cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1447 COMPARATIVE METHODS OF EXTUBATION IN INFANTS

Atelectasis is a major cause of required reintubation in premature and sick newborns. Neonatal and anesthesia literature report up to 50% incidence of atelectasis in infants 1.25 kg. Race, sex, time intubated and ventilator settings have not consistently predicted post-extubation atelectasis. Despite the lack of prospective studies comparing extubation methods, recommendations for bagging, suction and timing extubation with the respiratory cycle have been made. Our institution has undertaken a 12 month prospective study of all infants electively extubated in our Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery, excluding only infants with documented anomalies of the upper respiratory tract. Thus far 50 infants comprising 58 extubation episodes have been studied randomly divided into 5 groups: 1. extubation on patients' inspiration 2. extubation on expiration 3.extubation on inspiration with suction 4. extubation on expiration with suction 5. extubation with manual bagging. Radiographs were obtained on all infants 3 hours postextubation. Atelectasis occurlng > 3 hours post-extubation was felt to be unrelated to the method of extubation. The population was representative of a Level 3 ICN: 16(28%) infants were < 1.25 kg; 21(36%) infants were ≤ 30wks; 22(38%) were intubated ≥ 1 week; 34(59%) had HMD, 12(21%) had pneumonia/sepsis, and 12(21%) misc. (TTN, MAS asphyxia, etc.). Postextubation atelectasis occurred in 5(9%); 2 in group 2 and 1 in groups 3, 4, and 5. Preliminary results show a uniformly low incidence of postextubation atelectasis in our ICN, but do not suggest an optimal method of extubation.
A Butler process for resource sharing on Spice machines

A network of personal computers may contain a large amount of distributed computing resources. For a number of reasons it is desirable to share these resources, but sharing is complicated by issues of security and autonomy. A process known as the Butler addresses these problems and provides support for resource sharing. The Butler relies upon a capability-based accounting system called the Banker to monitor the use of local resources.
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF COBALT CARBONYL COMPLEXES IN VISCOUS MEDIA

Abstract The thermal decomposition of Co2(CO)8 to Co4(CO)12 and further to metallic cobait and CO under an inert atmosphere at temperatures
Personality correlates of aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behavior

Abstract Research indicates that specific personality traits predict antisocial behavior, but has yet to determine whether these associations differ with the well-documented heterogeneity within antisocial behavior. We thus evaluated which personality traits (as measured via the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire – Brief Form) uniquely predicted aggressive (AGG) and non-aggressive rule-breaking behavior (RB) in two undergraduate samples. None of the personality scales independently predicted both AGG and RB. Instead, low control was associated with RB and high stress reaction was associated with AGG. Such findings highlight meaningful psychological differences within the overarching construct of antisocial behavior, such that affective dysregulation/negative affectivity represents a core deficit in AGG whereas diminished behavioral control is specific to RB.
Natural product synthesis: Clearing the way to cortistatins

A versatile intermediate has been shown to provide access to a wide variety of compounds in the cortistatin family. This approach offers the most efficient total synthesis of the cortistatins reported so far.
Social Network Analysis of the Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders

Summary Social network analysis (SNA) is a body of theory and a set of relatively new computer-aided techniques used in the analysis and study of relational data. Recent studies of autosomal markers from over 40 human populations in the southwestern Pacific have further documented the remarkable degree of genetic diversity in this part of the world. I report additional analysis using SNA methods contributing new controlled observations on the structuring of genetic diversity among these islanders. These SNA mappings are then compared with model-based network expectations derived from the geographic distances amongthe same populations.Previous studies foundthat genetic divergence amongisland Melanesian populations is organised by island, island size/topography, and position (coastal vs. inland), and that similarities observed correlate only weakly with an isolation-by-distance model. Using SNA methods, however, improves the resolution of among population comparison, and suggests that isolation by distance constrained by social networks together with position (coastal/inland) accounts for much of the population structuring observed. The multilocus data now available is also in accord with current thinking on the impact of major biogeographical transformations on prehistoric colonisation and post-settlement human interaction in Oceania.
Managing Global Outsourcing to Enhance Lean Innovation

OVERVIEW:A key to effective and efficient R&D is the ability to commercialize new products quickly and effectively while leveraging the advantages of global outsourcing. The growing role of global ...
The effect of electron beam irradiation on the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and psychrotrophic bacteria on raw chicken breasts stored at four degrees celsius for fourteen days

