cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibration control of smart structures with bonded PZT patches: novel adaptive filtering algorithm and hybrid control scheme

This paper focuses on a novel adaptive filtering algorithm, hybrid adaptive control scheme and their application to real-time vibration control of smart structures. A novel adaptive filtering algorithm is presented and compared with the least mean square algorithm, showing a faster convergence rate, better noise-smoothing capability and wider search field. A hybrid adaptive control scheme is then proposed and analyzed. The scheme takes advantage of both feedback control and feedforward control and provides the high damping, fast vibration suppression, good robustness and easy realization due to small computation complexity. The novel adaptive filtering algorithm and the hybrid control scheme are verified on a cantilever beam with four bonded PZT patches. Satisfactory vibration reduction has been observed for both single-input and single-output, and multi-input and multi-output, control cases under sinusoidal, swept frequency sinusoidal and random disturbances, confirming the reliability and validity of the novel adaptive filtering algorithm and the hybrid adaptive control scheme.
Plaque-associated corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction in idiopathic Peyronie's disease: A pharmacocavernosometric and pharmacocavernosographic study

The hemodynamic characteristics of 92 patients with idiopathic Peyronie's disease who underwent a dynamic-infusion pharmacocavernosometry and pharmacocavernosography (DICC) examination as part of their initial evaluation were reviewed. In all, 86% of patients demonstrated cavernosometric evidence of corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction. A 71% incidence of corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction was seen by cavernosometry in patients without vascular risk factors, suggesting that Peyronie's disease may be associated with intrinsic alterations in the penile fibroelastic frame compliance. In 62% of patients with abnormal cavernosography, a unique, heretofore undescribed cavernosographic “pitchfork” pattern was observed, derived from the abrupt filling of the dorsal vein and the corpus spongiosum just proximal to the Peyronie's plaque. Delamination, subsequent inflammation, and plaque formation at the junction of the dorsal and ventral circular fibers of the tunica with the fibers of the septum may account for this unique pattern of plaque-associated venous drainage. In all, 78% of patients demonstrated abnormal cavernosal artery systolic occlusion pressures as compared with simultaneous brachial artery systolic occlusion pressures. Hemodynamic abnormalities were observed in patients having regular intercourse and in those denying changes in the quality of their penile erections. To aid in the management of the disorder, it is suggested that prior to treatment, especially reconstructive surgery, a hemodynamic assessment of the erectile mechanism by DICC be performed.
Cancer: current research in alternative therapies.

Recent surveys demonstrate that between 9% and 91% of US patients with cancer use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies at some time after their diagnosis; however, there is a paucity of data available toindicate whether these CAM practices are efficacious and safe. A recent growth of interest in CAM also has resulted in an increase in research resources focused on this subject. The National Cancer Institute and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine are establishing programs to increase the amount and quality of CAM cancer research and to support the production of high-quality CAM cancer information.
Localization of the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response of the human ornithine decarboxylase promoter to the TATA box.

In a previous study, we narrowed the region of the human ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) promoter responsive to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to nt −42 to +54 around the transcription initiation site (Kim YJ, Pan H, Verma AK, Mol Carcinog 10:169–179, 1994). Here we report defining the role of the TATA box in TPA-induced transcription from the −42/+54 ODC promoter fragment. A transversion mutation at the third position of the TATA box (TA???TAAGTTA???AAAGT) reduced TPA responsiveness of the reporter construct ±42/+54 ODC-Luc by 49%. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) using HeLa cell nuclear protein extracts revealed no differences in the binding pattern between the natural ±42/+54 ODC promoter element and the ±42/+54 ODC promoter element containing the TA mutation. However, antibodies to the general transcription factor TFIIB disrupted the DNA-protein complexes normally formed with the ±42/+54 ODC promoter element in EMSAs. A consensus TATA box oligonucleotide formed two bands, with the faster mobility band displaying enhanced binding with nuclear protein extracts from TPA treated cells. Furthermore, incubation of HeLa cell nuclear extracts with an oligonucleotide containing the ODC TATA box also caused formation of two specific bands in EMSA. Both bands exhibited augmented binding to nuclear proteins from TPA-treated cells. Introduction of the TA transversion mutation in the ODC TATA oligonucleotide eliminated binding of the faster migrating band formed with the natural ODC TATA oligonucleotide. These results indicate that TPA modulation of the general transcription machinery may play a role in the TPA-activated transcription of the human ODC promoter. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Memorium: Burton Blatt (1927-1985)

“So now let me tell you about Burton Blatt: The wisest, most compassionate, most courageous, most honest human being I have ever known” (Saranson, 1984, p. 15).
Mucosal irritation and thermal comfort among occupants of an office building

