cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ratio of the Quadrupole Moment of the First Excited State of Xe 129 to That of the Ground State of Xe 131

The M\"ossbauer effect in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{129}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{131}$ contained in Xe${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$ has been used to measure the ratio of electric quadrupole moments of the lowest ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ states in the two isotopes. This is the ground state in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{131}$ and the first excited state in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{129}$. The value $\frac{Q({\mathrm{Xe}}^{129*})}{Q({\mathrm{Xe}}^{131})}=3.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09$ is obtained. The sign of the moment in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{129}$ is obtained by use of a source containing oriented crystals of K${\mathrm{I}}^{129}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$ which produces Xe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$ in its beta decay. The quadrupole moment is found to be negative. The known quadrupole moment of the ground state of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{131}$, -0.12b, then gives $Q({\mathrm{Xe}}^{129*})=\ensuremath{-}0.41$b. The large ratio of the moments is interpreted as due to the abrupt onset of a region of permanent deformation by analogy with a similar situation in the europium isotopes. Discussions of such a region appear in the literature. The linewidth observed in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{131}$ yields a value for the first-excited-state lifetime, ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}=0.504\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017$ nsec, in good agreement with delayed-coincidence measurements. The measured value for the ratio of the moments removes a difficulty in understanding the structure of xenon fluorides generated by an earlier assumption that the ratio was unity.
Yield stress of a composite consisting of amorphous Ni78Si10B12 and μm sized WC particles

Abstract The yield strength and elastic modulus of amorphous Ni 78 Si 10 B 12 alloys, dispersed with 4–5 μm sized particles of WC, was measured as a function of the volume fraction ( V f ). Within experimental error, Young's modulus ( E c ) measured by an ultrasonic method, increased linearly with V f according to the rule of mixtures: E c = E m (1 − V f ) + E p V f , where E m and E p are Young's modulus of the matrix and the second phase, respectively. The yield stress ( σ yc ) of the composite, measured in bending, was found to increase linearly with V f . For V f = 18.2%, the highest volume fraction investigated, σ yc was 2.2 times higher than the yield stress ( σ ym ) of the nondispersed matrix material. Experimentally, the ratio of E c to σ yc was found to be independent of V f and to be approximately 60. Thus, the yield stress, σ yc of the dispersed alloy various with volume fraction approximately as: σ yc = σ ym {1 + V f ( E p / E m − 1)}. The above dependence of the yield stress on V f corresponds to a rule of mixture in which the yield stress of the second phase must exceed the value of σ ym ( E p / E m ) or about 1000 kg/mm 2 . Comparison with the experimentally measured value for the compressive yield stress of sintered 3% Co-WC indicate that elastic stresses in excess of 1000 kg/mm 2 might be reached in small WC particles.
Modeling and data choices sway conclusions about climate-conflict links

In an era of growing concern about the human impacts of climate change, the academic and policy communities are paying increasing attention to the possible link between weather anomalies and violent conflict. Early research papers on the topic by Burke et al. (1) and the reanalysis and extension of their work by Buhaug (2) claim contradictory findings, the first showing a link between increased temperatures and war, and the second—using an expanded dataset and different models—calling these results into question. Hsiang and Meng (3) reexamine the data and argue that the original Burke et al. (1) conclusions are robust and remain a “benchmark” for future studies of the climate–conflict relationship.
Alpha/beta value and the importance of size of dose per fraction for late complications in the supraglottic larynx

Summary In a group of 155 cases with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx (T 3–4 N 0 M 0 ), with 3-year local control after radiotherapy, 21 late complications were noted. Using two different methods, an alpha/beta value of 3.8 Gy was calculated. A strong correlation between the risk of late effect in the larynx and size of dose per fraction was found; there was no influence of overall treatment time.
Amyloid precursor protein is enriched in axolemma and periaxolemmal-myelin and associated clathrin-coated vesicles

