cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Nonlinear Modeling Using Wavelet Compression

We demonstrate how to use wavelets for the reparametrization of second-order Volterra models in terms of a substantially smaller number of coefficients. The resulting structure retains several of the advantages of the Volterra structure, while being parsimonious, thus making feasible the identification of Volterra models from experimental data. A simulation study on a polymerization reactor elucidates the proposed approach.
1.8 – Friedel–Crafts Alkylations

In May 1877, Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts made two communications to the Chemical Society of France of what were to become known as Friedel–Crafts reactions. Realizing the practical importance of their discovery, they lost no time in patenting their findings in France and Great Britain. Friedel and Crafts extended their studies of the catalytic effect of AlCl3 in processes such asG: (i) reactions of organic halides and unsaturated compounds with aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons; (ii) reactions of anhydrides of organic acids with aromatic hydrocarbons; (iii) reactions of oxygen, sulfur, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and phosgene with aromatic hydrocarbons; (iv) cracking of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; and (v) polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
THE METABOLISM OF THE LENS AS RELATED TO AGING AND EXPERIMENTAL CATARACTOGENESIS.

This paper considers the effect of aging on certain pathways of carbohydrate, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism in the normal lens. These alterations are related to experimental observations on the sugar cataracts and an attempt has been made to correlate the changes in metabolism occurring in the sugar cataracts toith the altered activities of certain pathways associated with aging. The relationship between the age of the animal and the production of sugar cataracts may be due to the fact that the initial biochemical alterations involve pathways of glucose metabolism tohich are significantly affected by the aging process. Specific aspects of protein and nucleic acid metabolism in the normal lens also show a relationship to the aging process. These include changes in the relative concentrations of the soluble and insoluble (albuminoid) protein and RNA fractions and a progressive decrease in the amino acid-RNA and protein incorporating systems. Studies on the metabolism and chemistry of a cold precipitable protein (CPP) in the lens have shown that it consists of an aggregate of the three soluble lens proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins) in which there is a binding or coprecipitation of approximately 1 to 1.5 per cent RNA. Extensive metabolic and physicochemical studies suggest that this CPP may be an intermediate in the conversion of soluble to albuminoid lens protein.
How U.S. Conservatives Perceive and Respond to International Nutrition Issues, and How to Shape Messaging for Successful Advocacy

Since 1990, epic strides have been made in global health and development toward achieving Millennium Development Goals. With a united front of forces, including governments, coalitions, private sector, foundations, philanthropic organizations, and the faith community, millions of lives have been saved from extreme poverty and disease. Yet, some issues enjoy more robust funding and notoriety than others. For instance, AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria enjoy the majority of the U.S. foreign assistance funding in global health. Nutrition, notably, has remained stagnant for decades. We wanted to test the appetite for increased funding for international nutrition and food security issues among Political, Religious, Social Conservatives (PRSCs), and the General Population (GP) to gauge perception and response to the issue and its correlates. Our goal with these national surveys was to understand the best choice of language to promote awareness, education, and prompt advocacy for global nutrition and food security issues. With this research, we found that conservatives were motivated by national security issues first and foremost, not their faith, finances or moral foundation. We recommend that education be enhanced among conservatives regarding U.S. foreign assistance, nutrition funding and implementation, and nutrition-related terminology, including stunting, wasting, and anemia. Moreover, we recommend strong narratives about mothers, children, and infants, particularly a child’s first 1,000 days, from conception to two years, which has proved to elicit the most positive response among all messaging.
Routine Lymph Node Dissection Versus Duodenal Inspection Alone for the Treatment of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Patients with Hypergastrinemia

Gastrinomas represent the most common funtional pancreaticoduodenal neuroendocrine tumor in MEN1 patients, however, there is lack of consensus regarding appropriate timing and extent of operation for these patients. An optimal strategy has been difficult to define due to the uncommon nature of the disease, inconsistency of operative approaches, absence of controlled studies, limited follow-up, and incomplete understanding of the natural history of the disease. It has been demonstrated that the majority of MEN1-associated gastrinomas are located in the duodenum and often occur concomitantly with non-gastrin producing pancreatic neoplasms. Therefore, evaluation of the duodenum for removal of these tumors is critical to the operative strategy, regardless of the extent of pancreatectomy planned. This chapter reviews outcomes of studies focused on MEN1 patients with hypergastrinemia with particular attention to the incidence of gastrinoma-associated nodal metastases and the rationale for performance of a regional lymphadenectomy at the time of operative exploration. Although there are relatively few studies examining this issue, available data demonstrate a high occurrence of gastrinoma lymph node metastases in MEN1 patients. Furthermore, these are often micrometastases and commonly used preoperative imaging modalities have a low sensitivity for detecting this disease. Collectively, the available evidence suggest that in addition to removal of the primary tumor(s), a formal anatomically based regional lymphadenectomy may result in more durable reduction of gastrin hypersecretion and offer potential long-term oncologic benefit (GRADE B).
Improving Vaccination Rates in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in a Family Practice Setting Through the Use of Evidence-Based Interventions.

