cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in addiction.

This special issue of the International Journal of Psycho-physiology presents recent psychophysiological work on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis (HPA) and addiction to alcohol and nicotine. The past 15 years have seen increasing recognition that HPA function is dysregulated in persons who have developed a dependence on alcohol, nicotine, and illicit drugs. Why should this be so? Addictions, by their nature, are a derangement of adaptive behavior (Koob and Le Moal, 1997). The HPA has an essential role in normal physiological processes and in adaptation to stress (Selye, 1936). By extention, altered HPA function in relation to addictions provides us with a window into associated derangements of motivational systems in the brain. In this special issue, workers in the fields of alcohol and nicotine addiction present studies that illustrate how HPA function is altered in relation to these conditions.
Mixed effects models with censored data with application to HIV RNA levels.

Summary. Mixed effects models are often used for estimating fixed effects and variance components in longitudinal studies of continuous data. When the outcome being modelled is a laboratory measurement, however, it may be subject to lower and upper detection limits (i.e., censoring). In this paper, the usual EM estimation procedure for mixed effects models is modified to account for left and/or right censoring.
AIDS in the Americas: a public health priority for the region.

156 countries have reported over 250000 AIDS cases to the WHO. Taking underreporting into account in developing countries this figure grows to over 600000 with 300000 deaths. HIV-1 infection rates are estimated at between 5-10 million people. Projections indicate that there will be 5 million AIDS cases by 2000. AIDS is an unprecedented health problem that has enormous social political medical and economic implications. The Americas account for 61% of the total cases reported to the WHO. Of the 46 countries in the Americas there have been 153720 cases reported as of May 1 1990. 96% of these cases were reported in the US Brazil Canada Haiti and Mexico. The geographic distribution of AIDS is not homogeneous because of a variety of factors. It was not introduced simultaneously in all countries; some were exposed later than others. Some countries have better detection systems. Excluding North America the English-speaking Caribbean countries account for only 2% of the population while the Latin Caribbean countries have 6% yet they have 10% and 21% of the cases respectively. Sexual transmission patterns reveal that bisexual men are the largest bridge between the homosexual and heterosexual community not IV drug users. Studies show that blood donors who are paid are 18 times more likely to be HIV-1 positive in some areas. As AIDS prevalence increases in the heterosexual community the rate of perinatal transmission also increases. This in turn increases the infant mortality rate because of increases in pediatric AIDS cases. Pediatric cases currently threaten much of the progress that has been made in developing countries in lowering the infant mortality rate. If this pandemic is to be stopped prevention efforts must be increased as well as a shift in resources at the local national and global levels to find some effective method of containment.
DC SQUID: CURRENT NOISE

The computer model used by Tesche and Clarke to calculate the voltage noise across the dc SQUID is extended to calculate the circulating current noise around the SQUID loop, and the correlation between the circulating current noise and the voltage noise across the SQUID. The parameters chosen are % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4baFfea0dXde9vqpa0lb9% cq0dXdb9IqFHe9FjuP0-iq0dXdbba9pe0lb9hs0dXda91qaq-xfr-x% fj-hmeGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacqaHYoGycqGH9a% qpcaaIYaacbaGaa8htaiaa-LeadaWgaaWcbaacbiGaa4hmaaqabaGc% caGGVaacciGae0NPdy0aaSbaaSqaaiab9bcaGiab9bdaWaqabaGccq% GH9aqpcaaIXaGaaiilaiaabccacqqFtoWrcqqF9aqpcqqFYaGmcqaH% apaCcaWGRbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadkeaaeqaaOGaa8hvaiaa-9cacaWFjb% WaaSbaaSqaaiaa+bcacaGFWaaabeaakiab9z6agnaaBaaaleaacqqF% GaaicqqFWaamaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaeiiaiaabcdacaqGUaGaaeimai% aabwdaaaa!51F9!\[\beta = 2LI_0 /\Phi _{ 0} = 1,{\rm{ }}\Gamma = 2\pi k_B T/I_{ 0} \Phi _{ 0} = {\rm{ 0}}{\rm{.05}}\], and an applied flux of Φ0/4 (L is the SQUID inductance, I 0 is the critical current per junction, T is the temperature, and Φ0 is the flux quantum). At frequencies well below the Josephson frequency and at the optimum current bias, the voltage power spectral density is approximately 16 kBTR, the current power spectral density is approximately 11kB T/R and the voltage-current correlation spectral density is approximately 12k B T, where R is the resistance per junction.
Conservation Surgery of the Larynx as Seen in Serial Section

