cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sanguinarine, inhibitor of NaK dependent ATP'ase

Abstract Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, has been found to be an inhibitor of the Na+, K+-ATPase isolated from guinea pig brain. It has a pI50 of 5.25 (5.62 μM) and exhibits uncompetitive kinetics with respect to [Na+] and [K+] and is non-competitive with respect to [ATP]. Preincubation with sanguinarine causes increased inhibition. ATP partially protects the enzyme against this preincubation effect, while Na+ protects to a lesser extent and K+ has no effect.
Can local telecommunications be self-policing?: A proposed discovery procedure

Abstract To discover whether markets for local telecommunication services can be competitively self-policing, this paper advocates a comprehensive approach to policy making as opposed to a more piecemeal approach. The problem with a piecemeal approach is that the merits of particular policies are difficult to assess without reference to the total program in which they are embedded. What seems reasonable when considered along with other complementary policies may be unreasonable if undertaken in a different context. We describe the necessary conditions for an illuminating experiment that will both insure a fair test of competition's viability and afford adequate protections to the consuming public.
Sodium benzoate differentially blocks circling induced by d- and l-dopa in the hemi-parkinsonian rat

D-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (D-dopa) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) induced circling in rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of substantia nigra with similar potency. D-Dopa is not a substrate for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the enzyme which metabolizes L-dopa to dopamine. This raises the question of how D-dopa has behavioral effect. Two pathways have been suggested to result in conversion of D-dopa to L-dopa, one involving oxidation of D-dopa to dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (DHPPA) by D-amino acid oxidase, the other involving transamination of D-dopa to DHPPA. Here we show that sodium benzoate, an inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase, blocks D-dopa-induced circling while having no effect on circling induced by L-dopa. The results suggest that conversion of D-dopa to L-dopa via DHPPA is highly dependent on oxidase activity and that sodium benzoate effectively inhibits this process in vivo in rat.
Dimensional modeling: identifying, classifying & applying patterns

Software design is a complex activity. A successful designer requires knowledge and training in specific design techniques combined with practical experience. Designing a dimensional model embodies this challenge. This paper presents Dimensional Design Patterns (DDPs) and their applications to the design of dimensional models. We describe a metamodel of the DDPs and show their integration into Kimball's dimensional modeling design process so they can be applied to design problems using a known practice. By providing a metamodel and a method for DDP use, we combine theory and a practical design technique with the goal of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the software designer. The initial experimental results regarding the classroom use of DDPs revealed a significant increase in the efficiency of students to design a dimensional model, but more testing is necessary in order to evaluate the effectiveness measure.
A generalized Dantzig selector with shrinkage tuning

SUMMARY The Dantzig selector performs variable selection and model fitting in linear regression. It uses an L 1 penalty to shrink the regression coefficients towards zero, in a similar fashion to the lasso. While both the lasso and Dantzig selector potentially do a good job of selecting the correct variables, they tend to overshrink the final coefficients. This results in an unfortunate trade-off. One can either select a high shrinkage tuning parameter that produces an accurate model but poor coefficient estimates or a low shrinkage parameter that produces more accurate coefficients but includes many irrelevant variables. We extend the Dantzig selector to fit generalized linear models while eliminating overshrinkage of the coefficient estimates, and develop a computationally efficient algorithm, similar in nature to least angle regression, to compute the entire path of coefficient estimates. A simulation study illustrates the advantages of our approach relative to others. We apply the methodology to two datasets.
Co chemisorption on Pt0.98Cu0.02(110): An ESD and low energy SIMS study

Abstract The chemisorption of CO on an annealed Pt 0.98 Cu 0.02 (110) surface was studied by a combination of secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron stimulated desorption. After adsorption at 300 K, the thermal desorption spectrum from this surface has two peaks at 543 and 380 K. Electron induced desorption gave both O + and CO + ions with the intensity of CO + being a factor of 2 greater than that of O + . The intensities of both CO + and O + ions increased linearly with exposure up to about 0.45 L which coincided with the appearance of the second peak in the thermal desorption spectra. For exposures > 0.45 L, CO + and O + intensities showed a plateau followed by a decrease, with the O + decline being more pronounced. Chemisorption measurements at 140 K showed the presence of states corresponding to CO adsorption on copper related sites. Using low energy ion bombardment only a small Cu + emission was observed from the clean surface. CO adsorption at 300 K resulted in an increase in Cu + intensity and a weak CuCO + signal but adsorption at 140 K resulted in large Cu + and CuCO + signals. The weakly bound states are highly active for both ESD and SIMS.
Applying Model Analysis to a Resource-Based Analysis of the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation.