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is widely distributed within the CNS, where it is expressed in both neurons and glia. We have isolated axolemma and periaxolemmal-myelin from rat brain and have determined by Western blot that APPs, Mr 100-110 kDa, are major constituents of these membrane. Isolation of axolemma, periaxolemmal-myelin, and compact myelin show that while APP represents 1 and 0.6% of the proteins of these respective membranes, it is absent from compact myelin. These results indicate that APP transported down the axon is deposited at sites in the axolemma as well as the synapse, and that within the myelin complex, APP is targeted to the periaxolemmal domain. Both axolemma and periaxolemmal-myelin contained a 10.5 kDa APP peptide which, based on reactivity with anti-C-terminal APP antibodies but not with anti-N-terminal antibody, appears to be a membrane-associated C-terminal fragment. Western blots with antibodies to Alzheimer precursor-like proteins (APLP) indicate that APP immune reactivity is not a result of cross reactivity with APLPs. Isolation of axolemma from human autopsy material showed nearly identical results with a clear enrichment, relative to homogenate, of APP Mr 100-110 and the 10.5 kDa C-terminal peptide. The demonstration of APP in axolemma and periaxolemmal-myelin was replicated in membrane isolated from bovine brain. Bovine studies were extended to analysis of white matter clathrin-coated vesicles; these data show that coated vesicles isolated from white matter, under conditions that previous studies indicate are largely endocytic vesicles, contain levels of APP comparable to that found in axolemma and periaxolemmal-myelin. In addition, these vesicles contain cysteinyl and aspartyl proteases. Incubation of axolemma with cathepsin B at pH 6.0 caused a rapid loss in the immune reactivity of APP Mr 100-110 and Mr 10.5 when analyzed with antibodies to APP672-695. This appears to be the result of hydrolysis within the epitope and not proteolysis of APP or the C-terminal peptide, since no loss of reactivity was observed when analyzed with antibodies to sites more distal to the C-terminus. Thus, cathepsin B hydrolyses membrane bound APP close to the C-terminus and may be a useful tool for altering C-terminal APP function.
Amino acid substitutions at position 73 in motif 2 of Escherichia coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase.

Abstract Lysine73, located in the adenylate synthesis domain of Escherichia coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS), was previously indicated to be an important residue for the interaction of this enzyme with the acceptor stem of its cognate tRNA (tRNA Ala ). Replacement of this residue with glutamine produced a reduction in the catalytic efficiency of AlaRS in the aminoacylation assay, primarily through an increase in the apparent K M for tRNA Ala [Hill, K., and Schimmel, p. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 2577-2586]. Studies on the role of residue 73 in the interaction of AlaRS with its substrates have now been extended using the additional substitutions of asparagine, alanine, and glutamate. Analysis of each substituted enzyme in the ATP- PP i exchange and aminoacylation reactions reveals kinetic characteristics similar to those obtained with the glutamine substitution, except that the glutamate substitution causes a fivefold decrease in the affinity for alanine. These data verify that the positive charge on lysine73, rather than its hydrophilic side chain, is of importance in the binding of the cognate tRNA, but do not support an ionic interaction of this residue with the RNA phosphate backbone. The collective data support the prediction that lysine73 is in motif 2 of AlaRS [Cusack, S., Hartlein, M., and Leberman, R. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 3489-3498], but question the predicted alignment of this motif with other enzymes in its class.
Why Efforts to Equalize School Funding Have Failed: Towards a Positive Theory

With the growth of the suburbs and the strengthening relationship between income and household location, large differences have emerged in the values of the local property tax bases that fund public schools. Since the 1970s, court rulings have led states to attempt to equalize school funding by increasing state support. But large funding differences remain. While these differences and the impact of equalization efforts have been analyzed at length, the question of why equalization has failed has largely been ignored. This paper addresses that gap. By considering the incentives of legislators, taxpayers, and parents of school students, I explore the political economy of school funding, using evidence from New Jersey. My analysis suggests that equalization efforts will generally be opposed or undermined by various local-level actors. It also suggests that advocates of other funding reforms may face significant challenges from those preferring the status quo.
A Graduate Student Mentoring Program to Develop Interest in Research

Objective. To assess the impact of a graduate student mentoring program on student interest in research and postgraduate education and on graduate student confidence in mentoring. Methods. Undergraduate and pharmacy students (mentees) and graduate students (mentors) were matched and participated in the study, which required them to engage in at least 2 discussions regarding research and careers. Mentees completed a pre- and post-assessment of their perceptions of research, postgraduate training plans, and perceptions about mentors. Mentors completed a pre- and post-assessment of their perceptions about themselves as mentors and their confidence in mentoring. Results. Although there were no significant differences among the mentees’ perceptions of research or the mentors’ confidence in mentoring, qualitative analysis indicated that the mentees’ perceptions of research improved and that the mentors believed their mentoring skills improved. Conclusions. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, implementing a graduate student mentoring program may help improve students’ perceptions of research and graduate students’ confidence in mentoring, which could increase student interest in postgraduate education and prepare mentors for future leadership roles.
Stereocontrol in Asymmetric SE′ Reactions of γ‐Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.

The presented reaction gives access to several homoallylic alcohols in high diastereoselectivities from chiral aldehydes and allyl compounds bearing chiral boron auxiliaries.
THE STICKLER SYNDROME

This paper aims to document the clinical spectrum of the Stickler syndrome and to expose the importance of making this diagnosis. Our experience is based on 43 personally examined patients from 12 families with a total of over 80 affected Individuals. The Stickler syndrome is a common autosomal dominant connective tissue dysplasia with almost complete penetrance but widely variable expressivity. Severely affected patients usually have a slender “marfanoid” body habitus, generalized muscular hypotonia, prominence and hyperextensibility of joints, and roentgenographic changes of mild (spondylo-) epiphyseal dysplasia and overtubulation. Neonatally, the “Pierre Robin Syndrome” may be a life-threatening manifestation of the Stickler syndrome. In less severely affected individuals a “flat” face and microstomia are characteristic. The major impact of the Stickler syndrome is as a cause of blindness in affected families. Moderate to severe myopia in 75% of patients is the individually most common ocular manifestation. About 20% of patients are blind due to “spontaneous” retinal detachment. It is our impression that careful follow-up and treatment of early retinal detachment may prevent some instances of blindness.
Resource and performance tradeoffs in delay-tolerant wireless networks

