cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A phase II trial of rosiglitazone in patients with thyroglobulin-positive and radioiodine-negative differentiated thyroid cancer.

Background Rosiglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist that has been shown to induce differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in a variety of human cancers including thyroid cancer. Methods Ten patients with differentiated thyroid cancer were enrolled in an open-label, phase II trial of oral rosiglitazone treatment (4 mg daily for 1 week, then 8 mg daily for 7 weeks). The levels of PPARgamma receptor mRNA and protein expression were determined in the patient's neoplasm. Results Of 10 patients, 4 had positive radioiodine scans after rosiglitazone therapy with uptake in the neck in 3 patients and in the pelvis in 1 patient. After treatment, the serum thyroglobulin level decreased in 2 patients, increased in 5 patients, and was stable in 3 patients. No patient developed clinically important toxicity associated with rosiglitazone treatment. We found no relationship in the level of PPARgamma mRNA and protein expression in patients who had radioiodine uptake compared with those who did not. Conclusions Our findings suggest that rosiglitazone treatment may induce radioiodine uptake in some patients with thyroglobulin-positive and radioiodine-negative differentiated thyroid cancer. We found no relationship between the expression level of the PPARgamma mRNA and protein in the neoplasm and radioiodine uptake status after rosiglitazone therapy, questioning the potential pathway of effect.
Pharmacological evaluation of 2-amino-6(7)- and 9-amino-6-trifluoromethylbenzonorbornenes, the conformationally rigid analogues of norfenfluramine in mice

Abstract 1. 1. The possible role of conformational requirements which fenfluramine and norfenfluramine must satisfy to elicit its observed pharmacological activities was investigated in mice with the use of four conformationally-rigid norfenfluramine analogues. 2. 2. In this study, both the syn-9-amino and endo-2-amino isomers, which structurally resemble the gauche conformation of norfenfluramine, were found to have little or no effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. 3. 3. On the other hand, the isomers (i.e. the anti-9-amino and exo-2-amino isomers) that mimic the anti conformation of norfenfluramine were capable of causing a decrease in spontaneous motor activity similar to that of norfenfluramine. 4. 4. The analgesic activities of these rigid analogues were also assessed and all of the isomers were found to be weakly analgesic. 5. 5. Only the exo-2-amino isomer exhibited analgesic potency similar to that of fenfluramine. Furthermore all of these compounds were capable of enhancing the analgesic activity of morphine.
An Analysis of Transition in Five Introductory Special Education Textbooks

This article reports on the findings of a review of five introductory special education textbooks to identify the presentation of six transition-related concepts: self-determination, self-advocacy,...
Motor Responses to Polarized Light and Gravity Sensing in Euglena gracilis

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z has a motor response which results in orientation with respect to the polarization of a light stimulus. Cells swim preferentially in a direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the stimulus. If 2 polarized stimuli are given from opposite directions, the preferred direction is, under certain circumstances, at right angles to the directions of both stimuli. Euglena also preferentially assumes an orientation that is at right angles to the force of gravity. The relationships between these responses and phototactic movements oriented with respect to the direction of the stimulus are discussed.
Effect of low salinity on the activity, feeding, growth and absorption efficiency of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Exposure of Luidia clathrata (Say) to low salinity (17‰ S) results in a decrease in activity and rate of feeding, but has little effect on the absorption efficiency. Growth, as indicated by changes in body size and energy content of the body wall and pyloric caeca, is reduced in low salinity due to a decrease in feeding rate (energy consumption) and to a decrease in efficiency of utilization of material and energy absorbed. The low efficiency indicates that either additional energy is required for maintenance or energy is used inefficiently in low salinity. Thus, L. clathrata is limited energetically in low salinities, although it lives and reproduces there.
Crystallogenesis Research for Biology in the Last Two Decades as Seen from the International Conferences on the Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules

The series of 11 International Conferences on the Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules (ICCBM) took place over the period 1986–2006 in the USA (four times), Germany (two times), China, France, Japan, Spain, and lastly the 11th in Canada in Quebec City. Here we review the first 10 ICCBMs. Their focus was to bring rational approaches to the field of protein crystal growth and thus overcome the rate-limiting step in macromolecular X-ray crystallography. This survey summarizes how the ICCBM series contributed to the emergence of the science of biocrystallogenesis. This was achieved through the joint efforts of scientists from the small molecule crystal growth community and from biochemists, biophysicists, and protein crystallographers. Highlights from each conference are discussed, and scientific synergies are emphasized. While the first conferences focused on fundamentals, especially from the standpoint of physics and biochemical considerations, the more recent conferences stressed applications in st...
Electron detachment dissociation of synthetic heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan tetrasaccharides varying in degree of sulfation and hexuronic acid stereochemistry

