cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Productivity and selected indicators of care in maternity and infant care and children and youth projects according to sponsorship

Bureau Common Reporting Requirements (BCRR) data tapes for Fiscal Year 1980 were analyzed to determine whether the type of sponsoring agency influenced the productivity or indicators of care of Maternity and Infant Care and Children and Youth Projects. Sponsors were classified as either health department or non-health department, health department or major medical center, or public or private in three separate sets of analyses. Some of these analyses indicated that special projects that were either health department or public agency sponsored were more likely to have more non-medical patient encounters and more health education and social work staff for a given level of expenditures. Although publicly sponsored projects employed fewer physician equivalents than did the non-public projects, those physicians were more productive. Despite these differences in encounters, staffing, and utilization of physicians, there were no differences in available measures of the process of care between categories of projects in any of the analyses.
Reconciling the Epidemiology, Physiology, and Molecular Biology of Colon Cancer

A QUESTION relevant to the etiology of cancer that is seldom asked is: What gets cancer—the genes, the cell, the organ, the organism, or perhaps even the population? The potential answers are not necessarily exclusive, even given reductionist tendencies and the genuine and justified excitement over discoveries in the molecular biology of cancer. Rather, these arelevelsof explanation that may be more or less coherent within themselves but provide even more information when they exist in a framework provided by all of the explanatory modes. For the purpose of exemplifying this framework, consider that theories of the etiology of colon cancer have been presented at a number of levels—epidemiologic, physiological, and cellular/ molecular. It is proposed herein that it is worthwhile considering both the coherence and interdependence of these levels of explanation, not as a sterile exercise, but because of its heuristic value and its capacity to shape a
Development of a multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)

A single-tube reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a fluorogenic real-time PCR detection method is described for the quantitation of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) RNA in the plasma of equids. To compensate for variations inherent in sample preparation a multiplex real-time RT-PCR system was developed that permitted the simultaneous calculation of the nucleic acid recovery rate along with the copy number of viral RNA molecules. Detection of EIAV RNA was linear from 109 to 101 molecules with intra- and inter-assay variability of less than 1% at 108, 106, 104 and 102 molecules.
Spatial interpolation and image-integrative geostatistical prediction of mosquito vectors for arboviral surveillance

Remote sensing can augment traditional methods of mosquito species surveillance for arboviruses. Abundance and patterns of mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in Chesapeake, Virginia, USA, were studied using light trap collection data and a Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ digital image for spatial interpolation and geostatistical mapping of the abundance of 24 species of mosquitoes capable of transmitting West Nile virus to humans. We evaluated spatial interpolation techniques including inverse distance weighting, ordinary kriging, co-kriging geostatistics using combined Landsat-7 tasselled cap transform indices (brightness, greenness, and wetness) to characterize habitats and breeding conditions. Results highlight gaps in surveillance coverage, geostatistical improvement of vector patterns and abundance, and spatial patterns of error. Constraints and opportunities for adoption of remote sensing and spatial analysis for mosquito control are identified and discussed.
The Client–Caseworker Relationship and Its Association with Outcomes Among Mental Health Court Participants

