cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herpes simplex virus-induced immunespecific interferon production by cryopreserved human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes

Abstract Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) from 21 human donors seropositive for herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, and from seven seronegative donors were employed to produce interferon (IFN) in response to stimulation by HSV and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Cryopreserved PBML produced titers of IFN, including immunespecific IFN, that were not significantly different from titers produced by freshly prepared PBML. In addition, cryopreserved PBML stored under conditions designed to stimulate inter-institutional exchange of specimens produced quantities of IFN that did not vary significantly from quantities of IFN produced by cryopreserved cells that were stored under conventional conditions. Production of immunespecific IFN by cryopreserved cells represents an example of a measurement of cell-mediated immunity that is analogous in reliability and flexibility to currently available measurements of humoral immune responses.
Enhancement of Rat Growth Hormone Binding by Membrane Disulfide Reduction

The effect of disulfide reduction on the binding of [125I]rat GH (rGH) to rat liver plasma membranes and hepatocytes was studied to determine the role of disulfide bonds in the binding of GH to its receptor. The total amount of [125I] rGH bound to the liver receptors increased severalfold in the presence of dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol. The nonspecific binding also increased at higher concentrations of the reductant, but the amount specifically bound was still greater in the presence of disulfide reductant. In contrast, the disulfide reductant inhibited [125I] human GH (hGH) binding and enhanced its displacement from hypophysectomized female rat hepatocytes. This was similar to the effect of reductants on [125I]hGH binding to normal female rat hepatocytes. The effect of the disulfide reductants on [125I]rGH binding could be prevented or reversed by the simultaneous or subsequent addition of an oxidizing agent such as NAD or oxidized glutathione. Sulfhydryl-reactive agents such as iodoacetamide prevented additional binding of [125I]rGH when added at 30 min of the incubation. The additional [125I] rGH bound in the presence of disulfide reductant was displaceable by excess unlabeled rGH. Both rGH and hGH exhibited similar degrees of disulfide reduction in the presence of mercaptoethanol. The disulfide reductant produced effects on binding at concentrations that resulted in less than 10% reduction of the GH disulfides. We conclude that: 1) the disulfides and sulfhydryls of the hepatocyte membrane are intimately involved in the binding of GH to hepatic receptors; 2) the locus of the disulfides and sulfhydryls may be in the subunit structure of the membrane receptor, but this will require verification using soluble receptors; and 3) the effect of disulfide reducing agents reveals basic differences in the mechanism of binding of rGH and hGH to somatotropic hormone receptors on the hepatocytes.
Titan at the edge: 1. Titan's interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere in the prenoon sector

[1] The characteristics of Titan's environment at 09:00 Saturn local time (SLT) are studied using a three-dimensional multifluid/multiscale model of Titan embedded in a global model of Saturn's magnetosphere for three cases: a stationary magnetopause, an inward moving magnetopause, and an outward moving magnetopause. The results show that the plasma and magnetic field upstream of Titan are variable and that the variability can be enhanced when Saturn's magnetopause is not stationary. Rotating cold, interchange fingers cause rapid changes in the plasma velocity, density, and composition, while gradual changes are due to the relatively slow compression and expansion of Saturn's magnetopause. Titan enters a boundary layer on the inside of Saturn's magnetopause when Saturn's magnetopause compresses. The boundary layer is characterized by shearing flows and a mix of magnetospheric and magnetosheath plasma. The irregular flows in the boundary layer strongly modify Titan's induced magnetosphere. The results indicate that more ions from Titan are lost from Saturn's magnetosphere during parallel interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) than antiparallel IMF. In addition, we find that Titan's ion tail may be able to prevent the magnetopause from crossing Titan when Titan is in the prenoon sector. Therefore, despite a large increase in solar wind pressure, Titan remained inside of Saturn's magnetosphere. A synthetic trajectory through the simulation is shown to be consistent with magnetometer data from the TA flyby.
Molecular and morphological evolution of the amphipod radiation of Lake Baikal.

Lake Baikal, in Siberia, Russia, contains the highest biodiversity of any extant lake, including an impressive radiation of gammaroidean amphipods that are often cited as a classic case of adaptive radiation. However, relationships among Baikal’s amphipods remain poorly understood. The phylogenetic history of 32 Lake Baikal amphipod species, representing most major lineages of the endemic fauna, was examined using three genes (COI, 16S rRNA, and 18S rRNA), and 152 morphological characters. Results support monophyly of the largest and most diverse of the Baikalian families, the Acanthogammaridae. Analyses suggest that a second Baikalian family, the fossorial Micruropodidae, is paraphyletic and composed of two divergent clades, one of which includes Macrohectopus branickii, a morphologically specialized pelagic planktivore traditionally assigned its own family. The extreme morphological and ecological divergence of Macrohectopus from its close genetic relatives, and conversely, the large genetic distances among other morphologically similar micruropodids, suggest that morphological and molecular evolution have often been uncoupled during the radiation of Baikal’s amphipods. This study suggests that the amphipod fauna of Lake Baikal is polyphyletic; originating from two independent invasions of the lake.
The effect of sexual isolation on feeding pattern in mice

