cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Influenza A Nucleoprotein on Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Function

Infection with influenza virus is commonly associated with polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMNL) dysfunction and consequent secondary bacterial pneumonia. A recently isolated human-derived protein that inhibits PMNL chemotaxis and oxidant production shows a striking homology to the influenza A nucleoprotein. In the present study, the effects of purified influenza A nucleoprotein on PMNL chemotaxis, oxidant production, degranulation, and calcium homeostasis were studied. Results of the study demonstrate that purified nucleoprotein inhibits PMNL chemotaxis as well as superoxide production. In addition, purified nucleoprotein induces a rise in PMNL cytosolic calcium concentration in a manner similar to that demonstrated for crude influenza A lysates. In contrast, no difference in FMLP-stimulated PMNL elastase or beta glucuronidase release was noted after exposure to nucleoprotein. These studies suggest that the influenza A nucleoprotein may account for some of the neutrophil defect associated with cellular infection by this virus.
Second Law Analysis of Solid Desiccant Rotary Dehumidifiers

This paper presents a second law analysis of solid desiccant rotary dehumidifiers. The equations for entropy generation for adiabatic flow of humid air over a solid desiccant are developed. The generation of entropy during operation of a rotary dehumidifier with infinite transfer coefficients is investigated and the various sources of irreversibility are identified and quantified. As they pass through the dehumidifier, both the process and regeneration air streams acquire nonuniform outlet states, and mixing both of these air streams to deliver homogeneous outlet streams is irreversible. Transfer of mass and energy between the regeneration air stream and the desiccant matrix occurs across finite differences in vapor pressure and temperature and these transfer processes generate entropy. The second law efficiency of the dehumidifier is given as a function of operating conditions and the effect of finite transfer coefficients for an actual dehumidifier is discussed. It is shown that operating the rotary dehumidifier at conditions that minimize regeneration energy also yields a local maximum for the second law efficiency.
Power management trends in portable consumer applications

Mobile consumer electronics continue to converge, in terms of functionality and feature sets, bringing many challenges to the circuits required to power these applications. This paper outlines some of the technology available to address these challenges.
Mechanical and humoral factors in wound healing

As wound contraction can be prevented by full-thickness skin graft and enhanced by licking and since saliva contains growth-promoting macromolecules, we have studied the mechanical and humoral aspects of wound healing. Standardized burn and freeze-produced wounds were produced in rats. Contraction did not occur in wounds caused by freezing (n = 30), while burn wounds (n = 30) contracted to less than one-third of the original size in 3 weeks. If the centres of the freeze-produced wounds (n = 12) were excised, contraction would then occur and proceed at the same rate as open wounds (n = 12). The collagen contents of the burn wounds (n = 24) showed a greater initial loss followed by rapid replacement, while that of the freeze-produced wounds (n = 24) demonstrated a slower removal and more gradual replacement. Submandibular sialadenectomized mice (n = 34) and sham controls (n = 34) had excision of a standard sized patch of sacral skin. Through a separate abdominal incision polyvinyl sponges of known weight were introduced subcutaneously into all the animals. Mice without the submandibular salivary glands showed a slower rate of wound contraction than the sham controls (P<0.001). However, this delay in wound contraction was abolished if sialadenectomized mice were caged with mice having intact salivary glands. Collagen synthesis as determined by the hydroxyproline concentrations in the polyvinyl sponges were the same in both groups of animals irrespective of cage environment. Further standard sacral wounds in submandibular sialadenectomized mice (n = 120) were treated with different salivary components. Only high molecular weight nerve growth factor was able to accelerate wound contraction in these sialadenectomized animals to control values. In conclusion, the degree of wound contraction following injury is dependent on the integrity of the matrix, while the initiation of contraction is likely to be chemically induced.
Developing artificial agents worthy of trust: Would you buy a used car from this artificial agent?

There is a growing literature on the concept of e-trust and on the feasibility and advisability of "trusting" artificial agents. In this paper we present an object-oriented model for thinking about trust in both face-to-face and digitally mediated environments. We review important recent contributions to this literature regarding e-trust in conjunction with presenting our model. We identify three important types of trust interactions and examine trust from the perspective of a software developer. Too often, the primary focus of research in this area has been on the artificial agents and the humans they may encounter after they are deployed. We contend that the humans who design, implement, and deploy the artificial agents are crucial to any discussion of e-trust and to understanding the distinctions among the concepts of trust, e-trust and face-to-face trust.
Combining Economic and Conjoint Analysis to Determine Optimal Academic Services

In today's era of global competition, organizations must manage their functions and activities in a manner such that they are responsive to customers' needs and can provide excellence in service to the customer while also being efficient and cost conscious. These issues are extremely common in corporate organizations, but such concerns are equally relevant in service industries, including institutions of higher education. This study is conducted at a private, undergraduate institution of higher education. We utilize focus group evaluation and conjoint analysis combined with economic analysis in the form of a newly designed preferred utility economic cost diagram to pick the ideal services that should be provided to enrolled students at the institution. The package of ideal services accounts for preferred utility expressed by students and a new methodology (preferred utility function) to balance these against financial considerations to optimize services and financial gains for a college adult education program. This combination of focus groups and mathematical techniques can be easily employed by educational institutes.
Swelling of neutron-irradiated vanadium alloys☆

