cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A NEW APPROACH TO ANALYZING SOLAR CORONAL SPECTRA AND UPDATED COLLISIONAL IONIZATION EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS. II. UPDATED IONIZATION RATE COEFFICIENTS

We have re-analyzed Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) observations of a parcel of coronal gas using new collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) calculations. These improved CIE fractional abundances were calculated using state-of-the-art electron–ion recombination data for K-shell, L-shell, Na-like, and Mg-like ions of all elements from H through Zn and, additionally, Al- through Ar-like ions of Fe. They also incorporate the latest recommended electron impact ionization data for all ions of H through Zn. Improved CIE calculations based on these recombination and ionization data are presented here. We have also developed a new systematic method for determining the average emission measure (EM) and electron temperature (Te )o f an isothermal plasma. With our new CIE data and a new approach for determining average EM and Te ,w e have re-analyzed SUMER observations of the solar corona. We have compared our results with those of previous studies and found some significant differences for the derived EM and Te. We have also calculated the enhancement of coronal elemental abundances compared to their photospheric abundances, using the SUMER observations themselves to determine the abundance enhancement factor for each of the emitting elements. Our observationally derived first ionization potential factors are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical model of Laming.
Aspheric concave grating spectrographs

The design of aspheric concave gratings for high-resolution spectroscopes is examined theoretically, using the requirements of the proposed Far-UV Spectroscopic Explorer (effective area 100 sq cm and lambda/delta lambda = 30,000 in the 90-120-nm range) as a concrete example and taking the limitations of current fabrication technology (straight grooves only and maximum density 6000 lines/mm) into account. The total-path function derived by Namioka (1961) for an ellipsoidal grating is subjected to aberration analysis to obtain the optical surface best suited to the design requirements; expressions for corrections to the conventional stigmatic Rowland-circle mount are obtained and shown to produce significant performance improvements; and the design advantages of coma-corrected non-Rowland geometries are explored. Ray tracings and deviation contours are provided.
Child sexual abuse

Summary Child sexual abuse is a worldwide concern. It is an insidious, persistent, and serious problem that, depending on the population studied and definition used, affects 2–62% of women and 3–16% of men as victims. Pain and tissue injury from child sexual abuse can completely heal in time, but psychological and medical consequences can persist through adulthood. Associated sexually transmitted diseases (such as HIV) and suicide attempts can be fatal. All physicians who treat children should be aware of the manifestations and consequences of child sexual abuse, and should be familiar with normal and abnormal genital and anal anatomy of children. This aim is best accomplished through training and routine examination of the anus and genitalia of children. Because as many as 96% of children assessed for suspected sexual abuse will have normal genital and anal examinations, a forensic interview by a trained professional must be relied on to document suspicion of abuse.
The Accelerated universe and the moon

Cosmologically motivated theories that explain the small acceleration rate of the Universe via the modification of gravity at very large, horizon, or superhorizon distances, can be tested by precision gravitational measurements at much shorter scales, such as the Earth-Moon distance. Contrary to the naive expectation the predicted corrections to the Einsteinian metric near gravitating sources are so significant that they might fall within the sensitivity of the proposed Lunar Ranging experiments. The key reason for such corrections is the van Dam--Veltman--Zakharov discontinuity present in linearized versions of all such theories, and its subsequent absence at the nonlinear level in the manner of Vainshtein.
Analysis of ferroelectric thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition on oxide and fluoride substrates

This work has been carried out as part of an ongoing investigation in which thin film ferroelectric phase shifters are being constructed, tested, and optimized. The phase shifters will be incorporated into multi-element phased array antennas. The beam steering material used here was Ba/sub 0.6/Sr/sub 0.4/TiO/sub 3/ (BSTO) and BSTO with 1 wt% oxide additive. Thin films of BSTO have been deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) onto various oxide and fluoride substrates. These include oxide substrates such as magnesium oxide (MgO), sapphire (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/), lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO/sub 3/), neodymium gallate (NdGaO/sub 3/), and fluoride substrates such as rubidium manganese fluoride (RbMnF/sub 3/). These substrates were selected for their relatively low dielectric constants and good lattice matches to the ferroelectric thin film compound (a=3.94 /spl Aring/). The substrate/film interfaces, areal film thicknesses and compositional variation have been studied using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and physical thicknesses have been measured using a profilometer. The orientation of the thin films was investigated using glancing angle X-ray diffraction. Various electrodes have been used in order to optimize the electronic properties of the films. These electronic properties were tested at 30 KHz using an HP 4194A impedance analyzer. The measured electronic properties include the dielectric constant, and (change in the dielectric constant with applied electric field). The electronic properties have been correlated to the results derived from RBS and x-ray data and will be discussed in terms of substrate and electroding optimization.
“Beer potomania” in non-beer drinkers: Effect of low dietary solute intake

