cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro-inertia effects in nonlinear heterogeneous media

SUMMARY The manuscript presents a dispersive nonlinear continuum theory for the case where the shortest wavelength is several times larger than the characteristic size of the microstructure and the observation window is large. We develop a general purpose computational framework, which is valid for nonlinear problems and requires standard C 0 continuous formalism. The fine-scale inertia effect is accounted for by formulating a quasidynamic unit cell problem where the fine-scale inertia effect is represented by so-called inertia induced eigenstrain. The solution of the nonlinear quasi-dynamic unit cell problem gives rise to the modification of either coarse-scale mass matrix in the implicit solvers or internal force in the explicit solvers. Similarly to the classical homogenization theory, scale-separation is assumed, but higher order homogenization is not pursued to avoid higher order coarse-scale gradients, higher order continuity, and higher order boundary conditions. Numerical examples for both the one-dimensional model problem and three-dimensional heterogeneous medium with layered and fibrous composite microstructure are used to validate the computational framework proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Vertical Diffusion of Gases in a Horizontal Reservoir

Exact and approximate solutions to vertical diffusion in gravity-stable, ideal gas mix- tures in gas reservoirs, depleted oil reservoirs, or drained aquifers are presented, and characteristic times of diffusion are obtained. Our solutions also can be used to test numerical simulators that model diffusion after gas injection. First, we consider isothermal, countercurrent vertical diffusion of carbon dioxide and methane in a horizontally homogeneous reservoir. Initially, the bottom part of the reservoir, with no flow boundaries at the top and bottom, is filled with CO2 and the upper part with CH4. At time equal zero, the two gases begin to diffuse. We obtain the exact solution to the initial and boundary-value problem using Fourier series method. For the same problem, we also obtain an approximate solution using the integrated mass balance method. The latter solution has a particularly simple structure, provides a good approximation and retains the important features of the exact solution. Its simplicity allows one to perform calculations that are difficult and non-transparent with the Fourier series method. It also can be used to test numerical algorithms. Furthermore, we consider diffusion of CO2 with partitioning into connate water. We show that at reservoir pressures the CO2 retardation by water cannot be neglected. The diffusion-retardation problem is modelled by a non-linear diffusion equation whose self-similar solution is obtained. Finally, we obtain a self- similar solution to a nonlinear diffusion problem. This solution is a good approximation at early times, before the diffusing gases reach considerable concentrations at the top and bottom boundaries of the reservoir.
Theoretical study: Influence of different energy sources on the cusp neutral density enhancement

[1] Simulations with the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM) show that both Poynting flux and soft electron precipitation are important in producing neutral density enhancements near 400 km altitude in the cusp that have been observed by the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite. Imposing a Poynting flux of 75 mW/m2 in the cusp within the model increases the neutral density by 34%. The direct heating from 100 eV, 2 mW/m2 soft electron precipitation produces only a 5% neutral density enhancement at 400 km. However, the associated enhanced ionization in the F-region from the electron precipitation leads to a neutral density enhancement of 24% through increased Joule heating. Thus, the net effect of the soft electron is close to 29%, and the combined influence of Poynting flux and soft particle precipitation causes a more than 50% increase in neutral density at 400 km, which is consistent with CHAMP observations in extreme cases. The effect of electron precipitation on the neutral density at 400 km decreases sharply with increasing characteristic energy such that 900 eV electrons have little effect on neutral density. Finally, the impact of 2 keV, 0.3 mW/m2 proton precipitation on the neutral density is negligible due to a lowering of the altitude of Joule heating.
Studies of the differentiation of promyelocytic cells by phorbol ester: II. A methylation inhibitor, 3-deazaadenosine, inhibits the induction of specific differentiation proteins. Lack of effect on early and late phosphorylation events

Abstract Cells of the promyelocytic leukemic line, HL-60, differentiate into macrophage-like cells in response to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (phorbol ester). We have shown that this process is associated with expression of motility functions and induction of specific changes in the synthesis of discrete proteins. In the present study we show that a methylation inhibitor, 3-deazaadenosine, inhibits the phorbol ester induction of the differentiation functions, adherence and motility. These effects were associated with interference in the expression of membrane proteins indicative of the acquisition of macrophage-like characteristics by HL-60 cells. Of particular importance was the observation that the methylation inhibitor preferentially arrested the induction of one differentiation, protein m10 (p I ≈ 7, 28 kDa). The selective effect of 3-deazaadenosine is further supported by observations in this study which show that the methylation inhibitor did not affect other cellular and biochemical effects of phorbol ester in these cells. Most significantly, 3-deazaadenosine did not inhibit the induction of phosphorylation in pp17 and pp27, which was previously shown to be a rapid event associated with initiation of differentiation in HL-60 cells by phorbol ester (Feuerstein, N. and Cooper, H. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10786–10793). Furthermore, later elevated phosphorylation of other proteins as well as the arrest of cell growth induced by phorbol ester were also unimpeded by the methylation inhibitor. These results indicate that the methylation inhibitor did not interfere with the transduction of the phorbol ester signal at an early step so as to block all the subsequent events in this sequence, but rather its effect was selectively associated with interference in later events in the sequence of differentiation. It is proposed that transmethylation events might be specifically involved in the induction and expression of discrete proteins during the differentiation of these leukemic cells but not in the initial propagation of the signal produced by phorbol ester binding.
Hans Christian Andersen: The Misunderstood Storyteller

