cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grain Boundary Migration and theTexture of Films

Extensive studies of the microstructure of deposited films establish that grain boundary migration is a ubiquitous process in the development of microstructure and frequently the key process in the formation of a preferred orientation. This conclusion is supported by the interpretation of observations of the structure and orientation of films as a function of substrate temperature and post deposition annealing. Epitaxial deposits can result from oriented nucleation or selective growth processes. On amorphous substrates the anisotropy of the interfacial energies of the deposit results in a fiber texture at temperatures when grain growth occurs either during deposition or in a post-deposition anneal.
A framework for finite strain elastoplasticity based on maximum plastic dissipation and the multiplicative decomposition. part II: computational aspects

Computational aspects of the formulation of elastoplasticity proposed in Part I of this work, employing a multiplicative decomposition and based on the principle of maximum plastic dissipation, are examined in detail. In particular, the implementation of the proposed hyperelastic J2-flow theory is shown to reduce to a trivial modification of the classical radial return algorithm which is amenable to exact linearization. This results in a closed-form expression for the consistent elastoplastic tangent moduli. The algorithmic treatment of the general case is considered subsequently. It is emphasized that objective rates and incrementally objective algorithms play no role in the present approach. A number of numerical experiments are presented that illustrate the excellent performance of the proposed formulation.
T296→M, a common mutation causing mild hemophilia B in the Amish and others: founder effect, variability in factor IX activity assays, and rapid carrier detection

By direct genomic sequencing, we have delineated the causative mutation in 64 families of European descent with hemophilia B. Six (9%) had a C→T transition at base 31008, which substitutes methionine for threonine 296 (T296→M) in the catalytic domain of factor IX. Five of the patients had the same haplotype (frequency of 16% in the northern European population). These individuals are of Amish/German descent and they are likely to share a common ancestor. The sixth patient had a different haplotype, which indicates that his mutation had an independent origin. The data highlight the importance of clinical criteria for the classification of hemophilia B. All six patients had clinically mild disease and their factor IX coagulant activities were in the range of 3%–6% when tested simultaneously in one laboratory, yet the factor IX activities provided with patient records varied 40-fold. Due to the high frequency of this mutation, we have utilized the technique of polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles (PASA) to perform rapid and inexpensive carrier diagnoses in the families with this mutation. This is of particular importance for the Amish since the mutation should account for much of, if not all, the mild hemophilia B that is commonly found in this population.
Student-Professor Relationship Styles, Childhood Attachment Bonds and Current Academic Orientations

Within the past decade, attachment theory has been productively extended into the domains of close adult relationships. Indeed, a key theoretical construct attachment security has been shown to predict a variety of important relationship out comes, including perceived trust, affect self-regulation, and overall dyadic adjustment. More recently, attachment theory has guided research into non-intimate relationships, again with supportive results. In keeping with this initiative, the present study explored whether college students adopting typically secure vs insecure styles of relating to professors also differed in their descriptions of early attachment bonds with parents, and in their responses to measures of current academic motivation and adjustment. Findings indicated that, relative to their peers with insecure relationship styles, students in secure relationships with their professors experienced significantly warmer and more supportive childhood emotional bonds with their mothers. In addition, they ev...
Zu einer einheitlichen Theorie der Relaxationserscheinungen

In der heute ublichen verallgemeinerten Form erscheint die Relaxation als Eigenschaft des Ansprechens linearer Systeme. Die Annahme kausaler Ereignisfolge, namlich, das das Ansprechen — als Wirkung — der Storung — als Ursache —folgen mus, genugt fur die Ableitung einer einheitlichen Relaxationstheorie. Die Ableitung der Theorie, die hier gegeben wird, beruht auf einer funktionentheoretischen Diskussion. Der Anschaulichkeit halber wird diese Diskussion an Hand eines Beispiels, namlich der elastischen Relaxationserscheinungen, aber in allgemeiner Form durchgefuhrt. Bedingungen fur das Auftreten diskreter und kontinuierlicher Relaxationsspektren werden erhalten, sowie Aussagen uber die Verteilungsfunktion.
Semantic processing in the neglected visual field: Evidence from a lexical decision task

Abstract The present study examined the possibility of a dissociation between visual information processing and conscious awareness of that processing in patients with unilateral visual neglect. Implicit processing of visual information was measured in the context of a semantic priming task (Experiment 1) in which patients made lexical decisions to centrally located targets following the presentation of lateralised picture primes. Like normal controls, patients with unilateral neglect showed equivalent priming when related picture primes were presented to the left or to the right visual field. This contrasts with the performance of a patient with a dense left hemianopia without neglect who did not show priming from the affected field.
Emerging trends in police failure to train liability

The United States Supreme Court in the City of Canton v. Harris (1989) held failing to train police officers may be the basis for managerial liability under Title 42 United States Code Section 1983. Using a content analysis, 1,525 Section 1983 lawsuits alleging failure to train were reviewed from 1989 to 1999. The research revealed ten frequent topic areas where the plaintiff regularly identifies police administrators as defendants. Emerging trends of this litigation and recommendations for police administrators are discussed.
New approaches to radiotherapy as definitive treatment for inoperable lung cancer.

