cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced bitwidth-aware register allocation

Embedded processors depend on register files for performance, just like general-purpose processors in desktop and server systems. However, unlike general-purpose processors, the power consumption of register files poses a significant challenge for embedded processors, making it desirable for embedded processors to use as few registers as possible. Past research has indicated the potential for leveraging bitwidth analysis and bitwidth-aware register allocation to reduce register usage in embedded applications. This paper makes the following contributions in evaluating and enhancing bitwidth-aware register allocation for embedded applications. First, we compare the Tallam-Gupta bitwidth analysis with an idealized limit study, and show significant opportunities for enhancements. Second, we show how bitwidth-aware register allocation can be enhanced by enhanced bitwidth analysis for scalar and array variables, and also by enhanced coalescing of variables. Third, we use our prototype implementation of bitwidth-aware register allocation in gcc to compare the number of dynamic spill load/store instructions resulting from a) bitwidth-unaware allocation, b) bitwidth-aware allocation, c) enhanced bitwidth-aware allocation, and d) ideal profile-driven bitwidth-aware allocation. Our results show that our enhancements can reduce the number of dynamic spill load/store instructions to between 3% and 27% of the number obtained from the Tallam-Gupta algorithm.
Identification of Determinants on a Dualtropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein That Confer Usage of CXCR4

The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, in combination with CD4, mediate cellular entry of macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) and T-cell-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), respectively, while dualtropic viruses can use either receptor. We have constructed a panel of chimeric viruses and envelope glycoproteins in which various domains of the dualtropic HIV-1(DH12) gp160 were introduced into the genetic background of an M-tropic HIV-1 isolate, HIV-1(AD8). These constructs were employed in cell fusion and virus infectivity assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, MT4 T cells, primary monocyte-derived macrophages, or HOS-CD4 cell lines, expressing various chemokine receptors, to assess the contributions of different gp120 subdomains in coreceptor usage and cellular tropism. As expected, the dualtropic HIV-1(DH12) gp120 utilized either CCR3, CCR5, or CXCR4, whereas HIV-1(AD8) gp120 was able to use only CCR3 or CCR5. We found that either the V1/V2 or the V3 region of HIV-1(DH12) gp120 individually conferred on HIV-1(AD8) the ability to use CXCR4, while the combination of both the V1/V2 and V3 regions increased the efficiency of CXCR4 use. In addition, while the V4 or the V5 region of HIV-1(DH12) gp120 failed to confer the capacity to utilize CXCR4 on HIV-1(AD8), these regions were required in conjunction with regions V1 to V3 of HIV-1(DH12) gp120 for efficient utilization of CXCR4. Comparison of virus infectivity analyses with various cell types and cell fusion assays revealed assay-dependent discrepancies and indicated that events occurring at the cell surface during infection are complex and cannot always be predicted by any one assay.
National trends in child and adolescent psychotropic polypharmacy in office-based practice, 1996-2007

Objective To examine patterns and recent trends in multiclass psychotropic treatment among youth visits to office-based physicians in the United States. Method Annual data from the 1996-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys were analyzed to examine patterns and trends in multiclass psychotropic treatment within a nationally representative sample of 3,466 child and adolescent visits to office-based physicians in which a psychotropic medication was prescribed. Results There was an increase in the percentage of child visits in which psychotropic medications were prescribed that included at least two psychotropic classes. Across the 12 year period, multiclass psychotropic treatment rose from 14.3% of child psychotropic visits (1996-1999) to 20.2% (2004-2007) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-2.94, p p p p Conclusions Although little is known about the safety and efficacy of regimens that involve concomitant use of two or more psychotropic agents for children and adolescents, multiclass psychotropic pharmacy is becoming increasingly common in outpatient practice.
Rethinking distance learning activities: a comparison of transactional distance theory and activity theory

Despite its invaluable guidance to distance education development, transactional distance (TD) theory is not seamlessly synchronised with current field practice and lacks a social component. After it has provided over 30 years of guidance, there is now a need to re‐appraise TD’s propositions about distance learning activities. The social–cultural aspects of the distance learner need to be highlighted because social learning is prominent in today’s practice. To address this concern, we compared TD with a social science theory – cultural–historical activity theory. This cultural–historical activity theory provides a different lens for us to explore distance learning activities – a social lens. We compare the major concepts of the two theories and illustrate some areas of compatibility. We explore the contradictions that arise from the collision of these two theories and recommend future directions for research.
A preliminary study investigating the quantification of beat-to-beat in seismocardiogram signals

