cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive linear programming tool to optimize formulations of ready-to-use therapeutic foods: an application to Ethiopia

Background: Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is the standard of care for children suffering from noncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Objective: The objective was to develop a comprehensive linear programming (LP) tool to create novel RUTF formulations for Ethiopia. Design: A systematic approach that surveyed international and national crop and animal food databases was used to create a global and local candidate ingredient database. The database included information about each ingredient regarding nutrient composition, ingredient category, regional availability, and food safety, processing, and price. An LP tool was then designed to compose novel RUTF formulations. For the example case of Ethiopia, the objective was to minimize the ingredient cost of RUTF; the decision variables were ingredient weights and the extent of use of locally available ingredients, and the constraints were nutritional and product-quality related. Results: Of the new RUTF formulations found by the LP tool for Ethiopia, 32 were predicted to be feasible for creating a paste, and these were prepared in the laboratory. Palatable final formulations contained a variety of ingredients, including fish, different dairy powders, and various seeds, grains, and legumes. Nearly all of the macronutrient values calculated by the LP tool differed by ,10% from results produced by laboratory analyses, but the LP tool consistently underestimated total energy. Conclusions: The LP tool can be used to develop new RUTF formulations that make more use of locally available ingredients. This tool has the potential to lead to production of a variety of low-cost RUTF formulations that meet international standards and thereby potentially allow more children to be treated for SAM. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:1551‐8.
Exploiting data and code interactions to reduce the power variance for CDMA sequences

This paper investigates the effect of interactions between the Walsh codes and data sequences on the statistical moments of the forward-link CDMA signal. Of primary interest is the normalized fourth-order moment, which is referred to as the "power variance". Several techniques for reducing the power variance of the CDMA signal are discussed that are based on Walsh code selection and data encoding. Certain groupings of Walsh codes, referred to as "active quadruples", are shown to be useful in predicting the potential of each technique. Results demonstrate the reduction in the power variance afforded by two novel approaches referred to as "channel hopping" and "data reversal".
The Effect of SEC‐Ordered Suspensions on Returns, Volatility, and Trading Volume

This study evaluates the effect of SEC-ordered suspensions on securities' returns, volatility, and trading volume during 1963–1987. It is found that there is a permanent devaluation of these securities during the suspension. This result, however, is sensitive to the announced reason for the suspension. Both the variance and the trading volume are found to be substantially higher than normal in the presuspension period. This trend continues in the immediate postsuspension period. The variance and volume levels return to more normal levels only at a much later date. We conclude that trading suspensions are not associated with the immediate elimination of unusual market activity.
Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid in Gels and Aqueous Solutions of Polysorbate 80

The stability of ascorbic acid in aqueous solution has been studied as a function of polysorbate 80 concentration. The range of polysorbate concentrations studied was sufficiently wide to provide systems ranging from solutions of low viscosity to hydrogels. The study has been conducted at 30, 40, 50, and 60°. First-order rate constants for the oxidative reaction were calculated, and they appear to decrease as a function of polysorbate 80 concentration up to 10 percent, except at 30°, in which case the rate constants decreased up to 30 percent polysorbate 80. The rate generally leveled off at higher surfactant concentrations. It appears that this phenomenon is probably a result of micelle formation, or, more specifically, the increases in micellar aggregation number and micellar concentration which occur up to about 30 percent polysorbate 80. It does not appear that increased viscosity has a significant influence on the rate of ascorbic acid oxidation in these systems.
Adult Pancreas Generates Multipotent Stem Cells and Pancreatic and Nonpancreatic Progeny

Strategies designed to produce functional cells from stem cells or from mature cells hold great promise for treatment of different cell-degenerative diseases. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are examples of such diseases. Although different in origin, both involve inadequate cell mass of insulin-producing β cells, the most abundant cell type of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Practical realization of such strategies is highly dependent on the elucidation of physiological mechanisms responsible for generation of new β cells in the pancreas, which at this time are poorly defined. The in vitro differentiation systems allowing generation of new β cells provide a valuable experimental tool for studying these mechanisms. Few such systems are currently available. In this work, we present an in vitro differentiation system, derived from adult mouse pancreas, capable of generating insulin-producing β-like cells, which self-organize into islet-like cell clusters (ILCCs) during the course of the culture. Surprisingly, we found that along with the ILCCs, multiple cell types with phenotypic characteristics of embryonic central nervous system and neural crest are also generated. Moreover, several embryonic stem cell–specific genes are induced during the course of these cultures. These results suggest that the adult pancreas may contain cells competent to give rise to new endocrine and neural cells.
Succession of desert plants on debris flow terraces, Grand Canyon, Arizona, U.S.A.

