cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of metal hydrous oxide particles by multiphase electrodispersion

Abstract A multiphase electrodispersion precipitation reactor called the electric dispersion reactor (EDR) was developed to synthesize ultrafine particles for the production of precursor powders of advanced ceramic materials. A pulsed electric field is employed to create dispersions of micrometer- and submicrometer-scale conducting (aqueous-based) drops in non-conducting (organic) liquids. Species initially dissolved in the organic phase diffuse into the aqueous droplets containing the other reagents. Reaction ensues, leading immediately to precipitation and gelation in the aqueous droplets. The EDR has produced 0.1–5 μm particles of silica, alumina, zirconia, yttria, and composite hydrous oxide particles from metal alkoxide and metal salt precursors. Also considered is the application of the EDR to the control and modification of the morphological characteristics of these particles, with illustrative examples.
Self Colliding Beams ("Migma") and Controlled Fusion

nuclei in the Intersecting Storage Rings at CERN. It may be for this reason that the idea of using colliding beam technology as a means of achieving fusion has not reappeared until just recently. The idea of using colliding beams for fusion is nearly as old as is the interest in fusion as a source of power, but the problems of low reaction rate and high coulomb scattering initially seemed insurmountable. This work describes recent work done at Fusion Energy Corporation which attempts to overcome these problems. Before turning to our own work, let us examine the well know facts about CERN ISR in a manner suggesting comparision with traditional plasma thermonuclear machines. The confinement time of the ISR is 235 days, that is, a beam stored in the morning has decreased by less than a percent in intensity by evening. The parameter, n7, density times confinement time can easily be found to be about 10" cmm3 set compared with present plasma values of no better than lO'","Lawson Criterion" (see below) values of 10'4, and values of 10" required when the Lawson Criterion is corrected by a nlnnber of realistic considerations (see below). Another parameter of interest to plasma researchers is !i, = Sn nkT/??, which is the ratio of kinetic energy density to magnetic energy density. In magnetically confined plasmas, this ratio must be less than 1. At ISR the ratio
Highly specific recognition of primer RNA structures for 2'-OH priming reaction by bacterial reverse transcriptases.

A minor population of Escherichia coli contains retro-elements called retrons, which encode reverse transcriptases (RT) to synthesize peculiar satellite DNAs called multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA). These RTs recognize specific RNA structures in their individual primer-template RNAs to initiate cDNA synthesis from the 2′-OH group of a specific internal G residue (branching G residue). The resulting products (msDNA) consist of RNA and single-stranded DNA, sharing hardly any sequence homology. Here, we investigated how RT-Ec86 recognizes the specific RNA structure in its primer-template RNA. On the basis of structural comparison with HIV-1 RT, domain exchanges were carried out between two E. coli RTs, RT-Ec86 and RT-Ec73. RT-Ec86 (320 residues) and RT-Ec73 (316 residues) share only 71 identical residues (22%). From the analysis of 10 such constructs, the C-terminal 91-residue sequence of RT-Ec86 was found to be essential for the recognition of the unique stem-loop structure and the branching G residue in the primer-template RNA for retron-Ec86. Using the SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) method with RT-Ec86 and primer RNAs containing random sequences, the identical stem-loop structure (including the 3-U loop) to that found in the retron-Ec86 primer-template RNA was enriched. In addition, the highly conserved 4-base sequence (UAGC), including the branching G residue, was also enriched. These results indicate that the highly diverse C-terminal region recognizes specific stem-loop structures and the branching G residue located upstream of the stem-loop structure. The present results with seemingly primitive RNA-dependent DNA polymerases provide insight into the mechanisms for specific protein RNA recognition.
Application of Powder X-ray Diffraction in Studying the Compaction Behavior of Bulk Pharmaceutical Powders

This study investigates the effects of crystal lattice deformation on the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of compressed polycrystalline specimen (compacts/tablets) made from molecular, crystalline powders. The displacement of molecules and the corresponding adjustment of interplanar distances (d-spacings) between diffracting planes of PNU-288034 and PNU-177553, which have crystal habits with a high aspect ratio favoring preferred orientation during tableting, are demonstrated by shifts in the diffracted peak positions. The direction of shift in diffracted peak positions suggests a reduction of interplanar d-spacing in the crystals of PNU-288034 and PNU-177553 following compaction. There is also a general reduction of peak intensities following compression at the different compressive loads. The lattice strain representing the reduction in d-spacing is proportional to the original d-spacing of the uncompressed sample suggesting that, as with systems that obey a simple Hooke's law relationship, the further apart the planes of atoms/molecules within the lattice are, the easier it is for them to approach each other under compressive stresses. For a third model compound comprising more equant-shaped crystals of PNU-141659, the shift in diffracted peak positions are consistent with an expansion of lattice spacing after compression. This apparent anomaly is supported by the PXRD studies of the bulk powder consisting of fractured crystals where also, the shift in peak position suggests expansion of the lattice planes. Thus the crystals of PNU-141659 may be fracturing under the compressive loads used to produce the compacts. Additional studies are underway to relate the PXRD observations with the bulk tableting properties of these model compounds.
NOTE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN LITERATURE ON TRAINING

