cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blue light is a universal tactic signal for Escherichia coli

Blue light has been shown to elicit a tumbling response in E. coli, a non-phototrophic bacterium. The exact mechanism of this phototactic response is still unknown, and its biological significance remains unclear. Here, we quantify phototaxis in E. coli by analyzing single-cell trajectories in populations of free-swimming bacteria before and after light exposure. Bacterial strains expressing only one type of chemoreceptor reveal that all five E. coli receptors - Aer, Tar, Tsr, Tap and Trg - are capable of mediating a response to light. In particular, light exposure elicits a running response in Tap-only strain, the opposite of the tumbling response observed for all other strains. Light therefore emerges as a universal stimulus for all E. coli chemoreceptors. We also show that blue light exposure causes a reversible decrease in swimming velocity, a proxy for proton motive force. We hypothesize that rather than sensing light directly, chemoreceptors sense light-induced perturbations in proton motive force.
A Novel l0-Constrained Gaussian Graphical Model for Anomaly Localization

We consider the problem of anomaly localization in a sensor network for multivariate time-series data by computing anomaly scores for each variable separately. To estimate the sparse Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) learned from different sliding windows of the dataset, we propose a new model wherein we constrain sparsity directly through L0 constraint and apply an additional L2 regularization in the objective. We then introduce a proximal gradient algorithm to efficiently solve this difficult nonconvex problem. Numerical evidence is provided to show the benefits of using our model and method over the usual convex relaxations for learning sparse GGMs using a real dataset.
Time-Series Modeling of Aggregated Electric Vehicle Charging Station Load

The widespread proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can have a transformative effect on the electric power system. The power and energy consumed by EVs when charging is substantial, which has c...
Reformed National Security Internal Whistleblowing Systems and External Whistleblowing as Countervailing Ethics Methods

This article (a) reviews parts of the general literature on internal and external whistleblowing, (b) reviews parts of the national security whistleblowing literature and context, (c) discusses the...
Feasibility of Fatigue Crack Detection in Fluid-Filled Cylindrical Holes Using Circumferential Creeping Waves

Recently, the development of a novel ultrasonic inspection technique that detects radial fatigue cracks on the far side of so-called “weep” holes in thin airframe stiffeners was reported [1]. These cracks tend to be located on the upper part of the weep hole (at 12 o’clock position) therefore are not readily detectable by conventional ultrasonic inspection techniques from the lower skin of the wing. The new technique utilizes circumferential creeping waves propagating around the inner surface of the hole to perform the inspection. However, the wet wing has to be emptied and dried out before inspection because even a small amount of fluid fuel trapped in these rather small (approximately 6–7 mm in diameter) holes would strongly affect the propagation of circumferential creeping waves. We have searched the literature for published results on circumferential creeping wave propagation around fluid-filled cylindrical cavities in elastic media. Surprisingly, although the analytical solution of this canonical problem can be readily constructed from existing building blocks, very little was found in terms of numerical results that could be used to gain better understanding of the phenomenon. This motivated us to attack the problem by numerically solving the dispersion equation and constructing the corresponding dispersion and attenuation curves for a specific case of interest, namely, for that of a water-filled cylindrical hole in aluminum.
Extinguishing Lady Liberty’s Torch? Online Public Responses to the U.S. Executive Order to Ban Immigrants from 7 Countries

In January 2017, a seven-country ban blocked immigrants from entering the U.S. When the story broke, many people posted comments on online news sites. Analysis revealed themes of rejection and acce...
Plasma Species Variation As A Function Of Voltage For High Voltage Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas In Sealed Bags

High voltage cold atmospheric plasmas (HVCAPs) are a novel, inexpensive method for treating produce to enhance shelf-life and eradicate microorganisms that may cause illness 1. Previous work has elucidated the effects of container material during plasma generation 2. Despite numerous studies on jet and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) discharges, few studies have addressed higher voltages above tens of kilovolts 1, 3. This work explores the effects of higher voltage on plasma generation in the DBD. Applying 36.4, 44.8, 58.1, and 71.0 kV to generate a helium air discharge sealed inside of a container using the B4170 seal bags. We collected the light from the plasma using a fiber optic cable that was provided with the SP2500 spectrometer. We simultaneously measured electrical and OES data and processed it using custom MATLAB scripts to plot the current and voltage, the N 2 Second Positive system, and intensity spectra ranging from 250 to 500 nm to observe species generation. From this, we generated text files that were fed into SEPCAIR to calculate temperatures. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements show that higher voltages generate higher concentrations of radical species while not directly correlating to an increase in intensity. We also did not observe any change in speciation in the wavelength range studied, suggesting that voltage level primarily changes species concentration and not container material or generation of new reactions. Future studies for HVCAPs must address species generation at higher voltages for different wavelength ranges, fill gases and containers to fully characterize high voltage impact of plasma species generation.
Editor's choice 2005: Selected online learning resources

Abstract The Editor-In-Chief of The Internet and Higher Education compiles for the last issue of each year's volume resources that may be useful for researchers, teachers, administrators, or students who wish to locate information about the field of online learning and the uses of the Internet for instructional delivery. Over 200 resources are organized into several categories.
Pacifier Use and Breastfeeding: A Qualitative Study of Postpartum Mothers.

