cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of the G-CSF and Flt-3 receptors protects hematopoietic stem cells from lethal irradiation.

Abstract Objective Synergy between Flt-3 ligand and G-CSF produces a marked expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells and mobilizes large numbers of stem cells into the peripheral blood. To determine if the activation of the Flt-3 and G-CSF receptors enhances the regenerative capacity of the hematopoietic compartment, we evaluated whether activation of these receptors augments stem cell recovery following lethal doses of radiation. Methods C57BL/6 mice received a single injection of the bi-functional Flt-3 and G-GSF agonist progenipoietin-1, 24 hours prior to exposure to 1100 cGy of gamma radiation. Survival, hematopoietic reconstitution, and competitive repopulation potential were evaluated. Results All cytokine-treated mice survived for up to 9 months. Radioprotected recipients exhibited stable multilineage hematopoiesis and recovered normal numbers of T cells, B cells, and myelomonocytic cells in the blood, bone marrow, and thymus. Between 2 and 3 weeks following radiation, cytokine-treated mice demonstrated threefold higher serum hemoglobin levels, 10-fold higher nucleated blood cell counts, and 20-fold higher platelet counts compared to controls. Radioprotection of self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells was revealed by multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution following transplantation in a competitive repopulation assay. To further evaluate the extent of cytokine-induced radioprotective activity, a cohort of mice received a second cycle of cytokine treatment and a second exposure to radiation (1100 cGy). Survival of this serially irradiated group was 70% and analysis of the peripheral blood revealed sustained multilineage hematopoiesis. Conclusion These results demonstrate that activation of both the Flt-3 and G-CSF receptors provides a high degree of radioprotection to the hematopoietic progenitor cell and stem cell compartment.
Atopy in pet animals

The pathomechanism of canine and feline atopy has not been totally defined. Immunotherapy has been shown to be effective. The diagnosis of canine and feline atopy is still fraught with complications. Several new drugs may be useful in the treatment of canine and feline atopy.
Ipsilateral Pyeloureterostomy for Managing Lower Pole Reflux with Associated Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Duplex Systems

ABSTRACTPurpose: In duplex renal systems with a normal upper pole collecting system, and a lower pole collecting system with reflux and ureteropelvic junction obstruction or a kink at the ureteropelvic junction (that is reflux with trapping), treatment must address reflux and obstruction. We reviewed the results of ipsilateral pyeloureterostomy as a single corrective procedure.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 10 children who had complete ureteral duplication with lower pole reflux (grades III to V) and associated lower pole ureteropelvic junction obstruction or a ureteral kink with trapping. All patients were treated with ipsilateral end-to-side pyeloureterostomy. Followup ranged from 1 to 14 years.Results: All patients had a good postoperative result, there have been no immediate or long-term complications and no subsequent surgical procedure was needed. All patients had continued lower pole renal growth with good function, 9 had resolution or a marked decrease in pe...
A new selenoprotein from human lung adenocarcinoma cells: purification, properties, and thioredoxin reductase activity.

Abstract We report the isolation and characterization of a new selenoprotein from a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, NCI-H441. Cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and 0.1 microM [75Se]selenite. A 75Se-labeled protein was isolated from sonic extracts of the cells by chromatography on DE-23, phenyl-Sepharose, heparin-agarose, and butyl-Sepharose. The protein, a homodimer of 57-kDa subunits, was shown to contain selenium in the form of selenocysteine; hydrolysis of the protein alkylated with either iodoacetate or 3-bromopropionate yielded Se-carboxymethyl-selenocysteine or Se-carboxyethyl-selenocysteine, respectively. The selenoprotein showed two isoelectric points at pH 5.2 and pH 5.3. It was distinguished from selenoprotein P by N-glycosidase assay and by the periodate-dansylhydrazine test, which indicated no detectable amounts of glycosyl groups on the protein. The selenoprotein contains FAD as a prosthetic group and catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and reduction of insulin in the presence of thioredoxin (Trx). The specific activity was determined to be 31 units/mg by DTNB assay. Apparent Km values for DTNB, Escherichia coli Trx, and rat Trx were 116, 34, and 3.7 microM, respectively. DTNB reduction was inhibited by 0.2 mM arsenite. Although the subunit composition and catalytic properties are similar to those of mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR), the human lung selenoprotein failed to react with anti-rat liver TR polyclonal antibody in immunoblot assays. The selenocysteine-containing TR from the adenocarcinoma cells may be a variant form distinct from rat liver TR.
Cytodiagnosis of a primary effusion lymphoma: A case report

