cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency intubation for paralysis of the uncooperative trauma patient

The impact of paralysis followed by intubation was studied in patients who had been traumatized and subsequently admitted to Lehigh Valley Hospital Center. Trauma admission records between January 1987 and June 1988 were reviewed. Fifty-seven patients, intubated for control of agitation and combativeness, were divided into high injury severity (HIS) and low injury severity (LIS) subgroups using admission trauma (TS) and injury severity scores (ISS). Thirty-eight (70%) were classified as HIS and 19 (30%) as LIS. All HIS patients had significant injuries diagnosed following paralysis with intubation (PWI). Mortality in the HIS group was 9%. The LIS subgroup was compared to a randomly selected group of similarly injured blunt trauma patients who did not require PWI. There were significant differences (P less than 0.05) in age, hospital cost, hours per day of nursing care, and percent of patients with an ETOH level greater than 100 mg%. Emergency paralysis with intubation is an effective method for controlling the uncooperative, combative, seriously injured patient. However, patients with low injury severity who require restraint have higher costs and require more care if they are paralyzed and intubated than if they are not.
Electron impact excitation cross sections for carbon monoxide

The authors present distorted-wave cross sections for excitation of the A 1 Pi , a 3 Pi , a' 3 Sigma +, D 1 Delta and d 3 Delta states of CO by electrons in the 20 to 50 eV energy range. In these studies both the initial and final distorted waves are obtained in the static-exchange field of the ground electronic state. Differential and integral cross sections are presented and compared with available experimental data and with other calculations. The calculated differential cross sections for the A 1 Pi and a 3 Pi states agree poorly in magnitude, but better in shape, with available experimental data. In general the distorted-wave cross sections differ substantially from those of plane-wave-type theories such as the Born-Ochkur-Rudge approximation.
MATLAB: an environment for simulation and data analytics

MATLAB is a platform for simulation, analysis, visualization, and optimization. You can access and analyze real-world data and develop customized algorithms that help make better decisions. Join us to see what's new and how MATLAB can help you explore data, develop algorithms, and optimize your discrete-event simulation results.
Methods of determining surface state energies

Abstract The surfaces of solids present electronic states, so-called surface states, in addition to the band structure of the infinite lattice. This paper discusses the origin of these states, their major features, and surveys the principal experimental techniques for their characterization. It also stresses the importance of structure in surface state theory, enumerates the difficulties in the interpretation of experimental surface state distribution measurements, and suggest that such measurements may be helpful in the interpretation of surface structure measurements.
HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR IN ADULTS: ADVENTURES AND MISADVENTURES

Purpose: To evaluate long-term results and complications we reviewed the records of 42 consecutive men 18 to 47 years old (mean age 22.5) who underwent hypospadias repair between 1979 and 1999.Materials and Methods: The study population was divided into groups 1 consisting of 8 patients without previous hypospadias surgery, 2 consisting of 12 who underwent 1 or more procedures in childhood but in whom local tissue was relatively intact and 3 consisting of 22 who underwent multiple unsuccessful hypospadias repairs with various degrees of penile deformity and loss of local tissue.Results: Complications were noted in 3 of 8 (37.5%), 5 of 12 (41.67%) and 14 of 22 (63.6%) patients in groups 1 to 3, including 3 (100%), 4 (80%) and 10 (71.4%), respectively, in whom secondary surgery was successful in the long term. A patient in group 2 and 2 in group 3 await further surgery, while 2 in group 3 were lost to followup. Overall primary complications developed in 22 of the 42 men (52.3%) and 5 of the 22 (22.7%) had s...
A note on non-commutative ergodic theorems for actions of hyperbolic groups

Abstract The goal of this note is to establish non-commutative pointwise ergodic theorems for actions of hyperbolic groups. Similar commutative results were obtained by Bufetov, Khristoforov and Klimenko, and by Pollicott and Sharp.
Multireference relativistic configuration-interaction calculations for (d+s)n transition-metal atomic states: Application to Zr II hyperfine structure.

Our relativistic configuration-interaction (RCI) methodology has been extended to multireference cases, and improved to permit the construction of angular-momentum functions of arbitrary size, and to minimize the number of vectors needed with each configuration. We report RCI calculations on the fine (fs) and hyperfine (hfs) structure for the (d+s${)}^{3}$ J=0.5 and 1.5 levels of Zr ii. The average fs error is 0.075 eV, and 17% for hfs, when compared to available experiment. These results indicate that it is possible to correctly position all levels of (d+s${)}^{\mathit{n}}$ configurations in the transition-metal atoms.
Systems-independent file management and distribution services

