cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liver transplantation for childhood hepatic malignancy: a review of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database

Abstract Background Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only treatment option for unresectable hepatoblastoma (HB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in children. Aggregated outcomes of OLT for these hepatic malignancies have not been evaluated in the United Network for Organ Sharing national database. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate graft and patient survival in pediatric OLT recipients with HB and HCC. Methods Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant and Research Files were analyzed and included pediatric ( χ 2 tests, as appropriate. Actuarial survival and effect of diagnosis on survival were determined using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank tests. Results Since 1987, 152 OLTs have been performed in 135 pediatric patients for HB and 43 OLTs in 41 pediatric patients for HCC. Respective 1-, 5-, and 10-year patient survival after OLT was 79%, 69%, and 66% for HB and 86%, 63%, and 58% for HCC ( P = .73). The primary cause of death for both groups was metastatic or recurrent disease, accounting for 54% of deaths in the HB group and 86% in the HCC group ( P = .338). Patients with hepatoblastoma were younger (mean age, 2.9 ± 2.5 vs 10.4 ± 4.8 years for the HCC group; P P = .03). A greater proportion of the patients with HB had previous abdominal surgery than patients with HCC (63% HB vs 37% HCC, P = .04). Pretransplant medical condition and transplant era were associated with graft and patient survival on univariate and multivariate analysis (all P Conclusions Orthotopic liver transplantation remains a viable option for pediatric patients with unresectable primary hepatic malignancies and results in good long-term survival. Pretransplant medical condition is an important predictor of outcome. Thus, in conjunction with better chemotherapy regimens, earlier evaluation for OLT in patients with unresectable HB and HCC may result in yet further improved long-term survival.
Integrating sustainability with corporate strategy: A maturity model for the finance function

Sustainability is not a passing fad, although the finance function as a whole often remains skeptical of sustainability efforts and reporting. This article argues that Finance should become an involved participant—and even a leader—in sustainability efforts. It shows how the finance function can add value to these efforts and why this help is crucial. It then introduces a maturity model against which the finance function can assess its status in supporting and leading sustainability initiatives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Importance of Maslow-Type Needs to Business College Seniors: Blacks, Whites, Males, Females

The present study examined the importance of various hierarchical needs, as described by Maslow, to black, white, male, and female business college seniors. Data support the Maslow postulate that the hierarchical needs he proposed are “more universal” for all cultures than are superficial behaviors or desires. The cultural differences between the races begin to be manifest in the magnitude of the individual needs. Data indicate that 58 blacks placed greater importance on most of the needs studied than did the 249 whites regardless of sex.
Luminescence and ESR studies of defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract New experimental information on luminescence and light induced ESR (LESR) in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is described. We demonstrate that the two experiments involve identical recombination transitions, and identify two separate processes. One process involves defect states, and from the doping dependence of LESR we deduce that the electronically active defects are dangling bonds with positive electronic correlation energy.
Implants in the Esthetic Zone

To achieve a successful esthetic result and good patient satisfaction,implant placement in the esthetic zone demands a thorough under-standing of anatomic, biologic, surgical, and prosthetic principles. The ability to achieve harmonious, indistinguishable prosthesis from adjacent natural teeth in the esthetic zone is sometimes challenging. Placement of dental implants in the esthetic zone is a technique-sensitive procedure with little room for error. Guidelines are presented for ideal implant positioning and for a variety of therapeutic modalities that can be implemented for addressing different clinical situations involving replacement of missing teeth in the esthetic zone.
Metabolism of intravenously injected 14C-glucose in weanling rats with hypothalamic obesity

Abstract Weanling male rats with bilateral lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN) and sham-operated controls were injected intravenously with 14 C-glucose to compare plasma glucose disappearance rates, and lipid and glycogen synthesis in liver, diaphragm, and epididymal adipose tissue. Removal of 14 C-glucose from plasma was more than twice as rapid in VMN rats as in control animals despite comparable glucose levels. Incorporation of 14 C-glucose into lipid was increased in all three tissues of VMN rats and was primarily due to an increase in fatty acid synthesis. Incorporation of label into glycogen by VMN rats was increased in adipose tissue but unchanged in liver and diaphragm. The results indicate that weanling VMN rats exhibit increase glucose utilization in vivo primarily directed toward lipogenesis. This finding is not restricted to adipose tissue but is present as well in liver and muscle.
Self-directed strength training: Its effect on leg strength in men with mental retardation

