cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendritic Modulation of Burst-Like Firing in Sensory Neurons

This report describes the variability of spontaneous firing characteristics of sensory neurons, electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) pyramidal cells, within the electrosensory lateral line lobe o...
Underachievement versus Selective Achievement: Delving Deeper and Discovering the Difference

Through a qualitative research design, this study examined the differences between underachievement and selective achievement in a gifted university student. The findings indicated that, while the participant demonstrated behaviors typically associated with underachievement, his self-regulation and metacognitive abilities suggested a different image. These findings highlight a need to consider the attitudes and motivations behind the student's behavior when considering how to approach incidences of fluctuating academic performance of high-ability students.
Inter-graft Transmission of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

GRAFT transmission of cytoplasmic male sterility in Petunia1–3 has many similarities to graft transmission of plant viruses3. As yet, however, the entity responsible for the sterility has not been isolated or identified. In this communication, we report results of investigations in which the male sterility factor was transmitted by grafting from Petunia through stems of a tobacco plant to Petunia and the failure of the factor to induce male sterility in tobacco itself.
Compressional wave anisotropy in fractured rock

Abstract Compressional wave anisotropy produced by a single fracture was measured using an acoustic imaging system. For the fractured sample, the compressional wave amplitude was highest and the group velocity the slowest when waves were propagated parallel to the fracture. These observations are contrary to predictions based on the displacement discontinuity or effective moduli theories for the simulation of wave propagation across a fracture.
Plasma Lipid Levels at Diagnosis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Plasma lipid measurements were obtained at the time that 545 subjects were screened for diabetes mellitus. Both the women and men diagnosed with diabetes had significantly higher triglyceride levels (p < 0.05) and lower high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) levels (p < 0.05) than those with normal glucose tolerance. Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) levels were only higher in the diabetic women (p < 0.001). Differences in lipid values were diminished somewhat with allowances for the waist-hip ratio. HDL-cholesterol values were inversely related to fasting insulin levels in the normoglycaemic men and women (p < 0.01), but not in the diabetic individuals. Triglyceride levels were strongly positively related to insulin values in the normoglycaemic men and women (p < 0.001 for both), while associations tended to be smaller in the diabetic subjects. In 13 of the diabetic individuals who were not medicated for diabetes over a period of 17.5 +/- 4.6 months, changes in HDL-cholesterol levels were positively related (p = 0.80, < 0.001) and changes in triglyceride levels inversely related (r = -0.70, p < 0.01) to changes in insulin values. These data indicate that at diagnosis Type 2 diabetic patients have an atherogenic lipid pattern that may be related in part to differences in adipose distribution. In addition, the data suggest that HDL-cholesterol is positively related and triglyceride inversely related to insulin action.
Flux Nonflow in the "Flux-Flow" Regime in Bulk Tin

Contrary to the recent experimental results of Sharvin, we have observed that the laminas characteristic of the intermediate state in type-I superconductors do not move under the influence of a transport current.
Molecular biology. Small subunit, big science.

Ribosomes are the cell's protein factories and consist of two subunits, the large and the small. The determination of the small subunit's structure at atomic resolution, along with other new results, means that ribosome function can be now be probed in unprecedented detail.
Hepatitis C virus: current understanding and prospects for future therapies

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and the leading indication for liver transplantation. The hallmark of the disease is its propensity to evolve into chronicity, probably because viral heterogeneity allows the virus to escape immune-mediated neutralization. Treatment with interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) has been disappointing, but higher and more frequent doses, and combination therapies, including nucleoside analogs, might lead to improved suppression of HCV RNA levels. Molecular analysis of HCV before and during treatment has indicated that high viral RNA levels and the presence of HCV genotype 1 are independent predictors of poor treatment outcome. New antiviral agents in development include inhibitors of HCV replicative enzymes, such as protease, helicase and polymerase, as well as several genetic approaches, such as ribozymes and antisense oligonucleotides. The main hindrance to drug development for hepatitis C is the lack of a small animal model or a productive tissue culture system for assessing drug action.
Generalization of one Poletskii lemma to classes of space mappings

n−1 loc and the measure of the set Bf of branching points of f is equal to zero have finite length distortion. In other words, the images of almost all curves γ in the domain D under the considered mappings f : D → R n ,n ≥ 2, are locally rectifiable, f possesses the (N )-property with respect to length on γ , and, furthermore, the (N )-property also holds in the inverse direction for liftings of curves. The results obtained generalize the well-known Poletskii lemma proved for quasiregular mappings.
Bioconjugation of Highly Luminescent Colloidal CdSe–ZnS Quantum Dots with an Engineered Two-Domain Recombinant Protein

We present a novel approach, based on molecular self-assembly driven by electrostatic attractions, for conjugating inorganic colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots: QDs) having negatively charged surfaces with a two-domain recombinant protein bearing a positively charged C-terminal leucine zipper domain. Aggregation-free QD/protein conjugate dispersions were prepared. Conjugates retain both properties of the starting materials, i.e., biological activity of the protein and spectroscopic characteristics of the QDs. Such hybrid bio-inorganic conjugates represent a powerful fluorescent tracking tool, because they combine advantages of CdSe–ZnS quantum dots, such as chemical stability and a wide range of size-dependent luminescence emission properties, with a straightforward electrostatic conjugation approach. We describe the design and preparation of a model QD/protein conjugate and present functional characterization of the conjugate using luminescence and bioassays.
Casein kinase II (CK2) enhances death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) activity in TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cell lines.

