cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of 5 Stage-of-Change Measures for Parental Support of Healthy Eating and Activity

Abstract Objective To assess the validity of 5 parental stage-of-change (SOC) measures: (1) providing 5 servings/d of fruits and vegetables (FV), (2) limiting television (TV) to 2 h/d, (3) helping children achieve 1 h/d physical activity (PA), (4) limiting sugary drinks (SD) to 1 serving/wk, and (5) limiting fruit juice (FJ) to 4–6 oz/d. Design Cross-sectional instrument development study. Construct validity was evaluated by examining whether parental self-efficacy, parental readiness ladder (ladder), and child's behavioral levels (eg, FV consumption) exhibited a theoretically consistent pattern across the SOC. Setting/Participants Convenience sample (n = 283) of parents of children aged 4–10 years. Measures Survey assessed SOC, ladder, and child's behavioral level score for each topic (FV, TV, PA, SD, and FJ), and parental self-efficacy for measure except TV. Analysis Analysis of variance with Tukey–Kramer post hoc tests examined whether variables differed by SOC. Results Percentages of parents in the pre-action SOC were 34% (PA), 39% (FV), 42% (SD), 45% (TV), and 63% (FJ). Parental self-efficacy, ladder, and child's behavioral level differed significantly by SOC for each topic area ( P Conclusions and Implications Measured variables exhibited a theoretically consistent pattern across SOC, suggesting construct validity and potential usefulness for obesity prevention efforts.
Nitric oxide metabolism in mammalian cells: substrate and inhibitor profiles of a NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase-coupled microsomal nitric oxide dioxygenase.

Abstract Human intestinal Caco-2 cells metabolize and detoxify NO via a dioxygen- and NADPH-dependent, cyanide- and CO-sensitive pathway that yields nitrate. Enzymes catalyzing NO dioxygenation fractionate with membranes and are enriched in microsomes. Microsomal NO metabolism shows apparent KM values for NO, O2, and NADPH of 0.3, 9, and 2 μM, respectively, values similar to those determined for intact or digitonin-permeabilized cells. Similar to cellular NO metabolism, microsomal NO metabolism is superoxide-independent and sensitive to heme-enzyme inhibitors including CO, cyanide, imidazoles, quercetin, and allicin-enriched garlic extract. Selective inhibitors of several cytochrome P450s and heme oxygenase fail to inhibit the activity, indicating limited roles for a subset of microsomal heme enzymes in NO metabolism. Diphenyleneiodonium and cytochrome c(III) inhibit NO metabolism, suggesting a role for the NADPH–cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR). Involvement of CYPOR is demonstrated by the specific inhibition of the NO metabolic activity by inhibitory anti-CYPOR IgG. In toto, the results suggest roles for a microsomal CYPOR-coupled and heme-dependent NO dioxygenase in NO metabolism, detoxification, and signal attenuation in mammalian cells.
Performance Measurement and Analysis of Vertical Shaft V-Twin Engines, and Comparison With Horizontal Engines of the Same Model Class

Over the past two years, we have conducted two experimental test series aimed at examining typical performance of gasoline V-twin engines in the 25 hp class, and the suitability of assumed mechanical efficiency in correcting observed measurements. We used engines manufactured by Honda, Kawasaki, Kohler, and Subaru (Robin). The tests were conducted at the Engines Laboratory of the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly). The Kohler engines are fuel injected while the others three are carbureted. We tested twenty-eight engines in total. The first series of tests included four horizontal shaft engines from each of the manufacturers (sixteen in total), and followed the general guidelines of SAE standard J1349-199506.This paper reports primarily on the subsequent series of twelve engine tests, which included vertical shaft engines of an equivalent family (and displacement class), from three of the original manufacturers: Honda, Kawasaki and Kohler. All three engines have roughly the same engine speed range (2000–4000), and all three reportedly reach peak power at 3600rpm. This is typical of small engines, which may be used to drive small generators in addition to being installed on other equipment.Vertical shaft engines are typically tested on a vertical shaft dynamometer, or one that converts from a horizontal to vertical position. However, these dynamometers are typically either of the water brake or eddy current type. They cannot motor the engine, and thus cannot measure friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) directly, which is the preferred method to quantify friction and mechanical efficiency for engine testing. However, testing vertical shaft engines on a horizontal shaft motoring dynamometer requires an angled gear drive to mate the engine to the dynamometer, and thus adds a loss that complicates the accurate measurement of FMEP and brake output. We present here results using a simple method with which our measurements can be corrected for this loss, in tests of this sort.The study thus expands on our previous results, and shows the extent by which engine to engine variations are affected by shaft configurations, within a given model family, and within similar offerings by different manufacturers. We also analyzed our results to contrast the methodology of SAE J1349-199506 with that of the updated J1349-201109, specifically with respect to using an assumed value of mechanical efficiency to characterize FMEP and correct dynamometer data on small, general utility engines.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Use of Probe Molecules in the Study of CO Hydrogenation over SiO2‐Supported Ni, Ru, Rh, and Pd

