cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward better public health reporting using existing off the shelf approaches

Display Omitted Cancer cases can be identified in unstructured clinical data to support public health reporting.Such cancer detection methods do not require complex external ontologies or human intervention.Such approaches can identify cases with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, accuracy, and AUC exceeding 80-90%.Automated cancer detection methods perform as well as approaches that require costly clinician input.These approaches may be generalized for other health analytics applications and healthcare domains. ObjectivesIncreased adoption of electronic health records has resulted in increased availability of free text clinical data for secondary use. A variety of approaches to obtain actionable information from unstructured free text data exist. These approaches are resource intensive, inherently complex and rely on structured clinical data and dictionary-based approaches. We sought to evaluate the potential to obtain actionable information from free text pathology reports using routinely available tools and approaches that do not depend on dictionary-based approaches. Materials and methodsWe obtained pathology reports from a large health information exchange and evaluated the capacity to detect cancer cases from these reports using 3 non-dictionary feature selection approaches, 4 feature subset sizes, and 5 clinical decision models: simple logistic regression, naive bayes, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, and J48 decision tree. The performance of each decision model was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. ResultsDecision models parameterized using automated, informed, and manual feature selection approaches yielded similar results. Furthermore, non-dictionary classification approaches identified cancer cases present in free text reports with evaluation measures approaching and exceeding 80-90% for most metrics. ConclusionOur methods are feasible and practical approaches for extracting substantial information value from free text medical data, and the results suggest that these methods can perform on par, if not better, than existing dictionary-based approaches. Given that public health agencies are often under-resourced and lack the technical capacity for more complex methodologies, these results represent potentially significant value to the public health field.
Offline first fit scheduling in smart grids

In this paper we consider the problem of scheduling energy consumption loads in the setting of smart electric grids. Each load is characterized as a "job" by a start (arrival) time and a deadline by which a certain amount of electric energy must be delivered to the load. A job may be preemptable, i. e., it can be interrupted or non-preemptable. Specifically, we focus on scheduling a mixture of preemptable and non-preemptable jobs with the same arrival time and deadline with the goal of minimizing the peak power. We study and modify the first fit decreasing height algorithm of the strip packing problem for this purpose. We derive a performance bound for the algorithm and prove its tightness. We test the performance of the algorithm extensively on a variety of datasets including real life household data.
Air Flow Optimization and Calibration in High-Compression-Ratio Naturally Aspirated SI Engines with Cooled-EGR

As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) “Midterm Evaluation of Light-duty Vehicle Standards for Model Years 2022-2025 [1]”, the U.S. EPA is evaluating engines and assessing the effectiveness of future engine technologies for reducing CO2 emissions. Such assessments often require significant development time and resources in order to optimize intake and exhaust cam variable valve timing (VVT), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) flow rates, and compression ratio (CR) changes. Mazda
Contrasting roles of NF-κB and JNK in arsenite-induced p53-independent expression of GADD45α

Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45α (GADD45α) is an important cell cycle checkpoint protein that arrests cells at G2/M phase by inhibiting the activity of G2-specific kinase, cyclin B/p34cdc2. We report here that arsenite induces GADD45α expression in a p53-independent fashion and that this GADD45α induction by arsenite is regulated by NF-κB and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) oppositely. In human bronchial epithelial cells overexpressing a kinase-mutated form of IκB kinase β (IKKβ-KM), the activation of NF-κB was inhibited. However, the G2/M cell cycle arrest and expression of GADD45α was substantially enhanced in response to arsenite in these cells. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of SEK1 that blocks JNK activation decreased arsenite-induced GADD45α expression. Analysis of GADD45α expression in both wild-type and p53−/− fibroblasts indicated that the induction of GADD45α by arsenite was independent of the status of p53 protein.
Rockster: Onboard Rock Segmentation Through Edge Regrouping

To perform more complex space exploration activities with limited human intervention, an intelligent system must be able not only to sense its environment, but also to interpret the sensory data it acquires. Rock Segmentation Through Edge Regrouping is an autonomous perception algorithm for scientific analysis that is deployed on Mars. It conducts onboard analysis of images collected by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and provides a list of closed rock contours to the Autonomous Exploration for Gathering Increased Science software module, which then prioritizes the identified rocks for subsequent targeting based on preferences expressed by scientists. Rock Segmentation Through Edge Regrouping processes 1 K×1 K images in 600–900 s on the MER RAD6000 flight processor, clocked to operate at 20 million instructions per second, with a guaranteed high-water memory footprint of less than 4 megabytes of RAM. In all runs on Mars with rocks or outcrop present, the top 10 returned targets have been valid ro...
Can incorporating inpatient overnight work hours into a pediatric clerkship improve the clerkship experience for students

