin production were significantly increased under hypoxic conditions. Conclusions: Hypoxic conditions present in the sinus tissue could increase production of proinflammatory and remodeling cytokines that contribute to the inflammation observed in sinusitis. Surgical intervention may help decrease inflammation by allowing reoxygenation of the sinus cavity and decrease the hypoxic induction of cytokines and remodeling factors.
Cancer family history and genetic testing: are malpractice adjudications waiting to happen?

Cancer family history and genetic testing: are malpractice adjudications waiting to happen?
Vacuum-Ultraviolet (VUV) Photoionization of Small Methanol and Methanol−Water Clusters†

In this work, we report on the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization of small methanol and methanol-water clusters. Clusters of methanol with water are generated via co-expansion of the gas phase constituents in a continuous supersonic jet expansion of methanol and water seeded in Ar. The resulting clusters are investigated by single photon ionization with tunable vacuum-ultraviolet synchrotron radiation and mass analyzed using reflectron mass spectrometry. Protonated methanol clusters of the form (CH3OH)nH+(n = 1-12) dominate the mass spectrum below the ionization energy of the methanol monomer. With an increase in water concentration, small amounts of mixed clusters of the form (CH3OH n(H2O)H+ (n = 2-11) are detected. The only unprotonated species observed in this work are the methanol monomer and dimer. Appearance energies are obtained from the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves for CH3OH+, (CH3OH)2+, (CH3OH)nH+ (n = 1-9), and (CH3OH)n(H2O)H+ (n = 2-9) as a function of photon energy. With an increasein the water content in the molecular beam, there is an enhancement of photoionization intensity for the methanol dimer and protonated methanol monomer at threshold. These results are compared and contrasted to previous experimental observations.
Software analytics for incident management of online services: an experience report

As online services become more and more popular, incident management has become a critical task that aims to minimize the service downtime and to ensure high quality of the provided services. In practice, incident management is conducted through analyzing a huge amount of monitoring data collected at runtime of a service. Such data-driven incident management faces several significant challenges such as the large data scale, complex problem space, and incomplete knowledge. To address these challenges, we carried out two-year software-analytics research where we designed a set of novel data-driven techniques and developed an industrial system called the Service Analysis Studio (SAS) targeting real scenarios in a large-scale online service of Microsoft. SAS has been deployed to worldwide product datacenters and widely used by on-call engineers for incident management. This paper shares our experience about using software analytics to solve engineers' pain points in incident management, the developed data-analysis techniques, and the lessons learned from the process of research development and technology transfer.
An Analysis of the Construct Validity of two Measures of Adaptive Behavior

Although the measurement of adaptive behavior has been proposed as a means of reducing diagnostic error, concerns regarding the construct validity of adaptive behavior measures have only been partly addressed. A multitrait-multimethod analysis was used to examine evidence of construct validity for the Developmental Profile and the condensed Learning Accomplishment Profile with a sample of preschool children referred for psychological evaluation. The relationship between these two measures and the Stanford-Binet was also examined. Overall, the results indicated substantial mean-score differences across instruments, a low degree of convergent and discriminant validity across adaptive behavior domains, and a high degree of within-scale intercorrelations that would disallow meaningful profile interpretation. The Developmental Profile seemed to be excessively correlated with the Binet.
Differential control of metabolic and cardiovascular functions by melanocortin-4 receptors in proopiomelanocortin neurons