Most of the surgical operations designed to resect cancer with a safe margin and at the same time to conserve the functions of the larynx are known collectively as “conservation surgery”. The one feature that most of these various operations share in common is a saw cut through the thyroid or cricoid cartilage. It is important, therefore, to know whether the laryngeal framework (thyroid or cricoid cartilage) has been invaded by cancer arising in the mucous membrane of the larynx.Serial section studes of over 200 laryngeal specimens removed for cancer indicate that the surface appearance of the primary growth is important in estimating the extent of invasion into the soft tissues within the larynx or the possibility of invasion into the laryngeal framework. For purpose of presentation, cancer will be grouped under five headings: Glottic, Subglottic, Supraglottic, Transglottic and Pyriform Sinus.
Interfilament coupling loss for protection of superconducting multicoil magnets

Abstract We present experimental and analytical results of quenching for three-coil systems wound with multifilamentary Nb–Ti composites, demonstrating that AC loss, due mostly to interfilament coupling in the composite during quenching, promotes normal-zone propagation (NZP). The experiment used two three-coil systems, each comprised of inner, middle, and outer coils connected in series and shunted with resistors. Both systems shared the same outer and middle coils. Two versions of the inner coil were used, both versions wound with composites that were otherwise identical except for twist pitch lengths. One composite's twist pitch length was chosen sufficiently short to make the interfilament coupling loss to be negligible during quenching, while the other composite's twist pitch length was chosen sufficiently long to make the loss significant. Our model for quenching analysis includes the coupling loss and has been used to simulate the experiment. Agreement between experiment and simulation is excellent. The computed temperature distributions during quenching show a clear effect of heating by coupling loss in the inner coil wound with a composite having a long twist pitch length and virtually no effect of heating in the inner coil wound with a composite having a short twist pitch length. The difference in quenching behaviors between the two systems, different only in twist pitch length in the composites for the inner coils, is so compelling that we conclude that interfilament coupling loss is the key to this difference. We may further conclude that coupling loss may be used to benefit protection of multicoil systems. The twist pitch length that controls this coupling loss is thus a key design parameter; it is best determined through simulation.
Cerebellar cryptococcoma in a patient with undiagnosed sarcoidosis: case report.

Objective We describe a patient with undiagnosed sarcoidosis who presented with a rare isolated cerebellar cryptococcoma masquerading as a metastatic brain tumor. Clinical presentation A 58-year-old man with a history of resected squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pulmonary nodules was found to have a left cerebellar lesion on neuroimaging after presenting with a 4-month history of occipital headaches. Neuroimaging revealed a large, lobulated, intra-axial, left cerebellar hemispheric mass with peripheral nodular enhancement, mild adjacent edema, and dense focal areas of calcification. Intervention The patient underwent a left suboccipital craniotomy for gross total resection of the left cerebellar mass. Pathological examination of the resected specimen demonstrated a cryptococcoma, which was confirmed with a positive cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen. Postoperative evaluation revealed pulmonary sarcoidosis. Conclusion Central nervous system cryptococcoma is a rare infection that may present in a patient with no known history of immunosuppression and no clinical signs of infection. Diagnostically, this can be difficult to distinguish from a brain tumor. Central nervous system cryptococcoma is an opportunistic infection that typically occurs in the presence of an immunosuppressed state. Sarcoidosis should be considered a predisposing factor because patients with this underlying disease have an increased susceptibility to this central nervous system fungal infection.
Top resonances of a black hole

The wave equation ofof = 0 is studied in the exterior of a Schwarzschild black hole, r > 2M. By assuming stationary-spherically symmetric solutions = e i t r -1 (r) Y l (), the wave equation reduce...
Assessing the Discriminative Ability and Internal Consistency of the School Outcomes Measure

The School Outcomes Measure (SOM) measures the outcomes of students who receive school-based occupational and physical therapies in the USA. This study examined the SOM’s discriminative ability and internal consistency. Descriptive data from a previous study of 73 students, classified by gross motor function classification (GMFCS) level of disability, was computed to determine the frequency of use of the SOM items and differences in subscale scores by students with various ages and levels of disability. There were no differences in mean subscale scores based on age; however students with less severe disabilities (GMFCS I–III) had higher mean scores in all subscales except expresses learning all students and behavior. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to examine the internal consistency of items of the SOM. The correlations between many of the items within the subscales were high (.87–.99). Lower alpha coefficients were noted when the SOM was applied to students in GMFCS Levels II and III on two subscales when compared to GMFCS Levels I, IV, and V. On the basis of this evaluation, we revised the SOM to prepare it for a national field testing to measure its construct validity.
Resource Defense Mating System in Antlered Flies, Phytalmia spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Tropical rain forest flies in the genus Phytalifiia exhibit a resource defense mating system. Males possess lateral projections from the head resembling antlers, and these play a role in contests over access to oviposition sites at the larval substrate. Females arriving at these guarded locations must mate with resident males before depositing eggs. The larval substrate consists of rotting sapwood within downed trees or branches. Experiments in which various tree species were made available within the Phytalmia habitat revealed a limited number of host plant species. Guarded oviposition sites were fewer than the number of males present, and individual sites remained attractive for only 3 d on average. Sex ratios of 3 Phytalmia species were all male-biased at their respective oviposition substrates. Daily censuses of marked Phytalmia mouldsi McAlpine & Schneider revealed different visitation patterns for males and females. Male-male interactions were frequent and differed between species in ways related to interspecific morphological differences. Successful territorial males mated multiply as did females. Following copulation, males of P. mouldsi and Phytalmia alcicornis (Saunders) remained amplexed with females and guarded them as they oviposited, whereas Phytaltmia cervicornis Gerstaecker males dismounted before any eggs were laid. The mating behaviors are discussed in the context of mating system theory with respect to the ecology of these species.
An Empirical Study of HTTP-based Financial Botnets

