cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depositional evidence for the Kamikaze typhoons and links to changes in typhoon climatology

In the late 13 th century, Kublai Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, launched one of the world’s largest armadas of its time in an attempt to conquer Japan. Early narratives described the decimation and dispersal of these fleets by the “Kamikaze” of 1274 CE and 1281 CE, a pair of intense typhoons “divinely” sent to protect Japan from invasion. These historical accounts are prone to exaggeration, and significant questions remain regarding the occurrence and true intensity of these legendary typhoons. To provide independent insight, we present a new 2000 yr sedimentary reconstruction of extreme coastal flooding from a coastal lake near the location of the Mongol invasions. Two marine-sourced flood deposits date to the Kamikaze typhoons and are the events of record in the reconstruction. The complete reconstruction indicates periods of greater flood activity relative to modern beginning ca. 250 CE and extending past the timing of the Kamikaze events to 1600 CE. Comparisons with additional reconstructions are consistent with greater regional typhoon activity during the Mongol invasions due to the preferential steering of storms toward Japan, and driven by greater El Nino activity relative to modern. Results are consistent with the paired Kamikaze typhoons being of significant intensity, and support accounts of them playing an important role in preventing the conquering of Japan by Mongol fleets. The Kamikaze typhoons may therefore serve as a prominent example for how past increases in severe weather associated with changing climate have had significant geopolitical impacts.
Understanding human intentions via hidden markov models in autonomous mobile robots

Understanding intent is an important aspect of communication among people and is an essential component of the human cognitive system. This capability is particularly relevant for situations that involve collaboration among agents or detection of situations that can pose a threat. In this paper, we propose an approach that allows a robot to detect intentions of others based on experience acquired through its own sensory-motor capabilities, then using this experience while taking the perspective of the agent whose intent should be recognized. Our method uses a novel formulation of Hidden Markov Models designed to model a robot's experience and interaction with the world. The robot's capability to observe and analyze the current scene employs a novel vision-based technique for target detection and tracking, using a non-parametric recursive modeling approach. We validate this architecture with a physically embedded robot, detecting the intent of several people performing various activities.
Case 2: The perspiring infant

A previously healthy five-month-old Caucasian boy presented to the emergency department during the summer with three days of cough and clear rhinorrhea, and one day of tactile fever. He was seen by his paediatrician the day before presentation and diagnosed with a viral upper respiratory infection. He had no documented fever at that time. The night before presentation, his mother noted that he felt ‘very warm’. No temperature was measured. On review of systems, the patient was noted to be a ‘sweaty baby’ since birth; the diaphoresis was exacerbated by feedings. A family member also had an upper respiratory infection. The patient had had decreased feeding and decreased urine output for three days. The child had not lost any weight and had been growing normally. The remainder of the history was unremarkable. He was born at 34 weeks’ gestation via vaginal delivery without any complications and had been developing well. The family history was remarkable only for an unspecified heart condition recently diagnosed in the child’s mother. The mother was not familiar with the specific diagnosis, but reported that she was not symptomatic. On physical examination, the boy’s temperature was 37.9°C, pulse was 144 beats/min and blood pressure was 98 mmHg (palpated). His respiratory rate was 28 breaths/min with mild subcostal retractions. The child’s weight was 6.70 kg. Generally, he was interactive and in no acute distress. A soft, holosystolic murmur was heard intermittently at the apex. However, the heart had a regular rate and rhythm, with no rubs or gallops. The lungs were clear to auscultation bilaterally without wheezes or crackles. Femoral and radial pulses were 2+ (normal) and equal bilaterally. There was no jugular venous distention. The abdomen was soft and nontender. There was no hepatosplenomegaly. He had no rash. The remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. One further test led to the diagnosis.
Polypeptide Substrate Recognition by Calnexin Requires Specific Conformations of the Calnexin Protein

