cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diet, resource partitioning and gear vulnerability of Hawaiian jacks captured in fishing tournaments

Stomach content, capture method and capture location data were collected for 401 carangids captured during three annual 1-day fishing tournaments held at a coastal bay in Hawaii. Blue jack (Caranx melampygus), white jack (Caranx ignobilis) and island jack (Carangoides orthogrammus) were the most common species, accounting for 83.5, 8.5 and 5.2% of tournament catches, respectively. Geographical area fished consisted of a sheltered bay and the adjacent seaward coastal reef beyond. Area of capture and fishing method influenced species and size of fish captured. Small ( 500 mm) C. melampygus were captured outside Kaneohe Bay. Trolling (towing a surface lure) accounted for 80% of C. melampygus, 76% of C. orthogrammus and 55% of C. ignobilis captured. Differential vulnerability to trolling may be related to interspecific differences in diet; captured C. melampygus had fed primarily on fish whereas C. orthogrammus had consumed both fish and benthic crustaceans, and C. ignobilis had eaten mainly benthic crustaceans. Differences in diet may indicate resource partitioning between these sympatric and closely related species. For C. melampygus there was a consistent relationship between prey size and predator size. When conducted under scientific scrutiny, fishing tournaments can provide synoptic data on diet and gear vulnerability that would otherwise be very difficult to obtain.
Abstract 67: Cardiac Arrest and Surgical Case Volume, Household Income and Availability of Trauma and Cardiac Surgery Are Associated with Higher Risk-Standardized Survival After Cardiac Arrest Among University Hospital Consortium Institutions in 2012

Objective: Wide variation exists in cardiac arrest survival. Historically cardiac arrest research has focused upon clinical pre-arrest and intra-arrest factors to explain this variation in outcomes. In-hospital post-arrest care is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of survival. We sought to identify hospital characteristics associated with improved cardiac arrest survival. Methods: We examined all participating hospitals in the University Hospital Consortium (UHC) clinical database with more than 25 adult cardiac arrests in 2012. Cases were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, code 427.5 (cardiac arrest) or 99.60 (CPR), excluding prisoners, pregnant patients, transfers, and hospice patients. We estimated hospital-specific risk-standardized survival rates (RSSRs) using hierarchical logistic regression, adjusting for individual risk of mortality. Institutions in the highest RSSR quartile were compared with those in the lowest three quartiles using Pearson chi-square tests of association. Results: UHC institutions admitted 3,686,296 patients in 2012, of which 33,700 patients experienced cardiac arrest. Overall survival was 42.3% (95% CI 41.8-42.9) with median RSSR of 42.7% (IQR 35.5-50.8). Hospitals in the highest quartile of RSSR had higher cardiac arrest volume (median 193 vs. 150, p-value 0.019), higher annual surgical operation volume (21,177 vs. 14,122, 0.007), cared for patients from catchment areas with higher household income ($60,753 vs. $56,424, 0.027), and were more likely to be a trauma (79% vs 59%, 0.024) or cardiac surgery center (91% vs 70%, 0.007). In addition, hospital size (477 vs 415 beds, 0.060) and teaching status (77% vs. 62%, 0.067) demonstrated a trend toward association with higher RSSR. Conclusion: Among hospitals in the UHC, those with higher cardiac arrest and surgical case volume, patient household income, and availability of trauma and cardiac surgery were associated with improved RSSR.
Extending the use of multidimensional irt calibration as projection: Many-to-one linking and linear computation of projected scores

Two methods to make inferences about scores that would have been obtained on one test using responses obtained with a different test are scale aligning and projection. If both tests measure the same construct, scale aligning may be accomplished using the results of simultaneous calibration of the items from both tests with a unidimensional IRT model. If the tests measure distinct but related constructs, an alternative is the use of regression to predict scores on one test from scores on the other; when the score distribution is predicted, this is projection. Calibrated projection combines those two methods, using a multidimensional IRT (MIRT) model to simultaneously calibrate the items comprising two tests onto scales representing distinct constructs, and estimating the parameters describing the relation between the two scales. Then projection is done within the MIRT model. This presentation describes two extensions of calibrated projection: (1) the use of linear models to compute the projected scores and their error variances, and (2) projection from more than one test to a single test. The procedures are illustrated using data obtained with scales measuring closely related quality of life constructs.
On balancing the energy consumption of routing protocols for opportunistic social networks

Routing protocols for opportunistic social network (OSN) utilize popular nodes to achieve good routing performance with low overhead. This, however, may result in a severe energy consumption imbalance. The existence of Transient Connected Components (TCC) further complicates the problem due to the randomness of TCC's topology. This paper investigates the energy consumption imbalance problem in OSNs with TCCs. We show that TCC-aware routing protocols, despite their superiority in routing performance, suffer from a more severe imbalance problem. We propose an Energy Consumption Balanced Routing protocol, which includes a new metric and a routing protocol independent mechanism. We analytically show that our protocol leads to the convergence of aggregate traffic carried by each node. Through simulation on real world traces, we show that our protocol reduces the energy imbalance by up to 31%, while maintaining comparable routing performance, and that our protocol independent mechanism balances the energy consumption of existing OSN routing protocols.
Seven phases of gait detected in real-time using shank attached gyroscopes

