cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sample size: achieving quality and reducing financial loss

Determining the proper sample size such that quality is assured while financial losses are not unnecessarily incurred is critical to an effective quality program. The main purpose of the present work is to design a fuzzy controller to adjust sample sizes according to potential fuzzy loss penalties. A set of fuzzy rules is given where, depending on the antecedents, the sample size may be decreased, moderately modified, or increased. At any given moment the proportion of defects in the sample determines the firing strength of the rules suggesting an appropriate sample size. These rules are then modified to include an analysis of the decision maker’s belief that in a particular situation an inappropriate rule is being considered such that an expected loss would be incurred in meeting or falling short of defined quality goals.
Archival and acoustic tags reveal the post-spawning migrations, diving behavior, and thermal habitat of hatchery-origin Sacramento River steelhead kelts ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Acoustic and geolocating archival tags were deployed on steelhead kelts to study their post-spawning migrations, diving behavior and thermal habitat. Fourteen reconditioned steelhead kelts were surgically implanted with LAT2510 archival and V7-2 L acoustic tags, and released from Coleman National Fish Hatchery. An array of acoustic receivers in the Sacramento River and Delta, and the San Francisco Bay estuary detected the downstream movement of the steelhead. Two steelhead kelts (J and M) with archival tags were recovered at the hatchery after 219 and 285 days at liberty respectively. Based on changes in geolocations, vertical movements, and water temperatures, the migrations of steelhead J and M were divided into five and six phases respectively. Steelhead J moved into coastal California waters while steelhead M remained in freshwater for the majority of its time at liberty. Large increases in temperature and opacity were recorded before and after the ocean phases, likely as the steelhead moved through the Sacramento Delta. Both steelhead kelts remained relatively close to the surface throughout their migration but there were diurnal differences in the vertical movements. In freshwater, the steelhead tended to be deeper during the day (e.g., steelhead J: 3.08 ± 1.50 vs 1.65 ± 1.15 m, day vs night) but in the ocean, the steelhead were typically deeper during the night (1.32 ± 1.61 vs 5.63 ± 6.11 m). Both steelhead kelts appeared to be less oceanic than a previous study in Scott Creek, a small coastal stream approximately 100 km south of the mouth of San Francisco Bay. Although this study has a small sample size, the results suggest that steelhead kelts from a large river and estuary system, like the Sacramento River, may be relatively less oceanic than steelhead kelts from small coastal streams.
Observations on a composite resin for Class II restorations: Three-year report

Abstract A clinical study was conducted to compare the performance of a commercial composite direct-filling resin with that of amalgam in Class II cavities. Of 124 paired restorations placed in 73 patients, 92 pairs were available at the two-year period. The restorations were subsequently evaluated at one and two years by a team of examiners from the Materials and Technology Branch of the Division of Dental Health, United States Public Health Service, San Francisco. Caries was not detected with either material during the two year period. No gross fractures occurred in the composite resin restorations. Three amalgam restorations fractured during the first year, and one amalgam restoration was replaced at the time of the second examination because of suspected, although not confirmed, fracture. At the end of two years, a number of restorations of each material exhibited some degree of marginal breakdown. Amalgam restorations had little or no change in anatomic form, while a moderate change was observed in approximately one half of the composite resin restorations. The change in anatomic form appeared to be the result of occlusal wear. Until formulations are improved in this respect, the use of composite systems in Class II restorations should probably be limited to those situations where esthetics is the major consideration and the cavity preparations are conservative. Composite restorations were also evaluated with respect to color match and cavosurface marginal discoloration. A change in color match was observed in approximately 60 per cent of the composite resin restorations with time. However, the change appeared to be due to surface stain rather than color shift of the material. Slight marginal discoloration was detected in approximately 70 per cent of the composite restorations.
Structural style and its relation to hydrocarbon exploration in the Songliao basin, northeast China

The Songliao basin in northeast China is a Mesozoic rift basin characterized by Mesozoic and Cenozoic hydrocarbon systems. The Songliao basin was initiated by southeast-to-northwest lithospheric extension during the late Jurassic. The extensional phase was dominated by two fault sets, (l) shallow to moderately dipping normal faults, and (2) steeply dipping transfer faults. The extensional structures are characterized by half-grabens. A second short extensional tectonic overprinting phase occurred during the early Qingshankou (early Albian, 100 to 97 Ma). Faults that occur in the Quantou Formation and the Qingshankou Formation are growth faults (T2 faults), which trend mostly NNW, and occur predominantly at the sites of basement faults, and structural bend zones (located between sag and uplift), and basement uplifts. The basin broadly subsided during the Denglouku-Quantou (Aptian, 125 to 100 Ma) and the late Qingshankou (late Albian, 97 to 94 Ma) to Yaojia-Nenjiang (Cenomanian to Campanian 94 to 73 Ma), respectively. Positive inverted structures developed during the late Cretaceous to the Cenozoic in the Songliao basin. These are classified into two types: positive inversion structures controlled by reactivation of early normal faults, and inversion structures not controlled by earlier faults. The major extensional structures exerted a range of controls on both sedimentation and deformation during the subsequent phases of basin evolution. Two thermotectonic rifting events during the late Jurassic and early Qingshankou play a major role in organic matter thermal evolution. The timing of formation of structural traps in the basin matches that of hydrocarbon generation and migration. Structural traps formed during late Jurassic, early Qingshankou, and late Cretaceous to Paleocene (73 to 56 Ma). Late Jurassic organic-rich source rock reached its peak oil generation from the time of deposition of Member Deng 3,4 of the Denglouku Formation (119 to 116 Ma) to that of Member Qing 1 of the Qingshankou Formation (100 to 97 Ma). Qing 1 of the Qingshankou Formation and Nen 1 of the Nenjiang Formation organic-rich source rocks reached their peak oil generation from the time of deposition of the upper Mingshui Formation to that of the upper Yi'an Formation and from the time of deposition of the Taikang Formation to that of deposition of the Quarternary, respectively.
James Oglethorpe and the American revolution