Wireless and mobile network technologies often impose severe limitations on the availability of resources, resulting in poor and often unsatisfactory performance of the commonly used wireless networking protocols. For instance, power and memory/storage constraints of miniaturized network nodes reduce the throughput capacity and increase the network latency. Through various approaches and technological advances, researchers attempt to somehow compensate for such hardware limitations. However, this is not always necessary. Sometimes, the required performance of such networks does not need to adhere to the level of services that would be required for performance-critical applications. For example, for some applications of sensor networks, minimal latency is not a critical factor and it could be traded off for a more limited resource, such as energy or throughput. Such networks are termed delay-tolerant networks. Thus, to reduce the energy expenditure, transmission range of such sensor nodes would be quite short, leading to network topologies in which the average number of neighbors of the network nodes is very small. If the sensor nodes are mobile, then most of the time a node has no neighbors; only infrequently another node migrates into its neighborhood. This means that the classical networking approach of store-and-forward would not work well, as there is nearly never an intact path between a source and a destination. Several routing protocols have been proposed for this type of networking environment, one example is the Shared Wireless Infostation Model (SWIM), where a packet propagates through the network by being copied (rather than forwarded) from a node to a node, as links are sporadically created. The goal is that one of the copies of the packet reaches the destination. SWIM is an example of the way that non-critical performance could be traded off for insufficient resources, such as the tradeoffs between energy, delay, storage, capacity, and processing complexity. In this paper, we examine some of these tradeoffs, exposing the ways in which resources could be saved by compromising on the level of performance, as to satisfy the particular limitations of network technologies.
Characterization and Subtraction of Well-Exposed HST/NICMOS Camera 2 Point-Spread Functions for a Survey of Very Low Mass Companions to Nearby Stars

We are conducting a search for very low mass ( M ) companions of stars within 10 pc M ! 0.2 , of the Sun using the NICMOS infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope. The highly exposed images of each target star are subtracted from the NICMOS Camera 2 (NIC2) field using previously observed stars so that faint companions may be detected. We have characterized the NIC2 point-spread function (PSF) at large angles and measured encircled energies useful for point-source aperture photometry corrections. The Camera 2 PSFs have elliptical diffraction rings and asymmetric diffraction spike banding patterns that appear to be caused by a misalignment of the NICMOS cold mask relative to the telescope obscurations. The mask's position appears to vary about a general offset, creating a time-dependent diffraction pattern. We have devised a procedure for selecting target star images that provide the best PSF subtractions. The ultimate detection limits of our survey are F110W ∼ 21 and F222M ∼ 19.5, roughly approximating J and K measurements, respectively.
Hyperbaric oxygenation and the cognitive functioning of the aged.

: Twenty subjects (average age, 67.9 years) were given hyperbaric oxygen (100% at 2 atmospheres pressure) for 15 daily sessions of two hours each. Comparison of “before” and “after” intelligence-test results revealed substantial improvement, particularly in tests concerned with short-term memory and visual organization. The subjects who benefited most were those whose “before” Wechsler Memory Quotients were between 70 and 110. There was no indication that the improvement reached a plateau after 15 sessions.
Reducing Byproduct Formation during Conversion of Glycerol to Propylene Glycol

During the conversion of glycerol to propylene glycol, highly selective conversion is necessary for commercial viability. The greatest strides in achieving high selectivity are attained with catalyst and temperature. For the conversion of glycerol to propylene glycol, these parameters can be optimized to achieve selectivities of greater than 80%. This paper is on the optimization of more-subtle parameters such as concentration, water content, pressure, isothermal operation, and residence time to achieve selectivities in excess of 90%. Data reveal that low concentrations are important to reduce by-product whose formation relies on second-order reaction mechanisms. Water is important to reduce dehydration reactions and indirectly helps to maintain more-isothermal operation. An optimal hydrogen partial pressure between 5 and 15 bar minimizes the cumulative amount of by-product that results from hydrocracking versus dehydration side-reactions.
Electrophysiological profile of avian hippocampal unit activity: a basis for regional subdivisions.

