cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multichannel Radio Telemetering

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the advances in radio telemetering that has been made since the period prior to World War 2. The multichannel radio telemetering systems to be described were developed largely for military applications and hence, have been illustrated chiefly for application to the flight testing of pilot-less aircraft. Two basic systems for multichannel telemetering grew out of this period of development. The first is known as frequency-division or subcarrier telemetering, and the second is known as time-division or commutation telemetering. A frequency-division or subcarrier system of telemetering is defined as one in which a number of information channels, to be transmitted, are synthesized or multiplexed by combining a number of subcarrier frequency signals, each carrying a particular information channel into a composite electrical signal. A time-division or commutation system of telemetering is defined as one in which the transmission of a number of information channels is divided in time. The channels are rapidly switched or commutated in a fixed sequence.
MOBILITY, LAND TENURE, AND SOCIAL IDENTITY IN THE SAN SIMON BASIN OF SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA

AbstractData from sites in the San Simon Valley of southeastern Arizona are used to explore the interconnections among mobility, land tenure, and social identity at the household and community levels. Through an examination of occupation history at three San Simon villages, I argue that these persistent sites represent heritable land tenure invested in the corporate group or community. Within these villages, the spatial and temporal patterns of dated structures and ceramics indicate that heritable land tenure was also operating at the household level. One site, Timber Draw, exhibits both usufruct and heritable land tenure operating contemporaneously, suggesting that differences may have existed between households in rights to resource access. However, the distributions of different kinds of ceramics, potential markers of social identity, do not suggest that the differences in household land tenure were ethnically meaningful. Rather, the ceramic patterns suggest that households maintained access to broad s...
Effect Of Maternal Cigarette Smoking On Newborn Iron Stores

Objective Previous small-scale studies suggest that maternal smoking lowers neonatal body iron. Our objective was to study and compare the relationship between maternal and infants’ body iron in smokers and non-smokers in a large matched-pair cohort. Method This was a prospective cohort study involving 144 mothers – 72 smokers and 72 non-smokers and their respective infants. Samples were obtained from maternal blood and infants’ cord blood at delivery for serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) and ferritin levels. Serum TfR and ferritin levels were measured by RAMCO ELISA and RIA assays. The total body iron (TBI) was calculated using the sTfR/ferritin ratio. Results Maternal total body iron and smoking status Women who smoked had lower sTfR, higher ferritin and higher body iron compared to nonsmoking women. Infant’s total body iron, measurements at birth and smoking status In contrast to their respective mothers, we found a small but statistically significant negative correlation between smoking and infants’ total body iron. The number of PPD smoked was negatively correlated with infants’ ferritin and total body iron. The number of days smoked during pregnancy was also negatively correlated with infants’ ferritin and total body iron and positively correlated with infants' sTfR. Birth weight was lower in babies of smokers compared to nonsmokers (mean /- SD =3270 +/-475 vs. 3393 g +/- 475 g, p=0.03). Correlation studies revealed that birth weight in infants of smokers was negatively correlated with PPD smoked and number of days smoked. Birth length in the same infants was also negatively correlated with PPD smoked and number of days smoked. Conclusion Mothers who smoked during pregnancy had higher iron stores but their newborn infants had lower iron stores than those of non-smoking mothers. There may be a negative dose-dependent response between fetal smoke exposure and infant iron stores. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. View this table: Table 1 Iron status markers of smoker and non smoker pregnant women View this table: Table 2 Correlation between amount of smoking and smokers’ infants iron parameters and body measurements at delivery
Ahypergraph-free construction of highly chromatic graphs without short cycles

We present a purely graph-theoretical construction of highly chromatic graphs without short cycles.
Aerosol characteristics observed in southeast Queensland and implications for cloud microphysics

[1] Regular cloud base aerosol measurements were collected by a research aircraft over a 4 month period during the wet season in southeast Queensland, near Brisbane, Australia. In situ cloud microphysical measurements were also collected in many of these clouds. Brisbane is situated on the east coast of Australia and, depending on the synoptic weather conditions, can experience influences from inland or from the adjacent ocean. In situ aerosol measurements were used to compile a climatology of the aerosol conditions in the region and a back trajectory model was run for 120 h from each measurement to determine the possible air mass influences on each measurement. The most influential factor on the measured aerosol concentrations was the time the trajectory spent over land beneath 2 km (a proxy for the boundary layer). Using this criterion, the measurements were divided into two regimes: maritime for those with minimal time histories over land and continental for the remainder. Other influential factors on the aerosol concentration were also diagnosed and quantified with a regression model, including the proximity of the trajectory to the city of Brisbane and the number of fires along the trajectory. Thermodynamic, aerosol, and cloud microphysical characteristics are presented for each regime. The maritime regime tended to have more coarse mode (larger) aerosol particles and a tail of larger drops in the cloud base droplet spectra, which could be due to nucleation on the larger aerosol particles. The city influence on maritime regime trajectories yielded enhanced nucleation (fine) particle concentrations.
Influence of immune-relevant genes on mate choice and reproductive success in wild-spawning hatchery-reared and wild-born coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Hatcheries support fisheries and aid in the recovery of endangered wild populations. Evidence for reduced reproductive success (RS) in wild-spawning hatchery-reared salmon compared with that in wild-born fish invites questions about the impact on subsequent generations. Immune gene-dependent mate preference is one mechanism known to influence salmonid fitness. We evaluated mate choice and correlates of RS to better understand fitness differences between hatchery-reared and wild-born fish using a previously constructed genetic pedigree of coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) from the Umpqua River, Oregon. Two years (2005 and 2006) of three wild-spawning mate pair classes were examined: wild × wild (W × W), hatchery × hatchery (H × H), and wild × hatchery (W × H). We found no evidence for mate choice within mate pair classes based on microsatellites linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immune-relevant expressed sequence tags. Greater W × W mate pair RS was associated with increased MHC di...
Kamlet−Taft Solvatochromic Parameters of the Sub- and Supercritical Fluorinated Ethane Solvents