The effect of high-energy electron beam irradiation on the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and psychrotrophic bacteria on commercial chicken breast meat was evaluated. Fresh chicken breast meat was purchased from a local poultry processor, inoculated with 8 log10 cfu/mL Salmonella, packaged in Styrofoam trays and over wrapped with a polyvinyl chloride film, and subjected to 0, 1, 2, or 3 kGy of irradiation. The packaged samples were stored at 4 degrees C and analyzed for Salmonella Typhimurium and psychrotrophic organisms at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 d of storage. Direct plating and enrichment methods were used for S. Typhimurium analyses. The direct plating method revealed a 4 log reduction in Salmonella for chicken breasts inoculated and treated with 1, 2, or 3 kGy of irradiation. Psychrotrophic counts were conducted at 7 degrees C for 10 d and 25 degrees C for 5 d to determine the effect of incubation methods on the recovery of psychrotrophic organisms. The enrichment method resulted in the repair of injured Salmonella cells and an elevated Salmonella Typhimurium count for all irradiation dosages when compared with data reported for the direct plating method. In general, psychrotrophic counts increased as storage time increased. However, psychrotrophic counts decreased (P < 0.05) as the irradiation dosage increased.
Apocrine hidradenocarcinoma of the scalp: a classification conundrum.

Introduction The classification of malignant sweat gland lesions is complex. Traditionally, cutaneous sweat gland tumors have been classified by either eccrine or apocrine features. Methods A case report of a 33-year-old Hispanic man with a left scalp mass diagnosed as a malignancy of adnexal origin preoperatively is discussed. After presentation at our multidisciplinary tumor board, excision with ipsilateral neck dissection was undertaken. Results Final pathology revealed an apocrine hidradenocarcinoma. The classification and behavior of this entity are discussed in this report. Conclusion Apocrine hidradenocarcinoma can be viewed as an aggressive malignant lesion of cutaneous sweat glands on a spectrum that involves both eccrine and apoeccrine lesions.
Animal Rights as a Mainstream Phenomenon

Businesses and professions must stay in accord with social ethics, or risk losing their autonomy.A major social ethical issue that has emerged in the past four decades is the treatment of animals in various areas of human use. Society's moral concern has outgrown the traditional ethic of animal cruelty that began in biblical times and is encoded in the laws of all civilized societies. There are five major reasons for this new social concern, most importantly, the replacement of husbandry-based agriculture with industrial agriculture. This loss of husbandry to industry has threatened the traditional fair contract between humans and animals, and resulted in significant amounts of animal suffering arising on four different fronts. Because such suffering is not occasioned by cruelty, a new ethic for animals was required to express social concerns. Since ethics proceed from preexisting ethics rather than ex nihilo, society has looked to its ethic for humans, appropriately modified, to find moral categories applicable to animals. This concept of legally encoded rights for animals has emerged as a plausible vehicle for reform.
Assessment of Bicycle Service Areas around Transit Stations

Mobility hubs are major transit access points and an integrated part of multi-modal transportation planning efforts. For the implementation of bicycle infrastructure improvements around mobility hubs a better understanding of bicycle access distances is needed. Using responses from on-board travel surveys in three U.S. metropolitan areas, this study found that median bicycle access distances to transit stations are within the buffer radii suggested for community hubs (1 mile) and gateway hubs (2 miles) in long-range transportation plans. Multiple regression analysis identified several street and transit network characteristics affecting bicycle access distance, which should be considered when planning infrastructure improvements.
Physical and chemical characteristics of poly(maleic acid), a synthetic organic colloid analog

Abstract A relatively homogenous and easily synthesized polymer, polymaleic acid (PMA), was studied to ascertain its suitability as a model compound for humic substances. Physical and chemical properties of PMA were measured by UV/VIS, Fourier-transform infrared, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, high pressure size exclusion chromatography, and elemental analyses to elucidate the structural characteristics of PMA and aquatic humic substances. In terms of size, polydispersity, elemental composition, and infrared spectra, PMA most closely resembles fulvic acids derived primarily from terrestrial sources. Molar absorptivity (measured at 280 nm) and 13C NMR spectroscopic data, however, show that PMA exhibits significantly less aromaticity than fulvic materials of similar size. In general, terrestrially derived aquatic fulvic acids possess larger percentages of aromatic carbons than either PMA or the lacustrine and subsurface fulvic acids. 13C NMR spectra also show that aliphatic II and acetal carbons, present in several aquatic fulvic acids, are absent in PMA. Furthermore, the carboxyl carbon content of PMA is significantly higher than that of all the humic materials used in this study. Based on these results, PMA does not resemble a unique humic substance, but rather appears to possess chemical properties common to humic materials from diverse sources.
Optimal Hedging of Commodity Price Risks in Highway Contracts

Macroeconomic conditions, such as commodity prices, labor wages, and inflation rates, affect the cost of construction projects. In a volatile market environment, highway agencies often pass such risks to contractors by using fixed-price contracts. In turn, contractors respond by adding premiums in bid prices. How much of this risk highway agencies should pass to contractors is the topic of this paper. More specifically, the objective of this paper is to develop a model that can help highway agencies manage cost risks associated with commodity prices. The weighted least squares regression model is used to estimate the risk premium; the solution to a multiobjective optimization formulation considers a genetic algorithm approach to nonconvex optimization. Crude oil prices are used as an example of volatile commodities. The results of this study suggest that the optimal risk mitigation actions are conditional on owners' risk preferences.
The impact of trust and changes in trust

