cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unipotent support for irreducible representations

1.1 Let G(F,) be the group of Fq rational points of a connected reductive algebraic group G defined over a finite field F,. Throughout this paper we shall assume that the characteristic of the ground field is large. The following is part of Problem II in [L9]. “Let p be an irreducible complex character of G(F,). Show that there is a unique umpotent class c’ in G which has the property that Cga c’CFqI p(g) # 0 and has maximal dimension among classes with this property.” One of the results of this paper is a solution of this problem; we also prove the following refinement. If g E GF is such that Tr(g, p) # 0 then the unipotent part of g lies in C or in a conjugacy class of dimension <dim(C). We call c’ the unipotent support of p. Another map from the set of irreducible representations of GF to unipotent classes in G has been defined in [L8, 13.43; this was the composition of two maps: one from irreducible representations of GF to a set of parameters in the Langlands dual of G and one from this set of parameters to unipotent classes in G. Another (conjectural) definition of this map, which did not pass through the Langlands dual, has been proposed by Kawanaka [Kl, K2, K3], in terms of generalized Gelfand-Graev representations; in analogy with real Lie groups, he uses the name wave front set for the unipotent class attached to a representation. One of the results of this paper is a proof (see Section 11) of Kawanaka’s conjecture that his wave front set is well defined and that it coincides with the one defined in [L8]; this has been known earlier, from the work of Kawanaka, in certain special cases. We also show that the unipotent support of an irreducible representation coincides with the wave front set of the “dual” representation.
The parallel Fourier pseudospectral method

Abstract Parallel algorithms of the Fourier pseudospectral method are presented for the solution of the unsteady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The only major operation that requires parallelization is the multidimensional FFT. In tests performed on a 1024-node hypercube computer, an efficiency of about 83 % is obtained for a three-dimensional problem with mesh size 128 3 . The all-FORTRAN code requires 17 s per timestep, rivalling rates obtained from optimized codes on current supercomputers.
A study of junction photocurrent changes caused by defective gate oxide

It has been widely revealed that the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) laser beam may induce photoperturbation which can significantly deteriorate the characterization accuracy of AFM-based tools. This paper gives direct evidence that the optical excitation process may yield a temporary source of minority carriers, and that the inversion layer can be formed beneath the oxide layer of the NMOS transistor. By taking advantage of this non-negligible photoelectric effect, a novel approach that is likely to be used to evaluate gate oxide quality or gate oxide reliability was developed. In this study, it was observed that defective gate oxide can cause junction photocurrent changes, or the junction photocurrent can be correlated to gate oxide quality.
Reactive germanium/transition metal interfaces investigated with synchrotron radiation photoemission: Ge/Ni and Ge/Pd

Abstract We report the first photoemission studies of the electronic structure at the interface between Ge(111) and d-metal overlayers at monolayer coverages. Two systems are discussed, Ge(111)/Pd and Ge(111)/Ni. In the case of Ge(111)/Pd a broad, reacted germanide-like phase is formed with similar electronic features to the Si(111)/Pd interface. In the Ge(111) Ni case an evolution of the valence band structure versus coverage from a reacted situation to a metal rich situation is found, indicating a strong gradient of concentration. The interface is narrower than for Ge/Pd. Photoemission spectra of the valence band at hv =80 eV are presented as well as core line data of the Ge 3d which show the trends in binding energy shifts and the changes in the relative intensities as a function of metal coverage. The discussion is carried out on the differences in the growth of these interfaces and comparisons are made to the correspondent silicide/metal systems.
Experimental study of rubber tire aggregates effect on compressive and dynamic load-bearing properties of cylindrical concrete specimens

Sustainable development has become a major focus for engineers and planners as part of their collective efforts in finding, developing and integrating environmental-friendly solutions for material recycling and waste management into design and construction of civil engineering infrastructure. In the past three decades, there has been an increase in recycling and application of waste materials into the concrete to decrease costs and improve material properties of the concrete. Significant growth in automobile manufacturing industry and increased rubber tire supply for vehicles suggested the application of waste tire particles as concrete aggregates to minimize the ecological footprint of the rubber tire waste due to its recycling process difficulties. In this paper, the effect of rubber tire particles on compressive and dynamic strength of concrete specimens with different particle percentiles was tested on more than 55 cylindrical specimens. To achieve the optimal mix design properties of rubber tire concrete specimens, both fine and coarse aggregates got replaced by fine and coarse rubber particles. Introduction of rubber tire particles as coarse and fine aggregate reduces the brittleness of the concrete and provides more flexible aggregate bonding which ultimately improves the dynamic resistance of the concrete. It increases the concrete workability and provides environmental-friendly and cost-effective solutions in using recycled materials for concrete construction applications.
Derivation of a 3-channel DPCA/monopulse radar using phased arrays