The standard curative approach for the treatment of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is definitive radiotherapy. Advanced treatment techniques have been developed that maximize radiation dose delivery to the tumor while minimizing the dose to critical surrounding structures. These radiation therapy techniques include three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and particle beam radiotherapy. Biological imaging with 18F-FDG-PET and other novel tracers in development have shown the potential to improve target delineation and patient selection for curative treatment. Tumor motion control with respiratory gating techniques and image-guided radiation therapy are recent developments that provide the radiation oncologist with accurate tumor localization on the treatment machine. This review article summarizes the literature on these topics and other state-of-the-art radiation therapy techniques in the management of inoperable NSCLC.
Selection at a diallelic autosomal locus in a dioecious population

The model used is that of an infinite dioecious population with nonoverlapping discrete generations and random mating. If the fitnesses are constant and heterozygotes are viable, it is proved that the allelic frequencies converge to equilibria as the number of generations tend to infinity. The results complement those of Karlin and Lessard [1] and Selgrade and Ziehe [5] in that hyperbolicity of equilibria is not assumed, use of index theory is avoided and it is determined how the number of equilibria and phase portraits depend on the fitnesses in the most general case. Lessard [2] gives, in the same situation, a condensed proof of convergence of allelic frequencies off the separatrix under the hypothesis that 1 is not an eigenvalue at any equilibrium. Our method of study is elementary.
Bismuth under intense laser pulses: a Fano-like interference description.

New time-resolved experiments by Misochko et al published in a recent issue of J. Phys.: Condens. Matter [1] have furthered our understanding of the complex behaviour of Bi far from equilibrium. There has been a long-standing interest in the dynamical path from a coherent to a stochastic state. In 1955, Fermi, Pasta, and Ulam (FPU) [2] numerically tested the ergodicity hypothesis of statistical mechanics. By considering a chain of classical harmonic oscillators coupled with a quadratic nonlinearity they investigated how the energy in one mode spreads to the rest. The study was performed on the fastest computing machine at the time (MANIAC I at Los Alamos). Surprisingly, instead of a gradual, continuous flow of energy from the first vibrational mode to the higher modes, FPU found that the system cycled periodically, i.e. after a while the first mode was revived. Nowadays, the availability of intense femtosecond laser pulses in small-scale laboratories enables the generation and study of coherent phonon states in real materials. Particularly interesting for applications are the large-amplitude phonons, as they can offer a unique way to manipulate lattice structures and shapes [3]. However, understanding large-amplitude coherent dynamics is a difficult task, as it involves both electronic and ionic degrees of freedom departing from their ground state. Bi is an interesting system to probe. It is a semimetal that exhibits a delicate coupling between its electronic and ionic subsystems. This is evidenced by its α-arsenic A7 crystal structure, which is an almost perfect cubic structure with a slight elongation along the (111) diagonal (figure 1). The origin of this distortion is the Peierls effect, which is most commonly encountered in one-dimensional systems. In the report of Misochko et al [1], two coherent modes of different symmetries are excited and studied: a fully symmetric A1g mode, where atomic motion occurs along the Peierls distortion direction, and a degenerate Eg mode, where motion occurs in the perpendicular plane (figure 1). Various time-resolved studies on the Bi response obtained that low-amplitude coherent phonon dynamics showed the expected decay and thermalization. However, for abovethreshold excitations, the recurrent dynamics of coherent phonons reminds one of the celebrated FPU paradox, showing a collapse and revival in the A1g mode [4]. Such nonlinear behaviour brings into attention both lattice anharmonicity [5] and dynamical screening effects [6]
Electronic and magnetic properties of triple-layered ruthenate Sr4Ru3O10 single crystals grown by a floating-zone method

We have grown high-quality single crystals of the triple-layered perovskite ruthenate Sr4Ru3O10 using a floating-zone (FZ) method and measured their electronic transport and magnetic properties. Our experiments results are consistent with those previously reported for Sr4Ru3O10 flux crystals; the magnetic ground state of Sr4Ru3O10 is poised between an itinerant metamagnetic and itinerant ferromagnetic state, and its electronic ground state is a Fermi liquid. In addition, we have investigated the effect of disorder on the metallic state of Sr4Ru3O10. From resistivity measurements of various Sr4Ru3O10 crystals with different levels of disorder, we found that disorder enhances both temperature-independent elastic scattering and also temperature-dependent inelastic scattering. The in-plane metamagnetic transition is also found to be sensitive to disorder. Disorder results in an increase in the metamagnetic transition field and different magnetic behavior above the transition. We discuss the implications of this interesting observation.
Conflict and compromise: Catholic and public hospital partnerships.

