cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A lightweight infrastructure for graph analytics

Several domain-specific languages (DSLs) for parallel graph analytics have been proposed recently. In this paper, we argue that existing DSLs can be implemented on top of a general-purpose infrastructure that (i) supports very fine-grain tasks, (ii) implements autonomous, speculative execution of these tasks, and (iii) allows application-specific control of task scheduling policies. To support this claim, we describe such an implementation called the Galois system.We demonstrate the capabilities of this infrastructure in three ways. First, we implement more sophisticated algorithms for some of the graph analytics problems tackled by previous DSLs and show that end-to-end performance can be improved by orders of magnitude even on power-law graphs, thanks to the better algorithms facilitated by a more general programming model. Second, we show that, even when an algorithm can be expressed in existing DSLs, the implementation of that algorithm in the more general system can be orders of magnitude faster when the input graphs are road networks and similar graphs with high diameter, thanks to more sophisticated scheduling. Third, we implement the APIs of three existing graph DSLs on top of the common infrastructure in a few hundred lines of code and show that even for power-law graphs, the performance of the resulting implementations often exceeds that of the original DSL systems, thanks to the lightweight infrastructure.
Stability of networks under tension and pressure

The number of zero-frequency modes of an elastic network is an important quantity in determining the stability of the network. We present a constraint-counting method for finding this number in general central-force networks that are under an external tension. The technique involves isolating the backbone and then counting constraints in the same way as for free standing networks. A detailed example of this counting is given for a random two-dimensional network subject to an external tension. The results are shown to agree with the number of zero-frequency modes as determined by a direct matrix diagonalization.
Efficient Wireless Channel Quality Feedback Schemes Using Optimization Techniques

In this paper we propose different Channel Quality Indication (CQI) feedback schemes for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based future wireless broad-band systems. CQI information considered is the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values of the individual frequency subbands. The feedback schemes are based on linear regression methods that fit a quadratic polynomial to the SNR feedback values in an efficient manner. The Best-M feedback reporting method and the Max SNR scheduler are employed in the system used to evaluate the performance of the schemes. The simulations show that considerable gain in uplink throughput is obtained due to the less feedback bits requirement of the proposed schemes, especially for the future broadband networks that are designed to support a large number of users.
Crop genomics: advances and applications

The completion of reference genome sequences for many important crops and the ability to perform high-throughput resequencing are providing opportunities for improving our understanding of the history of plant domestication and to accelerate crop improvement. Crop plant comparative genomics is being transformed by these data and a new generation of experimental and computational approaches. The future of crop improvement will be centred on comparisons of individual plant genomes, and some of the best opportunities may lie in using combinations of new genetic mapping strategies and evolutionary analyses to direct and optimize the discovery and use of genetic variation. Here we review such strategies and insights that are emerging.
Solar Cells from a Solution Processable Pentacene with Improved Air Stability

This study explores the application of 6,13-di(2-thienyl)pentacene, a solution processable pentacene derivative, in bilayer organic photovoltaics. Efficiencies of up to 1.4% are observed when 6,13-di(2-thienyl)pentacene is utilized as the p-type donor layer. Because of the unique properties of this material, the devices presented here also exhibit improved stability in ambient atmosphere.
On the stability of homogeneous, spherically symmetric, charged fluids in relativity☆

Abstract A normal mode, stability analysis is applied to a spherically symmetric fluid system which contains a constant surface charge. The stability of the system is analyzed for the situation in which the electromagnetic mass is only a small fraction of the total mass and also for the situation in which the electromagnetic mass is the total gravitational mass. This latter situation corresponds to that of a Poincare-Lorentz fluid electron.
The synthesis and characterization of calcium aluminate monoiodide

Abstract The hydrated calcium aluminate AFt and AFm phases are known hosts for a wide variety of chemical species. This characteristic is beneficial to those using portland cement to solidify/encapsulate radioactive waste which more often than not contains a wide variety of elements. In order to investigate the potential of the calcium aluminate hydrates as host phases for selected ions, the following experiments were carried out. Bottle hydration studies (water/solid > 1) were used to investigate the suitability of the AFt and AFm phases as hosts for iodine, one of the more mobile radioactive waste elements. Trial compositions along the AFt and AFm joins in the systems 3CaO·Al2O3CaSO4CaI2H2O were investigated. No stable iodine end-member AFt phase was formed at room temperature. The end-member AFm phase, 3CaO·Al2O3·CaI2·12H2O, was synthesized and was designated monoiodide. Characterization was carried out using chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction (conventional and high temperature), thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Monoiodide was indexed as hexagonal and thus isostructural with previously described AFm phases. Monoiodide is stable to about 85°C. A loss of approximately four molecules of water occurs between 71° and 101°C. The lower hydrate, tentatively identified as 3CaO·Al2O3·CaI2·8H2O, is stable to approximately 300°C. The latter hydrate was observed to revert to the original hydrate on exposure to the relative humidity in the laboratory.
Staining of the dorsal root projection to the cat's dorsal horn by anterograde movement of horseradish peroxidase.