Abstract CO hydrogenation over Ni SiO 2 , Ru SiO 2 , Rh SiO 2 and Pd SiO 2 was studied by the addition of various probe molecules (C 2 H 4 , CH 3 CH 2 OH, and CH 3 CHO) to the reactant stream under synthesis conditions. The well-known differences among these catalysts in product formation (methane, higher hydrocarbons, C 2+ oxygenates and methanol) were shown to be due to differences in their activities to catalyze hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, dehydrogenation, decarbonylation, CH x insertion, and CO insertion rather than just CO dissociation. Ni SiO 2 and Pd SiO 2 exhibited weak activities for the incorporation of these probe molecules into higher hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Rh SiO 2 , a good catalyst for the production of C 2 oxygenated compounds, showed strong activity for CO insertion and for the incorporation of ethylene and ethanol into C 3+ oxygenated compounds. Ru, a higher hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst, displayed fairly strong activities for the incorporation of ethanol and acetaldehyde into C 3+ hydrocarbons. Probing of the surface under reaction conditions by the addition of certain reacting molecules provides an excellent method for developing a better understanding of reaction mechanisms as well as of fundamental properties of catalysts under those conditions.
Update in podocyte biology: putting one's best foot forward

Purpose of reviewThe rapidly developing field of podocyte cell biology is reviewed, focusing on papers published in the last 12 months.Recent findingsFour areas of particular progress can be discerned. First, podocytes proliferate during early metanephric development, are quiescent after the capilla
Recent Scholarship on the Book of Jubilees

The essay provides a survey of recent studies on the book of Jubilees, a second-century BCE Hebrew work that retells the stories from Genesis 1 through Exodus 24 and whose teachings are closely related to those found in the sectarian Dead Sea Scrolls. The principal topics covered are the new textual evidence for the original Hebrew version of Jubilees and its implications, the literary nature of the work and its history of composition, and four major themes in the book: the author's views about purity/impurity, women, the annual calendar of 364 days, and eschatology. There is also a summary of academic textual resources for the study of the text of Jubilees.
Medium-energy spallation cross sections—3. Vanadium irradiation with 800-MeV protons

Cross sections for the production of 13 spallation products induced in natural vanadium targets by 800-MeV protons have been measured by conventional stacked-foil activation methods using aluminum beam monitors. The spallation products were assayed without chemical separation by Ge(Li) γ-ray spectrometry. Vanadium was irradiated at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) to produce the following radionuclides of interest in diagnostic nuclear medicine: 22.3-h 43K—(5.3 ± 0.3) mbarn; 12.4-h 42K—(12 ± 0.4) mbarn.
Urban, Suburban, and Rural Contexts of School Districts and Neighborhood Revitalization Strategies: Rediscovering Equity in Education Policy and Urban Planning

This article revisits the debate about school reform and homeownership-based strategies for neighborhood revitalization. It is based on an analysis of school districts in New York State using data from the American Community Survey (ACS) and the New York State Education Department (NYSED). Findings indicate that the relationship between schools and housing values varies across urban, suburban, and rural school districts. It is recommended that education reformers and urban planners advocate for states and the federal government to assume a more central role in the promotion of educational equity and the subsequent stabilization of neighborhoods in older core cities.
The effect of semantic context on prospective memory performance

The current study provides evidence for spontaneous processing in prospective memory (PM) or memory for intentions. Discrepancy-plus-search is the spontaneous processing of PM cues via disruptions in processing fluency of ongoing task items. We tested whether this mechanism can be demonstrated in an ongoing rating task with a dominant semantic context. Ongoing task items were manipulated such that the PM cues were members of a semantic category (i.e., Body Parts) that was congruent or discrepant with the dominant semantic category in the ongoing task. Results showed that participants correctly responded to more PM cues when there was a category discrepancy between the PM cues and ongoing task items. Moreover, participants' identification of PM cues was accompanied by faster ongoing task reaction times when PM cues were discrepant with ongoing task items than when they were congruent. These results suggest that a discrepancy-plus-search process supports PM retrieval in certain contexts, and that some discrepancy-plus-search mechanisms may result from the violation of processing expectations within a semantic context.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mRNA levels change during reproductive senescence in the hippocampus of female rats.

