cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Mansfield, Technological Complexity, and the “Golden Age” of U.S. Corporate R&D

We focus on two themes, among those in Mansfield’s work, particularly relevant to understanding the role of large corporations in the U.S. innovation system: (1) the development of science-based inventions into market-ready innovations, and (2) the imitation by one firm of another’s technology. Both of these phenomena, we propose, depend critically on the extent of technological and organizational complexity characteristic of current products and potential innovations. Reporting on recent survey research of our own, we argue that the origins and potentially the future of U.S. leadership in technology-based economic growth lie in the complementarity of large corporations and entrepreneurial startups, each exploring and exploiting the market potential of different types of science-based innovations.
A Model of Contract Guarantees for Credit-Sensitive, Opaque Financial Intermediaries'

As discussed in Merton (1993, Sections 5 and 6) and here in the section to follow, the effective delivery of many financial services depends critically on the credit-worthiness of the provider financial institution. Such service activities are said to be 'credit-sensitive'. The intermediary's credit standing can cause significant extemality-like effects on the various business activities of the intermediary, even when there are no interconnections among them. For example, the announcement by a U.S. investment bank that it is even thinking of entering into a new merchant-banking activity of extending bridge financing and other interim risk-taking positioning for restructuring firms can materially and negatively affect its over-the-counter derivatives-products business for corporate customers because those customers may perceive the risk of the merchant-banking involvement as jeopardizing the bank's ability to fulfill its obligations on its long-dated contractual agreements. Thus the potential merchant-banking business affects the derivative-products business although there is no overlap of personnel, customer base, location, or employee skill sets between them. The shared credit standing of the institution's individual businesses can therefore cause a significant failure ofthe principle of 'value-additivity', which complicates decentralization of the capital budgeting and financial decisions. The issue of monitoring credit quality are made more complex because those intermediaries such as banks and insurance companies that are principals to customer contractual agreements tend to be 'opaque' institutions, as defined in Ross (1989) and Merton
Characterization of vitrinite concentrates: 3. Correlation of FT-i.r. measurements to thermoplastic and liquefaction behaviour

Abstract Measurements of aliphatic C–H content by FT-i.r. have been correlated to the plastic properties and liquefaction behaviour of a set of coals and vitrinite concentrates obtained from the Lower Kittaning seam. It has been found that for vitrinites a measure of total aliphatic C–H content correlates with Gieseler fluidity, displaying an abrupt change over a narrow range of aliphatic C–H content. Liquefaction conversion does not correlate with FT-i.r. measurements of total aliphatic C–H content but does correlate with the intensity of a band that is a measure of CH 2 content. These results confirm the general relationship between the mechanism of liquefaction conversion and plastic development, but also suggests there are some subtle differences.
Nanopore Sequencing with MspA

Nanopores may provide the basis for a high-speed and inexpensive de novo DNA sequencing technique that could revolutionize medical and biological science. In this technique, single-stranded DNA is electrophoretically translocated through a pore with inner dimensions similar to that of DNA. The co-passing ion current is recorded to obtain sequence information. Since its inception, nanopore sequencing has had promising results with only one bacterial pore α-Hemolysin and various solid-state pores. The geometry of another bacterial pore, MspA, found in the outer membrane of Mycobacteria Smegmatis, appears to be ideally suited for nanopore sequencing. We used site-directed mutagenesis on MspA to produce mutants that allow DNA translocation. These mutants can resolve small chains of the nucleotides A, C, and T when a duplex region of hairpin DNA arrests translocation. Additionally, DNA interaction with the mutant MspA is significantly and predictably altered with further mutations to the MspA structure. Our results introduce MspA as a promising and engineerable framework for nanopore sequencing technology.
Olfactory classification via interpoint distance analysis

Detection of the presence of a single prespecified chemical analyte at low concentration in complex backgrounds is a difficult application for chemical sensors. The article considers a database of artificial nose observations designed specifically to allow for the investigation of chemical sensor data analysis performance on the problem of trichloroethylene (TCE) detection. We consider an approach to this application which uses an ensemble of subsample classifiers based on interpoint distances. Experimental results are presented indicating that our nonparametric methodology is a useful tool in olfactory classification.
The Peculiar Problems of Preparing Educational Researchers

In this article, some difficulties are examined involving turning educational practitioners into educational researchers at American education schools. Teachers bring many traits that are ideal for this new role. At the same time, students and professors in researcher training programs often encounter a cultural clash between the world-views of the teacher and researcher. Students may feel they are being asked to transform their cultural orientation from normative to analytical, from personal to intellectual, from particular to universal, and from experiential to theoretical. They often resist. Differences in worldview between teachers and researchers cannot be eliminated easily because they arise from irreducible differences in the nature of the work that teachers and researchers do.
Digoxin levels in prehospital sudden-death syndrome

