cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Stability of Surface-Tethered Diblock Copolymer Brushes with a Neutral Polymer Block and a Weak Polyelectrolyte Block: Effects of Molecular Weight and Hydrophobicity of the Neutral Block

We study the stability of diblock copolymer brushes featuring a bottom neutral block, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PPEGMA), and a top poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) block on flat silicon substrate. The polymer brushes are prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). We use a combinatorial design featuring a molecular weight gradient in the bottom neutral block to investigate systematically the effect of the molecular weight of that block on the stability of the copolymer brush. We measure variations in dry thickness of the diblock copolymer brush by ellipsometry after different incubation times in aqueous buffer (pH = 9.0) as a function of thickness of the neutral block, indicating degrafting of the mechanically activated copolymer chains via hydrolysis of ester groups in the initiator and/or Si–O bonds that attach the polymer to the substrate. The stability of the diblock copolymer brushes is higher than that of PAA homopolymer b...
Collaborative Care Management Associated With Improved Depression Outcomes in Patients With Personality Disorders, Compared to Usual Primary Care.

Background: The use of a collaborative care management (CCM) model can dramatically improve short- and long-term treatment outcomes for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients with ...
Determination of the Homology Groups of Certain Spaces : Applications and Further Properties of Homology Theory

In this chapter, we will actually determine the homology groups of various spaces : the n-dimensional sphere, finite graphs, and compact 2-dimensional manifolds. We also use homology theory to prove some classical theorems of topology, most of which are due to L. E. J. Brouwer. In addition, we prove some more basic properties of homology groups.
Resistance to Insecticides Due to Reduced Sensitivity of the Nervous System

In order to understand the mechanism underlying the physiological resistance of an insect to an insecticide, we must know how the insecticide exerts its toxic action. Among a number of processes involved, three factors have been regarded as playing the most important roles in insect resistance to insecticides: penetration of insecticides through the cuticle, detoxication, and sensitivity of the target site. Penetration and detoxication mechanisms are discussed in other papers of this volume.
Evaluating the Psychometric Qualities of a Rating Scale to Assess Pre-Service Teachers' Lesson Plan Development in the Context of a Secondary-Level Music Performance Classroom.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric quality (i.e., validity and reliability) of a rating scale to assess pre-service teachers’ lesson plan development in the context of secon...
Do higher skills result in better jobs? The case of the Korean animation industry

Abstract Jobs in creative industries are often believed to be imaginative, with a high degree of autonomy and opportunity for self-expression. This paper examines the case of the South Korean animation industry to explain how the changes in an industry affect the characteristics of labor and the work environment. The data for this study was obtained through a survey of 407 South Korean animators and in-depth interviews with 16 individuals. Despite recent success, animation is not thriving compared to other creative industries. Moreover, the high dependence on auxiliary markets and the dominant power of large media companies over small- and medium-sized animation companies results in insecure employment and a less desirable work environment. The animation industry functions on the same old capitalist premise: lowering production costs through hiring fewer regular workers and more irregular workers.
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound With Perflubutane for Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Cutaneous Melanoma: A Pilot Study.

Objective To study the feasibility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for identification of SLN associated with cutaneous melanoma. Study design Single arm pilot study in a swine animal model. Methods One milliliter of perflubutane (Sonazoid, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) was injected into the peritumoral dermis in five swine with cutaneous melanoma. Ultrasonography was used to follow enhancing lymphatic channels to lymph nodes (LN). Intradermal injection of vital blue (VB) dye was used as a positive control. LN identified by either method were excised and examined histologically. Results There were five primary cutaneous melanomas with mean area of 4.36 ± 4.75 cm2 and Breslow depth of 3.6 ± 1.5 mm. Six possible sentinel lymph node (SLN)s were identified with CEUS, and nine were identified with VB. SLN averaged 12.44 ± 6.15 cm from the primary tumor. Four of six (67%) SLNs identified by CEUS and four of nine (44%) candidate SLNs identified by VB contained histologically confirmed metastatic melanoma. All six CEUS-identified SLNs were also identified with VB. Two LNs not containing melanoma were identified by CEUS; three were identified with VB. In all SLN with metastases, metastatic cells were scattered throughout the LN and not clustered in a discrete mass. Conclusion CEUS with perflubutane feasibly identifies SLN associated with cutaneous melanoma and may be a useful adjunct technology in facilitating precise SLN dissection. Our work supports a clinical trial investigating the use of CEUS for this application. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 129:1117-1122, 2019.
Passiflora microstipula,a New Species of Passifloraceae from Southeast Mexico

