cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of self-beliefs and relationship beliefs on adjustment to a relationship stressor

A longitudinal study of college students involved in long-distance romantic relationships was conducted to examine the associations of positive self-beliefs and positive relationship beliefs to general distress, relationship status at the end of the semester (together vs. broken up), adjustment to a relationship stressor (physical separation), and adjustment to breakup. It was expected that positive self-beliefs (self-esteem, perceived control mastery, optimism) would predict the general psychological health outcome and that positive relationship beliefs (e.g., optimism about the future of the relationship) would predict the three relationship outcomes. Results confirmed predictions. Despite the positive correlation between self-beliefs and relationship beliefs, positive self-beliefs were associated with less psychological distress but were not associated with the three relationship outcomes. Relationship beliefs were associated with all three of the relationship outcomes. Positive relationship beliefs were adaptive in terms of relationship status, but were related to worse adjustment to the separation and worse adjustment to the breakup.
Sixty-seven new equine microsatellite loci assigned to the equine radiation hybrid map.

Childwick Trust supported J.E.S and M.M.B. Awards from the Morris Animal Foundation and the United States Department of Agriculture National Research Initiate Competitive Grants (JRM, LJA, LCS, BPC), the Texas Higher Education Board (ARP 010366-0162-2001; BPC), Link Endowment (BPC, LCS), and the Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Foundation (BPC). We also wish to thank Ms Louise Pettit for expert technical assistance.
Bipolar electrocoagulation for watermelon stomach.

in patients with esophageal carcinoma most likely represents a non-specific reaction to the pre-existing condition of the esophagus in these patients. The reasons for the similar observation in patients with cirrhosis are not apparent. Perhaps excessive alcohol intake alone or in combination with other factors played a role. We believe it is most likely similar to mucosal parakeratosis of the uterine cervix which is usually ascribed to local chronic irritation and is not a premalignant lesion on its own, although it sometimes can be found as a co-existent lesion in intraepithelial invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The etiology and significance of compact parakeratosis in the esophageal mucosa as reflected in our patient is unknown. We believe it represents a non-specific benign lesion mimicking leukoplakia. Mucosal plaques of the esophagus are of such diverse origin that endoscopic biopsy must be obtained for precise diagnosis.
Geometrical considerations for ground-based lidar systems

Determining the precise location of low altitude ground based lidar returns is the topic of this paper. This involves consideration of the curvature of the earth and atmospheric refractivity. A closed form geometrical optics solution is obtained for a spherical earth and a modified index of refraction which has a quadratic dependence on altitude as determined by a linear temperature profile. In this way the ray path of a laser can be plotted as a function of range and azimuth in a variety of realistic atmospheres. Resulting ray paths and corresponding altitude errors are presented for near horizon measurements.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Beta Variate Generation via Exponential Majorizing Functions

Two acceptance/rejection algorithms for generating random variates from the beta distribution are developed. The algorithms use piece-wise linear and exponential majorizing functions coupled with a piece-wise linear minorizing function. The algorithms are exact to within the accuracy of the computer and are valid for all parameter values greater than one Marginal execution times are relatively insensitive to parameter values and are faster than any previously published algorithms.
Limited Angle CT Reconstruction Using A Priori Information

Projection data that are limited in number and range of viewing angle cannot completely specify an arbitrary source function. In the space of all permissible functions there exists a null subspace about which the projection measurements provide no information. Deterministic reconstruction algorithms usually set the null space contributions to zero leading to severe reconstruction artifacts. A Fit And Iterative Reconstruction (FAIR) method is proposed that incorporates a priori knowledge of the approximate functional form of the source. In FAIR the parameters of this functional model are determined from the available projection data by a weighted fitting procedure. The resulting distribution is then iteratively revised to bring the final estimate into agreement with the measured projections using a standard algorithm such as ART.
Housing Programs Fail to Deliver on Neighborhood Quality, Reexamined

This article revisits the relative performance of housing programs in terms of delivering on neighborhood quality. Newman and Schnare examined this issue in 1997, and this article updates their work more than a decade later. Both efforts examine the neighborhood characteristics surrounding assisted rental housing and assess the direction of assisted-housing policy. The analysis is performed by exploring census data at the tract level for the tenant-based Housing Choice Voucher program plus a set of project-based programs, including public housing, the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program, and other HUD multifamily programs. We conclude that Newman and Schnare remain correct that rental housing assistance does little to improve the quality of the recipients' neighborhoods relative to those of welfare households and can make things worse. However, things have improved. The Housing Choice Voucher and Low-Income Housing Tax Credit programs have grown in importance over the intervening years and have improved...
Synthetically lethal interactions involving loss of the yeast ERG24: the sterol C-14 reductase gene.

