cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating controls on the thermal sensitivity of Pennsylvania streams

Stream temperature, an important measure of ecosystem health, is expected to be altered by future changes in climate and land use, potentially leading to shifts in habitat distribution for aquatic organisms dependent on particular temperature regimes. To assess the sensitivity of stream temperature to change in a region where such a shift has the potential to occur, we examine the variability of and controls on the direct relationship between air and water temperature across the state of Pennsylvania. We characterized the relationship between air and stream temperature via linear and nonlinear regression for 57 sites across Pennsylvania at daily and weekly timescales. Model fit (r2) improved for 92% (daily) and 65% (weekly) of sites for nonlinear versus linear relationships. Fit for weekly versus daily regression analysis improved by 0·08 for linear and 0·06 for nonlinear regression relationships. To investigate the mechanisms controlling stream temperature sensitivity to environmental change, we define ‘thermal sensitivity’ as the sensitivity of stream temperature of a given site to change in air temperature, quantified as the slope of the regression line between air and stream temperature. Air temperature accounted for 60–95% of the daily variation in stream temperature for sites at or above a Strahler stream order (SO) of 3, with thermal sensitivities ranging from low (0·02) to high (0·93). The sensitivity of stream temperature to air temperature is primarily controlled by stream size (SO) and baseflow contribution. Together, SO and baseflow index explained 43% of the variance in thermal sensitivity across the state, and 59% within the Susquehanna River Basin. In small streams, baseflow contribution was the major determinant of thermal sensitivity, with increasing baseflow contributions resulting in decreasing sensitivity values. In large streams, thermal sensitivity increased with stream size, as a function of accumulated heat throughout the stream network. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in the size of drawings of an important symbol as a function of level of conceptual system functioning.

Greaves (1970) observed significant differences in the manner in which System 1- and System 3-functioning persons (Harvey, Hunt, & Schroder, 1961) react to threatening material. While System 1 persons tend to recall threatening material better than non-threatening material, so long as the rhreatening material is endorsed by a high-status source, System 3 persons recall threatening material very poorly, regardless of source bias. This raises, then, the question of whether System 1 persons operate on a rather general pattern of sensitizing to or exaggerating threat, with System 3 persons repressing, denying, or otherwise minimizing threat. Ss were 27 college sophomore men and women, 18 of whom had been previously identified as System 1 functioning persons and 9 as System 3 persons, using Harvey's (1963) "This I Believe" Test. No S was informed about che categorization. Ss were asked to draw a piccure of the Soviet and American flags on a blank piece of paper, 8y2 in. X 11 in. These symbols were selected on the assumption that they would be highly charged symbols for this sample. Their drawings were measured diagonally and the area of each computed. While both groups drew the American flag the same size (46.39 and 46.01 mm.), System 1 Ss drew the Soviet flag significantly larger (53.16 mm.) than the American flag (t = 2.31, p < .05, two-tailed test,), while System 3 persons drew the Soviet flag significantly smaller (40.48 mm.) than the American flag (t = 2.29, p < .05, two-tailed test). Assuming that the Soviec flag was seen as a threatening symbol by these Ss, the data are consistent with the conjecture that System 1 persons tend to become sensitized to threat, at least under some conditions, while under the same conditions System 3 persons tend to minimize or repress it. Further support for this conjecture is found in the fact that among the 18 System 1 drawings there was only one serious error in representing the Soviet flag correctly, while 4 of the 9 System 3 draw~n~s contained serious misrepre
Non-operatively Treated Fractures of the Anteromedial Facet of the Coronoid Process: A Report of Six Cases:

The non-operative treatment of six patients with fracture of the anteromedial facet of the coronoid process is described. We identified and reviewed the medical records of six patients with a non-operatively treated O’Driscoll type II anteromedial facet fracture of the coronoid. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the Broberg and Morrey rating system. Three patients who returned for a medium long-term research specific follow-up were also evaluated with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Self-Report Form, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure and the Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI). All three patients who returned for follow-up regained full or near full elbow flexion and full or near full forearm rotation. Two patients had a MEPI score of 100 points, and one patient scored 40 points. According to the MEPI classification system, there were two excellent results (66.6%) and one poor result (33.3%). According to the Broberg and Morrey system, all patients had an excellent result. Two patients scored 100 points on the ASES score, and one patient scored 56 points. The DASH scores were 0 points, 2.5 points and 49.1 points, respectively. Anteromedial facet fractures can be very subtle injuries, and we recommend their careful evaluation and management. Non-operative treatment can be considered if subluxation is excluded and the fracture is small and minimally displaced. The nature of the injury can be most reliably documented using computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstructions.
Exploration of a Potential-Flow-Based Compact Model of Air-Flow Transport in Data Centers