PURPOSE After incorporating medical students into pediatric resident night-float teams, the authors studied the effects of the new schedule on (1) cognitive performance, (2) number of new admissions, (3) clerkship satisfaction, and (4) amount and quality of resident teaching. METHOD Part 1 was a retrospective historical controls study. The intervention was a schedule change that eliminated inpatient call. The historical control group had a four-week inpatient schedule of daytime hours plus five calls (DT+C). The comparison group had a schedule of three weeks of daytime hours plus five consecutive overnight shifts (DT+OS). National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Pediatrics Subject Exam scores, number of admission history and physicals (HPEs), and clerkship satisfaction data from both groups were compared. Part 2 was a two-item survey with open-ended comments that measured perceptions of resident teaching time and quality of resident teaching (QRT) from students on the DT+OS schedule. RESULTS DT+OS students had a significantly increased number of HPEs (t=2.17; P=.03) compared with the DT+C group (mean=7.49, standard deviation [SD]=3.34 in DT+OS versus mean=6.11, SD=2.95 in DT+C). The paired samples t test showed that students rated QRT significantly higher when on overnights than when they were on daytime hours (t=2.47; P=.02). There were no differences in satisfaction or NBME scores. CONCLUSION Overnight work hours for medical students increased clerkship capacity while maintaining student satisfaction and cognitive performance. Added benefits included increased clinical experience and improved QRT.
An influence of 2,6-diaminopurine upon the content of kappa in Paramecium aurelia, variety 4.

SummaryThe content of effective kappa in Paramecium aurelia killers is markedly reduced by their exposure to 2,6-diaminopurine. This purine uniquely exhibits this capacity among the many purines and pyrimidines tested. The effect is blocked by the simultaneous presence of adenine, adenosine, or adenylic acid.
External Arguments and Dative Cliticization: Evidence of Selective Spell‐out of Functional Heads

The paper discusses dative cliticization in Modern Greek in passives and unaccusatives. Based on crosslinguistic evidence, I show that dative cliticization is not implicated in movement operations that violate the Minimal Link Condition (MLC). Instead, the observed cliticization patterns exhaustively reduce to the effects of a generalized form of a Doubly Filled Comp Filter. In particular, I show applicative morphemes can be selectively overt also in Indo-European languages like Greek and that the selective spell-out of these morphemes positively correlates with the absence of external arguments (Spec,vP). The discussion posits an incremental spell-out pattern for complex terminals and highlights the reality of head movement as a syntactic operation. The paper also revisits the claim that clitics constitute a heterogeneous class of items and that their morphosyntactic properties might depend on the transitivity/voice of the hosting predicate.
From GFP to β-lactamase: advancing intact cell imaging for toxins and effectors

Canonical reporters such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase have assisted researchers in probing cellular pathways and processes. Prior research in pathogenesis depended on sensitivity of biochemical and biophysical techniques to identify effectors and elucidate entry mechanisms. Recently, the β-lactamase (βlac) reporter system has advanced toxin and effector reporting by permitting measurement of βlac delivery into the cytosol or host βlac expression in intact cells. βlac measurement in cells was facilitated by the development of the fluorogenic substrate, CCF2-AM, to identify novel effectors, target cells, and domains involved in bacterial pathogenesis. The assay is also adaptable for high-throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors against toxins, providing information on mechanism and potential therapeutic agents. The versatility and limitations of the βlac reporter system as applied to toxins and effectors are discussed in this review.
Genetic Effects of Agronomic Traits in Yunnan Aromatic Soft Rice Resources

The genetic effects of 11 agronomic traits were analyzed using an additive-dominance-epistasis model in incomplete diallel cross(NCII) design experiment.A total of 30 crosses were derived from 5 aromatic soft rice landraces in Yunnan as female parents and 6 own-breeding aromatic soft maintenance lines as male parents.The results showed that most agronomic traits of aromatic soft rice were affected by additive×additive epistasis,additive×environment interaction and dominance×environment interaction,and the additive effect and dominance effect were detected at different levels.Yield per plant was affected by gene additive effect,dominance effect,additive×additive epistasis,additive×environment interaction,dominance×environment interaction.The general narrow sense heritability of plant height and panicle number was predominant and the other traits of the general narrow sense heritability and interactive narrow sense heritability have significance at 0.01 level;The genetic correlation among yield components were detected at different types and levels,and the genetic correlation among most traits were mainly affected by additive×additive epistasis,additive×environment interaction,and dominance×environment interaction.
Influence of Zero-Sequence Mutual Inductance on Earth-Fault Distance Protection for Four-Circuit Transmission Lines Belonging to Different Voltage Classes on Same Tower Under Different Operation Modes

