cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser For Root Canal Disinfection: Theoretical Simulation of Temperature Elevations in Root Dentin

Erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers are currently being investigated for disinfecting the root canal system. Prior to using laser therapy, it is important to understand the temperature distribution and to assess thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. In this study, a theoretical simulation using the Pennes bioheat equation is conducted to evaluate how heat spreads from the canal surface using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Results of the investigation show that some of the proposed treatment protocols for killing bacteria in the deep dentin are ineffective, even for long heating durations. Based on the simulation, an alternative treatment protocol is identified that has improved effectiveness and is less likely to introduce collateral damage to the surrounding tissue. The alternative protocol uses 350 mW laser power with repeating laser tip movement to achieve bacterial disinfection in the deep dentin (800 microm lateral from the canal surface), while avoiding thermal damage to the surrounding tissue (T<47 degrees C). The alternative treatment protocol has the potential to not only achieve bacterial disinfection of deep dentin but also shorten the treatment time, thereby minimizing potential patient discomfort during laser procedures.
Three-dimensional simulation of underexpanded plumes using upwind algorithms

Different numerical techniques have been examined for simulating the underexpanded plumes in supersonic flows. The results revealed that the monotone differentiable limiter is superior to the TVD (total variation diminishing) minmod limiter when the MUSCL (monotonic upstream schemes for conservation laws) approach is used for Roe's upwind scheme. Roe's upwind scheme is found to be superior to the central difference scheme not only for capturing shock waves, but also for capturing shear flows. >
Rhodium acetate catalyzed and thermal reactions of 6-alkoxy-5-diazodihydrouracils

Abstract 6-Alkoxy-5-diazodihydrouracils are converted by rhodium acetate to 5-(alkoxyrnethylene)- 2,4-imidazolidinediones and thermolyze to 1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives.
A bit error probability analysis of a digital PLL based demodulator of differentially encoded BPSK and QPSK modulation

Presents a bit error probability analysis of a digital phase-locked loop based demodulator, of differentially encoded BPSK and QPSK modulations. Differential decoding is a method of resolving a phase ambiguity, typical of fully modulated signals, that uses two consecutive demodulated symbols to estimate the information symbols. The effects of a noisy phase reference on demodulator performance are well documented for uncoded modulations (single symbol demodulation). The paper investigates performance for phase reference time variations between the two symbols. The time varying reference investigated is produced by a digital phase-locked loop. The noisy phase reference has negligible additional effect on the bit error probability for differentially encoded BPSK and QPSK. >
Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Debris Disk around the nearby K Dwarf HD 92945

We present the first resolved images of the debris disk around the nearby K dwarf HD 92945, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST 's) Advanced Camera for Surveys. Our F606W (Broad V) and F814W (Broad I) coronagraphic images reveal an inclined, axisymmetric disk consisting of an inner ring about 2".0-3".0 (43-65 AU) from the star and an extended outer disk whose surface brightness declines slowly with increasing radius approximately 3".0-5".1 (65-110 AU) from the star. A precipitous drop in the surface brightness beyond 110 AU suggests that the outer disk is truncated at that distance. The radial surface-density profile is peaked at both the inner ring and the outer edge of the disk. The dust in the outer disk scatters neutrally but isotropically, and it has a low V-band albedo of 0.1. This combination of axisymmetry, ringed and extended morphology, and isotropic neutral scattering is unique among the 16 debris disks currently resolved in scattered light. We also present new infrared photometry and spectra of HD 92945 obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope's Multiband Imaging Photometer and InfraRed Spectrograph. These data reveal no infrared excess from the disk shortward of 30 μm and constrain the width of the 70 μm source to ≾180 AU. Assuming that the dust comprises compact grains of astronomical silicate with a surface-density profile described by our scattered-light model of the disk, we successfully model the 24-350 μm emission with a minimum grain size of a_(min) = 4.5 μm and a size distribution proportional to a^(–3.7) throughout the disk, but with maximum grain sizes of 900 μm in the inner ring and 50 μm in the outer disk. Together, our HST and Spitzer observations indicate a total dust mass of ~0.001M _⊕. However, our observations provide contradictory evidence of the dust's physical characteristics: its neutral V-I color and lack of 24 μm emission imply grains larger than a few microns, but its isotropic scattering and low albedo suggest a large population of submicron-sized grains. If grains smaller than a few microns are absent, then stellar radiation pressure may be the cause only if the dust is composed of highly absorptive materials like graphite. The dynamical causes of the sharply edged inner ring and outer disk are unclear, but recent models of dust creation and transport in the presence of migrating planets support the notion that the disk indicates an advanced state of planet formation around HD 92945.
A callgraph-based search strategy for automated performance diagnosis

