cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of the Spatial Distribution of QT Intervals on the Epicardial and Body Surfaces

Spatial Distribution of the QT Interval. Introduction: The role of QT dispersion as a predictor of arrhythmia vulnerability has not been consistently confirmed in the literature. Therefore, it is important to identify the electrophysiologic mechanisms that affect QT duration and distribution. We compared the spatial distributions of QT intervals (QTI) with potential distributions on cardiac and body surfaces and with recovery times on the cardiac surface. We hypothesized that the measure of QTI is affected by the presence of the zero potential line in the potential distribution, as well as the sequence of recovery. We also investigated use of the STT area as a possible indicator of recovery times on the cardiac surface. Methods and Results: High-resolution spatial distributions of QTI and potentials were determined on the body surface of human subjects and on the surface of a torso-shaped tank containing an isolated canine heart. Additionally, spatial distributions of QTI, recovery times, and STT areas were determined on the surface of exposed canine hearts. Unipolar electrograms were recorded during atrial and ventricular pacing for normal hearts and cases of myocardial infarction. Regions of shortest QTI always coincided with the location of the zero potential line on the cardiac and body surfaces. On the cardiac surface, in regions away from the zero line, similarities were observed between the patterns of QTI and the sequence of recovery. STT areas and recovery times were highly correlated on the cardiac surface. Conclusion: QTI is not a robust index of local recovery time on the cardiac surface. QTI distributions were affected by the position of the zero potential line, which is unrelated to local recovery times. However, similarities in the patterns of QTI and recovery times in some regions may help explain the frequently reported predictive value of QT dispersion. Preliminary results indicate STT area may be a better index of recovery time and recovery time dispersion on the epicardium than QTI.
Pyrene.pyrene complexes at the active site of cytochrome P450 3A4: evidence for a multiple substrate binding site.

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) metabolize nearly all drugs and toxins. Recently, it has become clear that CYPs exhibit both homotropic and heterotropic allosteric kinetics for many substrate...
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of chlorpheniramine in rabbits after intravenous administration

Intravenous studies of chlorpheniramine (CPM) were conducted in six New Zealand White male rabbits (mean wt. 3.88 kg). CPM and its two demethylated metabolites in arterial serum and urine were assayed by HPLC. Triexponential equations were needed to fit the i.V. CPM serum data in three rabbits, while biexponential equations were required in the other three rabbits. Harmonic mean of V1, Vss, V area , CL,and terminal t 1/2 were 2.84, 10.8, and 15.5 liters/kg, and 4.14 liters/kg/hr and 2.57 hr, respectively. The average serum protein binding was 44%. The average blood to plasma concentration ratio was 1.85. Estimated mean hepatic blood extraction ratio based on i.v. studies was 0.88. Tissue distribution studies showed rapid and extensive uptake of CPM by various organs such as lung, kidneys, and brain after i.v. bolus injection, as their concentrations were 160-, 80-, and 31- fold higher than the plasma level. The amount of CPM in the muscle was calculated to represent about 50% of CPM present in the body near the steady state. Variation in plasma protein and tissue binding was postulated to be an important factor for the observed marked interspecies difference in the apparent volume of distribution of CPM. Only 2% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine.
Strategic approaches for assessment and minimization of matrix effect in ligand-binding assays.

Background: Although substantial advances have been made in ligand-binding assays (LBA) for biotherapeutics in the past decade, there are still gaps that need to be addressed, especially in the context of understanding matrix effect and its root causes. Critical and in-depth characterization of matrix effect can provide valuable knowledge of the LBA limitations for proper results interpretation. Results: This article illustrates several strategic approaches with regard to identifying the root cause of matrix effect and practical solutions, including recognizing the confounding factors associated with matrix effect, selection of proper reagents to avoid matrix effect, and a systematic approach in dealing with matrix effect in method development and validation. Conclusion: These strategic approaches have enhanced the management of matrix effect in LBA.
Nursing-led management of side effects of radiation: evidence-based recommendations for practice

Correspondence: Patricia Poirier University of Maine, 5724 Dunn Hall, Orono, ME 04469 5724, USA Email patricia.poirier@umit.maine.edu Abstract: It has been estimated that 50%–60% of patients diagnosed with cancer will receive radiation therapy at some point in their treatment. Although radiation therapy can play a significant role in the cure or control of cancer, and the palliation of symptoms, it also has side effects. Side effects of radiation therapy can interfere with patient quality of life and daily functioning. Severe side effects can lead to delays in treatment, potentially affecting the outcome of treatment. All patients receiving radiation therapy are at risk of fatigue and skin reactions in the area of the body being treated. Other side effects of radiation therapy are specific to the part of the body being treated. Radiation therapy to the head and neck area may cause oral mucositis, dryness, and nutritional deficiencies. Radiation therapy to the chest or lung area may lead to difficulty in swallowing and eating. Radiation therapy to the pelvis frequently causes diarrhea. There are many nursing interventions available to manage the side effects of treatment based on best available evidence and expert opinion. Nurses in all settings are essential in helping patients manage the side effects of treatment and maintain their quality of life. The purpose of this review is to provide nurses with evidence-based recommendations and suggestions for managing common acute side effects of radiation therapy.
Control of the TSU 2-m automatic telescope

