cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Immersed Interface Method for Discrete Surfaces.

Abstract Fluid-structure systems occur in a range of scientific and engineering applications. The immersed boundary (IB) method is a widely recognized and effective modeling paradigm for simulating fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in such systems, but a difficulty of the IB formulation of these problems is that the pressure and viscous stress are generally discontinuous at fluid-structure interfaces. The conventional IB method regularizes these discontinuities, which typically yields low-order accuracy at these interfaces. The immersed interface method (IIM) is an IB-like approach to FSI that sharply imposes stress jump conditions, enabling higher-order accuracy, but prior applications of the IIM have been largely restricted to numerical methods that rely on smooth representations of the interface geometry. This paper introduces an immersed interface formulation that uses only a C 0 representation of the immersed interface, such as those provided by standard nodal Lagrangian finite element methods. Verification examples for models with prescribed interface motion demonstrate that the method sharply resolves stress discontinuities along immersed boundaries while avoiding the need for analytic information about the interface geometry. Our results also demonstrate that only the lowest-order jump conditions for the pressure and velocity gradient are required to realize global second-order accuracy. Specifically, we demonstrate second-order global convergence rates along with nearly second-order local convergence in the Eulerian velocity field, and between first- and second-order global convergence rates along with approximately first-order local convergence for the Eulerian pressure field. We also demonstrate approximately second-order local convergence in the interfacial displacement and velocity along with first-order local convergence in the fluid traction along the interface. As a demonstration of the method's ability to tackle more complex geometries, the present approach is also used to simulate flow in a patient-averaged anatomical model of the inferior vena cava, which is the large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body back to the heart. Comparisons of the general hemodynamics and wall shear stress obtained by the present IIM and a body-fitted discretization approach show that the present method yields results that are in good agreement with those obtained by the body-fitted approach.
Evaluation and Management of Chronic Venous Disease Using the Foundation of CEAP.

Venous disease is common. Depending on the population studied, the prevalence may be as high as 80%. Significant chronic venous disease with venous ulcers or trophic skin changes is reported to affect 1–10% of the population. A systematic assessment of the clinical findings associated with chronic venous disease will facilitate appropriate imaging. Based on imaging and assessment, patients with reflux or obstruction can be recommended proper medical and endovascular or surgical management. Many types of endovascular management are available to treat reflux and eliminate varicose veins and tributaries. More recently adopted non-thermal non-tumescent techniques have been shown to be comparable with more widely performed laser or radiofrequency ablation techniques. A thorough clinical assessment, appropriate duplex ultrasound imaging, and use of advanced imaging when needed will allow clinicians to optimize therapy for patients with chronic venous disease based on the etiology, anatomy involved, and the pathophysiology.
Ancestral neural computations constrain the evolution of novel computations in simulated color vision networks

Abstract Efficient coding has been a successful organizational principle in neuroscience, but a more general theoretical framework needs to include the capacity for biological constraints to impede the realization of optimal circuit design. Here, we explore how evolution shapes the computational organization of a circuit using color vision as a model system. Taking a theoretical, machine learning approach allowed us to simulate the evolution of tetrachromatic color vision from a trichromatic ancestor both within and across distinct phylogenetic lineages. Analyzing network performance showed that trichromatic starting weights impose a significant constraint on learning rate, although the incremental increase in input layer complexity leads to better overall performance. Analyzing hidden layer computations showed that ancestry severely constrained evolution into a restricted and predictable portion of the theoretically available computational state space. Overall, our simulations of color vision evolution suggest that phylogenetic history is an important aspect of the functional organization of neural circuits.
A Wire Bondless SiC Switching Cell With a Vertically Integrated Gate Driver

In this article, an SiC half-bridge module with an integrated gate driver is demonstrated. A physically and electrically compact integration scheme produces a decrease in the parasitic inductance of the critical switching loops in the circuit. Furthermore, a wire bondless integration scheme was devised for the power devices to keep the interconnect parasitic inductance to very low levels. This was realized by converting a bare die SiC power device into a flip-chip capable chip-scale package. This article provides a description of the implementation of the novel wire bondless chip-scale device packages in a switching cell with an integrated gate driver. The electrical performance of the module was evaluated, and very high slew rates of 24 V/ns were demonstrated with <5% overshoot. These results were encouraging for realizing high-frequency switching in SiC power electronic systems.
Closeness is Key over Long Distances: Effects of Interpersonal Closeness on Telepresence Experience

