cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Transient Flow in Supersonic Micronozzles

A numerical investigation of transient supersonic flow through a two-dimensional linear micronozzle has been performed. The baseline model for the study is derived from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center microelectromechanical-systems-based hydrogen peroxide prototype microthruster. A hyperbolic-tangent actuation profile is used to simulate the opening and closing of a microvalve with a maximum inlet stagnation pressure of 250 kPa, which generates a maximum throat Reynolds number of Re 800. The complete duty cycle occurs over 1.7ms.Numerical simulations have been conducted for expanderhalf-angles of 10–50 , andboth slip and no-slip wall boundary conditions have been examined. The propulsion scheme employs 85%-pure hydrogen peroxide as the monopropellant fuel. Simulation results have been analyzed, and thrust production as a function of time has been quantified, along with the total impulse delivered. Micronozzle impulse efficiency has also been determined based on a theoretical maximum impulse achieved by a quasi-1-D inviscid flow responding instantaneously to the actuation profile. It is found that both the flow and thrust exhibit a response lag to the timevarying inlet pressure profile. Simulations indicate that a maximum efficiency and impulse occur for an expander half-angle of 30 for the no-slip wall boundaries, and the slip simulations demonstrate a maximum plateau in the range of 20–30 ; these angles are significantly larger than with traditional conical nozzle designs.
Chebyshev Solution of n+1 Linear Equations in n + 1nUnknowns

An algorithm is presented for finding a solution, and the value of a solution, to n + 1 linear equations in n unknowns. The arrangement of the computation makes it convenient for use in computing Chebyshev-type approximations by polynomials. The algorithm is particularly efficient if only the value of a solution is desired.
Considering the Unspoken: The Role of Death Cognition in Quality of Life Among Women With and Without Breast Cancer

This study examined how breast cancer diagnosis influences underlying cognitions and explicit worries about death, and their roles in health-related quality of life (QOL). Forty-two women who underwent surgery for the removal of either a cancerous or benign breast mass indicated their worries about dying and completed measures of death-thought accessibility and QOL. Women with cancer reported lowered physical, emotional, and functional well-being. Further, although they did not differ in explicit worry about death, women with cancer (compared to those with a benign mass) evidenced greater death-thought accessibility, which in turn mediated the effect of cancer diagnosis on well-being.
Quantitative chest computed tomography as a means of predicting exercise performance in severe emphysema

Rationale and Objectives. We assessed the value of quantitative high-resolution computed tomography (CT) as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in smoking-related emphysema. Methods. We performed an inception cohort study of 14 patients referred with emphysema. The diagnosis of emphysema was based on a compatible history, physical examination, chest radiograph, CT scan of the lung, and pulmonary physiologic evaluation. Results. As a group, those who underwent exercise testing were hyperinflated (percentage predicted total lung capacity ± standard error of the mean = 133 ± 9%), and there was evidence of air trapping (percentage predicted respiratory volume = 318 ± 31%) and airflow limitation (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV1] = 40 ± 7%). The exercise performance of the group was severely limited (maximum achievable workload = 43 ± 6%) and was characterized by prominent ventilatory, gas exchange, and pulmonary vascular abnormalities. The quantitative CT index was markedly elevated in all patients (76 ± 9; n = 14; normal Conclusion. Quantitative chest CT assessment of disease severity is correlated with the degree of airflow limitation and exercise impairment in pulmonary emphysema.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in sporadic colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology involves multiple disease pathways. An important research element for unraveling these carcinogenic pathways to CRC is to gain an understanding of genetic susceptibility to CRC at the population level; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are central to this research. Examination of a broad spectrum of SNPs along multiple disease pathways should help our understanding of cancer biology and the carcinogenic process. However, one of the greatest research challenges today will be to implement and interpret studies that utilize SNPs to gain insight into the genetic susceptibility of CRC.
Birth sex ratios in toque macaques and other mammals: integrating the effects of maternal condition and competition

Mammalian life histories suggest that maternal body condition and social dominance (a measure of resource-holding potential) influence the physical and social development of offspring, and thereby their reproductive success. Predictably, a mother should produce that sex of offspring which contributes most to her fitness (as measured by the number of her grandchildren) and that she is best able to raise within the constraints imposed by her condition, social rank, and environment. Such combined effects were investigated by monitoring variations in body condition (weight) and behavior of female toque macaques, Macaca sinica of Sri Lanka, in a changing forest environment over 18 years. Maternal rank, by itself, had no influence on offspring sex, but did affect maternal body condition. The combined effects of rank and condition indicated the following: mothers in robust condition bore more sons, whereas those in moderate condition bore more daughters, but both effects were expressed most strongly among mothers of high rank. Where the consequences of low rank were felt most acutely, as shown by poor condition, mothers underproduced daughters. Environmental quality directly influenced rank and condition interactions, and thus sex ratios. These relationships, and data from other mammals suggest an empirically and theoretically consistent pattern of sex allocation in mammals. New predictions integrate effects, proposed by Trivers and Willard, that are rooted in male mate competition, which is universal among polygynous mammals, with those of local resource competition (and/or female reproductive competition), which are not universal and differ in intensity between the socioecologies and local environments of different species.
The Avowal of Responsibility for Good and Bad Outcomes The Effects of Generalized Self-Serving Biases