This paper summarizes an exploration of a compact model of air flow and transport in data centers developed from potential flow theory. Boundaries for the airflow in the data center are often complex due to the numerous rows of servers and other equipment in the facility, and there are generally multiple air inlets and outlets, which produce a fairly complex three-dimensional flow field in the air space in the data center. The general problem of airflow and convective transport in a data center requires accurate treatment of a turbulent flow in a complex flow passage with some buoyancy effects. As a result, full CFD thermofluidic models tend to be time-consuming and tedious to set up for such complex flow circumstances. In this initial study, we formulated an approximate model that retains only the most basic physical mechanisms of the flow. The resulting model of air flow in the data center is based on potential flow theory, which is exact for irrotational inviscid flow. The temperature field resulting from server heat input is determined by solving the convective energy transport equation along potential flow streamlines. This innovative approach, which takes advantage of the irrotational character of the modeled flow, provides a fast computational method for determining the temperature field and convective transport of thermal energy in the data center. Computations to predict the three-dimensional flow and temperature fields with the model typically require less than 60 seconds to complete on a laptop computer. Flow and temperature field results predicted by the model for typical data center flow circumstances are presented and limitations of the model are assessed. Features of an intuitive graphical user interface for the model that simplifies input of the data center design parameters are also described. Results for case studies indicate low sensitivity to mesh size and convergence criteria. Although the flow and temperature field models developed here are more approximate than full CFD methods, they are good first approximations that provide the means to rapidly explore the parameter space for the data center design. This model can be used to quickly identify the optimal region of the design space, whereupon a more detailed CFD modeling can be used to fine-tune an optimal design. The results of this investigation demonstrate that this type of fast compact model can be a very useful tool when used as a precursor to full CFD modeling in data center design optimization.© 2009 ASME
India's Emerging Consumer Society

(1996). India's Emerging Consumer Society. Asia Pacific Business Review: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 67-73.
Applications of calculated local surface ionization energies to chemical reactivity

Abstract A recently introduced property, the average local ionization energy I ( r ), is discussed in relation to chemical reactivity. I ( r ), is defined within the framework of self-consistent-field molecular-orbital (SCF-MO) theory and is interpreted as the average energy required to remove an electron from any point r in the space of a molecule. A survey of applications of ab initio SCF I ( r ), computed on molecular surfaces defined by the 0.002 e bohr −3 contour of the electronic density is presented. The positions at which the surface I ( r ), has its lowest values ( I S,min ) are indicative of sites most reactive toward electrophiles. An excellent correlation was found between the ring carbon ( I S,min ) of monosubstituted benzenes and the Hammett constants. For a large variety of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen acids, we have shown that good correlations exist between p K a and the conjugate base ( I S, min ) Finally, a good relationship is demonstrated to exist between the conjugate base ( I S,min ) of substituted acetic acids and the inductive substituent constants σ i (which were derived from the p K a values). ( I S, min ) found near the C-C bond midpoints of the three-membered ring portions of saturated strained hydrocarbons are interpreted as reflecting the σ aromaticity of these rings.
Graduate Socialization in the Responsible Conduct of Research: A National Survey on the Research Ethics Training Experiences of Psychology Doctoral Students.

Little is known about the mechanisms by which psychology graduate programs transmit responsible conduct of research (RCR) values. A national sample of 968 current students and recent graduates of mission-diverse doctoral psychology programs completed a Web-based survey on their research ethics challenges, perceptions of RCR mentoring and department climate, whether they were prepared to conduct research responsibly, and whether they believed psychology as a discipline promotes scientific integrity. Research experience, mentor RCR instruction and modeling, and department RCR policies predicted student RCR preparedness. Mentor RCR instruction, department RCR policies, and faculty modeling of RCR behaviors predicted confidence in the RCR integrity of the discipline. Implications for training are discussed.
Laser Cooling by Spontaneous Anti-Stokes Scattering

Cooling of a three-level system resulting from anti-Stokes scattering of electromagnetic radiation has been observed for the first time. A C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser was used to lower the temperature of samples of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-Xe mixtures. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment was found. The technique's ability to deliver an extremely fast cooling pulse should find application in the study of nucleation dynamics.
25Mg NMR in methanol-water solutions

25Mg nuclear magnetic resonance studies on 25MgCl2 in methanol containing varying amounts of water indicate that magnesium ions are preferentially solvated by water. The exchange rate between the fully and partially methanolated species is slow on the NMR time scale so that the 25Mg spectrum consists of a superposition of the two spectra at −40°C.
Systematic review: Abdominal and pelvic surgery in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Summary Aim : To systematically review research on the prevalence of abdominal and pelvic surgery in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Methods : Computer searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Current Contents were performed independently by both investigators to identify appropriate studies. Primary study selection criteria included: (i) population-based samples of adult irritable bowel syndrome patients; (ii) the use of appropriate symptom-based criteria to identify irritable bowel syndrome patients; and (iii) comparison of the prevalence of abdominal and pelvic surgery in irritable bowel syndrome patients vs. control populations. Secondary analysis was performed on published studies of referral populations and case series. Results : Two population-based studies met the primary study selection criteria and revealed an increased prevalence of surgery in irritable bowel syndrome patients vs. controls for cholecystectomy (4.6% vs. 2.4%, respectively; odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.2) and hysterectomy (18% vs. 12%, respectively; odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.2). Secondary analysis revealed an increased prevalence of appendectomy and other abdominal and pelvic surgery in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Conclusions : Irritable bowel syndrome is associated with a disproportionately high prevalence of abdominal and pelvic surgery, but most studies exhibit sub-optimal study design and do not define the factors causing the increased prevalence of surgery in these patients.
Treating acute myeloid leukemia in older adults

