cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myocarditis: infection versus autoimmunity.

Introduction Myocarditis, which is the inflammation of the heart muscle, remains a vexing therapeutic problem. Many cases are associated with viral infection, and appropriate treatment may depend upon whether the disease is primarily infectious, immune-mediated, or both.
NATURAL RESINS OF ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY THEIR SOURCES, CHEMISTRY, AND IDENTIFICATION

The botanical sources and chemical compositions are reviewed of natural resins used, Of likely to have been used, in the fabrication of objects of art and archaeology. They fall into two main chemical groups: those containing diterpenoids—from the order Coniferales and from the Leguminosae family—and those containing triterpenoids from several families of broad-leaved trees. Their chemical compositions, although liable to varying degrees of change with time and exposure, permit them to be identified more or less precisely in favourable cases. Examples of such identifications are described, mostly of conifer resins, using gas-chromatography.
beta. decay and mass of the new neutron-rich isotope /sup 53/Ti. [/sup 53/V J,. pi. ]

The new isotope $^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ has been produced with the $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}(^{7}\mathrm{Li}, pn)^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ reaction at ${E}_{^{7}\mathrm{Li}}=14\ensuremath{-}20$ MeV. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay scheme of $^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ was determined from $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray singles and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence experiments using high-resolution Ge(Li) and intrinsic germanium detectors. The four strongest decay $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays have energies of 100.8, 127.6, 228.4 (all \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1), and 1675.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3 keV, with relative intensities of 50.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.7, 115.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 12.0, 100, and 62.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 6.7, respectively. The $^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ half-life was determined to be 32.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.9 sec. Three new levels with excitation energies of 1958, 2550, and 2931 keV were observed in the daughter $^{53}\mathrm{V}$. The total $^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ decay energy of 5.02 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.10 MeV was measured by performing a $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence experiment using a plastic scintillation detector for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ rays. This yields a $^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ mass excess of -46.84 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.10 MeV. The decay scheme provides ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ restrictions for the observed states of $^{53}\mathrm{V}$, and these are compared with previous measurements and shell model calculations. The measured mass of $^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ is compared with various predictions.RADIOACTIVITY $^{53}\mathrm{Ti}$ [from $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}(^{7}\mathrm{Li}, pn)$]; measured ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin, $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin; deduced decay scheme, $log\mathrm{ft}$, mass excess. $^{53}\mathrm{V}$ deduced levels, $J$ restrictions, $\ensuremath{\pi}$. Enriched targets, multiple rabbit facility; Ge(Li), intrinsic Ge, and plastic detectors.
Effects of helium implantation on the tensile properties and microstructure of Ni73P27 metallic glass nanostructures.

We report fabrication and nanomechanical tension experiments on as-fabricated and helium-implanted 130 nm diameter Ni_(73)P_(27) metallic glass nanocylinders. The nanocylinders were fabricated by a templated electroplating process and implanted with He+ at energies of 50, 100, 150, and 200 keV to create a uniform helium concentration of 3 atom % throughout the nanocylinders. Transmission electron microscopy imaging and through-focus analysis reveal that the specimens contained 2 nm helium bubbles distributed uniformly throughout the nanocylinder volume. In situ tensile experiments indicate that helium-implanted specimens exhibit enhanced ductility as evidenced by a 2-fold increase in plastic strain over as-fabricated specimens with no sacrifice in yield and ultimate tensile strengths. This improvement in mechanical properties suggests that metallic glasses may actually exhibit a favorable response to high levels of helium implantation.
Numerical analysis of confined turbulent flow

The considered investigation is concerned with the development of an efficient computational method for obtaining a physical understanding of an internal turbulent field. The employed approach makes use of a 'two equation' type model for the turbulence to obtain the numerical solution of a two-dimensional confined turbulent flow. The mean flow governing equations are considered along with the governing equation of the mean temperature and concentrations, and the boundary conditions. The numerical procedure for solving the turbulent flow is discussed, taking into account an approximation to the nonlinear terms, and the inner and outer coupling. Attention is given to a stability convergence analysis, the stability characteristics, and computational examples.
Principles of Meniscus-Based MEMS Gas or Liquid Pressure Sensors

Pressure sensing using a trapped-gas volume-liquid meniscus interface offers several advantages over other microelectromechanical systems technologies for certain applications, including the potential for smaller footprints, harsh environment survivability, simple CMOS integration, and ease of fabrication. The small effective hydraulic diameter of microchannels can be exploited to produce gas/liquid interfaces that create menisci used to trap gas in sealed chambers. The pressure is monitored by optically or electronically measuring the displacement of the meniscus which behaves according to gas laws. This paper reports on the theory and realization of several fundamental concepts for this type of sensor, including the autocalibration of meniscus forces regardless of the sensor material or liquid; electrode integration for electronic interrogation in addition to optical measurements; simple repeatable manufacturing; and long-term drift. Hundreds of sensor devices were fabricated from silicon and glass and demonstrated positive pressure sensitivities of 42.5 μm/kPa near atmospheric pressure.
Modeling of Scalar Dissipation Rates in Flamelet Models for HCCI Engine Simulation

