cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperthermia enhances spectrin breakdown in transient focal cerebral ischemia

Calpain-mediated spectrin degradation is triggered by cerebral ischemia and, when persistent, is thought to signal irreversible neuronal injury. Hyperthermia superimposed upon cerebral ischemia may exacerbate the injury process. In this study, we compared the extent of spectrin degradation in the brains of rats subjected to 1 h of transient proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) clip-occlusion performed under conditions of cranial normothermia (37 degrees C) or mild cranial hyperthermia (39 degrees C). Immunocytochemical localization of spectrin breakdown products was achieved by the use of a rabbit polyclonal antibody which reacted selectively with calpain-generated fragments of brain spectrin. The perfusion times studied were 1, 4 or 24 h. Following normothermic MCA occlusion, spectrin immunoreactivity was present only occasionally and only in scattered cortical neurons immediately upon reperfusion and 1 h later; all normothermic brains showed space immunoreactivity at 4 h of reperfusion; and no immunoreactivity was detected at 24 h. By contrast, following hyperthermic MCA occlusion, moderate-to-intense immunostaining was present in cortical pyramidal neurons even immediately upon reperfusion and persisted at 1 h of reperfusion. At 4 and 24 h, most brains exhibited dense immunoreactivity associated with morphologically shrunken neurons. Following 24 h survival, semi-thick plastic sections revealed intact neuropil and only selective neuronal necrosis in normothermic rats. By contrast, pan-necrosis was evident 24 h after the hyperthermic ischemic insult. These results indicate that mild cranial hyperthermia superimposed upon transient focal ischemia markedly enhances calpain activation and spectrin degradation; this process appears to be an important mechanism by which hyperthermia exacerbates ischemic injury.
S-RNase-based self-incompatibility in Petunia inflata

Background For the Solanaceae-type self-incompatibility, also possessed by Rosaceae and Plantaginaceae, the specificity of self/non-self interactions between pollen and pistil is controlled by two polymorphic genes at the S-locus: the S-locus F-box gene (SLF or SFB) controls pollen specificity and the S-RNase gene controls pistil specificity.
SIMPLE AND RAPID METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF VIRULENT PLASMID‐BEARING CLONES OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA1

The detection of cold-tolerant plasmid-bearing human pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica depends on the expression of various plasmid-associated characteristics. However, techniques based on these characteristics have limited reliability and are impractical for diagnostic use. Two rapid, reliable, and simple methods based on the binding of crystal violet and Congo red for identification and differentiation of Y. enterocolitica containing virulent plasmid-bearing strains are discussed. These dye binding assays can be used to assess the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica isolates from a variety of sources for identification of individual plasmid-bearing clones.
Requirement of the Pituitary Gland for Gonadal Hormone Effects on Hepatic Corticosteroid Metabolism in Rats and Hamsters

Testosterone administration to orchiectomized rats inhibited hepatic Δ4–steroid hydrogenase activity and prolonged the in vivo half—life of corticosterone. In rats that were hypophysectomized as well as castrated, testosterone was without effect on corticosteroid metabolism. The actions of estradiol to stimulate A—ring reduction and hasten in vivo clearance of corticosterone in orchiectomized rats also required the presence of the pituitary gland. Testosterone administration to hamsters stimulated cortisol metabolism in vitro and in vivo but not in the absence of the pituitary. The effects of testosterone were fully manifested in adrenalectomized or thyroidectomized rats. The results indicate that the effects of the gonadal hormones on corticosteroid metabolism in rats and hamsters are manifested only in the presence of the pituitary gland. (Endocrinology92: 769, 1973)
High-capacity image hiding scheme based on vector quantization

A novel grayscale image hiding scheme that is capable of hiding multiple secret images into a host image of the same size is proposed in this paper. The secret images to be hidden are first compressed by vector quantization with additional index compression process. Then, the compressed secret images are encrypted and embedded into the least-significant bits of the host pixels. To provide good image quality of the stego-image, the modulus function and the image property are employed to hide the secret bits into the host pixels and determine the number of hidden bits in each host pixel, respectively. According to the results, the proposed scheme provides a higher hiding capacity and a higher degree of security than that of the virtual image cryptosystem.
Relationship Between Carbon Black Particulate-Bound Formaldehyde, Pulmonary Antibacterial Defenses, and Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis

AbstractThe goal of this study was to investigate whether exposure to formaldehyde vapors decreases resistance to respiratory infections through dysfunctions of the alveolar macrophage phagocytic system. Additionally, the study explored whether the interactions of formaldehyde and respirable carbon black particles result in an altered susceptibility through delivery of the absorbed formaldehyde to the deep lung with the inhaled particle. This aim was accomplished through in vivo studies of alveolar macrophage-dependent intrapulmonary killing of Staphylococcus au-reus and ex vivo alveolar macrophage k-receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Exposure to 15 ppm formaldehyde impaired lung antibacterial defenses when exposure followed bacterial challenge; however, this effect was found at 1 ppm when formaldehyde exposure preceded and was continued after bacterial challenge. Coexposure to target concentration of 3.5 mg/m3 carbon black and 2.5 ppm formaldehyde or 10 mg/m3 carbon black and 5 ppm formaldehyde for 4 h afte...
Classification of binary document images into textual or nontextual data blocks using network models

