cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption Free Energies of Imidazolinium-Type Surfactants in Infinite Dilution and in Micellar State on Gold Surface.

We report adsorption behavior of imidazolinium-type surfactant molecules in different aggregation states on metal–water interfaces studied using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Surfactant molecules with two different alkyl tail lengths, a 10-carbon and a 17-carbon tail (henceforth referred to as imid-10 and imid-17, respectively), have been considered. Six layers of face-centered cubic lattice of gold atoms submerged in water represent the metal–water interface. Our simulations reveal that, in infinite dilution, both types of surfactant molecules strongly adsorb onto the metal–water interface in a configuration with their alkyl tail lying parallel to the surface. This adsorption occurs through a barrierless transition with an adsorption free energy of ∼30 kBT and is found to be enthalpically driven and entropically unfavorable. Surfactant micelles, on the other hand, experience a long-range repulsion from the metal surface at distances as large as 50–60 A due to the presence of a large “corona” a...
Enabling Greater than 100 Teraflops through a Synthesis of Alternative Technologies

The Hybrid Technology Multi-Threaded (HTMT) Architecture has been developed to explore the opportunities of advanced technologies that may enable petafiops scale computing within seven years. The challenge of incorporating sufficient processing, storage, and communication resources to achieve a petafiops while limiting power consumption, cost, and complexity to levels near that of today’s largest systems may be satisfied through a careful balance of alternative technologies, mutually complementing the strengths of each other. Superconductor RSFQ devices can provide speeds two orders of magnitude higher than mainstream CMOS while operating at five orders of magnitude less power consumption. Optical communications may provide bandwidths approaching two orders of magnitude higher than copper data channels using TDM and WDM data encoding. Processor-in-Memory can expose and manipulate at least two orders of magnitude in memory bandwidth producing lower overhead, access times, and power consumption. Optical holographic storage may provide an order of magnitude higher data storage density and superior per bit power consumption at data access rates a hundred times faster than magnetic disks. Matching very high-speed logic with high-density storage imposes a latency of storage management between 104 and 106 processor cycles. The HTMT architecture incorporates multi-threaded task management to hide latency coupled with an innovative technique called “thread percolation” (or “context pushing”) that manages the synchronization and scheduling of parallel processes from within the memory hierarchy and moves ready tasks to fast memory near the processors. This paper describes the fundamental concepts of the HTMT architecture and the advanced technologies enabling its exceptional performance properties. A discussion of an example application for HTMT is also provided.
Legitimacy, Development and Sustainability: Understanding Water Policy and Politics in Contemporary China

More so than for other countries, the management of China's water resources is an important aspect of its policy and politics, yet existing scholarly attempts to understand this importance are scattered among a wide range of sub-literatures that lack a unifying theoretical framework. This article attempts to identify common themes and features of the relationship between water, politics and governance in contemporary China by examining how this relationship has unfolded in historical perspective. It identifies three basic objectives that have shaped the politics and governance of China's water resources over time: legitimacy, economic development and environmental sustainability. These objectives map, though imperfectly, onto different periods in the history of the People's Republic of China, thereby highlighting how they have evolved. Together, these objectives explain policies towards, and the politics of, water resources in contemporary China. This understanding shows that water both shapes and reflects Chinese politics, and highlights the need for a theoretically coherent sub-literature on Chinese water policy and politics.
Nanoscale Patterning of Colloidal Nanocrystal Films for Nanophotonic Applications Using Direct Write Electron Beam Lithography.

The small size of colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) leads to a variety of unique optical properties that are well-suited to nanophotonics, including bright, tunable photoluminescence (PL). H...
The Relationship between Racial Residential Segregation and Black-White Disparities in Fatal Police Shootings at the City Level, 2013–2017

Abstract Background Although there is a disparity in the rates of fatal police shootings of Black victims compared to White victims throughout the nation, the magnitude of this racial disparity varies widely between cities. Examining the reasons behind this vast variation in the racial disparity in fatal police shootings across different localities could be helpful in identifying the underlying causes of this problem. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess potential causes of the Black-White racial disparities in police shootings at the city level. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we examined the relationship between the level of racial residential segregation in a city and the ratio of the rates of fatal police shootings of Black people compared to White people within that city during the period 2013–2017, using data from 69 of the largest cities in the United States. Using linear regression analysis, we modeled the ratio of Black to White fatal police shooting rates as a function of the level of racial segregation in each city as measured by the index of dissimilarity calculated at the Census block level. We controlled for several factors at the city level that might be expected to influence the rate of police shootings by race/ethnicity, including the level of deprivation of the Black population in economic status, the degree of Black representation in the city's police force, the relative size of the police force, crime rates, racial composition of the city, and city population. Results The level of racial residential segregation was significantly associated with the racial disparity in fatal police shooting rates. For each one standard deviation increase in the index of dissimilarity, the ratio of Black to White fatal police shooting rates increased by 44.4% (95% confidence interval, 17.1%–71.7%). Conclusions Racial residential segregation is a significant predictor of the magnitude of the Black-White disparity in fatal police shootings at the city level. Efforts to ameliorate the problem of fatal police violence must move beyond the individual level and consider the interaction between law enforcement officers and the neighborhoods that they police.
Compulsory Arbitration Changes Proposed: Time to Comment