The flamelet approach is considered a viable framework to the modeling of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines under stratified mixture conditions. However, there are several issues that need further improvement. In particular, accurate representation of the scalar dissipation rate, which is the key parameter to connect the physical mixing space to the reactive space, requires further investigation. This involves a number of aspects: (i) probability density functions, (ii) mean scalar dissipation rates, and (iii) conditional scalar dissipation rates, for mixture fraction (Z) and total enthalpy (H). The present study aims to assess the validity of existing models in HCCI environments both in the RANS and LES contexts, and thereby suggest alternative models to improve on the above three aspects.
Zn incorporation in CdS nanoparticles in glass

We combine Raman scattering, optical absorption, and x-ray spectroscopies to determine the Zn content in $(\mathrm{ZnS}{)}_{x}(\mathrm{CdS}{)}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ nanometer-sized semiconductor particles precipitated in glass. We propose that the evolution of the Zn/Cd concentration ratio in particles can be understood in terms of thermochemical equilibrium between the nanoparticles and reactants dissolved in the host glass. The growth process results in differential depletion of reactants, leading to an evolution of concentration ratio as the average particle radius increases.
Behavioral research and empirical modeling of marketing channels: Implications for both fields and a call for future research

Game theoretic models of marketing channels typically rely on simplifying assumptions that, from a behavioral perspective, often appear naive. However, behavioral researchers have produced such an abundance of behavioral regularities that they are impossible to incorporate into game theoretic models. We believe that a focus on three core findings would benefit both fields; these are: first, beliefs that are held by the various players regarding profit consequences of different actions are incomplete and often biased; second, players’ preferences and optimization objectives are not commonly known; and third, players have insufficient cognitive abilities to achieve optimization objectives. Embracing these three findings shifts the focus from rational decision making to how decision makers learn to improve their decision-making skills. Concluding, we believe that greater convergence of game theoretic modeling and behavioral research in marketing channels would lead to new insights for both fields.
Lymphadenopathy: endpoint or prodrome? Update of a 24-month prospective study

This article presents preliminary 24-month findings from a prospective study initiated in San Francisco in 1981 with the following objectives: to refine the clinical definition of the lymphadenopathy syndrome; to compare these patients to patients with Category A acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with regard to epidemiologic virologic and immunologic variables; to follow a cohort of these patients to establish the natural history of the syndrome; and to evaluate screening variables for early transformation to more malignant manifestations of AIDS. It was hypothesized that the lymph node syndrome is prodromal AIDS and that such patients are at risk of developing Kaposis sarcoma lymphoma Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and other opportunistic infections. 200 homosexual lymphadenopathy patients with a mean age of 33 years have been enrolled in the study. These men have had an average of 800 sexual partners and have a history of past sexually transmitted diseases. The graph of the year of onset of adenopathy parallels the exponentially increasing number of new AIDS cases over the past 4 years. Systemic symptoms seen in these patients resemble those in patients with Kaposis sarcoma and P. carinii pneumonia. 1/3 of lymphadenopathy patients give a history of antecedent flu-like illness often with fever diarrhea and upper respiratory symptoms lasting for 1 week that occurred 1-2 months before the appearance of their nodes. Involvement of inguinal and axillary nodes has been observed in 100% of patients while 80% have enlarged posterior cervical nodes. The average patient has 10 nodal groups involved. Immunologic testing reveals a reversal of the T-lymphocyte helper:suppressor ratio (mean of 0.7) and 2/3 of patients have both decreased absolute number and percentage of helper cells with increased suppressors. 198 of these patients have remained with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy without transformation to AIDS yielding a 1% conversion rate. It is concluded that the lymphadenopathy syndrome is a distinct new syndrome most certainly AIDS-related. Further study will reveal whether it is truly prodromal or an alternate phenotypic response to a common inciting insult.
Retribution or Rehabilitation? Conflicting Goals of US Policies Pertaining to Drug Felonies and Their Impact on Women

Both retributive and rehabilitative views are present in US public policy regarding individuals convicted of drug-related felonies, and the impact of these policies on women is examined in this article. While federal aid program policies are frequently punitive and restrictive, criminal justice policies often focus on treatment and increased access to housing. Implications for women and families are discussed and recommendations made.
Polymorphisms in the DNA repair enzyme XPD are associated with increased levels of PAH-DNA adducts in a case-control study of breast cancer.