Abstract The Madison Building of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., was investigated in 1989 to determine whether occupant-reported symptoms were related to environmental conditions. Questionnaires were distributed to 3176 employees. Respondents reported on mucosal symptoms, thermal comfort, and demographic and health characteristics. In a follow-up survey, temperature and relative humidity were measured in selected locations and shorter questionnaires were administered. Symptoms were grouped into eye, nose, throat, respiratory, and a combined symptom cluster. Indicator variables were created for thermal comfort conditions perceived as cold and hot/stuffy. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to test associations between mucosal symptoms and thermal comfort, adjusting for demographic and health characteristics. No associations between symptoms and measured temperature or relative humidity were found. Perceived stuffiness was significantly associated with eye symptoms (odds ratio, OR, = 2.6; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.6–4.0), nose symptoms (OR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.5–3.4), and throat symptoms (OR = 2.95; 95% CI 1.5–5.9). The results suggest that improving occupant comfort may alleviate symptom reporting.
But Does It Work? Reflective Activities, Learning Outcomes and Instrumental Learning in Continuing Professional Development.

This paper examines the relationship between reflective practice and instrumental learning within the context of continuing professional development (CPD). It is argued that instrumental learning is a unique process of adult learning, and reflective practice’s impact on learning outcomes in instrumental learning contexts remains unclear. A new conceptualisation of instrumental learning in CPD is provided to illustrate the issue’s relevance and potential implications. Three justifications for further investigation are suggested: (a) to clarify the function of reflective practice activities in the immediate context of instrumental learning; (b) to protect the welfare of clients and professionals; and (c) to sustain the continuing success of the field of CPD. It is argued that an empirical investigation using scientific methodology is the most effective approach to address this issue.
The rise of tuberculosis in America before 1820.

Bills of mortality, newspaper and gazette articles, journals, and other records with specific references to “consumption,” “phthisis,” and other terms for tuberculosis were reviewed to determine the occurrence and importance of tuberculosis in the American colonies before 1820. Review of these sources indicates a marked increase in the proportional mortality from tuberculosis in the United States in the 18th century. “Consumption” may have been the leading cause of death in adult American colonists.
Impact of chest CT on the clinical management of immunocompetent emergency department patients with chest radiographic findings of pneumonia

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact on clinical decision making of chest computed tomography (CT) in immunocompetent emergency department (ED) patients with chest radiographic (CXR) findings of pneumonia. We retrospectively identified 1,373 patients from our ED who underwent chest CT between 7/05 and 6/06. Report of CXR within 24 h before CT were reviewed to identify patients with findings of pneumonia. The following were the exclusion criteria: recommendation of CT on CXR report and immunocompromised status on chart review. Fifty-one patients met the inclusion criteria: 26 women and 25 men, with a mean age of 60 (range 29–103) years. Age- and sex-matched controls from the ED with CXR findings of pneumonia who did not undergo CT were identified. Charts were reviewed for clinical presentation, management, and follow-up. Patient and control groups were compared using Fisher exact and paired Student’s t tests. The patients were sicker than the controls with more signs and symptoms including auscultation abnormalities, 64 (33 of 51) vs 47% (24 of 51), abnormal sputum 32 (16 of 51) vs 0%, hypoxemia 22 (11 of 51) vs 2% (1 of 51), weight loss, 20 (10 of 51) vs 4% (2 of 51), and night sweats, 16 (8 of 51) vs 2% (1 of 51; p < 0.05 each). Clinical management, (based on CT findings in 31% [16 of 51]), was more extensive for patients than controls: antibiotics initiated 82 (41 of 51) vs 47% (24 of 51), antibiotics changed 29 (15 of 31) vs 0%, procedures performed 24 (12 of 51) vs 0%, and mean length of stay was 8 days vs less than 1 (p < 0.05, each). Sixteen percent (8 of 51) of the patients had alternative/additional diagnosis based on CT: pulmonary embolism, lung cancer, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, multiple myeloma, renal cell carcinoma, small bowel obstruction, lung nodule, and endobronchial mass (n = 1, each). Eight percent (4 of 51) of the patients and no controls were diagnosed with tuberculosis (p = 0.06). Immunocompetent ED patients with CXR findings of pneumonia who underwent chest CT were sicker than those who were not imaged with CT. Chest CT was often useful in guiding therapy or providing an alternative diagnosis.
Metabolism of hydrocortisone during inflammation.

The metabolism of cortisol 4-C14 was studied in mice subjected to an inflaming stimulus. There was a non-specific concentration of radioactivity in the inflamed connective tissue, demonstrated by the fact that although the amount of hormone is greater on the inflamed side, the rate of increase and decrease of hormone concentration is the same in both inflamed and non-inflamed connective tissue. Further, the tissue concentration of tetrahydrocortisol glucuronide which is the transformation product of cortisol by the liver, reflects the concentration in blood. 50% of the cortisol is inactivated in 40 to 60 minutes, but the anti-inflammatory effect is maintained for a much longer period of time. Therefore, it is apparent that the hormone is concentrated in the inflamed tissue in a non-specific manner, exerts its anti-inflammatory effect, and is excreted. The transformation of cortisol to tetrahydrocortisol and to tetrahydrocortisol glucuronide occurs in mice in the same manner as in humans.
Looking to the future on the shoulders of giants.

