cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Third-Order DT $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulator Using Noise-Shaped Bi-Directional Single-Slope Quantizer

This paper describes a new analog-to-digital converter based on the traditional dual-slope ADC operation. With a small modification to the discharging phase of the dual-slope ADC, first-order quantization noise shaping is achieved. This quantizer is used in a second-order loop filter and results in an overall third-order quantization noise shaping. To remove the need for any extra active element, this quantizer is merged with the active adder. In this fashion, the multi-bit flash ADC is removed and hence the loading of the active-adder is reduced to a single continuous-time comparator. Furthermore, to alleviate the speed of the counting-clock and the common-mode biasing accuracy requirements, a bi-directional discharging scheme is proposed. As a proof of concept, the second-order loop filter with the proposed quantizer is fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology and achieves over 78 dB SNDR with an oversampling ratio of 24 and 50 MHz sampling speed. The power consumption is 2.9 mW from a 1.5 V power supply.
Bradykinin-induced chloride conductance in murine proximal tubule epithelial cells.

Despite the recognized role of bradykinin (BK)-induced calcium and chloride conductance in regulating salt transport in the kidney, the signaling pathway involved has not been well examined. Patch clamp of murine proximal tubule (TKPTS) cells revealed that BK (10 nM) produced an increase in an outwardly rectifying current from a basal level of 2.9 ± 0.6 to 13.8 ± 1.1 pA/pF following addition of BK (n = 8; p < 0.001). The shift in reversal potential seen with BK on changing the intracellular solution to 152 mM chloride and significant inhibition of the current by 100 μM 4,4′-di-isothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS) suggested that BK activated a chloride current. BK-induced current was blocked by B2 receptor antagonist but not by B1 antagonist or pertussis toxin indicating that the current was mediated by B2 receptors possibly through Gq activation. TMB-8 completely blocked the BK-calcium rise in fura-2 studies but did not block the BK-chloride response indicating that BK-mediated chloride current is calcium-independent. BK-induced current was dependent on phospholipase C (PLC) since U73122, a PLC-β blocker (10 μM) blocked it completely. Furthermore, chloride conductance was not modulated by bisindolylmaleimide, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), but was enhanced by dibutyryl cAMP. We conclude that BK-induced rise in chloride current is mediated by B2 receptors and dependent on PLC activation but not dependent on calcium rise. Furthermore, the current can be modulated by cAMP but not PKC.
Economic aspects of the management of ocular hypertension

Ocular hypertension is a statistical concept, but its presence should arouse suspicion of glaucoma. Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy. Screening for ocular hypertension may not be economically sound because of the high false positive detection rate. Glaucoma is without cost until it is treated or too late. If treatment prevents visual loss it is worthwhile. However, treatment may not prevent glaucoma-induced visual loss. It could be argued that it is more economical to ignore glaucoma than to either screen for ocular hypertension or treat glaucoma. Ophthalmologists will continue to disregard these points, partly because they don't believe them or are fearful of liability, but more likely because they are more concerned about an individual person than about statistical proof of benefit and their primary goal is to avoid risk to the patient even if this is not clearly cost-effective. That decision is correct until better techniques are developed for predicting visual field loss and more effective therapies are established to prevent visual field loss.
Painting, Photography, and Fidelity in The Tragic Muse

Photographs can approach the elegance of paintings, but reproductions can show the distortion of photographs--so The Tragic Muse (1890) suggests, complicating critical understandings of James and visual art. Dramatizing artists' fidelity, James resists assuming that families, races, and genders provide similar options. Fidelity in art can mean "infidelity" in life, lead to "adulterated" reproductions, and impugn understandings of inherited and performed identities--concerns which resurface in The American Scene (1907) when James contemplates immigrant populations and in A Small Boy and Others (1913) when a family daguerreotype becomes evidence of his own fidelity.
Acceptable Safety of Bevacizumab Therapy in Patients with Brain Metastases as a Result of Non—Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Background Bevacizumab with carboplatin/paclitaxel received FDA approval in October 2006, for improving survival in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced non—small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without brain metastases. We report on the safety of bevacizumab therapy in combination with standard therapy in 83 patients with NSCLC and treated brain metastases. Patients and Methods Patients were treated on protocols for ATLAS or PASSPORT. The ATLAS phase III study allows chemotherapy with bevacizumab, followed by bevacizumab with or without erlotinib to disease progression, for patients with advanced nonsquamous or peripherally located squamous NSCLC. Treatment for brain metastases was whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). The PASSPORT phase II study tests bevacizumab in combination with first- or second-line systemic therapy in patients with non-squamous NSCLC and treated brain metastases. Treatment for brain metastases includes radiosurgery, neurosurgery, or WBRT. The overall rate of central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage and exact 95% confidence intervals using Blyth-Still-Casella methodology are reported. Results To date, 41 patients with brain metastases are enrolled in ATLAS and 111 in PASSPORT. The findings presented here are based on data collected from March 2006 through October 2007. As of October 12, 2007, a total of 83 patients with brain metastases were treated with bevacizumab. The median number of bevacizumab doses (15 mg/kg every 3 weeks) was 3 (range, 1–16 doses) in PASSPORT and 4 (range, 1–17 doses) in ATLAS; 6 patients were treated without bevacizumab. No CNS hemorrhages were reported on either study during the main study treatment (95% CI, 0–4.2). One grade 2 CNS bleeding was observed in a patient on postprogression therapy in ATLAS after 14 cycles of bevacizumab; the patient's site of disease progression was CNS metastases. In patients treated with bevacizumab patients, 7 had grade 3–5 CNS events: 1 had grade 5 cerebral arteriosclerosis and grade 3 leukoencephalopathy, 1 had grade 3 syncope and grade 3 mental status change, 1 had grade 3 ataxia, 1 had grade 3 convulsion, 2 had grade 3 mental status change, and 1 had grade 3 syncope. Conclusion Eighty-three patients with treated brain metastases have received bevacizumab without symptomatic grade ≥ 2 hemorrhages observed during the main treatment (preprogression) phase; no additional safety signals were identified. These data strongly suggest the safety of bevacizumab in patients with advanced NSCLC with treated brain metastases.
The Effect of Auditory Stressors on Cognitive Flexibility

