cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging of Atypical Brain Infections and Infection Mimics in Children

Atypical brain infections in the pediatric age group are uncommon and different from the adult population; however, when present, they pose a diagnostic challenge and can result in serious and potentially fatal complications if not recognized and treated early in the course of the disease. Imaging plays a vital role because of relative inaccessibility to tissue sampling. This review article regroups the atypical pediatric brain infections (parasitic, fungal, viral, and bacterial) by age group (prenatal, perinatal, and post-neonatal period) and elucidates their characteristic imaging appearance, as well as focuses on their complications, in an aim to help clinicians (pediatricians/pediatric neuroradiologists/radiologists) better characterize, diagnose, and guide patient treatment. In addition, this review article also emphasizes on infection mimics of the central nervous system in order to empower our differential diagnosis, improve our diagnostic accuracy, and avoid unindicated patient management and treatment.
Nucleated wetting layers.

We observe a new wetting layer growth mechanism at the liquid/vapor surface of the critical mixture acetone+hexadecane. After spinodal decomposition of the bulk liquid, a metastable surface state forms. This metastable state is consistent with critical adsorption and persists until a wetting film or droplets of the lower phase are nucleated at the surface. Film growth occurs for \ensuremath{\Delta}T=${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-T0.1 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C while droplet growth occurs for \ensuremath{\Delta}Tg0.1 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The droplet nucleation time is consistent with classical nucleation theory provided the droplet line tension, scrL, is included in the surface free energy. We determine that scrL\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{t}}^{0.83}$ close to ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ where t is the reduced temperature.
United States: Harmonisation and voluntarism. The role of elites in creating an influential national model, the federal rules of civil procedure

The starting place for any discussion of civil procedure in the United States is the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (‘FRCP’), rules first enacted in 1938 and made applicable solely to federal courts. Even though the adoption of these rules by state courts and state legislatures has never been mandatory, nonetheless the FRCP have to a great extent served as a highly influential model impacting the development of procedural law in all 50 states. Why is this so? Why did voluntary processes succeed in bringing about the harmonisation of procedural law in the U.S.? In part the answer is that the movement that produced the FRCP was not primarily an effort to bring about harmonisation; it was as much an effort at reform. In part the answer is that from the perspective of greater access to justice and greater likelihood of justice on the merits, the FRCP were an improvement over existing state law and practice. But neither of these two explanations is a complete answer. This chapter focuses on the powerful role of emerging elites that stood much to gain from the creation of a federal law of civil procedure and from its dissemination to state systems throughout the country. Three groups in particular gained much in stature: elite law schools, the emerging class of law firms seeking to practice law on a multistate basis, and federal judges. Based on the American experience, the insight potentially useful in evaluating other harmonisation movements, especially in the EU, is that harmonisation is most likely to go forward when determined and resourceful interest groups can identify clear gains to themselves from such a process.
Post-hoc analysis of questions asked in computer based tutorials or in audience response system enabled PowerPoint lectures: Testing while Teaching

We have carried out the analysis of questions asked in interactive computer-assisted tutorials and audience response system enabled PowerPoint lectures. This type of post-hoc analysis is not commonly carried out. However, it can sensitively assess participant knowledge that is critical for optimizing medical education. Our experience with post-hoc analysis in four studies is presented in this article: 1) A tutorial on electrocardiograms; 2) A tutorial on hematological disorders; 3) Comparison of lectures on hematological emergencies and blood cell morphology; 4) Evaluation of lectures given in an eight month long course on cardiovascular physiology and pathology. In these studies, knowledge was assessed, demographics of knowledge between residents at different stages of training and medical students were determined, and poor students were identified and remediation was recommended. Although these studies were very different, they strongly demonstrated the educational value of post-hoc analysis of questions asked in tutorials and lectures. How this information can be used to improve medical education and training programs is demonstrated in this article.Formal testing and stand-alone exams can provide the same type of information. The downside of stand-alone exams is that it is difficult to use them frequently. The reasons are the time needed to prepare and administer the tests and the intimidation of students and trainees by continuous testing. The inability to test students and trainees frequently hinders the identification of poor students and delays the implementation of improvements in medical education. Post-hoc analysis is a reasonable alternative to formal testing. Computer-assisted or on-line tutorials and audience response system enabled PowerPoint lectures can be created to contain an ample number of questions. There is no need to write additional questions. Answers are easily stored and available for analysis. Post-hoc analysis of knowledge can be carried out as often as needed. Since questions asked in these tutorials and lectures introduce topics considered to be important, the questions usually comprehensively cover core and essential subjects.
Automated Action Units Vs. Expert Raters: Face off

