cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rod photoreceptor lineage of teleost fish.

The retinas of postembryonic teleost fish continue to grow for the lifetime of the fish. New retinal cells are added continuously at the retinal margin, by stem cells residing at the circumferential germinal zone. Some of these retinal cells differentiate as Muller glia with cell bodies that reside within the inner nuclear layer. These glia retain some stem cell properties in that they carry out asymmetric cell divisions and continuously generate a population of transit-amplifying cells – the rod photoreceptor lineage – that are committed to rod photoreceptor neurogenesis. These rod progenitors progress through a stereotyped sequence of changes in gene expression as they continue to divide and migrate to the outer nuclear layer. Now referred to as rod precursors, they undergo terminal mitoses and then differentiate as rods, which are inserted into the existing array of rod and cone photoreceptors. The rod lineage displays developmental plasticity, as rod precursors can respond to the loss of rods through increased proliferation, resulting in rod replacement. The stem cells of the rod lineage, Muller glia, respond to acute damage of other retinal cell types by increasing their rate of proliferation. In addition, the Muller glia in an acutely damaged retina dedifferentiate and become multipotent, generating new, functional neurons. This review focuses on the cells of the rod lineage and includes discussions of experiments over the last 30 years that led to their identification and characterization, and the discovery of the stem cells residing at the apex of the lineage. The plasticity of cells of the rod lineage, their relationships to cone progenitors, and the applications of this information for developing future treatments for human retinal disorders will also be discussed.
Flame spread in an opposed forced flow: the effect of ambient oxygen concentration

The velocity of flame propagation over the surface of thick PMMA and thin paper sheets has been measured as a function of the velocity and oxygen concentration of a forced gas flow opposing the direction of flame propagation. It is shown that although for thin fuels the flame spread rate always decreases as the opposed flow velocity increases, for thick fuels the dependence of the spread rate on the gas velocity is also a function of the ambient oxygen concentration. For low oxygen concentrations the flame spread rate decreases as the velocity of the gas flow increases. For high oxygen concentrations, however, the spread rate increases with the flow velocity, reaches a maximum and then decreases as the gas velocity increases. The velocity of the opposed flow at which the maximum occurs is a function of the oxygen concentration, decreasing as the concentration decreases. Following phenomenological considerations and simplified descriptions of the primary mechanisms occurring during the flame spread process, the experimental results are correlated by two non-dimensional parameters, one describing the gas phase kinetic effects and the other describing the process of heat transfer from the flame to the fuel. Such a correlation provides a powerful means of predicting the flame spread prcess as well as physical insight into the mechanisms controlling the propagation of the flame.
Novel sultones. II. 1,4‐dialkyl‐9‐oxo‐9H‐indeno [1,2‐d] [1,2] oxathiin 3,3‐dioxides

A new type of sultone, 1,4-dialkyl-9-oxo-9H-indeno[1,2-d] [1,2]oxathiin 3,3-dioxides, can be readily synthesized by treating 3 hydroxy-3-phenylalkanoic acid with a mixture of acid anhydride and sulfuric acid. A mechanism for the formation of these sultones is proposed. A postulated intermediate in the preparation of the 1,4-dimethyl analog, 3-ethylideneindan-1-one, was prepared and subsequently converted to the same 1,4-dimethyl compound by the same reagents. Bromination of these sultones gave the I-bromalkyl derivatives while treatment with hydrazine yielded pyrazolium sulfonates. Under different reaction conditions, 3-ethylidene-indan-1-one formed a pyrylium salt, which, in turn, was converted to a fused tricyclic pyridine derivative with ammonia.
Crystallization of proteins by dynamic control of evaporation

Abstract It is expected that the kinetics of supersaturation, which is directly related to the evaporation of solvent from a crystallization solution, will greatly affect both nucleation and crystal growth processes. Therefore, a novel device has been developed which allows computer regulation of the flow of N2(g) over a hanging drop to dynamically control the evaporation of solvent. A thermal conductivity detector is used to monitor the amount of water vapor transferred from the drop to the gas stream and provides closed loop control of the evaporation process. Data acquisition and control are accomplished using a custom program written with LabVIEW software (National Instruments) on a Macintosh II microcomputer. Quantitation of several evaporation protocols has been accomplished using both the thermal conductivity detector and a novel conductance cell that allows continuous measurement of solution analyte concentrations. Crystals of hen egg white lysozyme have been grown at different evaporation rates and analyzed according to size and number of single crystals.
Coping and a sense of control among the oldest old: An exploratory analysis

