cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recall of accessible items from memory as a function of executive instructions, delay tasks, and serial position

Category members or associations were accessed from memory storage for eight different stimuli, which were category labels or the most typical responses within these categories. Students produced 16 responses for each stimulus according to one of four different instructions and then, immediately or after a delay task, recalled these items. A serial position effect for the recalled items was obtained. The longer the initial latency in producing a response, especially among the earliest responses to each stimulus, the less likely the response would be recalled subsequently. The presence or absence of a delay task had no effect on recall. Recall decreased as the size of the available pool of items delimited by the instructions increased and, less effectively, as the level of complexity of the instructions increased, giving weak evidence that instructions may have some representation in short-term memory.
A study of the impact of project classification on project risk indicators

Abstract Project risk management is essential for ensuring project success. Current risk management tools lack predictive ability to indicate potential risks before the start of a project. This study was conducted to determine whether or not project classification, which is known at the outset of a project, can be used by project managers to proactively identify likely risk events in engineering design projects. This study compared the types of risk events experienced during the project, using risk indicators, when undertaking three different types of projects: compliance, operational, and strategic projects. Risk indicators were developed to capture circumstances (risk events) with potential predictive power about the likelihood of a risk occurring during a given project. Interviews were conducted with employees involved in eleven engineering design projects, within a single organization. Interview notes were transcribed, and risk events were identified and coded using a set of risk indicator codes. Codes were summarized at the project level and compared based on the project classification. The results indicate that the type of risk events occurring in projects does vary based on project classification. Both the type and frequency of risk indicators were found to vary based on project classification. These results suggest that risk management plans can be customized, at the outset of the project based on project classification, which may increase the likelihood of project success.
A Bayesian Item Response Theory Approach to Symptom Validity Detection: Evaluating Psychological Screening Inventory-2 Response Profile Likelihoods

Invalid data in forensic assessment are most often indicated by excessive endorsement of psychiatric symptoms. Although this method of identifying invalid profiles is generally effective, it does not make use of all conditional dependencies in data. Modern psychometric methodologies can be used to identify aberrant response profiles through model-based indices known as person fit statistics. Specifically, the likelihoods of examinees' response profiles can be compared against observed or simulated likelihoods that are derived from empirical models of emotional and psychiatric functioning. This study demonstrates how person fit indices based on item response theory models can be used to detect misfitting response profiles in forensic assessment. Archival data from the Psychological Screening Inventory-2 (R. I. Lanyon, 2010a) were evaluated with Bayesian estimation and posterior predictive model checking to compare the response profile log-likelihoods of 74 forensic participants with 1,046 normative participants. Results suggest 61 % of forensic examinees but only 5 % of normative examinees had misfitting data. Misfitting “fake bad” forensic profiles appeared to be associated with overly discrepant endorsement of symptoms, and misfitting “fake good” forensic profiles appeared to be associated with overly narrow endorsement of symptoms. The high rate of misfit among forensic examinees challenges the appropriateness of basing interpretations of forensic data on reliability and validity coefficients from normative samples. However, because aspects of the methodology are still untested in forensic and clinical assessment (e.g., the use of priors in this study), future research is needed to evaluate its appropriateness for clinical practice.
Room-temperature all-semiconducting sub-10-nm graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors.

Sub-10 nm wide graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors (GNRFETs) are studied systematically. All sub-10 nm GNRs afforded semiconducting FETs without exception, with ${I}_{\mathrm{on}}/{I}_{\mathrm{off}}$ ratio up to ${10}^{6}$ and on-state current density as high as $\ensuremath{\sim}2000\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{A}/\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. We estimated carrier mobility $\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\text{ }\mathrm{s}$ and scattering mean free path $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ in sub-10 nm GNRs. Scattering mechanisms by edges, acoustic phonon, and defects are discussed. The sub-10 nm GNRFETs are comparable to small diameter ($d\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\sim}1.2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$) carbon nanotube FETs with Pd contacts in on-state current density and ${I}_{\mathrm{on}}/{I}_{\mathrm{off}}$ ratio, but have the advantage of producing all-semiconducting devices.
The Structure of Elite Foreign Policy Beliefs

T he opinions and policy preferences of American elites play a unique role in the public opinion-foreign policy process (Almond 1950). They both structure public debate on foreign policy and influence the decisions of top foreign policy officials. Given the crucial role that these elites play in the opinion-policy process, it is not surprising that a lack of consensus among the elites on foreign policy since the Vietnam War has triggered special interest in their foreign policy beliefs. Two quadrennial surveys stand out among the many studies that have been conducted since the end of the Vietnam War. One series
Femtosecond Multiphoton Ionization Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the S2 State of Phenol

