cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reexamination of the correlation of galaxies and QSO's

It is shown that the correlation of the separation in the sky between certain QSO's and the nearest bright galaxy to them with the galaxy's redshift could be an artifact of the sampling procedure or small number statistics. The overall association between 3C QSO's and bright galaxies remains as suggestive, but not compelling, evidence for a physical relationship.
ESTROGEN UPREGULATES CYCLOOXYGENASE GENE EXPRESSION IN FETAL PULMONARY ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. • 164

ESTROGEN UPREGULATES CYCLOOXYGENASE GENE EXPRESSION IN FETAL PULMONARY ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. • 164
A Spherical Projection Chart for Use in the Study of Elliptically Polarized Light

The constants of an elliptical vibration are determined by transforming it either to a rectilinear vibration or to one of small, known ellipticity and then measuring the azimuth of the transformed vibration. From these measurements the constants of the elliptical vibration can be computed or ascertained by graphical methods. For this transformation, crystal plates of known thickness and birefringence are used. In each one of a series of transformations the incoming vibration is referred to the axes (α′, γ′) of the crystal plate along which the vibrations take place on passage through the plate; the phase lag or lead, introduced by the plate, is then added and the form of the vibration emerging from the plate thus ascertained. This procedure is repeated for each crystal plate and for the analyzer. Poincare showed in 1892 how the relations of any given elliptical vibration can be represented by a point on a sphere or in a stereographic projection. His graphical method of representation is now in general use. In this connection a specially prepared angle or stereographic projection chart, as a base, greatly facilitates the graphical solutions. A brief description of this chart and of the methods developed for its use, as applied to the derivation of the equations and to the solution of problems in elliptical vibrations, is presented.Throughout the paper the effect, on a given elliptical vibration represented by a point in the projection, of changing from one set of reference coordinate axes to a second set is obtained in the projection by a rotation about the vertical, N−S, axis through twice the angle between the sets. Similarly the effect of the introduction of a phase angle, ϕ, by a crystal plate on a given elliptical vibration, referred to the vibration axes (α′, γ′) of the crystal plate and represented by a point in the projection, is obtained by a rotation of the projection about the horizontal, E−W, axis through the angle, ϕ.
The value of losing control: Competition in markets for complements

When selling complementary products, manufacturers can often benefit from considering the resulting cross-market interdependencies. Although using independent retailers makes it difficult to internalize these positive externalities, the ensuing double marginalization can mitigate within-market competition. We use standard game theoretic analysis to determine optimal distribution channel strategies (through independent retailers or integrated) for competing manufacturers who participate in markets for complements. Our results suggest that a firm's optimal channel choice is highly dependent on its competitive positioning. A firm with a competitive advantage in terms of product characteristics (customer preferences) or production capabilities (cost) might benefit from selling through company-controlled stores, allowing coordinated pricing across the two markets, whereas a less competitive firm might be better off using independent channel intermediaries to mitigate price competition. We consider two scenarios depending on whether the two firms make their distribution channel decisions sequentially or simultaneously. Although firms are unlikely to make such decisions at exactly the same instant, the simultaneous model also serves as a proxy for the scenario where firms decide sequentially, but where they cannot observe each other's strategic channel choices. For the sequential case, we find that the sequence of entry can have tremendous impact on the two firms'profits; whereas in some cases, the first mover can achieve substantially higher profits, we find that when the two markets are of sufficiently different size and only loosely related, a firm with a competitive advantage might be better off as a follower. Interestingly, our results suggest that, when the markets are of rather similar size, both firms are better off if they enter the industry sequentially. In those cases, the first entrant has incentive to reveal its planned channel strategies, and the follower has incentive to seek out and consider this information. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users? A Critical Review

The prevailing view is that recreational methamphetamine use causes a broad range of severe cognitive deficits, despite the fact that concerns have been raised about interpretations drawn from the published literature. This article addresses an important gap in our knowledge by providing a critical review of findings from recent research investigating the impact of recreational methamphetamine use on human cognition. Included in the discussion are findings from studies that have assessed the acute and long-term effects of methamphetamine on several domains of cognition, including visuospatial perception, attention, inhibition, working memory, long-term memory, and learning. In addition, relevant neuroimaging data are reviewed in an effort to better understand neural mechanisms underlying methamphetamine-related effects on cognitive functioning. In general, the data on acute effects show that methamphetamine improves cognitive performance in selected domains, that is, visuospatial perception, attention, and inhibition. Regarding long-term effects on cognitive performance and brain-imaging measures, statistically significant differences between methamphetamine users and control participants have been observed on a minority of measures. More importantly, however, the clinical significance of these findings may be limited because cognitive functioning overwhelmingly falls within the normal range when compared against normative data. In spite of these observations, there seems to be a propensity to interpret any cognitive and/or brain difference(s) as a clinically significant abnormality. The implications of this situation are multiple, with consequences for scientific research, substance-abuse treatment, and public policy.
Loss of soybean trypsin inhibitor in callus as monitored by inhibition enzyme immunoassay