Abstract: Passiflora microstipula was originally collected as seed in 1978 at the Los Tuxtlas biological station, Veracruz, Mexico. When plants grown from these seeds flowered in cultivation the next year, it was immediately clear that this species represented a completely new group within Passiflora. P. microstipula exhibits unusual characteristics such as tendril-borne flowers and conspicuously winged seeds. Observations of this species in cultivation revealed that significant morphological changes occur as development proceeds from a seedling to reproductively mature lianas. Morphology and ecology are discussed with regard to the species' likely taxonomic placement within the genus.
VI3—a New Layered Ferromagnetic Semiconductor

2D materials are promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices. In this regime, insulating 2D ferromagnets, which remain rare, are of special importance due to their potential for enabling new device architectures. Here the discovery of ferromagnetism is reported in a layered van der Waals semiconductor, VI3 , which is based on honeycomb vanadium layers separated by an iodine-iodine van der Waals gap. It has a BiI3 -type structure ( R 3 ¯ , No.148) at room temperature, and the experimental evidence suggests that it may undergo a subtle structural phase transition at 78 K. VI3 becomes ferromagnetic at 49 K, below which magneto-optical Kerr effect imaging clearly shows ferromagnetic domains, which can be manipulated by the applied external magnetic field. The optical bandgap determined by reflectance measurements is 0.6 eV, and the material is highly resistive.
Effectiveness and Safety of a phototherapeutic contact lens for Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose : Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading complication of diabetes. It is thought that increased rod metabolism under dark adaptation exacerbates hypoxia in diabetic retina. Nowadays most treatments for DR are invasive and need multiple clinic visits. Recently a phototherapeutic contact lens has been designed to provide illumination to retina as a means to supress dark adaptation. It may be possible to delay the progression of DR. The purpose of this study is to explore the bioactivity and safety of this device. Methods : Six eyes from three healthy mature white New Zealand rabbits were used. The phototherapeutic contact lens was placed on treated eye. An non-phototherapeutic contact lens was used on the fellow eye as a control. To determine bioactivity of photoreceptors, an ERG was performed. Flash response, including amplitude and implicit time on scotopic condition were analyzed at different flash intensities (100, 300, 1000, 3000, 10000, 25000 mcd.s/m^2, respectively). Animals were under a 20-minutes period of dark adaption before any ERG. Then the contact lens were swapped on the eyes and the ERG were repeated. The whole process was performed in a dark room under dim red light. Once ERG were completed, the phototherapeutic contac lens was sutured to the eye for a long–term period (28 days) to verify safety. There will be a statistical analysis using Graph Pad Prism 7.0, determining the degree of correlation between the groups. Histological analysis will be performed to determine safety. Results : The ERG showed that both the amplitude and implicit time of b-wave in the treated eye were significantly shorter than the untreated eye under scotopic conditions (Figure 1). No significant difference in the amplitude and implicit time of a-wave was observed. A representative plot (Figure 2) shows significant depression of b-wave, both in the amplitude and implicit time (amplitude: p=0.01; implicit time: p<0.001). Conclusions : The phototherapeutic contact lens can effectively reduce the bioactivity of the retina, without ocular side effects in an acute follow-up. Further studies should be performed for a long-term placement in both healthy and retinal ischemic animal models to determine whether this device can reduce oxygen consumption in retina and delay disease progression. Long-term histology from contact lens safety is on going and will be presented.
Considering Contextual Knowledge: The TPACK Diagram Gets an Upgrade

The TPACK (or Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) framework describes the kinds of knowledge required by teachers for successful integration of technology in teaching. This idea was in the...
Competing risks models for the deterioration of highway pavement subject to hurricane events

Various methods have modeled failures due to hazard events using joint survival functions by assuming independent failure among the events. This paper evaluates the impact of two competing risks ev...
Current Status of Cholestasis Induced by Monohydroxy Bile Acids

The development of an experimental model for the induction of cholestasis (1) has led to further exploration of the pathophysiological mechanism and to a search for evidence that monohydroxy bile acids may be a cause of cholestasis in man.
Prevalence and Predictors of Pulmonary Embolism in Hospitalized Patients with Syncope.

