cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SRC family kinase inhibitor SU6656 enhances antiangiogenic effect of irradiation

Purpose: Src family kinases (SFK) have been identified as molecular targets. SU6656 is a small-molecle indolinone that specifically inhibits this family of kinases. Methods and Materials: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used to study the effects of SFK inhibition. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the effect of SFK inhibition on the PI3K/Akt pathway and caspase cleavage. Apoptosis was studied by propidium iodide staining of nuclei. Angiogenesis was examined using capillary tubule formation in Matrigel. Tumor response was further studied in vivo using Lewis lung carcinoma cells implanted into the dorsal skin fold of mice in the window model and in the hind limb in the tumor volume model. Results: Clonogenic survival of endothelial cells was decreased after the combined therapy of SU6656 and radiation compared with radiotherapy alone. Furthermore, SFK inhibition by SU6656 attenuated radiation-induced Akt phosphorylation and increased radiation-induced apoptosis and vascular endothelium destruction. In vivo , SU6656 administered before irradiation significantly enhanced radiation-induced destruction of blood vessels within the tumor windows and enhanced tumor growth delay when administered during fractionated irradiation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential use of SFK inhibition to enhance the effects of ionizing radiation during radiotherapy.
Combined hyperthermia and immunotherapy treatment of multiple pulmonary metastases in mice

The combination of immunotherapy and hyperthermia results in a greater reduction in tumour growth compared to either therapy used alone in a murine subcutaneous tumour model. To evaluate this combination further we tested it in a murine pulmonary metastasis model. Mice were given 5 x 10(5) MCA-105 sarcoma cells on day 0 intravenously resulting in the formation of pulmonary metastases. Mice were treated with local hyperthermia to the left hemithorax with a transcutaneous microwave applicator or with whole-body hyperthermia to 41 degrees C for 30 min on days 3 and 6. Immunotherapy included 5 x 10(7) syngeneic LAK cells administered on days 3 and 6 and interleukin-2 given intraperitoneally three times daily on days 3-7. Animals were killed on day 12 and pulmonary nodules enumerated. While the addition of whole-body hyperthermia to immunotherapy had no significant effect on tumour growth, the combination of local hyperthermia and immunotherapy significantly decreased the number of pulmonary nodules by 94% compared to controls in combined experiments. The mechanism of this beneficial effect may be related to increased trafficking of immune active cells to the tumour-bearing site, an increase in the sensitivity of tumour cells to lysis, or perhaps a local release of cytokines induced by hyperthermia. This study established the efficacy of combined immunotherapy and hyperthermia for the treatment of visceral metastases and provides impetus for the initiation of clinical trials.
Imperfect knowledge, liquidity and bubbles

Insufficient liquidity can lead to substantial movements in asset prices. There is a single asset traded in a centralized market that facilitates exchange in decentralized trade. If the asset is in short supply the price includes a liquidity premium. Traders have imperfect knowledge about future asset prices and estimate, in real-time, an econometric forecasting model. A permanent decrease in the supply of assets, or an increase in collateral requirements, can lead to over-shooting of the price. When price includes a liquidity premium there can be recurrent bubbles and crashes. Liquidity and adaptive learning play key roles in fitting the empirical distribution of price–dividend ratios.
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome

Publisher Summary This chapter describes various aspects of the epidermal nevus syndrome. This syndrome may be a cause for epilepsy, and familiarity with its clinical features is critical for diagnosis. Epidermal nevi are hamartomatous skin lesions arising from the embryonic ectoderm. Epidermal nevi follow lines of Blaschko, as do other developmental nevoid skin lesions. The nevi are associated with other ipsilateral ectodermal malformations typically involving brain, eye, and bone. It is proposed that the neurologic features of epidermal nevus syndrome may be due to primary or secondary brain involvement. Primary brain involvement may be the full central nervous system expression of the somatic mutation with hemimegalencephaly, mental retardation, and seizures, especially infantile spasms. Secondary brain involvement may result from the acquired lesions, such as infarction, porencephaly, or calcification due to ischemia or hemorrhage from underlying cerebrovascular dysplasia. Skin and brain may not be equally affected in patients with epidermal nevus syndrome. It is suggested to closely inspect the scalp and face in any patient with hemimegalencephaly or other unilateral brain malformation, in search of an epidermal nevus.
Are Polymer Concrete Materials and Products Really Sustainable

Sustainability is important in all engineering decisions. Every technical organization now has the objective to promote sustainability. Polymer concrete (PC), in order to have a rightful place in industry, must be sustainable. Based on several criteria, it can be shown that PC materials and products are sustainable. PC applications to be discussed include repair, concrete overlays, and precast products. When designed and constructed appropriately, PC materials and products are sustainable.
The Constitutional Regulation of Forensic Evidence

