cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Second Sound Attenuation in Rotating Helium II.

An experiment is described wherein liquid helium II is rotated in an annulus between a metal cylinder which rotates at constant speed and a concentric cylindrical cavity at rest. Second sound pulses, propagated parallel to the cylindrical axis and through a substantially uniform velocity field, are found to suffer an extra attenuation due to the motion of the fluid. If we define $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ as the ratio of the received thermal pulse heights (fluid in motion versus fluid at rest), then for angular velocities of the cylinder $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and second sound path lengths $l$ it appears that $\ensuremath{\sigma}={e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\omega}l}$. The coefficient $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decreases somewhat with rising temperature in the range from about 1.2 to 2.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, having a value of (8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{rev}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ sec at 1.39\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The effect is discussed in the light of present knowledge concerning the nature of helium II.
Chemically Authentic Surrogate Mixture Model for the Thermophysical Properties of a Coal-Derived Liquid Fuel

We developed a surrogate mixture model to represent the physical properties of a coal-derived liquid fuel using only information obtained from a gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis of the fuel and a recently developed “advanced distillation curve”. We then predicted the density, speed of sound, and viscosity of the fuel and compared them to limited experimental data. The surrogate contains five components (n-propylcyclohexane, trans-decalin, α-methyldecalin, bicyclohexane, and n-hexadecane), yet comparisons to limited experimental data demonstrate that the model is able to represent the density, sound speed, and viscosity to within 1, 4, and 5%, respectively.
Prevention of cold ischemia/rewarming-induced ERK 1/2, p38 kinase and HO-1 activation by trophic factor supplementation of UW solution.

We have previously shown that trophic factor supplementation (TFS) of University of Wisconsin (UW) solution reduced early apoptotic changes in vascular endothelial cells. Here, we examine the effect of TFS on cell signaling pathways related to cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis after cold ischemic storage. In this study, the effect of TFS on the phosphorylation of signaling molecules ERK (extracellular regulated-signaling kinase) 1/2 and p38 MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinases) and of HO-1 (hemeoxygenase-1), relative to changes seen in unmodified UW solution, were determined by Western blot in cells stored under cold ischemic conditions. Primary cultures of canine kidney proximal tubule cells (CKPTC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used in this study. There was a significant decrease, relative to UW solution, after 1 min rewarming in ERK 1 and 2 activity in CKPTCs. For p38 MAPK, a significant decrease after 5 min rewarming was seen in CKPTC (p < 0.05) while significant reductions relative to UW solution were seen in HUVECs after both 1 and 5 min rewarming (p < 0.05). Phosphorylated HO-1 was also decreased by 43% and 50% in HUVECs, relative to UW solution, after 1 and 5 min rewarming (p < 0.05 at each time point). Collectively, TFS not only limits ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK activity induced by cold ischemic injury and subsequent rewarming, but also substantially restricted increases in HO-1 phosphorylation.
826 ACYCLOVIR: THERAPY OF V-Z INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH MALIGNANCIES

7 immunocompromised children (4-16 yrs) whose primary diagnoses were ALL (2), Burkitt's lymphoma and Hodgkin's (2 each), Ewing's tumor (1) had primary varicella with pneumonia (2) or zoster (5). Virus isolation was attempted from all pts. and was successful in 3. Six pts. were on multiagent chemotherapy for malignancy; the 7th pt. last received chemotherapy 3 mo before zoster. Lymphopenia (<1200/mm3; mean 654/mm3) occurred in 5 of 7 children and neutropenia of 368/mm3 in 1 child. Acyclovir (ACV) therapy was administered in a dosage of 250 mg/m2/day (1 pt.), 750 mg/m2/day (2 pts.) and 1500 mg/m2/day (4 pts.) as 3 doses/day for 5 days. All patients recovered from their infections. Vesicular lesions crusted in 1-4 days after initiation of ACV. Viral cultures were negative within 1 day of initiating therapy. There was no noted toxicity associated with ACV. There were no relapses of V-Z although cancer chemotherapy was given concomitantly in 1 pt. and resumed in 4-15 days in 6 pts. Follow-up was 4 mo (1) to 1 yr (1) and no sequelae of infection or recurrences have been noted. One Burkitt's pt. died, 1 has active Hodgkin's disease, and 5 are in remission with respect to their malignant disease.
Gas-phase photolysis of phorate, a phosphorothioate insecticide

