cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On attack causality in internet-connected cellular networks

The emergence of connections between telecommunications networks and the Internet creates significant avenues for exploitation. For example, through the use of small volumes of targeted traffic, researchers have demonstrated a number of attacks capable of denying service to users in major metropolitan areas. While such investigations have explored the impact of specific vulnerabilities, they neglect to address a larger issue - how the architecture of cellular networks makes these systems susceptible to denial of service attacks. As we show in this paper, these problems have little to do with a mismatch of available bandwidth. Instead, they are the result of the pairing of two networks built on fundamentally opposing design philosophies. We support this a claim by presenting two new attacks on cellular data services. These attacks are capable of preventing the use of high-bandwidth cellular data services throughout an area the size of Manhattan with less than 200Kbps of malicious traffic. We then examine the characteristics common to these and previous attacks as a means of explaining why such vulnerabilites are artifacts of design rigidity. Specifically, we show that the shoehorning of data communications protocols onto a network rigorously optimized for the delivery of voice causes that network to fail under modest loads.
Costs and Benefits of Immunity to Worm Infection

The cost of parasitic worms to humanity in the world today is high, with 2 billion people estimated to be infected. These multicellular eukaryotes are highly adapted to their hosts, often causing chronic infection. Reinfection is common as well, and the development of inexpensive, stable, and
An Integrated Silicon Carbide (SiC) Based Single Phase Rectifier with Power Factor Correction

Silicon carbide (SiC) based power devices exhibit superior properties such as very low switching losses, fast switching behavior, improved reliability and high temperature operation capabilities. These properties contribute toward the ability to increase switching frequency, decrease the size of passive components and switches, and reduce the need for cooling, thus making the devices an excellent candidate for AC/DC power supplies. In this paper a SiC based integrated single phase rectifier with power factor correction (PFC) is presented. The proposed topology has many advantages including fewer semiconductor components; the presence of AC side inductor resulting in reduced EMI interference, and higher performance. This approach takes advantage of the superior properties of SiC devices and the reduced number of devices in the proposed converter to achieve higher efficiency, smaller size and better performance at high temperature. A performance and efficiency evaluation of the rectifier is presented and the results are compared with benchmark Si solutions
Targeting the interleukin-15/interleukin-15 receptor system in inflammatory autoimmune diseases

Interleukin (IL)-15 is a dangerous inflammatory cytokine that induces tumor-necrosis factor-α, IL-1β and inflammatory chemokines. It inhibits self-tolerance mediated by IL-2 mediated activation-induced cell death and facilitates maintenance of CD8+ memory T-cell survival including that of self-directed memory cells. Disordered IL-15 expression has been reported in patients with an array of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. A series of therapeutic agents that inhibit IL-15 action have been introduced, including the soluble IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) α chain, mutant IL-15, and antibodies directed against the IL-15 cytokine and against the IL-2R/IL-15R β subunit used by IL-2 and IL-15.
Transoral robotic surgery for prestyloid parapharyngeal space masses

Parapharyngeal space (PPS) tumors can be divided anatomically into two major categories based upon location relative to the styloid process. Prestyloid masses are usually benign salivary gland tumors. Traditionally, these have been removed by transcervical, transparotid, or transmandibular approaches or a combination of these. While transoral removal of prestyloid masses is not a new concept, it has not been popular due to concerns about safety. The introduction of TransOral Robotic Surgery (TORS) has made removal of prestyloid tumors feasible in the majority of patients. Other parapharygeal space tumors can be removed transorally as well. The focus of this article is to describe the technical details of TORS removal of prestyloid parapharyngeal space masses. Careful preoperative assessment and attention to intraoperative technical details are the keys to safe surgery in this area. Very specific indications and contraindications exist for the procedure. Numerous advantages of this approach are detailed. Complications have been minor and very uncommon and easily managed using the techniques described herein.
Dimethylated H3K27 Is a Repressive Epigenetic Histone Mark in the Protist Entamoeba histolytica and Is Significantly Enriched in Genes Silenced via the RNAi Pathway

RNA interference (RNAi) is a fundamental biological process that plays a crucial role in regulation of gene expression in many organisms. Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) is one of the important nuclear roles of RNAi. Our previous data show that Entamoeba histolytica has a robust RNAi pathway that links to TGS via Argonaute 2-2 (Ago2-2) associated 27-nucleotide small RNAs with 5′-polyphosphate termini. Here, we report the first repressive histone mark to be identified in E. histolytica, dimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27Me2), and demonstrate that it is enriched at genes that are silenced by RNAi-mediated TGS. An RNAi-silencing trigger can induce H3K27Me2 deposits at both episomal and chromosomal loci, mediating gene silencing. Our data support two phases of RNAi-mediated TGS: an active silencing phase where the RNAi trigger is present and both H3K27Me2 and Ago2-2 concurrently enrich at chromosomal loci; and an established silencing phase in which the RNAi trigger is removed, but gene silencing with H3K27Me2 enrichment persist independently of Ago2-2 deposition. Importantly, some genes display resistance to chromosomal silencing despite induction of functional small RNAs. In those situations, the RNAi-triggering plasmid that is maintained episomally gets partially silenced and has H3K27Me2 enrichment, but the chromosomal copy displays no repressive histone enrichment. Our data are consistent with a model in which H3K27Me2 is a repressive histone modification, which is strongly associated with transcriptional repression. This is the first example of an epigenetic histone modification that functions to mediate RNAi-mediated TGS in the deep-branching eukaryote E. histolytica.
Excerpt from: Uncounted and Unacknowledged: Syria’s Refugee University Students and Academics in Jordan

