cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of lipid vesicles containing high levels of entrapped radioactive cations.

Abstract The ionophore A23187 was incorporated into the lipid bilayer of unilamellar vesicles and used to earry externally added indium ions to a chelator, nitrilotriacetic acid, which was previously entrapped in the vesicles. The extent of vesicle loading was assayed by Sephadex chromatography and γ-ray perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy. Incubation conditions were developed which allow rapid loading of more than 90% of added 121 In 3+ with specific activities of 200–300 μCi/mg lipid.
Genetic background and expressivity of histocompatibility genes.

A difference in the reactivity of F 1 hybrid female mice to skin grafts from male donors of each of their parental strains suggests that the genetic background can influence the efficacy of the Y antigen to elicit rejection of the graft.
Building Balance: Integrating Interpretive Planning in a Research Institution.

Abstract Ideally, the process and product of interpretive planning is a living document that serves to guide a museum's interpretation proactively. This case study details the development and resulting benefits of the first institution-wide interpretive plan at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History. Stimulated by internal growth and change, the institution-wide interpretive plan brought a solid sense of unity, focused direction, and a strong public message to a venerable research institution.
Sequence motifs specific for cytosine methyltransferases

Using a new alignment method, the sequences of 13 m5C methyltransferases (MTases) have been examined. Five extremely well-conserved blocks of sequence have been detected and have been used as fixed points for the alignment of the 13 sequences. Following this initial alignment, five further blocks of similarity have been identified to give a total of ten recognizable blocks of sequence homology that are all arranged in a common order. The structures of these MTases consist of a variable-length N-terminal arm followed by eight well-conserved blocks each separated by small variable-length regions. A large variable-length segment of 90 to 270 amino acids (aa) then follows. After this are two blocks, and a variable-length C-terminal segment completes the sequence. Within the final alignment, 20 aa in the protein sequences, and 86 nucleotides in the nucleotide sequences are invariant. The strongest conservation is found in proximity to a suspected functional site that contains the dipeptide proline-cysteine. Consensus patterns can be defined for the five best conserved blocks and, when used as search motifs, are able to clearly distinguish between the m5C MTases and all other identified proteins in the PIR database. This suggests they may be of use in identifying putative MTases among protein sequences of unknown function.
Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder seen in patients with advanced liver disease or porto-systemic shunts. Based on etiology and severity of HE, the World Congress of Gastroenterology has divided HE into categories and sub-categories. Many user-friendly computer-based neuropsychiatric tests are being validated for diagnosing covert HE. Currently, emphasis is being given to view HE deficits as a continuous spectrum rather than distinct stages. Ammonia is believed to play crucial role in pathogenesis of HE via astrocyte swelling and cerebral edema. However, evidence has been building up which supports the synergistic role of oxidative stress, inflammation and neurosteroids in pathogenesis of HE. At present, treatment of HE aims at decreasing the production and intestinal absorption of ammonia. But as the role of new pathogenetic mechanisms becomes clear, many potential new treatment strategies may become available for clinician.
Visual analogy: Viewing analogical retrieval and mapping as constraint satisfaction problems

The core issue of analogical reasoning is the transfer of relational knowledge from a source case to a target problem. Visual analogical reasoning pertains to problems containing only visual knowledge. Holyoak and Thagard proposed that the retrieval and mapping tasks of analogy in general can be productively viewed as constraint satisfaction problems, and provided connectionist implementations of their proposal. In this paper, we reexamine the retrieval and mapping tasks of analogy in the context of diagrammatic cases, representing the spatial structure of source and target diagrams as semantic networks in which the nodes represent spatial elements and the links represent spatial relations. We use a method of constraint satisfaction with backtracking for the retrieval and mapping tasks, with subgraph isomorphism over a particular domain language as the similarity measure. Results in the domain of 2D line drawings suggest that at least for this domain the above method is quite promising.
Influence of Fruit Composition, Maturity and Mold Contamination on the Color and Appearance of Strawberry Wine

Color composition of strawberry wines made from ripe, overripe, and mold-contaminated fruit (Benton and Totem varieties) was monitored over 6 wk storage. Overripe fruit with its higher anthocyanin and total phenolics gave wines with better color than fully ripe fruit. Totem fruit had higher anthocyanin, lower polyphenol oxidase activity and lower total phenolics than the Benton variety and produced wines with better color. Mold contamination increased juice viscosity, reduced fermentation rate, and accelerated color degradation. Anthocyanin content and Hunter L values of wines were highly correlated with panel color evaluations.
Exploration of contact conditions in machining

AbstractThe contact conditions along the tool-chip and tool-work interfaces in the machining of metals are analysed and discussed. The principal experimental techniques used are direct optical meas...
Evaluation of Compaction Methods for Pipe Trench Backfill in Areas of High Water Table