A portion of people with mental illnesses who are arrested are diverted to mental health courts (MHC) where they work with teams of treatment and court staff rather than serving time in custody. This study investigated the association between the relationship with caseworkers and outcomes. MHC participants were recruited to participate in structured interviews on their perceptions of the bond and conflict with their MHC caseworkers. Regression models tested associations between relationships with caseworkers and program retention, service use, and number of days spent in jail. Perceived conflict with caseworkers was higher among participants who were terminated or missing from the MHC. Participants who perceived less conflict with caseworkers utilized more services and spent fewer days in jail. The perceived bond was significantly associated with service use. Caseworkers with clients who are in the criminal justice system should be mindful as conflict arises and implement strategies to effectively manage conflict.
Variance contributions to band spread in capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract A peak variance method is described and used to determine contributions to band spread in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for model systems consisting of amino acids, peptides and proteins. A theoretical and experimental approach is proposed for isolating time-independent contributions to band spread from the time-dependent contributions to band spread in CZE. The significant time-independent contributions to CZE band spread include injection and detection, while important time-dependent contributions to band spread in CZE are due to molecular diffusion, Joule heating and deviation from ideal electroosmotic plug flow. The contribution of diffusion to band spread in CZE is experimentally determined by using a new approach involving multiple passes of the sample band past the detector, allowing measurement of the total variance of a sample band at periodically increasing residence times in the CZE column. Molecular diffusion is confirmed to be the major contributor to band spread under optimized CZE conditions. The experimental values for diffusion coefficients obtained in studies (without an externally applied electric field) are subsequently used to isolate the more subtle contributions to band spread which include Joule heating and the nature of electroosmotic (i.e., flow deviation from plug). Important time-independent contributions, i.e., injection, detection and voltage “on-off” switching are isolated for several analytes and compared to their total experimentally determined time-independent variance.
Suppression of the Immune Response to FVIII in Hemophilia A Mice by Transgene Modified Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Current methods for eradicating clinically significant inhibitory antibodies to human factor VIII (hFVIII) in patients with hemophilia A rely on repeated delivery of high doses of factor concentrates for a minimum of many months. We hypothesize that tolerance can be induced more efficiently and reliably through hFVIII antigen presentation by tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs). In this study, we generated tDCs from hemophilia A mice and modified them with a foamy virus vector expressing a bioengineered hFVIII transgene. Naive and preimmunized mice infused with hFVIII expressing tDCs showed suppression of the T cell and inhibitor responses to recombinant hFVIII (rhFVIII). Treatment with hFVIII expressing tDCs was also associated with a higher percentage of splenocytes demonstrating a regulatory T cell phenotype in immunized mice. Furthermore, CD4+ T cells harvested from recipients of hFVIII expression vector-modified tDCs were able to mediate antigen-specific immune suppression in naive secondary recipients. We also demonstrated a trend for improved suppression of inhibitor formation by coexpressing interleukin-10 (IL-10) and hFVIII from a bicistronic vector. These preclinical results demonstrate the potential for employing vector modified ex vivo generated tDCs to treat high titer inhibitors in patients with hemophilia A.
When the Levee Breaks: Treating Adolescents and Families in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina brought to the surface serious questions about the capacity of the public health system to respond to community-wide disaster. The storm and its aftermath severed developmentally protective family and community ties; thus its consequences are expected to be particularly acute for vulnerable adolescents. Research confirms that teens are at risk for a range of negative outcomes under conditions of life stress and family disorganization. Specifically, the multiple interacting risk factors for substance abuse in adolescence may be compounded when families and communities have experienced a major trauma. Further, existing service structures and treatments for working with young disaster victims may not address their risk for co-occurring substance abuse and traumatic stress reactions because they tend to be individually or peer group focused, and fail to consider the multi-systemic aspects of disaster recovery. This article proposes an innovative family-based intervention for young disaster victims, based on an empirically supported model for adolescent substance abuse, Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT; Liddle, 2002). Outcomes and mechanisms of the model’s effects are being investigated in a randomized clinical trial with clinically referred substance-abusing teens in a New Orleans area community impacted by Hurricane Katrina.
Chemical Effects of Methyl and Methyl Ester Groups on the Nucleation and Growth of Vapor-Deposited Aluminum Films

The interaction of vapor-deposited Al atoms with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of HS(CH2)15- CH3 and HS(CH2)15CO2CH3 chemisorbed at Au{111} surfaces was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. For the CH3-terminated SAM, no reaction with C- Ho r C-C bonds was observed. For total Al doses up to 12 atoms/nm 2 , penetration to the Au-S interface occurs with no disruption of the average chain conformation and tilt, indicating formation of a highly uniform 1:1 Al adlayer on the Au. Subsequently, penetration ceases and a metallic overlayer begins to form at the SAM-vacuum interface. These results are explained in terms of an initial dynamic hopping of the -S headgroups on the Au lattice, which opens transient diffusion channels to the Au-S interface, and the closing of these channels upon completion of the adlayer. In contrast, Al atom interactions with the CO2CH3-terminated SAM are restricted to the vacuum interface, where in the initial stages discrete organometallic products form via reaction with the CO 2CH3 group. First, a 1:1 complex forms with a reduced CdO bond and an intact CH3 moiety. Further exposure leads to the additional reaction of about four Al atoms per ester, after which a metallic overlayer nucleates in the form of clusters. After the growth progresses to 30 A, the clusters coalesce into a uniform metallic film. These results illustrate the extraordinary degree of control that organic substrates can exert during the course of metal film formation.
The Impact of Interaction with the Public on Work Outcomes: Role of Agreeableness and Job Complexity

Scholars in job design and emotional labor (EL) agree that interaction with the public is a critical job characteristic, but hold conflicting perspectives about how it affects employee outcomes. Th...
Release of dissolved organic matter from natural populations of marine phytoplankton