Applications universally require files to move from one location to another. Although different applications may use files differently, many of the files are of the same type. The identifying, fetching, moving, and storing functions are the same for all applications and can be most efficiently provided by a common process. Various applications can invoke the common process, which performs the required operations independently and notifies the appropriate applications when they are completed. In Systems Network Architecture (SNA) networks, the common process is an SNA/Distribution Services (SNA/DS) server defined by SNA/File Services (SNA/FS). The invoking applications are SNA/DS agents of various types. This paper describes the role of the agent in invoking the file transfer and the role of the SNA/FS server in fetching and storing the file. It also describes the SNA/FS architecture for uniquely naming files and data objects. One example of an SNA/DS agent that uses the SNA/FS server is the change management category of SNA/Management Services, described in another paper in this issue.
Linking Data From the Multiethnic Cohort Study to Medicare Data: Linkage Results and Application to Chronic Disease Research

The Multiethnic Cohort Study of Diet and Cancer (MEC), a prospective study, was established between 1993 and 1996 to study risk factors for cancer by taking advantage of the ethnic and cultural diversity of Hawaii and California (1). The cohort included more than 215,000 men and women and was comprised of 5 racial/ethnic populations. At recruitment, the participants were aged 45–75 years. By 2013, more than 90% of surviving participants had become eligible for Medicare (aged ≥65 years). Given its ethnic diversity, the value of MEC for etiological research on cancer is widely recognized (2). To expand and identify health outcomes, we recently completed a study of linkage of MEC data to Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services claim data. Medicare claims have been widely used as a population-based source of data for research (3–6). Here, we describe the success of linking MEC with Medicare data and use congestive heart failure (CHF) to illustrate its value for etiological research.
Mary Todd Lincoln: A Tragic Portrait

Sang's tragic portait is based primarily on 18 letters by Mary Tood Lincoln written from 1840 to 1876, from a time before her marriage to Abraham Lincoln through her tragic days after the assassination of the president. The letters are transcribed in full.
Suicide: A decade review of the sociological literature

Major works on suicide are reviewed and classified into four analytic categories according to their theoretical emphasis: cultural, economic, modernization, and social integration perspectives. The research under these paradigms is assessed in terms of four themes. First, attention is drawn to research evidence that questions traditional theories. An example is Durkheim's position on social class and suicide. Second, the review notes several new theories including Phillips’ imitation thesis and the author's own model of migration's effects on suicide. Third, the paper observes and reviews explanations of new trends in suicide rates such as the rapid increase in youth suicide and the decline in suicide among the elderly. Finally, the review calls attention to explanations of suicide, such as that linking suicide to low marital solidarity, that have withstood the test of the more rigorous empirical testing of recent times.
Performance of small herschel‐type venturi tubes

The characteristics of five Herschel-type Venturi tubes with throat diameters ranging from 0.073 to 0.359 in, and throat-to-pipe—diameter ratios from 0.0882 to 0.4340 have been investigated.
Ultrafast fluorescence investigation of excitation energy transfer in different dendritic core branched structures.

The mechanism of energy transport in branching structures is suggestively related to the geometry of the multichromophore architecture. In organic conjugated dendrimers, both incoherent (hopping) and coherent energy transfer processes have been observed from different dendritic architectures with different building blocks. In this communication, we report the investigation of three fundamental dendritic architectures (G0) with the same attached chromophores, but with different core atoms, C, N, and P. The synthesis of a phosphorus-containing G0 system with distyrylbenzene chromophores is provided. These three systems provide a comparison by which the relative interaction of branching chromophores can be compared on the basis of their different branching centers. Ultrafast fluorescence anisotropy measurements provide a dual measure of the geometry of the chromophores around the different central units as well as the strength of the interactions among chromophores. The nitrogen-cored system appeared to have...
Unsteady compressible potential flow around lifting bodies - General theory.

The general theory of potential aerodynamic flow around a lifting body having arbitrary shape and motion is presented. By using the Green's function method, an integral representation for the velocity potential is obtained for both supersonic and subsonic flow. This representation reduces properly to the lifting surface theories as well as to other classical mathematical formulas. Under small perturbation assumption, the potential at any point P in the field depends only upon the values of the potential and its normal derivative on the surface of the body. Hence, if the point P approaches the surface of the body, the representation reduces to an integrodifferential equation relating the potential and its normal derivative on the surface of the body.
Factors influencing health perceptions in patients with panic disorder

Abstract Subjective perceptions of health have been found to be related to a variety of consequential variables including health care utilization and mortality. A number of studies have found that patients with panic disorder generally perceive themselves as having poor health. However, factors underlying self-perceptions of health are largely unexplored in this population. The present study examined three factors believed to contribute to health perceptions: (1) presence of comorbid medical conditions, (2) tendency to somaticize or worry about health, and (3) level of co-occurring depression. The sample consisted of 81 patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder. An assessment battery that determined self-perceptions of health, level of depression, and the major clinical dimensions of panic disorder (i.e., panic attacks, anxiety, and phobic avoidance) was administered to all participants. As predicted, analyses indicated that each of the hypothesized factors was significantly related to poorer perceived health. Setwise hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for demographic variables indicated that health perceptions are strongly and independently associated with depression and the presence of a medical condition. Subjective health perceptions in panic disorder are multifactorial and are related to both realistic appraisals of health and distorted perceptions caused by depressed mood.
Passive immunization as tool to identify protective HIV-1 Env epitopes.

