cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More than a window dressing?: A critical race institutional ethnography of a multicultural student services administrator at a PWI

Multicultural student services (MSS) emerged on predominantly white institutions (PWIs) as a result of student of color movements demanding equitable access, representation, and culturally relevant support systems. Over time, the goal and purpose of MSS has shifted away from its political roots and these offices are now expected to provide diversity education for all students thus limiting their ability to serve as advocates for racial equity. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how the policies, unwritten rules, and practices of institutions of higher education shape the work of MSS and influence the overall access and success of students of color in American higher education. Through the use of institutional ethnography and critical race theory, this study mapped out how organizations, policies, unwritten rules, and practices shape the everyday work life of a MSS administrator at a public, land-grant, Midwestern university. The organizations that emerged were Midwestern State, Midwestern University, the College of Innovation, and Joshua as the MSS administrator for the College of Innovation. A series of master and counternarratives bring forth how racism shapes the policies, practices, and unwritten rules in each organization that mediate Joshua’s work as a MSS administrator. Implications for practice and research aim to challenge institutions to examine how they define and practice racial equity and encourage colleges and universities to do more than simply decorate their windows with diversity.
Improvement of Diesel Engine Performance by Variable Swirl System

In order to meet the demands for reduced emissions and improved fuel consumption, a subport-type variable swirl system (Isuzu Variable Electronic Economy Swirl, or IVES) was developed by Isuzu for medium- and heavy-duty duration-injection-type diesel engines. The main characteristics of IVES are: (1) It is simple in structure and only minor changes to the cylinder head are required. (2) Modular design is possible for three different swept volume engines due to the use of a common actuator and sensor. (3) The problem of air flow coefficient drop when swirl is varied has been successfully eliminated.
Modeling for Active Control of Combustion and Thermally Driven Oscillations

Organized oscillations excited and sustained by high densities of energy release in combustion chambers have long caused serious problems in development of propulsion systems. The amplitudes often become sufficiently large to cause unacceptable structural vibrations. Because the oscillations are self-excited, they reach limiting amplitudes (limit cycles) only because of the action of nonlinear processes. Traditionally, satisfactory behavior has been achieved through a combination of trial-and-error design and testing, with control always involving passive means: geometrical modification, changes of propellant composition, or devices to enhance dissipation of acoustic energy. Active control has been applied only to small-scale laboratory devices, but the limited success suggests the possibility of serious applications to full-scale propulsion systems. Realization of that potential rests on further experimental work, combined with deeper understanding of the mechanisms causing the oscillations and of the physical behavior of the systems. Effective design of active control systems will require faithful modeling of the relevant processes over broad frequency ranges covering the spectra of natural modes. This paper will cover the general character of the linear and nonlinear behavior of combustion systems, with special attention to acoustics and the mechanisms of excitation. The discussion is intended to supplement the paper by Doyle et al. concerned primarily with controls issues and the observed behavior of simple laboratory devices.
Association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and Hsp72

In an effort to understand the relationship between a 72-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp72) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), we have characterized their interaction using clofibric acid-Sepharose chromatography and co-immunoprecipitation with antisera raised against either rat PPAR (rPPAR) or Hsp72. First, we observed that both rPPAR and Hsp72 elute in a clofibrate-dependent manner from the clofibric acid-Sepharose matrix. Second, we found that immunoprecipitation of either protein from solution resulted in the precipitation of the other. This result was obtained from rat liver cytosol, from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells expressing rPPAR, and from reticulocyte lysate rPPAR expression systems. These results suggest that Hsp72 and rPPAR form a complex in vivo and that Hsp72 may play a role in the folding, subcellular localization, and/or signaling pathway of PPARs.
The GalileoJupiter Probe Doppler Wind Experiment

The GalileoJupiter atmospheric entry probe was launched along with the Galileoorbiter spacecraft from Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA, on October 18, 1989. Following a cruise of greater than six years, the probe arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995. During its 57-minute descent, instruments on the probe studied the atmospheric composition and structure, the clouds, lightning, and energy structure of the upper Jovian atmosphere. One of the two radio channels over which the experiment data was transmitted to the orbiter was driven by an ultrastable oscillator. All motions of the probe and orbiter, including the speed of probe descent, Jupiter's rotation, and the atmospheric winds, contributed to a Doppler shift of the probe radio frequency. By accurately measuring the frequency of the probe radio signal, an accurate time history of the probe–orbiter relative motions could be reconstructed. Knowledge of the nominal probe and orbiter trajectories allowed the nominal Doppler shift to be removed from the probe radio frequency leaving a measurable frequency residual arising primarily from the zonal winds in Jupiter's atmosphere, and micromotions of the probe arising from probe spin, swing under the parachute, atmospheric turbulence, and aerodynamic effects. Assuming that the zonal horizontal winds dominate the residual probe motion, a profile of frequency residuals was generated. Inversion of the frequency residuals resulted in the first in situ measurements of the vertical profile of Jupiter's deep zonal winds. It is found that beneath 700 mb, the winds are strong and prograde, rising rapidly to 170 m/s between 1 and 4 bars. Beneath 4 bars to 21 bars, the depth at which the link with the probe was lost, the winds remain constant and strong. When corrections for the high temperatures encountered by the probe are considered, there is no evidence of diminishing or strengthening of the zonal winds in the deepest regions explored by the Galileoprobe. Following the wind recovery, the frequency residuals offer tantalizing clues to microstructure in the atmospheric dynamics, including turbulence and wave motion.
Minor Use Pesticides, Registration

The Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR-4 Project) was organized 37 years ago by the Directors of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) to obtain regulatory clearances for crop protection chemicals on minor food crops when the economic incentives for the registrants precluded private sector investment. IR-4 has been administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service (CSREES) since its inception in 1963. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) component of the USDA established a companion minor use program in 1976 to provide further program support. The objectives of the program were expanded in 1977 to include registration of pest control products for the protection of nursery, floral, forestry and turf crops and again in 1982 when the objective of clearance of biological control agents or biopesticides was added. Also in 1982, the project added a Minor Use Animal Drug component to the work effort. The animal drug portion of the program became a separate entity several years later and continues today as a separate project funded by CSREES. The minor crop program works as a model government funded program due to a unique partnership formed between the USDA (CSREES and ARS), the IR-4 Headquarters and Regional Laboratory staff, the land grant university system, the crop protection industry, commodity and grower groups, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation to bring crop protection solutions to minor crop growers. Keywords: nursery; floral; forestry; turf; Christmas trees; fungicide; insecticide; nematicide; rodenticide; weeds; pests; research; study director; food and feed crops of the United States; Commodity Liaison Committee; minor crop; pesticide; biopesticide; IR-4; USDA; agriculture; USDA-CSREES; USDA-ARS; USDA-OPMP; universities; national; ornamentals; methyl bromide alternatives; food-use; regulatory; EPA; quality assurance; tolerances; state agricultural experiment stations; minor crop pest management; Rutgers University; entomology; plant pathology; weed science; NAFTA; food safety; study; GLP; crop groupings; harmonization; registration; clearance; crop protection; reduced-risk; growers
The Effects of System Reliability and Task Uncertainty on Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator Performance under High Time Pressure

This study examined the effects of system reliability and task uncertainty on unmanned aerial vehicle UAV operator performance for the patrol and target recognition tasks. The primary task was image processing that entailed differentiating between targets and distracters, making necessary changes to the identifications provided by the automation, and processing images accurately within a 5-s window. There were also 3 secondary tasks that are typical of UAV operations to which the participants had to respond as quickly as possible. Operator performance was measured as target image processing accuracy and image processing time as in the primary task and three secondary tasks. A 2 × 2 within-subject design was used to assess the effects of reliability and target uncertainty. Both factors were found to be significant for primary task image processing time. In contrast, accuracy was not found to be significantly affected by either one of the independent variables.
Staggered passive micromixers with fractal surface patterning

We present a procedure for inducing chaotic mixing based on a non-periodic patterning of the walls making use of the Weierstrass fractal function to generate the locations for the grooves. We show the numerical analysis of flow in three different geometries generated with the Weierstrass function and compare the results with a fourth geometry, quite similar to the staggered herringbone mixer (SHM) of Stroock et al (2002 Science 295 647), for which the patterning is periodic. We evaluate the Lyapunov exponents for massless and non-interacting particles advected by the flow and traced along the channels. We also compute the entropy of mixing for binary mixtures. Finally, we compute generalized (fractal) dimensions associated with the interface of the two fluids. The results show consistently substantial enhancement in mixing efficiency for two of the Weierstrass channels compared to the SHM.
Abstraction, ethics and software: why don't the rules work?

A theory is presented that one of the reasons why the use of unlicensed software is so widespread and unstigmatized is that legislatures, courts and other bodies which create policy operate at a higher level of abstraction than do individuals, and that abstraction is a key factor in the divergence of societal behavior from that condoned by legal statute. This theory is explored through a pilot study consisting of medium depth interviews with two volunteers who had used unlicensed software. Their attitudes, understanding of the law, and characterization of their use of unlicensed software as based on “need” is reported. In addition, the concept of face is examined, and how it is maintained while violating law. It is suggested that further studies, using multiple methodologies, (in-depth interview, focus groups, and surveys) be conducted prior to developing further policy or legislation regarding intellectual property protection for software.
The prevalence of encoded digital trace evidence in the nonfile space of computer media(

Forensically significant digital trace evidence that is frequently present in sectors of digital media not associated with allocated or deleted files. Modern digital forensic tools generally do not decompress such data unless a specific file with a recognized file type is first identified, potentially resulting in missed evidence. Email addresses are encoded differently for different file formats. As a result, trace evidence can be categorized as Plain in File (PF), Encoded in File (EF), Plain Not in File (PNF), or Encoded Not in File (ENF). The tool bulk_extractor finds all of these formats, but other forensic tools do not. A study of 961 storage devices purchased on the secondary market and shows that 474 contained encoded email addresses that were not in files (ENF). Different encoding formats are the result of different application programs that processed different kinds of digital trace evidence. Specific encoding formats explored include BASE64, GZIP, PDF, HIBER, and ZIP.
Autotransplantation of canine liver preserved by asanguineous intermittent perfusion method.

