cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association Between Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Colorectal Cancer in a National Cohort of Patients.

Introduction To examine the association between phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor use and incidence of colorectal cancer among patients with erectile dysfunction treated in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System. Methods A retrospective cohort study using the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure was conducted, with data spanning January 2001-December 2016. Patients were followed up from index until (i) the first diagnosis of colorectal cancer, (ii) death, or (iii) the end of study period. Statistical analyses evaluated demographics and baseline characteristics between cohorts (PDE-5 exposed or not) and the effect of additional dosages of each specific PDE-5 inhibitor using adjusted multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 221,538 patients met the study inclusion criteria, 192,691 patients in the PDE-5 cohort and 29,227 patients in the never use PDE-5 cohort. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model results revealed that the those who had any exposure to a PDE-5 inhibitor have an 18% lower hazard of colorectal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.816, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.754-0.882). For each additional 100-mg dosage of sildenafil and 10-mg dosage of tadalafil, the hazard of colorectal cancer is reduced by 2.4% (adjusted HR = 0.976, 95% CI = 0.973-0.979) and 1.7% (adjusted HR = 0.983, 95% CI = 0.972-0.996), respectively. Discussion PDE-5 inhibitor usage in patients with erectile dysfunction is associated with a lower hazard of colorectal cancer compared with patients not exposed to PDE-5 inhibitors.
Qualitative Research in Entrepreneurship Studies: A State-of-Science:

Qualitative research is becoming increasingly popular in organisational studies. There is growing consensus that qualitative research contributes positively to the diversity of academic inquiry in ...
Coinfection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Bordetella bronchiseptica Pneumonia in a Renal Transplant Patient

Bordetella species cause respiratory infections in both humans and animals. Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) infection is an uncommon pathogen in humans. The clinical spectrum of infections with SARS-CoV-2 includes viral pneumonia of variable severity, with some patients developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring mechanical ventilation support. Transplant patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection have high mortality. Bacterial coinfection, including pneumonia, have been described in patients with COVID-19. We present a renal transplant patient with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed B. bronchiseptica superinfection and had a rapid clinical and radiological response to azithromycin treatment.
Partnering health equity and clinical informatics to close the gaps in multilingual telehealth access

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has driven rapid expansion of telehealth, which is likely to be a keyfeature of the “new normal” even after the pandemic However, the benefits of virtual care are not enjoyedequitably across race/ethnicity, insurance type, and language groups Patients and families with limited Englishproficiency (LEP) are among those least likely to access telehealth due to the challenges of implementingmultilingual video visits Health information technology has tremendous potential for increasing equitablehealth care access We sought to create a process enabling clinical providers, families, and interpreters tointerface during a telemedicine visit We partnered a health equity framework, based in quality improvementscience, with a socio-technical focus on people, process, and technology to target modifiable aspects of ourtelehealth delivery system Methodology We convened a multidisciplinary team including physicians,registration, informatics, and language services Process maps were jointly created to understand therequirements needed for a successful telehealth visit, from initial patient contact to ending the visit (Figure 1) Concurrently, we created process maps to ensure proper scheduling for all patients in need of a multilingualvideo visit (Figure 2) With the requirements understood, the IS team enabled security settings that allowedinstitution-employed interpreters to join a video visit, similar to a multi-party conference call For external,contracted vendors used for less common languages, we designed a parallel audio/video process that still metthe requirements previously outlined We created both written and video training materials that weredisseminated to staff through emails, guided webinars, and the institution's telehealth intranet page Discussion To date, we have successfully conducted multilingual video visits in Spanish, Arabic, and SimplifiedChinese, with nearly 200 visits being completed from April 13, 2020 to April 27, 2020 This is an increase from abaseline of no documented multilingual video visits in the preceding six months The capacity only continuesto increase as the new workflow is integrated into practice We have initiated additional sustaining measures,including training clinicians, schedulers, clinic and information services staff to support telehealth access forLEP patients and families Conclusion Closing gaps in equitable telehealth requires a commitment toinnovation, a strategic allocation of resources, and multidisciplinary champions Successfully implementingmultilingual video visits is an important step to reduce disparities in telehealth access and health morebroadly, especially as we embrace the future of pediatric care
For the Culture: Examining the Electoral Success of African American Incumbents in the U.S. Congress