Abstract The swelling of unalloyed vanadium and vanadium alloys containing Cr, Ti, Si, Fe, Zr, W, Mo, and Ni additions was determined after neutron irradiation at 420 and 600°C to 17–84 dpa in the FFTF-MOTA reactor facility. The swelling of these materials was obtained from a determination of the immersion density of the unirradiated and irradiated materials. The swelling of V is substantially increased by the addition of Cr, and significantly reduced by the addition of Ti. The swelling of V-Cr-Ti alloys is strongly dependent on Ti concentration for Ti concentrations
Fuzzy line graphs

Abstract The notion of a fuzzy line graph of a fuzzy graph is introduced. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a fuzzy graph to be isomorphic to its corresponding fuzzy line graph. We examine when an isomorphism between two fuzzy graphs follows from an isomorphism of their corresponding fuzzy line graphs. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a fuzzy graph to be the fuzzy line graph of some fuzzy graph.
Centrally Acting Antihypertensive Agents: A Comparison of Lofexidine with Clonidine

Lofexidine, a new centrally acting antihypertensive agent, was compared in a double-blind study with clonidine in the treatment of mild (standing diastolic blood pressure 95-104 mm Hg) or moderate (105-129 mm Hg) essential hypertension. In dialy dosages of 0.2 or 0.4 mg, monotherapy with lofexidine produced significant decreases in blood pressure and heart rate that were not different from those with clonidine. Blood pressure and heart rate were not different from those with clonidine. Blood pressure control (supine and standing diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg) occurred in seven of eight mild hypertensives treated with lofexidine and in seven of ten treated with clonidine. In moderate hypertension, three of 11 and seven of ten, ten of the 14 responders to clonidine required dosages of 0.4 mg daily or less. The maximum dosage tested was 1.6 mg daily. Concomitant hydrochlorothiazide therapy was given to eight of the lofexidine responders and 12 of the clonidine responders. For both drugs, drowsiness and dry mouth were the chief complaints. Neither agent changed standard clinical biochemistries except for decreased potassium and increased bicarbonate concentrations due to concurrent diuretic therapy. Lofexidine to have clinical characteristics similar to those of clonidine. Each of these agents is best used in lower doses, which are frequently effective and less likely to produce symptomatic complaints.
Low threshold current density 1.5 mu m (In, Ga, Al)As quantum well lasers grown by MBE

The use of strained ternary and quaternary (In,Ga,Al) quantum wells for the active regions in MBE grown 1.5 μm lasers has been compared. Threshold current densities as low as 530 A/cm2 were obtained using compressively strained (In,Ga,Al)As quaternary quantum wells with waveguide losses of 9.4 cm−1 and a current injection efficiency of 83%. These results represent the best (Al,Ga,In)As/InP quantum well lasers grown by MBE.
Discontinuous galerkin spectral element simulation of a thermal-hydraulic problem in superconducting magnets

In this article we simulate one-dimensional quench propagation in superconducting magnets using cable-in-conduit conductors (CICCs) by a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) spectral element method (SEM) and explicit Runge-Kutta time integration. The supercritical helium flow in the CICC channel can be described by the Euler equations with an additional friction force and coupled heat transfer among the helium, the conductor, and the conduit. Roe's approximate Riemann solver for a real gas/fluid is used to compute numerical flux, and a nonreflecting boundary condition is introduced for the approximation of the outflow boundary condition. The method used here is highly parallelizable. Some numerical results are given and compared with those obtained by a finite-element method and with experimental data. This method shows high robustness to simulate the thermal-hydraulic problem with large nonlinear source terms.
Design tradeoffs for simplicity and efficient verification in the Execution Migration Machine

As transistor technology continues to scale, the architecture community has experienced exponential growth in design complexity and significantly increasing implementation and verification costs. Moreover, Moore's law has led to a ubiquitous trend of an increasing number of cores on a single chip. Often, these large-core-count chips provide a shared memory abstraction via directories and coherence protocols, which have become notoriously error-prone and difficult to verify because of subtle data races and state space explosion. Although a very simple hardware shared memory implementation can be achieved by simply not allowing ad-hoc data replication and relying on remote accesses for remotely cached data (i.e., requiring no directories or coherence protocols), such remote-access-based directoryless architectures cannot take advantage of any data locality, and therefore suffer in both performance and energy. Our recently taped-out 110-core shared-memory processor, the Execution Migration Machine (EM2), establishes a new design point. On the one hand, EM2 supports shared memory but does not automatically replicate data, and thus preserves the simplicity of directoryless architectures. On the other hand, it significantly improves performance and energy over remote-access-only designs by exploiting data locality at remote cores via fast hardware-level thread migration. In this paper, we describe the design choices made in the EM2 chip as well as our choice of design methodology, and discuss how they combine to achieve design simplicity and verification efficiency. Even though EM2 is a fairly large design-110 cores using a total of 357 million transistors-the entire chip design and implementation process (RTL, verification, physical design, tapeout) took only 18 man-months.
Implications of child abuse and neglect for the dental profession.

