cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration of 4-color and Hβ photometry for B- and A-type stars

Observing has been underway for several years, at Kitt Peak and Cerro Tololo, of the bright B and A stars, and of the brighter and nearer open clusters, to supply data necessary for calibration of 4-color and Hβ indices in terms of intrinsic color and absolute magnitude, as well as for use in studies of galactic structure. To date, data are on hand — some published, most being prepared for publication — for all O- to G0-type stars brighter than V = 5.mO, for most O- to B5-type to 6.m5, and for most northern hemisphere O- to G0-type to 6.m5. In addition, the following open clusters have been studied: Hyades, Coma, Ursa Major, Praesepe, α Persei, Pleiades, IC 2602, IC 2391, h and χ Persei, NGC 6231, NGC 752, and IC 4665.
Chemical modificiation of collagen and the effects on enzyme-binding: mechanistic considerations.

The effect of structural modification on the enzyme-binding capacity of collagen has been studied using β-galactosidase (E. COLI K12 immobilized to collagen membrane by the impregnation procedure. The apparent steady-state activities of the resultant collagen-enzyme complexes were determined as a means of evaluating the enzyme-binding capacity of the modified collagen. in addition, the amount of enzymic protein bound to the collagen support was determined by the tryptophan content of the complex.
Check your ego for workplace success

Today's business pages are filled with stories of top executives who pushed the envelope, let their egos get in the way, and no longer have their jobs. Here are four common sources of false confidence that lead to exaggerated self-confidence and ideas for managing them effectively: 1. They get too full of themselves. 2. They get in their own way. 3. They kid themselves about their situation. 4. They fail to manage tomorrow today.
Analysis of K -Shell Excitation Spectra by Curve Fitting

Below we review methods for the quantitative analysis of NEXAFS spectra. Theoretical expressions are given for the lineshapes of features, such as steps and peaks, that are commonly encountered in NEXAFS spectra. Also, we discuss general guidelines for the positions and shapes of characteristic features.
Expansions of Russia and China in Northern Asia

During the long centuries when Asiatic races dominated the Eurasian plain, little is heard of its present day masters, the Slavs. The first mention of the Slavs is as subjects of the kingdom of the Dacians on the middle Danube. This kingdom was destroyed by the Roman Emperor Trajan, and the Slavs then moved towards the Carpathian mountains.1 In the seventh century, the Avars, then the rulers of the Russian plain, reduced the Slavs to slavery. Gradually the Slavs moved eastward into Russia and colonized the Dnieper and Don regions.2 It is important to note that the Slavs came into Russia from the west and that their history has been a continuous movement across the great plain from west to east. In the ninth century, because the nomads threatened the trade route of the Dnieper from Scandinavia to Byzantium, the Norsemen helped the Russians set up the dynasty of Rurik which, through one branch or another ruled Slavic Russia down to the end of the sixteenth century. Under this dynasty the various territories occupied by the Russians were united into a powerful state of which Kiev, by the logic of its geographical position, became the capital.
Host-microbiome interactions and recent progress into understanding the biology of acne vulgaris

Acne is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide and results in major health care costs and significant morbidity to severely affected individuals. However, the pathophysiology of this disorder is not well understood. Host-microbiome interactions that affect both innate and adaptive immune homeostasis appear to be a central factor in this disease, with recent observations suggesting that the composition and activities of the microbiota in acne is perturbed. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes; formerly Propionibacterium acnes) are two major inhabitants of the skin that are thought to contribute to the disease but are also known to promote health by inhibiting the growth and invasion of pathogens. Because C. acnes is ubiquitous in sebaceous-rich skin, it is typically labeled as the etiological agent of acne yet it fails to fulfill all of Koch’s postulates. The outdated model of acne progression proposes that increased sebum production promotes over-proliferation of C. acnes in a plugged hair follicle, thereby driving inflammation. In contrast, growing evidence indicates that C. acnes is equally abundant in both unaffected and acne-affected follicles. Moreover, recent advances in metagenomic sequencing of the acne microbiome have revealed a diverse population structure distinct from healthy individuals, uncovering new lineage-specific virulence determinants. In this article, we review recent developments in the interactions of skin microbes with host immunity, discussing the contribution of dysbiosis to the immunobiology of acne and newly emerging skin microbiome-based therapeutics to treat acne.
A contemporary population-based study of testicular sex cord stromal tumors: Presentation, treatment patterns, and predictors of outcome.