Calnexin is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that binds to substrates containing monoglucosylated oligosaccharides. Whether calnexin can also directly recognize polypeptide components of substrates is controversial. We found that calnexin displayed significant conformational lability for a chaperone and that heat treatment and calcium depletion induced the formation of calnexin dimers and higher order oligomers. These conditions enhanced the chaperone activity of calnexin toward glycosylated and non-glycosylated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chains, and enhanced calnexin binding to MHC class I heavy chains. In contrast to these observations, calnexin binding to oligosaccharide substrates has been reported to be impaired under calcium-depleting conditions. Calnexin dimers were induced in HeLa cells upon heat shock and under calcium-depleting conditions, and heat shock enhanced calnexin binding to MHC class I heavy chains in HeLa cells. Virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress also resulted in the appearance of calnexin dimers. Tunicamycin treatment of HeLa cells induced a slow accumulation of calnexin dimers, the appearance of which correlated with enhanced calnexin binding to deglycosylated MHC class I heavy chains. In vitro, the presence of calnexin-specific oligosaccharides inhibited the formation of calnexin dimers and higher order structures. Together, these data indicate that polypeptide binding is favored by conditions that induce partial unfolding of calnexin monomers, whereas oligosaccharide binding is favored by conditions that enhance the structural stability (folding) of calnexin monomers. Conditions that induce the calnexin "polypeptide-binding" conformation also induce self-association of calnexin if the concentration is sufficiently high; however, calnexin dimerization/oligomerization per se is not essential for polypeptide substrate binding.
The absence of depressive symptoms is not the presence of wellness: validation of the Clinical Positive Affect Scale.

Objective:Many patients with depression respond or remit with current treatments, but often experience persistent distress, in part because they perceive that they have not returned to their normal...
Next generation Advanced Laser Fluorometry (ALF) for characterization of natural aquatic environments: new instruments

The new optical design allows single- or multi-wavelength excitation of laser-stimulated emission (LSE), provides optimized LSE optical collection for spectral and temporal analyses, and incorporates swappable modules for flow-through and small-volume sample measurements. The basic instrument configuration uses 510 nm laser excitation for assessments of chlorophyll-a, phycobiliprotein pigments, variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in CDOM-rich waters. The three-laser instrument configuration (375, 405, and 510 nm excitation) provides additional Fv/Fm measurements with 405 nm excitation, CDOM assessments in a broad concentration range, and potential for spectral discrimination between oil and CDOM fluorescence. The new measurement protocols, analytical algorithms and examples of laboratory and field measurements are discussed.
Injury Patterns in Big Ten Conference Football

Background: In 1998, the National Collegiate Athletic Association legislated a decrease in the number of scrimmages and full-contact practices allowed during the spring season.Hypothesis: A significantly increased risk of injury faced by the same player during the spring versus fall practice sessions does exist, but the National Collegiate Athletic Association regulations will not have the intended effect of reducing injury rates to equal or below those of the fall practice sessions.Study Design: Retrospectively analyzed, descriptive study of prospectively collected injury surveillance data followed by a prospective, controlled, repeated-measures study after the rule change.Methods: Phase 1: the Big Ten Conference Sports Injury Surveillance System database was reviewed from spring 1992 through fall 1997 for all reportable injuries. Phase 2: a prospective investigation was instituted from spring 1998 through fall 2000. This protocol was modified to also document updated individual player position descripti...
Reef Shell-Beach Sand Concrete

Several years ago the Alabama State Highway Department decided to investigate the applicability of reef shell as aggregate for concrete. Considerable difficulties were encountered in the investigation in attempting to produce a shell concrete with acceptable technical properties. The main problem was the inadequate workability of the shell concretes. Finally, a combination of crushed reef shell and beach sand was found that appeared to provide adequate concrete for selected structural purposes. These results indicate that concrete of suitable strengths for certain purposes can be produced from reef shell and beach sand aggregates even though these aggregates do not meet the usual requirements concerning grading, particle shape, and abrasion loss. Concrete with a compressive strength of 2500 psi, flexural strength of 550 psi, and adequate workability can be obtained by combining 40 percent (by weight) of sand, 60 percent (by weight) crushed reef shell, 6 bags/yd 3 (564 lb/yd 3 = 335 kg/m 3 ) cement, and suitable amounts of fly ash and air entraining agents. The reef shell and beach sand are available in areas where there is a scarcity of suitable aggregates for concrete. The use of reef shell and beach sand in these areas would be less costly than "imported" aggregates to produce concrete for uses where high strength and high abrasive resistance is not required. These uses could include retaining walls, structure foundations, subpavements, and construction involving massive concrete.
Effects of ozone and carbon dioxide mixtures on two clones of white clover

