cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information processing speed, neural efficiency, and working memory performance in multiple sclerosis: Differential relationships with structural magnetic resonance imaging

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disorder, involves lesions of both white and gray matter and reported cognitive impairments that include processing speed (PS), executive function, and working memory (WM). This study closely examined the specifics of these cognitive deficits and their relationship to structural brain damage. A visual n-back task with 3 WM load conditions was used to assess WM performance (task accuracy), PS (reaction time, RT), and a novel measure of processing efficiency (standard deviation of RT, RTSD) in MS patients and controls. These behavioral measures were related to quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of white and gray matter integrity. Even when MS patients performed as well as controls, as seen for low WM load (0-back), they responded more slowly and were less efficient in their speed of responding. Accuracy findings indicated that the correct match trials were superior to correct nonmatch trials at differentiating MS patients from controls. Further, decreased accuracy during the highest WM load condition was associated with global damage that included both gray and white matter atrophy, while slowed PS and particularly processing inefficiency were associated primarily with white matter atrophy in MS. Importantly, relationships between PS, processing efficiency, performance accuracy, and structural MRI measures were seen only during the highest WM load condition, the condition that required the most executive control. These findings suggest that the MRI/behavioral relationships that were present exclusively during the 2-back condition may reflect connectivity involving frontal cortical systems, the site for executive control.
The social life of the tortilla: Food, cultural politics, and contested commodification

Resurgent interest incommodities is linked to recent attempts toovercome the constraints posed by the binariesof economy/culture and production/consumption.Commodities and commodification represent acontentious convergence of economic, social,cultural, political, and moral concerns. Thisessay develops a conceptual framework forunderstanding this interconnectedness byexamining the relationship between commoditiesand our discourse, practices, and assumptionsabout food. We argue that the movement of afood artifact between local/global andglobal/local contexts is mediated by dynamicsof power and resistance that represent contestsof meaning regarding the criteria of that artifact's exchangeability. We apply thisframework to the case of the tortilla, tracingits social life through an historical accountof its transformation from the staple food ofthe Mayan and Aztec people to its introductionas a fast food component of the diets of21st century Americans. This exampledemonstrates that food provides a powerful lensthrough which to trace and illustrate theinterconnectedness between material andsymbolic exchanges around the world that arecommonly associated with globalization.
Lectin histochemical examination of rabbit bladder glycoproteins and characterization of a mucin isolated from the bladder mucosa.

Abstract The glycocalyx of the mucosal surface of urinary bladder acts as an effective barrier against invasion by pathogenic microorganisms and injury from toxic substances in the urine. Defects in these bladder mucosal components could thus be important factors in the development of diseases such as interstitial cystitis and lower urinary tract infections. However, information on the nature of glycoconjugates of mammalian bladder mucosa is very limited. In this study, the glycoconjugates of rabbit bladder were examined histochemically using biotinylated lectins with specificities for a variety of carbohydrate moieties. Three [ Artocarpus integrifolia (Jacalin), Datura stramonium (DSL), and Maackia amurensis II (MAL-II)] of the lectins bound predominantly to the luminal cell layer, with decreased binding to the basal layers of the epithelium. In contrast, Ricinus communis I and Sambucus nigra lectins did not bind to the cells in the epithelium but strongly interacted with the subepithelial layers, especially the lamina propria. The intensity of the staining by Jacalin and MAL-II was significantly reduced by prior treatment of the bladder sections with O -sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, indicating that the ligands of these lectins are primarily mucin glycoproteins. In parallel biochemical studies, a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein with characteristics typical of epithelial mucins was purified from the mucosa of rabbit bladder explant cultures metabolically labeled with [ 3 H]glucosamine. Quantitative analysis of the sialic acid, uronic acid, and hexosamine contents of delipidated rabbit bladder mucosa revealed a larger proportion of sialoglycoproteins compared with glycosaminoglycans. Taken together, the results of histochemical and biochemical analyses indicate that glycoproteins rather than glycosaminoglycans are the major components of the bladder epithelium, and that the former include a mucin.
Studies on the Instability of the Layer of Fluid Heated from Below.

The details of the experimental studies on the instability of a layer of electrically conducting fluid heated from below subject to an external magnetic field are reported. A summarizing discussion on the theoretical studies on the instability of the layer of fluids heated from below under various circumstances is also presented.
The effect of temperature on gas trapping in excised lungs

Abstract In this study the effect of temperature on gas trapping in excised lungs was examined with two types of experiments in rats. In the first, changes in gas trapping following ten successive inflation-deflation cycles at the same constant ventilation rate were examined at 17, 27, 37 and 42°C. In the second, the effects of five different ventilation rates at temperatures of 17, 27 and 37°C were determined. The fraction of gas trapped in lungs repeatedly ventilated for ten inflation-deflation cycles at constant ventilation rates remained nearly constant with time at 17 and 27°C but decreased with time at 37 and 42°C. The amount of gas trapped in the lung at 27°C fell with the logarithm of increasing ventilation rate. Lowering the temperature shifted this relationship toward lower ventilation rates while increasing the temperature caused an apparent shift toward higher ventilation rates.
Impact of prescribed burning on endophytic insect communities of prairie perennials (Asteraceae: Silphium spp.)