This note outlines the experience of the Human Engineering Information and Analysis Service project at Tufts University. Sources of training research, some of the topics receiving emphasis and possible reasons for the dearth of published research on training in industry are discussed. A fuller article on the project will be published in a subsequent number of this Journal
The Conditions for Calcareous Metabolism in Oysters and other Marine Animals

THE summer of 1924 was remarkable for an unusually large and heavy growth of the shell of native oysters on most beds in England. In a recent survey of the Fal Estuary oyster beds, full details of which it is hoped will be published later, it was found that a total shoot (i.e. maximum increase in height or depth of a shell in a ventral direction) of 30 or more millimetres was quite common. Similar large shoots have been observed in shells from East Coast and other beds in 1924. The fact that the summer of 1924 was not a warm one is a matter of common knowledge and of great interest in connexion with the unusual shell-growth. In warm summers, such as we had in 1921, a big growth of shell is usual, but is then attributed to the generally increased metabolism following upon a high temperature, when biological conditions are otherwise satisfactory; but the rate of shell-growth of the oyster (i.e. increase in shell-area, and total in crease in shell-weight) under any continuously known conditions is still undetermined. It is, therefore, not possible to state what are the precise conditions which are essential for normal or abnormal shell-growth. These conditions, like those in many other problems relating to the oyster, may not be determined until greater concerted attention can be given to what is admittedly a valuable mollusc. In the meantime it may be worth while to summarise a few observations on the subject.
Maximum entropy models for word sense disambiguation

A maximum entropy-based word sense disambiguation system is presented, consisting of individual word experts that are trained on both labeled and partially labeled corpora. The classification probabilities from the individual word experts are integrated using a new search algorithm, which balances time complexity and accuracy. The model is evaluated using established procedures on the English-all-words task from the SENSEVAL-2 workshop, a large test set consisting of words from all word groups to be disambiguated. Lastly, an ongoing project that integrates POS tagging, parsing, and sense disambiguation in one system is presented. Once in place, it will be boot-strapped with existing partially labeled corpora, to process and then train from them. The goal is to show that with each successive iteration, the accuracy of all three processes, POS tagging, parsing, and WSD, will improve as the system learns from more accurate, self-generated training data.
Investigation of the role of glutamine-471 and glutamine-1114 in the two catalytic sites of P-glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein, also known as multidrug resistance protein, pumps drugs out of cells using ATP hydrolysis as the energy source. Glutamine-471 and the corresponding glutamine-1114 in the two catalytic sites of P-glycoprotein are conserved in ABC transporters. X-ray structures show that they lie close to the bound nucleotide. Proposed functional roles are (1) activation of the attacking water for ATP hydrolysis, (2) coordination of the essential Mg(2+) cofactor in Mg nucleotide, and (3) signal communication between catalytic site reaction chemistry and drug-binding sites. We made mutations Q471A, Q471E, Q1114A, and Q1114E in mouse MDR3 P-glycoprotein. Pure mutant and wild-type proteins were prepared and subjected to enzymatic and biochemical characterization. We conclude from the results that the primary role of this glutamine residue is in interdomain signal communication. Coordination of the Mg(2+) cofactor is not a critical functional role, neither is activation of the attacking water molecule, although an auxiliary role in positioning the water cannot be ruled out. We found that equivalent mutations (Ala or Glu) in either of the two P-glycoprotein catalytic sites produced the same effects, implying functional symmetry of the two sites.
Lack of beneficial effects of clonidine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: results of a double-blind, randomized study.

Objectives To test the effects of clonidine in comparison with active placebo on premenstrual symptoms, mood scores and norepinephrine (NE) concentration, in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Methods Twelve women with prospectively confirmed PMDD were randomly assigned to oral 0.3 mg/day clonidine, as an active treatment, or 10 mg/day loratadine, as an active placebo, for 2 months each using a double-blind, cross-over design. NE concentration, premenstrual symptom ratings and mood scales were measured on three occasions: at pretreatment, after clonidine treatment and after placebo treatment. All patients were free of current psychiatric co-morbidity and medication use. Results There were no significant differences between clonidine and placebo for mood scales or premenstrual symptom ratings, though clonidine significantly suppressed NE concentration and produced more side effects in comparison with placebo. Conclusion Compared with an active placebo clonidine demonstrated no beneficial changes in mood and premenstrual symptoms in women with PMDD. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perturbations of a Delta Wing: Control of Vortex Breakdown and Buffeting

