cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal expression of murine IL-4 results in exacerbation of amyloid deposition

Pro-inflammatory stimuli, including cytokines like Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Interferon-γ, in the brain have been proposed to exacerbate existing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology by increasing amyloidogenic processing of APP and promoting further Aβ accumulation in AD. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory cytokines have been suggested to be neuroprotective by reducing neuroinflammation and clearing Aβ. To test this hypothesis, we used adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV2/1) to express an anti-inflammatory cytokine, murine Interleukin-4 (mIL-4), in the hippocampus of APP transgenic TgCRND8 mice with pre-existing plaques. mIL-4 expression resulted in establishment of an “M2-like” phenotype in the brain and was accompanied by exacerbated Aβ deposition in TgCRND8 mice brains. No change in holo APP or APP C terminal fragment or phosphorylated tau levels were detected in mIL-4 expressing CRND8 cohorts. Biochemical analysis shows increases in both SDS soluble and insoluble Aβ. mIL-4 treatment attenuates soluble Aβ40 uptake by microglia but does not affect aggregated Aβ42 internalization by microglia or soluble Aβ40 internalization by astrocytes. Short term focal mIL-4 expression in the hippocampus leads to exacerbation of amyloid deposition in vivo, possibly mediated by acute suppression of glial clearance mechanisms. Given that recent preclinical data from independent groups indicate engagement of the innate immune system early on during disease pathogenesis may be beneficial, our present study strongly argues for a cautious re-examination of unwarranted side–effects of anti-inflammatory therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.
Disparities in public libraries' service levels based on neighborhood income and urbanization levels : A nationwide study

Information inequity is a central concern in this information age, and many recognize the public library as a key player in bridging such inequity. Using the Public Libraries Survey and Census data at the census tract level, this study examines more than 9,000 public library systems across the United States. It evaluates disparities existing in public library systems' service levels, and the extent to which these variations are associated with neighborhood socio-economic characteristics, such as income and urbanization levels. Descriptive statistics and Gini coefficients indicate significant variations across library systems. Results of the multiple regression analyses show that library systems in lower-income or rural neighborhoods offer a lower level of service per capita compared to their counterparts in higher income or urban neighborhoods. Systems in lower-income or rural neighborhoods tend to have shorter hours, less staff and programs, and smaller collection size In light of these prevalent disparities in service levels, the study suggests a need to fundamentally evaluate the current library funding mechanisms. It also suggests that public library and information behavior studies should include information environment variables to further investigate how individuals' information decisions might be affected by this structural information inequity.
Nonideal Theorizing in Education

In this essay, Harry Brighouse responds to the collection of articles in the current issue of Educational Theory, all concerned with nonideal theorizing in education. First, he argues that some form of ideal theory is indispensable for the nonideal theorizer. Brighouse then proceeds to defend Rawls against some critics of his kind of ideal theorizing by arguing that a central feature that is often misconstrued as unduly idealizing — the full compliance assumption — in fact constrains utopianism. Next, he discusses each of the contributions in turn, and he concludes by sounding a warning that lack of humility is an ever-present danger for nonideal theorizers who seek to evaluate, and provide guidance for, policy and practice. Falling prey to this vice, Brighouse cautions, can seriously dent the value of nonideal scholarship.
Overtone mobility spectrometry: Part 2. Theoretical considerations of resolving power

The transport of ions through multiple drift regions is modeled to develop an equation that is useful for an understanding of the resolving power of an overtone mobility spectrometry (OMS) technique. It is found that resolving power is influenced by a number of experimental variables, including those that define ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) resolving power: drift field (E), drift region length (L), and buffer gas temperature (T). However, unlike IMS, the resolving power of OMS is also influenced by the number of drift regions (n), harmonic frequency value (m), and the phase number (Φ) of the applied drift field. The OMS resolving power dependence upon the new OMS variables (n, m, and Φ) scales differently than the square root dependence of the E, L, and T variables in IMS. The results provide insight about optimal instrumental design and operation.
Relative ability of fat and sugar tastes to activate reward, gustatory, and somatosensory regions