Estrogen interacts with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to regulate multiple aspects of morphological and functional plasticity. In the hippocampus, estrogens increase both dendritic spine density and synapse number, and NMDA antagonists block these effects. This plasticity in the hippocampus mediated by estrogen may be of particular importance in the context of aging when estrogen levels change and cognitive function is often impaired. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate effects of aging and reproductive status on NMDA receptor (NR) subunit mRNA levels in the hippocampus. NR1, NR2A, and NR2B mRNA levels were measured by RNase protection assay in young (3-4 month), middle-aged (12-13 month), and aged (24-25 month) Sprague-Dawley rats in different phases of the estrous cycle in cycling animals and in acyclic subjects. Our results demonstrated that NMDA receptor subunit mRNA levels were much more prominently affected by the chronological age than by the reproductive status of the animals. Age-related changes were observed in NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in the ventral hippocampus and in NR1 and NR2B in the dorsal hippocampus. However, the only relationship with reproductive status was seen for NR1 mRNA, and this was restricted to the ventral hippocampus. An interaction between chronological age and reproductive status was found, with higher levels of NR1 mRNA seen in young animals in proestrus than in those in diestrus I (high and low estrogen levels, respectively). However, this relationship was not seen in the aged subjects. These results demonstrate that the hippocampus is subjected to age-related alterations in NMDA receptor subunit mRNA levels and that animals of different ages are influenced differently by reproductive status. This shift in the NMDA receptor mRNA levels may be a possible molecular mechanism contributing to alterations in cognitive behavior during normal aging.
Atomistic processes of surface and interface formation

Abstract Studies of atomistic mechanisms, energetics and dynamics of surface and interfacial processes using computer-based molecular dynamics simulations employing realistic interaction potentials, as well as coupled quantum electronic structure and nuclear dynamics, open new avenues in investigations of basic and technological problems. Recent results of such studies are discussed for: (a) vapor and molecular-beam epitaxial growth of amorphous silicon and metal-on-metal films, (b) surface premelting of metals and the dynamics of spreading of a solid gold nano-droplet on a nickel surface, and (c) adhesive contact and junction formation as a consequence of intermetallic tip-to-surface interactions.
Special issues: Global therapeutic recreation: Should the United States therapeutic recreation profession and the United States National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification (NCTRC) be replicated in other nations

One of the career options or fields of study within leisure studies/services is therapeutic recreation (TR). Therapeutic recreation uses the modalities of activity therapy, education and recreation/leisure to promote the health and well-being of persons who require specialised care because of illness, disability or social condition. Currently in the United States, the National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification (NCTRC) is a credentialing body with a mission to certify qualified individuals to practice therapeutic recreation as competent professionals. NCTRC has an explicit vision to be recognised as the largest international body of Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists. In 2009 the Canadian Therapeutic Recreation Association was the first country outside of the United States to enter a professional partnership with NCTRC, resulting in problematic consequences in the provinces of Alberta, Quebec and Newfoundland, but simultaneously resulting in positive consequences in provinces like ...
CARDIAC STEATOSIS AND LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY: A 3-TESLA CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING STUDY

Highly-active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is associated with metabolic abnormalities including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that HIV patients on HAART would have increased intra-
The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on heart rate and cardiac arrest in unanesthetized rats during progressive hypothermia.

Summary Rats of two different weight ranges were given saline or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 6 g per kg in saline, intraperitoneally and exposed to a 2°C environment. During the progressive hypothermia of these unanesthetized and relatively unrestrained subjects, electrocardiograms were recorded by chronically implanted electrodes. Heart rates of lighter animals were faster than heart rates of heavier animals throughout the cooling process. Body temperatures fell more rapidly in DMSO-treated subjects than in saline controls, but DMSO had no effect on the heart rate during the cooling process and also did not change the body temperature at which cardiac arrest occurred.
On the lithium dimethylcuprate induced conversion of propargylic esters into allenes using a steroidal C/D fragment derived from vitamin D3 as a stereochemical probe.

Abstract The reactions of (CH3)2CuLi with various C-8 epimeric propargylic esters derived from Grundmann's ketone, a C/D steroid fragment originating from vitamin D3, lead to the corresponding allenes, the stereochemistry of which indicate a preferred anti 1,3-substitution.
Images, jurisdiction, and the treasury of merit

Indulgences, which were remissions of temporal penalty for sin, were one of the most popular religious practices of the later Middle Ages. Famous as the occasion for the Protestant Reformation, the abuses connected with the popularity of indulgences are well-documented, but to focus on abuse, as so many histories have done, is to miss the insight into the religious culture that the study of indulgences affords. The proliferation of indulgences can instead be attributed to the imagery and sensibilities in medieval Catholicism, which the pastoral methods of the mendicant friars systematised, popularised, and employed to serve the ecclesiology of papal monarchy.
Facilitated Communication: Mental Miracle or Sleight of Hand

