cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Groundwater seepage into Great South Bay, New York

Great South Bay (New York) is a large lagoon on the northeast coast of the United States. The flow of groundwater across the floor of Great South Bay has been reported to account for as much as 2/3 of the total freshwater inflow. In situ measurements of this seepage flow have been made along four offshore transects in the Bay. These measurements show that the flow rate decreases rapidly offshore; within 30 m of the shoreline, the submarine outflow rates were typically 40 l (day m 2 ) −1 and decreased to less than 10 l (day m 2 ) −1 at a distance of 100 m from shore. The Bay floor at the study locations was sand or silty sand with vertical intrinsic permeabilities ranging from 14 to 78 darcys. The flow rate across the Bay floor may be described by an exponentially decreasing function. The flow distribution may, therefore, be specified with two parameters—the flow value at the shoreline, A , and a ‘decay’ constant, c , that governs the rate of decrease of the flow offshore. The calculated total flows along the four transects were 2·1 × 10 3 , 1·1 × 10 3 , 8·5 × 10 3 and 3·9 × 10 3 l (day m) −1 . Between 40% and 98% of this flow enters the Bay within 100 m from shore. The total flow of groundwater across the Bay floor was calculated to be about 2 × 10 8 l day −1 or 10–20% of the total freshwater inflow.
On the asymptotic solution of sound penetration into a rigid porous half-plane: A modified saddle point method

An approximate analytical formula has been derived for the prediction of sound penetration into a semi-infinite rigid porous medium due to a monopole source. The sound fields can be expressed in an integral form that is amenable to analytical and numerical analyses. A modified saddle point method is applied to evaluate the integral asymptotically, which leads to a closed-form expression. The validity of the asymptotic formula is confirmed by comparison with the numerical results computed by the fast field formulation and the direct evaluation of the integral. The present analytical formula has been demonstrated to be sufficiently accurate to predict the penetration of sound into the semi-infinite rigid porous medium.
Analysis of transient periodic textures in nematic polymers

Abstract A numerical solution of the Leslie-Ericksen equations for nematic liquid crystals is obtained for in-plane rotation of a strong magnetic field. A transient periodic orientation develops as a result of in-plane director motion and the induced shear flow. At long times the in-plane director orientation results in steady splay-bend inversion walls. A linear stability analysis shows that the inversion walls are unstable to perturbations out of the plane for elastic coefficients characteristic of nematic polymers. Calculations of transmitted light intensity through crossed polarizers for the computed orientation development predict the evolution of a banded texture, as observed experimentally.
Decarboxylase Inhibition and Blood Pressure Reduction by α -Methyl-3,4-Dihydroxy-DL-phenylalanine

α-Methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-DLphenylalanine has been found to be an effective inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation in man. This was shown by decreased formation of serotonin, tryptamine, and tyramine from the precursor amino acids. Reduction of amine biosynthesis is associated with lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive patients and a transient sedative effect.
Human metapneumovirus as a major cause of human respiratory tract disease.

Background: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly identified paramyxovirus that appears to be one of the most significant and common viral infections in humans. The virus, first isolated in 2001, is a clear cause of lower respiratory tract disease in both the very young and the frail elderly. The virus causes acute wheezing in children or, less commonly, croup or pneumonia. Methods/Results: Molecular epidemiology studies have shown that field strains exhibit sufficient sequence diversity to designate 2 subgroups of circulating viruses. Small animal and nonhuman primate models of infection have been described, which will allow studies of pathogenesis and immunity. Recombinant viruses have already been generated by several groups using reverse genetics, which facilitates the study of the biology of the virus and the generation of live attenuated vaccine candidates. Conclusions: Ongoing research promises to elucidate the molecular basis for pathogenesis and immunity of human metapneumovirus infections and to pave the way for rapid vaccine development.
Child Welfare Professionals’ Experiences in Engaging Fathers in Services

The purpose of this exploratory focus group study was to examine child welfare professionals’ (n = 22) experiences with and perspectives towards working with fathers. The six themes that emerged from the thematic analysis contrasted sharply with earlier research findings and indicated that child welfare professionals skillfully engage fathers and that some fathers trust the system and are motivated to be involved. The findings revealed insights about foster fathers and working with foster parents. Unique regional issues also emerged as a factor that affect fathers and families. Recommendations for designing training, especially in areas with limited fatherhood specific services are provided.
Simulation driven inferences for multiply imputed longitudinal datasets

In this article, we demonstrate by simulations that rich imputation models for incomplete longitudinal datasets produce more calibrated estimates in terms of reduced bias and higher coverage rates without duly deflating the efficiency. We argue that the use of supplementary variables that are thought to be potential causes or correlates of missingness or outcomes in the imputation process may lead to better inferential results in comparison to simpler imputation models. The liberal use of these variables is recommended as opposed to the conservative strategy.
Lewy body and Alzheimer pathology in a family with the amyloid-β precursor protein APP717 gene mutation

Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene cause one form of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). One such family has been studied genetically and neuropathologically and represents the basis of the present report. Four siblings with the APP717 Val to Ile mutation, aged 59, 65, 61 and 64 years, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyped 2,4 (first three) and 2,3 respectively, had severe AD, Braak stage VI with frequent neurofibrillary tangles in the primary visual cortex, Brodmann area 17. The first one also met McKeith criteria for the limbic stage of dementia with Lewy bodies but did not have substantia nigra Lewy bodies. The second two met McKeith criteria for the neocortical stage of dementia with Lewy bodies and both had substantia nigra Lewy bodies. The fourth had AD but no Lewy bodies. A cousin without the APP717 mutation who was APOE 3, 4, developed dementia at age 60 and died at age 75. She had severe cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, less severe AD, Braak stage V, with sparing of area 17. She also had Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and in the cortex and met McKeith criteria for neocortical stage of dementia with Lewy bodies. Extrapyramidal features were present in all five. Lewy bodies have been described in 53% of reported autopsies on individuals with the APP717 Val to Ile mutation coincident with dementia and AD neuropathologic changes. These observations suggest an association between the chromosome 21 APP mutation and Lewy body formation, possibly mediated by other environmental or genetic factors.
Does certificate of need affect cardiac outcomes and costs

Several U.S. states enforce Certificate of Need (CON) regulations, which limit the number of hospitals performing open heart surgery or coronary angioplasty. CON regulations were intended to restrain cost growth and improve quality of care. This study compares mortality rates and costs for cardiac care in states with and without CON. CON appears to raise hospital procedure volume and lower the average cost of care. However, CON is associated with little reduction in inpatient mortality, and it may lead hospitals to operate on more patients than they would otherwise. The claimed welfare benefits of CON regulations require careful reconsideration.
Using Web Analytics for Mobile Interface Development

Libraries are developing mobile Web sites to keep up with the dynamic landscape of emerging technologies. However, the development of a mobile Web site is not as simple as serving the existing desktop Web site on a handheld device. Library developers can use analytics software to better understand users and to develop a user-centered mobile Web site. This case study explores the use of a library's traditional desktop Web site's analytics information in creating a mobile interface. Although Web analytics can provide a great amount of information about users, data should be used as supplementary information. Usability testing, focus groups, and surveys are other methods that can be conducted to understand users. Analytics cannot be a substitute for these types of user input, yet they may be useful for the initial development of mobile Web sites.
Current economic trends affecting the veterinary medical profession

This article explores the economic trends affecting the future of the veterinary medical profession. Key aspects of demand and supply are considered, as are several broad-based institutional factors. Demand for veterinarians and veterinary medical services is demonstrating a definitive upward trend across the profession, led by a remarkable in-crease in consumers' willingness to spend on animal health care.Supply is also expanding through increased enrollments at colleges and schools of veterinary medicine and increased productivity and efficiency in private practice. Veterinarians' incomes are increasing, and some sectors of the profession offer outstanding financial opportunities. Provided that critical needs are met for 1) increased diversity and 2) continued improvement in the nontechnical capabilites of veterinarians, the outlook for the economic future of the veterinary medical profession is strong.
Tunable excitation of mid-infrared optically pumped semiconductor lasers

While conventional semiconductor lasers employ electrical injection for carrier excitation, optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSLs) have demonstrated high output powers and high brightness in the mid-infrared. An important consideration for optically pumped lasers is efficient absorption of the pump beam, which can be achieved through increasing the number of periods in the active region, by placing the active region in a cavity with an optical thickness of twice the pump wavelength between distributed Bragg reflectors (Optical Pumping Injection Cavity), or by periodically inserting the active quantum wells into an InGaAsSb waveguide designed to absorb the pump radiation (Integrated Absorber). A tunable optical pumping technique is utilized by which threshold intensities are minimized and efficiencies are maximized. The near-IR idler output of a Nd:YAG-pumped optical parametric oscillator (10 Hz, ~4 ns) is the tunable optical pumping source in this work. Results are presented for an OPSL with a type-II W active region embedded in an integrated absorber to enhance the absorption of the optical pump beam. Emission wavelengths range from 4.64 μm at 78 K to 4.82 μm at 190 K for optical pump wavelengths ranging from 1930-1950 nm. The effect of wavelength tuning is demonstrated and compared to single wavelength pumping (1940 nm) at a higher duty cycle (20- 30%). Comparisons are also made to other OPSLs, including a discussion of the characteristic temperature and high temperature performance of these devices.
SELECTION DYNAMICS IN JOINT MATCHING TO RATE AND MAGNITUDE OF REINFORCEMENT

