cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of common fatty acid glycerides by gas chromatography

Abstract A method is described for the determination of 25 common fatty acid mono-, di-, and triglycerides and their components and mixtures by packed-column gas chromatography after isolation and derivatization. The method is applied to two commercial materials, a polypropylene resin and a hand lotion. The glycerides along with glycerol and free fatty acids are first separated from the host by refluxing with 2-propanol containing an internal standard. The extract is derivatized and the compounds are identified and measured by gas chromatography. The chromatograms show sharp peaks, unique retention times and reproducibility in the range of 2–5%. Several positional isomers of the fatty acid glycerides were tested but found not to be resolved under the conditions used. Optical isomers and cis-trans isomers of unsaturated acids were not tested.
Controlling invasive Arrhenatherum elatius and promoting native prairie grasses through mowing

Control of invasive plants is a key element of conservation and restoration efforts. We report results from a five-year field experiment in western Oregon, USA that evalu- ates the effects of different mowing regimes on the non-native and invasive perennial grass Arrhenatherum elatius, the na- tive perennial prairie grasses Danthonia californica and Festuca roemeri, and groups of other native and non-native grasses and forbs. Eight treatments were designed to test hypotheses about the role of mowing height and time of application on the plant community. Differences among treatments emerged only after two or three years of treatment. This delay in response reinforces the need for long-term studies. Annual mowing was most effec- tive at reducing Arrhenatherum cover and flowering when applied in late spring or early summer, the time of Arrhena- therum flowering and expected maximum above-ground allo- cation. Double mowing and mowing at 15 cm were more effective in reducing Arrhenatherum cover than were single mowing and mowing at 50 cm. All treatments increased the cover and flowering of Danthonia. Statistical model analysis showed that increases in cover and flowering of the native grass Danthonia were caused by its release from suppression by Arrhenatherum. Four years of the most effective treatment, mowing at 15 cm in late spring, converted an Arrhenatherum- dominated site to a prairie dominated by native grasses. This is one of the few documented cases of pest plant control causing an increase in native plant abundance. These results show that mowing, properly applied, can be an effective tool for restor- ing degraded, Arrhenatherum-dominated prairies.
Navigation in degree of interest trees

We present an experiment that compares how people perform search tasks in a degree-of-interest browser and in a Windows-Explorer-like browser. Our results show that, whereas users do attend to more information in the DOI browser, they do not complete the task faster than in an Explorer-like browser. However, in both types of browser, users are faster to complete high information scent search tasks than low information scent tasks. We present an ACT-R computational model of the search task in the DOI browser. The model describes how a visual search strategy may combine with semantic aspects of processing, as captured by information scent. We also describe a way of automatically estimating information scent in an ontological hierarchy by querying a large corpus (in our case, Google's corpus).
Physiology of isolated anomalous pulmonary venous connection of a single pulmonary vein as determined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

The physiology of isolated partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection of a single pulmonary vein has yet to be fully characterized. This study assessed the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt and right ventricular (RV) dilation from a single anomalous pulmonary vein using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects with >1 anomalous pulmonary vein or associated lesions, including atrial septal defects, were excluded. In the 6 subjects identified, the median pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio was 1.55 (range 1.3 to 1.6). The mean RV end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area in the subjects was significantly larger than in a normal reference cohort (108 ± 16 vs 78 ± 18 cm 3 /m 2 , p=0.0009) and greater than the upper limit of normal in all 6 subjects. Older age did not correlate with increased magnitude of shunting (r = 0.3, p=0.5), but increased age did correlate with RV end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area (r = 0.96, p=0.01). Isolated partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection with only 1 vein connecting anomalously results in a modest left-to-right shunt and mild RV dilation.
Diastereoselective Spiroketalization: Stereocontrol Using An Iron(0) Tricarbonyl Diene Complex

It has been demonstrated that an element of planar chirality can influence the formation of an adjacent spiroketal stereocenter. Appropriately functionalized enantiomerically pure 1- and 2-sulfinyl 1,3-dien-5-ones and their corresponding iron(0) tricarbonyl complexes (7, 17) have been prepared, and the derived spiroketals (8, 18) are made in good to excellent diastereoselectivity. A preliminary exploration of the combined effects of planar and central chirality upon the diastereoselectivity revealed matched and mismatched combinations (14).
Alterations in plasma corticosteroids, insulin and selected metabolites in horses used in endurance rides

