cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hematology of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

The hematology of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was investigated to provide reference values for the normal animal. Red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, hemoglobins, mean cell volumes and differential white blood cell mean values were determined for Texas A&M colony-born animals and those obtained from the wild. The analyses were completed on 31 animals, three times each, for a total of 93 analyses, which included 16 colony-born and 15 wild-born marmosets. The hematological mean values found for marmosets were similar to those mean values reported for humans. The ranges for the hematology values were much narrower in the colony-born marmosets, and the average white blood cell count was significantly lower in these animals. This indicated that it is possible to produce and maintain a more uniform animal in the colony environment and, consequently, these animals are more suitable than wild-born animals for use as models for human research.
Considering Patient‐Centered Obstetric Nursing Care: Why and How?

The authors assay the need for, the procedures involved in, and the benefits derived from a primary nurse approach to providing patient-centered nursing care for those pregnant women who receive their major prenatal and postnatal care through clinic facilities rather than from private physicians.
Graph partitions for the multidimensional assignment problem

In this paper, we consider two decomposition schemes for the graph theoretical description of the axial Multidimensional Assignment Problem (MAP). The problem is defined as finding n disjoint cliques of size m with minimum total cost in Km×n, which is an m-partite graph with n elements per dimension. Even though the 2-dimensional assignment problem is solvable in polynomial time, extending the problem to include n≥3 dimensions renders it \(\mathcal{NP}\)-hard. We propose two novel decomposition schemes for partitioning a MAP into disjoint subproblems, that can then be recombined to provide both upper and lower bounds to the original problem. For each of the partitioning schemes, we investigate and compare the efficiency of distinct exact and heuristic methodologies, namely augmentation and partitioning. Computational results for the methods, along with a hybrid one that consists of both partitioning schemes, are presented to depict the success of our approaches on large-scale instances.
Free-radical chain generation of ketene during the synthesis of liquid crystalline aromatic polyesters

At the high temperatures used for the preparation of liquid crystalline aromatic polyesters (LCPs), ketene cleavage occurred from acetoxyarenes. Ketene is known to oligomerize to colored oligomers which may be responsible for an undesirable yellow color in LCPs. Thermolysis of the model compound p-acetoxybenzoate gave ketene oligomers and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, which oligomerized. A free-radical chain reaction mechanism for ketene formation was demonstrated by the reaction of tributyltin hydride with haloacetoxyarenes.
Degradation and activation of parathion analogs by microsomal enzymes

Abstract Organophosphorus insecticides with substituted or unsubstituted 4-nitrophenyl ester structure were examined for their metabolism in vitro by microsomes of rat and rabbit livers and of housefly abdomens. Compounds studied included methyl parathion, parathion, n-propyl parathion, iso-propyl parathion, dicapthon, Sumithion, Chlorthion and O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate and their P  O analogs. All P  S compounds were metabolized via two oxidative pathways, activation to P  O analogs and cleavage at the aryl phosphate bond. These reactions occurred only in the presence of NADPH2 and O2. The oxidative cleavage also occurred with one P  O compound, n-propyl paraoxon.
An automated system for video documentation of all instances of fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery training: feasibility and potential advantages of extended assessment

Abstract Introduction Documentation of the acquisition of surgical skills is mandated during and after training. Assessment-driven feedback interspersed during Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) training is expected to improve the quality of practice and increase skill acquisition. But the direct observation of FLS task performance by experts required to form this feedback is not feasible because of staffing and cost limits. Video recordings can reproduce a display of FLS task performance identical to the original camera view and can provide the critical observations needed for FLS assessment. Methods We report the design and operation of an automated system for the capture of digital video clips of all FLS practice trials and for the support of remote, distributed assessments. Results Advantages included permanent documentation of performance, quality controlled assessment by non-Medical Doctor personnel, accurate quantification of practice frequency, and emergence of new observations on patterns of intermediate skill development. The completeness and accuracy of the dataset support analyses of group learning rates and lay the foundation for scientific training curriculum development. Conclusions We conclude that video documentation of FLS training is feasible and worthwhile.
Velocity gradients across normal cardiac valves.