0 0 1 153 878 University of Denver 7 2 1029 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} The following is a brief preliminary report on the status of refugee academics and university students from Syria residing in Jordan prepared by a multidisciplinary research collaboration between the University of California Davis Human Rights Initiative (UCD-HRI) and the Institute of International Education’s Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF). It is based on a field assessment that took place in Jordan during the period April 15-21, 2013. The observations and conclusions are solely those of the report’s authors and are not necessarily those of the University of California, IIE-SRF or any other organizations and individuals that contributed to this project. This report is not intended to be a comprehensive account; rather, its purpose is to initiate a conversation across the fields of higher education, international non-governmental relief and humanitarian assistance and government-based foreign assistance programs to address the conditions facing Syrian students and faculty affected by the civil conflict in Syria.
Embedded Versus Peripheral CSR From the Perspective of CSR Professionals

This response is being written primarily from the perspective of the Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship and insights derived from extensive interactions with its members. This enables a different perspective on the focal article by Aguinis and Glavas (2013) than one primarily based on macro/micro distinctions in academic scholarship.
Deuterium NMR and ab initio studies of strongly hydrogen-bonded molecules.

Abstract Two newly synthesized alkylated cyanomalonaldehyde derivatives possess very short intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which are studied by deuterium NMR. Both the dimethyl and di-tert-butyl derivatives have small deuterium quadrupole coupling constants and large asymmetry parameters. In addition, the di-tert-butyl compound, which has one of the shortest O–D…O hydrogen bonds yet measured, has a quadrupole coupling which anomalously increases with temperature. The significance of these phenomena is explored using a theoretical model which employs vibrationally averaged ab initio electric field gradient tensors calculated with large basis sets and electron correlation via the multiconfigurational self-consistent field method.
Longitudinal studies of immune function in cattle experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus and/or bovine leukemia virus

The effects of single or dual infection with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) and/or, bovine leukemia virus (BLV) on bovine immune function were examined over a 4 year period. Holstein calves were infected with BIV (four calves), BLV (five calves), BIV and BLV (five calves), or sham inoculated (three calves). Lymphocyte blastogenesis to mitogens, seven tests of neutrophil function, and mononuclear cell subset analysis by flow cytometry (BoCD4, BoCD8, BoCD2, BoWC1, sIgM+, and monocytes) were performed at regular intervals to 49 months post-infection. These data were analyzed for main effects of each virus and interaction as a 2 x 2 factorial. BIV infected cattle had lower neutrophil antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and iodination responses during 2 of the 4 years post-infection (P < 0.05). BIV infection was not associated with any long-term significant changes in lymphocyte blastogenesis to mitogens or changes in mononuclear cell subset numbers in blood. There was a tendency for animals infected with BIV alone to have decreased lymphocyte blastogenic responses to mitogens, but this was not statistically significant. BLV infection caused an increase in total mononuclear cells with no dramatic shift in the relative proportions of the various subsets. Co-infection with BIV and BLV did not consistently cause a different response than either virus did individually. One BIV infected animal died of non-BLV lymphosarcoma 7 months after infection. All other animals had no unusual clinical signs. In summary, infection with BIV caused a significant, temporary decrease in neutrophil function with no consistent statistically significant alteration in lymphocyte blastogenesis or mononuclear cell numbers during the first 4 years after infection. BLV infection caused an increase in lymphocyte numbers, and there appeared to be no synergism between the viruses.
Dissolution Rates Of Thin Polymer Films Using Laser Interferometry

Dissolution rates are measured conveniently and accurately using a simple laser inter-ferometer. The apparatus is inexpensive and reliable and yields various kinds of information about the dissolving polymer and its interactions with the solvent or solvent mix-ture. Measurements have been made recently of the polymer of maleic anhydride with alphamethylstyrene. These can be compared with the more extensive reports of past work with poly(methylmethacrylate) and some other polymers. The dissolution process which is desirable is one which proceeds without appreciable swelling of undissolved material. Various thermodynamic anu kinetic parameters are suggested as shedding light on the proper selection of solvents to achieve the best developing systems.
The General-Human and the Particular-Jewish Dimensions of the Holocaust: A Philosophical-Educational Reflection