Casein kinase II (CK2) enhances death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) activity in TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cell lines
Rotationally resolved state-to-state photoionization and photoelectron study of titanium carbide and its cation (TiC/TiC+)

Titanium carbide and its cation (TiC/TiC+) have been investigated by the two-color visible (VIS)-ultraviolet (UV) resonance-enhanced photoionization and pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (PFI-PE) methods. Two visible excitation bands for neutral TiC are observed at 16 446 and 16 930 cm−1. Based on rotational analyses, these bands are assigned as the respective TiC(3Π1) ← TiC(X3Σ+) and TiC(3Σ+) ← TiC(X3Σ+) transition bands. This assignment supports that the electronic configuration and term symmetry for the neutral TiC ground state are …7σ28σ19σ13π4 (X3Σ+). The rotational constant and the corresponding bond distance of TiC(X3Σ+; v″ = 0) are determined to be B0″ = 0.6112(10) cm−1 and r0″ = 1.695(2) A, respectively. The rotational analyses of the VIS-UV-PFI-PE spectra for the TiC+(X; v+ = 0 and 1) vibrational bands show that the electronic configuration and term symmetry for the ionic TiC+ ground state are …7σ28σ13π4 (X2Σ+) with the v+ = 0 → 1 vibrational spacing of 870.0(8) cm−1 and the rotational const...
Gastric secretion after pentagastrin and histamine in the basal secreting ferret

Abstract Gastric secretory experiments were conducted with pentagastrin and histamine on the chronic fistula ferret in order to evaluate the physiologic similarity of this preparation to man. Results indicated that the experimental model is suitable for gastric studies, and that the conscious ferret has a consistent basal secretion, uniquely similar to man. In addition, the ferret is highly sensitive to pentagastrin, like man and the cat and dog. Peak acid output in the chronic fistula ferret was observed following a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 μg. pentagastrin/kg. Protease output was also significantly increased following 2 μg. pentagastrin/kg. The secretory outputs following maximal pentagastrin stimulation in this preparation exceeded the maximal outputs following maximal histamine stimulation, although histamine was also a potent stimulant. Due to the consistent basal secretion observed in this species, it was possible to compare maximal stimulated responses to basal secretion in individual animals. The maximal response of individual animals correlated well with the level of basal secretion of acid. Because of the foregoing characteristics, and because of the gastric anatomic similarity to man and surgical tolerance, the ferret appears to be a suitable model for studies of gastric physiology.
Dna fragmentation and cell death mediated by t cell antigen receptor/cd3 complex on a leukemia t cell line*

An anti-T cell receptor (TcR) monoclonal antibody (mAb), LC4, directed against a human leukemic T cell line, SUP-T13, caused DNA fragmentation ("apoptosis") and cell death upon binding to this cell line. Cross-linking of receptor molecules was necessary for this effect since F(ab')2, but not Fab', fragments of LC4 could induce cell death. Five anti-CD3 mAb tested also caused apoptosis, but only when they were presented on a solid phase. Interestingly, soluble anti-CD3 mAb induced calcium flux and had an additive effect on the calcium flux and interleukin 2 receptor expression induced by LC4, but these anti-CD3 mAb reversed the growth inhibition and apoptosis caused by LC4. The calcium ionophore A23187, but not the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also induced apoptosis, suggesting that protein kinase C activation alone does not cause apoptosis, although PMA is growth inhibitory. These results suggest that two distinct biological phenomena can accompany stimulation of the TcR/CD3 complex. In both cases, calcium flux and interleukin 2 receptor expression is induced, but only in one case is apoptosis and cell death seen. The signal initiating apoptosis can be selectively prevented by binding CD3 portion of the receptor in this cell line. This difference in signals mediated by the TcR/CD3 complex may be important in explaining the process of thymic selection, as well as in choosing anti-TcR mAb for therapeutic use.
Stray-free switched-capacitor building block that realises delay, constant multiplier, or summer circuit

A switched-capacitor block is proposed. It uses single op-amp, two capacitors, and, through different feed-in branches, the block can be used as a delay, negative constant multiplier or a summer circuit. The proposed block is parasitic-free and requires a two-phase clock for its operation.
COARSE FACIES, ACROMEGALOID FEATURES AND LOW SERUM THYROXINE IN A BOY ON LONG-TERM ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY

COARSE FACIES, ACROMEGALOID FEATURES AND LOW SERUM THYROXINE IN A BOY ON LONG-TERM ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY
LIII. Phase-reversal zone-plates, and diffraction-telescopes

(1898). LIII. Phase-reversal zone-plates, and diffraction-telescopes. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 45, No. 277, pp. 511-522.
Geostationary Satellite Navigation Systems

The concept of position determination using geostationary satellites as an alternative to the global positioning system (GPS) is studied. The advantage of a geostationary system is that only three, or at most four, satellites are required to cover the continental United States. A total of twelve satellites are sufficient for global coverage (excluding polar regions), or eight if only longitude and latitude, but not altitude, are measured. The system involves the determination of the range to either four geostationary satellites or, if the altitude is not measured, three geostationary satellites. The accuracy of the proposed systems are evaluated to obtain the rms error associated with position determination, and the concept for the implementation of measurements required by the systems is presented. The accuracy of the systems are adequate for civilian use in the continental United States; however, there is a degradation in accuracy as the location of the user approaches the equator.
Effects of Stimulus Duration and Stimulus Off Time on the Auditory and Acoustic Reflex Thresholds

The effects of stimulus duration and stimulus off time on the thresholds of hearing and the acoustic reflex were investigated in 10 normal-hearing subjects and 10 subjects with sensorineural hearin...
Action of Vasopressin on the Permeability of Mesentery

Contemporaneous movements of Rb86 cations and of P32 orthophosphate across isolated rabbit mesentery display kinetic patterns that are generally associated with passive diffusion. Vasopressin at a concentration of 100 milliunit/ml produced a significant increase in the permeability constant for P32 and at the same time a significant decrease in the permeability to Rb86. At lower hormone concentrations (0.1 milliunit/ml) the P32 response was less marked but still significant (P .05). Hyaluronidase did not mimic these actions of vasopressin.
Gene Expression Changes in Retinal Müller (Glial) Cells Exposed to Elevated Pressure

Purpose: Retinal Muller (glial) cells undergo “reactive gliosis”, a stress response that is accompanied by changes in their morphology and upregulation of various cellular markers. Reactive gliosis is seen in many retinal diseases and conditions; however, it is not known whether it is a common, stereotypic response or the nature of the response varies with the type of retinal stress. To address this question, we have examined gene expression changes in Muller cells exposed to elevated pressure.Materials and Methods: Rat Muller cells (rMC-1) were exposed to elevated pressure, and RNA was extracted and analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays to identify pressure-responsive genes.Results: Analysis of microarray data showed that at 6 h, 186 genes had > 1.5-fold change with FDR 1.5-fold. Of these, 37 genes were up-regulated while 36 genes were down-regulated. Ingenuity canonical pathway analysis...
Computational Problems in Orthopaedic Biomechanics

Total joint replacements such as the hip and knee result in composite structures. Proper design of these devices and selection of particular devices requires understanding of the structural response of the resulting composite structure of plastic, metal, interface, and human bone. The problem is challenging because of complex geometry, non-homogeneous material properties (dense cortical bone and spongy cancellous bone), and time varying material properties (bone remodeling). Bone is a active material which responds over time to applied load, changing the density and Young's modulus. This paper addresses several computational issues. Remote sensed data such as computerized tomography scans are used to create finite element models. Nonhomogeneous material properties are represented in finite element models using shape functions. This results in a unique material property for each Gauss point. Finally, stochastic finite elements methods are used to model material variation and uncertainty. Both Monte Carlo and First Order Second Moment methods are used. These problems are particularly well suited for high-level parallelization schemes on multiple instruction multiple data machines.
Change in physical characteristics of Roland Seam coal with progressive solvent extraction

Abstract The physical structure of Roland Seam coal was characterized by studying the surface areas, pore volumes, and pore distributions of raw and extracted coals. BET surface areas were measured by carbon dioxide adsorption at 195 K and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Pore volumes were calculated by the difference in the reciprocals of measured apparent and actual densities. Distribution curves were generated by measuring mercury penetration as a function of pressure. The data gathered suggest a micropore structure having a 3.4 nm average diameter and random constrictions of about 0.4 nm. Extraction generates new micropores and degrades the micropore structure for yields in excess of 30%. Changes in the pore distribution and the generation of new pores indicate that resistance to extraction due to the pore structure is minimal; pore-volume data confirm the preferential liquefaction of lower-molecular-weight material.
Lessons Learned Establishing an Animal Model for Endoscopic Stent Placement to Treat Gastrojejunal Anastomotic Leaks After Gastric Bypass