User engagement is an essential component of any application design. Finding reliable methods to forecast continuos engagement can aid in creating adaptive applications like web-based interventions, intelligent student tutoring, the creation of socially intelligent human-robots, etc. In this paper, we compare observational estimates from expert raters to vision-based learning, for estimating user engagement. The vision-based approach uses automated computation of Action Units combined with an RNN. Several data collection techniques have been explored in the past that capture different modalities for engagement from obtaining self-reports and gathering external observations via crowd-sourcing or even trained expert raters. Traditional machine learning approaches discard annotations from inconsistent raters, use rater averages or apply raterspecific weighting schemes. Such approaches often end up throwing away expensive annotations. We introduce a novel approach that exploits the inherent confusion and disagreement in raters annotations to build a scalable engagement estimation model that learns to appropriately weigh subjective behavioral cues. We show that actively modeling the uncertainty, either explicitly from expert raters or from automated estimation with AU, significantly improves prediction over prediction from just the average engagement ratings. Our approach performs significantly better or on par with experts in predicting engagement for a trauma-recovery application.
Intermediary Metabolism, Na+, the Low Calcium-Response, and Acute Disease

The variables carriage of pCD, CO2 tension, exogenous ATP, L-glutamate, Mg2+, Na+, pH, source of energy, and temperature are known to modulate the low calcium response of Yersinia pestis in vitro. The role of these effectors and the basis of their interactions are defined here with emphasis on known Y. pestis-specific missense mutations in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and aspartase, which preclude use of the hexose monophosphate pathway and prevent efficient catabolism of L-glutamic acid, respectively. A physiological Ca2+-deficient rescue scenario is provided that permits essentially full-scale growth of virulent Y. pestis (<0.1 mM Na+ and 25 mM L-glutamate at pH 6.5) with expression of pCD-encoded virulence effectors and their attendant type III secretion system. Multiplication in this environment indicates that Ca2+ prevents innate toxicity of Na+. However, Na+ actually promotes growth in Ca2+-deficient medium at pH 9.0 due to the evident action of Na+-translocating NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Another Ca2+-deficient rescue scenario (100 mM Na+ and 25 mM L-glutamate at pH 5.5) permitted growth while downregulating pCD-encoded functions. A consequence of the abrupt Na+-mediated bacteriostasis typical of aspartase-deficient Y. pestis is conversion of L-glutamate to L-aspartate with release of the latter into culture supernatant fluids. Occurrence of this event in vivo would radically alter the equilibrium of host amino acid pools thereby contributing to enhanced lethality.
Want Fries With That

How might we be delivered from both this fast-food addiction and the addictions promoted by our health care system?
Spiritualty Based on the Roy Adaptation Model for Use in Practice, Teaching and Research

Espiritualidad basada en el Modelo de Adaptacion de Roy para uso en la practica, la ensenanza y la investigacion Espiritualidade baseada no Modelo de Adaptacao de Roy para uso na pratica, ensino e pesquisa In today’s fast-paced and complex world, the need for spiritualty is greater than ever. The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) provides a strong basis for spiritualty. Spirituality allows us to look beyond the material world to have a central experience of seeking a higher power. This seeking is related to the essence of the person and their relationships with others. Through spirituality, we search for fulfillment, meaning and purpose in life. The RAM reflects spiritualty as rooted in the philosophical assumption of veritivity that sees truth in a creator with principles of unity, diversity and self-expression reflected in all of creation, the earth and in people. People have a basic need for spiritualty. According to the model, spirituality is an influencing factor or stimulus for all adaptive behavior. Spirituality is also a strategy for coping and adapting. Common human spiritual experiences are wonder, awe and gratitude for life, along with acknowledgement of human dependence, finitude and interdependence... To reference this editorial / Para citar esta editorial / Para citar este artigo Roy C. Spiritualty Based on the Roy Adaptation Model for Use in Practice, Teaching and Research. Aquichan 2018: 18(4); 393-4. DOI: 10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.1
The life spiral

What is the relationship between the expression of human needs and the emergence of alternative adult roles? In this paper we criticize the assumptions of the life cycle model of adulthood as having only a limited repertoire of adult roles. We propose the life spiral model of adulthood to conceptualize the legitimation of alternative adult roles and the emergence of several patterns of adult life events. We present findings from interviews with 60 single adults with respect to the issues of intimacy and work to illustrate the differences between the cycle and the spiral models of adulthood.
A cross-country study of collective political strategy: Greenhouse gas regulations in the European Union

This study examines the outcome of collective political strategy across countries, within the context of new greenhouse gas regulations in the European Union. Drawing on the economic theory of regulation, I argue that collective political strategy can result in varied distortions of environmental policies, depending on the ideology of government actors, the electoral cycle and the type of prevalent bureaucratic regulatory system. An interesting finding in this regard is that left-leaning governments react more favorably to political strategies by industries. The study highlights the important role cross-country heterogeneity of political systems plays in influencing the outcomes of collective political strategies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Na6Cd7S10: A New Framework Sulfide with 1-D Channels Containing 12- and 16-Member Rings and a Sulfide Anion in an Umbrella-like Geometry

