cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Diffusion and Stability in Toroidal Systems

The problems of resistive diffusion and of rotation about the magnetic axis in toroidal systems are considered. They are shown to be related to the question of stability of drift-acoustic waves on which viscosity has an important influence. A nonrotating state is always unstable, but if the appropriate criterion is satisfied, there are stable rotating states for which an enhanced diffusion is calculated.
Social media: fad or tool? What motivates college faculty to utilise Web 2.0 and 3.0 technologies in the classroom?

Why do professors use social media in the classroom? Social media is pervasive in society, but does that mean it should be pervasive in the classroom? Are professors succumbing to pressures for relevance and 'glamour' or do they rather think that social media adds pedagogical value? We analysed the motivations and intentions of almost 250 faculty members of a mid–sized university as they chose to use, or not use, social media and web tools in classes. Six factors were found to influence the faculty members' decisions to use these tools in teaching. Two factors, perceived risks, and teaching readiness, seem to inhibit social media utilisation by college faculty. The other four factors interact to create strong motivation for adopting Web 2.0 and 3.0 technologies. The most important motivating factor is self–perceived readiness to use social media. This factor predicts both current and future use. Implications of this study are discussed, including pedagogical applications, and future research directions.
Pfaffian bundles and the Ising model

On developpe un formalisme pfaffien en volume infini pour le modele d'Ising. On etablit une relation entre le formalisme pfaffien pour le modele d'Ising et le formalisme de la matrice de transfert
Programmed cell death, apoptosis and killer genes

A cursory examination of the literature reveals that the study of programmed cell death and apoptosis is increasing exponentially. Most contributors to this field have come either from developmental biology or immunology and view programmed cell death from different perspectives, leading both to confusion and an inability to fully appreciate the literature from other disciplines. Here, Lawrence Schwartz and Barbara Osborne define the terms and ideas relevant to the study of cell death in a way that will be accessible to investigators from all fields.
Incorporation of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids into L cell phospholipids under normal conditions and during infection with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

Abstract Spinner cultures of L cells in serum-free medium containing 40 μg/ml of oleic (C 18:1 ), linoleic (C 18:2 ), or linolenic (C 18:3 ) acid produced greater cell populations than control cell cultures. Incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by L cells altered the phospholipid fatty acid composition of the cells. There was an increase in the weight percentage of the acid incorporated and of the elongated acyl chains formed from the incorporated acid. The oleic acid content was reduced during incorporation. Infection of L cells with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus resulted in an inhibition of the incorporation of C 18:3 and its elongation products into cellular phospholipids. The reduction in oleic acid content during incorporation was similarly inhibited.
TEM DATA RETRIEVAL FOR COMPUTER ELECTRON MICROGRAPH PROCESSING

been recovered at levels below about 20A.The failure to realize the full resolvingpotential of the electron microscope withbi_,,.>gical specimens results from threebasic problems: (1) methods for the prep-aration of biological specimens which aresatisfactory for very high resolution arevirtually, nonexistent; (2) the interrogation ofa biological specimen by the electron beaminduces reactions in the specimen and be-tween the specimen and residual gases in thevacuum system resulting in rapid structuralchanges thereby limiting the useful informa-tion that can be recovered; and (3) methodscurrently being used do not effectively re-cover and utilize the information deliveredto the image plane in the electron beam.The evaluation of the results of studiesdirected toward the solution of the first two ofthese problems requires a system capable ofproviding a solution to the final one. There-fore, although all three problems are beingpursued concurrently, a major part of oureffort in this program has been directedtoward the development of a satisfactorysystem for the recovery and analysis of theinformation contained in the electron image.This discussion will describe the currentstate of the development of this system.
Phonons and the Properties of a Bose System

In this paper we suggest a new ground-state wave function and low-temperature density matrix for a strongly interacting system of bosons. Our basic assumption is that the system can support long-wavelength phonons and that these can propagate independently of any other mode of motion. We therefore write the ground-state function as the product of two factors. One factor arises from the zero-point motion of the phonons, and we show that it has the form ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{ilj}f({r}_{\mathrm{ij}})$, where $\mathrm{ln}f(r)$ has an infinite range. The other factor is assumed to have this same form but with $\mathrm{ln}f(r)$ of finite range; it takes into account the short-range correlations arising from the strong repulsive part of the interparticle potential. The function we have chosen to represent the short-range correlations is not new; functions of this kind were first introduced by Bijl and later by Jastrow. At finite temperatures we use a density matrix for an ensemble of excited phonon states. We find that for small wave vectors $k$, the structure factor $S(k)$ is equal to $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}k}{2mc}$, a result that was first derived by Feynman. At a finite temperature $T$, $S(k)$ tends to the constant value $\frac{{k}_{B}T}{m{c}^{2}}$, where $m$ is the mass of the particles and $c$ the velocity of propagation of the phonons. The momentum distribution ${n}_{k}$ has a ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ singularity at absolute zero and a stronger, ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ singularity at finite temperatures. The small-$k$ behavior of both $S(k)$ and ${n}_{k}$ is completely controlled by the correlations introduced by the phonons. Both the ground-state function and the density matrix imply that there is a finite fraction of particles in the zero-momentum state in three dimensions; this fraction does not seem to be appreciably affected by the infinite-range correlations introduced by the phonons. We find, however, that these correlations imply that a one-dimensional Bose system does not exhibit Bose-Einstein condensation at any temperature, while a two-dimensional system exhibits Bose-Einstein condensation only at absolute zero.
Biochemical applications of a quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of warfarin and its metabolites.

