cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
StackOFFence: a technique for defending against buffer overflow attacks

Software coding practices, in the interest of efficiency, often ignore to enforce strict bound checking on buffers, arrays and pointers. This results in software code that is more vulnerable to security intrusions exploiting buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, such attacks form the most common type of security threats to the computer and information systems, making it imperative to find efficient solutions for the buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Typically, an attacker is able to affect a successful intrusion by causing buffer overflow in the stack frame of a function call, thereby causing the valid return address to get overwritten by a malicious value. This allows the attacker to redirect the return from a function call to a malicious piece of code introduced by the attacker. Depending on the nature of the malicious code, the attacker is able to compromise availability, integrity, or confidentiality of a system. Researchers have suggested transforming the return address or even using an entirely separate stack for managing the return addresses. This paper describes a simple technique that ensures the integrity of the return address by pushing on the stack two copies of the return address, a transformed (or encrypted) return address value along with the original one. Before popping the return address, two return address values are compared to detect any malicious activity, thus preventing the exploitation of the stack based buffer overflow vulnerabilities. The proposed modification may be implemented at the CPU architecture level or by simple modification to the compiler's prologue and epilogue code.
Joint Optimization of Transmit and Receive Beamforming in Active Arrays

We jointly design the transmit and receive beamforming based on a-priori information on the locations of target and interferences in an active array, where each transmit element emits the same waveform up to a complex scalar. A sequential optimization algorithm is proposed to maximize the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Numerical results demonstrate that a significant gain in the output SINR can be achieve in this active array, compared to the conventional phased-array radar and omnidirectional multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar.
Total Body Weight Loss of ≥10 % Is Associated with Improved Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Given the rising epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is now the most common cause of liver disease in the developed world. Effective treatment for NASH, either to reverse or prevent the progression of hepatic fibrosis, is currently lacking. To define the predictors associated with improved hepatic fibrosis in NASH patients undergoing serial liver biopsies at prolonged biopsy interval. This is a cohort study of 45 NASH patients undergoing serial liver biopsies for clinical monitoring in a tertiary care setting. Biopsies were scored using the NASH Clinical Research Network guidelines. Fibrosis regression was defined as improvement in fibrosis score ≥1 stage. Univariate analysis utilized Fisher’s exact or Student’s t test. Multivariate regression models determined independent predictors for regression of fibrosis. Forty-five NASH patients with biopsies collected at a mean interval of 4.6 years (±1.4) were included. The mean initial fibrosis stage was 1.96, two patients had cirrhosis and 12 patients (26.7 %) underwent bariatric surgery. There was a significantly higher rate of fibrosis regression among patients who lost ≥10 % total body weight (TBW) (63.2 vs. 9.1 %; p = 0.001) and who underwent bariatric surgery (47.4 vs. 4.5 %; p = 0.003). Factors such as age, gender, glucose intolerance, elevated ferritin, and A1AT heterozygosity did not influence fibrosis regression. On multivariate analysis, only weight loss of ≥10 % TBW predicted fibrosis regression [OR 8.14 (CI 1.08–61.17)]. Results indicate that regression of fibrosis in NASH is possible, even in advanced stages. Weight loss of ≥10 % TBW predicts fibrosis regression.
Family Oriented Interventions in Alzheimer's Care Research issues and future recommendations

Recent statistics indicate that 1.5 million persons in the United States have Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that the number may continue to rise. Scientists are searching for the causes of the disease and have recently identified genetic links within families, brain abnormalities and environmental toxins, such as aluminum, as possible causal factors. The primary method of treating patients with AD is drug therapy to delay the progressive loss of mental abilities. While there are as yet no cures for the disease, the burdens that the illness places on the family are clearly recognized, and family counseling is the major approach taken by physicians. There is very little research that has systematically looked at how effective family counseling programs have been. The existing research has not been well conducted to this point, but it has been clearly recognized that the major purposes of family counseling must be 1/ to convey accurate information about the disease and its expected course, 2) to help families...
Group sex among the mid‐Americans∗

