cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Streaming Potential Collection and Data Processing Techniques

To date, no comprehensive comparison of streaming potential coupling coefficient collection or processing techniques has been made. Here, time-varying streaming potential and dc streaming potential data collection and processing techniques are presented and compared. The time-varying streaming potential data include sinusoidal and transient data. The collection techniques include acquiring dc streaming potentials at various pressures, acquiring time-varying streaming potentials at varying pressure, acquiring streaming potentials as a function of frequency, and collecting time-varying raw data. The processing techniques include dc filtering, rms processing, cross-correlation, spectral analysis, and plotting of raw time-varying streaming potential versus raw pressure data. The results show that all processing methods yield the same coupling coefficient within 3%. The analysis also shows that if there is a good signal-to-noise ratio, all processing methods perform satisfactorily. If the signal-to-noise ratio is poor, then the spectral analysis outperforms the other processing methods. The data collection methods are all adequate, but individual applications may make one method superior to another.
STEADY-STATE KINETIC MECHANISM OF RAT TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE

The steady-state kinetic mechanism for rat tyrosine hydroxylase has been determined by using recombinant enzyme expressed in insect tissue culture cells. Variation of any two of the three substrates, tyrosine, 6-methyltetrahydropterin, and oxygen, together at nonsaturating concentrations of the third gives a pattern of intersecting lines in a double-reciprocal plot. Varying tyrosine and oxygen together results in a rapid equilibrium pattern, while the other substrate pairs both fit a sequential mechanism. When tyrosine and 6-methyltetrahydropterin are varied at a fixed ratio at different oxygen concentrations, the intercept replot is linear and the slope replot is nonlinear with a zero intercept, consistent with rapid equilibrium binding of oxygen. All the replots when oxygen is varied in a fixed ratio with either tyrosine or 6-methyltetrahydropterin are nonlinear with finite intercepts. 6-Methyl-7,8-dihydropterin and norepinephrine are competitive inhibitors versus 6-methyltetrahydropterin and noncompetitive inhibitors versus tyrosine. 3-Iodotyrosine, a competitive inhibitor versus tyrosine, shows uncompetitive inhibition versus 6-methyltetrahydropterin. At high concentrations, tyrosine is a competitive inhibitor versus 6-methyltetrahydropterin. These results are consistent with an ordered kinetic mechanism with the order of binding being 6-methyltetrahydropterin, oxygen, and tyrosine and with formation of a dead-end enzyme-tyrosine complex. There is no significant primary kinetic isotope effect on the V/K values or on the Vmax value with [3,5-2H2]tyrosine as substrate. No burst of dihydroxyphenylalanine production is seen during the first turnover. These results rule out product release and carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage as rate-limiting steps.
Europium- and lithium-doped yttrium oxide nanocrystals that provide a linear emissive response with X-ray radiation exposure

Eu- and Li-doped yttrium oxide nanocrystals [Y2−xO3; Eux, Liy], in which Eu and Li dopant ion concentrations were systematically varied, were developed and characterized (TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopic, UV-excited lifetime, and ICP-AES data) in order to define the most emissive compositions under specific X-ray excitation conditions. These optimized [Y2−xO3; Eux, Liy] compositions display scintillation responses that: (i) correlate linearly with incident radiation exposure at X-ray energies spanning from 40–220 kVp, and (ii) manifest no evidence of scintillation intensity saturation at the highest evaluated radiation exposures [up to 4 Roentgen per second]. For the most emissive nanoscale scintillator composition, [Y1.9O3; Eu0.1, Li0.16], excitation energies of 40, 120, and 220 kVp were chosen to probe the dependence of the integrated emission intensity upon X-ray exposure-rate in energy regimes having different mass-attenuation coefficients and where either the photoelectric or the Compton effect governs the scintillation mechanism. These experiments demonstrate for the first time for that for comparable radiation exposures, when the scintillation mechanism is governed by the photoelectric effect and a comparably larger mass-attenuation coefficient (120 kVp excitation), greater integrated emission intensities are recorded relative to excitation energies where the Compton effect regulates scintillation (220 kVp) in nanoscale [Y2−xO3; Eux] crystals. Nanoscale [Y1.9O3; Eu0.1, Li0.16] (70 ± 20 nm) was further exploited as a detector material in a prototype fiber-optic radiation sensor. The scintillation intensity from the [Y1.9O3; Eu0.1, Li0.16]-modified, 400 μm sized optical fiber tip, recorded using a CCD-photodetector and integrated over the 605–617 nm wavelength domain, was correlated with radiation exposure using a Precision XRAD 225Cx small-animal image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) system. For both 80 and 225 kVp energies, this radiotransparent device recorded scintillation intensities that tracked linearly with total radiation exposure, highlighting its capability to provide alternately accurate dosimetry measurements for both diagnostic imaging (80 kVp) and radiation therapy treatment (225 kVp).
A mathematical theory of visual hallucination patterns