Ballistocardiography and seismocardiography are both non-invasive mechanical measurements of the vibrations of the body in response to the heartbeat. The ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal represents the movements of the whole body in response to cardiac ejection of blood into the vasculature; the seismocardiogram (SCG) corresponds to local vibrations of the chest wall associated with sub-audible tissue and blood movement and audio frequency heart-valve closure dynamics. This paper focuses on methods for quantifying “signal consistency”-a quantitative measure of how morphologically similar each heartbeat in a patient's recording is compared to the ensemble average taken over the recording. Before comparing each beat to the average, known physiological sources of inconsistency-such as respiratory amplitude and timing variability-are removed, then the remaining inconsistency is quantified. Previously described methods for BCG signals are expanded to fit the high-frequency (> 20 Hz) components of the SCG. The use of this method in future work could help enable proactive management of heart disease in extra-clinical settings.
The calculation of self-broadened line widths in linear molecules

The Anderson theory of collision broadening of spectral lines as expounded by Tsao and Curnutte has been rigorously applied, by means of high-speed digital computation, to self-broadening in linear molecules. The model includes directional forces resulting from dipole-dipole, dipole-quadrupole, and quadrupole-quadrupole attractions and a non-directional minimum distance of closest approach bmin. For molecules with known dipole moments there are only two adjustable parameters, the quadrupole moment Q and bmin. Results are given for the hydrogen and deuterium halides and CO. Some comparisons with experiment and a brief discussion of the limitations of the model are given.
Selective attention during dichotic listening by preschool children.

A dichotic listening procedure was developed in an attempt to demonstrate selective attention in preschool children. In the procedure, S was given training in recalling messages presented to one ear. After this training S was given several test trials on which a correct response demanded that the message presented to the other ear be recalled. Poorer performance was found on these test trials. Interpretations in terms of selective attention, selective storage, and selective output are discussed.
Chylothorax as Presenting Manifestation of Adenocarcinoma with Probable Gastric Primary

Chylothorax is an unusual complication of various malignant neoplasms, generally lymphomas. The few reported cases of chylothorax with gastric and other abdominal malignancies have involved large abdominal masses with prominent adenopathy and chylous ascites. We describe a patient in whom chylothorax was the presenting manifestation of an adenocarcinoma with probable gastric primary, developing prior to any clinical or radiologic evidence of tumor.
Temperature Independence of Orbital Mediated Tunneling in Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine

The effect of a large (∼200 K) temperature change on orbital mediated electron tunneling spectra is measured for the first time. Tunneling spectra obtained from CoPc throughout the 300 to 100 K region show no definitive change in integrated intensity. The integrated intensity of the Pc ring LUMO normalized tunneling band, d ln(I)/d ln(V)-V, is 0.28 ± 0.04 V. The ring HOMO and cobalt metal centered orbitals are not separately resolved and give a total integrated intensity of 0.24 ± 0.04 V. Significant temperature dependence was observed in the I(V) curves of bare and CoPc covered Au(111) and is primarily attributed to a change in the work function with temperature and the associated change in tip—sample separation at fixed set point.
BSS transition optimizations and analysis for VoIP over WLAN

Voice over IP (VoIP) is emerging as a critical application for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). However, the limited range of the IEEE 802.11 radio forces frequent transitions from one access point to another. Moreover, the introduction of IEEE 802.11i security and IEEE 802.11e Quality of Service (QoS) has increased the average transition time from ms to seconds, leaving mobile users with the unenviable dilemma of choosing good security and QoS while sacrificing real-time performance, or gaining acceptable real-time performance at the expense of security and QoS. Thus, optimizations to device transitioning that will provide an acceptable balance of latency, security, and QoS are needed to enable VoIP. This paper analyzes WLANs MAC layer transition procedure and optimizations being considered by IEEE 802.11 Working Group to improve transition times while retaining good security and QoS. The transition time improvements proposed in this paper are achieved through discovery phase optimizations and transition phase optimizations. The selective scanning and smart AP selection algorithms are designed to optimize the discovery phase to enable the mobile device to better exploit its ambient radio resource environment. The transition phase optimization seeks to accelerate device transition without compromising security. The paper then identifies security flaws in the current design and proposes simple corrections. Finally, experiment results for transition optimization are explained that demonstrate a significant increase in transition efficiency.
The Role of Song in the Evolution of Passerine Diversity

In a thought-provoking paper, Raikow (1986) attempted to apply the concept of "key adaptations" to the question of why passerine birds (order Passeriformes) have so successfully radiated into the largest avian order. Among other hypotheses, he considered and then rejected the thesis that the evolution of a complex syrinx and the widespread occurrence of vocal learning and dialect formation among passerines have contributed significantly to the di? versity and numerical dominance of the group. In their responses to Raikow's essay, both Vermeij (1988) and Fitzpatrick (1988) pro? tested that Raikow dismissed the impor? tance of vocal learning, which they argued could restrict gene flow among popula? tions, ultimately resulting in speciation. Because the role of song in assortative mat? ing within populations is still a vigorously debated topic (Rothstein and Fleischer, 1987; Balaban, 1988; Bauer, 1989; Rost, 1989), we review herein the evidence con? cerning the possible role of vocal learning and syringeal complexity in passerine spe? ciation.
Solvent Systems for Silica-gel Column Chromatography of Indole Derivatives

