cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopy of solutions of uranium(IV) chlorides at low temperatures between 330 and 2500 nm

Abstract The solubilities, stabilities and absorption spectra of solutions of UCl4, UCl4, + HCl and compounds containing HCl2−6 were investigated in a large number of non-aqueous solvents at temperatures ranging from 25°C to the freezing points of the solutions. Narrow spectral features, having band widths of 4–50cm−1 and attributed to vibronic transitions of the UCl62− ion, were formed from UCl4 with excess Cl− in solvents having low donor strength and containing CO, SO, CN or NO2 groups. Bands corresponding to both increasing and decreasing vibrational excitation were observed, and vibrational spacings characteristic of UCl bonds were measured. Mixtures of UCl4 and HCl in ketone and other solvents exhibit the narrow UCl2−6- spectral features at low temperatures, but at high temperatures, the most prominent features were broad. These broad features were attributed to the species UCl4·2HCl in which normally forbidden purely electronic transitions become allowed because hydrogen bonding distorts the octahedral field around U4+. In certain solvents, e.g. alcohols, very broad features were observed and ascribed to solvated UCl4. Oxidation of U(IV)to U(V)was seen, and a spectrum of UCl6− dissolved in SOCl2 was measured.
Physical activity habits of African-American college students.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the physical activity habits of African-American college students enrolled at a historically African-American institution. A total of 253 freshmen (90 males, 163 females) completed self-report measures of physical activity levels and were also assessed on height and weight. Chi-square analyses demonstrated that males (65 %) were more active than females (42%). No significant differences existed between the prevalence of overfatness or obesity and activity levels for either males or females. Descriptive statistics showed a trend for groups categorized as more active to participate more frequently in selected physical activities. The authors concluded that freshmen African-American college students, especially females, display low levels of physical activity.
Property of Cerebrospinal Fluid Associated with Disturbed Metabolism of Central Nervous System

Cerebrospinal fluid was assayed for the capacity to contract smooth muscle and for the capacity to develop such activity when incubated with globulin. Activity was observed in fluid collected from patients with inflammatory or degenerative disease of the central nervous system, sustained intracranial vasodilatation, sustained noxious stimulation, or chronic schizophrenia. Control specimens lacked measurable activity.
Origin and evolution of the lunar surface: the major questions remaining

The major factors in the evolution of the lunar surface have not been determined yet. Huge lava flows and lunar differentiation, though commonly assumed, is in discord with much of the evidence. The alternative is for most of the surface to represent the last stages of accretion of the Moon only, with the chemical differentiation having taken place previously in the source material. Radar, seismic, surface exposure, and mascon evidence can then be accounted for. A large-scale surface transport mechanism of soil must then have been present.
Rhythmic Secretion of Prolactin in Rats: Action of Oxytocin Coordinated by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Origin

Prolactin (PRL) is secreted from lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland of rats in a unique pattern in response to uterine cervical stimulation (CS) during mating. Surges of PRL secretion occur in response to relief from hypothalamic dopaminergic inhibition and stimulation by hypothalamic releasing neurohormones. In this study, we characterized the role of oxytocin (OT) in this system and the involvement of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in controlling OT and PRL secretion of CS rats. The effect of OT on PRL secretion was demonstrated in cultured lactotrophs showing simultaneous enhanced secretion rate and increased intracellular Ca2+. Neurosecretory OT cells of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that express VIP receptors were identified by using immunocytochemical techniques in combination with the retrogradely transported neuronal tracer Fluoro-Gold (iv injected). OT measurements of serial blood samples obtained from ovariectomized (OVX) CS rat...
Restricting fluid intake during a single meal did not affect food intake in older adults.

Restricting fluid intake has been shown to decrease ad libitum food intake in animals and young adult humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if restricting fluid intake during a meal affects food intake in older adults. In a crossover counterbalanced design, 24 subjects (11m, 13f), 61-95 years, received lunch at a congregate meal site. Identical meals were accompanied by a volume of water equal to either 40% (restricted) or 100% (control) of each subject's usual lunch fluid intake. Pre-meal urine osmolality and specific gravity were used as indicators of hydration status. Weighed food intake was not different between the restricted and control conditions (400 g/2875 kJ and 408 g/2971 kJ, respectively). No significant correlations were found between urine osmolality or specific gravity and food intake, either in response to fluid restriction or per kg body weight. These results suggest that the appetite of healthy free-living older adults is not affected by fluid restriction during a single eating episode.
Recent Advances in Minerals and Vitamins on Nutrition of Lactating Cows