Model analysis provides more information than normalized gain for understanding class performance on multiple-choice conceptual evaluations.
Cutaneous Myoepithelioma in the Foot: Case Report

Cutaneous myoepithelioma is a very rare, benign, subcutaneous and dermal tumor. It usually pres- ents as a slow-growing and painless mass on the extremities. We report a case of cutaneous myoepithelioma that was located on the foot. A 68-yearold woman presented with a slowly grow- ing pain-free mass on the right third toe measuring 0.8 × 0.7 × 0.4 cm 3 . We per- formed an elliptical excision, with his- tological and immunohistochemical analysis. The lesion showed dermis with cords of cytologically uniform ovoid cells with moderate amount of pale cytoplasm. No pleomorphism, mitotic activity, or necrosis was visualized. The tumor cells were positive for S-100 pro- tein, epithelial membrane antigen and negative for smooth-muscle actin. From these findings, the tumor was diag- nosed as a cutaneous myoepithelioma extending to the deep resection mar- gin. To our knowledge, there are only 2 documented cases in the literature in English, and none have been reported in the foot and ankle literature.
Using pseudorandom phase-only encoding to approximate fully complex distortion-invariant filters

In this paper, we introduce a unified model-based pattern recognition approach that can be formulated into a variety of techniques to be used for a variety of applications. Complex phasor addition and cancellation are incorporated into the design of filter(s) to perform implicit logical operations using linear correlation operators. These implicit logical operations are suitable to implement high-level gray-scale morphological transformations of input images. In this way we effectively project nonlinear decision boundaries into the input signal space yet maintain the mathematical simplicity of linear filter designs. We apply this approach to the automatic distortion- and intensity-invariance object recognition problem. We introduce a set of shape operators or complex filters that are logically structured into a filter bank architecture to accomplish the distortion and intensity-invariant system. This synthesized complex filter bank is optimally sensitive to fractal noise representing natural scenery. The sensitivity is optimized for a specific fractal parameter range using the Fisher discriminant. The output responses of the proposed system are shown for target, clutter, and pseudo-target inputs to represent its discrimination and generalization capability in the presence of distortion and intensity variations.
The dichotomy of man: Religion vs. science.

The dialogue and often the dispute between religion and science can be said to have started, in its modern form, in the controversy between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Wilberforce concerning Darwin's theory of evolution.1 Prior to that point, and ever since the Renaissance, the scientist was likely to whisper those of his views that might be considered heretical,2 and the power of the church carried the day in differences of opinion. Since that time, there have been scientists who have lived comfortably with their religious views and whose expositions of these principles have probably met with ready acceptance by theologians; William James and his The Varieties of Religious Experience is a good example.3 There have been scientists who have expounded their religious views in such a way as not to obtain the support of other scientists; thus while Albert Einstein says that "only individuals of exceptional endowments" rise above the anthropomorphic conception of God, in his own exposition of "cosmic religious feeling" he uses anthropomorphic analogies and speaks of the superior intelligence revealed in the "harmony of natural law."4 On the other hand, his opinion that the man of science cannot accept the concept of a personal God is not likely to be greeted with enthusiasm by theologians. Other scientists, such as James B. Conant, say that religion and science cannot have a dialogue, since they are on different levels of discourse; they "constitute incompatible universes of inquiry"; this leaves little room for rapprochement and mutual understanding.5 There are scientists who, in their efforts at reconciliation of the two bodies of thought, merely reiterate their religious teachings and beliefs, and so bring no new viewpoint for consensual enlightenment.6 When the religious man says: "It is never a matter of objective propositions amenable to verification. By its very nature, religion demands our participation rather than proof or verification," he speaks ana thema to the scientist; what cannot be objectively verified to an independent observer is poppycock to the scientist.7 When the illustrious John Dewey says: "any activity pursued in behalf of an ideal and against obstacles and in spite of threats of personal loss because of conviction of its general and enduring value is religious in quality," his word carries no cogency for the scientist who, by this definition, is being religious every day of his life while perhaps maintaining that
In utero anaphylaxis

Late fetal demise and hypoxic-ischemic neurologic injury after previously normal in utero development remain devastating outcomes of pregnancy, for which no cause is identified in many cases. Based on a case encountered, I propose that some of these incidents may be due to in utero anaphylaxis to food antigens that cross the placenta. Potential allergens to which pregnant women are exposed can be transported across the placenta, and the fetus is capable of producing IgE, the antibody responsible for anaphylaxis in humans. Whether this IgE is antigen specific is controversial with some studies indicating the ability to generate IgE to food antigens prenatally. Indirect evidence for in utero production of specific IgE is the high percentage of food reactions that occur on the first postnatal exposure to the food. I propose that some cases of stillbirth and prenatal hypoxic-ischemic injury may be due to in utero anaphylaxis.
Environmental influences on the formation of sedimentary fabric in a fine-grained carbonate-shelf environment: Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys

Sedimentological studies were undertaken in the Dry Tortugas to examine environmental influences on the formation of sedimentary fabric. 234Th, 210Pb, grain size, porosity, and fabric analyses reveal the presence of a soft, fine-grained, well mixed surface layer underlain by compact, shelly, intensely bioturbated carbonate muds. Vertical zonation of biogenic structures indicates that deep bioturbation is advective and results in transport of fine material to the seabed surface. The impact of physical oceanographic processes appears to be restricted to the surface layer; however, potential for preservation of this layer in the sediment record is low due to intense mixing in deeper sediments. Thus, preserved sediments retain an incomplete record of the dominant benthic processes at the study area.
Optical spectroscopy detects histological hallmarks of pancreatic cancer

An empirical model was developed to interpret differences in the experimentally measured reflectance and fluorescence spectra of freshly excised human pancreatic tissues: normal, adenocarcinoma, and pancreatitis (inflammation). The model provided the first quantitative links between spectroscopic measurements and histological characteristics in the human pancreas. The reflectance model enabled the first (to our knowledge) extraction of wavelength resolved absorption and reduced scattering coefficients for normal and diseased human pancreatic tissues. The fluorescence model employed reflectance information to extract attenuation free "intrinsic" endogenous fluorescence spectra from normal pancreatic tissue, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and pancreatitis. The method developed is simple, intuitive, and potentially useful for a range of applications in optical tissue diagnostics. This approach is potentially applicable to in vivo studies, because it can account for the absorptive effects of blood in tissues.
A remark on the existence proof of Hopf's solution of the Navier-Stokes Equation

Simplication de la demonstration du theoreme d'existence de la solution de Hopf de l'equation de Navier-Stokes, donnee par J.L. Lions
Self-assembly of single integral membrane proteins into soluble nanoscale phospholipid bilayers

One of the biggest challenges in pharmaceutical research is obtaining integral membrane proteins in a functional, solubilized, and monodisperse state that provides a native-like environment that maintains the spectrum of in vivo activities. Many of these integral membrane proteins are receptors, enzymes, or other macromolecular assemblies that are important drug targets. An example is the general class of proteins composed of seven-transmembrane segments (7-TM) as exemplified by the G-protein-coupled receptors. In this article, we describe a simple system for self-assembling bacteriorhodopsin, as a model protein containing 7-TM helices, with phospholipids to form a nanometer-scale soluble bilayer structure encircled by a 200 amino acid scaffold protein. The result is the single molecule incorporation of an integral membrane protein target into a soluble and monodisperse structure that allows the structural and functional tools of solution biochemistry to be applied.
Bioelectrostatics : Review of widespread importance in biochemistry

The literature reveals an extensive involvement of electrostatics in biological systems. In our prior articles, supporting evidence was cited from sulfates, volatile anesthetics, electron transport in photosynthesis and molecular electrostatic potential studies with DNA. A recent review addresses the involvement of electrochemistry in cell signaling. According to the theoretical framework, electrostatics is believed to be importantly involved in phosphate action in receptors and cell signaling. The main focus is on energetics associated with bioelectrostatics. Examples include action of enzymes, such as, xylose isomerase, SOD and cytochrome c oxidase. In the membrane area, reports deal with the phospholipase-membrane and the nuclear membrane. Other categories are chromosomes, oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, receptors, Hofmeister effect, and histamine. In addition, electrostatic effects have been examined in the plant kingdom.
Hypertension induced changes in cerebral capillary permeability to water are mediated by afferent neuronal connections from the carotid sinus to the brain

Mild acute hypertension was induced in rats pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically with metaraminol, angiotensin II or bilateral vagotomy. The extraction fraction of water (Ew) was measured in both hypertensive and normotensive animals. It was demonstrated that cerebral blood flow did not change during hypertensive states. Under constant flow conditions Ew becomes a direct index of the cerebral capillary permeability to water. Ew was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in all brain regions examined in the hypertensive animals as compared to normotensive controls. However, the decrease Ew induced by hypertension was not observed if the animal had previously received bilateral carotid sinus denervation. This observation indicated that the capillary permeability response induced by hypertension is mediated by a neurogenic mechanism involving information transfer from the peripheral baroreceptors in the carotid sinus along afferent connections into the central nervous system.
Patient-Initiated Treatment of Uncomplicated Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Young Women

A strategy in which a health care professional provided a prescription for self-diagnosis and self-treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in young women with a recent history of uncomplicated...
Half-transitive group actions in a compact ring

