cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatially resolved measurements of soot volume fraction using laser-induced incandescence

Laser-induced incandescence is used to obtain spatially resolved measurements of soot volume fraction in a laminar diffusion flame, in which comparisons with laser scattering/extinction data yield excellent agreement. In addition, the laser-induced incandescence signal is observed to involve a rapid rise in intensity followed by a relatively long (ca. 600 ns) decay period subsequent to the laser pulse, while the effect of laser fluence is manifest in nonlinear and near-saturated response of the laser-induced incandescence signal with the transition occurring at a laser fluence of approximately 1.2 × 108 W/cm2. Spectral response of the laser-induced incandescence involves a continuous spectrum in the visible wavelength range due to the blackbody nature of the emission. Simultaneous measurements of laser-induced incandescence and light scattering yield encouraging results concerning the mean soot particle diameter and number concentration. Thus, laser-induced incandescence can be used as an instantaneous, spatially resolved diagnostic of soot volume fraction without the need for the conventional line-of-sight laser extinction method, while potential applications in two-dimensional imaging and simultaneous measurements of laser-induced incandescence and light-scattering to generate a complete soot property characterization are significant.
INCREASING RURAL HEAD START CHILDREN'S CONSUMPTION OF MIDDLE‐CLASS MEALS1

Rural black, economically impoverished Head Start children, whose normal diets were deficient in nutritional requirements, were not consuming the nutritional breakfasts of, to them, unfamiliar foods provided by the county school system. This study investigated a positive simple method to increase the amount of food consumed and thereby ensure proper nutrition. Teachers dispensed sugar-coated cereal and small candies paired with praise contingent on eating behaviors and rewarded children who finished the entire meal with additional treats and praise. Substantial increases were produced in the proportion of meals consumed and in the number of children observed engaged in eating behaviors. These simple traditional behavioral procedures are readily available for any staff working with economically impoverished children as one method of increasing their sampling and consumption of unfamiliar nutritious foods.
Advances in drug therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that afflicts 500,000 people in the United States. There has not been a new SLE drug approved in the United States since 1958. However, a guidance document issued by the Food and Drug Administration in 2005 provided a roadmap for investigators which spawned numerous ongoing clinical trials. Among these, Belimumab, a monoclonal antibody to soluble B lymphocyte stimulator, met its primary endpoints in two large trials and will probably obtain FDA approval soon. Other promising agents targeting a variety of mechanisms of action are currently in development. This minireview highlights the latest therapies under investigation in SLE and gives an overview of the pathways that are specifically being targeted.
Expression of Arabidopsis MIRNA Genes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 21-nucleotide noncoding RNAs that regulate target transcripts in plants and animals. In addition to miRNAs, plants contain several classes of endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) involved in target gene regulation and epigenetic silencing. Small RNA libraries were constructed from wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and mutant plants (rdr2 and dcl3) that were genetically enriched for miRNAs, and a computational procedure was developed to identify candidate miRNAs. Thirty-eight distinct miRNAs corresponding to 22 families were represented in the libraries. Using a 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends procedure, the transcription start sites for 63 miRNA primary transcripts from 52 MIRNA loci (99 loci tested) were mapped, revealing features consistent with an RNA polymerase II mechanism of transcription. Ten loci (19%) yielded transcripts from multiple start sites. A canonical TATA box motif was identified upstream of the major start site at 45 (86%) of the mapped MIRNA loci. The 5'-mapping data were combined with miRNA cloning and 3'-PCR data to definitively validate expression of at least 73 MIRNA genes. These data provide a molecular basis to explore regulatory mechanisms of miRNA expression in plants.
A satisficing approach to factor portfolio construction

Multifactor models and the construction of factor-matching portfolios are by now pervasive in investment management. In textbook discussions, the construction of factor-tracking portfolios is presented as a simple exercise solved using well-known optimization methods such as linear programming. While mathematically correct, the standard approach does not address two practical considerations. First, when building portfolios, investment managers typically consider matching the target loadings of some factors as more important than matching the target loadings of other factors. Second, investment managers generally seek to achieve their investment objectives in the most efficient way possible, by minimizing turnover and/or transaction costs. In short, portfolio construction generally requires prioritizing and reconciling multiple objectives. To address the shortcomings of the standard factor-matching framework, we show how a multi-objective optimization methodology known as ‘goal programming’ can be effectiv...
Analysis of Light Alternative-Powered Vehicle Use and Potential in the United States