A delta wing is subjected to small-amplitude perturbations over a range of periods, to simulate leading-edge control concepts. Substantial modie cations of theinstantaneous and averaged structure of the leading-edge vortex are attainable, both with and without a downstream impingement plate. The features of the vortex response are characterizedusingatechniqueofhigh-image-densityparticleimagevelocimetry.Thelocationoftheonsetofvortex breakdown can either be advanced or retarded, and the attendant changes in vortex structure are interpreted in thecontextofbuffeting oftheimpingementplate.Comparisonofthevortexstructurewithand withoutdeployment of the plate shows a dramatic ine uence of the plate. Nomenclature C = chord of delta wing, mm D 0 v = characteristic vortex diameter, mm fe = perturbation frequency of the wing, Hz f0 = frequency of vortex breakdown, Hz L = distance between trailing edge of the delta wing and leading edge of the plate L p = length of the plate, mm M = magnie cation N = number of samples Re = Reynolds number, U1C=o T = total time of sample, s Te = period of wing perturbation, s T0 = period of inherent (undisturbed ) vortex breakdown, s Uref = reference velocity, mm/s U1 = freestream velocity, mm/s V = total velocity, mm/s hVi = averaged velocity, mm/s v = transverse velocity component, mm/s vrms = root mean square of transverse velocity e uctuations, mm/s Wp = width of the plate, mm X ¤ = vortex breakdown location in presence of wing
Climate and reproduction of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park

CONTROVERSY surrounds the conflicts between the requirements of human safety and the preservation of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in western North America. It has been difficult to separate the effect of factors such as the closure of garbage dumps from that of the climate. It has also proved difficult to relate climatic data to changes in the populations of large mammals. I report here a correlation of climatic change with fluctuations in the sizes of litters of grizzly bears born in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, during 1958–1976. The decrease in litter sizes observed since the closure of garbage dumps seems to be largely a consequence of unfavourable weather during the periods of the final fattening of the mother, winter sleep, birth, lactation and early spring foraging. This study represents one of the few times that the effects of climate have been demonstrated for large omnivorous or carnivorous mammals.
Living Lawns, Dying Waters: The Suburban Boom, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, and the Nonpoint Source Pollution Dilemma

The March 1963 issue of Consumer Bulletin included a four-page article titled "How to grow a better lawn", the lead paragraph of which assured readers that "one does not have to be an expert or spend large sums of money to have a good lawn. It is necessary, however, to follow certain established practices in the construction and maintenance of any lawn." These two assertions may have struck readers, as I suspect they would strike lawngrowers today, as somewhat contradictory. Given the list of established practices that followed--"the construction of the lawn base, with proper grading, drainage, and preparation of the seedbed; selection of the type of grass and spreading of the seed; and maintenance, including fertilizing, mowing, and control of weeds"--it is difficult to imagine how the homeowner could have accomplished all of this without large sums of money or expertise. In fact, building lawns in the manner described by Consumer Bulletin required tremendous amounts of both. Recognizing these established practices in lawn construction and maintenance as a technological system allows us to better understand the persistence of this grassy landscape in America.
Differential scanning calorimetry of sodium and potassium nitrates and nitrites

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed with NaNO3, KNO3, (Na,K)NO3, NaNO2 and KNO2 over the temperature range 350–990 K. Endothermic peaks, indicative of decomposition reactions, were observed to occur in the single salts above their melting points. The equimolar mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate did not decompose in the temperature range specified. The nitrites began to decompose at 800±10 K. Sodium nitrate began to decompose at 840±10 K and potassium nitrate began to decompose at 820±20 K. These results were compared with previously reported differential thermal analysis investigations of NaNO3 and KNO3.
Paradigm Shift in Construction Education is Vital for the Future of Our Profession

In 2001, a survey found that 87% of engineering professors in the United States spend the entire class time lecturing to a passive group of students material that is copied down and never looked at again. This paper presents the results of scientific inquiry and keen observations all leading to the same conclusion: engineering education has to reform itself. Presently, almost all engineering students learn best doing lots of homework (∼50%) and theoretical study (25%) are accommodated by lectures, homework, and rote-problem tests. Regrettably, an overwhelming number of the creative students do not learn this way and fail. Learning as a process needs to be put at the heart of education moving us away from the traditional educational enterprise. The presented data benefits researchers and practitioners in that they highlight the urgency of the issue and show how the proposed paradigm shift is underpinned by our understanding of how people learn.
Effect of ascorbic acid on the production of singlet oxygen by purified human myeloperoxidase