In a country where African Americans were once slaves, denied citizenship, elective office, and relegated to second class status a central question that has sparked the interest of scholars examining African American politics has been the benefits of African American political representation. Political Scientists such as Hanes Walton Jr. argues that the rise of African American politicians should significantly improve the lives of African Americans because these politicians will utilize their elected office to provide political representation for African Americans and pursue policies that will dismantle the legacy of racism for African Americans. Since the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 African Americans politicians have won many seats to the United States Congress, yet few studies have explored the electoral success of these politicians. Studies that do examine the electoral success of African American Members of Congress all too often attribute their success to the creation of majority-minority congressional districts and provides very little attention to how they represent their constituencies. This chapter seeks to fill this void in the academic literature by examining the multiple contours that have attributed to the electoral success of African American congressional incumbents. Analyzing congressional elections from 1970-2012, this chapter demonstrates that while majority-minority congressional district is one the factors that provides African American House Members with an electoral advantage that their electoral success can also be attributed to the fact that they (1) benefit enormously from the incumbency factor, (2) they often face weak challengers in elections and (3) they engage in a number of different symbolic forms of representation that speaks to African American culture. The findings of this chapter suggest that like their white counterparts African American congressional incumbents are strategic actors and utilize many tactics that maximize their reelection chances. This chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for future research that will aid the scholarly community in better unpacking success of African American Members of Congress and African American descriptive representation.
Cardiogenic diabetes

It has been well established since the Framingham studies that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for heart failure. Several recent reports suggested that the reverse is also true, and heart failure may also predispose to diabetes. We reviewed the literature and summarized the evidence of a higher incidence of new-onset diabetes in heart failure. Because a high rate of insulin resistance in heart failure is a known phenomenon, a higher incidence of diabetes in heart failure is intuitive. Although the facts confirming such connection is surprisingly scarce, we felt it was important to collect, analyze, and summarize the evidence.
Landfast ice and coastal wave exposure in northern Alaska

Observations of ocean surface waves at three sites along the northern coast of Alaska show a strong coupling with seasonal sea ice patterns. In the winter, ice cover is complete, and waves are abse...
On the comparative method, internal reconstruction, and other analytical tools for the reconstruction of the evolution of the Basque language: An assessment

This paper is an attempt to present the state of the art in Basque historical phonology. The accomplishments and limitations of different methodologies are evaluated. These methodologies include the application of the comparative method to Basque dialects, the analysis of old borrowings in Michelena’s work, internal reconstruction, and Lakarra’s canonical root hypothesis. I also discuss the possibilities afforded by internal reconstruction and root theory for discovering genetic relationships between Basque and other languages, focusing on recent proposals.
Introduction: Comparative Responses to DNA Damage in Bacteria and Mammalian Cells

Much of our basic understanding of cellular repair mechanisms began with a thorough analysis of the processing of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of Escherichia coli (6, 7). Furthermore, it is now well-documented in this Volume that there are still important discoveries to be made using bacteria as model systems for studying the mechanisms of antimutagenesis. The recent advances in our understanding of DNA damage processing in E. coli attest to the complexity of such mechanisms in even the simplest prokaryote systems (15). These advances include the discovery of new inducible responses to lesions in DNA, new insights into the mechanism of mismatch repair, and the development of defined sequence DNA probes for assessing the molecular spectrum of mutagenic actions. It is essential that basic research on important prokaryote model systems continues to receive adequate emphasis and support even though our long-term goal may be to understand the mechanisms of antimutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis in humans. The results from research on E. coli still serve to guide our exploration of DNA damage processing in mammalian cells (4, 10).
CHAPTER 33 – Neurobiology of Male Sexual Behavior

This chapter discusses the neurobiology of male sexual behavior. Sexual behavior in animals, including the courtship that precedes it, is characterized by enormous diversity. This diversity assures that mating will occur with the optimal partner at the most appropriate time and place, in order to pass parental genotypes onto the next generation. Male animals use species-specific displays to advertise their fitness and suitability as a partner. As they approach the female, they also gain information about her desirability and willingness to mate. In rodents, both partners may emit ultrasonic vocalizations, which are mutually arousing. A receptive female typically remains immobile while the male approaches from her rear, clasps her flanks with his forepaws, and initiates a series of shallow thrusts with his pelvis. Intromission is the defining event of copulation. If the male detects the female's vagina, he will perform a deeper, intravaginal thrust, followed by a rapid, springing dismount. This behavior pattern is reliably associated with penile insertion and is used as the measure of intromission in rats and many other rodents. Most male mammals ejaculate only after receiving stimulation from multiple intromissions. Ejaculation is characterized behaviorally by a deeper, longer thrust, and a slow, relaxed dismount. Rhythmic contractions of skeletal and striated perineal muscles, including the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and anal sphincter, usually accompany ejaculation. In human males and females, such muscle contractions are associated with orgasm, the subjective correlate of the culmination of sexual excitement.
Chapter 26 Relationship between Localization of Na+-K+-ATPase, Cellular Fine Structure, and Reabsorptive and Secretory Electrolyte Transport