ummary The effects of prolonged exercise on plasma concentrations of corticosteroids, insulin, glucose, lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate were studied in a group of horses competing in a 160 km endurance ride. Of the 53 horses included in the study at the outset, 23 completed the course. Plasma corticosteroids increased while glucose and insulin decreased during exercise. Little change occurred in plasma lactate or β-hydroxybutyrate. The parameters studied did not result in the finding of any consistent significant differences between individuals that completed and those that did not complete the course. Resume Un groupe de 53 chevaux fut soumis a une epreuve d'endurance longue de 160 km. 23 acheverent le parcours. Sur tout le groupe, onetudia les efforts d'un exercice prolonge sur les concentrations plasmatiques, de corticosteroides, d'insuline, de glucose, de lactate et de B-hydroxybutyrate. Durant l'exercice, les corticosteroides augmenterent, le glucose et l'insuline diminuerent, le lactate et le B-hydroxybutyrate plasmatiques furent peu modifies. On ne constata pas de differences significatives entre les individus qui terminerent le parcours et ceux qui abandonnerent. Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen eines 160 km-Distanzritts auf die Plasma-konzentrationen von Kortikosteroiden, Insulin, Glukose, Laktat und β-Hydroxybutyrat wurden an einer Gruppe von Pferden untersucht, die zu Beginn des Ritts 53 Tiere umfasste, am Ende noch 23. Die Plasma-Kortikosteroidkonzentrationen stiegen an, wahrend Glukose und Insulin wahrend der Anstrengung abfielen. Geringe Veranderungen zeigten sich beim Plasmalaktat und β-Hydroxybutyrat. Die untersuchten Parameter wiesen keine signifikanten Unterschiede auf zwischen Tieren, die den Ritt beendeten, und solchen, die vorzeitig aufgeben mussten.
Modeling the effect of oxygen on vapor phase diamond deposition inside micro-trenches

Abstract For the same feed gas composition, radical species concentrations vary with depth inside micro-trenches during diamond deposition. However, the feed gas compositions are typically used for predicting diamond deposition vs. non-diamond deposition. So, any type of modeling for predicting diamond deposition quality and uniformity inside trenches and onto three-dimensional objects is not possible. In this regard, a simple modeling approach utilizing a recently constructed C–H–O ternary diagram, based on radical species composition by Eaton and Sunkara [Eaton and Sunkara, Diam. Relat. Mater., 9 (2000) 1320], demonstrated the diamond deposition process inside trenches. Specifically, the effect of oxygen in the feed gases on the depths at which diamond can be deposited is modeled under both Knudsen and Fickian diffusion conditions and compared with experimental observations. The results suggested that certain feed gas phase compositions (C/O ratio) help increase the aspect ratio (>2.0) at which diamond deposition can be achieved.
A Local Model for Bending of Weak Core Sandwich Plates

A bending theory is developed for a three-layer sandwich plate consisting of a weak core and two unequal face sheets. In the model, the core and face sheets are modeled as separate homogeneous plates with an assumed stress field, which satisfies equilibrium point-by-point. Local bending, including shear deformation, of the face sheets is taken into account. Although the usual assumption of negligible in-plane stresses in conjunction with a weak core is adopted, the effects of interlaminar core shear and normal stresses, along with transverse core flexibility, are included in the analysis. The corresponding displacement field consists of a combination of assumed and weighted displacements. Field equations are developed from Reissner’s energy theorem, and appropriate continuity conditions between the core and face sheets are enforced. The theory is applied to a rectangular plate subjected to a distributed load and to an end-loaded cantilever plate under cylindrical bending.
Complexation of poly(phenylenevinylene) precursors and monomers by cucurbituril hosts

The formation of highly stable inclusion complexes between the host cucurbit [7]uril (CB7) and the dicationic guests bis(diethylsulfonium)-p-xylylene (12+) and bis(tetrahydrothiophenium)-p-xylylene (22+) was demonstrated by mass spectrometric, NMR and UV−vis spectroscopic data. Although the inclusion complexes did not undergo Wessling polymerization, the monomers can be pre-polymerized to the polyelectrolyte stage and subsequently exposed to CB7 in aqueous solution. The CB7-treated polyelectrolyte developed conjugation more readily and at much lower temperatures than the untreated polyelectrolyte to yield poly(phenylenevinylene) (PPV). The formation of external complexes between CB7 and the cationic branches of the polyelectrolyte favored the cleavage of the branches. CB7 was also found to form a stable complex with diethyl sulfide (Et2S), the product of the elimination reaction that converts the polyelectrolyte to PPV. In contrast, the smaller analogue, the cucurbit [6]uril host (CB6) did not have any ef...
Mutagenic and Recombinogenic Activities of the Food Additive Furylfuramide in Eukaryotes

The mutagenic and recombinogenic activities of furylfuramide, an antimicrobial food additive, were tested in a two-component heterokaryon of Neurospora crassa and a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. The results show that furylfuramide is genetically active in both eukaryotic organisms; it induces mutations in Neurospora crassa and mitotic crossing over in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Inherently Relational: Interactions between Peers’ and Individuals’ Personalities Impact Reward Giving and Appraisal of Individual Performance

Introverted individuals may experience and evaluate their dyadic work relationships differently than extraverts. In two studies, we investigated the interaction effect of an individual’s and observ...
Review of results in a geriatric intensive treatment unit: some prospects.

