cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards protecting sensitive files in a compromised system

Protecting sensitive files from a compromised system helps administrators to thwart many attacks, discover intrusion trails, and fast restore the system to a safe state. However, most existing file protection mechanisms can be turned off after an attacker manages to exploit a vulnerability to gain privileged access. In this paper we propose SVFS, a secure virtual file system that uses virtual machine technology to store sensitive files in a virtual machine that is dedicated to providing secure data storage, and run applications in one or more guest virtual machines. Accesses to sensitive files must go through SVFS and are subject to access control policies. Because the access control policies are enforced independently in an isolated virtual machine, intruders cannot bypass file protection by compromising a guest VM. In addition, SVFS introduces a virtual remote procedure call mechanism as a substitute of standard RPC to deliver better performance in data exchanging across virtual machine boundaries. We implemented SVFS and tested it against attacks on a guest operating system using several available rootkits. SVFS was able to prevent most of the rootkits from being installed, and prevent all of them from persisting past reboot. We also compared the performance of SVFS to the native Ext3 file system and found that performance cost was reasonable considering the security benefits of SVFS. Our experimental results also show VRPC does improve the file system performance
Psychotherapeutic Approaches to Psychiatric Disorders

Psychotherapy has been used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders for decades, having originally come into being at a time when there was little knowledge of neuroscience or psychopharmacology. Today, with rapid advances in our understanding of neurobiology and an ever-expanding armamentarium of psychoactive medications, psychotherapy remains a highly potent treatment strategy. The different schools of psychotherapy have been subjected to modern research methods, and have proven themselves to be effective, practical, and safe. New investigations have also begun to illuminate the impact of psychotherapy on the brain.
Mycobacterium fortuitum empyema associated with an indwelling pleural catheter: case report and review of the literature.

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) that is an uncommon cause of healthcare-associated infections. The most common infections caused by M. fortuitum include skin, soft tissue, and catheter-related infections. Although occasionally cultured from sputum samples, M. fortuitum is a rare cause of pulmonary disease. We report a case of M. fortuitum empyema associated with an infected pleural catheter and review M. fortuitum pulmonary infections.
Brief Amicus Curiae of the American Jewish Committee, Et Al.

Motion filed March 1 to file this brief in appeal concerning art previously belonging to Fritz Grunbaum, a Viennese cabaret performer the Nazis imprisoned in Dachau. The brief discusses how courts must understand the historical context of the Shoah in deciding such cases and how the HEAR Act unified statute of limitations analysis throughout the nation. Amici represented are the American Jewish Committee, Omer Bartov, Michael Bazyler, Haim Beliak, Michael Berenbaum, Donald Burris, Judy Chicago, Richard Falk, Hector Feliciano, Eugene Fisher, Irving Greenberg, Peter Hayes, Douglas and Marjorie Kinsey, Douglas Kmiec, Marcia Sachs Littell, Hubert Locke, Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Bruce Pauley, John Pawlikowski, Carol Rittner, John Roth, Randol Schoenberg, William Shulman, Stephen Smith, Alan Steinweis, Melvyn Weiss, Donald Woodman, and Jonathan Zatlin, in Support of Plaintiffs-Respondents.
Comparing hospital outcomes between open and closed tibia fractures treated with intramedullary fixation.

Abstract Introduction Tibial shaft fractures comprise a large portion of operatively treated long bone fractures, and present with the highest rate of open injuries. Intramedullary fixation has become the standard of care for both open and closed injuries. The rates of short term complications and hospital length of stay for open and closed fractures treated with intramedullary fixation is not fully known. Previous series on tibia fractures were performed at high volume centers, and data were not generalizable, further they did not report on length of stay and the impact of preoperative variables on infections, complications and reoperation. We used a large surgical database to compare these outcomes while adjusting for preoperative risk factors. Methods Data were extracted from the ACS-NSQIP database from 2005 to 2014. Cases were identified based on CPT codes for intramedullary fixation and categorized as closed vs open based on ICD9 code. In addition to demographic and case data, primary analysis examined correlation between open and closed fracture status with infection, complications, reoperation and hospital length of stay. Secondary analysis examined preoperative variables including gender, race, age, BMI, and diabetes effect on outcomes. Results There were 272 cases identified. There were no significant demographic differences between open and closed tibia fracture cases. Open fracture status did not increase the rate of infection, 30 day complications, reoperation, or length of stay. The only preoperative factor that correlated with length of stay was age. There was no correlation between BMI, presence of insulin dependent and nondependent diabetes, and any outcome measure. Discussion When considering the complication rates for open and closed tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary fixation, there is no difference between 30-day complication rate, length of stay, or return to the operating room. Our reported postoperative infection rates were comparable to previous series, adding validity to our results. The heterogeneity of the hospitals included in ACS-NSQIP database allow our data to be generalizable. These methods may underrepresent the true occurrence of infection as operatively treated tibia infections may present late, requiring late revision. Despite limitations, the data reflect on the current burden of managing these once devastating injuries.
The Effect of Chain Size and Customer Type on Company Survival: Evidence from Multi-Unit Restaurants

It is commonly believed that economies of scale in branding, operation, and learning provide large chains’ dominance in the retailing industry. Anecdotal and systematic evidence, however, show larg...
Rebuttal from Professor Sanja Dacic.

