cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipophilicity in trans-bilayer transport and subcellular pharmacokinetics

The aim of subcellular pharmacokinetics in drug design is to model drug disposition and response as a function of the properties of drugs and biosystems involved and the observation time. Biosystems are represented by systems of alternating membranes and aqueous phases that differ in acidity and contain low-molecular cell constituents, enzymes and other proteins. The resulting disposition models are combined with linear free-energy assumptions, drug/receptor binding kinetics and relationships between receptor binding and response to produce model-based quantitativestructure–(time–)activity relationships, QS(T)AR. This review summarizes the present status of subcellular pharmacokinetics with emphasis on passive trans-bilayer transport. In particular, mechanisms of transport are analyzed with respect to amphiphilicity and lipophilicity. The overall rate of transport is strongly governed by amphiphilicity, the tendency of drug molecules to adsorb to the bilayer/water interface. Depending on amphiphilicity, the time needed for a drug to cross a single bilayer ranges from seconds to days. The main advantage of the subcellular pharmacokinetic approach is that the resulting models, once calibrated for a given biosystem, provide a detailed recipe for tailoring the drug properties to ensure optimum disposition.
The U.S. National Physical Activity Plan: dissemination and use by public health practitioners.

Background The 2010 U.S. National Physical Activity Plan contains a comprehensive set of policies, programs, and initiatives to increase physical activity. Purpose To determine the early awareness, use, diffusion, and implementation of the plan among members of the National Society of Physical Activity Practitioners in Public Health. Methods The web-based survey was conducted in 2011 and analyzed in 2011–2012. The survey was guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework and Diffusion of Innovations theory. Of 492 professional members, 291 responded. Results Overall, 79% reported awareness of the plan, with higher odds among state practitioners compared to other practitioners and among those with state partnerships to address physical activity compared to those without. Among those who were aware ( n =230), 15% reported using the plan ≥6 times, whereas 28% had never used it. For those who referred to the plan at least once in their work ( n =165), the most commonly reported uses were for brainstorming and discussion (73%); development and implementation of activities (55%); and state-level goal-setting (34%). Related to diffusion principles, many respondents reported that the plan fit their organization's goals (85%) and was easy to understand (81%), yet fewer agreed that changes made after the plan were easy to observe (32%); easy to implement (28%); and low-cost (25%). Conclusions This theory-based evaluation found that the National Physical Activity Plan has been broadly disseminated to physical activity practitioners working in public health. Opportunities exist for public health practitioners and others to more fully integrate the plan into their work.
Community Reinforcement Approach and Contingency Management Therapies

The community reinforcement approach and contingency management are behavioral treatments for addictions grounded in principles of reinforcement. The community reinforcement approach is based on the theory that individuals with substance use disorders lack alternative sources of reinforcement to compete with those offered by drugs and alcohol. The goal of the community reinforcement approach is to change environmental contingencies to promote a lifestyle that is more reinforcing than substance abuse. Contingency management provides tangible reinforcement for positive behavior change, including abstinence from drugs and alcohol, and is usually added to another treatment intervention in order to enhance its efficacy. Tangible reinforcements employed in contingency management interventions include vouchers exchangeable for retail goods and services or opportunities to win prizes. Both the community reinforcement approach and contingency management are highly effective in reducing substance use but have not been widely adopted in clinical practice—the community reinforcement approach because it is labor intensive and contingency management because it is perceived to be costly. Less labor-intensive methods of implementing the community reinforcement approach that incorporate contingency management are being developed. The prize-based contingency management approach can be a less expensive alternative to voucher-based contingency management, and research suggests that it has comparable efficacy. Cost-effectiveness studies are currently being done to examine whether the benefits of contingency management outweigh its costs.
Characterization of the mature form of a β-defensin-like peptide, Hoa-D1, in the lobster Homarus americanus.