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes the development of morphological methods to delineate the interrelationships among Na + –K + -adenosine phosphatase (ATPase), cell and tissue architecture, and the ability of reabsorptive and secretory epithelia to couple electrolyte transport to water flow in the elaboration of hypo-, iso-, and hyper-osmotic fluids in view of the common structural and enzymatic specializations of transporting cells. Three independent techniques with a high level of specificity and with adequate sensitivity may localize Na + –K + -ATPase: the cytochemical and immunoferritin techniques provide resolution of Na + pump localization at the ultrastructural level, whereas the autoradiographic method delineates an Na + pump distribution at the light microscopic level. Sodium ion pump sites appear to be distributed uniformly along the expanded basolateral surfaces that delimit the intercellular channels. The nonluminal localization of Na + pumps in secretory epithelia suggests a model for NaCl secretion in which Na + follows a paracellular route to reach the lumen via low resistance zonulae occludentes.
Deregulation of Commercial Insurance

This article utilizes the US experience as a primary point of reference with some discussion of insurance deregulation in other countries. The concept of insurance deregulation contemplates a shifting of regulatory emphasis from prior approval of commercial lines rates and forms to a more competitive regulatory system coupled with more intensive regulatory monitoring of market competition and strategic intervention when required. It is important to stress that this does not involve an abrogation of regulatory oversight, but rather a restructuring of regulatory functions to facilitate more efficient and competitive markets combined with an array of regulatory activities, tools, and authorities to support strategic, proactive regulatory intervention if problems develop. Keywords: property-casualty insurance; commercial insurance; deregulation; regulation
The Interaction of Homogeneous, Murine Myeloma Immunoglobulins with Polysaccharide Antigens°

Publisher Summary A new potential in polysaccharide immunochemistry is provided by homogeneous immunoglobulin that bind carbohydrate polymers.In the chapter, the specific immunoglobulin-hapten interaction is discussed and characterized. The discipline of carbohydrate chemistry can make a real contribution to the elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulin. In return, carbohydrate chemistry may find a tool that can be increasingly applied to the unraveling of its own unsolved problems in the structural analysis of polysaccharides. The chapter discusses the structure of immunoglobulins. The cellular component of the immune system that synthesizes and secretes immunoglobulin differentiates in a highly specialized way. The largest groups of anticarbohydrate, myeloma immunoglobulins are that of antifructans having specificity for β-D-(2 →1)-linkages. It is convenient to combine the discussion of this group with that of the anti-(2 →6)-β–D-fructan immunoglobulins.
Atmospheric Responses to North Atlantic SST Anomalies in Idealized Experiments. Part I: Northern Hemispheric Circulation

AbstractIdealized model experiments using the NCAR CESM1.0.5 under equinox conditions are designed and performed to address two fundamental questions about the effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) variation associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) on circulation and precipitation in North America and Europe: 1) Is the observed relationship between the AMO SST and the warm-season precipitation in North America a statistical coincidence? and 2) Why is the response of negative precipitation anomaly to warm SST in the AMO fairly uniform across most of North America, whereas the positive precipitation anomaly in the cold SST rather spotty? Model experiments are done with either a warm or cold SST anomaly in an aquaplanet, a planet with idealized continents, and a planet with both idealized continents and orography. Major results show that the atmospheric response to warm SST anomaly in the North Atlantic is fairly similar among the three sets of experiments. In the lower troposphere,...
Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Skin

The College of American Pathologists offers these protocols to assist pathologists in providing clinically useful and relevant information when reporting results of surgical specimen examinations. The College regards the reporting elements in the ‘‘Surgical Pathology Cancer Case Summary (Checklist)’’ portion of the protocols as essential elements of the pathology report. However, the manner in which these elements are reported is at the discretion of each specific pathologist, taking into account clinician preferences, institutional policies, and individual practice. The College developed these protocols as an educational tool to assist pathologists in the useful reporting of relevant information. It did not issue the protocols for use in litigation, reimbursement, or other contexts. Nevertheless, the College recognizes that the protocols might be used by hospitals, attorneys, payers, and others. Indeed, effective January 1, 2004, the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons mandated the use of the checklist elements of the protocols as part of its Cancer Program Standards for Approved Cancer Programs. Therefore, it becomes even more important for pathologists to familiarize themselves with these documents. At the same time, the College cautions that use of the protocols other than for their intended educational purpose may involve additional considerations that are beyond the scope of these documents. PROTOCOL FOR THE EXAMINATION OF SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE SKIN This protocol applies to Merkel cell carcinoma of cutaneous surfaces only. The seventh edition TNM staging system for Merkel cell carcinoma of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) is recommended.
Noncholinergic penile erection in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