Background: Although the intake of high-fat and high-sugar food activates mesolimbic reward, gustatory, and oral somatosensory brain regions, contributing to overeating, few studies have examined the relative role of fat and sugar in the activation of these brain regions, which would inform policy, prevention, and treatment interventions designed to reduce obesity. Objective: We evaluated the effect of a high-fat or high-sugar equicaloric chocolate milkshake and increasing fat or sugar milkshake content on the activation of these regions. Design: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the neural response to the intake of high-fat/high-sugar, high-fat/low-sugar, low-fat/high-sugar, and low-fat/low-sugar chocolate milkshakes and a tasteless solution in 106 lean adolescents (mean ± SD age = 15.00 ± 0.88 y). Analyses contrasted the activation to the various milkshakes. Results: High-fat compared with high-sugar equicaloric milkshakes caused greater activation in the bilateral caudate, postcentral gyrus, hippocampus, and inferior frontal gyrus. High-sugar compared with high-fat equicaloric milkshakes caused greater activation in the bilateral insula extending into the putamen, the Rolandic operculum, and thalamus, which produced large activation regions. Increasing sugar in low-fat milkshakes caused greater activation in the bilateral insula and Rolandic operculum; increasing fat content did not elicit greater activation in any region. Conclusions: Fat caused greater activation of the caudate and oral somatosensory regions than did sugar, sugar caused greater activation in the putamen and gustatory regions than did fat, increasing sugar caused greater activity in gustatory regions, and increasing fat did not affect the activation. Results imply that sugar more effectively recruits reward and gustatory regions, suggesting that policy, prevention, and treatment interventions should prioritize reductions in sugar intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK092468","term_id":"187412401","term_text":"DK092468"}}DK092468.
A Diploids-First Approach to Species Delimitation and Interpreting Polyploid Evolution in the Fern Genus Astrolepis (Pteridaceae)

Abstract Polyploidy presents a challenge to those wishing to delimit the species within a group and reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among these taxa. A clear understanding of the tree-like relationships among the diploid species can provide a framework upon which to reconstruct the reticulate events that gave rise to the polyploid lineages. In this study we apply this “diploids-first” strategy to the fern genus Astrolepis (Pteridaceae). Diploids are identified using the number of spores per sporangium and spore size. Analyses of plastid and low-copy nuclear sequence data provide well-supported estimates of phylogenetic relationships, including strong evidence for two morphologically distinctive diploid lineages not recognized in recent treatments. One of these corresponds to the type of Notholaena deltoidea, a species that has not been recognized in any modern treatment of Astrolepis. This species is resurrected here as the new combination Astrolepis deltoidea . The second novel lineage is that...
The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Verbal Deficits and Psychopathic Personality Traits: Evidence of the Moderating Role of the MAOA Genotype

The current study explores whether: (a) nutritional factors among adolescent males predict their risk of exhibiting verbal deficits and psychopathic traits during adulthood and (b) the link between nutritional factors and these outcomes is conditioned by the MAOA genotype. The study analyzes data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative, genetically informative sample. We find evidence that meal deprivation increases the likelihood of both verbal deficits and psychopathic personality traits, whereas poor quality nutrition increases the risk of verbal deficits. We detect the presence of a number of gene-environment interactions between measures of food quality and MAOA genotype, but no evidence of GxE in the case of meal deprivation. Limitations are noted and avenues for future research are discussed.
Cerebral Lateralization of the EEG During Perceptual-Motor Integration in Young Adults With Down Syndrome: A Descriptive Study

Background: This study was aimed at investigating cerebral laterality of perceptual-motor integration in persons with DS. Method: Fourteen persons with DS between the ages of 12-39 drummed with their dominant hand (e.g., right hand) following verbal (i.e., drumming to a voice saying "drum"), rhythm (i.e., drumming to the sound of a drum being hit) and melody (i.e., drumming to the loudest beat) instructions. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data at T3 (left hemisphere) and T4 (right hemisphere) was collected and computed as cerebral specialization coefficients during drumming performance. Results: It seems like that our results were consistent with the model of atypical hemisphere processing of verbal information in the right hemisphere in persons with DS, which is opposite to the typical population (Elliott et al., 1987). In addition, the results showed that melody instructions were right hemisphere specialized and rhythm instruction was left hemisphere specialized in persons with DS. Conclusions: This is the first study to systematically examine verbal, rhythm and melody processing in persons with DS. Rhythm and melody are two main components of music. Therefore, these results are promising for understanding mechanisms underlying cerebral processing as well as music therapy for persons with DS.
Perioperative Challenges During Craniotomy for Space-Occupying Brain Lesions

In 2007, primary malignant and benign brain tumors were newly diagnosed in about 51,410 Americans and resulted in 12,740 deaths. The majority of brain tumors are located within the supratentorial compartment. The most commonly reported histology is meningioma, followed by glioblastoma and astrocytoma. Nonprimary brain masses include metastasis lesions from other malignancy origin and brain abscess. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. Patients present to the operating room for surgical diagnosis (biopsy) and for curative resection or debunking. Chemotherapy and ­radiation are used as adjunct therapies, depending on the type of the tumor and location. This chapter focuses on the complications associated with craniotomy for space-occupying lesions during preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods.
AKAP9 regulates activation-induced retention of T lymphocytes at sites of inflammation