This paper is one in a series of special presentations for the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex, dealing with group sex. Our data were collected from a selected sample of midwestern and southwestern white, suburban and exurban couples and single individuals engaged in what they call swinging. We contacted and interviewed approximately 350 informants during the two years of our research, using data from 280 interviewees who fit into the above category. These informants define the term swinging as having sexual relations (as a couple) with at least one other individual. Since more than a simple dyadic relationship exists whether the sexual activity involved takes place together or apart, the fact remains that more than two people had to enter into an agreement to have sexual experiences together. We therefore conclude that this must be considered group sex. We were interested in the growth and development of the broad spectrum of activities associated with organized swinging, but we wished to concentrate specifically upon those individuals belonging to some form of sodality or swinging organization. We attempted to ascertain to what extent American cultural patterns would be transferred to this relatively new phenomenon. Since white middle class, non inner city people constitute the majority in the United States, and we assume they are the major actors within the cultural system, our sample is restricted to these informants. Interviews lasted anywhere from two to eight hours. We eliminated individuals from the inner city, Blacks and Latin couples to keep our sample restricted. We did not misrepresent ourselves, but told them that we were anthropologists interested in knowing * In some academic circles sex research is not considered pertinent. I therefore would very much like to thank the President of Northern Illinois University Rhoten Smith, my anthropological colleagues, Drs. Pierre Gravel and James Gunnerson, and colleagues from other departments including sociology for their cooperation, assistance, and particularly their genuine moral support.
Clopidogrel for the Hot Patient

Inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation, progression, and clinical complications of atherosclerosis.1 Experimental evidence indicates that lesion formation is dependent on heterotypic interactions among immune cells, endothelial cells, and platelets. An emerging paradigm is the linkage between inflammation and thrombosis—namely, inflammation can beget thrombosis, and thrombosis can amplify inflammation. Inflammation itself promotes oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, resulting in deficiencies of endogenous antithrombotic factors such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and thrombomodulin. Proinflammatory and prothrombotic cellular responses can also be triggered by soluble and cell adhesion signaling molecules. In particular, signaling by the CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) system may serve as a pivotal link between inflammation and thrombosis.2 CD40L and CD40 are expressed on endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as monocytes and have been implicated in various inflammatory responses to vascular injury.3 Binding of CD40L to CD40 on endothelial cells upregulates the expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules (eg, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1), tissue factor, and matrix metalloproteinases,4–6 and it is required for atherosclerotic lesion formation.5 Interestingly, platelets are the most abundant peripheral blood source of CD40L, which binds to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and promotes thrombosis.7 Indeed, platelets are now considered to be essential for atherosclerotic lesion initiation and lesion growth because of the delivery of platelet-derived proinflammatory factors (eg, RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted] and platelet factor-4) to monocytes and the vessel wall.8,9 Article …
Management of Barrett's Esophagus With and Without Dysplasia

Barrett's esophagus (BE), a premalignant lesion to esophageal adenocarcinoma is associated with long-standing, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). BE is a multi-phase process: during the initiation phase, genetically predisposed individuals (mostly white men) suffering from clinical or occult reflux damage their distal esophagus and form a new cell phenotype (incomplete intestinal metaplasia). During the formation phase, this phenotype occupies an area of variable surface (short or long-segment BE). During the progression phase, the metaplastic epithelium either remains dormant or progresses to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. We review the recent clinical and basic research literature that explores the interaction of the refluxate (acid, bile, etc.) with BE. Acid and bile reflux variably affect BE and may cause dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Regardless of the underlying biology, a patient with BE may suffer from GERD symptoms or may remain asymptomatic. Acid may be synergistic to bile or it could be antagonistic and protective. Acid suppressive therapy, if profound and continuous enough to abolish symptoms and esophageal acid exposure, may decrease proliferation, increase differentiation and reduce BE surface. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), not entirely independent of acid/bile reflux, may increase proliferation and increase the invasiveness and metastatic potential of Barrett's metaplasia and neoplasia. Clinically, both acid and bile reflux need to be inhibited, either with potent acid-suppressing drugs or anti-reflux surgery. Cyclooxygenase inhibition using aspirin, NSAIDs or the safer COX-2 inhibitors added to these anti-reflux therapies may enhance the therapeutic benefit. Many questions remain unanswered. We still do not know why only a fraction of patients with GERD develop BE, what factors of the refluxate (acid, bile, etc.) initiate metaplasia and/or promote carcinogenesis, which patients are at risk for malignancy, and what is the best chemopreventive strategy. Ablation therapies and endoscopic mucosal resection are still under study.
Exploring Prospective Teachers' Assessment Practices: Noticing and Interpreting Student Understanding in the Assessment of Written Work.