Background Adults with diabetes are at increased susceptibility to infectious disease because of hyperglycemia, poor glucose control, and decreased immunity. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in Texas and the United States. Objective The purpose of this evidence-based quality improvement project was to implement processes to facilitate providers' adherence to immunization guidelines for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method A protocol was created for a family practice clinic using the Four Pillars Transformation Program. Interventions included immunization standing orders, vaccine needs screening, patient education, electronic medical record alerts, an appointed immunization champion, and quality improvement meetings. Results Ten weeks post project implementation, the increased screening and education resulted in 64% of the eligible patients being vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23, 86% pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 89% tetanus, and 54% herpes zoster. Conclusions The results indicate that formal printed education on diabetes and vaccines increased vaccine uptake in eligible patients by 76%. Implications for nursing The Four Pillars Transformation Program allows each practice the ability to modify and select interventions best suited to the practice needs, making it a feasible tool for any clinic.
Blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor enhances the responsiveness to bupropion in the mouse forced swim test

Abstract The objective of the present study is to investigate the role of α4, α5, α6 or β2 nAChR subunits in the antidepressant-like effect of bupropion. Adult male mice were treated with subcutaneous acute doses of bupropion (3 and 10 mg/kg) 30 min before the forced swim test (FST) in α4, α5, α6, or β2 nAChR subunit knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, the effects of β2* antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE, 3 mg/kg) on antidepressant-like effects of bupropion in C57BL/6 J mice were assessed. Our results showed that baseline immobility and climbing time did not differ between KO and corresponding WT mice except for β2 KO. Bupropion significantly decreased immobility time and increased climbing time in the α4, α6 and β2 nAChR KO mice in comparison to WT littermates, indicating that lack of these nAChR subunits enhanced antidepressant effects of bupropion. On the contrary, the α5 nAChR subunit deletion did not alter the FST behavior in the bupropion-treated mice. Not only in the transgenic mice, bupropion also showed antidepressant-like effects in the WT mice. In addition, DHβE pretreatment before bupropion administration resulted in decreased immobility time and increased climbing time. Taken together, the present study provides evidence on the involvement of α4*, α6*, and β2* (* indicates possible presence of other subunits) nAChRs in the antidepressant-like effects of bupropion in the FST.
210) Considerations when Using GCaMP6 in Trigeminal Nociceptive Afferents

Without reliable tools to record activity in large populations of neurons, investigators have turned to genetically-encoded Ca2+ indicators such as GCaMP, assuming that changes in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) can be used as an indirect measure of neural activity. Three versions of GCaMP6 have been tuned for sensitivity (GCaMP6s), speed (GCaMP6f), or a balance between the two (GCaMP6m) by manipulating Ca2+binding kinetics. We recently presented preliminary data suggesting that heterogeneity among primary afferents in firing frequency-dependent [Ca2+]c regulation does, in fact, impact GCaMP6’s ability to encode neural activity. Here, we expanded upon this work to assess the relationship between neural activity and [Ca2+]c as well as the utility of GCaMP6s/m/f to detect activity changes in trigeminal sensory neuron subpopulations. To drive GCaMP6 expression in acutely dissociated rat trigeminal ganglion neurons, we used AAV9-CAG. Neurons were then stimulated using different protocols and frequencies. First, we measured infection efficiency of AAV9-CAG-GCAMP6(s/m/f). Then, comparing isoforms and neuronal subpopulations, we assessed the (i) ability to detect a single spike, (ii) ability to resolve single spikes in a spike train at different frequencies, (iii) dynamic range, and (iv) optimal firing frequency. Using Fura-2, we measured [Ca2+]c in GCaMP6-expressing neurons at rest and following stimulation. GCaMP6 expression was detected within 6 days, and results were collected 6-10d post-infection. Infection efficiency is >80% with all three isoforms in all neuron subpopulations. All three GCaMP6 isoforms detect a single spike in 84-98% of neurons in all subpopulations. However, GCaMP6s's dynamic range is greater than 6m's or 6f's. We confirmed our initial observation that there is an optimal coding frequency that is isoform- and neuronal subpopulation-dependent, which is often below 30 Hz. These data suggest that care should be taken in selection, use, and interpretation of experiments that use GCaMP6 as a proxy for peripheral neurons activity.
Breaking the Silence: The Phenomenology of the Female High School Band Director:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenology of the female high school band director (FHSBD). In order to achieve a sample for regional maximum variation, one FHSBD from each coun...
Robotic surgery does not affect upstaging of T1 renal masses.