Tennessee State University is operating a 2-m automatic telescope for high-dispersion spectroscopy. The alt-azimuth telescope is fiber-coupled to a conventional echelle spectrograph with two resolutions (R=30,000 and 70,000). We control this instrument with four computers running linux and communicating over ethernet through the UDP protocol. A computer physically located on the telescope handles the acquisition and tracking of stars. We avoid the need for real-time programming in this application by periodically latching the positions of the axes in a commercial motion controller and the time in a GPS receiver. A second (spectrograph) computer sets up the spectrograph and runs its CCD, a third (roof) computer controls the roll-off roof and front flap of the telescope enclosure, and the fourth (executive) computer makes decisions about which stars to observe and when to close the observatory for bad weather. The only human intervention in the telescope's operation involves changing the observing program, copying data back to TSU, and running quality-control checks on the data. It has been running reliably in this completely automatic, unattended mode for more than a year with all day-to-day adminsitration carried out over the Internet. To support automatic operation, we have written a number of useful tools to predict and analyze what the telescope does. These include a simulator that predicts roughly how the telescope will operate on a given night, a quality-control program to parse logfiles from the telescope and identify problems, and a rescheduling program that calculates new priorities to keep the frequency of observation for the various stars roughly as desired. We have also set up a database to keep track of the tens of thousands of spectra we expect to get each year.
Utilization of photosynthetic products of symbiotic chloroplasts in mucus synthesis by Placobranchus ianthobapsus (gould), opisthobranchia, sacoglossa

Abstract 1. 1. About 5–10 per cent of the net 14 C photosynthetically fixed by symbiotic chloroplasts in the marine slug Placobranchus ianthobapsus (Gould) was secreted in mucus. 2. 2. After acid hydrolysis of mucus, most of the 14 C was found in galactose and glucose.
Effect of flurazepam on sleep spindles and K-complexes☆

In this research, a quantitative study of the EEG from 5 subjects permitted a detailed analysis of the effect of 30 mg of flurazepam administered over 7 nights. Four placebo baseline nights and 3 placebo withdrawal nights were also recorded. For 4 of the subjects, a nondrug and nonplacebo follow-up record was obtained 4 to 6 weeks later. The subjects were 4 females, 1 male, age range 23-42. All complained of either sleep onset greater than 45 min, sleep length of less than 6 h, or two or more sleep awakenings. Compressed spectral analysis yielded a computer-generated somnogram on each of the 15 nights of sleep, and an automated spindle detector was used to count and measure the duration of spindle bursts with frequencies of 12.25-15.5 c/sec on baseline nights 3 and 4, drug nights 1, 2, 3 and 7, on the 3rd withdrawal night, and on the 4-6 week followup record. K-complexes were scored visually on the 4th baseline and 7th drug nights. There were no significant differences in spindle rate per minute among baseline nights and the follow-up record. By the 2nd drug night, spindle rate had significantly increased over the baseline rate. Linear contrast analysis indicated there was a significant increase of spindle rate over drug nights. All 5 subjects showed this pattern of increase. In contrast to the increase in spindle activity, the rate per minute of K-complexes significantly decreased during drug administration.
Submicromolar phosphinic inhibitors of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase

The design, syntheses, and enzymatic activity of two submicromolar competitive inhibitors of aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) are described. The phosphinate inhibitors are analogs of N-phosphonacetyl-l-aspartate (PALA) but have a reduced charge at the phosphorus moiety. The mechanistic implications are discussed in terms of a possible cyclic transition-state during enzymatic catalysis.
Changing levels of political information in 1988 and 1990

The 1988 and 1990 National Election Studies indicate that the public is less politically informed in a low-stimulus election year than after a high-stimulus campaign. Although the same factors are responsible for what people know in each year, the process of becoming informed in an information-poor environment is slightly different than in an information-rich atmosphere. The data also show that, just as Angus Campbell's surge and decline theory predicts, “core” voters are slightly more knowledgeable than “peripheral” voters.
Specificity of Ubiquitin-Binding Proteins: Recognition of Different Faces of Ubiquitin

To further understand ubiquitin-binding proteins, we have developed a panel of monoubiquitin affinity resins linked through six different positions: residues 6, 11, 29, 48, 63, and 76. Each resin bound a different subset of yeast proteins. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the eluted proteins identified several of these proteins. Adding excess free ubiquitin competes for the binding of specific ubiquitin-binding proteins. Thus, putative monoubiquitin-binding proteins could be identified by this method. Analysis of yeast protein with this panel of resins demonstrates clear differences in the protein-binding pattern, depending on what ubiquitin residue is coupled to the resin. The results suggested that certain proteins show a preference for binding to different faces of ubiquitin. Sap185, an effector of the Sit4 protein phosphatase, has been identified as a putative ubiquitin-binding protein that binds to a face of ubiquitin other than that containing the hydrophobic patch. The combined affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry approach is a powerful tool for identifying ubiquitin-binding proteins.
Radikal‐Anionen als Zwischenstufen in der Organischen Chemie