Abstract Intermittent hypothermic perfusion of 40% of the canine liver using a nonblood or protein containing solution was performed for 6 hr. Using a new technique of auxiliary autotransplantation as a test of function, successful preservation was achieved in some instances.
Accessibility and structure of ribosomal RNA monitored by slow tritium exchange of ribosomes

The structure of Escherichia coli 5 S ribosomal RNA within the ribosome was examined by comparing the slow tritium exchange rates of specific sites with those rates in the free 5 S rRNA. The pattern of tritium incorporation of 5 S rRNA in 70 S and 50 S particles is nearly identical and differs significantly from that of 5 S rRNA free in solution. The exchange rate throughout most of the rRNA is markedly suppressed, predominantly due to steric effects by other ribosomal components. Only four short segments show facile exchange: G41, A-C35, A-A-C110 and a G from one of the four C-C-G sequences, presumably G13. The presence of deacylated tRNAPhe bound tightly to the P site of poly(U)-programmed ribosomes caused no significant difference in the exchange pattern of 5 S RNA. The fact that (G)-A-A-C47, postulated to base-pair with the T-Ψ-C-G sequence of tRNA, was not accessible in any of these ribosome or subunit samples seems to eliminate a direct functional role for these 5 S rRNA residues. The rates of tritium exchange into 16 S rRNA free in solution, 16 S rRNA in the 30 S subunit and 16 S rRNA in the intact 70 S ribosome were also determined. The results reflect a loose 30 S particle structure which tightens upon 70 S ribosome formation.
Gravitational and Magnetic Anomaly Inversion Using a Tree-Based Geometry Representation

Gravitational and magnetic anomaly inversion of homogeneous 2D and 3D structures is treated using a geometric parameterization that can represent multiple, arbitrary polygons or polyhedra and a local-optimization scheme based on a hill-climbing method. This geometry representation uses a tree data structure, which defines a set of Boolean operations performed on convex polygons. A variable-length list of points, whose convex hull defines a convex polygon operand, resides in each leaf node of the tree. The overall optimization algorithm proceeds in two steps. Step one optimizes geometric transformations performed on different convex polygons. This step provides approximate size and location data. The second step optimizes the points located on all convex hulls simultaneously, giving a more accurate representation of the geometry. Though not an inherent restriction, only the geometry is optimized, not including material values such as density or susceptibility. Results based on synthetic and measured data show that the method accurately reconstructs various structures from gravity and magnetic anomaly data. In addition to purely homogeneous structures, a parabolic density distribution is inverted for 2D inversion.
Tapping-Mode AFM Studies Using Phase Detection for Resolution of Nanophases in Segmented Polyurethanes and Other Block Copolymers

The nanophase separated hard segment domains in solvent cast films of a segmented polyurethane and a segmented polyamide elastomer were imaged in real space using phase and topographical information from tapping-mode AFM techniques. A styrene triblock copolymer was used as a control to demonstrate the contrast mechanisms. For the segmented polyurethane and polyamide elastomers, contrast results from local stiffness variations of hard domains beneath a ca. 1 nm thick soft segment overlayer. Domain sizes and dispersity, shape, orientation, spacing, and uniformity in space are uniquely extracted from these real space AFM data. The ca. 7 nm diameter domains were relatively symmetric and uniformly space filling in the polyurethane. They were lamellar or sheetlike in the segmented polyamide elastomer, with a high aspect ratio and no curvature. There was no obvious correlation of lamellae orientation with macrocrystal aggregate (spherulite) position in the polyamide copolymer, while no such aggregates exist in t...
Phonon-Broadened Optical Spectra: Urbach's Rule

Starting from Fr\"olich's Hamiltonian for conduction-electron-optical-phonon interactions, an approximate Green's function $G(p, t)$ is derived. The spectral density derived from this Green's function is shown to possess an exponential tail at low energies, $\frac{E}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}}\ensuremath{\ll}0$. This demonstrates that Urbach's rule can be derived from Fr\"olich's Hamiltonian. The approximate Green's function $G(p, t)$ is shown to be related to the intermediate-coupling models for polarons.
Computing highly occluded paths on a terrain

