cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Profundus Tendon Repairs After Distal Phalanx Amputation in a Cadaveric Model of Little Finger Superficialis Deficiency.

Purpose The flexor digitorum superficialis tendon to the little finger (FDS-5) has been observed to have a higher degree of functional and structural variation than the FDS of other digits. FDS-5-deficient individuals necessarily rely on the flexor digitorum profundus tendon to the little finger (FDP-5) for flexion in their little fingers. FDS-5 deficient patients who experience a considerable injury to their FDP-5 are therefore at a risk of losing substantial little finger flexion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of flexion of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints in a cadaveric model of FDS-5 deficiency following amputation of the distal phalanx . Methods Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities with no prior trauma were used. Loads were applied to the FDP-5. Flexion at the PIP and metacarpophalangeal joints was measured in degrees with a goniometer . Little finger flexion testing was conducted under 5 different conditions: “baseline,” “FDS-deficient,” “no repair,” “bone anchor” repair, and “A4 pulley” repair. Results The results were as follows: (1) no significant differences in the flexion between baseline and FDS-deficient conditions; (2) a significant decline in PIP flexion in the no repair condition after FDP-5 division compared with the FDS-deficient condition; (3) a significant restoration in PIP flexion in both surgical repair groups compared with the no repair group; and (4) no significant differences in PIP flexion between the A4 pulley and bone anchor groups. Conclusions The bone anchor repair and the A4 pulley repair demonstrate similar abilities to restore flexion of the little finger at the PIP joint to baseline levels in this cadaveric model. Clinical relevance A clinical protocol is yet to be established for the surgical treatment in FDS-5-deficient patients requiring amputation of the distal phalanx of the little finger. This study aims to address this area of uncertainty by comparing the little finger flexion after 2 different approaches to profundus tendon reattachment that may be applicable in this clinical scenario.
Singing an imaginal dialogue: a qualitative examination of a bereavement intervention with creative arts therapists

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to understand creative arts therapists’ experience of singing an imaginal dialogue with a deceased loved one. The sample consisted of nine female creative arts therapists with a minimum of three years of clinical experience. It included women who identified as minorities in the realms of race, culture, ethnicity, and/or sexual orientation. Participation entailed one music therapy session with a music therapist who was not the researcher. After the session, participants completed a questionnaire and were interviewed about their experience by the researcher. The qualitative data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis and five themes were identified: (a) elicitation of profound emotional expression; (b) discomfort, nervousness, and anxiety; (c) containment and support; (d) emotional and spiritual connection to the deceased; (e) helpful opportunity for grief resolution. The findings of this study support previous research on grief therapy and verbal ...
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma caused by long-term infection with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). Patients with ATLL have an extremely poor prognosis, their disease complicated by multidrug resistance of malignant cells, infection due to impaired T-cell mediated immunity, hypercalcemia, and multiple organ failure. Half of patients develop cutaneous manifestations. The cutaneous lesions of ATLL are highly varied and include erythroderma, purpuric papules, and plaques. This chapter addresses the clinical presentation, prognosis, treatment, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular characteristics of this disease. It closes with a differential diagnosis and clinical case.
Segmentation of Magnetic Resonance Images Using Fuzzy Clustering

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is unique among imaging modalities in that image contrast can be varied over a wide range by manipulation of the acquisition parameters. The signal intensity depends indirectly on particular physical and chemical characteristics of the tissues being imaged. These tissue properties influence the behavior of the nuclei undergoing resonance, and their behavior is what directly affects the MRI signal. The parameters of interest that describe this behavior are the relaxation times Ti and T2, the spin density (for hydrogen, N(H)), and the microscopic (diffusion) and macroscopic (flow, motion) motional states of the nuclei. These parameters exist, in turn, because of certain properties of the tissues: water content, fat content, macromolecules, paramagnetic ions and flow being among the significant variables.
Access denied [digital rights management]

Digital rights management (DRM), technology and law, threaten the entire system of discourse on which progress is built. It is based on a reductionist model, in which creativity and innovation are isolated actions supplied according to the economic returns promised to those who are successful. Yet science, innovation, and creativity are dynamic systems chat require open discourse and readily available information to flourish. The core flaw in DRM laws and technology is the model of author as sole creator, rather than as a part of a system. The article enumerates the dramatic threats to the system of creation and innovation that the author believes exist in DRM law and technology.
Dual frame motion compensation for a rate switching network

Standard video coders often use the immediate past frame as a reference frame with motion compensation for video encoding. In this paper, we use dual reference frame motion compensation in the context of high bandwidth to low bandwidth switching such as from an Ethernet connection to a GPRS system. The implementation is based on MPEG-4. Simulation results show that there is a significant gain in the PSNR for relatively static video sequences.
Constraints on methane emissions in North America from future geostationary remote-sensing measurements