We introduce a new technique for automated performance diagnosis, using the program's callgraph. We discuss our implementation of this diagnosis technique in the Paradyn Performance Consultant. Our implementation includes the new search strategy and new dynamic instrumentation to resolve pointer-based dynamic call sites at run-time. We compare the effectiveness of our new technique to the previous version of the Performance Consultant for several sequential and parallel applications. Our results show that the new search method performs its search while inserting dramatically less instrumentation into the application, resulting in reduced application perturbation and consequently a higher degree of diagnosis accuracy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration by Stealth: How the European Union Gained Competence over Foreign Direct Investment*

How are policy competences allocated between different actors? This article contributes to the literature on institutional development through an in-depth case-study of the conditions under which the competence over the negotiation of agreements on foreign direct investment (FDI) was transferred from the national level to the European Union (EU) in the 2009 Lisbon Treaty. Most analysts assume that this competence shift was a rationally designed delegation, intended to maximize European bargaining power in international investment negotiations and conceived as an important element of a teleological drive to make the EU a meaningful external actor. This article tells a different story – one where the competence shift happened by stealth as a result of a combination of neo-functionalist Commission entrepreneurship and historical accident, against the preferences of the Member States. The article also assesses whether the conditions under which the competence was transferred have implications for the implementation of the new policy.
Intertemporal Permit Trading for Stock Pollutants with Uncertainty

This paper explores the efficiency of tradable permit markets for stock pollutants. With uncertainty about the future stock level or damages, a market with banking and borrowing is inferior, in terms of efficiency, compared to a market without banking and borrowing if the regulator commits to an initial allocation of permits. This result occurs because, with banking and borrowing and commitment, the regulator needs to specify the total allowable amount of emission over time at the initial time period before the uncertainty with the pollution stock is resolved. An alternative banking and borrowing scheme is proposed, where the regulator can update the allocation of permits to firms over time and achieve the efficient pollution accumulation. (JEL code: Q25)
Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship

Abstract Cognitive approaches to creativity are discussed as they relate to an important task of entrepreneurs: generating novel and useful ideas for business ventures. Attention is given to the paradoxical role of knowledge, which can either enhance of inhibit creativity, as well as to the properties of knowledge and a selected set of processes that influence the originality of newly generated ideas. Experimental findings are discussed along with suggestions about how those findings might be translated to practical applications.
How Housing Slumps End

We construct a simple model of the end of housing slumps. We show that the probability that real housing prices stop falling is higher the smaller was the pre-slump house price run-up; the greater has been the cumulative house price decline, the faster is GDP growth, and, most importantly, the lower are mortgage interest rates. Slumps are longer where the construction sector is more responsive, allowing booms to create larger supply overhangs, but shorter the more developed are financial markets and institutions, enabling new buyers to access credit and enter the market. Falling house prices can lead to lower private sector credit flows, in turn limiting the scope for new home purchases and creating the danger of a vicious spiral of slumping housing prices and distressed financial institutions. This suggests that policymakers should take steps to break the link between the housing market problems and banking problems by intervening to recapitalize distressed banking systems while using quantitative easing and credit easing to lower mortgage interest rates and help revive the housing market directly. — Agustin S. Benetrix, Barry Eichengreen and Kevin H. O'Rourke
A Possible Approach to Inclusion of Space and Time in Frame Fields of Quantum Representations of Real and Complex Numbers

This work is based on the field of reference frames based on quantum representations of real and complex numbers described in other work. Here frame domains are expanded to include space and time lattices. Strings of qukits are described as hybrid systems as they are both mathematical and physical systems. As mathematical systems they represent numbers. As physical systems in each frame the strings have a discrete Schrodinger dynamics on the lattices. The frame field has an iterative structure such that the contents of a stage j frame have images in a stage (parent) frame. A discussion of parent frame images includes the proposal that points of stage j frame lattices have images as hybrid systems in parent frames. The resulting association of energy with images of lattice point locations, as hybrid systems states, is discussed. Representations and images of other physical systems in the different frames are also described.
On the Capacity and Design of Limited Feedback Multiuser MIMO Uplinks

The theory of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology has been well developed to increase fading channel capacity over single-input-single-output (SISO) systems. This capacity gain can often be leveraged by utilizing channel state information at the transmitter and the receiver. Users make use of this channel state information for transmit signal adaptation. In this correspondence, we derive the capacity region for the MIMO multiple access channel (MIMO MAC) when partial channel state information is available at the transmitters, where we assume a synchronous MIMO multiuser uplink. The partial channel state information feedback has a cardinality constraint and is fed back from the basestation to the users using a limited rate feedback channel. Using this feedback information, we propose a finite codebook design method to maximize the sum rate. In this correspondence, the codebook is a set of transmit signal covariance matrices. We also derive the capacity region and codebook design methods in the case that the covariance matrix is rank one (i.e., beam- forming). This is motivated by the fact that beamforming is optimal in certain conditions. The simulation results show that when the number of feedback bits increases, the capacity also increases. Even with a small number of feedback bits, the performance of the proposed system is close to an optimal solution with the full feedback.
The case for a generalized graphic problem solver