We examined the role of melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) in proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons in regulating metabolic and cardiovascular functions. Using Cre-loxP technology, we selectively rescued MC4R in Pomc neurons of mice with whole body MC4R deficiency (MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice). Body weight, food intake, and whole body oxygen consumption (Vo2) were determined daily, and blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and body temperature were measured 24 h/day by telemetry. An intracerebroventricular cannula was placed in the right lateral ventricle for intracerebroventricular infusions. Littermate MC4R-deficient (LoxTB-MC4R) mice were used as controls. After control measurements, the MC4R antagonist (SHU-9119; 1 nmol/h) was infused intracerebroventricularly for 7 days. Compared with LoxTB-MC4R mice, MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice were less obese (47 ± 2 vs. 52 ± 2 g) and had increased energy expenditure (2,174 ± 98 vs. 1,990 ± 68 ml·kg−1·min−1), but food intake (4.4 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.3 g/day), BP (112 ± 1 vs. 109 ± 3 mmHg), and HR [557 ± 9 vs. 551 ± 14 beats per minute (bpm)] were similar between groups. Chronic SHU-9119 infusion increased food intake (4.2 ± 0.2 to 6.1 ± 0.5 g/day) and body weight (47 ± 2 to 52 ± 2 g) in MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice, while no changes were observed in LoxTB-MC4R mice. Chronic SHU-9119 infusion also increased BP and HR by 5 ± 1 mmHg and 60 ± 8 bpm in MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice without altering BP or HR in LoxTB-MC4R mice. These results indicate that MC4Rs in Pomc neurons are important for regulation of energy balance. In contrast, while activation of MC4R in Pomc neurons facilitates the BP response to acute stress, our data do not support a major role of MC4R in Pomc neurons in regulating baseline BP and HR.
Nature: a rich source for developing multifunctional agents. Tumor-imaging and photodynamic therapy.

The purpose of this review is to call attention in the use of chlorophyll-a and bacteriochlorophyll-a to develop more than 600 photosensitizers (λmax 660 nm–800 nm) during the last 15 years (1990–2005) at the Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo. This article mainly includes the chemistry, preclinical results, and brief clinical data of some of the most effective photosensitizers. The utility of the tumor-avid photosensitizers in developing multimodality agents (imaging and therapy) is also presented. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:445–467, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Liars, truthtellers, and naysayers: A broader view of semantic pathology I

Abstract Semantic pathology is most widely recognized in the liar paradox, where an apparent inconsistency arises in “liar sentences” and their ilk. But the phenomenon of semantic pathology also manifests a sibling symptom—an apparent indeterminacy—which, while not largely discussed (save for the occasional nod to “truthteller sentences”), is just as pervasive as, and exactly parallels, the symptom of inconsistency. Moreover, certain “dual symptom” cases, which we call naysayers, exhibit both inconsistency and indeterminacy and also manifest a higher-order indeterminacy between them. In this paper, we explore and lay out the full, broader extent of semantic pathology. We then turn to the best-known attempts to diagnose and treat the phenomenon: consistentist approaches, proposed by Alfred Tarski and Saul Kripke, and an inconsistentist approach, originally presented by Graham Priest and dubbed “dialetheism”. We explain the basic elements of each view and argue that each fails to provide an adequate way of dealing with the full extent of semantic pathology. We conclude that a new kind of approach is required and briefly sketch the pretense-based view that we favor.
1/T1 NMRD profiles of solutions of Mn2+ and Gd3+ protein-chelate conjugates.

Bovine immunoglobulins (IgG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were multiply labeled with multidentate ligands, either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or diethylene lriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and metal ions were inserted to form the ternary protein ligand-ion conjugates. The NMRD profiles (the magnetic field dependence of 1/T1) of solutions of the ternary conjugates differ greatly from those of the corresponding binary ligand-metal-ion complexes, both in magnitude and functional form, exhibiting 5-to 10 fold greater relaxivities and prominent peaks near 20 MHz. The inference is that the protein-bound chelates are relatively rigidly attached to the macromolecules. The structure and metal ion affinities of these novel conjugates, as well as the relevance to contrast enhancement in NMR imaging, is discussed. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Speed-Ups by changing the order in which sets are enumerated

The purpose of this paper is to show that there are sets for which really large improvements in enumeration times can only be achieved by programs which change the order in which the sets are enumerated and not by programs which merely speed up the enumeration times without changing the order in which the sets are enumerated. We do this by proving, in a suitably general context, the following analogue of the Blum speedup theorem: There are some infinite sets which are so difficult to enumerate that, given any order for enumerating the set, there is some other order and someone method of enumerating the set in this second order which is much faster thanany method of enumerating the set in the first ordering. The proof itself is one of the first nontrivial applications of priority methods to questions of computational complexity. (See also [8], [6], and [3] for more such applications.)
Some Observations on the Materials Used in the Management of Foot Pain