SUMMARY The effects of mixtures of ozone and carbon dioxide on growth and physiology of an O3-sensitive (NC-S) and an O3-resistant (NC-R) clone of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were determined. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse with O3 treatments of 5 and 82 nl l−1 (ppb) for 6 h d−1 and CO2 treatments of 380 (ambient), 490,600, and 710 μl l−1 (ppm) for 24 h d−1. Enrichment with CO2 decreased foliar gas exchange (measured as stomatal resistance) of NC-R more than that of NC-S whereas O3 decreased gas exchange of NC-S more than that of NC-R. Ozone caused extensive foliar injury of NC-S but caused only slight injury of NC-R. CO2 enrichment suppressed O3-induced foliar injury of NC-S as measured after 4 wk of exposure, but this effect diminished after 8 wk of exposure. CO2 enrichment decreased the relative chlorophyll content (μg of chlorophyll mg−1 of leaf tissue sampled) but not the total chlorophyll (total chlorophyll in the leaves sampled). There were no O3× CO2 interactions for foliar chlorophyll. High concentrations of CO2 caused reddening of new leaves near the end of the 8 wk exposure period. CO2 enrichment decreased foliar concentrations of N, P, K, S, Cu, B, and Fe, increased foliar concentrations of Mn, but did not affect Zn, Ca, or Mg. Ozone exposure did not modify the CO2 effects on foliar nutrient concentration. Ozone decreased growth of NC-S but not NC-R while CO2 enrichment stimulated growth of both clones. The highest CO2 concentration appeared to decrease the effects of O3 on growth of NC-S. However, except for a transitory effect on foliar injury, there was no evidence that CO2, at concentrations less than the highest used in this study, will protect white clover from the effects of tropospheric O3.
A slot-antenna bridge-frequency-multiplier design suitable for submillimeter wavelengths

We present a novel quasi-optical all-planar frequency doubler that could provide an alternative approach to conventional waveguide circuits for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave signal generation. By utilizing a quad-bridge-diode configuration, we are able to isolate the input and the output circuits without the use of complicated filter structures. Two pairs of polarization switched double-slot antennas are used for input and output coupling to free space and substitute for the hybrids commonly required in balanced circuits. Compact coplanar transmission line matching circuits, placed between the antennas and the diodes, an designed to achieve maximum conversion efficiency. The quad-bridge-diode/antenna circuit can then be mounted on a dielectric-filled parabola or substrate lens for coupling to quasi-optical propagation systems. Measurements on a low-frequency scale model show frequency conversion from 8.8 to 17.6 GHz with peak conversion loss of 16.1 dB and a bandwidth of 350 MHz. When external circuit losses are accounted for, an input to output loss of 8.6 dB is obtained with unoptimized diodes. This agrees closely with the value obtained from analysis using HP MDS.
c-Met is a marker of pancreatic cancer stem cells and therapeutic target.

Background & Aims Growth of many different tumor types requires a population of self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs). c-Met is a marker of normal mouse pancreatic stem and progenitor cells; we investigated whether it is also a marker of human pancreatic CSCs that might be developed as a therapeutic target. Methods We studied growth of primary human pancreatic adenocarcinoma in NOD SCID mice. The self-renewal capability of pancreatic cancer cells that expressed high levels of c-Met (c-Met high ) was assessed using in vitro sphere assays and compared with those that were c-Met negative or expressed low levels of c-Met. The tumorigenicity of c-Met high pancreatic cancer cells was evaluated in NOD SCID mice. Results c-Met high cells readily formed spheres, whereas c-Met–negative cells did not. Use of the c-Met inhibitor XL184 or c-Met knockdown with small hairpin RNAs significantly inhibited tumor sphere formation. c-Met high cells had increased tumorigenic potential in mice; those that expressed c-Met and CD44 (0.5%–5% of the pancreatic cancer cells) had the capability for self-renewal and the highest tumorigenic potential of all cell populations studied. In pancreatic tumors established in NOD SCID mice, c-Met inhibitors slowed tumor growth and reduced the population of CSCs when given alone or in combination with gemcitabine. Administration of XL184 for 2 weeks after cardiac injection of cancer cells prevented the development of metastases. Conclusions c-Met is a new marker for pancreatic CSCs. It is required for growth and metastasis of pancreatic tumors in mice and is a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
The suppression of Dendroctonus frontalis and subsequent wildfire have an impact on forest stand dynamics