A monoclonal antibody was produced against Kunitz soybean inhibitor (KSBTI) and used in an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The inhibition EIA was as sensitive as competetive EIAs and was easily modified for other protein-antibody interactions. The KSBTI assay described detected KSBTI in complex mixtures from 100 μg/ml to 50 ng/ml and did not react with the Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor. The assay was used to examine levels of KSBTI inGlycine max hypocotyl-derived callus tissue. The developing hypocotyls contained 0.21 μg KSBTI per mg of fresh tissue. This level of KSBTI rapidly decreased when placed in culture and was undetectable 6 days later. The decrease in KSBTI correlated with the development of callus.
Radioimmunoassay for salmon pancreatic somatostatin-25.

Abstract A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of plasma levels of somatostatin-25 (SS-25) in salmon was developed using antisera raised against coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) SS-25. Somatostatin-25 was iodinated by the chloramine-T method and repurified on Sephadex G-25. The RIA was performed using a double antibody (goat anti-rabbit gammaglobulin as second antibody) method under disequilibrium conditions. Plasma from several salmonids (coho, chinook, rainbow trout, brook trout, arctic char, lake trout, and whitefish) as well as plasma from some nonsalmonids (sucker, bluegill) crossreacted with the antisera; serial dilutions of plasma from rainbow trout, brook trout, chinook salmon, and coho salmon were parallel to the SS-25 standard curve. Plasma from catfish showed negligible cross-reactivity. None of the mammalian somatostatins (somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28), U II, or other pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon) tested showed significant cross-reactivity with the antibody in the assay system. The lowest detectable level of SS-25 was 5 pg/tube; especially reproducible results were obtained in the range of 0.15–1.20 ng/ml, which appears to be the normal range of SS-25 circulating in the plasma of salmonids. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.7 and 12.6%, respectively. Injection of glucose into chinook salmon resulted in an elevation of plasma SS-25 titers within 30 min and was coincident with hyperglycemia.
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers inhibit ascorbic acid accumulation in human intestinal Caco-2 cells

Abstract We investigated the effect of commonly used medications on the accumulation of ascorbic acid in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Although ascorbic acid is negatively charged at physiological pH, anionic compounds including drugs and metabolites had little effect on its accumulation. On the other hand, hydrophobic 1, 4-dihydropyridine compounds (nifedipine and nicardipine), but not other structurally unrelated calcium channel blockers, were found to be potent inhibitors. They inhibited both Na + -dependent and Na + -independent (K + substituting Na + ) accumulation of ascorbic acid. The inhibition was non-competitive with a Ki of 108 μM and 9 μM for nifedipine and nicardipine, respectively. The efflux of ascorbic acid from cells was not affected. Previously, we reported a similar inhibition of ascorbic acid accumulation by estrogens. When nifedipine and estrogens were included in the buffer together, the combined inhibitory effect was less than additive implying that they may act through the same mechanism. The potential clinical significance of dihydropyridine usage on ascorbic acid status in human needs to be considered.
Environmentally assisted crack growth in a Ni–18Cr–18Fe ternary alloy at elevated temperatures

Abstract Fatigue crack growth experiments were conducted on a Ni–18Cr–18Fe ternary alloy under trapezoidal loading, in high-purity argon and oxygen at 873, 923 and 973 K, as a part of a broader study to elucidate the mechanism and rate controlling process for crack growth in nickel-base superalloys. The data were analyzed in terms of a new superposition model which facilitates the decomposition of data into the time-dependent and cycle-dependent contributions, as well as the respective mechanical and environmental components. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the model, and showed that oxygen only affected cycle-dependent (or fatigue) crack growth, increasing the growth rates by about 2X. The time-dependent (or sustained-load) crack growth was principally associated with grain boundary cavitation and controlled by creep at these temperatures, with an apparent activation energy of 210±10 kJ mol −1 . These results suggest that the pressure mechanism proposed by Bricknell and Woodford for oxygen enhanced crack growth in nickel-base superalloys did not operate at these temperatures. The near absence of environmental sensitivity in this Nb-free, Ni–Cr–Fe ternary alloy suggested the internal oxidation of Ni, Cr and Fe was not a significant contributor to the enhancement of crack growth. The results, instead, provided complementary support for the embrittling role of Nb that had been proposed by Gao et al.
100 nm device fabrication using ArF resist

