cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing Two Assumptions About Federalism and Tort Reform

t J.Alton Hosch Professor of Law, University of Georgia. tt Professor of Political Science and Director of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Georgia. We would like to thank Michael Wells, Richard Nagareda and the participants of the faculty workshop at the University of Georgia School of Law for the helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. We wish to thank Todd Cloud and Roger Hartley for their valuable research assistance. 371
Identification of dichloromethyl carbene as a metabolite of carbon tetrachloride

Although indirect evidence has suggested that liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 can reductively dehalogenate several compounds to carbene metabolites, there has been no direct proof for the formation of these reactive species. We report in this paper that carbenes can be chemically trapped and identified as metabolites. For example, 1,1-dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane was identified as a metabolite by gas chromatography mass spectrometry when carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was incubated anaerobically with rat liver microsomes, NADPH and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene. The reaction required NADPH and was inhibited by carbon monoxide. These findings show that cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes can reductively metabolize CCl4 to dichloromethyl carbene (:CCl2) which can be trapped with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene to form 1,1-dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane. A similar approach may be used for the identification of carbene metabolites of other compounds.
Lure similarity affects visual episodic recognition: Detailed tests of a noisy exemplar model

Summed-similarity models of visual episodic recognition memory successfully predict the variation in false alarm rates across different test items. With data averaged across subjects, Kahana and Sekuler (2002) demonstrated that subjects’ performance appears to change along with the mean similarity among study items; with high interstimulus similarity, subjects were less likely to commit false alarms to similar lures. We examined this effect in detail by systematically varying the coordinates of study and test items along a critical stimulus dimension and measuring memory performance at each point. To reduce uncontrolled variance associated with individual differences in vision, the coordinates of study and test items were scaled according to each subject’s discrimination threshold. Fitting each of four summed-similarity models to the individual subjects’ data demonstrated a clear superiority for models that take account of interitem similarity on a trialwise basis.
The reaction of polychlorinated dibenzo--dioxins in an oxygen rich plasma at atmospheric pressure

Abstract The negative ion chemistry of the polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins in an oxygen rich plasma under atmospheric pressure ionization conditions produces structural information derived from the asymmetric formation of the chloro substituted 1,2-benzoquinone anion. This results in an isomer-specific method for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo- p -dioxin when combined with capillary gas chromatographic analysis.
ESR studies of nitroxide radicals formed in the low temperature photolysis of N-nitrosamines

Various N-nitrosamines were photolyzed in toluene solution in the temperature range −100°C to −30°C to yield dialkyl nitroxides. The nitrosamines studied were N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine and N-nitrosodicyclohexylamine. Subsequent nitroxide side products were also detected by ESR, and a mechanism for their formation is proposed. Temperature dependent hyperfine couplings of the methylene protons were observed for a few radicals of the type R1CH2NO˙R2.
Measurement of changes in vital capacity as a means of detecting pulmonary reactions to inhaled aerosolized allergenic extracts in asthmatic subjects.

Abstract 1.1. It was shown that a reduction in vital capacity followed the inhalation of aerosolized extracts of certain pollens and dust in ten asthmatic subjects. 2.2. Tests could be carried out with little discomfort to the subject, although mild asthmatic manifestations usually occurred. 3.3. In some instances a fall in vital capacity was observed in the absence of signs or subjective symptoms of asthma. 4.4. Our limited experience indicates that this method may be helpful in diagnosis. The technique has the advantage that pulmonary reactions inditinguishable from spontaneous asthma may be produced and measured under controlled conditions. 5.5. The possible value of this method in studying the effect of drugs on the asthmalike response is pointed out.
New taxa and new combinations in Australasian Epilobium (Onagraceae)

Summary On the basis of extensive field work and the cultivation of several hundred strains in the experimental garden, a revision of the Australasian species of Epilobium (Onagraceae) is being prepared. In the present paper, two new species and two new subspecies are described, all from Australia; three species are reduced to subspecific status; and three other entities, currently regarded as varieties, are raised to the rank of species. The widespread entity usually referred to as Epilobium cinereum A. Rich. is considered to be a subspecies of E. billardierianum Ser., with which it intergrades completely in Australia. On the other hand, Epilobium brunnescens (Cockayne) Raven & Engelhorn of New Zealand is regarded as an entity of specific rank because of its wide sympatric occurrence with and distinctness from E. nerteroides A. Cunn. Introduced populations of this complex which are widespread in the British Isles are regarded as E. brunnescens subsp. brunnescens. It is held that in a group such as Epilob...
Extracellular antigen processing and presentation by immature dendritic cells

In antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells, proteins are degraded to peptide fragments and loaded onto class II MHC molecules in a process involving the peptide exchange factors H-2M (murine) or HLA-DM (human). In many antigen-presenting cells these processes occur in intracellular endosomal compartments, where peptides are generated and loaded onto class II MHC proteins for subsequent transport to the surface and presentation to T cells. Here, we provide evidence for an additional antigen-processing pathway in immature dendritic cells (DC). Immature DC express at the cell surface empty or peptide-receptive class II MHC molecules, as well as H-2M or HLA-DM. Secreted DC proteases act extracellularly to process intact proteins into antigenic peptides. Peptides produced by such activity are efficiently loaded onto cell surface class II MHC molecules. Together these elements comprise an unusual extracellular presentation pathway in which antigen processing and peptide loading can occur entirely outside of the cell.
Chronic Amphotericin B Nephrotoxicity in the Rat, Protective Effect of Prophylactic Salt Loading

Amphotericin B (AMPHO) is the most effective and widely used antifungal agent for the treatment of systemic fungal disease in man. Its use is frequently limited by the development of nephrotoxicity, including renal vasoconstriction with depressed glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF), inability to concentrate the urine, and renal potassium wasting. We investigated the effects of oral NaCl loading during chronic administration of AMPHO, on renal function in the rat. Rats were provided 150 mmol/L NaCl (AMPHO plus NaCI) or tap water (AMPHO plus H 2 O) as drinking water, 3 days prior to, and during chronic AMPHO (5 mg/kg/d intraperitoneal [IP] for 21 days). At the end of the experimental period, renal functional parameters were determined, including serum creatinine, urinary volume and electrolyte excretion rates, ability to maximally concentrate the urine after water deprivation, and renal hemodynamics. NaCl supplementation prevented the rise in serum creatinine (AMPHO plus NaCl, initial v final, 0.39 ± 0.03 v 0.40 ± 0.03 mg/dL [34.6 ± 2.7 v 35.4 ± 2.7 μmol/L], P = NS) seen in AMPHO plus H 2 O (0.34 ± 0.01 v 0.51 ± 0.04 mg/dL [30.0 ± 0.9 v 45.2 ± 3.5 μmol/L], P v AMPHO plus H 2 O, renal vascular resistance: 13.39 ± 1.81 v 27.64 ± 2.30 mm Hg min/mL, P v 2.99 ± 0.27 mL/min, P v AMPHO plus H 2 O,1.30 ± 0.05 v 0.85 ± 0.07 mL/min, P v AMPHO plus H 2 O, 699 ± 82 v 722 ± 82 mosm/kg, P = NS) or potassium wasting (potassium clearance, AMPHO plus NaCl v AMPHO plus H 2 O, 0.53 ± 0.09 v 0.40 ± 0.06 mL/min, P = NS) after AMPHO. NaCl supplementation had no effect on renal hemodynamics or tubular function in rats not receiving AMPHO. Thus, prophylactic NaCl loading prevents renal vasoconstriction and depressed GFR, but not tubular toxicity, in rats receiving chronic AMPHO. This simple therapeutic maneuver warrants study in humans, in whom amphotericin B nephrotoxicity remains a significant clinical problem.
Quality of Life in Pediatric Cancer Patients: The Relationships Among Parents’ Characteristics, Children’s Characteristics, and Informant Concordance

As advancements in the treatment of childhood cancer have resulted in increasing survival rates, the psychosocial functioning of child patients has become an increasingly important issue. In this pilot study, we investigate the relationships among parents’ characteristics, children’s characteristics, and the quality of life experienced by children who are diagnosed with cancer. Forty-seven mothers, sixteen fathers, and nineteen children completed measures about their own psychological functioning as well as measures about the children’s quality of life. Mothers’ ratings of their children’s quality of life were correlated positively with the ratings provided by both fathers and the children themselves. In addition, significant relationships were found between mothers’ depression and parenting stress and children’s quality of life as well as between mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety and children’s quality of life. Finally, using regression analyses, mothers’, fathers’, and children’s ratings of their own characteristics predicted significantly their ratings of the children’s quality of life. The importance of examining the psychological characteristics of family members when assessing the quality of life of children who are diagnosed with cancer is discussed.
From the individual to the group: tracing preservice teachers' conceptions of transformational technologies

This study describes the conceptions of technology held by two preservice teachers and how they may have influenced group talk and work within a collaborative technology infusion project. Analyses establish that preservice teachers saw technology as a utilitarian tool rather than a transformational one. These conceptions were influenced by their personal experiences and were not altered greatly by peer contributions. They could also be seen to influence group talk and the ultimate creation of the infusion project.
An algorithm for an efficient command interpreter

The function of a command interpreter is to evaluate a command line, select an action according to the command entered and then execute the action, passing such parameters from the command line as required. Efficient run-time behaviour is exhibited when the action is selected via a hash table, which provides constant time performance as the number of commands increases. Since the hash table is static and can be closely packed in an optimal fashion, the execution time can be limited to an average of less than two probes per selection even for closely packed tables.
Suicide and Death Ideation in Older Adults Obtaining Aging Services