Abstract If A is a ring with identity and G is the group of units of A , then G acts naturally on A + , the additive group of A , by left multiplication (the regular action) and by conjugation (the conjugate action). Clearly the set X of nonzero, nonunits of A is invariant under both actions. For x ∈ X , let O( x ) denote the orbit of x under the given action of G . G is half-transitive on X if G is transitive on X or if O( x ) is a finite set with cardinality greater than one for each x in X and | O ( x )| = | O ( y )| for all x and y in X . A characterization of those compact rings with identity for which G is half- transitive on X by the regular action is given. It is also shown that if A is a compact ring with identity such that G is half-transitive, but not transitive, on X by the conjugate action, then the characteristic of A is a prime p and | O ( x )| ≥3 for all x in X . Moreover, A is a local ring if and only if (| O ( x )|, p ) = 1.
Volatile and Semivolatile Compounds in Gray Catbird Uropygial Secretions Vary with Age and Between Breeding and Wintering Grounds

The uropygial secretions of some bird species contain volatile and semivolatile compounds that are hypothesized to serve as chemical signals. The abundance of secretion components varies with age and season, although these effects have not been investigated in many species. We used solid-phase microextraction headspace sampling and solvent extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to detect and identify volatile and semivolatile chemical compounds in uropygial secretions of gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis). We identified linear and branched saturated carboxylic acids from acetic (C2) through hexacosanoic (C26); linear alcohols from decanol (C10) through docosanol (C22); one aromatic aldehyde; one monounsaturated carboxylic acid; two methyl ketones; and a C28 ester. We tested for the effect of age on signal strength and found that juvenile birds produced greater amounts of volatile C4 through C7 acids and semivolatile C20 through C26 acids, although the variation among individuals was large. Adult birds displayed small concentrations and minimal individual variation among volatile compounds, but produced significantly higher levels of long-chain linear alcohols than juvenile birds. We tested for the effects of season/location by sampling adult catbirds at their Ohio breeding grounds and at their Florida wintering grounds and found that the heaviest carboxylic acids are significantly more abundant in secretions from birds sampled during winter at the Florida site, whereas methyl ketones are more abundant in birds sampled during summer on the Ohio breeding grounds. We observed no effect of sex on semivolatile compounds, but we found a significant effect of sex on levels of carboxylic acids (C4 through C7) for juvenile birds only.
Small steps to improve outcome in ALL

Small steps for small kids can result in big leaps. Advancing by incremental steps in the past 40 years, the curability of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) stands as one of modern medicine's crowning achievements. For children with standard-risk ALL, a cure can be obtained in more than
Reminiscence in the short-term retention of paired-associate lists

In the first experiment, 5-item paired-associate lists, varying in response-term meaningfulness (high, medium, and low), were presented for a single study trial (4 sec per pair), with recall being taken after 4, 19, 64, 184, and 304 sec. Reminiscence was found at each level of meaningfulness, with the peak of the three retention functions occurring at 19 sec. Three additional experiments established the reliability of the reminiscence effect. Subsequent analyses support the conclusion that either individual differences in rate of learning are important for producing reminiscence or that degree of learning is important.
A multilevel Newton–Krylov interface solver for multiphysics couplings of flow in porous media

A multiblock approach to modelling flow in porous media allows for coupling different physical and numerical models in a single simulation through the use of mortar finite elements. The resulting non-linear algebraic system is reduced to a non-linear interface problem which is solved by a full approximation scheme (FAS) multigrid with a Newton-GMRES smoother. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Love to win or hate to lose? asymmetry of dopamine d2 receptor binding predicts sensitivity to reward versus punishment

Humans show consistent differences in the extent to which their behavior reflects a bias toward appetitive approach-related behavior or avoidance of aversive stimuli [Elliot, A. J. Approach and avoidance motivation. In A. J. Elliot Ed., Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation pp. 3-14. New York: Psychology Press, 2008]. We examined the hypothesis that in healthy participants this motivational bias assessed by self-report and by a probabilistic learning task that allows direct comparison of the relative sensitivity to reward and punishment reflects lateralization of dopamine signaling. Using [F-18]fallypride to measure D2/D3 binding, we found that self-reported motivational bias was predicted by the asymmetry of frontal D2 binding. Similarly, striatal and frontal asymmetries in D2 dopamine receptor binding, rather than absolute binding levels, predicted individual differences in learning from reward versus punishment. These results suggest that normal variation in asymmetry of dopamine signaling may, in part, underlie human personality and cognition.
Development of a three-dimensional treatment planning system based on computed tomographic data

