cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, blocks swim-induced elevation of cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate.

In order to explore how rapidly locomotor activity induces an elevation in cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content, Sprague-Dawley rats, pretrained to swim a 2.5-m course, were required to swim from one to 5 laps representing from 7 to 40s of strenuous activity. Immediately after completing the swimming task, each animal was killed by microwave irradiation and the cerebellum was collected for subsequent determination of the cGMP content. There was no difference in the cerebellar cGMP content between rats swimming one lap, i.e. for 7 s, and control rats that did not swim. However, there was a linear increase in the cGMP over control values from 1.8- to 2.4-fold in rats swimming 3 and 5 times, respectively. The first significant elevation of the cerebellar cGMP was seen at 24 s (3 laps). To determine if acidic amino acid pathways were involved in this elevation, a low dosage of a selective NMDA antagonist, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (APH) was injected intracerebroventricularly 4 min before having rats swim 4 laps. This low dosage of APH, which alone had no effect on the cerebellar cGMP content, completely blocked the swim-induced elevation of this parameter. These data provide the first report of how quickly locomotor activity elevates the cerebellar cGMP content and further suggest that an NMDA receptor-mediated pathway is involved in the activity-induced elevation of this parameter.
Comprehensive Medicine: A New Era In Medical Education

The civilized world has made major advances in a number of fields of knowledge in the past 50 years. Medicine has shared in this rapid expansion and growth of ideas and thus has shared in the consequent breakdown of barriers that separated the various fields of knowledge. Today, like other specialized concepts held by western man, illness is considered a relative term. It is thought to represent a complex organism-environment relationship. Disease and health are no longer considered defined points but, rather, are felt to represent relative conditions either of which may be influenced by the degree of a person's adaptation to the stresses and complexities of his environment or by his innate potential for health (7, 10). Thus social and psychological, as well as other environmental factors, are being given a wider consideration in modern medicine.
Update to the College of American Pathologists Reporting on Thyroid Carcinomas

Background The reporting of thyroid carcinomas follows the recommendations of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) protocols and includes papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. Despite past and recent efforts, there are a number of controversial issues in the classification and diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas (TC) that, potentially impact on therapy and prognosis of patients with TC. Discussion The most updated version of the CAP thyroid cancer protocol incorporates recent changes in histologic classification as well as changes in the staging of thyroid cancers as per the updated American Joint Commission on Cancer staging manual. Among the more contentious issues in the pathology of thyroid carcinoma include the defining criteria for tumor invasiveness. While there are defined criteria for invasion, there is not universal agreement in what constitutes capsular invasion, angioinvasion and extrathyroidal invasion. Irrespective of the discrepant views on invasion, pathologists should report on the presence and extent (focal, widely) of capsular invasion, angioinvasion and extrathyroidal extension. These findings assist clinicians in their assessment of the recurrence risk and potential for metastatic disease. It is beyond the scope of this paper to detail the entire CAP protocol for thyroid carcinomas; rather, this paper addresses some of the more problematic issues confronting pathologists in their assessment and reporting of thyroid carcinomas. Conclusion The new CAP protocol for reporting of thyroid carcinomas is a step toward improving the clinical value of the histopathologic reporting of TC. Large meticulous clinico-pathologic and molecular studies with long term follow up are still needed in order to increase the impact of microscopic examination on the prognosis and management of TC.
Syntheses, Structures, and Bonding of Cp2M(ER)2 Compounds (Cp = C5H5; M = Ti, Zr; E = Ga, In; R = C6H3-2,6-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2)

Sodium or magnesium metal reduction of Cp2MCl2 (Cp = C5H5; M = Zr, Ti) with RECl2 (E = Ga, In; R = C6H3-2,6-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2) affords heteronuclear organometallic compounds, Cp2M(ER)2, with new t...
ErbB-4: a receptor tyrosine kinase.

ErbB-4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by the binding of specific growth factors to its ectodomain. In addition to the initiation of signal transduction pathways that direct cell responses, such as proliferation or differentiation, this receptor is subject to ligand-dependent trafficking events. The signal transduction events are controlled by ligand-dependent activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity, which results in receptor autophospho-rylation and the tyrosine phosphorylation of other cellular proteins. The trafficking events include migration into and out of membrane microdomains, entry into internalization pathways and endocytosis, plus proteolytic fragmentation.
Lime pretreatment of switchgrass at mild temperatures for ethanol production.

