cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreign Equity Investment Restrictions, Capital Flight, and Shareholder Wealth Maximization: Theory and Evidence

This article provides a theory of foreign equity investment restrictions. We consider a model where the demand function for domestic shares differs between domestic and foreign investors because of deadweight costs in holding domestic and foreign securities that depend on the country of residence of investors. We show that domestic entrepreneurs maximize firm value by discriminating between domestic and foreign investors. The model implies that countries benefitting from capital flight have binding ownership restrictions such that foreign investors pay a higher price for shares than domestic investors. The empirical implications of this theory are supported by evidence from Switzerland. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Linking Microbial-Scale Findings to Farm-Scale Outcomes in a Dryland Cropping System*

Soil biological response to management is best evaluated in field-scale experiments within the context of the soil environment and crop; however, cost-effective methods are lacking to relate these data which span multiple spatial scales. We hypothesized that zones of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) could be used to integrate soil properties (sampling-site scale), microbial-scale measures of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, and field-scale wheat yields from yield maps. An on-farm dryland experiment (∼250 ha) was established wherein two (∼32-ha) fields were assigned to each phase of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – corn (Zea mays L.) – proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) – fallow rotation. Each field was mapped and classified into four zones (ranges) of ECa. Soil samples were collected from geo-referenced sites within ECa zones and analyzed for multiple soil properties associated with productivity (0–7.5 and/or 0–30 cm). Additionally, VAM fungi were assessed using C16:1(cis)11 fatty acid methyl ester biomarker (C16vam), glomalin immunoassay, and wet-aggregate stability (WAS) techniques (1–2mm aggregates from 0- to 7.5-cm soil samples). Concentrations of C16vam and WAS increased among cropping treatments as: fallow < wheat < corn < millet. Glomalin across crops and replicates, C16vam and WAS in fallow (crop effect removed), soil properties associated with productivity, and wheat yields were negatively correlated with ECa and different among ECa zones (P ≤ 0.05). Zones of ECa provide a point of reference for relating data collected at different scales. Monitoring cropping system parameters and profitability, over time, may allow linkage of microbial-scale processes to farm-scale economic and ecological outcomes.
Do parking standards matter? Evaluating the London parking reform with a matched-pair approach

Abstract Minimum parking standards, which require developers to build a certain amount of off-street parking spaces, are increasingly criticized for leading to excess parking supply and automobile travel in recent years. However, due to the difficulty in identifying the policy effect, few empirical studies have directly and accurately estimated the effects of parking standards on parking supply. The present study examines a parking reform in London, UK, where minimum parking standards for residential developments were replaced with maximum standards in the early 2000s. Using planning application records, we match neighboring pre-reform and post-reform developments to estimate the effect of the parking standard switch and further identify the “binding” and “capping” effects of minimum and maximum parking standards. It is found that the parking reform in London has led to a reduction of approximately 0.76 parking spaces per unit in residential development applications, or 49% of the pre-reform level. Minimum parking standards seem to have a larger impact than maximum ones on parking supply that fell more upon inner city developments, while maximum parking standards have more influenced suburban neighborhoods. Market forces have played a major role in the decline of parking supply. The findings provide strong evidence for the market distortion effect of minimum parking standards.
Blunt Pediatric Head Trauma Requiring Neurosurgical Intervention: How Subtle Can It Be?

Recent literature on pediatric head injuries has suggested that important intracranial injuries might present to the ED without typical signs or symptoms. The objective of our study was to review our institutional experience with head-injured infants and young children to assess the subtlety of the ED presentation. We performed a retrospective medical record review of head-injured children </=10 years of age who underwent neurosurgical procedures from January 1, 1985, through November 28, 2001. We identified 110 children who met our inclusion criteria. All of the children had at least 2 signs or symptoms indicative of head injury. No single sign or symptom was present in all cases. Altered mental status was identified 85% of the time and was the most common sign or symptom. Eighteen children presented with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 or the absence of abnormal mental status documented, but all of these children had other indications for head computed tomographic scanning. Emergency physicians should feel confident that standard history and physical examination skills are adequate to identify head-injured children who require neurosurgical procedures.
Accelerated and Adaptive Evolution of Yeast Sexual Adhesins