(1975). James Oglethorpe and the American revolution. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 396-407.
Developments Toward a Disciplined Timekeeping System for Lunar and Planetary Navigation

The future of both lunar and planetary missions will involve the use of an increasing number of orbiters, landers and robotic rovers with ever expanding objectives over greater land area range. The coordination of these individual assets into a system capable of supporting complex exploration activities will necessarily require a local timekeeping system able to directly assist navigation, event synchronization and trunk communication back to Earth. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has derived a method for disciplining quartz Ultra-stable Oscillators (USO) to extend its superior frequency stability from 10 seconds to nearly 30 days of operating time. This is accomplished through a Kalman estimator that optimally removes the drift of the free running USO. The accuracy of the estimator is improved by periodically comparing the frequency of the USO to an atomic reference, typically located on the Earth, and transferring its accuracy to the timekeeping system via periodic uplink sessions. This is a method most frequently known as 'disciplining an oscillator'. JHU/APL will report on the accuracy of a disciplined USO that maintains better than plusmn1.5 mu seconds over 30 days and describe our roadmap toward a robust, timekeeping system capable of providing both short-term and long-term frequency stability for lunar and planetary navigation infrastructure and timekeeping.
Genome-wide scan reveals that genetic variation for transcriptional plasticity in yeast is biased towards multi-copy and dispensable genes.

One of the most important aspects of the evolution of development and physiology is the interplay between gene expression and the environment, by which traits become altered in response to environmental triggers. This feature is known as phenotypic plasticity. When different genotypes show different levels of plasticity for a trait, then they show genotype-by-environment interaction, or GEI. It is now clear that gene expression plays an important role in organismic-level phenotypic plasticity, but we know very little about whether gene expression itself is subject to genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity (GEI). Given that gene regulation is likely to have evolved to respond to environmental changes, it is of central importance to understand how environmental and genetic variation interact to produce variation in gene expression. Here we investigate genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity in the yeast transcriptome for the whole genome. Six strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown in four different environments representing a continuum of rich and poor natural conditions. Using DNA-microarray data and an ANOVA analysis with a stringent criterion of significance, we found significant genetic variation for transcriptional plasticity (GEI) among strains for ∼5% of the genes in the genome. There are about twice as many genes that show genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity as show genetic variation in transcription level independent of the environment. We also found that genes with genetic variation for plasticity were less likely to be essential and were significantly biased towards genes that have paralogs.
Investigation of synthetic molecular recognition for biosensing applications

A fundamental understanding of the factors which influence binding performance is critical to any technology or methodology relying on molecular recognition of a specific target species. For the Army, there is a growing need for a basic understanding of these interactions with traditional recognition elements (e.g., antibodies) in non-traditional environmental conditions, such as with new and emerging threats. There is a similar need for building a base of knowledge on non-traditional affinity ligands that are biomimetic or biosynthetic in nature. In this paper, specific research at the Army Research Laboratory towards the development, evaluation and use of synthetic affinity ligands for sensing applications is discussed. This includes the results of our investigations of aptamer-based affinity ligands targeting Campylobacter jejuni . Using capillary electrophoretic techniques, the relative binding affinities of the aptamer ligands towards the target pathogen as well as the degree of cross-reactivity with other food borne-pathogens ( i.e., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium ) were evaluated. Current progress towards the development of synthetic affinity ligands for sensing applications will also be discussed.
LCEC determination of the copper protein ceruloplasmin in human serum at a polyaniline chemically modified electrode

