cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GALVANOMAGNETIC EFFECTS OF N-INSB BELOW 1 K.

Some galvanomagnetic properties of $n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{b}$ have been measured in the temperature range 4-0.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with donor concentrations between 2.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ and 7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The electrical conductivity in zero magnetic field indicated the lack of freeze-out for all donor concentrations measured. The transverse magneto-resistance of samples with donor concentrations of 7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ and 1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ showed a saturation in magnetic fields less than 10 kOe, provided that the temperature was less than 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At temperatures above 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the saturation was not observed in any of the samples in magnetic fields up to 16 kOe. A possible interpretation of the saturation effect is given by assuming a hydrogen-molecule model of the impurities and by taking the dominant scattering mechanism to be due to neutral impurities.
Pion--Pion Scattering Experiments at Low Energy

This work reviews the available experimental information on the pi-pi scattering lengths, especially the recent near-threshold pi N -> pi pi N data from several laboratories and the related application of the Chew-Low-Goebel (CLG) technique well below 1 GeV/c momentum. At this time uncertainties stemming from non-pion-exchange backgrounds in near-threshold CLG studies appear to preclude a determination of the pi$-pi scattering lengths with the desired accuracy of 10% or better.
1-Phenyl-2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphosphole

1-Phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethylphosphole product: 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethylphosphole intermediate: (η-C5H5)2ZrC4(CH3)4 Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; carbometallation; cyclization, miscellaneous; metalation reactions, zirconium; metalation reactions, zirconium; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; assay methods, for butyllithium, with 2-butanol, menthol, 2-pentanol, or 2-propanol, 1,10-phenanthroline indicator; tetrahydrofuran
Fluorescent Antibody Responses of Cases and Contacts of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

Paired sera from clinical cases, familial contacts, and school contacts of hand, foot, and mouth disease were tested by indirect immunofluorescence against a strain of coxsackie A16 virus which had been adapted to human fibroblast tissue-cultured cells. All of the 22 clinical cases developed immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies, and 11 responded with IgM and 10 with IgA antibodies. Seventeen of 21 familial contacts of cases showed subclinical infection as determined by development of IgG antibodies. Only seven and nine, respectively, of these had demonstrable IgM and IgA antibodies. Thirteen of 16 school classmates of three clinical cases were shown to have experienced subclinical infection by the development of IgG antibodies. Only five had antibodies in the IgM fraction, and three had antibodies in the IgA fraction. A comparison of IgG titers with those obtained by neutralization tests provides further evidence that the indirect fluorescent antibody technique represents a rapid diagnostic procedure for this disease.
Impact of recovered thermal energy management on the economics of operation of a grid-parallel PEM fuel cell power plant

Management of recovered thermal energy with the object of achieving optimal cost of operation of a grid-parallel PEM fuel cell power plant (FCPP) is the focus of this paper. An economic model is presented which includes the operational cost, thermal recovery, power trade with the local grid, and selling of surplus thermal energy. Multiple operational strategies are developed using this model. The strategies are then investigated by estimating the quarter-hourly generated power, and the amount of recovered thermal power while satisfying the thermal and electrical load requirements. An evolutionary programming-based technique is used to solve for the optimal operational strategy. The model is tested using different seasonal load conditions. Results are encouraging and indicate viability of the proposed model.
Suicidal intent in victim-precipitated homicide: Insights from the study of "suicide-by-cop."

Four decades ago, Marvin Wolfgang offered one of the most influential concepts in contemporary criminology when he coined the term "victim-precipitated homicide" to describe killings wherein decedents initiate the violent interactions that culminate in their death. One aspect of Wolfgang's work on victim-precipitated homicide that has not generated much attention among criminologists, however, is his notion that some of the individuals who precipitate their own violent deaths actually desired to die. Whereas criminologists have largely ignored Wolfgang's ideas about suicidal homicide victims, others have noted the presence of suicidal intent among victims of one specific sort of violence: police gunfire. For at least two decades, people in and around law enforcement have noted a phenomenon they commonly call "suicide-by-cop"--police shootings where suicidal citizens purposely provoke officers to shoot them. The present article uses suicide-by-cop as a platform to demonstrate how attention to Wolfgang's ideas about suicidal victims can enhance understanding of interpersonal violence.
Steroidogenic responses to varying parenteral routes of administered α1–18 ACTH☆

In healthy human subjects, the steroidogenic responses to a single injection of alpha 1-18 ACTH by the subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous (IV) routes were assessed by measurement of plasma cortisol levels, 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion, and cortisol secretion rates. Results showed that regardless of the parenteral route used, alpha 1-18 ACTH at doses of 1.0 and 0.5 mg was an effective adrenocorticotropic agent; however, with the IV route, the effect was considerably prolonged. The patterns of disappearance within the plasma of alpha 1-18 ACTH and alpha 1-24 ACTH were compared following a single IV injection of these compounds labeled with 125I. ALPHa 1-18 acth produced only a slight initial rise and a slower decline in plasma radioactivity compared to alpha 1-24 ACTH, suggesting slower degradation of alpha 1-18 ACTH. Administered as a single IV injection, alpha 1-18 ACTH has a prolonged effect on steroidogenesis and has potential for being a useful diagnostic and therapeutic ACTH preparation.
The Behavior and Life Histories of Two North American Ascalaphids