Abstract Objective: To compare isokinetic measures of peak torque (newton-meters) and total work (joules) in men with mental retardation on a test of knee extension after 12 weeks of trainer-directed training and 1 year of self-directed training. Design: Repeated measures of analysis of variance using a planned comparison approach involving an independent 2 × 3 (group × test) design. Setting: Subjects were tested at a university athletic training facility on three separate days. Subjects: Volunteer sample of 12 subjects with mental retardation: 6 in strength training group, 6 in control group. Intervention: Subjects performed an isokinetic knee extension test at a velocity of 60°/sec on three separate days. Test 1 was the pretest, test 2 was conducted after 12 weeks of trainer-directed hydraulic resistance training, and test 3 was conducted after 1 year of self-directed hydraulic resistance training. Results: For both isokinetic parameters measured, the strength-trained subjects demonstrated significantly higher scores after 12 weeks of training and after 1 year of training than the scores achieved on the pretest. No significant differences in peak torque or total work scores were found between test 2 and test 3 scores for the strength-trained group. No significant changes in isokinetic scores between test sessions were found for the control subjects. Conclusion: Men with mental retardation can maintain strength following a self-directed hydraulic resistance strength training program.
A Minor-Merger Interpretation for NGC 1097's ``Jets''

We have conducted a deep search for neutral hydrogen gas associated with the faint optical "jets" of NGC 1097 using the Very Large Array. Measurable H I would have been expected if the jets were tidal in origin given their moderately blue optical and near-infrared colors. The jets are free of H I emission to a limiting surface density (Σ) of 0.06 M☉ pc-2 (3 σ) over a 1102 km s-1 velocity range. We also rule out extended H I emission down to 0.02 M☉ pc-2 (3 σ, ΔV = 45 km s-1) within a 4' FWHM aperture centered on the right-angle turn in jet R1. We have detected an H I source [M = (5.1 ± 1.0) × 106 M☉] coincident with a small edge-on spiral or irregular galaxy (NGC 1097B) 12' southwest of NGC 1097, situated between two jets. Two other ~106 M☉ H I point sources in the field are considered marginal detections. Neither are associated with the optical jets. The jets' radio-X-ray spectral energy distribution is most consistent with starlight. However, from their morphology, optical/near-infrared colors, and lack of H I, we argue that the jets are not tidal tails drawn out of NGC 1097's disk or stars stripped from the elliptical companion NGC 1097A. We also reject in situ star formation in ancient radio jets as this requires essentially 100% conversion of gas into stars on large scales. Instead, we conclude that the jets represent the captured remains of a disrupted dwarf galaxy that passed through the inner few kiloparsecs of NGC 1097's disk. We present N-body simulations of such an encounter that reproduce the essential features of NGC 1097's jets: A long and narrow "X"-shaped morphology centered near the spiral's nucleus, right-angle bends, and no discernible dwarf galaxy remnant. A series of jetlike distributions are formed, with the earliest appearing ~1.4 Gyr after impact. Well-defined X shapes form only when the more massive galaxy has a strong disk component. Ram-pressure stripping of the dwarf's interstellar medium would be expected to occur while passing through NGC 1097's disk, accounting for the jets' lack of H I and H II. The remnants' (B-V) color would still agree with observations even after ~3 Gyr of passive evolution, provided the cannibalized dwarf was low-metallicity and dominated by young stars at impact.
Perceptual learning, awareness, and the hippocampus

Declarative memory depends on the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe and diencephalic structures. Declarative memory has usually been found to be available to conscious recollection. A recent study (Chun and Phelps, Nat Neurosci 1999;2:844-847) found that damage to the medial temporal lobe (including the hippocampus) impaired performance on a perceptual learning task, yet the learning was accomplished in the absence of memory for the stimuli. This finding raised the possibility that some hippocampus-dependent tasks may be inaccessible to awareness and may be performed without evoking conscious memory processes. Using the same task, we show that when damage is confined largely to the hippocampal formation, perceptual learning is intact. Thus, the available data suggest that damage limited to the hippocampal formation does not impair nonconscious (nondeclarative) memory. Further, the data do not contradict the idea that hippocampus dependent memory is accessible to conscious recollection. Finally, perceptual learning was impaired in patients, with extensive damage to the medial temporal lobe and with additional variable damage to lateral temporal cortex.
A Second-Order Projection Method for Variable- Density Flows*

This paper describes a second-order projection method for variabledensity incompressible flows. The method is suitable for both finite amplitude density variations and for fluids that are modeled using a Boussinesq approximation. It is based on a second-order fractional step scheme in which diffusion-convection terms are advanced without enforcing the incompressibility condition and the resulting intermediate velocity field is then projected onto the space of discretely divergencefree vector fields. The nonlinear convection terms are treated using a Godunov-type procedure that is second order for smooth flow and remain stable and non-oscillatory for nonsmooth flows with low fluid viscosities. The method is described for finite-amplitude density variation and the simplifications for a Boussinesq approximation are sketched. Numerical results are presented that validate the convergence properties of the method and demonstrate its performance on more realistic problems.
After Hours Keeps Clock Researchers CRYing Overtime