Se investigaron los efectos del ‘stress’ y la obesidad en diversos mecanismos fisiologicos hipotalamicos. La obesidad fue evidente inyectando aurothioglucose. Estadisticamente se registraron mayores aumentos en ratones aislados que en aquellos mantenidos familiarmente.
Graduate Teacher Education as Inquiry: A case study

Responding to the call for reform in American graduate teacher education programs, the authors of this paper examine the design of a teacher action research‐based approach in which teacher inquiry lies at the heart of individual courses and the program as a whole. The authors report on the transformation of program graduates from teachers to teacher action researchers to teachers as agents for systemic change that occurs as teachers conduct a series of teacher action research studies in their classrooms. The interconnected nature of individual courses, the demanding but practical challenges, the substantial investment of time, the commitment to student engagement and achievement, and the changes that occur in the ways in which teachers think about teaching are among the important themes.
Managing relationships in everyday practice: The case of strong disagreement in Mandarin

Abstract Most previous research on (im)politeness in Chinese has not centered on strong disagreement although a few studies have examined disagreement in Chinese via elicitation or in unequal-status situations. This study attempts to uncover strong disagreement emerging as a strategy for facework and relationship management employed by non-familial equal-status Mandarin-speaking participants in everyday practice in a southeastern city of mainland China. Spontaneous mundane conversations were collected through interactional sociolinguistic methods and analyzed by means of the discursive approach featuring the avoidance of overgeneralization, the elusiveness of (im)politeness and the inclusion of participants’ emic perspectives. The participants were found to co-construct strong disagreement to conduct facework and manage relationships without any manifestation of negative evaluations. Most of the instances of strong disagreement were face and relationship maintaining or face and relationship enhancing, although some appeared to be face threatening. A close look at the local specificities of the conversations reveals that these face-threatening instances still functioned to maintain the interactants’ relationships. The study suggests the importance of situating research in local contexts and the necessity to revisit stereotypes concerning Chinese. The findings can promote the understanding of intercultural communication that involves native Chinese speakers.
On digital filtering

Digital filtering is the process of spectrum shaping of signal waveforms, using digital components as the basic dements for implementation. This process is extensively used in the computer simulation of analog filters. The unmistakable trends toward increased speed and decreased cost and size of digital components make digital filtering especially attractive at this time. These trends promise to end the virtual monopoly of analog components for realizing real-time filters. This paper attempts to set the stage for the companion papers on digital filtering to follow in this topical issue. After introducing the z-transform of a discrete-time series, the use of this transform in linear system analysis is considered. The relationship between discrete and continuous signals and systems is then discussed. Since all the papers of this issue are concerned with digital filter implementations in one form or another, only an overview of these implementations is given here. These include filter configurations, design methods, quantization effects, and the fast convolution method for implementing nonrecursive filters.
SP-litting the Satellite Niche to Repopulate Muscle

Multiple myogenic populations have been highlighted in past publications. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Tanaka et al. (2009) advance our understanding of the cells that contribute to muscle regeneration by identifying an ABCG2-expressing population that exhibits excellent engraftment potential, particularly within the satellite cell niche.
EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation with a prototype electrode array system in an animal model (with video).

Background Although previously reported in an animal model, the development of EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) has been impeded because of a lack of a retractable needle electrode array that could safely and effectively ablate large areas. Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing EUS-RFA with a 19-gauge FNA needle fitted with an umbrella-shaped retractable needle electrode array. Design and Setting Endoscopic experimental study in a porcine survival model at a tertiary referral center animal laboratory. Main Outcome Measures Evaluate the safety and efficacy of the retractable needle electrode array for performing EUS-RFA. Interventions A 19-gauge EUS-FNA needle was modified and fitted with a retractable echogenic umbrella-shaped monopolar electrode array at its tip. The FNA needle was connected to a 200-W generator that has an impedance-based feedback system. EUS-RFA of the liver was attempted on 5 Yorkshire pigs. Although 1 pig was euthanized immediately after RFA to assess for immediate complications and pathological examination, the 4 others were kept alive for 7 days. Results At EUS, the needle electrode was well visualized and could be deployed in the liver without technical difficulty. During ablation, a round hyperechoic focus gradually surrounded the electrode tip. Tissue ablation was attained within 7 minutes, and the electrode array could be easily withdrawn into the needle assembly. The vital signs of all pigs remained stable throughout the procedure and until they were euthanized. Histopathology in all pigs revealed a discrete, well-demarcated spherical focus of complete coagulation necrosis measuring 2.6 cm in diameter and without damage to the surrounding liver parenchyma or vasculature. Conclusions In this experimental study, EUS-RFA of the liver was performed safely by using the retractable umbrella-shaped electrode array with effective coagulation necrosis of large areas.
Inter-Professional Role Perception and Communication of Preservice Students and Therapists in Schools and Early Intervention