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jack Zipes Year: 2005 Pages: xvii + 171 Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 0415974321 (hard cover). Prices: $85.00 US(hard cover).
Serotonergic afferents to the rat olfactory bulb: II. Changes in fiber distribution during development

The present studies have defined the developmental time course and distribution patterns of serotonergic fibers in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) using immunocytochemistry, anterograde tracing and image analysis. The results indicate that the deployment of serotonergic fibers to the main olfactory bulb is essentially a postnatal event in the rat. During the first 4 d after birth, 5-HT fibers infiltrate and begin to arborize in the MOB. The density of fibers in each layer is sparse during this period, but increases rapidly. By postnatal day 8 all layers are much more heavily innervated by 5-HT fibers. The surge of fiber growth into all layers is rapid; the fibers arborize earlier at caudal than at rostral levels. This may be related to the increased metabolic activity that is reported to occur selectively in the caudal parts of the immature olfactory bulb. After the second postnatal week, 5-HT fiber density increases much more gradually in all layers except the glomerular layer; in the glomerular layer, 5-HT fiber density continues to increase rapidly. It is also during this time that the olfactory bulb begins to grow substantially in volume. Bulb volume increases from the second week into adulthood (greater than 60 d); during the same period, the density of 5-HT remains relatively constant in the infraglomerular layers. Thus, from the second week onward, the growth of 5-HT fibers appears to be closely linked to the increasing volumes of these layers. The density of 5-HT fibers in the glomerular layer, however, continues to increase from the second postnatal week. Thus, the density of fibers in the glomerular layer increases more than the increase in glomerular size, indicating that the glomerular 5-HT fibers are proliferating more than could be accounted for by simple glomerular expansion. In the adult, 5-HT fibers are 2–3 times denser in the glomerular than the infraglomerular layers (McLean and Shipley, 1987). This preferential innervation of glomeruli may be the result of a protracted period of arborization by glomerular versus infraglomerular fibers. This could be due to the prolonged focal release of a trophic factor by glomerular-associated neurons or to the earlier production of an inhibitory factor by infraglomerular neurons.
On Patient Safety: Have The ACGME Resident Work Hour Reforms Improved Patient Safety?

It has been 12 years since the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandated the first of its two sets of major reforms for US residents. The first initiative focused on restricting resident duty hours, including: (1) Averaging no more than 80 hours a week during a 4-week period, (2) a maximum of 24 hours of on-site clinical duty, and (3) a minimum of 10 hours between all daily duty periods and after in-house calls [2]. In 2011, the ACGME implemented additional work restrictions for residents, namely: (1) Reducing the work hour limit to 16 hours for first-year residents and (2) providing more standards for faculty supervision limitations during night float duties [2].
Temperatures associated with thermally induced red blood cell changes in tissues irradiated in vivo

Photothermal coagulation and ablation lesions were produced in exposed livers of anesthetized rats with a cw Nd:YAG laser ((lambda) equals1064 nm; beam power 3.2 to 10 W; exposure times 3 to 10 s, and spot diameter, 0.7 to 1.9 mm). The surface temperatures produced by the irradiations were derived from IR camera images calibrated with temperature controlled black bodies present in the scene. Targetoid lesions with central white and outer red zones marked areas of surface and deep coagulation grossly. The animals were sacrificed 30 minutes after irradiation. The lesions and surrounding normal liver were collected for light microscopy. Microscopically, characteristic, thermally-induced red blood cell alterations were found in the white and red zones and at the boundaries separating them. The boundaries of the concentric surface zones were measured grossly from the lesion centers and compared to the thermal images to determine the temperatures associated with the red blood cell changes. The temperatures for the surface and deep morphologic isotherms defined by the white/red and red/normal boundaries of rat liver irradiated in vivo are 68+/- 5.0 degree(s)C and 55+/- 2.7 degree(s)C.
Bone marrow transplantation from partially HLA-mismatched family donors for acute leukemia : Single-center experience of 201 patients

Between February 1993 and December 1999, 201 patients (1-59 years old, median 23) with acute leukemia (67% not in remission) underwent ex vivo T-cell-depleted (TCD) bone marrow transplants (BMT) from partially mismatched related donors (PMRD; 92% mismatched for 2-3 HLA A, B, DR antigens). Conditioning comprised total body irradiation, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, etoposide, anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), and methylprednisolone. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis comprised partial TCD with OKT3 (n=143) or T10B9 (n=58), steroids, ATG, and cyclosporine. The engraftment rate was 98%. The cumulative incidences of grades II-IV acute GVHD and chronic GVHD were 13 and 15%, respectively. The 5-year cumulative incidences of relapse and transplant-related mortality (TRM) were 31 and 51%, respectively. The actuarial 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) probabilities were 19 and 18%, respectively. Patient age >15 years, active disease at transplant, donor age >25 years, and 3-antigen donor mismatch (host-versus-graft) affected the outcome adversely. The actuarial 5-year OS of four groups of patients identified based upon these risk factors was 39, 20, 13, and 0%, respectively (P<0.0001). We conclude that PMRD BMT is a potential treatment option for patients with high-risk acute leukemia who require an alternative donor transplant and fall into a group with a reasonable expected outcome.
Long-term acceptance of porcine pulmonary allografts without chronic rejection.