Abstract There are a wide range of polymers available for supporting the equine hoof. A review of the material characteristics of materials used to support the laminitic hoof in the form of sole support, as well as an examination of the thermal effect of exothermal adhesives at the level of sensitive tissue in the foot and the long term effect of a fabric cuffed shoe on the amount of distortion to the dorsal hoofwall at the toe.
Parallel vector multidimensional slant, Haar, and Walsh-Hadamard transforms

A new factorization for the slant matrix is developed. The structure of the proposed slant algorithm based on the new factorization is suitable for vector and parallel processing of one- and two-dimensional slant transforms. A unified approach to compute the Walsh-Hadamard, Haar, and slant transforms is presented. Multitasking with four processors is implemented to improve the speed performance of two-dimensional transforms. Simulation results on CRAY X-MP/48 using single-processor and multiprocessors are also included.
Effects of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation Exposures on Stress-Responsive Gene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

There is a great deal of uncertainty on how low (≤0.1 Gy) doses of ionizing radiation (IR) affect human cells, partly due to a lack of suitable experimental model systems for such studies. The uncertainties arising from low-dose IR human data undermine practical societal needs to predict health risks emerging from diagnostic medical tests’ radiation, natural background radiation, and environmental radiological accidents. To eliminate a variability associated with remarkable differences in radioresponses of hundreds of differentiated cell types, we established a novel, human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based model to examine the radiobiological effects in human cells. Our aim is to comprehensively elucidate the gene expression changes in a panel of various hESC lines following low IR doses of 0.01; 0.05; 0.1 Gy; and, as a reference, relatively high dose of 1 Gy of IR. Here, we examined the dynamics of transcriptional changes of well-established IR-responsive set of genes, including CDKN1A, GADD45A, etc. at 2 and 16 h post-IR, representing “early” and “late” radioresponses of hESCs. Our findings suggest the temporal- and hESC line-dependence of stress gene radioresponses with no statistically significant evidence for a linear dose-response relationship within the lowest doses of IR exposures.
Mosaicism in cutaneous pigmentation.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews the disorders of patterned dyspigmentation and discusses the pathogenesis of the pigmentary changes.Recent findingsA range of cytogenetic abnormalities has been detected in patterned pigmentary disease. This molecular heterogeneity correlates with the wide spect
Studies on the Activated Flavor of Milk

Summary These studies indicate that heating milk to temperatures above 150° to 160° F. and cooling enhances the activated flavor of the subsequently unduly irradiated milk. When irradiation and homogenization are both used in processing milk better results are secured if irradiation precedes homogenization. Altering the “salt balance” of the milk by addition of various substances failed to increase or decrease the flavor intensity of the subsequently irradiated milk. Nitrogen and Avenex inhibited development of the flavor. It was found possible to remove the activated flavor from milk by oxidation. This was best accomplished by adding to the irradiated milk two to three parts per million of copper and then bubbling air through the milk at 140−145° F. The typical activated odor was produced by irradiation of aqueous solutions of egg white or of gelatin giving additional evidence that the protein fraction of milk is probably the parent substance of the flavor. The studies indicate that the activated flavor of milk unduly exposed to ultra-violet radiation is identical or practically identical with the burnt flavor which develops in milk exposed to sunlight. Evidence is given that if milk bottles can be devised which will eliminate all wave lengths of light less than 4600 A they will be effective in inhibiting development of the activated flavor caused by exposure of milk to sunlight.
Thrust into Technology: How Veteran Teachers Respond.

This two-year study explored the perceptions and roles of experienced elementary teachers, who were computer novices, as they learned and began using computer technology in their teaching. The research questions guiding this study focused on incentives and barriers to learning and using computer technology, professional development approaches, and teaching roles indicated by traditional and constructivist characteristics. The researchers employed qualitative research methods within a case study framework. Data obtained through a variety of sources were coded and analyzed within- and across-cases. Results indicated participants' preferences for learning basic computer skills before integrating technology into the curricula, the importance of seeing purpose in using computers in teaching, and having concrete and grade-specific integration ideas. Also, first-order or extrinsic incentives motivated participants before second-order or intrinsic incentives, while first-order barriers tended to mask second-order...
Informal technology transfer between firms: cooperation through information trading

