cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability of the stem-ooze test for field identification of potato ring rot

The field diagnosis of potato ring rot often is complicated by other vine disturbances such as cultivation- and drought-wilting, tip- and hopper-burn, early- and late-blight, other wilt diseases, frost killing, and the like. A serviceable test under such conditions consists of cutting the suspected stem near the point of original seed-piece attachment. squeezing the stem at the cut, and looking for a pearly, milky, viscous exudate at a locus or line between the woody vascular ring and the pith. In the case of plants infected through the seedpiece,Corynebacterium sepedonicum occurs in the new plant first at the point of attachment to the mother seedpiece; only later are the bacteria demonstrable in other parts of the plant such as the tubers and the aerial vines. Four hundred and thirty-two potato plants, representing II varieties, grown under two different field environments, and planted and harvested on two different dates, were used to determine the degree of relationship between presence of ring rot (indicated by positive Gram smears) and the occurrence of external vine wilt and of stem ooze. The percentage of plants which were correctly diagnosed by external vine symptoms was 85.6. The percentage of disagreement due to few bacteria resulting in positive Gram smears but insufficient to produce wilting, amounted to 12.8. The percentage representing erroneous judgment as to what constituted ring-rot wilt was 1.6. The percentage of plants which were correctly diagnosed by stem-ooze tests was 97.2. The percentage of disagreement due to few bacteria resulting in positive Gram smears but insufficient to produce stem ooze, amounted to 1.9. The percentage representing erroneous judgment as to what constituted ooze amounted to 0.9.
Analysis of the microbial contamination in fresh fruit and vegetable juices prepared by 150 caterers in Henan in 2010 and 2012

Objective The study was performed to investigate the microbiological contamination of fresh fruit and vegetable juices prepared by caterers in Henan Province, so to provide references for establishing related hygienic standards. Methods Fresh fruit and vegetable juices were directly collected from 150 caterers units in 18 cities in Henan Province in 2010 and 2012. According to standard procedures described in GB4789.2.3.4.10-2010 and GB/T 4789.5-2003, aerobic bacterial count, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella were examined. Results Four hundred and thity-nine fresh fruit and vegetable juices were investigated, and the compliance rate was 25.06%. The compliance rates for aerobic bacterial count and coliform bacteria were 28.25% and 55.58%. The positive rates of Shigella compliance Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella were 0.23%, 2.28% and 0.00%, respectively. Results of aerobic bacteria count and E. coli count were not statistically significant among different caterers(χ2=1.68, P0.05; χ2=0.86, P0.05). Conclusion Compliance rate of microbial comtamination in fresh fruit and vegetable juices in Henan was relatively poor. The major problem was that the aerobic bacterial count and coliform bacteria contamination were high and exceeded the standards. It is suggested that supervision and management should be reinforced during the manufacturing process of fresh fruit and vegetable juices, and national food safety standards for fresh fruit and vegetable juices should be established as soon as possible.
234 THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE AND NEW-ONSET DIABETES AFTER CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION IS NOT AFFECTED BY CHOICE OF CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR.

Background New-onset diabetes (NODM) and glucose intolerance (GI) are among the most serious known metabolic complications following heart transplantation, with a reported incidence ranging up to 53%. The impact of specific calcineurin inhibitor on these complications is yet to be determined. This study aimed to investigate the factors leading to the development of NODM in a large cohort of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Methods We reviewed baseline characteristics and outcomes data in 455 patients between January 1994 and December 2003 who underwent cardiac transplantation at a single center. GI (defined as fasting glucose > 100 mg/dL and 126 mg/dL ×2 or oral and/or insulin treatment) were evaluated pre- and post-transplant. Results We analyzed a subset of patients ( n = 371) of whom, prior to transplant, 250 (67.4%) had normal blood glucose values, 25 (6.7%) had glucose intolerance, and 96 (25.9%) were diabetic. Following transplantation, 140 patients were diagnosed with GI and 104 with NODM. This led to an overall incidence of post-transplant GI and NODM of 77.1% (GI 31.0%, NODM 46.1%). From multivariate analysis, risk factors for NODM included GI ( p [log-rank] = .06; p [Wilcoxon] = .05) and recipient history of hypertension ( p = .02). NODM and nondiabetics were similar in age, sex, race, creatinine, hyperlipidemia, and immunosuppression regimen. Between tacrolimus- and cyclosporine-treated patients, there was no difference in the incidence of GI (31.5% vs 34.7%, p = .70) and NODM (34.9% vs 24.9%, p = .19). Conclusion A vast majority of patients after heart transplant are either GI or diabetic with no significant difference between tacrolimus or cyclosporine therapy. Pretransplant glucose intolerance was associated with increasing development of NODM. More aggressive glucose control after transplant may prevent long-term complications.
Saving Women, Saving Families: An Ecological Approach to Optimizing the Health of Women Refugees with S.M.A.R.T Primary Care

More than 43 million people worldwide have been forcibly displaced from their homes as a result of conflict and persecution, over 50% of whom are women and 41% are children. The United Nations estimates that two-thirds of the world's refugees have been in exile for over 5 years, and more than half are in urban environments, as opposed to camps. Therefore, long-term strategies for healthcare in receiving countries are needed. The unique challenges facing refugee women as they seek safe and stable living situations are compelling. A system that optimizes the health of women refugees has significant implications for the rest of the family.
Dopaminergic system does not play a major role in the precipitated cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome.