Highly productive lactating cows have much greater needs for minerals and vitamins than low-producing animals. The antioxidant vitamins, vitamin E and β-carotene are beneficial in reducing mastitis. Vitamins (D, E, C and β-carotene) and minerals (Cu, Zn, and Se) are needed for an optimum immune response. Vitamin E is effective in counteracting gossypol toxicity. New research suggests the need for supplemental biotin for dairy cattle. Milk fever is best prevented with anionic diets. There is environmental concern from use of excess P. Grazing lactating cows should have access to high quality free-choice mineral mixtures.
Corporate governance and hostile takeovers

Abstract In the preceding paper Shivdasani (1993) estimates equations predicting the probability of a hostile takeover as a function of governance characteristics. He finds that additional outside directorships by board members decrease the probability of a takeover. Ownership by management and by affiliated blockholders also decreases the probability of a takeover, while ownership by unaffiliated blockholders increases this probability. These results suggest that corporate governance affects takeover probabilities through two channels: (1) suboptimal contracting within a firm can lead to poor corporate performance and hence affect the desirability of a takeover, and (2) governance structures can alter the cost of a takeover and hence affect the takeover process.
Breakthrough or Tyranny: Monotheism's Contested Implications

Modern scholars often have pointed out that the emergence of monotheism has occasioned repressive behavior in history, including the suppression of women. The author seeks to distinguish between what monotheistic faith should inherently do, create egalitarianism, as opposed to how monotheistic faith has been used by political powers to create oppression. To this end, the author refers to metaphors previously introduced into the discussion by other scholars, which speak of “monotheism from above” as opposed to “monotheism from below.” The author also believes that monotheism, especially the Judeo-Christian tradition, is on an evolutionary trajectory, ever unfolding the egalitarian implications of its own message, and ultimately it may evolve and transform society so as to preclude its use as a tool of oppression. Thus, the author seeks to respond to some of the issues raised by critical scholars concerning the inherent repression of monotheistic faiths.
Partisan Dealignment, Party Attachments and Leader Effects

Abstract This paper takes issue with the widespread assumption of constancy in the meaning and measurement of party identification over time and space. It holds that the partisan dealignment common to established democracies has eroded the validity of the Michigan scale’s assumption that voters can identify with only one party, arguing instead that dealignment can encourage secondary attachments to other parties. To persist with an exclusivist conceptualization of party identification under these conditions is shown to risk the misspecification of voting models since the effects of these secondary attachments can be misleadingly attributed to short‐term influences, like leaders, associated with those parties. The dynamics of the voting decision can thereby be seriously distorted. The force of this argument is demonstrated through a comparison of general election outcomes in relatively aligned Australia and relatively dealigned Great Britain.
U.S. Nuclear Warheads, 1945-2009

Of 100 types of U.S. warheads developed since 1945, only 15 remain active. New warhead production ceased in 1992, but modified warheads continue to be introduced.
R-152a Refrigeration System for Mobile Air Conditioning

In recent years, climate protection has become as important as ozone layer protection was in the late 1980's and early 1990s. Concerns about global warming and climate change have culminated in the Kyoto Protocol, a treaty requiring its signatories to limit their total emission of greenhouse gases to pre-1990 levels by 2008. The inclusion of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as one of the controlled substances in the Kyoto Protocol has increased global scrutiny of the global warming impact of HFC-134a (called R-134a when used as a refrigerant), the current mobile air conditioning refrigerant. Industry's first response was to begin improving current R-134a systems to reduce leakage, reduce charge, and increase system energy efficiency, which in turn reduces tailpipe CO 2 emissions. An additional option would be to replace the current R-134a with a refrigerant of lower global warming impact. This paper documents the use of another HFC, R-152a, in a mobile A/C system. It compares its cooling and energy performance with that of a comparable R-134a system. This paper also highlights the environmental benefit of R-152a and pinpoints safety issues that need to be addressed in the future.
The C-Terminal 88 Amino Acids of the Sendai Virus P Protein Have Multiple Functions Separable by Mutation

The Sendai virus P-L polymerase complex binds the NP-encapsidated nucleocapsid (NC) template through a P-NP interaction. To identify P amino acids responsible for binding we performed site-directed mutagenesis on the C-terminal 88 amino acids in the NC binding domain. The mutant P proteins expressed from plasmids were assayed for viral RNA synthesis and for various protein-protein interactions. All the mutants formed P oligomers and bound to L protein. While two mutants, JT3 and JT8, retained all P functions at or near the levels of wild-type (wt) P, three others—JT4, JT6, and JT9—were completely defective for both transcription and genome replication in vitro. Each of the inactive mutants retained significant NC binding but had a different spectrum of other binding interactions and activities, suggesting that the NC binding domain also affects the catalytic function of the polymerase. NC binding was inhibited by combinations of the inactive mutations. The remaining P mutants were active in transcription but defective in various aspects of genome replication. Some P mutants were defective in NP 0 binding and abolished the reconstitution of replication from separate P-L and NP 0 -P complexes. In some of these cases the coexpression of the wt polymerase with the mutant NP 0 -P complex could rescue the defect in replication, suggesting an interaction between these complexes. For some P mutants replication occurred in vivo, but not in vitro, suggesting that the intact cell is providing an unknown function that cannot be reproduced in extracts of cells. Thus, the C-terminal region of P is complex and possesses multiple functions besides NC binding that can be separated by mutation.
Subsurface microwave imaging for nondestructive evaluation of civil structures