ERG2 and ERG24 are yeast sterol biosynthetic genes and are targets of the morpholine antifungals. ERG2 and ERG24 encode the C-8 sterol isomerase and the C-14 reductase, respectively. ERG2 is considered a non-essential gene but the viability of ERG24 is dependent upon genetic background, type of medium, and CaCl2 concentration. We demonstrate that erg2 and erg24 mutants are viable in the deletion consortium background but are lethal when combined into the same haploid strain. The erg2erg24 double mutant can be suppressed by mutations in the sphingolipid gene ELO3 but not ELO2. However, suppression occurs on rich but not on synthetic complete medium. We also demonstrate that the suppressed elo3erg2erg24 does not show a sterol composition markedly different from erg24. Further genetic analysis indicates that erg24 when combined with mutations in erg6 or erg28 are synthetically lethal but when combined with mutations in erg3 are weakly viable. These results suggest that novel sterol intermediates likely contribute to the synthetic lethality observed in this investigation.
The Future of the Medicare Home Health Program

Most older Americans want to age in place.1 The Medicare home health benefit is a prominent national policy supporting older Americans at home and provides for visiting nurse and therapist services from home health agencies (HHAs). In 2012, Medicare spent $18.2 billion on HHAs; 3.5 million beneficiaries received care.2 Home health can help struggling patients get support in the community and can enable successful transitions home from institutional care. However, numerous concerns have been raised about the home health benefit, including fraud, geographic variation in utilization, and poor coordination with primary medical care.3- 5 This uncertainty is untimely, as more than 70 million adults will join Medicare between 2011 and 2030 with the hope of receiving care at home. It is time to develop a stronger home health option.
Resolution sensitivity of momentum-exchange and immersed boundary methods for solid-fluid interaction in the lattice Boltzmann method

In the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the mechanism of fluid–solid interaction can be effectively captured by appropriately enforcing the no-slip conditions in shear direction, and bounce-back of the non-equilibrium distribution portion in the normal direction at fluid–solid interfaces. Among various solid–fluid interaction schemes being proposed for LBM in recent decades, two simple fluid–solid interaction methods—the momentum exchange algorithm (MEA) and the immersed boundary scheme (IBS)—were developed based on the above concept. In this paper, MEA and IBS are implemented in a D2Q9 LBGK system and applied to measure the wall correction factors of drag force upon a stationary circular particle midway in the Poiseuille channel flow at very low Reynolds number and drag coefficients at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. MEA and IBS are also employed to compare the fluid-induced torque over the cylinder in the Taylor–Couette flow, and the steady velocity of a particle settling under the influence of gravity inside a tube. The above experiments show that IBS seems to be more accurate and less demanding on lattice resolution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of changes in arterial CO2 and blood pressure on the collateral circulation and the regional perfusion pressure in monkeys with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery

In 7 baboons and 5 macaques the effects of hypercapnia, hypocapnia, hypertension, and combinations of hypertension plus hypocapnia and of hypertension plus hypercapnia on the regional perfusion pressure (rPP) in the brain area rendered ischaemic by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were studied. A new technique for recording the pressure in the occluded MCA was used. The regional tissue pressure (rTP) was recorded with the so called wick type pressure transducers. Hypercapnia produced a marked decrease in rPP in the ischaemic brain area. Hypertension, especially in combination with hypocapnia, produced a very pronounced increase in rPP in the ischaemic brain area. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Occlusion of the homolateral common carotid artery (CCA) was followed by a very slight and transient drop in the occluded MCA pressure. Occlusion of the contralateral CCA was followed by a marked and persistent drop in the occluded MCA pressure. When a large intracranial cerebral artery such as the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is occluded, the microvasculature in the ischaemic brain area may become maximally dilated, and may exhibit loss of autoregulation and loss of CO2 responsiveness (Harper1, Meyer2, Symon3). Under these conditions the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the ischaemic area follows passively changes in regional perfusion pressure (rPP). In experimental animals with occlusion of the MCA we studied the ischaemic brain area rPP which depends on: a) the pressure in the occluded MCA, and b) the regional tissue pressure (rTP) in the ischaemic brain area. To measure the pressure in the occluded MCA we introduced a catheter into the MCA at its origin via the transorbital approach. To measure the rTP in the ischaemic area we introduced a so called wick catheter into the brain area supplied by the occluded MCA. The effects of arterial CO2 changes and drug induced hypertension on the rPP were studied in 7 baboons and 5 macaques.
Lactoferrin binding to the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor requires the receptor's lectin properties.