Neuronal activity in a two-dimensional net is analyzed in the neighborhood of an instability. Bifurcation theory and group theory are used to demonstrate the existence of a variety of doublyperiodic patterns, hexagons, rolls, etc., as solutions to the field equations for the net activity. It is suggested that these simple geometric patterns are the cortical concomitants of the "form constants" seen during visual hallucinosis.
Dietary Fat–Induced Alterations in Atherosclerosis Are Abolished by ACAT2-Deficiency in ApoB100 Only, LDLr−/− Mice

Objectives— The enzyme acyl-coenzymeA (CoA):cholesterol O-acyl trans ferase 2 (ACAT2) in the liver synthesizes cholesteryl esters (CE) from cholesterol and fatty acyl-CoA, which get incorporated into apoB-containing lipoproteins that are secreted into the bloodstream. Dietary fatty acid composition influences the amount and fatty acid composition of CE within apoB-containing lipoproteins. We hypothesized that when ACAT2 activity is removed by gene deletion, hepatic CE synthesis and secretion would be minimal and, as a result, dietary fat-related differences in atherosclerosis would be eliminated. Methods and Results— Groups of female apoB100 only, LDLr −/− mice with and without ACAT2 were fed diets enriched in either ω-3 or ω-6 polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat, and cis or trans monounsaturated fat. After 20 weeks on diet, mice fed diets enriched in monounsaturated or saturated fat exhibited significantly higher amounts of plasma cholesterol, larger LDL particles enriched in monounsaturated CE, and more atherosclerosis than mice fed polyunsaturated fat. The dietary fat-induced shifts in plasma cholesterol, LDL size, LDL CE composition, and atherosclerosis were not observed in ACAT2 −/− mice. Regardless of the diet fed, the ACAT2 −/− mice were protected from atherosclerosis. Conclusions— The results indicate that in apoB100 only, LDLr −/− mice, ACAT2 plays an essential role in facilitating dietary fat type–specific atherosclerosis through its various effects on plasma lipoprotein concentration and composition.
Hot Spot Heating by Composition Shoes

It is generally understood that uneven heating of the tread of a wheel during braking is possible. A method has been devised to measure the intensity and frequency of hot spots on the wheel tread surface. After a description of the measurement apparatus and technique, results of a study of hot spots during constant speed brake applications with single composition shoes are presented. Possible lowering of the hot spot level by increasing the conformability of the brake shoe is studied by cutting one slot across each pad of a brake shoe. This method of hot spot study may be useful for future analysis and improvement of brake shoes.
Survival analysis tools in genomics research

There is an increasing demand to determine the clinical implication of experimental findings in molecular biomedical research. Survival (or failure time) analysis methodologies have been adapted to the analysis of genomics data to link molecular information with clinical outcomes of interest. Genome-wide molecular profiles have served as sources for discovery of predictive/prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets in the past decade. In this review, we overview currently available software, web applications, and databases specifically developed for survival analysis in genomics research and discuss issues in assessing clinical utility of molecular features derived from genomic profiling.
Coherent optical MIMO (COMIMO)

We present a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) optical link based on coherent optics and its ability to exploit the inherent information capacity of multimode fiber. A coherent implementation differs from previous work in optical MIMO by allowing the system to tolerate smaller modal delay spreads, because of a much larger carrier frequency, and yet maintain the necessary diversity needed for MIMO operation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of MIMO adaptive equalization to mitigate intersymbol interference when exceeding the bandwidth-length product of the link. The impact of phase noise is studied with numerical simulation.
Buyer–Supplier Performance: The Role of Asset Specificity, Reciprocal Investments and Relational Exchange

This paper argues that the extent and balance of transaction specific assets, and the presence of relational norms in a buyer–supplier relationship are important factors affecting partnership performance. Hypotheses were tested using data from 393 manufacturing firms. Results revealed that while specific investments by one participant in the relationship negatively impacted the indicators of performance, offsetting investments by the other party effectively increased performance. Relational-exchange elements were positively related to performance.
Obesity, metabolic dysregulation, and cancer: a growing concern and an inflammatory (and microenvironmental) issue.

Obesity is an established risk and progression factor for many cancers. In the United States more than one-third of adults, and nearly one in five children, are currently obese. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanistic links between obesity and cancer is urgently needed to identify intervention targets and strategies to offset the procancer effects of obesity. This review synthesizes the evidence on key biological mechanisms underlying the obesity–cancer association, with particular emphasis on obesity-associated enhancements in growth factor signaling, inflammation, and perturbations in the tumor microenvironment. These interrelated pathways and processes represent mechanistic targets for disrupting the obesity–cancer link.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Temporary Housing for the 1994 Northridge Earthquake

