cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chance-Constrained Optimal Power Flow: Risk-Aware Network Control under Uncertainty ∗

When uncontrollable resources fluctuate, optimal power flow (OPF), routinely used by the electric power industry to redispatch hourly controllable generation (coal, gas, and hydro plants) over control areas of transmission networks, can result in grid instability and, potentially, cascading outages. This risk arises because OPF dispatch is computed without awareness of major uncertainty, in particular fluctuations in renewable output. As a result, grid operation under OPF with renewable variability can lead to frequent conditions where power line flow ratings are significantly exceeded. Such a condition, which is borne by our simulations of real grids, is considered undesirable in power engineering practice. Possibly, it can lead to a risky outcome that compromises grid stability---line tripping. Smart grid goals include a commitment to large penetration of highly fluctuating renewables, thus calling to reconsider current practices, in particular the use of standard OPF. Our chance-constrained (CC) OPF co...
Two Generalizations of the Isometric Projection in Geometric Design

On presente deux generalisations possibles de la projection isometrique utilisee en dessin geometrique
Nonlinear Aerodynamics of Bodies in Coning Motion

A numerical method for computing the nonlinear inviscid flowfield surrounding a body performing coning motion is described. The method permits accurate computation of the aerodynamic moment due to one of the four motions characterizing an arbitrary nonplanar motion. Results of computations for a slender circular cone in coning motion are presented, and show good agreement with experiment for angles of attack up to twice the cone half-angle. The computational results display significant departure of the side moment from the linear theory value with increasing angle of attack, but agree well with experimental measurements. This indicates that the initial nonlinear behavior of the aerodynamic moment is determined primarily by the inviscid flow.
Multiparking functions, graph searching, and the Tutte polynomial

A parking function of length n is a sequence (b"1,b"2,...,b"n) of non-negative integers for which there is a permutation @[email protected]?S"n so that 0=
Nonlinear maximum principles for dissipative linear nonlocal operators and applications

We obtain a family of nonlinear maximum principles for linear dissipative nonlocal operators, that are general, robust, and versatile. We use these nonlinear bounds to provide transparent proofs of global regularity for critical SQG and critical d-dimensional Burgers equations. In addition we give applications of the nonlinear maximum principle to the global regularity of a slightly dissipative anti-symmetric perturbation of 2D incompressible Euler equations and generalized fractional dissipative 2D Boussinesq equations.
Endogenous determination of public budget allocation across education stages

Abstract This paper studies the endogenous determination of public budget allocation across hierarchical education stages. In less developed economies, the top class has dominant political power to implement its most preferred policy, which is characterized by exclusive participation and large schooling expenditure at higher education at the expense of basic education. In developed economies, the budget allocation is more balanced; under certain parameters, it leads to expanded participation of the middle class in higher education. The model offers an explanation to the observed cross-country policy difference and is broadly consistent with historical evidence.
Metabolic Control in Children with Diabetes Mellitus Who are Younger than 6 Years at Diagnosis: Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion as a First Line Treatment?

Objective To assess long-term metabolic outcomes in children with diabetes mellitus that was diagnosed when they were Study design A cohort of 66 children with diabetes mellitus that had a duration of at least 5 years and was diagnosed before they were 6 years old. Thirty-four children were treated at diagnosis with multiple daily subcutaneous insulin injections (MDI), and all these children, except 3, were switched to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII; group A). Thirty-two children received CSII as initial treatment (group B). Results Hemoglobin A1c values were significantly lower in patients receiving CSII than MDI during all the 8 years of follow-up except one (year 1: 6.9% ± 0.9% versus 7.6% ± 1%, P = .011 ; year 4: 7.4% ± 0.8% versus 8.1% ± 0.9%, P = .006; year 7: 7.6% ± 0.5% versus 8.3% ± 0.8%, P = .001). The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was greatly decreased for the CSII group (9.8 versus 22.3 episodes/100 patient-years, P = .016). In group A, hemoglobin A1c values increased during the study period, and in group B, they increased only during the first 2 years and remained constant thereafter. Only 9.1% of patients did not use or abandoned CSII. Conclusion CSII in children
Impedance studies of the asymmetric resistance of beta″ alumina

Abstract A small ac signal was used to resolve the two components of the ac impedance of the sodium/beta″ alumina interface as a function of cell voltage. Both components were observed to change rapidly in the transition region between the high resistance and low resistance states. The occurrence of an electrochemical reaction within this potential range cannot be observed by impedance measurements. The two components reflect the properties of a thin interfacial film which is believed to be responsible for the asymmetric resistance.
Differential cleavage of Mst1 by caspase-7/-3 is responsible for TRAIL-induced activation of the MAPK superfamily