Abstract We report on the characterization of the native form of an American lobster, Homarus americanus, β-defensin-like putative antimicrobial peptide, H. americanus defensin 1 (Hoa-D1), sequenced employing top-down and bottom-up peptidomic strategies using a sensitive, chip-based nanoLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. The sequence of Hoa-D1 was determined by mass spectrometry; it was found to contain three disulfide bonds and an amidated C-terminus. The sequence was further validated by searching publicly-accessible H. americanus expressed sequence tag (EST) and transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) datasets. Hoa-D1, SYVRS c SSNGGD c VYR c YGNIINGA c SGSRV cc RSGGGYamide (with c representing a cysteine participating in a disulfide bond), was shown to be related to β-defensin-like peptides previously reported from Panulirus japonicas and Panulirus argus. We found Hoa-D1 in H. americanus hemolymph, hemocytes, the supraoesophageal ganglion (brain), eyestalk ganglia, and pericardial organ extracts, as well as in the plasma of some hemolymph samples. Using discontinuous density gradient separations, we fractionatated hemocytes and localized Hoa-D1 to hemocyte sub-populations. While Hoa-D1 was detected in semigranulocytes and granulocytes using conventional proteomic strategies for analysis, the direct analysis of cell lysates exposed evidence of Hoa-D1 processing, including truncation of the C-terminal tyrosine residue, in the granulocytes, but not semigranulocytes. These measurements demonstrate the insights regarding post-translational modifications and peptide processing that can be revealed through the MS analysis of intact peptides. The identification of Hoa-D1 as a widely-distributed peptide in the lobster suggests the possibility that it may be pleiotropic, with functions in addition to its proposed role as an antimicrobial molecule in the innate immune system.
The Role of Desmoplasia and Stromal Fibroblasts on Anti-cancer Drug Resistance in a Microengineered Tumor Model

Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to participate in anti-cancer drug resistance by upregulating desmoplasia and pro-survival mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. In this regard, anti-fibrotic drugs (i.e., tranilast) have been repurposed to diminish the elastic modulus of the stromal matrix and reduce tumor growth in presence of chemotherapeutics (i.e., doxorubicin). However, the quantitative assessment on impact of these stromal targeting drugs on matrix stiffness and tumor progression is still missing in the sole presence of CAFs. We developed a high-density 3D microengineered tumor model comprised of MDA-MB-231 (highly invasive breast cancer cells) embedded microwells, surrounded by CAFs encapsulated within collagen I hydrogel. To study the influence of tranilast and doxorubicin on fibrosis, we probed the matrix using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and assessed matrix protein deposition. We further studied the combinatorial influence of the drugs on cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Our results demonstrated that the combinatorial action of tranilast and doxorubicin significantly diminished the stiffness of the stromal matrix compared to the control. The two drugs in synergy disrupted fibronectin assembly and reduced collagen fiber density. Furthermore, the combination of these drugs, condensed tumor growth and invasion. In this work, we utilized a 3D microengineered model to tease apart the role of tranilast and doxorubicin in the sole presence of CAFs on desmoplasia, tumor growth and invasion. Our study lay down a ground work on better understanding of the role of biomechanical properties of the matrix on anti-cancer drug efficacy in the presence of single class of stromal cells.
New Applications of Software Synthesis: Verification of Configuration Files and Firewall Repair

The main goal of software synthesis is to automatically derive code from a given specification. The specification can be either explicitly written, or specified through a couple of representative examples illustrating the user’s intent. However, sometimes there is no specification and we need to infer the specification from a given environment. This paper present two such efforts.
Utility of Sry-Related HMG-Box Gene 10 (SOX10) as a marker of melanoma in effusion cytology.

Background The cytodiagnosis of melanoma in effusions can be challenging. Although immunohistochemical (IHC) stains such as HMB45, Melan A, and S-100 are often utilized; the role of Sry-related HMG-box gene 10 (SOX10) in the diagnosis of melanoma in effusions has not been previously reported. Methods A total of 14 confirmed melanoma cases diagnosed on effusion cytology (nine pleural and five peritoneal) were collected from 2000 to 2016. IHC stain for SOX10 was performed and compared with HMB45, Melan A, and S-100. To evaluate the specificity of SOX10, we stained 47 previously diagnosed nonmelanocytic malignant effusions. A cut-off of >1 positively staining cells was considered positive. The intensity of staining was graded as weak, moderate, and strong. Results All 14 melanoma cases were positive for SOX10 and HMB45 (100%), compared to 12 cases (86%) using Melan A and S-100. Among 47 previously diagnosed nonmelanocytic malignant effusions (4 malignant mesotheliomas, 12 mullerian tumors, 9 breast carcinomas, 9 lung adenocarcinomas, and 13 hematologic tumors), SOX10 and HMB45 showed a specificity of 98%, whereas Melan A and S100 had a specificity of 100%. Conclusions The sensitivity of SOX10 for melanoma in effusions is comparable with HMB45 with a 100% sensitivity. In terms of staining intensity, HMB45 appeared to be superior as it showed 100% moderate to strong intensity compared to 72% for SOX10. All four markers showed near-100% specificity in differentiating melanoma from nonmelanocytic malignant effusions. A combination of HMB45 and SOX10 might be useful as the initial stains of choice in diagnosing melanoma in effusion cytology.
Iatrogenic Inner Ear Dehiscence After Lateral Skull Base Surgery: Therapeutic Dilemma and Treatment Options

Objective:To describe a series of patients with iatrogenic inner ear dehiscence after lateral skull base surgery and discuss treatment options.Patients:Three patients with history of recent lateral skull base surgery, symptoms consistent with inner ear dehiscence, and radiographically proven bony de
The socially effective leader: Exploring the relationship between athletic director political skill and coach commitment and job satisfaction:

Previous sport management research has demonstrated the positive relationship between political skill and personal career outcomes, but research addressing the question of how leader social effecti...
The Effects of Surface Longwave Spectral Emissivity on Atmospheric Circulation and Convection over the Sahara and Sahel

AbstractThis study quantifies the impact of the inclusion of realistic surface spectral emissivity in the Sahara and Sahel on the simulated local climate and beyond. The surface emissivity in these...
Personalization, Customer Data Aggregation, and The Role of List Price

We study the price discrimination problem when consumers have uninformed preferences – imperfect prior knowledge about their match values with the firm’s product. Each consumer receives a private noisy signal that is correlated with her value. If the firm can collect and aggregate these signals, it is able to learn beyond the consumer’s private knowledge. This confounds the monopolist’s ability to extract differential surpluses, because consumers may under-estimate their value. We show that the firm can effectively price discriminate, but it requires the firm to signal to consumers through personalized prices and a list price. Several novel results arise from this setting: (i) under certain conditions, uniform pricing is more profitable than price discrimination; (ii) the optimal uniform price can decrease with the portion of consumers whose value is higher than others; (iii) relative to uniform pricing, price discrimination may be a strong Pareto improvement, strictly increasing the payoff for the firm and every consumer.
The ballot or the bomb belt: the roots of female suicide terrorism before and after 9/11

In recent years, an upward trend in terrorist attacks has mirrored an increase in suicide attacks. According to our preliminary analysis, the events of September 11th marked a sea change in the num...
Hair regrowth in 2 patients with recalcitrant central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia after use of topical metformin.

Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is a progressive scarring alopecia predominately occurring in women of African descent.1 The progression of hair loss is insidious, often occurring in the absence of clinical signs of overt inflammation. As a result, end stage fibrosis occurs at a rate disproportionate to the rate of inflammation, a finding common to a class of disorders termed fibroproliferative disorders (FPDs).2 Staging of CCCA is based on distribution, frontal (type a) or vertex (type b) location, and extent of the area of affected scalp scaled numerically from normal (0) to bald scalp (5).1 Metformin, commonly used for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, has shown efficacy in improving fibrosis in a mouse model of FPD through the mediation of adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK).3 We present 2 cases of hair regrowth after topical use of metformin for CCCA.
Effects of Metatarsal Work Boots on Gait During Level and Inclined Walking

Footwear plays an important role in worker safety. Work boots with safety toes are often utilized at mine sites to protect workers from hazards. Increasingly, mining operations require metatarsal guards in addition to safety toe protection in boots. While these guards provide additional protection, the impact of metatarsal guards on gait are unknown. This study aimed to measure the effects of 4 safety work boots, steel toe, and steel toe with metatarsal protection in wader- and hiker-style boots, on level and inclined walking gait characteristics, during ascent and descent. A total of 10 participants completed this study. A motion capture system measured kinematics that allowed for the calculation of key gait parameters. Results indicated that gait parameters changed due to incline, similar to previous literature. Wader-style work boots reduced ankle range of motion when ascending an incline. Hip, knee, and ankle ranges of motion were also reduced during descent for this style of boot. Wader-style boots with metatarsal guards led to the smallest ankle range of motion when descending an inclined walkway. From these results, it is likely that boot style affects gait parameters and may impact a miner's risk for slips, trips, or falls.
Quality Health Care for Adolescents with Special Health-Care Needs: Issues and Clinical Implications

Assuring quality health care for the diverse U.S. adolescent population is a subject of growing concern among health-care providers and policy makers. Health-care services and policies must appreciate that experiences of adolescents with special health-care needs include challenges that stretch beyond those unique to their conditions to include relationships with family, friends, and professionals as well as their ability to function in school, clinics, and other settings. This review explores those issues while building upon the six core outcomes delineated in the draft 10-year action plan offered as an accompaniment to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 guidelines.
Effects of fruit set, mineral nutrition, mating, and herbivory on male flower production in andromonoecious Polanisia dodecandra subsp. trachysperma (Cleomaceae)1