Abstract Novel methods are described for determining atmospheric photolysis rates for the moderately volatile pesticide, phorate. The gas-phase sunlight photolysis of this substance was determined in three test systems which include: (1) 3-L borosilicate flasks exposed to sunlight and laboratory solar simulation, (2) 100-L Tedlar sunlight exposed air sample bags, and (3) 12,800-L Tedlar sunlight exposed chamber studies using a photochemically stable tracer compound. The kinetic results from all systems indicate rapid gas-phase photolysis under midsummer sunlight conditions with observed half-lives being less than 30 minutes. A pronounced increase in transformation rates with increasing volume to surface area suggests photoreactions occur at more rapid rates in the gas-phase. 14C Radiolabeled phorate irradiations resulted in one conversion product, phorate sulfoxide, and this photoproduct accounted for essentially all of the phorate lost.
Investigating Lipid Composition Effects on the Mechanosensitive Channel of Large Conductance (MscL) Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Previous experimental work has shown that the functional properties of the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) are affected by variations in lipid composition. Here, we utilize molecular dynamics simulations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MscL to investigate such lipid composition effects on a molecular level. In particular, two sets of simulations were performed. In the first, trajectories using lipids with different headgroups (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) were compared. Protein-lipid interactions were clearly altered by the headgroup changes, leading to conformational differences in the C-terminal region of M. tuberculosis MscL. In the second set of simulations, lipid tails were gradually shortened, thinning the membrane over a molecular dynamics trajectory. These simulations showed evidence of hydrophobic matching between MscL and the lipid membrane, as previously proposed. For all simulations, protein-lipid interaction energies in the second transmembrane region were correlated to mutagenic data, emphasizing the importance of lipid interactions for proper MscL function.
Association between neurovascular contact on MRI and response to gamma knife radiosurgery in trigeminal neuralgia

Treatment with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) provides adequate short-term pain control in about 70% of the patients with intractable trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether the presence of neurovascular contact (NVC) at the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve on pre-gamma knife MR imaging predicts an increased likelihood of an adequate response to GKRS.We studied 40 consecutive patients who underwent GKRS for treatment of intractable TN. Two neuroradiologists blinded to the side of symptoms analyzed pre-treatment constructive interference in steady state (CISS) images to determine the presence of NVC by consensus. An adequate response was defined as freedom from pain with or without reduced need for medical therapy. Adequate short-term response to GKRS was seen in 29 (72.5%) of 40 patients. NVC was seen in 30 of the 40 patients. Twenty-five (83.3%) of 30 patients with NVC had adequate short-term response to GKRS. Only four (40%) of the 10 patients without NVC had adequate response to GKRS (X2=7.06; P<0.01). Patients with NVC were seven times more likely to have an adequate response to GKRS than those without NVC (odds ratio =7.5).The presence of NVC on pre-treatment MR imaging predicts an increased likelihood of an adequate response to GKRS.
Pharmacokinetics of Primidone Elimination by Uremic Patients

The hemodialyzability of primidone was investigated in four patients on long-term hemodialysis. Primidone, 500 or 250 mg, was given orally 2 hours before hemodialysis. Blood and dialyzate samples were collected periodically during the 4-hour dialysis and measured by gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography for primidone. Dialysis clearance calculated by the instantaneous dialyzate method averaged 97.7 ml/min, which is considerably greater than the metabolic clearance of 30 ml/min for the drug. The extraction efficiency of the hollow-fiber dialyzers averaged 40.2 pr cent for plasma samples. A mean of 31.7 per cent of the administered dose of primidone was removed during hemodialysis. The half-life was 5.1 hours in our patients during hemodialysis, a nearly two-thirds reduction of the 13.9-hour half-life calculated in uremic patients. Because of the reduction in elimination half-life, greater dialysis clearance than metabolic clearance, high extraction efficiency, and significant drug removal during dialysis, we conclude that primidone is dialyzable.
PENILE ERECTILE FUNCTION AFTER PERMANENT RADIOACTIVE SEED IMPLANTATION FOR TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: We assess erectile function after prostate brachytherapy and analyze those factors affecting potency preservation.Materials and Methods: A total of 416 patients treated from October 1990 to September 1998 with permanent radioactive seed implantation for T1 to T2 prostate cancer had erectile function assessed before and after treatment. Erectile function was assessed using the scoring system of 0—complete inability to have erections, 1—able to have erections but insufficient for intercourse, 2—can have erections sufficient for intercourse but considered suboptimal and 3—has normal erectile function. Implant dose was defined as the D90, which was the dose delivered to 90% of the gland on a dose volume histogram from the 1-month computerized tomography based dosimetric analysis.Results: Pretreatment erectile function assessment revealed scores of 0 in 57 (14%), 1 in 46 (11%), 2 in 77 (18%) and 3 in 236 (57%) patients. In 313 patients who were potent with a score 2 or greater before therapy the actua...
An editing and reporting system for Fermilab's accelerator controls system database

Abstract This paper describes an editing and reporting system for the central database of Fermilab's accelerator controls system. The software is written for the VAX 11/785 in FORTRAN, VAX-Macro, and DCL, the VAX system command language. The editing of device information in the database is implemented through the DABBEL language processor and turnkey account. A reporting facility is provided by the DBPEEKER turnkey account. The present system is described and future plans are discussed.
Calibration studies of the drum impactor