The mechanisms driving T cell homing to lymph nodes and migration to tissue are well described but little is known about factors that affect T cell egress from tissues. Here, we generate mice with a T cell-specific deletion of the scaffold protein A kinase anchoring protein 9 (AKAP9) and use models of inflammatory disease to demonstrate that AKAP9 is dispensable for T cell priming and migration into tissues and lymph nodes, but is required for T cell retention in tissues. AKAP9 deficiency results in increased T cell egress to draining lymph nodes, which is associated with impaired T cell re-activation in tissues and protection from organ damage. AKAP9-deficient T cells exhibit reduced microtubule-dependent recycling of TCRs back to the cell surface and this affects antigen-dependent activation, primarily by non-classical antigen-presenting cells. Thus, AKAP9-dependent TCR trafficking drives efficient T cell re-activation and extends their retention at sites of inflammation with implications for disease pathogenesis.
Communicating with Objects: Ontology, Object‐Orientations, and the Politics of Communication

This essay engages with recent work in Object-Oriented Ontology, beginning with Alexander Galloway's claims that object-oriented thought is inherently neoliberal. While I agree with Galloway's critique, his discussion demonstrates some shortcomings of ontological thinking in contemporary media and cultural studies. Building on my response to Galloway, I argue that the problems of object-oriented thought have less to do with its dismissal of politics than with its problematic conception of objects themselves. In their strict avoidance of “the social,” object-oriented thinkers ignore fundamentally important features of objects in general and media objects in particular. I conclude with suggestions toward an onto-materialist theory of objects, which seeks to understand how political economic and other broadly social matter are ontologized in objects.
Spurious-Free Dynamic Range of a High-Speed Photonic Time-Stretch A/D-Converter System

We measure spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) for a 10GHz photonic time-stretch A/D-Converter (TS-ADC) system. Second-order spurs limit the SFDR to 92dB-Hz1/2 near 5GHz. Simulations that include modulator arm bias mismatch and equalization agree with experiments.
Stimulus dependent colour specificity of monkey lateral geniculate neurones.

From six flaxedilized rhesus monkeys neuronal activity of 75 cells in the dorsal, and 45 cells in the ventral layers of the lateral geniculate body was recorded. Responses to large fields switched on and off, to moving slits, and to moving spots were obtained for several wavelengths.
EXISTENCE OF NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS TO POLYHARMONIC EQUATIONS WITH SUBCRITICAL AND CRITICAL EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

The main purpose of this paper is to establish the existence of nontrivial solutions to semilinear polyharmonic equations with exponential growth at the subcritical or critical level. This growth condition is motivated by the Adams inequality [1] of Moser-Trudinger type. More precisely, we consider the semilinear elliptic equation \[ \left( -\Delta\right) ^{m}u=f(x,u), \] subject to the Dirichlet boundary condition $u=\nabla u=...=\nabla^{m-1}u=0$, on the bounded domains $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^{2m}$ when the nonlinear term $f$ satisfies exponential growth condition. We will study the above problem both in the case when $f$ satisfies the well-known Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition and in the case without the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition. This is one of a series of works by the authors on nonlinear equations of Laplacian in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and $N-$Laplacian in $\mathbb{R}^N$ when the nonlinear term has the exponential growth and with a possible lack of the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition (see [23], [24]).
Abstract 1987: Identification and characterization of novel Notch3 interacting proteins in ovarian cancer

Ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) represents one of the most aggressive neoplastic diseases because most cases present at an advanced stage when therapy is usually ineffective. We have previously reported that Notch3 gene amplification and overexpression occurs frequently in OSC. Activation of Notch3 signaling is essential for the survival of OSC cells with Notch3 overexpression, especially in the presence of chemotherapeutic agents. Notch3 pathway activation has been known to transcriptionally regulate an array of genes, including those involved in stem cell biology and oncogenesis in OSC. The current study aims at identifying the binding proteins of Notch-ICD in OSC cells using recombinant human Notch3-ICD protein and protein interaction arrays. We have identified several novel Notch3-ICD interacting proteins. Among them, we focused on characterizing WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (WWP2), a member of the NEDD4 family of ubiquitin-protein ligases. We found that WWP2 specifically co-immunoprecipitated with Notch3-ICD but not with Notch1-ICD, and ubiquitinated Notch3-ICD, leading to its degradation in lysosomes. Overexpression of WWP2 in OVCAR3 cells reduced Notch3 steady state protein levels, suppressed Notch3 reporter activity, and inhibited cellular proliferation. On the other hand, a dominant negative isoform of WWP2, as well as knockdown WWP2 using shRNAs, prevented ubiqutination of Notch3-ICD, increased Notch3-ICD protein levels, and enhanced Notch3 reporter gene activity. Compared to their normal counterparts, including fallopian tube and ovarian surface epithelial cells, OSC cell lines and tissues had a significantly lower mRNA and protein levels of WWP2 while Notch3 protein expression was inversely correlated with WWP2 expression levels. The above results provide new evidence that WWP2 protein is a key regulator of Notch3-ICD protein expression levels in ovarian cancer cells. WWP2 modulates Notch3 signaling activity by regulating its degradation pathway and downregulation of WWP2 may represent a novel mechanism to activate the Notch3 signaling pathway in cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1987. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1987
Disruption-resilient Publish and Subscribe