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to induce apoptosis through caspase activation in a number of cancer cell lines while displaying minimal or no toxicity on normal cells, suggesting that this protein may hold potential for development as a new cancer therapeutic agent. Moreover, TRAIL can activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in addition to caspases. However, it has not been clearly understood how MAPKs are activated by TRAIL and the biological significance of their activation. Here we show that TRAIL-induced MAPKs activation is dependent on caspase activation and that mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (Mst1) functions as a mediator between caspase activation and MAPKs activation. Activation of MAPKs (JNK, p38, ERK) is differentially regulated by cleavage size (40 kDa and 36 kDa) of Mst1, which is controlled by caspase-7 and -3.
An unoriented skein exact triangle for knot Floer homology

Given a crossing in a planar diagram of a link in the three-sphere, we show that the knot Floer homologies of the link and its two resolutions at that crossing are related by an exact triangle. As a consequence, we deduce that for any quasi-alternating link, the total rank of its knot Floer homology is equal to the determinant of the link.
Minimal Controllability Problems

Given a linear system, we consider the problem of finding a small set of variables to affect with an input so that the resulting system is controllable. We show that this problem is NP-hard; indeed, we show that even approximating the minimum number of variables that need to be affected within a multiplicative factor of clog n is NP-hard for some positive c. On the positive side, we show it is possible to find sets of variables matching this in approximability barrier in polynomial time. This can be done with a simple greedy heuristic which sequentially picks variables to maximize the rank increase of the controllability matrix. Experiments on Erdos-Renyi random graphs that demonstrate this heuristic almost always succeed at finding the minimum number of variables.
Dry Lubricant Films for Aluminum Forming

During metal forming, lubricants are necessary to prevent direct contact, adhesion, transfer, and scuffing of workpiece materials and tools. Boric acid films, which can be firmly adhered to clean aluminum surfaces by spraying their methanol solutions, provide extremely low friction coefficients (≈0.04). The adhesion strengths of the bonded films vary with the type of aluminum alloy (6061, 6111, and 5754). Sheet metal forming tests indicate that boric acid films and combined films of boric acid and mineral oil can enable larger strains than commercial liquid and solid lubricants, showing that their lubricities are excellent for aluminum forming. Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicate that the dry boric acid films effectively separate the workpiece and die materials and, thus, prevent direct contact and preserve the surface qualities. Because boric acid is nontoxic and easily removed by water, the authors can expect these films to be environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and very efficient lubri...
Complex causes of fatal myocardial infarction

It is too often deduced that myocardial infarction is due to coronary occlusion and that subsequent death needs no other explanation. But the great majority of myocardial infarctions are not fatal, whether treated or untreated. There is, of course, some relation to the size of the infarct and the presence or absence of complicating conditions such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension, but little attention has been directed at the myriad of other events and processes influencing the clinical course. Examples include the exact anatomic territory infarcted and whether it includes the sinus node or AV node or important neuroreceptors; whether many small arteries are occluded (especially downstream of narrowed main coronary branches); whether the heart is hypertrophied, dilated, infected, or infiltrated; and whether there may be intracardiac, extracardiac, or intracranial neuropathological conditions that could destabilize cardiac electrical activity. It is now known that apoptosis plays a major role in myocardial infarction or ischemia, but it also occurs within the heart completely independently of infarction. There is also the vexing dilemma that an effective coronary collateral circulation, which is determined primarily by transanastomotic pressure gradient, is made less effective by exactly those treatments that reestablish flow in an occluded coronary artery. Since thrombolysis and angioplasty are automatically considered urgent treatment for an occluded coronary artery, it is prudent to remember the complex causes that determine whether the patient lives or dies.
Small Firm Capital Structure and the Syndicated Loan Market

We show that small firms using syndicated loans for their mid- and long-term financial needs have significantly higher leverage than firms that do not borrow in this market. This difference cannot be attributed to firm characteristics like the availability of growth opportunities, asset tangibility, R&D spending, profitability and net sales that are known to influence capital structure. We also find that the capital structure of other firms that borrow in the syndicated loan market is not different from those that do not. We show that already highly leveraged small firms are more likely to borrow in the syndicated loan market than other firms. The higher debt in the capital structure of small firms that rely on syndicated loans consequently can be attributed to the availability of capital rather than demand for capital, as shown more generally by Faulkender and Petersen (Rev Financ Stud 19(1):45–79, 2006).
Fluid effects on shear waves in finely layered porous media

Although there are five effective shear moduli for any layered transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) medium, one and only one effective shear modulus of the layered system (namely, the uniaxial shear) contains all the dependence of pore fluids on the elastic or poroelastic constants that can be observed in vertically polarized shear waves. Pore fluids can increase the magnitude of shear energy stored in this modulus by an amount that ranges from the smallest to the largest effective shear moduli of the VTI system. But since there are five shear moduli in play, the overall increase in shear energy due to fluids is reduced by a factor of about five in general. We can, therefore, give definite bounds on the maximum increase of overall shear modulus — about 20% of the allowed range as liquid is fully substituted for gas. An attendant increase of density (depending on porosity and fluid density) by approximately 5–10% decreases the shear-wave speed and thereby partially offsets the effect ...
Gamma Rays from Cosmic Rays in Supernova Remnants

