cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ice Cloud Particle Size Distributions and Pressure-Dependent Terminal Velocities from In Situ Observations at Temperatures from 0° to −86°C

AbstractThe primary goal of this study is to derive ice particle terminal velocities from micron to centimeter sizes and for atmospheric pressures covering the range 200–1000 hPa from data spanning a wide range of locations, temperatures, and altitudes and to parameterize the results for use in cloud through cloud models. The study uses data from 10 field programs spanning the temperature range −86° to 0°C and encompassing a total of about 800 000 km of cloud horizontal pathlengths and includes measurements of ice particle size distributions (PSDs) and direct measurements of the ice water content (IWC). The necessary ice particle variables are derived using variables that are interconnected rather than varying independently from observations reported in the literature. A secondary goal of the study is to quantify the properties of ice cloud particle ensembles over a wide range of temperatures to further the understanding of how ice particle ensembles and ice clouds develop.Functional forms for the PSDs an...
A multi-wavelength streak-optical-pyrometer for warm-dense matter experiments at NDCX-I and NDCX-II

Abstract We report on a multi-wavelength streak-optical-pyrometer (SOP) developed the for warm-dense-matter (WDM) experiments at the existing NDCX-I facility and the NDCX-II facility currently being commissioned at LBNL. The SOP served as the primary temperature diagnostic in the recent NDCX-I experiments, in which an intense K + beam was used to heat different metal samples into WDM states. The SOP consists of a spectral grating (visible and near-infrared spectral range) and a fast, high-dynamic-range optical streak camera. The instrument is calibrated absolutely with a NIST-traceable tungsten ribbon lamp and can itself be considered as an absolutely calibrated, time-resolving spectrometer. The sample temperature is determined from fitting the recorded thermal spectrum into the Planck formula multiplied by a model of emissivity.
Genotype-environment interaction for awn development in isogenic lines of barley.

Awn length of four isogenic lines of barley differing by two genes for awn development (A andB) and their short iinkage blocks was evaluated at a wide range of plant densities (0.002 to 3.345 m(2)/plant) for two years. Awn development was reduced at high plant density. The quarter-awned genotype (aaBB) became phenotypically awnless (aabb) at high plant density. Similar results were obtained each year and the genotype x plant density effect was the major portion of the genotype-environment interaction variance. Additive (α A , α B ) and additive x additive (α AB ) gene effects were computed for each plant density for lateral and central floret awn length. For lateral awns α AB was not affected, but α A and α B increased with decreased plant density. In contrast, for central awns α A and α AB decreased and α B increased with decreased plant density.Central floret awns measured at each spike node showed that high plant density reduced awn development most in the lower half of the spike. This is the zone of most rapid awn differentiation and since culm elongation and spike growth rates were greatly increased by high plant density, it was suggested that rapid growth invoked a stress on awn development and differentially altered the expression ofA andB.
Hooking Workers and Hooking Votes: Enganche, Suffrage, and Labor Market Dualism in Latin America

Labor market dualism—the segmentation of workers between formal, legally protected employment and informal, unprotected status—has long drawn attention from scholars and policymakers in Latin America. This article argues that lasting patterns of economic and political segmentation of workers arose earlier in the region's history than has previously been understood, well before the classic “incorporation” period. Late-nineteenth-century practices for the recruitment and retention of workers shaped Latin America's first sets of labor laws, most notably those governing union organization and individual worker job stability. Subsequently, these first laws served as important templates for development, constraining and conditioning the labor codes adopted under mass-based politics. Using historical data drawn from Chile, Peru, and Argentina, this article shows how differing recruitment practices and variation in the extension of effective suffrage rights and electoral participation shaped early legal labor market segmentation and inequality in Latin America.
The Nanoscience Undergraduate Education (NUE) Program at James Madison University

Work has been underway at JMU in the Department of Chemistry through an NSF-NUE grant to develop an evolutionary approach to curriculum development across the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Preliminary assessment data suggests that there exists a profound misunderstanding amongst graduating chemistry majors about basic aspects of nanotechnology as revealed by the NAI. Specifically, there are misconceptions about the sizes of and forces acting on the molecular-scale which is fundamental to any deep understanding of nanometer-scale phenomena. This is particularly alarming since senior-level undergraduate students majoring in chemistry should have a clearer understanding of molecular interactions than other STEM disciplines. A more careful, coordinated and sustained approach to teaching nanometer-scale phenomena must be undertaken in order to address these misconceptions and better prepare students the future workforce in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Predictors of Maladaptive Coping in Incarcerated Women Who are Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Women’s rates of incarceration have increased notably in the past two decades. Concurrently, research with female offenders has identified a high incidence of experiences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), a potential risk factor for negative psychosocial outcomes. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model examining associations among CSA, emotion regulation, posttraumatic stress, and coping in a sample of 224 incarcerated women. The relationships between CSA and difficulties with emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress were mediated by self-blame, and the relationship between self-blame and maladaptive coping was mediated by both difficulties with emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress. These findings have implications for identifying treatment needs of incarcerated women and suggest potential targets for intervention.
Hypothalamic Hypothyroidism Caused by Lesions in Rat Paraventricular Nuclei Alters the Carbohydrate Structure of Secreted Thyrotropin

