cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vanadium geochemistry along groundwater flow paths in contrasting aquifers of the United States: Carrizo Sand (Texas) and Oasis Valley (Nevada) aquifers

Abstract Vanadium (V) concentrations were measured along the flow paths in two contrasting aquifer systems to study how changing solution composition and redox conditions affect V cycling and transport in groundwater flow systems. The Oasis Valley groundwater system in Nevada is an unconfined system where groundwaters generally remain oxic along the flow path, whereas the Carrizo Sand aquifer is a deep, confined coastal plain aquifer in Texas that contains well-defined Fe(III) and SO 4 2 − reduction zones along the flow path. Speciation modeling predicts that in groundwaters from the Oasis Valley, V chiefly occurs as the vanadate oxyanion (e.g., H 2 VO 4 − , HVO 4 2 − ), which is mobile along the entire flow path because of vanadate's solubility in oxic and alkaline waters. Furthermore, the data indicate that V concentrations increase in groundwaters along the flow path suggesting that mineral dissolution and/or desorption reactions progressively contribute V to groundwaters of the Oasis Valley system. Geochemical modeling is consistent with dissolution of mafic phenocrysts that are common in the local tuffaceous aquifer rocks as a probable source of V to Oasis Valley groundwaters. Within the Carrizo Sand aquifer, groundwater V concentrations decrease with flow beyond the recharge zone and into the confined portion of the aquifer. Thereafter, total V concentrations remain low and relatively constant along the remainder of the studied flow path, exhibiting no systematic variations across the Fe(III) and SO 4 2 − reduction zones. Groundwaters from the Carrizo Sand aquifer are generally reducing, and as such, geochemical modeling suggests that both V(V) and V(IV) species occur in Carrizo Sand groundwaters, and furthermore, that the proportion of V(IV) species increases concurrent with the decrease in total V concentrations along the flow path. Results from sequential extraction experiments on Carrizo Sand aquifer sediment samples suggest that V adsorption onto Fe(III)/Mn(IV) oxides/oxyhydroxides acts to decrease the aqueous V concentrations in Carrizo Sand groundwater. Furthermore, geochemical modeling is consistent with complexation of V(IV) with dissolved organic matter (DOM) within the Carrizo Sand aquifer groundwaters, which, owing to the low DOM concentrations, appears to buffer V at low, but relatively constant concentrations within the confined and reducing Carrizo Sand groundwaters. These results support previous reports of V(IV)–DOM binding and imply that aquifer material maintains an essential role in not only determining the availability of V to enter aqueous solution but also in influencing partitioning between solid and aqueous phases.
Pregnancy outcomes among patients with vasculitis.

Objective Pregnancy outcomes of patients with vasculitis are unknown, but are of great concern to patients and physicians. Through an online survey, this study assessed pregnancy outcomes among patients with vasculitis. Methods Participants in the Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium Patient Contact Registry were invited to respond to an anonymous, internet-based survey that included questions about pregnancy outcomes, the timing of pregnancy relative to a diagnosis of vasculitis, and medication use. Results A total of 350 women and 113 men completed the survey. After a diagnosis of vasculitis, 74 pregnancies were reported by women and 18 conceptions were reported by men. The rate of pregnancy loss was higher among women who conceived after a diagnosis of vasculitis compared to those who conceived prior to diagnosis (33.8% versus 22.4%; P = 0.04). Among women, the rate of preterm births increased significantly for pregnancies conceived after a diagnosis of vasculitis relative to those conceived before diagnosis (23.3% versus 11.4%; P = 0.03). Only 18% of women reported worsening of vasculitis during pregnancy, but those who experienced increased vasculitis activity were more likely to deliver preterm. Exposure to cyclophosphamide or prednisone did not appear to impact pregnancy outcomes; however, the number of pregnancies among women taking these medications was small. Among the pregnancies conceived by men with vasculitis, the timing of diagnosis had no significant effect on the rate of pregnancy loss. Conclusion Women who conceived after a diagnosis of vasculitis had a higher rate of pregnancy loss than those who conceived prior to diagnosis. Vasculitis did not worsen during the majority of pregnancies conceived after diagnosis.
Using SDO EVE data as a proxy for GOES XRS B 1–8 angstrom

[1] Solar soft X-ray irradiance measured by the GOES X-Ray Sensor (XRS) is a critical measurement for space weather operations. At present, there is a primary GOES XRS operating with a second XRS in storage on orbit. This configuration results in gaps in critical observational coverage when the primary XRS is nonoperational such as during satellite maneuvers and during the spring and fall eclipse seasons. EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory provides near–real-time measurements of the solar soft X-ray irradiances at wavelengths similar to XRS. This study examines the accuracy in using EVE data as a proxy for GOES XRS. Using EVE data, we develop three different solar irradiance index models, which are then tested to determine how well they predict the XRS irradiances and magnitude (GOES class) of solar flares. The best performing index model has been implemented in Version 3 of EVE data and is publicly available within minimal latency through the EVE Science Processing and Operations Center.
Specimen Collection and Processing