AIM: To determine the dopaminergic system involvement in precipitated cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome. METHODS: The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 or the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride was administered to rats chronically treated with either delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or vehicle. Subjects were then injected with either SR141716A or vehicle and behavior was observed for 1 h. RESULTS: Administration of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A to animals chronically treated with THC as described by Tsou et al (1995) produced a profound withdrawal syndrome. Treatment with dopamine antagonists did not attenuate cannabinoid precipitated withdrawal syndrome in THC tolerant animals while the agonists increased the syndrome. CONCLUSION: It is unlikely that the dopaminergic system plays a major role in mediating the behavioral aspects of the cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome.
Venous and Arterial Thrombosis

Current concepts suggest that the basic mechanisms of venous and arterial thrombosis are different variations of similar pathogenetic pathways. Both venous and arterial thrombi are influenced by circumstance and heredity. Cellular elements of endothelium, leukocytes, and platelets contribute to the pathogenesis of thrombosis, although the degree of participation of each varies as to the vessel size, shear, molecular and protein components. Recent evidence suggests that neutrophils and macrophages contribute to the initiation of venous thrombosis. The initial events leading to venous thrombosis are inflammatory with neutrophil activation and expression of NETs (NETosis). Venous thrombosis risk also is accentuated by several recognized genetic and protein defects. Understanding mechanisms for arterial thrombosis is more complex. Each vascular bed has unique characteristics. Changes in vascular transcription factors, chemical agents, and protein influence inflammation and atherosclerosis leading to arterial thrombosis. This chapter focuses on the mechanistic basis of vascular inflammation leading to venous and arterial thrombosis.
Factors Associated With Resource Utilization and Coronary Artery Dilation in Refractory Kawasaki Disease (from the Pediatric Health Information System Database)

Management guidelines for refractory Kawasaki disease (KD) are vague. We sought to assess practice variation and identify factors associated with large/complex coronary artery aneurysms (LCAA) and resource utilization in refractory KD. This retrospective cohort study identified patients aged ≤18 years with KD (2004 to 2014) using the Pediatric Health Information System. Refractory KD was defined as receiving >1 dose of intravenous immunoglobulin. Demographics, medications, concomitant infections, length of stay (LOS), and charges were collected. Antithrombotic therapy was a surrogate for LCAA. LOS and hospital charges assessed resource utilization. Multivariate regression identified factors associated with LOS, charges, and LCAA. Of 14,194 patients with KD, 2,974 (21%) had refractory KD and 203 of those 2,974 (7%) had LCAA. Additional intravenous immunoglobulin was the sole medication in 77%. Other medications added were steroids (18%), infliximab (2%), and both (3%). Warfarin, low-molecular-weight heparin, tissue plasminogen activator, and clopidogrel were prescribed with equal frequency (2%). Male gender (adjusted relative risk 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 2.16, p
Modeling supplier capacity allocation decisions

Abstract Understanding the cost effects of offering flexibility in any contractual setting is of considerable importance to suppliers. In this paper, we propose a Strategic Capacity Allocation (SCA) contract to deal with the problem of supplier-capacity allocation in a single-supplier, multiple-buyer system, when bilateral contractual agreements (between the supplier and each buyer) specify bounds of per-period purchase quantities, as well as penalties for deviating from these agreed-upon quantities. We formulate the problem as a stochastic dynamic program, and characterize the structural properties of the optimal allocation scheme in the current and future periods. In addition, we quantify the cost trade-offs of offering more flexibility to customers, which can serve as an input to aid the supplier in negotiating contracts. We also provide insights on the effect of setting contract parameters, i.e., shortage penalties, as a means to align short-term goals (i.e., profit maximization) versus long-term objectives (i.e., maximizing market positioning/growth) via improved customer service to strategically-valuable customers.
Developing ‘A Fine Balance’: Secularism, Religion, and Minority Politics in Rohinton Mistry's Family Matters

