cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica−Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hybrid Membranes: Switchable Molecular Filters

Hybrid materials consisting of stimuli-responsive polymers (SRPs) in an inorganic matrix have the potential for use in a variety of applications as switchable or tunable membranes, coatings, adsorbents, and solute reservoirs. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) is an SRP that exhibits inverse solubility behavior in water upon an increase in temperature through a transition from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic state. In an earlier communication, we demonstrated that when PNIPAAM is encapsulated in a silica matrix by a sol−gel process, the resultant hybrid material can function as a switchable molecular filter. In this paper, we present detailed investigation and characterization of these membranes, which exhibit reversible on/off permeation behavior, above and below the transition temperature of PNIPAAM, respectively. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies show that the membranes are highly homogeneous, and phase separation of the polymers is not observed. Differential scanning calorimetry...
Hole-Within-a-Hole Method for Determining Residual Stresses

The strain gauge rosette hole drilling method is often used for determining residual stresses versus depth to depths on the order of 0.5–1.5 mm. Frequently, it is of interest to find stress profiles to greater depths. To provide such a capability, a new approach is presented. Residual stresses versus depth are found by drilling a small diameter hole incrementally to a depth of half of its diameter. The profile of stresses versus depth is found from changes in surface displacements associated with the stress relief from introducing the hole, observed by optical means. Next, a larger diameter, square-bottomed hole is milled directly over the small hole to a depth equaling that of the smaller diameter hole. The bottom of the larger hole provides a fresh surface for optical observation and incremental drilling of a new small hole. This procedure is repeated until a desired total depth is reached. A computational approach is described for correcting the stresses found from the small holes to account for the perturbation of stresses by the material removed by the larger diameter hole. Results of applying this method to find stresses versus depth in a plate subject to uniaxial bending stress and a plate with biaxial residual stresses that vary from compression to tension through the thickness are shown.
Direct Stimulation of Lymphokine Production by Cephalothin

Cephalothin significantly suppressed in vitro DNA and total protein synthesis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by antigens or mitogens. However, similar concentrations of this antibiotic enhanced streptokinase-streptodornase-stimulated production of the lymphokine leukocyte migration-inhibition factor (LMIF) and directly stimulated production of this lymphokine by otherwise unstimulated lymphocytes from 10 of 12 normal human subjects. Penicillin did not appear to produce these effects. Cephalothin did not interfere directly with neutrophil migration or the interaction of preformed LMIF with neutrophils. Stimulation of LMIF production by cephalothin required viable lymphocytes and was inhibited by puromycin. These results suggest that cephalothin is capable of inducing lymphokine production by human lymphocytes in a manner that appears to be nonspecific in nature. This type of effect could be the basis of some apparently immunologic reactions to this antibiotic.
Evolution of Advanced Learning Technologies in the 21st Century

The role of technology in education has mystified the contributors to Theory Into Practice (TIP) during its 50-year history. In the first issue of TIP, Guba (1962) was confident that “teaching machines are here to stay” and would help education, but raised various practical concerns, such as costs, programming resources, and acceptance by the education communities. Howell (1968) was confident that new technologies would change education, but not directly without educators understanding their potential and having a commitment to use them wisely. Caldwell (1980) emphasized the need to reconceptualize the use of computers in education by shifting the emphasis from mere information delivery and testing systems to facilities that assist students in meaningful active learning, inquiry, and thought.
Prepurchase Information‐Seeking for Professional Services

States that marketers require a better understanding of the consumer decision‐making process for selecting services, particularly of the prepurchase information search for professional services which are often selected just after relocation to a new geographical area. Examines the findings of research on this topic, which looked at questionnaires returned by a sample of two hundred new residents about their use of information sources in choosing a professional service. Discusses the managerial implications for marketers of the results of the study, which confirmed the importance of personal sources of information in the search process and showed that most residents were happy with their choices.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 5 are colocalized in vascular and avascular epiretinal membranes.

Purpose To determine by immunocytochemical analysis of epiretinal membranes whether vascular endothelial growth factor and the fibroblast growth factor FGF-5 are present in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Methods Human surgical specimens of epiretinal membranes were obtained from 11 eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and five eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Sections were immunostained with an affinity-purified antibody against an internal sequence of human FGF-5 and with a commercially available affinity-purified antibody corresponding to the first 20 residues of human vascular endothelial growth factor. Slides were visualized using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. Control studies were performed with nonimmune immunoglobulin G and preabsorbed vascular endothelial growth factor and FGF-5 antibody, respectively. Results Immunoreactive FGF-5 is present in most cells, including endothelial cells of vascular and avascular epiretinal membranes, but seems to be absent from the extracellular matrix. A similar staining pattern was observed for vascular endothelial growth factor. Conclusions Vascular endothelial growth factor and FGF-5 are remarkably colocalized in both vascular and avascular epiretinal membranes arising from proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, respectively. This result questions the concept that the presence of a single angiogenic factor determines the vascular status of an epiretinal proliferation.
Reporters and bureaucrats: public relations counter-strategies by public administrators in an era of media disinterest in government