Determining the density of backfill material and attaining the desired degree of compaction in the backfill under a high water table, typical operations in South Florida, present a difficult problem to the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) engineers and contractors. As a first step in seeking the solution to this problem, variations in soil conditions, determined by standard penetration test (SPT) N-values, that corresponded with varying methods of compaction were evaluated. In the experimental phase of the project, five field conditions were tested: Condition A, control dry, backfilling in the dry condition above water; Condition B, dump soil, no compaction, backfilling under the water table, no tamping; Condition C, dump soil, compact per FDOT specifications, no dewatering, backfilling under the water table, tamping with a 2 by 4 as specified; Condition D, control wet, compact per FDOT specifications, dewatering during pipe installation and backfilling with periodic compaction according to FDO...
Hyperinfectivity in cholera: a new mechanism for an old epidemiological model?

Hartley et al. [ 1] have recently proposed an epidemiological model for the dynamics of cholera that explicitly incorporates a hyperinfectious stage of the pathogen Vibrio cholerae, following laboratory findings that passage of the bacterium through the gastrointestinal tract results in a short-lived more highly infectious state. The paper and its commentary [ 2] emphasize that this model provides a basis for the transmission pathway known as “human-to-human” and demonstrates its importance, relative to the “environment-to-human” pathway, in the “explosive” character of cholera epidemics. Nevertheless, several important points seem to be missing from the discussion.
A note on universal admissibility of scale parameter estimators

Abstract The notion of universal admissibility of estimators was introduced and developed by Hwang (1985) and Brown and Hwang (1989). In several models commonly used estimators of scale parameters are shown to be inadmissible under specified loss functions. Here we focus on the scale and location-scale invariant estimation of the scale parameter under the universal admissibility criterion. For a one parameter gamma distribution, we characterize the class of universal admissible estimators. For the two parameter normal and exponential models we derive the condition for universal inadmissibility of the estimators of the scale parameter.
Light-Pen Computer Processing of Video Image for the Determination of Left Ventricular Volume

A volume angiography system for on-line computation of left ventricular angiograms has been developed utilizing a video disc recorder, a light-pen unit, and a digital computer. The video disc recorder allows for immediate replay and stop-motion of ventricular angiograms on a video monitor. The light-pen is used by a technician/physician operator to define the margins of the ventricular chamber and input the data directly to the digital computer. The computer, utilizing the arealength method, applies preset magnification factors and calculates the ventricular volume. Comparison of this light-pen computer system with conventional manual processing of cine film yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The equipment configuration employed in this system offers the advantages of available hardware components and operational simplicity. The major benefit has been avoidance of the logistic delays involved in cine film processing and handling, which have been obviated by the on-line capability of the video disc...
The influence of paleofloods on archaeological settlement patterns during A.D. 1050–1170 along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA

Abstract Excavations at four archaeological sites consisting of the material remains of A.D. 1050–1170 era farmers along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, yield geomorphic information used to address questions related to settlement patterns. Archaeological excavation units, test pits, feature fill, and natural exposures contain sediments used to interpret geomorphic history that can, in turn, shed light on archaeological site selection in a challenging environment. The Grand Canyon experiences dramatic geomorphic events such as catastrophic floods and destructive debris flows that are preserved in the stratigraphic record, and can be used to understand cultural/landscape interactions. By combining new geomorphic, stratigraphic, and archaeological data collected during recent excavations with results from previous geomorphic and sediment transport studies, observed trends can be interpreted regarding the possible influence of paleofloods on past settlement patterns. For example, at each of the four sites, reconstructed paleoflood elevations (from existing HEC-RAS virtual shorelines), flood recurrence intervals, site layout, and site stratigraphy/geomorphic setting suggests a temporal trend in site location. The two early sites (Early Pueblo II period: A.D. 1050–1080) contain habitation features located above the approximately 6–8 year high flood (3500 cubic meters per second [cms]) recurrence interval; larger floods (4800 to 5900 cms) of a longer recurrence interval between 40 and 80 years inundate these features. The two later sites in the sample (Late Pueblo II; A.D. 1080–1170) contain habitation features located well above the 40–80 year recurrence high flows. We suggest that early farmers (Early Pueblo II period: A.D. 1050–1080) may not have had adequate experience with flood magnitudes and frequencies and therefore their habitation structures were located in risk-prone areas relatively close to the river. Later habitations (Late Pueblo II; A.D. 1080–1170) were positioned in more protected areas further from the river, perhaps reflecting an acquired knowledge of river dynamics. These trends, although currently based on a limited data set, provide insights into site selection decisions and settlement patterns of early farmers along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon.
Age differences on the California Card Sorting Test: Implications for the assessment of problem solving by the elderly