Objective: Due to the inconclusive evidence supporting the traditional recommendation to avoid early pacifier use among breastfeeding newborns, this study aims to understand what information mothers are receiving from hospital based care providers and their perspectives about pacifier use in the newborn period. Methods: Interviews with mothers of healthy, term newborns during the postpartum hospitalization were conducted in this qualitative study. Results: Qualitative data analysis yielded several major themes that included the following: (1) pacifiers are beneficial for the maternal/infant experience, (2) concerns that pacifiers may interfere with breastfeeding, and (3) concerns about long-term use (including reliance and effect on teeth). Conclusion: Given the maternal perception of benefit and the paucity of high-quality evidence showing harm, further research on the effects of early pacifier use is needed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (CH/AA-co-AM) Composite: Adsorption and Thermodynamic Studies of Benzocaine on from Aqueous Solutions

The research includes the preparation of cross-linking hydrogel (polo (CH-(AAc-co-Am). The method; polymerization of the free radicals by using the Chitosan as initiator for the reaction, also with the help of karnofsky score (KPS) and TEMED as cofactors. The mixture gets treated by Acrylic acid and Acrylamide that include MBA as a cross-linking agent. The adsorption was proved by using the fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)analysis. In addition, TGA showed that the hydrogel is stable in high temperatures. The thermodynamic study of the hydrogel was performed by using the Benzocaine Drug, which includes measuring the Entropy and Enthalpy and Chips energy. It also showed that the hydrogel is governed by Freundlich and Temkin equations, and the adsorption from the Pseudo-second order model. The adsorption is a Physical and Exothermic. The adsorption time was 120Minutes. How to cite this article: Karim, A.N. and Jasim, L.S. (2019). Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (CH/AA-co-AM) Composite: Adsorption and Thermodynamic Studies of Benzocaine on from Aqueous Solutions. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 558-562. Source of support: Nil. Conflict of interest: None.
Recent advances in understanding glucose transport and glucose disposal.

Deficient glucose transport and glucose disposal are key pathologies leading to impaired glucose tolerance and risk of type 2 diabetes. The cloning and identification of the family of facilitative glucose transporters have helped to identify that underlying mechanisms behind impaired glucose disposal, particularly in muscle and adipose tissue. There is much more than just transporter protein concentration that is needed to regulate whole body glucose uptake and disposal. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings in whole body glucose disposal. We hypothesize that impaired glucose uptake and disposal is a consequence of mismatched energy input and energy output. Decreasing the former while increasing the latter is key to normalizing glucose homeostasis.
Self-Patch: Beyond Patch Tuesday for Containerized Applications

Containers have become increasingly popular in distributed computing environments. However, recent studies have shown that containerized applications are susceptible to various security attacks. Traditional periodically scheduled software update approaches not only become ineffective under dynamic container environments but also impose high overhead to containers. In this paper, we present Self-Patch, a new self-triggering patching framework for applications running inside containers. Self-Patch combines light-weight runtime attack detection and dynamic targeted patching to achieve more efficient and effective security protection for containerized applications. We evaluated our schemes over 31 real world vulnerability attacks in 23 commonly used server applications. Results show that Self-Patch can accurately detect and classify 81% of attacks and reduce patching overhead by up to 84%.
Exploring spent biomass-derived adsorbents as anodes for lithium ion batteries

Abstract Hydrochar produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater-treatment algae has been used as an adsorbent to remove lead(II) from the contaminated water body. The lead-adsorbed hydrochar, that is, a spent adsorbent, is recycled as a carbonaceous anode material prepared for lithium ion batteries. A one-step alkali treatment effectively enhances the electrochemical performance of the adsorbent. After lead adsorption, the spent adsorbent shows high reversible capacity (358 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles) and rate capability (383, 312, 261, 214, 175, and 135 mA h g−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 A g−1, respectively) as a high-performance carbonaceous anode material. Our work presents a promising strategy to reutilize the spent adsorbent generated from wastewater treatment process as a low-cost and green anode material. Such a waste-to-wealth application could effectively reduce the environmental burden, as well as providing a viable option for transforming heavy metal–enriched carbon waste into high–value-added material, which meanwhile helps to fulfill a growing demand on the electrochemical energy storage devices.
Do Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) and tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor) use predator eyes in risk assessment