Vegetation sampling on 11 debris flow terraces in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, U.S.A., showed that plant assemblages changed as age of surface increased. The terraces ranged in age from about 5 to about 3100 years. There were distinct differences among sites in the life history characteristics of the dominant plants. Young terraces (5‐55 years) were dominated by short-lived plants that had high reproductive potential. Older surfaces were dominated by species with longer life-spans and lower reproductive potential. Density and cover of long-lived species increased with age of surface; for short-lived plants, density was inversely related to surface age. Species composition was also correlated with site age; however, location, exposure, and other factors ensured that no two debris flows supported identical mixtures of species. Succession on recent Grand Canyon debris flows is driven in part by life-history strategies, particularly life-span and seed dispersal traits, and also by climatic factors, especially those that control germination and establishment of the long-lived dominants.
Preconception Care of Women With Diabetes: The Unrevealed Obstacles

In spite of the widely accepted knowledge that elevated blood glucose levels in early pregnancy are associated with a significantly increased risk of birth defects in infants of women with established diabetes, the majority of diabetic women do not plan their pregnancies and enter pregnancy with inadequate blood glucose control. This article reviews the current research on circumstances and factors associated with unplanned diabetic pregnancies and offers recommendations to encourage effective pregnancy planning and preconception care among women with diabetes.
A Purposeful Collaboration: Using a Library Course Enhancement Grant Program to Enrich ESL Instruction

Developing a meaningful collaboration with teaching faculty to enhance courses can be a challenge for information professionals as they struggle to move away from the one-shot classroom lecture model. The Association of College & Research Libraries encourages the use of mini grants for this purpose. These incentives can jump-start partnerships in a needed area, such as English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction. The article describes The Ohio State University Libraries Course Enhancement Grant Program and its positive impact on a subject librarian and ESL instructor teaching collaboratively in a composition course, with an analysis of students’ assessment of course objectives and outcomes.
Utilization of chinese hamster cells in vitro and in vivo in genetic toxicology: A multiphasic approach

An approach often used to study genetic risk is comparative mutagenesis in different organisms. We have begun the development and validation of a multiphasic genetic toxicity system using the Chinese hamster and its somatic cells to measure mutational events in the same (or similar) gene, the same chromosome derived from the same animal (Fig. 1). This system will eliminate much of the uncertainty generated when different mutational events in such evolutionally divergent organisms as bacteria, insects, and mammals are compared. Using CHO cells we have defined an assay, CHO/HGPRT, to determine mutation at the hgprt locus. Coupled with S9 metabolic activation system, the CHO/HGPRT assay can quantify gene mutation and cytotoxicity induced by various classes of chemicals, physical agents, and the combination thereof. The quantitative nature of this assay permits elucidation of the structure-activity relationship for a given class of direct-acting agents. By incorporating the cytogenetics of CHO cells into this assay we can simultaneously measure induced chromosome aberrations and SCE. Using the stable CHO/human hybrid cell line AL-J1 measurement of chromosome deletion and/loss can be also performed. In order to further expand the usefulness of this genetic toxicity system to the molecular and whole animal levels we have begun development and validation of two additional systems. To study the molecular events which may result in mutation we are developing a CHOpSVgpt system. A Chinese hamster system with treatment in vivo is being developed to study mutation at the hgprt locus, chromosome aberration, and SCE in spleen cells in vitro. The use of this multiphasic genetic toxicity system at the cellular, molecular, and animal levels may soon provide reliable and rapid identification of suspected environmental mutagens.
The Impact of an Ultramarathon on Hormonal and Biochemical Parameters in Men

Objective To examine circulating hormonal responses in men competing in the Western States Endurance Run (WSER, June 23 to 24, 2012): a 161-km trail run that starts in Squaw Valley, CA, and concludes in Auburn, CA. Methods We examined 12 men who completed the WSER. Blood samples were obtained the morning before the race, immediately postrace (IP), and 1 (D1) and 2 (D2) days after the conclusion of the WSER. The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis was assessed by measuring testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH). We also examined sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and cortisol. Biochemical and muscle damage markers were also measured. Results Relative to prerace, there were significant (P ≤ .05) decreases in testosterone, LH, and SHBG, whereas cortisol showed a significantly marked elevation at IP. Testosterone, LH, SHBG, and cortisol remained significantly different from prerace at D1. Additionally, the testosterone to cortisol (T:C) ratio, a marker of anabolism, was decreased at IP and D1. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin significantly decreased at IP, and remained decreased at D1 and D2. Bilirubin increased significantly IP and D1, whereas alkaline phosphatase decreased at D1 and D2. Creatine kinase, myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase increased at IP, and continued to be significantly elevated at D1 and D2. Conclusions Training for and completing the WSER produced a significant suppression in the HPT axis as seen by decreased levels of testosterone and LH. Additionally, running the WSER continued to influence endocrine function until 2 days after the race. Furthermore, the stress caused by the WSER produced severe muscle damage.
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for determination of phencyclidine in human serum and its application to human drug abuse cases

