cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intertemporal and Intersectoral Aspects of Income and Distribution in Mexico

During the post World War II years and through the 1960s, the Mexican economy underwent strong and sustained growth that was accompanied by internal and external stability. This expansion was fueled by major increases in agricultural production, by industrializa? tion caused by import substitution, and by an active government policy of investment in infrastructure. [Reynolds, 1970] From 1960 to 1970 real gross domestic product grew at an average annual rate of 7.0 percent, per capita income increased by 40.7 percent, and inflation averaged only 3.5 percent per year. This growth was accompanied by structural change. The portion of gross domestic prod? uct (GDP) derived from agriculture declined 7.2 percent as this sector entered a slump during the middle of the decade. In contrast, the contributions to GDP of the manufacturing, commercial, and service sectors rose. The labor force in agriculture decreased from 54.2 percent to 39.4 percent. Moreover, major population shifts from rural to urban areas occurred: by 1970 58.5 percent of Mexico's population lived in urban areas, compared to 50.7 percent in 1960. Significant interstate migration also took place, especially towards the capital city and the northern border states. Changes of these magnitures may be expected to give rise to signifi? cant alterations in the distribution of Mexican income at the regional level, which is the focus of this study. Empirical evidence suggests that changes in the size distribution of income have accompanied Mexican economic growth. The information comes from a series of data sets, beginning with the benchmark J950 General Population Census. Later data are available from the 1960 and 1970 censuses, as well as from income and expenditure surveys undertaken in 1958, 1963, 1975, and 1977. [Mexico, 1956, 1960, 1975, 1979; Banco de Mexico, 1966, 1973] Although serious problems abound in making direct comparisons between measures obtained from the different data sources, especially
Predicting the past: ancient eclipses and Airy, Newcomb, and Huxley on the authority of science.

ABSTRACTGreek historical accounts of ancient eclipses were an important, if peculiar, focus of scientific attention in the nineteenth century. Victorian-era astronomers tried to correct the classical histories using scientific methods, then used those histories as data with which to calibrate their lunar theories, then rejected the histories as having any relevance at all. The specific dating of these eclipses—apparently a simple exercise in celestial mechanics—became bound up with tensions between scientific and humanistic approaches to the past as well as with wider social debates over the power and authority of science in general. The major figures discussed here, including G. B. Airy, Simon Newcomb, and T. H. Huxley, argued that the critical question was whether science could speak authoritatively about the past. To them, the ability of science to talk about the past indicated its power to talk about the future; it was also the fulcrum of fierce boundary disputes among science, history, and religion.
Antiferromagnetic polarization in the periodic Anderson lattice.

By using a third-order approximation of the local approach to the periodic symmetric Anderson lattice, the ground-state energy, the correlation energy, the local magnetic moment, and the antiferromagnetic polarization are obtained. We found that the local magnetic moment and the antiferromagnetic polarization increase with increasing one-site f-f electronic Coulomb interaction U and with decreasing d-f electronic hybridization strength V.
Influencing a Supplier Using Delivery Windows: Its Effect on the Variance of Flow Time and On‐Time Delivery

A critical outcome that buyers seek is the timely delivery of the products they purchase from suppliers. Delivery windows have been proposed as a means to achieve this goal. This paper proposes a relatively simple model that shows that delivery windows do not always improve delivery timeliness. The effect of buyer-specified delivery windows on the supplier's flow-time variance, inventory, expected tardiness, and probability of on-time delivery is analyzed. The analysis shows that although using delivery windows may result in the supplier's preferred action being a reduction in the variance of flow time, actual delivery timeliness may not improve. On-time delivery performance is analyzed for linear and hyperbolic variance cost functions. The results indicate that when the cost of maintaining lower variances grows exponentially, variance reduction does not lead to more timely deliveries.
1H, 15N, and 13C chemical shift assignments of mouse HOXA13 DNA binding domain

The homeobox gene (HOXA13) codes for a transcription factor protein that binds to AT-rich DNA sequences and controls expression of many important proteins during embryonic morphogenesis. We report complete NMR chemical shift assignments of the mouse HOXA13 DNA binding domain (A13DBD; BMRB no. 16252).
Heat capacity of α-cerium at a pressure of 11 kbar, between 0.3 and 6 °K

Abstract The heat capacity of a single-phase sample of α-Ce has been measured. The magnitude of the electronic heat capacity, determined unambiguously since there is no magnetic heat capacity, indicates a substantial 4f contribution to the density of states.
Oxidation of RhCl{P(C6H11)3}2 and an E.P.R. study of some rhodium(II) complexes