Cyber criminals are covertly attacking critical infrastructures, and botnets are a common component of those attacks. In recent years, botnets have been shifting their focus from broad-based attacks to more targeted ones such as attacking financial institutions, especially banks. The primary reason for this shift towards financial institutions is that, where the money is. We present an empirical study of the components, features and operations of some of the most widely deployed HTTP-based financial botnets (such as Zeus, SpyEye, ICE 1X, Citadel, Carberp, Tinba, Bugat and Shylock). Our study provides critical insights into the design of these botnets and should help the security community to generate intelligence and develop more robust security solutions to defend against cyber attacks by these botnets. In addition, our comparative analysis of insidious techniques pertaining to Command and Control (C&C) communication, system exploitation and data exfiltration also provides an effective and a holistic view of the capabilities of HTTP-based financial botnets. This study also highlights the evolution of various HTTP-based financial botnets over a period of time. Finally, we discuss security solutions that can help mitigate some of the techniques used by HTTP-based financial botnets.
Noah's ark-red cross foundation: A swedish model

During the Spring of 1991, the author spent many weeks at the Noah's Ark-Red Cross Foundation, a support service for HIV infected persons, and their families and friends, located in Stockholm, Sweden. The purpose was to study, through interviews, observation and participation, the foundation's interactive model in order to discover what makes it work and share that knowledge with other professionals. The Noah's Ark Model consists of three spheres of activity: service, including reception services and the volunteer programme; information and education, including the Hot Line and the Newsletter; and counselling and support, including the guest house. Staff from each area interact freely with and participate in the activities of other areas. The foundation also utilizes the services of carefully trained volunteers. This use of volunteers makes it unique in Sweden. It is the dedication and flexibility of the staff and volunteers that make this model work. The report of the study follows.
Predicting disorder-order phase transitions in polymeric micelles.

The structure observed in concentrated polymeric micelles results from interactions between coronal chains that develop as micelles are brought to approach distances where the chains either compress or interdigitate. One powerful model for polymeric micelles comprises spherical particles with chains tethered to their core at a specified surface density. This treatment combined with self-consistent field theory provides an estimate of the pair interaction potential between micelles. These pair interaction potentials allow modeling of the structure and thermodynamic properties that depend on the overall micelle concentration. We perform neutron scattering experiments to measure the short-range correlations in the liquid, through the static structure factor S(q), and compare these results with models that rely on a solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation subject to a Rogers-Young closure. A description of the homogeneous liquid serves as the basis for employing density functional theory (DFT) to estimate the free energy of the solid. In this investigation, we use the modified weighted density approximation of Denton and Ashcroft [Phys. Rev. A 39, 4701 (1989)] to estimate the free energy of the solid for each of our micellar systems to predict the liquid-solid phase transition. Although we experimentally observe transitions to face-centered-cubic (fcc) and body-centered-cubic (bcc) crystals depending on the length of the corona relative to the core, we only predict a simple liquid-fcc transition with the DFT method. The nature of the transition suggests a simple perturbation result using the hard sphere as the reference system. Despite the inability to predict the bcc lattice type, both DFT and hard-sphere models accurately predict coexistence over the entire range of our experiments. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Successful weight loss with self-help: a stepped-care approach.

In a stepped-care approach to treatment, patients are transitioned to more intensive treatments when less intensive treatments fail to meet treatment goals. Self-help programs are recommended as an initial, low intensity treatment phase in stepped-care models. This investigation examined the effectiveness of a self-help, stepped-care weight loss program. Fifty-eight overweight/obese adults (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) participated in a weight loss program. Participants were predominately Caucasian (93.1%) and female (89.7%) with a mean BMI of 36.6 (SD = 7.1). Of those completing the program, 57% of participants (N = 21) who remained in self-help maintained an 8% weight loss at follow-up. Participants who were stepped-up self-monitored fewer days and reported higher daily caloric intake than self-help participants. Once stepped-up, weight loss outcomes were equivalent between individuals who remained in self-help compared to those who were stepped-up. Individuals who were stepped-up benefited from early intensive intervention when unsuccessful at losing weight with self-help.
Electronic Community Fact Books