Virtual organisms animated by a selectionist theory of behavior dynamics worked on concurrent random interval schedules where both the rate and magnitude of reinforcement were varied. The selectionist theory consists of a set of simple rules of selection, recombination, and mutation that act on a population of potential behaviors by means of a genetic algorithm. An extension of the power function matching equation, which expresses behavior allocation as a joint function of exponentiated reinforcement rate and reinforcer magnitude ratios, was fitted to the virtual organisms' data, and over a range of moderate mutation rates was found to provide an excellent description of their behavior without residual trends. The mean exponents in this range of mutation rates were 0.83 for the reinforcement rate ratio and 0.68 for the reinforcer magnitude ratio, which are values that are comparable to those obtained in experiments with live organisms. These findings add to the evidence supporting the selectionist theory, which asserts that the world of behavior we observe and measure is created by evolutionary dynamics.
Application of “Transfer-Free” Suzuki Coupling Protocols toward the Synthesis of “Unambiguously Linear” Poly(p-phenylenes)

Soluble derivatives of poly(p-phenylene) of high molecular weight were synthesized via Suzuki coupling reactions catalyzed by palladium(0) precursors in the presence of either triphenylphosphine (TPP) or tri(o-tolyl)phosphine (TOTP). Syntheses involving the former ligand resulted in the formation of polymers in which the incorporation of phosphine was clearly observable by 31P NMR. However, polymers formed utilizing the latter ligand in a hydrophobic solvent such as CH2Cl2 exhibited no signals in the 31P NMR spectrum, even after 20 000 scans. Analyses by tandem GPC−light scattering and tandem GPC−light scattering−viscometry showed that polymers synthesized by utilizing a large amount of TPP-based catalyst (2%) possessed a considerably lower molecular weight than did the other samples and exhibited markedly different dependencies of the radius of gyration and intrinsic viscosity on molecular weight. From these studies, it does appear that the aryl−aryl interchange reaction known to occur in ArPdL2I complex...
Visual and auditory autokinesis.

Summary.-Two experiments demonstrate continuity in autokinetic movement of visual and auditory stimuli. In one experiment, the trial-to-trial correlations of duration of autokinetic movement were almost as large between modalities (correlating responses to the auditory stimulus with those to the visual) as they were within a given modality. In the second experiment, manipulation of instructions produced equivalent effects upon autokinesis in the two modalities. Introducing extraneous asymmetric stimulation had no effect in either modality. Current theories about autokinesis are largely mode specific; the results of these experiments suggest that central determinants also contribute strongly to the effecc. The autokinetic effect is the non-veridical perception that an objectively stationary stimulus is moving. The effect is usually studied under perceptually impoverished conditions, e.g., with a pinpoint of light in a dark room. Because most experiments have involved this viszlal effect it is understandable that explanations of autokinesis have implicated visual mechanisms. The most frequently cited mechanisms involve eye movement. Recent reviews (Howard & Templeton, 1966; Royce, Carran, Aftanas, Lehman, & Blumenthal, 1966) suggest that attempts to demonstrate that eye movement underlies the autokinetic effect have led to inconclusive or inconsistent results. One recent study by Matin and MacKinnon ( 1964) did show that, when movement of the retinal image was reduced by a fixed-image technique, the amount of horizontal autokinetic movement was also reduced. Other visual factors are known to contribute to the
Sciatic nerve regeneration in ganglioside-treated rats.

Abstract Local application of 0.25 mg ganglioside to the site of a crush in the rat sciatic nerve resulted in a 19 to 33% increase in the number of regenerating axons at 7 days after the lesion, although the maximum axonal outgrowth distance was not affected. Intraperitoneal injection of ganglioside (50 mg/kg) also had no effect on axonal outgrowth distance.
Energy partnership: Israel and the Persian Gulf

Abstract In the early 2003, American troops toppled the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq. Few weeks later, President Bush introduced his vision to solve the Arab–Israeli conflict in what is known as the “road map”. These interrelated developments confirm the connection between the two Middle-Eastern sub-systems—the Persian Gulf and the Levant and provide an opportunity to achieve a comprehensive peace. Regional economic cooperation is seen as the sine qua non of a durable peace. This study examines the potential for an energy partnership between the Persian Gulf hydrocarbon producers and Israel.
Toward a theory of avalanche-creating and error-controlling encoding schemes

This paper introduces a theory of avalanche-creating and error-controlling encoding schemes. We consider a Hamming space {0, 1} n and the problem of finding a bijection g : {0, 1}n rarr {0, 1}n, with inverse h = g-1, that creates avalanche and controls error. That is, for any vectors u and v that are at most b1 apart, their images g(u) and g(v) are at least b2 apart; and for any vectors v and e, the distance between h(g(v) + e) and v is at most the length of e (the distance from e to 0n) plus b3. It appears that the two objectives of achieving avalanche effect and error control simultaneously in a single encoding scheme are contradictory. This paper is the first attempt at understanding the tradeoffs. Toward this end, the paper determines nontrivial cases when desired encoding schemes can be efficiently constructed, cases when schemes exist but it is not known how to construct them efficiently, and cases when schemes do not exist at all
The enzymology of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases

Studies on the enzymology of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases from procaryotic and eucaryotic organisms are reviewed. Emphasis will be placed on the enzymes from Escherichia coli from which a considerable portion of our knowledge has been derived. Recent studies on similar enzymes from eucaryotes will be discussed as well. In addition, we will discuss the chemical and physical properties of AP sites and review studies on peptides and acridine derivatives which incise DNA at AP sites.
RESTRUCTURING OF PORK MEAT IN A TWIN‐SCREW EXTRUDER

Restructured pork chops were prepared from raw pork meat by grinding, mixing (15, 30, 45, or 60 min), cold (2C) processing in a twin-screw extruder (200, 300, or 400 rpm screw speed), pressing the extrudates into meat logs of 8–10 cm diameter, and cleaving. Hunter L, a, and b surface color values of extrudates and cooking yield of pork chops were determined. Cooked pork chops also were subjected to shear and compression testing (two cycles). Cooking yield decreased (P<0.1) slightly with mixing time. Some significant (P<0.05), but inconsequential from a practical standpoint, differences were detected among mean Hunter L, a, and b color values at various levels of mixing time. Extrusion processing of mixed meat resulted in greater (P<0.05) Hunter L (lighter) and higher positive b (more yellow) values. Specific shear force, specific shear work, specific work from the first and second compression cycles, and cohesiveness were not significantly (P<0.05) affected by mixing time, screw speed, or their interaction.
Communication as Symbolic Interaction: A Synthesis.

Communication is conceptualized as symbolic interaction and the attributes of the social system sub-unit performing the communication function are described in terms of content, structure and process. Information or knowledge of patterned relationships between phenomena is seen as the basic dependent variable of the communication process. A myriad of social and non-social variables that influence the amount and use of available information constitute facilities for communication. Symbolic role-taking, having varying degrees of explicitness, is suggested as an essential element of the communication process which may be operationally defined as made up of two basic variables, congruency and accuracy, from which the composite variables of mutuality and understanding can be derived.
The shelf life of the university of pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT)

Abstract The shelf life of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was studied by comparing, using a within-subjects design, scores for tests manufactured within 2 months of the time of testing, 2 1/2 years before the time of testing, and 4 years before testing. A three-way analysis of variance (test age by gender by booklet presentation order) revealed no significant effects of test age, presentation order, or any of the interactions on the average test scores. However, a significant gender main effect was observed (the women outperformed the men). The number of persons who correctly identified each test item was examined using the Cochran Q test. A significant difference was found among the three groups for only one of the 40 items (lemon). The percentage of persons who correctly identified lemon was lowest with the 4-year-old tests (respective percentages of correct values for the recent, 2 1/2-year, and 4-year tests were 100%, 97%, and 67%). It is not clear, however, whether this variation is the result of test age, per se, or vagaries in the manufacturing process. Overall, the data indicate that tests stored in a dry place at room temperature have a long shelf life and can be validly used for assessing patient smell function.
Cohesive energy of silicon by the Green's-function Monte Carlo method

The total energy of diamond-structure silicon is calculated by a fixed-node Green's-function Monte Carlo method using a pseudo-Hamiltonian to eliminate the core electrons. This demonstrates the feasibility of calculating properties of solids with the quantum Monte Carlo method, since the statistical error for a supercell of 64 atoms is 0.02 eV/atom. The agreement with experiment, although good, is limited by the accuracy of the pseudo-Hamiltonian. We find that the correlation energy is improved over a variational pair-product trial function by 0.34 eV/atom in the solid compared with 0.21 eV in the free atom.
Statistical Bellman-Ford algorithm with an application to retiming

Process variations in digital circuits make sequential circuit timing validation an extremely challenging task. In this paper, a Statistical Bellman-Ford (SBF) algorithm is proposed to compute the longest path length distribution for directed graphs with cycles. Our SBF algorithm efficiently computes the statistical longest path length distribution if there exist no positive cycles or detects one if the circuit is likely to have a positive cycle. An important application of SBF is Statistical Retiming based Timing Analysis (SRTA), where SBF is used to check for the feasibility of a given target clock period distribution for retiming. Our gate and wire delay distribution model considers several high-impact intra-die process parameters and accurately captures the spatial and reconvergent path correlations. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to validate the accuracy of our SBF algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that propose the statistic version of the longest path algorithm for sequential circuits.
Early membrane depolarization of the fast mammalian muscle after denervation.