A new analytical method was developed and validated for the rapid determination of phencyclidine (PCP) in human blood and serum. Rapid chromatographic separation decreased the analysis time relative to standard gas chromatography (GC)-based methodologies. The method involved the use of solid-phase extraction for sample preparation and cleanup followed by liquid chromatography tandem spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis and an electrospray-ionization (ESI) interface. PCP was quantified using multiple-reaction-monitoring with deuterium labeled PCP (PCP-d5) as an internal standard. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, and recovery. The method was accurate with error 0.997). The recovery of PCP after solid-phase extraction was greater than 90% with the lower limit of detection (LLOD) for PCP in 500 µl of human serum after solid-phase extraction at 0.06 ng ml−1. This method was used to determine the levels of PCP in postmortem human blood samples. The LLOD in blood was 1 ng ml−1. Blood PCP concentrations were also determined separately using GC and flame ionization detection (FID). Blood calibration standards and serum calibration standards yielded similar concentrations when used to quantitate authentic human blood samples that tested positive for PCP under the GC-FID method. Extraction of PCP from serum required fewer steps and therefore could be used as a calibration matrix in place of blood. The LC-MS/MS methodology shown here was higher throughput compared with GC-based methods because of very short chromatographic run times. This was accomplished without sacrificing analytical sensitivity.
Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): Construction and initial validation

This investigation reports on the development and initial validation of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW), which operationalizes the idea that racism has a host of psychosocial costs for White individuals. Data from 727 participants were collected in 3 interrelated studies that subjected the items to the rigors of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Exploratory factor analysis results suggested a 16-item scale with 3 factors as follows: (a) White Empathic Reactions Toward Racism, (b) White Guilt, and (c) White Fear of Others. Results also indicated that participant responses were not simply reflections of socially desirable responding. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the 3-factor model was a good fit for the data. Estimates of internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity are provided.
Neurology objective structured clinical examination reliability using generalizability theory.

Objectives: This study examines factors affecting reliability, or consistency of assessment scores, from an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in neurology through generalizability theory (G theory). Methods: Data include assessments from a multistation OSCE taken by 194 medical students at the completion of a neurology clerkship. Facets evaluated in this study include cases, domains, and items. Domains refer to areas of skill (or constructs) that the OSCE measures. G theory is used to estimate variance components associated with each facet, derive reliability, and project the number of cases required to obtain a reliable (consistent, precise) score. Results: Reliability using G theory is moderate (Φ coefficient = 0.61, G coefficient = 0.64). Performance is similar across cases but differs by the particular domain, such that the majority of variance is attributed to the domain. Projections in reliability estimates reveal that students need to participate in 3 OSCE cases in order to increase reliability beyond the 0.70 threshold. Conclusions: This novel use of G theory in evaluating an OSCE in neurology provides meaningful measurement characteristics of the assessment. Differing from prior work in other medical specialties, the cases students were randomly assigned did not influence their OSCE score; rather, scores varied in expected fashion by domain assessed.
The Simulation Powers and Limitations of Hierarchical Self-Assembly Systems

In this paper, we extend existing results about simulation and intrinsic universality in a model of tile-based self-assembly. Namely, we work within the 2-Handed Assembly Model (2HAM), which is a model of self-assembly in which assemblies are formed by square tiles that are allowed to combine, using glues along their edges, individually or as pairs of arbitrarily large assemblies in a hierarchical manner, and we explore the abilities of these systems to simulate each other when the simulating systems have a higher “temperature” parameter, which is a system wide threshold dictating how many glue bonds must be formed between two assemblies to allow them to combine. It has previously been shown that systems with lower temperatures cannot simulate arbitrary systems with higher temperatures, and also that systems at some higher temperatures can simulate those at particular lower temperatures, creating an infinite set of infinite hierarchies of 2HAM systems with strictly increasing simulation power within each hierarchy. These previous results relied on two different definitions of simulation, one (strong simulation) seemingly more restrictive than the other (standard simulation), but which have previously not been proven to be distinct. Here we prove distinctions between them by first fully characterizing the set of pairs of temperatures such that the high temperature systems are intrinsically universal for the lower temperature systems (i.e. one tile set at the higher temperature can simulate any at the lower) using strong simulation. This includes the first impossibility result for simulation downward in temperature. We then show that lower temperature systems which cannot be simulated by higher temperature systems using the strong definition, can in fact be simulated using the standard definition, proving the distinction between the types of simulation.
Ion Probe in the Exhaust Manifold of Diesel Engines