ABSTRACTThis paper intervenes in the debate over whether secularism can protect religious minorities in India or whether alternative models are needed. I explore this issue by examining Rohinton Mistry's novel Family Matters, which focuses on religious extremism within the minority Parsi community. The novel suggests that the individual needs to maintain ‘a fine balance’ between religious beliefs and personal rights. It recognises that secularisation has shaped modern religious identity and, consequently, facilitated religious extremism. By de-coupling religion from secularisation, Mistry demonstrates that religion need not be rigid and can adapt to different social circumstances, while continuing to provide moral strength.
Evaluating the Impact of “Old” Criminal Conviction Decision Guidelines on Subsequent Employment and Arrest Outcomes:

Objectives:Redemption scholars estimate that after an average of 7-10 years pass without a new arrest or conviction, a person’s criminal record essentially loses its predictive value. This article ...
Hannah Arendt Translates Culture: Men in Dark Times

This article takes up Hannah Arendt’s Men in Dark Times (1968) as a strategic document aimed at restoring for an international audience a German-language tradition of thought that was unavailable in postwar West Germany because of cultural politics. In so doing, she not only exemplifies her version of Existenzphilosophie , but also claims German-Jewish thought as central to the German traditions.
RE: Room-sharing Until 12 Months.

It is very difficult to take issue with something as serious and well intentioned as guidelines to prevent sudden unexpected infant death. However, there are some major unknowns, which make these recommendations unreasonable and even questionable from a child development and family relationships perspective. All 4 of the studies cited to support room-sharing were conducted with samples of European parents and European infants. Yes, from a life-saving perspective, it might make sense that parents in the United States are in the same room as their … E-mail: lafrankel{at}uh.edu
Accurate Estimation of Prostate Size in the Evaluation of Nocturia

Purpose of Review The clinical utility of the digital rectal exam (DRE) in the workup of lower urinary tract symptoms has been questioned in the literature. This review aims to critically examine the recent literature regarding the accuracy and reliability of the DRE in the assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Here, we specifically focus on the clinical importance of the DRE in the evaluation of nocturia.
Using a Blocking and Fading Procedure to Reduce Inappropriate Vocalizations and Occurrence of Off-Mat Behavior in a Preschool Child with Trisomy 4 and Partial Deletion on Chromosome 2

A three-year-old girl enrolled in a special school for children with developmental disabilities was displaying problematic behavior during nap time. The target behaviors for this intervention included the number of times off-mat as well as inappropriate vocalizations. An intervention that incorporated blocking and a fading technique was utilized to decrease her problem behavior during nap time. The intervention was evaluated using measures of clinical, statistical, and therapeutic significance and was found to have such significance. Additionally, treatment acceptability was assessed. The intervention was determined to be a practical and effective solution to the child's problematic nap time behavior.
The past and future in understanding the health risks of and responses to climate variability and change.

Climate change and health was established as a formal field of endeavor in the early 1990s, with the number of publications increasing since the mid-2000s. The key findings in assessment reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1995, 2001, 2007, and 2014 indicate the progress in understanding the magnitude and pattern of the health risks of a changing climate. The assessments maintained a similar structure, focusing on assessing the state of knowledge of individual climate-sensitive health outcomes, with confidence in the key findings tending to increase over time with greater understanding. The knowledge base is smaller than for other key sectors (e.g., agriculture) because of limited research investment in climate change and health. Vulnerability, adaptation, and capacity assessments can inform prioritization of the significant research gaps in understanding and managing the health risks of a changing climate; filling these research gaps would provide policy- and decision-makers with insights to increase short- and longer-term resilience in health and other sectors. Research needs include to understand how climate and development pathways could interact to alter health risks over time, better understand upstream drivers of climate-sensitive health outcomes, project aggregate health impacts to understand the breadth and depth of challenges that may need to be managed at geographic scales of interest, and project the time of emergence of changes in the geographic range and intensity of transmission of infectious diseases and other climate conditions. Engagement with other sectors is needed to ensure that their mitigation and adaptation activities also promote and protect health and take the health sector’s needs into account. Making progress in these areas is critical for protecting the health of future populations.
The controversial role of dual sequential defibrillation in shockable cardiac arrest

Abstract Background In the United States, over 350,000 cardiac arrests occur outside of the hospital and 209,000 occur in the hospital. Shockable rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) have a survival rate of 20–30% outside of the hospital setting. Dual Sequential Defibrillation (DSD) has demonstrated success in terminating VF that is refractory to multiple attempts using a single defibrillator. Methods The PubMed, and MEDLINE databases were reviewed in February of 2018 and literature reviewed on dual sequential defibrillation. The terms “dual”, “sequential”, “double sequential”, and “defibrillation” were added in the search builder. This search was limited to English-language articles. The results and their references were assessed for relevance to the topic and implications for dual sequential defibrillation in shockable cardiac arrest. Result Included search terms yielded 23 articles. Studies occurred in the emergency department and prehospital setting. There are two retrospective cohort studies and the majority of published studies are case reports/series. Sample size per study varied from 1 to 279 encounters. Conclusion Studies have shown success in using DSD to treat refractory VF. However, further studies are necessary to assess the efficacy and safety of DSD compared to the standard of care treating refractory VF.
A Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator for Observing the Frequency Response of the EEG Console