Prescribed burning currently is used to preserve endemicity of plant communities in remnant tallgrass prairies. Although some types of arthropods benefit from changes in plant communities brought about by burning, other species that are endemic to prairies may be threatened. Because they inhabit the ‘fuel layer’ of prairies, endophytic insects would seem particularly susceptible to this management tactic. In this paper, we assess the impact of prescribed burning on endophytic insect communities inhabiting stems of Silphium laciniatum L. and S. terebinthinaceum Jacquin (Asteraceae), endemic prairie plants. Populations of these insects were decimated by burning, with mortality approaching 100% in most cases. Their populations nevertheless began to rebound within a single growing season, with densities moderately but significantly reduced 1 year after the burn. Even when a prairie remnant was completely incinerated, plant stems were recolonized by insects within one growing season. Our findings suggest that sufficient numbers of endophytic insects survive burns in remains of Silphium to recolonize burned areas the following year.
Embolization therapy of congenital arteriovenous malformations: use of alternate approaches.

PURPOSE: To present results of embolization therapy performed with use of alternate approaches in 22 patients with peripheral congenital vascular malformations in whom lesion anatomy precluded effective use of conventional transfemoral catheter techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients had high-flow fistulous arteriovenous malformations and 11 had hemangiomatous vascular malformations. The alternate approaches employed were direct injection of embolic materials into the malformation or into central vessels of the lesion under fluoroscopic guidance and (in four cases) selective catheterization and embolization of abnormal veins draining arteriovenous malformations. The primary embolic agent combination used consisted of polyvinyl alcohol particles, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, microfibrillar collagen, and ethanol. RESULTS: Use of alternate approaches resulted in effective symptomatic control in 10 of 11 patients (91%) with hemangiomatous lesions and seven of 11 (64%) with high-flow arteriovenous mal...
Free Recall of Low Meaningfulness Trigrams as a Function of Four Levels of Intralist Similarity

The free recall of low meaningfulness CVCs was studied as a function of four levels of intralist similarity. The lowest intralist similarity condition yielded the largest mean number of correct responses, and no significant difference appeared among the other three groups. There was an increase in the mean number of incorrect responses as the level of intralist similarity increased. Results were discussed in terms of the joint action of increased formal intralist similarity and the increased opportunity for conceptual similarity effects as intralist similarity increases.
Impact of increasing BMI on women’s satisfaction with breast reconstruction

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is an epidemic in the U.S. and a growing number of these patients are seeking post-mastectomy reconstruction. Although objective outcomes of breast reconstruction have been assessed in obese patients, there have been no studies of patient satisfaction in this population. Because patient satisfaction is a key outcome and quality of care measure, we prospectively analyzed the effect of body mass index on patient satisfaction in breast reconstruction.
Nosocomial infection in the NICU: a medical complication or unavoidable problem?

Nosocomial sepsis is a serious problem for neonates who are admitted for intensive care. As it is associated with increases in mortality, morbidity, and prolonged length of hospital stay, both the human and fiscal costs of these infections are high. Although the rate of nosocomial sepsis increases with the degree of both prematurity and low birth weight, no specific lab test has been shown to be very useful in improving our ability to predict who has a “real” blood-stream infection and, therefore, who needs to be treated with a full course of antibiotics. As a result, antibiotic use is double the rate of “proven” sepsis and we are facilitating the growth of resistant organisms in the neonatal intensive care unit. The purpose of this article is to review the topic of nosocomial infections in neonates.
Leucine Imbalance in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets for Laying Hens

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to study leucine × isoleucine × valine interactions in hens fed low-protein, corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of 0.75% l -leucine to diets containing 10 to 12% protein resulted in less feed intake and lowered production that could be overcome only by the addition of both 0.175% l -isoleucine and 0.35% dl -valine. Hens fed diets containing 16% and 19% protein were unaffected by the addition of as much as 2.25% l -leucine. Reduction of protein by dextrose dilution of high-protein diets resulted in improved performance when compared with regular low-protein diets because of the better amino acid balance in the diluted diets. This response was not correlated with the leucine content of the low-protein diets. It was concluded that the possibility of a leucine × isoleucine × valine interaction impairing the performance of hens fed low-protein corn-soymeal diets is very remote.
Donor-acceptor interactions in crystal engineering.