We have previously studied purified human myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide ion systems as models of possible singlet oxygen production by granulocytes. While myeloperoxidase could efficiently produce singlet oxygen, the yield of singlet oxygen at a physiological pH with Cl- was very small due to enzyme inactivation. In that Bolscher et al. [(1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 784, 189-191] observed that micromolar concentrations of ascorbic acid prevented inactivation of myeloperoxidase and increased the production of hypochlorous acid, we examined whether ascorbic acid would augment singlet oxygen production by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide ion systems. Ascorbic acid, however, fails to increase the singlet oxygen yield, suggesting that it does not augment singlet oxygen production in the intact granulocyte by a myeloperoxidase-dependent mechanism.
Combination of scattering mechanisms by the Kubo formula for electrical conductivity

Abstract The mobility of current carriers in a solid is considered by combining both lattice and impurity scattering mechanisms using a Kubo-type formulation for calculating the electrical conductivity. The first part of the paper considers in some detail the combination of polar and non-polar optical mode, and deformation, and piezoelectric acoustic mode scattering. The mobility is found in parametric form making it possible to apply the results to any material. Ionized and neutral impurity scattering mechanisms are also treated but in less detail.
Epigenetics of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia

This article will review the recent advances in the understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications and the promise of future epigenetic therapy in neurodegenerative dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia.
Facilitating community information seeking using the internet: findings from three public library-community network systems

We report findings from a recent study of how public libraries are using on-line community networks to facilitate the public's information seeking and use in everyday situations. These networks have been lauded for their potential to strengthen physical communities through increasing information flow about local services and events, and through facilitating civic interaction. However, little is known about how the public uses such digital services and what barriers they encounter. This article presents findings from a 2-year study that comprised a national survey with public library staff, followed by extensive case studies in three states. At each site, data were collected using on-line surveys, field observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups with Internet users, human service providers, and library staff. The on-line surveys and the follow-up interviews with respondents were based on sense-making theory. In our article we discuss: (1) how the public is using networked community information systems and the Internet for daily problem solving, (2) the types of barriers users encounter, and (3) the benefits for individuals and physical communities from public library-community networking initiatives and the emergence of "information communities."
Ossifying fibroma of the head and neck: Involvement of the temporal bone — an unusual and challenging site

Ossifying fibroma of the head and neck is most commonly described in the mandible and maxilla. A few isolated reports in the literature exhibit the rare existence of this lesion in the nasal bones, orbit, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, occiput, and in only two well-documented cases, the temporal bone. We present the case of an extensive ossifying fibroma of the temporal bone that presented as a suspected case of hyperostosis of the external auditory canal and conductive hearing loss, without any cosmetic deformity. A review of the recent literature concerning the sites, radiologic presentation, difficulty of pathologic differentiation, and modality of therapy is discussed.
Control of MMC-HVDC transmission system operating with local variables

The search for new energy sources has lead to the installation of renewable energy plants located far away from the centers of consumption. In this scenario, the transmission of electrical energy over long distances has become a key issue and high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have demonstrated to be the best cost effective solution. Among the different HVDC technologies, modular multilevel converters (MMC) provide the highest power quality, modularity, reliability and availability. In this paper, the control of two HVDC stations based on MMC is proposed. A set of power and voltage limits are defined for each station and the control scheme is designed to work inside these limits. Due to this operation mode, the controller in one station does not require information from the other station. The different operating modes of the MMC-HVDC transmission system are analized and simulation results are obtained, in order to validate the proposed control strategy.
Zygotic Wnt Activity Is Required for Brachyury Expression in the Early Xenopus laevis Embryo

The canonical, β-catenin-dependent Wnt pathway is a crucial player in the early events of Xenopus development. Dorsal axis formation and mesoderm patterning are accepted effects of this pathway, but the regulation of expression of genes involved in mesoderm specification is not. This conclusion is based largely on the inability of the Wnt pathway to induce mesoderm in animal cap explants. Using injections of inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling, we demonstrate that expression of the general mesodermal marker Brachyury (Xbra) requires a zygotic, ligand-dependent Wnt activity throughout the marginal zone. Analysis of the Xbra promoter reveals that putative TCF-binding sites mediate Wnt activation, the first sites in this well-studied promoter to which an activation role can be ascribed. However, established mesoderm inducers like eFGF and activin can bypass the Wnt requirement for Xbra expression. Another mesoderm promoting factor, VegT, activates Xbra in a Wnt-dependent manner. We also show that the activin/nodal signaling is necessary for ectopic Xbra induction by the Wnt pathway, but not by VegT. Our data significantly change the understanding of Brachyury regulation in Xenopus, implying the existence of an unknown zygotic Wnt ligand in Spemann's organizer. Since Brachyury is considered to have a major role in mesoderm formation, it is possible that Wnts might play a role in mesoderm specification, in addition to patterning.
Schistosomiasis in Brazil: preliminary results from a case study of a new focus.