Question: Interacting disturbance effects from Dendroctonus frontalis outbreaks and wildfire are thought to maintain Pinus spp. composition in the southeastern U.S. Our objective was to assess forest composition, structure, and succession following the interaction of two frequently occurring disturbance events in southern Pinus spp. forests: cut-and-leave suppression, a commonly used means for managing D. frontalis outbreaks, and wildfire. Location: Western Gulf Coastal Plain, Louisiana, USA. Method: Pinus taeda stands with cut-and-leave suppression and subsequent wildfire were compared to stands undisturbed by D. frontalis but with the same wildfire events twenty years after Pinus spp. mortality. The woody plant community was assessed in three different size classes and used to predict future forest types with the Forest Vegetation Simulator (50 years). Results: P. taeda is the most abundant (> 50%) species of saw- and poletimber-sizes following cut-and-leave suppression with wildfire and in stands only with fire. Using canonical cor respondence analysis, vegetation assemblages were primarily explained by slope position and elevation (7.6% variation explained). Fire intensity and stand age also accounted for variance in the ordination (4.4% and 3.1%, respectively). Dominant and co-dominant P. taeda forest types were predicted by the model to be the most abundant forest types in each disturbance regime. In addition, new regeneration represents high hazard for future mortality from D. frontalis. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that cut-and-leave suppression with additional wildfire disturbance maintains P. taeda composition, and does not alter forest composition differently from stands receiving only wildfire. As a result, predicted Pinus spp. basal area under both disturbances is great enough to facilitate future bark beetle disturbance.
Multi-population comparison of resource exploitation by island foxes: Implications for conservation

Imperiled island foxes are inherently resource-limited by their insular ecology. We examined food use on all 6 islands where they occur to assess resource exploitation patterns. Over 40 different food items were identified with item use varying among islands. Sixteen items occurred with ≥10% frequency in annual fox diets: deer mice, birds, lizards, beetles, beetle larvae, Jerusalem crickets, silk-spinning sand crickets, grasshoppers, earwigs, snails, and fruits of toyon, manzanita, prickly pear cactus, ice plant, Australian saltbush, and summer holly. Foxes used a diversity of food items with variations among islands attributable to island-specific availabilities. Deer mice in particular appeared to be preferred. Foxes also exhibited extensive use of non-native items, such as ice plant fruits, European snails, and earwigs, and foxes may even be dependent on these items on some islands. To increase food security and promote population stability, we recommend (1) continuing and enhancing habitat restoration efforts on all islands, (2) increasing the abundance of native items in association with any removals of non-native species used by foxes, and (3) monitoring annual trends in abundance of key food items as well as periodic monitoring of item use by foxes to determine functional responses to changes in item availability.
Differences in long-term survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites and variceal bleed.

Objective: To compare the survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for refractory ascites and variceal bleed, and to identify the factors predictive of survival. Methods: Single tertiary center, retrospective-prospective study. Chart review was performed on all patients who underwent TIPS between 1993 and 2000 and prospective follow-up to determine survival. Pre- and post-TIPS clinical parameters were compared and Kaplan–Meier analysis was applied to compare the survival of both groups. Cox regression was used to identify predictors of survival after TIPS. Results: A total of 163 patients were included, 62 with refractory ascites and 101 with variceal bleed. Both groups had similar age (48.2 vs 48.9 year; P = 0.65) and consisted of predominantly Caucasians (51%) and Mexican-Americans (39%). More than 75% had chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease or both. Overall, the median survival was significantly better for variceal bleed (2 years) compared with refractory ascites (6 months) (P < 0.001). This survival advantage persisted in patients with Mayo risk score greater than 1.17. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt improved severe ascites in 45% of patients (P = 0.03). Mayo risk score was highly predictive of survival after TIPS with a hazard ratio of 2.3, followed by Child–Pugh score, creatinine, albumin and ethnicity, with better survival among Mexican-Americans. Shunt dysfunction (31%) and hepatic encephalopathy (27%) were the most common complications of TIPS. Conclusions: Patients who received TIPS for variceal bleed had significantly longer survival compared with those for refractory ascites. Mexican-Americans had an improved long-term survival compared with Caucasians. The reason for this ethnic difference in survival is unclear and warrants further prospective evaluation.
Robust differential asynchronous nanoelectronic circuits