Partial nephrectomy is the mainstay of treatment for localized kidney cancer. A proportion of patients are upstaged post-operatively to locally advanced disease (pT3a). We aimed to identify the incidence of upstaging to pT3a during partial nephrectomy and its relationship to a robotic approach. The National Cancer Database was queried for patients diagnosed with cT1M0 disease between 2010 and 2015 who underwent an open or robotic partial nephrectomy with final stage pT1–3a. Our primary outcome was rate of upstaging to pT3a in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy and secondary outcomes were stage migration, rate of positive margins, and overall survival (OS). The relationship between open and robotic surgery was examined. Logistical regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed. Of 68,976 patients identified, 5.9% of patients were upstaged from cT1 to pT3a post-operatively. The incidence of upstaging to pT3a disease has increased from 5.7% in 2010 to 6.9% in 2015. Similarly, the proportion of patients undergoing a robotic approach is also increasing (31.6–64.4%); however, a robotic approach is not associated with pT3a upstaging on multivariable analysis. The probability of being upstaged was significantly proportional to increasing tumor size (OR 2.634–11.641, p < 0.05). pT3a disease was associated with a significant increase in positive margins (10.7% vs 5.0%, p < 0.001). Interestingly, pT3a patients with positive margin had worsened survival (5-year OS 75.5% vs 65.9%, p < 0.001). A robotic surgical approach to partial nephrectomy does not increase risk of upstaging to pT3a disease. Those who are upstaged have increased risk of positive margins and associated risk of decreased survival.
Data-Driven Adaptive Robust Optimization Framework for Unit Commitment under Renewable Energy Generation Uncertainty

This article proposes a novel data-driven adaptive robust optimization (ARO) framework for the unit commitment (UC) problem integrating wind power into smart grids. By leveraging a Dirichlet process mixture model, a data-driven uncertainty set for wind power forecast errors is constructed as a union of several basic uncertainty sets. Therefore, the proposed uncertainty set can flexibly capture a compact region of uncertainty in a nonparametric fashion. Based on this uncertainty set and wind power forecasts, a data-driven adaptive robust UC problem is then formulated as a four-level optimization problem. A decomposition-based algorithm is further developed. Compared to conventional robust UC models, the proposed approach does not presume single mode, symmetry or independence in uncertainty. Moreover, it not only substantially withstands wind power forecast errors, but also significantly mitigates the conservatism issue by reducing operational costs. We also compare the proposed approach with the state-of-the-art data-driven ARO method based on principal component analysis and kernel smoothing to assess its performance. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated with the six-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. Computational results show that the proposed approach scales gracefully with problem size and generates solutions that are more cost-effective than the existing data-driven ARO method.
Beam Transport and Detecting Devices

In the preceding chapter we considered various types of devices for imparting the required energy to numbers of particles to be used in nuclear experiments. For various reasons (including safety) experiments are usually performed at some distance from the accelerator, and it is necessary to convey the beam of particles across the required distance without undue loss of either energy or intensity. The equipment used for this purpose of beam transport often must fulfill other functions at the same time; for instance, an experiment at a proton synchrotron may require a beam consisting of particles that are unstable (such as mesons) or that do not lend themselves to easy production in the ion source of the accelerator (e.g., positrons). For these beams the usual procedure is to direct the proton beam onto a metal target. The resulting nuclear reactions cause a variety of particles to be produced at different energies and moving in different directions. It is then necessary to use the beam transport equipment to separate particles with acceptable energies from those that have energies either too high or too low. It may also be necessary to separate particles of different masses.
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Therapy With Novel Supra-Annular AltaValve: First Experience in the United States.

AbstractThis case demonstrates the feasibility and procedural success of a novel supra-annular transcatheter mitral valve, the AltaValve via transapical approach in a patient with severe symptomati...
A Responsive Methodological Construct for Supporting Learners’ Developing Modeling Competence in Modeling-Based Learning Environments

The work of supporting students’ engagement in modeling is complex. Increased attention is needed for understanding the role of teachers in positioning students as epistemic agents and their ideas as resources for sensemaking within these learning environments. The focus of this chapter is on redirection, a methodological construct that teachers can use in MBL environments to support sensemaking with students’ ideas. Responsive teaching, a central priority of redirection, supports teachers as an approach for taking up and foregrounding students’ ideas so the anchoring practice of modeling in the modeling-based learning environment remains focused on the refinement of students’ ideas. In this chapter we provide a conceptual framework for thinking about modeling-based learning environments and their importance in the current context of science education, outline the theoretical perspectives of modeling competence and its connection to responsive instruction and redirection and provide an explication of the methodology used to examine redirection as a responsive methodological construct. Our findings from close examination of one high school physics classroom suggest redirection can be an important methodological construct for foregrounding ideas to help set the stage for agentic student pursuits, helping them navigate investigations and pressing them for evidence-based explanations. Different types of redirection were also found to align with different stages in the Ambitious Science Teaching framework.
Neoliberal Pedagogies and Indian American Youth: Constructing Academic Identities in Central Texas