Digitalis toxicity is common and has been associated with ventricular dysrhythmias. Digoxin levels in patients who suffer prehospital sudden death have never been studied. This study measured digoxin levels in a population of sudden-death patients. During the 15-week study period, 252 patients in cardiac arrest were seen by an urban paramedic system. During daytime hours, paramedics were requested to obtain a blood sample from sudden-death patients; the samples were subsequently analyzed for digoxin by means of radioimmunoassay. Thirty-nine patients had measured digoxin levels drawn; 28 (71.8%) were in the therapeutic range (0.5-2.1 ng/mL), and four (10.2%) were in the toxic range (greater than 2.1 ng/mL). The patients with toxic dogoxin levels and those with nontoxic levels had similar resuscitation rates (50.0% vs. 34.3%, P = NS), but none were found in ventricular fibrillation. Emergency medical services personnel should consider digoxin toxicity as a potential etiology of arrest.
On the representation of query term relations by soft Boolean operators

The language analysis component in most text retrieval systems is confined to a recognition of noun phrases of the type normally included in back-of-the-book indexes, and an identification of related terms included in a preconstructed thesaurus of quasi-synonyms. Even such a restricted language analysis is fraught with difficulties because of the well-known problems in the analysis of compound nominals, and the hazards and cost of constructing word synonym classes valid for large text samples.In this study an extended (soft) Boolean logic is used for the formulation of information retrieval queries which is capable of representing both the use of compound noun phrases as well as the inclusion of synonym constructions in the query statements. The operations of the extended Boolean logic are described, and evaluation output is included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the extended logic compared with that of ordinary text retrieval systems.
The Herpesvirus Capsid Surface Protein, VP26, and the Majority of the Tegument Proteins Are Dispensable for Capsid Transport toward the Nucleus

Upon entering a cell, alphaherpesvirus capsids are transported toward the minus ends of microtubules and ultimately deposit virus DNA within the host nucleus. The virus proteins that mediate this centripetal transport are unknown but are expected to be either viral tegument proteins, which are a group of capsid-associated proteins, or a surface component of the capsid itself. Starting with derivatives of pseudorabies virus that encode a fluorescent protein fused to a structural component of the virus, we have made a collection of 12 mutant viruses that lack either the VP26 capsid protein or an individual tegument protein. Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we tracked individual virus particles in axons following infection of primary sensory neurons. Quantitative analysis of the VP26-null virus indicates that this protein plays no observable role in capsid transport. Furthermore, viruses lacking tegument proteins that are nonessential for virus propagation in cell culture were also competent for axonal transport. These results indicate that a protein essential for viral propagation mediates transport of the capsid to the nucleus.
Studies on Protein Multimers II. A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF UREASE DISSOCIATION IN 1,2-PROPANEDIOL: COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND GLYCEROL

Abstract It has been shown that the action of 90% 1,2-propanediol on urease results in a dissociation that is symmetrical and results in 240,000 dalton units. Ultraviolet absorption and optical rotatory dispersion studies indicate no conformational change, and no loss of enzymatic activity was observed. The 240,000-dalton form of urease reassociated to a value twice this when the pH was reduced from 9.2 to 7.0. The product of reassociation was identical with the starting material by the criteria of electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and measurements of ultraviolet absorption, optical rotatory dispersion, and enzymatic activity. The results indicated a single binding area which does not interact with the active site of the enzyme. The interaction between the 240,000 dalton units in the 480,000-dalton form during reassociation does not involve disulfide bonds. Dissociation at pH values lower than 9.2, initially described, has been accomplished, indicating that pH change is not a determining factor for the process. It is proposed that the action of glycols or glycerol in this dissociation can be attributed to interference with the water structure of the solvent around the binding areas of the urease subunits. This results in a favorable entropy change predominantly contributing to the free energy of dissociation. Ultracentrifuge studies in the presence of 1,2-propanediol under the dissociating conditions supported the above conclusions based on studies in buffers. Comparative studies with ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, and glycerol indicate that the same type of dissociation occurs in all three. Studies of the stability of the dissociated urease show that, upon long exposure in ethylene glycol or 1,2-propanediol, changes occur that lead to loss of enzymatic activity. These changes are accompanied by an apparent reassociation followed by polymerization or denaturation. The apparent reassociation is distinguishable from normal association-dissociation and conditions are described for its elimination. A suggested cyclic mechanism of dissociation and reassociation is presented in a scheme that correlates the phenomena observed.
Large Deviation Bounds for Functionals of Viterbi Paths