The influences of zero-sequence mutual inductance on zero-sequence current compensating factor and measured impedance of earth-fault distance protection for four-circuit transmission lines belonging to different voltage classes on same tower under different operation modes are analyzed.Theoretical analysis results show that in all operation modes the zero-sequence current compensating factor reaches its highest value and the measured impedance reaches its lowest value under the operation mode of two-circuit transmission lines on the same tower;the zero-sequence current compensating factor is the lowest and the measured impedance is the highest under the condition that one circuit is operated and the rest of the circuits are artificially grounded for the maintenance.On this basis,a suggestion on the setting of zero-sequence current compensating factor of earth-fault distance protection is given.Simulation verification of four-circuit transmission lines respectively belonging to 500kV and 1000kV power grids on the same tower is performed by real-time digital simulator(RTDS),and simulation results conform to the results of theoretical analysis.
Policy Impact Factors on the Volatility of Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Market in China

In this paper,ICSS:MV algorithm is used to detect structural breakpoints of daily return series of Shanghai composite index and Shenzhen component index from Dec 12,1996 to Dec 31,2010.By corresponding structural breakpoints and major events,all the policy events among the major events are selected,and then according to these policy events,the sample period is divided into thirteen sub-intervals.In order to avoid the shortfalls caused by misspecification using parametric models,nonparametric GARCH model is used to estimate the volatility.Finally,N-W kernel regression of the volatility and the daily return is conducted,and furthermore the policy factors that cause the structural volatility of stock market are analyzed.It is concluded that the adjustment of the benchmark interest rate of deposit and loan as well as the deposit reserve ratio,the reduction of the state-owned shares,the permission of institutional investors to trade mutual funds,the adjustment of the stamp duty and so on are policy impact factors that cause structural volatility of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock market.
“Awake” Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Lung Transplant

Mortality of patients awaiting lung transplant remains a significant problem as the number of patients on the waiting list far surpasses the number of donor organs available. Interest in the use of "awake" extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridge to lung transplant has emerged because this strategy offers several benefits over mechanical ventilation. This article provides a review of relevant literature and discusses indications and complications of awake ECMO therapy, cannulation strategies, and nursing considerations for this patient population.
Pitting Levity Against Gravity

In the poem ‘Shikwah’ (‘Complaint’) from a collection published in 1908, the great Urdu poet Muhammad Iqbal once accused God of infidelity. That fact is interesting to consider in the aftermath of The Satanic Verses scandal. The rage of Islam against the book, and the consequent rage against Islam fuelled by the scandal itself, make it hard to understand how a poet generally taken to be the spiritual founder of Pakistan could say this and live.2 For he catalogues in that poem all that Muslims have done for God over the centuries, and points out that God has nevertheless neglected them, and allowed the Muslim world to be destroyed. In one of its more startling passages, Iqbal exlaims: ‘At times You have pleased us, at other times / (it is not to be said), You are a whore.’
Does the Use of Intraoperative Microelectrode Recording Influence the Final Location of Lead Implants in the Ventral Intermediate Nucleus for Deep Brain Stimulation

To determine if the use of intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) influences the final location of lead implant in deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM), and to evaluate the incidence of associated complications. The usefulness of intraoperative MER in DBS is debated, some centers suggesting it increases complications without additional benefit. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent VIM DBS with MER at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston from June 1, 2009 to October 1, 2013. Initial (MRI determined) and final (intraoperative MER determined) coordinates of implant were compared. To assess incidences of hemorrhagic and infectious complications, we reviewed postoperative CT scans and follow-up notes. Forty-five lead implants on 24 patients were reviewed. The mean age at implantation was 62.42 years (range 18–83). The average duration from diagnosis to surgery was 21.5 years (range 1–52). A statistically significant mean difference was observed in the superior-inferior plane (0.52 ± 0.80 mm inferiorly, p 0.05). One patient developed an infectious complication (4.2 %) that required removal of leads; two patients had minimal asymptomatic intra-ventricular bleeding (8.3 %). In our DBS center, intraoperative MER in VIM DBS implant does not seem to have a higher rate of surgical complications compared to historical series not using MER, and might also be useful in determining the final lead location.
American Immunity: War Crimes and the Limits of International Law. By Patrick Hagopian. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013. 244 pp. $27.95 paper.

