cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Evaluation of a Big Five Personality State Scale for Intensive Longitudinal Studies

Despite enthusiasm for using intensive longitudinal designs to measure day-to-day manifestations of personality underlying differences between people, the validity of personality state scales has yet to be established. In this study, we evaluated the psychometrics of 20-item and 10-item daily, Big Five personality state scales in three independent samples (N = 1,041). We used multilevel models to separately examine the validity of the scales for assessing personality variation at the between- and within-person levels. Results showed that a five-factor structure at both levels fits the data well, the scales had good convergent and discriminative associations with external variables, and personality states captured similar nomological nets as established global, self-report personality inventories. Limitations of the scales were identified (e.g., low reliability, low correlations with external criterion) that point to a need for more, systematic psychometric work. Our findings provide initial support for the use of personality state scales in intensive longitudinal designs to study between-person traits, within-person processes, and their interrelationship.
Positive Predictive Value of Elevated Unique Cerebrospinal Fluid Oligoclonal Bands (P5.2-022)

Objective: This retrospective study determines the positive predictive value of elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands (OCBs) and characterizes diagnoses of patients in which they were found. Background: Unique CSF OCBs are clonally restricted immunoglobulins seen in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory conditions and infections. The positive predictive value (PPV) of elevated OCBs for MS is difficult to determine; many studies have evaluated the PPV of OCBs within clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), but few have formally evaluated presence of OCBs in other disorders. Design/Methods: The database of patients within our hospital system was queried for patients who had greater than 3 CSF OCBs between 2010 and 2017, inclusive. Those patients’ charts were reviewed, and patients who had greater than 3 unique CSF OCBs were included, in line with our clinical laboratory’s cutoff for positive test. The number of CSF OCBs, serum OCBs, and unique CSF OCBs were collected along with the patients’ diagnoses and demographics. Results: 218 patients resulted from the query, and 138 patients were included in analysis. 77 patients had 3 or fewer unique OCBs, and 3 patients had no diagnostic workup at our institution excluding CSF studies. Of the 138 patients who met inclusion criteria, 85 patients were ultimately diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The positive predictive value of >3 unique CSF OCBs for diagnosing MS was 0.62. Other diagnoses included neuromyelitis optica, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, transverse myelitis, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, chronic fungal meningitis, and neurosyphilis. Conclusions: Recent studies have shown that physicians overestimate PPV for common tests and have difficulty understanding the clinical implications of a positive test for any one patient. At our institution, OCBs are frequently ordered during CSF evaluation, including in cases where MS is not suspected. While OCBs can be helpful in specific clinical scenarios, this test is likely overused in our institution. Disclosure: Dr. Farin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eckstein has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen Idec and Genzyme. Dr. Skeen has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen, Novartis, Celgene, Mallinckrodt, Genentech and Genzyme. Dr. Skeen has received research support from Novartis and Abbvie.
Stabilizing the Economy Through the Income Tax Code

This note examines how the income tax code can be altered to stabilize the economy in the face of fluctuations. First, the note suggests that tax expenditures for goods with high income elasticities should be replaced with government spending, while tax expenditures for inferior goods should be expanded. Second, income tax rates should be indexed to the growth rate of the economy, with marginal rates higher in boom periods and lower in recessions. Finally, implicit tax expenditure subsidies should be decoupled from marginal rates via the use of tax credits. All of these recommendations will enhance the stabilizing effect of the income tax in the current era of economic uncertainty.
Testing associations between tree species and nitrate availability: Do consistent patterns exist across spatial scales?

Abstract In forest ecosystems there are numerous factors that influence nitrate (NO 3 ) availability and retention in ways that can significantly affect receiving waters. Unfortunately these factors often co-exist and interact making it difficult to establish the importance of each individually. Three reference watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of tree species on soil NO 3 availability across spatial scales because they differ in stream-water NO 3 concentrations despite sharing the same macro-climate, geology, hydrology, dominant soils series, stand age, pollution regime, and land-use history. To test the strength of plant/soil associations inferred from previous work in two watersheds in the FEF, we measured NO 3 availability and the composition of tree species in a third watershed that has intermediate stream-water NO 3 concentrations. We also examined plant/soil relationships in these watersheds at the scale of individual trees. Across the spatial scales examined – from individual trees to small watersheds – there were consistent associations between tree species and soil NO 3 availability. For individual trees, species with high underlying soil NO 3 availability included Acer saccharum and Lireodendron tulipifera , whereas species with low underlying soil NO 3 availability included Acer rubrum , Nyssa sylvatica , and Quercus prinus. For small plots we found plant/soil relationships that were consistent with those made apparent by sampling under individual trees of A. saccharum , A. rubrum , N. sylvatica , and Q. prinus . And at the scale of entire watersheds, those with higher stream-water NO 3 had a greater importance of tree species associated with high NO 3 availability at finer spatial scales than did the watershed with low stream-water NO 3 . The spatially-robust relationships between tree species and soil NO 3 availability at the FEF suggest that well-characterized relationships between dominant tree species and soil properties should improve our understanding of how changes in the species composition of forest trees due to human activities, or natural causes, will alter rates of NO 3 production and loss.
Intracellular sensors of microbes and danger.