There is a recent emergence of interest in the genes involved in gametic recognition as drivers of reproductive isolation. The recent population genomic sequencing of two species of sexually primitive yeasts (Liti G, Carter DM, Moses AM, Warringer J, Parts L, James SA, Davey RP, Roberts IN, Burt A, Koufopanou V et al. [23 co-authors]. 2009. Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts. Nature 458:337–341.) has provided data for systematic study of the roles these genes play in the early evolution of sex and speciation. Here, we discovered that among genes encoding cell surface proteins, the sexual adhesin genes have evolved significantly more rapidly than others, both within and between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its closest relative S. paradoxus. This result was supported by analyses using the PAML pairwise model, a modified McDonald–Kreitman test, and the PAML branch model. Moreover, using a combination of a new statistic of neutrality, an information theory–based measure of evolutionary variability, and functional characterization of amino acid changes, we found that a higher proportion of amino acid changes are fixed in the sexual adhesins than in other proteins and a greater proportion of the fixed amino acid changes either between the two species or the two subgroups of S. paradoxus are functionally dissimilar or radically different. These results suggest that the accelerated evolution of sexual adhesin genes may facilitate speciation, or incipient speciation, and promote sexual selection in general.
Effect of Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine on Postoperative Pain in the Gynecologic Oncology Patient.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate if the administration of intraperitoneal bupivacaine decreased postoperative pain in patients undergoing minimally invasive gynecologic and gynecologic cancer surgery. Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Setting University-based gynecologic oncology practice operating at a tertiary medical center. Patients All patients on the gynecologic oncology service undergoing minimally invasive surgery between September 2011 and June 2013. Interventions Starting August 2012, intraperitoneal administration of .25% bupivacaine was added to all minimally invasive surgeries. These patients were compared with historical control subjects who had surgery between September 2011 and July 2012 but did not receive intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Measurements and Main Results One-hundred thirty patients were included in the study. The patients who received intraperitoneal bupivacaine had lower median narcotic use on the day of surgery and the first postoperative day compared with those who did not receive intraperitoneal bupivacaine (day 0: 7.0 mg morphine equivalents vs 11.0 mg, p = .007; day 1: .3 mg vs 1.7 mg, p = .0002). The median patient-reported pain scores were lower on the day of surgery in the intraperitoneal bupivacaine group (2.7 vs 3.2, p = .05) Conclusions The administration of intraperitoneal bupivacaine was associated with improved postoperative pain control in patients undergoing minimally invasive gynecologic and gynecologic cancer surgery and should be further evaluated in a prospective study.
A nematode demographics assay in transgenic roots reveals no significant impacts of the Rhg1 locus LRR-Kinase on soybean cyst nematode resistance

Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, SCN) is the most economically damaging pathogen of soybean (Glycine max) in the U.S. The Rhg1 locus is repeatedly observed as the quantitative trait locus with the greatest impact on SCN resistance. The Glyma18g02680.1 gene at the Rhg1 locus that encodes an apparent leucine-rich repeat transmembrane receptor-kinase (LRR-kinase) has been proposed to be the SCN resistance gene, but its function has not been confirmed. Generation of fertile transgenic soybean lines is difficult but methods have been published that test SCN resistance in transgenic roots generated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. We report use of artificial microRNA (amiRNA) for gene silencing in soybean, refinements to transgenic root SCN resistance assays, and functional tests of the Rhg1 locus LRR-kinase gene. A nematode demographics assay monitored infecting nematode populations for their progress through developmental stages two weeks after inoculation, as a metric for SCN resistance. Significant differences were observed between resistant and susceptible control genotypes. Introduction of the Rhg1 locus LRR-kinase gene (genomic promoter/coding region/terminator; Peking/PI 437654-derived SCN-resistant source), into rhg1- SCN-susceptible plant lines carrying the resistant-source Rhg4 + locus, provided no significant increases in SCN resistance. Use of amiRNA to reduce expression of the LRR-kinase gene from the Rhg1 locus of Fayette (PI 88788 source of Rhg1) also did not detectably alter resistance to SCN. However, silencing of the LRR-kinase gene did have impacts on root development. The nematode demographics assay can expedite testing of transgenic roots for SCN resistance. amiRNAs and the pSM103 vector that drives interchangeable amiRNA constructs through a soybean polyubiqutin promoter (Gmubi), with an intron-GFP marker for detection of transgenic roots, may have widespread use in legume biology. Studies in which expression of the Rhg1 locus LRR-kinase gene from different resistance sources was either reduced or complemented did not reveal significant impacts on SCN resistance.
Determination of 2,6 diaminopimelic acid in biological materials using high performance liquid chromatography*

Abstract Diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) concentrations within rumen bacteria, effluent and feed samples were determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography using pre-column o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatization. The derivatization procedure is rapid and is performed in aqueous medium at room temperature. This method utilized 4 M methanesulfonic acid containing 0.2% 3-(2-aminoethyl) indole rather than 6 N HCl for hydrolysis. Methanesulfonic acid has the advantage that the neutralized hydrolysate can be derivatized and applied directly to the column with minimal sample clean up. Ultraviolet detection was used to measure the OPA derivatives and β-aminoadipic acid was used as an internal standard. Bacterial and effluent samples were prepared in order to have the on-column DAPA concentration fall in the 100–800-picomole range, as both DAPA and β-aminoadipic acid were linear within this range. The relative recovery of standards added to rumen effluents ranged from 97.2 to 103.8%. The precision and reproducibility of this method was evaluated by analysis of 10 rumen bacterial hydrolysates and 8 rumen effluent samples, which yielded relative standard deviations of 3.4 and 2.6%, respectively.
Critically ill children: the case for short-term care in general intensive care units

