cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enduring leisure involvement: the importance of personal relationships

In this investigation we sought to explore the properties of enduring leisure involvement from the perspective of campers attending an agricultural encampment and fair in the United States. Using informants' narratives of their experiences, we sought to address the research question: ‘what elements of informants' experience of the fair have sustained their involvement with it throughout their lives?’ It was revealed that informants' experiences at the fair were shared experiences and that their relationships with family and friends were identified as the most important and meaningful elements of their experience. These shared meanings were held by members of informants' immediate social world at the fair and consisted primarily of family and friends staying at their tent. These relationships also provided informants with a sense of their own identities. The 10 days spent at the fair each year allowed informants to reconnect with their family history and maintain their relationships with family and friends.
Patterns of foster care service delivery

Abstract This study explored direct client services provided by one foster care program. A cohort of 44 families was followed for up to 36 months by monitoring the frequency of eight service activity categories (i.e., service planning, therapy, family visits, court hearings, foster child contacts, foster parent contacts, family of origin contacts, collateral contacts) provided by the program's front-line staff. Service activity data recorded by staff on daily time sheets were used to describe the type and frequency of service provided to families between intake and discharge. Findings revealed that service delivery peaked immediately following intake and at regularly scheduled reviews such as the hearing to decide termination of parental rights. Overall, the frequency of foster care services to clients declined over the time that children were in care. Factors associated with the receipt of fewer services were the following: families with young children, relative care placements, placement stability in one foster home, caseworker turnover, and adoption. Race of the birth family was associated with different patterns of service delivery. Overall, the findings suggest that foster care service patterns emerged more from responses to client and system demands than to the program's service model.
Tissue valve replacement of prosthetic heart valves for thromboembolism

Twenty-five patients who had repeated thromboemboli from a prosthetic mitral valve were treated with reoperation using a tissue valve prosthesis. Reoperation was performed an average of 4.0 years after the original valve replacement in 14 men and 11 women, with an average age of 50 (range 35 to 65) years. A stented allograft was used in the first 7 patients and a porcine xenograft in the last 18 patients. There were one hospital death and two late deaths. With the first prosthetic valve there were 66 documented embolic episodes in 101.5 patient years (0.65 embolus/year). Only four embolic episodes in 67.4 patient years (0.059 embolus/year) occurred after tissue valve replacement (P less than 0.001). These results indicate that in patients with recurrent or severe embolization after prosthetic heart valve replacement, rereplacement with a tissue prosthesis can be safely performed and significantly reduces the likelihood that additional embolic episodes will occur.
Compositional analysis of a polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) amorphous CaCO3 phase

Abstract Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) has been of keen interest in the biomimetics field because of recent evidence which suggests it plays an important role in biomineralization. In this report, an in vitro model system is used to examine the composition of an amorphous phase generated by polyanionic process-directing agents, such as the sodium salt of polyaspartic acid (Pasp), which is considered a simple mimic to the proteins associated with calcific biominerals. This additive leads to the formation of a highly hydrated, amorphous mineral precursor to calcium carbonate (CaCO3), referred to as a polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) phase. The precursor phase was collected by centrifugation, and the quantity of precursor phase and the water content were determined. It was found that Pasp promotes and stabilizes the amorphous precursor, which has a composition that steadily changes with time as the polymer and water are excluded. Elemental analysis was used to investigate the role of the polymer in influencing the calcium/carbonate ratio, the water content, and the amount of precursor phase. Raman and ATR–FTIR spectroscopy were used to compare the compositions of the precursor phases generated with different polymeric concentrations. The role of Pasp in generating and stabilizing the ACC precursor phase is discussed.
A polarizable force field of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine based on the classical Drude model for molecular dynamics simulations of lipids.

A polarizable force field of saturated phosphatidylcholine-containing lipids based on the classical Drude oscillator model is optimized and used in molecular dynamics simulations of bilayer and monolayer membranes. The hierarchical parametrization strategy involves the optimization of parameters for small molecules representative of lipid functional groups, followed by their application in larger model compounds and full lipids. The polar headgroup is based on molecular ions tetramethyl ammonium and dimethyl phosphate, the esterified glycerol backbone is based on methyl acetate, and the aliphatic lipid hydrocarbon tails are based on linear alkanes. Parameters, optimized to best represent a collection of gas and liquid properties for these compounds, are assembled into a complete model of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipids that is tested against the experimental properties of bilayer and monolayer membranes. The polarizable model yields average structural properties that are in broad accord with ...
Study of the electronic structure of twelve alkali halide crystals