Abstract. The success of future geostationary (GEO) satellite observation missions depends on our ability to design instruments that address their key scientific objectives. In this study, an Observation System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) is performed to quantify the constraints on methane (CH4) emissions in North America obtained from shortwave infrared (SWIR), thermal infrared (TIR), and multi-spectral (SWIR+TIR) measurements in geostationary orbit and from future SWIR low-Earth orbit (LEO) measurements. An efficient stochastic algorithm is used to compute the information content of the inverted emissions at high spatial resolution (0.5° × 0.7°) in a variational framework using the GEOS-Chem chemistry-transport model and its adjoint. Our results show that at sub-weekly timescales, SWIR measurements in GEO orbit can constrain about twice as many independent flux patterns than in LEO orbit, with a degree of freedom for signal (DOF) for the inversion of 266 and 115, respectively. Comparisons between TIR GEO and SWIR LEO configurations reveal that poor boundary layer sensitivities for the TIR measurements cannot be compensated for by the high spatiotemporal sampling of a GEO orbit. The benefit of a multi-spectral instrument compared to current SWIR products in a GEO context is shown for sub-weekly timescale constraints, with an increase in the DOF of about 50 % for a 3-day inversion. Our results further suggest that both the SWIR and multi-spectral measurements on GEO orbits could almost fully resolve CH4 fluxes at a spatial resolution of at least 100 km × 100 km over source hotspots (emissions > 4 × 105 kg day−1). The sensitivity of the optimized emission scaling factors to typical errors in boundary and initial conditions can reach 30 and 50 % for the SWIR GEO or SWIR LEO configurations, respectively, while it is smaller than 5 % in the case of a multi-spectral GEO system. Overall, our results demonstrate that multi-spectral measurements from a geostationary satellite platform would address the need for higher spatiotemporal constraints on CH4 emissions while greatly mitigating the impact of inherent uncertainties in source inversion methods on the inferred fluxes.
Period Changes and Magnetic Cycles

There are periodicities, manifested in a variety of different phenomena in a variety of different types of stars, which fall in the range 10–100 years and might all be consequences of solar-type magnetic cycles: the 11-year solar cycle itself; variable Ca II K-line emission in solar-type dwarfs; variable mean brightness in chromospherically active stars, old novas at quiescence, and dwarf novas between outburts; alternating orbital period variations in Algol binaries, W UMa binaries, cataclysmic binaries, and chromospherically active binaries; occurence of flares in flare stars; outburst interval in recurrent novas; changes in outburst interval in dwarf novas; the high-low states in low-mass x-ray binaries like HZ Her; and alternating changes in pulsation period in RR Lyrae and in Cepheid variables. The similarity in time scales suggests a common mechanism. Magnetic cycles have been suggested previously for many of these but not all. For several of them, there never has been an explanation. Encouragingly, cycle lengths predicted by dynamo theory are very similar for most of these cases. Cepheid and RR Lyr variables present a problem: they have no convective envelopes and would not pulsate if they did. At this meeting Mauder suggested turbulence in the outer layers can concentrate flux tubes, other ingredients for a dynamo are present (rotation, differential rotation, and magnetic fields), and organized motion in the radial direction (normally provided by large- scale convection) can be provided by the pulsation itself.
Teaching health in a maximum security prison.

(1978). Teaching Health in a Maximum Security Prison. Health Education: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 29-31.
A Closer Look at Eyespot Effects on Voter Turnout: Reply to Matland and Murray

Implicit social pressure, applied via exposure to eyespots in nonpartisan, direct-mail blandishments to vote, has been shown using randomized field experiments to raise turnout in elections. Similar eyespot effects have been observed across a wide range of prosocial behaviors. A series of recent replications conducted by Matland and Murray (2015) have failed to consistently produce statistically significant eyespot effects on voter turnout, however, leading the authors to conclude the effects observed in previous research were likely illusory. In this article, I rebut this claim, arguing that an alternative, more circumspect interpretation of the authors’ key results points to a different conclusion that supports the notion that eyespots likely stimulate voting, especially when taken together with previous findings.
The impact of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic on pediatric patients with sickle cell disease