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates provide a challenging analytical target for structural determination due to their polydisperse nature, non-template biosynthesis, and labile sulfate modifications. The resultant structures, although heterogeneous, contain domains which indicate a sulfation pattern or code that correlates to specific function. Mass spectrometry, in particular electron detachment dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (EDD FT-ICR MS), provides a highly sensitive platform for GAG structural analysis by providing cross-ring cleavages for sulfation location and product ions specific to hexuronic acid stereochemistry. To investigate the effect of sulfation pattern and variations in stereochemistry on EDD spectra, a series of synthetic heparan sulfate (HS) tetrasaccharides are examined. Whereas previous studies have focused on lowly sulfated compounds (0.5–1 sulfate groups per disaccharide), the current work extends the application of EDD to more highly sulfated tetrasaccharides (1–2 sulfate groups per disaccharide) and presents the first EDD of a tetrasaccharide containing a sulfated hexuronic acid. For these more highly sulfated HS oligomers, alternative strategies are shown to be effective for extracting full structural details. These strategies inlcude sodium cation replacement of protons, for determining the sites of sulfation, and desulfation of the oligosaccharides for the generation of product ions for assigning uronic acid stereochemistry.
Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of diamond film growth by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition

Abstract We have applied real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry to monitor the growth of highly uniform, nanocrystalline diamond films by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. In this study, a unique multichannel instrument is employed to collect full ellipsometric spectra from 1.5 to 4.0 eV. Here we focus on two capabilities. First, we will describe a method to calibrate the true temperature of the top 200Aof the Si substrate under diamond growth conditions. Second, we describe the full microstructural evolution of the diamond films. The parameters derived include the time evolution of the void and optically absorbing, non-diamond (sp 2 ) carbon volume fractions in the film. In addition, the nuclei, bulk and surface roughness layer thicknesses during the nucleation, coalescence and bulk growth regimes are determined. These results reveal reproducible and remarkably internally consistent behaviour that provides new insights into the growth mechanisms for nanocrystalline diamond. We find that in the coalescence process, a large volume fraction of sp 2 carbon is trapped in the grain boundaries under all conditions of growth. After coalescence is complete, further generation of sp 2 carbon is impeded under optimum conditions.
Three Dimensional PIC Simulations of Novel Cathodes in the Michigan and AFRL Relativistic Magnetrons

Several novel shaped cathodes for a relativistic magnetron were modeled and optimized using a massively parallel electromagnetic particle-in-cell code ICEPIC. The effect of using a shaped cathode to enhance key performance parameters such as output power, power efficiency and impedance, was examined. In simulations we saw a dramatic increase in the range of magnetic field in which the magnetron functions, an increase of output power, an increase in efficiency, an elimination of mode competition, and immediate start up.
Identification and distribution of retinocollicular terminals in the cat: An electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis

The electron microscopic (EM) autoradiographic method has been used to determine the size, distribution, and ultrastructure of retinocollicular axon terminals following intraocular injection of either (3H)-leucine or (3H)-proline. In the contralateral colliculus, retinal terminals are most numerous in the uppermost sublamina of the superficial grey, SGS1. The mean diameter of terminals in the contralateral SGS1 and SGS2 is 1.3 micron +/- 0.33, and 1.45 micron +/- 0.37, respectively. The mean diameter of terminals in the deepest contralateral sublamina, SGS3 (1.85 micron +/- 0.62), is significantly larger than the mean diameter of those in the contralateral SGS1 or SGS2. By contrast, the mean diameter of terminals in different sublayers of the ipsilateral superficial grey is relatively constant, ranging from 1.56 micron +/- 0.45 to 1.63 micron +/- 0.60. Most ipsilateral retinal terminals are located in the uppermost part of SGS2. It is postulated that there are two populations of retinal terminals in the superficial grey: a population of smaller terminals present in the contralateral SGS1 and SGS2, and a population of larger terminals present in the contralateral SGS3. Both populations appear to be present in the ipsilateral sublaminae. While all labeled retinocollicular terminals contain round vesicles and asymmetric membrane thickenings, two morphological features appear to be correlated with retinal terminal size: (1) the population of smaller retinal terminals more frequently contacts postsynaptic profiles containing scattered round vesicles; and (2) large, dense-core vesicles are more commonly associated with the presynaptic profiles of the population of larger terminals. A comparison of these morphological findings with available physiological data (Hoffman, '73; Fukuda and Stone, '74; McIlwain and Lufkin, '76 McIlwain, '78) suggests that the smaller terminals may be those of W-retinal ganglion cells, and the larger terminals those of Y-retinal ganglion cells.
Fluorescence probes for monitoring polymerization processes