Three recent reports, including one in this issue of Cell, reveal that the circadian regulator CRY is targeted for degradation by the F box E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXL3 (Siepka et al., 2007; Busino et al., 2007; Godinho et al., 2007). These studies confirm the importance of targeted protein degradation as a key design feature of the mammalian circadian clock.
Aspiration: a factor in rapidly deteriorating bronchiolitis in previously healthy infants?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of indicators of aspiration in previously healthy infants with respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) bronchiolitis who experienced rapid deterioration in their respiratory status. Lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) was assessed in 6 previously healthy infants with RSV bronchiolitis and no prior history of aspiration, who had a rapid deterioration of their respiratory status requiring mechanical ventilation. Five of 6 infants had a LLMI of more than 100, a level that is very suggestive of aspiration. We conclude that aspiration is likely to play a role when rapid deterioration occurs in infants with RSV bronchiolitis.
Physical Stability Comparisons of IgG1-Fc Variants: Effects of N-Glycosylation Site Occupancy and Asp/Gln Residues at Site Asn 297

The structural integrity and conformational stability of various IgG1-Fc proteins produced from the yeast Pichia pastoris with different glycosylation site occupancy (di-, mono-, and nonglycosylated) were determined. In addition, the physical stability profiles of three different forms of nonglycosylated Fc molecules (varying amino-acid residues at site 297 in the CH 2 domain due to the point mutations and enzymatic digestion of the Fc glycoforms) were also examined. The physical stability of these IgG1-Fc glycoproteins was examined as a function of pH and temperature by high-throughput biophysical analysis using multiple techniques combined with data visualization tools (three index empirical phase diagrams and radar charts). Across the pH range of 4.0-6.0, the di- and monoglycosylated forms of the IgG1-Fc showed the highest and lowest levels of physical stability, respectively, with the nonglycosylated forms showing intermediate stability depending on solution pH. In the aglycosylated Fc proteins, the introduction of Asp (D) residues at site 297 (QQ vs. DN vs. DD forms) resulted in more subtle changes in structural integrity and physical stability depending on solution pH. The utility of evaluating the conformational stability profile differences between the various IgG1-Fc glycoproteins is discussed in the context of analytical comparability studies.
Oxidized phospholipids protect against lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction caused by heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus

Increased endothelial cell (EC) permeability and vascular inflammation along with alveolar epithelial damage are key features of acute lung injury (ALI). Products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-g...
Rats of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands

The following information on rats was recorded during the summer of 1950 as part of a study I made on land vertebrates of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands while a member of a party sent by the Pacific Science Board of the National Research Council, supported by the Office of Naval Research, to study the ecology of a typical low coral atoll. Most of the observations are of undisturbed rats; others were flushed from hiding places, and a few were collected: 17 Polynesian rats, Rattus exulans (of which eight are preserved at the U. S. National Museum), and two black rats, R. rattus (both at the museum). I am grateful to David H. Johnson of that museum for confirming the identifications of these specimens, to Lee Douglas for examining the tapeworms, and to Lois Taylor for care of the preserved helminths and caecal protozoa. The Arnoese people are very hospitable, and they extended numerous courtesies as well as technical assistance—such as the identification of plants by Mr. Konto. These people are notable for their extended knowledge of, and intelligent interest in natural history. Kijirik is their word for rat. Although the common name “black rat” is used here for the species R. rattus , it should be understood that, in the Pacific at least, the several named color phases may be found in the same litter. Arno's five square miles, all under 12 feet high, are disposed in numerous small islets, many of them less than 100 yards wide. A forest of coconut palms, enriched by large breadfruit trees in the interiors of wide islands, dominates most of this area; ocean shores support thickets of Scaevola frutescens . The density of the forest undergrowth depends upon the amount of copra harvesting—desultory at best—by the workers responsible for each particular strip of …
Role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in TGF-β- and GDF-8 (myostatin)-induced suppression of proliferation in porcine embryonic myogenic cell cultures

Both transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) and growth and development factor (GDF)-8 (myostatin) affect muscle differentiation by suppressing proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells. In contrast, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate both proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells. In vivo, IGFs are found in association with a family of high-affinity insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6) that affect their biological activity. Treatment of porcine embryonic myogenic cell (PEMC) cultures with either TGF-beta(1) or GDF-8 suppressed proliferation and increased production of IGFBP-3 protein and mRNA (P < 0.005). An anti-IGFBP-3 antibody that neutralizes the biological activity of IGFBP-3 reduced the ability of either TGF-beta(1) or GDF-8 to suppress PEMC proliferation (P < 0.005). However, this antibody did not affect proliferation rate in the presence of both TGF-beta(1) and GDF-8. These data show that IGFBP-3 plays a role in mediating the activity of either TGF-beta(1) or GDF-8 alone but not when both TGF-beta(1) and GDF-8 are present. In contrast to findings in T47D breast cancer cells, treatment of PEMC cultures with IGFBP-3 did not result in increased levels of phosphosmad-2. Since TGF-beta and GDF-8 are believed to play a significant role in regulating proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells, our current data showing that IGFBP-3 plays a role in mediating the activity of these growth factors in muscle cell cultures strongly suggest that IGFBP-3 also may be involved in regulating these processes in myogenic cells.
A hybrid method for coupled neutron–ion transport calculations for 10B and 6LiF coated and perforated detector efficiencies