The molecular complex formed between 4-methyltolane and bis(4-N-methylpyridinium)ethyne ditriflate is reported. The X-ray crystal structure indicates that the crystalline superstructure consists of infinite zigzag ribbons of interlocked donor−acceptor complexes separated by triflate counterions.
The madagascar hissing-cockroach mite (Gromphadorholaelaps schaeferi): First observation of its larva and ptyalophagy in Acari

Abstract Postembryonic development in the Madagascar hissing-cockroach mite, Gromphadorholaelaps schaeferi, features a mobile, but non-feeding larva of very short duration (4-8 hours). Until now, this mite was thought to be protonymphiparous, which is not consistent with other members of this taxon. In this study, four distinct stages were found: larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult. The larva exists for mobility and escape from maternal cannibalism, and then quickly moults to the protonymph to feed and grow. Extra features are arrhenotoky, autogeny, and ability to moult successfully without feeding. These mites feed on cockroach saliva expressed during feeding, grooming and in defense. This ptyalophagy (Gr. ptyalon spittle) is unique among Acari. Thus, the heretofore unknown link between the hissing-cockroach mites and the cockroach is saliva, and this is the first reported role of the cockroach in mite feeding. Host location by these olfactorous mites was confirmed using water extracts of cockroache...
Ventricular Activation in the Pre-Excitation Syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White)

Seventy cases of pre-excitation were studied by vector translating methods. Certain properties of the delta event are described that are useful in the recognition of this syndrome electrocardiographically. In about half the cases a ventricular conduction defect without QRS-interval prolongation was demonstrated to have accompanied the pre-excitation. The type of ventricular conduction defect produced depended upon the particular direction of spread of the pre-excitation wave. This and other findings are incompatible with the hypothesis that pre-excitation is due to accelerated atrioventricular conduction and favor the hypothesis that it is due to bridges, whether morphologic or electronic, between atria and ventricles.
The Gift of Observation: An Interview with Mary Lyon

For more than 60 years, Mary Lyon has had an intimate relationship with the house mouse. She has devoted herself to the discovery and description of a wide variety of mutants, arguably as prolific as anyone in the field. She co-edited the mouse bible “Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse” and untangled the knots in the t-complex. And, in a link with posterity, her last name now forms the basis for a word—“lyonization”—synonymous with the mammalian random X-inactivation process that she first hypothesized a half-century ago.
Aroma, Color, and Lipid Oxidation of Turkey Muscle Emulsions

Turkey emulsions were prepared with (1) no additives, (2) sodium chloride (NaCl), (3) sodium nitrite (NaNO2), (4) sodium ascorbate (NaAsc), or (5) both NaNO2 and NaAsc. Raw and cooked emulsions from each of the five treatments were stored (−18°C) and then evaluated before and after heating. Emulsions with NaNO2 and NaAsc contained less malonaldehyde than those with NaCl or no additive and raw turkey emulsions generally contained less malonaldehyde than cooked. Nitrite was the additive that produced the major effect on color of heated emulsions. Generally, emulsions containing both NaNO2 and NaAsc had the most meaty aroma and the least stale aroma. Emulsions with NaCl tended to have greater stale aroma.
Development of a Flow Boiling Map for Subcooled and Saturated Flow Boiling of Different Fluids Inside Circular Tubes

The thermal behavior of a flow boiling system is represented by a flow boiling map to illustrate visually the relationships among various system parameter. An earlier flow boiling map by Collier (1981) does not include the effect of mass flux and is specific to water at low pressures. For other fluids, significant departures from the parametric trends displayed in Collier's map have been reported in the literature (e.g, Kandlikar). In the present paper, a new flow boiling map is developed to depict the relationships among the heat transfer coefficient, quality, heat flux, and mass flux for different fluids in the subcooled and the saturated flow boiling regions. The trends observed in the experimental data and correlations for water and refrigerants are used in deriving the present map. The particular areas where further investigation is needed to validate the trends are also indicated. In the subcooled investigation is needed to validate the trends are also indicated. In the subcooled boiling region, h{sub TP}/h{sub lo} is plotted against x with Bo as a parameter, while in the saturated boiling region, h{sub TP}/h{sub lo} is plotted against x with {rho}{sub l}/{rho}{sub g} and a modified boiling number Bo* as parameters. It is hopedmore » that the map would prove to be helpful in explaining the role of different heat transfer mechanisms in flow boiling of different fluids.« less
Rapid ploidy screening of tuber-bearingSolanum (potato) species through pollen diameter measurement

Determination of the sporophytic ploidy of numerous individuals by chromosome counting is a difficult and time consuming necessity for many genetic and taxonomic research problems. The potential for microscopic pollen diameter measurement as a fast, easy and reliable alternative method for estimating sporophytic ploidy was investigated. Contrary to popular assumptions, die diameters of large, well-stained pollen grains from plants of the same ploidy were shown to be quite consistent among a wide variety of tuber-bearingSolanum (potato) species, fitting remarkably well with expectations based on a linear relationship between ploidy and pollen grain volume (r = 0.97). Seventy-six ploidy predictions on a total of 83 coded samples were correct (92%). Although it is not effective in distinguishing 4x and 6x sporophytes, microscopic pollen diameter measurement is a very rapid and reliable method by which to distinguish 2x from 4x or 6x sporophytes.
Frequency of anti-bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) and anti-azurocidin in patients with renal disease

