cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Default values, criteria and constructivism

Wittgenstein, in his later writings, gave an account of the meaning of expressions in terms of criteria for their application. As with many of Wittgenstein's later ideas the notion of a criterion has proved difficult to explicate. A recent account, which ties criteria to the philosophical doctrine of constructivism, provides a link between the concept of a criterion and a series of ideas about language understanding which have emerged in the past few years. It is shown that these ideas can be made to cohere within a general constructivist framework, and that an alternative realist framework is inadequate in this respect.
An investigation of aerosol particle number and size generated during a drilling process with surface coated tools

The generation of aerosols has the potential to negatively impact the health of those exposed, including those of biological origin generated in the breathing zone of medical and dental workers during surface manipulations. A system capable of characterising the size and concentration of airborne particles generated during a drilling process on animal bone with surface-coated tools was recently developed and tested under controlled laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of a laminar flow ventilation unit, with an installed Ultra Low Penetration Air (ULPA) filter and ionisation bar, was evaluated for performance and particulate removal efficiency. Particles, ranging from 0.02 micron to greater than 5 micron, were monitored with both a portable laser particle counter and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). Future efforts will be aimed at improving the particulate removal efficiency through modifications in filter configurations and other system variables. In addition, a performance predictive algorithm will be developed and applied under both field and controlled laboratory conditions.
Planning with constraints

Abstract Hierarchical planners distinguish between important considerations and details. A hierarchical planner creates descriptions of abstract states and divides its planning task into subproblems for refining the abstract states. The abstract states enable it to focus on important considerations, thereby avoiding the burden of trying to deal with everything at once. In most practical planning problems, however, the subproblems interact. Without the ability to handle these interactions, hierarchical planners can deal effectively only with idealized cases where subproblems are independent and can be solved separately. This paper presents an approach to hierarchical planning, termed constraint posting, that uses constraints to represent the interactions between subproblems. Constraints are dynamically formulated and propagated during hierarchical planning, and used to coordinate the solutions of nearly independent subproblems. This is illustrated with a computer program, called MOLGEN, that plans gene-cloning experiments in molecular genetics.
Nano- to Microscale Modeling by Cluster Potentials

Cluster potentials have been derived in this work by integrating the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential over specific physical domains defining the geometrical shapes of the molecular clusters. For microsystems involving loosely compacted cluster arrays, the asymptotic expressions of the cluster potential are derived and compared to the LJ potential. Capabilities in multiscale modeling are demonstrated by introducing physical boundaries as large clusters of a planar geometry. Numerical examples include pressure and heat-flux distributions in nanoarrays subjected to in-depth heating.
Multiple Conformational Changes in Enzyme Catalysis

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of enzyme catalysis and allosteric regulation has been a primary goal of biochemistry for many years. The dynamics of these processes, approached through a variety of kinetic methods, are discussed. The results obtained for many different enzymes suggest that multiple intermediates and conformations are general characteristics of the catalytic process and allosteric regulation. Ribonuclease, dihydrofolate reductase, chymotrypsin, aspartate aminotransferase, and aspartate transcarbamoylase are considered as specific examples. Typical and maximum rates of conformational changes and catalysis are also discussed, based on results obtained from model systems. The nature and rates of interconversion of the intermediates, along with structural information, can be used as the bases for understanding the incredible catalytic efficiency of enzymes. Potential roles of conformational changes in the catalytic process are discussed in terms of static and environmental effects, and in terms of dynamic coupling within the enzyme-substrate complex.
Age Differences in Goal Concordance, Time Use, and Well-Being

The primary purpose of the present study was to investigate age differences in goal concordance, time use, and Well-Being. Past research has found that despite age-related decline in life circumstances (e.g., health), the Well-Being of older adults is as high as young adults. The present study used a novel approach to explore the Paradox of Well-Being. One hundred and seventy-seven adults participated in the study. They first generated their three most important personal strivings and rated levels of goal concordance for external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic reasons. Then, they reported their actual and ideal time use in 10 categories of activities in the past 24 hours. Finally, Well-Being was assessed by the Flourishing Scale and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (Diener, Wirtz, et al., 2010). Older adults did not differ from young adults in overall Well-Being. However, they held higher levels of goal concordance and were more likely to spend time in spirituality and religion-relat...
Sotanas Rojinegras: Catholic Anticlericalism and Mexico's Revolutionary Schism