Abstract Public administration traditionally identified reporting to the public as one of the public relations duties of a government administrator in a democracy. Recent trends in media coverage of government have created new problems for managers seeking to accomplish such democratic accountability. This article summarizes reports from practitioners and prescription-oriented academicians about emerging developments in media coverage of government and the attendant public relations counter-strategies being adopted by public administrators. Mordecai Lee is an assistant professor of governmental affairs at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
ANTHROPOLOGY LEARNING CENTERS: AN ENRICHMENT PROGRAM

Learning centers are often utilized as a method of individualizing instruction and adjusting learning rate to students with a wide aptitude range. Learning centers may also be utilized to provide additional subject matter to more able students in an enrichment program. This paper describes the Anthropology Learning Centers Enrichment Program developed by volunteer parents for children achieving at or above grade level in grades three through six in a Michigan elementary school in the period FebruaryMay 1975.
EFFECT OF HUMAN RESPONSE TIME ON ROCKING INSTABILITY OF A TWO-WHEELED SUITCASE

Abstract A two-wheeled suitcase being pulled in a straight line on a horizontal ground is considered. Rocking motion of the suitcase from one wheel to the other is analyzed. The action of the puller to resist the rocking of the suitcase involves a time delay, due to the human response time. This time delay may increase the likelihood that the suitcase will become unstable and fall onto one of its sides. The effects of the following quantities are investigated: the magnitude of the time delay, the coefficient of the puller's restoring moment, and the amplitude and frequency of the excitation moment applied by the puller during walking. The results exhibit a fractal behavior in certain cases due to the sensitivity of the response to variations in the excitation.
The effects of figure/ground, perceived area, and target saliency on the luminosity threshold

Observers adjusted the luminance of a target region until it began to appear self-luminous, or glowing. In Experiment 1, the target was either a face-shaped region (figure) or a non-face-shaped region (ground) of identical area that appeared to be the face’s background. In Experiment 2, the target was a square or a trapezoid of identical area that appeared as a tilted rectangle. In Experiment 3, the target was a square surrounded by square, circular, or diamond-shaped elements. Targets that (1) were perceived as figures, (2) were phenomenally small in area, or (3) did not group well with other elements in the array because of shape appeared self-luminous at significantly lower luminance levels. These results indicate that like lightness perception, the luminosity threshold is influenced by perceptual organization and is not based on low-level retinal processes alone.
Applications of wavelength-modulation spectroscopy in resolution of pressure and modulation broadened spectra

Theoretical and experimental results for modulation absorption spectroscopy (with simultaneous amplitude and wavelength modulations) are given, with particular emphasis on the effects of pressure and modulation broadening. As expected, such broadening effects result in a loss of resolution of nearly overlapping lines, whether these are from one or more absorbing species. The effects of phase-sensitive detection at harmonics greater than the commonly used second are investigated. It is shown that when detection is performed at higher harmonics, one is able to counter the loss of resolution due to pressure and modulation broadening. Applications in measurements of congested spectra, and in the simultaneous measurement of more than one species, are discussed. Other general characteristics of signals obtained by using higher-harmonic detection are also discussed, together with corresponding applications.
Developmentally Regulated SCN5A Splice Variant Potentiates Dysfunction of a Novel Mutation Associated with Severe Fetal Arrhythmia

Background Congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS) may present during fetal development and can be life-threatening. The molecular mechanism for the unusual early onset of LQTS during fetal development is unknown. Objective We sought to elucidate the molecular basis for severe fetal LQTS presenting at 19 weeks' gestation, the earliest known presentation of this disease. Methods Fetal magnetocardiography was used to demonstrated torsades de pointes and a prolonged rate-corrected QT interval. In vitro electrophysiological studies were performed to determine functional consequences of a novel SCN5A mutation found in the fetus. Results The fetus presented with episodes of ventricular ectopy progressing to incessant ventricular tachycardia and hydrops fetalis. Genetic analysis disclosed a novel, de novo heterozygous mutation (L409P) and a homozygous common variant (R558 in SCN5A ). In vitro electrophysiological studies demonstrated that the mutation in combination with R558 caused significant depolarized shifts in the voltage dependence of inactivation and activation, faster recovery from inactivation, and a 7-fold higher level of persistent current. When the mutation was engineered in a fetal-expressed SCN5A splice isoform, channel dysfunction was markedly potentiated. Also, R558 alone in the fetal splice isoform evoked a large persistent current, and hence both alleles were dysfunctional. Conclusion We report the earliest confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic LQTS and present evidence that mutant cardiac sodium channel dysfunction is potentiated by a developmentally regulated alternative splicing event in SCN5A . Our findings provide a plausible mechanism for the unusual severity and early onset of cardiac arrhythmia in fetal LQTS.
Colloidal Au Nanoclusters Formed in Fused Silica by MeV Ion Implantation and Annealing

MeV implantation of Au has been used to create a high density of Au nanoclusters in the near surface of fused silica. Measurements of the nanocluster size and size distribution under various implantation/annealing conditions are presented and correlated with measurements of optical absorption arising from surface plasmon resonance absorption by the Au nanoclusters in fused silica. Preliminary measurements of the nonlinear refractive index are included.
Kinetic energy and condensate fraction in 3He-4He mixtures.

