cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extractable Acidity by a Centrifuge Method

Abstract Titratable or extractable acidity is a measure of the acidity released by a soil to a buffered extraction solution. The United States Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Laboratory (SSL) routinely measures extractable acidity on soils that are carbonate free. In this study, a centrifuge method for measuring acidity extracted by barium chloride triethanolamine (BaCl2‐TEA), pH 8.2, is described. Compared with the SSL vacuum extraction method, the proposed method provides better reproducibility for highly acidic soils, typically organic or andic materials. Key variables resolved while developing this method were extraction time and sample mass. Soil chemistry can significantly affect the pH of the extraction solution. It was concluded that checking postextraction pH is an effective way to identify samples that should be rerun by using a smaller sample size.
Reversible temperature-dependent Fermi-level movement for metal-GaAs(110) interfaces.

This paper describes how temperature regulates the movement of the surface Fermi level for lightly doped GaAs(110) onto which submonolayer amounts of Ti and Ag have been deposited. Synchrotron radiation photoemission spectra show that ${E}_{F}$ can be moved from near the band edges to \ensuremath{\sim}600 meV into the gap for p- and n-type GaAs by changing temperature from 20 to 300 K. Band bending changes are shown to be reversible when there are no morphology changes (Ti), but are not completely reversible when clustering occurs during the thermal cycle (Ag). These results demonstrate that the existence of gap states is not sufficient in itself to induce full band bending because charge exchange with those states is needed. They are discussed in the context of our dynamic-coupling model which shows how surface-bulk coupling is controlled by the bulk dopant concentration and temperature.
Certolizumab pegol in active rheumatoid arthritis.

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has changed since the introduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors as these medications in combination with methotrexate (MTX) have improved signs and symptoms compared with MTX monotherapy. Individual patient response and adverse effects to a certain TNF-α inhibitor can be variable. A novel TNF-α inhibitor, certolizumab pegol (CZP), may avoid Fc-mediated effects and be useful as an additional therapy to MTX in patients with active RA.
Sulphur mustard injuries of the skin. Pathophysiology and management.

Sulphur mustard is a vesicant (blistering agent), which produces chemical burns with widespread blistering. It was used extensively as a chemical warfare agent in the First World War, and has allegedly been employed in a number of conflicts since then, most recently by Iraq against Iran (1984–1987). The potential further use of mustard in military conflicts and by terrorists remains a significant threat that if realised in practice would result in a large number of casualties with severely incapacitating, partial thickness burns. Such injuries clearly present a huge potential wound care problem.
The chelometric determination of cobalt and iron using a fluorescent end-point

Abstract A fluorescent end-point detection has been applied to the determination of cobalt and iron with EDTA. Macro amounts of iron and cobalt may be titrated without interference from the colour of their EDTA complexes. The application of calcein as a “metalfluorechromic indicator” in the author's opinion provides a more distinctive end-point than any metallochromic indicator so far described.
A Wide Range Tritium Monitor

An ionization chamber consisting of two active volumes in a single enclosure and an auto range changing electrometer covering a dynamic range of 108 are discussed. The tritium monitor is designed to have a reduced sensitivity to tritium contamination, to have a fast response, and to be useful for tritium concentrations of a few ?Ci/m3 to 108 ?Ci/m3.
509 REVRSION OF THE GALACTOSEMIA TRAIN IN SV-40 TRANSFORMED HUMAN FIBROBLASTS

Patients with galactosemia have a deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase (GALT) in the Leloir pathway. In vitro, normal cells can grow in media containing galactose as the sole sugar source while in cultures derived from galactosemia patients the majority of cells are unable to survive. In 2 lines of SV-40 virus transformed human fibroblasts derived from galactosemic patients, surviving populations of cells were isolated which were able to proliferate in galactose. Some of these cell populations appeared to be revertants with a measurable GALT activity while others had undetectable GALT activity. The latter group were able to grow in sugar free media. Cloned revertant lines were characterized by heat stability studies and starch gel electrophoresis. Study of these revertants provides additional insight into the molecular effects of mutation at the GALT locus.
The relationship of symptomatology to impairment in patients with panic disorder

Abstract This study evaluates the relationship between panic symptomatology and impairment in a clinical sample. The study sample consists of 77 outpatients who presented for treatment of panic disorder. The measure of impairment, the Sheehan Disability Scale, is a composite measure of social, family and vocational impairment. Three DSM-III-R symptom criteria, frequency of attacks, percent of time spent worrying about the next attack and phobic anxiety are significantly related to impairment. Thirty-seven percent of the variance in impairment is accounted for by these symptom measures. We conclude that panic disorder symptomatology is positively associated with impairment. That is, more severe symptomatology is associated with greater impairment. However, the symptoms of panic psychopathology do not fully explain impairment in patients with panic disorder. We speculate that other aspects of the medical history such as comorbidity, duration of illness and treatment history would account for further variance in impairment.
Aligning corporate real estate with the business of your company

