cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ataxia induced by a thymic neuroblastoma in the elderly patient

Thymic neuroblastoma is a rare tumor with only few reports in modern literature. Whereas most data is taken from childhood neuroblastoma, little is known about the characteristics of the disease in the adult and elderly population. There are significant differences between adult and childhood neuroblastoma which are reviewed below. We report a case of a 62-year-old male who presented with neurological symptoms of ataxia and opsoclonus and an anterior mediastinal mass. Ultimately, the patient underwent a resection of the mass and pathologic review identified a thymic neuroblastoma. This is the first case of thymic neuroblastoma associated with symptomatic central nervous system disease; it is presented with an up-to-date review of the previous cases in the field as well with a review of the literature of post adolescent neuroblastoma.
Saturated hydrocarbons in bovine liver.

A homologous series of n -alkanes (C 14 –C 33 ) and two isoprenoid hydrocarbons, 2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane (phytane) and 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) have been identified in bovine liver. Another branched but non-isoprenoid alkane and three isomers of molecular formula C 20 H 40 were partially identified. Phytane and the C 18 –C 22 and C 29 –C 33 n -alkanes were found to be the major components in liver, suggesting that at least the main hydrocarbon components were derived from various plants in the diet. The hydrocarbons were separated and identified by a series of steps involving solvent extraction, saponification, elution chromatography on alumina and silica gel columns, molecular sieving and by infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, followed by combined capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Membrane Potential and Conductance Changes Underlying Length Tuning of Cells in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Spike responses for many cells of cat primary visual cortex are optimized for the length of a drifting grating stimulus. Stimuli that are longer or shorter than this optimal length elicit submaximal spike responses. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for this length tuning, we have recorded intracellularly from visual cortical neurons in the cat while presenting drifting grating stimuli of varying lengths. We have found that the membrane potential responses of the cells also exhibit length tuning, but that the suppression of spike responses at lengths longer than the preferred is 30-50% stronger than the corresponding suppression of the membrane potential responses. This difference may be attributed to the effects of spike threshold. Furthermore, using steady injected currents, we have measured changes in the excitatory and inhibitory components of input conductance evoked by stimuli of different lengths. We find that, compared with optimal stimuli, long stimuli evoke both an increase in inhibitory conductance and a decrease in excitatory conductance. These two mechanisms differ in their contrast sensitivity, resulting in stronger end stopping and shorter optimal lengths for high-contrast stimuli. These patterns suggest that response suppression for long stimuli is generated by a combination of active inhibition from stimuli outside the excitatory receptive field, as well as decreased excitation from other cortical cells that are themselves end-inhibited.
The Digital Earth as knowledge engine

The Digital Earth [13] aims at developing a digital representation of the planet. It is motivated by the need for integrating and interlinking vast geo-referenced, multi-thematic, and multi-perspective knowledge archives that cut through domain boundaries. Complex scientific questions cannot be answered from within one domain alone but span over multiple scientific disciplines. For instance, studying disease dynamics for prediction and policy making requires data and models from a diverse body of science ranging from medical science and epidemiology over geography and economics to mining the social Web. The naive assumption that such problems can simply be addressed by more data with a higher spatial, temporal, and thematic resolution fails as long as this more on data is not supported by more knowledge on how to combine and interpret the data. This makes semantic interoperability a core research topic of data-intensive science. While the Digital Earth vision includes processing services, it is, at its very core, a data archive and infrastructure. We propose to redefine the Digital Earth as a knowledge engine and discuss what the Semantic Web has to offer in this context and to Big Data in general.
2010 Guest Area Editors and Ad Hoc Reviewers

Marketing Science greatly benefited from the admirable and fastidious efforts of more than 200 different individuals who provided manuscript reviews last year. Beyond those individuals already recognized on the editorial board, the editor-in-chief and guest editors of Marketing Science are indebted to the many guest area editors and ad hoc reviewers who provided expert counsel and guidance on a voluntary basis. The following list acknowledges the contribution of guest area editors and ad hoc reviewers who served from January to December 2010. Finally, let us not forget to thank the authors. Marketing Science requires and receives outstanding submissions from many leading researchers and prestigious organizations.
Predictors of Inflammation in U.S. Children Aged 3–16 Years