In this manuscript we use nonrelativistic self-consistent Hartree-Fock theory to compute the electronic structure of twelve alkali halides. Only compounds containing Cs or I are excluded because the author believes that relativistic effects should be included for such compounds. Correlation effects are included by our previously developed methods. The calculations are performed to compare to photoemission-type data. Extensive comparisons to such data are made. In this calculation a new version of the local-orbitals theory is used, and the bands are computed with the use of a modern development of the mixed-basis method.
Violence, Battering, and Psychological Distress Among Women

Descriptive and clinical accounts of wife abuse consistently report a high incidence of depression and anxiety among samples of battered women. However, these studies all suffer from methodological shortcomings such as nonrepresentative samples, small sample size, and lack of comparison groups. This study corrects many of the methodological shortcomings of previous studies and analyzes reports of psychological distress among victims of violence and abuse by examining data from the Second National Family Violence Survey. A national probability sample of 6,002 households comprised this survey. The examination of the effects of violence is based on an analysis of the information provided by 3,002 female respondents who lived with their husband or male partner, or who had been separated from their husband or male partner less than 12 months at the time of the interview. Women who reported experiencing violence and abuse also reported higher levels of moderate and severe psychological distress. Multivariate an...
The pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome : a possible role for hormonal and excitatory neurotransmitter influences in brain development

• Tourette's syndrome (TS) is associated with prominent gender differences in clinical expression, tics with a sexual content, and a stabilization or improvement of symptoms after puberty. It is herein hypothesized that some tics can be viewed as inappropriately expressed (normally inhibited) fragments of primitive motor and vocal programs involved in reproductive activity. The brain regions involved in TS (basal ganglia and limbic system) are proposed to be counterparts in humans of those functioning in primitive reproductive behavior whose development and organization are under sex hormome control. It is further hypothesized that sex hormone action is mediated by excitatory neurotransmitter mechanisms such that an excessive trophic effect occurs early in development and a neurotoxic environment emerges later on. The defective gene in TS is hypothesized to influence these developmental processes. This hypothesis has implications for the investigation of the pathogenesis of TS and for experimental therapeutics of the disorder.
Excited states and photochemistry of saturated molecules. Methylene fluoride

Abstract INDO calculations are carried out on the first few excited states of methylene fluoride. The effect of the level of configuration interaction on predicted state ordering, excited state geometries, and excited state bond energies is discussed.
Submarine groundwater discharge revealed by 228 Ra distribution in the upper Atlantic Ocean

Submarine groundwater discharge, estimated from a 228Ra inventory across the upper Atlantic Ocean, provides a flux of 2–4×1013 m3 yr−1, equivalent to 80–160% of the influx from rivers into the Atlantic Ocean.
Residual deformities after repair of clefts of the lip and palate

Every effort should be made to achieve the best possible results at the time of lip and palate repair. Appropriate and extensive evaluation, short- and long-term planning with optimal timing for each procedure, close cooperation with the members of the craniofacial team, selection of the most appropriate technique(s), careful execution, and close follow-up are prerequisites for success. Additional surgical procedures or revisions are required to improve appearance and function and to manage unfavorable results of previous interventions. Such procedures should be also planned carefully, taking into consideration all aspects of the deformity to provide our patients with superior habilitation.
The Role of the Microbiology Laboratory in Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs

One of the impediments to the success of antimicrobial stewardship is the lack of availability of rapid and sensitive laboratory tests. The last decade has seen an explosion in new technologies that permit, in less than 4 hours, the identification of organisms and their resistance markers. In addition, the use of biomarkers has been explored in algorithms to distinguish infections that require antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology laboratories also contribute to the success of stewardship programs through compilation of aggregate antimicrobial susceptibility data. This article reviews rapid diagnostics, the use of biomarkers, and antibiogram development to antimicrobial stewardship activities and the subsequent impact on patient outcomes.
Gonadotropins induce rapid phosphorylation of the 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein in ovarian granulosa cells

The pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH exert their effects on gonadal target cells, at least in part, through the activation of adenylyl cyclase and the production of the second messenger cAMP. To elucidate further the signal transduction pathways regulating gonadotropin-responsive genes in ovarian granulosa cells, we have investigated the expression of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which mediates many of the effects of cAMP by modulating the transcription of target genes in a cAMP-dependent fashion. In situ hybridization, RNA blot analysis and RT-PCR RNA quantification demonstrated that CREB messenger RNA (mRNA) is expressed at low levels throughout the ovary, and that CREB mRNA levels do not change appreciably after gonadotropin stimulation. Similar results were obtained using immunohistochemistry and Western protein blotting to examine CREB protein in ovaries isolated from immature animals treated with gonadotropins or immunocytochemistry and Western protein blotting to examine the CREB protein in cultured granulosa cells after gonadotropin treatment. In contrast, immunocytochemistry and Western protein blotting using an antipeptide antibody specific to CREB phosphorylated at serine 133 (P-CREB), which is the activated from of the CREB protein, revealed a dramatic increase in the phosphorylated form of CREB within 20 min of gonadotropin treatment of granulosa cells that was transient and was decreased by 60 min after gonadotropin treatment. Stimulation of P-CREB was observed using granulosa cells isolated from immature animals and treated with recombinant human FSH in vitro, or using granulosa cells isolated from immature animals primed with PMSG in vivo and treated with human CG (hCG) in vitro. Stimulation of P-CREB was also observed in ovarian granulosa cells isolated from animals treated with PMSG in vivo. These results indicate that both gonadotropins can induce a rapid and transient phosphorylation of the CREB protein in granulosa cells, leading to the activation of a factor likely to play an important role in the transcription of many gonadotropin-regulated ovarian genes.
Comparison of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Dynamic Full Coefficient and Reduced Order Models Using Modal Analysis (GT2009-60269)