The new ternary cadmium sulfide compound Na6Cd7S10 exhibits a tunneled three-dimensional framework, with a sulfur atom in an “umbrella” geometry. Its lattice contains numerous “built-in” cadmium va...
Movement and VIP Interneuron Activation Differentially Modulate Encoding in Mouse Auditory Cortex

Information processing in sensory cortex is highly sensitive to nonsensory variables such as anesthetic state, arousal, and task engagement. Recent work in mouse visual cortex suggests that evoked firing rates, stimulus-response mutual information, and encoding efficiency increase when animals are engaged in movement. A disinhibitory circuit appears central to this change: inhibitory neurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are activated during movement and disinhibit pyramidal cells by suppressing other inhibitory interneurons. Paradoxically, although movement activates a similar disinhibitory circuit in auditory cortex (ACtx), most ACtx studies report reduced spiking during movement. It is unclear whether the resulting changes in spike rates result in corresponding changes in stimulus-response mutual information. We examined ACtx responses evoked by tone cloud stimuli, in awake mice of both sexes, during spontaneous movement and still conditions. VIP+ cells were optogenetically activated on half of trials, permitting independent analysis of the consequences of movement and VIP activation, as well as their intersection. Movement decreased stimulus-related spike rates as well as mutual information and encoding efficiency. VIP interneuron activation tended to increase stimulus-evoked spike rates but not stimulus-response mutual information, thus reducing encoding efficiency. The intersection of movement and VIP activation was largely consistent with a linear combination of these main effects: VIP activation recovered movement-induced reduction in spike rates, but not information transfer.
The Lawyer's "Conscience" and the Limits of Persuasion

Like most criminal lawyers, I like to think of myself as a trial lawyer. It’s in my interest to do so. Among other things, it makes me a much more popular dinner—and perhaps conference—guest. I confess that I tend to tell trial stories more than, say, a guilty plea story. I tell these trial stories to other criminal defenders (to show that I’m keeping up), to students (to enhance my credibility), and to friends and family (because everybody loves a good story). But the truth is, like most criminal lawyers, I spend much of my time—more time than I like to admit—counseling clients about guilty pleas. The time I spend on guilty pleas is consistent with the fact that the overwhelming number of criminal cases is resolved by such pleas. According to the most recent Justice Department data, more than ninetyfive percent of convictions in both state and federal court are due to guilty pleas. It is also consistent with the fact that the single most important decision in any criminal case is whether to go to trial or plead guilty.
Guiding medical equipment procurement by human factors engineering

Human factors engineering is a promising interdisciplinary subject in applied sciences.This study presented the development and research purposes of human factors engineering.Based on case studies,the authors probed into the importance of the engineering in the design,management and procurement of medical equipments,for the purpose of optimizing medical equipment design,manufacturing and procurement. Key words: Human factors engineering; Safety; High efficiency
In-Hospital 30-Day Survival Among Young Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Cohort Study

Background Our objective was to characterize young adult patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and identify predictors of survival at 30 days. Methods This retrospective cohort study took place at 12 acute care hospitals in the New York City area. Patients aged 18-39 hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 between March 1 and April 27, 2020 were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were extracted from electronic health record reports. Results A total of 1013 patients were included in the study (median age, 33 years; interquartile range [IQR], 28-36; 52% female). At the study end point, 940 (92.8%) patients were discharged alive, 18 (1.8%) remained hospitalized, 5 (0.5%) were transferred to another acute care facility, and 50 (4.9%) died. The most common comorbidities in hospitalized young adult patients were obesity (51.2%), diabetes mellitus (14.8%), and hypertension (13%). Multivariable analysis revealed that obesity (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-5.73; P = .002) and Charlson comorbidity index score (aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07-1.35; P = .002) were independent predictors of in-hospital 30-day mortality. Conclusions Obesity was identified as the strongest negative predictor of 30-day in-hospital survival in young adults with COVID-19.
Effect of local structure and stoichiometry on the dynamic behavior of bi-metal interfaces

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to investigate the failure behavior of Al/Al, Al/Fe, and Al/AlFe bi-layers under high strain-rate shock loading. Additional simulations are performed to invesigate solely the tensile response of these systems and to isolate the effects of loading history on damage and failure. Specifically, the compression stage of the shock is excluded from the tensile simulations. This work shows that local structure variation, including the introduction of serrations, plays different roles in controlling damage nucleation depending on the specific loading condition. Under shock loading, the stress for void nucleation and the resulting void distribution is insensitive to an interface structure, whereas under pure tensile loading, the opposite is true, even though the strain rate is comparable. The above difference can be explained based on the corresponding change in the total deformation prior to damage nucleation under shock loading, which is missing from the pure tensile loading. Therefore, it is concluded that whether local interface structure matters under high strain-rate loading depends on the specific loading history and the stress state: the local structure variation matters only when it alters the deformation behavior, and subsequently, damage nucleation and evolution.
ClineHelpR: an R package for genomic cline outlier detection and visualization