Background Little is known about the correlates of low-grade inflammation in U.S. children. Purpose This study describes the factors associated with increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in U.S. children and tests whether differences in CRP emerge in childhood because of socioeconomic factors. Methods Data were analyzed in 2009 from 6004 children aged 3–16 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004, a representative sample of the U.S. non-institutionalized population. Tobit regression models are used to evaluate associations between predictors, including BMI-for-age, skinfold body fat measures, chronic infections, environmental tobacco exposure, low birth weight, and sociodemographics and continuous high-sensitivity CRP in milligrams per liter. Results CRP levels were higher in U.S. children with lower family income, and these differences were largely accounted for by differences in adiposity and recent illness. Mexican-American children had higher levels of CRP compared to both whites and blacks, but these differences were not explained by measured physical risk factors. Conclusions Increased adiposity is associated with higher CRP concentrations in U.S children aged 3–16 years, and both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differences exist in systemic inflammation in U.S. children. Increased childhood obesity and low-grade inflammation may contribute to later life chronic disease risk.
Parathyroid adenoma and gatric carcinoma as manifestations of cowden's disease

Cowden's disease is a well-described clinical syndrome, the primary symptoms of which are orocutaneous hamartomas and disseminated gastrointestinal polyposis. In general, the gastrointestinal polyps are benign, and the incidence of malignant transformation is believed to be low. Other associated manifestations of Cowden's disease include breast cancer and thyroid disease (benign and malignant). A patient with previously unrecognized Cowden's disease underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for surveillance of hyperplastic gastric polyps, and a gastric carcinoma in situ was detected. During the course of follow-up the patient was found to have primary hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid adenoma. Although several benign proliferative and malignant conditions are associated with Cowden's disease, neither parathyroid adenoma nor gastric carcinoma has been reported previously.
Surface self-diffusion barrier of Pd(100) from low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract The diffusion barrier for Pd/Pd(100) is determined via LEED experiments independently from: (i) the onset of temperature variation of the Bragg intensity in both deposition and annealing experiments; and (ii) comparison of experimental and model values for the ring diameter of the diffuse diffraction profile at a single higher temperature in the nucleation-and-growth regime. A value of 12–14 kcal mol is consistently obtained.
Adaptive score reports

This paper introduces the idea of adaptive score reports that can be used to provide educational stakeholders with a personalized experience aimed at facilitating student understanding and use of assessment information. These reports can also provide additional learning opportunities for users based on assessment results. An interactive score report for students is used to illustrate opportunities for adaptation.
Physical and mental health status and health behaviors of survivors of multiple cancers: a national, population-based study.

Background Little is known about the unique experience of adults with a history of multiple cancer diagnoses (i.e., survivors of multiple cancers).
An analysis of XML compression efficiency

XML simplifies data exchange among heterogeneous computers, but it is notoriously verbose and has spawned the development of many XML-specific compressors and binary formats. We present an XML test corpus and a combined efficiency metric integrating compression ratio and execution speed. We use this corpus and linear regression to assess 14 general-purpose and XML-specific compressors relative to the proposed metric. We also identify key factors when selecting a compressor. Our results show, XMill or WBXML may be useful in some instances, but a general-purpose compressor is often the best choice.
On the Propagation of Free Topographic Rossby Waves near Continental Margins. Part 1: Analytical Model for a Wedge

Abstract An analytical model has been constructed to study the propagation of free waves of subinertial frequency in an infinite wedge filled with a uniformly stratified fluid. The problem is found to transform into the corresponding surface gravity wave problem in a nonrotating homogeneous fluid with the roles of the surface and bottom boundaries interchanged. Analytical solutions are thus available for waves that are either progressive or trapped in the cross-wedge direction, forming respectively continuous and discrete spectra in frequency space. The separation occurs when the nondimensional wave frequency a (scaled by the inertial frequency f) equals the Burger number S, defined here as (N/f) tanθ*, where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency and tanθ * is the bottom slope. Since an infinite wedge has no intrinsic length scale, the only relevant nondimensional parameters are the wave frequency σ and the Burger number S. Thus, stratification and bottom slope play the same dynamical role, and the analysis is...
IDENTIFICATION OF A MYOSIN‐LIKE PROTEIN IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYTA)1

A myosin-like protein was identified in vegetative cells of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard. Polyclonal antibodies affinity purified against the heavy chain of slime-mold myosin recognized a 180,000 Mr protein in western blots of total protein extracts from three different strains, including cyt-1, a cytokinesis-defective mutant. Immunoblots of isolated chloroplasts indicated that some of the cellular myosin fractionated with chloroplasts, whereas tubulin did not. Evidence for the presence of at least one myosin gene was obtained by probing Southern blots of genomic DNA with a myosin heavy-chain gene fragment isolated from the green alga Ernodesmis verticillata (Kutzing) Borgesen. Collectively, the immunological and molecular data identify at least one myosin heavy-chain gene and a myosin-like protein in vegetative cells of the model organism Chlamydomonas.
Ecological context and immigrants' earnings: English ability as a mediator