Anastomotic leaks after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) cause significant morbidity and mortality. Placement of enteral stents may be an improvement to the current treatment, which is withholding of oral intake and total parenteral nutrition. We established an open RYGB porcine model with a leak at the gastrojejunostomy in three pigs. A pilot study was then performed in five pigs, where Polyflex stents were placed across the leaking anastomosis and fixed with transmural sutures to the Roux limb. After 2 weeks, endoscopy, fluoroscopy, and necropsy were performed. One pig without stent died on the second postoperative day (POD) due to a volvulus unrelated to the leak. In the other two pigs, leaks with large abscesses were found at necropsy. Stents were placed in five pigs but required open surgical manipulation of the delivery system. One pig died on POD 3 due to a perforation in the posterior gastric wall likely caused by the rigid delivery system. One pig died from gastrojejunostomy leakage on POD 5. The leaks were healed in the remaining three pigs after 2 weeks. In one pig, a perforation of the jejunum 4 cm distal to the anastomosis was found. Stent migration to some extent was seen in all pigs. Stent placement and fixation were feasible but had a high complication rate for treatment of a leaking gastrojejunal anastomosis in the open porcine model. The stent may have contributed to healing the leak in some pigs. Further studies should focus on improving stent delivery, sealing of the leak, and prevention of stent migration.
Personality comparison between children of hidden Holocaust survivors and American Jewish parents.

Abstract The possibility that the experiences of the “hidden” child survivors of the Holocaust (those who survived outside of the concentration camps during the Nazi occupation) had a pathological effect on their offspring was examined by comparing volunteer, matched samples of adult children of “hidden” child survivors of the Holocaust with adult children of nontraumatized U.S.-born Jewish parents on personality variables measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970). The MANOVA results indicated that there were no differences in the personality characteristics of the two groups.
Antioxidants in wax cappings of honey bee brood

SummaryWe examined the antioxidant activities of wax cappings from honey bee drone and worker brood infested with the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, as well as from worker brood from different queen lines. We used assays that measured two separate aspects of antioxidant activity in wax cappings, namely free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH assay) and ferric ion reduction capacity (FRAP assay). Mite infestation tended to have different effects on the antioxidant activities of wax cappings of drone and worker brood. Wax cappings from infested worker brood had higher antioxidant activities than cappings from uninfested worker brood. By contrast, antioxidant activities of cappings from uninfested drone brood did not differ from the activities of infested drone brood cappings. Different queen lines shared a similar overall pattern of higher antioxidant activities in cappings from infested worker brood than cappings from uninfested brood, but differed in the absolute magnitude of the antioxidant activities....
Counseling: An Essential Service in Continuing Education

(1980). Counseling: An Essential Service in Continuing Education. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 17-18.
Advanced Television Terrestrial Broadcast Project

Demonstration is a joint project of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters (MST). It was initiated two years ago with the overall objective of assuring that terrestrial broadcasters would remain technically competitive with other video media. Specifically, this meant informing the industry of the progress of HDTV development and making the Federal Communications Commission aware of broadcaster needs for the delivery of HDTV. The first phase of this project concluded earlier this year with the successful operation of a high definition television (HDTV) broadcast station WWHD-TV in Washington, DC.
Handheld E-Book Readers and Scholarship: Report and Reader Survey

This is an executive summary of ACLS Humanities E-Book's white paper Handheld E-Book Readers and Scholarship: Report and Reader Survey, which details the results of findings on the use of digital scholarly monographs for research purposes on various handheld reading devices. The white paper also includes an overview of the process of converting titles for handheld e-readers, including costs.
Acute ultrastructural and behavioral effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mice

Abstract Acute actions of MPTP on behavior and on neostriatal ultrastructure were examined in young C57 Black mice. Autonomic, motor, and toxic effects of MPTP exhibited dependence on dose (20–40 mg/kg) and time during the first 4 h after subcutaneous injection. The ultrastructure of the neostriatum was altered very quickly (2–24 h) after single injections of MPTP. Darkened glial processes were found within 2–8 h, followed by dark degeneration of synaptic boutons, especially those making small symmetric synapses. More rarely, swollen axons and postsynaptic degeneration were also observed.
Human teeth and fossils from the perspective of two manuals

Day, Michael H. Guide to Fossil Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. vi + 432 pp. including maps, tables, photographs, chapter references, glossary, and index. $37.50 cloth. Hillson, Simon. Teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. v + 376 pp. including tables, illustrations, bibliography, appendices, and index. $44.50 cloth.
Autoradiographic quantitation of β-adrenergic receptors on neural cells in primary cultures. I. Pharmacological studies of [125I] pindolol binding of individual astroglial cells