Stress is known to activate the noradrenergic system which may have a modulatory influence on cognitive flexibility. We investigated whether an auditory stressor would thus affect performance on cognitive flexibility. A task utilizing cognitive flexibility and two memory tasks were presented in both stressful and non-stressful condition. In the stressful condition performance was impaired for the cognitive flexibility task but not for the memory tasks, arguing against the stressor serving as a general distracter. These findings suggest that stress caused by an auditory stressor may negatively impact performance on more complex tasks requiring a rapid search of the semantic and lexical associative networks.
Paramagnetic Relaxation of Trapped Hydrogen Atoms in Irradiated Frozen Solutions

IN a recent paper1 we showed how paramagnetic relaxation experiments can give new insights into the nature of the trapping sites of trapped radicals and ions. Trapped electrons in irradiated alkaline ices show no change in their relaxation time over a range of radiation dose from 0.2 to 3 Mrads; this implies that the electrons are trapped in spurs1. This communication reports relaxation time measurements on trapped hydrogen atoms which show just the opposite effect; the relaxation time decreases with dose in the range O.5–5 Mrads.
Impacts of imagery temporal frequency on land-cover change detection monitoring

An important consideration for monitoring land-cover (LC) change is the nominal temporal frequency of remote sensor data acquisitions required to adequately characterize change events. Ecosystem-specific regeneration rates are an important consideration for determining the required frequency of data collections to minimize change omission errors. Clear-cut forested areas in north central North Carolina undergo rapid colonization from pioneer (replacement) vegetation that is often difficult to differentiate spectrally from that previously present. This study compared change detection results for temporal frequencies corresponding to 3-, 7-, and 10-year time intervals for near-anniversary date Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data acquisitions corresponding to a single path/row. Change detection was performed using an identical change vector analysis (CVA) technique for all imagery dates. Although the accuracy of the 3-year analysis was acceptable (86.3%, κ=0.55), a significant level of change omission errors resulted (51.7%). Accuracies associated with both the 7-year (43.6%, κ=0.10) and 10-year (37.2%, κ=0.05) temporal frequency analyses performed poorly, with excessive change omission errors of 84.8% and 86.3%, respectively. The average rate of LC change observed over the study area for the 13-year index period (1987–2000) was approximately 1.0% per annum. Overall results indicated that a minimum of 3–4-year temporal data acquisition frequency is required to monitor LC change events in north central North Carolina. Reductions in change omission errors could probably best be achieved by further increasing temporal data acquisition frequencies to a 1–2-year time interval.
Formoterol fumarate inhalation powder vs albuterol nebulizer for the treatment of asthma in the acute care setting.

Background Although albuterol remains the standard treatment for asthma in the emergency department, formoterol fumarate may be more advantageous, with its rapid and long-lasting bronchodilation. Objective To compare formoterol fumarate with albuterol in controlling acute asthma exacerbation. Methods Patients aged 18 to 65 years who presented to the emergency department with mild to moderate asthma exacerbation (peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR], 40%-60% of predicted) were randomized to receive either formoterol fumarate aerolizer (12 μg) or albuterol nebulizer (2.5 mg) every 30 minutes up to 2 treatments. Symptom scores and PEFRs were measured at each treatment. Results Thirty-four patients (19 in the albuterol arm and 15 in the formoterol fumarate arm) were enrolled. At 30 and 60 minutes, the mean PEFR of the albuterol group increased from 43.7% of predicted to 51.9% of predicted and 54.6% of predicted, respectively, and the formoterol fumarate group had changes in the mean PEFR from 49.3% of predicted to 55.5% of predicted and 57.3% of predicted, respectively, and the mean change in the 2 groups was not significantly different at 30 and 60 minutes ( P = .64 and .57, respectively, by t test). The albuterol group improved in symptom scores by 3.7 and 5.5 from 0 minutes to 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, and in the formoterol fumarate group these values were 3.1 and 4.9 at 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, and the mean change in the 2 groups was not significantly different at 30 and 60 minutes ( P = .61 and .76, respectively, by t test). Conclusion Formoterol fumarate is as effective as albuterol inhalation for the treatment of adults with mild to moderate asthma exacerbations in the acute care setting.
Treatment of ovarian cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine upregulates the expression of cancer-testis antigens and class I major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules

To test the hypothesis that decrease in DNA methylation will increase the expression of cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules by ovarian cancer cells, and thus increase the ability of these cells to be recognized by antigen-reactive CD8+ T cells. Human ovarian cancer cell lines were cultured in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC) for 3–7 days. The expression levels of 12 CTA genes were measured using the polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression levels of class I MHC molecules and MAGE-A1 were measured by flow cytometry. T cell reactivity was determined using interferon-γ ELISpot analysis. DAC treatment of ovarian cancer cell lines increased the expression of 11 of 12 CTA genes tested including MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A6, MAGE-A10, MAGE-A12, NY-ESO-1, TAG-1, TAG-2a, TAG-2b, and TAG-2c. In contrast, DAC treatment decreased the already low expression of the MAGE-A2 gene by ovarian cancer cells, a finding not previously observed in cancers of any histological type. DAC treatment increases the expression of class I MHC molecules by the cells. These effects were time-dependent over a 7-day interval, and were dose-dependent up to 1–3 μM for CTA and up to 10 μM for class I MHC molecules. Each cell line tested had a unique pattern of gene upregulation after exposure to DAC. The enhanced expression levels increased the recognition of 2 of 3 antigens recognized by antigen-reactive CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate the potential utility of combining DAC therapy with vaccine therapy in an attempt to induce the expression of antigens targeted by the vaccine, but they also demonstrate that care must be taken to target inducible antigens.
Determination of thermophysical properties of liquid metals at high temperatures by levitation methods

Abstract Levitation techniques offer unique opportunities for the accurate determination of thermophysical properties of liquid metals and alloys at high temperatures. Supercooled liquid metals can be studied at temperatures 200–500 K below their freezing points.
Metastatic adenocarcinoma to the neck from an unknown primary source.

Abstract We report a retrospective review of 223 patients who presented to the Department of Head and Neck Surgery from 1970 through 1987 with a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary origin. Multivariate analysis was performed using the following parameters: age, sex, initial side and site of nodal involvement, involvement of other body sites, degree of differentiation, treatment modality, outcome, and survival. Follow-up was obtained in all patients, with a minimum of 2 years for survivors. Average age was 55 years, with an approximately equal male:female ratio. The most common site of presentation was the supraclavicular fossa (76%). The initial side of presentation was the left neck in 53% of patients, right neck in 33%, and bilateral in 14%. Metastatic disease to other body sites was present in 86% of patients, with the most common sites being mediastinum (35%), lung (21%), and bones (19%). Increased survival was associated with unilateral neck involvement (p = 0.001) and disease limited to nodes above the cricoid cartilage (p = 0.007). Mean survival was 17 months, with a median of 8 months. Death was due to the index cancer in all but four patients; three of these four patients died of treatment-related causes. Survival was 20% at 2 years and 9% at 5 years. Length of survival was not affected by age, sex, initial side of neck disease, location of other metastatic sites, histologic appearance, or treatment modality. Our current algorithm for the work-up and treatment of this lethal disease is explained.
The effect of rock size upon the distribution of species of Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) and Baetis intercalaris McDunnough (Baetidae: Ephemeroptera)

. 1. Three experimental stream bed sections were established in areas of similar depth and current velocity to examine the effect of rock size upon the distribution of Baetis intercalaris and Orthocladiinae. Each section was composed of one rock size with the diameters (mm) of the three rock classes being 30–70, 90–140 and 160–190. 2. Colonization was measured at 2 week intervals over an 8 week period, and these data were used to calculated abundance or the number of individuals per unit area of stream bed and density or the number of individuals per unit area of rock surface. 3. Statistical analyses reveal that rock size was of secondary importance in determining Orthocladiinae abundance and density among the experimental bed sections. Rock size differences had a more pronounced effect upon B. intercalaris since on every sampling date both abundance and density increased with rock size. 4. Rock size differences appeared to have little effect on the response of Orthocladiinae to silt deposition, whereas the reverse was true for B.intercalaris.
Kinematics of thrust sheets within transverse zones: a structural and paleomagnetic investigation in the Appalachian thrust belt of Georgia and Alabama