Radikal-Anionen treten in einer Vielzahl von Reaktionen der Organischen Chemie als reaktive Zwischenstufen auf. Sie ermoglichen mehrere einzigartige synthetische Umwandlungen und bieten daneben die Gelegenheit, strukturelle Beziehungen zu untersuchen. In diesem Aufsatz werden Beispiele derartiger Reaktionen zusammengefast und die gegenwartigen mechanistischen Ansichten diskutiert.
Anglo and Latino Differences in Willingness to Pay for Urban Public Services

Objective. This research explores Anglo and Latino differences in willingness to pay for urban public services, assuming differences will impact service delivery in local government as the Latino population increases and becomes more visible. Methods. Survey data from a probability sample of Phoenix residents, now the nation's fifth largest city, are analyzed across 28 city services using multiple mechanisms that included a logit multivariate model. Results. Latinos are substantially more likely than Anglos to report willingness to pay for urban public services. These differences cut across services and are not mitigated by Latino income levels. Conclusions. Latinos are prepared to be full partners in improving service delivery in local government, even at the expense of out-of-pocket payment for services. Moreover, while increases in the Latino population will carry greater demand for more and high-quality city services by Latinos, it is unlikely to alter the menu of preferred services along class or race/ethnic lines. The fact that Latinos seem generally more willing to pay for services also raises the possibility that Latinos are interested in investing in their communities, seeking more opportunities, and perhaps remaining in those communities.
Effects of Phorate on Eggs of Six-Spotted Leafhopper

Phorate exhibited strong ovicidal properties on the eggs of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal). Dosage-mortality curves are presented for different methods of application. When plants were exposed to phorate vapors under bell jars for 24 hours, a dosage of 1.25 μliter per cubic foot of space caused 50% mortality of the eggs. By foliar application a concentration of 0.02% (volume per volume) produced similar effects. A dosage of 4.3 μliter per plant applied to 660 g of soil killed 50% of the embryos by translocated effects, Similar results were obtained when phorate was absorbed through the petioles of detached leaves. Most of the phorate-treated embryos continued to develop to a stage immediately prior to hatching but failed to emerge. However, a small percentage died in the earlier stages without undergoing any appreciable development. The embryonic development of M. fascifrons was completed in about 9 days at 78±2°F on China asters. Photographs and measurements of 7 stages of development are given.
Managing EHS of PV-related equipment at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Managing environment, health, and safety (EHS) risks at a national laboratory, or university, can be intimidating to a researcher who is focused on research results. Laboratory research and development (R&D) operations are often driven by scientists with limited engineering support and lack well-refined equipment development resources. To add to the burden for a researcher, there is a plethora of codes, standards, and regulations that govern the safe installation and operation of photovoltaic-related R&D equipment—especially those involving hazardous production materials. To help guide the researcher through the vast list of requirements, the EHS office at NREL has taken a variety of steps. Organizationally, the office has developed hazard-specific laboratory-level procedures to govern particular activities. These procedures are a distillation of appropriate international codes, fire agencies, SEMI standards, U.S. Department of Energy orders, and other industry standards to those necessary and sufficient to govern the safe operation of a given activity. The EHS office works proactively with researchers after a concept for a new R&D capability is conceived to help guide the safe design, acquisition, installation, and operation of the equipment. It starts with a safety assessment at the early stages such that requirements are implemented to determine the level of risk and degree of complexity presented by the activity so appropriate controls can be put in place to manage the risk. As the equipment requirements and design are refined, appropriate equipment standards are applied. Before the “to-build” specifications are finalized, a process hazard analysis is performed to ensure that no single-point failure presents an unacceptable risk. Finally, as the tool goes through construction and installation stages, reviews are performed at logical times to ensure that the requisite engineering controls and design are in place and operational. Authorization to operate is not given until adherence to these requirements is fully verified and documented. Operations continue under the conditions defined through this process and are reviewed with changing processes.
MARKET ANALYSIS — THE HOLISTIC APPROACH TO MARKETING

Market analysis has established its usefulness in many businesses and represents a major advance in marketing methodology. Computer power generates an information system of enormous importance to the marketer. Market analysis unifies and integrates marketing activity in a way that has previously proved elusive.
Replica plating of cultured mammalian cells