We investigated the short-lived S2 (1A1) state of phenol using two-photon resonance-enhanced photoionization coupled with photoelectron spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained by exciting the S2 state with femtosecond laser pulses at various wavelengths near 207 nm and ionizing with pulses at 207 or 414 nm. The spectra feature a strong transition to the ground electronic state of the ion (X) and a very weak transition to the first excited electronic state of the ion (A). In comparison, ionization via the longer-lived S1 state using 275 nm pulses generates slightly more A ions. We interpret the relative intensities of the A state signals as a reflection of configuration interactions in the intermediate S2 and S1 states. Time-delayed ionization experiments, as well as experiments with different laser pulse durations, suggest that the S2 state has a lifetime between 150 and 350 fs. Ionization via S1 produces a vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectrum, while ionization via S2 leads to a highly congested spe...
Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890–1940

AMY LOUISE WOOD Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009 Pp. 384, $39.95 (hbk), ISBN 978 0 8078 3254 7 The best sentence in Lynching and Spectacle is the last one: “In detaching images...
Cohesive zone model of FRP-concrete interface debonding under mixed-mode loading

External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has emerged as a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Debonding along the FPR-concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. In this study, the FRP-concrete interface debonding under general mixed-mode loading is analyzed using a cohesive zone model. A novel nonlinear bond-slip model is used to simulate the shear stress-separation law of the FRP-concrete interface; while the normal stress-separation law of the interface is approximated by a linear elastic model. Closed-form solutions of interfacial stresses, FRP stress are obtained for a typical single-lap specimen for the whole debonding process and verified with experimental results. This model provides a unified description of debonding initiation and progression of the FRP-concrete interface. The mode mixity of the debonding is also retrieved naturally in this model. Parametric studies are conducted to provide a better understanding of the mode-dependent debonding process of the FRP-concrete interface. The present model can be used to analyze mixed-mode debonding of the FRP-concrete interface efficiently and effectively.
Influence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) on the hematopoietic toxicity associated with combination anti-viral drugs (zidovudine and DDI) in vitro using retrovirus-infected bone marrow cells

Abstract The drug zidovudine (AZT), a synthetic thymidine analog, has been used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clinical use of zidovudine has been associated with the development of hematopoietic toxicity manifested by anemia, neutropenia, and on occasion thrombocytopenia. This toxicity has resulted in the development of alternative dideoxynucleoside drugs capable of exerting anti-viral potency while minimizing the risk for inducing organ toxicities. One such dideoxynucleoside drug is 2′, 3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI). Clinical trials are currently evaluating the effect of combination anti-viral drug treatment such as zidovudine plus ddI. We report here the results of studies designed to evaluate the effect of interleukin-3 (IL-3) on its ability to influence the hematopoietic toxicity associated with zidovudine and ddI following combination with retroviral-infected murine bone marrow cells. Toxicity was evaluated by quantitating several classes of hematopoietic progenitor stem cells such as granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), erythroid (CFU-E and BFU-E) and megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg). Dose-escalation IL-3 provided protection of anti-viral drug induced suppression of progenitor cells when combined in the presence of the ID 50 concentration of either zidovudine or ddI; however, when zidovudine and ddI were combined, IL-3 was less effective in providing protection against drug-induced toxicity at any concentration examined. These results indicate that IL-3 is effective in reducing anti-viral drug-induced hematopoietic toxicity associated with single-agen use; however, IL-3 is less effective when such drugs are used in combination.
Excess diet copper increases systolic blood pressure in rats

Twenty Wistar and 20 Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats were divided into two diet copper intake groups at 5 wk of age. One group was fed 18 mg Cu as cupric carbonate/kg feed and the other group 100 mg Cu/kg feed. The basal diet was formulated after the AIN-76 diet. Animals were fed their respective diets until 20 wk of age. At age 8, 14, and 20 wk rats were placed in metabolic cages and food and water consumption as well as urine output were quantitated. Systolic blood pressures were measured triweekly by the tail-cuff method. Rats fed 100 mg Cu/kg feed showed an increase in systolic pressure compared to rats fed 18 mg Cu/kg feed. The increase was more pronounced for the Wistar strain. Body weights, urine output, and feed and water consumption did not differ (p>0.05) by copper intake. Rats fed 100 mg Cu/kg feed did have greater hemoglobin levels. Heart: body and liver: body weight strain differences were apparent. This study demonstrated increased blood pressure in rats fed excess diet copper.
Chronic repetitive reaching and grasping results in decreased motor performance and widespread tissue responses in a rat model of MSD