The goal of this exploratory study was to analyze how beginning prospective secondary school teachers approached the analysis of student written responses to formative assessment probes. We sought to identify what elements of students' written work were noticed, what types of inferences of student understanding were built, and what these noticed elements and inferences told us about levels of sophistication in assessing student understanding. Our results are based on the qualitative analysis of the written evaluations of student work made by 32 prospective secondary school teachers enrolled in an introductory teacher preparation course at our institution. The results of this study suggest that analyzing teachers' assessment of student understanding requires paying attention to both domain-neutral and domain-dependent aspects of teacher reasoning. Domain-neutral dimensions help characterize how a teacher frames the assessment of student understanding. Domain-dependent dimensions characterize how the teacher attends to relevant disciplinary ideas. Our prospective teachers often focused on the description and qualification of student work, making fewer attempts to make sense of student ideas. However, study participants' abilities to generate inferences were varied and influenced by the nature of students' responses. Findings from this study provide a framework for scaffolding and evaluating progress in teachers' abilities to notice and interpret student work. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 585–609, 2015.
Intercomparison of In-Flight Icing Algorithms. Part I: WISP94 Real-Time Icing Prediction and Evaluation Program

Abstract The purpose of the Federal Aviation Administration’s Icing Forecasting Improvement Program is to conduct research on icing conditions both in flight and on the ground. This paper describes a portion of the in-flight aircraft icing prediction effort through a comprehensive icing prediction and evaluation project conducted by the Research Applications Program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. During this project, in- flight icing potential was forecast using algorithms developed by RAP, the National Weather Service’s National Aviation Weather Advisory Unit, and the Air Force Global Weather Center in conjunction with numerical model data from the Eta, MAPS, and MM5 models. Furthermore, explicit predictions of cloud liquid water were available from the Eta and MM5 models and were also used to forecast icing potential. To compare subjectively the different algorithms, predicted icing regions and observed pilot reports were viewed simultaneously on an interactive, real-time display. To m...
Mindfulness predicts less texting while driving among young adults: Examining attention- and emotion-regulation motives as potential mediators

Many young adult drivers read and send text messages while driving despite clear safety risks. Understanding predictors of texting-while-driving may help to indentify relevant targets for interventions to reduce this dangerous behavior. The present study examined whether individual differences in mindfulness are associated with texting-while-driving in a sample of young-adult drivers. Using path analysis, we tested whether this relationship would be mediated by the degree to which individuals use text-messaging as a means of reducing unpleasant emotions (emotion-regulation motives) and the degree to which individuals limit texting in order to focus on present-moment experiences (attention-regulation motives). Individuals lower in mindfulness reported more frequent texting-while-driving and this relationship appeared to be mediated primarily by emotion-regulation motives. Results may help inform the development of mindfulness-based interventions to prevent texting-while-driving.
Modulated mitogenic proliferative responsiveness of lymphocytes in whole-blood cultures after a low-carotene diet and mixed-carotenoid supplementation in women.

To determine the effects of dietary carotenes on the mitogenic proliferative responsiveness of blood lymphocytes in vitro, nine premenopausal women were fed a low-carotene diet for 120 d. Low-dose n-carotene (0.5 mg/d) was given to five subjects on days 1-60, while four received a placebo. All subjects received a low-dose f3-carotene (0.5 mg/d) supplement on days 61-120, plus a carotenoid complex on days 101-120. The mean ( ± SEM) serum 13-carotene concentration for the combined n-car- otene supplemented and placebo subjects (n = 9) was not signif- icantly reduced from that on day I (I.27 ± 0.24 �mol/L) on days 60 (0.66 ± 0. 14 �amol/L) and I 00 (0.9 1 ± 0.38 �tmolIL), but on day 120 (3.39 ± 0.44 �mo1fL) it was increased above that on days I, 60, and 100. Maximum mitogenic proliferative responsiveness of blood lymphocytes in vitro to optimal dose phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced on days 60 (P = 0.025) and 100 (P < 0.0001), but corrected itself on day I 20 to a value above those on day 1 (P = 0.04), day 60 (P = 0.0001), and day 100 (P < 0.0001). Present findings show that a diet low in carotene had a suppressive effect on the maximum mitogenic proliferative responsiveness of blood lymphocytes in vitro, which was not corrected with low- dose a-carotene supplementation but was with a carotenoid com- plex from vegetables rich in carotenoids. Am J Cli,z Nutr
How clinician communication patterns affect patients' comprehension and satisfaction.