Objectives. The mechanisms and treatment of chronic rejection in pulmonary allotransplantation remain elusive. Using a strategy to induce tolerance across strong allogeneic barriers, we have employed a brief, intensive course of immunosuppression to determine whether the induction of donor-specific hyporesponsiveness would prevent allograft rejection in a preclinical model of lung transplantation using MHC-inbred miniature swine. Methods. Orthotopic left lung allografts were performed using MHC class I-disparate donors. The recipients received a 12-day postoperative course of cyclosporine (n = 6) or a 12-day postoperative course of high-dose tacrolimus (n = 3) as their only immunosuppression. Control animals received no immunosuppression (n = 3). Results. Cyclosporine-treated recipients exhibited graft survival ranging from 67 to >605 days. All six animals developed acute cellular rejection between postoperative days (PODs) 27 and 108. Two animals lost their grafts on PODs 67 and 69, before developing obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). The other four recipients developed OB between PODs 119 and 238. In contrast, all tacrolimus-treated recipients maintained their grafts long term, without developing chronic rejection (>339, >308, and >231). These recipients also exhibited donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in assays of cell-mediated lymphocytotoxity. All untreated control animals lost their grafts to acute rejection by POD 11. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the ability of a brief course of high-dose tacrolimus to induce long-term graft acceptance with donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in a class I-disparate preclinical lung transplant model.
Use of brief psychiatric screening measures in a primary care sample.

Patients seen in primary medical clinics report higher rates of major depression [Perez-Stable et al., 1990: Arch Intern Med 15:1083–1088], and panic disorder [Sherbourne et al., 1996b: Von Korff et al., 1987: Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:152–156] than the general population. Primary care staff therefore need efficient methods of identifying patients with psychiatric disorders. The current study evaluates the use of several brief psychiatric screening measures for identifying patients with major depression and/or anxiety disorders. Participants were 213 primary care patients who received the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and two new instruments, the Autonomic Nervous System Questionnaire (ANS) for assessing panic disorder and the Social Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ) for assessing social phobia. Participants received both the screening instruments and a structured diagnostic interview. Results suggest that the CES-D is a useful measure for detecting psychopathology, but it is not particularly specific to depression, the ANS was a highly sensitive and reasonably specific measure for panic disorder, and the SPQ was reasonably sensitive and specific for social phobia. The BAI was a relatively poor screening measure that added no significant information beyond the other measures. Depression and Anxiety 12:21–29, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Catalytic oxidation of carbon/carbon composite materials in the presence of potassium and calcium acetates

The catalytic effects of potassium acetate (KAC) and calcium acetate (CaAC) on the oxidation of carbon/carbon composites (C/C composites) used in aircraft brake system have been characterized. Potassium exhibited a very strong catalytic effect on the oxidation of the selected carbon samples, including C/C composite blocks impregnated with aqueous KAC solution and graphite powder physically mixed with KAC powder. The initial amount of catalyst loading and the pre-treatment in inert gas were found to affect its catalytic effectiveness. Impregnated calcium was also a good catalyst for the oxidation of C/C composites, but its effectiveness is much lower than that of potassium and is much less sensitive to catalyst loading amount and pre-treatment. Calcium acetate physically mixed with graphite powder only showed a slight catalytic effect. The experimental results suggested that the interfacial contact between catalyst and carbon is the key factor determining catalytic effectiveness, in agreement with previous studies using porous carbon materials. Due to its unique wetting ability and mobility on the carbon surface, potassium can form and maintain such contact with carbon and is, therefore, more effective in the C–O2 reaction than calcium. The formation and development of such contact, which can also be affected by catalyst loading and pre-treatment process, can explain well the influence of these experimental conditions on the catalytic effect of potassium. The decreasing trend of reactivity with increasing burn-off in calcium-catalyzed oxidation is a result of interfacial contact loss because calcium does not have the necessary mobility to maintain such contact during reaction.
Calcium mobilization and response recovery following P2-purinoceptor stimulation of rat isolated alveolar type II cells