2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Immunological Reviews 0105-2896 The editors of this volume of Immunological Reviews respectfully acknowledge the passing of Jurg Tschopp, who died suddenly on March 22, 2011. A towering figure in the field, Jurg made many important contributions to our understanding of cell death and inflammation signaling pathways. His seminal description of the inflammasome has not only had major impact on scientists working in innate immunity but also influenced many interested in related fields. The impact of Jurg’s work was immense, ranging from improving our understanding of basic immunologic principles to providing novel insights leading to new modes of therapy for important human diseases. Jurg was not only a colleague but also a friend of several contributors to this volume. He will be missed.
Error analysis for numerical estimates of space plasma parameters

Many papers estimate space plasma parameters from instrumentation data via a fitting method, such as reduced chi-square minimization of a model to the data; however, it is currently rare to see uncertainties for those estimates given in the form of error bars or a covariance matrix. This paper seeks to address this issue by providing a simple method that will provide the covariance matrix and therefore uncertainties with little extra computation, no matter how complex the model. Using established “black box” minimization codes will provide a best fit to the data but may not provide the covariance matrix, while others may provide the covariance matrix (providing their settings are tuned appropriately) but tend to locate a best fit vector to near-machine precision first. Our method allows the fitting to a physically sensible number of decimal places for the instrument yet also provides the covariance matrix with far fewer iterations required to locate the best fit values, greatly decreasing code run time for the fit procedure itself—a great benefit when there are years of data, or multiple spacecraft, to analyze. While the underlying method utilizing the Hessian matrix is not new, the application is currently rarely applied to spacecraft data and this approach is simple to implement. This paper reviews the basic technique and application to data and ends with simple pseudocode that anyone may employ to calculate the covariance matrix for the fitted parameters.
Role of oxidative stress in the ammonia‐induced mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes

Ammonia is the principal neurotoxin implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The mechanisms of ammonia toxicity are unclear, but appear to involve oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Astrocytes appear to be cell mainly affected. We have previously shown that ammonia increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that it also induces the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in cultured astrocytes. Since ROS is a factor commonly implicated in the induction of the MPT, we investigated the role of oxidative stress in the induction of the MPT by ammonia. We therefore examined the effects of various antioxidants on the induction by ammonia of the MPT in cultured astrocytes. Astrocytes were subjected to NH4Cl (5 mm) treatment for two days alone or with various antioxidants. The MPT was assessed by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) permeability into mitochondria, and by changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) by confocal microscopy using the potentiometric dye JC-1. Astrocytes treated with ammonia significantly increased 2-DG permeability (90%, p < 0.01) and concomitantly dissipated the ΔΨm (60%, p < 0.01), consistent with the induction of the MPT. The antioxidants superoxide dismutase (by 50%, p < 0.05), vitamin E (by 80%, p < 0.01), and the spin trapping agent PBN (by 80%, p < 0.01), all significantly blocked the increase in 2-DG permeability and the dissipation of the ΔΨm produced by ammonia. These data demonstrate the induction of the MPT by ammonia and suggest the involvement of ROS in this process. Increased oxidative stress and subsequent induction of the MPT by ammonia in astrocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of HE.
Building cameras for capturing documents

This paper explores those aspects of document capture that are specific to cameras. Each of them must be addressed in order to close the gap between taking a photograph of a document and capturing the document itself. We present results in five areas: (1) framing documents using structured light, (2) robustly dealing with ambient illumination when capturing glossy documents, (3) improving text quality when using mosaiced color sensors, (4) robustly and passively recovering perspective and image plane skew using text flow, and (5) measuring and undoing page curl using structured light and an applicable surface model. The ultimate success of subsequent document recognition will be heavily dependent on the successful completion of these tasks.
A microfluidic brain slice perfusion chamber for multisite recording using penetrating electrodes

To analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of network activity in a brain tissue slice, it is useful to record simultaneously from multiple locations. When obtained from laminar structures such as the hippocampus or neocortex, multisite recordings also yield information about subcellular current distributions via current source density analysis. Multisite probes developed for in vivo recordings could serve these purposes in vitro, allowing recordings to be obtained from brain slices at sites deeper within the tissue than currently available surface recording methods permit. However, existing recording chambers do not allow for the insertion of lamina-spanning probes that enter through the edges of brain slices. Here, we present a novel brain slice recording chamber design that accomplishes this goal. The device provides a stable microfluidic perfusion environment in which tissue health is optimized by superfusing both surfaces of the slice. Multichannel electrodes can be inserted parallel to the surface of the slice, at any depth relative to the surface. Access is also provided from above for the insertion of additional recording or stimulating electrodes. We illustrate the utility of this recording configuration by measuring current sources and sinks during theta burst stimuli that lead to the induction of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices.
Angiotensin II Induces Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Epithelial Cells through Reactive Oxygen Species/Src/Caveolin-Mediated Activation of an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway

Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system plays a deleterious role in progressive kidney damage, and the renal proximal tubule is known to play an important role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Here we report that in the proximal tubule-like LLCPKcl4 cells expressing angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor, Ang II induced changes in cell morphology and expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, which were inhibited by the miotogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-activating kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 or the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Cav) at Y14 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at Y845 and induced association of these phosphoproteins in caveolin-enriched lipid rafts, thereby leading to prolonged EGFR-ERK signaling that was inhibited by Nox4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Src siRNA. Two different antioxidants not only inhibited phosphorylation of Src at Y416 but also blocked the EGFR-ERK signaling. Moreover, erlotinib (the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor), EGFR siRNA, and Cav siRNA all inhibited both prolonged EGFR-ERK signaling and phenotypic changes induced by Ang II. Thus, this report provides the first evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Src-dependent activation of persistent Cav-EGFR-ERK signaling mediates renal tubular cell dedifferentiation and identifies a novel molecular mechanism that may be involved in progressive renal injury caused by chronic exposure to Ang II.
An ethogram forLemur fulvus

As a result of over 2000 hours of observation of two captiveLemur fulvus groups, their social behavior can now be provisionally described and categorized. Characteristic postures forL. fulvus include the normal standing or walking posture, often accompanied by low-pitched contact grunting, and the tightly curled resting posture. Disturbances in the vicinity of the group may lead to gradational changes in individual postures, culminating in the mob display. Greeting behaviors include passing without interaction, the sniff greeting, tactile greetings, and anogenital marking of one lemur by another. Allogrooming, mutual grooming, and reciprocal grooming may follow initial contact.L. fulvus individuals scent-mark spaces and objects, doing so at an increased rate during the mating season. Throughout most of the year little behavior occurs which can accurately be labelled ‘aggressive’. True agonistic behavior has only been observed during certain phases of the annual cycle: birth season, mating season, and the time of sexual maturation of juvenile animals. Sexual behavior is also rarely observed. Maternal behavior is interesting not only in terms of mother-infant interactions but also with regard to changes in mother-other interactions over time. Finally, play behavior can be distinguished from other kinds of behavior with similar behavioral components by looking at itsGestalt. Most play can be classified as either primarily locomotor/manipulative or primarily social.
Magnetoelastic modeling of circular cylindrical shells immersed in a magnetic field. Part I: Magnetoelastic loads considering finite dimensional effects

Abstract Determination of magnetoelastic loads acting on a perfectly electro-conductive circular cylindrical shell immersed in a uniform applied magnetic field is addressed. The finite dimensional effects related to the finite length and finite thickness of the shell are taken into consideration. Fourier integral method is used to derive the singular integral equations governing the distributed magnetoelastic loads. As special cases, determination of magnetoelastic loads via discarding the thickness effect are obtained from the general formulation, and the magnetoelastic loads of infinitely long shells are derived. Magnetoelastic loads on plate strips or infinite plates are also reduced from the general formulation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first work devoted to the analytical determination of magnetoelastic loads on circular cylindrical shells considering the finite length and thickness effects.
Entering the Committee System: State Committee Assignments

Cl ONTEMPORARY American legislatures are organized around committee systems which are largely responsible for how legislatures work and what they accomplish. Any analysis or description of Congress or a state legislature gives a prominent position to committees and the roles they play; however, the emphasis in committee research has been on Congress. One important yet understudied area of state committee activity relates to the committee appointment process. In his review of committee selection, Eulau (1985) listed 4 studies at the state level, compared with 63 on Congress. In a modest effort to contribute to our knowledge of state committee selection, the present study provides insights regarding this process and its consequences for the legislature in one stateWisconsinfor six recent legislative sessions1975-76, 1979-80, 198182, 1983-84, 1985-86 and 1987-88. This analysis considers the applicability of Shepsle's accommodation explanation for committee appointments in American state legislatures.
Denial of God, Mental Disorder, and Exile: The Rex iniquus in Daniel and Juliana