The effects of hypothalamic hypothyroidism vs. primary hypothyroidism on TSH carbohydrate structure were studied in the rat. Adult male rats with bilateral paraventricular nuclear lesions (n = 10), sham lesions (n = 10), and thyroidectomies (n = 6) were studied 2 weeks postoperatively and compared to normal animals without surgery (n = 6). Pituitaries were incubated in medium containing [3H]glucosamine for 24 h. TSH was immunoprecipitated from medium and pituitary sonicates using anti-TSH beta serum, digested with pronase to obtain TSH glycopeptides, desalted, then analyzed by Concanavalin-A (Con-A) chromatography. Compared to sham controls, hypothalamus-lesioned animals contained a greater proportion of secreted TSH glycopeptides that bound weakly to Con-A, indicating a shift from bisecting and/or multiantennary structures in control animals to biantennary and/or truncated hybrid forms in hypothalamus-lesioned animals. In contrast, thyroidectomized animals, compared to normal and lesioned animals, contained a greater proportion of secreted TSH glycopeptides that did not bind to Con-A, indicating a shift from biantennary and/or truncated hybrid forms to bisecting and/or multiantennary forms. The characteristics of the carbohydrate chains on secreted TSH differed markedly in hypothalamic vs. primary hypothyroidism despite equally low thyroid hormone levels in vivo. Thus, in addition to regulating TSH secretion, hypothalamic hormones alter TSH carbohydrate structure, which may affect its bioactivity and MCR.
Back to the Future with Ubiquitin

Two papers published in 1984 by the Varshavsky laboratory revealed that the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is the principal system for degradation of short-lived proteins in mammalian cells, setting the stage for future demonstrations of this pathway's many regulatory roles. This perspective discusses the impact of those papers and highlights some of the subsequent insights that have led to our current appreciation of the breadth of ubiquitin-mediated signaling.
Photoemission and electron-stimulated desorption studies of H on W(110): Single- versus two-binding-site models

The chemisorption of H on W (110) at room temperature is studied with the use of angle-integrated photoemission and electron-stimulated desorption (ESD). The ESD cross sections of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ are found to be so low that no significant ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ signals with meaningful ion energy distributions are observed. The photoemission results show, however, two types of H adatoms, referred to as ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ states, for this chemisorptive system. Both states are found to appear simultaneously rather than sequentially as suggested by previous studies, and exhibit a simple $1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Theta}$ adsorption kinetics with different initial sticking coefficients. The ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ state induces two binding energy levels at -2.0 and -6.0 eV, respectively, whereas the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ state induces a level at -3.8 eV. The work-function change (with a maximum value of -0.45 eV) is found to follow exactly with the intensity of the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ state. These results are found to be compatible with the two-binding-site model, inherently suggested by the reflection high-energy electron-diffraction data. However, the results can also be consistent with a single-binding-site model suggested by a recent angle-resolved photoemission and inelastic electron scattering study. A model based on the present results is proposed and critically compared with previous studies. Unresolved problems associated with both single- and two-binding-site models are also discussed.
Hepatobiliary scintigraphy as a diagnostic modality for gastroparesis of the bypassed stomach after gastric bypass for morbid obesity.

After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), the excluded gastric remnant represents a challenge for the surgeon. Many diseases are reported to take place in that remnant, such as cancer, gastritis, and ulcer. On the other hand, diagnosing these pathological changes requires invasive intervention.We report the use of a noninvasive study to diagnose pathology in the bypassed stomach.
Information Literacy and the Evolving MBA Degree

MBA program curriculums have been the target of criticism since the financial scandals of the early 2000s, with the main focus being that many programs sacrificed the teaching of useful, real world skills in favor of impractical scientific research, while also neglecting areas such as ethics and social responsibility. The financial collapse prompted many MBA programs to implement reforms which include adding experiential learning programs among other changes. These reforms provide opportunities for librarians to introduce or increase information literacy components in the programs. The current state of MBA information literacy practices is discussed, with several initiatives highlighted and some new approaches suggested.
Lymphokine production by human melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

