cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior-Profile Clustering for False Alert Reduction in Anomaly Detection Sensors

Anomaly detection (AD) sensors compute behavior profiles to recognize malicious or anomalous activities. The behavior of a host is checked continuously by the AD sensor and an alert is raised when the behavior deviates from its behavior profile. Unfortunately, the majority of AD sensors suffer from high volumes of false alerts either maliciously crafted by the host or originating from insufficient training of the sensor. We present a cluster-based AD sensor that relies on clusters of behavior profiles to identify anomalous behavior. The behavior of a host raises an alert only when a group of host profiles with similar behavior (cluster of behavior profiles) detect the anomaly, rather than just relying on the host's own behavior profile to raise the alert (single-profile AD sensor). A cluster-based AD sensor significantly decreases the volume of false alerts by providing a more robust model of normal behavior based on clusters of behavior profiles. Additionally, we introduce an architecture designed for the deployment of cluster-based AD sensors. The behavior profile of each network host is computed by its closest switch that is also responsible for performing the anomaly detection for each of the hosts in its subnet. By placing the AD sensors at the switch, we eliminate the possibility of hosts crafting malicious alerts. Our experimental results based on wireless behavior profiles from users in the CRAWDAD dataset show that the volume of false alerts generated by cluster-based AD sensors is reduced by at least 50% compared to single-profile AD sensors.
New targeted molecular therapies for cancer: radiological response in intrathoracic malignancies and cardiopulmonary toxicity: what the radiologist needs to know

The emergence of new novel therapeutic agents which directly target molecules that are uniquely or abnormally expressed in cancer cells (molecular targeted therapy, MTT) has changed dramatically the treatment of cancer in recent years. The clinical benefit associated with these agents is typically limited to a subset of treated patients, who in many cases are defined by a specific genomic mutations and expression lesion within their tumor cells. All these new therapy modalities represent new challenges to radiologists as their mechanism of action and side effect profiles differ from conventional chemotherapy agents. In this article we will discuss radiological patterns of response to molecular targeted therapies MTT in lung cancer, typical and atypical radiological responses of targeted molecular therapy for other intra thoracic malignancies, cardiopulmonary toxicity and other side effects of molecular targeted therapy MTT in the thorax.
Purification of plant peroxisomes in iso‐osmotic metrizamide

Methods were developed for isolating highly-purified peroxisomes under iso-osmotic conditions from 3 plant parts, namely cotyledons of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings, endosperm of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seedlings and leaves of mature spinach (Spinaca oleracea L.) plants. Purification was achieved by sedimentation of the organelles into metrizamide gradients centrifuged in a vertical rotor (VTi 50). Gradients consisted of an upper transition layer (1:1 mixture of homogenizing medium and 0.25 M metrizamide), a linear 0.25–0.76 M metrizamide gradient and a 0.76 M metrizamide pad. Peroxisomes from all 3 plant parts were recovered in a major band at a density ranging from 1.24 to 1.27 g cm−3, which is a density range similar to that for peroxisomes isolated in sucrose gradients. The percent of the total gradient cytochrome c oxidase (mitochondria marker) activity recovered in peroxisome fractions ranged from 1.5% in endosperm to 2.8% in leaves, while a plastid marker (chlorophyll or galactosyl transferase activity) ranged from undetectable in leaf peroxisome fractions to 3.6% in endosperm peroxisome fractions. Intactness of the peroxisomes was judged to be 69%, 89% and 78% for the cotyledon, endosperm and leaf peroxisomes, respectively. Isolated peroxisomes were stable for at least 5 h in metrizamide medium. Microscopic (bright-field and transmission electron microscopy) assessments verified that the peroxisomes were morphologically intact and fractions were essentially free of contaminating organelles. Metrizamide is an excellent iso-osmotic medium for purifying peroxisomes from these plant organs and tissue.
Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for scavenging of diverse organic compounds by widespread deep-sea archaea.

The contribution of marine archaea to the ocean's carbon cycle is unclear. Here, Li et al. analyse the genomes and transcriptomes from five deep-sea archaeal groups to reveal their metabolic characteristics, suggesting a crucial role in modulating the carbon cycle in deep oceans.
Use of a Case Study Approach to Teach Engineering Technology Students

This paper describes a case study-based instructional approach used to teach baccalaureate degree electro-mechanical engineering technology (BSEMET) students. The need for an instructional model based on engineering case studies and the development and implementation of this model in selected BSEMET courses are described. Examples of engineering case studies used in these courses are presented. The results of implementation of a case study-based instructional model are described.
Biomechanical Model Representing Energy Storing Prosthetic Feet

