cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Are Recovering Substance Abuse Counselors Paid Less

ABSTRACT The goal of this study is to determine why recovering substance abuse counselors are paid less, on average and controlling for other factors, than nonrecovering substance abuse counselors. The data come from the 2002-2003 wave of the National Treatment Center Study and consist of 1,487 full-time counselors from nationally representative samples of public and private substance abuse treatment programs in the United States. We use ordinary least squares regression models to estimate the differential impacts of numerous personal and program characteristics on the self-reported annual salaries of recovering and nonrecovering counselors. We found that differential returns to a college degree explain the vast majority of the difference in pay by counselor recovery status. Compared to nonrecovering counselors, recovering counselors receive, on average and controlling for other factors, $2,580 less per year for a college degree. Several possible explanations for this result are discussed, including the p...
Autotransfusion in emergent operative trauma resuscitation.

Autotransfusion of red cells is common in many surgical specialties. However, this technique is not uniformly used in abdominal trauma. The purpose of this paper is to study the outcomes of patients who were autotransfused during emergency trauma operations in which they sustained full-thickness hollow viscus injury (HVI). A total of 179 patients in period 1999–2008 with penetrating and blunt abdominal trauma requiring intraoperative blood transfusion were evaluated. Recipients of autotransfusion and banked blood (autotransfused group) were compared with recipients of banked blood products only (control group). The t-test, Chi-squared, and Fisher’s exact test were used to evaluate the data. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated the primary outcomes, survival and bloodstream infection (BSI). Of the 179 patients, 108 controls and 71 autotransfused patients were evaluated. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the control and autotransfusion groups regarding age, injury pattern/severity [Injury Severity Score (ISS)], length of stay, postoperative international normalized ratio (INR), and volume of banked blood products. Both groups were also proportional with colon injury. The estimated operative blood loss (EBL) was 2,472 ± 3,261 for controls and 4,056 ± 3,825 for the autotransfused group (p = 0.0001). The total volume of blood transfused was 2,792 and 5,513 for controls and patients in the autotransfusion group, respectively (p = 0.002). Ninety controls (84 %) and 53 autotransfused patients (76 %) survived to discharge (p = 0.21). Twenty controls (49 %) and 17 autotransfused patients (45 %) developed BSI (p = 0.72). Logistic regression analysis revealed that an ISS >25, systolic blood pressure 2 L predicted mortality. There was also a trend towards decreased survival with age >50 years. We found no evidence that emergent autotransfusion worsens clinical outcomes in the setting of concomitant HVI.
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING CRUSTACEAN SPECIES FOR AQUACULTURE1

The process of selection of species for aquaculture should include consideration of long-term genetic adaptability to conditions of culture (i.e., domestication) which are often very different from those prevailing in more natural environments. Major consideration should be given to the heritability of desirable traits such as growth rate, disease resistance, etc. Heritability may be defined as that proportion of the total variation of the trait under particular circumstances which may be attributed to additive genetic variance; it may be calculated from the results of experiments involving progenies of selected matings. In the absence of such data, one expects heritability to be higher in members of evolutionary flourishing and recently expanding groups in which there is great variation in the trait in question. Without genetic variation or heterozygosity there can be no selection; estimates of overall relative heterozygosity in populations of different species may be made from modern techniques of examination of protein variation. If within-population heterozygosity is low or negligible, hybridization between populations may increase heterozygosity and heritability; if populations within a species are not differentiated genetically, interspecific hybridization may be attempted. This approach is more likely to succeed with recently diverged species, such as are found again in evolutionary flourishing groups. Finally, it may be possible to speed up the process of adaptation to the conditions of culture and the market place by taking advantage of special features in the mating system (e.g., protandrous hermaphroditism), life history (e.g., metamorphosis), or population biology (e.g., dispersal phases) of the potential cultivar. Examples are given of these principles applied to candidate species.
AOS26 Bevacizumab-induced hypertension and use of anti-hypertensive drugs is associated with improved outcome in patients with solid organ tumours treated with bevacizumab

Background Bevacizumab has been effective in the treatment of various solid organ tumours in several phase III trials. Hypertension is a common side-effect with bevacizumab because of it has anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) activity. There are conflicting results about the role of hypertension as a marker for prediction of clinical efficacy. We reviewed the correlation between bevacizumab-induced hypertension and treatment response rate, progression free survival, and overall survival in patients with solid organ tumours. Methods We undertook a retrospective review of case records of patients who had histologically proven advanced or metastatic solid organ tumours and had received bevacizumab as part of their cancer treatment between 1st January 2006 and 31st December 2010 in a single cancer institute at a tertiary hospital. Findings One hundred and fifty-four of 171 patients had complete records that were available for review. Eighty patients (51.9%) developed grade 2 or greater hypertension with bevacizumab. Thirty-five (43.8%) of these were treated with anti-hypertensive drugs; 29 patients received only one anti-hypertensive drug and the remaining patients received two anti-hypertensive drugs. Median objective response rate was higher in patients who developed bevacizumab-induced hypertension than in those who did not (43.8% versus 16.2%, p p = 0.036), and showed a trend towards improved overall survival (29.4 months versus 18.3 months, p = 0.058). Interpretation Initiation of anti-hypertensive drugs to control bevacizumab-induced hypertension is associated with better survival and warrants confirmation in prospective trials. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
First Look into Effects of Discrete Midspan Vortex Injection on Wing Performance