This article summarizes the discussions and recommendations of the Committee on Compulsory Arbitration in the Superior Court of Arizona that form the basis of proposed changes to the Arbitration Rules and the authorizing statute. The proposed changes include increasing the maximum jurisdictional limit for arbitration, increasing arbitrator compensation and permitting CLE credit for arbitrator service, and altering some aspects of the process and associated deadlines to enhance efficiency. In addition, the committee proposed requiring wholly dispositive motions to be decided by the trial judge instead of the arbitrator and expanding the evidence admissible at arbitration hearings beyond that permitted by the Rules of Evidence. The article also explains the reasons behind the Committee's decision to retain other aspects of the arbitration system.
“Put a little bit of humor into it”: Teachers’ humor in the beginning-level Spanish classroom

Abstract This study examines the use of teacher humor in whole-group interactions in beginning-level Spanish foreign language (FL) classes. Previous research has focused primarily on student humor and on humor in intermediate- and advanced-level FL courses. Hence, the goals of the research were, first, to determine whether teachers use spontaneous verbal humor in beginning-level courses and, if so, in what ways. Second, we considered whether the amount of teacher humor was related to the amount of student humor. The findings indicate that many of the instructors in the study did, indeed, joke around with their students. Most teacher humor was affiliative or rapport-enhancing, delivered in the target language, and designed with students’ L2 abilities in mind. Finally, in classes in which teachers joked more often, there was a tendency for students to joke more often as well, suggesting that teacher humor may encourage student humor.
“For a Younger Crowd”: Place, Belonging, and Exclusion among Older Adults Facing Neighborhood Change

Cities are gentrifying, yet we know little about the experience of older adults aging in gentrifying areas. Most research has focused on a shortage of affordable housing and threat of eviction for low-income residents but has paid less attention to age. This trend neglects a fuller understanding of place’s heightened significance for older people and how commercial gentrification threatens their possibilities to connect in non-institutional, intergenerational spaces. Drawing on five years of ethnographic fieldwork among older adults in a gentrified New York City neighborhood, this paper examines the significance of “third places” for longtime residents. I find that features of establishments such as proximity (distance from study participants’ residences), cost, physical design and layout, and surveillance shaped how different neighborhood places facilitated face-to-face interaction and a sense of ownership that supported participants’ independence as they aged in place. This paper contributes to limited scholarly knowledge about older people’s experiences of gentrification and neighborhood change, an understudied area of growing concern as population aging converges with the increasing desirability and cost of living in urban areas.
Key Components of Effective Pediatric Integrated Mental Health Care Models: A Systematic Review

Importance Emerging evidence suggests that integrated care models are associated with improved mental health care access and outcomes for youths (children ≤12 years and adolescents 12-21 years) served in pediatric primary care settings. However, the key components of these complex models remain unexamined. Objective To identify and describe the key components of effective pediatric integrated mental health care models. Evidence Review The PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials electronic databases were searched for relevant peer-reviewed articles published between January 1, 1985, and April 30, 2019. Articles were restricted to those published in the English language. Eligible articles reported original data on youths 17 years or younger, implemented an integrated mental health care model in a pediatric primary care setting, and assessed the model’s association with primary outcomes (eg, mental health symptom severity) and secondary outcomes (eg, functional impairment and patient satisfaction). Articles that specified some degree of systematic coordination or collaboration between primary care and mental health professionals were included in the final review. Two independent reviewers extracted data on study design, model type, model components, level of integration, and outcomes. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. Data were analyzed between January 1, 2018, and May 31, 2019. Findings Eleven randomized clinical trials involving 2190 participants were included. Three studies focused on youths with depression, 3 on youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and 5 on youths with behavioral disorders. Most studies (9 of 11) implemented either the collaborative care model (n = 3), a slightly modified version of the collaborative care model (n = 2), or colocated care (n = 4). The most commonly reported components of effective pediatric integrated mental health care models were population-based care, measurement-based care, and delivery of evidence-based mental health services; all 3 components were present in studies reporting clinical improvement of mental health symptoms. Other model components, such as treatment-to-target or team-based care, were common in studies reporting specific outcomes, such as functional impairment. Conclusions and Relevance This review is the first to date to systematically search and qualitatively synthesize information on the key components of effective pediatric integrated mental health care models. This knowledge may be especially useful for pediatric primary care administrators in the selection of an integrated care model for their setting.
Personalization of treatment is the way forward in care and trials