Life histories of the North American ascalaphids Ululodes mcxicana (McLachlan) and Ascaloptynx furciger (McLachlan) are described for the 1st time. Hatching, growth and ecdysis, habitat preference, camouflage and feeding habits of larvae of the 2 species are compared and contrasted. Data are also presented on cocoon construction, pupation, adult eclosion, and adult feeding and sexual behavior in U. mexicana , together with some limited information comparing activity cycles and flight of the latter species with those of A. furciger . Results are given of several simple experiments on U. mexicana assessing (1) the source and nature of the larval poison, (2) the efficiency of food utilization by larvae, and (3) the role of the knobbed antennae in flight stability. Special attention is drawn to the strong likelihood of territorially and aerial courtship and mating in Ululodcs and other owlfly genera. An effort is made throughout the paper to place all data on U. mexicana and A. furciger within the context of previously published observations.
Global Environmental Change: Modelling and Monitoring

The second half of the 20th century was a period of unprecedented and rapid change in the global population, the biosphere, the world economy and society. Recent inquiry related to the environmental effects has focused on the complexities of how the Earth behaves as a system, with connectivity linking its oceans, land, atmosphere, living, and non-living components. The search for delineation of natural and human causes and effects of global change has ushered in new mathematical approaches to the pursuit of a global environmental system science. Judging from the reports of several international conferences—for example, The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change, 2000—a consistent theme has emerged, calling for the development of an effective ethical framework of global stewardship and strategies (modeling and monitoring) for Earth system management.
Thickness-dependent defect structure of epitaxial silicon thin films deposited by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition

In this work, we study the defect structure of epitaxial film silicon grown by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) on Si wafers, as a function of film thickness. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the distribution, type, and composition of the defects. To investigate the crystallographic structure, we used electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) on the surface and cross sections of the samples. We observed that, as desired, the films grew epitaxially, and that there was an increase in the density of defects as the film thickness increased. One of the most dominant types of defects grows as long columns, reaching many micrometers in diameter at the surface. EBSD showed that these defects were composed of randomly oriented polycrystalline-silicon grains. To study the electrical nature of the film and defects, we used conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), which provides information on film conductivity with high-spatial resolution. C-AFM showed that the columnar defects have much lower conductivity than the surrounding Si thin film. In this work, we show how the concentration and distribution of the defects change as the film thickness increases, and investigate their electrical properties. Finally, we discuss how the defect structure might impact solar cells made with this material.
Effects of gender, age, and heart rate on QT intervals in children

The objective of this study was to determine if gender, age, and heart rate affect corrected QT intervals in children. Electrocardiograms were obtained from 781 healthy children 10–18 years of age. Corrected QT intervals were significantly (p<0.0005) greater for girls than for boys in the entire population and for each age group over 14 years. The corrected QT interval varied inversely with age and directly with heart rate. Hence gender, age, and heart rate should be considered when diagnosing long QT syndrome.
SEC-DED Nonbinary Code for Fault-Tolerant Byte-Organized Memory Implemented with Quaternary Logic

Byte-organized memory requires an error control scheme which can handle errors involving one or several entire bytes. A special parallel nonbinary single error correction and double error detection SEC-DED block code is constructed by dynamic programming. This code is optimum in the sense that it lends itself to a simple and high-speed hardware implementation either in binary or in quaternary logic. A double extension field GF(22m) of the subfield GF(2m) is then introduced. As a design example, a(80,64) SED-DED code in GF(24) is constructed.
Triplet—triplet annihilation of excimers in fluid solutions of dinaphthylalkanes

Abstract Triplet—triplet interaction of α,α-dinaphthylalkanes in fluid solutions leads to the appearance of delayed fluorescence with two different lifetimes. The shorter-lived component is due to the triplet—triplet annihilation of monomers, while the longer-lived component is attributed to the interaction of two triplet excimers.
Violence exposure and traumatic stress symptoms as additional predictors of health problems in high-risk children