This article analyzes the tensions and uneasy negotiations, based on a case study, that occurred among Catholic sisters, administrators, bishops, physicians, and the Vatican for more than seven years at a hospital in Austin, Texas. Here, the largest health care system in the city, which was Catholic, joined with the local public, tax-supported hospital that provided the majority of reproductive health care services in the region. A clash resulted over whether the hospital could continue providing sterilization and contraceptive services to its primarily poor patients. This article examines the fierce debates that occurred, especially over emergency contraception and attempts to develop creative solutions after a hierarchical crackdown from the Vatican. The end result was a compromise that included the creation of a “hospital within a hospital.”
Prophylactic antibiotics in cutaneous surgery.

. Antibiotics can reduce the incidence of wound infection in some cutaneous surgical cases. In clean, uncomplicated surgical wounds, antibiotics have no effect on the incidence of infection. There is a reduction in infection rate when prophylaxis is used in clean-contaminated and contaminated surgical wounds. To achieve the maximum effect, the drug should be present in the tissue at the time of wounding. The antibiotic should be given for 24 to 48 hours. Longer treatment provides no greater protection from infection. A cephalosporin or erythromycin by the oral route is usually satisfactory for outpatient cutaneous surgery.
Neurodegenerative disease: pink, parkin and the brain.

Dysfunctions in a number of cellular pathways can cause Parkinson's disease. Fruitflies with mutations in a protein called PINK1 show that there might be some unsuspected interplay between two such pathways.
Consistent image registration

Presents a new method for image registration based on jointly estimating the forward and reverse transformations between two images while constraining these transforms to be inverses of one another. This approach produces a consistent set of transformations that have less pairwise registration error, i.e., better correspondence, than traditional methods that estimate the forward and reverse transformations independently. The transformations are estimated iteratively and are restricted to preserve topology by constraining them to obey the laws of continuum mechanics. The transformations are parameterized by a Fourier series to diagonalize the covariance structure imposed by the continuum mechanics constraints and to provide a computationally efficient numerical implementation. Results using a linear elastic material constraint are presented using both magnetic resonance and X-ray computed tomography image data. The results show that the joint estimation of a consistent set of forward and reverse transformations constrained by linear-elasticity give better registration results than using either constraint alone or none at all.
Parabiosis between Binucleated Red Blood Cell Mutant (bn) and Normal Avian Embryos

Abstract Hatched turkeys homozygous for the bn gene display binucleated and large mononucleated red blood cells (RCBs) in peripheral blood. The binucleation is the result of cell division errors during the maturation of the RBC in the bone marrow. Parabiosis of normal and mutant embryos was performed to investigate the etiology of these mitotic defects. If mutant stem cells were transferred to normal recipients, would mitotic errors still occur in mutant differentiating RBCs? Parabiosis of selected combinations of embryos was performed as follows: A) 11-day chicken (Bn Bn) × 14-day turkey (bn bn); B) 14-day turkey (Bn Bn) × 14-day turkey (bn bn). Parabiosis between embryos of normal genotypes was used as a control. Results were that mutant binucleated cells were found in the circulation of hatched parabiont chicks (combination A) and also in the blood of normal turkey parabionts in experiment (B). In addition, chromosome analysis revealed the presence of turkey cells in the bone marrow of chick parabionts. The results show that mutant turkey RBCs were transferred to the genotypically normal embryos during parabiosis and that the mutant phenotype (i.e., binucleation) was still expressed. Thus, the expression of the bn mutant gene is not dependent on exogenous factors but rather is operative in red cells at the time when RBC-specific proteins are synthesized. The bn gene mutation is discussed as a possible model for understanding the genetic control of cell division events and as a convenient tool for further studies on blood cell chimerism.
A Highly Conserved Nucleotide in the Alu Domain of SRP RNA Mediates Translation Arrest through High Affinity Binding to SRP9/14