A ovolactovegetarian patient presented with hyponatremia. She had maximally dilute urine and undetectable vasopressin levels. Dietary history revealed very low protein intake but no beer intake. We postulated that the very low intake of solute limited her water excretion and caused the hyponatremia despite only a modest increase in fluid intake. When protein intake was increased in a clinical research center setting, free water excretion increased and serum sodium normalized despite maintaining the water intake at 4 to 5 L daily. We discuss the role of dietary solute in water excretion. Previously described in beer drinkers, the phenomenon can occur in the absence of beer drinking. In this era of weight consciousness, hyponatremia because of low solute intake may be seen with increased frequency.
Automated test modeling for VBR video

TES (Transform-Expand-Sample) is a versatile class of stationary stochastic processes which can model arbitrary marginals, a wide variety of autocorrelation functions (e.g., monotone, oscillatory and others), and broad range of sample path behaviors (e.g., directional and reversible). TES model specification consists of two sets. of parameters. The first set, which is algorithmically determined, guarantees an exact match to the empirical distribution (histogram). The remaining set largely determines the autocorTelation structure. In order to approximate the empirical autocorrelation function, the M modeling methodology to-date employs a heuristic search approach on a large parametric apace. An interactive visual modeling environment, called TEStool, was designed and implemented to support heuristic searches for TES models under human control. This approach has several drawbacks. First, effective TES modeling requires qualitative understanding of TES processes as well as experience; second, the search scope speed is fundamentally limited by the speed of the human response; and third, modeling precision is constrained by screen resolution as perceived by the human eye. This talk describes a TES modeling algorithm, which largely automates the modeling process, shifting the modeling burden from the human to the computer. The algorithm is cast in nonlinear programming setting with the objective of minimizing a weighted square distance between the empirical autocorrelation function and its candidate TES model counterpart. Steepest-Descent search is feasible due to the availability of analytical formulas for the computation of TES autocorrelation functions and their partial derivatives. Furthermore, the nice local behavior of the objective function brings about good overall performance of the algorithm. Finally, the efficacy of this approach is illustrate via two examples from the domain of VBR (variable bit rate) compressed video.
Cyp1B1 expression promotes angiogenesis by suppressing NF-κB activity.

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a master regulator of genes that control a large number of cellular processes, including angiogenesis and inflammation. We recently demonstrated that cytochrome P-450 1...
RESPONSE OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE DURING THE 1972 MANAGUA EARTHQUAKE

The 1972 Managua, Nicaragua earthquake was a severe test of modern earthquake resistant design and construction procedures. This paper examines the behaviour of the 18-story reinforced concrete Banco de America building which performed exceptionally well during the earth­ quake . Although the building suffered some structural and non­ structural damage, its large, symmetrically located, coupled shear walls limited this damage to levels significantly below those observed in more flexible structures. Several linear elastic and nonlinear analyses were conducted to evaluate the building's behaviour and determine the probable cause of the observed damage. Both static and dynamic elastic analyses were used to determine the members that would have failed and the consequence of these failures on the subsequent dynamic response. The effects of biaxial ground motions, foundation flexibility and ground motion characteristics were considered in the elastic investigations. To get a better idea of the dynamic behaviour of the principal lateral force resisting system considered in the design, nonlinear analyses were performed for the coupled shear wall cores as constructed and for the idealized case where the coupling girders were assumed to have unlimited ductility. Even code type static analyses satisfactorily identified the damaged regions. The principal design deficiency was the low shear strength of the coupling girders. However, the nonlinear results indicated that had these girders been able to develop their flexural capacity they would have suffered substantial numbers of reversals and the shear walls would have been subjected to undesirable states of stress. The analytical results as well as the building1s performance demonstrated that buildings with coupled shear walls combined with moment resisting frames offer excellent protection against seismic excitations, minimizing nonstructural damage while providing several lines of defense in the event of localized failure. Design and repair recommendations are offered.
A Visual Analogy Approach to Source Case Retrieval in Robot Learning from Observation

Learning by observation is an important goal in developing complete intelligent robots that learn interactively. We present a visual analogy approach toward an integrated, intelligent system capable of learning skills from observation. In particular, we focus on the task of retrieving a previously acquired case similar to a new, observed skill. We describe three approaches to case retrieval: feature matching, feature transformation, and fractal analogy. SIFT features and fractal encoding were used to represent the visual state prior to the skill demonstration, the final state after the skill has been executed, and the visual transformation between the two states. We discovered that the three methods (feature matching, feature transformation, and fractal analogy) are useful for retrieval of similar skill cases under different conditions pertaining to the observed skills.
Parameterization of frozen ground effects : sensitivity to soil properties

