cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Shape Control of Laminated Composite Plates Using Piezoelectric Materials

Shape control of laminated composite plates with integrated piezoelectric actuators is discussed. The effectiveness of piezoelectric actuators and position sensors is investigated for shape control under the influence of quasistatically varying unknown loads. The shape control problem is divided into two parts. 1) For the desired shape function, calculate initial actuator input voltages such that a measure of the mean-squared error between the desired and the achieved shape is minimized. 2) An adaptive feedback algorithm is developed so as to minimize the distortion in the shape introduced by the quasistatically varying loads on the structure. A finite element model based on the shear deformation theory is used to verify the performance of the shape control methodologies.
Management of cervical cancer

HUGHES C. (2011) European Journal of Cancer Care20, 5 Management of cervical cancer This module provides an overview of cervical cancer which will help health professionals provide evidence-based patient-centred care.
Preventing White Grub Infestation in Container-Grown Nursery Stock

Chemicals used in this study: acephate (Orthene 75 S) O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate; bendiocarb (Turcam 76 W) 2,2-dimethyl­ 1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl methylcarbamate; bifenthrin (Talstar 0.2 G, Talstar F) 2-methyl (1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl methyl 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3,­ trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate; carbofuran (Furadan 4 F) 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate; chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15 G, Dursban Turf, SuSCon Green) O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2­ pyridinyl)phosphorothioate; disulfoton (Di-Syston 15 G) O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate; fipronil (Chipco Choice) 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichlorotrifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulfinyl-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile; halofenozide (Mach 2 2SC) 4-chloro-2­ benzoyl-(l,l-dimethyl) hydrazide benzoic acid, imidacloprid (Marathon 60 W, Marathon 1 G) 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro­ 2-imidazolidinimine; isofenphos (OftanoI2) 1-methylethyI2-[[ethoxy[(1-methylethyl) amino]-phophinothioyl]oxy]benzoate; tefluthrin (Fireban 1.5 G) 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl cis-3-(Z-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate. Significance to the Nursery Industry White grubs, larvae of scarab beetles, damage and destroy roots of their hosts and can cause rejection of nursery stock for interstate and international commerce. Preplant incorpo­ ration ofFireban 1.5 G (tefluthrin) or Talstar 0.2 G (bifenthrin) can provide multi-year protection of container-grown nurs­ ery stock from these larvae. The labeled rate of Marathon 60 W (imidacloprid), drenched during mid-summer, also pro­ vided complete control of Japanese and oriental beetle lar­ vae during the year of application. Product cost for preplant incorporation of Talstar is about 1 cent per #1 container (2.5 liter), depending upon the bulk density of the growing me­ dium. The Talstar F drench treatment is about the same cost, and may be appropriate for established plants. Marathon 1 G preplant incorporation costs 17.5 cents per #1 container; the extra cost may be partially offset by the expected control of
Application of Monoclonal Antibodies to Issues of Plasma Lipoprotein Structure and Function

An understanding of the role of plasma lipoproteins in biology and in diverse pathophysiologic states is expanding rapidly. The ability of these supramolecular complexes to transport smaller hydrophobic molecules, including cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, and hormones, places them in the limelight as important mediators of molecular traffic in vivo. However, much remains obscure regarding the organization of these protein-lipid complexes as well as the structure and the function of the individual molecular constituents that make up the lipoproteins. Immunochemical approaches to studies of apoprotein structure and analyses of lipoproteins per se have been utilized for many years. These studies have facilitated both identification and quantitation of the protein constituents of the plasma lipoproteins. However, not until monoclonal antibodies of defined specificity were available in significant numbers did immunochemical approaches gain the popularity they hold today. The striking degree of specificity inherent in a monoclonal antibody has been successfully applied to relevant issues of lipoprotein biology, including the identification of receptor binding domains, genetic polymorphisms, and putative atherogenic lipoproteins. These advances will be discussed in detail following a brief description of the important participants in these studies, the antibodies and the lipoproteins.
Felkin–Anh is not enough

The understanding of the electronic effects of the diastereoselective addition of a nucleophile to a polar substituted aldehyde or ketone is not complete, with several theories competing to explain the data. For numerous hydride reductions of 3-X-2-butanones (X = F, Cl, Br), the selectivity for the major syn isomer is significantly and consistently higher for X = Br than for X = F. This result is rationalized as a shift in mechanism from Cornforth (X = F) to Felkin–Anh (X = Br). The experimental data is well modeled by ab initio calculations for the addition to these ketones by BH3, but not by other nucleophiles such as LiH or LiAlH4. The energetic ordering of the BH3 transition states largely follows the trends for the ground state ketones. Here, consistent with electrostatic arguments, the anti orientation of the C―X and CO bonds is always lower in energy than the syn arrangement. The gauche conformer is intermediate between these two, becoming gradually lower in energy as X increases in size. The hyperconjugative interaction invoked by the Felkin–Anh model provides only a modest stabilization of the relevant transition states as judged by NBO analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Quasi-Decentralized MPC of Networked Process Systems