Previous studies have been conducted to develop a biomechanical model for a human’s lower limb. Amongst them, there have been several studies trying to quantify the kinetics and kinematics of lower-limb amputees through motion analysis [5, 10, 11]. Currently, there are various designs for lower-limb prosthetic feet such as the Solid Ankle Cushion Heel (SACH) from Otto Bock (Minneapolis) or the Flex Foot from Ossur (California). The latter is a prosthetic foot that allows for flexibility while walking and running. Special interest has been placed in recording the capabilities of these energy-storing prosthetic feet. This has been done through the creation of biomechanical models with motion analysis. In these previous studies the foot has been modeled as a single rigid-body segment, creating difficulties when trying to calculate the power dissipated by the foot [5, 20, 21]. This project studies prosthetic feet with energy-storing capabilities. The purpose is to develop an effective way of calculating power by using a biomechanical model. This was accomplished by collecting biomechanical data using an eight camera VICON (Colorado) motion analysis system including two AMTI (BP-400600, Massachusetts) force plates. The marker set that was used, models the foot using several segments, hence mimicking the motion the foot undergoes and potentially leading to greater accuracy. By developing this new marker set, it will be possible to combine the kinematic and kinetic profile gathered from it with previous studies that determined metabolic information. This information will allow for the better quantification and comparison of the energy storage and return (ES AR) feet and perhaps the development of new designs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Synthesis of Branched Polyethylene with “Half-Sandwich” Pyridine-Imine Nickel Complexes

Traditional cationic Pd(II) and Ni(II) ethylene polymerization catalysts are supported by ortho-disubstituted aryl diimine ligands. These catalysts are capable of producing high-molecular-weight polyethylene due to positioning of bulk in the two axial sites of the square coordination plane which retards chain transfer. Similar pyridine-imine complexes bearing a single ortho-disubstituted aryl imine moiety were reported to yield very low Mn polyethylene. In earlier studies, “sandwich” diimine nickel catalysts incorporating two 8-arylnaphthylimino groups which provide exceptional shielding of the two axial sites were shown to yield ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene. Here we demonstrate that 8-arylnaphthyl groups incorporated into pyridine-imine nickel catalysts that block only a single axial site are highly effective in retarding chain transfer. These catalysts produce branched polyethylene (ca. 30–90 branches per 1000 carbons) with Mn values up to 2.6 × 104 g/mol. Effects on the catalyst lifetimes an...
Analysis of resistance detection results of Listeria monocytogenes in food

Objective To survey the trend and patterns of drug resistance,so as to provide important reference data for guiding the reasonable using of antibiotics in human clinical and animal feeding,and the control of the spread of resistant strains. Methods Drug sensitivity test was performed according to the broth microdilution method recommended by CLSI. Results 79 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were resistant to OXA,CLI,TET,TMP / SMZ and ERY. The resistance rates were respectively92. 4%,10. 1%,6. 3%,6. 3%,2. 5%,and they were all sensitive to VAN,CHL,CIP. There were 3 strains were resistant to 3 antibiotics,8 strains were resistant to 2 antibiotics,and 65 strains were resistant to 1 antibiotic. Conclusion In Jilin province,there was Listeria monocytogenes ' multiple resistance to antibiotics in commercial food. Should pay attention to and strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance of food-borne Listeria monocytogenes,to ensure food safety and human health.
Survey of Rubella Outbreaks in Tongling City in 2009

Objective To analyze the cause and characteristics of rubella outbreaks in Tongling city,and provide evidence for prevention and control of the rubella.Methods Survey data of rubella cases were analyzed by epidemiological method.And serums from the cases with rubella at early period were collected and tested the rubella IgM antibody.Results From February 10 to June 2,2009,there were 349 rubella cases in Tongling city,the total incidence rate was 0.472/lakh.The outbreaks happened mainly in March or April,and it mainly attacked children in primary and secondary schools aged 10～19(accounted for 74.50%).The outbreaks were effectively controlled by taking corresponding measures timely,such as isolation of source of infection and the emergency inoculation of rubella vaccine.Conclusion The lowly inoculation rate of rubella vaccine and the accumulation of susceptible population could be the main cause of rubella outbreaks.Strengthening the popular education on common infectious diseases and carrying out inoculation campaigns widely are the most effective means to control the rubella outbreaks.
Collagenous colitis evolving into ulcerative colitis: a case report and review of the literature.