To accomplish minimizing feature size to sub 100nm, new light sources for photolithography are emerging, such as ArF((lambda) =193nm), F2((lambda) =157nm), and EUV(extremely Ultraviolet, (lambda) =13nm). Among these lithography technologies, ArF lithography will be used for 100nm and sub 100nm lithography. Past few years, ArF resist development has been the key issue for the success of ArF lithography. Now the resist problems are solved clearly and it is time to start on logic and DRAM real device fabrication using ArF lithography. In this study we will show all the resist process for 100nm real DRAM using ArF resist. For critical layers with no etching problems (Striation, PR Deformation etc.), the acrylate type resist was used. While the other critical layers, such as oxide layers, the COMA type resist was adapted to avoid the etching problem. Furthermore, we have optimized resist process and etching conditions, along with additional E-beam curing was minimized (only 2~3 layer is required) for the real device production. In case of contact hole patterns, the 110nm contact hole could be obtained successfully without additional process sch as RFP(Resist Flow Process) or RELACS(Resolution Enhancement Lithography Assisted by Chemical Shrink), leading to a good patterning and etching performance applicable to even below 100nm node tech.
Genetic variation and ecology of stoneroller minnows

Abstract Genetic variation at 17 enzymic and other protein loci was examined for natural populations of stoneroller minnows, Campostoma oligolepis and C. anomalum . Species differences in levels of heterozygosity, standardized variance of gene frequencies and interpopulation heterogeneity appear to be a function of degree of demic isolation, rate of migration and potential for stochastic processes to structure genomes.
Financial Issues Associated with Having a Child with Autism

Data from the Family Experiences with Autism Survey are used to identify factors associated with financial problems in families that have a child with autism. Likelihood of financial problems was positively associated with use of medical interventions, having unreimbursed medical or therapy expenses, and having relatively lower income. Use of speech and language therapy was negatively associated with likelihood of financial problems. Many survey respondents forfeited future financial security and even experienced bankruptcy to provide needed therapy for a child with autism. Specific ways that financial advisors can help families that have a child with autism are outlined.
Studies of intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions of nitroalkenes for the stereocontrolled synthesis of trans-decalin ring systems

Studies of thermal IMDA cyclizations of (1E,7E)-1-nitro-deca-1,7,9-trienes and (1E,3Z,7E)-1-nitro-deca-1,3,7,9-tetraenes have been examined. Reactions of these nitroalkenes proceed via transition states featuring characteristics of asymmetric stretch asynchronicity and result in stereoselective formation of trans-fused decalin products. Substantial rate acceleration is observed for IMDA cyclizations exemplified by triene 14 due to steric repulsions of substituents in the tethering chain which promote facile stereocontrolled formation of trans-fused 26.
Management of foreign-body bronchial obstruction using endoscopic laser therapy

A case is presented in which the Nd:YAG laser obviated the need for a major thoracic procedure. A 7-year-old boy presented with an 18-month history of persistent nonproductive cough, preceded by a choking spell while eating pistachio nuts. High-grade left mainstem bronchial obstruction was caused by friable granulation tissue secondary to an underlying foreign body. By advancing a laser fiber through the working channel of a 5-mm Storz ventilating bronchoscope, the granulation tissue was vaporized, showing an irregular piece of pistachio nut shell embedded within the bronchial wall. After retrieval of the foreign body, bronchial patency was restored. Recovery was complete and uneventful. The bronchoscopic laser permits the delivery of precise and effective treatment to lesions within confined areas, and has a useful role in the management of some central airway lesions in children.
L-Tyrosine-3, 5-3H Assay for Tyrosinase Development in Skin of Newborn Hamsters

Tyrosinase in hamster skin, measured by the production of 3HOH from L-tyrosine-3,5-3H, increases about sevenfold in specific activity from the 14-day fetus to day 6 of life. Albino hamsters exhibit no activity, but enzyme is present in the ventral (white) areas of the Syrian hamster. 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine is required as a cosubstrate.
Interactive journals in bilingual classrooms: An analysis of language “transition”

Interactive student‐teacher journal entries of first‐, third‐, and fifth‐grade Spanish‐English bilingual classrooms were examined for an 8‐month period. The focus of the analysis was the “transition” of student writing from the native language to the second language in these entries. The results of the study indicate that students did not make a “transition” from the native language to the second language. Students adopted a communicative mode best described as bilingual, shifting language use within and between journal entries. No distinct pattern of shifting was found. However, students’ writing mechanics were found to be equal in both languages. Teachers’ communicative responses were found to influence the language and the character of the student entries. The findings suggest that mandatory “transitioning” of language‐minority students may not be an appropriate instructional strategy. Instead, “self‐transitioning” instructional environments should be considered.
"Reverse steal phenomenon" in a patient with coronary artery disease and coronary-left ventricular fistula.

Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are infrequent congenital malformations, although some may be acquired: iatrogenic (during thoracic surgery or PCI) or traumatic [1,2]. The incidence of CAFs has not been well defined but it is found in less than 0.2% of angiographic examinations. CAFs, even if rarely, may cause heart failure, spontaneous intrapericardial rupture or myocardial ischemia due to coronary “steal phenomenon” [3,4]. The literature reports very few cases of patients where a CAF was associated with a coronary artery disease (CAD) [5]. The consequences of this association on coronary haemodynamics and myocardial blood flow (BF) was poorly investigated.
On the spectral equations and the statistical energy spectrum of atmospheric motions in the frequency domain

The kinetic energy spectral equations in the frequency domain was derived for the large-scale atmospheric motions. Some of the more important implications revealed by the spectral equations are: (1) the shape of the spectral density function ? il (n?), is controlled by the out-of-phase relationships among various meteorological variables; (2) the rotation of the earth has an explicit influence on ? il (n?) as well as on the average level of the atmospheric kinetic energy, and (3) an atmosphere that is efficient in spreading its kinetic energy among its various frequency components, so that there is no particular tendency for spectral peaks to form, should have a red-noise spectrum. A detailed discussion of these as well as of other implications is given in the text. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00529.x
Forage Nutritional Characteristics of Orchardgrass and Perennial Ryegrass at Five Irrigation Levels

As water resources become limiting, the need to produce stable amounts of highly nutritional forage increases. An understanding of how levels of irrigation affect crude protein (CP), digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is critical in pasture forage management, Cultivars of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were established under a line-source irrigation system to evaluate the effect of five water levels (WLs) and three harvest dates on concentrations of CP, dNDF, IVTD, and NDF. Perennial ryegrass forage had higher CP, dNDF, and IVTD and lower NDF concentrations than orchardgrass at all harvest dates and within WLs. The most notable trend in nutritional value across WLs was the near linear increase in CP ranging from 175 g kg -1 at the wettest WL to 217 g kg -1 at the driest WL. Digestible NDF ranged from 709 to 757 g kg -1 at corresponding WLs. These trends were particularly evident later in the growing season. Orchardgrass maturity (early vs. late) had little effect on forage nutritional characteristics across WLs. Combined over WLs, tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivars averaged higher concentrations of CP, IVTD, and dNDF and lower NDF values compared with diploid cultivars. In general, as water stress increased, forage nutritional value (i.e., CP and dNDF) increased.
The Long and Thorny Way to an Organizational Taxonomy

Under the assumption that a classification system is necessary for the advance ment of any scientific field, this paper reviews major taxonomic studies in the literature. Although each of these studies has certain limitations in terms of proposed guidelines for the development of a valid taxonomy of organizations, in the aggregate they appear to demonstrate that organizations do indeed cluster in recognizable groups and that organizational scientists have indeed the meth odological and statistical tools to identify them. Some general guidelines for future taxonomic studies are discussed, as well as possible reasons for the lack of research in this area.
Hepcidin Regulation of Iron Transport

The discovery of hepcidin as a key regulator of iron homeostasis has advanced our current knowledge of this field. Liver-derived hepcidin peptide is secreted in response to iron and inflammation and interacts with the iron export protein ferroportin. This review summarizes recent advances discussed at the Symposium. A particular focus is on molecular interactions between hepcidin and ferroportin, the regulation of hepcidin expression by iron and inflammation, and emerging methods to measure serum hepcidin in human populations.
Reaction Dynamics and Chemical Pattern Formation in Capillary Tubes Resulting from the Competition Between Two Elementary Complex Formation Reactions

A system of competing elementary reactions is investigated experimentally usingthe reaction of xylenol orange with Cr3+ in aqueous solution. The two reagents areinitially separated in a long, thin capillary tube and meet in the center, forming a reactionfront (s). The geometry of the reactor and the initial separation of the reagents makes the system effectively one-dimensional. Aqueous Cr3+ solution has a very rich chemistryand provides two different chemical Cr3+ reactants which compete to react with xylenolorange. Rich spatio-temporal patterns are observed experimentally and are explained by a reaction-diffusion model. Results from exact enumeration simulations predict that when the concentrations of the competing species are very different and the microscopic rate constants of the competing species are such that the majority species reaction rate is much faster than the reaction rate of the minority species, the reaction front splits into two distinct regions. The spatio-temporal patterns generated by theory and experiment agree quantitatively. Also in agreement with the theory are the experimental early time and asymptotic time global rate behaviors, which exhibit multiple crossovers.
The Meanings of Autonomy for Physical Therapy

The purpose of this article is to explore the social context and meanings of autonomy to physical therapy. Professional autonomy is a social contract based on public trust in an occupation to meet a significant social need and to preserve individual autonomy. Professional autonomy includes control over the decisions and procedures related to one's work (technical autonomy) and control over the economic resources necessary to complete one's work (socioeconomic autonomy). Professional autonomy is limited and weakened by the relationship of one profession to another (dominance), by the influence of other social institutions (rationalization and deprofessionalization), and by the internal disposition of the profession itself (insularity). Professional autonomy for physical therapists is increasing as medical dominance has declined but is limited by the trends of rationalization and deprofessionalization in health care. Physical therapists must recognize that professional autonomy represents a social contract based on public trust and service to meet the health needs of people who are experiencing disablement in order to maintain their individual autonomy.
ASIC for SDD-Based X-Ray Spectrometers