The effects of midspan discrete vortex injection on the performance of a rectangular wing model were studied in a wind tunnel. Based on this preliminary study, discrete vortex injection, while affecting the wing lift and drag, does not degrade its overall performance to any significant degree. This is particularly so in the high-angle-of-attack range where use of vortex injection for wake turbulence alleviation had been proposed. The investigation confirms and expands previously reported, computationally determined results. This study was of a limited scope; additional aspects of discrete vortex injection warrant investigation.
FROM LUCY TO LANGUAGE: OUR PLACE IN NATURE

My long-time experience in Africa has not only rewarded me with exceptional discoveries like LUCY, but also given me time to reflect on what I have discovered about our place in nature, and especially what the past tells us about ourselves. When I was preparing today’s comments I focused on one question: What has LUCY taught us since she first made her debut some 32 years ago?
Granular L10 FePt (0 0 1) thin films for Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording

Abstract Granular L1 0 FePt (0 0 1) thin films were deposited on a Si substrate with Ta/MgO underlayers by rf sputtering. The effects of in-situ heating temperatures (350–575 °C), pressures (2–40 mTorr), and sputtering powers (15–75 W) on texture and microstructure were investigated for the FePt films. We obtained films with grain densities approaching 50 teragrains per in. 2 , grains sizes down to 2.2 nm with center-to-center spacing of 4.2 nm and coercivity of 24 kOe. The order parameters for the L1 0 FePt thin films were derived and calculated to be as high as 0.91. Although the grain size is small, the spacing between grains is too large for practical heat assisted magnetic recording media. To reach the desired results, we propose that layer-by-layer growth should be promoted in the FePt layer by inserting another underlayer that provides a better lattice match to L1 0 FePt.
Homeless Youth: A Concept Analysis

INTRODUCTION. A variety of terms have been used to describe the homeless youth population. PURPOSE. The purpose of this article is to analyze the conceptual meanings of the term homeless youths by examining the evolution of the concept and its related terms in the current literature. Method. Online databases from 1990-2010 were analyzed using the Rodgers evolutionary approach. RESULTS. The 6 attributes relating to homeless youth were physical location, age, health, behavior, choice, and survival. CONCLUSION. The analysis provided insight and clarification of homeless youth from a variety of related terms in the literature.
TREATMENT OF A BOY WITH GROWTH HORMONE INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME WITH rhIGF-I AND LHRH ANALOG

To determine the effect of rhIGF-I treatment plus LHRH analog on growth velocity and bone maturation in a pubertal patient with growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), we treated an 18.5-year old mid-pubertal boy with GHIS with rhIGF-I 100 ug/kg twice daily plus LHRH analog (deslorelin) 4 ug/kg/day. Pretreatment height was 111.2 cm (−10 S.D.), growth rate was 4.1 cm/year, bone age 14.5 years, peak plasma LH 32.1 IU/L, peak FSH 7.2 IU/L and testosterone (T) 342 ng/dL. Serum IGF-I increased from an undetectable level at baseline to 108 ng/mL at 1 h post administration. GH secretion, measured q 30 min for 24 h, was suppressed from 1 h to 12 h post IGF-I administration. IGFBP-3 was unchanged. After three months of therapy, growth rate had increased from 4.1 to 8.7 cm/year, bone age was unchanged, gonadotropins were suppressed by the deslorelin, and T had fallen from 342 to 53 ng/dL. We conclude that rhIGF-I therapy in combination with LHRII analog can increase growth rate in pubertal patients with GHIS. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the long-term outcome of rhIGF-I plus LHRH analog treatment on growth velocity, and bone age advancement, and adult height.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Acetatochlorobis(4-methylpyridine) oxovanadium (IV)

The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, VOCl(O2CCH3)(4-CH3C5H4N)2, has been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. The material crystallizes in the space group P 1(bar) (#2) with a = 7.822(2), b = 8.023(l), c = 14.841(2) Angstroms, alpha = 99.73(l), beta = 91.41(l), and gamma = 117.13(l). The coordination geometry around the vanadium is a highly distorted octahedron. The molecule is remarkable for being a monomeric oxovanadium (IV) carboxylate. A generalized synthetic strategy is proposed for the preparation of oxovanadium (IV) monomers.
The fasciculus cinguli in the rat

