cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome copies and consequences

Aneuploidy refers to an increase or decrease in the normal chromosome complement by one or more chromosomes. A well-known case of aneuploidy in humans is trisomy for chromosome 21, the cause of Down syndrome. Changes in chromosome copy number are widely recognized as a class of mutation in human cells and the mechanisms leading to genome instability are the subject of intense investigation. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has provided especially fertile ground for studying mechanisms affecting chromosome stability. Nonetheless, aneuploidy is generally overlooked as a class of mutation in yeast. This is certain to change with publication of the recent paper by Hughes et al.1xWidespread aneuploidy revealed by DNA microarray expression profiling. Hughes, T.R. et al. Nat. Genet. 2000; 25: 333–337Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (332)See all References1, demonstrating that aneuploidy is more widespread than commonly assumed or even appreciated.Using whole-genome expression data from nearly 300 Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants, Hughes et al. discovered an unexpected similarity in transcript profiles for unrelated mutants. In itself, this result is not surprising; indeed, similar expression profiles from genome-wide analyses have been used to group genes of similar function. However, the shared regulation between two of the mutants in this study corresponded to enhanced expression of genes located specifically on chromosome VII. Closer inspection revealed that this effect could be explained by gene dosage, a consequence of aneuploidy for chromosome VII. This turns out to be neither an isolated incident nor due to genome instability mutations. Rather, 22 of 290 mutants were found to be aneuploid for one or more chromosomes and additional examples of chromosome-wide expression biases were found among independent profiling data. Remarkably, the extra chromosome in several cases included a paralog of the gene that had been deleted in the mutant, suggesting that aneuploidy was selected based on suppression of a growth defect associated with the deletion. Consistent with this idea, expression bias for an rpl20a mutant correlated with an increase in genomic DNA corresponding precisely to a segment of chromosome XV that is flanked by retrotransposon LTRs and includes the RPL20B paralog of RPL20A.The significance of this paper is far-reaching. First, it warns those performing whole-genome expression profiles to beware of spurious correlations due to aneuploidy. By the same token, these results underscore the potential of microarray analyses to readily detect DNA copy number variations, which are common among transformed human cells. Second, the observation that transcript abundance is altered for nearly every gene on the trisomic or monosomic chromosome implies that yeast has no dosage-compensation mechanism to normalize gene expression. Finally, this paper warns the yeast community about the potential for aneuploidy to either mask or suppress mutations. Widespread aneuploidy and its potential to confound mutant analyses will certainly cause many geneticists to take pause.
Increased synthesis of a low molecular weight protein in vincristine-resistant cells.

Abstract A 19,000-dalton peptide (pI = 5.7) that is synthesized in increased amounts in vincristine-resistant Chinese hamster cells ( DC-3F VCRd-5 ) has been identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Reduced amounts of the protein were present in a revertant line of DC-3F VCRd-5 , and only trace amounts were detected in control DC-3F cells. A similar protein (M r = 19,000; pI = 5.7) was also found in a vincristine-resistant mouse line. Two vincristine-resistant human neuroblastoma cell lines likewise contained elevated levels of a low molecular weight acidic protein. Increased biosynthesis of the 19,000-dalton polypeptide in DC-3F VCRd-5 cells coincides with the presence of a homogeneously staining region, HSR, on a metaphase chromosome.
Determination of the density of cells from sedimentation studies at 1G

To obtain a possible correlation between cell density and cell size, the size of individual cells was measured under the microscope and their sedimentation velocity was measured; the density is obtained with Stoke's Law. Specifically, HeLa cells were sedimented in Joklik's medium at 30°C in a vertical glass tube with 2 mm×2 mm horizontal opening and cells observed with a horizontally aligned microscope. The overall mean density difference of HeLa cells at 30°C was 0.0316+−0.0044 g/cm3, resulting in a density of 1.0357 g/cm3 (with a density of 1.0040 g/cm3 for Joklik's medium at 30°C). Six size fractions had densities which were essentially the same within the errors of the mean densities of the fractions (from 0.0081 to 0.0202 g/cm3). The considerably varying deviations of individual densities from the mean suggested superimposed phenomena (see also Table I for microspheres of precise size). Careful observation in balancing countercurrent flow revealed microconvection over 5 to 15 μm regions, most likely based on small thermal differences in the horizontal plane.
How prosody constrains comprehension: A limited effect of prosodic packaging