BACKGROUND: Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), commonly described in AIDS patients, is a unique subset of lymphoma in which the neoplastic lymphocytes proliferate exclusively in serous cavities. CASE: A 27-year-old male, HIV positive for five years and with multiple opportunistic infections in the past, was admitted for sudden-onset shortness of breath caused by a pleural effusion. Cytologic examination of the pleural fluid revealed medium to large atypical lymphocytes with a high mitosis rate, suspicious for lymphoma. Further diagnostic tests, such as immunophenotypic analysis and cytogenetic and molecular studies, confirmed the diagnosis of PEL. CONCLUSION: Cytopathologists and cytotechnologists should be aware of this new entity since additional studies are required for a definitive diagnosis.
Turbulence suppression in combustion-driven magnetohydrodynamic channels

The effects of a magnetic field on core turbulence, mean-velocity boundary-layer profiles, turbulence-intensity boundary-layer profiles and turbulent spectral-energy distributions have been experimentally determined for combustion-driven magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) flows. The turbulence suppression of the core was found to be similar to that of liquid-metal MHD flows, even though the turbulent structure was entirely different. The mean-velocity and turbulence-intensity boundary-layer profiles were affected much less than those of liquid-metal flows, primarily because the low-temperature thermal boundary layer reduced the electrical conductivity near the wall. No spectral dependence of turbulence suppression was observed in the core.
Comparison of intraocular light scatter in carriers of choroideremia and X-linked retinitis pigmentosa

Abstract Objective To compare the extent of intraocular straylight in carriers of choroideremia (CHM) and X-linked recessive retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) to clarify further the relationship between photoreceptor cell degeneration and intraocular light scatter in retinal diseases. Design Prospective case-control study. Participants Six obligate carriers of CHM, 12 obligate carriers of XLRP, and 30 age-similar control subjects with normal vision. The controls had no posterior subcapsular (PSC) lens opacities, and the carriers had minimal or no PSC lens opacities, as assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Main outcome measures Straylight levels were measured using a van den Berg Straylightmeter. Visual acuity and Goldmann visual field area using a II/4e target were assessed for both eyes of each carrier. Electroretinogram (ERG) data were available on four of six carriers of CHM and all carriers of XLRP. The extent of retinal pigment epithelial degenerative changes was evaluated by fundus examination. Results All six carriers of CHM had typical fundus abnormalities with normal visual fields. Five of the six carriers of CHM had age-normal levels of intraocular light scatter, and one showed minimally elevated intraocular light scatter. The 12 carriers of XLRP had a spectrum of fundus abnormalities and varying severity of functional impairment as derived from visual field areas and ERG amplitudes. Seven of the 12 carriers of XLRP showed an elevated level of intraocular light scatter in at least one eye. The degree of straylight elevation above the normal mean age value was correlated significantly with both visual field area and amplitude of the maximal-intensity, dark-adapted ERG b-wave. Conclusions The carriers of XLRP who had evidence of photoreceptor cell dysfunction (as determined by visual field loss and reduced ERG amplitudes) had increased levels of intraocular straylight, whereas the carriers of CHM, who showed fundus abnormalities alone, in the absence of demonstrable photoreceptor cell dysfunction, had normal or minimally elevated levels. This finding supports the hypothesis that the increased levels of intraocular light scatter observed in some patients with hereditary retinal degenerations result from subclinical changes in the PSC region of the lens as a consequence of photoreceptor cell degeneration.
Fingering a Murderer: A Successful Anthropological and Radiological Collaboration*

We illustrate an interdisciplinary approach to identify a victim in a case with complex taphonomic and procedural issues. Burning, fragmentation, species commingling, and examination by multiple experts required anthropological preparation and analysis combined with radiographic adaptations to image and match trabecular patterns in unusually small, burned specimens. A missing person was last seen in the company of a reclusive female on a remote rural property. A warranted search found several burn sites containing human and animal bones. Fragment preparation, analysis, and development of a biological profile by anthropologists enabled examination by the odontologist, molecular biologist, and radiologist, and justified use of antemortem radiographs from one potential victim. Visual and radiological comparison resulted in a positive (later confirmed) identification of the victim by radiological matches of three carpal phalanges. Although some dimensional changes are expected with burning, morphological details were preserved, aided by selection of relatively intact, small bones for comparison.
Generalized batch mode active learning for face-based biometric recognition

Against the backdrop of growing concerns about security, face-based biometrics has emerged as a methodology to reliably infer human identity. Active learning algorithms automatically select appropriate data samples to train a classifier and reduce human effort in annotating data instances. In this work, a novel optimization based batch mode active learning strategy has been applied to face recognition. The flexibility of the framework is corroborated by its ability to incorporate additional available information. Our results on the VidTIMIT and the NIST MBGC datasets certify the potential of this method in being used for real world biometric applications. Highlights? A generalized scheme for Batch Mode Active Learning in face-based biometrics is presented. ? The framework can incorporate additional information available in biometric contexts. ? Additional variants of the algorithm are described. ? Results show the merit of the framework in selecting instances for manual annotation.
Active Galactic Nucleus Activity in Giant, Low Surface Brightness Galaxies

