cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angioplasty of vasospasm: is it reasonable?

Clinical and radiographic examinations indicate preliminarily indications that transluminal angioplasty may be effective in overall management of the patient with vasospasm. Many questions remain, including: How does it work?; Are the effects persistent?; Is the arterial wall injured by the process? Recent studies in several patients who died after angioplasty allow us to provide some answers. Undilated spastic arteries show proliferation of both cellular and connective tissue elements. There is good evidence that myofibroblasts have reorganized the collagen frameworkincreasing fibril density and thus thickness. Dilated vessels show thinning of the arterial wall without disruption but with compaction of the new collagen fibrils. Cellular nests are also compressed and stretched. The endothelial layers are undisturbed. The success of dilatation depends on the amount and location of proliferation present. The effect is usually permanent Because our protocols call for dilatation no greater than 10% ab...
The NRL-Blend High Resolution Precipitation Product and its Application to Land Surface Hydrology

In this chapter, we discuss the basic workings of the NRL-Blend high-resolution precipitation product, followed by a validation experiment. We employ satellite omissions to the existing (late 2008) constellation of low Earth orbiting satellite platforms to examine the impact of several proxy Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) satellite constellation configurations when used to initialize land surface models (LSM). The emphasis is on how high resolution precipitation products such as the NRL-Blend are affected by such factors as sensor type (conical or across-track scanning) and nodal crossing time, using a collection of GPM proxy datasets gathered over the continental United States. We present results which examine how soil moisture states simulated by the two state-of-the-art land surface models are impacted when forced with the various precipitation datasets, each corresponding to a different proxy GPM constellation configuration.
Customizing Web-EOC Crisis Management Software to Facilitate Collaboration and Increase Situational Awareness: Advances in Business Resource Center (BRC) Design for Business Continuity Management

This book chapter is currently under a 24-month embargo by the publisher and will be publicly available after January 31st, 2020. Until that time, this book chapter is accessible only to UH users only.
Calorimetric sandwich-type immunosensor for quantification of TNF-α.

Abstract We report a lab-on-a-chip immunosesnor for quantification of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α with picomolar sensitivity. The feasibility of the technology was demonstrated via accurate measurement of the concentration of TNF-α in astrocytes cell culture media. The immunoassay was performed in a microfluidic device with an integrated antimony/bismuth thermopile sensor and had a limit of detection of 14 pg mL−1. The device was fabricated using rapid prototyping xurography technique and consisted of two inlets and single outlet. Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody was used to capture the analyte while the detection was performed using glucose oxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. Glucose (55 mM) was injected through a sample loop into the fluid flowing within the microfluidic device. A nanovolt meter connected to the thermoelectric sensor recorded the voltage change caused by the enzymatic reaction. Computer simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics were performed to analyze the effect of fluid velocity on the concentration of glucose within the reaction zone. A standard calibration curve was created using serial dilutions of synthetic TNF-α (0–2000 pg mL−1) by plotting the area under the curve of the signal versus the concentration of the analyte. The efficacy of the device was evaluated by quantifying TNF-α in the cell culture medium of lipopolysaccharide stimulated and non-stimulated astrocytes. The results demonstrated high accuracy of the calorimetric immunoassay when compared with gold standard commercial ELISA microplate reader. The immunosensor offers excellent reproducibility, accuracy, and versatility in the choice of the detection enzyme.
Decision making processes and alcohol use among college students

AbstractObjective: The neurobiological model of risk-taking and the dual-process model of decision making each provide possible explanations of risky behavior among youth, but their interconnection...
Women as Icons in Post-Trauma Societies: “Disappearing” Women in Argentine National Cinema

ABSTRACTIn Argentina, the use of women as symbols of the nation provided a necessary anchor for debates over national identity in the aftermath of state terrorism and neoliberal reforms. Discourses of nation relied on the symbolic status of women as bearers of the nation and “disappeared” them as subjects from the public sphere, reproducing preexisting gender hierarchies. Adopting an interdisciplinary Discourse Historical Approach perspective, this manuscript examines one site of production of national identity, national cinema, through the comparative analysis of two films: The Official Story and The Headless Woman. These films rely on their female protagonists’ iconic status, the Good Mother and the Femme Fatale, respectively, to critically engage with authoritarianism, race and class in discourses of nation. Yet doing so prevents them from simultaneously addressing women’s grievances. Unmasking these exclusionary discourses is critical to understanding why Argentine women continue to be denied some of ...
Fertility in men with Klinefelter syndrome and Y chromosome microdeletions: an update