American Immunity: War Crimes and the Limits of International Law. By Patrick Hagopian. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013. 244 pp. $27.95 paper.Patrick Hagopian, a Senior Lecturer in history and American studies at Lancaster University, has turned his prodigious talents to an enduring feature of American exceptionalism. American lawmakers after World War II piously demanded that the rest of the world follow universal human rights norms. Yet they carefully exempted American servicemen from these same standards by preventing veterans from prosecution for war crimes committed during their deployment overseas. This created a "jurisdictional gap" that the United States protected for decades, closing it only in the last years of the twentieth century to avoid the growing reach of universal jurisdiction exercised by foreign courts (e.g., p. 2). Hagopian finds this perplexing.But if you believe, as I do, that law is the handmaiden of ideology-that it serves and legitimizes prevailing belief systems within society-then there is nothing perplexing about the behavior Hagopian has worked so hard to explain.American Immunity: War Crimes and the Limits of International Law is an engaging account of the varied legal arguments by which the United States developed and maintained this double-standard. The net, however, is simply this: In its foreign face, the United States has long insisted on one rule for itself and another for everyone else, and justified the difference by making particular arguments about the law. This of course is a time-honored feature of the interaction between law and ideology in the United States-law blesses what ideology wants-and there is nothing unusual about the behavior Hagopian describes. On the contrary, it is merely another illustration of a drearily familiar principle: power implies the license to make and justify the rules.The most prominent example of this behavior in American history is the creedal attachment to equality set alongside the ideological attachment to white supremacy, which in turn produced elaborate legal justifications, from the slave codes to Jim Crow. Again, law blesses what ideology wants. Given the endurance of this behavior, the oddity is not that it recurs, but that people perennially expect it to be otherwise and express shock when they encounter it anew. Yet their reaction-a mix of astonishment and disappointment-is testament to the capacity of ideology to conceal its incoherence. And in fact, "conceal" is the wrong verb, as the incoherence is invariably hidden in plain sight. One thinks of Orwell's observations in "Notes on Nationalism," which appeared 70 years ago:All nationalists have the power of not seeing resemblances between similar sets of facts. A British Tory will defend selfdetermination in Europe and oppose it in India with no feeling of inconsistency. …
Timing of Remarriage Among Divorced and Widowed Parents

ABSTRACTResearch on timing of parental remarriage is important to understanding consequences of remarriage for children. In this study, survival analyses were conducted predicting timing of parental remarriage from parental loss in a sample of 3,774 offspring whose parents divorced or whose mother or father died during childhood. Transition to remarriage was quicker for parents who divorced compared to those who were widowed, especially for fathers. By examining timing of remarriage from the perspective of parents, and thus children, we identify not only who is more likely to experience parental remarriage, but when remarriage is likely to occur.
From Chernobyl to Fukushima and Beyond—A Focus on Thyroid Cancer

Fukushima is not Chernobyl, neither in extent of radiation released nor in health effects. Population doses from Fukushima are tiny and of little health consequence. The fear of radiation has however caused immediate mental health problems. Much is known about radiation-induced thyroid cancer from medical, Chernobyl, and atomic bomb exposures. Radiation causes thyroid cancer but not immediately, not after trivial doses (no theoretical increase is detectable), and mainly among children <5 years at exposure and not among those older than ~20 years. The excess of thyroid cancer is a screening artifact (overdiagnosis due to a very sensitive ultrasound technique). Failure to communicate contributed to the epidemic of thyroid cancer after Chernobyl, and the distrust of government after Fukushima. All countries need to train radiation professionals to meet current and future needs. Surveys are not for science but for people.
Coping styles and suicide in racially and ethnically diverse lesbian, bisexual, and queer women.

The purpose of the current study was to examine whether coping strategies are associated with past suicidal ideation and history of suicide attempts among sexual minority women (SMW). Participants were 150 racially and ethnically diverse lesbian, bisexual, queer, or "other" nonheterosexual-identified cisgender women who were recruited as part of a national online survey on the experiences of SMW. Simultaneous multiple regressions suggested that coping styles significantly explained 20.3% of the variance in past suicidal ideation and 30.4% of the variance in lifetime history of suicide attempts. Within these regressions, self-blame coping positively predicted past suicidal ideation, and religious coping and venting coping were associated with a higher lifetime history of suicide attempts. Based on these findings, directions for future research and interventions to reduce suicide risk among SMW are discussed.
Annuloplasty for Aortic Regurgitation in Infantile Takayasu Arteritis: A Case Report.

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a life-threatening complication of Takayasu arteritis (TA). Takayasu arteritis is a large-vessel vasculitis with a predominance in young adolescent and adult females. I...
Material Influence on Crenellation Effectiveness in Damage Tolerant Design