Abstract This study investigated changes in motor skills and tissues of the upper extremity (UE) with regard to injury and inflammatory reactions resulting from performance of a voluntary forelimb repetitive reaching and grasping task in rats. Rats reached for food at a rate of 4 reaches/min, 2 h/day, and 3 days/week for up to 8 weeks during which reach rate, task duration and movement strategies were observed. UE tissues were collected bilaterally at weekly time points of 3–8 weeks and examined for morphological changes. Serum was tested for levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1) protein. The macrophage-specific antibody, ED1, was used to identify infiltrating macrophages and the ED2 antibody was used to identify resident macrophages. Rats were unable to maintain baseline reach rate in weeks 5 and 6 of task performance. Alternative patterns of movement emerged. Fraying of tendon fibrils was observed after 6 weeks in the mid-forelimb. After 4 weeks, a general elevation of ED1-IR macrophages were seen in all tissues examined bilaterally including the contralateral, uninvolved forelimb and hindlimbs. Significantly more resident macrophages were seen at 6 and 8 weeks in the reach limb. At 8 weeks, serum levels of IL-1α increased significantly above week 0. Our results demonstrate that performance of repetitive tasks elicits motor decrements, signs of injury and a cellular and tissue responses associated with inflammation.
Control of Marek's disease by the use of inoculated chicken embryo fibroblasts.

INDUCTION of tumours by viruses in experimental animals requires infection early in life, and many viruses induce tumours only in the newly born. Prevention of virus-induced neoplasia by immunological means has been reported1–8. In domestic chickens a lymphoproliferative disease called Marek's disease (MD)9 has drawn considerable attention and it has been proposed that the cause is a herpes-like virus10,11. Natural exposure of young chicks to MD virus causes gross lesions before the age of 12 weeks, thereby increasing mortality and condemnation at slaughter. Increasing resistance with age has been reported in birds experimentally exposed to MD12–14. In young chickens the response to MD virus differs according to the isolate used. The virus is associated with the cells and cannot be separated from them15,16. We describe here the apparent protection of one day old chicks against later infection, by inoculation of the MD agent propagated in tissue culture.
2020 Foresight: Envisioning Therapeutic Innovations for Pain

The explosion in scientific knowledge since the completion of the draft human genome sequence 10 years ago illustrates the quantum leap that is possible when emerging technology is focused on an important scientific question. We are now on the threshold of the next decade that holds the potential for translating our increased understanding of the molecular-genetic processes that form the basis for pain processing and analgesic mechanisms. This article attempts to envision the therapeutic innovations for pain based on translating genomic findings into new approaches to pain management, identifying epigenetic targets for analgesia, and finally moving from a century-old search for a single ‘magic bullet’ among derivatives of opium and will bark to new molecular entities engaging novel targets and multiple pathways that interact with the complex processes that modulate pain and its transition to chronicity.
Giant-magnetostrictive vibrator system for fretting testing at low amplitudes

Abstract In fretting testing, measurements of frequency and applied forces can be made with good accuracy. For small displacements (less than 2 μm), however, the uncertainty of measured displacement or slip in the fretting contact is substantial. This is because of the fact that most experiments are designed simply to measure the displacement of the specimen to which the vibrations are fed. In practice, however, the vibrations also propagate through other parts of the machine and through the fretting contact surface to the “stationary” specimen. The result is that the relative displacement will be overestimated, particularly for low amplitudes. In order to overcome this problem, a machine has been built with the following design principles. Tangential vibrations are applied to one specimen, while damping characteristics of the major parts of the testing machine are chosen so as to minimize induced machine vibrations of the mating specimen. In addition, displacement measurements are performed by optical methods, on both specimens, thereby securing the possibility of representing the results in terms of the relative displacement. A giant-magnetostrictive actuator has been developed, which generates extremely well-controlled vibrations. Experiments, data acquisition and post experiment data treatment are fully computerized. The final results are enhanced by off-line digital noise reduction. The paper gives a description of the complete system, and some results of an evaluation test series.
Kinetic characterization of thiolate anion formation and chemical catalysis of activated microsomal glutathione transferase 1.

Microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1) displays the unique ability to be activated, up to 30-fold, by the reaction with sulfhydryl reagents, e.g., N-ethylmaleimide. Analysis of glutathione (GSH) thiolate formation, which occurs upon mixing activated MGST1 with GSH, reveals biphasic kinetics, where the rapid phase dominated at higher GSH concentrations. The kinetic behavior suggests a two-step mechanism consisting of a rapid GSH-binding step (KDGSH ≈ 10 mM), followed by slower formation of thiolate (k2 ≈ 10 s-1). The release rate (or protonation of the enzyme GSH thiolate complex) of GS- was slow (k-2 = 0.016 s-1), consistent with overall tight binding of GSH. Electrophilic second substrates react rapidly with the E•GS- complex, and again, a two-step mechanism is suggested. In comparison to the unactivated enzyme [Morgenstern et al. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 3378−3384], the mechanisms of GSH thiolate formation and electrophile interaction are similar; however, thiolate anion formation is enhanced 30-fo...
An equivalent domain integral method in the two-dimensional analysis of mixed mode crack problems