First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Helmut Popper for his discussion on controversial areas in the 2015 WHO classification of mucinous lung adenocarcinomas. Many points are related to the fact that mucinous adenocarcinomas are less common than non-mucinous lung adenocarcinoma and our knowledge about this subset of lung carcinoma is still relatively limited.
Simultaneous Single-Molecule Detection of Endogenous C-5 DNA Methylation and Chromatin Accessibility Using MAPit

Bisulfite genomic sequencing provides a single-molecule view of cytosine methylation states. After deamination, each cloned molecule contains a record of methylation within its sequence. The full power of this technique is harnessed by treating nuclei with an exogenous DNMT prior to DNA extraction. This exogenous methylation marks regions of accessibility and footprints nucleosomes, as well as other DNA-binding proteins. Thus, each cloned molecule records not only the endogenous methylation present (at CG sites, in mammals), but also the exogenous (GC, when using the Chlorella virus protein M.CviPI). We term this technique MAPit, methylation accessibility protocol for individual templates.
‘A Sea of Sectarian Rivalries’: The Second Great Awakening and Religious Conflict

Chapter 3 presents a recapitulation of Second Great Awakening revivals along the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont and in Kentucky. Cortes describes the extreme religious pluralism of New York, especially in the ‘Burned-Over District.’ Despite early religious cooperation, confessional rivalry soon disrupts relations among Protestants, as well as with Catholics in most places. Brownson laments religious discord and objects to the prevailing sectarianism. The chapter proceeds to examine Brownson’s critique of ‘new-measures revivalism’ as excessively emotional and reliant on inflammatory preaching. Conflicts within Brownson’s own Universalism become so grave that he departs the tradition in late 1829.
A nonparametric Bayesian method of translating machine learning scores to probabilities in clinical decision support.

Probabilistic assessments of clinical care are essential for quality care. Yet, machine learning, which supports this care process has been limited to categorical results. To maximize its usefulness, it is important to find novel approaches that calibrate the ML output with a likelihood scale. Current state-of-the-art calibration methods are generally accurate and applicable to many ML models, but improved granularity and accuracy of such methods would increase the information available for clinical decision making. This novel non-parametric Bayesian approach is demonstrated on a variety of data sets, including simulated classifier outputs, biomedical data sets from the University of California, Irvine (UCI) Machine Learning Repository, and a clinical data set built to determine suicide risk from the language of emergency department patients. The method is first demonstrated on support-vector machine (SVM) models, which generally produce well-behaved, well understood scores. The method produces calibrations that are comparable to the state-of-the-art Bayesian Binning in Quantiles (BBQ) method when the SVM models are able to effectively separate cases and controls. However, as the SVM models’ ability to discriminate classes decreases, our approach yields more granular and dynamic calibrated probabilities comparing to the BBQ method. Improvements in granularity and range are even more dramatic when the discrimination between the classes is artificially degraded by replacing the SVM model with an ad hoc k-means classifier. The method allows both clinicians and patients to have a more nuanced view of the output of an ML model, allowing better decision making. The method is demonstrated on simulated data, various biomedical data sets and a clinical data set, to which diverse ML methods are applied. Trivially extending the method to (non-ML) clinical scores is also discussed.
Minimally invasive surgical techniques for adult spinal deformity

Abstract Minimally invasive surgery has become increasingly popular, utilizing smaller incisions in an effort to reduce morbidity associated with traditional approaches. Traditional correction of adult degenerative scoliosis is associated with significant risks and prolonged recovery. Surgeons should be cognizant of patient selection factors, approaches, risks, and outcomes of minimally invasive procedures, because they can be effective and desirable for the patient. Minimally invasive spinal deformity correction and hybrid constructs are viable alternatives to traditional open surgery.
Priv: Secure and Flexible Privileged Access Dissemination

Large UNIX installations have become increasingly demanding of ever growing staffs of system administrators. Since very few system management tasks can be performed without access to root, large sites quickly face a "too many cooks" problem. The problem emerges clearly out of the numerous existing, yet only partial solutions to the problem. Examples of broad access needs are numerous: Help desk staff need to be able to examine user's files to assist over the phone or change passwords. The ability to su(1) to only non-root users is also be useful. System operators need to manage print queues, kill jobs and reboot systems. Neither group, however, should necessarily need access to to pids or files owned by root, making blanket access to kill(1) and cat(1), for example, potentially problematic. Users in a research lab need to mount cdroms. In walk-in consulting areas, securing access to commands via the privileged user's own passwd prevents unattended terminals from being sabotaged. In our environment at UC Davis, we have all of these groups of users and none represent core system administration staff, the only true root users. Several packages and other mechanisms address this issue, but even most of the more expensive commercial packages fail to allow privileged system access that is both secure and flexible.
Tuning spin dynamics and localization near the metal-insulator transition in Fe/GaAs heterostructures

