cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing social media platforms to promote mental health awareness and help seeking in underserved communities during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 virus has resulted in significant psychological distress for many individuals, particularly, those in underserved communities. Social media have the potential to be one of the most effective tools for mental health campaigns, reaching wide audiences in the shortest amount of time. In this paper, the potential of harnessing social media platforms to address mental health needs in underserved populations is presented. In addition, description of the preliminary implementation of a social media mental health campaign, the 5 × 5 campaign, is described as an example of the feasibility and benefits of such efforts. Key implications gleaned from the implementation process are also presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing a participatory approach, the 5 × 5 campaign aimed to improve recognition of mental health symptoms, promote help seeking, and provide immediate strategies for self-care for individuals experiencing psychological distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic in low-income, high-risk communities in and around Guatemala City. Campaign content was promoted on Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp from April 2020 to June 2020. RESULTS: Preliminary analysis of the 5 × 5 campaign demonstrated feasibility and substantial impact with over 84,000 individuals reached by the campaigns through initial messaging and shares. CONCLUSION: The 5 × 5 highlights the feasibility of using social media campaigns for mental health promotion and key factors that should be incorporated in the planning of social media mental health campaigns aimed at promoting awareness, engaging underserved communities, and encouraging help seeking.
Microbiomes

During the past decade, there has been an explosion in the quantity of sequencing data that has come out of the studies of microbiomes. This has resulted primarily from new technological developments to interrogating any environment of choice. Additional downstream applications to interrogating these datasets include “omics” studies such as transcriptomics and proteomics, all leading to a deeper understanding of microbial diversity and the multitude of species that remain uncultured. Metagenomic studies are now being performed routinely on a wide range of environments including soils, oceans, air, plants, and various animal species. They are being used to identify novel microbial species, new pathways, and to elucidate the roles of viruses and phage in the environment. In this review, we get a perspective on where the science is headed and what we expect to learn as additional studies unfold.
Parallel Measurements of Light Scattering and Characterization of Marine Particles in Water: An Evaluation of Methodology

Abstract : The long-term goal of our research is to develop the base of knowledge necessary to: (i) understand the magnitudes and variability of the ocean optical properties; (ii) predict the inherent and apparent optical properties of the ocean including remote-sensing reflectance, given the types and concentration of suspended particles; (iii) retrieve the inherent optical properties and concentration of seawater constituents from remote sensing. The principal objective of this project is to evaluate various techniques for parallel (or nearly-parallel) determinations of light scattering and particle characteristics using a broad suite of experimental approaches and instruments, including both benchtop and in situ instrumentation. A secondary objective is to characterize variability in the volume scattering function and particle size distribution for various optical water types and samples. Specific objectives for this reporting period include * completion of mesocosm experiments to compare different methods of measuring the volume scattering function (VSF) and particle size distribution (PSD) * collection of field data for assessing and interpreting natural variability in the VSF and PSD for various optical water types and samples.
Gait Retraining for Injured and Healthy Runners Using Augmented Feedback: A Systematic Literature Review

Study Design Systematic literature review. Objectives This review sought to determine the efficacy of real-time visual and/or auditory feedback for modifying kinematics and kinetics during running gait. Background Real-time visual and auditory feedback has gained popularity in the clinical and research settings. Rehabilitation time and injury prevention may be improved when clinicians are able to modify running mechanics in a patient population. Methods A thorough search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science from 1989 to January 2015 was performed. The search sought articles that examined real-time visual or auditory feedback for the purposes of modifying kinematics or kinetics in injured or healthy runners. Study design and methodological quality were rated using a 20-point scale. Results Ten studies were identified for inclusion in the review, 2 of high and 8 of moderate methodological quality. There was a consensus in the literature that the use of real-time feedback is effective in reducing variables ...
Optimal Borrowing Policies for Developing Countries: the Cases of Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand, 1965-83

This paper develops a theoretical framework for analyzing external debt policies of developing countries and applies it to assess the cases of three Asian countries, namely Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. The "optimal debt policy" for a developing country is characterized in the first part of the paper. In the second, the experiences of these three countries during the period 1965-83 are compared with this theoretical benchmark. The empirical results show that, during this period, Korea was quite successful in managing its external debt, while the Philippines was less successful. The case of Thailand, in many respects, fell in between the other two, although closer to that of Korea.
High-Technology and Regions in an Era of Open Innovation