Abstract The white matter of the medial cortex in the rat was examined along its longitudinal extent from the genu to the splenium of the corpus callosum. The problem of distinguishing thalamic from cortical contributions to this fiber complex was approached experimentally by tracing axon degeneration elicited by lesions in the anterior thalamus and the cingulate cortex6, respectively. The results indicate that the fasciculus cinguli is primarily a thalamocortical fiber stratum, contiguous with that of the remaining cortex, and forming with the latter the external medullary stratum of the cortical white matter. In their course to the medial cortex, thalamocingulate fibers pass rostralward from the thalamus. At levels extending from the anterior commissure forward beyond the genu of the corpus callosum, the fibers first turn dorsalward, penetrating the callosal fiber sheet, and then medialward to become enclosed in the fasciculus cinguli. The appearance of these fibers is most striking at levels anterior to the genu where they take an almost vertical sweep dorsalward into the fasciculus cinguli. The thalamocingulate projection system remains enclosed in the fasciculus cinguli throughout the latter's rostrocaudal extent, continually issuing fibers to the medial cortex, including the presubicular cortex. In comparison to its thalamocortical components the fasciculus cinguli of the rat appears only sparsely populated by corticocortical fibers. Moreover, efferents from the cingulate cortex projecting to subcortical structures do not become enclosed within the fasciculus cinguli, but traverse the bundle and accumulate in a deeper fiber stratum (the internal sagittal stratum of the white matter) from which they penetrate the layer of callosal fibers to join the internal capsule. Of this category of cortical efferents, the corticothalamic fibers originating from the caudal half of the cingulate cortex turn medialward around the stria terminalis and enter the thalamus as components of the lateral thalamic peduncle. The present finding that the thalamocingulate fibers, including the projection to the caudal cingulate region, do not travel by way of the lateral thalamic peduncle reveals a marked contrast in the respective trajectories of the thalamocingulate and cingulothalamic pathways.
Gravity and electroweak symmetry breaking in a RSI/RSII hybrid model

We present a hybrid RSI/RSII model in which we both solve the hierarchy problem and produce a continuum of Kaluza-Klein graviton modes. In this model, four-dimensional gravity can be reproduced, and the radion mode can be stabilized. We then modify the hybrid gravity model to include $\mathrm{SU}(2{)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(2{)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1{)}_{B\ensuremath{-}L}$ bulk gauge fields. Electroweak symmetry is broken by the choice of appropriate boundary conditions. By adjusting the size of one region of the extra dimension, we show that the $S$ parameter can be decreased while protecting the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ parameter from corrections. We find that as the $S$ parameter is decreased by $\ensuremath{\sim}60%$, ${M}_{{Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ and ${M}_{{W}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ stay below 1800 GeV, protecting unitarity.
Os acromiale: Population differences and their etiological significance

The os acromiale is an accessory bone resulting from failure of the acromial apophysis to fuse to the scapula. It is a relatively frequent defect affecting 4-18% of most large skeletal series. The etiology of os acromiale is poorly understood, and two competing hypotheses have been proposed: (1) that the accessory bone represents a genetic defect, and (2) that it results from mechanical stress on the developing acromion. In order to assess the evidence for these two hypotheses, os acromiale frequencies from a South African cadaver sample (n = 494) were compared to frequencies from a medieval Danish archaeological sample (n = 532). The South African frequency (18.2%) was significantly higher than the medieval Danish frequency (7.7%, p < 0.0001). These results mirror those of another study comparing African- and Euro-Americans, and tend to support the genetic hypothesis. However, a left side bias (72%) was also found among the South Africans (p = 0.013), lending some support to the mechanical stress hypothesis. Sex and age biases were also examined but were not found. In order to further test the mechanical hypothesis, the medieval Danes were divided into groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status based upon cemetery type. Lower status individuals were presumed to have engaged in strenuous labor activities more often and at a younger age than higher status individuals. However, comparison of these two groups failed to demonstrate a significant frequency difference (p = 0.105). Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that a third etiology combining a genetic predisposition for os acromiale with mechanical stress as the proximate cause should also be considered.
Hebbian learning from higher-order correlations requires crosstalk minimization

Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity should be extremely connection specific, though experiments have shown it is not, and biophysics suggests it cannot be. Extreme specificity (near-zero "crosstalk") might be essential for unsupervised learning from higher-order correlations, especially when a neuron has many inputs. It is well known that a normalized nonlinear Hebbian rule can learn "unmixing" weights from inputs generated by linearly combining independently fluctuating nonGaussian sources using an orthogonal mixing matrix. We previously reported that even if the matrix is only approximately orthogonal, a nonlinear-specific Hebbian rule can usually learn almost correct unmixing weights (Cox and Adams in Front Comput Neurosci 3: doi: 10.3389/neuro.10.011.2009 2009). We also reported simulations that showed that as crosstalk increases from zero, the learned weight vector first moves slightly away from the crosstalk-free direction and then, at a sharp threshold level of inspecificity, jumps to a completely incorrect direction. Here, we report further numerical experiments that show that above this threshold, residual learning is driven instead almost entirely by second-order input correlations, as occurs using purely Gaussian sources or a linear rule, and any amount of crosstalk. Thus, in this "ICA" model learning from higher-order correlations, required for unmixing, requires high specificity. We compare our results with a recent mathematical analysis of the effect of crosstalk for exactly orthogonal mixing, which revealed that a second, even lower, threshold, exists below which successful learning is impossible unless weights happen to start close to the correct direction. Our simulations show that this also holds when the mixing is not exactly orthogonal. These results suggest that if the brain uses simple Hebbian learning, it must operate with extraordinarily accurate synaptic plasticity to ensure powerful high-dimensional learning. Synaptic crowding would preclude this when inputs are numerous, and we propose that the neocortex might be distinguished by special circuitry that promotes extreme specificity for high-dimensional nonlinear learning.
Hemodynamic Consequences of Right Ventricular Isolation: The Contribution of the Right Ventricular Free Wall to Cardiac Performance

Surgical isolation of the right ventricular free wall was performed in 10 dogs to evaluate both the hemodynamic effects of the procedure and the postoperative contribution of right ventricular free wall contraction to overall cardiac performance. Following the procedure, there was no significant differences in peak right ventricular systolic pressure, right atrial pressure, right ventricular stroke volume, or cardiac index. Cardiac index remained at preoperative levels over a wide range of filling pressures. However, there was a significant decrease in right ventricular stroke work (6.0 +/- 1.3 gm-m/m2 to 5.1 +/- 0.5 gm-m/m2; p less than 0.05). Pacing the isolated right ventricular free wall resulted in marked hemodynamic improvement compared with an electrically silent right ventricular free wall. Cardiac index increased from 1.7 +/- 0.2 L/min/m2 to 2.6 +/- 0.2 L/min/m2 (p less than 0.0005), and right ventricular stroke work went from 3.0 +/- 0.6 gm-m/m2 to 6.4 +/- 0.9 gm-m/m2 (p less than 0.0005). Right ventricular performance was also significantly related to the timing of right ventricular free wall contraction. Thus, the right ventricular free wall played an important role in the maintenance of normal cardiac hemodynamics.
Design spaces, measures and metrics for evaluating quality of time operators and consequences leading to improved algorithms by design—illustration to structural dynamics

For the first time, for time discretized operators, we describe and articulate the importance and notion of design spaces and algorithmic measures that not only can provide new avenues for improved algorithms by design, but also can distinguish in general, the quality of computational algorithms for time-dependent problems; the particular emphasis is on structural dynamics applications for the purpose of illustration and demonstration of the basic concepts (the underlying concepts can be extended to other disciplines as well). For further developments in time discretized operators and/or for evaluating existing methods, from the established measures for computational algorithms, the conclusion that the most effective (in the sense of convergence, namely, the stability and accuracy, and complexity, namely, the algorithmic formulation and algorithmic structure) computational algorithm should appear in a certain algorithmic structure of the design space amongst comparable algorithms is drawn. With this conclusion, and also with the notion of providing new avenues leading to improved algorithms by design, as an illustration, a novel computational algorithm which departs from the traditional paradigm (in the sense of LMS methods with which we are mostly familiar with and widely used in commercial software) is particularly designed into the perspective design space representation of comparable algorithms, and is termed here as the forward displacement non-linearly explicit L-stable (FDEL) algorithm which is unconditionally consistent and does not require non-linear iterations within each time step. From the established measures for comparable algorithms, simply for illustration purposes, the resulting design of the FDEL formulation is then compared with the commonly advocated explicit central difference method and the implicit Newmark average acceleration method (alternately, the same conclusion holds true against controllable numerically dissipative algorithms) which pertain to the class of linear multi-step (LMS) methods for assessing both linear and non-linear dynamic cases. The conclusions that the proposed new design of the FDEL algorithm which is a direct consequence of the present notion of design spaces and measures, is the most effective algorithm to-date to our knowledge in comparison to the class of second-order accurate algorithms pertaining to LMS methods for routine and general non-linear dynamic situations is finally drawn through rigorous numerical experiments.
A study of the nucleic acid content of mouse lung infected with the virus of influenza

Abstract In conclusion, it may be stated that changes in the content of thymidylic and uridylic acids in mouse-lung could not be related to specific viral multiplication of influenza virus. The content of both components is maintained at relatively constant levels, even though infected tissue is undergoing drastic physiological and pathological change.
Relations of remote sensing leaf water indices to leaf water thickness in cowpea, bean, and sugarbeet plants

Abstract Remote sensing leaf water indices depend on two variables: the relative water content (RWC) of leaf cells, which may serve as an indicator for water deficit stress in plants, and leaf thickness. The measurement of leaf water thickness (LWT) appears to be an experimental method that can be well correlated with leaf water indices. We studied how leaf water indices relate to the LWT in cowpea, bean, and sugarbeet. In all three species, the LWT increased linearly with increasing leaf thickness. The T1300/T1450 leaf water index, based on light transmitted through leaves, showed a strong exponential correlation with the LWT as expected from theoretical analysis. However, the R1300/R1450 leaf water index, based on light reflected from leaves, exhibited a characteristic logarithmic correlation with the LWT. For both leaf water indices we found only minor differences between the three species examined.
Diagnostic usefulness of testing for anti-HBc IgM in acute hepatitis B.