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease of older adults, with a median age of 67 years at presentation. In the past, only a third of older patients (defined as individuals older than 60-65 years of age) with AML received definitive therapy for their disease due to concerns about their overall fitness and potential treatment-related mortality. However, compelling epidemiological data have shown unequivocally that older AML patients up to 80 years old both tolerate and survive longer after therapy than their untreated counterparts. Current therapeutic options for elderly individuals with AML include intensive chemotherapy with a cytarabine and anthracycline backbone, hypomethylating agents (decitabine and azacitidine), low-dose cytarabine, investigational agents, and supportive care with hydroxyurea and transfusions. Over the last few years, there has been increasing debate regarding the appropriate therapeutic approach to take in older adults given the diversity of the geriatric patient population and heterogeneous AML disease biology. This article discusses how performance status, comorbidities, disease characteristics, quality of life concerns, and long-term treatment goals affect the selection of appropriate therapy for older adults with AML. Risks and benefits of each treatment approach based on the most recent medical literature are discussed. Finally, a treatment algorithm summarizing these data and incorporating geriatric assessment and molecular and cytogenetic markers predictive of therapeutic response is proposed to aid in the clinical decision-making process.
Isolation of Mucoprotein in Bovine Skeletal Muscle

SUMMARY A mild method for the isolation of mucoprotein from bovine skeletal muscle is described. Minced skeletal muscle was extracted twice with neutral 0.6M KCl. The washed stromal residue was extracted twice with acetone, air-dried, and pulverized. The stromal residue powder was extracted twice with 10% CaCl2. The pooled CaCl2 extracts were added to 1.5 volumes ice-cold ethanol and refrigerated. The crude mucoprotein precipitate was obtained by centrifugation, and suspended in 5% sodium acetate. After extraction for 24 hr at 4°C, the mucoprotein suspension was filtered through Celite and purified. The final dried product was pulverized to a light tan powder. Dissolved in phosphate buffer, it gave a viscous milky-white solution. Quantitative hexosamine and nitrogen values obtained at each major step of the isolation procedure are given, and their significance is discussed. Less than 10% of the total stromal residue hexosamine is ex-tractable by CaCl2. The CaCl2-extractable fraction was isolated and purified and designated the “soluble mucoprotein fraction.” Hydrolysates of this fraction were analyzed by paper chromatography. The consistent observation of galactosamine and glucuronic acid indicated that chondroitin sulfate was present. Glucosamine was also noted consistently, along with galactose, but their presence was not easily explained.
Endosymbiotic origins of sex.

Understanding how complex sexual reproduction arose, and why sexual organisms have been more successful than otherwise similar asexual organisms, is a longstanding problem in evolutionary biology. Within this problem, the potential role of endosymbionts or intracellular pathogens in mediating primitive genetic transfers is a continuing theme. In recent years, several remarkable activities of mitochondria have been observed in the germline cells of complex eukaryotes, and it has been found that bacterial endosymbionts related to mitochondria are capable of manipulating diverse aspects of metazoan gametogenesis. An attempt is made here to rationalize these observations with an endosymbiotic model for the evolutionary origins of sex. It is hypothesized that the contemporary life cycle of germline cells has descended from the life cycle of the endosymbiotic ancestor of the mitochondrion. Through an actin-based motility that drove it from one cell to another, the rickettsial ancestor of mitochondria may have functioned as a primitive transducing particle, the evolutionary progenitor of sperm. BioEssays 26:558–566, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of acetylcholine in the electroplax of electric eel.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of acetylcholine on the electroplax of electric eel has been reinvestigated by means of a preparation which allows a more rapid diffusion of the drug to the membrane of the studied cell than previously used. 2. 2. Acetylcholine depolarizes the innervated membrane and simultaneously reduces the amplitude and duration of the action potential which eventually disappears. 3. 3. The efficiency of acetylcholine in normal or denervated electroplax is increased about 300 times when eserine is added (5 to 10 μg/ml). 4. 4. The action of externally applied acetylcholine is not spontaneously reversible. However, small concentrations of d-tubocurarine cause a rapid recovery of the resting potential which may be accompanied by partial recovery of the action potential. The depolarization caused by acetylcholine is also reversed by procaine and some quaternary ammonium compounds such as tetra-ethyl tetra-n-propyl and tetra-n-butylammonium. 5. 5. d-Tubocurarine antagonizes the depolarization caused by acetylcholine and inhibits the postsynaptic potential in a parallel degree. All the compounds studied that block the synaptic transmission antagonize the depolarizing action of acetylcholine at a concentration far below that necessary to produce an effect upon the action potential. 6. 6. Acetylcholine produces a significant increase of the excitability of the directly stimulated membrane only when an important depolarization is present. It is not clear whether the decrease in threshold is due to a direct effect of acetylcholine on the non-synaptic membrane or whether it is mediated through the depolarization. 7. 7. As previously mentioned acetylcholine decreases the amplitude of the action potential and simultaneously reduces the magnitude of the transmembrane potential sufficiently to prevent a net influx of sodium during activity. It also reduces the rate of rise of the action potential. 8. 8. Acetylcholine does not decrease the resistance of the membrane at rest and in the majority of the experiments a significant increase of this resistance has been measured. 9. 9. It is concluded that externally applied acetylcholine apparently depolarizes only the postsynaptic region. At the non-synaptic membrane acetylcholine depresses the action potential, possibly by reducing the permeability of the active membrane to sodium. 10. 10. The results are discussed with regard to current theories dealing with the physiological role of acetylcholine.
Are you running a company or a cloister? (Twenty ways to get in touch with the world)