Background Respiratory infections are associated with clinically significant illness in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was perceived as a significant threat to this population. Methods We undertook a chart review of all patients with SCD followed at our institution to identify those with confirmed H1N1 infection. Further chart and laboratory data was collected on affected patients to analyze clinical courses and the factors that correlated with disease severity. Results Approximately half of the patients with confirmed H1N1 infection were managed successfully on an outpatient basis with oseltamivir therapy. Among the patients admitted, the most common diagnosis was acute chest syndrome (ACS). Most admitted patients had uncomplicated clinical courses, with a median length of admission of 3 days and no mortality or requirement for mechanical ventilation. A past history of ACS or reactive airway disease correlated with a higher rate of admission and of ACS incidence during the acute illness. Chronic transfusion therapy or hydroxyurea therapy with high hemoglobin F levels had a strong inverse correlation with incidence of ACS. Conclusions Our results indicate that that in general the impact of the H1N1 influenza pandemic on patients with SCD was mild but that past clinical history correlated with the severity of illness. Additionally, effective hydroxyurea therapy and chronic transfusion therapy appeared to be protective against the incidence of ACS. Our results suggest guidelines for the management of patients with SCD during future influenza pandemics as well as during seasonal influenza epidemics. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 648–653. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Twin–twin transfusion syndrome: cerebral ischemia is not the only fetal MR imaging finding

Background Twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a complication of monochorionic/diamniotic twin pregnancies. An imbalance of blood flow occurs through placental anastomoses, causing potentially significant morbidity and mortality in both twins. Although the sonographic findings of TTTS are well documented, we believe that MR imaging is a valuable adjunct.
New distribution coefficient for the incorporation of strontium into dolomite and its implications for the formation of ancient dolomites

Late Tertiary dolomites form the Bahamas exhibit a strong inverse correlation between Sr and mol% MgCO{sub 3}. It is proposed that this relation is a result of a distribution coefficient dependent on the concentration of Ca in dolomite. Because these dolomites precipitated from water with a Sr{sup 2+}/Ca{sup 2+} ratio similar to that of seawater, a distribution coefficient (D{sub Sr}{sup dolomite}) of 0.0118 is calculated for Sr in stoichiometric dolomite. This coefficient increases by about 0.0039 for every additional mol% CaCO{sub 3} in nonstoichiometric dolomite. These data have three important implication. First, the new D{sub Sr}{sup dolomite} is substantially lower than previously suggested. Second, a relation has been established among the Sr{sup 2+}/Ca{sup 2+} ratio of dolomite-forming waters, the major element composition of dolomites, and the Sr content of dolomites, allowing the determination of the Sr{sup 2+}/Ca{sup 2+} ratio of fluids involved in the formation of ancient dolomites. Third, some published data sets on dolomites show a similar relation between Sr content and major element composition suggesting that these dolomites may also have formed from seawater. Other data sets deviate from the correlation defined by Little Bahama Bank dolomites, indicating either dolomitization in fluids other than seawater or changes ofmore » the Sr{sup 2+}/Ca{sup 2+} ratio of seawater through time.« less
Behavioral interactions in the courtship of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).

The courtship behaviors of Lymantria dispar (L.) were videorecorded in the laboratory and analyzed using conditional probability matrix techniques. This analysis in- dicated that courtship interactions were moderately to highly stereotyped in both sexes. Males executed the majority of courtship behaviors according to the following generalized sequence: Following upwind flight in response to the female-emitted pheromone, the male landed and fanned its wings while walking; approached the female, usually from downwind; contacted and immediately flexed his abdomen toward her; assumed the side position and probed her abdomen with his abdominal tip; then copulated. In contrast, the behavioral repertory of females was comparatively limited, consisting basically of calling and, in response to male contact, retraction of the pheromone gland and tilting of the body. The fact that all courtships were successful, and the rarity of discernible rejection behaviors, suggest that females are not choosy about prospective mating partners, although the possibility of cryptic mate choice is discussed.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ADAPTIVE TESTING TO EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS

Three applications of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) to help solve problems encountered in educational settings are described and discussed. Each of these applications makes use of item response theory to select test questions from an item pool to estimate a student's achievement level and its precision. These estimates may then be used in conjunction with certain testing strategies to facilitate certain educational decisions. The three applications considered are (a) adaptive mastery testing for determining whether or not a student has mastered a particular content area, (b) adaptive grading for assigning grades to students, and (c) adaptive self-referenced testing for estimating change in a student's achievement level. Differences between currently used classroom procedures and these CAT procedures are discussed. For the adaptive mastery testing procedure, evidence from a series of studies comparing conventional and adaptive testing procedures is presented showing that the adaptive procedure results in more accurate mastery classifications than do conventional mastery tests, while using fewer test questions.
Can the Social Sciences Be Made Exact

The social sciences are in great need of a more precise understanding of how an idea is conveyed from one mind to another. The difficulty seems to stem from an inability to find the fundamental and independent parameters from which the behavior of the brain and the consequent human response can be constructed in a mathematical sense. This problem concerns the electronics scientist as well. He must provide the communication links for conveying information from individual to individual, but he has inadequate knowledge of the human terminals to which he must match his systems. It is suggested that certain strong similarities between the behavior of circuits and of man may provide analogs which would reveal characteristics of the mind that are fundamental and quantitative. A number of such analogs are proposed and discussed.
Short-term estradiol supplementation augments growth hormone (GH) secretory responsiveness to dose-varying GH-releasing peptide infusions in healthy postmenopausal women.