This work presents a framework for quasi-decentralized model predictive control (MPC) design with an adaptive communication strategy. In this framework, each unit of the networked process system is controlled by a local control system for which the measurements of the local process state are available at each sampling instant. And we aim to minimize the cross communication between each local control system and the sensors of the other units via the communication network while preserving stability and certain level of control system performance. The quasi-decentralized MPC scheme is designed on the basis of distributed Lyapunov-based bounded control with sampled measurements and then the stability properties of each closed-loop subsystem are characterized. By using this obtained characterization, an adaptive communication strategy is proposed that forecasts the future evolution of the local process state within each local control system. Whenever the forecast shows signs of instability of the local process state, the measurements of the entire process state are transmitted to update the model within this particular control system to ensure stability; otherwise, the local control system will continue to rely on the model within the local MPC controller. The implementation of this theoretical framework is demonstrated using a simulated networked chemical process.
Cloud Computing Security for Organizations using Live Signature – TPALM Printing Client Service

Cloud is taking over the computing environment in both public as well as private sector. This has increased the use of service-oriented architecture (SOA) for the development of services later deployed in the Cloud. This paper presents a Cloud Security algorithm using SOA 3.0 for secured transactions on the data, which usually governments of countries like USA International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and Export Administration Regulations (EAR) requires to be utilized and distributed only within United States by security cleared personal only. In this paper, we describe a novel algorithm and corresponding cloud service as Cloud Monitoring Gateway (CMG). The current service prototype simulates the behavior of actual Cloud Security Gateway Application (CSGA) using the algorithm called as TPALM (The Privacy Authentication Latency Management). This simulation is coarse-grained, but is capable of measuring the privacy authentication on the given variables of a legit user. We also present an evaluation of this service utilization on actual data.
ROBUSTNESS OF A NONLINEAR MISSILE AUTOPILOT DESIGNED USING DYNAMIC INVERSION

An inner-loop/ou ter-lqop dynamic inversion control architecture with output redefinition in the inner-loop is employed to synthesize a full-envelope nonlinear autopilot for an air-to-air missile. The autopilot tracks pitch and yaw acceleration commands while regulating body roll rate to zero. Essential design parameters are scheduled with flight condition for optimal performance. The autopilot has been subjected to a variety of robustness tests. Linear robustness analysis was based on linearized models computed locally throughout the flight envelope and included determination of classical gain and phase margins as well as vector margins associated with simultaneous gain and phase variations. Nonlinear robustness analysis was based on single-run and Monte Carlo simulations and included determination of maximum allowable gain variations and input delays as well as sensitivity to variations in aerodynamic parameters.
Exploiting memory in dynamic average consensus

In the discrete-time average consensus problem, each agent in a network has a local input and communicates with neighboring agents to calculate the global average of all agent inputs. We analyze diffusion-like algorithms where each agent maintains an internal state which it updates at each time step using its local input together with information it receives from neighboring agents. The agent's estimate of the global average input is then a local function of its internal state. Local memory on each agent can be used to enhance the performance of average consensus estimators in several ways. Agents can use memory to store both internal state variables as well as intermediate diffusion calculations within each time step. We exploit memory to design two types of estimators. First, we design feedback estimators which track constant input signals with zero steady-state error. Such estimators produce estimates that converge exponentially to the global average, and we consider the cost of an estimator to be the largest time constant of the exponential decay of its estimation errors. However, we measure time using normalized units of communicated real variables per agent, so that estimators requiring more communication per time step are potentially costlier even if they converge in fewer time steps. We then show that a certain estimator having two internal state variables and one diffusion calculation per time step achieves the minimal cost over all graphs and all estimators with one or two states no matter how many intermediate diffusion calculations are stored. Second, we design a feedforward estimator which tracks time-varying signals whose frequencies lie below some cut-off frequency. The steady-state error is finite, but can be made arbitrarily small using enough diffusion calculations per time step.
Cross-reactions of plant polysaccharides in antipneumococcal and other antisera, an update.