Decide if you are running a company or a cloister. The American Management Associations estimated that 70% of a company's destiny is controlled by external affairs and 30% by internal efforts. Do these numbers strike you as plausible? If you choose to deceive yourself, you can avoid thinking about threats and opportunities. But is this wise?
Electron beam testing of wired or printed circuit modules

A technique utilizing a non-mechanical testing probe has been examined for use in quality control of densely wired miniaturized circuits. This technique uses a scanning electron beam, is highly efficient and accurate, and reduces the time of testing from hours to seconds.
Conformal cosmology with no cosmological constant

We present a locally conformal invariant cosmology based on the Weyl tensor rather than the Einstein one. The cosmology admits of a de Sitter solution with no cosmological constant.
Observations of Circularly Polarized OH Emission and Narrow Spectral Features

IN a recent publication we reported the detection of linearly polarized OH emission from a localized region near the radio source W3 (ref. 1). Although the mechanism of production of the polarized emission was not understood, we pointed out that, among several possible mechanisms, the Zeeman effect was unique because it alone would give rise to circularly polarized radiation. This communication reports observations made with a circularly polarized feed horn on the 140 ft. radio telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia, between November 11 and 12, 1965. The-receiver used was an autocorrelation-type radiometer with 100 channels2. Bandwidths of 2.5 Mc/s, 625, 250, 62.5 and 15.6 kc/s could be studied with a frequency resolution of 0.012 of the bandwidth. Therefore, on some occasions, our maximum frequency resolution was 190 c/s. The system temperature, including losses in the antenna feed line, was 250° K; the antenna beamwidth was 19 min of are; coupling between the two senses of circular polarization in the antenna feed horn was approximately − 15 db.
Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Vitamin D, a prosteroid hormone with anti-proliferative and pro-differentiation activity, is thought to act as a cancer chemopreventive agent. This study evaluated the association between vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk among women in a large prospective cohort study. A total of 34,321 postmenopausal women who had completed a questionnaire that included diet and supplement use were followed for breast cancer incidence from 1986 to 2004. Adjusted relative risks (RR) for breast cancer were calculated for dietary, supplemental, and total vitamin D intake among all women. The adjusted RR of breast cancer for women consuming >800 IU/day versus 800 IU/day appears to be associated with a small decrease in risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Studies evaluating all sources of vitamin D, especially sun exposure, are needed to fully understand the association between vitamin D and breast cancer risk.
Tourism as a territorial strategy: The case of China and Taiwan

Abstract This paper examines the cultural and territorial politics of the rapid post-2008 growth in tourism from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to Taiwan. Additionally, this paper presents an innovative theoretical argument that tourism should be viewed as a technology of state territorialization; that is, as a mode of social and spatial ordering that produces tourists and state territory as effects of power. Based on fieldwork conducted in Taiwan in 2012, it explores the engagement of PRC tourists with Taiwanese hosts, political representations of Taiwan and China, the territorializing effects of tourism, the production of multiple sensations of stateness, and the possibility that tourism is aggravating contradictions between the different territorialization programs of China and Taiwan.
Extreme PCR: Efficient and Specific DNA Amplification in 15–60 Seconds