Current surgical treatment planning systems predict three-dimensional (3D) corrections from two-dimensional (2D) data and are inadequate for complex movements. In this paper, we present a 3D planning system based on computed tomographic (CT) data. A three-dimensional CT scan of the craniofacial skeleton forms the database. Software developed in the Harvard Surgical Planning Laboratory was modified for the craniofacial skeleton. Reproducible skeletal landmarks are identified for superimposition. A 'cutting tool' is used to segment the mandible and segments are moved to their predicted positions. A 'collision tool', alerts the operator of skeletal interferences. An analysis of selected scans is used to demonstrate the system. Three-dimensional visualization of the facial skeleton, selection of landmarks, measurement of angles and distances, simulation of osteotomies, repositioning of bones, detection of collisions and super-imposition of scans were accomplished. In an illustrative case of Hemifacial Microsomia, predicted and actual 3D corrective movements of the entire mandible were documented. Analysis of scans indicated that 3D planning can prevent insufficient jaw lengthening or other surgical inaccuracies which occur with standard 2D methods. Software demonstrated here will allow the surgeon to accurately plan treatment and evaluate craniomaxillofacial surgery outcomes. Future applications may include surgical navigation.
Design and synthesis of trans-3-(2-(4-((3-(3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolyl))- phenyl)carboxamido)cyclohexyl)ethyl)-7-methylsulfonyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (SB-414796): a potent and selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist.

At their clinical doses, current antipsychotic agents share the property of both dopamine D2 and D3 receptor blockade. However, a major disadvantage of many current medications are the observed extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS), postulated to arise from D2 receptor antagonism. Consequently, a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist could offer an attractive antipsychotic therapy, devoid of the unwanted EPS. Using SAR information gained in two previously reported series of potent and selective D3 receptor antagonists, as exemplified by the 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine 10 and the 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindoline 11, a range of 7-sulfonyloxy- and 7-sulfonylbenzazepines has been prepared. Compounds of this type combined a high level of D3 affinity and selectivity vs D2 with an excellent pharmacokinetic profile in the rat. Subsequent optimization of this series to improve selectivity over a range of receptors and reduce cytochrome P450 inhibitory potential gave trans-3-(2-(4-((3-(3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxidiazol...
Tracing the origins of bipolar disorder: from Falret to DSM-IV and ICD-10.

In textbooks of psychiatry, the chapter onmood disorder usually contains a few words about the controversy between the two French psychiatrists who claimed the priority of its discovery. Initially presented as the model of a specific mental disease delineated by the clinical method, it later lost its autonomy, being considered solely as a symptomatic form of a broader entity, manic-depressive illness. Regaining its independence under the rubric of “bipolar disorder” a few decades ago, it has expanded considerably its limits, occupying now, based on the number and the variety of researches dedicated to its study, the leading place among the mood disorders. A fuller documentation of the story traced in this article can be found in two of the author's earlier papers (Pichot, 1995, 2004).
Thermodynamic Properties of the Ionization of Morpholine as a Function of Temperature and Ionic Strength

A hydrogen−electrode concentration cell was used to monitor pH in a study of morpholine ionization in aqueous solutions to temperatures of 290 °C and to ionic strengths of 1 m, maintained with either sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate or sodium chloride. The resulting hydrolysis quotients were combined with values from two previous potentiometric investigations of this reaction, as well as existing heat capacity and apparent molar volume data, to provide a global fitting equation. The computed thermodynamic parameters for the acid dissociation of the morpholinium ion at 25 °C and infinite dilution are log K = (−8.491 ± 0.003); ΔH = (39 ± 1) kJ·mol-1; ΔS = (−31 ± 1) J·K-1·mol-1; ΔCp = (40 ± 7) J·K-1·mol-1; and ΔV = (3 ± 1) cm3·mol-1. At low ionic strengths, including values at infinite dilution, the log Q data were found to be near linear with respect to the reciprocal temperature in Kelvin over the measured temperature range of 0 °C to 300 °C.
Regression modelling of correlated data in ecology: subject‐specific and population averaged response patterns

Summary 1. Statistical methods that assume independence among observations result in optimistic estimates of uncertainty when applied to correlated data, which are ubiquitous in applied ecological research. Mixed effects models offer a potential solution and rely on the assumption that latent or unobserved characteristics of individuals (i.e. random effects) induce correlation among repeated measurements. However, careful consideration must be given to the interpretation of parameters when using a nonlinear link function (e.g. logit). Mixed model regression parameters reflect the change in the expected response within an individual associated with a change in that individual’s covariates [i.e. a subject-specific (SS) interpretation], which may not address a relevant scientific question. In particular, a SS interpretation is not natural for covariates that do not vary within individuals (e.g. gender). 2. An alternative approach combines the solution to an unbiased estimating equation with robust measures of uncertainty to make inferences regarding predictor–outcome relationships. Regression parameters describe changes in the average response among groups of individuals differing in their covariates [i.e. a population-averaged (PA) interpretation]. 3. We compare these two approaches [mixed models and generalized estimating equations (GEE)] with illustrative examples from a 3-year study of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) nest structures. We observe that PA and SS responses differ when modelling binary data, with PA parameters behaving like attenuated versions of SS parameters. Differences between SS and PA parameters increase with the size of among-subject heterogeneity captured by the random effects variance component. Lastly, we illustrate how PA inferences can be derived (post hoc) from fitted generalized and nonlinear-mixed models. 4. Synthesis and applications. Mixed effects models and GEE offer two viable approaches to modelling correlated data. The preferred method should depend primarily on the research question (i.e. desired parameter interpretation), although operating characteristics of the associated estimation procedures should also be considered. Many applied questions in ecology, wildlife management and conservation biology (including the current illustrative examples) focus on population performance measures (e.g. mean survival or nest success rates) as a function of general landscape features, for which the PA model interpretation, not the more commonly used SS model interpretation may be more natural.
Naturalistic Fallacy Errors in Lay Interpretations of Psychological Science: Data and Reflections on the Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman (1998) Controversy