Limited research is available examining inter-professional role perception or communication specific to school and early intervention practice settings. The purpose of this two-phase qualitative study was to describe the inter-professional role perception and communication among occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy graduate students in online courses and therapists working in schools or early intervention. Data were gathered via online discussions and an in-person focus group. Results demonstrated differences in therapist and student role perceptions and understanding of areas of practice overlap. Findings may help educators develop a better understanding of how inter-professional role perceptions and communication are learned.
Characterization of SRSVs using RT-PCR and a new antigen ELISA.

Stool samples from 451 patients involved in volunteer studies, 26 outbreaks and ∼175 sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis from different geographical locations in the world were tested for Norwalk virus (NV) using a newly developed antigen ELISA and RT-PCR. NV was detected in most outbreaks previously characterized as being of NV origin. Overall, a low number of positives for NV was obtained using either RT-PCR with primers that amplified a unique region of the genome, or an ELISA with hyperimmune antisera made to the baculovirus-expressed recombinant NV capsid. However, a significant number of positives was obtained when these samples were tested by RT-PCR using primers that amplified the more highly conserved regions of the genome. Sequence analysis of the amplified viral cDNAs indicated that small round structured viruses (SRSVs) with a wide range of variable genomic sequences (44–87% nucleotide and 31–99% amino acid similarity to the 8Flla NV genome sequence) were responsible for these outbreaks. Several recent outbreaks from the US, Japan and the UK were related to the Snow Mountain Agent (SMA) by sequence analyses. Continued accumulation of sequence information will facilitate the design of new primers for virus detection and increase our understanding of the relationships and epidemiology of these viruses from different sources.
Getting Ahead in the Public Sector: Perceptions of Managers in U.S. Municipalities

Although popular thought often portrays patronage and political connections as the primary factors associated with bureaucratic advancement, a long history of merit and performance-based reforms have sought to minimize the influence of politics on promotion in government. Although a great deal of research investigates how merit reforms have influenced perceptions of advancement at the federal level, little research investigates the factors individuals perceive as important for advancing in local government. This research seeks to understand municipal government managers’ views of the role of merit and political connections in getting ahead, and how those views vary by sex and race. Results indicate that sex, entrepreneurial work environment, department type, and previous private sector work experience are significantly related to the level of importance municipal managers ascribe to the role of merit for getting ahead. Race, entrepreneurial work environment, department type, age, previous non-profit work ...
Changes in Parents’ Meta-Emotion Philosophy from Preschool to Early Adolescence

SYNOPSISObjective. To explore how components of parent meta-emotion philosophy may change over the course of children’s development. Design. Forty mothers and 38 fathers completed the Parent Meta-Emotion Interview (PMEI; Katz & Gottman, 1986) when their children were 5, 9, and 11 years old. Results. Parents’ coaching of children’s negative emotions increased from 5 to 11 years. Awareness and acceptance of children’s negative emotions decreased between 5 and 9 years but increased overall between 5 and 11 years. Conclusions. This study provides evidence that parents’ attitudes and philosophies around emotion socialization change over time, and change appears to be linked to children’s developmental stage.
Predictors of adverse outcome and transient neurological dysfunction after ascending aorta/hemiarch replacement

Abstract Background . This study was undertaken to determine predictors of adverse outcome and transient neurological dysfunction after replacement of the ascending aorta with an open distal anastomosis. Methods . All 443 patients (300 male, median age 63) undergoing replacement of the ascending aorta with an open distal anastomosis between 1986 and 1998 were included in the analysis. The ascending aorta alone was replaced in 190 (42.9%); 253 (57.1%) also had proximal arch replacement. Median hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) time was 25 minutes (range 12 to 68). Either death or permanent neurological dysfunction were considered adverse outcome (AO). Results . Adverse outcome occurred in 11.5% (51 of 443) of patients overall: in 7.4% of elective (20 of 269) or urgent (4 of 54) operations, but in 17% (19 of 113) of emergencies. Multivariate analysis of the group as a whole revealed that significant ( p p = 0.009, OR 3.6) and HCA time ( p = 0.002, OR 1.06/min) were the only predictors of AO in multivariate analysis. Transient neurological dysfunction (TND) occurred in 86 of 392 patients (22%). Significant predictors of TND for all patients without AO were age (OR 1.06/y), HCA time (OR 1.04/min), coronary artery disease (OR 2.2), hemodynamic instability (OR 3.4), and acute operation (OR 2.2). Survival of discharged patients was 93% at 1 year and 83% at 5 years. Conclusions . Early elective operation and shorter HCA time during ascending aorta/hemiarch surgery will reduce both AO and TND.
Multiple ion species fluid modeling of sprite halos