4556 Background: Testicular sex cord stromal tumors (SCST) - consisting of Leydig and Sertoli cell subtypes - are a rare adult malignancy. Contemporary clinical data are gathered only from anecdota...
A Mutation in the ATP7B Copper Transporter Causes Reduced Dopamine β-Hydroxylase and Norepinephrine in Mouse Adrenal

The copper-transporting ATPases Atp7A and Atp7B play a major role in controlling intracellular copper levels. In addition, they are believed to deliver copper to the copper-requiring proteins destined for the secretory vesicles. One cuproprotein, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) functions in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine, neurohormones in endocrine and nervous tissue. To evaluate the consequences of loss of Atp7B on the function of DBH, the level of proteins in adrenal gland were compared between normal mice and mice containing a null mutation in the ATP7B gene. The levels of DBH, as well as another vesicular protein, chromogranin A, are reduced in the ATP7B−/− mice. In addition to the lower level of enzyme, the products of DBH catalytic activity, norepinephrine and epinephrine, are also decreased. Although these changes are a consequence of ATP7B gene function, Atp7B mRNA is not normally expressed in the adrenal gland. Instead, Atp7A mRNA is present. The levels of copper and DBH RNA within adrenals of the ATP7B−/− mice are not different from the wild type. The results of these experiments suggest that copper-requiring enzymes are affected by a loss of ATP7B even in tissue not normally expressing this protein. Therefore the multisystemic effects observed in Wilson disease, the human disorder characterized by mutation in ATP7B, may be a secondary consequence of the major accumulation of copper in liver.
Measuring the influence of biomass preprocessing methods on the bioconversion efficiency of miscanthus giganteus and sugarcane bagasse

Abstract Miscanthus and sugarcane bagasse were preprocessed into various forms. To measure their conversion efficiency, these forms were pretreated using dilute acid in a microwave oven, with subsequent enzymatic digestion. The results showed that in the case of miscanthus, comminution had a positive effect on conversion efficiency, but pelletization to 6.35 mm pellets did not, nor did biomass compression to 756 MPa. In addition, no significant difference was found in conversion efficiency between material obtained from a chopper harvester, and material made from full stems, cut into 10 mm long particles. In the case of sugarcane bagasse, comminution had a negative effect on conversion efficiency, but pelletization had a positive effect. Finally, a 50:50 w/w blend of miscanthus and sugarcane bagasse had a conversion efficiency that was not significantly different from its miscanthus origin material, but it did have a significantly higher conversion efficiency compared to its sugarcane bagasse origin material.
Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homing and Engraftment Promoted By Glucocorticoid Induced Chromatin Remodeling

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which give rise to cells of all the blood lineages throughout the lifetime are key cells in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). HCT has been used to treat patients with malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders. Cord blood (CB) is an increasingly used source of HSC for HCT, but one considered limitation to its greater use is the limited numbers of HSC in single CB collections. Thus, in this situation, the homing efficiency of HSC can be a pivotal factor for a successful HCT based clinical therapy. One means to enhance single CB unit HCT is to enhance the homing efficiency of CB HSC. The SDF-1/CXCR4 chemotactic axis is a major pathway directing migration and homing of HSC from peripheral blood to bone marrow niches. To get enhanced insight into achieving better homing efficiency of human CB HSC, we performed a compound screen to search for small molecules which could enhance surface expression of CXCR4 and SDF-1/CXCR4 axis mediated chemotaxis. From a nuclear hormone ligand library including 74 chemical compounds, we found that treatment of CB CD34+ cells with Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC), greatly promoted surface expression of CXCR4. Expression of CXCR4 on CB CD34+ cells was also increased after treating cells with other glucocorticoids (not existing in the library) including Flonase, Cortisol, and Medrol. We focused on use of Flonase, the compound which forms the most stable activated complex with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (Hogger, P. & Rohdewald, P. Steriods, 1994), and which enhanced CXCR4 expression at concentrations as low as 10 nM. Pretreament of CB CD34+ cells with Flonase significantly increased surface CXCR4 expression and promoted SDF-1/CXCR4 axis mediated chemotaxis of human CB HSC. Further more, Flonase pretreatment rigorously enhanced homing of phenotypically-defined human CB HSC and progenitor cells (HPC) (by ~5 fold, p Disclosures Broxmeyer: CordUse: Other: SAB Member .
Humanizing through emotion: Using artistic expression to reveal and understand emotions about transgender experiences

Courses: Gender Communication, Sexuality and Communication.Objectives: The goals of this unit activity are for students to (1) identify their emotions about transgender people’s lived experiences, ...
Kappa-opioid receptor stimulation in the nucleus accumbens shell: Differential effects across the rostro-caudal axis on dopamine transmission and affective behavior