The naturalistic fallacy (NF) refers to "is-ought" confusions in which empirical descriptions of nature are seen as dictating moral conclusions. Are brief warnings sufficient to prevent such unwarranted inferences among lay consumers of psychological research? Undergraduates read 2 fictitious news reports, 1 of which summarized a meta-analysis on the effects of childhood sexual abuse (Rind, Tromovitch, & Bauserman, 1998). Students endorsed as "true according to the research" nearly half of the set of NF test statements that asserted moral claims. Including a caution against NF errors had no reliable effect on responses to the sex abuse report; a caution temporarily reduced, but did not eliminate, such errors for an alternative research topic. Additional measures indicated that students-especially those under high cognitive load-perceived the moral views of the researchers as mirroring those of writers citing their work. Implications for recent debates regarding psychological research and public perception...
Working downstream: a beginning EL teacher negotiating policy and practice

This case study describes how a beginning teacher struggled to meet her students’ needs in an ESL classroom. Her struggle demonstrated the interrelated nature of policy and practice: Policy effects in her school isolated her and made her feel solely responsible for the achievement of her newly arrived English-learning (EL) students. Her case demonstrated a critical issue in the United States: Namely, the effects of highstakes testing policies in the classroom serving ELs has led to a focus on student output (e.g., achievement scores), while discussions of input (e.g., knowledge of effective instructional practices, support across the professional life-span, and clear, coherent curriculum standards that include English-learning students) are much needed and widely absent. Further, these issues occurred in an unclear language policy environment where ideologies around bilingualism left the case study teacher confused. Ultimately, this study provokes the following questions: How do the effects of policy impact beginning teachers’ ability to negotiate and contest policy? How is a teacher’s negotiation and contestation of policy shaped by a specific policy context over time?
Creation of a model of bladder exstrophy in the fetal lamb

AbstractPurpose: To our knowledge we describe the first reproducible large animal model to mimic the congenital birth defect of classic bladder exstrophy.Materials and Methods: Eight male and 15 female fetal sheep underwent in utero surgical creation of classic bladder exstrophy. The fetus was then replaced within the amniotic sac and allowed to come to term. A sham procedure was performed on 16 male fetuses.Results: After the creation of bladder exstrophy 53 percent of the female and 62 percent of the male fetuses survived to full term and through delivery. Of the male fetuses that underwent sham surgery 62 percent also survived through delivery. Lambs with exstrophy were born with the bladder wall in continuity with the abdominal wall and exposed to the environment. The sham operated male lambs had a well healed abdominal scar.Conclusions: To our knowledge we have devised the first reproducible large animal model of bladder exstrophy. This model will be useful in studying bladder development and composi...
One resident perspective: resident education and the pharmaceutical industry.

be focused on innovative funding ideas to prevent the erosion of the ethical standards of our specialty. Although pharmaceutical company support of physicians once went almost unchecked, there has been a movement toward limiting the industry’s contact with physicians. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the relationship between industry and physicians came under scrutiny by medical journals, professional organizations, and the popular press because of large sums of money that were being spent on physician gifts and continuing medical education. In 1990, the American College of Physicians (ACP) published the first ethical guidelines in relation to physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. The statement discouraged the acceptance of all gifts and emphasized using the opinion of patients, colleagues, and the public to gauge whether a gift was problematic. In 1992, the American Medical Association’s Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs issued its first position statement, indicating that gifts to physicians should entail a benefit to patients and not be of substantial value or relate to prescribing patterns. Cash reimbursements and gifts that directly or indirectly relate to Introduction [Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:27.]
Rituximab administration within 6 months of T cell-depleted allogeneic SCT is associated with prolonged life-threatening cytopenias.