Abstract Valvar stenoses are usually detected initially by auscultation and then confirmed by measuring a velocity gradient across a valve with Doppler echocardiography. One remaining unanswered question regards the maximal normal velocity gradient. This is a significant question since stenotic valves are associated with an increased risk of bacterial endocarditis. 1 To approach the issue of what constitutes the maximal normal velocity gradient we measured velocity gradients across valves considered by physical examination to be normal.
PLANT–HERBIVORE–HYDROPERIOD INTERACTIONS: EFFECTS OF NATIVE MAMMALS ON FLOODPLAIN TREE RECRUITMENT

Floodplain plant–herbivore–hydroperiod interactions have received little attention despite their potential as determinants of floodplain structure and functioning. We used five types of exclosures to differentially exclude small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals from accessing Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. wizlizenii (Watson) Eckenwalder) seedlings and saplings growing naturally on four landform types at an alluvial reach on each of two rivers, the Green and Yampa, in Colorado and Utah. The two study reaches differed primarily as a result of flow regulation on the Green River, which began in 1962. Landforms were a rarely flooded portion of the alluvial plain, geomorphically active slow- and fast-water channel margin sites on the Yampa reach, and an aggrading side channel on the Green. Small-mammal live-trapping and observational data indicated that, with minor exceptions, the kinds of mammals eating cottonwood within each reach were identical. We monitored condition and fates of individual cottonwood plants from October 1993 through the 1997 growing season. Differences in survival and growth were noted both within and between reaches, and both due to, and independent of, mammalian herbivory. Comparisons of cottonwood growth and survivorship among exclosures and between exclosures and controls indicated that a small mammal, Microtus montanus, reduced seedling and sapling survivorship at the Green River reach, but to a lesser extent (seedlings) or not at all (saplings) on the Yampa reach. In contrast, reductions in sapling height increment attributable to medium- and large-sized herbivores were detected only at the Yampa site. We suggest that these differences are a result of (1) flow regulation allowing Microtus populations to escape the mortality normally accompanying the large, snowmelt-driven spring flood, as well as regulation promoting a herbaceous understory favorable to voles, and (2) greater browsing pressure from overwintering deer and elk at the Yampa reach, unrelated to flow regulation. Within areas used by foraging beaver, the probability of a sapling being cut by beaver was similar on the two reaches. This study suggests that changes in riparian plant–herbivore relationships due to shifts in river hydrology may be a common and important consequence of river regulation.
Preparation of students to work with children and families: Is it meeting the need?

This paper reviews changes in approaches to serving children with emotional disorders and their families over the last decade. The implications of these changes for the professional mental health disciplines in general, and for academic training programs in particular, are then examined. Proposals are made for changes in curricula and increased faculty development; policy issues concerning academic training programs are re-examined.
Frictional Melting During the Rupture of the 1994 Bolivian Earthquake

The source parameters of the 1994 Bolivian earthquake (magnitude M_w = 8.3) suggest that the maximum seismic efficiency η was 0.036 and the minimum frictional stress was 550 bars. Thus, the source process was dissipative, which is consistent with the observed slow rupture speed, only 20% of the localS-wave velocity. The amount of nonradiated energy produced during the Bolivian rupture was comparable to, or larger than, the thermal energy of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption and was sufficient to have melted a layer as thick as 31 centimeters. Once rupture was initiated, melting could occur, which reduces friction and promotes fault slip.
Three-dimensional localization of maxillary canines with cone-beam computed tomography.

Introduction: Precise 3-dimensional (3D) localization of impacted canines is central to their clinical management. Recently introduced dental 3D volumetric imaging systems make precise localization possible. The purpose of this study was to describe the spatial relationship of impacted canines by using images obtained with the NewTom QR-DVT 9000 (QR Srl, Verona, Italy). Methods: Unilaterally and bilaterally impacted canines (n = 27) from 19 consecutive patients (15 female, 4 male) were evaluated on images taken with the NewTom QR-DVT 9000. The spatial relationships of the impacted canines relative to adjacent structures and incisor resorption were assessed with 3D visualization software. Results: Most (92.6%) of the 27 impactions were palatal. Incisor resorption adjacent to the impacted canine was present in 66.7% of the lateral incisors and 11.1% of the central incisors. Follicle size did not play a major role in influencing impacted canine position. The alveolus was narrower at the impacted canine side compared with the erupted canine side; however, the width of the alveolus on the impacted canine side is independent of the deciduous canines. A correlation was found between the proximity of the impacted canine to the incisors and their resorption. There was no common location where eruption was arrested, and great variation in the inclination of the impacted canine was found. Conclusions: 3D volumetric imaging of impacted canines can show the following: presence or absence of the canine, size of the follicle, inclination of the long axis of the tooth, relative buccal and palatal positions, amount of the bone covering the tooth, 3D proximity and resorption of roots of adjacent teeth, condition of adjacent teeth, local anatomic considerations, and overall stage of dental development. In short, 3D imaging is clearly advantageous in the management of impacted canines.
Inferences on the Number of Unseen Species and the Number of Abundant/Rare Species