Abstract Azoospermia describes up to 20% of males who are evaluated for infertility. While a small fraction of these cases can be explained by obstructive causes, the remainder will be due to factors intrinsic to the testis, such as spermatogenic dysfunction (Tournaye et al., 2017 [39] ). In a subset of these patients, chromosomal and genetic anomalies will be identified. Klinefelter syndrome (KS; 47, XXY) is the most common genetic etiology of male infertility and almost universally leads to nonobstructive azoospermia [43]. For example, in a large cohort of 388 azoospermic men, KS was detected in 14.7%, which is in line with prior incidence figures (Punab et al., 2017 [29] ). Although less prevalent, Y chromosome microdeletions have been well studied and known to quantitatively affect spermatogenesis. The various types of microdeletions and their clinical consequences are described in the second half of this contribution.
Thin lithosphere beneath the central Appalachian Mountains: Constraints from seismic attenuation beneath the MAGIC array

Abstract The passive margin of the eastern coast of the United States is known to be geologically active, with recently rejuvenated topography, intraplate seismicity, and volcanism of Eocene age. This study uses seismic data from the Mid-Atlantic Geophysical Integrative Collaboration (MAGIC) experiment to constrain lateral variations in the attenuation of teleseismic P waves beneath the central Appalachian Mountains to shed light on the structure and dynamics of the upper mantle at this “active” passive margin. We use a Monte Carlo approach to estimate variations in attenuation along with both data and model uncertainties. The quality factor of the upper mantle dramatically decreases over a distance of less than 50 km on the western side of the central Appalachian Mountains, where a low-velocity anomaly has been previously inferred. Extrinsic factors such as scattering or focusing are rejected as explanations for the observations on the basis of finite-difference waveform modeling experiments. The peak in attenuation beneath the crest of the Appalachian Mountains requires that near- to super-solidus conditions occur in the upper mantle and is co-located with volcanism of Eocene age. Our preferred interpretation is that the attenuation reflects the removal of the mantle lithosphere via delamination beneath the mountains, followed by ongoing small-scale convection.
The Evolution of Cranfield.

Evaluating search system effectiveness is a foundational hallmark of information retrieval research. Doing so requires infrastructure appropriate for the task at hand, which generally follows the Cranfield paradigm: test collections and associated evaluation measures. A primary purpose of Information Retrieval (IR) evaluation campaigns such as Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) and Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) is to build this infrastructure. The first TREC collections targeted the same task as the original Cranfield tests and used measures that were familiar to test collection users of the time. But as evaluation tasks have multiplied and diversified, test collection construction techniques and evaluation measure definitions have also been forced to evolve. This chapter examines how the Cranfield paradigm has been adapted to meet the changing requirements for search systems enabling it to continue to support a vibrant research community.
Managing Group Composition: Inclusive and Exclusive Role Transitions

A group’s ability to achieve its goals, and sometimes its very survival, candepend on its composition, defined as the number and characteristicsof its members (Moreland & Levine, 2003; Moreland, Levine, & Wingert, 1996). It is therefore not surprising that groups often devote substantial time and energy to trying to manage their composition.
Epistemic Pushback and Harm to Educators

In this chapter I consider the harm to educators that may result from the set of phenomena that Alison Bailey calls “privilege-evasive epistemic pushback.” While Bailey and others have noted that this kind of pushback in the classroom manifests in student affect and physical comportment, little has been said about the degree to which it may have harmful effects on professors who receive such affect and comportment from their students semester after semester, year after year. I consider not only the affective and physical toll such pushback may place upon instructors, but also how the social institutions outside the community of the classroom lend weight to its force, placing unique pressures upon educators from marginalized groups when we teach courses that treat politically charged issues.
Chiastic species mixing in Wuthering Heights

The opening scene of Wuthering Heights (1847), in which Mr. Lockwood first meets his new landlord, Mr. Heathcliff, is not only a famous example of misreading, but specifically a moment where the ne...
Dynamic Changes in Ultrasound Quality for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening in Patients With Cirrhosis

Background & Aims Identifying patients in whom ultrasound may be inadequate to exclude the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can inform interventions to improve screening effectiveness. We aimed to characterize correlates of suboptimal ultrasound quality and changes in ultrasound quality over time in patients with cirrhosis undergoing HCC screening. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with cirrhosis who underwent ultrasound examination at 2 large health systems between July 2016 and July 2019. Exam adequacy was graded by radiologists using the LI-RADS Visualization Score (A, B, C); we evaluated changes in visualization over time among patients with >1 ultrasound exams. We performed multivariable logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with limited ultrasound visualization (scores B or C). Results Of 2053 cirrhosis patients, 1685 (82.1%) had ultrasounds with score A, 262 (12.8%) had score B, and 106 (5.2%) had score C. Limited visualization was associated with alcohol-related or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease cirrhosis and presence of class II-III obesity. Among 1546 patients with >1 ultrasounds, 1129 (73.0%) had the same visualization score on follow-up (1046 score A, 60 score B, 23 score C). However, 255 (19.6%) of 1301 with score A at baseline had limited visualization when repeated (230 score B, 25 score C), and 130 (53.1%) of 245 patients with baseline limited visualization had good visualization when repeated. Conclusions Nearly 1 in 5 patients with cirrhosis had moderately-severely limited ultrasound visualization for HCC nodules, particularly those with obesity or alcohol-related or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease cirrhosis. Ultrasound quality can change between exams, including improvement in many patients with limited visualization.
Supporting the Dynamic Careers of Licensed Practical Nurses: A Strategy to Bolster the Long-Term Care Nurse Workforce:

As the U.S. population ages and the demand for long-term care increases, an insufficient number of licensed practical nurses (LPNs) is expected in the nursing workforce. Understanding the character...
Social Contact, Emotional Support, and Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Older Adults with Chronic Conditions.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to heightened anxiety among older adults with chronic conditions, which might be attenuated by social resources. This study examined how social contact and emotional support were linked to anxiety symptoms among adults aged 50 and older with chronic conditions, and whether these links varied by age. METHODS: Participants included 705 adults (M = 64.61 years, SD = 8.85, range = 50- 94) from Michigan (82.4%) and 33 other U.S. states who reported at least one chronic condition and completed an anonymous online survey between May 14 and July 9, 2020. RESULTS: Multiple regression models revealed among younger people, those reporting more frequent social contact had significantly lower anxiety symptoms. Emotional support was not significantly associated with anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: More frequent social contact was linked to lower anxiety symptoms for younger but not older individuals. Emotional support was not significantly associated with anxiety symptoms. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Interventions to manage anxiety during the pandemic among older adults with chronic conditions may benefit from strategies to safely increase social contact, especially for middle-aged adults.
PI3Kinase Inhibition in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

Derangement of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is implicated in several subtypes of breast cancers. Mutation or upregulation of PI3K enhances cancer cells’ survival, proliferation, and ability to metastasize, making it an attractive molecular target for systemic therapy. PI3K has four isoforms, and several drugs targeting individual isoforms or pan-PI3K have been or are currently being investigated in clinical trials. However, the search for an effective PI3K inhibitor with a robust therapeutic effect and reasonable safety profile for breast cancer treatment remains elusive. This review focuses on the recently completed and ongoing clinical trials involving PI3K inhibitors as mono- or combination therapy in breast cancer. We review the salient findings of clinical trials, the therapeutic efficacy of PI3K inhibitors, and reported adverse effects leading to treatment discontinuation. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and potential opportunities associated with adopting PI3K inhibitors in the clinic.
The Minimum-Time Trajectories for an Omni-Directional Vehicle

One common mobile robot design consists of three ‘omniwheels’ arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, with wheel axles aligned with the rays from the center of the triangle to each wheel. Omniwheels, like standard wheels, are driven by the motors in a direction perpendicular to the wheel axle, but unlike standard wheels, can slip in a direction parallel to the axle. Unlike a steered car, a vehicle with this design can move in any direction without needing to rotate first, and can spin as it does so. We show that if there are independent bounds on the speeds of the wheels, the fastest trajectories for this vehicle contain only spins in place, circular arcs, and straight lines parallel to the wheel axles. We classify optimal trajectories by the order and type of the segments; there are four such classes, and there are no more than 18 control switches in any optimal trajectory.
Millisecond pulsars cannot account for the inner Galaxy’s GeV excess

Using data from the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, a spatially extended component of gamma rays has been identified from the direction of the Galactic center, peaking at energies of ∼2–3 GeV. More recently, it has been shown that this signal is not confined to the innermost hundreds of parsecs of the Galaxy, but instead extends to at least ∼3 kpc from the Galactic center. While the spectrum, intensity, and angular distribution of this signal is in good agreement with predictions from annihilating dark matter, it has also been suggested that a population of unresolved millisecond pulsars could be responsible for this excess GeV emission from the inner Galaxy. In this paper, we consider this later possibility in detail. Comparing the observed spectral shape of the inner Galaxy’s GeV excess to the spectrum measured from 37 millisecond pulsars by Fermi, we find that these sources exhibit a spectral shape that is much too soft at sub-GeV energies to accommodate this signal. We also construct population models to describe the spatial distribution and luminosity function of the Milky Way’s millisecond pulsars. After taking into account constraints from the observed distribution of Fermi sources (including both sources known to be millisecond pulsars, and unidentified sources which could be pulsars), we find that millisecond pulsars can account for no more than ∼10% of the inner Galaxy’s GeV excess. Each of these arguments strongly disfavor millisecond pulsars as the source of this signal.
Boundary states for D-branes in AdS 3 space

We construct boundary states representing D-strings in $AdS_3$. These wrap twisted conjugacy classes of SL(2,R), and the boundary states are therefore based on continuous representations only. We check Cardy's condition and find a consistent open string spectrum. The open string spectrum on all the D-branes is the same.
Chapter 10 Modeling languages in computational economics: Gams