Nanoelectronic design faces unprecedented reliability challenges and must achieve noise immunity and delay insensitiveness in the presence of prevalent defects and significan parametric variations. Asynchronous circuits have the great potential to achieve delay insensitive, high performance and low power nanoelectronic design, while the existing asynchronous circuits do not guarantee logic and timing correctness in the presence of glitches. In this paper, I propose robust differential asynchronous (RDA) circuits, which combine asynchronous circuits for delay insensitiveness, differential logic for redundancy, and error detection codes for resilience. Theoretical analysis and SPICE simulation based on 22nm CMOS Predictive Technology Models show that the proposed RDA circuits achieve much enhanced reliability in (1) logic correctness at the event of a single bit soft error or common multiple bit soft errors by differential logic and error detection codes, and (2) timing correctness for any delay variation given physical proximity of the circuit components, with comparable area overhead to existing asynchronous circuits.
An Analysis of American Journal of Epidemiology Citations with Special Reference to Statistics and Social Science

In an effort to inform the ongoing discussion about the purpose, purview, theoretical orientation, and viability of epidemiology, this paper considers the contemporary epistemological foundations of the discipline by analyzing article citations. Two principal questions are the following: 1) What research do American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE) authors rely on to support, inform, and frame their investigations? and 2) to what extent do such authors use social scientific and statistical citations? The data used appear to be superior to those used in previous efforts because they contain complete citations for all articles published, along with complete within-article citations, for all AJE articles published from January 1981 to December 2002. The most frequent AJE citations are statistically oriented works. About 9% of citations are to AJE articles, 15% are to a larger set of eight epidemiologic journals, 15% are to a select set of eight medical journals, 3% are to (bio)statistics journals, and just 0.2% are to social science journals. Trend analysis reveals little change during the 22-year study period. The principal implication is that AJE authors are overlooking a vast literature that could inform their understanding of how exposures emerge and are maintained.
SLITRK5, a protein that links striatal deficits to OCD-like behaviours in mice.

Slitrk5 deficiency impairs corticostriatal circuitry and leads to obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors in mice Shmelkov et al. (2010) Nature Medicine 16(5): 598–602
Practical realization of deeply subwavelength multilayer metal-dielectric nanostructures based on InGaAsP (Presentation Recording)

Using established nanofabrication techniques, we realize deeply subwavelength multilayer metal-dielectric nanostructures composed of silver and indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP). In contrast to most, if not all, subwavelength multilayer metal-dielectric systems to date, the Bloch vector of the fabricated structure is parallel to the plane of the substrate, making it suitable for waveguide integration. InGaAsP multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are epitaxially grown on InP normal to the Bloch vector of the resulting multilayer. The associated carrier population of the MQWs allows for active control of the behavior of the nanostructure via external optical pumping. Individual layer thicknesses of 30nm are repeatedly achieved via electron-beam lithography, reactive ion etching of InGaAsP, and sputter deposition of silver. Resulting 60nm periods of the one-dimensional periodic structure are 25 times smaller than telecommunication wavelengths in vacuum. The realized multilayer nanostructures hold promise as a platform for active and tunable hyperbolic metamaterials at telecommunication frequencies.
Reframing Teach for America: A Conceptual Framework for the Next Generation of Scholarship.