A computationally efficient frequency-domain reconstruction algorithm for subsurface microwave imaging is presented. The processing algorithm is based on the generalized wave propagation model, which can be adapted to various data acquisition configurations, source signals, and propagation media. The algorithm is capable of high-resolution imaging of subsurface features in a dispersive medium, and is therefore ideally suited for evaluating the condition of civil structures. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the resolving capabilities of the technique. A simulation was performed in which a single scatterer was positioned at various depths within a concrete specimen, and the reconstructed images were evaluated for range and azimuthal resolution. >
Confidentiality of Social Science Research Sources and Data: The Popkin Case

On November 21, 1972 Samuel Lewis Popkin, an assistant professor of government at Harvard University, was imprisoned in the federal section of the Norfolk County jail in Dedham, Massachusetts, under a contempt order of the United States District Court, District of Massachusetts. He was imprisoned for contempt of court for refusal to answer several questions before a federal grand jury investigating the publication of the Pentagon Papers. In the course of the grand jury proceedings Popkin asserted a right under the First Amendment to refuse to answer questions concerning the identity of confidential sources and the content of his opinions and data developed in the course of research on and in Vietnam. He refused to answer the questions on the grounds that they violated his rights to freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly under the First Amendment in the absence of a showing by the government that the information sought was relevant and necessary to the government's investigation.On November 28, 1972, the grand jury was discharged at the government's request and Popkin was released from jail.In early January, 1973, Popkin filed a petition for a writ of certiorari asking the Supreme Court to review the case. The petition was denied by the Court in April, 1973.The Popkin case is the first on record in American law in which the question of a scholar's right to the confidentiality of his sources and data has been raised and decided, at least in part, on the merits.
Toxicologists and the assessment of risk: the problem with mercury (commentary).

Mercury is a problem. It is a problem because it has the potential to be toxic in many different forms. Elemental mercury, when heated, can generate vapors that can affect the central nervous syste...
Electroexcitation of isoscalar states in sup16O.

We report high resolution measurements of inelastic electron scattering to all narrow normal-parity states of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ up to 12.05 MeV, which include states with ${J}_{n}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$(${E}_{x}$ MeV): ${0}_{2}^{+}$(6.049), ${0}_{3}^{+}$(12.049), ${1}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(7.117), ${2}_{1}^{+}$(6.917), ${2}_{2}^{+}$(9.845), ${2}_{3}^{+}$(11.52), ${3}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(6.130), ${4}_{1}^{+}$(10.356), and ${4}_{2}^{+}$(11.097). The measurements were performed primarily at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and span momentum transfers between 0.6 and 2.6 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Improved line shape fitting techniques have been developed. These are the first electron scattering measurements for the ${4}_{2}^{+}$ state and of second form-factor maxima for several states. The form factor for excitation of the ${2}_{2}^{+}$ state is strikingly different from that of the other ${2}^{+}$ states and indicates a transition density peaked in the interior. Transition charge densities were extracted from a combined data set that includes earlier electron scattering data renormalized to a recent analysis of elastic scattering from $^{16}\mathrm{O}$. Comparisons have been made with several structure models, including the Brown-Green model, the weak-coupling model, a 2\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} shell model, and the tetrahedral alpha-cluster model.
Ultimobranchial Tumor of the Thyroid and Pheochromocytoma in the Bull

An ultimobranchial tumor of the thyroid and a phcochromocytoma occurred in a bull. The thyroid tumor contained amyloid. The occurrence of ultimobranchial tumor of the thyroid and phcochromocytoma was established in a large series of bovine necropsies and the co-existance of these tumors in the bull was highly significant; neither occurred in the cow.
Commentary: Should I blame mom or dad? Identifying the relative contribution of each parent's body size to that of their offspring