Crenellation is a novel concept to heighten the fatigue resistance of the airframe structures without increasing weight. In this work the impact of materials on the effectiveness of crenellations was investigated. Two candidate alloys for future fuselage skin: AA2139 and AA2198 were selected for this task. Firstly the microstructure and texture of those materials were investigated. Then flat and crenellated panels made of the two alloys were tested under service-related biaxial loading conditions. A removable δ5 clip gauge was applied at the crack tip to monitor the crack closure behavior during the fatigue tests. After fatigue tests the fracture surfaces were examined to interpret the respective fatigue behavior. It was found that sharp textured AA2198 alloy, which also showed tortuous shear lip morphology, has higher fatigue resistance and larger fatigue life improvement of crenellations compared with the nearly randomly textured AA2139 alloy. The correlation between the sharp texture and tortuous shear lip morphology was discussed. The source of the additional fatigue resistance and the increased crenellation efficiency in AA2198 was also analyzed.
Understanding Behavior Trends of Big Data Frameworks in Ongoing Software-Defined Cyber-Infrastructure

As data analytics applications become increasingly important in a wide range of domains, the ability to develop large-scale and sustainable platforms and software infrastructure to support these applications has significant potential to drive research and innovation in both science and business domains. This paper characterizes performance and power-related behavior trends and tradeoffs of the two predominant frameworks for Big Data analytics (i.e., Apache Hadoop and Spark) for a range of representative applications. It also evaluates system design knobs, such as storage and network technologies and power capping techniques. Experimental results from empirical executions provide meaningful data points for exploring the potential of software-defined infrastructure for Big Data processing systems through simulation. The results provide better understanding of the design space to build multi-criteria application-centric models as well as show significant advantages of software-defined infrastructure in terms of execution time, energy and cost. It motivates further research focused on in-memory processing formulations regarding systems with deeper memory hierarchies and software-defined infrastructure.
Development of a nutrient recipe for enhancing methane release from coal in the Illinois basin

Abstract Recent literature has shown that in order to enhance methane release from coal through biogasification, suitable nutrient solutions are needed to stimulate microbial activities toward coal depolymerization and conversion to biogas. Specific for bituminous coal in the Illinois basin, a nutrient recipe that can be used to enhance coal biogasification in situ is not available yet. To develop such a recipe, the formation water and the indigenous microbial community were first characterized in detail. Based on these characteristics and our previous experience working with Illinois coal, four parameters, Fe powder, methanol, ethanol, and trace minerals were optimized through using a Box-Behnken design. The optimal condition predicted by the models was: Fe-powder at 74 mM; methanol at 97.9 mM, ethanol at 100 mM, and trace minerals at 100%. Under these conditions, the predicted methane yield and content was 1417.35 ft3/ton and 80.7%, respectively. These results were then validated by experimental studies. In addition, each added component was evaluated in terms of its contribution to methane generated. Specifically, the role of coal in the biogasification process was studied against two other solid materials. Overall, this study demonstrated that coal can be converted to methane and nutrient solution can definitely enhance methane release from coal. The real effect of this recipe in improving methane release from coal in situ needs to be further evaluated in a field scale.
New Perspectives on Planned Unit Developments

Planned unit developments, also called planned communities, are a major development type. Originally cluster housing projects with common open space, they can be planned today as infill in downtown areas or as a major master-planned community. They require discretionary review, are often dominant in the zoning process, and present a challenge to the zoning system. A threshold question is how municipalities should zone for planned unit developments, and this Article discusses conditional use, base zone, and rezoning alternatives. This Article next discusses the zoning review process for these developments, which must operate fairly and produce acceptable decisions. Alternatives that can avoid or supplement discretionary review are considered next, and this Article concludes with a discussion of affordable housing as a social responsibility.
Evaluating predictors of congestion collapse in communication networks

Congestion in communication networks can be modeled as a percolation process, where congestion spreads minimally before a critical load and expands rapidly afterwards. Some studies identify predict onset of rapidly expanding congestion in time to alert network managers to take mitigating actions to avoid congestion collapse. The paper specifies five predictors: autocorrelation, variance, threshold, growth persistence, and growth rate. Predictor performance is measured for three simulated network models, under two traffic scenarios: increasing and steady load. Predictors are compared on implementation cost, accuracy, warning time, and persistence. The rates and types of prediction errors are also characterized. Results showed that: (1) predictor performance is influenced by network-model realism; (2) the autocorrelation and variance predictors performed poorly in some situations; (3) the threshold predictor yielded best overall accuracy, with mean warning time exceeding seven minutes for the most realistic network model. The paper also suggests a necessary condition to control false positives.
Role of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) in Cancer Outcomes and Drug Resistance

The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), formally known as ATP-binding cassette protein G2 (ABCG2), is an efflux transporter that plays a significant role in altering absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of most extant and emerging molecular cancer therapeutics. BCRP expressed by neoplastic cells may also contribute to the resistance of these cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Although the expression of BCRP in human cancers has often correlated with adverse outcomes, to date therapeutic strategies utilizing the inhibition of BCRP function to improve the ADME of cancer chemotherapeutics or to sensitize cancer cells that express BCRP to chemotherapy have not been fruitful. This review will examine the most current literature probing BCRP’s role in ADME of cancer therapeutic agents and drug resistance.
A generic after action review capability for game-based training