The Kamlet−Taft parameters describing the dipolarity-polarizability, π*, and hydrogen bond acceptor ability, β, for ethane and six fluorinated ethane solvents in the sub- and supercritical region of the phase diagram were measured using solvatochromic probe molecules. The measured ultraviolet electronic transitions of the solvatochromic probes in a given solvent were fitted to third-order polynomials in solvent density for all isotherms investigated. The values of π* and β were calculated for each of the solvents as a function of the solvent density. Trends in π* values were related to the degree of fluorination about the ethane molecule, while the average β values for all solvents were negative and were interpreted as an inability on the solvents part to act as hydrogen bond acceptors.
A versatile scaler and read-out system

Abstract A scaling system is described whose automatic readout can record from an unlimited number of scalers or other digital equipment. The readout system normally controls a paper-type punch at 60 characters per second or a typewriter at 15 characters per second, but magnetic-tape output has also been used. The scaler has a dead time per count of less than 100 nsec. Nixietube display is provided and a wide range of operating modes are possible. Planar silicon transistors and diodes are used exclusively in both the scaler and the read-out.
Interhospital Transfer and Adverse Outcomes after General Surgery: Implications for Pay for Performance

Background Interhospital transfer is frequent, and transferred patients can have worse outcomes than direct admissions. We sought to define the incidence of interhospital transfer in general surgery and evaluate its association with surgical outcomes. Study Design The 2011 American College of Surgeons NSQIP database was used. Transferred patients were compared with urgent, inpatient direct admissions in a series of increasingly complex risk-adjustment models, including multiple regression using modified Poisson and negative binomial models, as well as propensity scores. Primary outcomes were overall complications, mortality, length of stay, and readmission. Results Overall, 7% of inpatient general surgery cases were transferred in. Among urgent cases, there were 6,197 transferred patients and 47,267 direct admissions. The most common procedures for direct admissions were appendectomy and cholecystectomy, and transfers had a more complex and broader range of procedures. On unadjusted analysis, transferred patients had a much higher risk for complications (risk ratio [RR] = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.45–1.52) and mortality (RR = 2.70; 95% CI, 2.48–2.94), as well as a longer length of stay (1.74 times longer; 95% CI, 1.69–1.78) and higher risk of readmission (RR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.20–1.44). In the most sophisticated model, the propensity score match, the difference in outcomes for transferred patients was only modestly higher or equivalent (complications: RR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00–1.07; mortality: RR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.88–1.09; length of stay: 1.08 times longer; 95% CI, 1.04–1.11; readmission: RR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.88–1.08). Conclusions Interhospital transfer is frequent in surgery. Worse outcomes seen in transferred patients are largely due to confounding by patient characteristics rather than any true harm from transfer. Pay-for-performance schemes should adjust for transfer status to avoid unfairly penalizing hospitals that frequently accept transfers.
Protein kinase C delta mediates arterial injury responses through regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis.

Aims A balance between apoptosis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) influences the development of intimal hyperplasia. We have previously demonstrated that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) regulates both apoptosis and proliferation of VSMC in vitro . Here we investigate the role of PKCδ in intimal hyperplasia through gene deletion or overexpression in rodent models of arterial injury. Methods and results Arterial injury was induced in mice and rats by means of carotid ligation or balloon angioplasty, respectively. Overexpression of PKCδ was achieved by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer immediately after balloon injury in rat carotid arteries. Levels of PKCδ protein were profoundly increased in the carotid wall 3–7 days after balloon injury, co-localizing to TUNEL-positive medial cells. When subjected to arterial injury, PKCδ gene-deficient mice responded with an enhanced intimal hyperplasia accompanied by an 80% reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive cells detected in the injured arteries as compared with their wild-type littermates. Conversely, arterial gene transfer of PKCδ further increased the arterial expression of PKCδ, which was associated with a marked increase in apoptosis and reduction of intimal hyperplasia. Neither manipulation led to significant alteration in cell proliferation, suggesting that the function of PKCδ after arterial injury is predominantly pro-apoptotic. This notion is further supported by our observation of high PKCδ expression in human restenotic lesions that also co-localized with apoptosis. Conclusion The expression of PKCδ is upregulated in the arterial wall in response to injury. This induction appears to be a mechanism of arterial response that negatively influences the degree of intimal hyperplasia by stimulating VSMC apoptosis.
The roles of glutathione reductase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in corneal transendothelial fluid transport mediated by oxidized glutathione and glucose