The HIV-1/AIDS epidemic continues to escalate, and a protective vaccine remains elusive. The first vaccine candidate, gp120, did not induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against primary HIV-1 isolates and was ineffective in phase III clinical trials. Attention then focused on generating cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL)-based vaccines. Interest in anti-HIV-1 nAbs was renewed when passive immunization with human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) completely protected macaques after intravenous and mucosal challenges with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) encoding HIV-1 env. These nmAbs targeted conserved, functionally important epitopes on gp120 and gp41. Protection in primate/SHIV models was observed when nmAbs were used singly (nmAbs 2G12, b12) and in various combination regimens (nmAbs b12, F105, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10). Passive immunization, a well-established tool to determine the correlates of protective immunity, thus identified protective epitopes. The three-dimensional structures of some of the latter were recently elucidated, generating important information to design nAb-response-base immunogens. However, several of the protective nmAbs were found to exhibit autoreactivity, raising the possibility that B-cell responses against the cognate epitopes may be difficult to induce by active immunization. It will be important to explore whether broad neutralization can be dissociated from autoreactivity. Future experiments will reveal whether other conserved HIV-1 Env epitopes exist, antibodies against which will be broadly neutralizing in vitro, protective as passive immunization in SHIVchallenged macaques, but lacking autoreactivity. Since all protective epitopes identified to date are located on HIV-1 clade B Env, future studies should include analysis of nmAbs against non-clade B strains.
Defects in activation of nitric oxide synthases occur during delayed angiogenesis in aging

Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is impaired in aging. This is due, in part, to a lack of regulatory molecules such as nitric oxide (NO). We wished to test the hypothesis that there are deficits in the pathways that mediate NO production during angiogenesis (as defined by fibrovascular invasion into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge implant), in aged mice in comparison to young mice. Sponges were implanted subcutaneously in young (6-8 months old, n=11) and aged (23-25 months old, n=13) mice and sampled at 14 and 19 days. Sections from the implants were stained with antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT, a marker for nitrosylated proteins). Expression of VEGFR-2 was similar in the sponges of young and aged mice. Moreover, there were no significant differences in levels of Akt or its phosphorylated form in sponges from young and aged mice at 14 and 19 d. In marked contrast, levels of eNOS, p-eNOS and iNOS were significantly decreased in sponges from aged mice relative to young mice (p<0.02 for eNOS, p-eNOS and <0.01 for iNOS between young and aged mice). Concomitantly, there was diminished expression of 3-NT in the sponges from aged mice (p<0.05). Our data indicate that defects in the activation of nitric oxide synthases result in decreased NO production in aged tissues relative to young tissues. We propose that the subsequent lack of NO contributes to impaired angiogenesis in aging.
Collagen synthesis inhibition reduces clustering of heparan sulfate proteoglycan and acetylcholine receptors but not agrin or p65, at neuromuscular contacts in vitro

We have studied presynaptic and postsynaptic differentiation at neuromuscular junctions in vitro by examining the localization of synapse-specific proteins. In nerve–muscle co-cultures, the synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin (p65) accumulated in the nerve terminal overlying myotubes in association with postsynaptic cluster of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), laminin, and agrin. Inhibition of collagen synthesis with cis-hydroxyproline decreased the nerve-induced clustering of AChRs in muscle cells as well as that caused by exogenous agrin in muscle-only cultures. Moreover, accumulation of HSPG at contacts was also inhibited in cis-hydroxyproline–treated cultures. However, accumulation of p65 in nerve fibers at sites of muscle contact, a sign of presynaptic differentiation, was unaffected by cis-hydroxyproline treatment. In addition, even in cis-hydroxyproline–inhibited cultures, agrin was evident at more than 90% of contacts showing accumulation of p65 in the nerve terminal. Therefore, a mechanism exists to maintain agrin concentrations at nerve–muscle contacts, even when at least some extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are disrupted. Our results suggest that HSPG is not required for the induction of nerve terminal differentiation but are consistent with the idea that HSPG or other ECM proteins are important in both nerve-and agrin-induced AChR clustering. In particular, agrin accumulation at sites of nerve–muscle contact is not sufficient to induce AChR clusters when the ECM at these contacts is disrupted. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
APPLICABILITY OF QUASI-LINEAR THEORY FOR DYNAMICAL PLASMAS.