1. The effect of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on surfactant phospholipid secretion, calcium mobilization, and the time course for recovery of the response system was studied in isolated alveolar Type II cells of the rat. 2. ATP (10 microM) stimulated a biphasic intracellular Ca2+ transient monitored by changes in Fura-2 fluorescence, from a basal level of 126 +/- 9 nM, to a rapid peak of 391 +/- 1 nM, followed by a prolonged plateau 26 +/- 4 nM above baseline (mean +/- s.e.mean, n = 26). 3. ATP-stimulated surfactant phospholipid secretion and peak Ca2+ levels had similar EC50s (1 x 10(-6) M), and were unaffected by chelation of extracellular Ca2+. However, the prolonged plateau phase was abolished by chelation of extracellular Ca2+. 4. There was a 15 min refractory period before full recovery of the Ca2+-response to ATP. Recovery was dependent on extracellular Ca2+, was accelerated by removing extracellular agonist and was prolonged following stimulation with the poorly hydrolyzed ATP analogue, ATP-gamma-S. 5. While the Type II cell was capable of multiple ATP-induced Ca2+ transients following recovery, no additional surfactant phospholipid was released with sequential stimulation. 6. These findings suggest initial exposure of Type II cells to ATP mobilizes intracellular Ca2+, stimulates phospholipid secretion and rapidly desensitizes the cell to further stimulation by ATP. Recovery of the ATP-induced Ca2+-response depends on presence of extracellular Ca2+ and removal of agonist.
Microglia activation by SIV-infected macrophages: alterations in morphology and cytokine secretion

HIV infection in the brain and the resultant encephalitis affect approximately one third of individuals infected with HIV, regardless of treatment with antiretroviral drugs. Microglia are the resident phagocytic cell type in the brain, serving as a “first responder” to neuroinvasion by pathogens. The early events of the microglial response to productively infected monocyte/macrophages entering the brain can best be investigated using in vitro techniques. We hypothesized that activation of microglia would be specific to the presence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macrophages as opposed to responses to macrophages in general. Purified microglia were grown and stimulated with control or SIV-infected macrophages. After 6 h, aliquots of the supernatant were analyzed for 23 cytokines using Millipore nonhuman primate-specific kit. In parallel experiments, morphologic changes and cytokine expression by individual microglia were examined by immunofluorescence. Surprisingly, the presence of macrophages was more important to the microglial response rather than whether the macrophages were infected with SIV. None of the cytokines examined were unique to co-incubation with SIV-infected macrophages compared with control macrophages, or their supernatants. Media from SIV-infected macrophages, however, did induce secretion of higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 than the other treatments. As resident macrophages in the brain, microglia would be expected to have a strong response to infiltrate innate immune cells such as monocyte/macrophages. This response is triggered by incubation with macrophages, irrespective of whether or not they are infected with SIV, indicating a rapid, generalized immune response when infiltrating macrophages entering the brain.
True navigation by an amphibian

True navigation, also referred to as map-based homing, is the ability of an organism to return to the origin of a displacement (‘home’) without access to familiar landmarks or goal-emanating cues, and without knowledge of the displacement route. True navigation requires both a ‘map’ or geographical position sense and a compass, and has been demonstrated only in vertebrates (e.g. Walcott & Schmidt-Koenig 1973; Rodda 1984a, b, 1985). In the present study, eastern red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, deprived of directional information during long distance displacement from their home pond were able to orient in the homeward direction, indicating that they are capable of true navigation. Homing ability appears to be well developed in the family Salamandridae. Western newts, Taricha rivularis, return to breeding sites along relatively straight paths after displacements of up to 12 km (Twitty et al. 1966). Eastern red-spotted newts exhibit homeward-directed orientation in an enclosed indoor arena after displacements of lo-50 km (Phillips 1986a, 1987; Phillips & Borland 1994). In our earlier homing studies (Phillips 1986a, 1987; Phillips & Borland 1994), male eastern newts were displaced from their home ponds to the testing facility in partially covered plastic buckets which provided access to directional cues en route that could potentially have been used to determine the direction of displacement (Phillips 1987). In the experiments reported here, male newts were deprived of visual, magnetic, olfactory and inertial directional cues during displacement from their
Differential expression of stem cell mobilization-associated molecules on multi-lineage cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow

Our laboratory has characterized a population of stromal cells obtained from adipose tissue termed processed lipoaspirate cells (PLAs). PLAs, like bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), have the capacity to differentiate along the adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic lineages, In order to better characterize these two multi-lineage populations, we examined the surface phenotype of both bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived cells from five patients undergoing surgery. PLA and BM-MSC cells were isolated, subcultivated, and evaluated for cell surface marker expression using flow cytometry. PLA and BM-MSC cells both expressed CD13, CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, SH-3, and STRO-1. Differences in expression were noted for cell adhesion molecules CD49d (Integrin alpha4), CD54 (ICAM-1), CD34, and CD106 (VCAM-1). While markedly similar, the surface phenotypes of PLA and BM-MSC cells are distinct for several cell adhesion molecules implicated in hematopoietic stem cell homing, mobilization, and proliferation.
Abstract 1399: The effect of radiation therapy with adjunctive oxaliplatin versus cisplatin chemotherapy in cervical cancer cell lines