To bring added value to the corporate real estate function, corporations are dedicating resources to aligning the real estate mission with the major business units of the corporation. Relationship management is a tool used within the real estate department and applied to major client business units to bring the focus on the need for better understanding of the ‘business of the business’. Only when corporate real estate groups fully understand and advocate for the lines of business, can alignment occur. The process and tools used to align with Sprint’s business are examined in the paper.
Changing concepts of chance

The Probabilistic Revolution. Vol.1 Ideas in History. By Lorenz Kruger and Lorraine J. Daston and Michael Heidel-berger Vol.2 Ideas in the Sciences. By Lorenz Kruger and Gerd Gigerenzer and Mary S. Morgan. MIT Press:1987. Vol.1 pp.449, $32.50, £29.25. Vol.2 pp.459, $32.50, £29.25. Set price $60, £53.95.
Digitally acquired undistorted side-scan sonar images of submarine landslides, Mississippi River delta

New side-scan sonar images that are free from scale distortions have been acquired from an area of the Mississippi Delta, where a variety of subaqueous landslides are forming. Collapse depressions, diapiric intrusions, elongate sinuous and merging channels floored with chaotic blocks, and prominent parallel and subparallel scarps result from various types of subaqueous mass-movement processes. Scale-true, overlapping adjacent sonographs, combined with accurate offshore navigation, have yielded the first mosaics of the sea-floor morphology over a 70-km2 area. These mosaics can be used to infer a considerable number of associations in morphology, forcing mechanisms, and spatial internal characteristics. The new side-scan sonar method offers considerable potential for accurate remapping and assessment of active submarine landslides.
Quotation error, citation copying, and ant extinctions in Madeira

Many authors have written about how exotic ants invaded the Atlantic islands of Madeira and negatively impacted or even completely exterminated its native ants, despite the lack of firsthand observations concerning such impact. I examine how quotation error (misrepresentation of previous work) and citation copying (citing unexamined publications referred to by others) led to the origin and spread of the erroneous story of ant extinctions in Madeira. Quotation error and citation copying may be more common than most scientists realize, particularly when authors cite references that are written in languages they do not understand.
Organic superconductors: structure-property relations and new materials design

Most known organic materials are electrical insulators having extremely low electrical conductivities of δ -10 Ω -1 cm -1 . A small number of organic materials are semiconductors having, for classification purposes, conductivities of δ ≈ 10 -10 -1 Ω -1 cm -1 . A very small, but growing, number of organic substances are metallic in nature, i.e. having conductivities that rise with decreasing tem perature (δ ≈ 1−10 10 Ω -1 cm -1 ). The latter systems comprise a class of intensely studied materials known as ‘organic metals’ of which fewer than ten can display the complete absence of electrical resistance at low temperatures, i.e. superconductivity (δ ≈ infinity). The known organic superconductors are novel, being derived from radical-cation donors and monovalent anions, X. The donors are derived from two kinds of molecules, neither of which contain any metallic elements. These are TMTSF (tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene) and BED T-TTF (bis-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene, or ‘ET’ in abbreviated form). Most of the (TMTSF) 2 X and (ET) 2 X conducting materials require applied pressure to induce superconductivity that is thus far observed at very low temperatures ( T e ≈ 1–2 K). However, two materials, (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 and (ET) 2 I 3 are ambient pressure organic superconductors ( T e = 1.2 and 1.4 K, respectively). Within each class the crystal structures have many similarities, the most important being a complex ‘infinite sheet networkߣ of short Se-Se interactions in (TMTSF) 2 X and a ‘corrugated sheet network’ of short S-S interactions in ET 2 X. In this paper we discuss structure-property relations of the (TMTSF) 2 X salts, and of the (ET) 2 X salts as far as is known. In addition, we attempt to provide insight and guidelines for the synthesis of new highly conducting anionic derivatives of TMTSF and ET. It appears that while highly conducting (TMTSF) 2 X materials can be designed before synthesis, the onset of superconductivity depends heavily on the presence of anion order in the crystal, which is a parameter not easily controlled. For the (ET) 2 X systems the structural disorder apparent at 298 and 125 K may persist to very low tem perature, making it difficult to correlate structural order with superconductivity as is the case for (TMTSF) 2 X systems.
Single channel study of a Ca(2+)-activated K+ current associated with ras-induced cell transformation.