Binding of the signal recognition particle (SRP) to signal sequences during translation leads to an inhibition of polypeptide elongation known as translation arrest. The arrest activity is mediated by a discrete domain comprised of the Alu portion of SRP RNA and a 9 and 14 kDa polypeptide heterodimer (SRP9/14). Although very few nucleotides in SRP RNA are conserved throughout evolution, the remarkable conservation of G24, which resides in the region of SRP9/14 interaction, suggests that it is essential for translation arrest. To understand the functional significance of the G24 residue, we made single base substitutions in SRP RNA at this position and analyzed the ability of the mutants to bind SRP9/14 and to reconstitute functional SRPs. Mutation of G24 to C reduced binding to SRP9/14 by at least 50-fold, whereas mutation to A and U reduced binding approximately 2- and 5-fold respectively. The mutant RNAs could nevertheless assemble into SRPs at high subunit concentrations. SRPs reconstituted with mutant RNAs were not significantly defective in translation arrest assays, indicating that the conserved guanosine does not interact directly with the translational machinery. Taken together, these results demonstrate that G24 plays an important role in the translation arrest function of SRP by mediating high affinity binding of SRP9/14.
Setting the bar: compliance with ovarian cancer quality indicators at a National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Abstract Objectives Ovarian cancer quality measures are being developed to improve health care delivery and outcomes. Our objective is to evaluate compliance with 8 quality indicators proposed by the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Methods A review of 123 ovarian cancer patients who underwent primary surgical staging/cytoreduction and chemotherapy from 2010–2012 was undertaken. Medical records were reviewed, and descriptive statistics were performed to determine compliance. Results A timely operative report documenting residual disease was dictated for 121/123 (98.4%) patients. Complete surgical staging was performed in 33/55 (60.0%) stage I–IIIB patients, with lymphadenectomy most frequently omitted. For optimally debulked stage III patients, 52/56 (92.9%) were offered intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Ultimately, 29/56 (51.8%) received this route and 19/56 (33.9%) within 42days (range 18–48, median 40days). Clinical trial randomization and co-morbidities accounted for most cases of non-compliance. All 105 patients for whom chemotherapy was indicated received platin/taxane therapy, and 79/105 (75.2%) within 42days (range 4–82, median 37days). Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was provided mechanically in 122/123 (99.2%) and pharmacologically in 99/123 (80.5%) patients within 24h of surgery. Prophylactic parenteral antibiotics were administered within 60min of cytoreduction in 119/123 (96.7%) and discontinued within 24h after surgery in 120/123 (97.6%) cases. Conclusions Compliance with strict definitions of ovarian cancer quality indicators varies depending on the care delivered and documentation of that care. Increased attention to comprehensive surgical staging and timely initiation of chemotherapy appears warranted. With the move toward value-based payment models, quality indicators will play a significant role in health care delivery.
Emiliania huxleyi increases calcification but not expression of calcification-related genes in long-term exposure to elevated temperature and pCO2

Increased atmospheric pCO2 is expected to render future oceans warmer and more acidic than they are at present. Calcifying organisms such as coccolithophores that fix and export carbon into the deep sea provide feedbacks to increasing atmospheric pCO2. Acclimation experiments suggest negative effects of warming and acidification on coccolithophore calcification, but the ability of these organisms to adapt to future environmental conditions is not well understood. Here, we tested the combined effect of pCO2 and temperature on the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi over more than 700 generations. Cells increased inorganic carbon content and calcification rate under warm and acidified conditions compared with ambient conditions, whereas organic carbon content and primary production did not show any change. In contrast to findings from short-term experiments, our results suggest that long-term acclimation or adaptation could change, or even reverse, negative calcification responses in E. huxleyi and its feedback to the global carbon cycle. Genome-wide profiles of gene expression using RNA-seq revealed that genes thought to be essential for calcification are not those that are most strongly differentially expressed under long-term exposure to future ocean conditions. Rather, differentially expressed genes observed here represent new targets to study responses to ocean acidification and warming.
Telemetry from the first Chinese artificial earth satellite.

THE first Chinese artificial Earth satellite was launched at approximately 1330 UT on April 24, 1970. The announcement of the launch, giving a transmission frequency of 20.009 MHz, was made in Peking at 1232 UT on April 25. First signals were received at Kettering Grammar School at 1402 UT, towards the end of the twelfth orbit of the Earth.
The significance of secondary organic aerosol formation and growth in buildings: experimental and computational evidence

Abstract Experiments were conducted in an 11 m 3 environmental chamber to investigate secondary particles resulting from homogeneous reactions between ozone and α -pinene. Experimental results indicate that rapid fine particle growth occurs due to homogeneous reactions between ozone and α -pinene, and subsequent gas-to-particle partitioning of the products. A new indoor air quality model was used to predict dynamic particle mass concentrations based on detailed homogeneous chemical mechanisms and partitioning of semi-volatile products to particles. Chamber particle mass concentrations were estimated from measured particle size distributions and were in reasonable agreement with results predicted from the model. Both experimental and model results indicate that secondary particle mass concentrations increase substantially with lower air exchange rates. This is an interesting result, given a continuing trend toward more energy-efficient buildings. Secondary particle mass concentrations are also predicted to increase with lower indoor temperatures, higher outdoor ozone concentrations, higher outdoor particle concentrations, and higher indoor α -pinene emissions rates.
Crystallization of amorphous SiGe thin films

The rate of nucleation and the rate of growth of crystallites in amorphous Si50Ge50 thin films was determined using transmission electron microscopy. With the data of nucleation and growth kinetics, the temperature dependence of the nucleation free energy barrier W∗ was obtained using a recently developed method. Within the temperature range of 525 ∼ 575 °C, the nucleation free energy barrier shows a linear increase with temperature and the mean value of W∗ is 1.92 eV. The theoretical relationship, developed by the authors, between the nucleation free energy barrier and the average grain size in the fully crystallized Si50Ge50 thin films was examined in the light of the present data.
Microbiological Evidence for the Origin of Acid Mine Drainage at the Green Valley Site, Vigo County, and Friar Tuck Site, Greene County, Indiana, USA