This article presupposes that historical research on its own cannot aspire to constitute the pinnacle of ‘understanding’ of the Holocaust and to offer a sufficiently broad basis for grappling with its philosophical significance. Questions concerning divine and human justification, the feasibility of human culture and education in the wake of and in the face of the Holocaust, and what we should learn from the memory of the Holocaust and turn into a component of our lives, are not only the battlegrounds of historians, but also of thinkers and writers, artists and public leaders, educators, theologians, and social leading figures. Questions of theodicy as well as those of the justification of humankind, culture, and religion are universal, above all, and only as such are they also uniquely ‘Jewish’. The Holocaust obliges the Jew to confront the questions that arise from its memory from a dual perspective: that of the Jewish Holocaust survivor and that of a member of the human race that perpetrated and allowe...
Necessary and sufficient conditions to solve the rate distortion problem for general alphabets

Abstract We provide an alternate proof for the extension of Berger's [1] Theorems 2.5.2 and 4.2.2 to abstract spaces originally discovered by Csiszar [2]. Our proof follows closely the original arguments of Berger.
Urban waterfowl population: Ecological evaluation of management and planning

An urban population of ducks in Puyallup, Washington, USA was studied for 14 consecutive months beginning in November 1978. Observations were made weekly from four study sites where ducks would congregate at early morning hours. Factors contributing to the presence of waterfowl in Puyallyup included abundant food supplies and a creek corridor that connected fragmented habitats in the urban area to the larger rural populations of waterfowl. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were the most abundant of the 13 species observed and were the only ducks remaining during the nesting season. Habitat size and complexity were important factors influencing the species diversity of a particular site. Nesting success of mallards was poor due to limited distribution of nesting habitat, intraspecific aggression, and human disturbance. Both site-specific and more broad-based strategies are suggested for managing and planning for duck populations in urban areas.
Conformation of surfactant monolayers at solid/liquid interfaces

Abstract Infrared-visible sum-frequency (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is used to study chain conformation of cationic surfactant monolayers (dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, DOAC), adsorbed at various quartz/liquid interfaces at low coverage. The results show that the chains can assume many different conformations: an all-trans form if the liquid is alkane with a similarly long chain length, a bent form with significant trans-gauche defects if the liquid is CCL 4 or CDCL 3 or short-chain alkanes, and a highly contracted form if the liquid is water or alcohol.
Improving end-of-life care for ventricular assist devices (VAD) patients: paradox or protocol?*.

When a person consents to have a ventricular assist device (VAD) implanted in one's heart, the intention is to extend life toward a new heart or toward more time. Complications may develop followed by frequent hospital admissions—most often in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting—rendering a transplant a distant reality and to discontinue the device means certain death. Emotional support for patient and family is critical. Regardless of the original goal for the device, palliative care provides assistance in communication, goal setting, and symptom management and yet its consultation is often more for brink-of-death care than end-of-life care provided at the time of diagnosis of a life-threatening disease such as heart failure. This study examined the recent deaths of hospitalized patients with VADs and the use of the palliative care service. Understanding the benefit and timing of palliative care for VAD patients—particularly in the ICU setting—may improve the end-of-life experience for patients, familie...
Product-preserving functors on smooth manifolds

Abstract Functors from the category of connected smooth manifolds to itself which preserve products and embeddings are classified, along with natural transformations between them. Such functors that are also natural bundles can be thought of as ways of defining infinitesimal neighborhoods for points in all smooth manifolds.
The influenza B virus mouse model of Reye's syndrome: clinical, virologic and morphologic studies of the encephalopathy.

Abstract The influenza B virus mouse model of Reye's syndrome was studied to learn more about the encephalopathy in Reye's syndrome. One to 3 days after intravenous influenza B/Lee virus, Balb/c mice became lethargic, seized and lapsed into a fatal coma. Wide-spread cerebral edema without inflammation developed 1–3 days after virus inoculation. Swollen astrocytic foot processes containing increased glial fibrillary acidic protein were located around capillaries. Viral particles were not seen by electron microscopy and complete viral replication did not occur. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated influenza B viral antigen within many endothelial cells but not within other brain cells. Qualitative (Evans blue dye) and quantitative (percent brain water and technetium − 99 pertechnetate) studies of the blood-brain barrier demonstrated abnormalities. This model reproduced many clinical, virologic and pathologic features of the Reye's syndrome encephalopathy. In addition, a non-permissive viral infection of brain endothelial cells occurred which may be important in the pathogenesis of the mouse encephalopathy and may participate in the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome.
Food-supplementation does not override the effect of egg mass on fitness-related traits of nestling house wrens