This paper contests the claim that all children should be nursed in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Although there is an undoubted need for prolonged care to be undertaken within PICUs, they are a scarce resource and many children's critical illness is of short duration. Following a discussion on the negative aspects of transferring a critically ill child this paper then establishes how a general intensive care unit (GICU) can maintain awareness and standards which make it a safe environment for children with a short-term critical illness, as well as contribute towards future management and practice.
Aphomia Hübner and Paralipsa Butler Species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Galleriinae) Known to Occur in the United States and Canada

The current taxonomic status of three species of Aphomia Hubner and one species of Paralipsa Butler that occur in the United States and Canada is clarified and keys to their identification are provided. A lectotype is designated for Paralipsa decorella Hulst, which is transferred to Aphomia (n. comb.) and treated as a junior synonym of A. terrenella Zeller (n. syn.). Preliminary morphological research indicates that Aphomia fuscolimbella Ragonot does not belong in Aphomia as currently defined. Its placement is unknown. Because no specimens other than the type of A. fuscolimbella are known from the Western Hemisphere, the presumed North American origin of this species is considered unlikely. A brief discussion of biological associations is included.
TRANSITION RELATIONS ACROSS OBLIQUE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SHOCK WAVES

It is shown that all flow quantities behind an oblique hydromagnetic shock wave may be expressed in terms of the flow quantities in front of the shock and three parameters, viz., the shock strength, one giving a measure of the applied field, and one giving a measure of the obliqueness of the applied field with respect to the shock front. The fluid under consideration is an ideal, inviscid, non-heatconducting gas of infinite electrical conductivity with constant specific heat. (C.E.S.)
Anisotropic viscosity of the Chara (Characeae) rhizoid cytoplasm

To characterize cellular fluidity and mechanical processes, we determined the viscous properties of the cytoplasm of Chara contraria rhizoids in vivo by injecting and displacing superparamagnetic particles. After injection and a 24-h recovery period, the particles were moved to different positions within the rhizoid by an external magnet. The system was calibrated with solutions of known viscosities. The viscosity was determined based on the velocity at which individual beads moved toward the external magnet. The viscosity of the cytoplasm varied with direction of measurement (i.e., was highly anisotropic) and also varied between sites. The highest viscosity was observed near the endogenous statoliths (139 mPs parallel and 78 mPs perpendicular to the rhizoid axis). Depolymerization of actin filaments with latrunculin B reduced the viscosity significantly except around the nucleus but did not change the overall viscosity pattern. Microtubule depolymerization with oryzalin reduced viscosity especially between the nucleus and the statolith zone. The data indicate that F-actin but not microtubules affects statolith sedimentation and that cytoplasmic viscosity may be important for the gravisensing system. Dynamic processes within cells, such as vesicle transport, sedimentation of statoliths, or enzymatic reactions, depend on the intracellular organization, cytoskeletal architecture, density, and viscosity of cytoplasm. The viscosity within a cell depends on the quantity and organization of soluble and colloidal matter and the distribution of organelles and cytoskeletal components. Viscosity affects transport of vesicles, flexibility of mem- branes, and the force and thus energy required to move cellular compounds and structures. Some sensory functions also depend on the viscous properties of fluids, especially the stimulation of hair cells in the vestibular apparatus in animals and the sedimentation of statoliths or equivalents in plants. The sedimentation of otoliths and statoliths generates sensory
Reply to comments on "Intrinsic limitations of impedance measurements in determining electric double layer capacitances" by H. Wang, L. Pilon (Electrochimica Acta 63 (2012) 55)

Abstract In the commentary to our paper [Electrochimica Acta 63 (2012) 55], Roling and Druschler raised a very important issue regarding the measurements and comparison of the differential and integral capacitances retrieved using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). They clearly explained that EIS measures differential capacitance rather than integral capacitance. The present letter aims to correct our previous study. It also clarifies the fact that cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic methods can measure both differential and integral capacitances. Similar confusion exists in the literature on electrical energy storage devices and may explain discrepancies reported when measuring the capacitances of supercapacitors using EIS, CV, or galvanostatic methods. Finally, our original paper, for the first time, solved a modified Poisson–Nernst–Planck model with a Stern layer for simulating EIS. It also presented an interpretation of “capacitance dispersion” and a scaling analysis of electric double layers in EIS simulations. The model, scaling analysis, and the associated results were not affected by the confusion pointed out by Roling and Druschler.
Value conflict in social exchange: A Markov model

Abstract A Markov model is developed to describe the process of decision making by a subject who must make a series of choices between reciprocating the helpful acts of a partner and maximizing his own payoff, in a situation in which the other cannot retaliate. The theory from which the model is derived assumes that the probability of the subject's choice is a function of which of two unobservable states (“values”) he occupies, and that his choice in turn influences the probability that he changes his value state. An experiment with three conditions of conflict between reciprocity and “rationality” provides data from which the parameters are estimated, using a procedure that involves assuming that the unobservable states are observable, estimating the error in that assumption, and reiterating the original estimate.
Nickel complexes of a binucleating ligand derived from an SCS pincer