Objective To test the hypotheses that both violence and traumatic stress symptoms are associated with negative health status among poor preschool children. Study design This cross-sectional analysis of a Head Start preschool age cohort (n = 160) studied health outcomes parallel to those assessed in the 2001 National Health Interview Survey of child health (asthma, allergy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, global appraisal) as well as two stress-related somatic complaints, gastrointestinal problems and headache. Risk factors include sociodemographics, mothers' health factors, extent of exposure to violence and maltreatment, and mother- and teacher-reported traumatic stress symptoms. Results Compared with poor children in the National Health Interview Survey and their Head Start peers, children exposed to violence and those with high levels of traumatic stress had significantly worse outcomes, in a dose-response relation. Being abused, exposed to domestic violence, and having a mother using substances were associated with a higher number of health problems. The hierarchical model established the mother's own poor physical health and the child's level of traumatic stress as the strongest predictors of poor child health. Conclusions These two risk factors are amenable to intervention by health care providers who treat children.
Facilitating hydroxide transport in anion exchange membranes via hydrophilic grafts

Alkaline exchange membranes (AEMs) are a promising class of polyelectrolytes whose alkaline operating environment enables the use of non-precious metal catalysts in low-temperature fuel cells. However, their poor ionic conductivities, which are often an order of magnitude lower than traditional acidic membranes (e.g., Nafion), have limited their practicality. The performance problem can partially be ascribed to the poorly-defined morphologies of typical random copolymer AEMs, leading to tortuous ion transport pathways. Here, we show the ability to form nanoscale (5 to 10 nm diameter) anion transport channels by grafting hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side-chains along a model benzyltrimethylammonium polysulfone-based AEM. Concomitant with the structure formation is a 100% increase in the IEC-normalized hydroxide conductivity from 20.2 mS g cm−1 mmol−1 to 40.3 mS g cm−1 mmol−1 as well as a 50% increase in the peak power density from 118 mW cm−2 to 180 mW cm−2 when incorporated into a fuel cell.
Machine Learning Techniques in Detecting of Pulmonary Embolisms

Computer Aided Detection (CAD) systems have recently been used by physicians to help automatically detect early forms of breast cancer in X-ray images, lung nodules in lung CT images, and polyps in colon CT images. We discuss an automatic detection mechanism using a genetic algorithms (GA) approach to identify and classify Pulmonary Embolisms (PE) captured through Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Our method enhances the performance of the classification of diseases as compared to other methodologies discussed in this paper.
Insulin-like effects of puromycin on lactate metabolism in frog skeletal muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. Experiments were carried out to determine whether puromycin in a concentration sufficient to block protein synthesis also blocks the stimulating effect of insulin on the oxidation and incorporation into glycogen of lactate in frog skeletal muscle. 2. 2. In the absence of added substrate, puromycin blocked the stimulating action of insulin on O 2 consumption, but in the presence of added lactate puromycin stimulated the oxidation of lactate and its incorporation into glycogen. Thus puromycin had effects similar to those of insulin on lactate metabolism in muscle. The effects of the two substances together were additive.
Structure-property relationship in a thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane

Abstract A thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane was made by interfacial polymerization of adamantane-2,6-dione-1,3,5,7-tetracarbonyl chloride (ADTC, 4) with 1,3-phenylenediamine (MPD) on a microporous polysulfone support. The membrane was found to have high flux and rejection for brackish water conditions: 98.4% NaCl rejection with a water permeability of 10 m sec-TPa (58 gfd; 0.2% NaCl/420 psig). The permeation properties were compared with two other polyamide interfacial membranes: trimesoyl chloride (TMC)/MPD, an example of an all-aromatic rigid-chain polyamide, and cyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarbonyl chloride (HT)/MPD, an example of an aliphatic-aromatic polyamide with some conformational flexibility. ADTC/MPD is a rigid, aliphatic-aromatic polyamide. What structural features determine the salt rejection and flux characteristics of the ADTC/MPD membrane: conformational rigidity (as in TMC/MPD) or the aliphatic nature of the ADTC subunit (as in HT/MPD)? The ADTC/MPD membrane was found to closely resemble HT/MPD in its permeation properties. Despite a higher degree of crosslinking, ADTC/MPD was found to be less chlorine resistant than TMC/MPD or HT/MPD membranes. This observation is attributed both to facilitated N-attack of chlorine due to steric considerations and to ease of decomposition of the N-chloro intermediate.
The necessity of updating dental examining boards

Though state boards may be necessary, let them be less anachronistic in the expectations they have for current graduates. Let us hope that the state and regional boards will change and keep pace with the current literature. The boards can have an influence on upgrading dentistry but only if they are progressive, and if they do not hold back the profession by demanding antiquated means of looking at dental care for the patients.
Vacuum ultraviolet monochromator calibration using measured atomic branching ratios

It is noted that there now exists a compendium of experimentally measured transition probability ratios for ionized transitions of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, which can be used for calibration in the VUV spectral region. The emissions proposed for use in this context span the 485-1124 A wavelength interval, and can be easily excited using low pressure discharge lamps of conventional design and dispersed using a monochromator of moderate resolution.
Discrimination of small intervals and objects by raccoons