(1968). A Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator for Observing the Frequency Response of the EEG Console. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Spectral Holography For Dynamic Dispersion Compensation

Spectral holograms written in a photorefractive quantum well device convert a phase-distorted femtosecond pulse into its autocorrelation, which suppresses the pulse broadening due to dispersion. Photorefractive semiconductor quantum wells have a dynamic adaptibility bandwidth that extends from quasi-steady-state up to several kHz, enabling dynamic compensation of most environmentally induced distortions and random time drifts of femtosecond pulses that occur in practical applications.
The Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer

The grading and staging of prostate cancer has been an international obsession for urologists and pathologists for some time. After considerable and appropriate discussion in 1992, the TNM staging system for prostate cancer appears currently to be settled to the satisfaction of most (Table 1). As will be reported and described later in this review, however, the utilisation of the TNM system remains poor in some areas, especially in the United States.
Alcohol Interventions: Disease Models vs. Harm Reduction

The disease model of alcoholism is based on the assumption that alcoholism is an incurable, progressive disease. Abstinence from any alcohol use is prescribed within the disease model. In recent years, harm reduction has emerged as an alternative to the disease model. Harm reduction is based on a public health approach to alcohol abuse. The public health model recognizes the benefit of progressive steps toward decreasing alcohol use and associated physical and emotional harm. Evaluation research and survey data indicate that a public health approach is a viable alternative to the disease model.
A model-based consultation system for the long-term management of glaucoma

This paper describes a computer-based system for consultation in the diagnosis and therapy of glaucoma. The reasoning procedures interpret the findings of a particular patient in terms of a causal-associational network (CASNET) model that characterizes the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical course of treated and untreated diseases. The major new features of this CASNET/glaucoma program are: a) generation of detailed and medically acceptable interpretations from a qualitative model of glaucoma; b) reasoning about detailed follow-up management of a patient; c) incorporation of alternative expert opinions about subjects under debate; and d) its testing and updating by a collaborative computer-based network of glaucoma researchers.
Association between comorbidities and female sexual dysfunction: findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)

Although medical comorbidities are widely recognized to be associated with erectile dysfunction, less research has been done on their association with female sexual dysfunction (FSD). The purpose of this study was to assess whether FSD is associated with comorbidities; we hypothesized that there is an association. This is a secondary analysis of the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), a prospective stratified probability sample of individuals aged 16–74. We assessed for association between sexual function scores and heart attack, heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease, depression, other mental health condition, other neurologic conditions, and incontinence, as well as menopause and smoking status. Correlation between comorbidities and specific domains of sexual function was also assessed. A total of 6777 women, with an average age of 35.4 (14.1), responded to the survey and reported sexual activity in the past year. There was an association between sexual function score and age, menopause, hysterectomy, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, depression, other mental health condition, stroke, other neurological condition, and homosexual attraction (p < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, age, sexual attraction, smoking status, depression, and other mental health conditions remained significantly correlated with sexual function (p < 0.05). Comorbidities were found to be correlated with specific domains. Comorbidities were associated with FSD and specific comorbidities associated with dysfunction in specific domains. Urogynecologists and urologists must assess for comorbidities, as women presenting with sexual dysfunction may provide an opportunity for early diagnosis of life-threatening conditions.
Students from Poverty: Helping Them Make It through College.

More economically disadvantaged students are attending college than ever before. Yet only a small percentage of them actually graduate. As the author points out, helping poor students get into coll...
Clinical and radiobiological evaluation of a method for planning target volume generation dependent on organ-at-risk exclusions in magnetic resonance imaging-based prostate radiotherapy.

Abstract Background and purpose Due to a smaller target volume when delineating prostate on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), margins may be too tight as compared to computed tomography (CT) delineation, potentially reducing tumor control probability (TCP) in prostate radiotherapy. This study evaluated a clinically implemented MRI-based target expansion method to provide adequate margins yet limit organ-at-risk (OAR) dose as compared to CT-based delineation. Methods and materials Patients in this study were treated to 79.2 Gy in 44 fractions via intensity modulated radiotherapy using an MRI-based expansion method, which excluded OARs when performing a 5 mm isotropic (except 4 mm posterior) expansion from gross tumor volume to clinical target volume (CTV), followed by an isotropic 5 mm expansion to generate the planning target volume (PTV). Ten cases were re-planned using CT-delineated prostate with CTV-to-PTV expansion of isotropic 8 mm, except for a 5 mm posterior expansion, with comparison of PTV volumes, TCP and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) to the MRI-based method. Under IRB approved protocol, we retrospectively evaluated 51 patients treated with the MRI-based method for acute bladder and rectal toxicity with CTC-AE version 4.0 used for scoring. Results MRI-based PTV volume differed by 4% compared to CT-based PTV volume. Radiobiological calculated TCP of the MRI-based method was found comparable to CT-based methods with an average equivalent uniform dose of 80.5 Gy and 80.1 Gy respectively. Statistically significant decrease in bladder NTCP (toxicity Grade 2 and above for 5% complications within 5 years post radiotherapy) was observed in the MRI-based method. Outcomes data collected showed 65% and 100% of patients studied experienced Grade 0/1 bladder and rectal acute toxicity respectively. Grade 2 bladder toxicity was indicated in the remaining 35% of patients studied with no Grade 3 toxicity reported. Conclusions Results showed comparable PTV volume with MRI-based method, and NTCP was reduced while maintaining TCP. Clinically, bladder and rectal toxicities were observed to be minimal.
Preprocessing DEA