1. Cross-fostering experiments have shown that egg mass per se positively affects post-hatching growth and development in passerine birds. In most studies, however, the initial influence of egg mass was not sustained, leading to questions about the importance of egg mass relative to the cumulative effects of environmental factors during the period of post-hatching care. 2. In house wrens, Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, evidence from cross-fostering experiments suggests that food availability mitigates the influence of egg mass on posthatching growth: early in the season, when food was putatively abundant, the initial effect of egg mass was lost as nestlings aged; however, later, when food was putatively scarcer, the effect of egg mass persisted until nestlings left the nest. 3. We tested the hypothesis that abundant food for provisioning nestlings can decouple the relationship between fitness-related traits of nestlings and the mass of the eggs from which they hatch (‘egg-mass override hypothesis’) by providing daily mealworm supplements to broods of house wrens. 4. The food supplements did not increase final nestling mass, final nestling tarsus length, growth rate, or survival until nest-leaving in late-season broods, when the hypothesis of food limitation predicts that there should be such an effect. Instead, the food supplements significantly, but only slightly, increased final nestling mass in early-season broods, when food is putatively abundant. 5. The effect of the food supplements on final nestling mass was independent of egg mass. Nestling survival in early-season broods, and final nestling mass and tarsus length in both early and late-season broods significantly increased with increasing egg mass in both experimental and control broods. 6. We propose that food was not limiting during the course of the experiments and that final nestling mass and tarsus length remained positively related to egg mass because nestling growth and development in house wrens is ‘predetermined’ by some component or property of eggs that covaries with egg mass.
Quiescent H-mode plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak

H-mode operation is the choice for next-step tokamak devices based either on conventional or advanced tokamak physics. This choice, however, comes at a significant cost for both the conventional and advanced tokamaks because of the effects of edge-localized modes (ELMs). ELMs can produce significant erosion in the divertor and can affect the β limit and reduced core transport regions needed for advanced tokamak operation. Recent experimental results from DIII-D have demonstrated a new operating regime, the quiescent H-mode regime, which solves these problems. We have achieved quiescent H-mode operation which is ELM-free and yet has good density control. In addition, we have demonstrated that an internal transport barrier can be produced and maintained inside the H-mode edge barrier for long periods of time (>3.5 s or >25 energy confinement times τE). By forming the core barrier and then stepping up the input power, we have achieved βNH89 = 7 for up to 10 times the τE of 160 ms. The βNH89 values of 7 substantially exceed the value of 4 routinely achieved in standard ELMing \mbox{H-mode.} The key factors in creating the quiescent H-mode operation are neutral beam injection in the direction opposite to the plasma current (counter injection) plus cryopumping to reduce the density. Density control in the quiescent H-mode is possible because of the presence of an edge MHD oscillation, the edge harmonic oscillation, which enhances the edge particle transport while leaving the energy transport unaffected.
A novel approach to detecting non-native speakers and their native language

Speech contains valuable information regarding the traits of speakers. This paper investigates two aspects of this information. The first is automatic detection of non-native speakers and their native language on relatively large data sets. We present several experiments which show how our system outperforms the best published results on both the Fisher database and the foreign-accented English (FAE) database for detecting non-native speakers and their native language respectively. Such performance is achieved by using an SVM-based classifier with ASR-based features integrated with a novel universal background model (UBM) obtained by clustering the Gaussian components of an ASR acoustic model. The second aspect of this work is to utilize the detected speaker characteristics within a speaker recognition system to improve its performance.
PO-0758 Laryngeal Mask Airway Device Placement In Neonates

Background Endotracheal intubation (EI) is currently required for surfactant administration. However, EI is associated with adverse physiologic effects, including bradycardia and hypoxia. The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) may provide a more practical and less invasive alternative to EI for surfactant administration. Aim Determine feasibility of LMA placement in neonates by investigating the time, number of attempts and physiologic stability during placement of the device. Methods Infants ≥1250 g who required surfactant administration were eligible. Videotape of the LMA placement procedure was reviewed to determine number of attempts, duration of attempts, total procedure time, and heart rate and oxygen saturation change from baseline. Results Twenty-two infants were included in analysis. Mean total procedure time was 129 seconds (±187). Duration of attempts was 59 seconds (±81). Successful placement was achieved on the first attempt in 73% of cases. Two attempts were required in 14% of cases and all procedures were successful in ≤3 attempts. As compared to baseline, heart rate increased 3 beats per minute on average (±4, range: -3 to 11) and oxygen saturation decreased by 7% on average (±8, range: -24 to 1), as shown in Figure 1. Conclusions Successful placement was achieved in the majority of patients in one attempt with an average total procedure time of approximately 2 min. Physiologic parameters were maintained close to baseline with minimal fluctuation in heart rate and oxygen saturation. Placement of the LMA device is feasible in neonates.
Power to detect linkage based on multiple sets of data in the presence of locus heterogeneity: comparative evaluation of model-based linkage methods for affected sib pair data.