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the visual discrimination abilities of raccoons in regard to materials used in testing in the Kluver-Wisconsin General Test Apparatus. Knowledge of these abilities is prerequisite to obtaining behavioural comparisons between raccoons and other species, particularly primates, which have been extensively tested using this apparatus. Separation discrimination was tested by a chain pulling method, wherein the animals were required to draw in that one of two chains to which a food cup was attached. The distance between the chains was varied systematically. At a distance of 14″, raccoons discriminated intervals as small as 1 4 ″. However, there was a progressive decrement in discrimination accuracy for intervals smaller than 3″. The second experiment investigated the discrimination of very small objects. After a discrimination between two objects of 1″ maximum linear extent was learned, replications of these objects having a maximum linear extent of 1 2 ″, 1 4 ″, and 1 8 ″ were presented. At a distance of five inches, all objects were successfully discriminated by all subjects, with no apparent differences from one size to another. It was concluded that raccoons are capable of discriminating visually the smallest sizes of objects that could be used practicably in this situation. Furthermore, discrimination of all sizes of objects improved with experience.
Fine structure of microwave spike bursts and associated cross-field energy transport

The characteristics of the maser emission from a driven system where energetic electrons continue to flow through the source region is investigated using electronic particle simulations. It is shown that, under appropriate conditions, the maser can efficiently radiate a significant portion of the energy of the fast electrons in a very short time. The radiation is emitted in pulses even though the flow of electrons through the system is at a constant rate. The mission of these pulses is proposed as the source of the fine structure. Under other conditions the dominant maser emission changes from fundamental x-mode to either fundamental z-mode or to electrostatic upper hybrid or Bernstein modes. The bulk of the emission from the maser instability cannot propagate across field lines in this regime, and hence strong local plasma heating is expected, with little energy transport across the magnetic field lines.
Interior equilibrium solutions of optimal control problems

Abstract Many authors consider the following special optimal-control problem [see, e.g., Silvert and Smith, Math. Biosci. 33:121-134 (1977)]: Find a control function u and a state function x which maximize ʃ0∞e−ρtR(x,u)dt subject to dx/dt=g(x,u), with x and u constrained to certain sets X and U, and such that x and u are equilibrium (constant) solutions which are interior to X and U. We show that (x0,u0) is an interior equilibrium solution of the problem if and only if (x0,u0) is an interior global maximum for R(x,u) which satisfies g(x0,u0)=0.
Investigation of the effects of methyltestosterone, cortisone and spironolactone on the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system in male and female rats.

Abstract Acute (4 days) and chronic (4 weeks) administration of methyltestosterone, cortisone and spironolactone changes drug metabolism in hepatic microsomes of male and female rats by altering the degree of binding of drugs to the cytochrome P-450, the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and the rate of reduction of the cytochrome P-450-drug complex. These steroids also alter the ratio of stoichiometric relationship between drug metabolism and CO-inhibitable NADPH-oxidation. This ratio is sex dependent, being approximately 1·0 in males and 0·2 in females. The effect of the three steroids on the ratio is also sex dependent. The steroids tend to increase the ratio in females and decrease it in males.
Diets deficient in copper and zinc

Hospital diets, and, perhaps, diets in general may be low in copper and zinc, with the diets being lower in copper than zinc in comparison to requirements. Several human diseases or pathologic conditions of unknown etiology have similarities to findings in deficient animals. Thus nutritional status and metabolism of copper may be important in anemia, ischemic heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis and seborrheic dermatitis. Zinc may be involved in growth failure, acne, difficulties of labor, congenital abnormalities and wound healing. Whether or not dietary amounts of copper and zinc are involved in the etiology or the pathogenesis of these conditions can be determined by clinical investigation.
Impact of Medicare changes in pharmacy reimbursement on patient care: two case reports.

Purpose. Two case reports illustrate the impact of changes in pharmacy reimbursement associated with the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act (MMA) on patient care. Summary. The Medicare Part D benefit is complex and difficult for patients to understand. A patient’s personal financial situation and quality of life issues may enter into decisions about enrolling in Part D and the use of drug therapy. Local coverage decisions by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services can limit access to drug therapy and raise ethical dilemmas. Conclusion. Changes in pharmacy reimbursement associated with MMA has the potential to markedly impact patient care and outcomes.
Characterizing parallel hierarchies by reducibilities

Abstract Parallel time bounded reducibilities are discussed. The important parallel hierarchies NC and AC are characterized using a parallel time bounded reducibility. From this point of view, a structural property of the hierarchies NC and AC is easily obtained.
Globoid cell leukodystrophy: comparison of neuropathology with magnetic resonance imaging