We examine the origin of acid mine drainage (AMD) that forms within coal refuse (gob) piles at the Green Valley and Friar Tuck sites in Indiana, using microbiology, traditional geochemistry, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. Reducing the AMD load from these sites has been an historical priority. Our observations indicate that AMD generation at these sites in Indiana is driven by three complementary factors: elevated populations of chemolithotrophic microbes of the species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; a growth substrate that provides ‘food’ (e.g. pyrite) for these microbes, and a gob pile with geometry and other properties conducive to maintaining the thermal window of 25–40°C for optimal A. ferrooxidans growth. In particular, increasing levels of Fe+3 and total dissolved solids (TDS), and decreasing pH for gob waters were found to be highly correlated with increasing populations of A. ferrooxidans. Furthermore, the chemosythetic bacteria population increase correlates with increasing hydrogen stable isotope shift away from the global meteoric water line for gob waters in this study, though it is unclear if this shift is the result of microbial metabolic processes or a secondary effect due to microbially-mediated pH change or electrolysis.
Technical Considerations for Establishing Narrow-Band EMI Requirements for Data-Processing Equipment and Office Machines

Technology studies of the electromagnetic emanation charactersitics of electronic data processing (EDP) and office machine (OM) equipment was initiated within IBM about a decade ago. Since then, experimental and theoretical studies have been made of both radiated and conducted modes of electromagnetic propagation, and, in particular, the relationship of this propagation to communication receiver interference has been explored. This paper focuses on: 1) development of a worst-case narrow band interference model for most classes of communication services in the United States, and 2) a general approach to narrow band radiated and conducted limit setting. The low incidence of narrow band EDP interference problems is examined, and a statistical estimate of EMI is made for TV services (radiated) and AM radio (conducted). The significance of various limit levels is then discussed.
Clutter suppression using Phase Apodization with Cross-correlation in ultrasound imaging

Dual Apodization with Cross-correlation (DAX) is a novel adaptive beamforming technique that utilizes two distinct receive apodizations in suppressing clutter to enhance ultrasound image contrast. Previous studies have shown that its performance in terms of contrast enhancement diminishes with increasing level of phase aberration and has a tendency to create image artifacts. In this work, we propose a modified version of DAX, known as Phase Apodization with Cross-correlation (PAX), which utilizes sinusoidal phase apodization to further enhance image quality. Our preliminary simulation and experimental results presented in this work showed that PAX performs in a more robust manner than DAX, especially with increased level of phase aberration, to further improve image contrast and reduce image artifacts.
High-Quality AlGaN/GaN Grown on Sapphire by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy using a Thin Low-Temperature AlN Layer

Growth of high-quality AlGaN/GaN heterostructures on sapphire by ammonia gas-source molecular beam epitaxy is reported. Incorporation of a thin AlN layer grown at low temperature within the GaN buffer is shown to result in enhanced electrical and structural characteristics for subsequently grown heterostructures. AlGaN/GaN structures exhibiting reduced background doping and enhanced Hall mobilities (2100, 10310 and 12200 cm2/Vs with carrier sheet densities of 6.1 × 1012 cm−2, 6.0 × 1012 cm−2, and 5.8 × 1012 cm−2 at 300 K, 77 K, and 0.3 K, respectively) correlate with dislocation filtering in the thin AlN layer. Magnetotransport measurements at 0.3 K reveal well-resolved Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations starting at 3 T.
Catalytic functionalities of supported sulfides VI. The effect of H2S promotion on the kinetics of indole hydrogenolysis

The kinetics of concurrent indole hydrogenolysis and naphthalene hydrogenation in the presence of varying concentrations of H2S were studied in a fixed-bed reactor at 350°C and 35 atm total pressure over a sulfided CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst. Major reaction products from indole hydrogenolysis consisted of o-ethylaniline, ethylcyclohexane, and ethylbenzene, with small amounts of dihydroindole formed in equilibrium with indole. Data were analyzed with Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate equations. It was found that the rate of the first CN bond-breaking step leading to o-ethylaniline depended on the square root of the H2S partial pressure and was inhibited by indole and dihydroindole. Ring hydrogenation reactions were similarly inhibited, but were little affected by H2S. The kinetic analyses support the concept that different catalyst sites are involved in the C-N hydrogenolysis and ring hydrogenation reactions.
Macrophage Infiltration Predicts Restenosis After Coronary Intervention in Patients With Unstable Angina

Background Restenosis remains the major limitation of percutaneous coronary revascularization. Macrophages release cytokines, metalloproteinases, and growth factors that may induce smooth muscle ce...
Label design: impact on millennials' perceptions of wine