I would like to begin by saying that it has been a tremendous honor and privilege to have served as the president of the Southern Surgical Association (SSA) for the past year. I have hosen to entitle this address, “Looking to the Future on he Shoulders of Giants.” Dr David Richardson once told e, “When you see a turtle on a fence post you can be retty sure he had some help getting there.” If I am the urtle on the fence post, I would like to acknowledge a umber of giants in the world of surgery who have been nstrumental in putting me on the post. These people have een mentors, role models, visionaries, and friends. First, ichard Myers, MD, and Robert Cordell, MD, the chairs f the Departments of General and Cardiothoracic Surery, respectively, at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine hen I was in training. Neither is with us anymore; both ere great surgeons and men who profoundly affected the ives of countless physicians and patients. Donald Trunkey, D has been a lifetime mentor, a great man whom I have lways tried to emulate, and the one who opened my eyes to rauma surgery after I had completed my education and raining in cardiothoracic surgery. Also, thanks to Richard Dean, MD, who was chairman of Surgical Sciences and eneral Surgery at Wake Forest University when I had my irst faculty position. He has been a great friend and menor, and handed me the reins to a wonderful department. here are too many friends in this organization for me to hank individually, but I truly appreciate your friendship nd all you have done for me and this organization along he way. I also want to thank an incredible faculty in the epartment of General Surgery at Wake Forest University ack home in Winston-Salem. They are a tremendous ource of pride, and a great help in getting me where I am oday. To my wife, Gayle, thank you for 37 magnificent ears of companionship and marriage. In November 2011, I found myself in New Orleans at he annual delegates meeting of the American Medical Asociation (AMA), where my father, Jesse H Meredith, (SSA 973) received the Distinguished Service Award, the high-
Laticifer ultrastructure and differentiation in seedlings of Papaver bracteatum Lindl., population Arya II (Papaveraceae)

Laticifers of Papaver bracteatum Lindl., population Arya II, seedlings were examined by electron microscopy. Laticifers were first differentiated in procambium of the radicle associated with phloem about 72 hr after seeds were sown. Proliferation of membrane-bound vesicles of apparent endoplasmic reticulum origin distinguished laticifers from adjacent cells. Vesicles developed electron-dense caps from the internal condensation of small particles. Laticifer initials possessed the usual complement of organelles that became obscured in mature cells by the large, closely packed vesicles. Plastids contained an electron-dense, membrane-bound inclusion, but never developed lamellae or starch grains. Articulation and anastomoses between laticifer elements resulted from gradual removal of wall materials by both cells on opposite sides of the common walls at a perforation site. Differentiation of the laticifer initials and the micromorphology of the protoplast of P. bracteatum is similar to that reported for P. somniferum. THE ARTICULATED character of laticifers in the Papaveraceae was recognized in the classical literature. Members of this family show a wide range in development of this cell which may be of importance for determining the pattern of alkaloid accumulation frequently associated with this cell and for interpreting the phylogenetic significance of laticifers in the family (Esau, 1965). The laticifer system of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. was recognized early as being of the articulated, anastomosing type (Trecul, 1865), whereas this system in Chelidonium is nonanastomosing in character (Schacht, 1851). Sanguinaria is reported to develop perforations between laticifer members in the stem, but not in the leaf (Holm, 1908). Glaucium and Eschscholzia possess articulated laticifers that lack perforations between laticifer members (Leger, 1894,
Multi-Path Load Balancing in Transport Layer

In this paper, we propose an extension to current TCP protocol named concurrent TCP (cTCP), which can improve throughput of connections through balancing traffic load on multiple end-to-end paths. We keep the single-sliding-window architecture of TCP untouched for compatibility reasons. The two core components of the design are a packet scheduling switch that balances load among paths, and a duplicated acknowledgement classifier that handles packet reordering. We implemented our protocol in FreeBSD kernel and compared the performance of cTCP with theoretical results. Experiment outcomes show that throughputs of our protocol are close to the ideal values.
Identification of PDGFR as a receptor for AAV-5 transduction

Understanding the process of vector transduction has important implications for the application and optimal use of a vector system for human gene therapy. Recent studies with vectors based on adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV-5) have shown utility of this vector system in the lung, central nervous system, muscle and eye. To understand the natural tropism of this virus and to identify proteins necessary for AAV-5 transduction, we characterized 43 cell lines as permissive or nonpermissive for AAV-5 transduction and compared the gene expression profiles derived from cDNA microarray analyses of those cell lines. A statistically significant correlation was observed between expression of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-alpha-polypeptide) and AAV-5 transduction. Subsequent experiments confirmed the role of PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta as receptors for AAV-5. The tropism of AAV-5 in vivo also correlated with the expression pattern of PDGFR-alpha.
Examination of surface roughness on light scattering by long ice columns by use of a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain algorithm