Prosody has a large impact on language processing. We contrast two views of how prosody and intonation might exert their effects. On a 'prosodic packaging' approach, prosodic boundaries structure the linguistic input into perceptual and memory units, with the consequence that material in earlier packages is less accessible for linguistic processing than material in the current package. This approach claims that such lessened accessibility holds true for the comprehension of all constructions, regardless of the particular kind of linguistic dependency that needs to be established using the earlier constituent. A 'specialized role' approach, by contrast, attributes to prosodic boundaries a role in making grouping decisions when building hierarchical structure, but attributes to pitch accents the major role in determining the accessibility of a constituent. The results of four listening studies with replacive sentences (Diane thought Patrick was entertaining, not Louise) support the predictions of the specialized role hypothesis over the prosodic packaging approach.
Simultaneous measurement of multiple ear proteins with multiplex ELISA assays

A recent advancement in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology is the multiplex antibody array that measures multiple proteins simultaneously within a single sample. This allows reduction in sample volume, time, labor, and material costs, while increasing sensitivity over single ELISA. Current multiplex platforms include planar-based systems using microplates or slides, or bead-based suspension assay with microspheres. To determine the applicability of this technology for ear research, we used 3 different multiplex ELISA-based immunoassay arrays from 4 different companies to measure cytokine levels in mouse middle and inner ear tissue lysate extracts 24 h following transtympanic Haemophilus influenzae inoculation. Middle and inner ear tissue lysates were analyzed using testing services from Quansys Biosciences, Aushon Biosystems SearchLight (both microplate-based), MILLIPLEX MAP Sample (bead-based), and a RayBiotech, Inc (slide-based) kit. Samples were assayed in duplicate or triplicate. Results were compared to determine their relative sensitivity and reliability for measures of cytokines related to inflammation. The cytokine pg/ml amounts varied among the multiplex assays, so a comparison also was made of the mean fold increase in cytokines from untreated controls. Several cytokines and chemokines were elevated, the extent dependent upon the assay sensitivity. Those most significantly elevated were IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, VEGF, and IL-8/MIP-2. The results of the multiplex systems were compared with single ELISA kits (IL-1β, IL-6) to assess sensitivity over the traditional method. Overall, the Quansys Biosciences and SearchLight arrays showed the greatest sensitivity, both employing the same multiplex methodology of a spotted array within a microplate well with chemiluminescent detection. They also were more sensitive than the traditional single ELISA performed with commercial kits and matched gene expression changes determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The Quansys array showed a limit of detection for ear IL-6 down to 2-4 pg/ml, indicating it is sufficiently sensitive to detect ear proteins present in low concentrations. Thus, the multiplex ELISA procedures appear suitable and reliable for the study of hearing related proteins, providing accurate, quantitative, reproducible results with considerable improvement in sensitivity and economy.
Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy by treatment with monoclonal antibodies against glycated albumin.

Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy by treatment with monoclonal antibodies against glycated albumin. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is incompletely understood, but increased nonenzymatic glycation of proteins is considered an important contributory factor. Glycated albumin, which is increased in diabetic sera and is preferentially transported into the renal glomerulus, induces an increase in Type IV collagen production and a decrease in proliferative capacity by mesangial cells in culture. These effects resemble the abnormalities that characterize the glomerular mesangium in diabetes and are prevented by monoclonal antibodies that specifically react with Amadori adducts in glycated albumin. To explore the possibility that the in vitro effects of glycated albumin on mesangial cell biology pertain to the in vivo situation, we examined the effect of treatment with the A717 monoclonal antibodies on glomerular functional and structural changes in a rodent model of genetic diabetes, the db/db mouse. Weekly parenteral antibody administration reduced the elevated albumin excretion and attenuated the mesangial expansion that were observed in the untreated db/db mice that served as controls. Monoclonal antibody treatment also was shown to lower plasma concentrations of glycated albumin in diabetic mice. Thus, reducing glycated albumin concentrations and/or blocking its biologically active epitopes has a salutary influence on the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The findings indicate that glycated albumin participates in the development of the glomerular lesion in the db/db mouse, and suggest a new approach to the therapy of this complication of diabetes.
An approximate analytical model for the late‐stage sintering of an array of rods by viscous flow

The late stages of sintering of a linear array of rods by viscous flow have been studied theoretically. An approximate model in which the actual interface profile is assumed to be locally planar has been developed. Within the framework of the model, analytic solutions to the steady‐state Navier‐Stokes equations have been derived and the course of sintering followed by advancing the profile through a sequence of short‐duration time intervals. After each step the profile is mathematically redefined and new values for the velocities and pressure calculated. In the later stages a logarithmic plot of the reduced neck radius versus time displays a distinctly nonlinear character. Thus the kinetics cannot be described by a simple exponential function as can the early stages when Kuczynski’s geometric simplifications remain valid. A comparison between the two models reveals the rate of neck growth in the later stages to be significantly less for the locally planar interface model. It is suggested that this reducti...
The psychiatric power of neo-liberal citizenship: the North Korean human rights crisis, North Korean settlers, and incompetent citizens

