cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beef X beef and dairy X beef females mated to Angus and Charolais sires II. Calf growth, weaning rate and cow productivity.

Preweaning growth of 814 progeny was studied, and weaning rate and kilograms of calf weaned/cow exposed were determined for 310, 2- to 7-yr-old angus x Hereford (AH), Charolais X Hereford (CH), straight bred Hereford (HH) and Brown Swiss X Hereford (SH) cows mated to Angus and Charolais bulls. Charolais-sired calves grew more rapidly (P less than .01) then Angussired calves were heavier (P less than .01) at 130 and 210 d of age. Progeny of SH females grew faster (P less than .05) and were the heaviest at 130 (164 kg) and 210 (231 kg) d, whereas calves from HH dams grew the slowest and weighed the least (P less than 0.5) at 130 (125 kg) and 210 (180 kg) d of age. Progeny from AH and CH dams had similar 130-d weights (CW130) and made similar daily gains from birth to 130 of age (ADGI). Calves from CH females gained faster (P less than .05) from 130 to 210 d (ADG2) and had higher (P less than .05) 210-d weights (CW210) than did calves from AH dams. ADG1 and ADG2 of male calves were .043 and .072 kg/d greater, respectively (P less than .01) than those of heifer calves. Age of dam influenced (P less than .01) calf preweaning gains and weights. Calves from 4- to 7-yr old cows had greater (P less than .05) ADG1 and ADG2 and higher (P less than .05) CW130 and CW210 than progeny of younger dams. Progeny of 2-yr-old cows grew more slowly (P less than .05), and were last (P less than .05) in all traits (ADG1, ADG2, CW130 and CW210), whereas progeny of 3-yr-old cows were intermediate to those of 2 and 4- to 7-yr-old females. Cow breed type influenced (P less than .01) weaning rate (WR) and kilograms of calf weaned/cow exposed. SH females has the highest WR (83.4%), AH and CH were intermediate at 76 .8 and 77.7%, respectively, and HH dams had the lowest (P less than .05) WR, 66.4 calves/100 cows exposed. SH cows weaned 34.6 kg more (P less than .05) calf/cow exposed than AH and CH dams. HH dams were least productive (P less than .05), weaning 122.3 kg calf/cow exposed. Dairy X beef dams (SH) weaned 47.6 kg more (P less than .01) calf/cow exposed than the average of beef X beef dams (AH, CH, HH). Dairy X beef females had the highest WR and weaned the heaviest calves.
CMOS IC reliability assesment for government applications

I will present an overview of the work my organization is doing in support of the DARPA “IRIS” Program. Our work: focuses on developing the technology to predict the long-term reliability of COTS Ics (both Digital and Analog Mixed Signal) from a very limited sample set (≤ 10 chips). We focus on wear-out or “aging” related reliability effects including negative-bias-temperature-instability (NBTI), time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown (TDDB), and hot carrier (HC). A three-prong approach is used in our prediction methodology: 1) building better wear-out models for select CMOS technologies using experimental reliability data, 2) building custom reliability circuit simulation tools to apply these models to IC test articles, 3) Developing “in-situ” testing methods to acquire reliability data from COTs Ics (without the use of custom reliability test circuits). The ultimate goal is the development of efficient methods for evaluating mean-time-to-failure of COTs Ics from very limited sample sets.
Development of high impedance measurement system for water leakage detection in implantable neuroprosthetic devices

There has been a push for a greater number of channels in implantable neuroprosthetic devices; but, that number has largely been limited by current hermetic packaging technology. Microfabricated packaging is becoming reality, but a standard testing system is needed to prepare these devices for clinical trials. Impedance measurements of electrodes built into the packaging layers may give an early warning of device failure and predict device lifetime. Because the impedance magnitudes of such devices can be on the order of gigaohms, a versatile system was designed to accommodate ultra-high impedances and allow future integrated circuit implementation in current neural prosthetic technologies. Here we present the circuitry, control software, and preliminary testing results of our designed system.
The Course of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation in Acute Myocardial Infarction After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: From Emergency Room to Long-Term Follow-Up.

