cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Order Dimension, Strong Bruhat Order and Lattice Properties for Posets

We determine the order dimension of the strong Bruhat order on finite Coxeter groups of types A, B and H. The order dimension is determined using a generalization of a theorem of Dilworth: dim (P)=width(Irr(P)), whenever P satisfies a simple order-theoretic condition called here the dissective property (or “clivage”). The result for dissective posets follows from an upper bound and lower bound on the dimension of any finite poset. The dissective property is related, via MacNeille completion, to the distributive property of lattices. We show a similar connection between quotients of the strong Bruhat order with respect to parabolic subgroups and lattice quotients.
Mapping Playgrids for Learning Across Space, Time, and Scale

In this article, we analyze the production of learner-generated playgrids. Playgrids are produced when learners knit together social media tools to participate across settings and scales, accomplish their goals, pursue interests, and make their learning more enjoyable and personally meaningful. Through case study methodology we examine how two platforms - Slack and Hypothesis - enabled learners to curate and participate among their own digital resources and pathways for learning. We contend that both theoretical and pedagogical development is necessary to support adult learners as they curate tools and pathways based upon their contingent needs and goals, and that the concept of playgrids does so by usefully connecting less formal social media practice with more formal professional learning across various settings and scales. In the end, we demonstrate the importance of honoring learners’ desire to connect their completion of formal course activities with their less formal social media practices; both sets of practices need not be in conflict and may be complementary.
Atomic physics and solar polarimetry

Major outstanding problems in solar physics relate to solar magnetism. Spectropolarimetry offers the best, and sometimes only, method of obtaining accurate measurements of the Sun’s magnetic field....
Convergence of the Graph Allen–Cahn Scheme

The graph Laplacian and the graph cut problem are closely related to Markov random fields, and have many applications in clustering and image segmentation. The diffuse interface model is widely used for modeling in material science, and can also be used as a proxy to total variation minimization. In Bertozzi and Flenner (Multiscale Model Simul 10(3):1090–1118, 2012), an algorithm was developed to generalize the diffuse interface model to graphs to solve the graph cut problem. This work analyzes the conditions for the graph diffuse interface algorithm to converge. Using techniques from numerical PDE and convex optimization, monotonicity in function value and convergence under an a posteriori condition are shown for a class of schemes under a graph-independent stepsize condition. We also generalize our results to incorporate spectral truncation, a common technique used to save computation cost, and also to the case of multiclass classification. Various numerical experiments are done to compare theoretical results with practical performance.
Mapping Agronomic Traits in a Wild Barley Advanced Backcross–Nested Association Mapping Population

Triticeae Coordinated Agricultural Project (2011-68002-30029); USDA National Needs Fellowship (2007-38420-17749)
Strategic Defense Against Deceptive Civilian GPS Spoofing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is commonly used in civilian Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to provide geolocation and time information for navigation. However, GPS is vulnerable to many intentional threats such as the GPS signal spoofing, where an attacker can deceive a GPS receiver by broadcasting incorrect GPS signals. Defense against such attacks is critical to ensure the reliability and security of UAVs. In this work, we propose a signaling game framework in which the GPS receiver can strategically infer the true location when the attacker attempts to mislead it with a fraudulent and purposefully crafted signal. We characterize the necessary and sufficient conditions of perfect Bayesian equilibrium (PBE) of the game and observe that the equilibrium has a PLASH structure, i.e., pooling in low types and separating in high types. This structure enables the development of a game-theoretic security mechanism to defend against the civil GPS signal spoofing for civilian UAVs. Our results show that in the separating part of the PLASH PBE, the civilian UAV can infer its true position under the spoofing attack while in the pooling portion of the PLASH PBE, the corresponding equilibrium strategy allows the civilian UAV to rationally decide the position that minimizes the deviation from its true position. Numerical experiments are used to corroborate our results and observations.
How and Where to Begin Conceiving Nature: Three Fundamental Options

This chapter considers with what the philosophy of nature should begin. Whereas philosophy cannot begin by conceiving nature, how nature is addressed depends upon how the project of philosophy is itself understood. The chapter explores how the three fundamental approaches to philosophy (pre-critical metaphysics, transcendental philosophy, and foundation-free systematic philosophy) begin their consideration of nature by addressing space and time.
Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy of OH Radical in an Industrial Flame

We demonstrate a sensor for OH radical sensing in the near-infrared using wavelength modulation spectroscopy for detection in a premixed flame.
The Pahkar Singh Murders: A Punjabi Response to California's Alien Land Law

(1984). The Pahkar Singh Murders: A Punjabi Response to California's Alien Land Law. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 75-87.
Macrophages: The Road Less Traveled, Changing Anticancer Therapy

Macrophages are present in all vertebrate tissues and have emerged as multifarious cells with complex roles in development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. Macrophages are a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment, where they either promote or inhibit tumorigenesis and metastasis depending on their state. Successful preclinical strategies to target macrophages for anticancer therapy are now being evaluated in the clinic and provide proof of concept that targeting macrophages may enhance current therapies; however, clinical success has been limited. This review discusses the promise of targeting macrophages for anticancer therapy, yet highlights how much is unknown regarding their ontogeny, regulation, and tissue-specific diversity. Further work might identify subsets of macrophages within different tissues, which could reveal novel therapeutic opportunities for anticancer therapy.
Electrochemical biosensor system using a CMOS microelectrode array provides high spatially and temporally resolved images.