AN earlier paper1 described a method for separating a number of indole derivatives and auxin-like substances in plant extracts, using silica-gel partition columns and petroleum ether: n-butyl alcohol solvents used with a step-wise elution technique. Further investigations, the results of which are reported here, have extended this technique to include a number of other useful solvent mixtures.
SU‐GG‐T‐54: On‐Line Adaptive IMRT for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: This study proposes a novel on‐line IGRT technique that can modify the original IMRT plan to match with the “anatomy‐of‐the‐day” within few minutes. The performance of this technique is compared with current on‐line IGRT strategies using bone/soft‐tissue based alignment. Method and Materials: Six prostate IMRT patients were studied. An initial IMRT plan was designed on a commercial treatment planning system, using five/seven co‐planar 15‐MV beams. The plan information was exported to an in‐house adaptive planning system. Five daily CBCTimages of each patient were analyzed. Daily GTVs (prostate and seminal vesicles), bladders and rectums were contoured on each CBCT. The original plan dose distribution was deformed to match the daily anatomy and to serve as prescription dose distribution for the daily re‐optimization of the original plan. The re‐optimization process utilized linear programming technique which can reach the solution within less than two minutes. The delivered dose distributions were compared among the ART versus alignment based IGRT techniques. Three bone and soft‐tissue based alignment techniques: Bone10, Soft5, and Soft10, were included. The number 5 and 10 indicate the PTV margins; with Adapt indicating ART technique with 5mm margin. Results: The average GTV D99 doses for all six patients are 99%–100%, 65%–98%, 87%–99%, and 95%–99% for Adapt, Bone10, Soft5, and Soft10 plans respectively. The Bone10 missed GTV coverage at D99 and D95 in 2 of the 6 patients, while the Soft5 technique also missed D95 coverage in 3 patients. The Soft10 and Adapt techniques show adequate GTV coverage for all. Compare to Soft5, the Adapt technique shows improvement on bladder/rectal sparing when local volume/shape variation occurs. Conclusion: This demonstrates the advantage of the online ART technique over patient alignment techniques in handling complex anatomical positioning and shape changes during prostate IMRT treatment. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Varian Medical Systems.
Beam hardening correction for X-ray computed tomography of heterogeneous natural materials

We present a new method for correcting beam hardening artifacts in polychromatic X-ray CT data. On most industrial CT systems, software beam-hardening correction employs some variety of linearization, which attempts to transform the polychromatic attenuation data into its monochromatic equivalent prior to image reconstruction. However, determining optimal coefficients for the transform equation is not straightforward, especially if the material is not well known or characterized, as is the usual case when imaging geological materials. Our method uses an iterative optimization algorithm to find a generalized spline-interpolated transform that minimizes artifacts as defined by an expert user. This generality accesses a richer set of linearization functions that may better accommodate the effects of multiple materials in heterogeneous samples. When multiple materials are present in the scan field, there is no single optimal correction, and the solution can vary depending on which aspects of the beam-hardening and other image artifacts the user wants to minimize. For example, the correction can be optimized to maximize the fidelity of the object outline for solid model creation rather than simply to minimize variation of CT numbers within the material. We demonstrate our method on a range of specimens of varying difficulty and complexity, with consistently positive results. We introduce a new method for CT beam-hardening correction.We demonstrate how our correction can be optimized by an expert user.We show examples of CT beam-hardening artifacts in various geological specimens.We show how our correction can improve delineation of object boundaries.We discuss how beam-hardening and other effects combine to create complex artifacts.
The vibrational spectra and conformations of methyl propynoate and dimethyl 1,4-butynedioate

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of methyl propynoate and dimethyl 1,4-butynedioate have been recorded on the liquid phase and the infrared spectra of both compounds have been recorded on the solid phase. A vibrational assignment has been proposed for dimethyl 1,4-butynedioate based on the C 2 h structure indicated by the spectra. The data indicate that dimethyl 1,4-butynedioate exists as a conformational equilibrium mixture in the liquid state. The structure of the second conformer is probably that brought about by internal rotation about the CO bonds. Methyl propynoate is shown to exhibit a reversible solid—solid phase change at a nominal temperature of 215 K.
The Team Approach to Home‐Based Primary Care: Restructuring Care to Meet Individual, Program, and System Needs

Team-based models of care are an important way to meet the complex medical and psychosocial needs of the homebound. As part of a quality improvement project to address individual, program, and system needs, a portion of a large, physician-led academic home-based primary care practice was restructured into a team-based model. With support from an office-based nurse practitioner, a dedicated social worker, and a dedicated administrative assistant, physicians were able to care for a larger number of patients. Hospitalizations, readmissions, and patient satisfaction remained the same while physician panel size increased and physician satisfaction improved. The Team Approach is an innovative way to improve interdisciplinary, team-based care through practice restructuring and serves as an example of how other practices can approach the complex task of caring for the homebound.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Gadolinia-Doped Ceria Cathodes