Abstract RhX(PCy3)2 (X = Cl, Br, I; Cy =-cyclohexyl)can be oxidized with halogens Cl2, Br2 and I2 to magnetic complexes RhXY(PCy3)2 (X = Cl, Y = Br, I; X = Y = Br). From RhX(PCy3)2 and HY the monohydrides RhHXY(PC3)2 (X = Cl, Y = Cl, Br, I; X = Y = Br) have been prepared. RhCl(PCy3)2 reacts with CH3I to form either Rh(Me)ClI(PCy3)2 or RhMeI2(PCy3)2, depending on the reaction conditions. The formation of RhH2Cl(PCy3)2 and RhH2(BH4)(PCy3)2 is also described. The E.P.R. spectra of RhXY(PCy3)2 and of RhCl2(P(o-Tol)3)2 (o-Tol = ortho-tolyl) show large g-anisotropies, with gyy ∼ 4 and gxx, g,zz ∼ 1 to 1.6. Two possibilities for the Kramers doublet of the ground state, a mixture of approximately 80% dz2, 20% dxz, and 1% dyz, and a mixture of approximately 80% dxz, 20% dz2 and 1% dxy, fit the experimental g-values reasonably well.
The Road Not Taken An Integrative Theoretical Model of Reading Disability

This article describes a theoretical model of reading disability that integrates a wide range of research findings in cognitive psychology, reading, and education across the age and grade span. The model shows how reading disability relates to normal reading acquisition, and includes four possible patterns of reading disability: nonalphabetic readers, compensatory readers, nonautomatic readers, and readers delayed in the acquisition of word-recognition skills. We compare our model to the models of other investigators and argue that our model is especially useful to practitioners. Finally, we discuss some of the educational implications of the model.
Octopus cells in the cochlear nucleus of the cat: heterotypic synapses upon homeotypic neurons.

Octopus cells (Osen, 1969) were identified and the octopus cell area (OCA) was localized three dimensionally in Nissl and Protargol stained sections of cochlear nuclei of adult cats. Octopus cells were then identified in rapid Golgi impregnations that provided a more complete description of the neuron with its entire dendritic tree, and in thin sections. The OCA was established as a region of neurons that are homogeneous morphologically in all these preparations. The inputs to octopus cells were examined in normal Golgi impregnations and in thin sections, in Nauta-Laidlaw preparations and thin sections, following complete cochlear ablations. Primary afferent fibers produce the predominant input of octopus cells. Primary endings terminate upon more than 70% of the somatic and proximal dendritic surface. The descending branches of primary auditory fibers produce thick collaterals with large, isolated boutons, and thin collaterals with small, clustered boutons. Both primary terminals end upon octupus cells. ...
Local model checking and protocol analysis

This paper describes a local model-checking algorithm for the alternation-free fragment of the modal mu-calculus that has been implemented in the Concurrency Factory and discusses its application to the analysis of a real-time communications protocol. The protocol considered is RETHER, a software-based, real-time Ethernet protocol developed at SUNY at Stony Brook. Its purpose is to provide guaranteed bandwidth and deterministic, periodic network access to multimedia applications over commodity Ethernet hardware. Our model-checking results show that (for a particular network configuration) RETHER makes good on its bandwidth guarantees to real-time nodes without exposing non-real-time nodes to the possibility of starvation. Our data also indicate that, in many cases, the state-exploration overhead of the local model checker is significantly smaller than the total amount that would result from a global analysis of the protocol. In the course of specifying and verifying RETHER, we also identified an alternative design of the protocol that warranted further study due to its potentially smaller run-time overhead in servicing requests for data transmission. Again, using local model checking, we showed that this alternative design also possesses the properties of interest. This observation points out one of the often-overlooked benefits of formal verification: by forcing designers to understand their designs rigorously and abstractly, these techniques often enable the designers to uncover interesting design alternatives.
Dielectric Properties of Microstructure‐Controlled Ba2Ti9O20 Resonators

Thermal schedules for sintering ZrO2- and SnO2-doped Ba2Ti9O20 resonators to minimum porosity were developed using a shrinkage-rate-controlled dilatometer. Efficient sintering schedules were formulated that circumvented pore formation via grain-boundary/triple-point liquid-phase volatilization. A densification rate (0.5%/min) for the early stages of sintering, which minimized intragranular porosity, was chosen. For the later stages of sintering, a densification rate (0.01%/min) that minimized specimen slumping via the liquid phase permitted sintering to high density. These schedules were successfully upscaled to heat treatment in a conventional furnace. The dielectric constants, quality factors, and selected temperature coefficients of 0.82- and 1.64-mol%-SnO2-, and 1.64-mol%-ZrO2-doped monophase Ba2Ti9O20 were reported.
The Impact of Legislative Standards on Batterer Intervention Program Practices and Characteristics