Previous studies have found that Carolina chickadees and tufted titmice use a predator's head orientation to determine risk, taking fewer seeds from a feeder if an avian predator model's head is facing the feeder while ignoring the head orientation. In addition to head orientation, eyes are a cue of predator risk. In the current study, I examined whether or not chickadees and titmice used the presence of eyes of a predator model to determine when to forage for food. Plastic owl models, with their eyes covered or uncovered, were presented to wild flocks of chickadees and titmice. To test whether or not chickadees and titmice would respond to the presence of eyes, the number of seeds taken and the calling behavior of birds were compared between the two types of predator presentations (eyes covered or uncovered). Chickadees and titmice took fewer seeds when the eyes were uncovered than when they were covered. Chickadees also gave significantly more introductory notes, often used in association with the presence of predators or risk, in their calls when the eyes were visible than when the eyes of the predator model were covered. The results indicate that chickadees and titmice can use the presence of eyes on predators to determine predation risk and possibly use eye gaze to determine where a predator is looking.
Manifestations of Mathematics within the Power Dynamics in a Pre-K Classroom.

Background/ContextYoung children's engagement with mathematics is occurring in a context in which school transition and readiness concerns that invoke increased institutional rules and disciplinary...
Adherence to Acute Care Measures Affects Mortality in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: The Florida Stroke Registry.

Abstract Objectives How race/ethnic disparities in acute stroke care contribute to disparities in outcomes is not well-understood. We examined the relationship between acute stroke care measures with mortality within the first year and 30-day hospital readmission by race/ethnicity. Materials and methods The study included fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries age ≥65 with ischemic stroke in 2010–2013 treated at 66 hospitals in the Florida Stroke Registry. Stroke care metrics included intravenous Alteplase treatment, in-hospital antithrombotic therapy, DVT prophylaxis, discharge antithrombotic therapy, anticoagulation therapy, statin use, and smoking cessation counseling. We used mixed logistic models to assess the associations between stroke care and mortality (in-hospital, 30-day, 6-month, 1-year post-stroke) and hospital readmission by race/ethnicity, adjusting for demographics, stroke severity, and vascular risk factors. Results Among 14,100 ischemic stroke patients in the full study population (73% white, 11% Black, 15% Hispanic), mortality was 3% in-hospital, 12% at 30d, 21% at 6m, 26% at 1y, and 15% had a hospital readmission within 30 days. Patients who received antithrombotics early and at discharge had lower mortality at all time points, and the protective association for early antithrombotic use was strongest among whites. Eligible patients who received statin therapy at discharge had decreased 6m and 1y mortality, but specifically among minority groups. Statin therapy was associated with lower 30-day hospital readmission. Conclusions Acute stroke care measures, particularly antithrombotic use and statin therapy, were associated with reduced odds of long-term mortality. The benefits of these acute care measures were less likely among Hispanic patients. Results underscore the importance of optimizing acute stroke care for all patients.
Evaluating risk factors for acute graft versus host disease in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients receiving tacrolimus

To identify the clinical and pharmacological risk factors associated with tacrolimus pharmacodynamics for acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) in pediatric patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from a matched related donor. A retrospective cohort single center chart review study was conducted with pediatric patients who received tacrolimus prophylaxis after allogeneic HSCT between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2019. Potential risk factors were tested separately between aGVHD and non‐aGVHD cohorts and were further analyzed in a logistic regression model with backward elimination and a partial least squares discriminant analysis. Thirty‐three patient cases were included in our study and 52% (17/33) developed aGVHD while on tacrolimus prophylaxis. When tested independently, donor age and sibling versus parent donor/recipient relation were shown to be statistically significant between aGVHD and non‐aGVHD patients (p < 0.005). Pharmacological factors associated with tacrolimus treatment failed to demonstrate a significant impact on patient’s risk of aGVHD. Using a best fit logistic regression model that tested all the variables together, donor age was the only significant variable predicting patient’s risk of aGVHD (p < 0.01). Donor relationship and donor age were unable to be evaluated separately and are therefore confounding variables. Among pediatric patients receiving allogeneic HSCT, aGVHD risk is significantly decreased by either sibling donor and/or younger donors. Although no conclusions were drawn on the effect of tacrolimus therapy (p = 0.08), results warrant additional research with a larger sample size to evaluate the accuracy of monitoring tacrolimus serum trough levels.
Review of Critical Heat Flux (CHF) in Jet Impingement Boiling

Abstract Jet impingement boiling is a popular thermal management technique that caters to applications demanding very high heat dissipation rates. Like other boiling schemes, critical heat flux (CHF) is arguably the most important safety parameter for two-phase jet cooling, and determining CHF is often the starting point in a system's thermal design process. This article presents a systematized review of articles addressing jet impingement CHF. A very comprehensive search for studies is conducted, which includes research spanning over five decades and jets of various fluids, operating conditions, and geometrical configurations. Comprehensive lists of experimental jet CHF studies are given with detailed information on fluid, geometrical parameters, operating conditions, and notable conclusions. Parametric effects on CHF are also discussed in a systematic manner. Various techniques for increasing CHF, such as surface modification (including surface curvature, extended surface structures, surface coatings, or combinations thereof), specialized spent fluid removal schemes, and nanofluids, are discussed. An exhaustive list of CHF correlations is provided, along with the development rationale and applicability range for each. Also discussed are CHF trends for hybrid cooling schemes which combine jet impingement with other boiling schemes such as channel flow. The review is concluded with major conclusions and recommendations for future work.
Persistent Homology on Streaming Data