: A Geriatric Intensive Treatment Unit was established in Binghamton State Hospital under the Broome County Unitized Program. The aim was: 1) to rehabilitate newly admitted patients over 65 years of age, and 2) to resocialize geriatric patients over 65 previously in other units of the hospital for long periods (one year to fifty-three years) so that they could be discharged from the institution. In the first ten months—June 1, 1968 to March 31, 1969–59 per cent of the 96 newly admitted geriatric patients were rehabilitated and returned to society. Their average hospital stay was 38.5 days—a distinct reduction in the length of stay for newly admitted patients. Almost 50 per cent of the 278 long-term patients left the Intensive Treatment Unit in the 1968–69 period; 27 per cent were returned to the community. Milieu therapy, modified for the geriatric service, was used for rehabilitation and resocialization. Members of a small but well oriented and dedicated staff represented the family and society to the patients, as a therapeutic community in a “one to one” therapy program. Male and female patients of both short-term and long-term groups mixed together in activities. This beneficially influenced the rehabilitation and re-socialization process. In the interests of continuity of care, it seems desirable that the Geriatric Intensive Treatment Unit, rather than the Outpatient Clinic, supervise the management of these patients after discharge from the hospital.
Some characteristics of the behaviour of indicator bacteria in sewage-amended soil

Abstract The abundance, sensitivity to environmental conditions and growth recovery characteristics of faecal coliform bacteria and Streptococcus faecalis (indicator bacteria) were monitored in experimental plots receiving various quantities of undigested sewage sludge. The results of the study show that the streptococci were less abundant in the sludge, but more abundant in the soil, than the faecal coliforms. Survival time of both groups of bacteria was not significantly different. The streptococcal numbers were not directly related to the quantity of sludge (pollutant) applied to the soil. Growth recovery was exhibited only by the Streptococcus faecalis.
Suppression of immune function by non-peptidic delta opioid receptor antagonists.

Abstract Previous studies in this laboratory and elsewhere have provided evidence that compounds acting as δ opioid receptor agonists exhibit marked immunostimulatory potential. Conversely, the δ opioid receptor antagonists have previously been shown to demonstrate immunosuppressive effects as assessed by proliferation of T -cells following allogeneic or xenogeneic stimulation. The present study was performed to further characterize this immunosuppressive activity using the compounds benzylidene naltrexone (BNTX), naltrindole (NTI), and naltriben (NTB). In vitro exposure to BNTX resulted in an apparent dose-related suppression of B-cell proliferation, cytokine production by Thelper cells, and natural killer (NK) cell activity, with statistically significant suppression observed at concentrations between I and l0 μM. NTI was also immunosuppressive for all immune function parameters examined, although this compound was less active than BNTX. In vitro exposure to the structurally related compound NTB had no significant effect on any immune function examined in this study. In all cases, immunosuppression occurred in the absence of any detectable alteration in cellular viability, suggesting a specific immunosuppressive effect rather than overt toxicity.
Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Reply to Schober and Winter-Ebmer

Summary Using data from a meta-wage analysis, Schober and Winter-Ebmer fail to confirm my earlier finding that gender wage inequality stimulates growth in semi-industrialized economies [SIEs]. The authors contend their wage data, based on micro-level studies with heterogeneous coverage, are superior to the education-adjusted manufacturing wages on which my paper relied. In response, I elucidate why wage data should be restricted to the manufacturing sector. I explore possible measurement errors their data introduce and note concerns with the meta-regression approach that limit the applicability of these data to the specific task of understanding the growth effect of gender inequality in SIEs. Finally, I discuss advances made over the last decade in the methodology used to evaluate gender effects on growth, identifying directions for new research on this important topic.
Splicing of Polarization Maintained (PANDA) Optical Fibers in an Electronics Manufacturing Environment

Optoelectronics technology has been undergoing continuous improvement in order to accommodate customer demand for smaller, faster and cheaper products [1]. The demand is satisfied by using novel material fibers, design techniques and processes. This results in challenges for the handling and usage of fibers during the assembly process. The focus of this research endeavor is restricted to the splicing processes of Polarization Maintaining (PM) fibers during optoelectronic assembly. Until recently, the technology of transmitting higher rate of data was limited to laboratories. However, the manufacturing technology was not standard. It took a longer period of time for the commercialization of these products. Due to the market driven demand and shorter product launch times, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) decided to outsource the manufacturing of fiber optics products to the Electronics Manufacturing Service (EMS) providers. This paper focuses on the splicing of Panda fibers in an EMS provider’s manufacturing environment. The objective of the study was to develop the splicing process for Panda fibers and outline the splicing parameters that have a significant impact on obtaining low loss splices. A ‘design of experiments’ approach has been used to perform the splices along with a real time splice loss measurement using a power meter and source. Prefuse power, prefuse time, arc power and arc time were the factors selected for experimentation. Experiments have been conducted using the aforementioned parameters and the ‘best’ combination was used to perform a verification run. An effort has been made to obtain (near) optimal values for the significant parameters that can be used for production in an EMS provider’s environment.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Rapid and prolonged impairment of gut barrier function after thermal injury in mice

Loss of gut barrier function after burn injury can be important in the pathogenesis of systemic infections and organ dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to determine how rapidly impairment of gut barrier function occurs after burn injury and how long it persists. BALB/c mice were gavaged with
The rectus abdominis muscle in difficult problems of hand soft tissue reconstruction