Heat and moisture transfer processes in the aeration zone play an important role in the runoff generation mechanism in regions where seasonal soil freezing/thawing occurs. Seasonally frozen soil can significantly influence the amount of runoff generated during winter and spring. This study presents an analysis of a physically-based parameterization of the frozen ground effects derived from Kozeny's theory that accounts for changes in both volumetric liquid water and solid particles-water contact surface. An analytical solution is formulated for the Sacramento soil moisture accounting model linked with a basic heat transfer model. Tests at selected sites and river basins show that simulated soil moisture, temperature, and runoff agree well with measured data. Simulation results at river basin outlets suggest that a non-frozen version consistently underestimates spring floods and overestimates the following summer floods if the frozen ground effect is significant. It is impossible to remove these biases without introducing frozen ground physics. Solid particles-water contact surface change is the dominant factor in the runoff mechanism affected by frozen ground; however, its effect decreases significantly for the coarser soils.
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene and Twisted Bilayer Graphene via Hyperthermal Ion Implantation with Depth Control.

We investigate hyperthermal ion implantation (HyTII) as a means for substitutionally doping layered materials such as graphene. In particular, this systematic study characterizes the efficacy of substitutional N-doping of graphene using HyTII over an N+ energy range of 25–100 eV. Scanning tunneling microscopy results establish the incorporation of N substituents into the graphene lattice during HyTII processing. We illustrate the differences in evolution of the characteristic Raman peaks following incremental doses of N+. We use the ratios of the integrated D and D′ peaks, I(D)/I(D′) to assess the N+ energy-dependent doping efficacy, which shows a strong correlation with previously reported molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results and a peak doping efficiency regime ranging between approximately 30 and 50 eV. We also demonstrate the inherent monolayer depth control of the HyTII process, thereby establishing a unique advantage over other less-specific methods for doping. We achieve this by implementing t...
Promoting Fiscal Openness

Discussion paper for the Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency. To a limited degree, international institutions and networks can help to overcome the domestic obstacles that discourage the endogenous development of policies on fiscal openness. They exercise their influence through norm-setting and by exploiting the dependence of national governments on overseas aid and finance. These processes of policy change may produce improvements in the disclosure of fiscal information, and create some opportunities for public participation and scrutiny. But these processes are unlikely, for a combination of reasons, to result in the adoption of procedures that cause a substantial diffusion of power over fiscal policy. To some extent we are seeking to achieve the benefits of democratization in the realm of fiscal policy, without risking the policy instability that has historically been associated with democratic processes.
Sound Radiation from a Series of Airfoils Immersed in Grid-Generated Turbulence

Leading edge noise measurements have been made on a series of 5 airfoils (0.20-m chord NACA 0012, 0.61-m NACA 0015 and 0.91-m NACA 0012, DU96 and S831) immersed in closely homogenous isotropic turbulence. The airfoils included variations in chord, thickness and camber and the measurements encompass integral scale to chord ratios from 9 to 40% as well as 4:1 ratios of leading edge radius and airfoil thickness to integral scale. Measurements were made at low speed (30m/s) in a novel Kevlar-walled anechoic test section that reduces lift-interference effects. We find that angle of attack has only a small effect on leading edge noise, and only at larger angles of attack. In addition larger (thicker) airfoils generate significantly less noise at high frequencies but that this effect is not determined solely by the leading edge radius.
Innervation of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Eye: An Experimental Study.

SummaryAll nerve fibers in the ciliary and sphincter muscles degenerate following extirpation of the ciliary ganglion. All nerve fibers to the dilator pupillae degenerate after extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion. The terminal nervous structure in these muscles is not independent of the axons but undergoes degeneration with the latter following extirpation of their cells of origin. Terminal branches of the axons seem to enter the cytoplasm of the muscle cells.
Significance of histamine in trypsin shock as determined by benadryl.

SummaryIt was found that benadryl, a potent antagonist to either injected or liberated histamine, does not modify the lethal action of trypsin in the guinea pig or the dog. It is thus apparent that the histamine hypothesis, relative to the toxicity of trypsin, requires reconsideration.
Neural substrates of cognitive biases during probabilistic inference

Humans are often biased in estimating the precise influence of probabilistic events on their decisions. Here, Khorsand and colleagues report a behavioural task that produces these biases in inference and describe a biophysically-plausible model that captures these behavioural deviations from optimal decision making.
HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS AND THE COLLAGEN DISEASES.