Labor economic literature has demonstrated a consistent positive association between immigrants’ earnings and their level of proficiency in the host society’s language. Sociological literature, on the other hand, has explicated that immigrants’ abilities to speak the host society’s language are affected by structural/ecological factors which shape the linguistic environment of immigrants. This study proposes a logical extension of the two literatures by suggesting that structural /ecological factors affect immigrants’ earnings indirectly by affecting their ability to speak the host society’s language. Using individual and aggregate data from the U.S. Census 2000, we found that structural/ecological factors such as group size, segregation, and linguistic heterogeneity affected immigrants’ earnings not only directly but also indirectly via their impacts on immigrants’ English ability. English ability is a key mediator through which structural forces shape individual immigrant’s economic assimilation outcome.
Diurnal Variation of Summer Rainfall over Taiwan and Its Detection Using TRMM Observations

Abstract A surface-based rainfall monitoring network reveals that summer rainfall over Taiwan exhibits a prominent diurnal variation. In this study, an attempt has been made to detect the diurnal variability of Taiwan rainfall using observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The results show that the diurnal patterns of Taiwan rainfall can be detected with TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) observations using a satellite observation period of 36 or more days, and detected signals match reasonably with those using continuous surface observations. However, sometimes, because of the unfavorable combination of satellite sampling and the occurrence of some transient regimes in local rainfall, there is a possibility of misinterpreting the diurnal cycle. The TRMM precipitation radar sensor also reveals a diurnal cycle of convective and stratiform rainfall. The convective activity increases during the late afternoon over Taiwan, which may be the effect of convection forced by localized m...
Optoelectronic complex inner product for evaluating quality of image segmentation

In automatic target recognition and machine vision applications, segmentation of the images is a key step. Poor segmentation reduces the recognition performance. For some imaging systems such as MRI and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) it is difficult even for humans to agree on the location of the edge which allows for segmentation. A real- time dynamic approach to determine the quality of segmentation can enable vision systems to refocus of apply appropriate algorithms to ensure high quality segmentation for recognition. A recent approach to evaluate the quality of image segmentation uses percent-pixels-different (PPD). For some cases, PPD provides a reasonable quality evaluation, but it has a weakness in providing a measure for how well the shape of the segmentation matches the true shape. This paper introduces the complex inner product approach for providing a goodness measure for evaluating the segmentation quality based on shape. The complex inner product approach is demonstrated on SAR target chips obtained from the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) program sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The results are compared to the PPD approach. A design for an optoelectronic implementation of the complex inner product for dynamic segmentation evaluation is introduced.
Grid watch: mapping blackouts with smart phones

The power grid is one of humanity's most significant engineering undertakings and it is essential in developed and developing nations alike. Currently, transparency into the power grid relies on utility companies and more fine-grained insight is provided by costly smart meter deployments. We claim that greater visibility into power grid conditions can be provided in an inexpensive and crowd-sourced manner independent of utility companies by leveraging existing smartphones. Our key insight is that an unmodified smartphone can detect power outages by monitoring changes to its own power state, locally verifying these outages using a variety of sensors that reduce the likelihood of false power outage reports, and corroborating actual reports with other phones through data aggregation in the cloud. The proposed approach enables a decentralized system that can scale, potentially providing researchers and concerned citizens with a powerful new tool to analyze the power grid and hold utility companies accountable for poor power quality. This paper demonstrates the viability of the basic idea, identifies a number of challenges that are specific to this application as well as ones that are common to many crowd-sourced applications, and highlights some improvements to smartphone operating systems that could better support such applications in the future.
Investigation of the mercury(II) complex with triethylenetetramine by means of glass and mercury electrodes

Abstract A comprehensive study by means of a mercury pool and a glass pH electrode was made of the equilibria involved in aqueous solutions containing varied concentrations of mercury(II) and triethylenetramine, in the pH range 2.0–12.0 at 25°C with potassium nitrate used to adjust the ionic strength to unity. Only the 1:1 complex, Hg(II) trien2+, having a stability constant of 1024.53±0.10 was found in the entire pH range using the entirely independent Bjerrum and Leden methods.
The carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domain of TIG3, a class II tumor suppressor protein, is required for appropriate cellular localization and optimal biological activity.

TIG3 is a recently discovered class II tumor suppressor protein, originally isolated from retinoid-treated cultured epidermal keratinocytes, that suppresses the proliferation of a variety of epithelial cell types. In the present study, we examine the ability of this protein to reduce CHO, T 47 D and HaCaT cell proliferation, and the role of the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domain in this regulation. Vector-mediated expression of the full length TIG3 protein, TIG3 1-164 , results in a 50-70% reduction colony formation efficiency. Expression of a truncated mutant, TIG3 1-134 , that lacks the putative carboxy-terminal membrane-anchoring domain, results in a partial loss of ability to suppress colony formation. The fact that the truncated protein remains partially active suggests that both the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of TIG3 are required for optimal growth suppression. The full-length protein is distributed in a perinuclear location, and is not present in the nucleus. TIG3 1-134 , in contrast, is distributed in the cytoplasm. Thus, a change in location is associated with the partial loss of activity. We also monitored the distribution of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TIG3 fusion proteins. GFP-TIG3 1-164 was localized in a pattern similar to that observed for TIG3 1-164 , while GFP-TIG3 1-134 displayed a distribution pattern similar to GFP. This suggests that the C-terminal hydrophobic domain has an important role in determining the intracellular localization of TIG3. In addition, GFP-TIG3 1-164 retains the ability to inhibit cell function, while GFP-TIG3 1-134 is inactive.
Localization of IFN-γ-Activated Stat1 and IFN Regulatory Factors 1 and 2 in Breast Cancer Cells