Abstract This study reports on two modes of adaptation of 150 individuals, 85 years and older. High proportions had experienced physical and social losses, yet most were able to sustain a sense of well-being. Two adaptive techniques were observed. First, in confronting these losses, coping strategies were directed toward specific problems. Boundaries around the physical and social environment were commonly narrowed and simplified, and daily activities were routinized to make them more manageable. The individuals who were the most successful copers were likely to be younger and in better physical status. Second, to develop a sense of control over their lives, these respondents commonly used discourse strategies that manipulated the meanings of long-term survivorship. These processes entailed redefinitions of their optimal health and functioning and their desired level of social integration. Respondents also were likely to change their time orientation from the future to the present and come to terms with their own mortality.
Announcing a new journal: Religion, Brain & Behavior

Religions have been venues for philosophical, theological, moral, and literary reflection for millennia. On occasion in the Medieval West, and decisively since the Renaissance, the cultural idea of...
Schottky-barrier diodes of MBE-deposited antimony on n and p gallium arsenide

Abstract SbGaAs Schottky barrier diodes on n and p clean substrates have been prepared by in-situ metal deposition in a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. The barrier heights for n and p specimens prepared on Ga-rich surfaces sum to the bandgap of the GaAs. Barriers prepared on As-rich surfaces are slightly lower and seem to sum to about 0.1 eV less than the bandgap. Reduction of the effective barrier heights on substrates with higher doping concentrations are in agreement with the theoretical predictions of Padovani and Stratton. Thermal annealings up to 250°C show changes in barrier heights that depend on whether the original surface was As- or Ga-rich.
METHODS FOR $p$-ADIC MONODROMY

We explain three methods for showing that the p-adic monodromy of a modular family of abelian varieties is ‘as large as possible’, and illustrate them in the case of the ordinary locus of the moduli space of g-dimensional principally polarized abelian varieties over a field of characteristic p. The first method originated from Ribet’s proof of the irreducibility of the Igusa tower for Hilbert modular varieties. The second and third methods both exploit Hecke correspondences near a hypersymmetric point, but in slightly different ways. The third method was inspired by work of Hida, plus a group theoretic argument for the maximality of -adic monodromy with = p.
A poster-session review to reinforce course concepts and improve scientific communication skills.

A poster-session review is a novel learning activity designed to help students master material, monitor understanding, and practice communicating scientific information. For this strategy, each student is asked to become an expert on a randomly assigned topic from the semester. They create small posters summarizing the most important concepts from their topic and predict likely exam questions from this material. During lecture or lab, students present their work in a poster session and spend time viewing other students’ work. Prior to a comprehensive final exam, undergraduate genetics students participated in a poster-session review and were surveyed about the perceived benefits. They self-reported that the activity helped them understand a genetics topic, prepare for the final exam, and improve their scientific communication skills. A poster-session review can be incorporated into any undergraduate biology course to help achieve these goals.
A study on irregular growing defect mechanism and removal process

Main Topics of a photomask have been CD(Critical Dimension), Overlay and Defects. In side of defects, technique suppressing growing defects which are occurring on a mask surface becomes as important as defect control method during mask manufacturing process. Conventional growing defects arise out of combination of sulfuric ion on a mask surface and environmental facts such as pellicle ingredient, humidity and etc. So Mask cleaning process was driven to reduce sulfuric acid on a mask surface which source of growing defects. And actually various cleaning process has been developed through the elimination of sulfuric acid such as DI, O3 cleaning. Normally Conventional growing defects are removed using DI, SC1 or SPM cleaning according to incidence. But recently irregular growing defects are occurred which are completely distinct from conventional growing defects. Interestingly, irregular growing defects are distributed differently from conventional on a mask. They spread in isolated space patterns and reduce the transmittance so that space pattern size continuously decreased. It causes Wafer Yield loss. Furthermore, irregular growing defects are not fully removed by cleaning which is traditional removal process. In this study, we provide difference between conventional and irregular growing defects based on its characteristic and distributed formation. In addition, we present and discuss removal and control technique about irregular growing defects. For elemental analysis and study, diverse analysis tool was applied such as TEM for checking Cross-Section, AFM for checking the roughness of surface, EDAX, AES, IC for analyzing remained ions and particles on the mask and AIMS.
Phosphatidylserine vesicle lysis by sendai virus at low pH is not due to virus-vesicle fusion☆

As a model of the fusion of Sendai virus with red cells, the interaction of the virus with phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles at pH 5 was quantitated by the release of a trapped marker from target vesicles and by mixing of lipids of the virus and the vesicles. Release of the marker was measured as dequenching of calcein trapped at a self-quenched concentration and lipid mixing was measured as a decrease in energy transfer between fluorescent phospholipid analogs in the target membrane. At comparable virus:vesicle ratios both calcein release and lipid mixing were maximal at pH 5 and significantly reduced after trypsin, but not chymotrypsin, treatment. In contrast, these two effects differed in their PS dependence, time course, and temperature dependence, indicating that calcein release is not a consequence of the fusion of a permeable virus membrane with an impermeable target membrane. Vesicles composed of 25 to 100% PS released similar amounts of calcein, whereas fusion increased linearly as a function of PS content of the target vesicles. The half-time was 15 s for calcein release but 1.5 min for fusion. The temperature coefficient of fusion was at least three times greater than that of calcein release. These results indicate that calcein release at pH 5 may signify an interaction of the virus with PS target membranes which precedes but does not necessarily culminate in fusion, given too low a temperature or an inappropriate target membrane composition.
A study comparing patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their caregivers on measures of quality of life, depression, and their attitudes toward treatment options