We present findings on the associations between DNA adduct levels in breast tissue, risk of breast cancer, and polymorphisms in the DNA repair enzyme XPD. Breast cancer cases, benign breast disease (BBD) controls, and healthy controls were enrolled. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)–DNA adduct levels were measured by immunohistochemistry in breast tissue samples from cases and BBD controls. XPD polymorphisms at codons 312 and 751 was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using white blood cell DNA. Neither of the polymorphisms were associated with case-control status, both in comparisons of cases and BBD controls, and cases and healthy controls. XPD polymorphisms at codons 312 and 751 were associated with higher levels of PAH–DNA in tumor tissue from breast cancer cases. Subjects with an Asp/Asn or Asn/Asn polymorphic genotype in codon 312 of XPD had elevated levels of PAH–DNA adducts compared to subjects with the Asp/Asp genotype (0.55 optical density (OD) v.s. 0.33 OD, p < 0.01). PAH–DNA adducts were associated with increasing copy number of the Gln allele for the codon 751 polymorphism (p for trend <0.01). Among subjects with the Asp/Asn or Asn/Asn genotype at codon 312, adduct levels were higher in tumor tissue compared to tissue from BBD controls (0.55 OD v.s. 0.36 OD, p = 0.003). Among subjects with the Gln/Gln genotype at codon 751 adduct levels were higher in tumor tissue compared to tissue from BBD controls (0.68 OD v.s. 0.40 OD, p = 0.01). The trend of increasing PAH–DNA adduct levels with either the Asn/Asn or Gln/Gln genotype was greater in tumor tissue than the trend in BBD control tissue.
Computational chaos-a prelude to computational instability

Abstract Chaotic behavior sometimes occurs when difference equations used as approximations to ordinary differential equations are solved numerically with an excessively large time increment τ. In two simple examples we find that, as τ increases, chaos first sets in when attractor A acquires two distinct points that map to the same point. This happens when A acquires slopes of the same sign, in a rectifying coordinate system, at two consecutive intersections with the critical curve. Chaotic and quasi-periodic behavior may then alternate within a range of τ before computational instability finally prevails. Bifurcations to and from chaos and transitions to computational instability are highly scheme-dependent, even among differencing schemes of the same order. Systems exhibiting computational chaos can serve as illustrative examples in more general studies of noninvertible mappings.
The effect of finite resolution on the determination of diffusion coefficients by the field emission fluctuation method

Abstract Equations for the current correlation functions for round and rectangular probeholes, taking the finite resolution of the field emission microscope into account, are derived and discussed. The effect of finite resolution introduces a fictitious time shift, so that the argument of the previously derived functions t / τ 0 → t / τ 0 + 2( λ / r 0 ) 2 where λ is the resolution parameter for an assumed Gaussian resolution function and r 0 the radius of a round probehole or the full dimension of a rectangular slit, and τ 0 the previously defined relaxation time. This shift causes the current correlation function to decay more slowly than it would for λ = 0 and thus makes apparent diffusion coefficients, determined by neglecting non-zero λ smaller than they in fact are. Roughly speaking the effect can also be interpreted as causing an increase in the effective probe dimensions by an additive amount 0.75λ. It is also shown that the importance of resolution decreases linearly with increasing emitter radius.
The use of ion‐exchange resins with glycosides

Abstract The comparative behavior of several glycosides on strong-base anion-exchange resins in the chloride and borate forms has been studied. Attempts to extend the borate method of Khym and Zill for the separation of sugars to the separation of glycosides were successful due to the adsorption of the aglycon moiety rather than to exchange adsorption of borate complexes of the glycosides.
Particle emission by fission

Abstract We have investigated the sputtering by fission fragments of Cu, Al and Nb doped with 0.1 at % 235U and bombarded with thermal neutrons. This was primarily a search for micron-size particles emitted from the surfaces of the doped sources. Kaminsky et al. have observed large particles (several microns in size) emitted from the surface of samples bombarded by 14 MeV neutrons, with a maximum knock-on energy of 600 keV in Nb. The fission energy deposition of 200 MeV should be more than adequate to yield any observable effects that might be present at 600 keV. The concentration of fission events was 10 times the concentration of primary knock-ons in the Kaminsky experiments. With scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyses of our sputtering collectors both before and after irradiation, we found no sputtered particles larger than our detection limit of 0.1 μm.
Stokes flow through a permeable tube

Pressure-driven Stokes flow through a circular tube with a permeable wall is considered as a model of blood flow through a capillary vessel. Fluid penetrates the tube wall over a test section according to Starling law relating the normal fluid velocity to the transmural pressure defined as the difference between the wall and the uniform ambient pressure. The problem is formulated using the integral representation for Stokes flow, and the solution is computed with high accuracy using a boundary-element method for specified values of the wall permeability and percentage of fluid escaping through the walls. The results illustrate the structure of the flow and validate the predictions of a model based on the assumption of locally unidirectional flow for sufficiently small permeability.
Hierarchical influence maximization for advertising in multi-agent markets