OBJECTIVES Approximately one in six patients hospitalized with syncope have pulmonary embolism (PE), according to the PE in Syncope Italian Trial study. Subsequent studies using administrative data have reported a PE prevalence of <3%. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of PE in hospitalized patients with syncope. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who were hospitalized in the MedStar Washington Hospital Center between May 1, 2015 and June 30, 2017 with deep venous thrombosis, PE, and syncope. Only patients who presented to the emergency department with syncope were included in the final analysis. PE was diagnosed by either positive computed tomographic angiography or a high-probability ventilation-perfusion scan. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the associations between clinical variables and the diagnosis of PE in patients with syncope. RESULTS Of the 408 patients hospitalized with syncope (mean age, 67.5 years; 51% men [N = 208]), 25 (6%) had a diagnosis of PE. Elevated troponin levels (odds ratio 6.6, 95% confidence interval 1.9-22.9) and a dilated right ventricle on echocardiogram (odds ratio 6.9, 95% confidence interval 2.0-23.6) were independently associated with the diagnosis of PE. Age, active cancer, and history of deep venous thrombosis were not associated with the diagnosis of PE. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PE in this study is approximately one-third of the reported prevalence in the PE in Syncope Italian Trial study and almost three times the value reported in administrative data-based studies. PE should be suspected in patients with syncope and elevated troponin levels or a dilated right ventricle on echocardiogram.
How to be a maker: Here comes the rain

If it starts to rain and you've left the washing out, Hannah Joshua's sensor will let you know right away
Competing Roles of Slow Oscillations and Delta Waves in Memory Consolidation versus Forgetting.

Summary Sleep has been implicated in both memory consolidation and forgetting of experiences. However, it is unclear what governs the balance between consolidation and forgetting. Here, we tested how activity-dependent processing during sleep might differentially regulate these two processes. We specifically examined how neural reactivations during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were causally linked to consolidation versus weakening of the neural correlates of neuroprosthetic skill. Strikingly, we found that slow oscillations (SOs) and delta (δ) waves have dissociable and competing roles in consolidation versus forgetting. By modulating cortical spiking linked to SOs or δ waves using closed-loop optogenetic methods, we could, respectively, weaken or strengthen consolidation and thereby bidirectionally modulate sleep-dependent performance gains. We further found that changes in the temporal coupling of spindles to SOs relative to δ waves could account for such effects. Thus, our results indicate that neural activity driven by SOs and δ waves have competing roles in sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
Functional interrelationships between carbohydrate and lipid storage, and mitochondrial activity during sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions of nutrient stress, meiosis precedes the formation of spores. Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate meiosis, such as meiotic recombination and nuclear divisions, have been extensively studied, the metabolic factors that determine the efficiency of sporulation are less understood. Here, we have directly assessed the relationship between metabolic stores and sporulation in S. cerevisiae by genetically disrupting the synthetic pathways for the carbohydrate stores, glycogen (gsy1/2Δ cells), trehalose (tps1Δ cells), or both (gsy1/2Δ and tps1Δ cells). We show that storage carbohydrate-deficient strains are highly inefficient in sporulation. Although glycogen and trehalose stores can partially compensate for each other, they have differential effects on sporulation rate and spore number. Interestingly, deletion of the G1 cyclin, CLN3, which resulted in an increase in cell size, mitochondria and lipid stores, partially rescued meiosis progression and spore ascus formation but not spore number in storage carbohydrate-deficient strains. Sporulation efficiency in the carbohydrate-deficient strain exhibited a greater dependency on mitochondrial activity and lipid stores than wild-type yeast. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the complex crosstalk between metabolic factors that support gametogenesis.
Enhancing Diversity in College Science with Active Learning

Growing evidence supports active learning as a more effective means for teaching students than the traditional, arena-style lecturing that has dominated teaching in higher education for centuries. Among the documented benefitting student populations are those students who are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, such as women, racial/ethnic minorities, students “at risk” of failing or withdrawing from the class based on incoming preparation, among others. In this chapter, I describe why and how active learning, coupled with equitable teaching strategies, effectively enhances diversity in college science classes. I conclude with suggested approaches to evaluating the “climate” of your own classroom. Through the use of evidence-based resources and pedagogies, instructors can foster an inclusive environment for teaching and learning in undergraduate STEM.
Relationships Between the 1960 Stanford-Binet Scale and Group Measures of Intelligence and Achievement.