Sprite halos are brief descending glows appearing at the lower ionosphere boundary, which follow strong cloud-to-ground lightning discharges [e.g., Barrington-Leigh et al., JGR, 106, 1741, 2001; Pasko, JGR, 115, A00E35, 2010]. They last for a few milliseconds and extend about tens of kilometers radially. According to global survey of occurrence rates of transient luminous events by the ISUAL instruments on the FORMOSAT-2 satellite, on average sprite halos occur once every minute on Earth [Chen et al., JGR, 113, A08306, 2008]. It has been established that sprite halos are caused by electron heating and molecule excitation and ionization in the lower ionosphere due to lightning quasi-electrostatic field [e.g., Barrington-Leigh et al., 2001; Pasko, 2010]. They modify the atmospheric conductivity, which may cause perturbations in the propagation of very low frequency electromagnetic waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide [e.g., Moore et al., JGR, 108, 1363, 2003]. Past modeling work on sprite halos was conducted by using either a zero dimensional model of multiple ion species or a two dimensional (2D) model of at most three charged species. In this talk, we report a modeling study of sprite halos by using a recently developed 2D fluid model of multiple ion species. The model species include electrons, light positive and negative ions, and positive and negative cluster ions. This ion species set was used by Lehtinen and Inan [GRL, 34, L08804, 2007] to study upper atmospheric ion chemistry. In addition, another charged species, O−, is added to this species set, because electron detachment of O− can proceed very fast under certain conditions [Rayment and Moruzzi, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 26, 321, 1978], requiring a separate treatment from the other light negative ions. We present modeling results of time variations of ion densities due to strong cloud-to-ground lightning discharges and show the resulting dynamics of atmospheric conductivity profile. We also discuss the effects of the electron detachment of O− on electron density change in sprite halos.
Attitudes of US primary care physicians about HIV disease and AIDS.

Abstract Telephone interviews were conducted with 500 primary care physicians, drawn from a stratified random sample of internists, family practitioners, pediatricians, general practitioners, and OB/GYN physicians. Respondents were asked to report their experience treating AIDS patients and to estimate the percentage of their patients they felt were at high risk for HIV infection. Nineteen questions designed to assess practices and attitudes towards AIDS and HIV-related issues were asked. Results suggest that physicians underestimate their patients' level of risk for HIV infection and are not taking adequate drug use and sexual histories. The level of concern for personal risk of infection was high, although a strong ethical obligation to treat HIV patients was expressed. Physicians also expressed support for mandatory reporting and contact tracing, although this diminished as contact with HTV patients increased.
Synthetic Aperture Imaging With A Pulsed Co2 Tea Laser

A new indoor SAL (synthetic aperture LADAR) test range is described that uses a pulsed CO2 TEA laser as the transmitter source. This monostatic range can be used to produce high-resolution 3-D synthetic aperture (range-Doppler) images of targets. The SAL is a homodyne based receiver system that uses a long path reference signal with a frequency offset generated via an acousto-optic cell. The TEA laser is a multicavity system that is stepped through a series of single frequencies to obtain the ranging information. The transmission frequencies are monitored and controlled by heterodyning part of the trans-mission signal against a stable low-pressure CW CO 2 laser. Azimuth (Doppler) information is generated by stepping through a series of angles on a gimbaled transmit/receive mirror. The target and SAL are mounted on different vibration isolated tables. Motion monitoring interferometers between the tables furnish motion compensation data for the image processing stage while range variations are automatically corrected during data gathering. The TEA laser is run at up to 100 pulses per second. Both the received pulse and the trans-mitted pulse are recorded by a high speed wavefrom digitizer system. This data, along with motion compensation and reference data, is used to produce imagery via Fourier transform based processing.
Molecular-dynamics study of ferrodistortive phase transitions

Molecular-dynamics results simulating a canonical ensemble are presented and discussed for a two-dimensional one-component displacement model for ferrodistortive structural phase transitions. Our results include: I) There is strong evidence that the system undergoes a continuous phase transition, except at the displacive limit. 2) For three different sets of model parameters, the static critical exponents are found to be model parameters independent and consistent with those of the two-dimensional Ising model. 3) The formation of clusters of locally ordered regions is demonstrated. 4) Close to Tc and at the wave vector kc, where the order-parameter susceptibility diverges, we observe a central peak around ω = 0 in the dynamic form factor of the density fluctuations. 5) For wave vectors slightly away from kc the central peak splits into a double-peak structure, giving rise to a new excitation branch. 6) The central peak and the new excitation branch are traced back to travelling cluster waves and their lif...
Berkeley Phylogenomics Group web servers: resources for structural phylogenomic analysis