obesity. 2,3 The primary findings are that the size (height and weight) of each parent contributes equally to their child’s weight gain during infancy, but that the child’s birth weight is more influenced by the mother’s weight than the father’s. Where mechanism is concerned, these findings are most consistent with the mother’s weight and related metabolic status having influence over the intrauterine environment and fetal growth in a way that the father’s weight cannot. However, it is sobering to note that the proportion of the variance in birth weight or infant weight gain explained by parent size is quite small and that birth weight and infant weight gain, in turn, explain only a small proportion of the variability in later weight. Even as the study’s findings encourage continued investigation into the mechanisms by which the intrauterine environment contributes to obesity risk in the offspring, some care is needed in applying the study’s methodological innovation. At the clinical level, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to produce health and disease in children inevitably leads one to ask which parent is making the greater contribution to a child’s outcomes. In any well-intentioned effort to parse the relative contribution of each parent, we must remain aware that the methods to do so could be used by some to assign credit or blame to one parent. For example, such methods could be used to test the differential contribution of each parent to a child’s IQ, another number, like the body mass index, which is packed with emotional meaning and which is the result of the complex interplay between genes and environment.
An assessment of the contribution of electromyographic biofeedback as an adjunct therapy in the physical training of spinal cord injured persons

Abstract This study tested the efficacy of biofeedback when administered in conjunction with physical rehabilitation therapy to chronic C5–7 quadriplegics. Triceps brachii, biceps brachii, wrist extensors, and wrist flexors were tested. The studied muscles were compromised by the injury to varying degrees, but were often still useful to these subjects. An exercise regimen was given to all subjects. In addition, subjects were separated into two groups: those who received biofeedback training and those who did not. Two measures of performance were tested: manual muscle scores and functional activities scores. Both groups scored significantly higher on both measures after 12 weeks of rehabilitation therapy. We found no evidence that biofeedback generally increased the amount of improvement seen. These results do not support the routine use of biofeedback in the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury, but rather further stress the importance of exercise therapy for such injuries.
Findings and Recommendations of the National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics

ABSTRACT—The National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics was established in 2004 with the mission of developing recommendations for expanding and improving early childhood education for Hispanic children in ways that would enhance their school readiness and raise their academic achievement in the early years of school. On the basis of an extensive review of the evidence, the Task Force made recommendations that fell into 3 major categories: (a) increasing Hispanic children’s access to high–quality early childhood programs, (b) increasing the number of early childhood teachers who speak Spanish and English and the number of second language acquisition specialists, and (c) increasing efforts to design, test, and evaluate language and literacy development strategies across the early childhood years.
Identifying image spam authorship with variable bin-width histogram-based projective clustering

In this paper we present a two-phase spam image clustering framework. The proposed framework performs a histogram-based projective clustering on visual features in the first phase, followed by a text-based clustering in the second phase. There are several contributions in this study. First, we address the complex nature of spam image obfuscation techniques. Second, a multi-clue framework is developed to profile spam images of common spamming sources which provide evidence for tracking spam gangs. Third, projective clustering eliminates the need to choose among distance metrics for clustering analysis, while systematically exploring subspaces that correspond to clusters.
Effects of epinephrine on resting and tonic tensions of rat extraocular muscles.

“In vitro” epinephrine (10−6 to 10−4M) stimulates the rat inferior rectus, one of the extraocular muscles (EOMs). When applied to resting muscles, it induces a slow rising tension in about one half of the preparations. The amplitude of this tension is equivalent to about 9% of the maximal tetanic response. This effect is blocked by propranolol (10−7 to 10−6 M). When epinephrine is applied prior to a depolarization of the muscle fibers with 30 mM K, the drug consistently induces a significant potentiation of the long lasting tonic tension normally evoked by that elevated K concentration. One possible explanation for these results is that epinephrine induces a slow rising tension by increasing a resting Ca conductance of the sarcolemma of the tonic or Felderstruktur fibers of EOM.
Comparative Effectiveness of Different Insecticides for Organic Management of Blueberry Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Laboratory and field assays using insecticides for organic pest management were conducted on the blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran. Topical exposure of flies to spinosad (Entrust), pyrethrum (PyGanic 1.4 EC), azadirachtin (Aza-Direct), and phosmet (Imidan 70-W) resulted in significantly higher mortality compared with the water control after 2 and 24 h. After 24 h, there were no significant differences in fly mortality among treatments of Entrust, PyGanic, or Imidan, whereas fly mortality to Aza-Direct was significantly lower. Another laboratory assay evaluated mortality of flies after residual exposure to these insecticides on leaves, after 24 and 48 h. In this assay, there were no significant differences in fly mortality after 48 h among treatments of PyGanic, Aza-Direct, and the water control, whereas significantly higher fly mortality resulted from exposure to Entrust and Imidan. A repellency assay found no measurable effects of Aza-Direct. Large-scale field trials found no treatment effect for number of adults of the blueberry maggot captured in sticky traps; however, there were significantly lower levels of fruit-infesting larvae in treated plots compared with the untreated control. Spinosad bait (GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait), Entrust, and PyGanic were not different from imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F). However, there was a significantly higher infestation in the plot treated with azadirachtin (Agroneem) compared with Provado. Overall, the insecticides evaluated in these trials showed good ability to control blueberry maggot, suggesting that they can be incorporated in a blueberry maggot management program under organic standards.
The Abolition of Dysfunctional Contracts in Bankruptcy Reorganizations