Dental practitioners have an important role to play in the prevention, reporting, and treatment of child abuse.
Anisotropic electrical resistivity of quasi-one-dimensional Li 0.9 Mo 6 O 17 determined by the Montgomery method

Anisotropic electrical resistivity of quasi-one-dimensional ${\mathrm{Li}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{17}$ was measured using the Montgomery method. The average resistivity ratio at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ was found to be ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{b}:{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}:{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}\ensuremath{\sim}1:2.5(0.4):6(2)$.
Speciation in Vanadium Bioinorganic Systems. 4. Interactions between Vanadate, Adenosine, and ImidazoleAn Aqueous Potentiometric and 51V NMR Study

The potential biological activity of vanadium analogs of AMP, ADP, ATP, 2‘,3‘-cAMP, and 3‘,5‘-cAMP stimulated the full speciation study of the vanadate−adenosine(AdH) and vanadate−adenosine−imidazole(ImH) systems in aqueous solution, using a combination of potentiometry (glass electrode) and 51V NMR spectroscopy. The study of the H+−H2VO4-−AdH−ImH system was performed in 0.600 M Na(Cl) medium at 25 oC in the pH range 2−11. In the vanadate−adenosine system V2Ad22- and a new complex, V2Ad2-, with log β = 7.68 ± 0.01 and 11.89 ± 0.08, respectively (pKa = 4.21), explained all experimental observations. Although the V2Ad2--type complex has previously been reported in the vanadate−AMP system, the existence of such a complex in a vanadate−nucleoside system was not previously appreciated. In the vanadate−adenosine−imidazole system a ternary mixed ligand complex, VAdIm-, forms in addition to the V2Ad22- and V2Ad2- species. It exists between pH 5.5 and 11 and has a formation constant log β = 3.04 ± 0.02. This is th...
Pilot Beneficiation about Deoxidized Samples of Bayan Obo Oxidized Iron Ore

The composition of Deoxidized Samples of Bayan Obo Oxidized Iron Ore is complex with high content of residual reducing C, Fe phase in the RDP is ferrous metal what is hard and malleable resulting in pessimistic grindability. Gravity-magnetic separation process flow is adopted with C pre-rejecting, stage grinding (-0.074mm -57.18%, -0.074mm -85.66%) and coarse-fine fraction separate treatment base on RDP process characteristic. The final concentrate has 92.02% Fe with 93.27% Fe recovery, 94.18% Fe metallization which may utilize as rough materials for steelmaking and the final tailings has 15.10% REO with 97.15% REO recovery which may utilize as rough materials for REO concentration.
Elastic constants of palladium and β-phase palladium hydride between 4 and 300 K

Elastic constants of palladium and palladium hydride in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase (Pd${\mathrm{H}}_{0.66}$) have been measured on single-crystal samples in the temperature range of 4-300 K. The results obtained in palladium agree with previous measurements. The anomalous temperature dependence of the shear constant ${C}_{44}$ in palladium is found to be absent in the hydride. The values of the adiabatic elastic constants ${C}_{44}$, $\frac{1}{2}({C}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{12})$, and $\frac{1}{2}({C}_{11}+{C}_{12}+2{C}_{44})$ in Pd${\mathrm{H}}_{0.66}$ in units of ${10}^{12}$ dyne/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ are, respectively, 0.691, 0.327, and 2.633 upon extrapolation to absolute zero. The Debye temperature of the hydride calculated from its elastic constants is 285 K at low temperature. The hydride elastic constants did not show any pronounced anomaly over the "50-K transition" temperature region.
Legal Implications Associated With New Medical Imaging Technology

The application of biomedical engineering advances to health care delivery has provided both opportunities and challenges. One of these has been considerations of resource acquisition and distribution. Guidelines, agencies, modalities and devices have become increasingly apparent. Applications of the laws of agency and concepts of vicarious responsibility are particularly relevant. Certificate of Need legislation has led to antitrust considerations that are exceedingly complex. This presentation will attempt to evaluate some of the legal aspects resulting from the acquisition, allocation, and application of the many exciting technologies that are the subject of this symposium.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Dusty AGB Star RS CrB: First Mid-Infrared Interferometric Observations with the Keck Telescopes

We report interferometric observations of the semiregular variable star RS CrB, a red giant with strong silicate emission features. The data were among the first long-baseline mid-infrared stellar fringes obtained between the Keck telescopes, using parts of the new nulling beam combiner.
An investigation on azimuthal anisotropy measurements with ultrasonic dipole data

