cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dependence of two-dimensional shape perception on orientation

While it is true that in daily life we generally recognize objects regardless of their orientation, previous experiments involving novel shapes indicate a decline in recognition when these are tested in altered orientation. Here the question is raised of whether there is a component of shape perception based purely on the geometry of an object, independent of orientation. By means of two tests designed to eliminate awareness of change of orientation, one more stringent than used heretofore, it was found that shape perception is dependent on orientation. The apparent contradiction between these findings and the apparent orientation-free character of recognition in daily life is discussed.
Analyzing different functional forms of the varying weight parameter for finite mixture of negative binomial regression models

Factors that cause heterogeneity found in motor vehicle crash data are often unknown to transportation safety researchers and failure to capture this heterogeneity in statistical models can weaken the validity of modeling results. A finite mixture of regression models has been proposed to address the unobserved heterogeneity in crash data, and a fixed weight parameter for these models (i.e., the weight parameter is invariant of the characteristics of the observations under study) is commonly assumed. Recent studies have found that the weight parameter of the finite mixture of negative binomial (NB) models can be dependent upon the functional form of the attributes of the sites, and the selection of the functional form for weight parameter has a significant impact on the classification results. This study investigates the effect of different functional forms on the estimation of the weight parameter as well as the group classification of the finite mixture of NB regression models, using crash data collected on rural roadway sections in Indiana. A total of 11 different functional forms for the varying weight parameter were estimated; these functional forms include various combinations of traffic flow and segment length as covariates. The results suggest that the modeling of the weight parameter (which essentially helps in improving the group classification) is generally necessary when using the finite mixture of NB regression models to analyze the crash data, even in the presence of a well-defined mean function. This study also confirms that the selection of the functional form for weight parameter will affect the classification results significantly. Among 11 different functional forms, one functional form, which uses the linear combination of different explanatory variables to model the classification, stands out based on both the goodness-of-fit statistics and the classification results, and is recommended for describing the weight parameter when using the finite mixture of NB regression models with varying weight parameters to analyze crash data.
Gradual closure of fasciotomy wounds using a vessel loop shoelace

Acute compartment syndrome is reported to occur in 1.5 per cent of patients with closed tibia1 fractures treated with intramedullary nailing (McQueen et al., 1990). Treatment of acute compartment syndrome should include dermotomy as well as fasciotomy (Gaspard and Kohl, 197.5) and most of these open fasciotomies are treated by skin grafting because delayed primary closure is usually not possible (Sheridan and Matsen, 1976). Skin grafting, however, gives poor coverage and sensation to the wound, often requires immobilization of the limb and to the patient and is less appealing cosmetically. Several techniques have been described to aid closure of the wound in an attempt to avoid skin grafting (Patman and Thompson, 1970; Miller, 1990). These involve placement of static tensioning devices across the wound (paper tape or sutures) which are replaced or tightened at appropriate intervals. An alternative technique using an elastic ‘shoelace’ is described which has the advantages of providing a continuous pull on the wound edges and may be tightened without replacement and without the need for anaesthesia. Although this technique is becoming popular it has remained unreported in the literature.
Commentary on Papers Presented at the New Orleans Shark Symposium and Some Reflections on Current Shark Research

The fifteen papers presented at a symposium, organized by Dr. R. Glenn Northcutt, entitled “Recent advances in the biology of sharks” are briefly summarized. Comments are made where appropriate and fruitful areas for future research recommended.
Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology

The drainage basin has been a fundamental unit of study in hydrology and geomorphology throughout the modern era of these Earth sciences. The basin, or catchment, is a convenient unit because it typically is well defined topographically, can be studied as a series of nested units of increasing size, and is an open system for which inputs and outputs of mass and energy can be defined and measured. Small catchments have been the “outdoor laboratories” for hydrologists interested in rainfall-runoff relationships, for geochemists interested in the export of weathering products from the landscape, and for ecosystem ecologists interested in biogeochemical cycling. Research studies on small catchments have evolved from a strong focus on strictly input-output relationships (a “black-box” approach) to a focus on understanding flow paths, residence times, and biological and chemical reactions within the catchment. Tracers are essential tools for such work. In catchment studies, tracers that move with the water but do not interact with biota, soils, and rocks are sought so that water itself can be followed. Other tracers are used to follow selected biogeochemical reactions. A multitude of stable and radioactive isotopes has been used as tracers in catchment studies.
“Metalloazine” Complexes of Molybdenum and Zirconium

A series of «metalloazines» of molybdenum and zirconium was prepared. Molybdenum metalloazines are obtained by reaction between diazo compounds and a molybdenum(IV) complex, OMo(DTC) 2 (DTC=a dialkyldithiocarbamate), by oxidative addition. These species are electrophilic at the terminal carbon and add nucleophiles, including ylides
Volatile and Isotopic Imprints of Ancient Mars