We collect, organize, analyze, implement, test, and compare a comprehensive list of ideas for preprocessors for entity classification in DEA. We limit our focus to procedures that do not involve solving LPs. The procedures are adaptations from previous work in DEA and in computational geometry. The result is five preprocessing methods three of which are new for DEA. Testing shows that preprocessors have the potential to classify a large number of DMUs economically making them an important computational tool especially in large scale applications. Scope and purpose: This is a comprehensive study of preprocessing in DEA. The purpose is to provide tools that will reduce the computational burden of DEA studies especially in large scale applications.
Judicial Perspectives on Emotion, Emotion Management, and Judicial Excellence in the USA

In the USA, state court judges receive little to no specialized judicial training prior to assuming the duties of office. To support quality judicial performance, states must make strategic use of limited resources. Formal state systems of judicial education have emerged over the past half-century as one solution to this challenge, providing sitting judges in most jurisdictions with some level of educational support. Despite these advancements, some scholars and practitioners have criticized judicial education to date, calling for a new wave of reforms. One recent study explored judicial perceptions of the types of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics important to judicial work in the state courts. Participating judges acknowledged emotion and interpersonal skills as critical components of judicial excellence (Elek et al. 2017). This paper will examine some of the guidance provided by state court judges in this area and consider opportunities for improvement to better meet judicial needs. En EEUU, los jueces de las cortes estatales suelen recibir poca o nula formacion especializada antes de asumir sus deberes. Durante el pasado medio siglo, han emergido sistemas formales estatales de educacion judicial como solucion a aquel problema, y se ha proporcionado cierto nivel de formacion a los jueces titulares de la mayoria de las jurisdicciones. A pesar de esos avances, algunos expertos han criticado la formacion judicial hasta la fecha, y han reclamado una nueva ola de reformas. Un estudio reciente ha analizado las percepciones de los jueces sobre tipos de conocimiento, aptitudes, habilidades y otras caracteristicas importantes para el trabajo judicial en las cortes estatales. Los jueces reconocieron la emocion y las aptitudes interpersonales como componentes criticos de la excelencia judicial (Elek et al. 2017). Este articulo examinara algunas directrices dadas por los jueces estatales, y tomara en consideracion oportunidades para satisfacer mejor las necesidades judiciales. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1033
Synthesis of Cationic Iridium(I) Complexes of Water-Soluble Phosphine Ligands, [Ir(CO)(TPPMS)3]CF3SO3, [Ir(CO)(H2O)(TPPTS)2]CF3SO3, and [Ir(CO)2(TPPMS)3]ClO4 (TPPMS = PPh2(m-C6H4SO3K), TPPTS = P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3)

Several new water-soluble iridium(I) complexes were synthesized and their reactivities with small molecules (H2 or CO) in polar solvents (DMSO or H2O) examined. Reaction of H2 with [Ir(CO)(TPPMS)3]CF3SO3 (TPPMS = P(C6H5)2(m-C6H4SO3K)) in DMSO or H2O produces [cis,mer-Ir(CO)(H)2(TPPMS)3]CF3SO3, while the reaction of CO with [Ir(CO)(TPPMS)3]CF3SO3 in water yields [Ir(CO)2(TPPMS)3]CF3SO3. Carbonylation of [Ir(CO)2(TPPMS)3]ClO4 in DMSO produces [Ir(CO)3(TPPMS)2]ClO4 and TPPMS; no reaction is observed in H2O. Hydrogenation of [Ir(CO)2(TPPMS)3]ClO4 in DMSO or H2O yields [cis,mer-Ir(CO)(H)2(TPPMS)3]ClO4, while reaction of H2 with an aqueous solution of [Ir(CO)(H2O)(TPPTS)2]CF3SO3 produces [Ir(CO)(H2O)(H)2(TPPTS)2]CF3SO3. Reaction of trans-Ir(CO)ClL2 (L = TPPMS or TPPTS) with excess L in H2O produces [Ir(CO)L3]Cl, while no reaction occurs in DMSO. [Ir(CO)3(TPPMS)2]Cl reacts irreversibly with TPPMS in H2O to produce [Ir(CO)2(TPPMS)3]Cl.
The Influence of Smoking Status on the Health Profiles of Older Chinese American Men.

OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of smoking status on the health profiles of community-dwelling older Chinese American men in the greater Chicago, IL, area. DESIGN This study utilized a cross-sectional study design to analyze data obtained from the larger Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE). SETTING A population-based study conducted in Chicago. PARTICIPANTS Baseline data from Chinese American men who participated in PINE (N = 1492). MEASURES Demographic characteristics measured included age, education years, marital status, income, health insurance coverage, and smoking pack-years. Self-reported smoking status included never smoker, current smoker, and former smoker. Health profile indicators included perceived health status, past 12-month changes in health, chronic medical conditions (heart diseases, stroke, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, thyroid disease, and osteoarthritis), quality of life, and depression and anxiety. RESULTS The mean age of the study sample was 72.5 years. Of the sample, 65% reported a smoking history, with 25.1% current smokers and 40.1% former smokers. Current smokers were younger, less educated, and uninsured. Former smokers had the poorest overall health profiles. Compared to former smokers, current smokers were less likely to have heart disease (odds ratio [OR] = 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39-0.90), hypertension (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.41-0.72), high cholesterol (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.56-0.99), thyroid disease (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.21-0.90), depression (rate ratio [RR] = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.58-0.99), and anxiety (RR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.59-0.89), and they had fewer overall chronic medical conditions (RR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.70-0.88) after controlling for demographic factors and smoking pack-year history. Compared to never smokers, former and current smokers reported poorer self-rated health (OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.11-2.26) and lower perceived quality of life (OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.04-4.29). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with prior research, smoking rates were elevated among this sample of older Chinese men. Counter to study hypotheses, former smokers had worse overall health. Study findings suggest the need for health promotion interventions for both current and former smokers. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:S577-S583, 2019.
The Pathogenesis of Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia

Disordered energy metabolism in cirrhosis contributes to skeletal muscle proteolysis and impaired protein synthesis with dysregulated protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and resultant sarcopenia. Circulating abnormalities including hyperammonemia, hypogonadism, decreased branched chain amino acids, and endotoxemia are potential mediators of the liver-muscle axis. Etiology of liver disease including ethanol and fatty acids also directly affects muscle proteostasis. Transcriptional upregulation of myostatin via ammonia-induced activation of p65NFKB impairs signaling by the protein homeostasis regulatory molecule, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The recently described hyperammonemic stress response (HASR) is characterized by activation of an amino acid sensor, general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) with persistent phosphorylation of eIF2α with reduction in protein synthesis. Hyperammonemia of cirrhosis also increases autophagic proteolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction with cataplerosis. Targeting mediators of the liver-muscle axis, the signaling perturbations in the muscle, and strategies to restore metabolic homeostasis with ammonia-lowering, anaplerotic agents and myostatin antagonists have the potential to be novel and effective therapies to reverse sarcopenia in cirrhosis.
Micromorphic theory and its finite element formulation

In this work, the kinematics and basic laws of microcontinuum field theories, including micromorphic theory and micropolar theory, are introduced. Then, constitutive equations for micromorphic thermo-visco-elastic solids, heat conducting fluids, and thermal plasticity are rigorously derived. The concept of material force, which may also be named as Eshelby mechanics, is briefly introduced. The balance law of pseudo-momentum, including the detailed expression of the material forces, for the mathematical theory of micromorphic plasticity is rigorously derived. Finally, a set of finite element equations for the coupling of finite displacement, micromotion, and temperature fields is rigorously formulated.
Novel risk scoring system for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients (pts) treated with cabozantinib (C).

734Background: Cabozantinib (C) is an effective treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients (pts). The international mRCC database consortium (IMDC) criteria is the gold standard ...
Absent Collusion, Can Micro Level Discrimination Aggregate into Macro Level Discrimination?