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine specific label attributes impacting both the taste and quality perceptions of millennial wine consumers.Design/methodology/approach – A single‐blind study was developed to evaluate the direct implications labels have on millennial informants' taste and quality perceptions. A four‐stage research study tested the informants' reactions to the products both before and after evaluating the label and product packaging.Findings – Perceptions differed significantly from the blind tasting to the second tasting after evaluating the product packaging and label information. When the producer provided specific fruit characteristics, the informant perceived they tasted those fruits much more than without this information in the blind tasting.Research limitations/implications – The generalizability of this study was limited by the small population size (97 informants), the subject recruitment site, lack of ethnic diversity, and the high‐educational level of the respond...
The genetic basis of seed-weight variation: tomato as a model system

The seeds of domesticated plants are normally much larger than those of their wild counterparts. This change in seed weight was most likely in response to the selection pressure for yield, uniform germination and seedling vigor which was exerted by humans during domestication. However, despite the evolutionary and agronomic significance of seed weight, very little is know about the genetic and developmental controls of this trait; and, thus far, none of the genes in this pathway have been isolated from any plant species. QTL mapping experiments conducted in tomato during the past decade have allowed the identification of many seed-weight QTLs and have also revealed that only a few loci are responsible for the majority of the seed-weight changes that accompanied the domestication of tomato. This review presents a consensus map for seed weight QTL identified in previously published reports and in unpublished results from our laboratory. This summary of seed-weight QTL data allows for the identification of the major loci controlling this trait in the genus Lycopersicon. It is hoped that this work will allow the elucidation of this important phenotypic transition that occurred during crop-plant domestication and will also provide the starting point for the cloning of a gene responsible for seed-weight variation.
UV Damage in DNA Promotes Nucleosome Unwrapping

The association of DNA with histones in chromatin impedes DNA repair enzymes from accessing DNA lesions. Nucleosomes exist in a dynamic equilibrium in which portions of the DNA molecule spontaneously unwrap, transiently exposing buried DNA sites. Thus, nucleosome dynamics in certain regions of chromatin may provide the exposure time and space needed for efficient repair of buried DNA lesions. We have used FRET and restriction enzyme accessibility to study nucleosome dynamics following DNA damage by UV radiation. We find that FRET efficiency is reduced in a dose-dependent manner, showing that the presence of UV photoproducts enhances spontaneous unwrapping of DNA from histones. Furthermore, this UV-induced shift in unwrapping dynamics is associated with increased restriction enzyme accessibility of histone-bound DNA after UV treatment. Surprisingly, the increased unwrapping dynamics is even observed in nucleosome core particles containing a single UV lesion at a specific site. These results highlight the potential for increased "intrinsic exposure" of nucleosome-associated DNA lesions in chromatin to repair proteins.
Harnessing the platelet signaling network to produce an optimal hemostatic response.

Platelets are part of the initial response to vascular injury intended to resist further blood loss by producing a hemostatic plug or thrombus. Conventional models portray such thrombi as relatively uniform masses of fully activated platelets intermixed with fibrin. Recent observational studies suggest that reality is more complex in at least the microcirculation, with fibrin deposition concentrated close to the vessel wall at the site of injury and the extent of platelet activation varying inversely with distance from the injury such that a hierarchical structure is formed. Underlying platelet activation is flexible signaling network within the platelets that sums the response to multiple platelet agonists, including collagen, thrombin, ADP, TxA2, and epinephrine. Critical events in this network include the activation of PLC, an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, reorganization of the platelet cytoskeleton, granule secretion, and the steps that link Ca2+ to activation of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, αIIbβ3, so that platelet aggregates can form. Extrinsic regulators provided by a healthy endothelium dampen platelet responsiveness and resist unwarranted platelet activation, whereas intrinsic regulators such as RGS proteins limit signaling downstream of platelet agonists once it has been initiated. As activated platelets come into increasingly stable contact with each other, molecules on their surface are able to interact directly, generating a wave of contact-dependent signaling events. Such events can amplify platelet activation, but can also help to mold the growing thrombus by limiting the extent of platelet activation.
Current fluctuations in laser diodes

Although there will always be intensity noise from a laser diode due to quantum effects, current fluctuations from the laser controller add additional noise. Noise spectra in the 0 - 150 MHz frequency range is presented for cw lasers powered by commercial controllers as well as by a simple, but well shielded battery supply. Various examples also are given to show the sensitivity of the noise level of the laser to small changes in wiring and grounding configurations. The laser diode user gains a familiarity with the magnitude of the intensity noise in this frequency range.
Quantitative cytophotometric studies on isolated liver cell nuclei of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Quantitiative cytochemical studies of Rana catesbeiana liver cell nuclei indicated that these populations consist entirely of diploid non-proliferating nuclei. While DNA values were stable, nuclear size varied over a considerable range. These size variations were directly related to total nuclear protein content, but protein SH and S-S content appeared to be related to ploidy rather than volume. Protein bound tyrosine represents an intermediate case. The latter two fractions appear to be partially bound to nucleic acids, since removal of either class of nucleic acid leads to an increase in absorption values.
Learning visual feature descriptors for dynamic lighting conditions