Changes in social policy are often pursued with the goal of reducing a social problem by improving prevention efforts, intervention program practices, or participant outcomes. State legislative standards for intimate partner violence intervention programs have been adopted nearly universally across the US, however, we do not know whether such standards actually achieve the intended goal of affecting programs' policies and practices. To assess the effect that batterer intervention program (BIP) standards have on policies and practices of programs, this study used longitudinal surveys collected as part of an ongoing evaluation conducted from 2001 to the present to compare intervention program (N = 74) characteristics and practices at three time points before and after the adoption of standards in Oregon. Analyses were conducted to examine all BIPs in Oregon at each time point, as well as change among a subset of programs in existence at all survey assessments. Results indicate that across all programs, the use of mixed gender group co-facilitation increased by 14% between 2004 and 2008, while program length increased by approximately 12 weeks. However, other practices such as programs' coordination with community partners were unchanged. Analyses of within-program change revealed fewer differences, with only program length increasing significantly over the three assessments. These and other findings indicate that while standards affected program length as intended, other practices commonly addressed by legislative standards remained unchanged. The findings provide needed information regarding programs' compliance with components of the standards, the potential need for compliance monitoring, and the potential impact of state standards on program effectiveness and on the prevalence of intimate partner violence.
Probabilistic accounting of uncertainty in forecasts of species distributions under climate change

Forecasts of species distributions under future climates are inherently uncertain, but there have been few attempts to describe this uncertainty comprehensively in a probabilistic manner. We developed a Monte Carlo approach that accounts for uncertainty within generalized linear regression models (parameter uncertainty and residual error), uncertainty among competing models (model uncertainty), and uncertainty in future climate conditions (climate uncertainty) to produce site-specific frequency distributions of occurrence probabilities across a species' range. We illustrated the method by forecasting suitable habitat for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Interior Columbia River Basin, USA, under recent and projected 2040s and 2080s climate conditions. The 95% interval of total suitable habitat under recent conditions was estimated at 30.1 to 42.5 thousand km; this was predicted to decline to 0.5 to 7.9 thousand km by the 2080s. Projections for the 2080s showed that the great majority of stream segments would be unsuitable with high certainty, regardless of the climate dataset or bull trout model employed. The largest contributor to uncertainty in total suitable habitat was climate uncertainty, followed by parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty. Our approach makes it possible to calculate a full distribution of possible outcomes for a species, and permits ready graphical display of uncertainty for individual locations and of total habitat.
Physician empathy in medical education and practice: experience with the Jefferson scale of physician empathy

Abstract Despite the importance of physician empathy in patient care, empirical investigation on the topic is scarce because of conceptual ambiguity and a lack of a psychometrically sound tool for measuring physician empathy. In this article we describe different conceptual views of empathy, draw a distinction between empathy and sympathy, and define physician empathy. We also describe the development and psychometric properties (ie, validity and reliability) of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE), a brief research tool (20 Likert-type items) that we developed as a response to a need for an operational measure of physician empathy. We outline an agenda for future research on physician empathy. We conclude that research regarding physician empathy is crucial considering the rapid developments in biotechnology and the current trend toward market-driven, corporate medicine, which strains the physician-patient relationships.
Can we teach parenting in our schools

The quality of parenting is a crucial factor in children’s school success, and yet the schools teach almost nothing about parenting. This essay suggests ways in which we can teach about parenting w...
Nulliparity and Late Menopause Are Associated With Decreased Cognitive Decline

Changes in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were examined over a median of 12.8 years in a population of 361 community-dwelling postmenopausal women who had never received estrogen replacement therapy. In a linear regression model that took into account age, education, race, surgical versus natural menopause, use of birth control pills, and MMSE score at baseline, it was found that nulliparous women and women who went through menopause later in life had significantly less cognitive decline. These results suggest that greater lifetime exposure to endogenous estrogen may be associated with less age-related cognitive decline.
Communicating About Culture and Health: Theorizing Culture‐Centered and Cultural Sensitivity Approaches

This essay proposes that health communication in cultural settings may be categorized under 2 broad umbrellas: the culture-centered approach and the cultural sensitivity approach. Whereas the culture-centered approach is based upon the commitment to building theories and applications from within the culture, the cultural sensitivity approach pushes the agenda of the status quo and seeks to adapt the messages to the cultural markers of the target audience. In this article, theoretical issues are presented for the discussion of each approach, accompanied by examination of the ways in which power, ideology, and hegemony play out in these approaches. Ultimately, this theoretical essay provides a conceptual framework for understanding the ways in which culture is theorized and applied in health communication.
Daylighting and energy analysis of private offices with automated interior roller shades