Three methods for analyzing azimuthal anisotropy from dipole logging data are described and applied to ultrasonic dipole data in this paper, based on the phenomena of flexural wave splitting in anisotropic materials and analogous to the techniques used for VSP data processing. The laboratory measured dipole data are employed to simulate the flexural modes propagating in a transversely isotropic (TI) formation with symmetry axis perpendicular to the borehole, and to examine and compare these methods. Amplitude and particle motion analyses of the laboratory data demonstrate that, only the polarisation direction of the fast flexural mode is consistently in accordance with the fast principle direction of the TI material. The slower mode, which is much easier to be excited and is of much larger amplitude than the fast mode, turns out to be subject to interferences and very complicated. It has not been well understood. Among the three methods used in VSP data processing, namely linear-transform technique, the technique of rotating data matrix and the technique of identifying the eigen direction with polar energy spectrum, the last method works best for the data used in this study. This technique can also be carried out in frequency domain to handle the possiblemore » interferences due to the dispersion of flexural modes.« less
Hypoxic preconditioning failure in aging hippocampal neurons: impaired gene expression and rescue with intracellular calcium chelation.

Hypoxic preconditioning in the brain (HPC), a phenomenon whereby noninjurious hypoxia induces resistance to cell death following ischemia, requires the expression of specific genes. Declines in signal transduction pathway activity with aging may decrease the genomic response to HPC and limit its neuroprotective efficacy. To test this, we determined how signal transduction gene expression, intracellular Ca2+ levels, and phosphorylation of the survival-associated kinase Akt differ in hippocampal slice cultures (HSCs) made from postnatal day 7–10 (P7–10) and 2-year-old rats following HPC. HPC neuroprotection decreased with increasing source animal age, and HPC could not be demonstrated in HCSs made from animals >6 months of age, despite adjusting the duration of hypoxic exposure. Preconditioning protection required the survival kinase Akt in P10 hippocampal slices cultures. In P9 cultures, HPC increased Akt phosphorylation and the expression of prosurvival genes, including Bcl-2, heat shock proteins, protein kinases, c-jun, and NfκB. Lack of increased Akt phosphorylation and a greatly diminished signaling pathway gene response were found in HSCs from aging animals. Moderate and transient increases in [Ca2+]i during HPC occurred in P7–10 HSCs, but [Ca2+]i was persistently increased at 1 and 24 hr after preconditioning in HSCs from 2-year-old rats. The intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM facilitated HPC neuroprotection in 2-year-old HSCs and restored the pattern of post-HPC gene expression seen in immature animals. We conclude that age-related loss of preconditioning may be due to altered intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis (excess and sustained increase in [Ca2+]i) and is a lesion that prevents critical elements of neuroprotective signal transduction. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1-(o-Chlorophenyl)-1(p-Chlorophenyl)2,2,2-Trichloroethane Induces Functional Progestin Receptors in the Rat Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland*

A recent report suggests that estrogen induction of hypothalamic progestin receptors is not a prerequisite for the facilitation by progesterone of female sexual behavior in rats. Progesterone was found to facilitate sexual behavior despite no apparent induction of progestin receptors by 1-(o-chlorophenyl)1-(p-chlorophenyl)2,2,2-trichloroethane (o,p′-DDT). To investigate these findings further, ovariectomized rats were treated with daily injections of o,p′-DDT for 3 days, followed by progesterone on day 4. Daily injections of 400 mg o,p′-DDT/kg resulted in activation of lordosis in 50% of the animals; injections of 200 mg/kg were ineffective. Cytoplasmic and nuclear progestin receptor levels in the mediobasal hypothalamus-preoptic area and pituitary gland were then determined in similarly treated animals. Because competition assays revealed that o,p′-DDT interacts with progestin-binding sites in vitro, residual o,p′-DDT was removed from the cytosol fraction before assay. o,p′-DDT treatment increased the le...
Two-dimensional random surface model for asperity-contact in elastohydrodynamic lubrication

Relations for the asperity-contact time function during elastohydrodynamic lubrication of a ball bearing are presented. The analysis is based on a two-dimensional random surface model, and actual profile traces of the bearing surfaces are used as statistical sample records. The results of the analysis show that transition from 90 percent contact to 1 percent contact occurs within a dimensionless film thickness range of approximately four to five. This thickness ratio is several times large than reported in the literature where one-dimensional random surface models were used. It is shown that low pass filtering of the statistical records will bring agreement between the present results and those in the literature.
Real-time dynamics of vibrational predissociation in anthracene-Arn (n = 1, 2, 3)

The vibrational predissociation of van der Waals complexes of anthracene-Ar_n (n = 1, 2, 3), isolated in a supersonic expansion, has been studied following excitation to single vibrational levels ( 12_0^1, 10_0^1 12_0^2 6_0^1) in S^1. Using picosecond t spectroscopy, the intramolecularvibrational-energy redistribution IVR and the vibrational predissociation (VP) dynamics are studied and related to the character ofthe mode and its energy. The IVR and VP rates are also discussed in relation to the cluster size.
SMART designs in observational studies of opioid therapy duration.