Lactoferrin binds to rat hepatic lectin 1 (RHL1), the major subunit of the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, with high affinity, by a galactose-independent mechanism. To better understand the molecular basis of this novel interaction, we compared the binding of lactoferrin and asialo-orosomucoid (ASOR) to isolated rat hepatocytes and to purified ASGP receptors as a function of pH, Ca(2+) and receptor acylation. Binding of (125)I-lactoferrin and (125)I-ASOR to isolated rat hepatocytes at 4 degrees C decreased sharply at pH or =300 microM CaCl(2), in the presence of 1 mM EDTA. Monensin treatment of hepatocytes, which causes hepatocytes to accumulate inactive ASGP receptors, reduced surface binding of (125)I-lactoferrin and (125)I-ASOR by 46 and 49%, respectively, with only a 16% loss of immunodetectable receptor protein from the cell surface. Finally, deacylation of purified ASGP receptors in vitro with 1 M hydroxylamine abolished receptor lectin activity as reflected by the loss of (125)I-ASOR binding as well as the complete loss of specific (125)I-lactoferrin binding. Treatment with 1 M Tris had no effect on binding of either ligand. We conclude from these data that galactose-independent lactoferrin binding to the ASGP receptor requires the receptor's carbohydrate-recognition domain to be in an active configuration. An active configuration is promoted by neutral pH and Ca(2+), and also requires the receptor subunits to be acylated.
Integrated Sensing Networks in Composite Materials

Increasingly, the demand to monitor structures in service is driving technology in new directions. Advances in many areas including novel sensor technologies afford new opportunities in structural health monitoring. We present efforts to develop structural composite materials which include networks of embedded sensors with decision-making capabilities that extend the functionality of the composite materials to be information-aware. The next generation of structural systems will include the capability to acquire, process, and if necessary respond to structural or other types of information. This work brings together many important developments over the last few years in several areas: developments in composites and the emergence of multifunctional composites, the emergence of a broad range of new sensors, smaller and lower power microelectronics with increased and multiple integrated functionality, and the emergence of algorithms that extract important structural health information from large data sets. This work seeks to leverage these individual advances by solving the challenges needed to integrate these into an information-aware composite structure. We present details of efforts to integrate and entrap connectorized microelectronic components within fiber/conductor braided bundles to minimize their impact as composite crack initiation centers. The bundles include conductors to transmit electric signals for power and communications. They are suitable for inclusion in woven composite fabrics or directly in the composite lay-up. The low-power electronic devices can operate on a multi-drop and point-to-point networks. Future directions include implementing in-network local processing, adding a greater range of sensors, and developing the composite processing techniques that allow sensor network integration.
On the simultaneous existence of full and partial capital aggregates

Earlier work on aggregate production functions with capital-embodied technology showed that, when firms employ more than one capital type, conditions for partial capital ("equipment") aggregation and for total capital aggregation differ. This paper studies simultaneously existing partial and total aggregates. Existence of a total and one partial aggregate implies existence of the complementary partial aggregate. However, simultaneous existence requires each firm's production function to be strongly separable in its capital subaggregates. The use of subaggregates like "equipment" and "plant" together with an aggregate "capital" thus implies that "plant" and "equipment" are perfect substitutes and is highly questionable.
Relationships Between Performance Timing, Perception of Timing Perturbations, and Perceptual‐Motor Synchronisation in Two Chopin Preludes

In earlier studies using relatively short musical excerpts, a close relationship was found between expressive performance timing and positional variations in the detectability of local timing perturbations in an otherwise evenly timed computer rendition of the music. Weaker but significant relationships held between each of these measures and positional variation in the accuracy of synchronised finger tapping with the evenly timed music. These findings suggested that musical structure induces temporal expectations that are reflected in conscious perception and in motor control. In this study, extended between-task correlations were examined in two longer piano pieces, Chopin's Preludes No. 15 (Bars 1–19) and No. 6 (complete). In addition to perceptual detection and perceptual-motor synchronisation tasks, pianists were recorded playing the music in three ways: with normal expression, metronomically (without the aid of a metronome), and in synchrony with a metronome. The (intended or unintended) timing patterns of these three performance styles were quite similar and showed the predicted significant relationships with the patterns of detection and synchronisation accuracy. However, the correlations were weaker than expected, which suggests that additional, task-specific factors played a role.
Are resuscitation and operation justified in injured patients with extreme base deficits (less than −20)?

Abstract Background This study assessed the outcome of injured patients in shock with an admission base deficit of −20 or less (approximate pH Methods A retrospective review was made of the trauma registry, supplemented by chart review, of all trauma patients admitted with a base deficit −20 or less from 1995 to 2002. Data collected included mechanism of injury, base deficit, Injury Severity Score(ISS), operative procedures, and outcome. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Results Over the study period, 110 trauma patients (88% male; 31 ± 13 years; 34% blunt trauma; ISS 26 ± 15) were admitted with base deficit of −20 or less. Overall survival was 38%, with the majority of deaths occurring within hours of admission. Conclusions An admission base deficit of −20 or less is associated with high mortality in patients with gunshot wounds (64%) or blunt trauma (70%). The majority of patients who die will do so within hours of admission. Beyond 24 hours, the survival rates of 73% for patients with blunt trauma, 79% for those with gunshot wounds, and 90% for those with stab wounds justify continuing resuscitation and reoperations.
Photoluminescence and Visible Diffuse-Reflection Spectroscopic Evidence of Samarium Reduction in Air-Fired Samples of Mixed Samarium: Strontium Tetraborate Precipitates