A search of large, H I–rich disk galaxies finds a significantly higher fraction of low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (AGN) signatures compared with other late-type galaxies. Approximately half the galaxies selected in this sample have AGN-like behavior in their cores; the rest have H II nuclei resulting from simple star formation. Since AGN behavior is not evident in all the sample galaxies, which where selected by high gas mass, we speculate that it is the fuel flow rate that is the common feature between late-type low surface brightness disks and other active nuclear galaxies.
Decision Theory Models for Validating Course Placement Tests

Most American postsecondary institutions have course placement systems for their first-year students. Placement systems typically consist of an assessment component (to estimate students’ probability of success in standard first-year courses) and an instructional component (in which academically underprepared students are taught the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the standard courses). Validity issues related to these functions are discussed in the context of decision theory, and methods are proposed for determining appropriate cutoff scores on placement tests.
Cigarette smoking and celiac sprue: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Environmental factors other than gliadin exposure and certain HLA haplotypes may play a role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Previous studies have suggested a strong inverse relationship between cigarette smoking and celiac disease. We sought to determine the relationship between celiac disease and cigarette smoking in our patient population. METHODS: All newly diagnosed adults with biopsy-proven celiac disease evaluated at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1, 1993, and June 30, 1998, were identified. Three clinic patients who were matched to each case on geographical area of residence, age, gender, and calendar year of visit served as controls. Smoking information was obtained from a standard medical questionnaire that was completed by all clinic patients at the time of registration. The adjusted odds ratio for celiac disease in current and former smokers relative to nonsmokers was estimated with a matched three-to-one conditional logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 82 adults with biopsy-proven celiac disease were identified. At the time of diagnosis, the proportion of current smokers was 10% in cases and 10% in controls, yielding an adjusted odds ratio of 1.5 (95% CI = 0.5–4.3). In all, 34% of cases were former smokers versus 28% of controls, yielding an odds ratio of 1.6 (95% CI = 0.8–3.2). CONCLUSION: This case-control study was unable to detect an association between cigarette smoking and celiac disease.
Proficiency of internal medicine residents in outpatient care of patients with HIV infection.

To determine internal medicine residents’ knowledge of HIV care, the authors conducted a survey of residents from four internal medicine programs in the San Francisco Bay area. On a knowledge test, the mean score was 42.4/55, 77% correct. The residents performed relatively worse on questions regarding didanosine and zalcitabine, tuberculosis prophylaxis, and risk of cervical neoplasia in HIV-infected women. Predictors of greater knowledge were specific residency program, higher postgraduate year, primary care residency track, and more extensive HIV experience. Primary care internal medicine residencies and programs with more exposure to HIV patients are most effective in producing knowledgeable residents.
Continuous measurement and speciation of sulfur-containing aerosols by flame photometry

Abstract A sulfur-specific flame photometer has been used for the real time measurement of sulfur-containing aerosols. Specificity for the aerosols was achieved with a diffusion tube stripper which removed sulfur-containing gases from the air stream by diffusion to an adsorbing wall but transmitted particles to the flame photometer. The sensitivity of the flame photometer to (NH4)2SO4 and NH4HSO4 aerosols was identical, but a reduced response was found for H2SO4 aerosol. This occurred because of the high temperature (145°C) of the flame photometer burner block which caused the evaporation and loss of H2SO4 to the wall before reaching the flame. The addition of NH3 to the sample air just upstream of the burner converted H2SO4 to (NH4)2SO4 or NH4HSO4 and produced the expected increase in the flame photometer response. Heating the aerosol upstream of the diffusion stripper converted the sulfates to sulfur-containing gases over a temperature range characteristic of the aerosol being sampled. These gases were removed in the stripper, thereby decreasing the flame photometer output. The normalized response to aqueous H2SO4 aerosol decreased from unity at 50°C to 0.04 at 110°C and for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4HSO4 aerosols from unity at 115°C to zero at 190°C. When the aerosol contained both H2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4, the resultant thermogram was a function of both the (NH4)2SO4/H2SO4 ratio and the manner in which the two components were mixed in the particles comprising the aerosol (i.e. homogeneously with constant (NH4)2SO4/H2SO4 ratios or heterogeneously with varying ratios).
Donor modification leads to prolonged survival of limb allografts