It has been demonstrated that, in early breast cancer, there is no survival benefit to additional treatment once a patient has achieved a pathologic complete response (pCR). Together with the well-established prognostic association between pCR and survival, this presents a strong rationale for escalation/deescalation of neoadjuvant treatment based upon response.See related article by Spring et al., p. 2838.
The Partisanship of Financial Regulators

We analyze the partisanship of Securities and Exchange Commissioners (SEC) and members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (Fed). Using the language-based approach of Gentzkow, Shapiro, and Taddy (Econometrica, 2019), we identify partisan phrases in Congress, such as “red tape” and “climate change,” and observe their usage among regulators. Throughout our sample period, 1930-2016, we find that the Fed has remained relatively non-partisan. However, partisanship among SEC Commissioners is rising and is at an all-time high in the most recent period. The partisanship trend among SEC Commissioners mirrors a more general trend in Congress and the American public.
Economic Evaluations and House Election Results

It is widely accepted that the economy is a determinant of congressional election results at the national level. However, there has been considerable variance in opinion on the salience of the economy as a factor. In this study, we suggest that there is a fairly strong inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and House election results, but only in the absence of a robust economy. We also find that unemployment rate is a better indicator than disposable income as a determinant for election results.
Near-surface full-waveform inversion in a transmission surface-consistent scheme

ABSTRACTLand seismic velocity modeling is a difficult task largely related to the description of the near-surface complexities. Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is the method of choice for achieving h...
Ex Vivo Expanded Donor Alloreactive Regulatory T Cells Lose Immunoregulatory, Proliferation and Anti-Apoptotic Markers After Infusion Into ATG-Lymphodepleted, Nonhuman Primate Heart Allograft Recipients.

BACKGROUND Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is a promising approach to amelioration of allograft rejection and promotion of organ transplant tolerance. However, the fate of infused Treg, and how this relates to their therapeutic efficacy using different immunosuppressive regimens is poorly understood. Our aim was to analyze the tissue distribution, persistence, replicative activity and phenotypic stability of autologous, donor antigen alloreactive Treg (darTreg) in anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG)-lymphodepleted, heart-allografted cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS darTreg were expanded ex vivo from flow-sorted, circulating Treg using activated donor B cells and infused posttransplant into recipients of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched heart allografts. Fluorochrome-labeled darTreg were identified and characterized in peripheral blood, lymphoid, and nonlymphoid tissues and the graft by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS darTreg selectively suppressed autologous T cell responses to donor antigens in vitro. However, following their adoptive transfer after transplantation, graft survival was not prolonged. Early (within 2 wk posttransplant; under ATG, tacrolimus, and anti-IL-6R) or delayed (6-8 wk posttransplant; under rapamycin) darTreg infusion resulted in a rapid decline in transferred darTreg in peripheral blood. Following their early or delayed infusion, labeled cells were evident in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs and the graft at low percentages (<4% CD4+ T cells). Notably, infused darTreg showed reduced expression of immunoregulatory molecules (Foxp3 and CTLA4), Helios, the proliferative marker Ki67 and antiapoptotic Bcl2, compared with preinfusion darTreg and endogenous CD4+CD25hi Treg. CONCLUSIONS Lack of therapeutic efficacy of infused darTreg in lymphodepleted heart graft recipients appears to reflect loss of a regulatory signature and proliferative and survival capacity shortly after infusion.
Development of a hybridized hands-on mechatronics course designed around quadcopters in the era of social distancing

Responding to the restrictions enacted in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has required tremendous flexibility from educators and students at all levels The banning of most in-person interaction comprises the most visible restriction and necessitated that many courses be quickly transitioned to online-only instruction Any course with a lab component presented extra challenges for educators in terms of ensuring that educational outcomes were still being met despite disruptive changes to the course structure At the time of writing, many COVID-19 related restrictions had been lifted;however, the course was designed to ensure continuity in response to any eventuality including renewed lockdowns and online-only learning At the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) specifically, class sizes for the Fall semester have been restricted and in-person interactions are to be limited whenever possible This paper documents changes made to a course on Mechatronic System Design, which focuses around the development of quadcopters, in response to these restrictions These changes included increasing access to experimental hardware while simultaneously coping with a substantially smaller budget than in previous years Additionally, lectures and laboratory instruction have been moved online whenever possible While these changes have been mildly disruptive for the instructors, the overall effect is that the course has been transformed into a portable format which is adaptable to whatever restrictions might be imposed by the circumstances at the time of the course offering This paper documents the history and evolution of the Mechatronic System Design course at UMKC, and details the current class format including a discussion of lecture and lab topics, detailed information on the lab equipment used, and example student data and feedback © 2021, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA All rights reserved
Changes in Quantity of Opioids Dispensed Following Florida's Restriction Law for Acute Pain Prescriptions.