The analysis of 32 videotaped encounters between patients and a variety of diabetes professionals called into question 2 assumptions that have been basic to the physician-patient communication literature: 1) there is a single best model for doctor-patient relationships in chronic diseases and 2) active patient participation is always a desirable goal. 2 sets of analyses were performed. 1st the frequency of occurrence of each category of statements (e.g. close-ended questioning instruction acknowledging patient statements advising without justification demonstrating respect for the patient) was compared for encounters with high and low outcomes of both patient comprehension and satisfaction. 2nd multiple discriminant analyses were used to identify the optimal set of statements that characterize high and low outcome medical encounters. Statements justifying medical advice sharing medical data giving instruction and showing respect were found to occur at a rate of 14.6 times/high comprehension encounter versus 9.1 times/low comprehension encounter. More acknowledgement of patient statements was observed to occur in high satisfaction encounters (61.4 times versus 43.7 times/low satisfaction encounter). 10 of the 14 high comprehension encounters and 12 of the 15 low comprehension encounters could be identified correctly on the basis of only 3 factors--sharing medical data demonstrating respect and acknowledging patient statements. Similarly 11 of 15 satisfied and 14 of 17 dissatisfied patients could be predicted by their scores on 6 variables--Veterans Administration patient acknowledgement instruction eliciting comprehension advising without justification (negative effect) and length of encounter (inverse effect). Overall these findings suggest that communication that enhances comprehension differs from that which engenders patient satisfaction. High levels of patient participation as reflected in relatively frequent health provider acknowledgement appear to be counter productive with respect to patient comprehension.
Novel Approaches to the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Approximately 12 000 adults are diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the United States annually, the majority of whom die from their disease. The mainstay of initial treatment, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) combined with an anthracycline, was developed nearly 40 years ago and remains the worldwide standard of care. Advances in genomics technologies have identified AML as a genetically heterogeneous disease, and many patients can now be categorized into clinicopathologic subgroups on the basis of their underlying molecular genetic defects. It is hoped that enhanced specificity of diagnostic classification will result in more effective application of targeted agents and the ability to create individualized treatment strategies. This review describes the current treatment standards for induction, consolidation, and stem cell transplantation; special considerations in the management of older AML patients; novel agents; emerging data on the detection and management of minimal residual disease (MRD); and strategies to improve the design and implementation of AML clinical trials.
Formation of point defects in strontium titanate

Abstract The electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of single crystal strontium titanate were determined as a function of the P H 2 O P H 2 ratio over crystals at various temperatures. Electrical conductivity measurements were made in the temperature range from 900 to 1300°C; thermoelectric data were taken from 600 to 1300°C. A range of P H 2 O P H 2 ratios from 2 × 10−4 to 3 × 10−2 was investigated. Typical values of the electrical conductivity at a temperature of 1000°C and P H 2 O P H 2 ratios of 1× 10−3 and 1 × 10−2 were 1⋯2 Ω−1cm−1 and 0.53Ω−1cm−1, respectively; under the same conditions the thermoelectric power was found to be −0.600 mV/°K and −0.662 mV/°K. The thermoelectric measurements showed the crystals to be n-type. An oxygen vacancy defect model was found applicable to non-stoichiometric strontium titanate at elevated temperatures. In damp hydrogen the enthalpy of formation of an oxygen vacancy and two electrons in the conduction band was 86,500 ± 3000 cal mole .
On robust wiener filtering

A minimax formulation is proposed for the problem of designing robust Wiener filters for the situation of uncertain signal and noise spectra. Several results relating to solutions to this formulation in terms of least-favorable spectral pairs are presented. An analogy is drawn between a particular case of this problem and the problem of robust hypothesis testing, and a result is given concerning the relationship between solutions to these two problems.
Determinants of disruption: institutional misconduct among state-committed delinquents

With a few exceptions, most of the empirical research on institutional misconduct has focused on adult prison inmates. As a result, little is known about the factors related to misconduct among state-committed delinquents. This article examined the institutional misconduct of 4,684 state-committed delinquents released from a large Southern juvenile correctional system. Males, non-Whites, gang members and/or those with gang-related family members, and those with earlier, more serious, and more extensive delinquent histories were significantly more likely to engage in serious forms of institutional misconduct. These predictors were consistent for the model examining a less serious but disruptive form of institutional misconduct, with the exception that race, sex, and gang membership failed to be significant. The analyses also indicate that the determinants of misconduct for males may differ for state-committed females. This article concludes with suggestions for future research on institutional misconduct i...
Effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on dual-task cognitive and motor performance in isolated dystonia.