Natural particles such as ice crystals in cirrus clouds generally are not pristine but have additional microroughness on their surfaces. A two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) program with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is developed to calculate the effect of surface roughness on light scattering by long ice columns. When we use a spatial cell size of 1/120 incident wavelength for ice circular cylinders with size parameters of 6 and 24 at wavelengths of 0.55 and 10.8 μm, respectively, the errors in the FDTD results in the extinction, scattering, and absorption efficiencies are smaller than ∼0.5%. The errors in the FDTD results in the asymmetry factor are smaller than ∼0.05%. The errors in the FDTD results in the phase-matrix elements are smaller than ∼5%. By adding a pseudorandom change as great as 10% of the radius of a cylinder, we calculate the scattering properties of randomly oriented rough-surfaced ice columns. We conclude that, although the effect of small surface roughness on light scattering is negligible, the scattering phase-matrix elements change significantly for particles with large surface roughness. The roughness on the particle surface can make the conventional phase function smooth. The most significant effect of the surface roughness is the decay of polarization of the scattered light.
Food Web Complexity and Community Dynamics

Food webs in nature have multiple, reticulate connections between a diversity of consumers and resources. Such complexity affects web dynamics: it first spreads the direct effects of consumption and productivity throughout the web rather than focusing them at particular "trophic levels." Second, consumer densities are often donor controlled with food from across the trophic spectrum, the herbivore and detrital channels, other habitats, life-history omnivory, and even trophic mutualism. Although consumers usually do not affect these resources, increased numbers often allow consumers to depress other resources to levels lower than if donor-controlled resources were absent. We propose that such donor-controlled and "multichannel" omnivory is a general feature of consumer control and central to food web dynamics. This observation is contrary to the normal practice of inferring dynamics by simplifying webs into a few linear "trophic levels," as per "green world" theories. Such theories do not accommodate commo...
African-American Cultural Knowledge and Liberatory Education: Dilemmas, Problems, and Potentials in a Postmodern American Society.

African-American scholars, although marginalized, can still disseminate liberatory education by using cultural knowledge as a form of discourse. It is argued that African-Americans, other people of color, and those committed to moving toward a democratic society, must counter Anglohegemony by continuing to employ liberatory and emancipatory pedagogy in schools and other learning institutions and situations. These actions pose a challenge to the cultural hegemony of American frames of reference, particularly as they pertain to the education of the polity. The author provides examples of lenses of "the other" and examines the implications of using these other lenses for educational liberatory efforts.
The key pieces of the career survival and success puzzle

Explores the key pieces of today’s career survival and success puzzle. A survey of more then 5,000 managers (both stateside and internationally, and from CEOs to supervisors) was conducted using an open‐ended questionnaire. Managers were asked to list what factors they had found in their careers to be the keys to their career survival and success. This list was then compiled and analyzed. It was found that 20 factors were the most often mentioned factors for career survival and success. This list was then again sent to managers and yielded ten factors as being the key pieces of the career survival and success puzzle. Discusses these ten key pieces to the career survival and success puzzle and suggests that in today’s competitive global environment it is important that they be properly integrated together, to give managers their best opportunity career‐wise to survive and succeed.
Modal Output Power For Short External Cavity Single Mode Lasers

There are a number of hurdles to overcome when realizing a practical coherent fiber optic communication system; one of them is a narrow linewidth semiconductor laser source with frequency stability. Three mechanisms exist to suppress the side modes of a multimode laser diode: a) frequency selective feedback by incorporating a grating near the active region during growth as in distributed feedback (DFB) or distributed Brag reflection (DBR) laser, b) external feedback where the external cavity length determines the tuned frequency, and c) injection locking the laser diode by using a master laser diode. At present the best sources for coherent communications are obtained by combining mechanisms a) and b); i.e., by adding a long external cavity to an antireflection coated DFB laser. In this report we describe progress made in achieving a single mode laser source by adding a short external cavity to a multimode laser diode. Photon output power per mode as a function of injection current is calculated using rate equations for cases of with and without short external cavity feedback. Experimentally, side mode suppression ratios ranging from 15dB to 26dB are observed in the laboratory using a flat mirror as a feedback element.
Assessing the scalability of a multiple robot interface

As multiple robot systems become more common, it is necessary to develop scalable human-robot interfaces that permit the inclusion of additional robots without reducing the overall system performance. Workload and situational awareness play key roles in determining the ratio of m operators to n robots. A scalable interface, where m is much smaller than n, will have to manage the operator's workload and promote a high level of situation awareness. This work focused on the development of a scalable interface for a single human-multiple robot system. This interface introduces a relational “halo” display that augments a camera view to promote situational awareness and the management of multiple robots by providing information regarding the robots' relative locations with respect to a selected robot. An evaluation was conducted to determine the scalability of the interface focusing on the effects of increasing the number of robots on workload, situation awareness, and robot usage. Twenty participants completed two bomb defusing tasks: one employing six robots, the other nine. The results indicated that increasing the number of robots increased overall workload and the operator's situation awareness.
A continuum approach to blood vessel growth: axisymmetric elastic structures.