This essay discusses how North Korean settlers in South Korea are engaged in the rubric of neo-liberal citizenship to program the idea of an enterprise of free and autonomous selves. I call into question the psychiatric intervention in the North Korean population deprived of psychological capacities to be autonomous and responsible for their social life. My argument is that the psychiatric diagnosis of strange mental properties presents the criteria of successful assimilation as an antidote to the psychological oppression that North Korean settlers must have experienced, encouraging the South Korean public to tolerate the social deviance of these settlers.
Metabolic Consequences of Very-Low-Calorie Diet Therapy in Obese Non-insulin-dependent Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects

To determine the effects of very-low-calorie diets on the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes and obesity, we have studied 10 obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) and 5 obese, nondiabetic subjects for 36 days on a metabolic ward during consumption of a liquid diet of 300 kcal/day with 30 g of protein. Rapid improvement occurred in the glycemic indices of the diabetic subjects, with mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma glucose falling from 291 +/- 21 to 95 +/- 6 mg/dl (P less than 0.001) and total glycosylated hemoglobin from 13.1 +/- 0.7% to 8.8 +/- 0.3% (P less than 0.001) (normal reference range 5.5-8.5%). Lipid elevations were normalized with plasma triglycerides reduced to less than 100 mg/dl and total plasma cholesterol to less than 150 mg/dl in both groups. Hormonal and substrate responses were also comparable between groups with reductions in insulin and triiodothyronine and moderate elevations in blood and urinary ketoacid levels without a corresponding rise in free fatty acids. Electrolyte balance for sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus was initially negative but approached equilibrium by completion of the study. Magnesium, in contrast, remained in positive balance in both groups throughout. Total nitrogen loss varied widely among all subjects, ranging from 70 to 367 g, and showed a strong positive correlation with initial lean body mass (N = 0.83, P less than 0.001) and total weight loss (N = 0.87, P less than 0.001). The nondiabetic group, which had a significantly greater initial body weight and lean body mass than the diabetic group, also had a significantly greater weight loss of 450 +/- 31 g/day compared with 308 +/- 19 g/day (P less than 0.01) in the diabetic subjects. The composition of the weight lost at completion was similar in both groups and ranged from 21.6% to 31.3% water, 3.9% to 7.8% protein, and 60.9% to 74.5% fat. The contribution of both water and protein progressively decreased and fat increased, resulting in unchanged caloric requirements during the diet. This study demonstrates that short-term treatment with a very-low-calorie diet in both obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects results in: safe and effective weight loss associated with the normalization of elevated glucose and lipid levels, a large individual variability in total nitrogen loss determined principally by the initial lean body mass, and progressive increments in the contribution of fat to weight loss with stable caloric requirements and no evidence of a hypometabolic response.
THE SOURCE OF SALIVARY BACTERIA.

IT IS WELL KNOWN that saliva contains large numbers of bacteria. These organisms have been thought to be dislodged from dental plaque or from gingival debris through the washing action of saliva. Consequently saliva has often been utilized as a substitute for dental plaque or gingival crevice debris in studies designed to elucidate the role of bacteria in either dental caries or periodontal disease. However, KRASSE (1954a) studied the distribution of Streptococcus salivarius in plaque, saliva, and on the tongue and cheeks. He found that Streptococcus salivarius comprised a large proportion of the facultative streptococci present in saliva and on the tongue, but this organism comprised only a small percentage of the facultative streptococci present in dental plaque. As a result of these and other studies, KRAUSE (1953,1954a,b)
Precision and ejection issues in the cold forging of a fuel injector nozzle

AbstractIn this research, a fuel injector nozzle for a diesel engine currently made by machining was identified as a candidate part for cold forging. This part was selected to study for manufacturability by forming because of the potential of major savings in machining if the part could be made by net shape forming and possible improvements in material properties owing to cold work. This paper presents the methodology used, the approach to precision and ejection issues and a possible forging/machining sequence for the fuel injector nozzle. This methodology is applicable to cold forging of other small precision parts.
Influence of solute Segregation on grain-boundary energy and self-diffusion

The difference in the free energy of activation for the host atoms diffusing in the lattice and in the grain-boundary has been found to agree with the absolute grain-boundary energy within a few percent in the fcc metals and alloys where such data are available. The lowering of the grain-boundary energies in the dilute alloys from their values in pure hosts were compatible with the Gibbs adsorption isotherm applied to grain-boundaries and lead to the determination of the solute enrichment factors in a quantitative manner. The solute-grain-boundary enrichment factors thus computed from the solvent self-diffusion data in several alloys compare well with those determined by direct techniques notably the Auger Electron Spectroscopy by other investigators. The energy and entropy for the grainboundary-solute interaction have also been determined and are discussed.
Temperature jump-induced secondary structural change of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin in the premelting temperature region: a nanosecond time-resolved Fourier transform infrared study.