Phylogenomic analysis addresses the limitations of function prediction based on annotation transfer, and has been shown to enable the highest accuracy in prediction of protein molecular function. The Berkeley Phylogenomics Group provides a series of web servers for phylogenomic analysis: classification of sequences to pre-computed families and subfamilies using the PhyloFacts Phylogenomic Encyclopedia, FlowerPower clustering of proteins sharing the same domain architecture, MUSCLE multiple sequence alignment, SATCHMO simultaneous alignment and tree construction and SCI-PHY subfamily identification. The PhyloBuilder web server provides an integrated phylogenomic pipeline starting with a user-supplied protein sequence, proceeding to homolog identification, multiple alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, subfamily identification and structure prediction. The Berkeley Phylogenomics Group resources are available at http://phylogenomics.berkeley.edu.
Interventional cardiology: How should the appropriateness of PCI be judged?

The appropriateness of percutaneous coronary intervention in the US has been examined from a large database of more than 500,000 procedures. The findings are surprising and, given their potential to be applied to quality-improvement initiatives, peer-review, and possibly reimbursement decisions, the proper interpretation of these results is essential.
Exercise and cardiometabolic risk factors in graduate students: a longitudinal, observational study.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate cardiometabolic risk of students longitudinally and compare them with age-matched national samples. Participants: Participants are 134 graduate students enrolled between August 2005 and May 2010. Methods: Students were assessed at the beginning and end of their 3-year curriculum. Comparative samples included 966 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants and 5,154 National College Health Assessment respondents. Results: Most students had desirable weight, blood glucose, lipids, and fitness at both time points. However, 26.9% had elevated blood pressure, 29.9% performed aerobic exercise < 3 days/week, and 80.6% consumed < 5 fruits/vegetables daily. Relative to young adults nationwide, these students exhibited more favorable exercise patterns, dietary patterns, and cardiometabolic indices. Over time, increases in adiposity and decreases in exercise frequency correlated with adverse changes in lipid concentrations and fitness. Conclusions: Small changes in l...
In Search of Aalto. A Review of Alvar Aalto: The Mark of the Hand

This is a book review of Alvar Aalto: The Mark of the Hand , edited by Harry Charrington and Vezio Nava, Rakennustieto Publishing, Helsinki 2011.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-mediated Autocrine and Paracrine Stimulation of Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Stromal-epithelial interactions may play a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. We have established a model to study the cellular and molecular basis of this paracrine interaction both in vivo and in vitro using a human transitional cell carcinoma cell line (WH). s.c. coinoculation of 1 x 10(6) WH cells with 1 x 10(6) nontumorigenic fetal rat urogenital sinus mesenchymal (rUGM) cells in athymic mice accelerated carcinoma growth 20 times faster than isolated WH cell inoculations and 4 times faster than coinoculations of the same number of NIH-3T3 or human bladder fibroblasts. Characterization of these chimeric tumors with immunohistochemical and DNA dot-blot analyses documented their predominantly human component. To evaluate the underlying mechanisms involved in this paracrine-mediated in vivo tumor growth acceleration, Northern analyses for growth factors (GFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) expression in the different cell lines, as well as in vitro mitogenic assays, were performed. Northern analysis revealed basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression by WH cells but not rUGM cells; ECM components (fibronectin and collagens I and IV) were expressed only in the fibroblast cell lines. Cell type-specific paracrine growth factors are produced by cultured stromal and epithelial cells with a 2-3-fold bidirectional increase in WH and rUGM cell growth when cultured with reciprocal cell-type conditioned medium. An autocrine growth loop was observed for WH but not rUGM cells. WH cell growth is stimulated in vitro by low concentrations of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor, while rUGM cell growth is stimulated 3-fold by basic fibroblast growth factor. Antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibodies completely inhibited autocrine and paracrine pathways stimulating WH cell growth, while anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies had no inhibitory effect. These observations suggest that autocrine and paracrine growth factor stimulation of WH bladder carcinoma cell growth is most likely mediated by an epidermal growth factor receptor-related pathway. The predominant expression of ECM by fibroblasts in this model suggests that stromal cell ECM components may modulate tumor cell growth and angiogenesis possibly through mechanisms involving cellular adhesion, chemotaxis, or growth factor action.
Beyond Contact: Intergroup Contact in the Context of Power Relations

This work investigated how group-based power affects the motivations and preferences that members of advantaged and disadvantaged groups bring to situations of contact. To measure the preferred content of interactions, desires to address particular topics in intergroup contact were assessed for both experimental groups (Study 1) and real groups (Study 2). As predicted, across both studies, the desire to talk about power was greater among members of disadvantaged than of advantaged groups. This difference was mediated by motivation for change in group-based power. Study 2 further demonstrated that more highly identified members of disadvantaged groups wanted to talk about power more. Members of advantaged groups generally preferred to talk about commonalities between the groups more than about group-based power, and this desire was greater with higher levels of identification. However, perceiving that their group's advantage was illegitimate increased the desire of advantaged group members to address power...
Proteolytically Degradable Hydrogels with a Fluorogenic Substrate for Studies of Cellular Proteolytic Activity and Migration