We present an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for high-resolution x-ray spectrometers (XRS). The ASIC reads out signals from pixelated silicon drift detectors (SDDs). The pixel does not have an integrated field effect transistor (FET); rather, readout is accomplished by wire-bonding the anodes to the inputs of the ASIC. The ASIC dissipates 32 mW, and offers 16 channels of low-noise charge amplification, high-order shaping with baseline stabilization, discrimination, a novel pile-up rejector, and peak detection with an analog memory. The readout is sparse and based on custom low-power tristatable low-voltage differential signaling (LPT-LVDS). A unit of 64 SDD pixels, read out by four ASICs, covers an area of 12.8 cm2 and dissipates with the sensor biased about 15 mW/cm2. As a tile-based system, the 64-pixel units cover a large detection area. Our preliminary measurements at -44°C show a FWHM of 145 eV at the 5.9 keV peak of a 55Fe source, and less than 80 eV on a test-pulse line at 200 eV.
A ring-shear device for the study of till deformation: Tests on tills with contrasting clay contents

Abstract Deformation of subglacial sediment may have had a profound influence on the geomorphic effects and dynamics of Pleistocene ice sheets, but data that bear on the rheology of such sediment are few and contradictory. A means of studying systematically the mechanical properties of glacial tills is provided by a ring-shear device that shears a large annular specimen to high strains at variable rates. Special features of the device allow continuous observation of the distribution of shear strain, measurement of local stresses normal to the direction of shear, and isolation of wall effects. Thus far, a linear-viscous putty and two tills with different clay contents (4 and 32% by weight) have been tested. The experiments with till indicate, as expected, that the presence of dispersed clay minerals reduces markedly both the residual strength and hydraulic diffusivity of till. Clay also reduces spatial variations in normal stress associated with grain bridges. The walls bounding the specimen support only 9–17% of the total resistance to shearing. Strain was localized in both tills, but not in the linear-viscous putty. Strain localization in the tills indicates that their theology departs significantly from linear- and Bingham-viscous models.
UWB Wave Polarization Measurements in Indoor Channels with a Hertzian Dipole Antenna Approximation

UWB polarization measurements in three indoor multipath channels were studied for a transmitted UWB impulse signal. A polarization estimation process with low calculation complexity was tested on multipath signal waveforms. The waveforms were measured for three orthogonal receiving antenna orientations which reflect polarization sensitivity. With the polarization estimate, a received signal energy bound with respect to the receiving antenna orientation was provided in closed form
Interspecies Comparisons of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO) has a highly conserved structure among mammals, and thus recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) has biological activity in various species. This study explores the interspecies relationships of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of rHuEPO. The PK parameters such as clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V(ss)) after i.v. doses of rHuEPO were obtained in several species via noncompartmental analysis and were assessed using the traditional allometric approach. Also, PK/PD modeling of rHuEPO concentrations and responses [reticulocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), and hemoglobin] was performed following a range of i.v. and s.c. doses in rats, monkeys, and humans. Nonlinear disposition (V(max), K(m)) and s.c. absorption rate and bioavailability parameters of rHuEPO were examined. A cascade, indirect, lifespan PD model was applied to recover efficacy (S(max)) and potency (SC(50)) of rHuEPO on erythropoiesis and erythroid cell lifespan parameters. Despite nonlinear rHuEPO disposition, CL and V(ss) were highly correlated with body weight (R(2) > 0.92) with allometric scaling exponents of 0.708 for CL and 0.853 for V(ss). The s.c. bioavailability increased with dose in monkeys and humans but appeared to be dose-independent in rats. A correlation between S(max) or SC(50) and body weight was not obvious. However, RBC lifespans obeyed allometric principles. Size dependence was found for PK and lifespan parameters, whereas pharmacologic parameters were independent of body weight.
How to Improve Your Google Ranking: Myths and Reality

Search engines have greatly influenced the way people access information on the Internet as such engines provide the preferred entry point to billions of pages on the Web. Therefore, highly ranked web pages generally have higher visibility to people and pushing the ranking higher has become the top priority for webmasters. As a matter of fact, search engine optimization(SEO) has became a sizeable business that attempts to improve their clients’ ranking. Still, the natural reluctance of search engine companies to reveal their internal mechanisms and the lack of ways to validate SEO’s methods have created numerous myths and fallacies associated with ranking algorithms; Google’sin particular. In this paper, we focus on the Google ranking algorithm and design, implement, and evaluate a ranking system to systematically validate assumptions others have made about this popular ranking algorithm. We demonstrate that linear learning models, coupled with a recursive partitioning ranking scheme, are capable of reverse engineering Google’s ranking algorithm with high accuracy. As an example, we manage to correctly predict 7 out of the top 10 pages for 78% of evaluated keywords. Moreover, for content-only ranking, our system can correctly predict 9 or more pages out of the top 10 ones for 77% of search terms. We show how our ranking system can be used to reveal the relative importance of ranking features in Google’s ranking function, provide guidelines for SEOs and webmasters to optimize their web pages, validate or disapprove new ranking features, and evaluate search engine ranking results for possible ranking bias.
SERCA pump activity is physiologically regulated by presenilin and regulates amyloid β production