Generalized self-enhancing and self-protective attributional dispositions were investigated by having subjects indicate, in terms of percentage allocations, the extent to which "typical outcomes" in a person's life are determined by (a) the person's abilities, judgments, and actions and (b) factors beyond the person's control. In Study 1, respondents made such allocations with respect to either positive or negative outcomes in their own lives or in the lives of others. Sharp sex differences were evident in the obtained attributional patterns, with males revealing self-serving and females self-deprecating inclinations. Study 2 replicated the procedure of Study 1, with the major exception that the typical outcomes were designated as either "academic" or "social." Evidence for self-serving bias was obtained for both males and females, becoming most clearly apparent where the outcome domain was associated with high sex-related involvement (male-academic; female-social).
Coevolution of neural networks using a layered pareto archive

The Layered Pareto Coevolution Archive (LAPCA) was recently proposed as an effective Coevolutionary Memory (CM) which, under certain assumptions, approximates monotonic progress in coevolution. In this paper, a technique is developed that interfaces the LAPCA algorithm with NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT), a method to evolve neural networks with demonstrated efficiency in game playing domains. In addition, the behavior of LAPCA is analyzed for the first time in a complex game-playing domain: evolving neural network controllers for the game Pong. The technique is shown to keep the total number of evaluations in the order of those required by NEAT, making it applicable to complex domains. Pong players evolved with a LAPCA and with the Hall of Fame (HOF) perform equally well, but the LAPCA is shown to require significantly less space than the HOF. Therefore, combining NEAT and LAPCA is found to be an effective approach to coevolution.
ACAT2 contributes cholesteryl esters to newly secreted VLDL, whereas LCAT adds cholesteryl ester to LDL in mice

The relative contributions of ACAT2 and LCAT to the cholesteryl ester (CE) content of VLDL and LDL were measured. ACAT2 deficiency led to a significant decrease in the percentage of CE (37.2 ± 2.1% vs. 3.9 ± 0.8%) in plasma VLDL, with a concomitant increase in the percentage of triglyceride (33.0 ± 3.2% vs. 66.7 ± 2.5%). Interestingly, the absence of ACAT2 had no apparent effect on the percentage CE in LDL, whereas LCAT deficiency significantly decreased the CE percentage (38.6 ± 4.0% vs. 54.6 ± 1.9%) and significantly increased the phospholipid percentage (11.2 ± 0.9% vs. 19.3 ± 0.1%) of LDL. When both LCAT and ACAT2 were deficient, VLDL composition was similar to VLDL of the ACAT2-deficient mouse, whereas LDL was depleted in core lipids and enriched in surface lipids, appearing discoidal when observed by electron microscopy. We conclude that ACAT2 is important in the synthesis of VLDL CE, whereas LCAT is important in remodeling VLDL to LDL. Liver perfusions were performed, and perfusate apolipoprotein B accumulation rates in ACAT2-deficient mice were not significantly different from those of controls; perfusate VLDL CE decreased from 8.0 ± 0.8% in controls to 0 ± 0.7% in ACAT2-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data establish that ACAT2 provides core CE of newly secreted VLDL, whereas LCAT adds CE during LDL particle formation.
Cooperative localization bounds for indoor ultra-wideband wireless sensor networks

In recent years there has been growing interest in ad-hoc and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for a variety of indoor applications. Localization information in these networks is an enabling technology and in some applications it is the main sought after parameter. The cooperative localization performance of WSNs is constrained by the behavior of the utilized ranging technology in dense cluttered indoor environments. Recently, ultra-wideband (UWB) Time-of-Arrival (TOA) based ranging has exhibited potential due to its large bandwidth and high time resolution. The performance of its ranging and cooperative localization capabilities in dense indoor multipath environments, however, needs to be further investigated. Of main concern is the high probability of non-line of sight (NLOS) and Direct Path (DP) blockage between sensor nodes which biases the TOA estimation and degrades the localization performance. In this paper, based on empirical models of UWB TOA-based Outdoor-to-Indoor (OTI) and Indoor-to-Indoor (ITI) ranging, we derive and analyze cooperative localization bounds for WSNs in different indoor multipath environments: residential, manufacturing floor, old office and modern office buildings. First, we highlight the need for cooperative localization in indoor applications. Then we provide comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting localization accuracy such as network and ranging model parameters.
METAREP: JCVI metagenomics reports--an open source tool for high-performance comparative metagenomics.