This paper introduces a framework to compute persistent homology, a principal tool in Topological Data Analysis, on potentially unbounded and evolving data streams. The framework is organized into online and offline components. The online element maintains a summary of the data that preserves the topological structure of the stream. The offline component computes the persistence intervals from the data captured by the summary. The framework is applied to the detection of horizontal or reticulate genomic exchanges during the evolution of species that cannot be identified by phylogenetic inference or traditional data mining. The method effectively detects reticulate evolution that occurs through reassortment and recombination in large streams of genomic sequences of Influenza and HIV viruses.
Emily C. Donaldson, Working with the Ancestors: Mana and Place in the Marquesas Islands

Emily C. Donaldson, Working with the Ancestors: Mana and Place in the Marquesas Islands (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019), 250 pp., $30.00 (pbk), ISBN: 9780295745831.
An Aeroelastic Parameter for Estimation of the Effects of Flexibility on the Lateral Stability and Control of Aircraft

The importance of the estimation of flexibility effects on the maneuvering performance of an aircraft is known from the losses in lateral control and stability at high speeds. In this paper an aeroelastic parameter is introduced in a quasisteady analysis which separates the effects of Mach Number from those of altitude on the lateral motion of a flexible wing. Its use is demonstrated by an application to a wing with one degree of freedom in roll and it is shown that the conventional stability derivatives can be modified to include the steady-state effects of flexibility. The determination of aileron reversal speed and applications for preliminary design are discussed.
Moral Philosophies, Ethical Perceptions and the Ethical Judgments of Sales Professionals

This study examines the relative influences of two basic dimensions of moral philosophy, relativism and idealism, along with perceptions of an ethical problem, on the ethical judgments of sales professionals. The results from a mail survey of American Marketing Association members indicate no relationship between a salesperson’s relativism and his/her ethical judgments, a weak positive relationship between idealism and a salesperson’s ethical judgments. The survey results also indicate that perceptions of an ethical problem have impact on the salespeople’s ethical judgments in a positive way.
Some oxadiazole and triazole polymers

The reaction of a bis-tetrazole with a dicarboxylic acid chloride has been adapted to polymer formation to yield polyoxadiazoles. Similarly, bis-tetrazoles and bis-imide chlorides have given polytriazoles. These new polymers have good stability at higher temperatures, but are not of high molecular weight. Die Reaktion eines Bis-tetrazols mit einem Dicarbonsauredichlorid wurde zur Darstellung von polymeren Oxadiazolen verwendet. In ahnlicher Weise wurden aus Bis-tetrazolen und Bis-imidchloriden Polytriazole erhalten. Die neuen Polymeren zeigen bei erhohten Temperaturen eine gute Stabilitat, besitzen jedoch kein hohes Molekulargewicht.
Modeling Ship Equations of Roll Motion Using Neural Networks

A neural network-based approach is applied to fit ship rolling models to experimental data and the initial reporting of this methodology is presented in the work of Xing and McCue. Two multivariable nonlinear models are used to describe the nonlinear forced roll motion of a ship at sea. One, a more traditional model, is based on ordinary differential equations, and the other is based on fractional differential equations (FDEs), which introduced a fractional derivative term to present added hydrodynamic inertia and traditional damping terms. The neural network method is tested using experimental data. The statistical analysis of 20 cases results showed that the FDEs appeared to better approximate the physics of the system.
Axiom : the scientific computation system

Recent advances in hardware performance and software technology have made possible a wholly different approach to computational mathematics. Symbolic computation systems have revolutionized the field, building upon established and recent mathematical theory to open new possibilities in virtually every industry. Formerly dubbed Scratchpad, AXIOM is a powerful new symbolic and numerical system developed at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. AXIOM's scope, structure, and organization make it outstanding among computer algebra systems. AXIOM: The Scientific Computation System is a companion to the AXIOM system. The text is written in a straightforward style and begins with a spirited foreword by David and Gregory Chudnovsky. The book gives the reader a technical introduction to AXIOM, interacts with the system's tutorial, accesses algorithms newly developed by the symbolic computation community, and presents advanced programming and problem solving techniques. Eighty illustrations and eight pages of color inserts accompany text detailing methods used in the 2D and 3D interactive graphics system, and over 2500 example input lines help the reader solve formerly intractable problems.
The Cephalosporin Antibiotics