The Old English poems now known as Daniel and Juliana1 have long been of interest for the ways in which they depart from their putative sources, and the thematic or didactic purposes their authors may have had in executing such changes.2 Unlike the scriptural source on which it draws, Daniel is manifestly more interested in the mental life of its reformed Babylonian villain Nebuchadnezzar. The editorial title attached to Daniel belongs to a poem that “has an emphasis so divergent from its source that its modern title is hardly appropriate,”3 given the poem’s overriding
A continuous approach to considering uncertainty in facility design

This paper presents a formulation of the facilities block layout problem which explicitly considers uncertainty in material handling costs on a continuous scale by use of expected values and standard deviations of product forecasts. This formulation is solved using a genetic algorithm meta-heuristic with a flexible bay construct of the departments and total facility area. It is shown that depending on the attitude of the decision-maker towards uncertainty, the optimal design can change significantly. Furthermore, designs can be optimized directly for robustness over a range of uncertainty that is pre-specified by the user. This formulation offers a computationally tractable and intuitively appealing alternative to previous stochastic layout formulations that are based on discrete scenario probabilities.
An approach for assessing human exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment.

Abstract Humans are exposed daily to multiple chemicals, including incidental exposures to complex chemical mixtures released into the environment and to combinations of chemicals that already co-exist in the environment because of previous releases from various sources. Exposures to chemical mixtures can occur through multiple pathways and across multiple routes. In this paper, we propose an iterative approach for assessing exposures to environmental chemical mixtures; it is similar to single-chemical approaches. Our approach encompasses two elements of the Risk Assessment Paradigm: Problem Formulation and Exposure Assessment. Multiple phases of the assessment occur in each element of the paradigm. During Problem Formulation, analysts identify and characterize the source(s) of the chemical mixture, ensure that dose–response and exposure assessment measures are concordant, and develop a preliminary evaluation of the mixture's fate. During Exposure Assessment, analysts evaluate the fate of the chemicals comprising the mixture using appropriate models and measurement data, characterize the exposure scenario, and estimate human exposure to the mixture. We also describe the utility of grouping the chemicals to be analyzed based on both physical–chemical properties and an understanding of environmental fate. In the article, we also highlight the need for understanding of changes in the mixture composition in the environment due to differential transport, differential degradation, and differential partitioning to other media. The Results section describes the application of the method to various chemical mixtures, highlighting issues associated with assessing exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment.
Real Estate Valuation Models: Lender and Equity Investor Criteria

The use of valuation models that focus on lender criteria has been growing in the appraisal field. In the rush to build lender criteria into real estate valuation models, equity investor criteria, expectations, and requirements occasionally have been ignored. The specific criteria considered in this paper are the loan-to-value ratio and the debt coverage ratio for lenders and the equity dividend rate for equity investors. Each of these three criteria may be a binding constraint on value. Graphical analysis provides a framework within which major real estate valuation models (i.e., Ellwood, McLaughlin, Gettel, Lusht-Zerbst, and Steele) are compared. A new valuation model (i.e., the Cannaday-Colwell model) is developed which utilizes the equity dividend rate. The three definitional models (i.e., McLaughlin, Gettel, and Steele) are found to be relevant only by mere coincidence. Each of these models simultaneously considers two of the three key criteria, completely eliminating the possibility of consideration of anything else; i.e., the models become tautological. It is shown that the discounted cash flow based models (i.e., Ellwood, Lusht-Zerbst, and Cannaday-Colwell) each tell one-third of the story. One of these models will be relevant depending upon whether the binding constraint is the maximum loan-to-value ratio, the minimum debt coverage ratio, or the minimum equity dividend rate. The relevant model is the one that yields the lowest value estimate of the three.
Tropical tree species diversity: a test of the Janzen-Connell model

To test the premises and predictions of the Janzen-Connell model (Janzen's spacing mechanism), seeds of the rainforest canopy tree, Brosimum alicastrum, were placed at different distances from the parent tree and their removal observed over 3 weeks. The number and density of naturally occurring seeds at different distances from the parent tree were also estimated. Predation was not greater near the parent tree, except on the very small spatial scale: the proportion of experimental seeds removed was greater 1 m from the trunk than it was 5-25 m from the trunk. Predation was negatively correlated with seed density, not positively as the Janzen-Connell model assumes-presumably due to predator satiation. The density of seeds after predation peaked 5 m from the tree trunk, but this is well within the crown radius of the parent tree. There is a peak in the number of potential recruits at a distance of 10 m from the parent tree, due to the peaked initial distribution of seeds. This peak is caused by the interaction between the seed density curve and the increasing area of an annulus around the parent tree at increasing distances, not by the product of the density curve and the predation curve. However, it is important to realize that it is not the presence of a peak in recruitment away from the parent that is essential to maintaining tropical tree species diversity, but frequency-dependent recruitment induced by poor recruitment near conspecifics. Predator satiation seems to be an important factor in the survival of B. alicastrum seeds, possibly at several spatial scales. The number of seeds produced by the tree is negatively correlated with the loss to predators, and trees that have a fruiting conspecific nearby also suffer lower levels of predation. Seed predation increases as one moves from the forest edge into the interior, creating an edge effect that may have long-term effects on the forest composition and tree species diversity. More studies are needed, for other species, other localities, and larger spatial and temporal scales, on both the Janzen-Connell mechanism and this edge effect.
Sexual behavior differences between black and white students