Centering the voices of Indian American high school students, this investigation utilizes postcolonial theory, Orientalism and cultural identity in diaspora to engage the ways five Indian American ...
Beyond rock–paper–scissors systems — Deterministic models of cyclic ecological systems with more than three species

Abstract We consider cyclic ecological systems consisting of more than three species, extending the well-studied three-species rock–paper–scissors (RPS) system. For such systems alliance and partial alliance states consisting of non-competing species can form, a phenomenon not present in classical RPS systems. We develop, analyze and simulate a May–Leonard type model accounting for cyclic dynamics and spatial diffusion. We analyze in detail four-species and five-species systems, determine dynamics for both spatially homogeneous initial conditions (i.e., ode models) and the propagation and interaction of patches of different species driven by diffusion and the cyclic dynamics (pde models). We show markedly different behavior between the four-and five-species models, with alliance states as stable steady states for the former whereas both coexistence of all species and heteroclinic cycles are possible stable outcomes for the latter. Finally, we discuss the extension of this even/odd split to systems with more than five species.
Comparison of Panitumumab-IRDye800CW and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid to Provide Optical Contrast in a Model of Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Maximal safe resection of malignant tissue is associated with improved progression-free survival and better response to radiation and chemotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the current FDA-approved standard for intraoperative brain tumor visualization. Unfortunately, autofluorescence in diffuse areas and high fluorescence in dense tissues significantly limit discrimination at tumor margins. The present study is the first to compare 5-ALA to an investigational new drug, panitumumab-IRDye800CW, in the same animal model. A patient-derived GBM xenograft model was established in 16 nude mice, which later received injections of 5-ALA, panitumumab-IRDye800CW, IRDye800CW, 5-ALA and IRDye800CW, or 5-ALA and panitumumab-IRDye800CW. Brains were prepared for multi-instrument fluorescence imaging, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative analysis of tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) and tumor margin accuracy. Statistical analysis was compared with Wilcoxon rank-sum or paired t-test. Panitumumab-IRDye800CW had a 30% higher comprehensive TBR compared to 5-ALA (p = 0.0079). Standard deviations for core and margin regions of interest in 5-ALA-treated tissues were significantly higher than those found in panitumumab-IRDye800CW-treated tissues (p = 0.0240 and p = 0.0284, respectively). Panitumumab-IRDye800CW specificities for tumor core and margin were over 10% higher than those of 5-ALA. Higher area under the curve for panitumumab-IRDye800CW indicated strong capability to discriminate between normal and malignant brain tissue when compared to 5-ALA. This work demonstrates that panitumumab-IRDye800CW shows potential as a targeting agent for fluorescent intraoperative detection of GBM. Improved margin definition and surgical resection using panitumumab-IRDye800 has the potential to improve surgical outcomes and survival in GBM patients compared to 5-ALA.
The Impact of Late-Career Job Loss and Genotype on Body Mass Index

Abstract Unemployment shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic have reignited concerns over the long-term effects of job loss on population health. Past research has highlighted the corrosive effects of unemployment on health and health behaviors. This study examines whether the effects of job loss on changes in body mass index (BMI) are moderated by genetic predisposition using data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS). To improve detection of gene-by-environment (G x E) interplay, we interacted layoffs from business closures—a plausibly exogenous environmental exposure—with whole-genome polygenic scores (PGSs) that capture genetic contributions to both the population mean (mPGS) and variance (vPGS) of BMI. Results show evidence of genetic moderation using a vPGS (as opposed to an mPGS) and indicate genome-wide summary measures of phenotypic plasticity may further our understanding of how environmental stimuli modify the distribution of complex traits in a population.
Transkingdom Interactions Important for the Pathogenesis of Human Viruses.

The bacterial, fungal and helminthic species that comprise the microbiome of the mammalian host have profound effects on health and disease. Pathogenic viruses must contend with the microbiome during infection, and likely have evolved to exploit or evade the microbiome. Both direct interactions between the virions and the microbiota and immunomodulation and tissue remodeling caused by the microbiome alter viral pathogenesis in either host- or virus-beneficial ways. Recent insights from in vitro and murine models of viral pathogenesis have highlighted synergistic and antagonistic, direct and indirect interactions between the microbiome and pathogenic viruses. This review will focus on the transkingdom interactions between human gastrointestinal and respiratory viruses and the constituent microbiome of those tissues.
Changes in the age-specific body mass index distribution among urban children between 2002 and 2018 in Changsha, China.