In a number of applications, the underlying stochastic process is modeled as a finite-state discrete-time Markov chain that cannot be observed directly and is represented by an auxiliary process. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator is widely used to estimate states of this hidden Markov model through available observations. The MAP path estimator based on a finite number of observations is calculated by the Viterbi algorithm, and is often referred to as the Viterbi path. It was recently shown in, and, (see also and) that under mild conditions, the sequence of estimators of a given state converges almost surely to a limiting regenerative process as the number of observations approaches infinity. This in particular implies a law of large numbers for some functionals of hidden states and finite Viterbi paths. The aim of this paper is to provide the corresponding large deviation estimates.
Medication use and symptoms in individuals with mitral valve prolapse syndrome.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvular heart disease associated with a variety of frightening symptoms. Beta-adrenergic blockers along with calcium channel blockers and anxiolytics are widely used to treat symptoms associated with MVPS despite a lack of evidence that supports their efficacy. This study examined the relationship between prescribed medication use and frequency and intensity of MVPS symptoms. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used. Descriptive statistics and Cramer's V correlational analysis were used to answer the research questions. Self-completed questionnaires were mailed to 2,282 MVPS individuals older than 21 years of age throughout the United States and Canada previously diagnosed with MVPS. Of the 837 participants, 337 (40%) were taking one or more medications. Although there were significant positive correlations between anxiety and calcium channel blockers, chest pain and digoxin, and mood swings and digoxin, the correlations were very weak.
Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting in the upper extremity: A case report

Abstract Adenopathy is the main presentation of lymphoma. Despite frequent nodal involvement, extranodal origins are not uncommon. Freeman et al. 1 reviewed 8767 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and noted that 24% were considered to have extranodal origins. 2 Primary skeletal muscle lymphoma, however, is rare. 3–5 We recently treated a case of primary skeletal muscle non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the upper extremity.
Congenital Heart Defects and Receipt of Special Education Services

BACKGROUND: We investigated the prevalence of receipt of special education services among children with congenital heart defects (CHDs) compared with children without birth defects. METHODS: Children born from 1982 to 2004 in metropolitan Atlanta with CHDs (n = 3744) were identified from a population-based birth defect surveillance program; children without birth defects (n = 860 715) were identified from birth certificates. Cohorts were linked to special education files for the 1992–2012 school years to identify special education services. Children with noncardiac defects or genetic syndromes were excluded; children with CHDs were classified by presence or absence of critical CHDs (ie, CHDs requiring intervention by age one year). We evaluated the prevalence of receipt of special education services and prevalence rate ratios using children without birth defects as a reference. RESULTS: Compared with children without birth defects, children with CHDs were 50% more likely to receive special education services overall (adjusted prevalence rate ratio [aPRR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–1.7). Specifically, they had higher prevalence of several special education categories including: intellectual disability (aPRR = 3.8; 95% CI: 2.8–5.1), sensory impairment (aPRR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.8–5.0), other health impairment (aPRR = 2.8; 95% CI: 2.2–3.5), significant developmental delay (aPRR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3–2.8), and specific learning disability (aPRR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–1.7). For most special education services, the excess prevalence did not vary by presence of critical CHDs. CONCLUSIONS: Children with CHDs received special education services more often than children without birth defects. These findings highlight the need for special education services and the importance of developmental screening for all children with CHDs.
Fast minimum variance resampling

A novel method is introduced for resampling irregularly sampled data in the presence of noise. The estimator is minimum variance (MV) and minimum mean square error, under Gaussian assumptions, and well-conditioned in general. The Shannon-Whittaker sampling theorem is generalized to use raised cosine pulses as basis functions. It is shown that this generalization permits fast estimation with O(N) computational requirements for mildly oversampled signals (bandwidth less than 0.9 B/sub N/, where B/sub N/ is the Nyquist bandwidth of the resampled data). Also, some extensions of the inverse estimator and its error characteristics are discussed.
Mammary gland development

The mammary gland develops through several distinct stages. The first transpires in the embryo as the ectoderm forms a mammary line that resolves into placodes. Regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, the placodes descend into the underlying mesenchyme and produce the rudimentary ductal structure of the gland present at birth. Subsequent stages of development—pubertal growth, pregnancy, lactation, and involution—occur postnatally under the regulation of hormones. Puberty initiates branching morphogenesis, which requires growth hormone (GH) and estrogen, as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), to create a ductal tree that fills the fat pad. Upon pregnancy, the combined actions of progesterone and prolactin generate alveoli, which secrete milk during lactation. Lack of demand for milk at weaning initiates the process of involution whereby the gland is remodeled back to its prepregnancy state. These processes require numerous signaling pathways that have distinct regulatory functions at different stages of gland development. Signaling pathways also regulate a specialized subpopulation of mammary stem cells that fuel the dramatic changes in the gland occurring with each pregnancy. Our knowledge of mammary gland development and mammary stem cell biology has significantly contributed to our understanding of breast cancer and has advanced the discovery of therapies to treat this disease.
Tetsuo Nozoe's "Autograph Books by Chemists 1953-1994": an essay.