Context. Cosmic rays are thought to be accelerated at supernova remnant (SNR) shocks, but obtaining conclusive evidence for this hypothesis is difficult.Aims. New data from ground-based γ -ray telescopes and the Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope are used to test this hypothesis. A simple model for γ -ray production efficiency is compared with measured γ -ray luminosities of SNRs, and the GeV to TeV fluxes ratios of SNRs are examined for correlations with SNR ages.Methods. The supernova explosion is modeled as an expanding spherical shell of material that sweeps up matter from the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). The accumulated kinetic energy of the shell, which provides the energy available for nonthermal particle acceleration, changes when matter is swept up from the ISM and the SNR shell decelerates. A fraction of this energy is assumed to be converted into the energy of cosmic-ray electrons or protons. Three different particle radiation processes – nuclear pion-production interactions, nonthermal electron bremsstrahlung, and Compton scattering – are considered.Results. The efficiencies for γ -ray production by these three processes are compared with γ -ray luminosities of SNRs. Our results suggest that SNRs become less γ -ray luminous at ≳104 yr, and are consistent with the hypothesis that supernova remnants accelerate cosmic rays with an efficiency of ≈10% for the dissipation of kinetic energy into nonthermal cosmic rays. Weak evidence for an increasing GeV to TeV flux ratio with SNR age is found.
CH···F Hydrogen Bonds. Dimers of Fluoromethanes

The nature of the CH···F H-bond is studied by examining the potential energy surfaces for dimers of the fluoromethanes, including all homo- and heterodimers involving CH4, CFH3, CF2H2, CF3H, and CF4. Several of the surfaces encompass two separate minima. Any pair capable of forming a cyclic structure does so, this geometry being more stable than any other minima that might occur on the surface. Such cyclic dimers are bound by 2−3 kcal/mol. Noncyclic geometries are only very weakly bound. In all cases, the C−H bonds that participate directly in the H-bonds undergo a contraction and associated blue shift in their stretching frequencies, whereas the C−F bonds manifest an elongation. The most strongly bound of all dimers studied pairs CH3F with CHF3, for which the C−H bond contracts by 0.0023 A, and its stretching frequency increases by 39 cm-1. The most stable cyclic dimer of fluoroform, containing one single and one bifurcated hydrogen bond, is reported for the first time and thus resolves the longstanding ...
α-(Trifluoromethyl)amine Derivatives via Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation of Nitrones

(Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF3) reacts with nitrones to afford α-(trifluoromethyl)hydroxylamines protected as O-trimethylsilyl ethers. Potassium t-butoxide initiates the nucleophilic trifluoromethylation. The reaction works best with α,N-diaryl nitrones, and the conditions are compatible with a range of substituents on the aryl groups. Acidic deprotection of the nitrone/TMSCF3 adducts generates α-(trifluoromethyl)hydroxylamines. Catalytic hydrogenation of the adducts produces α-(trifluoromethyl)amines. Nitrone/TMSCF3 adducts with strong electron-withdrawing groups on the α-aryl ring or heterocyclic α-aryl groups undergo an elimination/addition sequence to generate α,α-bis(trifluoromethyl)amines. Nitrones with alkyl groups bound directly to the 1,3-dipolar moiety fail to react with TMSCF3, but trifluoromethylation of β,γ-unsaturated nitrones followed by reduction of the double bond can circumvent this limitation.
GP-BayesFilters: Bayesian filtering using Gaussian process prediction and observation models

Bayesian filtering is a general framework for recursively estimating the state of a dynamical system. Key components of each Bayes filter are probabilistic prediction and observation models. This paper shows how non-parametric Gaussian process (GP) regression can be used for learning such models from training data. We also show how Gaussian process models can be integrated into different versions of Bayes filters, namely particle filters and extended and unscented Kalman filters. The resulting GP-BayesFilters can have several advantages over standard (parametric) filters. Most importantly, GP-BayesFilters do not require an accurate, parametric model of the system. Given enough training data, they enable improved tracking accuracy compared to parametric models, and they degrade gracefully with increased model uncertainty. These advantages stem from the fact that GPs consider both the noise in the system and the uncertainty in the model. If an approximate parametric model is available, it can be incorporated into the GP, resulting in further performance improvements. In experiments, we show different properties of GP-BayesFilters using data collected with an autonomous micro-blimp as well as synthetic data.
Comparative Surface Heat Transfer Measurements in Hypervelocity Flow