The development of rigorous methods for evaluating the overall strength of evidence for genetic linkage based on multiple sets of data is becoming increasingly important in connection with genomic screens for complex disorders. We consider here what happens when we attempt to increase power to detect linkage by pooling multiple independently collected sets of families under conditions of variable levels of locus heterogeneity across samples. We show that power can be substantially reduced in pooled samples when compared to the most informative constituent subsamples considered alone, in spite of the increased sample size afforded by pooling. We demonstrate that for affected sib pair data, a simple adaptation of the lod score (which we call the compound lod), which allows for intersample admixture differences can afford appreciably higher power than the ordinary heterogeneity lod; and also, that a statistic we have proposed elsewhere, the posterior probability of linkage, performs at least as well as the compound lod while having considerable computational advantages. The companion paper (this issue, pp 217-225) shows further that in application to multiple data sets, familiar model-free methods are in some sense equivalent to ordinary lod scores based on data pooling, and that they therefore will also suffer dramatic losses in power for pooled data in the presence of locus heterogeneity and other complicating factors.
Osteolytic cortical destruction: an unusual pattern of skeletal metastases

Twenty-two histologically proven cortical metastases in 11 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma (10 squamous cell and one adenocarcinoma) were studied. The intracortical foci could be classified according to four distinctive patterns of bone destruction: small focal intracortical lesions ("cookie-bite" or "cookie-cutter" pattern); large osteolytic lesions; saucerized intracortical lesions with well-defined periosteal reaction; and lesions with predominant cortical destruction extending into the soft tissue as well as the medullary cavity. All lesions were located in the femoral bones.
Large scale purification of α2-macroglobulin from human plasma

Abstract A new convenient method for large scale preparation of pure α2-macroglobulin from human plasma was described. The procedure involved precipitations with polyethylene glycol (300) and Rivanol followed by gel filtration. Ninety percent or more of the α2-macroglobulin peak area, when concentrated to about 10 mg/ml, gave a single band in acrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and double immunodiffusion. The high degree of purity of our preparation was reflected also by the excellent correlation of results obtained from the determination of the protein content of the product by four different techniques (Lowry method, trypsin binding activity, radial immunodiffusion analysis, and absorbance measurement). The pure α2-macroglobulin thus obtained was stable for months without change of trypsin binding activity.
Syntheses, conformations, and basicities of bicyclic triamines.

The multistep syntheses of several bicyclic triamines are described, all of which have an imbedded 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane ring. In 1,5,9-triazabicyclo[7.3.3]pentadecanes 12, 13, 15, and 16, two nitrogens are bridged by three carbons. The monoprotonated forms of these triamines are highly stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded network involving the bridge and both bridgehead nitrogens, producing a difference of more than 8 pKa units in acidities of their monoprotonated and diprotonated forms. The one- and zero-carbon bridges in 1,5,9-triazabicyclo[9.1.1]tridecane (23) and 7-methyl-1,5,9-triazabicyclo[5.5.0]dodecane (39) do not enhance the stabilities of their monoprotonated forms. X-ray crystal structures and computational studies of 12·HI and 16·HI reveal similar, but somewhat weaker, hydrogen-bonded networks, relative to 15·HI. The activation free energies for conformational inversion of 13·HI (14.4 ± 0.2 kcal/mol), 16·HI (15.0 ± 0.1 kcal/mol) and 16 (8.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mol) were measured by variable-temperature...
Dementia care consultation for family caregivers: collaborative model linking an Alzheimer's association chapter with primary care physicians.

Objective: The primary objective is to report on the efficacy of an individualized dementia care consultation intervention for family caregivers of patients with diagnosed dementia living in the community. The secondary objective is to present evidence on the intervention process to inform the feasibility and sustainability of the model featuring collaboration between primary care physicians and a voluntary sector organization. Method: Randomization was based on primary care physician practice site. In the intervention group, dementia care consultants located at an Alzheimer's association chapter provided individualized counseling and support over a 12-month period, and sent copies of care plans developed with family caregivers to referring primary care physicians. In the control group, family caregivers received educational and community resource information but no care consultation. Nursing home admission of patients during the 12-month study period was the primary outcome; secondary outcomes included m...
Marxism and Kazantzakis

Abstract The name of Nikos Kazantzakis continues to arouse controversy. Much of it, especially in Greece, is political in nature and revolves around the confusion concermng Kazantzakis' relation to Marxism. The confusion arises because of the ways Kazantzakis' activities and writings have been interpreted. For example, even before the latest military regime in Greece and while he was still alive, Kazantzakis was anathema to the royalists. Consecutive right wing governments, both before and after World War II, waged war against him and his books; he was called immoral, red, and a Bolshevik troublemaker. In the fall of 1924, in his native Crete, he was actually arrested. In the spring of 1928, in Athens, he was accused of being a Russian agent. Yet his books were banned in Russia—particularly those he wrote about that country—and the Greek Communist party refused to include him in its ranks, labelling him bourgeois, decadent and even fascist. In fact, his offer to join the communist controlled resistance in...
X-ray photoelectron spectra of inorganic molecules XXlX. The characterization of mixed phosphido-phosphine and phosphido-phosphite complexes of transition metal carbonyl clusters using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been found to provide a useful means of studying the electronic structure of the phosphorus atoms in PPh, PPh 2 , PPh 3 , PHPh and P(OMe) 3 ligands in a number of polynuclear cobalt and iron complexes.
Dynamics of Place-Exchange Reactions on Monolayer-Protected Gold Cluster Molecules