An efficient 3-channel radar system is derived that provides both clutter cancellation and high resolution angle estimates simultaneously for a space-based radar (SBR). A phased array antenna divided into three DPCA (displaced phase center antenna) sub-apertures is assumed. The paper provides expressions to perform clutter cancellation and calculate monopulse angle estimates, along with simulation results to illustrate their performance. >
Design, control, and energetic characterization of a solenoid-injected monopropellant-powered actuator

This paper describes a direct-injection configuration of a monopropellant-powered actuator that is intended to provide high-energy-density actuation for a self-powered position- or force-controlled human-scale robot. The proposed actuator is pressurized by a pair of solenoid injection valves (each of which control the flow of a monopropellant through a catalyst pack and directly into the respective side of a pneumatic-type cylinder), and depressurized via a three-way hot-gas proportional exhaust valve. A controller is described that coordinates the control of the two solenoid propellant injection valves, together with the control of the proportional hot-gas exhaust valve, in order to provide actuator force tracking. Experimental results are presented that validate the effectiveness of the force-control approach. Finally, energetic performance of the proposed actuator is experimentally assessed and shown to provide an energetic figure of merit, an order of magnitude greater than that of a battery-powered servomotor approach
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM FOR CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA CONVERSION ON A MULTI-MODEL DATABASE MACHINE

The design of a “good” conceptual schema for a multi-model database machine or application is often the object of an iterative process that is performed usually manually and in an ad-hoc manner. With the advent of knowledge-based systems and rule-based programming, it has become feasible to encapsulate a substantial amount of the database administrator’s knowledge into a system capable of performing normalization operations and making database design decisions. The interactive knowledge-based system described in this paper attempts to automatize the normalization process of a E/R conceptual schema and to produce an equivalent “better” normalized schema. The ultimate goal is to produce a “proper” conceptual schema i.e. a conceptual schema that yields lossless, dependency-preserving and normalized external schemas.
Nanoenhanced hydrogel system with sustained release capabilities

An alginate/halloysite nanotube (HNT) nanocomposite was developed with sustained release of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) at picogram low levels. BMP-2, 4, and 6 and osteoblasts were chosen as our model “growth factor” and “cell type” as the interaction of BMPs with osteoblasts is well known and thoroughly investigated. Alginate hydrogels with HNTs doped with BMP-2, 4, or 6 only or BMP-4 and 6 in combination. Osteoblasts were seeded within the hydrogels and studied for changes in cell proliferation, phenotypic expression, and mineralization over a 28-day experimental period. Osteoblast behavior was enhanced in BMP doped hydrogel/HNTs nanocomposites as compared with control groups. Release profiles showed that BMP-2 was released in a sustained fashion over a 7-day period and at picogram levels. Mineralization, as showed by Von Kossa staining, and protein synthesis peaked at 28 days, for all three growth factor combinations. BMP-4 provided a marked stimulus for osteoblast functionality base and was comparable to BMP-6 in terms of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. BMP-4 and 6, in combination, showed a marked enhancement in osteoblast differentiation and functionality; however, the response seemed to be delayed when compared with BMP-4 and 6 release. Hydrogel surfaces had a complex surface topography and greater structural integrity with increased halloysite addition. The data suggest that these nanocomposites may provide a mechanism to enhance repair and regeneration in damaged or diseased tissues, reducing the need for more invasive treatment modalities. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103: 2416–2426, 2015.
Sub-Optimal Generation Portfolio Variance with Rate of Return Regulation

This paper demonstrates that continuation of traditional rate-of-return electric utility regulation of transmission and distribution assets will impede the ability of customers to optimize their generation portfolios. Under linear price regulation, with increasing (decreasing) returns to scale customers will choose a more (less) risky generation portfolio than they would with no transmission and distribution asset rate-of-return regulation. Similar problems arise under non-linear (two-part) pricing of transmission and distribution assets. When the per-unit price is set at marginal cost, with increasing (decreasing) marginal cost, customers will choose a more (less) risky generation portfolio than they would with no transmission and distribution asset regulation. With price caps the optimal generation portfolio is chosen.
Interleukin 10 treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

Interleukin (IL) 10 looms as a highly promising treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of its capacity to inhibit cellular immunity and deactivate macrophages. In RA, activated CD4 T helper cells and macrophages are believed to be the primary driving force behind joint inflammation. Synovial macrophages play a critical part in stimulating synovial inflammation. They produce abundant quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α. The body attempts to keep the inflammatory response in check by upregulating the synthesis of endogenous inhibitors such as IL1 receptor antagonist (ra), soluble TNF receptors (TNFR), and IL10. These inhibitors act in concert to dampen the inflammatory response. IL10 is relatively unique in its ability to downregulate the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the notion that IL10 would be an effective treatment for RA. Monocytes and macrophages produce IL10 when they are activated with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). There is an initial burst of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL1, IL6, and GM-CSF) followed later by a rise in IL10 synthesis.1 LPS stimulated IL10 production requires both the synthesis of TNFα and IL1 as well as cognate interactions between monocytes and T cells.2 3 IL10 release from LPS stimulated monocytes may be increased by transforming growth factor (TGF) β, interferon (IFN) α, IFNβ,4-6 histamine7 and ligation of the Fcγ receptor I.8 On the other hand, LPS stimulated IL10 production may be inhibited by IL4, IFNγ,9 10 and ligation of CD23, the low affinity IgE receptor.11 IL10 and IL12 appear to be coordinately regulated in many of these experimental systems such that IL12 upregulates the synthesis of IL10 that controls the extent of the response.7 8 T cells also produce IL10. This cytokine is a component of the overall T helper …
Restoring accountability in pretrial release: the Philadelphia pretrial release supervision experiments