Patterns of multi-locus differentiation (i.e., genomic clines) often extend broadly across hybrid zones and their quantification can help diagnose how species boundaries are shaped by adaptive processes, both intrinsic and extrinsic. In this sense, the transitioning of loci across admixed individuals can be contrasted as a function of the genome-wide trend, in turn allowing an expansion of clinal theory across a much wider array of biodiversity. However, computational tools that serve to interpret and consequently visualize ‘genomic clines’ are limited, and users must often write custom, relatively complex code to do so. Here, we introduce the ClineHelpR R-package for visualizing genomic clines and detecting outlier loci using output generated by two popular software packages, bgc and Introgress. ClineHelpR bundles both input generation (i.e., filtering datasets and creating specialized file formats) and output processing (e.g., MCMC thinning and burn-in) with functions that directly facilitate interpretation and hypothesis testing. Tools are also provided for post-hoc analyses that interface with external packages such as ENMeval and RIdeogram. Our package increases the reproducibility and accessibility of genomic cline methods, thus allowing an expanded user base and promoting these methods as mechanisms to address diverse evolutionary questions in both model and non-model organisms. Furthermore, the ClineHelpR extended functionality can evaluate genomic clines in the context of spatial and environmental features, allowing users to explore underlying processes potentially contributing to the observed patterns and helping facilitate effective conservation management strategies.
The salt marsh amphipod, Gammarus palustris Bousfield, 1969 at the northern limit of its distribution . I. Ecology and life cycle

Abstract The ecology and life cycle of the American endemic Gammarus palustris were studied in salt marshes of Great Bay, N.H. at its apparent northern-most limit. The species is an obligate epibenthic inhabitant of the lower marsh, residing most of the year in a narrow zone limited shoreward near Extreme High Water Neaps. There is no off-marsh migration in winter. Zonation is complicated by a seasonal distributional cycle, and microhabitat preferences for Spartina alterniflora culms, grass blade junctions, Ascophyllum, rocks, and tidal debris, correlated with animal size within and between sexes, and related to temperature variation. The species is a detritus-aufwuchs feeder; larger adults eat some macroalgae. Embryonic development is relatively fast at temperatures above 10 °C compared to other Gammarus spp, reproduction is bivoltine, and females produce up to 3 broods per breeding period. Mechanical action of ice may influence population size. Microhabitat preferences of associated amphipod species are also discussed.
Shifting Ground to Address Climate Change: The Land Use Law Solution

This article conceives and describes a Land Use Stabilization Wedge: a strategy that aggregates five wedges and further organizes strategic energies. This builds on Robert Socolow's optimistic assertion that "an excuse for inaction based on the world's lack of technological readiness does not exist." I assert that the existing legal authority of state and local governments to regulate and guide land use and building is a powerful "technology already deployed somewhere in the world." The Land Use Stabilization Wedge aggregates several of Socolow's initiatives and employs multiple mitigation techniques available to citizens in every locality in the country.
Anterior thalamic paraventricular nucleus is involved in intermittent access ethanol drinking: role of orexin receptor 2

The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) has been shown to participate in hedonic feeding and is thought to influence drug seeking. This understudied nucleus contains anterior (aPVT) and posterior (pPVT) subregions, which receive dense projections from hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin (OX) but exhibit anatomical and functional differences. This study sought to characterize in Long-Evans rats the involvement of these PVT subregions and their OX receptor activity in consumption of the drug, ethanol. Compared with those maintained on water and chow only (water group), rats trained to drink pharmacologically relevant levels of ethanol (ethanol group) showed increased neuronal activation in the PVT, specifically the aPVT but not pPVT, as indicated by c-Fos immunoreactivity. Similar results were obtained in rats administered ethanol via oral gavage, indicating that this site-specific effect was due to ethanol exposure. In support of the involvement of OX, the ethanol group also showed increased mRNA levels of this neuropeptide in the hypothalamus and of OX 2 receptor (OX2R) but not OX 1 receptor (OX1R), again in the aPVT but not pPVT. Similarly, ethanol gavage increased double labeling of c-Fos with OX2R but not OX1R, specifically in the aPVT. Evidence directly supporting a role for aPVT OX2R in ethanol consumption was provided by results with local injections, showing ethanol intake to be enhanced by OX-A or OX-B in the aPVT but not pPVT and reduced by a local antagonist of OX2R but not OX1R. These results focus attention on the aPVT and specifically its OX2R in mediating a positive feedback relationship with ethanol intake.
Cultural Boundaries and Ecological Frontiers in Coastal Regions: An Example from the Alaska Peninsula