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the induction and localization of Stat1, interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), and IRF-2 after IFN-gamma exposure of human breast cancer cell lines, SKBR3, MDA468, MCF7, and BT20. Results from growth assays, Western staining, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and immunohistochemical staining were collated to test our hypothesis that immunohistochemical analysis of Stat1, IRF-1, and IRF-2 would provide additional information about the functionality of the IFN-gamma signaling pathway in human tumor lines. EMSA results showed that in each of four cell lines, Stat1 expression was increased and demonstrated functional activity after IFN-gamma stimulation. Western and EMSA analysis showed upregulation of IRF-1 but not IRF-2 in each cell line. Confocal microscopy of cells stained for Stat1, IRF-1, and IRF-2 confirmed the results and also provided novel information about the intracellular localization of proteins and intercellular variations in responses. The proportion of cells with IRF-1 stimulation and translocation was positively correlated with the IFN-gamma growth suppression in vitro. In conclusion, using four independent assays, we have demonstrated that heterogeneity in IFN-gamma-mediated upregulation of signal transduction proteins can be detected in vitro and that these differences can explain distinct cellular growth effects.
Effect of automatic backflushing on number of new intramammary infections, bacteria on teatcup liners, and milk iodine.

Abstract Effect of an automatic iodine (15ppm) backflushing system on incidence of new intramammary infections, teatcup liner bacterial populations, and milk iodine was tested in a herd free of Streptococcus agalactiae and with a low prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus . In an 11-mo trial, backflushing was applied to teatcups that milked the right half of the udder; the left half served as control. Clawpieces were divided into left and right halves with each having a milk outlet. Postmilking teat dipping was discontinued. All lactating cows in the University herd were used, averaging 154 with normal attrition and additions of new individuals as they calved. Backflushing reduced numbers of staphylococci recovered from liners by 98.5% and Gram-negative bacteria by 99.5% as compared with unflushed liners. Backflushing significantly reduced new infections caused by Corynebacterium bovis . However, there was no effect on incidence of new infections by staphylococci, streptococci, or coliforms. Iodine concentrations averaged 243µg per liter in milk from control quarters and 486µg from backflushed udder halves. Interior surface cracking was more severe in backflushed teatcup liners than in control liners. These results do not justify the use of backflushing in a herd with low prevalence of contagious pathogens.
Active files as a measure of software maintainability

In this paper, we explore the set of source files which are changed unusually often. We define these files as active files. Although discovery of active files relies only on version history and defect classification, the simple concept of active files can deliver key insights into software development activities. Active files can help focus code reviews, implement targeted testing, show areas for potential merge conflicts and identify areas that are central for program comprehension. In an empirical study of six large software systems within Microsoft ranging from products to services, we found that active files constitute only between 2-8% of the total system size, contribute 20-40% of system file changes, and are responsible for 60-90% of all defects. Not only this, but we establish that the majority, 65-95%, of the active files are architectural hub files which change due to feature addition as opposed to fixing defects.
Effect of the n-bypass mutations nin and byp on the rightward transcription in coliphage lambda.

The purpose of this study was to compare the transcriptional effects of two mutations, nin5 and byp, which map between genes P and Q and allow phage λ to grow in the absence of the N gene product. Presumably, these mutations permit the transcription to proceed through gene Q by eliminating a hypothetical transcriptional terminator, t R2, which is supposed to be suppressed by the N product. Mutation byp might not be fully efficient in eliminating the t R2 terminator, since an additional promoter-creating mutation, c17 in the y region, is required to make it effective, whereas the nin5 deletion acts as an N-bypass even in the absence of the c17 mutation. To compare the effects of nin5 and byp, three singly lysogenic strains W3350(λc17P −), W3350(λc17P −nin5Q−) and W3350(λc17P −bypQ−) were constructed, and their constitutive, c17-promoted, rightward transcription was analyzed in the noninduced prophage state, when the control genes N, P and Q were inactive, either repressed or mutated. Comparison of transcription in three consecutive regions, y-O-P, Q-S-R and A-J, leads to following conclusions. (1) The λc17P -lysogen transcription is restricted to the first, c17-proximal region confirming the presence of the t R2 terminator. (2) Both the nin5 and byp lysogens permit the transcription to proceed into the Q-S-R region suggesting that these mutations eliminate the t R2 terminator. (3) Very little if any transcription was observed in the A-J region suggesting a presence of some transcriptional block beyond gene Q. (4) Transcription in the Q-S-R region of the nin5 lysogen was three times higher than that for the byp lysogen, which might explain why the nin5 mutants do not require the auxiliary c17 promoter. (5) Surprisingly, transcription of the y-O-P region in nin5 lysogens is higher than in byp lysogens, despite the fact that the nin5 deletion removes about half of the y-O-P region. Thus, the detailed mechanism of the augmented Q transcription in nin5 lysogens remains obscure.
Quadratic Filter Theory and Partially Coherent Optical Systems