An equivalent domain integral (EDI) method for calculating J-integrals for two-dimensional cracked elastic bodies is presented. The details of the method and its implementation are presented for isoparametric elements. The EDI method gave accurate values of the J-integrals for two mode I and two mixed mode problems. Numerical studies showed that domains consisting of one layer of elements are sufficient to obtain accurate J-integral values. Two procedures for separating the individual modes from the domain integrals are presented.
Snowflake troctolite in the Hettasch intrusion, Labrador: Evidence for magma-mixing and supercooling in a plutonic environment

The snowflake troctolite (SFT) in the Hettasch intrusion is a thin (0–10 m) zone of melatroctolite concordant with the normal leucotroctolites on one limb of the Hettasch intrusion. The textures of this unit are strikingly different from the normal cumulate textures of the Hettasch leucotroctolites and include comb-layered plagioclase, skeletal megacrysts of plagioclase, and spherulitic plagioclase 5–15 cm in diameter (snowflakes). These supersaturation plagioclase morphologies are set in a matrix of fine-grained, layered and unlayered melatroctolite. Because the mineral compositions are more primitive in the SFT than in the surrounding Hettasch cumulates, crystallization models involving supersaturation of the basaltic Hettasch magma fail. However, over a short distance below the texturally-defined SFT and a shorter distance above it, the mineral compositions of the surrounding cumulates gradually merge with those of the SFT. It is concluded, therefore, that the SFT formed from a separate magma that irrupted onto the floor of the Hettasch magma chamber and was supercooled by the basaltic Hettasch magma. Thus the SFT magma is inferred to have been more primitive than basalt. Assuming that fractionation in the SFT was minimal or that no fractionated material has escaped the SFT, an estimate of the bulk composition of the unit should approximate the magma composition. A picritic magma is thereby inferred, and a search for comparable rocks or magma types indicates that these rocks have the most similarities with picritic rocks of the Brito-Arctic province which formed during the early opening of the North Alantic. This similarity supports the hypothesis that the anorthositic Nain complex in Labrador also formed in a rifting environment about 1.4 Gyr ago.
Remarks on rings of quotients

The first part of the present work introduces a new notion of ring of quotients by any filter of one sided ideals. The construction is a generalization of the one by Gabriel which works for idempotent filters. The second part is devoted to an extension of crossed action of Hopf algebras to such a ring of quotients. The last part comprises an application of this machinery to the question about crossed products being semiprime Goldie.
1043 A SIMPLE, RAPID, AND SENSITIVE METHOD FOR THE RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS OF THE DNA OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)

Restriction enzyme analysis of CMV DNA is essential for investigating viral transmission. Previous methods for purifying DNA used either prolonged viral passage to obtain cell free virus and/or equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl and/or in vivo 32P labelling and/or DNA transfer to nitrocellulose. Because these methods preclude the rapid inexpensive processing of multiple samples, the following method was used. Following isolation, CMV infected cells were passed to 2-75cm2 petri dishes containing detached MRC-5 cells. When CPE involved >50% of the cells they were lysed using 0.6% SDS. Cellular DNA but not CMV DNA precipitated at 4° using NaCl (Hirt proceedure). After phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation, EcoRI digested CMV DNA was electrophoresised through agarose. DNA bands were detected either with ethidium bromide or by a 2 hour in situ hybridization directly on the agarose gels using as probes 6 32p labelled cloned fragments of the Towne strain. This procedure allows analysis of up to 100 CMV isolates within 3 weeks and purification, digestion, electrophoresis, and/or in Situ hybridization requires only 1 or 2 days. This method will be a valuable adjunet to currently used methods.
Two-dimensional audio watermark for MPEG AAC audio

Since digital music is often stored in a compressed file, it is desirable that an audio watermarking method in a content management system handles compressed files. Using an audio watermarking method that directly manipulates compressed files makes it unnecessary to decompress the files before embedding or detection, so more files can be processed per unit time. However, it is difficult to detect a watermark in a compressed file that has been compressed after the file was watermarked. This paper proposes an MPEG Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) bitstream watermarking method using a two-dimensional pseudo-random array. Detection is done by correlating the absolute values of the recovered MDCT coefficients and the pseudo-random array. Since the embedding algorithm uses the same pseudo-random values for two adjacent overlapping frames and the detection algorithm selects the better frame in the two by comparing detected watermark strengths, it is possible to detect a watermark from a compressed file that was compressed after the watermark was embedded in the original uncompressed file. Though the watermark is not detected as clearly in this case, the watermark can still be detected even when the watermark was embedded in a compressed file and the file was then decompressed, trimmed, and compressed again.
Pathophysiology of the corticospinal system and basal ganglia in cerebral palsy