A new method is presented for measuring the rate of release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced by natural populations of marine phytoplankton. The method has been field-tested using natural populations of estuarine, coastal, and oceanic phytoplankton. Problems associated with the necessity for long incubation times, high initial activity of the inorganic 14C added to the sample, and self-absorption are overcome. Improved sensitivity is obtained by utilizing a large portion of the sample filtrate, Results from sampling at different times of day and for different lengths of incubation suggest that these problems should be reexamined in terms of both the percent and rate of relase of DOM from natural populations of phytoplankton. The rate of release of DOM from natural populations of marine phytoplankton decreases seaward. Phytoplankton in Georgia (USA) estuaries release <1 to 40 mg C m-3 day-1, in southeastern USA coastal waters from 0 to 19 mg C m-3 day-1, and in the westernmost Sargasso Sea from 0 to 2 mg C m-3 day-1. The percent of photoassimilated carbon released as DOM increases seaward. The percents are less than 7% in the Georgia estuaries, generally less than 13% in southeastern USA surface coastal waters, generally less than 21% for these coastal waters below the surface, and less than 44% for the westernmost Sargasso Sea. The results of this study and of other studies suggest that the measurement of primary productivity in estuarine and nearshore coastal waters is not seriously in error because of the absence of measurements on the rate of release of DOM from such phytoplankton. However, the estimation of primary-productivity values for oceanic waters is underestimated in some cases by about 50%.
Adenosine triphosphatase distribution in the organ of corti. Histochemical study by light and electron microscopy.

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) provides energy for active transport across cell membranes by its hydrolysis of Adenosinetriphosphate to Adenosinediphosphate. ATP-ase generally is found where active transport of water and electrolytes occurs. We used a histochemical method to study the location of this enzyme within the organ of Corti. We found that the outer surface of most cells in Corti's organ show enzyme activity. No ATP-ase was found along the side of hair cells where they are in contact with “cortilymph” or between adjacent nerve endings. Supporting cells have the enzyme on their entire surface. The enzyme was found in the basement membrane of the spiral vessel. Tunnel-crossing nerve fibers exhibited enzyme activity on their outer membrane. The enzyme was located on the endolymphatic layer of Reissner's membrane cells, but not on the perilymphatic layer.
Cannabis problem experiences among users of the tobacco-cannabis combination known as blunts.

Abstract Background In most of the world, cannabis smokers mix loose tobacco inside a joint, pipe, spliff, or cone. More recently, a ‘blunt’ formulation combines these two drugs by inserting cannabis into a hollowed-out cigar. Epidemiological research linking simultaneous use of these two drugs and the development of cannabis use disorders (CUD) remains unclear. This study estimates associations linking blunt smoking with levels and subtypes of cannabis problems. Methods Cross-sectional data on 27,767 past-year cannabis users were analyzed from the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) conducted from 2009 to 2012. Ten self-reported items of DSM-IV CUD features elicited a single latent trait of cannabis problem (CP) severity, which was then regressed on past-year blunt smoking and past-month blunt frequency measures within the context of a conceptual model. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis evaluated potential bias in CP feature response by blunt smoking history. Results Past-year blunt smoking was associated with higher CP severity compared to cannabis users who did not smoke blunts. Days of blunt smoking in the past month also predicted higher CP severity than less frequent blunt use. Those smoking blunts experienced more subjectively felt tolerance and having spent more time obtaining or using cannabis, but were less likely to experience other problems, even at the same level of CP severity. Conclusions These findings suggest smoking blunts might promote the development of problematic cannabis use. Responses to cannabis problems differed by history of blunt smoking, possibly implicating an influence of tobacco on measurement of cannabis use disorders.
Integrating Pediatrics and Public Health

The demographics of children in the United States and the determinants of child health outcomes are evolving rapidly. This evolution will require those responsible for children's health and well-being to acquire new skills and access new resources in the future to ensure the relevance of the field of pediatrics to the health of children. The objective of this article is to define a new paradigm for the practice of pediatrics that integrates the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of pediatrics with the principles, practice, and resources of public health to address the current challenges to child health in the United States. Historical and contemporary advances in the understanding of child health provide a precedent and framework to facilitate this integration.
Derivation of Boundary Conditions for Micromechanics Analyses of Plain and Satin Weave Composites

Efficient 3D analysis of periodic structures depends on identifying the smallest region to be modeled and the appropriate boundary conditions. This paper describes systematic procedures for deriving the boundary conditions for general periodic structures. These procedures are then used to derive the boundary conditions for plain and satin weave composites.
Denitrification of the polar winter stratosphere: Implications of SAM II cloud formation temperatures