The Local Community Fact Book was developed by urban sociologists of the Chicago School to provide social statistics to local users. The computerized community infor mation system is proposed as the next-generation fact book, to perform the same task. The advantages of the computerized system are that it accommodates a wide range of socioeconomic and environmental variables; it provides historical depth; it presents data graphically; and it facilitates computation and the construction of social indicators. Such a system requires sociological frameworks for the organization of information. One function of a community information system is to circumvent the potential monopoliza tion by specialized bureaucrats of advanced data management.
Test Results on a Low Loss Amorphous Iron Induction Motor

The extremely low magnetic losses of amorphous metals motivated construction and testing of an induction motor stator using this material. A 1/3 horsepower, two-pole, 230 V, three-phase stator was built using the conventional approach of stacked laminations. Because of dimensional limitations of available material, the core was constructed with six 60°segments in each layer. Two comparison stators were made using 0.46 mm common iron and 0.36 mm M22 silicon iron core laminations.
The pastoral home school: rural, vernacular and grassroots literacies in early Soviet Mongolia

Literacy before and after the 1921 People's Revolution in Mongolia has been largely represented by socialist historiography and post-socialist urban perspectives, which have rendered unofficial and non-pragmatic literacies invisible. This study explores rural, vernacular and grassroots literacy theories to recontextualize the pre-revolutionary category of Mongolian home schooling and to offer a new perspective – pastoral literacy – which enables historians and other researchers of Central Asia to represent the literacy practices of non-urban semi-nomads more accurately and vividly. This study applies the pastoral literacy perspective to literacy narratives extracted from University of Cambridge Oral History of Twentieth Century Mongolia interviews and demonstrates that pastoral home schooling was a socially and culturally salient domain for acculturating young Mongolians into the 1960s. Mongolian pastoral home schooling consisted largely of personal, male teacher–student relationships, authoritative teach...
A quantum chemical method for calculating vibrational line shifts in diatomic fluids

Abstract We introduce a simple procedure for generating spectral line shifts in diatomic fluids as a function of pressure. From O(100) configurations (of 100 N2 molecules) sampled in an isothermal–isobaric ensemble, forces computed with density functional theory are used to generate force–displacement correlations at a series of fluid densities. The curves are fitted with second-degree polynomials, and the resulting coefficients are related to fundamental frequencies and anharmonicities through a truncated expansion of the Morse potential. Comparison to coherent anti-Stokes Raman data reveals satisfactory agreement for line shifts as a function of pressure.
Recent advances in the pharmacology of neurological gene therapy.

The choice of vectors, transgenes, regulatory elements, delivery approaches and the capacity to transduce the appropriate target cell type all influence the effectiveness of gene therapy for neurological diseases. Furthermore, even if many strategies are sound and effective in experimental animals, issues relating to side effects of gene therapy, longevity of therapeutic transgene expression and diffusion throughout the brain can limit the clinical potential of gene therapy. During the past 12–18 months, there have been significant advances in the following areas: the capacity to target vectors to predetermined cells types; the development of gene therapy approaches for the treatment of dominant inherited and neurodegenerative diseases; the capacity to achieve systemic delivery of viral vectors to the brain; and the development of viral vectors to model neurological diseases.
Fast energy changes with a cyclotron

Abstract A technique is described to quickly change the energy of a cyclotron by accelerating different charge states of a heavy ion, or different isotopes with the same charge state. This technique requires keeping all the magnetic fields constant and scaling all voltages proportional to the ion charge/mass ratio. An ECR source was used to produce ions as heavy as uranium with a wide range of charge states.
Spousal violence among Anglos, Blacks, and Mexican Americans: The role of demographic variables, psychosocial predictors, and alcohol consumption.

Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and correlates of self-reported spousal violence in a community sample of Anglo, Black, and Mexican American adults are examined. Females, the formerly married, and Black females in particular (up to 60% of formerly married) were most likely to report both being beaten by and beating a spouse. Multivariate analyses controlling for demographic variables, financial stress, social desirability, sex role traditionalism and drinking quantity (and spouse's drinking among the currently married) did not eliminate the greater likelihood of reports of both beating and being beaten among married Black females. There was little consistent evidence to suggest greater violence propensity among Mexican American than Anglo respondents. The findings raise questions about simplistic socioeconomic status or financial stress explanations of observed racial/ethnic differences in spousal violence. Further, curvilinear effects of alcohol quantity and spouse drinking upon reported violence question simple “disinhibition” arguments and suggest the need for data regarding couple dynamics.
Unconditional stimulus intensity and cardiac conditioning in the goldfish (Carassius auratus).