Previous imaging studies in infants with globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) using computed tomography have demonstrated a reduction in cerebral white matter and increased density symmetrically in the regions of the thalami, periventricular white matter, and the internal capsules. Correlation of these findings with morphologic studies at necropsy has not been made. In particular, deposition of calcium has not been described. We have evaluated two children with GLD confirmed by the absence of leukocyte galactosylceramide β-galactosidase activity using repeated magnetic resonance (MR) scans in each and correlated the imaging results with post-mortem analyses in one. Neuropathologic examination revealed abnormalities typical for GLD. In addition to the absence of normal myelination throughout cerebral and cerebellar white matter, MR images demonstrated the presence of a paramagnetic effect in the regions of the thalami, corona radiata, and centra semiovale. We have observed in histologic preparations from these areas a dense accumulation of globoid cells and some calcium, which we suggest may be responsible for producing the paramagnetic effect.
“To buy or to pirate”: The matrix of music consumers' acquisition-mode decision-making

Abstract The decision to engage in music piracy may be preceded by consumer consideration of a range of issues. The determinants of such piracy as embedded in a large matrix of acquisition-mode decision factors relevant to exchange theory, including economic, legal, ethical, network and consumer behavior aspects, are investigated here. This matrix depicts numerous interrelated factors and makes assessing the decision-making process regarding music piracy more contextual than previously considered. A study of 204 American business students was conducted to test this matrix and assess the impact of the various factors. Implications and future research regarding this decision-making matrix and exchange theory are provided. The significant factors predict whether an exchange takes place between music consumers and the music industry.
Dismal lung transplant outcomes in children with tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia compared to Eisenmenger syndrome or pulmonary vein stenosis.

Background Certain congenital heart lesions in children can lead to irreversible lung disease thus making lung transplantation a therapeutic option. We retrospectively analyzed our experience with lung transplantation in 32 children with three distinct underlying congenital heart defects: (1) Eisenmenger syndrome (EIS); (2) tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia (PA); and (3) pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS). Methods Pediatric patients n = 7), PA ( n = 8) or PVS ( n = 17), who underwent lung or heart–lung transplantation, were analyzed. We compared survival rates between the three groups. Pre- and peri-operative variables were also assessed for their effect on outcome. Results Compared with EIS and PA patients, PVS patients were younger and sicker at the time of transplantation. All EIS and PA patients required either additional intracardiac repairs or a heart transplant at the time of lung transplantation. PA patients had the highest rate of major post-operative complications and in-hospital deaths. Median survival was comparable between EIS (6.1 years) and PVS (6.5 years) patients. Outcomes for PA patients were dramatically worse, with a median survival of only 0.12 year (∼47 days). Needing additional intracardiac surgery or a heart transplant at the time of lung transplantation did not impact survival. The diagnosis of PA itself correlated with a worse outcome. Conclusions Outcomes in EIS and PVS patients undergoing lung transplantation compare favorably to that of all pediatric lung transplant recipients (median survival 4.3 years). For PA patients, their underlying pathology appears to make them high-risk candidates for lung transplantation. For the younger and acutely sicker PVS patients, lung transplantation is a viable therapeutic alternative.
P19-52 LB. Assessing and restructuring foreign gene insertion sites for enhanced stability of modified Vaccinia virus ankara recombinants expressing HIV genes

Background Recombinant MVA expressing HIV genes are currently being tested in phase I and II vaccine trials. During efforts to make rMVA/HIV candidate vaccines, we found variable stability of inserted gene expression. Maintaining stability upon repeated passage for vaccine production while keeping high expression of inserted gene for increased immunogenicity is highly desirable. In continuation of efforts to improve stability, we now compare three insertion sites in the MVA genome using the same HIV env gene.
Budget Deficits in the States: Massachusetts

Massachusetts entered the current recession carrying a structural deficit counterbalanced by a healthy, $2.1 billion stabilization fund, equal to 10 percent of total tax revenue. Like most states, Massachusetts only dimly realized the depth of the current recession in October 2008 when revenue collections began to slip and welfare caseloads began to increase. By May of 2009, a total FY2009 budget gap of $4 billion had been identified, the combined effect of plummeting revenues and increased costs for welfare and medical assistance. The Commonwealth closed the FY2009 budget gap through a combination of budget cuts, stabilization fund transfers, and federal stimulus funds. The Commonwealth faced an even larger $4.8 billion budget gap in FY2010. With the stabilization fund severely depleted, the FY2010 budget gap was closed primarily by budget cuts, federal stimulus money, and a sales and use tax increase. Because of the Commonwealth's reliance on one-time money to close current budget gaps, a significant budget gap of at least $2.8 billion for FY2011 was identified soon after passage of the budget. In this paper we discuss the political and historic context in which the budget gaps occurred, outline the causes of the budget gaps, and evaluate the strategies employed to close them.
An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rus