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in game-based training by the military. Game-based simulation possesses a number of potential benefits including decreased testbed complexity and cost, increased agility regarding both software and hardware, and the possibility of increased effectiveness relative to traditional training methods. One area of weakness in game-based training is the difficulty in supporting an after action review (AAR). The paper explores the emerging problems faced by systems attempting to facilitate AAR in game-based training scenarios. It presents an architecture that addresses or circumvents these issues in a flexible and game-agnostic manner, and details the limitations introduced by such an approach. A discussion on future work leveraging the plugin-based SOCRATES architecture to augment video for improved training is included.
The supply and demand of chiropractors in the United States from 1996 to 2005.

Context The chiropractic profession is the largest, most established complementary and alternative medical (CAM) profession in the United States. The use of unconventional healthcare in the United States has increased in recent years, yet little is known about the market for specific CAM professions such as chiropractic. Objective To evaluate the market for US chiropractors between 1996 and 2005. Design, setting, and participants We conducted a descriptive study of the chiropractic profession from 1996 to 2005 using data from the Medical Expenditure Survey, the National Center for Education Statistics, and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Main outcome measures The amount and proportion of outpatient healthcare expenditures on chiropractic care in the United States, total chiropractors, number of chiropractors per adult population (>18 years), graduates from chiropractic schools, and professional income of chiropractors. Results From 1996 to 2005 the proportion of outpatient US healthcare expenditures spent on chiropractic care increased from 2.15% to 3.26%. The total number of US chiropractors increased from 43 663 to 52 687 in 2004, but growth slowed between 2002 and 2004, resulting in a decrease in the number of chiropractors per 10000 US adults. Between academic years 1996 and 2001, chiropractic schools graduated about 3700 students each year; however, between 2001 and 2003, the annual number of chiropractic graduates decreased by 28%. Between 1998 and 2005, the inflation-adjusted median self-reported annual income of employed chiropractors fell from $76598 to $67200. Conclusion From 1996 to 2005, relative expenditures on chiropractic care increased; however, the number of chiropractic graduates, the rate of growth of chiropractors, and the incomes of chiropractors have declined. Future research is needed to investigate why national expenditures on chiropractic care have increased despite an apparent decrease in the supply of US chiropractors.
The Why We Retweet scale.

Background Twitter offers a platform for rapid diffusion of information and its users' attitudes and behaviors. Insights about information propagation via retweets (the message forwarding function) offer observable explanations of ways in which modern human interactions get organized in the form of online networks, and contextualized in the form of public health, policy decisions, disaster management, and civic participation. This study conceptualized and validated the Why We Retweet Scale to contextualize retweeting behavior. Objective Twitter users were identified using clustering algorithms that consider a users’ position in their network and invited for an online survey. Participants (N = 1433) responded to 19 questions about why they retweet. Exploratory factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on a scale development sample (70% of original sample), which informed the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on a scale testing sample (30% of the original sample). Varimax rotation was used to obtain a rotated factor solution, which resulted in interpretable factors. Demographic differences among scale factors were analyzed using one-way ANOVA or independent samples t-tests. Results The final model (χ221 = 28, RMSEA = .03 [90% CI, 0.00–0.06], CFA = .99, TLI = 0.99) represented a parsimonious solution with 4 factors, measured by 2–3 items each, creating a final scale consisting of 9 items. Factor labels and definitions were: (1) Show approval, “Show support to the tweeter”; (2) Argue, “To argue against a tweet that I disagree with”; (3) Gain attention, “Add followers or gain attention”; and (4) Entertain, “Create humor/amusement”. Demographic differences were also reported. Conclusions The Why We Retweet Scale offers a useful conceptualization and assessment of motivations for retweeting. In the future, communication strategists might consider the factors associated with information propagation when designing campaign messages to maximize message reach and engagement on Twitter.
Environmental Impacts of Shifting from Movie Disc Media to Movie Streaming: Case Study and Sensitivity Analysis

Abstract This case study involved a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) to analyze the impact of watching a movie on Blu-ray/DVD (physical movie distribution) compared with watching the same movie on a streaming service (digital movie distribution). Considering a viewer in Michigan, USA as the reference case, the journey of a movie file from production to viewing via both the physical and digital distribution models was considered. Data to populate the inventory was assembled from prior LCAs, corporate reporting, and the EcoInvent database. The TRACI impact assessment method was used to generate comparative environmental performance metrics in a variety of environmental dimensions. As expected, the digital distribution model outperformed the physical distribution model across environmental dimensions. The question was then posed how much more digital streaming would need to occur before environmental impacts of digital streaming would be higher than the physical distribution model. This is a relevant question given that in 2017 consumer movie viewing in the USA was almost 8x higher than at the time of peak movie consumption when the physical distribution dominated. The comparative LCA showed that, for the example of global warming potential, the environmental emissions of digital distribution are ultimately higher if the digital distribution leads to more than 4x the amount of movie viewing. Future work should consider the impact of digital streaming on all viewing since the impact of streaming impacts on media beyond movies, as increases in movie consumption in principle could reduce other forms of media consumption. It should also consider movie viewing habits on devices other than televisions.
Impersonals and other Agent Defocusing Constructions in French