Abstract This paper focuses on estimating the number of species and the number of abundant species in a specific geographic region and, consequently, draw inferences on the number of rare species. The word ‘species’ is generic referring to any objects in a population that can be categorized. In the areas of biology, ecology, literature, etc, the species frequency distributions are usually severely skewed, in which case the population contains a few very abundant species and many rare ones. To model a such situation, we develop an asymmetric multinomial-Dirichlet probability model using species frequency data. Posterior distributions on the number of species and the number of abundant species are obtained and posterior inferences are induced using MCMC simulations. Simulations are used to demonstrate and evaluate the developed methodology. We apply the method to a DNA segment data set and a butterfly data set. Comparisons among different approaches to inferring the number of species are also discussed in t...
Rainbow schlieren vs Mach-Zehnder interferometer - A comparison

The rainbow schlieren apparatus is simpler, cheaper, and more easily built to large scale than the interferometer. The accuracies of the two instruments are similar but only if refraction is properly accounted for in interferometry. The measurement thresholds of both instruments are similar. The rainbow schlieren device provides more detailed information because the detection threshold of the rainbow schlieren is an order of magnitude better than that of the interferometer.
Boundary-distribution solution of the Helmholtz equation for a region with corners

Abstract A technique is described for the solution of the Helmholtz equation together with associated boundary conditions based on a generalization of a method used for the solution of the Dirichlet problem of potential theory, in which a dipole distribution is introduced on the boundary of a region to generate the potential inside. In order that the boundary conditions be satisfied, the distribution must be found as the solution of an integral equation. If the boundary is smooth, the equation is of Fredholm type, but if it has a corner the equation is singular. The problem of a sharp corner is analyzed, and properties of the solution are developed using the theory of singular integral equations. Direct use of the technique can be made impossible in some cases by the presence of “partner problem” eigenvalues. A simple method for avoiding this difficulty is presented.
Low vision simulator goggles in pharmacy education.

Objective. To develop simulator goggles that produce disease-specific characteristics of selected low vision conditions for use in pharmacy education. Methods. Individual sets of simulator goggles were developed for glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. Students rated the presence and severity of disease-specific characteristics after wearing each pair of goggles while manipulating medication-related materials. Results. One hundred students completed the study. Characteristic symptoms for each disease state were experienced at a moderate to severe level (p < 0.0001). Subjects indicated a high level of agreement among symptom ratings for each disease (Kendall's coefficient = 0.82). Conclusions. Low vision simulator goggles reliably produced the characteristics of selected conditions experienced in a medication management environment. Further studies are needed to identify suitable patient-centered learning activities using these goggles.
Solid-State 1H MAS NMR Characterization of γ-Alumina and Modified γ-Aluminas

1H single pulse MAS and CPMG T2/CSA-filter NMR experiments have been performed in order to characterize the hydroxyl structure of γ-alumina, as well as fluoride- and phosphate-modified γ-alumina materials. We have shown that problems associated with the strong homonuclear dipole-dipole interactions between protons of neighboring OH groups can be overcome by isotopic dilution of the alumina surface protons by deuterium exchange. Partially deuterated γ-alumina yields resonances at around −0.3, 0.3, 1.5, 2.4, 4.0, 5.0, 6.5, 7.1, and 7.8 ppm. CPMG T2/CSA-filter NMR experiments performed on alumina calcined at 700°C show that five different types of hydroxyl groups are present. CPMG T2/CSA-filter NMR of deuterated F/Al2O3 produces a resonance at 11.5 ppm in addition to a range of resonances between −0.2 and 7 ppm. NMR data for calcined P/Al2O3 and P-Mo(12)/Al2O3 (Wt% P = 0.0-10.0) show that polymeric orthophosphates produce a resonance at 3.4 ppm, while the monomeric orthophosphate species gives rise to a resonance at 1.2 ppm.
Generalised Verdier duality for presheaves of spectra—I

Abstract The stable homotopy category, with spectra as objects, resembles in many aspects the derived category whose objects are complexes of abelian groups. In this paper, we show that many of the familiar techniques of homological algebra available on the category of presheaves of abelian group spectra can be carried over (with suitable modifications) to the category of presheaves of spectra. Using A ∞ -ring spectra, we show that the duality theory of Verdier for abelian presheaves may be generalised to a general duality (called generalised Verdier duality ) for presheaves of spectra. Other common duality results, for example duality in the sense of Spanier-Whitehead or Poincare-duality for spectra are interpreted in terms of generalised Verdier duality. One of the goals is to set up a broad framework for defining a presheaf theoretic version of generalised intersection cohomology. The remaining aspects of the theory will be dealt with elsewhere.
Role of the nervous system in the control of proteostasis during innate immune activation: insights from C. elegans.