Proper collection and preparation techniques are essential for accurate cytopathologic diagnosis. A detailed description of collection techniques, including sputum, bronchoscopic, and fine needle aspiration (transbronchial and transthoracic) samples, their processing, and an assessment of adequacy on microscopic examination are presented.
The Gap Function in YBa2Cu3O7

We have solved the four-dimensional anisotropic Eliashberg gap equation for YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) using the calculated electronic structure and the electron–phonon interaction matrix elements. The calculated Tc for YBCO is about 89 K or μ*= 0.1. At or slightly above the transition temperature Tc, the real part of the gap function Δ(k, 0), for all the k-points on the Fermi surface, becomes zero and the material is not superconducting. However, the energy gap function Δ(k,ω) is still nonzero for ω > 0 for some electronic states, leading to a pseudo-gap behavior in YBCO.
Influence of weather boundary conditions on building energy modeling

Energy used for buildings is a large share of the energy consumed in the United States. Distributed power generation is a possible way to reduce energy consumption and emissions. Building energy consumption in urban environments is highly dependent on weather conditions surrounding the building, but most building energy simulations use weather data (TMY3) that is not site-specific. In this paper we investigated the influence of weather boundary conditions on energy simulations for 4 commercial building types by, comparing the electric and heating loads and rooftop photovoltaic power production for 3 locations in the same urban area. The results demonstrate that each of these commercial building types are similarly affected by site-specific weather conditions. In particular, they show that electrical loads are not very affected by this change, while the solar power production is overestimated by TMY3 data in comparison with customized weather data.
Developmental DNA Rearrangements and Micronucleus-Specific Sequences in Five Species within the Tetrahymena Pyriformis Species Complex

In Tetrahymena thermophila, the development of a transcriptionally active macronucleus from a transcriptionally inert micronucleus includes the elimination of many segments of DNA, the bulk of which belong to repetitive sequence families. Two approaches were used to study the interspecies variations in developmentally eliminated DNA segments. First, the occurrence of restriction fragments crosshybridizing to developmentally eliminated DNA segments isolated from T. thermophila was examined in other species of Tetrahymena. Most micronucleus-specific sequence families examined showed large differences in numbers and intensities of crosshybridizing bands in different species, indicating the possibility of gain or loss of repeats within each of the sequence families. Second, the presence of developmentally excisable DNA segments, i.e., of rearrangement sites, was examined in the same set of species at a number of unique loci. This was carried out by comparing the hybridization patterns of seven unique macronucleus-retained sequences in the micro- and macronuclei of each of the species. Essentially all of the loci displayed variability with respect to the presence of rearrangement sites among the species examined. Results from the two approaches indicate that generation or loss of developmental rearrangements can occur among the species examined here.
Pragmatics in memory: A study of natural conversation

Sentence processing in the context of natural, purposeful communication is said to differ from sentence processing in laboratory experiments in that pragmatic information is involved. Included in pragmatic information are the speaker's intentions, beliefs, and attitude toward the listener; such information is referred to as the interactional content of an utterance. Recognition memory for statements made during a luncheon discussion group was tested in an incidental learning paradigm following a retention interval of 30 hours. Statements which were high in interactional content yielded excellent memory for surface form, as well as meaning; statements low in interactional content showed no memory for surface form, and less memory for content. Three control studies demonstrate that this difference in memory for high and low interactional content statements cannot be due to (a) differences in the textual properties of the sentences; (b) differences in the quality of the distractors; or (c) reconstruction based on knowledge of the speaker's stylistic habits.
Processing Sticky Cotton: Effect of Stickiness on Yarn Quality

Seventeen cotton samples with small-to-moderate stickiness contamination were created by mixing sticky cottons with non-sticky cottons, and then processed through ring and rotor spinning. Trehalulose contents ranged from 0.002% to 0.034% of the fiber weight (corresponding to 1.8% and 16.8% of the total sugars), while melezitose contents ranged from 0.023% to 0.071% (corresponding to 10.5% and 22.5% of the total sugars). High-speed stickiness detector (H2SD) readings of the card slivers ranged from 2.0 to15.7. At these relatively low levels of contamination there was no correlation between ends-down in spinning and H2SD readings. Results showed that in the short term, less than 12 H2SD spots within a mix of cotton does not seem to influence spinning productivity on either ring (Saco-Lowell SF-3H) or rotor (Rieter R20) systems. A slight, but significant, negative effect on the ring-spun yarn quality was found even at low levels of stickiness. In the long term, it appears likely that even very small amounts ...
Single-cell analysis of Drosophila larval neuromuscular synapses.