The U.S. economy benefits greatly from the production of knowledge into economically useful innovations. However, a dramatic shift has occurred in how ideas are commercialized. Closed innovation, where internal research and development (R&D) labs of large companies control future discoveries, has faded. Today, it is more common that innovations evolve externally of the commercializing firm because of open innovation activities like licensing agreements. The changes in dynamics of innovation can create large opportunities for small business and entrepreneurs, yet the research on how nascent entrepreneurs utilize open innovation and how the regional social and economic environment affects this process is understudied in our time of global and regional competition. The paper examines open innovation strategy in nascent firms to explain how it varies in different technology industries, by a firm’s R&D capacity, an entrepreneur’s human capital and gender, and regional characteristics. The paper utilizes the largest longitudinal study of new businesses, the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS). The results suggest that high-technology firms differ in terms of how firm and regional characteristics affect their likelihood of utilizing more open innovation strategies, and regional effects are consequential to all firms, but especially to high-technology firms. The paper informs the body of entrepreneurship research addressing innovation and high-technology economic development and furthers regional policy development to support nascent open innovation dynamics.
Dual Stimuli-Responsive Poly(β-amino ester) Nanoparticles for On-Demand Burst Release.

We designed poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs) bearing both UV light- and pH-sensitive groups and used PBAEs to prepare nanoparticles (NPs) that can be utilized for on-demand burst release of guest molecules in response to multiple triggers. Due to the presence of the photo-cleavable group in each repeating unit of PBAE, rapid release of encapsulated model drug could be achieved even with exposures to low intensity UV (10 mW · cm(-2) ). Especially, the burst release was further accelerated by additional UV treatments in the acidic condition showing the combinatory effect of dual stimuli. We believe these PBAE-based NPs can potentially be used to design intelligent controlled release device and nanomedicines.
Vectorization of Matrices and Matrix Functions: Matrix Differentiation

It is frequently more convenient to write a matrix in vector form. For lack of a suitable term we have coined for this operation the phrase “vectorization of matrices.” For example, if A is a matrix of parameters and A the corresponding matrix of estimators it is often necessary to consider the distribution of $$\tilde{A} - A.$$
An Early Look at Performance on the Emergency Care Measures Included in Medicare's Hospital Inpatient Value-Based Purchasing Program

Study objective Medicare's new, mandatory Hospital Inpatient Value-Based Purchasing Program introduces financial rewards or penalties to hospitals according to achievement or improvement on several publicly reported quality measures. Our objective was to describe hospital reporting on the 4 emergency department (ED)–related program measures, variation in performance on the ED measures across hospital characteristics, and the characteristics of hospitals that were more likely to receive performance scores based on improvement versus achievement. Methods This was an exploratory, descriptive analysis. We merged 2008 to 2010 performance data from Hospital Compare with the 2009 American Hospital Association Annual Survey. We calculated a composite score for the 4 ED measures and used Kruskal-Wallis tests to examine differences in performance across hospital characteristics. We also examined differences in the percentage of scores that were awarded according to improvement versus achievement. Results There were 2,927 hospitals that qualified for the value-based purchasing program and were included in the analysis. For-profit hospitals received the highest scores; public hospitals and hospitals lacking The Joint Commission (TJC) accreditation received the lowest scores. Public hospitals had the largest share of scores awarded according to improvement (39.8%); for-profit hospitals had the lowest (27.8%). Conclusion We found variation in performance by hospital characteristics on the ED-related program measures. Although public and non–TJC-accredited hospitals trailed in performance, they showed strong signs of improvement, signaling that performance gaps by ownership and accreditation may decrease. Considering the increasing scope of the value-based purchasing program, ED leaders should monitor both achievement and improvement on the 4 ED-related program measures.
Bridging the Gap Between Pain and Chemical Dependency

Prescriptions of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain are becoming more and more common, especially in primary care practice, and with this change in practice over recent years, there has been a parallel growth in prescription opioid abuse. In fact, in the United States, prescription opioids are now believed to be the most commonly abused class of drugs by new abusers. Unfortunately, many physicians prescribing pain medication have little training in substance abuse, chemical dependency, and addiction and may prescribe opioids without any assessment of risk of misuse or abuse. Misuse is prominent in the chronic pain population and is a clear risk factor for the development of addiction and other opioid-related morbidities. However, patients with a past history or current signs of substance misuse may be inadequately treated for pain due, in part, to a reluctance of some physicians to address these issues, no less know how to manage them. Thus, many physicians and other health care professionals feel stuck between the professional duty to treat unwanted pain yet not contribute to misuse/
Mechanical design methodology for lightweight deployable solar electric system for commercial rooftops

A lightweight deployable solar electric system has been designed for commercial rooftops. In this novel concept the modules are mechanically attached in a hinged folding string and are not attached to a normal ballasted support system. This system can be mounted on a commercial rooftop with much lower cost and weight than a traditional ballasted system. This configuration provides a number of unique structural challenges that are addressed by a combination of structural analysis and testing. This paper discusses the methodology used to design and evaluate the system under wind and snow loading. As part of the design process, finite element modeling, structural component testing, and wind tunnel testing were utilized.
Effect of valinomycin on net sodium and potassium transport in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.