Like other free-living nematodes, the one-millimeter-long nematode Caenorhabditis elegans lives in soils and composts rich in microorganisms, including human microbial pathogens. In the laboratory, C. elegans animals are typically propagated by feeding them Escherichia coli. This bacterium is effectively disrupted by the C. elegans pharyngeal grinder and essentially no intact bacterial cells can be found in the intestinal lumen of healthy, young animals. Once in the gut, however, pathogenic bacteria are capable of proliferating, invading host cells, and killing C. elegans by infectious processes. Bacterial pathogens can also adhere to the cuticle of the nematode, causing a defensive swelling response of the epidermal cells. While C. elegans lacks adaptive immunity, it responds to pathogen exposure by avoiding certain potentially pathogenic bacteria and by activating an inducible innate immune system. Thus, pathogen avoidance, grinding, swelling, peristalsis, and secretion of antimicrobial substances prevent microbial colonization of C. elegans by bacterial pathogens. Increasing evidence highlights the role of the C. elegans nervous system in the control of some of these immune responses against bacterial pathogens.
The magnitude if the Bohr coefficient: Optimal for oxygen delivery

Abstract This paper examines relationship between the magnitude of the blood Bohr coefficient and arterial-venous changes in blood pH, PCO2 and oxygen affinity during steady-state, aerobic gas exchange. The physical-chemical linkage of the Bohr and Haldane effects is taken into account. It is concluded that for blood in which there is negligible oxygen-linked carbamate formation: (a) arterial-venous pH and PCO2 changes would be minimized if the Bohr coefficient were approximately equal to the respiratory quotient, with opposite sign, and (b) the rightward shift of the oxygen equilibrium curve in the tissues, relative to the curve at arteria pH, would be maximal if the Bohr coefficient were about one half the respiratory quotient (Bohr coefficient −0.35 to −0.5 for RQ 07–1.0). Actual Bohr coefficients in several mammals maximize the right shift of the oxygen equilibrium curve and are therefore optimal for oxygen delivery. Actual Bohr coefficients do not minimize pH or PCO2 changes. These results suggest that the contribution of the Bohr-Haldane effect to oxygen transport is more important than its contribution to pH homeostasis or CO2 transport.
Calculated differential secondary-particle production cross sections after nonelastic neutron interactions with carbon and oxygen between 15 and 60 MeV

Abstract Calculated values are given for double-differential (energy/angle) cross sections for the nonelastic production of hydrogen and helium isotopes and heavier-mass recoils, after the interaction of 15- to 60-MeV neutrons with carbon and oxygen. The data are calculated with an intranuclear cascade code, including alpha clustering and particle pickup, followed by a Fermi-breakup mechanism, incorporating decay via intermediate particle-unstable states. The predictions have been extensively tested against available experimental data in this energy/mass range.
Morphologic variation in the USDA/ARS rhubarb germplasm collection.

Rhubarb includes approximately 60 species in the genus Rheum. It has been utilized for thousands of years for medicinal purposes, but only recently identified for its culinary use. In the mid 1700s, edible petioles were discovered on seedlings from rhubarb species. Hundreds of cultivars have since been identified for a wide range of uses from tarts to wine. Unfortunately, propagation by seed and irregular naming has resulted in a plethora of similarly named cultivars and multitude of phenotypes. Fifteen morphological characters were evaluated to differentiate rhubarb cultivars in the USDA, ARS Rheum collection in Palmer, Alaska. Two years of morphological data, focusing on horticultural characteristics indicated variation between the years. To improve cultivar resolution, the results suggest using 1 year's data instead of combining data from different years. The mean °Brix observed was 3.8, with a range from 2.2 to 6.1. Flesh colour and basal skin colour were poorly correlated (R2 = 0.462); overall skin colour was more red at the base than in the middle of the petiole. Rhubarb character categories, in particular petiole number and petiole base thickness, need to be modified to better anticipate the range of expected values, and thereby contribute improved reproducibility and reliability to separate cultivars based on morphological characters.
Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Abstract Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) affects a significant number of patients undergoing ambulatory surgery, with important morbidity and cost implications. Patients undergoing gynecologic procedures are at particular risk for this problem. A majority of studies examining both gynecologic and nongynecologic surgical candidates suggest that some type of antiemetic prophylaxis may be useful in reducing the incidence of PONV, although the ideal regimen has yet to be determined.
Signal-to-noise analysis of cerebral blood volume maps from dynamic NMR imaging studies