There is a significant disagreement in the literature concerning the proper evaluation of the experimental identification and frequency response of tilting-pad journal bearings (TPJBs) due to shaft excitations. Two linear models for the frequency dependence of TPJBs have been proposed. The first model, the full coefficient or stiffness-damping (KC) model, considers N p tilting pads and two rotor radial motions for N p +2 degrees of freedom. The dynamic reduction of the KC model results in eight frequency-dependent stiffness and damping coefficients. The second model, based on bearing system identification experimental results, employs 12 frequency-independent stiffness, damping, and mass (KCM) coefficients; pad degrees of freedom are not considered explicitly. Experimental data have been presented to support both models. There are major differences in the two approaches. The present analysis takes a new approach of considering pad dynamics explicitly in a state-space modal analysis. TPJB shaft and bearing pad stiffness and damping coefficients are calculated using a well known laminar, isothermal analysis and a pad assembly method. The TPJB rotor and pad KC model eigenvalues and eigen-vectors are then evaluated using state-space methods, with rotor and bearing pad inertias included explicitly in the model. The KC model results are also nonsynchronously reduced to the eight stiffness and damping coefficients and are expressed as shaft complex impedances. The system identification method is then applied to these complex impedances, and the state-space modal analysis is applied to the resulting KCM model. The damping ratios, natural frequencies, and mode shapes from the two bearing representations are compared. Two sample TPJB cases are examined in detail. The analysis indicated that four underdamped modes, two forward and two backward, dominate the rotor response over excitation frequencies from 0 to approximately running speed. The KC model predicts additional nearly critically damped modes primarily involving pad degrees of freedom, which do not exist in the identified KCM model. The KCM model results in natural frequencies that are 63-65% higher than the KC model. The difference in modal damping ratio estimates depends on the TPJB considered; the KCM estimate was 7-17% higher than the KC model. The results indicate that the KCM system identification method results in a reduced order model of TPBJ dynamic behavior, which may not capture physically justifiable results. Additionally, the differences in the calculated system natural frequency and modal damping have potential implications for rotordynamic analyses of flexible rotors.
PROTECTING CULTURAL MONUMENTS AGAINST TERRORISM: A COMMENT

Frey and Rohner (2007) propose that governments credibly commit to reconstruction of cultural monuments, as this would deter terrorist attacks on monuments. We contend that precommitment will serve primarily to redirect terrorist attacks toward non‐replicable targets, possibly leading to loss of human life and physical capital at the expense of protecting monuments. The cost savings from lowering onsite security are minimal, thus funds would need to be redirected from other governmental activities to protect monuments.
Horner-wadsworth-emmons reaction: Use of lithium chloride and an amine for base-sensitive compounds

Abstract A mild olefination procedure, utilizing LiCl and an amine, has been developed for use with base-sensitive aldehydes and phosphonates.
A characterization of a free elementary inverse semigroup

The purpose of this note is to give a characterization of a free inverse semigroup on a singleton set. It will be shown that if B is the bicyclic semigroup, then a certain inverse subsemigroup F of B × B is a free elementary inverse semigroup.
Divisors, measures and critical functions

In [4] we have introduced a new distance between Galois orbits over ℚ. Using generalized divisors, we have extended the notion of trace of an algebraic number to other transcendental quantities. In this article we continue the work started in [4]. We define the critical function for a class of transcendental numbers, that generalizes the notion of minimal polynomial of an algebraic number. Our results extend the results obtained by Popescu et al [5].
What does it mean to be fat, thin, and female in the United States: A review essay

Boskind‐White, Marlene, and William C. White (1983). Bulimarexia: The Binge/Purge Cycle. New York: Norton. Bruch, Hilde (1978). The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa. New York: Vintage. Chemin, Kim (1981). The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness. New York: Harper & Row. Millman, Marcia (1980). Such a Pretty Face: Being Fat in America. New York: Norton. Orbach, Susie (1978). Fat Is a Feminist Issue: The Anti‐Diet Guide to Permanent Weight Loss. New York: Paddington.
Economics weak and strong: Ecological economics and human survival