Growing recognition of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is only partly due to increased awareness and improved diagnostic methods. Recent evidence suggests an increase in the actual incidence of the disease. It also seems probable that a number of connective tissue diseases are associated more often with Hashimoto's thyroiditis than would be expected on a random basis. There may be a common factor in the development of these conditions.
Considerations of nonlinear crystals for synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillators

Successful down conversion of repetitive ultrashort optical pulses by means of synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have recently been demonstrated.1,2
Network Packet Processing in Reconfigurable Hardware

Publisher Summary This chapter shows how networking systems are built with reconfigurable hardware. It describes how data can be switched, routed, buffered, processed, scanned, and filtered over networks using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It also describes the mechanisms by which Internet packets are segmented into frames and cells for transmission across a network. This study introduces Internet Protocol (IP) wrappers and shows how they simplify the implementation of large packet-processing systems. The chapter presents a framework for building modular systems that implement Internet firewalls and intrusion prevention systems and provides a detailed explanation of how Bloom filters can scan streams of data for fixed strings and how finite automata can be used to scan for regular expressions. Case studies in the chapter show how deep packet inspection systems are implemented in reconfigurable hardware. One circuit detects the spread of worms and viruses across an Internet link. Another circuit analyzes the semantics of the text in traffic flows to determine which language is used within attached documents.
Street-Corner Therapy: Identity, Space, and Community Practice

In the quotidian life of the clinician, spatial arrangements in any given geographic environment are usually traversed without much conscious thought or observation. We tend to notice morphology and space only in moments of extreme beauty or extreme danger, typically when we are pulled out of our egoistic framework and allow our consciousness to fill in the scene before us. As Cezanne once said, “The landscape thinks itself through me and I am its consciousness” (as cited in Merleau-Ponty, 1993, p. 67). Rarely do we bring this kind of attention or perception to our daily surroundings: the building, the stationary furniture, lamps, windows, and the positioning of bodies within these spaces are not necessarily considered aspects of our psychic architecture. I wonder, how does the shape and atmosphere of a room or a street corner dictate the choreography between therapist and client? This type of question seems to run counter to the usual dismissal of material space and artifacts that make up the consulting room in more traditional psychoanalytic settings (Kingsbury, 2004). However, in nontraditional therapeutic environments, the material setting cannot be ignored and demands to be included as a live character within the relational narrative itself.
Corrosion Behavior and Hardness of Al– M ( M : Mo, Si, Ti, Cr) Alloys

The corrosion behavior of Al–5 at.% Cr, Al–5 at.% Si, Al–5 at.% Mo and Al–5 at.% Ti produced via casting and Al–5 at.% Cr produced by high-energy ball milling and subsequent consolidation by cold pressing was studied using potentiodynamic polarization and surface analysis following constant immersion tests. Alloys were characterized using a scanning electron microscope coupled with the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Hardness, a representative of the strength, was also measured. The alloys produced by casting contained coarse intermetallics and therefore exhibited poor corrosion resistance. Al–5 at.% Cr alloy produced by high-energy ball milling exhibited a significantly improved corrosion resistance and hardness, which was attributed to the grain refinement to nanoscale and extended solid solubility of Cr in Al. The study indicated that the high-energy ball milling was capable of producing Al alloys with improved corrosion behavior and hardness.
Strange Science: Investigating the Limits of Knowledge in the Victorian Age

Isaac Asimov once wrote that the most exciting phrase in science was ‘That’s funny … ’. This quip points to science's need for the strange, the unexpected, the things that don't quite fit right. Wi...
Media and ‘undone science’ in West Virginia’s Elk River chemical spill

ABSTRACTIn January 2014, a storage tank in Charleston, West Virginia leaked 10,000 gallons of an industrial coal-cleansing chemical called ‘crude MCHM’ into the Elk River, poisoning the water supply of 300,000 residents. During the ensuing water crisis, conflict quickly developed over the risks of chemical exposure. Few studies on crude MCHM existed, leaving large knowledge gaps about the potential health consequences for residents in the affected area. This study utilizes newsprint coverage of the water crisis to analyze the media’s role in environmental and scientific disputes. Specifically, I examine how news actors can influence scientific knowledge production during times of crisis. Findings indicate that, by challenging official knowledge and introducing alternative epistemic forms, the media revealed knowledge gaps in the official science and played a crucial role in directing the research agenda. Implications for future work on the democratization of science during environmental disasters are disc...
Electromagnetic Interaction Between the Component Coils of Multiplex Magnets

Ultra-high field the pulsed magnets are usually designed as a group of nested, concentric coils driven by separated power sources to reduce the required driving voltages and to distribute the mechanical load. Since the magnet operates in a fast transient mode, there will be strong and complicated electromagnetic couplings between the component coils. The high eddy currents generated in the reinforcement shells of the component coils during the pulses also strongly affect these couplings. Therefore, understanding the electromagnetic interaction between the component coils will allow safer, more optimized design and operation of our magnets. This paper will focus on our finite element modeling and experimental results for the electromagnetic interactions between the component coils of the 100-T nondestructive magnet and 80-T duplex magnet at our facility.
Robust Crowd Labeling Using Little Expertise