The literature on `empathy' empirically establishes empathy as a source of implicit discrimination that induces disparate impacts. This study provides formal theoretical validation for empathy as source of implicit discrimination that induces disparate impacts. Metrics for `disparate impact' - as induced by empathy - that compare `proportions of different stereotypes' are shown to amplify, rather than dampen bent towards empathy in populations of economic agents. In of themselves, neither of university brands nor diversity initiatives have character of sufficiency conditions for remediation of disparate impact. Disparate impact then, is a microeconomic phenomenon, which, absent collusion, but yet ubiquity of stereotypes in decision making roles, becomes systemic. Importantly, inclusive of empathy, but yet irrespective of specific source of implicit discrimination, applied to ratings of candidates for jobs or promotions, none of means, variances, nor measures of consistency, such as Cronbach Alpha are robust to detection of incidence of a disparate impact. The formal theory arrives at necessary conditions that, applied to rating outcomes facilitate inference of a disparate impact in context of hiring or promotion processes that transpire in organizations. In aggregate, while the basis for filing of charges of disparate impact remains rooted in stereotypes, there is arrival at non-stereotypical scientifically formulated general equilibrium conditions for determination of incidence of a disparate impact. Given absence of non-stereotypical and scientifically formulated metrics for determination of disparate impact has resulted in floundering of such cases in U.S. courts, formal theoretical outcomes have pragmatic importance for facilitation of improvements to policing of discrimination in context of legal doctrine of disparate impact.
Mature Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, but Not Endothelial Cells, Serve as the Major Cellular Source of Intimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts.

Objective: Neointima formation is a primary cause of intermediate to late vein graft (VG) failure. However, the precise source of neointima cells in VGs remains unclear. Approach and Results: Herei...
Efficacy and economics of targeted panel versus whole-exome sequencing in 878 patients with suspected primary immunodeficiency.

Background Next-generation sequencing has become a first-line tool for the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency. However, patient access remains limited because of restricted insurance coverage and a lack of guidelines addressing the use of targeted panels versus whole-exome sequencing (WES). Objectives We sought to compare targeted next-generation sequencing with WES in a global population of patients with primary immunodeficiency. Methods This was a longitudinal study of 878 patients with likely primary immunodeficiency sequenced between 2010 and 2020. Most patients (n = 780) were first sequenced using a 264 gene panel. This was followed by WES in selected cases if a candidate gene was not found. A subset of patients (n = 98) were selected for a WES-only pipeline if the history was atypical for genes within the targeted panel. Results Disease-causing variants were identified in 498 of the 878 probands (56%), encompassing 152 distinct monogenic disorders. Sixteen patients had disorders that were novel at the time of sequencing (1.8%). Diagnostic yield in patients sequenced by targeted panel was 56% (433 of 780 patients), with subsequent WES leading to an additional 18 diagnoses (overall diagnostic yield 58%, 451 of 780 patients). The WES-only approach had a diagnostic yield of 45% (45 of 98 patients), reflecting that these cases had less common clinical and laboratory phenotypes. Cost analysis, based on current commercial WES and targeted panel prices, demonstrated savings ranging from $300 to $950 with a WES-only approach, depending on diagnostic yield. Conclusions Advantages of WES over targeted next-generation sequencing include simplified workflow, reduced overall cost, and the potential for identification of novel diseases.
Medial prefrontal cortex has a causal role in selectively enhanced consolidation of emotional memories after a 24-hour delay: An iTBS study

Abstract Previous research points to an association between retrieval-related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and preservation of emotional information compared to co-occurring neutral information following sleep. Although the role of the mPFC in emotional memory likely begins at encoding, little research has examined how mPFC activity during encoding interacts with consolidation processes to enhance emotional memory. This issue was addressed in the present study using transcranial magnetic stimulation in conjunction with an emotional memory paradigm. Healthy males and females encoded negative and neutral scenes while undergoing concurrent TMS with an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) protocol. Participants received stimulation to either the mPFC or an active control site (motor cortex) during the encoding phase. Recognition memory for scene components (objects and backgrounds) was assessed after a short (30 minutes) and a long delay (24-hours including a night of sleep) to obtain measures of specific and gist-based memory processes. The results demonstrated that, relative to control stimulation, iTBS to the mPFC enhanced gist, but not specific, memory for negative objects on the long delay test. mPFC stimulation had no discernable effect on gist memory for objects on the short delay test nor on the background images at either test. These results suggest that mPFC activity occurring during encoding interacts with consolidation processes to selectively preserve the gist of negatively salient information. Significance Statement Understanding how emotional information is remembered over long delays is critical to understanding memory in the real world. The present study uses transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the interplay between mPFC activity that occurs during memory encoding and its subsequent interactions with post-encoding consolidation processes. Excitatory TMS delivered to the mPFC during encoding enhanced gist-based memory for negatively valenced pictures on a test following a 24-hr delay, with no such effect on a test occurring shortly after the encoding phase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that emotional aspects of memories are differentially subjected to consolidation processes, and that the mPFC might contribute to this “tag-and-capture” mechanism during the initial formation of such memories.
Collagen networks within 3D PEG hydrogels support valvular interstitial cell matrix mineralization