Summary: JCVI Metagenomics Reports (METAREP) is a Web 2.0 application designed to help scientists analyze and compare annotated metagenomics datasets. It utilizes Solr/Lucene, a high-performance scalable search engine, to quickly query large data collections. Furthermore, users can use its SQL-like query syntax to filter and refine datasets. METAREP provides graphical summaries for top taxonomic and functional classifications as well as a GO, NCBI Taxonomy and KEGG Pathway Browser. Users can compare absolute and relative counts of multiple datasets at various functional and taxonomic levels. Advanced comparative features comprise statistical tests as well as multidimensional scaling, heatmap and hierarchical clustering plots. Summaries can be exported as tab-delimited files, publication quality plots in PDF format. A data management layer allows collaborative data analysis and result sharing. Availability: Web site http://www.jcvi.org/metarep; source code http://github.com/jcvi/METAREP Contact: gro.ivcj@hpesooys Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Impact of Carsharing on Household Vehicle Holdings: Results from North American Shared-Use Vehicle Survey

Carsharing has grown considerably in North America during the past decade and has flourished in metropolitan regions across the United States and Canada. The new transportation landscape offers urban residents an alternative to automobility, one without car ownership. As carsharing has expanded, there has been a growing demand to understand its environmental effects. This paper presents the results of a North American carsharing member survey (N = 6,281). A before-and-after analytical design is established with a focus on carsharing's effects on household vehicle holdings and the aggregate vehicle population. The results show that carsharing members reduce their vehicle holdings to a degree that is statistically significant. The average number of vehicles per household of the sample drops from 0.47 to 0.24. Most of this shift constitutes onecar households becoming carless. The average fuel economy of carsharing vehicles used most often by respondents is 10 mi/gal more efficient than the average vehicle sh...
Impact of test structure design on electromigration lifetime measurements

We have examined several different types of test structures which are commonly used today for assessing electromigration reliability. Compared to lifetime measurements using test structures designed with the stress current fed through vias, it is concluded that conventional NIST test structures are inadequate for lifetime determination because they do not incorporate "drift-velocity-type" failures which can occur when current flows between different interconnect levels. Failure to incorporate the "drift-velocity-type" failures in the test structure scheme can lead to dramatic lifetime overestimation especially for small linewidths with bamboo-like microstructures. For Kelvin-type test structures designed to have voltage tapping on the current feeding vias, we have found that the design for the voltage tapping can significantly affect the lifetime measurements. The length of the voltage tap lead needs to be sufficiently larger than the characteristic thermal diffusion length of the migrating atoms at the test conditions for accurate lifetime measurements. Our experimental results also showed that the measured lifetimes were independent of the number of vias used for stress current feeding. This indicates that the effect of current crowding in and around the vias is not a primary factor for determining lifetimes under low stress conditions as chosen in the experiments. This experimental finding agrees well with simulations based on a vacancy model.
Foraging Patch Selection by Snail Kites in Response to Vegetation Structure and Prey Abundance and Availability

Abstract The role of food abundance and vegetation structure in selection of foraging habitat by the Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) was explored. Selection of available foraging patches of either dense or sparse habitat structure within two prairie habitat types used extensively by foraging kites, Eleocharis flats and Panicum flats were examined. Estimated Apple Snail (Pomacea paludosa) densities on our study site ranged from 0.33 to 1.58 per m2. Vegetation structure (sparse vs. dense) of the habitat type had a greater influence on where prey was captured than did site, the dominant emergent vegetation, or prey abundance. These results are consistent with previous suggestions that dense vegetation may obscure prey and limit or preclude use of densely vegetated habitats by foraging kites. This may be true, even when prey is in relatively high abundance, and may indicate the difference between prey abundance and availability. Most water management recommendations related to the Snail Kite call for prolo...
What is the place of lumbar sympathectomy

Although sympathetic innervation of the extremities has been studied voluminously, the clinical efficacy of sympathectomy remains controversial. This review will be limited to a consideration of the appropriate role of lumbar sympathectomy for primary treatment of intermittent claudication and skin ischaemia manifested by rest pain or superficial tissue loss.
Reliability and Validity of Measurement Tools Used in Addictions Research and Practice

Based on the degree of reliability and validity, a clinician or researcher can make an informed decision on using a measurement tool on a desired population. It is very important to know the develo...
The Transcendental Method in the Theology of Karl Barth

The purpose of this essay is to examine the Kantian element in the theological method of Karl Barth and, more particularly, to show that this element, which is openly displayed in the Epistle to the Romans, did not disappear after the turn in his thought occasioned by his encounter with Anselm, but was carried over into the Church Dogmatics and forms an indispensable clue to the interpretation of the doctrine of reconciliation, which marks its climax.
Pharmacological characterization of presynaptic calcium currents underlying glutamatergic transmission in the avian auditory brainstem.