The Constitution increasingly regulates the use of forensic evidence in criminal cases. This is a remarkable shift. In decades past, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to provide strong due process protection against destruction of forensic evidence or to obtain defense access to experts. In contrast, in recent years, the Court’s series of Confrontation Clause rulings tightened requirements to present live testimony in the courtroom. Perhaps far more significant, I will argue, the Court has strengthened obligations of defense counsel to litigate forensics, twice underscoring in little noticed opinions: “Criminal cases will arise where the only reasonable and available defense strategy requires consultation with experts or introduction of expert evidence.” In this Essay, I describe how despite decades of missed opportunities to adequately regulate forensics, in recent rulings the Court and to a far greater degree, lower state and federal courts, increasingly focus on sound litigation of forensics. In an era of plea bargaining, the accuracy of forensic analysis depends far less on cross-examination at trial, and far more on sound lab techniques, full disclosure of strengths and limitations of forensic evidence to prosecutors and the defense, and careful litigation. The changing judicial understanding of the constitutional significance of forensic evidence in criminal cases may follow from a new appreciation that forensic evidence is not only increasingly important in criminal cases, but that many traditional techniques lack adequate reliability and validity. The Sixth Amendment and the Due Process Clauses are emerging as promising constitutional sources for improved regulation of forensics, including through ineffective assistance of counsel and Brady v. Maryland rulings focusing on investigations and plea bargains. How meaningful courts will make those dual constitutional protections in the years to come will be a crucial test of our commitment to accuracy in criminal justice.
SEX DIFFERENTIAL IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE MORTALITY IN DIABETICS: A PROSPECTIVE POPULATION-BASED STUDY

Two previous population-based US studies that examined the sex differential for heart disease mortality in diabetics showed an independent effect of diabetes on fatal heart disease only in women. This paper reports sex-specific ischemic heart disease mortality rates and relative risks for a geographically defined population in southern California of men and women aged 40-79 years, 99.5 per cent of whom were followed prospectively for seven years. When the 212 men and 131 women who had diabetes defined by personal history and/or fasting hyperglycemia were compared with 2104 nondiabetics defined by fasting euglycemia and a negative personal and family history of diabetes, the age-adjusted relative risk of death in diabetics attributed to ischemic heart disease was 2.5 for diabetic men and 3.4 for diabetic women. The sex difference increased only minimally after adjustment for heart disease risk factors when the Cox regression model was used: the adjusted risk ratio was 2.4 for diabetic men and 3.5 for diabetic women. In both men and women, diabetes, along with age and plasma cholesterol, was a statistically significant independent predictor of ischemic heart disease mortality. Among diabetics, male sex made a significant independent contribution to the prediction of fatal ischemic heart disease.
On the Effectiveness of Symmetry Breaking

Symmetry breaking involves coloring the elements of a structure so that the only automorphism which respects the coloring is the identity. We investigate how much information we would need to be able to compute a 2-coloring of a computable finite-branching tree under the predecessor function which eliminates all automorphisms except the trivial one; we also generalize to n-colorings for fixed n and for variable n.
Application of the Surgical Apgar Score to Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction

Purpose The surgical Apgar score (SAS) is a recently devised risk-stratifying metric that relies on 3 intraoperative parameters to predict postoperative complications in surgical patients. The purpose of this study was to validate the SAS externally in a cohort of patients undergoing microvascular head and neck reconstruction with fibular free flaps. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing head and neck microvascular reconstruction with fibular free flaps was completed. The primary predictor variable was the calculated SAS. The primary outcome variable was the presence of medical and surgical complications occurring within 30 days of surgery. Basic demographic information, comorbidity indices, and perioperative parameters were abstracted as covariates. Medical and surgical complications were categorized as minor or major depending on severity level. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations with 30-day postoperative complications. Results In 154 patients, the partial flap failure rate was 3% and there were no complete flap failures. There were 110 patients (71%) who developed at least 1 30-day postoperative complication and 51 (33%) who developed a major complication. The median SAS was 7. The SAS was not significantly associated with the presence of any 30-day postoperative complication (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-1.42; P = .89) or the presence of any major postoperative complication (OR = 0.08; 95% CI, 0.59-1.09; P = .16) in a univariable setting. The SAS did not achieve statistical significance after multivariable adjustment. Conclusion Despite validation in numerous other surgical specialties, the SAS might not be useful as a metric for risk stratification among patients undergoing major head and neck reconstruction with fibular free flaps.
Moyens mis en œuvre pour la fabrication de composants primaires des centrales PWR

L'auteur retrace le developpement, en France, du potentiel industriel necessaire a la production en serie des gros equipements pour chaudiere PWR. Apres une description des principaux composants du circuit primaire et des techniques mises en œuvre pour leur fabrication et leur controle, il presente les usines Framatome du Creusot et de Chalon-sur-Saone, ou sont realises les cuves, les generateurs de vapeur et les pressuriseurs.
Growth via Mocvd and Characterization Of GaN and AlxGa1−xN(0001) Alloys for Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Device Applications