In this article, we advance a conceptual framework for the study of Teach For America (TFA) as a political and social movement with implicit and explicit ideological and political underpinnings. We argue that the second branch of TFA’s mission statement, which maintains that TFA’s greatest point of influence in public education is not in classrooms, but in its facilitation of entry into leadership positions aimed at reshaping public schooling, can be better understood in terms of the organization’s: a) infusion of “policy entrepreneurs” into educational policymaking processes; b) cultivation of powerful networks of elite interests; c) promotion of “corporate” models of managerial leadership; and, d) racial and social class identities of its corps members that facilitate entry into leadership and policy networks. Our framework is informed by the extant research literature on TFA, interview data from more than 150 alumni and corps members, and our observations of TFA’s 20th Anniversary Summit in Washington, D.C., as an illustrative case of TFA’s messaging and general orientation toward educational reform. We conclude that this framework can help illuminate under-examined political and ideological motivations behind the organization’s activities.
Reaction-Product Velocity-Measurements for the O-16+O-16 and C-12+NE-20 Systems

The average Doppler shifts of characteristic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from nuclei produced in the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ reactions have been measured. Recoil velocities deduced from these data are shown to be sensitive to the heavy-ion reaction mechanism. Possible signatures of fusion-evaporation, direct-transfer or inelastic scattering, deep inelastic, and incomplete fusion processes are discussed.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{16}\mathrm{O}(^{16}\mathrm{O},x)$; ${E}_{1\mathrm{ab}}=55\ensuremath{-}85$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}(^{20}\mathrm{Ne},x)$; ${E}_{1\mathrm{ab}}=20\ensuremath{-}45$ MeV; $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray Doppler shifts measured; reaction mechanisms discussed.]
Effects of sublethal levels of DDT, malathion and mercury on tissue proteins ofSarotherodon mossambicus (Peters)

Liver and muscle total proteins declined inSarotherodon mossambicus subjected to sublethal concentrations of ddt, malathion and mercury. The results indicate their role in maintenance of energy supply irrespective of the nature of the toxicant. The qualitative variations in serum protein pattern also support the quantitative changes in tissues.
A test of the ΔS=ΔQ selection rule in Ke30 decay

An optical spark chamber experiment has been performed to test the validity of the ΔS=ΔQ weak-interaction selection rule for the decay\(K^0 (\bar K^0 ) \to \pi ^ \pm e^ \pm \nu \). Analysis of the time distribution of 342 decays has given the complex ratiox of the ΔS=−ΔQ to ΔS=ΔQ amplitudes to be Rex=−0.13±0.11 and Imx=−0.04±0.16 which is consistent with no violation of the ΔS=ΔQ rule.
Compliance, Noncompliance, and Negativism

The disposition to comply with the requests of others typically appears early in life. It emerges without extensive training in a responsive social environment (Stay ton, Hogan, & Ains worth, 1971) and appears to develop in the context of the infant’s preferential interest in social interaction, imitation, and social-communicative transactions. As infants begin to integrate sensorimotor schemas, they develop the ability to selectively attend and to develop synchronous patterns of interaction with their caregivers. The earliest forms of compliance probably arise as infants begin to differentially regulate their gaze in response to adults. These social-communicative transactions appear to be important prerequisites for language development (Bruner, 1975). The infant is an important participant in this process as he or she begins to organize experience and action. As infants enter the second year of life, their increasing differentiation and autonomy also give rise to the capacity to oppose the will of others. This process is an important developmental phenomenon that implies increasing cognitive sophistication, ability, and continued social engagement. Compliance and other prosocial and self-regulatory behaviors become increasingly differentiated over the course of development (Kopp, 1982).
Spore Dispersal in Ectomycorrhizal Fungi at Fine and Regional Scales