Earthquakes and tsunamis often cause significant damages in civil infrastructure systems and housing units, leading to large-scale displacement of families. These displaced families need temporary housing arrangements, such as travel trailers and leased hotels, until permanent housing solutions are available. This article presents a multi-objective optimization model to support decision-makers in identifying optimal temporary housing arrangements for displaced families after natural disasters. The model is developed using weighted linear programming and is capable of optimizing four possibly conflicting objectives, namely: (1) minimizing negative socioeconomic impacts on displaced families; (2) maximizing safety of displaced families; (3) minimizing adverse environmental impacts; and (4) minimizing total public expenditures. The model was used to analyze and optimize a case study of temporary housing arrangements after the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. The analysis of this case study illustrates the potenti...
On putting apples into bottles — A problem of polysemy

An experiment was designed in such a manner that a sentence could be recalled given a certain cue only if the subject’s encoding of the sentence included details and involved distinctions in the senses of words which could not have been part of the correct dictionary readings for these words. The most plausible interpretation of the results is that comprehension of a sentence entails constructing a particularized and elaborated mental representation, and that this process depends more heavily on knowledge of the world and analysis of context than is generally appreciated. It is claimed that existing associative or semantic network theories would be strained to accommodate the data. A gedanken experiment: a group of subjects is presented with the sentence The container held the apples; another group sees The container held the cola. Later each group is given two retrieval cues, bottle, and basket. There are two questions: which cue will best facilitate recall for each group, and why? This paper addresses these questions. Our thesis is that sentence comprehension and memory involve constructing particularized and elaborated mental representations, and that network models currently have no satisfactory way of accounting for this. That language comprehension is a constructive, elaborative process has been demonstrated already (cf. Bransford, Barclay & Franks, 1972; Bransford & McCarrell, in press). Previous investigators have stressed the importance of a person’s using context to get a holistic interpretation of the to-be-comprehended sentences. Our emphasis is on the resulting mental representation. Specifically we claim that the representation is generally more detailed than the words in the utterance might appear to entail; that the words only loosely constrain the representation; and that one’s store of knowledge about the world and analysis of context are
Local Recurrence of Breast Cancer after Breast Conservation Therapy in Patients Examined by Means of Stereotactic Core-Needle Biopsy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of locally recurrent breast cancer in patients treated with breast conservation surgery and radiation therapy to determine if increased local recurrence is observed in women examined by means of stereotactic core-needle biopsy (SCNB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 551 consecutive patients with breast cancer who were treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy were reviewed retrospectively. The 551 cases were divided into three groups: those examined by means of SCNB (n = 86), those examined by means of excisional biopsy preceded by needle localization (n = 242), and those in which the masses were palpable and who underwent biopsy without imaging guidance (n = 223). The local recurrence rate and the Mantel-Haenszel statistic for survival curves were calculated for each group. To test for statistical significance, χ2 analysis was performed for categorical variables and a t test or analysis of variance was performed for calculation of continuous variables. R...
Lab exercises and learning activities for courses in computer networks

For today's graduates in computer science and engineering, possessing a working knowledge of networking and data communications has become essential. While most computer science and engineering departments offer an upper-level course in this area, many are exploring ways to leach some of this material earlier in the curriculum. Doing this provides an opportunity for advanced study in this area, but it also presents some challenges. One such challenge is how to create labs and activities for students who may not have the typical upper-division course background. This paper presents activities that are suitable for use in a lower-division computer networks course or that can be used in programs where access to proper lab facilities may be limited. In addition, the projects are designed to use collaborative learning and discovery learning techniques. The structure of these activities is presented and a qualitative discussion of their effectiveness is given.
Chemie und Biochemie der Pflanzenstoffe, XXXVII1) Darstellung von trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2,3-epoxy-1-propanonen und ihre Umwandlung in diastereomere Chlorhydrine

Die Darstellung von trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2,3-epoxyl-1-propanonen 1–4 und ihre Umwandlung in threo- und erythro-Chlorhydrine 5–10 werden beschrieben. Die Strukturen und Konfigurationen werden mit Hilfe von 1H-NMR- und IR-Spektren und chemischen Methoden bestimmt. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Constitutents, XXXVII1). – Preparation of trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2,3-epoxy-1-propanones and Their Conversion in to Diastereomeric Chlorohydrins Te preparation of trans-1,3-diphenyl-2,3-epoxy-1-propanones 1–4 und their conversion into threo- and erythro-chlorohydrins 5–10 are described. Their structures and configurations are determined by 1H-NMR and IR spectra and by chemical methods.
‘There’s no place like home’: perceptions of home-based HIV testing in Lesotho