As drug arrests and jail overcrowding added pressure to increase pretrial release in localities during the 1980s and 1990s, the need to manage a larger and higher-risk pretrial population of defendants awaiting adjudication in the community became a high priority for justice agencies. In the late 1990s Philadelphia officials sought to discover the ingredients of a successful supervision strategy through four interlinked field experiments to provide an empirical basis for a major reform of the pretrial release system. The results of the linked randomized experiments question common assumptions about “supervision,” its impact and effectiveness, about the underlying nature of the noncompliant defendant, and deterrence implications. The study emphasizes the importance of interpreting the findings in the context of implementation of the policy reform. Findings suggest that facilitative notification strategies wield little influence on defendant behavior and that deterrent aims are undermined by the system's failure to deliver consequences for defendant noncompliance during pretrial release. The most significant contribution of the article is its illustration of a major evidence-based policy reform undertaken by a major court system.
Long-term Comparative Immunogenicity of Protein Conjugate and Free Polysaccharide Pneumococcal Vaccines in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background. Although the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) protects against invasive disease in young healthy persons, randomized controlled trials in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have demonstrated no benefit in the intention-to-treat population. We previously reported that the 7-valent diphtheria-conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PCV7) is safe and induced greater serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and functional antibody than did PPSV23 1 month after vaccination. We hypothesized that these advantages would persist at 1 and 2 years. Methods. One hundred eighty-one patients with moderate to severe COPD were randomized to receive PPSV23 (n = 90) or PCV7 (1.0 mL; n = 91). We measured IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and assessed functional antibody activity by a standardized opsonophagocytosis assay, reported as a killing index (OPK). We determined differences in IgG and OPK between vaccine groups at 1 and 2 years. Results. Relative to PPSV23, PCV7 induced greater OPK at both 1 and 2 years for 6 of 7 serotypes (not 19F). This response was statistically greater for 5 of 7 serotypes at 1 year and 4 of 7 at 2 years. Comparable differences in IgG were observed but were less often statistically significant. Despite meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for PPSV23 administration, almost 50% of individuals had never been vaccinated. No differences in the frequency of acute exacerbations, pneumonia, or hospitalization were observed. Conclusions. PCV7 induces a greater functional antibody response than PPSV23 in patients with COPD that persists for 2 years after vaccination. This superior functional response supports testing of conjugate vaccination in studies examining clinical end points. Clinical Trials Registration: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00457977","term_id":"NCT00457977"}}NCT00457977.
Influence of Chain Stiffness on the Interaction of Polyelectrolytes with Oppositely Charged Micelles and Proteins

The effect of a polyelectrolyte’s chain stiffness on its interaction with an oppositely charged colloid particle was studied by measuring the relative affinity of two polyelectrolytes for (1) mixed cationic/nonionic micelles (DTAB/TX100), and (2) the protein serum albumin. The binding affinity as manifested, respectively, in the critical ionic surfactant mole fraction required for polyelectrolyte -micelle complex formation, and in the critical pH for polyelectrolyte-protein association, was determined by turbidimetric titrations over a range of ionic strengths. Binding was generally weaker for the stiffer chain, hyaluronic acid (HA), relative to the more flexible chain, a copolymer of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonate (AMPS) and acrylamide (AAm), chosen to have the same linear charge density as HA at neutral pH. In the case of serum albumin, comparisons were also made to AMPS-AAm copolymers of higher charge densities, and to heparin, a highly charged and flexible biopolyelectrolyte. The results are discussed in terms of the ionic strength dependence of the relevant persistence lengths.
Self-Control Regulation Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A SCRIPT for Beginning Therapists in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

The efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993a) in the treatment of borderline personality disorder has been well established. A modification of the standard DBT protocol is presented, tailored to meet the unique constraints of an outpatient community mental health clinic training clinic. The program involved participation in two treatment modalities: weekly individual therapy (50 minutes) with a trainee therapist utilizing Self-Control Regulation Interpersonal Psychotherapy (SCRIPT; Cukrowicz & Joiner, 2005) and a weekly DBT skills training group (2 hours per week). Rationale for the modifications includes the hypothesized ease of trainability for the techniques of SCRIPT compared to individual DBT. In the current treatment program, the cornerstone of SCRIPT, situational analysis, is implemented (instead of chain and solution analyses used in the standard DBT protocol) as a means of skill acquisition and generalization. Patients completed treatment components for 1.5 years. Results ind...
Purchases of Food in Youth Influence of Price and Income