The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab (RTX) is increasingly used in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) to treat lymphoproliferative disorders and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). RTX administration can be complicated by delayed and prolonged neutropenia, but the mechanism is unclear. We report the occurrence of profound cytopenias following RTX given in the conditioning regimen or early after T cell-deplete SCT to treat B cell lymphoproliferative disorders or chronic GVHD (cGVHD). Between 2006 and 2009, 102 patients (median age: 43 years, range: 13-68 years), received a myeloablative matched-sibling T cell-deplete SCT for lymphoid or myeloid hematologic disorders. Neutropenia occurring within 4 weeks of treatment developed in 16 of 17 patients given RTX within the first 190 days after SCT. Fourteen patients developed severe neutropenia (count 1.0 × 109/L. Although RTX rapidly controlled cGVHD, we conclude that its administration early after T cell-deplete SCT is associated with prolonged profound and life-threatening cytopenias, and should be avoided.
An Approach to Expert Control of Interactive Software Systems

Expert problem-solving strategies in many domains require the use of detailed mathematical techniques coupled with experiential knowledge about how and when to use the appropriate techniques. In many of these domains, such techniques are made available to experts in large software packages. In attempting to build expert systems for these domains, we wish to make use of these packages, and are therefore faced with an important problem: how to integrate the existing software, and knowledge about its use, into a practical expert system. The expert knowledge is used, in dynamic selection and interpretation of appropriate programs and parameters, to reach a successful goal in the problem solving. We describe the framework of a hybrid expert system for representing problem-solving knowledge in these domains. This hybrid system may be characterized as consisting of a production system and mathematical methods. The software package is reorganized as necessary to map it into the mathematical-method representation of a hybrid system. This approach has evolved out of an effort to build an expert system for performing well-log analysis, ELAS (expert log analysis system).
EVALUATION OF A MODIFIED ARCAN FIXTURE FOR THE IN‐PLANE SHEAR TEST OF MATERIALS

A modified Arcan test fixture was built primarily to perform the shear test of composite materials. The test fixture was evaluated based on the experimental results (shear modulus, shear strength, and fracture surface) obtained from the testing of three materials. It was found that the shear properties obtained using the modified Arcan shear test were in excellent agreement with the reference data provided by the standard or other reliable test methods. It was concluded that the modified Arcan shear test fixture can be used to determine the shear properties of composite materials.
A Compact Wind Tunnel for Evaluating Aerosol Samplers

Abstract A small wind tunnel (305 cm in length and with an inside diameter of 59 cm) was designed, fabricated, evaluated, and modified to meet flow field uniformity criteria consistent with those established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for PM10 sampler testing. With an arrangement of three jet pumps located near the intake of the wind tunnel, velocity profiles in the plane of the test section near the exhaust of the wind tunnel demonstrated low variability. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the mean velocities at traverse points within the test section were < 5 percent in the velocity range of 0.6 to 1.4 m/s. Stable particle size distributions of polydisperse aerosols of ceramic beads injected along the centerline of the wind tunnel through one of the jet pumps were generated with a vibrating feed generator [type 200 Zeeospheres®; count median aerodynamic diameter (CMAD), 1.6 to 1.8 μm; mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), 5.1 μm; and geometric standard deviation (GSD), 1.7 to 1.8...
Mendelian genetics of male infertility

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive despite trying for a year, and it affects approximately 15% of the reproductive-age population. It is considered a genetically lethal factor, as the family lineage stops at that individual with no progeny produced. A genetic defect associated with an infertile individual cannot be transmitted to the offspring, ensuring the maintenance of reproductive fitness of the species. However, with the advent of assisted reproductive techniques (ART), we are now able to overcome sterility and bypass nature's protective mechanisms that developed through evolution to prevent fertilization by defective or deficient sperm.
The intractable and the novel: looking ahead in bioethics.

Practicing bioethics is not like practicing medicine. Medical advances are easy to measure and well documented. Recent decades have seen increases in longevity, improvements in quality of life and ...
Speeding up the training of neural networks with CUDA technology

Training feed-forward neural networks can take a long time when there is a large amount of data to be used, even when training with more efficient algorithms like Levenberg-Marquardt. Parallel architectures have been a common solution in the area of high performance computing, since the technology used in current processors is reaching the limits of speed. An architecture that has been gaining popularity is the GPGPU (General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units), which has received large investments from companies such as NVIDIA that introduced CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) technology. This paper proposes a faster implementation of neural networks training with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm using CUDA. The results obtained demonstrate that the whole training time can be almost 30 times shorter than code using Intel Math Library (MKL). A case study for classifying electrical company customers is presented.
Atoms of the relative block monoid

Let G be a finite abelian group with subgroup H and let F(G) denote the free abelian monoid with basis G. The classical block monoid B(G) is the collection of sequences in F(G) whose elements sum to zero. The relative block monoid BH(G), defined by Halter-Koch, is the collection of all sequences in F(G) whose elements sum to an element in H. We use a natural transfer homomorphism θ : BH(G) → B(G/H) to enumerate the irreducible elements of BH(G) given an enumeration of the irreducible elements of B(G/H). MSC 2000: 11P70, 20M14
Lateral control of an autonomous road vehicle in a simulated highway environment using adaptive resonance neural networks