The performance of young, middle-aged, and old groups of healthy normal controls was compared on two tests of problem solving: the Wisconsin and the California Card Sorting Tests (WCST and CCST). In agreement with previous studies of the WCST, subjects 60 years of age and older achieved fewer categories and made more perseverative responses and errors than did younger subjects. However, the number of categories achieved and the measures of perseveration were so highly and negatively correlated that they are not likely to be independent. On the CCST, which provides multiple measures of performance, the old subjects generated and identified fewer correct concepts and executed concepts less accurately when guided by abstract cues, but they showed increased perseveration on only one of three measures. Furthermore, the old subjects executed concepts in response to explicit cues and explained the correct sorts that they produced as accurately as did the younger subjects. Recent studies demonstrate that distinctive patterns of problem-solving impairment on the CCST are exhibited by patients with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic alcoholism, or schizophrenia, although performance by patients with these disorders is qualitatively indistinguishable on the WCST. Since the CCST is about twice as sensitive as the WCST for detecting impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease, the CCST may prove especially useful for evaluating problem solving in the elderly.
Chemokines in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis

Chemokines are a large group of low molecular weight cytokines that are known to selectively attract and activate different cell types. Although the primary function of chemokines is well recognized as leukocyte attractants, recent evidences indicate that they also play a role in number of tumor-related processes, such as growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Chemokines activate cells through cell surface seven trans-membranes, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The role played by chemokines and their receptors in tumor pathophysiology is complex as some chemokines favor tumor growth and metastasis, while others may enhance anti-tumor immunity. These diverse functions of chemokines establish them as key mediators between the tumor cells and their microenvironment and play critical role in tumor progression and metastasis. In this review, we present some of the recent advances in chemokine research with special emphasis on its role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
Applications of Specular Neutron Reflectometry in Materials Science

Abstract By counting the number of neutrons elastically and specularly reflected from a flat surface, as a function of glancing incidence angle, the in-plane average of the scattering density can be deduced at any specified distance along the normal from the surface. From this scattering length density profile, the concentration of atoms of a given type at a particular depth can, subsequently, be inferred. If, in addition, the incident beam is polarized and the resultant polarization of the reflected beam is analyzed, it also becomes possible to distinguish, in microscopic detail, possible magnetic contributions to the scattering density. In this paper the fundamentals of specular neutron reflectometry are described, including both experimental technique and analysis of the measured reflectivity data. Applications of neutron reflectometry to materials science problems are also illustrated by a number of specific examples involving the determination of the structure of polymer and superconducting thin film...
MS/MS: Cloned mass spectrometers

Abstract Coupling mass spectrometers in tandem (MS/MS) can greatly increase the specificity of MS analysis without significantly decreasing its unusual sensitivity and speed, particularly for trace levels of preselected compounds in complex organic mixtures. MS/MS also gives more detailed structural information for larger organic molecules in submicrogram quantities.
Job search and selection by academic accountants: new and relocating faculty

Abstract This study examines the factors accounting faculty consider most important in accepting a certain academic position and their level of satisfaction that they selected the correct school. Also, information is obtained on how interviews with universities were obtained and conducted. A questionnaire was sent to two groups of faculty: new PhDs accepting their first academic employment and also faculty moving to a new school. Differences were found in importance of factors in job selection between new and relocating faculty, those accepting positions at doctoral vs. non-doctoral granting schools, and males and females. The extent of job search and methods of obtaining interviews differed between those relocating voluntarily and those leaving involuntarily. This research has implications both for new and mobile faculty and institutions interested in attracting the best faculty.
Response to pentobarbital of pigmented vs albino C57BL/6J-c2J mice: a within-strain comparison of sleeptimes and lethal doses.

Albino strains of rodents differ from pigmented strains in their responses to pentobarbital. In such between-strains comparisons the genetic variable of albinism is confounded with other genetic variables. To eliminate this problem we made a within-strain comparison of black vs albino mice of the C57BL/6J inbred strain; these coisogenic mice differed in one gene at the c locus, but were otherwise genetically identical. We used male pairs consisting of a black and a coisogenic albino littermate. They were injected weekly ip with sodium pentobarbital; dosage increased 10 mg/kg per week. Median sleeptimes were consistently greater for albinos at dosages above 50 mg/kg. Median sleeptime differences increased with increasing dosage; there was a significant positive dosage × median-sleeptime-difference correlation, and albinos' sleeptimes differed significantly from blacks' at 70, 100, 110, 120, 130, and 150 mg/kg dosages. No black-albino differences in lethal dosages were found. Sleeptime results extend, but lethal dose data contrast with, previous findings.
Comparative distribution of misonidazole and its amine metabolite in female swiss webster mice