One way to increase choice of healthy over unhealthy behaviors is to increase the cost of less healthy alternatives or reduce the cost of healthier alternatives. The influence of price on purchases of healthy and unhealthy foods was evaluated in two laboratory experiments. In Experiment 1, thirty-two 10- to 12-year-old youth were given $5.00 and allowed to purchase multiple portions of a healthy food (fruit or vegetable) and a less healthy food (higher-fat snack). The price of one type of food varied from $0.50 to $2.50, while the price of the other type was held at $1.00. Increasing the price of a type of food reduced purchases of that type of food, but did not lead to substitution with the alternative type of food. In Experiment 2, twenty 10- to 14-year-old youth were given $1.00, $3.00, and $5.00 to purchase healthy and unhealthy foods. The price of each food was raised and lowered by 25% and 50%. Raising the price of healthy or unhealthy foods resulted in decreased purchases of those foods, and income...
Diagnosis in young children: how a father's perceptions of mental health change.

Purpose This case study's purpose was to understand how diagnosing mental illness in a child affects a parent's perception of mental health, using Denzin's interpretive interactionism. Sources Two interviews from a case study were analyzed. Conclusions Emergent themes were alienation from peers, ambivalence, shifting orientation to mental illness, school system stigmatization and conflict with mental health care, and discovery of mental healthcare specialists and new peers. Perceptions were influenced by peers, education, and mental healthcare systems, and by the disease model paradigm of mental illness. Future research should explore the effect of the diagnostic process on parents of very young children, and expand on consequences of undergoing current diagnostic and treatment practices.
Micro-optofluidic ring resonator structures for selective detection of organic vapors

A microfabricated optofluidic ring resonator (μOFRR) sensor for volatile organic compounds (VOC) is described. SiOx optical resonators integrated into a microfluidic pathway were defined lithographically and fabricated via Si micromachining. Whispering gallery mode resonances with quality factors exceeding 104 were excited in devices with diameters of 50-250 μm and wall thicknesses of 1.5-2 μm. Fluidic interconnections and structures for alignment of optical fiber waveguides were integrated into the larger μOFRRs. Devices coated internally with a thin PDMS layer exhibit shifts in resonant wavelengths during VOC exposure with sub-ng detection limits. In related work, selective VOC measurements obtained with plasmonic films of functionalized nanoparticles are described, with a goal of using them in place of polymer coatings in the μOFRR. A thin film of octanethiolate monolayer protected gold nanoparticles (MPN) was coated on a planar substrate and capped with a microfluidic cell. Reflected light from one of two single wavelength sources (783 nm and 488 nm) was measured during separate dynamic exposures to two VOCs. The decrease in reflected light intensity, due to film selling and changes in the local surface plasmon resonance band, was proportional to the VOC concentration. The ratio of responses at each wavelength provided a pattern unique to each VOC.
Modeling confusion: facial expression, task, and discourse in task-oriented tutorial dialogue

Recent years have seen a growing recognition of the importance of affect in learning. Efforts are being undertaken to enable intelligent tutoring systems to recognize and respond to learner emotion, but the field has not yet seen the emergence of a fully contextualized model of learner affect. This paper reports on a study of learner affect through an analysis of facial expression in human task-oriented tutorial dialogue. It extends prior work through in-depth analyses of a highly informative facial action unit and its interdependencies with dialogue utterances and task structure. The results demonstrate some ways in which learner facial expressions are dependent on both dialogue and task context. The findings also hold design implications for affect recognition and tutorial strategy selection within tutorial dialogue systems.
Top-Gate Amorphous Silicon TFT With Self-Aligned Silicide Source/Drain and High Mobility

We report a process for top-gate amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (alpha-Si TFTs) that employs a self-aligned metal silicide for source and drain (S/D). All process steps, including deposition of active layers and formation of metal silicide, are accomplished at temperatures that are less than or equal to 280degC. The thermal budget is compatible with flexible polymer substrates. The fabricated devices exhibit threshold voltages of ~2.7 V, saturation electron field-effect mobility of 1.0 cm2/V ldr s, subthreshold slope of 600 mV/dec, and on/off ratio of ~2 times 106. These top-gate alpha-Si TFTs with self-aligned silicide S/D have dc performance that is comparable to that of conventional bottom-gate alpha-Si TFTs. Our results suggest that the top-gate alpha-Si TFT geometry merits reevaluation for industrial use.
Injection of Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 into the Preovulatory Follicle Disrupts Ovulation and Subsequent Luteal Function in Rhesus Monkeys