Chronic immunosuppression is essential for maintaining human hand transplant survival because composite tissue allografts are as susceptible to rejection as visceral organ allografts. Limb allografts comprise different types of tissues with varying antigenicities, and the immunosuppressive doses required for these allografts are as high or higher than those required for solid organ allotransplantation. In particular, bone marrow is an early target of the host immune response. This study reports on donor limb modification of the marrow compartment leading to prolonged survival of limb allografts. Chimeric limb allografts comprising a Lewis rat vascularized allograft and Brown Norway rat bone marrow were created. These chimeric limbs were transplanted into three recipients: (1) Buffalo rats (n = 12), where the chimeric limb was allogeneic for both vascular graft and bone marrow; (2) Lewis rats (n = 12), where the limb was allogeneic for marrow alone; and (3) Brown Norway rats (n = 12), where the limb was allogeneic for graft alone. This study found that Brown Norway recipients elicited significantly reduced cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in comparison with the Buffalo and Lewis recipients (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). The Buffalo and Lewis recipients both elicited high cell-mediated and humoral responses. The Brown Norway recipients also had prolonged survival of limb tissue allograft in comparison with the other experimental groups.
The influence of rubidium-potassium levels on growth and ion accumulation in tomato

Tomato plants were cultured at various levels of rubidium and potassium in water culture. Growth as measured by dry-weight accumulation was reduced by the substitution of rubidium for potassium. The reduction in root growth was greater than the reduction in top growth; therefore, increased shoot/root values were noted with increasing rubidium concentration. In other experiments the potassium and rubidium content of the root and aerial portions were determined. It was found that rubidium tended to accumulate in the roots rather than the tops; it is postulated that this accumulation may be responsible for the observed inhibition of root growth. Potassium concentrations were similar in both the roots and tops indicating that the two cations did not behave similarly in these experiments.
Inroads into the structure and function of intermediate filament networks

Although intermediate filaments are one of three major cytoskeletal systems of vertebrate cells, they remain the least understood with respect to their structure and function. This is due in part to the fact that they are encoded by a large gene family which is developmentally regulated in a cell and tissue type specific fashion. This article is in honor of Ueli Aebi. It highlights the studies on IF that have been carried out by our laboratory for more than 40 years. Many of our advances in understanding IF are based on conversations with Ueli which have taken place during adventurous and sometimes dangerous hiking and biking trips throughout the world.
Aquatic Crime: A New Horizon in Criminal Justice Research

This article focuses upon a relatively unexplored area of criminal activity, namely, aquatic or water based criminal activity. The specific concern is the need to focus upon the vast domain of water, engulfing over two-thirds of the earth's surface, in understanding and expaining many forms of intranational and international criminality. Emphasis is placed upon the need for comprehensive research in order to fill a void in criminological theory and to generate a better understanding of the potential of aquatic environments in promoting and concealing criminal activity. Moreover, comprehensive research is essential in order to promote a realistic assessment of the nature and extent of aquatic crime and to improve our ability to effectively combat such activity.
Evolutionary conserved elements in the 5' untranslated region of β globin mRNA mediate site-specific priming of a unique hairpin structure during cDNA synthesis

Generation of double-stranded cDNA during reverse transcription of a variety of mRNA molecules is well known to involve the formation of covalently linked antisense and sense strands in a hairpin configuration. In the present study we have examined the sequence of molecular events which occurs during cDNA synthesis from mouse beta globin mRNA, in particular the self-priming event that initiates synthesis of sense-strand DNA. Upon completion of reverse transcription of globin mRNA and the removal of RNA template by RNase H activity associated with reverse transcriptase, the 3' end of cDNA snaps back to form a stable double-stranded structure, which is extended by reverse transcriptase to generate the sense DNA strand. Surprisingly, the fourteen 3' terminal nucleotides of the beta globin antisense DNA strand (cDNA) have strong complementarity with an internal segment of the same molecule corresponding to a portion of the 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA located just upstream of the translation start site. Efficient second strand cDNA synthesis appears to require the occurrence within the cDNA molecule of these two complementary elements, one of which must be 3'-terminal. A second surprising feature is that the strong complementarity between the terminal and the internal portions of the molecule exists in the antisense DNA and not in the sense mRNA strand. This is because A:C mismatches on the sense strand correspond to relatively stable T:G base pairs on the antisense strand. Such an extended region of complementarity within the segment of cDNA corresponding to the short 5' untranslated region of beta globin mRNA is unlikely to occur purely by chance, suggesting some underlying function. In this regard it is of interest that cDNAs of adult beta globin mRNAs from other mammalian species show a very similar arrangement of complementary elements, and that complementarity is heavily conserved, even when there are substitutions in nucleotide sequence.
Uncertainties in measuring populations potentially impacted by sea level rise and coastal flooding.