HIV testing has the potential to reduce HIV transmission by identifying and counseling individuals with HIV, reducing risk behaviors, linking persons with HIV to care and earlier treatment, and reducing perinatal transmission. In Lesotho, a high HIV prevalence country in which a large proportion of the population has never tested for HIV, home-based testing (HBT) may be an important strategy to increase HIV testing. We identified factors influencing acceptability of HIV prevention strategies among a convenience sample of 200 pregnant or post-partum Basotho women and 30 Basotho men. We first conducted cross-sectional surveys, followed by key informant interviews with all 30 men and focus group discussions with a sub-set of 62 women. In total, 82% of women reported positive perceptions of HBT; women and men viewed HBT as a potential way to increase testing among men and saw the home as a comfortable, supportive environment for testing and counseling couples and families together. Potential barriers to HBT uptake included concerns about confidentiality, privacy, coercion to test, conflict within the family and fear of HIV/AIDS-associated stigma. Participants emphasized community mobilization and education as important elements of HBT.
2‐Bis((2S,5S)‐2,5‐dimethylphospholano)benzene (S,S)‐Me‐DuPhos and 1,2‐Bis((2R,5R)‐2,5‐dimethylphospholano)benzene (R,R)‐Me‐DuPhos

[147253-67-6] C18H28P2 InChI = 1S/C18H28P2/c1-13-9-10-14(2)19(13)17-7-5-6-8-18(17)20-15(3)11-12-16(20)4/h5-8,13-16H,9-12H2,1-4H3/t13-,14-,15-,16-/m1/s1 InChIKey = AJNZWRKTWQLAJK-KLHDSHLOSA-N [136735-95-0] C18H28P2 InChI = 1S/C18H28P2/c1-13-9-10-14(2)19(13)17-7-5-6-8-18(17)20-15(3)11-12-16(20)4/h5-8,13-16H,9-12H2,1-4H3/t13-,14-,15-,16-/m0/s1 InChIKey = AJNZWRKTWQLAJK-VGWMRTNUSA-N Physical Data: mp 79–81 °C, [α]D25 + 476 +/− 5 (c 1, hexanes) for the S,S-enantiomer. Form Supplied in: colorless crystals, Strem chemicals. Preparative Methods: the DuPhos ligands are readily synthesized from the corresponding chiral 1,4-diols via the derived cyclic sulfate (eq 1).1 The intermediate cyclic sulfate is isolable as a crystalline solid, and can be recrystallized from hexane/diethyl ether. The ligands are then obtained by treatment with lithiated 1,2-phenylene bisphosphine. After nucleophilic ring opening, treatment with two additional equivalents of n-butyllithium gives facile ring closure to generate the five-membered phospholane ligands. The analogous four-membered phospholane has been prepared in the same manner.2 (1) Purification: recrystallized from methanol at −10 °C. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: crystalline Me-DuPhos is stable to air oxidation for over 10 days. However, it is generally prudent to store the DuPhos ligands under an inert atmosphere. In benzene solution, the DuPhos ligands are prone to oxidation with ca. 65% conversion to phosphine oxide after 3 weeks. Toxicity data are not available.
Predicting the geodetic signature of MW ≥ 8 slow slip events

[1] Elastic dislocation models of geodetic measurements above subduction zones have led to the identification of MW ≈ 6.0–7.2 slow slip events (SSEs) that release elastic strain over periods of days to months, but great (MW ≥ 8) SSEs have remained unidentified. We extrapolate observations of SSE duration and slip magnitude to show that slip velocity decreases with event magnitude and predict that the slip velocity of MW ≥ 8 SSEs is ≤50 mm/yr. The slip velocity for great SSEs may never exceed the plate convergence rate and thus never produce a reversal in trench perpendicular motion. Instead, geodetically constrained estimates of apparent partial elastic coupling on subduction zone interfaces worldwide may be direct observations of ongoing MW ≥ 8 silent earthquakes with durations of decades to centuries.
A 24 GHz 6-Bit CMOS Phased-Array Receiver

This letter presents a 24 GHz 6 b phased-array receiver implemented in 0.13 mum CMOS. This design is based on a novel active vector generator that results in wideband quasi-quadrature vectors, which are used to synthesize the desired phase response. The active phase shifter has measured rms gain and phase errors of <0.5 dB and < 2.8deg at 23-24.4 GHz, resulting in a 6 b resolution. The phased-array receiver has a gain of 14 dB, a NF of 6 dB, a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 4.7 GHz and wideband input and output match. The chip consumes 30 mA from a 1.5 V supply with dimensions of 0.66 times 1.25 mm2 including pads (0.5 times 1 mm2 without pads).
The Effect of Leadership on Follower Moral Identity: Does Transformational/Transactional Style Make a Difference?