Abstract Objective : To compare amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and their caregivers on measures of quality of life (QOL), depression, and their attitudes toward treatment options. Methods : Over a 14-month period, we analyzed responses from 27 ALS patients and 19 ALS caregivers as they arrived at the Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Vicki Appel MDA, ALS Clinic, and those who completed the study measures. Patients were given the Appel ALS Rating Scale (AALS), the ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS), McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire Single-Item Scale (MQOL-SIS), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). An internally generated scale of 1–7 was used to measure perception of emotional support, QOL for others (i.e., the patient's perception of the caregiver's QOL and the caregiver's perception of the patient's QOL), and experience of pain. Attitudes toward treatment options were assessed by yes/no/uncertain responses. Caregivers were administered all of the above measures except the AALS, ALSFRS, and pain scale. Percentage, mean, and standard deviation values were determined. Significance levels were also calculated. Results : Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 57.2 (range 34–81) years and nineteen caregivers with a mean age of 56.9 (range 28–82) years completed the study. The patients were of moderate disease severity with a mean AALS total score of 76.3 (range 39–134) and a mean ALSFRS score of 28.4 (range 12–40). The mean rating of QOL for patients was 5.9 and the mean rating of QOL for caregivers was 5.7 (range 1–7). The patients reported slightly less depression (9.8) than their caregivers (10.7) (range 0–63). There was, however, no significant difference between patients and caregivers on scores of QOL and depression. Patients tended to overestimate caregivers' QOL by a small degree, whereas caregivers tended to underestimate the patients' QOL by a greater degree. Over one-half of both groups would consider percutaneous esophageal gastrostomy (PEG) placement. Patient and caregiver responses to the use of BIPAP differed. Though over half of both groups endorsed the idea of future BIPAP use, more patients (41%) than caregivers (5%) were uncertain. Only 3% of patients responded negatively compared to 32% of caregivers. Both groups were only minimally interested in future invasive ventilation. Discussion : Factors contributing to quality of life, depression, and attitudes toward treatment options need to be periodically explored with patients and caregivers throughout the course of the illness. Health care professionals should recognize that the needs and goals of the two groups might differ. For both patients and caregivers, health care professionals should provide education and opportunities for discussion centered on the issues followed by referrals and interventions appropriate to the situation.
Differential Effects of Central Versus Peripheral Vision on Egocentric and Exocentric Motion Perception

Optokinetic stimuli allow for two perceptual interpretations. The observer may perceive himself as being stationary in a moving surround (egocentric motion perception) or he may experience an illusion of self-motion, so that the actually moving surroundings appear to be stable (exocentric motion perception).
Generation and Chemistry of Fluorinated Acetoxyl and Oxyallyl Biradical Anions (Distonic Radical Anions) in the Gas Phase

Electron impact on fluorinated acetyl compounds RCOCF3 (R = OH, OSi(CH3)3, OCH3, CF3COCH2, CH3COCH2, CH3, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3CH2) in an FT-ICR spectrometer yields ionic products of m/z = [M − HF]. These products are proposed to arise via a two-step mechanism: upon electron impact the neutral precursor gives a fluoride ion−neutral radical complex followed by a secondary reaction of the fluoride anion with the neutral radical, either nucleophilic substitution or proton transfer, to yield a biradical anion (distonic radical anion). These radical anions were isolated and their chemical properties were studied. They undergo reactions characteristic of closed-shell anions, e.g. proton transfer, or characteristic of open-shell species, e.g. radical addition−elimination reactions.
Mild protective and resuscitative hypothermia for asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats

It has been shown in dogs that mild hypothermia (34°C) during or immediately after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest can improve cerebral outcome. The effect of mild hypothermia on outcome after 8 minutes of asphyxiation (5 minutes' cardiac arrest) was studied for the first time in rats. Restoration of spontaneous circulation was with external cardiopulmonary resuscitation and observation to 72 hours. Three groups of 10 rats each were studied. At 72 hours postarrest, compared with the normothermic control group 1, final overall performance categories (OPC) and neurological deficit scores (NDS) were numerically better in the resuscitative (post-arrest) hypothermia group 2 and significantly better in the protective (pre-intra-arrest) hypothermia group 3 (P < .05). Total brain histopathological damage scores (HDS) were 17 ± 5 in group 1, 14 ± 6 in group 2 (NS), and 6 ± 2 in group 3 (P < .001 versus group 1). HDS correlated with OPC (r = .6, P < .05) and NDS (r = .7, P < .05). Mild hypothermia improved cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats, more when induced before than after arrest. The model's insult is within the therapeutic window, which makes it also suitable for screening other cerebral resuscitation potentials.
Anatomy of a 'black eye': A newly described fascial system of the lower eyelid