Complete inhibition of corneal endothelial glutathione reductase by 1, 3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea has been shown to be without effect on the endothelial fluid pump maintained by perfusion with either 0·10 m m -oxidized glutathione or 5·0 m m -glucose. Some dependence of pump function on γ-glutamyl transpeptidase is indicated by the 33% reduction in the amount of stromal deturgescence that was achieved by co-perfusion of GSSG with the transpeptidase inhibitor, 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine. The apparent 22% improvement in pump function found by coperfusion of glucose with 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine is likely the result of a reduced leak effected by reaction of the inhibitor with functional groups on the membrane. Endothelial levels of total glutathione after 3-hr perfusion periods with either glucose or oxidized glutathione were not statistically different, but a shift of the redox state of glutathione occurred in oxidized glutathione-perfused endothelia that resulted in a 4-fold increase in the cellular content of oxidized glutathione relative to that maintained by glucose. This and others' results are interpreted to indicate that glutathione is taken up by the endothelium and that oxidized glutathione is the privileged redox state for this process.
A one year empirical study of student programming bugs

Students in introductory Computer Science courses often have difficulty with coding and problem solving which results in bugs. These bugs cause both student frustration and attrition of many of our CS majors. In this work, we seek to understand the problems that students believe they cannot solve on their own and for which they ask tutors for assistance. We collect and analyze 450 bugs that were brought to our tutor lab by our CS1 and CS2 students over a one year period. The results show that approximately 22% of the problems are due to problem solving skills, while the remaining problems involve a combination of logic and syntax problems for specific topics in the courses.
Engineering education for test and measurement designers

Education programs for engineers working in the T&M industry should cover the basics well. An engineer needs an educational foundation that he or she can build on for an entire career. Leading-edge computer technologies (hardware and software) are critical to the development of test instruments. Analog design and digital signal processing of analog signals are also key design skills required by instrument manufacturers.
Relationship between CT attenuation changes and post-traumatic CSF-CKBB-activity after severe head injury in man.

In order to evaluate if it is practically possible to assess the volume of contused brain tissue from the CT pictures, a comparison has been carried out between the size of the cerebral contusion(s)-as estimated from the CT scans-and the post-traumatic CSF-CKBB activity, in a series of 29 patients with severe head injury. A clearance curve for the elimination of CKBB from the CSF was constructed.
Isomerization-Free Sulfonylation and Its Application in the Synthesis of PHA-565272A

FeCl3 catalyzed an isomerization-free Friedel−Crafts sulfonylation between 1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride and halobenzenes. The coupled halide was then displaced using 35% hydrazine in DMSO to provide the Fischer indole precursor. Pure 5-chloro-2-pentanone was the key for a successful Grandberg modification of Fischer indole synthesis that effectively constructed both the indole core and side chain of the target molecule. The development of these methods enabled a rapid preparation of kilogram quantities of PHA-565272A.
Lane Capacity for an Automated Highway with Mixed Vehicle Classes

This paper develops models to calculate an upper limit on per-lane throughput for an automated highway system with mixed vehicle classes and platooned operation. The models arc analytical and based on independent arrivals among the classes. The results indicate that a mixture of vehicle classes or categories can have u significant detrimental effect on vehicle capacity. With a single entrance lane, capacity drops by more than 40% when the traffic stream moves from 100% light vehicles to a 90%/10% split between light and heavy vehicles. The capacity drop is substantially less when different classes are allowed to queue in separate lanes, but still significant (a 20% drop). It also does not appear that sorting vehicles into destination groups at the point of entry is an effective strategy to enhance exit capacity. A separate model was developed to evaluate capacity losses at the point of exit, where exiting vehicles must be separated by a minimum distance that exceeds normal intra-platoon requirements. Our ...
On the tautomeric structure of inosine.

Abstract The suggestion that 6-keto and 6-enol tautomers of inosine may be of similar stability in neutral aqueous solution has been investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy. Spectra of aqueous solutions of inosine and its methylated analogs were obtained in the region 2000-200 cm−1 using argon laser excitation, and indicate that inosine exists predominantly in the keto form.
Comparison of left-end DNA sequences of bacteriophages Mu and D108.