Highlights? We investigate the impact of trust on National Level Adoptions (NLA) of a large number of ICT products, services, and issues, while controlling for GDP. ? The data used was based on three World Value Surveys (WVS) conducted across 90 nations, with each nation represented by more than 1000 respondents. ? Our results indicate that trust and national wealth alone are robust predictors of NLA. ? Our findings also show that over a 10 year period, trust rates have changed in many developed nations, and the change has a positive association with changes in adoption rates. Trust has been shown to play an important role in the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) on an individual and firm level, but has received relatively little attention on a national level. In this paper we examine the impact of generalized trust, as measured by the World Value Survey, on the adoption of ICT products and related phenomena (e.g., such issues as Telecommuting and services such as E-Government Readiness), at a national level, while controlling for a nation's wealth. Because national trust levels having changed over time, we also examine how the rate of change in trust has impacted the adoption of ICT and ICT related phenomenon. Our findings provide strong empirical support for the argument that trust impacts national level adoption. The results are robust as we consider multiple variables and data sources. We also show that changes in trust rates are generally associated with corresponding changes in ICT adoptions.
A lightness of vision: the poetics of Relation in Malian art photography

“Art photography” is a recent phenomenon in Bamako, Mali, home of renowned studio portraitists Seydou Keita (1921/3–2001) and Malick Sidibe (b.1936). These photographers inspired the founding of the Bamako Photography Biennale in 1994, which sparked the rise of a local art photography movement. The potentialities offered by the Biennale ignited the imaginations of a small cohort of Malian photographers. Yet, instead of following global trends introduced by the presence of international art, the Bamakois art photographers have remained close to the values of studio portraiture. Their practices emphasise photography’s social aspect by focusing on the human body and appreciating its beauty, while allowing individual creativity to flourish in ways previously unimaginable. Malian photographers thus have retained a relatively autonomous local identity, while creating art photography stemming from a history of portraiture that itself was repositioned as art on the global stage. This dialectic between local ident...
A Multibody Dynamics-Enabled Mobility Analysis Tool for Military Applications

1 Abstract This paper describes a modeling, simulation, and visualization framework aimed at enabling physicsbased analysis of ground vehicle mobility. This framework, called Chrono, has been built to leverage parallel computing both on distributed and shared memory architectures. Chrono is both modular and extensible. Modularity stems from the design decision to build vertical applications whose goal is to reduce the end-to-end time from vision-to-modelto-solution-to-visualization for a targeted application field. The extensibility is a consequence of the design of the foundation modules, which can be enhanced with new features that benefit all the vertical applications. Two factors motivated the development of Chrono. First, there is a manifest need of modeling approaches and simulation tools to support mobility analysis on deformable terrain. Second, the hardware available today has improved to a point where the amount of sheer computer power, the memory size, and the available software stack (productivity tools and programming languages) support computing on a scale that allows integrating highly accurate vehicle dynamics and physics-based terramechanics models. Although commercial software is available nowadays for simulating vehicle and tire models that operate on paved roads; deformable terrain models that complement the fidelity of present day vehicle and tire models have been lacking due to the complexity of soil behavior. This paper demonstrates Chrono’s ability to handle these difficult mobility situations through several simulations, including: (i) urban operations, (ii) muddy terrain operations, (iii) gravel slope operations, and (iv) river fording.
Locking a leukocyte integrin with statins.

The first of the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (collectively referred to as “statins”) was identified in 1976.1 This enzyme was an ideal target for treating hyperc...
Low order equivalent models of highly augmented aircraft determined from flight data using maximum likelihood estimation.

This paper presents the results of a study of the feasibility of using low order equivalent mathematical models of a highly augmented aircraft, the F-8 digital fly-by-wire (DFBW), for flying qualities research. Increasingly complex models were formulated and evaluated using flight data and maximum likelihood estimation techniques. The aircraft actuator was modeled alone first. Next the equivalent derivatives were used to model the longitudinal unaugmented F-8 DFBW aircraft dynamics. The most complex model incorporated a pure time shift of the pilot input, a first order lag, and the basic longitudinal airframe model. This same model was then implemented for the F-8 DFBW aircraft in a highly augmented mode. Excellent matching of the dynamics resulted for this model, indicating that low order equivalent models which are good representations of the highly augmented F-8 DFBW aircraft can be formulated with these methods.
Green fluorescent protein as a vital marker for non-destructive detection of transformation events in transgenic plants