The anatomy of a black eye is examined in a series of cadaver dissections in which a previously unreported fascial system of the lower eyelid is identified. This fascia originates at the orbital rim, and is in continuity with the orbital septum and with the periosteum of the orbital floor and anterior maxillary wall. This fascia contributes to the thickened area along the orbital rim called the arcus marginale. At the level of the orbicularis oculi muscle, this fascia was noted microscopically to fuse with a fibrous septa of the superficial cheek fat. This creates one long continuous membrane from the orbital rim above to the cheek skin below. Dye injection techniques show that this membrane is impermeable and traps injected dye in the same place where a black eye forms. After periorbital injury, extravasated hemoglobin pigment is confined to the area above the cutaneous insertion of this membrane. This fascial system has been named the septum malaris: malar describes its origin along the orbital rim of the cheek, and septum further describes the partitioning nature of this ultra-thin membrane.
Implementing evidence-based nursing with student nurses and clinicians: Uniting the strengths

Implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) is challenging for both clinicians and students. Facilitating collaboration among students and clinicians can improve the process of both teaching EBP in the academic setting and utilizing EBP in the clinical setting. A unique and successful EBP program is described, and other schools are encouraged to emulate this model.
PKC-MEK-MAPK-dependent signal transduction pathway mediates the stimulation of lysyl oxidase expression by serum and PDGF in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.

Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a critical role in the stabilization and insolubilization of fibrous structural proteins of the extracellular matrix and has been implicated in the suppression of Ras-induced tumorigenesis. Several prior reports demonstrate that the expression of this catalyst is strongly influenced by a variety of effectors of cell function and is responsive to the growth state of fibrogenic cells. Using specific inhibitors of components of signal transduction pathways, the present study reveals that a PKC-MEK-MAPK-dependent pathway is critical to the enhanced expression of the LO gene in response to variations in the levels of the serum component of the growth medium and in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGF is shown to be the major component of fetal bovine serum, which stimulates the activity of a LO promoter construct.
Preoperative Arteriographic Spasm and Outcome from Aneurysm Operation

The timing of intracranial operation for the treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysm remains controversial. To find objective parameters to guide us, we performed angiography 24 to 72 hours before contemplated operation in 35 Grade I patients in whom subarachnoid hemorrhage had occurred at least 1 week earlier. Operation in the presence of angiographic vasospasm in Grade I patients over 1 week after SAH was associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Only 1 of 28 patients in whom spasm was absent or mild at the time of operation had an unsatisfactory outcome from operation (P less than 0.003). There was no correlation between clinical grade and significant spasm; 17 patients who were clinically Grade I over 1 week after SAH had moderate or severe angiographic spasm. These data suggest that all patients should undergo angiography just before contemplated operation and that operation should be postponed if vasospasm is present.
A novel His158Arg mutation in TIMP3 causes a late-onset form of Sorsby fundus dystrophy

Purpose To describe the phenotype and genotype of a family with suspected Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD). Design Case reports and results of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. Methods Clinical features were determined by complete ophthalmologic examination or by review of medical records. Mutational analysis of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)3 gene was performed by DNA resequencing. Biochemical properties of the mutant TIMP3 protein were studied, and phylogenetic and molecular modeling analyses of TIMP proteins were performed. Results Fundi of four affected family members demonstrated active or regressed bilateral choroidal neovascularization, whereas another affected individual displayed severe diffuse pigmentary degeneration associated with nyctalopia characteristic of SFD. Onset of disease occurred in the fifth to seventh decades of life. A heterozygous His158Arg mutation was found in seven affected family members and was absent from an unaffected member and 98 unrelated controls. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that histidine 158 is an evolutionarily conserved residue in most vertebrate TIMP homologs and predict that substitution by arginine disrupts TIMP3 function. The mutant protein appears to be expressed by fibroblasts from an affected family member. Molecular modeling suggests that TIMP3 residue 158 may be part of a protein-protein interaction interface. Conclusion A novel mutation in TIMP3 causes a late-onset form of SFD in this family. His158Arg is the first reported TIMP3 SFD coding sequence mutation that does not create an unpaired cysteine. Further study of this unusual mutation may provide insight into the mechanism of SFD pathogenesis.
Memory, Remembering, and Oblivion in Active Narrative Interviewing