The current standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer is radiation therapy (RT) with adjunctive cisplatin chemotherapy for radiation sensitization. Some patients are unable to tolerate cisplatin secondary to renal compromise and may be better candidates for oxaliplatin therapy, which has never been evaluated in this role in clinical trials. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of cisplatin versus oxaliplatin in combination with RT in cervical cancer cell lines. Excision and mismatch repair enzymes were analyzed in these cell lines and evaluated for association with treatment response. Four cervical cancer cell lines (C33a, Caski, Me180, and Siha) were evaluated. On Day 0, cell lines were counted using trypan blue exclusion and were plated in 96 well plates. On Day 1, cells were irradiated and treated with cisplatin and oxaliplatin (chemotherapy doses were determined by dose finding experiments to establish an IC50 for each cell line). On Day 6, the XTT assay was used to determine cell viability. Cell line experiments were run in triplicate. Resulting data was processed using Calcusyn software for Chou analysis. Cell lines were lysed and nuclear excision (ERCC1) and mismatch repair proteins (MSH2 and MLH1) were semi-quantitatively evaluated using Western blot. Proteins were analyzed in ratio to beta actin controls. The cell lines showed variable response to therapy. IC50 values ranged from 0.8 (C33a) to 12.7 uM (Siha) for cisplatin, from 1.18 (Me180) to 41.4 uM (Siha) for oxaliplatin, and from 306.8 (C33a) to 1503 cGy (Siha) for radiation. Analysis of the combined therapy for additive/synergistic versus antagonistic response revealed oxaliplatin + RT to be statistically significantly better than cisplatin + RT in the C33a (p= 0.0189) and Me180 cell lines (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1399.
The Effect of Converting from Pravastatin to Simvastatin on the Pharmacodynamics of Warfarin

Forty-six adult patients maintained on warfarin therapy were converted from pravastatin to simvastatin. Mean international normalized ratio (INR) significantly increased from 2.42 to 2. 74, p = 0.002. Although warfarin doses were reduced in 7 patients and increased in 4 patients following the postconversion INR measurements, the pre- and postconversion median weekly warfarin dose of all 46 patients did not differ significantly. The number of patients with an INR > 3.0 increased significantly from 6 to 16 following the conversion. There was no report of unusual episodes of bleeding. The results indicate that antihyperlipidemic therapy can be changed safely from pravastatin to simvastatin in patients who are taking warfarin concomitantly, Additional anticoagulation monitoring is not necessary in institutions where patients are followed in formal anticoagulation clinics.
Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury--a cross-sectional study.

Study design: Survey. Objective: Determine intramuscular fat (IMF) in affected skeletal muscle after complete spinal cord injury using a novel analysis method and determine the correlation of IMF to plasma glucose or plasma insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test. Setting: General community of Athens, GA, USA. Methods: A total of 12 nonexercise-trained complete spinal cord injured (SCI) persons (10 males and two females 40±12 years old (mean±SD), range 26–71 years, and 8±5 years post SCI) and nine nonexercise-trained nondisabled (ND) controls 29±9 years old, range 23–51 years, matched for height, weight, and BMI, had T1 magnetic resonance images of their thighs taken and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after giving consent. Results: Average skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (mean±SD) was 58.6±21.6 cm2 in spinal cord subjects and 94.1±32.5 cm2 in ND subjects. Average IMF CSA was 14.5±6.0 cm2 in spinal cord subjects and 4.7±2.5 cm2 in nondisabled subjects, resulting in an almost four-fold difference in IMF percentage of 17.3±4.4% in spinal cord subjects and 4.6±2.6% in nondisabled subjects. The 60, 90 and 120 min plasma glucose or plasma insulin were higher in the SCI group. IMF (absolute and %) was related to the 90 or 120 min plasma glucose or plasma insulin (r2=0.71–0.40). Conclusions: IMF is a good predictor of plasma glucose during an OGTT and may be a contributing factor to the onset of impaired glucose tolerance and type II diabetes, especially in SCI. In addition, reports of skeletal muscle CSA should be corrected for IMF.
A rapid radioenzymatic assay for dopamine and N-acetyldopamine

Dopamine (DA) was measured in various tissue extracts as [3H]methoxy-N-acetyldopamine after incubation with two partially purified enzymes, catechol-O-methyl transferase (EC 2.1.1.1) and N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5), in the presence of [3H]adenosylmethionine and acetyl-CoA. This product can be separated quantitatively from labeled products of norepinephrine and epinephrine by solvent extraction. N-Acetyl-DA can be assayed by omitting the acetylating system from the incubation mixture. The procedure is rapid, convenient for processing large numbers of samples, and has a sensitivity of approximately 0.1 pmol. It has been used to measure DA in ganglia and in individual neurons from gastropod mollusks.
Use of collagen shields as a surgical adjunct