Estrogen is a prominent stimulus to GH secretion throughout the human life span, albeit via neuroendocrine mechanisms that are incompletely defined. Here, we test the hypothesis that estradiol replacement in postmenopausal women enhances the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit to the GH-releasing effect of GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2). GHRP-2 is a potent and selective synthetic hexapeptide capable of activating an endogenous GHRP receptor/effector pathway, for which a 3Ser-octanoylated 28-amino acid ligand was cloned recently. To examine this postulate, we studied 10 healthy estrogen-withdrawn postmenopausal women, who were given oral placebo or estrogen supplementation [1 mg micronized 17β-estradiol (E2) twice daily for 7–15 days] in a patient-blinded, prospective, randomized, and within-subject cross-over design. The GH-releasing actions of five semilogarithmically increasing doses of GHRP-2 (absolute range, 0.03–3 μg/kg by bolus iv infusion) vs. saline were evaluated by frequent blood s...
The Impact of Glenoid Labrum Thickness and Modulus on Labrum and Glenohumeral Capsule Function

The glenoid labrum is an integral component of the glenohumeral capsule's insertion into the glenoid, and changes in labrum geometry and mechanical properties may lead to the development of glenohumeral joint pathology. The objective of this research was to determine the effect that changes in labrum thickness and modulus have on strains in the labrum and glenohumeral capsule during a simulated physical examination for anterior instability. A labrum was incorporated into a validated, subject-specific finite element model of the glenohumeral joint, and experimental kinematics were applied simulating application of an anterior load at 0 deg, 30 deg, and 60 deg of external rotation and 60 deg of glenohumeral abduction. The radial thickness of the labrum was varied to simulate thinning tissue, and the tensile modulus of the labrum was varied to simulate degenerating tissue. At 60 deg of external rotation, a thinning labrum increased the average and peak strains in the labrum, particularly in the labrum regions of the axillary pouch (increased 10.5% average strain) and anterior band (increased 7.5% average strain). These results suggest a cause-and-effect relationship between age-related decreases in labrum thickness and increases in labrum pathology. A degenerating labrum also increased the average and peak strains in the labrum, particularly in the labrum regions of the axillary pouch (increased 15.5% strain) and anterior band (increased 10.4% strain). This supports the concept that age-related labrum pathology may result from tissue degeneration. This work suggests that a shift in capsule reparative techniques may be needed in order to include the labrum, especially as activity levels in the aging population continue to increase. In the future validated, finite element models of the glenohumeral joint can be used to explore the efficacy of new repair techniques for glenoid labrum pathology.
Growth hormone response to apomorphine and family patterns of illness

Sixty-five psychotic probands were divided into three groups (low, intermediate, and high) on the basis of the GH response to the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine. Two hundred and sixty-five first-degree relatives of the probands were diagnosed according to SADS-DSM-III methods, and the relatives of the three groups of probands were compared so as to detect familial differences in the incidence of DSM-III Axis I disorders, schizotypal personality disorder, and antisocial personality. Although the morbid risk of schizophrenic spectrum disorder was only 3.1% in the relatives of the high GH probands, the morbid risk for disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum was 17.0% and 10.7% in the relatives of the intermediate and low GH probands, respectively. These data provide preliminary evidence that there may be a psychotic subtype that is characterized by supersensitivity of the dopamine system that is familially, and perhaps genetically, distinct from the bulk of the schizophrenias.
Homogeneous Catalytic Reduction of Dioxygen Using Transfer Hydrogenation Catalysts

Solutions of Cp*IrH(rac-TsDPEN) (TsDPEN = H2NCHPhCHPhN(SO2C6H4CH3)-) (1H(H)) with O2 generate Cp*Ir(TsDPEN-H) (1) and 1 equiv of H2O. Kinetic analysis indicates a third-order rate law (second order in [1H(H)] and first order in [O2]), resulting in an overall rate constant of 0.024 ± 0.013 M-2 s-1. Isotopic labeling revealed that the rate of the reaction of 1H(H) + O2 was strongly affected by deuteration at the hydride position (kHH2/kDH2 = 6.0 ± 1.3) but insensitive to deuteration of the amine (kHH2/kHD2 = 1.2 ± 0.2); these values are more disparate than for conventional transfer hydrogenation (Casey, C. P.; Johnson, J. B. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 1998−2001). The temperature dependence of the reaction rate indicated ΔH⧧ = 82.2 kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = 13.2 J/mol·K, and a reaction barrier of 85.0 kJ/mol. A CH2Cl2 solution under 0.30 atm of H2 and 0.13 atm of O2 converted to H2O in the presence of 1 and 10 mol % of H(OEt2)2BArF4 (BArF4- = B(C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4-). The formation of water from H2 was verified by 2H NMR for ...
Inhibition of histamine release from rat mast cells by cytochalasin A and other sulfhydryl reagents.