Monolayer-protected gold clusters (Au MPCs) are stable, easily synthesized, organic solvent-soluble, nanoscale materials. MPCs with protecting monolayers composed of alkanethiolate ligands (RS) can be functionalized (R‘S) by ligand place-exchange reactions, i.e., x(R‘SH) + (RS)mMPC → x(RSH) + (R‘S)m(RS)m-xMPC, where x is the number of ligands place-exchanged (1 to 108) and m is the original number (ca. 108) of alkanethiolate ligands per Au314 cluster. The dynamics and mechanism of this reaction were probed by determining its kinetic order and final equilibrium position relative to incoming (R‘S) and initial (RS) protecting thiolate ligands. The reactions were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, and the dispersity of place-exchange reaction products was preliminarily inspected by chromatography. The results of these experiments show that ligand exchange is an associative reaction and that the displaced thiolate becomes a thiol solution product. Disulfides and oxidized sulfur species are not involv...
Limnetic Larval Fish of the Maumee and Sandusky River Estuaries

A total of 17 taxa were collected in the Maumee River estuary during sampling periods in 1975,1976, and 1977. A total of 11 taxa were collectedfrom the Sandusky River estuary in 1976. Gizzard shad/Alewife, Dorosoma cepedianum/Alosa pseudoharengus, white bass/white perch, Morone chrysops/Morone americana, and freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, constituted 98% of the larvae collected in the Maumee River estuary proper and 91% of the larvae collected in the Sandusky River estuary. Capture, relative abundance, and average density data for each taxon collected are summarized.
Coleridge’s “Cousin‐German”: Blackwood’s, Alter‐Egos, and the Making of a Man of Letters

By following Coleridge’s deployment of writerly personae or “alter‐egos” over the span of his career and across the modes of epistolary writing, poetry, translation and periodical publication, this article illuminates a Coleridge whose cross‐pollination of the aforementioned fields is symptomatic of a holistic meditation on the politics of literary identity, as well as upon the history of his own politics. Paying particular attention to the 1808–9 Friend and to Coleridge’s tempestuous yet fruitful relationship with Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, the article examines the ways in which Coleridge’s alter‐egos serve as narrators and navigators of the various detours, roundabouts, and landing‐places that constitute literary identity. By bringing his characteristic maneuvers of interruption, desynonymization, and translation‐as‐(self)reflection to bear on the ubiquitous issue of life‐writing – both with regard to his own life and to its development within the period as a whole – Coleridge articulates a balance...
The homogeneous nucleation of polymer colloids

A theory of particle formation based on a model involving initiation of free radicals in the continuous medium and self-nucleation or particle capture is proposed. Expressions for determining the number of particles are presented together with a consideration of limiting cases.
Use of a FEL as a buncher for a TBA scheme

Abstract The CERN linear collider (CLIC) [W. Schnell, Proc. Workshop on Physics of Linear Colliders, Capri, 1988, eds. l. Palumbo, S. Tazzari and V.G. Vaccaro (1989) p. 345] is a two-beam-accelerator (TBA) scheme in which the driving beam consists of an intense 3 to 5 GeV electron beam bunched at 30 GHz. One possible way to produce this drive beam is to start with a low-energy (or order 10 MeV), high-current (about 5 kA) beam from an induction linac. In passing through a wiggler, this beam is bunched at 30 GHz into micropulses, each with about 10 12 electrons. To construct the format required for the CLIC drive beam, the bunched beam is subsequently chopped at 350 MHz. It is then accelerated to 3 to 5 GeV in an rf linac driven by conventional, low-frequency klystrons. Rf power is extracted at the bunch frequency of 30 GHz and fed into high-gradient structures to accelerate electron or positron beams to TeV energies. The drive beam is repeatedly reaccelerated in 350 MHz superconducting cavities. This study examines the design trade-offs of the proposed “front end” of the CLIC TBA, the linear induction accelerator and FEL. We examine the relevant figure of merit, the efficiency of bunching, as a function of beam energy, current, and emittance, and we consider the effects of wiggler errors, energy spread and slew, and beam misalignment.
Mechanisms of edge chipping in laser-assisted milling of silicon nitride ceramics