Abstract A hybrid method for neutron–ion transport has been developed and applied to modeling coated and perforated neutron semiconductor detectors. The method couples the MCNP transport code developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory and a specialized ion transport code. Output from MCNP is passed to the ion transport code to perform ion energy deposition calculations, and in this manner the two codes are married. The process is controlled by a PERL script. Angle dependent efficiency calculation results for perforated rod detectors are presented, and neutron absorption efficiencies are presented for channel and chevron type perforations to show how problems with rod perforations may be overcome.
Antiquity of clonal salamander lineages revealed by mitochondrial DNA

THE existence of clonally reproducing vertebrates has often served as a foil in attempts to explain the near-ubiquity of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, but the absence of recombination, with its attendant limitation of new genotypes to those produced through mutations, restricts the adaptive ability of clonal organisms1–3. It has been argued, therefore, that clonal vertebrate taxa have short lifespans4–14. Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within clonal populations is interpreted instead as reflecting multiple, although limited, independent hybridization events8–13,15. On the basis of an analysis of an average of 373 nucleotide pairs, we report here that the mtDNA of clonal, hybrid, gynogenetic mole salamanders (Ambystoma, Ambystomatidae) differs by 5% or more from mtDNA of their closest possible sexual relatives (A. jeffersonianum, A. laterale and A. texanum). Assuming usual rates of mtDNA divergence, these lineages have persisted for about 5 million years, far longer than estimated for other clonal vertebrate populations. The low mtDNA variability in the clonal lineages suggests that they have undergone population reductions during the Pleistocene.
Mechanical Factors in Joint Stiffness and Tissue Growth

W e often talk about how to evaluate the stiffness of a joint and how we change stiffness into mobility. I want to think about these in mechanical terms. Often we speak of just "trying to move a joint" or "stretch" the tissues that are restricting mobility, but it is very difficult to be precise about these things. Through the application of a few mechanical principles, there are ways of measuring joint motion and stiffness with some degree of precision, with some attempt to know what is causing the block to motion, i.e., what is hindering motion. We use a general term, drag, to indicate forces that hinder motion. That includes friction within the joint and elastic problems and viscous problems. Think about the combination of these. Rarely do we get a single clean mechanical factor in a complex thing such as a hand. There are elastic factors-tissues that need to be stretched but that will contract againand there are viscous factors-fluid that will move around in the tissues. Then on top of it all are what I call "living factors." Each cell of the body is part of the team. We may think of a hand as a single object, or of a joint as just one unit, but in fact each is made up of individual living cells that form tissues. Each cell has a way to sense the forces that act upon it and to respond as directed by its own DNA. This, in turn, is linked to the overall function of the hand. It is a living response that is active even in a tissue that we regard as passive. When a tissue is overstressed, it becomes red and inflamed. This response means that the local living tissues are objecting to what is being done. They are saying this is harmful to them. We need to recognize this, and to back off. Engineers have to think about this, too, because this is different from what they see in the lab, where they take the skin from a cadaver, stretch it in a machine, and measure its elasticity. If they overstretch it, there is more lengthening, which is called creep, and it is permanent. This must not be done to living tissues (Fig. 1). I want to focus on how we measure the elastic properties of the tissues around a joint, how we measure their viscous properties, and then how we take note of the living properties of a joint. These are
Nitrogen fixation by volcanic lightning in the early Earth

We examine an unusual mechanism to fix nitrogen in the early Earth by lightning discharges occurring inside explosive volcanic clouds containing gases characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes as a model of Archean volcanic volatiles. The products are predicted on thermodynamic equilibrium assumptions of the chemical species frozen out as the lightning channel rapidly expands and cools to ∼ 2400°C. Volcanic lightning is simulated in the laboratory by flowing the gas mixture into a microwave discharge cavity where the gases are excited and then the products are analyzed downstream by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Nitric oxide was found to be the major product formed with an energy yield of ∼1 × 1016 molecule J−1. It is estimated that about 1012−1013 g of NO could have been produced annually by volcanic clouds occurring about 4 Gyr ago.
Postnatal growth of corticospinal axons in the spinal cord of developing mice

The corticospinal tract (CST) plays an important role in the control of voluntary movements. Although the development of the CST has been studied extensively in other species, limited information is available on its development in mice. In the present study, the growth of corticospinal axons was characterized in developing mice using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Our results indicate that the leading CST axons reach the 8th cervical segment at postnatal day (PD) 2, the 7th thoracic segment at PD4, the 13th thoracic segment at PD7, and the 5th lumbar segment at PD9. The arrival of corticospinal axons at the distal lumbar cord at PD9 was further confirmed by retrograde tracing using fast blue (FB). A waiting period of 2-3 days exists after the leading CST axons pass a particular segment before sending collaterals into the gray matter of that segment. The CST continues to increase in size in lower thoracic and lumbar areas up to PD14 when its adult appearance is achieved. In this study, the date of animal's sacrifice was used as the specific postnatal date to demonstrate the growth of the CST. This definition gives a more reliable indication of the exact location of the CST at a specific developmental time point since the CST continues to grow after tracer injections and since the dye is transported much faster than axonal growth. We suggest that these findings can be used as a template for studies on both normal and transgenic mice where some developmental significance is given to the CST.
Understanding patients' perspective in the use of generic antiepileptic drugs: compelling lessons for physicians to improve physician/patient communication