We used porcine collagen shields combined with tobramycin, gentamicin, pilocarpine, dexamethasone, and flurbiprofen sodium in 67 cases of penetrating keratoplasty and 55 cases of cataract extraction. No adverse effects were noted from the combined use of the shields with the drug. The devices proved beneficial for protection, lubrication, enhancement of epithelialization, and drug delivery.
Intermetallic compound formation between cobalt and zinc in mercury

Abstract Stripping analysis techniques were extended to the study of mixed Co-Zn amalgams in hanging mercury drop electrodes. The composition of the intermetallic compound and the equilibria- involved in the amalgam phase were investigated. Rapid and convenient methods were developed using data from anodic stationary electrode polarograms of the mixed amalgams. The results confirmed previous work, and indicated that the intermetallic compound is CoZn, in equilibrium with Co 2 and Zn 2 with K = [Co 2 ]/[Zn 2 ].[CoZn] 2 = 2 (Rel. S.D., 20%). The rate of formation of the Co-Zn intemetallic compound was measured using the step-functional potentiostatic method Zinc was deposited on a previously prepared cobalt amalgam electrode, and then, in a second step, the unreacted zinc was reoxidized. The cobalt amalgam concentration was maintained at 0.5 M , and the pseudo first-order rate constant for the disappearance of zinc was 5.6 sec −1 .
Bacterial populations associated with the oxidation and reduction of arsenic in an unsaturated soil.

Microbial populations responsible for the oxidation and reduction of As were examined in unsaturated (aerobic) soil columns treated with 75 μM arsenite [As(III)] or 250 μM arsenate [As(V)]. Arsenite [As(III)] was rapidly oxidized to As(V) via microbial activity, whereas no apparent reduction of As(V) was observed in the column experiments. Eight aerobic heterotrophic bacteria with varying As redox phenotypes were isolated from the same columns. Three isolates, identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens-, Pseudomonas fluorescens-, and Variovorax paradoxus-like organisms (based on 16S sequence), were As(III) oxidizers, and all were detected in community DNA fingerprints generated by PCR coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The five other isolates were identified (16S gene sequence) as A. tumefaciens, Flavobacterium sp., Microbacterium sp., and two Arthrobacter sp.-like organisms and were shown to rapidly reduce As(V) under aerobic conditions. Although the two A. tumefaciens-like isolates exhib...
Causes of death among anesthesiologists: a 20-year survey.

During the years 1947–1966, there were 441 deaths among junior, active and retired members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists living in the United States or Canada. A cause of death was found for each member and death rates calculated for this group. Comparisons of these rates with those for U. S. males and with male policyholders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company were made. Anesthesiologists appear to have a low incidence of lung cancer, a somewhat lower than average incidence of coronary artery disease in recent years, and a high death rate from suicide and malignancies of the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial tissues. These data only suggest trends and point to the need for a prospective study of this subject.
Diabetes mellitus in American Indians: characteristics, origins and preventive health care implications.

(1989). Diabetes mellitus in American Indians: Characteristics, origins and preventive health care implications. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 11, Anthropological Approaches to Diabetes, pp. 283-304.
Migraine attacks during menses: efficacy of eletriptan and relationship to recurrence after response

Compared with migraine attacks not related to menses, migraine attacks during menstruation have been shown to have longer duration and higher recurrence rates, are more resistant to treatment, and are associated with greater functional disability.
Studies on the mechanism of oxidative inactivation of plant viruses by o-Quinones.

Abstract Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), peanut stunt virus (PSV), potato virus X (PVX), sowbane mosaic virus (SMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) were inactivated by exposure to various concentrations of tetrachloro- o -benzoquinone (TCQ). These viruses differed both in the amount of quinone required to produce complete inactivation and in the manner in which they were inactivated. AMV and PSV were inactivated by exposure to 25 μg TCQ/mg virus. Loss of infectivity was associated with only minor changes in other virus properties. PSV-RNA remained infectious in the presence of quinone concentrations greater than those required to inactivate whole virus. Failure to extract RNA from quinone-inactivated AMV and PSV suggests inactivation was due to “tanning” of the virus protein. Partial reactivation of PSV treated with disulfide bond reducing agents supports this hypothesis. SMV, TRSV, and PVX required between 1 and 5 mg TCQ to inactivate 1 mg virus. Inactivation was associated with major changes in other virus properties. TMV was unaffected by quinone concentrations up to 1 mg TCQ/mg virus, but was completely inactivated by 25 mg TCQ/mg virus. Inactivation of TRSV, PVX, and TMV was accompanied by extensive particle degradation. Inactivation of all 6 viruses was proportional to the logarithm of the quinone concentration used
IUGG Canberra—For the record

A full list of officers of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences has been received since publication of the February 12 issue of EOS.
Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine level in the differential diagnosis of a “bloody Tap” in newborn infants

Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine concentrations were determined in preterm and full-term newborn infants, and were found to be elevated in cases with intracranial hemorrhage when compared to those who had had a traumatic lumbar puncture.
Neural mechanisms of negative reinforcement in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.