Quadratically nonlinear systems may be analyzed and synthesized by linear methods by exchanging an N-dimensional nonlinear problem for a 2N-dimensional linear formulation. This paper describes the basis for such linearization of a quadratic functional, and applies the method to partially coherent transilluminated optical systems.
Just caring: in defense of limited age-based healthcare rationing.

The debate around age-based healthcare rationing was precipitated by two books in the late 1980s, one by Daniel Callahan and the other by Norman Daniels. These books ignited a firestorm of criticism, best captured in the claim that any form of age-based healthcare rationing was fundamentally ageist, discriminatory in a morally objectionable sense. That is, the elderly had equal moral worth and an equal right to life as the nonelderly. If an elderly and nonelderly person each had essentially the same medical problem requiring the same medical treatment, then they had an equal right to receive that treatment no matter what the cost of that treatment. Alternatively, if cost was an issue because the benefits of the treatment were too marginal, then both the elderly and nonelderly patients requiring that treatment ought to be denied it. If there were something absolutely scarce about the treatment, then some fair process would have to be used to make an allocation decision (and that fair process could not use some age cutoff among the allocation criteria).
The emergence of public relations in the Russian Federation

Abstract This article describes the emergence of public relations in the Russian Federation over the past 7 years. It appears as if public relations has developed more rapidly within the public sector, where officials and practitioners are having trouble with the concept of openness. Russian government practitioners also appear more vulnerable to the effects of crises than their American counterparts. Foreign interests dominate the commercial sector, but that appears to be changing. One conclusion of this research is that Russia is developing its own vision of public relations. Although many aspects of this emerging profession will be similar to that found in the West, it will also adapt to the harsh realities of Russian life. Those interested in importing public relations expertise to the former Soviet Union are reminded of this dynamic. David W. Guth is an associate professor at the William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas. He has made several trips to Russia in recent years to train journalists and public relations practitioners on behalf of the State Department and the former United States Information Agency.
Testing Immature Laboratory-reared Stable Flies and Horn Flies for Susceptibility to Insecticides

Laboratory techniques were developed to screen insecticides for activity as larvicides against stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.). With these techniques, the susceptibilities of immature, laboratory-reared stable and horn flies to selected insecticides in the larval medium were determined. For stable flies, the LC50 was lower for an IGR, diflubenzuron, and an avermectin, MK-933 (at least 80% of 22,23-dihydro-5- O -demethylavermectin Ala and not more than 20% 22,23-dihydro-5- O -demethyl-25-de(l-methylpropyl)-25-(l-methylethyl)avermectin Ala), than for the other materials tested. For horn flies, the LC50 was lower for methoprene and MK-933 than for the other materials.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal schwannomas.

BACKGROUND Trigeminal schwannomas are uncommon tumors that may be microsurgically removed in selected cases, albeit with significant risk for new neurological morbidity. We evaluated the role of stereotactic radiosurgery as an alternative for patients with newly diagnosed or residual trigeminal schwannomas. METHODS The records of 23 patients who underwent radiosurgery for trigeminal schwannoma were reviewed. The most frequent presenting symptoms were facial numbness (11 patients), diplopia (6 patients), and facial pain (3 patients). One patient presented with partial complex seizures as the first symptom. Twelve patients had undergone one or more prior resections. Eleven underwent radiosurgery on the basis of imaging diagnosis only. The mean tumor volume was 4.5 mL (range 0.46-11.2 cc). Radiosurgery was performed using a median marginal dose of 15 Gy (range, 13-20 Gy). RESULTS At a median imaging follow-up of 40 months (range, 12-146), 20 of 22 evaluable patients (91%) had tumor growth control (regression in 15 and no further tumor growth in 5). One 80-year-old patient died of unrelated cause 4 months after radiosurgery. Two patients with enlarged tumors were treated effectively with repeat radiosurgery. Twelve of 23 patients (52%) reported improvement and 9 (39%) had no change in their symptoms. Two patients noted new neurological complaints (transient facial weakness in 1 patient and worsening of the preradiosurgery facial numbness in another patient). CONCLUSIONS Radiosurgery is an effective minimally invasive management option for patients with residual or newly diagnosed trigeminal schwannomas.
Cardiopulmonary issues in athletes