The neuromuscular system of Drosophila has been widely used in studies on synaptic development. In the embryo, the cellular components of this model system are well established, with uniquely identified motoneurons displaying specific connectivity with distinct muscles. Such knowledge is essential to analyzing axon guidance and synaptic matching mechanisms with single-cell resolution. In contrast, to date the cellular identities of the larval neuromuscular synapses are hardly established. It is not known whether synaptic connections seen in the embryo persist, nor is it known how individual motor endings may differentiate through the larval stages. In this study, we combine single-cell dye labeling of individual synaptic boutons and counterstaining of the entire nervous system to characterize the synaptic partners and bouton differentiation of the 30 motoneuron axons from four nerve branches (ISN, SNa, SNb, and SNd). We also show the cell body locations of 4 larval motoneurons (RP3, RP5, V, and MN13-Ib) and the types of innervation they develop. Our observations support the following: (1) Only 1 motoneuron axon of a given bouton type innervates a single muscle, while up to 4 motoneuron axons of different bouton types can innervate the same muscle. (2) The type of boutons which each motoneuron axon forms is likely influenced by cell-autonomous factors. The data offer a basis for studying the properties of synaptic differentiation, maintenance, and plasticity with a high cellular resolution.
Computing Curricula 1991 and the Case for Object‐Oriented Methodology

Because it is widely distributed and respected, Computing Curricula 1991 is an excellent point of reference for determining the importance of any topic in the undergraduate computer science curriculum. Therefore, in attempting to make a case for object‐oriented methodology (OOM), it is worth considering the role assigned to OOM by Curricula 1991. Although Curricula 1991 makes few direct references to OOM, it does emphasize software development in general. By showing that OOM is important in software development, we make a case for devoting a substantial amount of time to OOM in the computer science curriculum.
Comparative pulmonary toxicity of inhaled nickel nanoparticles; role of deposited dose and solubility.

In this pilot study, we investigated which physicochemical properties of nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (nano-NH) were mainly responsible in inducing pulmonary toxicity. First, we studied the role of nickel ions solubilized from nano-NH by comparing the toxic effects of nano-NH to those of readily soluble nickel sulfate nanoparticles (nano-NS). Additionally, to test whether there was a non-specific stress response due to particle morphology, we compared the toxicity of nano-NH with that of carbon nanoparticles (nano-C) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-Ti), both of which had similar physical properties such as particle size and shape, to nano-NH. We exposed mice to each type of nanoparticles for 4 h via a whole-body inhalation system and examined oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the lung. We also determined the lung burden and clearance of Ni following nano-NH and nano-NS exposures. The results showed that lung deposition of nano-NH was significantly greater than that of nano-NS and n...
High-fidelity chemical patterning on oxide-free germanium

Oxide-free germanium can be chemically patterned directly with self-assembled monolayers of n-alkanethiols via submerged microcontact printing. Native germanium dioxide is water soluble; immersion activates the germanium surface for self-assembly by stripping the oxide. Water additionally provides an effective diffusion barrier that prevents undesired ink transport. Patterns are stable with respect to molecular exchange by carboxyl-functionalized thiols.
The bit-reversal SDRAM address mapping

The performance contributions of SDRAM address mapping techniques in the main memory of an embedded system are studied and examined. While spatial locality existing in the access stream increases SDRAM row hit rate, it also increases row conflicts. Mapping of the physical address bits into SDRAM column, row, bank and rank index impacts system performance significantly. A novel address mapping scheme, called bit-reversal, is described and experimentally compared against known methods. The bit-reversal address mapping increases SDRAM row hit rate from 43% to 66% by distributing conflicting memory accesses over independent SDRAM banks. Bit-reversal address mapping reduces the average memory access latency by 26%-29% over other methods, resulting in a 11.7%-13.5% reduction of total execution time. The configuration space of bit-reversal address mapping is explored. Finally, limited studies examining the impact of address mapping techniques in conjunction with SDRAM controller policy and virtual paging illustrate that mapping is better suited to virtual memory free embedded systems than desktop workstations incorporating paging mechanisms.
Hamilton decompositions of graphs with primitive complements

A k-factor of a graph is a k-regular spanning subgraph. A Hamilton cycle is a connected 2-factor. A graph G is said to be primitive if it contains no k-factor with 1@?k<@D(G). A Hamilton decomposition of a graph G is a partition of the edges of G into sets, each of which induces a Hamilton cycle. In this paper, by using the amalgamation technique, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a 2x-regular graph G on n vertices which: 1.has a Hamilton decomposition, and 2.has a complement in K"n that is primitive. This extends the conditions studied by Hoffman, Rodger, and Rosa [D.G. Hoffman, C.A. Rodger, A. Rosa, Maximal sets of 2-factors and Hamiltonian cycles, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 57 (1) (1993) 69-76] who considered maximal sets of Hamilton cycles and 2-factors. It also sheds light on construction approaches to the Hamilton-Waterloo problem.
Puerto Rican Spiritism