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cultural boundaries and ecological frontiers in coastal regions. Social boundaries have evidently been an important part of the adaptive framework of human populations since the early Pleistocene (Wobst 1974, 1975). However, there is some evidence to suggest that their importance has increased during the course of human evolution. The boundary zone between Eskimo and Aleut populations on the Alaska Peninsula was not a resource-rich buffer zone but a relatively resource poor zone that acted as an isolating barrier between two relatively richer resource zones—one nearly exclusively maritime (the Aleutian Islands and lower peninsula) and one providing a mixed coastal/riverine/tundra suite of resources traditionally exploited by Eskimos (the upper peninsula). Once established, the boundary between these two regions remained relatively stable over a long period until the Thule peoples—either because of environmental change, increased technological efficiency, or population pressure—were finally able to penetrate the boundary. Thus, the Alaska Peninsula data suggest that, even in regions with relatively rich coastal resources and dense human populations, ecological frontiers may serve as boundary zones to structure access to resources by human groups.
A New Simplified System for the Evaluation of BNCT Pharmaceuticals

A system for testing potential BNCT pharmaceuticals in cell cultures has been developed with the cooperation of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), the University of Tennessee Chemistry Department and the University of Tennessee Nuclear Engineering Department. A BNCT test model has been established with the use of the human lung cancer cell line A 549. These cells were maintained in standard laboratory facilities and subjected to boronated chemicals. Following toxicity studies the human luug cancer cells were exposed to {sup 252}Cf neutron sources provided by the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) at ORNL The isotope {sup 252}Cf performs effectively for BNCT applications. The neutron spectrum is similar to that of a reactor fission source with an average energy of 2.1 MeV. A 50 mg source of {sup 252}Cf moderated by water provides a source on the order of 1 x 10{sup 9} thermal neutrons/cm{sup 2}/sec at a distance of 3 cm. The half-life of {sup 252}Cf is 2.65 years, and thus may provide a simple and reliable source of neutrons for BNCT in locations without suitable nuclear reactors. The REDC of ORNL stores and processes the U.S. stockpile of {sup 252}Cf.
A hierarchical segmentation algorithm based on hepta-tree

This paper is concerned with a Hierarchical Markov Random Field (HMRF) algorithm for image segmentation, based on samples belonging to a hexagonal grid. Most of image segmentation algorithms use the topology based on the classical Z2 grid, i.e., the squared grid, because this is an extension from the one-dimensional case. Nevertheless, the Z2 grid is not optimal according to the Shannon sampling theorem: the optimal one for image sampling is the hexagonal grid [16, 1]. In this paper, we adapt to hexagonal topology a hierarchical image segmentation algorithm developed previously on a Z2 grid. We present here a new structure, called the hepta-tree, adapted to hexagonal grids. Unsu-pervised segmentation results are compared on synthetic images issued from the both sampling grids.
Biomass and bioenergy applications of the POLYSYS modeling framework

Abstract The Policy Analysis System (POLYSYS) is a national simulation model of the US agriculture sector which can incorporate agricultural supply and demand and related modules to estimate agricultural production response, resource use, price, income, and environmental impacts of projected changes from an agricultural baseline. The framework recursively incorporates linear programming, econometric, and process models to estimate an impact path resulting from changes imposed on a baseline scenario and its underlying assumptions. POLYSYS estimates crop production and supply at a disaggregated regional level, whereby the 48 contiguous states are subdivided into 305 geographic regions with relatively homogeneous production characteristics. POLYSYS is capable of estimating a wide range of policy alternatives and economic and environmental conditions and simulations may be tailored to a variety of specific analytical needs. This paper presents a broad overview of the structure and approach of the POLYSYS model with emphasis on biomass and bioenergy related applications of the model.
A 58-kDa resident protein of the cis Golgi cisterna is not terminally glycosylated.