To improve the enzymatic digestibility of switchgrass at mild temperatures, lime pretreatment of switchgrass was explored at 50 and 21 C, and compared with that at 121 C. The effects of residence time, lime loading, and biomass washing on the sugar production efficiency were investigated. Pretreatments were evaluated based on the yields of biomass-derived sugars in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Under the best pretreatment conditions (50 C, 24 h, 0.10 g Ca(OH)2/g raw biomass, and wash intensity of 100 ml water/g raw biomass), the yields of glucose, xylose, and total reducing sugars reached 239.6, 127.2, and 433.4 mg/g raw biomass, which were respectively 3.15, 5.78, and 3.61 times those of untreated biomass. The study on calcium–lignin bonding showed that calcium ions crosslinked lignin molecules under alkaline conditions, which substantially decreased lignin solubilization during pretreatment, but the resulting high lignin contents of the pretreated biomass did not compromise the improvement of enzymatic digestibility.
Does your strategy pass the no test

Abstract Strategy planning is getting a bad press with managers. Jorge Vasconcellos e Sa argues that it is not so much the concept that is wrong, it is the way it is formulated and carried out. Try seeing if your proposed strategy can jump some negative hurdles before taking any action.
Preparation of a copper-based fluorescent probe for nitric oxide and its use in mammalian cultured cells

A procedure for the preparation of a copper(II) complex (CuFL) as a fluorescent nitric oxide (NO) detector is described. The fluorescein-based ligand FL can be synthesized in seven reaction steps (overall yield ~20%), typically requiring a total time of 9 days. The CuFL probe allows for the detection of NO produced in mammalian cultured cells. The detailed protocol for the use of CuFL for imaging NO in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells takes a total time of ~26 h. This includes plating cells on six-well tissue culture plates or imaging dishes, treatment with CuFL, stimulation of NO synthases and imaging by fluorescence microscopy.
Sustaining olfaction at low salinities: evidence for a paracellular route of ion movement from the hemolymph to the sensillar lymph in the olfactory sensilla of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Evidence reported previously suggests that in low-salinity conditions the integrity of the olfactory dendrites of the blue crab is sustained by a diffusion-generated ionic microenvironment within the aesthetascs. Diffusion of ions from the hemolymph to the sensillar lymph is proposed to maintain this microenvironment. In this study, using lanthanum as an electron-dense marker of extracellular fluid space, we find morphological evidence for paracellular continuity between the hemolymph and the sensillar lymph. Lanthanum penetrates extracellular fluid spaces within the aesthetascs when antennules are either perfused or bathed externally with solutions containing lanthanum nitrate. This was found in both freshwater- and seawater-acclimated animals. Evidence for ion diffusion from the aesthetascs was obtained using self-referencing, ion-selective microelectrodes. Both Ca2+ and K+ exhibit outwardly directed flux gradients associated with the aesthetasc tuft in low-salinity conditions. These findings are consistent with the concept that ion diffusion from the hemolymph to the sensillar lymph generates an ionic/osmotic microenvironment within the aesthetascs at low salinities.
Conflict Resolution and Impropriety in a Guatemalan Town

Certain actors, because of the culturally defined impropriety of their behavior, are able to act as go-betweens for other actors whose statuses inhibit the composition of their differences. In a small Guatemalan town disputes between religious groups cannot be directly negotiated. A social type called the "backslider," by virtue of the impropriety of his role, is able to compose the differences between religious antagonists. Cutural and historical correlates of the situation are briefly discussed. The functional analogue of the backslider may occur elsewhere. In this paper I shall describe how certain actors by virtue of the impropriety of their behavior are able to act as go-betweens, thereby integrating other actors whose respective statuses are such that they cannot ordinarily compose their differences. Thus, this paper has reference to a type of social process *This paper is a product of field work carried out in Guatemala during 1960-61. The field trip was made possible by a grant from the AnthropolThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.180 on Mon, 25 Apr 2016 07:06:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms GUATEMALAN CONFLICT RESOLUTION 99 sometimes discussed under the heading of "latent functions." As Bohannan (1958:1)
Gonodecten — New 3-minute in vitro diagnostic test for gonorrhea in the male without use of conventional culture or Gram stain

Abstract Two hundred one male patients having a urethral discharge and presenting themselves to the venereal disease clinic were evaluated for the ability of a new, rapid diagnostic system, the Gonodecten test kit, to detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The results of this test kit were compared to that of the standard Gram stain procedure and standard culture techniques. Analysis of the data demonstrated similar results for both Gonodecten test kit and Gram stain when compared to culture for determining the presence or absence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Viral hepatitis in relation to dentistry

25. Flag, J . F . Metallic pastes for filling teeth. Am. J . D. Sc. 4:210, 1844. 26. Sweeney, J . T. Amalgam manipulation: manual vs. mechanical aids. Part II . Comparison of clinical applications. J .A .D .A . 27:1940 Dec. 1940. 27. Swartz, M. L., and Phillips, R. W . Study of am al­ gam condensation procedures with emphasis on the residual mercury content of the increments. I. Strenqth, flow, and dimensional change. J . D. Res. 33:12 Feb. 1954. 28. Skinner, E. W ., and Phillips, R. W . Science of dental materials, ed. 5. Philadelphia, W . B. Saunders Co ., I960, chapter 21. 29. Swartz, M. L .; Phillips, R. W ., and El Tannir, M. D. Tarnish of certain dental alloys. J . D. Res. 37:837 Sept.-Oct. 1958. 30. Roper, L. H . Restorations with amalgam in the army: an evaluation and analysis. J .A .D .A . 34:443 April I, 1947. 31. Moss, R. P. Amalgam failures. U. S. Armed Forces M. J . 4:735 May 1953.
Assessing Phoneme Awareness.