A modification of the horseradish peroxidase method was used to stain selectively dorsal root fibers entering the spinal cord of the cat. This technique stains intact terminal arborizations. Using this method to examine the primary afferent supply to lamina II of the lumbosacral segments, we observed that both thick primary afferent collaterals (2–3 μm), entering by way of the dorsal column, and thinner primary afferent collaterals (<1 μm), entering by way of Lissauer's tract, form terminals in lamina II. The terminals derived from the thick primary afferent collaterals were concentrated in the ventral portion of lamina II.
Environmental control of the annual gonadal cycle of Fundulus heteroclitus L.: The pineal organ and eyes

Female fish collected in winter, spring, or summer were subjected to pinealectomy, eye enucleation, or both, and maintained on short days (LD 9:15) or long days (LD 15:9) at 20°C. Sexual maturity (gonadosomatic index and occurrence of vitellogenesis) was determined after 6 weeks of exposure to the experimental light regimes. The fish subjected to surgical manipulations were capable of perceiving stimulatory or inhibitory photoperiods regardless of whether they were blinded, pinealectomized, or both. Pinealectomized fish did not remain sexually active when exposed to short days. From these results we conclude that an extraretinal nonpineal photoreceptor can influence seasonal reproduction in Fundulus heteroclitus. We were unable to demonstrate an essential photoreceptive or endocrine role of the pineal organ in reproduction in this species.
Runx2/Cbfa1, but not loss of Myocardin, is Required for Smooth Muscle Cell Lineage Reprogramming toward Osteochondrogenesis

Vascular calcification is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) may play an important role in vascular cartilaginous metaplasia and calcification via reprogramming to the osteochondrogenic state. To study whether SM lineage reprogramming and thus matrix calcification is reversible and what the necessary regulatory factors are to reverse this process, we used cells isolated from calcifying arterial medias of 4-week-old matrix Gla protein knockout mice (MGP-/-SMCs). We found that vascular cells with an osteochondrogenic phenotype regained SMC properties (positive for SM22alpha and SM alpha-actin) and down-regulated osteochondrogenic gene expression (Runx2/Cbfa1 and osteopontin) upon culture in medium that favors SMC differentiation. Over time, the MGP-/- SMCs no longer expressed osteochondrogenic proteins and became indistinguishable from wild-type SMCs. Moreover, phenotypic switch of the restored SMCs to the osteochondrogenic state was re-induced by the pro-calcific factor, inorganic phosphate. Finally, loss- and gain-of-function studies of myocardin, a SM-specific transcription co-activator, and Runx2/Cbfa1, an osteochondrogenic transcription factor, revealed that upregulation of Runx2/Cbfa1, but not loss of myocardin, played a critical role in phosphate-induced SMC lineage reprogramming and calcification. These results are the first to demonstrate reversibility of vascular SMCs in the osteochondrogenic state in response to local environmental cues, and that myocardin-enforced SMC lineage allocation was not sufficient to block vascular calcification. On the other hand, Runx2/Cbfa1 was found to be a decisive factor identified in the process.
Coping with longitudinal data in research on developmental psychopathology

Many outcome variables in developmental psychopathology research are highly stable over time. In conventional longitudinal data analytic approaches such as multiple regression, controlling for prior levels of the outcome variable often yields little (if any) reliable variance in the dependent variable for putative predictors to explain. Three strategies for coping with this problem are described. One involves focusing on developmental periods of transition, in which the outcome of interest may be less stable. A second is to give careful consideration to the amount of time allowed to elapse between waves of data collection. The third is to consider trait-state-occasion models that partition the outcome variable into two dimensions: one entirely stable and trait-like, the other less stable and subject to occasion-specific fluctuations.
Differences in the Microrheology of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Embryonic and adult fibroblasts can be returned to pluripotency by the expression of reprogramming genes. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that these human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells and human embryonic stem (hES) cells are behaviorally, karyotypically, and morphologically similar. Here we sought to determine whether the physical properties of hiPS cells, including their micromechanical properties, are different from those of hES cells. To this end, we use the method of particle tracking microrheology to compare the viscoelastic properties of the cytoplasm of hES cells, hiPS cells, and the terminally differentiated parental human fibroblasts from which our hiPS cells are derived. Our results indicate that although the cytoplasm of parental fibroblasts is both viscous and elastic, the cytoplasm of hiPS cells does not exhibit any measurable elasticity and is purely viscous over a wide range of timescales. The viscous phenotype of hiPS cells is recapitulated in parental cells with disassembled actin filament network. The cytoplasm of hES cells is predominantly viscous but contains subcellular regions that are also elastic. This study supports the hypothesis that intracellular elasticity correlates with the degree of cellular differentiation and reveals significant differences in the mechanical properties of hiPS cells and hES cells. Because mechanical stimuli have been shown to mediate the precise fate of differentiating stem cells, our results support the concept that stem cell “softness” is a key feature of force-mediated differentiation of stem cells and suggest there may be subtle functional differences between force-mediated differentiation of hiPS cells and hES cells.
Urbanization and the Southern United States