Alternative Paths to Healing: A Videocassette Series in Four Parts (1981). Part I: Spiritism and Mental Health in Puerto Rico (32 min.); Part II: Dialogue between Spiritists and Mental Health Workers; Case Reviews (36 min.); Part III: Perspectives and Referrals between Spirits and Mental Health Professionals (38 min.); Part IV: Treatment Modalities in Spiritism and Mental Health Delivery (39 min.). Joan D. Koss
Exploring early academic responses to Functions of the Executive

Purpose – This paper aims to deepen understanding of the influence of Barnard's Functions of the Executive in management theory by examining its early scholarly reception. Design/methodology/approach – The research presented is a qualitative analysis of references to Barnard's work in academic journals prior to 1956, based on 139 articles identified through text-based searching of electronic databases. Findings – Favorable opinions of Barnard's book tend to emphasize his practical insights as a business executive, while his conceptual frameworks are viewed more skeptically. Criticism often focuses on the “scientific” legitimacy of his approach or his perceived ideological perspective. Concepts prominently discussed vary among social science disciplines, and his name is quickly tied to those of subsequent academics whose work is “like” his – these likewise vary by discipline. As they emerge, their voices on the concepts may supersede Barnard's influence. Research limitations/implications – Since this study...
Fouling and its mitigation in silicon microchannels used for IC chip cooling

Particulate fouling studies with alumina dispersions in water were performed in rectangular, silicon microchannels having hydraulic diameters between 220 and 225 μm with Reynolds numbers of 17–41. Data show for the most part the absence of particle deposition within the microchannels. The primary reason for this is the relatively high wall shear stress at the microchannel walls of 2.3–3.5 Pa compared to conventional size passageways. In contrast, the headers for the microchannels are quite susceptible to particulate fouling under the same conditions. This is because the shear stress in the header region is lower. Proper adjustment of pH has been identified to effectively mitigate the fouling by controlling the electrostatic forces of repulsion between particle–particle interactions.
Jitter camera: a super-resolution video camera

Video cameras must produce images at a reasonable frame-rate and with a reasonable depth of field. These requirements impose fundamental physical limits on the spatial resolution of the image detector. As a result, current cameras produce videos with a very low resolution. The resolution of videos can be computationally enhanced by moving the camera and applying super-resolution reconstruction algorithms. However, a moving camera introduces motion blur, which limits super-resolution quality. We analyze this effect and derive a theoretical result showing that motion blur has a substantial degrading effect on the performance of super resolution. The conclusion is, that in order to achieve the highest resolution, motion blur should be avoided. Motion blur can be minimized by sampling the space-time volume of the video in a specific manner. We have developed a novel camera, called the "jitter camera," that achieves this sampling. By applying an adaptive super-resolution algorithm to the video produced by the jitter camera, we show that resolution can be notably enhanced for stationary or slowly moving objects, while it is improved slightly or left unchanged for objects with fast and complex motions. The end result is a video that has a significantly higher resolution than the captured one.
Neurons and glia in cat superior colliculus accumulate [3H] gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)

We have examined by autoradiography the labeling pattern in the cat superior colliculus following injection of tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Silver grains were heavily distributed within the zonal layer and the upper 200 micrometer of the superficial gray. Fewer grains were observed deeper within the superficial gray, and still fewer were found within the optic and intermediate gray layers. The accumulation of label was restricted to certain classes of neuron and glia. Densely labeled neurons were small (8-12 micrometer in diameter) and located primarily within the upper 200 micrometer. Dark oligodendrocytes and astrocytes showed a moderate accumulation of label while pale oligodendrocytes and microglia were unlabeled. Label was also selectively accumulated over several other types of profile within the neuropil, including presynaptic dendrites, axons, and axon terminals.
Preform design in plane-strain rolling by the finite-element method☆

Abstract The problem of design of preform end shapes for eliminating crop loss in plane-strain rolling was investigated by the use of the finite-element method. For non-workhardening materials, the finite-element simulation of rolling of flat-ended plates shows the formation of defective end shapes. The finite-element simulation was further performed for rolling of a plate with approximate preform end shapes in order to examine the approximate solutions. The backward tracing scheme by the finite-element method was applied to non-workhardening materials and more accurate preform end contours were obtained. Further, the effect of workhardening on preform shapes was investigated by using the backward tracing scheme. The results revealed that the effect of workhardening on the front end contour is appreciable, reflecting more complex deformation characteristics on the contour design. It is emphasized that this investigation demonstrates the important role of the finite-element method in various aspects of preform design in metal forming.
Expression of floor plate in dispersed mesencephalic cultures: role in differentiation of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons

The availability of sufficient numbers of dopaminergic neurons for transplantation has been an important issue. Recently, it has been shown that the ventral floor plate (FP4-positive) cells and the transcription factor HNF-3beta are important in the signals that terminate proliferation and produce differentiation of the dopaminergic phenotype. In this study, dispersed mesencephalon from embryonic rats at Day 11 postcoitus (E-11), 1 day prior to the birth of TH cells, were cultured for 48 h and 1 week to evaluate TH neuronal differentiation and/or proliferation in vitro. The number of TH cells increased 14x between 48 h and 1 week in culture. In dispersed E-14 cultures, the presence of FP4 and HNF-3beta markers was demonstrated using immunohistochemistry. The majority of FP4-positive cell clusters were associated with TH neurons, suggesting that floor plate cells may have participated in TH neuron differentiation in culture. Antisense oligonucleotide probe for HNF-3beta mRNA added daily to cultured E-14 cells blocked the HNF-3beta expression, but had no effect on the FP4 or TH expression. These studies suggest a potentially important role for floor plate cells in the differentiation of TH cells, and differentiation and/or proliferation of TH cells in dispersed cultures of E-11 is demonstrated.
Patients with head injuries refusing emergency medical services transport

Primary objective: To characterize patients with head injury who refuse emergency medical services (EMS) transport to an emergency department (ED). To identify predictors of patients with head injury who refuse EMS transport. Research design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Patients with a head injury cared for by EMS during 2001 were identified. Medical records were abstracted for demographic and clinical information and reasons for refusing transport. Patients accepting transport were compared to those refusing. Reasons for refusing transport were described. Results: Three hundred and thirty-three patients with head injuries were identified. Sixteen per cent refused EMS transport. Patients refusing transport were more likely to be male, younger and victims of assault and less likely to have lost consciousness. Patients refusing transport often felt they did not need care or could obtain care later. Conclusions: Patients with head injuries frequently refuse EMS transportation. Individuals accepting ...
(106)Ru plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma: factors associated with local tumor recurrence.

Abstract Purpose Plaque brachytherapy is a common form of treatment for uveal melanoma, and the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) used 125 I. Recently, 106 Ru has been reintroduced for plaque brachytherapy in the United States. We reviewed our experience treating uveal melanoma with 106 Ru plaque brachytherapy using COMS planning techniques, hypothesizing that we would observe similar outcomes to those in the COMS. Methods and Materials Medical records of patients undergoing 106 Ru plaque brachytherapy were reviewed retrospectively. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were recorded. Outcomes including visual acuity, local tumor recurrence, salvage treatment, metastasis, and survival were recorded. Cox regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with local tumor recurrence and enucleation. Results Twenty-eight patients were studied. Median age was 60 years, and 50% were men. Median tumor base diameter and height were 9.4 and 2.6 mm, respectively. Ophthalmic complications were rare. Local tumor recurrence and enucleation occurred in 13 and 4 patients, respectively. Local tumor recurrence was associated with low visual acuity in the tumor-bearing eye, posterior tumors, small plaque size, and difference in plaque–tumor diameter of Conclusions Among patients treated with 106 Ru plaque brachytherapy using COMS planning techniques, we found a greater than expected rate of local tumor recurrence. Planning 106 Ru plaque brachytherapy should be done carefully at centers that have previously used COMS protocols and 125 I.
The relationship between uracil nucleotide concentrations and glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes from fed and fasted rats

The relationship between glycogen synthesis and uracil nucleotide content was studied in rat hepatocytes. When hepatocytes were incubated in the presence of uridine in the incubation medium there was an increase in the rate of incorporation of U-14C-glucose into glycogen. In hepatocytes incubated in the absence of uridine for 1 hr there were large decreases in the cellular contents of UDPG and UTP, while in the presence of 5 mM uridine the concentrations of these nucleotides increased 2 to 3 fold. In hepatocytes from fasted rats uracil nucleotide contents were lower than in hepatocytes from fed rats and the effect of uridine on glycogen synthesis was greater.
Effect of hydrogen doping on electrical properties of YBaCuO thin films