The goal of this article is to study the effects of transformational versus transactional leadership behavior on how followers report their level of moral identity. Using field survey data (n = 672...
Fundamental Performance Limits in Lossy Polyphase Systems: Apparent Power and Optimal Compensation

The paper formulates and solves the problem of optimizing power flows in polyphase systems with significant source (line) impedance. The authors present two fundamental performance bounds, which give rise to explicit formulas for the apparent power and optimally compensated load current. Properties of the solution are illustrated on the example of an asymmetrical three-phase induction motor supplied with unbalanced non-sinusoidal voltages.
New Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes1

Abstract Chiral α-hydroxyphosphonates are biologically active2 and are flexible precursors for other α and γ substituted phosphonates 3 The fact that the biological activity is oRen dependent on the absolute configuration of the a-position has resulted in a growing interest in methods for the asymmetric synthesis of hydroxyphosphonates 1Potentially, the most efficient and economic route to these compounds involves enantioselective catalvsis.
Complete characterization of channel-resistant DMT with cyclic prefix

We provide a complete characterization of discrete multitone transmission (DMT) systems that employ a cyclic prefix redundancy and that can be equalized by a bank of one-tap equalizers in each subchannel, for almost all values of channel parameters. We show that among all possible finite-impulse response transmitting and receiving filters of arbitrary order, such channel-resistant transmission requires 1) that the receive filters be matched to the transmit filters and 2) that to within a scaling and delay, the transmit and receive filters have inverse discrete Fourier transform and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients. Thus, we prove that, should cyclic prefix be applied, only trivial variants of traditional DFT-based DMT systems are channel resistant.
Direct and Feeder Vessel Photocoagulation of Retinal Angiomas with Dye Yellow Laser

Dye yellow laser photocoagulation (577 nm) was used to treat 14 retinal angiomas in nine patients. Eight patients had von Hippel-Lindau disease. Treatment was applied either directly to the tumor surface or to the feeding artery. Seven of eight angiomas that were treated directly and five of six that had feeder vessel treatment only were ablated successfully using dye yellow laser alone (mean follow-up, 11.1 months). An average of 2.2 treatments for feeder vessel and 1.1 treatments for direct ablation was required. Neither treatment caused decreased vision or severe complications. Dye yellow laser photocoagulation allows for effective treatment of retinal angiomas even when applied to the feeder vessel alone.
Formation of soluble amyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils by the multifunctional protein vitronectin

Background: The multifunctional protein vitronectin is present within the deposits associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), atherosclerosis, systemic amyloidoses, and glomerulonephritis. The extent to which vitronectin contributes to amyloid formation within these plaques, which contain misfolded, amyloidogenic proteins, and the role of vitronectin in the pathophysiology of the aforementioned diseases is currently unknown. The investigation of vitronectin aggregation is significant since the formation of oligomeric and fibrillar structures are common features of amyloid proteins. Results: We observed vitronectin immunoreactivity in senile plaques of AD brain, which exhibited overlap with the amyloid fibril-specific OC antibody, suggesting that vitronectin is deposited at sites of amyloid formation. Of particular interest is the growing body of evidence indicating that soluble nonfibrillar oligomers may be responsible for the development and progression of amyloid diseases. In this study we demonstrate that both plasma-purified and recombinant human vitronectin readily form spherical oligomers and typical amyloid fibrils. Vitronectin oligomers are toxic to cultured neuroblastoma and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, possibly via a membrane-dependent mechanism, as they cause leakage of synthetic vesicles. Oligomer toxicity was attenuated in RPE cells by the anti-oligomer A11 antibody. Vitronectin fibrils contain a C-terminal protease-resistant fragment, which may approximate the core region of residues essential to amyloid formation. Conclusion: These data reveal the propensity of vitronectin to behave as an amyloid protein and put forth the possibilities that accumulation of misfolded vitronectin may contribute to aggregate formation seen in age-related amyloid diseases.
Transforming growth factor-beta 3(Tgf-β3) in a collagen gel delays fusion of the rat posterior interfrontal suture in vivo

Postnatal expansion of the intramembranous bones of the craniofacial skeleton occurs as bone growth at sutures. Loss of the bone growth site occurs when the suture fails to form, or when the newly formed sutures become ossified, resulting in premature obliteration. Previous experiments demonstrated that removal of dura mater from fetal rat coronal sutures, or neutralizing transforming growth factor-beta 2 (Tgf-β2) activity using antibodies resulted in premature obliteration of the suture in vitro. Conversely, addition of Tgf-β3 to coronal sutures in vitro rescued them from osseous obliteration. To examine whether Tgf-β3 rescues sutures from obliteration in vivo, a collagen gel was used as a vehicle to deliver Tgf-β3 to the normally fusing rat posterior interfrontal (IF) suture. Surgery was done on postnatal day 9 (P9) rats, in which collagen gels containing 0, 3, or 30 ng Tgf-β3 were placed above the IF suture, underneath the periosteum for 2 weeks. By P24, 75–100% of animals in control unoperated, sham-operated, and collagen gel-only groups had fused IF sutures. In contrast, 40% of sutures exposed to 3 ng Tgf-β3 remained open, while sutures exposed to 30 ng Tgf-β were similar to controls. By immunohistochemistry, sutures rescued from obliteration by Tgf-β3 had the same Tgf-β receptor type II (Tβr-II) distribution as controls. However, Tgf-β3-treated sutures had altered Tgf-β2 and Tβr-I distribution compared to controls. Anat Rec 267:120–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chesapeake Bay recovery and factors affecting trends: Long-term monitoring, indicators, and insights☆