Background— Previously published evidence on ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) and its adverse prognosis after myocardial infarction has been based on the severity of IMR in the subacute or chronic period of myocardial infarction. However, the state of IMR can vary from the early stage to the chronic stage as a result of various responses of myocardium after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods and Results— Standard echocardiography was serially performed in 546 consecutive patients with first-onset acute myocardial infarction (1) immediately after their arrival (pre-PCI), (2) before discharge (early post-PCI), and (3) 6 to 8 months after PCI (late post-PCI). The course of IMR after primary PCI and the prognostic impact of the IMR in each phase were investigated. IMR was found in 193/546 (35%) patients at the emergency room. In the acute phase after PCI, IMR improved in 63 patients. IMR worsened in 78 patients despite successful PCI. Shorter onset-to-reperfusion time and nontotal occlusion before PCI were the independent predictors of early improvement of IMR. In the chronic phase, IMR improved in 79 patients and worsened in 36 patients. Lower peak creatine kinase–myocardial band was an independent predictor of late improvement of IMR. IMR before PCI worsened 30-day prognosis ( P =0.02), and persistent IMR in the chronic phase worsened long-term prognosis ( P =0.04) after primary PCI. Conclusions— Degrees of IMR changed in the early and chronic phase after primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction. IMR on arrival and persistent IMR in the chronic phase worsened short-term and long-term prognosis after acute myocardial infarction, respectively.
Appropriateness and diagnostic yield of inpatient pediatric echocardiograms.

Objective Multiple reports have shown echocardiograms for certain indications are neither cost-effective nor of high diagnostic yield. Given the ease with which tests can be obtained at a tertiary academic children's hospital, our aims were to: (1) determine the diagnostic yield of inpatient studies by in-hospital location; (2) evaluate inpatient echocardiograms to determine indications and level of appropriateness; and (3) evaluate the frequency of cardiology involvement prior to those echocardiograms. Design All initial inpatient echocardiograms interpreted at our institution from February 2009 to December 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Patient location was grouped as pediatric intensive care (PICU), emergency department (ED), and general floor. Results There were 727 first-time inpatient echocardiograms that met inclusion criteria. Pathology was identified in 25% of the study echocardiograms, with 11% of all studies demonstrating pathology that could alter patient management (moderate or severe pathology). The studies performed in the PICU and ED had more severe pathology compared with those from the general floor (P < .001, .003; respectively). Few echocardiograms were performed for rarely appropriate indications on the general floor (7%) and PICU (2.2%). Over 75% of general floor echocardiograms performed for a pathologic murmur yielded normal or incidental findings. Cardiology consultation was documented in only 7.5% of general floor studies. Conclusion The diagnostic yield of inpatient, first-time pediatric echocardiograms is relatively low. The majority of studies that identified pathology were performed on patients located in higher acuity units. General floor echocardiograms for murmurs had a low diagnostic yield, raising the question of cardiology consultation versus direct echocardiogram ordering for subjective physical exam signs.
Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic spider silks by both the 3ω and transient electrothermal methods

Abstract Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of three spider silks are measured in this paper as a benchmark for further studies. These silks include the major and minor ampullate silks of the Nephila clavipes spider, and a synthetic spider silk fiber made from recombinant dragline silk proteins purified from transgenic goats' milk. Two complementary measurement techniques are employed in the thermal characterization of these microscale single fibers for self-verification. One is the transient electrothermal technique (TET) and the other is the 3ω method. Experimental measurements indicate that thermal properties of the dragline silk are very close to those of the minor ampullate silk, whereas the ones for the synthetic silk are much lower due in part to its low crystallinity. The directly measured thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the major and minor ampullate silks are 1.2–1.26 W m− 1 K− 1, 5.7–6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1, and 2–2.17 MJm− 3 K− 1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the as-spun synthetic silk are 0.24 W m− 1 K− 1 and 1.6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1 respectively. As part of this study, a detailed comparison of the TET and 3ω methods is provided showing the complementary nature of the techniques and illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Ammonium Bicarbonate Addition Improves the Detection of Proteins by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The analysis of protein by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is considered impractical due to a mass-dependent loss in sensitivity with increase in protein molecular weights. With the addition of ammonium bicarbonate to the DESI-MS analysis the sensitivity towards proteins by DESI was improved. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) improvement for a variety of proteins increased between 2- to 3-fold relative to solvent systems containing formic acid and more than seven times relative to aqueous methanol spray solvents. Three methods for ammonium bicarbonate addition during DESI-MS were investigated. The additive delivered improvements in S/N whether it was mixed with the analyte prior to sample deposition, applied over pre-prepared samples, or simply added to the desorption spray solvent. The improvement correlated well with protein pI but not with protein size. Other ammonium or bicarbonate salts did not produce similar improvements in S/N, nor was this improvement in S/N observed for ESI of the same samples. As was previously described for ESI, DESI also caused extensive protein unfolding upon the addition of ammonium bicarbonate. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
The Status of English in Language Policy Models Proposed for the Moroccan Multilingual Context

This paper suggests a language policy model for Modern Morocco, which can respond to both, the national needs of identity and the demands of Globalization, These two needs are the two major forces that shape the status of the various languages involved in the Moroccan sociolinguistic context, including English. The paper concisely describes how different sociolinguistic phenomenon produced by the ex-colonial powers shape the status of the different languages involved in the Moroccan multilingual context (i.e. language conflict, language competition, language selection and linguistic militantism). It also gives a detailed account of the different approaches and language policy models proposed by various Moroccan intellectuals and linguists in order to face such a de facto multilingualism. Finally, it proposes a multidimensional model that may contribute to reducing tensional relations between the different linguistic varieties cohabiting in Morocco, meeting the requirements of the Moroccan identity, and responding to the needs of modernity, prosperity, science and technology imposed by globalization.
The Role of Religiousness/Spirituality and Social Networks in Predicting Depressive Symptoms among Older Korean Americans