Since the author’s original publication in this series (1) study of the precipitation of plant polysaccharides by immune sera has continued as part of wider investigations (2–6). Relationships between chemical structure and immunological specificity were found, so that predictions could be made of certain structures. These were later verified. In the present paper the earlier work on polysaccharides of plants is updated and additional data, accumulated over the years, are recorded.
CHAPTER 6 – Structure and Dynamics of a Turtle Community over Two Decades

Population and community levels of organization or association both depend on the success of the individuals that comprise coexisting populations that must persist if community stability is to be maintained. However, some conditions might act selectively and more severely on certain component populations than on entire communities. Documenting the short-term stability and dynamics of community components is a difficult task that requires a period of study that is by definition truly long-term and beyond the scope of a single investigator's lifetime. The description of a study as long-term is usually obtained from the investigator's perspective of the length of investigation, often with reference to the duration of similar studies. However, findings from the current study and from virtually all other long term studies on turtles suggest that environmental factors or intra-specific interactions are more likely to influence turtle community characteristics than the inter-specific interactions. In any case, documentation of community features among late-maturing and long-lived species is likely to become increasingly difficult because of limited opportunities for the study of natural communities unaffected by human modification.
A panoramic virtual screen for ray tracing

Publisher Summary The standard imaging model used in ray tracing is that of a pinhole camera with a flat virtual screen. That model can be supplemented with a cylindrical virtual screen to obtain a 360°, or greater, lateral field of view. By using appropriate angular distribution of samples on the vertical axis, a 180° vertical field of view can be obtained as well. This chapter describes a scheme for sampling a virtual screen in such a way that the entire celestial sphere can be mapped onto a rectilinear image plane, with acceptable distortion. It discusses the construction of a panoramic virtual screen for ray tracing. That projection maps the entire view-dependent celestial sphere to a rectilinear screen. Introduction of distortion is unavoidable in that sphere-to-plane mapping; the distortion in that construction of the viewing projection is of a different character than that of a standard virtual screen, taking the form of horizontal stretching of the image as one approaches the poles of the sphere. The resulting panoramic images may be useful for interactive viewing of static imagery in a virtual reality system.
Component-based workflows for parallel thermomechanical analysis of arrayed geometries

Component-based simulation workflows can increase the agility of the design process by streamlining adaptation of new simulation methods. We present one such workflow for parallel unstructured mesh-based simulations and demonstrate its usefulness in the thermomechanical analysis of an array of solder joints used in microelectronics fabrication. We automate the simulation process from problem specification to the solution of the underlying PDEs, including problem setup, domain definition, and mesh generation. We establish the utility of the proposed approach by demonstrating that qualitatively different stress concentrations are seen in solder joints near the center of such an array and a solder joint seen at the edge of the same array.
Statistical Testing of a Measure of Youth’s Perceived Improvement in Life Skills

This article presents findings from the statistical test of an instrument designed to measure youth’s perceptions of the life skills that were improved as a result of their participation in 4-H Clubs. The questionnaire was administered to 126 4-H club members in Florida. The 19-item self-rating Life Skills Improvement Scale was examined for face and content validity. The results were also submitted for exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency testing. The factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution to the 19-item scale, which accounted for 62.6% of the variance in the scale. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for the 19 items was 0.88. The article also discusses implications and future use of the instrument, as well as recommendations for further study.
A survey of social-based routing protocols in Delay Tolerant Networks

Delay tolerant networks (DTN) require innovation in routing technology because of the intermittent connectivity of the nodes in the network. Routing must account for the delay in connection. Some recent routing protocols use the social features of the nodes to aid in this process. These protocols may be categorized based on the number of message copies they produce, the number of destinations, and further the methods by which they select a relay node. Some issues are raised that must be addressed in further research, including buffer space management, energy efficiency, and adaptability.
Environmental conditions increase growth rates and mortality of zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) along the southern invasion front in North America

Environmental conditions found along an invasion front can mediate spread dynamics of an invasive species. Conditions that affect survival and individual growth rates of founder propagules and the first young-of-year generation can have a profound effect on establishment dynamics. Responses of younger, more sensitive individuals to these novel conditions, in part, determine establishment success. The southern invasion front of zebra mussels in North America expanded into Texas in 2009. To determine mechanisms that could affect establishment of zebra mussel populations at low latitudes in North America, an in situ study was conducted in Lake Texoma, on the Texas-Oklahoma border. Survival and growth were measured of young-of-year juveniles at multiple sites within the reservoir. Age-specific mortality was significantly positively correlated with temperature at all sites and no mortality occurred when temperatures were <26 °C. Shell-length growth rates were the highest ever reported for lentic environments. A decrease in shell-length growth rates was associated with an increase in soft tissue mass, possibly resulting from flexible energy allocation from shell development to gametogenesis after maturation. Overall, survivorship and growth were related to water temperatures and chlorophyll-a concentrations. Warm waters found at lower latitudes along the invasion front could facilitate establishment of populations by increasing growth rates and decreasing time to maturity. However, due to extreme climate events (e.g. drought and flooding) and a strong temperature-mortality relationship, mortality likely will also be high beyond the southern invasion front, resulting in highly dynamic boom and bust cycles.
Delayed hypersensitivity to nanosecond pulsed electric field in electroporated cells.