1. Ras-transformed fibroblasts have a whole-cell Ca(2+)-activated K+ current which is either absent or unavailable for activation in their non-transformed counterparts. To better understand the physiological significance of this K+ current the single channel basis for the current was characterized in ras-transformed cells. 2. More than 90% of inside-out patches from ras-transformed balb 3T3 cells had a channel type which was Ca(2+)-activated (threshold or = 100 microM. This channel was sensitive to membrane voltage, mean open time increasing from 12 to 72 ms between -90 and 90 mV.
Polarization-Assisted Transverse and Axial Optical Superresolution

The superposition of two coaxial Gaussian beams with offset foci and orthogonal linear polarizations can be used to produce a right- or left- circular polarization component with a focal spot of volume smaller than that of the Gaussian beam. This polarization-assisted axial and transverse superresolution effect is attributed to the differential Gouy phase shift within the focal region or to the non-Gaussian annular distribution of the circularly-polarized components in the far field.
Passive GPS-Free Navigation for Small UAVs

A method for passive GPS-free navigation of a small unmanned aerial vehicle with a minimal sensor suite (limited to an inertial measurement unit and a monocular camera) is presented. The navigation task is cast as a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem. While SLAM has been the subject of a great deal of research, the highly non-linear system dynamics and limited sensor suite available in this application presents a unique set of challenges which have not previously been addressed. In this particular application solutions based on extended Kalman filters have been shown to diverge and alternate techniques are required. In this paper an unscented Kalman filter is applied to the navigation problem, which leads to a consistent estimate of vehicle and feature states. This paper presents: (a) simulation results showing mapping and navigation in three dimensions; and (b) preliminary hardware test results showing navigation and mapping using an off-the-shelf inertial measurement unit and camera in a laboratory environment
Studies of cochlear outer hair cell membrane mechanics using optical tweezers

An optical tweezers system was used to study the mechanical characteristics of outer hair cell (OHC) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell plasma membranes. The effect of the cationic amphipath chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the equilibrium tethering force, (Feq) force relaxation time constant,(τ) and effective membrane viscosity (ηeff) was measured. The Feq for the OHC lateral wall plasma membrane was ~60 pN and was unchanged by addition of CPZ. A significantly greater τ value was observed in CPZ-treated OHCs (30.5 ± 12.6 s) than in control OHCs (19.0 ± 13.2 s). The Feq and τ values for control HEK cells were >60% lower than the respective OHC values but increased by ~3 times following CPZ addition. Effective viscosity ranged between 1.49-1.81 pN•s/μm for CPZ-treated OHCs. This represents a decrease from reported control OHC membrane viscosities.
High-Voltage Electrolytes Based on Adiponitrile for Li-Ion Batteries

Adiponitrile, CN CH2 4CN, ADN, was evaluated as both a solvent and cosolvent in safer and more electrochemically stable electrolytes suitable for high energy and power density Li-ion batteries. An electrochemical investigation of its electrolyte solution with the Li CF3SO2 2N, LiTFSI, salt showed a wide electrochemical window of 6 V vs Li+/Li. The high melting point and the incompatibility of ADN with graphite anode required the use of ethylene carbonate EC as a cosolvent. The resultant EC:ADN electrolyte solutions showed ionic conductivities reaching 3.4 mS/cm, viscosities of 9.2 cP, and an improved resistance to aluminum corrosion up to 4.4 V, all at 20°C. Li-ion batteries incorporating graphite/LiCoO2 electrodes were assembled using EC:ADN electrolyte mixture containing 1 M LiTFSI and 0.1 M LiBOB as a cosalt, and discharge capacities of 108 mAh/g with very good capacity retention were obtained. AC impedance spectra of the batteries recorded as a function of charging and cycling indicated the presence of a stable solid electrolyte interface. © 2008 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.3023084 All rights reserved.
Making preventive medicine more personalized: Implications for exercise-related research

Abstract Objective This commentary offers a discussion of the need to consider behavioral interventions such as physical exercise as integral components of personalized medicine. Methods We discuss the concept of personalized medicine and review existing evidence of variability in response to exercise training. Results We argue that increased understanding is needed regarding sources of variability in exercise responsiveness, and that such understanding should lead to more tailored, often multimodal interventions. Conclusion Studies of personalized medicine to date have primarily investigated heterogeneity in drug responsiveness; we believe it is time to begin considering preventive strategies such as exercise within a broader scope of personalized care.
Asynchronous regulation of muscle specific isozymes of creatine kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, lactic dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate mutase in innervated and non-innervated cultured human muscle.

Abstract Expression of muscle specific isozymes (MSIs) of creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2), glycogen phosphorylase (GP, EC 2.4.1.1), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) and phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM, EC 2.7.5.3) was studied both in cultured human muscle fibers which had been innervated (InnCHMFs) for 20–83 days, and in their non-innervated (non-InnCHMFs) sister control. In non-InnCHMFs, the MSI of PGAM was never detected, and there was no change in the expression of the MSI of CK during the entire period examined; the expression of MSIs of LDH and GP showed linear increase during the entire period of growth. The expression of MSIs of all 4 enzymes was significantly enhanced in InnCHMFs as compared to non-innervated control. The expression of MSIs of GP and PGAM, and to a lesser degree of LDH increased significantly in correlation with the duration of innervation; the MSI of CK increased linearly only up to 54 days of innervation and plateaued afterward. This study demonstrates: (1) innervation of cultured human muscle fibers by fetal rat spinal cord exerts a time-related maturational influence on their cellular isoenzymatic pattern; (2) to achieve induction and characteristic time-related expression of various MSIs, the requirements for neuronal influences seem to differ.
The New Deal at Work: Managing the Market-Driven Workforce