Abstract AC impedance spectroscopy has been performed on 40 mol% gadolinia-doped ceria electrodes on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) at 700–950 °C in reducing CO/CO2 atmospheres. Area-specific-resistance (ASR) values for this electrode were in the range of 0.8–37 Ω-cm2, about two orders of magnitude lower than measurements on Pt electrodes and slightly lower than data on Ni-YSZ electrodes in the literature under similar temperature and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) conditions. A continuum-based model of this electrode is described and an analysis performed to extract the vacancy diffusion coefficient (Dv) and surface exchange rate coefficient ( R 0 ) as a function of temperature and PO2, from the impedance results. The Dv data agree reasonably well with published measurements of the tracer diffusion coefficient (D⁎) based on isotope profiling by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and conductivity measurements on 40 mol% GDC. The R 0 values are a factor of 3 lower than the published measurements of the surface reaction rate (k) obtained from isothermal thermogravimetric relaxation, and decrease with increasing PO2. Values of the thermodynamic factor (A) calculated from the fitted model parameters matched well with those calculated from oxygen non-stoichiometry data in the literature.
Rheological and Functional Properties of Catfish Skin Protein Hydrolysates

Catfish skin is an abundant and underutilized resource that can be used as a unique protein source to make fish skin protein hydrolysates. The objectives of this study were to isolate soluble and insoluble proteins from hydrolyzed catfish skin, study the rheological and functional properties of the protein hydrolysates, and evaluate the properties of emulsions made from the protein powders. Freeze-dried catfish skin soluble (CSSH) and insoluble hydrolysate (CSISH) powders were analyzed for proximate analysis, emulsion stability, fat absorption, amino acids, color, and rheological properties. CSSH had significantly (P < 0.05) higher protein, ash, and moisture content but lower fat content than that of CSISH. The yield of CSSH (21.5%+/- 2.2%) was higher than that of CSISH (3%+/- 0.3%). CSISH had higher emulsion stability than CSSH. CSSH was light yellow in color and CSISH was darker. The mean flow index values for emulsion containing CSSH (ECSSH) and CSISH (ECSISH) were both less than 1, indicating that they were both pseudoplastic fluid. The G' and G'' values for the ECSISH were higher than that of ECSSH, indicating that the viscoelastic characteristic of the emulsion containing CSISH was greater than that of the emulsion containing CSSH. The study demonstrated the CSSH and CSISH had good functional and rheological properties. They have potential uses as functional food ingredients.
Combutational studies of end-wall flame quenching at low pressure: The effects of heterogeneous radical recombination and crevices

Abstract A computational study of the effect of heterogeneous radical destruction and crevices on end-wall flame quenching in a lean CH4O2Ar mixture at low pressure has been performed. The unsteady conservation equations for a chemically reacting multicomponent gas have been solved with the commercially available partial differential equation solver package PDEPACK. Heterogeneous radical destruction at a cooled surface was found to have a minor effect on flame quenching compared to homogeneous destruction in the cooled flame gases near the surface. These results are in qualitative agreement with experiments performed in a side-wall geometry. Cooled crevices, however, had a much greater effect on the postquench oxidation of the fuel. Whereas the fuel layer left after quenching near a flat wall burns up more rapidly as the pressure is increased, unburned fuel left in a crevice after quencing burns up more slowly as the pressure is increased. This reaffirms the potential importance of crevices as sources of unburned hydrocarbons in an engine.
Betting on the Future with a Cloudy Crystal Ball? How Financial Theory Can Improve Revenue Forecasting and Budgets in the States*

Accurately predicting revenue growth is nearly impossible. Predicting the peaks and valleys of the business cycle is even more hopeless. This matters because tax revenues are largely driven by economic growth. Volatile, unpredictable revenue growth causes all sorts of unpleasant responses on the part of governments, most commonly manic-depressive patterns of spending and taxing. Fortunately, modern financial economics gives us a set of tools that can be used to manage volatility. This article shows how such tools can be used to inform fiscal decision making. The focus here is state governments, but the analysis applies to all jurisdictions that face hard budget constraints and therefore must balance spending increases against revenue growth.
Activation-analysis of trace cobalt in tissue using 10.5-minute 60m-cobalt

Abstract Microgram amounts of cobalt from vitamin B12 have been analyzed by rapid activationanalysis in rat kidney tissue as well as in vitamin preparations. A 15-minute radiochemical separation procedure coupled with gamma-ray spectrometry permitted utilization of the 10.5-min 60mCo radioisotope. With this procedure the lower limit of detection at a thermal neutron flux of 1012 n cm 2 sec was about 5 × 10−8 grams of cobalt.
Resilient distributed parameter estimation in heterogeneous time-varying networks

In this paper, we study a lightweight algorithm for distributed parameter estimation in a heterogeneous network in the presence of adversary nodes. All nodes interact under a local broadcast model of communication in a time-varying network comprised of many inexpensive normal nodes, along with several more expensive, reliable nodes. Either the normal or reliable nodes may be tampered with and overtaken by an adversary, thus becoming an adversary node. The reliable nodes have an accurate estimate of their true parameters, whereas the inexpensive normal nodes communicate and take difference measurements with neighbors in the network in order to better estimate their parameters. The normal nodes are unsure, a priori, about which of their neighbors are normal, reliable, or adversary nodes. However, by sharing information on their local estimates with neighbors, we prove that the resilient iterative distributed estimation (RIDE) algorithm, which utilizes redundancy by removing extreme information, is able to drive the local estimates to their true parameters as long as each normal node is able to interact with a sufficient number of reliable nodes often enough and is not directly influenced by too many adversary nodes.
Non-fatal overdose in the 12 months following treatment for substance use disorders.