The use of cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps generated from dynamic MRI studies tracking the bolus passage of paramagnetic contrast agents strongly depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the maps. The authors present a semianalytic model for the noise in CBV maps and introduce analytic and Monte Carlo techniques for determining the effect of experimental parameters and processing strategies upon CBV-SNR. CBV-SNR increases as more points are used to estimate the baseline signal level. For typical injections, maps made with 10 baseline points have 34% more noise than those made with 50 baseline points. For a given peak percentage signal drop, an optimum TE can be chosen that, in general, is less than the baseline T2. However, because CBV-SNR is relatively insensitive to TE around this optimum value, choosing TE approximately equal to T2 does not sacrifice much SNR for typical doses of contrast agent. The TR that maximizes spin-echo CBV-SNR satisfies TR/T1 approximately equal to 1.26, whereas as short a TR as possible should be used to maximize gradient-echo CBV-SNR. In general, CBV-SNR is maximized for a given dose of contrast agent by selecting as short an input bolus duration as possible. For image SNR exceeding 20-30, the gamma-fitting procedure adds little extra noise compared with simple numeric integration. However, for noisier input images, can be the case for high resolution echo-planar images, the covarying parameters of the gamma-variate fit broaden the distribution of the CBV estimate and thereby decrease CBV-SNR. The authors compared the analytic noise predicted by their model with that of actual patient data and found that the analytic model accounts for roughly 70% of the measured variability of CBV within white matter regions of interest.
I'm sad you're sad: emotional contagion in CMC

An enduring assumption about computer-mediated communication is that it undermines emotional understanding. The present study examined emotional communication in CMC by inducing negative affect in one condition and neutral affect in another. The results revealed that 1) participants experiencing negative affect produced fewer words, used more sad terms, and exchanged messages at a slower rate, 2) their partners were able to detect their partners emotional state, and 3) emotional contagion took place, in which partners interacting with participants in the negative affect condition had significantly less positive affect than partners in the control condition. These data support a relational view of CMC.
Synthesis of the impedance matrix of star port resistor networks

Abstract A new synthesis method is presented for the realization of the impedance matrix of an n-port resistor network in which all n ports have a common node. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the realization of a given matrix are stated. Several examples using the method are calculated.
Exposure to Domestic and Community Violence in a Nonrisk Sample: Associations With Child Functioning

Limited data exist on the unique, additive, and interactive effects of exposure to domestic and community violence on children's functioning, particularly in community samples. This study examined relations between children's violence exposure, at home and in the community, and symptoms of externalizing and internalizing problems. Parents reported on domestic violence in the home, and children reported on community violence. Concurrent child functioning was measured through parent and teacher reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and child self-reports on the Children's Depression Inventory. A multi-ethnic sample of 117 children, aged 8 to 12 years, and their parents and teachers participated. Community violence was related to all measures of children's adjustment, whereas exposure to domestic violence was related only to CBCL externalizing problems. Teacher reports of child aggression were predicted by child age, community violence, and the interaction of community and domestic violence. Implications for research and clinical intervention are discussed.
Evaluation of growth hormone production from GH1 cells in vitro: Effect of culture media and time in culture

Growth hormone production by a rat pituitary tumor cell line (GH1) was measured during lag, exponential, and plateau phases of growth in different culture media. Growth hormone secretion was low during lag and early exponential phase; it increased late in the exponential phase and continued to increase during the plateau phase. This biphasic pattern of growth hormone production was observed in all media and sera utilized. Both the doubling time and growth hormone production were influenced by the choice of media and sera. In addition, the length of time in culture affected the growth fraction with passage level 40 GH1 cells having a 79% growth fraction, whereas the growth fraction of passage level 100 cells was 95%. Using the population doubling time as a criterion for a choice of medium, F-10 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum consistently yielded the most rapid doubling time (32 hr), whereas Dulbecco's MEM supplemented with 15% horse serum and 2.5% fetal bovine serum yielded the greatest plateau cell density. Growth hormone secretion and the population doubling times were directly related to culture conditions including length of time in culture, choice of tissue culture media, choice of sera, and the phase of cell growth (lag, exponential or plateau).
Multifault and delay-fault testability of multilevel circuits

This paper investigates the relationship between test sets for multiple stuck-at faults and robust path-delay-fault tests in multilevel combinational circuits. It is shown that, in multilevel circuits, a complete robust path-delay-fault test set may not detect all multiple stuck-at faults. We also show that the detectability of the former does not imply the detectability of the latter, as suggested in a recent paper. The presence of undetectable or untested multiple stuck-at faults may invalidate some path delay tests.
Whey protein and acetylated monoglyceride edible coatings : Effect on the rancidity process of walnuts

Whey protein isolate (WPI)-based coatings and distilled acetylated monoglyceride (AMG)-based coatings were evaluated for their ability to delay the oxidative rancidity of walnut pieces. Tocopherol ...
The Social Construction of Homeless Shelters in the Phoenix Area

Homelessness became a salient social problem during the latter decades of the 20th century and major cities across the nation responded by increasing the number and capacity of shelters. This case study documents the response to homelessness in the Phoenix, Arizona urban area, using newspaper accounts to chronicle the public discourse that accompanied the expansion of services that occurred after 1982. It examines the effect of homeless stigmatization and exclusionary attitudes on the construction of a shelter system that concentrated services in the least desirable areas of the central city.
M-blocks: Momentum-driven, magnetic modular robots