Lymphokine production by human melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) was studied. Uncultured TIL produced interferon γ (IFNγ), but not interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-4, in response to anti-CD3 mAb or IL-2. In bulk cultures, IL-2-activated TIL displaying autologous tumor-specific cytotoxicity (CTL-TIL) produced IFNγ in culture with medium alone, whereas IL-2-activated noncytotoxic TIL did not. Addition of anti-CD3 mAb or autologous tumor cells up-regulated IFNγ production in IL-2-activated TIL from 10 of 12 or 6 of 12 cases respectively. Those from 4 of 12 cases (2 CTL-TIL and 2 noncytotoxic TIL) produced IL-2 in culture with medium alone. At the clonal level, 5 (4 CD4+ and 1 CD8+) of 7 autologous tumor-specific CTL clones derived from TIL and 3 (2 CD4+ and 1 CD8+) of 7 noncytotoxic TIL clones produced IFNγ in culture with medium alone, which was up-regulated by adding anti-CD3 mAb. Two IFNγ-producing CTL clones tested produced IL-2 in 4 ×-concentrated supernatants from a 3.5-h culture with medium alone. Furthermore, 2 IFNγ-producing CTL clones tested expressed mRNA for both IFNγ and IL-2. IL-2 production and its mRNA expression were up- or down-regulated, respectively, by adding anti-CD3 mAb or autologous tumor cells. IL-4 production was not observed in culture either with medium alone or with IL-2 in any of the cells described above. Anti-CD3 mAb was required for IL-4 production in 3 of 12 IL-2-activated TIL, 2 of 6 CTL clones, and none of 5 noncytotoxic TIL clones. In summary, IFNγ production was characteristic of melanoma TIL. Some autologous tumor-specific CTL in TIL are suggested to be productive of IL-2 and IFNγ under unstimulated conditions, both being required for self-activation in an autocrine loop.
Simultaneous Measurement of Optical Scattering and Extinction on Dispersed Aerosol Samples

Accurate and precise measurements of light scattering and extinction by atmospheric particulate matter aid understanding of tropospheric photochemistry and are required for estimates of the direct climate effects of aerosols. In this work, we report on a second generation instrument to simultaneously measure light scattering (bscat) and extinction (bext) coefficient by dispersed aerosols. The ratio of scattering to extinction is known as the single scatter albedo (SSA); thus, the instrument is referred to as the albedometer. Extinction is measured with the well-established cavity ring-down (CRD) technique, and the scattering coefficient is determined through collection of light scattered from the CRD beam. The improved instrument allows reduction in sample volume to 30. Through using a commercially available condensation particle counter (CPC), we have measured scattering (σscat) and extinction (σext) cross sections for size-sele...
Thermodynamics of formation, hydrolysis and ionization of monofluorophosphorous acid

Abstract A NMR study of the equilibrium reaction of HF with aqueous phosphorous acid between 8 and 65°C and various hydrogen ions concentrations gave values of Δ G ⊝ = 2.2 kJ, Δ H ⊝ = −26 kJ and Δ S ⊝ = −94 J K −1 for the acid ionization of monofluorophosphorous acid and Δ G ⊝ = −16.2 kJ, Δ H ⊝ = −16.9 kJ and Δ S ⊝ = −2.2 J K −1 for the hydrolysis of monofluorophosphorous acid to phosphorous acid and HF.
Ventricular blood pressure and cardiac output changes in epinephrine‐ and metoprolol‐treated chick embryos

The effects of a teratogenic dose (5 micrograms) of epinephrine on mean ventricular blood pressure (MVBP) and cardiac output (CO) at one and two hours after treating stage 24 chick embryos were investigated. Previous work demonstrated that a differential response in terms of cardiac rhythm during the first hour after epinephrine treatment was related to pathogenesis of two contrasting types of aortic arch malformations. Absence of one or more aortic arches occurred more frequently in embryos which developed a characteristic dysrhythmia, while persistence of the left fourth aortic arch (PL4AA) occurred more frequently in nondysrhythmic embryos. In this study, dysrhythmic epinephrine-treated embryos exhibited reductions in both MVBP and CO at one hour after treatment when compared to control values. Nondysrhythmic epinephrine-treated embryos exhibited elevated MVBP and no change in CO at one hour after treatment. MVBP and CO in recovered dysrhythmic and nondysrhythmic embryos were similar to control values at two hours following epinephrine treatment. MVBP and CO measurements were obtained from embryos which were pretreated with metoprolol and then subsequently treated with epinephrine. Metoprolol is a beta 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist which was previously shown to block the teratogenic effects of epinephrine and other catecholamines with beta 1-adrenoreceptor agonist properties. Pretreating embryos with metoprolol in this study reduced the dysrhythmogenic potential of epinephrine and also blocked the MVBP and CO changes observed in embryos treated with epinephrine alone. We conclude that pathogenesis of 1) abnormally absent aortic arches is related to dysrhythmogenesis, reduced MVBP, and reduced CO, and 2) an abnormally persistent left fourth aortic arch is related to elevated MVBP in the epinephrine model.
Association of 3' terminal RNA sequences with avian leukosis viruses causing a high incidence of osteopetrosis.