Abstract The distribution of misonidazole and its terminal reduction product 1-(2-amino-1-imidazolyl)-3-methoxy-2 propanol (misoamine) were compared in female Swiss Webster mice to determine if either misonidazole or miso-amine is distributed to peripheral nerves. Female Swiss Webster mice received a 100 mg/kg (5 μCi/μmole) i.p. dose of either 3 H-misonidazole or 3 H-miso-amine and the distribution of radioactivity was determined in various tissues including sciatic nerves and other myelinated nerves. Urine from misonidazole treated animals contained both miso-amine and misonidazole (8.4 and 20.4%, respectively, of the total radioactivity in the urine). Misonidazole produced higher initial tissue concentrations of radioactivity than did miso-amine. The relative tissue concentrations of radioactivity produced by misonidazole or miso-amine were similar, although not identical, 48 hours after administration of the drugs. Both sciatic and other myelinated nerves were found to retain radioactivity following the administration of either misonidazole or miso-amine.
Heterogeneously integrated optical system for lab-on-a-chip applications

Abstract This paper presents a heterogeneously integrated optical system for lab-on-a-chip applications. The system consists of microfluidic devices, optical waveguides, and a thin-film GaAs photodetector (PD) integrated onto a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) coated silicon (Si) substrate. Thin-film format of III-V semiconductor based optical devices is used for efficient integration with other functional devices. An integrated thin-film PD with optical waveguides is successfully implemented to measure dynamical movements of micro droplets created in a microfluidic device. The proposed integration method provides an alternative approach to combine various functional devices in a single platform to create fully integrated lab-on-a-chip systems.
Effects of Calcium Channel Antagonists on Ca2+Transients in Rat and Canine Cardiomyocytes

Abstract First-generation Ca 2+ channel antagonists depress myocardial contractility, but many of the newer Ca 2+ channel blockers have a high degree of “vascular selectivity”. This study compares the effects of the Ca 2+ antagonists felodipine, amlodipine, mibefradil, verapamil and nifedipine, and the Ca 2+ channel agonist, ( S )(−)-Bay K-8644 on Ca 2+ transient amplitudes in fura-2/AM-loaded rat and canine ventricular cardiomyocytes. At 10 −11 and 10 −10 m , felodipine increased [Ca 2+ ] i transient amplitudes by 10–25% in field-stimulated fura-2-loaded cells from both species while at 10 −6 m it depressed [Ca 2+ ] i transients by 80%. Mibefradil increased [Ca 2+ ] i transient amplitudes by 16% at 10 −11 and 10 −10 m and decreased the transients by 25% at 10 −6 m . The calcium channel agonist, ( S )(−)-Bay K-8644 increased [Ca 2+ ] i transient amplitudes at 10 −10 –10 −6 m (maximally 37% at 10 −7 m ) but depressed [Ca 2+ ] i transients by 10% at 10 −5 M . Nifedipine was inhibitory at all concentrations tested (10 −11 –10 −6 m ) in canine myocytes, but in rat cells, 10 −10 m nifedipine increased [Ca 2+ ] i transient amplitudes by 37%. All concentrations of verapamil and amlodipine (10 −11 –10 −6 m ) depressed [Ca 2+ ] i transients in both rat and canine myocytes. We conclude that: (1) felodipine and mibefradil may be positive rather than negative inotropes at low concentrations, which are therapeutically relevant; and (2) low concentrations of nifedipine may have a positive inotropic effect in the rat but not the dog heart.
Social Justice Approach to Community Development

If community development were viewed as a process to strengthen social justice in metropolitan areas, what would it be? At a time when many metropolitan areas are becoming more segregated and more diverse, this article formulates a new approach to address inequalities and recognize differences among community members. It employs the scholarship of integration to examine elements of the process and identify issues arising in an approach of this type.
Magnetic clouds and the pinch effect

Pinch models that reproduce the observed properties of magnetic clouds are presented. It is shown that magnetic tension can be significant in magnetic clouds and that, despite claims to the contrary, magnetic clouds are not expanding due to magnetic overpressure, because the magnetic-pressure imbalance can be counteracted by magnetic tension (pinch effect). Nevertheless, the source of the observed cloud expansion is considered to be the relatively strong magnetic field in clouds. It is shown that magnetic clouds, as they are advected away from the sun, retain their equilibrium shape because of their strong fields. Retaining pressure equilibrium with their surroundings means that the front and back edges of clouds must move apart, giving the appearance in the data that clouds are expanding globally.
Effects of Attire, Alcohol, and Gender on Perceptions of Date Rape

This investigation explored three categories of college students’ perceptions of sexual assault: perceptions of similarity to vignette characters, perceptions of vignette characters’ sexual intent, and victim-blaming behaviors, using a convenience sample of 652 U.S. undergraduates and an on-line factorial survey containing a two-part heterosexual date rape vignette. This investigation predicted that vignette character attire, character alcohol use, and participant gender would each significantly influence perceptions in all three categories. Strong associations appeared between all three experimental variables and perceptions, with characters that wore suggestive attire or became intoxicated perceived as less similar and having greater sexual intent than characters that wore neutral attire or abstained. Few differences in actual victim-blaming appeared, likely because of the elimination of hindsight bias.
Nutrient requirements and feed costs associated with genetic improvement in production of milk components.