The science investigations enabled by Curiosity rover's instruments focus on identifying and exploring the habitability of the Martian environment. Measurements of noble gases, organic and inorganic compounds, and the isotopes of light elements permit the study of the physical and chemical processes that have transformed Mars throughout its history. Samples of the atmosphere, volatiles released from soils, and rocks from the floor of Gale Crater have provided a wealth of new data and a window into conditions on ancient Mars.
Organ dose in chest CT: effect of modulation scheme on estimation accuracy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how different implementations of the tube current modulation (TCM) technology affect organ dose conversion factors in chest CT and how organ dose can be accurately estimated for various modulation schemes. Computational phantom of a normal-weight female patient was used. A method was developed to generate tube current (mA) modulation profiles based on the attenuation of the phantom, taking into account the geometry of the CT system as well as the x-ray energy spectrum and bowtie filtration in a CT scan. The mA for a given projection angle was calculated as a power-law function of the attenuation along this projection. The exponent of this function, termed modulation control strength, was varied from 0 to 1 to emulate the effects of different TCM schemes. Organ dose was estimated for a chest scan for each modulation scheme and was subsequently normalized by volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDI vol ) to obtain conversion factors. The results showed that the conversion factors are second-order polynomial functions of the modulation control strength. The conversion factors established for a fixed-mA scan may be used to estimate organ dose in a TCM scan. For organs on the periphery of the scan coverage, the best accuracy is achieved when using CTDI vol computed from the average mA of the entire scan. For organs inside the scan coverage, the best accuracy is achieved when using CTDI vol computed from the volume-averaged mA values of all the axial slices containing the organ.
Numerical Investigation of Multistaged Tesla Valves

The Tesla valve is a passive-type check valve used for flow control in micro- or minichannel systems for a variety of applications. Although the design and effectiveness of a singular Tesla valve is somewhat well understood, the effects of using multiple, identically shaped Tesla valves in series—forming a multistaged Tesla valve (MSTV)—have not been well documented in the open literature. Therefore, using high-performance computing (HPC) and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the effectiveness of an MSTV using Tesla valves with preoptimized designs was quantified in terms of diodicity for laminar flow conditions. The number of Tesla valves/stages (up to 20), valve-to-valve distance (up to 3.375 hydraulic diameters), and Reynolds number (up to 200) was varied to determine their effect on MSTV diodicity. Results clearly indicate that the MSTV provides for a significantly higher diodicity than a single Tesla valve and that this difference increases with Reynolds number. Minimizing the distance between adjacent Tesla valves can significantly increase the MSTV diodicity, however, for very low Reynolds number (Re < 50), the MSTV diodicity is almost independent of valve-to-valve distance and number of valves used. In general, more Tesla valves are required to maximize the MSTV diodicity as the Reynolds number increases. Using data-fitting procedures, a correlation for predicting the MSTV diodicity was developed and shown to be in a power-law form. It is further concluded that 3D CFD more accurately simulates the flow within the Tesla valve over a wider range of Reynolds numbers than 2D simulations that are more commonly reported in the literature. This is supported by demonstrating secondary flow patterns in the Tesla valve outlet that become stronger as Reynolds number increases. Plots of the pressure and velocity fields in various MSTVs are provided to fully document the complex physics of the flow field.
The Relationship of Weight of Lepidopterous Larvae to Effectiveness of Topically Applied Insecticides

Four species of lepidopterous larvae were treated by topical application with several insecticides. LD-50 values were established on a μg. insecticide per gram of larval weight basis for a number of different weight groups for each species. The southern armyworm, Prodenia eridania (Cram.), gave a nearly constant LD-50 value for the different weight groups using DDT or Phosdrin® (1-methoxycarbonyl-1-propen-2-yl dimethyl phosphate, 60% technical) as the insecticide, as did the tobacco hornworm, Protoparce sexta (Johan.), with endrin. The corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), gave no increase in the LD-50 for Phosdrin but gave more than 1,000-fold increase with DDT from larvae weighing 0.1 gm. to those weighing 0.5 gm. Of the eight insecticides tested on the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), only Phosdrin remained constant for the different size groups. Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl S-(4-oxo-3II-l,2,3-benzotriazine-3-methyl) phosphorodithioate), Dipterex® (0,0-dimethyl 2,2,2-tr ichloro-1-hy droxyethy lphosphonate), and malathion gave increases of 2 to 10 times, while endrin, DDT, toxaphene and TDE give increases of from 20 to 100 times.
Heat and Mass Transfer Associated With Condensation on a Moving Drop: Solutions for Intermediate Reynolds Numbers by a Boundary Layer Formulation