Note from the Editor: It is with special pleasure and a warm feeling of gratitude that I introduce Koji Nakanishi's essay which accompanies the publication of the fifth segment of the Tetsuo Nozoe Autograph Books. This project, “Bonding beyond Borders,” is a symbol of the ever-increasing connectivity among the many members of the chemistry community. Both Nakanishi and Nozoe wrote autobiographies in the Profiles, Pathways and Dreams series that I edited from 1985 to 1997. I learned from their books how close they were as friends and as colleagues. My interest in publishing the Nozoe Autograph Books goes back many years but was stymied by the difficulty of finding a publisher. This interest was rekindled when, in 2006, Nakanishi told me about – and eventually lent me – a one volume specially printed commemorative collection of the Nozoe Autograph Books. At an ACS National meeting, I rushed to show this book to Eva Wille who could not put it down. This was the entry, the personal connection, that led to the publication of the Nozoe Autograph Books by Wiley-VCH in The Chemical Record. This is another example of bonding, of enthusiasm and commitment, within our community. Jeffrey I. Seeman Guest Editor, University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA
Live birth among Iguanian lizards predates Pliocene–Pleistocene glaciations

Among tetrapods, viviparity is estimated to have evolved independently within Squamata (lizards and snakes) more than 100 times, most frequently in species occupying cold climate environments. Because of this relationship with cold climates, it is sometimes assumed that many origins of squamate viviparity occurred over the past 2.5–4 Myr during the Pliocene–Pleistocene glaciations; however, this hypothesis is untested. Divergence-dating analysis on a 733-species tree of Iguanian lizards recovers 20 independent lineages that have evolved viviparity, of which 13 multispecies groups derived live birth prior to glacial advances (8–66 Myr ago). These results place the transitions from egg-laying to live birth among squamates in a well-supported historical context to facilitate examination of the underlying phenotypic and genetic changes associated with this complex shift in reproduction.
Microdosimetry of a 25 keV Electron Microbeam

Abstract Wilson, W. E., Lynch, D. J., Wei, K. and Braby, L. A. Microdosimetry of a 25 keV Electron Microbeam. Electron microbeam experiments are planned or under way to explore in part the question regarding whether the bystander effect is a general phenomenon or is restricted to high-LET radiation. Since low-LET radiations scatter more readily compared to high-LET radiations, identifying bystander cells and assessing the potential dose that they may receive will be crucial to the interpretation of radiobiological results. This paper reports on initial calculations of the basic information needed for a stochastic model of the penetration of energetic electrons in tissue-like matter; the model will be used to predict doses delivered to adjacent regions in which bystander cells may reside. Results are presented of calculations of the stochastics of energy deposition by 25 keV electrons slowing down in a homogeneous water medium. Energy deposition distributions were scored for 1-μm spheres located at various...
Inversion of temperature–resistance relationship by enlarged structural defects in graphene oxide

Here we report a novel means to transform a positive temperature coefficient behavior (i.e., electrical resistance increase with temperature) of water-soluble, reduced edge-oxidized graphene oxide (rEOGO) into a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) material (i.e., resistance decrease with temperature). The temperature-versus-resistance relationship of this material could be reversed by introducing enlarged structural defects in the basal plane of rEOGO using nitric acid as an etchant. We found that the degree of the NTC behavior of rEOGO could be correlated to the number of structural defects. Similar effects of structural defects were also observed in influencing the NTC behavior of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) produced by the Hummer's method and thermal treatment. These results suggest that structural defects function as thermally activated electron traps, and can be used to precisely tune the temperature-versus-resistance relationship of GO materials desired for a variety of applications.
VHDL Critique

The hardware and software communities have reviewed VHDL extensively throughout its conception and development. This follows the 1970s example set during development of the Ada programming language. Analysis of language, like one's preference in clothing, is subjective. Nevertheless, an informed consensus acknowledges VHDL as having good aspects, deficient aspects, and controversial aspects. Additionally, VHDL has been criticized for lack of facilities outside the language contract's defined work scope; some criticisms have centered on the software support environment?particularly the simulator. We will present both positive and negative commentary made about VHDL, concentrating on issues associated only with the language. Comments and opinions presented here come from many sources, and are not necessarily those of our affiliated organizations.
Shedding Light on the Nature of Seminal Round Cells.

Introduction In this investigation we assess the incidence of round cells (RCs) in semen samples in our infertile patient population and their significance on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle outcomes. We also evaluate the usefulness of RCs as indicators of bacterial infection and highlight the origin of this cell-type, as well as its role in the human ejaculate.
Immunology. An RNA twist to T(H)17 cells

T helper lymphocytes play essential roles in the adaptive immune system. They come in distinct types defined by unique transcriptional programs that control their development and functions. Among these, T helper 17 (TH17) cells are important in protecting mucosal surfaces against fungal and bacterial infections. In addition, TH17 cells contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases ( 1 ). A recent study ( 2 ) adds yet another layer of complexity to the biology of these complex cells—an RNA helicase and a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that act together to control their effector functions.
Omega-3 fatty acids: new insights into the pharmacology and biology of docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Purpose of reviewFish oil contains a complex mixture of omega-3 fatty acids, which are predominantly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Each of these omega-3 fatty acids has distinct biological effects that may have variable clinical effects. In addit
Abstract 3393: Extrinsic uPA initiates glioma stem cell transformation under hypoxic conditions via Lhx-2