Publish and Subscribe (pub/sub) dissemination paradigm has emerged as a popular means of disseminating selective time-sensitive information. Through the use of event service or broker, published information is filtered to disseminate only to the subscribers interested in that information. Once a broker is compromised, information can be delivered unfiltered, dropped, delayed, perhaps colluding among the brokers in virtualized cloud platforms. Such disruptive behavior is known as Byzantine faults. We present a DisruptionâResilient Publish and Subscribe (DRPaS) system designed to withstand faults through continuously refreshing the virtual instances of the broker. DRPaS combines advances in cloud management software stack (i.e., OpenStack nova and neutron) to control the brokerâs susceptibility window of disruption. Preliminary experimental results show that the defensive security solutions enabled by the underlying cloud computing fabric is simpler and more effective than the ones implemented at the application/protocol level to withstand disruptions.
Strand-Specific RNA-Seq Applied to Malaria Samples

Over the past few years only, next-generation sequencing technologies became accessible and many applications were rapidly derived, such as the development of RNA-seq, a technique that uses deep sequencing to profile whole transcriptomes. RNA-seq has the power to discover new transcripts and splicing variants, single nucleotide variations, fusion genes, and mRNA levels-based expression profiles. Preparing RNA-seq libraries can be delicate and usually obligates buying expensive kits that require large amounts of stating materials. The method presented here is flexible and cost-effective. Using this method, we prepared high-quality strand-specific RNA-seq libraries from RNA extracted from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The libraries are compatible with Illumina®'s sequencers Genome Analyzer and Hi-Seq. The method can however be easily adapted to other platforms.
Rule of Law v. Legal State: Where Have We Come from, Where Are We Going To?

This article compares the civilian legal state to common law rule of law with regard to economic development and individual liberty. It focuses on the differences in both concept and culture in an effort to tease out what it is about ‘Englishness’ that has traditionally provided greater stability, greater protection for liberty, and incentives for economic development.
Bursicon, a Neuropeptide Hormone That Controls Cuticle Tanning and Beyond

Insects are encased in a semi-rigid exoskeleton, which provides protection, locomotion, and internal attachments sites for muscles and internal organs. However, it also limits insect’s growth. Insect must shed its old exoskeleton periodically (molting) in order to grow. After each molt, the newly formed exoskeleton is usually soft, lightly pigmented and flexible, permitting insect to extend its body size for growth. Sclerotization of newly formed cuticle must occur in a relatively short period of time after each molt and completion of body expansion in order for the new exoskeleton to be functional for protection. Insects could not survive without properly hardened cuticle. Molting and cuticle sclerotization in insects are regulated by a precise coordination of at least 6 hormones including prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), eclosion hormone (EH), ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH), crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) and bursicon. In our previous chapter (Song and Sun 2005 edited by Liu and Kang), we already introduced signal transduction pathways of PTTH, 20E and JH. Here in this chapter, we would like to summarize the molecular mechanisms of EH, ETH, CCAP and bursicon and their coordination in regulating the final steps of the molting process i.e. ecdysis and cuticle sclerotization. In particular, we will focus on the action of bursicon. The elucidation of the key biochemical events leading to cuticle sclerotization would add an important body of knowledge towards understanding insect development and for designing more efficient pest control strategies to disrupt the cuticle sclerotization process.
Trends in Apolipoprotein B, Non-High-Density Lipoprotein, and Low-Density Lipoprotein for Adults 60 Years and Older by Use of Lipid-Lowering Medications: United States, 2005 to 2006 Through 2013 to 2014.

Over the years, guidelines for cholesterol lowering have focused on total cholesterol (TC) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). However, in recent years, apolipoprotein B (apo B) and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been proposed as better measures of the atherosclerotic burden of lipids and improved measures for risk prediction.1 In this research letter, we examine trends in mean apo B, non–HDL-C, and LDL-C in adults ≥60 years of age by use of lipid-lowering medication from 2005 to 2006 through 2013 to 2014 using five 2-year cross-sectional NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination) surveys. NHANES uses a stratified, multistage probability design to produce samples representative of the US noninstitutionalized population. Written informed consent was obtained from adult participants. The survey was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board. NHANES includes a home interview consisting of health-related questions, including lipid-lowering medication use, and an examination at a mobile examination center that included blood-derived measures. Participants in the examination component were randomly assigned to a morning session (and asked to fast at least 9 hours before examination) or an afternoon/evening session. Each examined participant was eligible for TC and HDL-C; only participants examined in the morning were eligible for apo B and triglycerides. In 2013 to 2014, 57.8% of adults ≥60 years of age eligible for the survey were examined. Comparable response rates for 2011 to 2012, 2009 to 2010, 2007 …
An Examination of OWL and the Requirements of a Large Health Care Terminology.