In addition to disrupting the regulated intramembraneous proteolysis of key substrates, mutations in the presenilins also alter calcium homeostasis, but the mechanism linking presenilins and calcium regulation is unresolved. At rest, cytosolic Ca2+ is maintained at low levels by pumping Ca2+ into stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the sarco ER Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pumps. We show that SERCA activity is diminished in fibroblasts lacking both PS1 and PS2 genes, despite elevated SERCA2b steady-state levels, and we show that presenilins and SERCA physically interact. Enhancing presenilin levels in Xenopus laevis oocytes accelerates clearance of cytosolic Ca2+, whereas higher levels of SERCA2b phenocopy PS1 overexpression, accelerating Ca2+ clearance and exaggerating inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate–mediated Ca2+ liberation. The critical role that SERCA2b plays in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is underscored by our findings that modulating SERCA activity alters amyloid β production. Our results point to a physiological role for the presenilins in Ca2+ signaling via regulation of the SERCA pump.
An industrial study of applying input space partitioning to test financial calculation engines

This paper presents results from an industrial study that applied input space partitioning and semi-automated requirements modeling to large-scale industrial software, specifically financial calculation engines. Calculation engines are used in financial service applications such as banking, mortgage, insurance, and trading to compute complex, multi-conditional formulas to make high risk financial decisions. They form the heart of financial applications, and can cause severe economic harm if incorrect. Controllability and observability of these calculation engines are low, so robust and sophisticated test methods are needed to ensure the results are valid. However, the industry norm is to use pure human-based, requirements-driven test design, usually with very little automation. The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), commonly known as Freddie Mac, concerned that these test design techniques may lead to ineffective and inefficient testing, partnered with a university to use high quality, sophisticated test design on several ongoing projects. The goal was to determine if such test design can be cost-effective on this type of critical software. In this study, input space partitioning, along with automation, were applied with the help of several special-purpose tools to validate the effectiveness of input space partitioning. Results showed that these techniques were far more effective (finding more software faults) and more efficient (requiring fewer tests and less labor), and the managers reported that the testing cycle was reduced from five human days to 0.5. This study convinced upper management to begin infusing this approach into other software development projects.
On the dependence of handwritten word recognizers on lexicons

The performance of any word recognizer depends on the lexicon presented. Usually, large lexicons or lexicons containing similar entries pose difficulty for recognizers. However, the literature lacks any quantitative methodology of capturing the precise dependence between word recognizers and lexicons. This paper presents a performance model that views word recognition as a function of character recognition and statistically "discovers" the relation between a word recognizer and the lexicon. It uses model parameters that capture a recognizer's ability of distinguishing characters (of the alphabet) and its sensitivity to lexicon size. These parameters are determined by a multiple regression model which is derived from the performance model. Such a model is very useful in comparing word recognizers by predicting their performance based on the lexicon presented. We demonstrate the performance model with extensive experiments on five different word recognizers, thousands of images, and tens of lexicons. The results show that the model is a good fit not only on the training data but also in predicting the recognizers' performance on testing data.
Further Studies on the Reliability of Thin-Film Nickel-Chromium Resistors

The reliability of thin-film Ni-Cr resistors was studied with respect to the effects of corrosion, oxidation and interdiffusion. Water on unpassivated films resulted in anodic dissolution at potentials above 2.5 volts. Oxidation increased the resistivity and lowered the T.C.R. to 20 ppm/°C. Aluminum diffused into the NiCr with an activation energy of 96 kcal/mole.
Sec6/8 Complex Is Recruited to Cell–Cell Contacts and Specifies Transport Vesicle Delivery to the Basal-Lateral Membrane in Epithelial Cells

In budding yeast, the Sec6/8p complex is essential for generating cell polarity by specifying vesicle delivery to the bud tip. We show that Sec6/8 homologs are components of a cytosolic, approximately 17S complex in nonpolarized MDCK epithelial cells. Upon initiation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion, approximately 70% of Sec6/8 is rapidly (t(1/2) approximately 3-6 hr) recruited to sites of cell-cell contact. In streptolysin-O-permeabilized MDCK cells, Sec8 antibodies inhibit delivery of LDL receptor to the basal-lateral membrane, but not p75NTR to the apical membrane. These results indicate that lateral membrane recruitment of the Sec6/8 complex is a consequence of cell-cell adhesion and is essential for the biogenesis of epithelial cell surface polarity.
A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF METHYL 4-AMINO-5-CHLORO-2-MTHOXYBENZOATE