Understanding the locations of highly occluded paths on a terrain is an important GIS problem. In this paper we present a model and a fast algorithm for computing highly occluded paths on a terrain. It does not assume the observer locations to be known and yields a path likely to be occluded under a rational observer strategy. We present experimental results that examine several different observer strategies. The repeated visibility map computations necessary for our model is expedited using a fast algorithm for calculating approximate visibility maps that models the decrease in observational fidelity as distance increases. The algorithm computes a multiresolution approximate visibility map and makes use of a graphics processing unit (GPU) to speed up computation. We present experimental results on terrrain data sets with up to 144 million points.
Response Rate to Mail Questionnaires with a Return Deadline

A RECENT review of research on stimulating response to mail questionnaires reported that "none of the studies experimentally tested the effect ... of including a deadline with the mail questionnaires" (Linsky, 1975:96). To date, as indicated by a search of the literature published subsequent to this review, the impact of a deadline has yet to be established experimentally. The present study attempts to fill this hiatus.
Comparison of suspended and immobilized yeast metabolism using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

31P nuclear magnetic resonance has been employed to monitor noninvasively Saccharomyces cerevisiae anaerobic glucose metabolism in suspended and immobilized cells. Results show that cell entrapment in Ca-alginate beads alters cell metabolism compared to that in suspended cells. Assuming similar intracellular ionic strength, differences in intracellular phosphate chemical shift indicate that the internal pH of the immobilized cells is lower than the suspended cell internal pH. This result is consistent with higher ethanol production rates exhibited by immobilized yeast.
The Romantic and the Postmodern

This critique takes issue with some of the central ideas reflected in Schneider’s article. In particular, concerns are raised both about the role of theory rather than historical contributions in shaping human experiences and the complexities involved in the search for an underlying universal sameness within individuals to resolve current social and personal problems. Universalism versus particularism or sameness versus difference is much more complex than Schneider’s article recognizes and presents us with a sorry history of abuses that we should hardly wish to replicate in the years ahead.
X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa. XII. Analysis of multiple-locus ad-3 mutations reveals a nonrandom distribution of the separate sites of recessive lethal damage throughout the genome

Previous studies on X-ray-induced adenine-3 mutations induced in heterokaryon 12 of Neurospora crassa showed that they consisted of gene/point mutations, multilocus deletion mutations, and 3 different genotypic classes of multiple-locus mutations (designated [-3]IR + RLCL, ad-3R + RLCL, and ad-3R + RL). In the present paper, multiple-locus mutations consisting of gene/point mutations at the ad-3A or the ad-3B locus with sites of recessive lethal damage closely linked to the ad-3 region (designated ad-3R + RLCL) or with sites of recessive lethal damage elsewhere in the genome (designated ad-3R + RL) were analyzed to determine whether they resulted from mutations at the same sites or different sites throughout the genome. It was assumed that if the recessive lethal mutations in individual multiple-locus mutations showed complementation on adenine-supplemented medium, they resulted from mutations at different sites. Multiple-locus mutations from both major genotypic classes were combined, as forced heterokaryons, in all possible pairwise combinations and then were plated out on adenine-supplemented medium. These studies indicated that 89.3% (50/56) of the recessive lethal mutations in these 2 classes of multiple-locus mutations complement one another. Thus, they are presumed to have resulted predominantly from genetic damage at different sites throughout the genome. Within the group of 20 multiple-locus mutations that did not complement in various pairwise combinations, 90% (18/20) appear to map in a region, distal to the ad-3 region, defined by a series of overlapping multilocus deletion mutations in 6 mutations of genotype ad-3R + RLCL. The other 10% (2/20) are located elsewhere on Linkage Group I or elsewhere in the genome. The present data base on multiple-locus mutations is unique; such events either can not be detected, or can only be detected with difficulty, in other eukaryotic specific-locus assay systems such as mammalian cells in culture, Drosophila or mice. Our data on X-ray-induced ad-3 specific-locus mutations from the present and previous studies demonstrate the presence of additional sites of genetic damage, both closely linked with the ad-3 region or elsewhere in the genome, in ad-3 specific-locus mutations. Because the frequencies of each class of multiple-locus mutations is dose-dependent, they must be taken into account in genetic risk assessment exercises. Failure to acknowledge the presence of such additional sites of genetic damage in the utilization of specific-locus data could result in underestimation of the risk of human exposure to environmental mutagens.
A reconfiguration algorithm for delay minimization in VLSI/WSI array processors

Abstract The paper affords the problem of host-driven reconfiguration of VLSI/WSI arrays of processing elements. Aim of the reconfiguration algorithm is to minimize interconnection delays between processing elements. Two different fault models are considered: one refers to random distribution of faults, as may happen in VLSI arrays of relatively large elements; the second one considers cluster of faults and is more tailored to WSI arrays.
Variations in wear resistance due to microstructural condition in high strength steel under repetitive impact