Abstract Schistosomiasis, one of the most widespread parasitic diseases in the world, is increasing in incidence and prevalence. This increase has been linked to agricultural and water resource development programs. The primary purpose of this research is to examine the conditions which permit the disease to be transmitted within a new focus, Pentecoste, Ceara, Brazil.
Effect of substrate temperature on the microstructural properties of titanium nitride nanowires grown by pulsed laser deposition

The current work reports on the growth and microstructural characterization of titanium nitride (TiN) nanowires on single crystal silicon substrates using a pulsed laser deposition method. The physical and microstructural properties of the nanowires were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The corrosion properties of the TiN nanowires compared to TiN thin film were evaluated using Direct Current potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nanowires corroded faster than the TiN thin film, because the nanowires have a larger surface area which makes them more reactive in a corrosive environment. It was observed from the FESEM image analyses that as the substrate temperature increases from 600 °C to 800 °C, there was an increase in both diameter (25 nm–50 nm) and length (150 nm–250 nm) of the nanowire growth. There was also an increase in spatial density with an increase of substrate temperature. The TEM results showed that the TiN nanowires grow epitaxially with the silicon substrate via domain matching epitaxy paradigm, despite a large misfit.
Synthesis of an immunoglobulin light chain: pulse-labeling studies.

Abstract The synthesis of an immunoglobulin light chain was studied in the murine myeloma, MOPC-46, which produces a k -type light chain. The objective of our investigation was to distinguish between two models of light-chain synthesis: 1. Model I—Synthesis from a single mRNA template coding for the entire lightchain amino acid sequence. 2. Model II—Synthesis from separate mRNA templates coding, respectively, for the variable and constant region subunit segments of light chain, followed by fusion of the subunits, to produce the light chain. Using the pulse-labeling technique, we determined the specific activities of radioactive leucine residues in tryptic peptides of newly synthesized light chain. The data obtained are consistent with Model I and rule out Model II. Several alternative mechanisms of light-chain synthesis from two templates are discussed.
A review on the structure and characterization techniques of silane/matrix interphases

Recent studies regarding the interphase of silane coupling agents and organic polymer matrices are reviewed with emphasis on its structure and property, and characterization techniques for the interphase. Chemical, physical and physicochemical effects on the formation of silane/matrix interphase and resultant properties are discussed. Improvements of the performance of composite materials are also discussed in relation to the interphase structure. Several representative characterization techniques for interphase are also described.
The inhibition of rabbit skeletal muscle contraction by hydrogen ions and phosphate.

1. The effects of phosphate and protons on the mechanics and energetics of muscle contraction have been investigated using glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle. 2. Fibres were fully activated by addition of Ca2+ (pCa 4-5) at 10 degrees C. The velocities of contraction were measured in isotonic load clamps, and the velocities of unloaded fibres were measured by applying a series of step changes in fibre length. Fibre ATPase activity was monitored using an enzyme system to couple ADP production to reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and measuring the depletion of NADH by optical density. 3. At pH 7.0 and 3 mM-phosphate, isometric tension (P0) was 13.2 +/- 0.9 N/cm (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 10 observations), the maximum contraction velocity (Vmax) was 1.63 +/- 0.05 lengths/s (n = 5) and the ATPase activity was 1.27 +/- 0.12 s-1 myosin head-1 (n = 35). Increasing phosphate from 3 to 20 mM at pH 7.0 does not affect Vmax, causes a small decrease in the ATPase activity (15-20%) and decreases P0 by approximately 20%. Changing pH from 7 to 6 at 3 mM-phosphate decreases P0 by 45% and both Vmax and ATPase activity by 25-30%. The effects of changing both pH and phosphate were approximately additive for all parameters measured. The inhibition of these parameters by low pH and high concentration of phosphate was reversible. 4. The force-velocity relation was fitted by the Hill equation using a non-linear least-squares method. The value of the parameter which describes the curvature, a/P0, was 0.20. The curvature of the force-velocity relation was not changed by addition of phosphate or by changes in pH. 5. These data provide information on both the kinetics of the actomyosin interaction and on the process of muscle fatigue. The data are consistent with models of cross-bridge kinetics in which phosphate is released within the powerstroke in a step involving a rapid equilibrium between states. The inhibition by protons is more complex, and may involve less specific effects on protein structure. 6. During moderate fatigue of living skeletal muscle, MgATP concentration is known to remain approximately constant at 4 mM, phosphate to increase from 3 to 20 mM, and protons from 0.1 to 1 microM. The data suggest that much of the inhibition of P0 observed during moderate fatigue can be explained by the increased levels of phosphate and protons, and that much of the inhibition of fibre Vmax and ATPase activity can be explained by the increase in protons.
The Automaticity of Visual Statistical Learning