Emerging evidence indicate that the capacity of a tumor to grow and propagate resides primarily in a small population of tumor cells, which are known as cancer stem cells. The origin of these cancer stem cells remains controversial. Hypoxia promotes tumor progression through multiple mechanisms, including modification of angiogenesis, metabolic switches and invasion. Researchers have demonstrated that hypoxia is one of the factors necessary for neural stem cell tropism to glioma. Although hypoxia has been shown to maintain multiple normal stem cell populations, its role in cancer stem cells is fairly unknown. Recently, researchers have identified hypoxia as a critical microenvironmental factor in regulating self-renewal of cancer stem cells, which is partially mediated by enhancing the activity of stem cell factors such as Oct4, c-Myc and Nanog. In this study, we show that under hypoxic conditions, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is one of the factors necessary for the maintenance and transformation of glioma cells to glioma stem cells. Glioma cells grown under hypoxic conditions showed an increase in expression of stem cell markers Oct-4, c-Myc, CD133 and Stro-1. Supplementing normoxic or hypoxic cells with external uPA increased Lhx-2 expression and was not influenced by the presence or absence of native uPA. Hypoxic cells down regulated for Lhx-2 did not show activation of stem cell marker proteins Oct-4, c-Myc, CD133 and Stro-1. Hypoxic cells subcutaneously implanted into nude mice developed at least 2-fold larger tumors when compared to normoxic cells. Intratumoral injection of plasmids expressing siRNA targeting uPA retarded tumor development in both normoxic and hypoxic tumors. In contrast, injection of plasmids expressing siRNA targeting Lhx-2 retarded hypoxic tumors with reduced effect on normoxic tumors. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that a hypoxic environment in a high uPA environment can induce glioma stem cell transformation mediated by Lhx-2 and suppression of uPA and Lhx-2 can specifically target glioma stem cell populations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3393. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3393
A Plasma-Actuator-Based Method to Generate a Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer Inflow Condition for Numerical Simulations

A method to obtain an equilibrium supersonic turbulent flat plate boundary layer suitable as an input to Direct Numerical Simulations or Implicit Large-Eddy Simulations is described. A steady counterflow actuator with properties based on Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBD), which extends the span of the plate, is employed to trip an incoming laminar boundary layer of suitable properties. The DBD force field induces a small region of flow separation. The resulting unstable shear layer transitions rapidly and breaks down to generate the desired turbulent profile. A fifth order bandwidth and order optimized WENO scheme is used along with sixth order viscous terms to simulate this process. The properties of the boundary layer are exhaustively analyzed on two dierent meshes. The boundary layer on the fine mesh, comprised of 65 million points, displays the anticipated mean flow and statistical properties observed in the literature. The coarse mesh, comprised of 20 million points shows delayed transition and thus a smaller boundary layer thickness. On the coarse mesh, mean flow properties including the law of the wall, turbulent Prandtl number, and two-point correlations are reasonably well predicted while Reynolds stresses are over predicted and skin friction is under predicted. Coherent structures are shown to exist within the turbulent flow for both grids. For the domain dimensions chosen, the flow exhibits de-correlation of pertinent two-point statistics in the spanwise direction and is large enough in streamwise extent to yield a significant region of equilibrium turbulent boundary layer flow. The method displays no spurious frequency peaks and no artificial length scales are detected.
Verification and Validation of a Theoretical Model of an Integrated Actuator Package for Primary Flight Control

This paper presents a benchmark study on fault diagnosis of electrohydraulic servoa uators (EHSA). EHSA are considered to be affected by faults and disturbances. The linear mathematical model of the EHSA is given. Two differe t design methods for fault diagnosis are studied. The first method considers the strategy of parity space design, and observer-based implementation, in which a perfect disturbance decoupling is achieved. The second method considers the linear EHSA model with polytopic uncertainties in order to design a residual signal using fault detecti n filter (FDF) theory, and to calculate a threshold. Linear matrix inequalities (LMI) are used to obtain the problem solutions.
Characteristics of Mesozoic Volcanic Reservoir in Dawa Oilfield

Volcanics in Dawa oilfield, mainly distributed in Cenozoic Fangshengpao formation and Mesozoic, are of layered distribution, composed of such lithologies as basalt, andesite, volcanic breccia and tuffs, of which volcanic breccia is a key reservoir of Mesozoic. The analysis of volcanic petrology indicates that the volcanic lithofacies can be divided into volcanic breccia, lava, ash and sedimentary ones. The epidiagenesis types of voleanics and their effects on petrophysical properties of the volcanic reservoir are revealed. On the basis of analyses of volcanic lithofacies, epidiagenelic variation and petrophysical property, the evaluation of volcanic reservoir is made, dividing it into Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ types, predicting the plane distribution of it, and providing basic information and data for studying the volcanic reservoir in Dawa oilfield in this paper.
Investigation of common respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory infection during 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)in Beijing