This study (1) examined the effects of religiousness/spirituality and social networks as predictors of depressive symptoms in older Korean Americans and (2) compared the best predictors of depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 200 older Korean Americans residing in the New York City area in 2009. Best-subsets regression analyses were used to evaluate the best predictors of depressive symptoms. Nearly 30% of older Korean participants reported mild or severe depressive symptoms. The best model fit for depressive symptoms involved four predictors: physical health status, religious/spiritual coping skills, social networks, and annual household income. Social networks and religious/spiritual coping skills contributed significantly to the variance of depressive symptoms. Adding additional variables to the model did not enhance predictive and descriptive power. Religiousness/spirituality and social networks are important for coping with life stress and may be useful in developing effective health care strategies in the management of depression among older Korean Americans. Health education and intervention could be framed in ways that strengthen such coping resources for this population. Future research is needed to best guide prevention and intervention strategies.
Saliency enhancement of salient pole wound field synchronous machines for variable speed applications

In variable speed applications, machines with variable field flux such as wound field synchronous machines (WFSMs), inherently have advantages in loss saving compared to fixed field flux drives such as permanent magnet (PM) machines in field-weakening region. However, the WFSM normally lacks the ability to produce as much reluctance torque as the PM machine due to its negligible saliency. This paper introduces a low cost flux barrier structure in the rotor design to improve the saliency and thus the torque production of a conventional synchronous machine. Effects of the WFSM parameters on torque and output power capability are first investigated using the d q equivalent circuit model. Observations are: (1) it is beneficial to have a larger saliency design to improve maximum torque capability and save copper losses, (2) the choice of d-axis synchronous reactance needs to be carefully made to achieve decent corner speed and corner torque at the same time, (3) good torque (power) speed capability can be achieved with a large saliency design. Results are then verified with finite element (FE) calculations. A comparison is made with a conventional salient pole structure whereby it is shown that total loss is reduced in the field-weakening region and efficiency is improved as a result, making this machine a serious candidate for traction applications.
An Introduction to Riemann’s Life, His Mathematics, and His Work on the Zeta Function

Although the zeta function was first defined and used by Euler, it is to Bernhard Riemann, in an article written in 1859, that we owe our view of the zeta function as a meromorphic function in the plane with a functional equation. Riemann is a very remarkable figure in the history of mathematics. The present article describes his career including the major mathematical highlights, and gives some discussion of his published and unpublished work on the zeta function.
The Success of Student Information Management System: The Case of Higher Education Institution in Ethiopia

Information Systems (IS) implementation in higher education is a large investment. Such investments are expected to bring increased efficiency and effectiveness, as well as better quality services to stakeholders. Our literature search did not find student information management systems (SIMS) in Ethiopia or similar low-income countries. This research is work in progress. It attempts to bridge the literature gap for utilization and success factors of SIMS in a university context of low income countries. The study will address the research question: what determinant factors contribute to the success or failure of IS in higher education institutions in Ethiopia, with particular reference to SIMS? The study uses DeLone and McLean (1992, 2003) IS Success Model to identify the dimensions of IS success when applied to SIMS. We also investigate two new constructs top management support and user support that were found relevant in the study context.
Image Registration for Microwave Tomography of the Breast Using Priors From Nonsimultaneous Previous Magnetic Resonance Images

Microwave imaging is a low-cost imaging method that has shown promise for breast imaging and, in particular, neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitoring. Early studies of microwave imaging in the therapy monitoring setting are encouraging. For the neoadjuvant therapy application, it would be desirable to achieve the most accurate possible characterization of the tissue properties. One method to achieve increased resolution and specificity in microwave imaging reconstruction is the use of a soft prior regularization. The objective of this study is to develop a method to use magnetic resonance (MR) images, taken in a different imaging configuration, as this soft prior. To enable the use of the MR images as a soft prior, it is necessary to register the MR images to the microwave imaging space. Registration fiducials were placed around the breast, which are visible in both the MR images and with an optical scanner integrated into the microwave system. Utilizing these common registration locations, numerical algorithms have been developed to warp the original breast MR images into a geometry closely resembling that in which the breast is pendant in the microwave system.
Effect of Freeze/Thaw Process on Mechanical Behavior of Double-Network Hydrogels in Finite Tensile Deformation