We used whole-cell patch-clamp techniques on presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic neurons of the glutamatergic magnocellularis synapse in the chick auditory brainstem to study the effects of N, P, and L-type calcium channel blockers directly on presynaptic calcium currents and transmitter release. Presynaptic calcium currents and transmitter release were unaffected by nifedipine, blocked partially by m-agatoxin IVA and completely by w-conotoxin GVIA. The presynaptic calcium current is a low voltageactivated, noninactivating current and its block by w-agatoxin IVA was not reversed by repeated depolarization of the presynaptic terminal. Thus, the presynaptic calcium current that underlies transmitter release at the chick magnocellularis synapse differs in some respects from N and P-type calcium currents described in vertebrate neuronal cell bodies.
Optoelectronic devices in optoelectronic signal processors

A neural network is one architecture for an optoelectronic signal processor which operates in a dynamic parallel mode. The basic node is a circuit which has multiple inputs and a single output which is in general fanned out to several next stage inputs. A key feature is that an adjustable synaptic weight is applied to each input. Then the weighted inputs are summed and the sum is thresholded to produce a single on/off output signal. A neural network is made up of many such neurodes with a massive number of interconnections. Because of the interconnectivity requirements, it is attractive to use optical signals as the input and output signals to the neurode. Because of the weighting, summing and thresholding requirement it is attractive to use electronic device implementations. Therefore the neural signal processor is a natural candidate for optoelectronic device technology.
Interleukin-1 beta-induced up-regulation of opioid receptors in the untreated and morphine-desensitized U87 MG human astrocytoma cells

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can be produced in the central nervous system during inflammatory conditions. We have previously shown that IL-1β expression is altered in the rat brain during a morphine tolerant state, indicating that this cytokine may serve as a convergent point between the immune challenge and opiate mediated biological pathways. We hypothesized that IL-1β up-regulates opioid receptors in human astrocytes in both untreated and morphine-desensitized states. To test this hypothesis, we compared the basal expression of the mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) opioid receptors in the human U87 MG astrocytic cell line to SH-SY5Y neuronal and HL-60 immune cells using absolute quantitative real time RT-PCR (AQ-rt-RT-PCR). To demonstrate that IL-1β induced up-regulation of the MOR, DOR and KOR, U87 MG cells (2 x 105 cells/well) were treated with IL-1β (20 ng/mL or 40 ng/mL), followed by co-treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1RAP) (400 ng/mL or 400 ng/mL). The above experiment was repeated in the cells desensitized with morphine, where U87 MG cells were pre-treated with 100 nM morphine. The functionality of the MOR in U87 MG cells was then demonstrated using morphine inhibition of forksolin-induced intracellular cAMP, as determined by radioimmunoassay. U87 MG cells treated with IL-1β for 12 h showed a significant up-regulation of MOR and KOR. DOR expression was also elevated, although not significantly. Treatment with IL-1β also showed a significant up-regulation of the MOR in U87 MG cells desensitized with morphine. Co-treatment with IL-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1RAP) resulted in a significant decrease in IL-1β-mediated MOR up-regulation. Our results indicate that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, affects opiate-dependent pathways by up-regulating the expression of the MOR in both untreated and morphine-desensitized U87 MG.
Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction Associated With the Rapid Infusion of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine)

A 16-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with rapidly progressing extremity pain, edema, and ecchymosis after envenomation by a copperhead. Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (CroFab; FabAV) was infused. Six vials were placed in 250 mL of normal saline solution, and the infusion was gradually increased. Fifty minutes after beginning, the infusion was increased to 640 mL/h. Within minutes of the rate increase, the patient experienced full-body urticaria, facial edema, voice change, and tachycardia. The infusion was stopped. Hydroxyzine pamoate, famotidine, methylprednisolone, and a 1-L bolus of normal saline solution were administered intravenously. The symptoms abated, and the remaining FabAV was infused at a slower rate without return of this reaction. This immediate hypersensitivity reaction was most likely a rate-related anaphylactoid reaction that has not been previously reported with FabAV.[Holstege CP, Wu J, Baer AB. Immediate hypersensitivity reaction associated with the rapid infusion of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine). Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:677-679.]
Analysis of the Human Endogenous Coregulator Complexome