Background It had been reported that the increase in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in several developed countries over the decade was largely a consequence of changes in the upper end of the body mass index (BMI) distribution. We speculated that the change in BMI distribution among Chinese children is different from that in developed countries. Therefore, we investigated the changes in the BMI distribution among urban children in Changsha, China. Methods A secondary data analysis of the 2002 and 2018 Annual Survey on Students' Constitution and Health from Yuhua District, Changsha City, China was performed. The BMI distribution of children aged 6-15 years (n=72,061) was examined by calculating the BMI value at 5th, 50th, 85th, and 95th percentiles. Differences in the BMI value at the 5th, 50th, 85th, and 95th percentiles between 2002 and 2018 according to age and sex were calculated. Results From 2002 to 2018, the standardized rate of underweight decreased from 6.9% to 3.4%, whereas that of obesity increased from 6.1% to 13.8%. The BMI of the population increased over the 16-year period. The greatest change between the years was seen in the 85th percentile, and moderate changes were seen in the 5th and 50th BMI percentiles. Also, the greatest changes in the BMI percentiles were evident at age 12-14 years. Conclusions The whole spectrum of BMI distribution among school-aged children shifted over the 16-year study period, although the increases were more marked in the upper than lower percentiles. Health professionals and health policymakers should develop strategies and interventions aimed at preventing adverse health effects caused by this change.
Effect of a Psychologically Informed Intervention to Treat Adolescents With Patellofemoral Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Objective To determine whether the addition of a brief psychologically informed video to traditional physical therapy influenced function (primary aim), pain, and psychological beliefs (secondary aims) among adolescents with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Design Double-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting Outpatient physical therapy clinics of a single pediatric hospital. Participants Sixty-six adolescents with PFP (14.8±1.7 years old, 65% female). Intervention Adolescents were randomly assigned to view a brief psychologically informed video (n=34) or control video (n=32). The psychologically informed video targeted pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing, and the control video related basic anatomy and factors involved in PFP. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was change in function (Anterior Knee Pain Scale). Secondary outcomes were change in psychological beliefs (fear-avoidance beliefs, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing) and pain. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately post intervention, at 2 weeks, at 6 weeks, and at 3 months. Results Using a 2-way mixed analysis of variance, change in function in the intervention group was greater than the control group, with a moderate treatment effect noted (P=.001, partial η2=0.1). Post hoc testing revealed that there was a significant interaction between the intervention and time from baseline to 2 weeks, but no interaction was noted between 2 weeks and 3 months. The psychologically informed video significantly reduced maladaptive psychological beliefs (P=.01, η2=0.32). No significant between-group differences in pain were noted. Conclusions Incorporating a brief one-time psychologically informed video into standard physical therapy care significantly reduced pain-related fear, reduced pain catastrophizing, and improved function among adolescents with PFP. The immediate effect noted on function did not continue throughout the course of care.
Effects of high-temperature annealing on the performance of copper oxide photodetectors

Copper oxide thin films are grown using copper nanofilms oxidized at high annealing temperatures. The thin film crystallinity and surface morphology are probed using the X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy, indicating that the crystalline quality of the copper oxide thin films is improved by increasing the annealing temperature. Under ultraviolet–visible light illumination, the fabricated device with thin films annealed at 900 °C and the corresponding bandgap of 2.8 eV demonstrates the high responsivity of 15.1 A/W and maximum detectivity of 4.52 × 1012 cmHz1/2/W. The photosensitivity of thin films annealed at 900 °C is more than ten times higher than that of thin films annealed at 800 °C. The fabricated device works as a visible–ultraviolet photodetector and maintains uniform and stable performance for a tested period of eight weeks.
Analysis on the malfunction of zero sequence protection in 35kV ungrounded system of wind farm

Due to the wind farm 35kV system single-phase grounding fault capacitance current is relatively large, Therefore, the wind farm 35kV system adopts the bus configuration Z-type grounding transformer and the neutral point is grounded by small resistance, Zero sequence protection are used to quickly remove the single phase ground fault.In this paper, the single-phase ground fault of wind power plant collection wire in Eastern Inner Mongoliais is taken as an example. introduces the working principle of zero sequence current transformer,Clarify the setting and matching principles of zero sequence protection,,Comparing the different wiring modes of several cable shielding layers will be cause how Influence on the secondary measurement current of zero-sequence transformer, Analyze the zero sequence protection rejection of the set wire,The cause of the grounding tripping event. Summarizes the cable shield connection mode correctly,And propose rectification measures on site.
Frame-Shifting in Regional General Equilibrium Models

In CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) models, input-output coefficients are balanced row-wise through a supply-demand interaction for a physical commodity. Input-output columns consist of physical flows that require a unique set of prices to balance income and sales of intermediate goods and services. Another type of model, developed originally by Conway (1990, 1991) and further developed by Israilevich et al. (1997), termed the Regional Econometric Input-Output Model [REIM] approach, balances the input-output table rows in value terms. This approach has no physical flows of inputs nor does it have prices. It utilizes Marshallian (see Takayama, 1985) output equilibrium that requires no explicit price values. Since REIM has no prices, it is impossible to impose column-wise constraints. As a result, value-added rows can be considered a residual that creates a potential problem in that the value added may be too small, or even negative, as a result of simulation exercises, impact analyses or forecasts.
Abstract 3768: C3: A small molecule that reverses chemoresistance by inhibition of cell cycle arrest