Numerous tests to detect anti-HBc IgM have been developed and shown to have different degrees of sensitivity and specificity. One of these assays, Corzyme®-M (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.), recently became commercially available. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical utility of this anti-HBc IgM test in establishing the diagnosis of acute hepatitis B using sera from a group of 42 prospectively followed individuals who had been exposed to hepatitis B virus. The Corzyme®-M test was highly sensitive in detecting recent hepatitis B virus infection. All 30 patients with symptomatic and 12 with asymptomatic acute hepatitis B virus infection developed anti-HBc IgM. However, the timing of sample testing relative to onset of symptoms in symptomatic patients was important, inasmuch as 2 of 23 patients were negative for anti-HBc IgM early in the symptomatic period, although all were HBsAg positive. The duration of anti-HBc IgM positivity after acute infection was variable, ranging from 2 to 134 weeks. In 14% of patients, anti-HBc IgM remained detectable for more than 1 year. From the data, recommendations are given regarding the usefulness of anti-HBc IgM testing in the diagnosis of acute hepatitis B virus infection.
Experimentelle und numerische Modellierung der Wirkung von Gas‐ und Staubexplosionen

Since the intensity of an explosion increases substantially on damming or as a result of turbulence-generating obstacles, gas or dust explosions in industrial plant can cause considerable damage. In connection with various research projects, medium and large-scale experimental studies on gas and dust explosions were undertaken in order to gain detailed information about the course and effects of explosions under realistic conditions and to assess possible means of improving safety precautions. Some typical experiments on expansion in dust explosions are presented on the basis of the measured explosive pressures and flame lengths and compared with the calculated results obtained using the BASSIM CFD code developed by Battelle or by empirical modelling.
Mesoscale Engineering of Nanocomposite Nonlinear Optical Materials

Complex nonlinear optical materials comprising elemental, compound or alloy quantum dots embedded in appropriate dielectric or semiconducting hosts may be suitable for deployment in photonic devices. Ion implantation, ion exchange followed by ion implantation, and pulsed laser deposition have all been used to synthesize these materials. However, the correlation between the parameters of energetic-beam synthesis and the nonlinear optical properties is still very rudimentary when one starts to ask what is happening at nanoscale dimensions. Systems integration of corplex nonlinear optical materials requires that the mesoscale materials science be well understood within the context of device structures. We discuss the effects of beam energy and energy density on quantum-dot size and spatial distribution, thermal conductivity, quantum-dot composition, crystallinity and defects — and, in turn, on the third-order optical susceptibility of the composite material. Examples from recent work in our laboratories are used to illustrate these effects.
Imaging and characterization of OH structures in a turbulent nonpremixed flame

Planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of the hydroxyl radical (OH) is used to investigate spatial structures in a number of highly turbulent (ReD≈2300 to 50,000) nonpremixed hydrogen jet flames burning in air. Hydroxyl marks the flame zone and is also expected to mark large vortical structures in the flame. At each experimental condition, more than 80 OH images are recorded within 8 seconds, permitting the compilation of statistical measurements at more than 120,000 spatial locations. Several image analysis techniques are presented. Each technique is applied to individual images within a data set, and then statistics are compiled for the complete set. Two-dimensional Fourier transform techniques are used to calculate spatial autocorrelations on each instantaneous image, from which length scale information is extracted. Two orthogonal correlation lengths are determined for each image. The correlation length along the flame exhibits a Reynolds number invariance for high ReD (>2×104). The autocorrelation technique also produces a clear, mathematically-defined flame angle. The measured flame angles indicate increased angular fluctuation of the jet at high Reynolds number. The dependence of lift-off height on jet velocity is also measured. The lift-off results agree well with previous measurements based on flame emission and schlieren photographs, with the OH measurements producing slightly lower lift-off heights.
In-vivo NMR studies of deuterium-labeled photosensitizers in mice tumor model