Mechanical components which make contact under impulsive loads are typical of virtually all hardware designed for dynamic operation. Indeed, only machines with kinematically perfect contact and zero tolerances are exempt from such impulsive loading. Thus, to cite but a few examples, the normal operation of aircraft tyres, cams and followers, mating gear teeth, mechanical linkages, typewriter characters, and dental restorative materials involves impact wear.
Urban recreation research: An overview

Despite the fact that the population of the United States ha shifted from largely rural to largely urban in this century, the commitment to research in recreation, inadequate as it is, has remained in the hinterlands. There is no critical mass of recreation researchers focusing on urban recreation as there now is focused on outdoor recreation. Urban recreation studies have been noncumulative in nature due to the wide range their sponsors, staff, substantive topics, lack of generalizability, and inevitable tensions between practitioners and researchers. Ironically, urban recreational research, and support of it, has diminished in this country at the same time that there has been an increasing concern for such information and knowledge. The future looks bleak insofar as the development of a strong, major, national urban recreation research program is concerned.
By-product formation in spark breakdown of SF6/O2 mixtures

The yields of SOF4, SO2F2, SOF2, and SO2 have been measured as a function of O2 content in SF6/O2 mixtures, following spark discharges. All experiments were made at a spark energy of 8.7 J/spark, a total pressure of 133 kPa, and for O2 additions of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20% to SF6. Even for the case of no added O2, trace amounts of O2 and H2O result in the formation of the above by-products. However, addition of O2 significantly increases the yields of SOF4 and SO2F2, while SOF2 is only slightly affected. The net yields for SOF4 and SO2F2 formation range from 0.18×10−9 and 0.64×10−10 mol·J−1, respectively, at 1% O2 content to 10.45×10−9 and 7.15×10−10 mol·J−1, respectively, at 20% O2 content. The mechanism for SOF4 production appears to involve SF4, an important initial product of SF6, as a precursor. Comparison of the SOF4 and SO2F2 yield from spark discharges (arc and corona) shows that the yields from other discharges (arc and corona) shows that the yields can vary by at least three orders of magnitude, depending on the type of discharge and on other discharge parameters.
Investigation of the tris(trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium acetyl charged derivatives of peptides by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

Charged derivatives of peptides are useful in obtaining simpler collision-activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectra. An N-terminal charge-derivatizing reagent capable of reacting with picomole levels of peptide has been recently reported (Huang et al. Anal. Chem.1997, 69, 137–144) in the contexts of analyses by fast atom bombardment (FAB) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric investigation of these tris(trimethoxyphenylphosphonium) acetyl derivatives are described in this article, including studies by in-source fragmentation (ISF) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Results from ISF are compared with those from MS/MS. Similarities and differences between ESI-ISF, MALDI-post-source decay (PSD), and FAB-CAD data are presented. Differences in fragmentation of these charged derivatives in the triple quadrupole and ion trap mass spectrometers also are discussed. Application of this derivatizing procedure to tryptic digests and subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is also shown.
YBa2Cu3O7-δ on MgO films grown by pulsed organometallic beam epitaxy and a grain boundary junction application

MgO films and YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}}/MgO multilayer films were developed with the pulsed organometallic beam epitaxy (POMBE) growth technique, and grain boundary junctions were fabricated from the films to demonstrate the utility of the multilayers. High-quality MgO films were grown on LaAlO{sub 3} substrates by POMBE using a Mg(dpm){sub 2} precursor. MgO crystallinity, as assessed by x-ray diffraction rocking curves, improved with the use of CuO{sub {ital x}} or YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} buffer layers. YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} films grown on the MgO layer by POMBE exhibited a {ital T}{sub {ital c}0} of 83 K and a {ital J}{sub {ital c}}(12 K) exceeding 10{sup 6} A/cm{sup 2} for applied magnetic fields up to 3{times}10{sup 4} Gauss. Grain boundary junctions were formed by growing YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} on MgO films that had been pretreated with a simple sputtering technique. This sputtering induces a controlled, 45{degree} grain boundary in subsequently deposited YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} films. The resulting boundary showed weak-link current-voltage behavior and an {ital I}{sub {ital c}R}{sub {ital n}} product of 52 {mu}V at 10 K, demonstrating that sputter-induced grain boundary junctions are compatible with multilayer technology. copyright {ital 1995} {ital Materials} {ital Research} {ital Society}.
Clinical studies of valproate for migraine prophylaxis.