Not so many years ago, SKETCHPAD and DAC set the whole world of computing on a philosophical bender. People, who either knew little of the subject or else should have known better, started talking up a storm. The whole of engineering was about to be revolutionized and everyone should prepare now or be sunk, to drown in their own ignorance.
Slot-coupled patch antenna with coplanar waveguide feed

Two slot-coupled feeding techniques for exciting a patch antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) were experimentally investigated. In the first technique, a CPW with two notches on both sides of the slot lines is used to couple power to the antenna through a narrow rectangular slot. In the second technique, a grounded CPW with a series gap in the center strip conductor is used to couple power to the antenna through a dumbbell slot. Results indicated that both techniques are feasible and yield high coupling efficiency. >
Trade Openness, Capital Mobility, and the Sacrifice Ratio

This paper develops and evaluates empirically the implications of a theoretical model of an open economy in which variations in both trade openness and capital mobility can influence the sacrifice ratio. Key predictions forthcoming from the model are that both forms of globalization can independently affect the sacrifice ratio, once the influences of the level of central bank independence and the degree of wage stickiness in nations’ economies are taken into account. Examination of cross-country data encompassing 58 disinflations for 16 countries yields evidence consistent with these essential predictions of the theoretical framework.
Combinatorics of random processes and sections of convex bodies

We find a sharp combinatorial bound for the metric entropy of sets in R n and general classes of functions. This solves two basic combinatorial conjectures on the empirical processes. 1. A class of functions satisfies the uniform Central Limit Theorem if the square root of its combinatorial dimension is integrable. 2. The uniform entropy is equivalent to the combinatorial dimension under minimal regularity. Our method also constructs a nicely bounded coordinate section of a symmetric convex body in R n . In the operator theory, this essentially proves for all normed spaces the restricted invertibility principle of Bourgain and Tzafriri.
On the structure of competitive societies

We model the dynamics of social structure by a simple interacting particle system. The social standing of an individual agent is represented by an integer-valued fitness that changes via two offsetting processes. When two agents interact one advances: the fitter with probability p and the less fit with probability 1-p. The fitness of an agent may also decline with rate r. From a scaling analysis of the underlying master equations for the fitness distribution of the population, we find four distinct social structures as a function of the governing parameters p and r. These include: (i) a static lower-class society where all agents have finite fitness; (ii) an upwardly-mobile middle-class society; (iii) a hierarchical society where a finite fraction of the population belongs to a middle class and a complementary fraction to the lower class; (iv) an egalitarian society where all agents are upwardly mobile and have nearly the same fitness. We determine the basic features of the fitness distributions in these four phases.
An improved synthesis of tetramesitylporphyrin

Abstract We report a simple two-step one-flask procedure for the synthesis of tetramesitylporphyrin in 29% yield. Pyrrole and mesitaldehyde react at room temperature to form tetramesitylporphyrinogen. The addition of an oxidant yields the porphyrin. Macrocycle formation and oxidative aromatization are thus performed separately. The reaction at higher temperature results in a lower yield of porphyrin.
Cyclobutane and cyclobutene synthesis: catalytic enantioselective [2+2] cycloadditions.

Cyclobutanes and cyclobutenes are important structural motifs found in numerous biologically significant molecules, and they are useful intermediates for chemical synthesis. Consequently, [2+2] cycloadditions to access cyclobutanes and cyclobutenes have been established to be particularly useful transformations. Within the last 10 years, an increase in the frequency of publications for catalytic enantioselective [2+2] cycloadditions has occurred. These reactions provide access to a wide array of enantiomerically enriched chemical diversity that was not previously attainable. Described in this review are the advances made in catalytic enantioselective [2+2] cycloadditions to access cyclobutanes and cyclobutenes.
Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation and Heteroarylation of Indolizines

A highly effective protocol for palladium-catalyzed selective arylation and heteroarylation of indolizines at C-3 has been developed. Mechanistic studies unambiguously support an electrophilic substitution pathway for this transformation.
Has the sun finally risen on photovoltaics

The idea of solar generated electricity dates to discovery of the photovoltaic (PV) effect in 1839 through to the first silicon solar cell in 1954. But even with concerns about oil and the environment, PV currently generates less than 0.1% of the world's electricity. We present here the case that PV is on the verge of becoming a major source of electrical power through a principle similar to that which underlies VLSI — the reduction of unit cost through nanomanufacturing.
Sex Ratios, Sex Role Spillover, and Sex at Work: A Comparison of Men's and Women's Experiences:

Sex-role spillover is the carryover of gender-based roles into the work setting. It is exacerbated by having a highly skewed ratio of the sexes at work. The sex roles associated with the majority sex become incorporated into the work roles. In male-dominated jobs, activity, rationality, and aggressiveness are emphasized, whereas nurturance and passivity are associated with “women's work. “ The implications of sex-role spillover for sexual behavior at work was investigated through analysis of a telephone survey of working adults in Los Angeles County in 1980. Sex-role spillover affects people in traditional work by having their sex role and work role merged together, and affects people in nontraditional work by the fact that they are a visible minority and their sex does not correspond to the sex roles normally associated with their jobs. In the case of sexual behavior at work, the fallout of sex role spillover is more visibly negative for women than for men. Very few men work in nontraditional or integrat...
Optimal Testing of Reed-Muller Codes

We consider the problem of testing if a given function $f : \F_2^n \right arrow \F_2$ is close to any degree $d$ polynomial in $n$ variables, also known as the Reed-Muller testing problem. %The Gowers norm is based on a natural $2^{d+1}$-query test for this property. Alon et al.~\cite{AKKLR} proposed and analyzed a natural $2^{d+1}$-query test for this problem. This test turned out to be intimately related to the Gowers norm. Alon et. al. showed that this test accepts every degree $d$ polynomial with probability $1$, while it rejects functions that are $\Omega(1)$-far with probability $\Omega(1/(d 2^{d}))$. We give an asymptotically optimal analysis of this test, and show that it rejects functions that are (even only) $\Omega(2^{-d})$-far with $\Omega(1)$-probability (so the rejection probability is a universal constant independent of $d$ and $n$). This implies a tight relationship between the $(d+1)^{\rm{st}}$-Gowers norm of a function and its maximal correlation with degree $d$ polynomials, when the correlation is close to 1. Our proof works by induction on $n$ and yields a new analysis of even the classical Blum-Luby-Rubinfeld~\cite{BLR} linearity test, for the setting of functions mapping $\F_2^n$ to $\F_2$. The optimality follows from a tighter analysis of counterexamples to the ``inverse conjecture for the Gowers norm'' constructed by \cite{GT07, LMS}. Our result has several implications. First, it shows that the Gowers norm test is tolerant, in that it also accepts close code words. Second, it improves the parameters of an XOR lemma for polynomials given by Viola and Wigderson~\cite{VW}. Third, it implies a ``query hierarchy'' result for property testing of affine-invariant properties. That is, for every function $q(n)$, it gives an affine-invariant property that is testable with $O(q(n))$-queries, but not with $o(q(n))$-queries, complementing an analogous result of \cite{GKNR08} for graph properties.
New developments in the chemistry and biology of the bioactive constituents of Tanshen.

Tanshen, the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been used in Chinese traditional medicine (TCM) for multiple therapeutic remedies. The major constituents of Tanshen include water-soluble phenolic acids and lipophilic tanshinones. Phenolic acids possess antioxidant and anticoagulant activities, whereas tanshinones show antibacterial, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities. This review will focus on recent developments concerning the chemical constituents of Tanshen and their biological activities. These chemical and biological studies continue to increase our understanding about a scientific basis for the traditional clinical use of Tanshen and can also contribute to the development of new drug candidates. Recently, in the author's laboratory, a new compound, neo-tanshinlactone, was discovered to have potent selective antibreast cancer activity. This compound might serve as a lead for developing promising antibreast cancer clinical trials candidates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 1, 133–148, 2007
SEIBERG-WITTEN-FLOER HOMOLOGY AND HEEGAARD SPLITTINGS

The dimensional reduction of Seiberg-Witten theory defines a gauge theory of compact connected three-manifolds. Solutions of the equations modulo gauge symmetries on a three-manifold Y can be interpreted as the critical points of a functional defined on an infinite dimensional configuration space of U(1)-connections and spinors. The original Seiberg-Witten equations on the infinite cylinder Y × IR are the downward gradient flow of the functional. Thus, it is possible to construct an infinite dimensional Morse theory. The associated Morse homology is the analogue in the context of Seiberg-Witten theory of Floer’s instanton homology constructed using Yang-Mills gauge theory. The construction and the properties of this Seiberg-Witten Floer homology are essentially different according to whether the three-manifold Y is a homology sphere or has non-trivial rational homology. In this work we construct the Seiberg-Witten Floer homology for three-manifolds with b^1(Y ) > 0. We define an associated Casson-like invariant and we prove that it satisfies the expected intersection formula under a Heegaard splitting of the three-manifold.
Free resolutions over short local rings

The structure of minimal free resolutions of finite modules M over commutative local rings (R, , k) with 3 = 0 and rankk(2)<rankk (/2) is studied. It is proved that over generic R every M has a Koszul syzygy module. Explicit families of Koszul modules are identified. When R is Gorenstein the non-Koszul modules are classified. Structure theorems are established for the graded k-algebra ExtR(k, k) and its graded module ExtR(M, k)
Robust, fragile or optimal?