Andromonoecy, a sexual system in which all individuals have both bisexual and male flowers, is found in at least four North American genera of Cleomaceae: Cleome L., Cleomella DC., Polanisia Raf., and Tarenaya Raf. This can be easily missed because the terms andromonoecious and andromonoecy are largely absent from the literature on these taxa. We conducted a series of experiments on how fruit set, mineral nutrition, mating, and herbivory affect male flower production in a cultivar of the North American cleomid Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. subsp. trachysperma (Torr. & A. Gray) Iltis. When we completely prevented fruit set during bisexual flower production, no male flowers were produced. If we allowed fruit maturation, plants would eventually switch to producing male flowers, then switch back to bisexual, and then continue alternating floral sex types as long as we allowed them to grow. Withholding mineral nutrients and simulating leaf herbivory each hastened the initial switch from bisexual to male flowers, but self-pollination did not delay it. Our results strongly indicate that in P. dodecandra subsp. trachysperma, male flower production is an evolutionary response to the regular occurrence of variation during the flowering season in the availability of photosynthates necessary for fruit maturation. It is likely that male flowers do contribute to male reproductive success through increased pollen export, but do not contribute to female reproductive success through increased deposition of pollen on the stigmas of bisexual flowers. More complete knowledge of the sexual systems and infrageneric relationships among North American cleomids, and in Cleomaceae as a whole, should provide interesting new insights into the evolution of sexual systems in angiosperms.
An exploratory analysis of source integration in post-secondary L1 and L2 source-based writing

Abstract Post-secondary students across the curriculum are commonly required to integrate source text material into their academic writing. While writing from multiple sources occurs frequently in higher education (Rosenfeld et al., 2001) and is a cognitively demanding task, few studies have investigated the types of source integration used by L1 and L2 writers entering post-secondary, first-year composition (Cumming et al., 2016). This study compares L1 and L2 in-class writing from multiple sources to quantitatively investigate similarities and differences in (1) use of various types of source integration (e.g., citations, paraphrases, direct quotes), and (2) use of ideational units. The writing was also analyzed qualitatively to follow up on select patterns from the quantitative findings. Results indicated that despite lower holistic writing quality scores, the L2 writing, in certain respects, demonstrated more responsible use of various types of source integration compared to L1 writing. The analysis also revealed very low frequencies of synthesis writing for both L1 and L2 writing. Finally, the findings are discussed as they relate to simplified versus elaborative integration of source material in student writing.
From Doers to Donors:Sociology Students’ Perceptions of Experiential Philanthropy

Service learning is a well-established part of the sociology curriculum in many American universities and colleges. Less well known is student-led philanthropy (also known as experiential philanthr...
Anodal tDCS accelerates on-line learning of dart throwing.

Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to enhance or block online learning of motor skills, depending on the current direction. However, most research on the use of tDCS has been limited to the study of relatively simple motor tasks. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of anodal (a-tDCS) and cathodal (c-tDCS) direct current stimulation on the online learning during a single session of dart throwing. Fifty-eight young adults were randomized to a-tDCS, c-tDCS, or SHAM groups and completed a pre-test block of dart throws, a 20-minute practice block of throws while receiving their stimulation condition, and a post-test block of dart throws. The results showed that a-tDCS accelerated the skill learning of dart throwing more than SHAM and c-tDCS conditions. The SHAM and c-tDCS conditions were not different. We conclude that a-tDCS may have a positive effect in a single training session which would be ideal in a recreational game environment where repeated practice is not common.
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at the Nuclear Science Laboratory: Applications to Nuclear Astrophysics☆

Abstract The Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) program at the Nuclear Science Laboratory of the University of Notre Dame is focused on measurements related to galactic radioactivity and to nucleosynthesis of main stellar burning as well as the production of so called Short-Lived Radionuclides (SLRs) in the Early Solar System (ESS). The research program is based around the 11MV FN tandem accelerator and the use of the gas-filled magnet technique for isobar separation. Using a technique that evolved from radiocarbon dating, this paper presents a number of research programs that rely on the use of an 11MV tandem accelerator at the center of the AMS program.
Effect of Cu2 + activation on interfacial water structure at the sphalerite surface as studied by molecular dynamics simulation

In the first part of this paper, an experimental contact angle study of the fresh and Cu2+ activated sphalerite-ZnS surface as well as the covellite-CuS (001) surface is reported describing the increased hydrophobic character of the surface during Cu2+ activation. In addition to these experimental results, the fresh sphalerite-ZnS (110), copper-zinc sulfide-CuZnS2 (110), villamaninite- CuS2 (100), and covellite-CuS (001) surfaces were examined using Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS). Our MDS results on the behavior of interfacial water at the fresh sphalerite-ZnS (110), copper-zinc sulfide-CuZnS2 (110), villamaninite-CuS2 (100), and covellite-CuS (001) surfaces include simulated contact angles, water number density distribution, water dipole orientation, water residence time, and hydrogen-bonding considerations. The copper content at the Cu2+ activated sphalerite surface seems to account for the increased hydrophobicity as revealed by both experimental and MD simulated contact angle measurements. The relatively greater hydrophobic character developed at the Cu2+ activated sphalerite surface and at the copper-zinc sulfide surface has been described by MDS, based on the structure of interfacial water and its dynamic properties. L.X.D. acknowledges funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences.
Swimming Droplets: Artificial Squirmers