Abstract The T 1 ribonuclease fingerprints of the genomic RNAs of four osteopetrosis-inducing, avian leukosis viruses were compared with fingerprints of the RNAs from four unrelated avian retroviruses. Two oligonucleotides at the 3′ end of the genomes of all osteopetrosis-inducing viruses were not present in the RNAs of the four viruses that did not induce osteopetrosis. This evidence suggests that genetic information related to the induction of a high frequency of osteopetrosis is present at the 3′ end of the genomes of these viruses.
6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Collected From Infant Diapers: Feasibility and Implications for Urinary Biochemical Markers:

The purpose of this study was to assess feasibility and acceptability of using a diaper pad for collection of in-home infant urinary samples and to test the accuracy of diaper pad extraction for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and creatinine, which was used to correct assay results for urinary volume. To assess feasibility and acceptability, urine samples from 20 infants were collected over a 24-hour day using a cotton pad inserted in the diaper. The accuracy of diaper pad extraction was evaluated in the laboratory setting using urine samples collected from 11 adult volunteers and assayed using enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA). Urine samples were divided, one aliquot was assayed without extraction and one aliquot was instilled into a diaper pad, extracted, and assayed. Mothers found diaper pad collection acceptable and easy to perform. Of 144 infant urinary samples obtained in the home environment, 59% were usable for assay purposes, the remaining either were contaminated with stool or were of insufficient volume. While creatinine values from diaper pad extracted and non-extracted samples were highly correlated (R2 = 0.947) those of creatinine corrected 6-sulfatoxymelatonin were not (R2 = 0.216). Diaper pad collection procedures altered 6-sulfatoxymelatonin values. Implications for measurement of urinary biochemical substances and statistical analysis are discussed.
Biomechanical analysis of second-generation headless compression screws

Abstract Introduction Headless Compression Screws (HCS) are commonly utilized for the fixation of small bone and articular fractures. Recently several new second generation HCS (SG-HCS) have been introduced with the purported benefits of improved biomechanical characteristics. We sought to determine and compare the biomechanical efficiencies of these screws. Material and methods Five HCS including four second generation (Mini-Acutrak 2 (Acumed), Twinfix (Stryker), Kompressor Mini (Integra), HCS 3.0 (Synthes)) and one first generation (Herbert-Whipple) were studied. Polyurethane foam blocks that represented osteoporotic cancellous bone (0.16 g/cc) with a simulated transverse fracture at the waist were utilized and five screws of each brand were tested for the generated compression force and fastening torque during insertion with and without pre-drilling. Results The generated compression force was highest for Mini-Acutrak 2 (45.41 ± 0.88 N) and lowest for Herbert-Whipple (13.44 ± 2.35 N) and forces of Twinfix, Kompressor Mini, HCS 3.0 were in between in descending order. The compression force of SG-HCS increased slightly without pre-drilling but it was not statistically significant while the fastening torque increased significantly. Slight over-fastening beyond the recommended stage significantly reduced the compression force in Twinfix and Kompressor and had no or moderate effect in other screws. Conclusion All SG-HCS demonstrated greater biomechanical characteristics than the first generation Herbert-Whipple screw. The Mini-Acutrak 2 with a variable pitch design generated the maximum compression force and showed the most reliability and sustainability. Screws with independently rotating trailing heads (Twinfix and Kompressor Mini) demonstrated loss of compression with extra turns. The increase of fastening torque due to over-fastening and loss of compression at the same time in some screw designs, demonstrated how the fastening torque (applied by the surgeon) can be a misleading measure of the compression force. Application of SG-HCS in osteoporotic bone without pre-drilling can slightly increase the compression force.
Dust Controls for a Wood Shaper

Abstract The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to characterize the wood dust emissions from a shaper; second, to see if a usable control could be developed to reduce emissions from the shaper. The study showed that a hardwood (red oak) generated about eight times as many dust particles as a soft wood (white pine), and particle board generated about ten times as much dust as white pine. Relatively simple controls were shown to significantly reduce emissions.
Finite Element Response Sensitivity Analysis: a comparison between force-based and Displacement-Based Frame Element Models

This paper focuses on a comparison between displacement-based and force-based elements for static and dynamic response sensitivity analysis of frame type structures. Previous research has shown that force-based frame elements are superior to classical displacement-based elements enabling, at no significant additional computational costs, a drastic reduction in the number of elements required for a given level of accuracy in the simulated response. The present work shows that this advantage of force-based over displacement-based elements is even more
Near-Term Effects of the Lower Atmosphere in Simulated Northwest Flow Snowfall Forced over the Southern Appalachians

AbstractNorthwest flow snowfall (NWFS) impacts the southern Appalachian Mountains after the upper-level trough has departed from the region, when moist northwesterly flow near the ground is lifted after encountering the mountains. Snowfall associated with these events is highly localized and challenging to predict as the clouds generating the accumulation are mesoscale in structure and depend on rapidly varying structures of moisture, instability, and wind in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and on the relief of the local topography. The purpose of this study is to investigate the near-term impact of heat and moisture fluxes at the ground on the evolution of an NWFS event using several simulations of the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model. Model simulations indicate that convective banding is responsible for the snowfall accumulations in the southern Appalachians during the event and the structure of the banding is sensitive to the vertical positions of maximu...
Toxicity of the insect growth regulators, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen, to the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata say (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Abstract In laboratory studies we evaluated lethal effects of two insect growth regulators (IGRs) on the egg stage and five larval instars of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS). The effect of both IGRs was dose-dependent and varied according to the age of the life stage. The activity of buprofezin, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, was significantly greater when topical, residual treatment was applied to the 1st (LC 50 =30.3 μg/ml) or 2nd (LC 50 =39 μg/ml) instars compared to later instars. No significant differences in LC 50 's were observed between older instars and adults. Toxicity responses of GWSS immature stages to buprofezin were compared over 2 years with higher susceptibility observed in the second year. Buprofezin did not delay developmental times from the 1st to the next two instars upon treatment. Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, had a lethal effect on 1–2 d old GWSS eggs but did not deter late-aged eggs from hatching to 1st instars indicating that it's action was age and stage specific. Tests conducted in the second year showed GWSS eggs to be more sensitive to pyriproxyfen compared to the previous year. No toxicity was observed when older immatures or adults were treated with pyriproxyfen. Results from this study cannot only serve as baselines for buprofezin and pyriproxyfen in resistance-monitoring programmes for GWSS, but can also have significant implications for development of management programs, including accurate timing of the applications of the two IGRs that target the most susceptible stages, eggs and early instars.
Promoter-specific imprinting of the human insulin-like growth factor-II gene