Utilisation d'une sonde ionique pour l'etude des particules dans les tubulures d'echappement d'un moteur diesel
Abstract 182: Early Perfusion Instability Profoundly Impacts Tissue Outcome In Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background: During the first hours after stroke onset, tissue perfusion in stroke patients may undergo a highly dynamic phase of instability. We examined the characteristics of this perfusion instability (improvement and deterioration) and its impact on tissue outcome. Methods: Mean transit time (MTT) and FLAIR maps were obtained in 45 acute stroke patients (mean NIHSS: 14; 73% received IV tPA) at 3.0 hrs (tp1), 6.4 hrs (tp2), and 1 month after onset. MTT prolongation (pMTT) was calculated as: MTT - (median MTT of the non-ischemic hemisphere). Tissue was classified into three subtypes: stable ( Methods: Mean transit time (MTT) and FLAIR maps were obtained in 45 acute stroke patients (mean NIHSS: 14; 73% received IV tPA) at 3.0 hrs (tp1), 6.4 hrs (tp2), and 1 month after onset. MTT prolongation (pMTT) was calculated as: MTT - (median MTT of the non-ischemic hemisphere). Tissue was classified into three subtypes: stable (|pMTT tp2-tp1| ≤ 2 sec), improving (pMTT tp2-tp1 2 sec) perfusion. Percent volume was computed as: (the # of voxels of a tissue subtype/total # of voxels at a specific tp1 pMTT) for each subtype and their infarct probabilities (IP) were graphed (Fig A and B). To further evaluate perfusion change and the corresponding impact on IP, a 3D plot of IP (color axis, Fig. C) as a function of pMTT tp1 and tp2 was generated, pooling voxels from all patients. Results: Early perfusion instability (within 6.5 hrs) was observed in 70-85% of total volume at a specific tp1 pMTT (50-60% improving and 20-30% deteriorating perfusion) for a range of tp1 pMTT of 3-21 sec (Fig. A). Differences in IP were observed among the three tissue subtypes for pMTT 3-17 sec, while IPs were similar at small pMTT ( 17 sec), (Fig. B). For pMTT of 3-17 sec, IP was highly dependent on perfusion changes at tp2 (Fig. C). For example, IP for voxels starting with pMTT of 12sec at tp1 ranged from 35-95% depending on perfusion change at tp2 (Fig. C, vertical blue line). Conclusions: Early perfusion changes profoundly impact tissue viability, especially with initial pMTT ranging from 3-17 sec (likely representing penumbral range). Acute stroke therapies may be effective not only by promoting reperfusion, but also by preventing deteriorating perfusion.
Clocked Adiabatic XOR and XNOR CMOS Gates Design Based on Graphene Nanoribbon Complementary Field Effect Transistors

In this paper, graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNR FET) have been used in design of new energy-efficient XNOR/XOR gates based on clocked adiabatic logic (CAL), which results in the reduction of power density by nearly 65% comparing with the earlier CAL design in 45 nm technology node. In addition, the GNR FET allows scaling of supply voltage, which results in nearly three times reduction in power density. The on-chip power density of new XNOR/XOR gates remains below the limit reported by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) up to the operation frequency of about 1GHz at the scaled supply voltage equal to 0.7V.
Teaching While Still Learning to Teach: Beginning Science Teachers’ Views, Experiences, and Classroom Practices

In this chapter, I highlight what researchers have learned about the views, experiences, and classroom practices of beginning science teachers. I discuss three areas of study: the bridging of teacher education and classroom practice, the strengths and limitations of induction programs, and the influence of school context and individual agency. I also identify ways to improve research on beginning teachers, for example, by foregrounding the theory of teacher learning, framing the study, and/or by attending more closely to the study’s grain size (the number of participants included, the kinds of teacher education routes examined, or the length of the study). Finally, I suggest more research is needed that follows beginning science teachers from preservice teacher education through several years (rather than one) of classroom practice; and/or that traces mis/connections across induction, beginning teachers’ classroom practices, and student learning.
Parasitism of the Chytrid Dictyomorpha Dioica

SUMMARYThe chytrid, Dictyomorpha dioica, was found capable of infecting 8 identified species of Achlya, 2 unidentified isolates of Achlya, and Thraustotheca clavata. All isolates tested of Saproleg...
Marie C. Stopes and the popularization of birth control technology.