A binucleating ligand has been prepared that contains an SCS pincer and three oxygen donor atoms in a partial crown ether loop. To enable metalation with Ni0, a bromoarene precursor was used and resulted in the formation of a nickel–bromide complex in the SCS pincer portion of the ligand. Reaction of the nickel complex with a lithium salt yielded a heterobimetallic complex with bromide bridging the two metal centers. The solid-state structures were determined for this heterobimetallic complex and the nickel–bromide precursor, and the two complexes were characterized electrochemically to determine the influence of coordinating the second metal.
Enhanced port-wine stain lightening achieved with combined treatment of selective photothermolysis and imiquimod

Background Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is the gold standard for treatment of port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks but multiple treatments are required and complete resolution is often not achieved. Posttreatment vessel recurrence is thought to be a factor that limits efficacy of PDL treatment of PWS. Imiquimod 5% cream is an immunomodulator with antiangiogenic effects. Objective We sought to determine if application of imiquimod 5% cream after PDL improves treatment outcome. Methods Healthy individuals with PWS (n = 24) were treated with PDL and then randomized to apply posttreatment placebo or imiquimod 5% cream for 8 weeks. Chromameter measurements (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L∗a∗b∗ colorspace) for 57 PWS sites (multiple sites per patient) were taken at baseline and compared with measurements taken 8 weeks posttreatment. The Δa∗ (change in erythema) and ΔE (difference in color between normal-appearing skin and PWS skin) were measured to quantify treatment outcome. Results Two patients developed minor skin irritation. Other adverse effects were not noted. Average ∆a∗ was 0.43 for PDL + placebo sites (n = 25) and 1.27 for PDL + imiquimod sites (n = 32) ( P value = .0294) indicating a greater reduction in erythema with imiquimod. Average ∆E was 2.59 for PDL + placebo and 4.08 for PDL + imiquimod ( P value = .0363), again indicating a greater color improvement with imiquimod. Limitations Effects were evaluated after a single treatment and duration of effect is unknown. Conclusion Combined selective photothermolysis and antiangiogenic therapy may enhance PWS treatment efficacy.
Protease-activated receptor dependent and independent signaling by kallikreins 1 and 6 in CNS neuron and astroglial cell lines.

While protease-activated receptors (PARs) are known to mediate signaling events in CNS, contributing both to normal function and pathogenesis, the endogenous activators of CNS PARs are poorly characterized. In this study, we test the hypothesis that kallikreins (KLKs) represent an important pool of endogenous activators of CNS PARs. Specifically, KLK1 and KLK6 were examined for their ability to evoke intracellular Ca2+ flux in a PAR-dependent fashion in NSC34 neurons and Neu7 astrocytes. Both KLKs were also examined for their ability to activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinases, C-Jun N-terminal kinases, and p38) and protein kinase B (AKT) intracellular signaling cascades. Cumulatively, these studies show that KLK6, but not KLK1, signals through PARs. KLK6 evoked intracellular Ca2+ flux was mediated by PAR1 in neurons and both PAR1 and PAR2 in astrocytes. Importantly, both KLK1 and KLK6 altered the activation state of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AKT, suggestive of important roles for each in CNS neuron and glial differentiation, and survival. The cellular specificity of CNS–KLK activity was underscored by observations that both proteases promoted AKT activation in astrocytes, but inhibited such signaling in neurons. PAR1 and bradykinin receptor inhibitors were used to demonstrate that KLK1-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in neurons occurred in a non-PAR, bradykinin 2 (B2) receptor-dependent fashion, while similar signaling by KLK6 was mediated by the combined activation of PAR1 and B2. Cumulatively results indicate KLK6, but not KLK1 is an activator of CNS PARs, and that both KLKs are poised to signal in a B2 receptor-dependent fashion to regulate multiple signal transduction pathways relevant to CNS physiologic function and dysfunction.
Urorectal septum malformation sequence