Abstract Employees frequently give technical information or advice to colleagues in other firms, including direct competitors. This paper addresses whether such information-transfer is in the economic interests of the firms involved. It is hypothesized that employees trade information in accordance with the economic interests of their firms. Conditions are discussed in which information trading creates an economic advantage for the participating firms. Data on specific information transfer decisions were obtained from a survey of 294 technically oriented middle-level managers from the U.S. specialty steel and mini-mill industry. The observed pattern of information transfer strongly supports the hypotheses (1) that employees trade information and (2) that such trading is desirable from a firm's point of view. Furthermore, the data suggest a positive link between the participation of a firm's employees in informal informationtransfer networks and the economic performance of the firm. Indeed, it can be in a firm's interest to make its boundaries penetrable for informal information trading rather than to discourage such transfers.
Introducing new half-integer quadrupolar nuclei for solid state NMR of inclusion compounds

Broad developments in experimental NMR techniques have opened new and exciting opportunities for application of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS NMR) in studies of gas hydrates and inclus...
Implementation of a nonlinear wave-digital-filter cochlear model

For investigation of the effects of inner-ear nonlinearity on perception of speech, a computationally efficient cochlear model based on an explicit representation of the mechanics of wave propagation on the basilar membrane is required. Wave digital filters give a realization which is directly equivalent to a linear analog network, into which the nonlinearity can be incorporated in a manner consistent with the formalism. A model based on local cochlear micromechanics with two degrees of freedom is presented. It yields typical responses very close to physiological tuning curves and allows over 40 dB of variation in peak sensitivity under control of a single nonlinear resistive element. The results show that, with plausible assumptions, the model can potentially replicate some essential nonlinear behavior of the ear. >
Particle acceleration theory

Astrophysical particle acceleration involves the efficient conversion of bulk energy to individual charge particle energy through work done by electric field. The ways in which this happens are quite varied but when considered from a physics perspective, commonalities can found between acceleration in quite different sites.
Preparation of (R,R)‐1,2:4,5‐Diepoxypentane

Preparation of (R,R)-1,2:4,5-diepoxypentane intermediate: Bis(1,5-dichloro-2,4-pentanedione)copper(II) complex intermediate: 1,5-Dichloro-2,4-pentanedione intermediate: (2R,4R)-1,5-dichloro-2,4-pentanediol product: (R,R)-1,2:4,5-diepoxypentane Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; elimination, dehydrohalogenation; epoxide formation; halogenation, chlorination; metalation reactions, copper; reduction, CO CHOH; stereoselective reactions, enantioselective
An Exploration of Family Communication Environment, Everyday Talk, and Family Satisfaction

The current study examined the types of everyday talk occurring most frequently within each of the three family communication environments and how family communication environment and everyday talk contribute to family satisfaction. Four hundred twenty participants representing 201 families completed measures representing these three constructs. Each of the three family communication environments predicted different types of everyday talk with variations in the directions of the predictions. These results reveal specific common communication behaviors occurring within each of Fitzpatrick and Ritchie's family communication environments. However, the expressiveness family communication environment and everyday talk categories of joking around, recapping the day's events, and relationship talk had the greatest impact on family satisfaction predicting 63% of the variance. Both the structural traditional and conflict avoidance family communication environments predicted different everyday talk categories, but ...
Review of Three Qualitative Studies of Family Presence During Resuscitation

Despite recommendations to allow family presence during resuscitation, mixed attitudes and practices persist in clinical practice today. The findings of three recent qualitative research studies are presented in this review. These phenomenological studies explore the lived experience of family presence from different perspectives. Miller and Stiles (2009) describe the experiences of hospital nurses, Maxton (2008) focuses on parental perceptions, and Mcmahon-Parkes, Moule, Benger, and Albarran (2009) study the attitudes and beliefs of patients themselves. This article presents an analysis of these study findings and overall conclusions related to family presence during resuscitation. Key Words: Family Presence, Parental Presence, Resuscitation, Family-Witnessed Resuscitation, Nurses, and Qualitative Research Many family members are asked to leave the bedside of their loved one during times of medical crisis. Although national health care organizations endorse family presence during resuscitation (American Heart Association, 2005; Emergency Nurses Association, 1994; Henderson & Knapp, 2005), mixed attitudes and practices exist today. What are the views of patients, parents, and nurses about family-witnessed resuscitation efforts? This review of the findings of three different qualitative research studies answers this question. While some findings are unique to one study, common perceptions were shared by parents, patients, and nurses. In this article, these studies are described and analyzed. Based on this evidence, important applications for nursing practice are identified. Background and Context
Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process.