Mounting evidence suggests that the human impact on the planet is reaching the point where the Earth's ecosystems will not be able to support the level of human occupation. The global economy also seems to be generating income disparities that threaten the social stability of even the most developed economies. Although both these trends are rooted in the operation of the global market economy, standard economics has surprisingly little to offer in the way of policies that might allow us to survive the twenty-first century with our current social and environmental systems intact. This article examines our current predicament from the point of view of neoclassical welfare economics and the alternative framework of ecological economics. We argue that ecological economics, by placing the study of economics squarely within human society and ecosystems, can lead the way to make economics both scientifically credible and policy relevant.
Computational 3D reconstructions by optimization for cryo-electron microscopy

An algorithm for the simultaneous 3-D reconstruction of several types of object, where each type of object may possibly have a rotational symmetry, from 2-D projection images, where for each image the type of object imaged, the projection orientation used to create the image, and the location of the object in the image are unknown, is described. The motivating application is the determination of the 3-D structure of small spherical viruses from cryo electron microscopy images. The algorithm is a maximum likelihood estimator which is computed by expectation maximization (EM). Due to the structure of the statistical model, the maximization step of EM can be easily computed but the expectation step requires 5-D numerical quadrature. The computational burden of the quadratures necessitates parallel computation and three different implementations of two different types of parallelism have been developed using pthreads (for shared memory processors) and MPI (for distributed memory processors). An example applying one of the MPI implementations, running on a 32 node PC cluster, to experimental images of Flock House Virus with comparison to the x-ray crystal diffraction structure of the virus is described.
A combination of iontophoresis and the chelating agent 1, 10 phenanthroline act synergistically as penetration enhancers

The peroxovanadium compound VO(O2)2, 1,10 phenanthroline (bpV (phen)) is capable of lowering blood glucose levels. It is not available in oral form, but it is effective when delivered transdermally. Iontophoresis can significantly reduce the lag time of this response in vivo when compared with passive penetration. To better mimic in vivo insulin release, we explored the effects of various iontophoretic current durations on dermal penetration of bpV(phen). Iontophoretic transport was not related to total applied charge, as steady-state flux was equivalent for current durations ranging from 15 minutes to 9 hours. We hypothesized that the unexpectedly large transport after just 15 minutes of current was caused by an increase in passive penetration of bpV(phen) induced by iontophoresis. Iontophoretic pretreatment with the chelating agent 1,10 phenanthroline increased passive penetration of bpV(phen), whereas neither the nonchelating isomer 1,7 phenanthroline nor the less potent chelator EDTA were effective. The use of 1,10 phenanthroline as a penetration enhancer for other chemicals was examined with the amino acids alanine and leucine. Fifteen minutes of 1,10 phenanthroline iontophoresis enhances alanine transport 11.4-fold over passive, whereas the 1,7 phenanthroline increased transport by a factor of 4.6 and the iontophoretic control of ethanol by 1.9. Surprisingly, phenanthroline did not enhance 3H leucine penetration. The reasons for this selectivity are not clear and warrent further investigation. Overall, the data suggest that chelating agents, specifically 1,10 phenanthroline, may be used as penetration enhancers for the delivery of certain compounds.
Quantitation of radio-ligand binding data using a desk-top calculator in the program mode.

Abstract Quantitation of specific estrogen-binding capacity was facilitated using an inexpensive procedure for the rapid processing of data from radioligand binding measurements from sucrose gradient analyses. Ligand-binding data from each fraction of a gradient were punched into a paper tape in ASCII code and, later, read by a tape reader into an Olivetti Programma 101. Using the total instructional capacity (120 steps) a program was written in symbolic language which describes: (a) the calculation of counting efficiency of the instrument for each fraction, (b) the conversion of counts/minute to disintegrations/minute, (c) the computation of the concentration of [3H]estradiol-17β in each fraction and (d) the summation of the quantity of [3H]estradiol-17β bound by specified regions of the gradient. The program can easily be adapted for use with data generated from separation procedures such as centrifugation, electrophoresis or chromatography in which large number of samples are analysed.
Drifts in penetrant partial molar volumes in glassy polymers due to physical aging

Sorption and dilation measurements on three different glassy polymer materials are reported to characterize the presence of unrelaxed volume and how it is affected by physical aging. Substantial changes in the sorption and dilation due to physical aging were observed for 25.4 μm thick films of Matrimid® and Lexan®, but not significantly for Ultem®. Such effects are more pronounced when the partial molar volume is considered, since the more aged samples showed less sorptive capacity yet more swelling as compared to their unaged counterparts. Experimentally observed trends in the partial molar volume due to physical aging are qualitatively consistent with trends expected based on the idealized dual mode sorption and dilation models. On the other hand, quantitative discrepancies between expected and observed dilation behaviors reveal some limitations associated with the conventional simple interpretation of the model parameters.
Averting Forced Migration in Countries in Transition