When soft tissue losses in the hand require flap reconstruction, local tissue is preferred. Distant flaps should be reserved for major or unusually complex tissue losses which preclude the use of local flaps. We have used the rectus abdominis muscle as either a pedicled or a free flap with an overlying split thickness skin graft for several such complex soft tissue problems. Functional and cosmetic results have been excellent with minimal donor site morbidity. While not the initial choice for distant tissue used in hand reconstruction, the rectus abdominis muscle can solve several complex soft tissue problems in the hand.
Hole cyclotron masses in silicon MOS devices

Abstract Anistropy and non-parabolicity of the hole band structure in silicon, together with bound-state effects, can explain satisfactorily the observed hole cyclotron masses in MOS devices. The calculations presented here show a large increase (of about a factor of 2) in the masses as the carrier concentration varies from 0 to 5 × 10 12 holes cm 2 . In approximate terms it can be stated that 40% of the increase is due to pure band-structure effects and the remaining 60% is caused by combined effects of bound-state corrections and band structure.
Pencil-beam scanning proton therapy for anal cancer: a dosimetric comparison with intensity-modulated radiotherapy

AbstractBackground. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy cures most patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma at the cost of significant treatment-related toxicities. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) reduces side effects compared to older techniques, but whether proton beam therapy (PBT) offers additional advantages is unclear.Material and methods. Eight patients treated with PBT for anal cancer were chosen for this study. We conducted detailed plan comparisons between pencil-beam scanning PBT via two posterior oblique fields and seven-field IMRT. Cumulative dose-volume histograms were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and plan delivery robustness was assessed via verification computed tomography (CT) scans obtained during treatment.Results. Compared to IMRT, PBT reduced low dose radiation (≤ 30 Gy) to the small bowel, total pelvic bone marrow, external genitalia, femoral heads, and bladder (all p < 0.05) without compromising target coverage. For PBT versus IMRT, mean small bowel volume receiving ≥ 1...
LAPAROSCOPIC PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY FOR RENAL TUMOR: DUPLICATING OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES

Purpose: We describe our technique of and single institutional experience with purely laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor, wherein the focus is to duplicate established open techniques of oncologic nephron sparing surgery.Materials and Methods: Since August 1999 laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor has been performed in 50 patients. Of the patients 24 (48%) had either a compromised contralateral kidney (20) or a solitary kidney (4). Mean tumor size was 3.0 cm. (range 1.4 to 7). In 9 patients (18%) the inner margin of the tumor was in close proximity to the pelvicaliceal system. Our current laparoscopic technique involves preoperative ureteral catheterization, laparoscopic renal ultrasonography, transient atraumatic clamping of the renal artery and vein, tumor excision with an approximate 0.5 cm. margin using cold endoshears and/or J-hook electrocautery, pelvicaliceal suture repair (if necessary) and suture repair of the renal parenchymal defect over surgicel bolsters. In 1 case re...
Selective Targeting of TRPV1 Expressing Sensory Nerve Terminals in the Spinal Cord for Long Lasting Analgesia

Chronic pain is a major clinical problem and opiates are often the only treatment, but they cause significant problems ranging from sedation to deadly respiratory depression. Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a potent agonist of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), causes a slow, sustained and irreversible activation of TRPV1 and increases the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, but causes significant depression of evoked EPSCs due to nerve terminal depolarization block. Intrathecal administration of RTX to rats in the short-term inhibits nociceptive synaptic transmission, and in the long-term causes a localized, selective ablation of TRPV1-expressing central sensory nerve terminals leading to long lasting analgesia in behavioral models. Since RTX actions are selective for central sensory nerve terminals, other efferent functions of dorsal root ganglion neurons can be preserved. Preventing nociceptive transmission at the level of the spinal cord can be a useful strategy to treat chronic, debilitating and intractable pain.
Brownfields, Crime, and Tax Increment Financing

When the determinants of property value include a central city—a location in which private businesses are often reluctant to invest—property values are no longer a simple function of land and demand features but are also influenced by health and welfare issues such as neighborhood crime and environmental contamination. To maintain economic vitality, central cities require not only the presence of market forces and the provision of public amenities that commonly increase the value of property but also the implementation and effectiveness of public policies directed at stimulating property valuation to combat the negative influences of these unique features of the urban environment. This article examines tax increment financing in relation to the health and welfare issues of crime and brownfields. The authors empirically show that the public policy of tax increment financing can effectively increase districtwide property valuation to counteract the negating effects of crime and brownfields.
THE EFFECTS OF THE ANNOUNCEMENT AND OPENING OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT STATIONS ON NEIGHBORHOOD CRIME

ABSTRACT:The debate over crime and rail transit focuses on whether such investments “breed” criminal activities with new targets of opportunity or transport crime from the inner city to the suburbs. Yet, little empirical evidence exists on whether new rail transit actually does lead to increased crime rates around stations. In order to study this question, we test the relationship between crime and rail transit with the 2007 opening of the Charlotte light rail line. We use Geographical Information Systems software and micro-level data on reported crimes to generate measures of criminal activity in and around light rail transit (LRT) stations. We then implement a quasi-experimental before-and-after methodology using two alternate transit corridors to control for differences between neighborhoods that contain LRT stations and other neighborhoods. We find light rail does not actually increase crime around stations. Instead, we see a decrease in property crimes once the station locations are announced, which ...
Linkage mapping of a SNP in the porcine MADH1 gene to a region of chromosome 8 that contains QTL for uterine capacity.