A new gyroscope-based gait phase detection system (GPDS) with ability to detect all seven phases of gait was proposed in this study. Gyroscopes were attached to each shank. Shank angular velocity, about the medio-lateral axis, was streamed to a PC and a rule-based algorithm was used to identify characteristics of the signals. Five subjects were asked to walk on treadmill at their self-selected speed while using this system. All 7 phases of gait: LR, MSt, TSt, PSw, ISw, MSw, and TSw were detected in real-time using only shank angular velocities. To quantify system performance, sensor data was compared to simultaneously collected motion capture data. Average gait phase detection delays of the system were less than 40ms except TSw (74ms). The present system, consisting of minimal sensors and decreased processing, is precise, cosmetic, economical, and a good alternative for portable stand-alone applications.
Structural Investigations on Scandium Substituted Nasicons. Order Disorder Effects

Neutron diffraction data were used to refine the structures of three scandium substituted NASICONS: Na 2 ZrSc(PO 4 ) 3 , R3c Na 2.5 Zr 1.8 Sc 0.2 Si 1.7 O 12 R3c and Na 2.7 . Zr 1.0 Sc 0.2 Si 1.5 P 1.5 O 12 , C2/c. The phosphate (compound 1) exhibited oxygen disorder. The second compound exhibited a similar type of oxygen disorder but also an interstitial Na + position. The oxygen disorder in compound 2 apparently results from the position of the interstitial Nae whereas it is suggested that the Sc site in Na 2 ZrSC(PO 4 ) 3 is slightly removed from that of the Zr position, requiring a shift of phosphate groups. In contrast the monoclinic phase does not exhibit oxygen disorder and all the sodium ions reside within the cavities.
Interrupted aortic arch: diagnosis with gadolinium-enhanced 3D MRA.

Purpose: Our goal was to describe the use of gadolinium-enhanced 3D MR angiography (MRA) in the diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch (IAA). Method: A review of our MR data base from a I year period yielded three patients ( 1 day, 8 days, and 16 years old) with IAA. All were referred for evaluation of aortic arch abnormalities, only one of whom had suspected IAA. Patients were imaged at 1.5 T with a 3D spoiled gradient echo pulse sequence (TR/TE 3.8-8/1.3-2.7 ms) following the administration of intravenous gadolinium chelates. Surgical correlation was available in all cases. Results: In the patient with clinically suspected IAA, a previously unsuspected aberrant right subclavian artery was identified that was not seen on preoperative echocardiography. In another patient with a history of previous mediastinal surgery, IAA was diagnosed without concomitant cardiac anomalies, suggesting surgical ligation. In the remaining patient, IAA was detected as well as a patent truncus arteriosus. Conclusion: Gadolinium-enhanced 3D MRA may provide for a rapid diagnosis of IAA that may not be possible with other noninvasive modalities. The rapid acquisition time enables unstable pediatric patients to spend minimal time in the MR suite.
Health care reform in 1998: a resurging debate.

This is an election year, so 1998 will be filled with intense debates about expanding Medicare eligibility, regulating managed care, and eliminating health care fraud.
Efficient low bandgap polymer solar cell with ordered heterojunction defined by nanoimprint lithography.

In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) to make efficient low bandgap polymer solar cells with well-ordered heterojunction. High quality low bandgap conjugated polymer poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) nanogratings are fabricated using this technique for the first time. The geometry effect of PCPDTBT nanostructures on the solar cell performance is investigated by making PCPDTBT/C70 solar cells with different feature sizes of PCPDTBT nanogratings. It is found that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases with increasing nanograting height, PCPDTBT/C70 junction area, and decreasing nanograting width. We also find that NIL makes PCPDTBT chains interact more strongly and form an improved structural ordering. Solar cells made on the highest aspect ratio PCPDTBT nanostructures are among the best reported devices using the same material with a PCE of 5.5%.
Growth and Morphology of Graphene on Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles

Catalytic synthesis of graphene occurs when methane reacts with cubic SiC nanopowder at 1000-1200K. The composite, created under relatively mild experimental conditions, consists primarily of 30-40 nm diameter cylinders with aspect ratios near unity whose walls are composed of 10-20 layers of graphene surrounding nano-SiC particles. Sputtering by electron irradiation sequentially removes the graphene shells thus exposing the SiC cores. Electron as well as X-ray diffraction studies reveal the highly crystalline nature of the graphene shells which constitute 90 mol% of the composites. Raman data support a model involving growth of graphene on carbon rather than on silicon terminated SiC.
The Concorde and Port Noise Complaints: The Commerce and Supremacy Clauses Enter the Supersonic Age