The visual environment contains massive amounts of information involving the relations between objects in space and time, and recent studies of visual statistical learning (VSL) have suggested that this information can be automatically extracted by the visual system. The experiments reported in this article explore the automaticity of VSL in several ways, using both explicit familiarity and implicit response-time measures. The results demonstrate that (a) the input to VSL is gated by selective attention, (b) VSL is nevertheless an implicit process because it operates during a cover task and without awareness of the underlying statistical patterns, and (c) VSL constructs abstracted representations that are then invariant to changes in extraneous surface features. These results fuel the conclusion that VSL both is and is not automatic: It requires attention to select the relevant population of stimuli, but the resulting learning then occurs without intent or awareness.
Systemic air embolism

Systemic air embolism is a rare but potentially devastating complication of percutaneous chest biopsy that requires immediate diagnosis and rapid initiation of aggressive, noninvasive rescue therapy to prevent death or permanent neurologic sequelae. Radiologists focused on the most common complications of chest biopsy such as pneumothorax and parenchymal hemorrhage run the risk of failing to quickly diagnose and effectively treat systemic air embolism. Furthermore, the low incidence of symptomatic air embolism may lead to complacency and failure to prepare proper institutional procedures for the effective treatment. This case reviews the incidence, postulated mechanisms, and treatment of systemic air embolism caused by percutaneous chest biopsy.
A continuum approach to reproduce molecular-scale slip behaviour

In this work we explore if it is possible to reproduce molecular-scale slip behaviour by using continuum equations. To that end it is noted that molecular-scale slip is affected by three factors: (i) near the wall, the fluid experiences a potential because of the wall; (ii) the fluid density responds to that potential, and hence, fluid compressibility is relevant; and (iii) the fluid can lose momentum to the wall. To incorporate these features we simulate shear flow of a compressible fluid between two walls in the presence of a potential. Compressibility effect is found to be important only in the near-wall region. The slip length is calculated from the mean velocity profile. The slip-length-versus-shear-rate trend is similar to that in molecular dynamic calculations. First, there is a constant value of the slip length at low shear rates. Then, the slip length increases beyond a critical shear rate. Lastly, the slip length reaches another constant value if the wall momentum loss parameter is non-zero. The scaling for the critical shear rate emerges from our results. The value of the slip length increases if the wall potential is less corrugated and if the momentum loss to the wall is low. An understanding of the overall force balance during various slip modes emerges from the governing equations.
A regression program for Tukey’s test

where Xi = I is a member of Group 1. 0 otherwise: the bi are regression coefticients; and e is the error in prediction. Each of the k I models leaves a different Xi out of the equation. which allows the group left out to be compared to all other groups. The test of signiticance for each regression weight (a t test) is transformed to a value that can be compared to the Studentized range statistic by multiplication by >{i. Alternatively. the values in the tables of the Studentized range statistic could be divided by ..[2. and the t values could be assessed directly. The method used in this program is fully described in Williams (1974). The assumption is made when using Tukey's test that each group has the same number of scores. Moderate departures from this assumption do not render the test invalid. but rather cause the procedure to become approximatc. Description. This program performs a one-way analvsis of variance and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. The data cards for each observation must contain the criterion score and k (where k IS thc numi}cr of groups) group membership variables. The group mcmhcrshlp <Inahlcs must be coded 1 to indicate membership in a grnup and (J ( thcrwisc. Input. thrcc cards prcccde thc data cards. Card 1 contains pn1h1em identification and allows Columns 1-80 for whatever description the USCI' preters. Card 2. a control card. requires the numbcr of obscrvations. thc numbcr of groups. and an option for printout of the data. Card 3 is a format card in F format. The criterion variable must be tirst. followed by the group membership vanahles. It \anables arc not punched in this order. use a T format to rcordcr.
Defining a Freeway Mobility Index for Roadway Navigation

Roadway navigation systems have become increasingly popular, providing more efficient routing through a roadway network. In many cases, multiple routes are possible, and a specific route can be selected by minimizing some cost function. However, the number of possible routes varies by roadway network topology and location within the network. It is often useful to know how many possible routes exist; therefore, the authors developed a Navigational Mobility Index (NMI) with an initial focus on freeway networks that can be extended to other roadway facility types. NMI can be based on the number of possible routes weighted by shared segments among routes from a source to a destination (i.e., node-to-node pair NMI), as a single node to all other nodes (i.e., node-NMI), or on an average of nodes in a specific area (i.e., area-NMI). This article first reviews several of the existing accessibility or mobility measures that have been developed for other purposes and discusses how these are not well suited for navi...
Epidemiology and the Elusive Nobel Prize