We have developed proteolytically degradable hydrogels with covalently immobilized fluorogenic protease substrates to visualize extracellular proteolytic activity and cell migration in three dimensions. Dye quenched-bovine serum albumin (DQ-BSA), a quenched, proteolytically activated fluorogenic substrate, was conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-monoacrylate, and the product (DQ-BSA-PEG) was then covalently incorporated into proteolytically degradable and cell adhesive PEG hydrogels via photopolymerization. The DQ-BSA-PEG substrate in solution and incorporated into hydrogels exhibited significantly enhanced fluorescence after exposure to enzymes. Fibroblasts seeded within this hydrogel spread in three dimensions and extended lamellipodia. Cell migration and proteolytic activity were visualized using confocal microscopy. Proteolytic activity was concentrated near cell surfaces and remained present in the tracks where cell migration had occurred.
The Perception of a Depth Interval with Binocular Disparity Cues

(1960). The Perception of a Depth Interval with Binocular Disparity Cues. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 257-269.
A model for cylindrical antennas in a multilayer medium

A model for a cylindrical antenna consisting of a n-wire cage in a multilayer medium is presented for the computation of the current distribution along and around the antenna. A moment-method treatment based on the thin wire approximation and the mixed potential integral equation is employed for the new model. The vector potential is represented by a dot product of a dyadic kernel with the vector current density and the scalar potential by a double dot product of a dyadic kernel with the dyadic charge distribution. One of the antenna configurations presented in the paper is a horizontal antenna above a dielectric half-space. >
Modeling and prediction of fast CME/shocks associated with type II bursts

A numerical simulation with ENLIL+Cone model was carried out to study the propagation of the shock driven by the 2005 May 13 CME. We then conducted a statistical analysis on a subset of similar events, where a decameter-hectometric (DH) type II radio burst and a counterpart kilometric type II have been observed to be associated with each CME (DHkm CME). The simulation results show that fast CME-driven shocks experienced a rapid deceleration as they propagated through the corona and then kept a nearly constant speed traveling out into the heliosphere. Two improved methods are proposed to predict the fast CME-driven shock arrival time, which give the prediction errors of 3.43 and 6.83 hrs, respectively.
Impulsive traits and unplanned suicide attempts predict exaggerated prefrontal response to angry faces in the elderly.

Objective Abnormal responses to social stimuli are seen in people vulnerable to suicidal behavior, indicating possible disruptions in the neural circuitry mediating the interpretation of socioemotional cues. These disruptions have not been empirically related to psychological and cognitive pathways to suicide. In the present study of older suicide attempters, we examined neural responses to emotional faces and their relationship to impulsivity, one of the components of the suicidal diathesis. Methods Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we recorded neurohemodynamic responses to angry faces in a carefully characterized sample of 18 depressed elderly with history of suicide attempts, 13 depressed nonsuicidal patients, and 18 healthy individuals, all aged 60+. Impulsivity was assessed with the Social Problem Solving Inventory Impulsivity/Carelessness Style subscale and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. The Suicide Intent Scale planning subscale was used to describe the degree of planning associated with the most lethal attempt. Results Depression and history of attempted suicide were not associated with neural responses to angry faces, failing to replicate earlier studies. Higher impulsivity, however, predicted exaggerated responses to angry faces in fronto-opercular and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (p corr Conclusion Impulsive traits and history of unplanned suicide attempts partly explain the heterogeneity in neural responses to angry faces in depressed elderly. Displays of social emotion command excessive cortical processing in impulsive suicide attempters.
Cimetidine inhibition of ethmozine metabolism

Ethmozine, a phenothiazine antiarrhythmic, is effective in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Because of the extensive hepatic metabolism of ethmozine, we investigated the effects of the potent hepatic enzyme inhibitor cimetidine on the kinetics and dynamics of ethmozine. Eight healthy men 22 to 40 years old (X = 27.6 years) received a single, oral, 500 mg dose of ethmozine. Ethmozine dosing was repeated 15 days later after cimetidine, 300 mg four times a day for 7 days. Plasma samples were drawn over the next 24 hours for measurement of ethmozine. ECGs were obtained 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after each dose. After cimetidine, ethmozine clearance fell from 38.2 ± 10.7 to 19.7 ± 4.2 ml/kg/min and the t½ increased from 3.3 ± 1.3 to 4.6 ± 1.6 hours. Ethmozine prolonged the PR and QRS intervals, but there was no detectable further increase after cimetidine. Heart rate and blood pressure were not altered by ethmozine either alone or in the combination. We conclude that cimetidine increases plasma concentrations of ethmozine but did not induce any detectable further increase in the PR or QRS intervals. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 37, 665–668; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.108
Intrinsic neuromuscular defects in the neurogenic bladder. 1. Short‐term ultrastructural changes in muscular innervation of the decentralized feline bladder base following unilateral sacral ventral rhizotomy