A chemically modified electrode (CME) for use in the amperometric detection of the copper protein ceruloplasmin was constructed by electropolymerizing a polyaniline coating onto glassy carbon. The resultant CME, used in liquid chromatographic detection, gave an electrocatalytic response for ceruloplasmin reduction that could be employed directly by itself or could be greatly enhanced by the addition of Fe2+ to the mobile phase. Optimum detection was achieved at an applied potential of −0.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl and with 1 mM Fe2+ in the mobile phase. The detection limit obtained under these conditions was 2 pmol injected, and the response was linear for concentrations at least 2 orders of magnitude higher. The CME retained more than 90% of its initial response to ceruloplasmin over 30 hours of continuous exposure to the chromatographic flowstream. In practice, the liquid chromatography CME response was sensitive and selective enough to permit quantitation of physiologically relevant levels of ceruloplasmin in human serum with no sample pretreatment other than preinjection filtration.
Mainstream semantics + deflationary truth

Recent philosophy of language has been profoundly impacted by the idea that mainstream, model-theoretic semantics is somehow incompatible with deflationary accounts of truth and reference. The present article systematizes the case for incompatibilism, debunks circularity and “modal confusion” arguments familiar in the literature, and reconstructs the popular thought that truth-conditional semantics somehow “presupposes” a correspondence theory of truth as an inference to the best explanation. The case for compatibilism is closed by showing that this IBE argument fails to rule out two kinds of deflationism: the position Field famously accused Tarski of having; and a less familiar version of the view that defines reference in terms of a deflated notion of truth. Finally, the distinction between unifying and constitutive explanation is used to forestall the response that correspondence theory is literally part of mainstream semantics.
New sputtering techniques for semiconductor metallization

Abstract New sputtering techniques for semiconductor metallization are discussed, with particular reference to aluminium and refractory metal silicides. The effect of several process parameters on the nature of the films is emphasized and system requirements for large scale production of reproducible films are indicated.
From Homogenization to Generalized Continua

We derive the generalized continua formulation for heterogeneous medium from mathematical homogenization. We then reformulate the generalized continuum description in terms of C 0 continuous formulation without additional degrees of freedom and free of higher order boundary conditions. We introduce the notion of macro-stress function to replace the classical definition of macro-stress being an average of micro-stresses. The coefficients of the macro-stress function are computed in close form to satisfy the equivalence in virtual strain energy density between the fine scale fields and the corresponding coarse scale fields.
Engineering and computer science community college transfers and native freshmen students: Relationships among participation in extra-curricular and co-curricular activities, connecting to the university campus, and academic success

Research studies have shown the importance of the relationship between “a sense of belonging” and successfully adjusting to college life for undergraduate students. Few studies, however, have compared if native freshmen and transfer students connect to the campus in similar ways. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among participation in social and academic engagement activities, social integration, and academic success for students graduating with engineering or computer science Bachelor's degrees at a large, public university. An additional area of interest was the role of undergraduate research experiences (UREs) in making friends on campus. Using analysis of variance, 1,042 responses were analyzed from senior exit survey questions and cumulative GPA from student records. Students who reported higher levels of social integration on average had higher GPAs. Seven activities were found to be strongly associated with social integration for native freshmen, and three activities for transfer students. Three activities — organizations in their major, experiential learning, and intramural sports — were common to both groups. Surprisingly, given the cohort experience structure of UREs, no significant relationship was found for social integration in this study. This finding may be limited by the sample size or other factors such as self-selection bias.
Reliance to Independence: Approaches to learning in peer‐led undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics workshops

The phenomenographic ‘approach to learning’ literature holds that students’ approaches to learning can change depending on the learning context. This implies that, by modifying the learning context, teachers can change the way students approach learning, and this can ultimately lead to a change in learning outcomes. The study presented here examines one effort to modify a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning context and the approaches to learning taken by students experiencing this environment. Using a qualitative, phenomenographic approach, we interviewed 45 students in a STEM peer‐led workshop programme at a large US research university. Similar to previous approach‐to‐learning research, the study identified three approaches students took to learning in the peer‐led programme, in which they focused on simply making it through the course, engaging more meaningfully with the material, and gaining better control over their own learning.
Alignment at the Top: A Case Study Investigating This Critical Factor in Project Implementation

Abstract:Research examining quality management has focused primarily on manufacturing organizations with specific attention directed toward organizational employees. Many in the field of quality believe that management is key for a successful quality program; yet, the effects of specific leadership styles on quality performance have not been determined. In this study, leadership styles within transformational, transactional, and non-transactional classifications are evaluated relative to the organization's performance based on the criteria from the Baldrige Quality Award. Results indicate that leadership does have an affect on quality, and certain transformational and transactional styles are more effective.
Stress and Seismicity Changes on the Sunda Megathrust Preceding the 2007 Mw 8.4 Earthquake