Within the last decade our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms which generate migraine has expanded considerably. Accompanying these advances in basic science, new agents designed to t...
Food on Film: Pilot Test of an Innovative Method for Recording Food Intake of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Living in the Community

Background Adults with intellectual or developmental disabilities need dietary monitoring but are not likely to be able to provide accurate dietary intake data via traditional methods. Pilot study efforts to meet their support needs with a novel and practical approach to dietary intake data collection are described in this brief report. Materials and Method Still photography kits were used by nine adult volunteer participants with intellectual disabilities who lived in group homes or in semi-independent living arrangements to capture images of the food they consumed over 24 h. Results Use of photographs during dietary intake interviews improved the reliability of the participants’ responses. Mean reliability ratings improved from ‘Indiscernible/Poor’ (mean range 1.0–1.7) to ‘Good/Excellent’ (mean range 3.6–5.0). Conclusions Our preliminary data imply that Food on Film is an effective and appropriate tool for use in community settings and warrants further testing.
The Ethics and Etiquette of Multitasking in the Workplace

Compared to other ethical problems modern organizations face, ranging from financial fraud to employee misconduct, our technologically induced diffusion of attention may be deemed inconsequential. However, the failure to devote enough attention is frequently the root of many current moral quandaries in the corporate world. Nowhere is this phenomenon more evident than in the tendency to multitask with technological devices while at work. Multitasking behavior is deeply ingrained in many human activities in today's society, and its benefits and drawbacks have been thoroughly debated. However, the ethical dimension has not been fully addressed. The focus of this article is to analyze the ethical issues of multitasking behavior in the workplace.
Transmission-relevant behaviours shift with pathogen infection in wild house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Host individuals who are infected with a pathogen may alter their behaviour in ways that influence transmission. We observed a marked population of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus(Muller, 1776)) in Ithaca, New York, to test whether individuals change their behaviour at feeding stations when infected with a prevalent bacterial pathogen, Myco- plasma gallisepticum (MG). We found that house finches with conjunctival lesions consistent with MG infection fed for longer bouts of time than individuals without conjunctivitis. Furthermore, the same individuals that were observed both with and without conjunctivitis during 3 years of study were more likely to feed alone and associated in significantly smaller flocks when conjunctivitis signs were present. These results suggest house finches alter their foraging and social behaviour at feeding stations when visibly infected with MG. Since MG transmission is thought to primarily occur at feeders, these changes in host behaviour likely have important consequences for MG transmission dynamics. Resume ´ : Les hotes individuels qui sont infectes par un agent pathogene peuvent modifier leur comportement de maniere aen affecter la transmission. Nous avons observeune population de roselins familiers (Carpodacus mexicanus(Muller, 1776)) a Ithaca, New York, afin de verifier si les individus changent leur comportement dans les mangeoires lorsqu'ils sont infectes avec une bacterie pathogene commune, Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG). Les roselins familiers portant des lesions ala conjonctive compatibles avec une infection a MG ont des episodes alimentaires plus longs que les individus sans conjonctivite. De plus, les memes individus, qui ont eteobserves au cours des 3 annees de l'etude avec et sans con- jonctivite, ont plus tendance ase nourrir en solitaires ou en groupes significativement plus petits lorsqu'ils possedent des symptomes de conjonctivite. Ces resultats indiquent que les roselins familiers modifient leurs comportements alimentaires et sociaux dans les mangeoires lorsqu'ils sont manifestement infectes au MG. Puisque l'on croit que la transmission de MG se fait principalement aux mangeoires, ces changements de comportement de l'hote ont vraisemblablement des conse ´- quences importantes sur la dynamique de la transmission de MG. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Bayesian Nonparametric Survival Analysis

Abstract This article considers a Bayesian nonparametric approach to a (right) censored data problem. Although the results are applicable to a wide variety of such problems, including reliability analysis, the discussion centers on medical survival studies. We extend the posterior distribution of percentiles given by Hill (1968) to obtain predictive posterior probabilities for the survival of one or more new patients, using data from other individuals having the same disease and given the same treatment. The analysis hinges on three assumptions: (a) The new patients and the previous sample patients are all deemed to be exchangeable with regard to survival time. (b) The posterior prediction rule, in the case of no censoring or ties among (say n) observed survival times, assigns equal probability of 1/(n + 1) to each of the n + 1 open intervals determined by these values. (c) The censoring mechanisms are “noninformative.” Detailed discussion of these assumptions is presented from a Bayesian point of view. I...
Steroid and thyroid hormone profiles following a single injection of partly purified salmon gonadotropin or GnRH analogues in male and female sea lamprey

The effects of exogenous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues or of a partly purified salmon gonadotropin extract (GTH) on the duration of steroid and thyroid hormone levels were determined in female and male sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, tested under differing temperature and reproductive status. Plasma estradiol levels, but not androgens, were significantly elevated in response to the GnRH analogues or GTH injection compared to controls in female and male lampreys. Higher temperature and/or advance in time of maturation appeared to be inversely related to plasma estradiol levels. These data provide further evidence of hypothalamic control over reproductive function in lampreys. Plasma thyroxine was significantly elevated after female lampreys were treated with GTH, GnRHa (10 micrograms/lamprey) or GnRHa (1 microgram/lamprey) compared to controls. The present study is the first to demonstrate that the GnRH analogue stimulated in some way the pituitary-thyroid axis. These data suggest that a GnRH activity may activate both gonado- and thyrotropic secretion or that the endogenous hormone may itself have both functions in one of the most primitive vertebrates, the sea lamprey.
An evidence-based definition for perforated appendicitis derived from a prospective randomized trial