Reliable prediction of the high heat transfer rates experienced during the hypersonic portion of planetary entry and descent is critical to vehicle survival. Two types of sensors that can be used to measure surface heat flux are coaxial thermocouple gages and thin film resistance thermometers. Individually, both types of gages have been used successfully in a number of studies [1–19]. Both thermocouple and thin film gages measure surface temperature from which heat transfer can be calculated. Both have µs response times, and can be flush-mounted in models. Coaxial thermocouples are robust, can survive challenging experimental conditions, and are typically used in higher enthalpy flows. Thin film resistance gages typically provide improved signal levels, but are less robust, have to be individually calibrated, and are typically used in lower enthalpy flows. As a result, there are few studies which directly compare measurements from the two types of gages. In the present work, we perform experimental measurements at a range of intermediate enthalpies in hypervelocity flow and make direct comparisons between temperature histories and heat flux data obtained from thermocouple and thin film gages.
Visually building Smale flows in S3

Abstract A Smale flow is a structurally stable flow with one-dimensional invariant sets. We use information from homology and template theory to construct, visualize and in some cases, classify, nonsingular Smale flows in the 3-sphere.
Process-Structure Relationships of Nitrided Oxides and Oxynitrides

The presence of nitrogen in the dielectric films is known to impart highly desirable properties in the ultra-large-scale-integration era; the position, amount and concentration profiles of nitrogen are therefore of great interest. In this work, we investigate two-step processes leading to bimodal nitrogen profiles, with one nitrogen peak near the Si/dielectric interface and the other near the dielectric surface. At 1000°C and 1 atm, a nitridation step with NH 3 following either an oxidation (in O 2 ) or oxynitridation (in N 2 O) step is found to result in a bimodal nitrogen concentration profile for short nitridation times. Increasing the duration of the nitridation step with NH 3 is found to completely nitridate the entire film. Secondary Ion Mass, Angle Resolved X-Ray Photoelectron, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic studies are shown to support these observations. Therefore, based on such process-property-structure relationships, the engineering of desired nitrogen concentration profiles in nano-dielectric materials of interest becomes possible. Such knowledge may have significant implications on micro- and nano-electronic applications of silicon oxynitrides.
Abandon the Dead Donor Rule or Change the Definition of Death

Research by Siminoff and colleagues reveals that many lay people in Ohio classify legally living persons in irreversible coma or persistent vegetative state (PVS) as dead that additional respondents, although classifying such patients as living, would be willing to procure organs from them. This paper analyzes possible implications of these findings for public policy. A majority would procure organs from those in irreversible coma or in PVS. Two strategies for legitimizing such procurement are suggested. One strategy would be to make exceptions to the dead donor rule permitting procurement from those in PVS or at least those who are in irreversible coma while continuing to classify them as living. Another strategy would be to further amend the definition of death to classify one or both groups as deceased, thus permitting procurement without violation of the dead donor rule. Permitting exceptions to the dead donor rule would require substantial changes in law--such as authorizing procuring surgeons to end the lives of patients by means of organ procurement--and would weaken societal prohibitions on killing. The paper suggests that it would be easier and less controversial to further amend the definition of death to classify those in irreversible coma and PVS as dead. Incorporation of a conscience clause to permit those whose religious or philosophical convictions support whole-brain or cardiac-based death pronouncement would avoid violating their beliefs while causing no more than minimal social problems. The paper questions whether those who would support an exception to the dead donor rule in these cases and those who would support a further amendment to the definition of death could reach agreement to adopt a public policy permitting organ procurement of those in irreversible coma or PVS when proper consent is obtained.
Kinoform/lens system for injecting a high-power laser beam into an optical fiber

A method for injecting a high peak power multimode laser beam into an optical fiber has been developed. The design minimizes the peak irradiance on the fiber's entrance face and reduces its dependence on the laser's mode structure and the system alignment. A simple lens and a specially designed kinoform (or binary optics element) operate together to transform a 5 mm diameter laser beam into two concentric ring foci that fit on the 400 micrometers diameter fiber face.
Divided we vote

Divided government is known to correlate with limited government, but less is understood about the empirical conditions that lead to divided government. This paper estimates the determinants of continuous and categorical measures of divided government in an empirical macro political economy model using 30 years of data from the American states. Voters support more divided government after increased government spending per dollar of tax revenues, but more unified government after worsening incomes and unemployment rates. Only conditional support is found for the strategic-moderating theory (Alesina and Rosenthal in Econometrica 64(6):1311–1341, 1996) that focuses purely on midterm cycles and split-ticket voting absent economic conditions.
Functionalized Poly(3-hexylthiophene)s via Lithium-Bromine Exchange.

Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one of the most extensively investigated conjugated polymers and has been employed as the active material in many devices including field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaics and sensors. As a result, methods to further tune the properties of P3HT are desirable for specific applications. Herein, we report a facile postpolymerization modification strategy to functionalize the 4-position of commercially available P3HT in two simple steps–bromination of the 4-position of P3HT (Br–P3HT) followed by lithium−bromine exchange and quenching with an electrophile. We achieved near quantitative lithium–bromine exchange with Br–P3HT, which requires over 100 thienyl lithiates to be present on a single polymer chain. The lithiated-P3HT is readily combined with functional electrophiles, resulting in P3HT derivatives with ketones, secondary alcohols, trimethylsilyl (TMS) group, fluorine, or an azide at the 4-position. We demonstrated that the azide-modified P3HT could undergo Cu-catalyzed or Cu-free click chemistry, significantly expanding the complexity of the structures that can be appended to P3HT using this method.
Magneto-optical trapping of holmium atoms

A new experiment realizes sub-Doppler laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping of holmium atoms, opening the door for the possibility of collective encoding of many-qubit quantum registers.
Orthogonal Polynomials with Recursion Coefficients of Generalized Bounded Variation

We consider probability measures on the real line or unit circle with Jacobi or Verblunsky coefficients satisfying an lp condition and a generalized bounded variation condition. This latter condition requires that a sequence can be expressed as a sum of sequences β(l), each of which has rotated bounded variation, i.e., $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \vert e^{i\phi_l}\beta_{n+1}^{(l)} -\beta_n^{(l)}\vert < \infty$$ for some \({\phi_l}\) . This includes a large class of discrete Schrodinger operators with almost periodic potentials modulated by lp decay, i.e. linear combinations of \({\lambda_n {\rm cos}(2\pi\alpha n + \phi)}\) with \({\lambda \in \ell^p}\) of bounded variation and any α.
The automorphism group of a resplendent model

The first-order theory of the automorphism group of an infinite resplendent model in a finite language is undecidable.
Weaving Indigenous science, protocols and sustainability science

The proceedings of the National Science Foundation supported WIS2DOM workshop state that sustainability scientists must respect the “protocols” of practitioners of Indigenous sciences if the practitioners of the two knowledge systems are to learn from each other. Indigenous persons at the workshop described protocols as referring to attitudes about how to approach the world that are inseparable from how people approach scientific inquiry; they used the terms caretaking and stewardship to characterize protocols in their Indigenous communities and nations. Yet sustainability scientists may be rather mystified by the idea of protocols as a necessary dimension of scientific inquiry. Moreover, the terms stewardship and caretaking are seldom used in sustainability science. In this case report, the authors seek to elaborate on some possible meanings of protocols for sustainability scientists who may be unaccustomed to talking about stewardship and caretaking in relation to scientific inquiry. To do so, the authors describe cases of Indigenous protocols in action in relation to scientific inquiry in two Indigenous-led sustainability initiatives in the Great Lakes/Midwest North American region. We claim that each case expresses concepts of stewardship and caretaking to describe protocols in which humans approach the world with the attitude of respectful partners in genealogical relationships of interconnected humans, non-human beings, entities and collectives who have reciprocal responsibilities to one another. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of Indigenous protocols for future dialog between practitioners of sustainability and Indigenous sciences.
Infinities in Quantum Gravities

We first present a review, intended for classical relativists, of the ultraviolet difficulties faced by local quantum gravity theories in both the usual Einstein versions and in their supergravity extensions, at least perturbatively. These problems, present in arbitrary dimensions, are traceable to the dimensionality of the Einstein constant.We then summarize very recent results about supergravity at the highest allowed dimension, D = 11, showing that also this unique model suffers from infinities already at 2 loops, despite its high degree of supersymmetry. The conclusion is that there is no viable nonghost quantum field model that includes general relativity.
New Insights Concerning Dimension Eight Effects in Weak Decays

Most past work on weak nonleptonic decays has mixed dimensional regularization in the weak operator product expansion with some form of a cutoff regularization in the evaluation of the matrix elements. Even with the usual technique of matching the two schemes, this combination misses physics at short distance which can be described by dimension eight (and higher dimension) operators. I describe some recent work with V. Cirigliano and E. Golowich which clarifies these effects and provides a numerical estimate suggesting that they are important.
Multidimensional linear systems: the extra term

An Erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 1999; 27(5):523. A central role in the theory of discrete-time linear systems is played by the idea that every such system has an input–output map that can be represented by a convolution or the familiar generalization of a convolution. This thinking involves an oversight that was recently corrected by adding an additional term to the representation. Here we give and discuss a corresponding result for the important case of representations of multidimensional continuous-space system maps. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finiteness of rigid cohomology with coefficients

We prove that for any field k of characteristic p>0, any separated scheme X of finite type over k, and any overconvergent F-isocrystal E over X, the rigid cohomology Hrigi(X,E) and rigid cohomology with compact supports Hc,rigi(X,E) are finite-dimensional vector spaces over an appropriate p-adic field. We also establish Poincare duality and the Kunneth formula with coefficients. The arguments use a pushforward construction in relative dimension 1, based on a relative version of Crew's [Cr] conjecture on the quasi-unipotence of certain p-adic differential equations
Stabilization of Networked Control Systems With Sparse Observer-Controller Networks