Chronic pain affects around 100 million US adults and is associated with $635 billion in annual direct and lost productivity costs.1 With the growing acceptance of palliative treatment for pain, prescription opioid use has risen dramatically over the past decade.2 Hydrocodone plus acetaminophen is the most commonly prescribed drug in the US.3 Though effective in relieving pain, long-term opioid therapy has been linked to many safety concerns, including substance abuse, fractures, premature labor and neonatal abstinence syndrome, and deaths from accidental overdose.2
Current status of functional imaging in eating disorders

Eating Disorders are complex psychiatric problems that involve biologic and psychological factors. Brain imaging studies provide insights about how functionally connected brain networks may contribute to disturbed eating behavior, resulting in food refusal and altered body weight, but also body preoccupations and heightened anxiety. In this article, we review the current state of brain imaging in eating disorders, and how such techniques may help identify pathways that could be important in the treatment of those often detrimental disorders. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:723–736)
Effect of Small-Scale Preparation Techniques on Diffusion of Salicylilc Acid from Various Ointment Bases

The effect of small-scale preparation techniques on the diffusion of saliylic acid from ointment bases was studied. The method of mechanical incorporation of the drug in cold petrolatum base, using a spatula, appeared to result in higher rates of salicylic acid diffusion than those encountered with ointments prepared by fusion, regardless of drug concentration and the presence or absence of a surfactant. A similar effect was produced in the case of a 10% salicylic acid ointment made with a water-in-oil emulsion base.
Error correction and assembly complexity of single molecule sequencing reads.

Third generation single molecule sequencing technology is poised to revolutionize genomics by enabling the sequencing of long, individual molecules of DNA and RNA. These technologies now routinely produce reads exceeding 5,000 basepairs, and can achieve reads as long as 50,000 basepairs. Here we evaluate the limits of single molecule sequencing by assessing the impact of long read sequencing in the assembly of the human genome and 25 other important genomes across the tree of life. From this, we develop a new data-driven model using support vector regression that can accurately predict assembly performance. We also present a novel hybrid error correction algorithm for long PacBio sequencing reads that uses pre-assembled Illumina sequences for the error correction. We apply it several prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, and show it can achieve near-perfect assemblies of small genomes (< 100Mbp) and substantially improved assemblies of larger ones. All source code and the assembly model are available open-source.
On Computing Mapping of 3D Objects: A Survey

We review the computation of 3D geometric data mapping, which establishes one-to-one correspondence between or among spatial/spatiotemporal objects. Effective mapping benefits many scientific and engineering tasks that involve the modeling and processing of correlated geometric or image data. We model mapping computation as an optimization problem with certain geometric constraints and go through its general solving pipeline. Different mapping algorithms are discussed and compared according to their formulations of objective functions, constraints, and optimization strategies.
Egocentric, sociocentric, or dyadic? Identifying the appropriate level of analysis in the study of organizational networks

This paper examines the use of individual, dyadic and system-level analyses in the study of relational data in organizational networks. We argue that dyadic analyses are particularly appropriate when the dependent variable is quantitative and/or involves multiple behaviors. We show that system-level analyses, by aggregating potentially significant information, provide a less grounded account of the relations across networks than do dyadic analyses. Using examples from a study of corporate political behavior, we contrast dyadic analyses with those at both the individual and system-levels. Variables measured in raw dyadic form consistently perform better in accounting for similarity of corporate political behavior than do variables measured by taking system-level properties into account. Our findings suggest that although individual and system-level analyses are useful in a number of situations, dyadic analyses are a flexible means to examine the effects of multiple networks at multiple levels.
Comparison of the ultraviolet and γ-ray induced production of unsaturation and color in polyvinyl chloride