On November 18, 1977, one month after the U.S. Supreme Court cleared the way for Concorde passenger services at Kennedy International Airport and four days before those services began, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced the adoption of a new noise rule which surprised some local observers in two respects. First, the announcement revealed that the new noise rule would essentially embody federal noise standards and extend those standards to the 16 first-generation Concordes, thus effectively reserving the right to ban the Concorde in 1985. Second, the announcement also contained the unusual disclosure of opposition to the plan by a minority bloc of Port Authority commissioners. One aspect of that opposition-that is, New Jersey's long-range interest in securing and maintaining Concorde landing rights at Newark Airport-was highlighted one month later when Governor Brendan Byrne of New Jersey vetoed the Port Authority's decision, thereby reopening the Concorde controversy.
Analysis of Burst Reason of Lower Chanel End Cap for High Pressure Evaporator on Exhaust-heat Boiler

Because incorrect treatment overheat and burnt structure occur,which lead to reduce of strength, plasticity and ductility and enlargement of brittleness,witch leads to the spheric end cap of the high pressure evaporator handhole brittle burst.
Surface-Bound and Released Neuronal Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

The establishment of the complex network of synaptic connections which occurs during vertebrate neural development is the result of a sequential series of cellular interactions between neurons and their targets. These interactions occur throughout the periods of cell migration, axonal outgrowth, recognition of target cells, differentiation and pre- and postsynaptic elements, competition between and reorganization of connections, and stabilization of the final connections in maturity (cf Patterson and Purves, 1982). A number of these stages, particularly the later ones, are controlled primarily by synaptic transmission. For example, distribution of acetylcholine receptors in adult skeletal muscle is determined largely by the activity induced in the muscle by synaptic transmission (Lomo and Westgaard, 1976). On the other hand, a number of interactions, particularly during the early phases of synapse formation, do not appear to be mediated by the transmitter. The initial organization of muscle acetylcholine receptors under the nerve, for example, can occur in the absence of acetylcholine binding to its receptor (Anderson et al., 1977). Cellular interactions in this case must involve other secreted or cell surface molecules. The identification, purification and characterization of these molecules is a particularly challenging area of contemporary neurobiology.
Anthropological Linguistics: Overview

Anthropological linguistics is the study of human languages and, utilizing textual materials, focuses on understanding, not just production. As a subdiscipline, anthropological linguistics grew out of the attempt to describe native languages through fieldwork, especially those with exotic sound systems, complex word structures, and different ways of categorizing cultural and cognitive experiences. Language contact and linguistic change are studied in order to better understand languages that seem to be related, as well as to attempt to answer questions about where these languages originated. Language acquisition and the importance of language in child socialization are also of interest to anthropological linguists.
Neurovascular Bundle Preservation: Anatomic and Technical Considerations

Preservation of erectile function is a major challenge in any technique of radical prostatectomy. Early reports of robotic technique centered on benefits in this area, although overall acceptance of a benefit is difficult to dissect from surgeon volume/experience. Proper technique should avoid use of diathermy close to the neurovascular bundles, and tension to the nerve should be minimized. Depending upon extent of cancer, more or less fascial tissue covering can be left on the specimen for greater margin clearance versus on the nerve bundles for more protection. This chapter focuses on a novel technique for nerve bundle release that works in a retrograde manner to minimize injury to nerve fibers that run close to the prostate base. A novel nerve protection graft is presented as an example.
Heidegger’s perfectionist philosophy of educationin Being and Time

In Heidegger on Ontotheology: Technology and the Politics of Education, I argue that Heidegger’s ontological thinking about education forms one of the deep thematic undercurrents of his entire career, but I focus mainly on Heidegger’s later work in order to make this case. The current essay extends this view to Heidegger’s early magnum opus, contending that Being and Time is profoundly informed – albeit at a subterranean level – by Heidegger’s perfectionist thinking about education. Explaining this perfectionism in terms of its ontological and ethical components (and their linkage), I show that Being and Time’s educational philosophy seeks to answer the paradoxical question: How do become what we are? Understanding Heidegger’s strange but powerful answer to this original pedagogical question, I suggest, allows us to make sense of some of the most difficult and important issues at the heart of Being and Time, including what Heidegger really means by possibility, death, and authenticity.
ISO Deliberates Statistical Tolerancing

ISO is currently in the first of its three-phase process for developing an international standard for statistical tolerancing of mechanical parts. In this phase the technical scope of the future standard is being defined by a group of international experts. This paper describes the technical deliberations that have been undertake thus far and the standards development process used for this purpose.
Silicon photo-multiplier readouts for scintillator-based gamma-ray detectors in space