Empirical data are limited detailing the sexual behavior patterns of blacks. The present study describes similarities and differences in sexual behavior patterns of black and white college students. A convenience sample of 565 subjects was drawn from a large midwestern university. The Beicastro Sexual Behavior Inventory was utilized to collect data regarding the onset and frequency of numerous sexual behaviors. Overall, the two racial groups were more similar than dissimilar in their sexual behavior patterns. A few differences did emerge. Black males had more interracial coital experience than white males, and white males had more masturbatory experience than black males. White females, when compared to black females, were more likely to have performed fellatio, used coitus interruptus, and have masturbated a partner. Future researchers concerned with human sexual behavior should be sensitive to and control for differences within multi‐cultural populations. Furthermore, it is recommended that research ded...
A radioimmunoassay method for quantification of α-tropomyosin in heart homogenates

A new, extremely sensitive, solid phase radioimmunoassay has been developed to quantify tropomyosin levels in heart tissue homogenates. Specific antibody was coupled to Sepharose 4B and saturation levels of [125I]tropomyosin bound. Release of radiolabel into the supernatant portion occurred when heart homogenates, authentic tropomyosin or tropomyosin in the presence of homogenate were added to these immunobeads. Quantification of the amount of tropomyosin was based on the level of release effected by standard tropomyosin with and without homogenate. The assay was determined to be highly specific and sensitive for tropomyosin. Picomolar quantities of the protein were readily detectable. Linearity extended well over the range of 5–200 ng tropomyosin in the homogenate. The method can be applied to other proteins for quantification during embryonic development.
Acute optic neuropathy and transverse myelopathy in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: favorable outcome after treatment with anticoagulants and glucocorticoids.

We describe two patients with established antiphospholipidsyndrome, who during periods of subtheraputic anticoagulation, developed acute optic neuropathy and transverse myelopathy. Treatment with optimal anticoagulation and high dose glucocorticoids was followed by resolution of the neurologic deficits.
Perception of Dynamic and Static Audiovisual Sequences in 3- and 4-Month-Old Infants

This study investigated perception of audiovisual sequences in 3- and 4-month-old infants. Infants were habituated to sequences consisting of moving/sounding or looming/sounding objects and then tested for their ability to detect changes in the order of the objects, sounds, or both. Results showed that 3-month-olds perceived the order of 3-element sequences and that 4-month-olds perceived the order of 3- and 4-element sequences. In addition, results indicated that perception of moving sequences was more robust than of looming ones and that detection of order differences was not based on primacy cues. The current results show that perception of multisensory sequences and their structure emerges early in development, and a preliminary model of the development of sequence perception is offered.
Stellar Populations in 10 Clump-Cluster Galaxies of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field

Color-color diagrams for the clump and interclump emission in 10 clump-cluster galaxies of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF) are made from B,V, i, and z images and compared with models to determine redshifts, star formation histories, and galaxy masses. These galaxies are members of a class dominated by 5-10 giant clumps, with no exponential disk or bulge. The redshifts are found to be in the range from 1.6 to 3. The clump emission is typically 40% of the total galaxy emission, and the luminous clump mass is 19% of the total galaxy mass. The clump colors suggest declining star formation over the last ~0.3 Gyr, while the interclump emission is redder than the clumps, corresponding to a greater age. The clump luminous masses are typically 6 × 108 M☉, and their diameters average 1.8 kpc, making their average density ~0.2 M☉ pc-3. Including the interclump populations, assumed to begin forming at z = 6, the total galaxy luminous masses average 6.5 × 1010 M☉ and their diameters average 19 kpc to the 2 σ noise level. The expected galaxy rotation speeds average ~150 km s-1 if they are uniformly rotating disks. The ages of the clumps are longer than their internal dynamical times by a factor of ~8, so they are stable star clusters, but the clump densities are only ~10 times the limiting tidal densities, so they could be deformed by tidal forces. This is consistent with the observation that some clumps have tails. The clumps could form by gravitational instabilities in accreting disk gas and then disperse on a ~1 Gyr timescale, building up the interclump disk emission, or they could be captured as gas-rich dwarf galaxies, flaring up with star formation at first and then dispersing. Support for this second possibility comes from the high abundance of nearly identical clumps in the UDF, smaller than 6 pixels, whose distributions on color-magnitude and color-color plots are the same as the galaxy clumps studied here. The distribution of axial ratios for the combined population of chain and clump-cluster galaxies in the UDF is compared with models and shown to be consistent with a thick-disk geometry. If these galaxies evolve into today's disk galaxies, then we are observing a stage in which accretion and star formation are extremely clumpy and the resulting high velocity dispersions form thick disks. Several clump-clusters have disk densities that are much larger than in local disks, however, suggesting an alternate model in which they do not survive until today, but get converted into ellipticals by collisions.
Weak localization and conductance fluctuations of a chaotic quantum dot with tunable spin-orbit coupling