The 3 major self-evaluation motives were compared: self-assessment (people pursue accurate self-knowledge), self-enhancement (people pursue favorable self-knowledge), and self-verification (people pursue highly certain self-knowledge). Ss considered the possession of personality traits that were either positive or negative and either central or peripheral by asking themselves questions that varied in diagnosticity (the extent to which the questions could discriminate between a trait and its alternative) and in confirmation value (the extent to which the questions confirmed possession of a trait)
Alternative and traditional medicine approaches for substance abuse programs: a shamanic perspective

Analysis of the relationship of altered states of consciousness (ASC) to culture and human psychobiology provides guidance for new approaches for addressing substance abuse and dependence. While Western cultures have a long history of repressing ASC, cross-cultural research illustrates the ubiquitous human drive to alter consciousness and the near universality of institutionalized healing practices based on ASC. These may reflect adaptive mechanisms that do not operate in contemporary societies as they did in the human past. Effectiveness of ASC procedures in treating substance dependence is found in ethnomedical treatments of addiction, the addiction literature, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the physiological effects of shamanistic practices. A review of shamanic therapeutic mechanisms illustrates their applicability to addressing the psychodynamics of drug addiction. The utility of natural ASC practices to reduce substance dependence problems is illustrated by clinical research on the treatment of drug dependence through the use of meditative practice and models of their psychobiological dynamics. Shamanistic practices induce the relaxation response, enhance theta-wave production, and stimulate endogenous opioid and serotonergic mechanisms and their mood elevating effects. Directions of a shamanic based ASC therapy for drug dependence are suggested. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Solar particle event dose prediction using kernel regression

Solar energetic particle events (SEPs) are a naturally occurring phenomenon in which subatomic particles are radiated from the sun. Astronauts in deep space could be subjected to significant radiation exposures due to these events. The dose is usually received over approximately a 20–40 hour interval. The effects of these particles could be mitigated by an early detection and warning system, which provides reliable estimates of the magnitude of the expected radiation dose from the event. For this purpose we have created a new software package designed to forecast the final total dose for the event, from doses measured early in the event cycle. This package implements a sliding scale kernel regression model to calculate an estimate for the projected total dose. The software displays a plot of both the current dose forecast and a history of previous predictions. These predictions are accompanied by uncertainty estimates. Sample results are presented.
The early phase change gene in maize

Recessive mutations of the early phase change (epc) gene in maize affect several aspects of plant development. These mutations were identified initially because of their striking effect on vegetative phase change. In certain genetic backgrounds, epc mutations reduce the duration of the juvenile vegetative phase of development and cause early flowering, but they have little or no effect on the number of adult leaves. Except for a transient delay in leaf production during germination, mutant plants initiate leaves at a normal rate both during and after embryogenesis. Thus, the early flowering phenotype of epc mutations is explained completely by their effect on the expression of the juvenile phase. The observation that epc mutations block the rejuvenation of leaf primordia in excised shoot apices supports the conclusion that epc is required for the expression of juvenile traits. This phenotype suggests that epc functions normally to promote the expression of the juvenile phase of shoot development and to suppress the expression of the adult phase and that floral induction is initiated by the transition to the adult phase. epc mutations are epistatic to the gibberellin-deficient mutation dwarf1 and interact additively with the dominant gain-of-function mutations Teopod1, Teopod2, and Teopod3. Genetic backgrounds that enhance the mutant phenotype of epc demonstrate that, in addition to its role in phase change, epc is required for the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem, leaf initiation, and root initiation.
Theory of Magnetic Hysteresis in Films and Its Application to Computers