A better understanding of the impact of global climate change requires information on the locations and characteristics of populations affected. For instance, with global sea level predicted to rise and coastal flooding set to become more frequent and intense, high-resolution spatial population datasets are increasingly being used to estimate the size of vulnerable coastal populations. Many previous studies have undertaken this by quantifying the size of populations residing in low elevation coastal zones using one of two global spatial population datasets available – LandScan and the Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP). This has been undertaken without consideration of the effects of this choice, which are a function of the quality of input datasets and differences in methods used to construct each spatial population dataset. Here we calculate estimated low elevation coastal zone resident population sizes from LandScan and GRUMP using previously adopted approaches, and quantify the absolute and relative differences achieved through switching datasets. Our findings suggest that the choice of one particular dataset over another can translate to a difference of more than 7.5 million vulnerable people for countries with extensive coastal populations, such as Indonesia and Japan. Our findings also show variations in estimates of proportions of national populations at risk range from <0.1% to 45% differences when switching between datasets, with large differences predominantly for countries where coarse and outdated input data were used in the construction of the spatial population datasets. The results highlight the need for the construction of spatial population datasets built on accurate, contemporary and detailed census data for use in climate change impact studies and the importance of acknowledging uncertainties inherent in existing spatial population datasets when estimating the demographic impacts of climate change.
Creepy but inevitable?: the evolution of social networking

This paper focuses on the fifth year of a cross-sectional trend study of enterprise social networking. Several stable patterns are evident--some activities have plateaued, others steadily increase in frequency. The fifth year did see a new development: As social networking companies visibly embraced behavior tracking and targeted advertising, concerns shifted from boundary regulation within personal networks to unsettling evidence of activity monitoring. However, benefits of use continue to outweigh drawbacks.
The Effects of Mandatory Time Limits in the Voting Booth on Liberal‐conservative Voting Patterns

One hundred and forty college students, in either (a) 2-minute time-limit or (b) a no-time-limit condition, voted their conscience on actual pending legislation in their state in a test of hypothesis that such time limits in the voting booth created a stimulus overload situation. Such a situation was expected to result in dysfunctional adaptation responses, with unintended effects on voting patterns. Results indicated that subjects in the time stress condition voted significantly more conservatively on these issues. This conservative shift is interpreted as a function of overload, with serious political implications for urban planners, whose response to increasing population density often has been to increase the tempo by which citizens are processed through the cities’institutional and social services.
Assessing depression in obese women: an examination of two commonly-used measures.

Abstract Objective Obesity and depression are associated with somatic complaints that may complicate the measurement of depression in obese individuals. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) are frequently used to measure depression severity. The BDI-II and HRSD's ability to measure depression severity may be compromised in those with obesity, to the extent that scores on their somatic items stem more from obesity than from depression. This study examined the: 1) internal consistency of the BDI-II and HRSD among obese women who varied in depressive symptomatology and 2) total and item-level change in the measures among participants who met the criteria for depression remission at 6-months. Methods Data were from a randomized controlled trial of obese women with depression who received either behavioral activation for depression followed by a lifestyle intervention or a lifestyle intervention with attention control. Results At screening (n = 355), internal consistency was strong for the BDI-II (α = 0.89), but moderate for the HRSD (α = 0.67). Among the participants who met the criteria for depression remission following treatment (n = 115), every BDI-II item showed significant change at 6-months. In contrast, three HRSD items did not significantly change: the anxiety—somatic (p = 0.063), somatic symptoms—gastrointestinal (p = 1.000) and loss of weight (p = 0.319) items. Conclusion The BDI-II may be more reliable and sensitive to change than the HRSD in obese women with comorbid depression. Intervention studies involving obese, depressed women should consider these findings in selecting depression outcome measures.
Synthesis of a three zinc finger protein, Zif268, by native chemical ligation.

Protein synthesis by native chemical ligation has been an effective approach for the synthesis of proteins of moderate size. The utility of this approach for protein synthesis is demonstrated by the synthesis of a transcription factor, Zif 268 that contains three zinc finger domains. This synthesis highlights the modular nature of the chemical ligation approach and the ability to synthesize, handle and fold multiple domain proteins.
DEMIS: a dynamic event model for interactive systems

Modern interaction systems are usually event-driven. New input devices often require new event types, and handling input from the user becomes increasingly more complex. Frequently, the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer) paradigm widely used today is not suitable for interactive applications, such a virtual reality applications, that use more than the standard mouse and keyboard input devices.In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the Dynamic Event Model for Interactive System (DEMIS). DEMIS is a middleware between the operating system and the application that supports various input device events while using generic event recognition to detect composite events.
Developmental Changes of Plasma Insulin, Glucagon, Insulin-like Growth Factors, Thyroid Hormones, and Glucose Concentrations in Chick Embryos and Hatched Chicks