The urorectal septum malformation sequence consists of absent perineal and anal openings in association with ambiguous genitalia and urogenital, colonic, and lumbosacral anomalies. The full sequence is highly lethal, and the partial sequence, characterized by a single perineal opening draining a common cloaca, is compatible with life. Defects in mesodermal proliferation early in embryogenesis result in this rare condition. Timely urologic and surgical evaluations and reconstructions are imperative and necessary for survival. Urologists should be familiar with the mechanisms and presentations of this condition, as they may be involved in the diagnosis and management of such patients.
Microsurgical treatment of sacral perineural (Tarlov) cysts: case series and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE Tarlov cysts (TCs) occur most commonly on extradural components of the sacral and coccygeal nerve roots. These lesions are often found incidentally, with an estimated prevalence of 4%-9%. Given the low estimated rates of symptomatic TC and the fact that symptoms can overlap with other common causes of low-back pain, optimal management of this entity is a matter of ongoing debate. Here, the authors investigate the effects of surgical intervention on symptomatic TCs and aim to solidify the surgical criteria for this disease process. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of data from consecutive patients who were surgically treated for symptomatic TCs from September 2011 to March 2013. Clinical evaluations and results from surveying pain and overall health were used. Univariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS Twenty-three adults (4 males, 19 females) who had been symptomatic for a mean of 47.4 months were treated with laminectomy, microsurgical exposure and/or imbrication, and paraspinous muscle flap closure. Eighteen patients (78.3%) had undergone prior interventions without sustained improvement. Thirteen patients (56.5%) underwent lumbar drainage for an average of 8.7 days following surgery. The mean follow-up was 14.4 months. Univariate analyses demonstrated that an advanced age (p = 0.045), the number of noted perineural cysts on preoperative imaging (p = 0.02), and the duration of preoperative symptoms (p = 0.03) were associated with a poor postoperative outcome. Although 47.8% of the patients were able to return to normal activities, 93.8% of those surveyed reported that they would undergo the operation again if given the choice. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest published studies on patients with TCs treated microsurgically. The data suggest that patients with symptomatic TCs may benefit from open microsurgical treatment. Although outcomes seem related to patient age, duration of symptoms, and extent of disease demonstrated on imaging, further study is warranted and underway.
Gradient LC Separation of Macromolecules: Theory and Mechanism

The theory and mechanism for the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of macromolecules was somewhat vague and controversial until recently when the Flory-Huggins theory of dilute polymer solutions was used to provide the technique with a firm theoretical foundation. As a result of this treatment, the concept of a critical mobile phase composition (Xc) has been introduced to liquid chromatography. Macromolecular solutes below Xc are completely retained, while above Xc they are rapidly eluted. Because the capacity factor of a solute is related to Xc, traditional chromatographic parameters such as theoretical plate number have little meaning. A brief summary of the history of chromatographic polymer separations that foreshadows the current theory is given. A review and an evaluation of the current mechanistic status of macromolecular chromatography are presented. Also considered is the use of adsorption theory, "small molecule" theory, and solvophobic chromatographic theory for macromolecular separations. The theory and separation mechanism are relatively straightforward for synthetic polymers but tend to be more complex and less clearcut for biological polymers.
Across the Great Divide: Agriculture and Industrial Geography

AbstractResearch within industrial geography has illuminated the relationship between the restructuring of manufacturing and the reshaping of urban space. Industrial geographers have paid little attention, however, to the dramatic social and economic changes occurring throughout rural America. I contend that evident sectoral and urban biases mask an underlying issue: a persistent conceptual schism between agriculture and industry, in which agriculture is comparatively undertheorized as an arena of capitalist development. As a result, a significant part of the story of economic restructuring—the transformation of farming and the creation of new forms of rural development—remains largely unexamined. This paper sets out to bridge the gap separating industry from agriculture and thereby begins to recover this lost side of industrial restructuring. I argue that the incorporation of agriculture into industrial geography involves much more than a simple mapping of industrial theory onto farm terrain; it requires...
Should Men and Women Start Companies Together? The Impact of Team Diversity on Startup Success

Conventional wisdom for startups is that more diversity in the startup team leads to a more successful startup. However, very few studies have examined the impact of founding team diversity on star...
Cervical Posterior Fusion Rods Undergo Substantial Bending Deformations for Activities of Daily Living

Cervical corpectomy is a procedure most commonly indicated for resection of metastatic disease in the vertebra, access to the spinal cord tumors and inflammatory or infectious lesions.[1] Posterior occipitocervical instrumentation with rods and lateral mass screws has been shown to be a rigid fixation technique in this region [2] and, small diameter rods are thought to be lighter weight, less prominent and less likely to be associated with screw pullout.[3] Still, deformity imposed upon small diameter rods, by the weight of the head, the cervical spine, and spinal ligaments has yet to be quantified. Anecdotal observations show that the rods lose their lordotic curvature and patients fuse in a kyphotic curve making daily living more difficult. The goal of this study is to examine the mechanical behavior of these rods in situ under physiologic loading conditions reflective of activies of daily living.© 2009 ASME
A Theory of Unemployment and Unhappiness: The Fixed Cost of Living and Its Applications

This paper proposes a theory of fixed cost of living, F, to explain various paradoxes in the literature of happiness and unemployment. Three testable hypotheses are identified and verified: (1) Most, if not all, of the happiness decrease is due to pecuniary cost. (2) There exists an F in the utility function. (3) The marginal utility of leisure is positive for those employed, while negative for those unemployed. Finally, a critical review is provided, showing how the proposed theory is the root cause why the unemployed are so unhappy.
Focus Issue: New insights in GPCR to G protein signaling