Deformation styles of orogenic belts change along strike across transverse zones (TZs); hence, the kinematics of TZs is indispensable for three-dimensional restoration of thrust belts. We investigate the causes of deviation in strike of fold axes and fault surfaces in two TZs of the southern Appalachians using structural cross-sections and paleomagnetism. In the Rising Fawn TZ of Georgia, hanging-wall lateral-ramp folds yield paleomagnetic rotations and variation in magnitude of thrust translation. Plunge of folds, differential slip, and rotations are associated with lateral-ramp geometry and along-strike variation in the rheology and thickness of units that host lower and upper detachment levels. In Alabama, the internal geometry, strike, and paleomagnetic rotations of the Helena thrust sheet change across the Anniston TZ. These differences resulted from movement of the Helena thrust sheet over different footwall blocks and sub-decollement basement graben structures, and from differential slip along an oblique ramp. Rotations of thrust sheets within TZs occur where a thrust sheet was translated over: (1) an oblique/lateral ramp with contrasting rock strengths at lower and upper detachment levels, (2) a transverse basement fault that separates contrasting basement structural domains, and (3) intersections between frontal ramps and transverse structures. Because of the local causes of rotations in lateral structures, paleomagnetic and structural analyses of TZs are necessary for understanding the kinematics and restoration of both single thrust sheets and large-scale curves in thrust belts.
Expression of the yeast UB14 gene increases in response to DNA-damaging agents and in meiosis.

Abstract The polyubiquitin gene, UB14, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a variety of environmental stresses and physiological conditions. After exposure of rapidly growing yeast cells to DNA-damaging agents (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine), intracellular levels of UB14 transcript increased rapidly. Induction of UB14 transcripts occurred within 30 to 60 min of exposure to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in RAD+, rad52, and rad6 repair-deficient yeast strains. In high-density RAD+ cultures, the effect of alkylating agents on UB14 transcript levels is attenuated, in part because of significant increases in the basal level of this message in untreated cells. We also observed that the levels of UB14 transcripts increased significantly when diploid cells were exposed to sporulation conditions. Maximal levels of UB14 transcripts were reached after 6 to 8 h in sporulation medium. Accumulation of UB14 transcripts occurred in a/alpha diploids that undergo meiosis but not in asporogenous alpha/alpha diploids exposed to the same nutritional conditions.
Comparison of Realizations of the Terrestrial Reference Frame

IGN and DGFI both generated realizations of the terrestrial reference frame under the auspices of the IERS from combination of the same space geodetic data. We compared the IGN and DGFI TRFs with a GSFC CALC/SOLVE TRF. WRMS position and velocity differences for the 40 most frequently observed sites were 2–3mm and 0.3–0.4mm/year. There was a scale difference of −0.39/−0.09ppb between the IGN/DGFI realizations and the GSFC solution. When we fixed positions and velocities to either the IGN or DGFI values in CALC/SOLVE solutions, the resulting EOP estimates were not significantly different from the estimates from a standard TRF solution.
Modeling of voltage-dependent diffused resistors

A voltage-dependent diffused resistor model has been developed using conventional voltage controlled current sources (VCCSs) defined by a two-dimensional polynomial for simulations of mixed-signal circuits. The polynomial coefficients can be defined by a simple first order polynomial which can be a function of geometry and process variables to accurately reflect the manufacturing process. Alternatively, a conventional junction field effect transistor (JFET) model can be used to represent voltage dependence of the diffused resistor.
An Update on Antidepressant Toxicity: An Evolution of Unique Toxicities to Master

Antidepressant drugs have unique toxicities that are based on their pharmacology and determine their specific treatment. There are currently 4 classes of antidepressant drugs: monoamine oxidase inhibitors, cyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and the atypical antidepressants which include a variety of other drugs. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical antidepressants are prescribed with the greatest frequency for depression in the United States, although the cyclic antidepressants are still being used for other clinical disease entities. The purpose of this manuscript was to review the different classes of antidepressant drugs including the differences in their pharmacology, unique toxicities, and treatment for their toxicities. Toxicities resulting from sodium channel blockade, excessive serotonergic activity, and food-drug and drug-drug interactions are discussed as they pertain to the specific antidepressants. Specific treatment modalities for each antidepressant class based on the pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.
A Multiplier Adjustment Method for Dynamic Resource Allocation Problems

Dynamic fleet management problems (with a homogeneous fleet) are classically formulated as dynamic networks, or linear programs with side constraints. Recently, a new dynamic control approach was introduced, called a logistics queueing network. Instead of a large linear program, the problem is decomposed into small subproblems that are guided by two control variables that push these local problems to produce a solution that is close to a global optimum. In prior work, these control variables were updated using a subgradient approximation. In this paper, we propose a multiplier adjustment method for solving the same problem. Numerical experiments show that this method produces better solutions with greater stability. The new method is somewhat slower, and is more difficult to implement. We believe that both methods will represent reasonable choices for solving the problem.
Characterization of the sensitivity of side scatter in a flow‐stream waveguide flow cytometer