Crowd-labeling emerged from the need to label large-scale and complex data, a tedious, expensive, and time-consuming task. But the problem of obtaining good quality labels from a crowd and their integration is still unresolved. To address this challenge, we propose a new framework that automatically combines and boosts bulk crowd labels supported by limited number of “ground truth” labels from experts. The ground truth labels help to estimate the individual expertise of crowd labelers and difficulty of each instance, both of which are used to aggregate the labels. We show through extensive experiments that unlike other state-of-the-art approaches, our method is robust even in the presence of a large proportion of bad labelers in the crowd. We derive a lower bound on the number of expert labels needed to judge crowd and dataset as well as to get better quality labels.
Embodiment in Qualitative Research

Embodiment in Qualitative Research connects critical, interdisciplinary theorizing of embodiment with creative, practical strategies for engaging in embodied qualitative research. Ellingson equips qualitative researchers not only to resist the mind–body split in principle but to infuse their research with the vitality that comes from embracing knowledge production as deeply embedded in sensory experience. Grounded in poststructuralist, posthumanist, and feminist perspectives, this innovative book synthesizes current interdisciplinary theories and research on embodiment; explores research examples from across the social sciences, education, and allied health; and features embodied ethnographic tales and evocative moments from everyday life for reflexive consideration. Each chapter offers flexible starting points for doing embodiment actively throughout every stage of qualitative research. An awareness of, and an active engagement with, issues of embodiment enhances scholars’ ability to produce high quality research and enlarges their capacity as public intellectuals to spark positive social change, particularly within marginalized communities. The strategies offered relate to methodologies from across the entire spectrum: from traditional qualitative methods such as grounded theory, critical/theoretical analysis, and discourse analysis, to arts-based research — including performance, autoethnographic narrative, poetry, and documentary film making. Embodiment in Qualitative Research is designed as a resource book for qualitative researchers who want to explore the latest trends in critical theorizing. The writing style will appeal to researchers who seek a bridge between abstract theorizing and pragmatic strategies for producing outstanding qualitative research, as well as to critical scholars who want to integrate embodied ways of knowing with their theorizing. Graduate (and advanced undergraduate) qualitative methods students and early career researchers, as well as advanced scholars seeking to enrich the scope and texture of their work, will find the text inspiring and engaging.
Topological n-cells and Hilbert cubes in inverse limits

It has been shown by S. Mardesic that if a compact metrizable space X has dim X ≥ 1 and X is the inverse limit of an inverse sequence of compact triangulated polyhedra with simplicial bonding maps, then X must contain an arc. We are going to prove that if X = (|K a |,p b a ,(A,) )is an inverse system in set theory of triangulated polyhedra|K a |with simplicial bonding functions p b a and X = lim X, then there exists a uniquely determined sub-inverse system X X = (|L a |, p b a |L b |,(A, )) of X where for each a, L a is a subcomplex of K a , each p b a |L b |:|L b | → |L a | is surjective, and lim X X = X. We shall use this to generalize the Mardesic result by characterizing when the inverse limit of an inverse sequence of triangulated polyhedra with simplicial bonding maps must contain a topological n-cell and do the same in the case of an inverse system of finite triangulated polyhedra with simplicial bonding maps. We shall also characterize when the inverse limit of an inverse sequence of triangulated polyhedra with simplicial bonding maps must contain an embedded copy of the Hilbert cube. In each of the above settings, all the polyhedra have the weak topology or all have the metric topology(these topologies being identical when the polyhedra are finite).
Multinomial models reveal deficits of two distinct controlled retrieval processes in aging and very mild Alzheimer disease

Dual-process models of episodic retrieval reveal consistent deficits of controlled recollection in aging and Alzheimer disease (AD). In contrast, automatic familiarity is relatively spared. We extend standard dual-process models by showing the importance of a third capture process. Capture produces a failure to attempt recollection, which might reflect a distinct error from an inability to recollect when attempted (Jacoby et al. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134(2), 131-148, 2005a). We used multinomial process tree (MPT) modeling to estimate controlled recollection and capture processes, as well as automatic retrieval processes, in a large group of middle-aged to older adults who were cognitively normal (N = 519) or diagnosed with the earliest detectable stage of AD (N = 107). Participants incidentally encoded word pairs (e.g., knee bone). At retrieval, participants completed cued word fragments (e.g., knee b_n_) with primes that were congruent (e.g., bone), incongruent (e.g., bend), or neutral (i.e., &&&) to the target (e.g., bone). MPT models estimated retrieval processes both at the group and the individual levels. A capture parameter was necessary to fit MPT models to the observed data, suggesting that dual-process models of this task can be contaminated by a capture process. In both group- and individual-level analyses, aging and very mild AD were associated with increased susceptibility to capture, decreased recollection, and no differences in automatic influences. These results suggest that it is important to consider two distinct modes of attentional control when modeling retrieval processes. Both forms of control (recollection and avoiding capture) are particularly sensitive to cognitive decline in aging and early-stage AD.
Social Psychology, Theories of