Deep inelastic neutron scattering measurements have been carried out to measure the kinetic energy and condensate fraction in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures. Samples with $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ concentration on the order of 10% were studied at 1.4 K and 2.3--2.5 K. The condensate fraction was found to be 0.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, much larger than theoretical predictions. The measured kinetic energies of the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in the mixture remain the same as their values in the pure phase, in disagreement with current theoretical predictions.
Alterations in dopamine uptake sites and D1 and D2 receptors in cats symptomatic for and recovered from experimental parkinsonism.

The administration of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to adult cats severely disrupts the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum. Animals display a parkinson-like syndrome, consisting of akinesia, bradykinesia, postural instability, and rigidity, which spontaneously recovers by 4–6 weeks after the last administration of MPTP. In this study we used quantitative receptor autoradiography to examine changes in DA uptake sites and DA receptors in the basal ganglia of normal, and symptomatic and recovered MPTP-treated cats. Consistent with the destruction of the nigrostriatal DA pathway, there was a severe loss of DA uptake sites, labeled with [3H]-mazindol, in the caudate nucleus (64–82%), nucleus accumbens (44%), putamen (63%), and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc, 53%) of symptomatic cats. Following behavioral recovery, there were no significant changes in DA uptake site density. Significant increases of [3H]-SCH 23390 binding to D1 DA receptors were observed in the dorsal caudate (>24%; P 30%; P 36% (P < 0.05) following MPTP treatment. These data show that cats made parkinsonian by MPTP exposure have a significant decrease in the number of DA reuptake sites throughout the striatum and that recovery of sensorimotor function in these animals is not correlated with an increase in the number of striatal reuptake sites. Behavioral recovery, however, does seem to be correlated with a general elevation of Dl receptors throughout the striatal complex. The present data also show that direct correlations between changes in DA receptor regulation after a large DA depleting lesion and behavioral deficits or recovery from those deficits are difficult and that the relationships between DA receptors/transporters and behavior require further study. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of insulin aggregation: disentanglement of amyloid fibrillation from large-size cluster formation.

Kinetics of human insulin aggregation has been studied at pH 1.6 and 60°C, when amyloid fibrils are formed. We developed a novel approach based on the analysis of scattered light intensity distribution, which allows distinguishing between small and large size aggregates. By this method, we observed an exponential growth of fibrillar aggregates implying a heterogeneous aggregation mechanism. Also, the apparent lag time observed, correlated with the major increase of thioflavin T fluorescence, has been assigned to the onset of large size cluster formation.
A ∼3.5 Ga record of water-limited, acidic weathering conditions on Mars

Abstract The secondary mineral budget on Earth is dominated by clay minerals, Al-hydroxides, and Fe-oxides, which are formed under the moderate pH, high water-to-rock ratio conditions typical of Earth's near-surface environment. In contrast, geochemical analyses of rocks and soils from landed missions to Mars indicate that secondary mineralogy is dominated by Mg (± Fe, Ca)-sulfates and Fe-oxides. This discrepancy can be explained as resulting from differences in the chemical weathering environment of Earth and Mars. We suggest that chemical weathering processes on Mars are dominated by: (1) a low-pH, sulfuric acid-rich environment in which the stoichiometric dissolution of labile mineral phases such as olivine and apatite (± Fe–Ti oxides) is promoted; and (2) relatively low water-to-rock ratio, such that other silicate phases with slower dissolution rates (e.g., plagioclase, pyroxene) do not contribute substantially to the secondary mineral budget at the Martian surface. Under these conditions, Al-mobilization is limited, and the formation of significant Al-bearing secondary phases (e.g., clays, Al-hydroxides, Al-sulfates) is inhibited. The antiquity of rock samples analyzed in-situ on Mars suggest that water-limited acidic weathering conditions have more than likely been the defining characteristic of the Martian aqueous environment for billions of years.
Optimum distributed feed reactors for exothermic reversible reactions

Optimum chemical reactors for exothermic reactions are considered where the control is the distribution of cold feed along the reactor. In order to maximize the exit conversion for given reactor size and given exit flow rate, in general, the feed must be distributed along the first portion of the reactor in such a way that a singular trajectory is traced out. In the second portion of the reactor, the rate of feed addition must be zero. Certain transformation properties of the equations are utilized in order to facilitate computation. Results for an example are presented and are compared with the results for distributed indirect control.
Serum Volume Index Studies on Newborn Children