In this technical note we provide a set of stability conditions for linear time-invariant networked control systems with arbitrary topology, using a Lyapunov direct approach. We then use these stability conditions to provide a novel low-complexity algorithm for the design of a sparse observer-based control network. We employ distributed observers by employing the output of other nodes to improve the stability of each observer dynamics. To avoid unbounded growth of controller and observer gains, we impose bounds on their norms. The effects of relaxation of these bounds is discussed when trying to find the complete decentralization conditions.
The Topology of Large-Scale Structure in the 1.2 Jy IRAS Redshift Survey

We measure the topology (genus) of isodensity contour surfaces in volume-limited subsets of the 1.2 Jy IRAS redshift survey, for smoothing scales λ = 4, 7, and 12 h-1 Mpc. At 12 h-1 Mpc, the observed genus curve has a symmetric form similar to that predicted for a Gaussian random field. At the shorter smoothing lengths, the observed genus curve shows a modest shift in the direction of an isolated cluster or "meatball" topology. We use mock catalogs drawn from cosmological N-body simulations to investigate the systematic biases that affect topology measurements in samples of this size and to determine the full covariance matrix of the expected random errors. We incorporate the error correlations into our evaluations of theoretical models, obtaining both frequentist assessments of absolute goodness of fit and Bayesian assessments of models' relative likelihoods. We compare the observed topology of the 1.2 Jy survey to the predictions of dynamically evolved, unbiased, gravitational instability models that have Gaussian initial conditions. The model with an n = -1 power-law initial power spectrum achieves the best overall agreement with the data, though models with a low-density cold dark matter power spectrum and an n = 0 power-law spectrum are also consistent. The observed topology is inconsistent with an initially Gaussian model that has n = -2, and it is strongly inconsistent with a Voronoi foam model, which has a non-Gaussian, bubble topology.
Carbonylation of functionalized diamine diols to cyclic ureas: application to derivatives of DMP 450

Abstract Synthesis of the cyclic urea core structure of the HIV protease inhibitor DMP 450 has been achieved via W(CO) 6 /I 2 -catalyzed carbonylation of diamine intermediates. Carbonylations of related functionalized diamines to derivatives of the DMP 450 core structure were also examined. Selected diamine diol substrates could be converted to the cyclic urea core structure by catalytic carbonylation without protection of the diol functionality.
Quantum cryptography with a single photon source

Quantum cryptography systems to date have used attenuated lasers to approximate single photons. Such sources are vulnerable to photon splitting attacks. This work presents an experimental demonstration of quantum cryptography using a single photon source based on an optically pumped quantum dot in a micro-post cavity.
A convenient preparative method for β-lactams from β-amino acids using sulfenamide/triphenylphosphine

Abstract β-, γ-, and δ-Amino acids were easily cyclized in high yields to corresponding β-, γ-, and δ-lactams by treatment with N -alkyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide and triphenylphosphine.
Decomposition of data flow graphs on multiprocessors

Methodologies are presented for decomposing algorithms on a classical multiprocessor. The class of algorithms considered are those that can be represented as data flow graphs without decision elements. Two passive sonar signal processing modes are used as detailed examples. Decompositions are performed by modeling data memory bandwidth and data memory interference as the primary constraints on execution speed. Algorithms with low interference between data flow graph nodes require only simple models of memory interference to be successfully decomposed. For high interference algorithms the memory interference can be (1) modeled using a linear model of interference, (2) modeled by a queuing network of exponential servers which is solved computationally, or (3) modeled exactly and then simulated. These three techniques give estimates of the aggregate effect of memory interference to be factors of 10.9, 2.11, and 1.82, respectively (the latter being the most accurate).
Optimal Balanced Coordinated Network Resource Allocation Using Swarm Optimization

In this paper, we present a new control-theoretic framework to efficiently design balanced coordinated resource allocation algorithms in a network based on semistabilization theory for discrete-time stochastic linear systems together with compartmental modeling. Specifically, necessary and sufficient conditions for equivalent, control-theoretic characterizations of the proposed balanced coordinated resource allocation design problem are derived, which are based on a new notion of semiobservability and a new semistable Lyapunov equation. With this theory, we first unveil a striking connection between the balanced coordinated network resource allocation design problem and optimal semistable control theory by means of a stochastic optimal semistable control technique. Then we convert this optimal control-based design problem into a constrained, nonlinear optimization problem to look for possible numerical solutions to the original balanced coordinated resource allocation algorithm design problem. To this end, we propose a class of randomized swarm optimization-based numerical algorithms called multiagent coordination optimization to solve the constrained, nonlinear optimization problem. Finally, numerical results are provided to validate the proposed design framework and an application of a target search problem for threat detection and resource allocation is presented to further show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Perspectives on Satellite Solar Power