Telepresence robots act as the remote embodiments of human operators, enabling people to stay connected to friends, family, and coworkers over lengthy physical separations. However, the factors affecting how humans can best make use of such systems are not yet well understood. This paper explores the effects of personalization and relationship closeness on telepresence via two studies. Study 1 was a between-participants experiment that investigated telepresence robot personalization. 32 pairs of friends (N=64) participated in the study's team-building-style activities and answered questions about robot operator presence. The results unexpectedly indicated that relationship closeness influenced the interaction experience more than any other considered predictor variable. To study closeness more rigorously as the central manipulation, we conducted Study 2, a between-participants experiment with 24 pairs (N=48) and a similar procedure. Robot operators who reported a closer relationship with their teammate felt more present in this investigation. These findings can inform the design and application of telepresence robot systems to increase a remote operator's feelings of presence via robot. ACM Reference Format: Naomi T. Fitter, Luke Rush, Elizabeth Cha, Thomas Groechel, MajaJ Mataric, and Leila Takayama. 2020. Closeness is Key over Long Distances: Effects of Interpersonal Closeness on Telepresence Experience. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE Intenational Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’ 20), March 23-26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Anti-cancer Dynamics of Natural Phytochemical Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Cyclin dependent kinases (CDK), classically thought of as cell cycle regulatory enzymes, have been emerging as multifaceted proteins in normal and transformed cells. This class of multi-functional kinases have thus become promising targets for clinical cancer management, from not only an anti-proliferative perspective, but also to be efficacious in altering the cancer biology of the neoplasm. Anti-cancer phytochemicals have, in the recent decades, have been shown to trigger a plethora of effects on the growth, differentiation, and metastasis of many cancer cell types. These phytochemicals have been shown to disrupt cell cycle dynamics, and stimulate apoptosis in different cancers, both in cell culture as well as in animal models. Several promising classes of these phytochemicals exert their anti-proliferative effects by altering the expression, stability, localization, protein-protein interactions and other critical processes that control the cellular utilization and function of specific CDKs. This chapter aims to discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which natural CDK inhibitors mediate their anti-cancer responses, and to compare the effects of natural compounds to pharmacologically designed drugs that inhibit CDK activity. These natural agents potentially can also synergize with the designer inhibitors, enhancing their efficacy, and decreasing the required individual dosage in cancer management.
Restraint and Seclusion in the Emergency Department

Restraints and seclusion once seemed to be the only option in our arsenal of defense against the agitated and combative patient. We now know that these aggressive measures must be used as a last resort due to the many concerning consequences associated with their use, including physical injury, psychological stress, and the medicolegal concerns associated with their application. These techniques should be utilized only when other safer measures have failed, and only in a final attempt to prevent injury to patients and others. In the event that physical restraints or seclusion are implemented, several general principles should be considered to optimize the outcome of patients and to mitigate any adverse consequences. This chapter will review the use of restraints and seclusion for patients with behavioral emergencies and will provide recommendations according to the best available evidence and practice guidelines.
A Science-based Solution to Political Polarization

Since the birth of world wide web and social media, more and more citizens around the world are joining the political discussions over the internet. Political scientists have found that many political discussions on the internet are not very productive, and political opinions in many countries have become more polarized than ever. It is interesting to note that debates in natural science and engineering generally tend to converge to desirable solutions. This paper investigates how to turn an unscientific political discussion into a scientific debate and use the scientific methodology to reduce the political polarization. We show that the standard view + evidences methodology of a good political debate is not really scientific. Applying recent advances in social physics, we will analyze main causes of unproductive political discussions, and propose a few simple rules for conducting scientific political discussions. We conclude that every aspect of the scientific approach to a political discussion should converge in the same way as physicists and engineers working together to solve a physical problem. Politics is important. Life is short. Spent more time to argue politics with strangers on the internet, but do it scientifically and productively.
Accessing the triplet manifold of naphthalene benzimidazole–phenanthroline in rhenium(I) bichromophores

The steady-state and ultrafast to supra-nanosecond excited state dynamics of fac-[Re(NBI-phen)(CO)3(L)](PF6) (NBI-phen = 16H-benzo[4′,5′]isoquinolino[2′,1′:1,2]imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-16-one) as well as their respective models of the general molecular formula [Re(phen)(CO)3(L)](PF6) (L = PPh3 and CH3CN) has been investigated using transient absorption and time-gated photoluminescence spectroscopy. The NBI-phen containing molecules exhibited enhanced visible light absorption with respect to their models and a rapid formation (<6 ns) of the triplet ligand-centred (LC) excited state of the organic ligand, NBI-phen. These triplet states exhibit an extended excited state lifetime that enable the energized molecules to readily engage in triplet–triplet annihilation photochemistry.
Deep learning application on code clone detection: A review of current knowledge