Abstract Validity of quasi-linear theory as an initial value problem is shown to depend on sufficient localization of the disturbance, which condition prevents saturation due to trapped particle effect.
Large animal model of ischemic mitral regurgitation

A large animal model of ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) that resembles the multiple presentations of the human disease was developed in sheep. In 76 sheep hearts, the anatomy of the coronary arterial circulation was determined by observation and polymer casts. Two variations, types A and B, which differed by the vessel that supplied the left ventricular apex, were found. In all hearts, the circumflex coronary artery has three marginal branches and terminates in the posterior descending coronary artery. The amount and location of left ventricular (LV) mass supplied by each marginal circumflex branch was determined by dye injection and planimetry. In type A hearts, ligation of the first and second marginal branches infarcts 23% +/- 3.0% of the LV mass, does not infarct either papillary muscle, significantly (p < 0.001) increases LV cavity size 48% at the high papillary muscle level by 8 weeks, and does not cause MR. Ligation of the second and third marginal branches infarcts 21.4% +/- 4.0% of the LV mass, includes the posterior papillary muscle, significantly increases (p < 0.001) LV cavity size 75%, and causes severe MR by 8 weeks. Ligation of the second and third marginal branches and the posterior descending coronary artery infarcts 35% to 40% of the LV mass, increases LV cavity size 39% within 1 hour, and causes massive MR. After moderate (21% to 23%) LV infarction, development of ischemic MR requires both LV dilatation and posterior papillary muscle infarction; neither condition alone produces MR. Large posterior wall infarctions (35% to 40%) that include the posterior papillary muscle produce immediate, severe MR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
STM applications for semiconductor materials and devices

Abstract Future progress in the semiconductor industry relies strongly on the ability to fabricate increasingly complex structures. As individual device dimensions become smaller and smaller, a new level of fundamental understanding of materials and processes at surfaces and interfaces is necessary. Using the unique structural and electrical properties of STM a number of different problems can be addressed. The key areas of semiconductor materials and processes will be reviewed to point out important and outstanding issues. Specific examples will be discussed to illustrate the potential impact of STM.
Detection of a mixed-backbone oligonucleotide (GEM 231) in liver and tumor tissues by capillary electrophoresis

A simple, rapid and sensitive method has been developed and validated for the analysis of a mixed-backbone oligonucleotide (GEM 231) in tumor tissues. The analysis was performed using a capillary electrophoresis (CE) system with UV detection. An extended light path (bubble cell) capillary column of 64.5 cm (effective length 56 cm) x 50 microm I.D. is used as the separation column. The optimized chromatographic conditions were background electrolyte: sodium borate buffer (60 mM, pH 9.1), electrokinetic injection: 10 s, applied voltage: 30 kV, detection at lambda = 210 nm. A linear relationship was observed between the peak area and the amount of GEM 231 in the range of 1.0-1000 microg/ml. The lower detection limit of the drug was 100 pg with an average recovery of about 75 +/- 5%. The inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations were <10%. Assay validation studies revealed that CE method is reproducible and specific for the determination of GEM 231 in tissue homogenates with a run time of less than 5 min.
Stellar Turbulent Convection. I. Theory

The description of stellar turbulent convection requires a minimum of five coupled, time-dependent, nonlocal, differential equations for the five variables: turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent potential energy, turbulent pressure, convective flux, and energy dissipation. Any fewer number of equations makes the model local. In this paper, we present the following results: 1. We derive the five coupled equations using a new turbulence model. The physical foundations and the turbulence statistics on which the model was tested are discussed. The model is able to reproduce the high Rayleigh number laboratory and direct numerical simulation data corresponding to medium-to-high values of the Peclet number (a measure of the efficiency of convection). 2. One of the major difficulties for any stellar convective model is the description of the low-efficiency, low Pe number region in which the physical timescale is no longer the turbulent timescale but the radiative one. No previous turbulence model has been able to incorporate these multiple timescales within the same framework properly. The present model does. 3. Overshooting is an unsolved problem in stellar structure. Its solution requires not only the above ingredients, but an additional one, a nonlocal model. This is because in the stably stratified region where ? - ?ad < 0, the only source of energy is diffusion, a nonlocal process. We discuss why the expressions used thus far to describe diffusion terms are inadequate. We then present a model that was successfully tested against LES data on the convective planetary boundary layer. 4. We analyze the nonlocal models of Gough and Xiong and discuss the approximations that are required to derive them from the full set of equations. 5. We discuss a model that relates the up/down drafts filling factors found by DNS/LES to the skewness of the velocity field which can be computed from the turbulence model. The results from DNS/LES and this model can thus be cross-checked. 6. We show that the stationary, local limit of the model reproduces recent local models (independently derived) which have been successfully tested against a variety of astrophysical data. 7. We discuss the fact that if the dissipation is described by a local model with a mixing length l (as done by all authors thus far), the remaining nonlocal equations exhibit divergences which preclude a physical solution to be found. OV results based on this method may be a coincidence since they are arrived at by fine tuning a coefficient. 8. The role of compressibility is discussed.
Blood pH effects in eight fishes from the teleostean family Scorpaenidae.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of changes in pH on the oxygen equilibria of erythrocytes of Scorpaena guttata and seven species of Sebastes (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae) from the coast of California were investigated. 2. 2. Erythrocyte suspensions were equilibrated with various concentrations of oxygen in a flowing gas tonometer and the per cent saturation was measured photometrically in the Soret band. 3. 3. Results show that the magnitude of the Root effect varies consistently with the requirements of the swimbladder filling mechanism. Sedentary fish that live in shallow water have smaller pH effects whereas active forms from deeper water have greater pH effects. Scorpaena guttata , which lacks a swimbladder, has the smallest pH effect.
Lack of inhibition of adhesion of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by polycarbophil