We demonstrate that conditioning of mammalian cells by electroporation with nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) facilitates their response to the next nsPEF treatment. The experiments were designed to unambiguously separate the electroporation-induced sensitization and desensitization effects. Electroporation was achieved by bursts of 300-ns, 9 kV/cm pulses (50 Hz, n = 3–100) and quantified by propidium dye uptake within 11 min after the nsPEF exposure. We observed either sensitization to nsPEF or no change (when the conditioning was either too weak or too intense, or when the wait time after conditioning was too short). Within studied limits, conditioning never caused desensitization. With settings optimal for sensitization, the second nsPEF treatment became 2.5 times (25 °C) or even 6 times (37 °C) more effective than the same nsPEF treatment delivered without conditioning. The minimum wait time required for sensitization development was 30 s, with still longer delays increasing the effect. We show that the delayed hypersensitivity was not mediated by either cell swelling or oxidative effect of the conditioning treatment; biological mechanisms underlying the delayed electrosensitization remain to be elucidated. Optimizing nsPEF delivery protocols to induce sensitization can reduce the dose and adverse side effects of diverse medical treatments which require multiple pulse applications.
Site and tree factors determining the distribution of Phellinus tremulae in Populus tremuloides in Utah, USA

Populus tremuloides Michx. is an iconic tree of the mountains of the western United States. In Utah, it very commonly suffers from white trunk rot caused by Phellinus tremulae (Bondartsev) Bondartsev & P.N.Borisov. The incidence of this disease is affected by tree and site characteristics, but the magnitude of these effects appears to be site-dependent. To minimize harvest wood loss in Utah, we determined the locally important factors that explain the wide variation in the incidence of sporocarps of Phellinus tremulae. To avoid confounding of factors, we utilized a multiple regression approach. We found that while the incidence of Phellinus tremulae sporocarps on quaking aspen was always low at high elevations, it was variable at low elevations. Our logistic regression model indicated that variation in the incidence of sporocarps at low elevations was attributable, in part, to variation in aspect, slope, environmental stress, and tree age and size. Based on these results, we recommend that harvesting at e...
Compartmentalization process in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) documented using a native fungal pathogen

Abstract Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is an historically, ecologically, and economically significant tree species throughout New England, USA. Reports of tree damage are being associated with the native, canker-forming fungal disease Caliciopsis canker, thought to be caused by the pathogen Caliciopsis pinea Peck. When infected with this pathogen, eastern white pine trees begin a compartmentalization process that limits fungal infection and spread in the xylem. Successful compartmentalization of C. pinea and closure of associated cankers likely allows the tree to maintain health and vigor, while unsuccessful compartmentalization likely results in declining tree health and possible tree mortality. This study used tree-ring and image analysis software to quantify the compartmentalization and eventual closure process in eastern white pine trees, in response to this pathogen. The size of 357 individual Caliciopsis cankers was measured, the loss of functional sapwood resulting from these cankers was quantified, and the year of canker formation and successful closure was recorded. Cankers were classified as successfully closed if the compartmentalization process clearly delimited the necrosis of a canker and new sapwood formed to the exterior of the necrotic tissue. Our results indicate that eastern white pine growing in stands after silvicultural thinning have fewer and smaller cankers. Of the 357 cankers measured, the 147 in thinned stands were shorter, narrower, and closed faster than those in unthinned stands. However, regardless of size or extent of cankers, functional sapwood was consistently reduced in trees with more Caliciopsis cankers, indicating trees in declining health and vigor have reduced ability to compartmentalize. These results improve our understanding of how eastern white pine compartmentalizes Caliciopsis canker infections, which will provide justification for improved management practices to reduce susceptibility to this pathogen. Further, these results broaden the overall knowledge of the compartmentalization process in softwoods and provide a resource for future studies on the compartmentalization of specific pathogens.
Organization and Expression of the Chloroplast Genome of Euglena gracilis

We have been involved in a characterization of the chloroplast (ct) genes of the unicellular photosynthetic eucaryote Euglena gracitis. Previous work from several different laboratories on physical mapping and cloning of this DNA, and on the characterization of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons has been recently reviewed.1 In the present article we describe our recent studies on the organization and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Nucleotide sequence data is now available for 18 different species. We also describe a new Euglena chloroplast extract that catalyzes DNA-dependent, selective in vitro transcription of Euglena ct tRNA genes.
Differences in Self-Employment Duration by Year of Entry & Pre-Entry Wage-Sector Attachment