Motor disability is the cardinal symptom of cerebral palsy. Based on the nature of motor dysfunction, cerebral palsy can be subdivided into three major types: 1) spastic cerebral palsy associated with damage to cortical motor areas and/or underlying white matter, 2) choreoathetotic cerebral palsy associated with damage to the basal ganglia, and 3) ataxic cerebral palsy associated with damage to cerebellar structures. People with cerebral palsy often exhibit a wide range of motor symptomatology representing a mix of these three basic conditions. Common motor disorders in cerebral palsy that may appear in different combinations include co-contraction of antagonist muscles, spasticity and related signs such as clonus and reflex irradiation, mirror movements, impaired ability for rapid and selective voluntary activation of muscles, increased muscle tone often appearing as sustained involuntary contractions at rest, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, impaired balance control, and ataxia. This paper focuses on recent neurophysiological developments in understanding the nature of motor impairments in cerebral palsy, particularly with reference to co-contraction of antagonist muscles, mirror movements, and basal ganglia circuit dysfunction that may underlie choreoathetotic disorders. MRDD Research Reviews 3:153-167, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A heuristic approach to three dimensional cargo loading problem

Abstract No exact analytical method of solving the three dimensional cargo loading problem has been developed. A dynamic programming solution is proposed in this paper. The computational performance of this method is demonstrated by comparing the results with values suggested by the General Services Administration, Washington, D.C.
Quantitative surface topography determination by Nomarski reflection microscopy. 2: Microscope modification, calibration, and planar sample experiments

The application of reflective Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy for the determination of quantitative sample topography data is presented. The discussion includes a review of key theoretical results presented previously plus the experimental implementation of the concepts using a commercial Nomarski microscope. The experimental work included the modification and characterization of a commercial microscope to allow its use for obtaining quantitative sample topography data. System usage for the measurement of slopes on flat planar samples is also discussed. The discussion has been designed to provide the theoretical basis, a physical insight, and a cookbook procedure for implementation to allow these results to be of value to both those interested in the microscope theory and its practical usage in the metallography laboratory.
Association of neutral objects with rewards: Effects of reward schedules on reward expectancy, verbal evaluation, and selective attention☆

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects on three dependent measures when neutral objects were associated with three schedules of reward. The dependent measures concerned reward expectancy, verbal evaluation, and selective attention. The conditioning apparatus was a spin-wheel game in which a pointer stopped on one of two nonsense syllables. One syllable occasioned reward (1 penny) and another occasioned frustration (nondelivery of penny). A third, equally familiar, nonsense syllable was included which was neutral, neither having been associated with rewarding or frustrating events. Thirty-six S s received conditioning sessions on each of 4 days. The dependent measures indicated that (a) the amount of expectancy of reward was an increasing monotonic function of the percentage of reinforcement during conditioning, and (b) relative to the frustrating and neutral stimuli, the rewarded stimulus received a higher score on positive verbal evaluation and was looked at more in a measure of selective attention, irrespective of schedule of reward.
Turbulent velocity waves and kinematic dynamo activity

It is demonstrated that a turbulent distribution of small amplitude velocity waves gives rise to kinematic dynamo activity on its own in an infinite medium. As the wave speed increases, the intensity of the waves has to increase in order to support dynamo regeneration. The theory given is statisticallyexact, but in view of the complexity of the resulting equations, the answers presented are for the long-wavelength (i.e. large-scale) magnetic field. In view of the fact that most astrophysical objects apparently contain turbulent wave motions, the present calculation is indicative of the extent to which turbulent dynamo activity may be physically importat in such objects.
Minimal Aerosol Loading and Global Increases in Atmospheric Ozone during the 1996–1997 Martian Northern Spring Season