GENOMIC imprinting is a mechanism whereby only one of the two parental alleles is expressed. Loss or relaxation of genomic imprinting has been proposed as an epigenetic mechanism for oncogenesis in a variety of human tumours1–6. Although the mechanism of imprinting is unknown, differential CpG methylation of the parental alleles has been implicated7–12. The human insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2) gene, which is transcribed from four promoters, P1–P4 (ref. 13), is imprinted in fetal liver14,15 but biallelic expression occurs in adult liver16. Like most tissues, fetal liver uses primarily promoters P3 and P4 (ref. 17). Adult liver, however, transcribes IGF2 from promoter P1, and it has been suggested that the recruitment of P1 may be responsible for the absence of imprinting in human liver, and in choroid plexus and leptomeninges18. We report here that in liver and chondrocytes, IGF2 transcripts from promoter P1 are always derived from both parental alleles, whereas transcripts from promoters P2, P3 and P4 are always from one parental allele. These findings demonstrate that imprinting and a lack of imprinting can both occur within a single gene in a single tissue, suggesting that regional imprinting factors may be important.
Demonstration of trapping, motion control, sensing and fluorescence detection of polystyrene beads in a multi-fiber optical trap

We demonstrate a multi-functional optical trap capable of trapping, motion control, position sensing and fluorescence detection of chemically treated polystyrene beads, using off-the-shelve optical components. It consists of two collinearly aligned single-mode fibers separated by a spacing of 130-170mum for trapping, another single-mode fiber for probing/pumping and a fourth multi-mode fiber for optical detection. The fibers are mounted either on V-grooved Si or PDMS platforms fabricated using microfabrication and molding techniques, respectively. The result represents an important milestone towards a functional integrated trapping platform.
Technique for the Determination of the Rate of Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas solanacearum

A tube culture system was designed for measurement of ethylene evolved by the phytopathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas solanacearum. The system consisted of 10 glass tubes joined together in series and coated on the inside surface with a dextrose-peptone-casamino acids agar medium. The system provided a large surface for bacterial growth in relation to the volume of air. The system was seeded with a bacterial suspension (7 x 10(8) cells/ml) drawn through all the tubes by vacuum applied at one end and was then placed in a water bath at 30 C. Air was pumped through the system at 3 ml/min; the outlet was connected directly to the inlet port of a gas sampling loop and ethylene in the sample was determined by gas chromatography.Maximum rate of ethylene production for a fluidal, virulent isolate of P. solanacearum (K60) was 5.5 x 10(-9) moles/min and occurred at the end of lag phase and beginning of stationary phase. Three other fluidal isolates produced ethylene at relatively low rates (2.4-6.4% that of K60). Avirulent, butyrous variants of these isolates grew as well as the virulent forms in most cases, but ethylene production rates per cell were much lower for the avirulent than for the virulent forms. Loss of virulence appears to be accompanied by lower ethylene production.Peak CO(2) production (14.5 mumoles/min) and O(2) consumption (11.7 mumoles/min) for isolate K60 also occurred at the time when the bacterial culture was entering stationary phase. The concentrations of O(2) (11%) and CO(2) (11%) in air present at this time were thought to be neither limiting nor inhibitory to bacterial growth.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Increases Collateral Blood Flow in Rats With Femoral Arterial Ligation

The potential for exogenous infusion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to increase collateral blood flow to dependent tissue was quantified in adult male rats with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Occlusion of the femoral artery at a proximal site did not infringe on resting blood flow to the distal hindlimb muscle, but did remove the blood flow reserve. Blood flow to the hindlimb muscles was measured with radiolabeled microspheres using an isolated hindlimb preparation perfused in the descending aorta (Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate, 5% albumin medium containing red blood cells [40% hematocrit]) at 100 mm Hg. Calf muscle blood flow changed modestly (≈50%) with infusion of only the carrier (heparin/saline), increased markedly over the first 2 weeks of bFGF infusion (1 μg/d into the femoral artery), but did not change further with infusion for 4 weeks. Waiting 2 weeks after 1 week of bFGF infusion did not further increase the intermediate improvement in blood flow. The improved collateral blood flow and increased muscle capillary density likely contributed to the enhanced muscle performance observed during nerve stimulation in situ. X-ray films of arterial casts identified an expansion of upper thigh vessels that likely served as collaterals. In animals with peripheral arterial insufficiency, short-term exogenous infusion of bFGF is effective at inducing vascular expansion that is sufficient to improve the flow reserve of dependent distal tissue and enhance muscle function. This raises the expectation that a similar response in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency would significantly improve morbidity, including the symptoms of intermittent claudication.
Asymptomatic parturient women with high-virulence bacteria in the amniotic fluid.