Epilepsy is a condition in which consistency of treatment is paramount to successful management and for most patients, effective seizure control can be achieved. Given the severe consequences of even a single breakthrough seizure, patients should be afforded every opportunity to succeed on their given regimens. Some experts argue that global policy on generic antiepileptic drug substitution in epilepsy should be limited – occurring at the discretion of and with careful monitoring by the physician. While the debate continues, physicians still have daily responsibilities to their patients to help them best manage their epilepsy within the context of the current environment – the reality of which may involve switching to a generic antiepileptic drug or navigating various formulations between generics. To provide context, this paper first reviews the main "hot button" issues fueling the ongoing generic debate, including a broad overview of the current state of the literature. The main goal however is to provide physicians with a patient perspective on generic antiepileptic drug use in epilepsy as a source of clinically useful, everyday advice to improve communication and increase patient self-advocacy, both of which are necessary for optimal patient outcome.
Studies of vitamin A-induced teratogenesis: effects on embryonic mesenchyme and epithelium, and on incorporation of H3-thymidine.

Some aspects of tissue differentiation were studied in 13-day rat embryos after vitamin A treatment of their mothers on days 10, 11, and 12 of gestation. Severely affected embryos showed extensive growth retardation. Inhibition of cell proliferation, assumed from a decreased rate of H3-thymidine uptake, was found in the liver, loose mesenchyme of the cephalic region, posterior region of the palatine shelves, trigeminal nucleus, and in some areas of the skin. Other tissues investigated showed no inhibition. Development of the face in these embryos was characterized by the appearance of defects in the mesoderm of the maxillary process and in the oral epithelium. It is suggested that palatal and dental abnormalities of vitamin A-treated embryos arise because of some initial changes in the epithelium, which subsequently lead to a disrupted epithelial-mesodermal relation in this region, so essential for normal development. Some physicochemical properties of vitamin A, such as its high surface activity and its effect on membrane permeability, enable it to have widespread effects. Information about the importance of these phenomena in the developing embryo must await further elucidation of the mechanism of action of vitamin A in biological organisms in general.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation of a spherical gas bubble inside an elastoplastic material due to sublimation

Abstract General thermodynamic and kinetic approaches for sublimation inside an elastoplastic material developed in Levitas (2012) are applied to the problem of a nucleation of a spherical gas bubble inside an infinite elastoplastic sphere. A large-strain solution of the mechanical problem on a spherical void formation is generalized for the case with internal pressure and surface tension. Nucleation via homogeneous transformation in the nucleus of a fixed mass and nucleation via continuous interface propagation are studied in detail. For both paths, the explicit expressions for the thermodynamic driving forces and activation energies are derived. Using a kinetic nucleation criterion, the kinetic relationships between tensile sublimation pressure and temperature are derived. For both transformation paths, three different regions are present on the kinetic temperature-stress curve. For small stresses, elastic deformation of a sphere takes place, and the results for both paths coincide. For large stresses, nucleus size is equal to the minimum radius for which one still can distinguish between solid and gas, and for the intermediate stresses the radius of the critical nucleus maximizes the activation energy. For all cases with plastic expansion, nucleation via homogeneous transformation is more probable for small stresses and significantly more probable for large stresses. However, such a homogeneously transformed nucleus cannot grow. It is necessary to slightly increase temperature or tensile pressure (to a value well below that for nucleation via interface propagation) to cause growth. Below some critical temperature θ in , while the nucleus cannot grow because of solid–gas transformation, it expands like a balloon due to loss of mechanical stability. To our knowledge, this is the only known example of transformation of a subcritical nucleus into a supercritical one due to mechanical instability. The thermodynamics and the kinetics of evaporation are considered as well, and similar mechanical instability is found. Also, homogeneously transformed nucleus, while it starts to shrink, does not completely disappear; it represents a metastable rather than a critical nucleus. All of these results do not have counterparts in nucleation in elastic materials.
Eclampsia and postpartum cerebral angiopathy.