Cities in the Southern United States have experienced dynamic economic and population growth over the past half-century, challenging existing paradigms of urban form, race relations, social movements, and immigration. This review shows how the timing of Southern urbanization—much later than in the Northeast and Midwest—has contributed to Southern cities' distinctive spatial patterns and political and economic structures. Southern cities were crucial to regional transformation, including the Civil Rights Movement and the end of one-party rule in the South. Moreover, Southern cities exemplify key trends of the contemporary political economy: a new relationship to regional industrialization, new forms of entrepreneurial governance, flexible labor markets, the importance of finance and producer services, and “new destination” immigration. I conclude by examining two Southern cities for their relevance to central themes in contemporary social research: Atlanta for the study of the African American experience a...
Oceanic fronts: A summary of a Chapman Conference

Oceanic fronts occur at the boundaries between water masses with one or more differing properties, such as temperature, salinity, density, color (turbidity), nutrients, and velocity. Atmospheric fronts are common to mankind's experience; their oceanic analogs are similar but less familiar. The most familiar oceanic fronts exist at the sea surface, but fronts also exist at all depths within the ocean. Fronts are ubiquitous and occur on virtually all space and time scales.
Interference Shaders of Thin Films

This paper presents a systematic study of light interferences at single thin films. Based on Fresnel's law, we have derived generic expressions of reflectance and transmittance for film interference, as well as specific expressions for free thin films and films coated on transparent or opaque objects. By combining film interference and volume absorption, we have obtained the reflectances and transmittances of film-coated thin objects such as ribbons. Illumination models for all interference cases of single thin films are presented, and they have been implemented and tested for various structures and materials.
Developmental regulation of glutamate receptor field size by nonvesicular glutamate release

We hypothesized that presynaptic glutamate regulates postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptor number during synaptogenesis. To test this idea, we genetically manipulated presynaptic glutamate levels at the glutamatergic Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), then microscopically and electrophysiologically measured postsynaptic glutamate receptor field size and function. Our data show that presynaptic glutamate is a strong negative regulator of postsynaptic receptor field size and function during development. Glutamate-triggered receptor downregulation was not affected by block of synaptic vesicle fusion, demonstrating that receptors are regulated by nonvesicular glutamate release. Our results reveal an elegant mechanism for receptor field regulation during synaptogenesis and reveal a nonpathological role for nonvesicular glutamate release at the synapse.
Multiphase Performance Assessment of Structural Response to Seismic Excitations

Abstract An alternative approach to the traditional method for performance assessment of structural systems is proposed. Denoted herein as the M-PARS method, this new approach is capable of tackling clusters of structural behavior under seismic excitations from one hazard level to another due to, for example, variations in the nature of excitation characteristics. The method’s ability to recognize and process different clusters (i.e., phases) separately enables it to yield performance estimates with higher accuracy and less variability. The proposed M-PARS methodology is a step up compared to existing state-of-the-art (albeit conventional monophase) approaches. In the present study, M-PARS is first formulated in general terms, and then applied to a specific case study involving bridges with skew-angled seat-type abutments to demonstrate its salient features. In this study, the sensitivities of the median estimates of seismic response to variations in bridge geometry parameters and ground motion characteri...
Clinical failures of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Incidence, causes, and management

Abstract Objective: Despite well-documented good early results and benefits of endoluminal stent graft repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:1137-44.)(AAA), the long-term outcome of this method of treatment remains uncertain. In particular, concern exists that late effectiveness and durability are inferior to that of open repair. To determine the incidence and causes of clinical failures of endovascular AAA repair, a 7-year experience with 362 primary AAA endografts was reviewed. Methods: Clinical failures were defined as deaths within 30 days of the procedure, conversions (early and late) to open AAA repair, AAA rupture after endoluminal treatment, or AAA sac growth of more than 5 mm in maximal diameter despite endograft repair. Endoleak status per se was not considered unless it resulted in an adverse event. If clinical problems arose but could be corrected with catheter-based therapies or limited surgical procedures, thereby maintaining the integrity of successful stent graft treatment of the AAA, such cases were considered as primary assisted success and not classified as clinical failures. Results: The average follow-up period was 1.5 years. Six deaths (1.6%) occurred after the procedure, all in elderly patients or patients at high risk. Five patients (1.4%) needed early conversion (immediate, 2 days) to open repair for access problems or technical difficulties with deployment, resulting in an implantation success rate of 98.6%. Eight patients (2.2%) underwent late conversion for a variety of problems, including AAA expansion (n = 4), endograft thrombosis (n = 1), secondary graft infection (n = 2), and rupture at 3 years (n = 1). Rupture occurred in an additional two patients for a total incidence rate of 0.8%. AAA sac growth of greater than 5 mm was observed in 20 patients (5.6%), four of whom have undergone successful catheter-based treatments to date. Overall, 39 patients (10.7%) needed catheter-based (n = 45) or limited surgical (n = 4) reinterventions for a variety of late problems that were successful in 92%. Conclusion: In our 7-year experience, one or more clinical failures of endovascular AAA repair were observed in 31 patients (8.3%). Reinterventions were necessitated in a total of 10.7% of patients but were usually successful in maintaining AAA exclusion and limiting AAA growth. These results emphasize that endovascular repair provides good results and many benefits for most properly selected patients but is not as durable as standard open repair. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:1137-44.)
THE EFFECTS OF COURT INTERVENTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