We show by examples that optimum and robust controllers, designed by using the H/sub 2/, H/sub /spl infin//, l/sup 1/ and /spl mu/ formulations, can produce extremely fragile controllers, in the sense that vanishingly small perturbations of the coefficients of the designed controller destabilize the closed loop control system. The examples show that this fragility also usually manifests itself as extremely poor gain and phase margins of the closed loop system.
Synthesis of Oxacycles by Tandem Radical Addition−Cyclization Reactions

β-Alkoxyalkylidenemalonates undergo tandem radical addition−cyclization reactions to provide oxacycles of different ring sizes in good chemical efficiency. A variety of nucleophilic radicals participate in the addition−cyclization reactions, and the reaction requires the use of lanthanide triflates as Lewis acids. Compound 9 gave the 5-exo cyclization product 13 in 80 % yield and greater than 50:1 diastereoselectivity favoring the trans isomer. Radical addition−cyclization reactions using substrate 26, in which the 5-exo pathway was blocked, gave exclusively the 6-endo products 27−32 in good yields (68−88 %) and moderate to good selectivity (1.2:1 to 14:1). Generally, 7-endo cyclization dominated over the 6-exo mode. Addition of various nucleophilic radicals to substrate 33 using ytterbium triflate as a Lewis acid gave the 7-endo products 34−39 in moderate to good yield (49−75 %). Substrate 41, in which the 6-exo pathway was blocked, gave the 7-endo products 42−47 cleanly. The diastereoselectivities in these cyclizations were dependent on the size of the radical; bulky radicals gave lower selectivities. Radical addition−cyclization using 48 gave the 8-endo products 49−53 in good yield (58−86 %). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Aerospace design optimization using a steady state real-coded genetic algorithm

Abstract This study demonstrates the advantages of using a real coded genetic algorithm (GA) for aerospace engineering design applications. The GA developed for this study runs steady state, meaning that after every function evaluation the worst performer is determined and that worst performer is then thrown out and replaced by a new member that has been evaluated. The new member is produced by mating two successful parents through a crossover routine, and then mutating that new member. For this study three different preliminary design studies were conducted using both a binary and a real coded GA including a single stage solid propellant missile systems design, a two stage solid propellant missile systems design and a single stage liquid propellant missile systems design.
Determining exon connectivity in complex mRNAs by nanopore sequencing

Short-read high-throughput RNA sequencing, though powerful, is limited in its ability to directly measure exon connectivity in mRNAs that contain multiple alternative exons located farther apart than the maximum read length. Here, we use the Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer to identify 7,899 ‘full-length’ isoforms expressed from four Drosophila genes, Dscam1, MRP, Mhc, and Rdl. These results demonstrate that nanopore sequencing can be used to deconvolute individual isoforms and that it has the potential to be a powerful method for comprehensive transcriptome characterization.
Micro-Corrosion of Al-Cu Bonding Pads

Aluminum metallization films with copper additions are found to exhibit highly localized pitting in the presence of moisture. Galvanic action of aluminum surrounding Al 2 Cu theta phase particles causes localized aluminum corrosion. The thin layer of aluminum hydroxide corrosion product on the bonding pad creates an effective barrier to high-quality wire bonding.
On the Value of Portfolio Diversity in Heart, Lung, and Blood Research

In his widely acclaimed book “The Difference,”1 Scott Page, a Professor at the University of Michigan, described a computer modeling experiment designed to test the “Diversity Trumps Ability Theorem.” The theorem postulates that “collections of diverse individuals outperform collections of more individually capable individuals.”1 The computer model showed that diversity enhanced the ability to solve problems or make accurate predictions,2 but only when 4 conditions were met: (1) the problems were difficult, (2) all problem solvers were “smart” (but not the smartest), (3) diversity was sufficient to ensure that different problem solvers could exploit the solutions of others, and (4) the populations of problem solvers and collections of problem solvers were large.1 As all 4 of these conditions are clearly met in heart, lung, and blood (HLB) research, we were stimulated to examine the diversity of topics and mechanisms in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) portfolio. To further support his argument for the benefits of diversity, Page cited a number of empirical examples, including cities,3 policy-making agencies, management teams, and groups of scientists.1 Other authors have cited examples supporting the importance of diversity in science: multidisciplinary interactions have repeatedly been shown to generate greater degrees of rigor, creativity, evolution of ideas, academic productivity,4 and innovation.5,6 Page argues that when faced with difficult problems, different people (or more generally different agents) can bring different “toolboxes.” Diverse toolboxes offer varying perspectives, interpretations, heuristics, and prediction models. Diversity works, both theoretically and empirically, because application of many different toolboxes reframes confusing data into eminently solvable problems and because diverse agents naturally build on each others' work.1,2 Science is one of society's most valuable diverse “toolboxes” for improving health and for serving as a sound economic investment.7 …
Selective fluorination of 1-hydroxyisoquinolines using Selectfluor™

Abstract The highly regioselective fluorination of 1-hydroxyisoquinoline is described using Selectfluor™ (F–TEDA–BF 4 ) under a variety of conditions.
Discrepant measurements of the radial velocities of SS cygni: solution to the problem

We show that the discrepancies among the various measurements of the radial velocity curve of the K5 V star in the dwarf nova SS Cyg have been caused by (1) poor choices of lines for measuring its velocity and (2) large distortions in its velocity caused by heating from the white dwarf and its accretion disk. The correct K velocity of the center of mass of the K5 V star is 158 ± 3 km s -1.
Feature extraction and damage-precursors for prognostication of lead-free electronics.