Collagenous colitis is a form of microscopic colitis that results in chronic watery diarrhea predominantly affecting middle-aged women. It is characterized by a thick band of collagen beneath the surface epithelium and is asso- ciated with increased lymphocytes in the lamina propria of an otherwise normal-appearing colon. The disease is generally benign, with a course that is characterized by spontaneous relapses and remissions. The disease has no malignant potential, and it is uncommon for it to progress to ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Three cases have been reported previously of collagenous colitis evolving into ulcerative colitis. We report one patient with classical symptoms and histological features of collagenous colitis who subsequently developed clinical and histological evi- dence of ulcerative colitis. This process of transformation occurred 12 months after the initial diagnosis. This case, in addition to the other three cases, supports a theory that collagenous colitis may be part of a spectrum of inflam- matory bowel disease that may evolve over the course of time. Therefore, progression to ulcerative colitis should be considered in any patient with known collagenous col- itis whenever there is a change in the clinical picture with the appearance of bloody diarrhea or systemic features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
A Review of “The past is a foreign country – revisited”

David Lowenthal, Emeritus Professor of the University College London, has revitalized and expanded one of his most influential publications. Originally published in 1985 (at 489 pages), The Past is...
The influence of climate change efficacy messages and efficacy beliefs on intended political participation

Using an online survey experiment with a national sample, this study examined how changing the type and valence of efficacy information in news stories discussing global climate change may impact intended political participation through the mediators of perceived internal, external, and response efficacy. Overall, the results revealed that after a single exposure to a news story, stories including positive internal efficacy content increased perceived internal efficacy, while stories including negative external efficacy content lowered perceived external efficacy. There were limited impacts of other types of efficacy content on perceived efficacy. Perceived internal, external, and response efficacy all offered unique, positive associations with intentions to engage in climate change-related political participation. The results suggest that news stories including positive internal efficacy information in particular have the potential to increase public engagement around climate change. The implications for science communication are discussed.
Operating Physical- and Technology-Centered Programs

This chapter cites the theory of situational crime prevention concepts and then considers the use of non-personnel-based resources to mitigate the risk. The guidelines for designing and constructing a complex integrated system with the aid of security engineers or consultants are also discussed. An important means by which security operating dollars can be made more effective is through the judicious use of physical- and technology-centered programs. These are concerned with physical security measures and with electronic technology—often computer-based—to safeguard people, to reduce chances of theft, to evaluate ongoing operations, and to safeguard assets against damage or loss. Such operations are well-designed and executed, and may decrease the number of personnel required to implement and maintain a high-performance protection program. The technology-based programs offer management as an extraordinary tool for flexibly, reliably, and economically controlling operations from disparate locations and under different circumstances. Determining the reasonable protection level for an organization involves evaluating four types of issues: (1) the types of risks faced by the organization, (2) the likelihood of their occurrence, (3) the impact they would have on operations, and (4) the resources reasonably available to identify the risks.
CONGRUENCES FROM Q-CATALAN IDENTITIES

In this paper‎, ‎by studying three $q$-Catalan identities given by Andrews‎, ‎we arrive at a certain number of congruences‎. ‎These congruences are all modulo $Phi_n(q)$‎, ‎the $n$-th cyclotomic polynomial or the related functions and modulo $q$-integers‎.
Blood Transfusion During Total Ankle Arthroplasty Is Associated With Increased In-Hospital Complications and Costs.

Introduction. Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is an increasingly used, effective treatment for end-stage ankle arthritis. Although numerous studies have associated blood transfusion with complicatio...
An Outsider Inside: Becoming a Scholar of Contemporary Paganism

This article explores how serendipity resulted in one sociologist becoming a scholar of a minority religion of which she is not a member. As one of the early scholars of contemporary Paganism, Berger describes both its transformation in the past thirty years and her contribution to that change. She argues that contemporary Paganism, with its lack of rigid structures and use of virtual space to create a “disorganized community” with a network of interactions, learning, and sharing is an excellent venue for studying many aspects of religion, culture, and political action in late modernity
Just don't do it: Recognizing the differences between American and Canadian Student Affairs and Services

Why do we, as Canadians, compare ourselves to the U.S.? This happens frequently, and in the case of Student Affairs, inappropriately. This paper argues that our inclination to model our philosophy, programs, and systems after the Americans should be discouraged and challenges Canadian practitioners and leaders to take action.
Antibody Epitope Analysis to Investigate Folded Structure, Allosteric Conformation, and Evolutionary Lineage of Proteins.

Background Study of folded structure of proteins provides insights into their biological functions, conformational dynamics and molecular evolution. Current methods of elucidating folded structure of proteins are laborious, low-throughput, and constrained by various limitations. Arising from these methods is the need for a sensitive, quantitative, rapid and high-throughput method not only analysing the folded structure of proteins, but also to monitor dynamic changes under physiological or experimental conditions. Objectives In this focused review, we outline the foundation and limitations of current protein structure-determination methods prior to discussing the advantages of an emerging antibody epitope analysis for applications in structural, conformational and evolutionary studies of proteins. Methods We discuss the application of this method using representative examples in monitoring allosteric conformation of regulatory proteins and the determination of the evolutionary lineage of related proteins and protein isoforms. Results The versatility of the method described herein is validated by the ability to modulate a variety of assay parameters to meet the needs of the user in order to monitor protein conformation. Furthermore, the assay has been used to clarify the lineage of troponin isoforms beyond what has been depicted by sequence homology alone, demonstrating the nonlinear evolutionary relationship between primary structure and tertiary structure of proteins. Conclusion The antibody epitope analysis method is a highly adaptable technique of protein conformation elucidation, which can be easily applied without the need for specialized equipment or technical expertise. When applied in a systematic and strategic manner, this method has the potential to reveal novel and biomedically meaningful information for structure-function relationship and evolutionary lineage of proteins.
Delayed-onset MRI findings in acute chorea related to anoxic brain injury