SummaryA serial study of 11 parturient women and their infants by the serum volume index confirmed the findings of others, by other tests, that a definite tendency to hemorrhage exists in infants for a short time shortly after birth.
Contrasting amounts of geographical variation as evidence for direct selection: the Mpi and Pgm loci in eight crustacean species

Contrasting amounts of geographical variation as evidence for direct selection: the Mpi and Pgm loci in eight crustacean species
Titanium(IV) complexes with amidinate and/or hydrazido ligands

Abstract The complex [Ti2Cl4(NNMe2)2(py)3] (1) has been prepared via the reaction of TiCl4 with LiN(H)NMe2, followed by treatment with pyridine. Preparation of the complex [TiCl(PhC{N(SiMe3)2}2)2(MeNNMe2)] (2) was carried out by treatment of TiCl4 with Li[PhC{N(SiMe3)2}]tmeda, followed by reaction with LiN(Me)NMe2. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The single crystal X-ray structure of Li[PhC{N(SiMe3)2}]tmeda (3) has also been determined.
Effect of temperature on the capacitance of carbon nanotube supercapacitors.

The effect of temperature on the kinetics and the diffusion mechanism of the ions in a supercapacitor assembled with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) film electrodes and an organic electrolyte were thoroughly investigated. An improved room temperature performance of the supercapacitor was observed due to the combined effects of an increase in the conductivity of the SWNT films and surface modifications on the SWNT films by repeatedly heating and cooling the supercapacitor between the temperatures of 25 and 100 °C. Modified Randles equivalent circuit was employed to carry out an extensive analysis of the Nyquist spectra measured at different temperatures between 25 and 100 °C in order to understand the fundamentals of the capacitive and resistive variations in the supercapacitor. The experimental results and their thorough analysis will have significant impact not only on the fundamental understanding of the temperature-dependent electrode/electrolyte interfacial properties but also on supercapacitor d...
αPlGF: A New Kid on the Antiangiogenesis Block

An agent that blocks tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis without affecting normal tissues—whether used alone or in combination with currently approved drugs—would change the way we treat cancer. In this issue, Fischer et al. (2007) offer compelling evidence that a monoclonal antibody against placental growth factor (PlGF), a member of the VEGF family, has such potential in mice.
Lack of effect of RPE65 removal on the enzymatic processing of all‐trans‐retinol into 11‐cis‐retinol in vitro

RPE65 is a major membrane associated protein found in the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Various studies have shown this protein to be essential for visual function, possibly at the level of the processing of retinoids. The pigment epithelium is the anatomical site in which the visual chromophore 11-cis retinal is generated. The two critical RPE enzymes in the isomerization pathway are lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT) and isomerohydrolase, which processes all-trans-retinyl esters into 11-cis-retinol. Both enzymes are membrane bound. It is shown here that RPE65 can be largely extracted (90–95%) from RPE membranes by 1 M KCl by itself, or with added detergent CHAPS. The almost quantitative extraction of RPE65 from RPE membranes has little or no effect on in vitro LRAT and isomerohydrolase activities in quantitative enzymatic assays using RPE membranes, suggesting that RPE65 may not have an important role to play in the enzymatic processing of all-trans-retinol into 11-cis-retinol in vitro.
Hydrologic budget and dynamics of a large oligotrophic lake related to hydro-meteorological inputs

Summary A turbulent diffusion transfer model was developed and coupled to a developed Dynamic Lake Model with Water Quality (DLM-WQ) with the goal of correctly estimating the hydrologic budget of Lake Tahoe (California–Nevada). Isohyetal lines were created using PRISM gridded monthly precipitation data during 1990–2011 to estimate the precipitation distribution directly on the lake. The US Environmental Protection Agency supported watershed model, Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC), was used to generate the stream flows and pollutants loading of 64 streams. The exchange coefficients for latent heat, sensible heat and wind drag (CEN, CHN, and CDN, respectively) and precipitation inputs were calibrated using coefficient of determination (R2) as the objective function and comparing visually the estimated values to those of measured record of 1994 to 2008. CEN, CHN, and CDN were found to be optimum at 1.82 × 10−6, 3.00 × 10−6 and 1.3 × 10−3, respectively for Lake Tahoe. CEN variation results in a greater change in lake water level compared to CHN and CDN. The annual precipitation contour lines indicate a reduction of approximately 35% of Tahoe City precipitation. DLM-WQ estimated 36% reduction of Tahoe City precipitation. Although latent heat loss (17%) is small compared to combined shortwave radiation and longwave radiation (77%) the effect on water balance due to inaccurate estimates of evaporative loss is very large because the ratio of watershed to lake surface area is low at 1.64. Evaporation (32%) is the largest contributor in the hydrologic budget and its accurate estimation is therefore critical and important for sustainable water management. The DLM-WQ estimated water surface temperatures and lake water level were in excellent agreement with those of measured records for the period 1994–2008 with R2 equal to 0.97 and 0.99, respectively.
An investigation of zincite from spent anodic portions of alkaline batteries: An industrial mineral approach for evaluating stock material for recycling potential