The potential for solar energy conversion is reviewed and the rationale for solar energy conversion in geosynchronous orbit is outlined. The evolution of the concept of the Satellite Solar Power Station (SSPS) is presented and the technology options for converting solar energy in space, transmitting microwave power and converting it on earth are summarized. The development of the design concept of the SSPS based on photovoltaic and solar thermal conversion is examined and salient characteristics are provided. The details of microwave power generation, beam transmission, and conversion to DC at the receiving antenna on earth are discussed. The requirements for a space transportation system, orbital construction and assembly, maintenance and operations are reviewed. The environmental impacts of SSPS operations, such as stratospheric pollution by space vehicle exhaust products and of the microwave beam, including atmospheric attenuation and scattering, ionospheric propagation, and microwave biological effects, are highlighted. Economic and social issues are considered. Development programs for the SSPS are outlined; critical technology areas are listed and the potential contributions of the SSPS to meet future energy demands and the industrialization of space are projected.
In Memoriam: Frank John Fenner (1914-2010)

Frank John Fenner (Figure), one of the world’s most distinguished virologists and a dear friend of many colleagues around the world, died in Canberra, Australia, on November 22, 2010, at the age of 95. This In Memoriam must be different from those usually published here. After all, quite detailed pieces are anticipated from the Australian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, et al., and Frank had published a comprehensive autobiography (1). Thus, there is opportunity to present personal memories, hoping to provide more of a sense of the man, the colleague, and the friend of so many members of the global virology community. This tribute seems to fit in with the closing paragraphs of Frank’s autobiography, in which he reflects on friendship and special friends.
Wellbore Stress Distribution Produced by Moisture Adsorption

For this study, the authors evaluated the stress distribution produced by moisture adsorption around a wellbore by applying the mechanics of deformable solids. This paper shows that the moisture-adsorption process is governed by a diffusion equation and that the equations governing the moisture-induced stress around the hole are similar to those equations used in thermoelasticity. A computational method is developed for calculating the stress distribution around the borehole, and the experimental procedure for obtaining the material constants needed in the computation is presented. This paper also studies the effect of borehole pressure on the stress distribution around the hole. Results show that the magnitude and distribution of stresses around the borehole are very sensitive to the adsorption characteristics and the moisture-induced modulus change of the material.
Dynamics of two-dimensional soap froths.

We have studied experimentally the dynamics of soap froths in two dimensions. We observe two temporal regimes: a transient in which the average bubble area increases in time faster than a power law, and long-term behavior in which the average bubble area increases (over the decade observed) as a power law with exponent \ensuremath{\alpha}${=0.59}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.09}^{+0.11}$. The crossover between these two regimes depends on the initial preparation. In initially disordered systems the rate of area growth increases smoothly and monotonically, whereas in initially ordered systems the rate first overshoots its long-term value and then decreases. The system does not, however, equilibrate during the lifetime of the bubble lattice. We have also verified that Von Neumann's law for the growth rates of bubbles holds statistically. Lewis's hypothesis of a linear relation between a bubble's number of sides and its area fails for few-sided bubbles. Finally we present a simple phenomenological model for the growth of the average area. This model allows us to define a parameter ?(t) quantifying the disorder as a function of time.
Annelated derivatives of 2-phenylquinoline, 2-(2′-pyridyl)quinoline and 2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine

Annelated derivatives of 2-phenylquinoline, 2-(2′-pyridyl)quinoline, and 2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine have been prepared where the bridging unit contains from one to four methylene units. The conformational properties of these molecules have been analyzed by 1H nmr and uv spectroscopy as well as by pKa determinations.
Finite-volume hyperbolic 4-manifolds that share a fundamental polyhedron☆

Abstract It is known that the volume function for hyperbolic manifolds of dimension ⩾ 3 is finite-to-one. We show that the number of nonhomeomorphic hyperbolic 4-manifolds with the same volume can be made arbitrarily large. This is done by constructing a sequence of finite-sided finite-volume polyhedra with side-pairings that yield manifolds. In fact, we show that arbitrarily many nonhomeomorphic hyperbolic 4-manifolds may share a fundamental polyhedron. As a by-product of our examples, we also show in a constructive way that the set of volumes of hyperbolic 4-manifolds contains the set of even integral multiples of 4π 2 3 . This is “half” the set of possible values for volumes, which is the integral multiples of 4π 2 3 due to the Gauss-Bonnet formula Vol (M) = 4π 2 3 · χ(M) .
Funding and performance at the US Patent and Trademark Office.

