cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF HIGH-LET RADIATION (BRAGG-PEAK LITHIUM IONS) ON NORMAL RABBIT SKIN, USING INTEGRAL DOSE AS A BASIS FOR COMPARISON.

Relative Efficiency of High-Let Radiation (Bragg-Peak Lithium Ions) on Normal Rabbit Skin, Using Integral Dose as a Basis for Comparison
A triangular prism model: Using activity theory to examine online learning communities

This article illustrates how a triangular prism model (TPM) could help researchers examine challenging and successful factors to sustaining online learning communities (OLCs) for preservice and inservice teachers. The TPM was constructed on a review of the literature on activity theory. The TPM is a conceptual framework that guides empirical examination of OLCs' ongoing development and their connections within a relevant context. This article highlights the application of this framework to two online learning communities (preservice and inservice teachers) and reviews the potential of a TPM as an analytical tool.
Biomechanical Analyses of Corpectomy and Anterior Cervical Plating: A FEM Study to Assess Stability, Implant and Bone Graft Stresses in Short and Long Constructs

Anterior corpectomy of the cervical vertebral body is an established procedure to decompress the spinal cord for cervical spondylotic myelopathy, traumatic and neoplastic cases. Following corpectomy at one or more levels, the spinal column is typically reconstructed by strut grafting and plating. Modern plate-screw fixation systems provide improved rigidity, but complications still may occur such as screw loosening, screw pull-out, nonunion, construct failure, and injuries to adjacent vital structures. The stability of the plate-screw constructs as wells as the stresses and strains in the implant and bone graft depend on many factors including the number of motion segments fused, presence of intermediate screws and loading direction. It is hypothesized that the shorter constructs provide greater stability and reduced stresses in the implant and bone graft as compared to longer constructs, and intermediate screws in the longer constructs improve the stability. This study will investigate the biomechanical effects of plate-screw fixation in both short and long anterior fusion constructs, using a validated multi-segment cervical finite element model.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
When Woodchips Become Shrapnel: The Reification of “Culture” by Law

Before responding directly to Carol Greenhouse's review of my Social Courts in Theory and Practice,1 I hope it is not out of place to note the sadness that colors my thoughts on the book. The beautiful, peaceful, civilized, and increasingly prosperous country that I studied, in which I lived for more than four years, and where one of my children was born, has been destroyed in a civil war that was unimaginable to its citizens until their postcommunist, freely elected, and thus presumptively democratic leaders, with the assistance of the "international community," thrust it upon them. Understanding this tragedy is the task toward which most of my professional effort is now directed.2 Looking back on my earlier work in Yugoslavia now, I am struck by the presuppositions of political order that govern the genteel
Subjective and objective assessment of the temporalis myofascial flap in previously operated Temporomandibular joints

Purpose: This study evaluated the subjective and objective findings in patients who had undergone temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction with a temporalis myofascial flap. All joints had previously been reconstructed with alloplastic, allogeneic, or autogenous material. Patients and Methods: Twenty-three consecutive patients who underwent 28 temporalis myofascial flap procedures were assessed subjectively and objectively preoperatively and at an average of 36 months postoperatively. Panoramic radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or coronal computed axial tomography scans (CT scans) were performed on all patients preoperatively to evaluate for joint disease. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain preoperatively and postoperatively. Patients also reported their use of pain medication, ability to function, diet, complications, and overall satisfaction. Preoperative and postoperative objective assessment consisted of an evaluation of range of motion, deviation on opening, joint noise on function, and cosmesis. Results: On preoperative radiographic examination, 24 of 28 joints showed signs of bony degeneration, including cortical erosion, condylar flattening, and joint space alterations. Four joints showed evidence of ankylosis. The average preoperative maximal interincisal opening (MO) was 23.7 mm, and the postoperative average was 32.3 mm (P < .05). Preoperatively, all patients displayed one or more objective clinical signs of joint disease such as joint noise on function, deviation on opening, limited mouth opening (less than 20 mm), or limited excursions (Jess than 2 mm). Postoperatively, 65% displayed one or more of these signs, a significant reduction (P < .05). Preoperatively, the average pain score was 8.2 on the VAS, and postoperatively the average pain score was 3.4 (P < .0005). Fifteen patients used less pain medication postoperatively, 7 used the same amount, and 1 patient used more. Thirteen patients were very satisfied with the overall results of the surgery, 4 were satisfied, and 4 were not satisfied. Two patients were satisfied with their increased function but were not satisfied with their pain reduction. All were satisfied with their cosmetic appearance. Minor complications after the procedure included 3 patients who had preauricular paresthesia and 1 who had an intraoperative dura mater exposure without sequelae. Two patients had postoperative superficial suture infections, and 2 noted hearing changes that were found to be clinically insignificant by audiologic examination. Conclusion: The temporalis myofascial flap is an autogenous graft that has the advantages of close proximity to the temporomandibular joint, minimal surgical morbidity, and successful clinical results. It was found to be a valuable option for TMJ reconstruction in joints in which alloplastic, allogeneic, or autogenous materials have previously been placed unsuccessfully.
Synthesis and structural characterization of a mixed-ligand diiron(II) complex formed by a linked bitopic tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligand: {HC(3,5-Me2pz)3Fe[μ-p-C6H4(CH2OCH2C(pz)3)2]Fe(3,5-Me2pz)3CH}(BF4)4 (pz = pyrazolyl ring)