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising modality for the treatment of cancer. We are using newly synthesized and chemically defined and characterized porphyrin photosensitizers that are specifically labeled with deuterium to perform in vivo NMR studies in a murine tumor model. In vivo magnetic resonance offers the potential for repetitive, safe, noninvasive evaluation of photosensitizers, tumor metabolism, and the effect of PDT on the tumor metabolism. In an effort to monitor noninvasively the photosensitizers in an in vivo tumor model, we are synthesizing several deuterium labeled photosensitizers which absorb red light at or above 630 nm. Development of methods to test these photosensitizers directly in humans is not feasible at this time, since these photosensitizers are new and we do not yet understand the side effects. In addition, we do not understand the potential benefits compared with Photofrin II, the widely used photosensitizer. To perform our in vivo deuterium NMR studies on mouse foot tumors, we have constructed a solenoid coil which operates at 30.7 MHz for the deuterium nucleus. We have been able to detect the deuterium labeled photosensitizer in the tumor after a direct intra-tumor injection. The use of 31P NMR to predict the possible outcome of PDT in these tumors is also discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In Situ Relations of Target Strength to Fish Size for Great Lakes Pelagic Planktivores

Abstract We found mean target strength to be a reliable in situ predictor of fish weight, which allows direct estimation of the pelagic planktivore fish biomass from target strength measurements. Fish were collected by midwater trawling concurrent with target strength measurements (120-kHz frequency) in Lake Michigan. The mean weight of fish caught ranged from 2 to 71 g and mean target strength ranged from –54.9 to –38.0 decibels. Changes in mean target strength explained 73% of the variability in mean weight for combinations of various planktivore species, principally rainbow smelt Osrnerus mordax, bloaters Coregonus hovi, and alewives Alosa pseudoharengus. Bloaters were found to be less acoustically reflective than the other pelagic species, and a linear regression model with a classification variable was used to predict weight from target strength for bloaters and for the other species. We demonstrated that variations in the backscattering properties of different fish species must be considered to obta...
The influence of an interface electric field on the distribution coefficient of chromium in LiNbO3

Abstract The effective solute partitioning of chromium was investigated on single crystals of LiNbO 3 grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique. Electric field effects at the interface influence this solute partitioning, leading to an electric field-dependent effective solute distribution coefficient, k E . The LHPG technique made it possible to explore these field effects by controllably changing the growth velocity ( V ) and the temperature gradient ( G S , G L ) near the interface over a wide range. The electric field generated via the temperature gradient is associated with the thermoelectric power while an additional electric field is growth rate associated via a charge separation effect. By applying the Burton-Prim-Slichter (BPS) theory to our experimental data, we found the phase diagram solute partition coefficient to be k 0 ≈ 3.65, while the field-influenced solute partition coefficient ( V = 0) was k ′ EO ≈ 8.17 at G L ≈ 11500°C/cm. It is theoretically shown that the same considerations can be applied to all ionic partitioning at a solid-liquid interface.
Effects of Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion on Prostanoid Accumulation in Unanesthetized and Pentobarbital-Treated Gerbils

Cerebral ischemia was induced in unanesthetized gerbils using bilateral carotid artery ligations. The effects of 20 min of global ischemia on the concentrations of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), PGE2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), and thromboxane B2 were determined after 0-24 h of reperfusion. Ischemia had little effect on eicosanoid production, but significant increases were observed by 5 min of reperfusion, with maximal levels reached by 15 min of reperfusion. PGF2 alpha was the most concentrated prostaglandin in postischemic brain, whereas PGE2 was most concentrated in control cerebra. Pretreatment with anesthetic doses of pentobarbital supported increased accumulation of PGF2 alpha in postischemic cerebra, increased accumulation of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha during the ischemic episode, and decreased accumulation of PGE2 at 120 min of reperfusion. It appears that the protective effects of barbiturate anesthesia are not expressed by the reduced accumulation of the above eicosanoids.
Magnetization reversal of submicrometer Co rings with uniaxial anisotropy via scanning magnetoresistance microscopy

We have investigated the magnetization reversal mechanism of narrow submicrometer Co rings using scanning magnetoresistance microscopy. Thermal annealing in a magnetic field introduced a uniaxial anisotropy and significant structural changes in the samples. We have observed a complicated multidomain state at intermediate field ranges, and onion states at saturation, for samples annealed in a field. This observation is in contrast to the flux-closed vortex state for unannealed rings. Micromagnetic simulations have shown that the switching occurs through a gradual noncoherent buckling-like reversal process followed by coherent rotation.
Surgical decision making and factors determining a diagnosis of breast carcinoma in women presenting with nipple discharge