Objectives To assess the frequency and correlates of death and suicide ideation in older adults accessing aging services. Design Cross–sectional. Setting Data for this study were collected via in–home interviews. Participants Aging Services Network (ASN) care management clients aged 60 years and older (N = 377) were recruited for this study. Measurement The PHQ–9 and the Paykel Suicide Scale were used to assess death and suicide ideation. Correlates of death and suicide ideation were also examined. Results Fourteen percent of subjects endorsed current death or suicide ideation, 27.9% of subjects endorsed death ideation in the past year, and 9.3% of subjects endorsed suicide ideation in the last year. Current death and suicide ideation were associated with greater depressive symptoms. As compared with individuals without ideation, individuals with death ideation demonstrated higher levels of depressive symptoms, more medical conditions, and lower social support. Individuals with suicide ideation demonstrated higher depressive and anxiety symptoms and less perceived social support. Finally, as compared with individuals with death ideation, individuals with suicide ideation demonstrated higher depressive and anxiety symptoms and more alcohol misuse. Conclusions Death and suicide ideation are common among ASN clients. There were both differences and similarities between correlates of death and suicide ideation. ASN providers are uniquely situated to address many of the correlates of suicide ideation identified in this study; in order to effectively manage suicide ideation in an ASN setting, however, links to primary and mental health care providers are necessary.
The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the coronally advanced flap root coverage procedure: A pilot human trial

Background: Coronally advanced flap (CAF) has been shown to effectively treat gingival recession. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), containing autologous growth factors, has been shown to promote soft tissue healing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of PRP in combination with CAF.Methods: Twenty-four systemically healthy patients participated in this study. A single Miller's Class I buccal recession defect per patient was treated. These patients were randomly assigned into CAF or PRP + CAF groups. Clinical parameters included recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), gingival thickness (GT), width of keratinized tissue (WKT), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), wound healing index (WHI), and gingival index (GI). PRP was prepared from whole blood drawn prior to surgery and applied to root surfaces. Patients were followed at 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks post-surgery.Results: Twenty-three patients completed the study. The RD at 24 weeks was significan...
Aggressively pursuing knowledge management over 2 years: a case study at a US government organization

As the US federal civilian workforce is ‘graying’, knowledge management (KM) can play a critical role in the strategic management of human capital in a government organization. KM should probably be a key pillar of the human capital strategy, along with competency management, performance management, and change management. Even though the need is great for knowledge management in government organizations, many of these agencies do not have a clear vision or strategy as to how to implement KM in their organization. To help those in the federal sector in implementing KM, this paper will discuss components of the knowledge management implementation plan at a leading US government organization (using GOV as the pseudonym) following a KM pyramid framework.
The Host-Parasite Interaction of Peromyscus Maniculatus and the Embedded Female of Tunga Monositus (Siphonaptera: Tungidae)

An account is given of the feeding behavior of a female tungid flea, Tunga monositus , which embeds in the ear pinna of the cricetid rodent Peromyscus maniculatus . Sequential serial sections of ears containing fleas embedded from 6 h to 29 days were studied. In the early feeding phase, the fleas take up fluid and cellular exudates. Later they ingest whole blood. The feeding behavior of T. monositus in the skin of Peromyscus resembles that of fleas parasitizing Mus . However, the intake of neutrophils by Peromyscus during the cellular exudate feeding phase is significantly higher than that of Mus . Also, the flea commences feeding from a blood pool much earlier in Peromyscus than in Mus . There does not appear to be any difference between the feeding behavior of fleas embedded in the ears of P. maniculatus from Marin County, Northern California (USA) and those parasitizing the pinna of P. maniculatus from San Quintin, Baja California (Mexico).
History and Physical Examination Plus Laboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of Adult Female Urinary Tract Infection

Background Emergency physicians often encounter females presenting with symptoms suggestive of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, and bedside laboratory tests for female UTIs in emergency departments (EDs) have not been quantitatively described. Objectives This was a systematic review to determine the utility of history and physical examination (H&P) and urinalysis in diagnosing uncomplicated female UTI in the ED. Methods The medical literature was searched from January 1965 through October 2012 in PUBMED and EMBASE using the following criteria: Patients were females greater than 18 years of age in the ED suspected of having UTIs. Interventions were H&P and urinalysis used to diagnose a UTI. The comparator was UTI confirmed by a positive urine culture. The outcome was operating characteristics of the interventions in diagnosing a UTI. Study quality was assessed using Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2). Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated using Meta-DiSc. Results Four studies (pooled n = 948) were included with UTI prevalence ranging from 40% to 60%. HP −LR = 0.2) or blood reaction on urine dipstick (–LR = 0.2) were significantly accurate. Increasing pyuria directly correlated with +LR, and moderate pyuria (urine white blood cells [uWBC] > 50 colony-forming units [CFUs]/ml) and moderate bacteruria were good predictors of UTI (+LR = 6.4 and 15.0, respectively). Conclusions No single H&P finding can accurately rule in or rule out UTI in symptomatic women. Urinalysis with a positive nitrite or moderate pyuria and/or bacteruria are accurate predictors of a UTI. If the pretest probability of UTI is sufficiently low, a negative urinalysis can accurately rule out the diagnosis.
A Life-Long Quest to Understand and Treat Genetic Blood Disorders