Transformation of plants is a popular tool for modifying various desirable traits. Marker genes, like those encoding for bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS), firefly luciferase (LUC) or jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been shown to be very useful for establishing of efficient transformation protocols. Due to favourable properties such as no need of exogenous substrates and easy visualization, GFP has been found to be superior in to other markers in many cases. However, the use of GFP fluorescence is associated with some obstacles, mostly related to the diminishing of green fluorescence in older tissues, variation in fluorescence levels among different tissues and organs, and occasional interference with other fluorescing compounds in plants. This paper briefly summarizes basic GFP properties and applications, and describes in more detail the contribution of GFP to the establishment, evaluation and improvement of transformation procedures for plants. Moreover, features and possible obstacles associated with monitoring GFP fluorescence are discussed.
Nutritional status, energy expenditure, body fat, stress and cardiovascular disease risk factors of north carolina farm families

Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate the relative contribution of diet, body fat, energy expenditure and stress on lipid profiles and blood pressures in North Carolina farmers (n=76) and farm wives (n=68). Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of selected dependent variables on the independent variables (total cholesterol (TC), HDL-Cholesterol (HDLC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In this model, three measures of body fat (BMI, sum of 4 skinfolds and % body fat), gender, energy expenditure, smoking status and three measures of stress were used with a group of selected dietary variables. Because the correlations between the 3 measures of body fat, and the 3 measures of stress were small (generally less than 0.30), all of these variables were used in the regression model. None of the nutrients evaluated significantly contributed to the variance for TC. Only carbohydrate and vitamin C intake contributed significantly to the model for HDLC. Protein, carbohydrate and potassium contributed significantly to the model for SBP whereas sodium and energy contributed significantly to the model for DBP.
Antibiotic‐loaded biodegradable bone cement for prophylaxis and treatment of experimental osteomyelitis in rats

Summary: A biodegradable, particulate composite bone cement contatntng gentamicin and vancomycin was used for both treatment and prophylaxis of Staphvlococclls allrells osteomyelitis in rats. Osteomyelitis was established by inoculating S. ({lIrellS into holes that were drilled in the proximal tibiae and were filled with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cylinders. The cylinders were left in place for 3 weeks. The infections were serially evaluated by clinical and radiographic examination and by quantitative culture for colony forming units (CFUs) at the time the rats were killed. For treatment. cements contain­ ing antibiotic were implanted in animals that had established osteomyelitis and were left in place for an additional 3 weeks. Sites treated with biodegradable cement containing antibiotics exhibited significantly fewer CFUs in compari­ son with controls (p < (J.n I). Sites treated prophylactically with the biodegrad­ able cement developed no infections as evaluated by clinical or radiographic criteria or by quantitative culture. At this relatively early time. no significant difference in therapeutic effectiveness was found when either the biodegrad­ able cement or PMMA was used as a carrier for antibiotics,
Spectra and structure of phosphorus-boron compounds. XXVI: Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability and normal coordinate analysis of ethyldichlorophosphine-borane

Abstract The Raman (3500-10 cm −1 ) and infrared (3500-50 cm −1 ) spectra of solid ethyldichlorophosphine-borane, CH 3 CH 2 P(BH 3 )Cl 2 and its deuterated analog, CH 3 CH 2 P(BD 3 )Cl 2 have been recorded. Additionally, the infrared spectra of the gases and the Raman spectra of the liquids have been recorded and qualitative depolarization ratios have been obtained. Based on the fact that several distinct Raman lines disappear on going from the liquid to the solid state, it is concluded that the molecule exists as a mixture of the gauche and trans conformers, with the trans conformer being more stable in the liquid phase, and the only one present in the solid phase. From a temperature study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid, the enthalpy difference between the gauche and trans conformers was determined to be nearly zero. Based on Raman depolarization data, group frequencies, isotopic shift factors and infrared band contours, a complete vibrational assignment has been proposed for the trans conformer. The assignment is supported by a normal coordinate calculation which was carried out utilizing a modified valence force field to obtain the frequencies of the normal modes and the potential energy distribution. The BH 3 torsion has been observed at 188 cm −1 , while the BD 3 torsion was not observed. The methyl torsions in the spectra of the solids have been observed at 209 and 202 cm −1 for the “light” and deuterated species, respectively. From the torsional data, barriers to internal rotation have been calculated. The asymmetric torsional mode has been observed for the trans conformer in the infrared spectra of the gas phase at 108 and 104 cm −1 for the BH 3 and BD 3 species, respectively. These results are compared with similar quantities for some corresponding organophosphine—borane compounds.
Residual Stress Determination by Hole Drilling Combined with Optical Methods

An overview is provided of the use of eight different optical methods with hole drilling to determine residual stresses. The methods considered are: brittle and photoelastic coatings, Moire interferometry, holographic interferometry, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, interferometric strain rosette, digital image correlation and shearography. A number of applications are summarized, such as the use of hole drilling with holographic interferometry to investigate stresses in rock structures accessed by deep boreholes and to determine manufacturing-induced residual stresses in fillets of small radii.
Bi-Directional Training for Adaptive Beamforming and Power Control in Interference Networks