Lateral control of a simulated vehicle in a simulated highway driving environment is explored. Three modules are used: a driving simulator, a visual preprocessor, and a neural network. Once trained, the networks control the trajectory of the vehicle by accessing a steering decision for implementation at each timestep in response to a visual encoding of an image generated at the previous timestep. The paper presents the development of the three system modules, the creation of training sets, and computational results. Neural network performances are gauged by a number of procedures. Excellent results are achieved for straight roads and curved roads under a variety of initial conditions on the vehicle. >
The Social Cognitive Ecology of Preschool Classrooms: Contextual Relations Revisited:

In the present study children from two age groups (three and four years old) were observed in their preschool classrooms during free play. We were interested in the extent to which social cognitive aspects of their play behaviors varied according to two classroom contextual variables: presence in different learning centers and participants (number of children and adults present) in those centers. Results indicated that children behaved differently according to these variables. Children engaged in lower order social-cognitive behaviors in art centers than they did in blocks and housekeeping centers. Adult presence related to less mature forms of play whereas peer presence related to more mature forms of play.
The hearing sensitivity of the little skate, Raja erinacea: A comparison of two methods

We determined the hearing sensitivity of the little skate, Raja erinacea using two methods: Behavioral conditioning and the auditory brainstem response (ABR). This marks the first time that the hearing in any member of the Rajiformes has been examined and the first time that the ABR method has been used with an elasmobranch. We obtained audiograms of R. erinacea using each method and were found to be statistically similar. The best hearing sensitivity for R. erinacea was between 100 and 300 Hz. We compared the audiograms to audiograms obtained from other species of elasmobranchs. This analysis showed that R. erinacea, a bottom-dwelling elasmobranch, has less sensitive hearing than the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, and the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, a free-swimming, raptorial elasmobranch. However, R. erinacea showed sensitivity comparable to that of the horn shark, Heterodontus francisi, another bottom-dwelling elasmobranch; both species feed primarily on benthic prey. These findings are in agreement with Corwin's hypothesis (1978) that hearing sensitivity is correlated with feeding behavior. An examination of the macula neglecta of R. erinacea found a total count of 10 000 hair cells, which is within the range of other bottom-dwelling elasmobranchs.
Periorbital cellulitis:A comparison of different treatment regimens

Periorbital cellulitis was retrospectively investigated in a cohort of 69 children, 1.5-16 years of age, who were admitted to Hacettepe University Children's Hospital. The aim of the study was to define the most important cause of the disease and to choose the most appropriate antimicrobial regimen. Sinusitis (43%) was found to be the most frequent disease associated with periorbital cellulitis. Trauma (25%) and odontogenic infections (6%) were the next most common predisposing causes. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 14 (74%) of 19 cultures. Two antibiotic combinations, penicillin plus chloramphenicol and sulbactam-ampicillin (SAM) with or without ornidazole was used in 30 (43%) and 39 (57%) of 69 cases, respectively. The duration of treatment with these two antibiotic combinations was generally between 7 and 10 days. No statistical difference was found between the two antibiotic combinations in the cure and recurrence rates but five (17%) of the 30 cases using penicillin plus chloramphenicol, and one (3%) of the 39 cases using SAM with or without ornidazole had recurrent periorbital cellulitis. It was concluded that SAM can be the first line of drug treatment for periorbital cellulitis as it is easily used in every age group and etiology (trauma, sinusitis, etc.). It provides total recovery and has less side effects and risk of recurrence. It also has a broad antimicrobial spectrum.
Chromosomal Aberrations and Cloning Efficiency in Adenovirus Type 12-infected Hamster Cells

Abstract The fate of hamster cells, abortively infected with adenovirus type 12, has been studied by correlation of chromosomal aberrations with induction of T antigens and cloning efficiency. The incidence of chromosomal changes paralleled to some extent the T antigen formation, but was inversely related to the cloning efficiency of the cells. At an input multiplicity of 100, within 24 hr after infection, nearly all of the cells or metaphases revealed the presence of T antigens and chromosomal lesions, respectively, but no clones of cells were obtained. Inhibition of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was not noted during this period. Increasing doses of ultraviolet irradiation reduced, successively, the capacity of the virus to induce chromosomal aberrations and correspondingly improved cloning efficiency of the exposed cells. It is concluded that most, if not all, cells revealing chromosomal lesions 24 hr after infection fail to enter further mitoses.
Insights from patients' blogs and the need for systematic data on stem cell tourism.

Patient pursuit of unproven stem-cell-based interventions has raised important questions about physicians' obligations to their patients, particularly those too young to make fully informed decisio...