This study is concerned with the determination of relationships between the 1960 Revised Stanlord-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test, and the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills...
194-OR: Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia and Maternal/Neonatal Outcomes in the CONCEPTT Trial

Background: Patients with diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) are at increased risk of severe hypoglycemia (SH). IAH is increased during pregnancy. To date, maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with hypoglycemia unawareness or SH has not been well described. Aim: To examine maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with IAH compared to women with normal awareness of hypoglycemia (NAH). Methods: We included 214 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes who participated in the CONCEPTT trial. Participants completed Hypoglycemia Fear Surveys (HFS-II) at baseline and study completion. Post-hoc analysis of data was conducted using logical regression analysis to estimate the odds of occurrence of events by IAH versus NAH. The role of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use on outcomes was also examined. Results: Overall, 30% of participants reported IAH (n=64). Women with IAH had more episodes of SH during pregnancy (mean 0.44 vs. 0.08, p Conclusion: In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, IAH is associated with more maternal SH episodes and more fear of hypoglycemia. Fear of hypoglycemia was associated with reduced neonatal hypoglycemia as well as more maternal diabetes-related complications. Disclosure J. Bahrami: None. G. Tomlinson: None. H.R. Murphy: Advisory Panel; Self; Medtronic. D. Feig: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Medtronic. Funding JDRF; Canadian Clinical Trial Network
Attosecond electron bunch measurement with coherent nonlinear Thomson scattering

We present a novel method for measurement of ultrashort electron-bunch duration, in principle, as short as zeptosecond (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$). The method employs nonlinear Thomson scattering of relativistically intense laser light, and takes advantage of the nonlinear dependence and coherence of scattered light on electron bunch length. We validate the method and test its range of applicability via simulations by using realistic (nonideal) electron beams. Due to the wide flexibility in choice of interaction geometry and scattering laser pulse properties enabled by the method, it is shown to be applicable over a wide range of electron beam parameters, including energy, energy spread, and divergence angle.
Edge Growth Form of European Buckthorn Increases Isoprene Emissions From Urban Forests

Urban trees provide numerous benefits, such as cooling from transpiration, carbon sequestration and street aesthetics. But volatile organic compound emissions from trees can combine with anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions to form ozone, a harmful air pollutant. The most commonly-emitted of these compounds, isoprene, negatively impacts air quality and hence is detrimental to human health. In addition to environmental controls such as light and temperature, the quantity of isoprene emitted from a leaf is a genus-specific trait. Leaf isoprene emission is enzymatically controlled, and species are typically classified as emitters or non-emitters (near-zero emission rates). Therefore, the species composition of urban forests affects whole-system isoprene production. The process of plant invasion alters species composition, and invasive tree species can be either emitters or non-emitters. If an invasive, isoprene-emitting tree species displaces native, non-emitting species, then isoprene emission rates from urban forests will increase, with a concomitant deterioration of air quality. We tested a hypothesis that invasive species have higher isoprene emission rates than native species. Using existing tree species inventory data for the Chicago region, leaf-level isoprene emission rates of the six most common invasive and native tree species were measured and compared. The difference was not statistically significant, but this could be due to the variability associated with making a sufficient number of measurements to quantify species isoprene emission rates. The most common invasive species European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica, L.) was an emitter. Because European buckthorn often invades the disturbed edges common in urban forests, we tested a second hypothesis that edge-effect isoprene emissions would significantly increase whole-system modeled isoprene emissions. Using Google Earth satellite imagery to estimate forested area and edge length in the LaBagh Woods Forest Preserve of Cook County (Chicago, IL, USA), edge isoprene emission contributed 8.1% compared to conventionally modeled forest emissions. Our results show that the invasion of European buckthorn has increased isoprene emissions from urban forests. This implies that ecological restoration efforts to remove European buckthorn have the additional benefit of improving air quality.
Epistemic Reasons, Transparency, and Evolutionary Debunking

Recently, evidentialists have argued that only they can explain transparency--the psychological phenomena wherein the question of doxastic deliberation of whether to believe p immediately gives way to the question of whether p--and thus that pragmatism about epistemic reasons is false. In this paper, we provide a defense of pragmatism. We depart from previous defenses of pragmatism which argue against the evidentialist explanation of transparency or the fact of transparency itself, by instead arguing that the pragmatist can provide a sound explanation of transparency while maintaining her distinctive view of epistemic reasons. We do so by putting forth an evolutionary debunking explanation of doxastic deliberation. Since both the evidentialist and pragmatist have sound explanatory accounts of transparency, we argue that transparency should not be appealed to when trying to adjudicate the debate between evidentialists and pragmatists, but rather must be decided on other grounds.
A real introduction to supercomputing: a user training course

An introductory graduate course on supercomputing for computer science, applied science, and engineering majors is described. The interests of the students cover a broad range, from training as engineering or scientific supercomputer users to computer scientists interested in algorithmic, architectural, and statistical issues. An essential feature of this course is the use of real supercomputer time on several machines of advanced architecture. Remote supercomputer access is obtained from the national supercomputing centers. The students do several small group research projects on supercomputers, concerning performance, algorithm design, and applications. A number of techniques are used to enhance the learning environment, such as local user guides, preparation for access difficulties, and appropriate beginning problems.
Care Patterns for Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastases.