Research interviewing is not just a practice of exchanging data through communication and collection. Rather, the qualitative interview is an active process in which participants and researchers take part in a situated co-construction of meanings and memories. In this article, I argue for viewing memories and the acts of storing, accessing, and telling the past as relational processes in which the researcher’s position shifts from collector to co-constructor. Moving away from seeing participants as “informational commodities” and data as merchandise, I problematize the assumption that participants’ memories may simply be accessed through narratives, which serve as sources of “data.” I suggest that a possible way to gain a complex view on memory and remembering is by focusing on both the told and the untold, the remembered and the forgotten. From this epistemological viewpoint, a narrative focus on the untold and forgotten contributes to the constructive potential of the inquiry process.
ARL Cataloger Librarian Roles and Responsibilities Now and In the Future

This article details the results of a 2011 study of cataloger librarians’ changing roles and responsibilities at academic Association of Research Libraries. The study participants, cataloging department heads, report that cataloger librarian roles are expanding to include cataloging more electronic resources and local hidden collections in addition to print materials. They are also creating non-MARC metadata. The increased usage of vendor products and services is also affecting the roles of cataloger librarians at some institutions. The article explores what skills cataloger librarians will need in the future and how libraries are providing training for that future.
Furnace atmosphere effects on casting of eutectic superalloys

Control of furnace atmosphere is a key factor in the use of silica-bonded alumina shell molds for the directional solidification of eutectic superalloys reinforced with tantalum monocarbide whiskers. The use of a furnace atmosphere which is simultaneously oxidizing to aluminum in the eutectic alloy and reducing to silica phases in the mold results in the formation of an alumina barrier layerin situ at the metal/mold interface and an absence of silica phases in the mold region adjacent to this barrier layer. The presence of this microstructure permits castings of eutectics at metal temperatures up to 1750°C.
Potato genetic resources: Sources of resistance and systematics

The major potato of commerce,Solanum tuberosum L., is the fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and corn. Fortunately, the potato has many primitive cultivars and wild species relatives useful to reduce our reliance on chemical controls. These include resistances against diseases, pests, and traits for useful agronomic characters such as yield, specific gravity, chipping qualities, and suppression of enzymatic browning. This paper summarizes some of these qualities, and provides an overview of germplasm availability and taxonomy of the wild species.
Dare II: Fast on-line digital simulation on a small computer

DARE II is a remarkably fast, on-line, all-digital, block-diagram-based simulation system which adds a convenient and inexpensive simulation console to a PDP-9 computer. Block statements, control logic, tabular functions, and data are entered and edited on a CRT keyboard. Solutions appear on a second CRT display and can be plotted or printed out for report preparation. A fully commented program and solution record can be printed out on a teletype and programs may be stored on punched paper tape to be run again at a later date. The DARE II system can be easily programmed to make optimal use of the computer, generating a much faster program than a FORTRAN compiler.
Spectrofluorometric determination of tocopherols.

Abstract A convenient and sensitive method for the differential determination of free and esterified tocopherols utilizing ultraviolet spectrofluorometry is presented. The introduction of a stoichiometric excess of ethereal LiAlH 4 into hydrocarbon solutions of tocopherol esters was found to result in a quantitative cleavage to the free alcohols. The method has been applied to the determination of tocopherols in plasma and found to give results in substantial agreement with those obtainable by existing chemical methods.
Accuracy of retinal image stabilization achieved with a plane mirror on a tightly fitting contact lens.

Abstract An evaluation has been made of the accuracy of image stabilization that is obtained by the use of tightly fitting contact lenses. The procedure is to use a strong negative afterimage line as a reference and to make repeated determinations of the alignment between it and a stabilized image line. The result is to show that the stabilized image typically shifts its position by about 0.32 min arc from moment to moment, and exhibits an instability during one-minute runs represented by a standard deviation of about 0.4 min arc. Evidence is cited for the conclusion that such stabilization errors are not of sufficient magnitude to have important effects on the disappearance or reappearance of stabilized images.
The incest offender, power, and victimization: Scales on the same dragon

It is contended that incest is a specific case of a larger problem, that being inappropriate use of power, resulting in victimization of a weaker person. The article is primarily an exploration of ideas regarding root causes of such victimization. It is proposed that implied ownership is present in certain traditional family constellations in our society. It is further proposed that many factors, including this implied ownership, contribute to a profound lack of empathy on the part of the offender. Numbered among these factors are our individualistic, compartmentalized culture, developmental deficits, and overt choices on the part of the offender. Concluding comments call for further reflection and attention to the issues raised, with suggestions regarding important areas for focus and investigation.
Implementation of genetics to personalize medicine.