Publisher Summary A GAMS model is a collection of statements in the GAMS language that define the variables of the model, specify the symbolic relationships among them in the form of equations, specify data structures and assign values to them, and instructs the computer to generate and solve the model. This chapter provides an introduction to algebraic modeling language, general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) of Brooke, Kendrick and Meeraus (1992). The chapter also gives an overview of the language and illustrates its use in modeling problems in transportation, asset allocation, and the estimation of social accounting matrices. This system provides a high-level (algebraic) language for the representation of large and complex models. It allows for unambiguous statements of algebraic relations that define an abstract system of variables and equations. It also provides mechanisms for data management. The system performs appropriate data transformations to create a specific instance of the model, starting from the abstract representation. Because, the model description is algebraic the GAMS statement of the model provides a readable documentation. The data management mechanisms also facilitate the preparation of reports.
VLA, SOHO and TRACE Observations of Nonthermal Burst Activity, Coronal Mass Ejections, and EUV Transient Events

Very Large Array (VLA) observations of the Sun at 91 and 400 cm wavelength have been used to investigate the radio signatures of EUV heating events and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) detected by SOHO and TRACE. Our 91 cm observations show the onset of Type I noise storm emission about an hour after an EUV ejection event was detected by EIT and TRACE. The EUV event also coincided with the estimated start time of a CME detected by the LASCO C2 coronagraph, suggesting an association between the production of nonthermal particles and evolving plasma-magnetic field structures at different heights in the corona. On another day, our VLA 400 cm observations reveal weak, impulsive microbursts that occurred sporadically throughout the middle corona. These low-brightness-temperature (Tb=0.7–22×106 K) events may be weak Type III bursts produced by beams of nonthermal electrons which excite plasma emission at a height where the local plasma frequency or its first harmonic equals the observing frequency of 74 MHz. For one microburst, the emission was contained in two sources separated by ∼0.7 R0, indicating that the electron beams had access to widely-divergent magnetic field lines originating at a common site of particle acceleration. Another 400 cm microburst occurred in an arc-like source lying at the edge of EUV loops that appeared to open outward into the corona, possibly signaling the start of a CME. In most instances the 400 cm microbursts were not accompanied by detectable EUV activity, suggesting that particles that produce the microbursts were independently accelerated in the middle corona, perhaps as the result of some quasi-continuous, large-scale process of energy release.
Technical Note: Characterization of custom 3D printed multimodality imaging phantoms

Purpose: Imaging phantoms are important tools for researchers and technicians, but they can be costly and difficult to customize. Three dimensional (3D) printing is a widely available rapid prototyping technique that enables the fabrication of objects with 3D computer generated geometries. It is ideal for quickly producing customized, low cost, multimodal, reusable imaging phantoms. This work validates the use of 3D printed phantoms by comparing CT and PET scans of a 3D printed phantom and a commercial “Micro Deluxe” phantom. This report also presents results from a customized 3D printed PET/MRI phantom, and a customized high resolution imaging phantom with sub-mm features. Methods: CT and PET scans of a 3D printed phantom and a commercial Micro Deluxe (Data Spectrum Corporation, USA) phantom with 1.2, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, 4.0, and 4.8 mm diameter hot rods were acquired. The measured PET and CT rod sizes, activities, and attenuation coefficients were compared. A PET/MRI scan of a custom 3D printed phantom with hot and cold rods was performed, with photon attenuation and normalization measurements performed with a separate 3D printed normalization phantom. X-ray transmission scans of a customized two level high resolution 3D printed phantom with sub-mm features were also performed. Results: Resultsmore » show very good agreement between commercial and 3D printed micro deluxe phantoms with less than 3% difference in CT measured rod diameter, less than 5% difference in PET measured rod diameter, and a maximum of 6.2% difference in average rod activity from a 10 min, 333 kBq/ml (9 μCi/ml) Siemens Inveon (Siemens Healthcare, Germany) PET scan. In all cases, these differences were within the measurement uncertainties of our setups. PET/MRI scans successfully identified 3D printed hot and cold rods on PET and MRI modalities. X-ray projection images of a 3D printed high resolution phantom identified features as small as 350 μm wide. Conclusions: This work shows that 3D printed phantoms can be functionally equivalent to commercially available phantoms. They are a viable option for quickly distributing and fabricating low cost, customized phantoms.« less
Brain natriuretic peptide in diagnosis and treatment of heart failure

Currently we are in the midst of a chronic disease epidemic of congestive heart failure (CHF) worldwide. This epidemic is marked by a rapid rise in prevalent cases over the past decade that is due in part to the aging population and improved survival in patients with other cardiovascular conditions. At present there are 5 million Americans with congestive heart failure, with nearly 500000 new cases every year. To provide cost-effective treatment for patients with congestive heart failure, rapid and accurate differentiation of congestive heart failure from other causes of dyspnea must be accomplished. Although echocardiography is considered the gold standard for the detection of left ventricular dysfunction, it is expensive, is not always easily accessible, and may not always reflect an acute condition. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac neurohormone specifically secreted from the cardiac ventricles as a response to ventricular volume expansion, pressure overload, and resultant increased wall tension. BNP can be used in the diagnosis of CHF. However, the present American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association practice guidelines (2001) for the evaluation and management of CHF state that the role of blood BNP in the identification of patients with CHF remains to be fully clarified. We have discussed the role of BNP in the diagnosis and management of CHF.
Vitamin D supplementation and quality of life following diagnosis in stage II colorectal cancer patients: a 24-month prospective study