Monocrystalline GaN(0001) thin films have been grown at 950°C on high-temperature, 100 nm thick, monocrystalline AlN(0001) buffer layers previously deposited at 1100°C on α(6H)-SiC(0001)Si substrates via MOCVD in a cold-wall, vertical, pancake-style reactor. AlxGa1−xN films (0≤x≤1) were grown directly on the same SiC surface at 1100°C. Abrupt heterojunctions among the alloy composition were demonstrated. All films possessed a smooth surface morphology and were free of low-angle grain boundaries and associated oriented domain microstructures. Double-crystal x-ray rocking curve measurements for the GaN(0004) reflection for simultaneously deposited 1.4 μm films revealed FWHM values of 58 and 151 arcsec for materials grown on on-axis and off-axis material, respectively. The corresponding values for the AlN(0004) buffer layers were ≈ 200 and ≈400 arc sec, respectively. A similar relationship was found for the alloys for 0≤x≤0.2. The PL spectra of the GaN films deposited on both vicinal and on-axis substrates revealed strong bound exciton emission with a FWHM value of 4 meV. The spectra of these films on the vicinal substrates were shifted to a lower energy, indicative of films containing residual tensile stresses. A peak believed to be associated with free excitonic emission was also observed in each on-axis spectrum. Rutherford backscattering, Auger depth profiling and energy dispersive analysis were used to determine the AlN/GaN ratios in the alloys. Cathodoluminescence of solutions with x<0.5 exhibited strong near band edge emission with a FWHM as low as 31 meV. The band gaps were determined via spectral ellipsometry. Undoped GaN and AlxGa1−xN films were too resistive for accurate Hall-effect measurements. Controlled n-type Si-doping in GaN and AlxGa1−xN (for x≤0.4) was achieved for net carrier concentrations ranging from approximately 2 × 1017 cm−3 to 2 × 1019 (AlxGa1−xN) or to 1 × 1020 (GaN) cm−3. Mg-doped, p-type GaN was achieved with nA−nD ≈ 3 × 1017cm−3, ρ ≈ 7 Ω·cm and μ ≈ 3 cm2/V·s.
Do premium tax credits increase private health insurance coverage? Evidence from the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform

I use the Current Population Survey March Supplement and a regression discontinuity design to demonstrate a positive impact of premium tax credits, implemented as a part of the 2006 health reform in Massachusetts, on non-group private health insurance coverage.
Dynamic node-disjoint multipath routing for millimeter wave networks using directional antennas

In millimeter wave (mmW) networks, for example 60 GHz networks, nodes in the network have to use directional antennas to communicate with each other to overcome high propagation losses and achieve high data rates. The narrow main beam widths of directional antennas also provide several benefits such as high gain and high spatial reuse. In this paper, we propose a dynamic node-disjoint multipath routing protocol for 60 GHz networks to improve the capacity of the network by utilizing the benefit of directional antennas. We propose three Route Request broadcasting schemes and three Route Request forwarding schemes in the route discovery stage along with a greedy node-disjoint path selection algorithm. The performance of each proposed scheme is evaluated using the ns-2 simulator. Simulation results demonstrate that by using appropriate Route Request broadcasting and forwarding schemes, node-disjoint paths can be found for each pair of source and destination. By using these node-disjoint paths, the aggregated throughput of the network is higher on average when there are one or more TCP flows in the network.
Security Analysis of 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access System

802.16 is a wideband wireless access system which has been paid more attention to by the world. This paper describes the security protocol of 802.16. Based on the privacy sub-layer, it analyzes the procedure of authentication request from the subscriber station to the base station. Also it describes the procedure of key exchange and way of data encryption. After the description of the procedure , some current vulnerabilities of 802.16 are pointed out. It lacks the mutual authentication. Also it is a weak algorithm in data encryption with DES. The security of TEK and AK shall be strengthened too. Some remedies for security are suggested. In the end the security between in the 802.16 and 802.11 is compared.
Clinical Study of Combination Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis of 48 Cases

Objective:To investigate the appropriate and therapy of treating recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis(RVVC).Methods:Individual consolidated and maintenance therapy duration.Drugs were usded orally and vaginally together to consolidate the therapy.Oral drugs were itroconazole(200 mg,qn for 5days) or fluconazole(0.15 for one time or 0.15 qw after 0.15 q3d for 2 times).Nystatin(400 000 unit qn for 7 days)or Gyno-Daktarin(0.2 qn for 7 days)was vaginally used.Results:①Among 69 cases of RVVC,C.albicans was mostly detected(85.41%);②The effective rate of individual strengthening and solid therapy was 93.75%,the remote cure rate after discontinuing for 3 months,6 months and 12 months was respectively 89.58%,87.5% and 83.34%,respectively.Conclusions:The predominant pathogen in RVVC is C.albicans.The effective measures to cure RVVC are to Oral therapy and vagina therapy.
Composition of diets containing 25 and 35 per cent calories from fat. Analyzed vs. calculated values.