The major subtypes of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) are P-ANCA and C-ANCA. In patients with vasculitis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) is the major P-ANCA antigen and proteinase 3 (PR3) is the major C-ANCA antigen. BPI and azurocidin, which are also called 57-kD cationic antimicrobial protein (CAP 57) and 37-kD cationic antimicrobial protein (CAP 37), respectively, have been proposed as less frequent target antigens for C-ANCA and P-ANCA. In patients with renal disease, we determined the frequency of antibodies against BPI and azurocidin. By IFA on alcohol-fixed neutrophils, monoclonal and polyclonal anti-BPI antibodies produced a C-ANCA pattern, whereas rabbit anti-azurocidin antibody produced a P-ANCA pattern. By ELISA, sera from 229 P-ANCA-positive patients, 99 C-ANCA-positive patients and 48 ANCA-negative (by IFA) patients with renal biopsies were tested for reactivity with recombinant human BPI and purified human azurocidin. Of these sera, 17.5% of P-ANCA, 30.3% of C-ANCA and 20.8% of IFA-ANCA-negative sera were positive for anti-BPI; and 8.3% of P-ANCA, 3.0% of C-ANCA and 8.3% of IFA-ANCA-negative sera were positive for anti-azurocidin. There was no statistical difference in frequency of anti-BPI between pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN) and other glomerular disease (OGD), and there was a lower frequency of anti-azurocidin in NCGN samples than in OGD samples. By Western blot, anti-BPI-positive sera reacted with a 57-kD BPI band and anti-azurocidin-positive sera with a 29-kD azurocidin band. In conclusion, there is a low frequency of anti-BPI and anti-azurocidin antibodies in ANCA-positive patient sera; however, this does not correlate with NCGN, which is a marker for ANCA-associated small vessel vasculitis, and a similar positivity is found in IFA-ANCA-negative patients with renal disease. Therefore, serologic detection of anti-BPI and anti-azurocidin is not diagnostically specific in patients with renal disease.
Microstructured chalcogenide glasses using femtosecond laser irradiation or photolithography

We present the microstructuring of bulk and film chalcogenide glasses using IR femtosecond laser exposure and photolithography for molecular sensing.
On the geometric analysis of optimum trajectories for cooperating robots using dual quaternion coordinates

A geometric method for the dynamic analysis of trajectories for cooperating robot systems is presented. The technique uses the algebraic manifolds that arise from the image space of spatial displacements to do trajectory analysis. The geometric structure of these manifolds offers a convenient framework to study robot motion. In this technique, the dynamics of the robots and the workpiece are formulated in the operational space of the robot. The position of the robot is written in the image space of dual quaternion coordinates. Thus, the analysis is performed in the operational image space that provides an algebraically defined geometric structure upon which to examine the trajectories that the robot system follows. This analysis offers a tool for determining optimal trajectories for the robot system. The technique is demonstrated through the analysis of two planar three-revolute-joint (3R) robots manipulating a common object. A planar example was chosen because the results can be demonstrated graphically. The algebraic properties of the constraint manifolds can be used to extend the work to more general, multidimensional spatial robot problems. >
Tip to midpoint observations on syntectonic veins, Ouachita orogen, Arkansas: Trading space for time

Abstract By examining a vein from its tip to center, we have established the transition from a single filled fracture at the vein tip to typical ‘crack-seal’ textures observed in fibered, laminated veins. The vein is contained in the boudin neck of a sandstone layer within the Lower Ordovician Mazarn Formation, Benton Uplift, Ouachita orogen. The tip of the vein is composed of one or more isolated veinlets, defined as quartz-filled narrow (5–25 μm) fractures parallel to the larger vein’s long dimension. Scanned SEM-based cathodoluminescence shows that quartz laminae of the same orientation and thickness are found throughout the vein. Wall-normal fibers first appear in the vein where detrital grains are cut by multiple veinlets, each veinlet mimicking the crystallographic orientation of the detrital grain, whereas later veinlets reflect the established crystallographic orientation of the fiber. Fibers throughout the vein retain evidence of having been formed by repeated fracturing and filling of a pre-existing grain (at the vein walls) or fiber. However, recrystallization later modified the fibers by obliterating some evidence of the veinlets and moving fiber walls. Boudin formation provided the extension site that localized fracturing and vein filling. The vein grows by the repeated addition of veinlets in the neck region. Recrystallization altered the shape of previously formed fibers.
Circadian rhythms of women with fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic and debilitating disorder characterized by widespread nonarticular musculoskeletal pain whose etiology is unknown. Many of the symptoms of this syndrome, including difficulty sleeping, fatigue, malaise, myalgias, gastrointestinal complaints, and decreased cognitive function, are similar to those observed in individuals whose circadian pacemaker is abnormally aligned with their sleep-wake schedule or with local environmental time. Abnormalities in melatonin and cortisol, two hormones whose secretion is strongly influenced by the circadian pacemaker, have been reported in women with fibromyalgia. We studied the circadian rhythms of 10 women with fibromyalgia and 12 control healthy women. The protocol controlled factors known to affect markers of the circadian system, including light levels, posture, sleep-wake state, meals, and activity. The timing of the events in the protocol were calculated relative to the habitual sleep-wake schedule of each individual subject. Under these conditions, we found no significant difference between the women with fibromyalgia and control women in the circadian amplitude or phase of rhythms of melatonin, cortisol, and core body temperature. The average circadian phases expressed in hours posthabitual bedtime for women with and without fibromyalgia were 3:43 +/- 0:19 and 3:46 +/- 0:13, respectively, for melatonin; 10:13 +/- 0:23 and 10:32 +/- 0:20, respectively for cortisol; and 5:19 +/- 0:19 and 4:57 +/- 0:33, respectively, for core body temperature phases. Both groups of women had similar circadian rhythms in self-reported alertness. Although pain and stiffness were significantly increased in women with fibromyalgia compared with healthy women, there were no circadian rhythms in either parameter. We suggest that abnormalities in circadian rhythmicity are not a primary cause of fibromyalgia or its symptoms.
Ligand-dependent differences in estrogen receptor beta-interacting proteins identified in lung adenocarcinoma cells corresponds to estrogenic responses