The SAM II extinction profiles and the associated temperature profiles are used to determine the amount of denitrification of the winter polar stratospheres. Clear evidence of the denitrification process in the Antarctic data is seen. There are indications in the Arctic data that denitrification mechanisms may be at work there also. At the latitudes observed by the SAM II satellite system, denitrification begins before the formation of extensive ice clouds and may be due to sedimentation of nitric acid particles. However, the possibility of dinitrification by type II PSCs at latitudes not observed by SAM II cannot be excluded.
Specific MicroRNAs Modulate Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Neurogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered small non-coding transcripts with a broad spectrum of functions described mostly in invertebrates. As post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, miRNAs trigger target mRNA degradation or translational repression. Although hundreds of miRNAs have been cloned from a variety of mammalian tissues and cells and multiple mRNA targets have been predicted, little is known about their functions. So far, a role of miRNA has only been described in hematopoietic, adipocytic, and muscle differentiation; regulation of insulin secretion; and potentially regulation of cancer growth. Here, we describe miRNA expression profiling in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell– derived neurogenesis in vitro and show that a number of miRNAs are simultaneously co-induced during differentiation of neural progenitor cells to neurons and astrocytes. There was a clear correlation between miRNA expression profiles in ES cell– derived neurogenesis in vitro and in embryonal neurogenesis in vivo. Using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that brain-specific miR-124a and miR-9 molecules affect neural lineage differentiation in the ES cell– derived cultures. In addition, we provide evidence that signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, a member of the STAT family pathway, is involved in the function of these miRNAs. We conclude that distinct miRNAs play a functional role in the determination of neural fates in ES cell differentiation.
Safety of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving streptokinase intravenously.

Abstract Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) was initially described in 1968,1 and has become widely used in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI),2 cardiogenic shock1,3 and in those undergoing cardiac surgery3 or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.4 The complication rate in patients treated with IABC has ranged between 25 and 36%.3,5,6 Recently, the use of thrombolytic agents has become widely accepted in the treatment of patients with AMI.7,8 A significant complication of intravenous thrombolytic therapy is bleeding, especially involving sites of access for cardiac catheterization.9 When catheterization is performed early after intravenous thrombolytic treatment, the incidence of local bleeding ranges from 18 to 43%.9 The risk of IABC soon after intravenous thrombolytic therapy has not been previously examined.
A specific androgen-binding protein (ABP) in Necturus testis and its zonal distribution.

Abstract The urodele amphibian Necturus maculosus has a zoned testis, which is advantageous for separating Leydig cells from germinal elements and for studying stage-dependent biochemical changes. Using [3H]testosterone (T) in a standard binding assay and dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) or Sephadex LH-20 to separate free and bound steroids, we identified an androgen-binding protein (ABP) in Necturus testis cytosols. This protein was of high affinity (Kd = 10(-9) M) and was saturable (Bmax = 10(-9) M) and specific for androgen (T; 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, DHT) but could be distinguished from the androgen receptor of Necturus testis by its relative abundance (300-550 fmol/mg protein), short half-time of dissociation (3 min at 22 degrees C), inability to adhere to DNA-cellulose, and absence from nuclear extracts. Additionally, when analyzed on sucrose gradients, the ABP of Necturus testis sedimented at 6-7 S in both low or high ionic strength buffers. In that estradiol (E2) is a poor competitor for T-binding, this protein resembles a sex steroid-binding protein previously identified in urodele serum but differs from the ABP and testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TEBG) of rodents, humans, goldfish, and sharks. It is differentially distributed within the testis, with the highest levels in immature lobular regions composed of Sertoli cells and germ cells in premeiotic stages and lower levels in regions composed primarily of Leydig cells. The cellular source and function of this protein in Necturus testis remain to be determined.
Chemical phosphorylation improves the moisture resistance of soy flour-based wood adhesive

A green-chemistry approach to improve the moisture resistance of soy flour (SF)-based wood adhesive is described. Chemical phosphorylation of SF (PSF), using POCl3 as the phosphorylating agent, dramatically increased its wet bond strength. The optimum POCl3:SF ratio that produced maximum wet bond strength was about 0.15 (g g−1). The increase in wet bond strength of PSF (PSF0.15) was mostly due to the phosphate groups incorporated into the proteins and carbohydrates, and to a lesser degree to phosphorylation-induced protein denaturation. The attached phosphate groups acted as cross-linking agents, either via covalent esterification with hydroxyl groups on wood chips or via ionic and hydrogen-bonding interactions with functional groups in wood chips. At hot-press temperatures above 160°C the wet bond strength of PSF0.15 was >2.6 MPa, a level that might be acceptable for interior-used hardwood plywood and particleboard. POCl3 is a low cost, general-purpose reagent and therefore PSF-based adhesive is expected to be environmentally friendly. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40451.
Bicyclists' violations—automobile drivers' fault? simultaneous increases in population-level bicycle violation and safety in a complex adaptive system of social traffic behaviour