Condensation heat and mass transfer to a liquid drop moving in a mixture of saturated vapor and a noncondensable have been evaluated. The Reynolds number of the drop motion is 0(100). The quasi-steady, coupled, boundary layer equations for the flow field and the transport in the gaseous phase are simultaneously solved. The heat transport inside the drop is treated as a transient process. Results are presented for the heat and mass transport rates to the drop, the surface shear stress, the velocity profiles across the boundary layer, and the temperature-time history of the drop. The comparisons of results with experimental data, where available, show excellent agreement. Tables summarizing results appropriate to a wide range of condensation rates have been included. Local heat and mass transfer rates have also been presented. These features will make the paper useful to the designer of direct contact heat transfer equipment.
The Single-Fiber Collision Rate and Filtration Efficiency for Nanoparticles I: The First-Passage Time Calculation Approach

We describe an approach to filtration-efficiency calculations as an alternative to the traditional depth filtration theory. The new approach involves linking the single-fiber efficiency to the collision rate coefficient/kernel between nanoparticles and fibers, and correspondingly inferring the collision kernel via dimensionless mean first-passage time (MFPT) calculations. This method has the advantage of easily incorporating the influences of particle diffusion, inertia, and particle size; therefore, all filtration mechanisms can be considered simultaneously. Through non-dimensionalization of the equation of motion for a particle in MFPT calculations (the Langevin equation), it is shown that both the single-fiber efficiency Ef and dimensionless particle-fiber collision kernel, H, are functions of the ratio of particle radius to filter-fiber radius, R, the solid volume fraction in the filter, Vf, the ratio of particle persistence distance to the particle-filter collision distance, KnD (the diffusive Knudse...
Passive In-Plane Micromixer for Slow Diffusing Liquids

The problem of passive micromixing has been analyzed. Laminar flow in microchannels implies that transport processes including mass transfer are dominated by diffusion; inertial effects and have little to no effect on mixing in small scale conduits. Study of the diffusion theory shows that the velocity at the interface of fluids intended to be mixed is a determining factor. Higher velocity at the diffusion interface increases the mass flux across. By means of unique sidewall design, the laminar velocity profile can be passively altered such that the maximum of the profile coincides with the transversely progressing diffusion fronts repeatedly through the mixing channel. Based on the idea of increasing diffusion interfacial velocity, a passive mixing channel has been designed using numerical simulation tools, fabricated and characterized.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Teaching Active Listening Skills to Pre-Service Speech-Language Pathologists: A First Step in Supporting Collaboration With Parents of Young Children Who Require AAC

Purpose This study examined the effect of instruction in an active listening strategy on the communication skills of pre-service speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Method Twenty-three pre-service...
Shear distribution and variability in the USP Apparatus 2 under turbulent conditions

Computational analysis is used to examine the hydrodynamic environment within the USP Apparatus II at common operating conditions. Experimental validation of the computational model shows that the simulations of fluid motion match the dispersion of dye observed in experiments. The computations are then used to obtain data that cannot be easily measured with experiments, specifically the distribution of shear forces within the media and along the wall. Results show that the shear environment is highly non-uniform. Increasing the paddle speed from 50 to 100 rpm does not improve shear homogeneity within the apparatus. Experiments show that this uneven distribution of hydrodynamic forces is a direct cause of dissolution testing variability. This variability is large enough to cause for type II dissolution test failures, i.e., failures are a result of a vulnerability of the testing method rather than a problem with a dosage form. Future development of new dissolution tests should include evaluations of the hydrodynamic environments to eliminate this potential source of failure that is unrelated to product quality.
Kinetics of Dispersion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and n-Butyl Acrylate: Effect of Initiator Concentration

The effects of initiator concentration on the kinetics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-butyl acrylate (n-BuA) dispersion polymerizations were studied by reaction calorimetry. It was found that increasing the initiator concentration increased the reaction rate as well as the particle size in both systems. Three stages were distinguished in the reaction rate profiles of both MMA and n-BuA dispersion polymerizations. However, the dependencies of the reaction rate (initial and maximum Rp) on initiator concentration differed significantly for the two systems. This was interpreted on the basis of partitioning of monomer and initiator between phases, resulting in shifts in the reaction loci with conversion as indicated by the evolution of the molecular weight distributions.
Structural and functional analysis of the human nuclear xenobiotic receptor PXR in complex with RXRα.