Abstract In this paper we discuss the morphogenesis of small blood vessels (venules) as the nautral consequence of physical forces prevailing during endothelial cell division. A physical model is developed in which the blood vessel is treated as a growing, thin elastic shell embedded in a viscous fluid (i.e. the surrounding tissue). It is explained how a pre-existing cylindrical vessel, induced to grow by some promoter, can buckle and thereby develop a spatially periodic structure displaying varicosity, sinuosity, and/or helicity. Growth manifests itself dynamically in terms of a “growth pressure” which disturbs any pre-existing force balance. The governing set of non-linear partial differential equations are derived, and solutions corresponding to uniform dilation are obtained. The buckled structure emerges as an instability of this time dependent basic state of uniform dilation. A linear stability analysis yields the dominant wavelength of the varicose mode; these results compare favorably with crude measurements made from the experimental literature. In the hope of uncovering the mechanism which underlies the selection of sprouting sites along a parent vessel, it is suggested that reaction and diffusion processes (between growth promoting and inhibiting substances) on buckled surfaces be coupled to the dynamical force balances discussed here.
Hepatic insulin expression improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetic rats

Abstract Low levels of hepatic insulin production have been shown to prevent lethal ketoacidosis associated with type 1 diabetes. To assess the beneficial effects of sustained hepatic production of insulin on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes, we have employed the adenovirus-mediated gene delivery system to transfer an engineered rat preproinsulin gene to the livers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nude rats. Hepatic insulin production resulted in the reduction of blood glucose in treated diabetic rats, the degree of blood glucose reduction correlated with both the vector dose and the level of hepatic insulin expression. At moderate vector doses, 0.3–0.7 ng/ml of plasma insulin was produced in treated diabetic animals, resulting in significant reduction of nonfasting hyperglycemia and improvement in glucose tolerance. Furthermore, these animals maintained euglycemia after 12-h fast. At higher vector doses, greater than 1 ng/ml of plasma insulin was produced, completely reversing nonfasting hyperglycemia in treated rats. However, all of the treated animals developed severe hypoglycemia upon fasting. This study has defined the maximal tolerable level of hepatic insulin production that is sufficient to reduce the degree and ameliorate the adverse effects of nonfasting hyperglycemia without risk of fasting hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic rats.
Incidentally learned associations and imagery in verbal discrimination transfer

The effects of imagery (I) of List 2 right (R) items on verbal discrimination (VD) transfer were examined. Two levels of I were crossed with the experimental (E) paradigm of W1 -R1, W1 -R2 and the control (C) paradigm of W1 -R1, W2 -R2. Significant negative transfer was obtained with the E paradigm when low I was employed; however, List 2 R item high I eliminated the negative transfer effect on List 2 acquisition in the E paradigm. The results were discussed in terms of the frequency theory of verbal discrimination and an incidental associative interference hypothesis.
Configurable optical interconnects for scalable datacenters

High performance interconnects provide communications for large datacenters. Optical interconnects are replacing copper as bandwidth increases. This paper uses small MEMs optical switches to reconfigure large datacenter interconnects for varying needs.
A STANDARDIZED CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON OF INCOMES

Per capita incomes of the highest and lowest earning quintiles of 56 societies are estimated from data on Real Gross Domestic Product and income share. Striking and important differences are found between them and the more frequently used measures of income share. These results demonstrate that exclusive use of income share provides at best a partial, and at worst a distorted, picture of cross-national variation in stratification.
PO 4 3− Removal by and Permeability of Industrial Byproducts and Minerals: Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Cement Kiln Dust, Coconut Shell Activated Carbon, Silica Sand, and Zeolite

Excess PO43− from agricultural subsurface drainage and runoff degrades the overall water quality of the receiving surface waters in a cumulatively damaging process known as eutrophication. In the past 25 years, PO43− removal by industrial byproducts and minerals has received considerable attention because these materials are both abundant and inexpensive. In this study, the saturated falling-head hydraulic conductivity and phosphate removal capability of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), cement kiln dust (CKD), zeolite, silica sand, and coconut shell activated carbon (CS-AC) were assessed. GBFS, zeolite, silica sand, CS-AC, and 5:95% and 10:90% CKD/sand blends all exhibited hydraulic conductivities ≥0.001 cm/s. GBFS and the CKD/sand blends exhibited >98% PO43− removal while CS-AC removed 70–79% of initial PO43− concentrations. In contrast, silica sand and zeolite removed 21–58% of PO43−. The phosphate removal data for each material was modeled against the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Frumkin sorption isotherms to yield insight into possible removal mechanisms. Overall, GBFS, CKD, zeolite, silica sand, and CS-AC were sufficiently permeable and removed significant amounts of PO43− and should be considered for use in treatment of agricultural effluent.
From the Silver Screen to the Recall Ballot: Schwarzenegger as Terminator and Politician