Phonological awareness has been shown to be an important component of early reading success. The purpose of this article is to review the importance of phonological awareness within the broader con...
A semiautomated procedure for the determination of serum cholesterol using the Abell-Kendall method.

A semiautomated method for the measurement of serum total cholesterol, based on the Abell-Kendall procedure, is described by which 100 to 140 samples may be analyzed in duplicate per day. The method was made possible by the development of a Liebermann color reagent which is stable for 8 hr. Mechanized pipetting units are used to measure all reagents and the 0.1 ml samples of serum. One analyst can analyze 60 samples in duplicate per day. Determinations are carried out on an assembly line basis so that 2 analysts can analyze more than twice as many samples as can one analyst. Representative data collected over a period of 2 years for the analysis of routine samples showed that the standard deviation for duplicates, randomized over 6-day periods, ranged from 2.7 to 3.0 mg% after repeating the analysis of the 6 to 8% of samples whose duplicates differed by more than 9 mg%.
Property rights and governance of Africa's rangelands: a policy overview.

Recent efforts at securing property rights in dryland Africa have generally involved several interrelated processes such as legal and policy reforms that recognize and strengthen customary rights or the seasonal rights of pastoralists, and the decentralization of land allocation and administration to lower governance levels. These solutions are in turn beset by new problems, key among them are establishing norms for local participation in decision making, preventing manipulation and capture by elites, lack of accountability of local level institutions and authorities, and the onset of a new generation of resource user conflicts. Increasing avenues through which dialogue and communication can occur among policy actors (including local communities) in order to mobilize multiple experiences, information, and to manage power relationships — a collaborative approach to policy governance — is one way of approaching the complexity paradox. This is anticipated to provide opportunity for learning, innovation and adaptability.
Numerical computation of the Ahlfors map of a multiply connected planar domain

N. Kerzman and E. M. Stein discovered in [6] a method for computing the SzegG Kernel of a bounded domain D in the complex plane with C” smooth boundary. In case D is also simply connected, the Kerzman-Stein method yields a powerful technique for computing the Riemann Mapping Function associated to a point a in D (see [6, 71). In this note, we show how the Kerzman-Stein method can be generalized to yield a method for computing the Ahlfors map associated to a point in a finitely connected, bounded domain in the plane with C* smooth boundary. The Ahlfors map is a proper holomorphic mapping of D onto the unit disc which maps each boundary component of D one-to-one onto the boundary of the unit disc. The Ahlfors map might prove to be useful in certain problems arising in fluid mechanics. For example, in the problem of computing the transonic flow past an obstacle in the plane, a conformal map of the outside of the obstacle onto the unit disc is used to set up a grid which is most convenient for making numerical computations (see [S] ). The Ahlfors map could be used in a similar way in problems of this sort in which more than one obstacle is involved. These and other applications will be explored in subsequent papers. For the present, we content ourselves with describing our numerical method and proving its validity. It should be mentioned that in case D is simply connected, the Ahlfors map is equal to the Riemann Mapping Function. Thus, our numerical method yields a new technique for computing the Riemann map. In this setting, however, the method of [7] is to be preferred.
Evidence for multiple immunoglobulin genes.

Summary RNA/DNA hybridization was used to quantitate immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. The RNA was prepared from microsomes of mouse myeloma cells and further purified by selecting poly A containing (poly A +) species. ( 125 I) labeled myeloma microsomal poly A + RNA (mainly Ig κ-chain mRNA) was hybridized in solution with an excess of mouse DNA. Biphasic hybridization kinetics showed that a significant portion of the hybrids were formed at low Cot indicating reaction with about 2,500 to 5,000 copies in the DNA. Krebs microsomal poly A + RNA, and myeloma postmicrosomal poly A + RNA, did not show a rapidly hybridizing phase. The data suggest the existence of a large number of immunoglobulin genes per haploid genome, enough probably to satisfy germ line theories of antibody synthesis.
Dietary protein restriction and preservation of kidney function in chronic kidney disease

Dietary protein augmentation elicits an increase in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and increased transglomerular pressure. This is similar to the hemodynamic response to reduction in renal mass. Among patients and experimental animals with proteinuric renal disease, these changes also cause an increase in glomerular permselectivity, which in experimental animals accelerates loss of renal function. A meta-analysis of a group of prospective randomized trials including over 2,000 patients found a significant effect on reducing dietary protein decreasing the risk of end-stage renal disease or death (defined as renal death). This differs somewhat in the outcomes of clinical trials using intermediate outcomes, such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study that used change in GFR in part because of the initial hemodynamic effect of reduction in GFR mediated by dietary protein restriction.
Comments, with reply, on "Minimization of reactive power under nonsinusoidal conditions" by L.S. Czarnecki