This paper describes a new method for the classification of binary document images as textual or nontextual data blocks using neural network models. Binary document images are first segmented into blocks by the constrained run-length algorithm (CRLA). The component-labeling procedure is used to label the resulting blocks. The features for each block, calculated from the coordinates of its extremities, are then fed into the input layer of a neural network for classification. Four neural networks were considered, and they include back propagation (BP), radial basis functions (RBF), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and Kohonen's self-organizing feature maps (SOFMs). The performance and behavior of these neural network models are analyzed and compared in terms of training times, memory requirements, and classification accuracy. The experiments carried out on a variety of medical journals show the feasibility of using the neural network approach for textual block classification and indicate that in terms of both accuracy and training time RBF should be preferred.
Electroluminescence from Suspended and On-Substrate Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

In this work, we carried out electroluminescence (EL) measurements on metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and compared the light emission from the suspended section with the on-substrate section along the same SWNT. In addition to the lowest excitonic emission for metallic SWNTs (M11), a side peak was observed at an energy of 0.17−0.20 eV lower than the M11 peak, which is attributed to a phonon-assisted sideband. Interestingly, this side peak was only observed from on-substrate sections but not from suspended sections. This is likely due to the higher electric field used in the EL measurement of on-substrate sections and the asymmetric surroundings for on-substrate SWNT sections. When the drain voltage is increased, either a blue shift or a red shift of the M11 emission (up to ±20 meV) was observed in different suspended SWNTs. The red shift can be explained by the temperature-dependence of the M11 transition energy, whereas the blue shift is surprising and has never been observed before. Some...
Interference of O Kα ghost features in X-ray-excited Auger spectra

Abstract We have noted the interference of O K α ghost peaks in spectra obtained using unmonochromatized X-ray sources, particularly in C( KVV ) and O( KVV ) X-ray-excited Auger spectra. The source of the undesirable O K α photons is a surface oxide on the Mg or Al anode of the polychromatic X-ray sources used. A calculation of the oxide thickness required to give the observed ghost intensity in measurements on a gold sample using a heavily oxidized Mg anode is given and the estimated oxide thickness found plausible. Since it may be impossible to operate the anode with no oxide present, the use of a standard Au sample is suggested as an excellent test for the presence of O K α X-radiation from unmonochromatized X-ray sources.
Acute effects of growth hormone on metabolism of pancreatic hormones, glucose and ketone bodies.

Abstract Controversy exists as to whether acute administration of growth hormone has insulin-like effects. In conscious dogs, acute effects on plasma flows, plasma glucose, hepatic glucose output, free fatty acids, ketone bodies, insulin, and glucagon were determined following intravenous injection of 1 mg of growth hormone extracted from the canine pituitary gland. The following results were obtained: (1) Plasma flows in the portal vein, hepatic artery and hepatic vein were significantly increased 20 min after growth hormone administration. (2) By 40 min after growth hormone, the glucose concentration in these three vessels was significantly increased. (3) Hepatic glucose output was significantly increased 60 min after growth hormone administration. (4) Free fatty acids levels were significantly but transiently increased at 20 min, while ketone body concentrations were elevated at 120–180 min. (5) The insulin levels in the three vessels demonstrated a biphasic response. In the portal vein, they were significantly higher 20 min after growth hormone and again at 150–180 min. Glucagon concentrations were increased in all three vessels by 20 min and remained elevated for the remainder of the experiment. These results do not support an acute insulin-like action of growth hormone in normal dogs.
Scanning Human Gene Deserts for Long-Range Enhancers

Approximately 25% of the genome consists of gene-poor regions greater than 500 kb, termed gene deserts ([ 1 ][1]). These segments have been minimally explored, and their functional significance remains elusive. One category of functional sequences postulated to lie in gene deserts is gene regulatory
Using the MMPI with adolescents who have somatic symptoms.

Since the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been shown to be useful in discriminating between adults who have organically-based somatic symptoms and other adults whose somatic symptoms are deemed to be functional, an investigation of its usefulness in this regard with adolescents (in the 13 through 16 age range) was undertaken. MMPI scores of 44 adolescents who came to a general hospital with somatic symptoms and who were found to have an organic disease were compared with the scores of 29 adolescents who came with similar symptoms for which no organic basis could be found and who were ultimately diagnosed as having a functional or psychogenic disorder. The groups were similar in terms of age, education, socioeconomic status, and race. Both boys and girls in the functional group had significantly higher mean scores on the first three scales of the MMPI (Hs, D and Hy), and the girls had a higher mean score on Scale 7 (Pt).
Intermediate Vector Mesons and CP-Violations