Anionic polyacrylic acid polymers, such as polycarbophil, have a number of properties that would make them suitable carriers for sustained antibiotic release formulations in the intestinal tract. However, little is known with regards to possible microbial adhesion to polycarbophil. The aim of this study was to evaluate for such an interaction using the rabbit enteric pathogen Escherichia coli RDEC-1 (serotype 015:H-). RDEC-1 mediates attaching and effacing binding to intestinal epithelium in a manner morphologically identical to that observed in both human enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli infections. RDEC-1 bacteria were grown to promote the expression of the mannose-resistant AF/R1 adhesion pili. A nonpiliated mutant, strain M34, was used as a negative control. Using radioactive labeling of bacteria, we quantitated adhesion of piliated RDEC-1 in the presence of polycarbophil using an in vitro adhesion assay system. Binding of piliated RDEC-1 in the adhesion assay was greater than for nonpiliated M34 for all concentrations of bacteria greater than 109 (P .05). We conclude polycarbophi does not interfere with the AF/R1 adhesin ligand of RDEC-1. Use of this polymer as a mucoadhesive drug delivery vehicle for nonabsorbable antibiotics in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections would not be expected to interfere with the protective effects of intestinal mucins. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evolution of Cell Lineage and Pattern Formation in the Vulval Equivalence Group of Rhabditid Nematodes

During the formation of the vulva in many nematode hermaphrodites or females, pattern formation, induction, and cell specification can readily be studied at a single-cell level. Nematodes thus allow an evolutionary analysis of developmental processes. We have analyzed cell lineages and pattern formation in the vulva equivalence group of six rhabditid nematodes of the genera Oscheius, Rhabditella, Rhabditoides, Pelodera, and Protorhabditis. The comparison of these species with four previously analyzed species of this family reveals evolutionary modification at several levels. The number of vulva precursor cells (VPCs) differ among species. Of the three particular cell lineages (1 degree, 2 degrees, and 3 degrees) generated by the vulva precursor cells in Caenorhabditis, two (2 degrees and 3 degrees) are altered, whereas the third lineage (1 degree) is conserved among the analyzed species. While most vulval lineages are invariant, we observe variability of the 3 degrees lineage in Pelodera with respect to the number of precursor cells adopting this fate and the number of progeny formed. In two species, the 3 degrees lineage generates an asymmetrical set of cells, oriented by the gonad. In Protorhabditis we frequently find animals with an additional or altered set of VPCs forming vulval tissue.
Social Security and Equilibrium Capital Intensity

I. The theory of social security and life cycle savings, 234.—II. Social security and the steady state capital stock in a life cycle economy, 237.—III. Partial equilibrium effect, 239.—IV. General equilibrium changes in capital intensity, 241.—V. Alternative specifications and some macro issues, 247.—VI. Summary and conclusion, 248.—Appendix A, 249.—Appendix B, 251.
Linking forest edge structure to edge function: mediation of herbivore damage

Summary 1 Forest edges, which are prominent features in the north-eastern United States landscape, may control the flux of organisms between forest and non-forest habitats. Previous studies have described edge structure rather than function, as determined by interaction with such fluxes. 2 The function of the forest edge may be linked to the structure of its vegetation. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally altering the structure of the vegetation at two deciduous forest edges in Millbrook, New York, USA. Intact and thinned plots were established at each edge and we determined whether the structure of the edges influenced the flux of herbivores, as measured by herbivore damage to transplanted tree seedlings. 3 Herbivore damage to seedlings at site 1 was affected by edge vegetation structure and by distance from the edge. The edge structure effect was due to herbivory by voles, which was significantly greater in the intact than in the thinned treatment. Regardless of treatment, voles damaged seedlings only on the edge and 30–40 m from the edge and did no damage in the forest interior (90–100 m), whereas deer damaged significantly more seedlings in the forest interior than on the edge. At site 2, where vole damage was concentrated on the edge, damage to seedlings was affected only by distance from the edge, not edge structure. 4 The two dominant herbivores, white-tailed deer and meadow voles, preferentially damaged different seedling species. In addition, tree seedlings browsed by deer resprouted more frequently than those clipped by voles. Our results suggest that both edge structure and distance from the edge influence herbivore activity and, as a result, influence the spatial arrangement, density and composition of populations of tree seedlings during regeneration in forest fragments.
Control of endogenous norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus of male rats changes over adolescent development