Abstract Calibration studies were performed on the Davis Rotating-drum Universal-size-cut Monitoring (DRUM) sampler utilizing fluorescent monodisperse aerosols of polystyrene latex. The DRUM sampler is an eight-stage Lundgren-type rotating drum cascade impactor utilizing a series of single round jets for each stage including low-pressure stages. The DRUM sampler operates continuously for up to 2 weeks with particle collection on slowly rotating, greased substrate-coated cylindrical drums. The resulting narrow linear deposit for each stage can be evaluated with time resolution as short as 4 h utilizing Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) spectroscopy and other analytical methods. The DRUM sampler is particularly useful for evaluating environmental aerosols for size-related chemical properties. Aerosols of monodisperse fluorescent polystyrene latex spheres were generated by nebulization from dilute aqueous suspensions, dried with a diffusion drier, and reduced in electrostatic charge with a krypton-85 discharger. The aerosols were characterized by electron microscopy and with a Climet-208 light scattering particle counter; they were quantified utilizing the fluorescent label. DRUM samples were collected at selected flow rates up to the critical 18.3 cm3 s−1, and the square root of the non-dimensionalized Stokes' number was plotted vs collection efficiency for the impactor stages. The results were in reasonable agreement with the expected effective cut-off aerodynamic diameters based on the non-dimensionalized theory of Marple and with the data of Mercer. All the stages demonstrated dynamic similarity when the Stokes' numbers were calculated at the reduced pressure and temperature at orifice outlets with orifice areas corrected for contraction at sonic and near sonic speeds. The measured cut-off values for another low pressure impactor were verified with these results. A wall loss study was conducted using polydisperse respirable aerosols of ammonium fluorescein generated by nebulization with a Lovelace nebulizer, dried with a diffusion drier, and reduced to Boltzmann equilibrium with a krypton-85 discharger. The results show wall losses to be about 10.7% of the sample.
Competitive network modification in non-oxide chalcogenide glasses structural and motional properties of glasses in the system Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 -B 2 S 3 studied by multinuclear NMR techniques

Non-oxide chalcogenide glasses based on more than one network former species have certain advantages for applications as solid electrolytes in batteries. To elucidate the influence of competitive glass-formation on the structural and motional properties of ionically conductive chalcogenide glasses, the system (Li2S)0.67[(B2S3)1−y (P2S5) y ]0.33 has been characterized comprehensively by DSC, electrical conductivity and6Li,7Li,31P, and11B solid state NMR techniques. The data obtained provide the first systematic characterization of the coformer effect in a chalcogenide glass system. Homogeneous glassy samples are formed fory=0.3 and 0.9≦y≦1.0, and microphase separated glasses for 0≦y≦0.2. The presence of a coformer leads to an increase in the electrical conductivity and a decrease of the activation energy, as compared to either binary system (Li2S-B2S3 or Li2S-P2S5), but only if homogeneous glasses are formed. The NMR data, in conjunction with systematic DSC and NMR studies of the binary systems (Li2S)x(B2S3)1−x (0.50≦x≦0.75) and (Li2S) x (P2S5)1−x (0.50≦x≦0.70), lead to the following conclusions: 1)11B MAS-NMR is well-suited to quantitate the amounts of three- and four coordinated boron atoms; in the binary glasses, the fraction of four-fold boron (N4) increases with decreasing Li2S/B2S3 ratio; in the ternary glasses N4 increases with increasingy. 2)31P MAS-NMR spectra of the binary glasses discriminate between three different phosphorus microenvironments, assigned to sulfide-analogs of metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, and orthophosphate species, respectively. These results suggest the applicability of network modification models originally developed for oxide glasses. For the ternary glasses, the DSC and NMR data of glasses with low phosphorus contents are consistent with a phase separation model involving a Li-rich thioborate glass that contains all of the phosphorus component and a glass phase less rich in lithium containing the four-fold boron atoms. In addition to the structural studies, the7Li spin-spin relaxation times (T 2) are used to characterize the mobility of the Li atoms. The activation energy of Li motion, determined from temperature dependentT 2 measurements and analyzed by using BPP theory differs from that determined from conductivity measurements by a factor of 2–3, possibly reflecting the inapplicability of this theory to the lithium diffusion process.
Dynamics of the aerosol products of incomplete combustion in urban atmospheres

The products of incomplete combustion (PICs), which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental carbon, are an important class of toxic air pollutants. Once emitted to the atmosphere, the size distribution of the total particulate carbon changes as a result of gas-to-particle conversion processes, and the PAHs react chemically. A systematic procedure has been developed for relating ambient air quality to emission sources for PICs. The properties of interest are the aerosol mass distribution and the PAH concentration, both as functions of particle size. The source and receptor aerosol properties are linked through the atmospheric residence time distribution and through the rates of the physical and chemical processes that cause the changes between source and receptor. The analysis was applied to the Los Angeles atmosphere, for which the most complete data are available. The results indicate that the residence time distribution is bimodal; about 40% of the PIC atmospheric mass has very sho...
LSP Squark Decays at the LHC and the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy

The existence of $R$-parity in supersymmetric models can be naturally explained as being a discrete subgroup of gauged baryon minus lepton number ($B\ensuremath{-}L$). The most minimal supersymmetric $B\ensuremath{-}L$ model triggers spontaneous $R$-parity violation, while remaining consistent with proton stability. This model is well motivated by string theory and makes several interesting, testable predictions. Furthermore, $R$-parity violation contributes to neutrino masses, thereby connecting the neutrino sector to the decay of the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). This paper analyzes the decays of third generation squark LSPs into a quark and a lepton. In certain cases, the branching ratios into charged leptons reveal information about the neutrino mass hierarchy, a current goal of experimental neutrino physics, as well as the ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}$ neutrino mixing angle. Furthermore, optimization of leptoquark searches for this scenario is discussed. Using currently available data, the lower bounds on the third generation squarks are computed.
Cooperation, conflict, and the evolution of queen pheromones

While chemical communication regulates individual behavior in a wide variety of species, these communication systems are most elaborated in insect societies. In these complex systems, pheromones produced by the reproductive individuals (queens) are critical in establishing and maintaining dominant reproductive status over hundreds to thousands of workers. The proximate and ultimate mechanisms by which these intricate pheromone communication systems evolved are largely unknown, though there has been much debate over whether queen pheromones function as a control mechanism or as an honest signal facilitating cooperation. Here, we summarize results from recent studies in honey bees, bumble bees, wasps, ants and termites. We further discuss evolutionary mechanisms by which queen pheromone communication systems may have evolved. Overall, these studies suggest that queen-worker pheromone communication is a multi-component, labile dialog between the castes, rather than a simple, fixed signal-response system. We also discuss future approaches that can shed light on the proximate and ultimate mechanisms that underlie these complex systems by focusing on the development of increasingly sophisticated genomic tools and their potential applications to examine the molecular mechanisms that regulate pheromone production and perception.
4-Methyl-3-heptanone: Identification and role in opilionid exocrine secretions

Abstract 4-Methyl-3-heptanone has been identified as the main constituent present in the secretion from the scent glands of the opilionids Leiobunum formosum and L. speciosum . The contents of the scent glands are discharged when the opilionids are irritated and can function as an effective defensive secretion against invertebrate predators such as ants. The significance of 4-methyl-3-heptanone being utilized as a defensive secretion by arachnids is discussed in the light of the role that this compound plays as an alarm pheromone of myrmicine ants.
Fat in School: Applied Interdisciplinarity as a Basis for Consultation in Oppressive Social Context

Children and youth in schools are subject to the effects of the larger culture's attitudes and values related to body size. When negatively biased, these attitudes and values can have detrimental effects and thus emerge as relevant to educational and psychological consultants. Drawing on the nascent field of Fat Studies with its focus on the cultural meanings attached to large bodies, we identify direct implications of fat phobia for school-age children and youth. Via a brief case example, an initial review of literature, and several examples of health-positive programming, we describe the social justice implications of fat phobia for consultants in school and community settings. In this consideration of the role of consultants for addressing fat bias and supporting health, we also suggest the merit of applied interdisciplinarity as a strong ground for consultation research and practice. The academic area of Fat Studies provides illustration of the integration of disciplinary perspectives (e.g., sociology...
Gaia-PL: A Product Line Engineering Approach for Efficiently Designing Multiagent Systems

Agent-oriented software engineering (AOSE) has provided powerful and natural, high-level abstractions in which software developers can understand, model and develop complex, distributed systems. Yet, the realization of AOSE partially depends on whether agent-based software systems can achieve reductions in development time and cost similar to other reuse-conscious development methods. Specifically, AOSE does not adequately address requirements specifications as reusable assets. Software product line engineering is a reuse technology that supports the systematic development of a set of similar software systems through understanding, controlling, and managing their common, core characteristics and their differing variation points. In this article, we present an extension to the Gaia AOSE methodology, named Gaia-PL (Gaia-Product Line), for agent-based distributed software systems that enables requirements specifications to be easily reused. We show how our methodology uses a product line perspective to promote reuse in agent-based software systems early in the development life cycle so that software assets can be reused throughout system development and evolution. We also present results from an application to show how Gaia-PL provided reuse that reduced the design and development effort for a large, multiagent system.
Low prevalence of oral leukoplakia in a representative sample of the US population

Recent studies reported a tendency towards a lower prevalence of oral leukoplakia (OL), compared with the past. To assess the prevalence of OL in a representative sample of the US population, data from the oral mucosal tissue assessment and some other covariates of 16128 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were included. The clinical definition of OL was applied according to the WHO criteria. The weighted prevalence estimates of OL were 0.66+/-0.14% in males, 0.21+/-0.05% in females and 0.42+/-0.08% in total. The age peaks were at 40-49 years in males and at >or=70 years in females. The prevalence estimates were 0.37% for homogeneous OL and 0.06% for non-homogeneous OL. Gingiva (38.8%) and buccal mucosa (30.9%) were the most frequent locations. Compared to previous studies in the USA, a substantial decline of the prevalence of OL was shown.
Problem-Solving Attitude and Ability and Decision Making with Multiple Objectives