Despite recent patent law reforms, the US Patent and Trademark Office's ability to deal with inefficiencies in patent examination will continue to rely on the annual Congressional appropriations process.
A molecular view of Tanner's law: molecular dynamics simulations of droplet spreading

By truncating the range of van der Waals forces in our molecular dynamics model we reduce the lengthscale and timescale gap between the outer (wedge) and inner (precursor) regions in droplet spreading simulations. This results in a molecular model which combines atomic-scale resolution with the ability to capture large-scale behaviour as manifested by the Tanner spreading law. Our results show that Tanner's law can be recovered, even if van der Waals effects and the resulting precursor film are limited to distances of the order of three atomic diameters from the substrate. In other words, removal of the singularity is not necessary up to a few atomic diameters from the contact line. The very good quantitative agreement with theory and experiments suggests that the original precursor theory of de Gennes can be generalized to precursors of molecular thickness in which flow is not characterized by the continuum (Stokes) model. Gravity current simulations are also in excellent agreement with the theory of Huppert and recent experimental results showing lubrication scalings at small capillary numbers.
Physical mechanism for apparent superluminality in barrier tunneling

Tunneling without distortion is not a propagation phenomenon but a quasistatic process in which the slowly varying envelope of the input pulse modulates the amplitude of a standing wave in the barrier. Because the envelope has a bandwidth that is small compared to the cutoff frequency of the barrier it does not propagate; it merely stands and waves. The envelope of the reflected and transmitted fields can adiabatically follow the envelope of the input pulse with only a small delay proportional to the energy stored in the barrier. The Hartman effect, in which the delay becomes independent of barrier length, is explained on the basis of saturation of stored energy with increasing length. Because the delay is not a propagation delay, it should not be linked to a velocity of propagation. True evanescent waves have zero speed and not infinite velocity as often asserted.
Probing the binary black hole merger regime with scalar perturbations

We present results obtained by scattering a scalar field off the curved background of a coalescing binary black hole system. A massless scalar field is evolved on a set of fixed backgrounds, each provided by a spatial hypersurface generated numerically during a binary black hole merger. We show that the scalar field scattered from the merger region exhibits quasinormal ringing once a common apparent horizon surrounds the two black holes. This occurs earlier than the onset of the perturbative regime as measured by the start of the quasinormal ringing in the gravitational waveforms. We also use the scalar quasinormal frequencies to associate a mass and a spin with each hypersurface, and observe the compatibility of this measure with the horizon mass and spin computed from the dynamical horizon framework.
Using Operational Calculus to Obtain Transient Response Estimates in Linear Uncertain Feedback Systems

A new methodology is presented for deriving transient response estimates for a large class of uncertain linear feedback single input/output systems, including unstable distributed parameter systems. It is shown that using operational calculus, estimates exist and can be computed even in cases where a certain error norm is greater than unity. Several simple numerical examples illustrate the application of the new methodology.
A geometric problem and the Hopf Lemma. I

A classical result of A.~D. Alexandrov states that a connected compact smooth $n$-dimen\-sional manifold without boundary, embedded in $ {\mathbb R}^{n+1}$, and such that its mean curvature is constant, is a sphere. Here we study the problem of symmetry of $M$ in a hyperplane $X_{n+1}={\rm const}$ in case $M$ satisfies: for any two points $(X', X_{n+1})$, $(X', \widehat X_{n+1})$ on $M$, with $X_{n+1}>\widehat X_{n+1}$, the mean curvature at the first is not greater than that at the second. Symmetry need not always hold, but in this paper, we establish it under some additional condition for $n=1$. Some variations of the Hopf Lemma are also presented. Part II [Y.Y. Li and L. Nirenberg, Chinese Ann. Math. Ser. B 27 (2006), 193--218] deals with corresponding higher dimensional problems. Several open problems for higher dimensions are described in this paper as well.
Stability of aircraft motion in critical cases

Methods developed and/or adapted by Malkin for the analysis of the stability of equilibrium points of autonomous, nonlinear dynamic systems in certain critical cases are described. The critical cases are those in which the associated linear system obtained by an expansion about the equilibrium point has either one zero eigenvalue or a pair of pure imaginary eigenvalues, and its remaining eigenvalues have negative real parts. Application of the methods results in either a single nonlinear, autonomous, ordinary, differential equation or a pair of such equations which describe the motion in the "critical mode." Two simple examples are presented. The methods are then applied to determine the stability of the motion of a rapidly rolling aircraft in the critical case of one zero eigenvalue and of an aircraft flying at a relatively high angle of attack when the associated linear system has a pair of pure imaginary eigenvalues.
Linear arrays of Josephson junctions: A stability analysis of characteristic modes

We have performed a linear stability analysis of two arrays of resistively shunted Josephson junctions: a ladder array and a so-called modified linear array. We find the periodic solutions to be linearly stable for a wide range of bias currents in the absence of a load. This is contrasted with the well-studied globally coupled linear array, where stability of the periodic solutions is a sensitive function of bias current and load parameters. For the ladder array, we have studied the nature of the mesh currents for the different decay modes. Numerical evidence leads us to conclude that the branches of the ladder parallel to the bias current play an important role in helping to damp out perturbed currents. We also compare the long-time dynamics of these Josephson-junction arrays with that of an RL network, which is a ladder of resistors and inductors, and for which the decay rates and mesh currents are calculated exactly. We find that {ital at long times} the dynamics of all three arrays are basically identical. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}