We employed the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) to observe middle ultraviolet (220–330 nm) spectral scans of Mars for two periods during the 1996–1997 northern spring season. Analysis of these data yields quantitative measurements of atmospheric column opacities for aerosols and ozone over a wide range of latitudes (40°S–70°N) in two Mars seasons (solar longitudes,Lsof 10° and 61°). The most significant findings of the analysis are: (1) the global Mars atmosphere exhibited minimal aerosol loading during this season (variable opacities of 0.02–0.08 for clouds, or 0.05–0.2 for dust); (2) the low-to-mid latitude ozone abundance in the Mars atmosphere increased by roughly a factor of two (from 1.8 to 3.6 μm-atm) betweenLs=10° andLs=61°. These results support previous predictions (R. T. Clancy and H. Nair 1996,J. Geophys. Res.101, 12785–12790) and observations (R. T. Clancyet al.1996b,J. Geophys. Res.101, 12777–12783) of orbital (Ls) variations in Mars global ozone abundances, as driven by orbital variations in the global altitudes of water vapor saturation (R. T. Clancyet al.1996a,Icarus122, 36–62). They also support conclusions of very low dust levels in the Mars atmosphere around aphelion (Clancyet al.1996a), with upper limits for background dust opacities which are several times lower than described for this season by the Viking-based dusty model of the Mars climate (e.g.,τ<0.2, here; versus 0.6; D. S. Colburnet al.1989,Icarus79, 159–189). Also of interest is the observation of substantially reduced cloud opacities for the “aphelion cloud belt” in early northern spring (Ls∼ 60°) in 1997, versus 1995 or 1991.
Work in Progress: Teaching Science Fiction to Engineering Students

This presentation describes a course in science fiction for engineering students that encourages participants to use imaginative literature as a scenario for examining the many contextual issues of technological progress. The pedagogy of the course comes from conjoining of Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Objectives and William Perry's Scheme of Intellectual Development. The talk includes samples of assignments derived from the combination of Bloom's and Perry's educational models. Appropriate works of science fiction have been selected so as to illustrate four topic areas: (1) globalization and cultural sensitivity, (2) environmental interdependencies, (3) reciprocity between society and technology, and (4) qualities of leadership.
Manifesto of interbehavioral psychology

Describes dic nature and development of interbehavioral psychology, with particular reference to its origin, postulation, data, operations, laws, asid implications.
Statistical geometry based prediction of nonsynonymous SNP functional effects using random forest and neuro‐fuzzy classifiers

There is substantial interest in methods designed to predict the effect of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) on protein function, given their potential relationship to heritable diseases. Current state-of-the-art supervised machine learning algorithms, such as random forest (RF), train models that classify single amino acid mutations in proteins as either neutral or deleterious to function. However, it is frequently the case that the functional effect of a polymorphism on a protein resides between these two extremes. The utilization of classifiers that incorporate fuzzy logic provides a natural extension in order to account for the spectrum of possible functional consequences. We generated a dataset of single amino acid substitutions in human proteins having known three-dimensional structures. Each variant was uniquely represented as a feature vector that included computational geometry and knowledge-based statistical potential predictors obtained though application of Delaunay tessellation of protein structures. Additional attributes consisted of physicochemical properties of the native and replacement amino acids as well as topological location of the mutated residue position in the solved structure. Classification performance of the RF algorithm was evaluated on a training set consisting of the disease-associated and neutral nsSNPs taken from our dataset, and attributes were ranked according to their relative importance. Similarly, we evaluated the performance of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The utility of statistical geometry predictors was compared with that of traditional structural and evolutionary attributes employed by other researchers, revealing an equally effective yet complementary methodology. Among all attributes in our feature set, the statistical geometry predictors were found to be the most highly ranked. On the basis of the AUC (area under the ROC curve) measure of performance, the ANFIS and RF models were equally effective when only statistical geometry features were utilized. Tenfold cross-validation studies evaluating AUC, balanced error rate (BER), and Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) showed that our RF model was at least comparable with the well-established methods of SIFT and PolyPhen. The trained RF and ANFIS models were each subsequently used to predict the disease potential of human nsSNPs in our dataset that are currently unclassified (http://rna.gmu.edu/FuzzySnps/).
A novel method for permanent magnet demagnetization fault detection and treatment in permanent magnet synchronous machines

Due to relatively high power density, negligible rotor losses, high efficiency, ease of control, and being almost maintenance free Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are widely used in industrial applications. In this paper a new method of fault detection and treatment for 5-phase PMSM under partial demagnetization has been introduced. In the proposed technique various rotor demagnetization scenarios have been considered. As the optimum performance is of great importance in industrial applications the excitation of stator phases has been modified to attain the maximum output torque per input phase current in the event of demagnetization. Field reconstruction method has been used in conjunction with optimization methods to detect the fault and find the proper excitation.
A simultaneous routing tree construction and fanout optimization algorithm

This paper presents an optimal algorithm for solving the problem of simultaneous fanout optimization and routing tree construction for an ordered set of critical sinks. The algorithm, which is based on dynamic programming, generates a rectilinear Steiner tree routing solution containing appropriately sized and placed buffers. The resulting solution, which inherits the topology of LT-trees and the detailed structure of P-trees, maximizes the signal required time at the driver of the given set of sinks. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of this simultaneous approach compared to the sequential methods.
Okhee Lee, Cory A. Buxton, James A. Banks (ed.), Diversity and equity in science education: research, policy, and practice