As the recent clashes in Mexico City's metropolitan cathedral show, it is not just clericalism that is making an apparent comeback in post-priista Mexico: clericalism's faithful alter ego, anticlericalism—provoked to violence when clanking church bells disturbed a political rally in the zocalo in November 2007—is also stirring anew. This dialectical affinity between rival ideological traditions goes back a long way, as historic clashes over church bells—auditory symbols of institutional jurisdiction and influence—remind us: and yet, as Alan Knight points out, neither the terrain, nor the terms, of the dispute between clericalism/anticlericalism have been mapped out with enough clarity by Mexicanist historians. The 1910-40 revolution, for instance, is associated with various anticlericalisms— be it the protestant variety studied by Jean-Pierre Bastian; the constitutionalists' liberal clerophobia, irrupting circa 1914; masonic, spiritist, or popular anticlericalisms; or the “socialist” god-burning of the 1930s which climaxed in the iconoclasm studied by Adrian Bantjes. This trajectory— from priest-baiting to dechristianization within a generation—makes it tempting to posit an irreligious revolution, whose anticlericalism was a precursory form of mature godlessness. Some revolutionaries, like Tomas Garrido Canabal in Tabasco, encouraged such a conflation by using anticlerical restrictions—especially state licensing of priests, enshrined in constitutional Article 130—in a vindictive and secularizing way: squeezing the clergy so hard that priests were eradicated, not just rubber-stamped by the state. Such figures clearly hoped that persecuting priests would fatally mine belief: the day would come, Adalberto Tejeda hoped in 1926, when religion would expire and churches become places of recreation for apostate Indians. The Roman Catholic clergy, meanwhile, was fond of denouncing anticlericals as deicides, if not devils, and reinforced its own position by encouraging the association of anticlericalism with anti-Catholicism in the minds of the faithful.
Mode order converter using tapered multi-mode interference couplers

Tapered MMI devices are proposed. It is demonstrated that the proposed single-stage MMI device's output power efficiency can be 55% higher than a conventional adiabatic taper by partially capturing the 2nd order mode power.
Ultrasonic spectroscopy study of relaxation and scattering in whey protein solutions

Ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy was used to investigate the influence of pH on fast chemical reactions and aggregation of whey proteins in aqueous solution. Ultrasonic attenuation spectra (1–100 MHz) of 2.5 wt% aqueous solutions containing either ‘native’ or ‘alkali-denatured’ proteins were measured as a function of pH (2–12). Peaks in the attenuation occurred at pH 2.8 and 11.6 due to proton transfer equilibria, ie CO2H ↔ CO2− + H+ and NH2 + H+ ↔ NH3+ respectively. Attenuation at other pH values was attributed to a hydration relaxation mechanism. Relaxation times for the equilibria were of the order of 10−8 s. There was an additional attenuation peak at the isoelectric point of the proteins (pH 5) for solutions containing ‘alkali-denatured’ protein, which was due to scattering of ultrasound by aggregated proteins. The particle size distribution of the aggregates could be determined using ultrasonic scattering theory to analyse the attenuation spectra. Ultrasonic spectroscopy is an extremely valuable tool for probing the molecular characteristics of proteins in solution. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Silicon photonics for next generation computing systems

The current tendency in high performance computing systems is to increase the parallelism in processing at all levels utilizing multithreads, increasing the number of chips in racks and blades, as well as increasing the number of cores on a chip. The scaling of overall system performance that soon might approach Exaflop/s is, however, out of balance with respect to limited available bandwidth for shuttling ExaBytes of data across the system, between the racks, chips and cores. We will discuss how optics can provide huge power and bandwidth benefits closer and closer to the chip and eventually into the chip itself that would allow to overcome severe constraints of today’s mostly copper I/O interconnects. Particular emphasis will be given to silicon photonics integrated circuits designed for low power off-chip and on-chip optical networks.
The important influence of arterial blood gases on the prognosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Arterial blood gases were measured preoperatively and postoperatively in 20 newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia during spontaneous breathing or assisted ventilation. Of these 20 patients, 11 survived and 9 died. Arterial blood Pco2 levels of survivors (mean of 44.3 ± 7.9 mm Hg) were significantly lower (p <0.01) than those of nonsurvivors (mean of 61.3±15.4 mm Hg). Arterial blood Po2 levels of survivors (mean of 307.9+142.3) were very significantly higher (p<0.001) than those of nonsurvivors (mean of 49.8±14.2). All but 2 survivors had Po2 levels greater than 230 mm Hg in the preoperative period during breathing of 100% oxygen, while none of those who died had Po2 levels higher than 80 mm Hg.
Bacteriopurpurinimides: Highly Stable and Potent Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy

The in situ conversion of the unstable bacteriochlorophyll a present in Rhodobacter sphaeroides produced highly stable bacteriopurpurin-18 which in a sequence of reactions was converted into a series of alkyl ether analogues of bacteriopurpurin-18-N-alkylimides with long wavelength absorption near 800 nm. The effective photosensitizers were found to localize in mitochondria but did not show any specific displacement of 3H-PK11195, suggesting that the mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is not the cellular binding site for this class of compounds.
Marketplace Mythology and Discourses of Power

While drawing from general cultural myths, marketplace mythologies are tailored to the competitive characteristics and exigencies of specific market structures, providing meanings and metaphors that serve multiple ideological agendas. I illustrate this conceptualization by analyzing mythic narratives that circulate in the natural health marketplace. I propose that a nexus of institutional, competitive, and sociocultural conditions that engender different ideological uses of this marketplace mythology by two types of stakeholders: advertisers of herbal remedies and consumers seeking alternatives to their medical identities. I discuss the implications of this theorization for future analyses of consumer mythologies and for theoretical debates over whether consumers can become emancipated from the ideological influences exerted by the capitalist marketplace.
Synthesis and characterization of tripodal iron(II) complexes prepared from 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and 1-methyl-2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde: stabilization of iron(II) cations with N6 donor sets