Elucidation of endogenous cellular protein-protein interactions and their networks is most desirable for biological studies. Here we report our study of endogenous human coregulator protein complex networks obtained from integrative mass spectrometry-based analysis of 3290 affinity purifications. By preserving weak protein interactions during complex isolation and utilizing high levels of reciprocity in the large dataset, we identified many unreported protein associations, such as a transcriptional network formed by ZMYND8, ZNF687, and ZNF592. Furthermore, our work revealed a tiered interplay within networks that share common proteins, providing a conceptual organization of a cellular proteome composed of minimal endogenous modules (MEMOs), complex isoforms (uniCOREs), and regulatory complex-complex interaction networks (CCIs). This resource will effectively fill a void in linking correlative genomic studies with an understanding of transcriptional regulatory protein functions within the proteome for formulation and testing of future hypotheses.
Test and Theory Correlation Study for a Flexible Rotor on Fault-Tolerant Magnetic Bearings

This paper provides a new algorithm and test verification for implementing fault-tolerant operation of magnetically suspended, flexible shaft, rotating machinery. The currents to the magnetic bearing are redistributed in a manner so that the bearing actuator preserves the same linearized magnetic forces after some of its coils experience failure. The algorithm that searches a database for the appropriate failure compensation matrix utilizes a Boolean description of the failure state to quickly locate and download its target. The test results are shown to have good agreement with the system simulation results presented.
Performance of the DØ uranium-liquid argon calorimeter modules

Abstract We describe details of the DO calorimeter modules and the data acquisition system. We present results about the resolution of “electromagnetic” and “hadronic” modules, as obtained from exposure to 10–150 GeV electrons and pions in a test beam at Fermilab. Results on the position resolution for electromagnetic showers are also given.
EXTENSION OF A PSEUDOSPECTRAL LEGENDRE METHOD TO NON-SEQUENTIAL MULTIPLE-PHASE OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEMS

A pseudospectral Legendre method for discretizing continuous-time optimal control problems is extended to non-sequential multiple-phase optimal control problems. In the method developed in this paper, each phase of the problem is treated independently. The phases are then linked together via continuity conditions on the independent variable, the state, and the control. In this manner, it is possible to decouple the problem into distinct segments and to specify a different mathematical form and dimension for the state, control, and constraints in each phase. Moreover, because the phases need not be sequential, it is possible to optimize trajectories for problems involving multiple systems that may share information. The multiple-phase optimal control problem is discretized in each phase using a previously developed single phase pseudospectral Legendre method. This discretization leads to a nonlinear programming problem (NLP) that has a well-defined structure. The structure of the NLP is described in detail and a particular software implementation is discussed. The software is demonstrated on an example that exhibits the key features of the multiple-phase pseudospectral discretization. The method developed here is an efficient approach for solving general non-sequential multiple-phase optimal control problems numerically.
Big Business and the State: Historical Transitions and Corporate Transformation, 1880s–1990s . By Harland Prechel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000. Pp. xvi, 317. $75.50, cloth; $25.95, paper.

The history of the modern corporation is the history of institutional change and of the corporation's attempt to influence and respond to that change. In this book, Harland Prechel supplies a multilayered analysis of the development of big business from the 1880s to the 1990s. Prechel's approach is to draw linkages between the micro (individual managers), meso (corporate), and macro (institutional) levels of behavior and change. This multilayered analysis allows Prechel to expose the connections and also the inherent “irrationalities” between each layer of decision making.
Paradox and Metaphor: An Integrity of the Arts

Art is movement, movement is life. Surprisingly, the spareness of paradox in art promotes a fullness of life. We must first speak as simply as possible about art as a fundamental human activity. Only then can we hope to say something of consequence about the so-called “fine arts” — which may be misleading as a description. In substance, the reference “fine art” simply means useless art: “fine” as being free from utility. Art is imaginatively productive, it makes something, whether painting, poem, or partita. But this making has no independent utility, and its character as a work of art is such that it is neither used up nor utilized as a means to something else.
Lesbian, Gay, And Bisexual Adults Making Gains In Health Insurance And Access To Care

The uninsurance rate for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults fell dramatically as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was implemented and many states began recognizing same-sex marriages. LGB adults were also increasingly likely to report a usual source of care, but significant disparities in access and affordability by sexual orientation remain.
Issues and Interventions for Workforce Participation After Spinal Cord Injury

Approximately 250,000 people in America live with spinal cord injury. However, the overall employment rate is dismal, at roughly 35 %. This chapter focuses on recommended or proven interventions and practices for improving vocational outcomes following spinal cord injury. Epidemiology of spinal cord injury is briefly reviewed. The authors provide a detailed overview of medical and rehabilitation issues, such as neurogenic bowel and bladder, pressure ulcers, spasticity, and impaired arm function, which need to be optimally managed to allow persons with spinal cord injury to enter the workforce. The status of current research support for vocational rehabilitation in spinal cord injury, including review of the literature, case examples, and results from a recently completed multicenter trial of a supported employment model, is discussed. Finally, best real world practice issues and examples are discussed to assist rehabilitation professionals, team members, and administrators in their efforts to assist persons with spinal cord injury to obtain and maintain employment.
Organothiol‐Based Hybrid‐Layer Strategy for High‐Performance Copper Adhesion and Stress‐Migration via Simultaneous Oxide Reduction