Research suggests patients are motivated to supplement standard cancer care with healthy lifestyle changes. However, few studies have prospectively investigated whether these changes result in positive outcomes. In this study, our objective was to examine the associations between vitamin D supplementation and quality of life (QoL), cancer recurrence, and all-cause mortality in stage II CRC patients following diagnosis. A total of 453 newly diagnosed patients were enrolled from the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry. Data on demographic variables, treatment, and health behaviors were collected by interview at diagnosis, 12, and 24 months post-diagnosis. QoL was measured using the FACT-C and SF-12 questionnaires. After adjustment for potential confounders, the survivors who used vitamin D supplements had a better CCS score (subscale of FACT-C) over 24 months compared to non-users (β = 1.28; 95 % CI 0.07–2.48). This association persisted among calcium users (β = 2.41; 95 % CI 1.01–3.82), but not in non-users (β = 0.34; 95 % CI −1.45–2.13) (P interaction = 0.09). No association was observed with risk of recurrence or mortality. This suggests that vitamin D supplementation may jointly influence QoL with calcium following diagnosis in CRC survivors. These results also support the notion that clinicians should recommend positive lifestyle changes in conjunction with the standard of care.
Current therapies for lupus nephritis in an ethnically heterogeneous cohort.

Objective. To evaluate responses to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYC) in lupus nephritis in a multiethnic population. Methods. This was a retrospective study of all patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that underwent kidney biopsy at New York University Medical Center. Patients with followup of at least 6 months were included. Clinical response was defined as complete (return to ± 10% of normal) or partial (improvement of 50% in abnormal renal measurements). Results. Ninty-nine patients were included in the study: 86% females, 86% non-Caucasian, age 34.2 ± 1.1 years, 62% with proliferative nephritis (PN; ISN/RPS-III and IV), and 32% with membranous nephritis (MN; ISN/RPS-V). Of the 70 patients with PN, 37 were treated with CYC and 33 with MMF. The baseline characteristics of the 2 treatment groups were different in the incidence of ISN/RPS-IV, values of serum creatinine and serum albumin, and type of insurance (p Conclusion. After controlling for the fact that less severe nephritis is preferentially treated with MMF, we found overall that response to MMF was superior to CYC. In this US population, ethnicity was observed to have an influence on response.
Plasma spray consolidation of high temperature composites

Abstract Plasma spray processing represents a synthesis of rapid solidification and composite materials technology. In this study, dense deposits of Ni3Al alloy matrix reinforced with TiB2 particles have been fabricated by vacuum plasma spraying (VPS). A uniform distribution of the particles in the matrix has been obtained. The room temperature mechanical properties show significant strengthening due to the presence of the reinforcing particles and also the fine grain size of the matrix. The degree of strengthening is shown to be greater than obtained by other compositing routes. It is apparent that enhanced particle-matrix bonding is obtained by the VPS process. Failure of the composites occurs along the grain boundaries and particle-matrix interfaces.
Chronic Losartan treatment blocks isoproterenol-induced dipsogenesis

Abstract Previous studies suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor agonists and other hypotensive agents stimulate water intake via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, a recent study reported that acute peripheral administration of Losartan, an angiotensin II (All) type I receptor antagonist, failed to inhibit isoproterenol-induced water intake. In the current study we assessed the role of chronic Losartan treatment on isoproterenol-induced water intake. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups (n = 10/group). The experimental group was chronically treated with Losartan in the drinking water (120 mg/kg/day). Rats in the control group were maintained on normal tap water. At the end of each week, water intake in response to isoproterenol was determined. On the days of the dipsogenic study, water intake was determined 1 h prior to and 2 h following SC injection of isoproterenol (25 μg/kg). isoproterenol-induced water intake in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control rats by 71 % and 88% at the end of weeks one and two respectively (p
A hodoscope/spectrometer for intermediate and high-energy photons

Abstract We describe design, construction and testing of, and operational experience with, a detection device for photons of energies from 150 MeV to 1 GeV. The device, which combines Cherenkov radiator and track-chamber elements, attempts to optimize energy resolution and trajectory information for this (difficult) energy interval. Extension to higher energies is straightforward. Performance characteristics are given from calibration runs and from experience during a major experiment involving heavy backgrounds.
Performance evaluation: integrating techniques and tools into environments and frameworks

The techniques and tools that have been developed for the performance evaluation of parallel and distributed computing systems are manifold. This is appealing, since no single technique or tool will be sufficient. However, there is a lack of integration of tools in the form of environments and frameworks, which hinders the development of well-defined methodologies for obtaining optimal performance and answering users' performance questions. This roundtable considers the issues surrounding tool integration and interoperability. Perhaps the dominant issue is whether this area is mature enough for prescribed frameworks to be successfully implemented and consistently adhered to: should the focus be on making sure each tool works, or can it shift to making sure tools can work together? The participants will address the advantages and disadvantages, practicalities, recent history, and future of tool integration in high-performance computing.
Green’s function-based multiscale modeling of defects in a semi-infinite silicon substrate