We present a simultaneous investigation of coherent spin dynamics in both localized and itinerant carriers in Fe/GaAs heterostructures using ultrafast and spin-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy. We find that for excitation densities that push the transient Fermi energy of photocarriers above the mobility edge there exist two distinct precession frequencies in the observed spin dynamics, allowing us to simultaneously monitor both localized and itinerant states. For low magnetic fields (below 3.00 T) the beat frequency between these two excitations evolves linearly, indicating that the nuclear polarization is saturated almost immediately and that the hyperfine coupling to these two states is comparable, despite the 20 times enhancement in nuclear polarization provided by the presence of the Fe layer. At higher magnetic fields (above 3.00 T) the Zeeman energy drives reentrant localization of the photocarriers. Subtracting the constant hyperfine contribution from both sets of data allows us to extract the Lande $g$ factor for each state and estimate their energy relative to the bottom of the conduction band, yielding \ensuremath{-}2.16 and 17 meV for localized and itinerant states, respectively. This work advances our fundamental understanding of spin-spin interactions between electron and nuclear spin species, as well as between localized and itinerant electronic states, and therefore has implications for future work in both spintronics and quantum information/computation.
Picosecond Dynamics of Hot Dense Electron-Hole Plasmas in Crystalline and Amorphized Si and GaAs

The physics of highly excited semiconductors has recently been the subject of many studies, especially in connection with the problem of pulsed laser annealing. Careful experiments [1–3] have now been performed with the temporal resolution required to demonstrate that one single picosecond or femto-second pulse can produce melting at the surface of silicon. Since the carrier relaxation time is very short (≲1 ps), melting occurs during illumination with ~30 ps pulses, such as those available from doubled Nd:YAG lasers. Unfortunately, because even the very dense electron-hole plasma (EHP) produced by a strong visible pulse will cause only a small change in the reflectivity of a probe beam (at 1.06 pm), up to densities ~1021 cm−3, it is difficult to use time-resolved reflection measurements to obtain detailed information on the dynamics of the very dense and hot EHP just before melting occurs. In this paper, we present results obtained using a novel technique that allows us to study in more detail the plasma close to but below the melting phase transition in Si and GaAs.
Shareholder Activism and Corporate Governance in the United States

I survey corporate governance activity by institutional investors in the United States, and the empirical evidence on whether this activity affects firm performance. A small number of American institutional investors, mostly public pension plans, spend a trivial amount of money on overt activism efforts. They don't conduct proxy fights, and don't try to elect their own candidates to the board of directors. Legal rules, agency costs within the institutions, information costs, collective action problems, and limited institutional competence are all plausible partial explanations for this relative lack of activity. The currently available evidence, taken as a whole, is consistent with the proposition that the institutions achieve the effects on firm performance that one might expect from this level of effort -- namely, not much.
A Method for the Calibration of an On-Line Density Meter

This paper presents a method for the calibration of an on-line density meter. Formulae for the prediction of density are given along with a bound on the error of prediction that accounts for various sources of random error. A worked example illustrates ..
Pervasive clinical computing: the hidden cost of upgrading.

With the price of personal computers dropping below $500, it's tempting to toss out “old” putty-colored sub-GHz computers with their bulky CRT monitors in favor of sleek, two-tone models with fast processors and flat-panel displays. But before you do, consider the many hidden costs of upgrading your office with a fleet of computers, as described here.
The Syntax of Agreement and Concord

'Agreement' is the grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one item, such as the noun 'horses', forces a second item in the sentence, such as the verb 'gallop', to appear in a particular form, i.e. 'gallop' must agree with 'horses' in number. Even though agreement phenomena are some of the most familiar and well-studied aspects of grammar, there are certain basic questions that have rarely been asked, let alone answered. This book develops a theory of the agreement processes found in language, and considers why verbs agree with subjects in person, adjectives agree in number and gender but not person, and nouns do not agree at all. Explaining these differences leads to a theory that can be applied to all parts of speech and to all languages.
Necrotizing fasciitis with mediastinitis following snakebite envenomation

Snakebite envenomation is a life-threatening injury and a neglected public health issue in Africa. We report the case of a child that presented 6 days following a forearm snakebite with compartment syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis of the upper limb extending to the neck and chest who developed mediastinitis. She underwent multiple surgical debridements and the mediastinitis was managed non-surgically with antibiotics and postural drainage leading to recovery. The wounds were later grafted and the child discharged. Extension of necrotizing fasciitis from the limbs to the chest wall with development of mediastinitis is extremely rare with one previous case reported in a woman with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus on immunosuppressive therapy. We report this case due to its unusual presentation with no previous reports found on the development of mediastinitis following snakebite. In conclusion, physicians should have a high index of suspicion for mediastinitis in patients with necrotizing fasciitis extending to the neck and chest following snakebite.
Body Composition Is Associated With Physical Performance in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis.