The presence of defective native copper-oxide (CuxO) remains a challenge for device technologies owing to its detrimental effects on the adhesion, moisture sensitivity and stress-migration. Here we demonstrate a rapid, single-step, and organic-solvent-free sol-gel deposition process that is capable of simultaneously reducing the weak native Cu-oxide while forming a densely connected Cu/hybrid interface. A marked 9-fold improvement in adhesion is reported, along with a substantial decrease in the Cu stress-migration rate during in-situ isothermal stress-relaxation experiments. The enhanced Cu/hybrid interface adhesion and the improved Cu stress-migration performance were attributed to the partial reduction of the ~2 nm native Cu2O layer as demonstrated via atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The hybrid-layer strategy we developed is expected to be effective in not only being a strong candidate for adhesion improvement to Cu, but in promoting Cu stress- and the related electro-migration performance.
Freedom in rules: potential conception and application of "sheep herding style teaching"

The author objectively discussed the form and spirit of "sheep herding style teaching",and explained that freedom in rules is the potential conception of "sheep herding style teaching" based on the reality of modern scholastic physical education teaching in China.The author put forward the following opinions: traditional "sheep herding style teaching" is Laissez-faire like disordered teaching;real sheep herding style teaching is orderly teaching that seems to have freedom but must follow rules,and has higher requirements for teacher’s curriculum planning,content design,organization management and teaching conceptions.The author concluded that based on current conditions of development of scholastic physical education,real "sheep herding style teaching" is a mode that fits into physical education curriculum and teaching reform in China.Modern physical education teachers should grasp the essentials of responsibilities,conceptions,methods and practice in education teaching and correctly understand freedom and rules via ideological conception transformation,information resource acquisition and intellectual/technical innovation,thus enhancing teaching management and service capacities,and adapting to the development of physical education curriculum and teaching reform today.
Reflection on the Relations between the Instrument Reason and the Value Reason

The characteristics of the instrument reason are different with the ones of the value reason while the instrument reason maintains close ties with the value reason.Because the instrument reason has been separated with the value reason since modern times,human practice has been lopsided development.Therefore,it is an appropriate approach to the modernization of comtemporary China to further carry forward exellent traditinal chinese humanities spirits,value resason,upon active developing the value reason.
Endolymphatic sac tumor: a report of 3 cases and discussion of management.

Patients with an endolymphatic sac tumor (ELST) typically present with palsy of cranial nerves VII and/or VIII; other presenting symptoms include hearing loss, otalgia, occipital headaches, cranial...
Comment on "A Novel Thymoma-Associated Immunodeficiency with Increased Naive T Cells and Reduced CD247 Expression".

We read with great interest the paper by Christopoulos et al. ([1][1]). We suspect that the significance of their discovery could reach far beyond what the authors proposed in their seminal paper. For over a decade, we have been very curious about the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind our
Recognition and management of allergy in the preschool child.

Allergy was established as a cause for symptoms in 90 per cent of 182 preschool children referred to an allergy clinic. Allergic rhinitis and asthma were the most common conditions. The typical history, physical and laboratory findings are presented. Therapy should include removal of the causative agent and desensitization of the child rather than symptomatic measures. Types of medication are discussed, and the author emphasizes that steroids should be used only for major allergic crises.
A low-power FM transmitter for use in neural recording applications

We present a low power FM transmitter for use in neural recording telemetry. The transmitter consists of a low noise biopotential amplifier and a voltage controlled oscillator used to transmit the amplified neural signals at a frequency of 433 MHz. The circuit is powered through a transcutaneous, inductive link. The power consumption of the transmitter is measured to be 465 /spl mu/W. Using a 1/8-wavelength monopole antenna, a received power level was measured to be -54.5 dBm at a distance of one meter.
Language Support for Fault-Tolerant Parallel and Distributed Programming

Most high-level programming languages contain little support for programming multicomputer programs that must continue to execute despite failures in the underlying computing platform. This paper describes two projects that address this problem by providing features specifically designed for fault-tolerance. The first is FT-Linda, a version of the Linda coordination language for writing fault-tolerant parallel programs. Major enhancements include stable tuple spaces whose contents survive failure and atomic execution of collections of tuple space operations. The second is FT-SR, a language based on the existing SR distributed programming language. Major features include support for transparent module replication, ordered group communication, automatic recovery and failure notification. Prototype versions of both languages have been implemented.
Democratic Accountability for Public Debt