Abstract We report our studies on the influence of hydrogen doping on the electrical properties of epitaxial YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (YBCO) thin films of various oxygen content. We have found that hydrogenation increased the YBCO's normal-state resistivity, as well as broadened its superconducting transition and decreased the T c . The above effects were most pronounced in YBCO with low oxygen contents. However, they could be reversed by a subsequent annealing of the samples in oxygen. We associate the observed behavior with the hydrogen-diffusion-induced modification of the free-hole concentration in YBCO CuO 2 planes.
Trends in the Surgical Treatment of Articular Cartilage Lesions in the United States: An Analysis of a Large Private-Payer Database Over a Period of 8 Years

Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify the current trends in knee cartilage surgical techniques performed in the United States from 2004 through 2011 using a large private-payer database. A secondary objective was to identify salient demographic factors associated with these procedures. Methods We performed a retrospective database review using a large private-payer medical record database within the PearlDiver database. The PearlDiver database is a publicly available, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant national database compiled from a collection of private insurer records. A search was performed for surgical techniques in cartilage palliation (chondroplasty), repair (microfracture/drilling), and restoration (arthroscopic osteochondral autograft, arthroscopic osteochondral allograft, autologous chondrocyte implantation, open osteochondral allograft, and open osteochondral autograft). The incidence, growth, and demographic factors associated with the surgical procedures were assessed. Results From 2004 through 2011, 198,876,000 patients were analyzed. A surgical procedure addressing a cartilage defect was performed in 1,959,007 patients, for a mean annual incidence of 90 surgeries per 10,000 patients. Across all cartilage procedures, there was a 5.0% annual incidence growth (palliative, 3.7%; repair, 0%; and restorative, 3.1%) ( P = .027). Palliative techniques (chondroplasty) were more common (>2:1 ratio for repair [marrow-stimulation techniques] and 50:1 ratio for restoration [autologous chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral autograft and allograft]). Palliative surgical approaches were the most common technique, regardless of age, sex, or region. Conclusions Articular cartilage surgical procedures in the knee are common in the United States, with an annual incidence growth of 5%. Surgical techniques aimed at palliation are more common than cartilage repair and restoration techniques regardless of age, sex, or region. Level of Evidence Level IV, retrospective database analysis.
Effects of Viscosity and Temperature on the Foaming Characteristics of Concentrated Whole Milk

Summary To better understand continuous vacuum foam-drying of whole milk, a study of milk concentrate foams was undertaken. An apparatus was developed for measuring two independent parameters, foaming ability and stability. Foaming ability was defined as the initial height of foams immediately after formation in a column and stability was defined as the rate of subsidence of these foams. Foam determinations were made on several concentrate batches of 44 ± 1.5% solids between 50 and 95 F. Variations in concentrate viscosity were caused by temperature changes and intrinsic batch differences and ranged from 70 to 800 centipoises. Foam stability was well correlated with concentrate viscosity. Foaming ability of each batch was correlated with temperature and minima were 70 F. A complex correlation of viscosity and temperature described foaming ability for all batches. These experiments confirmed the importance of viscosity and temperature as control parameters in the vacuum foam-drying process and also showed that final foam structure is established early in the drying operation.
Use of the Smith Chart with Complex Characteristic Impedance

The Smith chart has long been recognized as a useful classroom aid in the study of transmission lines and waveguides. It could also be used for more general n-port network calculations, except that normalizing with respect to a complex characteristic impedance can lead to left half-plane normalized impedances and, consequently, points outside the standard Smith chart even for passive terminations. A simple transformation is presented which permits the direct use of the standard Smith chart in such cases. Detailed examples of a filter and low-frequency transmission line are presented.
Initiation by a Eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Requires Looping of the Template End and Is Influenced by the Template-tailing Activity of an Associated Uridyltransferase

A conserved family of eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) initiates or amplifies the production of small RNAs to provide sequence specificity for gene regulation by Argonaute/Piwi proteins. RDR-dependent silencing processes affect the genotype-phenotype relationship in many eukaryotes, but the principles that underlie the specificity of RDR template selection and product synthesis are largely unknown. Here, we characterize the initiation specificity of the Tetrahymena RDR, Rdr1, as a heterologously expressed single subunit and in the context of its biologically assembled multisubunit complexes (RDRCs). Truncation analysis of recombinant Rdr1 revealed domain requirements different from those of the only other similarly characterized RDR, suggesting that there are subfamilies of the RDR enzyme with distinct structural requirements for activity. We demonstrate an apparently obligate Rdr1 mechanism of initiation in which the template end is looped to provide the hydroxyl group priming the synthesis of dsRNA. RDRC subunits with poly(U) polymerase activity can act on the template end prior to looping to increase the duplex length of product, thus impacting the small RNA sequences generated by the RDRC-coupled Dicer. Overall, our findings give new perspective on mechanisms of RDR initiation and demonstrate that non-RDR subunits of an RDRC can affect the specificity of product synthesis.
Organization and segregation of bacterial chromosomes