Books reviewed in this articles: Laura M. Lake, Environmental Regulation; The Political Effects of Implementation R. Shep Melnick, Regulation and the Courts; The Case of the Clean Air Act Lettie M. Wenner, The Environmental Decade in Court
Increased Left Ventricular Mass in Idiopathic Mitral Valve Prolapse

We performed M-mode echocardiography on 100 subjects with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse (IMVP) and on 100 normal control subjects to determine if differences exist between the two groups in cardiac chamber size, left ventricular performance or left ventricular mass. Subjects with IMVP demonstrated significantly greater left ventricular mass than normal control subjects. There were no significant differences in fractional shortening of the left ventricle or left ventricular end-diastolic volume. There was no significant difference in left ventricular mass between asymptomatic subjects with IMVP and those with chest pain, palpitations, syncope or presyncope. Subjects with and without mitral regurgitation showed no significant difference in mass. The results indicate that subjects with IMVP demonstrate subtle left ventricular hypertrophy which does not appear to be caused by underlying organic heart disease, mitral regurgitation or sustained hypercontractility. This suggests that myocardial involvement is an integral part of the IMVP syndrome.
Novel regulation of p38γ by dopamine D2 receptors during hypoxia

Abstract The p38 signalling pathway is part of the MAPK superfamily and is activated by various stressors. Our previous results have shown that two p38 isoforms, p38α and p38γ, are activated by hypoxia in the neural-like PC12 cell line. PC12 cells also synthesize and secrete catecholamines, including dopamine, in response to hypoxia. We have now used this system to study the interaction between D2-dopamine receptor signalling and the p38 stress-activated protein kinases. Our results show that two D2 receptor antagonists, butaclamol and sulpiride, enhance hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of p38γ, but not p38. This effect persists in protein kinase A (PKA)-deficient PC12 cells, demonstrating that p38γ modulation by the D2 receptor is independent of the cAMP/PKA signalling system. We further show that removal of extracellular calcium blocks the hypoxia-induced increase in p38γ activity. These results are the first to demonstrate that p38γ can be regulated by the D2 receptor and calcium following hypoxic exposure.
Rapid single-dose model for lung tumor induction in A/J mice by 4-(methylnitrosainino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and the effect of diet

This paper describes the development of a relatively rapid single-dose model for induction of lung adenomas in female A/J mice by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitros-amino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Mice maintained on AIN-76A semi-synthetic diet were given a single i.p. dose of 2.5, 5 or 10 mumol NNK in saline and killed 3-7 months later. Maximum lung tumor induction, measured by lung tumors per mouse (tumor multiplicity), occurred in 3.5 months. There was no significant increase in tumor multiplicity between 3.5 and 7 months. Four months after treatment, numbers of lung tumors per mouse were 11.9 +/- 1.0 (10 mumol NNK), 3.6 +/- 0.4 (5 mumol), 0.9 +/- 0.4 (2.5 mumol) and 0.07 +/- 0.1 (saline). Lung tumor multiplicity in mice treated with a single dose of 10 mumol NNK and maintained on AIN-76A diet was significantly higher (8.3 +/- 0.5) than in mice treated with NNK and maintained on NIH-07 diet (2.5 +/- 0.3). The results of this study establish a useful bioassay for identification of compounds that can modify NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis.
Residential property values are associated with obesity among women in King County, WA, USA