We study distributed algorithms for adapting transmit beamformers and linear receiver filters in a Time-Division Duplex Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) interference network. Each transmitter transmits a single beam, and neither the transmitters nor receivers have a priori Channel State Information (CSI). Given a fixed set of powers, we present an adaptive version of the Max-SINR algorithm: pilot symbols are alternately transmitted in the forward direction (transmitters to receivers) and in the reverse direction (receivers to transmitters). Unlike previous channel estimation schemes, transmissions in each direction are synchronized across the source or destination nodes, and the pilots are used to update the filters/beams directly using a least squares criterion. To improve the performance with limited training, we include exponential weighting of the least squares objective across data frames. In addition, bi-directional training can be used to implement analog interference pricing for power control: training in the forward direction is used to measure received signal-to-interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) and interference prices, and those estimates combined with synchronous backward training are used to update the powers. Given sufficient training this method achieves the same performance as interference pricing updates with perfect CSI. Numerical results are presented that illustrate the performance of these methods in different settings.
Urbanization signature in the observed heavy rainfall climatology over India.

We assess the urbanization impacts on the heavy rainfall climatology during the Indian summer monsoon. While a number of studies have identified the impact of urbanization on local precipitation, a large-scale assessment has been lacking. This relation between urbanization and Indian monsoon rainfall changes is investigated by analyzing in situ and satellite-based precipitation and population datasets. Using a long-term daily rainfall dataset and high-resolution gridded analysis of human population, this study showed a significantly increasing trend in the frequency of heavy rainfall climatology over urban regions of India during the monsoon season. Urban regions experience less occurrences of light rainfall and significantly higher occurrences of intense precipitation compared to nonurban regions. Very heavy and extreme rainfall events showed increased trends over both urban and rural areas, but the trends over urban areas were larger and statistically more significant. Our analysis suggests that there is adequate statistical basis to conclude that the observed increasing trend in the frequency of heavy rainfall events over Indian monsoon region is more likely to be over regions where the pace of urbanization is faster. Moreover, rainfall measurements from satellites also indicate that urban areas are more (less) likely to experience heavier (lighter) precipitation rates compared to those in nonurban areas. While the mechanisms causing this enhancement in rainfall remain to be studied, the results provide the evidence that the increase in the heavy rainfall climatology over the Indian monsoon region is a signature of urban-induced rainfall anomaly. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Aldehyde and phosphinate analogs of glutathione and glutathionylspermidine: potent, selective binding inhibitors of the E. coli bifunctional glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase

Abstract Introduction: The tripeptide glutathione is converted to glutathionylspermidine (Gsp) in Escherichia coli and in trypanosomatid parasites by an ATP-cleaving Gsp synthetase activity. In parasites, an additional glutathionylation forms bis-(glutathionyl)-spermidine, trypanothione, believed to be the major surveillance thiol involved in oxidant defense mechanisms in trypanosomatid parasites. In E. coli , the Gsp synthetase is part of a bifunctional enzyme opposed by the hydrolytic Gsp amidase. Results: Gsp amidase and Gsp synthetase activities of the bifunctional E. coli enzyme can be separately targeted by potent, selective slow-binding inhibitors that induce time-dependent inhibition. The inhibitor γ-Glu-Ala-Gly-CHO most probably captures Cys59 and accumulates as the tetrahedral adduct in the amidase active site. Inhibitory Gsp phosphinate analogs are phosphorylated by ATP to yield phosphinophosphate analogs in the synthetase active site. Binding of phosphinophosphate in the Gsp synthetase active site potentiates the inhibition affinity for the aldehyde at the Gsp amidase active site by two orders of magnitude. Conclusions: Time-dependent inhibition of the Gsp amidase activity by the aldehyde substrate analog supports previous work that suggests glutathionyl acyl-enzyme intermediate formation in the Gsp amidase reaction mechanism. Use of potent selective inhibitors against Gsp amidase (aldehyde) and Gsp synthetase (phosphinate) activities provides further evidence of interdomain communication in the bifunctional enzyme from E. coli .
Strength effects in diamond under shock compression from 0.1 to 1 TPa

A two-wave shock structure---elastic precursor followed by an inelastic compression wave---is observed in single crystal and polycrystalline diamond laser shock compressed to peak stresses as high as 800 GPa. The Hugoniot elastic limits are measured to be 80 $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12)$, 81 $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6)$, and 60 $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\text{ }\text{GPa}$ for the $⟨100⟩$, $⟨110⟩$, and $⟨111⟩$ orientations of single crystals with the directional dependence attributable to the relative increase in strength under confining stress. These values imply a single crystal yield strength approximately 1/3 of theoretical predictions. The measurements reveal clear deviations from an elastic-plastic response upon dynamic yielding with significant relaxation toward an isotropic stress state for shock stresses of at least 160 GPa. Previously reported signatures of melting at 700--800 GPa along the diamond Hugoniot may be related to the transition from a two-wave to a single-wave structure, supporting the interpretation that melting begins at lower stresses $(\ensuremath{\sim}600\text{ }\text{GPa})$ with the appearance of an optically reflecting phase of carbon.
Optimal Asset Allocation for Passive Investing with Capital Loss Harvesting