The bacterial chromosome must be compacted more than 1,000-fold to fit into the compartment in which it resides. How it is condensed, organized and ultimately segregated has been a puzzle for over half a century. Recent advances in live-cell imaging and genome-scale analyses have led to new insights into these problems. We argue that the key feature of compaction is the orderly folding of DNA along adjacent segments and that this organization provides easy and efficient access for protein-DNA transactions and has a central role in driving segregation. Similar principles and common proteins are used in eukaryotes to condense and to resolve sister chromatids at metaphase.
Evidence for Apoptosis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rat Striatum

The overall hypothesis that cell death after intracerebral hemorrhage is mediated in part by apoptotic mechanisms was tested. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced in rats using stereotactic infusions of 0.5 U of collagenase (1-microL volume) into the striatum. After 24 hours, large numbers of TUNEL-positive stained cells with morphologies suggestive of apoptosis were present in the center and periphery of the hemorrhage. Double staining with Nissl and immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies against neuronal nuclei and glial fibrillary acidic protein suggested that these TUNEL-positive cells were mostly neurons and astrocytes. Electrophoresis of hemorrhagic brain extracts showed evidence of DNA laddering into approximately 200-bp fragments. Western blots showed cleavage of the cytosolic caspase substrate gelsolin. The density of TUNEL-positive cells at 24 and 48 hours after hemorrhage was significantly reduced by treatment with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVADfmk. It was unlikely that apoptotic changes were due to neurotoxicity of injected collagenase because TUNEL-positive cells and DNA laddering were also obtained in an alternative model of hemorrhage where autologous blood was infused into the striatum. Furthermore, equivalent doses of collagenase did not induce cell death in primary neuronal cultures. These results provide initial evidence that apoptotic mechanisms may mediate some of the injury in brain after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Note on the Single-Closed-Shell Nuclei

Assuming the existence of a sphencal 16O core, self-consistent Hartree-fock, Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov, and spherical BCS calculations for the even oxygen isotopes are carried out for Kue-Brown and a number of other effective interactions. In agreement with the finding of Chandra and Rustgi for the even Ca and Ni isotopes, the spherical BCS approximation is found to yield the actual minimum-energy solution for the even oxygen isotopes as well. The present calculation thus adds credibility to the general inferences made by Chandra and Rustgi that, for single-closed-shell structures, the self-consistent shape will always be spherical BCS.
Personality profiles of women in traditional and nontraditional occupations

Abstract Realizing the need for a comprehensive comparison of personality traits between noncollege-degreed women in female typical occupations (FTO) and male typical occupations (MTO), we examined the personality profiles of 171 women (131 women in four FTO and 40 women in two MTO) using the California Psychological Inventory (CPI, Gough 1975, Manual for the California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Press). The two groups were equally educated and were within the same age bracket. Although the personality configurations of women in the two groups were generally similar, a stepwise discriminant analysis showed that five scales differentiated between the personality of women in FTO and MTO. These were Femininity (Fe), Communality (Cm), Self-control (Sc), Capacity for status (Cs), and Dominance (Do). Profile similarities and differences were used to describe women in these noncollege-degreed occupations and were related to the literature on personality and career management. Relevance of these findings to future research focusing on within-gender differences and cognitive perspectives was discussed.
Synthesis of ammonia borane for hydrogen storage applications

A new synthetic procedure to make the condensed phase hydrogen storage material, ammonia borane (NH3BH3, abbreviated as AB), is described and compared with previous literature procedures. Ammonia borane with a gravimetric density ca. 194 gm H2 kg−1 and a volumetric density ca. 146 H2 litre−1, is a promising chemical hydrogen storage material for fuel cell powered applications. The work shows that ammonium borohydride, NH4BH4, formed in situ by the metathesis of NH4X and MBH4 salts (M = Na, Li; X = Cl, F) in liquid NH3, can be induced to decompose in an organic ether to yield AB in near quantitative yield. The purity of the AB prepared by this one-pot synthetic strategy is sufficient to meet the thermal stability requirements for on-board hydrogen storage.
Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership

Public administrators need not only practical and intellectual permission to exercise leadership, but also a practical and intellectual understanding of what leadership actually is. Much has emerged in the public administration literature and practice about the need for and legitimacy of public managers exerting leadership in their work, complementing the traditional functions of organizational management and policy implementation. Calling on the experiences and ideas of practitioners, this article offers an empirical understanding—both descriptive and prescriptive—of what leadership actually looks like as it is practiced by public managers. It uncovers five leadership perspectives (ranging from leadership as equivalent to scientific management, to leadership being a whole-soul or spiritual endeavor) held by public managers and discusses their implications for public administration. It legitimizes the notion that leadership is a crucial part of public administration and offers public managers the chance to improve or enhance those legitimate leadership activities.
Homogeneous Functions Of Modules Over Local Rings, Ii

In this paper we continue our investigation of the transfer of structural information between a module V over a local ring R and its associated near-ring Mr(V) of homogeneous functions. We consider the structure of the subnear-ring Dist(Mr(V)) of distributive elements of Mr(V) and also determine conditions under which every homogeneous function on Vr is locally an R-endomorphism of V.
Stabilization of the intermediate in frameshift mutation.