Abstract Background Overdose (OD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity for individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), and there are limited prospective data on OD during the months following treatment for SUDs. Methods Variables associated with an OD in the 12 months after leaving an initial treatment episode were examined in an analysis of the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes Study (DATOS), a longitudinal naturalistic multisite study. Participants included 2966 patients with one or more SUDs. Non-fatal OD was ascertained by a positive response to “In the past 12 months, have you overdosed on drugs?” Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables associated with OD. Results By 12 months, 93 (3.1%) participants reported one or more ODs. Variables associated with OD were lifetime history of OD, injection drug use (IDU), male sex, greater pain, and history of sexual abuse. Conclusions OD-risk appears to be increased by IDU, lifetime OD, sexual abuse history, and pain. The latter finding is novel for a prospective report and requires further study.
Meditation as Adaptation Strategy

Abstract By using appropriate meditation techniques in order to obtain altered states of consciousness, one can transfer, diminish or annihilate conditionings from the implicit subcortical memory. When the attention is constantly and systematically focused on the physical body, at the skin level appear sensations as sensorial perceptions of the somatic manifestations of the subliminal records of the conditionings from the implicit memory. Under these circumstances occurs a selective de-potentiation of the unconscious personal concepts, stopping the occurrence of the uncomfortable symptoms, the integration of the new obtained psycho-emotional reality of the balanced ways to relate with you and the outside world.
Narrow-complex tachycardia in an elderly patient with presyncope.

A 75-year-old nursing home resident with a history of coronary artery disease and Parkinson’s disease presented to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Emergency Department for evaluation of pre-syncope. He had a 3-day history of feeling lightheaded and unsteady while standing but had not lost consciousness. He denied chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations. There was no prior history of documented dysrhythmia. His medications included aspirin, donepezil, levodopa/carbidopa and lisinopril. He appeared thin and frail, but was in no acute distress. The heart rate was 68 beats/min, respiratory rate 16 breaths/min, and blood pressure was 65/45 torr. He was afebrile. Heart sounds were normal and there were no murmurs or gallops. The neck veins were flat, lungs were clear, and there was no peripheral edema. He had marked rigidity of all the extremities. An admission electrocardiogram (EKG) showed sinus rhythm at 64 beats/min with occasional premature ventricular contractions (not shown). After intravenous crystalloid was given, the patient’s blood pressure increased to 166/99 torr. Subsequently, the patient’s nurse called the physician due to an apparent supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) on the cardiac monitor (Figure 1). However, a 12-lead EKG shortly afterward was more consistent with nonclassic atrial flutter with an atrial rate of approximately 300/min (Figure 2). Despite the abnormal EKG, the patient was asymptomatic with a pulse of 64 beats/min and a blood pressure of 160/90 torr. However, he had developed a bilateral upper-extremity resting tremor at about 5 Hz, otherwise his examination was unchanged. After the patient received his anti-Parkinson medications, the tremor resolved and the EKG returned to baseline.
On the Distribution of the Expected Values of the Order Statistics

Let X 1,X 2,… be independent with a common distribution function F(x) which has a finite mean, and let be the ordered values X 1, …,X n. The distribution of the n values EZ n1, …, EZ nn on the real line is studied for large n. In particular, it is shown that as n→∞, the corresponding distribution function converges to F(x) and any moment of that distribution converges to the corresponding moment of F(x) if the latter exists. The distribution of the values Ef(Z nm) for certain functions f(x) is also considered.
Comparison of tungsten heavy-alloy rod penetration into ductile and hard metal targets: microstructural analysis and computer simulations

Complete penetration of thick OFHC copper and 7039 aluminum alloy targets by tungsten heavy-alloy rod penetrators at 1.5 km/s impact velocity has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The penetration channel-related microstructures were distinctly different except for a narrow zone of dynamically recrystallized grains at the channel walls. The half-hard OFHC Cu exhibited a hardening beyond the recrystallized zone which was associated with severe grain distortion and evolved into a zone of mixtures of microbands, microtwins and dislocation cells which increased in size as the hardness decreased. The full hard 7039 Al target exhibited a continuous hardness beyond the soft recrystallized zone. A profusion of cracks and adiabatic shear bands composed of dynamically recrystallized grains were distributed along the penetration channel walls. Experimentally measured microhardness maps were compared with computer simulated residual yield stress maps after geometrically valid penetration simulations. These validations were rather poor for the 7039 Al, but qualitative penetration geometries were reasonably well simulated. The occurrence of shear bands appears to be a feature of fully work-hardened targets where dislocation slip is limited.
Chromosomal polymorphism in the phyllostomatid bat,Mimon crenulatum (Geoffroy)