Maximizing product adoption within a customer social network under a constrained advertising budget is an important special case of the general influence maximization problem. Specialized optimization techniques that account for product correlations and community effects can outperform network-based techniques that do not model interactions that arise from marketing multiple products to the same consumer base. However, it can be infeasible to use exact optimization methods that utilize expensive matrix operations on larger networks without parallel computation techniques. In this paper, we present a hierarchical influence maximization approach for product marketing that constructs an abstraction hierarchy for scaling optimization techniques to larger networks. An exact solution is computed on smaller partitions of the network, and a candidate set of influential nodes is propagated upward to an abstract representation of the original network that maintains distance information. This process of abstraction, solution, and propagation is repeated until the resulting abstract network is small enough to be solved exactly. Our proposed method scales to much larger networks and outperforms other influence maximization techniques on marketing products.
Evaluation of nitrogen-rich macrocyclic ligands for the chelation of therapeutic bismuth radioisotopes.

Abstract Introduction The use of α-emitting isotopes for radionuclide therapy is a promising treatment strategy for small micro-metastatic disease. The radioisotope 213 Bi is a nuclide that has found substantial use for targeted α-therapy (TAT). The relatively unexplored aqueous chemistry of Bi 3+ , however, hinders the development of bifunctional chelating agents that can successfully deliver these Bi radioisotopes to the tumor cells. Here, a novel series of nitrogen-rich macrocyclic ligands is explored for their potential use as Bi-selective chelating agents. Methods The ligands, 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (L py ), 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(3-pyridazylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (L pyd ), 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(4-pyrimidylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (L pyr ), and 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-pyrazinylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (L pz ), were prepared by a previously reported method and investigated here for their abilities to bind Bi radioisotopes. The commercially available and commonly used ligands 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and N -[( R )-2-amino-3-( p -isothiocyanato-phenyl)propyl]- trans -( S,S )- cyclohexane-1,2-diamine- N , N , N ', N ", N "-pentaacetic acid (CHX-A′′-DTPA) were also explored for comparative purposes. Radio-thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to measure the binding kinetics and stabilities of the complexes formed. The long-lived isotope, 207 Bi (t 1/2 =32years), was used for these studies. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also employed to probe the ligand interactions with Bi 3+ and the generator parent ion Ac 3+ . Results In contrast to DOTA and CHX-A′′-DTPA, these nitrogen-rich macrocycles selectively chelate Bi 3+ in the presence of the parent isotope Ac 3+ . Among the four tested, L py was found to exhibit optimal Bi 3+ -binding kinetics and complex stability. L py complexes Bi 3+ more rapidly than DOTA, yet the resulting complexes are of similar stability. DFT calculations corroborate the experimentally observed selectivity of these ligands for Bi 3+ over Ac 3+ . Conclusion Taken together, these data implicate L py as a valuable chelating agent for the delivery of 213 Bi. Its selectivity for Bi 3+ and rapid and stable labeling properties warrant further investigation and biological studies.
A model study of the interaction of a hydrogen bond with a π-electron system

A semi-empirical CNDO/2 calculation of the structure of the diimide-hydrogen fluoride hydrogen bonded complex is reported. The results are compared to calculations on a similar saturated system in an attempt to elucidate the effect of a neighboring π-system on a hydrogen bond, and to uncomplexed diimide to study the effect of the hydrogen bond on the π-system.
An internal signal sequence: the asialoglycoprotein receptor membrane anchor

Abstract The human asialoglycoprotein receptor H1 is anchored in the membrane by a single stretch of 20 hydrophobic amino acids; the hydrophilic amino terminus faces the cytoplasm, and the carboxyl terminus is exoplasmic. We show here that glycosylation and insertion of the asialoglycoprotein receptor into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is cotranslational and SRP-dependent and occurs without proteolytic cleavage. The membrane-anchor domain is necessary for membrane insertion, since a receptor with the segment deleted is neither inserted nor glycosylated. The segment is also sufficient for membrane insertion, since it will initiate translocation of a carboxy-terminal domain of rat α-tubulin across the membrane. We propose that a helical hairpin mechanism of membrane insertion is used both by cleaved amino-terminal and uncleaved internal signal sequences.
Enhancing Faculty Motivation To Advise Students: An Application of Expectancy Theory.