Abstract The mineralogy of anodic portions of spent alkaline batteries from a leading brand (Duracell) that had been equilibrated in ambient air for approximately 4 months was investigated to determine if material generated from this low energy process may be suitable stock material for recycling. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified the bulk of the ambient air oxidized anodic material as zincite (ZnO). Scanning electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures of zincite are present with euhedral hexagonal prisms being the most common crystal form. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that there are no minor amounts of Mn within the zincite. Transmission electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures exist in the This study provides new baseline information that can be used to develop large scale recycling of zincite from spent alkaline batteries. A promising applications of zincite are numerous, including the development of new solar cell materials. The spent alkaline battery waste stream may serve as promising resource for driving further development of this sector of the economy.
Calcification and bone marrow formation in ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Abstract Abnormal deposits of calcium in ischemic and necrotic tissue is a common finding in human pathologic conditions. Calcium is found in 1 to 2 per cent of simple renal cysts and 10 per cent of renal cell carcinomas. Calcification in hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction is rare. No cases of bone marrow arising within a calcified renal mass have been reported.
Active Vibration Control and Isolation for Micromachined Devices

Some harsh environments contain high frequency, high amplitude mechanical vibrations. Unfortunately some very useful components, such as micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes, can be very sensitive to these high frequency mechanical vibrations. Passive micromachined silicon low-pass filter structures (spring-mass-damper) have been demonstrated in recent years. However, the performance of these filter structures is typically limited by low damping. This is especially true if operated in low pressure environments, which is often the optimal operating environment for the attached device that requires vibration isolation. An active micromachined vibration isolator can be realized by combining a state sensor, and electrostatic actuator and feedback electronics with the passive isolator. Using this approach, a prototype active micromachined vibration isolator is realized and used to decrease the filter Q from approximately 135 to approximately 60, when evaluated in a low pressure environment. The physical size of these active isolators is suitable for use in or as packaging for sensitive electronic and MEMS devices, such as MEMS vibratory gyros.
Epigenetic suppression of T-DNA insertion mutants in Arabidopsis

T-DNA insertion mutants have been widely used to define gene functions in Arabidopsis and in other plants. Here, we report an unexpected phenomenon of epigenetic suppression of T-DNA insertion mutants in Arabidopsis. When the two T-DNA insertion mutants, yuc1-1 and ag-TD, were crossed together, the defects in all of the ag-TD plants in the F2 population were partially suppressed regardless of the presence of yuc1-1. Conversion of ag-TD to the suppressed ag-TD (named as ag-TD*) did not follow the laws of Mendelian genetics. The ag-TD* could be stably transmitted for many generations without reverting to ag-TD, and ag-TD* had the capacity to convert ag-TD to ag-TD*. We show that epigenetic suppression of T-DNA mutants is not a rare event, but certain structural features in the T-DNA mutants are needed in order for the suppression to take place. The suppressed T-DNA mutants we observed were all intronic T-DNA mutants and the T-DNA fragments in both the trigger T-DNA as well as in the suppressed T-DNA shared stretches of identical sequences. We demonstrate that the suppression of intronic T-DNA mutants is mediated by trans-interactions between two T-DNA insertions. This work shows that caution is needed when intronic T-DNA mutants are used.
758-1 Vasodilator Capacity of Coronary Resistance Vessels is Maintained by Chronic Exercise Training During Development of Heart Failure in Awake Dogs

Previous studies have shown that coronary vasodilator capacity which reflects vasomotion of coronary resistance vessels is enhanced after chronic exercise (EX) training in normal dogs. The goal of this study was to determine whether EX would preserve coronary dilator capacity during development of heart failure. Dogs (n = 4) were chronically instrumented to measure systemic hemodynamics, coronary blood flow (CBF) and for chronic pacing. Dogs were cardiac paced for 4 weeks (210 b/min for 3 weeks and 240 b/min for the 4th week) and exercised on a treadmill 2 hours/day during this pacing period. The peak CBF responses following release of a brief coronary artery occlusion (Occ.) and to acetylcholine (Ach) were examined before and after this cardiac pacing and EX combined regimen. The results (Unit: ml/min) are as follows. Before pacing a ex After pacing a ex Baseline Res. Delta Baseline Res. Delta Occ. (s) 5s 19 ± 1 59 ± 5 40 ± 4 27 ± 2 66 ± 7 40 ± 5 10s 20 ± 1 6s ± 6 45 ± 5 27 ± 2 80 ± 5 53 ± 2 15s 20 ± 2 78 ± 7 57 ± 15 27 ± 3 69 ± 10 42 ± 8 20s 20 ± 1 78 ± 17 59 ± 16 27 ± 2 98 ± 8 70 ± 10 30s 21 ± 2 98 ± 16 77 ± 15 27 ± 3 105 ± 12 80 ± 14 Ach. (μg/kg) 0.25 22 ± 1 33 ± 3 11 ± 4 24 ± 5 41 ± 1 17 ± 5 0.5 21 ± 3 38 ± 4 17 ± 6 24 ± 4 41 ± 1 17 ± 5 1 21 ± 2 42 ± 1 25 ± 1 24 ± 2 50 ± 2 26 ± 1 5 22 ± 3 59 ± 3 37 ± 5 24 ± 2 56 ± 1 32 ± 2 20 22 ± 2 64 ± 6 43 ± 6 24 ± 2 53 ± 1 29 ± 2 * * p l 0.05 from before pacing and EX The peak CBF response to nitroglycerin (NTG) was not changed. In contrast, CBF responses responses to Occ, Ach and NTG were impaired in dogs with the same pacing regimen but without EX. Thus, EX might playa potential role to protect vasodilator capacity of coronary resistance vessels during development of heart failure.
Making science worthwhile: still seeking critical, not cosmetic, changes