A study was made of the spectroscopic changes produced in thin polyvinyl chloride films when irradiated in vacuum at room temperature with UV, and γ-radiation. At doses up to 2·1022 quanta/g. PVC of UV radiation (2200–3400 A.), or 100 Mrad of γ-rays, the kinetic plots for increased absorbance throughout the UV-visible spectrum brought about by these two radiations are fully superimposable. In terms of absorbed energy units needed to produce the same spectroscopic changes (and hence the same conjugated unsaturation or the same HCl evolution), it was thus found that γ-radiation is about 13 times as efficient as UV radiation. This result, for films containing some 3 to 5% residual ketonic solvent, correlates very well with corresponding literature data on the photo- and radiation chemical evolution of HCl from solvent-free PVC. The quantum yield for the former process is shown to be independent of wavelength below 3400 A., which is the effective photochemical cut-off wavelength. The area under the UV-visible spectrum, as well as the solar absorptivity, reaches a maximum value after a UV dose of about 1 to 2·1023 quanta/g. Die durch Bestrahlung verursachte Anderung der spektroskopischen Eigenschaften dunner Polyvinylchloridfilme wurde untersucht. Die Bestrahlung erfolgte im Vakuum bei Zimmertemperatur mit UV-Strahlung und mit γ-Strahlen. Bei Dosen bis 2·1022 Quanten/g PVC UV-Strahlung (2200–3400 A) oder 100 Mrad γ-Strahlung ist die durch die beiden Strahlungen verursachte Zunahme der Absorption im UV- und sichtbaren Spektrum in der kinetischen Darstellung voll zur Deckung zu bringen. Ausgedruckt als absorbierte Energie, die notwendig ist, um die gleiche spektroskopische Anderung (und damit die gleiche Anzahl konjugierter Doppelbindungen oder dieselbe HCl-Entwicklung) zu verursachen, ist γ-Strahlung etwa 13mal so wirksam wie UV-Strahlung. Dieses an Filmen mit etwa 3–5% restlichem Losungsmittel (Methylathylketon) erhaltene Ergebnis steht in guter Ubereinstimmung mit Literaturwerten uber die photo- und strahlenchemische HCl-Entwicklung in losungsmittelfreiem PVC. Es wird gezeigt, das die Quantenausbeute des erstgenannten Vorganges unter 3400 A unabhangig von der Wellenlange ist. 3400 A ist die effektive photochemische Grenzwellenlange. Die Flache unter dem UV- und sichtbaren Spektrum sowie die solare Absorptionsfahigkeit erreichen einen Maximalwert nach einer Dosis an UV-Strahlung von etwa 1–2·1023 Quanten/g.
The Wisconsin Labor-Environmental Network: A Case Study of Coalition Formation among Organized Labor and the Environmental Movement

Political conflict between environmental advocates and polluting industries is easily under-stood. However, workers may also be affected by environmental measures leading to the involvement of unions in environmental policy debates. The impact of environmental policy on the status of workers varies a great deal and the position that unions take on environmental issues also shows significant variability. How unions will relate to environmental organizations and whether cooperation or conflict will develop between them requires examination. In this article, the case of the Wisconsin Labor-Environmental Network, a political coalition of unions and environmentalists, is used to examine the outcome of labor-environmental interactions around a range of issues. Utilizing class and social movement theory to inform the analysis, a typology of strategic outcomes is created that encompasses the range of possible results. These include (a) instrumental cooperation, (b) enlightened cooperation, (c) compromise cooperat...
Microstructural evolution of low-dose separation by implanted oxygen materials implanted at 65 and 100 keV

Thin separation by implanted oxygen substrates are attractive candidates for low-power, low-voltage electronic devices and can be obtained by low-dose, low-energy oxygen–ion implantation. We report in this study a variation of the process parameters that have never been investigated before, particularly for implantation with a high current density implanter. Characterization of the sample sets by transmission electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) shows an optimum dose of 3.0 to 3.5 × 1017 O+/cm2 at 100 keV for forming a continuous buried oxide (BOX) layer compared to 2.5 × 1017 O+/cm2 at 65 keV. At this optimum condition for 100 keV, the thickness of Si top layers and BOX layers is in the range of 175–185 nm and 70–80 nm, respectively. Analysis of the breakdown voltage of small area capacitors shows a breakdown field in the range of 6.0–7.0 MV/cm, which is adequate for low-power, low-voltage devices. SIMS analysis shows that the maximum oxygen concentration of as-implanted samples is located at depths of 160 and 240 nm for the implantation energy of 65 and 100 keV, respectively. A significant redistribution of oxygen occurs at temperatures above 1300 °C during the ramping process. RBS analysis showed that a high-quality crystalline Si layer was produced after annealing at 1350 °C for 4 h. The defect density determined by the chemical etching method was found to be very low (<300 defects per cm2) for all samples with a dose range of 3.0 × 1017 O+/cm2 to 6.0 × 1017 O+/cm2 implanted at 100 keV. However, a 65 keV sample with a dose of 4.5 × 1017 O+/cm2 contains about 109 defects per cm2. The larger defect density in the 65-keV sample may be due to the shift of oxygen depth distribution toward the surface, resulting in easier defect extension during the annealing process. The oxide precipitates in the Si overlayer play a key role in defect reduction by blocking the extension of dislocations to the surface.
Pain Is a Common Problem Affecting Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis

Background As the cystic fibrosis (CF) population has aged, many chronic health problems have emerged, including diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Previous studies have suggested that pain is common in patients with CF; however, little is known about the factors associated with it or its impact on clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that pain is common, is associated with psychologic distress, and adversely affects clinical outcomes. Methods From February 1, 2008, to April 3, 2008, adults with CF from Johns Hopkins Hospital were surveyed about their pain. Outcomes were assessed for 12 months following survey completion. Bivariate analyses were performed using Wilcoxon log rank, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Spearman correlations. Logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze clinical outcomes. Results Eighty-three patients (61%) completed the survey. Eighty-two percent of patients reported pain within the past month, the most common sites being the head, sinuses, back, and chest. Pain frequently interfered with general activities (41.9%), mood (56.8%), and work (47.3%). Symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as lower quality-of-life (QOL) scores, were associated with the presence of pain ( P 1 and age (OR = 1.65; P = .038; 95% CI, 1.03-2.64). Additionally, the risk of death was higher in patients with higher average pain scores (HR = 2.28; P = .008; 95% CI=1.2-4.2). Conclusions Pain is common in adults with CF, interferes with activities, and is associated with lower QOL and an increased risk of both exacerbations and death.
Management of composite event for active database rule scheduling