Background/objective The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine associations between body composition, self-reported function, and physical performance after accounting for body mass index (BMI) in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Methods Percent fat and lean mass were evaluated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Self-reported function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] function subscale) and physical performance (20-m walk, chair stand, and stair climb) were collected on 46 adults (30% male; BMI, 29.6 ± 3.8 kg/m) with radiographically defined knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2-4). Linear regressions determined the unique association between WOMAC and physical performance explained individually by percent fat and lean mass ([INCREMENT]R) after accounting for BMI. Results Lower percent fat mass significantly associated with better physical performance after accounting for BMI (20-m walk: [INCREMENT]R = 0.10, p = 0.03; chair stand: [INCREMENT]R = 0.16, p = 0.01; stair climb: [INCREMENT]R = 0.11, p = 0.03). Higher percent lean mass significantly associated with better chair stand ([INCREMENT]R = 0.09, p = 0.04) but not 20-m walk or stair climb ([INCREMENT]R range, 0.04-0.07, p > 0.05). After accounting for BMI, neither percent fat nor lean mass associated with WOMAC. Body mass index did not significantly associate with WOMAC or physical performance. Conclusions Lower percent fat and higher percent lean mass associated with better physical performance after accounting for BMI. Body composition and BMI may be used together in the future to more comprehensively understand the association between obesity and disability.
Defying public expectations: Publicly reported hospital scores do not always correlate with clinical outcomes.

Background Publicly reported hospital scores are used by patients to make health care–related decisions; however, their relationship to clinical outcomes is unknown. Methods Through the use of the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database, the association between two commonly used scores (Healthgrades and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Hospital Compare) and four clinical outcomes was evaluated in several surgical fields (general, colorectal, hepatobiliary, foregut, and bariatric). Results After adjusting for patient-level factors, patients from facilities with greater Healthgrades scores were less likely to develop any complication after general surgery operations (P = .0013). Also, greater Healthgrades scores were associated with less 30-day readmissions and emergency department visits for general surgery operations only (P = .0061 and P = .0013, respectively). In addition, greater Healthgrades scores were significantly associated with a lesser hospital length of stay for colorectal, foregut, and general surgery operations. Greater Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Hospital Compare scores were significantly associated with less 30-day readmissions and lesser hospital length of stay for specific operative groups. Conclusion Although some specialties demonstrated a correlation, there was no consistent relationship between publicly reported hospital scores and surgical outcomes that contributed to clinically meaningful use for patients or operations.
The emerging role of immunotherapy for esophageal cancer

Purpose of reviewThe management of esophageal cancer has not changed significantly over the last decade. Survival rates remain poor in locally advanced and metastatic disease. Newer treatment modalities are desperately needed if we are to improve 5-year overall survival rates. Immunotherapeutic stra
Stenting the vertical neonatal ductus arteriosus via the percutaneous axillary approach.

Background/objective Stenting the ductus arteriosus (DAS) has become an alternative to surgical systemic to pulmonary artery shunts in neonates with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow (PBF). Femoral approach for a vertical ductus can be difficult secondary to the acute angle and tortuous course, thus alternative access sites have been explored. Carotid access complications have been reported in 5%-10%. The extensive use of an axillary arterial approach in the United States has not been reported. The aim of this study is to describe our experience with DAS using the axillary approach. Methods We reviewed all patients with DAS with an axillary approach in neonates with ductal-dependent PBF (May 2017-May 2018) in our institution. Procedural reports, angiograms, and clinical records of all consecutive patients were reviewed. Procedural technique, procedural outcomes, adverse events, and post-hospital courses are reported. Results Seven consecutive patients who received DAS utilizing axillary approach. All patients had ductal-dependent PBF through a vertical, tortuous ductus. Five had pulmonary atresia or near atresia, one had compromised PBF due to dynamic subvalvar obstruction, and one had Tetralogy of Fallot with isolated left pulmonary artery. Axillary access with 3.3 or 4 French sheath was obtained using ultrasound guidance. Bare metal coronary stents were deployed successfully in all. Intra-procedure, one developed in stent thrombus requiring re-stenting. There were no procedural mortalities or major adverse events from axillary access. There is a steep learning curve. Hemostasis was achieved with manual compression. Two patients had reintervention at 6-8 weeks. All patients underwent successful planned surgeries. Conclusions This series suggests DAS in neonates utilizing an axillary approach is a feasible and effective alternative for establishing PBF. Axillary arterial approach may be preferred as there is no risk to neurological sequelae and very low risk of limb complications. Larger series are needed to validate this approach.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Sc19Br28Z4 Compounds with Z = Mn, Fe, Ru, or Os. Structural and Bonding Trends in R16X20Z4-Type Oligomers