The commenter argues that ignoring compensator rating in the optimal design of a shunt LC compensator for power engineering applications is neither realistic nor physically justified. Furthermore, minimization of source reactive power only with respect to either L or C results in a not necessarily global minimum. Computation and var specification errors were also found and corrected. For comparison purposes, a realistic optimal design procedure is presented. In replying, Czarnecki states that compensators of reactive power are built in order to minimize an additional cost caused by the presence of reactive power in the circuit, and at their optimization the capital cost of the compensator must be taken into account. When the load parameters do not change, the compensator designer does not need any algorithm for reactive power minimization, but only a method to minimize the overall cost, since just this minimum is the criterion for the compensator optimization. However, when the reactive power of the load varies over a broad range, the designer may conclude that the cost minimization requires an adaptable compensator. He discusses two problems that have to be solved when its parameters are being adapted to the load. >
Spread of discrete structural changes in synthetic polyanionic gel: a model of propagation of a nerve impulse.

Abstract Thin fibers of cross-linked polyacrylate gel were prepared by inducing polymerization reaction inside long glass or Tygon tubings. By immersing these gel fibers in salt solutions containing both Ca 2+ and Na + at varying ratios, a discontinuous transition from the swollen state to the shrunken was demonstrated. A very sharp boundary was observed between the swollen and shrunken portions of the gel fiber. It was found possible to displace this sharp boundary continuously by application of a weak electric current. Based on the similarity in swelling behavior between nerve fibers and synthetic gel fibers, a non-myelinated nerve fiber carrying an impulse was treated as a cylindrical gel layer consisting of two distinct portions, a swollen (active) portion connected directly to the remaining shrunken (resting) portion. By applying the cable theory to this model of the nerve fiber, mathematical expressions describing the conduction velocity, the maximum rate of potential rise, etc. in terms of the electric parameters of the fiber were derived.
Suggestions for a Fair and Equitable Delimitation of the U.S.-Canadian Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area

The equidistance line claimed by Canada is applicable only in the northern corner of the Gulf where it produces a fair and equitable result; it should not be applicable in the central and outer area of the Gulf because of the prevailing circumstances relating to the concave/convex configuration of the coasts. The mid-channel line claimed by the United States may also not be justified because it lacks in reasons as well as precedents. A fair and equitable boundary would be an oceanward straight line, starting from a certain terminus of the fair and equitable equidistance line, perpendicular to the general direction of the southeastern coasts of New England and Nova Scotia, which would divide the area of the major interests in accordance with the criterion of a reasonable degree of proportionality between the lengths of the coasts and the area concerned.
Observation of atomic localization using electromagnetically induced transparency

We present a proof-of-principle experiment in which the population of an atomic level is spatially localized using the technique of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The key idea is to utilize the sensitive dependence of the dark state of EIT on the intensity of the coupling laser beam. By using a sinusoidal intensity variation (standing wave), we demonstrate that the population of a specific hyperfine level can be localized much more tightly than the spatial period.
A suggestion to improve teh manger plan

A weaknss of the manager plan is the frequent Unwillingness of the council to allow the manager freedom to make good. Why not, therefore, provide an electoral college, independent of the council, to hire, and fire managers?
Open-loop glucose-insulin control with threshold secretory mechanism: Analysis of intravenous glucose tolerance tests in man

Abstract The shape of the plasma insulin curve during a glucose tolerance test in man suggests that the threshold secretory process, as demonstrated in rat pancreatic perfusions, must be included in a model of insulin secretion, distribution, and removal for analysis of the data. A mathematical model was developed and subsequently applied to the intravenous tolerance test (IVGTT) obtained in human subjects. An important feature of the model is that the IVGTT is essentially a perturbation to an open-loop control system. A nonlinear regression analysis of the IVGTT in 23 normal subjects indicated that the model can account for the variety of insulin response curves found experimentally and provided the parameters of the system.
Infrared observation of longitudinal optical modes in MBE-grown polar semiconductors films

Abstract The feasibility of observing the zone-center longitudinal optical phonon (LO) of a crystal as a minimum in its infrared transmission spectrum, when measured with radiation obliquely incident on a thin film of the crystal, i.e. , the Berreman effect, is demonstrated with an MBE′-grown zinc-blende MnTe epilayer. Whereas the zone-center transverse optic phonon (TO) appears irrespective of the polarization of the incident radiation for both normal and oblique incidence, the LO can be detected only in the latter with light polarized in the plane of incidence. We have verified the Berreman effect in a variety of MBE-grown II–VI epilayers and heterostructures.
Does simplifying divorce and marriage registration matter? Evidence from China