Se discribe el polimorfismo cromosomal en el murcielagoMimon crenulatum desde localidades en Trinidad, Colombia, y el Peru. Se hallaron tres tipos morfologicos para cromosomas considerado a representar el quinto par de autosomas en ejemplares de cada region geografica donde hemos estudiado la especia. Los tres tipos morfologicos de los cromosomas de quinto par evidentemente originado por medio de inversiones pericentricas son metacentrico, subtelocentrico, y acrocentrico.
Probing charging and localization in the quantum Hall regime by graphene p-n-p junctions

Using high-quality graphene $pnp$ junctions, we observe prominent conductance fluctuations on transitions between quantum Hall (QH) plateaus as the top gate voltage ${V}_{tg}$ is varied. In the ${V}_{tg}\text{\ensuremath{-}}B$ plane, the fluctuations form crisscrossing lines that are parallel to those of the adjacent plateaus, with different temperature dependences for the conductance peaks and valleys. These fluctuations arise from Coulomb-induced charging of electron- or hole-doped localized states when the device bulk is delocalized, underscoring the importance of electronic interactions in graphene in the QH regime.
The development of mechanical strength of surgically anastomosed arteries sutured with Dexon.

Abstract The strength of surgically anastomosed arteries of the rat sutured with Dexon thread is studied. The abdominal aortas and the carotid arteries were severed, sutured and then the wounds were closed and the animal healed. After a specific period of time up to 13 months, the vessels were taken out and tested in uniaxial loading condition. The stress-strain relationship of the vessels was measured, and then the vessels were pulled to failure. It was found that the strength of the anastomosis was the lowest in about 4 months. In the first day, the force at failure was about the same as that of the control. Then the strength decreased with time, until a minimum was reached in 4–6 months. The tensile force to failure was about 25% of the control for the carotid artery and 49% of the control for the abdominal aorta. The corresponding values of the tensile stress at failure were 17 and 11%, respectively. The different percentages of forces and stresses were caused by the thickening of the vessel wall in the neighborhood of the suture line in the healing process. After 4–6 months, the strength gained again. At 13 months, the strength of the anastomosis was about the same as that of the control. The stretch ratio at failure was approximately constant through all periods.
Sulcal variability in the Alzheimer's brain Correlations with cognition

We mapped the three dimensional (3D) extents and variability of selected sulci in the Alzheimer's brain and explored the relationship between sulcal pattern and patient's cognitive performance. High-resolution MRIs of 10 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) were linearly transformed into a standard "normalized" 3D atlas (known as the Talairach coordinate system) and, on each relevant slice, contours of the left and right Sylvian fissure, anterior and posterior calcarine, callosal, parietooccipital, and cingulate sulci and the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle were traced. These landmarks were chosen because of their relative invariant location across individuals and because they demarcate functional boundaries relevant in AD. The sulcal contours were resolved into two-dimensional surfaces that cut through a brain volume. All 10 patients' sulcal surfaces were averaged to determine their mean spatial locations in the Talairach coordinate system. The 3D spatial extents of each patient's sulci were compared with their disease severity based on neuropsychological performance. The 3D sulcal variability, within the "normalized" atlas space, ranged from 4.0 mm for the left callosal sulcus to 9.1 mm for the left Sylvian fissure. Significant correlations were found among the spatial extents for the posterior floor of the right temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (r = -0.89, p < 0.001 for vertical extent) and right anterior calcarine sulcus (r = -0.75, p < 0.01 for anterior-posterior extent) with copying ability of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure; the right anterior calcarine also had a significant relationship (r = -0.72, p = 0.02 for anterior-posterior extent) with performance on the Block Design subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Verbal fluency performance measured by the Controlled Oral Word Association Test was significantly related to the left cingulate (r = 0.91, p < 0.001 for anterior-posterior extent, and r = -0.82, p < 0.01 for vertical extent) and right cingulate (r = -0.72, p < or = 0.02 for vertical extent) sulci. This exploratory study is the first to evaluate the relationship between 3D sulcal variability and cognition; our preliminary findings suggest that the 3D pattern of sulci in the AD brain is related to the severity of the disease as reflected by cognitive performance. In the Talairach brain atlas, sulcal variability, within an AD population, approaches 1 cm. This large variability requires correction when functional imaging data are transformed into the Talairach atlas space to "normalize" individual morphologic differences.
Measurement of the different forms of zinc in Narragansett Bay water based on the rate of uptake by a chelating resin