Enzymatically degradable hydrogels were designed for the 3D culture of valvular interstitial cells (VICs), and through the incorporation of various functionalities, we aimed to investigate the role of the tissue microenvironment in promoting the osteogenic properties of VICs and matrix mineralization. Specifically, porcine VICs were encapsulated in a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel crosslinked with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable crosslinker (KCGPQG↓IWGQCK) and formed via a thiol-ene photoclick reaction in the presence or absence of collagen type I to promote matrix mineralization. VIC-laden hydrogels were treated with osteogenic medium for up to 15 days, and the osteogenic response was characterized by the expression of RUNX2 as an early marker of an osteoblast-like phenotype, osteocalcin (OCN) as a marker of a mature osteoblast-like phenotype, and vimentin (VIM) as a marker of the fibroblast phenotype. In addition, matrix mineralization was characterized histologically with Von Kossa stain for calcium phosphate. Osteogenic response was further characterized biochemically with calcium assays, and physically via optical density measurements. When the osteogenic medium was supplemented with calcium chloride, OCN expression was upregulated and mineralization was discernable at 12 days of culture. Finally, this platform was used to screen various drug therapeutics that were assessed for their efficacy in preventing mineralization using optical density as a higher throughput readout. Collectively, these results suggest that matrix composition has a key role in supporting mineralization deposition within diseased valve tissue.
Departmental support structures for physics graduate students: Development and psychometric evaluation of a self-report instrument

Survey results from physics graduate programs suggest that students enrolled in the APS Bridge Program are more satisfied with departmental support structures than those in nonaffiliated programs.
Comparative efficacy of three techniques for monitoring the establishment and spread of larval parasitoids recently introduced for biological control of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Abstract We compared three detection methods for two larval parasitoids introduced for the control of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The three methods compared were 1) debarking the lower 2 m of ash trees, 2) yellow pan traps (YPT), and 3) sentinel logs containing manually inserted late-instar EAB larvae. The parasitoids studied were released in a mixed hardwood forest in Cromwell, Connecticut from 2015 to 2017 and had established self-sustaining populations before this experiment. In 2019, we deployed all three detection methods along two transects (4.6 km and 5.7 km long, respectively) radiating out from the parasitoid release area. All three methods detected both parasitoid species. Each parasitoid was detected at the furthest transect point of at least one of the transects. Sentinel logs were the most efficient method for capturing T. planipennisi, with a labor requirement of 2.4 h/detection (139 h/57 broods). Debarking, in contrast, was the most efficient method for S. galinae, with a labor requirement of 3.6 h/detection (172 h/48 broods). YPT were the least efficient technique, capturing only 15 T. planipennisi and 9 S. galinae wasps for the entire trapping period at Cromwell, a labor requirement of 18.7 h/per detection (280 h/15 adults) and 31.1 h/detection (280 h/9 adults), respectively. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these three techniques.
Human and Robot Task Performance

The industrial robot, which might be viewed as a combination of a remote manipulator and a numerically controlled machine tool, is now an accepted element in manufacturing with some thousands of robots at work in the United States today. With the addition of task sensors (vision, force, and touch) and the decision making capabilities of digital computers a much greater range of tasks becomes possible for these devices.
Chapter 6 Rod Guanylate Cyclase Located in Axonemes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the rod guanylate cyclase located in axonemes. In most tissues, guanylate cyclase is either soluble or membrane-bound, and it can be solubilized by a nonionic detergent, such as Triton. Attempts to isolate the axoneme of bovine retinal rods to compare its characteristics with those of the axonemes of motile cilia and flagella have demonstrated that phototactic, mechanotactic, and chemotactic protozoa respond to appropriate stimuli by changing the orientation or pattern of beating of their cilia or flagella. Because several vertebrate sensory receptors have retained a ciliated structure, it has been suggested that axonemes might have a function in vertebrate sensory reception similar to the role they play in the tactic behavior of protozoa. Methods employed to dissolve the axonemes of motile cilia and flagella, such as prolonged dialysis against EDTA at low ionic strength, show that after rod axonemes have been subjected to this treatment, about half of the tubulin and half of the guanylate cyclase activity remain in the supernatant after centrifugation for 1 hr at 12,000g.
Valerian and Other CAM Botanicals in Treatment of Sleep Disturbances

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a commonly used herbal sedative, valerian for sleep disorders, with an emphasis on older people. One of the most prevalent health problems of older adults is mentioned to be sleep disturbance and the use of prescription drugs further aggravates the condition and so many people use herbal products as an alternative therapy for the disorder. An overview of the botanical products commonly used for this condition and the effectiveness and safety of these products in older people is given. A general description of the various sleep disorders, including insomnia, which is a sleep-wake disorder, advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD) and periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) and Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is presented. It also gives information on the numerous herbs having sedating qualities as recommended by the German Commission E, known internationally for monographs on medicinal herbs. Valerian is mentioned to be the top-selling herbs in the United States and various studies of the effect of valerian on sleep is mentioned. Some other herbal sedatives being discussed include hops, lemon balm, lavender, passion flower and kava.