Abstract Bad smells in code are indications of low code quality representing potential threats to the maintainability and reusability of software. Code clone is a type of bad smells caused by code fragments that have the same functional semantics with syntactic variations. In the recent years, the research on duplicate code has been dramatically geared up by deep learning techniques powered by advances in computing power. However, there exists little work studying the current state-of-art and future prospects in the area of applying deep learning to code clone detection. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the literature on the application of deep learning on code clone detection. We aim to find and study the most recent work on the subject, discuss their limitations and challenges, and provide insights on the future work.
Trace Driven Studies of Deadlock Control and Job Scheduling

A trace-driven model is used to study the effects of various schedulers and deadlock control algorithms in a general-purpose operating system. Jobs’ requests for resources are extracted from a production load and used to drive a detailed simulation program. The simulation results show that the preemptive deadlock control algorithms give consistently good performance in terms of CPU utilization. The bankers algorithm and the detection and recovery deadlock control algorithms are susceptible to “knotting” (holding of resources by a blocked process) when there is no preemption, but their performance can be improved significantly by 1) allowing a moderate amount of preemption and 2) by forcing the job scheduler to limit the number of jobs competing for resources. When “knotting” is limited by either of the above methods, non-preemptive jobs scheduling improves CPU utilization. This paper extends and develops previous work and summarizes the interaction between some characteristics of job schedulers and deadlock control algorithms.
Prediction and the Rule of Law

The United States Supreme Court Rules provide that the Court will only grant a petition for rehearing on a previously denied petition for writ of certiorari if the petitioner can show that a substantial change in circumstances justifying review has occurred since the denial of certiorari. Shortly after Clarence Thomas was confirmed as an Associate Justice, the Court received several pro se petitions for rehearing containing an interesting argument. According to these petitions, Justice Thomas' confirmation was a substantial change within the meaning of the Rule. Not surprisingly, the argument did not find favor with the Justices. To grant a rehearing petition solely on the basis of a new Justice's appointment would appear curious, even unseemly. It would announce that the individual predilections and preferences of the human beings who serve as Justices make a difference in the outcome of litigation, thereby undermining the rule of law. Hence, new Justices typically do not even vote on petitions for rehearing based on a petition originally filed before the new Justice's joining the Court.
The elongation phase of protein synthesis.

Publisher Summary Elongation is the phase of the protein-synthesis pathway that is responsible for the growth of nascent polypeptide chains. The two-site model postulates that the ribosome has two sites for transfer RNA (tRNA) binding: one that binds aminoacyl-tRNAs preferentially and a second that is specific for peptidyl-tRNAs. Study of the effects of tRNA and elongation factor binding on the reactivity of ribosomal RNA bases has generated the findings on which the hybrid-sites model is based. The 16-S-rRNA-reactivity changes observed when tRNAs bind to ribosomes depend entirely on the interactions involving the anticodon stem/loop of tRNA; the 23-S-rRNA alterations seen reflect interactions with the CCA end of tRNA only. Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is the most abundant protein in bacterial cells. There are about 10 copies per ribosome, about as much as there is aminoacyl-tRNA, and most of the EF-Tu in the cell is found complexed with aminoacyl-tRNA. In addition to catalyzing the delivery of aminoacyltRNAs to messenger RNA-programmed ribosomes, the complexation of aminoacyltRNA with EF-Tu protects it from deacylation.
Clinical diversity of hereditary Duane's retraction syndrome.

Abstract Objective To define the spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations of Duane's retraction syndrome (DRS) in a large family. Design Cross-sectional study of 110 among 114 living relatives in an extended family. Methods History and ophthalmic examination obtained on all participants. Main outcome measures Ocular motility, strabismus, visual acuity, binocularity, associated neurologic problems. Results Twenty-five individuals were affected with DRS. Twenty-four subjects (96%) had bilateral DRS, but there was a broad spectrum of severity. Strabismus occurred in 76% and amblyopia in 48%. Associated findings included fourth cranial nerve palsy, partial third cranial nerve palsy, nystagmus, seizures, and deafness. Fourth cranial nerve palsies and manifest strabismus tended to cluster within single family units. Conclusions Strabismus and amblyopia are much more common with bilateral DRS than with unilateral DRS. There is much phenotypic variability among individuals within families with hereditary Duane's syndrome. The responsible gene(s) may affect the development of many cranial nerves. Genetic compounding may play a role in the phenotypic segregation seen within this large family.
On the Mound of Macrotermes michaelseni as an Organ of Respiratory Gas Exchange

Patterns and rates of air movements in the mounds and nests of Macrotermes michaelseni were studied using tracer methods. Wind is a significant source of energy for powering nest ventilation, despite the mound being a completely enclosed structure. Nests are ventilated by a tidal movement of air driven by temporal variation in wind speed and wind direction. Density gradients sufficiently steep to drive bulk flow by natural convection will be rare. However, metabolism-induced buoyant forces may interact with wind energy in a way that promotes homeostasis of the mound atmosphere.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveals Visual Pathway Damage in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease

Visual deficits are commonly seen in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but postmortem histology has not found substantial damage in visual cortex regions, leading to the hypothesis that the visual pathway, from eye to the brain, may be damaged in AD. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used to characterize white matter abnormalities. However, there is a lack of data examining the optic nerves and tracts in patients with AD. In this study, we used DTI to analyze the visual pathway in healthy controls, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD using scans provided by the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). We found significant increases in the total diffusivity and radial diffusivity and reductions in fractional anisotropy in optic nerves among AD patients. Similar but less extensive changes in these metrics were seen in MCI patients as compared to controls. The differences in DTI metrics between groups mirrored changes in the splenium of the corpus callosum, which has commonly been shown to exhibit white matter damage during AD and MCI. Our findings indicate that white matter damage extends to the visual system, and may help explain the visual deficits experienced by AD patients.
Critical Temperatures for Crystalline Beam

Based on the previously derived equations of motion in the beam rest frame, we study the melting conditions of the crystalline beam conditions of the crystalline beam confined in an actual alternating-gradient (AG) focusing storage ring. The temperatures defined in the rest frame are directly related to the transverse emittances and momentum deviation conventionally used in the accelerator community. Using molecular dynamics (MD) method, we obtain the critical emittances and momentum deviation as functions of beam density and machine parameters.
Gastrin secretion induced by distention is mediated by gastric cholinergic and vasoactive intestinal peptide neurons in rats

Abstract Background: The present study was designed to identify the mechanism by which distention regulates gastrin secretion. Methods: The distal stomach of the isolated vascularly perfused rat was distended to varying degrees for 10-minute periods with an air-filled balloon. Results: Low distention caused a decrease in gastrin (39% ± 5%; P P P P Conclusions: Low gastric distention activates preferentially VIP neurons that stimulate somatostatin and thus inhibit gastrin secretion. Increasing distention leads to progressive recruitment of cholinergic neurons that cause a reversal in the pattern to one of increase in gastrin and decrease in somatostatin secretion.
A potential mechanism for amino acid-controlled crystal growth of hydroxyapatite

The mineral component of bone, dentin and calcified parts of avian tendon, hydroxyapatite (HAP), has non-stoichiometric composition (idealized as Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), plate-like morphology and nanometer size. This unique crystal morphology contributes to the physico-chemical and biochemical properties of bone. Thus, understanding the mechanism for the controlled growth of plate-like HAP nanocrystals is significant in the study of bone biomineralization. Previous studies have shown that acidic non-collagenous proteins (ANCPs), which are enriched in the residues of acidic amino acids, may play an important role in HAP crystal growth modulation. In this study, glutamic acid (Glu) and phosphoserine (Ser-OPO3) were used as model compounds to modify the synthesis of HAP nanocrystals. To identify the mechanisms of amino acids as regulators, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) were used. The crystals obtained in the inorganic controls were needle-like, while crystals synthesized in the presence of the amino acids presented a plate-like morphology. The plate-like crystals had a preferred crystal orientation on (300) face, which was lacking in the inorganically grown crystals, indicating preferential adsorption and suppression of growth in specific crystal directions. Ser-OPO3 was more efficient than Glu in modulating HAP nucleation and crystal growth. Furthermore, NMR revealed interactions between the charged side chain groups in amino acids and the crystal surfaces. These results were successfully explained through our MD simulations for the free energy calculation of amino acid binding on HAP crystal faces. The present study revealed that amino acids may act as effective regulators of HAP morphology without the need to invoke large NCPs in bone biomineralization and in designing bioinspired materials for orthopaedic and dental applications.
Racial/ethnic differences in influenza vaccination in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.

Background Racial/ethnic differences in influenza vaccination exist among elderly adults despite nearly universal Medicare health insurance coverage. Overall influenza vaccination prevalence in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System is higher than in the general population; however, it is not known whether racial/ethnic differences exist among older adults receiving VA healthcare. Racial/ethnic differences in influenza vaccination in VA were assessed, and barriers to and facilitators of influenza vaccination were examined among veteran outpatients aged 50 years and older. Methods A random sample of 121,738 veterans receiving care at VA outpatient clinics during the 2003–2004 influenza season completed the mailed Survey of Health Experiences of Patients (77% response rate). Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations among race/ethnicity and influenza vaccination prevalence, barriers, and facilitators. Analyses were conducted during 2005 and 2006. Results Based on unadjusted prevalences, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and American Indian/Alaskan Natives were significantly less likely to be vaccinated for influenza compared to non-Hispanic whites (71%, 79%, and 74%, respectively, vs 82%). After adjustment for age, gender, marital status, education level, employment, having a primary care provider, confidence and/trust in provider, and health status, only non-Hispanic blacks remained significantly less likely to be vaccinated compared to non-Hispanic whites (75% vs 81%). Influenza vaccination barriers and facilitators varied by race/ethnic group. Conclusions Compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks were less likely to receive influenza vaccination in the VA healthcare system during the 2003–2004 influenza season. Although these differences were small, results suggest the need for further study and culturally informed interventions.
A model for nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribonucleoprotein particles.