GORDON et al.1 speculated that in the mitochondria of intact tumour cells there is a mechanism dependent on valinomycin for the uptake of potassium directly from the cell environment. This mechanism is thought to act independently of the plasma membrane potassium ion transport system. It is well known that in the presence of valinomycin isolated mitochondria accumulate large amounts of potassium ions2. Thus the demonstration of potassium ion uptake which is independent of the plasma membrane localized mechanism in the intact cell would be very interesting.
Signature exploitation and sensor capability

The ability to make radar signature databases portable for use within similar sensor systems is critical to the affordability of airborne signature exploitation systems. The capability to hybridize measured and synthetic signature database components as well as integrate signature components from different radar sensors will maximize the investment required to build complex radar signature databases. Radar target scattering response signatures are analyzed as random processes. Radar signature analysis techniques using information theory are introduced. Methods for using the target scattering response signal subspace within limited aspect viewing sectors are developed.
Abstract 217: Vitamin E forms induce apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy and caused accumulation of sphingolipid intermediates in human colon cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Emerging evidence by us and others suggests that certain forms of vitamin E may be promising chemoprevention agents. Here we systemically investigated the effect and mechanism of different forms of vitamin E on the growth and death of human colon cancer HT29 and HCT116 cells. γ-tocopherol (γT), δ-tocopherol (δT), and γ-tocotrienol (γTE) inhibited the proliferation of HT29 and HCT116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with the potency of γTE > δT > γT. HCT116 cells appeared to be more sensitive to the treatment than HT29 cells. Studies using annexin V and propidium iodide staining revealed that γT (50 µM) and γTE (20 µM) induced externalization of phosphatidylserine and enhanced permeability of the plasma membrane, indicating apoptosis and necrosis. On the other hand, none of the treatments activate caspase-3 and PARP except in HCT116 by γTE at 20 µM. Interestingly, γT, δT and γTE enhanced expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 II (LC3 II) in both HT29 and HCT116 cells, suggesting that these vitamin E forms may induce autophagy. Consistently, electromicroscopic results showed that after 14-h treatment, γTE (20 µM) induced extensive formation of autophagic vacuoles with intact cytoplasmic membrane and little induction of chromatin condensation in HCT116. Myriocin, a specific inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, a key enzyme in de novo synthesis of sphingolipids, partially protected HT29 and HCT116 cells from γTE-induced cell death. Importantly, γTE caused marked accumulation of dihydrosphingosine and dihydroceramide but not ceramide or sphingosine as early as after 8-hour incubation. Because dihydrosphingosine is shown to be a potent inducer of cell death, these findings demonstrated that vitamin E may induce apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis in colon cancer cells by modulation of sphingolipid synthesis pathway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 217.
Systematic review with meta-analysis: highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopride, velusetrag or naronapride) in chronic constipation.

Summary Background Highly selective 5-HT4 agonists have been suggested for the treatment of chronic constipation (CC). Aim To assess the effects of highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopride, velusetrag or naronapride) on patient-important clinical efficacy outcomes and safety in adults with CC. Methods We searched the medical literature in January 2013 using MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science/Scopus for randomised, controlled trials of highly selective 5-HT4 agonists in adults with CC, with no minimum duration of therapy (maximum 12 weeks) or date limitations. Data were extracted from intention-to-treat analyses, pooled using a random-effects model, and reported as relative risk (RR), mean differences, or standardised mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Main outcomes included stool frequency, Patient-Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QOL), PAC of symptoms (PAC-SYM) and adverse events. Thirteen eligible trials were identified: 11 prucalopride, 1 velusetrag, 1 naronapride. Relative to control, treatment with highly selective 5-HT4 agonists was superior for all outcomes: mean ≥3 spontaneous complete bowel movements (SCBM)/week (RR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.23–2.79); mean ≥1 SCBM over baseline (RR = 1.57; 95% CI 1.19, 2.06); ≥1 point improvement in PAC-QOL and PAC-SYM scores. The only active comparator trial of prucalopride and PEG3350 suggested PEG3350 is more efficacious for some end points. Adverse events were more common with highly selective 5-HT4 agonists, but were generally minor; headache was the most frequent. Most trials studied prucalopride. Conclusion Demonstration of efficacy on patient-important outcomes and a favourable safety profile support the continued use and development of highly selective 5–HT4 agonists in the treatment of chronic constipation.
An experimental and theoretical study of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in the granular explosive, CP