Can nutrient values in food composition tables be used with assurance in calculating diets?
Changes in baseline concussion assessment scores following a school bus crash

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this article is to present concussion assessment data for 30 male athletes prior to and after being involved in a large school bus crash. The athletes on the bus, all male and aged 14–18 years, were participants in their school's concussion management program that included baseline and postinjury testing using Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT).Methods: This case study described changes in concussion assessment scores for 30 male athletes following a primarily frontal school bus crash. Data from the school's concussion management program, including baseline test data and postinjury assessment data, were reviewed. Athletes who required multiple postinjury assessments by the program were identified as having had significant cognitive changes as a result of the bus crash.Results: Twenty-nine of 30 athletes were injured. One had lumbar compression fractures; others had various lacerations, abrasions, contusions, sprains, and nasal fractures....
The Push and Pull of Autonomy: The Tension Between Individual Autonomy and Organizational Control in Knowledge Work

Organizations characterized by knowledge work will experience pressures from a variety of sources to provide increasing levels of autonomy to employees. Furthermore, as the nature of work has chang...
The Macroeconomics of Time Allocation

Abstract In this chapter we explore the macroeconomics of time allocation. We begin with an overview of the trends in market hours in the United States, both in the aggregate and for key subsamples. After introducing a Beckerian theoretical framework, the chapter then discusses key empirical patterns of time allocation, both in the time series (including business cycle properties) and over the life cycle. We focus on several core nonmarket activities, including home production, child care, and leisure. The chapter concludes with a discussion of why these patterns are important to macroeconomics and spells out directions for future research.
The Lure of the Ancien Regime

This chapter takes up Foucault’s distinction between the regime of inquiry and the regime of examination, and how each produces truth. While we live in a regime of examination, social movements retain an attachment to the regime of inquiry, in which Memory and Witness play roles in surfacing a buried truth. The chapter documents the overriding of Memory by Witness and the history of the Merchant and the Economist as authorized witnesses.
A Study of Collaborative Efforts and Proposed Visualizations in Domain-Specific Modeling Environment

Being an integral part of the software system development process, collaboration is demanded in every stage of the process lifecycle. Ensuring the effectiveness and correctness of collaborative efforts is challenging, therefore, establishing a structural procedure is generally good practice to avoid unnecessary coordination overhead. As the need for complex software systems increases, collaboration in the context of model-based editing environment attracts more attention than traditional text-based editing environments because models offer more straightforward representation of systems. In addition, domain-specific modeling (DSM) has gradually gained more popularity over general-purpose modeling because of the domain concepts and abstractions DSM supports. Undoubtedly, the sophisticated structures and content within models present new challenges to researchers as stricter consistency requirements need to be met and better representations developed. This research discusses demands and concerns for collaborative modeling in software engineering. Three existing model-based collaborative editing platforms, D-Praxis, DiCoMEF, and GRACE, are examined in the paper, giving insight to the development of taxonomies for concurrency modeling and conflict management. To complement the collaboration infrastructure in complex system modeling, this paper also proposes enhanced visualization approaches implemented in a web-and cloud-based domain-specific modeling environment, WebGME, developed at Vanderbilt University. Finally, several interesting future directions for collaborative model editing research are highlighted, focusing on improving the collaborative modeling effort.
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma with Portal Vein Involvement

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) arises at the hepatic hilum, where the confluence of the major lobar bile ducts form the common hepatic duct and the adjacent portal veins and hepatic arteries enter the liver. When feasible, resection is the mainstay of therapy, as no other current treatments are effective. En-bloc extrahepatic bile duct resection, ipsilateral hepatectomy, regional lymphadenectomy, and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy are the principal operation recommended for HC, though liver transplantation is also an option for selected patients with unresectable Bismuth–Corlette type IV tumors. The most important goal of surgery is margin-negative resection, which may require resection and reconstruction of portions of portal vein and/or hepatic artery. Vascular reconstruction adds vessel-specific morbidity to such operations and increases the risk of perioperative death, particularly when arterial reconstruction is undertaken. Technical considerations related to portal venous and hepatic arterial resection and reconstruction are reviewed in this chapter, as well as current controversies related to surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Risk Factors of Reoperation After Pancreatic Resection