Abstract We adduce several lines of evidence to indicate that the inhibition of histamine release from rat mast cells by cytochalasin A (Cyto A) depends on its reactivity with mast cell sulfhydryl (SH) groups: (1) Cyto A reacts with cysteine, glutathione and protein SH groups ; (2) prior reaction of Cyto A with glutathione eliminates its inhibitory action; and (3) 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (DTDP), a SH reagent with greater specificity for SH groups and very different structure from Cyto A, has parallel inhibitory effects on mast cell secretion. Inhibition of histamine release by Cyto A or by DTDP is independent of depression of cell ATP or cell glutathione. Inhibition of release induced by the calcium ionophore A23187 and polymyxin suggests that the two SH reagents act to block the release mechanism subsequent to a putative increase in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration. In contrast, N (7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)maleimide (DACM), p -chloromercuri-benzene sulfonate (PCMBS) and N -ethylmaleimide (NEM) ( −5 M) appear to react with a SH group required for polymyxin B but not A23187-induced release. The effect of NEM at high concentrations (5 × 10 −5 M) is attributable to depression of cell ATP.
Budget deficit and inflation: the Peruvian experience

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of huge budget deficits in Peru's near-hyperinflation during recent years. We use the rational expectations macro model of inflation to find out effect of the anticipated budget deficits on inflation rates by using the quartely data of Peru for the period 1973:1 to 1988:1. Our major finding has been that the budget deficits as well as the rate of growth of money supply do have significant impact on the inflation rates in Peru.
Primitivity conditions for growth matrices

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for the primitivity of growth matrices are derived from a result in graph theory. The Frobenius theory of nonnegative matrices is applied to derive conditions under which a growth matrix converges to the stationary age distribution.
Equality and efficiency tradeoffs in affirmative action—Real or imagined? The case of women in policing

Abstract This article investigates rival predictions about the consequences of affirmative action on behalf of women in one previously male-dominated public sector occupation—police service. While some predict that the enhanced use of women police officers will diminish the quality of public services, others argue precisely the opposite point of view. It is suggested here that such predictions have much more to do with the political and ideological perspectives of advocates and opponents of affirmative action than with empirical observation. It is suggested further that this question of the impact upon the quality of public service of enhanced utilization of women is much deserving of careful empirical study. Such an analysis is presented here, and the results observed indicate that little if any effect upon police agency performance can be attributed to differing levels of female police officers.
The comparative and cumulative effects of a dietary restriction and exercise on weight loss.

Objective: To assess the independence of changes made in diet and physical activity for weight loss; and, to examine the comparative and cumulative effects of these behavioral changes on weight loss outcomes. Design: The observational study is based on longitudinal data collected from 674 women and 288 men enrolled in a 2-year weight loss program introduced into a managed care setting. Measurements: The outcome variable was body mass index (BMI) change from baseline to 2-year follow-up. Primary independent variables were changes in physical activity and dietary fat intake, assessed as continuous measures using the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire and Block Fat Screener Questionnaire, respectively. Two-way ANCOVA was used to assess the relative effect on BMI of behavioral changes. Results: Study results showed no preference for diet or physical activity change as a weight loss strategy. For both genders, the relationship between the two behaviors was synergistic rather than compensatory. Examination of the comparative benefits of behavioral changes indicated that, for women and men, restricting fat intake was more effective than increasing exercise for weight loss. While fat restrictions alone contributed to weight loss in both genders, exercise alone provided weight loss benefits to men, only. The cumulative effect of weight loss behaviors varied by gender. In women, an interaction was observed. The response of weight to fat restriction was greater among those who increased their exercise moderately or substantially. In men, there was no interaction; exercise increases helped to offset weight gain or provided small weight loss benefits at all levels of dietary fat change. Conclusion: Dietary changes appeared to be more effective than increased physical activity for weight loss. For women, the cumulative effect of concomitant changes in diet and exercise on weight loss was more than additive.
Simultaneous acute infections with hepatitis non-A, non-B, and B viruses.

A case of overt acute hepatitis acquired through accidental needle stick was reported. The episode of hepatitis was classified as non-A, non-B because no hepatitis B marker or IgM-anti-HAV was detected during the peak of hepatitis. Concurrent with non-A, non-B hepatitis, subclinical acute hepatitis B virus infection might have developed as evidence byde novo hepatitis B seroconversion 6 weeks later. It was concluded that hepatitis B and non-A, non-B viruses can be transmitted simultaneously by the same carrier, and can acutely infect the recipient simultaneously with possible viral interference.
Group differences based on IRT scores: Does the model matter?