Background: We previously reported a new optical configuration, in which both the side scatter and the fluorescence are collected using the index-guided, total internal reflection of a flow stream in air (the flow-stream waveguide). Methods: Using a mixture of 0.202-μm and 0.093-μm diameter polystyrene beads, we have characterized the side scatter (SSC) sensitivity of a custom-built flow cytometer (miniFlo) which incorporates a flow-stream waveguide. Results: The SSC-triggered SSC signal of 0.093-μm polystyrene beads in water was almost baseline resolved from the background. We also measured the SSC-triggered SSC signal of the same beads in water on our FACScan, which is a commercial unit with the conventional optical arrangement that uses a custom imaging objective to collect light from a sheath flow cuvette in perpendicular direction—the signal from 0.093-μm beads was not resolved from the background. Conclusions: The SSC sensitivity of miniFlo is one of the best reported in the literature. Cytometry 37:160–163, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in DNA methylation assessed by 450 K BeadChip in newborns

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark that can potentially link early life exposures to adverse health outcomes later in life. Host factors like sex and age strongly influence biological variation of DNA methylation, but characterization of these relationships is still limited, particularly in young children. In a sample of 111 Mexican-American subjects (58 girls , 53 boys), we interrogated DNA methylation differences by sex at birth using the 450 K BeadChip in umbilical cord blood specimens, adjusting for cell composition. We observed that ~3 % of CpG sites were differentially methylated between girls and boys at birth (FDR P < 0.05). Of those CpGs, 3031 were located on autosomes, and 82.8 % of those were hypermethylated in girls compared to boys. Beyond individual CpGs, we found 3604 sex-associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) where the majority (75.8 %) had higher methylation in girls. Using pathway analysis, we found that sex-associated autosomal CpGs were significantly enriched for gene ontology terms related to nervous system development and behavior. Among hits in our study, 35.9 % had been previously reported as sex-associated CpG sites in other published human studies. Further, for replicated hits, the direction of the association with methylation was highly concordant (98.5–100 %) with previous studies. To our knowledge, this is the first reported epigenome-wide analysis by sex at birth that examined DMRs and adjusted for confounding by cell composition. We confirmed previously reported trends that methylation profiles are sex-specific even in autosomal genes, and also identified novel sex-associated CpGs in our methylome-wide analysis immediately after birth, a critical yet relatively unstudied developmental window.
Stable adaptive control of feedback linearizable time-varying non-linear systems with application to fault-tolerant engine control

Stable indirect and direct adaptive controllers are presented for a class of input–output feedback linearizable time-varying non-linear systems. The radial basis function neural networks are used as on-line approximators to learn the time-varying characteristics of system parameters. Stability results are given in the paper, and the performance of the indirect and direct adaptive schemes is demonstrated through a fault-tolerant engine control problem where the faults are naturally time-varying.
A critique of development economics in the U.S.

Authors of leading U.S. textbooks in development economics are criticised for their inaccurate and insufficient socio‐political analysis, ethnocentric approach to U.S. international involvement, lack of consideration of dominance and subordination within the international economic system (together with an under‐emphasis on the costs of foreign trade, aid and investment in LDCs), fallacious concept of ‘traditional’ society and economy, and inadequate perspective on Marxism. These flaws in the orthodox conception of the political economy of development are partially responsible for much of the difficulty that U.S. economists have encountered in trying to adapt successfully to the problems of low‐income countries.
Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: a large single centre experience.

BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is a recent innovation in the evaluation of gastrointestinal and pulmonary malignancies. AIMS To review the experience with EUS-FNA of a large single centre. METHODS 333 consecutive patients underwent EUS-FNA. Follow up data were available on 327 lesions in 317 patients, including 160 lymph nodes, 144 pancreatic lesions, 15 extraintestinal masses, and eight intramural tumours. RESULTS A primary diagnosis of malignancy was obtained by EUS-FNA in 62% of patients with clinically suspicious lesions. The overall accuracy of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of malignancy was 86%, with sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 96%. With respect to lesion types, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85%, 100%, and 89% for lymph nodes; 82%, 100%, and 85% for pancreatic lesions; 88%, 100%, and 90% for perirectal masses; and 50%, 25%, and 38% for intramural lesions, respectively. Compared with size and sonographic criteria, EUS-FNA in the evaluation of lymph nodes provided superior accuracy and specificity, without compromising sensitivity. Inadequate specimens were obtained from only six patients, including 3/5 with stromal tumors. Only one complication occurred. CONCLUSIONS EUS-FNA is safe and can readily obtain tissue specimens adequate for cytopathological diagnoses. Compared with size and sonographic criteria, it is a superior modality for the detection of nodal metastases. While providing accurate diagnosis of pancreatic and perirectal malignancies, results suggest the technique is less useful for intramural lesions.
Cooperative learning and middle schools: What would it take to really do it right?