Abstract Remarkable changes in vascular permeability and neovascularization occur within the ovulatory, luteinizing follicle. To evaluate the importance of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) in periovulatory events, sequential experiments were designed in which vehicle (PBS/0.1% BSA; controls, n = 13) or a low dose (1.5 μg; n = 4) or a high dose (7.5 μg; n = 4) of a VEGF antagonist, soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR1) chimera, was injected directly into the preovulatory follicle of rhesus monkeys the day before (Day −1) or the day of (Day 0) the midcycle LH surge during spontaneous menstrual cycles. After vehicle injection, animals typically exhibited patterns and levels of serum progesterone (P4) that were comparable to those of untreated animals in our colony. Following low-dose sVEGFR1 injection, serum P4 levels were diminished in two of four animals from the early to midluteal phase, but were similar to vehicle controls thereafter. In contrast, high-dose sVEGFR1 i...
StAR Protein and the Regulation of Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis

Steroid hormone biosynthesis is acutely regulated by pituitary trophic hormones and other steroidogenic stimuli. This regulation requires the synthesis of a protein whose function is to translocate cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane in steroidogenic cells, the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone formation. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is an indispensable component in this process and is the best candidate to fill the role of the putative regulator. StAR is expressed in steroidogenic tissues in response to agents that stimulate steroid production, and mutations in the StAR gene result in the disease congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, in which steroid hormone biosynthesis is severely compromised. The StAR null mouse has a phenotype that is essentially identical to the human disease. The positive and negative expression of StAR is sensitive to agents that increase and inhibit steroid biosynthesis respectively. The mechanism by which StAR mediates cholesterol transfer in the mitochondria has not been fully characterized. However, the tertiary structure of the START domain of a StAR homolog has been solved, and identification of a cholesterol-binding hydrophobic tunnel within this domain raises the possibility that StAR acts as a cholesterol-shuttling protein.
CLARIE: Handling Clarification Requests in a Dialogue System ⋆

This paper sets out a approach to clarification requests (CRs) general enough to cover all the major forms found in corpus data and specific enough to analyse the questions they ask about individual words and phrases. Its main features are a view of utterances as contextual abstracts with a radically abstracted semantic representation, and a view of CRs as standard utterances asking standard questions, but showing a particular kind of contextual dependence. It shows how it can be implemented computationally within a prototype text-based dialogue system, CLARIE, allowing it not only to generate CRs to clarify unknown reference and learn new words, but also to interpret and respond to user CRs, with both capabilities integrated within the standard dialogue processes and governed by empirical evidence.
Seeking Alternatives to Inservice Technology Workshops from Teachers’ Perspectives

AbstractThis study details our efforts in examining alternatives to inservice technology workshops according to the perspectives of teachers from two school districts located in the southeastern region of the United States. Our initial survey (68% return ratio) and final survey (65% return ratio) asked teachers to respond to the following four areas related to inservice technology workshops, including: technology advice that they currently seek, possible approaches to learn a new technology, ways to improve existing technology inservice workshops, and obstacles that prevent them from integrating technology. In this paper, we present relevant initial survey and final survey results. These results can affect the development of future inservice technology workshops and strategies to facilitate effective technology integration.
A position sensitive detector for EUV remote sensing

The authors describe a photon-counting extreme ultraviolet (EUV) detector system used in a rocket-borne spectroscopic instrument for remote sensing of upper atmospheric composition and temperature. The detector uses a KBr coated microchannel plate (MCP) Z stack in combination with a wedge-and-strip image readout system. Three separate detector fields of view are used to sense the Earth dayglow spectrum (980 AA to 1040 AA, and 1300 AA to 1360 AA) and the solar EUV spectrum (250 AA to 1400 AA). The authors demonstrate high gain (2*10/sup 7/), tight pulse-height distribution (35% FWHM), and a spatial resolution of approximately 35 mu m FWHM (full width at half maximum), which is the highest resolution for a wedge-and-strip anode MCP detector flown to date. The background, image linearity, and flat-field performance are discussed. Raw spectra from the rocket flight are also presented. >
Structural Reliability:A Processing‐Dependent Phenomenon

The principal sources of fracture in ceramic polycrystals have been identified; they include surface cracks produced during surface finishing and voids, inclusions, or large grains generated during processing. The dominance of a specific fracture source depends on the microstructure, test temperature, and stress distribution. The origins of processing-induced defects have been examined and certain dominant processing variables identified. 42 refs.
The development of isolated blastomeres in Bithynia tentaculata (Prosobranchia, Gastropoda).