Several intramolecular charge transfer fluorescence probes, such as the dansyl amides (1a-d), 4-dimethylamino-4′-nitrobiphenyl (2) and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (3), have been developed and evaluated. The fluorescence emission of the probes is sensitive to both the solvent polarity and medium microviscosity. A spectral blue shift, attributed to an increase in microviscosity, was observed as polymerization proceeded. Therefore, these fluorescence probes can be used for monitoring polymerization processes. The correlation between the fluorescence emission intensity ratio and degree of cure is linear in various formulations, which may be cured either photochemically or thermally. The selectivity and sensitivity of the fluorescence probes have been investigated. 4-Dimethylamino-4′-nitrobiphenyl (2) was found to be the most sensitive probe to both solvent polarity and medium microviscosity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates Phosphorylation and Activation of Protein Kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Serum and Glucocorticoid-Induced Kinase (Sgk): Evidence for A Kinase-Independent Signaling by FSH in Granulosa Cells

FSH stimulates in ovarian granulosa cells diverse, differentiation-dependent responses that implicate activation of specific cellular signaling cascades. In these studies three kinases were investigated to determine their relationship to FSH, cAMP, and A kinase signaling: protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (Sgk), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). The phosphorylation (activation) of these kinases was analyzed by using selective agonists/inhibitors: forskolin/H89 for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A kinase), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)/LY294002 and wortmannin for phosphatidylinositol-dependent kinase (PI3-K), and phorbol myristate (PMA)/GF109203X for diacylglycerol and Ca++-dependent kinases (C kinases). An inhibitor (PD98059) of MEK1, which regulates extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs), and SB203580, which inhibits p38MAPK, were also used. In addition, we analyzed the expression of the recently described, cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFI and GEFII) that impact Ras-related GTPases and Raf kinases, known regulators of various protein kinase cascades. We provide evidence that FSH, forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP stimulate phosphorylation of PKB by mechanisms involving PI3-K (LY294002/wortmannin sensitive) not A kinase (H89 insensitive), a pattern of response mimicking that of IGF-I. In contrast, FSH induction and phosphorylation of Sgk protein requires A kinase (H89 sensitive) but also involves PI3-K (LY294002 sensitive) as well as p38MAPK (SB203580 sensitive) pathways. PMA (C kinase) abolished FSH-mediated (but not IGF-I-mediated) phosphorylation of PKB at a step(s) upstream of PI3-K and independent of A kinase. Lastly, FSH-mediated phosphorylation of p38MAPK is negatively affected by A kinase and PI3-K, suggesting that it may be downstream of specific members of the cAMP-GEF/Rap/Raf pathway. We propose that cAMP activation of A kinase is obligatory for transcription of Sgk in granulosa cells whereas cAMP (IGF-I-like)-mediated phosphorylation (activation) of PKB and Sgk (via PI3-K), as well as p38MAPK, involves other cellular events. These results provide new and exciting evidence that cAMP acts in granulosa cells by A kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms, each of which controls specific kinase cascades.
Texting everywhere for everything: Gender and age differences in cell phone etiquette and use

The majority of research on cell phone use has focused on adolescent and young adult users with less attention on cell phone use by those older than 25years of age. In this study, adult participants from 18 to 68years completed a survey about their own use of cell phones and the contexts in which they considered cell phone use appropriate. There were age and gender differences in beliefs about the etiquette as to when cell phone use was appropriate. Older participants and women advocated for more restricted cell phone use in most social situations. Men differed from women in that they viewed cell phone calls as more appropriate in virtually all environments including intimate settings. Across all age groups in all communication settings, cell phones were used to text. The only exception was that romantic partners were more likely to receive a call than a text. In the younger age groups, texting communication is so normative that over 25% had dumped or were dumped by a romantic partner. The preponderance of gender similarities point to cell phone usage as a stable communication vehicle for maintaining social contact.
A Lesson From an Organic Farm: Cultivating Cultural Policy for Small Arts Organizations

Cultural industry, arts industry, creative industry… before we knew it, the arts had become an “industry”—and it has even become natural today to refer to the field of the arts as an industry. In c...
Seasonal timing and duration of brachyuran larvae in a high- latitude fjord

The present study describes the seasonal distribution and abundance of brachyuran crab larvae from 5 families in lower Glacier Bay (SE Alaska, USA), and is one of the few field studies describing the entire pelagic phase of brachyuran larvae in Alaska. The larvae of most brachyuran species in Glacier Bay exhibited a highly seasonal pattern of abundance, which when first observed coincided with the onset of oceanographic conditions favorable to survival (high water temperature and abundant food supply). During May, larval abundance of Cancer magister increased by 63% rel- ative to the first sampling date, that of C. oregonensis by 92%, Fabia subquadrata by 69%, Pugettia spp. by 73%, and Majidae by 77%. The seasonal timing and larval duration of C. magister and 4 other species in Glacier Bay were compared with the same species at lower latitudes to substantiate the hypothesis that larval release time and duration are later and longer, respectively, with increasing latitude. The initial occurrence of zoeae is delayed by 3 to 4 mo relative to published release times in California, Oregon and Washington for these species. Further, the pelagic larval duration for C. mag- ister is approximately 30 d longer in SE Alaska than published larval durations in lower latitudes, suggesting that both these phenomena are a function of the cool water temperatures found in the former region.
Vocal cord activity and vowel theory