Novel interventions for the behavioral excesses and deficits that accompany autism, mental retardation, and related disorders emerge on a regular basis. Often assertions that a new intervention is remarkably effective are made in the absence of solid ot>jective evidence, or preliminary evidence is overblown. Excitement about a possible breakthrough sweeps rapidly through the communities of parents, teachers, service providers, and others concerned with the welfare of individuals with disabilities. Eager, even desperate for something that might help, many invest considerable financial and emotional resources in the new intervention, dropping effective or potentially effective interventions along the way. Few question the basis for the claims about the new treatment or the qualifications of the individuals making them. Anecdotal and case study reports that seem to confirm the initial claims proliferate rapidly. Careful scientific evaluations to determine the real effects of the intervention are not completed for some time, and the process can be made more difficult than usual by the well-lmown and powerful effects of expectancies. Some of these interventions prove to have small specific positive effects, or at least do minimal harm. Eventually they fall out of favor, sometimes because they are discredited by sound research, sometimes because experience reveals their lack of efficacy, but probably most often because another fad treatment has arrived on the scene. Each retains some adherents, however, and some go relatively dormant for a while only to emerge again. Of course, parallel phenomena occur in other areas, such as treatments for AIDS, cancer, and various psychological problems. At present the field of developmental disabilities (especially autism) seems to be experiencing an epidemic of novel interventions. It is probably an understatement to say that no novel intervention in the history of treatment for persons with disabilities has had the impact of Facilitated Communication (FC). In comparison to many other interventions FC has not been well-defined, but the critical feature is that individuals with "severe communication
A proof of Hougardy's conjecture for diamond-free graphs

Abstract A pair of vertices of a graph is called an even pair if every chordless path between them has an even number of edges. A graph is minimally even pair free if it is not a clique, contains no even pair, but every proper induced subgraph either contains an even pair or is a clique. Hougardy (European J. Combin. 16 (1995) 17–21) conjectured that a minimally even pair free graph is either an odd cycle of length at least five, the complement of an even or odd cycle of length at least five, or the linegraph of a bipartite graph. A diamond is a graph obtained from a complete graph on four vertices by removing an edge. In this paper we verify Hougardy's conjecture for diamond-free graphs by adapting the characterization of perfect diamond-free graphs given by Fonlupt and Zemirline (Maghreb Math. Rev. 1 (1992) 167–202).
Maternal and Neonatal Vaccination Protects Newborn Baboons From Pertussis Infection

Background. The United States is experiencing a pertussis resurgence that resulted in a 60-year high of 48 000 cases in 2012. The majority of hospitalizations and deaths occur in infants too young to be vaccinated. Neonatal and maternal vaccination have been proposed to protect newborns until the first vaccination, currently recommended at 2 months of age. These interventions result in elevated anti–Bordetella pertussis titers, but there have been no studies demonstrating that these measures confer protection. Methods. Baboons were vaccinated with acellular pertussis vaccine at 2 days of age or at 2 and 28 days of age. To model maternal vaccination, adult female baboons primed with acellular pertussis vaccine were boosted in the third trimester of pregnancy. Neonatally vaccinated infants, infants born to vaccinated mothers, and naive infants born to unvaccinated mothers were infected with B. pertussis at 5 weeks of age. Results. Naive infant baboons developed severe disease when challenged with B. pertussis at 5 weeks of age. Baboons receiving acellular pertussis vaccine and infants born to mothers vaccinated at the beginning of their third trimester were protected. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that neonatal vaccination and maternal vaccination confer protection in the baboon model and support further study of these strategies for protection of newborns from pertussis.
The Effect of Hempseed Preparations and of Fineness of Diet on the Chick Gizzard Lining

Abstract IN A PREVIOUS paper (Almquist, 1937) it was reported that hempseed meal showed a remarkable effect on chick gizzard linings in as much as these linings were found to be largely free from the normal corrugations as well as free from gizzard erosions caused by a lack of the chick gizzard factor. In part the effect of hempseed meal appeared to be analagous to that of grit. Bird, et al. (1937) have reported that finely ground diets without grit produced a severely roughened condition of the gizzard lining. This condition could be prevented by feeding grit in connection with fine ground diets or by feeding coarse ground diets. It was suggested that grit be used in basal diets for the study of gizzard erosions in order to eliminate the rough condition and to accentuate the eroded condition. The role of grit and of fineness of diet was, therefore, also investigated, . . .
Safety of Sputum Induction With Hypertonic Saline Solution in Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction

Background The safety of sputum induction (SI) is well described in stable asthma, but the safety of SI in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) has not been established. Objectives Our goals were to examine the relationship between the severity of EIB and bronchoconstriction during SI, and to determine if SI conducted after exercise challenge increases the risk of excess bronchoconstriction during SI. Methods SI was conducted in 32 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma (baseline FEV 1 , 86 ± 9% of predicted [mean ± SD]) with EIB (15 to 63% reduction in FEV 1 following exercise challenge) following pretreatment with albuterol using 3% saline solution and repeated on a separate day 30-min after exercise challenge. Results There was a reduction in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) during SI without exercise (mean maximum reduction vs baseline, 4.0% at 10 min; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 7.1; p=0.02) and during SI 30 min following exercise (mean maximum reduction vs baseline, 5.2% at 8 min; 95% CI, 1.0 to 7.5; p ≤ 0.01); however, there was no difference between the PEFR reductions during SI without or following exercise challenge. The best predictor of reduction in PEFR during SI was the preprocedure FEV 1 , while the severity of EIB was not associated with bronchoconstriction during SI. Conclusions We conclude that SI can be performed safely following exercise challenge in asthmatics with EIB, and that the severity of EIB prior to SI is not a major determinant of bronchoconstriction during SI.
Stress Concentrations at the Apex of Pinned, Implanted Teeth

Stress in the alveolus at the apex is reduced when the implant is held by a pin through the alveolar wall. This stress reduction is effected by transfer of part of the coronal force to the alveolar wall by the pin. Pin positions centrally located between the apex and the alveolar crest provide the greatest reduction of stress concentration in the alveolus at the apex. Since the bone is especially fragile near the alveolar crest, care must be taken when the pin is positioned in this region. Positioning the pin near the apex has the least effect on reducing the stress in the alveolus at the apex. Although no data were obtained relating to stress in the alveolar wall at points of pin penetration, results given here do indicate that from 7 to 30% of the intrusion component of the coronal force is transmitted to the alveolar wall by the pin. Additional research is needed to determine the effects of stress at the pin through the alveolar wall because of load transfer by the pin from the implant to the alveolar wall. The situation in the alveolar wall would be one of creation of a completely unnatural stress rather than reduction of an existing stress, as was the case at the apex. Whether the reduction of stress at the apex and the creation of stress at the pin through the alveolar wall are of physiological benefit is a question that must yet be answered.
What’s new in general surgery: surgical oncology

BREAST General The American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for breast carcinoma was revised and published for implementation in January 2003. Major changes included size-based discrimination between micrometastases and isolated tumor cells. While under active clinical investigation, the detection of micrometastases with immunohistochemistry and molecular detection using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction methods can be recorded. Other changes included the classification of lymph node status by number of involved axillary lymph nodes and classifications for metastasis to the infraclavicular, internal mammary, and supraclavicular lymph nodes.
Case volume and hospital compliance with evidence-based processes of care.

Background For many complex cardiovascular procedures the well-established link between volume and outcome has rested on the underlying assumption that experience leads to more reliable implementation of the processes of care which have been associated with better clinical outcomes. This study tested that assumption by examining the relationship between cardiovascular case volumes and the implementation of twelve basic evidence-based processes of cardiovascular care. Method and results Observational analysis of over 3000 US hospitals submitting cardiovascular performance indicator data to The Joint Commission on during 2005. Hospitals were grouped together based upon their annual case volumes and indicator rates were calculated for twelve standardized indicators of evidence-based processes of cardiovascular care (eight of which assessed evidenced-based processes for patients with acute myocardial infarction and four of which evaluated evidenced-based processes for heart failure patients). As case volume increased so did indicator rates, up to a statistical cut-point that was unique to each indicator (ranging from 12 to 287 annual cases). t -Test analyses and generalized linear mixed effects logistic regression were used to compare the performance of hospitals with case volumes above or below the statistical cut-point. Hospitals with case volumes that were above the cut-point had indicator rates that were, on an average, 10 percentage points higher than hospitals with case volumes below the cut-point ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Hospitals treating fewer cardiovascular cases were significantly less likely to apply evidence-based processes of care than hospitals with larger case volumes, but only up to a statistically identifiable cut-point unique to each indicator.
From deuteronomy to deniability: A historical perlustration on white-collar crime

The history of social efforts to deal with offenses now categorized as white-collar crime shows a struggle for justice and equity with roots deep in the past. This paper uses a triad of English marketing offenses—forestalling, regrating, and engrossing—to epitomize the legal background of efforts to control the abuse of commercial power. The paper notes the spurious ancestry of the doctrine of caveat emptor, and offers explanations for the decline and the subsequent revival of crusades against the exploitation of consumers by business forces. Scholarly work on white-collar crime is placed in this historical context, followed by a general appraisal of the nature of changes over time—from the dire biblical prophecies in Deuteronomy to the bland explanations of “plausible deniability” during the recent Iran-Contra hearings before the U.S. Congress.
Human Paragonimiasis in North America following Ingestion of Raw Crayfish