References 1 Buitkamp J. et al. (2000) Anim Genet 31, 347–51. 2 Solinas-Toldo S. et al. (1993) Mamm Genome 4, 720–7. 3 Womack J. E. et al. (1997) Mamm Genome 8, 854–6. 4 Hofmann F. et al. (1999) Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 139, 33–87. 5 Doyle J. L. et al. (1998) Trends Genet 14, 92–8. 6 Powers P. A. et al. (1994) Genomics 19, 192–3. 7 Georges M. et al. (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 1058– 62.
Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy characterization of sulfated zirconia catalysts: fresh, deactivated and regenerated

Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy (UVRS) has been demonstrated to be a powerful new tool for catalysis and surface science studies. UVRS can successfully avoid the surface fluorescence which frequently occurs in normal Raman spectra of many catalysts. Fresh, deactivated and regenerated sulfated-zirconia catalysts have been characterized using this new method. The UV Raman spectrum of the fresh sample is dominated by the tetragonal phase, however, the spectrum of deactivated sulfated zirconia is nearly identical to that of the monoclinic phase of pure zirconia. A regeneration of the deactivated catalyst restores the spectrum back to that of the fresh sample. In addition, a new band at 750 cm−1 associated with the fresh sample attenuates with the deactivation process. This band is tentatively assigned to the surface [ZrO4]4− unit which is assumed to bond to the surface sulfate group. The results indicate that the surface phase of sulfated zirconia is reconstructed from tetragonal to monoclinic phase during the deactivation process while the bulk remains in the tetragonal phase after the deactivation. It is proposed that the surface tetragonal phase is stabilized by sulfate groups, and is associated with the catalytic activity.
Involvement of the heart by malignant lymphoma: A clinicopathologic study

Although involvement of the heart by malignant lymphoma is relatively common, it is difficult to detect antemortem, and only a small number of studies discuss this subject in the literature. The authors reviewed the 150 patients with malignant lymphoma autopsied at this hospital and studied the 13 (8.7%) who were found to have metastases to the heart or parietal pericardium. Four patients had Hodgkin's disease, and nine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cardiac or pericardial disease apparently resulted from retrograde lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, and direct extension from other intrathoracic tumor masses. In two cases, lymphomatous involvement of the heart and pericardium was the immediate cause of death; in one of these, myocardial infiltration was detected during life. For the group as a whole, the signs and symptoms of cardiac dysfunction were typically absent or nonspecific, and electrocardiograms and thallium imaging were not effective screening tools for lymphoma metastases. The findings suggest, however, that the most destructive form of cardiac involvement is that associated with direct epicardial spread, and that this form appears with cardiac dysfunction, which should clinically suggest its presence.
Motor development and sleep, play, and feeding positions in very-low-birthweight infants with and without white matter disease.

We investigated the association of infants' sleep and awake positioning with motor milestone acquisition as measured by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Participants were 30 very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants with preterm white matter disease (PTWMD; 21 males, nine females; mean birthweight [BW] 1129g [SD 338]; mean gestational age [GA] 28wks [SD 2.44]); 21 VLBW infants without preterm WMD (PT; 13 males, eight females; mean BW 1107g [SD 370]; mean GA 28.05wks [SD 2.21]); and 17 term infants (Term; seven males, 10 females; mean BW 3565g [SD 382]; mean GA 40wks [SD 1.31]). Testing occurred at 1, 5, and 9 months of age (corrected for prematurity). Preferred positions during sleeping, playing, and feeding were obtained through parent interview. These positions and group were the independent variables. Prone sleeping was significantly and positively associated with motor development at all ages (1mo: p=0.005; 5mo: p=0.011; 9mo: p=0.040). At 5 months, prone sleeping and playing were significantly and positively associated with AIMS scores (prone sleeping, p=0.016; prone playing, p=0.047). However, group was negatively associated with preterm white matter disease, with the PTWMD group having significantly lower AIMS scores than the Term group (p=0.029). At 9 months, sitting playing and group membership were significantly associated with AIMS scores (sitting playing, p=0.005; group, p=0.012). Prone positioning should be encouraged for awake time, particularly for infants with preterm white matter disease.
Line-widths of pressure-broadened spectral lines

This report is mainly of a review and expository nature and has been prepared for the purpose of outlining in considerable detail the method of calculating the widths of pressure-broadened spectral lines by using the impact theory of Anderson. In section I, the general quantum mechanical result is derived. In section II the adiabatic approximations are discussed. In section III, Anderson's theory has essentially been repeated with some slight changes. In section IV, several cases of molecular interactions are treated. The calculations have been extended to include the effect of the nonresonant terms of the interaction matrix which are neglected in Anderson's work.
Azoxystrobin Rate and Timing Effects on Rice Sheath Blight Incidence and Severity and Rice Grain and Milling Yields.