In decision making with multiple objectives the optimal action depends upon the choice rule used to rank-order alternatives. This study with 36 college students determined that problem-solving ability is related to the selection of a choice rule.
Realism and Fantasy in Art, History, and Geography

Abstract Realism may be necessary to survival, but unless people are also touched by fantasy, they risk imprisonment in their own narrow worlds. Too much fantasy, however, can lead to isolation, to a frivolous and—ultimately—insane existence. Art, history, and geography are three intellectual-imaginative projects, all of which are imbued with varying degrees of realism and fantasy. Art, predictably, is most favorably inclined toward the uninhibited imagination: we see fantasy in the paintings of young children and playfulness in much of the works of contemporary artists. Nevertheless, in the West, art has also favored realism—that is, optical fidelity—throughout the early modern period. Treatments of the past come second in their hospitality to flights of the imagination: a consciousness of the past may give rise in one people to realistic narratives (history), but in another people, it can generate fantastic myths and legends without risking their physical survival or even their cultural efflorescence. G...
CFD Study on the Effects of the Large Particle Crossing Trajectory Phenomenon on Virtual Impactor Performance

Two-dimensional CFD simulations were performed on a full-section numerical model of an as-built slot virtual impactor prototype and its completely symmetric ideal counterpart. The simulations reproduce the trends of the experimentally observed performance including verification of a third region in the transmission efficiency curve, which is a drop-in transmission efficiency for large particle sizes. Visualization of simulated particle tracks show this decrease is attributed to a crossing trajectory phenomenon, whereby larger particles that acquire enough inertia in a chamfered acceleration nozzle, crossover the vertical mid-plane and impact on the opposite-side wall, particularly on the wall of the receiver section. Some experimental data presented in the literature for rectangular slot and round-nozzle virtual impactors with chamfered 45° half-angle acceleration nozzles (similar to the geometry tested herein), show a similar drop-in transmission efficiency that commences at a particle Stokes numbers of ...
Using pencil and paper, Internet and touch-tone phones for self-administered surveys: does methodology matter?

Abstract To compare responses to personally sensitive questions, 352 undergraduates were randomly assigned to respond anonymously to a survey using one of three survey methods: pencil and paper mail-in, Internet survey, or an automated touch-tone telephone response system. The survey contained 68 brief Yes/No questions ranging from low to high sensitivity in 13 domains, such as general honesty, academic honesty, prejudice, illegal behavior, alcohol use, substance use, violence, and sexual behavior. We found no significant differences (p>0.05) in participants’ responses among these three media for any of the questions. This suggests that for some populations, under some circumstances, Internet and touch-tone telephone systems achieve the same results as traditional pencil and paper surveys.
Transient finite element computations on 65536 processors: The connection machine

This paper reports on our experience in solving large-scale finite element transient problems on the Connection Machine. We begin with an overview of this massively parallel processor and emphasize the features which are most relevant to finite element computations. These include virtual processors, parallel disk I/O and parallel scientific visualization capabilities. We introduce a distributed data structure and discuss a strategy for mapping thousands of processors onto a discretized structure. The combination of the parallel data structure with the virtual processor mapping algorithm is shown to play a pivotal role in efficiently achieving massively parallel explicit computations on irregular and hybrid two- and three-dimensional finite element meshes. The finite element kernels written in C*/Paris have run with success to solve several examples of linear and non-linear dynamic simulations of large problem sizes. From these example runs, we have been able to assess in detail their performance on the Connection Machine. We show that mesh irregularities induce an MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) style of programming which impacts negatively the performance of this SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) machine. Finally, we address some important theoretical and implementational issues that will materially advance the application ranges of finite element computations on this highly parallel processor.
Hitting a Soft Drug with a Hard Nucleophile: Preparation of Esmolol's Metabolite by Treatment with Bis(tributyltin) Oxide

Abstract A facile method for the production of esmolol's metabolite in high purity is described. Bis(tributyltin) oxide is used to disrupt esmolol's ester linkage, and hydrolysis is completed by addition of water, which also allows the inorganic side products to be conveniently extracted into ether. Evaporation of the aqueous phase and trituration with ethyl acetate provides the carboxylic acid–amine internal salt as a white, free-flowing powder.
Contribution of Perceptual Segregation to the Relationship between Stimulus Similarity and Backward Masking

-This experiment confirms an earlier finding that similarity in size between test and masking stimuli is directly related to the extent of backward masking. In addition, it is shown thar this relation is in part due to the greater difficulty in perceptually segregating rest from mask when these are similar in size. The remainder of the effect, however, seems attributable to a retroactive masking effect that varies directly with stimulus similarity.
Comment on the Letter “On the influx of small comets into the Earth's upper atmosphere, II. Interpretation”

A critical comment is made on the proposal by Frank et al. (1986) that a flux of small comets constantly impacts the earth's atmosphere. It is argued that the interpretation of the 'atmospheric holes' in terms of such an influx is difficult to reconcile with the fact that the lunar seismic network set up during the Apollo project did not detect such an influx. Frank et al. reply that this discrepancy may be traced to the insensitivity of the lunar seismic stations for the detection of the impacts of tenuous, weakly bound comets relative to those of dense, stony meteoroids.
Cr-Mo solid solutions forced by high-energy ball milling