This paper presents a brief initial look at some of the possible benefits and barriers to using OWL as the language for the development, dissemination and implementation of terminological knowledge in the domain of health and health care. In particular, this assessment is made from the perspective of the author’s role in the development of the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). To date, SNOMED has developed and adopted its own special-purpose syntax and formats for terminology development, exchange and distribution. Its representation language has limited expressivity yet is not expressible by any dialect of OWL 1.0. With the evolution to OWL 1.1, the barriers to using OWL for knowledge representation have been resolved. However, partly because of SNOMED’s very large size, there remain barriers to adoption of OWL XML/RDF for SNOMED development, distribution or exchange purposes.
Differentiation and Integration

To start the present discussion of differentiation, we recall the results of Exercise 6 at the end of Chapter 1, namely that the addition and subtraction of $$ z = x + iy,\;\;\bar z = x - iy $$ yields $$ x = \frac{{z + \bar z}}{2},\;\;y = \frac{{z - \bar z}}{{2i.}} $$ (3.1)
Molecular structures of M(tfac)3 (M=Al, Co) and Cu(H2O)(fod)2 : Examples of unusual supramolecular architecture

The molecular structures of Al(tfac)3 (1), Co(tfac)3 (2) (H-tfac = 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetone) and Cu(H2O)(fod)2 (3) (H-fod = 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-hepta-fluoro-7,7-dimethyloctane-4,6-dione) have been determined. The metal coordination spheres in compounds 1 and 2 are essentially the same as the respective M(acac)3 derivatives. Despite the isomorphous nature of the structures of compounds 1 and 2, the identity of the nearest intermolecular van der Waals contacts are altered by minor changes in the metal coordination sphere. The geometry about copper in compound 3 is close to that of an ideal square bipyramid with the β-diketonate ligands occupying the basal plane. The water ligand in each molecule of compound 3 is hydrogen bonded to an oxygen of a β-diketonate ligand on an adjacent molecule resulting in the formation of dimers, which form rods along the y-axis due to weak C–F···Cu interactions. Crystal data: (1) orthorhombic, Pca21, a = 14.949(3), b = 19.806(4), c = 13.624(3) A, V = 4033(1) A3, and Z = 8, and (2) orthorhombic, Pca21, a = 14.930(3), b = 19.620(4), c = 13.540(3) A, V = 3966(1) A3, and Z = 8,; (3) monoclinic, P21/c, a = 12.447(3), b = 10.486(2) c = 21.980(4) A, β = 102.65(3)°, V = 2799(1) A3, and Z = 4.
Bezafibrate Enhances AAV Vector-Mediated Genome Editing in Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia.

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) is a rare inherited disease caused by mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalytic subunit gene (G6PC). Absence of G6Pase causes life-threatening hypoglycemia and long-term complications because of the accumulations of metabolic intermediates. Bezafibrate, a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, was administered in the context of genome editing with a zinc-finger nuclease-containing vector (AAV-ZFN) and a G6Pase donor vector (AAV-RoG6P). Bezafibrate treatment increased survival and decreased liver size (liver/body mass, p
Gesto: Mapping UI Events to Gestures and Voice Commands

Gesto is a system that enables task automation for Android apps using gestures and voice commands. Using Gesto, a user can record a UI action sequence for an app, choose a gesture or a voice command to activate the UI action sequence, and later trigger the UI action sequence by the corresponding gesture/voice command. Gesto enables this for existing Android apps without requiring their source code or any help from their developers. In order to make such capability possible, Gesto combines bytecode instrumentation and UI action record-and-replay. To show the applicability of Gesto, we develop four use cases using real apps downloaded from Google Play-Bing, Yelp, AVG Cleaner, and Spotify. For each of these apps, we map a gesture or a voice command to a sequence of UI actions. According to our measurement, Gesto incurs modest overhead for these apps in terms of memory usage, energy usage, and code size increase. We evaluate our instrumentation capability and overhead using 1,000 popular apps downloaded from Google Play. Our result shows that Gesto is able to instrument 94.9% of the apps without any significant overhead. In addition, since our prototype currently supports 6 main UI elements of Android, we evaluate our coverage and measure what percentage of UI element uses we can cover. Our result shows that our 6 UI elements can cover 96.4% of all statically-declared UI element uses in the 1,000 Google Play apps.
Structural evolutions of small aromatic mixtures under extreme temperature conditions: Insights from ReaxFF molecular dynamics investigations

Abstract Conversion mechanisms of carbonaceous materials during controlled pyrolysis under high temperature currently rely on empirical understanding, rather than a detailed atomistic description of the underlying chemical evolution. In this work, a series of molecular dynamics simulations, based on reactive force fields, were performed to probe the structural evolutions of small aromatic (number of aromatic rings ≤ 4) mixtures under extreme conditions (temperature 3000–4000 K). For any temperature studied and independent of the presence of alkane radicals, three major gas-phase byproducts, H2, C2H2, and C2H4, were found in bulk treated by rapid heating. Temperatures as well as alkane addition can affect the production/consumption rates and fractionation of these gas species. Compared to alkane radicals, temperatures also play important roles in modulating the initial growth pathways of solid carbon clusters. At 3000 K, aromatic carbon cluster formation is mainly initiated through the direct combination of aryl radicals. Conversely, at 4000 K, carbon cluster formation is initiated by the assembly of chained radicals, since substantial polyacetylenic chains were produced. Through cross comparison on different simulation models/methods, as well as with experiments, the effect of processing conditions on carbonaceous materials conversion was revealed, and underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed phenomena are proposed.
Detourning constructions of autistic masculinity in Parenthood