Anoxic brain injury can manifest with various abnormal movements. We describe acute chorea in a young patient with anoxic brain injury due to chlordiazepoxide toxicity who had delayed radiographic lesions in bilateral globus pallidus. Although brain MRI 8days after the anoxic event was unremarkable, repeat brain MRI 15days after the event showed T2 hyperintensities and enhancement within the bilateral globus pallidi. It is possible that MRI brain findings of bilateral basal ganglia lesions may appear later than onset of chorea in anoxic brain injury. However, given the normal brain MRI in between, other etiologies cannot be excluded entirely.
Novel Distal Emboli Protection Technology: The EmboTrap.

Background Over the course of the thrombectomy procedure, clot fragments may become dislodged and lead to downstream emboli due to manipulation of an endovascular device. The EmboTrap thrombectomy system features an inner stent channel with an outer stent trap design that may potentially reduce the risk of distal clot fragmentation during clot removal. We tested the hypothesis that distal emboli to both the same and new territory generated during mechanical thrombectomy are a function of device design. Methods EmboTrap and Solitaire thrombectomy were conducted in an in vitro model system that mimicked a middle-cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion within a complete circle of Willis vascular replica and a contrast-enhanced clot analog. Emboli generated during the procedure with a size >1,000 μm were collected and measured with calipers. The Coulter principle was used to characterize emboli with a size between 200 and 1,000 µm. Results EmboTrap thrombectomy resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of large emboli (>1,000 μm) formation as compared to first-generation stent retriever thrombectomy (p = 0.031, Fisher exact test). The majority of emboli >1,000 μm (∼80%) were found in the MCA, regardless of device type. There was no significant difference between the EmboTrap and Solitaire in 200 to 1,000 μm emboli formation (p = 0.89, Mann-Whitney test). When combining all emboli in the most dangerous range (>200 μm), EmboTrap offered a size reduction of emboli (p = 0.022). Conclusion The risk of distal embolization can be altered with improved stent retriever design. When encountering fragment-prone clots, EmboTrap thrombectomy may lower the risk of distal embolization.
Adolescent clinical populations and associations between trauma and behavioral and emotional problems.

OBJECTIVE Trauma exposure is common during childhood and adolescence and is associated with youth emotional and behavioral problems. The present study adds to the current literature on trauma exposure among adolescent clinical populations by examining the association between trauma exposure and adolescent self-report of emotional and behavioral problems broadly, including internalizing and externalizing symptoms, in addition to the trauma-specific symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD This study included 94 female (64%) and male (36%) adolescents, ages 13-19, representing 4 clinical populations: those seeking inpatient psychiatry, outpatient psychiatry, residential substance abuse, and outpatient medical services. Adolescents self-reported trauma history and internalizing, externalizing, and PTSD symptoms. RESULTS Most adolescents reported experiencing at least 1 traumatic event (83%; M = 2.28, SD = 1.83). Multiple regression analyses controlling for age, race/ethnicity, gender, and treatment setting indicated a greater number of types of trauma are associated with externalizing symptoms (β = .31, p < .01) and PTSD symptoms (β = .35, p < .01). CONCLUSION Trauma is a common experience among adolescents, particularly those presenting for behavioral health services, making trauma-informed care essential in these service delivery settings. Treatment that addresses adolescent risk behaviors and prevents recurrent trauma may be particularly important given the negative impact of multiple traumatic events on developing adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Predicting Risk of Animal Cruelty and Other Violence

This section presented studies that support the contention that evaluating the animal cruelty incident could be used to predict future violence toward humans. Kellert and Felthous (Hum Relat 38:1113–1129, 1985) indicated that direct engagement in animal cruelty, evidence of a lack of restraint, no remorse, multiple animal cruelty acts and multiple species, along with indicators that the animal cruelty was more planned and predatory in nature could indicate greater dangerousness.
Complex endovascular aneurysm repair is associated with higher perioperative mortality but not late mortality compared with infrarenal endovascular aneurysm repair among octogenarians.