Groth, D. E. 2005. Azoxystrobin rate and timing effects on rice sheath blight incidence and severity and rice grain and milling yields. Plant Dis. 89:1171-1174. Lack of sheath blight resistant varieties requires rice (Oryza sativa) farmers to use fungicides to avoid significant reductions in grain yield and milling yield. Studies were conducted to determine the best rate and rice growth stage for a single application of azoxystrobin, a fungicide recently labeled for this use, to effectively control sheath blight. Azoxystrobin was applied foliarly to inoculated field plots in 2000 to 2002 using rates of 0.22, 0.17, and 0.11 kg a.i. ha-1 at 7 days after panicle differentiation (PD+7), boot (B), and heading (H) growth stages and at 0.17 kg a.i. ha-1 at 5, 10, and 15 days after heading. Sheath blight severity (measured on a 0 to 9 scale) and incidence (percent tillers infected) were assessed 1 to 2 weeks before harvest. A fungicide application made between PD+7 and H significantly reduced sheath blight severity, which resulted in significantly higher yield and head rice milling yield compared with inoculated unsprayed plots. There were no significant effects of fungicide rate at the PD+7, B, and H growth stages. Fungicide-treated plots had yield and milling yield similar to the very lightly diseased, uninoculated check plots included for comparison. With fungicide application made postheading, rice had higher disease severity, resulting in lower yields and milling yield compared with rice receiving earlier applications.
Signal transduction interactions between CB1 cannabinoid and dopamine receptors in the rat and monkey striatum

Abstract Signal transduction interactions between the CB 1 cannabinoid and D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptor systems were studied in rat (Sprague Dawley) and monkey (Macaca fascilaris ) striatal membranes. The D 2 agonist quinelorane inhibited forskolin (10 μM)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in a dose-dependent manner (26% and 20% maximal inhibition; EC 50 =2 and 0.5 μM, in rats and monkeys, respectively) and maximal inhibition was completely blocked by the D 2 antagonist sulpiride (10 μM). The CB 1 agonist desacetyllevonantradol inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (18% and 36% maximal inhibition; EC 50 =160 and 73 nM, in rats and monkeys, respectively) and the CB 1 antagonist SR141716A (10 μM) completely blocked the maximal inhibition. Combined addition of >EC 90 concentrations of quinelorane (10, 30 μM) and desacetyllevonantradol (1 μM) resulted in no greater inhibition than that produced by either drug alone, indicative of signal transduction convergence between the D 2 and CB 1 receptor systems. The D 1 agonist 6-Br-APB (3-allyl-6-bromo-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin) produced a dose-dependent stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (45% and 26% stimulation; EC 50 =24 and 32 nM, in rat and monkey, respectively), and maximal stimulation was completely blocked by the D 1 antagonist SCH23390 (1 μM). D 1 agonist-stimulated activity could be inhibited to basal levels with desacetyllevonantradol (1 μM), indicative of D 1 and CB 1 signal transduction convergence. The data suggest that CB 1 receptors are co-localized with D 1 or D 2 receptors on the same population of striatal membranes and can interact at the level of G-protein/adenylyl cyclase signal transduction. Similar results obtained with both rat and monkey membranes indicate that striatal dopamine and cannabinoid interactions are conserved for these two species.
Electron Transport Chain Dysfunction in Neonatal Pressure-Overload Hypertrophy Precedes Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Independent of Oxidative Stress

Objectives We have previously shown in a model of pressure-overload hypertrophy that there is increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis during the transition from peak hypertrophy to ventricular decompensation. Electron transport chain dysfunction is believed to play a role in this process through the production of excessive reactive oxygen species. In this study we sought to determine electron transport chain function in pressure-overload hypertrophy and the role of oxidative stress in myocyte apoptosis. Methods and Results Neonatal rabbits underwent thoracic aortic banding at 10 days of age. Compensated hypertrophy (4 weeks of age), decompensated hypertrophy (6 weeks of age), and age-matched controls (n = 4–8 per group) as identified by serial echocardiography were studied. Electron transport chain complex activities were determined by spectophotometry in isolated mitochondria. Complex I was significantly decreased ( P = .005) at 4 weeks and further decreased at 6 weeks ( P = .001). Complex II was significantly decreased at both time points (4 weeks, P = .003; 6 weeks, P = .009). However, hyddrogen peroxide production, measured in isolated mitochondria by fluorescence spectroscopy, was significantly decreased at 4 weeks of age in banded animals compared with controls ( P = .038), and mitochondrial DNA oxidative damage (measurement of 8- hydroxydeoxyguanosine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was also significantly decreased at 4 weeks of age ( P = .031). Mitochondrial activated apoptosis was determined by Bax/Bcl-2 ratios (immunoblotting). Bax/Bcl-2 levels were significantly increased in banded animals at 6 weeks. Conclusions In pressure-overload hypertrophy, the transition from compensated left ventricular hypertrophy to failure and cardiomyocyte apoptosis is preceded by mitochondrial complex I and II dysfunction followed by an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratios. The mechanism of apoptosis initiation is independent of increased oxidative stress.
ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 2 RECEPTOR DEPHOSPHORYLATES BCL-2 BY ACTIVATING MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PHOSPHATASE-1 AND INDUCES APOPTOSIS