Abstract The nucleotide sequences of the left ends of bacteriophage Mu DNA and that of its close relative D108 have been determined. The first 100 bp of phages Mu and D108 are substantially the same except for an octanucleotide change from bp 53 to 61 and other small interspersed base-pair chainges from bp 61 to 200. The first five host nucleotides preceding the host-phage junction are generally, but not always, G + C-rich and these five nucleotides display no obvious consensus sequence. Both phages Mu and D108 share striking similarity in their end DNA sequences to the end sequences of the newly described Escherichia coli movable genetic element IS30.
Palliative and pain medicine: radiation oncology

Radiation therapy is an effective palliative treatment for incurable cancer. Radiation can be used to palliate pain, bleeding, or obstruction. Pain resulting from bone metastases can be controlled with external localized or wide field radiotherapy. Healing of bone fracture can be influenced by the use of radiation therapy. Radiopharmaceuticals such as 89 Sr and 153 Sm are considered forms of systemic radiation therapy that can be used in the presence of generalized osteoblastic bone metastases. Spinal cord compression can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated in a timely fashion. Radiation therapy plays a role in the management of brain metastases using traditional whole brain radiation therapy or stereotactic radiosurgery, offering a faster and easier way of palliation. Visceral metastases can be treated with external beam, brachytherapy, or radionuclides. Brachytherapy allows the safe delivery of high doses over short time intervals with minimal doses to the surrounding structures. The use of yttrium-90 microspheres is a new intraarterial therapy consisting of beta-irradiating microspheres that can be delivered directly to the tumors. 90 Y microspheres, which carry the radiation, are selectively taken up by the tumors, thus preserving normal liver. Radiation therapy is part of a multimodality approach to deal with cancer patients with serious conditions.
A branch-and-cut algorithm for two-stage stochastic mixed-binary programs with continuous first-stage variables

This paper presents a branch-and-cut method for two stage Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming (SMIP) problems with continuous first-stage variables. This method is derived based on disjunctive decomposition (D2) for SMIP, an approach in which disjunctive programming is used to derive valid inequalities for SMIP. The novelty of the proposed method derives from branching on the first-stage continuous domain while the branch-and-bound process is guided by the disjunction variables in the second-stage. Finite convergence of the algorithm for mixed-binary second stage is established and a numerical example to illustrate the new method is given.
Is laparoendoscopic single-site surgery a viable approach for radical nephrectomy with renal vein thrombus? Comparison with multiport laparoscopy.

Objective To compare laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) and multiport laparoscopy (MPL) for radical nephrectomy and renal vein thrombectomy (RN-RVT) because concerns continue regarding the suitability of LESS for advanced renal tumors. Methods We initiated a retrospective analysis of 26 patients who underwent RN-RVT (11 LESS, 15 MPL) between January 2006 and September 2011. LESS transperitoneal access was obtained by a periumbilical incision through which all trocars were inserted. LESS-RN-RVT recapitulated steps of MPL-RN-RVT, including stapled RVT and intact specimen extraction. Demographic factors and tumor characteristics, perioperative variables, and complications and outcomes were analyzed. Primary outcome was discharge visual analog pain score. Results Median follow-up was 20.8 months. The 15 MPL cases were successfully completed laparoscopically; 1 of 11 LESS cases required insertion of an additional 5-mm port at a separate site. There were no significant demographic differences between the 2 groups. For LESS-RN-RVT and MPL-RN-RVT, mean tumor diameter was 7.1 and 7.9 cm ( P = .346), mean RENAL nephrometry score was 10.2 and 10.5 ( P = .407), mean operative time was 147 and 161 minutes ( P = .331), and mean estimated blood loss was 122 and 170 mL ( P = .282). Significantly lower visual analog pain score at discharge (1.1 vs 2.7, P = .001), narcotic requirement (8.3 vs 14 mg, P = .049), and hospital stay (2.6 vs 3.7 days, P = .032) were noted for LESS vs MPL patients. Both groups had negative margins. There were no significant differences in complications or transfusions or in disease-free and overall survival. Conclusion LESS was comparable to MPL-RN-RVT for perioperative parameters and may confer benefit with pain and hospital stay. Further study is requisite to establish the role of LESS in the management of renal neoplasms with RVT.
Neurophysiologic effects of folate compounds in hippocampus, in vitro

Abstract Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA, folic acid) and related compounds were studied for their electropysiologic effects on guinea pig hippocampal slices in vitro. Folates are found to have marked neuroexcitatory actions in CA3 and lesser but substantial excitatory effects in CA1. The dentate gyrus is minimally activated by folates. Extracellular recordings in CA3 reveal augmentation in single unit activity, evoked responses, and at 50–100 μM PGA concentrations, spontaneous epileptiform discharges are generated. Progressive increase in PGA concentrations to at least 2 mM do not result in loss of this activity. At concentrations of 200 μM, epileptiform bursts in CA3, precede those in CA1 which are lost by sectioning the Schaeffer collateral pathway. However, with 500 μM PGA, spontaneous bursts occur in CA1 isolated from CA3. The change induced by PGA primarily affects the population spike resulting in lower stimulus threshold and higher amplitude response. Measurement of threshold concentration necessary to produce spontaneous epileptiform activity of folate related compounds reveals the following order of potency: pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) ≥ formyl tetrahydrofolic acid (folinic acid) > > methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) ≥ methotrexate (MTX) ≥ glutamic acid. Pteroic acid, pterin,N(p-aminobenzoyl) L -glutamic acid are inactive. Methotrexate does not diminish the response to PGA. Thus, the entire folate molecule is needed for full activity. Folates represent naturally occurring, highly epileptogenic compounds whose mechanism of action is not dependent on metabolic products. Possibly they act at a central receptor as a neuromodulator.
Functional luteolysis in the rhesus monkey: the role of estrogen.