Tensile mechanics of double-network (DN) hydrogels synthesized from 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylamide (AAm) with different cross-link density of the first networks was studied after applying the freeze/thaw (F/T) process. When a DN hydrogel which exhibits necking upon applying a tensile load undergoes F/T process, necking is suppressed and strain hardening is observed in a tensile deformation. The area under the stress–strain curve which measures the work of deformation and is a criterion of toughness also is reduced after the F/T process. The reduction of toughness in a DN hydrogel with more brittle first network is more pronounced. The toughness of samples reduced very markedly after the first F/T cycle; however, the toughness of the samples was very close after the second and third F/T cycles. The reduction of mechanical properties of DN hydrogels upon applying the F/T process is attributed to the damage induced by freezing of water to the internal structure of hydrogel by...
In Vivo Analysis of a Gain-of-Function Mutation Confirms Unc18/Munc18's Role in Priming.

Neurotransmitter release at synapses is mediated by the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Fusion is mediated by the interaction of three SNARE proteins (soluble NSF-attachment receptor): synaptobrevin in the vesicle membrane and syntaxin and SNAP-25 in the plasma membrane ([
Thermoelectric power of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ

Results of thermoelectric power (TEP) measurements of the high-temperature superconductor ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ as a function of oxygen content are reported here. Removal of oxygen produces two distinct changes in TEP versus temperature curves: (1) It raises the TEP curves, and (2) it raises the temperature at which the slope of the curves changes from positive to negative. These changes result from (1) the decrease in the charge carrier density and (2) lattice distortions; both are due to increasing oxygen vacancy. Results of measurements on strontium-substituted compounds show only the second type of change in the TEP versus temperature curves.
Generative adversarial networks for ground penetrating radar in hand held explosive hazard detection

The identification followed by avoidance or removal of explosive hazards in past and/or present conflict zones is a serious threat for both civilian and military personnel. This is a challenging task as extreme variability exists with respect to the objects, their environment and emplacement context. A goal is the development of automatic, or human-in-the-loop, sensor technologies that leverage engineering theories like signal processing, data fusion and machine learning. Herein, we explore the detection of buried explosive hazards (BEHs) in handheld ground penetrating radar (HH-GPR) via convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In particular, we investigate the potential for generative adversarial networks (GANs) to impute new data based on limited and class imbalance labeled data. Unsupervised GANs are trained and assessed at a qualitative level and their outputs are explored in different ways to quantitatively help train a CNN classifier. Overall, we found encouraging qualitative results and a list of hurdles that need to be overcome before we anticipate quantitative improvements.
UAV-Direct: Facilitating D2D Communications for Dynamic and Infrastructure-less Networking

In this paper, a new and novel approach called (Unmanned Areal Vehicle) UAV-Direct is proposed, where the UAV helps in optimizing the bandwidth and power allocations of Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. In addition to that, the UAV can play the role of a relay if needed to maintain the communication links between the devices that are out of communication ranges of each other. We design a UAV-Direct protocol to manage the resource allocations to improve the system throughput. We formulate an optimization problem that maximizes the minimum device throughput while satisfying resource allocation constraints. Since the formulated optimization problem is non-convex, we propose to solve this problem in two steps. In the first step, a Taylor series successive convex approximation solution is proposed to optimize the resource allocations. Then, we propose an efficient algorithm based on a recursive shrink-and-realign process to optimize the UAV trajectory.
INTERVAL VALUES AND RATIONAL CHOICE

Decision theorists have suggested that it is sometimes appropriate to represent the value of certain options as intervals of real numbers. In this note I show that doing so is incompatible with some deeply held intuitions about rational choice.
GABA Neurons in the Primate Visual Cortex

GABA neurons have been a prime focus of attention in cortical research ever since the discovery that GABA is the major source of inhibition in cortical circuitry (Krnjevic and Schwartz, 1967). However, it has been only recently, with the development of sensitive immunocytochemical techniques and antisera to GABA (ɣ aminobutyric acid) and its synthetic enzyme GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), that GABA neurons and their terminals have been identified morphologically in the cerebral cortex. Not surprisingly, GABA neurons are a significant element of cortical structure (Figure 1A). About 15–25% of all neurons in the cerebral cortex (depending on the region under examination), and a high proportion of all cortical synaptic terminals, are immunoreactive for GABA or for GAD (Hendrickson et al., 1981; Houser et al., 1983; Fitzpatrick et al., 1987; Hendry et al., 1987; for review see Jones, 1993).
Anthropology and Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

Because of their relativistic stance, anthropologists have been harshly criticized by activists both inside and outside the discipline for failing to take a stance on the issue of female genital cutting (FGC). In the last five years, the approach taken by some anthropologists has been more critical and questioning, emphasizing the need to return to empirical research and data gathering because there are many unknowns left in the body of literature and any stance taken has to be a result of this research. In this paper, I will explore some of these recent developments and studies, all the while trying to reconcile cultural relativism and the holistic approach of anthropology with that of advocacy and activism.
Stresses in Beams