Au cours du XX e siecle, de nombreuses recherches et decouvertes ont ete effectuees en matiere de contraception pour reguler les naissances
Two lines of MDCK epithelial cells with different volume and ion responses to calcium ionophore A23187

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells lost volume when exposed to 50 μM calcium ionophore A23187. The ionic mechanism for the volume reduction differed between two types of cells. MDCK1 lost potassium, similar to cells undergoing a volume regulatory decrease in hypotonic medium. MDCK2 predominately lost sodium, as did cells with elevated cyclic AMP or when treated with amiloride. The effects of A23187 and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP on Na and K content and volume suggest that intracellular second messengers can trigger different mechanisms to reduce cell volume.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Use and Research Investigation in Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is an emerging technique that can be used to evaluate the coronary arteries. It allows for a noninvasive evaluation of the epicardial coronary arteries without the use of ionizing radiation. In addition to developing newer and faster techniques to evaluate the coronary arteries, coronary MRA is being integrated with molecular techniques to evaluate the vessel wall for inflammation and injury and to evaluate for vulnerable plaque.
Complete avulsion of the adductor longus in a semi-professional football player: Rapid return to play with nonoperative treatment

The adductor longus has become recognized as one of the more commonly injured muscles in the medial compartment. Acute complete rupture injuries occurring at the proximal aspect of the muscle are less common. Limited data exist regarding management of the injuries in athletes required for return to play and functioning. The current data favors operative management; however, nonoperative treatment may be a viable option. Nonoperative management of avulsion injuries of the proximal adductor longus tendon may prove equal results to surgical repair in return to play and functioning. A semi-professional football player sustained a left groin injury while participating in the play. Due to continued pain, swelling, and suspicion of injury, a magnetic resonance imaging was performed diagnosing a complete tear of proximal adductor longus tendon. Physical examination, strength, and range of motion were recorded until the patient was able to function normally without strength deficit, the range of motion loss, and the return of speed. The player was treated nonoperatively and was eventually allowed to return to play. The time of return to play was 6 weeks. Strength deficit was not appreciated or loss of motion and player was able to return to baseline function. Nonoperative management of complete avulsion injuries of the proximal adductor longus tendon result in faster return to play than operative management even if significant retraction is present.
Tempering the Dichotomous Flame: Social History, Cultural History, and Postmodernism(s) in the Journal of Sport History, 1974–2014

In the June 2014 issue of the Journal of American History , which includes a forum titled “State of the Field: Sports in American History,” Amy Bass argues that, as many humanities-based disciplines adopted tenets of cultural history, sport history did not. Based on over a decade of debate about social, cultural, and postmodernist paradigms, Bass’s assertion illuminates continuing historiographical arguments about epistemology and theory in sport history. In this article, I respond to these discussions by analyzing 405 full-length articles in the Journal of Sport History from the first issue in 1974 through the end of 2014. Drawing on philosopher R. Scott Kretchmar’s caution against “dualisms [and] dichotomies” in sport scholarship, I argue for a holistic understanding of sport history, rather than the dichotomous historiography present over the past decade.
Syntactic complexity in a cross-cultural E-mail exchange

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to investigate changes in syntactic complexity in L2 learners' e-mails in a cross-cultural virtual exchange. Learners of German at an American university participated in a twelve-week e-mail exchange with learners of English at a German high school. Syntactic complexity was measured multidimensionally at the beginning and at the end of the exchange in the American students' emails. The results showed that students wrote with statistically significantly more global and subordination complexity in their later emails. The qualitative analysis of the e-mail data revealed that request for provision of feedback and writing to an authentic audience are two main factors impacting L2 writing in an e-mail project that evolve out of students' ability to establish a friendly context for the exchange. The findings from the study suggest that computer-mediated communication projects may increase students' motivation and interest for L2 writing, leading to improvements in syntactic complexity.
Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of Gossypium spp. roots during early growth after infection with Rotylenchulus reniformis

Plant-nematode interactions have been studied extensively. The identification of genes expressed in root organs subsequent to nematode infection have been studied to a lower extent. Fewer still, potential resistance genes have been identified in cotton towards Rotylenchulus reniformis the reniform nematode (RN). Currently, there have been three cotton genomes completely sequenced. Gossypium, or cotton, genomes sequenced include: Gossypium hirsutum cv TM1, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium raimondii. This study imparts knowledge of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after individual domesticated and wild cotton plants have been infected with approximately 50,000 juvenile RNs. After extraction of Total RNA from infected roots and subsequent next generation 454 pyrosequencing methods were employed, FastQC quality control measures were completed prior to Trimomatic-0.32 trimming from 33,788 reads, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of input reads (3454 input reads or DEGs). Putative descriptions were made for 634 input reads or DEGs, many of which were repeated multiple times as predicted proteins/enzymes or partials. The definition of 52 DEGs were made and enriched through the assignment of gene ontology (GO) terms that highlight categories of host plant genes for potential targets in future downstream transformation of cotton plants, especially those involved in strengthening systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or the hypersensitive response (HR) that occurs most often in plants when in defense against pathogen attack. This study reveals known protein/enzymes (52), unknown protein/enzymes (582) and unassigned DEGs (2820).
Extending the geographic extent of existing land cover data using active machine learning and covariate shift corrective sampling