The weak interactions have provided many surprises, the first of which was the violations of the parity (P) and the charge conjugation (C) invariance and, more recently, the CP-violation. The so-called V-A theory proposed by many authors is a very elegant theory which states that the P and C violations occur maximally, so to speak. However, recently discovered violation of the CP (or time-reversal invariance by TCP theorem) is more puzzling, since its effect appears to be very small by a factor of 10-3 in comparison with the CP-conserving one. To explain this, some authors have suggested to give up the V-A theory by inserting a tiny relative phase-factor between V and A parts. But this is not only artificial but also spoils the beauty of the original V-A theory. Another possibility is simply to assume the existence of a weaker CP- violating interactions, which is again a rather an artificial way without really explaining the reason for its smallness. Here, I would like to propose a new scheme where the CP-violation is maximal as well as maximal violations of separate P and C invariances. At a first glance, this may appear to be quite impossible since experimental CP-violation is smaller by a factor 10-3 as has been mentioned already. But fortunately, we could make a consistent theory of this kind as will be explained below.
The active buckling control of some composite column strips using piezoceramic actuators

Abstract The overall flexural buckling control of composite column strips using piezoceramic actuators is examined in this paper. The buckling control is investigated through the use of induced strain actuation associated with the piezoelectric effect and in conjunction with a closed-loop control system. Three column strip specimens have been fabricated from commercially available carbon-epoxy pre-impregnated sheets. The layup configurations are [ 90 2 0 ] s , [ ± 45 0 ] s , and [ 90 2 ± 45 ] s . The length and width of each test specimen is 280 mm and 35 mm respectively. After manufacture of the composite column strips, piezoceramic actuators were surface bonded at their mid-heights on both sides of the column. Due to imperfections in the material, and of a geometrical nature, the composite column strips, with inactivated piezoceramic actuators, will deflect from the onset of loading and reach an ultimate load capability at high deflection levels. As a result of the presence of imperfections, this ultimate load will be less than the critical buckling load of the ideal structure. By applying a controlled voltage to the actuators a reactive moment will be induced at the column centre thereby removing the lateral deflections and enforcing the column to behave in a perfectly straight manner. An exact theoretical buckling analyses is outlined. This is used to evaluate the critical buckling loads of the individual composite test specimens. The test procedure is outlined and load-deflection plots, obtained with and without active control, are presented. The composite column strips with active control are shown to clearly demonstrate an increase in axial compressive load capacity compared to those without control. For the layup configurations considered, increases in load carrying capability are of the order of 19.8%–37.1%.
Incidence of dorsal radiocarpal ligament tears in the presence of other intercarpal derangements.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of dorsal radiocarpal ligament (DRCL) tears in patients who underwent wrist arthroscopy for chronic pain. Methods: A chart review was performed of 64 patients who underwent diagnostic wrist arthroscopy for wrist pain. Interosseous ligament instability/tears were graded according to the Geissler classification. Tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and other intracarpal pathology were documented. Any DRCL tears were noted. Results: The average duration of wrist pain before arthroscopy was 20 months. There were 35 of 64 patients with DRCL tears. The average duration of wrist pain before treatment was 20 months (range, 4 to 60 months). There were 5 patients who had an isolated DRCL tear. Thirteen patients in this series had a scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) derangement; 7 of 13 also had a DRCL tear. Seven patients had a lunotriquetral interosseous ligament (LTIL) derangement; 2 of 7 also had a DRCL tear. Two patients had a capitohamate ligament tear; 1 of these patients also had a DRCL tear. There were 7 patients with a solitary TFCC tear; 6 of 7 were in association with a DRCL tear. One patient had a chronic ulnar styloid nonunion and a DRCL tear. Two or more lesions were present in 23 patients; DRCL tears were present in 12 of 23 patients. Three patients had generalized arthrofibrosis; 1 had a volar ganglion and 2 had a normal examination. None of these were associated with DRCL tears. Conclusions: DRCL tears are commonly seen with injuries to the SLIL, the LTIL, and the TFCC. Isolated DRCL tears should be treated with an arthroscopic repair. DRCL repairs in the presence of other intracarpal pathologies requires further study. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Synthesis of a 4,6-Disubstituted Dibenzofuran β-Sheet Initiator by Reductive Radical Arylation of Benzene

Tributyltin hydride mediated addition of 3-iodosalicylaldehyde to benzene in the presence of catalytic benzeneselenol affords (1,4-cyclohexadien-3-yl)salicylaldehyde. Homologation of the aldehyde group is followed by cycloetherification with dimethyl dioxirane to give a 4,6-disubstituted tetrahydrodibenzofuran. Adjustment of oxidation states and introduction of a second chain by Wittig olefination affords the β-sheet initiator, ethyl 4-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-6-dibenzofuranpropanoate.
EFFECTS OF SURFACE VISCOELASTICITY IN THE ENTRAPMENT AND DISPLACEMENT OF RESIDUAL OIL

Abstract Qualitative analyses are developed to explain the role that surface viscoelastieity could be playing during the entrapment and displacement of residual oil. The characteristic time of a simple surface fluid, which is a measure of the memory of the interface for past stress-deformation behavior, is taken to be a measure of the degree of surface viscoelastieity. The approach taken is similar to that used by Slattery (1974, 1979), in two prior qualitative analyses of displacement. The entrapment of residual oil in the smaller pores of an oil-wet rock would be enhanced by reducing the degree of surface viscoelastieity. We predict a similar effect during a free or forced displacement of oil by water in a water-wet structure. No conclusions can be drawn for a restricted displacement of oil by water in a water-wet rock. For values of the interfacial tension less than the critical value, the rate of displacement of residual oil will increase as the degree of surface viscoelastieity is decreased.
Dear Appalachia: Readers, Identity, and Popular Fiction since 1878. Emily Satterwhite. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011.