The beam is a very useful structural member that is employed in many different types of structural applications, such as floor, roof, and bridge deck systems. These members are called upon to resist bending action that is usually produced either by loads that are perpendicular to the member (transverse loads) or by pure bending moments. Regardless of the way the beam is loaded, the resulting action leads to two effects that are of major significance in the analysis of beams. These two effects are the induced stresses and the resulting deformations. Chapter 5 deals with the first of these two effects, the stresses induced in a beam, and the subject of deformations (or deflections) is dealt with in Chapter 6.
Ecological restoration volunteers: the benefits of participation

There is an international volunteer movement to protect and restore sensitive natural landscapes. In Illinois alone, almost 40,000 acres of rare prairie, oak savanna, wetlands and woodland ecosystems in urban and suburban communities are monitored and managed by volunteers. As natural habitats disappear or become degraded worldwide, it is increasingly important to understand how a personal involvement with nature, in the form of restoration, benefits the individual as well as aiding in species and ecosystem survival. This study examined the satisfactions that volunteers derive from prairie restoration in the Chicago metropolitan area. Questionnaire responses from 263 volunteers indicate that volunteers experience high levels of many different satisfactions. Tenure, frequency and extent of involvement in restoration were used to predict restoration satisfactions, life satisfaction and life functioning. Implications for recruiting and sustaining volunteer involvement in restoration efforts are discussed.
Would U.S. Leaders Push the Button? Wargames and the Sources of Nuclear Restraint

Why since 1945 have nuclear weapons not been used? Political scientists have cited five basic reasons: deterrence, practicality, precedent, reputation, and ethics. Scholars attempting to weight the...
Analysis and Design of High-Frequency 1-D CMUT Imaging Arrays in Noncollapsed Mode

High-frequency ultrasound imaging arrays are important for a broad range of applications, from small animal imaging to photoacoustics. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays are particularly attractive for these applications as low noise receiver electronics can be integrated for an overall improved performance. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of high-frequency CMUT arrays based on an experimentally verified CMUT array simulation tool. The results obtained on an example, a 40-MHz 1-D CMUT array for intravascular imaging, are used to obtain key design insights and tradeoffs for receive only and pulse-echo imaging. For the receiver side, thermal mechanical current noise, plane wave pressure sensitivity, and pressure noise spectrum are extracted from simulations. Using these parameters, we find that the receiver performance of CMUT arrays can be close to an ideal piston, independent of gap thickness, and applied dc bias, when coupled to low noise electronics with arrays utilizing smaller membranes performing better. For pulse-echo imaging, thermal mechanical current noise limited signal-to-noise ratio is observed to be dependent on the maximum available voltage and gap thickness. In terms of bandwidth, we find that the Bragg resonance of the array, related to the fill factor, is a significant determinant of the high frequency limit and the fluid loaded single membrane resonance determines the lower limit. Based on these results, we present design guidelines requiring only fluid loaded single membrane simulations and membrane pitch to achieve a desired pulse-echo response. We also provide a design example and discuss limitations of the approach.
Radiation Dosimetry: Definitions and Basic Quantities

The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895 began a new era in medicine. The first uses of ionizing radiation permitted the noninvasive visualization of internal structures of the body, which was quite revolutionary. Later in 1924, de Hevesy and colleagues performed studies of the kinetics of lead-210 (210Pb) and bismuth-210 (210Bi) in animals, introducing the idea of the use of radioactive substances to investigate dynamic processes in the body and study physiological, as opposed to only anatomical, information [1].
Sensor Network Event Localization via Nonconvex Nonsmooth ADMM and Augmented Lagrangian Methods

Event localization plays a fundamental role in many wireless-sensor network applications, such as environmental monitoring, homeland security, medical treatment, and health care, and it is essentially a nonconvex and nonsmooth problem. In this paper, we address such a problem in a completely decentralized way based on augmented Lagrangian methods and alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). A decentralized algorithm is proposed to solve the nonsmooth and nonconvex event localization problem directly, rather than using conventional convex relaxation techniques. The avoidance of convex relaxation is significant in that convex relaxation-based methods generally suffer from high computational complexity. The convergence properties are also evaluated and substantiated using numerical simulations, which show that the proposed algorithm achieves better localization accuracy than existing projection-based approaches when the target is within the convex hull of localization sensors. When the target is outside the convex hull, numerical simulations show that the proposed approach has a higher probability to converge to the target event location than existing projection-based approaches. Numerical simulation results show that our approach is also robust to network topology changes.
Maintenance of the bladder cancer precursor urothelial hyperplasia requires FOXA1 and persistent expression of oncogenic HRAS