Introduction The first cephalosporin released for clinical use was cephalothin in 1964. Since that time, more than 20 cephalosporin antibiotics have been introduced. These are the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the United States and account for the largest share of hospital expenditures. To determine which agent to use for an infection in a particular patient involves weighing competing claims of improved antibacterial spectrum, side effects, pharmacokinetics, and cost. This review will address these issues, as well as the basic mechanisms of action of the cephalosporins and their mechanisms of bacterial resistance. In addition, instances in which cephalosporins serve as appropriate alternatives or in which they offer distinct advantages over previously available antimicrobial agents will be described. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action Cephalosporins resemble penicillins (Fig.1) in that they have a β-lactam structure, but the five-member thiazolidine ring characteristic of the penicillins is replaced by a six-member dihydrothiazine ring (Fig. 2). The dihydrothiazine ring of the cephalosporins provides the molecule with the ability to resist bacterial enzymes; the antibacterial activity emanates from the β-lactam ring shared by penicillins and cephalosporins. Modifications at position 7 of the cephalosporin nucleus generally affect the antibacterial spectrum, and substitutions at position 3 of the dihydrothiazine ring alter the pharmacokinetics and metabolic parameters of the drug.
Interstate Variations in Psychotropic Medication Use Among a National Sample of Children in the Child Welfare System

Geographic variations in service utilization have emerged as sentinels of quality of care. We used data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), the Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Area Resource File to examine interstate variations in psychotropic medication use among children coming into contact with child welfare agencies. Mean probabilities of medication use differed by 13% between California (7.1%) and Texas (20.1%). On regression analyses, children in California had a fifth of the odds of medication use compared to children in Texas, principally, because child characteristics of age, gender, foster care placement, and mental health need seem to be evaluated differently in Texas compared to in other states. These findings suggest that interstate variations in psychotropic medication use are driven by child characteristics, rather than by mental health need. Understanding the clinical contexts of psychotropic medication use is necessary to assure high-quality care for the...
Evaluation of the Impact of the Fruit Fly ParasitoidDiachasmimorpha longicaudata(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on a Nontarget Tephritid,Eutreta xanthochaeta(Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) is an important parasitoid introduced to Hawaii for the control of fruit fly pests and recently has been mass-reared in insectaries for use in augmentative biocontrol programs. Under field-cage and field conditions, we evaluated the potential negative impact of mass-reared D. longicaudata on a nontarget gall-forming tephritid Eutreta xanthochaeta (Aldrich), which was introduced to Hawaii for control of the noxious weed Lantana camara L. In field cages, we presented galled lantana twigs to gravid D. longicaudata in the presence or absence of its normal rearing host, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and its food substrate (infested guava fruit) in a potted guava tree. Regardless of the presence or absence of B. dorsalis and its food substrate, D. longicaudata had only minimal response (visits and probes) to galled lantana patches and E. xanthochaeta galls. As a result, 24-h exposure to the parasitoids (at a 5:1 ratio of parasitoids to available hosts) resulted in only 1% parasitism in the absence of B. dorsalis, and 0% parasitism in the presence of B. dorsalis. However, 26% of B. dorsalis present in the cages were parasitized by released D. longicaudata. In the field study, about 3600 gravid female D. longicaudata were released in three patches of lantana plants infested with E. xanthochaeta galls in each of two treatment sites during a 1-month period. Over a 2-month period of sampling after the first parasitoid release, 139 and 155 E. xanthochaeta galls successfully grew to mature (pupal) stages in parasitoid-release sites and nonrelease sites, respectively. Among those matured galls, 0.8% were parasitized by D. longicaudata in parasitoid release sites, and 0% were parasitized in nonrelease sites. In contrast, 37.5% of B. dorsalis were parasitized by D. longicaudata when placed in nearby lantana patches in the parasitoid release sites, and 0% were parasitized in nonrelease sites. Together, field and field-cage results indicate that augmentation with D. longicaudata will be unlikely to cause significant losses of lantana gall fly populations or negatively impact the biological control of lantana weeds.
Quantitative analysis of the modification of some genetic characters inHabrobracon

In wasps mosaic for stumpy or fused legs, both type and mutant tissues were apparently modified. Stumpy was more frequently and more extremely modified when type was present on the same side of the body than when it was present on the opposite side only. This indicates a closer physiological relationship of tissues on the same side of the body than of tissues on opposite sides. In mosaics mesothoracic legs were most often modified, but metathoracic legs were more extremely modified. Legs of gynandromorphs were more modified than legs of male mosaics.
Comparing hydrogen and hydrocarbon booster fuels

The present evaluation of the consequences of hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels as the basis of launch vehicle booster rocket-stage performance notes that hydrocarbon fuels lead to lower vehicle dry mass, for low-velocity requirements, while hydrogen fuel furnishes lower dry mass. Vehicles employing both types of fuel attempt to take advantage of the low intercept and slope of hydrocarbon fuel at low velocity, and subsequently, of the slope of the hydrogen curves at higher velocities.
Design of infrared wavelength-selective microbolometers using planar multimode detectors