Pancreatic resection is associated with a high incidence of postoperative complications, some of which require reoperation. To analyze the incidence of and risk factors for reoperation following pancreatectomy. Pre- and postoperative information and procedure characteristics of 15,549 patients having undergone pancreatectomy in 435 hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2011 to 2014 were analyzed. A total of 773 (5.0%) patients required reoperation within 30 days of their index pancreatectomy. Patients requiring reoperation were more likely to be younger (mean ± standard deviation, 62.6 ± 13.2 vs. 64.1 ± 12.2 years, p < 0.001), male (60 vs. 49%, p < 0.001), to have respiratory comorbidities, lower preoperative serum albumin (3.7 ± 0.68 vs. 3.8 ± 0.62 mg/dl, p < 0.001), higher total bilirubin (1.7 ± 2.7 vs. 1.5 ± 2.4 mg/dl, p = 0.02), and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class than those who did not undergo reoperation. Other factors associated with increased incidence of reoperation included longer mean operative duration at the index procedure, postoperative transfusion requirement, wound complications, and cardiorespiratory, renal, thromboembolic, and infectious events. Multivariate regression analysis identified male sex, preoperative serum albumin <3.5 mg/dl, ASA class of 3 or 4, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and total pancreatectomy as the strongest predictors for reoperation after index pancreatic resection. Complication and readmission rates were significantly higher for those undergoing reoperation. Patient characteristics and procedural factors contribute to reoperation after pancreatectomy in this largest and most diverse sample to date. Further investigation to identify perioperative strategies for mitigating this risk is required to improve the safety of pancreatic resection.
IDH2 Mutation in a Patient with Metastatic Colon Cancer

An IDH2 mutation that was not present in a patient’s tumor was detected in circulating DNA. However, the patient had clonal hematopoiesis with an IDH2 mutation that was responsible for the false positive result.
What Is Attitudinal Hypocrisy and Why Does It Matter

How can attitudinal hypocrisy and the magnitudes thereof be defined, explained, and measured? After explaining the salience of attitudinal hypocrisy as a research idea, I lay out the path forward for the book’s approaches, with conceptualizations, operationalizations, and quantifications of attitudes, ideologies, and the hypocrisies that result from the collision thereof for American liberalism, conservatism, libertarianism, and populism. Because no previous scholarship has taken on the task with anything above pairwise or whimsical qualitative approaches, novel methods must be devised. I utilize work from attitude research paradigms to formulate a series of quasi-algorithms for the quantification of logical inconsistency in individuals’ attitudes and attitude structures, with simple standard deviation calculations as the go-to method by which hypocrisy can be computed and, ultimately, analyzed.
Predicting displacements of octahedral cations in ferroelectric perovskites using machine learning

In ferroelectric perovskites, displacements of cations from the high-symmetry lattice positions in the paraelectric phase break the spatial inversion symmetry. Furthermore, the relative magnitude of ionic displacements correlate strongly with ferroelectric properties such as the Curie temperature. As a result, there is interest in predicting the relative displacements of cations prior to experiments. Here, machine learning is used to predict the average displacement of octahedral cations from its high-symmetry position in ferroelectric perovskites. Published octahedral cation displacements data from density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to train machine learning models, where each cation is represented by features such as Pauling electronegativity, Martynov–Batsanov electronegativity and the ratio of valence electron number to nominal charge. Average displacements for ten new octahedral cations for which DFT data do not exist are predicted. Predictions are validated by comparing them with new DFT calculations and existing experimental data. The outcome of this work has implications in the design and discovery of novel ferroelectric perovskites.
A ferrofluid based energy harvester: Computational modeling, analysis, and experimental validation

Abstract A computational model is described and implemented in this work to analyze the performance of a ferrofluid based electromagnetic energy harvester. The energy harvester converts ambient vibratory energy into an electromotive force through a sloshing motion of a ferrofluid. The computational model solves the coupled Maxwell’s equations and Navier-Stokes equations for the dynamic behavior of the magnetic field and fluid motion. The model is validated against experimental results for eight different configurations of the system. The validated model is then employed to study the underlying mechanisms that determine the electromotive force of the energy harvester. Furthermore, computational analysis is performed to test the effect of several modeling aspects, such as three-dimensional effect, surface tension, and type of the ferrofluid-magnetic field coupling on the accuracy of the model prediction.
STARTS: STAtic regression test selection

Regression testing is an important part of software development, but it can be very time consuming. Regression test selection (RTS) aims to speed up regression testing by running only impacted tests—the subset of tests that can change behavior due to code changes. We present STARTS, a tool for STAtic Regression Test Selection. Unlike dynamic RTS, STARTS requires no code instrumentation or runtime information to find impacted tests; instead, STARTS uses only compile-time information. Specifically, STARTS builds a dependency graph of program types and finds, as impacted, tests that can reach some changed type in the transitive closure of the dependency graph. STARTS is a Maven plugin that can be easily integrated into any Maven- based Java project. We find that STARTS selects on average 35.2% of tests, leading to an end-to-end runtime that is on average 81.0% of running all the tests. A video demo of STARTS can be found at https://youtu.be/PCNtk8jphrM.
Neoliberal Chicago, edited by Larry Bennett, Roberta Garner, and Euen Hague