Purpose: Appendicitis is the most common urgent condition in general surgery, and yet there is no evidence-based definition for perforation. Therefore, all retrospective data published on perforated appendicitis are unreliable because of an ill-defined denominator. For approximately 2 years beginning in April 2005, we performed a prospective randomized trial investigating 2 different antibiotic regimens for perforated appendicitis. During this study, we strictly defined perforation as a hole in the appendix or a fecalith in the abdomen. Before this prospective study, perforation was staff surgeon opinion. We investigated the abscess rates in both the perforated and nonperforated appendicitis populations before and during the study to determine if our definition was safe and that there was not an increased risk of abscess formation in patients treated as nonperforated. Methods: Records of all patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy for appendicitis during the immediate 2 years before using the definition were compared to those treated in the 2 years after the definition was implemented. Interval and incidental appendectomies were ruled out. The postoperative abscess rate (when perforation was not defined) was compared to the abscess rate of those for whom perforation was strictly defined. Results: There were 292 patients treated for acute nonperforated appendicitis in the 2 years before the definition and 388 patients after the definition. There were 131 patients treated for perforated appendicitis before the definition and 161 after the definition was implemented. The abscess rate in those with perforated appendicitis increased from 14% to 18% after the definition was used. However, after the definition began to be used, the abscess rate for those patients treated as nonperforated decreased from 1.7% to 0.8%. Conclusions: Defining perforation as a hole in the appendix or a fecalith in the abdomen is effective in identifying the patients at risk for postoperative abscess formation. Application of these criteria would allow substantial reduction in therapy for patients with purulent or gangrenous appendicitis who do not possess the same abscess risk. These data outline the first evidence-based definition of perforation.
Sugar-hormone cross-talk in seed development: two redundant pathways of IAA biosynthesis are regulated differentially in the invertase-deficient miniature1 (mn1) seed mutant in maize.

The miniature1 (mn1) seed phenotype is a loss-of-function mutation at the Mn1 locus that encodes a cell wall invertase; its deficiency leads to pleiotropic changes including altered sugar levels and decreased levels of IAA throughout seed development. To understand the molecular details of such a sugar–hormone relationship, we have initiated studies on IAA biosynthesis genes in developing seeds of maize. Two tryptophan-dependent pathways of IAA biosynthesis, tryptamine (TAM) and indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA), are of particular interest. We report on molecular isolation and characterization of an endosperm-specific ZmTARelated1 (ZmTar1) gene of the IPA branch; we have also reported recently on ZmYuc1 gene in the TAM branch. Comparative gene expression analyses here have shown that (1) the ZmTar1 transcripts were approximately 10-fold higher levels than the ZmYuc1; (2) although both genes showed the highest level of expression at 8–12 d after pollination (DAP) coincident with an early peak in IAA levels, the two showed highly divergent (antagonistic) response at 12 and 16 DAP but similar patterns at 20 and 28 DAP in the Mn1 and mn1 endosperm. The Western blot analyses for the ZmTAR1 protein, however, displayed disconcordant protein/transcript expression patterns. Overall, these data report novel observations on redundant trp-dependent pathways of auxin biosynthesis in developing seeds of maize, and suggest that homeostatic control of IAA in this important sink is highly complex and may be regulated by both sucrose metabolism and developmental signals.
Tomographic filtering of geodynamic models: Implications for model interpretation and large‐scale mantle structure

[1] The resolution operator R is a critical accompaniment to tomographic models of the mantle. R facilitates the comparison between conceptual three-dimensional velocity models and tomographic models because it can filter these theoretical models to the spatial resolution of the tomographic model. We compute R for the tomographic model S20RTS (Ritsema et al., 1999, 2004) and two companion models that are based on the same data but derived with different norm damping values. The three models explain (within measurement uncertainty) S-SKS and S-SKKS travel times equally well. To demonstrate how artifacts distort tomographic images and complicate model interpretation, we apply R to (1) a thermochemical and (2) an isochemical model of convection in the mantle that feature different patterns of shear velocity heterogeneity in the deep mantle if we assume that shear velocity heterogeneity is caused by temperature variations only. R suppresses short-wavelength structures, removes strong velocity gradients, and introduces artificial stretching and tilting of velocity anomalies. Temperature anomalies in the thermochemical model resemble the spatial extent of low seismic velocity anomalies and the shear velocity spectrum in the D’’ region better than the isochemical model. However, the thermochemical model overpredicts the amplitude of shear velocity variation and places the African and Pacific anomalies imperfectly. We suspect that inaccurate velocity scaling laws and uncertain initial conditions control these mismatches. Extensive hypothesis testing is required to identify successful models.
Enzymatic isomerization of oleic acid to trans-Δ10-octadecenoic acid