Background Bicyclists famously flout traffic rules, sometimes causing collisions with automobiles. Some research suggests that road users adapt to each other9s behaviour, reducing conflicts. However, few bicycle safety studies investigate potential mechanisms of change in bicyclists9 behaviour and safety outcomes. None examines the implications of drivers9 well-known stereotypes of bicyclists. Aims/Objectives/Purpose This agent-based model (ABM) explores the relationships among inter-group stereotype valence, learning-based behavioural adaptation, and population-level safety outcomes in a population of majority automobiles and minority bicycles. Methods In this ABM, automobile and bicycle (‘agents’) pairs meet randomly at stop sign intersections. Agents have continuous, normally distributed scores representing ‘trust’ that bicycles and automobiles, respectively, will follow the turn-taking stop sign rule. To avoid collisions, agents follow the rule (‘compliance’) only when they trust that the other will also. Others9 noncompliance decreases trust while compliance increases trust. In initial conditions, automobiles disproportionately mistrusted bicycles, but bicycles9 trust/mistrust of automobiles was evenly split. We analysed stop sign encounters in which automobiles arrived first and bicycles second. Results/Outcome Repeated random encounters tended to create positive feedback in which bicycles increasingly violated and automobiles increasingly deferred defensively to bicycles, while conflicts declined to zero at equilibrium. In addition, the size of the bicycle minority was related to the probability of an all-compliance equilibrium. Significance/Contribution to the Field In a plausible world where road users hold outgroup stereotypes, learn, and adapt their behaviour, majority automobile drivers9 stereotypes of bicyclists may affect bicyclists9 behaviour and safety outcomes. Policies accounting for stereotyping and learning processes may enhance both rule compliance and safety outcomes.
PGMRA: a web server for (phenotype × genotype) many-to-many relation analysis in GWAS

It has been proposed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for only a small fraction of the genetic variation of complex traits in human population. The remaining unexplained variance or missing heritability is thought to be due to marginal effects of many loci with small effects and has eluded attempts to identify its sources. Combination of different studies appears to resolve in part this problem. However, neither individual GWAS nor meta-analytic combinations thereof are helpful for disclosing which genetic variants contribute to explain a particular phenotype. Here, we propose that most of the missing heritability is latent in the GWAS data, which conceals intermediate phenotypes. To uncover such latent information, we propose the PGMRA server that introduces phenomics—the full set of phenotype features of an individual—to identify SNP-set structures in a broader sense, i.e. causally cohesive genotype‐ phenotype relations. These relations are agnostically identified (without considering disease status of the subjects) and organized in an interpretable fashion. Then, by incorporating a posteriori the subject status within each relation, we can establish the risk surface of a disease in an unbiased mode. This approach complements—instead of replaces— current analysis methods. The server is publically available at http://phop.ugr.es/fenogeno.
Resurrecting the Buried Self: Fairy Tales and the Analytic Encounter

The author uses the lens of myth and fairy tales to examine the narratives generated by the analytic experience. Fairy tales are understood as representing fundamental developmental conflicts, accounting for their enduring power over time. The analytic encounter is seen as an analogue of the fairy tale in which the hidden self, damaged by loss and abandonment, reemerges only through the redemptive power of [an] other's love. Clinical material is presented in which hidden parts of the patient's self are projected into the analyst for safekeeping; these hidden parts resonate with the analyst's own lost, unrealized potential and form an intersubjective experience which the author believes is transformative. The patient's dormant powers emerge in a newly experienced atmosphere of recognition, and in this way, the analytic encounter resembles the fairy tale in providing an identificatory bond and a protective space for the patient's hidden vitality.
Magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn.

A series of calculations has been carried out to estimate the characteristics of the magnetospheres around the planets Jupiter and Saturn. Solar wind characteristics near these planets were deduced from those near the Earth using standard hydrodynamic equations. Planetary magnetic fields were estimated from nonthermal rf emissions, which were assumed to be synchrotron radiation. (Nonthermal radiation from Saturn has not been confirmed, so only a possible upper limit was used for that planet.) Based upon energy density relationships, the calculated standoff distances are ^40/?j and <50/?s for Jupiter and Saturn, respectively. The corresponding calculated magnetospheric tail lengths are ^0.5 a.u. and <0.7 a.u. Jupiter's Van Alien belts are ^ an order of magnitude more intense than the Earth's, while Saturn's are < an order of magnitude less than the Earth's. Centrifugal flattening does not appear to be a major effect for either planet's belts.
The Nutritive Value of Moldy Grains and Protein Concentrates for Growth of Poults