Abstract This article examines how to quantify and optimally utilize the beneficial effect that capital loss harvesting generates in a taxable portfolio. We explicitly determine the optimal initial asset allocation for an investor who follows the continuous time dynamic trading strategy of Constantinides (1983). This strategy sells and re-buys all stocks with losses, but is otherwise passive. Our model allows the use of the stock position's full purchase history for computing the cost basis. The method can also be used to rebalance at later times. For portfolios with one stock position and cash, the probability density function for the portfolio's state corresponds to the solution of a 3−space + 1−time dimensional partial differential equation (PDE) with an oblique reflecting boundary condition. Extensions of this PDE, including to the case of multiple correlated stocks, are also presented. We detail a numerical algorithm for the PDE in the single stock case. The algorithm shows the significant effect cap...
IL-10 Is Not Protective in Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Background. Ischemia/reperfusion of the small intestine disrupts gut barrier function, increases bacterial translocation, and activates systemic pro-inflammatory responses. Pharmacological treatment with the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) following ischemia to muscle reduces the severity of local and systemic inflammation. While endogenous IL-10 is protective in murine models of acute endotoxemia, its physiological role during direct gut injury is unknown. Patients and materials. Mice genetically deficient in IL-10 (IL-10−/−) and their normal littermates (IL-10+/+) underwent 20 to 50 min of gut ischemia by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Results. Both short- and long-term (>16 h) survival after reperfusion of IL-10−/− mice was identical to that of the wild-type littermates, with 50% mortality observed at 35 min of occlusion. The small bowel demonstrated discrete gross areas of hemorrhage and ischemia localized to the jejunum. No significant difference in the extent or time for occurrence of macroscopic or microscopic intestinal damage to the small bowel was observed in IL-10−/− or IL-10+/+ mice, despite the marked elevation in serum IL-6. Conclusions. The absolute serum concentration of IL-6 in the presence or the absence of IL-10 does not affect local or systemic response to ischemic intestinal injury. These results also demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 does not play a significant local or systemic protective role in this model of ischemia/reperfusion.
Glucosylceramide synthase inhibition enhances vincristine-induced cytotoxicity.

As a strategy to enhance tumor cell sensitivity to vincristine, we tested whether modulation of sphingolipid metabolism would alter vincristine cytotoxicity since this is linked to accumulation of the intermediate metabolite, ceramide. We blocked ceramide metabolism in a series of variably vincristine-resistant cell lines derived from CCRF-CEM leukemia cells using an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, DL-threo-phenyl-2-hexadecanoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-1-propanol (PPPP). PPPP alone (1.0 μM), while nearly completely blocking glucosylceramide synthesis, was not toxic and did not increase cellular ceramide levels. Vincristine alone was toxic, caused apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) and caused an elevation in ceramide levels. Strikingly, the combination of PPPP and vincristine resulted in a further increase, over that of vincristine alone, of (i) cellular ceramide concentration, (ii) cytotoxicity associated with PCD and (iii) G2/M cell-cycle arrest. PPPP had no effect on P-glycoprotein expression or function. We conclude that vincristine cytotoxicity occurs in part through a ceramide-dependent mechanism, resulting in both G2/M block as well as PCD, and that the blockade of glucosylceramide synthase, in itself not toxic, causes augmented accumulation of ceramide resulting from vincristine exposure, which in turn maximizes ceramide-dependent, vincristine-induced cytotoxicity. Inhibition of glucosylceramide synthesis may be a means of circumventing drug resistance by enhancing signaling through a cell-death pathway. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A noniterative multiproduct multiperiod production planning method

Production planning for multiple products on a single production facility over a time horizon requires minimizing the sum of production costs (regular time, overtime and subcontracting) and inventory carrying costs for meeting the known demands of the products. It is shown that the problem can be formulated and solved by a simple and noniterative method of 'column minima' even for multiple product situations.
Sequence analysis of two new members of the major latex protein gene family supports the triploid-hybrid origin of the opium poppy

Latex from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) contains an abundant group of laticifer-specific, low-molecular-weight polypeptides called the major latex proteins (MLPs). MLPs are encoded by a family of nine genes which can be divided into two distinct subfamilies based on DNA gel blot analysis. This report describes two new members of the MLP gene family (MLP146 and MLP149) that are physically linked and separated by approx. 5.5 kb. Comparison of their nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences with those of other MLP indicates that both new MLP belong to the MLP15 subfamily. The organization of the MLP family is consistent with the triploid-hybrid origin of the opium poppy.
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus local lesion area and infectivity increased by 2-thiouracil