Photoluminescence and visible diffuse-reflection spectroscopies have provided evidence of the reduction of samarium to the divalent state in samarium-doped strontium borate and pure samarium borate samples. The samples were prepared by the air firing of homogeneous precipitates of divalent strontium and trivalent samarium ions from aqueous solutions with saturated sodium tetraborate. The use of this method in the preparation of divalent lanthanide ions has not been reported previously. Reduced samarium was observed in fired tetraborate precipitates prepared with solutions containing 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 90 mole percent samarium versus strontium. Divalent samarium also was identified in fired precipitates of trivalent samarium solutions precipitated with tetraborate. Sm2+ was identified as the primary emitting species in each of the eight compositions. However, diffuse-reflection spectroscopy indicated the presence of trivalent samarium in the studied samples, ranging from minimal for samples prepared with low samarium concentrations to nearly exclusive when pure samarium was studied. Quenching of the characteristic emission associated with the trivalent species is believed to result in the absence of the emission features arising from residual samarium(III) in the products. Although the absence of trivalent samarium emission enhanced the ability of emission spectroscopy to identify small amounts of divalent samarium, indicating that reduction had occurred, it limited the ability of this method to determine the extent of the reduction. Diffuse-reflection spectroscopy's ability to look at both species provided a much better analysis of the extent of samarium reduction.
1H and 13C NMR studies on the self-association of retinoic acid

The monomer–dimer equilibrium of retinoic acid in carbon tetrachloride was studied by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The dimer dissociation constant at 24°C was determined to be 0.38 mM from a fit of the changes in the carboxylic acid carbon chemical shift as a function of concentration. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant obtained from the 13C NMR signals was used to determine the enthalpy (8.0 kcal mol−1) and entropy (12 cal mol−1 K−1) changes for the dimer dissociation process. These results were shown to be more precise than the values obtained from the carboxylic acid proton resonance.
Surface morphology during multilayer epitaxial growth of Ge(001).

The surface morphology of Ge(001) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a Ge(001) substrate is measured using scanning tunneling microscopy. Growth mounds are observed for single crystal films deposited at temperatures of 60--230 [degree]C and film thicknesses of 5 nm to 1 [mu]m. With increasing growth temperature, the average separation between mounds becomes increasingly well defined, increasing from less than 10 nm at 60 [degree]C to nearly 200 nm at 230 [degree]C. This regular arrangement of growth mounds is inconsistent with the self-affine growth morphology predicted by most kinetic roughening models.
Supply and demand elasticities in the U.S. ethanol fuel market

Abstract The market for ethanol has grown from approximately 1.2 billion gallons in 1997 to almost 5 billion gallons in 2006. With the huge increase in ethanol demand in recent years, the growth in derived demand for corn has driven up many food prices. This paper uses monthly data from 1997–2006 to estimate the market supply and demand for ethanol at the national level. The simultaneous determination of the supply and demand curves using two-stage least squares allows for the calculation of supply and demand-side elasticities, which are important results in light of the tremendous growth in this market and recent legislation concerning ethanol.
Can Dominance Hierarchies be Replicated? Form‐ re‐form Experiments using the Cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea)

Although stable hierarchies have been documented in a wide variety of species, virtually nothing is known about what occurs when a hierarchy is disrupted, and the group is subsequently re-formed. How likely is it that the same hierarchy will re-form? This attribute, which we quantify using a measure we call replicability, may provide insight into the processes governing hierarchy formation and maintenance. We examined replicability in the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea. A total of 11 groups, with four males in each group, were subjected to this formation and re-formation process. Aggressive interactions, leading to an eventual hierarchy formation, were observed for 3 d. Groups were then disbanded and individuals housed in isolation for 2 d. These same individuals were then reintroduced into the same 11 groups, and observed for another 3 d. Although 10 of the 11 groups formed stable hierarchies the first time they were put together, only six of the hierarchies were replicable. While it is difficult to pinpoint why some hierarchies were replicable and others were not, one trend emerged that might help explain the difference. Alpha individuals in replicable hierarchies participated in a lower proportion of interactions the first time groups were together than alpha individuals in non-replicable hierarchies. Alpha individuals in non-replicable hierarchies thus had to participate in more interactions to maintain their alpha status. The combination of such exertion, group-dispansion, and re-establishment of position may preclude regaining alpha status for such individuals.
pH sensitivity of calmodulin distribution in nervous tissue fractions.