(1992). A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF METHYL 4-AMINO-5-CHLORO-2-MTHOXYBENZOATE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 64-66.
Stress, Aging, andWound Healing

Stress appears to promote senescence of immune cells in a manner comparable to chronological aging. This chapter will expand on this by reviewing the human literature on stress and wound healing, and by highlighting the phenomenological and mechanistic similarities of this literature with the findings from aging research. The balance of evidence indicates that it is not aging per se, but aging in the presence of other risk factors that creates a wound healing disparity between younger and older adults. In this context, stress and depression appear to be significant risk factors for impaired healing in aging adults and, by affecting shared biological pathways, may synergistically interact with other prevalent risk factors, such as co-morbidities (e.g., diabetes), pain, malnutrition, physical inactivity, and poor self-care to impair wound healing.
Meta algorithms for hierarchical Web caches

Large scale hierarchical caches for Web content have been deployed widely in an attempt to reduce delivery delays and bandwidth consumption and also to improve the scalability of content dissemination through the World Wide Web. Irrespective of the specific replacement algorithm employed in each cache, a de facto characteristic of contemporary hierarchical caches is that a hit for a document at an l-level cache leads to the caching of the document in all intermediate caches (levels l-1,..., 1) on the path towards the leaf cache that received the initial request. This paper presents various algorithms that revises this standard behavior and attempts to be more selective in choosing the caches that gets to store a local copy of the requested document. As these algorithms operate independently of the actual replacement algorithm running in each individual cache, they are referred to as meta algorithms. Three new meta algorithms are proposed and compared against the de facto one and a recently proposed one by means of synthetic and trace-driven simulations. The best of the new meta algorithms appears to be leading to improved performance under most simulated scenarios, especially under a low availability of storage. The latter observation makes the presented meta algorithms particularly favorable for the handling of large data objects such as stored music files or short video clips. Additionally, a simple load balancing algorithm that is based on the concept of meta algorithms is proposed and evaluated. The algorithm is shown to be able to provide for an effective balancing of load thus possibly addressing the recently discovered "filtering-effect" in hierarchical Web caches.
Comparative performance evaluation of automated segmentation methods of hippocampus from magnetic resonance images of temporal lobe epilepsy patients

Purpose: Segmentation of the hippocampus from magnetic resonance (MR) images is a key task in the evaluation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) patients. Several automated algorithms have been proposed although manual segmentation remains the benchmark. Choosing a reliable algorithm is problematic since structural definition pertaining to multiple edges, missing and fuzzy boundaries, and shape changes varies among mTLE subjects. Lack of statistical references and guidance for quantifying the reliability and reproducibility of automated techniques has further detracted from automated approaches. The purpose of this study was to develop a systematic and statistical approach using a large dataset for the evaluation of automated methods and establish a method that would achieve results better approximating those attained by manual tracing in the epileptogenic hippocampus. Methods: A template database of 195 (81 males, 114 females; age range 32–67 yr, mean 49.16 yr) MR images of mTLE patients was used in this study. Hippocampal segmentation was accomplished manually and by two well-known tools (FreeSurfer and hammer) and two previously published methods developed at their institution [Automatic brain structure segmentation (ABSS) and LocalInfo]. To establish which method was better performing for mTLE cases, several voxel-based, distance-based, and volume-based performance metrics were considered. Statistical validations of the results using automated techniques were compared with the results of benchmark manual segmentation. Extracted metrics were analyzed to find the method that provided a more similar result relative to the benchmark. Results: Among the four automated methods, ABSS generated the most accurate results. For this method, the Dice coefficient was 5.13%, 14.10%, and 16.67% higher, Hausdorff was 22.65%, 86.73%, and 69.58% lower, precision was 4.94%, −4.94%, and 12.35% higher, and the root mean square (RMS) was 19.05%, 61.90%, and 65.08% lower than LocalInfo, FreeSurfer, and hammer, respectively. The Bland–Altman similarity analysis revealed a low bias for the ABSS and LocalInfo techniques compared to the others. Conclusions: The ABSS method for automated hippocampal segmentation outperformed other methods, best approximating what could be achieved by manual tracing. This study also shows that four categories of input data can cause automated segmentation methods to fail. They include incomplete studies, artifact, low signal-to-noise ratio, and inhomogeneity. Different scanner platforms and pulse sequences were considered as means by which to improve reliability of the automated methods. Other modifications were specially devised to enhance a particular method assessed in this study.
Radiative Effects in a Constant Field

A method of avoiding all infrared divergencies in the radiative effects of a constant electromagnetic field is developed. It is used, without the necessity of resumming a nonintegrable series, to calculate the one photon mass operator up to the third order in the external field. The magnetic susceptibility and field dependence of the rest mass of an electron are thereby exhibited to lowest order. The result is then shown in a simple way to provide charged particles with strong short-range forces against the Coulomb field. Particles of unrealistically small mass and charge would carry a large repulsive core, if Coulomb attractive, or a large attractive shell, if Coulomb repulsive.
Recent Developments in Simulating Grain Growth with Monte Carlo Algorithms

Both isotropic and anisotropic single-phase grain growthprocesses modeled using a modified Monte Carlo method exhibitparabolic growth kinetics, and the anisotropy degree affects only the rate of change of the mean grain area. In some cases, with significantly anisotropic grain boundary energies, the normalized grain size distributions are not time-invariant during the lattice evolution.
Calorigenic effects of isoproterenol during production of myocardial necrosis in the rat.