Electrophysiological activity was recorded from single neurons (units) in the hippocampal formation (HF) of freely moving homing pigeons in order to provide a taxonomy of unit types found in the avian HF; a taxonomy that could be used to define regional subdivisions and be compared with unit types found in the mammalian hippocampus. Two distinct types of unit were observed in the avian HF. One type was uniformly characterized by relatively rapid firing rates and shorter spike widths, and was found throughout the HF. The other type was more variable in activity profile but, compared with the fast-firing units, was characterized by slower firing rates and longer spike widths. However, despite the variable nature of the slow-firing units, most slow-firing units recorded within a given anatomical region displayed similar firing rates, spike widths, and interspike intervals. In general, ventral HF units displayed activity patterns similar to projection cells found in the mammalian Ammon's horn. Most dorsocaudal units displayed activity patterns similar to presumed granular cells in the mammalian dentate gyrus. By contrast, most dorsorostral units displayed activity patterns similar to a type of unit found in the mammalian subiculum. Although different in some details, the overall activity profile of units found in the avian HF, and their regional distribution, is strikingly similar to unit types found in the mammalian hippocampus, suggesting that unit activity profile is one hippocampal dimension conserved through evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:256–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Linear Instability of 2D Solitary Water Waves

We consider instability of 2D irrotational solitary water waves. The maxima of energy and the travel speed of solitary waves are known to not be attained at the highest wave that has a 120 angle at the crest. Under the assumption of nonexistence of secondary bifurcation, which had been confirmed numerically, we prove linear instability of solitary waves, which are higher than the wave of maximal energy and lower than the wave of maximal travel speed. It is also shown that there exist a sequence of unstable solitary waves approaching the highest wave, which suggests the instability of the highest wave. These unstable waves are of large amplitude and therefore this type of instability cannot be captured by the approximate models derived under small-amplitude assumptions. For the proof, we introduce a family of nonlocal dispersion operators to relate the linear instability problem with the elliptic nature of solitary wave problem. A continuity argument with a moving kernel formula is used to study these dispersion operators and yield the instability criteria.
L-Asparaginase: Inhibition of Early Mitosis in Regenerating Rat Liver

L-Asparaginase in agouti serum and in extracts from Escherichia coli inhibits the early wave of mitosis occurring in rat liver approximately 30 hours after hepatectomy, but even with continued treatment of the animal the later wave at 50 hours is not inhibited. This result differs from the permanent inhibition of growth which asparaginase causes in various tumors.
Correlations between heterospermic fertility and assays of porcine semen quality before and after cryopreservation.

Abstract The relative fertilizing potential of frozen-thawed semen from four black and four white boars was determined following heterospermic insemination. A heterospermic index (HI) was computed for each of the 16 possible pairs of black and white boars. Correlation coefficients were computed between the HI and several in vitro tests of semen quality before and afttr cryopreservation of the semen. For the in vitro tests before cryopreservation, the HI were negatively correlated (−0.57) with spermatozoal motility before cooling the semen, but they were not correlated with spermatozoal motility after cooling to 5°C. After freezing and thawing, the HI were correlated with the following in vitro tests: spermatozoal motility (0.50), spermatozoa with either normal or damaged apical ridges (0.31), spermatozoa with missing apical ridges (−0.51), spermatozoa filtered through sephadex columns (0.32), spermatozoa with acrosin-activity (0.38), percentage of maximal releasable glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) present extracellularly (0.54), spermatozoal intracellular GOT (−0.57), spermatozoa bound per zona-free hamster oocyte (0.64), and percentage of zona-free hamster oocytes penetrated (0.75). The HI were not correlated with the following in vitro tests after freezing and thawing: spermatozoa with normal apical ridges, damaged apical ridges and loose acrosomal caps, extracellular and maximal releasable GOT, and the number of penetrations per zona-free hamster oocyte. The multiple regression correlation coefficient between the HI and four selected variables from three in vitro tests was 0.94. This high correlation indicated that the fertilizing potential of the semen could be accurately predicted with four variables that appeared to measure different properties of the spermatozoa.
Aerial Manipulation of Voles by Common Ravens

PEARSON RR, LIVEZEY KB. 2007. Spotted Owls, Barred Owls, and Late-Successional Reserves. Journal of Raptor Research 41:156-161. RICHTER KO. 1980. Movement, reproduction, defense, and nutrition as functions of the caudal mucus in Ariolimax columbianus. Veliger 23:43-47. ROSENBERG DK, SWINDLE KA, ANTHONY RG. 2003. Influence of prey abundance on Northern Spotted Owl reproductive success in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1715-1725. SOLIS DM. 1983. Summer habitat ecology of Spotted Owls in northwestern California [thesis]. Arcata, CA: Humboldt State University. 168 p. SOVERN SG, FORSMAN ED, BISWELL BL, ROLPH DN, TAYLOR M. 1994. Diurnal behavior of the Spotted Owl in Washington. Condor 96:200-202. SZTUKOWSKI L, COURTNEY S. 2004. Prey. In: S. Courtney, editor. Scientific evaluation of the status of the northern spotted owl. Portland, OR: Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. p. 4-1-4-32. TURGEON DD, QUINN JF JR., BOGAN AE, COAN EV, HOCHBERG FG, LYONS WG, MIKKELSEN PM, NEVES RJ, ROPER CFE, ROSENBERG G, ROTH B, SCHELTEMA A, THOMPSON FG, VECCHIONE M, WILLIAMS JD. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks, second edition. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26, American Fisheries Society. 526 p. US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA), US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (USDI). 1994. Record of decision for amendments to Forest Service and 89(3)
Multiple fault diagnosis in digital microfluidic biochips