Dear Appalachia: Readers, Identity, and Popular Fiction since 1878. Emily Satterwhite. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011.In Dear Appalachia: Readers, Identity, and Popular Fiction since 1878, Emily Satterwhite takes readerresponse theory to a new, invigorating level by examining "fan mail written in response to best-selling fiction set in Appalachia" (2). She does so "to understand how readers imagined the region and what purposes these imagined geographies served for them" (2). As she explains in the methodological essay following her conclusion, instead of speculating about how a hypothetical reader might respond to these texts, she draws from real reader responses to construct a "reception geography" of the texts she explores. Satterwhite contends that this approach "recognizefs] that texts mean different things for readers in different times and different social and geographic positions" (229). The strategy that she employs adds to a growing trend in American studies that encourages researchers to turn to cultural artifacts (like fan letters to authors) to discover how texts functioned within their own contemporary social milieus.Early in the book's introduction, Satterwhite makes clear that her study investigates how stereotypical assumptions about a homogenously white Appalachia factor into her analysis. She contends that her "examination of fan mail indicates that best-selling Appalachian-set fiction met white readers' needs and eased their cultural anxieties in at least three ways: it produced Appalachia as an authentic place, offered readers a means of establishing a sense of identity and belonging, and facilitated the circulation of power across geographic scales" (5). Satterwhite returns to this argument several times as she investigates best-selling Appalachian fiction beginning with Mary Noailles Murfree's work from the late 1870s and ending with contemporary best-sellers like Charles Frazier's Cold Mountain (1997). The book also contains several maps that trace not only "the broad distribution of admirers of Appalachian-set stories" but also "the migration narratives provided by fans in their letters" (13). These visual aids support Satterwhite's assertions about the wide reach of Appalachian fiction from 1878 to the present.Satterwhite begins the study with a chapter on Mary Noailles Murfree, concluding that Murfree's fiction was popular with two distinctly different sets of audiences: for nonmetropolitan elites, local-color "stories promoted local gentry's pride in those places [but also] reinforced a sense of superiority over less privileged locals," and for metropolitan elites, local-color fiction encouraged them to "appropriate ... [the] stories out of a sense of the superiority of the modern city over supposedly premodern rural places" (52). …
Building the Nation Back Up: The Politics of Identity on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

Building the Nation Back Up: The Politics of Identity on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Mikael Kurkiala. Stockholm, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Press, 1997.254 pp., figures, references, index.
Choice under Uncertainty: Problems Solved and Unsolved

Ffifteen years ago, the theory of choice under uncertainty could be considered one of the “success stories” of economic analysis: it rested on solid axiomatic foundations, it had seen important breakthroughs in the analytics of risk, risk aversion and their applications to economic issues, and it stood ready to provide the theoretical underpinnings for the newly emerging “information revolution” in economics.1 Today choice under uncertainty is a field in flux: the standard theory is being challenged on several grounds from both within and outside economics. The nature of these challenges, and of our profession’s responses to them, is the topic of this paper.
Main Group Compounds as Amphoteric Ligands to Transition Metals. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Cr(CO)5 PPh2CH2Ga (CH2CMe3)2. NMe3.

The reactivities of the group 13 compounds, R2MCH2PPh2 and R2MPPh2, as amphoteric ligands to transition metals have been investigated. The ligands R2MCH2PPh2 (R = CH2CMe3, CH2SiMe3; M = Ga, In) reacted readily with Cr(CO)5NMe3 in benzene solution to form Cr(CO)5[PPh2CH2MR2·NMe3], whereas for ligands of the type R2MPPh2 (R = CH2CMe3, CH2SiMe3; M = Al, Ga, In), only the two aluminum compounds and (Me3CCH2)2GaPPh2 formed isolable products of the type Cr(CO)5[PPh2MR2·NMe3]. However, the gallium and indium ligands with (trimethylsilyl)methyl substituents (Me3SiCH2)2MPPh2 reacted with NEt4MT(CO)5Cl (MT = Cr, Mo, W) to form products of the type NEt4MT(CO)5[PPh2MR2Cl]. All new compounds were characterized by their physical properties, C and H analyses, and 1H and 31P NMR and IR spectral properties. The identity of NEt4Cr(CO)5[PPh2In(CH2SiMe3)2Cl] was further confirmed by the subsequent identification of products from reactions with anhydrous HCl and with MeI. In addition, Cr(CO)5[PPh2CH2Ga(CH2CMe3)2·NMe3] was cha...
Direct Fabrication and Harvesting of Monodisperse, Shape-Specific Nanobiomaterials