This book investigates French impersonals as a functional category. Any structure whose agent is defocused and whose predicate describes a situation stable enough to be generally available should be considered impersonal. In addition to il impersonals, the category also includes demonstrative ( ce/ca ), middle ( se ), and indefinite ( on ) structures. These different forms belong to the same functional category because they systematically code general and predictable events that cannot be imputed to a specific cause. Because generality and predictability are gradual notions, impersonals can only be identified within the context of specific constructional islands which therefore constitute the organizing principle of the French impersonal category. Conducted in Cognitive Grammar, the analysis follows the functional tradition in expanding the scope of French impersonals beyond il constructions, but also proposes a way of precisely delineating the category. This book will be of interest to anyone interested in impersonal constructions and French linguistics.
Fathering from the margins: an intimate examination of black fatherhood

In Fathering from the Margins, Aasha M. Abdill presents contemporary fatherhood in Bedford-Stuyvesant, a community in New York City grappling with concentrated poverty “and its corollaries of high ...
Technology-Delivered Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Use: A Meta-Analysis.

Background Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has long-standing evidence for efficacy in the treatment of alcohol use, yet implementation in clinical practice has been challenging. Delivery of CBT through technology-based platforms, such as web-based programs and mobile applications, has the potential to provide widespread access to this evidence-based intervention. While there have been reviews indicating the efficacy of technology-based delivery of CBT for various psychiatric conditions, none have focused on efficacy for alcohol use. The current meta-analysis was conducted to fill this research gap. Methods Descriptive data were used to characterize the nature of the literature on technology-delivered, CBT-based interventions for alcohol use ("CBT Tech"). Inverse-variance-weighted effect sizes were calculated, and random effects, effect sizes were pooled in 4 subgroups. Results Fifteen published trials conducted primarily with at-risk or heavy drinkers were identified. Of these studies, 60% explicitly targeted alcohol use moderation. The content of CBT Tech programs varied, ranging from 4 to 62 sessions/exercises, with many programs combining elements of motivational interviewing (47%). With respect to efficacy, CBT Tech as a stand-alone treatment in contrast to a minimal treatment control showed a positive and statistically significant, albeit small effect (g = 0.20: 95% CI = 0.22, 0.38, kes = 5). When CBT Tech was compared to treatment as usual (TAU), effects were nonsignificant. However, when CBT Tech was tested as an addition to TAU, in contrast to TAU only, the effect size was positive, significant (g = 0.30: 95% CI = 0.10, 0.50, kes = 7), and stable over 12-month follow-up. Only 2 studies compared CBT Tech to in-person CBT, and this pooled effect size did not suggest superior efficacy. Conclusions These results show a benefit for technology-delivered, CBT-based interventions as a stand-alone therapy for heavy drinking or as an addition to usual care in specialty substance use settings.
First Report of a Population of the Freshwater Caridean Shrimp Macrobrachium carcinus from an Anchialine Cave on Grand Cayman

Macrobrachium carcinus is reported for the first time from the Cayman Islands. Specimens were collected on multiple occasions from an unusual habitat for this species – an anchialine cave. It is likely the cave was colonized by M. carcinus larvae via movement through subterranean karst tunnels from the sea inland to the cave entrance. Because only juveniles were collected, it is uncertain whether reproduction is occurring in this cave. However, it is possible M. carcinus may continue to colonize this and other similar caves, and sustained populations may eventually become established on Grand Cayman.
Interfacility Transfers for Isolated Craniomaxillofacial Trauma: Perspectives of the Facial Trauma Surgeon.

Study Design:Secondary overtriage is a burden to the medical system. Unnecessary transfers overload trauma centers, occupy emergency transfer resources, and delay definitive patient care. Craniomax...
An Atypical Case of Neurosyphilis in a Patient With HIV: A Case Report

Epidemiological trends have demonstrated re-emergence of neurosyphilis in the twenty-first century. As prevalence rises in clinical practice, neurosyphilis must be considered in the differential diagnosis even if initial diagnostic workup is unrevealing, especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Co-infection of neurosyphilis and HIV can result in atypical presentations. In this report, we discuss a challenging diagnosis of neurosyphilis in a man with HIV who presented with atypical imaging findings and initially negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nontreponemal testing. Our patient underwent repeated CSF evaluation and a comprehensive diagnostic workup, including brain biopsy, to arrive at the appropriate diagnosis. He received antibiotic treatment with excellent outcome. We review typical imaging features of neurosyphilis and highlight other neurological diseases that may mimic these radiographic findings. We discuss CSF testing and interpretation in this high-risk patient population.
Residential proximity to pesticide application as a risk factor for childhood central nervous system tumors.