Neural activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell has long been implicated in the regulation of negative and positive affect. Classically, the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system in the NAc was believed to promote dysphoric behaviors, while dopamine release was viewed as interacting with reinforcing stimuli, and KOR-activation was known to inhibit dopamine release. Recently, however, both the KOR and dopamine systems have been shown to have differential effects across the rostro-caudal axis of the NAc shell on hedonic responses. Whether or not this is due to interactions between KORs and dopamine, and if it extends to other affective behaviors, remains to be determined. In this study, we examined in rats the relationship between the KOR and dopamine systems in both the rostral and caudal NAc shell using ex vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry and the impact of KOR activation on affective behaviors using various assays. We found that activation of KORs in the caudal NAc shell resulted in greater dopamine inhibition, and stimulated novelty-induced rearing behavior and anxiety-like and avoidance behaviors while reducing locomotor activity. In contrast, activation of KORs in the rostral NAc shell resulted in less dopamine inhibition and actually reduced anxiety-like and avoidance behaviors. These results demonstrate that there is heterogeneity across the rostro-caudal axis of the NAc shell in the effects of KOR stimulation on affective behavior and they suggest that this might be due to differences in KOR control over dopamine inhibition.
Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Processes

Explore and review novel techniques for intensifying transport and reaction in liquid-liquid and related systems with this essential toolkit. Topics include discussion of the principles of process intensification, the nexus between process intensification and sustainable engineering, and the fundamentals of liquid-liquid contacting, from an expert with over forty-five years' experience in the field. Providing promising directions for investment and for new research in process intensification, in addition to a unique review of the fundamentals of the topic, this book is the perfect guide for senior undergraduate students, graduate students, developers, and research staff in chemical engineering and biochemical engineering.
Building STEM Career Interest through Curriculum Treatments.

Watson and McMahonâ€™s (2005) work identified a need for research to examine the what and how of childrenâ€™s career development learning; this research is a start to answering that call, specifically focusing on STEM career interest as a precursor to development due to the current needs nationally for an increase in the STEM pipeline. This study examined the impacts of design-based learning and scientific inquiry curriculum treatments with embedded career content on the career interest of fifth-grade students as compared to traditional classroom methods. It found that there is an upward trend in interest with the use of these curriculum treatments, but it is not a significant change, likely due to the short time period of the unit and/or small n.
Increasing patient activation scores of vulnerable youth by partnering medical residency programs with public high schools

Abstract Objective To assess whether participation in Stanford Youth Coaches Programs (SYCP) increases patient activation scores and patient activation levels for vulnerable youth from low income communities. Methods From 2016 to 18, seven high schools and four residency programs in California, Alabama, Kansas and Missouri participated in SYCPs. Enrolled youth participants completed online pre and post-participation surveys including the Patient Activation Measure (PAM®10). We used paired T-tests, chi square tests, and linear multivariate models to compare pre-and post-scores and levels. Results 143 participants completed pre- and post-participation surveys. The PAM®10 mean pre-test score was 64.5 and post-test was 69.37, with mean difference 4.89 (p=.002). Participants showed significant improvement in patient activation levels after participation. 60 % participants in lowest activation Level 1; 63 % in Level 2; and 32 % in Level 3 moved to a higher level of activation after participation; 46 % who started in Level 4 moved down to Level 3 after participation. Conclusion and Practice Implications Participation in SYCPs has potential to significantly increase patient activation for vulnerable youth which could lead to lifelong improvements in health outcomes and decrease in healthcare costs.
A computational workflow to discover novel liquid organic hydrogen carriers and their dehydrogenation routes

Two-way liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) – organic molecules that store hydrogen as reversible chemical bonds – is an emerging concept for on-demand storage and transportation of hydrogen (and thereby energy). Given the large chemical universe, a plethora of potential LOHCs exist, however, the optimal candidate depends on satisfying a variety of constraints on physicochemical and thermochemical properties. Computational high-throughput screening of a subspace of this universe can, in principle, reveal several LOHC candidates which can then be experimentally verified; however, to achieve this, the hydrogen rich and lean forms of the LOHC pair have to be simultaneously identified based on a plausible connecting chemical pathway. Here, using a combination of data-driven molecular property models and a cheminformatics-based reaction network generation tool, viz. RING, we develop a novel computational workflow to identify promising LOHC pairs (i.e. hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-lean forms) and the dehydrogenation pathways connecting them. Starting from over 1 million small (containing less than 14 heavy atoms) molecules in the PubChem database as seed, we applied this framework as proof of concept to identify several LOHC pairs that have promising properties in terms of melting point, boiling point, dehydrogenation enthalpy, hydrogen storage capacity, and synthetic accessibility; we further analyze the thermochemistry of dehydrogenation pathways of the top five candidates. We finally show that this screening provides a rich dataset that can be harnessed via supervised learning algorithms to infer descriptive features that determine if a molecule is a good LOHC candidate. We posit that the proposed workflow can be used to scalably analyze a much larger molecular space and multiple classes of dehydrogenation chemistries to discover novel LOHC pairs.
Custodial symmetry violation in the SMEFT