This Focus Issue highlights new discoveries at the level of the receptor, the α subunit, and the βγ subunit and spans research in yeast on polarized growth and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) trafficking, in mice on an orphan GPCR with constitutive activity, and a disease-causing mutation in an α subunit that results in inappropriate GPCR-G protein coupling.
Incorporating floating surface objects into a fully dispersive surface wave model

Abstract The shock-capturing, non-hydrostatic, three-dimensional (3D) finite-volume model NHWAVE was originally developed to simulate wave propagation and landslide-generated tsunamis in finite water depth (Ma, G., Shi, F., Kirby, J. T., 2012. Ocean Model. 43-44, 22-35). The model is based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, in which the z-axis is transformed to a σ-coordinate that tracks the bed and surface. As part of an ongoing effort to simulate waves in polar marginal ice zones (MIZs), the model has now been adapted to allow objects of arbitrary shape and roughness to float on or near its water surface. The shape of the underside of each floating object is mapped onto an upper σ-level slightly below the surface. In areas without floating objects, this σ-level continues to track the surface and bed as before. Along the sides of each floating object, an immersed boundary method is used to interpolate the effects of the object onto the neighboring fluid volume. Provided with the object’s shape, location, and velocity over time, NHWAVE determines the fluid fluxes and pressure variations from the corresponding accelerations at neighboring cell boundaries. The system was validated by comparison with analytical solutions and a VOF model for a 2D floating box and with laboratory measurements of wave generation by a vertically oscillating sphere. A steep wave simulation illustrated the high efficiency of NHWAVE relative to a VOF model. In a more realistic MIZ simulation, the adapted model produced qualitatively reasonable results for wave attenuation, diffraction, and scattering.
248 ACUTE RENAL FAILURE DUE TO SPONTANEOUS TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME

Case 1 A 69 yr/M presented with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting of 2 weeks duration. PE revealed signs of dehydration, epigastric tenderness and hepatomegaly. Labs: WBC: 9.9 K/mm3 (N73%, L14%, E1%, M9%), Hb 11.6 g/dL, BUN 49 mg/dL, serum creatinine (Cr) 1.7 mg/dL, AST 86 IU/L, ALT 61 IU/L, Alk. Phos. 717 IU/L and total bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL. CT abdomen: mild hepatosplenomegaly with a 1.3 cm cystic lesion in the liver. EGDscopy: prominent folds in the fundus and body of the stomach along with small duodenal erosions. Patient was treated with rabeprazole, IV fluids and discharged, but presented 5 days later with persistent symptoms and acute renal failure (ARF) with BUN 45 mg/dL, Cr 2.3 mg/dL, uric acid 18 mg/dL, phosphorus (Ph.) 6.7 mg/dL, LDH 699 U/L which progressed within 36 hours despite IV hydration to BUN 71 mg/dL, Cr 4.8 mg/dL, uric acid 24 mg/dL. Gastric biopsies showed atypical lymphocytic infiltrate suggestive of large cell lymphoma. Over the subsequent 4 days the patient recovered his renal function completely following initiation of hemodialysis. Liver and bone marrow biopsy confirmed infiltration by high-grade large cell lymphoma and chemotherapy was initiated. Case 2 A 46 yr/M with HIV on antiretroviral treatment presented with nausea, vomiting, and malaise of 2 weeks duration. PE: a cachetic male with diffuse lymphadenopathy and multiple subcutaneous nodules on the upper chest. Labs: a month before admission: BUN 15 mg/dL and Cr 1.0 mg/dL and on admission: Hb 8 g/dL, WBC 9.3 K/mm3 (N80%, L5%, M12%), K 5.6 meq/L, BUN 160 mg/dL, Cr 17.5 mg/dL, CO2 15 mmol/L, uric acid 20 mg/dL, Ph. 8.9 mg/dL. Patient was in nonoliguric ARF and was treated initially with IV hydration, allopurinol, and urinary alkalanization. Hemodialysis was initiated 24 hours later for persistent hyperuricemia. Excision biopsy of the subcutaneous chest nodule showed large B-cell lymphoma involving the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Chemotherapy was initiated for lymphoma and the patient remained dialysis dependent until his death, possibly from CNS lymphoma, a month later. Discussion Spontaneous tumor lysis is seen infrequently with poorly differentiated lymphomas and leukemias. These cases highlight the need to suspect spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in patients who develop ARF in the presence of marked hyperuricemia and/or hyperphosphatemia and the need to initiate early hemodialysis in patients who are oliguric or fail to diurese.
Epidemiological Analysis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Huairou District of Beijing City during 2004—2007