Microfluidics-based biochips consist of microfluidic arrays on rigid substrates through which, movement of fluids is tightly controlled to facilitate biological reactions. Biochips are soon expected to revolutionize biosensing, clinical diagnostics, and drug discovery. Critical to the deployment of biochips in such diverse areas is the dependability of these systems. Thus, robust testing techniques are required to ensure an adequate level of system dependability. Due to the underlying mixed technology and energy domains, such biochips exhibit unique failure mechanisms and defects. In this article we present a highly effective fault diagnosis strategy that uses a single source and sink to detect and locate multiple faults in a microfluidic array, without flooding the array, a problem that has hampered realistic implementations of all existing strategies. The strategy renders itself well for a built-in self-test that could drastically reduce the operating cost of microfluidic biochips. It can be used during both the manufacturing phase of the biochip, as well as field operation. Furthermore, the algorithm can pinpoint the actual fault, as opposed to merely the faulty regions that are typically identified by strategies proposed in the literature. Also, analytical results suggest that it is an effective strategy that can be used to design highly dependable biochip systems.
Quantitative Study of Fluoride Transport During Subsurface Dissolution of Dental Enamel

Previous studies using bovine dental enamel as a model have shown that surface and subsurface dissolution of enamel may be governed by micro-environmental solution conditions. We have now investigated the demineralization phenomenon more rigorously with the primary objective of developing a method for deducing solution species concentration profiles as a function of time from appropriate experimental data. More specifically, in this report, a model-independent method is described for determination of the pore solution fluoride gradients in bovine enamel during subsurface demineralization. Microradiography was used to determine the mineral density profiles, and an electron microprobe technique to determine total fluoride (F) profiles associated with the enamel. In each case, matched sections of bovine enamel were exposed to partially saturated acetate buffers at pH = 4.5 containing 0.5 ppm F for various periods of time (from six to 24 hours). The treated enamel was found to have an intact surface layer and...
Mandibular alveolar ridge augmentation in the dog using distraction osteogenesis

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the use of distraction osteogenesis for alveolar ridge augmentation. Materials and Methods: Four dogs each had two superior and two inferior implants placed horizontally into an edentulous mandibular quadrant and, after integration, a distraction device was applied. An osteotomy was made to allow the ridge to be distracted vertically. After 10 mm vertical distraction, the device was stabilized. Results: The vertical augmentation averaged 8.85 ± 1.05 mm after 10 weeks of healing. Serial sections showed that bone had formed between the distracted segments, creating an augmented ridge. Conclusions: Distraction osteogenesis has the potential for use in augmentation of the alveolar ridge.
Friction and wear testing with the modern four-ball apparatus

Abstract The history of the development of the four-ball apparatus is outlined and essential features are listed. Modifications of the modern version of the apparatus which extend its versatility are described. The uses of the machine are given and its application to research problems and the results obtained are discussed.
Judging quality by price, snob appeal, and the new consumer theory

The analysis contained in this paper has served two purposes. First, it has demonstrated the richness of “the new consumer theory” by showing how this new approach can incorporate the questions of judging quality by price and price-snob appeal. And second, the paper has derived analytically the conditions under which these phenomena will yield a positively sloping demand curve in a two-commodity, two-attribute world.
Genomic Organization and Identification of an Enhancer Element Containing Binding Sites for Multiple Proteins in Rat Pituitary Tumor-transforming Gene

The rat pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) genomic structure was characterized in this study. Northern blot analysis showed that PTTG mRNA is highly expressed in testicular cell lines. Transfection of testicular cell lines with fusion constructs containing various portions of PTTG5′-flanking sequences linked to luciferase showed that at least 745 base-pair (bp(s)) 5′-flanking sequences are required for PTTGtranscriptional activation. DNaseI footprinting assays indicated that nuclear protein(s) from testicular cell lines interacts withPTTG 5′-flanking sequence between −509 and −624 bp, including two consensus Sp1 binding sites. Western and Southwestern blot analysis showed that three nuclear proteins in addition to Sp1 protein specifically interact with this DNA sequence and that two of these proteins are testicular cell-specific. Deletion of this 115-bp sequence from PTTG promoter resulted in complete loss of promoter function. Site-directed mutagenesis within the Sp1 consensus sequences indicated that the Sp1 binding sites are not critical components of the enhancer sequence for PTTG trancriptional activation in testicular cell lines. Finally, the 115-bp enhancer sequence was shown to be able to activate transcription from a heterologous promoter. These results suggest that PTTGtranscriptional activation in testicular cell lines involves interactions of multiple nuclear factors with the PTTG 5′ enhancer sequence.
Nocturnal ophthalmic arterial hemodynamics in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose: Recent studies have found nocturnal reductions in systemic arterial blood pressure associated with progressive visual field loss in glaucoma. Although ocular ischemia has been hypothesized to link these two phenomena, it remains unknown if perfusion of the eye is reduced during the night in
Absence of hyperacute rejection in newborn pig-to-baboon cardiac xenografts