Abstract In this paper, we present results of an experimental and theoretical study of the combustion processes associated with deflagration-to-detonation transition in the granular explosive, CP. Image-enhanced, high-speed streak photography recorded the various stages of flame spread within heavily confined charges as viewed through a Lexan window in a thick-wall, stainless steel tube. To characterize the phenomena, we applied a multiphase reactive flow model based on the theory of mixtures. This nonequilibrium model treated each phase as fully compressible and incorporated a compaction model for the granular reactant. Formulation of the constitutive models included a pressure-dependent burn rate and experimentally determined porous bed permeability. Predictions of this model were in good agreement with experimental observations.
The effect of fluticasone propionate on respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine release by a human bronchial epithelial cell line

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of bronchiolitis in infants, is an important trigger of asthma exacerbation, and stimulates chemokine production by human respiratory epithelial cells in vitro. We tested the effect of the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (FP) on RSV-stimulated production of the chemokines interleukin 8 (IL-8) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) by a human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B. Confluent BEAS-2B cultures were inoculated with RSV at approximately 1 plaque-forming unit/cell, and media were collected at 24 h intervals. Concentrations of IL-8 and RANTES were measured in supernatants using ELISA. The effect of FP at varying concentrations on RSV-induced chemokine release was determined. RSV stimulated increased release of both IL-8 and RANTES, particularly at 24-48 h after virus inoculation. Significant but incomplete inhibition of RSV-stimulated increases for both chemokines was found when cultures were treated with FP at > or = 10(-8) M (for IL-8) or > or = 10(-7) M (for RANTES). There was no significant effect of FP on release of RSV itself from infected BEAS-2B cells. We conclude that a possible mechanism for the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in reducing the frequency or severity of asthma exacerbations is inhibition of virus-induced chemokine production by airway cells.
Anxiety and anger in hypertension

Abstract The relationship of anxiety and anger to blood pressure was studied in hypertensive patients under environmental conditions by having them take their own blood pressure 4 times daily for 7 weeks and rate their anxiety and anger at those times on simple analog scales. Anxiety was more highly correlated to blood pressure than anger. Within-subject correlations between anxiety and systolic blood pressure were r = 0.05-0.79 with a median of 0.36; between anxiety and diastolic blood pressure r = -0.05-0.66 with a median of 0.27; between anger and systolic blood pressure r = -0.01-0.51 with a median of 0.19; between anger and diastolic blood pressure r = -0.07-0.51 with a median of 0.17. The effect of diazepam on blood pressure was also investigated. Diazepam had no observable effect on blood pressure, but neither, at the dose used (15 mg/day), did it lower anxiety in these mildly anxious subjects.
Hydraulic properties of fronds from palms of varying height and habitat.

Because palms grow in highly varying climates and reach considerable heights, they present a unique opportunity to evaluate how environment and plant size impact hydraulic function. We studied hydraulic properties of petioles from palms of varying height from three species: Iriartea deltoidea, a tropical rainforest species; Mauritia flexuosa, a tropical rainforest, swamp species; and Washingtonia robusta, a subtropical species. We measured leaf areas, petiole cross-sectional areas, specific conductivity (K S), petiole anatomical properties, vulnerability to embolism and leaf water potentials and calculated petiole Huber values and leaf-specific conductivities (K L). Leaf and petiole cross-sectional areas varied widely with height. However, hydraulic properties including Huber values, K S and K L, remained constant. The two palmate species, M. flexuosa and W. robusta, had larger Huber values than I. deltoidea, a pinnately-compound species which exhibited the highest K S. Metaxylem vessel diameters and vascular bundle densities varied with height in opposing patterns to maintain petiole conductivities. I. deltoidea and W. robusta petioles had similar P 50 values (the point at which 50% of hydraulic conductivity is lost) averaged over all crown heights, but W. robusta exhibited more negative P 50 values in taller palms. Comparison of P 50 values with transpiring midday leaf water potentials, as well as a double-dye staining experiment in a 1-m-tall palm, suggested that a fairly significant amount of embolisms were occurring and refilled on a diurnal basis. Therefore, across palms differing widely in height and growing environments, we found convergence in water transport per unit leaf area (K L) with individuals exhibiting differing strategies for achieving this.
Hourly personal exposures to fine particles and gaseous pollutants--results from Baltimore, Maryland.