Developmental hormonal changes in Cobb 500 chick embryos and hatched chicks were determined by measuring plasma insulin, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and glucose concentrations at different ages of embryogenesis and posthatch development. Plasma samples were obtained daily from 10 d of embryogenesis (10E) through 13 d posthatch and also at 17 and 21 d posthatch. A significant increase in plasma insulin was observed with increasing age from 10E to hatch. Plasma glucagon levels remained low until 17E, and then significantly increased approximately 3-fold at hatch, which corresponded with increasing plasma glucose levels during late embryo development. The plasma insulin to glucagon molar ratio of incubation from 14E to 17E ranged from 2 to 4, and was significantly higher than at any other time during incubation. These results indicate that insulin may be an important promoter of chick embryonic growth by the anabolic drive to promote protein deposition. Insulin and glucagon increased after hatch, which may be due to increased feed consumption and increased utilization of carbohydrates as the key energy source, compared with nutrients obtained through lipolysis and proteolysis in the embryos. Plasma triiodothyronine increased 4-fold from 18E to 20E, and thyroxine increased 3-fold from 16E to 19E. Insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-II peaked at 14E. Insulin-like growth factor-I steadily increased above embryonic levels during the 3 wk of the posthatch period, whereas IGF-II levels steadily declined. These results suggest that IGF-II may be a more important functionary for chick embryonic development than IGF-I, and that IGF-I may be more important than IGF-II after hatch. The profile of metabolic hormones in the present study may help support an understanding of significant changes that occur in embryonic development and posthatch growth in chicks.
Stable high repetition rate pulses from a fiber laser

We report on the generation of a 100 GHz train of pulses from an Er-doped fiber laser, by using rational harmonic active mode-locking. The pulse width is approximately 4 ps. The supermode noise in the spectrum is reduced significantly with a semiconductor optical amplifier in the cavity.
The GED as a Predictor of Mid-Life Health and Economic Well-Being

Guided by human capital, socialization, and institutionalization theories, this study examined mid-life health and economic well-being of General Education Development (GED) certificate recipients. Relying on a study sample (N = 1,927) obtained from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, GED recipients were found to have worse mid-life outcomes than conventional high school graduates on measures of family income and depression and to have better mid-life outcomes than high school dropouts on measures of assets, family income, depression, and self-reported physical illnesses. Findings suggested that GED recipients should not be unnecessarily lumped together with high school graduates and that programs and services targeting potential and subsequent GED recipients and high school dropouts to remain in school might not only improve their mid-life labor market and economic outcomes, but also their physical and mental health.
Flexible inflation targeting and labor market inefficiencies

Abstract Do congestion externalities offer a reason to depart from complete price stability as the only goal of monetary policy in a New Keynesian model featuring search frictions, and under what conditions is the welfare cost of labor-market distortions sizable? This paper tries to answer these questions by deriving a linear quadratic framework for optimal monetary policy analysis – ala Benigno and Woodford (2005) – that is consistent with a Pareto inefficient labor market allocation, where the Hosios (1990) condition is not satisfied, and as a consequence, the flexible-price steady state of the model is distorted. The results indicate that maximization of expected utility of the representative household is equivalent to minimizing a quadratic loss function that consists of inflation, and two appropriately defined gaps involving unemployment and labor market tightness; and that search externalities give rise to an endogenous cost-push term in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve. Hence, full stabilization of both inflation and the welfare relevant unemployment gap is not feasible and deviation from complete price stability is welfare improving (because it allows to contain inefficient unemployment fluctuations). The inflation-unemployment trade-off and the welfare cost of search externalities are shown to be quantitatively sizable in response to shocks when steady state distortions are large and thereby the cost-push term is more volatile over the business cycle. Finally, a monetary policy rule that responds to unemployment growth rate is presented to be more efficient than a rule responding to unemployment gap.
Enzymatic synthesis of heparin related polysaccharides on sensor chips: rapid screening of heparin-protein interactions.

The biological roles of heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) are mediated mainly through their interaction with proteins. In the present work, we provide a rapid method for screening HP/HS–protein interactions providing structural data on the key sulfo groups that participate in the binding. A library of polysaccharides structurally related to HP was prepared by immobilizing the biotinylated N-sulfated K5 polysaccharide (N-sulfoheparosan) on sensor chips followed by selective modification of this polysaccharide with enzymes that participate in HP/HS biosynthesis. The polysaccharides synthesized on the surface of the sensor chips differ in the number and position of sulfo groups present both on uronic acid and glucosamine residues. Surface plasmon resonance was used to measure the interaction of each member of this polysaccharide library with antithrombin III (ATIII), to afford structural information on sulfo groups required for this HP/HS–protein interaction. This method is viewed as widely applicable for the study of the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of HP/HS–protein interactions.
James Hutton and phlogiston

Summary James Hutton defended the doctrine of phlogiston in two lengthy dissertations 1792 and 1794. Empirical, biographical and disciplinary contexts jointly explain his position. Observationally, Hutton based his argument on facts about heat, light and the storage of energy, explicitly contrasting them to concerns about weight relationships. Hutton's intellectual development shows how he found these particular problems centrally relevant, and focusing on phlogiston indicates how his better known geology fits into more fundamental thinking about the natural economy. The resonance of Hutton's views with many contemporaries highlights the significance of his views, and suggests how we might reconsider the role of phlogiston in late-eighteenth-century chemistry.
The effects of chronic and acute alcohol administration on fetal development in the rat.