Paragonimiasis (human infections with the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani) is an important public health problem in parts of Southeast Asia and China. Paragonamiasis has rarely been reported from North America as a zoonosis caused by Paragonimus kellicotti. Paragonimus species have complex life cycles that require 2 intermediate hosts, namely, snails and crustaceans (ie, crabs or crayfish). Humans acquire P. kellicotti when they consume infected raw crayfish. Humans with paragonimiasis usually present with fever and cough, which, together with the presentation of hemoptysis, can be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. Only 7 autochthonous cases of paragonimiasis have been previously reported from North America. Our study describes 3 patients with proven or probable paragonimiasis with unusual clinical features who were seen at a single medical center during an 18-month period. These patients acquired their infections after consuming raw crayfish from rivers in Missouri. It is likely that other patients with paragonimiasis have been misdiagnosed and improperly treated. Physicians should consider the possibility that patients who present with cough, fever, hemoptysis, and eosinophilia may have paragonimiasis.
Contraceptive Use among Women Seeking Repeat Abortion in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Limited access to modern contraceptives in populations that desire smaller families can lead to repeat unintended pregnancy and repeat abortions. We conducted an analysis of the medical records of 1,200 women seeking abortion-related services in public and private facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from October 2008 to February 2009. We examined the characteristics of initial and repeat abortion clients including prior contraceptive use and subsequent method selection. The incidence of repeat abortion was 30%. Compared with women seeking their first abortion, significantly more repeat abortion clients had ever used contraceptives and they were nearly twice as likely to leave the facility with a method. However, repeat abortion clients were significantly more likely to have ever used short-term reversible methods and to choose short-term methods post-abortion. Contraceptive counseling services for repeat abortion clients' should address reasons for previous contraceptive failure, discontinuation, or non-use. Post-abortion family planning services should be strengthened to help decrease repeat abortion.
Statistical analysis of sampling on snow‐courses

Two distinct kinds of sampling are involved in locating and measuring every snow-course. First, the snow-course itself is selected to sample snow-conditions on the watershed in question. And, second, the individual points of measurements are located to sample the snow, or more specifically the water-content, along this particular course. In the first instance the location of the sample (the snow-course) is carefully selected according to more or less standard criteria . Nothing is left to chance. The observer finds such a place as he has in mind and establishes the course. Because of physical limitations , no attempt i s made to secure data free of personal bias. As a consequence, statistical analysis is not applicable to this type of sampling. Nor for the purpose intended, that of annual comparison between the same course, would statistical analysis be of any particular value.
A Three-Frame Approach to Constraint-Consistent Motion Estimation

We study the motion estimation across three images by simultaneously enforcing the geometric constraint of trilinearity and the constant-brightness constraint. An iterative and hierarchical three-frame scheme is proposed to solve the geometry-consistent and appearance-consistent motion fields. It provides an uncalibrated approach to dense motion estimation, applicable to both 2-D and 3-D rigid scenes under perspective projection with unconstrained camera motion. Valid and consistent constraints are explored to alleviate the inherent aperture and over smoothing problems.
New Strategies in Sarcoma Therapy: Linking Biology and Novel Agents

The ability to better interrogate the genetic state of a given cancer is giving rise to a new paradigm in cancer therapeutics in which the specific genetic alterations that give rise to the cancer inform the therapeutic decision-making for that specific patient. Sarcomas of soft tissue and bone represent model diseases that underscore this paradigm. However, many barriers prevent linkage of one of the 75 or more different types of sarcoma to novel therapeutic agents. In the present perspective, the authors outline key therapeutic opportunities and hurdles in clinical sarcoma research, focusing on specific examples of sarcomas that are on the verge of new breakthroughs, as well as those in which promise has not lived up to expectations. Focused clinical trial design, ideally with several biomarker or histology-specific arms, is one means to be simultaneously parsimonious and inclusive.
My Wife Can Tell Me Who I Know: Methodological and Conceptual Problems in Studying Fathers

Using in-depth interviews with white and black families with children in third and fourth grade, as well as intensive home observations of twelve families, this study found fathers were not useful sources of information for the routines of family life. They did not know much; most of what they knew came from their wives. Reports by fathers of high levels of involvement were not confirmed by detailed interviews or observation. Yet, fathers were an important source of entertainment, a center of conversation, and teachers of certain life skills. The results suggest researchers need to focus more on what fathers actually do in family life, particularly setting the tone in the fluid interactional character of family dynamics.
Difficulties of residents in training in end-of-life care. A qualitative study

Residents in training are first-line physicians in hospital settings and they are in the process of developing knowledge and mastering clinical skills. They have to confront complex tasks calling upon their personal background, professional identity and relationships with the patients. We conducted a qualitative study investigating the difficulties they perceive in end-of-life care. In all, 24 consecutive residents were presented with a written query asking them to indicate the difficulties they identify in the management of patients hospitalised for end-of-life care. Their responses were submitted to content analysis. Physicians' mean age was 28 +/- 2.2 years, 37% were women, average postgraduate training duration was 2.5 +/- 1.3 years. Content analysis elicited eight categories of difficulties: ability to provide adequate explanations, understand the patients' needs, have sufficient theoretical knowledge, avoid flight, avoid false reassurance, manage provision of time, face one's limits as a physician and be able to help despite everything. Residents' responses showed that they identify the complexity of care in terminally-ill patients early in their training. Their responses pointed to the 'right distance' in-between getting involved and preserving oneself as a dimension of major importance.
Solution and crystal structures of a sperm whale myoglobin triple mutant that mimics the sulfide-binding hemoglobin from Lucina pectinata.