The secondary structural changes of the membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin, are studied during the premelting reversible transition by using laser-induced temperature jump technique and nanosecond time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The helical structural changes are triggered by using a 15 degrees C temperature jump induced from a preheated bacteriorhodopsin in D2O solution at a temperature of 72 degrees C. The structural transition from alphaII- to alphaI-helices is observed by following the change in the frequency of the amide I band from 1667 to 1651 cm-1 and the shift in the frequency of the amide II vibration from 1542 cm-1 to 1436 cm-1 upon H/D exchange. It is found that although the amide I band changes its frequency on a time scale of 300 ns). Our result suggests that in this "premelting transition" temperature region of bacteriorhodopsin, an intrahelical conformation conversion of the alphaII to alphaI leads to the exposure of the hydrophobic region of the protein to the aqueous medium.
Sound Transmission through a Cylindrical Sandwich Shell with Honeycomb Core

Sound transmission through an infinite cylindrical sandwich shell is studied in the context of the transmission of airborne sound into aircraft interiors. The cylindrical shell is immersed in fluid media and excited by an oblique incident plane sound wave. The internal and external fluids are different and there is uniform airflow in the external fluid medium. An explicit expression of transmission loss is derived in terms of modal impedance of the fluids and the shell. The results show the effects of (a) the incident angles of the plane wave; (b) the flight conditions of Mach number and altitude of the aircraft; (c) the ratios between the core thickness and the total thickness of the shell; and (d) the structural loss factors on the transmission loss. Comparisons of the transmission loss are made among different shell constructions and different shell theories.
The Principle of Nexus in E-Commerce Tax

The volume of Internet commerce has become increasingly important in today's economy. However, it has a sales tax problem, concerning whether the seller or the buyer should be responsible for collecting sales tax. This problem becomes more complicated when the Internet commerce crosses state borders; this situation has caused many lawsuits. Courts have ruled that an out-of-state seller is held responsible only when there is a "nexus" between the seller and the state. A place of business or employee is evidence of "physical presence" and thus constitutes "nexus." An independent contractor is treated as employee. Website connection between two computers serving as an "affiliate" in soliciting business for a fee is deemed to have "nexus." In recent years, many state governments enacted tax statutes that require an out-of-state seller to provide information about an in-state buyer's name and address and product purchased. Unfortunately, it was ruled unconstitutional by the court. The seller can refuse the request without financial consequences.
Comparison of kernel based PDF estimation methods

There are a number of challenging estimation, tracking, and decision theoretic problems that require the estimation of Probability Density Functions (PDFs). When using a traditional parametric approach, the functional model of the PDF is assumed to be known. However, these models often do not capture the complexity of the underlying distribution. Furthermore, the problems of validating the model and estimating its parameters are often complicated by the sparsity of prior examples. The need for exemplars grows exponentially with the dimension of the feature space. These methods may yield PDFs that do not generalize well to unseen data because these tend to overfit or underfit the training exemplars. We investigate and compare alternate approaches for estimating a PDF and consider instead kernel based estimation methods which generalize the Parzen estimator and use a Linear Mixture of Kernels (LMK) model. The methods reported here are derived from machine learning methods such as the Support Vector Machines and the Relevance Vector Machines. These PDF estimators provide the following benefits: (a) they are data driven; (b) they do not overfit the data and consequently have good generalization properties; (c) they can accommodate highly irregular and multi-modal data distributions; (d) they provide a sparse and succinct description of the underlying data which leads to efficient computation and communication. Comparative experimental results are provided illustrating these properties using simulated Mixture of Gaussian-distributed data.
A Dynamic Programming Approach for Sequencing Groups of Identical Jobs

A Dynamic Programming approach for sequencing a given set of jobs in a single machine is developed, so that the total processing cost is minimized. Assume that there are N distinct groups of jobs, where the jobs within each group are identical. A very general, yet additive cost function is assumed. This function includes the overall completion time minimization problem as well as the total weighted completion time minimization problem as special cases. Priority considerations are included; no job may be shifted by more than a prespecified number of positions from its initial, First Come-First Served position in a prescribed sequence. The running time and the storage requirement of the Dynamic Programming algorithm are both polynomial functions of the maximum number of jobs per group, and exponential functions of the number of groups N. This makes our approach practical for real-world problems in which this latter number is small. More importantly, the algorithm offers savings in computational effort as compared to the classical Dynamic Programming approach to sequencing problems, savings which are solely due to taking advantage of group classifications. Specific cost functions, as well as a real-world problem for which the algorithm is particularly well-suited, are examined. The problem application is the optimal sequencing of aircraft landings at an airport. A numerical example as well as suggestions on possible extensions to the model are also presented.
Sex pheromone of Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): components and development of a pheromone lure for population monitoring