Potential benefits of light alternative-powered vehicles are analyzed along with technical, social, and political factors affecting their widespread adoption in the United States. Light alternative-powered vehicles (LAV) include human-powered vehicles such as bicycles and velomobiles, electric bicycles, light electric vehicles, hybrid human-electric, and similar vehicles. Currently bicycles comprise the vast majority of this class of vehicle. Widespread adoption of light alternative-powered vehicles can result in reduced transportation energy consumption, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, reduced urban noise, and reduced user costs. Annually, the average US driver could reduce gasoline consumption by 2000 liters, greenhouse gas emissions by 4 metric tonnes, and realize an annual savings of $5,000. In the United States the use of light alternative vehicles is quite low, due primarily to a combination of social, economic, and political factors, including transportation regulations. While dramatic increases in the use LAVs is not likely without changes in these factors, technological factors may significantly affect perception and use. Significant technical factors include improved batteries and control systems, reduced manufacturing cost, improved usability, and improved infrastructure. Scale is an important factor. Most of the technical factors are solvable with current or emerging technologies, but the demand for LAVs the United States does not justify the investment required. Light alternative-powered vehicles have the potential be a significant part of energy and GHG policy in the United States, but are limited more by political factors than by technology.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Multiparameter homotopy methods for finding DC operating points of nonlinear circuits

This paper introduces multiparameter homotopy methods for finding dc operating points. The question of whether adding extra real or complex parameters to a single-parameter homotopy function can lead to improved solution paths is investigated. It is shown that no number of added real parameters can lead to local fold avoidance, but that generic folds may be efficiently avoided by complexifying the homotopy parameter and tracing a closed curve in complex parameter space around the critical fold value. A combination of real 2-parameter homotopy and complex parameter homotopy is shown to be sufficient for avoiding real fork bifurcations and enumerating all real, locally connected branches. Additionally, the potential of complex parameter homotopy methods for finding all circuit solutions is explored. Results from algebraic geometry indicate that if an analytic homotopy function with a single complex parameter is irreducible, then there exist regular paths through the complex parameter plane connecting any solution of H(x,/spl lambda/')=0 to any other solution of H(x,/spl lambda/')=0. Thus, in principle at least, complex parameter homotopy can be used to find all circuit solutions.
Mapping of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Genes

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is known as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), but is also present outside the CNS. Recent studies showed that GAD is the major target of autoantibodies associated with the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and of the rare stiff man syndrome. Studies of GAD expression have demonstrated multiple transcripts, suggesting several isoforms of GAD. In this study, three different genes were mapped by in situ hybridization to both human and mouse chromosomes. The GAD1 gene was mapped to human chromosome 2q31 and to mouse chromosome 2D in a known region of conservation between human and mouse. GAD2, previously mapped to human chromosome 10p11.2-p12, was mapped to mouse chromosome 2A2-B, which identifies a new region of conservation between human and mouse chromosomes. A potential GAD3 transcript was mapped to human chromosome 22q13 and to mouse chromosome 15E in a known region of conservation between human and mouse. It is concluded that the GAD genes may form a family with as many as three related members.
The antimicrobial activity of CCL28 is dependent on C-terminal positively-charged amino acids

Several chemokines have been shown to act as antimicrobial proteins, suggesting a direct contribution to innate immune protection. Based on the study of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides, it has been proposed that cationic amino acids in these proteins play a key role in their antimicrobial activity. The primary structure requirements necessary for the antimicrobial activity of chemokines, however, have not yet been elucidated. Using mouse CCL28, we have identified a C-terminal region of highly-charged amino acids (RKDRK) that is essential to the antimicrobial activity of the murine chemokine. Additionally, other positively-charged amino acids in the C-terminus of the protein contribute to the observed antimicrobial effect. Charge reversal and deletion mutations support our hypothesis that C-terminal positively-charged amino acids are essential for the antimicrobial activity of CCL28. Results also demonstrate that although the C-terminal region of the chemokine is essential, it is not sufficient for full antimicrobial activity of CCL28.
The relationship of retinal sensitivity and rhodopsin in human infants.

Abstract During dark adaptation after full field, ⩾90% bleaches recovery of sensitivity and regeneration of rhodopsin were studied using electroretinographic and pupillographic techniques in both 10-week-old infants and adults. The courses of scotopic sensitivity recovery and rhodopsin regeneration of infants and adults were similar and were reasonably well fit by single exponentials having τ = 400sec. For both infants and adults log scotopic sensitivity was linearly related to the proportion of rhodopsin present during dark adaptation. It is concluded that by age 10 weeks human distal retinal processes that occur after photolysis are equivalent to those of adults.
Readmission following surgical procedures: Implications for quality improvement and cost savings