Abstract The structure of {HC(3,5-Me2pz)3Fe[μ-p-C6H4(CH2OCH2C(pz)3)2]Fe(3,5-Me2pz)3CH}(BF4)4 (pz = pyrazolyl ring) contains two octahedral iron(II) centers linked by a semirigid, bitopic tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligand. The solid-state structure shows the two heteroleptic-bonded iron(II) centers are low-spin at 200 K and situated in a trans orientation with respect to the central linking arene ring.
Methods for the calibration of SPOT4 HRVIR and vegetation

The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has provided vicarious calibration results for all three SPOT- series satellites carrying the HRV cameras. The HRVs are high spatial-resolution sensors that are well-suited to the reflectance-, irradiance-, and radiance-based methods. The SPOT-4 platform has a similar sensor, the HRVIR camera, that now includes a band at approximately 1630 nm. The SPOT-4 platform also has a new sensor, Vegetation, that has much lower spatial resolution than the HRVIR sensor, and thus poses a challenge for vicarious calibration. This work presents the modifications that must be made to reflectance- , irradiance-, and radiance-based approaches in order to use them for the Vegetation. This paper also describes a proposed procedure for such a calibration along with an uncertainty analysis due to spectral mismatch and spatial misregistration. The work also shows how such cross- calibration can be done using a cross-calibration between Landsat-5 TM and SPOT-3 HRV using White Sands Missile Range. The results show TM can be cross-calibrated using HRV to provide calibration coefficients which are within 1 percent of those obtained from a reflectance-based approach.
Heritable alterations at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) locus in human lymphoblastoid cell lines

Abstract Human lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from WI-L2 exhibit unexpected frequencies of diaminopurine (DAP) resistant mutants. The background mutant fractions of 10 −7 to 10 −8 in untreated cultures are much lower than the frequencies expected for loss of a heterozygous autosomal locus (10 −5 to 10 −6 ), yet much higher than expected for a homozygous locus (10 −10 to 10 −12 ). We used aminopterin, adenine and thymidine (AAT) to select DAP-senitive (DAP S ) revertants from one resistant line. The background frequency of DAP R in these revertant cell lines ranged from 3.5 to 6.5 × 10 −4 , approximately the square root of 10 −7 . Thus these data suggest that both alleles of aprt are inactivated at similarly high frequencies. They also indicate that the DAP S revertants were heterozygotes ( aprt +/− ) or hemizygotes ( aprt +/0 ) and that WI-L2 was homozygous ( aprt +/+ ). Mutational dose-response studies with X-rays, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and ICR-191 were conducted in 4 of these revertant cell lines. EMS and ICR-191, which induce mainly point mutations, did not induce an increase in mutant fraction. A dose of 200 cGy X-rays, however, induced a frequency of 10 −3 . Treatment of DAP R cells with 5-azacytidine induced a significant increase in reversion to DAP S . Southern blot analysis of the aprt gene after digestion with Msp I or Hpa II also suggests that differential methylation changes may play a major role in the generation of DAP sensitivity and resistance.
Activity-induced morphologic changes in rat soleus nerve.

Abstract The effects of 8 to 12 weeks of intense running or swimming on the morphology of the soleus nerve of the adult male albino rat were investigated. Nerve fiber diameter and number, axon diameter, and myelin area were determined. Mean fiber diameter (5.50 ± 0.47) of the trained rats was smaller (P 0.05) mean axon diameter and myelin area. Total fiber number was not different in the control ( x = 113 ± 6 ) and trained ( x = 108 ± 4 ) rats. These results provide further evidence that a chronic, intense but physiologic exercise can impose a functional demand on peripheral nerves that can alter morphologic features that are closely related to conduction velocity and commonly are associated with neuronal cell size.
A formal analysis of the model management literature

This paper presents an extensive bibliography of the archival material on model management, and an analysis of that material. It argues that the three general approaches to model management can be observed, called here the data-model analogy, knowledge-based and model-representation approaches. For the period 1970 to 1989, 57 journals were exhaustively searched for articles dealing with model management; 152 articles were identified. An informal analysis shows that model creation and execution have been the major model management functions addressed by research, and that mathematical programming and simulation have been the dominant model areas. Applications have addressed the extremes of Operations Research models, namely policy and strategy at one extreme and operations at the other, with many applications in accounting and finance also prevalent. A formal analysis using factor analysis shows that research in model management has moved away from speculation and focus on certain limited aspects of the subject towards the practical implementation of model management systems. Further, a regression model shows that the model-representation approach has tended to yield implemented systems, whereas the data-model analogy approach has not. Directions for future research and development are suggested.
Superexchange versus an intermediate BChl− mechanism in reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria

Kinetic and singlet-triplet data are used to treat the mechanism of electron transfer for BChl*_2-BChl-BPh in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. The data favor a two-step transfer rather than a superexchange single step.
Scanning Infrared Microscopy Techniques for Semiconductor Thermal Analysis

Because failure rates of component piece parts, particularly integrated circuits, increase as the ambient temperature increases, the component designer is committed to design his product to meet the input and output requirements with minimum thermal dissipation. Quantitative and qualitative thermal distribution information available through scanning infrared microscopy can support his objective. The failure analyst is directed to subtle failure sites which are made evident by abnormal thermal distributions. Thermal resistance studies involving a variety of normal production materials and processes are possible. Thermal resistance has been shown to be a variable dependent upon die area. Thermal resistance also varies depending upon a multitude of component manufacturing variables. The data is most meaningful when measured using standard product drawn from shippable lots, which is easily accomplished using a scanning infrared microscope. The scanning infrared microscope has been found to be an effective tool for solving. thermal management problems in semiconductor components. The techniques described here can be modified and extended to meet the thermal management challenges in all sectors of the electronics industry.
BHANDARI'S AGGREGATE DYNAMICS IN AN OPEN ECONOMY: A REASSESSMENT *

In a recent paper, J. S. Bhandari (1983) investigates the effect of introducing elasticity dynamics into an open economy macro model and concludes that volatility in the spot exchange rate is due more to expenditure disturbances than monetary disturbances as in the seminal work of R. Dornbusch. This paper shows that Bhandari's conclusion applies only for a rather special set of parameter configurations and that, in general, anything can happen depending on the parameter values of the model. Copyright 1989 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Mathematically modelling the future AIDS incidence: An analysis of the New York City and San Francisco epidemics

The spread of AIDS in all of the primary risk groups in a metropolitan area is dynamically modelled so that the future incidence of the disease can be predicted. Although the model results obtained can be applied to any metropolitian area, we apply the model in detail to New York City's and San Francisco's AIDS epidemics to accurately estimate the future AIDS incidences in these cities through the year 1995. The AIDS risk groups are customarily defined around the mode of transmission of the etiological agent: anal intercourse in bisexual and homosexual (gay) men; contaminated needles in the intravenous (IV) drug using population; anal intercourse and contaminated needles in gays who are also IV drug users; vaginal intercourse in the heterosexual population; contaminated blood in transfusion recipients; contaminated blood products in hemophiliacs; and perinatal transmission in infants born to infected mothers. Since well over 90% of the AIDS cases fall into one of the first four risk groups listed above, we simultaneously model the AIDS epidemic in these four risk groups. Once the AIDS incidence curves for these risk groups are determined for a metropolitan area, the future number of AIDS cases that are likely to occur there can be estimated. We emphasize that the mathematical model developed here can be adapted to any metropolitan epidemic area. Thus, the results of this paper are extremely important to Departments of Health who must have reliable AIDS incidence projections in order to insure that the required facilities will be in place to adequately cope with the growing epidemic.
Cardiovascular physiology in premotor Parkinson's disease: a neuroepidemiologic study.

Background Changes in cardiovascular physiology in PD are common and may occur prior to diagnostic Parkinsonian motor signs. We investigated associations of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities, orthostasis, heart rate variability or carotid stenosis with the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) diagnosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a community-based cohort of older adults.
Crystal Lattice Controlled SiGe Thermoelectric Materials with High Figure of Merit

Direct energy conversion between thermal and electrical energy, based on thermoelectric (TE) effect, has the potential to recover waste heat and convert it to provide clean electric power. The energy conversion efficiency is related to the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT expressed as ZT=S(exp 2)(sigma)T/Kappa, T is temperature, S is the Seebeck coefficient, sigma is conductance and Kappa is thermal conductivity. For a lower thermal conductivity Kappa and high power factor (S(exp 2)(sigma)), our current strategy is the development of rhombohedrally strained single crystalline SiGe materials that are highly [111]-oriented twinned. The development of a SiGe "twin lattice structure (TLS)" plays a key role in phonon scattering. The TLS increases the electrical conductivity and decreases thermal conductivity due to phonon scattering at stacking faults generated from the 60 X rotated primary twin structure. To develop high performance materials, the substrate temperature, chamber working pressure, and DC sputtering power are controlled for the aligned growth production of SiGe layer and TLS on a c-plane sapphire. Additionally, a new elevated temperature thermoelectric characterization system, that measures the thermal diffusivity and Seebeck effect nondestructively, was developed. The material properties were characterized at various temperatures and optimized process conditions were experimentally determined. The present paper encompasses the technical discussions toward the development of thermoelectric materials and the measurement techniques.
NMR relaxation time near phase transitions in liquid crystals

The critical behavior of the spin-lattice relaxation time arising from the order director fluctuation mechanism (${T}_{1\mathrm{OF}}$) is obtained using the results of recent calculations of the Frank elastic constants and the viscosity coefficients. Results from a mean-field-theory calculation yield qualitative predictions for ${T}_{1\mathrm{OF}}$ near the nematic-smectic-$A$ and nematic-smectic-$C$ transitions and near the Lifshitz point. Results of a renormalization-group calculation yield ${T}_{1\mathrm{OF}}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{4}\ensuremath{-}\frac{3{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{4}}$ for the nematic-smectic-$A$ transition, where ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ is a correlation length, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=4\ensuremath{-}d$, $d$ is the dimensionality, and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ is the anisotropy exponent.
Thermodynamics of Li2O and other breeders for fusion reactors