The need persists for a model that adequately addresses faculty motivations and concerns about involvement in student academic advisement. Recently, some researchers have suggested that a version of expectancy theory may be the necessary model. Expectancy theory states that people are purposeful beings who behave in accordance with their expectations and who believe that their efforts will result in outcomes they value. According to the theory, the amount of effort an individual will exert ultimately depends on three factors: a) expectancy—a person's estimation of the likelihood of successfully performing a particular behavior; b) instrumentality—a person's estimation of the likelihood that a particular behavior will result in certain outcomes; and c) valence—the positive or negative value that a person places on each of those outcomes. Attempts to identify the educational environments conducive to the use of expectancy theory to address faculty motivation in academic advisement are presented.
Identifying and comparing efficiency-loss mechanisms in earth-abundant thin-film solar cells

Given scaling limitations on conventional thin-film solar cell semiconductors (e.g., CdTe, CuIn1-xGaxSe2), there is increased interest in developing earth-abundant absorbers such as Cu2O, SnS, and CZTS (CuZn1-xSnxS2). These devices have historically suffered from poor efficiencies, slow to improve over the last few decades. Accelerating this development will be critical in enabling terawatt-scale photovoltaics competitive with grid electricity prices. The present work identifies the predominant efficiency-loss mechanisms in Cu2O, as a test case for other earth-abundant absorbers. In particular, the importance of bulk lifetime, surface recombination, and interface band offsets are highlighted. Lessons may be extended to other earth-abundant absorbers in order to compare loss mechanisms and to identify which bulk, interface, and device loss mechanisms dominate for a given absorber material. Approaches including optical engineering, lower work function front contacts, atomic layer deposition of the buffer layer, and improving bulk material properties can lead to significantly higher efficiencies.
On the thickness of the Shilov boundary

O. Introduction Let A be a uniform algebra on a compact subset K of a complex space X such that A contains a subset F of function holomorphic in an open neighborhood Y of K such that F separates points in Y. It is shown that the Shilov boundary of A is not almost thin in K. As an example, let G ~ 0 be an open and bounded subset of ~n and consider the uniform algebra of functions which are uniform limits on of polynomials. Then there exists a unique minimal closed subset S(A) of G such that for every function f in A, the maximum of Ifl is taken on S(A). The set S(A) is contained in the boundary of G and called the Shilov boundary. Let U be the unit disc and let T be the unit circle. In the case G = U n is the polydisc, the Shilov boundary is the torus S(A) = T n. Here S(A) is small compared with G or its boundary dG = G-G. The topological dimension of S(A) is half that of G in this example. On the other hand, if G is a ball or any open, bounded subset of C" having a smooth, strongly pseudo-convex boundary OG, then $(A)= OG. These two examples make it seem that the size of S(A) varies from extremely small to as large as possible. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that, from a holomorphic point of view, S(A) and G have exactly the same size. Essentially the same fact is also true when G is taken to be any compact subset K of a complex space X and if A is any uniform algebra on K which contains sufficiently many holomorphic functions. These results simplify some proofs in [6].
Nuclear Spin of Phosphorus from the Band Spectrum

THE extensive band system of P2 in the ultraviolet is easily produced with considerable intensity by an uncondensed discharge through pure phosphorus vapour contained in a quartz tube. Regularities in the frequencies of the band heads were first found by Geuter, but the correct quantum designation of the bands has only recently been established by the work of Jakowlewa1 on the absorption and fluorescence of the more refrangible part of this system. Two years ago, Herzberg reported, in a letter to NATURE, that a sudden breaking off occurs in the band progressions associated with various upper vibrational levels (at σ′ = II with the present assignment of vibrational quantum numbers), which can only be attributed to predissociation.2 Herzberg also found that the rotational lines of the bands of highest observed ½′ stop suddenly, as was to be expected in consequence of the predissociation.
Alternatively Spliced Variants of Gamma-Subunit of Muscle-Type Acetylcholine Receptor in Fetal and Adult Skeletal Muscle of Mouse

Gamma-subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is encoded by chrng gene of mouse. This gene is located on chromosome 1, spans 6.5 kb, and contains 12 exons and 11 introns. Previous studies have reported three transcript variants (C1-3) produced by alternative splicing; C1 contains all the 12 reported exons, C2 uses an in-frame alternate splice site in exon-2, and C3 produced by exon-5 skipping. These variants differ in their channel kinetics and opening times. In our study, we report the presence of two new transcript variants (T1 and T2) of chrng expressed in mouse postnatal day 3 and adult skeletal muscles. These transcripts contain novel first coding exon either N1 or N2. N1 is located in the 5′ UTR, while N2 is an extended exon-2. 5′ extension of exon-2 contains an initiation codon which produces a novel transcript variant. Either of the two exons can splice with the internal exons to produce mature transcripts making different 5′ ends of the transcripts. Consequently, the proteins encoded by these two transcripts differ at N-termini. The presence of N2 exon containing transcript was further supported by the availability of EST from the database. These new variants display heterogeneous properties. They differ in the presence of signal peptide, phosphorylation, and acetylation of their amino acid residues of the new N-termini of the gamma subunit.
Effects of insulin detemir on balloon catheter injured carotid artery in Zucker fatty rats

Abstract Objective We compared the effect of the long acting basal insulin analog detemir with neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, and normal saline on recovery from vascular injury (balloon catheter mediated) in an animal model of insulin resistance. Methods Female Zucker fatty rats were administered NPH/detemir/saline for 7 days following which, they underwent balloon catheter mediated injury of left carotid artery, and were continued on the respective regimen for an additional 21 days when they were sacrificed. We evaluated the injured carotid artery for intimal hyperplasia (Intima/Media ratio) and also, aortic arch protein for markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, in addition to expression and phosphorylation of eNOS using well established methods. Results There was a significant difference in intimal hyperplasia (Intima/Media ratio) between control and detemir treated rats (1.3 ± 0.09, 0.82 ± 0.08; p Conclusion We conclude that in insulin resistant states, treatment with Insulin detemir but not NPH is associated with less intimal hyperplasia, although both insulins increased eNOS phosphorylation.
Source-sink estimates of genetic introgression show influence of hatchery strays on wild chum salmon populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska.