In this paper, we describe a novel self-assembling, self-reconfiguring cubic robot that uses pivoting motions to change its intended geometry. Each individual module can pivot to move linearly on a substrate of stationary modules. The modules can use the same operation to perform convex and concave transitions to change planes. Each module can also move independently to traverse planar unstructured environments. The modules achieve these movements by quickly transferring angular momentum accumulated in a self-contained flywheel to the body of the robot. The system provides a simplified realization of the modular actions required by the sliding cube model using pivoting. We describe the principles, the unit-module hardware, and extensive experiments with a system of eight modules.
Spectral-Line Profiles for a Fast-Ion-Beam Source

Exact expression for line profile of stigmatic spectrograph without vignetting, noting results with foil-excited ions as light source
Strategy differences between group and individual gambling

Abstract On choices between bets with money outcomes, individuals differ from groups in the information-processing strategy by which bets are evaluated. For groups, maximizing amount to win was most important, minimizing amount to lose next most important, maximizing probability of winning next most important, and minimizing probability of winning was least important. Individual strategy in evaluating bets showed no such clear pattern. A definition of risk in terms of information processing is advanced, and, in terms of this definition, groups were not significantly more risky than individuals. Bet choices were assessed on opinion scales and, contrary to the polarization hypothesis of Moscovici and Zavalloni, group-member opinions were not more extreme than individual opinions.
On-sky calibration performance of a monolithic Michelson interferometer filtered source

In the new era of searching for Earth-like planets, new generation radial velocity (RV) high resolution spectrographs requires ~0.1 m/s Doppler calibration accuracy in the visible band and a similar calibration precision in the near infrared. The patented stable monolithic Michelson interferometer filtered source called the Sine source emerges as a very promising calibration device. This Sine source has the potential of covering the practical working wavelengths (~0.38- 2.5 μm) for Doppler measurements with high resolution optical and near infrared high resolution spectrographs at the ground-based telescopes. The single frame calibration precision can reach < 0.1 m/s for the state of the art spectrographs, and it can be easily designed to match the intrinsic sensitivities of future Doppler instruments. The Sine source also has the great practical advantages in compact (portable) size and low cost. Here we report early results from on-sky calibration of a Sine source measured with two state-of-the-art TOU optical high resolution spectrograph (R=100,000, 0.38-0.9 microns) and FIRST near infrared spectrograph (R=50,000, 0.8-1.8 microns) at a 2 meter robotic telescope at Fairborn Observatory in Arizona. The results with the TOU spectrograph monitoring over seven days show that the Sine source has produced ~3 times better calibration precision than the ThAr calibration (RMS = 2.7m/s vs. 7.4m/s) at 0.49-0.62 microns where calibration data have been processed by our preliminary data pipeline and ~1.4 times better than the iodine absorption spectra (RMS=3.6 m/s) at the same wavelength region. As both ThAr and Iodine have reached sub m/s calibration accuracy with existing Doppler instruments (such as HARPS and HIRES), it is likely that the sine source would provide similar improvement once a better data pipeline and an upgraded version of a Sine source are developed. It is totally possible to reach ~0.1 m/s in the optical wavelength region. In addition, this Sine source offers potential very accurate calibration at 0.7-0.9 μm where ThAr lines are totally dominated by strong and saturated Argon lines and the ThAr calibration data are nearly useless. The early measurements with the FIRST near infrared spectrograph show that this Sine source produces very homogenous fringe modulations over 0.8-1.8 μm which can potentially provide better precision than the UrNe lamp for instrument drift measurements.
Odd–even effect in miscibility of main-chain liquid crystal polymers with low molar mass nematogens

Abstract Qualitative phase diagrams were constructed using the contact method for binary mixtures of several chemically-distinct low molar mass nematogens (LMMN) with a main chain liquid crystal polymer (TPB-x) which has a mesogenic group, 1-(4-hydroxy-4′-biphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy phenyl) butane, separated by flexible alkyl spacers of variable length, x. Several interesting effects were observed. TPB-x was found to exhibit an odd-even variation in miscibility in the nematic state (2n + 1 = miscible, 2n=immiscible) with 4′-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), but not with 4′-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (5OCB) in which most polymers were completely miscible. On prolonged isothermal annealing in the biphasic region in 5CB, TPB-2n exhibited spherulitic crystallization of the liquid crystal polymer. These observations are shown to be qualitatively consistent with a modification of the Flory-Huggins theory by Brochard et al.
Clumping and Packing of Hair Arrays Manufactured by Nanocasting