In a two-dimensional quantum dot in a GaAs heterostructure, the spin-orbit scattering rate is substantially reduced below the rate in a bulk two-dimensional electron gas [B. I. Halperin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2106 (2001)]. Such a reduction can be undone if the spin-orbit coupling parameters acquire a spatial dependence, which can be achieved, e.g., by a metal gate covering only a part of the quantum dot. We calculate the effect of such spatially nonuniform spin-orbit scattering on the weak localization correction and the universal conductance fluctuations of a chaotic quantum dot coupled to electron reservoirs by ballistic point contacts, in the presence of a magnetic field parallel to the plane of the quantum dot.
Defective Vaccinia Virus as a Biologically Safe Tool for the Overproduction of Recombinant Human Secretory Proteins

We have described recently the construction of a defective vaccinia virus (VV) lacking the essential D4R open reading frame and have shown furthermore the selection of a complementing cell line providing the essential D4R gene product. The D4R gene belongs to the group of early transcribed vaccinia genes preventing a virus defective in D4R from entering into the intermediate and late phase of replication under noncomplementing conditions. Here we show that this property, which is unique among the group of so called nonreplicating poxviruses, is helpful for the production of (secretable) recombinant human proteins. Recombinant VV based on a D4R-defective parental strain expressing cDNAs coding for the human blood coagulation factors VII and XI produced significantly more recombinant protein than the corresponding recombinants based on wild-type VV. Moreover, the complementing cell line RK-D4R-44.20 was a more effective production cell system for both vD4 and wild-type VV recombinants compared to wild-type RK-13 cells. Surprisingly, recombinant human factor VII was more efficiently produced with the defective vaccinia recombinant even under noncomplementing conditions, suggesting that persistence of the early phase of vaccinia replication in combination with a delayed host shutoff is advantageous for the overproduction of certain recombinant proteins using the VV expression system.
Nocturnal intragastric therapy in type I glycogen storage disease: effect on hormonal and amino acid metabolism.

Abstract The acute hormonal and amino acid responses to differing food substrates were examined in type I glycogen storage disease. Ingestion of a glucose load or a glucose-plus-beef meal caused an acute fall in the initially elevated plasma glucagon, alanine, proline, and lactate. Ingestion of beef alone caused a sharp rise in these parameters. Long term nocturnal intragastric therapy of a high carbohydrate and moderate amino acid content resulted in a similar fall in these parameters as well as a fall in the elevated plasma glutamate, uric acid, triglycerides, and RBC-reduced glutathione. A remarkable clinical improvement and growth spurt accompanied the improvement in these biochemical values. The possible relation between the disturbed plasma hormonal and amino acid findings and growth failure and hyperuricemia is discussed.
Autoimmunovascular regulation: morphine and ancondamide and ancondamide stimulated nitric oxide release

The hypothesis concerning morphine as an endogenous signal molecule has been strengthened with the recent discovery of a new opiate receptor subtype, designated mu3. This opiate receptor is opiate alkaloid sensitive and opioid peptide insensitive, including peptides previously shown to have affinities for mu opiate receptors. This receptor is coupled to nitric oxide release in human endothelial cells, granulocytes and monocytes and in invertebrate immunocytes and microglia. In relation to the endothelium, it has also been coupled to vasodilation via nitric oxide. Given the known influence of nitric oxide in downregulating cell adhesion, the role of this compound has now been investigated in also diminishing endothelial-immunocyte interaction. Morphine, via nitric oxide, has the potential to diminish adhesion molecule expression and in so doing calm an inflammatory process between immunocytes and the endothelial surface. In this regard, the potential for abuse is also present.
Isotope shift measurements and charge radii of152–158Yb

Isotope shifts have been measured for the neutron deficient even Yb isotopes up to the neutron shell closure at N=82. The isotope shifts were measured using the 556-nm atomic resonance transition from the1S0 ground state to the3P1 level. The heavier isotopes of Yb have been investigated by Buchinger et al./1/. The change in (r2) observed for Yb isotopes with N=82–90 has considerably different behavior than for the lighter rare earths.
The interaction of ferredoxin and glutamate synthase: cross-linking and immunological studies.