Many countries of emigration are in transition from conflict to peace and from authoritarian to democratic governments. Addressing population movements from these countries requires more than economic opportunities; equally important is the establishment of the rule of law, respect for human rights, and, in countries recovering from conflict, reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure and housing. Otherwise, fragile peace and democratization processes can easily break down, creating new waves of forced migrants and hampering efforts towards repatriation and reintegration of already displaced populations. This background paper discusses the nature of forced migration, pointing out that the end of the Cold War has produced new pressures and new opportunities to address these flows. While extremism, particularly rampant nationalism, has provoked massive forced migration in many parts of the world, the changing geopolitical relations has also led to peace settlements in some countries and humanitarian intervention to reduce suffering in others. Addressing forced migration pressures in countries in transition requires comprehensive policy approaches. Four types of best practices are considered in this paper. First, mechanisms to ameliorate the causes of forced movements, including the role that expatriate communities can play in strengthening the rule of law and respect for human rights, particularly minority rights. Second, mechanisms that enhance refugee protection while minimizing abuses of asylum systems, including enhanced respect for the refugee convention, adoption of complementary forms of protection when the refugee convention does not apply, strengthened regional protection, and the establishment of in–country processing of refugee claims. Third, mechanisms to resolve the longer–term status of forced migrants, including decisions on when to cease refugee status and temporary protection and encourage/permit return or integration. Fourth, mechanisms for more effective repatriation when return is possible, particularly programs to help returnees reintegrate and communities reconstruct themselves.
Income-contingent student loans: Context, potential and limits

Government reliance on student borrowing in financing postsecondary education varies greatly among countries. Nevertheless, some of the problems encountered, such as competing demands on public funds that undercut grant support or an excessive burden of debt on students, make consideration of the potential and limits inherent in the use of student loans a matter of common concern. The present article examines the role of undergraduate student loans within the context of an overall program for financial assistance. The emphasis is on placing realistic limits on individual debt burden while broadening the use of loans, consistent with encouraging access to postsecondary education and providing opportunity for choice of institution. To reduce risk and make borrowing in moderate amounts acceptable, loan programs are developed that combine income-paced repayment with provision, through ex post facto grants, for earlier discharge of repayment obligations than in alternative proposals. A model is developed for simulating borrowing and cumulative debt limits given the parameter values relevant to a country's situation. Results from using alternative parameter values are compared to authorized loan limits and to average amounts borrowed and cost of attendance for low-cost and higher-cost educational options, using U.S. data by way of illustration.
Effect of prostaglandin F2a on length of diestrus in mares

Abstract Five groups of pony mares (3 mares/group) were treated, subcutaneously, with 0 (controls), 1.25, 2.50, 5.00, or 10.00 mg of PGF 2a on day 6 of diestrus. Mean length of diestrus was shorter (P 2a treated groups (1.25 mg, 9.3 days; 2.50 mg, 9.0 days; 5.00 mg, 9.0 days; 10.00 mg, 8.3 days) than for the control group (20.7 days). Mean length of diestrus did not differ among the 4 doses of PGF 2a .
The requirement for a naphtoquinone in the reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidase system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract Solvent extraction of sub-cellular particles of the H 37 Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inactivates the NADH 2 oxidase system. NADH 2 oxidation can be partially restored by the addition of a lipid factor to the solvent-extracted particles. This factor has been tentatively identified (infrared spectrophotometry and paper chromatography) as vitamin K 2(45) . The activation of the solvent-extracted particles is inhibited by dicumarol; no other compound so far tested significantly inhibits NADH 2 oxidation. The activation of the acetone-extracted particles requires a detergent for maximum effect. Other naphthoquinones and some benzoquinones also activate the system.
Structural, Deployable Folds - Design and Simulation of Biological Inspired Folded Structures

This paper presents a concept of folding as a form-generator for a structural system that allows the ability to deploy large spanning structures. The presented approach studies the embedded kinetic possibilities of folded structures and focuses on a parametric modeling process that allows structural performance evaluation of different types of the same origami family in order to optimize the geometry for a given scenario. The workflow between scripting based form generation - within Rhinoceros and Excel - and LS-DYNA is presented in detail. Additionally, within the context of an architectural project we discuss the question of scalability from a thin microstructure to a thickened roof structure.
A characterization of the rational mean neat voting rules