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive analysis to study the balance between daylighting benefits and energy requirements (control of solar gains) in perimeter private office spaces with interior roller shades taking into account glazing properties, shading properties and control together with window size, climate and orientation in an integrated daylighting and thermal manner. Daylight autonomy and useful daylight illuminances were computed as a function of facade design parameters. A thermal simulation module using the explicit finite difference thermal network approach runs at the same time step and calculates heating, cooling and lighting source energy consumption as well as surface temperatures and operative temperature. Based on the daylighting results, lighting internal gains (continuous dimming control) are simultaneously input to the thermal module. The model also considers the air in the gap between shade and interior glass as a separate thermal node. Detailed results for Chicago and Los Angeles showed that windows with visible transmittance higher than 50% have the ability to allow enough daylight into the space for all locations and orientations for window-to-wall ratios higher than 50%. Useful daylight illuminances between 500 and 1000 lux were considered in detail – it was found that this index can be maximized for specific window-to-wall ratios and that depends on the glazing properties and fabric properties for each orientation. Moreover, the complex interactions of the studied parameters and their impact on the heating, cooling and lighting energy performance revealed an interesting result: windows occupying 30–50% of the facade can actually result in lower total energy consumption for most cases with automated shading. This illustration of daylighting benefits can be realized only if the integration of daylighting and thermal climate-based analysis is modeled efficiently and depends on glazing and shading properties and control. Finally, best designs for each orientation and location were pointed out based on both daylighting and thermal results.
Balance of cell proliferation and death among dynamic populations: a mathematical model.

Developmental changes in cell numbers represent the dynamic balance between cell proliferation and death. One obstacle to assessing this balance is an inability to quantify the total amount of cell death, i.e., with a positive indicator such as terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) or caspase activity. A novel mathematical model is described wherein data on daily cell growth (the change in cell number) and cell cycle kinetics can be used to determine the total amount of cell death. Two sets of data from previously published studies were tested in this model; primary cultured cortical neurons and B104 neuroblastoma cells. These two preparations have contrasting features: neuronal cultures are heterogeneous and have relatively few cells that are actively cycling (i.e., the growth fraction for these cells is low), whereas B104 cells are relatively homogeneous cultures in which the growth fraction is high. In primary cortical cultures, there was a balance in cell production and death. Treatment with a potent anti-mitogen, ethanol (400 mg/dl), affected this balance principally by reducing cell production, although the rate of cell death was also increased. In untreated B104 cells, there was eight-fold more cell production than cell death. Growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor BB doubled cell production. Ethanol reduced cell production by >60%, and it eliminated growth factor-mediated cell production. All of these changes occurred in the absence of an effect on the amount of cell death. Thus, the model is ideal for predicting the effects of an epigenetic factor (e.g., a growth factor, toxin, or pharmacological agent) on cell development and can be useful in determining the consequences of a genetic manipulation as well.
What We Know About Childcare ‐ Edited by Alison Clarke‐Stewart & Virginia D. Allhusen

What We Know About Childcare. Alison Clarke-Stewart & Virginia D. Allhusen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2005. 303 pp. ISBN 0-647-01749-8. $ 145 (hardback) Professor Alison Clarke-Stewart conducted her first child-care research study more than 25 years ago. She and her colleague Virginia Allhusen currently direct one of the 10 research sites for the groundbreaking longitudinal National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. The depth and breadth of the researchers' experience in the world of children, families, and child care are readily apparent in this updated and expanded version of Clarke-Stewart's original 1982 volume entitled "Daycare." Clarke-Stewart and Allhusen provide an overview of child-care history and current trends in the United States, a review of past and recent child-care research, and carefully considered lists of recommendations, issues, and challenges for parents, childcare providers, and policymakers to consider. This book will serve as an excellent starting point for the child and family scholar entering the world of child care and child-care research, but it is also intended for use by parents who want in-depth, research-based information. The book begins with three chapters describing the development and use of child care, emphasizing challenges faced by the majority of U.S. families who now rely on nonparental care for their young children. These chapters provide a balanced overview of work-family issues, including the difficulty for mothers of "having it all." Yet they also note the demonstrated success of many families, with the help of child care, in achieving some kind of reasonable balance between work and family. The authors document the rising demand for child care and the failure of the United States' inadequate and disorganized nonsystem of child care to adequately meet those needs. They summarize recent demographic data showing the increasing participation of women in the workforce and the rising number of single-parent families. Although they do not mention welfare reforms in the mid-1990s that also forced many low-income families into nonparental care, these factors all conspire to overtax currently available child-care services. The middle section of the book comprises a rich and comprehensive review of child-care research over the past 25 years. The research is meticulously reviewed, with the extensive references, and will serve as a starting point for scholars beginning a child-care literature review. Also of special interest to students of child care and early education research will be the authors' analysis of how child-care research has shifted in the past quarter century from a focus on the question "Is child care beneficial or harmful?" to "What factors in child care provisions and quality are most important in children's development and family functioning, and for what kinds of children and families?" The authors' review of this large and somewhat complex body of literature is accurate, fair, and balanced. …
Vertebrate paleoecology: A current perspective