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of Florida's 3-day opioid prescription supply law, effective July 2018, on opioids dispensed for acute pain patients. METHODS Pharmacy claims from a health plan serving a large Florida employer from January 2015 through March 2019 were analyzed. We used an interrupted time series study design accounting for autocorrelation of trends before and after policy change. Acute pain patients met inclusion criteria if they had not received any opioid containing medications in the past 180 days. Patients could contribute to additional new use time if subsequent opioid claims occurred ≥180 days since the previous claim. Outcomes included mean number of units dispensed of the initial opioid prescription, mean morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) per day of initial prescription by month, and mean total MMEs per initial prescription by month. RESULTS A total of 8,375 enrollees had 10,583 unique opioid starts in the given timeframe. Following the policy, there was an immediate significant decrease in the units dispensed per prescription of 4.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] -8.95, -.82 units). Additionally, there was a significant immediate reduction in total MMEs dispensed per prescription of 25.6 (95% CI -44.76, -6.44 MMEs). CONCLUSIONS Among a group of privately-insured plan enrollees in Florida, and as a result of the law, there were significant decreases in the number of units dispensed, and total MMEs of opioid prescriptions. The immediate reduction in new opioid utilization following policy implementation suggests effective policy; however, impacts on chronic pain patients were not assessed.
A First Look at the Network Turbulence for Google Stadia Cloud-based Game Streaming

While there have been network studies of traditional network games and streaming video, there is less work measuring cloud-based game streaming traffic and none on Google’s Stadia. This paper presents experiments that provide a first look – measuring Stadia game traffic for several games, analyzing the bitrates, packet sizes and inter-packet times, and comparing the results to other applications. Results indicate Stadia, unlike traditional network game systems, rapidly sends large packets downstream and small packets upstream, similar to but still significantly different than video and at much higher rates than previous cloud-based game systems or video.
Metric topologies over some categories of simple open regions in Euclidean space

What does it mean for a shape to change continuously? Over the space of convex regions, there is only one "reasonable" answer. However, over a broader class of regions, such as the class of star-shaped regions, there can be many different "reasonable" definitions of continuous shape change. We consider the relation between topologies induced by a number of metrics over a number of limited categories of open bounded regions in n-dimensional Euclidean space. Specifically, we consider a homeomorphism-based metric; the Hausdorff metric; the dual-Hausdorff metric; the symmetric difference metric; and the family of Wasserstein metrics; and the topologies that they induce over the space of convex regions; the space of unions of two separated convex regions; and the space of star-shaped regions. We demonstrate that: Over the space of convex regions, all five metrics, and indeed any metric that satisfies two general well-behavedness constraints, induce the same topology. Over the space of unions of two separated convex regions, these five metrics are all ordered by "strictly finer than" relations. In descending order of fineness, these are: the homeomorphism-based, the dual-Hausdorff, the Hausdorff, the Wasserstein, and the symmetric difference. Also, Wasserstein metrics are strictly ordered among themselves. Over the space of star-shaped regions, the topologies induced by the Hausdorff metric, the symmetric-difference metric, and the Wasserstein metrics are incomparable in terms of fineness.
The transcription factor Egr1 binds to the promoters of numerous EGF Receptor target genes and regulates their coordinate expression

5279 Egr1 is an immediate early transcription factor that is over-expressed in prostate cancer and has been shown to mediate tumor growth. It is minimally detected in resting prostate cancer cells whereas irradiation of living cells with UV-C leads to its increased expression. We used Chip-on-chip to identify the genes that are bound and regulated by Egr1 in a prostate cancer cell line (M12) upon UV irradiation. We utilized in-house promoter arrays that contain ~13,000 promoter sequences amplified from the region between 1000 bp upstream and 500 bp downstream of the putative or known transcription start site. This region contains most of the Egr1 consensus sites of the human genome. ChIP on chip analysis of UV treated M12 cells using Egr1 antibody led to the identification of 288 significantly differentially bound gene promoters (based on p 1.4). Of the 288 gene promoters, 40% have perfect Egr1 consensus sites while another 18% have a probable Egr1 binding site (58.3% in total) which is significant (p
QTC INTERVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CHANGING EDEMATOUS STATES