Abstract The Bengkulu M w 8.4 earthquake on 12 September 2007, close in time and space to the 2004 M w 9.2 Sumatra–Andaman and 2005 M w 8.7 Nias megathrust events, suggests that it could be a triggered earthquake. It was located in the southern portion of the historic 1833 M w 8.9 rupture. However, it appears perplexing that the portion of the Sunda subduction zone between the Nias and Bengkulu rupture patches, which last ruptured in a 1797 M w 8.7 event, did not recur first. Coulomb failure stress (CFF) modeling of the 2004 and 2005 megathrust earthquakes and subsequent postseismic relaxation processes fails to explain why the 2007 patch ruptured before the northern 1797 segment. Surprisingly, the much smaller 2000 M w 8.0 Enggano earthquake produced a much larger positive CFF change at the 2007 hypocenter and may help to explain the southern location of the 2007 earthquake. Investigation of changes in seismicity rates in the region following the 2004–2005 events shows that the megathrust earthquakes may have dynamically triggered slip near the northern end of the 2007 rupture zone. A large increase in seismicity levels following the 2000 earthquake may also have influenced the eventual initiation point of the 2007 earthquake. Regrettably, the section of the Sunda megathrust near Siberut that last ruptured in 1797 still poses a great seismic hazard to the region as the only segment not to have ruptured in the sequence of twenty-first century megathrust earthquakes.
Automatic and portable performance modeling for parallel I/O: a machine-learning approach

A performance model for a parallel I/O system is essential for detailed performance analyses, automatic performance optimization of I/O request handling, and potential performance bottleneck identification. Yet how to build a portable performance model for parallel I/O system is an open problem. In this paper, we present a machine-learning approach to automatic performance modeling for parallel I/O systems. Our approach is based on the use of a platform-independent performance metamodel, which is a radial basis function neural network. Given training data, the metamodel generates a performance model automatically and efficiently for a parallel I/O system on a given platform. Experiments suggest that our goal of having the generated model provide accurate performance predictions is attainable, for the parallel I/O library that served as our experimental testbed on an IBM SP. This suggests that it is possible to model parallel I/O system performance automatically and portably, and perhaps to model a broader class of storage systems as well.
UBR1 promotes protein kinase quality control and sensitizes cells to Hsp90 inhibition

UBR1 and UBR2 are N-recognin ubiquitin ligases that function in the N-end rule degradation pathway. In yeast, the UBR1 homologue also functions by N-end rule independent means to promote degradation of misfolded proteins generated by treatment of cells with geldanamycin, a small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90. Based on these studies we examined the role of mammalian UBR1 and UBR2 in the degradation of protein kinase clients upon Hsp90 inhibition. Our findings show that protein kinase clients Akt and Cdk4 are still degraded in mouse Ubr1−/− cells treated with geldanamycin, but that their levels recover much more rapidly than is found in wild type cells. These findings correlate with increased induction of Hsp90 expression in the Ubr1−/− cells compared with wild type cells. We also observed a reduction of UBR1 protein levels in geldanamycin-treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human breast cancer cells, suggesting that UBR1 is an Hsp90 client. Further studies revealed a functional overlap between UBR1 and the quality control ubiquitin ligase, CHIP. Our findings show that UBR1 function is conserved in controlling the levels of Hsp90-dependent protein kinases upon geldanamycin treatment, and suggest that it plays a role in determining the sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic effects of Hsp90 inhibitors.
Ist niedrig-intensiver Ultraschall bei der Behandlung von Frakturheilungsstörungen wirksam?

Die vorliegende prospektiv konsekutive Studie beurteilt die Wirksamkeit von niedrig-intensivem, gepulstem Ultraschall zur Behandlung von Frakturheilungsstorungen. 86 von 100 Behandlungen konnten mit Erfolg abgeschlossen werden. Obwohl es sich bei den 100 Fallen um insgesamt 64 “delayed unions” und 36 “non-unions” handelte, wurde die Ultraschallbehandlung in allen Fallen als Alternative zu der eigentlich indizierten Operation durchgefuhrt. Mit Ausnahme von 10 Skaphoidheilungsstorungen erfolgte in keinem Fall eine zusatzliche Behandlung der Fraktur. Die Stratefizierung des Datenmaterials zeigte keine signifikanten Unterschiede in Heilungsrate und Behandlungszeit zwischen “delayed unions” und “non-unions” oder zwischen atrophen und hypertrophen Heilungsstorungen. Bei der Beurteilung der Heilungsrate von 86% muss berucksichtigt werden, dass es sich aufgrund der Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien um ein praselektioniertes Krankengut handelte. Trotzdem erscheint unseres Erachtens die Wirksamkeit der niedrig intensiven Ultraschalltherapie zur Behandlung von Frakturheilungsstorungen evident.
ROLLING CONTRACT FORMATION AND THE U.C.C.’S APPROACH TO EMERGING COMMERCIAL PRACTICES

In the years since the rolling contract formation theory developed, there has been a notable dissonance between the quiet acceptance of the theory by courts in numerous jurisdictions and the frequent and often severe criticism it receives from legal commentators. Scholars are often dismissive of the commercial efficiency rationales courts have applied in adopting the theory; viewing such rationales as an imbalanced judicial give-away to corporations at the expense of consumers. However, they tend to focus on the view that 2
Electronic and magnetic structures of the postperovskite-type Fe2O3 and implications for planetary magnetic records and deep interiors