Abstract Introduction The historical standard of care for brain metastases (BMs) from small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). However, there is growing interest in upfront stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for select SCLC patients. Materials and Methods We invited United State-based Radiation Oncologists (ROs) via email to answer an anonymous survey using a branching logic system addressing their use of SRS and WBRT for SCLC BMs. Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare differences in continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were fitted for outcome variables including covariates with P Results In total, 309 ROs completed the survey and 290 (95.7%) reported that they would consider SRS for SCLC BMs under certain clinical circumstances. Across patient characteristics, the number of BMs was the most heavily weighted factor (mean 4.3/5 in importance), followed by performance status, cognitive function, and response to prior therapy. Fewer BMs were correlated with increased SRS use (55.8% offered SRS “very frequently” [>75% of cases] or “often” [51%-75% of cases] for 1 BM vs. 1.1% for >10 BM, P Conclusions In the first survey of SRS for SCLC BMs, we observed a high level of physician openness to upfront SRS in SCLC, particularly for patients with limited numbers of BMs, as well as significant interest in generating prospective randomized data to clarify the role of SRS in this population.
A Rationale for Special Education in Catholic Schools.

Debates about inclusive education for students with special needs challenge Catholic educators to develop a rationale consistent with Catholic theology and Church teaching. Guided by the rationale, arguments are made for the role Catholic schools, seminaries, and Catholic higher education should contribute to realize an inclusive Church. Contemplative practice offers a process for engaging Catholic identity with school practitioner decision making for implementing inclusion. This article posits that the rationale for Catholic special education reflects an authentic understanding of Catholic identity within Catholic learning communities.
Why do Red States Vote Republican While Blue States Pay the Bills? Federal Spending and Electoral Votes, 1984-2008

Every year more states receive more in federal spending than they pay in taxes to the federal government. Since the early 1980s, when data on tax burdens per state are first available, the states that receive more in federal spending than taxes paid have been increasingly Republican in presidential elections. This pattern persisted in the 2008 presidential election. The impact of federal spending on a state’s Electoral Vote is increasing over the period 1984 to 2008 and remains statistically significant as a predictor of the vote when controlling for differences in ideology and opinions on issues across state populations and when controlling for per capita or median state income.
Descriptive epidemiology of salmonella infection in Minnesota herds

Based on the limited random sampling of calves on farm, at market and at slaughter, the prevalence of excreting animals and infected herds appears to be relatively low. However, based on Diagnostic Laboratory results, there has been a very significant increase in the number of calf-hood epidemics of salmonellosis in Minnesota during the last decade. Most of this increase can be ascribed to S. dublin and closely related Group D variants. As these Salmonellas are bovine-adapted, it is presumed that herd introduction occur when calves, or adult cattle are purchased or otherwise commingled. Current testing procedures are still limited in their ability to determine both herd and individual animal status.
Cosmic Plasma Fundamentals

Plasma consists of electrically charged particles that respond collectively to electromagnetic forces. The charged particles are usually clouds or beams of electrons or ions, or a mixture of electrons and ions, but also can be charged grains or dust particles. Plasma is also created when a gas is brought to a temperature that is comparable to or higher than that in the interior of stars. At these temperatures, all light atoms are stripped of their electrons, and the gas is reduced to its constituent parts: positively charged bare nuclei and negatively charged free electrons. The name plasma is also properly applied to ionized gases at lower temperatures where a considerable fraction of neutral atoms or molecules are present.
The False Claims Act and Corporate Criminal Liability: Qui Tam Actions, Corporate Integrity Agreements and the Overlap of Criminal and Civil Law

The Federal False Claims Act serves an important function in detecting and deterring fraud upon the government of the United States. By enlisting the public as private prosecutors in such actions, the statute *678 ensures heightened enforcement and obtains compensation for losses sustained by the federal government as a result of fraudulent activity. The monetary incentives provided by the statute encourage reporting of wrongful activity and provide compensation for the sacrifices typically sustained by whistleblowers. Thus, the qui tam provisions of the FCA bring to light wrongful conduct that might never be discovered or addressed without the ability of private citizens to benefit financially from filing suit.The FCA, however, is also rife with problems that stem from the overlap of criminal and civil law generated by the statute. Traditional distinctions between criminal and civil law are blurred by the provisions of the FCA, which allow for private individuals to enforce public laws without having suffered injury from the wrongful conduct. By encouraging private parties to maintain punitive actions on behalf of the public good, the FCA blurs the line between criminal and civil law. Further, in the context of actions brought against corporate defendants, the penalties available in FCA civil suits are identical to those available in criminal prosecutions. Thus, the ability of individuals to enforce the provisions of the FCA through qui tam suits results in a near-complete overlap between criminal and civil law.Yet, despite this overlap, the FCA fails to safeguard the rights of corporate defendants in FCA actions. By failing to provide procedural safeguards available in criminal actions and furnishing no incentive to private plaintiffs to exercise discretion in filing suit, the FCA places far too much power in the hands of individuals. Simple changes to the statute would address these concerns and ensure fair and just application of the FCA. By returning the burden of proof to the clear and convincing standard in place prior to the 1986 amendments to the FCA and requiring greater government oversight of qui tam actions, Congress would ensure that the statute adequately roots out fraud upon the federal government, while providing protection against the unfairness currently embodied within the statute's terms.
Why Bad People Can't be Good Friends