Social psychology studies how people influence other people. This article summarizes theories of social psychology by reference to five core social motives: Belonging, for role theories; Understanding, for gestalt and cognitive theories; Controlling, for reinforcement theories; Self-enhancing, for psychoanalytic and self-theories; and Trusting, for attachment theories. Each type of theory is reflected within individuals, between individuals, and in groups.
The Role of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Carcinogenesis

The effects of calcium, magnesium, and zinc supplementation and of magnesium depletion on carcinogenesis are comprehensively reviewed, including epidemiologic and experimental investigations. Some data on the effects of neoplasia on the homeostasis of these metals are also presented. Despite many conflicting results, this review reveals that (1) calcium supplementation is more likely to enhance than inhibit chemical carcinogenesis; (2) magnesium or zinc supplementation tends to inhibit carcinogenesis; (3) magnesium deficiency increases the incidence of neoplasia in humans and animals; (4) parenteral administration of magnesium along with a carcinogen produces local anticarcinogenic effects, while zinc’s activity tends to be systemic; and (5) there is a simple correlation between the inhibition of carcinogenesis by the magnesium and zinc supplementation and the reduction of carcinogen binding to cells and DNA. The mechanisms of these effects are not clear. They may involve molecular interactions between metal and carcinogen at different enzymatic and regulatory sites of target cells undergoing neoplastic transformation, as well as stimulation of the host immune system.
Regulation of Alloimmunity by Cyclic Nucleotides

Lymphocytes express proliferative and cytotoxic responses following stimulation by cells bearing histoincompatible alloantigens. The transplantation antigens of the major histocompatibility gene complex (HLA, H-2, AgB) that stimulate the immu-noproliferative responses mounted by allogeneic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and the graft-vs.-host (GVH) response are closely linked to, albeit separable from, the serologically identifiable specificities (Yunis and Amos, 1971; Schreffler and David, 1975; Cramer et al., 1975). At least two subpopulations of lymphocytes are able to lyse alloantigenic target cells (Cerottini and Brunner, 1974). First, alloimmune cytotoxic T lymphocytes, bearing a receptor for cell-bound, serologically defined alloantigens (Alter et al., 1973; Eijsvoogel et al., 1973), bind to and destroy target cells (lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, LMC). In contrast, nonimmune lymphocytes designated K cells that express a receptor for the Fc portion of IgG lyse target cells complexed with IgG anti-target-cell antibodies (antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-LMC) (Cerottini and Brunner, 1974; Perlmann et al., 1972). The ability of 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides to bidirectionally regulate the vigor of these proliferative and cytotoxic cellular responses against allogeneic cells is the subject of this chapter.
Methods to Evaluate Technology

The goal of technology evaluation is to determine the effectiveness of technology for use in a particular context for a particular purpose in order to guide or justify decisions that lead to possibly large investments of scarce resources to implement technology-based educational interventions that may impact student learning, positively, negatively, or not at all, and with high or low cost-effectiveness. This article discusses the current state of technology evaluation methodology. It provides an overview of major methods, a discussion of issues to be addressed by any method, and a heuristic process for matching methods to evaluation requirements and situations.
Network member support marshaling in response to another’s relational transgression experience

Relational transgressions are emotionally difficult for those who directly experience the transgression. Less is known about how transgressions affect those located within the personal network of a...
Abstract 565: Effects of PCSK9 Inhibition on Plasma PCSK9 Concentration and Hepatic PCSK9 Expression

Background: We previously reported a marked (~7-fold) increase in plasma PCSK9 concentrations in patients treated with monoclonal antibodies blocking PCSK9 action. It is unclear whether this pronou...
Alteration of 28S rRNA 2'-O-methylation by etoposide correlates with decreased SMN phosphorylation and reduced Drosha levels.