A simple device is described which permits the replica plating of lymphocytes as well as substrate adherent fibroblasts. The replica plating device consists of an 8 × 12 array of cotton-tipped swabs (Q-tips). The principle of the replica plating system involves the use of an array of absorbent cotton-tipped swabs to transfer nonadherent lymphocytes (or conditioned medium) to corresponding wells of 96-well microtiter plates. Replica plating of substrate adherent cells requires one additional step; i.e., dislodgement of adherent cells by rotating the cotton-tipped swabs against the culture surface of each well. Once adherent cells are dislodged, replica plating of adherent cells can be carried out in an identical fashion to the replica plating of nonadherent lymphocytes. Application of the Q-tip replicator in the isolation of monoclonal antibody secreting hybridomas is also presented.
A comparison of the mood and activities of depressed, previously depressed and non-depressed women

Abstract Clinically depressed, previously depressed and non-depressed women were compared on measures of activity and mood. It was hypothesized on the basis of earlier reports in the literature of lingering social impairment following depressive episodes, that previously depressed women would report engaging in fewer activities than non-depressed women, and that they would rate the emotional valence of activities more negatively than non-depressed women. S s completed individualized activity checklists and measures of mood for 14 consecutive days. Contrary to prediction, non-depressed and previously depressed women were remarkably similar to each other and dissimilar from depressed women with regard to their reporting of activity on a daily basis. This finding was especially unexpected given that a number of the women in the previously depressed group evidenced elevated levels of depression. The findings provide additional support to suggest that mild and severe depression do not lie on the same continuum, and raise questions regarding the nature of depression as experienced by the previously depressed.
The screech owl, its life history and population ecology in northern Ohio

Abstract : The screech owl (Otus asio) is native to North America and breeds throughout the United States and in portions of Canada and Mexico. Breeding biology and population dynamics have received little attention. This report presents the basic life history and population information about screech owls in northern Ohio over a 30-yr period.
Epizootic Lymphadenitis in Guinea-Pigs

An outbreak of epizootic lymphadenitis occurred in the stock of a dealer involving an unknown number of guinea-pigs over a period of about eight months. The dealer slaughtered the animals as soon as infection was noticed until our cooperation was asked, when the guineapigs were sent to us. Thirty-five animals with unruptured abscesses were received besides a number with either draining abscesses or scars of healed lesions which were not examined. This outbreak differed
Effect of Burn Injury on Intestinal Na+/H+ Exchangers

The Na+/H+ exchangers at the brush border membrane (BBM) and the basolateral membrane (BLM) are each distinct with different kinetic and pharmacologic characteristics. At the BBM, Na+/H+ exchange provides an acid microenvironment necessary for nutrient transport. At the BLM, the Na+/H+ exchanger regulates intracellular pH and cell volume which affect cell growth and repair. This study was designed to determine the effect of burn injury on Na+/H+ exchange at the BBM and BLM of the rat enterocyte. Adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (n = 6) and 20% scald burn groups (n = 6). Using differential centrifugation and percoll density gradient techniques, BBM and BLM vesicles were prepared from the jejunum. 22Na+ uptake was measured using a rapid filtration technique. Initial rate uptake studies showed that the slope of Na+ uptake in BBM (y = 0.06x + 0.12, r2 = 0.99) and BLM (y = 0.075x + 0.1, r2 = 0.99) of the control group was higher (P < 0.05) than that in the burn group (y = 0.0345x + 0.06, r2 = 0.98 and y = 0.056x + 0.01, r2 = 0.99). To determine whether the changes in transport are related to the feeding pattern in burn rats, similar experiments were done in pair-fed animals. The initial rate uptake studies of BBM showed a similarily greater slope of Na+ uptake in pair-fed control animals compared to the burn group (y = 0.043x + 0.06, r2 = 0.99 and y = 0.062x + 0.008, r2 = 0.98; P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Population Density and Harvest Maturity Effects on Leaf and Stem Yield in Alfalfa

A system has been proposed using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as a biofuel feedstock, where the stems would be processed to produce energy and the leaves used as a livestock feed. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects and interactions of environment, population density, and harvest maturity on leaf and stem yield of alfalfa germplasms differing in fall dormancy and leaf/stem ratio. Four alfalfa germplasms established at four population densities (450, 180, 50, and 16 plants m -2 ) were harvested at the early bud and green pod maturity stages and evaluated in three environments for leaf and stem yield. All main effects and several two-way interactions influenced leaf and stem yield (P > 0.01). The population density × harvest maturity interaction had the greatest impact on yield. Leaf and stem yield per unit area increased as population density increased from 16 to 450 plants m -2 at the early bud stage. In contrast, leaf and stem yield increased as population density increased from 16 to 180 plants m -2 , but decreased dramatically at 450 plants m -2 at the green pod maturity stage. Delaying harvest until the green pod maturity stage and decreasing population density to 180 plant m -2 maximized both leaf and stem yield in all four alfalfa germplasms studied. Decreasing population density to 180 plants m -2 , and harvesting twice per season at a later maturity stage would be a effective management strategy for maximizing yield in an alfalfa biomass energy or biofuel production system.
Novel oxygen storage components for advanced catalysts for emission control in natural gas fueled vehicles