Thermodynamic calculations have been made to compare the thermochemical performance of the fusion reactor breeder blanket materials, Li/sub 2/O, LiAlO/sub 2/, and Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/ in the temperature range 900 to 1300K and in the oxygen activity range 10/sup -25/ to 10/sup -5/. In general, LiAlO/sub 2/ offers advantages over Li/sub 2/O, and Li/sub 2/O in turn appears better than Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/. The protium purge technique of enhancing tritium release is explored for the LiAlO/sub 2/ system. Oxygen activity is an influential variable in these systems and must be considered in executing and interpreting measurements on rates of tritium release, the chemical form of the released tritium, diffusion of tritiated species and their identities, retention of tritium in the condensed phase, and solubility of hydrogen isotope gases. Surface adsorption is seen as a potentially significant contributor to tritium inventory.
The long-term risk of venous thromboembolism following bariatric surgery.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality following bariatric surgery. The exact duration and magnitude of post-surgery risk for VTE, however, is unclear. We analyzed a large administrative database to determine the long-term risk and predictors for VTE in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A private insurance claims database was used to identify 17,434 patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Longitudinal data were available for each patient for up to 12 months post-surgery. We used logistic regression to identify independent predictors for VTE events. The incidence of VTE during the index surgical hospitalization was .88%. This cumulative rate rose to 2.17% at 1 month and 2.99% by 6 months post-surgery. Over 74% of VTE events occurred after discharge. Risk factors identified for VTE developing by 6 months post-surgery included male sex (odds ratio (OR) = 1.68; confidence limits (CL) = 1.37–2.07), age ≥ 55 years (OR = 2.18; CL = 1.56–3.03), smoking (OR = 1.86; CL = 1.06–3.27), and previous VTE (OR = 7.48; CL = 5.78–9.67). The laparoscopic adjustable gastric band was less likely to result in VTE compared to open or laparoscopic gastric bypass (OR = .31; CL = .13–.75). The period of increased risk for VTE following bariatric surgery extends well beyond the initial hospital discharge and 30 days after surgery. The high frequency of VTE up to 6 months following bariatric surgery suggests that more aggressively extended prophylaxis should be considered in patients at higher risk for VTE.
SULF2, a heparan sulfate endosulfatase, is present in the blood of healthy individuals and increases in cirrhosis.

Background SULF2 is an extracellular sulfatase that acts on heparan sulfate proteoglycans and modulates multiple signaling pathways. It is normally bound to the cell surface but can be released into the medium of cultured cells. SULF2 is known to be increased in cirrhotic liver compared to healthy liver. We asked whether SULF2 protein was present in the blood of healthy controls and increased in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Feasibility and utility of infrared thermography as a thermometer: Comparison with oral and tympanic thermometry

Study objectives: We determine the relationship between infrared thermography (IRT) acquired body surface temperature (BST) values and temperature values obtained by conventional measures (oral and tympanic). Methods: IRT images using a ThermaCAM P60 (FLIR Systems, North Billerica, MA) were obtained for 20 consecutive adult emergency department (ED) patients, regardless of complaint, in a tertiary care center. Patients also had their oral and tympanic temperature measured within 1 minute of IRT imaging. The camera has a spatial resolution of 320×240 pixels in focal plane array, scan integration rate of 60 Hz, and thermal sensitivity of 0.08°C per pixel. Focal distance was 1 m, with a sed in JPEG format. The mean BST using IRT over an area 4 cm 2 was collected and recorded for each patient in 3 distinct anatomic areas using specialized software. Body areas imaged with IRT were the glabella, the abdomen centered at the umbilicus, and the dorsum of a hand. The skin of the abdomen was exposed and allowed to equilibrate with the environment for 2 minutes before IRT, and the imaged hand was contralateral to any intravenous line. The temperature difference (ΔT) for tympanic thermometry and IRT was calculated against oral temperatures (where ΔT=oral temperature – mean BST by IRT for each body region per patient), and the mean ΔT±SD are reported. The coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) was also calculated for each IRT region data set. The institutional review board approved the study, and informed consent was obtained on all patients. All temperatures were recorded in °C. Results: For ΔT-tympanic, the mean was –0.2±0.5°C (SD), the ΔT-glabella mean was 2.2±0.7°C, the ΔT-abdomen mean was 3.3±1.6°C, and for ΔT-hand the mean was 4.4±1.7°C. R 2 values were tympanic 0.629, glabella 0.405, abdomen 0.163, and hand 0.035. Conclusion: With the exception of IRT images of the glabellar region, IRT regional mean BST values appear to correlate poorly with oral thermometry. Some of the variance may be due to technique and environmental temperature interference. Because IRT is fast and easy to obtain, is not associated with radiation, and may convey other important information, additional study to refine IRT technique is warranted.
Perturbation methods for moderately elliptical plates with a core