Abstract Studies of social determinants of weight and health in the US have typically relied on self-reported education and incomes as the two primary measures of socioeconomic status (SES). The assessed value of one's home, an important component of wealth, may be a better measure of the underlying SES construct and a better predictor of obesity. The Seattle Obesity Study (SOS), conducted in 2008–9, was a cross-sectional random digit dial telephone survey of 2001 adults in King County, Washington State, US. Participants' addresses were geocoded and residential property values for each tax parcel were obtained from the county tax assessor's database. Prevalence ratios of obesity by property values, education, and household income were estimated separately for women and men, after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, household size, employment status and home ownership. Among women, the inverse association between property values and obesity was very strong and independent of other SES factors. Women in the bottom quartile of property values were 3.4 times more likely to be obese than women in the top quartile. No association between property values and obesity was observed for men. The present data strengthen the evidence for a social gradient in obesity among women. Property values may represent a novel and objective measure of SES at the individual level in the US. Measures based on tax assessment data will provide a valuable resource for future health studies.
Field cage assessment of interference among insects attacking seed heads of spotted and diffuse knapweed

Abstract Field studies were conducted to determine the competitive interactions between introduced biological control agents that attack the seed heads of spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos) and diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa). Two weevils, Bangasternus fausti and Larinus minutus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were each paired with the previously established fly, Urophora affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Each species was released either alone or in pair-wise combinations inside screen cages placed over existing knapweed plants at six field sites in Montana and one in Oregon. Larinus minutus produced almost three times as many progeny on diffuse knapweed as on spotted knapweed. Larinus minutus reproduction was not affected by competition with U. affinis, but U. affinis reproduction was reduced by the presence of L. minutus (by 71% on spotted and 77% on diffuse knapweed). Bangasternus fausti reproduction generally was not affected by competition with U. affinis, nor was U. affinis affected...
Absorption spectra of the complexes of uranium (VI) with some β-diketones

The absorption spectra of the complexes of U/sup 6+/ with four beta - diketones were determined under various conditions of pH, concentration of uranium, and alcohol concentration. Under optimum conditions, the maximum molar absorptivity (31,200) is obtained using 2-furoyltrifluoroacetone. This compares with about 4,000 and 19,000 for the thiocyanate and dibenzoylmethane complexes, respectively. (auth)
Temperature-time relationships from lunar two phase metallic particles (14310, 14163, 14003)

Electron-microprobe and metallographic techniques are applied in an analysis of individual phases in two-phase metallic alpha + gamma particles and phosphide-metal particles separated magnetically or mechanically from three lunar soil samples. The interface equilibrium temperatures of the two-phase particles during their lunar residence are inferred from experimental Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-P equilibrium diagrams. Times of equilibration are determined in some cases.
Determination of Critical Tearing Energy of Tyre Rubber

: An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the crack growth characteristics and critical tearing energy of pure tyre rubber under mode-I and -III loading. Constrained tension and trousers specimens were used, respectively. In the trousers test it was observed that the crack does not propagate at a steady rate, but in a stick–slip way, i.e., it is arrested and re-initiated at fairly regular intervals. Thus, the force necessary to propagate the crack varies widely from a maximum value at crack initiation to a minimum value at crack arrest. In the constrained tension tests, no stable crack growth was observed and crack initiation coincides with catastrophic fracture. The critical tearing energies corresponding to crack initiation and arrest under mode-III and to unstable crack growth under mode-I loading were determined from the load–displacement records by an approximate analysis of the trousers and the constrained tension tests.
STAT5 is a potent negative regulator of TFH cell differentiation

Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) constitute the CD4+ T cell subset that is specialized to provide help to germinal center (GC) B cells and, consequently, mediate the development of long-lived humoral immunity. TFH cell differentiation is driven by the transcription factor Bcl6, and recent studies have identified cytokine and cell–cell signals that drive Bcl6 expression. However, although TFH dysregulation is associated with several major autoimmune diseases, the mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of TFH cell differentiation are poorly understood. In this study, we show that STAT5 inhibits TFH cell differentiation and function. Constitutive STAT5 signaling in activated CD4+ T cells selectively blocked TFH cell differentiation and GCs, and IL-2 signaling was a primary inducer of this pathway. Conversely, STAT5-deficient CD4+ T cells (mature STAT5fl/fl CD4+ T cells transduced with a Cre-expressing vector) rapidly up-regulated Bcl6 expression and preferentially differentiated into TFH cells during T cell priming in vivo. STAT5 signaling failed to inhibit TFH cell differentiation in the absence of the transcription factor Blimp-1, a direct repressor of Bcl6 expression and TFH cell differentiation. These results demonstrate that IL-2, STAT5, and Blimp-1 collaborate to negatively regulate TFH cell differentiation.
Emotions as Out of Control and Behavior as In and Out of Control

As mentioned in Chapter 1, symbolic interactionists view individuals’ interpretations of themselves and others as important in understanding why they behave as they do. In this study, when respondents interpreted themselves or the other, their own or the other’s feelings and behavior were called up and addressed. The batterers made sense of their violence by describing their emotions as out of control and their behavior as in and out of control. The victims did not describe their feelings or behavior as in or out of control. When the men described their partner’s emotions and behavior, control was not mentioned. When the women discussed their partner’s emotions, they did not describe their feelings in terms of control, but they did describe their partner’s behavior as in and out of control. Therefore, the men only referred to control when describing their own emotions and behavior with respect to violence, and the women only mentioned control when describing the men’s behavior. Before presenting evidence that violence is understood in terms of the batterers emotions and behavior being in or out of control, let me make some preliminary remarks.
Quantum Mechanical Model of Emotional Robot Behaviors