In this study, effect sizes based on simulated groups were compared for the one-parameter and three-parameter logistic IRT models. Data were generated based on a three-parameter model, and item estimates were obtained from the simulated data based on both the one-parameter and three-parameter models. Abilities were estimated using both maximum likelihood and expected a posterior methods. The data fit the three-parameter model much better, but there were only minimal differences between the effect sizes based on different models.
Modification of malignancy by 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Studies of reversibility and immunological effects.

Tumorigenicity of a clonally derived line of mouse melanoma (B16) cells is completely suppressed after growth for 14 days in 3 μg per ml of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and partially suppressed after growth for shorter periods of time at the same concentration or for long periods at 1 μg per ml of BrdU. The tumorigenicity returns after growth in normal medium. The time course of this return is gradual and similar to the time course of the loss of tumorigenicity, although slower. Several other mouse tumor lines also show a reduction of tumorigenicity after growth in BrdU.
Using Intramarketing to Gain Acceptance of Service Offerings Within an Organization

Abstract Intramarketing involves a unit in an organization distributing and promoting its service offering to employees within another unit of the same organization. In this context marketing is viewed as a societal process. The purpose of this paper is to indicate how the unit offering the service can apply the concept of intramarketing. To accomplish this goal the steps in constructing a strategic intramarketing plan include: identify the general objective, survey employees to gauge interest in the proposal, prepare a cost and benefit assessment, create a written plan, and ascertain whether the objectivewas attained.
Factors Affecting Psychosexual Development of Adults with Congenital Physical Disabilities

Twenty-six adults with congenital physical disabilities were interviewed to gather information regarding self-concept, the roles of family, peers, educators and health care providers in development...
PRODUCTION SCHEDULING IN A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM WITH SETUPS

A model is presented for the planning and scheduling of production batches in a flexible manufacturing system environment in which setup costs and times are nonnegligible and alternate routings are possible. The formulation is an integer program with a multicommodity flow network structure. A heuristic procedure based on price-directive decompostion using column generation is used to obtain solutions. Numerical experimentation is performed to assess die quality of the heuristic versus optimal solutions, and to determine the impact of routing flexibility on total cost, inventory levels, bottlenecks, capacity utilization, throughput time, number of setups and split lots. Important cost-benefit trade-off implications are shown for the design of flexible manufacturing systems.
CO $J$ = 3-2 mapping of the molecular circumnuclear disk in Centaurus A

We have mapped the molecular circumnuclear disk in Centaurus A in the -2 line of 12 CO using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope at 14´´ (235 pc) resolution. The disk remains at best only very barely resolved and even the most basic conclusions regarding its structure are highly model-dependent.
ON POSITIVE SOLUTIONS TO NONLOCAL FRACTIONAL AND INTEGER-ORDER DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

In this paper, we consider a discrete fractional boundary value problem of the form -Δυy(t) = f(t+υ - 1; y(t + υ - 1)), y(υ - 2) = ψ(y), y(υ + b) = ф(y), where t Є [0,b]N0, f : [υ – 1,... , υ + b - 1]Nυ-2 x R → [0,+∞) is continuous, ψ, ф : C([υ - 2; υ + b]Nυ-2 ) → R are given functionals, and 1 < υ ≤ 2. We show that provided that both ψ and ф are linear functionals, then under certain conditions the fractional boundary value problem will have at least one positive solution even if neither ψ nor ф is nonnegative for all y ≥ 0. This provides new results not only for the fractional boundary value problem but also in the case when υ = 2. Our results also generalize some recent work on the conjugate fractional boundary value problem. We conclude with two examples to illustrate our results.
Preschoolers' understanding of the link between thinking and feeling: Cognitive cuing and emotional change.

In 3 studies we investigated 3- through 6-year-olds' knowledge of thinking and feeling by examining their understanding of how emotions can change when memories of past sad events are cued by objects in the current environment. In Study 1, 48 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds were presented with 4 illustrated stories in which focal characters experience minor sad events. Later, each story character encounters a visual cue that is related to one of his or her previous sad experiences. Children were told that the character felt sad, and they were asked to explain why. Study 1 suggested considerable competence as well as substantial development in the years between 4 and 6 in the understanding of the influence of mental activity on emotions. Studies 2 and 3 more systematically explored preschoolers' understanding of cognitive cuing and emotional change with different types of situations and cues. Across these 2 studies, 108 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds listened to illustrated stories that featured story characters who each experienced a sad event and who were later exposed to a related cue. Children were not only asked to explain why the characters suddenly felt sad, but in some stories, they were also asked to predict and explain how another character, who was never at the past sad event, would feel. Results of Studies 2 and 3 showed an initial understanding of cognitive cuing and emotion in some children as young as 3, replicated and extended the evidence for significant developmental changes in that understanding during the preschool years, and revealed that the strength and consistency of preschoolers' knowledge of cognitive cuing and emotion was affected by whether cues were the same, or only similar to, parts of the earlier events.
Magnetic observations at the Mount Wilson Observatory