The development of isolated blastomeres, separated at the first and second cleavage has been studied. After separation at the first cleavage, one half-embryo (CD) becomes swollen and balloon-like and develops adult organs such as eyes, tentacles, shell, operculum, etc. The other half (AB) is much more compact and never develops these adult structures. After separation on the alternate axis at the second cleavage to produce AD and BC halves, both halves could form all adult structures. These results indicate an equivalent organizing capacity of the C and D quadrants contrary to most spiralians, such as Ilyanassa, where the D quadrant alone exerts the major organizational influence. The experimental evidence is discussed in relation to the distribution of the cytoplasmic vegetal body, rich in RNA, which is passed to the CD blastomere in the polar lobe and then evidently equally distributed to C and D.
Bone Disease and HIV Infection

The high prevalence of bone demineralization among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in the current therapeutic era has been described in multiple studies, sounding the alarm that we may expect an epidemic of fragility fractures in the future. However, despite noting high overall prevalences of osteopenia and osteoporosis, recent longitudinal studies that we review here have generally not observed accelerated bone loss during antiretroviral therapy beyond the initial period after treatment initiation. We discuss the continued progress toward understanding the mechanisms of HIV-associated bone loss, particularly the effects of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and host immune factors on bone turnover. We summarize results of clinical trials published in the past year that studied the safety and efficacy of treatment of bone loss in HIV-infected patients and provide provisional opinions about who should be considered for bone disease screening and treatment.
Host Range and Reproductive Traits of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) and Diabrotica viridula (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Two Species of South American Pest Rootworms, with Notes on Other Species of Diabroticina

The reproductive biology, and larval and adult host range of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar), Diabrotica viridula (F.), Acalymma spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), and other Diabroticina are described. These Diabroticina are pests of several crops in South and Central America. The adult feeding hosts were compared, among species, and within species in different seasons. Laboratory oviposition and larval development tests on several hosts, provided the basis to construct a table of putative hosts, and general reproductive traits related to two species groups of Diabrotica (virgifera and fucata). Eggs of D. speciosa and D. viridula, were exposed to low temperatures to detect the ability to be dormant. Multivoltinism and lack of egg diapause was demonstrated for the three species, and Þeld data suggest other South American species present the same traits. Diabrotica speciosa (fucata group) larvae developed well on maize (Zea mays L.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) roots, and not so well on pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne and Cucurbita andreana Naudin), beans (Phaseolus spp.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) roots. Oviposition preferences roughly paralleled larval suitability, but there was a clear preference for cucurbits as adult food, when available; pigweed (Amaranthus quitensis Kunth), sunsower (He- lianthus annuus L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were in second place. Diabrotica viridula (virgifera group), preferred maize as adult and larval food, and for oviposition. Acalymma spp., were associated in every respect to cucurbits. Other species showed varying degrees of preference for oviposition and feeding, but in general, cucurbits were the preferred adult feeding hosts, followed by several wild plants, and maize the preferred oviposition host. Whereas cucurbits were consistently visited by the adults of every species, the virgifera group species oviposited and developed exclusively on Mono- cotyledonae. However, D. speciosa, as expected for a fucata group species, oviposited and developed on a wide range of hosts. This new knowledge on South American Diabroticina is discussed in the context of the current knowledge on North American Diabroticina. Differences and similarities are discussed in connection with their pestiferous status, and their potential for adaptation to new hosts.
Management Issues in the Obese Patient

Obesity is a major health problem worldwide. The number of overweight men and women in the United States has risen steadily since 1960, with a staggering 64.5% of the adult population being overweight in the most recent epidemiological surveys.1 With the increasing prevalence of obesity in the general population and the association of obesity with many disease states, it is not surprising that a significant proportion of ICU patients are obese. The critically ill obese patient presents the critical care team with many unique problems.
Realizing energy-efficient thread affinity configurations with supervised learning

The affinity with which each thread executes can significantly impact both the execution time and power consumption of parallel applications. Finding an optimal mapping of threads to cores is a considerable challenge as it requires runtime tracking and analysis of many interacting system elements. As we head towards the exascale era, and gear up for HPC systems consisting of a billion heterogeneous cores, the problem of thread affinity will not only grow in important but also become more complex, potentially making it infeasible to develop effective mapping heuristics through manual effort. This paper presents a strategy for automatically deriving heuristics for making judicious decisions for thread mapping and migration. At the heart of the system is a collection of machine learning models that are trained to learn workload behavior under different execution environments. Hardware performance counters are used extensively to collect a wide array of attributes that describe different aspects of workload characteristics. These attributes are then distilled to the most salient features using a series of feature selection techniques. Experimental results on a set of contemporary parallel workloads on three Intel-based platforms, show that on average, our system can achieve a 32% improvement in both power and performance over policies implemented in the Linux kernel.
Seeing the Forest but Missing the Trees: The Role of Judgments in Performance Management

Various solutions have been proposed to “fix” performance management (PM) over the last several decades. Pulakos, Mueller Hanson, Arad, and Moye (2015) have presented a holistic approach to improving PM in organizations. Although this approach addresses several key elements related to the social context of PM, namely the buy-in of organizational stakeholders, timely and regular feedback, and future-directed feedback, we believe that several robust findings from the PM research literature could further improve this process. Are Pulakos et al. looking at the forest but missing the trees? In the following commentary, we offer several reasons that performance judgments and perhaps even informal ratings are still operating and occurring in the proposed holistic system. Therefore, advancements in other areas of PM research may offer additional ways to fix PM.
The Spectrum of Diagnosis and Management of Headaches in Pediatric Emergency Department (P04.172)