The morphology of cholinergic and adrenergic muscular nerves of the feline bladder base was studied ultrastructurally 2, 3, and 4 weeks following its decentralization by unilateral sacral ventral rhizotomy. In all samples, there was widespread transsynaptic degeneration of cholinergic axon terminals and varicosities, with loss of neuroeffector junctions. This was associated with preservation of most adrenergic axons, and — especially in the 4-week samples—with concurrent early regeneration or sprouting in many cholinergic and adrenergic axons. The findings are discussed in relation to neural ultrastructure in other known models of axonal degeneration, and to the pathogenesis of neurogenic dysfunction of the parasympathetic-decentralized bladder. The concurrent degenerative and early regenerative axonal changes herein observed in such a bladder (1) suggest that the degeneration of cholinergic axons occurring shortly after rhizotomy is reversible, and probably is compensated for by developing adrenergic hyperinnervation; (2) support the existence of mutual peripheral cholinergic/adrenergic neurotrophism in the vesical muscularis; and (3) provide a probable structural basis for the altered motor and autonomic drug responses of the parasympathetic-decentralized bladder.
Love in the City: Navigating multiple relationships in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

While the vast majority of low-level professionals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania would express a verbal commitment to modernist ideals of family structure, such as monogamy, in practice, a significant number have entered into mistress relationships which ultimately constitute second families. This reality demonstrates how Tanzanian urbanites have created hybrid conceptions of morality and codes for responsible conduct within romantic relationships, conceptions which draw upon both European and local African models. These practices provide insight into the contemporary historical and economic contexts of African city dwellers, as well as African urbanism as a whole.
A New Source Coding Scheme with Small Expected Length and Its Application to Simple Data Encryption

We present a new source coding scheme with smaller expected length than Shannon-Fano-Elias codes. The ordering of source symbols input to the proposed encoding algorithm can be arbitrary. We show that this property leads to exponential complexity for eavesdropping even though an adversary knows the code construction rule and the probability mass function of the source
Modification of Protein Catabolism in the Anuric Dog.

SummaryHydrocortisone, given to anuric dogs, prolonged survival time with lower rates of accumulation for urea, creatinine and phosphorus in the serum. Testosterone in a second group of animals failed to influence survival time or urea accumulation.
Using bandwidth data to make computation offloading decisions

We present a framework for making computation offloading decisions in computational grid settings in which schedulers determine when to move parts of a computation to more capable resources to improve performance. Such schedulers must predict when an offloaded computation will outperform one that is local by forecasting the local cost (execution time for computing locally) and remote cost (execution time for computing remotely and transmission time for the input/output of the computation to/from the remote system). Typically, this decision amounts to predicting the bandwidth between the local and remote systems to estimate these costs. Our framework unifies such decision models by formulating the problem as a statistical decision problem that can either be treated "classically" or using a Bayesian approach. Using an implementation of this framework, we evaluate the efficacy of a number of different decision strategies (several of which have been employed by previous systems). Our results indicate that a Bayesian approach employing automatic change-point detection when estimating the prior distribution is the best-performing approach.
Inhibition of fusicoccin‐stimulated K+/H+ transport in root tips from maize seedlings pretreated with Chlorsulfuron

Abstract Fusicoccin (FC)-stimulated K+ (86Rb) uptake and proton extrusion of maize (Zea mays) root apical segments were inhibited by pretreatment of 4-day-old seedlings with the herbicide Chlorsulfuron. In the range of Chlorsulfuron concentrations 0.01-10 mmol m−3, the percentage of inhibition was 15% at 0.01 mmol m−3 and progressively increased with Chlorsulfuron concentration up to 60% at 10 mmol m−3. At the maximum concentration tested (10 mmol m−3), the inhibition was evident after 1.5 h of pre-treatment. The binding of FC to microsomal fractions of root segments from Chlorsulfuron-pretreated seedlings was inhibited by 30%. It is suggested that Chlorsulfuron causes an alteration at the plasmalemma level involving the FC binding sites. The ineffectiveness of Chlorsulfuron in inhibiting FC-stimulaled K+ uptake when administered to excised segments, while inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase, pointed out by Ray (1984) as the site of action of Chlorsulfuron in pea plants, suggests that the observed inhibition of K+ uptake and H+ extrusion is not induced by Chlorsulfuron inhibition of this enzyme. An alternative site of action of Chlorsulfuron is hypothesized in maize plants.
The Transcriptional Regulators NorG and MgrA Modulate Resistance to both Quinolones and β-Lactams in Staphylococcus aureus