Introduction Policymakers are increasingly targeting readmission for quality improvement and cost savings. Our objective was to characterize readmission following surgical procedures and estimate cost savings if readmissions are reduced. Methods Eligible patient-level records from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), years 2005-2008, were linked to Medicare inpatient claims data using indirect patient identifiers. Risk factors, indication for surgery (ICD9 code), and 30-day postoperative adverse events (PAE) were determined from NSQIP while 30-day readmission and costs were determined from Medicare. Poisson models were developed to determine incident rates of readmission, accounting for mortality. Results Of the 114,288 patients in the linked database who were discharged alive, 16,541 were readmitted within 30 days of surgery. The incident rate of readmission, accounting for mortality, was 15.7%. Procedures most frequently associated with readmission were open colectomy, carotid artery procedures, and lower extremity bypass. Indications for surgery most frequently associated with later readmission were arterial aneurysms, atherosclerosis, arterial occlusion, colon cancer and abdominal hernia. Patients with any PAE had an incident rate of 30-day readmission of 42.9%, while patients with no PAE had an incident rate of 10.8%. The average Medicare payment for readmission was $10,684 (SD $13,751). Readmissions associated with a prior PAE cost on average $2,524 more than readmissions with no associated PAE. Reducing the complication rates for the above three procedures by a relative 5% each would result in an estimated savings of more than $19.1 million per year. Costs associated with 30-day readmission and estimated savings if PAE are reduced by a relative 5% Open Colectomy Carotid Procedures Lower Extremity Bypass PAE rate ⁎ 28.0% 5.6% 20.9% Number of discharges/year ^ 297,902 115,040 63,585 Incident rate of 30-day readmission if any PAE ⁎ 35.1% 65.2% 60.6% Incident rate of 30-day readmission if no PAE ⁎ 11.3% 9.3% 14.6% Mean cost of a 30-day readmission if any PAE $11,682 $12,556 $11,399 Mean cost of a 30-day readmission if no PAE $8,171 $10,865 $10,345 Reduce PAE rate by relative 5%: Reduced PAE rate ⁎ 26.6% 5.3% 19.8% Estimated readmissions saved per 1000 patients undergoing procedure 3.3 1.6 4.8 Estimated annual costs saved $13.2 million $2.3 million $3.6 million PAE = 30-day postoperative adverse event recorded in NSQIP ⁎ For patients discharged alive within 30-days of primary procedure ^ Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2008 Conclusions Readmission following surgical procedures is common and represents an opportunity for quality improvement and cost savings.
Property tax classification and welfare in urban areas: A general equilibrium computational approach

Abstract This paper examines some of the structural and welfare effects of a change from a tax system in an urban area that classifies property by use for tax assessment to one that does not discriminate in its treatment of property. A long-run general equilibrium model of intraurban spatial location is developed. Due to analytical intractability, the tax policy changes are simulated by use of a fixed-point algorithm. The model is stylized to the Boston metropolitan area to the extent possible. General equilibrium versions of compensating and equivalent variations in income are used as measures of welfare change. The qualitative welfare results obtained from sensitivity analysis are fairly robust. In a substantial majority of the cases considered there is a welfare gain in moving from the particular tax classification structure posited to a system in which all property is taxed at the same effective rate.
The Influence of Viscous Boundary Layers on Transient Motions in a Stratified Rotating Fluid. Part II..

Abstract The response of an unbounded ocean to circularly symmetric time varying wind stresses is analyzed. A continuously stratified ocean is first considered. The model includes bottom friction, but the Coriolis parameter is a constant. It is shown that in a stratified ocean both barotropic and baroclinic currents are generated by wind stresses. The barotropic current, however, has its amplitude limited by bottom friction, so that the baroclinic mode dominates for long period forcing. A simple analytic approximation to the depth dependence of static stability in the oceans is introduced and shown to give more realistic results than a constant static stability model. A two-layer model including both a variable Coriolis parameter and bottom friction is analysed. This simple model indicates that both bottom friction and the variation of the Coriolis force enhance the baroclinic mode.
Enhancement of 5-fluorouracil antitumor effects by the prior administration of methotrexate.

Article de synthese sur les interactions biochimiques entre deux anticancereux le methotrexate et le fluorouracil et mise en evidence avec des donnees precliniques d'un effet de synergie quand les deux medicaments sont utilises en association. Essais cliniques de la polychimiotherapie: methotrexate-fluorouracil sur des tumeurs avancees chez l'homme
Statistical Analysis of Log-Dose Response Bioassay Experiments with Unequal Dose Ratios for the Standard and Unknown Preparations

Well-known statistical analyses are available for the analysis of log-dose response assays when successive doses are in the same ratio for both the standard and unknown preparations. It is, however, sometimes convenient and advantageous in practice to use unequal dose ratios. Appropriate analyses are offered for such cases, analyses which reduce to the usual ones when the ratios are equal. It is seen that the operational flexibility thus permitted is obtained in return for only slightly increased computation. Four and six-point assays are discussed in detail together with a numerical example of the former. An improved method for calculating confidence interval estimates in log-dose response assays is also given.
Surveillance for nosocomial infections in veterinary hospitals