The first alteration noted after denervation of the extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats was a decrease in resting membrane potential (RMP) which occurred at about 2h. The exact time course of this membrane depolarization was dependent upon the intramuscular length of the degenerating nerve stump. The decrease in RMP occurred prior to any detectable alteration in adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine content of the muscle. Prior to failure of spontaneous transmitter release, which occurred 10 h after denervation, some muscle fibres showed an increase in frequency of the miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.) with no alterations in amplitude and shape of the single potentials. Appearance of areas sensitive to acetylcholine (ACh) on the extra-junctional membrane occurred at 24 h after crushing the motor nerve. At 48 h after denervation a high ACh-sensitivity appeared at the muscle-tendon region, but was not detected in the majority of the muscle fibres studied midway between end-plate region and muscle-tendon area. The transverse resistance of a unit area of the muscle membrane was increased 3 days after denervation. These results provide evidence that the processes of post-denervation changes occur in the following temporal sequence: a) partial depolarization of the postsynaptic muscle membrane; b) a decrease and subsequent cessation of the spontaneous transmitter release preceded in some fibres by a transient increase in m.e.p.p. frequency; c) appearance of extrajunctional ACh sensitivity; d) increase in the transverse resistance of a unit area of the muscle membrane. It is suggested that the motor nerve releases more than one neurotrophic substance.
Comparison of active millimeter-wave and acoustic imaging for weapon detection

Millimeter-wave holographic imaging techniques have recently been developed for personnel surveillance applications at airports and other high-security checkpoints. Millimeter- wave imaging is useful for this application since millimeter-waves easily pass through common clothing materials yet are reflected from the human body and any items concealed by clothing. This allows a high-resolution imaging system to form an image revealing items concealed on the person imaged. A prototype imaging system developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory uses a scanned linear array of millimeter-wave antennas to capture wideband millimeter-wave data in approximately one second. This data is then mathematically reconstructed to form a high- resolution 3D image of the person being scanned. Millimeter- wave imaging has been demonstrated to be effective for detecting concealed weapons on personnel. Another imaging technique which could be applied to the weapon detection problem is acoustic imaging. Like millimeter-waves, ultrasonic acoustic waves can also penetrate clothing, and can be used to form relatively high-resolution images which can reveal concealed weapons on personnel. Acoustic imaging results have been obtained using wideband holographic imaging techniques nearly identical to the imaging techniques used for millimeter-wave imaging. Preliminary imaging results at 50 kHz indicate that acoustic imaging can be used to penetrate some types of common clothing materials. Hard clothing materials, such as leather on vinyl, are essentially opaque to acoustic waves at 50 kHz. In this paper, millimeter-wave and acoustic wave imaging techniques are compared for their effectiveness and suitability in weapon detection imaging systems. Experimental results from both imaging modalities are shown.
Evaluation of a medical diagnosis system using simulator test scenarios

Abstract This paper describes an informal but systematic method for how to test and verify a knowledge-based system in a large and open-ended medical target domain. The system used is Guardian, an intelligent system for monitoring and diagnosis of post-cardiac surgery patients in an intensive-care unit. The knowledge base is tested and verified by running the system on a series of realistic test scenarios, both with an embedded simulator and with an external simulation system. The same scenarios are presented to human test subjects, making it possible to compare and analyze the performance of the knowledge-based system with that of human physicians. The use of simulators instead of clinical data also means that it is possible to test crucial scenarios which occur seldom in medical practice. Our results show that a system like Guardian might indeed be useful in medical care.
Chemical Composition of Dental Gold Casting Alloy and Dental Wrought Gold Alloys

The chemical composition of dental casting gold alloys and dental wrought gold wire alloys was determined by use of a modification of a previously described X-ray emission method. Since 1928 and 1932 there has been little change in either type of alloy; there has been a decrease in platinum content in both, and 1 % nickel is now found in wire alloys.
Comparison of nickel-titanium file distortion using electric and air-driven handpieces.

The use of rotary instrumentation has increased dramatically in endodontics. Air-driven and electric handpieces are both currently available for use with the nickel-titanium files. To date no studies have compared the frequency of instrument separation and/or distortion while using the two types of handpieces with rotary files. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the frequency of file separation/distortion when an electric handpiece is compared with an air-driven handpiece. Extracted human molar teeth were instrumented with nickel-titanium Profile ISO .04 taper rotary files (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Products, Tulsa, OK) under controlled conditions and the results examined for statistical significance. The teeth chosen for the study fit the following criteria: minimal caries, curvature of any root no greater than 60 degrees and at least one root with a minimum of 30-degree curvature. The air-driven handpiece was used at 167.67 rpm and the electric handpiece at 150 rpm per manufacturer's recommendations. Files were examined both before and after use to evaluate whether breakage or deformation had occurred. There was no significant difference in file breakage or distortion when the handpieces were compared. There were, however, a significantly greater number of file separations/ distortions noted in the #8 Profiles (ISO size 20) than with the other files. It may be prudent to view this file as a disposable instrument.
Heart Rate Variability Reflects Severity of COPD in PiZ α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Background Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a powerful method of assessing severity of conditions affecting the autonomic nervous system. Study objective To determine if HRV is decreased and if HRV reflects severity in COPD. Design Prospective determination of HRV from 24-h outpatient Holter recordings. Patients Eighteen individuals with PiZ α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency: 13 with COPD and 5 with normal FEV 1 . HRV was also determined in 18 matched normal control subjects. Approximately 3 years after the initial recording, all COPD subjects were contacted to determine current status. Measurements Indexes of heart rate (HR) and HRV were compared for groups of patients with and without COPD and their control subjects. Results Mean and minimum HRs were higher in COPD patients. Virtually all indexes of HRV were significantly decreased in COPD patients. No differences were found in HR or HRV between PiZ individuals with normal FEV 1 and their age-and gender-matched control subjects. Patients who had a change in status (ie, death, lung transplant, listed for transplant) had significantly higher daytime HRs, lower values for HRV indexes reflecting mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of HR, and reduced daytime high-frequency spectral power, an index of cardiac vagal modulation. Significant correlations (r=0.48 to 0.88) were found between FEV 1 and these and other indexes of HRV. Most other indexes of HRV also tended to be lower for the group whose status had changed. Conclusion PiZ α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency COPD is associated with abnormal cardiac autonomic modulation. Indexes of HRV appear to reflect severity and may have prognostic value in COPD patients.
Molten aluminum alloy fuel fragmentation experiments