Abstract Independent groups of small restrained goldfish were given pairings of an illumination increase CS and shock USs of different intensities. The relation between conditioned cardio-deceleration and US intensity was a simple monotonic one with an apparent asymptote between 1.3 and 2.2 V/cm. There was no sign of cardio-acceleration at any point in adaptation, conditioning, or extinction. Baseline heart rate was little affected by conditioning but post US rate decreases mirrored the conditioned decreases.
Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship

There is an increasing interest in improving youth digital citizenship through education. However, the term ‘digital citizenship’ currently covers a broad range of goals. To improve education, the current article argues for a narrower focus on (1) respectful behavior online and (2) online civic engagement. Using this definition, a digital citizenship scale was developed and assessed with a sample of 979 youth, aged 11–17 years, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) supported measurement of both constructs: online respect (7 items, Cronbach’s α = .92) and online civic engagement (4 items, Cronbach’s α = .70). Online respect scores decreased with youth age, and scores on both subscales were higher among girls than boys. Both online respect and civic engagement were negatively related to online harassment perpetration and positively related to helpful bystander behaviors, after controlling for other variables. Implications of the study findings for developing and evaluating digital citizenship educational ...
Average causal effects from nonrandomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example.

In a well-designed experiment, random assignment of participants to treatments makes causal inference straightforward. However, if participants are not randomized (as in observational study, quasi-experiment, or nonequivalent control-group designs), group comparisons may be biased by confounders that influence both the outcome and the alleged cause. Traditional analysis of covariance, which includes confounders as predictors in a regression model, often fails to eliminate this bias. In this article, the authors review Rubin's definition of an average causal effect (ACE) as the average difference between potential outcomes under different treatments. The authors distinguish an ACE and a regression coefficient. The authors review 9 strategies for estimating ACEs on the basis of regression, propensity scores, and doubly robust methods, providing formulas for standard errors not given elsewhere. To illustrate the methods, the authors simulate an observational study to assess the effects of dieting on emotional distress. Drawing repeated samples from a simulated population of adolescent girls, the authors assess each method in terms of bias, efficiency, and interval coverage. Throughout the article, the authors offer insights and practical guidance for researchers who attempt causal inference with observational data.
The politics of the code

This article explores the software behind the interface of the programs we use in composition classrooms—the principles of Structured Programming (SP), file structure, and some other significant issues in programming—and places the production of software in a cultural context. Programming protocol is shaped by two major strands: the profit imperative and the hierarchical structure of corporate America. The assumptions and procedures of Structured Programming are critiqued, and hypertext, structured programming, and natural-language writing are compared. This article suggests that writing instructors think about ways to customize programs used in their composition classes and to understand the implications and limitations of the necromancy of software.
Export instability and the economic performance of developing countries

Abstract This paper explores the economic consequences of export instability by developing a stochastic optimal control model that is based on the maximizing behavior of a risk-averse representative agent. The model offers an analytical framework that can predict the consequences of export instability for the intertemporal choices of consumption, saving, and investment. The model's results are then used to interpret the large existing body of empirical findings on the relation between export instability and savings, investment, and output growth rates.
Are adolescents more vulnerable to drug addiction than adults? Evidence from animal models.

Background and rationale Epidemiological evidence suggests that people who begin experimenting with drugs of abuse during early adolescence are more likely to develop substance use disorders (SUDs), but this correlation does not guarantee causation. Animal models, in which age of onset can be tightly controlled, offer a platform for testing causality. Many animal models address drug effects that might promote or discourage drug intake and drug-induced neuroplasticity.
Value of an Additional Firm in Monopolistic Competition

The paper develops a model of monopolistic competition in which the satisfaction levels consumers get from products are independently and identically distributed. Potential substitution among products then generates demand curves through the mechanism of order statistics. The value of extra variety can be calculated directly. Pareto, lognormal and beta distributions are investigated using numerical integration. Some but not all cases support the argument that the optimal number of firms exceeds the equilibrium number.
Has the chemometrics revolution ended? Some views on the past, present and future of chemometrics

Abstract A brief, personal review of the past history of chemometrics is given, along with an assessment of the state of the field today. Some problematic aspects of chemometrics are identified and discussed. Suggestions are offered for improvements in the image and position of chemometrics.
For most large underdetermined systems of linear equations the minimal 1-norm solution is also the sparsest solution

We consider linear equations y = Φx where y is a given vector in ℝn and Φ is a given n × m matrix with n 0 so that for large n and for all Φ's except a negligible fraction, the following property holds: For every y having a representation y = Φx0by a coefficient vector x0 ∈ ℝmwith fewer than ρ · n nonzeros, the solution x1of the 1-minimization problem is unique and equal to x0. In contrast, heuristic attempts to sparsely solve such systems—greedy algorithms and thresholding—perform poorly in this challenging setting. The techniques include the use of random proportional embeddings and almost-spherical sections in Banach space theory, and deviation bounds for the eigenvalues of random Wishart matrices. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic stability characteristics of functionally graded materials shallow spherical shells