Tonso’s commentary on Sinnes and Loken’s paper links what they found to empirical research done in science and engineering career settings. Sinnes and Loken’s findings are a welcome addition to a literature dedicated to pointing out, yet again, some of the reasons we have made so little progress reversing gender inequities in the last 35 years. Their critique of Project Lily adds to what we know about initiatives that fail to grasp the futility of depending on either changing women so they become a better fit in STEM fields (few women exist of this sort) or highlighting those aspects of STEM fields perceived as attractive to underrepresented communities (the masculinized downside will still exist). Sinnes and Loken thus join a growing literature calling for cultural change in STEM disciplines and careers and providing a model feminist critique that other scholars can use to challenge similar initiatives.
Progress in understanding the Drosophila dnc locus

The genetic dissection of learning and memory in Drosophila is two decades old. Recently, a great deal of progress has been made towards isolating new mutants as well as towards a better understanding of the originally isolated ones. This paper reviews the recent developments in the understanding of the structure and function of the gene identified by the first and best-characterized of these mutants, the Drosophila dunce mutant.
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of hydridotriosmium decacarbonyl adsorbed on an alumina surface

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) was utilized to study hydridotriosmium decacarbonyl supported on an activated alumina surface. Triosmium dodecacarbonyl was adsorbed under a variety of conditions to give a surface-linked species. The bridging hydrogen observed at 1509 cm−1 is in accord with previous observations. Use of IETS to study supported metal cluster catalysts is critical to the rational design of novel catalysts.
Tau-induced neurodegeneration: mechanisms and targets.

The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau is a common feature of several dementias. Tau is one of the brain microtubule-associated proteins. Here we discuss tau’s functions in microtubule assembly and stabilization and with regard to its interactions with other proteins. We describe and analyze important post-translational modifications: hyperphosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycation, glycosylation, nitration, polyamination, proteolysis, acetylation, and methylation. We discuss how these post-translational modifications can alter tau’s biological function. We analyze the role of mitochondrial health in neurodegeneration. We propose that microtubules could be a therapeutic target and review different approaches. Finally, we consider whether tau accumulation or its conformational change is related to tau-induced neurodegeneration, and propose a mechanism of neurodegeneration.
A constrained empirical Bayes estimator for incidence rates in areas with small populations

Maps that show the geographic distribution of incidence rates can be useful tools for analysing spatial variation in mortality and morbidity. To attain the necessary geographic resolution, however, production of such maps often requires estimation of incidence in areas with small populations where the observed rates may be highly unstable. Manton et al. have presented an empirical Bayes stabilization procedure in which the observed rate is combined with an area-specific estimate of the underlying incidence. The approach allows for the mapping of outcomes with varied and possibly unknown etiologies without necessitating covariate dependent modelling of the expected rate. The empirical distribution of a collection of these estimates, however, may not provide an adequate description of the dispersion among the true rates. As a result, decisions based on the histogram of the empirical Bayes estimates may be suspect. We propose a modified version of the approach in which the mean and sample variance of the ensemble of estimates are constrained to equal the appropriate moments of the posterior distribution. The resulting collection of constrained empirical Bayes estimators has nearly the stability of the unconstrained approach and provides an improved estimator of the true rate distribution. We illustrate use of the estimator by producing stabilized county-level maps of U.S. fire- and burn-related mortality rates and validate the analytic results using a simulation analysis.
Validation of real-time data processing for the Ground and Air-MSPI systems