Fundamental frequencies of vibrating moderately elliptic plates with a concentric circular core have been determined analytically. A boundary perturbation method is developed to extract the fundamental eigenvalue of the governing biharmonic boundary value problem. The method is then applied to moderately elliptic plates with clamped and simply supported outer boundary conditions. Clamped, simply supported, and free circular cores are considered. Approximate analytical formulations of the fundamental frequency for such plates with core are obtained.
Characterization Of GaAlAs Optical Waveguide Heterostructures Grown By Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Multiple-layer GaAlAs optical waveguide heterostructures have been grown by MBE. These samples were designed to operate at 840 nm with negligible coupling of guided light to the absorbing GaAs substrate. The Al concentration was 13 percent for the guiding layer and was 16 percent for the cladding layers. The process for growing waveguide layers was calibrated primarily by high-energy electron diffraction, with the optical quality confirmed by photoluminescence measurements. Channel waveguide structures having widths of 5 microns were etched in a low-pressure magnetically confined multipolar plasma reactor. The resulting waveguide structures were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, ellipsometry, AES, and optical-waveguide loss measurements.
Who Speaks for Academic Librarians? Status and Satisfaction Comparisons between Unaffiliated and Unionized Librarians on Scholarship and Governance Issues.

Scholarship and governance have emerged as the two most problematic aspects of faculty status for academic librarians. A comparative survey of 201 librarians, 126 unaffiliated and 75 unionized, revealed wide disparities, according to librarian status/title designations, in the opportunities afforded librarians to meet these requirements. The 34-item questionnaire focused on librarians’ status/title characteristics, representation means, and institutional support for professional development, sabbaticals/leaves, travel, tuition, and participatory management. Salary information, as a measure of librarian equality to teaching faculty, also was solicited. The survey results confirm that the absence of uniform representation on these status issues has profound implications for the future of the faculty status model as a standard for academic librarianship.
MANY-BODY PROBLEM IN QUANTUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS. III. ZERO-TEMPERATURE LIMIT FOR DILUTE HARD SPHERES

Using the method developed in paper I of this series, the thermodynamical properties at $T=0$ of a dilute system of hard spheres are computed for small values of $\ensuremath{\rho}{a}^{3}$, where $a$ is the diameter of the spheres and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the particle density.
High-affinity activation by paraoxon of a muscarinic receptor subtype in rat brain striatum

Abstract The mechanism of action of the anticholinesterase paraoxon on the function of a muscarinic receptor subtype in rat brain striatum was investigated. Paraoxon inhibited binding of the muscarinic agonist cis -[ 3 H]methyldioxolane, which binds to a high-affinity population of muscarinic receptors, with K 0.5 of 80 n M , compared to a K 0.5 of 7 μ M for parathion. The inhibition was competitive, suggesting that paraoxon and CD bind to a common site. When this muscarinic receptor (possibly an M 4 subtype) is activated it inhibits cAMP synthesis. Thus, function of the paraoxon-sensitive receptor was assayed by the inhibition of the forskolin-activated [ 3 H]cAMP synthesis. Paraoxon inhibited cAMP synthesis in a dose-dependent manner as did the muscarinic agonist carbachol, and this inhibition was completely blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. When low concentrations of carbachol and paraoxon were used together, there was additive inhibition of cAMP synthesis. However, there was no further increase when both paraoxon and carbachol were present in concentrations that individually produced maximal inhibition. The data suggest that paraoxon acts like carbachol, causing activation of the muscarinic receptor subtype in brain striatum and leading to inhibition of cAMP synthesis. Considering the high affinity that this muscarinic receptor has for paraoxon, it is suggested that this direct reversible action of paraoxon on the muscarinic receptor could affects its toxicity, expecially early on before most of the acetylcholinesterase is phosphorylated.
The effect of oxygen and humidity on charged particle registration in organic foils.

The number and diameter of microscopically visible alpha-particle tracks which can be etched in the surface of sensitive plastic foils such as cellulose triacetate are increased by the presence of oxygen. Pre- or posttreatment of foils with water or humid air increases the etching speed but not the foils' sensitivity. Treatment of foils with diluted H2 O2 increases the sensitivity slightly, but the etching speed considerably. Some parameters of the oxygen/humidity effect are described; its possible consequences for the interpretation of the latent track formation process and its practical applications are discussed briefly.
A stable least‐squares finite element method for non‐linear hyperbolic problems

A class of stable least-square finite element methods for non-linear hyperbolic problems is developed and some exploratory studies made. The methods are based on modifying the L2-norm of the. residual and a related approximation to the H1-norm of the residual. The effect of the additional terms in these residual functionals is to introduce a dissipative effect proportional to the solution gradient. This acts to stabilize the solution for non-linear hyperbolic problems which generate shocks. Numerical results for a one-dimensional nozzle and shock tube problem demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the method. Results are for an implicit scheme and calculations for linear, quadratic and cubic elements are given.
Electrochemical and XPS evidence of the aqueous formation of Mo2O5