The extent to which stray, hatchery-reared salmon affect wild populations is much debated. Although experiments show that artificial breeding and culture influence the genetics of hatchery salmon, little is known about the interaction between hatchery and wild salmon in a natural setting. Here, we estimated historical and contemporary genetic population structures of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, with 135 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Historical population structure was inferred from the analysis of DNA from fish scales, which had been archived since the late 1960’s for several populations in PWS. Parallel analyses with microsatellites and a test based on Hardy-Weinberg proportions showed that about 50% of the fish-scale DNA was cross-contaminated with DNA from other fish. These samples were removed from the analysis. We used a novel application of the classical source-sink model to compare SNP allele frequencies in these archived fish-scales (1964–1982) with frequencies in contemporary samples (2008–2010) and found a temporal shift toward hatchery allele frequencies in some wild populations. Other populations showed markedly less introgression, despite moderate amounts of hatchery straying. The extent of introgression may reflect similarities in spawning time and life-history traits between hatchery and wild fish, or the degree that hybrids return to a natal spawning area. The source-sink model is a powerful means of detecting low levels of introgression over several generations.
Rat sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase: Molecular cloning and characterization of the cDNA and expressed protein

Rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) cDNA was cloned and characterized. We identified a cDNA containing an open reading frame of 828 amino acids that had an 89% homology with the coding region of the previously characterized mouse mitochondrial GPAT and a predicted amino acid sequence that was 96% identical. The rat 5' UTR was only 159 nucleotides, in contrast to the 926 nucleotide 5' UTR of the mouse cDNA and had an internal deletion of 167 nucleotides. GPAT was expressed in Sf21 insect cells, and specific inhibitors strongly suggest that, like the Escherichia coli GPAT, the recombinant mitochondrial GPAT and the mitochondrial GPAT isoform in rat liver contain critical serine, histidine, and arginine residues.
Spectroscopy of buffer-gas cooled vanadium monoxide in a magnetic trapping field

Spectroscopy of buffer-gas cooled vanadium monoxide (VO) is performed in the presence of a magnetic trapping field and at low field. VO is created via laser ablation. A helium buffer gas, chilled by a dilution refrigerator, cools 1012 VO molecules to 1.8±0.2 K within 10 ms. The measured rotational temperature is 1.5±0.8 K. Spatially resolved Zeeman spectra allow the magnetic broadening terms of several optical transitions to be determined. The density of VO decays with a characteristic time of 60 ms, thus precluding the observation of trapping.
Studies on filariasis. I. The behavior of microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis in the wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella).

Abstract Blood from dogs containing large numbers (510–1160 per 20 mm 3 ) of D. immitis microfilariae was inoculated into grown caterpillars of the bee-wax moth, Galleria mellonella . Development of D. immitis was observed in the hemolymph and adjacent organs of caterpillars kept at room temperature (26–30 °C). Of 334 caterpillars dissected, 153 showed developmental forms (44.9%). Growth and morphological changes in microfilariae were first observed at the end of the third day after blood inoculation into caterpillars. By the end of the fourth day “sausage” forms predominated. Growth of D. immitis is halted usually at the “sausage” stage. Such viable forms may, however, survive in caterpillars kept at room temperature for periods up to 16 days. No development of D. immitis was observed at 37 °, although active viable microfilariae may survive in their experimental hosts up to 8 days. Cellular immune reactions: chitinization of parasites, encapsulation, giant cell and pseudo-tubercle formations around D. immitis were seen in caterpillars inoculated with blood containing microfilariae. The results of the present investigation are discussed and evaluated in the light of comparative studies of experimental infections of D. immitis in different mosquito species—their natural intermediate hosts.
New results in nuclear structure from pion inelastic scattering and reactions near 180 MeV

Abstract Results of pion inelastic scattering on 12C, 13C, and 16O are reported. Evidence for strong isospin mixing in the 4− states of 12C and 16O has been found. The discovery of a 2−T = 0 state of 12C is reported. Large differences between π+ and π− excitation of the states of 13C indicate the different neutron (proton) components of each state. Results of an experiment on 12(π+, p) are discussed and compared with recent 800 MeV 12C(p, d) data. The excitation function for 16, 18O(π+, π−) at 5° from 80 to 291 MeV and angular distributions at 164 and 291 MeV are reported. These results illustrate the usefulness of the pion as a probe of nuclear structure.
Impact of ECMO on neonatal mortality in Michigan (1980-1999)