Abstract Batch treatment with Chelex-100 ion exchange resin was used to quantify the physico-chemical forms of zinc in Narragansett Bay water samples collected on seven dates between November 1982 and January 1986. Labile complexes of zinc in solution were rapidly taken up (100% uptake after 0.5 h); another two kinetically distinguishable components of the zinc pool were identified as ‘moderately labile’ organic complexes and ‘slowly labile’ particulate forms, respectively. The first component followed pseudo-first-order kinetics of dissociation, whereas the particulate component gave a removal plot that could best be described as zero order. Although the distribution of zinc between these components varied considerably between sampling dates, the rate constant characterizing the release of zinc from each component showed little variation with season and tidal phase (dissolved organic complex, k d = 0.36 ± 0.08 h −1 ; particulate form, k d = 0.12 ± 0.04 nM h −1 ). One sample differed from the above analysis in that the removal of particulate zinc was found to conform to a surface binding site kinetic analysis, from which the first-order desorption rate constant ( k d = 0.043 h −1 ) was obtained. The environmental implications of these findings are discussed.
Nonlinear finite element modeling of beams on two-parameter foundations

Abstract This paper presents an inelastic element for the analysis of beams resting on two-parameter foundations. The element is derived from a two field mixed formulation with independent approximation of forces and displacements. The values for the two parameters of the foundation are derived through an iterative technique that is based on an assumption of plane strain for the soil medium. This iterative behavior is repeated at each time step of the nonlinear solution algorithm. The nonlinear response of structures resting on this improved two-parameter foundation model is analyzed following both a Vlasov and a Pasternak approach. Numerical examples that clarify the advantage of the newly developed model are conducted. These studies confirmed the importance of accounting for the foundation second parameter, and the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed model.
Material Properties of the Human Lumbar Facet Joint Capsule

The human facet joint capsule is one of the structures in the lumbar spine that constrains motions of vertebrae during global spine loading (e.g., physiological flexion). Computational models of the spine have not been able to include accurate nonlinear and viscoelastic material properties, as they have not previously been measured. Capsules were tested using a uniaxial ramp-hold protocol or a haversine displacement protocol using a commercially available materials testing device. Plane strain was measured optically. Capsules were tested both parallel and perpendicular to the dominant orientation of the collagen fibers in the capsules. Viscoelastic material properties were determined. Parallel to the dominant orientation of the collagen fibers, the complex modulus of elasticity was E* = 1.63MPa, with a storage modulus of E′ = 1.25MPa and a loss modulus of: E″ = 0.39MPa. The mean stress relaxation rates for static and dynamic loading were best fit with first-order polynomials: B (ɛ) = 0.1110 ɛ − 0.0733 and B (ɛ) = −0.1249ɛ 11794-8181 +0.0190, respectively. Perpendicular to the collagen fiber orientation, the viscous and elastic secant moduli were 1.81 and 1.00 MPa, respectively. The mean stress relaxation rate for static loading was best fit with a first-order polynomial: B (ɛ) = − 0.04ɛ − 0.06. Capsule strength parallel and perpendicular to collagen fiber orientation was 1.90 and 0.95 MPa, respectively, and extensibility was 0.65 and 0.60, respectively. Poisson’s ratio parallel and perpendicular to fiber orientation was 0.299 and 0.488, respectively. The elasticity moduli were nonlinear and anisotropic, and capsule strength was larger aligned parallel to the collagen fibers. The phase lag between stress and strain increased with haversine frequency, but the storage modulus remained large relative to the complex modulus. The stress relaxation rate was strain dependent parallel to the collagen fibers, but was strain independent perpendicularly.
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

Abstract Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is a prevalent opportunistic mucosal infection, caused predominantly by Candida albicans . This condition affects a significant number of otherwise healthy women of childbearing age, and it causes significant discomfort. Patients who have chronic vulvovaginitis should be thoroughly evaluated to determine the specific etiology and to initiate appropriate therapy. Induction therapy, followed by a maintenance regimen, seems to reduce relapse. Alternative therapies should be considered for recalcitrant cases.
Consolidation Characteristics of Sea-Floor Sediments: ABSTRACT

Twenty-seven laboratory consolidation tests were made on predominantly silty-clay sediments from eight Atlantic cores, two Mediterranean cores, and two Pacific cores from the continental slope, rise, and deep-sea floor. Values of the coefficient of consolidation, determined over the pressure ranges of 0-0.05 and 8-16 kg./cm.2, ranged from 2 × 10-4 cm.2/sec. for the lower pressures to 34 × 10-4 cm.2/sec. for the higher pressures. Compression indices computed from the relationship of the void ratio to the logarithm of pressure (e log p) ranged from 0.3 to 1.5. Results of these tests show that the strength characteristics of sea-floor sediments are dependent upon the environments of deposition. Deep-water sediments generally are stronger than expected (they are "overconsolidated"). Evidence supporting this generalization, in addition to the consolidation data, is demonstrated by (1) the computed ratio of shear strength to effective overburden-pressure values (c/p) of about one to four, which are appreciably higher than the normal values of 0.2-0.4, and (2) the relatively small reduction of porosity with increasing depth below the water-sediment interface in homogenous sediment. The explanation for the observed relationship of deep-sea sediments exhibiting characteristics of overconsolidation is found in the very slow rates of deposition, gre t age, and the presence of appreciable amounts of clay minerals, volcanic detritus, and siliceous (Radiolaria) and calcareous (Foraminifera) biogenous matter. It is postulated that solutions of these materials in the sediments may yield iron, manganese, silica, and calcium carbonate that, together with the clay minerals, result in a kind of interparticle bonding having the effect of cementation, although actual cementation is not visible. These cementation effects are believed to be the cause of strengths greater than those expected. End_of_Article - Last_Page 616------------
Calculating systems-scale energy efficiency and net energy returns: A bottom-up matrix-based approach