The magnetic hysteresis of a film consisting of a single magnetic domain is analyzed. A method of designing logical computer elements employing thin films is presented and illustrated. It is concluded that recently discovered films approaching single domain behavior offer two possible advantages in applications: 1) As a storage element in a memory array a film can be switched faster than presently available polycrystalline cores. 2) A film can be used to perform a variety of logical operations more simply, in principle, than it is possible with polycrystalline cores.
Mentoring, competencies, and adjustment in adolescents: American part-time employment and European apprenticeships

Based on the conceptual argument that the European apprenticeship might explain cross-national variability in adolescent adjustment, the current investigation tested the relationships between mentoring experiences, namely joint activities with mentors as well as perceived mentoring behaviors by unrelated adults in the work setting, and measures of both psychosocial competencies (job skills, self esteem, and well-being) and measures of adjustment (alcohol use, drug use, and deviance). Data were collected from n = 2735 Swiss apprentices and n = 368 U.S. part-time employees who attended high school. Findings provide evidence that perceived mentoring behaviors by unrelated adults in the work setting in both developmental contexts were associated with both psychosocial competencies and adjustment indicators. Contrary to the idea that the European apprenticeship may provide a unique “protective” developmental experience for youth in comparison with U.S. adolescents who work part-time, adolescents in both contexts benefited equally from good mentoring experiences.
"How did you feel?": increasing child sexual abuse witnesses' production of evaluative information.

In child sexual abuse cases, the victim’s testimony is essential, because the victim and the perpetrator tend to be the only eyewitnesses to the crime. A potentially important component of an abuse report is the child’s subjective reactions to the abuse. Attorneys may ask suggestive questions or avoid questioning children about their reactions, assuming that children, given their immaturity and reluctance, are incapable of articulation. We hypothesized that How questions referencing reactions to abuse (e.g., “how did you feel”) would increase the productivity of children’s descriptions of abuse reactions. Two studies compared the extent to which children provided evaluative content, defined as descriptions of emotional, cognitive, and physical reactions, in response to different question-types, including How questions, Whquestions, Option-posing questions (yes–no or forced-choice), and Suggestive questions. The first study examined children’s testimony (ages 5–18) in 80 felony child sexual abuse cases. How questions were more productive yet the least prevalent, and Option-posing and Suggestive questions were less productive but the most common. The second study examined interview transcripts of 61 children (ages 6–12) suspected of being abused, in which children were systematically asked How questions regarding their reactions to abuse, thus controlling for the possibility that in the first study, attorneys selectively asked How questions of more articulate children. Again, How questions were most productive in eliciting evaluative content. The results suggest that interviewers and attorneys interested in eliciting evaluative reactions should ask children “how did you feel?” rather than more direct or suggestive questions.
A novel pattern based clustering methodology for time-series microarray data

Identification of co-expressed genes sharing similar biological behaviours is an essential step in functional genomics. Traditional clustering techniques are generally based on overall similarity of expression levels and often generate clusters with mixed profile patterns. A novel pattern recognition method for selecting co-expressed genes based on rate of change and modulation status of gene expression at each time interval is proposed in this paper. This method is capable of identifying gene clusters consisting of highly similar shapes of expression profiles and modulation patterns. Furthermore, we develop a quality index based on the semantic similarity in gene annotations to assess the likelihood of a cluster being a co-regulated group. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by applying it to the well-known yeast sporulation dataset and an in-house cancer genomics dataset.
Bureaucratic Insurgency: The Vatican and the Crisis of Modernism

The Zald and Berger model of "bureaucratic insurgency" is assessed in light of data of the "modernist movement" in the Roman Catholic Church. Our historical case study of this movement produces evidence that generally supports the model but that also indicates the need for some important modifications. In particular, we find that the Zald and Berger propositions are appropriate only to the later stages of the modernist movement. The earlier stages of the movement's development appear to have been governed by an entirely different dynamic, a process whereby the conflict between organizational authorities and bureaucratic insurgents paradoxically produced resources for both groups. In an effort to organize these findings theoretically, we review several propositional frameworks that deal with the paradoxical, ironic aspects of authoritylinsurgent interaction. Finally, uz synthesize these different perspectives into a single "dialectical" model that can be appended to the Zald and Berger model. Most sociological thinking, until recently, has located "collective behavior" and "organizational behavior" at opposite ends of the continuum. Because of the emergent character of roles, norms, and other structural characteristics during episodes of collective action, such action appears to be the direct antithesis of highly structured bureaucratic activity (Pfautz). Recent work in both of these areas, however, highlights the similarities between these two realms rather than the differences. Berk suggests, for example, that much of the apparently chaotic behavior of crowds is actu
Gate oxide breakdown on nMOSFET cutoff frequency and breakdown resistance