The shortage of organs for transplantation is especially severe for the critically ill newborn infant, for whom donors of the appropriate size are particularly scarce. One way to overcome this problem is to use animals in lieu of humans as organ donors. The major limitation to using animals for this purpose is the susceptibility of animal organs to hyperacute rejection, a violent rejection reaction thought to be mediated by antidonor antibody and complement. To evaluate the potential application of xenotransplantation to newborns, we tested neonatal humans and neonatal baboons and found that neither population expressed significant levels of xenoreactive anti-pig antibodies. We transplanted heterotopically hearts from newborn pigs into unmanipulated newborn baboons (n = 4). There was no evidence of hyperacute rejection in any of the grafts; the animals were killed with functioning grafts at 15, 81, 82, and 82 hr. This outcome contrasts with that of newborn pig-to-mature baboon and mature pig-to-mature baboon cardiac xenografts, which were rejected within 1 hr of transplantation. The histology of pig graft biopsies from the newborn recipients was normal. Immunohistochemistry revealed only traces of IgM, C3, C4, and the membrane attack complex along graft endothelium. Fibrin deposition along endothelial surfaces was observed early after transplantation and became more extensive with time; in the absence of endothelial bound antibody or complement, this change may represent preservation injury. This study suggests that due to low levels of natural antibody, the newborn infant may permit prolonged xenograft survival.
Communication Codes and Bernoulli Transformations

Abstract We suggest a new approach to the generation of polyphase CDMA transmission codes based on ergodic properties of Bernoulli shifts. The method provides codes with remarkable spread spectrum performance and good auto- and cross-correlation characteristics. There is virtually no restriction on the number and length of the available code sequences.
Three new species of wood-rotting fungi in the Corticiaceae.

Our recent studies on fungi associated with decay of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) in the Southwest have yielded three species morphologically distinct from any previously described fungi known to us. These are described as new in this paper. Capitalized color names are from Ridgway (1912). Data on microscopic characters were obtained from sections or crushed tissue in 2% KOH with phloxine and also in Melzer's reagent. Drawings were made with a camera lucida. Type specimens are deposited in the National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, Maryland (BPI). Isotypes and paratypes are also deposited in the University of Arizona herbarium (ARIZ).
The pH response of the reticulated vitreous carbon electrode

Abstract Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) electrodes show variable mV responses to changes in pH. The mV—pH slopes are Nernstian for the pH range 1–7 between 39 and 49°C. Treatment with permanganate solution greatly enhances the response. The RVC material was analyzed for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen and trace metallic impurities. Reasons for the response are discussed.
Strong coupling theory and the Josephson current into proximity high-Tc junctions

The correlation between the order parameter and the energy gap is studied. Josephson junctions containing proximity systems are described within the framework of the strong coupling theory. The value of the current is affected by the difference between the order parameter at zero frequency and the energy gap. The proximity effect leads to depression of the Josephson current for the high-critical-temperature junctions.
Schmidt's game, badly approximable matrices and fractals

We prove that for every M,N∈N, if τ is a Borel, finite, absolutely friendly measure supported on a compact subset K of RMN, then K∩BA(M,N) is a winning set in Schmidt's game sense played on K, where BA(M,N) is the set of badly approximable M×N matrices. As an immediate consequence we have the following application. If K is the attractor of an irreducible finite family of contracting similarity maps of RMN satisfying the open set condition (the Cantor's ternary set, Koch's curve and Sierpinski's gasket to name a few known examples), then dimK=dimK∩BA(M,N).
Whale interactions with Alaskan sablefish and Pacific halibut fisheries: Surveying fishermen perception, changing fishing practices and mitigation

Abstract Whale depredation occurs when whales steal fish, damage fish or damage fishing gear. In Alaska, killer whales (Orcinus orca) and sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) primarily depredate on demersal sablefish ( Anoplopoma fimbria ) and Pacific halibut ( Hippoglossus stenolepis ) longline fisheries. Quantitative data on whale depredation in Alaska is limited due to low fishery observer coverage and minimal depredation evidence left on longline fishing gear. This study utilized semidirected interviews ( n =70) and written questionnaires ( n =95) with longline fishermen to examine: (1) perceptions and experiences of whale–fishery interactions in Alaska, (2) effects of depredation on fishing practices, and (3) potential depredation mitigation measures. Eighty-seven percent of fishermen surveyed agreed that whale depredation became worse between 1990 and 2010. Respondents reported changing their fishing practices in response to depredating whales in several ways, including: traveling up to 50 nautical miles and ceasing hauling operations up to 24 h until the whales left the fishing grounds. Respondents fishing in western Alaska, primarily encountering killer whales, were forced to wait longer and travel greater distances than fishermen operating in central and southeast Alaska, regions more affected by sperm whales. Deterrent research, gear modifications and real-time tracking of depredating whales were solutions favored by study participants. Survey respondent answers varied based on areas fished, quota owned, years involved in the fishery and vessel size. This study presents the first statewide evaluation of fishermen's perception and knowledge of whale interactions with the Alaskan longline fleet and is a critical step toward developing baseline data and feasible depredation mitigation strategies.
Sonographic appearance of isolated necrotizing vasculitis of the testis.