Abstract A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of warfarin and its diatereoisomeric alcohols and 4′-, 6-, 7-, 8- and benzylic hydroxylated metabolites was accomplished using a reversed-phase, microparticle column (μBondapak/C18) employing 1.5% acetic acid (pH 4.7)-acetonitrile (69:31) as solvent. Concentration of these compounds on the column prior to their elution permitted the loading of 0.01–0.5 ml solutions of warfarin and metabolites without consequent alterations in peak heights and resolution. Details of the use of this technique in the study of R and S warfarin metabolism by hepatic mixed function oxidases and in the determination of warfarin and its metabolites in blood are presented.
Geographic sensitivity of fine particle mass to emissions of SO2 and NOx

An air quality model, URM-1ATM, was used to investigate tendencies in fine particle (PM2.5) species in response to changes in SO2 and NOx emissions in the eastern United States. The model employed the decoupled direct method (DDM) to estimate sensitivities without the need for multiple model runs for different emissions species and geographic regions. The baseline for sensitivities was emissions projected to 2010. Principal geographic regions investigated were east of the Mississippi River, although the contribution of a region to the immediate west of the river was also included in the study. Sensitivities to emissions changes from point sources (SO2 and NOx) and low-level sources (NOx) were computed. PM2.5 species examined were sulfate, organic carbon, and nitrate as well as total fine mass. Results for the midwest, mid-Atlantic, and southeast regions indicated that those regions affect their own aerosol levels the most. Aerosols in the northeast were most strongly linked to emissions from the midwest a...
Social stratification across three generations : New evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

While two-generation studies provide important insights into how social and economic advantages and disadvantages are passed from one generation to the next, much less attention has been paid to stratification over three or more generations. In a regression analysis of several thousand parents who graduated from Wisconsin high schools in 1957, the authors found that the schooling, occupational status, and income of grandparents have few significant effects on the educational attainment or occupational status of their grand-children when parents' characteristics are controlled. Even when the authors consider both maternal and paternal grandparents and account for errors in variables, the data are not consistent with the hypothesis that grandparents' schooling, occupational statuses or incomes directly affect grandchildren's educational or occupational attainments
Surgical correction of pectus excavatum

Abstract It has been observed that some patients who had correction of funnel chest deformity by methods which failed to provide fixed elevation of the involved sternal segment developed progressive sagging in later years in spite of looking good at the operating table. This has led to the adoption of a new technique of double sternal support. This procedure has resulted in 35 of 37 children (94%) being classified as excellent or satisfactory. This double support was initially established in 1959 by overlapping the upper transsected sternum while maintaining elevation of the lower end with a soft tissue sling of perichondrium and intercostal muscle. Beginning in 1961, a rigid bridge of rib or stainless steel bar was substituted at the lower end of the sternum. This has provided better support and the current preference of using the steel bar has been validated in this group of patients. The few disappointments were related to removal of the bar earlier than desired, failure to excise all the protruding sternal cartilage stumps or rib graft tips and inability to cover the lateral sternal edges with pectoral muscles. If possible, the steel bar should not be removed before 12 mo. When these pitfalls were avoided, the results were almost uniformly excellent. The wisdom of excising all depressed cartilaginous segments, as advocated by Ravitch in 1949, 4 has been substantiated. A submammary transverse incision has provided an excellent cosmetic appearance. The morbidity has been low and the mortality zero. In spite of the absence of objective evidence of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, there seems to be an almost uniform improvement in appearance and in patient activity following successful correction of the funnel chest. The latter may be as much a psychological response as a physiologic one. The low morbidity, satisfactory long term results, and general improvement in the patient's body image and outlook on life indicate the need to offer correction of the severe pectus excavatum deformity to low risk children.
Feasibility and safety of AS-3 red blood cells for neonatal transfusions.