Abstract The ability to view biological events in real time has contributed significantly to research in the life sciences. While video capture of real time changes in anatomical relationships is important, it is equally important to visualize real time changes in the chemical communications that drive cell behaviors. This paper describes an electrochemical imaging system capable of capturing changes in chemical gradients in live tissue slices. The system consists of a CMOS microchip with 8192 configurable Pt surface electrodes, on-chip potentiostat, on-chip control logic, and a microfluidic device designed to interface with the CMOS chip to support ex vivo tissue experimentation. All data processing and visualization methods, sensor calibrations, microfluidics fabrication, and tissue preparation and handling procedures are described. Using norepinephrine as a target analyte for proof of concept, the system is capable of differentiating concentrations of norepinephrine as low as 8 µM and up to 1024 µM with a linear response and a spatial resolution of 25.5 µm × 30.4 µm. Electrochemical imaging was tested using murine adrenal tissue as a biological model and successfully showed caffeine-stimulated release of catecholamines from live slices of adrenal tissue with temporal sensitivity. This system successfully demonstrates the use of a high-density microelectrode array for electrochemical analysis with high spatiotemporal resolution to gather chemical gradient information in parallel with optical microscopy recordings.
Mahalanobis masking: a method for the sensitivity analysis of anomaly detection algorithms for hyperspectral imagery

The comparison of anomaly detection capabilities within hyperspectral imagery (HSI) often relies on anecdotal evidence from a small collection of truth-labeled images. This can lead to situations where the performance may not extend to real-world operating conditions. To partially remedy this, we propose an approach for measuring the sensitivity of an algorithm to the characteristics of the anomalies present. This approach, known as Mahalanobis masking, creates incrementally more difficult to detect anomalies by decreasing their Mahalanobis distance from the background of the image. The sensitivity of an algorithm to changes in the observed anomalies extends the performance evaluation beyond the limited available truth-labeled images. We present both qualitative and quantitative approaches to algorithm evaluation. In a case study, the value of exposing algorithms to a wider range of anomalies is displayed highlighting previously undiscovered algorithm instabilities.
Family burden and quality of life

Providing care to family members dealing with chronic illness may result in feelings of burden or strain for caregivers that can diminish their quality of life. This article examines objective and subjective dimensions of family burden, and the extent to which illness characteristics and contextual variables have been found to contribute to caregiver stress for different chronic illnesses. After discussing some of the problems in the conceptualization and measurement of caregiving burden, it suggests several important directions for future research, including further clarification of generic versus specific factors affecting caregiver burden, greater understanding of contextual variables, the impact of other roles, and examining changes in caregiving demands over the illness course.
Systems of Linear Equations, Matrices

Equations of the form \({\sum{a_i}{x_i}}\,=\,b, \) for unknowns x i with arbitrary given numbers a i and b, are called linear, and every set of simultaneous linear equations is called a linear system. They are generalizations of the equations of lines and planes which we have studied in Section 1.3. In this section, we begin to discuss how to solve them, that is, how to find numerical values for the x i that satisfy all the equations of a given system. We also examine whether a given system has any solutions and, if so, then how we can describe the set of all solutions.
Unexpected alliance between syndecan-1 and innate-like T cells to protect host from autoimmune effects of interleukin-17

Innate-like T cells, namely natural killer T (NKT) and γδ T cells, play critical roles in linking innate and adaptive immune responses through rapid production of cytokines. Prominent among these cytokines is interleukin-17 (IL-17), which is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in host defense against fungi and extracellular bacteria. However, excessive IL-17-production promotes autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. IL-17 has also been implicated in regulating body fat, which is highly relevant given rises in obesity and type 2 diabetes. NKT cells, γδ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are the major sources of IL-17 involved in protection of mucosal surfaces from opportunistic infections and causing autoimmunity when become dysregulated. Given the pathogenic effects of IL-17, efforts have been directed towards understanding mechanisms that guard against IL-17 overproduction. One novel potent mechanism is mediated by the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1 (sdc1), which is selectively expressed by IL-17-producing subsets of NKT and γδ T cells. This unexpected role for sdc1 is uncovered by analysis of NKT and γδ T cells in sdc1-deficient mice. In this mini-review, we discuss selective expression of sdc1 by these innate T cells and consequences of its absence on IL-17 homeostasis and pathological implications.
Contemporary Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients Younger Than 50 Years: 1 in 3 Risk of Re-Revision by 10 Years