This article discusses a pedagogical project that asked undergraduate students in an education course to view and respond to the television series Parenthood’s representation of autism and to a det...
Optimizing Delivery of Breast Milk for Premature Infants: Comparison of Current Enteral Feeding Systems

Background Incomplete delivery of fat from expressed breast milk (EBM) during enteral feeding to premature neonates remains a significant problem. Feeding system manufacturers have introduced changes to the enteral syringe design to improve fat delivery that have not yet been evaluated in the literature. Methods This study compares percentage delivery of fat from EBM using 2 major enteral feeding systems in various configurations with silicone and polyurethane tubing material and ENFit and Legacy connection systems at 3 clinically relevant infusion rates. Results The percent of fat delivery from EBM was significantly higher for the eccentric syringe system than the concentric system (P = 0.036) but did not vary significantly across infusion rates (P = 0.081). Silicone tubing had a significantly higher percent of fat delivery than polyurethane tubing within the eccentric syringe system (P = 0.039) but did not vary significantly across infusion rates (P = 0.105). There was no significant difference between ENFit and Legacy connectors using eccentric syringes with silicone tubing (P = 0.360). Conclusion We demonstrate that changes to syringe design and tubing material are effective and improve fat delivery from EBM, which may result in improved growth and outcomes in premature infants. The eccentric syringe marginally improves fat delivery in comparison with the concentric syringe, and silicone tubing significantly improves fat delivery compared with polyurethane tubing.
Superimposed Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in pediatric hypoxic brain injury

Background Hypoxic brain injury results in severe disabilities that require extensive acute inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation to promote maximal functional and cognitive recovery. Brain hypoxemia can result from a multitude of causes, including but not limited to cardiac arrest, drug overdose, and/or shock. While recovery from a hypoxic brain injury alone can be challenging, dealing with concurrent debilitative diagnoses such as Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) further complicates the recovery and rehabilitation course. Case report The current case study highlights the acute inpatient rehabilitation course of a 16 year old male who presented with cerebral hypoxia secondary to strangulation and subsequently developed GBS. Physical examination of the patient upon rehabilitation consult was inconsistent with a purely hypoxic brain injury, including the absence of rectal tone. This prompted further potential spinal cord injury evaluation and work up, with diagnostic testing confirmatory of GBS. Relevance This case is important as, to our knowledge from literature review, the first known documented instance of hypoxic brain injury complicated by GBS. Moreover, it highlights the importance of identifying all potential causes of functional disability, particularly when presented with physical exam findings inconsistent with chief diagnosis, in order to maximize functional recovery and rehabilitative gains during acute inpatient rehabilitation.
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Programming by Early-Life Stress: A Role Played by Inflammatory and Epigenetic Mechanisms

Early-life stress exposure, regardless whether pre-, peri-, or post-natal, has been shown to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders in vulnerable subjects. One of the hypothesis that explains this association suggests that early-life stress can induce a programming of the main physiological system responsible for the stress response, namely, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Indeed, several lines of evidence suggest that exposure to early trauma or stressful events can induce permanent alterations in the HPA axis, some of which are also seen in patients with psychiatric disorders. This chapter will discuss clinical and preclinical evidence of HPA programming by early-life stress and the molecular mechanisms suggested to underlie it, i.e., inflammation and epigenetic mechanisms. Future perspectives and clinical implications of the HPA programming and its biological basis are also discussed.
Systemic Absorption of Lidocaine from Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Catheters After Congenital Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES To examine postoperative serum lidocaine levels in patients with intermittent lidocaine bolus erector spinae plane block (ESPB) catheters after cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN A retrospective study. SETTING Single-center pediatric quaternary teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Patients who received ESPB catheters after congenital cardiac surgery from April 2018 to March 2019. INTERVENTIONS Postoperative serum lidocaine levels were extracted from the record. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Twenty-seven of 40 patients were included in the final analyses (19 with CPB and 8 with no CPB, age 1-47 years, undergoing congenital heart repair). Patients who received ropivacaine or were missing data were excluded. The initial intraoperative bolus of lidocaine ranged from 0- to- 3.72 mg/kg, and the range of postoperative intermittent lidocaine boluses ranged from 0.35- to- 0.83 mg/kg, which were administered every hour. Serum lidocaine levels were measured by the hospital laboratory and ranged from <0.05- to- 3.0 μg/mL in the CPB group and from <0.05- to- 3.2 μg/mL in the no- CPB group. CPB was not associated with differences in lidocaine levels when controlling for time (P = 0.529). Lidocaine concentrations ranged from 0.50- to- 1.68 μg/mL in the CPB group and 0.86- to- 2.07 μg/mL in the no- CPB group. There was a normally distributed overall mean peak level of 1.818 ± standard deviation of 0.624 μg/mL, with 95% confidence interval of 0.57- to- 3.06 μg/mL. No patients had clinical signs of toxicity. CONCLUSION Postoperative serum lidocaine concentrations did not appreciably differ due to CPB. Serum lidocaine concentrations did not reach near- toxic doses despite the presence of additional lidocaine in the cardioplegia. The results suggested that lidocaine for ESPBs after cardiac surgery is below systemic toxic range at the doses described.
Effect of infrared radiation on interfacial water at hydrophilic surfaces