The gecko’s remarkable dry adhesive system, consisting of arrays of heirarchically stuctured hairs made from a stiff material, has motivated widespread interest in creating a synthetic dry adhesive whose adhesive properties derive more from its geometry than its bulk material properties. Recently, methods for synthesizing simple hair arrays have been developed. It has been observed that micro and nanosized synthetic hairs often adhere together to form clumps. This paper introduces several models and guidelines for predicting clumping conditions through hair geometry and lattice structure, and presents our methods for casting hair arrays.
Conditioned orienting reflex audiometry with maternal rubella children

Abstract COR audiometry using a pair of flashing red lights mounted next to the loudspeaker was used in 183 children with histories of prenatal rubella. The presence of psychomotor retardation, neurological or behavior disorders markedly reduced the applicability of the test. The presence of either heart or eye disorders did not restrict the use of the technique. Reasons for the difficulty in establishing COR conditioning in children with neurological and behavioral disorders are considered.
Synthesis, characterization, and solvent-independent photochromism of spironaphthooxazine dimers

Abstract Specifically angled, conjugated spiroindolinonaphthooxazine dimers (SNOD) have been synthesized. The photochromic reactions of two types of SNOD were studied under continuous UV irradiation in solvents of different polarity. Comparison of these results with the single unit provides the examination of the specific effect of substituents on their photochromic properties and relaxation kinetics. The photomerocyanine isomers showed positive solvatochromism, supporting the premise for a less polar quinoidal structure. The thermal closing rate at 25 °C ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 s−1 depending on the compound and solvent. Photochromism of these new compounds showed little dependency on solvent polarity and stable cyclability.
Protein Differences in Drosophila. I. Drosophila Melanogaster.

ONE electrophoresis affords a simple, rapid technique for comparing and characterizing proteins. It is especially suitable for investigations of genetically altered proteins, and notable results have come from the use of this method in studying hemoglobins (INGRAM 1961 ) and haptoglobins ( CONNELL, DIXON and SMITHIES 1962). Drosophila melanogaster is extraordinary in terms of the extensive array of genetic techniques which have been developed for analyses of its genetic system. However, it has seldom provided material for physiological genetic analysis. This is largely true because few biochemical differences, especially protein differences, are readily demonstrable in the organism. For analyzing controlling mechanisms in development, variegated position effects, or other genetic phenomena characteristic of higher organisms, Drosophila melanogaster remains the experimental animal par excellence. The demonstration of protein differences in a system amenable to sophisticated genetic analysis offers unusual opportunity for integrating genetic, biochemical, and developmental approaches at the level of gene action. To this end, methods have been developed for analyzing protein differences in mutant stocks of Drosophila. The techniques employed have also been used with a variety of materials in this laboratory. Over thirty-five species in the genus Drosophila have been analyzed, and the results of this screening will be the subject to a separate paper in this series. Tetrahymena has been analyzed using identical methods, and a large number of migrating protein bands was resolved (DUNHAM 1962). Similar techniques have been successfully employed using embryonic and adult chick brain as the starting material ( WYTTENBACH, personal communication). Thus, the methods to be described here are potentially useful with a broad array of materials and for investigating a wide variety of problems. The report includes a description of the methods employed, the results obtained from the initial screening of mutant stocks, and a preliminary analysis of a protein difference detected in strains of the mutant glass of D. melanogaster.
Translation Start Sequences Affect the Efficiency of Silencing of Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA Oncogenes

Agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenes cause transformed plant cells to overproduce auxin and cytokinin. Two oncogenes encode enzymes that convert tryptophan to indole-3-acetic acid (auxin): iaaM (tryptophan mono-oxygenase) and iaaH (indole-3-acetamide hydrolase). A third oncogene (ipt) encodes AMP isopentenyl transferase, which produces cytokinin (isopentenyl-AMP). Inactivation of ipt and iaaM (or iaaH) abolishes tumorigenesis. Because adequate means do not exist to control crown gall, we created resistant plants by introducing transgenes designed to elicit posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of iaaM and ipt. Transgenes that elicit silencing trigger sequence-specific destruction of the inducing RNA and messenger RNAs with related sequences. Although PTGS has proven effective against a variety of target genes, we found that a much higher percentage of transgenic lines silenced iaaM than ipt, suggesting that transgene sequences influenced the effectiveness of PTGS. Sequences required for oncogene silencing included a translation start site. A transgene encoding a translatable sense-strand RNA from the 5′ end of iaaM silenced the iaaM oncogene, but deletion of the translation start site abolished the ability of the transgene to silence iaaM. Silencing A. tumefaciens T-DNA oncogenes is a new and effective method to produce plants resistant to crown gall disease.
Heritability and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Realized heritability, h 2 , of resistance in European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ssp. kurstaki endotoxins was examined in five resistant laboratory colonies. These colonies were reared on a meridic diet that incorporated a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis , Dipel ES. Resistance in these colonies reached 42–67× by the seventh to twentieth selected generations and then plateaued. The realized heritability of resistance averaged 0.17–0.31 over all selected generations for the five colonies. In the three Iowa colonies, the highest realized heritability, 0.18–0.33, occurred during the second period of selection (seventh to thirteenth selected generations). In the two Kansas colonies, the highest realized heritability, 0.36 and 0.46, occurred during the first period of selection (first to sixth selected generations). In the absence of selection pressure, resistance in the southwest Kansas colony decreased from 62× to 42× after two generations, and remained at about that level for the next five generations.
Free vibration of stepped thickness rectangular plates using spectral finite element method