In this paper we expand the work of Brandt and Dale (2011) on ERRs (energy return ratios) such as EROI (energy return on investment). This paper describes a “bottom-up” mathematical formulation which uses matrix-based computations adapted from the LCA (life cycle assessment) literature. The framework allows multiple energy pathways and flexible inclusion of non-energy sectors. This framework is then used to define a variety of ERRs that measure the amount of energy supplied by an energy extraction and processing pathway compared to the amount of energy consumed in producing the energy. ERRs that were previously defined in the literature are cast in our framework for calculation and comparison. For illustration, our framework is applied to include oil production and processing and generation of electricity from PV (photovoltaic) systems. Results show that ERR values will decline as system boundaries expand to include more processes. NERs (net energy return ratios) tend to be lower than GERs (gross energy return ratios). External energy return ratios (such as net external energy return, or NEER (net external energy ratio)) tend to be higher than their equivalent total energy return ratios.
Shear-Induced Surface-to-Bulk Transport at Room Temperature in a Sliding Metal–Metal Interface

Predictions from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, that sliding at a metal–metal interface causes vortices in the near-surface region that transport atoms from the surface into the subsurface region, is tested experimentally. This is accomplished by rubbing a methyl thiolate overlayer grown on a clean copper foil by exposure to dimethyl disulfide at room temperature. Repeatedly rubbing a 1.27 × 10−2 m diameter pin over a thiolate-covered copper surface at an applied load of 0.44 N and sliding speed of 4 × 10−3 m/s in an ultrahigh vacuum tribometer, results in the removal of sulfur from the wear track as measured using spatially resolved Auger spectroscopy. Any remaining surface species, in particular, outside the wear track, are removed by argon ion bombardment. Since sulfur is more thermodynamically stable at the surface, heating the sample causes the sulfur to resegregate to the surface only inside the wear track, thereby directly confirming the predictions from MD simulations.
Hydroxylamine Seeding of Colloidal Au Nanoparticles. 3. Controlled Formation of Conductive Au Films

An approach to enlarge preformed colloidal Au nanoparticles in solution based on the Au colloidal surface-catalyzed reduction of Au3+ by NH2OH (“seeding”) has been adapted to 12-nm-diameter colloidal Au nanoparticles immobilized in monolayers and multilayers. Bulk characterization of the ensuing films was carried out by atomic absorption, UV−vis−near-IR optical spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and dc resistance measurements. Exposure of a 12-nm-diameter Au colloid monolayer on organosilane-modified glass surfaces to NH2OH/Au3+ leads to rapid particle growth and coalescence: after roughly 5−10 min, the optical and electrical properties closely resemble that of conductive Au thin films prepared by evaporation. Evolution of the nanometer-scale architecture was followed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), leading to the following key findings: (i) Seeding of surface-confined...
Morphologically Templated Growth of Aligned Spinel CoFe2O4 Nanorods

Uniaxially aligned CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorods are obtained by coprecipitation of Co{sup 2+}, Fe{sub 2+}, and C{sub 2}O{sub 4}{sup 2-} ions in a microemulsion solution, and subsequent high-temperature decomposition of CoFe{sub 2}(C{sub 2}O{sub 4}){sub 3}. Each nanorod is made up of a 'tectonic' assembly of CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanocrystals. Magnetization of such SoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} materials may lead to their use in high-density magnetic recording media and high-performance electromagnetic and spintronic devices.
Dimensionless Groups in the Modeling and Prediction of Corrosion Processes

Abstract Coupled differential equations that are difficult to solve, yet have predictive value, will arise when modeling a combination of general and localized corrosion in the presence of flow. These equations are impossible to solve if the flow is turbulent. By making the equations dimensionless, certain groups arise that can show the relative magnitudes of the processes involved. Three dimensionless groups arise from modeling the localized area. These show the ratios of the magnitudes of migration to diffusion, convective mass transport to diffusive mass transport, and surface reaction rate to mass transfer rate. The meanings of the groups are independent of geometry and flow conditions. These groups can provide a “back-of-the-envelope” type of guidance for experimental design and corrosion prediction even though the equations from which they are derived cannot be solved.