With the current understanding that nitric oxide (NO) mediates penile erection, the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (eNOS) has been implicated in this function. We undertook this study applying transgenic mice with targeted deletion of the eNOS gene (eNOS-/- mice) as an experimental approach to evaluate the importance of eNOS in cholinergically stimulated erectile function in vivo. Combined pharmacostimulation with intracavernosal carbachol (3 ng) administration and submaximal cavernous nerve (CN) electrical stimulation (16 Hz, 5 millisecond, 1 V) simultaneous with intracavernosal pressure (ICP) monitoring, and both biochemical assay of NO synthase activity and Western blot analysis of eNOS protein content in penile tissue, were performed on eNOS-/- mice and wild-type controls. Combined intracavernosal carbachol administration and submaximal CN electrical stimulation raised the recorded ICP, elicited by CN electrical stimulation alone in wild-type mice (from 35.7 +/- 2.7 to 48.1 +/- 5.5 mm Hg, P < .05) but not in eNOS-/ - mice (from 54.9 +/- 6.3 to 51.0 +/- 9.5 mm Hg, not significant [NS]). Pretreatment with the nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 mg intracavernosally) blocked electrically stimulated ICP responses in eNOS-/- mice to baseline levels (37.8 +/- 4.4 vs 12.7 +/- 4.0 mm Hg, P < .05). In penes of eNOS-/- mice, approximately 60% NO synthase activity of wild-type penis levels was retained (NS), and eNOS protein was absent. We concluded that eNOS-/- mice preserve erectile function on the basis of a noncholinergic but NO-dependent mechanism and that eNOS physiologically mediates penile erection under cholinergic stimulation.
66 GHz static frequency divider in transferred-substrate HBT technology

We report a 66 GHz emitter coupled logic (ECL) 2:1 static frequency divider using InAlAs/InGaAs transferred-substrate HBTs. To our knowledge this is the fastest static divider reported in any semiconductor technology.
Serological and functional analysis of the epitope clusters on Leu3/T4 antigen.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were generated against cells or cell membranes glycoproteins of a human T-cell line, HPB-ALL. Five designated MCN 1, 3, 12, 19, and 29, were found to be specific to helper/inducer T-cells; they gave a positive membrane staining to approximately 48% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and 84% of thymocytes and these proportions did not change upon costaining with Leu 3a, a known anti-helper/inducer T-cell MoAb. Furthermore, their reaction pattern with a panel of human lymphoid cell lines was identical to that of Leu 3a. A reciprocal binding blocking test showed that the epitopes reactive with the MCN MoAbs are divided into three separate clusters. The MCN 3- and Leu 3a-reactive epitopes formed a cluster and they appeared to be the same epitope. This cluster was well separated from that represented by the MCN 1-reactive epitope. The MCN 12-, 19-, and 29-reactive epitopes could be assigned to a third cluster. MCN 12 and 19 were probably toward the same epitope. A sequential binding test indicated that the three epitope cluster reside on the molecule carrying Leu 3a-defined epitope, i.e., the Leu3/T4 antigen. On the functional analysis, MCN 3 gave a profound inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferative response to MHC class II antigens, whereas other MCN MoAbs did not show any modifying effect on the T-cell function.
Inferences and predictions: Normative vs representative responding

Ss in an inference task were given sequences of data in a symmetric, binary bookbag-and-poker-chip task. They responded not only with subjective probability estimates, but also which hypothesis they considered favored. Given the same sequences in a prediction task, the same Ss made predictions of the next-to-be-observed datum. For the latter task, differential outcomes are expected under the normative Bayesian model and the representativeness heuristic. The representativeness heuristic, which leads to the expectation that Ss’ predictions would often run counter to the evidence, was supported.
Preparation and Structural Characterization of RuS2 Nanoislands on Au(111)

Among all the transition metal sulfides, ruthenium sulfide (RuS2) has been shown to be the most active catalyst for the hydrodesulfuriztion processes. Using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we have found a novel approach for the preparation of RuS2 nanoislands on an Au(111) substrate. Chemical vapor deposition of Ru3(CO)12 leads to metallic Ru nanoclusters on the gold substrate. Although sulfidation has not been observed on extended Ru (0001) surface, Ru nanoclusters react with S2, forming ruthenium sulfide. While the majority of the sulfide is in the form of nanosized clusters that aggregate into clustered islands, a small fraction of the sulfide is seen as flat islands. When Ru3(CO)12 was deposited on a sulfur-modified gold substrate at elevated temperature, flat islands of ruthenium sulfide are formed exclusively. The flat islands are single-layer RuS2 nanocrystals with a (111) surface termination which exhibits an ordered array of sulfur vacancies. On such RuS2 (111) surfaces, excess sulfur is stable at low temperature and induces surface reconstruction, and desorbs at high temperature. The RuS2(111)/Au system provides an excellent model system for ruthenium sulfide catalysts.
Perinatal transmission of human papillomavirus in infants: relationship between infection rate and mode of delivery*