Tumorigenesis requires accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, some of which drive tumor initiation. "Oncogene addiction" describes the phenomenon that (1) well-established cancers are dependent on one mutated oncogene or pathway for the maintenance of a malignant phenotype and that (2) withdrawal of the single oncogenic event leads to growth arrest and/or cancer regression. While oncogene addiction has been experimentally validated in advanced tumor models, its role in tumor precursors has not been investigated. We utilized the requirement of Forkhead box A1 (Foxa1) for transcriptional activation of the Upk2-promoter to temporally control the expression of Upk2-HRAS* oncogene, an inducer of urothelial hyperplasia in transgenic mice. Inducible homozygous knockout of Foxa1 in Upk2-HRAS*/UBC-CreERT2/Foxa1loxp/loxp mice results in reduced HRAS* levels. This led to a marked reduction of urothelial proliferation as evidenced by urothelial thinning, degenerative changes such as intracellular vacuole formation, and reduced Ki67 expression. Reduced proliferation did not affect basal, Krt14-positive cells, supporting the fact that Foxa1-regulated Upk2-HRAS* expression occurs primarily in supra-basal cells. Our results indicate that maintenance of urothelial hyperplasia in Upk2-HRAS* mice depends on continuous expression of Foxa1 and activated HRAS, and that mutated receptor tyrosine kinases, FOXA1 and/or other downstream effectors may mediate oncogene addiction in urothelial hyperplasia.
Los restos: renacimiento y resiliencia del pueblo q’eqchi’ en Petén

En este articulo, producto de investigacion aplicada y comprometida, ofrece un panorama actual de la situacion sociedad civil de los q’eqchi’es en Peten y su influencia en el renacimiento y reforma de una cultura q’eqchi’- petenera. Como protagonista, figura la creciente Asociacion de Comunidades Campesinas Indigenas para el Desarrollo Integral de Peten (ACDIP), que cuenta con un profundo y arraigado poder de convocatoria, debida a una base social de 156 comunidades, de las cuales 35 ya son declaradas como comunidades autonomas indigenas, con otras 78 en proceso. Tal como su sombrilla internacional, Via Campesina, ACDIP, ha evolucionado en los tiempos de paz de una sencilla federacion campesina de etnicidad mixta, hacia un movimiento dinamico y resiliente para la autonomia indigena. Ante el desplazamiento que ha sufrido por la expansion de la ganaderia y las empresas palmeras, actualmente ACDIP incluye no solamente una mision reivindicativa de derecho agrario del pueblo q’eqchi’ de Peten, sino tambien de lucha por derechos humanos, transformacion agroecologica, soberaniaalimentaria, rescate de conocimientos ancestrales, justicia ambiental, y quizas de la reforestacion y restauracion ecologica a una escala masiva si las autoridades de la conservacion lograran respetar los valores tradicionales de la cosmovision q’eqchi’ sobre el bosque y sus propias formas de organizacion.
Supporting the Out-of-School Time Workforce in Fostering Intentional Social and Emotional Learning

Extensive research demonstrates that a qualified workforce is essential to out-of-school time program quality, which, in turn, is essential for positive youth development. Recently, the in- and out-of-school fields have witnessed an increase in attention to social and emotional learning practices and programs, yet less is known about how to support the adults who are engaged in the social and emotional learning process. A first step in supporting this workforce is to build the collective knowledge around what social and emotional learning is and what the practices are that support social and emotional development. We also believe there is a need to identify and describe the connection between what has been and what could be—that is, connecting youth development as a foundation for intentional social and emotional learning. We reviewed a selection of widely disseminated, research-based, practitioner-focused resources to identify the specific practices that promote social and emotional learning. This process elevated a set of 8 practices, which we delineated into 2 categories: foundational organizational practices and programmatic practices that support social and emotional development. In addition, we completed a comprehensive crosswalk of those practices with seminal youth development and out-of-school time resources to demonstrate the alignment and progression from youth development to social and emotional learning. This article describes the 8 social and emotional learning practices and highlights connections to foundational youth development practices. We conclude with a set of recommendations for the field leaders who must continue to support the workforce.
Examining the role of muscarinic M5 receptors in VTA cholinergic modulation of depressive-like and anxiety-related behaviors in rats