Associations have been described among weight, amplitude of QRS complexes, and QRS duration (QRSd) in patients with anasarca (AN), and changes in the amplitude of the QRS complexes, QRSd, and QTc after hemodialysis (HD) and in patients with heart failure with associated peripheral edema congestive heart failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that changes in QTc in patients with AN and after HD are at least partially apparent, due to changing edematous states, and not totally due to altered electrophysiology. QTc was measured in patients with AN on admission, at peak weight (N = 28), and at their subsequent lowest weight (N = 12), in 28 control patients without change in weight during hospitalization, and in one patient before and after 26 HD sessions. In the patients with AN, the QTc was 451 ± 36 ms on admission and dropped to 423 ± 46 ms at peak weight (P = 0.005). QTc was 421 ± 44 ms at peak weight and raised to 434 ± 30 at subsequent lowest weight (P = 0.32). In the controls, QTc on admission and at discharge were 435 ± 34 and 428 ± 23 ms, correspondingly (P = 0.18). QTc increased from 472 ± 18 ms before to 489 ± 36 ms after HD (P = 0.017). Alterations in QTc in AN, or HD suggest that the changes in the QTc may be partially only apparent, and due to the electrocardiogram machine-based measurement of the attenuated/augmented QRST complexes resulting from fluid shifts.
An African Trading Empire: The Story of Susman Brothers and Wulfsohn, 1901–2005 (review)

Hugh Macmillan. An African Trading Empire: The Story of Susman Brothers and Wulfsohn, 1901-2005. London and New York: LB. Tauris, 2005. Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan, New York, ii + 492 pp. Maps. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $74.95. Cloth. In this detailed yet readable volume, Hugh Macmillan traces the network of southern and central African businesses established by two Jewish brothers from the Baltic states, Elie and Harry Susman. Their activities ranged across present-day Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, and to a lesser extent, Angola and Mozambique. The origins of their businesses were Zambian, in particular in the Western Province, Barotseland, where the Susman brothers began their cattle-trading business in 1901 through an alliance with the Lozi Paramount, Lewanika. After their partnership with Harry Wulfsohn, another Jewish immigrant to Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia), in 1944, the associated enterprises stretched across the region-even influencing such retail giants as Woolworths in South Africa and Marks and Spencer in England. Macmillan skillfully wrestles the details of their ventures from personal and business papers combined with local government archives and interviews with employees and the descendents of the Susman brothers and Harry Wulfsohn. The book portrays the characters behind the businesses and details their intellectual and entrepreneurial energies. Macmillan is almost in awe of the qualities of the Susman-Wulfsohn entrepreneurs: "a capacity for hard work, resilience in the face of difficulties, an ability to spot gaps in the market and new opportunities... to make things happen, to create business, employment, and wealth, in some of the most inaccessible places in the world" (420). While the book is not a hagiography, the Susman brothers and Harry Wulfsohn could hardly have found a more generous biographer of their lives, ventures, and legacies. The lack of critical reflection is misleading in at least two regards. First, the story of the Susman brothers, Harry Wulfsohn, and their descendents may leave some readers with the impression that "the Jews" of southern Africa constituted a class of uniformly successful entrepreneurs, driven by determination in the face of anti-Semitism and helped along by their "membership of important global and regional networks" (412). This would be an unfortunate reading: "the Jews" of southern Africa did not form a coherent ethnic group, were divided politically, and had uneven economic success. Occasionally they aligned themselves with exploited Africans; in most cases, they did their utmost to belong to settler society and to exploit available economic opportunities. A few families were remarkably successful; but this hardly accounts for the tens of thousands of Jews who made their way to southern Africa. …
Automated Segmentation of 3D US Prostate Images Using Statistical Texture-Based Matching Method

A novel statistical shape model is presented for automatic and accurate segmentation of prostate boundary from 3D ultrasound (US) images, using a hierarchical texture-based matching method. This method uses three steps. First, Gabor filter banks are used to capture rotation-invariant texture features at different scales and orientations. Second, different levels of texture features are integrated by a kernel support vector machine (KSVM) to optimally differentiate the prostate from surrounding tissues. Third, a statistical shape model is hierarchically deformed to the prostate boundary by robust texture and shape matching. Experimental results test the performance of the proposed method in segmenting 3D US prostate images.
Physical oceanography from deep ocean submarine cable observations

Summary form only given. Some of the important discoveries in physical oceanography that have been based on data acquired at "observatories" far from the coasts will be reviewed, e.g., the interannual variability of Labrador sea water formulation inferred from ocean weather ship bravo data. These discoveries motivate the need for additional long duration physical oceanographic measurements in the deep ocean, as can be acquired from submarine cable observatories, and they provide guidance on the spatial and temporal sampling requirements needed to reach the next level of discoveries. Instrumentation developed in the last ten years, such as moored velocity and water property profilers, that can enhance the scientific return on investments in cabled observatories is also reviewed. Additional technological enhancements that would be highly desirable for observatory-based instrumentation for physical oceanography will be discussed.
Gaussian curvature from photometric scatter plots