Abstract Objectives: Most extremely low birth weight ( Study design: Two clinical studies were conducted in sequence: (1) a randomized trial to compare RBC transfusions given as stored (≤42 days) AS-3 RBCs (11 infants) versus fresh (≤7 days) citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine RBCs (10 infants) and (2) a subsequent evaluation of the safety of stored AS-3 RBCs in 33 additional preterm infants given 120 AS-3 RBC transfusions. Results: Results of both the randomized study and the subsequent evaluation documented that AS-3 RBCs stored ≤42 days and transfused in small volumes (15 mL/kg) were safe for RBC transfusions of preterm infants. Donor exposure was significantly reduced, clinical transfusion reactions were rare, and post-transfusion blood hematocrit, pH, and plasma Na, K, Ca, lactate, and glucose measurements were similar when AS-3 and citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine RBC transfusions were compared. Conclusions: AS-3 RBCs can be used safely for small-volume RBC transfusions for preterm infants. (J Pediatr 2000;136:215-9)
Identification Of Two Distinct Inactive Conformations Of The Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Reconciles Structural And Biochemical Observations

Understanding the mechanisms of signaling proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) requires definition of their conformational states and the pathways connecting those states. The recent crystal structures of the beta-2 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors in a presumably inactive state constituted a major advance toward this goal, but also raised new questions. Although earlier biochemical observations had suggested that the beta adrenergic receptors possessed a set of contacts between helices 3 and 6, known as the ionic lock, which was believed to form a molecular switch for receptor activation, the crystal structures lacked these contacts. The unexpectedly broken ionic lock has provoked a great deal of speculation, raising questions about whether the structures accurately represent the inactive receptor state and whether the ionic lock plays a role in activation of these and other GPCRs. To address these questions, we performed microsecond-timescale molecular dynamics simulations of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor in multiple wild-type and mutant forms. Our observations of the behavior of the ionic lock, along with the formation of several novel structural elements in the extramembrane loops during our simulations, paint a more complete picture of the inactive state of the beta adrenergic receptors, reconciling the crystal structures with biochemical studies.
Motive attribution asymmetry for love vs. hate drives intractable conflict

Five studies across cultures involving 661 American Democrats and Republicans, 995 Israelis, and 1,266 Palestinians provide previously unidentified evidence of a fundamental bias, what we term the “motive attribution asymmetry,” driving seemingly intractable human conflict. These studies show that in political and ethnoreligious intergroup conflict, adversaries tend to attribute their own group’s aggression to ingroup love more than outgroup hate and to attribute their outgroup’s aggression to outgroup hate more than ingroup love. Study 1 demonstrates that American Democrats and Republicans attribute their own party’s involvement in conflict to ingroup love more than outgroup hate but attribute the opposing party’s involvement to outgroup hate more than ingroup love. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrate this biased attributional pattern for Israelis and Palestinians evaluating their own group and the opposing group’s involvement in the current regional conflict. Study 4 demonstrates in an Israeli population that this bias increases beliefs and intentions associated with conflict intractability toward Palestinians. Finally, study 5 demonstrates, in the context of American political conflict, that offering Democrats and Republicans financial incentives for accuracy in evaluating the opposing party can mitigate this bias and its consequences. Although people find it difficult to explain their adversaries’ actions in terms of love and affiliation, we suggest that recognizing this attributional bias and how to reduce it can contribute to reducing human conflict on a global scale.
Chronic disease long-term drug prevention trials: lessons from the Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT).

Abstract A randomized trial is a randomized trial. The basic ingredients do not change with different purposes whether for treatment or prevention of disease. Likewise, the problems and difficulties are mostly the same. But there are differences in approach and philosophy. Here we discuss problems in trials focused on healthy people to determine whether drugs can delay or prevent adverse health events, with the Alzheimer’s Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT) as an example. An important difference separating treatment trials from prevention trials is the length of time needed to demonstrate a difference with treatment. Related to this is the risk-benefit calculus of the trial. Treatment trials are aimed at “curing” or ameliorating disease, for example, as with trials involving people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia to determine whether treatment is useful in dealing with the AD-induced dementia. Like other treatment trials, those targeting AD dementia balance these benefits against the risks of treatment. But by contrast, benefit in prevention trials, if any, will be found only in the absence or delay in disease onset, often after years of continuous treatment. As in ADAPT, the separation in timing of risk versus benefit often brings difficult decisions about how long to continue the trial in the absence of any apparent benefit to treatment. Other difficulties similarly relate to the length of prevention trials. In hopes that some lessons learned from ADAPT will assist future prevention trials, especially in the elderly, we describe several conundrums and problems experienced in this trial and attempt when possible to extend our observations to the larger class of long-term drug prevention trials.
Feathers with Ocular Architecture: Implications for Functional and Evolutionary Similarities of Visual Signals and Receptors