This year's Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science is conferred on Sir David Weatherall for his 50 years of dedication to biomedical research, his groundbreaking discoveries about genetic blood diseases, and his life-long passion for bringing improved medical care to the developing world.
Paroxysmal AV block in children with normal cardiac anatomy as a cause of syncope.

Background: Syncope due to episodes of paroxysmal atrioventricular (AV) block, defined as transient advanced second or third-degree block, is rarely reported in pediatric patients without congenital heart disease. Methods: We reviewed our institutional arrhythmia database from January 1988 to January 2007 to identify all patients less than 18 years of age with normal cardiac anatomy and episodes of syncope associated with paroxysmal AV block. Demographic and clinical information was collected. Results: Six patients were identified (Table I). Five of the six patients were female, with an average age of 9.3 ± 4.4 years. Patients had episodes of syncope for an average of 5.6 ± 3.3 years prior to diagnosis. All patients had normal physical examinations, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms. None were on medications known to interfere with AV nodal function, and laboratory evaluation including Lyme titers were negative. Five of the six patients' episodes were atypical for vasovagal syncope (except patient 6). All patients had documented paroxysmal AV block on either inpatient cardiac monitor, Holter monitor, or event recorder at the time of syncope. There was maintenance or acceleration of the sinus rate during episodes of syncope in all patients (mean atrial rate 107 ± 37 bpm). All six patients had permanent transvenous pacemakers implanted with resolution of symptoms over a mean follow-up of 5.2 ± 6.3 years. Table I. Characteristics of Six Patients with Paroxysmal AV Block Patient Age (years) Sex Medical History Preceding Symptoms Length of Symptoms (years) Method of Diagnosis Atrial Rate with AV Block (bpm) Longest Pause (sec) Pacing Mode Follow-up (years) ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 1 2.5 F None Crying out, headache 5 Event recorder 150 17 VVI 0.5 2 8 F ADHD, asthma Nausea, syncope while lying flat 6 Cardiac monitor 115 22 VVI 1.75 3 8 F None Nausea, syncope while lying flat 4 Cardiac monitor 75 11 VVI 16 4 9 F None Crying out, abdominal pain 7 Cardiac monitor 150 14 DDD 10 5 13 M ADHD Blurry vision and room spinning while eating 1 Event recorder 75 7 DDD 1.6 6 15 F None Strong emotion, sight of blood 11 Holter monitor 75 16 DDD 1.5 Conclusion: Paroxysmal AV nodal block is a rare finding in pediatric patients, but should be considered as a possible etiology in patients presenting with episodes atypical for vasovagal syncope. Pacemaker therapy prevented future episodes in all six of our patients.
Abolishing and establishing operation analyses of social attention as positive reinforcement for problem behavior

Three participants whose problem behavior was maintained by contingent attention were exposed to 45-min presessions in which attention was withheld, provided on a fixed-time (FT) 15-s schedule, or provided on an FT 120-s schedule. Following each presession, participants were then tested in a 15-min session similar to the social attention condition of an analogue functional analysis. The results showed establishing operation conditions increased problem behavior during tests and that abolishing operation conditions decreased problem behavior during tests.
Is there something special about the self? A neuropsychological case study

Abstract One of the most exciting trends in psychology has been the increasing use of data and conceptual tools derived from the study of patients with neuropsychological syndromes to address questions about normal mental function. To date, however, personality theorists seldom have considered neuropsychological case material ( Klein & Kihlstrom, 1998 ). In this paper we show how neuropsychological evidence can afford new insights for personality theorists. In particular, we show how examination of persons suffering from amnesia and autism can shed light on the way in which knowledge about self is represented in memory. We first review the literature on clinical amnesia and then present evidence from a new case study exploring the relation between personal and nonpersonal knowledge in a patient with autism. We conclude that the mind may have learning systems that are specialized both for acquiring and retrieving information about one's own personality.
Evaluations of Women and Men Among Black and White College Students1

Rainwater's assertion that blacks have low self-evaluations because they receive more negative evaluations from other blacks than whites receive from other whites is challenged here by reference to...
The Natural Genetic Engineering of Polydnaviruses