Background: PCR is a key technology in molecular biology and diagnostics that typically amplifies and quantifies specific DNA fragments in about an hour. However, the kinetic limits of PCR are unknown. Methods: We developed prototype instruments to temperature cycle 1- to 5-μ L samples in 0.4-2.0 s at annealing/extension temperatures of 62 °C-76 °C and denaturation temperatures of 85 °C-92 °C. Primer and polymerase concentrations were increased 10- to 20-fold above typical concentrations to match the kinetics of primer annealing and polymerase extension to the faster temperature cycling. We assessed analytical specificity and yield on agarose gels and by high-resolution melting analysis. Amplification efficiency and analytical sensitivity were demonstrated by real-time optical monitoring. Results: Using single-copy genes from human genomic DNA, we amplified 45- to 102-bp targets in 15-60 s. Agarose gels showed bright single bands at the expected size, and high-resolution melting curves revealed single products without using any “hot start” technique. Amplification efficiencies were 91.7%-95.8% by use of 0.8- to 1.9-s cycles with single-molecule sensitivity. A 60-bp genomic target was amplified in 14.7 s by use of 35 cycles. Conclusions: The time required for PCR is inversely related to the concentration of critical reactants. By increasing primer and polymerase concentrations 10- to 20-fold with temperature cycles of 0.4-2.0 s, efficient (>90%), specific, high-yield PCR from human DNA is possible in <15 s. Extreme PCR demonstrates the feasibility of while-you-wait testing for infectious disease, forensics, and any application where immediate results may be critical.
An Unusual Metallic Nitride: Sr2NiN2

Abstract The synthesis of single crystals of Sr 2 NiN 2 has been accomplished in a liquid sodium flux from strontium or strontium nitride, nickel, and sodium azide. The decomposition of sodium azide provides additional nitrogen for the synthesis. The structure of Sr 2 NiN 2 is derived from the Na 2 HgO 2 structure type. However, Sr 2 NiN 2 forms with a twinned superstructure. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the structure of the tetragonal subcell: I 4/ mmm , a =3.8874(3) A, c =13.992(2) A, Z =2, R ( F )=5.2%, and R w ( F )=5.0% with the Ni and N positions split into two sites, each half occupied. The superstructure can be modeled as a 2×1×1 ordering of the subcell in Pnma . The physical properties are unusual since Sr 2 NiN 2 displays metallic conductivity and Pauli paramagnetism even though it is comprised of isolated NiN 2 units. In addition, Sr 2 NiN 2 possesses a Ni 2+ formal charge, whereas the oxidation states for nickel nitrides are typically Ni + and Ni 0 .
High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in inflammatory myopathies: experience based on controlled clinical trials.

Controlled clinical trials with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) have been conducted in patients with DM and IBM, but not PM. A double-blind placebo-controlled study in DM patients, resistant or partially responsive to conventional therapies, showed that IVIg is very effective in improving both the muscle strength and the skin rash. The clinical benefit, which was impressive in patients with early disease, was associated with improvement in the muscle cytoarchitecture. Quantitative histological studies in repeated muscle biopsies showed a statistically significant increased in the size of muscle fibers and the number of capillaries with normalization of the capillary diameter. Resolution of the aberrant immunopathological parameters including interception of complement activation products and downregulation of T cells, ICAM-I, VCAM, TGF-β and MHC-I molecules was also noted. In IBM, IVIg showed marginal, and non statistically significant, improvements in muscle strength. Up to 20% of patients however, demonstrated clinical improvement with increased activities of daily living while certain muscle groups, such as the muscles of swallowing, showed significant improvements compared to placebo implying mild regional benefits. In PM, small uncontrolled series have shown improvements in muscle strength in up to 70% of the IVIg-treated patients. Because PM, as a stand-alone clinical entity, is a very rare disease, completion of controlled trials will be very difficult.
Modulation of TCDD-induced fetotoxicity and oxidative stress in embryonic and placental tissues of C57BL/6J mice by vitamin E succinate and ellagic acid.

Abstract The ability of vitamin E succinate and ellagic acid to modulate 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD)-induced developmental toxicity and oxidative damage in embryonic/fetal and placental tissues was studied in C57BL/6J mice. Vitamin E succinate (100 mg/kg per day) and ellagic acid(6 mg/kg per day) were administered by gavage to groups of pregnant mice on days 10, 11 and 12 of gestation and 40 mg vitamin E succinate/kg or 3 mg ellagic acid/kg on day 13 of gestation. A number of animals from the vitamin E succinate and ellagic acid treated groups also received 30 μ g TCDD/kg on day 12 of gestation, 2 h prior to vitamin E succinate or ellagic acid treatment. Groups of treated animals were terminated on day 14 of gestation, and the biomarkers of oxidative stress, including superoxide anion production and the induction of lipid peroxidation and DNA-single strand breaks (SSB), were determined in whole embryonic and placental tissues homogenates. Groups of treated animals were also killed on day 18 of gestation for investigation of the fetotoxic and teratogenic effects as well as effects on the placentae. Vitamin E succinate and ellagic acid significantly decreased TCDD-induced fetal growth retardation fetal death and placental weight reduction, with no significant ameliorating effects on TCDD-induced malformations including cleft palate and hydronephrosis. Vitamin E succinate treatment resulted in decreases of 77–88%, 70–87%, and 21–47% in the production of superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and DNA-SSB, respectively, in embryonic and placental tissues, while ellagic acid caused 47–98%, 79–93%, and 37–53% decreases, respectively, in these parameters. These results indicate that TCDD-induced fetal death and fetal and placental weight reductions in C57BL/6J mice may be due to oxidative damage induced by TCDD, and ellagic acid and vitamin E succinate provide protection against those effects. Ellagic acid provided better protection than vitamin E succinate against TCDD-induced fetal growth retardation and increases in lipid peroxidation in embryonic and placental tissues.
Solubilities of phenol and chlorinated phenols in supercritical carbon dioxide