Studies of visual receptors typically assume that only functionally similar structures are relevant to the evolution of complex eyes. This approach ignores growing evidence that different functional classes of organs often share structural and developmental patterns that pertain to biological sameness (deep homology). However, the potential relevance of non-receptor structures to eye evolution remains largely unexplored. An “ocular” feather color mechanism is described whose structural and optical features resemble those of chambered, image-forming eyes to a remarkable degree. These similarities include a laterally expanded, domed light receiving surface similar to that of an eye, an encapsulated spongy tissue mass whose coherent light scattering properties in the human-visible (destructive) and ultraviolet (constructive) wavelength ranges resemble those of cornea and lens, intervening spaces such as those with humors, and a laminar pigmented shelf whose structure and optics resemble a mirrored tapetum lucidum found behind many retinas. Fourier analysis and optical principles indicate that ocular structures adhere to the same light-handling properties regardless of higher function (receptor or signal). The extent to which chambered eyes and ocular feathers have evolved independently is surprisingly equivocal. On the one hand, broad differences in the location, composition, and development of chambered eyes and ocular feather signals suggest convergent evolution on an ocular organization. However, some level of evolutionary parallelism (generative homology) between chambered eyes and ocular feathers is implicated by similarities in constructional materials, tissue development, and signal transduction cascades. Structural, optical, and developmental similarities also occur between more primitive eyes and the colored dermal papillae responsible for avian skin ornamentation. Functional constraints on light-handling requirements, coupled with developmental constraints in high-stress environments on the body surface, may enhance the similar evolutionary outcomes in the different functional setting. Regardless of the mechanistic details, repeated evolution of eye-like structures in different functional settings reveals a biological potential to produce such organs that is much greater than would be inferred from a survey of receptor structures alone.
Literature, History, Periodization, and the Pleasures of the Latin Literary History of Late Antiquity

This survey aims to look back on, and to serve as an invitation to, the study of the Latin literature of Late Antiquity. While Late Antiquity has now emerged and been validated as an important subject for historians, the same cannot be said for philologists, literary historians, and literary critics. Paradigms of decadence, degeneration, and decline still reign in the minds of many classicists (from whose ranks many ‘late antiques’ will ultimately be recruited), while many historians who come to Late Antiquity from the Middle Ages will remain just that, namely historians, and may not have the chance to acquire the linguistic formation to study Late Antique texts closely; perhaps not even the will to do so, for the study of medieval history through literary texts (as opposed to documents) is comparatively recent.1 The classical canon is restrictive, excluding, as it does, Christian and Jewish texts. The available larger scale literary histories may not be doing much to make scholars want to read texts from the late 2nd through the 7th century. They range from the dismissive acceleration through ‘fly-over’ territory to the learned, objective, exhaustive, but dry. From the early 20th century the effete and decadent Des Esseintes's Late Latin reading list in Huysmans's A rebours still seems rather more stimulating. A much broader, but gradual approach, acknowledging that one cannot do everything, will ultimately be most constructive. Late Antiquity has an enormous amount of new and emerging material for study as well as great and complicated old problems to contemplate. Special pleasures include the study of the literary history of specific provinces, learning to work with hagiography, reading ‘substandard’ Latin (including papyrological and epigraphic texts), contemplating the long trajectory of the evolution from Latin to Romance, reading authors with highly distinctive voices, learning to love exegesis, and more. Self-identification as ‘textual’ rather than purely ‘literary’ specialists is particularly empowering.
Identification Through Heteroskedasticity

This paper develops a method for solving the identification problem that arises in simultaneous-equation models. It is based on the heteroskedasticity of the structural shocks. For simplicity, I consider heteroskedasticity that can be described as a two-regime process and show that the system is just identified. I discuss identification under general conditions, such as more than two regimes, when common unobservable shocks exist, and situations in which the nature of the heteroskedasticity is misspecified. Finally, I use this methodology to measure the contemporaneous relationship between the returns on Argentinean, Brazilian, and Mexican sovereign bonds—a case in which standard identification methodologies do not apply.
Concomitant beating-heart mitral valve surgery and coronary artery bypass in patients with compromised ventricular function.

BACKGROUND : Surgical repair of mitral valve disease and concomitant coronary artery occlusive disease has high operative risk. Myocardial protection for protracted, complicated procedures is seminal to the overall operative outcome; specifically, preservation of left ventricular function. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective review of 25 patients undergoing combined mitral valve repair/replacement (MVR) and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) using the beating-heart technique at the Miller/University of Miami School of Medicine. The CABG was performed without cardiopulmonary bypass support. During the mitral valve surgery the perfusion pressure was maintained at 80-90 mm Hg and the systemic temperature at 35-36oC. The aorta was not cross-clamped. RESULTS : Twenty-five patients underwent MVR/CABG, including 7 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Preoperative echocardiograms revealed a mean ejection fraction (EF) of 41 ± 4.5%. One patient required a preoperative intraarterial balloon pump. An average of 2.12 ± 0.9 grafts and a total of 10 mitral valve repairs were performed. The average length of stay in the intensive care unit was 14 ± 1.8 days, and average hospitalization time was 23 ± 3. The mean postoperative EF was 41 ± 4.5%. The mortality in this patient group was 12 % (3/25) with a morbidity rate of 52% (13/25). CONCLUSIONS : The data suggest that the technique is safe and reproducible, and that it potentially has a short-term benefit on left ventricular function. Therefore, this particular technique may be efficacious in patients with compromised left ventricular function requiring a combined MVR/CABG.
Concerning the transformations of Ti3Ir alloy during high-energy ball-milling