Self propelled particles (SPPs) typically carry their own energy and are not propelled simply by the thermal buffeting due to the environment. As non-equilibrium entities, they are not restricted to classical equilibrium constraints such as the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and detailed balance. Consequently, SPPs are simple model systems to study the behavior of non-equilibrium phenomena, in particular the mechanics and statistics of active matter.
High-Resolution Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy in Natural Fluorine, Aluminum, Chlorine and Potassium

In order to understand the features of nuclear reactions, we need to be able to relate the cross sections to the internal properties of the nucleus. The simple Breit Wigner formule(1) has been intensively used with the necessary modifications for Doppler broadening in the analysis of resonances observed in neutron interactions with heavy nuclei. Another important theory is due to Kapur and Peierls(2) which employs two sets of eigenstates and eigenvalues. The boundary conditions required for their definition require the logarithmic derivatives of the interior wave function at each channel entrance to be equal to the logarithmic derivative of the radial outgoing or ingoing wave function, respectively, in that channel. These two sets of eigenstates are mutually, but not separately, orthogonal, and the necessary expansions must be made in terms of both of them. The resulting cross section expressions are very familiar in form to those of S-matrix theory, but the parameters are all energy dependent. The S-matrix formulation of nuclear reaction theory by Humblet and Rosenfeld(3) has the advantage of a physically clear definition of resonance energy and rather simple expressions for the cross sections.
Theoretical Aspects of Oxide Particle Stability and Chemical Reactivity

Molecular-level simulation is increasingly a key complement to experiment in the exploration of metal oxide nanoparticle structure, composition, and reactivity. Density functional theory (DFT) in particular has emerged as the leading tool for these studies because of its balance of theoretical rigor and computational tractability. In this chapter the use of these tools to describe and explain chemical reactivity at oxide surfaces is explored. The model systems considered include comparisons of the adsorption chemistry of CO2, SOx, and NOx at base metal oxide surfaces, the facile hydration and resulting hydroxylated surface of alumina, the stability and reactivity of the RuO2 surface towards O2, and particle size effects on the stability of Pt oxide particles. The combination provides both an overview of the capabilities of current electronic structure methods as applied to metal oxides and an introduction to the opportunities for enhanced insight that comes from their use. This research is sponsored by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy and has been performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725.
Day to Day at the CEA: Letters, Memoranda, and Notes on Economic Policy to the World at Large from a Member of the Council of Economic Advisors in the Ford Administration (1975-1976)

The Gerald Ford Presidency demonstrated an amazing scope and expertise in the formation of economic policy at a time of numerous economic crises. the documents from that administration that come from the files of a member of the council of economic advisors indicate these conditions.
The chemical potential in non-ideal liquid mixtures

We report Monte Carlo calculations for two non-ideal binary mixtures of Lennard-Jones fluids A and B. In the first the molecules have the same diameter but different well depths, eAA = 2eBB . In the second the well depths are the same but the diameters differ, (σ AA /σ BB )3=2·144. The chemical potentials of both components are obtained over the entire range of compositions, using a modified test particle method called f-g sampling. The simulation data are used to test a variety of mixture theories based on both the n-fluid idea and on a perturbation expansion about a mixture of hard spheres. Of the n-fluid theories the van der Waals 1- and 2-fluid theories are best in general. However, none of the n-fluid theories give good results when the molecular size ratio parameter (σ AB /σ BB )3 differs from unity by more than about 30 or 40 per cent. When the molecules are appreciably different in size the Leonard-Henderson-Barker (LHB) and Lee-Levesque (LL) forms of hard sphere perturbation theory are both much ...
Anton N. Oleinik: The Invisible Hand of Power: An Economic Theory of Gate Keeping

Anton N. Oleinik’s theory of gate-keeping and “triad of power” builds on the insights of original institutionalists and improves our understanding of social control in the market economy. His model...
MlsaDETERMINANTS: RELATIONSHIP TO Fc? RECEPTOR AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION

We have analysed the genetic relationship between Mlsa and Fc gamma R in mice. Using the Fc gamma R-specific DNA probes, we were unable to detect a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) which is consistent in DNA derived from Mlsa strains and which differed from that of Mlsb strains, while we could see a polymorphism that distinguishes Ly17.1 from Ly17.2, alleles of the Fc gamma R. These results strongly suggest that Mlsa is neither a product of the alpha Fc gamma R nor of the beta Fc gamma R gene. Furthermore, we have re-examined the tissue distribution of Mlsa determinants using a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen-positive T-cell tumour as well as a pure population of bone marrow derived macrophages of Mlsa genotype. Both these cell types were recognized to varying degrees by alloreactive cells; however, none of them expressed functionally detectable Mlsa determinants. We conclude from our studies that Mlsa is a highly stimulatory self peptide that is exclusively expressed in B cells.
In Vivo Toxicity Studies of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Manufactured nanomaterials are in more than 1000 consumer products that contain some nanotechnology-based material on the market today. In the last five years there has been much effort put toward understanding the health effects associated with nanoparticle exposure. Toxicity assessment plays a significant role in this effort since human exposure can occur during production processes, handling, as well as their use and application. Although, though there is a large body of literature on “ultrafine particles” from a pulmonary exposure assessment, one should proceed with caution to expand this information to nanomaterials as we are still just at the beginning stages of their toxicity assessment. In this chapter, we consider the respiratory system as the main route of exposure to nanoparticles and we focus our attention mainly on metal-based nanomaterials and in vivo models used to evaluate them. We also discuss available data for other materials, since similar material properties whether size, shape, or chemical composition could lead to comparable toxicities and this will help in the development of screening strategies for nanomaterials that are very much warranted at this time. Keywords: metal nanoparticles; metal oxide nanoparticles toxicity; inhalation; instillation; mouse model; sub-acute exposure
A critique and a retrieval of management and the humanities

The use of literature, and other sources from the humanities, in management education has become more prominent in recent years. But, there is reason to question the ethical justifications by which the marriage of Management and the Humanities is customarily defended. This paper is a critique of Management and the Humanities as it is practiced through the use of literature. By means of a liberal pragmatist kind of criticism, and a case analysis about a hypothetical Grand Theory of Management called Theory R, I draw a sharp distinction between a Management and the Humanities approach that merely confirms conventional truths and a new approach to Management and the Humanities that enables students to grow as what Henry Giroux calls "critical rather than 'good' citizens." I show how this new approach can enable management educators to retrieve the potential of Management and the Humanities to contribute to liberal education.
Predicting the Future of IT Services with TRIZ

Thriving organizations have an increasing demand for faster and more predictable innovation. Conventional innovation models may fail to deliver business results due to their trial and error, risky, and unpredictable nature. Structured innovation models may provide faster and more predictable innovations. One such innovation model is the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving TRIZ. The Information Technology IT Services industry is decades old and affects virtually all organizations as well as the global economy as a whole. Most organizations benefit from insights into the future of IT Services for strategic planning purposes. In this article, TRIZ is used to predict the next big things in IT Services. Our TRIZ analysis concluded that the future of IT Services will be highly automated; the solutions will be transparent to the users; the workforce required will be substantially smaller; and costs will be lower despite increases in service levels.
PSEUDOMONAS NATRIEGENS, A MARINE BACTERIUM WITH A GENERATION TIME OF LESS THAN 10 MINUTES

Eagon, R. G. (University of Georgia, Athens). Pseudomonas natriegens, a marine bacterium with a generation time of less than 10 minutes. J. Bacteriol. 83:736–737. 1962.—Pseudomonas natriegens, a marine microorganism, was demonstrated to have a generation time of 9.8 min. This is the shortest generation time reported to date. Optimal growth occurred at 37 C in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 1.5% sea salt.
Earthquakes: A Chilean surprise.

Initiation of the great 2010 Chile earthquake occurred within the rupture zone of the 1835 event experienced by Charles Darwin. However, the peak fault slip was to the north of the epicentre — not where it was expected to occur.
Relation between the amount of DNA per cell and the duration of DNA synthesis in three strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis

This study concerns the effects of different amounts of DNA in a cell nucleus on the duration of the DNA synthetic period (S). Two strains of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis were found to differ from a third strain in the DNA content of their G1 macronuclei as shown by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. The duration of macronuclear S in the three different strains, identically cultured, was measured by tritiated thymidine autoradiography methods. All three strains have the same S period. These results point to a control mechanism that regulated DNA synthesis in a precise temporal manner independent of the amount of DNA in the nucleus and perhaps also the ploidy condition of the nucleus.
Partially corrected X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency: long-term problems and treatment options

Rapid progress has been made from the identification of the molecular defects causing X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (X-SCID) to the development of cutting-edge therapeutic approaches such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant and gene therapy for XSCID. Successful treatment of XSCID has created a new population of patients, many of whom are now adolescents and young adults and are facing a variety of chronic problems secondary to partial correction of their underlying disease. This review focuses on the clinical challenges facing these patients (and their caregivers) and provides an overview of some of the treatment options available, including gene therapy.
Application of the Drop Weight Method to the Determination of the Surface Tension of Colloidal Solutions