(1936). Vocal cord activity and vowel theory. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 651-655.
An algorithm for designing high-accuracy, arbitrary holographic atom traps

We report the realization of a new iterative Fourier-transform algorithm for creating holograms that can diffract light into an arbitrary two-dimensional intensity profile. We show that the predicted intensity distributions are smooth with a fractional error from the target distribution at the percent level. We demonstrate that this new algorithm outperforms the most frequently used alternatives typically by one and two orders of magnitude in accuracy and roughness, respectively. The techniques described in this paper outline a path to creating arbitrary holographic atom traps in which the only remaining hurdle is physical implementation.
Optically- and thermally-responsive programmable materials based on carbon nanotube-hydrogel polymer composites

A simple approach is described to fabricate reversible, thermally- and optically responsive actuators utilizing composites of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) loaded with single-walled carbon nanotubes. With nanotube loading at concentrations of 0.75 mg/mL, we demonstrate up to 5 times enhancement to the thermal response time of the nanotube-pNIPAM hydrogel actuators caused by the enhanced mass transport of water molecules. Additionally, we demonstrate the ability to obtain ultrafast near-infrared optical response in nanotube-pNIPAM hydrogels under laser excitation enabled by the strong absorption properties of nanotubes. The work opens the framework to design complex and programmable self-folding materials, such as cubes and flowers, with advanced built-in features, including tunable response time as determined by the nanotube loading.
Ink, Paper, Plates The Legacy of Printmaking in South Africa and the Caversham Press

The Caversham Press was founded in 1985 by Malcolm and Rosmund Christian as the first comprehensive, independent printmaking studio in South Africa. The Christians established the press at the site of a decommissioned Wesleyan Methodist chapel in the countryside of the Natal province (what is now KwaZulu-Natal) (Fig. 1). Today, the former chapel, constructed around 1878 to serve a British settler community, houses the print studio; the surrounding grounds boast new buildings, including the Christian’s home, cottages for resident artists, and an expansive garden that incorporates the chapel’s original graveyard (Fig. 2). Founded during the height of late apartheid and without direct affiliation to educational institutions or community art centers, the Caversham Press is located within multiple South African histories. Caversham’s physical location stands as a signifier of South Africa’s colonial past, its artistic beginnings corresponding with apartheid rule, and its mission of collaboration with artists from all backgrounds and levels of experience reflects South Africa’s complex multiracial and multicultural present. The Caversham Press can be viewed equally as microcosm and macrocosm; an independent creative enterprise operating in tandem with developments in recent South African history. In 2010, the Caversham Press celebrated twenty-five years of printmaking. This milestone owes as much to Caversham’s resourcefulness and perseverance as it does to the continued relevance and impact of printmaking in South Africa. Since its founding, the Caversham Press has worked with both emergent and established South African and international artists and afforded individuals—many with little printmaking experience—unprecedented access to professional and collaborative printmaking facilities. The extensive print archive that dates from 1985 to the present visually narrates Caversham’s evolution and its adaptive organizational structure—from the founding of the Caversham Press, to the establishment of the Caversham Press Educational Trust in 1993, to the formation of the Caversham Centre for Artists and Writers in 2000 and finally, today, to the implementation of the community-driven CreACTive Centers. Based on interviews and research conducted at the Caversham Press between 2008 and 2011 in preparation for a survey exhibition at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, this essay considers Caversham’s programmatic shifts, which evolved organically and strategically, and the artists with which it has worked in the context of South Africa’s complex political and cultural history.
Modeling of optical quadrature microscopy for imaging mouse embryos

Optical quadrature microscopy (OQM) has been shown to provide the optical path difference through a mouse embryo, and has led to a novel method to count the total number of cells further into development than current non-toxic imaging techniques used in the clinic. The cell counting method has the potential to provide an additional quantitative viability marker for blastocyst transfer during in vitro fertilization. OQM uses a 633 nm laser within a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration to measure the amplitude and phase of the signal beam that travels through the embryo. Four cameras preceded by multiple beamsplitters record the four interferograms that are used within a reconstruction algorithm to produce an image of the complex electric field amplitude. Here we present a model for the electric field through the primary optical components in the imaging configuration and the reconstruction algorithm to calculate the signal to noise ratio when imaging mouse embryos. The model includes magnitude and phase errors in the individual reference and sample paths, fixed pattern noise, and noise within the laser and detectors. This analysis provides the foundation for determining the imaging limitations of OQM and the basis to optimize the cell counting method in order to introduce additional quantitative viability markers.
NONFUNCTIONAL PARAGANGLIOMA OF THE LIVER