Abstract As part of an investigation into the expression of neurotransmitter receptors on astroglia, we have developed a method to label β-adrenergic receptors on immunocytochemically stained cultured cells using autoradiography of 125 I-labelled β-adrenergic receptor ligands 8 . The current investigation was undertaken to determine whether the binding of [ 125 I]pindolol ( * IPIN) to immunocytochemically stained cultured cells, as measured by quantitative autoradiography, would fulfill the usual pharmacological criteria for specific β-adrenergic receptor binding. * IPIN binding experiments were carried out on individual astroglia obtained from neonatal rat cerebral cortex and grown as primary cultures on polylysine-coated glass slides. Autoradiographic silver grains on cells which stained for the intracellular astroglial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were quantified by a microcomputer-based video digitizing system. We determined that competition for * IPIN binding by propranolol and isoproterenol was stereospecific, that specific binding of * IPIN was saturable, and that * IPIN binding sites were lost after isoproterenol-induced desensitization. These results provide convincing evidence that we can quantitatioely examine β-adrenergic receptors on single cells. The use of computerized video methods greatly facilitates the rapid quantitation of autoradiographic grains associated with immunocytochemically identified cells. This study is a unique demonstration of receptor binding parameters derived from single cells in a known population, and represents a novel approach to the problem of assessing cell-type specific receptors on neural cells in mixed primary cultures.
Coupled Carbon and Nitrogen Inputs Increase Microbial Biomass and Activity in Prairie Bioenergy Systems

Soil microorganisms drive cycling and storage of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) through decomposition of plant root and litter inputs. However, microbial activities vary greatly in time and space as well as with land management. The goal of this study was to address the seasonal role of microbial activity in soil C and N storage and cycling in harvested prairie and corn ecosystems. We measured extracellular enzyme activity, microbial biomass, extractable soil C and N, and total soil C and N at monthly intervals across two growing seasons in fertilized and unfertilized planted tallgrass prairie and compared them with a continuous Zea mays (corn) row-crop agroecosystem. Prairie systems supported greater microbial biomass and enzyme activity compared with corn systems; fertilized prairie systems had greater microbial activity than unfertilized prairies. The magnitude, and in some cases direction, of differences in response variables among the three managed systems changed seasonally. Overall, microbial biomass and enzyme activity were stimulated by increased C inputs (roots) in prairies and were further enhanced with N additions in fertilized prairies. Furthermore, seasonal fluctuation in microbial activity underscores the importance of considering when soils are sampled to estimate and predict patterns in microbially driven C and N cycling at the ecosystem level.
An improved mixing-length model for annular two-phase flow with liquid entrainment

Abstract A differential model for adiabatic, fully developed, annular two-phase flow with liquid entrainment has been developed. The model is based on a modified form of the single-phase mixing length function to account for turbulence intensity attenuation due to the presence of entrained liquid droplets in the gas core. Simultaneous predictions of pressure drop and average film thickness for given flow rates show good agreement with a wide range of experimental results for various fluids at several pressures in a range of tube diameters for both horizontal and vertical (upwards and downwards) flows.
Understanding Enrollment Conversations: The Role of the Hospice Admissions Representative:

Nonparticipant observation was undertaken to understand how barriers are discussed and managed in initial hospice enrollment conversations between patients, families, and hospice admission representatives. The first author observed patient/family and hospice admission representative interactions, interviewed hospice admission representatives, and attended monthly hospice meetings for a total of 37 hours of observation. Findings indicate that patients and a primary family member take on particular roles during these initial conversations. Based on the roles adopted by the patient and the family, the hospice admission representative engaged in 1 of 3 types of talk: (1) enrollment talk, (2) reassurance talk, or (3) informative talk. When engaging in enrollment conversations with families, hospice admission representatives direct their comforting statements toward reappraising uncertainty about hospice and uncertainty about death and dying.
Gastro-intestinal pathology in dogs following administration of acetylcholine and pitressin

In dogs constant injection of small amounts of acetylcholine is followed by a hemorrhagic condition of the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract, i.e., stomach, duodenum and jejunum. Constant injection of medium amounts of pitressin is followed by hemorrhagic condition of the entire gastro-intestinal tract, especially of the lower ileum and colon. Attempts to effect sufficient liberation of pressor hormone from the pituitary by central vagus stimulation as well as attempts to produce chronic bacterial colitis were unsuccessful.
Democracy and Environmental Degradation

In a relatively small but growing body of literature in political science and environmental studies, scholars debate the effect of democracy on environmental degradation. Some theorists claim that democracy reduces environmental degradation. Others argue that democracy may not reduce environmental degradation or may even harm the environment. Empirical evidence thus far has been limited and conflicting. This article seeks to address the democracy–environment debate. We focus on the effect of political regime type on human activities that directly damage the environment. Our discussion of the theoretical literature identifies different causal mechanisms through which democracy could affect environmental degradation. The empirical analysis focuses on the net effect of these competing mechanisms. We examine statistically the effect of democracy on five aspects of human-induced environmental degradation—carbon dioxide emissions, nitrogen dioxide emissions, deforestation, land degradation, and organic pollution in water. We find that democracy reduces all five types of environmental degradation. While the substantive effect of democracy is considerable, it varies in size across different types of environmental degradation. We also find nonmonotonic effects of democracy that vary across the environmental indicators.
Proof-theoretic Semantics for Classical Mathematics