(1994). Cooperative learning and middle schools: What would it take to really do it right? Theory Into Practice: Vol. 33, Rethinking Middle Grades, pp. 183-190.
A Novel Chromosomal TEM Derivative and Alterations in Outer Membrane Proteins Together Mediate Selective Ceftazidime Resistance in Escherichia coli

A clinical Escherichia coli isolate (MG32) resistant to ceftazidime but susceptible to other third-generation cephalosporins was previously examined and found to harbor TEM-1 and exhibit alterations in outer membrane proteins. Reexamination of this isolate revealed the additional presence of a novel TEM-1 derivative, now designated TEM-12. Evaluation of ceftazidime and cefotaxime minimum inhibitory concentrations for isogenic derivatives demonstrated a major role for TEM-12 in the decreased susceptibility observed. This was selectively enhanced for ceftazidime resistance by the altered porins of E. coli MG32. TEM-12 appeared identical to TEM-101, an in vitro TEM derivative, in both isoelectric point (pI 5.25) and substrate profile. Hybridization and cloning of the TEM-12 determinant revealed that, unlike other TEM derivatives, TEM-12 is chromosomally encoded, not plasmid-encoded.
SOIL MOISTURE INFLUENCES COLONIZATION OF PRAIRIE CORDGRASS (SPARTINA PEC TIN ATA LIND.) BY VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

Summary We examined mycorrhizal development in prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinate Lind.), a mycorrhizal plant that typically occupies wet habitats, under different soil moisture conditions. The five experimentally induced soil moisture conditions ranged from continuous saturation to allowing soil moisture tensions to reach – 15 bars and then saturating the soil 48 h later. Colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi occurred under all experimental conditions but was significantly greater when plants were grown under conditions of 24 h saturation followed by 48 h of drainage than under any other moisture regime. There was a significant negative correlation between VAM fungal colonization and the weight of the rhizome-tiller units used to propogate experimental plants. Plant growth was not significantly affected by treatment conditions and there were no significant correlations between measured plant growth response and VAM colonization.
PETCAM-A power Efficient TCAM for forwarding tables

We investigate various TCAM architectures recently proposed for TCAM power and memory reduction and show that far better power and memory performance is possible when we use an optimal prefix set for the given routing table than when the original prefix set or the reduced prefix set as proposed in other work is used. For EaseCam [8, 9], our experiments show a power and TCAMmemory reduction of 96%to 98%and 62% to 69% respectively. For the suffix node architecture of [3], we get a power and TCAM memory reduction of 16% to 25% and 45% to 78% respectively.
An analysis of the effects of multiple setting events on the social behavior of preschool children with special needs.

Abstract We examined the effects of four combinations of setting events on the social interactions of 7 preschool children with social delays. In Study 1, the status of the teacher, activity materials, and peer varied across conditions. In Study 2, the status of the teacher and materials varied across conditions. Within the combinations of setting events, we also examined teacher behavior. Teacher presence and absence was varied in both studies. The type and rate of teacher prompting were varied in Study 2. The four combinations of setting events produced different rates of social behavior by the children with social delays. The optimal combination of setting events for promoting peer interaction and reducing teacher-child interaction included teacher absence from the activity, a limited number and form of materials, and children paired with a socially skilled partner.
Regulation of L1 expression and retrotransposition by melatonin and its receptor: implications for cancer risk associated with light exposure at night

Expression of long interspersed element-1 (L1) is upregulated in many human malignancies. L1 can introduce genomic instability via insertional mutagenesis and DNA double-strand breaks, both of which may promote cancer. Light exposure at night, a recently recognized carcinogen, is associated with an increased risk of cancer in shift workers. We report that melatonin receptor 1 inhibits mobilization of L1 in cultured cells through downregulation of L1 mRNA and ORF1 protein. The addition of melatonin receptor antagonists abolishes the MT1 effect on retrotransposition in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, melatonin-rich, but not melatonin-poor, human blood collected at different times during the circadian cycle suppresses endogenous L1 mRNA during in situ perfusion of tissue-isolated xenografts of human cancer. Supplementation of human blood with exogenous melatonin or melatonin receptor antagonist during the in situ perfusion establishes a receptor-mediated action of melatonin on L1 expression. Combined tissue culture and in vivo data support that environmental light exposure of the host regulates expression of L1 elements in tumors. Our data imply that light-induced suppression of melatonin production in shift workers may increase L1-induced genomic instability in their genomes and suggest a possible connection between L1 activity and increased incidence of cancer associated with circadian disruption.
Magnetotunneling Junction Logic and Memory: Low-energy logic paradigms for the next decade and beyond.