Objective To investigate the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in infants and young children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) during the pandemic of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Beijing.Methods Primers and probes were designed to develop a novel multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of 7 respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) types A and B,parainfluenza virus (PIV) types 1,2 and 3,adenovirus (ADV) and human bocavirus(HBoV) in clinical samples.Clinical specimens were collected from children who visited the Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics with ARI from June 2009 to February 2010 and had been tested negative for 2009 influenza A(H1N1).Results The method could detect as few as 10-300 copies of each target plasmid DNA,and could only specifically detect the target virus but not other viruses in specimens.The application of the method in 849 throat swab specimens indicated that the overall positive rate was 39.0%,1.4% for RSV-A,8.4% for RSV-B,8.2% for PIV-1,0.5% for PIV-2,3.9% for PIV-3,13.9% for ADV,2.7% for HBoV,respectively.In the tested positive cases,87.6% cases were under 5 years of age.Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that the dominated subtype of RSV was RSV-B (85.5%) which caused an epidemic peak from Nov.2009 to Feb.2010;PIV infections were mainly associated with PIV-1 from Jul.2009 to Oct.2009 and with PIV-3 from Jun.2009 to Sep.2009;ADV had a relatively high detectable rate during the whole period (an average of 13.9%);and the detectable rate of HBoV increased from Sep.2009 to Dec.2009.Conclusions In addition to influenza virus,ADV,RSV-B and PIV infections were also associated with ARI in children during 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)in Beijing.No evidence showed that the characteristics of both the seasonality and the morbidity of the viruses involving in this study were impacted by the pandemic of the new influenza virus H1N1.
Assessment of Added Value of Noncontrast to Contrast-Enhanced Abdominal Computed Tomography Scan for Characterization of Hypervascular Liver Metastases

Assess the added value of nonenhanced computed tomography (NECT) to contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) of the abdomen for characterization of hypervascular liver metastases and incidental findings. Institutional review board approved, Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act compliant, retrospective study of patients with melanoma, neuroendocrine tumor, or thyroid cancer. First available triphasic abdomen CT after initial diagnosis was reviewed by 3 radiologists. The 3 most suspicious lesions were characterized on the CECT as benign or malignant and then recharacterized after reviewing the NECT with CECT. Incidental renal and adrenal lesions were characterized similarly. Diagnostic performance of CECT vs its combination with NECT was assessed. Statistical significance level was set at P P = 0.35), 93(86-100) vs 94(87-100) for reviewer 2 ( P = 0.23), and 96(90-100) vs 99(97-100) for reviewer 3 ( P = 0.32). Mean difference in area under the curve and 95% CI between 2 protocols for characterization of liver, renal, and adrenal lesions were −0.007(−0.05 to 0.04) ( P = 0.63), −0.09(−0.25 to 0.07) ( P = 0.22), and −0.01(−0.05 to 0.02) ( P = 0.27), respectively. After addition of NECT, confidence level for lesion characterization increased 4%-15% for liver metastases, 18%-59% and 33%-67% for renal and adrenal lesions, respectively. In conclusion, while addition of NECT to CECT improved radiologist' confidence, there was no statistically significant change in characterization of hypervascular liver metastases or incidental renal and adrenal lesions.
Synthesis of photoactivatable azido-acyl caged oxazine fluorophores for live-cell imaging

We report the design and synthesis of a photoactivatable azido-acyl oxazine fluorophore. Photoactivation is achieved cleanly and rapidly with UV light, producing a single fluorescent oxazine photoproduct. We demonstrate the utility of azido-acyl caged oxazines for protein specific labeling in living mammalian cells using the TMP-tag technology.
The Bacterial View of the Periodic Table