Abstract Reaction in air of iron(III) salts with tripodal ligands formed from the condensation of tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) with three equivalents of 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (py) or 1-methyl-2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde (NCH3Im) yielded exclusively the iron(II) complexes, [Fetren(py)3]X2 (X=ClO4 − or PF6 −) or [Fetren(NCH3Im)3](ClO4)2. The complexes were characterized by EA, IR, UV, Mossbauer, and mass spectroscopy. The structure of [Fetren(py)3](ClO4)2 was determined at 100 and 290 K. The structures are essentially the same and feature an octahedral iron with facial coordination of pyridine and imine nitrogen atoms with average bond distances of 1.9747 and 1.9523 A, respectively, at 290 K. The short Fe–N bond distances and lack of variation with temperature support a low spin, 1A, assignment for the iron atom. The center nitrogen atom of the tren is essentially planar and is outside of bonding interaction with the iron, 3.45 A. The low spin assignment is supported by Mossbauer spectroscopy, which reveals the presence of two low spin forms that are not in thermal equilibrium. In contrast, the Mossbauer spectrum of [Fetren(NCH3Im)3](ClO4)2 reveals the presence of both high spin, 5T, and low spin, 1A, forms at room temperature, which on cooling to 77 K simplify to the low spin form.
Adherence to guidelines by emergency medical services during transport of stroke patients receiving intravenous thrombolytic infusion.

Background The "drip and ship" paradigm among acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients has resulted in expansion of thrombolytic treatment in patients eligible for intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). It remains controversial whether the settings within the emergency medical services (EMS) transport are adequate for IV rt-PA infusion. We sought to determine EMS adherence to guidelines during the transport of drip and ship AIS patients treated with IV rt-PA while being transferred to comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) and the effect of nonadherence on outcome upon discharge. Methods A retrospective evaluation of patients transferred to our CSC was conducted to determine the rates of adherence to quality parameters during EMS transport with infusion of IV rt-PA. Favorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤1 upon discharge. Results Among the 40 patients studied (55% men; mean age 71.9 ± 13.9 years), 38 patients received vital sign monitoring at 10- to 20-minute intervals. The mean transit time was 37.7 ± 20.2 minutes. Of the 39 patients with blood pressure (BP) monitoring, 7 patients had at least 1 episode of BP elevation above the recommended parameters (>180/105 mm Hg); only 1 of those was treated with an antihypertensive agent. Five of the 40 patients were considered to have worsened between the outside ED and CSC ED evaluations without IV rt-PA discontinuation during transfer. The rate of favorable outcome of patients who had interim neurologic deterioration without discontinuation of IV rt-PA or BP >180/105 mm Hg without antihypertensive treatment was similar to those who experienced neither event (41.7% and 35.7%; P = .736). Conclusions Efforts are required to improve EMS adherence to guidelines in patients receiving IV rt-PA during EMS transport in anticipation of broader use of the "drip and ship" paradigm.
Genomic relationship between SINE retrotransposons, Pol III-Pol II transcription, and chromatin organization: the journey from junk to jewel.

A typical eukaryotic genome harbors a rich variety of repetitive elements. The most abundant are retrotransposons, mobile retroelements that utilize reverse transcriptase and an RNA intermediate to relocate to a new location within the cellular genomes. A vast majority of the repetitive mammalian genome content has originated from the retrotransposition of SINE (100–300 bp short interspersed nuclear elements that are derived from the structural 7SL RNA or tRNA), LINE (7kb long interspersed nuclear element), and LTR (2–3 kb long terminal repeats) transposable element superfamilies. Broadly labeled as “evolutionary junkyard” or “fossils”, this enigmatic “dark matter” of the genome possesses many yet to be discovered properties.
Incorporation of soybean oil improves the dilutability of essential oil microemulsions

Abstract Plant essential oils (EOs) have strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, their water insolubility and volatility limit their practical application. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable delivery systems for hydrophobic bioactive compounds but can be destabilized after dilution by the polar phase. In the present study, soybean oil (SBO) was studied for the impacts on formation and dilutability of EO microemulsions comprised of polysorbate 80 (Tween™ 80) as a surfactant and equal mass of water and propylene glycol as the polar phase. The oil phase contained EO (cinnamon bark oil, eugenol, or thymol) and SBO at 1:0, 2:1 or 4:1 mass ratios. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed after titrating the polar phase into Tween™ 80–oil mixture at 1:1 to 9:1 mass ratios. Blending SBO with EO expanded the regimes of microemulsions and reduced the droplet dimensions that were stable over 90 days. Viscosity and electrical conductivity data indicated the transition from W/O to O/W microemulsions as the content of polar phase increased from 10% to 90% w/w. The enhanced dilutability of microemulsions after blending with SBO can broaden the application of EOs.
Force Velocity Characteristics of Oesophageal Muscle: Interaction of Isoproterenol and Calcium