Abstract Objective As our collective experience with complex endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has grown, an increasing number of older patients are being offered endovascular repair of juxtarenal aneurysms. Outcomes after complex EVAR in this older subpopulation are not well-described. We sought to specifically evaluate clinical outcomes after complex EVAR compared with infrarenal EVAR in a cohort of octogenarians. Methods A single-center retrospective review was conducted using a database of consecutive patients treated with elective EVAR for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) between 2009 and 2015. Only patients 80 years of age or older were included. Patients in the complex EVAR group were treated with either snorkel/chimney or fenestrated techniques, whereas infrarenal EVAR consisted of aneurysm repair without renal or visceral involvement. Relevant demographic, anatomic, and device variables, and clinical outcomes were collected. Results There were 103 patients (68 infrarenal, 35 complex) treated within the study period with a mean follow-up of 21 months. A total of 75 branch grafts were placed (59 renal, 11 celiac, 5 superior mesenteric artery) in the complex group, with a target vessel patency of 98.2% at latest follow-up. Patients undergoing complex EVAR were more likely to be male (82.8% vs 60.2%; P = .02) and have a higher prevalence of renal insufficiency (71.4% vs 44.2%; P = .008). The 30-day mortality was significantly greater in patients treated with complex EVAR (8.6% vs 0%; P = .03). There were no differences in major adverse events ( P = .795) or late reintervention ( P = .232) between groups. Interestingly, sac growth of more than 10 mm was noted to be more frequent with infrarenal EVAR (17.6% vs 2.8%; P = .039). However, both type IA (5.7% infrarenal; 4.9% complex) and type II endoleaks (32.3% infrarenal; 25.7% complex) were found to be equally common in both groups. Complex EVAR was not associated with increased all-cause mortality at latest follow-up ( P = .322). Multivariable Cox modeling demonstrated that AAAs greater than 75 mm in diameter (hazard ratio; 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 4.6-48.2) and renal insufficiency (hazard ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-11.6) were the only independent risk factors of late death. Conclusions Complex EVAR is associated with greater perioperative mortality compared with infrarenal EVAR among octogenarians. However, late outcomes, including the need for reintervention and all-cause mortality, are not significantly different. Larger aneurysms and chronic kidney disease portends greater risk of late death after EVAR, regardless of AAA complexity. These patient-related factors should be considered when offering endovascular treatment to older patients.
Signature murders: a report of the 1984 Cranbrook, British Columbia cases.

Two females, Denean Worms and Brenda Hughes, were murdered in separate events in Cranbrook, British Columbia in 1984 within three months of each other. Terrence Wayne Burlingham was found guilty of both murders and he appealed. The Supreme Court of Canada granted Burlingham a new trial in the Worms case, but no evidence from Burlingham's confession nor the murder weapon could be used. The Crown counsel requested an evaluation of the two murders to determine if they were committed by the same person. The analyses of those murders revealed that they were linked by a personal "signature" of the killer. The murder cases reported here demonstrate a control-oriented signature. The killer used a .410 shotgun as his method of control and death, engaged in overkill of each victim by shooting them twice in the head, and left the victims in sexually degrading positions. Another signature feature was the absence of typical wounds to the victims which would be expected from a serial sex offender. All of these characteristics, in combination, accounted for this killer's personal expression.
Preparation and Properties of Silicone Elastomers

Silicones have been commercially available since the 1940’s and the most dominant member of this class of synthetic polymers is poly(dimethylsiloxane), (PDMS) -[(CH3)2SiO] y —. The polysiloxane or silicone industry may be conveniently grouped into products based upon fluids (which may or may not contain functional groups), cross-linked elastomers and resins. [1] In our day-to-day life we encounter silicone elastomers in applications ranging from highway sealants to contact lenses. Details of the formulation, fabrication and applications of silicone elastomers up to 1978 have been documented by Lynch [2], developments in the 1980’s were covered in a series of reviews and monographs from the Dow Corning Corporations elastomers group [3–5] and work into the 1990s was described in a review by Stein from General Electric in 1996 [6]. Thomas reviewed the principal cure chemistries utilised in the preparation of silicone elastomers in 1993 [7].
Characterization of Phase Information of Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery

Traditional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems tend to discard phase information of formed complex radar imagery prior to automatic target recognition (ATR). This practice was historically driven by available hardware storage, processing capabilities, and data link capacity. Here, we characterize the value of phase in SAR imagery when estimating target features utilized in ATR algorithms for target discrimination.
Conversion from Vancomycin Trough Concentration-Guided Dosing to Area Under the Curve-Guided Dosing Using Two Sample Measurements in Adults: Implementation at an Academic Medical Center.