In the care of athletes and active individuals, no clinical entities demand more vigilance from care providers than exercise-associated cardiac and pulmonary conditions. In recent years, the untimely deaths of many high-profile athletes from cardiopulmonary events have appropriately placed this group of disorders at the forefront of preparticipation screening programs; these events have also raised the level of aggressiveness with which sports practitioners have sought to identify and treat these potentially life-threatening disorders. As such, the sports medicine community is charged with the daunting responsibility of striking a delicate balance between the implementation of evidence-based screening programs, the skillful management of identified pathology in the face of continued sports participation, and the appropriate disqualification of athletes whose cardiopulmonary concerns dictate that continuation of sport is unsafe. As our understanding of these conditions expands through prospective research and retrospective analysis of adverse events, it is the duty of the sports medicine community to raise the standard of care for our active population and ensure the safety of athletes at all skill levels. This issue of the Clinics in Sports Medicine focuses on a review of the present knowledge and practice of cardiopulmonary care in active individuals. The contributing authors have sought to provide comprehensive coverage of cardiac and pulmonary concerns as they relate to athletic participation while reviewing the present literature on appropriate screening measures for these conditions. Because it is imperative to understand the fundamental cardiopulmonary adaptations that occur in active individuals, this issue contains articles dedicated to
Discovering event evidence amid massive, dynamic datasets

Automated event extraction remains a very difficult challenge requiring information analysts to manually identify key events of interest within massive, dynamic data. Many techniques for extracting events rely on domain specific natural language processing or information retrieval techniques. As an alternative, this work focuses on detecting events based on identifying event characteristics of interest to an analyst. An evolutionary algorithm is developed as a proof of concept to demonstrate this approach. Initial results indicate that this approach represents a feasible approach to identifying critical event information in a massive data set with no apriori knowledgeof the data set.
Vehicle tracking through the exploitation of remote sensing and LWIR polarization science

ABSTRACT Vehicle tracking is an integral component in layered sensing exploitation applications. The utilization of acombination of sensing modalities and processing techniques provides better insight about a situation than canbe achieved with a single sensing modality. In this work, sev eral robust features are explored for vehicle trackingusing data captured in a remote sensing setting. A target area is surveyed by a sensor operating capturingpolarization information in the longwave infrared (LWIR) band. We here extend our previous work ([1]) toexperimental analysis of several feature sets including three classic features (Stokes images, DoLP, the Degreeof Linear Polarization, and AoP, the Angle of Polarization) and several geometry inspired features. 1 Keywords: layered sensing, distributed sensing, polarimetric, infrared, tracking, feature-aided, fusion, multi-sensor 1. INTRODUCTION Polarimetry information allows a more complete description of observed waveforms. In the thermal or long-waveinfrared (LWIR) the polarization information makes an already robust observation mode even more so. LWIRsensors, while dependent upon material properties of the objects in the observed scene, are independent of thescene intensity. The geomet ry afforded by the polarimetry gains a furth er removal from the co nfusers in a sceneby generating intensity invariant feature sets.These features are inter-related and therefore can be repr esented as functions of each other. Feature selection isa process by which the most useful, in some sense, can b e singled out and utilized alone. The process followedin this work was:1. Feature selection2. Fusion3. TrackingUsing polarimetric infrared data as an example, feature selection was used to generate feature sets from the geo-metric properties of the polarization ellipse. The generate d feature sets were fused with two different techniques.Tracking was performed with the input being both the fused feature sets and the features independently. For thetracks resulting from independent elements of the feature sets, the tracks were fused via the method described in[1] and reiterated in section 4.3.2. The automatically generated tracks were compared to truth data generatedby human-in-the-loop techniqu es for accuracy evaluation.In Section 2 we discuss, in general, the polarization phenomena of electromagnetic waves and the associatedmathematical representations as well as the methodologies of feature selection, data fusion and tracking viaKalman filters.
Detecting protein-protein interactions with a green fluorescent protein fragment reassembly trap: scope and mechanism.

Identification of protein binding partners is one of the key challenges of proteomics. We recently introduced a screen for detecting protein−protein interactions based on reassembly of dissected fragments of green fluorescent protein fused to interacting peptides. Here, we present a set of comaintained Escherichia coli plasmids for the facile subcloning of fusions to the green fluorescent protein fragments. Using a library of antiparallel leucine zippers, we have shown that the screen can detect very weak interactions (KD ≈ 1 mM). In vitro kinetics show that the reassembly reaction is essentially irreversible, suggesting that the screen may be useful for detecting transient interactions. Finally, we used the screen to discriminate cognate from noncognate protein−ligand interactions for tetratricopeptide repeat domains. These experiments demonstrate the general utility of the screen for larger proteins and elucidate mechanistic details to guide the further use of this screen in proteomic analysis. Addition...
Education in an Era of Accountability: Do you have to Sacrifice Wise Practices?