Abstract Vertebrate paleoecology, a study with a long history, has thrived during the last four decades and has become the focal point of intensive investigation since about 1965. It has followed a somewhat different course from studies of marine invertebrate paleoecology questions about the utility, validity and relationships of paleoecology to ecology continue to be raised and discussed. Paleoecology draws on and contributes to essentially all areas of paleontology. Several subdisciplines in which there has been particularly intensive investigation are singled out for discussion. Taphonomy lies at the base of all paleoecological studies for, along with systematic analysis, it provides the basic data upon which all reconstructions of the living biota are made from the fossil deposits to which they contributed. Very active in development of taphonomy have been the students of Paleoecology of the Hominidae. This area of study has passed from a dominance of speculation in the first decades of this century to objective analysis based upon the application of biological principles, extended and detailed field work, and current evolutionary concepts to the evolution of the family Hominidae. Extinctions have recently received extensive analyses, with emphasis on mass extinctions such as that at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. The analyses have extended the uses of taphonomic research into the difficult areas of time intervals generally not available in the fossil record. Physiological-Ecological and Behavioral studies are casting new light upon the problems of interpretation of extinct animals which lack close living counterparts. Community Structure has been of special interest among terrestrial vertebrates since the early 1950's. It's study has required reinterpretations of samples and sampling procedures and development of models to aid in analysis of the biases in fossil assemblages. Both community types and substantive communities have received careful attention, including pragmatic definitions, studies of the use of analogies and introspection on possible contributions to ecology as whole. Such researches have been elaborated into studies of the relationships communities through time under the general heading of Community Evolution. Problems of evolution in a slowly changing community and in the evolution of new community types have been central themes in this area.
The obstruction factor in size-exclusion chromatography. 1. The intraparticle obstruction factor.

We report the first of a series of studies on the obstruction factor γ in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Here, using narrow dispersity polymer standards we examine how the intraparticle obstruction factor γp depends individually on a number of analyte properties, column characteristics, and user-defined parameters. Far from being constant, γp is seen to vary with analyte molar mass and solvent, as well as with the pore size and particle size of the column packing material, sometimes in seemingly counterintuitive manner. Over the limited temperature range accessible to our equipment, however, no statistically significant change in γp with temperature was discovered. The results presented should be applicable to forms of packed column chromatography other than SEC. The latter technique, however, presents a convenient test bed for quantitative determination of the obstruction factor, due to minimized sorptive mass transfer and longitudinal diffusion contributions to band broadening in most forms of SEC.
Resolution of mitochondrial DNA structures in the large yeast Wickerhamia fluorescens

Abstract DAPI (4′6 Diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining of the large yeast Wickerhamia fluorescens revealed extensive cytoplasmic staining material attributable to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), often present in large network-like structures. The maintenance of this mtDNA appears to be insensitive to a variety of mitochondrial specific mutagens, suggesting that W. fluorescens may be classified as a petite negative yeast. Restriction enzyme analysis generated a unit genome size of 42(10 6 ) D for this mtDNA which, together with determinations of the average mtDNA per cell, allowed an estimate of the cellular copy number of mitochondrial genomes. A physical map of this mtDNA was also derived. These experiments suggested models which might reflect the cytological structures resolved by DAPI staining in W. fluorescens relative to other yeasts.
BIREFRINGENCE OF LYMPH NODE CELLS.

IN the course of work on the role of the lymphatic system in the rejection of homologous skin grafts, histological sections of rabbits' lymph nodes, prepared by a standard paraffin embedding technique, were viewed under the microscope between two crossed polarizing filters. In certain sections, the nuclei of many cells were strongly birefringent (Fig. 1a, b, c). Perusal of the literature and conferences with colleagues have failed to uncover a previous description of this phenomenon. Because this finding might aid in investigations of nuclear structure, it is thought appropriate to report on it at this stage.
Spacing of the multiple nulls in generalized ellipsometry

Abstract For accurate determination of the polarization transfer function of an optical system or the reflection matrix of an anomalous surface in the presence of imperfections in the ellipsometer a large number (e.g., six to twelve) of null measurements might be needed. Better insight is achieved using the circular complex-plane representation to define the conditions under which the nulls tend to be crowded. Instead of setting the compensator at different azimuths in the range of compensation (where a null exists) and adjusting the polarizer and analyzer for null, more uniform and hence improved spacing of the multiple nulls is achieved by setting the analyzer (in the case of the PCS arrangement) at equispaced azimuths in the range from zero to π and nulling by the polarizer and compensator.
Stigma, Obesity and Adolescent Risk Behaviors: Current Research and Future Directions.

Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to risk behaviors as, in this life stage, they are experiencing intense physical, psychological and social changes. Adolescents who are overweight/obese, but particularly those who perceive themselves as such, are more likely to engage in risk behaviors than those who are, or perceive, themselves of normal-weight. Weight stigma and discrimination may contribute to this association as they reinforce poor body image and create intense stress. Stress is associated with poor emotion regulation, more impulsive, contextually-determined, and less rational decision-making, leading to greater engagement in risk behaviors. However, pathways from weight stigma/discrimination to risk behavior may be moderated by adolescents’ social networks. This review provides a conceptual model and empirical evidence to illustrate the proposed pathways from weight stigma and discrimination to risk behaviors. Public health implications and future research directions are also discussed.
Developing the Socio‐Political Skills of Accounting Students: A Mixed Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning Strategy

The litmus test of asynchronous learning lies not in supporting small groups of elite groups, who are well endowed with computer and communications resources, but in providing for oversized classes, whose students are stretched by competing demands of work, family, and academic life, and who have — at best — modest experience and access to computer technology. This case study shows that a hybrid design — of synchronous and asynchronous methods — improves the quality of learning among large classes of undergraduate accounting students. Far from auguring the end of “education‐as‐we‐know‐it” (where a face‐to‐face community is replaced by a server‐in‐a‐box) this mixed strategy provides a useful tool in augmenting traditional learning methods.
Free amino acids in the hemolymph of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

The concentrations of free amino acids in the hemolymph of adult males of the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis were determined by automated amino acid analysis. Eighteen of the twenty standard amino acids as well as two nonstandard amino acids (hydroxyproline and ornithine) were found. Aspartic acid and cysteine were not present. Proline levels were up to 100-fold higher than those of any other amino acid. Total amino acid concentration was comparable to those reported for most other cockroaches. The reported amino acid profile formed the basis for an organ culture medium which sustained metabolic viability of isolated B. discoidalis neuroendocrine glands and brain-gland complexes for at least 24 hr.
ALLOPURINOL MAY ALTER INTRACEIXULAR CEREBRAL METABOLISM DURING HYPOXIA IN NEWBORN PIGLETS

Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and free radical scavenger potentially protective in hypoxic tissue injury. The present studies compare 5 allopurinol-treated, anesthetized, mechanically ventilated newborn piglets to 5 non-treated piglets during normoxia and after 25 min (HYP 1) and 50 min (HYP 2) of hypoxia by ↓FiO2. The allopurinol group received 5 mg/kg IV 30 min prior to hypoxia. Cerebral cortical O2 delivery and O2 consumption were calculated using microsphere determined blood flows. To assess brain cortical oxygenation, phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate ratio (PCr/Pi) and intracellular pH (pHi) were determined concurrently by 31-P NMR spectroscopy. Sagittal sinus lactate levels and arterial blood gases were also measured. Brain O2 delivery, O2 consumption, and PCr/Pi were the same for the allopurinol treated and non-treated groups during normoxia, HYP 1, and HYP 2. However, arterial pH was significantly lower in the allopurinol treated vs non-treated piglets during both HYP 1 (7.16±0.06 vs 7.30±0.04) and HYP 2 (6.93±0.14 vs 7.11±0.10) despite comparable PCO2 (36 ± 8 vs 39±8), PO2 (24±2 vs 26±6), and baseline pH (7.40±0.10 vs 7.40±0.03). Similarly, cerebral cortical pHi was lower in the allopurinol treated piglets during hypoxia: HYP 1 (6.77±0.21 vs 6.93±0.39) and HYP 2 (6.43±0.22 vs 6.71±0.39) and the increase in sagittal sinus lactate levels during hypoxia was greater for the allopurinol vs non-treated piglets: HYP 1 (9.5±2.5 vs 5.4±2.5) and HYP 2 (14±3.4 vs 6.71 ± 5.7). The data suggest an alteration in the metabolic response to hypoxia of the allopurinol treated group. If allopurinol interferes with hypoxia-induced cerebral cellular adaptation, accelerating brain tissue lactic acidosis, it may contribute to hypoxic tissue damage despite reducing free radical injury by other mechanisms. (NIH #20337).
Particle Lithography Enables Fabrication of Multicomponent Nanostructures

Multicomponent nanostructures with individual geometries have attracted much attention because of their potential to carry out multiple functions synergistically. The current work reports a simple method using particle lithography to fabricate multicomponent nanostructures of metals, proteins, and organosiloxane molecules, each with its own geometry. Particle lithography is well-known for its capability to produce arrays of triangular-shaped nanostructures with novel optical properties. This paper extends the capability of particle lithography by combining a particle template in conjunction with surface chemistry to produce multicomponent nanostructures. The advantages and limitations of this approach will also be addressed.
Sulfide tolerance and detoxification in shallow-water marine fishes