Background Previous research has found accumulating evidence for atypical reward processing in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), particularly in the context of social rewards. Yet, this line of research has focused largely on positive social reinforcement, while little is known about the processing of negative reinforcement in individuals with ASD.
A New Classification of Prodrugs: Regulatory Perspectives.

Many therapeutic agents are manufactured and administered in prodrug forms. In this paper, a new classification system for prodrugs is proposed to provide useful information about where in the body a prodrug is converted to the active drug. In this system, prodrugs are classified into Type I or Type II and the respective Subtypes IA, IB, IIA, IIB or IIC based on their sites of conversion into the final active drug form. For Type I prodrugs, conversion occurs intracellularly (e.g., antiviral nucleoside analogs, lipid-lowering statins), whereas conversion of Type II prodrugs occurs extracellularly, for examples in digestive fluids, systemic circulation or other extracellular body fluids (e.g., etoposide phosphate, valganciclovir, fosamprenavir). Type IA prodrugs refer to those that are converted at the cellular targets of therapeutic actions, whereas Type IB prodrugs’ conversion occurs in the primary metabolic tissues such as liver, gut, or lung. For Type II prodrugs, the conversion process could either take place extracellularly in the milieu of gastrointestinal fluids (Type IIA), in the systemic circulation and/or other systemic extracellular fluid compartments (Type IIB), or near therapeutical target cells (Type IIC). A prodrug may belong to multiple categories and be recognized as a Mixed-Type prodrug. For example a prodrug may be converted both in target cells and metabolic tissues such as liver (i.e., named as a Type IA/IB prodrug), or one converted in both GI fluids and systemic circulations (i.e., named as a Type IIA/IIB prodrug). The Mixed-Type compound can be further distinguished as a Parallel Mixed-Type or Sequential Mixed-Type prodrug depending on the conversion processes that proceed with, either in concurrent or in sequential steps. Because traditional analysis of drug actions has always been focused on the site of action and mode of action, the proposed classification of prodrugs based on cellular locations of conversion is in line with current thought processes of regulatory review and risk assessment of both prodrug and active drug. By gaining insights regarding the site of action through prodrug nomenclature, risk benefit evaluation can be made more efficiently because both information on kinetics and impact of tissues involved are adequately revealed through prodrug subtype designated. In conclusion, the new system of classification will add to existing knowledge of prodrug classifications, and will provide improved insight into the contributory roles of both prodrug and active drug in the product’s efficacy and safety, and their risk-benefit assessment.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict Behavior as a Result of Prior Exposure to a Conflict Situation

(1972). Approach-Avoidance Conflict Behavior as a Result of Prior Exposure to a Conflict Situation. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 117-130.
Social Class and Criminality

Social class variations in self-reported criminality are examined using data from a comprehensive sample of adults in three states. The results prove to be contrary to any current theories concerning the relationship between social class and deviance, particularly the most popular ones that postulate an inverse relationship between the two. But it is shown that these findings are actually consistent with the bulk of previous research which shows the relationship to be problematic. The extant evidence seems to mandate reconceptualization of theories of deviance to minimize social class as a variable. Social class has always been a fundamental variable in sociological study of crime/delinquency, and practically every theory has given socioeconomic status a prominent explanatory role. Although several patterns of relationship between class and crime have been theorized (Hirschi, b), the most popular explanations assume an inverse relationship between class position and criminality (A. Cohen, a; Gove; Merton; Miller). And despite some skepticism (see Box and Ford; Empey, for summaries), the belief has persisted for a long time that the bulk of evidence actually demonstrates such a relationship (Bytheway and May; Cressey, 157; Rossides, 443; Wheeler, 213). So firm is this belief that at least one recent book has been written to account for the "diverse empirical findings that link social inequality and deviant behavior, particularly in American Society" (Hewitt, 3). Further, even though some writers, sobered by the results of some self-report studies, are now careful to limit their generalizations to statements about social class and "officially recorded" crime or delinquency (Cohen and Short, 110-1; Reid, 66-7), confidence that at least that relationship has been established is almost universal (Hood and Sparks, 54). Yet, the literature concerning this issue is unconvincing. For one thing, methodological weaknesses render much of the evidence problematic. Some frequently cited studies report the relationship between class and crime for ecological areas rather than for individuals (Chilton; Lander; Shaw and McKay; Slatin), and several ostensibly relevant investigations have not in fact employed indicators of individual socioeconomic status (B. *This research was supported by NSF Grant GS-31744.
Estimation of Reservoir Properties From Seismic Data By Regularized Neural Networks

Summary We present an approach to estimate the reservoir rock properties from seismic data through the use of regularized back propagation networks that have inherent smoothness characteristics, and that thus alleviate the non-monotonous generalization problem associated with traditional networks and help to avoid overfitting the data. We discuss two architectures for setting up the input/output network geometry, the columnar and serialized architectures, compare their merits, and comment on the optimal application of each. We apply the neural network method presented here to a 3D seismic survey in the Shedgum area of the Ghawar Field to estimate the reservoir porosity distribution of the Arab-D zone. The results of the crossvalidation tests indicate that the accuracy of the regularized back-propagation network remains consistent as the network parameters are varied, while that of the traditional network deteriorates as soon as deviations from the optimal parameters occur.
Starting solution for an ablating hollow cylinder