The article reviews the book “The New Deal at Work: Managing the Market-Driven Workforce,” by Peter Cappelli.
The selectivity of acyl coenzyme A: Retinol O-acyltransferase toward its fatty-acyl-CoA substrate

Abstract Although vitamin A is known to be stored in the liver primarily as retinyl palmitate, the selectivity of one of the microsomal enzymes thought to esterify retinol in vivo , acyl CoA: retinol O -acyltransferase (ARAT), has not been defined with respect to the acyl-CoA substrate. Therefore, retinol and liver microsomes were incubated with several exogenous CoA-thioester derivatives, present together and at equimolar amounts in the reaction mixture, and the observed formation rates were corrected for acyl-donor endogenous to the microsomes. CoA thioesters of oleic and C 12 −C 20 saturated fatty acids were effective substrates for rat-liver ARAT in vitro , whereas polyunsaturated derivatives were virtually ineffective. ARAT from polar-bear liver displayed a similar specificity. ARAT selectivity observed in vitro fails to account for the fatty-acid composition of retinyl esters in vivo . Thus, either the concentration of palmitoyl CoA at the intracellular site of the ARAT-catalyzed transacylation is uniquely high, or the esters of retinol that occur in vivo are synthesized by another enzyme.
Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) Analysis by HPLC

Abstract The potent acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) has been used to reverse the signs and symptoms of the acute anticholinergic syndrome in man and other animals. In order to study the pharmacokinetics of THA and related drugs we have developed an HPLC analytical method based on UV absorbance at 240 nm in TEAP buffer which permits quantitative determination in the ng/ml range in biological samples.
Purification and characterization of a putative proenkephalin cleaving enzyme.

Abstract A putative proenkephalin-cleaving enzyme (PCE) extracted from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules was purified with soybean trypsin inhibitor high-performance affinity chromatography. The 12,600-fold purified enzyme was maximally active at pH 8.0. The enzyme was completely inhibited with lima bean trypsin inhibitor (0.1 mg/ml), soybean trypsin inhibitor (0.1 mg/ml), and p-(chloromercuri)benzenesulfonic acid (1.0 m m ), indicating PCE is a serine protease with cysteine residues likely to be involved in its structure or activity. It exhibited significant autoproteolysis without specific substrates present. The substrate specificity and kinetic constants with the enkephalin-containing (EC) peptides Leu-9 and proenkephalin Peptides B, E, and F as substrates were studied. The cleavage patterns were substantially different than with trypsin digestion. PCE specifically recognized the paired basic amino acid residues and predominantly cleaved the peptide bonds between Lys and Arg sites and peptide bonds after Lys-Lys and Arg-Arg sites. Different Km and Vmax values for the different Lys-Arg sites indicate sequences in addition to the paired basic residues can affect enzyme activity. Also, the lower Km and Vmax of Peptide E suggest a higher affinity for this peptide but much slower cleavage. The C-terminally located Lys-Arg site appears responsible for this high affinity. Based on these observations, we propose the following: (a) the primary structure of these peptides contains enough information to be processed correctly by PCE and (b) PCE may be regulated by pH and Peptide E to prevent extensive processing of the intermediate EC peptides which are the major opioid peptides found in the adrenal chromaffin granules.
Stability of discrete age-structured and aggregated delay-difference population models

Sufficiency conditions for local stability are derived for a class of density dependent Leslie matrix models. Four of the recruitment functions in common use in fisheries management are then considered. In two of these oscillating instability can never occur (Beverton and Holt and Cushing forms). In the other two (Deriso-Schnute and Shepherd forms) undamped oscillations are possible within the region of parameter space described here. An algorithm is developed for calculating necessary and sufficient local stability conditions for a simplified form of the general age-structured model. The complete spectrum of stability states (monotonic stability; monotonic instability; oscillating-stable; oscillating-unstable) and the bifurcation periods are given for selected examples of this model. The examples cover a large portion of the parameter space of interest in resource management. It is shown that in perfectly deterministic systems which are observed with error, oscillating instabilities may be missed, and such systems could be erroneously assumed to be stable.
Solder self-assembly for three-dimensional microelectromechanical systems

Abstract A solder technology has been developed that utilizes molten solder surface tension forces to self-assemble MEMS 3-D structures. Using solder, a single batch reflow process can be used to accomplish hundreds or thousands of precision assemblies, and the cost per assembly can be reduced considerably. A model, based on surface energy minimization of molten liquids, has been developed for predicting assembly motion. The modeling, combined with experimental studies, have demonstrated ±2° assembly angle control is possible when the MEMS structures are assembled by solder alone. To improve the self-assembly angle precision, a self-locking mechanism can be added, which reduces the assembly angle variation down to ±0.3°.
WAVE2 regulates epithelial morphology and cadherin isoform switching through regulation of Twist and Abl.