Dietary requirements for NEL and absorbed true protein were summarized for marginal production of milk components because of genetic improvement through selection. Shelled corn and soybean meal were used to meet marginal nutrient requirements and were assigned variable concentrations of absorbed true protein, depending on rumen-available energy and protein. Mean ratios among national averages for shelled corn to milk prices and soybean meal to milk prices (DM: standardized milk, dollars per kilogram) over a recent 25-yr period were .52 and 1.20, respectively. Stability of these relationships over time permits estimation of feed costs from milk price as prices inflate. Feed costs per kilogram of component, expressed as kilograms of standardized milk with equivalent value, were 1.00 for lactose, 1.89 for fat, and 3.49 for protein. Costs of milk protein were higher if production of absorbed true protein was limited by rumen-available energy, suggesting that selection for fat or lactose, in addition to protein, may be beneficial. High feed costs for milk protein indicate a need for adequate compensation to producers for milk protein and consideration of feed costs during selection. A net value index is proposed that considers feed costs associated with marginal production of individual milk components.
Quality of information on pelvic organ prolapse on the Internet

This study aimed to determine the quality of available patient-centered information for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) on the Internet using a modified validated scale. Two independent investigators using three search engines (Google, Yahoo, Bing) searched and reviewed the top 30 unique sites for four terms: bladder prolapse; dropped bladder; uterine prolapse; dropped uterus. A total of 219 websites were reviewed by both reviewers excluding redundancies. A two-stage, 6-point rating scale with score range per question of 0–5 was developed from the DISCERN instrument. Also recorded was whether a site had Health On the Net (HON) Foundation certification. The 400 sites were (as stated) a separate search where in the the domain suffix for the top 100 sites per serach term was recorded. The summary of 400 sites reviewed across the four search terms identified 64 % .com, 19 % .org, 8 % .edu, 6 % other and 3 % .gov; .gov yielded the highest quality information. Only 23 (9.5 %) sites were HON certified, yet these sites possessed higher DISCERN scores (p < 0.0001). For the three questions referencing conservative treatments (i.e., pessary, physical therapy, watchful waiting), 115 (52 %) sites indicated a summed mean score of ≤3, indicating less complete information regarding these treatments. Web-based information available to women regarding treatment for POP based on the modified DISCERN instrument is incomplete and biased toward surgical treatments. Government-sponsored websites (.gov) appear to provide the best quality information regarding this condition.
Continuous and Hybrid Distributed Control for Multiagent Coordination: Consensus, Flocking, and Cyclic Pursuit

In this paper, we develop a unified framework for addressing consensus, flocking, and cyclic pursuit problems for multiagent dynamical systems. Specifically, we present continuous and hybrid distributed and decentralized controller architectures for multiagent coordination. The proposed controller architectures are predicated on system thermodynamic notions resulting in thermodynamically consistent continuous and hybrid controller architectures involving the exchange of information between agents that guarantee that the closed- loop dynamical network is consistent with basic thermodynamic principles. A unique feature of the proposed framework is that several of the proposed controller architectures are hybrid, and hence, the overall closed-loop dynamics under any of these controller algorithms achieving consensus, flocking, or cyclic pursuit possesses discontinuous flows since the controller algorithms combine logical switchings with continuous dynamics, leading to impulsive differential equations.
Beta-blocker therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and chronic obstructive lung disease in an ambulatory care setting.

Objective: To evaluate beta blocker persistence six months after beta-blocker initiation or dose titration in heart failure (HF) patients with COPD compared to those without COPD. Secondary objectives included comparison of beta-blocker dose achieved, changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and incidence of hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits during follow-up. Methods: We conducted a matched, retrospective, cohort study including 86 patients with COPD plus concomitant HF (LVEF ≤40%) and 137 patients with HF alone. All patients were followed in an outpatient HF clinic. Eligible patients had a documented LVEF ≤40% and were initiated or titrated on a betablocker in the HF clinic. Patients were matched based on LVEF (categorized as ≤ 20% or 21-40%), gender, and age (> or ≤70 years). The primary outcome was beta blocker persistence at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were dose achieved, LVEF, and incidence of hospitalizations or ED visits. Results: There were no differences between the COPD and non-COPD groups in beta-blocker persistence at six-month follow-up (94.2% vs. 93.4% respectively, adjusted p=0.842). The proportion of patients who achieved a daily metoprolol dose equivalent of at least 100 mg was similar between the groups (adjusted p=0.188). The percent of patients with at least one ED visit or hospitalization in the six-month post-titration period was substantial but similar between the groups (53.5% and 48.2% for COPD and non-COPD patients, respectively, adjusted p=0.169). Conclusion: Our results support the use of betablockers in the population of heart failure patients with COPD and without reactive airway disease.
Probabilistic fiber tracking of the language and motor white matter pathways of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in patients with brain tumors