We examined the cellular and signaling mechanism of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 (AT2) receptor-induced apoptosis in PC12W (rat pheochromocytoma cell line) cells that express abundant AT2 receptor but not Ang II type 1 receptor. In these cells, nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibited the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation induced by serum depletion, whereas Ang II antagonized this NGF cell survival action and induced apoptosis. We studied the mechanism of NGF and AT2 receptor interaction on apoptosis by examining their effects on the survival factor Bcl-2. AT2 receptor activation did affect intracellular Bcl-2 protein levels. Bcl-2 phosphorylation was stimulated by NGF, whereas AT2 receptor activation blocked this NGF effect. Pretreatment with antisense oligonucleotide of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1 enhanced the effects of NGF on MAP kinase activation and Bcl-2 phosphorylation but attenuated the inhibitory effects of AT2 receptor on MAP kinase, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, and apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that MAP kinase plays a critical role in inhibiting apoptosis by phosphorylating Bcl-2. The AT2 receptor inhibits MAP kinase activation, resulting in the inactivation of Bcl-2 and the induction of apoptosis.
Effect of level of intake on digestibility of dietary energy by high-producing cows.

Abstract Total digestible nutrient values of three diets each containing 48 to 75% of concentrates were determined in 107 trials with cows ingesting one to five times the amount of feed required for maintenance. Baseline TDN values were determined with the same diets fed to mature steers at the one times maintenance level of intake. The average rate of depression in the TDN value was 4.0% (range, 3.41 to 6.22%) per increment of intake equivalent to the maintenance requirement for TDN. If it is assumed that the metabolizable energy value is proportional to the TDN value of the diet, these observations suggest that the dietary energy requirements (expressed as TDN measured at the maintenance level of intake) increase per unit of milk produced as the milk output or feed input per day increases. Based on the average data obtained, a 1,400-lb cow in body energy equilibrium would require, in addition to her maintenance requirement, the following amounts (pound) of TDN (measured at the maintenance intake) per pound of 4% FCM produced at the following levels (lb/day), respectively: 0.317, 10; 0.322, 20; 0.327, 30; 0.333, 40; 0.339, 50; 0.346, 60; 0.353, 70; 0.361, 80; 0.370, 90; and 0.380, 100.
Bochner's Method for Cell Complexes and Combinatorial Ricci Curvature

Abstract. In this paper we present a new notion of curvature for cell complexes. For each p , we define a p th combinatorial curvature function, which assigns a number to each p -cell of the complex. The curvature of a p -cell depends only on the relationships between the cell and its neighbors. In the case that p=1 , the curvature function appears to play the role for cell complexes that Ricci curvature plays for Riemannian manifolds. We begin by deriving a combinatorial analogue of Bochner's theorems, which demonstrate that there are topological restrictions to a space having a cell decomposition with everywhere positive curvature. Much of the rest of this paper is devoted to comparing the properties of the combinatorial Ricci curvature with those of its Riemannian avatar.
Insulin downregulates neonatal brain insulin receptors

Abstract Insulin (2U-regular) was administered intracerebrally or intraperitoneally in newborn rabbit pups, to study the effect of the hormone on brain insulin receptor characteristics. Intraperitoneal insulin treatment produced an increase in plasma insulin concentrations from a control of ∼ 24 μU/ml to 132 ± 36 (p 3000 μU/ml and lowered the plasma glucose to 32 ± 8 mg/dl (p 10 mg protein −1 to 159 ± 6 (p 10 to 2.5 ± 0.2 (p
Rapid Normal Raman Spectroscopy of Sub-ppm Oxy-Anion Solutions: The Role of Electrophoretic Preconcentration

Normal Raman spectroscopy is used as an on-line detector for capillary electrophoresis (CE) to detect sub-ppm mixtures of nitrate and perchlorate in water. Field-amplified injection, a form of sample stacking, into a running electrolyte of 0.1 M KCl increases the analyte concentration at the detection window by up to 1800 times its starting value. Raman bands of nitrate (1047 cm-1) and perchlorate (934 cm-1) are measured in a total separation time of less than 3 min, with only 1-s integration times. The Raman spectroscopy of solutions originally 1 × 10-5 M nitrate (620 ppb) and perchlorate (1 ppm) is demonstrated.
Vitamin C in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

This report concerns a 37-year-old chronic schizophrenic patient who derived substantial benefit from the addition of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to his neuroleptic treatment. The case highlights the potential usefulness of vitamin C as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.
Limitations of conventionally derived chronic liver disease mortality rates: Results of a comprehensive assessment.