Surveillance for nosocomial infection and disease is a critical component in an integrated and highly effective infection control program. Surveillance activities provide a sensory role to guide ongoing control practices so that they are focused and efficient. Without input from surveillance results, infection control practices are likely to be guided more by emotion and opinion than by data and evidence. This article discusses issues to be considered when developing effective nosocomial infection surveillance programs as well as the historical perspective of surveillance efforts for nosocomial infection in human health care settings.
Detection of cavitation pits on steel surfaces using SEM imagery

We describe an automated image processing approach for detecting and characterizing cavitation pits on stainless steel surfaces. The image sets to be examined have been captured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Each surface region is represented by a pair of SEM images, one captured before and one after the cavitation-causing process. Unfortunately, some required surface preparation steps between pre-cavitation and post-cavitation imaging can introduce artifacts and change image characteristics in such a way as to preclude simple image-to-image differencing. Furthermore, all of the images were manually captured and are subject to rotation and translation alignment errors as well as variations in focus and exposure. In the presented work, we first align the pre- and post- cavitation images using a Fourier-domain technique. Since pre-cavitation images can often contain artifacts that are very similar to pitting, we perform multi-scale pit detection on each pre- and post-cavitation image independently. Coincident regions labeled as pits in both pre- and post-cavitation images are discarded. Pit statistics are exported to a text file for further analysis. In this paper we provide background information, algorithmic details, and show some experimental results.
Is the Hospitality Industry More Likely to Reprice Stock Options

ABSTRACT Hospitality companies are known to be sensitive to the economy and movements in the market. When overall performance of the company is poor because of a market-wide fall, hospitality managers should not be penalized for the decrease in the stock price. In such cases, it is acceptable to reprice the stock option to realign the incentives and to minimize the agency problem. This paper examines whether hospitality firms are more likely to reprice options after a stock price decrease that is accompanied by a market-wide fall. Although the overall results are consistent with prior literature, I did not find enough evidence to support the hypothesis.
FUNCTIONALIZATION OF 3,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE

Syntheses of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-based vinylenes and oligomers are reported. © 1999 Elsevier Science
Element profiles of mouse hair: A concern for using hair as a timetable repository

Element profile patterns of growth and nongrowth phase hair were obtained for the C57L/J male mouse using a proton microprobe. Growth phase hair profiles of Cl, S, K and P show that these elements are concentrating in regions of higher pigmentation. Calcium is restricted to the medulla region in the hair shaft. For nongrowth phase hair, the profiles of Cl and S are essentially unchanged, whereas K and P are depleted in the hair shaft and are concentrating in the cornified root sheath. The element patterns found for the nongrowth phase profiles of mouse hair show striking similarities to previously reported patterns for growth phase profiles of human hair.
National Belongings: Hybridity in Italian Colonial and Postcolonial Cultures

Jacqueline Andall and Derek Duncan (eds) (2010) National Belongings: Hybridity in Italian Colonial and Postcolonial Cultures (New York: Peter Lang), xi + 239pp., ISBN 9783039119653, $66.95, soft co...
Calderas and ash flow tuffs of the Mogollon Mountains, southwestern New Mexico

The Mogollon Mountains are a major volcanic source area in the southwestern Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, where about 2000 m of middle-Tertiary rocks are exposed. The volcanic sequence includes eight major (>100 km3) ash flow units, believed to represent four caldera-related, compositionally zoned ash flow sequences. Each caldera-related sequence shows normal compositional zonation from high-silica rhyolite to rhyolite and dacite. The Mogollon caldera (34 Ma) is preserved only as a fragment in the wall of the Bursum caldera. The Emory caldera (34 Ma) is about 50 km east of the Mogollon Mountains, and only the high-silica facies of its presumed outflow sheet (Fall Canyon Tuff) reaches the Mogollons. The Gila Cliff Dwellings caldera (30 Ma), earlier interpreted as the source of the Bloodgood Canyon Tuff, probably is a large remnant of a caldera or pair of calderas that were the source of the Davis Canyon and Shelley Peak Tuffs. The Bloodgood Canyon Tuff was most likely erupted from the Bursum caldera (29–28 Ma), but ponded in the Gila Cliff Dwellings caldera. The resurgent dome of the approximately 40-km-diameter Bursum caldera is the predominant topographic and structural feature of the Mogollon Mountains. The caldera probably collapsed initially in response to eruption of the Bloodgood Canyon Tuff, then was largely filled with Apache Spring Tuff prior to resurgent doming. The cyclical eruption, beginning about 34 Ma, of similar compositionally zoned ash flows from separate shallow magma chambers, suggests derivation from a common parent magma of batholithic proportions. A regional Bouguer gravity low of about 40 mGals has been interpreted to reflect the presence of such a batholith. Major ash flow eruptions in the Mogollon-Datil field were followed 26–25 Ma by fundamentally basaltic volcanism, characterized mainly by andesite. About 22–21 Ma, high-silica rhyolite, tholeiitic basalt, and alkali basalt were erupted as a bimodal suite roughly coincident with the beginning of basin-range extensional faulting. Alkali olivine basalt as young as 5.5 Ma is interlayered with basin fill (Gila Conglomerate) adjacent to the Mogollon Mountains.
Determining the Origin of the Coffee Berry Borer Invasion of Hawaii