XPS was employed to detect the surface species deposited on an activated platinum electrode following cathodic polarization in deaerated 0.1 M (NH4)6Mo7O24 · 4H2O solution. At – 160 mV (saturated calomel electrode, SCE), evidence was found of the possible dissociation of polymolybdate to molybdate with subsequent surface adsorption. At –340 mV (SCE) molybdate was observed to reduce to Mo5+ in the form of Mo2O5. At – 540 mV (SCE), Mo4+ was the stable species, existing in the form of tetravalent oxyhydroxide MoO(OH)2 according to XPS analysis. No further reduction from Mo4+ to lower-valent states was observed when cathodically polarized to – 900 mV (SCE). Mo2O5 was found to be unstable in air, oxidizing readily to MoO3.
Mass selection for improved cold and density tolerance of two maize populations.

Data of planting and plant density are two cultural practices influencing grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Our study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of a mass selection scheme to improve cold and density tolerance of the BS2 and BS3 maize populations. Populations were planted at an early planting date and a high plant density, and three cycles of mass selection for well-filled ears on erect plants were conducted at earch of three Corn Belt locations (i.e., Waseca, MN; Ames, IA; Portageville, MO). Results showed that selection improved cold tolerance traits of BS3, but not of BS2. Mass selection did not increase density tolerance of either population at any location. Selection did not improve response to planting dates, although the early planting date did improve agronomic performance and grain yield of all entries. We concluded that mass selection at high plant densities and early planting dates at diverse geographical locations did not produce cycles adapted to specific environmental conditions.
The Relation Between Human Figure Drawing and Test Anxiety in Children

Summary To assess the validity of the Human-Figure Drawing Projective Test (HFD) as a measure of test anxiety, 27 HFD scoring indices were developed, yielding a total HFD score, cautiousness subscale, and poor-planning subscale. Fifty-seven girls and 76 boys from grades five and six each completed four HFD tests, a test-anxiety and defensiveness questionnaire, and a problem-solving task which yielded four behavioral measures. Correlations between all measures, and step-wise regression analyses using subscale measures, six independent measures of anxiety, and IQ were obtained. Total HFD scores were related to self-reported test anxiety (r = .40), defensiveness (r = .24) and response latency in problem solving (r = .91), but individual HFD indices and subscales had little predictive value.
Neuromedin B and its receptor are mitogens in both normal and malignant epithelial cells lining the colon

Bombesin-like peptides are uniformly thought to act as mitogens in cancer. Yet by studying human tissues, we have recently shown that bombesin and its mammalian homologue gastrin-releasing peptide ...
Evaluation of fluid-thermal systems by dynamic data driven application systems

A Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems (DDDAS) approach is developed for evaluation of fluid-thermal systems wherein a complete specification of the boundary conditions is not known a priori and experimental diagnostics are restricted to a limited region of the flowfield. The methodology is applied to the configuration of a heated jet injected into a laminar boundary layer where the jet temperature is not known a priori. Preliminary results are presented.
ALCOHOL ABUSE AND PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIANCE IN NONCUSTODIAL PARENTS AS PREDICTORS OF CHILD-SUPPORT PAYMENT AND VISITATION

In a three-stage study, noncustodial parents' psychopathic deviance and alcohol use accounted for significant variance in custodial parents' reports of child support and visitation. In noncustodial parents 'reports' compliance with child support, but not frequency of visitation, was related to measures of deviance. Implications for policy, research, and psychoeducational interventions are discussed. Language: en
Effects of Differences in Prescribed Fire Regimes on Patchiness and Intensity of Fires in Subtropical Savannas of Everglades National Park, Florida

Abstract We investigated effects of fire frequency, seasonal timing, and plant community on patchiness and intensity of prescribed fires in subtropical savannas in the Long Pine Key region of Everglades National Park, Florida (U.S.A.). We measured patchiness and intensity in different plant communities along elevation gradients in “fire blocks.” These blocks were prescribed burned at varying times during the lightning season and at different frequencies between 1995 and 2000. Fire frequency, seasonal timing, and plant community all influenced the patchiness and intensity of prescribed fires. Fires were less patchy and more intense, probably because of drier conditions and pyrogenic fuels, in higher elevation plant communities (e.g., high pine savannas) than in lower elevation communities (e.g., long-hydroperiod prairies). In all plant communities fires became increasingly patchy and less intense as the wet season progressed and moisture accumulated in fuels. Frequent prescribed fire resulted in increased patchiness but a wider range of intensities; higher intensities appeared to result from regrowth of more flammable vegetation. Our study suggests that frequent early lightning season prescribed fires produce a wider range of post-fire conditions than less frequent late lightning season prescribed fires. Our study also suggests that natural early lightning season fires readily carried through pine savannas and short-hydroperiod prairies, but lower elevation long-hydroperiod prairies functioned as firebreaks. Natural fires probably crossed these firebreaks only during drier years, potentially producing large landscape-level fires. Knowledge of how patchily and intensely fires burn across a savanna landscape should be useful for developing landscape-level fire management.
Nosological Reflections The Failure of DSM-5, the Emergence of RDoC, and the Decontextualization of Mental Distress