In this paper the emotional model of the humanoid Cynthea (cybernetic networked humanoid emotional agent) robot is presented. The model is detailed at two levels: the cognitive level is described by the CRL language, and the emotional level manipulates the language in a data independent way. An emotional mapping is introduced and is used to alter the language words using local energy-based rules. The robot is described as a set of functional agents, each acting on behalf of its own emotional function generating the whole robot emotional state. The cognitive level is applied to describe situations such as dialogues, interactions and behaviors specified in the CRL language. The emotional level is used as a mechanism to introduce behavioral changes in the robot's command execution. The interaction of these levels evolves in alterations to the desired behavior. To allow global effects on the language level with lower level behavioral variations we provide a model of robot-specific emotions based on quantum cellular automata.
Mk Landscapes, NK Landscapes, MAX-kSAT: A Proof that the Only Challenging Problems are Deceptive

This paper investigates Gray Box Optimization for pseudo-Boolean optimization problems composed of M subfunctions, where each subfunction accepts at most k variables. We will refer to these as Mk Landscapes. In Gray Box optimization, the optimizer is given access to the set of M subfunctions. If the set of subfunctions is k-bounded and separable, the Gray Box optimizer is guaranteed to return the global optimum with 1 evaluation. A problem is said to be order k deceptive if the average values of hyperplanes over combinations of k variables cannot be used to infer a globally optimal solution. Hyperplane averages are always efficiently computable for Mk Landscapes. If a problem is not deceptive, the Gray Box optimizer also returns the global optimum after 1 evaluation. Finally, these concepts are used to understand the nonlinearity of problems in the complexity class P, such as Adjacent NK Landscapes. These ideas are also used to understand the problem structure of NP Hard problems such as MAX-kSAT and general Mk Landscapes. In general, NP Hard problems are profoundly deceptive.
The Decision to Attack Iraq: A Noncompensatory Theory of Decision Making

This article attempts to explain the decision to use force against Iraq using a noncompensatory theory of decision making. Rather than choosing an alternative that maximizes utility on the basis of a holistic comparison process as suggested by the expected utility model, or selecting an alternative that “satisfices” a certain criterion as predicted by the cybernetic model, the noncompensatory theory suggests that decisions on the use of force are often made based on the rejection of undesirable alternatives on the basis of one, or at most a few, criteria.
Technological Impact on Teaching of Online Managerial Accounting

Abstract Using technology in teaching college level Managerial Accounting is an inevitable trend as massive open online courses (MOOCs) are proposed as cost saving tools for many entry-level college courses. However, its benefits won’t be evident for several years and there is still much debate among experts (Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2014). Our university is no exception and we are trying online teaching on a trial basis. I have been teaching online principle-level Managerial Accounting for more than two years now. From my observations over the past two years, motivated students are doing as well as the face-to-face students are, but non-highly motivated students struggle and failure rates are high. It may be acceptable to use MOOCs for social or humanities subjects, but some technical classes like accounting, do not translate effectively as a mechanism to deliver course content. I tested empirically using a Regression Analysis computer assignment to examine this issue and our class results show online students underperformed on this assignment compared to in-class students. Our college uses Echo360 for recording lectures and I made the recording available for the assignment. I provided face-to-face explanations and help for in-class students, but online students worked primarily by themselves.
Recycled cafeteria food waste as a feed for swine: nutrient content digestibility, growth, and meat quality.

This project was undertaken to compare growth, meat quality, and diet digestibility when pigs were fed cafeteria food waste (FW) or a corn/soybean meal (CSM) diet. Cafeteria food waste (36 samples) fed in the growing and finishing experiment averaged 22.4% DM, 21.4% CP, 14.1% ADF, 27.2% ether extract, and 3.2% ash. The first experiment used 50 crossbred pigs randomly assigned to four diets. During the growing phase, pigs fed a CSM diet gained faster (P .05). A nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance trial using eight growing barrows compared FW with the same CSM growing diet fed earlier. Dry matter digestibility was similar for the two diets (P > .05). However, CP digestibility was higher (P .05), the amount of nitrogen retained was greater for pigs fed the CSM diet (29.3 vs. 24.5 g/d; P .05). These results indicate that food waste has nutritive value and may be useful in swine diets.
Identification of an Upstream Sequence Element Required for Vesicular Stomatitis Virus mRNA Transcription