A versatile "top-down" method for the fabrication of particles, Particle Replication In Nonwetting Templates (PRINT), is described which affords absolute control over particle size, shape, and composition. This technique is versatile and general enough to fabricate particles with a variety of chemical structures, yet delicate enough to be compatible with sophisticated biological agents. Using PRINT, we have fabricated monodisperse particles of poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate), triacrylate resin, poly(lactic acid), and poly(pyrrole). Monodisperse particle populations, ranging from sub-200 nm nanoparticles to complex micron-scale objects, have been fabricated and harvested. PRINT uses low-surface energy, chemically resistant fluoropolymers as molding materials, which eliminates the formation of a residual interconnecting film between molded objects. Until now, the presence of this film has largely prevented particle fabrication using soft lithography. Importantly, we have demonstrated that PRINT affords the simple, straightforward encapsulation of a variety of important bioactive agents, including proteins, DNA, and small-molecule therapeutics, which indicates that PRINT can be used to fabricate next-generation particulate drug-delivery agents.
Effects of beta-blockers on glucose and lipid metabolism.

AbstractBackground:Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been linked to hypertension. Beta-blockers, which decrease SNS activation via β-adrenergic receptor antagonism, are effective in lowering blood pressure and reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in several conditions, including post-myocardial infarction and heart failure. Despite these clinical benefits, many physicians are reluctant to prescribe β-blockers because of perceived negative metabolic effects, including reduced glycemic control, masking of hypoglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.Objective:This article reviews the pathophysiology of hypertension and either insulin resistance or dyslipidemia as well as treatment effects from glucose- and lipid-lowering regimens on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Based on a PubMed literature search from January 1980 to December 2008, the effects of nonvasodilating (atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol) and vasodilating β-blockers (carvedilol, labetalol, and ne...
ART-1 neural network for reducing search space in 3-D object recognition using multiple views

An ART-1 neural network is applied to the problem of 3-D object recognition using a multiple-view modeling scheme. In this scheme, the 3-D object model database consists of sets of features extracted from 2-D projections rendered by a number of predetermined viewpoints on a view sphere enclosing the object. To recognize the object, a coarse-to-fine search strategy is adopted. ART-1 is used at the coarse search stage to reduce the search space in the model database. Experiments carried out to corroborate the proposed scheme are discussed
Disease due to Cytomegalovirus and Its Long-term Consequences in Renal Transplant Recipients: Correlation of Allograft Survival With Disease due to Cytomegalovirus and Rubella Antibody Level

• We prospectively studied 52 consecutive renal allograft recipients who retained their grafts at least three months. The transplant recipients were observed for five years or longer. Disease due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) occurred in nine (17.3%). Manifestations of disease due to CMV that were significantly more common than in chronologically matched controls in comparable periods after transplantation included fever, leukopenia, hepatic function abnormalities, pneumonia, and renal dysfunction. Life-table analyses suggested a trend of decreased allograft survival with disease due to CMV, but the difference between controls was not statistically significant. A significant inverse correlation were noted between the level of hemagglutination inhibition antibody to rubella virus reached after transplantation and allograft survival. This correlation remained statistically significant even when patients with disease due to CMV were excluded from the analysis. ( Arch Intern Med 1983;143:1126-1129)
The control of 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism by inorganic phosphorus

Abstract Rats maintained on a diet low in phosphorus produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 whether they have been thyroparathyroidectomized or not. On the other hand, rats maintained on low-calcium diets produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, but lose this ability within 48 hr after thyroparathyroidectomy. This loss of ability to synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be prevented or be restored by replacing their drinking water with calcium gluconate-glucose solution which returns their high serum inorganic phosphorus to normal levels. In thyroparathyroidectomized rats under a variety of conditions, the ability to synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 correlates with serum inorganic phosphorus values below 7–8 mg/100 ml while the ability to synthesize 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 correlates with serum phosphorus values above 7–8 mg/100 ml. There is in addition a close correlation between reduced kidney cortex inorganic phosphorus levels and the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. It is suggested that the renal tubular cell inorganic phosphorus level underlies the regulation of synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the kidney and that the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis via their effects on renal cell inorganic phosphorus levels.
Optimal Dosing Interval for Penicillin Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis

One-hundred-forty-two children with symptomatic pharyngitis had throat cultures positive for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHA). All were treated orally with penicillin V for ten days. Patients were randomly assigned to receive daily doses of 250 mg four times daily, 500 mg twice daily, or 1000 mg once daily. They were followed four weeks for either recurrent symptomatic pharyngitis or asymptomatic repeat positive throat culture. Patients treated two or four times daily had comparable outcomes. Children given penicillin once daily were more likely to have persistent positive culture after 48 hours treatment (5 of 48 or 10.4% vs. none of 94, p = .004) and more likely to have recurrent positive cultures after end of treatment (10 of 43 or 23% vs. 8 of 94 or 8%, p = .04). The treatment regime of penicillin V 500 mg twice daily is recommended for treatment of pharyngitis due to GABHS.
Can Cultural Worldviews Influence Network Composition