Must the best friends necessarily be good people? On the one hand, as Aristotle puts it, ‘people think that the same people are good and also friends’. But on the other hand, friendship sometimes seems to require that one behave badly. For example, a normally honest person might lie to corroborate a friend's story. What I will call closeness, which I take to include sensitivity to friends' subjective values and concerns as well as an inclination to take their subjective interests as reasons for action, is characteristic of friendship. But this seems to require that good friends should be morally flexible, more so than is compatible with a virtuous character. This would imply tension between ideals of friendship and ideals of character. But there is an important connection between virtue and friendship which arises precisely from friends' closeness, when concern for wellbeing, another important feature of friendship, is also taken into account. This helps mitigate the tension and shows how friendship and virtue are interconnected. The connection in turn provides friendship-based reason to think the best friends must be good people, even though concerns of friendship may occasionally clash with other moral concerns.
Environmental Justice and Social Work Education: Social Workers' Professional Perspectives

Environmental injustice is a growing human rights issue as climate change and environmental degradation rapidly increases. As a social justice problem, it is relevant to the social work profession, yet not integrated into our curricula. This study of 373 social work professionals found that environmental justice is a significant practice issue across broad client populations and that professionals felt unprepared to address it. Qualitative and quantitative data revealed high levels of client exposure to environmental hazards with little power to change it. Respondents reported dissatisfaction with their education to help them understand environmental issues. Moreover, they indicated that they would like to see environmental justice integrated into social work education and better-prepared graduates entering the profession. Implications for practice and education are discussed.
Redefining gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cell groups in the male Syrian hamster: testosterone regulates GnRH mRNA in the tenia tecta.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the production of testosterone via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and testosterone, in turn, regulates the GnRH system via negative feedback. We compared testosterone regulation of GnRH mRNA expression in four anatomically defined GnRH cell groups in juvenile and adult male Syrian hamsters, including a rostral population of GnRH cells in the tenia tecta. In situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) was used to measure GnRH mRNA in brains from castrated juveniles and adults treated with 0 mg or 2.5 mg testosterone pellets for one week. ISHH was performed on coronal sections using a 35 S-cRNA probe generated from Syrian hamster GnRH cDNA. Testosterone treatment resulted in a significant reduction in mean area of GnRH neurones covered by silver grains within the tenia tecta, but only a trend toward decreased GnRH mRNA in the diagonal band of Broca/organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (DBB/OVLT), medial septum (MS), and caudal preoptic area (cPOA). The effects of testosterone were independent of age. Frequency distribution analyses unveiled a significant reduction in the number of heavily labelled cells following testosterone treatment within the tenia tecta and MS. Simple regression analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations and GnRH mRNA only in the tenia tecta. These data indicate that, overall, GnRH mRNA is modestly reduced by testosterone, and the most robust attenuation of GnRH mRNA occurs within the tenia tecta. This is the first report to link mechanisms of steroid negative feedback with tenia tecta GnRH neurones, providing a new focus for investigating brain region-specific steroidal regulation of GnRH synthesis.
Failure of the Gross Theory of Beta Decay in Neutron Deficient Nuclei

The neutron deficient isotopes 117–121 Xe, 117–124 Cs, and 122–124 Ba were produced by a beam of 28 Si from the LBNL SuperHILAC on a target of nat Mo. The isotopes were mass separated and their beta decay schemes were measured with a Total Absorption Spectrometer (TAS). The beta strengths derived from these data decreased dramatically to levels above ≈1 MeV for the even-even decays; 3–4 MeV for even-Z, odd-N decays; 4–5 MeV for the odd-Z, even-N decays; and 7–8 MeV for the odd-Z, odd-N decays. The decreasing strength to higher excitation energies in the daughters contradicts the predictions of the Gross Theory of Beta Decay. The integrated beta strengths are instead found to be consistent with shell model predictions where the single-particle beta strengths are divided amoung many low-lying levels. The experimental beta strengths determined here have been used calculate the half-lives of 143 neutron deficient nuclei with Z=51–64 to a precision of 20% with respect to the measured values.
Chromatophores and color change in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis.