Abstract Background: We stand on the verge of integrating individual genetic and genomic information into health care provision and maintenance to improve health, increase efficiency, and decrease costs. We are beginning to integrate information on inherited susceptibility, gene expression, and predicted pharmacogenomic response to refine our medical management. Objective: This article reviews the current utility of genetics and genomics in a wide array of clinical circumstances, considers the future applications, and defines some of the obstacles and potential solutions to clinical integration of genomic medicine. Methods: Using the search terms genetics, genomics, pharmacogenomics, newborn screening, long QT syndrome, BRCA1/BRCA2, maturity onset diabetes of youth, diabetes, hemochromatosis, coronary artery disease, copy number changes, genetic discrimination, and genetic education, the PubMed database was searched from January 2000 to March 2007 to identify pertinent articles. Search results were restricted to English-language and human studies. Results: Several areas of medicine have begun to incorporate genetics into clinical practice, including newborn screening and breast cancer risk stratification and treatment. Molecular genetic tests are, and will increasingly become, available for inherited arrhythmias, diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, and pharmacogenomics. However, there are many barriers to implementation, including the cost of testing, the genetic literacy of patients and health care providers, and concerns about genetic discrimination. Conclusion: Genetics and genomics will be increasingly utilized in every field of medicine; however, health care providers and patients must have realistic expectations about its predictive power and current limitations.
Further evidence of Na+ conductance in frog stomach in Cl- -free media.

SummaryThe replacement of choline ions by Na+ ions in the secretory solution of the frog gastric mucosa of Rana pipiens in Cl--free media increases the resistance, the PD, and the H+ secretory rate. The replacement of Na+ by choline ions produces generally the reverse changes of the three electrophysiological parameters. The experimental data involving the PD and H+ secretory rate can be explained in terms of a Na+ emf in a Na+ conductance pathway opposing the H+ emf in a H+ conductance pathway on the secretory (apical) membrane.
Changes in diatom assemblages in Lake C2 (Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada): response to basin isolation from the sea and to other environmental changes

Diatoms preserved in the sediments of Lake C2 (82°50′ N, 76°00′ W), a high arctic meromictic lake, track changes in the lake's salinity which have occurred as the basin was isolated from the sea. An assemblage dominated by marine taxa, such as Chaetoceros species, Nitzschia cylindrus and Diploneis spp., was replaced by a Cyclotella kuetzingiana var. planetophora dominated freshwater flora. A brief brackish period separates the two assemblages. Relatively little floristic change occurred within either the marine or freshwater periods, indicating rather stable environmental conditions, except that rheophilous diatoms fluctuated in relative abundance during the lacustrine phase, perhaps tracking past changes in discharge from inflowing streams. These may reflect periods of warmer, wetter environmental conditions.
Window region infrared radiation transfer through clouds and the sensitivity of cloud parameters to radiative effects

Abstract The effects due to the passage of i.r. radiation through clouds are predominantly due to the window region spectrum (between 8 and 13 μm). An approximation scheme is used to identify those parameters in the cloud model that determine the heating and cooling effects and the sensitivity of these effects to the variations in the parameters. The results show that the anomalously large heating/cooling effects predicted by the exact calculations are actually a consequence of the choice of a homogeneous liquid water content profile and that an adjustment in this profile results in a lessening of these effects. The radiative effects are also found to be dependent on the size distribution in a nontrivial fashion. In particular, it is found that the use of bimodal distributions, a characteristic feature of clouds with entrainment, results in a lowering of the heating and cooling effects, even with a homogeneous vertical profile, to values more realistic than those obtained with monomodal distributions.
SOLUTION OF LINEAR ELASTODYNAMICS PROBLEMS WITH SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENTS ON STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED MESHES

Abstract A new implicit approach for the solution of linear elastodynamics problems on structured and unstructured meshes with space–time finite elements is suggested. New weak formulations are based on time continuous (TCG) and discontinuous (TDG) Galerkin methods. It was shown that for structured meshes, the new TCG method has a higher order of accuracy (by a factor of two) than that of the standard TCG method. At the same number of degrees of freedom the accuracy of the new TCG method is one order higher than the accuracy of the standard TDG method. The introduction of new weighting functions for the weak formulations of the TCG and TDG methods allows control of the high frequency behavior without degradation of accuracy of the methods. A variable number of elements in the time direction as well as a variable order of polynomial time approximations of finite elements for time slabs allows the implementation of a coupled space–time adaptive procedure using structured or unstructured meshes. Numerical examples for 1-D problems demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND DOWNTOWN RESTRUCTURING: THE CASE OF NEW YORK CITY'S FINANCIAL DISTRICT

Among central-city land-use districts, the financial district traditionally has been the most locationally stable. Advances in building and business technology, such as steel frame contruction, the passenger elevator, and the telephone, have been accommodated through refitting existing sites. The changes in building technology required by modern, global financial companies, particularly the large horizontal footplates that exceed the size of traditional sites, have finally loosened the concentrated business district location. In downtown Manhattan, the result has been a doughnut shape, as large financial institutions have moved to the periphery, leaving Wall Street with back-office functions. The obsolescence of traditional locations imposed by a building technology that favors horizontal over vertical spaces may be offset by the perceived need for face-to-face contact. The degree to which financial institutions in world cities maintain a dispersed but identifiable district in the future may be an accurat...
A method for reliable measurement of relative frictional properties of different self-assembled monolayers using frictional force microscopy