We discuss the semantical categories of base and object implicit in the Curry-Howard theory of types and we derive derive logic and, in particular, the comprehension principle in the classical version of the theory. Two results that apply to both the classical and the constructive theory are discussed. First, compositional semantics for the theory does not demand ‘incomplete objects’ in the sense of Frege: bound variables are in principle eliminable. Secondly, the relation of extensional equality for each type is definable in the Curry-Howard theory.
Deposition mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings in the solution precursor plasma spray process

In an effort to understand the deposition mechanisms in the solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS)—a promising method for the deposition of highly-durable thermal barrier coatings—some model spray experiments were performed. In the SPPS process, an aqueous chemical precursor feedstock, which results in a ZrO2–7wt.%Y2O3 ceramic solid solution coating, is injected into the plasma jet and the coating is deposited on a metal substrate. The model experiments performed here entailed holding the plasma torch stationary. The deposits collected in these experiments were then characterized to identify the deposition mechanisms. In addition, actual coatings deposited by multiple-pass scanning plasma-torch experiments were also characterized to verify the identified deposition mechanisms. Striking resemblances were found between the morphologies of the microstructural features in the actual coating and in the deposits from the model experiments. Melting and solidification, resulting in ultra-fine ‘splats’, were identified for the first time in the SPPS process.
Stochastic flows and stochastic differential equations

Stochastic flows and stochastic differential equations by H. Kunita, Department of Applied Science, Kyushu University, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, November 1990, 346 pp. ISBN 0 521 35050 6
Selective Induction and Inhibition of Renal Mixed Function Oxidases in the Rat and Rabbit

Abstract Renal mixed function oxidases vary in response to inducers depending on the species. Pretreatment of rabbits with β-naphthoflavone (100 mg/kg × 4 days) or phenobarbital (60 mg/kg × 4 days) resulted in a highly selective induction of renal microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and benzphetamine-N-demethylase, respectively. Pretreatment of rats with β-naphthoflavone (100 mg/kg) induced renal microsomal ethoxyresorufin and ethoxycoumarindeethylation whereas phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) was without effect. Furthermore, benzphetamine-N-demethylase could not be detected in rat renal microsomes. These data suggest that the composition of renal cytochromes P-450 may vary between species. α-Naphthoflavone inhibited both ethoxyresorufin and ethoxycoumarin metabolism by rat and rabbit renal microsomes; inhibition was highly selective for renal microsomes from β-naphthoflavone-treated animals. Metyrapone did not inhibit rat renal microsomal mixed function oxidases from any treatment group. In contrast, rabbit renal microsomal xenobiotic metabolism from all treatment groups were strongly inhibited by metyrapone. Furthermore, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized renal microsomes from rabbits treated with phenobarbital revealed a new coomassie blue staining band in the range of 50 000–60 000 daltons; no such pattern was observed in rats. Electrophoresis of solubilized renal microsomes from both rats and rabbits treated with β-naphthoflavone revealed increased Coomassie blue staining. It is apparent from these results that the rat kidney lacks any phenobarbital inducible form of cytochrome P-450 and that rat renal microsomes contain at least two forms of cytochrome P-450 whereas rabbit renal microsomes contain at least three forms.
Reelin Regulates Cadherin Function via Dab1/Rap1 to Control Neuronal Migration and Lamination in the Neocortex

Neuronal migration is critical for establishing neocortical cell layers and migration defects can cause neurological and psychiatric diseases. Recent studies show that radially migrating neocortical neurons use glia-dependent and glia-independent modes of migration, but the signaling pathways that control different migration modes and the transitions between them are poorly defined. Here, we show that Dab1, an essential component of the reelin pathway, is required in radially migrating neurons for glia-independent somal translocation, but not for glia-guided locomotion. During migration, Dab1 acts in translocating neurons to stabilize their leading processes in a Rap1-dependent manner. Rap1, in turn, controls cadherin function to regulate somal translocation. Furthermore, cell-autonomous neuronal deficits in somal translocation are sufficient to cause severe neocortical lamination defects. Thus, we define the cellular mechanism of reelin function during radial migration, elucidate the molecular pathway downstream of Dab1 during somal translocation, and establish the importance of glia-independent motility in neocortical development.
Glutamate receptor subtype expression in human postmortem brain.