A company’s ability to retain favorable contracts while escaping unprofitable ones is central to a successful reorganization in a Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding, yet a strange and elusive doctrine often leads the courts to impose unpredictable and perverse results in contract cases. The doctrine requires that a contract have a quality of “executoriness” or else leave the precincts of the Bankruptcy Code for an anarchic limbo where the courts fashion surprising and often unexplained relief. The American Bankruptcy Institute Review Commission ignored the unanimous recommendation of its committee of contract experts, preferring to retain this outdated doctrine with an explanation as unclear as many of the cases attempting to apply it. This article examines the requirement of executoriness in each of the major categories of contracts where it imposes confusion and loss in reorganization practice and demonstrates the correct solutions to each, tying them to the fundamental economic and social policies underlying bankruptcy law.
Low temperature Al-Cu planarization by PVD Al-Cu-Ge alloys

Abstract This paper describes a low temperature reflow of AlCU alloys by incorporating Germanium in the film. Germanium is added in AlCu alloys by reacting GeH 4 with the films. The Al-alloy reflow occurs due to formation of low melting point eutectic with Germanium. This technique results in a low cost process for filling high aspect ratio vias/lines with Al-based alloys with improved damascene capability. This is achieved at temperatures below 400°C by reacting Germane (GeH 4 ) with AlCu alloys deposited by conventional techniques which result in voids, gaps and poor filling. Using such a process it is demonstrated that high aspect ratio vias with large undercuts can also be filled without voids. Also it is possible to partially fill the vias with low pressure sputtering followed by Germane reactions. This reaction eliminates overhangs and fills vias with AlCuGe. The low temperature provides the capability to form a multilevel homogeneous Al-alloy via/line structure without degrading the resistance of underlying interconnects. The reliability data shows that AlCuGe via/interconnect structure deposited by this method is at least “1.5X” better electromigration life time ( t 50 ) to that of hot sputtered AlCu (deposited at 535°C) and almost “2X ” to that of conventionally used CVD W stud/AlCu interconnect structure. The improvement in the reliability may be attributed to filling without voids high aspect ratio sub-half micron vias with low resistivity metal such as AlCuGe at temperatures well below 400°C. Since this technique does not rely on the wetting layer or the diffusion barrier a lower sheet resistance of AlCuGe line is achieved compared to high temperature reflow processes. Also the reaction between Al and GeH 4 takes place uniformly resulting in reproducible contact resistance. Most importantly it is possible to achieve “high open-short yields” of comb-serpentine structures, and via chains of difficult to polish materials like AlCu using a “damascene” process.
The Effect of Mold Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity of Elastomers

Abstract Elastomers are commonly used as electrical insulators in marine acoustic devices. A previous paper discussed the very large decrease in electrical resistivity of a Neoprene GRT formulation when subjected to moderately high molding pressures. In the present paper, data will be presented showing similar dependencies on mold pressure for natural, polybutadiene, 39%-acrylonitrile NBR, and chlorobutyl elastomers and the absence of the effect for an EPDM, and a 27%-acrylonitrile NBR elastomer. These data are not easily explained. The previous paper also discussed that increasing the carbon-black loading caused the electrical resistivity to decrease at even lower molding pressures. Similar trends are presented here for the other elastomers whose electrical resistivities are dependent on molding pressure. Data will also be presented that show that the addition of poly-para-dinitrosobenzene (Poly DNB®) to a CR formulation will eliminate the mold pressure vs. electrical resistivity effect.
On inhibition of vit. K activity by sulfaquinoxaline in chicks.

ConclusionIncreasing doses of vit. K-active compounds are necessary to overcome the inhibition of prothrombin formation in chicks fed increasing levels of sulfaquinoxaline. The drug will hasten depletion of prothrombin in chicks kept on a K-deficient ration. When a single dose of about 50 mg of sulfaquinoxaline was administered orally with varying levels of menadione, one mole of menadione appeared to overcome the inhibitory effect of more than 800 moles of sulfaquinoxaline.
Is There a Role for Community Health Workers in Tobacco Cessation Programs? Perceptions of Administrators and Health Care Professionals