Abstract IT HAS been recognized for many years that mold growth causes a deterioration in grains, feed materials and other agricultural products. Comparatively few reports before 1960 showed that moldy feeds were injurious to animals that consumed the moldy materials. Since 1960 there have been numerous reports on the occurrence of aflatoxins produced by certain species of Aspergillus flavus. The individual papers 2 are too numerous to cite individually, but in general, they describe the chemical and physical properties of the pure toxins and the effects of toxins in feeds when they are consumed by several species of animals. Recently, four toxic compounds have been isolated, and their chemical structure has been determined (Sao et al., 1963; Chang et al., 1963; and Van der Merwe et al., 1963). These compounds have been designated aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. In 1962 Richardson et al. reported that soybean meal that was allowed to …
Activation of the APC/C ubiquitin ligase by enhanced E2 efficiency

The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a protein-ubiquitin ligase (E3) that initiates the final events of mitosis by catalyzing the ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction of securin, cyclins, and other substrates [1, 2]. Like other members of the RING family of E3s [3, 4], the APC/C catalyzes direct ubiquitin transfer from an E2-ubiquitin conjugate (E2-Ub) to lysine residues on the protein substrate. The APC/C is activated at specific cell-cycle stages by association with an activator subunit, Cdc20 or Cdh1, which provides binding sites for specific substrate sequence motifs, or degrons. Activator might also stimulate catalytic activity [5, 6], but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Here, we dissected activator function using an artificial fusion substrate in which the N-terminal region of securin was linked to an APC/C core subunit. This fusion substrate bound tightly to the APC/C and was ubiquitinated at a low rate in the absence of activator. Ubiquitination of this substrate was stimulated by activator, due primarily to a dramatic stimulation of E2 sensitivity (Km) and catalytic rate (kcat), which together resulted in a 670-fold stimulation of kcat/Km. Thus, activator is not simply a substrate adaptor, but also enhances catalysis by promoting a more efficient interaction with the E2-Ub. Interestingly, full E2 stimulation required activator interaction with degron motifs on the substrate. We conclude that formation of a complete APC/C-activator-substrate complex leads to a major enhancement of E2 efficiency, providing an unusual substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism that limits efficient ubiquitin transfer to specific substrates.
The Relation of Orthopaedic Surgery to Physical Education

(1932). The Relation of Orthopaedic Surgery to Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 35-60.
Deconstructing Thinking Like a Lawyer: Analyzing the Cognitive Components of the Analytical Mind

Legal educators maintain that a principal goal of legal education is to train students how to "think like a lawyer." Despite the popularity of the phrase, the legal literature is surprisingly lacking in detailed discussions of the cognitive attributes of "thinking like lawyer." Some definitions that have been offered are circular; they state that individuals are thinking like lawyers when they are thinking through the tasks that most lawyers do. Other definitions reflect a trend in recent years to expand the concept to include non-cognitive skills that pertain more to "lawyering" generally than to the cognitive processes involved in legal thinking. This article therefore fills a void in the legal literature by proceeding to examine, step-by-step, the cognitive components of what it means to think like a lawyer. The article begins by discussing the development of modern law school pedagogy and by evaluating current conceptions of legal thinking which have divided the skill into cognitive and practical components. The article next surveys empirical research on legal thinking by examining recent research on personality and learning styles as well as research on law student and lawyer surveys. The article then analyzes the cognitive skills tested by the paradigmatic examinations relevant to law school and lawyering, the Law School Admissions Test and the bar examination. In this analysis, the article includes insights I learned by participating in a conference in August 2006 sponsored by the National Conference of Bar Examiners. The article concludes by drawing upon these previous sections to delineate and discuss in detail specific cognitive components of legal thinking. To inform this discussion, the article references results of a recent survey I conducted of 241 second and third-year students at Regent University School of Law in which I asked them to describe what it means to "think like a lawyer." The article also includes as an appendix a flow chart that identifies the cognitive steps lawyers address in conducting legal problem solving.
LARGE PERPENDICULAR-ANISOTROPY, HIGH-COERCIVITY Co-Pt ALLOYS FOR MAGNETO-OPTICAL RECORDING.

We report the development of Co-Pt alloy films with large perpendicular anisotropy and high coercivity (›4 kOe) grown directly onto amorphous, non-metallic substrates. This has made possible magneto-optical recording in these alloys with CNR values exceeding, for the first time, 57 dB at 488 nm.
Two-stage formation of Death Valley