Abstract Some aspects of the transport of ribonucleoprotein particles from nucleus to cytoplasm have been derived from in vitro assays employing isolated nuclei. The transport process has an apparent activation energy of 13 kcal/mol, shows an Arrhenius relationship without evidence of a transition between 35 and 0 °C, requires hydrolysis of one high-energy phosphate bond per nucleotide in transported RNA. All of these analyses of the process are independent of the type of ribonucleoprotein particle (ribosomal or messenger) transported. A serious conceptual difficulty arises when the size of the transported particles is considered. They must presumably travel through an aqueous channel in the nuclear envelope (since lipid phase transitions do not appear in the Arrhenius graphs), but all of the transported particles are too large to pass through the nuclear pore complexes. In reviewing what is known about ribonucleoprotein structure, we find common features which suggest the following model: 1. (1) the RNA chain is exposed at the surface of the particles 2. (2) small, local regions of particle structure “unfold” 3. (3) these unfolded (linear) segments of RNA interact with a translocation mechanism containing a nucleoside triphosphatase 4. (4) the RNA chain is linearly translocated through the pore channel the length of one nucleotide for each high-energy phosphate bond hydrolyzed 5. (5) the particle then refolds outside of the nuclear envelope.
What Is the Optimal Way to Deliver a Positive Activity Intervention? The Case of Writing About One’s Best Possible Selves

A 4-week-long experiment examined the effects of a positive activity intervention in which students wrote about their “best possible selves” (BPS) once a week. We manipulated two factors that might affect the success of the happiness-increasing activity—whether the positive activity was administered online versus in-person and whether the participant read a persuasive peer testimonial before completing the activity. Our results indicated that the BPS activity significantly boosted positive affect and flow and marginally increased feelings of relatedness. No differences were found between participants who completed the positive activity online versus in-person. However, students who read a testimonial extolling the virtues of the BPS activity showed larger gains in well-being than those who read neutral information or completed a control task. The results lend legitimacy to online self-administered happiness-increasing activities and highlight the importance of participants’ beliefs in the efficacy of such activities for optimum results.
Laparoscopic evaluation for a contralateral inguinal hernia or a nonpalpable testis

Diagnostic peritoneoscopy can be used through 3-mm and 5-mm umbilical incisions for the evaluation of the contralateral inguinal region for children with a unilateral inguinal hernia and for the evaluation of boys with a nonpalpable testis. No complications have been noted in patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy, which affords an excellent chance to define a better management strategy for these patients.
The myth of silent cortex and the morbidity of epileptogenic tissue: Implications for temporal lobectomy

This article reviews two commonly held myths regarding temporal lobe epilepsy-it is a static disorder with minimal morbidity and mortality, and epileptogenic tissue impairs only the functions of the seizure focus-and one myth concerning temporal lobe functions-they contain areas of nonfunctional, "silent" cortex. Chronic temporal lobe epilepsy can cause progressive structural, cognitive, and behavioral changes. Aside from the seizure focus, primary epileptogenic cortex may have a deleterious influence on distant brain areas. Removing this "nociferous" cortex and reducing the antiepileptic drug burden can improve cognitive or behavioral and metabolic function in areas remote from the resection. Anterior temporal lobectomy often removes functional tissue that may or may not be epileptogenic. Because normal brain does not contain functionless, "silent" areas, the procedure can have negative as well as positive cognitive or behavioral consequences. To improve the outcomes of focal cortical resections for seizure control, we need to better define functional and nociferous cortex and more clearly understand their boundaries and interactions.
Density of the Lunar Atmosphere

The minimum possible density of the lunar atmosphere at the surface is shown to be essentially the value for the interplanetary medium. This value, when combined with the observed maximum, places the particle density between 10 3 and 10 6 per cubic centimeter, while the electron density must be about 10 3 to 10 4 per cubic centimeter. These results are markedly different from those recently obtained by Firsoff.
What can observations tell us about coronal heating

The actual source of coronal heating is one of the longest standing unsolved mysteries in all of astrophysics, but it is only in recent years that observations have begun making significant contributions. Coronal loops, their structure and sub-structure, their temperature and density details, and their evolution with time, may hold the key to solving this mystery. Because spatial resolution of current observatories cannot resolve fundamental scale lengths, information about the heating of the corona must be inferred from indirect observations. Loops with unexpectedly high densities and multi-thermal cross-field temperatures were not consistent with results expected from steady uniform heating models. The hot ( T >5 MK) plasma component of loops may also be a key observation; a new sounding rocket instrument called the Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer will specifically target this observable. Finally, a loop is likely to be a tangle of magnetic strands. The High Resolution Coronal Imager observed magnetic braids untwisting and reconnecting, dispersing enough energy to heat the surrounding plasma. The existence of multi-thermal, cooling loops and hot plasma provides observational constraints that all viable coronal heating models will need to explain.
ERK and p38 MAP kinase activation are components of opioid-induced delayed cardioprotection.