ABSTRACT The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), was first discovered in coffee farms on the Big Island of Hawaii in 2010, after over 200 yr of borer-free coffee production. Because there are multiple pathways by which H. hampei could have entered Hawaii from >50 coffee-producing nations that harbor the pest, determining the invasion route requires genetic analyses. A previous study identified 27 H. hampei cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes from around the world using phylogenetic analyses to identify putative species. We sequenced cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from specimens collected in Hawaii and conducted phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses to trace the route of invasion. We conducted a network analysis to trace the most likely pathway that H. hampei could have taken to Hawaii and a phylogenetic analysis to assess clade support for broader groupings in the network analysis that are unlikely to have recently hybridized. The Hawaiian haplotype...
The impact of supplier bargaining power on the advertising costs of movie sequels

Movie sequels, a type of brand extension, are prevalent in today’s motion picture industry. Prior literature on brand extensions supports the intuition that attaching established brand names (e.g., titles of box-office hits) to new products decreases advertising costs. We counter this intuition and examine factors that may increase advertising costs for movie sequels. Specifically, we investigate the consequences of asset specificity and bargaining power—concepts from transaction cost economics—in the context of the motion picture industry. We find a positive relationship between the bargaining power of the movie studio’s suppliers and advertising expenditures for the movie sequel. We also find evidence of a moderating effect: higher bargaining power of the movie studio dampens the impact of supplier bargaining power on advertising. This is the first study to measure the effect of supplier bargaining power on movie studios’ marketing decisions. In a broader context, our findings not only challenge the notion that brand extensions are cost saving, but are also novel in linking transaction cost constructs to the advertising behavior of firms.
The effect of alkylamine additives on the sensitivity of detection for paclitaxel and docetaxel and analysis in plasma of paclitaxel by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The formation of multiple molecular ions, especially due to sodium adduct ion formation, is commonly observed in electrospray mass spectrometry and may make reproducible and sensitive quantitation difficult. The objective of this work was to investigate the underlying mechanism involved in the suppression of multiple molecular ion formation and to improve the sensitivity of detection for the two anti-neoplastic agents paclitaxel and docetaxel. The results showed that alkylamine additives could significantly improve the detection of paclitaxel and docetaxel by suppression of multiple molecular ions through preferential formation of a predominant alkylamine adduct ion. Possible binding sites, binding interactions and binding competition were investigated for the sodium adduct and alkylamine adduct ions using various experimental techniques. The formation of a predominant amine adduct ion may be due to increased surface activity in the droplet. The optimal alkylamine for both analytes was octylamine, which increased peak heights of paclitaxel and docetaxel 4.8 and 3.7-fold (n = 3), respectively. The precision of the signals for the analytes was also improved 5.7-fold. A quantitative assay in plasma for paclitaxel was partially validated for the calibration range 1.0-1000 ng/mL (r = 0.9977) when using 0.05% octylamine as a reconstitution solution additive. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.5 and 0.9 ng/mL, respectively. Acceptable precision, accuracy, specificity and sample stability were demonstrated for this assay. This approach may prove useful for other analytes with similar binding sites.
Calcium-mediated cell surface changes in Chinese hamster cells.

Abstract Ca 2+ induced striking morphological changes in Chinese hamster lung (V79) cells. V79 cells exhibited epithelial-like morphology and cell-spread when grown in Ham's F12 medium but changed to fibroblast-like morphology and cell-spread on addition of CaCl 2 (5 mM) to the medium. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we noted that cells grown in F12 have numerous microvilli on their surface which decrease with increasing concentration of CaCl 2 . Growth of cells with additional CaCl 2 significantly increased flattening of cells and intercellular spaces. The Ca 2+ -mediated changes appear to be unique as they were not duplicated by Mg 2+ and had no relationship to cAMP, DNA or protein synthesis. Ca 2+ measurements by atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that Ca 2+ was associated with and was taken into the cells. Calcium ionophore A23187 did not induce similar morphological changes nor did it reduce the time required for calcium effect to be observed. Apparently a threshold concentration of Ca 2+ (intracellular and/or extracellular?) is essential before morphological changes are observed.
Ultrasonic Velocities in Solid Argon