The sex pheromone components of Choristoneura parallela (Robinson) were investigated using gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of sex pheromone glands and gland-released volatiles. Analysis of gland-released volatiles indicated the presence of ( E )-11-tetradecenol ( E 11-14:OH), ( E )-11-tetradecenyl acetate ( E 11-14:Ac), and ( Z )-11-tetradecenol (Z11-14:OH). Whole-gland extracts contained the above components as well as ( Z )-11-tetradecenyl acetate ( Z 11-14:Ac), and tetradecanol (14:OH). The E 11-14:0H/ E 11-14:Ac ratios in the gland and effluvia were ≈4:1 and 20–50:1, respectively. The cis isomers of both the 11-14:OH and 11-14:Ac were present in the gland at 3–5 and 1–2% of that of the corresponding E isomers, respectively. The presence of tetradecanol (14:OH), a previously identified component in the gland, could not be confirmed by GC-EAD or GC-MS in the effluvia. Among the various blends evaluated in the field, blends containing E 11-14:OH (major pheromone component), E 11-14:Ac, and Z 11-14:OH in the range of 100:1–4:1–5 ratios, respectively, were equally effective in trapping C. parallela moths. The ratio of E 11-14:OH to E 11-14:Ac appears to be more critical than the ratio of E 11-14:OH to Z 11-14:OH. Moth catches were significantly lower in traps baited with E 11-14:OH, E 11-14:Ac, Z 11-14:OH, and 14:OH in the ratios of 100:1:1:1–10 than in traps baited with the first 3 components alone at 100:1:1 ratio. Addition of Z 11-14:Ac to blends containing the above 3 components in a 100:4:5 or 100:1:5 ratio did not improve trap catches. Rubber septa containing E 11-14:OH, E 11-14:Ac, and Z 11-14:OH, in 100:4:5 ratio, at 30 to 3,000- μ g loading of the major component were evaluated in a field test. Moth catches were not significantly different among traps baited with 300 to 3,000- μ g loading of the major component. In 2 separate field tests, traps baited with the above 3 components in 100:4:5 ratio captured as many moths as traps baited with the most attractive 4-component blend identified in a previous study.
On the rate distortion functions of memoryless sources under a magnitude-error criterion*

We consider the evaluation of and bounds for the rate distortion functions of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) sources under a magnitude-error criterion. By refining the ingeneous approach of Tan and Yao we evaluate explicitly the rate distortion functions of larger classes of i.i.d. sources and we obtain families of lower bounds for arbitrary i.i.d. sources.
Carbonate formation in Wyoming montmorillonite under high pressure carbon dioxide

Abstract Carbonation reaction with silicate minerals that are common components of the host rock and cap rock within geological storage reservoirs and the associated structural deformation were investigated for better understanding of the geochemical reactions associated with geologic CO2 storage. Exposure of a model expanding clay, Wyoming montmorillonite, SWy-2, to high-pressure CO2 resulted in the formation of a mineral carbonate phase via dry CO2–clay mineral interactions at two different temperatures. The experimental evidence suggests that the properties of CO2 fluid at 70 °C provide more favorable conditions for carbonate formation at the clay surface less accessible to CO2 at 22 °C. The carbonation reaction occurred predominantly within the first couple of days of exposure to the fluid and then proceeded slower with continuing exposure. As compared to the as-received clay under the same ambient conditions, the (0 0 1) basal spacing of the clay bearing carbonates (after the CO2 exposure) was slightly expanded at a relative humidity (RH) level of 12% but it was slightly collapsed at the RH level of 40%. Experimental observations suggest that the carbonation reaction occurs at the external surface as well as internal surface (interlayer) of the clay particles.
Mitigating the tragedy of the commons through cooperation: an experimental evaluation

Abstract In a commons, each firm's costs rise with industry output. This externality can be mitigated if firms jointly restrict harvests, but higher prices result. Repeated interaction usually facilitates cooperation that lowers harvest rates. Increased cooperation suggests there should be more firms in the socially optimal market structure. Using experimental markets with two to five “firms,” we observe the influence of industry size on harvest rates. Cooperation increases the socially optimal number of firms in markets when there are static externalities, but not for dynamic externalities. Finally, even when the initial stock is low, there is little tendency toward resource extinction.
Evaluating inclusion functionals for random convex hulls