This study describes the postpartum course of asymptomatic parturient women who had ≥10 2 cfu of high-virulence (HV) bacteria per milliliter of amniotic fluid. Of 60 asymptomatic parturient women with ≥10 2 cfu of HV bacteria per milliliter of amniotic fluid, 27 (48%) remained asymptomatic in the puerperium, 16 (27%) developed fever only, and 17 (28%) developed endometritis. In asymptomatic versus symptomatic women, there were no statistically significant differences in number or type of isolates or in length of membrane rupture or labor-to-collection interval. However, there were significant differences in the intervals from collection to delivery and in the rate of cesarean section delivery. For comparison, 40 of these patients were matched with women in whom only low-virulence organisms were detected in the amniotic fluid. In the HV group, 16 women (40%) remained asymptomatic, 15 (37.5%) developed fever only, and nine (22.5%) had endometritis. In the low-virulence group, 27 women (67.5%) remained asymptomatic, 10 (25%) developed fever only, one (2.5%) developed endometritis 10 days post partum, and two (5%) had other infections (p
The morphopathologic substrates of concussion

Neuronal inundation with i.v. infused horseradish peroxidase was studied following concussive brain injury by means of both light and electron microscopy. In animals sustaining mechanical brain injury of insufficient intensity as to elicit either microscopic intraparenchymal hemorrhage or other neuropathological change, yet of sufficient intensity as to provoke a physiological concussive response, vascular peroxidase exudation concomitant with neuronal peroxidase inundation occurred throughout the raphe and reticular core. Initially such inundated neurons were totally flooded with the tracer and as such appeared reminiscent of cells visualized in Golgi preparations. However, over the course of a 24-h period these peroxidase flooded neurons apparently organized the peroxidase into vesicles and vacuoles which assumed a perinuclear position from where the peroxidase ultimately reached both the nucleus und nucleolus. It was remarkable that these events occurred without any evidence of subcellular alteration. We interpret such initial inundation with this protein tracer, its ultimate reorganization, and its nuclear and nucleolar uptake as being consistent with some form of subtle and transient neuronal perturbation. We speculate that as such this neuronal perturbation may constitute a morphological correlate of the concussive episode.
The Drug Effectiveness Reporting and Monitoring System: Discussion and Prototype Development

Medication errors occur commonly in healthcare facilities resulting in adverse drug events. These types of errors and their consequences have been previously observed and studied and it has been shown that simple tracking systems can help to significantly decrease occurrences and consequences of such events. We have found a need for similar monitoring for drugs that have just entered the market and whose potential adverse events are not yet known. Current techniques for post-approval monitoring are not adequate for timely discovery of as-of-yet unknown adverse events. FDA's current approach to identifying drugs with serious adverse effects, the MedWatch system, is inherently slow to identify the culprit drugs and to remove them from the market. Between 1997 and 2005, the system was successful in helping to identify 15 drugs with toxic side-effects. However, on average, it took 5.9 years for the identification phase and the subsequent phase for the removal from of the drug from the market. We propose a system that could help reduce this time by a significant amount. The proposed approach involves a simple on-line surveying system coupled with continuous monitoring by participating pharmacists. We have developed a concept demonstration prototype system and provide recommendations for further work related to the scalability, security, and data consistency aspects of our approach. In addition, we analyze how advances in semantic web and ontology development could be used to populate the database of the proposed system.
A Mechano-chemical Model for the Passive Swelling Response of an Isolated Chondron under Osmotic Loading

The chondron is a distinct structure in articular cartilage that consists of the chondrocyte and its pericellular matrix (PCM), a narrow tissue region surrounding the cell that is distinguished by type VI collagen and a high glycosaminoglycan concentration relative to the extracellular matrix. We present a theoretical mechano-chemical model for the passive volumetric response of an isolated chondron under osmotic loading in a simple salt solution at equilibrium. The chondrocyte is modeled as an ideal osmometer and the PCM model is formulated using triphasic mixture theory. A mechano-chemical chondron model is obtained assuming that the chondron boundary is permeable to both water and ions, while the chondrocyte membrane is selectively permeable to only water. For the case of a neo-Hookean PCM constitutive law, the model is used to conduct a parametric analysis of cell and chondron deformation under hyper- and hypo-osmotic loading. In combination with osmotic loading experiments on isolated chondrons, model predictions will aid in determination of pericellular fixed charge density and its relative contribution to PCM mechanical properties.
ADVANCED CYCLIC PLASTICITY MODELS IN SIMULATING RATCHETING RESPONSES OF STRAIGHT AND ELBOW PIPING COMPONENTS, AND NOTCHED PLATES