STUDY OBJECTIVE The optimal pharmacodynamic parameter for the prediction of efficacy of vancomycin is the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), and current published data indicate that dosing based on vancomycin trough concentrations is an inaccurate substitute. In this study, our objective was to compare the achievement of therapeutic target attainment after switching from a trough-based to an AUC-based dosing strategy as a part of our institution's vancomycin-per-pharmacy protocol. DESIGN Prospective observational quality assurance study. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS A total of 296 hospitalized adults who received vancomycin and monitoring under our institution's vancomycin-per-pharmacy protocol were included in the analysis. The preimplementation retrospective comparison group consisted of 179 patients in whom vancomycin was initiated using a trough-based dosing strategy between November 22, 2017, and January 22, 2018. The postimplementation group included 117 patients in whom vancomycin was initiated using an AUC-based dosing strategy using two-point sampling between June 19, 2018, and July 19, 2018, after hospital-wide implementation of this protocol on June 19, 2018. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS AUC values were calculated from two vancomycin concentrations (peak and trough). The primary outcome was achievement of therapeutic AUC values (400-800 mg·hr/L) in the postimplementation group or therapeutic trough level values (10-20 mg/L) in the preimplementation group. Only 98 (55%) of 179 initial trough values were therapeutic in the preimplementation group (trough-only dosing method) versus 86 (73.5%) of 117 initial AUC values in the postimplementation group (AUC-based dosing method) (p=0.0014). A lower proportion of supratherapeutic AUC values was observed in the postimplementation group compared with supratherapeutic trough concentrations in the preimplementation group (1.7% vs 18%, p<0.0001). Overall, 62% of patients with initially therapeutic AUC values had subsequent trough value increases of 25% or greater, occurring at a median of 6 days of vancomycin therapy. Nephrotoxicity occurred in 11% of patients in the preimplementation versus 9.4% in the postimplementation group (p=0.70). CONCLUSION Compared with a trough concentration-based dosing strategy, AUC-based dosing using two-point sampling improved therapeutic target attainment. Implementation is feasible at any hospital that performs vancomycin peak concentration testing and is a workable alternative to using Bayesian software for estimating AUC. This approach should also be directly compared with AUC-based dosing using Bayesian software.
Are Attitudes Contagious? Exposure to Biased Nonverbal Signals Can Create Novel Social Attitudes

Prior work has established that nonverbal signals that capitalize on existing cultural biases can shift attitudes toward members of familiar social groups (e.g., racial minority group members). This research is the first to examine whether nonverbal signals can influence adults' attitudes toward unfamiliar individuals outside the context of existing cultural biases. In a series of studies, we examined whether seeing one individual receive more cold, unfriendly nonverbal signals than another individual would lead to biases in favor of the target of more positive nonverbal signals. Consistent with our preregistered hypotheses, exposure to nonverbal bias in favor of one individual over another led participants to develop nonverbal signal-consistent explicit biases. Moreover, a combined analysis of the data from all four samples indicated that participants also formed nonverbal signal-consistent implicit biases. Taken together, these findings suggest that nonverbal signals have the potential to create and spread attitudes toward others.
Psychotropic Medication in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Patterns of Use and Recommendations for Monitoring Effects

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the patterns of psychotropic medication use in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and recommendations for monitoring the effects of these medications. Challenging behavior (e.g., aggression, self-injury, property destruction) in individuals with IDD is often observed, and both behavioral and pharmacological interventions have been evaluated for their effectiveness in treating these behaviors. Although behavioral interventions have been shown to be effective at decreasing challenging behavior, psychotropic medications are frequently used to treat challenging behavior despite a lack of clinical indication (i.e., psychiatric diagnosis). Limited evidence exists supporting the effectiveness of psychotropic medication to address challenging behavior. Given the demonstrated effectiveness of behavioral interventions, a comprehensive approach to supporting those with IDD and challenging behavior should include behavioral assessment and intervention, and continuous monitoring of and data collection on challenging behavior.
A Mathematics Club Project from Omar Khayyam

If we cannot always bring poetry into the mathematics classroom, we can at least bring a poet. Omar Khayyam, born about 1048 and known to us as a poet and philos opher, is better known in the Eastern world as a mathematician, astronomer, and phys icist. The solution of cubic equations by the Khayyam method of intersecting conic sec tions makes an interesting mathematics club project. Students can gain greater in sight into the geometric nature of conic sections through this project, and by ex tending Khayyam's method they can find the other real roots, especially the negative values that Omar Khayyam failed to con sider. Then, by using modern analytic ge ometry to analyze the Muslim-Greek method, students can experience a very concrete example of progress and continu ity in mathematical history. Khayyam's work made an important contribution to the development of algebra (Struik 1958, pp. 280-85). Although he used geometric methods for the solution of cubic equations, he was keenly aware of the limitations of this method. Regretting the lack of a purely algebraic method of solving cubic equations, he admitted, "Neither we, nor any of those who are concerned with algebra have been able to prove this equa tion?perhaps others who follow us will be able to fill the gap." (Kasir 1931, p. 49). Others did follow, but not until 470 years later, when Cardano published a purely al gebraic solution of cubic equations. Even so, Khayyam made a contribution by sys tematizing the study of cubic equations and finding geometric solutions for some that had previously remained unsolved. In Khayyam's time, mathematicians made many attempts to solve the cubic equations that arose from the study of optics and from the use of conic sections to solve the classical problems of duplicating the cube and trisecting any angle.
Can public virtues be global

An important issue within the field of global ethics is the extent or scope of moral obligation or duties. Cosmopolitanism argues that we have duties to all human beings by virtue of some common pr...
The Impact of the Electronic Health Record on Moving New Evidence-Based Nursing Practices Forward.