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction of isoproterenol and calcium upon the force velocity characteristics of opposum oesophageal circular muscle, in vitro. Isotonic and isometric recordings were used to determine the velocity of shortening and force, respectively. All muscle was studied at its length of optimal tension development (Lo). To determine the effect of isoproterenol upon muscle contractility, studies were performed at 2.5 mM calcium Kreb's solution. The maximal velocity of shortening (V max) and the peak force (Po) of oesophageal muscle were 6.2 plus or minus 0.3 mm/s and 16.8 plus or minus 1.0 gm, respectively, at 2.5 mM calcium. Isoproterenol (10--5 M) decreased the V max to 4.9 plus or minus 0.6 mm/s and the Po to 9.8 plus or minus 1.3 gm (P less than .01). Increased calcium (5.0 mM), alone, did not alter either V max or Po. However, at 5.0 mM calcium, 10--5 isoproterenol reduced the V max to 6.0 plus or minus 0.6 mm/s (P less than .05) and the Po to 13.9 plus or minus 0.8 gm (P less than .05). These studies indicate that isoproterenol significantly reduces the V max and Po of oesophageal smooth muscle during the neural mediated "off response". This effect of isoproterenol is reversed, in part, by an increase in calcium concentration.
Selektive Erregung sympathischer Ganglien durch Cresoxycholine (COC)

Eine Frage der allgemeinen Pharmakologie, der Wolfgang Heubners Denken fur lange Jahre zugewandt war, war die nach der Beziehung zwischen Erregung und Lahmung durch Pharmaka. War es doch z. B. dieses Problem, das er vor genau 40 Jahren einem Novizen des Gottinger Instituts als Arbeitsgegenstand vorschlug. Es ist in der Erinnerung an jene Zeit, das der damalige Novize heute dem Jubilar, der inzwischen uber jene Fragestellung, wie diese uber sich selbst, hinausgereift ist, den Bericht uber eine kleine Beobachtung widmet, die in ihrer Art als Beitrag zu dem revidierten Problem betrachtet werden mag.
DECIPHERING THE LANGUAGE OF THE GENOME

The non-coding DNA in eukaryotic genomes encodes a language which programs organismal growth and development. We show that a linguistic and cryptographic approach can be used to deduce the syntax of this programming language for gene regulation and to compile a dictionary of enhancers which form its words.
Latent ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts that contain an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand

A new N-heterocyclic carbene containing olefin metathesis catalyst, (sIMes)(Cl)_2Ru(CH(CH_2)_2-C,N-2-C_5H_4N) (4a), was synthesized from (sIMes)(PCy_3)(Cl)_2RuCHPh (1) or (sIMes)(py)_2(Cl)_2RuCHPh (3). When heated at 40 °C in dichloromethane, 4a is slowly converted to its isomer 4b. The X-ray structures of 4a and 4b show that the NHC and pyridine ligands are trans in 4a and cis in 4b. 4a is more latent than 1 and 4b much more latent than 4a in ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
Enhanced type I immune response to a hepatitis B DNA vaccine by formulation with calcium- or aluminum phosphate

DNA vaccines induce protective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in several animal models. When compared with conventional vaccines, however, DNA vaccines often induce lower antibody titers. We have now found that formulation of a DNA vaccine encoding hepatitis B surface antigen with calcium- or aluminum phosphate adjuvants can increase antibody titers by 10-100-fold and decrease the immunogenic dose of DNA by 10-fold. Furthermore, boosting an HBs protein-primed response with the adjuvanted DNA vaccine resulted in a dramatic increase in the HBs-specific IgG2a response reflecting a shift towards a TH1 response. The mechanism by which aluminum phosphate exerts its adjuvant effect is not through increased expression of HBsAg in vivo; rather, the adjuvant appears to increase the number and affinity of HBs peptide antigen-specific IFN-gamma and IL-2 secreting T cells.
Primary treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children

Abstract The natural history and therapy of supraventricular tachycarida (SVT) in childhood vary according to the mechanism of tachycardia, emphasizing the importance of understanding the electrophysiologic diagnosis before recommending therapy. The most common types of SVT in childhood involve an accessory connection, atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycarida and, less frequently, primary atrial tachycardia. As the mechanisms vary according to age, long-term therapy should consider the mechanism of SVT, patient age and symptoms. In many cases no chronic therapy is necessary. This article summarizes the common mechanisms and treatment options of SVT in childhood.
Impaired biliary excretion and whole body elimination of methylmercury in rats with a congenital defect in biliary glutathione excretion