Pre-eclampsia is a protean disease of pregnancy manito garden-variety eclampsia, clinical status and monitoring fested by hypertension, proteinuria and edema. A convulwith transcranial Doppler usually improve over a few days. sion has been the traditional dividing line between the However, cases may have a protracted case which would preeclamptic and eclamptic forms of toxemia of pregnancy be very atypical for eclampsia. A basic difference is that although clinical evidence and neuroimaging indicates that postpartum cerebral angiopathy starts with cerebral inthe brain may be afflicted before a convulsion occurs. volvement whereas the toxemia of pregnancy evolves Although delivery is the ultimate cure, for approximately through the stages of preeclampsia with other organs being 40% the first eclamptic convulsion occurs post partum, affected before the brain. usually within the first 24 hours. Some cases of late It is my opinion that when the pathogenesis of toxemia postpartum eclampsia develop one week or more after a of pregnancy is understood, postpartum cerebral annormal delivery. giopathy will be classified as a subset of that disease. We Evidence is accumulating that the cerebral manimay never be neurological archaeologists enough to refestations of eclampsia are due to hypertensive entrospectively sort out many of the reported case. Case cephalopathy. Angiography has demonstrated smooth segreports of postpartum cerebral angiopathy coincident with mental vasospasm, which is presumably a reflection of the the use of vasoactive substances such as ergonovine, autoregulatory response. This has been demonstrated in bromocriptine and sumatriptan are important observations late postpartum eclampsia. but, I agree with Dr. Zunker and colleagues, that there is A problem is how to classify patients with smooth insufficient evidence to establish a causal relationship. segmental vasospasm in the early puerperium who do not Our knowledge of the brain in eclampsia continues to meet the criteria for pre-eclampsia. Currently this is called evolve from the static study of neuropathology in 1900 to postpartum cerebral angiopathy. Many times this diagnosis dynamic and serial assessments of living patients in 2000. is stumbled upon in the investigation for a suspected Each new technique adds more information from which a cortical venous thrombosis or another entity. The detail of rationale for treatment will develop. The worldwide imporcase reports varies. Some authors may not have understood tance of this disease should not be underestimated. Even in the importance of relative hypertension when compared to the best of hands, the death rate in eclampsia is approxithe patient’s customary blood pressure. Nevertheless many mately 7% with an estimated 50,000 young women dying apparently do not have hypertension or proteinuria. Similar every year worldwide.
A monolayer culture of human gastric epithelial cells.

Our aim was to develop a fibroblast-free monolayer culture of human gastric mucosal cells, using the specimens obtained by routine endoscopic biopsy. Human gastric mucosa obtained from normal volunteers by endoscopic biopsy was dissociated from collagenase and hyaluronidase. Dissociated cells were cultured in supplemented Coon's modified Ham's F-12 medium. Within 24 hr of inoculation, the cells were attached to the culture dishes. This was followed by cellular outgrowth. On phase-contrast microscopy, all cells had epithelial characteristics and fibroblasts were not observed. Ninety percent of cells contained periodic acid Schiff reaction-positive mucous granules after diastase digestion consistent with mucous epithelial cells. Two percent of the cells gave a strong reaction for succinic dehydrogenase activity (parietal cells). Immunohistochemical staining for pepsinogen in cultured cells was negative. On EM, microvilli-like projections, junctional complexes, Golgi apparatus, and mucous granules were apparent in the majority of cells. Mitotic figures were observed by day 3 with Giemsa staining. Autoradiographically, these cells were able to incorporate [3H] TdR into the nuclei. Cells were capable of synthesizing DNA, and this function was inhibited by cycloheximide. Cells could be cultured for up to two weeks without fibroblast contamination. A method of primary monolayer culture of human gastric mucosa obtained by a routine endoscopic biopsy has been successfully developed.
Effect of changes in short-term dietary zinc intake on ethanol metabolism and zinc status indices in young men

Abstract Eleven men aged 28.1±5.0 y (mean±SD), who lived in a metabolic unit, participated in a controlled study of zinc (Zn) metabolism. It began with a 28 d equilibration period when dietary Zn was 10 mg/d, followed by dietary periods of 36 d each with 1, 2, 3, or 4 mg Zn/d presented in random order, and ended with a 36 d period when dietary Zn was 10 mg/d. Plasma Zn dropped to 4.0 μmol/L in one subject and was significantly lower for all subjects (11.2±2.8 μmol/L) during the 1 mg Zn/d dietary period than during the 10 mg Zn/d (13.6±0.9 μmol/L) period, P 0.05) affected by dietary Zn. The rate of ethanol clearance from the blood, measured between 120 and 240 minutes, was significantly (P
Preliminary identification of the secondary structure of the trp repressor from Escherichia coli

The probable secondary structure content of the trp repressor from Escherichia coli has been inferred from NMR and circular dichroic measurements; the results are compared wih those of prediction algorithms. 70% of the amide protons have exchange rate constants orders of magnitude smaller than the intrinsic rate constants, identifying them as participating in hydrogen bonds. The exchange rate constants fall into two distinct classes, one having half-lives of 20 min and the other more than 24h. The latter class, consisting of 50% of all amide protons, indicates a stable core. The exchange data are consistent with circular dischroism and predictions that suggest that about 55% of the peptides form α helics, and 20% form β sheets and turns. The NMR spectrum further indicates that there is little β sheet, suggesting that the secondary structure class is α.
Root canal calcification associated with prednisone therapy: a case report