Objective Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) can improve motor complications of Parkinson9s disease (PD) but may worsen specific cognitive functions. The effect of STN DBS on cognitive function in dystonia patients is less clear. Previous reports indicate that bilateral STN stimulation in patients with PD amplifies the decrement in cognitive-motor dual-task performance seen when moving from a single-task to dual-task paradigm. We aimed to determine if the effect of bilateral STN DBS on dual-task performance in isolated patients with dystonia, who have less cognitive impairment and no dementia, is similar to that seen in PD. Methods Eight isolated predominantly cervical patients with dystonia treated with bilateral STN DBS, with average dystonia duration of 10.5 years and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 26.5, completed working memory (n-back) and motor (forced-maintenance) tests under single-task and dual-task conditions while on and off DBS. Results A multivariate, repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no effect of stimulation status (On vs Off) on working memory (F=0.75, p=0.39) or motor function (F=0.22, p=0.69) when performed under single-task conditions, though as working memory task difficulty increased, stimulation disrupted the accuracy of force-tracking. There was a very small worsening in working memory performance (F=9.14, p=0.019) when moving from single-task to dual-tasks when using the ‘dual-task loss’ analysis. Conclusions This study suggests the effect of STN DBS on working memory and attention may be much less consequential in patients with dystonia than has been reported in PD.
Approximate confidence intervals for the number of clusters

Abstract We consider clustering for the purpose of data reduction. Similar objects are grouped together in clusters so that one can then work with the few cluster descriptors instead of the many data points. The quality of any given clustering is measured by a loss function that takes into account both the parsimony of the clustering and the loss of information due to clustering. An optimal clustering can be obtained by minimizing the theoretical loss function. It is shown that a sample version of the loss function and optimal clustering converge strongly to their theoretical counterparts as the sample size tends to infinity. We then develop a bootstrap-based procedure for obtaining approximate confidence bounds on the number of clusters in the “best” clustering. The effectiveness of this procedure is evaluated in a simulation study. An application is presented.
The Effect of Financial Interpretation No. 46 on Electric Utility Companies

The objective of this research was to define and empirically test the effect of Financial Interpretation No. 46 (FIN 46) on electric utility companies. FIN 46 requires that Variable Interest Entities be reviewed and their financial information be consolidated in their primary beneficiary financial statements. When FIN 46 was issued, the electric utility companies expected that, in consolidated statements, their liabilities would increase to the degree that the result would be an increase in their cost of capital. Therefore, we expected that the implementation of FIN 46 would result in an increase in the cost of obtaining capital in electric utility companies. The results did not support this supposition. We found no significant changes in the cost of capital (when measured by changes in companies' bond rating) that could be associated with additional consolidation resulting from FIN 46. The two tests used in this study (T-test and Probit analysis) did not provide significant evidence that companies affect...
Corn Zein Packaging Materials for Cooked Turkey

Mechanical and barrier properties of corn zein films with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), bacterial enzyme, and emulsifier additives were investigated and compared to those of polyvinylidine chloride (PVDC) films. No significant differences (P < 0.05) occurred in elongation, tensile strength, or Young's modulus among corn zein films. PVDC had the lowest apparent water vapor permeability (WVP app ), and no significant differences in WVP app were found between zein films and PVDC. Cooked turkey breast was packaged, evaluated by a trained sensory panel, and analyzed for hexanal content. Turkey breast wrapped in corn zein film with antioxidant and emulsifier had lower hexanal content than samples packaged in PVDC.
A method to reduce number of division operations for perspective texture warping

Perspective texture warping is an important and a computation-intensive function. It is explicitly specified in the MPEG-4 video standard for Sprite decoding and for the MPEG-4 compositor. Based on the incremental algorithm of perspective transform, perspective transformation requires one division operation for each pixel, which is a substantial computation workload if such function is implemented in hardware for real-time processing. In this paper, we discuss a new method we have developed to reduce the number of divisions for perspective transformation in macroblock-based operation to as low as one quarter of the number required. In addition, our method is a lossless method. Therefore, less complexity in the implementation of perspective transformation can be achieved without sacrificing the picture quality of the warped texture. We believe that our new method is very useful in restraining the complexity of perspective transformation.
Self-reported bullying in childhood: relationships with employment in adulthood.

Objective: To our knowledge, relationships between being bullied in childhood and employment functioning in adulthood have not been previously studied-hence the focus of the present study. Method: Using a cross-sectional approach and a self-report survey methodology in a consecutive sample of 328 internal medicine outpatients, we examined relationships between being bullied (i.e., have you ever been bullied, how many years, how many bullies) and history of employment (i.e., since age 18, number of full-time jobs, percentage of time employed, ever paid "under the table," and ever fired). Results: Participants reporting a history of having been bullied reported a relatively greater number of different jobs as well as a greater likelihood of having been "paid under the table" and having been fired. While the number of years bullied evidenced no statistically significant correlations with employment variables, the number of different bullies was statistically significantly correlated with the number of different jobs held and ever having been fired. Conclusions: Findings indicate a relationship between being bullied in childhood and experiencing reduced employment viability in adulthood. Language: en
Color Differences in the Socioeconomic Status of African American Men: Results of a Longitudinal Study