Abstract Damage pre-cursors based health management and prognostication methodology has been presented for electronic systems in harsh environments. The framework has been developed based on a development of correlation between damage pre-cursors and underlying degradation mechanisms in lead-free packaging architectures. The proposed methodology eliminates the need for knowledge of prior stress histories and enables interrogation of system state using the identified damage pre-cursors. Test vehicle includes various area-array packaging architectures subjected to single thermo-mechanical stresses including thermal cycling in the range of −40 °C to 125 °C and isothermal aging at 125 °C. Experimental data on damage pre-cursors has been presented for packaging architectures encompassing flex-substrate ball grid arrays, chip-array ball grid arrays, and plastic ball grid arrays. Examples of damage proxies include phase-growth parameter, intermetallic thickness and interfacial stress variations. Damage proxies have been correlated with residual life. The damage proxies have also been correlated with computational finite-element model predictions. Plastic and creep strain energy densities have been correlated to the identified damage proxies.
Model for yield and manufacturing prediction on VLSI designs for advanced technologies, mixed circuitry, and memories

A yield model has been developed and validated for use in optimizing VLSI floorplanning in next generation products. The model successfully predicts yields and costs on a variety of products in CMOS, bipolar, and BiCMOS process flows from low cost DIP's and QFP's to more complex PGAs and flip chip package solutions. This paper discusses how the model was developed for use in evaluating the viability of next generation VLSI solutions. The model takes into account variables such as layout sensitivity, circuit redundancy, and learning curves in wafer, assembly, and test processing in determining the total manufacturing cost. >
Precision Tracking Control of Discrete Time Nonminimum-Phase Systems

In this paper, a precision tracking control scheme for linear discrete time nonminimum-phase systems is proposed. This control scheme consists of a preview filter, a tracking-performance filter, a command feedforward controller, and a feedback controller. A command feedforward controller, whose design is based on the minimal order inverse model of the plant being controlled, will result in a completely decoupled system. The preview filter is introduced to compensate the phase and gain errors induced by the nonminimum phase zeros or lightly damped zeros of the system. Using the command feedforward controller along with the proposed preview filter, the tracking performance of the proposed control scheme can be characterized by the frequency response of the tracking-performance filter. For the design of the preview filter, a generalized Nth order preview filter and its associated penalty function that quantifies the tracking error of a design are defined. It is shown that, given the desired bandwidth and the order of the preview filter, the optimal solution for the design of the preview filter can be obtained explicitly. The proposed control scheme together with the optimal preview filter is shown to be very effective in achieving precision tracking control of discrete time MIMO nonminimum phase systems. It is also shown that the tracking performance is improved as the order N of the preview filter is increased.
Probability and Fourier Duality for Affine Iterated Function Systems

Let d be a positive integer, and let μ be a finite measure on ℝ d . In this paper we ask when it is possible to find a subset Λ in ℝ d such that the corresponding complex exponential functions e λ indexed by Λ are orthogonal and total in L 2(μ). If this happens, we say that (μ,Λ) is a spectral pair. This is a Fourier duality, and the x-variable for the L 2(μ)-functions is one side in the duality, while the points in Λ is the other. Stated this way, the framework is too wide, and we shall restrict attention to measures μ which come with an intrinsic scaling symmetry built in and specified by a finite and prescribed system of contractive affine mappings in ℝ d ; an affine iterated function system (IFS). This setting allows us to generate candidates for spectral pairs in such a way that the sets on both sides of the Fourier duality are generated by suitably chosen affine IFSs. For a given affine setup, we spell out the appropriate duality conditions that the two dual IFS-systems must have. Our condition is stated in terms of certain complex Hadamard matrices. Our main results give two ways of building higher dimensional spectral pairs from combinatorial algebra and spectral theory applied to lower dimensional systems.
Investigation of the reaction of 2-bromo-1-naphthol with arylacetonitriles and LiTMP: facile synthesis of 3-arylmethyl-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbonitriles

2-Bromo-1-naphthol reacts with arylacetonitriles and 3-thienylacetonitrile in the presence of LiTMP to give the rearranged 3-benzyl-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbonitriles and 11-amino-5H-anthra[2,3-b]thiophen-10-one, respectively. The reactions proceed via a tandem addition–rearrangement pathway involving a non-synchronous [2 + 2] cycloaddition of an N-lithiated ketenimine and 2,3-didehydronaphthalene 1-oxide. An explanation of the orientation to and reactivity of the aforementioned aryne is presented in terms of chelation between the OLi group and the attacking nitrile nucleophile. Support for the intermediacy of 2,3-didehydronaphthalene 1-oxide was accomplished by obtaining 3-amino-1-naphthols from the reaction of 2-bromonaphthol and the appropriate lithium amide. Alternate non-aryne mechanisms were addressed, but were rejected based on experimental results.
Environmental performance characterization of atomic layer deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is emerging as a promising nanotechnology for manufacturing dielectrics and insulators on microelectronics devices. Its environmental performance has to be characterized at this early development stage to achieve sustainable manufacturing in the future. In this paper, we report our environmental performance characterization studies on ALD technology through material flow analysis and energy flow analysis. The assessed ALD process is for deposition of Al2O3 high-k dielectric films on a 4 inch silicon wafer. The results show that only 50.4% of input trimethyl aluminum (TMA) material is turned into Al2O3 film, while the other half is transformed into toxic emissions into the environment. Material usage efficiency of water is only 2.03% in current ALD processes. ALD is also featured with intensive energy consumption. For the studied ALD process, a total of 4.09 MJ energy is consumed for deposition of a 30 nm Al2O3 film, with averaged energy consumption at 13.6 KJ per cycle.
The solar spectrum at typical clear weather days

The solar spectrum in the range of 300 < λ < 1500 nm is given for 5 typical clear weather days. These days are selected to represent typical seasonal conditions in respect to airmass, water vapor, ozone and turbidity. Present data are reviewed and specific conditions are selected. The spectral distribution of the irradiance is given for the direct component, the scattered skylight, the total flux on a horizontal surface and the flux on an inclined surface normal to the direct beam.
Stochastic split determinant algorithms

Abstract I propose a large class of stochastic Markov processes associated with probability distributions analogous to that of lattice gauge theory with dynamical fermions. The construction incorporates the idea of approximate spectral split of the determinant through local loop action, and the idea of treating the infrared part of the split through explicit diagonalizations. I suggest that exact algorithms of practical relevance might be based on Markov processes so constructed.
The primal mark: How the beginning shapes the end in the development of creative ideas

Abstract While creative ideas are defined as both novel and useful, novelty and usefulness often diverge, making it difficult to develop ideas that are high in both. To explain this tradeoff between novelty and usefulness and how it can be overcome, this paper introduces the concept of the “primal mark”—i.e., the first bit of content employees start with as they generate ideas, which anchors the trajectory of novelty and usefulness. In four experiments, participants started with primal marks that contained varying degrees of novelty. Results suggest that familiar primal marks foster usefulness at the expense of novelty, while new primal marks foster novelty at the expense of usefulness. However, the results also suggest a solution to this tradeoff: integrative primal marks that combine new and familiar content, fostering an optimal balance of novelty and usefulness. Implications for theory and research on creativity in organizations are discussed.
Development of the Butt Joint for the ITER Central Solenoid

The ITER central solenoid (CS) requires compact and reliable joints for its cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC). The baseline design is a diffusion bonded butt joint. In such a joint the mating cables are compacted to a very low void fraction in a copper sleeve and then heat treated. After the heat treatment the ends are cut, polished and aligned against each other and then diffusion bonded under high compression in a vacuum chamber at 750 C. The jacket is then welded on the conductor to complete the joint, which remarkably does not require more room than a regular conductor. This joint design is based on a proven concept developed for the ITER CS model coil that was successfully tested in the previous R&D phase.
Full Viscous Modeling in Generalized Coordinates of Heat Conducting Flows in Rotating Systems

A computational and analytical study has been carried out that assesses viscous formulations used currently in the state-of-the-art and widely used incompressible viscous flow solution methodologies in generalized curvilinear coordinates. These methodologies use a powerful and simple approximate factorization delta scheme. The conventional thin (viscous) layer form used for steady-state flows is analyzed and is then improved to extend its applicability, in general, to the solution of unsteady incompressible flows. Then, this improved thin-layer formulation is further extended to include more terms of the same order that are ignored in the thin-layer approximation because of the limitation imposed by the use of a conservation form of the viscous flux vector. This is achieved by recasting the viscous vector in nonconservation form. The resulting formulation represents the full-viscous (FV) formulation (except for higherorder cross-derivative terms). Solutions with the full-viscous, improved, and conventional thin-layer formulations are shown to be different, even for laminar heat conducting flow. Also, the steady state full-viscous solutions with and without the cross-derivative terms are compared and are found to be practically the same. This delineates the need, in general, for the FV formulation for turbulent flows, where turbulent viscosity variation in space is large. The methodology developed here is then used to compute flow in a rotating square duct with fast and slow rotation. The limiting solutions obtained are compared with the analytic limiting solutions and previously obtained reduced numerical solutions. Agreement is shown to be very good.
Computational modeling of bursting pacemaker neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex

Bursting pacemaker neurons in the pre-B%otzinger complex (pBC) were modeled in the Hodgkin–Huxley style. The single neuron model included rapidly inactivating sodium, persistent sodium, and delayed-recti4er potassium currents. The kinetics of the rapidly inactivating and persistent sodium channels was modeled using experimental data obtained from whole-cell patch clamp recordings from pBC neurons in vitro. Our computational study focused on the conditions that could provide the generation of endogenous bursting activity in single pacemaker neurons and neural populations and on the speci4c roles of voltage-gated potassium and persistent sodium currents in triggering or suppression of endogenous population oscillations in the pBC. c � 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Direct reciprocity under uncertainty does not explain one-shot cooperation, but demonstrates the benefits of a norm psychology

article i nfo Article history: Initial receipt 23 October 2013 Final revision received 17 April 2014 Humans in many societies cooperate in economic experiments at much higher levels than would be expected if their goal was maximizing economic returns, even when their interactions are anonymous and one-shot. This is a puzzle because paying a cost to benefit another in one-shot interactions gives no direct or indirect benefits to the cooperator. This paper explores the logic of two competing evolutionary hypotheses to explain this behavior. The ``norm psychology'' hypothesis holds that a player's choice of strategy reflects socially- learned cultural norms. Its premise is that over the course of human evolutionary history, cultural norms varied considerably across human societies, and through a process of gene-culture co-evolution, humans evolved mechanisms to learn and adopt the norms that are successful in their particular society. The ``mismatch'' hypothesis holds that pro-social preferences evolved genetically in our hunter-gatherer past where one-shot anonymous interactions were rare and these preferences are misapplied in modern laboratory settings. I compare these hypotheses by adopting a well-known model of the mismatch hypothesis and show that selection for one-shot cooperation in the model is an artifact of agents being confined to only two strategies: Tit-for-Tat and Always Defect. Allowing for repentant and forgiving strategies reverses selection away from one-shot cooperation under all environmental parameters. Direct reciprocity does not necessarily lead to cooperation, but instead generates many different normative equilibria depending on a group's idiosyncratic evolutionary history. Therefore, an agent whose behavior is evoked solely from non- cultural environmental cues will be disadvantaged relative to an agent who learns the locally successful norms. Cooperation in one-shot laboratory experiments is thus more easily explained as the result of a psychology evolved for learning social norms than as a genetic mismatch.
Ulose formation by selenoxide elimination

Abstract Ring opening of methyl 2,3-anhydro-(R)-4,6-O-benzylidene-α- d -mannopyranoside with phenyl selenide gives (R)-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-Se-phenyl-3-seleno-α- d -altropyranoside (2). Oxidation of (2) with H2O2 followed by thermolysis gives methyl (R)-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-α- d -erythro-hexopyranosid-2-ulose via syn-elimination and ketoenol tautomerization.
New medications for the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Summary. Cocaine dependence continues to be a significant public health problem in the United States and in Europe. Regular cocaine use has not declined significantly in the United States since 1992 and has been rising in the European Union. Although counseling remains the treatment of choice for cocaine dependence, many cocaine dependent patients do not respond completely to drug counseling. Therefore, the development of effective medications for the treatment of cocaine dependence is a research priority. Progress in the understanding of the neurobiology of cocaine dependence has led to the discovery of several promising medications that have already shown encouraging results in controlled clinical trials. Other promising compounds are just now becoming available for clinical trials. Among the medications in clinical trials, modafinil may be helpful in promoting an initial period of stable abstinence. For the prevention of relapse, medications that block cocaine euphoria or reduce cocaine craving have shown promise. Potential relapse-prevention medications include disulfiram and GABAergic medications such as gamma-vinyl GABA, tiagabine and topiram ate. Finally, a vaccine capable of stimulating the production of cocaine specific antibodies has shown promise in preliminary studies for the prevention of relapse to cocaine use. Newer medications not yet included in clinical trials, but promising nonetheless, include: dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists, and n-acetylcysteine.
Massive Data Set Analysis for NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) has been collecting large quantities of remote sensing data about the vertical structure of temperature, water vapor, and clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere since its launch aboard the Aqua spacecraft in mid-2002. These data are both global and high resolution, so they are uniquely able to provide distributional information about second- and higher-order interactions that are at the heart of understanding climate processes. However, these data are so large and complex that the structures of interest are not directly accessible without some form of data reduction, and data reduction is particularly problematic because of the way the data are staged and stored. Thus, AIRS data pose a classic problem in the analysis of modern massive datasets: how to quantify and understand global distributional relationships in datasets that are impossible to work with except in small pieces? Our approach is to hierarchically reduce...