The pulse technique of echo ranging was used to measure the velocities of ultrasonic waves in cylindrical samples of solid argon for temperatures from 74\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to the triple point (83.80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The center portion of these cylinders of solid argon transported the acoustic waves in the manner of a single crystal. The direction of propagation of the ultrasonic waves was deduced to be [110]. Making use of the data of Jones and Sparkes for average continuous transverse waves taken at temperatures from 18 to 62\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, these pulsed ultrasonic-velocity data were extrapolated to the following values at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K: ${v}_{l}=1555$ m/sec; ${v}_{t1}=1000$ m/sec; ${v}_{t2}=835$ m/sec. The elastic constants at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K calculated from these values were ${c}_{11}=4.819\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$; ${c}_{12}=1.277\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$; ${c}_{44}=1.235\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Designing presentations for on-demand viewing

Increasingly often, presentations are given before a live audience, while simultaneously being viewed remotely and recorded for subsequent viewing on-demand over the Web. How should video presentations be designed for web access? How is video accessed and used online? Does optimal design for live and on-demand audiences conflict? We examined detailed behavior patterns of more than 9000 on-demand users of a large corpus of professionally prepared presentations. We find that as many people access these talks on-demand as attend live. Online access patterns differ markedly from live attendance. People watch less overall and skip to different parts of a talk. Speakers designing presentations for viewing on-demand should emphasize key points early in the talk and early within each slide, use slide titles that reveal the talk structure and are meaningful outside the flow of the talk. In some cases the recommendations conflict with optimal design for live audiences. The results also provide guidance in developing tools for on-demand multimedia authoring and use.
Framing immigration to and deportation from the United States: Guatemalan and Salvadoran families make meaning of their experiences

The United States (US) deportation system and its recent applications have profound implications for the integrity and well-being of immigrant families. Since harsh policies were adopted in 1996, millions of non-citizens, mostly from Mexico and Central America, have been forced to leave the US. Despite the large numbers of people directly threatened by the deportation system, little is known about how it affects Central American immigrant children and families. A participatory action research project was designed in collaboration with local immigrant organizations to (1) document the impact of deportation policy on Guatemalan and Salvadoran immigrant families and (2) collaboratively develop services and advocacy that reflect local constructions of needs and strengths within these families. This paper reports analyses of interviews with 18 families; interviews explored participants’ experiences and meaning-making of detention, deportation, and other forces that threaten their families. Analyses of intervie...
Marine chemistry: Marine mercury breakdown

The neurotoxin methylmercury accumulates in marine biota and their predators. An analysis of seabird egg shells suggests that sea-ice cover reduces the breakdown of this highly toxic compound in sea water.
Serum and low-density lipoprotein enhance interleukin-8 secretion by airway epithelial cells.

Viral respiratory infections rapidly increase vascular permeability, which leads to the transudation of serum proteins into airway secretions and tissues. To determine whether this process activates airway epithelial cells, bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with serum, and interleukin (IL)-8 secretion and gene expression were examined. As little as 0.1% serum significantly enhanced IL-8 secretion, and maximal secretion (65 ± 4 ng/ml, 48 h) was observed with 10% serum. Low-density lipoprotein, but not albumin or immunoglobulin G, augmented bronchial epithelial IL-8 secretion, which was partially blocked by a monoclonal antibody specific for the low-density lipoprotein receptor. The IL-8–inducing activity of plasma was also augmented by clotting and platelet activation. Mechanistically, serum activated nuclear factor-κB and increased the stability and steady state levels of IL-8 mRNA. In summary, specific components of serum are potent activators of IL-8 mRNA and secretion, and the increased IL-8 pr...
Seismic reflection evidence for two-phase development of Tertiary basins from east-central Nevada

Two east-west seismic reflection profiles crossing Antelope Valley, Smokey Valley, Railroad Valley, and Big Sand Springs Valley in east-central Nevada demonstrate the evolution of Tertiary basin extension in the Basin and Range Province from broad sags to narrow, fault-bounded basins. Reprocessing of a 480 channel, 60 fold, dynamite-source experiment enabled good imaging of basin stratigraphy. These data suggest two distinct phases of basin development occurred, separated by a regional unconformity. The early phase is characterized by development of a broad symmetric basin riddled with many small offset normal faults. The later phase shows a narrowing of the basin and subsidence along one dominant structure, an apparent planar normal fault. The unconformity separating the two phases of extension marks a transition from broad subsidence to local asymmetric tilting that took place over a short period of time relative to sedimentation rates. Antelope Valley, Smokey Valley, and Railroad Valley clearly show evidence for two-phase development. Big Sand Springs Valley represents only the later phase of extension. The absence of dating of stratigraphic units within the basins precludes us from determining if the abrupt tectonic transition within the basins resulted from differences in local strain rates or amounts, or was due to changes in regional stress fields.
Survival of copepods passing through a nuclear power station on northeastern Long Island Sound, USA