The title compounds are obtained from reactions of the appropriate proportions of Sc, ScBr3, and elemental Z in sealed Nb tubing at 800−900 °C. The structures with Z = Mn, Ru, Os were established by single crystal means to be Sc-deficient examples of the Gd4I84+(Gd16I20Mn44-) structure (cubic P43m, Z = 1, a = 10.941(9), 10.9897(5), 11.0032(3) A) with 3.6(1), 3.0(1), and 2.9(1) scandium atoms in the tetrahedral cation portion, respectively. The cation deficiency with Z = Ru, Os affords 61-electron Sc16Br20Z4 oligomeric units relative to the closed-shell expectation of 60 e-. The dimensions, proportions, and bond orders in the Sc16Br20Z4 oligomers (S4 symmetry) are compared with those in the four yttrium and one gadolinium examples previously known in this or other structure types. The Sc−Mn combination again displays the longest Sc−Z distances. A systematic breathing distortion of R16X20Z4 clusters that increases in the order Y−I, Y−Br, Sc−Br(Ru,Os,Ir) to Sc−Br−Mn and Gd−I−Mn parallels many other comparis...
Threshold-Triggered Mems-Cmos Infrared Resonant Detector with Near-Zero Standby Power Consumption

This paper reports on the first experimental demonstration of an integrated microsystem that can turn itself ON to quantify the intensity of infrared (IR) radiation when an above-threshold IR signature is present, but otherwise remain dormant with near-zero standby power consumption. The proposed sensor system combines the unique advantage of two recently developed technologies, namely, the zero-power nature of micromechanical photoswitches (MPs) and the high resolution of aluminum nitride (AlN) MEMS resonant infrared detectors (RIDs), to achieve an unprecedented IR sensing capability. Thanks to the spectral selectivity enabled by the plasmonically-enhanced thermo-mechanical transduction in both MEMS structures, the proposed sensor system is capable of discriminating the spectral content of incoming IR radiation for the identification of events of interest. The prototype presented here is automatically powered up by the MP when the incoming IR radiation exceeds 440 nW showing a high IR detection resolution (noise equivalent power ~746.4 pW/Hz1/2) in active state and a near-zero power consumption (~3.01 nW) in standby.
Revealing irradiation damage along with the entire damage range in ion-irradiated SiC/SiC composites using Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Incorporating Raman spectroscopy with transverse lift-out specimens is demonstrated to effectively characterize depth-dependent ion-irradiation damage in nuclear ceramics, such as SiC/SiC composites irradiated up to 1, 10 and 50 displacements per atom (dpa) at 350 °C using 10 MeV Au ions. Raman spectroscopy reveals irradiation-induced structural disorder saturation in both SiC-fiber and SiC-matrix at doses as low as 1 dpa, despite vastly different microstructures, inferred from similar longitudinal optical (LO) and transverse optical (TO) phonon peak shifts. Diamond (D) and graphitic (G) peaks from SiC-fibers disappear under irradiation, revealing irradiation-induced carbon packet loss. The irradiation-induced carbon packet loss is also verified by conducting TEM on same FIB foils used for Raman spectroscopy. In a previous study, the irradiation-induced SiC-fiber shrinkage is known to occur due to carbon packet loss in fibers.
Our Research on Comparing Idea-Sharing Versus Unmindcuffing the Crowd

We describe our field research in which we compare the rated innovativeness of crowds who were exposed to the Idea-Sharing process against “unmindcuffed” crowds. To just collect the data, we had to embark on a painstaking five-year effort of data collection and analysis because all third-party vendors were using the Idea-Sharing process. We describe details about how we ran the 20 crowdsourcing events in the field with partner organizations, making changes to third-party software to create the condition of unmindcuffing the crowd. We randomly assigned events to either the Idea-Sharing or the Unmindcuffed condition. We had executives rate the ideas for their novelty, implementability, and competitive advantage. We found that the unmindcuffed crowds produce more innovative solutions than the more traditionally used Idea-Sharing process!
Time-dependent modeling of coupled plasma-wall dynamics

Effects of dynamic wall outgassing on divertor plasma during an edge localized mode (ELM)-like heat pulse are modeled using the newly coupled edge plasma code UEDGE and wall reaction-diffusion code FACE. Different divertor regimes are simulated depending on the degree of the plasma detachment. It is shown that hydrogen outgassing from the divertor target plate induced by ELM pulse in the semi-detached regime can trigger deep plasma detachment. The induced detachment does not spontaneously reverse after the pulse due to ineffective implantation of low energy plasma hydrogen in the target material. We also show that plasma neutrals play an essential role in heat transport in a detached divertor. The modeled hydrogen dynamics in the wall material demonstrates that the heat pulse leads to enhanced hydrogen transport toward the wall bulk.
Kantian Ethics and Utopian Thinking