The polydnaviruses represent an unusual example of a highly evolved symbiosis between some parasitic wasps, DNA containing particles or viruses, and lepidopteran larval hosts of the wasp. The viruses can no longer replicate independently, as genes that encode viral structural proteins are restricted to the wasp genome and are not encapsidated. Interestingly, the DNA that is encapsidated is more similar in terms of gene identity and gene density to eukaryotic genomes than viral genomes. We compare and relate this unusual example of natural genetic engineering to the well-known system of viral lysogeny. The similarities in the two systems may prove useful in understanding the replication strategy and genomic organization of polydnaviruses and provide some insight into how this unusual virus system may have evolved.
Effects of alteration product precipitation on glass dissolution

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms that control the durability of nuclear waste glass is paramount if reliable models are to be constructed so that the glass dissolution rate in a given geological repository can be calculated. Presently, it is agreed that (boro)silicate glasses dissolve in water at a rate dependent on the solution concentration of orthosilicic acid (H 4 SiO 4 ) with higher [H 4 SiO 4 ] leading to lower dissolution rates. Once the reaction has slowed as a result of the buildup of H 4 SiO 4 , another increase in the rate has been observed that corresponds to the precipitation of certain silica-bearing alteration products. However, it has also been observed that the concentration of silica-bearing solution species does not significantly decrease, indicating saturation, while other glass tracer elements concentrations continue to increase, indicating that the glass is still dissolving. In this study, we have used the Geochemist’s Workbench code to investigate the relationship between glass dissolution rates and the precipitation rate of a representative zeolitic silica-bearing alteration product, analcime [Na(AlSi 2 O 6 )⋅H 2 O]. To simplify the calculations, we suppressed all alteration products except analcime, gibbsite (Al(OH) 3 ), and amorphous silica. The pseudo-equilibrium-constant matrix for amorphous silica was substituted for the glass pseudo-equilibrium-constant matrix because it has been shown that silicate glasses act as a silica-only solid with respect to kinetic considerations. In this article, we present the results of our calculations of the glass dissolution rate at different values for the analcime precipitation rate constant and the effects of varying the glass dissolution rate constant at a constant analcime precipitation rate constant. From the simulations we conclude, firstly, that the rate of glass dissolution is dependent on the kinetics of formation of the zeolitic phase. Therefore, the kinetics of secondary phase formation is an important parameter that should be taken into account in future glass dissolution modeling efforts. Secondly, the results indicate that, in the absence of a gel layer, the glass dissolution rate controls the rate of analcime precipitation in the long term. The meaning of these results pertinent to long-term glass durability is discussed.
Topological classification of binary trees using the Horton-Strahler index

The Horton-Strahler (HS) index $r=\mathrm{max}(i,j)+{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{i,j}$ has been shown to be relevant to a number of physical (such as diffusion limited aggregation) geological (river networks), biological (pulmonary arteries, blood vessels, various species of trees), and computational (use of registers) applications. Here we revisit the enumeration problem of the HS index on the rooted, unlabeled, plane binary set of trees, and enumerate the same index on the ambilateral set of rooted, plane binary set of trees of n leaves. The ambilateral set is a set of trees whose elements cannot be obtained from each other via an arbitrary number of reflections with respect to vertical axes passing through any of the nodes on the tree. For the unlabeled set we give an alternate derivation to the existing exact solution. Extending this technique for the ambilateral set, which is described by an infinite series of nonlinear functional equations, we are able to give a double exponentially converging approximant to the generating functions in a neighborhood of their convergence circle, and derive an explicit asymptotic form for the number of such trees.
The effect of beer pH on colloidal stabilization with adsorbents

Solutions of the haze-active (HA) protein gliadin were prepared in buffer at different pH's and treated with silica. Analysis using the bicinchoninic acid and HA protein methods produced similar pa...
Natural variations in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes: developing tools for coral monitoring

The continued deterioration of coral reefs worldwide demonstrates the need to develop diagnostic tools for corals that go beyond general ecological monitoring and can identify specific stressors at sublethal levels. Cellular diagnostics present an approach to defining indicators (biomarkers) that have the potential to reflect the impact of stress at the cellular level, allowing for the detection of intracellular changes in corals prior to outright mortality. Detoxification enzymes, which may be readily induced or inhibited by environmental stressors, present such a set of indicators. However, in order to apply these diagnostic tools for the detection of stress, a detailed understanding of their normal, homeostatic levels within healthy corals must first be established. Herein, we present molecular and biochemical evidence for the expression and activity of major Phase I detoxification enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP450), CYP2E1, and CYP450 reductase, as well as the Phase II enzymes UDP, glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), β-glucuronidase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and arylsulfatase C (ASC) in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Additionally, we characterized enzyme expression and activity variations over a reproductive cycle within a coral’s life history to determine natural endogenous changes devoid of stress exposure. Significant changes in enzyme activity over the coral’s natural lunar reproductive cycle were observed for CYP2E1 and CYP450 reductase as well as UGT and GST, while β-glucuronidase and ASC did not fluctuate significantly. The data represent a baseline description of ‘health’ for the expression and activity of these enzymes that can be used toward understanding the impact of environmental stressors on corals. Such knowledge can be applied to address causes of coral reef ecosystem decline and to monitor effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Achieving a better understanding of cause-and-effect relationships between putative stressors and biological responses in corals, and other marine invertebrates, can guide and evaluate mitigation and conservation approaches for marine ecosystem protection.
CHARACTERIZATION AND DUALITY OF PROJECTIVE AND DIRECT LIMITS OF MEASURES AND APPLICATIONS