A practical method of preparing silica surfaces coated with spatially segregated silane amphiphiles for the purpose of accurately comparing their frictional properties is discussed. The method uses a UV/ozone photochemical process that utilizes spatially selective decomposition and deposition of amphiphiles. By using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) grid, selected areas of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) are either exposed to or protected from the degradation process. The process shows no detrimental effect to the silica surface, nor does it affect the properties of the masked monolayer remaining after degradation. Contact angle goniometry and friction force measurements of several organosilane SAMs demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Effects of chemical treatments on the quality and quantitative reliability of solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of mineral soils

Three mineral soils were treated by chemical methods traditionally used to increase cross polarization magic angle spinning technique (CP-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral quality. Treatment with 2% HF/BF3 produced the highest quality spectra followed by 4% sodium dithionite and 0.05 M tin(II) chloride, respectively. The improvement in spectral quality was due to both reduction in the paramagnetic character of the soils as well as an increase in the concentration of organic carbon. Surprisingly, removal of iron did not necessarily correlate with higher quality spectra. Dithionite selectively removed aliphatic material, most likely associated with iron, and 2% HF/BF3 removed O-alkyl and carboxyl carbon. Relaxation rate constants (T1H and T1ρH) were shown to be a function of the treatment method employed rather than the paramagnetic content of the soil through use of proton spin relaxation editing (PSRE).
Cholecystokinin-induced changes in polysome structure regulate protein synthesis in pancreas

Translational regulation of digestive enzyme synthesis during short-term stimulation by cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP), was examined in minced rabbit pancreas by measuring protein synthesis and monitoring alterations in the size of polysomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The effect of CCK-OP on protein synthesis was determined by measuring [3H]leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable proteins. Concentrations of CCK-OP that caused maximal enzyme secretion (10 and 30 nM) decreased protein synthesis by approx. 50% compared to control. Protein synthesis returned to the control level 60 min after terminating the action of CCK-OP. Autoradiography of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins separated by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that CCK-OP reversibly inhibited the synthesis of all of the major groups of digestive enzymes. Northern blot analysis revealed that CCK-OP did not alter the cellular content of amylase and elastase mRNA. Incubation with CCK-OP caused a decrease in the size distribution of RER-bound polysomes. Polysome profiles returned to the control pattern 60 min following termination of the stimulus. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of CCK-OP on the synthesis of digestive enzymes is regulated at translation by decreasing the number of RER-bound ribosomes that are actively translating digestive enzyme mRNA.
Introduction and Preliminary Experimental Results of Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Systems

At first, this paper presents an overview on the background and technical merits of wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE) systems. Next, a WAVE testbed was setup and the preliminary experimental results are reported. The WAVE testbed operates at the center frequency of 5.9 GHz and adopts a signal format defined by a draft of the IEEE 802.11p standard. Based on the experimental data captured in a typical vehicle-to-roadside access point environment, related channel impulse responses and capacities are extracted and analyzed
Management of Renal Dysfunction in Patients Receiving a Liver Transplant

Renal dysfunction is a frequent complication in patients with endstage liver disease awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. Although the stereotypical form of renal dysfunction is the hepatorenal syndrome, common causes of acute kidney injury include prerenal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis in this population. Management involves hemodynamic support, renal replacement therapy, and mitigation of risk factors. Renal dysfunction in a cirrhotic patient usually implies a poor prognosis in the absence of liver transplantation. An important issue is the frequent need for kidney, in addition to liver, transplantation if renal insufficiency has been persistent in a decompensated cirrhotic.
Can Politicians Bargain with Business?: A Theoretical and Comparative Perspective on Urban Development

These authors examine the capability of local government to influence economic development by formulating a framework that treats state-business relations as a bargaining process. This framework su...
Insider Censoring: Distortion of Data with Nondetects

ABSTRACT Environmental data often include low-level concentrations below reporting limits. These data may be reported as “< RL,” where RL is one of several types of reporting limits. Some values also may be reported as a single number, but flagged with a qualifier (J-values) to indicate a difference in precision as compared to values above the RL. A currently used method for reporting censored environmental data called “insider censoring” produces a strong upward bias, while also distorting the shape of the data distribution. This results in inaccurate estimates of summary statistics and regression coefficients, distorts evaluations of whether data follow a normal distribution, and introduces inaccuracies into risk assessments and models. Insider censoring occurs when data measured as below the detection limit (< DL) are reported as less than the higher quantitation limit (< QL), whereas values between the DL and QL are reported as individual numbers. Three unbiased alternatives to insider censoring are p...
SOCIAL DOMINANCE, MALE BEHAVIOUR AND MATING IN MIXED-SEX FLOCKS OF RED JUNGLE FOWL