Opioids have been previously shown to confer acute and delayed cardioprotection against a prolonged ischemic insult. We have extensively characterized the signal transduction pathway mediating acute cardioprotection and have suggested a role for extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) in this cardioprotection. Therefore, we attempted to determine a role for ERK and the stress activated MAP kinase, p38, in opioid-induced delayed cardioprotection by using selective inhibitors of these pathways. All rats were subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion (I/R). Control animals, injected with saline 48 h prior to I/R, had an infarct size/area at risk (IS/AAR) of 61.6 ± 1.6. 48-h pretreatment with TAN-67 (30 mg/kg), a δ1-opioid receptor agonist, maximally reduced IS/AAR (31.2 ± 6.5). The involvement of ERK was examined with PD 098059, a selective pharmacological antagonist which inhibits the upstream kinase, MEK-1, that phosphorylates and activates ERK. PD 098059 (0.3 mg/kg) did not alter IS/AAR when administered alone (60.7 ± 4.9). However, PD 098059 (0.3 mg/kg) administration 30 min prior to TAN-67 (30 mg/kg) completely abolished cardioprotection (61.0 ± 7.6). The selective p38 inhibitor, SB 203580 (1.0 mg/kg), had no effect on IS/AAR in the absence of TAN-67 (53.1 ± 2.3). Additionally, SB 203580 (1.0 mg/kg) when administered prior to TAN-67 (30 mg/kg) partially abolished cardioprotection (51.3 ± 6.4). These results suggest that both ERK and p38 are integral components of opioid-induced delayed cardioprotection and may act via parallel pathways.
The Src family kinase Hck couples BCR/ABL to STAT5 activation in myeloid leukemia cells

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is constitutively activated by BCR/ABL, the oncogenic tyrosine kinase responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia. The mechanism of BCR/ABL-mediated STAT5 activation is unknown. We show here that the BCR/ABL SH3 and SH2 domains interact with hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck), leading to the stimulation of Hck catalytic activity. Active Hck phosphorylated STAT5B on Tyr699, which represents an essential step in STAT5B stimulation. Moreover, a kinase-dead Hck mutant and Hck inhibitor PP2 abrogated BCR/ABL-dependent activation of STAT5 and elevation of expression of STAT5 downstream effectors A1 and pim-1. These data identify a novel BCR/ABL–Hck–STAT5 signaling pathway, which plays an important role in BCR/ABL-mediated transformation of myeloid cells.
Highlights of the 2010 Scientific Sessions of the Heart Failure Society of America, San Diego, California, September 12–15, 2010

The Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) is the leading professional society for a diverse group of health care professionals involved in basic, clinical, and translational research, patient care, and public policy for heart failure. The HFSA actively seeks to promote and facilitate continued advances in heart failure through education and training, the development of comprehensive patient care guidelines, patient education, public awareness campaigns, and fellowships and forums that enable young investigators to gain expertise in heart failure. The organization also collaborates actively with government, providers, and industry on issues of mutual interest. Membership includes cardiologists, surgeons, nurses, pharmacists, and other allied health professionals, representing academia, private practice, government, and industry. The Annual Scientific Meeting covers a broad range of topics of interest to its diverse membership, including heart failure basic science, translational and clinical research, clinical care, and public policy. Themeeting encourages the lively exchange of ideas through a variety of formats, including symposia, debates, oral abstract sessions, poster presentations, and how-to and bench-to-bedside sessions. The 14th Annual Scientific Meeting was chaired by Drs Christopher M. O’Connor and Walter J. Koch. In his opening remarks, HFSA President Dr Douglas Mann underscored the progress that has been made in treating heart failure over the past 20 years. Therapies are now available to prolong life, help patients feel better, and reduce hospitalizations. At the same time, Dr Mann stressed the need to foster new heart failure therapies by using broad-based scientific approaches and to
Direct TEM determination of intrinsic and extrinsic stacking fault energies of silicon

Abstract The intrinsic and extrinsic stacking fault energies of silicon have been determined from images of double ribbons obtained using the weak–beam method of electron microscopy. The ribbons occurred in distorted regions of small–angle twist boundaries on {111} planes prepared by welding. The results are compared with values obtained from isolated dislocations in the screw and edge orientation in the same sample, which were found to be consistently lower than the values obtained from double ribbons. It is found that, contrary to other recent work, the ratio γMin γMex is actually only ∼ 14% greater than unity.
The Shape of the Red Blood Cell: A Result of Intracellular Electrostatic Forces?