The human nuclear xenobiotic receptor PXR recognizes a range of potentially harmful drugs and endobiotic chemicals but must complex with the nuclear receptor RXRα to control the expression of numerous drug metabolism genes. To date, the structural basis and functional consequences of this interaction have remained unclear. Here we present 2.8-A-resolution crystal structures of the heterodimeric complex formed between the ligand-binding domains of human PXR and RXRα. These structures establish that PXR and RXRα form a heterotetramer unprecedented in the nuclear receptor family of ligand-regulated transcription factors. We further show that both PXR and RXRα bind to the transcriptional coregulator SRC-1 with higher affinity when they are part of the PXR/RXRα heterotetramer complex than they do when each ligand-binding domain is examined alone. Furthermore, we purify the full-length forms of each receptor from recombinant bacterial expression systems and characterize their interactions with a range of direct and everted repeat DNA elements. Taken together, these data advance our understanding of PXR, the master regulator of drug metabolism gene expression in humans, in its functional partnership with RXRα.
Molecular diagnostics — An upper division/graduate course

Abstract We have developed a course in Molecular Diagnostics suitable as an upper division/Master’s level elective class for Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry majors who have already been introduced to basic genetics and molecular biology. The course provides an intensive hands-on laboratory experience in current molecular techniques for disease diagnosis coupled with lecture on major biological topics and concepts underlying disease and disease processes. Its structure and content make the course appropriate not only for students who envision careers in molecular diagnosis, but also for those aspiring to the teaching, research, or medical professions.
The same pocket in menin binds both MLL and JUND but has opposite effects on transcription

Menin is a tumour suppressor protein whose loss or inactivation causes multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1), a hereditary autosomal dominant tumour syndrome that is characterized by tumorigenesis in multiple endocrine organs. Menin interacts with many proteins and is involved in a variety of cellular processes. Menin binds the JUN family transcription factor JUND and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Several MEN1 missense mutations disrupt the menin-JUND interaction, suggesting a correlation between the tumour-suppressor function of menin and its suppression of JUND-activated transcription. Menin also interacts with mixed lineage leukaemia protein 1 (MLL1), a histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase, and functions as an oncogenic cofactor to upregulate gene transcription and promote MLL1-fusion-protein-induced leukaemogenesis. A recent report on the tethering of MLL1 to chromatin binding factor lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) by menin indicates that menin is a molecular adaptor coordinating the functions of multiple proteins. Despite its importance, how menin interacts with many distinct partners and regulates their functions remains poorly understood. Here we present the crystal structures of human menin in its free form and in complexes with MLL1 or with JUND, or with an MLL1-LEDGF heterodimer. These structures show that menin contains a deep pocket that binds short peptides of MLL1 or JUND in the same manner, but that it can have opposite effects on transcription. The menin-JUND interaction blocks JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated JUND phosphorylation and suppresses JUND-induced transcription. In contrast, menin promotes gene transcription by binding the transcription activator MLL1 through the peptide pocket while still interacting with the chromatin-anchoring protein LEDGF at a distinct surface formed by both menin and MLL1.
Expanding the boundaries of adult religious education

This chapter provides a synopsis of the previous chapters and presents challenges and opportunities for adult educators.
B.F. SKINNER AND THE GRAND INQUISITOR

. B.F. Skinner allures us with the possibilities of turning the stones of materialistic rewards into the bread of human values. He tempts us by assuring success in achieving our goals through behavioral science, if only we give up our autonomy. He offers the power of complete control over our behaviors, on condition that we relinquish responsibility for our lives to a technological elite. Is B. F. Skinner a flesh-and-blood Grand Inquisitor? This essay tries to persuade the reader that Skinner's offers are worth considering.
Hepatic sulfite oxidase. Effect of anions on interaction with cytochrome c.

Abstract The one-electron transfer reactions of chicken liver sulfite oxidase (EC 1.8.3.1), with either ferricytochrome c or ferricyanide as the electron acceptor, are inhibited by inorganic anions. Inhibition by smaller monovalent anions is competitive with respect to cytochrome c and mixed non-competitive with respect to SO 3 2− . Inhibition by larger monovalent anions or by divalent anions is mixed non-competitive with respect to either substrate. In contrast, oxidation of SO 3 2− in the presence of O 2 as electron acceptor is not inhibited by the anions. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of Mo(V) in the enzyme is markedly perturbed by the presence of anions, with the change in line shape being characteristic of the anion used. These characteristic changes in shape are also seen in the EPR spectrum of sulfite oxidase in mitochondria in the presence of some anions but not others. The effects of any two anions on the EPR signal of purified enzyme show a competitive behavior. These results demonstrate an interaction of anions with the molybdenum center of sulfite oxidase, which may be the basis of the inhibitory effects.
Sensory ecology of scyphomedusae

The sensory ecology of scyphomedusae is a subject ripe for investigation. There are sensory structures for which there is no experimental evidence of function, there are behavioral performances for which there are no demonstrated sense organs, and there are behaviors for which there are no adaptive explanations. Scyphomedusae are diploblastic animals with a primitive level of neurological complexity, yet they exhibit a wide range of complex and sophisticated behaviors, such as sun compass navigation and daily horizontal migrations. This paper reviews the sensory ecology of orientation and migratory behavior in scyphomedusae, with an emphasis on data from Aurelia aurita. Adaptive explanations for complex behavior of individuals must be evaluated at the population level in order to assess their ecological importance.
Laser enhanced epitaxial growth of Gallium arsenide from elemental arsenic