Abstract Background There is a paucity of literature on contemporary aseptic revision total knee arthroplasty in patients ≤50 years. We sought to determine risk factors for failure in this population, with specific emphasis on survivorship free of (1) all-cause re-revision and (2) re-revision for instability. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 135 nononcologic revision total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) performed from 2000 to 2012 in patients ≤50 years. Mean age was 43 years, and mean body mass index was 31 kg/m2. Mean follow-up was 7 years. There were 99 (73%) first-time revisions, and 36 (27%) with prior revisions. Indications for revision included instability (47%), aseptic loosening (29%), and arthrofibrosis (9%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. Results Survivorship free of all-cause re-revision was 66% at 10 years, with multiply revised TKAs (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.6, P = .008) having the poorest survivorship. Forty-three (32%) TKAs underwent re-revision including 10 (7%) for periprosthetic joint infection. Survivorship free of re-revision for instability was 88% at 10 years, with revision for instability (HR = 19, P = .03), male gender (HR = 3.0, P = .05), and multiply revised TKAs (HR = 3.5, P = .03) having poorer survival. Of the 64 TKAs revised for instability, 24 (38%) underwent re-revision, including 14 (22%) for recurrent instability. Conclusion Patients ≤50 years undergoing contemporary aseptic revision TKA had a 1 in 3 risk of re-revision. Patients specifically revised for instability or had prior TKA revisions had the highest risk of re-revision at 10 years. Level of Evidence IV.
Development of a multidisciplinary approach to supportive care for patients with genitourinary cancers.

88Background: Patients with cancer who engage early with palliative care may experience improved quality of life (QOL), increased overall survival (OS), and decreased acute care utilization. The Ne...
Stigma in the News: The Representation and Trivialization of Stigma in U.S. News Publications

ABSTRACTStigma represents an important social issue, one rooted in communication. The present study used a quantitative content analysis to examine the representation of the term stigma in one nati...
A new polypeptide associated with RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis during late stages of vegetative growth

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been purified from Bacillus subtilis at various stages of vegetative cell growth. Polymerase isolated from cultures approaching the end of the logarithmic growth phase was associated with a 60,000-dalton polypeptide and was only 10–20% as active as polymerase isolated from rapidly growing cells. Appearance of this new polypeptide and the change in template activity occur prior to stage 0 of sporulation.
Perceived Ease of Access and Age Attenuate the Association Between Marijuana Ad Exposure and Marijuana Use in Adolescents

This study theorizes and tests moderators (perceived availability of marijuana and age-group) of the association between adolescents' frequency of marijuana ad exposure and past-year marijuana use. To test this model, I analyzed national survey data from 9,024 American adolescents with hierarchical regression techniques. Results showed that being a male (95% confidence interval [CI] for unstandardized regression coefficient [0.06, 0.16]) and peer pressure (95% CI [0.04, 0.14]) were positively associated with past-year marijuana use, and father education (95% CI [-0.11, -0.06]) was negatively associated with it. Perceived ease of access (95% CI [0.18, 0.22]), ad exposure (95% CI [0.03, 0.14]), and age (95% CI [0.16, 0.27]) were positively associated with past-year marijuana use. Importantly, the associations of perceived ease of access and age with past-year marijuana use were significantly larger than that of ad exposure. Age (95% CI [0.00, 0.15]) and perceived ease of access (95% CI [0.01, 0.07]) independently strengthened the ad exposure to use association. There was a significant three-way interaction (95% CI [0.01, 0.12]) showing that age increases the positive influence of perceived ease of access on the marijuana ad exposure to past-year marijuana use association. An exploratory analysis further revealed that male adolescents are more strongly influenced by perceived ease of access compared to females. Based on the findings, I suggest that approaches for reducing perceived marijuana availability and for implementing age-specific interventions are promising avenues for prevention programs aimed at decreasing marijuana use in adolescents.
Past, present, and future of palliative care in emergency medicine in the USA.