Highly relevant for academic study among K-12 educators and the higher education faculty who train pre-service teachers, Diversity and equity in science education highlights three interrelated issues impacting science education in the United States. First, complicated dynamics related to the large and increasing population of English language learning (ELL) students are discussed. Second, the realities of standardized test scores are comparatively explored, both within and beyond the United States. Third, the politics of accountability in education are vigorously discussed. Okhee Lee and Cory A. Buxton weave through the contexts of politics, education, science, and culture to expand existing discourse about how to best educate our nation’s children.
Visualization of Endomyocardial Fibrosis by Delayed-Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging

An 18-year-old Venezuelan woman, with a history of idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy, presented at our hospital with ongoing dyspnea, palpitations, and lightheadedness. A medical evaluation revealed heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Cardiac catheterization revealed normal coronary arteries. The left ventriculogram demonstrated late filling of the apex, which was almost obliterated by prominent trabeculations. Moderate mitral regurgitation with significant enlargement of the left atrium was observed. The ejection fraction was 44%, without regional wall motion abnormalities (Figure 1). Figure 1. End-systolic (A) and end-diastolic (B) frames of the left ventriculography show partial obliteration of the cavity …
DISIPLE: digital signal processor programming language and environment

A compiler for signal processing applications with high-level language control structures and the ability to express computational parallelism is described. There are two expert system back-ends that generate code using advice about the architecture of the target machine(s). The first back-end generates code for control flow, and the second generates code for computation. Both expert systems use a rule base that describes the number, type, and architecture of the target processors. If an instruction cannot be directly implemented functionally equivalent intermediate language statements are automatically generated. Currently, the prototype compiler generates TMS320 family assembly code and code for distributed memory parallel computers. >
Ethnicity and Sexuality

This paper explores the connections between ethnicity and sexuality. Racial, ethnic, and national boundaries are also sexual boundaries. The borderlands dividing racial, ethnic, and national identities and communities constitute ethnosexual frontiers, erotic intersections that are heavily patrolled, policed, and protected, yet regularly are penetrated by individuals forging sexual links with ethnic “others.” Normative heterosexuality is a central component of racial, ethnic, and nationalist ideologies; both adherence to and deviation from approved sexual identities and behaviors define and reinforce racial, ethnic, and nationalist regimes. To illustrate the ethnicity/sexuality nexus and to show the utility of revealing this intimate bond for understanding ethnic relations, I review constructionist models of ethnicity and sexuality in the social sciences and humanities, and I discuss ethnosexual boundary processes in several historical and contemporary settings: the sexual policing of nationalism, sexual a...
PARA UNA LECTURA CRÍTICA DEL DESARROLLO HUMANO

This paper proposes a critical reading of the human development discourse articulated by Amartya Sen in Development and Freedom, from the governmentality app...
Assessing the efficacy of protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors in mouse models of progeria

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is caused by the accumulation of a farnesylated form of prelamin A (progerin). Previously, we showed that blocking protein farnesylation with a farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) ameliorates the disease phenotypes in mouse model of HGPS (LmnaHG/+). However, the interpretation of the FTI treatment studies is open to question in light of recent studies showing that mice expressing a nonfarnesylated version of progerin (LmnanHG/+) develop progeria-like disease phenotypes. The fact that LmnanHG/+ mice manifest disease raised the possibility that the beneficial effects of an FTI in LmnaHG/+ mice were not due to the effects of the drug on the farnesylation of progerin, but may have been due to unanticipated secondary effects of the drug on other farnesylated proteins. To address this issue, we compared the ability of an FTI to improve progeria-like disease phenotypes in both LmnaHG/+ and LmnanHG/+ mice. In LmnaHG/+ mice, the FTI reduced disease phenotypes in a highly significant manner, but the drug had no effect in LmnanHG/+ mice. The failure of the FTI to ameliorate disease in LmnanHG/+ mice supports the idea that the beneficial effects of an FTI in LmnaHG/+ mice are due to the effect of drug on the farnesylation of progerin.
Ear Reconstruction with Local Flaps

Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of the external ear can be simplified by a regional approach utilizing commonly known principles and techniques of surgical repair. Reconstructive options are herein offered in a step-by-step fashion.
The Cyclic-di-GMP Phosphodiesterase BinA Negatively Regulates Cellulose-Containing Biofilms in Vibrio fischeri