Experiments were conducted in which molten aluminum alloys were injected into a 1.2 m deep pool of water. The parameters varied were (i) injectant material (8001 aluminum alloy and 12.3 wt% U-87.7 wt% Al), (ii) melt superheat (O to 50 K), (iii) water temperature (313, 343 and 373 K) and (iv) size and geometry of the pour stream (5, 10 and 20 mm diameter circular and 57 mm annular). The pour stream fragmentation was dominated by surface tension with large particles ({approximately}30 mm) being formed from varicose wave breakup of the 10-mm circular pours and from the annular flow off a 57 mm diameter tube. The fragments produced by the 5 mm circular et were smaller ({approximately} mm), and the 20 mm jet which underwent sinuous wave breakup produced {approximately}100 mm fragments. The fragments froze to form solid particles in 313 K water, and when the water was {ge}343 K, the melt fragments did not freeze during their transit through 1.2 m of water.
THE ATLANTA ENSTATITE CHONDRITE BRECCIA

Atlanta is the fifth known brecciated enstatite chondrite. It contains a centimeter-sized troilite-rich clast, similar to those that occur in Blithfield. All of these clasts probably formed in the solar nebula under high pS2/pO2 conditions in a gas of non-cosmic composition. The absence of ordinary or carbonaceous chondrite clasts in any of the enstatite chondrite breccias and absence of enstatite chondrite clasts or materials formed at high pS2/pO2 ratios in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrite breccias support the model that enstatite chondrites were formed at a location distant from those of the other chondritic groups.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in inflamed muscle of patients with juvenile dermatomyositis

Objective To examine whether dendritic cells (DCs) are constituents of muscle inflammation in juvenile dermatomyositis (DM). Methods The types, numbers, and activation state of DC subsets in inflamed muscle tissue from patients with juvenile DM and in noninflamed muscle tissue from control subjects were examined by multicolor immunofluorescence. Chemokine expression of the muscle-infiltrating cells was examined by laser capture microdissection and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Plasmacytoid DCs were the predominant component of the inflamed muscle tissue from patients with juvenile DM. These cells were identified by coexpression of CD4 and CD123, but not CD11c, and also expressed CD83, indicating maturity of the cells. In contrast, in noninflamed muscle, plasmacytoid DCs were scarce and did not express CD83. Mononuclear cells surrounding the blood vessels of inflamed muscle contained abundant transcripts of CCL19 and CCL21, but very little CCL18 transcripts. In contrast, cells from noninflamed muscle contained negligible amounts of CCL19 and CCL21, but had high amounts of CCL18. Both the inflamed and noninflamed muscle tissue had equivalent levels of CXCL12 transcripts, but inflamed muscle contained more transcripts of the CXCL12 receptor CXCR4. Conclusion These findings are consistent with the idea that plasmacytoid DCs are mediators of muscle inflammation in juvenile DM. The abundance of CD83+ plasmacytoid DCs in perivascular areas and the overexpression of CCL19 and CCL21 in perivascular cellular foci suggest that in situ activation and maturation of resident plasmacytoid DCs are central to the initiation and perpetuation of muscle inflammation in juvenile DM.
Ostwald Ripening in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Stabilized Decane-in-Water Emulsions

Abstract The kinetics of Ostwald ripening of decane-in-water emulsions stabilized by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was studied by means of photon correlation spectroscopy. The experimental rates of Ostwald ripening were compared with those predicted by Lifshitz–Slezov–Wagner (LSW) theory and were found to be higher at all surfactant concentrations. Below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the experimentally determined rates were found to decrease with an increase in SDS concentration, in agreement with the theory. Above the CMC, the ripening rates were found to increase with an increase in micellar concentration. The increase in the rates is attributed to the enhancement of mass transfer between droplets by micelles, which is not accounted for by LSW theory. The volume fraction of the dispersed phase was found not to affect the rates in the low concentration range (0–0.002) used in this study.
Positive-operator and projection valued measurements in quantum key distribution