Abstract Advanced catalysts based on a novel oxygen storage component (OSC) were developed for emission control in natural gas fueled vehicles. The catalysts contain a manganese oxide (MnOx) as the OSC supported on an inert LaA1O3 perovskite and a noble metal component (Pd) supported on a separate high surface area refractory material, for example lanthana stabilized A12O3. The MnOx has higher oxygen storage capacity, and faster oxygen absorption and oxide reduction rates than the present commercial ceria-stabilized alumina support materials. Temperature programmed techniques and dynamic cycled experiments were used to measure oxygen storage capacity, activity for NO reduction and CO and CH4 oxidation rates. Durability tests on a physical mixture of Pd-Mn/LaAlO3 and Pt/A12O3(La) demonstrated that a temperature excursion to 950°C for 30 min did not cause significant loss in catalyst activity for either NO reduction or CO or CH4 oxidation. We have also shown that the MnOX can be added to conventional three-way catalysts (TWC) to enhance their performance for NOx reduction and CO or hydrocarbon oxidation.
Genetic analysis of two new mutations resulting in herbicide resistance in the cyanobacterium Synechcoccus sp. PCC 7002.

Two herbicide-resistant strains of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 are compared to the wild-type with respect to the DNA changes which result in herbicide resistance. The mutations have previously been mapped to a region of the cyanobacterial genome which encodes one of three copies of psbA, the gene which encodes the 32 kDa Qb-binding protein also known as D1 (Buzby et al. 1987). The DNA sequence of the wild-type gene was first determined and used as a comparison to that of the mutant alleles. A point mutation at codon 211 in the psbA1 coding locus (TTC) to TCC) results in an amino acid change from phenylalanine to serine in the D1 protein. This mutation confers resistance to atrazine and diuron at seven times and at two times the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the wild-type, respectively. A mutation at codon 211 resulting in herbicide resistance has not previously been described in the literature. A second point mutation at codon 219 in the psbA1 coding locus (GTA to ATA) results in an amino acid change from valine to isoleucine in the Dl protein. This mutation confers resistance to diuron and atrazine at ten times and at two times the MIC for the wild-type, respectively. An identical codon change conferring similar herbicide resistance patterns has previously been described in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The atrazine-resistance phenotype in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was shown to be dominant by plasmid segregation analysis.
EFFECTS OF TRAUMA, HEMORRHAGE AND RESUSCITATION IN AGED RATS

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in the elderly and the incidence of mortality and morbidity increases with age. This study tested the hypothesis that, after TBI followed by hemorrhagic hypotension (HH) and resuscitation, cerebral blood flow (CBF) would decrease more in aged compared with young rats. Young adult (4–6 months) and aged (20–24 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with isoflurane, prepared for parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) and randomly assigned to receive either moderate FPI (2.0 atm) only, moderate FPI + severe HH (40 mm Hg for 45 minutes) followed by return of shed blood, or sham FPI. Intracranial pressure (ICP), CBF, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured and, after twenty-four hours survival, the rats were euthanized and their brains were sectioned and stained with Fluoro-Jade (FJ), a dye that stains injured neurons. After moderate FPI, severe HH and reinfusion of shed blood, MAP and CBF were significantly reduced in the aged group, compared to the young group. Both FPI and FPI + HH groups significantly increased the numbers of FJ-positive neurons in hippocampal cell layers CA1, CA2 and CA3 (p < 0.05 vs Sham) in young and aged rats. Despite differences in post-resuscitation MAP and CBF, there were no differences in the numbers of FJ-positive neurons in aged compared to young rats after FPI, HH and blood resuscitation. Although cerebral hypoperfusion in the aged rats was not associated with increased hippocampal cell injury, the trauma-induced reductions in CBF and post resuscitation blood pressure may have resulted in damage to brain regions that were not examined or neurological or behavioral impairments that were not assessed in this study. Therefore, the maintenance of normal blood pressure and cerebral perfusion would be advisable in the treatment of elderly patients after TBI.
Maternal–Fetal Conflict: Rapidly Evolving Proteins in the Rodent Placenta

Conflicting evolutionary interests between mother and offspring are hypothesized to drive an evolutionary arms race during mammalian pregnancy, and thus, positive selection may cause the rapid divergence of placental proteins that affect maternal or fetal fitness. We investigated the genomic consequences of placental expression in rodents and report that a substantial proportion (20.5%) of genes specifically expressed in the mature placenta are rapidly evolving. Moreover, we found that most rapidly evolving genes belong to just three pregnancy-related gene families: placental cathepsins, prolactins, and placental carcinoembryonic antigens. We then sequenced the most rapidly evolving gene, trophoblastspecific protein alpha (Tpbpa), in nine different Mus species/subspecies and found evidence of positive selection within the Mus lineage, with an excess of nonsynonymous changes clustering near a functionally important interaction site. Together, these results suggest that placental proteins, which mediate interactions between mother and offspring, often may be the targets of evolutionary conflict.
Mechanical determinants of plaque modeling, remodeling and disruption