What does it mean for public financial managers to be professionally and democratically accountable in managing public debt? How do they accomplish (or fall short of) accountability? What are the results of their accountability (or lack thereof)? This paper develops an analytic framework for mapping the accountability space within which public financial managers work to reconcile diverse normative expectations as they exercise discretionary judgment and choice in the area of public-debt management specifically. An accountability framework offers the possibility of connecting previous literature's focus on micro-level decision making and social psychology on the one hand, and macro-level normative guidance offered by public-choice theorists and public-finance economists on the other hand, by focusing on the interactions of macro- and meso-level norms and expectations with micro-level decision processes, judgment and choice.The framework is meant to provide a structure for understanding in empirical settings how state and local government financial managers' professional, democratic, and other accountabilities interact with each other and with other expressed and implied expectations of relevant stakeholders. It is intended to serve as a basis for conducting empirical research to understand how actual debt-management decisions and behavior respond (or fail to respond) to those various norms, and with what results. An additional, normative goal is to contribute to the development of means by which public administrators can understand and manage the conflict between espoused public preferences for thrift and implied and acted-upon preferences for profligacy, by making decisions that accommodate, resolve, or transcend those dilemmas of accountability.
Service Differentiation: Congestion Pricing, Brokers and Bandwidth Futures

In most Networks or Systems, users compete for a set of limited resources. Resources might be point-to-point bandwidth, buffer space, memory, CPU cycles etc. and users can be humans, applications or processes. Connection-oriented Telecoms services use either reservation, where resources are booked in advanced or Admission Control — think of telephony or ATM for example. Packet-based services and Operating Systems rely mainly on either priority schemes, for instance using simple priority queues, or flow-control feedback mechanisms such as TCP. The current Internet uses flow-control with an admit-all policy that relies on secondary measures, such as users’ willingness to tolerate current service, to throttle excess load. Within the IETF, IntServ is attempting to define connection-oriented admission control schemes whilst DiffServ is based on connectionless ideas, attempting to use priorities and complex queuing disciplines to provide QoS classes.
Drinking Status Between Ages 50 and 55 for Men From the San Diego Prospective Study Who Developed DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse or Dependence in Prior Follow-Ups.

Objective:Although alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are prevalent among older individuals, few studies have examined the course and predictors of AUDs from their onset into the person’s 50s. This study describes the AUD course from ages 50 to 55 in participants who developed AUDs according to criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), during the San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS).Method:Among the 397 university students in the SDPS who were followed about every 5 years from age 20 (before AUD onset), 165 developed AUDs, 156 of whom were interviewed at age 55. Age 50–55 outcomes were compared regarding age 20–50 characteristics. Variables that differed significantly across outcome groups were evaluated using binary logistic regression analyses predicting each outcome type.Results:Between ages 50 and 55, 16% had low-risk drinking, 36% had high-risk drinking, 38% met DSM-5 AUD criteria, and 10% were abstinent. Baseline predictors of outcome at ages 50–55 inc...
Abstract 13860: Patient and Partner (P+P) Intervention to Improve Outcomes After and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD): Three Month Physical Health Outcomes

Introduction: Partners of patients who get an ICD play a pivotal role in the patient’s adjustment over the initial 3 months. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 intervention programs after an initial ICD: an intervention for the patient-only (P) was compared to an intervention involving both the patient and their intimate partner (P+P). Hypothesis: The P+P intervention will demonstrate better patient reported outcomes than the (P)-only intervention. Methods: A prospective randomized control trial (RCT) comparing 2 interventions after an initial ICD on patient and partner outcomes, was conducted with 301 intimate couples in the Pacific NW. The self-efficacy based nurse telephone intervention was delivered over the 1 st 12 weeks following ICD implant for primary (60%) or secondary (40%) prevention. Patient physical health outcomes were measured at baseline hospital discharge and 3 months later using the Patient Concerns Assessment (PCA), SF-36 PCS, total steps taken on a Step Watch physical activity monitor, and the Sudden Cardiac Arrest Self-Efficacy (SCA-SE) scale. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized effects of the intervention and the mediating effects of self-efficacy on patient physical health. Results: ICD patients (N=150) in P-only were (mean±SD) 65.0±12.3 years old, 90.1% Caucasian, 70.2% were male, with Charlson scores of 2.26±1.4, EF% 33.8±13.5, & household income $30-49,000 (23%). ICD patients (N=151) in P+P were 63.3±12.5 years old, 92% Caucasian, 77.3% were male, with Charlson scores of 2.2±1.5, EF% 34.4±15.2. From baseline to 3 months, PCA symptoms were reduced in both groups p=0.84, and SF-36 physical health (p=0.62) and total steps/day (p=0.26) improved in both groups. The direct effect of the intervention on patient self-efficacy at 3 months was significant ( B =0.11, p=0.03). Improvements in patient self-efficacy were associated with a reduction in 3 month physical symptoms ( B =-0.19, p B =0.16, p B =0.07, p=0.07). Fit indicies met standards for model fit: CFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.08. Conclusions: The intervention arm involving the partner (P+P) resulted in higher levels of patient physical health after an initial ICD.
Heterochromatin and the Synaptonemal Complex Maintain Homologous Centromere Interactions in Mouse Spermatocytes