Abstract The bivalve mollusc Lucina pectinataharbors sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria and expresses a monomeric hemoglobin I, HbI, with normal O2, but extraordinarily high sulfide affinity. The crystal structure of aquometLucina HbI has revealed an active site with three residues not commonly found in vertebrate globins: Phe(B10), Gln(E7), and Phe(E11) (Rizzi, M., Wittenberg, J. B., Coda, A., Fasano, M., Ascenzi, P., and Bolognesi, M. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 244, 86–89). Engineering these three residues into sperm whale myoglobin results in a triple mutant with ∼700-fold higher sulfide affinity than for wild-type. The single crystal x-ray structure of the aquomet derivative of the myoglobin triple mutant and the solution1H NMR active site structures of the cyanomet derivatives of both the myoglobin mutant and Lucina HbI have been determined to examine further the structural origin of their unusually high sulfide affinities. The major differences in the distal pocket is that in the aquomet form the carbonyl of Gln64(E7) serves as a H-bond acceptor, whereas in the cyanomet form the amido group acts as H-bond donor to the bound ligand. Phe68(E11) is rotated ∼90° about χ2 and located ∼1–2 A closer to the iron atom in the myoglobin triple mutant relative to its conformation in Lucina HbI. The change in orientation potentially eliminates the stabilizing interaction with sulfide and, together with the decrease in size of the distal pocket, accounts for the 7-fold lower sulfide affinity of the myoglobin mutant compared with that ofLucina HbI.
LANDSCAPE-LEVEL PATTERNS OF AVIAN DIVERSITY IN THE OREGON COAST RANGE

We used a comparative mensurative landscape-level experiment to quantify the relative importance of mature forest area and fragmentation and differences among watersheds in influencing avian community diversity in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Our study design included three large hydrological basins, two levels of fragmentation, and six levels of mature forest area. We recorded 82 species of birds in a total of 1046 plots in 30 landscapes. Our four response variables were species richness, species density, species evenness, and total bird density. We used a combination of factorial ANOVA and partial canonical variates analysis to quantify the relative importance of differences in mature forest area, fragmentation, and basin in influencing each response variable and community diversity overall. Bird community diversity was influenced by both the extent and fragmentation of mature forest at the landscape level. Species richness and density responded more strongly to mature forest area than to fragmentation and were significantly lower in landscapes that were completely dominated by mature forest than in landscapes with a mixture of seral stages. This reflected a selective loss of a number of early-seral species when mature forest completely blanketed the landscape. Species evenness was more strongly related to frag- mentation than to area of mature forest at the landscape level. In fragmented landscapes, the most dominant species decreased in abundance, whereas moderately abundant species increased in relative abundance. This resulted in bird communities that were more even in fragmented landscapes. Unlike several other studies, we did not find that the relative strength of fragmentation effects increased as habitat area decreased. Total bird density, in contrast, was not related to either mature forest area or fragmentation, but it varied significantly among basins. In summary, although both area and fragmentation of mature forest at the landscape level were strongly related to bird community diversity, they had qualitatively different effects. These results must be interpreted within the scope of this study, which took place in a forest-dominated landscape. Our results provide an interesting view of the factors that are related to bird diversity in a spatially complex seral mosaic but may not reflect the patterns that would exist in a high-contrast forest-nonforest landscape.
Hospital Characteristics Associated with Failure to Rescue from Complications after Pancreatectomy

Background Failure to rescue (ie, mortality after a major complication) has recently been demonstrated as a mechanism underlying differences between high and low mortality hospitals. In this study, we sought to better understand the hospital characteristics that may explain failure to rescue. Study Design Using data from the 2000 to 2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the American Hospital Association annual survey, we evaluated the effect of 5 hospital level characteristics on failure to rescue (FTR) rates. Using multivariate logistic regression models, we determined the relative contribution of each of these factors to the FTR rates at the lowest and highest mortality hospitals. Results Failure to rescue varied 6-fold across hospitals (6.4% in very low mortality hospitals vs 40.0% in very high mortality hospitals, p Conclusions Several hospital characteristics are associated with FTR from major complications. However, a large portion of what makes some hospitals better than others at rescuing patients remains unexplained. Future research should focus on hospital cultures and attitudes that may contribute to the timely recognition and effective management of major complications.
Posterior chamber volume does not change significantly during dilation