Abstract In order to evaluate mechanisms that could contribute to the effect of adolescent development on the in vivo utilization of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus, the depolarized release of endogenous norepinephrine (using 50 mm potassium) was measured in vitro in hypothalamic explants from male rats over late juvenile (28 days) to young adult (70 days) ages. Depolarized release, expressed as a percent of the total endogenous pool, was significantly greater in juveniles than in either adolescents (42 days) or young adults. Incubation in the presence of idazoxan, an α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist, increased the depolarized fractional NE release in adolescent and young adult rats; however, the same drug decreased depolarized release in juveniles. Inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake by incubation in the presence of nisoxetine (1 μM) significantly increased depolarized release (fractional and absolute) in young adults only. A higher concentration of nisoxetine (5 μM) significantly increased depolarized release in juveniles, but significantly reduced release in adults. Nisoxetine did not influence release in adolescents at either concentration. The possibilities that adolescent development brings about a change in α 2 -adrenoreceptor subtype and that juveniles may have a greater NE reuptake capacity than adults are discussed. Hypothalamic NE projections are important to several regulatory functions, and changes that take place in this system over adolescence may be important for the emergence of adult-typical responses as well as render adolescents vulnerable to specific dysfunctions.
Review of the macaque model of light damage with implications for the use of ophthalmic instrumentation

Abstract The methods of evaluation of experimental light damage to monkey eyes include ophthalmoscopy. ERG, fluorescein angiography, and light and electron microscopy. Thresholds for damage caused by 15 min to 4 hr exposures at specific wavelengths from 457.9 nm–590 nm range from a retinal irradiance of 2 mW/cm2–80 mW/cm2 or higher. Levels above 1 hr thresholds for monkey eyes are obtainable in human eyes with the usual slit lamp microscope and Hruby lens combination used in the clinic. Levels at or below the 15 min threshold are obtainable in normal human eyes with standard coaxial illumination from operating microscopes. The important factor in comparing light sources is the spectral irradiance produced on the retina rather than brightness.
A 5′-Flanking Region of Gonadotropin-Regulated Testicular RNA Helicase (GRTH/DDX25) Gene Directs Its Cell-Specific Androgen-Regulated Gene Expression in Testicular Germ Cells

Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/Ddx25) is a posttranscriptional regulator of genes that are essential for spermatid elongation and completion of spermatogenesis. It also prevents Leydig cells (LCs) from gonadotropin overstimulation of androgen production. In transgenic (Tg) mice carrying deletions of the GRTH 5′-flanking regions, we previously demonstrated that the −1085 bp to ATG contains the elements for basal and androgen-induced LC-specific expression. No expression in germ cells (GCs) was found with sequences extended up to −3.6 kb. To define regulatory regions of GRTH required for expression in GC, Tg mice were generated with 5′-flanking sequence 6.4 kb (6.4Kb-Tg) and/or deletion using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as reporter gene in the present study. GFP was expressed in all lines. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that 6.4Kb-Tg directed GFP expression in both GCs and LCs. Deletion of the sequence −205 bp to −3.6 kb (6.4Kb/del-Tg) directs GFP expression only in meiotic and haploid GCs. This indicated that the distal region −6.4 kb/−3.6 kb is required for GRTH cell-specific expression in GC. Also, it inhibits the expression of GRTH in LC directed by the 205-bp promoter, an effect that is neutralized by the −3.6-kb/−205-bp sequence. Androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide treatment prevents GFP/GRTH expression in Tg lines, demonstrating in vivo direct and indirect effects of endogenous androgen on LCs and GCs, respectively. Our studies have generated and characterized Tg lines that can be used to define requirements for cell-specific expression of the GRTH gene and to further advance our knowledge on the regulation of GRTH by androgen in GCs.
Microorganisms from composting leaves: ability to produce extracellular degradative enzymes

Mixed populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in a leaf compost pile were examined over a 100-day test period for their ability to produce extracellular proteolytic, lipolytic, amylolytic, cellulolytic, pectolytic, and ureolytic enzymes and ability to utilize alkanes. Urea was added to the leaves to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio but was of little value in maintaining the proper ratio since it was degraded within the first few days. The degradative enzymes excreted by microorganisms was dependent on the temperature of the pile. In many cases organisms able to produce specific extracellular enzymes at medium temperatures were able to grow at high temperatures, but either did not excrete the specific enzymes or the enzymes were inactivated by the high temperature.
The spinotrigeminal pathway and its spatial relationship to the origin of trigeminospinal projections in the rat