We investigate precision observables sensitive to custodial-symmetric/-violating UV physics beyond the Standard Model. We use the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) framework which in general includes nonoblique corrections that require a generalization of the Peskin-Takeuchi $T$ parameter to unambiguously detect custodial symmetry/violation. We take a first step towards constructing a SMEFT reparametrization-invariant replacement, which we call $\ensuremath{\mathcal{T}}$, valid at least for tree-level custodial-violating contributions. We utilize a new custodial basis of $\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{SMEFT}$ (SMEFT augmented by right-handed neutrinos) which explicitly identifies the global $SU(2{)}_{R}$ symmetries of the Higgs and fermion sectors, which in turn permits easy identification of higher-dimensional operators that are custodial preserving or violating. We carefully consider equation-of-motion redundancies that cause custodial-symmetric operators in one basis to be equivalent to a set of custodial-symmetric and/or -violating operators in another basis. Utilizing known results about tree/loop operator generation, we demonstrate that the basis-dependent appearance of custodial-violating operators does not invalidate our $\ensuremath{\mathcal{T}}$ parameter at tree level. We illustrate our results with several UV theory examples, demonstrating that $\ensuremath{\mathcal{T}}$ faithfully identifies custodial symmetry violation, while $T$ can fail.
The Altmetric era in eating disorder research: Assessing the association between Altmetric scores and citation scores for articles in the International Journal of Eating Disorders.

Objective The dissemination and uptake of scientific findings is of critical importance. While broader research suggests that an article's Altmetric score may predict subsequent citation scores for scientific manuscripts, the potential relationship between online dissemination and the broader scientific uptake of findings has not been explored in eating disorder research. Method We identified 310 manuscripts published between 2017 and 2018 in the International Journal of Eating Disorders, and assessed (a) Altmetric scores, (b) the composition of Altmetric scores (i.e., Facebook posts, Twitter posts), and (c) overall citation scores. Results Higher Altmetric scores were associated with higher citation scores. Multivariate analysis of separate Altmetric components indicated a higher number of Facebook mentions was uniquely associated with higher citation scores. Discussion Altmetric scores may offer a viable and relatively rapid metric of the likely uptake and impact of manuscripts. Ultimately, these findings represent preliminary evidence of the benefits of widespread dissemination of eating disorder research beyond traditional academic methods. Future research should focus on expanding our preliminary findings to include a larger examination of articles to show evidence for or against the relationship between higher Altmetric scores and higher citation scores.
"Just tell me in a simple way": A qualitative study on opportunities to improve the transition from acute hospital care to home from the perspectives of patients with traumatic brain injury, families, and providers.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to identify areas to improve the transition from acute hospital care to home for patients with traumatic brain injury and their families.Design:Qualitative, ...
Examining the Business Case for Patient Experience: A Systematic Review.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hospitals, physician groups, and other healthcare providers are investing in improved patient care experiences. Prior reviews have concluded that better patient care experiences are associated with less healthcare utilization and better adherence to recommended prevention and treatment, clinical outcomes, and patient safety within hospitals. No comprehensive review has examined the business case for investing in patient experiences. This article reviews the literature on associations between patient experience-measured from the perspective of patients and families-and business outcomes, including patient allegiance and retention, complaints, lawsuits, provider job satisfaction, and profitability. We searched U.S. English-language peer-reviewed articles from January 1990 to July 2019. We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines and undertook a full-text review of 564 articles, yielding the inclusion of 40 articles. Our review found that patients with positive care experiences are more likely to return to the same hospital and ambulatory settings for future healthcare needs, retain their health plan, and voice fewer complaints. Associations between patient experiences and profitability or provider job satisfaction were limited/mixed. This suggests that providers can pursue better patient care experiences for the intrinsic value to patients, while also recognizing it is good for intermediate business outcomes: specifically increased recommendations, better patient retention, and fewer complaints. Nursing and physician care, broadly defined, are the only specific aspects of patient experience consistently associated with retention, with evidence pointing to communication and trust as parts of care linked to the intent to return. These aspects of patient experience are also the largest contributors to the overall ratings of a provider or facility.
Response to "Is Male Gender Associated with Increased Liver-related Mortality in Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Cirrhosis?"

We thank Sun and colleagues for their interest in our paper. While our study cohort is not derived from the general population, the proportion of males (78.4%) in our cohort of Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) cirrhosis is consistent with the expected distribution in a U.S veteran population which is 94% male. We agree that prevalence of smoking, diabetes mellitus and obesity are higher among Veterans compared to the general population; we adjusted for them in multivariable models.
Pertussis toxin promotes pulmonary hypertension in an infant mouse model of Bordetella pertussis infection.

Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a reemerging disease that can produce severe disease manifestations in infants, including pulmonary hypertension (PH). B. pertussis-induced PH is a major risk factor for infection-induced death, but the molecular mechanisms promoting PH are unknown and there is no effective treatment. We examined B. pertussis-induced PH in infant and adult mouse models of pertussis by Fulton index, right heart catheterization or Doppler echocardiogram. Our results demonstrate that B. pertussis-induced PH is age-related and dependent on the expression of pertussis toxin by the bacterium. Hence, pertussis toxin-targeting treatments may ameliorate PH and fatal infant infection.
Discovery of Peptide Ligands for Hepatic Stellate Cells Using Phage Display

Regardless of its cause, liver fibrosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main producers responsible for the excessive production of ECM and profibrogenic cytokines in fibrotic liver. Therefore, development of HSC-specific delivery systems is essential for the success of antifibrotic agents. The objective of this study is to identify peptide ligands targeting the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), which is overexpressed on HSCs. We expect to use the peptide ligands for the future development of HSC-targeted drug delivery system. Protein- and whole cell-based phage display biopannings were conducted to identify phage/peptide candidates. Phage ELISA, cellular uptake, and cell viability assay were employed to evaluate the binding affinity and specificity of these peptide ligands to recombinant human IGF2R and HSCs. IGF2R siRNA was used to silence the IGF2R protein expression in human hepatic stellate ce...
THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF PICTORIAL AND NONPICTORIAL DISTANCE CUES FOR DRIVER VISION

There is evidence that nonpictorial distance cues, including accommodation and binocular disparity, play at most a minor role in driving relative to pictorial cues, such as relative size and linear perspective. However, the possibility that nonpictorial cues play a nontrivial role in at least some driving situations is of interest because of current and proposed applications of camerabased displays in driving. Such applications include the use of video systems as replacements for rearview mirrors and to enhance forward vision at night. By their nature, camera-based displays selectively eliminate or distort nonpictorial distance cues. This paper reviews analytical and experimental approaches for determining the relative importance of pictorial and nonpictorial cues in driving, and discusses the implications for the use of camera-based displays, as well as nonplanar rearview mirrors.
ECM in Hydra Development and Regeneration

The body wall of Hydra is organized by two layers of epithelia (ectoderm and endoderm) with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM), termed mesoglea by early biologists. Morphological studies have determined that Hydra ECM is composed of two basal lamina layers located underneath each epithelial cell layer and a centrally located intervening interstitial matrix. Molecular and biochemical analyses of Hydra ECM have established that it contains components similar to those seen in more complicated vertebrate species. These components include laminin, type IV collagen, and various fibrillar collagens. Hydra ECM components are synthesized in a complicated manner involving cross talk between the epithelial layers. Any perturbation to ECM biogenesis leads to a blockage in Hydra morphogenesis. Blockage in ECM–cell interactions in the adult polyp also leads to problems in epithelial transdifferentiation processes. In terms of biophysical features, Hydra ECM is highly flexible, a property that facilitates continuous movements along the organism’s longitudinal and radial axis. This is in contrast to the more rigid matrices found in vertebrates. The flexible nature of Hydra ECM can in part be explained by the unique structure of the organism’s type IV collagen and fibrillar collagens. This chapter focuses on (1) the general structure of Hydra ECM, (2) its molecular composition, (3) the biogenesis of Hydra ECM during regeneration, (4) Hydra ECM in development, (5) cell–ECM interaction in Hydra, and (6) Hydra ECM remodeling during development.
Sources in the Development of Mathematics: Power Series in Fifteenth-Century Kerala

Preliminary Remarks The Indian astronomer and mathematician Madhava (c. 1340–c. 1425) discovered infinite power series about two and a half centuries before Newton rediscovered them in the 1660s. Madhava's work may have been motivated by his studies in astronomy, since he concentrated mainly on the trigonometric functions. There appears to be no connection between Madhava's school and that of Newton and other European mathematicians. In spite of this, the Keralese and European mathematicians shared some similar methods and results. Both were fascinated with transformation of series, though here they used very different methods. The mathematician-astronomers of medieval Kerala lived, worked, and taught in large family compounds called illams. Madhava, believed to have been the founder of the school, worked in the Bakulavihara illam in the town of Sangamagrama, a few miles north of Cochin. He was an Emprantiri Brahmin, then considered socially inferior to the dominant Namputiri (or Nambudri) Brahmin. This position does not appear to have curtailed his teaching activities; his most distinguished pupil was Paramesvara, a Namputiri Brahmin. No mathematical works of Madhava have been found, though three of his short treatises on astronomy are extant. The most important of these describes how to accurately determine the position of the moon at any time of the day. Other surviving mathematical works of the Kerala school attribute many very significant results to Madhava.
The prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases: in vivo physiological correlates of cognitive deficits.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases. The human brain, including neuropsychological tests devised to measure aspects of cognition—such as mental flexibility and concept formation—suggest that, far from being a silent, redundant area, the prefrontal cortex may be at the core of shaping the human attitude and organizing cognitive repertoire to produce the highest order goal-directed behaviors. The prefrontal cortex plays a fundamental role in the hierarchical organization of cognitive control and in human consciousness. The importance of the prefrontal cortex in higher human cognition and behavior is elucidated by the observations of patients with focal cortical lesions. The use of in vivo functional brain imaging by the 133Xe inhalation method for measuring regional cortical blood flow (rCBF) to study frontal lobe function in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders that may be related to prefrontal dysfunction is described in the chapter. It also focuses on schizophrenia, an illness in which prefrontal cortex is of considerable heuristic interest and is impugned.
Multi-Sided Platforms: From Microfoundations to Design and Expansion Strategies