Abstract Thermodynamically stable Ti 3 Ir with the Cr 3 Si (A15)-type crystal structure can gradually be transformed into a metastable Ti 3 Ir alloy with a bcc crystal structure by high-energy ball-milling for 12.5 h. The long-term ball-milling for up to 112 h, however, is accompanied by a solid-state reaction between Ti 3 Ir and the vial material leading to the formation of a nano-crystalline or amorphous MgZn 2 -type phase with the Ti(Fe 1.85 Ir 0.15 ) stoichiometry and a micro-crystalline thermodynamically stable CsCl-type phase. Both the CsCl- and MgZn 2 -type phases were obtained in the crystalline form after annealing ball-milled Ti 3 Ir. Properties of the A15 Ti 3 Ir alloy changed considerably after ball-milling. The superconducting transition observed in the original A15 alloy at ∼4.3 K no longer exists in the ball-milled material. The electrochemically determined hydrogen storage capacity of the ball-milled alloy also decreases in comparison to the A15 material from 269 to 104 mAh/g. On the contrary, the electrochemical discharge capacity of Ti 3 Ir increases from 45 to 104 mAh/g after ball-milling.
A new method for overhead drilling

In the construction sector, overhead drilling into concrete or metal ceilings is a strenuous task associated with shoulder, neck and back musculoskeletal disorders due to the large applied forces and awkward arm postures. Two intervention devices, an inverted drill press and a foot lever design, were developed then compared to the usual method by construction workers performing their normal overhead drilling activities (n = 14). While the intervention devices were rated as less fatiguing than the usual method, their ratings on usability measures were worse than the usual method. The study demonstrates that the intervention devices can reduce fatigue; however, additional modifications are necessary in order to improve usability and productivity. Devices designed to improve workplace safety may need to undergo several rounds of field testing and modification prior to implementation.
Compromising Bayesianism: a plea for indeterminacy

Jack Good reports in one of his papers that in 1947 he had a nonmonetary bet with M.S. Bartlett that the predominant philosophy of statistics one century later would be Bayesian. By 1979, Good modified his forecast. He then suggested that the predominant philosophy of statistics would be a Bayes-non-Bayes synthesis or compromise (Good, 1979). presumably the basis both for the original forecast and its updated revision had less to do with extrapolations from trends then discernible in the thinking of his colleagues than with his optimistic assessment that Good thinking is the wave of the future together with his privileged relation to the source of this inspiration. Good’s predictions appear to be borne out to a considerable degree. Bayesianism has not silenced its critics among statisticians or philosophers who think about probability, induction and statistics. Still the contrast between the status of Bayesian ideas in the 1940’s and now is astounding. More interesting yet, however, is the fact that even as the friends of Bayesianism multiply, there is also growing sympathy for ideas which are reminiscent of what Jack seems to have in mind by a Bayes-nonBayes compromise. Perhaps the major impetus for Good’s quest for Bayes-non-Bayes compromises derives from the extremely demanding character of Bayesian ideals of rational belief, valuation and choice when it comes to applications. We cannot be expected to represent our probability assignments to hypotheses by precisely specified real numbers. The same applies to our utility judgements. Furthermore, Bayesian modelling of realistic situations often requires a complexity of structure which renders solutions to statistical decision problems difficult because of the costs of computation and, indeed, often because of the lack of computational techniques for any price. Worshippers in the Bayesian temple must, perforce, compromise the principles of the true church when facing the real world. Good was always sensitive to this point. Even when he was one of the lonely voices speaking out for a Bayesian point of view, he was thinking about ways and means to address questions about the application of Bayesian ideals. His discussions
Limited multiplication of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cell cultures

SummaryQuantitative determinations have revealed significant multiplication of M. lepraemurium in explanted spleen cells which had been infected in vivo; also in the L strain of mouse fibrocytes infected in vitro, provided the metabolism of the latter was altered by means of hydrocortisone. During periods of 8–10 days, the rate of multiplication closely approximated the maximal rates observed in susceptible animals.
Productive Lifespan of Bull Progeny Groups: Failure Time Analysis