This research explores the history, philosophies and practices of an “A rated” public charter school (serving infants through 8th grade) in Florida. Participants are the professional educators who were involved in the founding of the school in 1999. Findings are based on semi-structured interviews probing the details of the history of the school and the educators’ beliefs and practices. Analysis of the educators’ responses reveal a strong sense of ownership and investment by the teachers and administrator who were part of the founding of the school, a focus on doing what is wise for children, a culture of autonomy, and a profound respect for children. Prevailing customs of the school include meetings, field studies, and service. Implications are related to school reforms, teacher autonomy and wise practices.
Sum-frequency generation of continuous-wave sodium D 2 resonance radiation

Sum-frequency generation utilizing two cw single-mode Nd:YAG lasers and a congruent lithium niobate crystal yielded 3.4 mW of very narrow-band (10 kHz over 1 ms) tunable 589-nm cw radiation. This simple solid-state light source is well suited for high-resolution spectroscopy of the sodium D2 line, as was demonstrated with both conventional and FM-modulated saturation spectroscopy.
Molecular Recognition and Interfacial Catalysis at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces.

The interface between two immiscible liquids with immobilized metalloporphyrins, enzymes and submitochondrial particles can serve as the simplest model of biological membrane convenient for the investigation of redox reaction accompanied by spatial separation of charges. In this mini review, we have described the vectorial charge transfer and molecular recognition at liquid/liquid interfaces. The structure of liquid interfaces, donor-acceptor interactions in the electrical double layer, hydrogen and specific bounding between molecules play the dominant role in molecular recognition and interfacial catalysis.
Characteristics of maternal verbal style: responsiveness and directiveness in two natural contexts.

Twenty mothers' provision of responsive, supportive behavioural directive, and intrusive behavioural and attentional directive speech was investigated during interactions with their children at ages 0 ; 10, 1 ; 1, 1 ; 5 and 1 ; 9 in two natural contexts, free play and bathtime. Issues examined included developmental change, contextual differences, consistency across contexts and stability over time. Analyses revealed increases in frequencies of maternal responsive and supportive directive utterances and decreases in maternal intrusive directives with age. Differences between contexts included more speech and supportive directiveness during play than bath. Responsiveness and intrusive attentional directiveness demonstrated considerable consistency and stability. Mothers provided greater responsiveness to girls than to boys, but more intrusive directives to boys than to girls. Mothers' production of supportive and intrusive directives was unrelated, and their rates of responsive speech were inversely associated with their rates of intrusive directive speech, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between supportive and intrusive directiveness.
Use of a neural network secondary structure prediction to define targets for mutagenesis of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B

Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B (HSV gB) is essential for penetration of virus into cells, for cell-to-cell spread of virus, and for cell-cell fusion. Every member of the family Herpesviridae has a gB homolog, underlining its importance. The antigenic structure of gB has been studied extensively, but little is known about which regions of the protein are important for its roles in virus entry and spread. In contrast to successes with other HSV glycoproteins, attempts to map functional domains of gB by insertion mutagenesis have been largely frustrated by the misfolding of most mutants. The present study shows that this problem can be overcome by targeting mutations to the loop regions that connect alpha-helices and beta-strands, avoiding the helices and strands themselves. The positions of loops in the primary sequence were predicted by the PHD neural network procedure, using a multiple sequence alignment of 19 alphaherpesvirus gB sequences as input. Comparison of the prediction with a panel of insertion mutants showed that all mutants with insertions in predicted alpha-helices or beta-strands failed to fold correctly and consequently had no activity in virus entry; in contrast, half the mutants with insertions in predicted loops were able to fold correctly. There are 27 predicted loops of four or more residues in gB; targeting of mutations to these regions will minimize the number of misfolded mutants and maximize the likelihood of identifying functional domains of the protein.
The core disruption under delayed auditory feedback: Evidence from adaptation study

Abstract The present study investigated the course of adaptation of various disfluency types during five repeated oral readings under bilateral delayed auditory feedback. The results indicate that, contrary to earlier findings, a significant adaptation of disfluencies occurs during repeated oral readings under DAF. Frequency of dyarhythmic phonations and reading errors decreased significantly in successive readings whereas the frequency of part-word repetitions showed no such decrease. It is suggested that, of the many different forms of disruptions known to occur under DAF, part-word repetitions represent the most basic and persistent form of disruption.
Parental Expectations and School Relationships as Contributors to Adolescents' Positive Outcomes.