Ratcheting is defined as the accumulation of strain or deformation in structures under cyclic loading. Damage accumulation due to ratcheting can cause failure of structures through fatigue cracks or plastic collapse. Ratcheting damage accumulation in structures may occur under repeated reversals of loading induced by earthquakes, extreme weather conditions, and mechanical and thermal operating conditions. A major challenge in structural and solid mechanics is the prediction of ratcheting responses of structures under any or combination of these loading conditions. Accurate prediction of ratcheting-fatigue and ratcheting-collapse is imperative in order to incorporate the ratcheting related failures into the ASME design Code in a rational manner. This would require predictions of both local (stress-strain) and global (load-deflection) responses simultaneously. In progressing towards this direction, a set of experimental ratcheting responses for straight and elbow piping components and notched plates is developed. Advanced cyclic plasticity models, such as, modified Chaboche, Ohno-Wang, and AbdelKarim-Ohno models, are implemented in ANSYS for simulation of these experimental responses. Various integration schemes for implementing the constitutive models into the structural analysis code ANSYS are studied. Results from the experimental and analytical studies are presented and discussed in order to demonstrate the current state of simulation modeling of structural ratcheting.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Coulomb dissociation of 8B at sub-barrier energies

Abstract A radioactive beam of 26 MeV 8 B has been utilized to measure the Coulomb dissociation of 8 B on 58 Ni. At these subcoulomb barrier energies, the method provides an accurate means to understand the role of E2 photons in the breakup reaction. The results are critical for the determination of the S 17 factor of the inverse reaction — the astrophysically relevant radiative proton capture of 7 Be - using the method of Coulomb excitation.
Bilateral appendicular bone tumors in four dogs

Bilateral synchronous appendicular bone tumors, occurring in the same bone and same anatomic site within the bone are very rare. This report describes the clinical presentation and oncologic outcome for four dogs with this rare presentation. All cases presented to the authors following a history of unilateral lameness for several weeks. On presentation, case 1 had pain elicited in the contralateral proximal humerus but all the other cases had no abnormalities detectable on physical examination of the contralateral limb. All dogs had technetium 99m ((99m)Tc) nuclear scintigraphy performed that identified bilateral lesions of the distal radii in two dogs, proximal humeri and distal tibiae in one dog each. Thoracic radiographs performed on all dogs showed no evidence of pulmonary metastases. Three dogs were treated with palliative radiation therapy (two dogs received concurrent bisphosphonates) resulting in survival times from initial presentation of 50 days, 193 days, and 523 days, respectively. One dog had stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) and a surgical limb-salvage performed followed by carboplatin chemotherapy, resulting in a survival time of 926 days from initial presentation. Palliative and curative-intent treatments for the bilateral synchronous appendicular bone tumors resulted in survival times similar to those reported for treatment of a single primary appendicular bone tumor.
Kalman filter based estimation of flow states in open channels using Lagrangian sensing

In this article, we investigate real-time estimation of flow state in open channels using the measurements obtained from Lagrangian sensors (drifters). One-dimensional Shallow Water Equations (SWE), also known as Saint-Venant equations, are used as the mathematical model for the flow. After linearizing and discretizing the PDEs using an explicit linear scheme, we construct a linear state-space model of the flow. The Kalman filter is then used to estimate the states by incorporating the measurements obtained from passive drifters. Drifters which are equipped with GPS recievers move with the flow and report their position at every time step. The position of the drifters at every time step are used to approximate the average velocity of the flow at the corresponding locations and time step. The method is implemented in simulation on a section of the Sacramento river in California using real data and the results are validated with a two-dimensional simulation of the river. Finally, the performance of the method using Lagrangian sensors is compared to the case of using Eulerian sensors.
The role of mirror neurons in speech and language processing.

The discovery of mirror neurons in the macaque frontal cortex (di Pellegrino, Fadiga, Fogassi, Gallese, & Rizzolatti, 1992; Gallese, Fadiga, Fogassi, & Rizzolatti, 1996; Rizzolatti & Arbib, 1998) has sparked renewed interest in the role of the motor system in receptive language processes. This interest has developed primarily around two logically independent, but sometimes conflated, ideas. One is that motor systems involved in speech production are critically involved in perceiving speech sounds (D'Ausilio et al., 2009; Meister, Wilson, Deblieck, Wu, & Iacoboni, 2007; Wilson, Saygin, Sereno, & Iacoboni, 2004), an idea that is clearly related to the motor theory of speech perception (A. M. Liberman, Cooper, Shankweiler, & Studdert-Kennedy, 1967; A.M. Liberman & Mattingly, 1985). The other is that the meaning of action-related words are coded, at least in part, in motor regions that control the execution of those actions (e.g., Hauk, Johnsrude, & Pulvermuller, 2004; Wernicke, 1874/1969). These are independent hypotheses in that one concerns the neural basis of perceiving the phonological form of speech sounds while the other concerns the neural basis of a different level of processing/representation, namely the semantics of a word. Thus, the proposals need to be evaluated independently; evidence for or against one idea does not constitute evidence for or against the other. With this in mind, I would like to introduce this special issue of Brain and Language, which brings together seven original papers presenting theoretical and empirical arguments regarding the role of the motor system in these two domains of language processing. Before introducing the papers, however, it is worth laying out some boundary conditions for evaluating the evidence and claims.
An audiovisual behavioral analysis of the stuttering moment