Many epidemiologists have been concerned and frustrated that our scholarly activities have never been honored by a Nob l Prize or physiology or medi ine. Why has this not happened, and why may it be unlikely ever to happen? As I am recently retired following 11 years of service on the Nobel Prize Awarding Assembly, no secrets can pass my lips for another 50 years. However, when the embargo is lifted, no big secrets may be revealed because much of what epidemiologists want to know is already in the public domain. Alfred Nobel's will,1 dated 27 November 1895 (one year before he died), lays the groundwork for the prize-awarding process. Essentially, all 5 prizes (physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace) shall be given to those who, "during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on humankind." One of the Nobel Prizes is given "to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine." Although timeliness remains an ambition, it may nowadays take many years or often decades before the impact of a discovery can be reliably assessed. According to ?4 of the rules of the Nobel Foundation from 1900, no more than 3 individuals can share the prize and no posthumous awards are granted.
RANDOM MATRICES: THE CIRCULAR LAW

Let x be a complex random variable with mean zero and bounded variance σ2. Let Nn be a random matrix of order n with entries being i.i.d. copies of x. Let λ1, …, λn be the eigenvalues of . Define the empirical spectral distributionμn of Nn by the formula The following well-known conjecture has been open since the 1950's: Circular Law Conjecture: μn converges to the uniform distribution μ∞ over the unit disk as n tends to infinity. We prove this conjecture, with strong convergence, under the slightly stronger assumption that the (2 + η)th-moment of x is bounded, for any η > 0. Our method builds and improves upon earlier work of Girko, Bai, Gotze–Tikhomirov, and Pan–Zhou, and also applies for sparse random matrices. The new key ingredient in the paper is a general result about the least singular value of random matrices, which was obtained using tools and ideas from additive combinatorics.
Control of erythrocyte metabolism by redox-regulated tyrosine phosphatases and kinases

We wish to elaborate a novel mechanism of metabolic regulation mediated by cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatases and kinases. Briefly we propose that phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) bind reversibly to the N-terminus of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3. Once the enzymes are bound, they are inhibited; however, upon release they are restored to full activity. We demonstrate that control of enzyme binding and consequently control of substrate flow down the pathway is executed by phosphorylation of Tyr 8 and Tyr 21 within the glycolytic enzyme binding site at the N-terminus of band 3. This phosphorylation results in obstruction of enzyme binding, leading to enzyme activation. Importantly, the tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates band 3 is activated by oxidation, while the tyrosine phosphatase that dephosphorylates band 3 is inhibited by the same redox changes. Consequently, treatment of red cells wih oxidants such as H2O2 and ferricyanide can enhance both tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-terminus of band 3 and glycolysis in a coordinate manner. Because oxidant entry into the cell is not essential, a plasma membrane electron transport pathway is believed to mediate the oxidant's effects.
Certain atypical types of amebiasis

1. The term “carrier” should be discarded and the term “latent case” employed. 2. Latent cases of amebiasis may produce peculiar and even grave complications in the course of any debilitating condition, or they may give rise to abizarre symptom complex with none of the usual manifestations of dysentery. 3. Atypical types of amebiasis may be confused with true chronic ulcerative colitis or with carcinoma. 4. A program of treatment and reasons therefor have briefly been stated.
COSI: A Framework for the Design of Interconnection Networks

This article presents a software framework for communication infrastructure synthesis of distributed systems, which is critical for overall system performance in communication-based design. Particular emphasis is given to on-chip interconnect synthesis of multicore designs.
Cell proliferation-associated expression of a recently evolved isozyme of triosephosphate isomerase.