The stability of the blood vessel wall and adequate perfusion of the tissues are maintained by structural adaptations to changes in wall shear and tensile stresses. These readjustments take the form of morphological reconstructions of vessel wall dimensions, composition and configuration. Altered flow results in adjustments to the diameter of vessels, which tend to restore wall shear stress to baseline values of 15‐20 dyn:cm 2 , while changes in vessel diameter or in fluid pressure produce altered mural tensile stresses which, in turn, generate corresponding changes in wall thickness and composition. During early development and growth, the proliferation of smooth muscle cells tends to correspond to an enlargement of the vessel diameter and an increase in wall volume, while matrix accumulation corresponds largely to tensile stress. After growth, the media and intima may both participate in these reactions. In conditions of decreased flow, intimal cell accumulation narrows the vessel lumen, thereby increasing wall shear stress until the baseline shear stress is restored. The intima then develops cellular and matrix features of the media.
Learning the Ropes

Michael Coy. ed. Apprenticeship: From Theory to Method and Back Again. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. xv. 298 pp. $17.95 (paper); $54.50 (cloth).
Super-resolution: Imaging beyond the pixel size limit

We have implemented a new high resolution imaging system independent of the image sensorpsilas pixel size. This super-resolution is achieved by integrating a nano-aperture patterned in the first metal layer within the pixel using a standard CMOS process. The image sensorpsilas focal plane is scanned with a sub-micron step to obtain the super-resolution image. To experimentally verify the operation of our technique, we have fabricated a standard 3-Transistors (3T) active pixel sensors with integrated nano-apertures in a 0.13 mum CMOS technology. Here, we describe the concept of our super-resolution imaging and elaborate on our fabricated design and experimental setup.
AGORA: an architecture for strategyproof computing in grids

Grids enable the sharing of resources and problem solving in multi-organizational environments. The problem of resource management in such systems is very complex because the participants, resource owners and users, have their own requirements and objectives that need to be considered when making allocation decisions. To address this issue novel protocols that take into account the self-interest and incentives of these participants need to be developed. These kinds of protocols in which the participants maximize their own utilities only if they report their true parameters and follow the rules are called strategyproof protocols. In this paper we propose AGORA, an architecture for strategyproof computing in grids and present several strategyproof mechanisms for resource allocation that can be deployed on this architecture.
On the gas dynamics of an intense explosion with an expanding contact surface

The structure of a strong blast wave under the influence of an expanding inner contact surface is studied asymptotically in the Newtonian limit: $\epsilon \equiv (\gamma - 1)/2\gamma \ll 1, \epsilon \dot{y}^2_s \gg a^2_{\infty}$ . The theory treats the interaction of a shock layer and an inner flow region (the entropy wake) and reduces the problem to an ordinary differential equation for the shock radius. The pressure–volume relation of Cheng et al. (1961) is recovered and extended to a higher order of e. It is shown that, depending on the rate of growth of the contact surface, the shock layer may ‘reattach’ to the surface at large time. In a number of cases, the reattachment is approached in an oscillatory manner which leads to a period of non-uniformity. The associated problem of multiple time scales (treated in sequels to this paper) is identified.
Diagnosis and management of Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis occurs throughout the world but is more common within the endemic areas of North America, particularly in fertile river valleys. Disease manifestations range from asymptomatic infection in the normal host with low-inoculum exposure to rapidly fatal, disseminated infection in the severely immunocompromised host, emphasizing the importance of cellular immunity in defense against Histoplasma capsulatum. Diagnosis depends on a high index of suspicion, knowledge of the clinical and epidemiologic features of the infection, and a thorough understanding of the uses and limitations of fungal cultural and serological laboratory procedures. Recently, a method has been developed for rapid diagnosis based on detection of a polysaccharide antigen in body fluids of patients with histoplasmosis. Amphotericin B remains the preferred treatment for more severe forms of histoplasmosis, particularly in the immunocompromised host, but oral treatment with ketoconazole or newer imidozoles appears to be effective in less severe infections in non-immunocompromised individuals.
ALEGORÍAS DEL REPUDIO: POLÍTICAS SUBALTERNAS Y DOMINANTES EN LA REVOLUCIÓN MEXICANA

Desde hace una decada, un grupo de investigadores organizados por John Beverely e Ileana Rodriguez ha desarrollado un proyecto para la literatura latinoamericana inspirandose en los trabajos de Ranajit Guha, los ensayos de Gayatri Spivak y otros investigadores que han intervenido en los estudios del subalterno para la India. El principal resultado de este subalternismo literario ha sido una metacritica de los intelectuales y su funcion en justificar jerarquias sociales.1 Al decir de Beverley, el trabajo del subalternismo cultural es elaborar “una critica de las formas del conocimiento academico tales como nosotros las practicamos; es decir, una critica de nuestra complicidad en la produccion y reproduccion de relaciones sociales y culturales de desigualdad” (“Im/ possibility” 61).2 Sin embargo, un grupo de historiadores, como Florencia Mallon y Gilbert Joseph, tambien ha adaptado el proyecto subalternista al contexto latinoamericano. Ellos se inspiran en Guha y los planteamientos de Gramsci sobre las clases subalternas y proponen una renovacion de la historiografia latinoamericana, tomando principalmente el caso de Mexico. Hasta la fecha, las publicaciones de los historiadores se acercan mas a la formacion de una metodologia compartida, mientras el grupo literario emerge de una crisis disciplinaria en las humanidades que resiste concreciones metodologicas.3 Recientemente, el grupo literario anuncio el final de su colaboracion organizada, pero
Ipilimumab: An Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody for Metastatic Melanoma