In many robotic applications, especially long-term outdoor deployments, the success or failure of feature-based image registration is largely determined by changes in lighting. This paper reports on a method to learn visual feature point descriptors that are more robust to changes in scene lighting than standard hand-designed features. We demonstrate that, by tracking feature points in time-lapse videos, one can easily generate training data that captures how the visual appearance of interest points changes with lighting over time. This training data is used to learn feature descriptors that map the image patches associated with feature points to a lower-dimensional feature space where Euclidean distance provides good discrimination between matching and non-matching image patches. Results showing that the learned descriptors increase the ability to register images under varying lighting conditions are presented for a challenging indoor-outdoor dataset spanning 27 mapping sessions over a period of 15 months, containing a wide variety of lighting changes.
Effects of multiplicity of poliovirus infection of HeLa cells upon regulation of DNA synthesis.

SummaryThe rate of DNA synthesis in HeLa cells cultivated in medium without histidine was stimulated in the early stages of infection with poliovirus and could be inhibited in the late stages. The degree of each effect increased with increasing multiplicities of infection. The inhibition, but not the stimulation, was prevented with guanidine. The effect of guanidine was blocked by dimethyl-aminoethanol. It is proposed that both viral effects upon DNA synthesis which are dependent upon the multiplicity of infection are indicators of one primary interaction of the parental virion with some cell structure.
Robert Woodhouse and the Evolution of Cambridge Mathematics

Robert Woodhouse’s lifetime, 1773–1827, is often characterized as the nadir of British mathematics. In that view, the country of Newton was clinging desperately to his coat-tails whilst Continental mathematicians forged on with novel and important work in mathematics and the physical sciences. Although Woodhouse briefl y held the Lucasian Chair, the esteemed position of Newton at Cambridge, his work sought to introduce Continental mathematics to the university and reduce the blind allegiance to her most famous alumnus. Men prior to Woodhouse, such as Edward Waring and John Landen, had introduced analytical methods to England, but Woodhouse was the fi rst to do so with an eye to incorporating them into the Cambridge curriculum. By the time of Woodhouse’s death, undergraduates did learn differential notation, and analytical developments on the Continent were increasingly disseminated and incorporated into the sciences, albeit in a diluted form. Nonetheless, undergraduate studies at Cambridge remained focused on the training of students for religious and gentlemanly positions, discouraging original research. In this regard, Woodhouse was situated in a transitory period and his career is comprehensible only in light of the tensions between reform and continuity within British mathematics. In addition to holding the Lucasian Chair from 1820 to 1822, Woodhouse was the Plumian Professor from 1822 to 1827 and the fi rst director of the Cambridge Observatory when it opened in 1824. Nevertheless, he was isolated from many of the main mathematical fi gures of his time at Cambridge. Overshadowed early in his career by Samuel Vince and John Wood, and later by William Whewell, George Peacock and George Airy, Woodhouse was never fully established within one community. This seclusion was exacerbated by the isolation of Cambridge University itself at the turn of the nineteenth century. It was a collection of relatively insular colleges, whose leaders had been promoted almost exclusively from within. Furthermore, the mathematical curriculum was overwhelmingly conservative, emphasizing memorization and examination over original research, and maintaining a complacent attitude toward foreign developments. Paradoxically, the historiography has focused disproportionately on novel mathematical investigation in this era, despite this being an almost non-existent part of the Cambridge system. Professors, including Woodhouse for the majority of his career, were more concerned with the teaching and training of students than with the development of their fi eld. Nonetheless, historians have primarily examined work in analysis and algebra done by a small number of mathematically-gifted students which would serve as the basis for developments throughout the century. Because
Modification of memory storage processes.

It seems most fitting that the first of a series of symposia commemorating G. Stanley Hall’s contribution to psychology is devoted to the topic of memory. Memory processes are central to all aspects of psychological functioning: Our consciousness and our actions are shaped by our experiences. And our experiences shape us only because of their lingering consequences, which we term, collectively, memory. Memory is, of course, not the sole determiner of our experience and behavior. But in bridging the past and the present, memory serves a central coordinating role. Thus, understanding of the nature and bases of memory is essential for understanding of the broad range of problems that interested G. Stanley Hall. An analysis of memory processes seems appropriate as a beginning.
Drying Model for Calcium Alginate Beads

The dehydration of calcium alginate beads is observed to have a simple power-law time dependence. The ratio of the water content, M(t), to the initial water content, M0, can be expressed as M(t)/M0=(1−t/tc)3/2 The parameter tc is insensitive to the guluronic content of the alginate or the degree of cross-linking. Using this simple model, tc can be estimated from the properties of water vapor, the initial water content, and the relative humidity, in addition to an empirically derived correction factor, K, which has been found to be 2.8 ± 0.3.
Deletion Criteria for Principal Components Regression Analysis