ABSTRACT The most common types of modification in human rRNA are pseudouridylation and 2′-O ribose methylation. These modifications are performed by small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs) which contain a guide RNA (snoRNA) that base pairs at specific sites within the rRNA to direct the modification. rRNA modifications can vary, generating ribosome heterogeneity. One possible method that can be used to regulate rRNA modifications is by controlling snoRNP activity. RNA fragments derived from some small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNA 2, 9 and 17) may influence snoRNP activity. Most scaRNAs accumulate in the Cajal body – a subnuclear domain – where they participate in the biogenesis of small nuclear RNPs, but scaRNA 2, 9 and 17 generate nucleolus-enriched fragments of unclear function, and we hypothesize that these fragments form regulatory RNPs that impact snoRNP activity and modulate rRNA modifications. Our previous work has shown that SMN, Drosha and various stresses, including etoposide treatment, may alter regulatory RNP formation. Here we demonstrate that etoposide treatment decreases the phosphorylation of SMN, reduces Drosha levels and increases the 2′-O-methylation of two sites within 28S rRNA. These findings further support a role for SMN and Drosha in regulating rRNA modification, possibly by affecting snoRNP or regulatory RNP activity.
Prediction of Distal Lower-Limb Motion Using Ultrasound-Derived Features of Proximal Skeletal Muscle

Control of lower-limb assistive devices would benefit from predicting the intent of individuals in advance of upcoming motion, rather than estimating the current states of their motion. Human lower-limb motion estimation using ultrasound (US) image derived features of skeletal muscle has been demonstrated. However, predictability of motion in time remains an open question. The objective of this study was to assess the predictability of distal lower-limb motion using US image features of rectus femoris (RF) muscle during non-weight-bearing knee flexion/extension. A series of time shifts was introduced between the US features and the joint position in 67 ms steps from 0 ms (i.e., estimation, no prediction) up to predicting 467 ms in advance. A US-based algorithm to estimate lower-limb motion was then used to predict the knee joint position in time using the US features after introducing the time shifts. The accuracy of joint motion prediction after each time shift was compared to the accuracy of joint motion estimation. The reliability of the prediction was then assessed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The motion prediction accuracy was found to be reliable up to 200 ms, where the average root mean square error (RMSE) of prediction across 9 healthy subjects was 0.89 degrees greater than the average RMSE (7.39 degrees) of motion estimation for the same group of subjects. These findings suggest a reliable prediction of upcoming lower-limb motion is feasible using the US features of skeletal muscle up to a certain point. A reliable prediction may provide lower-limb assistive device control systems with a time-window for processing and control planning, and actuation hence improving the volitional control behaviors of lower-limb assistive devices.
A Guided Survey Approach for Joint Commission Preparedness in Radiology

Radiology practices across the United States aspire to Joint Commission accreditation, the nation’s gold standard certification of effective, efficient, and safe patient care. Toward that end, radiology department leaders devote substantial effort searching the available literature to better understand the expectations of TJC and thus better prepare their organization for the review process. In this article, we review and summarize current recommendations and standards of practice in order to facilitate the self-assessment process. We present an efficient, interactive survey tool that can aid practice leaders, including radiologists and administrators, as they internally survey their own departments in preparation for The Joint Commission survey process.
A CALCULATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELASTICITY CONSTANTS IN AN ELASTIC INHOMOGENOUS MATERIAL

ABSTRACT We show here that an inhomogenous material which consists of different perfectly elastic materials gives E dyn /E stat ratio which is equal or greater than unity.
Mass Education, International Travel, and Ideal Ages at Marriage

Opportunities to document associations between macro-level changes in social organization and the spread of new individual attitudes are relatively rare. Moreover, of the factors generally understood to be influential, little is known about the potential mechanisms that make them so powerful. Here we use longitudinal measures from the Chitwan Valley Family Study (CVFS) to describe the processes of ideational change across 12 years among a representative sample from a rural agrarian setting in South Asia. Findings from lagged dependent variable models show that (1) two key dimensions of social organization––education and international travel––are strongly associated with change in attitudes, net of prior attitudes; (2) reorganization of education and travel are associated with attitudes toward ideal age at marriage; and (3) this association varies by gender. Using the study’s prospective design, we document not only these important associations but also potential mechanisms of education and travel––exposure to the English language and friends’ international travel experience––as potentially powerful social influences on individuals’ attitudes, independent of their own experiences.
The Caregiver’s Encyclopedia: A Compassionate Guide to Caring for Older Adults: by Muriel R. Gillick, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 400 pp., $22.95 (Paperback), ISBN 978-1-4214-3358-5

This reference is an attempt at a road guide for the world of health care for older adults. In her introduction, Dr. Gillick declares that the book is strongly weighted toward the medical side of c...
Associations Between Pet Ownership, Posttraumatic Growth, and Stress Symptoms in Adolescents

Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) is the positive changes a person may experience due to the struggle with a highly stressful life event. One of the predictors of PTG is social support, and support from v...
Abstract P154: Results From A Randomized Trial Of Different Rest Times Before Initiating BP Measurements

Background: BP measurement guidelines recommend ≥5 min of rest before initiation of readings; this wait time is challenging to implement, especially in resource-constrained settings. Objective: Com...
Supporting Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in a Learning-to-Learn Course: College Students' Insights into Effective Instruction.