A mean proximity rule is a voting rule having a mean proximity representation in Euclidean space. Legal ballots are represented as vectors that form the representing polytope. An output plot function determines a location for each possible election output in the same space, and these locations decompose the polytope into proximity regions according to which output is closest. The election outcome is then determined by which region(s) contain the mean position of all ballots cast. Mean neat rules are obtained by relaxing the requirement that the regions be determined by proximity, insisting only that they be neatly separable by a hyperplane. If each of these hyperplanes contains a dense set of rational points (vectors with all rational components), the mean neat voting rule is said to be rational. The aim of this article is to prove that consistency and connectedness are necessary and sufficient conditions for mean neat rationality of any voting rule that is anonymous. Connectedness can be viewed as a strong form of continuity, with an intuitive content related to the Intermediate Value Theorem (or to a discrete analogue of this theorem). The proof relies on a recent result in convexity theory [D. Cervone, W.S. Zwicker, Convex decompositions, J. Convex Anal. 2008 (in press)] and suggests a conjecture: if we relax connectedness to continuity, the class so characterized is that of the mean neat voting rules. This latter class properly contains all intuitive scoring rules.
Response Style Differences in the Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

This study examined potential differences between the inattentive and combined ADHD subtypes using laboratory tasks assessing behavioral inhibitory processes. Seventy-five children completed two tasks of behavioral inhibition believed to isolate different processes: the cued reaction time task (CRT), a basic inhibition task, and the go/no-go task (GNG), a complex inhibition task that incorporates motivational contingencies. Three groups of participants were identified, including ADHD/Inattentive (n = 17), ADHD/Combined (n = 37), and comparison (n = 21). Results indicated that rather than showing behavioral inhibition deficits, the ADHD/I children appeared overly inhibited, as evidenced by slower reaction times across the two tasks and significantly higher errors of omission in the GNG task. Additionally, the ADHD/I children did not demonstrate cue dependency effects on the CRT task, suggesting that they were failing to incorporate relevant information before making a response. The sluggish and inhibited performance of the ADHD/I group challenges the idea that it is a subtype of ADHD.
Expansions of Dense Linear Orders with the Intermediate Value Property

Let ℜ be an expansion of a dense linear order (R, <) without endpoints having the intermediate value property, that is, for all a, b ∈ R, every continuous (parametrically) definable function f: [a, b] → R takes on all values in R between f(a) and f(b). Every expansion of the real line (ℝ, <), as well as every o-minimal expansion of (R, <), has the intermediate value property. Conversely, some nice properties, often associated with expansions of (ℝ, <) or with o-minimal structures, hold for sets and functions definable in ℜ. For example, images of closed bounded definable sets under continuous definable maps are closed and bounded (Proposition 1.10).Of particular interest is the case that ℜ expands an ordered group, that is, ℜ defines a binary operation * such that (R, <, *) is an ordered group. Then (R, *) is abelian and divisible (Proposition 2.2). Continuous nontrivial definable endo-morphisms of (R, *) are surjective and strictly monotone, and monotone nontrivial definable endomorphisms of (R, *) are strictly monotone, continuous and surjective (Proposition 2.4). There is a generalization of the familiar result that every proper noncyclic subgroup of (ℝ, +) is dense and codense in ℝ: If G is a proper nontrivial subgroup of (R, *) definable in ℜ, then either G is dense and codense in R, or G contains an element u such that (R, <, *, e, u, G) is elementarily equivalent to (ℚ, <, +, 0, 1, ℤ), where e denotes the identity element of (R, *) (Theorem 2.3).Here is an outline of this paper. First, we deal with some basic topological results. We then assume that ℜ expands an ordered group and establish the results mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Some examples are then given, followed by a brief discussion of analytic results and possible limitations. In an appendix, an explicit axiomatization (used in the proof of Theorem 2.3) is given for the complete theory of the structure (ℚ, <, +, 0, 1, ℤ).
The future adolescent medicine workforce: a survey of current adolescent medicine fellows.

Abstract Purpose To ensure a workforce of board-certified adolescent medicine (AM) specialists, the reasons why physicians choose this specialty must be understood. This study sought to develop a profile of AM fellows and to delineate common experiences that influenced them to seek AM training. Methods In April 2008, all AM fellows in Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education-accredited fellowships and those committed to begin training in July 2008 or after were electronically surveyed. Survey links were e-mailed to fellowship program directors who forwarded them to current and incoming fellows. The survey included questions regarding demographics, training experiences, career expectations, and attitudes and beliefs about AM. Open-ended questions allowed fellows to describe influential experiences. Means, medians, and percentages were calculated. Three independent reviewers identified themes in open-ended questions. Results Fifty-two respondents completed the survey: 42 of 59 (71%) current fellows, 10 incoming fellows (approximately 35%). Sixty-seven percent reported first exposure to AM before or during medical school and 31% decided to pursue AM before starting residency. Qualitative responses revealed the importance of interactions with those established in the field, the intrinsic appeal of adolescents and their clinical issues, and the inherent personal qualities of the respondents. Many spoke of multiple exposures to AM or adolescents through high school activities, volunteer work, personal experiences, or during medical training. Conclusions A variety of experiences with AM and/or adolescents is important in establishing interest in AM as a career. Serving as mentors and capitalizing on brief role modeling opportunities could promote further interest in AM fellowship training.
Tribological challenges in MEMS and their mitigation via vapor phase lubrication

MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) have become commercially successful in a number of niche applications. However, commercial success has only been possible where design, operating conditions, and materials result in devices that are not very sensitive to tribological effects. The use of MEMS in defense and national security applications will typically involve more challenging environments, with higher reliability and more complex functionality than required of commercial applications. This in turn will necessitate solutions to the challenges that have plagued MEMS since their inception - namely, adhesion, friction and wear. Adhesion during fabrication and immediately post-release has largely been resolved using hydrophobic coatings, but these coatings are not mechanically durable and do not inhibit surface degradation during extended operation. Tribological challenges in MEMS and approaches to mitigate the effects of adhesion, friction and wear are discussed. A new concept for lubrication of silicon MEMS using gas phase species is introduced. This "vapor phase lubrication" process has resulted in remarkable operating life of devices that rely on mechanical contact. VPL is also an effective lubrication approach for materials other than silicon, where traditional lubrication approaches are not feasible. The current status and remaining challenges for maturation of VPL are highlighted.
High-quality speech synthesis using context-dependent syllabic units

We propose a new method for constructing a context-dependent Japanese syllabic unit inventory, which effectively incorporates the spectral influence of left- and right-hand neighboring phonemes on CV (consonant and vowel) syllabic units. The syllabic unit inventory is generated by using a set of phonemic clusters, which we define, to approximate the average spectral behavior of phonemes in triphone contexts. Unit inventories of multiple sizes are generated for a waveform-concatenation-based text-to-speech system. The sizes of the inventories range from 322 to 3892 units, according to the fineness of the phonemic cluster set used. The synthetic speech generated by using the largest one is highly natural and intelligible. We also discuss the scalability of the proposed unit inventories.
The Road to Critical Thinking: The Perry Scheme and Meaningful Differentiation.

On the road to critical thinking, many students are ready for something beyond rote memorization. But what comes next? How do their changing beliefs affect their learning? Are these students differ...
A new look at correlations in atomic and molecular systems. I. Application of fermion monte carlo variational method

Results of research directed towrad the development of compact and accurate correlation functions for many-electron systems are reported. The computational tool used is the variational method in which the many-electron integrals are calculated by Monte Carlo using the fermion Metropolis sampling algorithm. That is, a many-fermion system is simulated by sampling the square of a correlated antisymmetric wave function. The principal advantage of the method is that interelectronic distance r/sub ij/ may be included directly in the wave function without adding significant computational complexity. In addition, other quantities of physical and theoretical interest such as electron correlation functions and representations of Coulomb and Fermi holes are very easily obtained. Preliminary results are reported for He, H/sub 2/, and Li/sub 2/.
Endoscopy Unit Considerations in the Care of Obese Patients

The dramatic increase in obesity in the general population is accompanied by a concomitant increase in bariatric surgical programs. Gastrointestinal endoscopy has an important role in patient evaluation, postoperative management, and emerging endoscopic bariatric therapies. Endoscopy units must address special design and equipment needs of obese patients in short- and long-range planning. Obese people require more health care resources than nonobese people, with increased physical challenges for staff in administering that care. This article details endoscopy unit considerations pertaining to the bariatric patient, which may apply to pretreatment endoscopic evaluation, managing postoperative bariatric surgical complications, and emerging endoluminal bariatric therapies.
Novel applications of statins for bone regeneration

The use of statins for bone regeneration is a promising and growing area of research. Statins, originally developed to treat high cholesterol, are inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Because the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of a wide variety of important biochemical molecules, including cholesterol and other isoprenoids, the effects of statins are pleiotropic. In particular, statins can greatly affect the process of bone turnover and regeneration via effects on important cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and osteoclasts. Statins have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that may be useful since infection can derail normal bone healing. This review will explore the pleiotropic effects of statins, discuss the current use of statins for bone regeneration, particularly with regard to biomaterials-based controlled delivery, and offer perspectives on the challenges and future directions of this emerging area of bone tissue engineering.
Using Hierarchical Bayesian Models to Learn about Reputation