Multimode microbolometers for wavelength-selective infrared detection have been designed using a genetic algorithm and an electromagnetic model of the planar antenna. Wavelength selectivity can be varied by changing lithographically drawn parameters, with bandwidth narrower than Fabry-Perot microbolometers. The design of a three-colour system covering the 7–14 µm band is presented.
Has academic psychiatry abandoned the community

There is no simple answer to the question "Has academic psychiatry abandoned the community?" I think it has incorporated the very best and most useful community psychiatry concepts and programmatic elements into mainstream general psychiatry. I think academic psychiatry has gradually become involved with the chronic mentally ill wherever they are, not always because it wanted to and more slowly than many other voluntary community organizations, but more quickly than most government agencies. And I think, again perhaps faute demieux, it is now, more than ever, heavily involved with society's most difficult and perplexing public mental health problems. That does not mean that there is not more to do. Clearly, more must be done in those areas in which 1) there are manpower problems, e.g., rural areas, CMHCs, and state hospitals; 2) there is absent or abysmal care, e.g., prisons, nursing homes, and shelters; and 3) populations exist that still are largely ignored and underserved, e.g., the dually diagnosed and homeless mentally ill. It is, therefore, the time for neither self-congratulation nor self-condemnation. Rather, now is the time for continued self-examination of which areas academic psychiatry can appropriately contribute to community psychiatric activities by extending its research, training, and service energies.
The Bulky 6-cm Barrel-Shaped Lesion of the Cervix: Primary Surgery and Postoperative Chemoradiation

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this report is to detail what appears to be the largest reported experience of primary radical hysterectomy for bulky barrel-shaped cervical cancers of 6 cm or greater in diameter, followed in all instances by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Methods. Twenty-two unselected cases were operated primarily. One had unresectable aortic node disease. Twenty-one were treated with intent to cure. All patients received extended field radiation therapy beginning 4 weeks after surgery. All patients also received infusion chemotherapy during weeks 1, 4, and 7 of their radiation therapy. Initially, 5-FU was the drug of choice; more recently, Platinol has been employed. Results. The Berkson–Gage relative survival of the total 22 cases was 71.3%. For the 21 cases treated with intent to cure, the survival was 75.4%. Complications were minimal. Conclusion. The experienced pelvic surgeon can accomplish this exercise with a high degree of safety; and this multimodality approach is offered as another therapeutic alternative for these high-risk patients.
Copyright in the networked world: copyright status facts

Libraries tend to make assumptions about copyright. The assumption is that any work published since 1923 has copyright protection. This article is about how to discover key facts about the copyright status of a work using Copyright Office publications and the records of the Copyright Office itself. One question for libraries is whether it is worth the time and trouble to check the Copyright Office records. This depends both on the value of pursuing particular projects, and on how likely it is that a particular type of work fell into public domain through some failure to comply with all the legal formalities. A few preliminary statistics are provided.
An Experimental Study of Dynamic Delamination of Thick Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Matrix Composites

Dynamic delamination of thick fiber reinforced polymeric matrix composite laminates is investigated using optical techniques and high-speed photography. The laminates used in this work are graphite/epoxy fiber reinforced, 65 percent fiber volume fraction, composite plates consisting of 48 plies (6 mm plate thickness). Two different laminate layups are tested: a quasi-isotropic arrangement and a unidirectional arrangement. The experimental setup consists of 152 mm×152 mm square plates impact loaded in an outof-plane configuration using a high-speed gas gun. Impact speeds range from 1 m/s to 30 m/s. Real-time imaging of the laminate out-of-pane displacement is performed using the lateral shearing interferometer of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) in conjunction with high-speed photography. Onset of dynamic delamination can be observed, and quantities such as delamination speeds (in some cases up to 1800 m/s) are measured and reported. A brief comparison is made with dynamic fracture experiments of the same material conducted in a separate study.
Role of chemotherapy in the very elderly patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer — A Veterans Affairs Cancer Registry analysis ☆

Abstract Background Metastatic pancreatic cancer is an incurable disease with dismal prognosis, ranging from 2 to 6 months. The role of chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer in very elderly patients (≥ 80 years) has not been well studied. Methods We reviewed all cases of metastatic pancreatic cancer in patients aged ≥ 80 years in the Veterans Affairs Central Cancer Registry (VACCR) from 1995 to 2007. Four hundred and forty patients were identified. Type of therapy received, tumor grade, tobacco history, sex and race were noted. Overall survival was calculated by log rank and Kaplan–Meier analysis. Baseline co-morbid conditions were scored using the Charlson co-morbidity index score (CCIS), a validated measure of patient co-morbidity. Results Among the 440 eligible patients in the analysis, the majority received no therapy (83%), while only 12% received chemotherapy alone. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that chemotherapy was associated with significant superior median overall survival (4.9 months, 95% CI 3.57–5.77) compared to no therapy (1.7 months, 95% CI 0.9–1.3) (HR = 0.41, p Conclusion Although the majority of elderly patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer do not receive any treatment, chemotherapy in this patient population was associated with improved median overall survival. Further randomized studies are warranted to confirm this observation.
Necessity, control, and the divine command theory