The literature on the self-employed hypothesizes two different paths to self-employment. On the one hand, self-employment is associated with entrepreneurship and a motivation to pursue an opportunity. On the other hand, previous research indicates that people also become self-employed because of limited opportunities in the wage sector. Using a unique set of data that links the American Community Survey to Form 1040 and W-2 records, this paper extends the existing literature by examining self-employment duration for five consecutive entry cohorts, including two cohorts who entered self-employment during the Great Recession. Severely limited labor market opportunities may have driven many in the recession cohorts to enter self-employment, while those entering self-employment during the boom may have been pursuing opportunities under favorable market conditions. To more explicitly test the concept of “necessity” versus “opportunity” self-employment, we also examine the pre-entry wage labor attachment of entrants. Specifically, we ask whether an association exists between wage labor attachment and the duration of self-employment. We also explore whether the demographic/socio-economic characteristics and self-employment exit behavior of the cohorts are different, and if so, how. We find evidence consistent with the existence of “necessity” vs. “opportunity” self-employment types. Even when controlling for local economic conditions and the demographic/socio-economic characteristics of the self-employed, entrants with a more tenuous connection to the wage labor market exit self-employment earlier, and are more likely to transition from self-employment to unemployment.
Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia with Intrathecal Infusion of High‐Dose Fentanyl

Introduction Despite being reported since 1943 as well as being the subject of a large body of literature since that time, no consensus has been reached regarding the etiology of opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH). It is often described as a paradoxical increased pain response to noxious stimuli due to increased sensitization or an acute tolerance to opioids. Case We report the case of a 60 year old patient on chronic Intrathecal combined fentanyl and Bupivacaine who had worsening pain with increasing doses and improved after weaning off intrathecal opioids. Conclusion OIH has been described in various settings including patients on methadone maintenance therapy, perioperative opioid administration, cancer patients on opioids, and healthy volunteers who are acutely exposed to opioids, including high dose intrathecal opioids such as Morphine and Sufentanil. To our knowledge, no cases of opioid induced hyperalgesia was previously reported in the case of intrathecal Fentanyl.
Development of a multi-dimensional measure for assessing entrepreneurial ecosystems

Researchers and theorist have put great effort into defining and examining entrepreneurial ecosystems and how business clusters develop in certain regions. Favourable entrepreneurship ecosystems ar...
Determinants of Initial Antibiotic Duration in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates

Very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates ( 5 days) increases an infant’s risk for necrotizing enterocolitis, late onset sepsis, colonization or infection with resistant organisms, and death. The aim of this study is to describe clinical and laboratory factors that influence the length of initial antibiotic courses in VLBW neonates. Demographics, perinatal factors, and neonatal clinical and laboratory data were compared in a single-center retrospective cohort of VLBW neonates who received ≤ 3 days versus > 5 days of initial antibiotics. A total of 121 patients were analyzed of which 117 (97%) were started on antibiotics empirically on admission, and 71 (59%) received ≤ 3 days and 50 (41%) received > 5 days of antibiotics. One (0.8%) infant had a positive blood culture (S. oralis). Demographics [gestational age (p < 0.001) and birth weight (p < 0.001)] and neonatal clinical status [Apgar score at 5 min (p = 0.001), CRIB II (p < 0.001), need for inotropes (p = 0.001), and maximum ventilator support (p < 0.001)] were significantly different between the short and prolonged course of antibiotics groups on bivariate analysis. There were no significant differences in perinatal factors or common laboratory markers of sepsis. Maximum ventilator support remained significant on multivariate analysis (p = 0.007). In the VLBW population, the clinical status of the neonate, as represented by maximum ventilator support in this study, was the most important factor in determining the duration of initial antibiotic treatment. Laboratory values and perinatal risk factors did not significantly influence prescribing patterns.
Comparison of condylar position in orthognathic surgery cases treated with virtual surgical planning vs. conventional model planning.

Objectives To assess the effect of virtual surgical planning (VSP) on the accuracy of condylar seating in surgical cases involving Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BSSO). An additional aim was to quantify differences between actual surgical outcome and planned virtual outcome. Setting and sample population A private practice in Charlotte North Carolina. Twenty-five consecutively operated subjects prepared with VSP and twenty consecutively subjects operated with conventional surgery planning were enrolled. Material and methods Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were obtained before surgery (T1) and post-surgery after splint removal (T2). The T1 and T2 CBCTs were superimposed on the anterior cranial base using voxel-based registration. Three dimensional (3D) models were built and oriented to a 3D Frankfurt horizontal. Displacement of corresponding condylar landmarks was measured. Results No significant difference was found between the VSP and conventional group in the magnitude of translation or rotation of the condyles following surgery. VSP surgical outcomes differed significantly from predicted positions at all landmarks. Virtual surgical planning does not prevent changes to condylar position as a result of surgery. Actual surgical results differed significantly from VSP-predicted outcomes. Conclusions Virtual surgical planning did not reduce the changes to condylar position and angulation that resulted from conventionally planned orthognathic surgery.
Latino STEM Scholars, Barriers, and Mental Health: A Review of the Literature:

Research exploring the participation and retention of Latino/as in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) is still in its early stages, but it is shedding light on the lack of representa...
Germain and Her Biharmonic Equation

What prompted Sophie Germain to enter the prize competition to derive a theory for vibrating surfaces? Did she see the contest as a source of mathematical knowledge and sought to advance her own intellectual development?
Can Interparty Contact Reduce Affective Polarization? A Systematic Test of Different Forms of Intergroup Contact

We advance interparty contact as a remedy to affective polarization and examine the processes through which interparty contact attenuates the hostility between Democrats and Republicans. We present...
The Moralizing Role of Distance in Adam Smith: The Theory of Moral Sentiments as a Possible Praise of Commerce

The Theory of Moral Sentiments can be read as a book praising commerce. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith claims that viewing oneself from a distance decreases the natural tendency toward self-deception and increases the propriety of one’s behavior. In front of strangers and distant acquaintances, an individual would generally restrain the more self-indulgent and excessive passions and be more composed than in front of family and close friends. Frequent exposure to strangers fosters the habit of propriety - the base of moral behavior. Commerce enlarges one’s opportunities to interact with strangers and introduces distance in interpersonal relationships. Commercial societies are therefore the environments most amenable to facilitate proper and moral behavior. With this reading of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, for Smith, commerce facilitates not just material prosperity but also moral development.
Patient characteristics and treatment utilization in fatal stimulant-involved overdoses in the United States Veterans Health Administration

BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aimed to (1) describe trends in stimulant-alone and stimulant and other substance use overdose deaths from 2012 to 2018 and (2) measure patient and service use characteristics across stimulant-related overdose death profiles. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of patients who died from stimulant-involved overdose between annual years 2012 and 2018. SETTING United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA). A total of 3631 patients died from stimulant-involved overdose, as identified through the National Death Index. MEASUREMENTS Stimulant-involved overdose deaths were categorized by stimulant type (cocaine or methamphetamine/other) and other substance co-involvement. Cause of death data were linked to patient characteristics, including demographic and treatment use preceding overdose from VHA administrative data. We examined trends over time and compared treatment use factors between the following mutually exclusive overdose profiles: cocaine alone, methamphetamine alone, cocaine + opioid, methamphetamine + opioid, any stimulant + other substance and cocaine + methamphetamine. FINDINGS The rate of overdose death was 3.06 times higher in 2018 than 2012, with increases across all toxicology profiles. Compared with cocaine-involved overdoses, methamphetamine-involved overdoses were less likely in people who were older [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.06-0.87 aged 65+ versus 18-29] and more likely among those who lived in rural areas (aOR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.43-5.23). People who died from stimulant + opioid overdoses had lower odds of a stimulant use disorder diagnosis compared with stimulant alone deaths (cocaine: aOR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.41-0.75, methamphetamine: aOR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.29-0.68). CONCLUSIONS The rate of deaths among US Veterans from stimulant-related overdose was three times higher in 2018 than 2012. Key differences in characteristics of patients across overdose toxicology profiles, such as geographic location and health-care use, point to distinct treatment needs based on stimulant use type.
Persistent residual shunts after atrial septal defect closure with the Amplatzer septal occluder

Abstract Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) is a common procedure. Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) was the first device to receive FDA approval for this procedure in December 2001 and is commonly used for this indication. Persistent residual shunts are infrequent following ASD device closure with the ASO device. We report two adult patients with persistent and remarkably similar residual shunts that occurred anteriorly between the discs of the device as it splayed around the aorta. We speculate that oversizing ASO devices could lead to a residual shunt between the discs.
Retaining Wall Under Action of Accreted Backfill

The purpose of this note is to demonstrate the dependence of the behavior of a rigid retaining wall on the construction sequence of the backfill. The accretion process was analyzed through an incremental finite element method with a nonlinear soil having the characteristics of Ottawa sand. Although a relatively simple analytical model was considered, other inclusions might have been: 1) the effects of flexibility of the wall; 2) more complicated interface conditions; 3) backfill compaction; and 4) various constitutive relationships for the soil, which may occur in future work.
Diesel Fuel Consumption during Tractor Operations

Direct energy expenses (diesel, gasoline, propane, electricity) total more than $1 billion annually for Iowa’s farmers. Day-to-day farm management techniques such as adjusting tractor gear and throttle settings, making use of front-wheel-drive, and other strategies can reduce diesel fuel consumption for row crop production and general tractor operations. This study is being conducted over multiple years to measure the effects of energy management techniques on tractor fuel consumption during field operations.
Differential Effects of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate (TPA) on Normal Initiated and Transformed Cells of a Single Mouse Keratinocyte Lineage