Introduction Studies have shown that with appropriate training, Community Health Workers (CHWs) can be actively involved in health promotion and disease prevention (including tobacco cessation). This study examined the perceptions of administrators and health care professionals regarding the actual and potential role(s) of CHWs in a tobacco cessation program (TCP) within a universal health care system. Methods This study was part of a larger exploratory, cross-sectional comprehensive assessment of the implementation of the TCP through the primary care public health system in 7 towns in the state of Parana, Brazil. Questionnaires were administered to 84 administrators at different levels (regional, municipal, and health units) and 80 health care professionals who were directly involved in the TCP. For this study, we assessed the perceptions of administrators and health care professionals on the actual and potential role(s) of CHWs in the TCP. Results The overall response rate was 56.2%. Although 48.4% of respondents indicated that CHWs already participated in the TCP, there was a wide range in the participants' responses regarding their involvement (33.3% among regional administrators and 65% among health care professionals). Identification/referral of patients and promotion of the TCP in the community were the most frequent CHWs' activities reported. Overall, respondents were very receptive about trained CHWs having multiple roles in the TCP, except for delivery of a brief intervention. Conclusion With appropriate training, health care administrators and health care professionals are very receptive regarding the involvement of CHWs in a TCP delivered through a public health system.
Al2C Monolayer Sheet and Nanoribbons with Unique Direction-Dependent Acoustic-Phonon-Limited Carrier Mobility and Carrier Polarity

The intrinsic acoustic-phonon-limited carrier mobility (μ) of Al2C monolayer sheet and nanoribbons are investigated using ab initio computation and deformation potential theory. It is found that the polarity of the room-temperature carrier mobility of the Al2C monolayer is direction-dependent, with μ of electron (e) and hole (h) being 2348 and 40.77 cm(2)/V/s, respectively, in the armchair direction and 59.95 (e) and 705.8 (h) in the zigzag direction. More interestingly, one-dimensional Al2C nanoribbons not only can retain the direction-dependent polarity but also may entail even higher mobility, in contrast to either the graphene nanoribbons which tend to exhibit lower μ compared to the two-dimensional graphene or the MoS2 nanoribbons which have reversed polarity compared to the MoS2 sheet. As an example, the Al-terminated zigzag nanoribbon with a width of 4.1 nm exhibits μ of 212.6 (e) and 2087 (h) cm(2)/V/s, while the C-terminated armchair nanoribbon with a width 2.6 nm exhibits μ of 1090 (e) and 673.9 (h) cm(2)/V/s; the C-terminated zigzag nanoribbon with a width 3.7 nm exhibits μ of 177.6 (e) and 1889 (h) cm(2)/V/s, and the Al-terminated armchair nanoribbon with a width 2.4 nm exhibits μ of 6695 (e) and 518.4 (h) cm(2)/V/s. The high carrier mobility, μ, coupled with polarity and direction dependence endows the Al2C sheet and nanoribbons with unique transport properties that can be exploited for special applications in nanoelectronics.
A Revision of Acanthinus (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). IX. the Leporinus, Scitulus, Cuyabanus, and Myrmecops-Groups

Four species-groups and 12 species are treated: Leporinus-group— leporinus (LaFerte), argentinus (Pic), longicornis (Pic), confusus (Pic), strangulatus (Pic), decoratus (Krekich), and ambiguus from Mato Grosso, Brazil; Scitulus-group— scitulus (LeConte); Cuyabanus-group— cuyabanus (Pic), and unituberculatus (Pic); and Myrmecops-group— myrmecops (Casey) (= Dilandius unicus Casey, New Synonymy), and ornatus (Herberdey).
Adolescents’ Fears of Violence in Transit Environments during Daily Activities

Of the studies that have been dedicated to understanding how often violence and fear of violence occur in transportation environments, characteristics of the offenders and the victims, and the nature and circumstances of the events, few studies have specifically focused on experiences of youth. Further, these studies have explored fear of violence by asking youth subjects global questions about their past experiences, rather than questions directly focused on the locations and times when youth were using a given mode of transportation. Such global approaches can produce data that do not accurately represent the topic of interest and are subject to considerable recall bias. Our motivation was to improve our understanding of fear of violence among youth. Doing so may help identify opportunities for preventing the circumstances that lead youth to feel unsafe and circumstances that put youth at risk of being the victims of violence.
Incorporating feature reliability in false discovery rateestimation improves statistical power to detect differentially expressed features

Feature selection is a critical step in translational omics research. False discovery rate (FDR) is anintegral tool of statistical inference in feature selection from high-throughput data. It is commonly used to screen features (SNPs, genes, proteins, or metabolites) for their relevance to the specific clinical outcome under study. Traditionally, all features are treated equally in the calculation of false discovery rate. In many applications, different features are measured with different levels of reliability. In such situations, treating all features equally will cause substantial loss of statistical power to detect significant features. Feature reliability can often be quantified in the measurements. Here we present a new method to estimate the local false discovery rate that incorporates feature reliability. We also propose a composite reliability index for metabolomics data. Combined with the new local false discovery rate method, it helps to detect more differentially expressed metabolites that are biologically meaningful in a real metabolomics dataset. Keywords— false discovery rate, high-throughput data, genomics, metabolomics, feature selection, reliability score.
Molecular tandem repeat strategy for elucidating mechanical properties of high-strength proteins