Abstract Background There is no consensus about the use of the various diagnostic tests and surgical procedures available to confirm or rule out breast cancer in patients presenting with nipple discharge. This study was designed to identify patient and nipple-discharge characteristics associated with the diagnosis of breast cancer and to determine the utility of mammography, sonography, ductography, and cytology in surgical decision making in patients presenting with pathologic nipple discharge. Study design We reviewed the medical records of all patients who presented with nipple discharge at our institution between August 1993 and September 2000. Patient and nipple-discharge characteristics and findings on imaging studies and cytologic examination were analyzed. Results A total of 146 patients presented at our institution with nipple discharge during the study period. Of these, 52 had clinically benign discharge and were managed without surgical intervention; 94 patients had pathologic discharge and underwent a biopsy procedure for histologic diagnosis, treatment, or both. Logistic regression analysis identified mammographic (relative risk [RR] = 10.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.36 to 46.39, p=0.0002) and sonographic (RR = 5.54, 95% CI 1.27 to 25.40, p=0.028) abnormalities as independent factors associated with a malignant diagnosis. Nineteen cancers, 62 papillomas, and 13 other benign lesions were identified among the patients with pathologic discharge. In 3 patients with cancer (15.8%) and 30 patients with a papilloma (48.4%), ductography was the only means of identifying lesions to be resected. Patients who underwent ductography-guided operation (n = 42, 50%) or any surgical procedure including a localization study (n = 66, 78.6%) were significantly more likely than patients who underwent central duct excision alone to have a specific underlying lesion identified (p = 0.045 and p=0.033, respectively). Conclusions Abnormalities on mammography and sonography in patients with nipple discharge should alert physicians to the possibility of a breast cancer diagnosis. In patients with pathologic discharge with normal findings on physical examination and other imaging studies, ductography might be the only means of localizing and resecting breast lesions associated with nipple discharge.
Temperature dependence of the Hall effect in high-temperature superconductors above and below Tc

We review the sign reversal of the Hall angle θH seen in many high-temperature superconductors in small magnetic fields. Preliminary data are presented for a tetragonal (and therefore untwinned) single crystal of YBa2Cu3O7−δ with 4% of the Cu atoms replaced by Co; the sign reversal of θH is not seen. For an untwinned single-crystal sample of the undoped compound, the measured constant-pressure Hall-effect data above Tc are converted to constant-volume data, so direct comparison can be made with theory.
The effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate on the growth of Neurospora crassa.

Also the paramorphogenic effect of cAMP was reversed by increasing the glucose concentration in the growth medium. Similar effect of glucose has been described in Escherichia coli [1]. When cAMP was added to the liquid culture, Neurospora wild-type strains were found to grow as small balls of mycelia. Thus the effect of cAMP on the growth pattern of Neurospora in liquid submerged culture was less pronounced. Effect of cAMP on conidiation: Besides its effect on the growth pattern of the wildtype strain cAMP and its dibutyryl derivatives were found to suppress the formation of aerial hyphae and conidiation in Neurospora. The wild-type strain grown on the minimal medium showed luxuriant condidiation after 30 h of growth whereas the culture grown on cAMP lacked aerial hyphae and conidiation even after 150h of growth. Effect o f cAMP on the sorbose-resistant mutant strains: It is known that the wildtype strain of Neurospora grows with colonial morphology in the presence of I.-sorbose [7]. However, a particular mutant strain called patch [8] is resistant to the paramorphogenic effect of L-sorbose. Furthermore it is known that sorbose can reduce the activity of wild-type cell-wall-synthesizing enzyme in vivo and in vitro but not that of the patch enzyme [9]. Therefore the effect of cAMP on the growth pattern The role of cyclic 3',Y-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been well established in genetic control mechanisms [1]. Recently cAMP has been shown to increase the frequency of transformation in bacteria [2]. Since we have been interested in the problems o f genetic transformation in Neurospora [3, 4], it was therefore of interest to investigate the role of exogenous cAMP on the growth of Neurospora. The data presented in Table 1 show that cAMP induced a colonial-type growth in the wildtype strains of Neurospora (RL 3-8A RL21a). The wild-type strain showed a filamentous growth [5, 6] on the minimal medium containing glucose as sole carbon source. The growth pattern of the wildtype strain was changed from normal filamentous to semicolonial and finally to a colonial type when the increasing concentration of cAMP was added to the growth medium. The most dramatic effect was produced by cAMP (6 mg/ml) on solid agar medium. On such a medium, the wildtype strain showed a restricted colonial type of growth, similar effect was also seen when a dibutyryl derivative of cAMP was added to the growth medium. This paramorphogenic effect of cAMP and its dibutyryl derivative was characteristic of these nucleotides alone since other nucleotides such as 2' ,3 '-AMP, ADP and ATP were unable to affect the growth pattern of the Neurospora wild-type strain (see Table 1).
Sub-cellular Ca2+ dynamics affected by voltage- and Ca2+-gated K+ channels: Regulation of the soma-growth cone disparity and the quiescent state in Drosophila neurons