Abstract Alkalinization of nervous system extracts of the mollusk,Pleurobranchaea, from pH 7.0 to 8.0 markedly increases the ratio of soluble to total calmodulin. This effect is independent of pH effects on free Ca2+ concentration and is pronounced at micromolar (near intracellular) levels of Ca2+. These data may relate to recent evidence that Ca2+/calmodulin-activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase mediates the effects of small changes in intracellular pH (0.1–0.2 units) on the electrical activity of neurons. Calmodulin redistribution could reflect altered availability to stimulate phosphodiesterase activity and supports a a role for calmodulin in mediating effects of intracellular pH fluxes on cellular activity.
Identification and subcellular characterization of protein kinase-C isoforms in insulinoma beta-cells and whole islets

Protein kinase-C (PKC) represents a growing family of serine/threonine kinases, which include both Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent members. To evaluate the expression of PKC isoforms in insulin-secreting beta-cells, purified beta-cells from a glucose-sensitive rat insulinoma were fractionated into cytosolic, crude membrane, and cytoskeletal/nucleoskeletal fractions. Protein samples from each fraction were resolved with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transblotted to nylon membranes. The blots were then analyzed with antibodies specific for the alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon, zeta, and delta isoforms. In addition, expression was analyzed in whole isolated rat islets. Expression of all except the gamma isoform was detected in the insulinoma-derived beta-cells. Expression of the alpha, beta, and epsilon isoforms was confined predominantly to the cytosolic fractions. The delta isoform could be detected in all three of the subcellular fractions, whereas the zeta isoform was p...
Photosensitization via Dye Coordination: A New Strategy to Synthesize Metal Nitrosyls That Release NO under Visible Light

Direct coordination of the dye resorufin (Resf) to the ruthenium center photosensitizes the Ru−NO bond and improves NO photolability of the designed {Ru−NO}6 nitrosyl [(Me2bpb)Ru(NO)(Resf)] under visible light.
FGF-2 Is Sufficient to Isolate Progenitors Found in the Adult Mammalian Spinal Cord

The adult rat brain contains progenitor cells that can be induced to proliferate in vitro in response to FGF-2. In the present study we explored whether similar progenitor cells can be cultured from different levels (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral) of adult rat spinal cord and whether they give rise to neurons and glia as well as spinal cord-specific neurons (e.g., motoneurons). Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral areas of adult rat spinal cord (>3 months old) were microdissected and neural progenitors were isolated and cultured in serum-free medium containing FGF-2 (20 ng/ml) through multiple passages. Although all areas generated rapidly proliferating cells, the cultures were heterogeneous in nature and cell morphology varied within a given area as well as between areas. A percentage of cells from all areas of the spinal cord differentiate into cells displaying antigenic properties of neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial lineages; however, the majority of cells from all regions expressed the immature proliferating progenitor marker vimentin. In established multipassage cultures, a few large, neuron-like cells expressed immunoreactivity for p75NGFr and did not express GFAP. These cells may be motoneurons. These results demonstrate that FGF-2 is mitogenic for progenitor cells from adult rat spinal cord that have the potential to give rise to glia and neurons including motoneurons.
Brain Acetylcholine in Morphine Pellet Implanted Rats Given Naloxone

Adult male rats were implanted with in- traventricular (ivt.) brain cannulae for injection of 5 ~tg of acetylseco-hemicholinium-3 (acetylseco HC-3) as a means of studying acetylcholine (ACh) utilization during morphine withdrawal. Animals were made dependent by implanting s.c. two 75 mg morphine base pellets 24 hrs apart. On the 4th day animals were given 10 mg/kg of naloxone i.p. and/or 5 ~g acetylseco HC-3 ivt. and sacrificed by decapitation at various times. The brains were removed and assayed for ACh using a pyrolysis gas chromatographic procedure. Total brain ACh before or after acetylseco-HC-3 was not altered at 5, 30, 60 and 120 but was decreased at 10 min after nalo- xone. These results are in sharp contrast to our previous data of enhanced brain ACh utilization in withdrawn rats made dependent to morphine by several weeks of twice daily injections. It is apparent that short term morphine pellet administration does not produce the marked neurochemical and behavioral changes of long term morphine injections.
Complexity of Parallel Implementation of Domain Decomposition Techniques for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations

We discuss the parallel implementation of preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG)-based domain decomposition techniques for self-adjoint elliptic partial differential equations in two dimensions on several architectures. The complexity of these methods is described on a variety of message-passing parallel computers as a function of the size of the problem, number of processors and relative communication speeds of the processors. We show that communication startups are very important, and that even the small amount of global communication in these methods can significantly reduce the performance of many message-passing computer architectures.
Ventricular tachycardia during cardiac catheterization of patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; report of a case showing effects of atropine sulfate.