Objective: To analyze the diagnoses and management of children presenting with Headaches as a chief complaint. Background Headaches in Children and adolescents are common presenting complaints in emergency department. The prevalence of headache ranges from 37-51% during the elementary school years and gradually rises to 57-82% by the high school years. Headaches have a significant impact on the lives of children and adolescents, resulting in school absence, decreased extracurricular activities, and poor academic achievement.There is wide variation among acute treatments and their effectiveness. Design/Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients presenting with headache to St. Louis Children9s Hospital ER between 2007 to 2010. 1499 charts with presenting diagnosis of Headache according to ICD 9 code were reviewed.Headaches were classified in to Primary, Secondary and non classifiable.Migraine patients were further analyzed to review Pre medication pain score (PRPS), Post medication pain score (POPS), and type of medication used ( Oral, IV or combination). Kruskal-wallis test, Rank Analysis of Covariance tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Oral medications had statistically significant lower mean pre-pain score (p=0.01). Triptans and combination of triptans and Ibuprofen were given to patients with higher PRPS (p Conclusions: Majority of ER visits were due to migraine or other minor illnesses that required outpatient analgesic treatment. Cost of healthcare and use of ER resources could be significantly reduced if they could be treated in Non ER setting. Prospective, controlled trials are needed. Disclosure: Dr. Peche has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lenox has nothing to disclose. Dr. Isbell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kale has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Prensky has nothing to disclose.
Localization of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in rat kidneys.

The distribution of endothelin-like immunoreactivity was examined in normal rat kidneys using the immunoperoxidase technique. A specific polyclonal antibody to endothelin 1, which recognized endoth...
Identification of a receptor for ADP on blood platelets by photoaffinity labelling.

Abstract The synthesis of a new analogue of ADP, 2-(p-azidophenyl)-ethythioadenosine 5'-diphosphate (AzPET-ADP), is described. This compound contains a photolabile phenylazide group attached to the ADP molecule by a thioether link at the purine 2 position. It has been prepared in radioactive form with 32P in the beta-phosphate at a specific radioactivity of 100 mCi/mumol. The reagent activated platelets, causing shape change and aggregation, with somewhat lower affinity than ADP. On photolysis the affinity was increased. The reagent also inhibited platelet adenylate cyclase stimulation by prostaglandin E1, with considerably higher affinity than ADP. On photolysis the affinity was decreased. AzPET-ADP competitively inhibited the binding of 2-methylthio[beta-32P]ADP, a ligand for the receptor by which ADP causes inhibition of adenylate cyclase. In the dark, AzPET-[beta-32P]ADP bound reversibly and with high affinity to a single population of sites similar in number to the sites that bind 2-methylthio[beta-32P]ADP. Binding was inhibited by ADP and by ATP and by p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid (pCMBS). On exposure to u.v. light in the presence of platelets, AzPET-[beta-32P]ADP was incorporated covalently but non-specifically into several platelet proteins, although prominent intracellular proteins were not labelled. Specific labelling was confined to a single region of SDS/polyacrylamide gels, overlying but not comigrating with actin. Incorporation of radioactivity into this region was inhibited by ADP and by ATP as well as by ADP beta S, ATP alpha S and pCMBS, but not by adenosine, GDP or AMP. Inhibition of AzPET-[beta-32P]ADP incorporation was closely correlated with inhibition of equilibrium binding of 2-methylthio[beta-32P]ADP. These results suggests that the labelled protein, which migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa in reduced gels, is the receptor through which ADP inhibits adenylate cyclase.
Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ Is a Target To Enhance NK Cell Function

Enhancement of NK cell function could be beneficial in treatment of a variety of tumors and infections. However, efforts to improve NK cell function by disrupting negative regulators that target proximal signaling pathways paradoxically results in hyporesponsive rather than hyperresponsive NK cells. In this study, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)ζ, a negative regulator of diacylglycerol-mediated signaling, has the desired effect of enhancing NK cell function due to its distal position in the activating receptor-mediated signaling cascade. Upon stimulation through multiple activating receptors, NK cells from mice lacking DGKζ display increased cytokine production and degranulation in an ERK-dependent manner. Additionally, they have improved cytotoxic functions against tumor cell lines. The enhancement of NK cell function by DGKζ deficiency is NK cell-intrinsic and developmentally independent. Importantly, DGKζ deficiency does not affect inhibitory NK cell receptor expression or function. Thus, DGKζ knockout mice display improved missing self recognition, as evidenced by enhanced rejection of a TAP-deficient tumor in vivo. We propose that enzymes that negatively regulate distal activating receptor signaling pathways such as DGKζ represent novel targets for augmenting the therapeutic potential of NK cells.
True and False Dangers of Milk and Milk Products