Abstract Hydrophilic materials such as Nafion can nucleate the buildup of interfacial water, which shows features different from bulk water. We investigated the effect of infrared (IR) light on a negatively charged, interfacial exclusion zone (EZ) and a positively charged proton zone (PZ) formed in the vicinity of Nafion. After irradiation for 5 min by mid-IR light, EZ size increased with an expansion ratio of 1.41. A significant expansion was also found in the size of PZ, equivalent to an increment of about 1.39 × 1016 molecules of hydronium ions. Thus, IR radiation not only builds EZ, but at the same time drives release of protons from the growing EZ to bulk water. Near-IR illumination also showed expansion of EZ and PZ water. These results imply that incident IR light not only promotes the build-up of interfacial water at the hydrophilic surface, but also provides a driving force for charge separation.
Synthesis of Acoustic Propagation Loss Measurements on Coral Reefs

An empirical model of propagation loss, based on acoustic characteristics of geometric spreading and attenuation, allows baseline analysis of a coral reef propagation environment. This work presents a synthesis study from published values of propagation loss as a function of range on coral reef sites in different geographic locations. The geoacoustic approach conducted evaluates spreading and attenuation values which reflect a more gradual decrease in sound intensity, relative to the sound pressure level on the reef, over ranges of 1 km, than theoretically predicted by cylindrical and spherical spreading models. These results quantify ambient coral reef acoustic propagation loss for sites of opportunity and indicate similarities between reef type and the acoustic propagation parameters.
Post-Transcriptional Regulation of RseA by Small RNAs RyhB and FnrS in Escherichia coli.

RseA is the critical central regulator of the σE-dependent stress response in E. coli and other related bacteria. The synthesis of RseA is controlled at the transcriptional level by several promoters and transcriptional regulators, including σE itself at two σE-dependent promoters: rpoE P and rseA P3. The presence of these two independent polycistrons encoding rseA is potentially redundant. We hypothesized that post-transcriptional control of the rseA P3 transcript was necessary to overcome this redundancy. However, to date, nothing is known about the post-transcriptional control of the rseA P3 transcript. We executed a targeted genetic screen to identify small RNA regulators of the rseA P3 transcript and identified RyhB and FnrS as small RNA activators of the RseA P3 transcript. Through genetic analysis, we confirmed that a direct interaction occurs between RyhB and RseA. We also identified sequences within the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of RseA that were inhibitory for RseA expression. Point mutations predicted to prevent an interaction between RyhB and RseA resulted in increased RseA expression. Taken together, this suggests that the 5’ UTR of the RseAP3 transcript prevents optimal expression of RseA, preventing redundancy due to RseA expression from the σE-dependent rpoE P, and this is overcome by the stimulatory activity of RyhB and FnrS.
Theoretical implications of institutional, environmental, and technological changes for capacity choices of water projects

This paper constructs a model for determining the optimal capacities of water projects, including, but not limited to, diversion dams, flood-control dams, water-transfer projects, and rainwater-harvesting systems. The model helps us analyze the impacts of institutional, environmental, and technological changes on the capacity choices of water projects. The analysis identifies the conditions under which water reforms, flood damages, and climate change could lead to larger optimal water-project capacities. We also systematically analyze the relation between water-project capacities and water-conservation technologies (e.g., drip irrigation) and identify the conditions under which they are complements. The paper implies that the design of water projects should not be separated from the institutional, environmental, and technological conditions both upstream and downstream.
Contaminant‐induced mechanical damping in partially saturated Berea sandstone

[1] We have measured mechanical damping in partially saturated Berea sandstone that is strongly dependent on the presence of a small amount of oil. This effect is observed as a function of water saturation and average strain amplitude. These observations are presented as evidence of a damping mechanism previously observed and characterized in artificial cracks. We conclude that this damping effect is due to surface chemistry changes in the rock, and infer that seismic attenuation can be used to monitor small changes in pore fluid chemistry under certain conditions.
Gaussian Models in Automatic Speech Recognition