Abstract The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids was used to examine the distribution and morphology of spinal afferent fibers terminating in the rat spinal trigeminal complex. The results confirm the existence of a direct, ipsilateral projection from the spinal cord which is distributed exclusively to the deepest layers of the medullary dorsal horn narrow regions subjacent to the spinal trigeminal tract in trigeminal nucleus interpolaris, trigeminal nucleus oralis and the trigeminal main sensory nucleus. Spinal inputs also terminated in the insular trigeminal-cuneatus lateralis nucleus which is a distinct component of the interstitial system of the spinal trigeminal tract. The spinal afferent fibers which terminated in the dorsolateral parts of the spinal trigeminal complex arose from the dorsal column funiculi, while those that terminated in ventral parts of the complex arose from both the dorsal column and lateral funiculi. The tritiated amino acid experiments indicate that at least part of the spinotrigeminal pathway originates from cells located in the cervical spinal dorsal horn. The present findings also document a complex spatial relationship between the spinotrigeminal and trigeminospinal pathways which includes an extensive overlap between spinotrigeminal fibers and spinal projecting neurons in each of the lateralmost regions of the complex. This spatial overlap supports the existence of anatomical substrates which may underlie functional reciprocal loops between the spinal trigeminal complex and cervical spinal cord. Since these regions are primarily concerned with the processing of sensory information from lateral and posterior parts of the face, it follows that the spinotrigeminal pathway may be primarily concerned with the integration of head and neck functions. In addition, the spatial convergence of spinal inputs and the distribution of other trigeminal efferent neurons suggests that part of the spinotrigeminal pathway may be involved in spino-trigemino-thalamic and spino-trigemino-cerebellar pathways in parallel with other spinobulbar pathways in the medulla.
Collagen-Based Substrates with Tunable Strength for Soft Tissue Engineering

Through the use of mechanical reinforcement of collagen matrices, mechanically strong and compliant 3D tissue mimetic scaffolds can be generated that act as scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. Collagen has been widely used for the development of materials for repair, augmentation or replacement of damaged or diseased tissue. Herein we describe a facile method for the layer-by-layer fabrication of robust planar collagen fiber constructs. Collagen gels cast in a phosphate buffer were dried to form dense collagen mats. Subsequent gels were layered and dried atop mats to create multilayer constructs possessing a range of tunable strengths (0.5 - 11 MPa) and stiffness (1 - 115 MPa). Depending on processing conditions and crosslinking of constructs, strain to failure ranged between 9 to 48%. Collagen mats were constructed into hernia patches that prevented hernia recurrence in Wistar rats.
Investigation of pulmonary contusion extent and its correlation to crash, occupant, and injury characteristics in motor vehicle crashes.

Abstract Background Pulmonary contusion (PC) is a leading injury in blunt chest trauma and is most commonly caused by motor vehicle crashes (MVC). To improve understanding of the relationship between insult and outcome, this study relates PC severity to crash, occupant, and injury parameters in MVCs. Methods Twenty-nine subjects with PC were selected from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database, which contains detailed crash and medical information on MVC occupants. Computed tomography scans of these subjects were segmented using a semi-automated protocol to quantify the volumetric percentage of injured tissue in each lung. Techniques were used to quantify the geometry and location of PC, as well as the location of rib fractures. Injury extent including percent PC volume and the number of rib fractures was analyzed and its relation to crash and occupant characteristics was explored. Results Frontal and near-side crashes composed 72% of the dataset and the near-side door was the component most often associated with PC causation. The number of rib fractures increased with age and fracture patterns varied with crash type. In near-side crashes, occupant weight and BMI were positively correlated with percent PC volume and the number of rib fractures, and the impact severity was positively correlated with percent PC volume in the lung nearest the impact. Conclusions This study quantified PC morphology in 29 MVC occupants and examined the relationship between injury severity and crash and occupant parameters to better characterize the mechanism of injury. The results of this study may contribute to the prevention, mitigation, and treatment of PC.
A Revised Methodology for Estimation of Forest Soil Carbon from Spatial Soils and Forest Inventory Data Sets

Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents the largest constituent of the global C pool and is used by researchers in C cycling, global climate change, and soil quality studies. Spatial, pedon, and soil interpretation record databases are widely used to estimate regional SOC. This study compared published SOC estimates with estimates of mass SOC to 2 m in Maine and Minnesota using STATSGO data tables edited and filled by automated software scripts. Valid STATSGO soil property data were used to produce replacement values for invalid or missing data after grouping by soil order, MLRA, layer number, and texture. Area-weighted mass SOC was calculated using log-transformed data. Between 30% and 54% of the large rock fragment data were invalid, and between 18% and 48% of the missing OM values were replaced. The log-transformed area-weighted mass SOC to 2 m was 7.88 kg/m2 (SD = 9.24 kg C/m2 CV = 117.2%) for Maine and 17.38 kg/m2 (SD = 15.30 kg C/m2 CV = 88.1%) for Minnesota. These values were lower than earlier estimates because of the log-transformation and because our error checking increased the volume of rock fragments. The FIA database was merged with STATSGO to produce mass SOC by forest-type group. The elm–ash–cottonwood (7.22 kg C/m2) and the spruce–fir (17.73 kg C/m2) forest-type groups had the highest SOC (to 1 m depth) in Maine and Minnesota, respectively. The methods and scripts used in this study can be easily adjusted, and as they are improved, they in turn can improve the quality of data in STATSGO tables.
The minimum optimal steel plant and the survivor technique of cost estimation