MgrA is a known regulator of the expression of several multidrug transporters in Staphylococcus aureus. We identified another regulator of multiple efflux pumps, NorG, by its ability, like that of MgrA, to bind specifically to the promoter of the gene encoding the NorA efflux pump. NorG is a member of the family of the GntR-like transcriptional regulators, and it binds specifically to the putative promoters of the genes encoding multidrug efflux pumps NorA, NorB, NorC, and AbcA. Overexpression of norG produces a threefold increase in norB transcripts associated with a fourfold increase in the level of resistance to quinolones. In contrast, disruption of norG produces no change in the level of transcripts of norA, norB, and norC but causes an increase of at least threefold in the transcript level of abcA, associated with a fourfold increase in resistance to methicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin G, and nafcillin. Overexpression of cloned abcA caused an 8- to 128-fold increase in the level of resistance to all four beta-lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, MgrA and NorG have opposite effects on norB and abcA expression. MgrA acts as an indirect repressor for norB and a direct activator for abcA, whereas NorG acts as a direct activator for norB and a direct repressor for abcA.
“Ajak of all trades”: Problems with Categorizing Balinese ajak Across Discourse Genres

0. Introduction Determining “lexical categories” has been an elusive enterprise in linguistic analysis. For example, one of these distinctions that are presumed to be applicable in most languages is that of “verbs” versus “nouns”. However, even this distinction is unclear in some cases, e.g. Tagalog and Nootka (Schachter 1985). In a similar vein, “verbs” are especially susceptible to forces that would drastically affect their “verbal” membership. For example, many studies have examined the grammaticization of verbs into prepositions (Konig and Kortmann 1991, Kortmann and Konig 1992, Xing 2003, inter alia). Other studies such as Hopper and Thompson 1984 address such issues by incorporating discourse-functional considerations into their analysis, with the underlying notion that lexical categories are primarily determined by discourse factors. This perspective may be refined further if the following questions are addressed: a) how would the determination of lexical categories be affected by discourse genre?; and b) can this comparison provide additional insight into the diachronic development of such categories? Variability across discourse genres appears to characterize ajak, a morpheme in Balinese that is traditionally described as a verb of accompaniment. Balinese is an Austronesian language of the Sundic sub-branch spoken primarily on the Indonesian island of Bali. In written Balinese, this study will show that ajak has three manifestations: as a morphosyntactic verb (with verbal morphology), as a preposition-like element in serial verb constructions, and as an incorporated element in quantifying expressions. In spoken discourse, ajak is more ambiguous in status: it occurs most frequently in its unaffixed form. The unaffixed form may point towards an advanced stage of grammaticization where ajak has developed into a preposition
Clinical and Pharmacologic Reappraisal of Dichloromethotrexate

Dichloromethotrexate (DCMTX) has been the subject of sporadic clinical development for the last 30 years. Although DCMTX was developed in hopes of discovering a more potent antifolate, the potential pharmacologic and toxicologic advantages of the analog have become of greater interest. This phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of DCMTX given on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days was undertaken to test these potential advantages. The maximally tolerated dose on this schedule was 980 mg/m2. Hepatic toxicity was dose limiting. Malaise, myelosuppression, and mucositis were also major toxic effects. The recommended dose for subsequent phase II studies of DCMTX administered on this schedule is 785 mg/m2 with a reduction to 625 mg/m2 for patients with a poor performance status or extensive prior therapy. Plasma disappearance curves for most patients were biphasic or triphasic, although several demonstrated more complex kinetic patterns that suggested significant enterohepatic circulation. The magnitude of the area under the plasma disappearance curve was related to the severity of DCMTX-induced hepatotoxicity. The elimination kinetics were linear, with a mean plasma clearance of 294 mL/min (range, 128-715). The pharmacokinetic behavior of DCMTX does not support its use over methotrexate in regional perfusion. DCMTX's primarily nonrenal elimination suggests that it may have an advantage over methotrexate when combined with nephrotoxic drugs such as cisplatin. However, there is little reason to commit major resources to further evaluation of DCMTX unless significant advantages in antineoplastic activity are identified.
Parameterization of Cloud–Radiation Processes in the UCLA General Circulation Model

Abstract A contemporary radiation parameterization scheme has been implemented in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), atmospheric GCM (AGCM). This scheme is a combination of the delta-four-stream method for solar flux transfer and the delta-two-and-four-stream method for thermal infrared flux transfer. Both methods have been demonstrated to be computationally efficient and at the same time highly accurate in comparison with exact radiative transfer computations. The correlated-k distribution method for radiative transfer has been used to represent gaseous absorption in multiple-scattering atmospheres. The single-scattering properties for ice and water clouds are parameterized in terms of ice/liquid water content and mean effective size/radius. In conjunction with the preceding radiative scheme, parameterizations for fractional cloud cover and cloud vertical overlap have also been devised in the model in which the cloud amount is determined from the total cloud water mixing ratio. For radiati...