Biliary excretion of methylmercury, a major route of elimination of this toxic compound, was less than 2% of control in Eisai hyperbilirubinemic (EHBR) rats, a mutant Sprague-Dawley strain with a defect in biliary excretion of a variety of organic anions, including glutathione S-conjugates and reduced glutathione (GSH). Biliary GSH excretion in EHBR rats was also <2% of controls, confirming previous findings. Impaired biliary methylmercury and GSH excretion was not explained by decreased hepatic content of these compounds. Indeed, hepatic methylmercury and GSH concentrations in EHBR rats were actually double those of controls. To assess the significance of the impaired biliary excretion in the whole body elimination of the toxicant, 203Hg excretion was measured over a 17-day period after intraperitoneal administration of either 0.5 or 5 μmol/kg of 203Hg-methylmercury chloride. The results for the two doses were similar. Methyhnercury was eliminated by a first order process; however, the biological half-life was significantly longer in the EHBR rats, 46 to 54 days versus 18 to 22 days. Fecal excretion was the main route of elimination in both control and mutant animals. At necropsy (17 days), 16% to 25% of the 203Hg dose was recovered in the liver of the EHBR rats, whereas livers of control animals contained less than 2% of the administered dose. These findings demonstrate that biliary excretion of methylmercury is markedly impaired in EHBR rats and is associated with a low biliary GSH excretion, providing support for the hypothesis that methylmercury is normally transported across the canalicular membrane by a GSH-dependent mechanism, and presumably as a GSH mercaptide (CH3Hg-SG). This study also provides a direct measure of the contribution of biliary excretion to the whole-body elimination of methylmercury. The biological half-life of the metal was 2.5 times longer in the mutant animals, indicating a critical role for biliary secretion in methyhnercury detoxification.
Microstructure evolution in hyperelastic laminates and implications for overall behavior and macroscopic stability

Abstract In this paper we study the evolution of the underlying microstructure in hyperelastic laminates subjected to finite deformations. To this end, we identify a set of relevant microstructural variables and derive rigorous formulae for their evolution along finite-deformation paths. Making use of these results we then establish connections between the evolution of the microstructure and the overall stress–strain relation and macroscopic stability in hyperelastic laminates. In particular, we show that the rotation of the layers may lead to a reduction in the overall stiffness of the laminates under appropriate loading conditions. Furthermore, we show that this geometric mechanism is intimately related to the possible loss of strong ellipticity of the overall behavior of these materials, which may occur even in the case when the underlying constituents are taken to be strongly elliptic.
Incomplete restoration of Mpl expression in the mpl−/− mouse produces partial correction of the stem cell–repopulating defect and paradoxical thrombocytosis

Expression of Mpl is restricted to hematopoietic cells in the megakaryocyte lineage and to undifferentiated progenitors, where it initiates critical cell survival and proliferation signals after stimulation by its ligand, thrombopoietin (TPO). As a result, a deficiency in Mpl function in patients with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) and in mpl(-/-) mice produces profound thrombocytopenia and a severe stem cell-repopulating defect. Gene therapy has the potential to correct the hematopoietic defects of CAMT by ectopic gene expression that restores normal Mpl receptor activity. We rescued the mpl(-/-) mouse with a transgenic vector expressing mpl from the promoter elements of the 2-kb region of DNA just proximal to the natural gene start site. Transgene rescued mice exhibit thrombocytosis but only partial correction of the stem cell defect. Furthermore, they show very low-level expression of Mpl on platelets and megakaryocytes, and the transgene-rescued megakaryocytes exhibit diminished TPO-dependent kinase phosphorylation and reduced platelet production in bone marrow chimeras. Thrombocytosis is an unexpected consequence of reduced Mpl expression and activity. However, impaired TPO homeostasis in the transgene-rescued mice produces elevated plasma TPO levels, which serves as an unchecked stimulus to drive the observed excessive megakaryocytopoiesis.
Maximum power feedback laws

The quality of feedback laws of the type:acting on systems with unknown functions ƒ, xk+1 : = ƒ(xk,uk ), is studied in terms of the power which measures the convergence rate of the sequence {xk} → 0. Among a class of algorithms one with maximum power is found.
Controversy in the Classroom: Student Viewpoint and Educational Outcome

(1975). Controversy in the Classroom. Teaching Political Science: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 275-299.
Finite strain elastic closed form solutions for some axisymmetric problems

In this paper, rate type constitutive equations using the Jaumann and 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress rate are used to develop axisymmetric finite strain, elastic, closed form solutions for a variety of loading conditions. We examined several cases comprizing compression-extension loading conditions, simple shear and cavity expansion conditions. Results from small strain analyses are used to indicate strain ranges for which such analyses will provide satisfactory solutions. For all the cases examined, except simple shear, the 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress rate does not appear to be a suitable stress rate to describe a material which follows a rate-type constitutive equation for strains greater than about 40%. The Jaumann stress rate solution shows oscillatory shear stress for axisymmetric simple shear similar to that found earlier by many other authors for rectangular (or cuboidal) condition. Negative excess pore water pressure (suction) at the cavity wall during the expansion of a cylindrical cavity was also observed in Jaumann stress rate solution.
Ion implantation of surgical Ti-6Al-4V for improved resistance to wear-accelerated corrosion.