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Emergence of chemoresistance is the major cause of death in patients with cancer. To discover compounds that might reverse chemoresistance, we undertook a compound screen to identify molecules that would convert a resistance cell into one that is sensitive. We performed this screen in WTK1, a lymphoblastoid cell line with mutant p53 known to be resistant to chemotherapy. We conducted a high-throughput screen using 83,745 small molecules in the presence or absence of daunorubicin at an IC25 to identify novel compounds that prime cells for chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. We identified C3 as a “hit,” defined as a compound that did not significantly alter viability of cells alone, but significantly increased daunorubicin-induced cell death. We confirmed the effects C3 in a variety of cell types including leukemia, colon, neuroblastoma, breast and ovarian. To determine whether this effect was specific to daunorubicin, we assessed C3's ability to synergize with a wide variety of other genotoxic agents and found that it was highly synergistic with platinating agents. Because cisplatin resistance is the major obstacle in ovarian cancer treatment, we used ovarian cancer lines in our mechanistic studies. We found that C3 synergizes with cisplatin and daunorubicin in a caspase-3 dependent manner, but the mechanism by which C3 primes cells for death did not involve mismatch repair or mitochondrial membrane permeability. Because cisplatin and daunorubicin induce cell cycle arrest, we hypothesized that C3 might alter the regulation of progression of the cell cycle. We found that while cisplatin and daunorubicin have arrested cell cycle profiles on their own, the profiles appear normal when combined with C3 before the cells die. These observations suggest a novel mechanism in which C3 induces apoptosis by forcing cells with damaged genomes through the cell cycle, resulting in apoptosis. Citation Format: Kathryn Elizabeth Wolak, Kenan Onel. C3: A small molecule that reverses chemoresistance by inhibition of cell cycle arrest. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3768. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3768
Decimalization and the Ex-dividend Behavior of Stock Prices

In this paper, we examine changes in the behavior of ex-dividend stock prices when the exchanges changed from pricing stocks in discrete intervals to decimal pricing. Based on prior models of ex-dividend behavior and price discreteness of Dubofsky and of Bali and Hite, we anticipate that the move to trading in decimals would decrease the variance of returns on all exchanges and increase the level of ex-dividend-day returns on the NYSE while reducing them on the Amex and Nasdaq. Our sample of ex-dividend-day returns covers periods slightly longer than one year before and after decimalization. For the overall sample and for each of the individual exchanges (Amex, Nasdaq and NYSE), the variances of ex-dividend returns experience a significant decrease after decimalization while the mean returns increase by a positive and significant amount. To account for the increase in ex-day returns on the Amex and Nasdaq, we develop an alternative model to explain the effect of discreteness on ex-day returns. Tests of the three models (Dubofsky's, Bali and Hite's, and ours) indicate that prior to decimalization, as expected, Dubofsky's model is better for explaining NYSE ex-day returns and ours fits the Nasdaq better. Bali and Hite's model, however, is unable to explain any of the pre-decimalization ex-day returns, including those of the Nasdaq where the Bali-Hite model might provide a reasonable description of ex-day market behavior. After decimalization, ex-dividend-day returns do not appear to follow either the scenario described by Dubofsky or by us. The most likely cause of this is that traders in the market are placing ex-dividend-day orders with limits somewhere between prices indicated by Dubofsky and by us. We also provide evidence that ex-dividend returns attributable to factors other than discreteness and the dividend yield actually declined following decimalization. Since the most obvious factor is transactions costs, we interpret this to be evidence of a reduction in ex-day returns caused by a reduction in transactions costs. We also find that the dividend yield is a significant influence on ex-dividend-day returns.
Individual and population-level responses of the Alabama beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) to environmental variation in space and time

50 Introduction 50 Methods 51 Results 58 Discussion 59 Acknowledgements 61 References 61 Figures 64 CHAPTER 6. THE EFFECTS OF HURRICANES AND HABITAT LOSSS ON THE VIABILITY OF THE ALABAMA BEACH MOUSE 69 Abstract 69 Introduction 69 Methods 70 Results 75 Discussion 75 Acknowledgements 78 References 78 Figures 80 CHAPTER 7. GENERAL CONCLUSION 83 Further Research Needs 84 Theoretical Significance 84 References 86
Post Keynesian Price Theory