Metalorganic compounds and group V hydrides absorb strongly in the far ultraviolet region. The metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial (MOVPE) growth of gallium arsenide (GaAs) can be enhanced by irradiation with a laser of appropriate wavelength. To alleviate the hazard associated with arsine, the commonly used group V source for MOVPE of GaAs, elemental As has been used in this work. Elemental arsenic is believed to be the best alternate As source for most applications; organoarsenic compounds (such as tertiarybutylarsine), though of scientific interest, are unlikely to be used for epitaxial GaAs production because of their extremely high costs. The use of ArF excimer laser (193 nm) has been found to enhance the epitaxial growth of GaAs from As and triethylgallium (TEGa). The epitaxial temperature is reduced, and the growth rate is increased. The extent of enhancement depends strongly on the laser fluence. The grownfilms ] are usuallyn-type with a room temperature net carrier concentration of (1-6) x 1015 cm-3; however, mobility measurements indicated a high degree of compensation, particularly in films grown under high fluences. Epitaxial GaAs films grown with high laser fluence have also been found to have high carbon concentration from photoluminescence measurements, due presumably to the dissociation of C-C and C-H bonds in TEGa. This type of material may not be suitable for certain minority carrier devices.
The stomatin-like protein SLP-1 and Cdk2 interact with the F-Box protein Fbw7-γ.

Control of cellular proliferation is critical to cell viability. The F-box protein Fbw7 (hAgo/hCdc4/FBXW7) functions as a specificity factor for the Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex and targets several proteins required for cellular proliferation for ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Fbw7 exists as three splice variants but the mechanistic role of each is not entirely clear. We examined the regulation of the Fbw7-γ isoform, which has been implicated in the degradation of c-Myc. We show here that Fbw7-γ is an unstable protein and that its turnover is proteasome-dependent in transformed cells. Using a two-hybrid screen, we identified a novel interaction partner, SLP-1, which binds the N-terminal domain of Fbw7-γ. Overexpression of SLP-1 inhibits the degradation of Fbw7-γ, suggesting that this interaction can happen in vivo. When Fbw7-γ is stabilized by overexpression of SLP-1, c-Myc protein abundance decreases, suggesting that the SCFFbw7-γ complex maintains activity. We demonstrate that Cdk2 also binds the N-terminal domain of Fbw7-γ as well as SLP-1. Interestingly, co-expression of Cdk2 and SLP-1 does not inhibit Fbw7-γ degradation, suggesting that Cdk2 and SLP-1 may have opposing functions.
Martin Heidegger's Concept of Authenticity: A Philosophical Contribution to Student Affairs Theory

The author demonstrates how the concept of authenticity, as explicated in Heidegger's early work Being and Time, contributes to student affairs work. Following a brief presentation of Heidegger's philosophical understanding of human existence and how this bears upon his conception of authenticity is a discussion of key implications of Heidegger's thought for the field of student affairs.
Associations between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Cellular Viral Receptors and Attachment Factor-Related Genes and Humoral Immunity to Rubella Vaccination

Background Viral attachment and cell entry host factors are important for viral replication, pathogenesis, and the generation and sustenance of immune responses after infection and/or vaccination, and are plausible genetic regulators of vaccine-induced immunity.
Dynamic neuronal–glial interactions: an overview 20 years later

Abstract After commenting on some perceived reasons why our review may have been relatively frequently cited, a brief overview is presented that first summarizes what we knew 25 years ago about the dynamic neuronal–astroglial interactions that occur in response to changes in the physiological state of the animal. The brain system in which these dynamic interactions were studied was the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (mHNS) of the rat. The mHNS developed as and continues to be the model system yielding the most coherent picture of dynamic morphological changes and insights into their functional consequences. Many other brain areas, however, have more recently come under scrutiny in the search for glial–neuronal dynamisms. Outlined next are some of the questions concerning this phenomenon that led to the research efforts immediately following the initial discoveries, along with the answers, both complete and incomplete, obtained to those research questions. The basis for this first wave of follow-up research can be characterized by the phrase “what we knew we didn’t know at that time.” The final section is an update and brief overview of highlights of both “what we know now” and “what we now know that we don’t know” about dynamic neuronal–astroglial interactions in the mHNS.
An Empirical Investigation of the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children

The Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children was individually administered to the parents of 660 children of various ethnic groups from both urban and rural areas. In addition, the other measures of the System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment were also administered. Criterion-related validity coefficients were determined and the performance of children of different ethnic status and community type was explored. Low to moderate validity coefficients were found. No significant differences were found as a function of ethnic status although urban children scored significantly higher on all of the areas. Implications of these results regarding cautions and directions for research were discussed.
Feeding In Planktonic Protozoans: Evidence For Non‐Random Acquisition of Prey