This report details an 8-year follow-up of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who was treated with up to 60 mg per day of prednisone for more than 8 years. Radiographic documentation demonstrated complete calcification of all pulp chambers and root canals du ring an 8-year period. During this time, the patient had been successfully treated for case type III adult onset periodontitis. Follow-up examinations recorded minimal attachment loss, and radiographs showed stable bone levels.
Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Figure 1. The electrocardiogram of a 42-year-old woman with the ostium secundum type of atrial septal defect shows normal sinus rhythm with incomplete right bundle-branch block (RBBB), indicated by the rSR' pattern in leads V1 and V2 and the terminal S wave in V6; right atrial enlargement (RAE), indicated by the tall P waves in leads II, III, and aVF; and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), indicated by the tall R waves in leads V1 and V2. The chest radiograph of the same patient shows a globular cardiac silhouette with prominent pulmonary arteries (p); . . .
How Does the Eye Warm? Part II: Sensitivity to Vertical Wind Shear and a Trajectory Analysis

AbstractIn Part II of this study, idealized simulations of tropical cyclones are used to investigate the influence of vertical wind shear on the structure of warming and descent in the eye; results are compared with the no-shear simulation that was analyzed in Part I. During intensification of a tropical cyclone in a quiescent environment, time-averaged eye descent is maximized at 12–13-km height. Warming is not generally maximized at these levels, however, because the static stability is at a minimum. Consequently, the perturbation temperature is maximized at midlevels. Each of the above results remains valid for sheared tropical cyclones, and therefore shear does not systematically alter the height of the warm core.An analysis of over 90 000 parcel trajectories yields further insight into the mechanisms of eye warming and addresses several outstanding questions regarding the character of eye descent. The rate at which parcels are stirred from the eye into the eyewall is a strong function of intensity. W...
Beyond Fourth-Grade Science: Why Do U.S. and Japanese Students Diverge?

Between 4th and 8th grade, American students fall behind on international norms, whereas Japanese students continue to perform well. This paper brings diverse perspectives to bear on japanese late-elementary science education, in order to elucidate its instructional features and the broader educational system features that enable deep, coherent instruction.
Resolvability of Objects from the Standpoint of Statistical Parameter Estimation

The values of the radiance at points of an incoherently radiating object are considered as parameters of the statistical description of the field at the aperture of an observing optical instrument. By means of the Cramer–Rao inequality, a lower bound is set to the mean-square errors of unbiased estimates of the radiance values. The errors are shown to increase rapidly when the object is sampled at points separated by less than a conventional resolution interval.
Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) in the Efremovka, Leoville and Vigarano (CV3) chondrites: A record of condensate evolution in the solar nebula

Abstract Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) in the Efremovka, Leoville, and Vigarano CV3 chondrites were studied using petrographic and microanalytical techniques to evaluate the origins of these inclusions and their relationships to other chondrite components. Our data support the idea that the inclusions formed by dust growth in the solar nebula as condensates and that they preserve a record of mineralogical and chemical evolution. Spinel-rich nodules and ribbons in AOAs often show Group II trace element patterns and formed either by fractional condensation or by condensation following partial vaporization. The dominant olivine component in AOAs can be explained as a condensate produced in the same way, but with fractionation occurring at a lower temperature. Other spinel-rich material in AOAs appears to be a vaporization residue. Ca-rich pyroxene + anorthite patches in AOAs show chemical signatures similar to those observed for spinel- or melilite-bearing regions but with lower refractory element and higher Mg and Si contents, supporting the idea that the patches formed by reaction between CAI-like material and Mg–Si-rich gas. Different trace element patterns (Group II and non-Group II refractory) are sometimes found for Al-rich regions (Ca-pyroxene + anorthite, or melilite-bearing) in a given AOA, suggesting that AOAs agglomerated from materials that formed under different conditions and that they did not subsequently homogenize. AOAs appear to have originated in a system with near-canonical solar composition and a low pressure gas (∼10−6–10−4 bar) over a range of temperatures (mainly ∼1200–1384 K) under somewhat non-equilibrium conditions. Relative to predicted equilibrium condensates, most AOAs show an apparent paucity of metal, possibly reflecting differential, density-dependent sorting between olivine and metal grains during aggregate formation. Trace element data are consistent with a simple model involving melting and igneous fractionation of AOA-like olivine to produce Type I chondrule olivine, but other data suggest that open-system melting of chondrules occurred in a different gaseous environment than that which produced AOAs.
Device reliability study of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors under high gate and channel electric fields via low frequency noise spectroscopy

A set of different short term stress conditions are applied to AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors and changes in the electronic behaviour of the gate stack and channel region are investigated by simultaneous gate and drain current low frequency noise measurements. Permanent degradation of gate current noise is observed during high gate reverse bias stress which is linked to defect creation in the gate edges. In the channel region a permanent degradation of drain noise is observed after a relatively high drain voltage stress in the ON-state. This is attributed to an increase in the trap density at the AlGaN/ GaN interface under the gated part of the channel. It was found that self-heating alone does not cause any permanent degradation to the channel or gate stack. OFF-state stress also does not affect the gate stack or the channel.
Nonlinear Interaction Force Analysis of Microcantilevers Utilized in Atomic Force Microscopy