The use of principal components (PC) regression in situations involving ill-conditioned design matrices has been the topic of considerable research in the past few years (see, for example, Farebrother; Greenberg; Gunst and Mason; Hill, Fomby, Johnson; Johnson, Reimer, Rothrock; Lott; Marquardt; and Mittelhammer and Baritelle. The recent paper in this Journal by Mittelhammer and Baritelle reviews two popular strategies for choosing principal components to delete in regression analysis. First, a characteristic root criterion is described whereby components associated with small characteristic roots are deleted, the argument being that their elimination implies little loss of total variation present in the independent variables. Second, a t-value criterion is considered in which estimated
Lactate dehydrogenase specificity and subunit assembly in neural tissues of the teleostPhallichthys amates

The tissue specificity of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in brain and eye of the teleostPhallichthys amates was examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is suggested that subunit association is a function of gene product accessibility superimposed upon genetic restriction of assembly.
C-Reactive Protein in Lone Atrial Fibrillation

An inflammatory cause of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been proposed on the basis of the presence of lymphocytic infiltrates in the biopsy results of patients with lone AF, alterations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 levels in subjects with AF, and the time course of postoperative AF. Many previous studies exploring inflammatory factors in AF have been confounded by concomitant medical illnesses. Subjects with lone AF provide a unique opportunity to eliminate the effects of associated conditions. We therefore sought to determine CRP levels in homogenous cohorts of patients with lone AF or AF and hypertension. One hundred twenty-one subjects with lone AF, 52 subjects with AF and hypertension, and 75 control subjects were enrolled and studied. Plasma CRP levels were determined using a commercially available immunoassay. There was no significant difference in CRP levels between subjects with lone AF and controls (1.34 vs 1.21 mg/L, p = 0.18). CRP levels in subjects with AF and hypertension were elevated compared with those of controls and those of subjects with lone AF, although this difference was attributable to increased body mass indexes. CRP levels were not elevated in subjects with lone AF compared with controls. In conclusion, these findings clarify previous observations of elevations in CRP levels in subjects with AF and suggest that this marker of systemic inflammation is associated not with the arrhythmia per se, but rather with underlying cardiovascular disease.
The interaction of a Botanophila fly species with an exotic Epichloë fungus in a cultivated grass: fungivore or mutualist?

Epichloe spp. (Ascomycetes: Clavicipitaceae) are endophytic fungii of Pooid grasses that cause choke disease, the suppression of seed production. They also host Botanophila spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), the larvae of which feed on the fungus. Studies on Epichloe elymi on wild grasses indicate that the flies transfer spermatia between Epichloe mating types, thereby affecting cross-fertilization, suggesting that the fungus-fly interaction reflects obligatory mutualism. Epichloe typhina, inadvertently introduced into western USA, was first detected in cultivated Dactylis glomerata L. fields in 1996. It spread rapidly, raising concerns about impacts on seed production. The present study was conducted to address questions pertaining to the occurrence and nature of the fungus-fly interaction in the new habitat of E. typhina. The first report of an endemic Botanophila species associated with E. typhina in Oregon is presented here. Surveys of D. glomerata fields indicated no correlation between fly abundance and fungal fertilization. In one field, no fly eggs or larvae were detected, but fertilized stromata were universally present. The fly was established in the remaining 12 fields surveyed, but while the number of stromata with fly larvae ranged from 6 to 98%, stromata development was uniform. Up to 10 larvae were present on a stroma, and these consumed >90% of the perithecia. Comparisons of pupal weights indicated that the fungal resource was not limiting, even at high larval densities. An exclusion study in a D. glomerata field also indicated that E. typhina fertilization occurred without the fly. In Oregon, the fly clearly benefits from the association with the fungus, but there is no evidence of benefit to the fungus. Thus if obligatory mutualism in the fungus-fly relationship described from the midwestern USA is the norm, our studies suggest a shift in the interaction to one of simple foraging on the fungus by fly larvae.
Latest Proterozoic and Paleozoic southern margin of North America and the accretion of Mexico

The latest Proterozoic and Paleozoic southern margin of the North American continent is interpreted to have been located in what is now northern Mexico. The interpretation is based on (1) the convergence across northern Mexico of the Cordilleran geosynclinal belton the west toward the Ouachita geosynclinal belt on the east, and (2) the lack of North American uppermost Proterozoic and Paleozoic shelf and cratonal platform rocks south of lat 28° in Mexico. Complex rifting in the latest Proterozoic to Cambrian is interpreted to have formed the southern margin and may have produced microcontinental blocks now represented by Precambrian crystalline basement rocks in eastern Mexico and possibly elsewhere in the Caribbean region. Precambrian crystalline rocks, associated Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and perhaps far-traveled exotic terranes were accreted to North America in the late Paleozoic, and perhaps Triassic, and formed the nucleus of Mexico.