Gate oxide breakdown effect on CMOS RF devices has been examined. The breakdown spot resistance and total gate capacitance of nMOS transistors decrease with stress. The analytical equation of cutoff frequency including the gate oxide breakdown effect is derived. The impact of oxide breakdown on the performance of an LC oscillator is evaluated. The oscillation frequency of the LC oscillator increases with oxide breakdown.
MECHANISM OF STRAIN RELEASE IN CARBON NANOTUBES

Static and dynamical properties of carbon nanotubes under uniaxial tension have been investigated via quantum and classical simulations. In strained nanotubes at high temperatures we observe the spontaneous formation of double pentagon-heptagon defect pairs. Tubes containing these defects are energetically preferred to uniformly stretched tubes at strains greater than 5%. These topological defects act as nucleation centers for the formation of dislocations in the originally ideal graphite network, and they constitute the onset of a plastic deformation of the carbon nanotube. The mechanism of formation of such defects, their energetics, and transformations are described. @S0163-1829~98!50208-1# Since their discovery in 1991, 1 carbon nanotubes have attracted much interest due to their peculiar character at a crossroad between traditional carbon fibers and fullerenes. They hold substantial promise for use as superstrong fibers, catalysts, and as components of novel electronic devices. Despite the potential impact that new composites based on carbon nanotubes would have in many areas of science and industry, very little is known about the microscopic origin of their strength and a complete theoretical understanding of their behavior is desirable. The excellent resistance of carbon nanotubes to bending has already been observed experimentally and studied theoretically. 2‐4 The remarkable flexibility of the hexagonal network allows the system to sustain very high bending angles, kinks, and highly strained regions. In addition, nanotubes are observed to be extremely resilient, suggesting that even largely distorted configurations ~axial compression, twisting! can be due to elastic deformations with no atomic defects involved. 2,3,5,6
Aplastic Anemia Associated With Rubber Cement Used by a Marathon Runner

• Marathon runners are subject to many unique physical problems, especially blistering of the feet. Once the feet have become blistered, some runners use rubber cement, which contains benzene as an impurity, to keep adhesive tape in place over the denuded areas while running. We report the case of a marathon runner who used rubber cement in this fashion for more than one year in whom aplastic anemia developed. ( Arch Intern Med 140:703, 1980)
The Infant of the Diabetic Mother

The infant of the diabetic mother (IDM) is the premier metabolic example of the morbidity that may exist in the neonate secondary to maternal disease (i.e., diabetes) (Figure 49.1) (see Chapter 10). From a development standpoint the normal neonate is in a transitional state of glucose homeostasis. The fetus is completely dependent on its mother for glucose delivery, and the adult is considered to have control of glucose homeostasis since plasma glucose concentration is regulated to a precise degree.1 In contrast, maintenance of glucose homeostasis may be a major problem even for the normal neonate2 (see Chapter 32). The precarious nature of this equilibrium is emphasized by the numerous morbidities producing or associated with neonatal hypo- and hyperglycemia during this period of development. Analysis of the IDM documents not only how far we have come in understanding the pathophysiology of the dysequilibrium that may exist, but also how much more research is necessary to fully understand the operative mechanisms. From the discussion to follow it will be apparent that more data are needed to fully understand the metabolic derangements that exist. The topic of the IDM has been evaluated previously in extensive reviews.3–5
Three synchronous primary carcinomas in a patient with HNPCC associated with a novel germline mutation in MLH1: Case report.

Background MLH1 is one of six known genes responsible for DNA mismatch repair (MMR), whose inactivation leads to HNPCC. It is important to develop genotype-phenotype correlations for HNPCC, as is being done for other hereditary cancer syndromes, in order to guide surveillance and treatment strategies in the future.