The survivor technique is used to examine economies of scale in the U.S. steel industry, and the results are compared to an earlier engineering approach study by Tarr. Specifically, the paper focuses on the conventional fully-integrated steel mill with capacities of over 1 million tons (MT) per year. The results are consistent with Tarr's estimate of a conventional integrated steel mill Minimum Optimal Scale of 6 MT a year.
Very high strength cement pastes prepared by hot pressing and other high pressure techniques

Abstract Very high strengths approaching zero-porosity values have been measured on materials prepared by hot pressing pastes of conventional cements, using pressures of 25, 000–50, 000 psi at temperatures near 150°C. Typical strengths for hot pressed samples are: 73, 900 (compressive); 59, 300; 6320; 11, 820 (compressive, indirect tensile, and shear, all expressed in psi). High pressure specimens prepared at 100, 000 psi without elevated temperatures resulted in strengths of 46, 100; 4020; and 8400 (compressive, indirect tensile, and shear, respectively). The microstructures as revealed by scanning electron microscopy are very dense, and the hot pressed samples, particularly, are dimensionally stable.
COX-2 inhibition is neither necessary nor sufficient for celecoxib to suppress tumor cell proliferation and focus formation in vitro

An increasing number of reports is challenging the notion that the antitumor potential of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex®) is mediated primarily via the inhibition of COX-2. We have investigated this issue by applying two different analogs of celecoxib that differentially display COX-2-inhibitory activity: the first analog, called unmethylated celecoxib (UMC), inhibits COX-2 slightly more potently than its parental compound, whereas the second analog, 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC), has lost the ability to inhibit COX-2. With the use of glioblastoma and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, we comparatively analyzed the effects of celecoxib, UMC, and DMC in various short-term (≤48 hours) cellular and molecular studies, as well as in long-term (≤3 months) focus formation assays. We found that DMC exhibited the most potent antitumor activity; celecoxib was somewhat less effective, and UMC clearly displayed the overall weakest antitumor potential in all aspects. The differential growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-stimulatory potency of these compounds in short-term assays did not at all correlate with their capacity to inhibit COX-2, but was closely aligned with their ability to trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), as indicated by the induction of the ERS marker CHOP/GADD153 and activation of the ERS-associated caspase 7. In addition, we found that these compounds were able to restore contact inhibition and block focus formation during long-term, chronic drug exposure of tumor cells, and this was achieved at sub-toxic concentrations in the absence of ERS or inhibition of COX-2. The antitumor activity of celecoxib in vitro did not involve the inhibition of COX-2. Rather, the drug's ability to trigger ERS, a known effector of cell death, might provide an alternative explanation for its acute cytotoxicity. In addition, the newly discovered ability of this drug to restore contact inhibition and block focus formation during chronic drug exposure, which involved neither ERS nor COX-2, suggests a novel, as yet unrecognized mechanism of celecoxib action.
Vibrational spectra and normal coordinate analysis of germylazide-do and -d3

Abstract The infrared spectra (4000–20 cm −1 ) of gaseous and solid GeH 3 NNN and GeD 3 NNN and the Raman spectra (3000–0 cm −1 ) of liquid and solid GeH 3 NNN and GeD 3 NNN have been recorded. The vibrational spectrum has been assigned on the basis of C s symmetry. The GeNN bend was observed in the Raman spectrum of the gas at ~150 cm −1 ; however, the frequency of the GeH 3 torsion could not be determined. A normal coordinate calculation has been carried out by utilizing a modified valence force field. The GeN stretching force constant was found to have a significantly smaller value than the corresponding force constant in GeH 3 NCO and GeH 3 NCS. A considerable amount of mixing was found between the GeN stretch and the NNN in-plane bend. The frequencies of the normal modes and the normal coordinate analysis of GeH 3 NNN are discussed in view of the recent results reported for GeH 3 NCO and GeH 3 NCS.
Effect of 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine on physical properties and nonhistone chromosomal proteins of chromatin from Burkitt somatic cell hybrids☆

Abstract A Burkitt somatic cell hybrid line, D98/HR-1, contains latent Epstein-Barr virus genome which can be induced to express by 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IdUrd). Chromatins were isolated from confluent monolayers of D98/HR-1 grown in the presence and absence of IdUrd and its effect on the chromatin was studied by circular dichroism, ethidium bromide binding capacity, and template activity. IdUrd-Treated chromatin consistently exhibits a 20 to 25% decrease in positive ellipticity of circular dichroism at 275 nm. Scatchard plots of spectrophotometric titration of chromatin with ethidium bromide indicate a 25% reduction of the number of primary binding sites in IdUrd-treated chromatin which corresponds with a 25% reduction in template activity of the same chromatin. These effects are reversible when IdUrd-treated cells were released into IdUrd-free medium for 3 h. However, the differences in circular dichroism spectra and dye binding capacity are not observed between DNA isolated from IdUrd-treated and nontreated cells. These results suggest that chromosomal proteins or modification of protein-DNA interactions are responsible for the alterations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the chromosomal proteins reveals that a class of nonhistone chromosomal protein in the high molecular weight region (above 130K) is lacking in IdUrd-treated cells.