This paper examines and develops the firm-centered price theory of Post Keynesian economics. It takes issue with the traditional interpretation of that theory, arguing that although its prices are cost-based, they are not cost-determined. The distinctiveness and significance of the theory are located elsewhere, in the strategic determination of prices and the conception of the firm that underlies it. The costs of firms are examined along with their prices, with special attention paid to the overhead allocations of the firm and the validity of the full cost conception of its prices.
Navigation in a small world

It is easier to find short chains between points in some networks than others. The small-world phenomenon — the principle that most of us are linked by short chains of acquaintances — was first investigated as a question in sociology1,2 and is a feature of a range of networks arising in nature and technology3,4,5. Experimental study of the phenomenon1 revealed that it has two fundamental components: first, such short chains are ubiquitous, and second, individuals operating with purely local information are very adept at finding these chains. The first issue has been analysed2,3,4, and here I investigate the second by modelling how individuals can find short chains in a large social network.
Severe Respiratory Failure After Elective Repeat Cesarean Delivery: A Potentially Preventable Condition Leading to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Significant respiratory morbidity following elective cesarean delivery has been widely reported.1-4 More recently, it has been recognized that this morbidity is not always the result of inadvertent delivery of a premature neonate,5 but, instead, may be due to a predilection of these neonates for developing persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).6-8 Despite Heritage and Cunningham9s report6 of 25% mortality in patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension following elective repeat cesarean section, the potential severity of respiratory distress associated with this method of delivery does not appear to be generally recognized. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly used to treat newborns
Discovering and comparing topic hierarchies

Hierarchies have been used for organization, summarization, and access to information, yet a lingering issue is how best to construct them. In this paper, our goal is to automatically create domain specific hierarchies that can be used for browsing a document set and locating relevant documents. We examine methods of automatically generating hierarchies and evaluating them. To this end, we compare and contrast two methods of generating topic hierarchies from the text of documents: one, subsumption hierarchies, uses subsumption relations found within document sets, and the other, lexical hierarchies, utilizes frequently used words within phrases. Our evaluation shows that subsumption hierarchies divide documents into smaller groups, allowing one to find all relevant documents without looking at as many non-relevant documents. However, such hierarchies are more likely to contain no path to a relevant document.
A Geographic Visual Query Composer (GVQC) for accessing federal databases

The paper introduces a query tool which allows users (either database experts or non-specialist users) to visually formulate and execute spatial queries directed to large federal databases that contain geospatial data. By manipulating a limited set of query modules visually, the user can correctly and quickly compose complex spatial (and non-spatial) queries with several mouse clicks. Both the underlying database model and the query language are transparent to users.
On the Semantics and Pragmatics of dake (and only)

Yasunari Harada's extended stay at CSLI was made possible in part by a special grant from Waseda University. Naohiko Noguchi's visit to CSLI was made possible through Industrial Affiliate Program arrangements between CSLI and Matsushita Electric Industrial, Co.
Sites of participation: Wiki fandom and the case of Lostpedia

This essay explores the award-winning fan site Lostpedia to examine how the wiki platform enables fan engagement, structures participation, and distinguishes between various forms of content, including canon, fanon, and parody. I write as a participant-observer, with extensive experience as a Lostpedia reader and editor. The article uses the "digital breadcrumbs" of wikis to trace the history of fan creativity, participation, game play, and debates within a shared site of community fan engagement. Using the Lostpedia site as a case study of fan praxis, the article highlights how issues like competing fandoms, copyright, and modes of discourse become manifest via the user-generated content of a fan wiki.
The evolution of intelligent writing assistants: trends and future prospects

Since Writer's Workbench (Bell Telephone Laboratories, early 1980's), software for writing assistance and style checking has evolved over the last decade (1984-94) to become more intelligent and interactive. During this period the author has been involved in the development of several software packages and has monitored the growth and sophistication of software solutions. Today certain characteristics have become standard; yet challenges remain. The author discusses trends and suggests areas where we might expect continued future development. Today writers have a variety of useful but limited style and grammar checkers available for most computer systems. Some even come bundled with the current generation of enhanced word processors and are used by many writers. Another approach to writing assistance is suggested by online interactive group writing systems like MediaLink. Possibilities for combining the best features of current systems exist, but further improvements in the quality of the knowledge offered by automated writing assistants will depend on research advances in other areas of natural language processing. The author examines some of these problem areas and suggests approaches from ongoing NLP research that we can expect the writing assistants and style checkers of the future to include among their resources. >
Stressor controllability modulates stress-induced serotonin but not dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell.