Abstract Background Pesticide exposures have been examined previously as risk factors for childhood brain cancers, but few studies were able to assess risk from specific agents. Objective To evaluate risks for childhood central nervous system tumors associated with residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications. Methods Using the California Cancer Registry, we identified cancer cases less than 6 years of age and frequency matched them by year of birth to 20 cancer-free controls identified from birth certificates. We restricted analyses to mothers living in rural areas and births occurring between 1998 and 2011, resulting in 667 cases of childhood central nervous system tumors and 123,158 controls. Possible carcinogens were selected per the Environmental Protection Agency's (US. EPA) classifications, and prenatal exposure was assessed according to pesticides reported by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation's (CDPR) Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) system as being applied within 4000m of the maternal residence at birth. We computed odds ratios for individual pesticide associations using unconditional logistic and hierarchical regression models. Results We observed elevated risks in the hierarchical models for diffuse astrocytoma with exposure to bromacil (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.13–3.97), thiophanate-methyl (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02–2.66), triforine (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.44–3.92), and kresoxim methyl (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.03–4.21); elevated risks for medulloblastoma with exposure to chlorothalonil (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.15–2.76), propiconazole (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.53), dimethoate (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.43), and linuron (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.25, 5.11); and elevated risk for ependymoma with exposure to thiophanate-methyl (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.10–2.68). Conclusion Our study suggests that exposure to certain pesticides through residential proximity to agricultural applications during pregnancy may increase the risk of childhood central nervous system tumors.
Unique somatic variants in DNA from urine exosomes of individuals with bladder cancer

Bladder cancer (BC), a heterogeneous disease characterized by high recurrence rates, is diagnosed and monitored by cystoscopy. Accurate clinical staging based on biopsy remains a challenge, and additional, objective diagnostic tools are needed urgently. We used exosomal DNA (exoDNA) as an analyte to examine cancer-associated mutations and compared the diagnostic utility of exoDNA from urine and serum of individuals with BC. In contrast to urine exosomes from healthy individuals, urine exosomes from individuals with BC contained significant amounts of DNA. Whole-exome sequencing of DNA from matched urine and serum exosomes, bladder tumors, and normal tissue (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) identified exonic and 3' UTR variants in frequently mutated genes in BC, detectable in urine exoDNA and matched tumor samples. Further analyses identified somatic variants in driver genes, unique to urine exoDNA, possibly because of the inherent intra-tumoral heterogeneity of BC, which is not fully represented in random small biopsies. Multiple variants were also found in untranslated portions of the genome, such as microRNA (miRNA)-binding regions of the KRAS gene. Gene network analyses revealed that exoDNA is associated with cancer, inflammation, and immunity in BC exosomes. Our findings show utility of exoDNA as an objective, non-invasive strategy to identify novel biomarkers and targets for BC.
Training, Recruiting, and Retaining African American Mental Health Professionals

This chapter identifies the different roles of mental health professionals. The goals and therapeutic experiences of clients are discussed. Highlighted in this chapter are specific suggestions for mental health organizations aiming to train, recruit, and retain African American mental health professionals.
Nurse Manager Behaviors That RNs Perceive to Affect Their Job Satisfaction.

FeatherEbrightBakasPurpose Nurse manager behaviors and job satisfaction are commonly addressed in the literature; however, registered nurse (RN) perceptions of nurse manager behaviors provide a unique perspective that may inform future strategies designed to enhance RN job satisfaction. In this paper, the perceptions of RNs were explored through focus groups to learn the behaviors of nurse managers that most influence RNs' job satisfaction. Methods Five focus groups were conducted through semi-structured interviews of a total of 28 RNs to provide data that were coded through qualitative content analysis for themes. Findings The findings provide nurse managers with data related to the perceptions of RNs and the behaviors of managers that influence job satisfaction. The findings identified two conceptual categories of RN perceptions of nurse manager behaviors: manager behaviors supportive of RNs (communication, respect, and feeling cared for) plus the RNs' perceived disconnect of work issues from the manager's role. Conclusion Findings support past research in relation to the perceptions of RNs wanting to be respected, included in communication, and the need to feel cared for by nurse managers to have higher levels of job satisfaction. FeatherEbrightBakas