The simplest Divine Command Theory is one which identifies rightness with being commanded or willed by God. Two clear and appealing arguments for this theory turn on the idea that laws require a lawgiver, and the idea that God is sovereign or omnipotent. Critical examination of these arguments reveals some fundamental principles at odds with the Divine Command Theory, and yields some more penetrating versions of traditional objections to that theory.
Field testing and finite element analysis of steel bridge retrofits for distortion-induced fatigue

Abstract Fatigue-crack formation in the web-gap region of multi-girder steel bridges has been a common occurrence due to differential deflections between girders resulting in diaphragm forces that subject the web-gap to out-of-plane distortion. However, bridge design specifications do not directly deal with distortion induced stresses. The objective of this paper is to examine the behavior of web-gap distortion of a skewed multi-girder steel bridge through field testing and finite element studies. The field test involved measurements of strains for eight load cases by using strain gages placed in the web-gap region and in the cross bracing adjacent to the web-gap. The results of the field test were used as a basis for the verification of developed finite element models. Critical spots in the web-gap were examined utilizing the finite element analysis. Retrofit methods that include the provision of a connection plate between the stiffener and the girder top flange, loosening of the bolts connecting the cross-bracing to the stiffener, and supplementing a stiffener plate opposite to the original stiffener side were investigated. The results indicated that the connection plate addition and loosening of bolts alternatives were effective in reducing induced strains and stresses in the web-gap region. The finite element study on the impact of web-gap height variation indicated an inverse relationship between web-gap height and induced strains and stresses with the shortest web-gap height resulting in the highest strains due to increased bending by diaphragm forces in the web. Influence surfaces for strains, diaphragm force and relative out-of-plane displacement provide insight into the behavior of web-gap distortion, and can be used to provide quick estimate of the effect of truck load positioning. Expressions developed that relate vertical stresses and relative out-of-plane displacements combined with measurements of out-of-plane displacements by transducers can be utilized for prediction of induced stresses at other critical web-gap regions of the bridge and at critical locations in the web gaps of similar bridges.
Upstream sequences determine the difference in transcript abundance of pea rbcS genes

A system was developed for the quantitative analysis of transcript levels in transgenic plants. It makes use of a T-DNA vector containing the intact pea rbcS-3A gene as a reference gene. At 5 kb distance from the reference gene a pseudo wild-type rbcS-3A gene was inserted with a 3′ tail derived from the related rbcS-E9 gene. Transcript levels varied between plants but the two genes were similarly affected in all cases. Analysis of chimeric genes between rbcS-3A and rbcS-E9 demonstrated that sequences upstream of — 50 are responsible for the differences in transcript abundance between the two genes. A comparison between the rbcS-3A and 3C genes showed that unlike the situation in pea, in tobacco the rbcS-3C gene is two- to threefold more highly expressed than rbcS-3A.
Vibration Suppression in Cutting Tools Using a Collocated Piezoelectric Sensor/Actuator With an Adaptive Control Algorithm

The machining process is very important in many engineering applications. In high precision machining, surface finish is strongly correlated with vibrations and the dynamic interactions between the part and the cutting tool. Parameters affecting these vibrations and dynamic interactions, such as spindle speed, cut depth, feed rate, and the part's material properties can vary in real-time, resulting in unexpected or undesirable effects on the surface finish of the machining product. The focus of this research is the development of an improved machining process through the use of active vibration damping. The tool holder employs a high bandwidth piezoelectric actuator with an adaptive positive position feedback control algorithm for vibration and chatter suppression. In addition, instead of using external sensors, the proposed approach investigates the use of a collocated piezoelectric sensor for measuring the dynamic responses from machining processes. The performance of this method is evaluated by comparing the surface finishes obtained with active vibration control versus baseline uncontrolled cuts. Considerable improvement in surface finish (up to 50%) was observed for applications in modern day machining.
Greater Sage‐Grouse Population Response to Energy Development and Habitat Loss