Silastic capsules containing estradiol– 17β were implanted into normally cycling rhesus monkeys 2–3 days following the preovulatory LH surge. The resultant plasma estrogen concentrations, which were maintained throughout the luteal phase of the cycle, were approximately one—half those observed on the day of the LH peak but exceeded normal, luteal phase levels by about 150 pg/ml. This increment in circulating estrogen levels was associated with a premature decline in plasma progesterone concentrations which became undetectable 6.4 days before those in control animals, a 43% reduction in the functional life—span of the corpus luteum. These findings demonstrate that small increments in circulating estradiol can induce functional luteolysis in the rhesus monkey and support the hypothesis that estrogens play a role in the physiological regression of the corpus luteum during the normal menstrual cycle of primates. This luteolytic action of estradiol could not always be associated with measurable decrements in p...
Direct coupling of the somatostatin receptor to potassium channels by a G protein

Abstract G proteins couple receptors to ionic channels indirectly by acting on membrane enzymes which modulate channel activity through second or third messengers such as cytoplasmic kinases, IP 3 or Ca ++ . Recently, it has been shown that G proteins can act on ionic channels in a membrane-delimited or direct manner; from our experience this phenomenon seems to be widespread. A G protein purified from human red blood cells (hRBC) G k when preactivated with GTP γ S acts directly on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-regulated K + channels (K + [ACh]) in atrial cells and the stimulatory regulator of adenylyl cyclase, G s from hRBCs acts directly on two distinct voltage-gated Ca ++ channels, one in cardiac muscle and the other in skeletal muscle T-tubules. In many cells, including clonal GH 3 pituitary cells, somatostatine (SST) inhibits secretion by a complex mechanism that involves a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive step. This is not due to lowering cAMP since secretion induced by cAMP analogs and K + depolarization are also inhibited. SST also causes membrane hyperpolarization, which is similar to the effect of ACh on cardiac pacemaking cells and may lead to decreases in intracellular Ca ++ needed for secretion. ACh acting through a muscarinic receptor in GH 3 cells has the same effects as SST. Using patch clamp techniques we found: (1) that both SST and ACh applied through the patch pipette to the extracellular face of a patch activate a 55 pS K + channel without using a soluble second messenger; (2) that, after patch excision, the active state of the ligand-stimulated channel is dependent on GTP in the bath, is abolished by treatment of the cytoplasmic face of the patch with preactivated PTX plus NAD, and after inactivation by PTX, is restored in a GTP-dependent manner by addition of a nonactivated G k ; and (3) that the 55 pS K + channel can also be activated in a ligand-independent manner with GTP γ S or with Mg ++ GTP γ S -preactivated erythrocyte G k ∗ . This established that a K + channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization is a primary response of a secretory cell to an inhibitory hormone and that a PTX-sensitive G protein directly couples receptors to K + channels in endocrine cells.
Computational Modeling of Ionic Transport in Continuous and Batch Electrodialysis

Abstract We describe the transport of ions and dissociation of a single salt and a solvent solution in an electrodialysis (ED) stack. An ED stack basic unit is made of a two‐compartment cell: dilute and concentrate. We use the fundamental principles of electrochemistry, transport phenomena, and thermodynamics to describe mechanisms and to predict the performance of the ED process. We propose and analyze three model formulations for a single salt (KCl). The first and the second models are for a one‐ and two‐dimensional continuous ED, and the third examines batch ED. The models include the effect of the superficial velocity in the boundary layer near the ion‐exchange membranes. We examine the diffusion and electromigration of ions in the polarization region and consider electromigration and convection in the bulk region. We show that the ionic surface concentration of both membranes in the dilute compartment is affected by two parameters: flow rate and current density. We also show that in the dilute compar...
Axisymmetric bluff-body drag reduction using circumferential grooves

The effect of shoulder radiusing and circumferentially grooving the afterbodies of bluff bodies to reduce the base drag at low speeds is discussed. Shoulder radii as large as 2.75 body diameters are examined. Reynolds number based on body diameter varied from 20,000 to 200,000. Results indicate that increasing the shoulder radius to 2.75 body diameters can reduce the drag levels to those of a streamline body having 67 percent greater fineness ratio. For zero shoulder radius, circumferential grooves were found to be effective in reducing body drag for zero shoulder radius in both laminar and tripped flow. Circumferential grooves on the afterbody with a shoulder radius of one-half the body diameter were only effective in reducing drag for laminar flow.
Perceived Effects on Femininity of the Participation of Women in Sport

The perceived effects of six distinct sports on the femininity of women participants were rated by both men and women. The raters were 132 volunteers (47 men and 85 women) taking undergraduate psychology classes at Brigham Young University. The men and women raters were randomly assigned to two groups. A video group was shown a 15-min. videotape of women athletes participating in the six sports before completing their ratings. The nonvideo group made their ratings without looking at the videotape. A two (sex of rater) by two (video vs nonvideo) by six (type of sport, a repeated measure) analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the men and women raters. However, both viewing the video and the specific sport involved produced significant differences. In general, participation in sport by women was not seen as substantially enhancing or detracting from their femininity. Some sports were regarded as more consistent with femininity than others. Viewing a videotape of women participating i...
Historical Consideration of Place: Inviting Multiple Histories and Narratives in Place-Based Education.