The solubilities of phanol and chlorinated phenols in supercritical carbon dioxide were measured at 36/sup 0/C (and 60/sup 0/C for phenol) and 78-246 atm in an apparatus consisting of two in-series, high-pressure equilibrium cells, fitted to a heated metering valve and Bourdon-type Heiss pressure gage. Saturated solutions exiting the cells were determined by weighing, and carbon dioxide was determined with a wet-test meter. Standard deviations were generally < 5% and typically 1-2% of phenol mole fraction values. The two isotherms obtained for phenol showed distinctly different solubility behavior, owing to the fact that phenol is a solid at 36/sup 0/C but a liquid at 60/sup 0/C, and the solubilities measured are for phenol in the supercritical-fluid phase. Applications of dense-gas extraction in the regeneration of activated carbon are discussed.
Basic-Level Geographic Categories∗

As we experience places, we learn about those places and generalize information into more abstract geographic categories. Rosch's basic-level theory argues that information known about objects is stored in our memories in a three-layered hierarchy. Data that could be used to test this theory in a geographic context was generated by having subjects make lists of activities, characteristics, and parts associated with 11 familiar geographic categories. An analysis of the distribution of information among the geographic categories confirmed two basic predictions of Rosch's theory. Significantly more information was stored in the basic-level geographic categories country, region, state, city, and neighborhood than in the superordinate category place. Significantly more information was not stored in subordinate categories home country, home region, home state, home city, and home neighborhood. The results suggest that geographic information is efficiently stored in memory so that much of what we know about geog...
A retrospective correction filter for discrete-time adaptive control of nonmiminum-phase systems

We present a discrete-time adaptive control law that is effective for systems that are unstable, MIMO, and/or nonminimum phase. The adaptive control algorithm provides guidelines concerning the modeling information needed for implementation. This information includes a sufficient number of Markov parameters to capture the sign of the high-frequency gain as well as the nonminimum-phase zeros. No additional information about the poles or zeros need be known.We present numerical examples to illustrate the algorithm?s effectiveness in handling nonminimum-phase zeros.
Arthroscopic Stabilization of the Acute, First-Time Shoulder Dislocation

Arthroscopic management for shoulder instability has gained wider acceptance among both patients and orthopedic surgeons during the past 15 years. Advances in surgical instrumentation allow the surgeon to perform essentially the same repair, whether accomplished through the arthroscope or via a deltopectoral incision. An acute, initial traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation sustained by a young adult provides the optimal situation to repair both the pathologic Bankart lesion and minimize the development of secondary joint pathology that comes with recurrent instability. The author’s preferred arthroscopic technique using nonmetallic anchors and permanent sutures is described. This technique stresses the low morbidity of the approach and the reestablishment of the anatomic repair of the Bankart lesion and any concomitant pathology noted at arthroscopy.
Age-Related Kinematic Differences as Influenced by Task Difficulty, Target Size, and Movement Amplitude

Fifteen older adults (M = 68 years old) and 15 young adults (M = 23 years old) participated in a speed-accuracy task in which aiming movements were performed on a digitizing tablet to assess movement slowing and variability in older adults. Target-size and movement amplitude influences were analyzed separately to determine if they affected the performance of the young and older adults differently. When target size was increased, older adults did not increase the relative distance traveled in the primary submovement. When movement amplitude was increased, older adults did not scale movement velocities to the same magnitude as young adults did. Both the inability to scale velocity and the inability to increase the relative distance traveled in the primary submovement contribute to slower, more variable movements observed in older adults depending on task parameters. Thus, these data reveal that manipulation of target size and movement amplitude yield two distinct factors that contribute to slowness of movement in older adults.
A case of nicotine psychosis

A woman attempting to stop smoking using transdermal nicotine patches experienced a variety of transient delusions and hallucinations after smoking a cigarette. Various possible explanations are discussed.
Role of Nitric Oxide in Myocardial Preconditioning