The emergency department (ED) provides immediate access to medical care for patients and families in times of need. Increasingly, older patients with serious illness seek care in the ED, hoping for relief from symptoms and suffering associated with advanced disease. Until recently, emergency medicine (EM) clinicians have been ill-equipped to meet the needs of patients with serious illness, and palliative services have been largely unavailable in the ED. However, in the past decade, there has been growing recognition from within both the EM and palliative medicine communities on the importance of palliative care provision in the ED. The past 10 years have seen a surge in EM-palliative care training and education, quality improvement projects, and research. As a result, the practice paradigm within EM for the seriously ill has begun to shift to incorporate more palliative care practices. Despite this progress, substantial work has yet to be done in terms of identifying ED patients in need of palliative care, training EM clinicians to provide high-quality primary palliative care, creating pathways for ED referral to palliative care and hospice, and researching the outcomes and impact of palliative care provision on patients with serious illness in the ED.
The Endoscopic Approach to Lumbar Discectomy, Fusion, and Enhanced Recovery: A Review:

Study Design:Review.Objectives:To review the current state of endoscopic spine surgery with regard to discectomy, interbody fusion, and combination with Enhanced Recovery After Surgery programs in ...
Computational Modeling of Nonlinear Phenomena Using Machine Learning

Machine learning (ML) is a field of computer science that allows interrogation to allow modified navigation (learning) of the data and through statistical derivation prediction of unseen data or events. ML has been a high-profile topic for many years and is ubiquitous in many aspects of daily life – from e-mail spam and malware filtering to search results refining online customer service and fraud detection. More recently, ML has been pervasive in solving complex nonlinear phenomena in pharmaceutical and medical sciences. It has been used in modeling chemical data sets for two decades. It has only recently become a useful approach to improve healthcare diagnoses and to provide personalized medical treatments. The rapid growth in data collection and integration, as well as the accessibility of increasing computing power, especially in cloud services, explains this unforeseen capacity to transform data into information, information into knowledge, and knowledge into wisdom (see Fig. 7.1). In this section, we briefly introduce the concepts and types of ML and its application for drug discovery, drug product development, and clinical application. The literature in these fields and the importance and challenges of interpreting ML results are also discussed.
Capturing in situ Virus-Host Range and Interaction Dynamics through Gene Fusion with epicPCR

Abstract Viruses impact microbial diversity, phenotype, and gene flow through virus-host interactions that in turn alter ecology and biogeochemistry. Though metagenomics surveys are rapidly cataloging viral diversity, capturing specific virus-host interactions in situ would identify hosts for novel viruses and reveal influential ecological or environmental factors. We leveraged metagenomics and a high-throughput, cultivation-independent gene fusion technique (epicPCR) to investigate viral diversity and virus-host interactions over time in a critical estuarine environment, the Chesapeake Bay. EpicPCR captured in situ virus-host interactions for viral clades with no closely related database representatives. Abundant freshwater Actinobacteria lineages were the most common hosts for these poorly characterized viruses, and observed viral interactions with one abundant Actinobacterial population (Rhodoluna) were correlated with environmental factors. Tracking virus-host interaction dynamics also revealed ecological differences between multi-host (generalist) and single-host (specialist) viruses. Generalist viruses had significantly longer periods with observed virus-host interactions but specialist viruses were observed interacting with hosts at lower minimum abundances, suggesting more efficient interactions. Together, these observations reveal ecological differences between generalist and specialist viruses that provide insight into evolutionary trade-offs. Capturing in situ interactions with epicPCR revealed environmental and ecological factors that shape virus-host interactions, highlighting epicPCR as a scalable new tool in viral ecology.
[Technical, operational, and regulatory considerations for the adoption of digital and computational pathology].

Innovative Informationstechnologien eroffnen neue Moglichkeiten fur die Diagnostik und versprechen eine verbesserte Patientenversorgung. Die Einbindung daten- und rechenintensiver Verfahren in die Diagnostik birgt jedoch auch Gefahren und stellt Pathologen vor erhebliche Herausforderungen. Unter Berucksichtigung technischer, operativer und regulatorischer Aspekte stellen wir einen gesamtheitlichen, systematischen Ansatz fur die klinische Nutzung der digitalen und rechnergestutzten Pathologie vor. Wir erortern Herausforderungen fur die Umsetzung von rechengestutzten diagnostischen Verfahren und analysieren regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen fur die risikobasierte Bewertung und Uberwachung von In-vitro-Diagnostika in Form von Software. Unter Einsatz der regulatorischen Wissenschaft erarbeiten wir einen Ansatz fur die Optimierung von digitalen Arbeitsablaufen in der Pathologie. Daten- und rechenintensive Arbeitsablaufe in der digitalen Pathologie sind komplex und erfordern die Auseinandersetzung mit Informationstechnologien und den damit im Zusammenhang stehenden regulatorischen Anforderungen. Um die Nutzung rechnergestutzter Diagnostik voranzutreiben, grundeten wir eine fachubergreifende Interessensgemeinschaft (Allianz), die in enger Zusammenarbeit mit einer Vielzahl von Experten- und Interessensgruppen an Projekten fur die vorwettbewerbliche Entwicklung von Standards fur rechnergestutzte Arbeitsablaufe arbeitet. Die Einbeziehung unterschiedlicher Interessensvertreter und Abstimmung technischer, operativer und regulatorischer Aspekte ist notig, um die Balance zwischen Fortschritt und Sicherheit in der Diagnostik zu wahren und Innovationen schnell und sicher der Patientenversorgung zuganglich zu machen.
Machine-Learning-based Algorithms for Automated Image Segmentation Techniques of Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM)