Background Epithelial morphogenesis is a dynamic process that involves coordination of signaling and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements.
Intensive care in an adolescent with trisomy 18: an ethical dilemma.

Survival beyond infancy is rare in trisomy 18 and factors influencing survival are largely unknown. A recent population-based analysis of mortality revealed that 5%– 10% of patients can survive the first year of life [3, 5]. A 15-year-old female with Edwards syndrome was admitted to the emergency department because of acute dyspnoea, fever and cyanosis. Severe oxygen desaturation (<60%) and peripheral hypoperfusion were present. Electrocardiography showed a right axis deviation, right atrial enlargement and right ventricular hypertrophy. A chest X-ray film documented multiple confluent opacities and an enlarged cardiac shape (Fig. 1). Blood gas analysis revealed the following: pH 7.10, PaO2 29 mmHg, PaCO2 47 mmHg, HCO3 11.6 mEq/l, and BE–14 mEq/l. Despite maximal oxygen support, nebulised medications and intravenous steroids, the girl failed to improve. Tonic-clonic seizures occurred. Due to the progressive respiratory and neurological deterioration, the patient was intubated and referred to our paediatric intensive care unit. Purulent and bloody secretions were aspirated from the trachea. Echocardiography confirmed the polyvalvular disease and a large non-restrictive ventricular septal defect with right-to-left shunt; the right cardiac chambers were enlarged. Estimated right ventricular pressure was 100 mmHg. A 20 mm pericardial effusion was documented. Antibiotics (amikacin plus cefotaxime followed by teicoplanin) were given. Intravenous digoxin and frusemide were titrated to haemodynamic response. Iloprost was delivered via the mechanical ventilator nebuliser during the initial 36 h. Oral indomethacin was added to minimise pericardial effusion. Ventilatory support was needed for 7 days. Chryseobacterium meningosepticum was recovered from blood cultures. After discharge, she could resume her previous status; despite severe mental retardation, a good parental relationship was present. In the literature, the issue of intensive care in trisomy 18 beyond the neonatal period is hardly mentioned [1, 2]. The main problem may be ethical; medical counselling and global management should be adjusted in long-term survivors [1, 4]. In our case, resuscitation had been undertaken before admission to the paediatric intensive care unit and the parents confirmed their willingness to give their child full medical care. Complete information and psychological support were given. Fig. 1 Chest X-ray film appearance on admission to the paediatric intensive care unit. Cardiomegaly is the prominent finding together with upper right lung opacification. A marked kyphoscoliosis is also present Eur J Pediatr (2003) 162: 814–815 DOI 10.1007/s00431-003-1314-8
The Binary Fission of Lacrymaria olor (O.F.M., 1786).

SUMMARY. Observations on binary fission of Lacrymaria olor show that it is a transverse fission. It involves probable intranuclear division of the micronucleus. Both micro- and macronucleus elongate in preliminary stages. Each is ultimately divided as cytoplasmic constriction cuts the spindle fibers of the former, and the connecting, nucleoplasmic thread of the latter. Surging movements of cytoplasm after fission elongate the daughter organisms and move new nuclei to normal, central sites. The anterior proboscis of the posterior daughter regenerates suddenly, complete with coronal cilia. Metachronal waves along ciliary meridians, strongly reversed on the posterior daughter, cause an oscillating movement which pulls the two apart, except for a slender, pellicular thread, ultimately severed. Until broken, this thread connects the rear tip of the anterior animal to the forward end of the proboscis of the posterior one. The organism is semi-quiescent, with proboscis retracted (except spasmodically) throughout fission. After fission the anterior animal quickly begins feeding movements and soon swims away. The posterior animal requires about half an hour before being able to begin feeding and swimming movements. The anterior contractile vacuole of the original animal becomes the primarily active vacuole of the anterior daughter; the posterior one that of the posterior daughter. Missing vacuoles are regenerated by the daughters in about one hour after fission. The division process requires about one hour for completion at 22.4°C.
Possible selves as roadmaps

Abstract Possible selves, expectations, and concerns about the coming year, can promote feeling good (“I may not be doing well in school this year, but I will next year.”) or can promote regulating for oneself (“I may not be doing well in school this year, but to make sure I do better next year, I have signed up for summer tutoring.”). We hypothesized that improved academic outcomes were likely only when a possible self could plausibly be a self-regulator. Hierarchical regression analyses supported this conclusion, with more support for the influence of self-regulation on change in behavior and academic outcomes than on affect regulation. N =160 low-income eighth graders improved grades, spent more time doing homework, participated in class more, and were referred less to summer school (controlling for fall grades and the dependent variable of interest) when academic possible selves were plausibly self-regulatory.
An application of artificial neural networks to the prediction of surface ozone concentrations in the United Kingdom

Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently attracted the attention of applied geographers. They can be employed to examine relationships in complex non-linear datasets in the same way as conventional statistical techniques, but without many of the parametric restrictions of these techniques and prior assumptions about the nature of the data relationships (such as linearity). One of their uses is in forecasting. In this study, summer surface ozone concentrations are estimated using surface meteorological variable as predictors by a multi-layer perception neural network for five locations in the UK. The relationship between weather and ozone is highly complex and non-linear. The performance of the ANNs is evaluated by comparison with results from a regression-based model. It is found that although this ANN model improves the accuracy of prediction it is not considered to be a dramatic improvement.
Enhanced Oxygen Activation over Supported Bimetallic Au-Ni Catalysts

New bimetallic Ni−Au supported nanoparticle catalysts were prepared by using dendrimer templated nanoparticles. Amine-terminated generation 5 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were anchored to a commercial silica with a siloxane linked anhydride. The dendrimer was then alkylated and used to template Ni−Au nanoparticles, which were subsequently extracted into organic solution as thiol monolayer protected clusters (MPCs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated bimetallic nanoparticles of about 2 nm in size. Nanoparticles were deposited onto P-25 TiO2, and the capping thiol ligands were removed under flowing H2. DRIFTS infrared spectra of adsorbed CO showed only Au on the catalyst surface; no bands attributable to Ni or NiO were observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that Au is substantially more stable than Ni on the surface of model slabs. DFT calculations also indicated that the incorporation of Ni into Au slabs results in stronger ...
Propranolol-induced reduction in recurrent variceal hemorrhage in schistosomiasis.

Fifty patients with non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis who were admitted to hospital because of upper gastrointestinal bleeding were randomly assigned to treatment with either oral propranolol given in does that reduced the resting pulse rate by 25% (25 patients) or with a placebo (25 patients). One year after the start of the study 20 patients in the propranolol group and five patients in the placebo group were free from recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding (p < 0.0001). Giving continuous oral propranolol treatment is therefore effective in preventing recurrent upper gastriontestinal bledding in patients with noncirrhotic portal fibrosis.
Embodied labour and competitive prices: a physical quantities approach

This paper presents a reformulated concept of value consistent with Karl Marx's approach. The relation between such values and competitive prices is shown to have novel and symmetric characteristics. A new sort of transformation algorithm is proposed: first, use values to transform the conditions of production to create a hypothetical 'standard technology' in which each commodity is allocated a proportional share of the aggregate inputs; then, solve for production prices simply by calculating the labor directly and indirectly embodied under standard technological conditions. Competitive prices thus represent the 'average labor' contained in commodities, where averaging takes place across industry boundaries. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
Understanding and Application of Different Breast Imaging Studies

Summary There are many different imaging studies that can be used to evaluate breast lesions. This article will provide a brief introduction to each of the different examination modalities, including mammography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging as well as image-guided invasive procedures. General guidelines for recommended use of each modality are suggested.
FGP: a virtual machine for database-driven expert systems

The authors describe FGP, a specification for a virtual machine that makes domain-specific knowledge explicit and brings it to bear on classification and identification problems. The model provides much of the functionality of traditional expert systems without requiring the system builder to preprocess the database into rules, frames, or heuristics. The authors explain the model, describe a particular implementation of it, and present some intriguing test results. >
A Verified Estimation of the El Niño Index Niño-3.4 since 1877

Abstract Decadal and longer time-scale variabilities of the best known El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indexes are poorly correlated before 1950, and so knowledge of interdecadal variability and trend in ENSO indexes is dubious, especially before 1950. To address this problem, the authors constructed and compared physically related monthly ENSO indexes. The base index was El Nino index Nino-3.4, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly averaged over the equatorial box bounded by 5°N, 5°S, 170°W, and 120°W; the authors also constructed indexes based on the nighttime marine air temperature over the Nino-3.4 region (NMAT3.4) and an equatorial Southern Oscillation index (ESOI). The Nino-3.4 index used the “uninterpolated” sea surface temperature data from the Second Hadley Centre Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadSST2), a dataset with smaller uncertainty and better geographical coverage than others. In constructing the index, data at each point for a given month were weighted to take into account the t...
Significance of canine wear in pongid evolution

Pongid canines, as frequently claimed, do not prevent chewing motions which lead to the flattened “human” pattern of molar and canine wear. Teeth are worn flat in contemporary pongids as the results of physiologic function. It would therefore seem improper to use wear pattern in fossils such as Gigantopithecus for taxonomic purposes out of the physiological context.
Detection of the superoxide radical anion using various alkanethiol monolayers and immobilized cytochrome c.