Multi-sided platforms (MSPs), which bring together two or more interdependent groups of customers, have recently risen to economic and business prominence in many industries. This paper first lays out a simple micro-founded framework which aims to organize academic and managerial thinking about MSPs. It argues that any MSP performs one or both among two fundamental functions: reducing search costs and reducing shared transaction costs among its multiple sides. Using a variety of illustrations, the framework is then used to formulate general principles driving MSP design and expansion strategies: choosing the relevant platform "sides", deciding which fundamental activities to perform and trading off depth against scope of MSP functions.
Did Open Access Integrate Natural Gas Markets? An Arbitrage Cost Approach

Several studies, using analyses that measure the correlation between prices in various markets, have argued that deregulation of natural gas pipeline contracts has reduced the transaction costs between natural gas markets. Correlations approaches, however, have potentially serious problems. Given these problems, this article estimates transactions costs directly. Deregulation is found to have lowered transactions costs to and from the Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas regions, but increased transactions costs from the Rocky Mountain area. Deregulation of pipeline contracts, by lowering the cost of using the market and therefore increasing demand for pipeline capacity, may therefore have differential impacts upon transactions costs between markets. This study implies that the transactions cost approach may be able to overcome several difficulties inherent in the correlations approach.
CRIME AND PERSONALITY REVISITED

The present study explored the effects of MMPI response sets on relatonships between crime and personality in self-report studies. The MMPI-168 and a 21-item delinquent behavior questionnaire were administered to 1680 high school students. The Psychopathic Deviate, Schizophrenia, and Hypomania scales of the MMPI-168 were correlated with delinquent behaviors, with and without control for the L, F, and K scales of the MMPI-168, considered separately and simultaneously. Controlling for F eliminated some relationships and significantly diminished the magnitude of others, while control for L and K had no significant effect. Studies of this nature that fail to control for the F type of response set may produee largely illusory results.
FT-Raman Spectroscopy of Some Energetic Materials and Propellant Formulations

Fourier transform Raman (FTR) spectroscopy employing near-IR laser radiation at 1.06 microns as the scattering source is used to obtain Raman spectra of some pure energetic materials and some propellant formulations containing those energetic materials. It is shown that FTR spectroscopy is a useful tool in determining the principle crystalline ingredient in many non-colored propellant formulations.
The complexity of resilience and responsibility for self-join-free conjunctive queries

Several research thrusts in the area of data management have focused on understanding how changes in the data affect the output of a view or standing query. Example applications are explaining query results, propagating updates through views, and anonymizing datasets. An important aspect of this analysis is the problem of deleting a minimum number of tuples from the input tables to make a given Boolean query false, which we refer to as "the resilience of a query." In this paper, we study the complexity of resilience for self-join-free conjunctive queries with arbitrary functional dependencies. The cornerstone of our work is the novel concept of triads, a simple structural property of a query that leads to the several dichotomy results we show in this paper. The concepts of triads and resilience bridge the connections between the problems of deletion propagation and causal responsibility, and allow us to substantially advance the known complexity results in these topics. Specifically, we show a dichotomy for the complexity of resilience, which identifies previously unknown tractable families for deletion propagation with source side-effects, and we extend this result to account for functional dependencies. Further, we identify a mistake in a previous dichotomy for causal responsibility, and offer a revised characterization based purely on the structural form of the query (presence or absence of triads). Finally, we extend the dichotomy for causal responsibility in two ways: (a) we account for functional dependencies in the input tables, and (b) we compute responsibility for sets of tuples specified via wildcards.
Independent influences of body mass and gastric volumes on satiation in humans.

Background & Aims: We assessed the association of body mass and gastric volumes (fasting and postprandial)with satiation and postprandial symptoms. Methods: Healthy obese and nonobese subjects underwent measurement of caloric intake at maximum satiation; postprandial symptoms were measured with visual analogue scales 30 minutes after a meal. Gastric volume during fasting and after 300 mL of Ensure was measured with technetium-99m single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. We used multiple regression analysis to assess the associations among variables. Results: Among 134 participants (81 women and 53 men), the median age was 26 years (range, 12–58 years), and the median body mass index was 24 kg/m 2 (range, 17– 48 kg/m 2 ). Increased body mass index, but not height, was associated with delayed satiation (P < 0.003, adjusted for sex). Overweight and obese subjects ingested, on average, 225 57 more kilocalories (945 239 kJ)at maximum satiation compared with normal weight individuals. Increased fasting gastric volume was not associated with body mass index or height, but it was significantly associated with delayed satiation (P 0.001, adjusted for body mass index and sex). An increase of 50 mL in the fasting gastric volume was associated with 114 32 kcal (479 134 kJ)more ingested at maximum satiation. Increased body mass index was associated with lower fullness scores 30 minutes after a meal (P 0.0012, adjusted for sex and volume of Ensure ingested). In contrast, scores of postprandial bloating and pain were higher with increased body mass index (both P < 0.05, adjusted for sex and volume of Ensure ingested). Conclusions: Greater body mass index and fasting gastric volume are associated with reduced satiation. Increased body mass index or height was not associated with greater gastric volumes.
Towards an in vitro system for studying clathrin-coated pit function