A study to characterize 1-hr multi-pollutant exposures was performed in Baltimore, MD, during the summer of 1998 and the winter of 1999, and was conducted over a 15-day period in each of the two seasons. Personal exposures were measured by a trained field technician, who wore a newly developed Roll-Around System (RAS) to measure 1-hr PM2.5 and gaseous (CO, O3, NO2, SO2, volatile organic compounds [VOCs]) exposures. One-hour O3, NO2, and SO2 personal exposures were measured using samplers developed in our laboratory, while short-term PM2.5, CO, and VOCs exposures were measured using currently available monitors. All 1-hr multi-pollutant exposures were measured while the technician performed pre-determined activities, beginning at 7:00 a.m. and ending at 7:00 p.m. of the same day. Activities were scripted to simulate activities performed by older adults (65+ years of age). Corresponding 1-hr ambient pollutant concentrations were obtained from federal or state monitoring networks. In this paper, we discuss the results from our study and present our descriptive analysis of the 1-hr personal particulate and gaseous exposure data. Personal PM2.5, O3, CO, and VOCs exposures showed substantial variability over the 12-hr sampling periods. Multiple pairwise comparison tests showed that 1-hr personal O3 exposures were significantly lower in indoor microenvironments as compared with outdoor microenvironments. One-hour personal CO exposures measured in vehicles were significantly higher than those measured in other microenvironments. The associations between 1-hr personal exposures and corresponding ambient concentrations differed by pollutant and by microenvironment. For example, the correlation between personal PM2.5 exposures and ambient concentrations was lowest (rs = 0.36, p 0.05), and was strongest in the summer for outdoor near-roadway microenvironments (rs = 0.91, p < 0.05).
Scanning tunneling microscopy characterization of graphene-coated few-layered water on mica

We review the use of Raman spectroscopy and ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) to characterize water trapped between a chemical vapor deposition grown monolayer graphene sheet and a mica substrate at room temperature. The few-layered water observed displays properties different than that of bulk or crystalline water, and it can be manipulated using a STM tip. This work gives insight on the room temperature behavior of thin films of confined water, which could lead to a better understanding of water mediated processes, such as protein folding.
Bioavailability of topically administered steroids: A “mass balance” technique

The percutaneous absorption of four steroids (hydrocortisone, estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone) has been measured in vivo in man under occluded and "protected" (i.e., covered, but non-occlusive) conditions. The experimental approach, involving simple modifications of standard radiochemical methodology, has enabled excellent "mass balance" and dose accountability to be achieved. Consequently, the utility of the procedure for the measurement of in vivo topical bioavailability can be inferred. In addition, because of the precision and accountability of the results, the technique offers a potential means to establish quantitative structure-penetration relationships for skin absorption in man. It was found that steroid absorption increased with increasing lipophilicity up to a point, but that penetration of progesterone (the most hydophobic analog studied) did not continue the trend and was at least partly rate-limited by slow interfacial transport at the stratum corneum-viable epidermis boundary. Comparison of data obtained from the occluded and "protected" experiments permitted the effect of occlusion (defined as the complete impairment of passive transepidermal water loss at the application site) to be assessed. Occlusion significantly increased percutaneous absorption of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone but did not effect the penetration of hydrocortisone. A mechanism is proposed to explain why the absorption of the more lipophilic steroids is enhanced by occlusion but that of the most water-soluble (i.e., hydrocortisone) is not. It is suggested that the rate-determining role of the sequential steps involved in percutaneous absorption can be revealed by experiments of the type described using related series of homologous or analogous chemicals.
Hybridization of EcoRI chloroplast DNA fragments of Euglena to pulse labeled RNA from different stages of chloroplast development.

Abstract Transcription of Euglena chloroplast DNA was visualized by autoradiography of hybrids formed between electrophoretically separated EcoRI endonuclease fragments and [32P]-pulse labeled RNA prepared from cells at different stages of chloroplast development. The RNA was hybridized to Southern imprints of EcoRI chloroplast DNA digests. The EcoRI chloroplast DNA fragments were categorized by their ability to hybridize the different pulse labeled RNA's. Some fragments were transcribed: 1. both in the dark and throughout chloroplast development, 2. predominantly in the light, 3. in the dark and for only a brief period of time after transfer of the cells to the light. Other fragments were probably not transcribed.
A closer look at proteolysis and MHC-class-II-restricted antigen presentation

Antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules relies on the action of endocytic proteases, which are differentially expressed in antigen-presenting cells and are regulated by different components of the immune system. Endocytic enzymes process and convert exogenous antigens into peptidic determinants capable of interaction with MHC class II molecules. Chemical and genetic tools have recently been developed to study the role of lysosomal proteases in antigen presentation.
Public and professional educational materials on skin cancer