The influence of life history traits on the dispersal of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi is reviewed. Spores are liberated from aboveground (epigeous) sporocarps through either ballistosporic discharge down to the ground (Basidiomycota) or bursting of asci up into the air (Ascomycota). Recent studies have shown that many spores fall close to the source sporocarp, increasing the probability of germinants coming into contact with compatible host roots and mating types but also potential competitors. Spores of both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are also transported via wind, becoming increasingly diffuse with distance. Ascospores can establish new individuals from single spores as homokaryons, but a diffuse spore rain can reduce the chance for establishing dikaryons in new locations for Basidiomycota. Spores dispersed via mycophagist animals (hypogeous fungi, but also epigeous fungi such as Suillus) are transported to new locations in fecal material that can contain millions of spores and abundant compatible mating types. A few species in Suillus and Laccaria/Hydnagium are known to produce dikaryotic spores that can establish new individuals from single spores. Some species produce dormant sexual spores (Rhizopogon) or asexual chlamydospores (Wilcoxina) and sclerotia (Cenococcum). These propagules can build up over time as a resistant propagule bank in soils. Fungi that produce dormant propagules contribute to EcM success in early successional settings and help these fungi coinvade new locations with their hosts.
The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Delinquency Across Urban and Rural Contexts: Using a Genetically Informed Design to Identify Environmental Risk

An extensive line of research has demonstrated that low socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for adolescent delinquent behavior. The possibility that low SES affects adolescent’s risk for engaging in delinquent behavior has garnered a significant amount of empirical and public attention, given its implications for delinquency prevention. However, few studies have examined the association between low SES and delinquent behavior across urban and rural contexts in the United States. Moreover, much is unknown about the strength of the association between low SES and delinquency across urban and rural context after controlling for common genetic liabilities that often cluster within different levels of SES. The present study aimed to address these existing gaps in the literature by conducting a genetically informed analysis of sibling pairs from a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth. The results revealed that shared environmental factors accounted for 17% of the population variation in adoles...
Improving the Informed Consent Process in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Patient, Caregiver, and Provider Perspectives.

Abstract One of the significant modifications to the Common Rule is the requirement that prospective participants be given information sufficient for a "reasonable person." However, research is limited on what types of information patients, caregivers, and providers consider "key information." Although certain aspects of informed consent (IC) may be considered standard, considering the individualized needs and preferences of patients is necessary for patient-centered consent. In this study, we qualitatively examined the specific types of information that patients and caregivers involved in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), as well as their providers, believe to be important and necessary as part of the IC process to make a decision about participating in clinical research; and further, how these perspectives are aligned. Our findings suggest opportunities for improving the IC document and process by emphasizing information of importance to patients, such as the benefits to others and contributions to science that are associated with participation in clinical research. Furthermore, increasing patient engagement during the IC process may allow providers to streamline information that is aligned with patient information needs and preferences.
Glass walls and glass ceilings: the case of public procurement

While there has been some progress at the federal level in terms of addressing gender pay inequalities and promotional opportunities for women, it is not fully clear whether this trend is replicated at the state and local levels. Examining the sub-national level of government, this research attempts to determine if women are being paid less than men, and even in those occupations considered 'pink collar' (nursing, teaching, etc.) are women still segregated in lower level positions? To this end, this research examines pay differentials and positional demographics within state and local government purchasing. The main contribution that this research makes is located in the fact that a gender pay gap (glass ceiling) across positions and gender positional segregation within traditional 'pink collar' jobs are still serious concerns at the state and local level of government in the USA.
"They Will Leave You Lost": Experiences of a Gifted Black Male with a Traumatic Brain Injury.

An increased body of research on twice exceptionality provides insight on recruitment and retention issues concerning gifted students with dis/abilities, particularly those with specific learning dis/abilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or autism spectrum disorder. However, little research on twice exceptionality incorporates intersecting identities (i.e., race and gender) or twice exceptionality with other dis/ability categories (i.e., traumatic brain injuries). The current study provides a case analysis that examines the intersection identities of a gifted Black male student with a traumatic brain injury. Findings from qualitative interviews indicate that while giftedness greatly shaped his perspective, the onset of his traumatic brain injury created an increasing number of challenges for him in his educational pursuits.
Learning procedures from examples and by doing

This paper describes a program that learns procedures by examining worked-out examples in a textbook and bv working problems two kinds of production (If-then) rules are created: working forward rules that produce an action when a proceduie is executed and difference rules that suggest operators from observed transformations. Dining example learning, the program examines two states in an example, fig tires out the operator that produced the second state and creates a production with some part ot the first line in the condition with the operator-tor in the action. During learning by working problems, the program generates its own example trace by problem solving and uses the same example learning techniques.
Scale-Free Superiority, Egocentric Bias and Network Centrality Heuristics in Social Graph Learning