The inclusion functional of a random convex set, evaluated at a fixed convex set K, measures the probability that the random convex set contains K. This functional is an analogue of the complement of the distribution function of an ordinary random variable. A methodology is described for evaluating the inclusion functional for the case where the random convex set is generated as the convex hull of n i.i.d. points from a distribution function F in the plane. For general K and F, the inclusion probability is difficult to compute in closed form. The case where K is a straight line segment is examined in detail and, in this situation, a simple answer is given for an interesting class of distributions F.
Variational electric fields at low latitudes and their relation to spread F and plasma irregularities

In situ measurements of variational electric fields at low latitudes, taken by OGO 6 satellite instruments, are analyzed. The observations are compared with other data on F region and spread-F structures. Conformity of the electric field fluctuations with the overall picture of low-latitude irregularities is examined empirically and theoretically, and candidate processes for generation of the observed irregularities are considered. Three distinct types of irregularities are delineated and compared.
Weak* support points of convex sets inE*

Density theorems are obtained for weak* support points and support functionals of certain convex subsets of the dual of a Banach space.
Effect of different waste recovery systems on the overall waste generation rates for an Advanced Life Support System

This work demonstrates how studies of life support systems can be used to advance the understanding of environmental principles. Efficient waste recovery systems that are developed for the Advanced Life Support System used in space explorations can be utilised on Earth. As an example, we explored three different ALSS scenarios, each having different waste recovery technologies. The results are compared in terms of the overall waste generation rates. It is concluded that physicochemical waste recovery systems, with their low level of uncertainty in operating conditions and high recovery efficiencies, are the best choice for a 600 day mission to Mars.
Deep Tissue Temperature Measurements by Correcting for the Effect of Bound Water on the NIR Water Spectra

Using broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy, deep tissue temperature was measured non-invasively by correcting bound water effect. Results from phantoms correlated with invasive thermal probe (R2=0.93, ?=1.1±0.91°C, 28-48°C) and temperature in in-vivo human forearms was measured.
Transmission of Herpetomonas in Laboratory Populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Methods of transmission and the effects of temperature and mites on ageledeme development of Herpetomonas were examined in populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained in the laboratory. Herpetomonas was observed in feces of infected adults taken from population cages and in the vomitus of clean flies shortly after feeding on a saline suspension of flagellates. Free-swimming flagellates were found in the moist areas of food cups. Adult D. melanogaster became infected when they fed on flagellates taken from the endoperitrophic space, the ectoperitrophic space or the Malpighian tubules. At 25°C the flagellates infected approximately 90% of the host population within 20 days. The high transmission rate was prematurely disrupted if host populations were subjected to changes in temperature. Free-swimming flagellates did not appear to be affected at these temperature changes. Food mites (Tyrophagus) established in the growth media of the fly nearly eliminated the Herpetomonas from Drosophila populations.
Gray Matter Oligodendrocyte Progenitors and Neurons Die Caspase-3 Mediated Deaths Subsequent to Mild Perinatal Hypoxic/Ischemic Insults

With significant improvements in neonatal care, fewer infants sustain severe injury as a consequence of hypoxia/ischemia (H/I). However, the majority of experimental studies have inflicted moderate to severe injuries, or they have assessed damage to the caudal forebrain; therefore, to better understand how a mild H/I episode affects the structures and cells of the rostral forebrain, we assessed the relative vulnerabilities of cells in the neocortex, striatum, corpus callosum, choroid plexus and subventricular zone (SVZ). To inflict mild H/I injury, the right common carotid artery was ligated followed by 1 h of hypoxia (8% O2) at 37°C. Regional vulnerabilities were assessed using TUNEL, active caspase-3 and hematoxylin and eosin staining at 24 and 48 h of recovery. Scattered columns of cell death were observed in the neocortex with deep-layer neurons more vulnerable than more superficial neurons. The majority of these dying neurons appeared to be dying apoptotic rather than necrotic deaths. In addition, approximately 1/3 of the apoptotic cells in the neocortex were O4+ oligodendrocyte progenitors. We also observed a decrease in NG2 staining within the affected regions of the forebrain. By contrast, active caspase-3+/S-100β+ astrocytes were not observed. Neurons and O4+ oligodendrocyte progenitors also died apoptotic deaths within the striatum. The lining cells of the choroid plexus also sustained damage. Elevated numbers of apoptotic cells were observed in the most lateral region of the SVZ and some of these dying cells were O4+. The most novel finding of this study, that oligodendrocyte progenitors in the gray matter are damaged and eliminated as a consequence of perinatal H/I, provides new insights into the histopathology and neurological deficits observed in infants who sustain mild H/I brain injuries.
An introduction to the structure and application of the United Nations world model