The skin of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, changes rapidly from bright green to a dark brown color in response to melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH). Chromatophores responsible for color changes of the skin are xanthophores which lie just beneath the basal lamina containing pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles. Iridophores lying immediately below the xanthophores contain regularly arranged rows of reflecting platelets. Melanophores containing melanosomes are present immediately below the iridophores. The ultrastructural features of these chromatophores and their pigmentary organelles are described. The color of Anolis skin is determined by the position of the melanosomes within the melanophores which is regulated by MSH and other hormones such as norepinephrine. Skins are green when melanosomes are located in a perinuclear position within melanophores. In response to MSH, they migrate into the terminal processes of the melanophores which overlie the xanthophores above, thus effectively preventing light penetration to the iridophores below, resulting in skins becoming brown. The structural and functional characteristics of Anolis chromatophores are compared to the dermal chromatophore unit of the frog.
Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution: The Reaction of Sodium 2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxide with Chlorobenzonitriles in HMPA

Abstract The preparation1 of fluorinated compounds continues to be of significant interest to organic chemists due to their diverse and important application as polymers, blood substitutes, pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Considerable attention has been directed to the formation of fluoroalkoxy benzenes with the majority of the synthetic routes involving the reaction of an electrophilic haloalkyl fluoride with a nucleophilic phenol derivative1,2. In a somewhat related procedure, Mendel3 has prepared ortho-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy methyl benzoate by reacting ortho-hydroxy methyl benzoate with 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl trifluoromethylsulfonate in a potassium carbonate/acetone mixture.
COMPASSION WITH AN ATTITUDE: A HUMANITARIAN'S VIEW OF HUMAN SUFFERING

Abstract Three particularly vulnerable groups in the world today are children, refugees, and those with HIV/AIDS. Like Jesus, we must respond with compassion that is willing to feel the suffering of others and act in the moment. Jesus approached suffering holistically and addressed the physical, material, spiritual, and social needs of those he encountered. Christians must do the same and see, feel, and act to reach the most vulnerable. Those who have embraced incarnational empathy give sacrificially, challenge conventional wisdom, and pray. Christ suffered with us so that the glory of God can be revealed.
Social development in gifted children

The gap between intellectual and social development in gifted children can be bridged by providing opportunities for expanded social experiences.
Harvesting a clock from a GSM signal for the wake-up of a wireless sensor network

This paper presents a low-power technique for harvesting a clock from the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular network for the purpose of waking up and synchronizing nodes in a wireless sensor network. The 21-Hz clock is embedded within the broadcast channel of every GSM cell worldwide, making it a pervasive synchronization source. A low-power receiver architecture is presented to harvest the signal. Based on simulation results, the architecture can extract the clock with an error probability of less than 10−4. Finally, a discrete prototype was built to verify the functionality of the receiver architecture.
EEG spectral coherence data distinguish chronic fatigue syndrome patients from healthy controls and depressed patients-A case control study

Previous studies suggest central nervous system involvement in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), yet there are no established diagnostic criteria. CFS may be difficult to differentiate from clinical depression. The study's objective was to determine if spectral coherence, a computational derivative of spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG), could distinguish patients with CFS from healthy control subjects and not erroneously classify depressed patients as having CFS. This is a study, conducted in an academic medical center electroencephalography laboratory, of 632 subjects: 390 healthy normal controls, 70 patients with carefully defined CFS, 24 with major depression, and 148 with general fatigue. Aside from fatigue, all patients were medically healthy by history and examination. EEGs were obtained and spectral coherences calculated after extensive artifact removal. Principal Components Analysis identified coherence factors and corresponding factor loading patterns. Discriminant analysis determined whether spectral coherence factors could reliably discriminate CFS patients from healthy control subjects without misclassifying depression as CFS. Analysis of EEG coherence data from a large sample (n = 632) of patients and healthy controls identified 40 factors explaining 55.6% total variance. Factors showed highly significant group differentiation (p < .0004) identifying 89.5% of unmedicated female CFS patients and 92.4% of healthy female controls. Recursive jackknifing showed predictions were stable. A conservative 10-factor discriminant function model was subsequently applied, and also showed highly significant group discrimination (p < .001), accurately classifying 88.9% unmedicated males with CFS, and 82.4% unmedicated male healthy controls. No patient with depression was classified as having CFS. The model was less accurate (73.9%) in identifying CFS patients taking psychoactive medications. Factors involving the temporal lobes were of primary importance. EEG spectral coherence analysis identified unmedicated patients with CFS and healthy control subjects without misclassifying depressed patients as CFS, providing evidence that CFS patients demonstrate brain physiology that is not observed in healthy normals or patients with major depression. Studies of new CFS patients and comparison groups are required to determine the possible clinical utility of this test. The results concur with other studies finding neurological abnormalities in CFS, and implicate temporal lobe involvement in CFS pathophysiology.
High-strength superparamagnetic composite fibers