Mixtures of Cr and Mo elemental powders, with the nominal compositions Cr25Mo75, Cr50Mo50, and Cr75Mo25, are processed by high-energy ball milling at ambient temperature. Milling is observed to force the mixing of the immiscible bcc elements Cr and Mo into solid solutions. The lattice parameter of these solid solutions, measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), displays the expected positive deviation from Vegard’s law. These deviations are compared to the ones predicted by Eshelby’s inclusion model for dilute alloys. The conventional Williamson-Hall approach is shown to fail to determine the grain size in as-milled samples, probably due to the high density of dislocations. Annealing at 700 °C for 10 hours under argon leads to a large reduction in structural defect density, without inducing any significant decomposition. The mixing measured in Cr-Mo is discussed in the broader context of the mechanical mixing forced by ball milling in moderately immiscible systems.
Self-stabilized single-longitudinal-mode operation in a self-Q-switched Cr,Nd:YAG laser.

It is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that stable single-longitudinal-mode operation, with transform-limited spectral linewidth and without pulse-to-pulse mode competition, can be obtained in a monolithic self-Q-switched Cr,Nd:YAG solid-state laser with a distributed saturable absorber. In this system, the lasing mode establishes a loss grating and thereby stabilizes itself.
730-2 Acute Angiographic, Intravascular Ultrasound and Clinical Results of Directional Atherectomy in the Optimal Atherectomy Restenosis Study

The Optimal Atherectomy Restenosis Study (OARS) is a 200 patient multicenter (4 sites) registry designed to assess an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guided “optimal” directional atherectomy (DCA) on acute angiographic results, in-hospital complications, and late outcomes. At present, preliminary acute results are available for 155 lesions in 146 consecutively treated patients. Baseline patient characteristics were age 58 ± 11 years, male gender 74%, LAD treatment vessel 54%, CCVS angina class III or IV 75%, diabetes 15%, and prior PTCA 23%. Pre-treatment target lesions were 7.9 ± 2.6 mm in length, 63% were eccentric, 13% were ulcerated, and 20% had either moderate or severe calcification. Overall, procedure success (l 50% final stenosis without major complications) was achieved in 143 (98%) patients and there were in-hospital major complications in 3 (2.1%) patients including no deaths 10%). Q wave MI in 1 (0.7%), and emergency CABG in 2 (1.4%). Significant angiographic dissections ( ≥ grade C) after DCA were present in 9 (5.9%) patients and bailout stents were used to treat dissections in 4 (2.7%) without subsequent ischemic events. There was 1 perforation 10.7%) treated successfully with PTCA. Quantitative angiography was performed using an automated edge detection algorithm (CMS); reference diameter was 3.23 ± 0.48 mm and pre-treatment minimum lumen diameter (MLD) increased from 1.18 ± 0.44 mm to 2.74 ± 0.69 mm after DCA, and furtherto 3.14 ± 0.56 mm after adjunct PTCA (performed in 89% of treated lesions). Similarly, diameter stenosis was reduced from 63 ± 12% pre-treatment to 19 ± 19% after DCA to 7 ± 12% after adjunct PTCA. Sequential IVUS revealed an increase in lesion site cross-sectional area from 8.2 mm2following DCA to 9.0 mm2after adjunct PTCA (proximal reference area 10.5 mm2). Despite the large final lumen dimensions (14% final cross-sectional area stenosis by IVUS). % cross-sectional narrowing (residual plaque burden) still averaged 57%. We conclude: (1) “optimal” DCA can be performed with high procedure success and few major in-hospital complications; (2) adjunct PTCA is usually required to achieve maximum lumen dimensions, and (3) despite these favorable angiographic results, IVUS reveals considerable residual plaque burden ( g 50%) after “optimal” DCA.
Progesterone metabolites, effective at the GABAA receptor complex, attenuate pain sensitivity in rats.

To investigate whether progesterone metabolites' antinociceptive effects correlate with their previously established binding efficacies at the GABA receptor complex (GBR), seven progestin metabolites were administered to ovariectomized Long-Evans rats s.c. (Expt. 1), via i.c.v. implantation (Expt. 2) and then i.c.v. infusion (Expt. 3). Progestins, listed from most to least efficacious at the GBR, were THP [5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one], THDOC [5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha,21-diol-20-one], P [4-pregnen-3,20-dione], DHP [5 alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione],17-OH-P [17-hydroxyprogesterone], DHEAS [5-androsten-3 beta-ol-17-one sulfate] and PS [5-pregnen-3 beta-ol-20-one sulfate]. Pain sensitivity was measured via the radiant heat tailflick method 0, 5, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after weekly progestin administration. Peripheral administration of 0.0, 0.1, 0.4, 1.6, 3.2 or 6.4 mg/kg of potent to moderate agonists of the GBR (THP, THDOC, P and DHP) tended to elevate tailflick latencies above baseline, whereas administration of the non-5 alpha-reduced metabolite (17-OH-P) and GBR antagonists (DHEAS and PS) did not. Intracerebroventricular implantation and infusion (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 micrograms/rat) of THP, THDOC, P and DHP all significantly increased tailflick latencies above baseline and vehicle control, consistent with their GBR efficacies. Central 17-OH-P, DHEAS and PS did not elevate tailflick latencies. These rapid differences were unlikely confounded by stress given that corticosterone levels were not elevated (Expt. 4). As pain sensitivity was attenuated rapidly (0-5 min post-i.c.v.) and consistent with GBR efficacies, this suggests that progestins' modulation of pain may occur via GBR action.
Downregulation of kainate receptors in the hippocampus following repeated seizures in immature rats