Arnold Schwarzenegger's electoral triumph in the 2003 California Recall should be explored through an analysis of his mobilization of the Terminator persona. If read as a social text, the Terminator stands out as an ideological “End of Labor” narrative about class violence as the United States shifted to a postindustrial economy. From the Hollywood box office to the California governor's office, Schwarzenegger's Terminator is the quintessential neoliberal Frankenstein, the labor-killing machine. The major thread running through both the films and Schwarzenegger's politics is a distinctly California brand of anti-labor populism, tailored for the state's neoliberal age of budget austerity and “permanent” fiscal and political crisis. Implications of how politicians present their political image to voters is considered, as well as prospects for the critical study of pop culture, political economy, and electoral politics.
Mediation of skin temperature biofeedback effects in children.

Three studies are reported that, in general, fail to replicate an earlier investigation by this laboratory ( Suter & Loughry - Machado , 1981) in which impressive self-regulation of skin temperature by children was obtained. Mediation of skin temperature biofeedback effects is discussed. It is concluded that biofeedback self-regulation cannot be understood independently of the interpersonal, attitudinal, and cognitive context in which it occurs.
Strain-rate sensitive tough fibre-reinforced composites

A new type of composite was designed and tested which has greater fracture toughness under impact loading conditions than conventional fibre-reinforced composites. This composite is strain-rate sensitive and can be more than twice as tough as conventional composites having the same matrix and fibre. The key concept used was to coat the reinforcing fibres with a thin layer of viscous fluid in order to maximize the shear stress acting on the fibres during the fibre pull-out. At a given strain-rate the shear stress can be optimized by changing the fluid viscosity and thickness of the coating. The optimum results are obtained when the frictional force is equal to the fibre strength.
Looking Closer at the Effects of Framing on Risky Choice: An Item Response Theory Analysis.

Item response theory (IRT) methodology allowed an in-depth examination of several issues that would be difficult to explore using traditional methodology. IRT models were estimated for 4 risky-choice items, answered by students under either a gain or loss frame. Results supported the typical framing finding of risk-aversion for gains and risk-seeking for losses but also suggested that a latent construct we label preference for risk was influential in predicting risky choice. Also, the Asian Disease item, most often used in framing research, was found to have anomalous statistical properties when compared to other framing items.
B7-1/B7-2 blockade overrides the activation of protective CD8 T cells stimulated in the absence of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells

Although T cell activation has been classically described to require distinct, positive stimulation signals that include B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) costimulation, overriding suppression signals that avert immune-mediated host injury are equally important. How these opposing stimulation and suppression signals work together remains incompletely defined. Our recent studies demonstrate that CD8 Teff activation in response to cognate peptide stimulation is actively suppressed by the Foxp3(+) subset of CD4 cells, called Tregs. Here, we show that the elimination of Treg suppression does not bypass the requirement for positive B7-1/B7-2 costimulation. The expansion, IFN-γ cytokine production, cytolytic, and protective features of antigen-specific CD8 T cells stimulated with purified cognate peptide in Treg-ablated mice were each neutralized effectively by CTLA-4-Ig that blocks B7-1/B7-2. In turn, given the efficiency whereby CTLA-4-Ig overrides the effects of Treg ablation, the role of Foxp3(+) cell-intrinsic CTLA-4 in mitigating CD8 Teff activation was also investigated. With the use of mixed chimera mice that contain CTLA-4-deficient Tregs exclusively after the ablation of WT Foxp3(+) cells, a critical role for Treg CTLA-4 in suppressing the expansion, cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and protective features of peptide-stimulated CD8 T cells is revealed. Thus, the activation of protective CD8 T cells requires positive B7-1/B7-2 costimulation even when suppression by Tregs and in particular, Treg-intrinsic CTLA-4 is circumvented.
“This Lovely Land Is Mine”: Milk and Honey's Restorative Nostalgia for Israel

When Milk and Honey opened on Broadway in 1961, it presented a unique setting: the relatively new state of Israel. The musical superficially glorifies the future of an exciting new land. More deeply, we find “restorative nostalgia” for Israel’s biblical roots, stemming from sublimated grief and disavowal of the Holocaust.
Clinical commentary in response to: effectiveness of splinting for the treatment of trigger finger.