Abstract Purpose: Although extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a potentially lifesaving intervention, the effect of ECMO on neonatal mortality has never been evaluated. In this study, we examined the relationship between increased ECMO utilization and its effect on the neonatal mortality rate in the state of Michigan. Methods: Neonatal mortality data were obtained from the Michigan State Department of Community Health. Data included total annual live births, total neonatal deaths, and deaths from respiratory causes in neonates ≥35 weeks' gestational age (ie, potential ECMO candidates). Pooled ECMO patient data from Michigan's 3 ECMO centers were obtained from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry. Associations between ECMO volume and neonatal mortality rates were assessed using simple linear regression. A scatterplot of ECMO volume and mortality rates was created, and the resulting fitted regression lines were superimposed on the plots. Statistical significance of the associations (ie, difference in slope of the regression line from zero) were based on a standard 2-sided Wald test for the regression slope parameter. Results: From 1980 through 1999, 1,061 neonates were treated with ECMO in Michigan, and 875 (82.5%) survived. When annual neonatal mortality rate (from all causes) and the rate from respiratory causes versus ECMO volume (cases per year) are superimposed with fitted regression lines, both are significantly different from zero ( P =.041 and P =.002, respectively). The model predicts that for every 100 neonates treated with ECMO in Michigan, 38 lives are saved. The model also can be used to predict the annual neonatal mortality rate in Michigan if ECMO had not been utilized. Conclusions: A strong association exists between ECMO volume and observed reductions in neonatal mortality seen in Michigan over the last 2 decades. This is the first study to show an association between ECMO and neonatal mortality rate at the population level. J Pediatr Surg 38:290-295. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Thermal Conductivity of Cr2O3 in the Vicinity of the Neel Transition

Thermal conductivity (A) data for two dense Cr2O3 samples are reported. The results, which span the temperature range 270 to 360 K, show an inflection near the Neel transition temperature, 308 K. An analysis shows that the slope of the higher-temperature portion of the λlD−1−T curve is about what would be expected for ordinary 3-phonon U-process scattering. Above TN the mean free path for phonon-spin scattering is constant and equal to ∼10 nm.
Children with exotropia responsive to spectacle correction of hyperopia.

A series of seven exotropic children (aged 2 to 10 years) had resolution of exotropia after spectacle correction of hyperopia. Their hyperopic correction ranged from 3.00 to 7.00 diopters. Six had intermittent exotropia, which became small-angle esophoria after spectacle correction. In one patient with apparently no fusion, spectacle correction converted constant exotropia to small esotropia in the monofixational range. In all patients, Worth 4-dot and Titmus Stero Test results, when obtainable, indicated an improvement in binocular sensory status after correction of the hyperopia. We conclude that a trial of spectacle correction is warranted in exotropic children with severe hyperopia and in those with moderate hyperopia and a low accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio or evidence of hypoaccommodation.
Internal heavy metal changes as a consequence of exposure of Mytilus edulis, the blue mussel, to elevated external copper(II) levels

Abstract 1. The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis was exposed to various levels of copper for varied periods of time, flushed and retention determined in various organs. 2. Mussels were exposed to 0.3 ppm copper for 24 hr and concentrations of manganese, potassium, zinc, phosphorus, molybdenum, copper, iron, aluminum, magnesium, calcium and boron were determined in kidney, gill, foot, viscera, mantle and whole body by plasma gel spectrograph. 3. Most elements showed displacements within first 12 hr and recovery of initial values within 24 hr of exposure with level changes that could potentiate the copper toxicity.
Overlapping image segmentation for context-dependent anomaly detection

The challenge of finding small targets in big images lies in the characterization of the background clutter. The more homogeneous the background, the more distinguishable a typical target will be from its background. One way to homogenize the background is to segment the image into distinct regions, each of which is individually homogeneous, and then to treat each region separately. In this paper we will report on experiments in which the target is unspecified (it is an anomaly), and various segmentation strategies are employed, including an adaptive hierarchical tree-based scheme. We find that segmentations that employ overlap achieve better performance in the low false alarm rate regime.
Coarsening of elastically interacting coherent particles—II. Simulations of preferential coarsening and particle migrations

Abstract Three-dimensional multiparticle coarsening simulations have been performed in order to examine the effect of particle misfit on the microstructural evolution of two-phase crystalline systems. The particles are assumed to be coherent, spherical and possess a tetragonal misfit. The system is assumed to be elastically isotropic and homogeneous. The method of multipole tensors in its quadrupole approximation is used to solve the coupled elastic and diffusion problem. The elastic interaction between particles arising from the misfit strains leads to a high degree of particle alignment along elastically favorable orientations. The development of such strong spatial correlations can be understood in terms of such phenomena as enhanced coarsening of unfavorably oriented particles, retarded and inverse coarsening of favorably oriented ones and systematic particle migrations.
Multicomponent behavioral treatment of fear of flying: A case report