Since the establishment of the symptoms-based categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Third Edition, sociologists have raised concerns about the DSM’s failure...
What do we know about the etiology of hepatoblastoma

7 ISSN 2045-0923 10.2217/HEP.13.2 © 2014 Future Medicine Ltd Hepatic Oncol. (2014) 1(1), 7–10 Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a rare hepatic tumor of early childhood with unclear etiology. Associations with inherited syndromes, as well as with parental exposures, have been reported, but these account for only a small number of cases. A strong association with low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) has been identified, suggesting a potential genetic link. To date, the rarity of HB has made understanding its genetic underpinnings challenging; however, recent successful genome-wide association studies in the settings of rare tumors are encouraging and have set the stage for potential exciting discoveries in HB [1].
Cheng, Winnie. Exploring Corpus Linguistics: Language in Action. New York/London: Routledge, 2012. Pp. ix, 241. $36.95, paper. ISBN 978–0–415–58547–7.

A review of the book "Exploring Corpus Linguistics: Language in Action," part of the Routledge Introductions to Applied Linguistics series, by Winnie Cheng, is presented.
Determinants of the exclusion zone in dopaminergic amacrine cell mosaics.

A fundamental organizing feature of the retina is the presence of regularly spaced distributions of neurons, yet we have little knowledge of how this patterning emerges during development. Among these retinal mosaics, the spatial organization of the dopaminergic amacrine cells is unique: using nearest-neighbor and Vornoi domain analysis, we found that the dopaminergic amacrine cells were neither randomly distributed, nor did they achieve the regularity documented for other retinal cell types. Autocorrelation analysis revealed the presence of an exclusion zone surrounding individual dopaminergic amacrine cells and modeling studies confirmed this organization, as the mosaic could be simulated by a minimal distance spacing rule defined by a broad set of parameters. Experimental studies determined the relative contributions of tangential dispersion, fate determination, and cell death in the establishment of this exclusion zone. Clonal boundary analysis and simulations of proximitydriven movement discount tangential dispersion, while data from bcl-2 overexpressing mice rule out feedback-inhibitory fate-deterministic accounts. Cell death, by contrast, appears to eliminate dopaminergic amacrine cells that are within close proximity, thereby establishing the exclusion zone surrounding individual cells and in turn creating their mosaic regularity. J. Comp. Neurol. 461:123‐136, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: nearest neighbor; Voronoi domain; autocorrelation; density recovery profile; tangential dispersion; fate determination; cell death; bcl-2
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion

In this 1992 book John Zaller develops a comprehensive theory to explain how people acquire political information from elites and the mass media and convert it into political preferences. Using numerous specific examples, Zaller applies this theory to the dynamics of public opinion on a broad range of subjects, including domestic and foreign policy, trust in government, racial equality, and presidential approval, as well as voting behaviour in U.S. House, Senate, and presidential elections. The thoery is constructed from four basic premises. The first is that individuals differ substantially in their attention to politics and therefore in their exposure to elite sources of political information. The second is that people react critically to political communication only to the extent that they are knowledgeable about political affairs. The third is that people rarely have fixed attitudes on specific issues; rather, they construct 'preference statements' on the fly as they confront each issue raised. The fourth is that, in constructing these statements, people make the greatest use of ideas that are, for various reasons, the most immediately salient to them. Zaller emphasizes the role of political elites in establishing the terms of political discourse in the mass media and the powerful effect of this framing of issues on the dynamics of mass opinion on any given issue over time.
Design-for-Testability for Improved Path Delay Fault Coverage of Critical Paths

The path delay fault coverage achievable for a circuit may be low even when enhanced scan is available and only faults associated with critical paths are considered. To address this issue we describe a design-for-testability (DFT) approach that targets the critical (or longest) paths of the circuit. In a basic step of the proposed procedure, a fanout branch that is not on a longest path is disconnected from its stem, and driven from a new input in order to reduce the dependencies between off- path inputs of a target path delay fault. We present experimental results to demonstrate the increase in fault coverage of faults associated with longest paths as the number of new inputs is increased. We also discuss the implementation of the DFT approach in the context of scan design.
10 Amino Acid-Sensing Mechanisms: Biochemistry and Behavior