Four state-of-the-art Deep Learning-based Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) were applied to automate the semantic segmentation of a 3D Transmission x-ray Microscopy (TXM) nanotomography image data. The standard U-Net architecture as baseline along with UNet++, PSPNet, and DeepLab v3+ networks were trained to segment the microstructural features of an AA7075 micropillar. A workflow was established to evaluate and compare the DCNN prediction dataset with the manually segmented features using the Intersection of Union (IoU) scores, time of training, confusion matrix, and visual assessment. Comparing all model segmentation accuracy metrics, it was found that using pre-trained models as a backbone along with appropriate training encoder–decoder architecture of the Unet++ can robustly handle large volumes of x-ray radiographic images in a reasonable amount of time. This opens a new window for handling accurate and efficient image segmentation of in situ time-dependent 4D x-ray microscopy experimental datasets.
Short-term associations between nonsuicidal and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A daily diary study with high-risk adolescents.

Abstract Background In this daily dairy study of adolescents at elevated suicide risk, we examined proximal associations between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal thoughts as well as behaviors. We also investigated the prominence of the anti-suicide function underlying NSSI engagement, relative to intrapersonal and interpersonal motives. Methods Seventy-eight adolescents (67.9% female; ages 13-17) hospitalized due to suicide risk completed daily surveys assessing NSSI and suicidal thoughts for four weeks after discharge (n=1621 observations). Suicidal behavior (actual, aborted, interrupted suicide attempts) was assessed at 1-month follow-up. Results Over and above lifetime NSSI, adolescents who generally experienced more enduring (OR=2.54, p= Limitations Daily-level associations were examined concurrently and generalizability of results is limited by sample characteristics. Conclusions The notable proximal associations between NSSI and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as the prominence of the anti-suicide function, point to the importance of intervention efforts targeting these intersecting phenomena among adolescents at elevated suicide risk.
Roles of m 6 A RNA Modification in Normal Development and Disease

During normal developmental and disease processes gene expression plays a central role. Multiple layers of regulation play roles in expression of developmental regulatory genes in a timely manner to maintain the developmental process smoothly and in order. Epitranscriptomic gene expression regulation through post-transcriptional m6A RNA modification has emerged as a novel concept of gene expression regulation in recent years. The reversible m6A modification which is imprinted in the RNA transcripts by methyltransferases called “writers” and removed by demethylases called “erasers” has been discovered in both protein coding mRNAs and noncoding RNAs. The recognition of this modification mark by RNA-binding proteins called “readers” determines the stability, translation, or translocation of the transcripts carrying the m6A modification. By controlling the life cycle of the mRNA transcript of a particular gene m6A thus up/downregulates its expression. This mode of gene expression regulation not only is important for normal developmental processes but also plays major roles in disease processes as evidenced by many recently published studies. Abnormal m6A levels and aberrant expression of its regulatory proteins have been implicated in multiple disease processes particularly in different types of cancers. In this chapter, we compiled the literatures focusing on the involvement of m6A modification in normal development as well as in pathogenesis of diseases. We also highlighted the emerging role of m6A modification in diseases caused by environmental exposure to toxic chemical substances.
The nitrogen phosphotransferase regulator PtsN (EIIANtr) regulates inorganic polyphosphate production in Escherichia coli

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is synthesized by bacteria under stressful environmental conditions and acts by a variety of mechanisms to promote cell survival. While the kinase that synthesizes polyP (PPK, enocoded by the ppk gene) is well known, little is understood about how environmental stress signals lead to activation of this enzyme. Previous work has shown that the transcriptional regulators DksA, RpoN ({sigma}54), and RpoE ({sigma}24) positively regulate polyP production, but not ppk transcription, in Escherichia coli. In this work, we set out to examine the role of the alternative sigma factor RpoN and nitrogen starvation stress response pathways in controlling polyP synthesis in more detail. In the course of these experiments, we identified GlnG, GlrR, PhoP, PhoQ, RapZ, and GlmS as proteins that affect polyP production, and uncovered a central role for the nitrogen phosphotransferase regulator PtsN (EIIANtr) in a polyP regulatory pathway, acting upstream of DksA, downstream of RpoN, and apparently independently of RpoE. However, none of these regulators appears to act directly on PPK, and the mechanism(s) by which they modulate polyP production remain unclear. Unexpectedly, we also found that the pathways that regulate polyP production vary depending not only on the stress condition applied, but also on the composition of the media in which the cells were grown before exposure to polyP-inducing stress. These results constitute substantial progress towards deciphering the regulatory networks driving polyP production under stress, but highlight the remarkable complexity of this regulation and its connections to a broad range of stress-sensing pathways. IMPORTANCEBacteria respond to changes in their environments with a complex regulatory network that controls the expression and activity of a wide range of effectors important for their survival. This stress response network is critical for the virulence of pathogenic bacteria and for the ability of all bacteria to grow in natural environments. Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionarily ancient and almost universally conserved stress response effector that plays multiple roles in virulence, stress response, and survival in diverse organisms. This work provides new insights into the connections between well characterized nitrogen starvation and cell envelope stress response signaling pathways and the production of polyP in Escherichia coli.
Environmental differentiation from a supply chain practice view perspective