A 58-kDa Golgi protein (gp58) was previously identified and found to be concentrated in cis Golgi cisternae in several cell types (Saraste, J., Palade, G.E., and Farquhar, M.G. (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 2021-2029). In this study the protein was partially purified from rat pancreas and mouse myeloma cells in order to characterize its oligosaccharides. It migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a 57-58-kDa doublet under reducing conditions or as a single approximately 116-kDa band under nonreducing conditions. Pancreatic gp58 was susceptible to alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase digestion and it bound concanavalin A, Helix pomatia, Dolichos biflorus, soybean agglutinin, and Bauhinia purpurea lectins, but not Ricinus communis agglutinin or lectins from Griffonia simplicifolia-1, Arachis hypogaea, and Limulus polyphemus. It bound Ricinus communis agglutinin after galactosylation with GlcNAc galactosyltransferase. These data demonstrate that pancreatic p58 contains immature N-linked moieties with nonreducing terminal GlcNAc residues as well as the initiating GalNAc of O-linked glycoproteins. Myeloma gp58 was sensitive to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and oligosaccharide analysis of its [3H]glucosamine-labeled glycopeptides indicated that it also contained immature N-linked glycans. Some of the latter consist of high mannose chains (high affinity for concanavalin A, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-sensitive), but the predominant (95%) species are neutral tri- or tetraantennary N-linked chains containing GlcNAc (no binding to concanavalin A). Glycopeptides from biosynthetically labeled myeloma cells did not contain detectable base labile oligosaccharides, indicating that unlike pancreatic p58, myeloma gp58 may not be an O-linked glycoprotein. Neither pancreatic nor myeloma gp58 contained terminally processed oligosaccharides, indicating that gp58 has not been modified by trans-Golgi glycosyltransferases. Thus, the oligosaccharide content of gp58 is consistent with the assumption that this protein is retained in the cis Golgi cisternae during biosynthesis instead of being transported across the Golgi stacks and targeted back to the cis Golgi from the trans side.
Feroz Hassan Khan, Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb

Feroz Hassan Khan's Eating Grass is a must-read, both for those who would like to know more about Pakistan's nuclear program and those who are curious about what the Pakistan Army would like the wo...
Apathogenic, intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria stimulate the mucosal immune system of mice.

Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFBs) are apathogenic autochthonous bacteria in the murine small intestine that preferentially attach to Peyer9s patch epithelium. SFBs have never been cultured in vitro. We have studied the effects of SFBs on the immune system of the host. Mice monoassociated with SFBs were compared with germ-free mice and with mice without SFBs but with a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) gut flora. SFBs versus no microbial flora raised the number of lymphoid cells in the lamina propria of the ileal and cecal mucosa, raised the number of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-secreting cells in the intestinal mucosa, produced elevated IgA titers in serum and intestinal secretions, and enhanced the concanavalin A-induced proliferative responses of mesenteric lymph node cells. The SPF flora had effects similar to but less pronounced than those mediated by SFBs. The results indicate that SFBs stimulate the mucosal immune system to a greater extent than do other autochthonous gut bacteria.
Automatic identification of non-intersecting machining features from 2D CAD input

Feature recognition algorithms working directly on 3D model inputs are complex even when the features are simple. The premise of this paper is that feature recognition is easier when performed on 2D representations of 3D parts. We therefore develop algorithms for automatically identifying non-intersecting machining features from 2D CAD input for a set of common machining features. A group of 2.5D subparts extracted from 2D neutral file format is the given input to our feature identification algorithm. Each feature in a object oriented feature library of basis features is uniquely described by five geometric attributes: protrusion/depression, external access direction, exit status, boundary perimeter and boundary geometry. Identifying each machining feature requires the determination of these five attributes. New and robust algorithms are developed for determining these five attributes for each of the features. Complete details are provided to illustrate feature identification using this approach.
Relations among the radiative decay widths of charmonium states from superconvergent sum rules

Relations among the decay widths for ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{J}\ensuremath{\gamma}$,${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{J}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ (where ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{J}$ is one of the $^{3}P$ charmonium states) are derived from two Drell-Hearn-type sum rules. The relations, which make no use of the nonrelativistic $c\overline{c}$ picture of the ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $\ensuremath{\chi}$, and $\ensuremath{\psi}$ states, predict${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.2:1.3:1.0$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}:{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}=0.9:0.8:1.0$, where ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{J}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{(2J+1){k}_{J}^{\ensuremath{'}3}}$,${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{J}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({\ensuremath{\chi}}_{J}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{k_{J}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}}$.
Play it again, Sam: The practice and apology of development∗

Abstract Development policies and their justification in the 1990s bear a striking resemblance to those of the 1960s, in spite of the evident changes that have occurred at the national and international levels. Hence, the urgency of reconsidering the way it was, in theory and practice. A version of this essay first appeared in Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences during the Cold War, Edited by C. Simpson, copyright The New Press, New York, 1998. It is reported here with the permission of The New Press.
Alkali-metal-atom polarization imaging in high-pressure optical-pumping cells

We present a detailed experimental analysis of Rb-polarization imaging in high-pressure gas cells. The Rb vapor in these cells is optically pumped by high-power diode-laser arrays. We present images for high (35 G) and low (4 G) magnetic fields and for different He and Xe buffer-gas mixtures. We demonstrate that high-field imaging provides an absolute measurement of the Rb-polarization distribution in the cell, based on the fact that a spin-temperature distribution of the hyperfine magnetic sublevels is established in high-pressure buffer gases. A survey of various mechanisms that broaden the Rb magnetic-resonance lines is presented. These broadening mechanisms determine the limits of the spatial resolution achievable for images of the Rb-polarization distribution.
Application of Reinforcement Contingencies with a 23-Year-Old Anorexic Patient:

This paper reports the use of learning principles in the crisis intervention of a hospitalized, anorexic patient. An uncle's attention was made contingent on improved eating behavior. A reversal of weight trend with improved cooperation was achieved.
Mt. St. Helens' Aerosols: Some Tropospheric and Stratospheric Effects.