Management of trigger fingers suffers from a syndrome that is familiar to us all: multiple, individual practitioner-favored options existing in an environment of limited numbers of studies that meet evidence-based practice criteria. A quick survey at a single institution could easily yield the following array of ‘‘interventions of choice’’: speedy referral to another hand surgeon because ‘‘I don’t do trigger fingers,’’ trial of corticosteroid injection in the flexor tendon sheath (there are several choices of medications), night splinting in extension (no daytime treatment/limitations), 24-hour splinting as described in this study, pulsed ultrasound, phonophoresis or iontophoresis with an anti-inflammatory medication (again, there are a few choices of medications), soft tissue techniques, and open versus percutaneous surgical release of the annular 1 (A1) pulley when injection or splinting or other conservative modalities fail. In an effort to find out what works, Colbourn, Heath, Manary, and Pacifico took on the task of evaluating the efficacy of one very specific, well-defined intervention for trigger finger: splinting. The supposed rationale of splint use for trigger finger is the prevention of full/end range proximal glide of the flexor tendon in the digital flexor sheath at the level of the A1 pulley. It is
Circulation and exchange in choked marginal seas

A theory for the exchange between a rotating, buoyancy-forced marginal sea and an ocean is developed and tested numerically. Cooling over the marginal sea leads to sinking and sets up a two-layer exchange flow, with a warm surface layer entering from the ocean and a cool layer exiting at depth. The connecting strait is sufficiently narrow and shallow to cause the exchange flow to be hydraulically controlled. The incoming surface layer forms a baroclinically unstable boundary current that circles the marginal sea in a cyclonic sense and feeds heat to the interior by way of eddies. Consistent with the overall heat and volume balances for the marginal sea, there is a continuous family of hydraulically controlled states with critical flow at the most constricted section of the strait. Included in this family is a limiting “maximal-exchange” solution with two sections of hydraulic control in the strait and with fixed layer depths at the most constricted section. The state of exchange for a given forcing is predicted using a theory that assumes energy conservation over a certain path connecting the strait to the marginal sea or, in some cases, the ocean. Depending on the configuration of the exchange, long-wave information may be blocked from entering the strait from the marginal sea, from the open ocean, or both. The scenario that holds determines what is predicted and what needs to be input. Numerical tests of the prediction for the temperature difference and the state of exchange are carried out for straits with a pure contraction in width and for a constant width strait with a topographic sill. The comparison is reasonable in most cases, though the numerical model is not able to reproduce cases of multiple states predicted by the theory for certain forcing values. The analytical model is an alternative to the Price and Yang and Siddall et al. models of a marginal sea outflow.
Impact of preindustrial to present‐day changes in short‐lived pollutant emissions on atmospheric composition and climate forcing

[1] We describe and evaluate atmospheric chemistry in the newly developed Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory chemistry-climate model (GFDL AM3) and apply it to investigate the net impact of preindustrial (PI) to present (PD) changes in short-lived pollutant emissions (ozone precursors, sulfur dioxide, and carbonaceous aerosols) and methane concentration on atmospheric composition and climate forcing. The inclusion of online troposphere-stratosphere interactions, gas-aerosol chemistry, and aerosol-cloud interactions (including direct and indirect aerosol radiative effects) in AM3 enables a more complete representation of interactions among short-lived species, and thus their net climate impact, than was considered in previous climate assessments. The base AM3 simulation, driven with observed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice cover (SIC) over the period 1981–2007, generally reproduces the observed mean magnitude, spatial distribution, and seasonal cycle of tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide. The global mean aerosol optical depth in our base simulation is within 5% of satellite measurements over the 1982–2006 time period. We conduct a pair of simulations in which only the short-lived pollutant emissions and methane concentrations are changed from PI (1860) to PD (2000) levels (i.e., SST, SIC, greenhouse gases, and ozone-depleting substances are held at PD levels). From the PI to PD, we find that changes in short-lived pollutant emissions and methane have caused the tropospheric ozone burden to increase by 39% and the global burdens of sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon to increase by factors of 3, 2.4, and 1.4, respectively. Tropospheric hydroxyl concentration decreases by 7%, showing that increases in OH sinks (methane, carbon monoxide, nonmethane volatile organic compounds, and sulfur dioxide) dominate over sources (ozone and nitrogen oxides) in the model. Combined changes in tropospheric ozone and aerosols cause a net negative top-of-the-atmosphere radiative forcing perturbation (−1.05 W m−2) indicating that the negative forcing (direct plus indirect) from aerosol changes dominates over the positive forcing due to ozone increases, thus masking nearly half of the PI to PD positive forcing from long-lived greenhouse gases globally, consistent with other current generation chemistry-climate models.
4,4′-Bipyridin-1-ium bromide monohydrate

The title compound, C10H9N2+·Br−·H2O, crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. The structure consists of separate bipyridinium cations stacked along the a axis. The pyridine and pyridinium rings deviate from coplanarity by 29.6 (4)° about the C—C bridging bond. The Br− ions and the water mol­ecules are situated between the stacks.
Distinct Domains of the Influenza A Virus M2 Protein Cytoplasmic Tail Mediate Binding to the M1 Protein and Facilitate Infectious Virus Production