Antibodies to functional glutamate receptor subunits were utilized as probes to characterize glutamatergic receptors in human postmortem brain tissue. Crude membranes from rat, monkey, and various dissected human postmortem brain regions were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose. Using antisera raised against rat antigens for AMPA/kainate (GluR1-3) and kainate (GluR5) glutamate receptor subunits, we have been able to detect specific bands on Western blots in rat, monkey, and human postmortem brain tissue. These antisera recognized bands at approx 105 kDa for the GluR1-3 and 115 kDa for GluR5 in humans, monkeys, and rats. All of these glutamate receptor subtypes appear to be glycosylated. We observed varying levels of expression in the human brain areas examined, with the highest degree of expression in the hippocampus and temporal cortex for AMPA/kainate receptor subunits, and in the cortex and cerebellum for the kainate receptor subunits. In addition, considerable heterogeneity in expression was observed between patient samples with these antisera, as well as with antisera to the structural protein, NCAM. Our studies indicate that glutamatergic receptor protein changes related to various human disease states may be examined in human postmortem tissue by Western blotting techniques utilizing these antibodies raised to the rat protein.
Peak N160 of rat flash evoked potential: Does it reflect habituation or sensitization?

Flash evoked potentials recorded from awake rats contain a negative peak occurring about 160 msec after the flash (N160). This peak has been associated with a specific level of arousal, and/or habituation by various authors. The current studies attempted to determine whether changes in N160 amplitude which accompany repeated testing reflect processes associated with sensitization or habituation. This paper describes experiments in Long-Evans hooded rats which demonstrate the effects of repeated testing, varying stimulus intensity, varying stimulus frequency, and discharging an alarm bell before and during a test session. Repeated testing produced increases in N160 amplitude which were greater at high than low stimulus intensities. Repeated exposure to the test chamber without flashing did not alter N160 amplitude, nor did altering stimulus rate within the range of 0.5 to 4.0 Hz. Discharging an alarm increased N160 amplitude. Taken together, the data suggest that amplitude of N160 more closely reflects sensitization to the stimulus than habituation to either the stimulus or any feature of the test situation.
Emotions and the microcomputer: An exploratory study of young children's responses☆

Abstract The emotional effects of early microcomputer use are of interest to educators and child development researchers. This study took a microanalytic emotion coding system which has been used in basic child development research, and applied it to exploring the effects of computer use on children's emotional responses. Sixteen 5-year-old children were videotaped while using three pieces of software (a drawing program, a face construction program, and a counting program). All three pieces elicited more active, positive, and complex facial expressions than did a comparison segment of television watching. Greater levels of concentration and more socially responsive behavior were also seen in the computer conditions. The drawing program tended to elicit more indicators of concentration and social engagement than the other two, although individual preferences and sample size made conclusions tentative. Results appear to reflect the motivational value of emotions and children's interest in experiences which offer autonomy and control. On the basis of this exploratory study, the methodology seems to have potential for investigating other aspects of children's emotional responses to computers.
MESOSCOPIC SCALE OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE ALLOYING, SURFACE PHASE TRANSITIONS, DOMAIN COARSENING, AND 3D ISLAND GROWTH: Pb on Cu(100)

Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) is used to investigate the dynamics of Pb overlayer growth on Cu(100). By following changes in surface morphology during Pb deposition, we measure the amount of Cu transported to the surface as the Pb first alloys into the surface during formation of the c(4×4) phase and subsequently dealloys during conversion to the c(2×2) phase. We find that the added coverage of Cu during alloying is consistent with the proposed model for the c(4×4) alloy phase, but the added coverage during dealloying is not consistent with the accepted model for the c(2×2) phase. To account for the discrepancy, we propose that Cu atoms are incorporated in the c(2×2) structure. Island growth and step advancement during the transition from the c(2×2) to structure agrees with this model. We also use LEEM to identify the order and temperature of the two-dimensional melting phase transitions for the three Pb/Cu(100) surface structures. Phase transitions for the and c(4×4) structures are first-order, but the c(2×2) transition is second-order. We determine that rotational domains of the structure coarsen from nanometer- to micron-sized dimensions with relatively mild heating (~ 120°C), whereas coarsening of c(4×4) domain requires considerably higher temperatures (~ 400°C). In studies of three-dimensional island formation, we find that the islands grow asymmetrically with an orientational dependence that is directly correlated with the domain structure of the underlying phase.
Enhancing the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) by exploring trust, the availability heuristic, and agricultural advisors' belief in climate change

Using a survey of agricultural advisors across the Midwestern U.S., this paper explores two additions to the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF)—trust in information sources and the availability heuristic. Connections between demographic factors, belief in climate change, perceived risk, and advisors' attitudes toward adaptation to climate change are examined. Three-fourths of advisors believe climate change is occurring, but disagree on the human contribution. Trust in information sources predicted agricultural advisors' belief in climate change. Consistent with the availability heuristic, perceiving variability in weather made advisors more likely to believe in anthropogenic climate change. Believing climate change is at least partly human caused increased agreement that agricultural adaptation is important. Perceiving greater risk from potential climate impacts and noticing variable weather also significantly increased adaptation attitudes. Findings suggest that trust and availability heuristic could be added to help explain the processes of social amplification and attenuation of risk.
Suggested Topical Outline for a Course in Organoleptic Evaluation of Foods