Abstract This paper investigates the mechanisms of edge chipping at elevated temperature in laser assisted milling (LAMill) of silicon nitride ceramics. Experimental results show that the elevated temperature can significantly reduce workpiece edge chipping through softening and toughening mechanisms. When the temperature is above the softening point and below the brittle/ductile transition temperature, the mechanism of elevated temperature on reducing edge chipping is through softening to decrease the cutting forces. When the temperature is above the brittle/ductile transition temperature, the edge toughness of silicon nitride ceramics is significantly increased. Both softening and toughening mechanisms take effect to reduce workpiece edge chipping. It is shown that temperature range between 1300 and 1400 °C has the most significant effect to reduce edge chipping in LAMill of silicon nitride ceramics.
Teaching assistants from the People's Republic of China and US undergraduates: Perceptions of teaching and teachers

Abstract The paper summarizes the results of a series of focus group interviews with Chinese teaching assistants and US undergraduates on their perceptions about teaching and teachers in their own and US cultures. Focus group interviews were held with Chinese math‐based science teaching assistants (CTAs) who were at three different stages of the teacher preparation process. Similarly, American undergraduates’ perceptions were elicited through focus group interviews and questionnnaires. CTAs viewed American college instructors as exciting, but unclear in their organization and presentation. Undergraduates thought ideal US professors should spend more time with their students, and have interpersonal skills in teaching. They did not value the professor's knowledge of the subject matter as much as CTAs did. Implications for future TA development programmes are also discussed.
To Lie or to Comply: Defending against Flood Attacks in Disruption Tolerant Networks

Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) utilize the mobility of nodes and the opportunistic contacts among nodes for data communications. Due to the limitation in network resources such as contact opportunity and buffer space, DTNs are vulnerable to flood attacks in which attackers send as many packets or packet replicas as possible to the network, in order to deplete or overuse the limited network resources. In this paper, we employ rate limiting to defend against flood attacks in DTNs, such that each node has a limit over the number of packets that it can generate in each time interval and a limit over the number of replicas that it can generate for each packet. We propose a distributed scheme to detect if a node has violated its rate limits. To address the challenge that it is difficult to count all the packets or replicas sent by a node due to lack of communication infrastructure, our detection adopts claim-carry-and-check: each node itself counts the number of packets or replicas that it has sent and claims the count to other nodes; the receiving nodes carry the claims when they move, and cross-check if their carried claims are inconsistent when they contact. The claim structure uses the pigeonhole principle to guarantee that an attacker will make inconsistent claims which may lead to detection. We provide rigorous analysis on the probability of detection, and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of our scheme with extensive trace-driven simulations.
Beryllium-containing high specific strength amorphous alloys

The search for high-specific strength alloys containing beryllium, which can be melt-spun, covered a large number of both binary and ternary alloys. No binary and only three ternary alloys were able to be synthesized into amorphous ribbon. The results for the binaries are entirely consistent with the empirical equation which predicted that none of the alloys should form amorphous material. There are other binary eutectics such as Be/sub 20/Pd/sub 80/ and Be/sub 20/Au/sub 80/ which should be able to be melt-spun into amorphous ribbon, but they have no application in the field of high specific strength.
The effect of defect size on the stress concentration and fracture characteristics for a tubular torsional model with a transverse hole

The maximum stress location and crack resistance of a tubular torsional model with varying transverse circular defects were determined by the use of experimental and global-local finite element modeling techniques. The experimental results showed that the reduction in torsional strength was inversely proportional to defect size. In addition, the maximum stress location around the defect was closely related to the normalized defect diameter. By measuring the shifted angle associated with each defect ratio, a linear relationship, delta theta = -6.28 + 0.55*(d/D), was determined. Finite element results indicated that the stress concentration factor, Kg, for a single-cortex defect is similar to that of a double-cortex defect of identical dimension. Application of the strain energy density (SED) theory proposed by Sih and Oliveira Faria (Fracture Mechanics Methodology, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1984), indicated that the fracture toughness, KIC, for large defects was greater than that for small defects. This implies that tubular structures with large defects have a greater resistance to crack initiation and growth.
Recent Currents in the Nineteenth‐Century American Maritime History

Despite a substantial amount of scholarship in new and exciting directions, some scholars are concerned that the field of nineteenth-century U.S. Maritime history is becoming too fragmented to function as a coherent field. The ‘new maritime history’ of the late 1960s has ushered in a host of new approaches to the lives, labor, and politics of American seamen. Scholars examining the gender identity, labor, ideology, legal status, literary portrayals, nationalism, multiculturalism, and racial and cultural identities of seafarers have created a dynamic, if at times confusing and atomized portrait of American seafarers in the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, despite the myriad of approaches and specialties within the literature, ranging including piracy, mutiny, shipbuilding, whaling, fishing, and packet ships, scholars do agree that the maritime setting was crucial to the national development and sense of self for the United States during nineteenth century, and the maritime history of the United States needs to be integrated more completely into the larger national story and transnational stories.
Sexual and apomictic reproduction in Calamagrostis (Gramineae) from Eastern North America