The cytoplasmic tail of the influenza A virus M2 protein is highly conserved among influenza A virus isolates. The cytoplasmic tail appears to be dispensable with respect to the ion channel activity associated with the protein but important for virus morphology and the production of infectious virus particles. Using reverse genetics and transcomplementation assays, we demonstrate that the M2 protein cytoplasmic tail is a crucial mediator of infectious virus production. Truncations of the M2 cytoplasmic tail result in a drastic decrease in infectious virus titers, a reduction in the amount of packaged viral RNA, a decrease in budding events, and a reduction in budding efficiency. The M1 protein binds to the M2 cytoplasmic tail, but the M1 binding site is distinct from the sequences that affect infectious virus particle formation. Influenza A virus strains A/Udorn/72 and A/WSN/33 differ in their requirements for M2 cytoplasmic tail sequences, and this requirement maps to the M1 protein. We conclude that the M2 protein is required for the formation of infectious virus particles, implicating the protein as important for influenza A virus assembly in addition to its well-documented role during virus entry and uncoating.
Regulation of pituitary vasopressin V1b receptor mRNA during stress in the rat.

Previous studies have shown a parallel relationship between pituitary vasopressin (VP) receptor content and responsiveness of the corticotroph during chronic stress. The regulation of pituitary VP receptors was further studied by analysis of V1b VP receptor mRNA levels in pituitaries of rats subjected to chronic immobilization, i.p. hypertonic saline injection (physical stress paradigms associated with increased pituitary responsiveness), and water deprivation, or to 2% saline in the drinking water (osmotic stress paradigms associated with decreased pituitary responsiveness). Northern blot hybridization with a 363 bp 32P-labelled fragment of the rV1b receptor cDNA coding sequence revealed two bands of about 3.7 and 3.2 Kb, whereas a probe directed to the 5' untranslated region recognized only the 3.7 Kb band. Repeated i.p. hypertonic saline injection, 3 times in 24 h at 8 h intervals, or daily for 8 days, increased the intensity of the 3.7 Kb band by 155 +/- 17.5% (P < 0.01) and 118 +/- 14.6% (P < 0.01), respectively, while the 3.2 Kb band increased by 122 +/- 39.3% (P < 0.01) only after 3 times injection. Smaller increases of 39 +/- 11 and 33 +/- 9% (P < 0.05) in the 3.7 Kb band were found after repeated immobilization 3 times in 24 h and 2 h for 8 days respectively. In situ hybridization studies confirmed significant increases (P < 0.05) in V1b receptor mRNA levels after 8 and 14 days repeated immobilization (63 +/- 19% and 83 +/- 10%) or i.p. hypertonic saline injection (110 +/- 13% and 73 +/- 20%). In response to acute stress, V1b receptor mRNA increased by 77 +/- 5% (3.7 Kb band) after 4 h immobilization for 1 h, whereas both bands were reduced by 49 +/- 5% and 45 +/- 5%, 4 h after a single i.p. hypertonic saline injection. The decrease in V1b receptor mRNA following a single i.p. hypertonic saline injection was prevented by pretreatment with a V1 receptor antagonist, suggesting that increased VP secretion may account for this effect. In spite of the decrease in V1b receptor mRNA following i.p. hypertonic saline injection, VP binding in pituitary membrane rich fractions, and VP-stimulated inositol phosphate formation in quartered hemipituitaries were increased by 24 and 39%, respectively. V1b receptor mRNA levels were unchanged or decreased following prolonged osmotic stimulation. These studies suggest that increased V1b receptor mRNA levels contribute to the VP receptor upregulation observed during repeated immobilization and i.p. hypertonic saline injection, whereas the lack of parallelism between V1b receptor mRNA and VP binding indicates that regulation of steady-state levels of V1b receptor mRNA is not a primary determinant in the control of pituitary VP receptor concentration during stress.
Pseudohypopyon after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for cystoid macular edema.

Abstract Purpose To report pseudohypopyon after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for cystoid macular edema. Design Retrospective, noncomparative, consecutive case series. Methods Records were reviewed of all patients who developed pseudohypopyon after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 2002 and February 1, 2004. Results A total of 828 intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injections were administered to 686 patients during the study period. A pseudohypopyon (fine white crystalline opacities in the inferior anterior chamber angle) and suspended white crystalline opacities in the aqueous humor developed after 7 of the 828 injections (0.8%); all pseudohypopyons occurred within 3 days of injection and resolved completely within 2 weeks. None of the 686 patients developed clinically suspected infectious endophthalmitis. Conclusions A transient pseudohypopyon may occur in the early postinjection period after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Unless progressive intraocular inflammation occurs, close observational management is indicated.