Abstract Here, the dynamic stability behavior of a clamped functionally graded materials spherical shell structural element subjected to external pressure load is studied. The material properties are graded in the thickness direction according to the power-law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the constituents of the material. The effective material properties are evaluated using a homogenization method. The structural model is based on shear deformation theory and geometric non-linearity is considered in the formulation using von Karman’s assumptions. The governing equations obtained are solved employing the Newmark’s integration technique coupled with a modified Newton–Raphson iteration scheme. The load corresponding to a sudden jump in the maximum average displacement in the time history of the shell structure is taken as the dynamic buckling pressure. The present model is validated against the available isotropic cases. A detailed numerical study is carried out to bring out the effects of power-law index of functional graded material on the axisymmetric dynamic stability characteristics of shallow spherical shells.
Geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction features: A major updating

A new methodology is proposed for the geotechnical analysis of strength of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects. The proposed method provides recommendations for selection of both individual and regionally located test sites, provides techniques for validation of field data for use in back-analysis, and presents a recently developed energy-based solution to back-calculate paleoearthquake magnitude and strength of shaking. The proposed method allows investigators to qualitatively assess the influence of post-earthquake density change and aging. The proposed method also describes how the back-calculations from individual sites should be integrated into a regional assessment of paleoseismic parameters.
Myocardial lactate oxidation and release in the dog in vivo.

Myocardial metabolism of lactate was studied in eight, anesthetized, non-heparinized, open-chest dogs maintained on positive pressure breathing with room air. Arterial and coronary sinus (CS) samples were obtained during a constant intravenous infusion of 2-C14-l-lactate, and were analyzed for chemical and radiochemical content of lactate, pyruvate, glucose and CO2, as well as chemical content of oxygen. The specific activity (dpm/μM) of lactate in CS blood was lower than that in the arterial samples. These differences are consistent with the addition of cold, unlabelled lactate to the CS blood by the myocardium. This lactate release amounted to 35.0±6.1% of the A-CS lactate uptake. Oxidation of lactate by the heart, which was measured from C14O2 production amounted to 45.9% of the myocardial oxygen uptake, after a correction was made for secondary labelling of pyruvate and glucose.
Invariant sets and comparison of dynamical systems

We propose a method for the construction and investigation of invariant sets of differential systems described by cone inequalities with the use of the operator of differentiation along the trajectories of the system. Well-known conditions for the positivity of linear and nonlinear differential systems with respect to typical classes of cones are generalized. A method for comparison and ordering is developed for a family of dynamical systems.
Wavelets and wideband correlation processing

This tutorial presents the application of wavelet transforms to wideband correlation processing. One major difference between most applications of wavelets and the work presented is the choice of mother wavelet. It focuses on nonorthogonal, continuous mother wavelets, whereas most applications use the orthogonal mother wavelets that were advanced by Daubechies (1988). The continuous wavelet transform then provides an additional tool for studying and gaining insight into wideband correlation processing. In order to understand when wideband processing may be required, its counterpart, narrowband processing, is presented and its limitations are discussed. Identifying those applications requiring wideband processing and presenting techniques to implement the processing are two of the goals of this tutorial article. The underlying tool is the wavelet transform. >
Reversible Inter- and Intra-Microgel Cross-Linking using Disulfides

Thermoresponsive hydrogel nanoparticles composed of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (pNIPMAm) and the disulfide-based cross-linker N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC) have been prepared using a redox-initiated, aqueous precipitation polymerization approach, leading to improved stability of the disulfide bond compared to traditional thermally-initiated methods. The resultant particles demonstrate complete erosion in response to reducing conditions or thiol competition. This stands in contrast to the behavior of thermally-initiated particles, which retain a cross-linked network following disulfide cleavage due to uncontrolled chain-branching and self-cross-linking side reactions. The synthetic strategy has also been combined with the non-degradable cross-linker N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) to generate "co-cross-linked" pNIPMAm-BAC-BIS microgels. These particles are redox-responsive, swell upon BAC cross-link scission and present reactive thiols. This pendant thiol functionality was demonstrated to be useful for conjugation of thiol-reactive probes and in reversible network formation by assembling particles cross-linked by disulfide linkages.
The Wandering Soul in Relation to Time

The unidirectional, linear-progressive view of time for psychology may need an overhaul. In this article, I comment upon Yamada and Kato’s (2006) findings and further discuss the underlying axiom t...
Non-linear non-planar parametric responses of an inextensional beam☆