In mixed-sex flocks of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), both males and females form dominance hierarchies, and male-male aggression and female choice can influence mating success. If females prefer the dominant male, there is no conflict between intra- and intersexual selection. We studied captive flocks consisting of two males and three females. In 1998, dominant males had larger combs than subordinate males in most flocks, while in 1999, comb size did not differ between dominant and subordinate males. The dominant male crowed more and performed more wing flaps than the subordinate male, but both males performed an equal number of tidbits and waltzes. The dominant male obtained more copulations than the subordinate male. When the dominant male had the larger comb, females of all ranks preferred to mate with and associated with the dominant male. When the subordinate male had the larger comb, primary and secondary females mated with the dominant male while tertiary females mated more often with the subordinate male, and female association with a male did not predict mating. Males with large combs are preferred by females and tend to become dominant, but females seem to prefer males with large combs even when these males are subordinate.
Tonotopic organization of rabbit auditory cortex.

Abstract The representation of sound frequency within the auditory cortex of New Zealand and Dutch Belted rabbits was investigated using tangential microelectrode penetrations. Both multiunit and evoked potential responses to tone bursts were examined. The auditory cortex of the rabbit was found to lie caudal to the genu of the rhinal sulcus on the lateral surface of the temporal cortex. Two contiguous and tonotopically organized fields were found: a large primary field and a smaller secondary field dorsal and anterior to it. Within the primary field there is a complete and orderly representation of sound frequency. The highest best frequencies (ca. 30.5 kHz) are represented in the dorsal part of the field; the lowest best frequencies (ca 0.4 kHz) are represented in the ventral part of the field. The frequency range of 1 to 18 kHz was represented in greatest detail. The primary field was coextensive with cortex exhibiting cytoarchitectonic features characteristic of sensory cortex: a wide, cell-dense lamina III/IV, a broad, sparsely cellular lamina V, and a well-developed lamina VI. The secondary field also contains an orderly tonotopic organization but it is reverse to that of the primary field. Its highest best frequencies were located ventrally and its lowest best frequencies dorsally. The auditory region in the rabbit is compared with that of two previously mapped, smooth-brain mammals—the squirrel and the guinea pig.
Responses in extracellular and intracellular calcium and magnesium in aldosteronism.

We hypothesized the hypercalciuria and hypermagnesuria that accompany aldosteronism could be pharmacologically attenuated to prevent shifts in extracellular and intracellular levels of these divalent cations and the adverse outcomes associated with them. Accordingly, rats administered aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST) were cotreated with either hydrochlorothiazide (Hctz), to selectively reabsorb urinary Ca 2+ , or with Hctz plus spironolactone (Hctz+Spi), where Spi retards the excretion of these cations in both urine and feces. We monitored urinary excretion and responses in extracellular and intracellular Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , together with indices of oxi/nitrosative stress in plasma and ventricular tissue. At 4 weeks ALDOST we found the following: (1) hypercalciuria was reduced by Hctz and normalized by Hctz+Spi, and this combination, unlike Hctz alone, also rescued hypermagnesuria; (2) the decrease in plasma-ionized [Ca 2+ ] o was not seen with Hctz or Hctz+Spi, whereas Spi cotreatment protected against a decline in [Mg 2+ ] o ; (3) the Ca 2+ loading of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cardiac tissue was not seen with Hctz+Spi; and (4) the induction of oxi/nitrosative stress, expressed as reduced plasma α 1 -antiproteinase activity and activation of gp91 phox subunit of NADPH oxidase in inflammatory cells invading intramural coronary arteries of the right and left ventricles, together with vascular fibrosis, was completely prevented by Spi cotreatment. In rats with aldosteronism, cotreatment with Hctz+Spi more effectively (vis-a-vis Hctz alone) protects against adverse iterations in extracellular and intracellular concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , as well as the appearance of oxi/nitrosative stress to prevent the proinflammatory vascular phenotype.
Characterization Of The Infrared And Far-Infrared Properties Of Sapphire And Quartz

ABSTRACTHigh -quality room -temperature data have been obtained on single -crystal sapphire and quartz in the far infrared (v = 50-200 cm 1) and found to follow the expected v2 variation (based on the fluctuation- dissipation theorem, e.g., Huber and Van Vleck). An extrapolation to lower frequencies following the v2 curveis found to be consistent with experimental data down to 1cm -1. It has been physically argued in the past that the absorp-tion mechanism in this region arises from broad phonon dif- ference bands. We find that a substantial fraction of the observed absorption is consistent with a red -wing extrapolation from the dominant one -phonon modes seen in the reflectionspectrum. A combination of these two mechanisms is believedto account for the smooth falloff in absorption that is observed.INTRODUCTIONThe ability to grow high -quality sapphire and quartz makesthese two materials desirable for many applications in the in- frared and far infrared. A simple, but descriptive, model of mul-