Local surface curvature is an important shape descriptor, especially for smooth featureless objects. For this family of objects, if their surface is matte, there is a one-to-one mapping between their surface normal map and the photometric data collected from a scene under three different illumination conditions. This mapping allows for the extraction of the sign and the magnitude of Gaussian curvature (to within a constant multiple) directly from intensity values. Because all the computations are performed in photometric space, the normal map is never recovered. This implies that the precise location of the light sources is not needed for any of the computations. Experiments show that a simple setup with minimal illumination planning and calibration is sufficient for the extraction of Gaussian curvature for smooth diffuse surfaces.
The ELCA at Twenty: A Young Church that Works

: This assessment, from a pastor who has served in all three of its ‘expressions' (congregation, synod, churchwide), and now heads one of its 8 seminaries, celebrates both major achievements as well as the interdependent ‘churchstyle’ exhibited by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America during its first 20 years.
Temporal variability in the partitioning of thorium between dissolved and particulate phases on the Amazon shelf: implications for the scavenging of particle-reactive species

Abstract During June 1983, surface- and bottom-water samples were collected (over a 38-h period) at two anchor stations just seaward of the Amazon River mouth. Samples were analyzed for dissolved and particulate234Th activities.234Th distribution coefficients (Kd; ratio of particulate to dissolved234Th activities) exhibited significant temporal variability, ranging from 7.4 × 103 to 1.0 × 105ml g−1 in surface waters and from 8.8 × 102 to 3.4 × 104ml g−1 in bottom waters. Environmental parameters (e.g. salinity, suspended-sediment concentration) also exhibited a high degree of temporal variability as a result of tidal processes. Based on correlation with Kd, suspended-sediment concentration and particle characteristics were the major environmental parameters controlling the scavenging of thorium. Thorium distribution coefficients were never observed to reach equilibrium values in the study area, indicating that the scavenging of thorium was limited by reaction kinetics. A kinetic (non equilibrium) approach to scavenging reveals that suspended particles (because of their short residence time in the water column) had only 1–2 days to equilibrate with any particular hydrographic regime within the anchor-station area. The residence time of dissolved234Th (with respect to scavenging) ranged from 1.8 to 3.8 days, depending on suspended-sediment concentrations and particle characteristics. The total residence time of234Th (with respect to removal from the water column) was nearly uniform (4–5 days) throughout the anchor-station area, because locations with the shortest scavenging residence times (as a result of high turbidity) had the longest particle residence times (as a result of resuspension).
Molecular typing and in vitro fluconazole susceptibility of Candida species isolated from diabetic and nondiabetic women with vulvovaginal candidiasis in India.

Background Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the major causes of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in Indian women with diabetes mellitus. Little information is available regarding the genotyping of Candida species isolated from Indian diabetic women with VVC. Methods In this study, a total of 57 Candida species, comprising Candida albicans and Candida glabrata , isolated from Indian women with VVC, were genotyped and tested for fluconazole susceptibility. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) was used to genotype C glabrata isolates, whereas Southern blot hybridization using a Candida albicans repetitive element-2 (CARE-2) probe was used to genotype C albicans. Results Genotyping showed that all the C albicans isolates were genetically heterogenous. The pattern of DNA bands obtained after AP-PCR for C glabrata strains were predominantly conformed to genotype A. In vitro fluconazole-susceptibility testing of the isolates using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27A2 protocol showed that more than 93% of the Candida isolates were susceptible. Conclusions Ninety-five percent of the C albicans isolates analyzed were different and genetically unrelated. The analysis of the AP-PCR DNA banding pattern of C glabrata isolates showed that it resembled genotype "A". The Candida isolates were found to be susceptible to fluconazole, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5μg/mL to 8μg/mL. This correlates with the use of fluconazole as a first-choice antifungal for treating VVC in India.
Developing Unique Engineering Solutions to Improve Patient Safety

Many efforts to improve healthcare safety have focused on redesigning processes of care or retraining clinicians. Far less attention has been focused on the use of new technologies to improve safety. We present the results of a unique collaboration between the VA National Center for Patient Safety (NCPS) and the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. Each year, the NCPS identifies safety problems across the VA that could be addressed with newly-engineered devices. Teams of Thayer students and faculty participating in a senior design course evaluate and engineer a solution for one of the problems. Exemplar projects have targeted surgical sponge retention, nosocomial infections, surgical site localization, and remote monitoring of hospitalized patients undergoing diagnostic testing and procedures. The program has served as an avenue for engineering students and health care workers to solve problems together. The success of this academic-clinical partnership could be replicated in other settings.
Complex solutions in nonlinear field theories