Bacteria produce different types of biofilms under distinct environmental conditions. Vibrio fischeri has the capacity to produce at least two distinct types of biofilms, one that relies on the symbiosis polysaccharide Syp and another that depends upon cellulose. A key regulator of biofilm formation in bacteria is the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). In this study, we focused on a predicted c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase encoded by the gene binA, located directly downstream of syp, a cluster of 18 genes critical for biofilm formation and the initiation of symbiotic colonization of the squid Euprymna scolopes. Disruption or deletion of binA increased biofilm formation in culture and led to increased binding of Congo red and calcofluor, which are indicators of cellulose production. Using random transposon mutagenesis, we determined that the phenotypes of the ΔbinA mutant strain could be disrupted by insertions in genes in the bacterial cellulose biosynthesis cluster (bcs), suggesting that cellulose production is negatively regulated by BinA. Replacement of critical amino acids within the conserved EAL residues of the EAL domain disrupted BinA activity, and deletion of binA increased c-di-GMP levels in the cell. Together, these data support the hypotheses that BinA functions as a phosphodiesterase and that c-di-GMP activates cellulose biosynthesis. Finally, overexpression of the syp regulator sypG induced binA expression. Thus, this work reveals a mechanism by which V. fischeri inhibits cellulose-dependent biofilm formation and suggests that the production of two different polysaccharides may be coordinated through the action of the cellulose inhibitor BinA.
Analysis of wave behavior in lossy dielectric samples at high field

Radiofrequency (RF) field wave behavior and associated nonuniform image intensity at high magnetic field strengths are examined experimentally and numerically. The RF field produced by a 10-cm-diameter surface coil at 300 MHz is evaluated in a 16-cm-diameter spherical phantom with variable salinity, and in the human head. Temporal progression of the RF field indicates that the standing wave and associated dielectric resonance occurring in a pure water phantom near 300 MHz is greatly dampened in the human head due to the strong decay of the electromagnetic wave. The characteristic image intensity distribution in the human head is the result of spatial phase distribution and amplitude modulation by the interference of the RF traveling waves determined by a given sample-coil configuration. The numerical calculation method is validated with experimental results. The general behavior of the RF field with respect to the average brain electrical properties in a frequency range of 42-350 MHz is also analyzed.
Flush-mounted electrostatic probe in the presence of negative ions

The current voltage characteristics of continuum flush-mounted electrostatic probes are analyzed in the presence of negative ions. For equal electron and heavy particle temperatures, negative ions modify the ambipolar region but leave the sheath solution unchanged. The results show that negative ions suppress the electron saturation current considerably and increase the positive ion saturation current slightly. Decreasing the negative ion mobility increases the positive saturation current and further suppresses the negative saturation current. The effect of unequal electron and ion temperatures is discussed in some detail.
Static feedback circuit methodology for solving fixed-point equations

In this paper we consider the use of static analog VLSI circuits for iteratively maximizing cost functions that admit a fixed point recursion. We show through circuit simulation that certain classes of fixed point equations can be solved iteratively via the settling to steady state equilibrium of properly designed static-feedback CMOS circuits biased in the subthreshold region of operation. To demonstrate the power of this approach, we design a family of circuits to compute the right principal singular vector of arbitrarily sized positive real matrices by casting the singular vector extraction problem into a fixed point iterative map. We also illustrate the methodology more simply with a square root solver that uses the Babylonian fixed point equation. All circuits are current-mode translinear circuits with no extrinsic capacitors. This permits fast, low-power computation since the principal delay component is the settling time of the static circuits, and the few transistors required are biased in weak inversion.
Neuroimaging of Rapidly Progressive Dementias, Part 1: Neurodegenerative Etiologies

Most dementias begin insidiously, developing slowly and generally occurring in the elderly age group. The so-called rapidly progressive dementias constitute a different, diverse collection of conditions, many of which are reversible or treatable. For this reason, prompt identification and assessment of acute and subacute forms of dementia are critical to effective treatment. Numerous other entities within this category of presenile rapid-onset dementias are untreatable such as the prion-related diseases. Neuroimaging aids in the diagnosis and evaluation of many of these rapidly progressive dementias, which include myriad conditions ranging from variations of more common neurodegenerative dementias, such as Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia; infectious-related dementias such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia; autoimmune and malignancy-related conditions; to toxic and metabolic forms of encephalopathy. This first of a 2-part review will specifically address the ability of MR imaging and ancillary neuroimaging strategies to support the diagnostic evaluation of rapidly progressive dementias due to neurodegenerative causes.
Balanced angiotensin II receptor antagonists. I. The effects of biphenyl “ortho”-substitution on AT1/AT2 affinities

Abstract Biphenyl “ortho”-substitution of DuP 753-like AT1-selective angiotensin II receptor antagonists provides AT2 affinity. When combined with a sulfonylcarbamate as the acid isostere, balanced AT1/AT2 receptor antagonists were obtained. Some compounds exhibited nanomolar affinities for both receptors and good AT2/AT1 ratios; these compounds also produce potent and prolonged antihypertensive effects in renal hypertensive rats.