It is customary among western scholars who have written about the Carpatho-Rusyns to consider them “the most forgotten among the forgotten.” Little is known in the West about the political, economic, and cultural developments of Subcarpathian Rus', especially before 1918. Yet such an enormous amount of material has been written in eastern European languages about this territory that as early as 1931 the noted Slavic linguist Roman Jakobson could write: “In the whole east Slavic world, there is hardly any other marginal area whose past has been examined with such affectionate meticulousness and scholarliness as Carpatho-Russia.” The present study is intended as an introductory guide to the voluminous historiography of Subcarpathian Rus'. The material has been arranged according to the following topical and chronological subdivisions: bibliographical aids; general historical studies; early history to 1514; 1514 to 1711; 1711 to 1848; 1848 to 1918; 1918 to 1938; October, 1938, to March, 1939; 1939 to 1944; 1945 to the present; cultural developments; Rusyns in Hungary; Rusyns in Jugoslavia; and Rusyns in the United States. Works will be discussed under the heading which most nearly describes the period dealt with in the text regardless of the date of publication. The time periods were not designated arbitrarily but are based on certain historical events the significance of which will be clarified in the appropriate subsection. Most studies treated in this article deal exclusively or primarily with Subcarpathian Rus' only a few are concerned with problems of a more general nature. Many studies dealing with the recent history of the area are not necessarily included because they represent sound historical research but because they are valuable, highly selective accounts of crucial events, many of them written by the participants themselves.
The presence of androgen-binding protein in the guinea-pig testis, epididymis and epididymal fluid

Androgen-binding protein (ABP) is present in the guinea-pig testis, epididymis and epididymal fluid. Guinea-pig ABP sediments as an approx. 4.6S species on sucrose gradients containing 0.01 M KCl. Electrophoresis on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels indicated that specific androgen binding was present in epididymal cytosol, but not in plasma. Time-course studies indicated that binding equilibrium is approached in about 2.5 h; the dissociation half-time of [3H]5 alpha-DHT from guinea-pig ABP is 5.64 +/- 0.62 h (n = 6) at 4 degrees C. The relative affinities of some steroids for guinea-pig ABP in relation to 5 alpha-DHT = 1 are: testosterone = 0.55 +/- 0.13 (n = 4), estradiol = 0.14 +/- 0.03 (n = 4), the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate = 0.0025 +/- 0.0002 (n = 3). Guinea-pig ABP exhibited an equilibrium dissociation constant of 6.34 +/- 0.52 nM (n = 3) at 4 degrees C and there were 3.43 +/- 0.78 (n = 3) pmoles of binding sites per mg of protein when homogenates of the whole epididymis were assayed. The concentration of ABP was lowest in the caput-corpus region of the epididymis, highest in the proximal cauda, and intermediate in the distal cauda. Essentially all of the ABP present in the distal cauda was intraluminal, as evidenced by the fact that flushing of the duct eliminated most of the [3H]5 alpha-DHT binding activity.
Differential Neurosensitivity to the Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Ethanol in C57BL/6J and C3H/He Mice

: Background: A large body of evidence suggests that the interoceptive cue associated with ethanol intoxication is complex and dependent on a number of environmental and biological factors. Despite the fact that mice have been widely used to study genetic influences on sensitivity to various actions of ethanol, few studies have used mice to examine sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. The purpose of this study was to compare sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in two inbred mouse strains, namely C57BL/6J and C3H/He mice. Methods: Adult male C57BL/6J and C3H/He mice were trained to discriminate between ethanol and saline using a two-lever food reinforcement operant procedure. Once criterion discrimination performance was achieved, dose-response functions were determined from generalization tests. Additional experiments were conducted to determine whether differences in discrimination performance were related to differential blood/brain ethanol levels in the two mouse strains. Results: A greater proportion of C57BL/6J mice acquired the discrimination and required fewer trials to achieve criterion performance compared with C3H/He mice with a 1.0 g/kg ethanol training dose. This deficit in acquisition was overcome when the training dose was increased to 2.0 g/kg for C3H/He mice. In a second experiment, a 1.5 g/kg training dose of ethanol was used for both strains. Again, a greater proportion of C57BL/6J mice acquired the discrimination and required fewer training trials to achieve criterion performance compared with C3H/He mice. Blood ethanol levels did not differ between the strains after administration of the 1.5 g/kg training dose. However, blood and brain ethanol levels did differ between the strains after doses of ethanol were administered that produced equivalent discrimination performance. Conclusions: Results indicate that ethanol discrimination was more readily acquired and maintained in C57BL/6J mice than C3H/He mice. Ethanol dose-response functions generated from generalization tests also clearly demonstrated greater sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus properties of ethanol in C57BL/6J mice compared with the C3H/He strain. This differential sensitivity to the interoceptive cue produced by ethanol does not seem to be related to learning or pharmacokinetic differences between the two inbred strains.
Quantum dot nanocrystals for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging

Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) are nanometer-sized crystals with unique photochemical and photophysical properties that are not available from either isolated molecules or bulk solids. In comparison with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, QD are emerging as a new class of fluorescent labels with improved brightness, resistance against photobleaching and multicolor fluorescence emission. These properties could improve the sensitivity of biological detection and imaging by at least 10- to 100-fold. Further development in high-quality near-infrared-emitting QD should allow ultrasensitive and multicolor imaging of molecular targets in deep tissue and living animals. Here, we discuss recent developments in QD synthesis and bioconjugation, applications in molecular and cellular imaging as well as promising directions for future research.
Demonstration of an Electrically Small Antenna Array for UHF Direction-of-Arrival Estimation

Direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation of incoming electromagnetic signals can play a critical role in surveillance, sensing, and cognitive radio applications. Typical DoA antenna arrays use an aperture measuring several wavelengths across to ensure reliable measurement of phase information. For a UHF application, such an array would need to be a few meters across-too large for a portable array. This work demonstrates a practical DoA array composed of antennas with diverse radiation patterns which is combined with an algorithm which relies primarily on amplitude information rather than phase information. This approach yields a much smaller array with similar direction-finding capabilities to larger ones. A calibration procedure captures the antenna responses, including the parasitic effects of the closely spaced antennas. The calibrated array and direction-finding algorithm then achieves measured accuracy with resolution of six degrees with no front-to-back or quadrant ambiguities.
Qualitative research on family relationships

Qualitative approaches are excellent ways to investigate family dynamics and family relationships. In the present study, we identify four goals in which qualitative methods benefit researchers: (1) obtaining family members’ meanings about family interactions and relationships; (2) acquiring family insiders’ views about relational processes and observing family interactions; (3) examining families within contexts; and (4) giving voice to marginalized families and family members. Qualitative methods often yield extraordinarily rich data and exceed quantitative approaches for achieving some research goals. We examine how qualitative research may enhance scholarship on family relationships, highlighting selected studies on structurally diverse families as examples.
Actin is the primary cellular receptor of bistramide A

Bistramide A (1) is a marine natural product with broad, potent antiproliferative effects1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Bistramide A has been reported to selectively activate protein kinase C (PKC) δ, leading to the view that PKCδ is the principal mediator of antiproliferative activity of this natural product8. Contrary to this observation, we established that bistramide A binds PKCδ with low affinity, does not activate this kinase in vitro and does not translocate GFP-PKCδ. Furthermore, we identified actin as the cellular receptor of bistramide A. We report that bistramide A disrupts the actin cytoskeleton, inhibits actin polymerization, depolymerizes filamentous F-actin in vitro and binds directly to monomeric G-actin in a 1:1 ratio with a Kd of 7 nM. We also constructed a fully synthetic9 bistramide A–based affinity matrix and isolated actin as a specific bistramide A–binding protein. This activity provides a molecular explanation for the potent antiproliferative effects of bistramide A, identifying it as a new biochemical tool for studies of the actin cytoskeleton and as a potential lead for development of a new class of antitumor agents7,10.
Effects of Low Salinities on Oxygen Consumption of Selected Euryhaline and Stenohaline Freshwater Fish

The amount of energy required for osmoregulation depends on the difference between internal and external concentrations of ions (Rao 1968; Farmer and Beamish 1969), changes in corticosteroid hormone levels (Morgan and Iwama 1996), glomerular filtration rates (Furspan et al. 1984), gill and kidney Na+, K+-ATPase activity (McCormick et al. 1989; Morgan and Iwama 1998), tissue permeability to water and ions, and gill ventilation, perfusion, and functional surface area (Rankin and Bolis 1984). Differences in the energetic cost of osmoregulation play a significant role in the difference in growth rate between seawater-and freshwater-adapted fish (Morgan and Iwama 1991; Ron et al. 1995; Wang et al. 1997). Oxygen consumption is an indirect indicator of metabolic rate in fish (Cech 1990) and can be used to determine effects of salinity changes on energy costs.
Synthesis and crystal chemistry of new ternary pnictides containing lithium—adding structural complexity one step at a time

This study focuses on the exploration of the ternary systems A–Li–Pn with A = Ca–Ba, Eu and Yb and Pn = As–Bi resulting in the extensions of the ALiPn series (A = Ca, Sr, Eu and Yb; Pn = As–Bi; orthorhombic Pnma) with the MgSrSi structure type and of the A3Li4Pn4 family (A = Ba, Eu; Pn = As–Bi; orthorhombic Immm) with the Zr3Cu4Si4 structure type, as well as the novel compound Eu4Li7Bi6 (monoclinic, C2/m) with its own structure type. The relevant structural relationships are discussed. The building blocks and the topology of the polyanionic networks among the three different structures are compared side-by-side. Electronic band structure calculations for EuLiSb, Eu3Li4Sb4 and Eu4Li7Bi6 are discussed; the magnetic susceptibility and resistivity of single-crystalline Eu3Li4Sb4 are also presented.
Radiation sensitive breast cancer patients