Consistent land cover data provided at national and regional scales are increasingly relevant for a wide range of research topics from landscape ecology to population dynamics. As one example, the National Land Cover Database NLCD provides a valuable resource for research conducted at broad geographic scales across the US where survey-based land cover data are not available. However, the national extent of the NLCD and similar databases produced in other countries prevents studies from reaching across borders and thus limits potential applications at broader e.g. multinational scales. This article presents a framework for automated spatial extrapolation of a national land cover database, such as the NLCD using Landsat imagery alone. The extrapolation of high quality land cover data represents a unique opportunity to efficiently generate similar quality data for regions not originally covered. Extending the NLCD in the spatial domain based on remote-sensing imagery alone manifests itself as a domain adaptation challenge know as covariate shift, where the distribution of spectral information for the target data does not follow that of the source data. To overcome this problem, the algorithm implements a novel corrective sampling technique that facilitates the spatial extrapolation of land cover data. Using the corrected sample, an active machine learning routine was implemented with a maximum entropy classifier to replicate the NLCD for a different geographic extent. This framework was tested in three study sites to assess stability under different landscape conditions and the overall generalizability of the approach. Results produced similar levels of overall agreement as the NLCD when compared against reference datasets, showing that the NLCD can effectively be extended to new geographic extents using the proposed framework.
Safety Case Notations: Alternatives for the Non-Graphically Inclined?

This working paper presents preliminary ideas of five possible text-based notations for representing safety cases, which may be easier for non-graphically inclined people to use and understand than the currently popular graphics-based representations.
The O2-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II: Recent Insights from Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), and Femtosecond X-ray Crystallography Data

ConspectusEfficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation may open a way to produce energy from renewable solar power. In biology, generation of fuel due to water oxidation happens efficiently on an immense scale during the light reactions of photosynthesis. To oxidize water, photosynthetic organisms have evolved a highly conserved protein complex, Photosystem II. Within that complex, water oxidation happens at the CaMn4O5 inorganic catalytic cluster, the so-called oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), which cycles through storage “S” states as it accumulates oxidizing equivalents and produces molecular oxygen. In recent years, there has been significant progress in understanding the OEC as it evolves through the catalytic cycle. Studies have combined conventional and femtosecond X-ray crystallography with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods and have addressed changes in protonation states of μ-oxo bridges and the coordination of substrate wat...
Virgin Beta Cells Persist throughout Life at a Neogenic Niche within Pancreatic Islets

Postnatal maintenance or regeneration of pancreatic beta cells is considered to occur exclusively via the replication of existing beta cells, but clinically meaningful restoration of human beta cell mass by proliferation has never been achieved. We discovered a population of immature beta cells that is present throughout life and forms from non-beta precursors at a specialized micro-environment or "neogenic niche" at the islet periphery. These cells express insulin, but lack other key beta cell markers, and are transcriptionally immature, incapable of sensing glucose, and unable to support calcium influx. They constitute an intermediate stage in the transdifferentiation of alpha cells to cells that are functionally indistinguishable from conventional beta cells. We thus identified a lifelong source of new beta cells at a specialized site within healthy islets. By comparing co-existing immature and mature beta cells within healthy islets, we stand to learn how to mature insulin-expressing cells into functional beta cells.
Starship Titanic and the Perils of Pythonesque Gaming

Broaching the relatively unstudied intersection of gaming and comedy, in “Starship Titanic and the Perils of Pythonesque Gaming” Buerkle examines one particular brand of humor—the absurdist and anarchic comedy employed by the likes of the Monty Python troupe. To do so, it focuses in particular on the interactive adventure game Starship Titanic due to the game’s inclusion of Terry Jones and John Cleese in its voice cast and all the comedic promise that their participation would seem to imply. While the combination of Pythonesque humor and interactive fiction might seem a perfect combination of geek fetishes, Buerkle ultimately finds a seemingly irresolvable clash between the fundamental nature of absurdism and the puzzle-driven logic of such games.
UDOF direct improvement by modulating mask absorber thickness