Paragangliomas occurring in the liver are rare. We report a patient with a history of nonfunctional paragangliomas in the head and neck who developed liver metastases years later. We discuss findings on cross-sectional imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which demonstrate the hypervascular nature of the liver masses.
Clinical and Gender Differences in Heart Transplant Recipients in the New Heart Study

s S235 holidays, dose reduction and non-persistence. Non-adherence was assessed for all dimension separately as well as overall (i.e. any indication on not taking immunosuppressives drugs correctly over the past 4 weeks). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A mean of 93.2% of patients reported having received advice concerning the intake of their immunosuppressants in the past year (range: 85.7% Australia 100% UK, Brazil, Switzerland). The mean HTx patients’ non-adherence levels were following: taking non-adherence: 16.1% (range: 4.9% Italy 26.2% USA); timing non-adherence: 27.3% (range: 10% Germany 42.9% Australia); drug holidays 1.6% (range: 0% France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain 6.3% Brazil); dose reduction: 1.4% (range: 0% Australia, Brazil, Germany, Belgium, UK 4.3% Switzerland); non-persistence: 0.6% (range: 0%-6.3% Brazil); overall non-adherence: 36.4% (range: 17.5% Germany57.1% Australia). Conclusion: Variability in practice patterns of HCW’s in view medication adherence advice was observed indicating that a proportion of patients had not received advice on medication intake in the past year. The observed variability in HTx patients’ non-adherence to immunosuppressants across countries suggests that health care system factors play a role in explaining HTx patient’s non-adherence (e.g. drug coverage).
An Overview of Complexity Theory in Discrete Optimizations: Part I. Concepts

Abstract Over the past decade, complexity theory has emerged from a branch of computer science almost unknown to the operations research community into a topic of widespread interest and research. The goals of the theory are to broadly classify problems and algorithms according to their convenience for solution by digital computers. Very considerable progress has been achieved, but some of the concepts in the theory are so subtle that their implications are as often misunderstood as grasped correctly. In this and the succeeding paper, we will present an elementary tutorial review of the important concepts and results in complexity theory. Emphasis is placed on constructs and implications for persons interested in discrete optimization—especially scheduling theory. The present Part I develops background concepts and definitions. Part II (in the June 1982 TRANSACTIONS) will cover results and implications.
Extraterrestrial 3He in seafloor sediments: Evidence for correlated 100 kyr periodicity in the accretion rate of interplanetary dust, orbital parameters, and quaternary climate

We have determined the helium abundance and isotopic composition of seafloor carbonate sediments from the flanks of the Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific Ocean (ODP Site 806). These results provide a two million year record of the burial flux of extraterrestrial ^3He, which we believe is a proxy for the terrestrial accretion rate of interplanetary dust particles. The ^3He burial flux prior to ∼700 ka was relatively low, ∼0.5 pcc cm^(−2) kyr^(−1), but from 700 ka to the present, the burial flux gradually increased to a value of ∼1.0 pcc cm^(−2) kyr^(−1). 100 kyr periodicity in the ^3He burial flux is apparent over the last 700 kyr and correlates with the oxygen isotope record of global climate, with high ^3He burial fluxes associated with interglacial periods. This periodicity and phase are consistent with previous ^3He measurements in North Atlantic sediments. Although 100 kyr periodicity in ^3He burial flux is in agreement with recent predictions of the accretion rate of interplanetary dust based on a model of the orbital evolution of asteroidal debris, the measurements and predictions differ by one half cycle in phase. Nevertheless, our observations suggest the terrestrial accretion rate of interplanetary dust is controlled by orbital eccentricity and/or inclination relative to the solar-system invariable plane. Such control is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the hypothesis of Muller and MacDonald (1995) that variations in extraterrestrial dust accretion modulates terrestrial climate with a 100 kyr period. We also identify several brief (<25 kyr) intervals of strongly enhanced ^3He burial, possibly related to random and transient fluctuations in the accretion rate of asteroidal or cometary dust particles.
A Micro-Bioassay for Epilithon using Nutrient-Diffusing Artificial Substrata

ABSTRACT A modification of the nutrient-diffusing substrata method was used to evaluate nutrient and invertebrate grazer effects on attached epilithic algae in an arctic river. An acid-cleaned porcelain or fused silica disk was melted into the opening of a small plastic, agar-filled vial, supplemented with water soluble materials. These materials were such that they would have an impact on the biomass and/or productivity of the autotraphic and/or heterotrophic communities colonizing hard surfaces in rivets and lakes. The vials were independent replicates (3–6/treatment), providing many more treatments per unit cost and unit effort than other methods currently employed. After 3 week incubation periods in the river, we not only showed that this method works very well, we also were able to demonstrate that the river is limited by phosphorus and nitrogen, thereby confirming the results of previous assays. This method would also allow for the use of, nutrients, xenobiotics, antibiotics, and/or organic substrat...
Analysis of a certain class of replicator equations.