Objective To determine the transmission rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) in newborn infants of HPV-positive women and to assess the relationship between perinatal HPV transmission and mode of delivery. Methods Three hundred one pregnant women were selected: vaginal delivery (n = 160) or cesarean delivery (n =141). We assessed the presence of the HPV types 16 and 18 DNA sequences in buccal and genital swabs of neonates born to HPV-positive mothers, using the polymerase chain reaction. Result The overall frequency of HPV 16/18 infection among the pregnant women was 22.6% (68/301). At birth, the overall frequency of HPV transmission from HPV 16/18positive mothers to newborns was 39.7% (27/68). A significantly higher rate of HPV 16/18 infection was found at birth when infants were delivered vaginally than when infants were delivered by cesarean (18/35 or 51.4% versus 9/33 or 27.3%, P = .042). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of perinatal HPV infection between the HPV types 16 and 18 in either vaginal delivery group or in the cesarean delivery group (all P > .100). No significant difference was found between the buccal and genital sites (27/68 versus 21/68, P = .234) or between male and female infants overall (12/36 versus 15/32, P = .255). Conclusion The findings suggest that neonates are at higher risk for exposure to HPV after vaginal delivery than after cesarean delivery.
Achieving the MDGs: Health systems as core social institutions

Lynn Freedman argues that strategies for meeting the MDGs should be premised on an understanding of health systems as core social institutions that help define the very experience of poverty and citizenship. MDG 5 on maternal mortality provides a strategic entry point for addressing health systems.
Reconsidering the DSM-IV Diagnoses of Alzheimer's Disease: Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Patients With Dementia

In traditional medical use, a categorical diagnosis conveys essential (although stereotypic) information about the signs and symptoms of a disease, its treatment, and its prognosis. Its utility derives from its generalizability. However, many of the shortcomings of categorical classification also reflect these same qualities. Diagnoses too often fail to capture important qualities of a disorder or do not sufficiently characterize a patient's particular symptoms. Recent editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which have emphasized highly specific entry criteria to establish psychiatric conditions in a more homogeneous fashion, have sometimes resulted in enhanced reliability at the cost of diminished validity. The variability of psychiatric disorders often defies attempts to create strictly defined clusters amenable to syndrome classifications.
Mode-locked Yb:KGW laser longitudinally pumped by polarization-coupled diode bars.

Mode-locked operation of a simple Yb:KGW (potassium gadolinium tungstate) oscillator is described, providing 10W at 1039nm with a 290fs pulse width. A polarization-coupled scheme is used for efficient longitudinal pumping by a pair of reshaped laser diode bars. With changes in cavity dispersion, the pulse width is adjustable from 134 to 433fs, in a high-quality circular mode. A saturable absorber mirror provides self-starting operation, and the cavity is stabilized by the Kerr-lens effect.
A comparison of principal components and endmember-based contextual learning for hyperspectral anomaly classification

Context-dependent learning algorithms have shown improved performance for anomaly classification in hyperspectral imagery (HSI) collected over varying environmental conditions. Past techniques have relied on statistically-motivated decomposition, such as principal components analysis (PCA), to extract contextual information from the background data. Alternatively, physics-based endmember approaches could also be used to extract contextual features. In this work, context-dependent classifiers using both types of contextual features were applied to a landmine detection problem in HSI. Context-dependent learning showed improvements in classification performance over conventional learning, and the endmember-based and PCA-based context modeling techniques yielded similar overall model behavior which is investigated.
Dicentra, Epimedium, and Heuchera: New Perennial Ornamental Hosts of Tobacco rattle virus in the United States.

Yellow ringspotting and concentric line patterns in plants of Dicentra (bleeding heart), Epimedium (barrenwort), and Heuchera (coral bells) from commercial nurseries and home gardens in Minnesota, Michigan, and Massachusetts were associated with infection by Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), which was identified by particle morphology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy. No other viruslike particles were observed by electron microscopy in partially purified preparations of TRV-infected leaf tissue, and TRV was not detected in asymptomatic plants. This is the first report of TRV occurrence in Dicentra in the United States and the first report of TRV occurrence in Epimedium and Heuchera. In previous reports (1,2) we have called attention to the increasing incidence of TRV in vegetatively propagated perennial ornamental plant species in the United States and to the potential for virus spread to crops such as potato, in which TRV has not been reported in the midwestern United St...
Examining the development of scientific reasoning in ninth-grade physical science students

This study-was designed to test the hypothesis that descriptive learning cycles are neither sufficient to stimulate students to reason at a formal operational level nor to encourage facility with the processes of scientific investigation. A 6-week long, three-investigation unit on simple machines drawn from a ninth-grade physical science curriculum was selected for the study. Students in the course were assigned to one of three instructional groups: descriptive group (DE), question design group (QD), and hypothesis testing group (HT). Each group completed identical exploration and invention activities. Each group participated in qualitatively distinct activities during the expansion phase. The DE students completed the activities outlined in the curriculum (a descriptive learning cycle). The QD group designed and conducted experiments to answer a question posed by the teacher. The HT group generated hypotheses concerning a problem, then designed and conducted experiments to test those hypotheses (a hypothetico-deductive expansion). The effects of the treatments were assessed in a pretest–posttest format using Lawson's Seven Logic-Tasks, the Test of Integrated Process Skills, and Lawson's Revised Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning. Analyses of the data indicated that the HT group exhibited a significant increase on the Test of Integrated Process Skills and on Task 1 of the Seven Logic Tasks during the 6-week period.
Attachment-Based Considerations for Addressing Adolescent Substance Use (ASU) in a Family Context