Abstract Recent studies have shown that high pressure (P) induces the metallization of the Fe2+–O bonding, the destruction of magnetic ordering in Fe, and the high-spin (HS) to low-spin (LS) transition of Fe in silicate and oxide phases at the deep planetary interiors. Hematite (Fe2O3) is an important magnetic carrier mineral for deciphering planetary magnetism and a proxy for Fe in the planetary interiors. Here, we present synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction combined with ab initio calculations for Fe2O3 revealing the destruction of magnetic ordering at the hematite → Rh2O3-II type (RhII) transition at 70 GPa and 300 K, and then the revival of magnetic ordering at the RhII → postperovskite (PPv) transition after laser heating at 73 GPa. At the latter transition, at least half of Fe3+ ions transform from LS to HS and Fe2O3 changes from a semiconductor to a metal. This result demonstrates that some magnetic carrier minerals may experience a complex sequence of magnetic ordering changes during impact rather than a monotonic demagnetization. Also local Fe enrichment at Earth's core-mantle boundary will lead to changes in the electronic structure and spin state of Fe in silicate PPv. If the ultra-low-velocity zones are composed of Fe-enriched silicate PPv and/or the basaltic materials are accumulated at the lowermost mantle, high electrical conductivity of these regions will play an important role for the electromagnetic coupling between the mantle and the core.
Morphology of a crystalline/amorphous diblock copolymer: Poly((ethylene oxide)-b-butadiene)

The bulk morphology of a crystalline/amorphous diblock copolymer under different thermal conditions was studied. The diblock copolymer, poly((ethylene oxide)-b-1,4-polybutadiene), forms a microphas...
Quantum-engineering of III–V semiconductor structures

Abstract We review some of the recent advances and developments in the field of III–V semiconductor quantum structures. We emphasize particularly the recent development of laterally confined structures in which self-assembly processes play an important role. The well eontrolled eritaxy of films of the III–V materials permits size-engineering of the materials in the growth direction. Further lateral confinement can be obtained using lithographic techniques to their limits or, going beyond these limits, by using the self-organizing motion of the atoms during the growth, such as in the case of V-grooves, patterned substrate, cleaved edge overgrowth, tilted or serpentine superlattices, or self-organizing quantum dots formed by the spontaneous coherent islanding effect during the growth of highly strained semiconductors. The influence of atomic-scale size-fluctuations on the confined energy levels will be examined in such quantum structures.
A comparison of pre- and post-seismic design considerations in moderate seismic zones through the fragility assessment of multispan bridge classes

Abstract Vulnerability estimation as well as quantitative and qualitative assessment of the seismic risk to highway bridges is crucial in obtaining reliable estimates of the resilience of highway transportation systems. Although previous studies have evaluated the seismic response and fragility of various bridge classes common to the central and southeastern United States, there is very little research that explores the differences in performance of bridge classes built with and without seismic detailing. This paper addresses this gap by investigating the influence of seismic detailing of four multispan bridge classes on the seismic performance, as well as the failure probability through the development and comparison of fragility curves. The primary differences between seismically and non-seismically designed bridges are the column reinforcement details and bridge bearings. Component and system fragility curves are developed to provide insight into the difference in performance of non-seismically and seismically designed bridges and are compared with those currently found in HAZUS-MH. Confidence bounds are finally developed to characterize the uncertainty about the proposed median fragility curves for the bridge classes. Bridge classes with seismic provisions incorporated in their design tend to have reduced confidence bandwidth at higher damage states. Significant improvement in performance is seen in all bridge classes considered in this study when seismic design and details are used.
Head and neck lymph nodes in children: the spectrum from normal to abnormal

Lymphadenopathy of the head and neck region is a common finding in children and a very common reason to image the craniocervical region. Enlarged lymph nodes are commonly palpated by the pediatrician in the office and commonly imaged by the pediatric radiologist. The difficult task of the clinician is to determine whether the adenopathy is acute ( 6 weeks) and when imaging is indicated. In children, radiation is always a consideration when choosing an imaging modality; thus, US is usually the first imaging study at our institution, and CT the second option, usually reserved for the very ill child or for when there is a high index of suspicion for malignancy. We present the normal anatomy of head and neck lymph nodes and the US, CT, and MRI appearances in normal and pathologic states to help clinicians generate a reasonable differential diagnosis and prevent unnecessary procedures.
DNA topoisomerase II and its growing repertoire of biological functions

DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that disentangle the topological problems that arise in double-stranded DNA. Many of these can be solved by the generation of either single or double strand breaks. However, where there is a clear requirement to alter DNA topology by introducing transient double strand breaks, only DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) can carry out this reaction. Extensive biochemical and structural studies have provided detailed models of how TOP2 alters DNA structure, and recent molecular studies have greatly expanded knowledge of the biological contexts in which TOP2 functions, such as DNA replication, transcription and chromosome segregation -- processes that are essential for preventing tumorigenesis.
PUNCTUAL VERSUS DURATIVE AS COVERT CATEGORIES1