Abstract Using Drosophila mutants and pharmacological blockers, we provide the first evidence that distinct types of K+ channels differentially influence sub-cellular Ca2+ regulation and growth cone morphology during neuronal development. Fura-2-based imaging revealed in cultured embryonic neurons that the loss of either voltage-gated, inactivating Shaker channels or Ca2+-gated Slowpoke BK channels led to robust spontaneous Ca2+ transients that preferentially occurred within the growth cone. In contrast, loss of voltage-gated, non-inactivating Shab channels did not show such a disparity and sometimes produced soma-specific Ca2+ transients. The fast spontaneous transients in both the soma and growth cone were suppressed by the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin, indicating that these Ca2+ fluctuations stemmed from increases in membrane excitability. Similar differences in regional Ca2+ regulation were observed upon membrane depolarization by high K+-containing saline. In particular, Shaker and slowpoke mutations enhanced the size and dynamics of the depolarization-induced Ca2+ increase in the growth cone. In contrast, Shab mutations greatly prolonged the Ca2+ increase in the soma. Differential effects of these excitability mutations on neuronal development were indicated by their distinct alterations in growth cone morphology. Loss of Shaker currents increased the size of lamellipodia and the number of filopodia, structures associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, loss of Slowpoke currents strongly influenced tubulin regulation, enhancing the number of microtubule loop structures per growth cone. Together, our findings support the idea that individual K+ channel subunits differentially regulate spontaneous sub-cellular Ca2+ fluctuations in growing neurons that may influence activity-dependent growth cone formation.
Aligned Layers of Silver Nano-Fibers

We describe a new dichroic polarizers made by ordering silver nano-fibers to aligned layers. The aligned layers consist of nano-fibers and self-assembled molecular aggregates of lyotropic liquid crystals. Unidirectional alignment of the layers is achieved by means of mechanical shearing. Aligned layers of silver nano-fibers are partially transparent to a linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation. The unidirectional alignment and density of the silver nano-fibers determine degree of polarization of transmitted light. The aligned layers of silver nano-fibers might be used in optics, microwave applications, and organic electronics.
Tamoxifen modulation of cisplatin resistance in patients with metastatic melanoma : a biologically important observation

Background. Treatment with the four-drug combination of dacarbazine (DTIC), carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin (DDP), and tamoxifen (TAM) has resulted in an overall response rate of more than 50% in patients with metastatic melanoma. Deletion of TAM from the regimen resulted in a decrease in the response rate to 10%, suggesting an important role for TAM. The authors have subsequently demonstrated that TAM is highly synergistic with DDP in a human melanoma cell line, T-289, which supports the clinical observation that TAM is important in this regimen. The authors conducted a clinical trial to determine whether the addition of TAM can overcome established DDP resistance in patients with malignant melanoma. Methods. Patients with metastatic melanoma were initially treated with DDP 100 mg/m2 alone until they demonstrated DDP resistance. On the next cycle of treatment, patients received TAM 40 mg by mouth four times a day on the day before DDP treatment followed by 20 mg by mouth daily for the rest of the 3-week cycle plus the same dose of DDP. Results. Among 24 patients treated with DDP alone there were one complete and two partial responses. Twenty patients, in whom single-agent DDP failed, were treated with the combination of TAM and DDP. Of these 20 patients, 19 were evaluable for response. Among these 19 patients, there were three partial responses (16%) and three mixed responses (16%), for an overall response rate of 32% (0% was expected) (P < 0.001). If the three mixed responses are eliminated, the statistical significance is of borderline significance (P = 0.058). Conclusions. The addition of TAM to DDP can overcome established DDP resistance in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma.
The Unmasking of the Metaphysicians or the Deconstructing of Metaphysics

This essay argues that Popper's work, seen from the vantage point of increasing historical distance, can be viewed as the first attempt to understand the grand narrative as the adjustment of metaphysics to the modern world. When viewed from such a distance enduring questions regarding holism, identity, essentialism, and truth can once again be thrown into relief, together with the pressing issues of the paradox of freedom and sovereignty.
Parents' Interactions with Their First-Grade Children During Storybook Reading and Relations with Subsequent Home Reading Activity and Reading Achievement

Abstract This study examined parents' verbal and affective interactions with their first-grade children during shared storybook reading and how these interactions relate to growth in children's reading activity and achievement. Participants varied in income level and ethnicity. The nature and amount of meaning-related talk was similar regardless of whether the parent or child assumed primary responsibility for reading, but there was more talk about the reading process itself (word recognition) when the child read. Talk that went beyond the immediate content of the story was more common among middle-income families. Positive affective interactions were associated with meaning-related talk, and negative interactions were associated with parental attempts to have the child use decoding strategies to identify unknown words. Affective quality was an important contributor to children's reading of challenging materials in third grade but not to their reading achievement. Implications for advising parents on reading with their children are considered.
Reducing Degeneracy in Maximum Entropy Models of Networks

Based on Jaynes's maximum entropy principle, exponential random graphs provide a family of principled models that allow the prediction of network properties as constrained by empirical data (observables). However, their use is often hindered by the degeneracy problem characterized by spontaneous symmetry breaking, where predictions fail. Here we show that degeneracy appears when the corresponding density of states function is not log-concave, which is typically the consequence of nonlinear relationships between the constraining observables. Exploiting these nonlinear relationships here we propose a solution to the degeneracy problem for a large class of systems via transformations that render the density of states function log-concave. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on examples.