E. L. THOMAS Department of Food Science and Industries, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55101 FRANK SHIPE Department of Food Science, Comell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 W. L. DUNKLEY Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616 W. k. SLATTER Department of Dairy Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210 JOSEPH TOBIAS Department of Food Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
Event-related potentials during discourse-level semantic integration of complex pictures

This study examined event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited in response to semantic processing of non-verbal stories. ERPs were recorded from 29 scalp electrodes on 16 participants while they viewed series of complex gray-scale pictures, each of which relayed a simple story. The final picture of each story was either congruous or incongruous with the preceding context. Participants made delayed meaningfulness judgments for each story. Averaged ERPs time-locked to the onset of the final picture were more negative for incongruous than congruous pictures. Two distinct components were sensitive to congruency. The first component peaked at ∼325 ms (N300) and was distributed over central and frontal sites. The second component peaked at ∼500 ms and also had a centro-frontal maximum but was more widespread than the earlier component (anterior N400). The distinct scalp topographies of these two negativities provide strong evidence that the N300 and N400 are separate and distinguishable components. Furthermore, the presence of the N300 in this exclusively pictorial task suggests that the N300 is specific to the semantic processing of non-verbal stimuli and is not due to linguistic mediation. This study also revealed that the N400 can be modulated by discourse-level coherence manipulations with pictures. Finally, the different patterns of ERP effects observed during the semantic processing of verbal and non-verbal information suggest that non-identical neuronal sources, and thus non-identical representational systems, are accessed by these different types of materials. These findings strongly support at least partial modularity of semantic representations and processing mechanisms in the human brain.
γδ T Cells in HIV Disease: Past, Present, and Future

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) dysregulates γδ T cells as part of an immune evasion mechanism. Nearly 3 decades of research defined the effects of HIV on γδ T cells and how this impacts disease. With highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) providing virus suppression and longer survival, we expected a return to normal for γδ T cells. This is not the case. Even in patients with CD4 T cell reconstitution, normal γδ T cell levels and function are not recovered. The durable damage to Vδ2 T cells is paralleled by defects in NK, CD8 T cells and dendritic cells. Whether these consequences of HIV stem from similar or distinct mechanisms is not known and effective means for recovering the full range of cellular immunity have not been discovered. These unanswered questions receive too little attention in the overall program of efforts to cure HIV this disease. Approved drugs capable of increasing Vδ2 T cell function are being tested in clinical trials for cancer and hold promise for restoring normal function in patients with HIV disease. The impetus for conducting clinical trials will come from understanding the significance of γδ T cells in HIV disease and what might be gained from targeted immunotherapy. This review traces the history and current progress of AIDS-related research on γδ T cells. We emphasize the damage to γδ T cells that persists despite effective virus suppression. These chronic immune deficits may be linked to the comorbidities of AIDS (cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease and others) and will hinder efforts to eradicate HIV by cytotoxic T or NK cell killing. Here, we focus on one subset of T cells that may be critical in the pathogenesis of HIV and an attractive target for new immune-based therapies.
Hadamard transform instrumentation: a variety of choices

Abstract OnlyHADAMARD TRANSFORM INSTRUMENTATION - A VARIETY OF CHOICESw G FateleyKansas State University, Department of Chemistry,Willard Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USAAbstract Introduction The application of Hadamard transform spectroscopy to production control problemsand quality assurance is now possible. Presently the visible and near infraredregion of the spectrum are readily accessible for the measurements. Additional spectral regions will be used as better Hadamard masking switch technology progress in the '90s. The Hadamard optics can be applied to dispersive spectrometers, stationary interferometers, and commercial instrumentation forinfrared and Raman studies.Stationary mask Instrumental design considerations for stationary mask Hadamard transformspectrometers (HIS) will be discussed. The two important areas which will be discussed first are the Hadamard mask optical electrical characteristics and theoptical design, especially post encoding optics.Several new types of stationary Hadamard masks have been obtained and tested.These include a cholesteric liquid crystal material and two different types of
Polarization in π+p, π−p, and pp elastic scattering at 100 GeV/c

Preliminary results are reported of a measurement of the polarization parameter P in π+p, π−p, and pp elastic scattering at 100 GeV/c, over the range 0.15?−t?1.0 (GeV/c)2. P (π±p) exhibit the same kind of t‐dependence as observed in lower energy data, but the magnitudes have continued to decrease as s−1/2. The magnitude of P (pp) has similarly decreased for −t<0.5 (GeV/c)2, but it seems to differ in shape from the 45 GeV/c data at large ‖t‖.