New scintillator materials have been shown to hold great potential for low-cost, reliable gamma-ray detectors in high-energy astronomy and solar physics. Commercially available silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) promise to make scintillator-based instruments even more attractive by reducing mass and power requirements. SiPMs have by now been shown to perform well as readouts for scintillator gamma-ray detectors in the laboratory. We present results from ongoing work to investigate whether SiPMs are appropriate for use in space, including the Monte Carlo modeling of the light collection in a small LaBr 3 /SiPM spectrometer scheduled to fly on a high-altitude balloon flight in 2011.
Validation Techniques for Image-Based Simulations

This paper, describes a series of steps on how to perform model validation and how to interpret the results. The first step is to establish how much error is allowable. If this is not done, then the results of the validation will be very hard to interpret. Once this allowable error is established, the paper describes a procedure for how to perform the validation and analyze the results in a productive way.
A composite generator film impregnated with cellulose nanocrystals for enhanced triboelectric performance

A novel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/cellulose nanocrystal flake (CNCF) composite triboelectric nanogenerator (CTG) using CNCFs as effective dielectrics exhibited a 10-times-enhanced triboelectric performance compared with its pure PDMS counterpart. Positive charges generated on the surface of the CNCFs during cyclic compression boosted electron transfer and induced extra charges. The CTG exhibited an instantaneous output power (density) of 1.65 mW (0.76 mW cm−2) under continuous operation.
Orthogonal image pairs coupled with OSMS for noncoplanar beam angle, intracranial, single-isocenter, SRS treatments with multiple targets on the Varian Edge radiosurgery system.

Abstract Purpose To characterize the accuracy of noncoplanar image guided radiation therapy with the Varian Edge radiosurgery system for intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatments by assessing the accuracy of kV/kV orthogonal pair registration with Optical Surface Monitoring System (OSMS) monitoring relative to cone beam computed tomography (CT). Methods and materials A Computerized Imaging Reference System head phantom and Encompass SRS Immobilization System were used to determine collision-free space for orthogonal image pairs (kV/kV) for couch rotations (CRs) of 45°, 30°, 15°, 345°, 330°, and 315°. Couch-induced shifts were measured using kV/kV orthogonal image pairs, OSMS, and cone beam CT. The kV/kV image pairs and OSMS localization accuracy was also assessed with respect to cone beam CT. Results Mean orthogonal image pair differences for 315°, 330°, 345°, 15°, 30°, and 45° CRs were ≤±0.60 mm and ±0.37°. OSMS localization accuracy was ≤±0.25 mm and ±0.20°. Correspondingly, kV/kV localization accuracy was ≤±0.30 mm and ±0.5°. Shift differences for various image pairs at all CRs were ≤±1.10 mm and ±0.7°. Cone beam CT deviation was 0.10 mm and 0.00° without patient motion or CR. Conclusion Based on our study, CR-induced shifts with the Varian Edge radiosurgery system will not produce noticeable dosimetric effects for SRS treatments. Thus, replacing cone beam CT with orthogonal kV/kV pairs coupled with OSMS at the treatment couch angle could reduce the number of cone beam CT scans that are acquired during a standard SRS treatment while providing an accurate and safe treatment with negligible dosimetric effects on the treatment plan.
Fitting growth curve models in the Bayesian framework

Growth curve modeling is a popular methodological tool due to its flexibility in simultaneously analyzing both within-person effects (e.g., assessing change over time for one person) and between-person effects (e.g., comparing differences in the change trajectories across people). This paper is a practical exposure to fitting growth curve models in the hierarchical Bayesian framework. First the mathematical formulation of growth curve models is provided. Then we give step-by-step guidelines on how to fit these models in the hierarchical Bayesian framework with corresponding computer scripts (JAGS and R). To illustrate the Bayesian GCM approach, we analyze a data set from a longitudinal study of marital relationship quality. We provide our computer code and example data set so that the reader can have hands-on experience fitting the growth curve model.
Animals and Human Disease: Zoonosis, Vectors, Food-Borne Diseases, and Allergies

Summary Animals have a major impact on human health globally with over 5 million deaths attributed to animals due to vector-borne diseases, major zoonotic disease, and snake bites, and about 18 deaths per 100,000 people in Western countries, such as the USA. Based on mortality figures in Western countries, such as the USA, people have a much greater effect on the death rate of humans due to diseases (based on our own lifestyle), murder, and suicide than due to animals. Globally, many of the most serious infectious diseases are zoonotic diseases (prion, viral, bacterial, and protozoan) with an estimate of 4 million deaths per year. The most serious zoonotic diseases at present and historically include human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome, influenza, malaria, dengue, and plague with the latter three being vector-borne diseases. Emerging diseases are almost invariably zoonotic and/or vector-borne diseases. Another way that animals contribute to human disease is through food where infectious agents can be spread in animal products, such as meat, milk, eggs, fish, and vegetables grown in fields contaminated with livestock excreta. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that 45% of food-borne diseases that result in hospitalization come from meat and dairy foods. Animals impact human health by allergies including allergies to dust mites, dogs, cats, bees, wasps, and hornets. Globally, between 65 and 130 million people (1%–2%) exhibit sensitization to house dust mite allergens. Prevalence of food allergies are relatively common in children rising to 14.8% in the United Kingdom with the most common foods being cow’s milk, egg, peanuts, and seafood. Moreover, lactose intolerance or the propensity for it is found in about 65% of the population globally.
Robotic infrastructure for Mars outpost water supply