Abstract The age dependence of poor cosmesis from breast irradiation and the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in buccal cells provide indirect evidence for the presence of a relatively radiosensitive subpopulation of ataxia telangiectasia (AT) heterozygotes in breast cancer patients
Determination of Transport and Electrochemical Kinetic Parameters of Bare and Copper‐Coated LaNi4.27Sn0.24 Electrodes in Alkaline Solution

Electrochemical properties of bare and copper-coated LaNi{sub 4.27}Sn{sub 0.24} electrodes were investigated in alkaline solution. The exchange current density, polarization resistance, and equilibrium potential were determined as functions of the state of charge in the electrodes. The symmetry factors for bare and copper-coated electrodes were estimated to be 0.53 and 0.52, respectively. By using a constant current discharge technique, the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in bare and coated LaNi{sub 4.27}Sn{sub 0.24} was estimated to be 6.75 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup 2}/s.
Hydrogen sensing using titania nanotubes

Abstract Titanium dioxide nanotubes, made by anodization, are highly sensitive to hydrogen; for example, cycling between nitrogen atmosphere and 1000 ppm hydrogen a variation in measured resistance of 10 3 is seen for 46 nm diameter nanotubes at 290 °C. The hydrogen sensors are completely reversible and have response times of approximately 150 s. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD) are used to study the surface morphology and crystal structure of the nanotubes.
Locating radiation hot spots on the ground with a gamma-ray directional sensor

This paper reports on an experimental investigation to determine the feasibility of locating radiation hot spots within an area of contamination on the ground that contains radionuclides. The detecting and locating sensor is carried in a helicopter that can rapidly scan large areas of contamination for hot spots. A scintillation type of gamma-ray directional sensor (GRDS) was used in this study. Previous work showed that a GRDS could detect and accurately locate stationary point and broad sources of gamma-rays or X-rays by rotating a GRDS in the field of radiation. In this present study, the sensor was stationary but the radiation source was moving pass the sensor. This technique simulated a helicopter flying over an area of contamination on the ground and scanning the area for hot spots with a sensor that is fixed in position on board the helicopter. The experimental approach generated data that established the operational limitations of the helicopter's speed, height, and the intensity of the hot spot relative to the GRDS's sensitivity. The results show that a GRDS sensor in a helicopter can locate cesium-137 hot spots on the ground. Hot spots with an activity of about 0.3 Ci can be located from a helicopter moving with a speed of 44.7 m/s at a height of 62.5 m.
Reasoning about interference between units: A general framework

If an experimental treatment is experienced by both treated and control group units, tests of hypotheses about causal effects may be difficult to conceptualize, let alone execute. In this article, we show how counterfactual causal models may be written and tested when theories suggest spillover or other network-based interference among experimental units. We show that the “no interference” assumption need not constrain scholars who have interesting questions about interference. We offer researchers the ability to model theories about how treatment given to some units may come to influence outcomes for other units. We further show how to test hypotheses about these causal effects, and we provide tools to enable researchers to assess the operating characteristics of their tests given their own models, designs, test statistics, and data. The conceptual and methodological framework we develop here is particularly applicable to social networks, but may be usefully deployed whenever a researcher wonders about interference between units. Interference between units need not be an untestable assumption; instead, interference is an opportunity to ask meaningful questions about theoretically interesting phenomena.
The impact of fluid balance on diagnosis, staging and prediction of mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury

Fluid accumulation may delay recognition of acute kidney injury (AKI) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. This study aims to evaluate the impact of fluid balance on the incidence, time of AKI diagnosis and predictive performance for outcomes of critically ill patients. This study included a cohort of 7696 adult ICU patients at Mayo Clinic Hospital in year 2011 with at least one serum creatinine (SCr) measured in ICU. AKI was defined based on SCr criterion for stage I of KDIGO definition. The AKI incidence and predictive performance for 60-day mortality was compared before and after SCr adjustment for fluid balance. AKI was detected in 1860 (24.2 %) before and 1947 (25.3 %) after fluid balance adjustment (P < 0.001). Patients with AKI both before and after SCr adjustment had significantly higher 60-day mortality in comparison with patients who did not develop AKI (OR 3.38; 95 % CI 2.84–4.02). The risk of 60-day mortality in patients who met AKI criteria after but not before SCr adjustment was significantly higher than patients without AKI (OR 2.00; 95 % CI 1.25–3.11). In contrast, the risk of 60-day mortality in patients who met AKI criteria before but not after SCr adjustment was similar to patients without AKI (OR 1.19; 95 % CI 0.48–2.50). The C-statistic for unadjusted and adjusted SCr to predict 60-day mortality were 0.68 and 0.70, respectively (P = 0.001). Our study found that SCr adjustment for fluid balance could result in a more accurate detection of AKI cases. We suggest using fluid balance adjustment for volume overload critically ill patients.