ABSTRACT The literature on discriminant feeding by planktonic protozoans using geometric and nongeometric criteria is reviewed with emphasis on recent studies that indicate phagotrophic protists can use information other than particle size or shape to sort among potential prey. Sufficient data are available for ciliates, aplastidic microflagellates, and phagotrophic dinoflagellates. Numerous representative taxa of all three groups have chemosensory capabilities, either to specific chemicals or to prey exudates, that modify their motility patterns resulting in aggregation or dispersal. Representatives of all three groups also have specific prey preferences. These considerations imply, but do not prove, selectivity in feeding through use of chemical cues. Although prey geometry is clearly a first-order determinant of ingestion through passive mechanical selection, recent studies illustrate that planktonic ciliates and flagellates can use other criteria to discriminate among prey. the evidence clearly implicates use of chemical cues, most likely perceived through contact chemoreception. Filter feeders as well as raptors have such abilities indicating that feeding mechanisms per se do not imply limitations on feeding behavior. Evidence of considerable flexibility and complexity in chemoperceptive feeding suggests that we have only glimpsed the more detailed features of feeding behavior in aquatic protozoans.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HLA-D-region products expressed in monocytes and B lymphocytes. IV. Characterization of effector cells using monoclonal antibodies against human T-cell subsets.

The cytotoxic effector cells that recognize HLA-D-region determinants and their precursors were characterized using monoclonal antibodies against human T lymphocytes and T-cell subsets. These studies were performed using MLC combinations giving rise to cytotoxic cells specific for both class I (HLA-A, B, C) and class 11 (HLA-D-region) antigens, and then tested against target cells displaying relevant antigens of only one class. Both class I and class II specific CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) were inhibited by treatment with the OKT3 monoclonal antibody and complement, indicating that the effector cells were T lymphocytes. A major portion.of class II specific CTL, and their precursors, were inhibited by OKT4 and complement, while class I specific CTL from the same cultures were not. The T4+T8 — cell subset has previously been associated with helper or inducer functions, but not with cytotoxicity. The present findings indicate that class I and class 11 specific CTL, and their precursors, are different on the basis of the class of target antigen recognized and on the basis of surface phenotype detected by monoclonal antibodies.
Government coercion: An exploratory analysis

Abstract Using 1983 State Department and Amnesty International data, this article analyzes factors which influence human rights violations in 118 nation states. The principal findings are that, a high degree of internal protest, less institutionalized methods of selecting national leaders and low GNP per capita, are associated with a number of human rights violations.
Interconnection requirements and multi-die integration for FPGAs

Die stacking technology with high-density interconnect is enabling new product architectures and capabilities. Silicon interposer based stacking with through silicon via (TSV) has gained traction for high-performance applications. Some of the challenges in manufacturing technology, supply-chain strategy, design tools and infrastructure are being addressed to enable broader technology adoption. This paper provides an overview of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) application trends which are driving the need for advanced die-stacking technologies. We present design and manufacturing considerations for stacking technologies and highlight lessons learned from a recent technology demonstration vehicle.
Forced nonlinear response of gas foil bearing supported rotors

Abstract Microturbomachinery implements gas foil bearings (GFBs) in oil-free compact units with reduced maintenance and lower life cycle costs. Challenges for GFBs include intermittent contact and wear at startup and shutdown, and potential for large amplitude rotor whirl at high-speed operation. Subsynchronous motions are common in FBs, though hastily attributed to hydrodynamic bearing instability. In actuality, an FB load capacity depends mainly on its support structure, which shows a strong hardening effect. Presently, an FB force is modeled as a third-order structural element with nonlinear stiffnesses derived from measurements. Predictions of the performance of a rigid rotor supported on bump-type FBs and comparisons to rotor response measurements follow. The predictions evidence a Duffing oscillator dynamic behavior with multiple frequency responses, sub- and super-harmonic, within certain ranges of rotor speed. Predicted rotor amplitudes replicate accurately the measured responses, with a main whirl frequency locked at the system natural frequency. The predictions and measurements validate the simple FB model, i.e. a minute gas film with effective infinite stiffness, with applicability to large amplitude rotordynamic motions. For the first time in the open literature, a simple physical model reproduces the richness and complexity of measured rotor–GFB motions.
Au/MnOx catalytic performance characteristics for low-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation

Manganese oxide-supported gold (Au/MnOx) catalysts have been prepared and tested for low-temperature (< 100°C) carbon monoxide oxidation in stoichiometric mixtures of carbon monoxide and oxygen containing no carbon dioxide in the feed gas. Even with no pretreatment these catalysts are superior to the best, pretreated platinized tin oxide (Pt/SnOx) catalysts under the conditions tested. The very small decay observed for Au/MnOx catalysts is mostly due to carbon dioxide retention. The optimum gold content has been determined to be 10 at.-% of the manganese content, and a lithium promotor results in improved catalytic behavior over K- or Na-promoted Au/MnOx catalysts for the conditions examined in this study.
Central nervous system biogenic amine targets for control of appetite and energy expenditure

Central biogenic amine systems have long been studied for their effects on feeding behavior, energy balance, and maintenance of body weight. Those monoaminergic systems that use dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as neurotransmitters have been the main targets of study. A number of antiobesity medications that affect monoaminergic activity have appeared on the market and/or in clinical trials. Early examples of such agents are the so-called CNS stimulants, e.g., the amphetamines, phentermine, ephedrine, etc. These agents release monoamines from neuronal stores, and their antiobesity activity seems to be tied most closely to their ability to release NE. Inhibitors of neuronal reuptake of NE or 5-HT have been shown to reduce feeding and weight gain both preclinically and clinically. However, the magnitude and sustainability of such effects in clinical trials has generally not been great enough to register or label these agents for the treatment of obesity. Sibutramine, however, is an exception. This compound is metabolized in vivo to produce metabolites that have varying degrees of inhibition of NE, 5-HT, and/or DA uptake. Sibutramine is the only drug affecting monoaminergic systems currently approved for the long-term control of obesity. Research continues on serotonergic and histaminergic systems to determine if targets such as the 5-HT2C and H3 receptors may be suitable for developing antiobesity agents. Because the clinical antiobesity effects of monoaminergic drugs have been modest, future directions include looking at combinations of different monoaminergic mechanisms and/or combinations of monoaminergic drugs with non-monoaminergic mechanisms.
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in swine: a potential model for human drug bioavailability studies.

The pharmacokinetics of theophylline in swine were investigated following die oral and intravascular administration of single doses of theophylline free base. The mean half‐life of theophylline following intravascular administration was 11.0 h, and the apparent specific volume of distribution was 0.61 liter/kg. Following oral administration, theophylline in solution was absorbed quite rapidly with a bioavailability of 79%. The similarity of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in swine and humans suggests that swine may provide a useful model for the study of the bioequivalency of theophylline dosage forms intended for human use. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of theophylline also favor its consideration for usage as a therapeutic agent in swine. Copyright
The Arveson frequency response and systems theory

A frequency-domain theory which is applicable to all linear systems and a class of non-linear systems is formulated in a Hilbert resolution space setting. Our approach is predicated on an ‘analytic’ characterization of certain non-selfadjoint operator algebras due to Arveson. Although originally used as an analytic tool, Arveson, in fact, formulated an operator-valued frequency response function for the elements of these algebras which, in particular, include the causal operators defined on a Hilbert resolution space. The resultant Arveson frequency response (AFR) is well defined for all linear and non-linear systems on a Hilbert resolution space and in the linear case it is characterized by an analyticity theory which is identical to that of the classical time-invariant frequency response concept. Moreover, it yields computationally viable formulae for the most widely studied classes of linear systems including the time-varying ABCD systems. Finally, the classical frequency response concepts and their ti...
Electron microscopic and renaturation kinetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA of cytoplasmic petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mitochondrial DNA isolated from a series of nine petite yeast strains and from the parent grande strain was characterized by electron microscopic and renaturation kinetic analysis. The mtDNA† from all strains contained a variety of branched molecules which may be intermediates of replication or recombination. Although no circles were observed in the grande mtDNA, all the petites contained circular mtDNA molecules. The size distribution of the circles conformed to an oligomeric series that was characteristic for each strain. In seven petites, the length series could be related to a single circle monomer size, ranging from 0.13 μm to 5.5 μm; and in two petites to two or more circular monomer lengths. In contrast to circular mtDNA, linear molecules showed no unique size distribution. Circle monomer lengths were linearly related to the kinetic complexity (κ2 or C0t12) of sheared total mtDNA in the seven petite strains that contained a predominant single series of circle lengths. Thus in each of these petite strains the circle monomer length defined the same DNA sequence present in the linear DNA molecules of non-unique length.
Preparation of sterically hindered geometric isomers of 7-cis-β-ionyl and β-ionylidene derivatives in the vitamin A series☆

Abstract The preparation of the relatively unknown 7- cis isomers of β-ionyl and β-ionylidene derivatives via one way sensitized geometric isomerization is described. These highly sterically crowded isomers, once prepared do not readily thermally revert back to the trans . But the trienes, at temperatures ≥ 100° undergo irreversible cyclization to cyclohexadienes. 7- cis Isomers of β-ionylideneacetone and acetaldehyde as well as higher tetraenes and pentaenes in this series could not be prepared by sensitized isomerization. Partial reduction of 7- cis -β-ionylideneacetonitrile isomers led to the preparation of 7- cis - and 7,9-di cis -β-ionylideneacetaldehyde; and methyl Grignard reaction with the same nitrile gave the triene-methyl ketones.
Bimodal activation of SMC ATPase by intra- and inter-molecular interactions