Abstract Aerosol optical depth measurements based on the attenuation of direct solar radiation before and after the six major explosive eruptions of Mt. St. Helens during 1980 are presented. These automated measurements are from a site 200 km mostly cut and slightly north of the volcano. From the analysis it was concluded that in several cases the conversion of sulfur gases to sulfates proceeded much more rapidly (hours) than is usually found for tropospheric conditions. A possible explanation may be the greater availability of OH due to the presence of substantial water in the plume. The second major result of the analysis was that there was no evidence of a residual aerosol burden. Turbidity data taken between eruptions in 1980 were virtually identical in terms of magnitude and wavelength dependence to 1979 turbidity.
HERITABILITY OF FACTOR V: VERBAL COMPREHENSION

33 pairs of MZ twins and 12 pairs of like-sexed DZ twins, 32 boys and 58 girls, 40 of whom were Negro and 50 white, whose ages ranged from 13 to 18, were given a battery of verbal comprehension tests which included the Heim Self-judging Vocabulary Test, the Wide-Range Vocabulary Test, the Heim Vocabulary Test, and the Spelling Achievement Test. Using three different heritability ratios, (1) the Holzinger heritability coefficient, (2) the heritability ratio proposed by Nichols, and (3) the F ratio (Block), the relative intrapair similarity of MZ and like-sexed DZ twins on the verbal comprehension tests was determined. All the MZ correlations were greater than the corresponding rs for the DZ twin-pairs. Two of the six differences were significant (p ≤ .05). The range of heritability coefficient ratios (Holzinger) was from .35 to .78, with MZ intraclass rs ranging from .45 to .86, with DZ rs from –.34 to .40. The agreement among tests suggests that verbal comprehension as tested by the various performance te...
Still Enthusiastic After All These Years

We have been actively engaged in the practice of palliative medicine for 25 years. We also have been engaged in teaching, research, management, public speaking, and the politics of organized medicine. A common comment from fellows, colleagues, people who attend a lecture, or just from a committee member is, ‘‘I just love your enthusiasm.’’ The editors of this series asked us how we’ve sustained that enthusiasm for so longdparticularly since one of them said we are both ‘‘older than dirtdbut looking good in spite of it.’’ There are three sources that play an important role. The most reliable source of enthusiasm is the product of the direct care of patients and their families. You simply cannot make up the situations that present themselves. The pattern of engagement is the same. Genuine listening to the story. Suspending all other issues to be completely present in the moment. Asking questions that ‘‘deepen’’ the interview to extract all the associated details in the physical, emotional, practical, and spiritual domains. Mustering the courage to ‘‘lean in’’ to the pain rather than to try to fix it too soon. Then, to marvel as the best features of human beings become routinely displayed by our patients and their families: selfless love, compassion, long-suffering, patience, and courage. In the larger world, it seems we see portrayals of these only in novels, movies, plays, or poems. But in the practice of palliative medicine, it is remarkable how common those human virtues are. More remarkably, they are displayed by people who you would never predict, based on their other circumstances, they could possibly display. But they do, reliably, surprisingly, sometimes miraculously. It is a routine experience for each of us to just marvel at what we are privileged to witness by virtue of the
Shakespeare's Sonnets: A Case of and for Single–Case Historiometry

The two oldest forms of psychohistory, as generically defined, are psychobiography (Idiographic, qualitative, and single-case) and historiometry (nomothetic, quantitative, and multiple-case) In practice this distinction gets blurred, both because psychobiography is often nomothetic (e g, psychoanalytic) and because historiometry may work with N= 1 After outlining the assets of single-case historiometry, a specific case is given in an analysis of the 154 sonnets of William Shakespeare These sonnets were first reliably differentiated on aesthetic success according to an archival popularity measure, and then this relative ment was predicted using content analytical measures suggested by research on artistic creativity The superior sonnets (a) treat specific themes, (b) display considerable thematic richness in the number of issues discussed, (c) exhibit greater linguistic complexity as gauged by such objective measures as the type-token ratio and adjective-verb quotient, and (d) feature more primary process imagery (using Martindale's Regressive Imagery Dictionary) After discussing how these results can enlarge our general understanding of artistic creativity as well as our specific appreciation of Shakespeare's creativity, the potential application of single-case historiometry to intrinsically psychobiographical problems is examined
Nontraditional Attendance and Persistence: The Cost of Students' Choices