A mismatch repair, proofreading deficient mutant of Escherichia coli lost a C from a C8 run at a rate 10 times higher than the loss of A from an A8 sequence in the same double mutant. This greater frameshift instability of a homopolymeric run of C's may be due to stabilization of a stacked intermediate. Gain of a (CA) unit in a similarly constructed (CA)15 sequence occurred at a rate about 1/3 that previously reported for a (CA)14 construct losing a (CA) repeat unit.
Electromyography in patients with orofacial pain

Electromyography may aid in diagnosis of nerve and muscle disorders by indicat­ ing evidence of aberration of the motor unit. Almost all of 24 patients with vari­ ous orofacial pain problems had abnor­ mal electromyograms. When electromy­ ography of the temporalis, masseter and digastric muscles was performed bilater­ ally, the most common findings were pre­ dominance, tetany or both of one or more muscles either ipsilateral or contralateral to the origin of pain.
Primary obstetrics and gynecology in developing countries: shifting the focus to older women's health

Abstract When one thinks of the field of women's health in the developing world, traditionally, one immediately relates it to maternal health and care of those women of reproductive age. Little attention is given to older women's health care. Yet it has been documented that older women with poor access to care have higher age-adjusted mortality. As the abundant existing reproductive-aged women become older, the number of older women in the developing world will increase. In 1994, nearly 312 million of the world's 469 million elderly women resided in developing countries. Currently, out of the 600 million older women worldwide, there are over 400 million older women living in the developing world. It is estimated that by 2020 five out of seven will reside in developing countries, an absolute increase of about 360 million compared to 87 million in developed countries. This article focuses on some of the existing health problems, such as breast and cervical cancer, and their barriers in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in older women in developing countries. It then discusses the emerging issues from a neglect of the multifaceted problems of older women’s health. Finally, there is a call for a multidisciplinary approach to proposed solutions for future directions in this desperately needed field.
Drill Wear Feature Identification under Varying Cutting Conditions Using Vibration and Cutting Force Signals and Data Mining Techniques

Abstract Monitoring drill wear is a major topic in automated manufacturing operations. This paper presents an effective drill wear feature identification scheme based on robust clustering techniques. Three types of drill wear (namely; chisel wear, chipped edge and flank wear) are artificially induced on the drill point. The drill cutting edge wear related features are extracted experimentally by processing the force signals from a three-axis piezoelectric load cell in both the time and frequency domains. Techniques based on the short time Fourier transform (STFT), wavelet transform (WT) and statistical parameters are utilized for feature extraction. The sensitivity of the proposed method is tested under different cutting feed and speed conditions. The computational study is conducted using the features extracted from three dimensional vibration and cutting force signals. The type of drill wear and related variations in the cutting forces are identified using robust clustering methods. The objective is to isolate regions in the feature space, each region corresponding to one of the drill wear types. Results show that power spectral density data clusters better than data obtained using wavelet coefficients. The clustering results can be used to design classifiers for real time monitoring of wear conditions while drilling.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NARROW-BAND, TUNABLE, FREQUENCY-QUADRUPLED DIODE LASER FOR UV ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

A compact, lightweight, low-power-consumption source of tunable, narrow-bandwidth blue and UV radiation is described. In this source, a single-longitudinal-mode diode laser seeds a pulsed, GaAlAs tapered amplifier whose ∼860-nm output is frequency quadrupled by two stages of single-pass frequency doubling. Performance of the laser system is characterized over a wide range of amplifier duty cycles (0.1–1.0), pulse durations (50 ns–1.0 μs), peak currents (≤14 A), and average currents (≤2.0 A). The capabilities and limitations of this source are discussed. We recorded high-resolution, Doppler-limited absorption spectra of nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide near 215 nm; the SO2 spectrum was found to have significantly more structure and higher peak absorption cross sections than previously reported.
The hospital outpatient department in the detection of nonmanifest disease.

Abstract The purpose of this paper has been to deal with some of the general considerations of a screening program as a part of the routine service given in an outpatient department of a general hospital, both to patients routinely seen there and to community recruited groups of well people. The many reasons which justify and should encourage such utilization of the outpatient department, the flexibility with which such a program can be approached, the many sources of community interest and support, and the advantages to the hospital, the medical profession, and the public, have all been described.