Many globular and structural proteins have repetitions in their sequences or structures. However, a clear relationship between these repeats and their contribution to the mechanical properties remains elusive. We propose a new approach for the design and production of synthetic polypeptides that comprise one or more tandem copies of a single unit with distinct amorphous and ordered regions. Our designed sequences are based on a structural protein produced in squid suction cups that has a segmented copolymer structure with amorphous and crystalline domains. We produced segmented polypeptides with varying repeat number, while keeping the lengths and compositions of the amorphous and crystalline regions fixed. We showed that mechanical properties of these synthetic proteins could be tuned by modulating their molecular weights. Specifically, the toughness and extensibility of synthetic polypeptides increase as a function of the number of tandem repeats. This result suggests that the repetitions in native squid proteins could have a genetic advantage for increased toughness and flexibility.
A Case of Oncocytic Adrenocortical Neoplasm of Borderline (Uncertain) Malignant Potential

Oncocytic neoplasms are tumors composed predominantly or exclusively of oncocytes (large polygonal cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm due to abnormal mitochondrial accumulation). These tumors are frequently reported in the thyroid, kidneys, and salivary glands. However, they are distinctly rare in the adrenal cortex. Oncocytic adrenocortical neoplasms (OAN) are classified regarding their biological behavior by their histological features according to the Lin-Weiss-Bisceglia system (LWB). Here, we report a case of OAN of borderline or uncertain malignant potential (BMP) with subsequently identified papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A 34-year-old female with a nine-month history of fatigue presented with chest pain. A right adrenal mass was incidentally found while ruling out pulmonary embolism. A CT-guided adrenal biopsy, although not routinely indicated, was performed and interpreted as malignant with no definitive origin. Hormonal workup was unremarkable. PET-scan showed hypermetabolic adrenal mass with peak standardized uptake value of 15, suspicious of malignancy. A hypermetabolic thyroid nodule was also identified, but there was no evidence of metastatic disease. The patient underwent adrenalectomy, and the initial pathology report was interpreted as atypical pink cell tumor. A second pathology report from another laboratory favored OAN based on the morphology and immunohistochemical staining. While the histologic criteria of malignancy were not met, the large tumor size makes it compatible with BMP according to LWB criteria. A follow-up thyroid ultrasound revealed a complex thyroid nodule. A total thyroidectomy was performed, and pathology was consistent with PTC. Of interest, PTC frequently shows an increase in mitochondrial content, which is characteristic of oncocytic tumors. This case illustrates that OAN, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adrenal masses. When OAN is identified, it should be classified regarding its biological behavior as benign or malignant using the LWB system and, eventually, the reticulin algorithm of Duregon, et al. Oncocytoma can be confirmed ultrastructurally or by immunohistochemistry. Studying the gene mutations in patients presenting with oncocytic malignancies and other tumors that demonstrate mitochondrial proliferation as PTC might help to understand the role of mitochondrial proliferation in cancer development.
Self-reported use of novel psychoactive substances among attendees of electronic dance music venues.

ABSTRACTBackground: Novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) continue to emerge in the United States and worldwide. Few epidemiological studies have examined the prevalence and correlates of use. Objective: We examined the extent of NPS use in a high-risk population—attendees of electronic dance music (EDM) parties at nightclubs and festivals. Methods: We surveyed 682 adults (age 18–25) entering EDM events at nightclubs and festivals in New York City (NYC) in 2015. A variation of time–space sampling was used. We examined the prevalence of self-reported use of 196 NPS and correlates of any NPS use. Results: Over a third (35.1%) of participants reported lifetime use of any NPS. Self-reported use of synthetic cannabinoids was most prevalent (16.3%), followed by psychedelic phenethylamines (14.7%; 2C series: 10.3%, 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine [NBOMe] series: 9.0%, Dox series: 3.5%), synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”, 6.9%), other psychedelics (6.6%), tryptamines (5.1%), a...
Default Risk and the Effects of Fiscal Policy on Interest Rates: 1929–1945

Conventional macroeconomic models suggest that expansionary fiscal policy causes higher interest rates, resulting in crowding out of private investment. In this article, we argue that such models ignore the default risk differential between the interest rates on government bonds and corporate bonds. If expansionary fiscal policy causes an expansion in real GNP, default risk falls on corporate bonds. Our model suggests that if the default risk premium falls, (1) corporate interest rates may fall relative to rates on government bonds and (2) private investment is crowded in. We find some supporting empirical evidence of this effect for the period 1929–1945.
A Systematic Construction of LDPC Codes for Relay Channel in Time-Division mode

We address the problem of low density parity-check (LDPC) code design for relay channel in time-division mode based on a distributed strategy: In the first time slot, the source transmits part of the codeword. The relay and the destination receive it but only the relay can decode it. In the second time slot, the relay transmits the additional redundant bits to the destination. The destination is able to decode the transmitted codeword based on the data received in both time slots. The asymptotic performance of the LDPC codes that we designed are as close as 0.6 decibel from the theoretical limit.
"No High Like a Brownie High": A Content Analysis of Edible Marijuana Tweets.