Working more than part-time and attending college part-time negatively affect persistence, especially among low-income students. Such choices also impede the ability of institutions to shorten time-to-degree, improve graduation rates, and accommodate larger numbers of students. Judicious use of student loans can help students reduce hours at work and finance full-time attendance.
Relation of Maternal Role Concepts to Parenting, Employment Choices, and Life Satisfaction Among Japanese Women

Japanese women are often described as heavily invested in the role of mother, yet young women in contemporary Japan are increasingly likely to postpone or opt out of marriage and child rearing. To understand the psychological dynamics of parenting among Japanese women who have chosen to become mothers, we examined the relation of maternal role salience beliefs, personal maternal role commitment, and parenting self-efficacy to life satisfaction, number of children, and employment status. Survey data were obtained from 116 urban Japanese women with children in the 2nd grade. Mothers with more children expressed greater personal role commitment. Those who had sought employment were less likely to hold strong maternal role salience beliefs. Life satisfaction was predicted by having more children, feeling efficacious as a parent, and being employed. These findings suggest that even in a society characterized by strong normative expectations for women, women's life satisfaction and choices about family life and employment are related to individual beliefs, attitudes, and judgments about their role.
Stress-induced augmentation of immune function—The role of stress hormones, leukocyte trafficking, and cytokines

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions represent cell-mediated immune responses that exert important immunoprotective (resistance to viruses, bacteria, and fungi) or immunopathological (allergic or autoimmune hypersensitivity) effects. We initially utilized the skin DTH response as an experimental in vivo model to study neuro-endocrine-immune interactions in rodents. We hypothesized that just as an acute stress response prepares the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems for fight or flight, it may also prepare the immune system for challenges which may be imposed by a stressor. The skin DTH model allowed us to examine the effects of stress at the time of primary and secondary exposure to antigen. Studies showed that acute (2h) stress experienced before primary or secondary antigen exposure induces a significant enhancement of skin DTH. Importantly, this enhancement involved innate as well as adaptive immune mechanisms. Adrenalectomy eliminated the stress-induced enhancement of DTH. Acute administration of physiological (stress) concentrations of corticosterone and/or epinephrine to adrenalectomized animals enhanced skin DTH. Compared with controls, DTH sites from acutely stressed or hormone-injected animals showed significantly greater erythema and induration, numbers of infiltrating leukocytes, and levels of cytokine gene expression. In contrast to acute stress, chronic stress was immunosuppressive. Chronic exposure to corticosterone, or acute exposure to dexamethasone significantly suppressed skin DTH. These results suggest that during acute stress, endogenous stress hormones enhance skin immunity by increasing leukocyte trafficking and cytokine gene expression at the site of antigen entry. While these results are discussed from a mechanistic and clinical relevance perspective, it is acknowledged that much work remains to be done to elucidate the precise mechanisms mediating these bi-directional effects of stress and stress hormones and their clinical ramifications.
The reasons for choosing a career in policing among South Korean police cadets

Abstract Despite the importance of understanding the reasons for choosing the police as an occupation for developing effective recruiting strategies, there is a surprising lack of research about what motivates people to choose careers in policing in South Korea. Employing the sample of 410 Korean police cadets, the study found that a financial factor — “steady salary” and “job security” — was the most important factor affecting the decisions of police cadets to join the police. Regression analyses indicated that gender and social-economic status had significant effects on cadets' motivation of joining the police. In the conclusion, policy implications for developing an effective recruitment strategy are discussed.
Severe deficits in 5‐HT2A‐mediated neurotransmission in BDNF conditional mutant mice

BDNF is thought to provide critical trophic support for serotonin neurons. In order to determine postnatal effects of BDNF on the serotonin system, we examined a line of conditional mutant mice that have normal brain content of BDNF during prenatal development but later depletion of this neurotrophin in the postnatal period. These mice show a behavioral phenotype that suggests serotonin dysregulation. However, as shown here, the presynaptic serotonin system in the adult conditional mutant mice appeared surprisingly normal from histological, biochemical, and electrophysiological perspectives. By contrast, a dramatic and unexpected postsynaptic 5-HT2A deficit in the mutant mice was found. Electrophysiologically, serotonin neurons appeared near normal except, most notably, for an almost complete absence of expected 5-HT2A -mediated glutamate and GABA postsynaptic potentials normally displayed by these neurons. Further analysis showed that BDNF mutants had much reduced 5-HT2A receptor protein in dorsal raphe nucleus and a similar deficit in prefrontal cortex, a region that normally shows a high level of 5-HT2A receptor expression. Recordings in prefrontal slice showed a marked deficit in 5-HT2A -mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents, similar to that seen in the dorsal raphe. These findings suggest that postnatal levels of BDNF play a relatively limited role in maintaining presynaptic aspects of the serotonin system and a much greater role in maintaining postsynaptic 5-HT2A and possibly other receptors than previously suspected.