JPL is currently developing the multi-angle spectro-polarimetric imager (MSPI), targeted for the Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystems (ACE) mission, as defined in the National Academies 2007 Decadal Survey. In preparation for the space instrument, the MSPI team has built two incremental camera systems (Ground- and Air-MSPI) to improve understanding of the proposed architecture. Ground-MSPI is a gimballed instrument used primarily for stationary observation and characterization of the imager and optics. The ER-2 based Air-MSPI operates in a step-and-stare mode, providing multi-angle imaging of a static target. This mode-of-operation simulates the observation scenario of the space instrument. Physically, MSPI is a pushbroom camera with a specialized frontend. Before imaging, light entering the camera passes through a pair of photoelastic modulators and a set of pattern polarizers. These optical elements act on the light to make polarimetric extraction computationally feasible. Calculating polarimetric parameters from the imager's data stream requires a real-time least-squares computation that produces coefficients of a truncated time-series expansion of the image. As reported in [1][2], the data processing algorithm can operate in real-time on a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA. Moving beyond verification with an onboard data source, the algorithm has been validated on a commercial development board interfaced with the ground camera. In addition, the algorithm has been instantiated within the Air-MSPI electronics board's FPGA, and in situ first-light has been achieved.
Phosphorylation at Connexin43 Serine-368 Is Necessary for Myocardial Conduction During Metabolic Stress

Connexin43 (Cx43) phosphorylation alters gap junction localization and function. In particular, phosphorylation at serine-368 (S368) has been suggested to alter gap junctional conductance, but previous reports have shown inconsistent results for both timing and functional effects of S368 phosphorylation. The objective of this study was to determine the functional effects of isolated S368 phosphorylation. We evaluated wild-type Cx43 (AdCx43) and mutations simulating permanent phosphorylation (Ad368E) or preventing phosphorylation (Ad368A) at S368. Function was assessed by optical mapping of electrical conduction in patterned cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, under baseline and metabolic stress (MS) conditions. Baseline conduction velocity (CV) was similar for all groups. In the AdCx43 and Ad368E groups, MS moderately decreased CV. Ad368A caused complete conduction block during MS. Triton-X solubility assessment showed no change in Cx43 location during conduction impairment. Western blot analysis showed that Cx43-S368 phosphorylation was present at baseline, and that it decreased during MS. Our data indicate that phosphorylation at S368 does not affect CV under baseline conditions, and that preventing S368 phosphorylation makes Cx43 hypersensitive to MS. These results show the critical role of S368 phosphorylation during stress conditions.
Terminal Restriction Fragment Patterns: A Tool for Comparing Microbial Communities and Assessing Community Dynamics

Terminal Restriction Fragment (TRF) patterns, also known as Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (T-RFLP), are a recently introduced PCR-based tool for studying microbial community structure and dynamics. Since the first review of TRF methodology (Marsh, 1999. Curr. Op. Microbiol. 2: 323-7), at least 35 new research articles were published that include this powerful tool in some part of their reports. This review covers some of the applications that TRF patterns were used for and provides a discussion of how to create and analyze TRF pattern data. This data has the advantage of being simply and rapidly produced using standard DNA sequencing equipment. The raw data are automatically converted to a digitized form that can be easily analyzed with a variety of multivariate statistical techniques. The identification of specific elements in a TRF pattern is possible by comparison to entries in a good sequence database or by comparison to a clone library. As an added advantage when investigating complex microbial communities such as those in soils and intestines, TRF patterns are recognized as having better resolution than other DNA-based methods for evaluating community structure.
Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Alzheimer's disease is an insidious degenerative disease of the brain and is the leading cause of dementia in the U.S. Numerous etiologies have been postulated, including a large body of evidence suggesting a slow viral infection, possibly in genetically predisposed individuals, but this remains to be proven. Differential diagnosis is based primarily on exclusion of other treatable forms of dementia. Neurochemical studies suggest a cholinergic deficit; thus primary emphasis in treatment has been directed at enhancing cholinergic activity. Choline and lecithin supplementation generally has been ineffective. Results with physostigmine are encouraging and further studies with this drug prototype are needed. Physostigmine's clinical usefulness is limited, however, due to peripheral side effects and its short duration of action. Other pharmacological approaches, such as naloxone, neural metabolic enhancers, stimulants, and vasopressin analogs, have been investigated. The clinical features and pathology of the disease are reviewed.
Artificial neural networks for adolescent marijuana use and clinical features of marijuana dependence.

This article compares the performance of multiple logistic regression (MLR) with feed-forward, artificial neural network (ANN) models for the assessment of adolescent marijuana use and clinical features of dependence based on self-evaluation from recent National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The effect of training and testing the neural networks with randomly selected data was compared to data selected as a function of survey year. The technical aim of the study was to account for adolescent marijuana use and features of marijuana dependence based on experiences with alcohol and tobacco. Similarities observed in MLR and ANN model performance may indicate no major complex or nonlinear relationships in cross-sectional epidemiological data selected to model adolescent drug use and dependence in this specific application. We concluded that ANNs should be further studied in future longitudinal research, perhaps with modeling of recursive networks, allowing feedback from drug dependence to levels of ...
Streamwise vortex structure in plane mixing layers