Most sociological research assumes that social network composition shapes individual beliefs. Network theory and research has not adequately considered that internalized cultural worldviews might affect network composition. Drawing on a synthetic, dual-process theory of culture and two waves of nationally-representative panel data, this article shows that worldviews are strong predictors of changes in network composition among U.S. youth. These effects are robust to the influence of other structural factors, including prior network composition and behavioral homophily. By contrast, there is little evidence that networks play a strong proximate role in shaping worldviews. This suggests that internalized cultural dispositions play an important role in shaping the interpersonal environment and that the dynamic link between culture and social structure needs to be reconsidered.
On the total noise of maser amplifiers

Abstract It is shown from first principles that the total noise of a maser amplifier depends only on the number of atoms in the system and is independent of the temperature and of the population distribution. Both the zero point energy noise source and the spontaneous emission noise source have physical meaning; the two noise sources are independent when there is no population inversion and are negatively correlated under population inversion.
Alpha/three: One file at a time

The simplicity of operation provided by Alpha/three makes it a very useful tool, particularly for non‐programmers. The package can also be used to transfer and exchange records, from computer to computer and with other database packages.
The Symmetric Group in Data Permutation, With Applications to High-Bandwidth Pipelined FFT Architectures

We have developed an efficient architecture for permuting data streams in-place based on properties of the symmetric group in abstract algebra. This architecture uses half the memory of a conventional double-buffering architecture with only a modest increase in addressing logic. The flexibility and efficiency of this permuter has enabled the development of an automatic generator of streaming Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) architectures capable of handling a configurable number of time samples in parallel. These architectures achieve 100% multiplier utilization efficiency, and require only 25% more buffering than the theoretical minimum for normal-ordered frequency output. We present parametrized generators of these permutation and FFT architectures in an open-source library targeting field programmable gate arrays.
Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis in Endophthalmitis

Genomic DNA fingerprint analysis was performed on 39 Staphylococcus aureus and 28 Enterococcus faecalis endophthalmitis isolates collected from multiple clinical centers. Among 21 S. aureus genomic DNA fingerprint patterns identified, five clonotypes were recovered from multiple unrelated patients and accounted for 58.9% (23 of 39) of the isolates analyzed. Compared with strains having unique genomic DNA fingerprint patterns, the S. aureus clonotypes occurring more than once were more likely to result in visual acuities of 20/200 or worse (P = 0.036 [chi2 test]). In contrast to the S. aureus isolates, the E. faecalis endophthalmitis isolates were a clonally diverse population, enriched for the expression of a known toxin, cytolysin, which is plasmid encoded.
LOCALIZATION, SOLUBILIZATION AND PROPERTIES GANGLIOSIDE TRANSFERASES IN RAT BRAIN OF N‐ACETYLGALACTOSAMINYL AND GALACTOSYL GANGLIOSIDE TRANSFERASES IN RAT BRAIN

— The subcellular distributions of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine: GM3 N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase and UDP-galactose: GM2 galactosyl transferase, two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of gangliosides, were determined in the 7-day-old rat brain by means of synaptosomal fractionation techniques. The enzymes were located on the synaptic membranes and appeared to be closely associated with gangliosides and acetylcholinesterase. Solubilization of the transferase enzymes from the microsomal particles was achieved and differed from the solubilization of acetylcholinesterase and of the total membrane protein. Competition studies suggest that the N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase involved in the formation of GM2 from GM3 is different from the N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase involved in the formation of GalNAoGal-Glc-ceramide from Gal-Glc-ceramide, whereas in contrast, both the formation of GM1 from GM2 and of Gal-GalNAc-Gal-Glcceramide from GalNAc-Gal-Glc-ceramide appear to be catalysed by the same galactosyl transferase.
Note on Control of the European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L., in Newfoundland With Traps and Attractants

In a test at St. John's from 20 August to 9 September 1964, grooved-board traps captured more specimens of the Eluropean earwig, Forficula auricularia L., than pitfall traps containing attractants. On 19 August two replicates of one grooved-board and eight Legner traps (Fig. 1) containing bran flakes plus an attractant were set up on a city lot. The Legner traps were set in the soil so that their tops were level with the surface. They were protected from rain by a 12 in. × 12 in. board held in position over the opening by short legs at the four corners. The attractants used were: peanut butter, cod oil, sugar, molasses, honey and macerated earwigs. The traps were attended from 21 August to 9 September and all earwigs removed daily and counted in the laboratory.
Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War