Intercontinental rovers servicing automated solar-powered Rodriguez Wells can supply water for Human Exploration on Mars. This paper describes a solar-powered multi-vehicle concept that can turn water resources obtained from mid-latitude glacier ice into a sustained water supply. A robotic drilling platform is proposed that can access relatively pure water ice in mid-latitude Martian glaciers through 1–10m of loose regolith, whereupon long-distance tanker rovers continually traverse terrain between the drilling operation and human outposts located in Mars equatorial zones. Robotically deployed solar-thermal panels will be able to passively heat warm water that is delivered into a Rodriguez Well (a melted cavity in an expanse of water ice such as a glacier). Newly melted water will be pumped up out of the well and cycled through the solar panels to fill tankers. The tankers will consist of multiple four-wheeled linked cars in a tram-like configuration that can overcome steep terrain and obstacles. The system will be able to deliver its own landed mass of water to the human explorers every ∼74 Mars days. The resources, power, vehicle configurations, and detailed functions are described.
Designation of Mode Mix in Orthotropic Composite Delamination Problems

In interfacial fracture modeling of composite delamination, mode mix is typically specified in terms of energy release rates. Other near-tip quantities can be used to designate mode mix, however. This paper considers the designation of mode mix in terms of energy release rates, stress intensity factors, stresses ahead of the crack tip and crack face displacements and the consequences of using different near-crack-tip quantities to designate mode mix in analyzing composite delamination. The problem addressed is two-dimensional debonding between plies or ply groups modeled as in-plane orthotropic materials; however, the conclusions discussed apply to general composite delamination problems. It is shown that use of different quantities to designate mode mix can give significantly different results in matching composite applications to mixed-mode toughness tests. For cases where measured interfacial toughness increases with increasing mode II deformation, it is demonstrated that use of a mode mix designation based on energy release rates could be non-conservative. Based on these findings, it is suggested that practitioners consider the differences in failure load predictions that would result if different near-tip quantities were used to relate composite applications to measured toughnesses. To this end, methods for converting mode mix designations in terms of energy release rates into designations in terms of other fracture quantities are outlined and applied.
The Economic Approach to Modeling Self-protective Behavior in Epidemiology

The economic approach to studying the transmission of infectious diseases provides an analytical framework for making predictions about how people will respond to an epidemic. Furthermore, this framework can be used for normative analysis to determine how various policies and control strategies can affect the well-being of the population under consideration. By examining explicitly people’s incentives to alter their behavior in response to an infectious disease, the economic approach often yields counterintuitive results with significant policy implications.
Porous polymer monoliths: amazingly wide variety of techniques enabling their preparation.

Abstract The porous polymer monoliths went a long way since their invention two decades ago. While the first studies applied the traditional polymerization processes at that time well established for the preparation of polymer particles, creativity of scientists interested in the monolithic structures has later led to the use of numerous less common techniques. This review article presents vast variety of methods that have meanwhile emerged. The text first briefly describes the early approaches used for the preparation of monoliths comprising standard free radical polymerizations and includes their development up to present days. Specific attention is paid to the effects of process variables on the formation of both porous structure and pore surface chemistry. Specific attention is also devoted to the use of photopolymerization. Then, several less common free radical polymerization techniques are presented in more detail such as those initiated by γ-rays and electron beam, the preparation of monoliths from high internal phase emulsions, and cryogels. Living processes including stable free radicals, atom transfer radical polymerization, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization are also discussed. The review ends with description of preparation methods based on polycondensation and polyaddition reactions as well as on precipitation of preformed polymers affording the monolithic materials.
Psychotherapy with Alexithymic Patients

Alexithymia presents a number of problems in regard to “uncovering”, dynamic, psychoanalytic or “anxiety producing” psychotherapy. In patients with active psychosomatic disease, the patients may, instead of experiencing strong emotion, develop a serious or even life-endangering exacerbation of their illness. Under these circumstances, we must be mindful of Sifneos’ admonition that psychotherapy should be contraindicated (1). In the addictive patients, the increase in intensity of their difuse distress may drive them to drink, or whatever their usual form of drug abuse involves (2). Most of all, the conclusion has been reached by many who have tried it, that these patients simply do not respond to insights derived from psychotherapy (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) or any “form of treatment which emphasized verbal expression and requires a capacity for emotional interaction” (5, p. 261). The hazards of psychotherapy with psychosomatic patients and their peculiar rigidity led Sifneos to caution that any but supportive psychotherapy was contraindicated (8). This peculiar rigidity and unresponsiveness to therapeutic intervention made Sifneos conclude that the defect was organic (8). Studies supplied the statistical evidence of an inherited trait involved in alexithymia (9). But the problem was not laid to rest here.
Shear-Induced Dilation of Confined Liquid Films