Abstract Differentiation can play an important part in helping managers develop and implement supply chain-wide sustainable practices. While differentiation is widely accepted as a key performance outcome of supply chain management (SCM) and logistics, its strategic role may help explain positive performance outcomes, something that has not been well explored in the SCM literature. In this research, we investigate one instance of supply chain differentiation, that of environmental differentiation (differentiation through innovative environmentally friendly products and processes), and its role as a strategy rather than as an outcome. We apply the Supply Chain Practice View (SCPV) to propose a theoretical model that highlights the strategic role of environmental differentiation in the relationship between a series of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) practices and performance outcomes. Structural equation modeling and survey data from over 300 U.S.-based companies are used to test the research hypotheses. Empirical results confirm the critical, mediating role of environmental differentiation in the link between SSCM practices and performance outcomes. Our findings suggest that implementing an environmental differentiation strategy led by integrative SSCM exchange relationships across members of the supply chain can be beneficial to firm performance.
Thinking of the Laity in Late Tudor England

Historians are usually more intrigued by what was than by what might have been. It is not surprising, then, that a relatively tame Elizabethan puritanism has been deposited within the mainstream of English Protestantism while some radical schemes, or what Peter Kaufman refers to as the what might have been, are more or less overlooked. Thinking of the Laity features fresh evidence that the advocates of broadly participatory parish regimes publicly confronted their critics. It collects shards of the expectations and regrets that survive in a few petitions, in manuscript records of university controversy, and in the recollections of proponents of lay and local control. Kaufman argues that to assemble these fragments is to recover thinking about the laity that gave revolutionary force to late Tudor puritanism. Elizabethan reformers, especially the most outspoken puritans, accused English Catholics of "expound[ing] ecclesia to be a state opposite unto, and severed from the laitie." Kaufman concentrates on the identity and aspirations of these reformers who sought to remedy the severing of the church from its people by instituting the extraordinarily controversial solution of lay involvement in parish elections and in disciplining delinquents. Opponents of the reformers perceived the participatory initiatives as a threat to order and clerical authority, and opposed experiments with laicization, democratization, and local control. By the late 1580s the Puritans had lost their fight, but the debate was both lively and public, and as Kaufman deftly and persuasively reminds us, the roads not taken are still important parts of the historic landscape. Thinking of the Laity adds to our understanding of the policy debates closely associated with the origins of puritanism, presbyterianism, and congregationalism. This book will be essential reading for people interested in the history of early modern England and in the progress of sixteenth-century religious reform.
Dynamic Programming Model for Wastewater Plant Investment

The problem of wastewater treatment plant capacity is examined. A decision model, which utilizes a dynamic programming formulation, is developed which generates optimum plant capacity expansion strategies. The model allows for variation in available treatment technology, capital and operating costs, demand based on different population projections, and changes in construction and labor cost indices. The methodology of the model is in such form as to be readily usable by managers and decision makers interested in exploring short-term or long-term plant expansion programs. Comparison with other research on capacity expansion is made and the model is found consistent with previous theoretical results.
Influenza vaccination type, live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) versus inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), received by children, United States, 2011-12 through 2013-14 influenza seasons.

Background Influenza vaccines available for children in the United States include inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Objectives of this study were to quantify proportions of IIV and LAIV received by vaccinated children, and examine associations between vaccine type received and demographic characteristics.
Chapter 16 Control of Class II Gene Transcription during in Vitro Nucleosome Assembly

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the control of class II gene transcription during in vitro nucleosome assembly and whether the competitive nucleosome assembly pathway creates conditions under which the regulatory activity of particular factors is more apparent. In vitro functional and structural studies of nucleosome and chromatin reconstitution should allow an investigation into the individual roles of multiple factors regulating a single transcription unit. Functional studies can address the role of a factor in establishing the transcriptional potential of a promoter in chromatin and in the initiation and elongation of transcription. Binding studies can be used to address the ability of a factor to bind to nucleosomal DNA and the fate of the nucleosome upon such binding. These in vitro approaches provide assays for the function of chromosomal structural proteins in transcription. Several laboratories have used in vitro approaches to investigate the involvement of nucleosomes in class II gene transcription..
Engineering Electrical Interfaces to Silicon via Indium Solder