Abstract The water-soluble carbodiimide, N-ethyl-3-(3-di-methylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) serves as an effective reagent for cross-linking spinach leaf ferredoxin and the ferredoxin-dependent spinach leaf enzyme, glutamate synthase. The cross-linked complex was functional in the absence of added ferredoxin, suggesting that ferredoxin is cross-linked to glutamate synthase at the physiological binding site on the enzyme for this iron-sulfur protein electron donor. The ferredoxin:glutamate synthase stoichiometry of the cross-linked complex was estimated to be 2:1. The absorbance spectrum of the oxidized, cross-linked complex was very similar to that of an electrostatically stabilized, noncovalent, 2:1 complex of the two proteins. An antibody raised against spinach NADP+ reductase, which recognizes a ferredoxin-binding site on glutamate synthase, does not recognize the cross-linked ferredoxin-glutamate synthase complex. This implies that the ferredoxin-binding sites on the two enzymes are structurally similar enough so that an antibody raised against one of these ferredoxin-dependent enzymes recognizes an epitope at the ferredoxin-binding site of the second enzyme. Cross-linking of ferredoxin to its binding site on glutamate synthase renders this epitope inaccessible to the antibody.
The use and value of information systems as evaluated by dairy and specialty crop farm managers.

ABSTRACT Little recent research is available about where specific types of farm managers search for information about better production practices. The objective of this study was to investigate what information sources managers used and how they rated the usefulness of each source. The authors administered mail questionnaires to probability samples from sampling frames they developed for four groups: dairy and fresh market vegetable producers from Wisconsin and berry and nursery producers from a multistate region. Questionnaire items asked operation managers to check off, from a list of information sources, those that they used in the last year to learn about new equipment or procedures to improve their operations and then to rate the usefulness of each source. In the last year, nursery, dairy, and berry managers most often used information from print media (63% to 84%), followed by other farmers (50% to 80%). Fresh market vegetable growers used conferences (60%) most often, followed by print media (41%)....
Potential for a silicon probe in a Raman spectroscopic general-anesthetic sensor

Currently there is no direct method for measuring anesthetic levels in blood or tissue. Efforts are underway to develop a Raman spectroscopy-based sensor for general anesthetics using a polymeric probe. Signal enhancement, needed because of the inherently weak Raman signal, can be obtained by absorption of anesthetics into and recirculation of photons within the probe. Commercially available photopolymerizable silicones might have potential in the development of such probes since they are conducive to ring formation. Before attempting this, however, it is necessary to understand how the interfering silicone peaks will affect the signal-to-noise ratio of the anesthetic peaks and, ultimately, the sensor's detection limit. To this end, studies were performed on liquid anesthetics in silicon oil. The anesthetic C-H stretch peaks near 3000 cm-1 were obscured by those of the silicone. However, detection limits of 1.2, 1.5, and 1.2 MAC were observed for halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane, respectively, by monitoring a lower wavenumber region (900 - 1300 cm-1). In addition, 0 - 5 MAC mixtures of anesthetics were studied. PLS predictive models generated from MSC- corrected validation spectra predicted anesthetic levels relatively well for these mixtures (R2 equals 0.969, 0.984, and 0.979 for halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane, respectively); differences of 1 MAC were discernable.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In-service training for campus police.

Can members of a campus security force expand their contribution to the university community? This article explores possible additional contributions to organization development provided by college or university campus security forces. A model for Campus Security Forces in-service training based on results from community involvement programs and data from a survey of Campus Security Forces training in 19 universities is presented.
Comment: Disturbing Implications:

Stanley Lieberson and Joel Horwich (this volume, p. 1) have packed plenty of wisdom into their reflective essay. It is certainly true, and insufficiently recognized, that sociologists can greatly expand both the power and the verifiability of their theories by multiplying the impli cations of the basic arguments across phenomena and observational sites. Lieberson and Horwich's vigorous injunctions validate intuitions that have struck many earlier analysts of social phenomena. They are in fact nicely systematizing an approach that is already familiar to many experienced researchers. In his recent methodological textbook, for ex ample, Arthur Stinchcombe offers related advice:
Congenital duodenal anomalies in the adult.