The rapid increase in demand for computational and signal processing prowess calls for radical and revolutionary advances in reliable, energy-efficient, and dense computing architectures. The traditional complementary metal?oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect-transistor-based processors are hardly up to the task because of the excessive energy dissipation that they are burdened with and the fact that CMOS is volatile and thereby inherently incapable of storing data indefinitely.
Recapturing the Lost Father

Abstract Father-transference gives voice to libidinal wishes, superego fears, and unmet developmental needs associated by the patient to his or her father. The actual gender of the therapist has no bearing on this displacement In the following case study both therapist and patient are female. Father-transference is categorized by its developmental function: Father, the object of Oedipal longing, a feeling state of transference-readiness; Father, the Oedipal rescuer, enabler of separation; Father, the focus of phallic identification. Under the sway of transference, memories of dead father emerged from repression, conflict was resolved and grief faded.
Developing a virtual machining model to generate MTConnect machine-monitoring data from STEP-NC

The ability to predict performance of manufacturing equipment during early stages of process planning is vital for improving efficiency of manufacturing processes. In the metal cutting industry, measurement of machining performance is usually carried out by collecting machine-monitoring data that record the machine tool’s actions (e.g. coordinates of axis location and power consumption). Understanding the impacts of process planning decisions is central to the enhancement of the machining performance. However, current methodologies lack the necessary models and tools to predict impacts of process planning decisions on the machining performance. This paper presents the development of a virtual machining model (called STEP2M model) that generates machine-monitoring data from process planning data. The STEP2M model builds upon a physical model-based analysis for the sources of energy on a machine tool, and adopts STEP-NC and MTConnect standardised interfaces to represent process planning and machine-monitori...
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire in Latino families

Abstract Background Parent feeding practices affect risk of obesity in children. Latino children are at higher risk of obesity than the general population, yet valid measure of feeding practices, one of which is the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire (IFSQ), have not been formally validated in Spanish. Objective To validate the IFSQ among Latino families, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis of pressuring, restrictive, and responsive feeding constructs from the IFSQ. Design/Methods The IFSQ was administered at the 12-month visit in the Greenlight study, a multi-center cluster randomized trial to prevent obesity. Parents were included if they were of Latino origin (n = 303) and completed an English or Spanish language modified IFSQ (without the indulgence construct). Scores from nine sub-constructs of the IFSQ were compared between English and Spanish language versions. We tested reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficients and performed confirmatory factor analysis to examine factor loadings and goodness of fit characteristics, modifying constructs to achieve best fit. Results Of 303 parents completing the IFSQ, 84% were born outside the US, and 74% completed the IFSQ in Spanish. Reliability coefficients ranged from 0.28 to 0.61 for the laissez-faire sub-constructs and from 0.58 to 0.83 for the pressuring, restrictive, and responsive sub-constructs. Results for all coefficients were similar between participants responding to an English and Spanish version of the IFSQ. Goodness of fit indices ranged from CFI 0.82–1 and RMSEA 0.00–0.31, and the model performed best in pressuring-soothing (CFI 1.0, RMSEA 0.00) and restrictive-amount (CFI 0.98, RMSEA 0.1) sub-constructs. Conclusions In a sample of Latino families, pressuring, restrictive, and responsive constructs performed well. The modified IFSQ in both English and Spanish-speaking Latino families may be used to assess parenting behaviors related to early obesity risk in this at-risk population.
The Generalized Bootstrap: A New Fitting Strategy and Simulation Study Showing Advantage over Bootstrap Percentile Methods

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTChernick (1999, pp. 54-55) notes that Efron and Tibshirani (1993) describe 4 methods for constructing approximate confidence intervals for a parameter θ. One of these methods, in fact perhaps the most popular method and the method covered in such excellent introductory works as that of Moore and McCabe (2003), is the bootstrap percentile method. The generalized bootstrap (GB) was introduced formally in Dudewicz (1992). It has as its essence fitting a suitable distribution to the available data, and then taking samples from the fitted distribution. The fitted OLD implementation of the GB chooses to fit a distribution F with an from the Generalized Lambda Distribution family. Karian and Dudewicz (2000) introduce three methods of fitting as the GB. We combine these methods, which we describe with corresponding algorithms, into a fitting strategy. This strategy is then used in a simulation study. Through the simulation study, we show that the GB has an advantage over the bootstrap for the goa...
Self-assembly of multiferroic core-shell particulate nanocomposites through DNA-DNA hybridization and magnetic field directed assembly of superstructures

Multiferroic composites of ferromagnetic and ferroelectric phases are of importance for studies on mechanical strain mediated coupling between the magnetic and electric subsystems. This work is on DNA-assisted self-assembly of superstructures of such composites with nanometer periodicity. The synthesis involved oligomeric DNA-functionalized ferroelectric and ferromagnetic nanoparticles, 600 nm BaTiO3 (BTO) and 200 nm NiFe2O4 (NFO), respectively. Mixing BTO and NFO particles, possessing complementary DNA sequences, resulted in the formation of ordered core-shell heteronanocomposites held together by DNA hybridization. The composites were imaged by scanning electron microscopy and scanning microwave microscopy. The presence of heteroassemblies along with core-shell architecture is clearly observed. The reversible nature of the DNA hybridization allows for restructuring the composites into mm-long linear chains and 2D-arrays in the presence of a static magnetic field and ring-like structures in a rotating-ma...
Development of a High-Fidelity Thermal/Ablation Response Model for SLA-561V