Purpose:To investigate tweets about marijuana edibles for surveillance into the content of edibles-related tweets among individuals socially networking about this topic on Twitter.Design:Cross-sect...
Single-cell mRNA quantification and differential analysis with Census

Single-cell gene expression studies promise to reveal rare cell types and cryptic states, but the high variability of single-cell RNA-seq measurements frustrates efforts to assay transcriptional differences between cells. We introduce the Census algorithm to convert relative RNA-seq expression levels into relative transcript counts without the need for experimental spike-in controls. Analyzing changes in relative transcript counts led to dramatic improvements in accuracy compared to normalized read counts and enabled new statistical tests for identifying developmentally regulated genes. Census counts can be analyzed with widely used regression techniques to reveal changes in cell-fate-dependent gene expression, splicing patterns and allelic imbalances. We reanalyzed single-cell data from several developmental and disease studies, and demonstrate that Census enabled robust analysis at multiple layers of gene regulation. Census is freely available through our updated single-cell analysis toolkit, Monocle 2.
Polyandry: exotic custom vs analytic concept

Polyandry has long fascinated anthropologists because it is both exotic and disturbing; its presence obscures recognition of all other aspects of a society's marital system. Although previous studi...
Self-Sustaining Practices of Successful Social Change Agents: A Retreats Framework for Supporting Transformational Change

We advance a framework of three types of “retreats” – reflective, relational, and inspirational – that social change agents can use to sustain themselves through challenges inherent in their work. Retreats are defined as intentionally crafted spaces that provide opportunities for reflective practices, relational presence, and inspirational resources. The retreats framework is based on the experiences of a set of successful social entrepreneurs who have played a prominent role in establishing new organizations at the intersection of business in society. We bridge ideas of humanistic management, integral practice, and positive organizational scholarship to identify and detail the personal practices that enable social change agents to fortify themselves as they work toward establishing new institutions and successfully implementing impactful work over time. Findings from this study suggest that the ability for social change agents to sustain themselves is facilitated through the cultivation of retreats that enable these individuals to persevere through adversity in organizational settings, build resilience, advance personal well-being, contribute to humanity’s welfare, and achieve success in their transformational endeavors.
Social Factors and Evacuation Vulnerability: An Application in Pinellas County, Florida

ABSTRACTEvacuation decisions by people at risk are dependent on a variety of social factors that can define the success and failure of such practices. Many previous studies have identified the role...
Practical methods of measuring grape quality

Abstract: Grape quality depends to a large extent on various metabolites, timing and completeness of ripening and the ripening synchrony of skins, seeds, stems, and pulp. This chapter outlines grape quality issues of importance in stylistic winemaking.
Fragility of Traditions: The Disturbance Hypothesis for the Loss of Local Traditions in Orangutans

Chimpanzees and orangutans have increasingly well documented local traditions involving learned skillful behaviors, often involving tools, which vary from place to place and are maintained by social transmission. These local traditions are most likely the antecedents of human culture. The complexity of local traditions is thought largely to be a function of the cumulative frequency of opportunities for social learning, and hence of the extent of tolerant gregarious foraging. Data on orangutans and chimpanzees are consistent with this hypothesis. This reliance on continued social transmission makes local traditions vulnerable to interruptions of transmission. I examine the disturbance hypothesis, which suggests that local extinction, hunting pressure, selective logging, and habitat loss in general affect the key parameters of the transmission process—innovation, diffusion, horizontal transmission—and hence will significantly impoverish the repertoire of complex skills for subsistence. Given current trends in orangutan habitats, serious erosion of local traditions is taking place. I also speculate that disturbance in the past has led to a significant loss of orangutan traditions.
Product, Process, or Point of View?

During the late 1970s significant attention was devoted to different senses of argument, especially the difference between argument as a product and argument as a process. Students of argumentative texts focused on the first; those of interpersonal conversation, on the second. Different implications resulted from prioritizing one or the other approach. Others sought to identify additional dimensions to argumentation. This essay, focusing on argumentation as a point of view, is an illustrative example.
Development of scales for the measurement of orientation and mobility of young blind children.

Due to the growing interest in extending orientation and mobility instruction to include elementary school age blind children, research was carried out to define the behavioral components in orient...