We demonstrate that sheared molecularly-thin fluid films dilate at the point of stick-to-slip (which is the transition from static to kinetic friction), indicating that density decreases when sliding occurs. This contrasts with incompressibility characteristic of bulk fluids when they are deformed. The magnitude of dilation was less than the size of the molecule and was larger in a polymer system (large molecules) than for small-molecule fluids. The experiments employed a surface forces apparatus modified to measure, using piezoelectric methods, sub-angstrom variations of film thickness during dynamic shear excitations that were performed at rates too rapid to allow fluid to enter and exit the zone of shear contact during the period of shear excitation. To demonstrate generality of the dilation effect, the specific systems studied included nonpolar fluids whose complexity was varied (a globular-shaped molecule, OMCTS; a branched alkane, squalane; a tethered diblock copolymer, polyvinylpyridine–polybutadiene) and also an aqueous electrolyte, MgCl2 dissolved in water. Extensive analysis is also presented of the piezoelectric methods that were employed to detect volume changes too small to observe by the methods of multiple beam interferometry that are traditional for thickness measurement in a surface forces apparatus.
Identifying maltreatment subgroups with patterns of maltreatment subtype and chronicity: A latent class analysis approach

Maltreatment experiences are complex, and it is difficult to characterize the heterogeneity in types of maltreatment. Subtypes, such as emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect commonly co-occur and may persist across development. Therefore, treating individual maltreatment subtypes as independently occurring is not representative of the nature of maltreatment as it occurs in children's lives. Latent class analysis (LCA) is employed herein to identify subgroups of maltreated children based on commonalities in maltreatment subtype and chronicity. In a sample of 674 low-income urban children, 51.6% of whom experienced officially documented maltreatment, our analyses identified four classes of children, with three distinct classes based on maltreatment subtypes and chronicity, and one group of children who did not experience maltreatment. The largest class of maltreated children identified was the chronic, multi-subtype maltreatment class (57% of maltreated children); a second class was characterized by only neglect in a single developmental period (31% of maltreated children), and the smallest class was characterized by a single subtype of maltreatment (emotional maltreatment, physical, or sexual abuse) occurring in a single developmental period (12% of maltreated children). Characterization of these groups confirms the overlapping nature of maltreatment subtypes. There were notable differences between latent classes on child behavioral and socio-emotional outcomes measured by child self-report and camp counselors report during a one-week summer camp. The largest differences were between the non-maltreated class and the chronic maltreatment class. Children who experienced chronic, multi-subtype maltreatment showed higher levels of externalizing behavior, emotion dysregulation, depression, and anxiety.
Foundations of Contemporary Neuropsychology

Abstract The science and practice of neuropsychology have benefitted from early and ongoing collaboration with neurosurgery. This collaboration was important in establishing some of the foundations of modern clinical neuropsychology practice and has also benefitted neurosurgical patients, helping to improve outcomes. As the field of neuropsychology has matured, the training and credentialing of neuropsychologists has become more formalized, providing a clear path to competent neuropsychology practice. Building on earlier foundations, the latter part of the 20th century and early 21st century have seen important developments in the use of psychometric tests and other technologies and neuropsychologists are particularly well positioned to leverage these technologies for the benefit of patients. As we move ahead in the 21st century, neuropsychologists’ unique combination of knowledge of clinical neuroscience and assessment technologies is expected to be of continued value to neurosurgical patients and other populations they serve.
The History of Vascular Neurosurgery: A Journey of Evolution and Revolution

The history of vascular neurosurgery is as rich and complex as any other field in medicine. Its birth and development emerged from the necessity, creativity, and technology needed to care for patients with potentially life-threatening lesions. Its growth and technological changes have influenced many other subdisciplines of our field. As a matter of fact, of the numerous evolutionary and revolutionary advances in the practice of neurological surgery, most have arisen from this need to treat and cure vascular disease of the brain and spinal cord. From anatomy to pathophysiology, from preoperative imaging to intraoperative optics, from creative microsurgical approaches to innovative endovascular techniques, vascular neurosurgery has brought a plethora of challenges to the practitioners of this art and science, and throughout its history, the neurosurgeon and the many collaborators and scientists have responded.
IJB–S: IARPA Janus Surveillance Video Benchmark

We present IJB–S dataset, an open-source IARPA Janus Surveillance Video Benchmark and associated protocols. The dataset consists of images and surveillance video collected from 202 subjects at a Department of Defense (DoD) training facility. Surveillance video was captured across multiple vignettes representative of a variety of real-world surveillance use cases that are particularly of interest to law enforcement and national security communities. Each video was annotated by human subject matter experts in order to generate ground truth identity and bounding box face labels. In total, over 10 million annotations were collected for the dataset. We present benchmark results utilizing state of the art deep learning approaches such as FaceNet. Our results illustrate and characterize the difficulty of the dataset.
Enhancing Vehicular Anonymity in ITS: A New Scheme for Mix Zones and Their Placement