Abstract The non-linear integro-differential equations of motion for an inextensional beam are used to investigate the planar and non-planar responses of a fixed-free beam to a principal parametric excitation. The beam is assumed to undergo flexure about two principal axes and torsion. The equations contain cubic non-linearities due to curvature and inertia. Two uniform beams with rectangular cross sections are considered: one has an aspect ratio near unity, and the other has an aspect ratio near 6.27. In both cases, the beam possesses a one-to-one internal resonance with one of the natural flexural frequencies in one plane being approximately equal to one of the natural flexural frequencies in the second plane. A combination of the Galerkin procedure and the method of multiple scales is used to construct a first-order uniform expansion for the interaction of the two resonant modes, yielding four first-order non-linear ordinary-differential equations governing the amplitudes and phases of the modes of vibration. The results show that the non-linear inertia terms produce a softening effect and play a significant role in the planar responses of high-frequency modes. On the other hand, the non-linear geometric terms produce a hardening effect and dominate the planar responses of low-frequency modes and non-planar responses for all modes. If the non-linear geometric terms were not included in the governing equations, then non-planar responses would not be predicted. For some range of parameters, Hopf bifurcations exist and the response consists of amplitude- and phase-modulated or chaotic motions.
Altered Spatial Distribution of the Diastolic Left Ventricular Pressure Difference in Heart Failure

Background The left ventricle fills in early diastole because of a progressive intraventricular pressure difference (IVPD) that extends from the left atrium to the left ventricular (LV). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that in patients with symptomatic heart failure (HF) regardless of LV ejection fraction (EF), an increase in left atrial (LA) pressure maintains early diastolic filling because of a preserved IVPD from the left atrium to the mid left ventricle, while the IVPD from the mid left ventricle to the apex is diminished because of reduced LV suction. Methods One hundred fifty-one patients with HF (50 with HF with preserved EF [HFpEF; EF ≥ 50%] and 101 with HF with reduced EF [HFrEF; EF Results The mean LV EF was 0.63 ± 0.07 in patients with HFpEF, 0.32 ± 0.09 in those with HFrEF, and 0.64 ± 0.06 in controls. Peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocities (E) were similar among the groups, and basilar IVPDs were maintained in the HFpEF and HFrEF groups (HFpEF, 1.59 ± 0.62 mm Hg; HFrEF, 1.49 ± 0.75 mm Hg; controls, 1.80 ± 0.61 mm Hg; P = NS, analysis of variance). However, apical IVPDs were decreased in both HF groups (HFpEF, 1.18 ± 0.56 mm Hg [ P P P P Conclusions In patients with HFpEF and those with HFrEF, apical IVPDs were reduced while basilar IVPDs were maintained by elevated LA pressure, resulting in preserved E.
Electronic Raman scattering as a probe of anisotropic electron pairing

A theory for the electronic contribution to Raman scattering in anisotropic superconductors is presented. It is shown that Raman scattering can provide a wealth of polarization-(symmetry-) dependent information which probes the detailed angular dependence of the energy gap. Using a model band structure, the symmetry-dependent Raman spectra are calculated for dx2-y2 pairing and compared to the data taken on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8. Favorable agreement with the symmetry-dependent electronic spectra is shown. Further, the impurity dependence of theory is calculated, which provides an unique test of dx2-y2 pairing.
Eruptive abnormalities in orthodontic treatment

In the course of orthodontic practice, it is inevitable that one will encounter what is termed here eruptive abnormalities. These abnormalities include teeth that are impacted, ectopically erupting, or transposed. Hyperdontia and hypodontia are also included for consideration. The treatment plans developed to address these anomalies must take into account the space needs of the patient and how one can best gain, maintain, or redistribute that space. Also, soft tissue reactions to the movements also should be considered.
The Murine Nucleolin Protein Is an Inducible DNA and ATP Binding Protein Which Is Readily Detected in Nuclear Extracts of Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Splenocytes

A 100-kDa DNA binding protein was found to be dramatically up-regulated upon the mitogenic stimulation of murine splenocytes with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The induced DNA binding protein was also found to exhibit moderate binding specificity for the immunoglobulin isotype switch DNA repeats. Furthermore, the induction of the 100-kDa protein by LPS was found to be mediated by both an increase in the protein's stability and an increase in the synthesis of the protein. In vitro phosphorylation experiments revealed that the 100-kDa DNA binding protein was one of the most heavily phosphorylated proteins in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid nuclear extracts. Although this in vitro phosphorylation initially appeared to be mediated by a potent nuclear kinase activity, it was later determined that a significant part of the detected labeling was due to the direct binding of ATP by the 100-kDa protein. Antibodies raised to the 100-kDa DNA binding protein were used to isolate cDNA clones from a lymphocyte cDNA lambda gt11 expression library. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the cloned cDNAs were identical to the mouse nucleolin gene. The beta-galactosidase fusion proteins (encoded by exons 3-14 of nucleolin) and a more severely truncated 45-kDa protein (encoded by exons 5-14 of nucleolin) were both found to bind strongly to DNA and ATP. Furthermore, the strength of DNA binding was found to be highly dependent on the overall dG content of the DNA probes. Our experiments also revealed that apart from binding ATP and G-rich DNA, nucleolin directly bound GTP, dATP, and dGTP, but not dCTP, dTTP, or dUTP. Computer analysis revealed that the putative ATP binding domains appear to fall within two of the phylogenetically conserved RNA binding domains of nucleolin.
Specific Heat of YbIr 2