This paper provides engineering models of a simple and robust approach for creating electrical connections to silicon using reduced temperature ( $\approx 1\Omega $ -cm $^{2}$ for $\langle 110\rangle $ p-type wafers at $10^{17}$ cm $^{-3}$ doping.
Magnetization Damping in Ultrathin Polycrystalline Co Films: Evidence for Nonlocal Effects

The magnetic properties and magnetization dynamics of polycrystalline ultrathin Co layers were investigated using a broadband ferromagnetic resonance technique at room temperature. A variable-thickness $(1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}\ensuremath{\leqslant}t\ensuremath{\leqslant}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ Co layer is sandwiched between $10\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{nm}$-thick Cu layers ($10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ $\mathrm{Cu}\ensuremath{\mid}t\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Co}\ensuremath{\mid}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ Cu), while materials in contact with the Cu outer interfaces are varied to determine their influence on the magnetization damping. The resonance field and the linewidth were studied for in-plane magnetic fields in field-swept experiments at a fixed frequency, from $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GHz}$. The Co layers have a lower magnetization density than the bulk and an interface contribution to the magnetic anisotropy normal to the film plane. The Gilbert damping, as determined from the frequency dependence of the linewidth, increases with decreasing Co layer thickness for films with outer Pt layers. This enhancement is not observed in structures without Pt layers. The result can be understood in terms of a nonlocal contribution to the damping due to spin pumping from Co through the Cu layer and spin relaxation in Pt layers. Pt layers just $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ thick are found to be sufficient to enhance the damping and thus act as efficient ``spin sinks.'' In structures with Pt outer layers, this nonlocal contribution to the damping becomes predominant when the Co layer is thinner than $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$.
Petrology of sedimentary rocks

This textbook outlines the physical, chemical, and biologic properties of the major sedimentary rocks, as revealed by petrographic microscopy, geochemical techniques, and field study. It covers the mineralogy, chemistry, textures, and sedimentary structures that characterise sedimentary rocks, and relates these features to the depositional origin of the rocks and their subsequent alteration by diagenetic processes during burial. In addition to detailed sections on siliciclastic and carbonate rocks, it also discusses evaporites, cherts, iron-rich sedimentary rocks, phosphorites, and carbonaceous sedimentary rocks such as oil shales. This second edition maintains the comprehensive treatment of sedimentary petrography and petrology provided in the first edition, and has been updated with new concepts and cutting-edge techniques like cathodoluminescence imaging of sedimentary rocks and backscattered electron microscopy. It is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in sedimentary petrology, and is a key reference for researchers and professional petroleum geoscientists.
Constitutional Law: Ideas in the Public Forum

R OGER JOHN TRAYNOR is clearly a man in love with the law. In more than 800 opinions as Associate Justice and now as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California, and in more than a score of extrajudicial statements on legal subjects he has demonstrated that his romance with the law is no dalliance of the moment but a lifelong passion. The affair is one in which the feeling is mutual. Chief Justice Traynor has been received into the select company of the Great Men of the Law. That society holds no elections; it presents no annual awards; and there may even be uncertainty as to the exact membership rolls, but none can doubt that Roger Traynor is a member in good standing. Chief Justice Traynor has made his mark without apparent effort. He has given each case, the commonplace as well as the exotic, the trivial as well as the epochal, the same careful scrutiny in order to reach the fairest possible result consistent with contemporary legal standards. Indeed, Roger Traynor has displayed a seeming carelessness for his own reputation for judicial regularity. Where others tread the careful path that leads safely to mechanical application of established law, sometimes avoiding the reasoned opinion in favor of string citations of fitfully relevant precedent, Traynor has asked bold, hard questions about the law; and his inquiries have sometimes led him to venture new answers to old questions. He has challenged inappropriate stability as well as heedless change.' Always clear and often eloquent in his opinions, Chief Justice Traynor can be blunt where plain words are demanded. In addition, he has written extensively, and well, in the law reviews, always testing frontier ideas against accepted notions, inviting discussion of the judicial process2
The influence of epinephrine on uterine contractility

Abstract While uterine contractility was recorded with a multichannel tokodynamometer, epinephrine was administered intravenously to 23 patients in labor. There was a consistent depression in the intensity of uterine contractions with epinephrine doses of 4.2 mcg. per minute and above. Systemic effects were minimal.
A Desire to End These Things

If there was a hell on earth in the 1930s, then journalist John Louis Spivak depicted it with the novel Georgia Nigger. With journalistic reporting and photographs, Spivak attempted to sear into th...
Auriculotemporal syndrome; report of a case developing in early childhood with a review of the literature.