ABSTRACTThis article evaluates the marital consequences of easier access to divorce and marriage by exploiting a major policy change in China that simplifies both. I first use a regression discontinuity design to examine the short-run effect and find that simplified registration immediately triggered more and faster divorces and marriages. In estimating the long-run effect, I adopt a difference-in-differences strategy that further exploits cross-sectional variation in urbanization rate. Results indicate that the positive effect on marital outcomes, especially on marriage rate, persisted in the medium run for 4 years.
Oxidation of Submicroscopic Fibrous Silicon Carbide

The oxidation rate of silicon carbide fibers of submicroscopic dimensions in static air was investigated by a gravimetric technique at 800°, 900°, and 1000°C. The fibers can be held near 800°C for several hours without significant oxidation, but they rapidly oxidize at 1000°C. A theoretical model for diffusion-controlled oxidation of the fibers, taking into account a changing reaction interfacial area, was obeyed to more than 60% conversion of the silicon carbide to silica. For the diffusion-controlled oxidation an enthalpy of activation of 55.8 or 39.8 kcal/mole was calculated depending on whether an amorphous silica sheath was initially present.
A comparative study of reciprocity in international physician licensing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the international mobility of physicians by comparing the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in the USA and eight other countries. Design/methodology/approach – This is a comparative study of the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in eight countries: China, India, the Philippines, the UK, Germany, Denmark, Israel and Australia. Their requirements are then contrasted with the USA’s requirements for foreign physician licensure to evaluate the extent of reciprocity among these countries. We conclude the paper by outlining some recommendations to increase the international mobility of physicians in the future. Findings – The results indicate that licensure for US physicians to practice in the nations above ranges from impossible (India), to difficult (China), to moderately difficult (the UK, Germany and Denmark), to easy and completely reciprocal (Australia, Israel and the Philippines). Originality/value – The result...
Impacts of climate change on forest product markets: Implications for North American producers

This paper examines potential climate change impacts in North American timber markets. The results indicate that cli­ mate change could increase productivity in forests in North America, increase productivity in forests globally, and reduce timber prices. North American consumers generally will gain from the potential changes, but producers could lose wel­ fare. If dieback resulting from additional forest fires, increased pest infestation, or storm damage increases appreciably and has market effects, consumers will gain less and producers will lose more than if climate change simply increases the annual flow of timber products by raising forest productivity. Annual producers' surplus losses from climate change in the North American timber sector are estimated to range from $1.4 -$2.1 billion per year on average over the next cen­ tury, with the higher number resulting from potential large-scale dieback. Within North America, existing studies suggest that producers in northern regions are less susceptible to climate change impacts than producers in southern regions because many climate and ecological models suggest that climates become dryer in the u.s. South.
Nontronitic Clay Pseudomorphs of Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–T) Boundary Microtektites, Shell Creek, Alabama, U.S.A.

Abstract The impactoclastic layer (< 1 m) at the base of the Paleocene Clayton Formation at Shell Creek, Alabama, U.S.A., consists of two parts of approximately equal thickness: a lower poorly sorted and graded layer of coarse, conglomeratic, microtektite pseudomorph-bearing quartzose sand and an upper layer consisting of thinly laminated and hummocky cross-stratified medium to fine quartzose sand. The lower part of the impactoclastic layer at the base of the Clayton Formation is composed of glauconitic, coarse to fine sand containing a significant component of pseudomorphs of Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–T) boundary microtektites that are composed of nontronitic clay. Previous work has shown the precursor microtektites, which are found in several other places in North America and the Caribbean area, were glassy objects that formed during the Chicxulub impact crater-forming event of approximately 65 million years ago. The Chicxulub impact structure, located on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, is approximately 1200 km south of the Shell Creek locality reported on here. The Shell Creek microtektite pseudomorphs are mostly in the range of ~ 0.5 to 3 mm, (averaging less than 1 mm) and consist of splash-form shapes, including spheres, prolate and oblate spheroids, dumbbells, and disks. The original glass has been altered to nontronitic clay, which is green-black. Nontronitic clay is indicative of a more mafic melt source than has previously been reported for K–T boundary pseudomorphs of microtektites.
Romantic ideals, romantic obtainment, and relationship experiences The complementarity of interpersonal traits among romantic partners

This research applied three different models of complementarity to romantic ideals, romantic obtainment, and the quality of romantic relationships: (i) Carson’s (1969) model of interpersonal complementarity (i.e., individuals similar to each other on warmth, but opposite on dominance, are most compatible); (ii) Wiggins’s (1979) model of complementarity (i.e., individuals whose personalities occur in a manner predicted by social exchange theory are most compatible); and (iii) the model of similarity (i.e., individuals with similar personalities are most compatible). Study 1 examined the personality traits of 169 single male and female participants and the personality traits they found most desirable in romantic partners. Using randomization tests of hypothesized order relations and Pearson correlations, results suggested
Shock curvature and gradients at the tip of pointed axisymmetric bodies in non-equilibrium flow