The inherent meaning of punctualness or durativeness found in many English verbs, can best be studied in the framework of Whorf's theory of Grammatical Categories. When co-occurrence restrictions attributable to other features such as activity or nonactivity are set aside, it is clear that we must posit at least these two aspectual features, punctual and durative, to account for the way verbs and longer verbal expressions are used with time adverbs such as “already” and with the tense signs and auxiliaries. For example, punctual verbs in the present tense form express a future meaning after “hope” as in “I hope he says something”, whereas durative verbs refer to present time, as in “I hope he knows”. Comparable reactances are found after “wish”, “like”, and “would like”. Whether semantic or syntatic, these restrictions can be described in terms of either lexical features or covert categories, but not in a mathematically rigorous way.
Hydrodynamics and Erosion Modeling of Fluidized Bed Combustors

Hydrodynamics and erosion of Fluidized Bed Combustors (FBCs) containing tubes have been analyzed through the use of the hydrodynamic model, which has been developed at New York University, utilizing a CRAY Y-MP/832 supercomputer and a CONVEX C210 minisupercomputer. Particle velocity fields and bed dynamics including bubble formation and motion and bed expansion and collapse were analyzed for high pressure cold and hot beds. The cold beds were studied by (a) optimizing tube models for simulating a circular tube, (b) varying the distance from distributor plate to the tubes, (c) changing tube size, and (d) using vertical tubes. Atmospheric and pressurized fluidized bed combustors were also simulated and compared to each other for bubble size, bubble frequencies, particle jets, and tube erosion. In particular, the computation revealed bubble coalescence which causes high particle jets. Threshold velocity has been analyzed utilizing Hertz contact theory and the maximum shear theory (Tresca). Tube erosion was predicted utilizing the Finnie erosion model and the modified Finnie model, which considers the threshold velocity and compared to each other. Computed results show that the distance from distributor to the tubes, tube size, tube orientation and operating pressure have significant effect on bed dynamics and tube erosion. Themore » threshold velocity is found to significantly influence the prediction of erosion.« less
Solid‐State NMR characterization of a superactive supported ziegler–natta catalyst

The formation of CH-type catalysts has been investigated by high-resolution and solid-state NMR. These catalysts are prepared from a soluble MgCl2 and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol adduct (MgCl2·3EH) by reaction with phthalic anhydride (PA) to form dioctylphthalate (DOP) and then with TiCl4 in the presence of di-i-butylphthalate (BP). In the model systems MgCl2·3EH/PA, MgCl2/BP, and MgCl2/TiCl4/BP, the ester is complexed with MgCl2 and /or TiCl4 in two or more states. Only single-ester CO and OCH2 resonances are seen in TiCl4/BP, probably due to exchange of ester coordinations. CH-catalysts prepared by three different procedures exhibit a single mode of bonding for the ester. The chemical shift values are consistent for ester complexed with MgCl2. The most active and stereoselective catalyst has the most shielded chemical shift values for the CO and —OCH2— carbons, shortest TH1 and TH1p, and longest TCH relaxation times. These parameters change monotonically with the decrease of activity and stereoselectivity of the catalyst preparation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The preparation of stable phosphorylcholine-erythrocyte conjugates for use in plaque assays

Abstract A method for the preparation of stable phosphorylcholine-conjugated erythrocytes is described. This method employs the formation of active esters of phosphorylcholine hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PC-HPA) and results in coupled red cells which are completely stable for 2–3 weeks. Using this procedure up to 80% of the activity was demonstrable after 6 weeks. Cells coupled with PC-HPA are suitable for the demonstration of anti-idiotype effects in a plaquing assay.
Thickness variation study of RFID-based folded patch antennas for strain sensing

This paper explores folded patch antennas for the development of low-cost and wireless smart-skin sensors that monitor the strain in metallic structures. When the patch antenna is under strain/deformation, its resonance frequency varies accordingly. The variation can be easily interrogated and recorded by a wireless reader that also provides power for the antenna operation. The patch antenna adopts a specially selected substrate material with low dielectric constant, as well as an inexpensive off-the-shelf radiofrequency identification (RFID) chip for signal modulation. A thicker substrate increases RFID signal-to-noise ratio, but reduces the strain transfer efficiency. To experimentally study the effect of substrate thickness, two prototype folded patch antennas with different substrate thicknesses have been designed and manufactured. For both prototypes, tensile testing results show strong linearity between the interrogated resonance frequency and the strain experienced by the antenna. Longer interrogation range is achieved with the larger substrate thickness.
Glycosaminoglycan Disaccharide Alters the Dimer Dissociation Constant of the Chemokine MIP-1β†

Chemokines are immune system proteins that recruit and activate leukocytes to sites of infection. This recruitment is believed to involve the establishment of a chemokine concentration gradient by the binding of chemokines to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In previous studies, we elucidated the GAG binding site of the chemokine MIP-1β and implicated the involvement of the chemokine dimer in GAG binding through residues across the dimer interface. In the present studies, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of GAG binding on MIP-1β dimerization. Using several dimerization-impaired variants of MIP-1β (F13Y, F13L, L34W, and L34K), these studies indicate that the addition of disaccharide to the mutants increases their dimerization affinities. For MIP-1β F13Y, the presence of the disaccharide increases the chemokine dimerization affinity about 9-fold as evidenced by a decrease in the dimer dissociation constant from 610 to 66 μM. Even more dramatically, the dimerization affini...
Homologous Expression of a Subcomplex of Pyrococcus furiosus Hydrogenase That Interacts with Pyruvate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase.