Cardiac catheterization of a patient with probable Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was attempted to clarify the possibility of coexistent congenital heart disease. Introduction of the catheter into the heart induced a multifocal ventricular tachycardia which endangered the life of the patient. After quinidine and other drugs had failed to control the arrhythmia that persisted for nine hours, a prompt and gratifying conversion to supraventricular tachycardia, and subsequently to sinus rhythm, followed the intravenous administration of atropine sulfate.
Surface-stress-induced order in SiGe alloy films.

Ordering in epitaxial Si/Ge alloys grown by molecular-beam epitaxy has been observed by several authors. Attempts to explain this unusual phenomenon on the basis of the bulk thermodynamic properties of the alloy have failed. In this Letter we show that the observed ordering is not an equilibrium bulk property, but rather the result of surface growth kinetics. We attribute the ordering to atomic-scale stresses present in the reconstructed Si(001) surface during growth, leading to double-layer segregation of Ge and Si along one of the four equivalent 〈111〉 directions. This near-surface ordering is then quenched-in as the crystal grows.
Production of heavy leptons from gluon fusion

Abstract We show the production of heavy lepton pairs in pp and p p collisions at multi-TeV energies is dominated by gluon fusion for lepton masses above 100–200 GeV. We also find that the decay of the Higgs boson into heavy lepton pairs may provide a clear signal of Higgs production.
PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE SOURCES OF WITHIN-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN SEED MASS IN PRUNELLA VULGARIS (LAMIACEAE)

Substantial variation in seed mass within individual seed parents is at odds with predictions of models for the evolution of optimum offspring size and with empirical observations of directional selection on seed mass. To elucidate the ultimate causes of this variation, I examined several proximal sources of within-individual variation in seed mass in the perennial herb Prunella vulgaris. Position of inflorescence, position of flower within an inflorescence, date of anthesis, and number of seeds produced per flower all explained some within-individual variation in seed mass. Hand pollination in the field failed to reveal any effect of pollen source (self pollen or outcross pollen) on seed mass. My results, in conjunction with those from studies of selection on seed mass in P. vulgaris, do not support hypotheses that within-individual variation in seed mass is favored by the pattern of natural selection on seed mass. Rather, the results suggest that seed parents are not capable of producing a uniform seed crop in the face of changes in resource availability in the course of a season. The inability to produce a uniform seed crop may persist because of selection for variability in traits correlated with seed mass or because of a true constraint on the evolution of uniform offspring size.
The oxidation of Ni3Si-base alloys

Abstract The isothermal oxidation behavior in air of Ni-19at.%Si and Ni-19at.%Si-8at.%Cr alloys, which are based on the Ll 2 structure of Ni 3 Si, was studied in the oxidation temperature range from 500 °C to 900 °C for exposures up to 20 h. The maximum oxidation rate for Ni-19at.%Si was observed at 700 °C. The oxides which formed in this alloy at temperatures up to 700 °C consisted of external NiO layers and internal oxides that preferentially formed in the two-phase (Ll) 2 + f.c.c.) regions of the microstructure adjacent to the sample surface. The increase in oxidation rate with temperature below 700 °C is attributed to these oxides. For oxidation temperatures above 700 °C a sharp decrease in oxidation rate is observed and is attributed to the formation of a continuous SiO 2 protective oxide film at the base of the NiO layers. The addition of 8 at.% Cr significantly modified the oxidation behavior of the alloy with a monotonic increase in weight gain observed as a function of oxidation temperature. The formation of Cr 2 O 3 appears to dominate the oxidation behavior of the Ni-19at.%Si-8at.%Cr alloys. At temperatures below 800 °C, the oxidation rates for the Cr-containing alloy were found to be significantly lower than those for the Ni-19at.%Si base alloy. However, at temperatures of 800 °C and above the oxidation rates were larger than in the base alloy, suggesting that the Cr 2 O 3 scale is less protective than the SiO 2 scale which forms in the base alloy in this temperature range. The formation of a continuous Ni 3 Si layer by Cr depletion that is separated from the external Cr 2 O 3 by an Ni-rich oxide region is observed.
Adaptive Search and Tracking of Sparse Dynamic Targets Under Resource Constraints

This paper considers the problem of resource-constrained and noise-limited localization and estimation of dynamic targets that are sparsely distributed over a large area. We generalize an existing framework [Bashan , 2008] for adaptive allocation of sensing resources to the dynamic case, accounting for time-varying target behavior such as transitions to neighboring cells and varying amplitudes over a potentially long time horizon. The proposed adaptive sensing policy is driven by minimization of a surrogate function for mean squared error within locations containing targets. We provide theoretical upper bounds on the performance of adaptive sensing policies by analyzing solutions with oracle knowledge of target locations, gaining insight into the effect of target motion and amplitude variation as well as sparsity. Exact minimization of the multistage objective function is infeasible, but myopic optimization yields a closed-form solution. We propose a simple non-myopic extension, the Dynamic Adaptive Resource Allocation Policy (D-ARAP), that allocates a fraction of resources for exploring all locations rather than solely exploiting the current belief state. Our numerical studies indicate that D-ARAP has the following advantages: (a) it is more robust than the myopic policy to noise, missing data, and model mismatch; (b) it performs comparably to well-known approximate dynamic programming solutions but at significantly lower computational complexity; and (c) it improves greatly upon nonadaptive uniform resource allocation in terms of estimation error and probability of detection.
Alternative approach to all-angle negative refraction in two-dimensional photonic crystals