The shock curvature and flow variable gradients at the tip of a pointed body caused by non-equilibrium effects are considered. Co-ordinates introduced by Chester (1956) are used since they offer a convenient way of treating the boundary conditions. The desired functions are obtained by solving numerically a system of linear ordinary differential equations. These equations have a singularity; the nature of the singularity is found analytically, and its numerical treatment is discussed. The specific non-equilibrium effect considered is vibrational relaxation in a pure diatomic gas. Representative results are given for flow of N2 over a cone for a comprehensive range of Mach number and cone angle. There is a point analogous to the Crocco point. The exact results are compared with predictions from (i) a hypersonic, small disturbance theory; (ii) the application of an integral method; (iii) characteristic calculations. In an appendix, a comparative discussion is given of results for frozen flow over ogival bodies.
Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of iodonium salts

Positive-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectra and linked-scan tandem mass spectra were measured for aromatic iodonium salts. The mass spectra usually contain the intact cation of the iodonium salt as the base peak, fragment ions of lower abundance resulting from simple cleavages or rearrangements, and a characteristic loss of atomic iodine. High-level semi-empirical calculations suggest that an obtuse ring-I + -ring angle facilitates loss of atomic iodine through concomitant ring-to-ring bond formation
Structure feature selection for graph classification

With the development of highly efficient graph data collection technology in many application fields, classification of graph data emerges as an important topic in the data mining and machine learning community. Towards building highly accurate classification models for graph data, here we present an efficient graph feature selection method. In our method, we use frequent subgraphs as features for graph classification. Different from existing methods, we consider the spatial distribution of the subgraph features in the graph data and select those ones that have consistent spatial location.We have applied our feature selection methods to several cheminformatics benchmarks. Our method demonstrates a significant improvement of prediction as compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Reaping caregiver feelings of gain: The roles of socio-emotional support and mastery

Objectives: Existing studies indicate that the presence of social support increases the likelihood of caregivers experiencing feelings of gain from caregiving; however, researchers have not yet investigated the mechanism through which social support is linked to caregiver feelings of gain. Informed by Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, the present study investigated whether a sense of caregiving mastery serves as a key mechanism. Method: Sixty-three family caregivers of dependent elders completed surveys to assess caregiver feelings of gain, socio-emotional support (from family, friends, spouse/partner) and mastery. To evaluate the hypothesized mediation model, a series of structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted with the maximum likelihood method by Lisrel 8.8. Results: Socio-emotional support from family members was found to be an important resource for caregiver feelings of gain. SEM analyses further revealed that the mechanisms by which socio-emotional support influences caregiver fe...
Estimating Charitable Deductions in Giving USA

This article describes the model used inGiving USA2002 to estimate charitable deductions in 2001 and explains the criteria by which that model was selected. The article also presents a systematic c...
Cerebral blood oxygenation measurement based on oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence.

Monitoring of the spatiotemporal characteristics of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation is crucial for better understanding of the neuro-metabolic-vascular relationship. Development of new pO2 measurement modalities with simultaneous monitoring of pO2 in larger fields of view with higher spatial and/or temporal resolution will enable greater insight into the functioning of the normal brain and will also have significant impact on diagnosis and treatment of neurovascular diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and head injury. Optical imaging modalities have shown a great potential to provide high spatiotemporal resolution and quantitative imaging of pO2 based on hemoglobin absorption in visible and near infrared range of optical spectrum. However, multispectral measurement of cerebral blood oxygenation relies on photon migration through the highly scattering brain tissue. Estimation and modeling of tissue optical parameters, which may undergo dynamic changes during the experiment, is typically required for accurate estimation of blood oxygenation. On the other hand, estimation of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) based on oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence should not be significantly affected by the changes in the optical parameters of the tissue and provides an absolute measure of pO2. Experimental systems that utilize oxygen-sensitive dyes have been demonstrated in in vivo studies of the perfused tissue as well as for monitoring the oxygen content in tissue cultures, showing that phosphorescence quenching is a potent technology capable of accurate oxygen imaging in the physiological pO2 range. Here we demonstrate with two different imaging modalities how to perform measurement of pO2 in cortical vasculature based on phosphorescence lifetime imaging. In first demonstration we present wide field of view imaging of pO2 at the cortical surface of a rat. This imaging modality has relatively simple experimental setup based on a CCD camera and a pulsed green laser. An example of monitoring the cortical spreading depression based on phosphorescence lifetime of Oxyphor R3 dye was presented. In second demonstration we present a high resolution two-photon pO2 imaging in cortical micro vasculature of a mouse. The experimental setup includes a custom built 2-photon microscope with femtosecond laser, electro-optic modulator, and photon-counting photo multiplier tube. We present an example of imaging the pO2 heterogeneity in the cortical microvasculature including capillaries, using a novel PtP-C343 dye with enhanced 2-photon excitation cross section. Click here to view the related article Synthesis and Calibration of Phosphorescent Nanoprobes for Oxygen Imaging in Biological Systems.
The Three-Tier Security Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sinks