How achiasmate chromosomes become aligned and segregate during meiotic prophase is an important issue in eukaryotic genetics. We show that chromosomes are frequently transmitted properly in the absence of a chiasma in mouse spermatocytes, suggesting the existence of back-up systems aiding achiasmate chromosome segregation. Here, we report mechanisms that maintain the alignment of homologous pairs prior to disjunction, which may enable achiasmate chromosomes to segregate from each other in meiosis I. We present direct physical evidence showing centromere interactions provide a stable physical link between chromosome pairs in the absence of recombination and that pericentromeric heterochromatin tethers the centromeres of chromosome pairs after dissolution of synaptonemal complex-mediated centromere paring. Our results establish for the first time in a mammal a role for heterochromatin in maintaining the alignment of chromosomes in the absence of euchromatic synapsis and suggest that homologous recognition may lead to segregation, even in the absence of recombination.
Introduction and Motivation of Models

In the present short volume our aim will be to explore a variety of nonlinear wave structures that are found in a particular physical system, i.e., granular crystals. Many of the readers have almost certainly encountered a variant of the granular crystal.
Multivalent, multiflavored droplets by design

Nature self-assembles functional materials by programming flexible linear arrangements of molecules and then folding them to make 2D and 3D objects. To understand and emulate this process, we have made emulsion droplets with specific recognition and controlled valence. Uniquely monovalent droplets form dimers: divalent lead to polymer-like chains, trivalent allow for branching, and programmed mixtures of different valences enable a variety of designed architectures and the ability to subsequently close and open structures. Our functional building blocks are a hybrid of micrometer-scale emulsion droplets and nanoscale DNA origami technologies. Functional DNA origami rafts are first added to droplets and then herded into a patch using specifically designated "shepherding" rafts. Additional patches with the same or different specificities can be formed on the same droplet, programming multiflavored, multivalence droplets. The mobile patch can bind to a patch on another droplet containing complementary functional rafts, leading to primary structure formation. Further binding of nonneighbor droplets can produce secondary structures, a third step in hierarchical self-assembly. The use of mobile patches rather than uniform DNA coverage has the advantage of valence control at the expense of slow kinetics. Droplets with controlled flavors and valences enable a host of different material and device architectures.
Neutron-mirror neutron oscillations for solving the puzzles of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Based on a newly proposed mirror-matter model of neutron-mirror neutron ($n-n'$) oscillations, the puzzles related to ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are explained. In particular, the phenomena around the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff for UHECRs can be well understood under the new mirror matter model assuming a mirror-to-ordinary temperature ratio of $T'/T \sim 0.3$. The suppression factor of the GZK effect due to the opacity of cosmic microwave background is calculated and agrees with the observations well. Most of the super-GZK events (i.e., above the GZK cutoff), as predicted in the new model, come from mirror matter sources that are invisible to electromagnetic telescopes and can penetrate the mirror cosmic microwave background at much further distances. Most remarkably, the anti-correlation between super-GZK and sub-GZK events in the hotspot observed by the Telescope Array (TA) collaboration can be naturally understood in this model. The possible correlations between the UHECRs from the TA hotspot and other nearby powerful sources such as high energy neutrinos detected by IceCube, the largest black hole merger (GW170729) observed by LIGO, and the hottest star-forming supercluster Lynx Arc, are discussed as well under the new theory.
Mortality in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Data from cardiac catheterization

Rationale Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is relatively common in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), however, hemodynamic data and factors associated with mortality in this patient group are sparsely described in the literature. Objectives To characterize the hemodynamics of former preterm infants with BPD and PH, as measured at cardiac catheterization, and to identify respiratory and cardiovascular predictors of mortality. Methods Single-center, retrospective cohort study, including, 30 patients born at less than 32-week gestational age (GA), who had an oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age and underwent cardiac catheterization between July 2014 and December 2017. Results Median GA at birth was 25 5/7 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 24 4/7-26 6/7 weeks). Median birth weight was 620 g (IQR, 530-700 g). With a median of 23 months of follow up (IQR, 11-39 months), mortality as of July 2018 was 27% (8 of 30). The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient as a measure of lung disease did not correlate with mortality (log-rank test P = 0.28). However, indexed pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of greater than 3 Woods units × m 2 showed a trend toward increased mortality (log-rank test P = 0.12). Pulmonary vein stenosis was the only predictor significantly associated with mortality (log-rank test P = 0.005). Conclusions In this cohort, the severity of lung disease as assessed by impaired oxygenation at cardiac catheterization did not correlate with mortality. The only factor significantly associated with mortality was the presence of pulmonary vein stenosis on cardiac catheterization, although PVR may also be an important factor.