Book review of Neoliberal Chicago , edited by Larry Bennett, Roberta Garner, and Euen Hague
First Observation of Perturbations on the C1Пu State of Na2 by CW UV Modulated Population Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the first observation of perturbations on the C 1 ∏ u state of Na 2 by CW UV-modulated population spectroscopy. Modulated population spectroscopy was used to excite the C 1 ∏ u state of Na 2 molecule from its ground state X 1 ∑ g + . A strong visible laser depopulated a particular level of the lower state. Rotationally resolved excitation spectra were obtained by scanning a UV laser, which was generated in a computer-controlled 699-29 dye laser with an intracavity frequency-doubling crystal. The excitation spectra revealed that a few hundred e-levels of the C 1 ∏ u state with 15 ≤ v ' ≤ 26 were perturbed drastically. After deperturbation, potentials and Dunham coefficients for C 1 ∏ u and (3) 1 ∑ + 1 states were deduced. Agreement between the indirect observation and a theoretical calculation of the potential for (3) 1 ∑ u + state is fairly good. In addition, ∧-type doubling for the C 1 ∏ u state was observed directly. More than 450 vibronic levels with e-parity or f-parity of the C 1 ∏ u state were measured. Vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the observed levels were in the ranges 11 ≤ ν ' ≤ 35 and 8 ≤ J' ≤ 70. The measurements revealed that many e-levels were perturbed. Because only e-levels were perturbed, any perturbing state must be a 1 Σ u state. The deperturbations indicated that differences between perturbed and perturbing levels were consistently around 0.02 cm –1 .
Jump load: capturing the next great injury analytic

Monitoring athletes is fundamental to exploring the relationship between load and risk of injury. Traditionally, load monitoring in sport was limited to single metrics of external load such as running mileage, but this has recently advanced to quantification of multiple internal (eg, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion) and external loading variables (eg, running speed, watts produced, on-field impacts and number of accelerations). A 2016 consensus statement by the International Olympic Committee on load in sport and risk of injury highlighted that sport-specific guidelines for load management were lacking; empirical data must develop beyond a few select sports and populations.1 Forthcoming research must incorporate load measures relevant and specific to sports of interest. Popular multidirectional sports such as volleyball or basketball have significant jumping demands. Although we know the distinct movement patterns that can cause injuries during landing (ie, dynamic lower extremity valgus and stiff-legged landings),2 jumping and landing loads have been vastly understudied and we do not know when these movement strategies might transition from occasional aberrant mechanics to injurious …
The Interleukin-2 Receptor on Normal and Malignant Lymphocytes

The induction of a T-cell immune response to a foreign antigen requires the activation of T lymphocytes with receptors for the specific antigen. The human antigen-specific T-cell receptor has been shown to be a polymorphic heterodimer of α and β chains of approximately 40–50 Kd associated with three or four 20- to 28-Kd nonpolymorphic polypeptide chains identified by the T3 monoclonal antibody (1–6). T-cell activation is initiated following the interaction of antigens, mitogens, or antibodies with this complex antigen-specific T-cell receptor. First, after the interaction with antigen presented in the context of products of a major histocompatibility locus and the macrophage-derived interleukin-1, T cells express the gene encoding the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2), previously termed T-cell growth factor (7,8). To exert its biological effect, IL-2 must interact with specific high-affinity membrane receptors. Resting T cells do not express IL-2 receptors, but receptors are rapidly expressed on T cells after activation with an antigen or mitogen (9–11). Thus, but after activation the genes for both proteins become expressed. A failure of the production of either the growth factor or its receptor results in failure of the T-cell immune response. Thus, both the production of IL-2 and the display of IL-2 receptors are pivotal events in the full expression of the T-cell immune response. Although the interaction of appropriately presented antigen with its specific polymorphic receptor complex confers specificity for a given immune response, the interaction of IL-2 with IL-2 receptors determines its magnitude and duration.
Applications of Structure Preserving Wavelet Decompositions to Intermittent Turbulence: A Case Study

Abstract Coherent structures in velocity and temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer account for a large portion of flux transport of scalars such as momentum, heat, trace chemicals and particulates. Generally, coherent structures are bounded by zones of concentrated shear in velocity or temperature fields. We develop techniques based on the wavelet transform to provide a signal decomposition which preserves coherent structures. The decomposition is used to separate the signal into two components, one of which contains the important structures as defined by the characteristics of the transform. Embedded within the technique are a coherent structure detection mechanism, an analysis of intermittency resulting in an intermittency index, and filtering techniques. We illustrate the dependence of the coherent structure detection mechanism on the choice of analyzing wavelet demonstrating that anti-symmetric wavelets are appropriate for detecting zones of concentrated shear, while symmetric wavelets are appropriate for detection of zones of concentrated curvature. We apply these techniques to the vertical velocity component, virtual potential temperature, and buoyancy flux density records from two portions of data gathered during the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment 1987 (FIFE 87). We analyze the buoyancy flux corresponding to velocity and temperature structures in a convective, unstable atmospheric boundary layer, and the same boundary layer in a state of declining convection in late afternoon. Spectral estimates of each of the partitions for the velocity signals are compared to the non–partitioned velocity signals. The characteristics of the partition reveal that the structure containing components of the velocity records follow a classical spectral description having a –5/3 power law behavior in the inertial range, while the non–structure components follow a –1 power law. We suggest that classification of turbulence as weak or strong can be based on the intermittency index and the scale distribution of coherent structures.
Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica

Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC) is a rare skin eruption that presents as a generalized rash with an indolent chronic course. Over time, these lesions may regress into hyper- or hypopigmented macules. There is no standard of treatment for PLC, though phototherapy is often the first line of treatment. This chapter will provide a review over the clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnoses, and treatment of PLC.
Flyingfish spawning (Parexocoetus brachypterus) in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

A spawning aggregation of Parexocoetus brachypterus was observed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico over the outer continental shelf, 100 km south of Mobile, Alabama. The event was considered to be a spawning aggregation given the remarkably high abundance of flyingfish observed, together with unusually vigorous flying, jumping, and swimming activity near the surface, and observations of both males and females exuding ripe sex products when landed. The spawn occurred during May 2001 just after moonrise 2 days post full moon. More than 1 000 000 flyingfish were estimated to have participated in the spawn. Male flyingfish were three times more abundant than females, consistent with observations of 3–4 flyingfish grouped together before and after the spawning aggregation, if several males were simultaneously pursuing a single female. Although egg attachment to flotsam is the only reproductive mode previously described for flyingfishes with demersal eggs, the P. brachypterus spawn occurred in the absence of flotsam. Other possible egg development modes include egg suspension upon current, mid-water suspension above pycnocline or upon topographically induced turbulence, or benthic.
Comparison of thrombelastography with common coagulation tests in preeclamptic and healthy parturients.

Background and Objectives. Epidural analgesia/anesthesia is often beneficial in the management and treatment of preeclampsia. However, some preeclamptic patients have a coagulopathy that is a contraindication to regional anesthesia. A routine coagulation battery (RCB), consisting of prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, and bleeding time, is commonly performed to assess coagulation status. Thrombelastography (TEG) is a measure of clotting that allows evaluation of overall coagulation activity. The goal of this study was to examine whether TEG can predict normal and abnormal coagulation as diagnosed by RCB in healthy and preeclamptic parturients. Methods. Forty-seven parturients participated in this prospective study, performed early in the first stage of labor. Twenty healthy parturients (group I), 19 mild (group II), and 8 severe preeclamptic/eclamptic parturients (group III) had RCB and TEG performed. Results. Five patients (1, group I; 3, group II; 1, group III) had a normal RCB, but a mildly abnormal TEG (prolonged K, small α) (specificity = 0.88). Five of 27 preeclamptic parturients (1, group II; 4, group III) had abnormal RCBs. Three of these 5 patients had thrombocytopenia with normal bleeding times and TEGs. Two patients had thrombocytopenia and prolonged bleeding times and abnormal TEGs (sensitivity = 0.40). Conclusions. Thrombelastography is not an effective means of predicting abnormal coagulation, as diagnosed by RCB, in preeclamptic parturients, using currently defined normal TEG values for nonpregnant patients. However, an abnormal TEG maximum amplitude value always correlated with a prolonged bleeding time. Therefore, TEG may be useful in assessing platelet function in the presence of thrombocytopenia. Further studies are warranted.
The effect of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on corticospinal excitability in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury

Objectives This study investigated the feasibility of modulating bilateral corticospinal excitability with different polarities of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) in chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Six subjects with chronic incomplete SCI (>12 months post injury) participated in this crossover study. Intervention consisted of 3 sessions, separated by at least 1 week, in which each subject received the conditions cathodal, anodal, and sham tsDCS. Stimulation was delivered at 2.5 mA for 20 minutes with the active electrode positioned over the spinous processes of T10-T11 and the reference electrode over left deltoid. To measure the effects of tsDCS on corticospinal excitability, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured bilaterally from soleus before and after tsDCS. Results Five subjects completed all 3 sessions. One subject withdrew after 2 sessions due to complications unrelated to the study. MEPs were measurable in 5 subjects. No significant differences in change of MEP amplitudes were found between the 3 conditions. However, there were trends that indicated laterality of response, particularly with cathodal tsDCS increasing corticospinal excitability contralateral to the reference electrode and decreasing corticospinal excitability ipsilateral to the reference electrode. Conclusion Corticospinal excitability may be modulated with laterality by tsDCS in individuals with chronic, incomplete SCI. Further research is needed to 1) determine whether different placement of the reference electrode can lead to uniform modulation bilaterally, and 2) reveal whether these alterations in corticospinal excitability can lead to improved movement function in individuals with chronic, incomplete SCI.
Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism

Abstract Mid-ocean ridges are considered the planet's largest magmatic system. At divergent plate boundaries, magma is generated by decompression melting of upwelling mantle. Melts are focused as they ascend through the upper mantle and lower crust and collect beneath the ridge axis in elongate melt lenses. Plate spreading is accommodated by episodic faulting and magma injection into dikes, some of which reach the seafloor and produce basaltic lava flows. The geometry of the magmatic systems, dynamics of seafloor eruptions, lava geochemistry, and ridge morphology are among a host of ridge properties controlled by the rate of magma supply to the crust, which is strongly influenced by the spreading rate of the ridge. This chapter describes the magmatic and volcanic processes operating at divergent plate boundaries in the context of their spreading rate.
Evaluating inclusive fitness

In 2010, a contentious debate erupted in the field of evolutionary biology in response to an article published in the journal Nature by two mathematical biologists, Martin Nowak and Corina Tarnita, and the renowned evolutionary theorist and entomologist, E.O. Wilson [1]. The article questioned the explanatory efficacy and value of William Hamilton's theory of ‘inclusive fitness’, the reigning theoretical and mathematical basis of decades of empirical research into the evolution of social behaviour—especially cooperative and altruistic behaviour—across the living world. It was an especially polarizing article, given that E.O. Wilson was once one of the main proponents of Hamilton's theory for explaining the evolution of sterile worker castes in insects, and in this article, he revoked his earlier stance. A number of highly critical responses followed, one signed by 137 eminent theoreticians and empiricists in evolutionary biology [2]. The number of scientists rejecting the conclusions of Nowak, Tarnita and Wilson was itself an indication of the nerve that it struck, and also of the continuing centrality of Hamilton's theory to the study of social evolution. But while the years since the publication of the article have witnessed a number of responses and counter-responses that have attempted to settle the disagreements, a definitive consensus is yet to emerge [3–9]. The first task of the present collection is to showcase diverse interpretations, evaluations and uses of inclusive fitness since then, and so to advance towards a better understanding of the role of this theory in diverse areas of research both in the life sciences and beyond. Our aim is to use the recent debates over inclusive fitness not only to highlight interesting divergences between uses of the theory, but also to explore the philosophical questions that it has raised about causality in the study of social evolution, and even about the nature of behaviour in general across diverse species.
The sound of Bell states

Nonseparable states, analogous to “entangled” states, have generated great scientific interest since the very beginning of quantum mechanics. To date, however, the concept of “classical nonseparability” has only been applied to nonseparable states of different degrees-of-freedom in laser beams. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the preparation and tunability of acoustic nonseparable states, i.e. Bell states, supported by coupled elastic waveguides. A Bell state is constructed as a superposition of elastic waves, each a tensor product of a spinor part and an orbital angular momentum (OAM) part, which cannot be factored as a single tensor product. We also find that the amplitude coefficients of the nonseparable superposition of states must be complex. By tuning these complex amplitudes, we are able to experimentally navigate a sizeable portion of the Bell state’s Hilbert space. The current experimental findings open the door to the extension of classical nonseparability to the emerging field of phononics. Quantum phenomena can often be explored in a more accessible way by so called quantum analogues, making its understanding and applications more achievable. The authors experimentally realise acoustic Bell states by superposition of coupled 1D elastic waveguides, which allows them to explore a section of the Bell’s state Hilbert space by tuning the complex amplitude coefficients, opening options to exploring quantum entanglement with a classical equivalent from phononics.
Visualization of Magnetic Domains and Magnetization Vectors in Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys Under Magneto-Mechanical Loading

$$\hbox {Ni}_{2}\hbox {MnGa}$$ magnetic shape memory alloys have a microstructure consisting of martensite variants, and magnetic domains exist in each martensite variant. In the absence of a magnetic field, the magnetic domains are equally distributed so that the net magnetization of the material is zero. Application of a magnetic field or mechanical stress can rearrange the martensite variants and magnetic domains. This study focuses on understanding the effects that magnetic field, compressive stress and magneto-mechanical loading have on the magnetic domains, by measuring and quantifying magnetic domain volume fraction and magnetization vector rotation using direct imaging. In particular, a magneto-optical indicator film in conjunction with polarization microscopy was used to visualize the evolution of the magnetic domains and magnetization vector rotation of a $$\hbox {Ni}_{2}\hbox {MnGa}$$ sample for different load cases, namely varying magnetic field at constant strain, and varying compressive stress at a constant magnetic field. Our experiments revealed that the applied magnetic field causes change in domain volume fraction at different rates in each variant, and that domain wall motion is not always fully reversible. Magnetization vector rotation, however, was found to be reversible for all loading cases tested.