IN connexion with some work by Henry N. Harkins and myself on the surface tension of certain colloidal solutions, it seemed essential to hold the drop used for the determination at almost full extension any desired length of time before it was allowed to fall. As usual, the drop was allowed to fall from a tip of horizontal circular cross-section into a stoppered weighing bottle (method of J. L. R. Morgan). The weighing bottle was immersed in a thermostat, and was kept dry on the outside by an enclosure of glass and brass, such as was used by Harkins and Brown. This is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1. The new modification consisted in supporting the supply bottle entirely by the rod A, which was supported in turn by a microscope stand upheld by a heavy tripod which rested on a pier outside the thermostat. The rod was made so small that there was no contact with the inside of the tube C′. There should also be no contact between the stopper of the bottle E and the inverted capillary U tube upon which the tip D is ground, since the adjustment of the level of the bottle E must transmit no vibrations to the hanging drop.
Commitments among agents

Commitments are a powerful representation for modeling multiagent interactions. Previous approaches have considered the semantics of commitments and how to check compliance with them. However, these approaches do not capture some of the subtleties that arise in real-life applications such as e-commerce, in which contracts and institutions have implicit temporal references. In this column, we describe a rich representation for the temporal content of commitments that lets us capture realistic contracts and avoid ambiguities. Consequently, this approach lets us reason about whether, and at what point, a commitment is satisfied or breached, and whether it is or ever becomes unenforceable.
Synthesis and Properties of 10-Benzylaminopterin

Substitution of a benzyl group for the methyl at N-10 of Methotrexate caused only a slight decrease in the inhibitory properties of the folate analog against L1210 leukemia in cell culture.
Time-resolved optical absorption studies of cytochrome oxidase dynamics

Time-resolved spectroscopic studies in our laboratory of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase dynamics are summarized. Intramolecular electron transfer was investigated upon photolysis of CO from the mixed-valence enzyme, by pulse radiolysis, and upon light-induced electron injection into the cytochrome c/cytochrome oxidase complex from a novel photoactivatable dye. The reduction of dioxygen to water was monitored by a gated multichannel analyzer using the CO flow-flash method or a synthetic caged dioxygen carrier. The pH dependence of the intermediate spectra suggests a mechanism of dioxygen reduction more complex than the conventional unidirectional sequential scheme. A branched model is proposed, in which one branch produces the P form and the other branch the F form. The rate of exchange between the two branches is pH-dependent. A cross-linked histidine–phenol was synthesized and characterized to explore the role of the cross-linked His–Tyr cofactor in the function of the enzyme. Time-resolved optical absorption spectra, EPR and FTIR spectra of the compound generated after UV photolysis indicated the presence of a radical residing primarily on the phenoxyl ring. The relevance of these results to cytochrome oxidase function is discussed.
Evaluation of scatter compensation methods by their effects on parameter estimation from SPECT projections.

Three algorithms for scatter compensation in Tc-99m brain single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) were optimized and compared on the basis of the accuracy and precision with which lesion and background activity could be simultaneously estimated. These performance metrics are directly related to the clinically important tasks of activity quantitation and lesion detection, in contrast to measures based solely on the fidelity of image pixel values. The scatter compensation algorithms were (a) the Compton-window (CW) method with a 20% photopeak window, a 92–126 keV scatter window, and an optimized “k-factor,” (b) the triple-energy window (TEW) method, with optimized widths of the photopeak window and the abutting scatter window, and (c) a general spectral (GS) method using seventeen 4 keV windows with optimized energy weights. Each method was optimized by minimizing the sum of the mean-squared errors (MSE) of the estimates of lesion and background activity concentrations. The accuracy and precision of activity estimates were then determined for lesions of different size, location, and contrast, as well as for a more complex Bayesian estimation task in which lesion size was also estimated. For the TEW and GS methods, parameters optimized for the estimation task differed significantly from those optimized for global normalized pixel MSE. For optimal estimation, the CW bias of activity estimates was larger and varied more (−2% to 22%) with lesion location and size than that of the other methods. The magnitude of the TEW bias was less than 7% across most conditions, although its precision was worse than that of CW estimates. The GS method performed best, with bias generally less than 4% and the lowest variance; its root-mean square (rms) estimation error was within a few percent of that achievable from primary photons alone. For brainSPECT, estimation performance with an optimized, energy-based, subtractive correction may approach that of an ideal scatter-rejection procedure.
Improving rich internet application development using patterns

With changes of customer requirements, web development, especially developing Rich Internet Applications (RIA) with complex widgets and data-driven behavior can be a time-consuming task. In our previous work [3], we have presented a test-driven web development approach using ClearScript test cases as requirements to automatically generate widgets, and thus reduce the barrier of web development and testing. We extend on this work, and develop a machine learning based algorithm to identify RIA patterns [1] from requirements specified as test cases, and automatically instantiate them using simple rules. We also present performance of our algorithm and a user study which demonstrates the viability of our approach.
Structure and dynamics of the microbial communities underlying the carboxylate platform for biofuel production