Hydrogen sulfide is a potent inhibitor of aerobic respiration. Sulfide is produced in sediments, and many species of fish live in association with the bottom. Tolerance tests, enzyme assays, and chromatography of sulfur compounds in thirteen species of shallow-water marine fishes (collected in San Diego, California, USA in 1987–1988) indicate adaptations to sulfide that vary with habitat and lifestyle. Tidal-marsh inhabitants, like Gillichthys mirabilis and Fundulus parvipinnis, have higher tolerance to sulfide (96 h LC50 at 525 to 700 μM) relative to outer-bay and open-coast inhabitants (surviving <12 h at much lower concentrations). The cytochrome c oxidase of all species shows high activity and susceptibility to sulfide poisoning, with 50% inhibition at 30 to 500 nM in various tissues. The two marsh species are able to survive at sulfide concentrations already inhibitory to their cytochrome c oxidase and fatal to other species. All species detoxify sulfide by oxidizing it to thiosulfate. All have sulfide-oxidizing activity in the blood, spleen, kidney, liver and gills, which correlates significantly with heme content. Thiosulfate appears in the tissues of sulfide-exposed fish and builds up to high concentrations (up to 2 mM) with stronger and longer exposure. Unexposed fish contain little or no thiosulfate. Sulfide is barely detectable in the tissues, even in high-sulfide exposure tests. We suggest that fish blood, in having high sulfide-oxidizing activity and no cytochrome c oxidase, can act as a short-term first line of defense against sulfide, and thus minimize the amount that reaches the vital organs. The results of this study indicate that sulfide is a significant environmental factor influencing the ecological distribution of marine fishes.
Posterior identification of histograms conditional to local data

Stochastic simulation techniques which do not depend on a back transform step to reproduce a prior marginal cumulative distribution function (cdf)may lead to deviations from that distribution which are deemed unacceptable. This paper presents an algorithm to post process simulated realizations or any spatial distribution to reproduce the target cdfin the case of continuous variables or target proportions in the case of categorical variables, yet honoring the conditioning data. Validations conducted for both continuous and categorical cases show that. by adjusting the value of a correction level parameter ω, the target cdfor proportions can be well reproduced without significant modification of the spatial correlation patterns of the original simulated realizations.
3D optical interconnects for high-speed interchip and interboard communications

Metal-based communications between subsystems and chips has become the limiting factor in high-speed computing. Maturing optics-based technologies offer advantages that may unplug this bottleneck. Optical interconnects offer high-speed computers key advantages over metal interconnects. These include (1) high spatial and temporal bandwidths, (2) high-speed transmission, (3) low crosstalk independent of data rates, and (4) high interconnect densities. Although faster device switching speeds will eventually be necessary for future massively parallel computing systems, the deciding factor in determining system performance and cost will be subsystem communications rather than device speed. Free-space optical interconnects, by virtue of their inherent parallelism, high data bandwidth, small size and power requirement, and relative freedom from mutual interference of signals, already show great promise in replacing metal interconnects to solve communication problems. >
In vivo cAMP level in rabbit iris-ciliary body after topical epinephrine treatment

Purpose. The present study estimates the in vivo cyclic AMP (cAMP) level in the rabbit iris-ciliary body after topical treatment with epinephrine.Methods. Epinephrine 1% was applied unilaterally to pigmented rabbits. At selected time points between 10 min and 6 hr, a 2.5-mm diameter iris-ciliary body, in the treated eye, was irradiated with 2 J diode laser (2 W for 1 sec). Instant heat generated by the irradiation deactivated the cellular enzymes used in the synthesis and degradation of cAMP. Rabbits were sacrificed immediately, and samples of the iris-ciliary body were isolated from the irradiated area, the non-irradiated area, and from the contralateral, untreated eye. Levels of cAMP in these samples and in the aqueous humor were determined by radioimmunoassay. Further experiments were performed in rabbits pretreated with an α2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, and a β-adrenergic antagonist, timolol, 30 min before the epinephrine treatment. Unilateral laser photocoagulation of the iris-ciliary body was ...
A Mathematical Treatment of the Electric Conductivity and Capacity of Disperse Systems I. The Electric Conductivity of a Suspension of Homogeneous Spheroids

Conductivity measurements may give values for (1) the specific conductivity, (2) the concentration or (3) eccentricity of form of the suspended particles of suspensions such as biological tissues, blood and cream. Mathematical theory. The following relation is derived: $\frac{(\frac{k}{{k}_{1}\ensuremath{-}1})}{(\frac{k}{{k}_{1}+x})}=\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}(\frac{{k}_{2}}{{k}_{1}\ensuremath{-}1})}{(\frac{{k}_{2}}{{k}_{1}+x})}$, where $k$, ${k}_{1}$ and ${k}_{2}$ are the specific conductivities of the suspension, the suspending medium and the suspended spheroids, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the volume concentration of the suspended spheroids, and $x$ is a function of the ratio $\frac{{k}_{2}}{{k}_{1}}$ and the ratio $\frac{a}{b}$ of the axis of symmetry of the spheroids to the other axis. For the case of spheres, $x=2$ and the formula reduces to that of Lorentz-Lorentz and Clausius-Mossotti. Curves are given showing the variation of $x$ with $\frac{{k}_{2}}{{k}_{1}}$ for various values of $\frac{a}{b}$. Comparison with experimental data of Stewart for the conductivity of the blood of a dog (${k}_{2}=0$, $\frac{a}{b}=\frac{1}{4.25}$, $x=1.05$) shows excellent agreement for concentration from 10 to 90 per cent. Also the observations of Oker-Blom for two suspensions of sand in salted gelatine, give in each case constant values of $x$ for various concentrations.
Hyperprolactinemia in portal systemic encephalopathy