Motivated by a problem in the evolution of sensory systems where gains obtained by improvements in detection are offset by increased costs, we prove several results about the dynamics of replicator equations with an n x n game matrix of the form: A( ij ) = a( i )b( j ) - c( i ). First, we show that, generically, for this class of game matrix, all equilibria must be on the 1-skeleton of the simplex, and that all interior solutions must limit to the boundary. Second, for the particular ordering, a1 b2> ... >bn, which is most natural in the study of the evolution of sensory systems, we show that topological restrictions require a unique local attractor in every face of the simplex. We conjecture that the unique local attractor for the full simplex is, in fact, a global attractor, and prove this for n < or = 5. In a separate argument supporting the conjecture, we show that there can be no chain recurrent invariant set entirely contained in the 1-skeleton of the simplex. Finally, we discuss the special, non-generic case and give a local description of the dynamics when there is an interior equilibrium.
State‐society relations and national development: a comparison of Argentina and Taiwan in the 1990s

Research on national development in developing and newly industrializing countries (NICs) has focused on issues of economic growth and social change independent of each other, without paying much attention to the way the two elements relate to each other and to the conditions that could lead to their simultaneous occurrence. This paper argues that explanations of how economic growth with — or without —‘positive social change’ can occur require attention to changing state-society relations. This research investigates the cases of Argentina and Taiwan, where economic growth in the 1990s has not translated into positive social change. By analyzing changing state-society relations, this research shows that relations of power within societies have a clear effect on national development; it also reveals how different social actors may be able to influence a state’s developmental strategies. This paper re-evaluates traditional views of the state and society in Argentina and Taiwan by examining the fluctuating composition of the societal base of the state and the changing relations between the state and its societal coalition. The analysis reveals the processes under which economic growth without social change is occurring in both countries, and provides general insights into the way dynamic state-society relations can influence national development in other contexts. — La recherche sur le developpement national des pays en voie de developpement et les pays nouvellement industrialises a explore les questions de croissance economique et de changement social separement, sans s’occuper du rapport entre les deux et des conditions qui pourraiemt mener a leur occurrence simultanee. Cet article soutient qu’une explication de la croissance industrielle, avec ou sans ‘changements sociaux positifs’, demande que l’on prete attention aux relations changeantes entre l’etat et la societe. Cet article examine les cas d’etude de l’Argentine et de Taiiwan, ou la croissance economique n’a pas apporte de changements sociaux positifs. En analysant les relations changeantes de l’etat et de la societe, cette etude demontre que les relations de pouvoir a l’interieur des societes ont un effet manifeste sur le developpement national; elle revele aussi comment les differents participants sociaux peuvent influencer les strategies de developpement de l’etat. Cet article re-evalue les vues traditionnelles de l’etat et de la societe en Argentine et a Tairsquo;iwan en examinant les compositions changeantes de la base sociale de l’etat et les relations variables entre l’etat et sa coalition sociale. L’analyse revele les processus par lesquels la croissance economique survient sans changement social dans les deux pays et offre un apercu general de la facon dont les relations dynamiques entre l’etat et la societe peuvent influencer le developpement national dans d’autres contextes.
Personal experiences of research misconduct and the response of individual academic scientists.

From a national U.S. sample of senior academic biochemists, ninety-four indicated that they personally knew of an incident of scientific wrongdoing. Among these individuals, less formal actions against an offending individual were endorsed when either (1) actions were believed to have the potential to publicly embarrass the offending individual, or (2) the actions might adversely affect the professional career of the whistleblower. These relationships remain significant after controlling for professional status, career age, and current level of formal departmental administrative responsibility. Study limitations and implications are discussed
Hemopexin decreases spontaneous chemiluminescence of cold preserved liver after reperfusion.

Abstract Hemopexin is a plasma protein with exceptionally high affinity for heme. During liver transplantation heme is released via lysis of transfused blood. This heme may catalyze peroxidative reactions that contribute to “reperfusion” injury of the organ. Using a rat liver model of cold storage and reperfusion we tested the potential anti-oxidant effects of hemopexin. After 3 h of cold storage rat liver was reperfused with warm oxygenated buffer. Spontaneous liver chemiluminescence, which is a parameter of oxyradical production, was measured during reperfusion and expressed as an index of free radical production (IFRP). Chemiluminescence reached a maximum within 5 min of reperfusion and decreased to baseline within 30 min. Addition of hemopexin to the perfusate (5 μM) significantly decreased the IFRP. By contrast, the control proteins albumin and γ-globulin (10 μM) had a smaller non-significant effect. The data suggest that heme could be complexed by hemopexin during reperfusion, thus inhibiting heme mediated cellular injury.
DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME OF SURGICAL FETAL THERAPY FOR BIRTH DEFECTS. † 1635

Fetal intervention for infants with birth defects is a recent development in perinatal care. The Fetal Treatment Center at UCSF has performed fetal surgical interventions in cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations(CCAM) and in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH). Twelve infants have survived. Four infants had CCAM; eight infants had Left CDH. We have been able to follow the outcome of seven infants (# 1-7) to date with formal evaluations (4 CCAM, 3 LCDH); and we have obtained information on five infants(#8-12) from primary care physicians: Table
Socratic Eudaimonism and Natural Value