Mobile sinks (MSs) are vital in many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications for efficient data accumulation, localized sensor reprogramming, and for distinguishing and revoking compromised sensors. However, in sensor networks that make use of the existing key predistribution schemes for pairwise key establishment and authentication between sensor nodes and mobile sinks, the employment of mobile sinks for data collection elevates a new security challenge: in the basic probabilistic and q-composite key predistribution schemes, an attacker can easily obtain a large number of keys by capturing a small fraction of nodes, and hence, can gain control of the network by deploying a replicated mobile sink preloaded with some compromised keys. This article describes a three-tier general framework that permits the use of any pairwise key predistribution scheme as its basic component. The new framework requires two separate key pools, one for the mobile sink to access the network, and one for pairwise key establishment between the sensors. To further reduce the damages caused by stationary access node replication attacks, we have strengthened the authentication mechanism between the sensor and the stationary access node in the proposed framework. Through detailed analysis, we show that our security framework has a higher network resilience to a mobile sink replication attack as compared to the polynomial pool-based scheme.
Solar eclipse: November 12, 1966

On November 12, 1966, more than 450 scientists and technicians from throughout the United States conducted research projects on what may be the most intensively studied solar eclipse in the 4000 years of recorded history of such events. Scientists, many of them working on cooperative investigations with researchers from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Italy, and Peru, studied many aspects of the eclipse in 87 U. S. research projects. A total of about 150 projects were conducted by scientists of 14 countries. Studies included land, sea, and airborne probes of the Sun and its effects on the Earth's atmosphere, using airplanes, balloons, ships, and rockets as platforms for highly sophisticated instrumentation photography.
Alcohol and drug use among gang members: experiences of adolescents who attend school

BACKGROUND: Problems related to gangs have been noted in large cities and in many schools across the United States. This study examined the patterns of alcohol, drug use, and related exposures among male and female high school students who were gang members. METHODS: Analyses were based on the Youth Violence Survey, conducted in 2004, and administered to over 80% of eligible public school students in grades 7, 9, 11, and 12 (N = 4131) in a high-risk, urban school district. The self-administered survey, completed during a class period, included measures of alcohol and drug use and related exposures. Tests of associations were determined using chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses.
NAD(P)H fluorescence imaging of postsynaptic neuronal activation in murine hippocampal slices.

We examined mechanisms contributing to stimulus-evoked changes in NAD(P)H fluorescence as a marker of neuronal activation in area CA1 of murine hippocampal slices. Three types of stimuli (electrical, glutamate iontophoresis, bath-applied kainate) produced biphasic fluorescence changes composed of an initial transient decrease (“initial component,” 1–3%), followed by a longer-lasting transient increase (“overshoot,” 3–8%). These responses were matched by inverted biphasic flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) fluorescence transients, suggesting that these transients reflect mitochondrial function rather than optical artifacts. Both components of NAD(P)H transients were abolished by ionotropic glutamate receptor block, implicating postsynaptic neuronal activation as the primary event involved in generating the signals, and not presynaptic activity or reuptake of synaptically released glutamate. Spatial analysis of the evoked signals indicated that the peak of each component could arise in different locations in the slice, suggesting that there is not always obligatory coupling between the two components. The initial NAD(P)H response showed a strong temporal correspondence to intracellular Ca+ increases and mitochondrial depolarization. However, despite the fact that removal of extracellular Ca2+ abolished neuronal cytosolic Ca2+ transients to exogenous glutamate or kainate, this procedure did not reduce slice NAD(P)H responses evoked by either of these agonists, implying that mechanisms other than neuronal mitochondrial Ca2+ loading underlie slice NAD(P)H transients. These data show that, in contrast to previous proposals, slice NAD(P)H transients in mature slices do not reflect neuronal Ca2+ dynamics and demonstrate that these signals are sensitive indicators of both the spatial and temporal characteristics of postsynaptic neuronal activation in these preparations.
Early life environment modulates 'handedness' in rats.