The presentation of necrotizing vasculitis of the testis is variable and may mimic a testicular tumor. Necrotizing vasculitis of the testis is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of the walls of small and medium-sized testicular arteries. We report a patient with isolated necrotizing vasculitis of the testis who presented with clinical imaging findings suspicious for testicular neoplasm. We describe the clinical course and sonographic characteristics of evolving necrotizing vasculitis of the testis, briefly review the literature, and discuss the implications for the diagnosis and management of this condition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:99–107, 2006
Long and short repeats of sea urchin DNA and their evolution

Repeated sequences cloned from the DNA of the sea urchin S. purpuratus were used as probes to measure the lengths of individual families of repeats. Some probes reassociated much more rapidly with preparations of long repeats than with short repeats while others reassociated more rapidly with short repeats than with long repeats. In this way two of five cloned repeats were shown to represent families with a great majority of sequences in the long class. One represented a family with similar numbers of long and short class members. Two were members of predominantly short class families. — The cloned repeats representing long class families, formed more precise duplexes than those representing short class families. Thermal stability measurements using S. purpuratus or S. franciscanus driver DNA showed that precise repetitive sequences have as great an interspecies sequence difference as the less precise repeats. Thus the precision of many families may result from recent multiplication rather than from selective pressure on the DNA sequences. Measurements of evolutionary frequency change show a clear correlation between the frequency change and the size of families of repeats in S. purpuratus. Comparison with S. franciscanus indicates that many of the large size families in S. purpuratus are those that have grown in size since these two species diverged.
Antilipolytic effect of prostaglandin E2 analogues: therapeutic implications.

Abstract 15(S), 15 methyl PGE2, methyl ester and 16,16 dimethyl PGE2 are potent inhibitors of norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes, comparable to PGE2. Because these methyl analogues of PGE2 are antilipolytic but are not rapidly metabolized by 15 PG dehydrogenase, it is suggested that they may be potent antilipolytic agents in vivo and therefore potentially useful in the treatment of disorders with accelerated lipolysis such as diabetic ketoacidosis.
Direction of microtubule movement is an intrinsic property of the motor domains of kinesin heavy chain and Drosophila ncd protein

Abstract The kinesin heavy chain and the ncd (non-claret disjunctional) gene product of Drosophila are microtubule-associated motor proteins related by sequence similarity within an approximately 340-aa domain. Despite the sequence similarity, the kinesin heavy chain and ncd protein move in opposite directions on microtubules. To investigate the molecular basis for direction of movement, we created a series of truncated kinesin heavy chain and ncd proteins. We found that the conserved domain of both proteins has microtubule motor activity, although the efficiency with which ATP hydrolysis is coupled to microtubule movement declines dramatically with increasing truncation. Further, the direction of movement is intrinsic to the conserved motor domains, rather than being a consequence of domain organization or adjacent sequences.
Energy Efficient Spatial Query Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Because a sensor network depends on limited battery power, energy saving is important to increase the sensor network lifespan. We propose semi-distributed spatial query indexing structure that disseminates a query into the network and retrieves data energy efficiently using a localized tree building algorithm. We also propose a sectioned tree index, which divides the network area into several squares and each square has a local index subtree organized within that square. Local trees are interconnected to form one big tree in the network. Local trees are also built based on any algorithm that is energy consumption aware at each sub-root node in a locally centralized way. We use an existing two dimensional indexing technique for energy efficient query dissemination. We show that our proposed scheme is energy efficient for query and data processing heuristically. Our proposed scheme, sectioned tree, is finally simulated in sparse and dense networks to show the energy saving for query and data processing in the sensor network.
The Targeted Killings Judgment A Preliminary Assessment

This judgment is one of the most important contributions in recent years by a national court to the development of the laws governing armed conflicts between states and non-state actors taking place outside of the territory of the state involved. However, some contentious issues should not be passed over in silence. The Israeli Court applied the laws of international armed conflict to any case of armed conflict that crosses borders of the state even if the conflict does not involve belligerent occupation, without, however, providing any authority or explanation for this expansion of the class of international armed conflict. Furthermore, the Court rejected the Government's argument that a third category of ‘unlawful combatants’ exists under international law, but its analysis on the issue does not enable the reader to fully understand the substantive considerations leading to the Court's conclusion. Although the Court's reference to academic literature is welcome, it cannot replace an assessment of the sources and rules of international law. Finally, the Court set out various requirements restricting the Israeli government's attacks on terrorists taking direct part in hostilities. These requirements, however, go beyond what is commonly considered to be mandated under the laws of international armed conflict: it is difficult to find support for them in state practice or in less recent academic literature interpreting that body of law.
Regional cerebral hyperperfusion and nitric oxide pathway dysregulation in Fabry disease: reversal by enzyme replacement therapy.