Following a brief review of positive-operator and projection valued measures in quantum mechanics, some applications to quantum key distribution are described. The positive operator valued measure (POVM) can be usefully implemented in a quantum key receiver used in the B92 two-state protocol of quantum key distribution. In this case the measurement is conclusive, at least some of the time. The projection valued (PV) measure is useful in the measurement of a quantum cryptographic entangling probe for tapping quantum key in the BB84 four-state protocol. In the case addressed here, the measurement determines correlations with the measurements made by the legitimate receiver and therewith the maximum information gain by the probe.
Computational/experimental aeroheating predictions for X-33 Phase II vehicle

Laminar and turbulent heating-rate calculations from an "engineering" code and laminar calculations from a "benchmark" Navier-Stokes code are compared with experimental wind-tunnel data obtained on several candidate configurations for the X-33 Phase II flight vehicle. The experimental data were obtained at a Mach number of 6 and a freestream Reynolds number ranging from 1 to 8 x 10/ft. Comparisons are presented along the windward symmetry plane and in a circumferential direction around the body at several axial stations at angles of attack from 20 to 40 deg. The experimental results include both laminar and turbulent flow. For the highest angle of attack some of the measured heating data exhibited a "non-laminar" behavior which caused the heating to increase above the laminar level long before "classical" transition to turbulent flow was observed. This trend was not observed at the lower angles of attack. When the flow was laminar, both codes predicted the heating along the windward symmetry plane reasonably well but under-predicted the heating in the chine region. When the flow was turbulent the LATCH code accurately predicted the measured heating rates. Both codes were used to calculate heating rates over the X-33 vehicle at the peak heating point on the design trajectory and they were found to be in very good agreement over most of the vehicle windward surface.
Ethylene Production in Staling Beer

Levels of ethylene in the headspace of three brands of staling lager beers which were allowed to stale at 40°C increased with storage time. TBA values and browning of staling beers also increased with storage time and coincided with increase in ethylene production. Results indicated that measurement of ethylene in the headspace of beer might be useful to follow beer staling.
The formation of annealing twins

Abstract An atomistic model for the formation of annealing twins is proposed. According to this model annealing twins are formed by a two dimensional nucleation process on the {111} planes of the growing grains (f.c.c. structure). The predictions of this model are compared with electron microscopic and metallographie observations.
Nuclear Relocalization of Polyadenylate Binding Protein during Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection Involves Expression of the NSs Gene

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an ambisense member of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus, is the causative agent of Rift Valley fever, an important zoonotic infection in Africa and the Middle East. Phlebovirus proteins are translated from virally transcribed mRNAs that, like host mRNA, are capped but, unlike host mRNAs, are not polyadenylated. Here, we investigated the role of PABP1 during RVFV infection of HeLa cells. Immunofluorescence studies of infected cells demonstrated a gross relocalization of PABP1 to the nucleus late in infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies of nuclear proteins revealed costaining between PABP1 and markers of nuclear speckles. PABP1 relocalization was sharply decreased in cells infected with a strain of RVFV lacking the gene encoding the RVFV nonstructural protein S (NSs). To determine whether PABP1 was required for RVFV infection, we measured the production of nucleocapsid protein (N) in cells transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting PABP1. We found that the overall percentage of RVFV N-positive cells was not changed by siRNA treatment, indicating that PABP1 was not required for RVFV infection. However, when we analyzed populations of cells producing high versus low levels of PABP1, we found that the percentage of RVFV N-positive cells was decreased in cell populations producing physiologic levels of PABP1 and increased in cells with reduced levels of PABP1. Together, these results suggest that production of the NSs protein during RVFV infection leads to sequestration of PABP1 in the nuclear speckles, creating a state within the cell that favors viral protein production.
Spatiotemporal analysis of hepatitis C virus infection.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry, translation, replication, and assembly occur with defined kinetics in distinct subcellular compartments. It is unclear how HCV spatially and temporally regulates these events within the host cell to coordinate its infection. We have developed a single molecule RNA detection assay that facilitates the simultaneous visualization of HCV (+) and (−) RNA strands at the single cell level using high-resolution confocal microscopy. We detect (+) strand RNAs as early as 2 hours post-infection and (−) strand RNAs as early as 4 hours post-infection. Single cell levels of (+) and (−) RNA vary considerably with an average (+):(−) RNA ratio of 10 and a range from 1–35. We next developed microscopic assays to identify HCV (+) and (−) RNAs associated with actively translating ribosomes, replication, virion assembly and intracellular virions. (+) RNAs display a defined temporal kinetics, with the majority of (+) RNAs associated with actively translating ribosomes at early times of infection, followed by a shift to replication and then virion assembly. (−) RNAs have a strong colocalization with NS5A, but not NS3, at early time points that correlate with replication compartment formation. At later times, only ~30% of the replication complexes appear to be active at a given time, as defined by (−) strand colocalization with either (+) RNA, NS3, or NS5A. While both (+) and (−) RNAs colocalize with the viral proteins NS3 and NS5A, only the plus strand preferentially colocalizes with the viral envelope E2 protein. These results suggest a defined spatiotemporal regulation of HCV infection with highly varied replication efficiencies at the single cell level. This approach can be applicable to all plus strand RNA viruses and enables unprecedented sensitivity for studying early events in the viral life cycle.
HIGH AFFINITY BINDING SITES FOR [(3) H]SUBSTANCE P IN URINARY BLADDERS OF CATS WITH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