Summary Background and purpose Accurate localization of anatomically and functionally separate SMA tracts is important to improve planning prior to neurosurgery. Using fMRI and probabilistic DTI techniques, we assessed the connectivity between the frontal language area (Broca's area) and the rostral pre-SMA (language SMA) and caudal SMA proper (motor SMA). Materials and methods Twenty brain tumor patients completed motor and language fMRI paradigms and DTI. Peaks of functional activity in the language SMA, motor SMA and Broca's area were used to define seed regions for probabilistic tractography. Results fMRI and probabilistic tractography identified separate and unique pathways connecting the SMA to Broca's area – the language SMA pathway and the motor SMA pathway. For all subjects, the language SMA pathway had a larger number of voxels (P Conclusion Probabilistic tractography can identify unique white matter tracts that connect language SMA and motor SMA to Broca's area. The language SMA is more significantly connected to Broca's area than is the motor subdivision of the SMA proper.
Granular SVM-RFE gene selection algorithm for reliable prostate cancer classification on microarray expression data

Selecting the most informative cancer-related genes from huge microarray gene expression data is an important and challenging bioinformatics research topic. This paper presents the novel granular support vector machines recursive feature elimination (GSVM-RFE) algorithm for the gene selection task. As a biologically meaningful hybrid method of statistical learning theory and granular computing theory, GSVM-RFE can separately eliminate irrelevant, redundant or noisy genes in different granules at different stages and can select positively related genes and negatively related genes in balance. Simulation results on the prostate cancer dataset show that GSVM-RFE is statistically much more accurate than traditional algorithms for the prostate cancer classification. More importantly, GSVM-RFE extracts a compact "perfect" gene subset of 17 genes with 100% accuracy. To our best knowledge, this is the first time such a "perfect" gene subset is reported, which is expected to be helpful for prostate cancer study.
A physical compact model of DG MOSFET for mixed-signal circuit applications - part II: Parameter extraction

For pt. see ibid., vol. 50, no. 10, p. 2135 (2003). Based on the physical double-gate MOSFET model described in Part I, we present a systematic parameter extraction methodology that avoids parameter interdependence between different physical effects whenever possible. Several extraction schemes are compared for precise modeling of small-signal and large-signal characteristics. The physical model and the extraction methodology are verified through the reproduction of the simulated drain current, incremental drain resistance, and transconductance per unit current, which are parameters of particular interest to mixed-signal circuit designs.
On a hybrid finite-volume-particle method

We present a hybrid finite-volume-particle numerical method for computing the transport of a passive pollutant by a flow. The flow is modeled by the one- and two-dimensional Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations and the pollutant propagation is described by a transport equation. This paper is an extension of our previous work (Chertock, Kurganov and Petrova, J. Sci. Comput. (to appear)), where the one-dimensional finite-volume-particle method has been proposed. The core idea behind the finite-volume-particle method is to use different schemes for the flow and pollution computations: the shallow water equations are numerically integrated using a finite-volume scheme, while the transport equation is solved by a particle method. This way the specific advantages of each scheme are utilized at the right place. A special attention is given to the recovery of the point values of the numerical solution from its particle distribution. The reconstruction is obtained using a dual equation for the pollutant concentration. This results in a significantly enhanced resolution of the computed solution and also makes it much easier to extend the finite-volume-particle method to the two-dimensional case. Mathematics Subject Classification. 34A36, 35L67, 35Q35, 65M99.
Multivariate Analysis of Variance

The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a generalization of analysis of variance when there are multiple dependent variables, and tests whether mean differences among groups on a combination of dependent variables is a chance occurrence. A new dependent variable that maximizes group differences is created from the set of dependent variables by forming a linear combination of measured or observed dependent variables. Then an analysis of variance is performed on the new dependent variable by a test of variances.
Toward a Middle–Range Theory of Weight Management:

The authors of this paper present the middle-range theory of weight management that focuses on cultural, environmental, and psychosocial factors that influence behaviors needed for weight control. The theory of weight management was developed deductively from Orem's theory of self-care, a constituent theory within the broader self-care deficit nursing theory and from research literature. Linkages between the conceptual and middle-range theory concepts are illustrated using a substruction model. The development of the theory of weight management serves to build nursing science by integrating extant nursing theory and empirical knowledge. This theory may help predict weight management in populations at risk for obesity-related disorders.
On the low-lying electronic states of BiF