In 1988, Dr. Thomas Jansen, then president of the American Academy of Dermatology, established a Presidential Commission on Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer, with Dr. Arthur Sober as commission chairman. The Commission was directed to coordinate the Academy's diverse public and professional educational and screening activities related to skin cancer. Among the mandates of the Commission was the organization of a clearinghouse of current educational materials on skin cancer for health care providers and consumers. This complication is considered to be especially significant now because of increased effort by dermatologists to encourage physician visits and routine patient self-examination for early detection of skin cancer. The national and international campaigns to increase awareness of the harmful effects of the sun have generated much excellent educational information. Some audiovisual material, notably slide sets, will be especially helpful to meet increasing demand on dermatologists to present lectures to local consumer groups. This listing should facililtate ordering of these materials. Because of the lag time between preparation of this document and its publication, cost and availability data may have changed. The compilation will be updated periodically and printed in the Journal. The ongoing development of new educational materials requires continuous updating. It is hoped that readers who become aware of new relevant material will send this information to the author, in care of the Communications Division at the Academy offices in Evanston. International materials will be included in the next compilation.
Galvanometer deflection: a precision high-speed system

An X-Y galvanometer deflection system capable of high precision in a random access mode of operation is described. Beam positional information in digitized form is obtained by employing a Ronchi grating with a sophisticated optical detection scheme. This information is used in a control interface to locate the beam to the required precision. The system is characterized by high accuracy at maximum speed and is designed for operation in a variable environment, with particular attention placed on thermal insensitivity.
Community-based rapid HIV testing in homeless and marginally housed adults in San Francisco.

Background Standard two-step HIV testing is limited by poor return-for-results rates and misses high-risk individuals who do not access conventional testing facilities. Methods We describe a community-based rapid HIV testing programme in which homeless and marginally housed adults recruited from shelters, free meal programmes and single room occupancy hotels in San Francisco received OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody testing (OraSure Technologies, Bethlehem, PA, USA). Results Over 8 months, 1614 adults were invited to participate and 1213 (75.2%) underwent testing. HIV seroprevalence was 15.4% (187 of 1213 individuals) overall and 3.5% (37 of 1063) amongst high-risk individuals reporting no previous testing, a prior negative test, or previous testing without result disclosure. All 1213 participants received their results. Of 30 newly diagnosed persons who received confirmatory results, 26 (86.7%) reported at least one contact with a primary healthcare provider in the 6 months following diagnosis. Conclusions We conclude that community-based rapid testing is feasible, acceptable and effective based on the numbers of high-risk persons tested over a short period, the participation rate, the prevalence of new infection, the rate of result disclosure, and the proportion linked to care.
False mildew of Red Mulberry.

For several years the writer has been interested in a survey of the plant diseases that occur within the area comprising the Duke For est. Among the diseases to which special study has been devoted is one that involves the foliage of the red mulberry, Morus rubra L., to which name false mildew may be appropriately ap? plied. Its causal agency, both in its conidial and its perithecial stage, appears to be specifically distinct from any fungi that have been reported to occur on Morus, and in consequence, considera? tion has been given to its morphology and cycle of development. The results of this study on the false mildew organism are herein assembled as a further contribution to our knowledge of the dis? eases affecting trees within the Duke Forest.
A dynamic model and a robust controller for a fully actuated marine surface vessel

A nonlinear six degree-of-freedom dynamic model has been developed for a marine surface vessel. The formulation closely follows the existing literature on ship modeling. It accounts for the effects of inertial forces, wave excitations, retardation forces, nonlinear restoring forces, wind and current loads. The model is used herein to predict the response of a ship in a turning-circle maneuver. Furthermore, a nonlinear robust controller has been designed based on a reduced-order version of the ship model, which only takes into consideration the surge, sway and yaw motions. The controller is formulated by implementing the sliding mode methodology. It considers the ship to be fully actuated. The simulation results, generated based on the reduced-order model of the ship, illustrate the robust performance and the good tracking characteristic of the controller in the presence of significant modeling uncertainties and environmental disturbances.
Square wave driver for extremely low resistance and low frequency loads

A technique is presented for allowing efficient generation of high currents at low voltage and at frequencies ranging from DC to /spl sim/100 Hz.
Confirmation of Intuitions about the Behavior of Beams and Trusses

This note briefly explores two well known mechanics models, elementary beams and trusses, with the aim of illustrating widely acknowledged intuitions about their behavior. It will be explicitly shown how a discrete distribution of forces can be developed into a uniform load. Similarly, a simple truss will be examined to explicitly demonstrate its behavior as an archetypal beam. Thus, two instances of mechanics intuition that are well known, but for which actual demonstrations do not appear in the literature, are confirmed.
AN INTRAPERITONEAL RADIO TRANSMITTER FOR SEA OTTERS