Monitoring the outcome of restoration efforts is the only way to identify the status of a recovery and the most effective management strategies. In this paper, we discuss Chesapeake Bay and watershed recovery and factors influencing water quality trends. For over 30 years, the Chesapeake Bay Program Partnership’s long-term tidal and watershed water quality monitoring networks have measured physical, chemical and biological parameters throughout the bay and its surrounding watershed underpinning an adaptive management process to drive ecosystem recovery. There are many natural and anthropogenic factors operating and interacting to affect the watershed and bay water quality recovery responses to management actions. Across habitats and indicators, the bay and its watershed continue to express a diverse spatial and temporal fabric of multiscale conditions, stressors and trends that show a range of health conditions and impairments, as well as evidence of progress and degradation. Recurrent independent reviews of the monitoring program have driven a culture of continued adaptation of the monitoring networks to reflect ever evolving management information needs. The adherence to bay and watershed-wide consistent monitoring protocols provides monitoring data supporting analyses and development of scientific syntheses that underpin indicator and model development, regulatory assessments, targeting of management actions, evaluation of management effectiveness, and directing of priorities and policies.
Phase I/II trial of capecitabine (C), dacarbazine (D) and imatinib (I) (CDI) for patients (pts) metastatic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC)

13048 Background: MTC is a rare tumor that responds poorly to conventional chemotherapy. 5-FU and D are frequently used, with an expected response rate of around 15%. MTC is often associated with m...
Un examen crítico de la evolución de la educación de doctorado en enfermería en los Estados Unidos

La educacion de enfermeria en los Estados Unidos esta experimentando grandes transformaciones, como consecuencia de factores tanto dentro de la enfermeria como en la sociedad en general. OBJETIVO: En este trabajo los autores examinan las tendencias y los factores que estan influyendo en los cambios, especialmente en la educacion de doctorado, para el cientifico enfermero que requiere una preparacion practica avanzada. CONCLUSION: El documento proporciona un fondo que sirve de contexto, se da una vision general de los estudios de doctorado y los grados de DNP, centrandose en los cambios recientes y la identificacion de los problemas y preocupaciones mas apremiantes, termina con una serie de recomendaciones
Estimating snow water equivalent over long mountain transects using snowmobile-mounted ground-penetrating radar

ABSTRACTThe water balance in alpine watersheds is dominated by snowmelt, which provides infiltration, recharges aquifers, controls peak runoff, and is responsible for most of the annual water flow downstream. Accurate estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE) is necessary for runoff and flood estimation, but acquiring enough measurements is challenging due to the variability of snow accumulation, ablation, and redistribution at a range of scales in mountainous terrain. We have developed a method for imaging snow stratigraphy and estimating SWE over large distances from a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system mounted on a snowmobile. We mounted commercial GPR systems (500 and 800 MHz) to the front of the snowmobile to provide maximum mobility and ensure that measurements were taken on pristine snow. Images showed detailed snow stratigraphy down to the ground surface over snow depths up to at least 8 m, enabling the elucidation of snow accumulation and redistribution processes. We estimated snow density (an...
The Effect of Temperature on the Structure of Lysozyme in Solution

The structure of proteins in solution is known to be dependent on ambient conditions, in particular on temperature. Most studies of this dependence have been concerned with the gross changes occurring in thermal denaturation and refolding. However, in recent years the observation of more subtle structural changes has become feasible, largely through increasing application of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The principal advantage of the method is the possibility of obtaining physical data (both structural and dynamic) on individual atoms in the molecule, and thus of characterizing any structural change in considerable detail. In particular 13C-NMR has recently been shown by several laboratories to provide extensive and precise information on the conformational state of a protein [1–5].
Freshman or Fresher? Quantifying the Geographic Variation of Language in Online Social Media

In this paper we present a new computational technique to detect and analyze statistically significant geographic variation in language. While previous approaches have primarily focused on lexical variation between regions, our method identifies words that demonstrate semantic and syntactic variation as well. We extend recently developed techniques for neural language models to learn word representations which capture differing semantics across geographical regions. In order to quantify this variation and ensure robust detection of true regional differences, we formulate a null model to determine whether observed changes are statistically significant. Our method is the first such approach to explicitly account for random variation due to chance while detecting regional variation in word meaning. To validate our model, we study and analyze two different massive online data sets: millions of tweets from Twitter as well as millions of phrases contained in the Google Book Ngrams. Our analysis reveals interesting facets of language change across countries.
Sit to Talk: Relation between Motor Skills and Language Development in Infancy