A representation of the projective system of abstract σ-finite measures on a topological family is given and with it a general characterization of their projective limits is obtained. Strong and weak direct limits of direct systems of measures as well as the duality between them are characterized with detailed analysis. This is used to prove several results of both theoretical and applicational importance. These include obtaining the equivalence of regular martingales and some projective systems admitting limits, measure representations of general semi-martingales, an extension theorem of product conditional measures, and a generalization of Rokhlin's theorem on completely positive entropy sequences of Lebesgue systems to general probability spaces. Further characterizations of projective and direct limits receive an extended treatment, indicating a great potential for future works.
'Losing move': an information processing concept

Chess, like all games of perfect information, is, from a game-theoretic point of view, trivial. The value of the game, as well as optimal strategies, can be calculated - in principle, of course - by minimaxing backwards from terminal positions. If, as generally believed, the game's value is Drawn, then it is possible for a player to make a losing move - one that changes the value from D to L - but not to make a winning move - one that changes the value from D to W. (W, D and L mean 'won', 'drawn', and 'lost' from the standpoint of the player in question.)
The GILL study: glycerin-induced local reactions in immunotherapy.

Background The mechanism of local reactions is not well defined. Glycerin, an excellent preservative used commonly in immunotherapy extracts, is a recognized irritant. Objective This study was undertaken to examine whether higher glycerin concentration in immunotherapy extracts is associated with an increase in local reaction rates during immunotherapy. Methods A retrospective analysis of electronic immunotherapy records over a 12-month period was performed from a single site. A small local reaction was defined as induration and/or erythema at the injection site smaller than or equal to the size of the patient's palm. A large local reaction was defined as a reaction larger than the patient's palm. Results Over the 12-month period, 360 patients received a total of 9678 immunotherapy injections. For all injections, the total local reaction rate was 16.3% (1574/9678), the small local reaction rate was 15.9% (1536/9678), and the large local reaction rate was 0.4% (38/9678). For aeroallergens, small local reaction rates increased significantly with increasing allergen concentrations, from 7.3% (1:1000 vol/vol) to 23.0% (1:1 vol/vol; P Conclusions Small local, but not large local, reaction rates increase with higher allergen concentration, number, and volume. Higher glycerin concentrations (even 50%) are not associated with significantly higher small or large local reaction rates.
Ultrasound-guided compression closure of postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms during concurrent anticoagulation: A review of seventy-seven patients

Purpose : Data from our institution and elsewhere have demonstrated that ultrasoundguided compression closure (UGCC) is an effective method of treating postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms. Whereas patients receiving anticoagulation do not have as high a success rate as those not receiving anticoagulants, there have been no large series evaluating the factors associated with success or failure in patients receiving anticoagulation. The purpose of this study is to determine whether uninterrupted anticoagulation interferes with successful UGCC of pseudoaneurysms and to identify factors associated with success or failure. Methods : From May 1991 to September 1994, 238 cases of attempted UGCC of pseudoaneurysms were performed in our vascular laboratory. Only patients who received uninterrupted heparin, warfarin, or both at the time of pseudoaneurysm compression were eligible for inclusion into the study. Seventy-seven patients were identified who met the study criteria. Results : Successful pseudoaneurysm compression was obtained in 56 (73%) patients, whereas 21 (27%) patients had a failed UGCC. In the successfully treated group, seven (12.5%) required between two to three compression attempts to induce sustained thrombosis. There was no statistical difference in age, sex, sheath size, days after procedure, location of pseudoaneurysm, or number of chambers in the pseudoaneurysm between those patients who had a successful repair and those who did not. If the pseudoaneurysm was less than 4 cm in diameter, 51 of 65 patients (78%) had a successful repair compared with 5 of 12 patients (42%) with a pseudoaneurysm of 4 cm or greater ( p =0.013). There was no statistical difference between success and failure in patients receiving warfarin alone (3.73 mean international normalized ratio, 72% success rate), heparin alsone (mean activated partial thromboplastin time of 63 seconds, 92% success rate), or heparin and warfarin (mean activated partial thromboplastin time of 70 seconds, mean international normalized ratio of 4, success rate of 67%). No arterial or venous thrombosis occurred during pseudoaneurysm compression. Conclusion : Successful UGCC of pseudoaneurysms occurred in a large percentage of patients receiving full-dose, uninterrupted anticoagulation. The only factor influencing success was the size of the pseudoaneurysm.
Metabolism of Metolachlor by the Fungus Cunninghamella elegans