Extension in Death Valley is usually interpreted as a combination of low-angle Basin and Range–style extension and strike slip associated with the developing Pacific-North America plate boundary in western North America, with these two tectonic regimes operating synchronously in Death Valley. Examination of structural, stratigraphic, and timing relationships in the region suggests that this interpretation needs revision. Evolution of Death Valley is best described as a two-stage process. In the first stage, lasting from ca. 18 to 5 Ma, low-angle Basin and Range extension transported allochthons consisting of Late Proterozoic through Early Paleozoic miogeoclinal section along detachment surfaces that, as extension continued, were exhumed from mid-lower crustal levels to the surface. Near the end of this extensional phase and lasting until ca. 3 Ma, deposition of a thick sequence of volcanics, clastics, and some lacustrine carbonates signaled a period of relative tectonic quiescence, with sediments in some areas covering the exhumed detachment surfaces. At ca. 3 Ma, initiation of the East California Shear Zone started development of the present-day topographic depression of Death Valley, formed as a pull-apart basin associated with this strike slip. Faulting broke the older, inactive, Basin and Range detachment surfaces, with high-angle transtensional faulting along the Black Mountains front. The Black Mountains were elevated as a result of footwall uplift, with the well-known turtleback structures being megamullions along these bounding faults. These megamullions are similar to those seen at oceanic spreading centers. The Panamint Range has previously been interpreted as an extensional allochthon, with the entire range transported from on top of or east of the Black Mountains. A new interpretation presented here is that the range is a large core complex similar to the core complex at Tucki Mountain, at the northern end of the range. The Basin and Range extensional detachment tracks over the top of the range, with extensional allochthons perched on the eastern flanks of the range. This modified model for evolution of Death Valley suggests a strong link between timing and style of deformation in the basin with the developing Pacific-North America plate boundary, particularly eastward propagation of this boundary.
Changes of the Complex ECG Caused by Hyperkalemia

Objective This article reports three cases of complex ECG changes caused by hyperkalemia. Methods Compared with the serum potassium concentration, the ECG changes of three cases were analyzed. Results The serum potassium concentration in three patients were all increased. Case 1 was chronic atrial fibrillation. When the serum potassium concentration was 8.50 mmol/L, the ECG showed sino-ventricular contruction, anterior hemiblock, ventricular myocardium block.The serum potassium concentration in case 2 was 7.84 mmol/L. The ECG showed sino-ventricular contruction, and Wenckebach phenomena of sino-ventricular contruction with the increase of the serum potassium concentration. The serum potassium concentration in case 3 was 9.75 mmol/L. The ECG showed many parts block of heart(atrial, atrio-ventricle, right bundle branch, left anterior fasciculus, ventricular myocardium ). Conclusions The ECG in patients with hyperkalemia may show atrial myocardium, ventricular myocardium block, simultaneously may accompany by atrio-ventricular block, bundle branch block and fascicular block for some patients. The patients with chronic atrial fibrillation may generate sino-ventricular conduction, and second degrade block of sino-ventricular conduction. To recognize these complex electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia is to help the analysis of clinical significance.
Management and outcomes of colovesical fistula repair.

This large retrospective study presents the largest colovesical fistula (CVF) series to date. We report on recurrence risk factors and patient satisfaction based on quality of life after CVF repair...
Sugical Considerations in the Management of the Immunocompromised Patient

Surgical problems in the immunocompromised patient pres¬ent unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Presen¬tation may be atypical and the clinical manifestations subtle. The surgeon needs to be involved early in order to maximize the chance for a successful outcome. The spectrum of sur¬gical problems and their management in this patient group is reviewed. Principles of perioperative management are discussed in detail.
Optics of pregrooved magneto-optical disk systems

High-density optical disk data storage requires high numerical aperture objectives to achieve a minimum spot size at focus (N.A. & 0.4). At these numerical apertures the standard approximations of the classical diffraction theory fail, and it becomes necessary to introduce corrections for the neglected factors. In addition, the classical theory is a scalar theory which must be corrected for the effects of polarization. We show, starting from the fundamental postulates of diffraction theory, that it is possible to obtain exact formulas for the distribution of light at and near the focus of high numerical aperture objectives. This is different from previous work1–3 in that our computations require only a sequence of 2-D fast Fourier transforms. We show that when the incident beam is linearly polarized, one can compute the field distribution in a plane parallel to the object plane with either three (Fraunhofer diffraction), four (Fresnel diffraction), or five (high N.A. tens action) fast Fourier transforms. The technique has been used in computing the distribution of light at various cross sections in the focusing/tracking arm of a magne-tooptical disk system. We discuss the relationship between groove structure (used for tracking) and astigmatic optics (used for focusing) and their combined effect on the error signals. Finally, we show that the same technique can be applied to analyzing the frequency response of the magne-tooptic readout channel. (12 min)
The Elsinore earthquakes in central Utah, September 29 and October 1, 1921

Summary and Conclusion The towns of Elsinore and Monore are situated near the pivot of the great Sevier rift. Intense movements have occurred along this zone in somewhat recent geological times. The earthquakes of September 29 and October 1, 1921, were undoubtedly initiated by movements on one or more of the various planes of this fault zone. While it is undoubtedly true that the growth of the High Plateaus has practically ceased, and, therefore, that displacements on the Sevier fault are largely past, yet further recurrences are by no means improbable.
Effect of an Anti-Cocaine Monoclonal Antibody on Body Weights in Self-Administering Rats