Previous studies of the differential response of normal, initiated and tumor cells to TPA have been performed on cell lines derived from normal epidermis, epidermis which had been treated in vivo with chemical carcinogen, or disaggregated tumor tissue. Thus, the cell lines were heterogeneous in cellular origin. In the present study, derivatives of a single cell lineage were examined for responsiveness to TPA at various stages of tumorigenic potential after chemical treatments in vitro. The advantage of this approach is that differences in target cell response can be related to defined stages of transformation, rather than individual variation among cells of different parental origins.
Japan, China, and the Challenges of East Asian Financial Regionalism

Japan and China are the main leaders in East Asia’s project of regional financial cooperation. Despite differing political goals, their common interest in maintaining regional financial stability has led them to cooperate on a number of potentially important initiatives, including the Chiang Mai Initiative (and CMI Multilateralization), bond market development initiatives, and a rudimentary surveillance regime. The Chiang Mai Initiative has been seen as particularly important, as analysts have debated whether it is an intermediate step toward an Asian Monetary Fund that would challenge the International Monetary Fund’s monopoly on emergency liquidity provision. The 2009 agreement on CMI Multilateralization, which formalizes voting procedures and voting shares among the ASEAN 3 states, has been seen by many observers as a large step in the direction of an AMF. This paper will analyze (a) whether CMI Multilateralization fundamentally changes the relationship between CMI and IMF, and (b) how it changes the power balance in financial regionalism between Japan and China.
Connecting String Theory and Phenomenology

To make progress in learning the underlying fundamental theory, it will be necessary to combine bottom-up phenomenology and top-down analysis -- in particular, top-down is unlikely to succeed alone. Here I elaborate on the role of both, and describe obstacles that need to be overcome to help data point toward the underlying theory, as well as approaches that might help to bypass full systematic treatments. I also summarize arguments that superpartners are probably being produced at the Tevatron Collider.
Dynamic Modeling of Cascading Failure in Power Systems

The modeling of cascading failure in power systems is difficult because of the many different mechanisms involved; no single model captures all of these mechanisms. Understanding the relative importance of these different mechanisms is important for choosing which mechanisms need to be modeled for particular applications. This work presents a dynamic simulation model of both power networks and protection systems, which can simulate a wider variety of cascading outage mechanisms relative to existing quasi-steady-state (QSS) models. This paper describes the model and demonstrates how different mechanisms interact. In order to test the model, we simulated a batch of randomly selected $N-2$ contingencies for several different static load configurations, and found that the distributions of blackout sizes and event lengths from the simulator correlate well with historical trends. The results also show that load models have significant impacts on the cascading risks. Finally, the dynamic model was compared against a simple dc-power-flow based QSS model; we find that the two models tend to agree for the early stages of cascading but produce substantially different results for later stages.
Genes Involved in the Restriction of Replication of Avian Influenza A Viruses in Primates

The influenza viruses are enveloped viruses with a segmented genome of eight negative-sense stranded RNA segments (Murphy and Webster, 1989). Influenza viruses are classified into three types, A, B, and C, based on differences in the antigenicity of their nucleoprotein and matrix proteins. Influenza A viruses infect a variety of animal species, including swine, horses, marine mammals, birds, and humans. In humans, influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections with significant morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly and in individuals with chronic pulmonary or cardiac disease. The epidemiology of these infections is complex but is characterized by periodic worldwide pandemics with high attack rates. Such pandemics are associated with changes in the major protective antigens of the virus, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. This type of genetic change in influenza viruses is referred to as antigenic shift. The most recent pandemics of influenza A in humans occurred in 1957, when viruses of the HIN1 subtype were replaced by the H2N2 subtype, and in 1968, when the H2N2 virus was replaced by the H3N2 virus (Fig. 1). Since 1977, both the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of influenza A virus have cocirculated in humans.
Feasibility of a Group-Based Self-Management Program for Ethnically Diverse People With HIV/AIDS in Hawaii

HIV/AIDS has transformed from a terminal to a chronic health condition affecting individuals for decades rather than years. Yet the development of care models that enhance client-focused HIV disease management skills is still in progress, especially in HIV resource-poor locales. This pilot study tested the feasibility of implementing the group-based Positive Self-Management Program (PSMP) to participants recruited from Oahu, Hawaii. The PSMP is a self-management program developed at Stanford University. A paucity of data exists on the efficacy of implementing the specialized PSMP that addresses unique needs of persons living with HIV. With a focus on enhancing self-efficacy beliefs, examples of topics addressed during seven weekly 2-hr group sessions include managing the physiological and psychological aspects of HIV, adherence to treatment regimes, symptom management, and fostering healthy lifestyle behaviors. Using a randomized waitlist control design, participants were recruited via convenience sampling and active outreach. The manualized PSMP was delivered by trained seropositive lay leaders. The completion rate for those who attended any sessions was 93.5%. The average attendance rate was 85%. The majority of participants reported being comfortable in the PSMP group setting and very satisfied with program activities. Almost all participants reported that the PSMP was a useful and easy method to learn new ways of managing their illness. The majority (93.8%) were most satisfied with skill development in goal setting and action planning. Implementation of the program for persons living with HIV in Hawaii was feasible. Lessons learned for future research and application to practice are discussed.
Case 16: A Laboratory Lesson