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) achieve improved throughput and safety using periodic vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure wireless communication. Vehicles use pseudonyms which are frequently exchanged to protect against eavesdroppers using such messages for tracking. Such exchange takes place in mix zones where all wireless transmission is forbidden in order to prevent matching the new pseudonym of a vehicle with its previous one. Mix zones are not free: in addition to infrastructure cost, they impose a cost in terms of reduced vehicular throughput and disruption to vehicular communication. We present a scheme to manage traffic within a mix zone to make it more resilient to attacks against privacy. Second, we introduce a heuristic to place mix zones appropriately so that the gain in privacy is balanced against the cost in reduced throughput. We evaluate our schemes assuming a powerful attacker who has access to all wireless transmissions and uses a simple but powerful machine learning algorithm. Our algorithms are evaluated using detailed traffic simulations in two US cities: New York, NY, and Cambridge, MA.
Unexpected conformational behavior of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate)-poly(propylene carbonate)-poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PPEGMA-PPC-PPEGMA) amphiphilic block copolymers in micellar solution and at the air-water interface.

Abstract Hypothesis This paper investigates the self-assembly behavior of a new amphiphilic block copolymer, PPEGMA-PPC-PPEGMA, in dilute aqueous solution and at the air–water interface. In PPEGMA-PPC-PPEGMA, the hydrophilic PEG moieties exist as side chains attached to the PMA backbone. Because of this unique non-linear architecture, the morphological and conformational properties of self-assembled PPEGMA-PPC-PPEGMA polymers are expected to be different from those of conventional linear PEG-based polymer surfactants. Experiments For this study, three PPE G MA-PP C -PPE G MA samples having an identical PPC molecular weight ( 5.6 kDa) and different PPEGMA molecular weights ( 7.2 , 2.8 and 2.1 kDa on either side) (named “ G7C6G7 ”, “ G3C5G3 ”, and “ G2C6G2 ”, respectively) were synthesized. The micellar self-assembly behaviors of these materials were investigated by cryo-TEM, rheology, DLS, and visual observation. Langmuir monolayers of these materials were characterized by surface mechanical testing. Findings PPEGMA-PPC-PPEGMA micelles were found to have a spherical geometry, irrespective of copolymer composition. Interestingly, G2C6G2 and G3C6G3 micelles formed weakly-bound clusters, whereas G7C6G7 micelles predominantly existed as isolated micelles. Detailed analysis suggests that this unexpected trend in micelle morphology originates from the fact that the PPEGMA blocks are only partially hydrated at aqueous interfaces. Detailed features of the surface pressure-area isotherms obtained from Langmuir PPEG-PPC-PPEGMA monolayers further supported this notion.
A regional hindcast model simulating ecosystem dynamics, inorganic carbon chemistry, and ocean acidification in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract. The coastal ecosystem of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) is especially vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification and climate change. Detection of these long-term trends requires a good understanding of the system’s natural state. The GOA is a highly dynamic system that exhibits large inorganic carbon variability on subseasonal to interannual timescales. This variability is poorly understood due to the lack of observations in this expansive and remote region. We developed a new model setup for the GOA that couples the three-dimensional Regional Oceanic Model System (ROMS) and the Carbon, Ocean Biogeochemistry and Lower Trophic (COBALT) ecosystem model. To improve our conceptual understanding of the system, we conducted a hindcast simulation from 1980 to 2013. The model was explicitly forced with temporally and spatially varying coastal freshwater discharges from a high-resolution terrestrial hydrological model, thereby affecting salinity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and nutrient concentrations. This represents a substantial improvement over previous GOA modeling attempts. Here, we evaluate the model on seasonal to interannual timescales using the best available inorganic carbon observations. The model was particularly successful in reproducing observed aragonite oversaturation and undersaturation of near-bottom water in May and September, respectively. The largest deficiency in the model is its inability to adequately simulate springtime surface inorganic carbon chemistry, as it overestimates surface dissolved inorganic carbon, which translates into an underestimation of the surface aragonite saturation state at this time. We also use the model to describe the seasonal cycle and drivers of inorganic carbon parameters along the Seward Line transect in under-sampled months. Model output suggests that the majority of the near-bottom water along the Seward Line is seasonally undersaturated with respect to aragonite between June and January, as a result of upwelling and remineralization. Such an extensive period of reoccurring aragonite undersaturation may be harmful to ocean acidification-sensitive organisms. Furthermore, the influence of freshwater not only decreases the aragonite saturation state in coastal surface waters in summer and fall, but it simultaneously decreases the surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( pCO2 ), thereby decoupling the aragonite saturation state from pCO2 . The full seasonal cycle and geographic extent of the GOA region is under-sampled, and our model results give new and important insights for months of the year and areas that lack in situ inorganic carbon observations.
Does Marriage Make Good Business? Examining the Notion of Employer Endorsement of Marriage