In August, 1926, a magnetograph was installed at the Mount Wilson Observatory in cooperation with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The magnetic variometer and recording device with all the auxiliary equipment were furnished by that Department and its installation was personally supervised by Mr. Fleming.
Organ Donation on Web 2.0: Content and Audience Analysis of Organ Donation Videos on YouTube

This study examines the content of and audience response to organ donation videos on YouTube, a Web 2.0 platform, with framing theory. Positive frames were identified in both video content and audience comments. Analysis revealed a reciprocity relationship between media frames and audience frames. Videos covered content categories such as kidney, liver, organ donation registration process, and youth. Videos were favorably rated. No significant differences were found between videos produced by organizations and individuals in the United States and those produced in other countries. The findings provide insight into how new communication technologies are shaping health communication in ways that differ from traditional media. The implications of Web 2.0, characterized by user-generated content and interactivity, for health communication and health campaign practice are discussed.
Decentralized robust control for a class of large-scale interconnected systems with uncertainties

The design problem of decentralized robust controllers is considered for a class of large-scale systems. The system considered in this paper is composed of interconnected subsystems with time-varying uncertainties. For such large-scale uncertain systems, we give a simple und new method whereby we can derive the sufficient conditions for asymptotically stabilizing the overall system using decentralized feedback robust controllers. An illustrative example is given to demonstrate the design procedure of the decentralized feedback robust controllers, in the light of the method developed in this paper.
Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models.

This paper summarizes our studies examining whether changes in levels of brain monoamines after chronic exercise are associated with altered behavioral and endocrine responses to stressors other than exercise. The focus is on using animal models relevant for understanding reports by humans that regular physical activity reduces depression and anxiety. We studied the effects of chronic activity wheel running or treadmill exercise training on levels of norepinephrine (NE) measured in brain cell bodies and terminal regions at rest and after behavioral stress. We also measured brain levels of serotonin, i.e., 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which function as both antagonists and synergists with NE. In general, we found that chronic activity wheel running increased NE levels in the pons medulla at rest and protected against NE depletion in locus coeruleus cell bodies after footshock; the concomitant reduction in escape-latency was consistent with an antidepressant effect. Wheel running also decreased the density of GABAA receptors in the corpus striatum while increasing open-field locomotion, consistent with an anxiolytic effect, but had no effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical response to footshock measured by plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, and prolactin. In contrast, treadmill exercise training increased the metabolism of NE in brain ascending terminal areas for NE, increased the secretion of ACTH after footshock and immobilization stress and had no effect on GABAA receptor density or open field locomotion. The validity of animal models for studying depression and anxiety after forced versus voluntary exercise is discussed. Recommendations are offered for improving the methods used in this area of research.
Using the Internet to Measure Program Performance.

The Internet and World Wide Web are increasingly used to accelerate progress in a variety of fields. These applications go beyond the traditional technology- or computer-related fields and have expanded to nontechnical fields, which have benefited greatly from the use of the Web as a data-gathering and management support tool. The purpose of this article is to examine the Web’s use by a federal funding agency and its grantees for performance measurement and program monitoring. The analysis is based on the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment’s (CSAT) implementation of a Web-based data entry and reporting system. This system is used both as a mechanism for monitoring CSAT’s grant portfolios and as a tool to manage performance. The authors conclude with a discussion of the issues surrounding the effectiveness and efficiency of using the Web to measure and monitor program performance.
Insurance aspects of DRG outlier payments

As part of the prospective payment system, the government pays 'outlier' payments for especially long or expensive cases. These payments can be viewed as insurance for the hospital against excessive losses. They mitigate problems of access and underprovision of care for the sickest patients, and provide additional payments to the hospitals that take care of them, thereby making payments to hospitals more equitable. This paper characterizes the outlier payment formulae that minimize risk for hospitals under any fixed constraints on the sum of outlier payments and minimum hospital coinsurance rate. We then simulate per-case payments for a policy that did not include any outlier payments, the current outlier policy, and several other policies that minimize risk subject to different coinsurance constraints. The current outlier policy achieves each of its goals to at least some extent, but more insurance could be provided without lessening attainment of the other goals. We also discuss some problems with the implementation of the current policy, such as its reliance on day outliers.
In Vivo Time-Lapse Imaging and Serial Section Electron Microscopy Reveal Developmental Synaptic Rearrangements