Background/aims: To determine whether the volume of the posterior chamber changes during pupillary dilation. Methods: Eyes with anatomically narrow angles underwent ultrasound biomicroscopy of the posterior chamber and pupillary margin under dark- and light-room conditions to assess changes in posterior chamber anatomy and volume. All examinations were stored as real-time video. A frame-by-frame analysis was performed using a macro written for the ImageJ image-processing software. Results: Thirteen eyes were assessed. The mean patient age was 63.0 (SD 10.0) years, and the mean refractive error was 1.1 (1.9) dioptres. The horizontal mean pupillary diameter was 2.3 (0.6) mm and 3.5 (0.5) mm under light- and dark-room conditions, respectively (p −7 , paired t test). The mean posterior chamber volumes were unchanged under light and dark conditions (3.76 (1.09) vs 3.63 (0.78) mm 3 , p = 0.22, paired t test). Volumes were greater under light conditions in eight eyes and under dark conditions in five eyes. Conclusions: The volume of the posterior chamber does not change significantly during dilation.
Frequent False Detection of Positive Selection by the Likelihood Method with Branch-Site Models

Positive Darwinian selection promotes fixations of advantageous mutations during gene evolution and is probably responsible for most adaptations. Detecting positive selection at the DNA sequence level is of substantial interest because such information provides significant insights into possible functional alterations during gene evolution as well as important nucleotide substitutions involved in adaptation. Efficient detection of positive selection, however, has been difficult because selection often operates on only a few sites in a short period of evolutionary time. A likelihood-based method with branch-site models was recently introduced to overcome such difficulties. Here I examine the accuracy of the method using computer simulation. I find that the method detects positive selection in 20%-70% of cases when the DNA sequences are generated by computer simulation under no positive selection. Although the frequency of such false detection varies depending on, among other things, the tree topology, branch length, and selection scheme, the branch-site likelihood method generally gives misleading results. Thus, detection of positive selection by this method alone is unreliable. This unreliability may have resulted from its over-sensitivity to violations of assumptions made in the method, such as certain distributions of selective strength among sites and equal transition/transversion ratios for synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions.
Who's your patty? Consumer acceptance and sensory properties of burger patties made with different types of meat or plant-based products

Having more healthful options at campus eateries is a viable way to meet consumer demand, as well as to promote health on campus. Our study tested three healthier alternatives (low-fat beef, turkey, and soy/rice burgers) against the conventional full-fat hamburger patty (control). We examined consumer acceptance of the four burger patties with 48 untrained student panelists. A 9-point scale hedonic test was used to measure consumer acceptance. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was also conducted with six trained panelists to evaluate the intensity of sensory properties. Analysis of variance was used to detect significant differences among the treatments. Consumer acceptance mean scores for full-fat beef, lean beef, turkey, and soy/rice patties were 5.98, 6.68, 5.50 and 5.56, respectively, with no preference of the control patty over turkey or soy/rice, but a significant preference of the lean beef over turkey and soy/rice. QDA results showed flavor, spiciness, and elasticity significantly varied across the treatments. Panelists rated lean beef as significantly more elastic than all other patties. It is uncertain whether those sensory attributes contributed to consumer acceptance. In conclusion, our research indicates that college consumers may accept these healthier substitutes for traditional full-fat beef patties. Consumer acceptance of healthier patty substitutes should be further investigated in primary and secondary schools as well. With proper marketing, healthier alternatives to the conventional, full-fat hamburger patty could become competitive choices.
A continuous 250,000 yr record of oxygen and carbon isotopes in ostracode and bulk-sediment carbonate from Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho

Abstract Oxygen and carbon isotopes from a continuous, 120-m-long, carbonate-rich core from Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho, document dramatic fluctuations in the hydrologic budget of the lake over the last 250,000 yr. Isotopic analyses of bulk sediment samples capture millennial-scale variability. Ostracode calcite was analyzed from 78 levels, mainly from the upper half of the core where valves are better preserved, to compare the isotopic value of purely endogenic carbonate with the bulk sediment, which comprises both endogenic and detrital components. The long core exhibits three relatively brief intervals with abundant endogenic aragonite (50±10%) and enriched δ 18 O and δ 13 C. These intervals are interpreted as warm/dry periods when the lake retracted into a topographically closed basin. We correlate these intervals with the interglacial periods of marine oxygen-isotope stages 1, 5e, and 7a, consistent with the presently available geochronological control. During most of the time represented by the core, the lake was fresher than the modern lake, as evidenced by depleted δ 18 O and δ 13 C in bulk-sediment carbonate.