Background Anecdotal reports from across the country highlight the fact that nurses are facing major challenges in moving new evidence-based practice (EBP) initiatives into the electronic health record (EHR). Purpose The purpose of this study was to: (a) learn current processes for embedding EBP into EHRs, (b) uncover facilitators and barriers associated with rapid movement of new evidence-based nursing practices into the EHR and (c) identify strategies and processes that have been successfully implemented in healthcare organizations across the nation. Methods A qualitative study design was utilized. Purposive sampling was used to recruit nurses from across the country (N = 29). Nine focus group sessions were conducted. Semistructured interview questions were developed. Focus groups were conducted by video and audio conferencing. Using an inductive approach, each transcript was read and initial codes were generated resulting in major themes and subthemes. Results Five major themes were identified: (a) barriers to advancing EBP secondary to the EHR, (b) organizational structure and governing processes of the EHR, (c) current processes for prioritization of EHR changes, (d) impact on ability of clinicians to implement EBP and (e) wait times and delays. Linking evidence to action Delays in moving new EBP practice changes into the EHR are significant. These delays are sources of frustration and job dissatisfaction. Our results underscore the importance of a priori planning for anticipated changes and building expected delays into the timeline for EBP projects. Moreover, nurse executives must advocate for greater representation of nursing within informatics technology governance structures and additional resources to hire nurse informaticians.
Emerging risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated hepatocellular carcinoma

Worldwide, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions and in parallel, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become one of the fastest growing cancers. Epidemiological studies have not only shed light on the prevalence and incidence of the disease but have also unmasked important environmental risk factors, including the role of diabetes and dyslipidemia in disease pathogenesis. Genetic association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms implicated in NAFLD-HCC, many of which are part of lipid metabolism pathways. Through these clinical studies and subsequently, translational and basic research, the role of statins as a chemoprotective agent has also emerged with ongoing clinical trials assessing their utility in HCC prevention and treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent epidemiological studies describing the burden of NAFLD-HCC in different patient populations and countries. We discuss the genetic and environmental risk factors for NAFLD-HCC and highlight the chemoprotective role of statins and aspirin. We also summarize what is known about NAFLD-HCC in the cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis populations and briefly address the role of surveillance in NAFLD-HCC patients.
The microbiome and health

SUMMARY It is now accepted that the gut microbiome is an important component in shaping human and animal homeostasis and disease susceptibility. Through its diverse roles in digestion and nutrient absorption, production of essential vitamins, release of novel small molecules and metabolites, stimulation of immune development and function, and broad modulation of regulatory systems in the body ranging from endocrine to neuronal, the microbiome has proven an important frontier in our understanding of animal biology and nutrition. This chapter reviews the rise and current state of microbiome science and focuses on how nutrient interactions with our microbial organ system shape nutritional health and outcomes under numerous pathophysiological states.
Cyanine Nanocages Activated by Near-Infrared Light for the Targeted Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common and prevalent condition that affects large numbers of people across a range of ages. Individuals engaging in physical activities and victims of accidents are at a higher risk for TBI. There is a lack of available treatment specifically for TBI. Given the difficulty to determine its precise location in the brain, TBI remains difficult to fully diagnose or treat. Herein, we disclose a novel strategy for directing therapeutic agents to TBI sites, without the need to determine the precise location of the TBI activity in the brain. This novel approach is based on the use of a cyanine dye nanocage carrying Gabapentin, a known TBI therapeutic agent. Upon exposure of the cyanine nanocage to near-infrared light, the local release of Gabapentin is triggered, selectively at the TBI-affected site.
The short-term impact on economic outcomes of SBIRT interventions implemented in reproductive health care settings.