Sensors are crucial components in homeostatic control systems. Amino acids (AAs) are the building blocks of protein; all 20 standard AAs that are used in protein synthesis must be available simultaneously for an organism to maintain homeostasis and survive. Therefore, a sensory system for AAs is essential for protein synthesis and survival. In living organisms, biochemical and behavioral observations demonstrate AA sensing. Taste receptors that respond to both L‐ and D‐AAs, as well as umami taste, exist in animals and humans; they may signal high dietary protein. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract may taste ingested nutrients as well. Postabsorptively, the conserved mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated by increases in nutrients, particularly leucine. These three: taste, gut sensors, and mTOR, may serve as ‘‘adequate diet’’ sensors. In addition, mTOR signals tissue accretion and satiety. Transporters for AAs respond to changes in substrate availability; sodium‐dependent transporters can be electrogenic and activate neural feeding systems. Also conserved, the general AA control non‐derepressing system (GCN) is activated by AA deprivation via uncharged tRNA, leading to AA biosynthesis in yeast or to diet rejection and increased foraging in animals. Thus, two postabsorptive systems, conserved from yeast to mammals, have recently been reported; the results suggest that there are separate biochemical systems for sensing high and low levels of AAs. These systems demonstrate conservation of AA sensory mechanisms across eukaryotic species. List of Abbreviations: AAs, amino acids; APC, anterior piriform cortex; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II; CCK, cholecystokinin; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; ERK, extracellular signal related protein kinase; GI, gastrointestinal; IAA, indispensable amino acid; LTP, long‐term potentiation; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; MeAIB, 2‐methyl‐aminoisobutryic acid; mGluR, metabotropic glutamate receptor; MSG, monosodium glutamate; mTORC1, mTOR complex 1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PepT1, protein‐coupled oligopeptide transporter
Fecal Calprotectin as a Future Screening Tool for Large Juvenile Polyps.

Fecal calprotectin is commonly used as a quantitative marker for intestinal inflammation, predominantly in inflammatory bowel disease; however, the role of this laboratory value has not been well established for patients with juvenile polyps. We present 2 cases illustrating high fecal calprotectin levels caused by very large juvenile polyps.
Disorders of Muscle Energy Metabolism and Mitochondria

At the sub-cellular level skeletal muscle contraction involves the interaction and bonding of actin and myosin fllaments (see Chapter 2). Energy is required for this process, and the phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provide the immediate source of this energy. Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond of one mole of ATP liberates 7 to 8 kcal of energy.
Constant pH Molecular Dynamics Reveals pH-Modulated Binding of Two Small-Molecule BACE1 Inhibitors

Targeting β-secretase (BACE1) with small-molecule inhibitors offers a promising route for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the intricate pH dependence of BACE1 function and inhibitor efficacy has posed major challenges for structure-based drug design. Here we investigate two structurally similar BACE1 inhibitors that have dramatically different inhibitory activity using continuous constant pH molecular dynamics (CpHMD). At high pH, both inhibitors are stably bound to BACE1; however, within the enzyme active pH range, only the iminopyrimidinone-based inhibitor remains bound, while the aminothiazine-based inhibitor becomes partially dissociated following the loss of hydrogen bonding with the active site and change of the 10s loop conformation. The drastically lower activity of the second inhibitor is due to the protonation of a catalytic aspartate and the lack of a propyne tail. This work demonstrates that CpHMD can be used for screening pH-dependent binding profiles of small-molecule inhibitors, ...
Elevated cyclic GMP levels in rabbit atria following vagal stimulation and acetylcholine treatment.

SummaryIn studies designed to investigate the effects of cholinergic stimuli on myocardial cyclic nucleotide content and myocardial performance, an isolated paced rabbit atrial preparation and an in situ rabbit right atrium/vagus nerve preparation were utilized. Following vagal stimulation or ace-tylcholine treatment, increases in atrial cGMP content preceded or occurred at the same time as the mechanical changes associated with cholinergic stimulation. Atrial cAMP content was not affected by these stimuli. Increased cGMP levels were correlated with the decreased force of contraction, but not the decreased chronotropic effects of cholinergic stimulation. These data support the concept that modifications in cardiac performance may be mediated by cGMP. In particular, cGMP may mediate the pharmacological effects of acetylcholine as well as the physiological effects of vagal stimulation.
Anti-sense oligonucleotide of p21(waf1/cip1) prevents interleukin 4-mediated elevation of p27(kip1) in low grade astrocytoma cells.

Elevation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, p27(kip1) is necessary for Interleukin (IL)-4-mediated growth arrest of human low grade astrocytoma (RTLGA) cells and occurs at 24 h of treatment. Pathways involved in IL-4 alteration of p27(kip1) are unknown, however. Here we investigated whether other cdk inhibitors contributed to the actions of IL-4 on RTLGA cells. By 12 h of IL-4 treatment, both cdk4 and cdk2 kinase activities against the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) were reduced and nuclear entry of pRb was prohibited. Twelve-hour cdk complexes contained elevated p21(waf1/cip1) but not p27(kip1), p15(ink4B) or p16(ink4A). IL-4 increased p21(waf1/cip1) but not p27(kip1) mRNA levels, and stimulated luciferase activity of a p21(waf1/cip1) promoter-luciferase reporter. In p53-mutant WITG3 cells, IL-4 did not alter p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA and promoter-luciferase activity or p27(kip1) protein, suggesting a need for functional p53. STAT6 phosphorylation by IL-4, however, occurred in both p53-mutant WITG3 and p53-functional RTLGA cells. Pre-treatment of RTLGA with anti-sense but not missense p21(waf1/cip1) oligonucleotide prior to IL-4: (a) restored cdk activities; (b) reduced cdk4-associated p21(waf1/cip1) levels; (c) prevented p27(kip1) elevation; and (d) reversed growth arrest. These results are the first to suggest that p21(waf1/cip1) is essential for IL-4-mediated elevation of p27(kip1) and growth arrest of astrocytoma cells.