Is there anything wrong with promoting marriage? Is there anything right about promoting marriage? Should an employer endorse marriage? Ought an employer meddle in an employee's private life and marital status? Can companies encourage marriage from within? This article will deal with these important and timely questions. Part I sets out, in detail, the reasons why marriage ought to be promoted, discussing the most recent medical and social science data on the topic, as well as reviewing government support for marriage initiatives. Part II discusses whether it is legal for any employer to promote marriage, setting out the federal guidelines, statutory framework, and case law on marital status discrimination. This section clearly details and distinguishes the case law on marital status discrimination, revealing that marital status discrimination is not the same as endorsing or promoting marriage. Part III questions whether an employer can be concerned about the private lives of its employees. This section discusses concerns about fostering a sexually charged workplace and the problems surrounding a sexually charged corporate culture. Setting forth the corporate effects of fraternization, sexual promiscuity, divorce and cohabitation, this section reveals why a company may want to promote marriage. Finally, Part IV sets forth the case for employer endorsement of marriage. This section offers legal guidelines and suggestions that promote productivity among employees by encouraging them to enter into healthy relationships and healthy marriages. Ultimately, employer endorsement of marriage yields happy and productive employees.
Speculative Inquiry: Thinking With Whitehead:

This article explores what Whitehead’s process philosophy opens up for “new” approaches to philosophically informed inquiry. The article begins with a brief discussion of Whitehead’s process philos...
Polydispersity‐Driven Printing of Conformal Solid Metal Traces on Non‐Adhering Biological Surfaces

Author(s): Martin, A; Du, C; Pauls, AM; Ward, T; Thuo, M | Abstract: Metals and organics possess two very dissimilar surface energies, hence, do not naturally adhere to each other. This incompatibility is exacerbated by surface roughness yet advances in wearables and bioelectronics call for their integration. Mesoscale mechanical bonds, however, transcend the necessities of surface energy matching while taking advantage of surface texture. Herein, transient carrier fluids, particle size polydispersity, and capillary-driven autonomous size-sorting are exploited to conformally jam undercooled liquid metal particles on textured soft substrate. The well packed undercooled metal particles are then chemically activated to induce phase change, leading to a solid electrically conductive metal trace. Static and dynamic deposition of the particles is amenable to this surface-templated printing of conductive traces. This process allows for printing across surfaces with varying surface features like on the brain, on paper (asymmetric porosity), or across smooth and rough brain sections. By tuning particle size and slurry concentration, good particle packing is demonstrated on a multi-scale rough surface like a rose flower. This printing method is therefore compatible with delicate (low modulus), heat sensitive, and textured substrates hence compatible with biological tissues and organic substrates.
How to Manage Sleeve Complications Through Endoscopy: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) remains a common symptom for patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Recent literature has demonstrated that approximately one-fourth of patients may develop de novo GERD after sleeve gastrectomy. As such, proper recognition of this entity, understanding of underlying mechanisms, and knowledge regarding appropriate treatments are critical. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms that predispose to GERD post-laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as well as discuss the role of medical and endoscopic therapies currently available. Although surgical conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may be a treatment option for sleeve patients with refractory GERD, one potential endoscopic alternative is called anti-reflux mucosectomy (ARMS). While there is currently limited literature for endoscopic options for the treatment of GERD in the post-sleeve gastrectomy population, we review the data for ARMS, radiofrequency ablation to the lower esophageal sphincter via a procedure call Stretta, and discuss the use of transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) using the EsophyX device. Ultimately, current endoscopic these procedures require more data before increased adoption to patients with sleeve gastrectomy.
Sociality, Value, and Symbolic Complexes among the Makassar of Indonesia

This paper explores the concepts of value and sociality in the lives of human subjects living in the village of Ara, South Sulawesi, Indonesia in the 1980s. Every individual engaged in several form...
Sensitivity of mixed layer duct propagation to deterministic ocean features

Here, the problem of mode coupling in a mixed layer (ML) surface duct is considered where the coupling is induced by deterministic upper ocean features such as eddies, filaments, and/or density compensated temperature and salinity anomalies (spice). The single scatter Dyson series solution for mode energy is used to define a non-dimensional mode interaction parameter Γmn that quantifies the strength of coupling between modes m and n as a function of environmental factors and frequency. Direct coupled mode simulations at 400 and 1000 Hz show weak, first order coupling and small ML transmission loss (TL) variability when Γ m n 1, there is strong, higher order coupling with large changes in ML TL. Importantly, there is a frequency dependent resonance condition associated with the range width of the perturbations, Δ, such that Γ m n → 0 as Δ → 0 and ∞.