Background Duodenal anomalies are defects in embryologic development and usually present as gastric outlet obstruction in infancy or early childhood. Occasionally, they remain asymptomatic until adulthood and, because they are unusual, may not be diagnosed. Hypothesis Based on current experience and review of the literature, recognition of diagnosis and the preferred methods of treatment of duodenal anomalies can be recommended. Design Retrospective study of congenital duodenal anomalies in adults. Setting Tertiary care university medical center. Patients Twenty-nine patients were observed and treated between 1983 and 1999 (19 women and 10 men; mean ± SD age, 52 ± 16 years). Twenty patients had duodenal webs, 7 had annular pancreata, and 2 had both. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weight loss were predominant symptoms in all groups. Peptic ulceration occurred in 13 of 20 patients with webs but in none of those with annular pancreata or combined anomaly. Main Outcome Measures Surgical outcomes including postoperative complications, deaths, and resolution of preoperative symptoms. Results The treatment for patients with duodenal webs was transduodenal web excision and duodenoplasty in 19 of 22. Patients with annular pancreata were treated by transection of the annulus and duodenoplasty (n = 4) and proximal duodenal bypass (n = 3). There were no operative deaths, but 44% of patients had some complications. No pancreatic fistulas occurred in patients who had division of an annular pancreas. Outcome was considered excellent or good in 17 of 20 patients with duodenal webs, 4 of 7 with annular pancreata, and 2 of 2 with the combined anomaly. Conclusions Duodenal anomalies are rare in adults. Duodenal webs are best managed by transduodenal excision and duodenoplasty. Annular pancreas is generally best treated by duodenal bypass to the distal duodenum or the jejunum. Annulus division can be carried out if the annulus is extramural, without duodenal stenosis, and if access to the pancreaticobiliary sphincters is necessary.
Substitution of Linseed and Safflower Meal for Soybean Meal in Diets of Growing Pullets

Abstract Two trials were conducted in which linseed and safflower meals were substituted for soybean meal in the diet of 6 to 20 week old White Leghorn pullets. The protein content of the diets was decreased from 18% to 15% at 12 weeks of age. Three rations with safflower, soy-safflower and soy-linseed were fed alone, with dl -methionine and both methionine and lysine 50 supplements. A corn-soybean meal ration was fed as the control. In trial 1, 6–12 weeks growth was not improved by methionine supplementation to the safflower meal basal, but this factor was improved statistically significant by additional methionine and lysine. When 50 percent of the soybean meal was replaced by safflower meal additional methionine enhanced weight gains equal to the methionine-lysine combination. The soy-linseed diet with and without additional methionine and methionine plus lysine produced weight gains that were statistically significant to the safflower basal but inferior to the soybean basal diets. In the 12 to 20 week period the safflower basal and soy-linseed diet plus both amino acids produced gains equal to the soybean basal. In trial 2, except in treatment 4, amino acid combinations produced gains that were equal to or significantly greater than the soybean control in the 6 to 12 and 12 to 20 week periods.
Multivariate Analysis of Deep Ultraviolet Resonance Raman Spectra: Secondary Structure Determination

Studies pertaining to protein or peptide structure, dynamics or function fundamentally require a method for secondary structure measurement. There are four structurally sensitive protein vibrational modes in deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman (DUVRR) spectra, the amide I, II, III and S modes, making it a potentially powerful tool for studying secondary structure changes in even the most difficult peptide samples. Experimental studies reveal that the position and intensity of the four amide modes in UVRR spectra of proteins are correlated with the varying fractions of α-helix, β-sheet and unordered structures of proteins. This relationship has been applied to the prediction of protein secondary structure.Specifically, multivariate methods have been employed to decompose protein spectral data sets into their underlying pure secondary structure Raman spectra (PSSRS). Ideally, the resolved PSSRS could then be used for prediction of the secondary structure content of unknown proteins from their UVRR spectra. However, previous studies have not examined the performance of multivariate methods on prediction of the structural composition of an unknown test protein. A comparative study of the ability of classical least squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS) and multivariate curve resolution- alternating least squares(MCR-ALS) to resolve the pure secondary structure Raman spectra (PSSRS) and predict the structural composition of unknown test proteins will be presented.
Factorial Invariance of Woodcock-Johnson III Scores for African Americans and Caucasian Americans:

Bias in testing has been of interest to psychologists and other test users since the origin of testing. New or revised tests often are subject to analyses that help examine the degree of bias in reference to group membership based on gender, language use, and race/ethnicity. The pervasive use of intelligence test data when making critical and, at times, life-changing decisions warrants the need by test developers and test users to examine possible test bias on new and recently revised intelligence tests. This study investigates factorial invariance and criterion-related validity of the Woodcock-Johnson III for African American and Caucasian American students. Data from this study suggest that although their mean scores differ, Woodcock-Johnson III scores have comparable meaning for both groups.