Ipilimumab (MDX-010, Yervoy; Bristol-Myers Squibb), a fully human monoclonal antibody against CTL antigen 4 (CTLA-4), was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. In both early- and late-phase trials, ipilimumab has shown consistent activity against melanoma. For example, in a randomized phase III trial that enrolled patients with previously treated metastatic disease, ipilimumab, with or without a peptide vaccine, improved overall survival: Median overall survival was 10.1 and 10.0 months in the ipilimumab and ipilimumab plus vaccine arms, respectively, versus 6.4 months in the vaccine-alone group (hazard ratio, 0.68; P ≤ 0.003). Serious (grade 3-5) immune-related adverse events occurred in 10% to 15% of patients. Thus, although it provides a clear survival benefit, ipilimumab administration requires careful patient monitoring and sometimes necessitates treatment with immune-suppressive therapy. Here, we review the mechanism of action, preclinical data, and multiple clinical trials that led to FDA approval of ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma.
Antistaphylococcal activity of dalbavancin, an experimental glycopeptide.

Dalbavancin, tested against 146 staphylococci, was more potent than other drugs tested, with an MIC at which 50% of staphylococci were inhibited of 0.03 μg/ml and an MIC at which 90% of staphylococci were inhibited of 0.06 μg/ml by microdilution. For all strains, MICs of vancomycin, linezolid, ranbezolid, oritavancin, daptomycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin were ≤4.0 μg/ml. Dalbavancin was bactericidal at four times the MIC against all six strains tested.
Nanodiamond Lateral VFEM Technology for Harsh Environments

This paper reports the first total dose tests on a nanocrystalline diamond lateral vacuum field emission microelectronics (VFEM) technology. This technology operates efficiently at both low and high temperatures (200degC) and is inherently ldquohardrdquo to radiation. No measurable change in device response is observed after 15 Mrad(SiO2) total dose exposure, signifying an emerging electronics for extreme environment.
Protistan diversity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: linking genotype, morphology and physiology

Traditional microscope-based studies of protistan assemblages in the Ross Sea, Antarctica have contributed significantly to our understanding of the microbial biogeography and food web structure in this extreme cold-water environment. However, these investigations have neither been able to characterize the genetic diversity of the communities, nor have they necessarily determined the abundances or trophic contribution of the dominant organisms. Resolution of the latter issue is hindered by the fact that physiological studies are often conducted on opportunistic species that respond to enrichment culture rather than species truly representative of intact communities. Therefore, we sought to determine the genetic diversity of microbial eukaryotes in ice, water and slush samples from the Ross Sea, and establish both morphologic and physiologic links between enrichment cultures and the genetic data. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and ribosomal clone library analyses indicate that the protistan communities are very diverse, but those present in similar habitats are more alike than those in different habitats at the same site. We have been able to identify several protists from our enrichment cultures as being genetically represented in the original samples. General studies of their physiology have been initiated and methods for determining their abundances are being developed.
Ion heating and containment in an Electric Field Bumpy Torus (EFBT) plasma

Abstract In the Electric Field Bumpy Torus (EFBT), gross confinement is provided by a bumpy torus magnetic field, and plasma heating, macroscopic stabilization, and enhanced confinement by externally applied electric fields. In this magneto-electrically confined plasma, the radial electric field has exceeded 1 kV/cm at the plasma boundary and has penetrated inward to at least one-half the plasma radius. These high dc radial electric fields lead to strong low frequency fluctuations of the density and potential, and radially inward fluctuation-induced transport against the radial plasma density gradient. With negative electrode polarity, the particle confinement was a balance of two processes: radial infusion of ions in sectors of the plasma not containing electrodes, resulting from fluctuation-induced transport in the radially inward dc electric fields; and ion losses to the electrodes, each of whichacted like a Langmuir probe in ion saturation to extract ions from the plasma. A simple model predicts that the particle containment time is proportional to the plasma volume, and this was experimentally observed. The ions and electrons receive energy from external power supplies through the imposed radial electric field, and the E/B drift velocities thermalize to kinetic temperatures which can reach several kilovolts. In the steady-state NASA-Lewis EFBT experiment, the enhancement of confinement provided by negative plasma bias made possible simultaneously an average number density ne = 3.2 × 1012/cm3, an ion kinetic temperature of 300–500 eV, and a particle containment time of τ = 2.5 ms in an 82 liter plasma.
Does child temperament moderate the influence of parenting on adjustment