Abstract Free vibration of stepped thickness rectangular plates is investigated in this paper using the spectral finite element method (SFEM). It is impossible to obtain closed-form solutions for a uniform rectangular plate with arbitrary boundary conditions except the Levy-type plates, i.e., at least simply-supported at two opposite edges. Moreover, the variation of plate thickness adds complexity to the problem. The Kantorovich method is employed to obtain an analytical approximation solution form. Then, a plate spectral finite element is developed accordingly in the frequency domain. Similar to the conventional finite element method (CFEM), after assembling elements and applying boundary conditions, each modal frequency and associated mode shape function can be determined by iteratively solving corresponding equations in plate x and y directions. Available literature results along with NASTRAN simulations are used to validate our SFEM predictions of stepped thickness plates with various boundary conditions. Compared to the CFEM, only a fraction of the mesh is needed to achieve comparable accuracy in each mode. Substantial computation cost can then be saved. Mode shape functions are extracted and presented in a semi-analytical form. Physical insights of wave propagation characteristics in a stepped thickness rectangular plate can be collected from these results. In summary, an efficient and accurate SFEM is developed to conduct free vibration analysis of stepped thickness rectangular plates with various boundary conditions.
Relative Selection Efficiency in Retrospect of Selected Young Sires

Abstract The indexes used in retrospect in estimating one-half genetic value (daughter superiority) of progeny of 541 Holstein matings contracted by Eastern Artificial Insemination Cooperative were determined. A set of information on relatives to be complete would include records of paternal sisters, the dam, paternal sisters of the dam, maternal sisters, maternal grandam, and maternal sisters of the dam. The average index of daughter superiority for the 541 progeny was between 406 and 455 kg of milk, depending on which combination of relatives was used. Paternal sisters accounted for 45 to 50% of the total daughter superiority. Records of maternal relatives, particularly records of the grandam and the dam, generally received too much emphasis relative to theoretical weights. The overemphasis on the dam's records may be due to the greater opportunity for selection of dams than for selection of sires. Efficiency of the indexes actually used in retrospect was computed as the ratio of the average correlation between the retrospective index and the true daughter superiority to average correlation between the index, using theoretical weights and true daughter superiority. The most efficient index in retrospect used records of paternal sisters, the dam, and paternal sisters of the dam, but was only 84% as efficient as the theoretically best index.
Perceptions of and attitudes towards medical errors among medical trainees

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of how medical trainees define medical errors and what factors influence medical trainees' perceptions of medical errors. METHODS We surveyed 423 medical students and house staff at an urban academic medical centre to learn about how they defined medical errors, their experiences with medical errors, their beliefs about when a patient should be informed of an error, and their attitudes towards medical errors with differing severity of outcomes. RESULTS Trainees stated that an event could be considered an error regardless of outcome, negligence, intention or consent. Definitions did not vary according to gender or level of training. Trainees had increasing feelings of guilt and fear as the outcomes related to errors worsened. Respondents were more likely to feel guilty and angry at themselves, and be afraid of accusations of malpractice, losing their licence, damaging their reputation, or losing confidence when errors were made while working individually versus in a team setting. Female trainees were more likely than male trainees to feel guilty and angry at themselves, and were afraid of losing confidence if they made an error. CONCLUSIONS Trainees' perceptions and attitudes towards errors vary depending on whether they are in their clinical years, the severity of outcome, and whether the error is attributable to an individual or a team. These factors will have to be explored in greater depth if we are adequately to prepare young doctors for the errors they will inevitably make.
Substance Abuse: Assessment of the Outcomes of Activities and Activity Clusters in School-Based Prevention

The purpose of the research reported herein was to associate prevention activities in the schools with abusing behaviors of the students, after statistically controlling relevant variables. Discrete activities and clusters of activities (“programs” or “models”) were studied with a randomly assigned control group design. This approach was selected so that effective activities could be identified even against an overall background of increasing abuse during and after the prevention experience.