Hydrogen gas is an attractive alternative fuel as it is carbon neutral and has higher energy content per unit mass than fossil fuels. The biological enzyme responsible for utilizing molecular hydrogen is hydrogenase, a heteromeric metalloenzyme requiring a complex maturation process to assemble its O2-sensitive dinuclear-catalytic site containing nickel and iron atoms. To facilitate their utility in applied processes, it is essential that tools are available to engineer hydrogenases to tailor catalytic activity and electron carrier specificity, and decrease oxygen sensitivity using standard molecular biology techniques. As a model system we are using hydrogen-producing Pyrococcus furiosus, which grows optimally at 100°C. We have taken advantage of a recently developed genetic system that allows markerless chromosomal integrations via homologous recombination. We have combined a new gene marker system with a highly-expressed constitutive promoter to enable high-level homologous expression of an engineered form of the cytoplasmic NADP-dependent hydrogenase (SHI) of P. furiosus. In a step towards obtaining ‘minimal’ hydrogenases, we have successfully produced the heterodimeric form of SHI that contains only two of the four subunits found in the native heterotetrameric enzyme. The heterodimeric form is highly active (150 units mg−1 in H2 production using the artificial electron donor methyl viologen) and thermostable (t1/2 ∼0.5 hour at 90°C). Moreover, the heterodimer does not use NADPH and instead can directly utilize reductant supplied by pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from P. furiosus. The SHI heterodimer and POR therefore represent a two-enzyme system that oxidizes pyruvate and produces H2 in vitro without the need for an intermediate electron carrier.
Dependence of the Bi-functional Nature of a Sialyltransferase from Neisseria meningitidis on a Single Amino Acid Substitution

The L1 immunotype strain 126E of Neisseria meningitidis has been shown to have an N-acetyl-neuraminic acid-containing lipooligosaccharide in which an alpha-linked galactose from a P(k) epitope is substituted at the O6 position (Wakarchuk, W. W., Gilbert, M., Martin, A., Wu, Y., Brisson, J. R., Thibault, P., and Richards, J. C. (1998) Eur. J. Biochem. 254, 626-633). Using a synthetic P(k)-epitope containing acceptor in glycosyltransferase reactions, we were able to show by NMR analysis of the reaction product that the 126E(L1)-derived sialyltransferase can make both alpha-2,3 and alpha-2,6 linkages to the terminal galactose. Gene disruption experiments showed that the lst gene in 126E(L1) was responsible for the in vivo addition of the alpha-2,6-linked N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residue. By site-directed mutagenesis it was possible to change the MC58(L3)-derived enzyme into a bifunctional enzyme with a single amino acid change at position 168, where a glycine was changed to an isoleucine. We performed a gene replacement experiment where the 126E(L1) alpha-2,3/6-sialyltransferase was replaced by allelic exchange with the monofunctional MC58(L3) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase and with the mutant MC58(L3) allele G168I. We observed that the level of LOS sialylation with the G168I allele was very similar to that of the wild type 126E(L1), indicating that residue 168 is the critical residue for the alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity in vitro as well as in vivo.
Elastic scattering of light particles by carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

153 cross section data are presented for targets of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen bombarded by protons, deuterons, and tritons in the 10 to 20 MeV region. The errors range from 1 to 2%. Comparisons are made with existing measurements, where available.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $A(b,b)A$, $A=^{12}\mathrm{C}, ^{14}\mathrm{N}, ^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $b=p,d,t$. $E=10\ensuremath{-}20$ MeV, various angles. Measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}=1\ensuremath{-}2$%.
Theophylline metabolism in healthy nonsmokers and in patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus

This study examined the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and formation of its metabolites in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in sex-, age-, and weight-matched healthy non-smokers (n = 8 per group). Subjects received a single dose of 5 mg/kg theophylline intravenously. The pharmacokinetic parameter values of theophylline (plasma clearance, elimination half-life, and volume of distribution) and the formation clearance of theophylline metabolites (3-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid, and 1,3-dimethyluric acid) were similar between the two groups. Plasma free fraction of theophylline was higher in the subjects with diabetes than in the healthy subjects (0.61 ± 0.04 versus 0.56 ± 0.02; p < 0.001). In the group of subjects with diabetes, there was a positive correlation between hemoglobin A1c values and plasma theophylline clearance (r = 0.76; p < 0.05), formation clearance of 1,3-dimethyluric acid (r = 0.78; p < 0.05), and formation clearance of 1-methyluric acid (r = 0.71; p < 0.05). These results suggest that patients with IDDM and poor glycemic control are more likely to have an increased rate of theophylline metabolism. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 57, 413–418; doi:
Comparison of Black-White Differences on the WISC-R and the K-ABC" Spearman's Hypothesis