This paper addresses the problem of learning with whom to interact in situations where obtaining information about others is associated with a cost, and this information is potentially unreliable. It considers settings in which agents need to decide whether to engage in a series of interactions with partners of unknown competencies, and can purchase reports about partners' competencies from others. The paper shows that Hierarchical Bayesian models offer a unified approach for (1) inferring the reliability of information providers, and (2) learning the competencies of individual agents as well as the general population. The performance of this model was tested in experiments of varying complexity, measuring agents' performance as well as error in estimating others' competencies. Results show that agents using the hierarchical model to make decisions outperformed other probabilistic models from the recent literature, even when there was a high ratio of unreliable information providers.
The Influence of School Policy and Practice on Mathematics Achievement During Transitional Periods

In this study, the effects of school policies and practices on math achievement growth, as students transitioned from middle to high school, were examined while controlling for school contextual variables. A pattern of accelerated growth in mathematics achievement from grades 8 to 12 occurred, in which higher achieving students in mathematics at grade eight accelerated more than lower achieving students in mathematics growth during the transition from middle to high school. Controlling for school context, school policy promoting parent involvement and academic counseling had significant positive impacts on the acceleration in growth during this period. The implications of using multilevel growth models to study growth during transition periods are discussed.
Signal transduction pathways associated with contraction during development of the feline gastric antrum

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Unlike adult antral cells, feline newborn antral cells are unable to contract in response to agonists in the absence of extracellular calcium or in response to exogenous inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate (IP3) after permeabilization. Changes in intracellular pathways that are associated with these differences were examined. METHODS: In adult and kitten antrum isolated smooth muscle cell contraction, levels of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3 were assessed in response to cholecystokinin (CCK). RESULTS: CCK-induced contraction was transient in the adult and sustained in the kitten. U73122 blocked contraction in adult antral cells but not kitten antral cells. In adult antral tissue, CCK (10(-7) mol/L) caused an early transient increase in the level of DAG, whereas in the newborn antrum, CCK (10(-7) mol/L) caused a sustained increase in the DAG level for up to 4 minutes. IP3 showed an early increase in both age groups. Newborn contraction is associated with an initial increase in IP3 and sustained elevation of DAG levels, whereas in adult antral cells, there is a transient increase in both IP3 and DAG. CONCLUSIONS: The relative inaccessibility of intracellular calcium stores in the newborn is associated with age- related differences in signal transduction pathways. (Gastroenterology 1997 Aug;113(2):507-13)
A Method to Determine the Potential Toxicity of Smoke from Burning Polymers: II. The Toxicity of Smoke from Douglas Fir

Mice were exposed for 30 minutes to smoke from burning Douglas fir under flaming conditions using the UPitt II apparatus for evaluation of flaming combustion/toxicity of smoke. The burning conditions were selected to provide a range from sufficient energy and oxygen to just sustain flaming above the specimens up to efficient flaming conditions of high flame height above the specimens. Under inefficient burning conditions carbon monoxide evolved slowly and was found to be the principal toxicant. Under highly efficient burn ing conditions deaths also occurred but not due to CO. Combining all burning conditions an average LC50 of 113 mg/L (95% confidence interval was 108 to 118 mg/L) was obtained from smoke from Douglas fir. No deaths were observed at a smoke exposure concentration below 76 mg/L for a 30 minute exposure. Lethality data were also analyzed for time to death to obtain median time to death, survival distribution function and cumulative hazard. These showed that although the smoke LC50 was simila...
Solubility of Anhydrite, CaSO4, in NaCl–H2O Solutions at High Pressures and Temperatures: Applications to Fluid–Rock Interaction

Anhydrite solubility in H2O–NaCl solutions was measured at 6–14 kbar, 600–800 C and NaCl mole fractions (XNaCl) of 0–0 3 in piston–cylinder apparatus. Solubilities were determined by weight changes of natural anhydrite in perforated Pt envelopes confined with fluid in larger Pt capsules. In initially pure H2O at 10 kbar and 800 C, CaSO4 concentration is low (0 03molal), though much larger than at the same temperature and 1 kbar. Hematite-buffered experiments showed slightly lower solubilities than unbuffered runs. CaSO4 solubility increases enormously with NaCl activity: at 800 C and 10 kbar and XNaCl of 0 3, CaSO4 molality is 200 times higher than with pure H2O. Whereas CaSO4 solubility in pure H2O decreases with rising T at low T and P, the high-P results show that anhydrite solubility increases with T at constant P at all XNaCl investigated. The effects of salinity and temperature are so great at 10 kbar that critical mixing between sulfate-rich hydrosaline melts and aqueous salt solutions is probable at 900 C at XNaCl 0 3. Recent experimental evidence that volatile-laden magmas crystallizing in the deep crust may evolve concentrated salt solutions could, in light of the present work, have important implications regarding such diverse processes as Mount Pinatubo-type S-rich volcanism, high-fO2 regional metamorphism, and emplacement of porphyry Cu–Mo ore bodies, where anhydrite–hematite alteration and fluid inclusions reveal the action of very oxidized saline solutions rich in sulfur.