In this article, we highlight adolescence as a transitional period of great importance to families, outline the risk of adolescent substance use (ASU), and discuss the challenge of family therapists to adequately address issues of substance use in the therapy process. We also mention the increasing use of attachment theory as a conceptual tool, and discuss how it has recently been used to understand ASU. In this article, attachment-based considerations are proposed to address mild/moderate ASU issues that arise in the context of family therapy. A clinical narrative is provided to further illustrate the application of these considerations.
Manufacturing Marginality among Women and Latinos in Neoliberal America.

Intersectionality is the study of how categorical distinctions made on the basis of race, class and gender interact to generate inequality, and this concept has become a primary lens by which scholars have come to model social stratification in the USA. In addition to the historically powerful interaction between race and class, gender interactions have become increasingly powerful in exacerbating class inequalities while the growing exclusion of foreigners on the basis of legal status has progressively marginalized Latinos in US society. As a result, poor whites and immigrant-origin Latinos have increasingly joined African Americans at the bottom of American society to form a new, expanded underclass.
Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint as it pertains to centric relation

Abstract Various experiments and reports which support or contradict the theory that the most retruded border position of the condyles is limited by muscles have been discussed.
Superplasticity of zirconia-alumina-spinel nanoceramic composite by spark plasma sintering of plasma sprayed powders

Zirconia 3 mol% yttria–alumina–alumina magnesia spinel nanoceramic composite was synthesized by spark plasma sintering of plasma sprayed particles. For compacts sintered from high energy ball milled powders, superplasticity was observed at temperatures between 1300 and 1450 °C and at strain rates between 10−4 and 10−2 s−1, while for those without high energy ball milling, deformation at the same temperature and strain rate range did not show superplastic behavior. Also, the apparent activation energy (945 kJ/mol) of the high energy ball milled batch was much higher than that of the same composite processed from nanopowder mixtures (621 kJ/mol). The flow stresses were also higher at the same temperatures and strain rates. The difference may be related to the unique low angle grain boundaries in the grains that nucleated and grew from the metastable phase inside the plasma sprayed agglomerate at elevated temperatures. Such boundaries were not intrinsically easy to slide.
Book Review: Researching Student Learning in Higher Education: A Social Realist Approach

This is a review of Researching Student Learning in Higher Education: A Social Realist Approach by Jennifer M. Case (Routledge, 2013).
Images of God Through the Lens of Disability

Abstract This paper promotes a “liberatory theology of disability” founded upon biblical images of God and upon the perspective and experiences of persons with disabilities. It calls for new images of wholeness and healing in order to comprehend a truer imaging of God. The author posits that we must view disability and disease through different conceptual lenses than we have used heretofore in order to behold the image of God in each child of God. She asserts that disability in no way detracts from our essential being; indeed, it may well enhance our image of God and of ourselves.
Thermal resistance measurements of interconnections and modeling of thermal conduction path, for the investigation of the thermal resistance of a three-dimensional (3D) chip stack

In order to assess appropriate cooling solutions for three-dimensional (3D) chip stacks in various uses, it is important to have better understanding of the total thermal resistance of a 3D chip stack. For this purpose, precise thermal resistance measurements and modeling of each component of a 3D chip stack are important. A 3D chip stack is composed of interconnections, silicon substrates, back-end-of-the-line (BEOL), front-end-of-the-line (FEOL) and in this paper, the thermal resistance of interconnections is the primary focus because interconnections are regarded as one of the thermal resistance bottlenecks of a 3D chip stack. With regard to the thermal resistance measurements of interconnections, Yamaji et al. found it difficult to measure the thermal resistance of interconnections with the laser-flash method and pointed out that care was necessary for uniform temperature distribution in the sample when using the laser-flash method on heterogeneous specimens, such as stacked chips with interconnections. Considering this concern, we use a steady-state thermal resistance measurement method for the thermal resistance measurements of the interconnections. The thermal resistance of 200µm-pitch-C4 (Pb97Sn3) joined samples is measured and the thermal conductivity of C4 is derived to be 18 – 24 W/mC. The secondary focus of this paper is to study the thermal resistance reduction by underfill. The effect of underfill with various interconnection pitches and diameters is obtained and also the thermal conduction path from a transistor to an interconnection is modeled.
Increase in regularity by polymer addition during chaotic mixing in two-dimensional flows.