The superoxide radical anion (SO) is a critical biomarker for monitoring cellular stress responses. Electrochemical SO biosensors are frequently constructed through the covalent immobilization of cytochrome c (Cyt c) onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs); however, a detailed comparison of these systems as well as configuration influence on SO detection is needed to enable robust applications. Two reaction pathways, oxidation of SO by the SAM-modified gold electrode or electron transfer through a protein and monolayer relay, may be involved during the electrochemical detection of SO with Cyt c, depending on the SAM that is used. Although electrodes with SAMs alone can exhibit a high sensitivity and low limit of detection (LOD) for the SO, they can suffer from a strong response to the presence of interferents such as hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid. Electrodes with immobilized Cyt c show decreased sensitivity, but exhibit better selectivity and resistance to fouling in complex media. Considering the tra...
Effect of Electrode Surface Area on Thresholds for AC Stimulation and Ventricular Fibrillation

Unintended, weak AC stimulation (leakage currents) from medical devices can cause blood pressure collapse and ventricular fibrillation (VF), potentially even death. Yet, little is understood about AC cardiac stimulation. The objective of this paper is to establish the relationship between the stimulation and VF thresholds for electrode size and stimulation frequency. Twenty- four retired male breeder guinea pigs were anesthetized with isoflurane, a tracheotomy and thoracotomy were performed, and vitals were monitored using the lead II ECG and an optical plethysmograph. The circular flat ends of eleven stainless steel rods were used as electrodes with areas ranging from 0.1 to 26.79 mm2. In the first study, 60-Hz AC stimuli of 5 s duration were delivered with strengths from 25-3000 muA or until VF was induced. In the second group, the current thresholds at 20, 40, 80, and 160 Hz were determined at electrode areas of 0.2,2.01, and 16.4 mm2. Reactions were categorized as having no effect, having some effect (EFFECT, typically blood pressure collapse), and inducing VF. On a log-log scale, electrode radii had a piecewise-linear relationship with the current thresholds for EFFECT (p < 0.005) and VF (p < 0.01). The liminal area determined by the piecewise-linear fit was 2.0 and 2.84 mm2 for EFFECT and VF, respectively. Above the liminal area, the threshold increased proportional to r1.25 and r0.95 (r = radius of electrode), for EFFECT and VF, respectively. Based on these experimental results, we present a theoretical framework to explain the electrode size-stimulation threshold variation for both low strength AC stimulation and VF initiation.
The Future of Data-Parallel Embedded Systems (Abstract)

Programmable data-parallel embedded systems are typically associated with tasks such as image processing, video decoding, and software-defined radio. This talk is particularly focused on designs for resource-constrained mobile and consumer devices. Today, heterogeneous multi-core designs are hailed as the solution, and many research teams claim to work on this topic. However, the heterogeneous processing often stays at the level of combining many RISCs with many DSPs or similarly adapted processors, which should actually still be classified as a homogeneous. In order to really compete with hardwired designs, extremely high efficiency is required. In this talk, we will show how the required levels of efficiency are obtained by building systems which consist of limited sets of highly parallel purpose-built processors, and by ensuring that these systems are programmed to efficiently utilize the available compute resources.
Supersymmetric relations among electromagnetic dipole operators

Supersymmetric contributions to all leptonic electromagnetic dipole operators have essentially identical diagrammatic structure. With approximate slepton universality this allows the muon anomalous magnetic moment to be related to the electron electric dipole moment in terms of supersymmetric phases, and to radiative flavor changing lepton decays in terms of small violations of slepton universality. If the current discrepancy between the measured and standard model values of the muon anomalous magnetic moment is due to supersymmetry, the current bound on the electron electric dipole moment then implies that the phase of the electric dipole operator is less than $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}.$ Likewise the current bound on $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}e\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decay implies that the fractional selectron-smuon mixing in the left-left mass squared matrix, $\ensuremath{\delta}{m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}}^{2}{/m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{l}}^{2},$ is less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}.$ These relations and constraints are fairly insensitive to details of the superpartner spectrum for moderate to large $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}.$
Food sovereignty: forgotten genealogies and future regulatory challenges

‘Food sovereignty’ has become a mobilizing frame for social movements, a set of legal norms and practices aimed at transforming food and agriculture systems, and a free-floating signifier filled with varying kinds of content. Canonical accounts credit the Via Campesina transnational agrarian movement with coining and elaborating the term, but its proximate origins are actually in an early 1980s Mexican government program. Central American activists nonetheless appropriated and redefined it in the late 1980s. Advocates typically suggest that ‘food sovereignty’ is diametrically opposed to ‘food security’, but historically there actually has been considerable slippage and overlap between these concepts. Food sovereignty theory has usually failed to indicate whether the ‘sovereign’ is the nation, region or locality, or ‘the people’. This lack of specificity about the sovereign feeds a reluctance to think concretely about the regulatory mechanisms necessary to consolidate and enforce food sovereignty, particul...
Philadelphia chromosome positive acute myeloid leukemia or de novo chronic myeloid leukemia-blast phase?