The auriculotemporal syndrome is described. It consists of sweating and redness of the cheek brought on by eating in a person who has sustained injury to the auriculotemporal nerve in the region of the parotid gland. A case of the auriculotemporal syndrome is reported in a child following parotitis of the newborn infant treated by incision and drainage. The basic etiology of the syndrome is unknown. Certain physiologic considerations are discussed. The condition is benign, nonprogressive and one in which surgical division of the auriculotemporal nerve should be curative. Surgical interference in the parotid area should be avoided whenever possible to prevent the possible occurrence of the auriculotemporal syndrome.
Voter Partisanship and the Effect of Distributive Spending on Political Participation

Do distributive benefits increase voter participation? This article argues that the government delivery of distributive aid increases the incumbent party's turnout but decreases opposition-party turnout. The theoretical intuition here is that an incumbent who delivers distributive benefits to the opposing party's voters partially mitigates these voters’ ideological opposition to the incumbent, hence weakening their motivation to turn out and oust the incumbent. Analysis of individual-level data on FEMA hurricane disaster aid awards in Florida, linked with voter-turnout records from the 2002 (pre-hurricane) and 2004 (post-hurricane) elections, corroborates these predictions. Furthermore, the timing of the FEMA aid delivery determines its effect: aid delivered during the week just before the November 2004 election had especially large effects on voters, increasing the probability of Republican (incumbent party) turnout by 5.1% and decreasing Democratic (opposition party) turnout by 3.1%. But aid delivered immediately after the election had no effect on Election Day turnout.
Identification of erythroid-enriched gene expression in the mouse embryonic yolk sac using microdissected cells.

Little is known about the genes that control the embryonic erythroid program. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate primitive erythroid precursors and epithelial cells from frozen sections of the embryonic day 9.5 yolk sac. The RNA samples were amplified and labeled for hybridization to Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 arrays. Ninety-one genes are expressed significantly higher in erythroid than in epithelial cells. Ingenuity pathway analysis indicates that many of these erythroid-enriched genes cluster in highly significant biological networks. One of these networks contains RBTN2/LMO2, SCL/TAL1, and EKLF/KLF1, three of the very few genes required for primitive erythropoiesis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to verify that platelet factor 4, reelin, thrombospondin-1, and muscleblind-like 1 mRNA is erythroid-enriched. These genes have established roles in development or differentiation in other systems, and are, therefore, good candidates for regulating primitive erythropoiesis. These results provide a catalog of genes expressed during primitive erythropoiesis. Developmental Dynamics 237:436–446, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nd–Fe–B alloys containing NdAu nano particles

Abstract Melt-spun ribbons of Nd–Fe–B modified with Au and/or Cu have been investigated as a function of both composition and cooling rate. When added to stochiometric Nd2Fe14B (2–14–1), Au resulted in the formation of NdAu at the expense of the 2–14–1 phase. The addition of Nd(Au1−xCux) to the stochiometric material (Nd2Fe14B)95+Nd2.5 (Au1−xCux)2.5 (x=0–0.3) results in a novel two phase microstructure. As spun alloys solidified at higher wheel speeds (≥25 m/s) contain a two-phase structure consisting of an amorphous Nd–Fe–B matrix with embedded Nd(Au1−xCux) nanophase spheres. The structure of nanocrystalline particles has been characterized with X-ray diffraction, electron microdiffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The formation mechanism of this novel structure evolution under different compositions and processing parameters is discussed.
Effects of training on the recovery of full-weight-bearing stepping in the adult spinal cat.

Abstract The effects of ambulatory training on the extent and time course of recovery of weight-bearing-stepping in cats spinalized (T12–T13) as adults were investigated. One month after spinal cord transection, 14 of 16 cats were capable of bearing the full weight of their hindquarters with their hind limbs during stepping on a motor-driven treadmill if the tail was pinched or crimped. Of those 14 cats 8 were assigned to a trained and 6 to an untrained group. Trained cats were subjected to 30 min/day of treadmill exercise, 5 days/week. Training was initiated 1 month posttransection and continued until 5 to 7 months posttransection. Daily records were kept on the treadmill speeds used, the time at each speed, and the number of steps that were not full weight bearing. The number of full-weight-bearing steps times treadmill speed was used as a measure of performance. The tail was crimped whenever necessary, but was required less and less as training progressed. Performance plateaus were reached between 25 and 85 days after initiating training (mean = 48 ± 22 days). Maximum treadmill speeds increased in untrained cats from 0.075 ± 0.042 m/s 1 month posttransection to 0.240 ± 0.042 m/s 5 to 7 months posttransection and those of trained cats increased from 0.079 ± m/s to 0.619 ± 0.133 m/s during this same period. We conclude that a much larger proportion of adult spinal cats are capable of full-weight-bearing stepping than reported, and that training which emphasizes early tail crimping and complete weight bearing at all times results in marked improvements in the locomotor capacity of the hind limbs.