Relativistic CI calculations on the low-lying states of BiF(0+, 1, 2, 0+(II)) arising from the σ2π2 configuration are carried out. Comparison calculations of the λ-s states without spin-orbit interaction (3Σ−, 1Σ+ and 1Δ) are also presented. These calculations enable the assignment of three experimentally observed low-lying states. In addition, the properties of a new state (2) are calculated (yet to be observed). The calculated dissociation energy of the ground state is 2.63 eV. The potential energy surfaces of the low-lying electronic states of BiF reveal interesting avoided crossings. Our calculations clarify the earlier assignment of the electronic transitions of BiF.
ECG data compression using cut and align beats approach and 2-D transforms

A new electrocardiogram (ECG) data compression method is presented which employs a two dimensional (2-D) transform. This 2-D transform method utilizes the fact that ECG signals generally show two types of redundancies-between adjacent heartbeats and between adjacent samples. A heartbeat data sequence is cut and beat-aligned to form a 2-D data array. Any 2-D compression method can then be applied. Transform coding using the 2-D discrete cosine transform (DCT) [2-D DCT] is employed here as an example. Using selections from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia and Medtronic databases, results are presented that illustrate substantial improvement in compression ratio over one-dimensional methods for comparable percent root-mean-square difference (PRD).
Automated linking of free-text complaints to reason-for-visit categories and International Classification of Diseases diagnoses in emergency department patient record databases

Abstract Study objective The use of the International Classification of Diseases system to describe emergency department (ED) case mix has disadvantages. We therefore developed computer algorithms that recognize a combination of words, word fragments, and word patterns to link free-text complaint fields to 20 reason-for-visit categories. We examine the feasibility and reliability of applying these reason-for-visit categories to ED patient-visit databases. Methods We analyzed a database (containing complaints and International Classification of Diseases diagnoses for 1 year's visits to a single ED) using a 3-step process (create initial terms, maximize sensitivity, maximize specificity) to define inclusion and exclusion terms for 20 reason-for-visit categories. To assess the reliability of the reason-for-visit assignment algorithm, we repeated the final 2 steps on a second database, composed of visits sampled from 21 EDs. For each database, we determined the prevalence of complaints that link to each reason-for-visit category and the distributions of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnoses that resulted for all patients and patients stratified by age. Results The 20 reason-for-visit categories capture 77% of all patients in database 1 (mean age 33.5 years) and 67% of all patients in database 2 (mean age 38.9 years). The percentage of visits captured by the 20 reason-for-visit categories, by age range, for databases 1 and 2 are (respectively) 0 to 2 years (84% and 76%), 3 to 10 years (82% and 74%), 11 to 65 years (76% and 68%), and 66 years or older (69% and 60%). The proportions of all complaints that link to each reason-for-visit category are largely similar between databases. Every complaint field that is linked to each reason-for-visit category includes at least 1 term that relates it to the category title, and the most frequently assigned diagnoses in each reason-for-visit category are those that one would expect to be associated with the reason-for-visit category complaints. Conclusion The method by which free-text complaint fields are parsed into reason-for-visit categories is feasible and reasonably reliable; the finalized database 1 reason-for-visit category inclusion/exclusion terms lists required only modest changes to work well in database 2. The reason-for-visit categories used here are broadly defined to maximize the proportion of visits that they capture; more narrowly defined reason-for-visit categories will require more extensive revision of their inclusion/exclusion terms lists when used in different databases. A prospective, reason-for-visit–based ED classification system could have several useful applications (including syndromic surveillance), although content validity analysis will be necessary to investigate this hypothesis.
The Nanoscience and Engineering High School Research Internship program at the University of Alabama

The Center for Materials for Information Technology provides a ten-week summer research experience in nanoscience and engineering for high school students. The students were between their junior and senior year or their sophomore and junior year and were interested in a career in scientific research. Each student had their own research project within the general theme of metal alloy nanoparticles. They were trained in safe laboratory practice and could prepare their own particles independently. Each used x-ray diffraction and SEM EDX to characterize the structure of their nanoparticles. They also identified potential applications for their particles such as magnetic recording, fuel cell catalysis and cancer therapy. Many of the students accomplished enough research to submit competitive entries to regional and national high school science fairs. Two were semi-finalists in the Siemens-Westinghouse Competition. Another won the West Alabama Science Fair and competed in the Intel International Science Fair. This program provided the high school students with a vision for the breadth and excitement of doing basic research in materials science.
Genes within the MHC region have a dramatic influence on radiation-enhanced atherosclerosis in mice.