Aucune classe d’aliment ne doit etre negligee, car chacune offre des specificites nutritionnelles, en termes de vitamines, oligo-elements, mineraux, acides amines indispensables, acides gras omega-3 et 6. Le lait et les produits laitiers ont donc leur place. Dans le cadre d’une alimentation diversifiee, leur presence assure une meilleure sante, ne serait-ce que par la reduction du risque de certaines pathologies. Le lait subit, depuis de tres nombreuses annees, des attaques qui sont le plus souvent injustifiees, intuitives ou pseudo-scientifiques. Ainsi, les detracteurs du lait et des produits laitiers utilisent, globalement, deux series d’arguments. L’une releve de l’utilisation erronee ou abusive de donnees scientifiques et medicales, epidemiologiques et statistiques : elle foisonne de propos pseudo-scientifiques. L’autre serie d’assertions presente quelques allegations (parmi de nombreuses) qui ne reposent sur aucun support scientifique : on peut les qualifier de fantaisistes. Toutefois elles beneficient malheureusement d’une certaine influence aupres des consommateurs.
Intracellular Uncaging of cGMP with Blue Light.

We have made a new caged cGMP that is photolyzed with blue light. Using our recently developed derivative of 7-diethylaminocourmarin (DEAC) called DEAC450, we synthesized coumarin phosphoester derivatives of cGMP with two negative charges appended to the DEAC450 moiety. DEAC450-cGMP is freely soluble in physiological buffer without the need for any organic cosolvents. With a photolysis quantum yield of 0.18 and an extinction coefficient of 43 000 M–1 cm–1 at 453 nm, DEAC450-cGMP is the most photosensitive caged cGMP made to date. In patch-clamped neurons in acutely isolated brain slices, blue light effectively uncaged cGMP from DEAC450 and facilitated activation of hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide gated cation (HCN) channels in cholinergic interneurons. Thus, DEAC450-cGMP has a unique set of optical and chemical properties that make it a useful addition to the optical arsenal available to neurobiologists.
Startup Commercialization Strategies of Disruptive Technologies: Implications for the Rate of Scientific Discovery

Startups rushing to market with potentially disruptive technologies have the potential to reduce the documented negative effect of private return incentives for scientific discovery (basic research). While it is optimal for startups of disruptive technologies to enter the market to validate their technology in order to enable options for other market transactions, this entry strategy influences industry’s innovation incentives as the revealed technology threatens the incumbents’ trajectory. Furthermore, given the uncertainty of such technologies - ambiguity regarding technology’s robust scientific likelihood to improve to reach its disruptive potential - innovations efforts unfold predominantly in the realm of scientific discovery, leading to an increase in the rate of basic research in the knowledge area of the technology. I provide evidence from efforts to develop and commercialize quantum computing.
The freedom of choice

A postdoc friend recently called me to discuss his career options. He didn't want to run his own lab, he said. Instead, he wanted to become a research scientist, mainly working at the bench—like me. I sensed that his mind was already made up, but he needed validation about pursuing a path that is
Central Place Foraging and Prehistoric Pinyon Utilization in the Great Basin

Great Basin archaeologists eagerly incorporated Binford’s (1980) forager-collector model into their settlement pattern analyses because Julian Steward’s (1933, 1938, 1941) work on the cultural ecology of Great Basin hunter-gatherers predisposed them to think of the influence of resource distributions on foraging and mobility strategies (Rhode 1999; Zeanah and Simms 1999). Thomas’ epistemologies for Monitor Valley and the Carson Desert of Nevada (Thomas 1983a, 1985) stood out as exemplary applications of the model (Bettinger 1991a: 70-73) because they demonstrated that ethnographic Great Basin bands that shared the same culture, language, and technology ran the gamut from pure foragers (i.e., Kawich Mountain Shoshone), through seasonally mixed foragers and collectors (i.e., Reese River Valley Shoshone and Carson Desert Paiute) to full-time collectors (i.e.,Owens Valley Paiute). The dilemma posed by Thomas was that although the forager—collector model captures adaptive diversity among Great Basin hunter-gatherers, it fails to explain why such variability occurred in a region that lacked the global-scale differences in effective temperature posed by Binford as driving the forager—collector continuum. Almost 20 years ago, Thomas noted that “we currently lack the theoretical models to explain this variability” (1983a:39), although he was optimistic that archaeological field research dedicated to development and application of “mid-range” models would eventually yield a theoretical understanding of variability among Great Basin settlement systems.
Maximum entropy principles for disordered spins

We transform nonstationary independent random fields with exponential Radon-Nikodym factors and study the asymptotics of the transformed processes. As applications we deduce conditional limit theorems for such random fields, and we study a Curie-Weiss-type mean-field model of a quenched mixed magnetic crystal. This model has quenched site disorder and frustration but non-random coupling constants. We find a continuous phase transition with critical exponents equal to those of the classical Curie-Weiss theory.