About 70% of the copepods entering the cooling water system of a nuclear power plant on northeastern Long Island Sound (USA) are not returned to the Sound in the effluent. Copepod mortalities are caused by the mechanical or hydraulic stresses of passage, although our experimental design could not determine whether heat or chlorination could cause mortality in the absence of mortality induced by hydraulic stress. After passing through the power plant, copepods sink rapidly (ca. 2.5 times faster than controls). This leads to an increase in concentrations of copepods suspended in the deep water (25 to 30 m) of the effluent pond. About half of the live copepods collected at the discharge and held in situ died within 3.5 days, and 70% died within 5 days, whereas only 10% of those from the intake died in 5 days. About 60% of the copepods observed suspended in deep water in the pond were dead. The copepod mortality caused by the power plant reflects the loss in secondary production occurring below about 270×103 m2 of sea surface in Long Island Sound annually. This loss represents a reduction of about 0.1% in the annual secondary production over a 333 km2 area of Long Island Sound adjacent to the power plant. Highest losses occurred during the spring (April, 1.4×106 g dry weight), the lowest in autumn (November, 45.8×103 g). If the same copepod loss rate exists for all power plants in Long Island Sound, then secondary production in 1.69×106 m2, or 0.05% of the total copepod production may be lost annually. A comparison of the surface outflow from Long Island to Block Island Sound with the water entrained through Millstone Unit One, and the 70% copepod loss rate in the latter area, indicates that Unit One eliminates about 0.1 to 0.3% of the copepod production in eastern Long Island Sound. This calculation compares favorably with losses computed from production data.
Surface analysis by laser-induced desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry

We have built and tested a laser induced desorption (LID), electron impact ionization, time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer (MS) designed to nondestructively identify and measure adsorbed contaminants on critical surfaces for the microelectronics and optics industries. The LID-TOFMS combines the capability of a TOF mass spectrometer to measure all the desorbed molecules from a single laser shot with an infrared Er:YAG laser (2.94 micron), which is not strongly absorbed by many transparent optical materials but is strongly absorbed by water, the most common adsorbed surface contaminant, to yield surface composition as a function of position on the sample. The LID-TOFMS was calibrated using an oxalic acid film on a polished stainless steel plate, which also contained adsorbed water. Contaminants on CaF 2 surfaces measured by LID-TOFMS include water and hydrocarbons. Desorbed molecules decrease with increasing irradiations at a fixed laser fluence, suggesting that the surface is being cleaned.
Photon-induced near field electron microscopy

In materials science and biology, optical near-field microscopies enable spatial resolutions beyond the diffraction limit, but they cannot provide the atomic-scale imaging capabilities of electron microscopy. Given the nature of interactions between electrons and photons, and considering their connections through nanostructures, it should be possible to achieve imaging of evanescent electromagnetic fields with electron pulses when such fields are resolved in both space (nanometre and below) and time (femtosecond). Here we report the development of photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM), and the associated phenomena. We show that the precise spatiotemporal overlap of femtosecond single-electron packets with intense optical pulses at a nanostructure (individual carbon nanotube or silver nanowire in this instance) results in the direct absorption of integer multiples of photon quanta (nħω) by the relativistic electrons accelerated to 200 keV. By energy-filtering only those electrons resulting from this absorption, it is possible to image directly in space the near-field electric field distribution, obtain the temporal behaviour of the field on the femtosecond timescale, and map its spatial polarization dependence. We believe that the observation of the photon-induced near-field effect in ultrafast electron microscopy demonstrates the potential for many applications, including those of direct space-time imaging of localized fields at interfaces and visualization of phenomena related to photonics, plasmonics and nanostructures.
Antigone's Bones

Returning to a formative moment in the discourse of performance studies with a glancing dialogue between Richard Schechner and Michael Goldman, this article traces a series of efforts by Benjamin Bennett, Herbert Blau, Elin Diamond, and Stanton Garner, among others, to seize the work of dramatic performance as performance and to develop a critical vocabulary that understands dramatic theatre as an encounter with writing rather than as a reinscription of the archive.
Effect of Familiar Background Music upon Film Learning

A FREQUENTLY expressed point of view regard ing the selection of background music for education al films is that such music should be unfamiliar to the audience so that attention will not be drawn from the film content. Lindgren (5, p. 147) expr?s s ed this point of view when he said: "Music in a film may call attention to itself not I only where it is too good, but also where it has a strong and clearly defined melodic line. The specI tator's attention is drawn to the melody and the com poser who wishes to keep his music in the backI ground will work rather on changes of harmony and rhythm. The use of well-known music is even more distracting, and has the additional disadvantage that it often has certain associations for the spe c ta tor which may conflict entirely with the associations the producer wishes to establish in his f ilm . The use of classical music for sound films is entirely to be deplored. " I It is conceivable that there are many univers ity film producers and many smaller commercial pro ducers who would use film music if there were more latitude in the choice of compositions. Experimen tal evidence regarding the use of familiar or c?asI sical music for film backgrounds is scant, and what little there is is inconclusive (4, 9). I The purpose of the present study was to deter mine the effect upon film learning of using familiar compositions as background music as contrasted with unfamiliar music. Stated otherwise, this study was conducted to test the hypothesis thatfamiliar music distracts from the visual and verbal elements of the film. To accomplish this purpose, two exper imental versions of a factual film were shown two groups of subjects, and the subjects were tested over the information contained in the film.
Identification of Defect Sites on MgO(100) Surfaces