Abstract The “embedding technique”, developed by Boley is applied to a hollow cylinder with an ablating inner boundary to obtain a general starting and short time solution. Numerical results are obtained giving the motion of the ablating boundary and the temperature distribution in the vicinity of the moving boundary for ice and lead.
Simple, inexpensive, and reliable, high density interconnect technology for flexible electronics applications

The ultra-small form factor of the electronic components along with a reliable and inexpensive high-density interconnect technology are the key factors in bringing flexible electronics to the next level of miniaturization without compromising performance and substantially increasing production cost. The common thick-film methods used today to fabricate conductive trace patterns on flexible boards are ineffective for resolutions below 50 µm. Thin-film technologies can fabricate high resolution patterns; however, they are prohibitively expensive for the low-cost flexible electronics applications. A number of direct-write methods were developed to address the mesoscale (i.e., from 1 µm to 100 µm) range; however, these sequential material additive technologies are characterized with a low throughput and high production cost.
QRS axis validation in clinical electrocardiography

QRS axis is a key electrocardiographic (ECG) datum in establishing normality and particular diagnoses and is of special concern at the borders of axis ranges for numerous ECG interpretations. Thus, interpreters must be able to recognize gross and small errors in axis determination. This involves the occasional and often inexplicable gross deviation by computers, which should be correct most of the time. This study was undertaken to compare 3 methods of QRS axis calculation and computer interpretation: axes were determined (1) from the bipolar limb leads, (2) from the unipolar limb leads, and (3) from the combination of lead I and lead aVF, which are orthogonal in the Einthoven hexaxial system. In 100 consecutive patients, in whom 87 electrocardiograms were technically clear, there was excellent intermethod agreement for the means, SDs, and interquartile ranges, leaving little to choose from on average. The combination of lead I and lead aVF was best correlated with all the other methods. Because a computer can measure the areas of ECG waves, whereas interpreters necessarily use their amplitudes, hypothetically, the computer is always more accurate. However, computer interpretations are not always available, and physicians regularly interpreting electrocardiograms are aware of axis ranges almost on inspection (especially any algebraically zero, i.e., orthogonal, representation of any lead). They therefore can recognize any serious computer deviations. In conclusion, this investigation indicated that axes calculated from leads I and aVF should be standard to approach precision in initially computing or checking any axis.
Temporal order detection for foveal and peripheral visual stimuli

A measure of the temporal resolution of the visual system is the detection of temporal order of the onset of adjacent visual stimuli. The threshold is a few milliseconds and its variation with stimulus separation suggests the existence of a limited processing zone. Measurements were obtained of this distance function in the fovea and retinal periphery of two observers. Temporal order detection threshold does not vary greatly with retinal position out to 20 deg eccentricity, nor does the distance function change much in width, except near the fovea. An independent estimate of the zone for this kind of processing was obtained by testing the range within which signals from oppositely-directed stimulus pairs cancel. Thresholds for dichoptic stimuli are much higher than for monocular or binocular ones.
The ability of plant genotoxicity assays to predict carcinogenicity.

A number of assays have been developed which use higher plants for measuring mutagenic or cytogenetic effects of chemicals, as an indication of carcinogenicity. Plant assays require less extensive equipment, materials and personnel than most other genotoxicity tests, which is a potential advantage, particularly in less developed parts of the world. We have analyzed data on 9 plant genotoxicity assays evaluated by the Gene-Tox program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, using methodologies we have recently developed to assess the capability of assays to predict carcinogenicity and carcinogenic potency. All 9 of the plant assays appear to have high sensitivity (few false negatives). Specificity (rate of true negatives) was more difficult to evaluate because of limited testing on non-carcinogens; however, available data indicate that only the Arabidopsis mutagenicity (ArM) test appears to have high specificity. Based upon their high sensitivity, plant genotoxicity tests are most appropriate for a risk-averse testing program, because although many false positives will be generated, the relatively few negative results will be quite reliable.
Effects of ejaculation by penile vibratory stimulation on bladder reflex activity in a spinal cord injured man

Successful ejaculation induced by penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injuries has been well known for several years. It is generally believed that the penile vibratory stimulation procedure relies on activation of a normal ejaculatory reflex with an intact presence of and communication between all neurogenic components in the sacral (S2 to S4) and thoracolumbar (T11 to L2) regions of the spinal cord. In a recent study examining the activity of the urinary sphincter pressures during ejaculation by penile vibratory stimulation, a significant decrease in the urinary detrusor activity and increase in bladder capacity was noted. Based on these observations the effects of ejaculation by penile vibratory stimulation on detrusor hyperreflexia, bladder capacity and intravesical pressure were examined during the filling phase of the bladder in our patient.