AbstractPurpose: Pain is a common feature of interstitial cystitis (IC). Although the effects of IC on sensory neuron density have been investigated, its influence on substance P receptor (SPR) numbers and function are not well known. To evaluate the role of SPR in cats with IC, we measured the affinity (Kd), numbers (Bmax), and substrate specificity of binding sites for [(3) H]SP in urinary bladders of healthy cats and cats suffering from IC.Materials & Methods: Radioligand binding assays of cat and rat brain, normal cat bladders, and inflamed bladders from cats diagnosed with IC were conducted using [(3) H]SP to determine SPR affinity and numbers. Binding sites for [(125) I]SP were identified using autoradiography in slide-mounted frozen tissue sections, and their specificity determined with competition binding studies.Results: In bladder homogenate binding studies, low affinity SP binding sites for [(3) H]SP were found both in normal and inflamed tissue, whereas high affinity binding sites were found i...
Kinetics of inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores by continuous or intermittent ohmic and conventional heating.

Bacillus subtilis spores were suspended in 0.1% NaCl solution (ca. 107 CFU/mL) and treated by conventional or ohmic heating under identical temperature histories. Temperatures tested were in the range of 88 to 99°C. Survival curves and calculated D values showed significantly higher lethality for spores by ohmic than conventional heating. The z or Ea values corresponding to the two heating methods, however, were not significantly different. Spores of B. subtilis were suspended in nutrient broth and treated with conventional and ohmic heating through a single- or a double-stage treatment. In case of double-stage treatment, heating was interrupted by a 20 min of incubation at 37°C to induce a Tyndallization effect. Spore inactivation during double-stage treatment was greater for ohmic than conventional heating. The enhanced spore inactivation by ohmic, compared with conventional, heating resulted from a greater rate of spore death during the first stage of heating and greater decrease in count of viable spores immediately after the incubation period that intervened the heating process. Thus it is concluded that spore inactivation during ohmic heating was primarily due to the thermal effect but there was an additional killing effect caused by the electric current. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 62: 368–372, 1999.
Disordered Eating Patterns in Relation to Gender in the College Environment

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine gender specific disordered eating patterns in the college environment using an Eating Attitudes Test. To determine disordered eating patterns in the college environment, a modified, approved version of the Eating Attitudes Test was distributed campus wide. The sample consisted of a combination of 1226 university students, faculty and staff. Participants were asked 26 questions relating to body image, calorie content of foods, and dieting and purging behaviors. The tests were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) statistical software. Females comprised 35% of the respondents, while males constituted 65%. Twenty three percent of the females and 7.8% of the males tested above 20 points on the Eating Attitudes Test. All scores 20 points and above indicated disordered eating patterns. When asked if terrified about being overweight, 41.4% (80% female and 20% male) claimed they were terrified. Fifty-one percent (93% female and 7% male) claimed they were aware of the calorie content of foods they ate. A preoccupation with a desire to be thinner was experienced by 35% (85% female and 15% male). 51% (65% female and 35% male) thought about burning up calories when exercising, while 38% (73% female and 27% male) were preoccupied with the thought of having fat on their bodies. Dieting behavior was experienced by 30% of the participants (84% females and 16% males). Diet foods were eaten by 36% of the sample (83.% female and 17% male). Of the 54% who claimed to display self-control around food, 53% were women and 47% were men. Seven percent (98% female and 2% male) claimed to vomit after meals. Of that 7%, 98% were female and 2% male. Of the 11.2% who experienced the impulse to vomit after meals, 94% were female and 6% were male. Although disordered eating has been generally thought to effect only the female population, this study displays that males, too, are more conscious of their appearance, body fat content and self-control around food than previously believed. This study supports the need for continued nutrition education and psychological support on college campuses for both sexes.
Some clarifications on the mechanics of chip formation when machining titanium alloys

Abstract With the increasing need to use titanium alloys for aerospace structural applications and because of the difficulties experienced in machining them (except at low speed), an investigation on the fundamental mechanism of chip formation when machining these alloys was undertaken. An attempt is made in this paper to clarify various aspects related to the mechanism of titanium chip formation based on a critical review of the literature and machining studies on a Ti-(6Al-4V) work material at various speeds with the aid of high speed photography and in situ machining experiments inside a scanning electron microscope.