It has recently been proposed that the biconcave shape of the human red cell is maintained by inwardly directed electrostatic forces of attrction between the two opposing membrane surfaces of the cell. Treatment of red cells with hypertonic acidified media would be expected to augment these forces by decreasing the distance between the opposing surfaces and increasing the number of centers of opposite charge. When red cells treated in this manner are returned to an isotonic medium, a membranous structure bridging the biconcavity is demonstrable by phase-contrast microscopy. This structure remains intact during osmotic swelling and hemolysis and is clearly visible in the resulting red cell ghosts. Spherocytes (hereditaryspherocytosis) demonstrate no such structure under these conditions, whereas leptocytes (β-thalassemia) show an enhanced tendency to internal bridging in isotonic acidified media. These findings suggest that an increase in the long-range electrostatic forces within the cell promotes the formation of distinct morphologic structure which, under these conditions, contributes to the preservation of the biconcave shape of the cell.
SEARCHING FOR NAPHTHALENE CATION ABSORPTION IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

Interstellar naphthalene cations (C10H+ 8) have been proposed by a study to be the carriers of a small number of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). Using an archive of high signal-to-noise spectra obtained at the Apache Point Observatory, we used two methods to test the hypothesis. Both methods failed to detect significant absorption at lab wavelengths of interstellar spectra with laboratory spectra. We thereby conclude that C10H+ 8 is not a DIB carrier in typical reddened sight lines.
Summary Of Chrono-Coherent Imaging In Medicine

We describe demonstration experiments for a new method of medical diagnostic imaging. The method is called Chrono-Coherent Imaging (CCI) and it can be used in a transmission geometry to form images in the presence of overwhelming scattered light, which blocks conventional image formation. Future applications are for imaging inside the human body where tissue light scattering normally obscures image formation. In a transmission geometry the scattered light will take different time delays to reach a recording medium than will the very weak unscattered light which contains image information. The recording of the image for a series of times is not done as a real image with ultrashort gating devices such as streak cameras or Kerr shutters, but the recording is done coherently like a hologram with the sub-picosecond coherence properties of the laser pulse. By using a time sweep of a reference laser beam on the recording medium, similar to Light-In-Flight Holography, we can make a series of coherent images with a single laser exposure, even in the presence of very large incoherent exposure by the scattered light. These images are much like an X-ray in that cumulati've transmission effects are recorded throughout the object, but in CCI the time series of images has both refractive index and absorption information. Many other features such as tissue selectivity by wavelength tuning, depth enhancement and three dimensional image reconstruction are possible with the new imaging method of CCI.
Impact of fibroblast growth factor-binding protein-1 expression on angiogenesis and wound healing

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) participate in embryonic development, in maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the adult, and in various diseases. FGF-binding proteins (FGFBP) are secreted proteins that chaperone FGFs stored in the extracellular matrix to their receptor, and can thus modulate FGF signaling. FGFBP1 (alias BP1, FGF-BP1, or HBp17) expression is required for embryonic survival, can modulate FGF-dependent vascular permeability in embryos, and is an angiogenic switch in human cancers. To determine the function of BP1 in vivo, we generated tetracycline-regulated conditional BP1 transgenic mice. BP1-expressing adult mice are viable, fertile, and phenotypically indistinguishable from their littermates. Induction of BP1 expression increased mouse primary fibroblast motility in vitro, increased angiogenic sprouting into subcutaneous matrigel plugs in animals and accelerated the healing of excisional skin wounds. FGF-receptor kinase inhibitors blocked these effects. Healing skin wounds showed increased macrophage invasion as well as cell proliferation after BP1 expression. Also, BP1 expression increased angiogenesis during the healing of skin wounds as well as after ischemic injury to hindlimb skeletal muscles. We conclude that BP1 can enhance FGF effects that are required for the healing and repair of injured tissues in adult animals.
Immunohistochemical localization of the pro-opiomelanocortin-gene product, glycylglutamine, in the intermediate pituitary.