Reproductive mode and chromosome numbers were determined for populations of several species of Calamagrostis from eastern North America. Calamagrostis pickeringEi (2n = 28), C. perplexa (2n = 70), C. porteri subsp. porteri (2n = ca. 88-100) and C. porteri subsp. insperata (2n - 56) all have a sexual pattern of megagametophyte formation: the basal megaspore of a tetrad develops into a Polygonum-type embryo sac with proliferating antipodal cells characteristic of the Gramineae. In these four taxa self-incompatability, population structure and infrequent flowering limit seed production; they persist primarily by rhizomes and occupy relatively stable, late-successional habitats. Calamagrostis stricta subsp. inexpansa includes apomictic variants (2n = ca. 104-123) that produce megagametophytes by diplospory; the single archesporial cell divides mitotically to produce an embryo sac appearing identical to those formed by sexual species. The embryo and endosperm develop autonomously from egg cell and polar nuclei, respectively. Some apomictic individuals occasionally produce some pollen and may have the potential for reproducing sexually. Their seed set insured by apomixis, variants of subsp. inexpansa colonize disturbed, open habitats and have achieved wide distributions in glaciated regions of North America. Reinterpretation of relationships among taxa I examined necessitates the following new nomenclatural combinations; C. porteri subsp. insperata (Swallen) comb. nov. is based on C. insperata Swallen; C. stricta subsp. inexpansa (A. Gray) comb. nov. is based on C. inexpansa A. Gray and includes C. Iacustris (Kearney) Nash and C. fernaldii Louis-Marie.
Synthesis of radioactively methyl-labelled (l)-carnitine

Commercial (l)-carnitine chloride was N-demethylated by the action of sodium benzenemercaptide in warm N,N-dimethylformamide. The product 4-(N,N-dimethylammonio)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid chloride salt was isolated in good yield by ion exchange chromatography. Methylation of the product by 14C -iodomethane in dry methanol produced biologically active 4-N- Me-14C -(l)-carnitine chloride of high specific activity in excellent yield.
Children's Essentialist Beliefs about Aggression.

Abstract The present paper reviews children’s tendency to engage in essentialist reasoning about aggression. First, children’s tendency to conceive of aggression as both stable over time and due to intrinsic factors is examined. Then, contextual and social factors that may promote essentialist reasoning about aggression are explored, followed by a consideration of the motivational and social implications of such reasoning. Finally, several directions for future research are proposed, including a deeper understanding of the development of essentialist beliefs about aggression in children’s real-world contexts.
Indexes of Racial Residential Segregation for 109 Cities in the United States, 1940 to 1970

Abstract An index of racial residential segregation for a city may be calculated from census data reporting the number of white and nonwhite households resident in each city block. Such an index summarizes the dissimilarity in residential location of the two groups. Segregation indexes for 109 cities for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 were published in Taeuber and Taeuber Negroes in Cities (1965). Segregation indexes for 109 cities for 1970, together with the previously published indexes for the three earlier census dates, are presented in Table 1. The trend data from 1940 through 1970 refer to residential segregation of whites and nonwhites. For 1970 only, segregation indexes are also presented comparing whites and Negroes. The trend data reveal a distinctive pattern of change during each of the three decades. From 1960 to 1970, declines in segregation prevailed among cities in each region of the country. The indexes for 1970 were calculated from Public Use Summary Tapes issued by the Bureau of the Censu...
Enzymatic inactivation and reactivation of chloramphenicol by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are inhibited by chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) converts chloramphenicol to inactive diacetyl chloramphenicol, but a mycobacterial carboxylesterase hydrolyzes the diacetyl product to active chloramphenicol. The esterase activity was eliminated by proteinase K and heat treatment. Protein extracts of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis hydrolyzed four other ester substrates. cat was inserted into the chromosome of both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis resulting in a level of chloramphenicol resistance that could be used to select for transformants. CAT assays in the resistant strain of M. tuberculosis showed interference due to esterase activity. This interference could be eliminated with the addition of a heating step.
Effects of the novel poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-encapsulated organic ultraviolet (UV) filters on the UV absorbance and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF)

Sunscreens are thought to protect skin from many of the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) light and the photostability of sunscreens is thus an important concern in their application. Therefore, to discover new UV filters or to modify well-known UV filters are presents an important way for development of sunscreens. In this study, we presented several novel poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) encapsulated organic UV filters, including encapsulated benzophenone-3 (TB-MS), avobenzone (TA-MS), octyl methoxycinnamate (TO-MS) and diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (TD-MS). Our results have demonstrated that PMMA-encapsulated UV filters have improved safety, photoprotective ability and photostability. We proposed therefore that these PMMA-encapsulated UV filters can be used as ingredients for sunscreen products in the future.