The metabolism of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112 was determined. The six metabolites identified comprised 81% of the total [14C]-metolachlor metabolized by C. elegans. These metabolites were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, UV, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectral techniques. Metabolites I and II were identified as stereoismers of 2-chloro-N-[2-ethyl-6-hydroxymethylphenyl)]-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide. Metabolites III and IV have been tentatively identified as stereoismers of 2-chloro-N-[2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylphenyl]-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide. Metabolites V and VI were identified as stereoismers of 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-hydroxy-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide and 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-hydroxy- 1-methylethyl)acetamide, respectively. The fungus Cunninghamella elegans was able to biotransform metolachlor. Multiple site oxidation of metolachlor by C. elegans occurred predominantly by O-demethylation of the N-alkyl side chain and benzylic hydroxylation of the arylalkyl side chain.
Analyzing and predicting focus of attention in remote collaborative tasks

To overcome the limitations of current technologies for remote collaboration, we propose a system that changes a video feed based on task properties, people's actions, and message properties. First, we examined how participants manage different visual resources in a laboratory experiment using a collaborative task in which one partner (the helper) instructs another (the worker) how to assemble online puzzles. We analyzed helpers' eye gaze as a function of the aforementioned parameters. Helpers gazed at the set of alternative pieces more frequently when it was harder for workers to differentiate these pieces, and less frequently over repeated trials. The results further suggest that a helper's desired focus of attention can be predicted based on task properties, his/her partner's actions, and message properties. We propose a conditional Markov model classifier to explore the feasibility of predicting gaze based on these properties. The accuracy of the model ranged from 65.40% for puzzles with easy-to-name pieces to 74.25% for puzzles with more difficult to name pieces. The results suggest that we can use our model to automatically manipulate video feeds to show what helpers want to see when they want to see it.
Legionnaires' Disease with Facial Nerve Palsy

Legionnaires' disease is primarily a pneumonic process caused by Legionella pneumophilia, a gram-negative aerobic bacillus but also has multiple system involvement. The most common manifestation is encephalopathy suggesting a generalized brain dysfunction but focal neurological manifestations have been reported. We report a patient with Legionella pneumonia associated with cerebellar dysfunction and unilateral facial nerve weakness. 51-year-old previously healthy male presented with shortness of breath, cough, slurred speech, and unsteadiness on feet associated with malaise, fevers and myalgias. Patient's family reported facial asymmetry for 2 days. Patient had no significant medical history and was not on any medication. He denied smoking, alcohol or illicit drug use. Chest X-ray showed bilateral lower lobe infiltrates. Urinary antigen assay for Legionella pneumophilia serogroup 1 was positive. Patient was started on intravenous moxifloxacin. On day 5 the patient was discharged home and continued oral moxifloxacin for two weeks. After the two weeks, his respiratory symptoms, gait ataxia and dysarthria resolved. We report the first case of Legionnaires' disease with cerebellar dysfunction and seventh nerve palsy. Legionnaires' disease should be considered in patients with any neurological symptoms in the setting of pneumonia. Failure to recognize and treat the infection may lead to poor outcomes.
Differentiation of group 2 and group 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor cAMP responses in the rat hippocampus.

The effects of group 2- versus group 3-selective metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonists were examined against forskolin (10 μM)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 1 μM)- and 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA; 10 μM)-stimulated cAMP accumulations in adult rat hippocampal slices (in the presence of adenosine deaminase). Group 2 mGlu receptor-selective ((1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) and (2S,3S,4S)-α-(carboxycyclopropyl)-glycine (L-CCG I)) and group 3 mGlu receptor-selective (l-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) and l-serine-O-phosphate) agonists greatly inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation (> 80% at maximally effective concentrations). In contrast, stimulation of cAMP by VIP or NECA was inhibited by group 3, but not by group 2, mGlu receptor agonists. In fact, group 2 mGlu receptor agonists greatly potentiated cAMP accumulation evoked by NECA. Both the inhibitory effects of 1S,3R-ACPD on forskolin-stimulated cAMP and the potentiating effects on NECA-stimulated cAMP accumulation were reversed by the competitive group 12 mGlu receptor antagonist (+)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine ((+)-MCPG). However, (+)-MCPG had no effects on L-AP4 inhibition of cAMP. Thus, the effects of group 2 versus group 3 mGlu receptor agonists on cAMP coupling can be pharmacologically as well as functionally differentiated in the rat hippocampus.
An analytical model for the edge-illuminated silicon solar cell under concentrated sunlight