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness are psychological needs that may be particularly important for instructors to address in learning-to-learn courses, which are designed to support college stude...
Semi-Analytical Solutions for Barrier and American Options Written on a Time-Dependent Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Process

In this article, we develop semi-analytical solutions for the barrier (perhaps, time-dependent) and American options written on the underlying stock that follows a time-dependent Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process with a lognormal drift. Semi-analytical means that given the time-dependent interest rate, continuous dividend and volatility functions, one need to solve a linear (for the barrier option) or nonlinear (for the American option) Volterra equation of the second kind (or a Fredholm equation of the first kind). After that, the option prices in all cases are presented as one-dimensional integrals of combination of the preceding solutions and Jacobi theta functions. We also demonstrate that computationally our method is more efficient than the backward finite difference method traditionally used for solving these problems, and can be as efficient as the forward finite difference solver while providing better accuracy and stability. TOPICS:Derivatives, options, statistical methods Key Findings ▪ For the first time the method of generalized integral transform, invented in physics for solving an initial-boundary value parabolic problem at [0, y(t)] with a moving boundary [y(t)], is applied to finance. ▪ Using this method, pricing of barrier and American options, where the underlying follows a time-dependent OU process (the Bachelier model with drift) are solved in a semi-analytical form. ▪ It is demonstrated that computationally this method is more efficient than the backward and even forward finite difference method traditionally used for solving these problems whereas providing better accuracy and stability.
Who Benefited from the Mortgage Lending Boom Leading to the Housing Crisis

The late 1990s through the mid-2000s was a period of historic growth in mortgage lending and house prices and there is intense debate over whether lending growth was a cause or consequence of house price growth. I show that lending growth was strongest for lower-income and minority borrowers. However, I also show that there was pronounced lending growth for all borrowers, regardless of income or race, in lower-income and higher-minority neighborhoods. Importantly, each of these results hold after I control for the effects of growth, or expectations of growth, in house prices. This evidence is consistent with the view that the house price boom was caused by an expansion in the supply of mortgage credit, primarily benefiting borrowers and neighborhoods which previously had the most limited access to mortgage credit. In particular, the evidence can be explained by government housing policies which mandated increased lending to lower-income borrowers as well as borrowers in lower-income and higher-minority neighborhoods.
Analysis of ionization in air-breathing plasma thruster

The primary focus of this work is to study the ionization inside an air-breathing plasma thruster (ABPT) in low earth orbit applications. For this high-speed technology to work, a high degree of ionization needs to be achieved. This paper focuses on plasma chemistry simulation for air in low earth orbits (80–110 km) to explore the possibility of high ionization of the incoming air. The results of plasma chemistry simulation showed the variation of ionization degree and species densities concerning the mean input energy that contributed to the chemical reactions. This research is essential to understand ionization processes to develop a low earth orbit ABPT design. Our results have indicated the possibility of building ABPT without an external neutralizer. The neutralization is created by extracting negative and positive ions to obtain neutralization, thereby eliminating existing design complexity.
Technical note: A spiral fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging technique for stereotactic radiosurgery treatment planning for trigeminal neuralgia.

PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used in treatment planning for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). With current MRI techniques, the delineation of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone (REZ) may be degraded due to poor contrast and artifacts. The purpose of this work is to develop an MRI technique with better delineation of the trigeminal nerve REZ to improve SRS treatment planning for TN. METHODS A spiral fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI technique was developed to improve image quality by improving tissue contrast, fluid suppression, artifact reduction, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A concomitant-phase compensation method based on spiral gradient waveforms was implemented to minimize artifacts due to magnetic field change induced by the metal frame used in Gamma Knife treatment planning. The image quality of spiral FLAIR was assessed in four healthy volunteers. The geometric accuracy was quantitatively evaluated by registering spiral FLAIR to computed tomography (CT) images and comparing it with existing MRI techniques. RESULTS The spiral FLAIR technique demonstrated better delineation of the trigeminal nerve REZ, improved tissue contrast of the brain stem, and minimized flow artifacts, compared to steady-state free precession (SSFP) MRI. Spiral FLAIR also improved fluid suppression, SNR, and artifacts, which contributed to better delineation of the trigeminal nerve REZ compared to conventional Cartesian FLAIR. The measured mean (± standard deviation) distance between spiral FLAIR and CT images is 0.98 ± 0.56 mm, comparable to 0.40 ± 0.26 mm in 3T T1 spoiled gradient echo (T1-SPGR), 0.59 ± 0.25 mm in 3T SSFP, 0.66 ± 0.38 mm in 1.5T T1-SPGR, and 0.61 ± 0.25 mm in 1.5T Cartesian FLAIR. CONCLUSION A spiral FLAIR technique with improved image quality and good geometric accuracy provides a potential alternative for treatment planning in SRS for TN patients.