We show that with an appropriate surface modification, a slab of photonic crystal can be made to allow wave transmission within the photonic band gap. Furthermore, negative refraction and all-angle negative refraction (AANR) can be achieved by this surface modification in frequency windows that were not realized before in two-dimensional photonic crystals [C. Luo et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 201104 (2002)]. This approach to AANR leads to different applications in flat lens imaging. Previous flat lens using photonic crystals requires object-image distance $u+v$ less than or equal to the lens thickness $d$, $u+v\ensuremath{\sim}d$. Our approach can be used to design a flat lens with $u+v=\ensuremath{\sigma}d$ with $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\gg}1$, thus being able to image large and/or far away objects. Our results are confirmed by finite-difference time-domain simulations.
Expression and refolding of recombinant human fibroblast procathepsin D.

ABSTRACT Procathepsin D is a precursor of the human lysosomal protease cathepsin D. Due to its short half-life, procathepsin D is difficult to obtain in quantities sufficient to allow structural an...
Three-Dimensional Adult Male Head and Skull Contours

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue, affecting millions of people annually. Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and finite element models (FEMs) provide a means of understanding factors leading to TBI, potentially reducing the occurrence. Thus, there is a need to ensure that these tools accurately model humans. For example, the Hybrid III was not based on 3-dimensional human head shape data. The objective of this study is to produce average head and skull contours for an average U.S. male that can be used for ATDs and FEMs. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) scans of adult male heads were obtained from a database provided by the University of Virginia Center for Applied Biomechanics. An orthographic viewer was used to extract head and skull contours from the CT scans. Landmarks were measured graphically using HyperMesh (Altair, HyperWorks). To determine the head occipital condyle (OC) centroid, surface meshes of the OCs were made and the centroid of the surfaces was calcu...
Effects of oral and parenteral quinine on rats with ventromedial hypothalamic knife-cut obesity

The addition of quinine to the food reversed the obesity in rats with hypothalamic hyperphagia induced by knife cuts. Similarly, the injection of quinine into rats with hypothalamic knife cuts reduced food intake and body weight but the effects were smaller than those observed when quinine was added to the diet. Urinary quinine excretion was similar by the oral and parenteral routes. The food intake of the knife-cut animals receiving quinine gradually fell to the same level as in the sham-operated animals receiving quinine by either route. The weights of retroperitoneal fat pads were related to the weights of the animals and were reduced in the quinine-treated groups. Plasma insulin concentrations were significantly higher in the knife-cut animals and were reduced toward control levels by quinine treatment. Gluconeogenesis, measured by incorporation of radioactivity from labeled bicarbonate into glucose, was unaffected by treatment with quinine or by knife cuts. Lipogenesis from tritiated water in vivo was not different between treatment groups in the liver or retroperitoneal fat pads. However, in vivo lipogenesis was reduced in knife-cut rats fed ad libitum compared with quinine-treated rats. The response of lipogenesis to insulin in vitro was also not different between treatment groups. These data suggest that a major part of the reduction in food intake in hyperphagic rats eating a quinine-adulterated diet is due to postingestional events.
Ferritin–Polymer Conjugates: Grafting Chemistry and Integration into Nanoscale Assemblies

Controlled free radical polymerization chemistry is used to graft polymer chains to the corona of horse spleen ferritin (HSF) nanocages. Specifically, poly(methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (polyMPC) and poly(PEG methacrylate) (polyPEGMA) chains are grafted onto the nanocages by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), in which the molecular weight of the polymer grafts is controlled by the monomer-to-initiator feed ratio. PolyMPC and polyPEGMA-grafted ferritin show a generally suppressed inclusion into diblock copolymer films relative to native ferritin, and the polymer coating is seen to mask the ferritin nanocages from antibody recognition. The solubility of polyPEGMA-coated ferritin in organic solvents enables its processing with polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers, and selective integration into the PEO domains of microphase-separated copolymer structures.
The Role of Computed Tomography in Selective Management of Gunshot Wounds to the Abdomen and Flank