Drawing upon van Eijck and Roth’s notion of “place as chronotope,” this review paper discusses historical consideration of place as it assists us to conceptualize place in its collective, political, and dialogical nature. In a place, we are positioned amidst of the multiplicity of histories and narratives within ever shifting various contexts of place. Historical consideration acknowledges multiplicity and marginalization in a place, thus, legitimizes multiple place histories and invites multiple narratives to engage in dialogical process of place. With historical consideration, place identity can be approached and framed in its collective, dialogical nature within larger social, political contexts of place. The paper further suggests that place based education should be able to acknowledge and invite multiple histories and marginalized voices of students into creating a place to dwell together.
Miniature optics for optical recording

This paper provides an overview of the optical subsystems used in optical recording, their present status, and future trends. Using reflectivity-sensing and polarization-sensing optical heads as examples, the many requirements that must be integrated into one assembly are described along with the individual technology alternatives. The state-of-the-art of conventional free-space optical, holographic, and hybrid elements is also described along with an integrated head assembly using waveguide optics. Future directions and requirements for these technologies are indicated.
A boundary value problem for a system of nonlinear functional differential equations

Abstract : The following boundary value problem is considered: y' = f(t, y sub t) M(y sub a) + N(y sub b) = O, b > a + h. This is a nonlinear version of a problem posed by Cooke. (Author)
Binding of an [125I] labelled thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor agonist to baboon platelets.

Abstract To characterize the thromboxane A 2 /prostaglandin H 2 (TXA 2 /PGH 2 ) receptor on baboon platelets the binding of [ 125 I]BOP was studied. [ 125 I]BOP bound to washed baboon platelets in a saturable manner. Scatchard analysis of binding isotherms revealed a K d of 1.12 ± 0.08 nM and a binding capacity of 54 ± 5 fmoles/10 9 platelets (326 sites/platelet). Several TXA 2 /PGH 2 agonists and antagonists displaced [ 125 I]BOP from its baboon platelet binding site with a rank order of potency similar to human platelets: I-BOP > SQ29548 > U46619 = I-PTA-OH. I-BOP aggregated washed baboon platelets with an EC 50 of 10 ± 4 nM. The results indicate that [ 125 I]BOP binds to the TXA 2 /PGH 2 receptor on baboon platelets and that this receptor is similar to its human conterpart.
Kinetics of Individual Nucleation Events Observed in Nanoscale Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth

We measured the nucleation and growth kinetics of solid silicon (Si) from liquid gold-silicon (AuSi) catalyst particles as the Si supersaturation increased, which is the first step of the vapor-liquid-solid growth of nanowires. Quantitative measurements agree well with a kinetic model, providing a unified picture of the growth process. Nucleation is heterogeneous, occurring consistently at the edge of the AuSi droplet, yet it is intrinsic and highly reproducible. We studied the critical supersaturation required for nucleation and found no observable size effects, even for systems down to 12 nanometers in diameter. For applications in nanoscale technology, the reproducibility is essential, heterogeneity promises greater control of nucleation, and the absence of strong size effects simplifies process design.
Gluconeogenesis and Intrahepatic Triose Phosphate Flux in Response to Fasting or Substrate Loads. APPLICATION OF THE MASS ISOTOPOMER DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH TESTING OF ASSUMPTIONS AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

We measured gluconeogenesis (GNG) in rats by mass isotopomer distribution analysis, which allows enrichment of the true biosynthetic precursor pool (hepatic cytosolic triose phosphates) to be determined. Fractional GNG from infused [3-13C]lactate, [1-13C]lactate, and [2-13C]glycerol was 88 +/- 2, 89 +/- 3, and 87 +/- 2%, respectively, after 48 h of fasting. [2-13C]Glycerol was the most efficient label and allowed measurement of rate of appearance of intrahepatic triose phosphate (Ra triose-P), by dilution. IV fructose (10-15 mg/kg/min) increased absolute GNG by 81-147%. Ra triose-P increased proportionately, but endogenous Ra triose-P was almost completely suppressed, suggesting feedback control. Interestingly, 15-17% of fructose was directly converted to glucose without entering hepatic triose-P. IV glucose reduced GNG and Ra triose-P. 24-h fasting reduced hepatic glucose production by half, but absolute GNG was unchanged due to increased fractional GNG (51-87%). Reduced hepatic glucose production was entirely due to decreased glycogen input, from 7.3 +/- 1.8 to 1.1 +/- 0.2 mg/kg/min. Ra triose-P fell during fasting, but efficiency of triose-P disposal into GNG increased, maintaining GNG constant. Secreted glucuronyl conjugates and plasma glucose results correlated closely. In summary, GNG and intrahepatic triose-P flux can be measured by mass isotopomer distribution analysis with [2-13C]glycerol.
Ultrastructure of the lipid sac wall in the Antarctic notothenioid fish Pleuragramma antarcticum

Electron microscopy indicates that the intermuscular lipid sac walls of Pleuragramma antarcticum consist of several white adipocytes arranged circumferentially around a large lipid droplet. Since sac walls are cellular, the lipid may be available for metabolism in addition to its obvious role in buoyancy.
Complementary homeo protein gradients in developing limb buds.