At the request of the United Nations, a team of economists at Brandeis and Harvard Universities has recently assembled a comprehensive, disaggregated, multi-regional model of the world economy*. The model does not offer direct predictions of the future, but it can be used to analyse some of the many alternative development paths that the world economy might follow during the next three decades. Its first applications have dealt with the specific consequences of development targets called for by the UN’s second development decade strategy. This paper offers a brief and general introduction to the new model. Its technical and empirical structure cannot be fully described here. What we can do is to review main objectives of the study, to survey the relationships included in the model, and to present a simple application that gives some impression of its quantitative detail and qualitative behaviour. The famous Meadows’ Club of Rome study was, no doubt, partly responsible for the UN decision to sponsor this new global model. Thus the United Nations’ original work statement spoke guardedly about the impact of environmental concerns on the goals of the second development decade. These concerns were not made explicit, but obviously referred to growing and widely-shared doubts regarding the material feasibility and social desirability of long-term economic growth. While the study has something to say about the feasibility of growth (it foresees no critical physical
Adipose Differentiation‐Related Protein Is a Reliable Lipid Droplet Marker in Alcoholic Fatty Liver of Rats

Background: Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) is a lipid droplet-associated protein that coats cytoplasmic lipid droplets. The present study evaluated whether alcohol feeding enhances ADRP expression and whether ADRP is a lipid droplet marker in alcoholic fatty liver of rats. Because medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) reduce alcoholic hepatosteatosis, their effects on ADRP were also evaluated. Methods: Fatty liver was induced in rats by the consumption of the Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet with or without replacement of long-chain triglycerides (LCT) by MCT (32% of calories). Immunohistochemical staining for ADRP was performed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections. ADRP immunostaining was quantified by image analysis. Triacylglycerol was measured chemically. ADRP mRNA and protein were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Double staining technique was performed to distinguish ADRP from glycogen in hepatocytes. Results: Alcohol feeding for 21 days increased ADRP staining in the centrilobular and mid zonal regions of the liver lobules coincident with fat deposition in the liver. Replacing LCT in the alcohol diet with MCT diminished ADRP immunostaining in parallel with reduced steatosis. MCT also attenuated the up-regulation of ADRP mRNA and protein after alcohol. In steatotic hepatocytes ADRP selectively stained the surface of macrovesicular and microvesicular lipid droplets. ADRP immunostaining quantitatively correlated with hepatic triacylglycerol levels, validating ADRP as a reliable lipid droplet marker. Compared with hematoxylin and eosin stains, ADRP was more sensitive in detecting microvesicular lipid droplets. ADRP immunostaining also distinguished lipid droplets from glycogen, as demonstrated by double staining for ADRP and glycogen. Conclusions: Alcohol induction of fatty liver enhances ADRP expression and MCT oppose the alcohol effects. ADRP is a reliable and sensitive marker for lipid droplets in alcoholic fatty liver. ADRP immunostaining permits quantification of fatty change in hepatocytes and can be used as an ancillary technique in assessing the efficacy of diets or drugs against hepatosteatosis.
Profiling Focused CO 2 High Energy Laser (HEL),Usec Pulses With A Pyroelectric Vidicon Camera

This paper discusses the capabilities and limitations of a pyroelectric vidicon camera used to profile 10 lisec CO2 laser pulses. Points examined include dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio capabilities, spatial resolution capabilities, uniformity of sensitivity, maximum faceplate irradiance, and required EMI and RF shielding. The relationship between camera performance and pulse length is also discussed. Samples of data acquired and requirements of an adequate data processing system are presented.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
854 INTELLECTUAL AND ACADEMIC STATUS OF LONG-TERM SURVIVORS OF ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

Long-term survivors of ALL (n = 20; median 10 years) at City of Hope were evaluated with intelligence (WISC) and achievement (WRAT) tests and family interviews. They had been treated with rotational reinduction combination chemotherapy. CNS prophylaxis had consisted of 2400 R cranial irrad. + IT Mtx (16/20); craniospinal irrad. + IT Mtx (3/20); IT Mtx (1/20). Two children had experienced bacterial meningitis, 2 seizure disorders, 1 P. carinii pneumonitis. WISC Verbal IQ was significantly low (mean 91.6). Poor performance on Information, Arithmetic and Digit Span subtests contributed to low Verbal IQ suggesting deficits in attention, concentration, long and short term memory skills. WRAT achievement scores were below average on Spelling and Arithmetic subtests (mean 90.4 and 84.6). 8/20 had repeated a grade. 8/20 had received special education or remedial instruction and 4/20 had been tutored. The results indicate that children with ALL in remission are at risk for learning difficulties and that the scholastic functioning of leukemia survivors should be closely monitored.
The influence of variations in electrolyte concentration on skin potential level and response amplitude.