Using a longitudinal design that links a sample of southern-reared African American men to their childhood census records (collected in 1920), this study attempts to replicate recent findings documenting the influence of skin color on the socioeconomic attainment of African Americans. The childhood census records used in this study classify African Americans as either black or mulatto, allowing for a unique investigation of color stratification in adult life. Consistent with previous research, findings point to the importance of phenotypic characteristics in influencing the life chances of African Americans. Subjects identified as mulatto enjoyed modestly higher adult socioeconomic status compared with subjects identified as black. While the mulatto advantage attenuates slightly once origin characteristics are considered, multivariate results indicate that differences in social origins are responsible for only 10 to 20 percent of the color gap in adult attainment. Findings suggest that color bias (colorism) rather than family background may be responsible for the bulk of color differences in the socioeconomic status of African American men
The birth of scientific reading

There is a persistent myth about the origin of science. It goes like this: the Scientific Revolution happened when men such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton freed themselves from the medieval fixation with words and instead looked directly at things. It is a simple and powerful story that has been much repeated. But it is also quite wrong. Far from emerging from a rejection of words, in fact science originated partly from a need to master as many of them as possible.
Urogenital Tract Infections in Male Adolescents

Urogenital tract infections in the pediatric and adolescent populations vary depending on both age and sex. Pediatricians are quite familiar with the infant with a bacterial urinary tract infection who had a congenital anatomic anomaly or the pre-school-aged or adolescent girl with cystitis. Similarly, adolescent boys who present with cystitis or pyelonephritis will almost always have one of several predisposing conditions such as a congenital anomaly, a neurogenic bladder, an obvious systemic disease such as diabetes mellitus, or an immunodeficiency disorder. The urinary tract infection that occurs under these circumstances is managed in the traditional manner by obtaining a specimen for culture and sensitivity testing and tailoring antibiotic and other appropriate therapy according to the patient9s clinical status and the organism involved. The male adolescent with pyuria and/or dysuria without any of these predisposing conditions most likely has a sexually transmitted disease. If, however, a documented bacterial urinary tract infection is found, the patient should have a full urologic evaluation including an intravenous pyelogram, voiding cystourethrogram, and possibly cystoscopy, if these procedures have not been previously performed. Cystitis and pyelonephritis that occur without underlying problems in male adolescents are quite rare and will not be discussed further in this review. Between 1971 and 1979 sexual activity among adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years increased by 66%, with 38% having had a first sexual experience by age 16 years.1
How Well Do Neurology Residents Recognize Neurological Illness? An Analysis of the Close the Loop Resident Clinical Acumen Assessment Project (P4.204)

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: To characterize the types of diagnostic errors made by neurology residents with the aim of improving clinical acumen. DESIGN/METHODS: From July 2010 to June 2013 all patients assessed and presented by on-call junior residents during daily morning report were captured in a caselog. We recorded residents’ initial diagnostic impressions and “closed the loop” by later revisiting each case after reviewing the final diagnosis. Cases were categorized as having a final diagnosis of a primary neurological condition or as non-neurological (medical, psychiatric, ophthalmologic, other). We then determined if the initial impression was accurate, partially accurate, or inaccurate. We have previously shown residents were 68[percnt] accurate; in this study, inaccurate cases were analyzed to determine the types of errors made. RESULTS: 834 cases were presented with a total of 198 diagnostic errors. 77 (38.8[percnt]) were erroneously deemed neurological when the final diagnosis proved to be non-neurological. Of this subset, 41 were medical, 15 were psychiatric, 1 was ophthalmological and 20 were categorized as “other.” The 15 cases of psychiatric illness were mistakenly thought to be seizure, ischemic stroke, demyelinating disease, and movement disorder, though most often were given no specific neurologic diagnosis. Conversely, 25 cases that proved to be neurological were incorrectly diagnosed as having medical (20), psychiatric (4) and ophthalmological (1) conditions. The 4 cases wrongly considered psychiatric included 3 cases of seizure and 1 case of ischemic stroke. The remaining 48[percnt] of total errors were correctly judged to be neurological presentations, but were etiologically inaccurate. CONCLUSIONS: This educational initiative further examines diagnostic errors made by neurology residents. When inaccurate, residents tended to over-interpret cases as neurological, and a large percentage of total errors were within the sub-categories of neurological disease. Psychiatric illness presented a particular diagnostic challenge and was misclassified as a wide range of neurological disorders. Disclosure: Dr. Brandstadter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hannigan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zubkov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krieger has received personal compensation for activities with Acorda Therapeutics, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, EMD Serono, Genzyme, Questcor Pharmaceuticals, and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant and/or advisory board member.
Towards a new paradigm in fire severity research using dose–response experiments