Abstract Objective To estimate the impact of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) administered in reproductive health care settings on a variety of economic outcomes, including general health care utilization, criminal activity, and motor vehicle crashes. Whether and by how much SBIRT affects economic outcomes are important unanswered questions related to the economic impact of this technique. Methods We collected data as part of a randomized clinical trial that examined whether SBIRT delivered electronically (e-SBIRT) or by a clinician (SBIRT) is superior to enhanced usual care (EUC) for substance misuse. Participants were a convenience sample of 439 women from two reproductive health care centers who used cigarettes, risky amounts of alcohol, illicit drugs, or misused prescription medication. For each participant, we measured economic outcomes by self-report 6 months pre- and post-intervention. We used difference-in-differences regression models to estimate the impact of e-SBIRT and SBIRT, compared to EUC, on changes in each of the economic outcomes from pre- to post-intervention. Results None of the difference-in-differences estimates weas statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Conclusion In a population of women receiving routine care in reproductive health care settings, we did not find a significant effect of either e-SBIRT or SBIRT, compared to EUC, on general health care utilization, criminal activity, or motor vehicle outcomes. However, individual trials are typically underpowered to detect effects that are small but important from a public health perspective. These results may be crucial for future systematic reviews and meta-analyses to determine the economic impact of SBIRT programs from a variety of perspectives.
Performance comparison of epitrochoidal, hypotrochoidal, and cycloidal gerotor gear profiles

Abstract Gerotors are positive displacement machines known for being cost-effective, durable, compact, and quiet and are used in many low-pressure applications. Nearly any smooth curve can define a gerotor gearset, yet three conventional profile types that are based on either epitrochoids, hypotrochoids, or cycloids are used almost exclusively in industry. Although each of the profile types has been known since the early 20th century, no extensive comparison has been made between them. In the present work a multi-objective optimization strategy using a genetic algorithm is used to find the Pareto front for each profile type when considering seven performance goals. The optimal designs of each profile type were combined, and a new set of Pareto designs was identified. The results showed that no single profile type can be considered universally better than the others. However, some observations about the general trade-offs for each profile type are presented, and the work serves as a baseline for development of novel gerotor profiles.
Managing the Risk of Cryptosporidium on Dairy Farms in Watersheds

Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian protozoan that many published reports designate as the most prevalent organism isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. It is also zoonotic, potentially contaminating the environment with infective oocysts. To control this pathogen on dairy farms, rational and cost-effective measures need to be implemented. This study evaluated several management and therapeutic interventions for cost-effectiveness.
EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF A NONLINEAR ESTIMATOR IN THE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE JOINT MANIPULATORS

Abstract The design and experimental implementation of a high-bandwidth nonlinear discrete controller for elastic joint manipulators is discussed. The key features of the controller are the use of noncollocated end-point feedback and a constant-gain extended Kalman filter which provides stable state estimation for a wide range of manipulator configurations. A method for designing the estimator for a general manipulator is presented. The nonlinear controller has been implemented on a two-link SCARA manipulator in which exaggerated drive-train flexibility has been added. The controller demonstrates about a factor-of-ten improvement in position control bandwidth and disturbance rejection capability over a standard proportional-plus-derivative controller. A digital sampling frequency of less than ten times the closed-loop bandwidth is used to implement the controller.
Kinetic Simulation of Inhomogeneous Plasma with a Variable Sized Grid System

Space plasmas are usually inhomogeneous andirregular. Particle in cell (PIC) plasma simulations, however, often consider the plasma to be homogeneous and periodic. Here non-periodic PIC simulations with inhomogeneities in the density, temperature and background magnetic field are considered. Boundary conditions and a variable sizedgridsystem are discussed, along with an application to a magnetospheric plasma physics problem in the auroral zone.
Preserving correlations between trajectories for efficient path sampling

Importance sampling of trajectories has proved a uniquely successful strategy for exploring rare dynamical behaviors of complex systems in an unbiased way. Carrying out this sampling, however, requires an ability to propose changes to dynamical pathways that are substantial, yet sufficiently modest to obtain reasonable acceptance rates. Satisfying this requirement becomes very challenging in the case of long trajectories, due to the characteristic divergences of chaotic dynamics. Here, we examine schemes for addressing this problem, which engineer correlation between a trial trajectory and its reference path, for instance using artificial forces. Our analysis is facilitated by a modern perspective on Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling, inspired by non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, which clarifies the types of sampling strategies that can scale to long trajectories. Viewed in this light, the most promising such strategy guides a trial trajectory by manipulating the sequence of random numbers that advance its stochastic time evolution, as done in a handful of existing methods. In cases where this “noise guidance” synchronizes trajectories effectively, as the Glauber dynamics of a two-dimensional Ising model, we show that efficient path sampling can be achieved for even very long trajectories.
Costly Financial Intermediation and Excess Consumption Volatility

Abstract This paper documents the cyclical properties of financial intermediation costs and uses their dynamics to explain excess consumption volatility (ECV) differences across countries in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium framework with housing market. I find that financial development levels have a limited role in explaining ECVs. Instead, the volatility of financial sectors plays the determinative role. Consistent with the data, the model finds higher ECVs in emerging countries. The paper also shows that if the US had the same intermediation cost structure as Turkey, deteriorations in the production and consumption following a financial shock would increase threefold.