Abstract A soluble enzyme preparation from a Pseudomonad has been shown to interconvert oleic acid, 10-hydroxystearic acid, and trans -Δ 10 -octadecenoic acid. The mechanism of production of trans -Δ 10 -octadecenoic acid has been shown to be a direct isomerization of the cis -Δ 9 -double bond of oleic acid. An alternative pathway, hydration of oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid followed by dehydration to trans -Δ 10 -octadecenoic acid has been shown not to occur. The pH optimum for the hydration of oleic acid is 7, and for the isomerization of oleic acid is 5.
Water-blown rigid and flexible polyurethane foams containing epoxidized soybean oil triglycerides

Both rigid and flexible water-blown polyurethane foams were made by replacing 0–50% of Voranol® 490 for rigid foams and Voranol® 4701 for flexible foams in the B-side of foam formulation by epoxidized soybean oil. For rigid water-blown polyurethane foams, density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were measured. Although there were no significant changes in density, compressive strength decreased and thermal conductivity decreased first and then increased with increasing epoxidized soybean oil. For flexible water-blown polyurethane foams, density, 50% compression force deflection, 50% constant force deflection, and resilience of foams were measured. Density decreased first and then increased, no changes in 50% compression force deflection first and then increased, increasing 50% constant force deflection, and decreasing resilience with increase in epoxidized soybean oil. It appears that up to 20% of Voranol® 490 could be replaced by epoxidized soybean oil in rigid polyurethane foams. When replacing up to 20% of Voranol® 4701 by epoxidized soybean oil in flexible polyurethane foams, density and 50% compression deflection properties were similar or better than control, but resilience and 50% constant deflection compression properties were inferior. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Modeling of hydraulic wind power transfers

The energy of wind can be transferred to the generators by using a gearbox or through an intermediate medium such as hydraulic fluids. In this method, a high-pressure hydraulic system is utilized to transfer the energy produced from a wind turbine to a central generator. In this paper, a gearless hydraulic wind energy transfer system is introduced and the dynamic model of the system is obtained. A pressure loss model is introduced to address transmission efficiency. The dynamic model is verified with a detailed model created by using the SimHydraulics toolbox of MATLAB. The comparison of the simulation results demonstrated successful validation of the mathematical model.
THE MOLECULAR AGGREGATION OF ANHYDROUS bis-(2,4-PENTANEDIONO)-NICKEL(II) IN CCl4 SOLUTION

Abstract Although the trimeric nature of bis-(2, 4-pentanediono)-nickel(II), Ni(AA)2, in the solid state has been conclusively established by X-ray crystallography1 the molecular aggregation of Ni(AA)2 in solution is less certain. It had been concluded from earlier ebullioscopic measurements2 on benzene and CCl4 solutions of anhydrous Ni(AA)2 and cryoscopic measurements3 performed on benzene solutions that the trimeric aggregation was maintained in solution. These techniques give the number-average molecular weight, M n. However, a recent determination of the weight-average molecular weight, M w , of Ni(AA)2 in CCl4 solution, employing the Brillouin light-scattering technique, gave a value for M w of 2220, whereas the molecular weight of the trimer is only 771.4 From these data Ni(AA)2 was presumed to exist in CCl4 solution as a broad distribution of oligomers such that the value of the number-average molecular weight, M n , would be near the value for the trimer but population of higher molecular weight ...
Molecular Characterization of the Tax-containing HTLV-1 Enhancer Complex Reveals a Prominent Role for CREB Phosphorylation in Tax Transactivation *

Transcriptional activation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is mediated by the viral oncoprotein Tax, which utilizes cellular transcriptional machinery to perform this function. The viral promoter carries three cyclic AMP-response elements (CREs), which are recognized by the cellular transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Tax binds to GC-rich sequences that immediately flank the CREs. The coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 binds to this promoter-bound ternary complex, which promotes the initiation of HTLV-1 transcription. Protein kinase A phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133 facilitates transcription from cellular CREs by recruiting CBP/p300 via its KIX domain. However, it remains controversial whether CREB phosphorylation plays a role in Tax transactivation. In this study, we biochemically characterized the quaternary complex formed by Tax, CREB, KIX, and the viral CRE by examining the individual molecular interactions that contribute to Tax stabilization in the complex. Our data show KIX, Ser133-phosphorylated CREB, and vCRE DNA are all required for stable Tax incorporation into the complex in vitro. Consonant with a fundamental role for CREB phosphorylation in Tax recruitment to the complex, we found that CREB is highly phosphorylated in a panel of HTLV-1-infected human T-cell lines. Significantly, we show that Tax is directly responsible for promoting elevated levels of CREB phosphorylation. Together, these data support a model in which Tax promotes CREB phosphorylation in vivo to ensure availability for Tax transactivation. Because pCREB has been implicated in leukemogenesis, enhancement of CREB phosphorylation by the virus may play a role in the etiology of adult T-cell leukemia.