Methodologies are reported that allow the identification of extended defects on MgO(100) surfaces. The techniques used include low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), D2O and CO temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and MIES of adsorbed Xe. LEED and MIES data for MgO(100), TPD spectra of D2O and CO, and MIES spectra for adsorbed Xe are significantly altered as a function of the density of the extended defects. NO is shown to be an ineffective probe molecule for titration of defect sites on MgO(100).
CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAFT TUBE GAS-LIQUID-SOLID FLUIDIZED-BED BIOREACTOR WITH IMMOBILIZED LIVING CELLS FOR PHENOL DEGRADATION.

Biological phenol degradation in a draft tube gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed (DTFB) bioreactor containing a mixed culture immobilized on spherical activated carbon particles was investigated. The characteristics of biofilms including the biofilm dry density and thickness, the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient, and the phenol removal rates under different operating conditions in the DTFB were evaluated. A phenol degradation rate as high as 18 kg/m3-day with an effluent phenol concentration less than 1 g/m3 was achieved, signifying the high treatment efficiency of using a DTFB.
Fish and Invertebrate Recolonization in a Missouri Prairie Stream after an Acute Pollution Event

Abstract Recolonization of invertebrates and fish was monitored for 50 weeks and 241 weeks (4.6 years), respectively, after a chicken manure spill killed more than 18,000 fish and an undetermined number of invertebrates in 31.4 km of a prairie stream in west-central Missouri. I have characterized the postspill water quality in the affected portions of the stream to provide insight about the impacts of water quality on the rate of recolonization, determined the recolonization of invertebrate populations to provide insight into the return of a suitable food base for the fish population, and documented the chronology of fish recolonization in the affected portions of the stream to assist with a more appropriate determination of losses of recreational and economic values as a result of fish kills. Water quality had improved by week 15 postspill, but degraded water quality retarded recovery by invertebrates at one site for 50 weeks. Total and noninsect invertebrate abundance improved at some, but not all, site...
The influence of salinity on D/H fractionation in alkenones from saline and hypersaline lakes in continental North America

Abstract We present a preliminary assessment of the hydrogen isotopic composition of individual alkenones (C 37–39 di-, tri- and tetra-unsaturated methyl- and ethyl-ketones) purified from surface lake sediment from sites spanning a range of salinities from 20 to 133 ppt. Combining these measurements with measurements of the hydrogen isotopic composition of modern lake water, we estimate the magnitude of D/H fractionation across our sample set and observe reduced sensitivity to salinity compared to observations from Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica . This lends support to the hypothesis that D/H fractionation during biosynthesis is less sensitive to changes in salinity in alkenone producers from continental interior sites than in producers from open marine environments. We also observe stronger correlations between the tetra-unsaturated alkenone δD values with water δD values, and associated α values with salinity than we do for the di- and tri-unsaturated compounds, and suggest that this may result from increased number of lacustrine haptophyte species producing the di- and tri-unsaturated as compared to the tetra-unsaturated.
Beyond the Voting Rights Act: White Responses to Black Political Power in Tchula, Mississippi

This article is a case study of the legal and political harassment of a black mayor in Tchula, Mississippi. The case illustrates in the extreme the peculiar challenges that can be confronted by local black elected officials in small southern jurisdictions, even where the population is predominantly black and the reach of the federal government otherwise assures black residents their rights to vote and hold public office. Effective enfranchisement of blacks in such communities is difficult because blacks possess few resources with which to translate votes into economic development and because historic patterns of race relations in such backwater areas stand as major cultural barriers to change.
Different message-framing for different direct response marketing goals: Choice versus attitude formation

Understanding the process through which direct response appeals influence behavior should be a major focus of marketing research. Our thesis is that when constructing direct response offers, especially direct mail offers—with direct mail's maximal opportunity to tailor offers to different segments—one should consider not only behavior/response, but also attitude formation, in order to enhance long-run profitability. Current attitude formation often is reflected in future behavior. In this paper we consider several message framing tactics/communications, and study their impact on two different goals: choice and attitude formation. We use a carefully constructed fractional factorial design to study these framing factors simultaneously; we also study three categories/segments of prior category knowledge. We find that superior choices of framing tactics differ, depending on whether the goal is behavior or attitude formation, and that in addition, the effectiveness of these strategies is modified by prior category knowledge.