Socratic Eudaimonism gives us a model that a naturalist concerning ethics can follow in order to establish a natural "goal state" for human behavior. With this goal state established, the notion of value for a human being falls out of the relationship between that goal state and the natural world. Socrates thought that the maximal state of flourishing that a human being can achieve could be understood with respect to this natural goal state, and that the actualization of this natural goal is the only standard needed or possible for the evaluation of everything other than it with respect to goodness, badness, rightness or wrongness. Eudaimonia for Socrates is the natural and inevitable goal of all human activity and thus, the good for all human beings. The importance of Socratic eudaimonism for contemporary moral philosophy is that it allows for the naturalization of the notions of good and bad and right and wrong and the elimination of any notion of value—hence, any notion of morality—that cannot be naturalized. To have a notion of morality that cannot be naturalized is to have to explain why something is good or bad or right or wrong without recourse to some brute fact about human nature, human psychology and the way that they interface with the way that the world happens to be. There are at least two reasons to resist a defense of value in the absence of naturalism. First, it makes it impossible to avoid the conclusion that right and wrong are, at some level, arbitrary, as Socrates demonstrates in the Euthyphro . Second, it makes it impossible to give a satisfying explanation for why human beings are motivated to do what is right, and so, impossible to cultivate the desire to be moral in a person who doesn't already have it. I will address these two claims in more detail in a moment.
Mercury complexes of thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Abstract One-to-one mercury complexes of thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (TNAD+) were prepared by using HgSO4 and Hg(CH3 COO−)2. Optical absorption spectroscopy indicated that the mercury probably binds to the TNAD+ through the thio-keto group on the pyridine ring. X-ray diffraction patterns of crysltals of mitichondrial malate dehydrogenase soaked in solution containing TNAD+ · mercury complex indicated binding and the X-ray intensity differences are different from mercurials alone.
Ventilation parameters and arterial blood gases as a prediction of hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Attempts to predict the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have been made by evaluating the ventilation parameters and the arterial blood gasses of these patients. A CO 2 index as a predictor of outcome, which correlates the PaCO 2 with the ventilation index, was recently proposed. However, in this study the postductal PaO 2 was a better predictor of survival. And the so-called "honeymoon period" was a better indicator of the efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) than the CO 2 index. Nineteen patients were evaluated; 11 were treated with ECMO, and eight were not considered suitable for ECMO.
Incontinence: should mesh be used to correct anterior vaginal prolapse?

A multicenter randomized trial comparing a trocar-guided mesh kit to anterior colporrhaphy for treatment of cystocele adds to evidence that transvaginal mesh for treatment of anterior vaginal prolapse improves anatomical outcomes at the expense of greater complications. Careful consideration of benefits and risks is required when considering transvaginal mesh for prolapse repair.
A relativistic oscillator model applied to lepton-nucleon reactions

Abstract A relativistic oscillator model is applied to lepton-nucleon reactions. It agrees quantitatively with data on hadron energy distribution, multiplicity, and π + π − ratios.
Peroxisome matrix and membrane protein biogenesis

Peroxisome biogenesis [1–4], as well as the importance of peroxisomes in human health and disease [5], have been the subject of many reviews. Proteins that control peroxisome biogenesis encompass the processes by which matrix and membrane proteins are assembled into the organelle, as well as those involved in the control of peroxisome size, volume and number [6–9]. The proteins involved in these processes are peroxins that are encoded by PEX genes, which have been studied in many unicellular and multicellular organisms from yeast to man. This review provides an overview of peroxisome matrix and membrane protein biogenesis with an emphasis on recent insights and unanswered questions.
Apelin-APJ Signaling Is a Critical Regulator of Endothelial MEF2 Activation in Cardiovascular Development

Rationale:The peptide ligand apelin and its receptor APJ constitute a signaling pathway with numerous effects on the cardiovascular system, including cardiovascular development in model organisms such as xenopus and zebrafish. Objective:This study aimed to characterize the embryonic lethal phenotype of the Apj−/− mice and to define the involved downstream signaling targets. Methods and Results:We report the first characterization of the embryonic lethality of the Apj−/− mice. More than half of the expected Apj−/− embryos died in utero because of cardiovascular developmental defects. Those succumbing to early embryonic death had markedly deformed vasculature of the yolk sac and the embryo, as well as poorly looped hearts with aberrantly formed right ventricles and defective atrioventricular cushion formation. Apj−/− embryos surviving to later stages demonstrated incomplete vascular maturation because of a deficiency of vascular smooth muscle cells and impaired myocardial trabeculation and ventricular wall ...
Analysis of General Electric Model 7001 First-Stage Nozzle Cracking