A small intraperitoneal radio transmitter was developed and used successfully in California sea otters. The transmitter weighs about 120 g and has an internal antenna. Thirty-five implanted transmitters were located for an average of 526 d. The carcasses of five animals that died were recovered; there were no complications associated with the transmitters in these individuals. Reproductive performance of the adult females with implanted transmitters appeared normal. The main advantages of this transmitter are its reliability and long life. It has enabled the collection of significant new information on California sea otters.
Cyclic cohomology of crossed products by algebraic groups

4 Reduction to the Maximal Compact Subgroup 19 4.1 The ring C∞ inv(G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2 Localization at x and at Gx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.3 Definition of X (j) and δ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.4 The definition of σ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.5 The definition of η and the equation ∇ = σδ + δσ . . . . . . . 23 4.6 The condition of the Main Lemma are satisfied . . . . . . . . . 25 4.7 The Main Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.8 Some nonalgebraic groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Dietary fish oil protects against lung and liver inflammation and fibrosis in monocrotaline treated rats

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fish oil in preventing tissue pathologies associated with monocrotaline (MCT) toxicity. Twenty-four weanling rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) 12 to a group fed a diet containing 15% (w/w) corn oil (control) and (2) 12 to a group fed a diet containing fish oil (13%) and corn oil (2%) as the source of fat. Rats were fed for 4 weeks prior to MCT treatment. Six rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with MCT and six injected with its vehicle (water) and all were continued on their respective diets. All rats were sacrificed 3 weeks after injection. In rats receiving MCT, we observed severe interstitial pneumonia, septal fibrosis, vasculitis with virtual obliteration of the lumen of the small arteries and arterioles, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and hepatomegaly and hepatocyte vacuole formation. Dietary fish oil significantly reduced septal fibrosis and development of pneumonia. There was a slight, but statistically insignificant decrease in vasculitis and fish oil did not prevent RVH (pulmonary hypertension). In addition, fish oil effectively protected the MCT-treated rats from development of hepatocyte vacuoles (steatosis), hepatic inflammation and vasculitis, increased presence of fibroblasts and collagen deposition in the centrilobular and, to a lesser extent, in the periportal spaces. These results suggest that lung parenchymal inflammation can be attenuated without altering the course of development of pulmonary hypertension in the MCT model. These results also indicate that fish oil protects against inflammation and fibrosis in the lung and liver, and against hepatocyte vacuole formation in MCT-treated rats.
Computer-aided mechanism design: a symbolic-computing approach

Abstract A computer-amenable symbolic-numerical computing blend for solving precision position-type function-, path- and motion-generation problems for six link and geared mechanisms is presented. Burmester theory, complex-number algebra and loop-closure equations are used to develop the synthesis equations for the mechanism to be designed. Closed-form and iterative solution techniques are presented which permit a synthesis of the 6-link Watt and Stephenson-II and Stephenson-III mechanisms for function-, path- and motion-generation tasks with up to 11 precision points. Closed-form solution techniques are also presented for synthetizing geared 5-bar, 6-bar and 5-link cycloidal crank mechanisms for up to six finitely and multiply separated precision points. The symbolic-manipulation language macsyma is used to carry out algebraic manipulations to help simplify the synthesis equations. A 2-step computer-aided mechanism-design procedure which combines symbolic and numerical computing is presented. The feasibility and versatility of this approach in an automated mechanism-design process is demonstrated using three example problems.
A note on the application of the extended Bernoulli equation

Abstract A general form of the momentum equation is presented. Because the solution is presented as an integral along a flow line, it is here referred to as an “extended’’ Bernoulli equation. The equation, as presented, is valid for unsteady, compressible, rotational, elasto-viscoplastic flows measured relative to a noninertial (translationally and/or rotationally accelerating) coordinate system, whose motion is known. Though all of these concepts have long been separately addressed in the educational literature of fluid and solid mechanics and dynamics, they are usually not available from a single source, as the literature prefers to reduce the problem to special-case solutions for instructional purposes. Two examples that make use of the extended Bernoulli equation in noninertial reference frames are solved. The consequences of failing to properly account for noninertial effects are discussed.
Γ-extensions of imaginary quadratic fields. II

Abstract By a reduction of analytic formulas it is shown that the μ invariant of the basic Z 3 -extension of Q((−3m) 1 2 ) , m > 0, ( m , 3) = 1, equals 0 whenever m / n = 5 (8).
Effect of inlet design on the performance of storage-type domestic electrical water heaters