Bacterial chromosomes have genes for transport of inorganic nutrient cations (such as NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and other trace cations) and oxyanions (such as PO43- and SO42- and less abundant oxyanions). Together these account for sometimes several hundred genes in many bacteria. Bacterial plasmids encode resistance systems for toxic metal and metalloid ions including Ag+, AsO2-, AsO43-, Cd2+, Co2+, CrO42-, Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Sb3+, TeO32-, Tl+, and Zn2+. Most resistance systems function by energy-dependent efflux of toxic ions. A few involve enzymatic (mostly redox) transformants. Some of the efflux resistance systems are ATPases and others are chemiosmotic ion/proton exchangers. Mercury resistance is due to enzymatic detoxification with organomercurial lyase (cutting the C-Hg bond of compounds such as methylmercury and phenylmercury) and mercuric reductase (Hg2+→Hg0). The Cd2+-resistance cation P-type ATPases of Gram-positive bacteria drives Cd2+ (and Zn2+) efflux from resistant cells. The genes defective in the human hereditary diseases of copper metabolism, Menkes syndrome and Wilson's disease, encode Cu-specific P-type ATPases that are similar to bacterial Cd2+ ATPases. The arsenic resistance system transports arsenite [As(III)], alternatively with the ArsB protein functioning as a chemiosmotic efflux transporter or with two proteins, ArsB and ArsA, functioning as an ATPase transporter. The third protein of the arsenic resistance system is an enzyme that reduces intracellular arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)], the substrate of the efflux system. In Gram negative cells, a three polypeptide complex functions as a chemiosmotic cation/proton exchanger to efflux Cd2+, Zn2+, and Co2+. This pump consists of an inner membrane (CzcA), an outer membrane (CzcC) and a membrane-spanning (CzcB) protein that function together.
Differences Between Treatment-Seeking and Nontreatment-Seeking Alcohol-Dependent Research Participants: An Exploratory Analysis

Background Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder with complex behavioral and functional heterogeneity. To date, attempts to characterize subgroups of alcohol-dependent (AD) individuals have largely been focused on categorical distinctions based on behaviors such as ability to abstain, age of onset, and drinking motives, but these have failed to yield predictors of treatment response and disease course. The distinction between AD individuals who are or are not interested in treatment holds significant implications for interpreting results of human laboratory studies with nontreatment seekers and clinical trials with treatment-seeking AD patients. However, despite their crucial role in alcohol-related research, these 2 groups are poorly defined. In this exploratory analysis, we attempt to better define the phenotypic differences between these 2 experimentally relevant populations. Methods We analyzed data from AD individuals who participated in screening protocols to evaluate their suitability for participation in either treatment or nontreatment research studies at NIAAA. Scores on individual measures from a battery of behavioral, neuropsychological, and blood laboratory measures were compared between those who presented seeking treatment for AD and those who were not seeking treatment. Differences in each measure were assessed between the 2 groups. In addition, we explored whether significant differences were apparent when drinking behavior was used as a covariate. Results Treatment seekers manifested more impairment compared to nontreatment seekers on a wide variety of measures in the following categories: alcohol drinking, personality, impulsivity, trauma/stress, cognition, aggression, mood, and liver enzyme tests. Treatment seekers endorsed a greater number of AD criteria. Several measures including elevations in liver enzyme tests remained significantly different between the 2 groups when average daily alcohol consumption per drinking day was used as a covariate. Conclusions Treatment-seeking, compared to nontreatment-seeking AD subjects who present for alcohol-related research studies, differ in characteristics beyond the quantity of alcohol consumption. Implications of these differences with respect to clinical research for treatments of AD are discussed.
Transportation-based characterization of census tracts in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area: Implications for barriers to mammography screening

B8 Introduction: Accessibility to mammography or other health care facilities in urban areas may pose a burden for minorities and low-income urban residents who depend on public transportation. Objective: To characterize the 282 census tracts in the Atlanta, Georgia Metropolitan Area with a transportation-based index based on selected 2000 U.S. Census variables. Methods: Census variables under consideration included: the percent of households without available vehicle (automobile access), percent living below poverty, percent minority, median family income, proportion age 25 and older without high school education, and percent civilian unemployed. Two methodologic approaches were taken. In the first, each of the selected census variables was ranked from highest to lowest in each tract for all Metro Atlanta census tracts. A percentile rank was then calculated for each variable in each tract. The percentile rank for a specific variable places that variable in the distribution of the scores across the Metro Atlanta census tracts. The ranks of variables for each tract were summed and an overall percentile rank was then calculated for the sum. In the second approach, the counts of individual variables for each tract with a percentile rank of ninety or higher were summed for a final score. We further explored the concordance of census tract rankings between an index based on one variable (automobile access) vs. an index based on all demographic variables using rank order correlation statistic. We also examined automobile access rankings by minority status. Results: Maps displaying the percentile ranks and summed 90th percentile counts will be presented for comparison. We present the concordance of census tracts using a single variable (automobile access) compared with an index using the demographic variables. Conclusion: This study will provide a description of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area census tracts where residents potentially face the most serious transportation barriers to care. This characterization will provide the starting point and demographic layer for a geographic information system (GIS) that includes mammography facility locations, public transportation routes, and roadways, for an analysis of time and distance barriers to mammography facilities.
Policy Content on the U.S. Supreme Court: A View from the States

McGuire et al. (2009) set out to develop a better measure of the policy content of the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions. They justify their measure using a formal model, which they test empirically. ...
3D technology of Sony Bloggie has no advantage in decision-making of tennis serve direction: A randomized placebo-controlled study