Is Kantian Ethics guilty of utopian thinking? First, potentially good and bad uses of utopian ideals are distinguished, then an apparent path is traced from Rousseau’s unworkable political ideal to Kant’s ethical ideal. Three versions of Kant’s Categorical Imperative (and their counter–parts in common moral discourse) are examined briefly for the ways that they may raise the suspicion that they manifest or encourage bad utopian thinking. In each case Kantians have available responses to counter the suspicion, but special attention is directed to the version that says “Act on the maxims of a universally law–giving member of a kingdom of ends.” Interpretations vary, but here primary focus is on one contemporary reconstruction and development of this central idea. Several objections suggest that this idea encourages bad utopian thinking are briefly addressed: that we cannot count on everyone to follow ideal rules, that even conscientious people disagree in their moral judgments, and that theories that allow exceptions to familiar moral rules create a “slippery slope” to moral chaos.
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE IN BROOK, LAKE AND SPLAKE TROUT: AN ISOZYMIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY

ABSTRACT. There are five G-6-P-specific G-6-PD isozymes in both brook and lake trout. The most anodal isozyme in both species has the same electrophoretic mobility, but the lake trout pattern is more widely spaced on polyacrylamide gels. In hybrids, i.e., splake trout, nine forms of G-6-PD can be resolved. These results can best be explained by tetrameric molecules and two different subunit types. G-6-PD isozymes in these trout are the products of two codominant autosomal gene loci. G-6-PD activity profiles and isozyme patterns were examined in developing splake trout. In all crosses examined, the G-6-PD level of trout embryos dropped immediately upon fertilization and then steadily increased after gastrulation. In the F 1 cross Bk ♀ × Lk ♂ the maternal isozyme pattern persisted until after completion of yolk resorption. In F 2 crosses, all embryos at hatching revealed either a brook or lake G-6-PD pattern. Thus, stable products from the oocyte (splake pattern) were no longer present, and the preferential expression of one parental gene (probably maternal) was demonstrated. This asynchrony in gene expression reflects incompatibility between the maternal protein synthesizing machinery and the paternal genome. Perhaps compatibility requires recognizing more of the paternal genome than just the structural gene loci.
Special Sense Organs

The ear may be divided into three parts: external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The pinna and external auditory meatus comprise the external ear. The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane, bony ossicles, and the auditory or eustachian tube, connecting the ear with the oropharynx. Included in the inner ear are the bony labyrinth and spiral cochlea, which contains the organ of Corti.
Associations of Sociodemographic Factors With Health-Related Social Networks Among Premigration Filipinos.

Social networks provide health information that is useful to prevent illness, promote health, and facilitate treatment for health problems. One understudied facet is which people in social networks...
Reinforcing the border, reconfiguring identities: Polish initiatives in the Carpathians in the interwar period

Established in the wake of the First World War, the multiethnic Polish Second Republic was determined to secure its long southern border, formed by the Carpathian Mountains, which prior to the war ...
Fever, Diarrhea, and Severe Disease Correlate with High Persistent Antibody Levels against SARS-CoV-2

Lasting immunity will be critical for overcoming the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, factors that drive the development of high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and how long those antibodies persist remain unclear. Our objective was to comprehensively evaluate anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a clinically diverse COVID-19 convalescent cohort at defined time points to determine if anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persist and to identify clinical and demographic factors that correlate with high titers. Using a novel multiplex assay to quantify IgG against four SARS-CoV-2 antigens, a receptor binding domain-angiotensin converting enzyme 2 inhibition assay, and a SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay, we found that 98% of COVID-19 convalescent subjects had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies five weeks after symptom resolution (n=113). Further, antibody levels did not decline three months after symptom resolution (n=79). As expected, greater disease severity, older age, male sex, obesity, and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score correlated with increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. We demonstrated for the first time that COVID-19 symptoms, namely fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea and low appetite, correlated consistently with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Our results provide new insights into the development and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Photoluminescence Study of the Mg x Zn 1-x O/CdSe y Te 1-y Interface: The Effect of Oxide Bandgap and Resulting Band Alignment

Mg x Zn 1-x O (MZO) has recently gained popularity as a transparent electron contact in CdTe-based solar cells. The value of the conduction band offset (CBO) and, hence, of the MZO bandgap are often considered essential parameters of this interface, as—in theory—the CBO has a strong impact on both the conduction of electrons and the recombination of holes. However, in this contribution, we report MZO/CdSeTe interfaces where recombination appears to be independent of the CBO. The implications of such results are discussed.
Carotid artery stenting in a patient with an anomalous vertebral artery origin from the external carotid artery

The existence of carotid basilar anastomoses has been well documented embryologically, anatomically, and, in the case of the persistent trigeminal and hypoglossal arteries, angiographically. Conversely, anomalous origins of the vertebral arteries (VA) are not very common with an incidence ranging from 3% to 8%. Multiple variations of the VA origin have been reported in the literature, including arising from the aortic arch, from the common, internal, or external carotid arteries and subclavian branches.1 There are only four cases reported in the literature of VA origin from the external carotid artery.2-5 We report the fifth case in which the anomalous origin was identified during the investigation of an acute ischemic stroke. Video 1 emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge prior to endovascular or surgical interventions. It also highlights technical nuances of carotid artery stenting in a patient with anomalous VA origin from the external carotid artery. neurintsurg;13/10/974/V1F1V1Video 1.
Exceeding expectations after perinatal risks for poor development: associations in term- and preterm-born preschoolers.