SummaryRate of oxygen consumption and spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) were measured in two series of rats of different body weights, treated with a single sc dose (40 mg/kg body wt) of isoproterenol. Minimal calculated metabolic rate (MCMR: “net” O2 consumption unbiased by SMA) reached, within 1 hr, peaks up to +150% in heavier and 110% in lighter rats, above minimal observed metabolic rate (MOMR: resting metabolism of the animal). After 24 and 48 hr, when isoproterenol-induced cardiac lesions were evident, MOMR had returned to normal. However, episodes of SMA in rats with severe cardiopathy elicited disproportionate increases of oxygen consumption (with MCMR significantly higher than MOMR), suggesting caloric inefficiency of the treated animals.
New Transition-Metal Doped Germanium Clathrates

We have investigated transition-metal substitutions into germanium clathrates, and describe the properties of two different Fe-substituted Ge clathrates, one with the chiral Ba6Ge25-type clathrate structure, and one based on the Ba6Ga16Ge30 clathrate with the type-I structure. In both cases Fe exhibits a high-spin local moment, with 5.5 μB and 5.6 μB per Fe. We observe ferromagnetic ordering, with Tc up to 278 K in the most heavily substituted Ba6Ga16Ge30 clathrate. X-ray powder diffraction and electron microprobe measurements confirmed the formation of these substituted phases. Ni-doped type I clathrates were found to be diamagnetic. Strong competition from Mn11Ge8 makes it difficult to produce pure Mn-doped clathrates, however a composite material with partially substituted chiral structure is described. Similar efforts to produce Co, Cr, and V-substituted clathrates have not been successful.
Laboratory Observations on the Life Cycle and Habits of Hister abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Histeridae)

The biology and behavior of Hister abbreviatus F. were studied in the laboratory to define the developmental history and habits of this manure-attracted beetle and to evaluate its potential as a control agent of immature stages of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). Females deposit eggs in soil (0.5–5 cm deep) beneath the manure. Embryonic incubation averaged 2.3 days; larval development (three instars) required ca. 12.5 days and pupal development averaged 11.5 days at 27°C. Development from egg to adult averaged 26.3 days at 27°C. Precopulatory behavior characteristic of that observed for H. coenosus Erichson, H. incertus Marseul, and Saprinus pennsylvanicus Paykull is described. Eggs, larvae, and newly formed pupae of the horn fly were exposed to varying numbers (1–5) of adult H. abbreviatus . Predation during egg-to-pupa and larva-to-pupa developmental periods resulted in mean horn fly population reductions of 96.0 and 97.9%, respectively; pupal predation resulted in a mean horn fly population reduction of 50.9%. There was no significant difference in predation when predator density was increased.
Sharing Local Public Health Services Across Jurisdictions: Comparing Practice in 2012 and 2014.

OBJECTIVE Describe cross-jurisdiction service sharing (CJS) by local and tribal health departments (LHD) in Wisconsin in 2014 compared to 2012. DESIGN An online survey of 91 LHD directors in Wisconsin was conducted. Results were compared to the results of a 2012 survey. Characteristics of CJS arrangements and differences in results by population size, geographic region, and governance type were described. Standardized proportion differences (h) were estimated using the arcsin transformation. Confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional exact confidence intervals for the difference of proportions.8 A forest plot of the estimates and confidence intervals was generated to visualize change in CJS for each population category. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent of respondents in 2014 reported currently sharing services compared to 71% of respondents in 2012. Positive effect sizes indicate increased sharing in year 2014 relative to 2012. CJS was more frequent for LHD serving smaller jurisdictions, consistent with both 2012 survey results and national findings. All governance types continue to engage in sharing public health services. IMPLICATIONS Cross jurisdictional service sharing is widespread and increasing in Wisconsin, implying that it is a useful strategy for providing public health services under some circumstances. Educating public health practitioners and students about CJS strategies in public health is recommended.
Treatment of shock in acute myocardial infarction.

The amount of vasopressor given to a patient in shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction should be no more than is necessary to obtain the minimal essential perfusion pressure. Therapeutic emphasis on vasodilators has been advocated, but vasodilators that are intended to increase tissue perfusion are effective only if perfusion pressure is adequate.