The accumulation of false neurotransmitters such as octopamine and depletion of true neurotransmitters such as dopamine have been purported to play a pathogenetic role in portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Therefore, we measured plasma prolactin, a known sensitive indicator of functional dopamine activity in man, in an attempt to evaluate dopaminergic function in 21 patients with alcoholic liver disease and PSE and several control groups. Subjects with PSE had markedly elevated prolactin levels (P<0.01) when compared to all control groups. Moreover, patients with PSE were divisible into two groups, 12 having mildly increased prolactin levels and 9 having markedly elevated levels. Although the degree of PSE was similar in both groups, those PSE patients with the higher prolactin values had significantly greater derangement of serum albumin, bilirubin, prothrombin time, and also had a higher mortality (100%). These data: (1) provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis of altered neurotransmitter function in individuals with chronic alcoholic liver disease, particularly those manifesting evidence of PSE; (2) suggest that altered dopamine function in chronic liver disease may have pathophysiologic significance as judged by altered hormone release; (3) demonstrate that a markedly elevated plasma prolactin level in individuals with PSE carries an ominous prognosis; and (4) suggest a possible role for the plasma prolactin in the selection and monitoring of PSE patients who are to be treated with agents aimed at correcting neurotransmitter abnormalities.
Failure to consider the antigenic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus isolates may lead to misdiagnosis.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a recently identified viral disease of swine that is a significant problem in swine producing regions throughout the world. Because of the potential economic impact of PRRS on swine production, extensive resources have been expended on the development of accurate diagnostic tests and efficacious vaccines. One of the potential obstacles to the success of these efforts is antigenic diversity among PRRS virus isolates. Antigenic diversity has been demonstrated between North American and European PRRS virus field isolates by using homologous and heterologous polyclonal swine antiserum in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. Antigenic differences between US and European PRRS virus isolates have also been demonstrated using a panel of 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the 15kD protein of the PRRS virus: SDOW 17, which was generated against the PRRS virus isolate ATCC VR-2332, and EP147 and VO17, which were generated against the PRRS virus isolate SD1. All 3 MAbs reacted, as determined by fluorescence microscopy, with 63 of 63 US isolates originating from the north-central region of the United States. Additionally, MAb SDOW17 reacted with the Lelystad PRRS virus and 56 of 56 European isolates representing 8 different countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Spain, and The United Kingdom). However, neither MAb EP147 nor MAb VO17 reacted with any of these European isolates. Similar observations have been made by Canadian investigators, who reported that the same panel of MAbs reacted with 10 of 10 Canadian PRRS virus isolates. These observations suggest that MAb SDOW17 could be used as a universal diagnostic reagent for the detection of PRRS virus infection in clinical specimens. However, the following report indicates that North American isolates are antigenically more diverse than previously demonstrated and that it may not be possible to rely on a single MAb for diagnostic purposes.
Anisotropic property revisited––does it hold in multi-lane traffic?

The anisotropic property of traffic flow has brought much discussion about some existing traffic flow models and diverging views on the further development of traffic flow theories. This paper shows that the anisotropic property cannot be expected to hold in multi-lane traffic. Moreover, it develops a mathematical criterion to judge the anisotropic property of a traffic flow model, shows how non-anisotropic behavior arises from multi-lane traffic, and why some higher-order models do not always behave anisotropically.
More Thoughts About Anger Determinants

The authors propose that (a) although strong negative affect can evoke anger without appraisals, appraisals after the initial reactions conceivably might influence the later emotional experience independently of the felt displeasure; (b) maintaining that particular stimuli can automatically elicit anger does not imply that anger will be dominant; and (c) anger is frequently blended with other negative emotions such as fear. A particular stimulus' context can affect this stimulus' meaning and thus determine its effect, but if the stimulus' meaning is held constant, the stimulus will evoke the response to which it is connected. Carefully controlled experiments are required to resolve the issues raised. The theories advanced should offer testable postulates rather than untestable assertions of what processes supposedly were operating.
Locating available bandwidth bottlenecks

The spatio-temporal available bandwidth estimator (STAB), a new edge-based probing tool, locates thin links - those links with less available bandwidth than all the links preceding them - on end-to-end network paths. By localizing thin links, STAB facilitates network operations and troubleshooting, provides insight into what causes network congestion, and aids network-aware applications. The tool uses special chirp-probing trains, featuring an exponential flight pattern of packets, which have the advantage of employing few packets while giving an accurate estimate of available bandwidth.