Abstract Right handedness is one of the most prominent markers of human functional brain asymmetry. Deviation from this norm appears to be associated with certain developmental disorders. While many studies have dealt with the genetic contribution to the determination of handedness, few have examined whether environmental factors that are subtler than forced hand switching can modulate the development of handedness. In this study, we exposed rats to a novel environment for 3 min daily during their first 3 weeks of life and found that their paw preferences during both infancy and adulthood showed a leftward shift compared with the controls. This result suggests that ‘handedness’ can be modified by rather subtle early environmental manipulation. Since exposure to a novel environment does not involve a direct asymmetric activation of the sensory–motor system underlying paw-use, mechanisms beyond this paw-specific system must exist to mediate the observed modulation of ‘handedness’.
INTEGRIN ENGAGEMENT REGULATES PROLIFERATION AND COLLAGENASE EXPRESSION OF RHEUMATOID SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS

Growth of and metalloproteinase production by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contribute to cartilage and bone destruction associated with development of the expanding inflammatory tissue referred to as pannus. Increased levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the pannus suggest that intracellular signals generated through integrin receptors might control these processes. We developed a cell culture system permitting accurate assessment of the effect of cell adhesion to various ECM proteins on FLS phenotype. We show that FLS proliferation to platelet-derived growth factor requires a second signal provided by adhesion to an ECM protein. Fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen, or laminin could provide the second signal and was similarly required for the proliferation of FLSs from RA or osteoarthritis patients. Adhesion to fibronectin, collagen, or Arg-Gly-Asp peptide down-regulated collagenase expression. Primarily αv integrin receptors mediated this down-regulation upon adhesion to fibronectin. Loss of cell adhesion and TNF-α stimulation synergistically increased collagenase expression. Increased collagenase expression upon nonadherence was mimicked by treatment with cytochalasin B, suggesting that the loss of cytoskeletal structure associated with a change in cell shape mediates increased collagenase in nonadherent cells. Thus, although increased fibronectin in the lining layer in RA might be expected to inhibit collagenase expression, the change in cell shape associated with this multilayer structure might actually lead to increased collagenase expression.
Thalassemia Intermedia Cases in Negro Siblings with Unusual Differences in Minor Hemoglobin Components

Biochemical, genetic, and clinical studies of two adult Negro brothers with clinical thalassemia intermedia are presented. Their hematologic disease appears to have been caused by interactions of thalassemia with another gene which had no phenotypic expression or was non-allelic to the thalassemia locus. These men had striking differences in the proportions of the minor components Hb A2 and F. It is considered unlikely that these differences were genetically determined. Rather, it is suggested that environmental or individual factors can modify this biochemical expression of thalassemia genes.
As Fracking Booms, Dearth Of Health Risk Data Remains

Researchers continue to ask whether the controversial method for capturing natural gas is safe. So far, the answer is “maybe or maybe not.”
Complex Damage Variables in Continuum Damage Mechanics

The concept of complex damage variables is introduced in this work. These damage variables have both real and imaginary parts. They are introduced not to use them in practical applications but to try to derive a direct relationship between the damage due to cross-sectional area reduction and the damage due to elastic stiffness degradation. In addition this concept can provide an insight in addressing the concept of healing that the authors have extensively published as well as the concept of undamageable materials. Toward this goal some success is achieved in the sense that some complicated relationships between the two damage processes are formulated. These relationships and the complex variable approach are novel ideas in Continuum Damage Mechanics. Throughout the formulation the hypothesis of strain equivalence is used in order to simplify the mathematical equations. This work can be extended and generalized by substituting the hypothesis of energy equivalence but this will complicate the equations unnecessarily.
Multicondition Terminal Control Systems for Aircraft

A method is presented for synthesizing a type of control system applicable to automatic landing of aircraft and designated as a multicondition terminal control system. This closed-loop control system is designed to cause the response of a controlled member to meet several independently specified conditions at a particular instant of time. The desired values of altitude and altitude rate at touchdown typify such conditions. Because the S3^stem operates to shape the response at one time only, it is suitable for use with controlled members that have oscillatory or divergent responses to forcing inputs.
Rapid Quality Control of Technetium-99m-2-Methoxy Isobutyl Isonitrile (Technetium-99m-Sestamibi)

Objective: Technetium-99m-sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI) is a radiopharmaceutical imaging agent useful for assessing myocardial perfusion. We present a simple, rapid and accurate SepPak® method to confirm the radiochemical purity of 99mTc-MIBI. Methods: Technetium-99m-MIBI preparations of high (>95%), intermediate (83–90%) and low (25–43%) radiochemical purity were evaluated by the recommended thinlayer chromatography (TLC) procedure. Radiochemical purities were simultaneously determined by Alumina-N and C-18 SepPak treatment using 95% ethanol and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, USP as eluents. Statistical analysis was used to determine concordance between TLC and corresponding SepPak values for the entire range of 99mTc-MIBI purity studied. Results: For all purity groups studied, a significant difference was found when 99mTc-MIBI radiochemical purity values by the C-18 SepPak method were compared to values obtained by the recommended TLC procedure. However, no statistical difference in 99mTc-MIBI radiochemical purity values were found when Alumina-N SepPaks, treated with sufficient eluent, were compared to values obtained by the recommended TLC procedure. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that an Alumina-N SepPak method can be routinely used as an alternative to the recommended TLC method for the radiochemical purity determination of 99mTc-MIBI.