As the process generation migrate to advanced and smaller dimension or pitch, the mask and resist 3D effects will impact the lithography focus common window severely because of both individual depth-of-focus (iDOF) range decrease and center mismatch. Furthermore, some chemical or thermal factors, such as PEB (Post Exposure Bake) also worsen the usable depth-of-focus (uDOF) performance. So the mismatch of thru-pitch iDOF center should be considered as a lithography process integration issue, and more complicated to partition the 3D effects induced by optical or chemical factors. In order to reduce the impact of 3D effects induced by both optical and chemical issues, and improve iDOF center mismatch, we would like to propose a mask absorber thickness offset approach, which is directly to compensate the iDOF center bias by adjusting mask absorber thickness, for iso, semi-iso or dense characteristics in line, space or via patterns to enlarge common process window, i.e uDOF, which intends to provide similar application as Flexwave[1] (ASML trademark). By the way, since mask absorber thickness offset approach is similar to focus tuning or change on wafer lithography process, it could be acted as the process tuning method of photoresist (PR) profile optimization locally, PR scum improvement in specific patterns or to modulate etching bias to meet process integration request. For mass production consideration, and available material, current att-PSM blank, quartz, MoSi with chrome layer as hard-mask in reticle process, will be implemented in this experiment, i.e. chrome will be kept remaining above partial thru-pitch patterns, and act as the absorber thickness bias in different patterns. And then, from the best focus offset of thru-pitch patterns, the iDOF center shifts could be directly corrected and to enlarge uDOF by increasing the overlap of iDOF. Finally, some negative tone development (NTD) result in line patterns will be demonstrated as well.
Pulmonary ultrasound scoring system for intubated critically ill patients and its association with clinical metrics and mortality: A prospective cohort study.

Purpose Pulmonary ultrasound (PU) examination at the point-of-care can rapidly identify the etiology of acute respiratory failure (ARF) and assess treatment response. The often-subjective classification of PU abnormalities makes it difficult to document change over time and communicate findings across providers. The study goal was to develop a simple, PU scoring system that would allow for standardized documentation, have high interprovider agreement, and correlate with clinical metrics. Methods In this prospective study of 250 adults intubated for ARF, a PU examination was performed at intubation, 48-hours later, and at extubation. A total lung score (TLS) was calculated. Clinical metrics and final diagnosis were extracted from the medical record. Results TLS correlated positively with mortality (P = .03), ventilator hours (P = .003), intensive care unit, and hospital length of stay (P = .003, P = .008), and decreasing PaO2/FiO2 (P < .001). Agreement of PU findings was very good (kappa = 0.83). Baseline TLS and subscores differed significantly between ARF categories (nonpulmonary, obstructive, and parenchymal disease). Conclusions A quick, scored, PU examination was associated with clinical metrics, including mortality among a diverse population of patients intubated for ARF. In addition to diagnostic and prognostic information at the bedside, a standardized and quantifiable approach to PU provides objectivity in serial assessment and may enhance communication of findings between providers.
The performance of global film franchises: installment effects and extension decisions

An empirical exploration of global film franchises provides insights for managers of film franchises, investors in franchisable products, and scholars interested in motion picture performance. Performance tends to deteriorate as extensions are introduced: production budgets rise, advertising expenditures remain similar, and the number of opening-weekend theaters experiences a jump with the first sequel and then remains similar in subsequent installments. However, revenue, return-on-investment (ROI) and audience and critical reviews fall, and foreign performance becomes increasingly important. Offsetting deteriorating performance, risk falls: revenue and ROI become more predictable. An early change in the lead actor causes reduced performance, but changes in key product characteristics and inputs in later installments help prolong the franchise. ROI of the current installment is the most critical financial determinant of whether a further extension will occur, but high-budget films and those with higher domestic share of revenue are also more likely to yield further extensions.
Discursive Materials of Racism and the Arts in Education: Narratives, Performances, and Material Culture

This section explores white property in relation to visual, performance, and textual artifacts about the arts and arts education conceptualized as discursive materials. The chapters in this section trace specters of whiteness revealed through encounters with discursive materials as curricula for K-16 arts learning, teacher preparation, and professional development. This section also turns to popular productions of whiteness and its values, embedded within the rhetoric of the arts and found within traditional arts environments and practices such as exhibitions, critical essays, public spaces, and communities. In this introduction, we frame what we mean by discursive materials through two examples from popular visual culture and visual art that were noteworthy at the time we wrote this chapter. Our discussion of these two examples reveals themes of curriculum and pedagogy, countervisuality, and embodied orientations that resonate with the chapters in this section. Our introduction concludes with an invitation to consider these chapters as inspiration for educational practice dedicated to critical reflection and as informed resistance of the arts as white property.
Ovarian cancer:Protocol for the preparation of banded metaphases from tumor tissue

Abstract Protocols are presented for preparation of banded metaphases for cytogenetic analysis from short-term and long-term cultures of ovarian cancer. For short-term cultures (less than 24 hours of culture of freshly dissociated tumor material), prolonged exposure (16–18 hours) to mitotic inhibitors was required for metaphase isolation; shorter exposures to mitotic inhibitors (3–6 hours) were generally sufficient for ovarian cancer cells in culture for days to weeks (long-term cultures).
Beekeeping in the British Isles from 1850 To 1900

(1957). Beekeeping in the British Isles from 1850 To 1900. Bee World: Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 169-182.
Country Risk: Determinants, Measures and Implications – The 2019 Edition