[Objective] To analyze the epidemiological features of sexually transmitted diseases(STD)in Huairou district of Beijing city during 2004—2007,and provide scientific evidence for developing effective control measures.[Methods] The data of 8 notifiable STDs from 2004 to 2007 were conducted epidemiological Analysis.[Results]6 out of 8 notifiable STDs were reported from 2004 to 2008 except for chancroid and lymphogranuloma venereum.The cumulative number of the notifiable STDs was 812.The average incidence rate of STD was 61.19/100 000 annually and the rate had kept decreasing from 59.93/100 000 in 2004 to 57.86/100 000 in 2007.The spectrum of the STDs had changed.Ranking the second in 2004,2005 and 2006,the incidence rate of condyloma was increasing,ranked the first in 2007 and showed an annually upward tendency.The incidence rate of gonorrhea was decreasing,which ranked the first in 2004 and 2005 but ranked the third in 2006 and 2007.The incidence rate of syphilis increased sharply.Although male cases outnumbered the female cases,the number of male STDs cases was decreasing while that of the females was increasing.Those who were less educated,usually with less than 9 years of education,accounted for 65.39% of the total number.74.14% of the cases were married;Extra marital sex accounted for 57.14% of the cases.92.12% of the patients were local residents.[Conclusion] The incidence rate of the STDs in Huairou district had been decreasing in recent years,but the number of reported condyloma and syphilis had been increasing.Health education on STDs prevention and safer sex need to be promoted so that further transmission of STDs and HIV/AIDS can be prevented
The Material World of Ancient Egypt: Tools and Weapons

I have seen the coppersmith at work at the mouth of his furnace. His fingers are like the claws of a crocodile; he stinks more than fish eggs. From “The Satire of the Trades” The evidence for different kinds of tools and toolmaking in the Pharaonic Period complements and helps to explain other aspects of the crafts and craftsmanship. In addition to actual preserved examples of tools, there are depictions of tools and their uses represented in great detail in tomb reliefs and paintings. A third source of information is the detailed models of objects, complete workshops, and their products that were placed in the tombs. As a result, it is possible to understand in greater depth how many different ordinary craft activities were carried out. The scribe has left his pens, pen case, water pot, and the papyrus sheets on which he wrote. The farmer, butcher, carpenter and joiner, sculptor, quarryman and stone mason, metal smelter and jeweler, and even the maker of mud bricks have all left evidence, either as objects or representations of them to illustrate their working methods in great detail. Such a wealth of specific information about working processes has not been preserved anywhere else in the ancient world. This is probably one of the distinct hallmarks of the culture that make a study of various aspects of the ancient technologies in Egypt so revealing and so interesting.
Searching for Goldilocks: The Distance‐Based Capitalization Effects of Local Public Services

This article empirically models the effect of distance on residential property values of three different types of services, fire, police and emergency medical services. Interesting economic trade-offs emerge as service station proximity provides both amenity and disamenity effects. Using over three million home sales from the state of Florida along with two different measures of distance, this study provides evidence of nonlinear capitalization effects on local housing values. A difference-in-difference model utilizing new facility construction provides corroborating evidence of these findings.
Intangible sales team resources: Investing in team social capital and transactive memory for market-driven behaviors, norms and performance

Abstract Complex offerings and evolving customer needs increase the demand for market-driven salespeople. Yet many of today's managers struggle to effectively deploy this selling approach. In light of this reality, we develop and test a multi-level market capabilities framework to examine team-level drivers and boundary conditions of market-driven salesperson behaviors, norms, and performance. Data collected in a lagged, multi-source, cross-level field study of 246 salespeople nested within 54 sales teams provide evidence that investments in team social capital (ITSC) support the self-correcting, customer-centric, learning behaviors needed for performance. Results show that managers' ITSC are positively associated with team goal monitoring, commitment to service quality, and learning effort. Further, goal monitoring and learning effort increase commitment to service quality, which helps drive sales performance. We also find that transactive memory systems (TMS) can be an efficient team knowledge resource that strengthens the learning effort-to-performance and service quality-to-performance relationships.
SYD985, a novel duocarmycin-based HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, shows promising antitumor activity in epithelial ovarian carcinoma with HER2/neu expression.

e14009Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. HER2 overexpression/amplification in EOC show considerable variation ranging from 8% to 66%. SYD985 (Synth...
TCT-440 Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Trends in Utilization and a Propensity-Score Matched Analysis of In-hospital Outcomes

A significant proportion of patients with aortic stenosis have undergone previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Reoperative heart surgery is associated with increased perioperative risk. We hypothesized that the adoption of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) would have increased
Loss of Fhit expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its utility in individualized therapy.