Most landscape-scale fire severity research relies on correlations between field measures of fire effects and relatively simple spectral reflectance indices that are not direct measures of heat output or changes in plant physiology. Although many authors have highlighted limitations of this approach and called for improved assessments of severity, others have suggested that the operational utility of such a simple approach makes it acceptable. An alternative pathway to evaluate fire severity that bridges fire combustion dynamics and ecophysiology via dose–response experiments is presented. We provide an illustrative example from a controlled nursery combustion laboratory experiment. In this example, severity is defined through changes in the ability of the plant to assimilate carbon at the leaf level. We also explore changes in the Differenced Normalised Differenced Vegetation Index (dNDVI) and the Differenced Normalised Burn Ratio (dNBR) as intermediate spectral indices. We demonstrate the potential of this methodology and propose dose–response metrics for quantifying severity in terms of carbon cycle processes.
Official Bribery and Commercial Bribery: Should They be Distinguished?

Under the traditional Anglo-American approach, payments paid to, or received by, a public official in return for official acts constitute a bribe, while payments paid to, or received by, a commercial actor typically do not. But the law in both the U.K. and the U.S. has been changing – most dramatically in the recently enacted Bribery Act 2010, which criminalizes both official and commercial bribery, and draws no distinction between them. Under US law, the traditional distinction between commercial and official bribery remains sharper, though even here there has been a blurring. Which approach makes more sense? Should acceptance of a bribe by a private employee even be treated as a crime? Assuming it should, should it be treated as any less serious a crime than acceptance of a bribe by a government official? And what about the giving of a bribe to a private employee: how should that be treated in comparison to the giving of a bribe to a government official? In this chapter, I argue that accepting or giving a bribe in the commercial context should indeed be a crime, but one that is conceptually separate from accepting and giving a bribe in the government context.
Russkie knigi, izdannye v Argentine, XX vek [Russian books published in Argentina, 20th century] by Mariia Kublitskaia

The bibliography of Russian emigre publications has had a long and difficult history. Until the 1990s, Russian emigre books had been largely banned, ignored, or overlooked. The bibliographical work...
Moving On: Predicting Continuance Intention on Social Networking Sites through Alternative Products

Social networking sites (SNS) have growing popularity and several sites compete with each other. This study examines three models to determine how competition between Facebook and other social networking sites may affect continuance intention on Facebook. The first model examines the relationship between having an account on four different SNSs and its impact on Facebook. Twitter users have lower intentions to continue using Facebook, Instagram users have higher intentions. The second model examines attitudes toward specific alternatives and found that users who felt alternatives were attractive have lower intentions to continue using Facebook. The third model examined general attitudes about alternative attractiveness and attitudes toward switching, this model explained a moderate to substantial amount of the variance in continuance intention. This study makes important contributions to both research and practice.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of disasters

Disasters can produce significant, lasting psychological sequelae. Much of the disaster work that mental health professionals can do falls outside of the more traditional roles usually taken by mental health professionals. These roles include reaching out to survivors through a variety of modes and rarely waiting for them to seek traditional forms of help. Much of what can be done does not require labeling individuals as disordered but may be done within the overall response of the community to the survivors on a variety of levels. To be most effective, we need to be involved in planning efforts that can be activated when disaster strikes, rather than being reactive to the situation after it has occurred. The potential range of responses can challenge the professional who wants to help his or her community when it has been affected.
Epidural analgesia for labor and delivery in a patient with von Willebrand's disease.

Patients with histories of bleeding disorders may still benefit from regional anesthetic techniques. The decision to perform the block should be individualized, based on coagulation tests. The authors describe a patient with von Willebrand9s disease in whom pregnancy itself improved factor VIII activity, enabling performance of an epidural block for labor and delivery.
Impact of High-Magnitude Pulsed Currents and Magnetic Fields on Metallic Corrosion