Specific heat of flux-grown single crystals of YbIr2 in zero and applied magnetic field indicates a more complicated magnetic behavior than was inferred from earlier magnetic susceptibility measurements. The possibility of defect-induced Kondo behavior mixed together with some sort of antiferromagnetic local order is discussed.
Weibliche Subjektivität und das Versagen des sanften Patriarchen in Schnitzlers “Fräulein Else”

Der Aufsatz erortert die moderne Verfuhrungsfabel von Schnitzlers Erzahlung “Fraulein Else” und das sozialpsychologische Profil seiner Protagonistin auf der Folie des burgerlichen Trauerspiels im 18. Jahrhundert, insbesondere Lessing. Er zeigt, dass Schnitzlers subtiles psychologisches Portrat seiner Titelfigur auch als eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Versagen des sanften Patriarchen aufgefasst werden kann, den die Schriftsteller der Aufklarung als Reprasentanten kleinfamilialer Intimitat in die deutsche Literatur eingefuhrt hatten. Das geschieht anhand einer Diskussion des weiblichen Figurenbewusstseins und des Figurenhandelns an den beiden szenischen Hohepunkten der Novelle. In der abschliesenden Erorterung von Elses Tod werden auch die fragwurdigen Aspekte von Schnitzlers Reprasentation des weiblichen Sterbens zur Diskussion gestellt.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering Study of the Activation of Molecular Hydrogen in Silver-Exchanged A Zeolite: First Step in the Reduction to Metallic Silver at Low Temperature

The initial steps in the reduction of Ag + ions by H 2 to produce metallic silver nanoparticles in silver cation-exchanged type A zeolite has been investigated in a novel way using inelastic neutron scattering (INS) to follow the reaction. The rotational tunneling excitations of the hydrogen adsorbed at low temperature were measured. The neutron scattering spectra show rotational tunneling peaks from the librational ground states of the adsorbed hydrogen. A transition at 0.3 meV is the lowest energy excitation ever observed for hydrogen adsorbed in a zeolite, and is characteristic of a σ-bond complex between a metal center and molecular hydrogen. The transition is assigned to a chemisorption complex between molecular hydrogen and the Ag 3 2+ linear complex cation that has been proposed in X-ray diffraction studies of dehydrated Ag-A. Rotational tunneling peaks from H 2 molecules physisorbed on individual Ag + ions located at different sites in the zeolite are also observed. Warming the sample allows the reduction reaction to proceed, causing the rotational tunneling peaks to decrease and disappear irreversibly. New INS features appear that are attributed to H 2 physisorbed on neutral Ag clusters. The results clearly demonstrate that the first step in the reduction of the silver is the formation of an intermediate [Ag 3 2+...H 2 ] complex rather than a dissociative adsorption of hydrogen, and that the reduction reaction proceeds via this complex.
Characterization of the rat DNA fragmentation factor 35/Inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (Short form). The endogenous inhibitor of caspase-dependent DNA fragmentation in neuronal apoptosis.

Nuclear changes, including internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, are classical manifestations of apoptosis for which the biochemical mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, particularly in neuronal cells. We have cloned the rat DNA fragmentation factor 35/inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (short form) (DFF35/ICADS) and found it to be the predominant form of ICAD present in rodent brain cells as well as in many other types of cells. DFF35/ICADS forms a functional complex with DFF40/caspase-activated DNase (CAD) in the nucleus, and when its caspase-resistant mutant is over-expressed, it inhibits the nuclease activity, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and nuclear fragmentation but not the shrinkage and condensation of the nucleus, in neuron-differentiated PC12 cells in response to apoptosis inducers. DFF40/CAD is found to be localized mainly in the nucleus, and during neuronal apoptosis, there is no evidence of further nuclear translocation of this molecule. It is further suggested that inactivation of DFF40/CAD-bound DFF35 and subsequent activation of DFF40/CAD during apoptosis of neuronal cells may not occur in the cytosol but rather in the nucleus through a novel mechanism that requires nuclear translocation of caspases. These results establish that DFF35/ICADS is the endogenous inhibitor of DFF40/CAD and caspase-dependent apoptotic DNA fragmentation in neurons.
Modeling a pilot-scale fluidized bed coal gasification reactor

A steady-state model has been developed to simulate the North Carolina State University pilot-scale fluidized bed coal gasification reactor. The model involves instantaneous devolatilization of coal at the top of the gasifier (freeboard region) and char combustion and gasification in the fluidized bed. A two-phase (emulsion-dilute gas) representation of the fluidized bed incorporates the phenomena of jetting, bubbling, slugging, and mass and heat transfer between phases, and enables the prediction of individual species flow rates and temperature profiles within the bed. The model has been successfully used to simulate the gasification of a devolatilized Western Kentucky bituminous coal and a New Mexico subbituminous coal and to predict effects of various operating parameters on key gasifier performance variables.