The influence of nitrogen-ion implantation on the wear-accelerated corrosion behavior of surgical Ti-6Al-4V was studied. Non-passivated and prepassivated unimplanted Ti-6Al-4V specimens were employed as controls for comparison. Corrosion rates as a function of time at open-circuit corrosion potentials were electrochemically measured in saline and serum solutions under both static and wear conditions. The wear parameters simulated those of a total artificial hip under average walking conditions. The results indicated that prepassivation of the control material was beneficial under static-corrosion conditions, but not under wear-corrosion conditions. The nitrogen-ion implantation process was found to significantly improve the material's resistance to wear-acceler-ated corrosion in both saline and serum solutions.
An Exploration of Factors Reducing Recidivism Rates of Formerly Incarcerated Youth with Disabilities Participating in a Re-Entry Intervention

Juvenile offenders are costly to our society in terms of the monetary and social expenditures from the legal system, victims’ person costs, and incarceration. The re-entry and community reintegration outcomes for formerly incarcerated youth with a disabling condition are bleak compared to peers without disabilities. In this study, we examined the factors––both static and intervention-related––that reduce recidivism rates for project participants possessing a mental health and/or special education diagnosis and were served by a facility-to-community re-entry intervention. Our sample was comprised of a total of 320 youth formerly incarcerated who received project services between August of 1999 through June of 2004. Project services include a transition specialist whose role is service coordination to youth from the facility to the community. Kaplan–Meier survival functions were calculated for participants on the outcome measure of the rates of recidivism. Additionally, Cox regression modeling was used to identify factors for the prediction of time to recidivate. Our findings indicate that the intervention may contribute to reduced recidivism rates but that a set of static demographic and pre-incarceration risks contribute more to the prediction of recidivism than community adjustment factors (e.g., employment or enrollment). With these findings, the intervention seems promising yet it remains unclear about which programmatic features contribute to reduced recidivism rates. Implications for research and practice are shared.
Temporal lobe deficits in murderers: EEG findings undetected by PET

This study evaluates electroencephalography (EEG) and positron emission tomography (PET) in the same subjects. Fourteen murderers were assessed by using both PET (while they were performing the continuous performance task) and EEG during a resting state. EEG revealed significant increases in slow-wave activity in the temporal, but not frontal, lobe in murderers, in contrast to prior PET findings that showed reduced prefrontal, but not temporal, glucose metabolism. Results suggest that resting EEG shows empirical utility distinct from PET activation findings.
Natural Enemies of Dactylopius confusus (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae): Exclusion and Subsequent Impact on Opuntia (Cactaceae)

Collections of Opuntia spp. (Cactaceae) cladophylls infested with Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell) from two sites in west central Texas during 1982–84 yielded seven natural enemies, all predators. Major predators were Laetilia coccidivora (Comstock), Leucopis bellula Williston, and Hyperaspis trifurcata Schaeffer. Several parasites and hyperparasites were reared from these predators. No parasites or pathogens of D. confusus were detected. Continuous exclusion of natural enemies from cladophylls artificially infested with D. confusus resulted in high densities of D. confusus. When natural enemies were continuously admitted for comparison, D. confusus populations remained below the original infestation levels, and natural enemies admitted after D. confusus population densities had increased through at leastone generation resulted in an immediate decrease in the D. confuses density. When natural enemies were continuously excluded from D. confusus-infested cladophylls, up to 81% of the cladophylls became necrotic, and only 4% produced new growth the following spring. However, where natural enemies were admitted, only 8%of the cladophylls manifested necrosis, and 75% produced new growth.
Leeuwenkoek's observation of bacteria

A form of dark-field illumination was produced that allows bacteria in aqueous suspension to be observed with both a Leeuwenhoek microsocope and a compound microscope without a condenser. Possibly, this illumination was Leeuwenhoek's "particular method of observing" bacteria.
FLIGHT-SIMULATED LAUNCH-PAD-ABORT-TO-LANDING MANEUVERS FOR A LIFTING BODY

The results of an in-flight investigation of the feasibility of conducting a successful landing following a launch-pad abort of a vertically-launched lifting body are presented. The study attempted to duplicate the abort-to-land-ing trajectory from the point of apogee through final flare and included the steep glide and a required high-speed, low-altitude turn to the runway heading. The steep glide was flown by reference to ground-provided guidance. The low-altitude turn was flown visually with a reduced field- of-view duplicating that of the simulated lifting body. Results from the in-flight experiment are shown to agree with ground-based simulation results; however, these tests should not be regarded as a definitive due to performance and control law dissimilarities between the two vehicles.
Lacki, M. J., J. P. Hayes, and A. Kurta (eds.). 2007. Bats in Forests: Conservation and Management. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 329 pp. ISBN: 0-8018-8499-3, price (hardbound), $85.