This paper presents an Euler-Bernoulli microcantilever beam model utilized in non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) systems. A distributed-parameters modeling is considered for such system. The motions of the microcantilever are studied in a general Cartesian coordinate with an excitation at the base such that beam end with a tip mass is subject to a general force. This general force comprising of two attractive and repulsive parts with high power terms is taken as the atomic intermolecular one which has a relation with the displacement between the tip mass and the surface such that the total general force will be in the form of an implicit nonlinear equation. It is most desired to observe the effects of the base excitation in high frequencies on the tip van der Waals interaction force. Hence, the general force will produce a peak in the FFT spectrum corresponding to the frequency of the base.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Self-Trapping with Picosecond Light Pulses

Molecular mechanisms in liquids, which are responsible for the self-trapping of small-scale filaments of light, have been tested with regard to inertial response. Picosecond light pulses are found to self-trap even in viscous liquids and rigid glass where linear and rotational diffusional motions are frozen out. This and other evidence based on the characteristics of these filaments supports a molecular electronic distortion mechanism.
A cremophor-free formulation for tanespimycin (17-AAG) using PEO-b-PDLLA micelles: Characterization and pharmacokinetics in rats

ABSTRACT Tanespimycin (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin or 17-AAG) is a promising heat shock protein 90 inhibitor currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Despite its selective mechanism of action on cancer cells, 17-AAG faces challenging issues due to its poor aqueous solubility, requiring formulation with Cremophor EL (CrEL) or ethanol (EtOH). Therefore, a CrEL-free formulation of 17-AAG was prepared using amphiphilic diblock micelles of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly( d,l -lactide) (PEO- b -PDLLA). Dynamic light scattering revealed PEO- b -PDLLA (12:6 kDa) micelles with average sizes of 257 nm and critical micelle concentrations of 350 nM, solubilizing up to 1.5 mg/mL of 17-AAG. The area under the curve (AUC) of PEO- b -PDLLA micelles was 1.3-fold that of the standard formulation. The renal clearance (CL renal ) increased and the hepatic clearance (CL hepatic ) decreased with the micelle formulation, as compared to the standard vehicle. The micellar formulation showed a 1.3-fold increase in the half-life ( t 1/2 ) of the drug in serum and 1.2-fold increase in t 1/2 of urine. As expected, because it circulated longer in the blood, we also observed a 1.7-fold increase in the volume of distribution ( V d ) with this micelle formulation compared to the standard formulation. Overall, the new formulation of 17-AAG in PEO- b -PDLLA (12:6 kDa) micelles resulted in a favorable 150-fold increase in solubility over 17-AAG alone, while retaining similar properties to the standard formulation. Our data indicates that the nanocarrier system can retain the pharmacokinetic disposition of 17-AAG without the need for toxic agents such as CrEL and EtOH.
TU‐B‐L100F‐01: Managing Patient Dose and Personnel Protection in Fluoroscopic Procedures

Fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures continue to grow both in numbers and in complexity. When individual procedures are clinically justified, their performance should be optimized to minimize the overall (radiogenic and non radiogenic) risks to both patients and staff. Medical physicists' contributions to this objective are in proportion to their knowledge and understanding of the interventional environment. This lecture will start with an overview of staff radiation safety. It will then emphasize patient radiation management, including the outline of an appropriate clinical program. It will conclude with a brief discussion on QA topics pertinent to interventional fluoroscopy. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the range of risks and benefits associated with interventional fluoroscopy. 2. Establish appropriate staff and patient radiation management programs. 3. Improve the routine physics QA process for interventional fluoroscopes.
Reactions of vinyl and phenyl radicals with ethyne, ethene and benzene

Rates of vinylation and phenylation of ethyne, ethene and benzene have been determined relative to vinyl recombination in a Knudsen cell flow reactor. Phenylvinylsulfone and divinylmercury were used as radical initiators and studies were done over the temperature range 1000–1330 K. Assuming a recombination rate constant of 1010.3 M−1s−1 for vinyl and 109.5 for phenyl, we obtain the following rate constants (M−1s−1) at 1100 K: k(R=vinyl) k(R=phenyl) R|+C2H2→R−C2H+H| 2.0±.4×108 2.6±.6×108 R|+C2H4→R−C2H3+H| 1.4±.2×108 1.5±.4×108 R|+C6H6→R−C6H5+H| 4.5±1.2×107 6.0±2.0×107 When combined with room temperature addition rates from the literature, we obtain (M−1s−1): k(vinyl+ethyne→vinylacetylene+H)=109.3 exp{−5.0 kcal/RT} k(phenyl+benzene→biphenyl+H)=108.6 exp{−4.0 kcal/RT}