The ability of an organism to control a stressor can modulate many of the consequences of stress. Previous research indicates that uncontrollable stress (inescapable shock, IS) activates serotonergic (5-HT) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to a greater degree than controllable stress (escapable shock, ES), potentiating 5-HT efflux in the DRN and in target regions. Previous research also indicates that IS selectively affects dopamine (DA) efflux. The present study measured 5-HT and DA efflux in the NAc shell during IS or ES using in vivo microdialysis. Male Sprague Dawley rats with probes in the NAc shell were dialysed while subjected to 100 1.0 mA tailshocks. Rats were run in yoked pairs in wheel-turn boxes such that one rat (ES) in the pair could terminate the shock received by both himself and his yoked (IS) partner by a behavioral response. No stress controls remained in the dialysis bowls. 5-HT efflux selectively increased during IS, and remained increased throughout as well as after the stress session. There was no effect of stress on DA efflux. These results indicate that the NAc 5-HT response is preferentially sensitive to stress and can be modulated by stressor controllability.
A unified treatment of flow analysis in higher-order languages

We describe a framework for flow analysis in higher-order languages. It is both a synthesis and extension of earlier work in this area, most notably [20, 22]The framework makes explicit use of flow graphs for modeling control and data flow properties of untyped higher-order programs. The framework is parameterized, and can express a hierarchy of analyses with different cost/accuracy tradeoffs. The framework is also amenable to a direct, efficient implementation.We develop several instantiations of the framework, and prove their running-time complexity. In addition, we use the simplest instantiation to demonstrate the equivalence of a 0CFA style analysis and the set-based analysis of [8].
Poverty in Egypt: Modeling and Policy Simulations

Abstract Poverty profiles are a useful way of summarizing information on the levels of poverty and the characteristics of the poor in a society, but they are limited by the bivariate nature of their informational content. Using the 1997 Egypt Integrated Household Survey (EIHS), this article estimates models of household consumption in the first stage and then predicts poverty rates corresponding to changes in potential policy variables. The key results of the study point to the important instrumental role of education, parental background, land redistribution, and access to health facilities in alleviating poverty in Egypt.
Almost Sure Convergence of the Kaczmarz Algorithm with Random Measurements

The Kaczmarz algorithm is an iterative method for reconstructing a signal x∈ℝ d from an overcomplete collection of linear measurements y n =〈x,φ n 〉, n≥1. We prove quantitative bounds on the rate of almost sure exponential convergence in the Kaczmarz algorithm for suitable classes of random measurement vectors $\{\varphi_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty} \subset {\mathbb {R}}^{d}$ . Refined convergence results are given for the special case when each φ n has i.i.d. Gaussian entries and, more generally, when each φ n /∥φ n ∥ is uniformly distributed on $\mathbb{S}^{d-1}$ . This work on almost sure convergence complements the mean squared error analysis of Strohmer and Vershynin for randomized versions of the Kaczmarz algorithm.
Musculoskeletal rehabilitation in the person with scleroderma.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to examine current evidence for the efficacy of rehabilitation techniques for musculoskeletal impairments in persons with scleroderma.Recent findingsThe current literature on rehabilitation techniques consists of studies evaluating the effectiveness of
Lack of specificity of new negative U waves for anterior myocardial ischemia as evidenced by intracoronary electrogram during balloon angioplasty

Abstract Negative U waves on the surface electrocardiogram are reported to be a specific marker of myocardial disease. In the setting of ischemia, they correlate with stenosis of the left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries. To determine whether U wave changes are unique for anterior ischemia, the development of new U waves on the intracoronary electrogram was correlated with the location and magnitude of ischemia during coronary balloon angioplasty. Recordings were obtained during dilation of 43 vessels in 37 patients. New negative U waves developed during dilation of 12 vessels (7 of the left anterior descending, 4 of the left circumflex and 1 of the right coronary artery). New positive U waves developed during dilation of 18 vessels (12 of the left anterior descending, 3 of the left circumflex and 3 of the right coronary artery). The magnitude of ST segment change was 10.9 ± 6.7 mm in the presence of a new U wave but only 3.4 ± 2.8 mm in the absence of a new U wave (p It is concluded that 1) negative U waves on the intracoronary electrogram are not specific for anterior ischemia; 2) new positive U waves on the intracoronary electrogram are as sensitive as new negative U waves for acute ischemia; 3) the development of a new positive or negative U wave is associated with the magnitude of myocardial ischemia: and 4) the recording of U waves may be related to the proximity of the recording leads to the location of ischemia.
Public Perceptions and Policy Imperatives: Animal Agriculture and the Environment

Abstract One of the greatest impacts upon animal agriculture in the coming decade will be the public goal of improving the environment. Those affected will be frustrated by the ill-defined nature of the goal, the difficulty of communicating with the public, public perceptions of risk and uncertainly, and the proxy issues that emerge because of ill-defined or hidden goals. The real impacts of this process will be unfair by traditional democratic terms. There will be serious consequences for industry size and structure. Important issues under discussion now include payment incidence, targeting, and enforcement. What will be essential for survival for the animal agriculture industry is a demonstrated good faith effort to meet the most important public goals. This effort must be measurable and verifiable, and the building of public trust and confidence will be critical to success.