3702 Radiotherapy (RT) is an important treatment modality for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis remain common problems for advanced cases despite the aggressive combination treatment strategies with increased toxicity. Molecular markers that better predict survival and the likelihood of responding to RT are helpful in the decision of treatment planning and prognostic classification. We have previously shown that loss of Fhit predicts a poor clinical outcome in patients with oral tongue cancer treated by surgery. To define the role of Fhit in HNSCC treated with surgery and RT, we analyzed Fhit expression in tissue sections from 80 patients, who enrolled in a prospective Phase III clinical trial addressing the dose and fractionation regimen of postoperative RT. The median follow-up duration was 4.9 years. Positive Fhit expression was generally shown in normal squamous epithelium, and heterogenous Fhit expression was commonly found in tumors. Loss of Fhit expression was found in 52 of the 80 (65%) patients. There was no significant correlation between Fhit expression and age, gender, clinical stage, risk group or tumor grade. However, patients whose tumors demonstrated loss of Fhit expression had a significantly worse 5-year overall survival ( P =0.05). A trend toward more distant metastasis was observed in patients whose tumors showed loss of Fhit expression. Interestingly, the high-risk patients whose tumor showed loss of Fhit expression appeared to have a better local regional control. We hypothesize that loss of Fhit expression facilitates the response to postoperative RT by relieving the cells from cell cycle arrest and apoptosis resulting a better loco-regional control. Tumor cells outside the RT area survived the treatment and contribute to the systemic failure. Thus, Fhit expression status might be a selection biomarker for novel adjuvant chemotherapy trial in advanced cases currently under locoregional control.
P-Bodies: Composition, Properties, and Functions

Processing bodies (P-bodies) are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules primarily composed of translationally repressed mRNAs and proteins related to mRNA decay, suggesting roles in post-transcriptional regulation. P-bodies are conserved in eukaryotic cells and exhibit properties of liquid droplets. However, the function of P-bodies in translational repression and/or mRNA decay remains contentious. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular composition of P-bodies, the interactions and processes that regulate P-body liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), and the cellular localization of mRNA decay machinery, in the context of how these discoveries refine models of P-body function.
Correlation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores with legacy patient-reported outcome scores in patients undergoing rotator cuff repair.

Background The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is being used to assess outcomes in many patient populations despite limited validation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) scores and PROMIS Physical Function (PF) and Upper Extremity (UE) function scores collected preoperatively in patients undergoing rotator cuff repair. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 164 consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Study inclusion required preoperative completion of the ASES and SST evaluations, as well as the PROMIS PF, UE, and Pain Interference computerized adaptive tests. Descriptive statistics were produced, and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between each of the outcome measures. Results Average PROMIS UE scores indicated greater impairment than PROMIS PF scores (34 vs 44). Three percent of patients reached the PROMIS UE ceiling score of 56. PROMIS PF scores demonstrated a weak correlation with ASES scores (r = 0.43, P Conclusion PROMIS UE scores indicate greater impairment and demonstrate a stronger correlation with the legacy shoulder scores than PROMIS PF scores in patients with symptomatic rotator cuff tears. PROMIS computerized adaptive tests allow for more efficient patient-reported outcome data collection compared with traditional outcome scores.
Tumor characteristics and treatment in early-onset colorectal cancer.

566Background: While overall incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) has declined, incidence and mortality are increasing in those < 50 years old (early-onset CRC). Our objective was to ...
Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy suppresses the induction of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice by inhibiting antigen priming.

Purpose. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) serves as a model for several immunemediated diseases that affect the eye in humans. Previous studies indicated that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) has an important proinflammatory role in EAU and possibly in human uveitis. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of anti-TNF-a therapy on EAU in mice. Methods. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis was induced in B10.A mice by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). The mice were treated with 100 or 300 pi rabbit antiserum or polyclonal antibodies to human TNF-a. The treatment spanned either the afferent or the efferent stage of EAU (days —1, 1, 3, 5, 7, or days 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, respectively). Control animals were injected with preimmune rabbit serum at the corresponding times or were not treated. Three weeks after immunization, EAU was assessed by clinical evaluation and by histopathology. Immunologic responses were assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), lymphocyte proliferation to IRBP, and relative abundance of IRBP-primed splenocytes. Results. The treatment widi rabbit anti-TNF-a serum significandy ameliorated disease when given during the afferent stage but had no effect when given during die efferent stage of EAU. The effect on DTH, lymphocyte proliferation, and abundance of antigen-reactive cells roughly paralleled the effect on disease. Conclusions. Neutralization of systemic TNF ameliorates EAU. The effectiveness of afferent treatment in comparison to die treatment during die efferent stage, together with the reduced proliferation and the reduced abundance of IRBP-responsive cells, suggest that interference with afferent-acting processes such as antigen priming is important to achieve protection from EAU by anti-TNF treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:2211-2218.
Elderly Female Appalachian Patient

This chapter presents a low-income older woman with a terminal illness who lives in an Appalachian community. The health system and the social and cultural issues observed in many Appalachian communities are introduced.
The Causes of the Hard Problem: A Note

This note calls attention to the fact that efficient causes – the sort of cause that changes something or makes something happen – can play no constit-utive role in the immediate cognitively conscious relation between cognitive subject and a cognitive object. It argues that: (1) it is a necessary condition for there being an efficient causal relation that it alter its relata; and (2) it is a necessary condition for being a conscious cognitive relation that it does not alter its relata. This has important implication for the theories of knowledge and consciousness,“the hard problem,” and related puzzles.