Summary To elucidate the molecular basis of coated pit function, we are developing a method for reconstituting the endocytic cycle in a cell-free system. Using purified membranes attached to a solid substratum, we have successfully reconstituted coated pit assembly. We now show that the endogenous coated pits on these membranes spontaneously round up and leave the membrane at 37°C. As measured by radioimmunoassay, clathrin loss is both pH- and temperature-dependent. The loss is also inhibited by pretreating the membranes with apyrase at 37°C, which suggests that nucleotide triphosphates are required.
Geochemical characteristics of boninite series volcanics: implications for their source

Abstract Boninites are unusual high MgO-high SiO2 volcanic rocks found in several western Pacific island arcs. Their high Mg/(Mg + ΣFe) (0.55–0.83) and compatible element contents (Ni = 70–450 ppm, Cr = 200–1800 ppm) indicate equilibration with mantle peridotite, but their low TiO2 contents (0.1–0.5%) indicate severe depletion of this source. K, Rb, Sr and Ba abundances in boninites are typical of primitive arc basalts, but ratios such as Ti/Zr and La/Yb are variable (Ti/Zr = 23–67, (La/Yb)e.f. = 0.6–4.7). Evidence for both enrichment and depletion of incompatible elements suggests that boninites are derived from refractory peridotite which has been metasomatically enriched in LREE, Zr, Sr, Ba and alkalis. Wide variations in 143 Nd 144 Nd (0.51262–0.51296) are correlated with La/Sm, Sm/Nd and Ti/Zr, which enables identification of components in the boninite source. Possible LREE depleted components have relative REE and Ti abundances like those in depleted peridotites and high 143 Nd 144 Nd ratios which reach MORB-like values. Possible LREE enriched components have relative REE abundances similar to those in metasomatized mantle peridotite nodules, and low 143 Nd 144 Nd ratios which indicate either sedimentary sources or mantle sources with recent to ancient LREE enrichment. Relative abundances of Ba and Sr in boninites decrease with increasing LREE enrichment and suggest a non-sedimentary source for the LREE enriched material. Enrichment in Ba, Sr and alkalis may result from a third component derived from subducted oceanic crust. Two models can account for the successive generation of boninites and arc tholeiites within a single area: 1. 1) boninites can be derived from the peridotite residue of earlier arc tholeiite generation which is metasomatically enriched in LREE before boninite volcanism, or 2. 2) arc tholeiites and boninites can be derived from a variably depleted peridotite source which has been pervasively enriched in LREE. Areas of fertile peridotite would yield tholeiites while refractory areas would yield boninites.
Thematic Mapper characterization of lodgepole pine seral stages in Yellowstone National Park, USA

Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral data were used to identify the spectral reflectance characteristics of Yellowstone lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var latifolia) successional stages, and to examine the relationships between spectral and biophysical factors. Ten spectrally defined forest cover types were created from unsupervised classification of the Landsat TM data, using a geographic information system to restrict data analysis to areas of similar slope, elevation, and surficial geology within the Central Plateau region of the park. Biotic data on forest overstory and understory conditions were collected from 69 sample sites within the 10 spectral cover classes. Field data were used to regroup the 69 sites into six biotically and spectrally distinct cover types, ranging from early postfire regeneration (LPO) to late-stage (LP3) subalpine fir succession. Increased absorption in the visible (TM 1, 2, and 3) and middle-infrared (TM 5 and 7) bands were related to the age and development of a stand. Changes in absorption were rapid during the initial stages of stand regeneration, but the rate of change slowed as stands progressed into later successional stages. Biotic factors relating to the physical structure of the forest canopy (height, basal area, biomass, and LAI) are correlated with the visible and middle-infrared bands of the Thematic Mapper. Understory factors were poorly correlated with spectral response, except soil and fireweed, which are dominant early in succession, but rapidly decrease in later stages. The spectral reflectance of a successional forest stand over time is a function of the combined effects of the overstory canopy, the amount of shadow within a canopy, and the condition of the forest understory. As a forest develops from a disturbance to old-growth, the spectral response of a stand progresses along a vector or vectors linking the three factors. Spectral response changes are nonlinear with respect to time, as large-magnitude changes are observed in the first 20–30 years following a disturbance, and the rate of change lessens as forests develop into old-growth.
Survival of the Earth and the future evolution of the Sun