Abstract Treatment with 2-thiouracil caused cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) lesion area on hypersensitive soybean to be enlarged 8–75 times. Lesion enlargement was detected 48 hr after inoculation, and lesions increased in size rapidly for 6–8 days. Although soybean becomes more resistant (fewer and smaller lesions) with increasing age, thiouracil caused lesions to reach a similar size regardless of host age. Compared to controls, lesion area increased 2, 13, and 4 times at 21, 27, and 32°, respectively. Increased lesion area was noted when thiouracil treatment began at 0, 12, and 24 hr after inoculation, but not at 48 hr. The full effect, however, occurred when treatment began between 0 and 12 hr. When lesion area was increased 10–13 times, the infectivity was increased 33–38 times. The increase in lesion size could be prevented when uracil (10−3M) was added to thiouracil (10−4M). Thiouracil treatment caused CCMV to move from one leaf half to another, but no systemic movement from one leaf to another was detected. CCMV sap infectivity was enhanced 3 times whereas tobacco mosaic virus sap infectivity was inhibited 7 times by thiouracil in Chenopodium amaranticolor, a local-lesion host for both viruses.
Overdiagnosis of depression in the general hospital

Abstract To test the hypothesis that depression is often inaccurately detected in medical settings, we examined the psychiatric consultations performed at two medical-surgical teaching hospitals. All records for the 4396 consultations seen in a 3-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Consultations were categorized by the reason for referral. These reasons were compared with the consulting psychiatrist's diagnosis. Diagnoses were grouped into “Depressed” and “Not Depressed” categories, depending on whether the psychiatric diagnoses implied any form of depressive illness (alone or in combination with other diagnoses). The majority of the referrals for psychiatric consultation (about 25% and 30% at the respective sites) were for presumed depression. Of these referrals for depression, approximately 40% were judged by the consultant to have no depressive diagnosis. Of the referrals for depression judged not to be depressed, the majority had other undiagnosed illnesses, particularly delirium, dementia, and anxiety disorders. The authors conclude that although numerous studies report that depression is unrecognized in medical patients, it may also be inappropriately suspected. This is of most concern when the presumption of depression delays other medical, neurological, or psychiatric evaluation.
Outbreak of ceftazidime resistance caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases at a Massachusetts chronic-care facility.

During a 4-month period in late 1988, we isolated ceftazidime-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae from 29 patients at a chronic-care facility in Massachusetts. Ceftazidime resistance resulted from two distinct extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the TEM type which efficiently hydrolyzed the cephalosporin: YOU-1 with a pI of 5.57 and YOU-2 with a pI of 5.2. Genes encoding these enzymes were present on different but closely related high-molecular-weight, multiple antibiotic resistance plasmids of the H12 incompatibility group and were transferable by conjugation in vitro. Agarose gel electrophoresis of extracts from clinical isolates indicated that this outbreak arose from plasmid transmission among different strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae rather than from dissemination of a single resistant isolate. Isolation rates of ceftazidime-resistant organisms transiently decreased after use of this drug was restricted, but resistant isolates continued to be recovered 7 months after empiric use of ceftazidime ceased. Images
Degradation and clearance of methotrexate in children with osteosarcoma receiving high‐dose infusion

Plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were quantitated in 34 patients after 127 high-dose (35--350 mg/kg) infusions with citrovorum factor rescue. Significant linear correlations have been obtained between methotrexate dosage and concentrations in plasma at 6 and 24 hours after the initiation of the therapy. However, similar trends have not been observed when 48- and 72-hour samples were analyzed. Clinical toxicity was not serious when the methotrexate level in plasma was less than 4.5 X 10(-6) M at 48 hours after the start of a six-hour infusion in children. A minimal four-hour steady-state methotrexate plasma level can be maintained during a six-hour infusion. Children excrete methotrexate at a faster rate than adults; the half-life of MTX during the first phase of plasma clearance curve is one hour shorter in children. Urinary analyses have indicated that substantial methotrexate is metabolized. The chemical nature of these components has not been identified. Further, the urinary metabolic profiles varied among patients.
Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis

Quantum cascade (QC) lasers are virtually ideal mid-infrared sources for trace gas monitoring. They can be fabricated to operate at any of a very wide range of wavelengths from ∼ 3 μm to ∼ 24 μm. Seizing the opportunity presented by mid-infrared QC lasers, several groups world-wide are actively applying them to trace gas sensing. Real world applications include environmental monitoring, industrial process control and biomedical diagnostics. In our laboratory we have explored the use of several methods for carrying out absorption spectroscopy with these sources, which include multipass absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS).
Hierarchical Recruitment of Polycomb Group Silencing Complexes