Abstract We have developed a Green’s function (GF) based multiscale modeling of defects in a semi-infinite silicon substrate. The problem—including lattice defects and substrate surface, i.e., an extended defect, at different length scales—is first formulated within the theory of lattice statics. It is then reduced and solved by using a scale-bridging technique based on the Dyson’s equation that relates a defect GF to a reference GF and on the asymptotic relationship of the reference lattice-statics GF (LSGF) to the continuum GF (CGF) of the semi-infinite substrate. The reference LSGF is obtained approximately by solving the boundary-value problem of a super-cell of lattice subject to a unit point force and under a boundary condition given by the reference CGF. The Tersoff potential of silicon, germanium and their compounds is used to derive the lattice-level force system and force constants and further to derive the continuum-level elastic constants (of the bulk silicon, needed in the reference CGF). We have applied the method to solve for the lattice distortion of a single vacancy and a single germanium substitution. We have further calculated the relaxation energy in these cases and used it to examine the interaction of the point defects with the (traction-free) substrate surface and the interaction of a single vacancy with a relatively large germanium cluster in the presence of the substrate surface. In the first case, the point defects are found to be attracted to the substrate surface. In the second case, the single vacancy is attracted to the germanium cluster as well as to the substrate surface.
Asian and European American Cultural Values, Collective Self-Esteem, Acculturative Stress, Cognitive Flexibility, and General Self-Efficacy Among Asian American College Students.

Asian American college students' adherence to Asian and European American cultural values and their relations to collective self-esteem, acculturative stress, cognitive flexibility, and general self-efficacy were examined. On the basis of data from 156 respondents, the results supported the hypothesis that adherence to Asian and European American values are positive predictors of membership and private dimensions of collective self-esteem. However, contrary to the authors' hypotheses, no relations were observed between adherence to Asian and European American values and other criterion variables. It is interesting that post hoc examination of the results indicated that adherence to Asian values was a positive predictor of the importance to identity dimension of collective self-esteem. Also, adherence to European American values was a positive predictor of cognitive flexibility and general self-efficacy.
Physical Stability of Pharmaceutical Products

AbstractA general survey of the physical stability of pharmaceutical products is presented. Some of the problems involved in this area are discussed and it is proposed that further attention should be given to the design of standardized tests for the evaluation of physical stability.
Glucose Reabsorption in Experimental Glomerulonephritis

SummaryThe relationship between glo-merular filtration rate and tubular glucose reabsorption was examined in rats with experimental glomerulonephritis. Glomerular filtration rates (single kidney) varied from 0.09 to 0.95 ml/min and superficial nephron filtration rates ranged from 4.4 to 38.2 nl/ min. A direct linear relationship between filtration rate and maximal glucose reabsorption rates was observed in individual superficial nephrons as well as in the whole kidney. Changes in peritubular oncotic pressure and extracellular fluid volume modified glucose reabsorptive rates, but the linear relationship between filtration rate and glucose reabsorption persisted. These data support the thesis that glomerulo-tubular balance for glucose is a characteristic feature of renal glucose transport.The studies referred to in this manuscript were supported by Public Health Service Grant No. T501 HL06008. We are also grateful to Dr. Oliver H.Lowry and Ms. Margaret Philips for performing the microenzymatic glucose deter...
Cost Effective Fiber Communication Systems And Markets

A 1975 consensus by electro-optic fiber communications technologists emphasized forty-four (44) applications as being important uses of this rapidly expanding area. Upon analysis, eight major areas appear to be the most cost effective for the next seven years. This paper discusses the nature of such systems and markets and their value-in-use. The 1975 applications cited are: 1. Telephone loops 24. Nuclear plants including fusion develop-2. Telephone trunks ment 3. Telephone terminals and exchange uses 25. Oil and chemical (stationary and mobile) 4. Internal computer links 26. Electronic and electrical instrument 5. Inter-computer links systems 6. Hard-wired computer terminals 27. Space program 7. Long-haul data transmission 28. Medical 8. CATV trunks 29. Supervisory control (low data rate) 9. CATV distribution 30. Sonobuoys 10. CCTV 31. Electric power control (line type) 11. High capacity lines (vs. microwave 32. Substation control cable) 33. Computer-video electric power systems 12. Private broadband networks 34. Hazardous areas 13. Municipal services 35. Long-line isolators 14. Military aircraft 36. Microwave-optical interconnections 15. Civilian aircraft (entrance links) 16. Military ships 37. Laser power guides 17. Naval-towed arrays 38. Signal switching (proximity coupling) 18. Special tethers 39. Satellite ground stations 19. Submarine cable 40. Facsimile systems 20. Civilian ships and tankers 41. Memory delay lines 21. Army cable, connectors, and systems 42. Lightning-resistant instrumentation 22. Secure communications 43. Hospital patient monitoring 23. Cable congestion relief 44. Telemetering Considering value-in-use and cost effectiveness, however, in the near term the fiber optic applications markets of economic significance are: 1. Telephone and non-telephone common 4. Industrial automation (discrete factory carriers automation) 2. Cable television 5. Other industrial automation applications 3. Satellite ground station links and 6. Process controls local loops 7. Computer applications 8. Military applications© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative imaging by confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy of protein crystallization via liquid–liquid phase separation