A recombinant humanized anti-cocaine monoclonal antibody (mAb), h2E2 is intended as an immunotherapy for cocaine abuse. This mAb sequesters cocaine in the plasma and inhibits cocaine entry into the...
Global Genetic Profiles of Gene Network Disruption in Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Induced by Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Infection

Efficient nutrient assimilation into useful animal-derived products is the ultimate requirement for successful animal production. Infection in young growing animals can decrease energy and nutrient use required for growth rate by redirection of nutrients to support immune defense processes. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is prevalent in several regions of the world including the U.S. Most BLV infections are characterized by viral latency in the majority of infected cells. Few, if any, definitive studies in cattle have addressed the potential perturbations of gene expression induced in host cells by BLV infection. This study uses integrated global gene expression information and knowledge of the regulatory events in cells to identify transcription regulation networks that control peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses to BLV infection. The aim is to identify the molecular and cellular pathway responses that are functioning during the viral latency stage of BLV infection. The data and regulatory network analysis indicate that CDC25A and transcription factors such as STAT1 and STAT3 may serve as important signaling pathways for the BLV-induced cellular responses. These findings provide vital information for the functional role of genes that participate in PBMC responses to BLV infection and pinpoint these newly characterized genes as potential molecular targets and biomarkers for animal infectious diseases.
Analysis of Approximate Inverses in Tomography I. Resolution Analysis of Common Inverses

The process of using physical data to produce images of important physical parameters is an inversion problem, and these are often called tomographic inverse problems when the arrangement of sources and receivers makes an analogy to x-ray tomographic methods used in medical imaging possible. Examples of these methods in geophysics include seismic tomography, ocean acoustic tomography, electrical resistance tomography, etc., and many other examples could be given in nondestructive evaluation and other applications. All these imaging methods have two stages: First, the data are operated upon in some fashion to produce the image of the desired physical quantity. Second, the resulting image must be evaluated in essentially the same timeframe as the image is being used as a diagnostic tool. If the resolution provided by the image is good enough, then a reliable diagnosis may ensue. If the resolution is not good enough, then a reliable diagnosis is probably not possible. But the first question in this second stage is always “How good is the resolution?” The concept of resolution operators and resolution matrices has permeated the geophysics literature since the work of Backus and Gilbert in the late 1960s. But measures of resolution have not always been computed as often as they should be because, for very data rich problems, these computations can actually be significantly more difficult/expensive than computing the image itself.
Study on the frequency control method and AGC model of wind power integration based on the full dynamic process simulation program

Wind power is a random and intermittent energy source, wind farm output prediction accuracy is not yet able to meet the purpose of engineering applications. In recent years, with the large-scale wind power integration, because of the randomness and volatility of wind power output, the active power of system node fluctuates severely, which greatly increases the difficulties in controlling the grid system frequency. The frequency regulation with wind power not only involves the primary frequency control in short time of second range, but also the secondary frequency control in long time of minute range[1]. It requires the simulation program can not only simulate the regulation of plant governor, but also can simulate combined regulation of the power plant thermal system and hydraulic system, furthermore the simulation time spans from the second level to 10 ∼ 15 minutes. China Electric Power Research Institute developed the full dynamic simulation program( FDS), which combines electromagnetic transient process, the electromechanical transient process, with mid-long-term dynamic process perfectly. The simulation time can be up to dozens of minutes. Consist of the governor model, the boiler model, hydraulic system model and AGC model and so on, FDS can simulate the full dynamic process of power system after big disturbances, and provides the analysis tool for the frequency study on the large-scale wind power integration. This paper is based on AGC model of full dynamic simulation program, mainly aiming at the governor related to the primary frequency control, the main frequency regulation units related to the secondary frequency control, the measured parameters of boiler, turbine and generator controlled by AGC, as well as restrained by AGC control and generating unit ramp rate. The fluctuations of wind farm output power is equivalent as the fluctuations of negative load[2]. This model controls the output of conventional generator to achieve the frequency requirements of wind power integration. At last, a 3-generator 10-node system, which wind power capacity accounts for 5.2% of the entire system, is set up by FDS. The simulation results show that, in the normal operation conditions, AGC can effectively reduce the frequency fluctuation brought by wind power integration.
Scattering Theory of Carrier Transport in Semiconductor Devices

This paper reviews the scattering theory of semiclassical charge carrier transport in semiconductors. The derivation of the underlying equations from the Boltzmann equation, numerical solution to solve the Boltzmann equation in devices, and the application of simple versions of scattering theory which provide insight into devices are reviewed.