The effects of chronic alcohol administration and acute maternal oral alcohol intake on fetal development in rats were investigated, both regimens causing substantial increase in fetal mortality. Decreased body, brain, heart, kidney, and liver weight did not appear to be due to zinc deficiency.
"Apologies" from pathologists: why, when, and how to say "sorry" after committing a medical error.

How pathologists communicate an error is complicated by the absence of a direct physician–patient relationship. Using 2 examples, we elaborate on how other physician colleagues routinely play an in...
Assumptions underlying psychological testing

Abstract Tests purporting to reflect the learning aptitudes of school children differ much more than generally is recognized. However, error in assesing such learning aptitude inheres much more in the users of the tests than in the tests themselves. Assumptions fundamental to such assessment, or even testing, are considered. It is particularly important that the assessor, or tester, constantly be sensitive to the nature of the relationship between the psychological demands of test items or tests and the learning demands confronting the child. Even tests that generally are grossly or crudely used often can yield psychoeducationally meaninful information if their results are differentially perceived in terms of the light they throw on the psychological operations fundamental to learning, “process,” as contrasted with that thrown on the results of the functioning of such operations, “product.”
Combined cytochemical and electron microscopic demonstration of beta-glucuronidase activity in rat liver with the use of a simultaneous coupling azo dye technique.

Rat liver was fixed in formal-cacodylate-sucrose and frozen sections were incubated in a simultaneous-coupling medium containing naphthol AS-BI glucuronide as substrate and hexazonium pararosanilin as the diazo reagent. By light microscopy, the sections demonstrated β-glucuronidase activity as red discrete granules in the pericanalicular cytoplasm and as a generalized cytoplasmic stain in the parenchymal cells. Brief treatment of sections in cold ethanol prior to incubation markedly enhanced the staining for the enzyme and made it possible to demonstrate sufficient amounts of the reaction product in sections embedded in epoxy resin following dehydration and propylene oxide treatment. Electron microscopy revealed that the reaction product was moderately electron opaque and deposited in greater amounts in the vacuolated dense bodies and occasionally in the dense bodies which did not show obvious vacuoles. In each dense body, the deposits occurred preferentially at the edge as well as in the area surrounding the vacuoles in the matrix. Control sections incubated in the presence of glucosaccharo-1:4-lactone were devoid of the reaction product. No deposits of the reaction product were found in the nucleus, mitochondria, or microbodies. The limitations of the present cytochemical technique for use in electron microscopy are briefly discussed.
Population Density and Alcohol-Related Risk Behaviors among US High School Students.

By better understanding differences in health-risk behaviors among youth in rural, suburban and urban communities, health educators and other public health practitioners can more appropriately focus prevention and health care programs. In this study, we examined data from the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) to determine whether alcohol-related risk behaviors among students are associated with population density. We found that in 2003, only driving after drinking alcohol varied by population density; that is, students in urban communities were significantly less likely to report this behavior than students in rural communities. Temporal trend analyses of 1993‐2003 national YRBS data suggested varied patterns in alcohol-related risk behaviors among students attending urban, suburban and rural schools. Given that alcohol-related risk behaviors are high overall, these findings suggest the need to examine school and community policies and programs designed to discourage such behaviors in all population density categories.
Containerless processing technologies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Acoustic and electrostatic levitation (EL) techniques for maintaining sample-wall distance in order to ensure contamination-free conditions during microgravity materials science experiments on board the Shuttle are examined. A laboratory model for acoustic containerless (AC) processing is described, noting the use of three commercially available drivers for sample levitation. The arrangement of the speakers results in a point node to which a liquid drop sample migrates. Varying the field through manipulation of the dB levels and phase of the drivers' outputs permits control of sample position and movement. Rotation of a styrofoam ball at 2000 rpm has been achieved. Oscillations can also be induced. An advanced version of the AC system is analytically defined, with further studies mentioned for stable levitation modes using a cylindrical chamber and optimizing acoustic power transfer between hot and cold regions. A tetrahedral EL system has proven to work in a reduced gravity environment. El involves imparting an electrical charge to an object and then positioning and maintaining it through use of EM fields. The presence of human operators to perform the processing on the Shuttle is mentioned as offering real-time capability of altering the experimental conditions.
Applications of x‐ray microfluorescence to materials analysis