You have collected blood samples from a clinical study. The patient’s samples are taken to a laboratory and put in a freezer at −80 °C. When all samples are collected, they are to be analyzed. The study has been going on for 4 months.
Korrosionsstudien an Leichtmetallen

Durch sorgfaltige Auslese der Verwendungsmoglichkeiten und Entwicklung der Korrosionsfestigkeit fur spezielle Anwendungsarten konnen Magnesium, Aluminium und Titan fur viele Industriezweige von erhohtem Nutzen sein. Corrosion Studies Aid Light Metals By carefully selecting their uses and making them corrosion resistant for specific applications, magnesium, aluminium, and titanium can be made more useful to many industries.
The accuracy of GOES satellite clocks

Clocks that receive and decode time signals from the GOES satellites are commonly used to provide accurate time reference for the recording of a wide variety of data types in academic research. These satellite clocks must be used with adequate knowledge of their operation. When corrections for satellite position are not made, comparison data presented in this paper show that errors of up to several milliseconds will result. However, with care and the application of proper corrections it is shown that accuracies of 100 to 200 microseconds are achievable.
MASS RATIO AND RELATIVE DRIVER FATALITY RISK IN TWO-VEHICLE CRASHES

The relative risk, R, of a driver fatality in the lighter of two cars compared to the risk in the heavier is determined as a function of the ratio, mu, of the mass of the heavier to that of the lighter, using Fatal Accident Reporting System data for 1975-1989. In all of many cases investigated, the data fitted well the functional relationship R = A mu u. When the cars differ only in mass, A = 1; if they differ in another dichotomous characteristic, such as old compared to new model years, A estimates the influence of this other characteristic when the masses are equal. The results show that if a driver transfers to a car lighter by 1%, that driver's fatality risk in a two-car crash compared to the risk to the other involved driver increases by between 2.7% and 4.3%, the specific value depending on other factors, such as model year. When one car crashes head-on into the side of another of equal mass, driver fatality risk in the side-impacted car compared to that in the frontally impacted car is 4.5 +/- 0.6 times as great for right-side impacts and 10.1 +/- 1.7 times as great for left-side impacts. Extending the analysis to vehicles other than cars provides empirical evidence that two previously stated "laws" apply systematically over a wide spectrum of vehicles, from mopeds, through motorcycles, small cars, large cars, small trucks to large trucks. These laws are that, when other factors are equal, (1) the lighter the vehicle, the less risk to other road users, and (2) the heavier the vehicle, the less risk to its occupants.
The braincase and skull roof of Gryposaurus notabilis (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae), with a taxonomic revision of the genus

ABSTRACT The facial and neurocranial anatomy of AMNH 5350, containing the most complete braincase available for Gryposaurus, is described in detail. The specimen, collected from Late Campanian outcrops of the Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Canada, is referred to G. notabilis because of the combination of a preorbital nasal protuberance positioned above the level of the frontals, narrow U-shaped posterior margin of the narial fenestra, dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra being wider than that of the orbit, and posterodorsal margin of the squamosal located dorsal to the skull roof. The flat nasal protuberance of AMNH 5350 differs from the arcuate lateral profile displayed in other specimens of G. notabilis, indicating that substantial intraspecific variation existed in this feature. The taxonomy of Gryposaurus is revised in light of the newly garnered anatomical data. Thus, G. incurvimanus is regarded as a junior synonym of G. notabilis, composed of subadult specimens of the latter. Characters ...
GROWTH, TOXIGENICITY AND VIRULENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA.

The virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa appears to depend on both its ability to grow in the serum of animals and its ability to produce various types of extra-cellular toxins. No strain of Ps. aeruginosa lacking either of these qualifications was ever found to be virulent to animals.The ability of various sera of animals to inhibit growth of Ps. aeruginosa appears to depend largely on their content of specific antibodies to each serological type of the surface antigens (the slime layer) and, therefore, susceptibility of animals to the infections of Ps. aeruginosa, even within one species, varies considerably from one individual to another.This work was supported by a research career development award of the U.S. Public Health Service to the senior author (GM-K3–15).