Glycylglutamine, the car☐yterminal sequence of β-endorphin1–31, is produced as a free dipeptide during the posttranslational synthesis of β-endorphin1–27. Antisera which recognize glycylglutamine were raised in rabbits and used for immunohistochemistry. With these antisera, glycylglutamine immunoreactivity was demonstrated in cells of the rat intermediate pituitary. In contrast, anterior pituitary cells, which exhibited β-endorphin immunoreactivity, did not react with the anti-glycylglutamine sera. The conclusion that the antisera distinguished glycylglutamine immunoreactivity from β-endorphin1–31 immunoreactivity is based upon cellular specificity, fixation requirements and blocking studies. The antisera demonstrated the differential expression of this dipeptide product of the proopiomelanocortin prohormone. The efficacy of carbodiimide as an immunohistochemical fixative for small molecules is also known.
Two investigations of students' understanding of the mole concept and its use in problem solving

The authors' purpose in a series of two investigations is to examine the following research questions: (1) How do college students define the mole concept? (2) How do college students explain the numerical identity between the atomic or molecular mass of a substance and its molar mass? (3) Is there a connection between students' definitions of the mole concept and their explanations of the numerical identity between the atomic or molecular mass and the molar mass of a substance? (4) Do the connections in question 3 extend to students' ability to solve mole concept problems? Research questions 1-3 are examined first through an analysis of students' answers and errors on a chemistry examination question that assesses their knowledge of the mole concept and the numerical identity between the atomic or molecular mass of a substance and its molar mass. Forty-eight students in the first quarter of first-year chemistry for scientists and engineers at a large, urban, midwestern research university during summer session are the subjects. One question on the first exam assesses the extent to which students understand the mole concept and the above-mentioned relation. Results indicate that students' most frequent errors are: (1) failing to define the mole in terms of 12C; (2) defining the mole as Avogadro's number; (3) defining the mole as a mass; and (4) constructing a logical argument in vague terms or by using improper knowledge. The results and limitations of the first investigation prompted a follow-up study in which the authors add research question 4 and further examine research questions 1-3 through qualitative methods. In the second study, the subjects are 12 college students enrolled in a chemistry course for students with little or no background in chemistry. Each subject participates in a think-aloud protocol designed to focus on the research questions. The authors qualitatively analyze the content of written transcripts of the audiotaped think-aloud sessions. Results of the second investigation indicate that students' definitions of the mole vary and that their definitions are connected to their understanding of the numerical identity issue. Moreover, students' understanding of the numerical identity issue is a major stumbling block in terms of their ability to solve two problems in the think-aloud protocol. Results of both investigations are discussed in terms of research in chemical education and in cognitive science.
The Family Is Not a Group: Or Is It?.

Abstract Relatively little attention has been paid to the differences, and similarities between the family and other small groups and the ramifications for research and therapy. The author reviews the literature and considers the importance of further study for increased knowledge of both group dynamics and family theory.
Modeling production and climate‐related impacts on 10Be concentration in ice cores

[1] The connection between the production of the cosmogenic isotope 10Be and changes in heliomagnetic activity makes ice core 10Be an attractive proxy for studying changes in solar output. However, interpreting 10Be ice core records on centennial timescales is complicated by potential climate-related deposition changes that could obscure the 10Be production signal. By using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE general circulation model to selectively vary climate and production functions, we model 10Be flux at key ice-coring sites. We vary geomagnetic field strength and the solar activity modulation parameter (ϕ), CO2, sea surface temperatures, and volcanic aerosols to assess impacts on 10Be. Specifically, we find significant latitudinal differences in the response of 10Be fluxes to changes in the production function. In the climate experiments the 10Be deposition changes simulated over ice sheets in both hemispheres are comparable to those seen in the production experiments. This altered deposition combined with changes of snow accumulation results in significant climate-related 10Be concentration variation in both Greenland and Antarctica. Over the Holocene our results suggest that the 10Be response to climate change should not be neglected when inferring production changes.
On Reliable Transport and Estimation of Spatio-temporal Events Using Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper studies the efffect of channel errors on the transport and estimations of spatio-temporal events based on sensor observations monitoring a spatio-temporal process. It is observed that the quality of event estimation degrades considerably with channel fading. A new form of spatial diversity is proposed to mitigate the effect of channel fading at the sink. Dense deployment of sensor nodes and the underlying spatio-temporal nature of the observed phenomenon results in highly correlated observations in the spatial domain. The proposed algorithm exploits this feature, using supervised local function learning to achieve spatial diversity. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
4.2.4 THE ROLE OF MODELING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE SYSTEMS

When developing a complex system it is becoming less acceptable to build a prototype or first article without first predicting performance, functionality, form, and fit with a set of models. Models are used to reduce risks by identifying problems early and providing means to trade off candidate solutions. With the relatively recent explosion in computer capabilities, modeling has become more efficient and affordable than ever before. This paper discusses the reasons for using models and the value they add throughout the system life cycle, describes the different levels of modeling, and suggests how models should be developed. A case study from work done by the authors is included to support the general statements made and to demonstrate their practical application.