Abstract Modification of landscapes due to energy development may alter both habitat use and vital rates of sensitive wildlife species. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming and Montana, USA, have experienced rapid, widespread changes to their habitat due to recent coal-bed natural gas (CBNG) development. We analyzed lek-count, habitat, and infrastructure data to assess how CBNG development and other landscape features influenced trends in the numbers of male sage-grouse observed and persistence of leks in the PRB. From 2001 to 2005, the number of males observed on leks in CBNG fields declined more rapidly than leks outside of CBNG. Of leks active in 1997 or later, only 38% of 26 leks in CBNG fields remained active by 2004–2005, compared to 84% of 250 leks outside CBNG fields. By 2005, leks in CBNG fields had 46% fewer males per active lek than leks outside of CBNG. Persistence of 110 leks was positively influenced by the proportion of sagebrush habitat...
The economics of high-visibility terrorism

Abstract This paper analyzes some implications of very visible, discrete, large-scale terrorist actions, such as the September 11 attacks. By becoming part of the set of common knowledge, such events of mass terror have direct implications on both the supply and composition of the ‘mix’ of terrorist attacks, as well as responses to them. First, we analyze the implications of greater anti-terror operations on the quantity as well as the mix of terrorists supplied by terrorist organizations. Second, we present a novel argument for the role of public announcements in endogenously coordinating responses in the face of a terrorist-hijacking. Public announcements, by injecting strategic uncertainty, can give rise to a Pareto-superior outcome, at minimal resource cost to the government.
Design of cellular manufacturing systems: An invited review

Abstract In this paper we provide a concise review of the literature on cell formation aspects of design of cellular manufacturing systems. The usefulness and limitations of existing approaches are identified. Future research directions are explored considering manufacturing requirements.
Unusual spin density localization in a porphyrin .pi. radical. The .pi. anion radical of octaethylisobacteriochlorin

Isobacteriochlorins (iBCs) are naturally occurring isomers of bacteriochlorins in which two adjacent rather than two opposite pyrrole rings have lost a {beta}-{beta} double bond. Like the photosynthetic chromophores, biological iBCs transfer electrons, and their iron complexes, sirohemes, mediate the six-electron reductions of nitrite to ammonia and of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide. Intriguingly, the metal-free derivatives, sirohydrochlorins, have also been found to be active in sulfite reduction. The mechanisms of electron transfer by sirohemes or sirohydrochlorins are not established. They report here optical, EPR, and ENDOR results for the {pi} anion radical of a synthetic model, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-iBC, that provide spectral signatures for the putative reduced transient in vivo. The calculated spin profile for the {pi} anion radical that results from one-electron reduction of the iBC macrocycle is highly unusual. These results suggest the following: (a) If sirohydrochlorin acts as an electron acceptor in vivo, its anion radical should exhibit a diagnostic EPR signal similar to the one reported here for the synthetic iBC. (b) The high spin density localization at a single carbon renders that position in the radical particularly susceptible to electrophilic attack and opens a novel synthetic avenue for regiospecific chemistry of iBCs via their anion radicals. (c) Amore » considerable effort is now devoted to covalently linked donor-acceptor porphyrin complexes as models of photosynthetic and catalytic electron transfer. Because the unpaired spin density in {pi} radicals extends onto peripheral substituents, the unusually high spin density at C15 in iBC anion radicals should significantly enhance electronic coupling in donor-acceptor pairs incorporating iBCs covalently linked at that position. 26 refs., 4 figs.« less
The long time and Brownian limits for tagged particle motion in liquids

Formally exact theories of tagged particle motion in liquids are developed, based upon kinetic theory for hard spheres and mode coupling for smooth potentials. It is shown that the resulting equations are tractable in the long time and Brownian limits. The coefficient of the long time tail of the velocity correlation function is seen to differ from its low-density form by only the replacement of the low-density viscosity and diffusion constant by the true viscosity and diffusion constant. In the Brownian limit, the slip Stokes-Einstein law is obtained, with the true viscosity. The relation to other work is discussed.
Synthesis of some derivatives of 4-phenoxathiinearboxylie acid

The preparation of a series of amino acid derivatives of 4-phenoxathiincarboxylic acid is described.
Mutagenesis of the myogenin basic region identifies an ancient protein motif critical for activation of myogenesis.

Abstract Myogenin is a muscle-specific nuclear factor that acts as a genetic switch to activate myogenesis. Myogenin, MyoD, and a growing number of proteins implicated in transcriptional control share sequence homology within a basic region and an adjacent helix-loop-helix motif. Here we identify by site-directed mutagenesis a 12-amino acid subdomain of the myogenin basic region essential for binding of DNA and activation of myogenesis. The basic region of the widely expressed helix-loop-helix protein E12 is conserved at 8 of these 12 residues and can mediate DNA binding when placed in myogenin, but it cannot activate myogenesis. Replacement of each of the four nonconserved residues of the myogenin basic region with the corresponding residues of E12 reveals two adjacent amino acids (Ala86-Thr) that can impart muscle specificity to the basic region. These residues are specific to, and conserved in, the basic regions of all known myogenic helix-loop-helix proteins from Drosophila to man, suggesting that they constitute part of an ancient protein motif required for activation of the myogenic program.