Abstract An analytical model for the edge-illuminated p + nn + solar cell is derived. The model employs the Fletcher boundary conditions for the p + n and nn + space-charge regions and the ambipolar approach for the low region, the lightly-doped n -type base region. For high-level condition, the ambipolar approach yields complete information about the low region, including the ohmic drop, the Dember voltage, and the hole concentration profile.
Optimal and suboptimal control policies for a solar collector system

An optimal control problem to maximize the net energy gathered by a flat-plate solar collector system by controlling the collector fluid flow rate is investigated. The problem is formulated in terms of a distributed parameter system and solved using the method of characteristics. It is shown that if the pump of the collector loop is such that its pumping power is greater than a linear function of the fluid velocity, then the optimal control policy is one in which the fluid flow is instantly switched between zero and maximum rates. Necessary conditions that determine the optimal switching times are derived. Because the resultant switching function of the optimal policy is shown to be decomposable into two parts, one that depends on the state of the system and another that requires a priori knowledge of the solar intensity over the entire period of operation, a suboptimal control policy that can be implemented by an on/off feedback controller with hysteresis is proposed. When this suboptimal policy is compared with the optimal policy, it is shown that on a clear day with sufficient solar insolation to dictate a two-switch optimal policy, the two policies are identical. Under other weather conditions, the feedback suboptimal controller will keep the pump off for a slightly shorter period of time than the time dictated by the optimal control.
Hydrogen Peroxide-Sensitive Electrode Based on Supported Bilayer Lipid Membrane

Supported bilayer lipid membrane (s-BLM) is a new type of self-assembled membranes. In this paper, the s-BLMs were formed on the tips of the freshly cut Teflon-coated stainless steel wires. The sensitivity of s-BLMs to H2O2 was studied by current and potential measurements. We also investigated the effects of TCNQ and DP-TTF modifiers on the H2O2 response of the s-BLM systems. It was found that DP-TTF molecules can improve the stability of the s-BLM and its sensitivity range to H2O2. Further, the cyclic voltanmetric behaviors of the s-BLM systems were studied as a function of H2O2 concentration.
Reflections on Java and Islam 1979-2010

Since the late 1970s, technological developments, especially in communications and transportation, have contributed to growth of new modes of social interaction and, at the same time, to the strengthening of social bonds in geographically dispersed social groups and communities in Yogyakarta. Increased educational opportunities and especially the development of the Islamic university system have contributed to the development of a Muslim middle class and with it a Muslim consumer culture. There has also been a significant shift in the ways in which relationships between culture (kebudayaan) and religion (agama) are conceptualised. Elements of Javanese Muslim tradition including prayer meals (slametan) that were formerly called agama are now more commonly referred to as kebudayaan. This shift reflects and has contributed to the diminution of sectarian conflict. This cultural strategy is not always successful. It does, however, provide a basis for proactive measures to counter sectarian violence. This is evident in “cultural” festivals supported by the kraton (palace) in response to attacks on cultural performance events by exclusivist religious groups. [Sejak dekade 1970an, kemajuan teknologi, utamanya dalam komunikasi dan transportasi, telah mengubah cara interaksi sosial masyarakat Yogyakarta dan, pada saat yang sama, semakin memperkokoh ikatan antar kelompok sosial. Semakin meningkatnya kesempatan belajar [sekolah], utamanya dengan berdirinya Universitas Islam, terbukti mendorong terciptanya kalangan ‘Muslim kelas menengah’ sekaligus konsumerisme yang melekat pada kalangan tersebut. Selain itu, terjadi pula perubahan konsep dalammenilai agama dan kebudayaan. Beberapa bentuk tradisi Islam Jawa, seperti slametan, yang dulunya dinilai sebagai ritual agama, saat ini hanya disebut sebagai kebudayaan. Perubahan ini menggambarkan dan bahkan berperan dalam meminimalisir konflik sektarian, seperti terlihat jelas dalam acara festival “budaya” yang diadakan kraton sebagai respon terhadap pembubaran pementasan budaya oleh kalangan Muslim ekslusif.]
Adult Cancer Survivorship: Evolution, Research, and Planning Care

Increases in the number of adult cancer survivors and other issues have forced the oncology community to examine, evaluate, and alter the cancer care paradigm. Pediatric oncologists are grappling with the task of transitioning a growing population of adult survivors of childhood cancer to adult medicine, while oncologists caring for adult cancer survivors are seeking models of follow-up care that are acceptable to patients and providers. Workforce and access-to-care issues suggest that primary care providers will see more cancer survivors in their practices across time, although it is unclear how prepared they are for this task. Translational research is needed to develop evidence-based clinical care and survivorship care plans. A broad picture of the evolving field of adult cancer survivorship is presented. The recent focus on young adult survivors of childhood cancer, an overview of translational research needed to inform the physical and psychosocial care of cancer survivors, and the roles of primary and specialty care providers managing this population is examined. Finally, an overview of evolving treatment summary and care plan initiatives is presented.