This article draws on a comparative case study design to refine formal-quantitative models of civil war, expanding them to highlight political processes that lead to civil war. It uses 21 case studies of civil war onset and avoidance to show the shortcomings in prominent rationalist models of civil war that rely heavily on economic variables. These shortcomings include measurement error, unit heterogeneity, model misspecification, and lack of clarity about causal mechanisms. Additionally, the greed/grievance distinction that underlies the economic models is misguided. This article analyzes civil war not as a discrete phenomenon, but rather as one phase in a cycle of violence. Economic models of civil war, however, rely on theories that cannot distinguish effectively between civil war and other forms of political violence. To explain civil war, we must explain why various and often conflicting micro-level motives combine to produce political violence with the characteristics that we attribute to civil war. If we cannot understand why we get civil war instead of other forms of organized political violence, then we do not understand civil war.Nicholas Sambanis thanks Keith Darden, Anna Grzymala-Busse, Jennifer Hochschild, Stathis Kalyvas, Bruce Russett, Jack Snyder, Sidney Tarrow, Charles Tilly, and seminar participants at New York University and the University of Chicago for very useful comments, as well as Annalisa Zinn and Steve Shewfelt for excellent research assistance. He also gratefully acknowledges financial support from the World Bank's Post-Conflict Fund and from the Russell Sage Foundation, where he was fortunate to spend a year of academic leave working on this and related projects. This research is part of the Political Economy of Civil War, a collaborative project between Yale University's U.N. Studies Program and the World Bank's Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Unit.
Regulatory proteins with a sense of direction: cell cycle signalling network in Caulobacter

Localization of kinases and other signalling molecules at discrete cellular locations is often an essential component of signal transduction in eukaryotes. Caulobacter crescentus is a small, single-celled bacterium that presumably lacks intracellular organelles. Yet in Caulobacter, the subcellular distribution of several two-component signal transduction proteins involved in the control of polar morphogenesis and cell cycle progression changes from a fairly dispersed distribution to a tight accumulation at one or both poles in a spatial and temporal pattern that is reproduced during each cell cycle. This cell cycle-dependent choreography suggests that similarly to what happens in eukaryotes, protein localization provides a means of modulating signal transduction in bacteria. Recent studies have provided important insights into the biological role and the mechanisms for the differential localization of these bacterial signalling proteins during the Caulobacter cell cycle.
In vivo toxicity evaluation of gold-dendrimer composite nanodevices with different surface charges

AbstractComposite nanodevices (CNDs) are multifunctional nanomaterials with potential uses in cancer imaging and therapy. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based composite nanodevices are important members of this group and consist of an organic dendrimer component and an incorporated inorganic component, in this case, gold. This study addresses the short- (14 days) and long-term (78 days) in vivo toxicity of generation-5 (G5; 5 nm) PAMAM dendrimer-based gold-CNDs (Au-CNDs) with varying surface charges (positive, negative and neutral) in C57BL/6J male mice. Detailed toxicological analyses of (1) body weight changes, (2) serum chemistry and (3) histopathological examination of 22 organs showed no evidence of organ injury or organ function compromise. Zeta potential of Au-CNDs showed significant change from their parent dendrimers upon gold incorporation, making the normally lethal positive surface dendrimer biologically safe. Also homeostatic mechanisms in vivo may compensate/repair toxic effects, something not s...
Measurement of pAg in natural water samples

A method has been developed for the determination of pAg in natural water samples using a direct potentiometric measurement technique. Calibration standards have been prepared, and linearity of the technique has been demonstrated for the pAg range of 2 to 11, with Nernstian response. The method has been applied to samples of several natural waters in the United States and the results are tabulated. The measured pAg values of natural waters were within the range of 8.8 to 12.0, corresponding to silver ion activities of 0.0001 to 0.2 μg/L.
CHARACTERIZATION OF GALLIUM-NITROGEN ADDUCTS BY X-RAY STRUCTURAL AND NMR SPECTRAL STUDIES. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF [(PhMe2CCH2)2GaCI]2 AND OF ITS MONOMERIC t-BUTYLAMINE ADDUCT, (PhMe2CCH2)2GaCI[NH2(t-Bu)]

Abstract The nature of [(PhMe2CCH2)2GaCl]2 and its adducts with NH2(t-Bu) and NH2(n-Pr) have been investigated. [(PhMe2CCH2)2GaCl]2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a=11.2495(16)A, b = 21.4977(32)A, c = 7.8337(15)A, β = 93.489(14)°, V= 1891.0(5)A3 and D(calcd.)= 1.305 Mg/m3 for Z = 2. The structure was refined to R(F) = 4.2% for 1672 reflections above 6[sgrave](F). The molecule has perfect Ci symmetry, a planar Ga(μ-Cl)2Ga core and an expanded C(α)-Ga-C(α) angle of 137.9(3)° between the neophyl ligands. (PhMe2CCH2)2-GaCl[NH2(t-Bu)] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 6.4023(10) A, b= 17.4274(25) A, c = 22.2389(38) A, β = 94.939(13)°, V= 2472.2(7)A3 and D(calcd.) = 1.225 Mg/m3 for Z = 4. This structure was refined to R(F) = 3.9% for 1700 reflections above 6[sgrave](F). The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular Cl … H-N hydrogen bonds and the central Ga(III) atom has a distorted tetrahedral geometry. A benzene solution of (PhMe2-CCH2)2GaCl[NH2(t-Bu)] is...
The VM/370 resource limiter