Standard death certificate–based methods for ascertaining deaths due to chronic liver disease (CLD), such as the U.S. vital statistics approach, rely on a limited set of diagnostic codes to define CLD. These codes do not include viral hepatitis or consider hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) deaths, and thus, underestimate the true burden of CLD mortality. Deaths associated with CLD may be further misunderstood because of the inherent limitations of death record information. Using a comprehensive list of CLD-related codes to search death records, we investigated the CLD mortality rate and associated etiologies (derived from medical records) in a large managed care health plan. From the 16,970 deaths among health plan members in 2000, we confirmed 355 (2.1%) as CLD related, including 75 with HCC. The age-adjusted CLD mortality rate using the comprehensive codes was 11.9 per 100,000 compared with 6.3 per 100,000 using only conventional codes. Based on medical records, the underlying CLD was attributed to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in 44% of deaths, HCV infection with ALD in 16%, HCV without ALD in 18%, and chronic HBV infection in 7%. Only 64% of HCV-associated, 48% of HBV-associated, and 64% of ALD-associated deaths ascertained by medical record had that specific etiology mentioned on the death certificate. Conclusion: CLD mortality burden was almost doubled by using a comprehensive list of mortality codes and considering HCC deaths as CLD related. Furthermore, the contributions of viral hepatitis and ALD to CLD mortality may be underestimated if based solely on death records. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Do State‐Designated Enterprise Zones Promote Economic Growth?

In light of the economic stresses faced by many urban and rural places in the 1970s and 1980s, many communities began actively promoting local economic growth. Subsequently, sociologists became interested in the effectiveness of such efforts. In particular, they wanted to know whether places can purposefully alter their economies, or whether ecological and other factors commonly associated with growth are more powerful. State-designated enterprise zones are an example of such attempts. Data were collected from 51 enterprise zones in the United States. The data indicate that growth in number of firms and number of jobs within the zones did occur. The data also indicate that the rate of growth in the zone often surpassed its respective county. Further, while tax incentives are often touted as the key to economic development, this research finds that attention to the services and quality of life in the zone and a wide range of incentives overall matter more than the provision of tax cuts, subsidies, and other financial incentives alone. These results hold after controlling for other factors known to affect economic development.
Megabar pressure triple point in solid deuterium.

Solid orthodeuterium and mixed ortho-para crystals have been studied by infrared and Raman spectroscopy to a pressure of 186 GPa. We observe two clear phase transition lines and a triple point where they meet; no critical point is observed as reported for hydrogen. We believe that previous reports of a critical point in hydrogen are erroneous. Symmetry arguments are used to identify and narrow down the possible structures for the various phases.
Carcinoid heart disease. Successful repair of the valvular lesions under cardiopulmonary bypass.

A patient with carcinoid syndrome with both tricuspid and pulmonic valvular lesions has been described. Successful repair of the valvular lesions was performed under cardiopulmonary bypass. The operation consisted of pulmonic valvotomy with the excision of a single pulmonic valve cusp, and replacement of the tricuspid valve by a Starr-Edwards prosthesis. Postoperatively, the patient noted marked improvement in symptomatology, and there was a concomitant improvement in serial hemodynamic studies. The development of the signs of tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonic stenosis in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor should alert the physician to the possible presence of carcinoid heart disease. If hemodynamic and angiocardiographic studies confirm the presence of significant valvular lesions, corrective cardiac surgery should be performed in selected patients.
Application of Slender Body Theory to Describe Wall Turbulence

Observations of turbulent flow close to a wall reveal turbulent eddies which are elongated in the flow direction. This has motivated the use of a slender body assumption to simplify the Navier Stokes equations. Derivatives in the flow-direction are neglected so that three velocity components are calculated in a plane. The application of this 2 1/2D model to the viscous wall region (y+ < 40) shows that the turbulent velocity field can be represented by interaction of two eddies with spanwise wavelengths of 100 and 400 wall units. This model has been used to investigate the effect of favorable pressure gradients on a turbulent boundary-layer and to explore what determines the size of the stress producing eddies close to the wall. The accuracy of the basic physical assumptions are explored by examining resulte from a computer simulation of the three-dimensional time dependent turbulent flow in a channel. Some possible improvements are discussed, which make use of the observation that spatial derivatives in the flow direction can be related to time derivatives by using a convection velocity.
Bovine neurofilament-enriched preparations contain kinase activity similar to casein kinase I — Neurofilament phosphorylation by casein kinase I (CKI)

Neurofilament (NF)-enriched preparations from bovine spinal cord contain regulator-independent kinase activities that phosphorylate NF subunits as well as alpha-casein. CKI-7 (N-2-amino ethyl, 5-chloroisoquinoline, 8-sulfonamide), a specific inhibitor of casein kinase I (CKI), inhibits the phosphorylation of NF subunits in the neurofilament preparation. This inhibition occurs at a concentration range identical to concentrations where CKI-7 inhibits rabbit reticulocyte CKI phosphorylation of alpha-casein. Heparin, a specific inhibitor of casein kinase II (CKII), produced only 20% inhibition of 32P incorporation into NF subunits, and only at concentrations 5 to 10-fold higher than those required to inhibit CKII from reticulocytes. CKI from rabbit reticulocytes phosphorylated all three NF subunits (NF-H, NF-M and NF-L). Comparison of the tryptic phosphopeptide maps of NF-M, phosphorylated by the NF-associated kinase and CKI, indicates that the casein kinase I phosphorylates many of the peptides phosphorylated by the NF-associated kinase and this phosphorylation occurs at the carboxy terminal tail domain of the NF-M subunit. These studies suggest that the major independent kinase activity associated with NFs is CKI.