To define parenting/social characteristics associated with better-than-expected cognitive and motor outcomes in preschoolers at similar perinatal biological risk-level including various gestational ages at birth (GA) and perinatal complications. Prospective cohort study (n = 87) of children at four years, median GA 29 weeks (IQR 26, 38). Assessments included Differential Ability Scales, Movement Assessment Battery, parenting styles, and social risk scores. Perinatal risk factors were weighted based on regression models for each outcome; individual calculated risk scores became predictors to extract standardized residuals from the mean (>1 SD above mean = better-than-expected). Mixed-effect regressions examined associations between positive adaptation and parenting/social factors. Perinatal risk scores explained 21–53% outcome variability. Children across all GA displayed positive adaptation. Children of parents with higher authoritarian scores had higher odds of better-than-expected outcomes (OR 1.17, p = 0.0002). Parental structure may promote positive adaptation at preschool age in children with perinatal risk factors for poor development, including extreme prematurity.
Interaction of SR-4233 with hyperthermia and radiation in the FSaIIC murine fibrosarcoma tumor system in vitro and in vivo.

The effects of SR-4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide), a hypoxic cell cytotoxic agent, were assayed against the FSaIIC murine fibrosarcoma in vitro and in vivo alone and in conjunction with hyperthermia and radiation. In vitro , a concentration of 500 µm of SR-4233 upon exposure of the cells for 1 h decreased the survival of hypoxic cells by about 1 log more than euoxic cells at 37°C and pH 7.40. At the same concentration at pH 6.45, this difference in cytotoxicity increased to about 3 logs. In conjunction with 42 or 43°C hyperthermia at pH 7.40, the killing of both euoxic and hypoxic cells was markedly increased (hypoxic > oxic), and the effect of hyperthermia on SR-4233 cytotoxicity was further increased at pH 6.45. SR-4233 proved to be an effective radiosensitizer of hypoxic cells in vitro , producing an enhancement ratio of 2.6 ± 0.2 at pH 7.40 and 2.7 ± 0.2 at pH 6.45. In vivo , however, SR-4233 (50 mg/kg) used with single dose radiation (10, 20, or 30 Gy) did not alter the slope of the radiation dose-dependent tumor growth delay curve but did produce a significant additive increase in tumor growth delay. Local hyperthermia (43°C, 30 min) plus SR-4233 (30 mg/kg) produced a tumor growth delay of 9.1 ± 2.2 days, whereas SR-4233 alone caused a tumor growth delay of only 1.7 ± 0.9 days and the hyperthermia, only 1.4 ± 0.7 days. The tumor growth delay increased to 28.2 ± 4.4 days with the addition of daily radiation (3 Gy for 5 days) to SR-4233 and hyperthermia given on treatment day 1 only. Hoechst 33342 dye-selected tumor subpopulation analysis at 24 h following treatment demonstrated that SR-4233 (30 mg/kg) was more toxic to dim (presumably hypoxic) cells by about 1.8-fold. The addition of hyperthermia to treatment with SR-4233 increased the killing of dim cells by about 5-fold but of bright cells by only 2-fold. Trimodality treatment with SR-4233, hyperthermia, and radiation increased the killing of bright cells by about 6.5-fold and of dim cells by about 16.5-fold as compared with radiation alone. These results indicate that SR-4233 might be used quite effectively with radiation and/or hyperthermia to treat tumors with significant hypoxic subpopulations.
Directionality of electron transfer in cyanobacterial photosystem I at 298 and 77 K

Abstract Electron transfer processes in cyanobacterial photosystem I particles from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with a high potential naphthoquinone (2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone) incorporated into the A1 binding site have been studied at 298 and 77 K using time-resolved visible and infrared difference spectroscopy. The high potential naphthoquinone inhibits electron transfer past A1, and biphasic P700+A1− radical pair recombination is observed. The two phases are assigned to P700+A1B− and P700+A1A− recombination. Analyses of the transient absorption changes indicate that the ratio of A- and B-branch electron transfer is 95:5 at 77 K and 77:23 at 298 K.
Primate Translational Vestibuloocular Reflexes. II. Version and Vergence Responses to Fore-Aft Motion