Relations between walking skills and language development have been reported in 10- to 14-month-old infants. However, whether earlier emerging motor milestones also affect language skills remains unknown. The current research fills this gap by examining the relation between reaching and sitting skills and later language development, respectively. Reaching and sitting were assessed eight times, starting when infants (N = 29) were around 3 months of age. All assessments were completed and recorded remotely via videoconference using Skype or FaceTime. Subsequently, infants' language and motor skills were assessed via parent questionnaires (Communicative Development Inventories and Early Motor Questionnaire) at 10 and 14 months of age. Results revealed a significant correlation between the emergence of sitting skills and receptive vocabulary size at 10 and 14 months of age. Regression analyses further confirmed this pattern and revealed that the emergence of sitting is a significant predictor of subsequent language development above and beyond influences of concurrent motor skills. These findings suggest that the onset of independent sitting may initiate a developmental cascade that results in increased language learning opportunities. Further, this study also demonstrates how infants' early motor skills can be assessed remotely using videoconference.
Degradation and Recovery of Transport Properties of Strained HTS Conductors

Mechanical bending of HTS tapes can result in the deterioration and destruction of their transport properties. Depending on the magnitude and type of strain (tensile or compressive), the films can be permanently damaged by fracture and recoverable only by post heat treatment, or simply elastically strained with recoverable transport properties upon release of the strain. Here we present results of strain effects on BSCCO (2212) /Ag tape transport properties and post heat treatment recovery of those properties.
Update on childhood craniopharyngiomas.

Purpose of reviewCraniopharyngioma location impacts treatment approach. Imaging advances allow for better anatomical localization, which can help determine the best surgical plan. Recent discoveries have also led to a better understanding of craniopharyngioma development and potential treatments. Th
On the Physics of Clouds and Precipitation

The entire science of meteorology is concerned with the physics of the atmosphere, but the term physical meteorology has been accepted as the designation for only one portion of the science. This division of the field includes topics such as atmospheric optics, atmospheric electricity, solar and long-wave radiation, and the physical processes of condensation and precipitation. The latter is the subject of the present contribution. The discussion will start with a consideration of condensation nuclei and will then proceed in turn to treat the initiation of condensation, the growth of the condensation products, and the formation of precipitation elements. A distinction must be made between condensation in the liquid phase and in the solid phase. There are also differences between the formation of solid and liquid precipitation elements. A brief discussion of the artificial dissipation of fog will also be included.
Die Zahl Zwei

Die Zahl 2 wird meist mit einem Paar in Verbindung gebracht. Damit tritt nun die Beziehung zwischen mehreren Objekten zutage. Diesen Aspekt werden wir z. B. bei den Beatty-Folgen und dem Jordan’schen Kurvensatz im Auge haben. Andererseits wird uns die Zahl 2 in schonen Formeln uber Potenzen und Primzahlen begegnen. Es lohnt sich also, etwas Muhe in diese Zahl zu investieren.
Measurement of Inter-fraction Changes in Bladder Volume Using Ultrasound Image Guidance for Gynecological Radiotherapy

Ultrasound based imaging is an established modality for Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT).For patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy for gynecological cancer, a full bladder condition is preferred because the filled bladder pushes small bowel outside the radiation field and reduces target motion caused by variations in bladder filling. In our clinic, all patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy receive standard bladder filling instructions. In this study we report results of bladder volume status determined from daily 3D ultrasound imaging of the reproducibility of full bladder for eleven patients. Mean bladder volume for all patients was 254.2cc with a standard deviation (SD) of 138.5. Standard instructions given to patients for bladder filling do not reproduce inter-fractional bladder volume consistently.
Do wetlands enhance downstream denitrification in agricultural landscapes

Wetlands are known to be effective sinks for nitrate. Wetland restoration and construction have gained traction as viable conservation measures to improve water quality in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. In addition to reducing nitrate in situ, wetlands may have impacts on water chemistry and temperature dynamics that extend beyond the confines of the wetlands themselves. Nonsaturating nitrate concentrations (NO3−), enhanced organic carbon effluxes, and altered temperature dynamics in streams downstream of wetlands could all affect denitrification rates within a stream network, potentially extending water quality benefits beyond wetland boundaries. We investigated the effect of wetlands on water chemistry, water temperature, and benthic denitrification rates in downstream agricultural ditches through a field measurement campaign over the open water season. We found that although ditches located downstream of wetlands had lower NO3− and higher DOC, ditch denitrification rate was not significantly altered by the presence of upstream wetlands. Rather, wetlands indirectly affected denitrification within ditches by strongly influencing the stoichiometry of the two limiting resources, NO3− and organic carbon. Peak denitrification rates in ditches were observed when DOC and NO3− supplies were approximately balanced, that is, at DOC: NO3− ratios that were near the microbial requirement for denitrification. NO3− limitation occurred primarily at sites with >3% wetland cover, and in the fall season at all sites, and DOC limitation occurred primarily at sites with <1% wetland cover. Temperature was found to be a secondary control that was important only when NO3− and DOC availabilities were balanced. Our results suggest that wetland restoration and construction targeting nitrate reduction within intensively agriculturally managed basins should be implemented in a way that promotes balanced resource availability throughout fluvial networks. Wetlands are an important regulator of resource availability and thus could be used to create conditions that maximize denitrification in NO3−-enriched watersheds.
Charcoal Iron Smelter Becomes Historic Site

A brief history and description of the charcoal iron smelter at Fayette, Michigan, and the plans being made to preserve the smelter ruins and restore the townsite.
Development and content validation of the power mobility training tool.