A new human homeo box-containing gene designated Hox-5.2 was cloned and mapped to human chromosome 2. This homeo box is related in sequence to Abdominal-B, a Drosophila homeotic gene that specifies identity of posterior segments. An antibody probe was made using a human Hox-5.2 fusion protein and was found to stain posterior regions of mouse, chicken, and Xenopus embryos. Unexpectedly, when the distribution of Hox-5.2 antigen was compared with that of X1Hbox 1 antigen, a non-overlapping and mutually exclusive pattern was detected (e.g., in developing limb buds, intestine, and somites). Regions expressing Hox-5.2 do not express X1Hbox 1 protein, and vice versa. Hox-5.2 antigen is detected strongly in developing fore- and hindlimb buds, where it forms a gradient of nuclear protein throughout most of the mesenchyme. This gradient is maximal in distal and posterior regions. Hox-5.2 expression is activated in Xenopus limb regeneration blastemas, as expected for any gene involved in pattern formation. As described previously, a gradient of X1Hbox 1 protein can be detected in the forelimb. The latter gradient has the opposite polarity to that of Hox-5.2. i.e., maximal in anterior and proximal mesoderm. These two opposing gradients (and possibly others) could be involved in determining positional values in developing limb buds.
Iatrogenic Localized Ascending Aortic Intimal Hematoma During Left Coronary Artery Catheterization

A 79-year-old male underwent diagnostic left heart catheterization and coronary arteriography for symptoms of increasing angina pectoris. The patient’s cardiac history included that of coronary artery bypass surgery with three vein grafts (left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary arteries), and a coronary stent within the proximal portion of the left main coronary artery (so-called “protected left main”). He had a longstanding history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and Type II diabetes mellitus. Using 6 Fr catheters, an AL2 catheter was engaged within the left main coronary artery. After injection, “staining” of the ascending aorta and left sinus of Valsalva was noted (Fig. 1). The patient remained asymptomatic, but the procedure was then terminated. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a subintimal hematoma from the orifice of the left main coronary artery extending cranially to about 4 cm (Fig. 2), when visualized with sequential horizontal “cuts.” Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were then performed to evaluate for a dissection flap. By TTE, there was no abnormality noted, but by TEE a subintimal hematoma was noted (Fig. 3).
Vacuum polarization about instantons

The one-loop contribution to the vacuum-to-vacuum transition amplitude in a multi-instanton configuration can be determined by the vacuum polarization current induced by the instantons. We compute these currents and the corresponding vacuum amplitudes for spin-O, -\textonehalf{}, and - 1 fields in an arbitrary instanton configuration of winding numer $n$ which can be described by $5n$ parameters. The validity of the dilute-gas approximation is examined.
A diagnostic model using ashfall data to determine eruption characteristic and atmospheric conditions during a major volcanic event

A model is developed for estimating location of a volcano relative to sample points in an associated ashfall, cloud height during eruption, and mean wind velocity during ash deposition. The ash deposit must cover a large area and have an elongate axis. The model appears to be applicable both to recent and to unobserved ashfalls in the past, provided adequate and representative ash samples are available.
Influence of stoichiometry and the nature of the spinel-block stabilizing element on proton transport behavior in solid electrolytes with the β″-alumina structure

Abstract As an extension of prior work done in this laboratory on proton transport in NH + 4 -H 3 O + β″-alumina, we reported here new proton diffusion coefficient and conductivity measurements on: (a) magnesia-stabilized NH + 4 -H 3 O + β″-alumina crystals with a substantially different stoichiometry than that reported earlier; and (b) NH + 4 -H 3 O + β″-gallate crystals where stabilization of the as-grown crystal involves sodium substitution in the spinel block. Proton diffusion coefficients of both compounds were measured over the temperature range 300–450K with the aid of a pulsed field gradient NMR technique, whereas a complex admittance method was used to obtain the protonic conductivities reported here for the same temperature interval. In the light of the present and earlier observations of protonic transport behavior, ideas were discussed concerning; (a) possible mechanisms of proton transport and (b) the role played by stoichiometry and the type of spinel-block stabilizing element in these β″ materials.
Mining and learning from context in search