Active database rules provide event management capability to database systems by signaling events and handling events automatically. Active rules play important roles in data management such as database integrity checking and database integration. Our past research has reported an active rule scheduling algorithm, named IRS, to schedule the execution of concurrently triggered rules to achieve the confluence property. The confluence property allows rule execution to produce the same final result regardless of the execution order of simultaneously triggered rules. The IRS algorithm schedules rules at static time with rules triggered by primitive events. This paper describes our research on extending the IRS algorithm, named CIRS algorithm, to incorporate composite events. We define a new triggering graph to represent composite events, and convert the new graph to apply the data access sub-algorithm and priority graph generation sub-algorithm. Using the CIRS algorithm, rules triggered by composite events can be scheduled at static time that guarantees the confluent execution of simultaneously triggered rules.
Mist Tent Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease of children, adolescents, and young adults. Until recently this disease, which involves the exocrine glands of the body, caused death at an early age. Now, thanks to early diagnosis1 and treatment: some children with cystic fibrosis may lead almost normal lives.3 A primary reason for the improved outlook for patients with cystic fibrosis has been improved methods for preventing and treating the pulmonary aspect of this disease. The pulmonary involvement is due to abnormal secretions which the mucus glands of the respiratory tract produce. These mucous secretions accumulate in the tracheobronchial tree. Airways are obstructed and air trapping results. Infection occurs in the stagnant mucus and may produce damage to the lining of the tracheobronchial tree. Progressive infection causes destruction of the bronchial walls and adjacent lung tissue. About 95 per cent of the overall problems in children with cystic fibrosis are due to the pulmonary involvement. One of the most effective therapeutic measures for preventing and treating the obstructive pulmonary lesion of cystic fibrosis is mist tent therapy used during sleeping ho~rs.~ The objective of such therapy is to wet and thin the bronchial secretions to facilitate their clearance from the respiratory tract. This is accomplished by the addition of small particles of water or of water containing mucolytic substances to the secretions at the site of their production or accumulation. Since the obstructive lesion starts in the smaller bronchi and bronchioles and progresses toward the larger bronchi, effective therapy requires use of a nebulizer which provides small mist particles which will deposit in the peripheral bronchial tree. This can be accomplished with both jet-type and ultrasonic nebulizers5 Of equal importance is the density of the mist inhaled. The surface area of the tracheobronchial tree at any age is measured in square meters. To wet and thin secretions covering such a large area requires deposition of a large amount of water, and this can only be accomplished by inhalation of a dense mist over a long (8-10 hour) period of time. Use of a mist tent during sleeping hours permits such therapy with a minimum of inconvenience for the patient. Many factors influence the water content of the air in a mist tent and the effectiveness of mist tent therapy (Table I). Condensation, rain-out and impaction of particles on the tent walls all reduce the water content of the air
Electron cyclotron resonance hydrogen and nitrogen plasma surface passivation of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) plasma surface passivation on an AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is reported. As a result of the plasma processing, the base current ideality factor is improved from 2.67 to 1.96, and the maximum current gain is increased from 720 to 1000. In the low-current regime, the base current is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The nitride layer grown by nitrogen plasma passivates the GaAs surface and appears to be thermally stable without significant degradation. >
Do attitudes toward societal structure predict beliefs about free will and achievement? Evidence from the Indian caste system

Intuitive theories about the malleability of intellectual ability affect our motivation and achievement in life. But how are such theories shaped by the culture in which an individual is raised? We addressed this question by exploring how Indian children’s and adults’ attitudes toward the Hindu caste system – and its deterministic worldview – are related to differences in their intuitive theories. Strikingly, we found that, beginning at least in middle school and continuing into adulthood, individuals who placed more importance on caste were more likely to adopt deterministic intuitive theories. We also found a developmental change in the scope of this relationship, such that in children, caste attitudes were linked only to abstract beliefs about personal freedom, but that by adulthood, caste attitudes were also linked to beliefs about the potential achievement of members of different castes, personal intellectual ability, and personality attributes. These results are the first to directly relate the societal structure in which a person is raised to the specific intuitive theories they adopt.
Pruning-induced tylose development in stems of current-year shoots of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae)

Tyloses form in xylem vessels in response to various environmental stimuli, but little is known of the kinetics or regulation of their development. Preliminary investigations indicated that wounds seal quickly with tyloses after pruning of grapevine shoots. In this study, tylose development was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively at different depths and times from pruning cuts along current-year shoots of grapevines at basal, middle, and apical stem regions. Tyloses developed simultaneously within a single vessel but much separated in time among vessels. Pruning caused prodigious tylosis in vessels of grape stems, extending to approximately 1 cm deep and to 7 d after wounding, but about half of the vessels did not become completely occluded. The fraction of vessels forming tyloses was greatest in basal (85%) and least in apical (50%) regions. The depth of maximum density of tyloses was 4 mm from the cut in the basal region and 2 mm from the cut in the middle and apical regions. Tylose development was faster in the basal and middle than in the apical region. The pattern of tylose development is discussed in the context of wound repair and pathogen movement in grapevines.
Amplitude-frequency effects of Y-cut langanite and langatate