The effect of inlet design on the performance of storage-type domestic electrical water heaters (EWHs) was experimentally investigated for energy conservation. Three different side-inlet geometries; namely wedged, perforated, and slotted pipe-inlets; were tested using two 50 L capacity EWHs of aspect ratios 1 and 2 and two discharge rates 5 and 10 L/min. The three inlet designs are successful in promoting good thermal stratification inside the storage tanks of the EWHs. However, the degree of mixing produced by each design is found to have a significant impact on the performance. Thermal performance is quantified in terms of discharge efficiency, extraction efficiency, and fraction of heat recoverable. The results show an excellent performance for the slotted inlet. Although performance measures of perforated inlet are slightly less, the slotted inlet is attractive as it is simpler to manufacture and the extra cost associated with adopting it inside the existing EWH models is justified by the substantial savings in electricity and water consumptions, which ultimately concern the users.
An improved method of surgical pathology testing for onychomycosis

Background Surgical pathology testing for onychomycosis using periodic acid–Schiff staining is the "gold standard." However, routine histopathological methods of processing nail clippings can be limited by poor section quality, higher costs, and delayed turnaround times for some specimens because of tissue hardness. Objective We investigated the utility of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment of nail specimens submitted for the histopathologic evaluation of onychomycosis. Methods We report our validation of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment protocol during a 7-month study period from 2009-2010. Nail clippings (n = 45) were divided into NaOH-treated and routine processing halves and submitted in separate tissue blocks for parallel processing, embedding, sectioning, and staining for hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid–Schiff. Histologic sections were scored for section quality and statistical analysis performed. Results NaOH pretreatment yielded higher quality sections for both hematoxylin-eosin–stained ( P P Limitations Direct comparison of the proposed NaOH pretreatment protocol with other pretreatment techniques was not performed. Conclusion NaOH pretreatment of nails submitted for a clinical suspicion of onychomycosis is a simple, rapid, and easily adopted method that leads to improved tissue section quality for optimal histopathologic evaluation and diagnosis. Improved tissue sections and adherence to glass slides can reduce the need for repeat sections, thereby reducing costs and preventing delays in turnaround time.
Optimally Routable Networks

Routing is the process, performed at each site of a communication network upon receipt of a message, that decides to which neighbor the message is to be sent or that the message is to be received locally. We present a general model of routing based on a decision tree representation of routing information. We describe several classes of optimally routable networks, i.e., networks for which the maximum size of a routing tree over all sites of the network is ⌈log2 n⌉.
Storage of meningococcal and streptococcal L-forms*

Summary Survival of unstable serogroup B, Neisseria meningitidis L-forms, and stable group A, β-hemolytic streptococcal L-forms, was studied at various temperatures and in the lyophilized state. After 1 year of storage, maximal survival for both strains was found in specimens stored in liquid nitrogen (−196°C). At −70°C survival of the meningococcal L-forms was comparable to survival at −196°C but only 1% of the streptococcal L-forms survived. L-forms from both strains did not survive storage beyond 6 months at −20 and 4°C. Only 0.1% of meningococcal and streptococcal L-forms could be recovered after lyophilization; however, there was no further decrease in the number of viable cells after 1 year of storage in the dry state. Evidence is presented to suggest that the morphological, serological, or enzymatic features of surviving L-forms stored under the various conditions remained unaltered during the course of the 1-year study.
Direct evidence for Coulombic ejection of electron-desorbed ions

Abstract We have measured energy distributions for F+ and F2+ ions, electron-desorbed from fluorine impurities on an aluminum surface and for Cl+/Cl2+ and I+/I2+ electron-desorbed from alkali halide surfaces by 12.5 keV electrons. The mean energies of the doubly-charged ions are twice the energies of the respective singly-charged ions. This result provides the first direct evidence for the Coulombic expulsion mechanism in electron-stimulated desorption proposed by Knotek and Feibelman.
Architecture and design of adaptive object-models

Many object-oriented information systems share an architectural style that emphasizes flexibility and run-time adaptability. Business rules are stored externally to the program such as in a database or XML files instead of in code. The object model that the user cares about is part of the database, and the object model of the code is just an interpreter of the users' object model. We call these systems "Adaptive Object-Models", because the users' object model is interpreted at runtime and can be changed with immediate (but controlled) effects on the system interpreting it. The real power in Adaptive Object-Models is that they have a definition of a domain model and rules for its integrity and can be configured by domain experts external to the execution of the program. This paper describes the Adaptive Object-Model architecture along with its strengths and weaknesses. It illustrates the Adaptive Object-Model architectural style by describing a framework for Medical Observations (following Fowler's Analysis Patterns) that we built.