The carboxylate platform utilizes a mixed microbial community to convert lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels. While much of the platform is well understood, little is known about its microbiology. Mesophilic (40 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) fermentations employing a sorghum feedstock and marine sediment inoculum were profiled using 16S rRNA tag-pyrosequencing over the course of a 30-day incubation. The contrasting fermentation temperatures converted similar amounts of biomass, but the mesophilic community was significantly more productive, and the two temperatures differed significantly with respect to propionic and butyric acid production. Pyrotag sequencing revealed the presence of dynamic communities that responded rapidly to temperature and changed substantially over time. Both temperatures were dominated by bacteria resembling Clostridia, but they shared few taxa in common. The species-rich mesophilic community harbored a variety of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and γ-Proteobacteria, whereas the thermophilic community was composed mainly of Clostridia and Bacilli. Despite differences in composition and productivity, similar patterns of functional class dynamics were observed. Over time, organisms resembling known cellulose degraders decreased in abundance, while organisms resembling known xylose degraders increased. Improved understanding of the carboxylate platform’s microbiology will help refine platform performance and contribute to our growing knowledge regarding biomass conversion and biofuel production processes.
Chelation of zinc by diethyldithiocarbamate facilitates bursting induced by mixed antidromic plus orthodromic activation of mossy fibers in hippocampal slices.

Abstract The effect of chelation of zinc by diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) on bursting of CA3 pyramidal cells induced by mixed antidromic plus orthodromic activation of mossy fibers (MP) in hippocampal slices was studied. Slices perfused in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) with high (2.5 mM) Ca2+ rarely exhibited triggered bursting following a series of stimulus trains similar to those used in kindling. In contrast, slices perfused with DEDTC (0.1 mM) in ACSF and subsequently perfused with ACSF alone prior to initiating the stimulus trains exhibited robust triggered bursting following the stimulus trains. However, if slices perfused with ACSF containing DEDTC were then perfused with ACSF containing zinc chloride (0.5 μM) followed by ACSF alone, triggered bursting was not induced subsequent to delivering stimulus trains. It is concluded that release of zinc from the mossy fibers induced by tetanic stimulation serves to obtund bursting in CA3 pyramidal cells.
Transport anomalies and magnetic properties of Sn x Eu 1.2−x Mo 6 S 8 alloys

We have measured the resistance R, magnetoresistance, and magnetization of sintered samples of the compounds Sn x Eu1.2−x Mo6S8, where x = 0, 0.12, 0.24, and 0.48. A large resistance anomaly beginning at T ~ 100 K and extending to low temperatures is found in all of the alloys except x = 0.48, which had a high superconducting transition temperature T c ~ 11.3 K. The resistance anomaly, which appears to be correlated with the depression of T c, is also correlated with a large negative magnetoresistance at temperatures T ⩽ 12 K. For all samples except x = 0.48, that part of the magnetoresistance attributed to spin-flip scattering is proportional to the square of the magnetization M 2 and is 30–40% of R (0) for some samples. Magnetization measurements are consistent with a spin-7/2 paramagnetic behavior of Eu2+ ions when allowance is made for a concentration of 20–30% nonmagnetic (J = 0) Eu3+ ions as determined from Mossbauer measurements. The experimental results are inconsistent with predictions of dilute magnetic alloy Kondo models. We speculate that the resistance anomaly and suppression of T c for x ⩽ 0.24 are associated with a semiconductor-like behavior.
History and development of the electronic power converter

The authors feel the term "electronic power converter" needs some definition. The object may be to convert power from direct current to alternating current for direct current (dc) power transmission, or to convert power from one frequency into another,or to serve as a commutator for operating an ac motor at variable speed,or for transforming high-voltage dc into low-voltage dc. It is thus evidently not the objective but the means that characterizes the electronic power converter. The emphasis is on electronic means and the term is limited to conversion of power as distinguished from electric energy for purposes of communication. Thus, the name is a definition. The authors provide a istory and evolution of the electronic converter, its use in the suppression of electronic faults and in the single-conversion frequency changer. Finally a description is given of the dc transformer and the adaptability of the electronic converter.
Top management team turnover, CEO succession type, and strategic change

Abstract While previous research suggests that CEO turnover correlates with strategic changes in firm's operations such as discontinuation of operations, we demonstrate that such findings apply only to specific types of CEO turnover, and only if non-CEO members of the top management team also exit the firm. Our analysis examines cases of contender, follower, and outsider succession and reinforces the key role of non-CEO departures in strategic change at a firm. The results support an integration of the upper echelons perspective and the power circulation theory view of top management team turnover.