AbstractThis study aimed at exploring whether 3D technology enhances tennis decision-making under the conceptual framework of human performance model. A 3 (skill-level: varsity, club, recreational) × 3 (experimental condition: placebo, weak 3D [W3D], strong 3D [S3D]) between-participant design was used. Allocated to experimental conditions by a skill-level stratified randomization, 105 tennis players judged tennis serve direction from video scenarios and rated their perceptions of enjoyment, flow, and presence during task performance. Results showed that varsity players made more accurate decisions than less skilled ones. Additionally, applying 3D technology to typical video displays reduced tennis players’ decision-making accuracy, although wearing the 3D glasses led to a placebo effect that shortened the decision-making reaction time. The unexpected negative effect of 3D technology on decision-making was possibly due to participants being more familiar to W3D than to S3D, and relatedly, a suboptimal tas...
Sacituzumab govitecan: an antibody-drug conjugate.

Introduction: Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer, patients with metastatic cancer have limited therapeutic options after initial lines of therapy. Understanding...
Comparison of radiolabeled choline and ethanolamine as probes that measure cellular proliferation

110 Objectives: [C-11] & [F-18] labeled choline has been developed as a proliferation marker, but no attention has been directed at another major phosphoglyceride precursor, ethanolamine. In this study, we compared the in vitro cell uptake characteristics and biodistribution properties of radiolabeled choline to ethanolamine and the closely related dimethyl-ethanolamine. Methods: Cell uptake of [C-14] ethanolamine and [C-14] dimethyl ethanolamine was compared to [C-14] choline uptake in a various cancer cell lines including colorectal (HCT116), prostate (PC3), melanoma (A375 and 1618), glioblastoma (SF767, A172), lymphoma (DLCL2) and normal human fibroblasts. For uptake studies, cells were treated to 1uCi of tracer. Cells were washed, lysed and counted. Cell uptake values were calculated as CPM/ug of protein. For bio-distribution studies, mice were implanted with one million PC-3 tumor cells. When tumors reached 1 cm2, mice were injected with 3uCi of either ethanolamine, dimethyl-ethanolamine or choline tracer. Mice were euthanized after 90 min after which organs were harvested, dissolved and counted. Results: Cell uptake data demonstrates that ethanolamine and dimethyl-ethanolamine showed 2-3 fold more uptake then choline (P values Research Support (if any): SNM pilot grant
Abstract TP92: Prevalence of Aortic Aneurysms in Patients With Intracranial Aneurysms: A Retrospective Analysis

Introduction: Intracranial (IA) and aortic aneurysms (AA) share genetic and environmental risks. In a retrospective review of clinical data, we identified those presenting with IA (+/- subarachnoid hemorrhage), who also had abdominal or thoracic imaging. Method: In the University of Virginia (UVA) Clinical Data Repository we searched for patients with IA by ICD-9 diagnosis codes and CPT treatment codes. We used three strategies to identify those with aortic imaging: 1) ICD-9 diagnosis codes for AA, 2) CPT and billing codes for abdominal or thoracic imaging (aortogram, ultrasound, angiography, magnetic resonance, and computerized tomography), and 3) CPT and billing codes for AA treatment (endovascular, stent, graft, wrap, or screening). We reviewed all charts to identify those with confirmed IA and imaging. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis accounting for sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, and IA size, multiplicity, and location to look for associations with AA. Results: Among individuals seen at UVA hospital from 2004 to 2015, we identified 13245 cases with a possible IA, of whom 1017 potential aortic imaging. Our review of charts revealed that 720 did not having an IA. Of the remaining 287 cases, 51 lacked appropriate aortic imaging. We recorded information from the remaining 236 cases - 94/236 (39.8%) had an AA identified. In our multivariable analysis, only female sex was significantly associated with a co-prevalent AA (Odds Ratio: 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.09 - 0.45). In the table, we provide descriptive statistics for those with and without AA as well as the subsets with thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Conclusion: The co-prevalence of AA in a clinical population known to have IA and with aortic imaging was 39.8%. Men had higher risk for AA. This indicates a shared risk for aneurismal disease in the aorta and brain warranting prospective investigation on the mechanisms of risk.
Serial Sectioning via Microtomy (or, How To Get Over 100 Consecutive Serial Sections On One TEM Gird)

Serial sectioning of TEM blocks is a common technique. The more sections that are desired, the more complex the procedure becomes. Some of the problems faced are staining without losing or obscuring sections, appropriate block trimming, finding the area of interest in the next section, transferring sections to the grid. Here, I relate a set of techniques that permit the microtomist to regularly get over 100 consecutive serial sections on a single slot grid. Much of what is discussed below is not new, but by putting all of these techniques together I believe that a powerful tool for TEM is presented. The first issue that must be addressed is how to stain the sections on the grid without losing sections or obscuring sections with staining artifacts (e.g. lead pepper). The simplest solution is to stain the sample with both uranium and lead prior to embedding and not stain the sections on the grid.