This paper describes the properties and parameters derived and/or developed to model the thermal/ablation response of SLA-561V. The model is based on arcjet data taken in the NASA Ames IHF and AHF arcjet facilities during 2004–2005. As such, this model does not account for potential ablation mechanisms associated with aerodynamic shear, as all of the aforementioned tests were conducted on 4-inch diameter flat-faced cylindrical samples. The model contains two interdependent elements: (1) a thermal response model to predict in-depth temperature response and (2), a surface ablation model to predict surface temperature and surface recession. As will be discussed, these two elements were developed separately and then integrated to comprise the high-fidelity response model (HFRM) for SLA561V. The properties and parameters included in the in-depth model will be described first, followed by a description of the surface ablation model, and, finally, the assumptions required to integrate the two.
Laboratory redux

This article updates our earlier experiences with a Programming Laboratory. It appears between an introductory programming course and a two-semester sophomore sequence in data structures and algorithms. Although it was once organized around the notion of algorithm paradigms (with Ada as the implementation language), it has de-volved into a course that stresses fundamentals of programming (with Java as our programming language). Classes and objects, and the design and implementation of unit tests, are now considered to be part of the basic repertoire, and they receive significant attention in the new format.
Application of design of experiments for formulation development and mechanistic evaluation of iontophoretic tacrine hydrochloride delivery

Objective: The objective of this investigation is to develop mathematical equation to understand the impact of variables and establish statistical control over transdermal iontophoretic delivery of...
Effects of postmortem injection time, injection level, and concentration of calcium chloride on beef quality traits.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protocol for maximizing meat quality with CaCl2 injection. Experiment 1 compared the effects of 30 min or 24 h postmortem injection of 175 mM CaCl2 or water at 10% (wt/wt) to controls on various measures of meat quality. An injection of CaCl2 reduced (P .05) by a CaCl2 injection at 24 h postmortem, but was slightly darker (P .05) by injection of the CaCl2 at 24 h. Injecting 200 mM CaCl2 at 5% (wt/wt) into 24 h postmortem meat can produce consistently tender meat without compromising other palatability or lean quality traits.
Ferroelasticity and domain physics in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides can exist in several structural polymorphs, including 2H, 1T and 1T′. The low-symmetry 1T′ phase has three orientation variants, resulting from the three equivalent directions of Peierls distortion in the parental 1T phase. Using first-principles calculations, we predict that mechanical strain can switch the relative thermodynamic stability between the orientation variants of the 1T′ phase. We find that such strain-induced variant switching only requires a few percent elastic strain, which is eminently achievable experimentally with transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Calculations indicate that the transformation barrier associated with such variant switching is small (<0.2 eV per chemical formula unit), suggesting that strain-induced variant switching can happen under laboratory conditions. Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides with 1T′ structure therefore have the potential to be ferroelastic and shape memory materials with interesting domain physics. The atoms in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides can arrange into a number of different structures, or polymorphs. Here, the authors use first-principles calculations to show that one such polymorph, 1T', can exhibit a large mechanical response to external applied strain.
A Dyadic Analysis of Partner Violence and Adult Attachment

Studies of individual attachment features have linked insecure attachment to intimate partner violence (IPV), but these studies have neither taken into account couple-level factors nor evidence of high rates of dual-partner perpetration. The current study examined three forms of IPV as a function of both partners’ adult attachment characteristics in order to better understand the maintenance of relationship violence by using a dyadic statistical design. Heterosexual couples (n = 163) were recruited from the community. Results suggest that one’s own attachment avoidance and a partner’s attachment avoidance and anxiety was associated with perpetration of physical assault. Similarly, one’s own attachment avoidance and a partner’s attachment avoidance and anxiety was associated with perpetration of psychological aggression. Attachment anxiety influenced one’s own perpetration of sexual coercion and their partner’s perpetration. Thus, functional analysis of violence in terms of attachment and risk regulation may afford targeted interventions to certain types of couples.
A quantum Monte Carlo study of mono(benzene) TM and bis(benzene) TM systems

Abstract We present a study of mono(benzene) TM and bis(benzene) TM systems, where TM = {Mo, W}. We calculate the binding energies by quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) approaches and compare the results with other methods and available experiments. The orbitals for the determinantal part of each trial wave function were generated from several types of DFT functionals in order to optimize for fixed-node errors. We estimate and compare the size of the fixed-node errors for both the Mo and W systems with regard to the electron density and degree of localization in these systems. For the W systems we provide benchmarking results of the binding energies, given that experimental data is not available.