AbstractPurpose: This paper outlines the development and content validation of the power mobility training tool (PMTT), an observational tool designed to assist therapists in developing power mobility training programs for children who have multiple, severe impairments.Methods: Initial items on the PMTT were developed based on a literature review and in consultation with therapists experienced in the use of power mobility. Items were trialled in clinical settings, reviewed, and refined. Items were then operationalized and an administration manual detailing scoring for each item was created. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to establish content validity via a 15 member, international expert panel. The content validity ratio (CVR) was determined for each possible item.Results: Of the 19 original items, 10 achieved minimum required CVR values and were included in the final version of the PMTT. Items related to manoeuvring a power mobility device were merged and an item related to the number of ...
Multi-fidelity stochastic collocation method for computation of statistical moments

Abstract We present an efficient numerical algorithm to approximate the statistical moments of stochastic problems, in the presence of models with different fidelities. The method extends the multi-fidelity approximation method developed in [18] , [26] . By combining the efficiency of low-fidelity models and the accuracy of high-fidelity models, our method exhibits fast convergence with a limited number of high-fidelity simulations. We establish an error bound of the method and present several numerical examples to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the multi-fidelity algorithm.
An update on the OpenOrbiter I mission

The OpenOrbiter I spacecraft is a technology demonstrator for a very low-cost CubeSat bus and set of core subsystems. Using primarily commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) parts, the Open Prototype for Educational NanoSats (OPEN) is a set of designs and documentation that educational institutions, businesses and others world-wide can use to make a satellite with a parts cost of under $2,000. The OpenOrbiter I mission is demonstrating the efficacy and characterizing the performance of the OPEN framework. This basic design is a 1-U (10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm) CubeSat. It includes a P-POD / NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer compliant structure. It also includes core electronic systems (including a flight computer, electric power system, radio, and attitude determination and control system) and an (optional) payload computer board. Power generation is provided by solar panels the cover five of the six faces of the CubeSat. This paper presents an overview of the OpenOrbiter mission.
The long-term treatment of panic disorder

Panic disorder is a chronic and recurring condition, and there is therefore a need for long-term therapy. This paper reviews data from long-term studies of drug treatment for panic disorder to address issues of whether medication benefits persist, whether improvement can continue over several months or years, the tolerability of long-term treatment, patient selection for long-term treatment, and when and how to stop medication. The main conclusion is that long-term drug treatment of panic disorder is necessary, effective, and safe. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors offer benefits of ease of dosing, good tolerability, and no safety or dependence problems; TCAs are often poorly tolerated, and benzodiazepines are associated with dependence problems. Withdrawal from all types of medication should be considered, slow, planned, and individualized; some patients require an indefinite duration of treatment.
CRISPR-Mediated Integration of Large Gene Cassettes Using AAV Donor Vectors

Summary The CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been shown to facilitate high levels of precise genome editing using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to serve as donor template DNA during homologous recombination (HR). However, the maximum AAV packaging capacity of ∼4.5 kb limits the donor size. Here, we overcome this constraint by showing that two co-transduced AAV vectors can serve as donors during consecutive HR events for the integration of large transgenes. Importantly, the method involves a single-step procedure applicable to primary cells with relevance to therapeutic genome editing. We use the methodology in primary human T cells and CD34 + hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to site-specifically integrate an expression cassette that, as a single donor vector, would otherwise amount to a total of 6.5 kb. This approach now provides an efficient way to integrate large transgene cassettes into the genomes of primary human cells using HR-mediated genome editing with AAV vectors.
Theoretical Prediction of Robust Second-Row Oxyanion Clusters in the Metastable Domain of Antielectrostatic Hydrogen Bonding.

We provide ab initio and density functional theory evidence for a family of surprisingly robust like-charged clusters of common HSO4– and H2PO4– oxyanions, ranging up to tetramers of net charge 4–. Our results support other recent theoretical and experimental evidence for “antielectrostatic” hydrogen-bonded (AEHB) species that challenge conventional electrostatic conceptions and force-field modeling of closed-shell ion interactions. We provide structural and energetic descriptors of the predicted kinetic well-depths (in the range 3–10 kcal/mol) and barrier widths (in the range 2–4 A) for simple AEHB dimers, including evidence of extremely strong hydrogen bonding in the fluoride–bisulfate dianion. For more complex polyanionic species, we employ natural-bond-orbital-based descriptors to characterize the electronic features of the cooperative hydrogen-bonding network that are able to successfully defy Coulomb explosion. The computational results suggest a variety of kinetically stable AEHB species that may b...