A case study is presented which describes the treatment of fear of flying, using several behavioral interventions. The procedures included a variant of self-desensitization, graded in vivo experiences, and the use of audio-tape recordings made by the client in the course of her real life approach behavior. The therapeutic effects of the client's listening to the recordings while relaxed are discussed in terms of presumptive language counterconditioning effects and modeling components.
The preparation and use of concentrated red bloodcell transfusions in infancy

D URING the last few years, whole blood transfusions of fresh blood have been largely replaced in our hospital by preserved blood because of its availability. The preparation of bank blood sometimes requires dilution. This enhances, to a degree, its use in conditions associated with any degree of hemoconcentration. However, it is at a distinct disadvantage in the very young infant and child because repeated transfusions are difficult to administer. It is at a disadvantage where one is dealing with hemolytic anemias, both acute and chronic. In order to combat these objections, we have concentrated bank blood at the time of use and have administered such blood concentrated to an even greater cell count than that of whole blood, with satisfactory results. Pediatric patients because of their size are limited as to the volume of fluids that can be administered at any one time. In some instances the accessibility of venipunetures is an important limiting factor. Here the value of concentrated cell transfusion is obvious. Favorable results with blood concentrates on adult patients have been published by different workers who vary slightly in their method of concentrating the blood. Watson, 1 Williams and Davie, 2 and GoodalP have simply removed the plasma either leaving the middle layer of " g e l " of white blood cells and fibrin or taking measures to exclude that layer. Murray and associates, ~ McQuaide and Mollison, ~ and Alt 6 have added solutions of either saline or glucose-saline apparently to reduce the viscosity of the cells, facilitating administration. The resultant concentrates are reported as having red blood cell counts of six million to eight million per cubic millimeter and hemoglobin content of from 17 to 20 Gin. per 100 c.c. We have concentrated red blood cells from "bank blood" which are prepared according to the method of Muether and Andrews, 7 using dextrose-citrate-buffer solution. With this, it is necessary simply to siphon off the supernatant fluid. It has been found s that the " g e l " layer does not form in sufficient amount to require removal and the resultant concentrate has been given without any difficulty with the usual methods of intravenous administration.
Temperature elevation in the rat fetus due to ultrasound exposure

The temperature elevation resulting from sonically generated heat in rat fetuses was measured for various intensity levels. The temperature elevation produced inside the fetus was higher than that on the outside surface. In live fetuses, a portion of the heat generated was carried off by the circulating blood. The temperature elevation curves were used to estimate the absorption coefficient of rat fetuses. Absorption coefficient values range from 0.065 to 0.086 Np/cm at 1 MHz. The present results are consistent with a theoretical model of temperature elevation in a heated sphere.
Percutaneous Paravalvular Leak Closure

Percutaneous paravalvular leak closure is increasingly being performed as an alternative to reoperation in patients with symptomatic prosthetic paravalvular regurgitation. This article reviews the pathogenesis of paravalvular leaks and percutaneous techniques for closure. Newer multimodality imaging techniques, including 3-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography and 3D/4D computed tomographic angiography, allow improved preprocedural planning and intraprocedural guidance. Specific techniques can be used for challenging patient anatomy and larger paravalvular leaks. Outcomes from experienced centers show acceptable rates of technical and clinical success, with lower procedural morbidity than reoperation.
Effects of atmospheric moisture on rock resistivity

This study examines the changes in resistivity of rock samples as induced by atmospheric moisture. Experiments were performed on samples of hematitic sandstone, pyrite, and galena. The sandstone underwent a change in resistivity of four orders of magnitude when it was measured in a vacuum of 500 ntorr and in air of 37% relative humidity. Pyrite and galena showed no variations in resistivity when they were measured under the same conditions. These results, plus others obtained elsewhere, indicate that rocks of the resistive type are affected in their electrical properties by atmospheric moisture, whereas rocks of the conductive type are not. The experimental evidence obtained is difficult to reconcile with a model of aqueous electrolytic conduction on the sample surface. It is instead suggested that adsorbed water molecules alter the surface resistivity in a manner similar to that observed in semiconductors and insulators.
Discrepancies between global nucleon-nucleon phase shifts and new data for n-p scattering at 16. 9 MeV

Data for the analyzing power ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for $n\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering at 16.9 MeV have been measured for the range from 50 to 145\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (c.m.). Eleven values are reported to an accuracy of about \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002, the highest overall precision ever obtained in any fast-neutron polarization experiment. Predictions based on phase-shift sets obtained from global analyses of nucleon-nucleon scattering disagree significantly with the new data. The data are sufficiently precise to show a dependence on the $f$-wave spin-orbit phase parameter.