Information retrieval has made significant progress in returning relevant results for a single query. However, much search activity is conducted within a much richer context of a current task focus, recent search activities as well as longer-term preferences. For example, our ability to accurately interpret the current query can be informed by knowledge of the web pages a searcher was viewing when initiating the search or recent actions of the searcher such as queries issued, results clicked, and pages viewed. We develop a framework that enables representation of a broad variety of context including the searcher's long-term interests, recent activity, current focus, and other user characteristics. We then demonstrate how that can be used to improve the quality of search results. We describe recent progress on three key challenges in this domain: enriching information retrieval via automatically generated metadata; mining contextual signals from large scale logs; and using contextual representations in learning to improve both standard ad hoc and personalized retrieval.
8.35 and 14.35 GHz Continuum Observations of Comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2

We present radio continuum observations of comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 at 8.35 and 14.35 GHz with the NRAO OVLBI Earth Station at Green Bank. Three sets of observations were made from 22:50 UTC 1996 March 27 to 19:09 UTC 1996 March 28, from 18:30 to 20:30 UTC on 1996 April 17, and from 15:40 to 20:30 UTC on 1996 April 18. No radio continuum emission from comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 was detected during any of these observations. The lack of radio continuum emission from comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 at 8.35 and 14.35 GHz allows us to constrain the radio flux in the X-ray-emitting region of comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 to be S8.35GHz ≤ 5.3 × 10-27 W m-2 Hz-1 and S14.35GHz ≤ 2.8 × 10-27 W m-2 Hz-1. The angular size of the NRAO OVLBI Earth Station's primary beam is well matched to the size of the region of the diffuse X-ray emission from comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2.
Detection and characterization of dynamical heterogeneity in an event series using wavelet correlation

A method that combines wavelet-based multiscale decomposition with correlation statistical analysis to extract, detect, and characterize time-dependent variations in the spectral response of a system has been developed. The approach is independent of the distribution of the observable and does not rely on any presumed kinetic model for the system’s dynamical response. It provides a quantitative and objective framework for studies of complex systems exhibiting dynamics that are nonuniform in time. Applying this method to computer simulated data, it is shown that the wavelet correlation approach is capable of resolving the size fluctuations in a single nanostructure by single-molecule tracking spectroscopy.
Varietal intercropping and the yields and stability of cowpea production in semiarid Senegal

Abstract Crop productivity is low and varible under rainfed conditions in semiarid aones. This problem is particularly acute in northern Senegal where productivity also is limited by infertile soils. Studies were conducted to determine whether varietal intercrops of cowpea are better adapted to semiarid climates and infertile soils than sole crops cowpea. The same experiment was conducted over two years in three locations which have contrasting rainfall and soil fertility, and are representative of the major cowpea-production zones of northern Senegal. Two varietal intercrops and six cultivars in sole crops were grown in a randomized complete block split-plot design with four replications. The split plots consisted of a starter fertilizer treatment (150 kg/ha of 6:9:8, N:P:K) and a control where no fertilizer was applied. The varietal intercrops consisted of alternating rows of a medium-cycle spreading cultivar (58-57) and an early erect cultivar (Bambey 21 or California Blackeye No. 5). The six cultivars grown as sole crops included the three cultivars used in the intercrops, and three others with spreading (N'diambour and Mougne) or semierect (T vx 3236) growth habits, that are well adapted to northern Senegal. Grain and hay yield responded significantlu to fertilizer application at the two drier locations, Thilmakha and Louga, but not at the wetter location, Bambey, which had higher levels of soil nitrogen and phosphorus. There were no genotype×fertilizer interactions. The varietal intercrops produced higher yields of grain and hay than the sole crops at Thilmakha and Louga and had high land equivalency ratios (1.42 for grain and 1.50 for hay), and above average stability. In the wetter and more fertile location (Bambey), the performance of the varietal intercrops was intermediate compared to the sole crops, and the dense canopy made it difficult to harvest the grain of the two cultivars in the intercrops separately. These studies demonstrated that intercrops of early erect and medium-cycle spreading cowpean can have higher and more stable yields of grain and hay than sole crops, conditions where drought and infertile soil limit crop production.
Identification of Soat1 as a Quantitative Trait Locus Gene on Mouse Chromosome 1 Contributing to Hyperlipidemia

We previously identified two closely linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) on distal chromosome 1 contributing to major variations in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in an intercross derived from C57BL/6 (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Soat1, encoding sterol o-acyltransferase 1, is a functional candidate gene located underneath the proximal linkage peak. We sequenced the coding region of Soat1 and identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between B6 and C3H mice. Two of the SNPs resulted in amino-acid substitutions (Ile147Val and His205Tyr). Functional assay revealed an increased enzyme activity of Soat1 in peritoneal macrophages of C3H mice relative to those of B6 mice despite comparable protein expression levels. Allelic variants of Soat1 were associated with variations in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in an intercross between B6.apoE(-/-) and C3H.apoE(-/-) mice. Inheritance of the C3H allele resulted in significantly higher plasma lipid levels than inheritance of the B6 allele. Soat1 variants were also significantly linked to major variations in plasma esterified cholesterol levels but not with free cholesterol levels. Trangenic expression of C3H Soat1 in B6.apoE(-/-) mice resulted in elevations of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results indicate that Soat1 is a QTL gene contributing to hyperlipidemia.