Objective: To determine whether computed tomography (CT) is an accurate diagnostic modality for the triage of hemodynamically stable patients with gunshot wounds of the abdomen and flank. Methods: A chart review of 83 trauma patients for whom abdominal CT was used as initial screening. Results: In 53 patients, CT revealed no evidence of peritoneal penetration, and in 15 patients, there was evidence of either peritoneal penetration or liver injury. There were no false results in these patients. Among 15 patients with questionable peritoneal penetration, cavitary endoscopy was performed in 11 and exploratory laparotomy was performed in 3, and 1 patient was initially observed and subsequently underwent exploratory surgery for a missed colonic injury. Conclusion: In selected centers and in hemodynamically stable patients with abdominal and flank gunshot wounds, abdominal CT can be an effective and safe initial screening modality to document the presence or absence of peritoneal penetration and to manage nonoperatively stable patients with liver injuries. If there is any question of peritoneal penetration, cavitary endoscopy should be part of the protocol of nonoperative management.
Measurements of the abilities of cultured fishes to moisturize their digesta

Abstract 1. 1. Four salmonid and four cool-water fish species were tested to determine their ability to moisturize their digesta. 2. 2. After the fish were fed, they were sacrificed, the gut contents were removed and water content was determined. 3. 3. The digesta of the salmonids contained the least water (63–72%) and those of largemouth bass the most (78%). 4. 4. We conclude that there are distinct and significant differences between species and genera in the ability of fish to moisturize their digesta. The potential significance of this finding is discussed.
Super-resolution of mammograms

High-quality mammography is the most effective technology presently available for breast cancer screening. High resolution mammograms usually lead to more accurate diagnoses; however, they require large doses of radiation, which may have harmful effects. In this paper, we present a method to synthesize high-resolution mammograms from low-resolution inputs, which offers the potential of allowing accurate diagnoses while minimizing risks to patients. Our algorithm combines statistical machine learning methods and stochastic search to learn the mapping from low-resolution to high-resolution mammograms using a large dataset of training image pairs. Experimental results show that the super-resolution algorithm can generate high-quality, high-resolution breast mammograms from low-resolution input with no human intervention.
Upper Human Hair Follicle Contains a Subpopulation of Keratinocytes with Superior In Vitro Proliferative Potential

We and others have shown previously that corneal keratinocyte stem cells can proliferate in vitro better than their progeny cells. In this paper, we applied this approach to the identification of hair follicular stem cells. When human scalp hair follicles were placed in explant culture, the bulge area yielded best outgrowths. In another experiment, we isolated different subpopulations of human follicular keratinocytes by micro-dissection, dispersed them by trypsin/EDTA into single cells, and grew them in the presence of 3T3 feeder cells. The keratinocytes were then subcultured under identical conditions to compare their in vitro life span. Our results indicate that the life span of keratinocytes of the upper follicle (containing mainly the isthmus area) > sebaceous gland > lower follicle (between the bulge and bulb) > bulb (containing the matrix cells). The cultured upper follicular keratinocytes tend to be small and relatively uniform in size. The poor in vitro growth of matrix cells may reflect their non-stem cell nature and/or special growth requirement(s) satisfied in viva by the neighboring dermal papilla cells. Unexpectedly, we found that the upper follicular keratinocytes grow even better than epidermal keratinocytes. The existence of a subpopulation of keratinocytes with an in vitro growth potential superior than other known keratinocytes of the skin supports the hypothesis that follicular stem cells reside in the upper follicle. Our data also raise the possibility that putative follicular stem cells are involved not only in forming the follicle, but also in the long-term maintenance of the epidermis. Finally, we discuss the possibility that keratinocyte stem cells, as defined by their in viva slow-cycling nature, are absent in culture.
Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning

Self-regulation is analyzed in terms of self-determination theory using the concepts of intrinsic motivation and the internalization of extrinsic motivation. Laboratory experiments and field studies are reviewed indicating that: (1) intrinsic motivation and fully internalized extrinsic motivation are posi- tively associated with high quality learning and personal adjustment; and (2) maintaining intrinsic motivation and internalizing extrinsic motivation are facili- tated by social contexts that allow satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Such contexts are ones that are charac- terized by the provision of choice, optimal challenge, informational feedback, interpersonal involvement, and acknowledgment of feelings. Our analysis of self-regulation places individuals' experiences at its core. For an action to be considered fully self-regulated, people must experience a sense of volition-a sense of unpressured willingness to engage in the action. When behaviors are truly self-regulated, people do them with full and unconflicted endorsement. Think of a tenth-grade girl who is genuinely eager to become a veterinarian. She spends the weekend before her biology exam quite willingly studying because it is personally important for her to learn the material and do well in the course. Her experience is one of wanting to study biology-of valuing the activity-so she is wholly engaged with the task. In contrast, imagine her classmate who, on that same weekend, sits in front of her open biology text primarily because she feels pressure from her parents to do so. Unlike the first student, she is not volitional in her studying. She does not want to study so she is resentful and half-hearted in doing it. Her eyes skim the pages, but she takes in little of what is on them.