Abstract The properties, advantages and limitations of complex operator solutions of nonlinear quantum field equations are discussed.
Near earth propagation of distributed sensors: problems and solutions

Both the military and consumer sectors are driving towards distributed networked sensors. A major stumbling block to deployment of these sensors is the radio frequency (RF) propagation environment within a few wavelengths of the earth. Increasing transmit power (battery consumption) is not the practical solution to the problem. This paper will discuss some aspects of the near earth propagation (NEP) problem and provide a few solutions. When radiating near the earth the communications link is subjected to a list of physical impairments. On the list are the expected Fresnel region encroachment and multipath reflections along with the intriguing radiation pattern changes and near earth boundary layer perturbations. A significant amount of data has been collected on NEP. Disturbances in the NEP atmosphere have a time varying attenuation related to the solar radiation (insolation). Solutions, or workarounds, to the near earth propagation problem hinge on dynamic adaptive RF elements. Adaptive RF elements will allow the distributed sensor to direct energy, beam form, impedance correct, increase communication efficiency, and decrease battery consumption. Small electrically controllable elements are under development to enable antenna impedance matching in a dynamic environment. Additionally, small dynamic beam forming antennas will be developed to focus RF energy in the direction of need. By creating provisions for decreasing the output RF power to the level required, battery consumption can be reduced. With the addition of adaptive RF elements, distributed autonomous networked sensors can become a reality within a few centimeters of the earth.
Daily variability of dissolved inorganic radiocarbon in Sargasso Sea surface water

Surface water samples were collected daily in June 2000 at a site in the Sargasso Sea to observe variability of Δ 14 C values in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Temperature, salinity, DIC concentration, alkalinity, and δ 13 C and Δ 14 C values of DIC were measured in the samples. Ten Δ 14 C measurements averaged 81±8‰ and had a range of 24‰ over the sixteen-day cruise. Δ 14 C values were more variable during the latter half of the cruise. Salinity and temperature measurements in the mixed layer throughout the cruise indicate that there were changes in water mass that occurred at our site. We conclude that the daily range of DIC Δ 14 C values in the surface ocean at our site is several times greater than the annual change in surface waters in the Sargasso Sea during the last two decades of the 20th century. This points to the importance of obtaining multiple measurements of the surface ocean to adequately define the true variability of DIC Δ 14 C measurements.
Impurity conduction and magnetic polarons in antiferromagnetic oxides

Low-temperature transport and magnetization measurements, reported for the antiferromagnets $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, provide a means for distinguishing self-trapped from bound magnetic polaron (MPs) and reveal new insight into the role of impurity states on MP formation in oxides. The data identify an impurity band of mobile states separated by energy $\ensuremath{\delta}$ from electrons bound in Coulombic potentials. Very weak electric fields are sufficient to excite bound electrons to the impurity band, increasing the mobile carrier concentration by more than three orders of magnitude. The data indicate that bound MPs become stable only for ${k}_{B}T⪡\ensuremath{\delta}$.
Effects of temperature and relative humidity on developmental rate and adult life span of three Aphytis species (Hym., Aphelinidae) parasitising California red scale

Abstract The effects of five constant temperatures from 21 to 32 °C on the duration and rate of development and the effects of three relative humidities (10, 40 and 70%) on the adult life span of Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet), A. lingnanensis Compere and A. melinus DeBach were determined with Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) as host. A. chrysomphali failed to emerge at 32 °C and its duration of development was the shortest at all other temperatures. The developmental time of A. lingnanensis was shorter than that of A. milinus at 32, longer at 21 and the same at 24 and 29 °C. The calculated threshold temperatures (°C) for development and the thermal constants (daydegrees) for A. chrysomphali, A. lingnanensis and A. melinus were 5.91 and 263.43, 9.09 and 237.52, and 6.77°C and 272.76 respectively. Adults of A. chrysomphali found to be the most susceptible to low relative humidities and high temperatures. A. lingnanensis was more susceptible than A. melinus to these conditions, but it lived longer than A. melinus at low temperatures and high relative humidity. Zusammenfassung Wirkungen von Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit auf Entwicklung und Lebensdauer von drei Aphytis-Arten (Hym., Aphelinidae), Parasiten der Kalifornischen Roten Schildlaus Es wurde die Wirkung von 5 konstanten Temperaturen von 21 bis 32°C auf die Dauer und Rate der Entwicklung sowie die Wirkung von 3 relativen Luftfeuchtigkeits-Stufen (10, 40 und 70%) auf die Lebensdauer der Adulten von Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet), A. lingnanensis Compere und A. melinus DeBach unter Verwendung von Aonidiella aurantii als Wirt untersucht. A. chrysomphali hatte bei 32°C die kurzeste Entwicklung, jedoch schlupften die Adulten nicht mehr. Die Entwicklungszeit von A. lingnanensis war kurzer als jene von A. melinus bei 32, langer bei 21 und gleich bei 24 und 29°C. Die berechneten Schwellen-Temperaturen (°C) fur die Entwicklungs- und die Thermalkonstante (Tagesgrade) fur A. chrysomphali, A. lingnanensis und A. melinus betrugen 5,91°C und 263,43,- 9,09°C und 237,52 sowie 6,77°C und 272,76. Die Adulten von A. chrysomphali erwiesen sich als am empfindlichsten gegen niedrige Luftfeuchtigkeit und hohe Temperatur. A. lingnanensis war gegenuber diesen Bedingungen empfindlicher als A. melinus, aber sie lebte langer als diese bei niedriger Temperatur und hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit.
Altered and distorted DNA from a premalignant liver lesion induced by 2-fluorenylacetamide.