Experiments show that the addition of small amounts of polymer to a Newtonian fluid undergoing chaotic advection decreases the amount of chaos; regular or unmixed regions increase in size and squeeze out the regions of chaotic behavior while preserving underlying symmetries. The size of the islands increases with increasing elasticity and rate of stirring. Large effects are present at relatively low Deborah numbers
Stability of the brain fatty acid pattern in adult rats during extreme starvation.

— Adult rats were denied food for 7 days. As compared with a control group, this severe starvation reduced the mean total body weight by 44 per cent, the weight of the diaphragm by 33 per cent and liver by 67 per cent, the total lipid content of the diaphragm by 57 per cent and liver by 69 per cent, and the total lipid phosphorus content of the diaphragm by 19 per cent and liver by 68 per cent. The decrease in lipid phosphorus contents indicates that the diaphragm and liver catabolized membrane phospholipids as well as triglycerides. In contrast, the fresh weight of the brain and the total lipid content of the brain were not significantly altered by starvation. The fatty acid patterns of the total lipid of the diaphragm and liver (determined by GLC) were grossly altered by starvation. In the brain, however, 17 of the 21 fatty acids measured did not change significantly (P > 0.05) and the remaining four changed, with borderline statistical significance, by only 2 to 13 per cent. There was no significant effect of starvation of the pattern of the brain polyunsaturated fatty acids when measured by alkali isomerization. In contrast to the liver and diaphragm, the brain is apparently unable to utilize its lipids appreciably as an energy source. Presumably the lipids of the brain are preserved to permit this organ to function properly, even in the last stages of starvation.
Susceptibility of albino mice to different geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum.

Abstract Although albino mice are very susceptible to the infection of all the geographic strains of S. japonicum , this host species is more susceptible to the infection of the Japanese and Philippine strains than to the infection of the Chinese and Formosan strains.
Ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer in conducting polymer—buckminsterfullerene composites

We report time-resolved photoinduced absorption and time-resolved photoconductivity in conducting polymer-C60 composites. Photoinduced electron transfer occurs at times < 1 ps. Two subgap features are observed in the photoinduced absorption of pure poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT); these form earlier than 1 ps and decay with τ<5 ps. P3OT mixed with C60 shows similar spectral features at early times (<1 ps); however, a new spectrum evolves after ≈1 ps as a result of electron transfer from P3OT to C60. Ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer improves the quantum efficiency for photogeneration of charge carriers; in the ps domain the photoconductivity of the conducting polymer host is enhanced by more than an order of magnitude upon mixing in a few percent C60.
Effects of wave-induced mooring noise on tidal and low-frequency current observations

Because of the controversy over the effects of surface wave motion on current records, we have compared summer and winter M2 tidal current speeds measured by Aanderaa current meters on subsurface moorings from several locations on the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea continental shelf. Seasonal differences were slight and in most cases not significantly correlated with observed mean wave height measured at Buoy EB-03. We conclude that the seasonally averaged low frequency currents measured by Aanderaa current meters on moorings with the float at least 18 m below the surface were not seriously contaminated by surface-wave-induced mooring motion.
Mechanism for sensillum fluid flow in trichogen and tormogen cells of Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Electron microscope observations of the tormogen and trichogen cells of the black blow fly (Phormia regina) chemoreceptor sensillum indicate that an osmium zinc iodide positive (ZIO) substance(s) is conveyed by transport vesicles into the sensillum fluid cavity. Large concentrations of this material(s) were noted between adjacent microvilli which project into the fluid cavity. This particular localization of ZIO-positive substances suggests that they may form part of a fixed hyperosomotic environment which subsequently assists in the flow of the sensillum fluid into the fluid cavity. The formation of ZIO positive material(s) and chemosensory nerve firing are both inhibited by p-chloromercuri benzoate (PCMB, 5 x 10−4M). Based on the binding affinity of PCMB to sulfhydryl groups, the ZIO-stained substance which is transported to the sensillum fluid cavity may be lipoprotein.
Update on emergency contraception