A recent epidemiological study demonstrated a reduced risk of lung cancer mortality in breast cancer patients using antiestrogens. These and other data implicate a role for estrogens in lung cancer, particularly nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Approximately 61% of human NSCLC tumors express nuclear estrogen receptor β (ERβ); however, the role of ERβ and estrogens in NSCLC is likely to be multifactorial. Here we tested the hypothesis that proteins interacting with ERβ in human lung adenocarcinoma cells that respond proliferatively to estradiol (E2) are distinct from those in non-E2-responsive cells. FLAG affinity purification of FLAG-ERβ-interacting proteins was used to isolate ERβ-interacting proteins in whole cell extracts from E2 proliferative H1793 and non-E2-proliferative A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Following trypsin digestion, proteins were identified using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Proteomic data were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Select results were confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. LC-MS/MS identified 27 non-redundant ERβ-interacting proteins. ERβ-interacting proteins included hsp70, hsp60, vimentin, histones and calmodulin. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the ERβ-interacting proteins revealed differences in molecular and functional networks between H1793 and A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments in these and other lung adenocarcinoma cells confirmed that ERβ and EGFR interact in a gender-dependent manner and in response to E2 or EGF. BRCA1 interacted with ERβ in A549 cell lines and in human lung adenocarcinoma tumors, but not normal lung tissue. Our results identify specific differences in ERβ-interacting proteins in lung adenocarcinoma cells corresponding to ligand-dependent differences in estrogenic responses.
A case study in efficient space usage and product tracking in the wine industry

Alta Vista, a winery in Mendoza, Argentina, that produces roughly two million bottles of wine annually, completed construction of a secondary production and storage facility in the spring of 2008. One purpose of this facility is to store bottles of wine prior to labeling and shipping. Since the construction of the new building, Alta Vista has not established procedures for fully utilizing the storage space or tracking bottled wine in the facility. This lack of procedures has led to wine being stored inefficiently, and does not allow management to quickly locate specific batches of wine or check their exact inventory levels. This project focuses on establishing an inventory layout and tracking system for the wine storage area and a procedure for maintaining it.
Silver Impregnation of Nerves after Enzymatic Removal of Collagenous Elements

It is well known that the argyrophilic property of connective tissue elements has been a factor in the unreliability of the various silver-impregnation methods used for nerve study. Their presence may mask the appearance of nerves. An enzymatic-hydrolysis procedure was attempted, to remove these interfering fibers. Blocks and cut sections of heads and jaws of rats and monkeys were incubated in a 1% pepsin solution (pH 1.8-2.0) or 1% papain solution (pH 6.0-6.5) at 37°C for varying periods of time depending upon the size and thickness of the specimen. Both control and experimental sections were then impregnated with Pearson's silver-gelatin method. The results indicate that pretreatment of tissues with a proteolytic enzyme, such as pepsin or papain, removes the collagenous elements, and permits a clearer and more accurate identification of the nerves.
The cognitive coprocessor architecture for interactive user interfaces

The graphics capabilities and speed of current hardware systems allow the exploration of 3D and animation in user interfaces, while improving the degree of interaction as well. In order to fully utilize these capabilities, new software architectures must support multiple, asynchronous, interacting agents (the Multiple Agent Problem), and support smooth interactive animation (the Animation Problem). The Cognitive Coprocessor is a new user interface architecture designed to solve these two problems, while supporting highly interactive user interfaces that have 2D and 3D animations. This architecture includes 3D Rooms, a 3D analogy to the Rooms system with Rooms Buttons extended to Interactive Objects that deal with 3D, animation, and gestures. This research is being tested in the domain of Information Visualization, which uses 2D and 3D animated artifacts to represent the structure of information. A prototype, called the Information Visualizer, has been built.
Alterations in the protein synthetic apparatus of Friend erythroleukemia cells during their erythroid differentiation.