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), the prototypic rhabdovirus, has a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome with five genes flanked by 3' leader and 5' trailer sequences. Transcription of VSV mRNAs is obligatorily sequential, starting from a single 3' polymerase entry site, and termination of an upstream mRNA is essential for transcription of a downstream gene. cis-acting signals for transcription of VSV mRNAs are present within the leader region, at the leader-N junction, and at the internal gene junctions. The gene junctions of VSV consist of a conserved 23-nucleotide region that includes the gene end sequence of the upstream gene, 3'-AUACU7-5', a nontranscribed intergenic dinucleotide, 3'-G/CA-5', and the gene start sequence, 3'-UUGUCNNUAG-5', at the beginning of the gene immediately downstream. Previous work has shown that the gene end sequence and intergenic region are sufficient to signal polyadenylation and termination of VSV transcripts. Mutagenesis of the gene start sequence has determined the importance of this region in the processes of initiation and 5'-end modification of mRNAs. However, because the gene end sequence is positioned directly upstream of the gene start sequence in the gene junction, and because of the requirement for termination of the upstream gene prior to transcription of the downstream gene, it has not been possible to investigate whether the gene end sequence contributes to transcription of the downstream gene. In this study, we inserted an additional gene end sequence upstream of the gene junction in a subgenomic replicon of VSV, which extended the intergenic region from 2 to 88 nucleotides. This duplication of termination signals allowed us to separate the signals required for termination from those required for initiation. We investigated the effect that the upstream gene end sequences had on downstream mRNA transcription. Our data show that the U7 tract of the upstream gene end sequence is necessary for optimal transcription of the downstream gene, independent of its role in termination of the upstream gene. Altering the sequence or changing the length of the U tract directly upstream of the gene start sequence significantly decreased transcription of the downstream gene. These results show that the U tract is a multifunctional region that is required not only for polyadenylation and termination of the upstream mRNA but also for efficient transcription of the downstream gene.
The critical role of the linear plasmid lp36 in the infectious cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi.

Summary Borrelia burgdorferi, the aetiological agent of Lyme disease, follows a life cycle that involves passage between the tick vector and the mammalian host. To investigate the role of the 36 kb linear plasmid, lp36 (also designated the B. burgdorferi K plasmid), in the infectious cycle of B. burgdorferi, we examined a clone lacking this plasmid, but containing all other plasmids known to be required for infectivity. Our results indicated that lp36 was not required for spirochete survival in the tick, but the clone lacking lp36 demonstrated low infectivity in the mammal. Restoration of lp36 to the mutant strain confirmed that the infectivity defect was due to loss of lp36. Moreover, spirochetes lacking lp36 exhibited a nearly 4-log increase in ID50 relative to the isogenic lp36+ clone. The infectivity defect of lp36-minus spirochetes was localized, in part, to loss of the bbk17 (adeC) gene, which encodes an adenine deaminase. This work establishes a vital role for lp36 in the infectious cycle of B. burgdorferi and identifies the bbk17 gene as a component of this plasmid that contributes to mammalian infectivity.
Receiver-oriented adaptive buffer allocation in credit-based flow control for ATM networks

In credit-based flow control for ATM networks, a buffer is first allocated to each VC (virtual circuit) and then credit control is applied to the VC for avoiding possible buffer overflow. Receiver-oriented, adaptive buffer allocation allows a receiver to allocate its buffer dynamically, to VCs from multiple upstream nodes based on their bandwidth usage. The paper describes, in detail, such an adaptive algorithm capable of supporting a wide range of link speeds and propagation delays, and also packing multiple allocation and credit records in a single message. Analysis and simulation results show that even under highly bursty traffic, the adaptive scheme guarantees no cell loss due to congestion, and achieves excellent performance in utilization, fairness, ramp-up and packing, while requiring only relatively small node memory and bandwidth overhead. The required memory need only be 4*RTT+2*N, where RTT is the link round-trip time in cell cycles and N is the number of VCs.
Quality Measurement in Healthcare

Measurement is the basis for assessing potential improvements in healthcare quality. Measures may be classified into four categories: volume, structure, outcome, and process (VSOP). Measures of each type should be used with a full understanding of their cost and benefit. Although volume and structure measures are easily collected, impact on healthcare results is not always clear. Process measures are generally more difficult and expensive to collect, and the relationship between process and outcomes is only recently being explored. Knowledge of measure types and relationships among them, as well as emerging evidence on the role of patient satisfaction, must be used to guide improvements and ultimately for demonstrating value in healthcare.
Stability of cultured dental follicle cells.