Abstract There are significant differences in seizure-induced sequelae between the immature and mature brain. We have previously demonstrated that repeated doses of the chemoconvulsant kainic acid is associated with a progressive increase in severity of seizures in adult animals while in immature rats the opposite occurs; seizure intensity decreases with subsequent doses of kainic acid. Likewise, repeated kainic acid seizures causes severe hippocampal damage in mature rats while in the immature brain serial administration of kainic acid causes no demonstrable cell loss. Here we show that recurrent kainic acid seizures in immature rats are associated with a downregulation of kainate receptor binding. No histological damage was noted in any of the rats exposed to recurrent seizures. Furthermore, when tested for visual–spatial memory immature rats with recurrent kainate seizures did not differ from controls. The downregulation of KA receptors following repeated exposure to KA suggests that the decrease in glutamate receptor density might account in part for the observed lack of neuronal loss and decrease in seizure intensity in these animals.
The data acquisition and control system for Thomson scattering on ATF

The two-dimensional Thomson scattering system that measures electron temperatures and densities in the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) is interfaced to a VAX 8700 computer system running in a clustered configuration. Calibration, alignment, and operation of this diagnostic are under computer control. Extensive CAMAC instrumentation is used for timing control, data acquisition, and laser alignment. The authors discuss the computer hardware and software, system operations, and data storage and retrieval. By using a synchronization and monitoring system, better synchronization with ATF operations and a more accurate timing system have been obtained. Data storage and retrieval using the data management system software are more efficient. Enhancements to the user interface have provided the experimenters with more flexibility and better error detection. >
Ocular Tropism of Influenza A Viruses: Identification of H7 Subtype-Specific Host Responses in Human Respiratory and Ocular Cells

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7 virus infection in humans frequently results in conjunctivitis as a major symptom. However, our understanding of what properties govern virus subtype-specific tropism, and of the host responses responsible for eliciting ocular inflammation and pathogenicity following influenza virus infection, are not well understood. To study virus-host interactions in ocular tissue, we infected primary human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells with H7, H5, and H1 subtype viruses. We found that numerous virus subtypes were capable of infecting and replicating in multiple human ocular cell types, with the highest titers observed with highly pathogenic H7N7 and H5N1 viruses. Similar patterns of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production following influenza virus infection were observed in ocular and respiratory cells. However, primary ocular cells infected with HPAI H7N7 viruses were found to have elevated levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a cytokine previously implicated in ocular disease pathology. Furthermore, H7N7 virus infection of corneal epithelial cells resulted in enhanced and significant increases in the expression of genes related to NF-κB signal transduction compared with that after H5N1 or H1N1 virus infection. The differential induction of cytokines and signaling pathways in human ocular cells following H7 virus infection marks the first association of H7 subtype-specific host responses with ocular tropism and pathogenicity. In particular, heightened expression of genes related to NF-κB-mediated signaling transduction following HPAI H7N7 virus infection in primary corneal epithelial cells, but not respiratory cells, identifies activation of a signaling pathway that correlates with the ocular tropism of influenza viruses within this subtype.
Better Splitting Algorithms for Parallel Corpus Processing

Each iteration of minimum error rate training involves re-translating a development set. Distributing this work across computational nodes can speed up translation time, but in practice some parts may take much longer to complete than others, leading to computational slack time. To address this problem, we develop three novel algorithms for distributing translation tasks in a parallel computing environment, drawing on research in parallel machine scheduling. We present results showing a substantial speedup in overall decoding time.
Entropy Generation and Human Aging: Lifespan Entropy and Effect of Diet Composition and Caloric Restriction Diets

The first and second laws of thermodynamic were applied to statistical databases on nutrition and human growth in order to estimate the entropy generation over the human lifespan. The calculations were performed for the cases of variation in the diet composition and calorie restriction diets; and results were compared to a base case in which lifespan entropy generation was found to be 11 404 kJ/K per kg of body mass, predicting a lifespan of 73.78 and 81.61 years for the average male and female individuals respectively. From the analysis of the results, it was found that changes of diet % of fat and carbohydrates do not have a significant impact on predicted lifespan, while the diet % of proteins has an important effect. Reduction of diet protein % to the minimum recommended in nutrition literature yields an average increase of 3.3 years on the predicted lifespan. Changes in the calorie content of the diet also have an important effect, yielding a % increase in lifespan equal or higher than the % reduction in the diet caloric content. This correlates well experimental data on small mammal and insects, in which lifespan has been increased by diet restriction.
EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN COLOR STAINS AND FRITS ON COLORS PRODUCED IN PORCELAIN ENAMELS