Most automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems express probability densities over sequences of acoustic feature vectors using Gaussian or Gaussian-mixture hidden Markov models. In this chapter, we explore how graphical models can help describe a variety of tied (i.e., parameter shared) and regularized Gaussian mixture systems. Unlike many previous such tied systems, however, here we allow sub-portions of the Gaussians to be tied in arbitrary ways. The space of such models includes regularized, tied, and adaptive versions of mixture conditional Gaussian models and also a regularized version of maximum-likelihood linear regression (MLLR). We derive expectation-maximization (EM) update equations and explore consequences to the training algorithm under relevant variants of the equations. In particular, we find that for certain combinations of regularization and/or tying, it is no longer the case that we may achieve a closed-form analytic solution to the EM update equations. We describe, however, a generalized EM (GEM) procedure that will still increase the likelihood and has the same fixed-points as the standard EM algorithm.
Viscoelastic analysis of laminated plate buckling

Linear viscoelasticity theory was used in the formulation of a general buckling theory for fiber-reinforced composite laminated plates. The theory includes the effects of transverse shear and normal deformation (TSD and TND, respectively) and bending-extensional coupling of time-dependen t buckling response. Anisotropic viscoelastic constants were determined using the Tsai-Halpin equations, assuming elastic fiber properties in combination with a power law viscoelastic model for the matrix properties. The governing equations of plate buckling were developed using the Theorem of Minimum Potential Energy, and the Rayleigh-Ritz method was employed in the solution of the governing equations for specific boundary conditions. Results are presented comparing viscoelastic solutions based on classical analysis, analysis including TSD effects, and analysis including both TSD and TND effects for simply supported plate subjected to inplane compressive loading a aT
Neuroscience, PTSD and Sentencing Mitigation

Like other mental disorders, PTSD has been advanced in criminal law to support sentencing mitigation. Unlike other disorders, however, PTSD traces back to an event that is considered the cause of the disorder, known as the stressor. Stressors can range from car accidents to gang violence to the commission of a crime. This article examines whether lawmakers should consider the nature of the stressor when deciding whether to use PTSD as a mitigating factor in sentencing. Courts and legislatures generally have not embraced use of PTSD in sentencing mitigation except in cases where it resulted from combat duty or domestic violence. This article questions that exceptionalism. In particular, limiting PTSD consideration to these contexts can no longer be justified by concerns that a defendant is faking the syndrome. Advances in neuroscience increasingly make it possible to measure the physiological changes that occur in a person’s brain after experiencing a trauma, raising the prospect of establishing the validity of a wider range of PTSD claims. In that event, the distinction between the combat and domestic violence stressors, as opposed to other causes of PTSD, is unwarranted in terms of the prevailing justifications for punishment. The issue, then, is whether other rationales can justify limiting PTSD consideration to certain stressors. Accordingly, lawmakers should acknowledge that other normative concerns may influence our treatment of PTSD in sentencing and develop more neutral limiting principles to determine when PTSD can mitigate a criminal sentence.
The age incidence of poliomyelitis in Cleveland.

An apparent increase in the number of older children and adults attacked by poliomyelitis has been reported by a number of observers who have compared age distribution data of more recent epidemics (after 1930) with those of the years before 1920. Such reports have come from the northeastern, midwestern, and north central states,1,2,3 from California,4 from Sweden and Australia5 and from Germany.6 Relatively fewer infants and pre-school children have been affected, while the percentile participation of older children and adults has increased. Of course, adults have still remained a minority of patients everywhere. Maxcy7 has questioned the reality of such an age shift for several reasons: (1) the shift may be merely an expression of the changing age distribution of the general population; (2) diagnosis may have become more accurate, especially for abortive forms; (3) selective under-reporting may obscure real conditions. That the epidemiologic pattern of poliomyelitis can be badly distorted by under-reporting was shown by Nelson and Aycock8 in a thorough analysis of the data for Massachusetts. In brief, they found that of 2300 patients who were registered between 1928 and 1941 with the Harvard Commission for Infantile Paralysis for the treatment of paralysis due to poliomyelitis, 23.1% or almost 1 out of 4 were not reported to the authorities at the time of their acute illness, although most of these unreported patients were attended by a physician. The greatest percentages of unreported cases occurred in non-epidemic years, off season months, small towns, and among infants and adults. One-third
Is Pleading Really a Bargain

A criminal defendant's decision of whether to accept a plea bargain is one with serious consequences both for his or her immediate and long-term future. Conventional wisdom suggests that defendants are better served by entering into a plea bargain, to avoid what is known as the “trial penalty.” In this article I present evidence that this notion is likely mistaken. In OLS regressions using data from Cook County state courts, I find that a risk-neutral defendant seeking to minimize his or her expected sentence would do substantially better by rejecting a plea bargain. I also employ an IV approach to the question and, while the instrument is weak, the results are consistent with the OLS: defendants are better off going to trial.