The changes in rate of protein synthesis and cell division and the distribution of polyribosomes and globin mRNA on the polyribosomes of Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells exposed to 2% DMSO and maintained at low cell density, were examined at different times after exposure to DMSO. The rate of protein synthesis and the capacity of cells to divide declined in concert to 50% of the level found in untreated cell cultures at 24 hours after exposure. Thereafter these rates recovered to 70% of the rate found in untreated control cultures until 96 hours post-exposure and then irreversibly declined as the cells lost the capacity to divide. The proportion of ribosomes present as polyribosomes in cells exposed to DMSO paralleled the capacity of these cells to synthesize protein. The distribution of polyribosomes analyzed by sedimentation in sucrose gradients demonstrated that a discrete, abundant class of polyribosomes composed of pentamers to heptamers appeared as early as 48 hours after exposure to DMSO. The appearance of an abundant class of polyribosomes was correlated with globin synthesis be demonstrating that a discrete class of polyribosomes arises in cells treated with the inducers hexamethylene bisacetamide and hemin.
Which long-term care residents should be asked to complete a customer satisfaction survey?

Objectives (1) To compare staff members’ opinions of long-term care (LTC) residents’ ability to complete a customer satisfaction survey (CSS) with a measure of cognition (MDS-COGS) derived from Minimum Data Set data; and (2) to examine the association between CSS answer reliability and MDS-COGS score. Study Design Retrospective comparison of the staff's assessment and MDS-COGS score for each respondent, as well as a prospective comparison of MDS-COGS scores with reliability measures from repeated survey administration. Setting A 100-bed Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing home. Methods We administered a CSS designed by our VA network following an assigned protocol. We later calculated each respondent's MDS-COGS score (grouped into 4 categories) and compared it with the staff's opinion of whether that resident was “capable of responding” (yes/no) to a CSS. We subsequently modified the CSS for low reading level and low vision, and randomly selected 40 LTC residents for repeated survey administration (T1 and T2 1 week later). Test–retest reliability was estimated by examining the extent to which T1 and T2 answers agreed (agreed exactly; meaningfully agreed as defined by VA network personnel who designed the survey; or meaningfully agreed as decided by paper authors). Results Staff judged that 25 of 76 LTC residents were not and 51 of 76 were capable of responding to the CSS. In 82% of cases, MDS-COGS score category and staff opinion agreed (“no cognitive impairment”/“mild–moderate cognitive impairment” with “able to complete”; and “moderate–severe cognitive impairment”/“severe cognitive impairment” with “unable to complete”). Cohen's kappa was 0.57 with a P value of Conclusions Although the staff's opinions about residents’ ability to complete a CSS were significantly associated with an objective MDS-COGS assessment, staff nonetheless failed on several occasions to let cognitively intact residents complete their own surveys. Although higher MDS-COGS scores were significantly related to lower reliability, there were no natural cut-points in the data to suggest a participate/do not participate line and the trend line between MDS-COGS level, and percent of questions answered reliably was not very strong. These results suggest that LTC residents with mild to moderate dementia might be capable of reliably answering certain types of customer satisfaction surveys.
Optimal spectral windows for microwave diversity imaging

Tomographic microwave diversity imaging is analyzed using linear system theory concepts, and optimal spectral windows for data acquisition are obtained either by considering window position in the spectral domain or by using simulated annealing to find an optimal phase weighting of the object frequency response samples collected over the specified spectral window. This study provides a means of microwave image formation that is applicable under general assumptions. Results of numerical simulations and representative images reconstructed from realistic experimental microwave scattering data are given, demonstrating that the proposed approach is superior to previous image reconstruction methods. >
Um aroma no ar: a ecologia histórica das plantas anti-fantasma entre os Guajá da Amazônia

Entre as plantas medicinais dos Guaja da Amazonia oriental incluem-se varias usadas para repelir os fantasmas dos mortos. Esse artigo discute as plantas repelentes de fantasmas aiya, em termos de seu significado simbolico, eficacia biologica, e contexto historico-ecologico. Plantas repelentes de fantasmas sao identificadas por seu odor pungente, que age sobre o odor fetido - causador de doencas - dos fantasmas dos mortos. A eficacia da cura pode tambem relacionar-se a sua interferencia com o chamado "fenomeno proustiano", que se refere ao poder dos estimulos olfativos de evocar memorias do passado. Como tais, repelentes de fantasmas podem funcionar, em certo sentido, para afastar memorias e lidar com a dor da perda. Por fim, discutem-se evidencias de que a predominância de repelentes de fantasmas entre as plantas medicinais dos Guaja e um efeito da baixa populacional macica subsequente ao contato europeu.
An Exploratory Report of Sales Promotion Management