Abstract The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revise (WISC-R) are compared with respect to the magnitudes of the average white-black differences in standardized scaled scores and in raw scores. The two test batteries were administered to a sample of 172 fourth- and fifth-grade children comprising 86 black-white pairs matched on age, sex, school, and socioeconomic status. The K-ABC and WISC-R are highly correlated, and the general factor, or g , of one battery is virtually identical to the g of the other. The high positive correlation between the size of the white-black difference on the various subtests of both batteries and the subtests' loadings on the g factor bears out Spearman's hypothesis that a test's white-black dicriminability is a direct function of the test's g loading. The lesser white-black discriminability of the K-ABC relative to the WISC-R is attributable to (1) the smaller g loadings of the K-ABC subsets and (2) the presence of other factors, particularly sequential short-term memory which, to some degree, offsets the white-black difference in g .
Is age-dependent genetic damage in seeds caused by free radicals?*

Abstract In dry seeds of several kinds stored for up to 48 yr, no significant changes in electron spin resonance patterns (neither signal amplitudes nor shapes) vs. age were found, although four classes of signals were observed. This result is counter to some crude notions of how genetic damage from aging of seeds might arise from free radical reactions, and differs from ESR observations related to radiation-induced damage.
Two Multivariate Methods for Analyzing Small Group Interaction A Data Base Comparison

This article compares the advantages and disadvantages of two multivariate methods for the analysis of small grolup communication data, log-linear contingency table analysis and multivariate analysis of variance, in the context of ani experimental design. The independent conditions were discussion procedure, task solution multiplicity, and discussion topic. Participant communication behaviors, the dependent variables, were coded into a mix of 15 task social, and procedural categories. The analyses of communication indicated that log-linzear analyasis produced thle most complex models for various behaviors, including both single-factor and multifactor termns. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) findings at tlte grolup level provided the most parsimonious explanations, with a main effect of discussion procedure. Some MANOVA results at the individual level were similar to loglitnear mnodels in their complexity, whereas others duplicated the results of the group-level MANOVA. The differing outcomes fro...
Uncertainty in Propensity Score Estimation: Bayesian Methods for Variable Selection and Model Averaged Causal Effects

Causal inference with observational data frequently relies on the notion of the propensity score (PS) to adjust treatment comparisons for observed confounding factors. As decisions in the era of “big data” are increasingly reliant on large and complex collections of digital data, researchers are frequently confronted with decisions regarding which of a high-dimensional covariate set to include in the PS model to satisfy the assumptions necessary for estimating average causal effects. Typically, simple or ad hoc methods are employed to arrive at a single PS model, without acknowledging the uncertainty associated with the model selection. We propose three Bayesian methods for PS variable selection and model averaging that (a) select relevant variables from a set of candidate variables to include in the PS model and (b) estimate causal treatment effects as weighted averages of estimates under different PS models. The associated weight for each PS model reflects the data-driven support for that model’s abilit...
Viscous drag on dislocations in aluminum at high strain rates

The dislocation drag coefficient of aluminum single crystals was measured by the strain rate method at 10°K, 77°K, 300°K and 500°K. A maximum shear strain rate of 2.6 × 104sec−1 was obtained by the Kolsky thin wafer technique in pure shear. The stresses at one percent and at 20 percent shear strain were a linear function of strain rate above a back stress τB. The back stress was attributed to the over-coming of internal stresses, both long range and short range, associated with forest dislocations without the aid of thermal fluctuations. The temperature dependence and the effect of strain on the dislocation drag coefficient are discussed in terms of the dislocation damping theories.
Bit-precision and performance analysis of dynamic kernel function fast fourier transform

The proposed dynamic kernel function uses an efficient fixed-point numerical representation of the twiddle factor (i.e., complex roots of unity) and replaces the cumbersome multipliers in FFT with simple shift-and-add operations to enhance the data throughput rate for high-speed wideband signal detection. Numerical representation in hardware plays a role in determining the dynamic range and bit precision of FFT processors. The proposed variable truncation scheme dynamically scales the computation data and maximizes the use of fixed-input and inter-stage wordlength in a fixed-point FFT. The dynamic data scaling algorithm enhances the dynamic range of fixed-point fixed-precision FFT designs and emulates the precision benefits of floating-point representation without complicated design additions. The development of dynamic kernel function FFT performance models using different variations of inter-stage bit precision shows a relative trade-off between precision bits to FFT SFDR.