The question of the survival of the planet Earth as the Sun becomes a red giant and possibly a planetary nebula depends on the maximum extent of the Sun's envelope. This study shows that if the Earth is reached by this envelope, it will be destroyed; but if it is not, it will survive. Present stellar evolution calculations imply that the Earth will be destroyed.
Randomized controlled trial of a collaborative care intervention to manage cancer-related symptoms: lessons learned

Background Collaborative care interventions to treat depression have begun to be tested in settings outside of primary care. However, few studies have expanded the collaborative care model to other settings and targeted comorbid physical symptoms of depression.Purpose The aims of this report were to: (1) describe the design and methods of a trial testing the efficacy of a stepped collaborative care intervention designed to manage cancer-related symptoms and improve overall quality of life in patients diagnosed with hepatobiliary carcinoma; and (2) share the lessons learned during the design, implementation, and evaluation of the trial.Methods The trial was a phase III randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a stepped collaborative care intervention to reduce depression, pain, and fatigue in patients diagnosed with advanced cancer. The intervention was compared to an enhanced usual care arm. The primary outcomes included the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, Brief Pain Invent...
A solution to limitations of cognitive testing in children with intellectual disabilities: the case of fragile X syndrome

Intelligence testing in children with intellectual disabilities (ID) has significant limitations. The normative samples of widely used intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, rarely include an adequate number of subjects with ID needed to provide sensitive measurement in the very low ability range, and they are highly subject to floor effects. The IQ measurement problems in these children prevent characterization of strengths and weaknesses, poorer estimates of cognitive abilities in research applications, and in clinical settings, limited utility for assessment, prognosis estimation, and planning intervention. Here, we examined the sensitivity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) in a large sample of children with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited ID. The WISC-III was administered to 217 children with FXS (age 6–17 years, 83 girls and 134 boys). Using raw norms data obtained with permission from the Psychological Corporation, we calculated normalized scores representing each participant’s actual deviation from the standardization sample using a z-score transformation. To validate this approach, we compared correlations between the new normalized scores versus the usual standard scores with a measure of adaptive behavior (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales) and with a genetic measure specific to FXS (FMR1 protein or FMRP). The distribution of WISC-III standard scores showed significant skewing with floor effects in a high proportion of participants, especially males (64.9%–94.0% across subtests). With the z-score normalization, the flooring problems were eliminated and scores were normally distributed. Furthermore, we found correlations between cognitive performance and adaptive behavior, and between cognition and FMRP that were very much improved when using these normalized scores in contrast to the usual standardized scores. The results of this study show that meaningful variation in intellectual ability in children with FXS, and probably other populations of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, is obscured by the usual translation of raw scores into standardized scores. A method of raw score transformation may improve the characterization of cognitive functioning in ID populations, especially for research applications.
Reduction of Calculus Accumulation in Domestic Ferrets With Two Dentifrices Containing Pyrophosphate

Work performed by King et al. in the 1940's and 1950's, as well as recent studies by our group, have shown that the domestic ferret is a suitable model for the study of calculus formation, offering several advantages over the rodent and dog models in current use. We have demonstrated that mineral supplementation of a moist diet accelerates calculus accumulation, and that twice-daily application of a regular dentifrice slows the initial rate of calculus formation, but permits significant accumulation by the eighth week. The present study compared calculus accumulation in female ferrets receiving mineral-supplemented cat food and a twice-daily application of either Regular Crest toothpaste (Crest), Anti-tartar Crest (Crest-AT), or Anti-tartar Colgate Gold toothpaste (Colg-AT). Animals received an ultrasonic prophylaxis, then were fed once daily for eight weeks with moist canned cat food supplemented with sucrose and mineral salts, and were scored for area and extent of calculus accumulation at four and eight weeks after prophylaxis. The data show that the groups treated with the anti-calculus dentifrices produced significantly less calculus than the group treated with regular dentifrice; the Colg-AT group also exhibited lower scores than did the Crest-AT group, especially at four weeks. These results, similar to those seen in human studies, demonstrate that the ferret is a suitable model for the study of anti-calculus dentifrices.
repair in Online Discourse

In this article, I present evidence of a repair morpheme in the variety of Online Written English (OWE) used by a community of World of Warcraft players. This morpheme, represented by the asterisk (*), has no counterpart in spoken English but yet follows discernible rules for use and deployment within the community. While *-repair follows many principles of repair used in spoken English, it has developed natively in an online environment using an extra-alphabetical character which is unique to the online community. The existence of *-repair is one example of how OWE has differentiated itself from spoken varieties of English, and creates questions about the influence of the internet on language forms.