Abstract Parental socialization and child temperament are modestly associated with child adjustment outcomes. Main-effects models have yielded valuable information, but fail to explicate mechanisms via which child adjustment occurs. A conditional model of influence is suggested, in which parenting effects on child adjustment are moderated by child temperament characteristics. Theoretical support for such a model is outlined, integrating bioecological systems theory ( Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998 ) and a corollary differential susceptibility hypothesis ( Belsky, 1997 ). Empirical work compatible with the moderated model is reviewed, and research that more fully integrates the theoretical model and allows direct testing of the propositions is presented.
Generating anticipation in robot motion

Robots that display anticipatory motion provide their human partners with greater time to respond in interactive tasks because human partners are aware of robot intent earlier. We create anticipatory motion autonomously from a single motion exemplar by extracting hand and body symbols that communicate motion intent and moving them earlier in the motion. We validate that our algorithm extracts the most salient frame (i.e. the correct symbol) which is the most informative about motion intent to human observers. Furthermore, we show that anticipatory variants allow humans to discern motion intent sooner than motions without anticipation, and that humans are able to reliably predict motion intent prior to the symbol frame when motion is anticipatory. Finally, we quantified the time range for robot motion when humans can perceive intent more accurately and the collaborative social benefits of anticipatory motion are greatest.
Issues in intelligent cell control for flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract The highly important issue of intelligent cell control is addressed. Two major hierarchical control structures (the Advanced Factory Management System AFMS and the Automated Manufacturing Research Facility AMRF) are described and a comparison is made between the two structures. The advantages and difficulties of both types of manufacturing cells are elucidated as well.
In vivo dynamic strains of the ovine anterior mitral valve leaflet

Understanding the mechanics of the mitral valve is crucial in terms of designing and evaluating medical devices and techniques for mitral valve repair. In the current study we characterize the in vivo strains of the anterior mitral valve leaflet. On cardiopulmonary bypass, we sew miniature markers onto the leaflets of 57 sheep. During the cardiac cycle, the coordinates of these markers are recorded via biplane fluoroscopy. From the resulting four-dimensional data sets, we calculate areal, maximum principal, circumferential, and radial leaflet strains and display their profiles on the averaged leaflet geometry. Average peak areal strains are 13.87 6.3%, maximum principal strains are 13.074.7%, circumferential strains are 5.07 2.7%, and radial strains are 7.87 4.3%. Maximum principal strains are largest in the belly region, where they are aligned with the circumferential direction during diastole switching into the radial direction during systole. Circumferential strains are concentrated at the distal portion of the belly region close to the free edge of the leaflet, while radial strains are highest in the center of the leaflet, stretching from the posterior to the anterior commissure. In summary, leaflet strains display significant temporal, regional, and directional variations with largest values inside the belly region and toward the free edge. Characterizing strain distribution profiles might be of particular clinical significance when optimizing mitral valve repair techniques in terms of forces on suture lines and on medical devices.
Subcutaneous treprostinil in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Practical considerations

Treprostinil, which is available for subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) administration, has demonstrated efficacy in increasing exercise capacity, reducing signs and symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and improving cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in patients with PAH; however, the infusion site pain commonly experienced with SC treprostinil has limited its use. Prospective and observational clinical studies have shown that the dose of SC treprostinil can be escalated at a higher rate than described in early clinical trials to achieve symptom relief, in part because of favorable tolerability of treatment and the apparent dose independence of site pain. In addition, pain management protocols that include non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic (i.e., topical and systemic) approaches provide analgesic relief from infusion site pain. With experience, physicians and patients have recognized that some infusion sites are better than others, and the frequency of site rotation can be reduced to improve tolerability. Dosing to achieve rapid onset of efficacy and proactively managing infusion site pain enhance the likelihood for a patient with PAH to maintain and derive benefit from SC treprostinil therapy.
Evaluating the Nature of the Still‐Face Effect in the Double Face‐to‐Face Still‐Face Paradigm Using Different Comparison Groups

The current study explored two possible comparison groups for the double Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm to evaluate their effects on infant behavior and different hypotheses about the nature of the Still-Face (SF) effect, an effect not fully understood. Mothers and their 4-month-old infants were randomly assigned to one of three groups, a double FFSF group (GroupFFSF, n = 44), a control, semi-structured play group (GroupStory, n = 46), or a control, unstructured play group (GroupPlay, n = 28). As hypothesized, GroupFFSF infants exhibited the classic SF response (decreased positive affect and gaze to mother; increased negative affect) and GroupPlay infants showed an increase in negative affect over episodes. Contrary to expectations, GroupStory infants displayed a similar, but less intense, pattern of behavior as GroupFFSF. Taken together, the findings indicate that multiple episodes of face-to-face play exceeded 4-month-olds' regulatory capacities and that infants are sensitive to shared communicative intentions and violations of social expectations, whether these violations are negative or positive in nature.