Whether acute myeloid leukemia expressing Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+AML) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity and not the de novo presentation of myeloid blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia...
Aortic leucine-to-glutamate pathway: metabolic route and regulation of contractile responses.

Rat aortic endothelium is differentiated regionally for three signal pathways capable of regulating the cGMP content of the underlying smooth muscle. Formation of nitric oxide (NO) from l-arginine ...
Field Evaluation of Plant Defense Inducers for the Control of Citrus Huanglongbing

Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the most economically devastating disease of citrus worldwide and no established cure is available. Defense inducing compounds are able to induce plant resistance effective against various pathogens. In this study the effects of various chemical inducers on HLB diseased citrus were evaluated in four groves (three with sweet orange and one with mandarin) in Florida (United States) for two to four consecutive growing seasons. Results have demonstrated that plant defense inducers including β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTH), and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), individually or in combination, were effective in suppressing progress of HLB disease. Ascorbic acid (AA) and the nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DDG) also exhibited positive control effects on HLB. After three or four applications for each season, the treatments AA (60 to 600 µM), BABA (0.2 to 1.0 mM), BTH (1.0 mM), INA (0.1 mM), 2-DDG (100 µM), BABA (1.0 mM) plus BTH (1.0 mM), BTH (1.0 mM) plus AA (600 µM), and BTH (1.0 mM) plus 2-DDG (100 µM) slowed down the population growth in planta of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the putative pathogen of HLB and reduced HLB disease severity by approximately 15 to 30% compared with the nontreated control, depending on the age and initial HLB severity of infected trees. These treatments also conferred positive effect on fruit yield and quality. Altogether, these findings indicate that plant defense inducers may be a useful strategy for the management of citrus HLB.
Xerogel-Encapsulated W110A Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus Performs Asymmetric Reduction of Hydrophobic Ketones in Organic Solvents**

Theasymmetricreductionofketonesandthekinetic resolution (KR)of racemic alcohols are the mostimportant reactions for producing optically active alcoholsthat then can be used to synthesize industrially importantcompounds like natural products.Apractical technique toimprove enzyme performanceisenzyme immobilization.
Implications of Developmental Gene Regulatory Networks Inside and Outside Developmental Biology

The insight that the genomic control of developmental process is encoded in the form of gene regulatory networks has profound impacts on many areas of modern bioscience. Most importantly, it affects developmental biology itself, as it means that a causal understanding of development requires knowledge of the architecture of regulatory network interactions. Furthermore, it follows that functional changes in developmental gene regulatory networks have to be considered as a primary mechanism for evolutionary process. We here discuss some of the recent advances in gene regulatory network biology and how they have affected our current understanding of development, evolution, and regulatory genomics.
Computing in continuous space with self-assembling polygonal tiles (extended abstract)

In this paper we investigate the computational power of the polygonal tile assembly model (polygonal TAM) at temperature 1, i.e. in non-cooperative systems. The polygonal TAM is an extension of Winfree's abstract tile assembly model (aTAM) which not only allows for square tiles (as in the aTAM) but also allows for tile shapes which are arbitrary polygons. Although a number of self-assembly results have shown computational universality at temperature 1, these are the first results to do so by fundamentally relying on tile placements in continuous, rather than discrete, space. With the square tiles of the aTAM, it is conjectured that the class of temperature 1 systems is not computationally universal. Here we show that for each n > 6, the class of systems whose tiles are the shape of the regular polygon P with n sides is computationally universal. On the other hand, we show that the class of systems whose tiles consist of a regular polygon P with n ≤ 6 sides cannot compute using any known techniques. In addition, we show a number of classes of systems whose tiles consist of a non-regular polygon with n ≥ 3 sides are computationally universal.
Tamoxifen Metabolite Isomer Separation and Quantification by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tamoxifen (Tam), the antiestrogen used to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer is a pro-drug that is converted to its major active metabolites, endoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OH-Tam) by various biotransformation enzymes of which cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) is key. The usual Tam dose is 20 mg daily; however, the plasma active metabolite concentrations vary due to common genetic variants encoding the biotransformation enzymes and environmental factors (e.g., concomitant drugs) that inhibit these enzymes. Effective treatment depends on adequate Tam conversion to its active isomers. To monitor metabolite plasma levels, a novel liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) method was developed to separate and quantitate Tam, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen (ND-Tam), and tamoxifen-N-oxide (Tam-N-oxide), and the E, Z, and Z′ isomers of endoxifen and 4-OH-Tam. Known standards were used to identify each metabolite/isomer. Quantitation of these metabolites in plasma was linear from 0.6 to 2000 nM...
Effect of Two Moisture and Population Levels on Oviposition of the Western Corn Rootworm

Two population levels of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, were given a choice of 2 soil moisture levels for oviposition. In 1977, significantly more eggs were oviposited in subplots with high moisture levels. Population level did not affect the selection of moisture level or depth at which eggs were oviposited. In both years of the test, the majority of eggs was placed in the top 15 cm of soil.