Abstract For genetic parameters herd lives of 587,013 Holstein cows recorded in Dairy Herd Improvement were analyzed by paternal half-sister analysis and Cox regression models. Length of life was duration in days between birth and failure or censoring. Failure was defined in two ways; first was death or sale for beef as determined from codes of condition affecting record, and second was failure defined by the first criterion or disappearance of a cow from a herd while the herd was on test. Censoring occurred when a cow did not fail. Failures were 227,091 by first and 449,325 by second definitions. Heritabilities for hypothetical transformation of uncensored herd life were .13 and .06 for first and second definitions of failure. Herd life seemed to have positive genetic relationships with yields in first lactations and stayability for both definitions of failure. However, herd life by first definition had closer relation with yield. Herd life from second definition had closer relation with stayability. Neither measure of herd life had any genetic relationship with overall measure of type. Herd life from second definition had no clear genetic trend. Herd life from first definition had only a marginal positive trend.
A knowledge plane as a pricing mechanism for aggregate, user-centric utility maximization

This paper proposes pricing user centric requirements as a potential role for the Knowledge Plane. Assuming elastic users capable of modifying their behavior in response to the pricing signals, this approach may result in optimal resource allocation without necessity for the users to acquire detailed information on the network state as well as advanced knowledge of the user requirements by the network.
Making the Lead Teacher Concept Work: The Southeastern Teacher Leadership Center

(1992). Making the Lead Teacher Concept Work: The Southeastern Teacher Leadership Center. Teaching Education: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 43-49.
Dissociation of carbonic acid: Gas phase energetics and mechanism from ab initio metadynamics simulations

A comprehensive metadynamics study of the energetics, stability, conformational changes, and mechanism of dissociation of gas phase carbonic acid, H2CO3, yields significant new insight into these reactions. The equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies, and conformer energies calculated using the density functional theory are in good agreement with the previous theoretical predictions. At 315 K, the cis-cis conformer has a very short life time and transforms easily to the cis-trans conformer through a change in the O=C-O-H dihedral angle. The energy difference between the trans-trans and cis-trans conformers is very small (approximately 1 kcal/mol), but the trans-trans conformer is resistant to dissociation to carbon dioxide and water. The cis-trans conformer has a relatively short path for one of its hydroxyl groups to accept the proton from the other end of the molecule, resulting in a lower activation barrier for dissociation. Comparison of the free and potential energies of dissociation shows that the entropic contribution to the dissociation energy is less than 10%. The potential energy barrier for dissociation of H2CO3 to CO2 and H2O from the metadynamics calculations is 5-6 kcal/mol lower than in previous 0 K studies, possibly due to a combination of a finite temperature and more efficient sampling of the energy landscape in the metadynamics calculations. Gas phase carbonic acid dissociation is triggered by the dehydroxylation of one of the hydroxyl groups, which reorients as it approaches the proton on the other end of the molecule, thus facilitating a favorable H-O-H angle for the formation of a product H2O molecule. The major atomic reorganization of the other part of the molecule is a gradual straightening of the O=C=O bond. The metadynamics results provide a basis for future simulation of the more challenging carbonic acid-water system.
Carbon-to-Metal Hydrogen Atom Transfer: Direct Observation Using Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

We report the direct spectroscopic observation of hydrogen atom transfer reactions from carbon to metals, in which homolytic cleavage of a C−H bond is accomplished at a single metal center. Laser flash photolysis (355 nm) of a solution of [Cp(CO)2Os]2 leads to homolysis of the Os−Os bond and formation of the osmium-centered radical, Cp(CO)2Os•, as observed by time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy. DFT computations on Cp(CO)2Os• support this assignment. Continuous photolysis (λ > 300 nm) of [Cp(CO)2Os]2 in the presence of excess 1,4-cyclohexadiene produces the osmium hydride Cp(CO)2OsH. The kinetics of this carbon-to-metal hydrogen atom transfer were examined by TRIR spectroscopy. The second-order rate constant for hydrogen atom transfer from 1,4-cyclohexadiene to Cp(CO)2Os• in hexane at 23 °C is kH = (2.1 ± 0.2) × 106 M-1 s-1. The pKa of Cp(CO)2OsH was determined as 32.7 in CH3CN, and use of a thermochemical cycle provided an estimated lower limit of 82 kcal/mol for the Os−H bond dissociation energy,...
Fetal Renal Growth as Assessed Through Renal Parenchymal Area Derived From Prenatal and Perinatal Ultrasonography

ABSTRACTPurpose: Few quantitative parameters allow for comparison of serial studies in children with prenatally detected genitourinary abnormalities. We establish the first ultrasonographically based fetal renal parenchymal growth curve that could serve as a standard for fetal renal growth assessment.Materials and Methods: Longitudinal ultrasounds of 246 normal fetal kidneys from 16 to 38 weeks of gestation were scanned with renal parenchymal area calculated and growth curves plotted. Our previously determined nomogram from birth to adolescence was then combined with this fetal nomogram to produce a composite renal growth curve. Data were plotted as mean parenchymal area ± 2 SD using lines determined by polynomial regression.Results: Renal growth curves were constructed independently for the right and left fetal kidneys as well as the total fetal renal parenchymal area. The polynomial regression equation for the right renal parenchymal area was y = −0.0076x2 + 0.7141x − 8.5344 (r2 = 0.91). The polynomial ...
Model Development for Integrated Hybrid Electric Vehicle Dynamic Stability Systems