Emergency contraception is a woman’s last chance to prevent unintended pregnancy. Ulipristal acetate, a selective progesterone receptor modulator, when taken as a single 30 mg dose, is a new, safe and effective emergency contraceptive that can be used from the first day and up to 5 days following unprotected intercourse. The older progesterone-only emergency contraceptive, levonorgestrel, is taken as two 0.75 mg pills 12 hours apart (Next Choice®; Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA) or a single 1.5 mg pill (Plan B One-Step®; Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc.), and is approved for only 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. During clinical development, ulipristal acetate has been shown to be more effective than levonorgestrel in delaying or inhibiting ovulation. A recent meta-analysis of two randomized clinical trials showed ulipristal acetate to have a pregnancy risk 42% lower than levonorgestrel up to 72 hours and 65% lower in the first 24 hours following unprotected intercourse. Moreover, when taken beyond 72 hours, significantly more pregnancies were prevented with ulipristal acetate than with levonorgestrel. Side effects are mild and similar to those seen with levonorgestrel. Ulipristal acetate was approved for emergency contraception by the US Food and Drug Administration in August 2010, and has been launched in the USA as ella® (Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc.) since December 1, 2010. Ella is prescription only and is priced comparable to Plan B One-Step.
The role of CCl4 biotransformation in the activation of hepatocyte phospholipase C in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Rats treated with a single 0.5 ml/kg dose (ip) of CCl4 exhibited a threefold increase in liver microsomal phospholipase C (PLC) activity that was enhanced by phenobarbital and diminished by metyrapone pretreatment, respectively. Hepatocytes and hepatocellular fractions exposed to 0.5 m m CCl4in vitro also exhibited a rapid rise in PLC activity that was reduced by metyrapone. Metyrapone also reduced the CCl4-related increase in the PLC-mediated reductions in cellular phosphatidylcholine content. The influence of CCl4 biotransformation on the activation of liver cell PLC was assessed in vitro. Covalent binding of 14CCl4 metabolites to isolated hepatocyte proteins and lipids was linear through 20 min of incubation and then quickly plateaued. The association of CCl4 metabolites with cellular phospholipids was inhibited by metyrapone and preceded the CCl4-dependent rise in PLC activity. CCl4-mediated increases in PLC activity were rapid and preceded reductions in cell viability. The translocation of cytosolic PLC to membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum may explain the rapid, metabolite-dependent activation of PLC. PLC activation by haloalkanes was proportional to dose and incubation time in the order of CBrCl3 > CCl4 > CHCl3 > CFCl3 which corresponds to the observed hepatotoxic potential of these agents in vivo and in vitro. Haloalkane-dependent increases in PLC activity were inhibited by metyrapone. These results suggest that chemical metabolites activate PLC in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the activation of a PLC that degrades membrane phospholipids may represent an important step in the pathogenic scheme of chemical-mediated liver cell necrosis.
Effect of Characteristics of the Candidate on Voter's Preference

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that political candidates who are more (a) credible, (b) likeable, (c) demographic-ally similar, and (d) similar in issue stands to the elector...
Time-resolved phosphorescence spectrum of propynal vapor

Abstract The phosphorescence spectrum of gaseous propynal (HCCCHO) is measured by time-resolved techniques following pulsed ( T 1 via direct optical pumping into the S 0 → T 1 absorption transition and (ii) four single vibronic levels (SVL) of S 1 ( O 0 , 6 1 , 4 1 , and 2 1 ). The time-resolved emission is identified as T 1 → S 0 phosphorescence by its appearance at microsecond delays after excitation, its relative frequency shift (2039 cm −1 ) to lower energy from the 0 0 0 transition observed for fluorescence, and the assignment of vibronic structure to transitions involving vibrational modes in T 1 . The phosphorescence spectrum observed after direct optical excitation of T 1 contains a simple vibronic structure having activity primarily in ν ″ 4 with significantly weaker bands assignable to transitions to ν ″ 9 and ν ″ 12 . The same vibronic structure is recorded in the phosphorescence measured following SVL excitation into S 1 , except that several new transitions originating from excited vibrational levels of T 1 appear. Phosphorescence from these excited vibrational levels (having as much as 385 cm −1 of excess vibrational energy) reflect the room-temperature thermalization which occurs following intersystem crossing from S 1 and vibrational relaxation within T 1 .
Activation of brain serotonin metabolism by heat: Role of midbrain raphe neurons

Abstract Two different experimental procedures have been utilized to study the possible role of midbrain raphe neurons in mediating the increase in brain 5-HT catabolism induced by an elevated ambient temperature. In one experimental series, lesions were placed in the midbrain raphe nuclei to evaluate the importance of the perikarya of 5-HT containing neurons in mediating the heat-induced increase in the 5-HT metabolite, 5-HIAA. THe raphe lesions were made 3 h prior to a period of incubation of 40° C; upon completion of the incubation period, the forebrain, which is the principal projection area of the midbrain raphe neurons, was assayed for 5-HIAA. Lesions destroying a large portion of the midbrain raphe nuclei were found to completely prevent the heat-induced increase in brain 5-HIAA concentration. Lesions made outside the midbrain raphe nuclei did not prevent the rise in 5-HIAA. In another set of experiments the rate of firing of single units in the raphe nuclei was monitored while rats were exposed to infrared radiation in order to determine if a rise in body temperature is associated with an altered rate of firing of the serotonin-containing neurons in the midbrain. It was found that as body temperatures rises there is a concomitant increase in the rate of firing of individual raphe neurons. Under these conditions the firing of raphe units can be entirely inhibited by LSD. Neurons located outside the raphe nuclei (pons; reticular formation) do not show any obvious correlation between rate of firing and body temperatures and are not inhibited by LSD. It is hypothesized that changes in forebrain 5-HIAA concentration induced by elevated ambient temperatures are mediated at least in part by an increased rate of firing of the 5-HT cotaining neurons.