A representative series of colors, blue, brown, green, red, and yellow, was selected for this investigation. Variations of the constituents for these five stains were made and the resulting colors produced in the enamels were measured by means of spectrophotometric curves. The influence of additions of barium oxide, lead oxide, and zinc oxide to the frit was also studied. The addition of lead oxide to the frit tended to give greater solution of the blue stains. The barium oxide additions dissolved the lead antimonate yellow the most, while the lead oxide had the least effect on the yellow stains. Variations in calcination temperatures of the red stains produced decided changes in color. The additions of lead oxide darkened the color produced with the red stains.
Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of Lattice-Matched MgO/Cr0.7Mo0.3/MgO(001) Layered Structures

We have grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) structurally coherent layers of MgO and a random bcc alloy of 70% Cr and 30% Mo to which MgO is lattice matched. Specimens werecharacterized by means of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffraction (XPS/XPD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These systems exhibit excellent long- and shortrange crystallographic order, as well as nearly perfect structural coherence across the interface.
Transcriptomic changes in human breast cancer progression as determined by serial analysis of gene expression

Genomic and transcriptomic alterations affecting key cellular processes such us cell proliferation, differentiation and genomic stability are considered crucial for the development and progression of cancer. Most invasive breast carcinomas are known to derive from precursor in situ lesions. It is proposed that major global expression abnormalities occur in the transition from normal to premalignant stages and further progression to invasive stages. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was employed to generate a comprehensive global gene expression profile of the major changes occurring during breast cancer malignant evolution. In the present study we combined various normal and tumor SAGE libraries available in the public domain with sets of breast cancer SAGE libraries recently generated and sequenced in our laboratory. A recently developed modified t test was used to detect the genes differentially expressed. We accumulated a total of approximately 1.7 million breast tissue-specific SAGE tags and monitored the behavior of more than 25,157 genes during early breast carcinogenesis. We detected 52 transcripts commonly deregulated across the board when comparing normal tissue with ductal carcinoma in situ, and 149 transcripts when comparing ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive ductal carcinoma (P < 0.01). A major novelty of our study was the use of a statistical method that correctly accounts for the intra-SAGE and inter-SAGE library sources of variation. The most useful result of applying this modified t statistics beta binomial test is the identification of genes and gene families commonly deregulated across samples within each specific stage in the transition from normal to preinvasive and invasive stages of breast cancer development. Most of the gene expression abnormalities detected at the in situ stage were related to specific genes in charge of regulating the proper homeostasis between cell death and cell proliferation. The comparison of in situ lesions with fully invasive lesions, a much more heterogeneous group, clearly identified as the most importantly deregulated group of transcripts those encoding for various families of proteins in charge of extracellular matrix remodeling, invasion and cell motility functions.
Effects of size and temperature on developmental time

Body size and temperature are the two most important variables affecting nearly all biological rates and times. The relationship of size and temperature to development is of particular interest, because during ontogeny size changes and temperature often varies. Here we derive a general model, based on first principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics, that predicts the time of ontogenetic development as a function of body mass and temperature. The model fits embryonic development times spanning a wide range of egg sizes and incubation temperatures for birds and aquatic ectotherms (fish, amphibians, aquatic insects and zooplankton). The model also describes nearly 75% of the variation in post-embryonic development among a diverse sample of zooplankton. The remaining variation is partially explained by stoichiometry, specifically the whole-body carbon to phosphorus ratio. Development in other animals at other life stages is also described by this model. These results suggest a general definition of biological time that is approximately invariant and common to all organisms.
SPIDER SIZE AND LOCOMOTION ON THE WATER SURFACE (ARANEAE, PISAURIDAE)

Abstract Newly emerged fishing spiders, Dolomedes triton (Walckenaer 1837), can achieve rowing velocities as high as those of adults despite an approximately 600-fold difference in mass (1.7 mg vs. 1.1 g). In contrast, when velocity is measured in relative terms (body lengths/sec), small spiders move much more rapidly than adults, with Vrel ∝ mass−0.31. This surprising performance of very small spiders can be attributed both to their very high stride frequency (fs ∝ mass−0.43) and to the high angular velocity of their propulsive legs (ω ∝ mass−0.33). Calculations of leg tip velocities, based on measurements of both angular velocities and leg lengths, reveal that maximum leg tip velocities are achieved by spiders of about 33 mg, nineteen times more massive than the smallest spiders we tested. Some very small spiders perform conspicuously and consistently less well than do others of the same size. A detailed dissection of the motion of these underachievers reveals that a disproportionate amount of their row...