To maintain binocular fixation on near targets during fore-aft translational disturbances, largely disjunctive eye movements are elicited the amplitude and direction of which should be tuned to the horizontal and vertical eccentricities of the target. The eye movements generated during this task have been investigated here as trained rhesus monkeys fixated isovergence targets at different horizontal and vertical eccentricities during 10 Hz fore-aft oscillations. The elicited eye movements complied with the geometric requirements for binocular fixation, although not ideally. First, the corresponding vergence angle for which the movement of each eye would be compensatory was consistently less than that dictated by the actual fixation parameters. Second, the eye position with zero sensitivity to translation was not straight ahead, as geometrically required, but rather exhibited a systematic dependence on viewing distance and vergence angle. Third, responses were asymmetric, with gains being larger for abducting and downward compared with adducting and upward gaze directions, respectively. As frequency was varied between 4 and 12 Hz, responses exhibited high-pass filter properties with significant differences between abduction and adduction responses. As a result of these differences, vergence sensitivity increased as a function of frequency with a steeper slope than that of version. Despite largely undercompensatory version responses, vergence sensitivity was closer to ideal. Moreover, the observed dependence of vergence sensitivity on vergence angle, which was varied between 2.5 and 10 MA, was largely linear rather than quadratic (as geometrically predicted). We conclude that the spatial tuning of eye velocity sensitivity as a function of gaze and viewing distance follows the general geometric dependencies required for the maintenance of foveal visual acuity. However, systematic deviations from ideal behavior exist that might reflect asymmetric processing of abduction/adduction responses perhaps because of different functional dependencies of version and vergence eye movement components during translation.
Complement Receptor C5aR1/CD88 and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4/CD26 Define Distinct Hematopoietic Lineages of Dendritic Cells

Differential display of the integrins CD103 and CD11b are widely used to distinguish two major dendritic cell (DC) subsets in nonlymphoid tissues. CD103(+) DCs arise from FLT3-dependent DC precursors (preDCs), whereas CD11b(hi) DCs can arise either from preDCs or FLT3-independent monocytes. Functional characterization of these two lineages of CD11b(hi) DCs has been hindered by the lack of a widely applicable method to distinguish between them. We performed gene expression analysis of fractionated lung DCs from C57BL/6 mice and found that monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), including CD11b(hi)Ly-6C(lo) tissue-resident and CD11b(hi)Ly-6C(hi) inflammatory moDCs, express the complement 5a receptor 1/CD88, whereas preDC-derived conventional DCs (cDCs), including CD103(+) and CD11b(hi) cDCs, express dipeptidyl peptidase-4/CD26. Flow cytometric analysis of multiple organs, including the kidney, liver, lung, lymph nodes, small intestine, and spleen, confirmed that reciprocal display of CD88 and CD26 can reliably distinguish FLT3-independent moDCs from FLT3-dependent cDCs in C57BL/6 mice. Similar results were obtained when DCs from BALB/c mice were analyzed. Using this novel approach to study DCs in mediastinal lymph nodes, we observed that most blood-derived lymph node-resident DCs, as well as tissue-derived migratory DCs, are cDCs. Furthermore, cDCs, but not moDCs, stimulated naive T cell proliferation. We anticipate that the use of Abs against CD88 and CD26 to distinguish moDCs and cDCs in multiple organs and mouse strains will facilitate studies aimed at assigning specific functions to distinct DC lineages in immune responses.
Comparison of AHP and reference point method in the environmental decision support model

This paper presents what the environmental decision making problem is and methodologies to solve this problem. Advantages and disadvantages of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the reference point method when they are used in the environmental decision support model are discussed thoroughly.
Dental Hygiene Students Assisting in Workforce Issues

The purpose of this program is to involve dental hygiene (DH) students in school-based oral health programs under the general supervision of a dentist. Third and fourth-year baccalaureate DH students have participated in the Dental Sealant Grant Program (DSGP). Presently, fourth-year students are assigned to the DSGP as part of a Rural Health course; thus, providing them with a practical service-learning opportunity, and filling a gap in the present workforce to meet the oral health needs within several rural communities. The program has had a history of providing preventive oral health services to the community; however, past problems encountered were restrictive supervision laws and difficulty obtaining dental personnel including licensed dental hygienists and dentists. DH students provide sealants and oral hygiene education to children eligible for free/reduced lunch and/or Medicaid. Previous to the signing of general supervision (GS) into law in August 2004, the DH students had been supervised by licensed DH faculty, including a supervising dentist, leading to an increase in manpower, hours of operation, and production. Prior to general supervision, the DSGP recorded 319 exams and 738 sealants within a 4-year timeframe (spring 2001 through summer 2004). Data represents 7, 16-week (N=112) semesters that averaged 40 exams and 92 sealants. However, after GS, the DSGP recorded 307 exams and 617 sealants in a shorter time period (fall 2004 to spring 2005) for 2, 16-week semesters (N=32) that averaged 153 exams and 309 sealants. Although the DSGP has been a part of the DH program9s community outreach to school sites and church-sponsored summer lunch initiatives, it is only in its second year as a course rotation site. Further evaluation of the DH students9 learning experiences and an analysis of caries experiences among grade school children will become integral components of this program.
An active, appearance-based approach to the pose estimation of complex objects

Addresses the pose estimation problem for complex objects. Specifically, we investigate the feasibility of combining an active camera with a purely appearance-based approach to this problem. Experimental results are presented for the case of a single non-occluded object against a uniform background.