The future naval fleet will deploy many electrical loads aboard them, many of which will be pulsed power loads that operate in a transient manner and generate high electromagnetic fields. It remains unclear to what extent high magnetic fields will affect the corrosion rate of structural and high current conducting alloys. Considering the high-pulsed currents carried within many pulsed power systems, it is of increased interest to understand what impact their deployment will have on the metallic corrosion of their own conductors as well as the structural elements around them while operational in a maritime environment. In this paper, a unique test bed has been developed on which the impact that high-pulsed currents and their induced magnetic fields have on the rate of metallic corrosion can be studied. Pulsed currents, with amplitudes just shy of 10 kA and full-width half-max lengths of roughly 4 ms, are conducted through material samples of interest immersed in a salt solution. The results from four different metallic alloys will be presented, namely, 304 stainless steel (SS), 416 SS, 1018 steel, and 8620 steel. To measure the rate of corrosion, linear polarization measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging are used. Baseline experiments, in which the samples are only exposed to 3.5% NaCl, have also been performed to isolate the impact of high-pulsed current on the rate of corrosion. While corrosion kinetics are presented, the intent of the research is to identify if and how pulsed magnetic fields will impact material degradation, so that pulsed power engineers can prepare for it in their future system designs.
An Index to L. O. Overholts' Mycological Notes

Dr. L. O. Overholts published a series of thirteen papers entitled "Mycological Notes." They contained descriptions and photographs of new and unusual fungi. All but one (Mycological Notes for 1920. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 163-173. 1922) were published in volumes 12-34 of Mycologia (1920-1943). The following index of the genera and species described in these articles is presented here with the hope of aiding mycologists in using them. The volume, pages, and date cited refer in each case to Mycologia except for the 1922 references, in which case these refer to the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
Re-understanding the Motivation of English Lexicon

The relationship between the signifier and the signified has long aroused great controversy and disagreement among language philosophers and linguists. Over the last 100 years the view that language is arbitrary has always prevailed. Recently, however, more research findings seem to suggest that language is more motivated than we thought, especially on the word level, in terms of their pronunciation, origin, morphological presentation, and semantic interpretation. Motivation should be viewed as a defining property of English lexicon.
The mechanism of reduced antithrombin III activity in women with preeclampsia.

The cause(s) of the low plasma antithrombin III activity in women with preeclampsia is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma antithrombin III activity and both clotting parameters (platelet count and fibrinopeptide A) and renal parameters (serum creatinine and uric acid concentration). Forty-seven preeclamptic women were studied within the 2-day interval before delivery. Creatinine did not correlate significantly with any of the other study parameters. However, there were significant correlations between antithrombin III activity and platelet count (r = 0.53, P less than .005) and between antithrombin III and fibrinopeptide A (r = -0.29, P less than .05). The correlation between platelet count and fibrinopeptide A was not significant. These findings support the hypothesis that antithrombin III consumption by fibrin generation is initiated by platelet activation, and is at least one cause of the low activity level known to occur in women with preeclampsia.
Dissociation of ammoniagenic enzyme adaptation in rat S1 proximal tubules and ammonium excretion response

We measured ammonium production rates, phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in microdissected S1 proximal tubules of rats to investigate the role of adaptations of PDG activity and GDH activity in response to a step increase in acid intake. In vivo ammonium excretion increased much more rapidly than did single-tubule ammonium production in vitro or ammoniagenic enzyme activities measured in microdissected tubules, manifesting an 85-fold increase in the first 24 h. In vitro ammonium production rates in microdissected tubules rose only twofold in the first 24 h, fourfold by day 2, and fivefold by day 4 of acid loading. The adaptation of PDG activity paralleled the increase in single-tubule ammoniagenic capacity measured in vitro. GDH activity, on the other hand, did not change significantly even after 4 days of acid loading. From these observations, we conclude that 1) the adaptation of in vitro ammoniagenic capacity in S1 proximal tubules is temporally associated with an adaptation in PDG activity and not GDH activity, and 2) a major portion of the increased ammonium excretion seen in the first 24 h is due to factors other than an adaptive increase in ammoniagenic enzyme activity.
Living life forward: Technology, time, and society in a Sri Lankan potter community

Classically, anthropologists and archaeologists characterized socioeconomic systems by their technologies and the relations of production they engaged. We used labels like “forager” and “horticulturalist,” believing them to be accompanied by suites of sociocultural features that comprised systems in equilibrium until disturbed exogenously. But when we closely examine actual technologies in use, we find that change and variability, not stasis and homogeneity, are the norm. People adopt, adapt, innovate, and improvise their technological, social, and cultural practices in a process that is both ongoing and recursive. In this article, I use this perspective and a longitudinal case study to rethink technology's social embeddedness, drawing on the concept of technology assemblage as developed by complexity theorist W. Brian Arthur. The case study is of a rural Sri Lankan potter community where I have conducted research since 1974. The potters' story supports Arthur's contention that technological innovation is not a one-off event but rather an ongoing process of accumulative and recursive problem solving. With detailed, longitudinal, and ethnographic data, we can trace innovation cascades over time and see how new forms of self and community emerge, all of which limits and enables, but does not predetermine, what emerges next.