Investigates the role and management of sales promotion in US companies. Reports on a study intended to identify factors that influence sales promotion management. Concludes that the product category and the firm′s position within the category are related to sales promotion behaviour, with similarity in sales promotion behaviour among firms in similar product marketing environments.
Enzyme activities and microbial community structure in semiarid agricultural soils

This study investigated the effect of management on β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities and the microbial community structure in semiarid soils from West Texas, USA. Surface samples (0–5 cm) were taken from a fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and loam that were under continuous cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) or in cotton rotated with peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.), rye ( Secale cereale) or wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), and had different water management (irrigated or dryland), and tillage (conservation or conventional). The enzyme activities were higher in the loam and sandy clay loam than in the fine sandy loam. Soil pH was not affected by management, but the soil organic C and total N contents were generally affected by the different crop rotations and tillage practices studied. The trends of the enzyme activities as affected by management depended on the soil, but in general crop rotations and conservation tillage increased the enzyme activities in comparison to continuous cotton and conventional tillage. The soil enzyme activities were significantly correlated with the soil organic C ( r -values up to 0.90, P< 0.001), and were correlated among each other ( r -values up to 0.90, P <0.001). There were differences in the fatty acid methyl ester profiles between the fine sandy loam and the sandy clay loam and loam, and they reflected the differences in the enzyme activities found among the soils. For example, a 15:0 ranged from 1.61±0.25% in cotton-peanut/irrigated/no-till in the fine sandy loam to 3.86±0.48% in cotton-sorghum/dryland/conservation tillage in the sandy clay loam. There were no differences due to management within the same soil.
Immunization Programs for Infants, Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Evidence-based guidelines for immunization of infants, children, adolescents, and adults have been prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). These updated guidelines replace the previous immunization guidelines published in 2002. These guidelines are prepared for health care professionals who care for either immunocompetent or immunocompromised people of all ages. Since 2002, the capacity to prevent more infectious diseases has increased markedly for several reasons: new vaccines have been licensed (human papillomavirus vaccine; live, attenuated influenza vaccine; meningococcal conjugate vaccine; rotavirus vaccine; tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis [Tdap] vaccine; and zoster vaccine), new combination vaccines have become available (measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine; tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis and inactivated polio vaccine; and tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis and inactivated polio/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine), hepatitis A vaccines are now recommended universally for young children, influenza vaccines are recommended annually for all children aged 6 months through 18 years and for adults aged > or = 50 years, and a second dose of varicella vaccine has been added to the routine childhood and adolescent immunization schedule. Many of these changes have resulted in expansion of the adolescent and adult immunization schedules. In addition, increased emphasis has been placed on removing barriers to immunization, eliminating racial/ethnic disparities, addressing vaccine safety issues, financing recommended vaccines, and immunizing specific groups, including health care providers, immunocompromised people, pregnant women, international travelers, and internationally adopted children. This document includes 46 standards that, if followed, should lead to optimal disease prevention through vaccination in multiple population groups while maintaining high levels of safety.
Bulimic Symptomatology in High School Girls Toward a Model of Cumulative Risk

This study tests the explanatory power of an integrated sociocultural and personality model in predicting bulimic symptomatology. Family, peer, and personality factors were assessed at three levels of analysis. The first level of the model measured the general functioning of the family system and friendship network. The second level assessed the extent to which the family system and friendship network were concerned with issues of weight and dieting, as well as the rate of eating disorders among members in these groups. The third level investigated the relationship of certain personality variables to bulimic symptoms. Based on self-report data from approximately 400 high school girls, correlates of bulimic symptomatology at each of the three levels of analysis were identified. An integrated model, in which the three levels of analysis were considered in unison, demonstrated that risk factors at each level of analysis cumulatively contribute to an increase in bulimic symptoms.
Role of ABO and Rh Type in Platelet Transfusion

Platelet products contain both ABO antigen bound to platelets and anti-ABO isoagglutinins in the liquid portion. ABO incompatible plasma in a platelet product can cause significant hemolysis. At the same time, platelets which are ABO incompatible with the patient’s plasma can cause smaller platelet count increments. In addition, though platelets do not bear Rh antigens, residual red cells contaminating a platelet unit can express Rh antigens. Though Rh incompatibility is not an immediate concern, sensitization of women to Rh antigens can be a concern for future pregnancies. Ideally, all patients should receive ABO identical platelets, but this is difficult to accomplish. Nevertheless, for certain patient groups ABO and Rh identical platelets should be provided if at all possible. The failure to use identical platelets in these groups can have grave consequences.
Evaluating blocking probability in generalized connectors