. Because the dental follicle is required for tooth eruption, establishment of dental follicle cell (DFC) lines is needed for experimentation to determine how the cells regulate eruption. Thus, it is critical that the follicle cells in culture remain stable and neither become transformed nor differentiate. To determine the stability of rat DFC cultures in terms of exhibiting contact inhibition of growth when confluent (no transformation), DFC at different passages were analysed using flow cytometry. Gene expression of cyclin E was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as a further method to determine if growth was occurring when the cells were confluent. Alkaline phosphatase and von Kossa staining were also performed as a means of determining stability in terms of differentiation; that is, are the DFC maintaining their phenotype or are they differentiating into osteoblasts and osteocytes? After plating cells of a given passage, they initially underwent a rapid phase of growth with 30–40% of the cells in S, G2 and M (dividing track) as determined by flow cytometry. The number of such cells declined to only 7–15% at preconfluency. At late confluency, only 2 and 5% of the cells were in the dividing track in passages 6 and 9, respectively, but in passage 12 this had risen to 15%. For a given passage of cells, cyclin E gene expression significantly declined in late confluency as compared to the early growth phase. However, in passage 12, the gene expression of cyclin E at late confluency was higher than the expression at late confluency in passage 6. Thus, the DFC were remarkably stable through passage 9, but by passage 12 it appeared that a small percentage of the cells had become transformed and had lost their contact inhibition growth properties. Alkaline phosphatase and von Kossa staining were negative for all passages, suggesting that the cells remained stable in terms of differentiation and did not differentiate into either osteoblasts or osteocytes.
A Formula for the Number of Elliptic Curves with Exceptional Primes

We prove a conjecture of Duke on the number of elliptic curves over the rationals of bounded height which have exceptional primes.
Identification and characterization of genes encoding sex pheromone cAM373 activity in Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus

The sex pheromone cAM373 of Enterococcus faecalis and the related staph-cAM373 of Staphylococcus aureus were found to correspond to heptapeptides located within the C-termini of the signal sequences of putative prelipoproteins. The deduced mature forms of the lipoproteins share no detectable homology and presumably serve unrelated functions in the cells. The chromosomally encoded genetic determinants for production of the pheromones have been identified and designated camE (encoding cAM373) and camS (encoding staph-cAM373). Truncated and full-length clones of camE were generated in Escherichia coli, in which cAM373 activity was expressed. In E. faecalis, insertional inactivation in the middle of camE had no detectable phenotypic effects on the pheromone system. Establishment of an in frame translation stop codon within the signal sequence resulted in reduction of cAM373 activity to 3% of normal levels. The camS determinant has homologues in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes; however, corresponding heptapeptides present within those sequences do not resemble staph-cAM373 closely. The particular significance of staph-cAM373 as a potential intergeneric inducer of transfer-proficient genetic elements is discussed.
Host cell protein impurities in chromatographic polishing steps for monoclonal antibody purification

Downstream purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is normally performed using a platform process that is empirically tuned to optimize impurity removal for each new product. A more fundamental understanding of impurities and the product itself would provide insights into the rational design of efficient downstream processes. This work examines the chromatographic properties of Chinese hamster ovary host cell protein (HCP) impurities in non-affinity chromatographic resins commonly used in polishing steps for monoclonal antibody purification: ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and multimodal. Using proteomic analysis, the specific HCP impurities that elute close to mAb products are identified for these resins at typical downstream processing conditions. Additionally, the interactions of HCP impurities with mAb products are profiled to determine the total extent of product association and the specific HCP species that form associative complexes under conditions encountered in polishing columns. Product association and co-elution were both identified as viable mechanisms of HCP retention for the non-affinity resins tested here. A relatively large sub-population of HCP impurities was found to co-elute or associate with mAbs in each polishing column, but only a small population of HCPs-including lipoprotein lipase, chrondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, nidogen-1, and SPARC-were identified as difficult to remove across an entire downstream mAb process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1260-1272. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Administrative Law as Public Policy: The First Fifty Years

Administrative law in the United States during the last half century has been dominated by three major themes: (1) the extent to which legislative authority may be delegated to administrative agencies, (2) judicial review of legislative action, and (3) analysis of the formal aspects of agency procedures. At the core of this traditional approach to administrative law—defining its purpose—is the problem of the legitimacy of public administration. Specifically, the issue, to traditionalists, is how far administrative agencies can go before they impinge on the rights of private citizens.
A Rationale for Scholarly Examination of Institutional Review Boards: A Case Study

In recent years, institutional review boards (IRBs) have become an increasingly significant part of the research process for communication scholars. This essay provides a rationale for scholarly examination of IRBs. Using the review process for this special issue as a case study, it identifies a number of ironies that provide justification for this special issue.
Exterior and limited-angle tomography in non-destructive evaluation

The author's exterior reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct two high-quality finely sampled exterior tomographic data sets from a high-resolution cone beam computed tomography scanner developed by Perceptics, Inc. One data set is complete exterior data and the other data set is limited-angle exterior data with an angular range of 135. The author adapts his algorithm to reconstruct this limited-angle data set. Reconstructions are also made from two subsets of this data set: a highly limited-angle data set with an angular range of 30, and a data set with sparser data ( 1 32 of the original data). A description of the inversion algorithm and a continuity estimate (stability bound) for the algorithm are given.