Abstract DNA isolated from a precancerous population of liver cells, weeks after the termination of the dietary exposure to the carcinogen 2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) was found to show obvious alterations in its chemical and physical properties. The DNA had (I) an altered absorption spectrum in the range 350–310 mμ, (2) a small population with an increased buoyant density as observed in equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl, and (3) denatured and distorted fibres as observed with electron microscopy, when compared with DNA from normal control liver, the surrounding non-hyperplastic liver or regenerating liver following partial hepatectomy. These findings indicate the possibility that an observable alteration in DNA may play a role in carcinogenesis and suggest a possible mechanism for the progressive nature of the cellular changes during cancer induction.
Enzyme inhibition by acetylenic compounds

Abstract Soybean lipoxidase and prostaglandin synthetase from sheep seminal vesicles are subject to powerful inhibition by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, apparently by a slow but irreversible attack on the enzymes. It is postulated that inhibition may result from conversion of the acetylenic compound to a reactive allene by the enzymes studied, as has been proposed in the inhibition of β-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase by 3-decynoyl-N-acetylcysteamine.
Stochastic production planning for a biofuel supply chain under demand and price uncertainties

Abstract In this paper, we propose a stochastic production planning model for a biofuel supply chain under demand and price uncertainties. The supply chain consists of biomass suppliers, biofuel refinery plants and distribution centers. A stochastic linear programming model is proposed within a single-period planning framework to maximize the expected profit. Decisions such as the amount of raw materials purchased, the amount of raw materials consumed and the amount of products produced are considered. Demands of end products are uncertain with known probability distributions. The prices of end products follow Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM). Benders decomposition (BD) with Monte Carlo simulation technique is applied to solve the proposed model. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed stochastic model and the decomposition algorithm, a representative supply chain for an ethanol plant in North Dakota is considered. To investigate the results of the proposed model, a simulation framework is developed to compare the performances of deterministic model and proposed stochastic model. The results from the simulation indicate the proposed model obtain higher expected profit than the deterministic model under different uncertainty settings. Sensitivity analyses are performed to gain management insight on how profit changes due to the uncertainties affect the model developed.
The impact of hedging on the market value of equity

Abstract We examine the annual stock performance of firms that disclose the use of derivatives to hedge over the period 1995 to 1999. We find that only 21.6% of publicly traded U.S. corporations in our sample hedged with derivative instruments over this period and their use is concentrated in the larger companies. Similar to other studies we find that when derivatives are used, interest rate and currency securities are used much more frequently than commodity products. Our sample of 1308 companies that hedge outperforms other securities by 4.3% per year on average over our sample period. This result is robust to several alternative methods of estimating abnormal returns. When we segment performance by the type of hedge used, however, we find that the over-performance is due entirely to larger firms that hedge currency. We find no abnormal returns for firms hedging either interest rates or commodities. The abnormal returns in firms hedging currency is robust to alternative models that seek to control for exchange rate fluctuations and global equity returns; however, we find no significant abnormal returns to currency hedgers when using an augmented model that controls for the role of intangible assets.
Subunit structure of the apoprotein of human serum low density lipoproteins

Abstract Human serum low density lipoproteins (d 1.027–1.043 g/cm 3 ) were prepared by preparative ultracentrifugation and delipidated with sodium deoxycholate. By electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel, the apoprotein was fractionated into major components with apparent molecular weights of 77,000, 66,000, 47,000, 33,500, 21,500, 13,000, and 9,500, respectively; and minor components of higher molecular weight. The data indicate the existence of at least two fundamental subunits of molecular weights of approximately 9,500 and 13,000 daltons.
RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS: A THEORETICAL MODEL

In this article we contend that social movement theory has predominantly analyzed social movement organizations (SMOs) from a reform perspective, emphasizing movement participants' demands to be re...