Generalized connectors provide the capability to connect a single input to one or more outputs. Such networks play an important role in supporting any application that involves the distribution of information from one source to many destinations or many sources to many destinations. The authors present the first analytic model for evaluating blocking probability in generalized connectors. The model allows flexibility in specifying traffic fanout characteristics and network routing algorithms. Equations are derived for computing blocking probability for the important class of series-parallel networks. The authors investigate the accuracy of the equations by comparing the blocking probability computed using the equations to results from simulation. >
Gastroesophageal Reflux in the Older Child: Presentation, Response to Treatment and Long-Term Follow-Up

Much attention has been focused on the natural history of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in neurologically normal infants which generally resolves by two years of age. In contrast, little is known of the outcome of GER diagnosed in normal older children. The charts of 32 children (21 males) without neurologic or esophageal anatomic abnormalities, age 3.5 to 16 years (mean = 9.8) at the time of diagnosis, were reviewed. Diagnosis was based on suggestive presenting symptoms and evaluation of prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring. Esophagitis was diagnosed by histologic criteria in 16 of the 32 patients. Medical treatment consisted of prokinetic agents (metoclopramide, bethanechol) and H2-receptor antagonists. After a one to eight year follow-up period (mean +/- SD - 3.4 +/- 2.1), the symptoms in 13 children had resolved or were sufficiently improved to discontinue medication. In 13 patients, symptoms were improved but medication was required for adequate control. Four children were symptomatic without improvement in spite of medical therapy and two others required fundoplication for continued severe symptoms and refractory esophagitis. In summary, less than 50% of otherwise normal older children with GER undergo spontaneous resolution of marked improvement in symptoms and the remainder require continued long-term medical and/or surgical management.
Integrated circuits for a bidirectional implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter

The application of integrated circuits in medical implants and the complexity of these implants have increased at a rapid pace in the past few years. The need, however, still exists for a highly accurate and stable telemetry system for the measurement of blood flow. Two custom-designed ICs have been realized to resolve this problem. These ICs form the heart of a totally implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic bidirectional blood flowmeter; one circuit performs the basic timing functions, and the second implements low-level linear signal processing. For a small implanted package (3.8/spl times/2.8/spl times/0.8 cm/SUP 3/), these ICs must meet the stringent requirements of low-voltage operation (2.2-2.8 V), low power (<40 mW), high stability (short-term timing jitter <50 ppm), and the minimum of external components. Using a quadrature direction detecting technique, the circuits sense both positive and negative flow and produce a multiplexed telemetry signal. The approach used minimizes parts count and power drain and maximizes channel-to-channel matching in the multiplexed signal.
First report of Potamogeton × undulatus (P. crispus × P. praelongus, Potamogetonaceae) in North America, with notes on morphology and stem anatomy

Abstract Despite the frequent occurrence of hybridization events between broad-leaved members of the genus Potamogeton, few documented reports and descriptions of these taxa are found in North American pondweed literature. Potamogeton crispus and P. praelongus are common broad-leaved pondweed species with overlapping distributions in North America, yet no confirmed report of their hybrid, P. × undulatus, has been previously documented from this continent. We provide the first confirmed report of P. × undulatus in North America, where it was collected from a northeastern Indiana lake. Because most descriptions of P. × undulatus are found in somewhat less accessible nineteenth century European pondweed literature, morphological characters that are diagnostically valuable in distinguishing the hybrid from its parents are discussed and illustrated. A vegetative key to this hybrid and its parental species is also provided.
Development of a borehole deployable remotely operated vehicle for investigation of sub-ice aquatic environments

Investigation of sub-ice aquatic environments on Earth requires highly specialized methods. While ice offers a convenient stable platform for deployment of remotely operated vehicles, tethered vehicles with traditional cuboid form-factors require large diameter holes through the ice that would necessitate impractical logistics for ice-drilling support. Access beneath the front of an ice shelf edge is possible with traditional ship deployed underwater vehicles, however the operational range is generally limited, and exploring the water column towards the grounding zone of larger ice shelves involves distances of hundreds of kilometers, which is beyond the effective range of current autonomous or tethered systems. Many such sub-ice environments are found on and around the continent of Antarctica but only a handful of underwater vehicles have been successfully used in Antarctica to date, which has limited the extent of scientific investigation in these restricted environments. Borehole vehicles have been successfully demonstrated in the past, and we describe here a significant improvement on their past depth and sensorial capability.
Chilaiditi Sign: Rare Incidental Finding on Chest Radiograph.

A 68-year-old male with a history of prostate cancer presented with a two-day history of fever and left flank pain. Vital signs included a temperature of 39.4 degrees Celsius with 93% oxygen saturation and heart rate of 112 beats per minute. An upright chest radiograph showed concern for free intraperitoneal air (Figure) with a white blood cell count of 17.3. A computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a Chilaiditi sign with pyelonephritis, which was confirmed on urinalysis. He was admitted for intravenous antibiotics. Figure Upright chest radiograph demonstrating Chilaiditi sign (pseudopneumoperitoneum) mimicking apparent free intraperitoneal air under the right hemidiaphragm.