Abstract Acetylcholine is implicated in mood disorders including depression and anxiety. Increased cholinergic tone in humans and rodents produces pro-depressive and anxiogenic-like effects. Cholinergic receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are known to mediate these responses in male rats, as measured by the sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim test (FST). However, these effects have not been examined in females, and the VTA muscarinic receptor subtype(s) mediating the pro-depressive and anxiogenic-like behavioral effects of increased cholinergic tone are unknown. We first examined the behavioral effects of increased VTA cholinergic tone in male and female rats, and then determined whether VTA muscarinic M5 receptors were mediating these effects. VTA infusion of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (0.5 μg, 1 μg and 2 μg/side) in males and females produced anhedonic-like, anxiogenic, pro-depressive-like responses on the SPT, EPM, and FST. In females, VTA administration of the muscarinic M5 selective negative allosteric modulator VU6000181 (0.68 ng, 2.3 ng, 6.8 ng/side for a 3 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM/side infusion) did not alter SPT, EPM nor FST behavior. However, in males intra-VTA infusion of VU6000181 alone reduced time spent immobile on the FST. Furthermore, co-infusion of VU6000181 with physostigmine, in male and female rats, attenuated the pro-depressive and anxiogenic-like behavioral responses induced by VTA physostigmine alone, in the SPT, EPM, and FST. Together, these data reveal a critical role of VTA M5 receptors in mediating the anhedonic, anxiogenic, and depressive-like behavioral effects of increased cholinergic tone in the VTA.
Physical vapor deposition of a polyamorphic system: Triphenyl phosphite.

In situ AC nanocalorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy were used to analyze films of vapor-deposited triphenyl phosphite. The goal of this work was to investigate the properties of vapor-deposited glasses of this known polyamorphic system and to determine which liquid is formed when the glass is heated. We find that triphenyl phosphite forms a kinetically stable glass when prepared at substrate temperatures of 0.75–0.95Tg, where Tg is the glass transition temperature. Regardless of the substrate temperature utilized during deposition of triphenyl phosphite, heating a vapor-deposited glass always forms the ordinary supercooled liquid (liquid 1). The identity of liquid 1 was confirmed by both the calorimetric signal and the shape and position of the dielectric spectra. For the purposes of comparison, the glacial phase of triphenyl phosphite (liquid 2) was prepared by the conventional method of annealing liquid 1. We speculate that these new results and previous work on vapor deposition of other polyamorphic systems can be explained by the free surface structure being similar to one polyamorph even in a temperature regime where the other polyamorph is more thermodynamically stable in the bulk.
Arabidopsis: two-hundredths anniversary of its name and the possibility of a hidden universal regulatory signal

In 1821, the Swiss botanist A. P. de Candolle (1788–1841) introduced the term “Arabidopsis” to denote a group of dicotyledonous plants (family Brassicaceae). Here, we recount the history of Arabidopsis research from 1588 to 2020, with a focus on light and plant development. We document that plant stem cell research, with commercial applications, is essentially based on Arabidopsis-thaliana. Then, we discuss scoto- and photomorphogenesis in this model plant and introduce the light-auxin-connection. Based on these insights, we argue that an as yet unknown “hidden signal” must be involved in the phenomenon of scotomorphogenesis, also known under the name etiolation. We conclude that Arabidopsis will serve in the foreseeable future as the model organism of choice with respect to the causal analysis of the actions of light and phytohormones during plant development.
THE DIOPHANTINE EQUATION IN QUADRATIC NUMBER FIELDS

Aigner showed in 1934 that nontrivial quadratic solutions to exist only in . Following a method of Mordell, we show that nontrivial quadratic solutions to arise from integer solutions to the equations investigated in 1853 by V. A. Lebesgue.
Rapidly Rotating Stars

A rotating star may be modeled as a continuous system of particles attracted to each other by gravity and with a given total mass and prescribed angular velocity. Mathematically this leads to the Euler–Poisson system. We prove an existence theorem for such stars that are rapidly rotating, depending continuously on the speed of rotation. This solves a problem that has been open since Lichtenstein’s work (Math Z 36(1):481–562, 1933). The key tool is global continuation theory, combined with a delicate limiting process. The solutions form a connected set $${\mathcal{K}}$$ in an appropriate function space. As the speed of rotation increases, we prove that the supports of the stars in $${\mathcal{K}}$$ become unbounded if we assume for instance an equation of state of the form $${p=\rho^\gamma,\ 4/3 < \gamma < 2}$$ . On the other hand, if $${6/5 < \gamma < 4/3}$$ , we prove that either the supports of the stars in $${\mathcal{K}}$$ become unbounded or the density somewhere within the stars becomes unbounded. We consider two formulations, one where the angular velocity is prescribed and the other where the angular momentum per unit mass is prescribed.
Engineering the work function of armchair graphene nanoribbons using strain and functional species: a first principles study

First principles density functional theory calculations were performed to study the effects of strain, edge passivation, and surface functional species on the structural and electronic properties of armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs), with a particular focus on the work function. The work function was found to increase with uniaxial tensile strain and decrease with compression. The variation of the work function under strain is primarily due to the shift of the Fermi energy with strain. In addition, the relationship between the work function variation and the core level shift with strain is discussed. Distinct trends of the core level shift under tensile and compressive strain were discovered. For AGNRs with the edge carbon atoms passivated by oxygen, the work function is higher than for nanoribbons with the edge passivated by hydrogen under a moderate strain. The difference between the work functions in these two edge passivations is enlarged (reduced) under a sufficient tensile (compressive) strain. This has been correlated to a direct–indirect bandgap transition for tensile strains of about 4% and to a structural transformation for large compressive strains at about − 12%. Furthermore, the effect of the surface species decoration, such as H, F, or OH with different covering density, was investigated. It was found that the work function varies with the type and coverage of surface functional species. Decoration with F and OH increases the work function while H decreases it. The surface functional species were decorated on either one side or both sides of AGNRs. The difference in the work functions between one-sided and two-sided decorations was found to be relatively small, which may suggest an introduced surface dipole plays a minor role.
Application of An Active Gate Driver for Paralleling Operation of Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET

Wide band gap (WBG) devices feature high switching frequency operation and low switching loss. They have been widely adopted in tremendous applications. Nevertheless, the manufacture cost for SiC MOSFET greater than that of the Si IGBT. To achieve a trade off between cost and efficiency, the hybrid switch, which includes the paralleling operation of Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET, is proposed. In this article, an active gate driver is used for the hybrid switch to optimize both the switching and thermal performances. The turn-on and turn-off delays between two individual switches are controlled to minimize the switching loss of traditional Si IGBT. In this way, a higher switching frequency operation can be achieved for the hybrid switch to improve the converter power density. On the other hand, the gate source voltages are adjusted to achieve an optimized thermal performance between two individual switches, which can improve the reliability of the hybrid switch. The proposed active gate driver for hybrid switch is validated with a 2 kW Boost converter.
Trajectories of stroke recovery of impairment, function, and quality of life in response to 12-month mobility and fitness intervention.

BACKGROUND Gait deficits and functional disability are persistent problems for many stroke survivors, even after standard neurorehabilitation. There is little quantified information regarding the trajectories of response to a long-dose, 12-month intervention. OBJECTIVE We quantified treatment response to an intensive neurorehabilitation mobility and fitness program. METHODS The 12-month neurorehabilitation program targeted impairments in balance, limb coordination, gait coordination, and functional mobility, for five chronic stroke survivors. We obtained measures of those variables every two months. RESULTS We found statistically and clinically significant group improvement in measures of impairment and function. There was high variation across individuals in terms of the timing and the gains exhibited. CONCLUSIONS Long-duration neurorehabilitation (12 months) for mobility/fitness produced clinically and/or statistically significant gains in impairment and function. There was unique pattern of change for each individual. Gains exhibited late in the treatment support a 12-month intervention. Some measures for some subjects did not reach a plateau at 12 months, justifying further investigation of a longer program (>12 months) of rehabilitation and/or maintenance care for stroke survivors.
Personal Value Patterns of Managers in Latvia: Value Diversity Within Subcultures Facing Change

This study examined the personal value systems of 200 Russophone and 44 ethnic Latvian managers in Latvia using the Personal Values Questionnaire. Value patterns of Russophone and Latvian managers were generally congruent. However, subcultural diversity within the Russophone sample, based upon both geographic location and primary value orientation, produced a complex set of similarities and differences. Russophones in Riga and Russophones inthe provincial city of Daugavpils differed from one another nearly as much as either subgroup differed from Latvian managers. Contextual factors — the long reach of decades of Soviet administrative culture, as well as current political and economic realities — are discussed as possible constraints on value expression. Prospects for cooperation and conflict between Russophones and Latvian managers, grounded in shared and divergent values, are likely to be mediated by perceptions about these contextual realities for sometime to come.
Using Momentary Derivative Estimates to Gauge Driver Performance

This article describes the use of momentary derivative estimates to gauge driver performance. The authors note that more emphasis is being placed on issues of automobile safety that are related to how involved the driver is with the task of driving the car. To increase the possibility of implementing safety measures, the authors examine the estimation of derivatives from in-vehicle measures of vehicle control such as steering wheel angle. At very short time scales (e.g., less than 1 second) many in-vehicle measures may be indicative of drivers who are making small corrections to their trajectories. Drivers making a large number of ongoing corrections may be experiencing characteristics such as fatigue and inattention. The authors compare derivative estimates to other common measures of driving performance, modeling changes in momentary derivative estimates in a 90-minute simulation study with 19 participants. The authors conclude that momentary derivative estimates may be a valuable way of gauging driver performance using only in-vehicle parameters.
Employer Health Insurance and Local Labor Market Conditions

Theory suggests that an employer's decisions about the amount of health insurance included in the compensation package may be influenced by the practices of other employers in the market. We test the role of local market conditions on decisions of small employers to offer insurance and their dollar contribution to premiums using data from two large national surveys of employers. These employers are more likely to offer insurance and to make greater contributions in communities with tighter labor markets, less concentrated labor purchasers, greater union penetration, and a greater share of workers in big business and a small share in regulated industries. However, our data do not support the notion that marginal tax rates affect employers' offer decision or contributions.