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins play fundamental roles in higher-order chromosome dynamics from bacteria to humans. It has been proposed that the Bacillus subtilis SMC (BsSMC) homodimer is composed of two anti-parallel coiled-coil arms, each having an ATP-binding domain at its distal end. It remains totally unknown, however, how the two-armed structure supports ATP-dependent actions of BsSMC. By constructing a number of mutant derivatives including ‘single-armed’ BsSMC, we show here that the central hinge domain provides a structural flexibility that allows opening and closing of the two arms. This unique structure brings about bimodal regulation of the SMC ATPase cycle. Closing the arm can trigger ATP hydrolysis by allowing an end–end interaction within a dimer (intramolecular mode). When bound to DNA, ATP promotes a dimer–dimer interaction, which in turn activates their DNA-dependent ATPase activity (intermolecular mode). Our results reveal a novel mechanism of ATPase regulation and provide mechanistic insights into how eukaryotic SMC protein complexes could mediate diverse chromosomal functions, such as chromosome condensation and sister chromatid cohesion.
endo-Dicyclopentadiene Synthesis of (±)-Sesquifenchene and (±)-epi-β-Santalene

Abstract The observation by Brown2 that P-2 nickel boride catalyst3 allows a simple, convenient, highly selective hydrogenation of norbornene double bonds in the presence of other double bonds (e.g. 1 → 2) suggested the possibility of utilizing endo-dicyclopentadiene (1) as a starting point for the synthesis of sesquiterpenes possessing the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane nucleus. Specifically our objective was the development of a route from endo-dicyclo-pentadiene to sesquifenchene(3). We wish to report the details of an alternate synthesis of sesquifenchene4 as well as the conversion of a synthetic intermediate along the pathway to 3 into epi-β-santalene(4).
Prevention of Metamorphosis by Exposure of Insect Eggs to Juvenile Hormone Analogs

Metamorphosis of the bugs Pyrrhocoris apterus and Oncopeltus fasciatus is blocked by the application of juvenile hormone analogs to the eqgs 4 weeks earlier. One or more supernumerary larval molts occur to form "giant" larvae which routinely die without undergoing netamorphosis. When the corpora allatta were excised at the outset of the fifth larval stage, the entire phenomenon vanished and all individuals underwent normal metamorphosis. The inhibition of metamorphosis can therefoore be attributed to a continuation of the secretion of endogenous juvenile hormone by the corpora allata of mature larvae deried from eggs treated with juvenile hormone.
Faculty Activities and Rewards: views from education administrators in the USA

ABSTRACT The heads of education divisions of 245 colleges and universities in the USA were surveyed regarding their opinions about faculty activities and reward procedures. Tenure, which was viewed as having the greatest effect on faculty behavior, received significantly more attention from decision‐making bodies in the colleges, and merit pay received significantly less. Education administrators at top universities and larger universities viewed the desire for reputation as more motivating than did other education administrators. The department chairs believed that internal satisfaction was more of a motivating factor than did deans. The deans rated merit pay, contract renewal, promotion and tenure higher as motivators than did the department heads. Although evaluations of teaching were considered the most important for year‐to‐year contract renewal, article and book publication were the most important considerations in merit pay, promotion and tenure. A factor analysis grouped faculty activities into th...
Preliminary Studies of a Bacterial Sulfate Electrode

Abstract A bacterial electrode for sulfate was developed by coupling a strain of the bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans with a sulfide selective electrode. This bacterium reduces sulfate to sulfide by a complex multistep enzymatic reaction sequence. The response of this sensor to sulfate is Nernstian in the concentration range of 4 × 10−5 to 7 × 10−4 M. The electrode functions for a period up to 10 days when stored in growth medium under a nitrogen atmosphere. However, it is necessary to keep the sensor in an oxygen-free environment at all times, because oxygen irreversibly inhibits the required enzymes. Although this limits the practical utility of this sensor, alternative configurations for a more practical analytical system are proposed.
Surface magnetostatic modes of a ferrite slab

The wavenumber and the group velocity of the magnetostatic surface wave guided by a ferrite slab magnetized parallel to its face are investigated. One aspect of experimental observation of the group delay times of the magnetostatic surface waves supported by a ferrite slab without and with a metal plate placed against one of the faces is explained.
Persistence of host defence behaviour in the absence of avian brood parasitism

The fate of host defensive behaviour in the absence of selection from brood parasitism is critical to long-term host–parasite coevolution. We investigated whether New World Bohemian waxwings Bombyc...