Researchers examined associations of parental expectations and parental school relationships with school outcomes among U.S. middle and high school students. Nationally representative data involving families from the National Household Education Surveys were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Measures included interview responses about parent expectations for their children’s long term educational attainment (ranging from dropping out of high school to obtaining a JD/PhD/MD) and how much parents feel welcomed at school, trust and have positive interactions with educators. The latter three variables formed a latent variable called parent school relationship. Analyses controlled for SES (parents’ educational attainment and household income), family structure, gender, and ethnicity. The school outcomes variable was derived from parental report of students’ grades, retention in any grade and behavior problems at school. Parental expectations were positively related (standardized path coefficient = .44, \(p<.01\)) to positive school outcomes and had a stronger effect than SES (standardized path coefficient = .24). Parent school relationships were also positively related to school outcomes. These findings suggest that psychologists and educators should be aware of the potential for parents to play a significant role (e.g., via expectations and developing supportive relationships with educators) in children’s education, even in middle and high school.
Sums and products of interval algebras

Aninterval algebra is an interval from zero to some positive element in a partially ordered Abelian group, which, under the restriction of the group operation to the interval, is a partial algebra. In this paper we study interval algebras from a categorical point of view, and show that Cartesian products and horizontal sums are effective as categorical products and coproducts, respectively. We show that the category of interval algebras admits a tensor product, and introduce a new class of interval algebras, which are in fact orthoalgebras, calledχ-algebras.
THE VEGETATION OF THE PEWSEY VALE ESCARPMENT, WILTSHIRE

Records were made on a standard point-quadrat frame at intervals of 20 feet along fifteen transects down the chalk escarpment on the north side of Pewsey Vale in Wiltshire. These records demonstrate how great is the variability in chalk grassland, both in different parts of each transect and in corresponding parts of adjacent transects. Chalk-down vegetation must be regarded as unstable and greatly altered by past and present use of the land for cultivation and grazing.
Zinc: role in immunity, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation

Purpose of reviewZinc is essential for multiple cellular functions including immunity. Many investigators have used zinc supplementation in an attempt to affect the outcome of various diseases. These efforts were aimed at either supporting immunity by zinc administration or correcting the zinc depen
Some factors involved in ground-water replenishment

Laboratory and field studies of water spreading on fine-textured soils are discussed. Effects on water-intake rates of treatments with cotton-gin trash, grasses, detergents, and other substances are interpreted in terms of fundamental processes. The effects of soil and water properties and changes in these properties as a result of various treatments are given consideration. Microbial activity and other causes of soil sealing are discussed. The results of microbial activity and a management program that ultimately leads to an increase in water-intake rates above normal are presented.
Continuous spectral measurement of backscattering in sea water

A prototype for an active backscattering probe for continuous backscattering spectrum measurement in sea water was designed and tested in both lab and field experiments. For the laboratory experiments, at various algae concentrations, the impact of overlapping chlorophyll fluorescence was effectively eliminated by using a long pass filter on the excitation light source. In the field tests with an active light source, and under the conditions of strong algal scattering (eg bloom conditions) it was shown that the impact of ambient background day light can be accounted for by successive measurements with the lamp illumination periodically on-off. The results show that the spectral shape of backscattering of algae cells is highly structured and consistent with Mie calculations which take into account the anomalous dispersion due to the strong absorption features of chlorophyll. The backscatter ratio, however, is found to be stable (within 10%) throughout the entire spectral region outside the chlorophyll fluorescence band, even when scattering is dominated by that from algae cells.
Depressed serum somatomedin activity in β-thalassemia

We have found bioassayable somatomedin activity to be subnormal in 20 of 32 children and adults with β-thalassemia. The levels were comparable to values reported in growth hormone-deficient subjects. Since patients with thalassemia are not growth hormone deficient, the data suggest the possibility of defective hepatic biosynthesis of somatomedin. Increased iron stores in these patients, who have secondary hemosiderosis of many organs, including the liver, may depress somatomedin activity. Therapy for one year with daily subcutaneous infusions of the iron-chelating agent deferoxamine had no effect on mean bioassayable serum somatomedin activity.
Somatostatin: analogs with selected biological activities

[D-Cys14]-Somatostatin is the first analog of somatostatin found to be more potent in inhibiting glucagon and growth hormone secretion that it is in inhibiting insulin secretion. [D-Trp8]-Somatostatin is eight to ten times more potent than somatostatin in inhibiting insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone secretion. [D-Trp8, D-Cys14]-Somatostatin is more potent than [D-Cys14]-Somatostatin, but retains its relative selectivity in being a more potent inhibitor of the secretion of glucagon and growth hormone than of insulin.