An electrophoretically unique, thermolabile isozyme of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI; EC 5.3.1.1) accounts for 10–30% of the enzymatic activity in a range of mitotically active human cells and tissues. This type 2 form (subunit) of human TPI appears in two isozymes, an anodally migrating, relative to the constitutive TPI-1/1 homodimer, TPI-2/2 homodimer and the TPI-1/2 heterodimer with an intermediate mobility. Human cell types expressing the induced isozyme, which is the product of the same structural locus as the constitutive isozyme, include mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, virally transformed B-lymphoblastoid cells, leukemia-derived T-lymphoblastoid cells, HeLa cells, both normal and transformed fibroblasts, and placental tissue. Extracts of nondividing or terminally differentiated human cells/tissues, such as erythrocytes, striated muscle, peripheral lymphocytes, and platelets, contain high levels of the constitutive TPI-1/1 isozyme but little or undetectable levels of the TPI-1/2 or TPI-2/2 isozyme. The cell division-associated TPI-1/2 and -2/2 isozymes are distinct in electrophoretic mobility from the deamidated forms of the constitutive isozyme. Extracts of dividing gorilla fibroblasts display an isozyme pattern identical to that of proliferating human cells, but various proliferating cells derived from the African green monkey, rabbit, and chicken express only the constitutive isozyme. Thus, expression of the cell division-associated isozyme of TPI is restricted to the hominoids, suggesting a recently evolved modification mechanism which is specifically activated in proliferating cells.
Cosmetic Enhancement Associated With Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective: To document the capacity of surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to incorporate techniques that incidentally improve the cosmetic features of the patients. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of surgical outcomes at an academic practice. Methods: Moderate to severe OSA usually requires multilevel pharyngeal surgery, including tongue base surgery. The surgical procedures, including hyoid myotomy and mandibular osteotomy with tongue advancement, afford the opportunity to address cosmetic deficits, such as microgenia and excessive submental skin and fat. Outcomes achieved using these procedures over a 4-year period were analyzed. Results: Of 428 consecutive patients presenting for evaluation of sleep-related breathing disorders, 212 were deemed surgical candidates. Ninety-seven of these had office-based procedures for snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, or mild OSA. The remaining 115 had formal surgical procedures done, and 68 of these had multilevel pharyngeal surgery. Of these, 12 had defined cosmetic deficiencies that were addressed at the time of the sleep apnea surgery. There were 7 men and 5 women, with a mean age of 48.2 years. The group was moderately obese (mean BMI = 31.8) and had moderate to severe OSA (mean RDI = 37.0, mean LSAT = 78%). Cosmetic deficits identified included turkey gobbler deformity (n = 8), microgenia (n = 6), excessive submental fat (n = 2), and nasal deformity (n = 1); several patients had more than one addressable problem. All patients achieved an improved postoperative appearance. Representative photographs are presented. Conclusions: A surgical approach to the management of sleep apnea affords an opportunity to also address cosmetic deficiencies, including excessive submental skin and fat, microgenia, and nasal deformities.
Data mining: childhood injury control and beyond.

Data mining is defined as the automatic extraction of useful, often previously unknown information from large databases or data sets. It has become a major part of modern life and is extensively used in industry, banking, government, and health care delivery. The process requires a data collection system that integrates input from multiple sources containing critical elements that define outcomes of interest. Appropriately designed data mining processes identify and adjust for confounding variables. The statistical modeling used to manipulate accumulated data may involve any number of techniques. As predicted results are periodically analyzed against those observed, the model is consistently refined to optimize precision and accuracy. Whether applying integrated sources of clinical data to inferential probabilistic prediction of risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia or population surveillance for signs of bioterrorism, it is essential that modern health care providers have at least a rudimentary understanding of what the concept means, how it basically works, and what it means to current and future health care. Language: en
Design rationale, synthesis, and characterization of non-natural analogs of the cationic amino acids arginine and lysine

A series of non-natural isosteric analogs of the cationic, ion-pairing, natural amino acids arginine and lysine have been synthesized, characterized with regard to relevant physical parameters, and protected for routine inclusion in Merrifield solid-phase synthesis. The design of these molecules is based on the concept of steric inhibition of solvation, in that judicious placement of alkyl groups can destabilize aqueous ion solvation and favor ion-pairing [see Beeson & Dix (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 10275]. When the residues are substituted for the natural amino acids in biologically active peptides, enhanced ion-pairing of the peptides to their receptors to increase the peptides' biological activities can result. The increased lipophilicity of the non-natural residues can also improve pharmacokinetic parameters and agonist/antagonist behaviors of peptides. While the synthesis of the L-series is described, the D-isomers were also prepared using identical chemistry.
Absorption characteristics of human fetal hemoglobin at wavelengths used in pulse oximetry

The absorption characteristics of fetal and adult human hemoglobin samples were determined for the range of 600 to 1,050 nm. Over this range, fetal hemoglobin absorption is nearly identical to that of adult hemoglobin. Since currently available two-wavelength pulse oximeters base their calculations of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation on absorption at the wavelengths of 660 and 920 nm, we conclude that the accuracy of two-wavelength pulse oximetry previously demonstrated in adults can be extrapolated to infants with high concentrations of fetal hemoglobin.
An algebraic theory for multigrid methods for variational problems

A convergence theory is developed for multigrid methods for symmetric, positive definite problems in a variational setting. The theory is based on a single algebraic approximation assumption, which is satisfied for finite element discretizations of elliptic boundary value problems, although the theory can be applied to problems without any continuous background as well. In contrast to previous results, we prove fast convergence with any positive number of smoothing steps for V- and W-cycles under discrete analogues of the $H^2 $ and $H^{1 + \alpha } $ regularity assumptions, respectively. We analyze a wide class of smoothers, including arbitrary symmetric and nonsymmetric preconditioned iterations, arbitrarily ordered Gauss–Seidel, steepest descent, Chebyshev iteration and conjugate gradients. Our estimates exhibit the usual asymptotic behavior for a large number of smoothing steps.