M. J. Lacki, J. P. Hayes, A. Kurta (eds.). 2007. Bats in Forests: Conservation and Management. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 329 pp. ISBN: 0-8018-8499-3, price (hardbound), $85. “We”re not protecting the environment, as some of our critics say, for the sake of the fishes and the birds, we‧re protecting nature because we recognize that nature is the infrastructure of our communities &” (Kennedy 2007:1). For many species of bats, forests are their infrastructure, and humans are just now beginning to realize that they also are enmeshed in the same community as the rest of life. Forests are a major component of infrastructure that has been the focus of numerous conservation efforts. Following a highly successful symposium in 1995 (Barclay and Brigham 1996) and subsequent surge in research on bats in forests, a 2nd Bats and Forests Symposium and Workshop was held in Hot Springs, Arkansas, in 2004. Similar to the founding symposium, the quality and quantity of research presented at the 2nd symposium reflected an increase of interest and progress in forest bat biology. From this, a book that highlights this research would be expected to result in a 2nd pulse in promulgating bat conservation through informed management. The book, Bats in Forests: Conservation and Management , contains chapters designed to synthesize scientific knowledge on key topics on ecology and management of bats. The 27 authors who contribute to 11 chapters, were “peer-reviewed” by 21 professionals (9 of which also were authors) to provide uniformity. The book is attractively designed, but it is disheartening to see it full of black and white photographs that do not provide sufficient detail; color plates include the cover, and 2 figures of maps. A list of photo credits (instead of credits in figure legends) would have been useful and would be consistent with the very complete author, subject, and species indices. Misusing terms such as “methodology,” although minor, is noticeable. Major content areas include presentations of roosting ecology, foraging ecology, …
The High Seas - Patterns of Drug-Use Among Southern California Sport Boat Operatives

This paper examines the social‐structural context of drug use among a cohort of southern California sport boat operatives. The sample included both captains and deck hands and was drawn exclusively from those who worked on commercial passenger carrying sport fishing vessels. The work culture, which involved both marijuana and cocaine use, was seen as a response to the occupational stresses indigenous to the fishing industry as well as the additional strains and inducements engendered by the client group of recreational anglers.
Temperature and wavelength dependent properties of multiplate reflectors

This paper describes a new approach to the design of multi-element resonant reflectors. These mirrors provide an effective means of controlling the spectral spread of high-gain laser oscillators, but the complexity of the reflectivity as a function of wavelength R (\lambda) has made the design of these systems rather difficult. However, we show that by making a two-dimensional plot of reflectivity versus wavelength and temperature, one can obtain several parameters of the system immediately that an R (\lambda) plot does not reveal. Simple algebraic expressions for some of these parameters are given, and a configuration for an improved four-element wavelength selector based on these results is presented.
Examining the Effectiveness of a Restorative Justice Program for Various Types of Juvenile Offenders

Restorative justice (RJ) programs have become widespread in the United States and in other countries. These programs are often seen as a viable alternative to traditional retributive processing, especially for minor, and sometimes more serious, forms of delinquency and adult criminality. The programs hold promise for achieving several goals, including increased community and victim involvement, greater satisfaction with the case outcomes, improved offender compliance, increased perceptions of fairness, and even recidivism reduction. Meta-analyses have demonstrated varying degrees of program success in recidivism reduction, which may in part reflect differential effectiveness of the RJ approach for various kinds of offenders. This study examined whether an RJ program for juvenile offenders had differential impacts on recidivism across various offender characteristics (including age, gender, racial group, offending history, and current offense). Results generally support the effectiveness of the program for many types of offenders. Implications for future research and potential improvements to the RJ model are discussed.
Control of microvascular oxygen pressures in rat muscles comprised of different fibre types

In response to an elevated metabolic rate ((.-)V(O(2)), increased microvascular blood-muscle O(2) flux is the product of both augmented O(2) delivery ((.-)Q(O(2)), and fractional O(2) extraction. Whole body and exercising limb measurements demonstrate that (.-)Q(O(2) and fractional O(2) extraction increase as linear and hyperbolic functions, respectively, of (.-)V(O(2). Given the presence of disparate vascular control mechanisms among different muscle fibre types, we tested the hypothesis that, in response to muscle contractions, (.-)Q(O(2) would be lower and fractional O(2) extraction (as assessed via microvascular O(2) pressure, P(mvO(2))) higher in fast- versus slow-twitch muscles. Radiolabelled microsphere and phosphorescence quenching techniques were used to measure (.-)Q(O(2) and P(mvO(2)), respectively at rest and across the transition to 1 Hz twitch contractions at low (Lo, 2.5 V) and high intensities (Hi, 4.5 V) in rat (n = 20) soleus (Sol, slow-twitch, type I), mixed gastrocnemius (MG, fast-twitch, type IIa) and white gastrocnemius (WG, fast-twitch, type IIb) muscle. At rest and for Lo and Hi (steady-state values) transitions, P(mvO(2)) was lower (all P < 0.05) in MG (mmHg: rest, 22.5 +/- 1.0; Lo, 15.3 +/- 1.3; Hi, 10.2 +/- 1.6) and WG (mmHg: rest, 19.0 +/- 1.3; Lo, 12.2 +/- 1.1; Hi, 9.9 +/- 1.1) than in Sol (rest, 33.1 +/- 3.2 mmHg; Lo, 19.0 +/- 2.3 mmHg; Hi, 18.7 +/- 1.8 mmHg), despite lower (.-)V(O(2) and (.-)Q(O(2) in MG and WG under each set of conditions. These data suggest that during submaximal metabolic rates, the relationship between (.-)Q(O(2) and O(2) extraction is dependent on fibre type (at least in the muscles studied herein), such that muscles comprised of fast-twitch fibres display a greater fractional O(2) extraction (i.e. lower P(mvO(2))) than their slow-twitch counterparts. These results also indicate that the greater sustained P(mvO(2)) in Sol may be important for ensuring high blood-myocyte O(2) flux and therefore a greater oxidative contribution to energetic requirements.
Public Party Funding and Party Transformation in Multiparty Systems