Ischemic preconditioning (PC) is a polygenic defensive cellular adaptive phenomenon whereby brief ischemic stimuli render the heart resistant to subsequent similar stress. The late phase of ischemic PC lasts for three to four days, protects against both myocardial stunning and infarction, and thus has considerable clinical relevance. Diverse signaling molecules released by a sublethal ischemic stress initiate a complex signal transduction cascade that modulates the expression of cardioprotective genes. Nitric oxide (NO), generated by the endothelial NO synthase (NOS) and acting via the formation of reactive oxygen species, activates the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKC), which activates the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (Src and Lck) and transcription factors (nuclear factor-kappaB, and possibly others), with resultant upregulation of the inducible NOS (iNOS) gene and protein expression. iNOS, and other cardioprotective proteins, including cyclooxygenase-2 and aldose reductase, confer resistance to subsequent ischemic stress. This delayed protection can also be mimicked, in the absence of ischemia, by administering NO-releasing agents, a situation that can be potentially exploited for cardioprotection in clinical situations. Identification of this novel bifunctional (trigger and mediator) role played by NO in cardiac protection, not only advances the knowledge regarding its signaling functions, but also offers a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence in support of this critical role played by NO in ischemic PC.
Veterans Affairs databases are accurate for gout-related health care utilization: a validation study

Introduction The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of Veterans Affairs (VA) databases for gout-related health care utilization.
Reduction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Induction of M1 Macrophages Facilitate the Rejection of Established Metastatic Disease

More than 60% of STAT6(-/-) mice immunologically reject spontaneous metastatic mammary carcinoma and survive indefinitely if their primary tumors are removed, whereas 95% of STAT6-competent BALB/c mice succumb to metastatic disease. BALB/c and STAT6-deficient mice with primary tumors have elevated levels of Gr1(+)CD11b(+) myeloid suppressor cells (MSCs), which inhibit T cell activation. After removal of primary tumor, MSC levels revert to baseline in STAT6-deficient mice, but remain elevated in BALB/c mice. The decrease is IFN-gamma dependent, as is the reduction in metastatic disease. Neither BALB/c nor STAT6-deficient MSCs produce inducible NO synthase; however, both produce arginase and reactive oxygen species. STAT6-deficient mice produce M1 macrophages, which contain high levels of NO and are tumoricidal, whereas BALB/c mice produce M2 macrophages, which make arginase and are not tumoricidal. Immunity in STAT6-deficient mice requires the activation of NO-producing M1 macrophages that are tumoricidal, the reduction in MSC levels to baseline after surgical removal of primary tumor, and the activation of tumor-specific T cells. These mechanisms occur in STAT6(-/-) mice because STAT6 deficiency prevents signaling through the type 2 IL-4Ralpha, thereby blocking the production of arginase and promoting the synthesis of NO.
Optical filter responses of InGaAsP microdisk resonators fabricated by polymer wafer bonding

Optical filters based on InGaAsP microdisk resonators with 10 /spl mu/m and 5 /spl mu/m diameters have been fabricated using a polymer wafer bonding process. A narrow linewidth of 0.22 nm and large free spectral range of 38 nm near 1.55 /spl mu/m are obtained. These devices are potentially useful as wavelength add-drop filters in DWDM networks.
Semiunitary Precoding for Spatially Correlated MIMO Channels

The focus of this paper is on spatial precoding in correlated multiantenna channels where the number of data-streams is adapted independent of the number of transmit antennas. Towards the goal of a low-complexity implementation, a statistical semiunitary precoder is studied where the precoder matrix evolves fairly slowly with respect to the channel evolution. While prior work on statistical precoding has focussed on information-theoretic limits, most of these computations result in complicated functional dependencies of the mutual information with the channel statistics that do not explicitly reveal the impact of statistics on performance. In contrast, estimates that are directly in terms of the channel statistics are obtained here for the relative mutual information loss of a semiunitary precoder with respect to a perfect channel information benchmark. Based on these estimates, matching metrics are developed that capture the degree of matching of a channel to the precoder structure continuously and allow ordering two matrix channels in terms of their mutual information performance. While these metrics are based on bounds, numerical studies are used to show that the proposed metrics capture the performance tradeoffs accurately. The main conclusion of this work is a simple-to-state fundamental principle in the context of signaling design for single-user MIMO systems: the best channel for the statistical precoder is the channel that is matched to it.
Hypobaria and hypoxia affects growth and phytochemical contents of lettuce.

Abstract The primary objective of this research was to investigate how low pressure (hypobaria) and low oxygen (hypoxia) affect functional phytochemicals and the nutritional quality of ‘Red Sails’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Plants were grown under two levels of total gas pressure (reduced or ambient (25 or 101 kPa, respectively)) at three levels of O2 partial pressures (low, medium or ambient (6, 12 or 21 kPa, respectively)). Hypoxia effects on nutritional and functional phytochemicals were more pronounced than hypobaria effects. Regardless of the total pressure, hypoxia, in general, enhanced leaf anthocyanin levels, enhanced total phenolic compounds, enhanced carbohydrate concentration and enhanced free radical scavenging capacity of lettuce but reduced leaf mineral concentration. Hypoxia increased the ethylene production of plants but ethylene accumulation was not the sole reason for enhanced anthocyanin production in plants grown under hypoxia. Our results suggest that low oxygen stress induces the production of protective phytochemicals and the free radical scavenging potential in lettuce, which may in turn enhance the functional value. However, further human intervention studies are needed to confirm if enhanced phytochemicals in plants have significant impact in human body.
Factors Associated with Travel Time and Survival of Migrant Yearling Chinook Salmon and Steelhead in the Lower Snake River