Background Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal deficiency of α-galactosidase A that results in cellular accumulation of galacto-conjugates such as globotriosylceramide, particularly in blood vessels. It is associated with early-onset stroke and kidney and heart failure. Methods and Results Using [15O] H2O and PET, we found increased resting regional cerebral blood flow in Fabry disease without evidence of occlusive vasculopathy or cerebral hypoperfusion. Because nitric oxide is known to play an important role in vascular tone and reactivity, we studied plasma nitrate, nitrite, and low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol levels by chemiluminescence. Skin biopsy specimens and archived brain tissue were also examined immunohistochemically for nitrotyrosine. Plasma nitrate, nitrite, and low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol were in the normal range; however, enhanced nitrotyrosine staining was observed in dermal and cerebral blood vessels. After a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of α-galactosidase A thera...
Multiply deuterated molecules and constraints on interstellar chemistry

Abstract We consider the formation of molecules containing two or more deuterium atoms, and show how the abundances of such molecules may be used as interstellar isotopic labelling experiments to elucidate the principal chemical processes occurring in molecular clouds. Although the overall D/H ratios in deuterated isotopomers will depend on the source of the D, we show that in many cases the relative D/H ratios in singly:doubly deuterated isotopomers depends only on the chemical mechanism forming the molecule. We derive analytic expressions for the steady-state fractionation ratios in a number of molecules, including water, formaldehyde, methanol, ammonia, methane, and acetylene, and show how observations of isotopomers of these species may be used to discriminate between a gas-phase or grain-surface origin. We also briefly consider deuteration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Must ultrabaric matter be superluminal

We examine the question of whether or not special relativity requires that the pressure must be less than the energy density of matter. To do this, we study a model of matter consisting of a classical one-dimensional lattice of point particles interacting via a potential satisfying the three-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation. Despite the fact that for this model the pressure $p$ can exceed the energy density $\ensuremath{\rho}{c}^{2}$, giving rise to an adiabatic sound speed ${c}_{s}={(\frac{\mathrm{dp}}{d\ensuremath{\rho}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}gc$, and in the low-frequency limit to a group velocity $\frac{d\ensuremath{\omega}}{\mathrm{dk}}gc$ and phase velocity $\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{k}gc$, for this type of lattice model, the formally calculated speed ${c}_{s}$ is not a signal speed and we find that the true signal propagation speed ${v}_{\mathrm{signal}}lc$. Thus special relativity alone does not guarantee that $pl\ensuremath{\rho}{c}^{2}$. We briefly discuss other constraints on $p(\ensuremath{\rho})$, none of which seem sufficiently rigorous to rule out the possibility that $pg\ensuremath{\rho}{c}^{2}$ at high densities. The significance of the present result for the upper mass limit of neutron stars and the existence of black holes is also considered.
Fiscal Centralization in the American States: Findings From Another Perspective

Studies of the determinants of fiscal centralization have produced conflicting results. The difficulty may lie in reliance on cross-section analyses and their presumptions of the sources and nature of change. Studies of the current relative positions of political units ignore historical factors which may have “pushed” units away from some sort of normal position. An historical analysis of the American states demonstrates these points.
Solvability for a Class of Abstract Two-Point Boundary Value Problems Derived from Optimal Control

The solvability for a class of abstract two-point boundary value problems derived from optimal control is discussed. By homotopy technique existence and uniqueness results are established under some monotonic conditions. Several examples are given to illustrate the application of the obtained results.
A cooperative sensing based spectrum broker for Dynamic Spectrum Access

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) provides a more flexible spectrum management method versus the current command and control method and promises much higher spectrum utilization efficiency. By this paradigm, secondary users can use vacant spectrum while guaranteeing non-interference to incumbent users. Therefore, spectrum awareness is a required function in DSA, and cooperative spectrum sensing is widely endorsed. However, such a cooperative spectrum sensor network puts stringent conditions on both data latency and data reliability because secondary users should quickly and reliably be informed about incumbent signals' presence. Cooperative spectrum sensor data should be fused in a data fusion center. The result is needed by secondary users in managing spectrum sharing. This paper describes a DSA broker that not only interfaces with cooperative spectrum sensors and fuses sensed spectrum data, but also manages secondary user's access of spectrum. The paper also gives a set of schemes for spectrum data flow and process management within spectrum sensors and the DSA brokers in reducing data latency and achieving high data reliability.