As companies and investors globalize, we are increasingly faced with estimation questions about the risk associated with this globalization. When investors invest in China Mobile, Infosys or Vale, they may be rewarded with higher returns, but they are also exposed to additional risk. When Siemens and Apple push for growth in Asia and Latin America, they clearly are exposed to the political and economic turmoil that often characterize these markets. In practical terms, how, if at all, should we adjust for this additional risk? We will begin the paper with an overview of overall country risk, its sources and measures. We will continue with a discussion of sovereign default risk and examine sovereign ratings and credit default swaps (CDS) as measures of that risk. We will extend that discussion to look at country risk from the perspective of equity investors, by looking at equity risk premiums for different countries and consequences for valuation. In the fourth section, we argue that a company’s exposure to country risk should not be determined by where it is incorporated and traded. By that measure, neither Coca Cola nor Nestle are exposed to country risk. Exposure to country risk should come from a company’s operations, making country risk a critical component of the valuation of almost every large multinational corporation. In the final section, we will also look at how to move across currencies in valuation and capital budgeting, and how to avoid mismatching errors.
Identification of RPS14 as the 5q-Syndrome Gene by RNA Interference Screen.

We report here that haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal protein encoding RPS14 gene causes the characteristic hematologic phenotype that defines the 5q- syndrome. The 5q- syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), was first described in 1974 as a distinct clinical entity associated with deletions of the long arm of chromosome 5. Since that time, the common deleted region has been narrowed in search of the causal gene within the region. However, no biallelic inactivation events have been identified for any of the 41 genes within the critical region, suggesting that a haploinsufficiency mechanism may explain the disease phenotype. We addressed this question through a functional genomic approach, utilizing systematic RNA interference (RNAi) to interrogate the function of each gene in the common deleted region. We introduced 3–5 unique, lentivirally expressed short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting each of the 41 genes in the region into normal CD34+ human bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells and assayed the effects of each shRNA on hematopoietic differentiation. We found that knock-down of a single gene, RPS14, recapitulated the phenotype of the 5q- syndrome: namely, a block in erythroid differentiation (leading to erythroid cell apoptosis) with relative preservation of megakaryocyte differentiation as measured by FACS analysis. Importantly, forced expression of an RPS14 cDNA in primary bone marrow cells from patients with the 5q- syndrome rescued the phenotype, yet had no effect on cells from MDS patients without 5q deletions. In addition, we found that RPS14 haploinsufficiency caused a block in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA and in the formation of the 40S ribosomal subunit. This ribosomal processing defect is highly analogous to the functional defect seen in Diamond Blackfan Anemia (also characterized by an erythroid differentiation defect and predisposition to AML), thereby establishing an unexpected link between the molecular pathophysiology of acquired 5q- syndrome and congenital bone marrow failure syndromes. These results indicate that the 5q- syndrome is caused by a defect in ribosomal protein function, highlighting the importance of translational control in hematologic malignancy. The results further suggest that RNAi screening is an effective strategy for identifying causal haploinsufficiency disease genes.
Geographic Determinants of Infant Health: The Impact of Sports Facility Construction Projects

A large body of research examines determinants of infant health outcomes but little examines geographic variation generated by exogenous economic shocks. Linking birth data from the CDC Natality files to counties building new facilities from 1995-2002, we find that sports facility construction projects generate local negative externalities. Infants born during facility construction periods have lower birth weights than infants born in comparable counties where no new facility opened. Maternal prenatal health visits also fall in the post-facility-opening period. Mechanisms for this impact include local airborne particulate matter and reduced provision of government services affecting prenatal health.
Nanoconfined gelation of polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl alcohol), and isotactic polypropylene probed by calorimetry.

Differential scanning calorimetry is used to obtain insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of nanoconfined gelation. Gels of polyacrylonitrile in propylene carbonate, poly(vinyl alcohol) in ethylene glycol, and isotactic polypropylene in o-dichlorobenzene and decalin are studied in silica nanopores. Two major effects are observed for nanoconfined gels: a decrease in the heat of gelation and an increase in the gelation temperature. The smaller heat indicates that nanoconfinement of polymer chains results in the formation of fewer ordered crosslinks. The increased gelation temperature suggests acceleration of the gelation kinetics. The kinetics has been treated by an advanced isoconversional method and interpreted in terms of the Fisher–Turnbull model. It is found that acceleration of gelation in nanopores is associated with a decrease in the free energy barrier to nucleation, as one would expect for a change in the process mechanism from homogenous to heterogenous nucleation.
A near-optimal control algorithm for central cooling plants with electric and/or gas-driven chillers

This paper presents a near-optimal control algorithm for minimizing energy costs in hybrid cooling plants in response to cooling loads. The approach is based upon an approximate solution to the par...