This study expanded an existing full car dynamic model (HVOSM.VD2) to enable simulation of electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles with integrated vehicle stability systems. A prototype range extending series hybrid vehicle was constructed with independent front wheel drives. A hybrid vehicle stability assist (VSA) algorithm was developed to perform proportional control of yaw rate through left/right distribution of front motor torques while simultaneously blending anti-lock braking and traction control with electric drive within hybrid system power limits. The new model, Hybrid Electric Vehicle Dynamic Environment, Virtual (HEVDEV), was used to simulate the hybrid VSA safety system in the prototype. Skid pad testing was performed to validate HEVDEV simulations of steady state turning behavior and develop hybrid VSA control parameters. Further simulations predicted successful hybrid VSA performance during step-steer and braking-in-a-turn dynamic maneuvers. Conclusions were made about hybrid VSA and vehicle component specifications.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The complexity of elastic fibre biogenesis in the skin – a perspective to the clinical heterogeneity of cutis laxa

Elastic fibres are critical connective tissue components providing elasticity and resilience to skin and other tissues. These fibres are composed of elastin and a number of elastin-associated microfibrillar proteins that assemble in a complex fibre network in a multi-step process. Multiple cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, specific molecules in the secretory pathways and temporally and spatially ordered production of elastic fibre components, are required for the biogenesis of functional elastic fibres. Abnormalities in these processes can lead to loss of functional elastic fibres manifesting phenotypically as a skin disease. The paradigm of elastic fibre diseases affecting the skin is cutis laxa, a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by loose and sagging skin, frequently associated with extracutaneous manifestations in the lungs and the arterial blood vessels. The complexity of cutis laxa is emphasized by the fact that as many as 10 distinct genes can harbour mutations in this and related disorders. Understanding of the pathomechanistic pathways involved in perturbed elastic fibre assembly in cutis laxa provides information potentially helpful for the development of molecular strategies towards treatment of these, currently intractable, diseases.
Impact of different classes of supersymmetric models on rare B decays, B0-B0 mixing and CP-violation

Abstract We analyze how different classes of supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model can affect radiative B decays, B 0 - B 0 mixing and CP-violation in nonleptonic as well as semileptonic B decays. We include radiative QCD corrections that typically provide sizeable enhancements for ΔB = 2 operators, adopt values of 100–150 GeV for gluino and squark masses and incorporate constraints provided by ϵk and B d - B d mixing to obtain the following results: (i) BR(b → sγ) can be enhanced over the Standard Model prediction up to the present tentative “experimental” bound. (ii) The rate of B s - B d mixing can be enhanced such that even x(mBs) ⪢ 10 becomes conceivable. (iii) CP asymmetries of order 10–50% can arise in the KM favoured Bs → ψφ mode. (iv) The pattern expected within the Standard Model for CP asymmetries in Bd → ψ Ks vs. Bd → π+ π− vs. Bs → φϱ etc. decays can be modified in a significant way. (v) CP-violation in semileptonic B0 decays could reach the 1% level.
Effect of repeat acute injury on contractile function of the external anal sphincter in an animal model

Our aim was to estimate the physiologic effects of early repeat transection and repair on the contractile properties of the external anal sphincter (EAS) in a rat model. Eighty young female rats underwent anal sphincter transection and repair. After 7 days, they were randomized to repeat sphincter transection (injury–injury, n = 40) or sham operation (injury–sham, n = 40). Thereafter, the anal sphincter complex was dissected, mounted, and analyzed for contractile function 7 days, 21 days, 3 months, or 6 months after the second operation. Contractile function was also determined in 40 age-matched unoperated controls (n = 10 for each time point). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey–Kramer adjustment for multiple testing. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Although single injury (injury–sham) resulted in modest compromise of sphincter function, repeat injury (injury–injury) resulted in profound impairment of twitch tension, maximal tetanic responses, and maximal electrical-field stimulation (EFS) induced-force generation at 7 days. After single injury, parameters of contractile function returned to baseline uninjured levels by 21 days. In contrast, sphincter function remained reduced 21 days after repeat injury. Contractile function of sphincters from both injury–sham and injury–injury animals were no longer impaired at 3 and 6 months. In this animal model, repeat injury and repair of the EAS 7 days after the initial injury resulted in prolonged compromise of EAS function compared with single injury. Nevertheless, contractile function of the double-injured sphincter fully recovered with time, resulting in no long-term impairment.
Electron density analysis of the wittig reaction between methylenephosphorane and formaldehyde

Abstract The existence of two oxaphosphetanes in the reaction of methylenephosphorane with formaldehyde is confirmed at the 3-21G* basis-set level. Bonds to phosphorus are generally shorter than when optimized without polarization functions. Projected electron densities are computed and integrated spatial electron populations (ISEP) are obtained for various fragments and compared during the course of reaction.
Frequency-dependent electrophysiologic effects of d,l-sotalol and quinidine and modulation by beta-adrenergic stimulation.