Abstract The polymer composites of magnetic nanoparticles can be possibly used in a bulk form by preserving all the novel characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles such as superparamagnetic behavior. By introducing magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles into polymer fibers, novel magnetic properties combine with the advantages of composite fibers such as light-weight and ease-of-use. Using dry-jet-wet fiber spinning technology, we have successfully fabricated iron oxide/polyacrylonitrile (Fe3O4/PAN) composite fibers with 10 wt% nanoparticle in the polymer matrix. Composite fiber with a diameter as small as 15 μm can achieve tensile strength and tensile modulus values as high as 630 MPa and 16 GPa, respectively. Superparamagnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were preserved in the composite fibers with saturation magnetization at 80 emu/g and coercivity of 165 G.
On the Potential Function of Gradient Steady Ricci Solitons

In this paper, we study the potential function of gradient steady Ricci solitons. We prove that the infimum of the potential function decays linearly. As a consequence, we show that a gradient steady Ricci soliton with bounded potential function must be trivial, and that no gradient steady Ricci soliton admits uniformly positive scalar curvature.
Transcription properties of stepwise acid-extracted chicken erythrocyte chromatin

Abstract 1. The template capacity of chromatin prepared from mature erythrocyte nuclei by extraction with saline solutions of progressively lower pH values was determined. Histones contained in both the nuclear extracts and the resultant chromatins were examined by starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. No change in template capacity was observed after the removal of lysinerich histone. Approx. 40–50 % of the template capacity of fully dehistonized chromatin was obtained by the removal of the serine-rich histone, while displacement of the arginine-rich and moderately lysine-rich histones together accounted for the remainder of the increase in transcription. 3. The influence of acid depurination on the transcription properties of this system was examined. The capability of DNA to support transcription was inversely dependent on both temperature and duration of exposure to acid. The decrease was not significant under the conditions of extraction of histones. 4. Residual non-histone proteins were found to inhibit DNA transcription by an additional 21–25 % of the total capacity of deproteinized DNA.
A system software approach to proactive memory-error avoidance

Today's HPC systems use two mechanisms to address main-memory errors. Error-correcting codes make correctable errors transparent to software, while checkpoint/restart (CR) enables recovery from uncorrectable errors. Unfortunately, CR overhead will be enormous at exascale due to the high failure rate of memory. We propose a new OS-based approach that proactively avoids memory errors using prediction. This scheme exposes correctable error information to the OS, which migrates pages and off lines unhealthy memory to avoid application crashes. We analyze memory error patterns in extensive logs from a BG/P system and show how correctable error patterns can be used to identify memory likely to fail. We implement a proactive memory management system on BG/Q by extending the firmware and Linux. We evaluate our approach with a realistic workload and compare our overhead against CR. We show improved resilience with negligible performance overhead for applications.
Self-interruptions in discretionary multitasking

Human multitasking is often the result of self-initiated interruptions in the performance of an ongoing task. These self-interruptions occur in the absence of external triggers such as electronic alerts or email notifications. Compared to externally induced interruptions, self-interruptions have not received enough research attention. To address this gap, this paper develops a typology of self-interruptions based on the integration of Flow Theory and Self-regulation Theory. In this new typology, the two major categories stem from positive and negative feelings of task progress and prospects of goal attainment. The proposed classification is validated in an experimental multitasking environment with pre-defined tasks. Empirical findings indicate that negative feelings trigger more self-interruptions than positive feelings. In general, more self-interruptions result in lower accuracy in all tasks. The results suggest that negative internal triggers of self-interruptions unleash a downward spiral that may degrade performance.
Religion and Science in America: Struggling for Coherence

James Gilbert has provided fascinating and valuable historical sketches of the interactions of science and religion in American culture in this century especially those taking place between 1945 and 1962. Yet, taken together, it is unclear what conclusion is to be drawn from these interactions. Ambiguity about the variety of forms of the science-and-religion relationship and about the referent of the term religion make the task of apprehending a coherent pattern among these sketches very difficult.