Amplitude-frequency effects of a y-cut langanite (LGN) resonator and a y-cut langatate (LGT) resonator were measured. The frequency shifts from the baseline frequency with 1 mA were measured as a function of drive currents up to 28 mA. While high drive current shifted the frequency, it also heated the crystal locally, causing temperature-related frequency changes. The local heat transfer and its influence on the frequency were analyzed. The amplitude-frequency shift was effectively measured, not affected by the temperature-related frequency changes. It is found that the 3/sup rd/, 5/sup th/, and 7/sup th/ overtones (OT's) behave as soft springs, i.e., resonant frequency decreases as drive current increases. The drive sensitivity coefficients of the 3/sup rd/ and 5/sup th/ OT's are in the vicinity of -2 ppm/(current density in [mA/mm/sup 2/])/sup 2/ or -2 ppb/(current in [mA])/sup 2/ for both resonators. The 7/sup th/ OT's are higher than the other OT's: -5/spl sim/-7 ppb/mA/sup 2/. The lowest drive sensitivity is -1.2 ppb/mA/sup 2/ on the 5/sup th/ OT of the LGT.
Death of Children in the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries

From then to now: a sense of the present has assets and liabilities. The present is a world of the familiar in which the customs of the day are fairly well understood, and the actions and attitudes of people can be deciphered, although with exceptions. We interact with people and find in the flow of their lives echoes of our own experience. Our shared course through life is not without hazards or limits although the cycle can be extended by the technology of today’s medicine. Today people tend to live on the premise that their sense of today will prevail and that living will extend without bounds.
The US National Tobacco Settlement: the effects of advertising and price changes on cigarette consumption

This paper provides an econometric analysis of the effects of cigarette price and advertising changes stemming from the United States Tobacco Settlement of 1998. This is done by estimation of a demand function for cigarettes, based on data from both before and after the Settlement. The model is estimated using monthly time series data for the period 1990–2000. Results show that the increase in cigarette prices stemming from the Settlement reduced per capita cigarette consumption in the USA by 8.3%. However, the cigarette companies also increased advertising in the years immediately preceding and following the Settlement. This study estimates that this increased advertising partially offsets the effects of the higher prices, increasing cigarette consumption by 2.7 to 4.7%, and hence blunting the effects of the price increase by 33–57%.
Cell migration is essential for sustained growth of keratinocyte colonies: The roles of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor

Abstract In common methods of cell cultivation, multiplication takes place in cells distributed uniformly or in small colonies and the number of cells increases exponentially. In contrast, an isolated colony of coherent epidermal keratinocytes, as it grows larger, departs drastically from exponential growth, and instead increases its radius at a constant rate over time. The rate of increase of colony radius is 8-fold greater in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 10-fold greater in the presence of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α): the resulting megacolonies may become 30–50 times greater in area and cell number than colonies grown in the absence of the growth factors. Growth of a colony depends on outward migration of the rapidly proliferating cells located in a thin rim close to the colony perimeter. The effect of EGF and TGF-α in promoting multiplication must depend on their ability to increase the rate of this cell migration.
A New Deal Restoration: Individuals, Communities, and the Long Struggle for the Collective Good

Much of the literature on the New Deal over the last fifteen years has sought to extend it in time and scope. The New Deal has become the New Deal Order. More than the legislation and programs of the Great Depression years under President Roosevelt, it encompasses or designates particular political coalitions brought together under a dominant Democratic Party, expanded citizenship rights, Keynesian economic policymaking, rising standards of living through collective bargaining and public investment, checks on the prerogatives of business, and working-class enfranchisement that continued well beyond the Roosevelt years.1 We talk about the New Deal when we refer to the G.I. Bill, Truman's economic and social policies or organized labor's gains in the late 1940s, Republican President Eisenhower's extension of Social Security in the 1950s, Lyndon Johnson's enactment of Medicare, and can even include the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) laws in 1970 as the New Deal's last gasp, under President Nixon. Other historians have extended the New Deal back in time, linking its programs more firmly with social policy and industrial relations experiments in the Progressive Era, the First World War, and the 1920s. Widow's pensions, war labor boards, unemployment insurance, industrial democracy became the basic building blocks of the New Deal.2 Historians have also been revising the histories of later social movements, such as the African-American freedom struggle or the women's movement, and relocating them as New Deal movements.3 So we no longer think in terms of the “interwar period”—which was always more of a European periodization—just as we no longer talk about the New Deal as emerging full-blown from the forehead of Roosevelt and an inner-circle, male Brain Trust and ending with the Supreme Court packing incident.