Metastable states such as liquid–liquid phase separation, aggregation and gelation can affect protein crystallization but their positive or negative effects are only partially understood. In this work, mixtures of PEG (MW 10 kDa) and a large model protein, glucose isomerase (MW 173 kDa), have been studied to characterize the effect of a metastable liquid–liquid phase separation on protein crystallization. Fluorescence labeling allowed confocal fluorescence microscopy observations and quantification of the partitioning of the protein and PEG between the liquid phases and showed two steps in the crystallization process. Two crystallization mechanisms within the liquid domain were revealed, yielding two different polymorphs. With one polymorph, few crystals nucleated and grew droplet-by-droplet in the dispersed concentrated liquid phase, while for the other homogeneous crystal nucleation and growth occurred independently and simultaneously in numerous droplets of the concentrated phase. The results demonstrate the substantial possible complexity of crystallization behavior, as well as its sensitivity to the location of the conditions on the phase diagram and to the physicochemical properties of the system.
The W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PR 3)2 molecules (R 3=Me3, Et3, Pr n 3, Me2Ph) I. Their isomeric forms, interconversion proeesses, crystalline forms, and detailed molecular structures

A thorough study of compounds with the formula W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PR3)2, withR3=Me3, Et3, Prgn3 Me2,Ph, is reported. In addition to the previously reported crystalline compounds, namely Ia,trans-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PMe3)2 in space group Pmmn;3a,trans-W2Cl4(NHCM3)2(PEt3)2 in space group P21/a (or P21/c); and4,cis-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PMe2Ph)2 in Pna21, we have obtained and structurally characterized the following new substances,1b,trans-W2Cl4,(NHCMe3)2(PMe2)2, space group P21/c,a= 12.233 (4) A,b= 12.872 (4) A,c=17.095 (5) A,β=93.52 (2)°,Z=4,V=2687 (1) A32,cis-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PMe3)2, P21/c,a=9.673 (4) A,b=17.249 (4) A,c=16.244 (5) A,β=99.63 (3),Z = 4 ,V=2669 (1) A.3b,trans-W2Cl4(NHCMe3)2(PEt3)2, Pl,a=16.850 (3) A,b=17.797 (3) A,c= 11.459 (2)A,α= 101.02 (1),β= 103.13°, y=84.23 (1)°,Z=4,V= 3279 (1) A5,trans-W2Cl4(NHCM3)2(PMe2Ph)2, Fdd2,a=39.563 (8) A at 20°C; 39.325 (10) A at -6O°C,b = 57.543 (17) A at 20°C; 57.186 (16) A at -60°C,c= 8.810 (1) A at 20°C; 8.770 (1) A at - 60°C ,Z=24,V=20057 (7) A3 (20°C), 19723 (8) A3 ( - 60°C) .6,trans-W2Cl4(NHCMe32(PPrn3)2, Pl,a= 17.287 (2) A (20°C); 17.077 (5) A (-60°C),b= 19.119 (2) A (20°C); 18.952 (6) A (-60°C),c= 12.713 (1) A (20°C); 12.668 (4) A (-60°C),Z=4,V= 3980 (1) A3 (20°C), 3898 (2) ,A3 ( - 60°C). In addition, the structure of3a was re-determined and refined so that the disorder ratio was a refined parameter, leading to a value of 0.520:0.480 instead of being arbitrarily fixed at 0.50:0.50. In all of the structures the molecules are held in eclipsed (but very distorted) rotational conformations and the W-W distances are all within the range of 2.305-2.330 A. As will be shown in a later paper, for all phosphines, thecis andtrans isomers are of similar stability and an equilibrium mixture exists in solution. It is also shown that1a and3a do not contain unexpectedly short W-N bonds as previously reported.
Cerebellar corticonuclear - nucleocortical topography: a study of the tree shrew (Tupaia) paraflocculus.

Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into parafloccular cortex, the location of nucleocortical cells in the cerebellar nuclei was determined and compared to the distribution of corticonuclear fibers arising from the same cortical region. Parafloccular corticonuclear fibers, visualized utilizing the Fink and Heimer (1967) method, project to caudal and lateral NIP and caudal and ventral NL. No degeneration is seen in either the NIA or NM. HRP-positive nucleocortical cells (DAB-technique) are found in caudal and lateral NIP and caudal NL with the former containing greater numbers of reactive somata. Rostral regions of the NL, medial NIP as well as the NIA and NM are divoid of cells containing HRP reaction product. At least two identifiable populations of HRP-positive nucleocortical cells are seen. Numerous reactive cells are found in the NIP and NL ipsilateral to the injection site and sparse numbers of HRP-containing somata are present in homologous areas of the contralateral NL and NIP. Contralateral nucleocortical cells are not only sparse in number but do not receive direct input from the opposite cortex to which they project. Consequently, these particular cells represent non-reciprocal neurons in corticonuclear –; nucleocortical feedback loops. Ipsilateral nucleocortical cells are numerous and found almost exclusively within the distribution of parafloccular corticonuclear fibers. Also seen on the ipsilateral side interspersed among the HRP-positive somata are numerous fibers which contain non-granular homogeneous reaction product. These fibers represent diffusely filled axons of Purkinje cells which were damaged during the injection process. The location of ipsilateral nucleocortical cells within the borders of corticonuclear terminal fields coupled with their intimate opposition to some orthogradely filled terminal branchlets of Purkinje axons, indicates the probability of a precise interaction between these two fiber systems. Although a few HRP-positive ipsilateral cells are found outside the boundaries of corticonuclear terminal fields they represent only a small fraction of the total number of reactive cells and, indeed, may function as part of the reciprocal cell population.
Human mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and proliferation in response to ceramic chemistry and nanoscale topography

Modification of the chemistry and surface topography of nanophase ceramics was used to provide biomaterial formulations designed to direct the adhesion and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs). HMSC adhesion was dependent upon both the substrate chemistry and grain size, but not on surface roughness or crystal phase. Specifically, cell adhesion on alumina and hydroxyapatite was significantly reduced on the 50 and 24 nm surfaces, as compared with the 1500 and 200 nm surfaces, but adhesion on titania substrates was independent of grain size. HMSC proliferation was minimal on the 50 and 24 nm substrates of any chemistry tested, and thus significantly lower than the densities observed on either the 1500 or 200 nm surfaces after 3 or more consecutive days of culture. Furthermore, HMSC proliferation was enhanced on the 200 nm substrates, compared with results obtained on the 1500 nm substrates after 7 or more days of culture. HMSC proliferation was independent of both substrate surface roughness and crystal phase. Rat osteoblast and fibroblast adhesion and proliferation exhibited similar trends to that of HMSCs on all substrates tested. These results demonstrated the potential of nanophase ceramic surfaces to modulate functions of HMSCs, which are pertinent to biomedical applications such as implant materials and devices.
You're Not Paranoid; They Really Are Watching You!

Ensuring both pervasive security and ease of use is a challenge for our research community. Pervasive privacy will be even more difficult to achieve.
The Influence of Prior Knowledge, University Coursework, and Field Experience on Primary Preservice Teachers' Use of Reading Comprehension Strategies in a Year-Long, Field-Based Teacher Education Program.

This descriptive study employed mixed methods to explore preservice teachers’ initial knowledge and subsequent use of explicitly taught reading comprehension strategies in primary grade classrooms during a year-long, field-based teacher preparation program. Self-Knowledge Rating Surveys, Strategy Multiple-Choice Tests, strategy logs, lesson plans, self-evaluations, mentor teacher/university liaison evaluations, and interviews with university liaisons comprised data sources. Research questions addressed what reading comprehension strategies primary preservice teachers self-reported they knew; what they demonstrated they actually knew via testing and implementation; and how the self-reports, test results, and implementation compared. Results indicated that neither knowledge nor prior exposure to research-based comprehension strategies transferred into teaching when strong external influences that did not support strategy use such as scripted programs, district policies, high stakes testing environments, and...
Evaluating an individualized science program for community college students

Two classes of community college students having less than the usual minimal preparation required for admission were taught half of a basic science course using individualized instruction and half using traditional instruction. The course was divided into chemistry and physics segments and random halves of each class received the individualized treatment in one segment and the traditional treatment in the other. The individualized treatment was found to yield superior achievement gains and more positive attitudes toward science than the traditional treatment while both resulted in equivalent student satisfaction. No differences between segments were obtained. Of the four treatment-segment combinations, individualized physics appeared to yield the greatest achievement. Individualized instruction was concluded to be effective.
What if Rosalind Franklin were there — Having Fun with Watson & Crick's Famous Picture in a Freshman Genetics Seminar

Students have been playing with famous images for almost as long as photography has existed (Figures 1 and 2). They've drawn mustaches on Mona Lisa replicas, pretended to be George Washington crossing the Delaware, and posed like Napoleon. The image of James Watson and Francis Crick showing off their new double-helix model of DNA is famous in biology. It serves as a symbol of the beginning of molecular genetics and graces the pages of countless textbooks and Web sites. Figure 1. Watson and Crick pose beside their double-helix model. Figure 2. Genetics students reenacting Watson and Crick's iconic photograph, with a creative twist (photographs by Murray Jensen). But most biologists recognize that …