X-ray microfluorescence provides the analytical scientist with a powerful tool to solve a variety of materials-based problems. Spatially resolved non-destructive elemental analyses can rapidly address a number of problems using qualitative analysis. Point spectra, line profiles and elemental maps offer different approaches for characterization information on a wide variety of materials. Applications are presented which span customer service complaints to experimental ceramic materials to fossils. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treating rolling vs. sliding friction by the wave model

Abstract Modeling and simulation of friction resistance to sliding and rolling motions between a cylinder and a flat surface are presented. The power consumed by the relative motion is derived using the upper-bound method. The power for sliding and the power for rolling are compared. Rolling can be imparted by applying either a pushing force or a moment. The power consumed by rolling in those two cases are compared.
Stereoselective sulfate conjugation of isoproterenol in humans: Comparison of hepatic, intestinal, and platelet activity

The stereochemistry of sulfate conjugation of isoproterenol (ISO) was examined with human liver, intestine, and platelets as the phenolsulfotransferase (PST) enzyme source and PAP35S as the cosubstrate. With the hepatic cytosol, two distinct sulfation reactions were identified, a high affinity reaction (Km 5 to 50 microM) and a low affinity reaction (Km 360 to 2,900 microM). The efficiency of sulfation (Vmax/Km) for both reactions was 5-fold higher for (+)- than for (-)-ISO. When the hepatic PSTs were resolved by ion-exchange chromatography, it could be shown that the high affinity reaction was catalyzed by the monoamine (M) form and the low affinity reaction by the phenol (P) form of PST. Only the high affinity (M form) sulfation was detected in the jejunal cytosol with a Vmax/Km value 6.1-fold higher for (+)- than for (-)-ISO. Finally the platelet, as a potentially useful model tissue, also demonstrated only the high affinity M form reaction with a Vmax/Km value 5.7-fold higher for (+)- than for (-)-ISO. In summary, this study has shown that sulfation of ISO by PSTs in various human tissues is stereoselective and favors the inactive (+)-enantiomer over the active (-)-enantiomer by about 5-fold, a finding which should be considered in the therapeutic use of chiral drugs cleared by sulfate conjugation.
Cryopreservation of Yellow Perch Semen

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate methods for the cryopreservation of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) semen. Two-year-old males were induced to spermiate 8–10 weeks before natural spawning by using an analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Milt was cryopreserved with either 0.3 M glucose–20% glycerol or an extender containing 8% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) supplemented with 10% egg yolk. Samples were frozen on dry ice and stored in liquid nitrogen. Spermatozoa frozen in the DMSO extender had a fertilization rate of 23.2%, significantly higher than obtained with glucose–glycerol (0.3%) but less than obtained with fresh semen (53.4%).
Two guaianolides from calea solidaginea

Abstract The isolation and structure elucidation of two new guaianolides, solidaginolides A( 1 ) and B( 5 ), from Calea solidaginea are reported. The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic methods.
The use of integral operators in undetermined coefficient problems for partial differential equations

This paper deals with the unique determination of a coefficient in a partial differential equationfrom overspecifled boundary data. An integral operator, defined in the solution space of our equation, is developed and this is used to generate a relationship between any two candidate coefficients
The apical cell in shoots and roots of certain ferns: A re-evaluation of its functional role in histogenesis

Abstract The results of investigations on the ferns Ceratopteris thalictroides and Azolla filiculoides have reconfirmed the importance of the apical cell as an initiating cell in shoots and roots, contrary to recently accepted conclusions for such plants. Determinations of the mitotic index, duration of the cell cycle and of mitosis, and DNA content of nuclei support the ‘classical’ concept of the role of the apical cell in histogenesis.
Single Event Upset in SOS Integrated Circuits

Single event upset (SEU) by argon and krypton ions has been observed in 1.25 micron CMOS-SOS integrated circuits. Mixed-mode PISCES-SPICE, circuit-device simulations were conducted and the calculated LET threshold compared favorably to experimental data. Analysis with the two-dimensional finite element PISCES code has revealed the upset charge collection mechanism involves charge multiplication due to bipolar action.
Binding Specificity of Mouse Serum Amyloid P-Component for Fibronectin

Binding between purified mouse serum amyloid P-component (SAP) and plasma fibronectin (Fn) occurred when either one of the proteins was immobilized by specific antibody and the second protein was offered in a soluble form. Binding of Fn to immobilized SAP was cooperative and saturable at a molar ratio of SAP/Fn = 7.1. The molar ratio at saturation was 3.7 for SAP/Fn when SAP was allowed to bind to immobilized Fn. The binding required 2 to 3mM amounts of Ca++. The binding of SAP to Fn was selectively inhibited by a monoclonal antibody specific for the mid-molecule region of Fn, by soluble gelatin, and by heparin in the presence of 3mM Ca++. We conclude that the SAP binding site was localized at the mid-molecule region of Fn that includes the adjacent gelatin-binding domain and the heparin-I binding domain.