The VM/370 Resource Limiter (RESLIM), a facility available on the computer systems of the IBM Thomas, J. Watson Research Center, enables users, user management, and the site's Computing Center to monitor and contorl usage of various computing resources. If a user's consumption of a particular resource exceeds a previously established limit, RESLIM takes actions designed to improve system performance and resource availability. Possible actions include degrading the user's priority, forcing the user off the system, or simply sending a warning message to the user and/or other VM users.
Are Violent Delinquents Worth Treating? A Cost–Benefit Analysis

This study reports on the cost benefits of an intensive treatment program for unmanageable juvenile delinquent boys, compared to the usual treatment in a secured juvenile corrections facility. A total of 101 boys who received the majority of their treatment services in a specialized program providing intensive mental health treatment were matched to a group of 101 juveniles who received treatment as usual (TAU) in a secured juvenile corrections setting on the basis of treatment propensity scores. Outcome data included the number and type of criminally charged offenses over an average follow-up period of 53 months (range 14 to 92 months). Borrowing from Cohen criminal justice processing costs for each offense was calculated in 2001 dollars. The initial costs of the program were offset by improved treatment progress and lowered recidivism, especially violent recidivism. The treatment group yielded a benefit-cost ratio of more than 7 to 1 over the TAU group. The results are discussed and compared to cost-ben...
Diastereochemical diversity of imidazoline scaffolds via substrate controlled TMSCl mediated cycloaddition of azlactones.

We report herein a trimethylsilyl chloride mediated substrate controlled 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the diastereoselective synthesis of either syn- or anti-imidazolines. This method provides scaffolds with four points of diversity and control over two stereocenters.
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies support a late step in DNA double‐strand break repair by homologous recombination

The PML protein and PML nuclear bodies (PML-NB) are implicated in multiple cellular functions relevant to tumor suppression, including DNA damage response. In most cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia, the PML and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) genes are translocated, resulting in expression of oncogenic PML-RARα fusion proteins. PML-NB fail to form normally, and promyelocytes remain in an undifferentiated, abnormally proliferative state. We examined the involvement of PML protein and PML-NB in homologous recombinational repair (HRR) of chromosomal DNA double-strand breaks. Transient overexpression of wild-type PML protein isoforms produced hugely enlarged or aggregated PML-NB and reduced HRR by ~2-fold, suggesting that HRR depends to some extent upon normal PML-NB structure. Knockdown of PML by RNA interference sharply attenuated formation of PML-NB and reduced HRR by up to 20-fold. However, PML-knockdown cells showed apparently normal induction of H2AX phosphorylation and RAD51 foci after DNA damage by ionizing radiation. These findings indicate that early steps in HRR, including recognition of DNA double-strand breaks, initial processing of ends, and assembly of single-stranded DNA/RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments, do not depend upon PML-NB. The HRR deficit in PML-depleted cells thus reflects inhibition of later steps in the repair pathway. Expression of PML-RARα fusion proteins disrupted PML-NB structure and reduced HRR by up to 10-fold, raising the possibility that defective HRR and resulting genomic instability may figure in the pathogenesis, progression and relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Penny for Your Thoughts: Beggars and the Exercise of Morality in Daily Life1

Urban sociology has tended to study interactions between passersby and “street persons” with an emphasis on the ways street persons become bothersome, harassing, or dangerous. This article moves away from the focus on the ways interactions in public go awry and focuses on how individuals account for the mundane, everyday exchanges they have with strangers who seek their help. Based on interview data (N = 31) and qualitative analysis of data from an Internet survey (N = 110), this article suggests that the presence of beggars does not inherently symbolize urban decay to passersby and does not necessarily elicit anxiety, but instead provides a valuable texture of urban life. Further, the article argues that individuals, when justifying their responses to requests for help from needy persons (beggars) in urban spaces, use a variety of cultural strategies to maintain their perception of themselves as moral persons, both when they choose to help and when they refuse. Drawing from these findings, the article suggests that urban sociology and the sociology of risk would benefit from sensitizing their studies of public interactions to the diverse meanings individuals assign to them, rather than presupposing annoyance, anxiety, or fear as their predominant characteristic.
In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning

Recently, a debate has begun over whether in-class laptops aid or hinder learning. While some research demonstrates that laptops can be an important learning tool, anecdotal evidence suggests more and more faculty are banning laptops from their classrooms because of perceptions that they distract students and detract from learning. The current research examines the nature of in-class laptop use in a large lecture course and how that use is related to student learning. Students completed weekly surveys of attendance, laptop use, and aspects of the classroom environment. Results showed that students who used laptops in class spent considerable time multitasking and that the laptop use posed a significant distraction to both users and fellow students. Most importantly, the level of laptop use was negatively related to several measures of student learning, including self-reported understanding of course material and overall course performance. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Perforation into middle cranial fossa as a sequel to use of a Proplast-Teflon implant for temporomandibular joint reconstruction.

Several authors have presented cases of failure and other problems with the use of the Proplast-Teflon implant. The purpose of this report is to document another severe complication resulting from the use of a Proplast-Teflon implant after discectomy