Abstract Simple and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with travel time and survival of yearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss migrating in the lower Snake River. Factors were release date and environmental variables measuring river discharge (flow), water temperature, and the percentage of total flow passed over spillways at dams. Data were collected from migrant salmonids tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags from 1995 through 1999. The greatest distance over which survival could be estimated during all 5 years was from the Lower Granite Dam tailrace to the McNary Dam tailrace (225 river km encompassing four dams and reservoirs). Release groups consisted of PIT-tagged fish leaving Lower Granite Dam daily. Data from more than 451,000 PIT-tagged yearling chinook salmon and 204,000 PIT-tagged steelhead were analyzed. For each daily group, indices of exposure to environmental factors were calculated as the average value for ...
Francis Accursius: A New Document

THE presence of a civil lawyer among the councillors and close advisers of Edward i, in a period of one of the great advances of English law, is a matter of no slight importance for legal history. Francis Accursius, son of a distinguished father and professor of law at Bologna, came to England in 1273 as secretary to the king; and although he retained that position for eight years, little is known of this period of his career.' What services he may have rendered to English law cannot as yet be accurately estimated, for a good deal of relevant material still remains to be examined. Stubbs suggests that his usefulness as a legal adviser was probably small beside Burnell, Henghem, and Britton men well acquainted with the tradition and custom of the land and that 'the scientific civilian could add only technical consistency.'2 But that Edward considered him of great value, none the less, cannot be doubted: he received a yearly salary of ?100,3 the revenues of more than one manor,4 as well as numerous gifts from time to time.5 The documentary evidence relating to the sojourn of Accursius in England is not great,6 so that some interest attaches to a letter from Edward X to 'A', wife of Accursius,7 inviting her to come with her family to join Accursius in England, and offering to provide for them liberally. Save for two statements in Sarti, there appears to be no direct evidence as to whether his family ever came. These sentences are worth quoting: 'Fuerat superior annus bononiensi clade infaustus, de quo cum Franciscus audisset ac relegatum sese, licet absentem, cum filiis suis cognovisset, familiam suam in Angliam accersivit ubi et commode et citra omnem metum consistere posse videbat,'8 and 'Ingentem pecuniam Franciscus, exeunte anno MCCLxxIV et initio anni MCCLxxV Bononiam ad uxorem suam misit, ad anglicani itineris impensas.'9 These citations are further borne out by an entry for the year 1275 on the Patent Roll, wherein the king ordered the sheriff of Oxford to provide Accursius and his family with free quarters in the 'King's Manor' (i.e., Beaumont Palace) at Oxford.'0 It is possible that the
A Cladistic Analysis of Phenotype Associations with Haplotypes Inferred from Restriction Endonuclease Mapping. II. the Analysis of Natural Populations

Genes that code for products involved in the physiology of a phenotype are logical candidates for explaining interindividual variation in that phenotype. We present a methodology for discovering associations between genetic variation at such candidate loci (assayed through restriction endonuclease mapping) with phenotypic variation at the population level. We confine our analyses to DNA regions in which recombination is very rare. In this case, the genetic variation at the candidate locus can be organized into a cladogram that represents the evolutionary relationships between the observed haplotypes. Any mutation causing a significant phenotypic effect should be imbedded within the same historical structure defined by the cladogram. We showed, in the first paper of this series, how to use the cladogram to define a nested analysis of variance (NANOVA) that was very efficient at detecting and localizing phenotypically important mutations. However, the NANOVA of haplotype effects could only be applied to populations of homozygous genotypes. In this paper, we apply the quantitative genetic concept of average excess to evaluate the phenotypic effect of a haplotype or group of haplotypes stratified and contrasted according to the nested design defined by the cladogram. We also show how a permutational procedure can be used to make statistical inferences about the nested average excess values in populations containing heterozygous as well as homozygous genotypes. We provide two worked examples that investigate associations between genetic variation at or near the Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus and Adh activity in Drosophila melanogaster, and associations between genetic variation at or near some apolipoprotein loci and various lipid phenotypes in a human population.
The Unrecognized Stereotyping and Discrimination Against Singles

A widespread form of bias has slipped under our cultural and academic radar. People who are single are targets of singlism: negative stereotypes and discrimination. Compared to married or coupled people, who are often described in very positive terms, singles are assumed to be immature, maladjusted, and self-centered. Although the perceived differences between people who have and have not married are large, the actual differences are not. Moreover, there is currently scant recognition that singlism exists, and when singlism is acknowledged, it is often accepted as legitimate.