Sound motion pictures were taken of a stutterer during oral reading. Reliable measurements of the frequency and course of several specific behaviors as well as the traditional definitional unit of the “stuttering moment” (all behaviors lumped together) were obtained. Covariant and descriptive analysis of the data revealed two divergent categories of behavior were contained within the “stuttering moment.” Moreover, this divergence was totally masked when analyzing the data in the traditional manner utilizing the frequency of the stuttering moment. Implications for a two-factor (classical-instrumental) learning theory of stuttering are briefly discussed. A plea is made for the behavioral researcher and clinician to perform careful analysis of component behaviors when dealing with a conglomerate of behaviors (such as the “stuttering moment”) which may be only apparently unitary in nature.
SU‐E‐T‐327: Dosimetry and Implementation of High‐Dose Rate MLC‐Based GRID Therapy Using a 6MV Flattened Filter Free (FFF) Photon Beam

Purpose: To dosimetrically characterize high‐dose rate multileaf collimator (MLC)‐based, spatially‐fractionated GRID therapy (MLC GRID) using a 6MV flattened filter free (FFF) photon beam delivered from a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator. Methods: Planning for MLC GRID therapy was done by a Varian Eclipse treatment planning system. The dose plane at depth of 5cm was exported for a dose comparison between the calculated and measured data. MLC GRID with the projected square openings of 10 x 10 mm at the isocenter was studied using 6MV FFF photons at a dose rate of 1400MU/min. Four separate MLC‐shaped beams of each with two columns of GRID openings were automated for delivery by a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator. MLC GRID was characterized with depth dose, profile and output using an IBA scanning system. Results: 6MV FFF GRID patterns recorded using films and EPID were found to be consistent in both aperture sizes and alignment. A MapCheck was used to validate the 16–20 cm field of a 6MV FFF GRID with a pass rate of 97% at 3%/3mm criteria. The ratio of the openings to the blocked area was quantified to be 25% with a valley–to–peak ratio of about 16.5% from the beam profiles in the central aperture. GRID therapy is a technique to treat advanced bulky tumor in a single or a few fractions by delivering a dose of 12 to 20Gy to tumors that do not respond to conventional fractionation schemes. Four abutting GRID fields with 3000 MU to each field took only about 9 minutes using a 6MV FFF beam, but took more than 30 minutes for delivery at 400 MU/min. Conclusion: 6MV FFF MLC–based GRID therapy aligned accurately with IGRT showed advantages in the higher dose delivery by more than 2 times reducing treatment time over a conventional delivery.
Novel mutations in African American patients with glycogen storage disease type II

The infantile form of GSD II (an inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, acid α-glucosidase, Pompe disease) is a severe and invariably fatal disease characterized by a rapidly progressive generalized hypotonia, hepatomegaly, and cardiomegaly. We have recently demonstrated that African American patients share a common nonsense R854X mutation in exon 18 (Becker et al., 1998). Two other mutations, D645E and M519V, have been identified in individual African American patients (Hermans et al., 1993a; Huie et al., 1994a). We describe here three novel mutations in this population group: a missense W481R in exon 10, a deletion of a T1441 in exon 10, and a splicing defect at the 5′ donor site of intron 8 (IVS g+1a). The splicing defect is shared by two unrelated patients and it is linked to intragenic polymorphic sites identical to those found in patients bearing the common R854X mutation. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Probing the low- x structure of nuclear matter with diffractive hadron production in pA collisions

We argue that hadron production in coherent diffraction of protons on a heavy nucleus provides a very sensitive probe of the low-x QCD dynamics. This process probes the BFKL dynamics in protons and the nonlinear gluon evolution in nuclei. We calculate the diffractive hadron production cross sections in the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) kinematic regions. To study the nuclear effects we introduce the diffractive nuclear modification factor. We show that, unlike the nuclear modification factor for inclusive hadron production that has very interesting dynamics at RHIC but is expected to be almost completely saturated at the LHC, the nuclear modification factor for diffractive production exhibits a nontrivial behavior at both RHIC and LHC.
Commuters' Eye-Contact With Strangers in City and Suburban Train Stations: Evidence of Short-Term Adaptation to Interpersonal Overload in the City.

In the present study experimenters attempted to make eye contact with commuters as they approached an express train linking city and suburb and, 20 minutes later, as commuters left the same train. During both the morning rush from suburb to city and the evening rush from city to suburb, commuters were less willing to meet an experimenter's eye at the city train station than at the suburban station. These results support the hypothesis that reduced eye contact with strangers in the city is a short-term adaptation to interpersonal overload in the city. Most generally the results indicate a convergence of laboratory and field data toward the conclusion that crowding effects on behavior are best understood as adaptation to interpersonal overload.