Background— C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice develop much smaller atherosclerotic lesions than C57BL/6 (B6) mice when deficient in apolipoprotein E (apoE−/−) or fed an atherogenic diet. The 2 strains differ in H2 haplotypes, with B6 having H2b and C3H having H2k. C3.SW-H2b/SnJ (C3.SW) is a congenic strain of C3H/HeJ in which H2k is replaced with H2b. Methods and Results— We performed bone marrow transplantation and found that atherosclerosis-resistant C3.SW.apoE−/− mice reconstituted with bone marrow from either C3.SW.apoE−/− or B6.apoE−/− mice after lethal irradiation had significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions than B6.apoE−/− mice receiving identical treatments and much larger lesions than C3H.apoE−/− mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow. For syngeneic transplantation, C3.SW.apoE−/− mice exhibited a 21-fold increase in lesion size over C3H.apoE−/− mice (152 800±21 937 versus 7060±2290 μm2/section) and a near 4-fold increase over B6.apoE−/− mice (40 529±4675 μm2/section). C3.SW.apoE−/− mice reconstituted with syngeneic marrow exhibited enhanced lesion formation relative to those reconstituted with B6 marrow (152 800±21 937 versus 107 000±9374 μm2/section; P =0.067). Sublethal irradiation led to a 6-fold increase of lesion size in C3.SW.apoE−/− mice (9795±2804 versus 1550±607 μm2/section; P =0.008). Wild-type C3.SW mice reconstituted with apoE+/+ or apoE−/− bone marrow had significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions than C3H mice receiving identical treatments on an atherogenic diet. Conclusions— These results indicate that gene(s) within the H2 region have a dramatic impact on radiation-enhanced atherosclerosis, and their effect is conveyed partially through bone marrow–derived cells.
Effects of Aggregation on Chlorophyll-Phosphorus Relations in Missouri Reservoirs

ABSTRACT Using chlorophyll and phosphorus data from 119 Missouri reservoirs we show how data aggregation-averaging data into seasonal means or long-term lake means – influences our ability to make inferences from large-scale statistical regression analyses. We demonstrate the most obvious phenomenon of data aggregation, that relations between variables estimated from aggregated data are generally stronger than the same relations estimated from unaggregated data. Averaging reduces the often large variation in the response of chlorophyll to phosphorus (Chl-TP) that characterizes measurements of these variables in lakes. We also demonstrate that inferences made from statistical regression analyses apply only to situations that match the level of aggregation used to produce the model. Using lake means we found a strong positive Chl-TP relation. This strong cross-sectional pattern among lakes in the study, however, did not always reflect the relation of these variables to one another in individual lakes. And t...
Light gains and physiological capacity of understorey woody plants during phenological avoidance of canopy shade

Summary 1. Carbon gain during phenological avoidance of canopy shade by an understorey plant depends on the extent of avoidance, the leaf stage during avoidance, and whether young and old leaves can exploit greater light availability in spring and autumn. 2. For Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal., Aesculus glabra Willd., Acer saccharum Marsh., Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume and Carpinus caroliniana Walt. in a deciduous forest in Illinois, USA, spring avoidance with leaves at full size ranged from 0 days for Asimina to 24 days for Aesculus , and brought 36‐98% of estimated total annual irradiance. Autumn avoidance was non-existent to minimal in all species. 3. Total chlorophyll reached maximum concentrations at the middle of leaf life span, and declined well before senescence. Leaf nitrogen concentrations and net photosynthetic capacity both peaked in youngest leaves during spring avoidance, and were low in old leaves during autumn avoidance. 4. Aesculus had especially high photosynthetic capacity during precanopy closure, while Asimina had relatively low capacity in its later developing leaves. 5. Young leaves of species with phenological avoidance can enhance C gain, while old leaves in autumn do not. Thus phenological avoidance in spring may enhance the persistence of understorey woody individuals of some species.
The Changing World of Chinese Enterprise: An Institutional Perspective

Recent developments in institutional theory are reviewed in order to provide a conceptual framework within which to locate and consider studies of changes in Chinese enterprise. Institutional theory emphasizes the role played by regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive processes in shaping social behavior and social structure. Changes in Chinese organizations are described and evaluated at three levels: societal, organizational field (state-owned enterprises), and individual organizations. Western models of organizing are introduced via numerous mechanisms, but must be adapted to fit the distinctive institutional characteristics of China.
Who is shaping the field? Doctoral education, knowledge creation and postsecondary education research in the United States

ABSTRACTPrevious research has found the field of higher education, particularly in the United States, is dominated by functionalist approaches, a preponderance of survey data, and the ubiquitous use of advanced quantitative methods to investigate educational phenomena. This descriptive study aims to illuminate why the field is constructed in this way. Given that researchers have found doctoral education to influence the way scholars think about, conduct and disseminate their research, we explore the educational histories of published authors in the field with the belief that examining the distribution of institutional affiliations among authors may shed light on the dominance of particular approaches to knowledge production within the field. Specifically, we examined doctoral institutional affiliations of authors published in three top-tier higher education journals in the United States from 2006 to 2010. Our analysis illuminates that knowledge produced in the field of higher education is highly concentra...