The development of three-dimensional motions in a plane mixing layer was investigated experimentally. It is shown that superimposed on the primary, spanwise vortex structure there is a secondary, steamwise vortex structure. Three aspects of this secondary structure were studied. First, the spanwise vortex instability that generates the secondary structure was characterized by measurements of the critical Reynolds number and the spanwise wavelength at several flow conditions. While the critical Reynolds number was found to depend on the velocity ratio, density ratio and initial shear-layer-profile shape, the mean normalized wavelength is independent of these parameters. Secondly, flow visualization in water was used to obtain cross-sectional views of the secondary structure associated with the streamwise counter-rotating vortices. A model is proposed in which those vortices are part of a single vortex line winding back and forth between the high-speed side of a primary vortex and the low-speed side of the following one. Finally, the effect of the secondary structure on the spanwise concentration field was measured in a helium-nitrogen mixing layer. The spatial organization of the secondary structure produces a well-defined spanwise entrainment pattern in which fluid from each stream is preferentially entrained at different spanwise locations. These measurements show that the spanwise scale of the secondary structure increases with downstream distance.
The effects of interpersonal skills training on sex-role identity of premarital dating partners

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of a problem-solving skills training program on sex-role identity. It was hypothesized that individuals in a problem-solving skills training program would show greater movement toward androgyny relative to a control group. Twenty-six premarital couples were assigned to a problem-solving skills training program and 29 couples served as a contact control group. An analysis of covariance was performed on the Bem Scale masculine and feminine scores to test the effects of group and sex. Results indicated that the experimental group, as compared to the control group, was significantly higher on femininity following treatment. Discussion centered on the implications of being able to change sex-role identity as well as the need to further explore means of facilitating the development of androgyny in adults.
The Failure of the Spectacle: The Voices Within

This article offers an ethnobiographic analysis of one of the most marginalized populations in contemporary US society: impoverished individuals with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or mania hallucinatory bipolar disorder who are imprisoned, first within their minds, and secondly by the state, what I term “the spectacle.” Punishment for their disease, rather than treatment, forces many of them into constant drift-transition between shelters, seedy motels and the streets: the spectacle’s disposable trash. I argue that to be recognized as a rights-worthy human being within the neoliberal spectacle individuals are required to have the financial, social and cultural resources necessary to actively participate in the labor market and the profit-generating activities of consumption and consumerism. The limited economic resources of the mentally ill keep them from being sufficiently active participants to be viewed as socially worthy. Consequently, they become socially unworthy—the socially dead. The seriously mentally ill experience both spatial and moral dislocation. They are cast out as flawed consumers and failed workers, and more importantly, due to the stigmatization of mental illness, they are disavowed of their humanity, rendering them socially dead.
Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Vesicles Based on Linear Poly(Dimethylsiloxane-b-Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(Butadiene-b-Ethylene Oxide) Block Copolymers

Poly(dimethylsiloxane-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO) and poly(butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (PBd-PEO) are two block copolymers which separately form vesicles with disparate membrane permeabilities and fluidities. Thus, hybrid vesicles formed from both PDMS-PEO and PBd-PEO may ultimately allow for systematic, application-specific tuning of vesicle membrane fluidity and permeability. However, given the relatively low strength previously noted for comb-type PDMS-PEO vesicles, the mechanical robustness of the resulting hybrid vesicles must first be confirmed. Toward this end, we have characterized the mechanical behavior of vesicles formed from mixtures of linear PDMS-PEO and linear PBd-PEO using micropipette aspiration. Tension versus strain plots of pure PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles revealed a non-linear response in the high tension regime, in contrast to the approximately linear response of pure PBd33-PEO20 vesicles. Remarkably, the area expansion modulus, critical tension, and cohesive energy density of PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles were each significantly greater than for PBd33-PEO20 vesicles, although critical strain was not significantly different between these vesicle types. PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles generally displayed graded responses in between that of the pure component vesicles. Thus, the PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles retained or exceeded the strength and toughness characteristic of pure PBd-PEO vesicles, indicating that future assessment of the membrane permeability and fluidity of these hybrid vesicles may be warranted.
Metachromasia in the living cell.

Summary1. Intracellular granular metachromasia, appearing in a sequence of two colors, i.e., pink and purple, is a general phenomenon found in a variety of living cells in tissue culture. 2. In tissue culture cells, the appearance of intracellular granular meta-chromasia is evidence of cell viability and intracellular orthochromasia, one more criterion of cell death. 3. Mast cells, or “precursors” of mast cells cannot be specifically identified by supravital metachromasia. 4. Dye condensation effected by an active process in the cell, as one possible factor in producing vital metachromasia, is discussed.
Afterword: Troubling identities and identifications:

This article argues that the essays in the special issue on ‘Queer Migration, Asylum and Displacement’ collectively problematize how official identity categories trouble, and are troubled by, queer and asylum-seeking migrants. It discusses the future research and activist possibilities that these essays open up.