Dendrites, axons, and synapses are dynamic during circuit development; however, changes in microcircuit connections as branches stabilize have not been directly demonstrated. By combining in vivo time-lapse imaging of Xenopus tectal neurons with electron microscope reconstructions of imaged neurons, we report the distribution and ultrastructure of synapses on individual vertebrate neurons and relate these synaptic properties to dynamics in dendritic and axonal arbor structure over hours or days of imaging. Dynamic dendrites have a high density of immature synapses, whereas stable dendrites have sparser, mature synapses. Axons initiate contacts from multisynapse boutons on stable branches. Connections are refined by decreasing convergence from multiple inputs to postsynaptic dendrites and by decreasing divergence from multisynapse boutons to postsynaptic sites. Visual deprivation or NMDAR antagonists decreased synapse maturation and elimination, suggesting that coactive input activity promotes microcircuit development by concurrently regulating synapse elimination and maturation of remaining contacts.
The Concentration of Soluble Extracellular Amyloid-β Protein in Acute Brain Slices from CRND8 Mice

Background Many recent studies of the effects of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) on brain tissue from amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpressing mice have concluded that Aβ oligomers in the extracellular space can profoundly affect synaptic structure and function. As soluble proteins, oliomers of Aβ can diffuse through brain tissue and can presumably exit acute slices, but the rate of loss of Aβ species by diffusion from brain slices and the resulting reduced concentrations of Aβ species in brain slices are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Here I combine measurements of Aβ1–42 diffusion and release from acute slices and simple numerical models to measure the concentration of Aβ1–42 in intact mice (in vivo) and in acute slices from CRND8 mice. The in vivo concentration of diffusible Aβ1–42 in CRND8 mice was 250 pM at 6 months of age and 425 pM at 12 months of age. The concentration of Aβ1–42 declined rapidly after slice preparation, reaching a steady-state concentration within one hour. 50 µm from the surface of an acute slice the steady-state concentration of Aβ was 15–30% of the concentration in intact mice. In more superficial regions of the slice, where synaptic physiology is generally studied, the remaining Aβ is less than 15%. Hence the concentration of Aβ1–42 in acute slices from CRND8 mice is less than 150 pM. Conclusions/Significance Aβ affects synaptic plasticity in the picomolar concentration range. Some of the effects of Aβ may therefore be lost or altered after slice preparation, as the extracellular Aβ concentration declines from the high picomolar to the low picomolar range. Hence loss of Aβ by diffusion may complicate interpretation of the effects of Aβ in experiments on acute slices from APP overexpressing mice.
Triage, technicians, and teaching in a children's emergency room.

Abstract In a children's teaching hospital the number of emergency visits increased to such an extent that they began to encroach upon the education of the house staff. Triage of some of the patients with minor medical problems to a staff physician in an adjacent but separate emergency room has provided relief for the pediatric house officers and better teaching for medical students. Technicians have sutured over 3000 lacerations per year, greatly reducing the load on the surgical house staff. These innovations provide a flexible way to maintain an appropriate balance between education and service.
Feasibility of Compressors and Expanders Utilizing Cascades of Oscillations Airfoils

Linear cascades of airfoils in phased harmonic plunging and pitching oscillating are capable of absorbing energy from an airstream or alternatively adding energy thereto; they are potential compressors or expanders. Leaving aside the specific kinematic synthesis in the design of these prospective machines, the feasibility of oscillation and the predicted relationship among geometrical parameters, flow velocity, power, efficiency, pressure ratio, oscillation mode and frequency are examined.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Reduced incidence of AD with NSAID but not H2 receptor antagonists: The Cache County Study

Background: Previous analyses from the Cache County (UT) Study showed inverse associations between the prevalence of AD and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), aspirin compounds, or histamine H 2 receptor antagonists (H 2 RA). The authors re-examined these associations using data on incident AD. Methods: In 1995 to 1996, elderly (aged 65+) county residents were assessed for dementia, with current and former use of NSAID, aspirin, and H 2 RA as well as three other “control” medication classes also noted. Three years later, interval medication histories were obtained and 104 participants with incident AD were identified among 3,227 living participants. Discrete time survival analyses estimated the risk of incident AD in relation to medication use. Results: AD incidence was marginally reduced in those reporting NSAID use at any time. Increased duration of use was associated with greater risk reduction, and the estimated hazard ratio was 0.45 with ≥2 years of exposure. Users of NSAID at baseline showed little reduction in AD incidence, regardless of use thereafter. By contrast, former NSAID users showed substantially reduced incidence (estimated hazard ratio = 0.42), with a trend toward greatest risk reduction among those with extended exposure. Similar patterns appeared with aspirin but not with any other medicines examined. Conclusions: Long-term NSAID use may reduce the risk of AD, provided such use occurs well before the onset of dementia. More recent exposure seems to offer little protection. Recently initiated randomized trials of NSAID for primary prevention of AD are therefore unlikely to show effects with treatment until participants have been followed for several years.