Analyses of first-stage nozzle cracking in General Electric Model 7001B and 7001E industrial gas turbines are presented. Empirical algorithms are developed to predict the maximum extent of cracking that is visible on these nozzles as a function of engine cyclic history and the number of fired hours. It is shown that the algorithms predict this cracking to within a factor of two. Metallurgical analyses of nozzles show that crack growth follows the carbide-matrix interface, environmental attack occurs at the crack tip, and that the microstructure changes by increasing the amount of carbide precipitation, which increases the hardness. These metallurgical results, along with mechanical test data and stress analyses from the literature, are used to understand the nature of nozzle cracking. The maximum extent of cracking coincides with locations of maximum thermal stresses as determined by finite element analyses of similar nozzle designs. This location is at the airfoil-shroud junction on the middle vanes of multivane castings. The use of these algorithms as a predictive maintenance tool and the ability to inspect nozzles visually in the engine also are discussed.
Are Self-Service Customers Satisfied or Stuck?

This paper investigates the impact of self-service technology (SST) usage on customer satisfaction and retention. Specifically, we disentangle the distinct effects of satisfaction and switching costs as drivers of retention among self-service customers. Our empirical analysis examines 26,924 multi-channel customers of a nationwide retail bank. We track each customer’s channel usage, overall satisfaction, and retention over a 1-year period. We find that, relative to face-to-face service, customers who use self-service channels for a greater proportion of their transactions are either no more satisfied, or less satisfied with the service they receive, depending on the channel. However, we also find that these same customers are predictably less likely to defect to a competitor if they are heavily reliant on self-service channels characterized by high switching costs. Through a mediation model, we demonstrate that, when self-service usage promotes retention, it does so in a way that is consistent with switching costs. As a robustness check, we examine the behavior of channel enthusiasts, who concentrate transactions among specific channels. Relative to more diversified customers, we find that self-service enthusiasts in low switching cost channels defect with greater frequency, while self-service enthusiasts in high switching cost channels are retained with greater frequency.
The Arcapita Group Bankruptcy: A Restructuring Case Study

An abbreviated case study of the second formal bankruptcy in the Islamic finance realm, involving the U.S. bankruptcy proceeding for Arcapita Bank and its debtor and non-debtor affiliates.
Structure characteristics of ISD coated conductors.

The inclined-substrate deposition (ISD) method for growth of biaxially textured MgO is of interest due to its applications in coated conductors based on high-temperature superconductor (HTS). The ISD method is especially attractive since it offers the potential to produce a high-quality biaxially textured layer in a simple and efficient process. In this work, Yba2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) coated conductors based on two-step deposited MgO buffer layers (ISD and homoepitaxial) on Hastelloy tapes were examined by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) to study both the structure of individual layers and, especially, the interfaces between them. Special attention was paid to the MgO buffer layer because of its importance to biaxial YBCO formation. TEM investigation shows the MgO [111] direction is not parallel to the substrate normal but tilted slightly toward the deposition direction. The second layer of MgO has a good epitaxial relationship with the first layer, while dislocations were found near the interface area of the MgO layers. Twin boundaries, which are in the (111) plane, were found between the ISD MgO columns. The multi-buffer layers gave better growth of epitaxial YBCO.
Bacillus anthracis Co-Opts Nitric Oxide and Host Serum Albumin for Pathogenicity in Hypoxic Conditions

Bacillus anthracis is a dangerous pathogen of humans and many animal species. Its virulence has been mainly attributed to the production of Lethal and Edema toxins as well as the antiphagocytic capsule. Recent data indicate that the nitric oxide (NO) synthase (baNOS) plays an important pathogenic role at the early stage of disease by protecting bacteria from the host reactive species and S-nytrosylating the mitochondrial proteins in macrophages. In this study we for the first time present evidence that bacteria-derived NO participates in the generation of highly reactive oxidizing species which could be abolished by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME, free thiols, and superoxide dismutase but not catalase. The formation of toxicants is likely a result of the simultaneous formation of NO and superoxide leading to a labile peroxynitrite and its stable decomposition product, nitrogen dioxide. The toxicity of bacteria could be potentiated in the presence of bovine serum albumin. This effect is consistent with the property of serum albumin to serves as a trap of a volatile NO accelerating its reactions. Our data suggest that during infection in the hypoxic environment of pre-mortal host the accumulated NO is expected to have a broad toxic impact on host cell functions.
LPC spectral moments for clustering acoustic transients

Spectral moments (mean and coefficients of variation, skewness, and kurtosis) are assessed for 40 samples from 10 groups of acoustic transient signals differing in harmonic structure, duration, and degree of spectral overlap. Discriminant analysis involving moments based on linear predictive coding (LPC) resulted in a higher recognition rate for pulsed-tone sounds (87%) that were more like human speech than for pure-tone sounds (70%). By contrast, classification based on moments calculated from the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) yielded 85% recognition for both groups. Cluster analyses indicated that LPC-based moments were more characteristic of relationships among the 10 sound groups and especially the two tonal groups, though results were somewhat dependent on LPC model order. >