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain the transcriptional silence of target genes through many cycles of cell division. Here, we provide evidence for the sequential binding of PcG proteins at a Polycomb response element (PRE) in proliferating cells in which the sequence-specific DNA binding Pho and Phol proteins directly recruit E(z)-containing complexes, which in turn methylate histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3mK27). This provides a tag that facilitates binding by a Pc-containing complex. In wing imaginal discs, these PcG proteins also are present at discrete locations at or downstream of the promoter of a silenced target gene, Ubx. E(z)-dependent H3mK27 is also present near the Ubx promoter and is needed for Pc binding. The location of E(z)- and Pc-containing complexes downstream of the Ubx transcription start site suggests that they may inhibit transcription by interfering with assembly of the preinitiation complex or by blocking transcription initiation or elongation.
Power Losses from Heated Objects in Still Air

The various factors affecting conduction and convection are discussed. Ordinarily, the power carried away from a heated body by these processes cannot be calculated accurately. Two ways of measuring it are described: (1) by boiling water in a container and subtracting from the power input the losses due to evaporation and radiation; and (2) by silvering the bulb of a 500-watt tungsten-filament lamp on the outside, and then making the power input such that the average bulb temperature is the same as that of the unsilvered lamp at normal input. A similar test, but with the bulb silvered on the inside, combined with the results of test (2), gave the power radiated by the bulb. Thus, we find 8 percent of the input to a regular 500-watt lamp carried off by conduction and convection, 11 percent by bulb radiation, the rest by direct filament radiation.Test (1) showed a conduction and convection loss of about 0.05 watt/cm2 at 100°C. This exceeded the radiation loss for every surface tested except a radiator enamel (total emissivity 0.77).
HORMONAL GROWTH CONTROL OF CELLS IN CULTURE

Serum is the last undefined component in cell culture media. Our results indicate that the primary role of serum is to provide hormones and that serum can be replaced by a group of hormones. A rat pituitary cell line, GH3, can grow in serum-free medium if the medium is supplemented with 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine, TSH-releasing hormone, transferrin, parathyroid hormone, insulin and three isoelectric focusing fractions of blood meal. The blood-meal components can be replaced by fibroblast growth factor and somatomedin C. The growth rate of GH3 cells in hormone-supplemented serum-free medium is equal to that in serum-supplemented medium, and subculture in such medium is also possible. These results indicate that the replacement of the serum component is complete in the GH3 system. The hormonal requirements of GH3 cells and those of HeLa and mouse melanoma, M2R, were compared. Two generalizations could be made: (a) All three cell lines require insulin and transferrin. (b) There is a requirement for a hormone which localizes in the nucleus for each cell line. These generalizations seem to hold true for most of the other cell lines for which the hormonal requirements have been partially worked out. Since insulin is one of the universally required hormones, its effects on GH3, HeLa and M2R were compared. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in all three cell lines and facilitates fatty-acid synthesis in GH3 and M2R. However, there is a difference in the effect of insulin on growth among the three cell lines. Insulin is an absolute requirement for GH3 cells without which the cells cannot survive, whereas this is not the case for HeLa and M2R. The most stringent requirement for HeLa cells is for hydrocortisone, and for M2R, it is for transferrin. These results indicate that even though the necessity for some hormones is common, the degree of requirement may vary from one cell line to another. Whether this difference reflects the difference in the primary mode of action of the hormone on each cell type needs further investigation.
On the issue of obtaining OWA operator weights

We first investigate the issue of obtaining the weights associated with the OWA aggregation in the situation when we have observed data on the arguments and the aggregated value. We next introduce a family of OWA operators called exponential OWA operators. Finally, we look at a simple procedure for generating the weights given a required degree of orness.
Online Contract Training: Applying Organization Theory to Reconcile Competing Missions Within Community Colleges

Community colleges in the United States have become major providers of human resource development services, particularly through offering workforce development training to local employers. The addition of workforce development services to community colleges is a fairly recent phenomenon. Some see workforce development efforts as diluting community colleges’ historic mission of providing affordable and accessible opportunities for students to transfer to 4-year institutions. The addition of online training has created additional stressors, because of increases in costs, opportunities for outsourcing, and increased opportunity for serving those outside of the local community. Using an organizational theory framework, this conceptual article addresses the competing emphases in the community college mission and attempts to understand how various types of institutions overcome internal and external barriers in introducing online workforce development through organizational change initiatives.
Computer study of self-sputtering of Cu and Ni at 90 keV

Abstract The self-sputtering of 90 keV Cu (Ni) ions incident on polycrystalline Cu (Ni) targets has been studied using the code MARLOWE. Experimental values of the sputtering yields and the angular distribution of sputtered atoms are reproduced with the Moliere potential using the screening length of Torrens and Robinson. Particular attention is paid to those subcascades which have sputtered atoms as their end products. The distribution of the depths at which these subscascades are initiated is presented, together with the distribution of the frequency and length of replacement sequences they contain. A comparison is made of self-sputtering from amorphous and polycrystalline targets at this energy.