Abstract The application of electrolytes of low concentration to the palm causes hydration of the epidermis with swelling of the skin, closure of the sweat gland pores, and reduction of skin potential level (SPL). Solutions of high concentration are known not to produce poral closure. Previous reports of increases in SPL with increased concentration of electrolyte did not control for possible effects of hydration associated with differences in concentration. The experiments reported here compared the effects of varying concentration with and without holding hydration constant. The results indicated that the effect of concentration on both positive and negative skin potential response amplitude can be attributed to hydration, whereas the effect on SPL is not influenced by hydration. The effect of concentration on SPL was the same whether measured during rest or during periods of considerable sweat gland activity. This last finding is difficult to interpret in terms of the traditional assumption that the membrane responsible for the concentration-potential effect lies deep in the epidermis, and it was suggested that the membrane may be located in the upper sweat gland duct.
4hJ(31P−31P) Coupling Constants through N−H+−N Hydrogen Bonds: A Comparsion of Computed ab Initio and Experimental Data

EOM-CCSD calculations have been performed to evaluate the 31P−31P coupling constant (4hJP-P) across an N−H+−N hydrogen bond in a model system. Computed 4hJP-P values were obtained as a function of distance and are in agreement with an experimentally measured value of the 31P−31P coupling constant across an N−H+−N hydrogen bond.
Electron-Spin-Resonance Absorption Spectrum of Trivalent Gadolinium in Single-Crystal Calcite

The electron-spin-resonance absorption spectrum of trivalent gadolinium located as a cation substitution has been observed in naturally occurring single-crystal calcite. At 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the principal fine-structure spectral parameters are determined to be ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}={g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=1.9918$, ${{b}_{2}}^{0}=\ensuremath{-}610.01$ Oe, ${{b}_{4}}^{0}=2.73$ Oe, and ${{b}_{6}}^{0}=1.85$ Oe. The hyperfine-structure-splitting parameters for $^{155}\mathrm{Gd}$ and $^{157}\mathrm{Gd}$ measured at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are 4.348 Oe and 5.702 Oe, respectively. Fine-structure doublet splittings and their angular variations in specific crystallographic planes are used to determine the parameters of the off-diagonal crystalline electric field operators.
The sediment response of a dissipative beach to variations in wave climate

Abstract Using wave and wind data, topographic survey data, and a robust video record, we have quantified the Large Scale Coastal Behavior (LSCB) of Agate Beach, a dissipative end member beach in the Pacific Northwest USA. Nine years of study (1992–2001) contain important observations of the intra-and interannual sediment response under variations in wave climate. In order to describe the variability of the nearshore system, wave forcing and beach response were modeled as annually periodic functions superimposed upon long-term trends. The amplitudes of the seasonal periodicity in significant wave heights (AHs=0.94 m±0.06), dominant wave period (ATp=2.1 s±0.1), and mean wave direction (Aθ=12.3°±2.0) exhibit larger variability than the long-term trends observed within a year (βHs=6.7 cm/year±2.6, βTp=0.15 s/year±0.04, βθ=3°S/year±1.0). Assuming alongshore transport of sediment at Agate Beach is mostly wave-driven, and that the northward flux of sediment goes to zero at the northern end of the beach, the observed long-term increase in significant wave heights (βHs) and change to a more southerly approach in wave direction (βθ) (coincident with the 1997–1998 El Nino/1998–1999 La Nina sequence) result in net accretion along Agate Beach. Beach survey data collected by RTK-GPS and lidar quantify the increase in subaerial sediment volume, ΔVb=1.84×105 m3. This change in volume corresponds to a mean bed elevation increase of 0.21 m over the 8.7×105 m2 area of study. The amplitude of annual variation in sediment volume was AVb=7.85×104 m3±2.13×104 m3. Video image analysis (1992–2001) also quantifies a long-term offshore migration of the outer sand bar (βOBx=11.0 m/year±0.8) coincident with the increase in subaerial beach sediment volume at the northern end of the Newport littoral cell. This result suggests accretion of sediments in a much wider cross-shore region than observed within the beach survey record. Similar to the signature of beach volume variations, the cross-shore position of the outer sand bar also varies with season (AOβx=114.9 m±4.2). The agreement between long-term trends in wave statistics and morphology suggests a directly forced beach response. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the topographic survey record at Agate Beach resolves two distinct eigen-modes of variance associated with seasonal patterns of sediment flux. The first mode (34%) is related to the summer growth of a dune field that is limited to elevations above MHW, z=1.076 m. Analysis of concurrent wind field measurements shows this mode of variance is well correlated with aeolian processes. The second mode (21%) is wave-driven, and corresponds to the seasonal behavior of the beach surface below MHW. Observations show the MHW elevation serves as a transitional zone between dune related and wave-driven processes that affect the seasonal evolution of Agate Beach.