This article analyzes the changes in the Israeli party system since the inception of public party funding in 1969 and compares them with party transformations elsewhere with a view to comparing the intended and the actual impacts of such funding on multiparty systems. Although the overall effect is in line with the catch-all thesis of Kirchheimer, Epstein, and others, there are important potential consequences that run counter to it. Chief among them is the greater facility of ideological and sectional new parties to establish themselves. The result can be a far-reaching structural transformation of the party system, with voters presented with a wide choice of competing ideological and catch-all parties.
Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability are rare in sporadic dedifferentiated liposarcoma: a study of 43 well-characterized cases.

Context.—Defects in mismatch repair proteins have been identified in Lynch syndrome–associated liposarcomas, as well as in rare sporadic sarcomas. However, it is unclear if mismatch repair defects have a role in sarcoma tumorigenesis. Microsatellite instability is a surrogate marker of mismatch repair defects. Objectives.—To determine whether sporadic dedifferentiated liposarcomas display microsatellite instability and, if so, to evaluate whether such instability differs between the lipogenic and nonlipogenic components of these tumors. Design.—The diagnoses of conventional dedifferentiated liposarcoma were confirmed by a combination of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular studies. Standard fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction, including 5 mononucleotide microsatellite markers (BAT25, BAT26, NR21, NR24, and MONO27), as well as 2 pentanucleotide repeat markers (Penta C and Penta D), was used to test for instability and loss of heterozygosity. Results.—We demonstrated only a single case (1 o...
Dynamic Stochastic Superresolution of sparsely observed turbulent systems

Real-time capture of the relevant features of the unresolved turbulent dynamics of complex natural systems from sparse noisy observations and imperfect models is a notoriously difficult problem. The resulting lack of observational resolution and statistical accuracy in estimating the important turbulent processes, which intermittently send significant energy to the large-scale fluctuations, hinders efficient parameterization and real-time prediction using discretized PDE models. This issue is particularly subtle and important when dealing with turbulent geophysical systems with an vast range of interacting spatio-temporal scales and rough energy spectra near the mesh scale of numerical models. Here, we introduce and study a suite of general Dynamic Stochastic Superresolution (DSS) algorithms and show that, by appropriately filtering sparse regular observations with the help of cheap stochastic exactly solvable models, one can derive stochastically 'superresolved' velocity fields and gain insight into the important characteristics of the unresolved dynamics, including the detection of the so-called black swans. The DSS algorithms operate in Fourier domain and exploit the fact that the coarse observation network aliases high-wavenumber information into the resolved waveband. It is shown that these cheap algorithms are robust and have significant skill on a test bed of turbulent solutions from realistic nonlinear turbulent spatially extended systems in the presence of a significant model error. In particular, the DSS algorithms are capable of successfully capturing time-localized extreme events in the unresolved modes, and they provide good and robust skill for recovery of the unresolved processes in terms of pattern correlation. Moreover, we show that DSS improves the skill for recovering the primary modes associated with the sparse observation mesh which is equally important in applications. The skill of the various DSS algorithms depends on the energy spectrum of the turbulent signal and the observation time relative to the decorrelation time of the turbulence at a given spatial scale in a fashion elucidated here. The DSS technique exploiting a simple Gaussian closure of the nonlinear stochastic forecast model emerges as the most suitable trade-off between the superresolution skill and computational complexity associated with estimating the cross-correlations between the aliasing modes of the sparsely observed turbulent signal. Such techniques offer a promising and efficient approach to constraining unresolved turbulent fluxes through stochastic superparameterization and a subsequent improvement in coarse-grained filtering and prediction of the next generation atmosphere-ocean system (AOS) models.
Comparative Political Economy of Wage Distribution: The Role of Partisanship and Labour Market Institutions

Through a pooled cross-section time-series analysis of the determinants of wage inequality in sixteen OECD countries from 1973 to 1995, we explore how political-institutional variables affect the upper and lower halves of the wage distribution. Our regression results indicate that unionization, centralization of wage bargaining and public-sector employment primarily affect the distribution of wages by boosting the relative position of unskilled workers, while the egalitarian effects of Left government operate at the upper end of the wage hierarchy, holding back the wage growth of well-paid workers. Further analysis shows that the differential effects of government partisanship are contingent on wage-bargaining centralization: in decentralized bargaining systems, Left government is associated with compression of both halves of the wage distribution.