Frequency-Dependent Effects of Sotalol and Quinidine. Introduction: Frequency-dependent electrophysiologic actions of oral quinidine and oral sotalol may be clinically important, but these properties and their modulation by beta-adrenergic sympathetic stimulation have not been determined. Methods and Results: The frequency-dependent effects of oral quinidine (n = 17) and oral d,I-sotalol (n = 17) were determined at: (1) drug-free baseline; (2) during steady-state drug dosing; and (3) during isoproterenol infusion to patients receiving quinidine or d,I-sotalol. The monophasic APD90 and RVKRP were prolonged 12% to 17% (P < 0.001) during pharmacologic therapy, and frequency-dependent effects were only observed for the RVERP during sotalol. In both drug groups, isoproterenol significantly reduced the sinus cycle length and reduced the RVERP to a greater extent at longer than at shorter paced cycle lengths. While isoproterenol fully reversed quinidine's effects on the APD90 and RVERP, sotalol-induced APD90 prolongation was reduced by only 2% to 4%, and the RVERP was unaffected. Isoproterenol attenuated the frequency-dependent effects of quinidine on QRS duration by a relatively fixed amount of 7% to 10%. Isoproterenol fully reversed quinidine-induced, but did not affect sotalol- induced, prolongation in the sustained VT cycle length. Conclusions: (1) Over the range of examined cycle lengths, oral quinidine and d,I-sotalol did not exert frequency-dependent effects on ventricular repolarization. (2) Isoproterenol fully reversed quinidine's effects on refractoriness, repolarization, and prolongation of VT cycle length, whereas d,I-sotalol effects were largely preserved, despite significant reductions in sinus cycle length. (3) These results suggest that beta-blockade is important in preventing reversal of antiarrhythmic drug effects by augmented sympathetic nervous system tone.
Structural properties of SiO2 in the stishovite structure.

In addition to the familiar family of fourfold-coordinated polymorphs, silica exists in sixfold-coordinated structures, among which stishovite is the most important one. Here we predict the lattice parameters and structural properties of stishovite using two approaches: direct quantum-mechanical calculations and classical interatomic potentials. Our quantum-mechanical calculations are based on ``soft'' pseudopotentials constructed using the local-density approximation. For the interatomic potential calculations, we have used a recently developed two-body potential extracted from Hartree-Fock self-consistent calculations of the total energy of silica clusters. The results of these two types of calculations are compared and contrasted. Unlike similar comparisons for fourfold-coordinated polymorphs, we find that both approaches agree very well with experimental data. We attribute this difference to fewer internal degrees of freedom in stishovite. Angular, or many-body forces play a less significant role in this structure as contrasted to open structures such as quartz.
Impact of cooking and home food preparation interventions among adults: outcomes and implications for future programs

Objective Cooking programs are growing in popularity; however, an extensive review has not examined their overall impact. Therefore, this study reviewed previous research on cooking/home food preparation interventions and diet and health-related outcomes among adults and identified implications for practice and research. Design Literature review and descriptive summative method. Main Outcome Measures Dietary intake, knowledge/skills, cooking attitudes and self-efficacy/confidence, health outcomes. Analysis Articles evaluating the effectiveness of interventions that included cooking/home food preparation as the primary aim (January, 1980 through December, 2011) were identified via Ovid MEDLINE, Agricola, and Web of Science databases. Studies grouped according to design and outcomes were reviewed for validity using an established coding system. Results were summarized for several outcome categories. Results Of 28 studies identified, 12 included a control group with 6 as nonrandomized and 6 as randomized controlled trials. Evaluation was done postintervention for 5 studies, pre- and postintervention for 23, and beyond postintervention for 15. Qualitative and quantitative measures suggested a positive influence on main outcomes. However, nonrigorous study designs, varying study populations, and the use of nonvalidated assessment tools limited stronger conclusions. Conclusions and Implications Well-designed studies are needed that rigorously evaluate long-term impact on cooking behavior, dietary intake, obesity and other health outcomes.
Treats and Some Treatments: Responses by Kanter, Pfeffer, Gapper, Hambrick, Mintzberg, and Donaldson to Ghoshal's “Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices”

This section introduces several commentaries on a paper by Sumantra Ghoshal published in this issue of Academy of Management Learning & Education which argues that academic research related to the ...