This study examined factors predicted to affect how well the connections between people would be learned in a social graph learning task. Participants learned “who is friends with whom” in three social graphs of varying internal structure. The description of the task was varied between subjects. The structure of the graph predicted how quickly knowledge of the graph was acquired. Scale-free graphs were acquired more quickly than random graphs and “caveman” graphs. The surface description of the task had little or no effect on the speed of acquisition. Framing the task such that it seemed more personally relevant did not augment performance. Neither did making the task (hypothetically) survival-relevant to the learner. Nevertheless, within a graph, participants displayed egocentric bias in their attention and learning – they learned best about relationships which involved a node labeled “You.” Additionally, participants employed network centrality heuristics. They learned best about relationships involving nodes of extreme network centrality – those nodes that were either extremely well-connected or poorly-connected to the rest of the graph.
Intrinsic measurements of exciton transport in photovoltaic cells

Organic photovoltaic cells are partiuclarly sensitive to exciton harvesting and are thus, a useful platform for the characterization of exciton diffusion. While device photocurrent spectroscopy can be used to extract the exciton diffusion length, this method is frequently limited by unknown interfacial recombination losses. We resolve this limitation and demonstrate a general, device-based photocurrent-ratio measurement to extract the intrinsic diffusion length. Since interfacial losses are not active layer specific, a ratio of the donor- and acceptor-material internal quantum efficiencies cancels this quantity. We further show that this measurement permits extraction of additional device-relevant information regarding exciton relaxation and charge separation processes. The generality of this method is demonstrated by measuring exciton transport for both luminescent and dark materials, as well as for small molecule and polymer active materials and semiconductor quantum dots. Thus, we demonstrate a broadly applicable device-based methodology to probe the intrinsic active material exciton diffusion length.
What Happens After You Leak Your Password: Understanding Credential Sharing on Phishing Sites

Phishing has been a big concern due to its active roles in recent data breaches and state-sponsored attacks. While existing works have extensively analyzed phishing websites and their operations, there is still a limited understanding of the information sharing flows throughout the end-to-end phishing process. In this paper, we perform an empirical measurement on the transmission and sharing of stolen login credentials. Over 5 months, our measurement covers more than 179,000 phishing URLs (47,000 live phishing sites). First, we build a measurement tool to feed fake credentials to live phishing sites. The goal is to monitor how the credential information is shared with the phishing server and potentially third-party collectors on the client side. Second, we obtain phishing kits from a subset of phishing sites to analyze how credentials are sent to attackers and third-parties on the server side. Third, we set up honey accounts to monitor the post-phishing exploitation activities from attackers. Our study reveals the key mechanisms for information sharing during phishing, particularly with third-parties. We also discuss the implications of our results for phishing defenses.
The world during the First World War

This volume is a collection of articles based on presentations at a symposium held 28–30 October 2013 at the Herrenhausen Palace in Hanover, Germany. Its purpose is to provide a global perspective ...
DOES PHYSICAL FUNCTION RESPONSE TO INTENTIONAL WEIGHT LOSS IN OLDER ADULTS VARY BY SEX-GENDER?

The purpose of this study is to explore whether the effect of intentional weight loss on physical function in older adults varies by sex/gender. Individual level data from 1369 older, (67.7±5.4 years), obese (BMI: 33.9±4.4 kg/m2), adults (30% male, 21% African American) who participated in eight randomized controlled trials of weight loss were pooled. All studies were 5-6 months in duration and collected baseline demographic and pre/post gait speed (n=1296), short physical performance battery (SPPB; n=866), and grip strength (n=401) data. Treatment effects were generated by weight loss assignment [weight loss (WL; n=764) versus non-weight loss (NWL; n=605)], as well as categorical amount of weight change (high loss: >-7%, moderate loss: -7 to -3%, and weight gain/stability: <-3%). Analyses were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, study, education, baseline BMI, and baseline value of the outcome measure of interest. Sex/gender stratified results were presented if the interaction term was p≤0.10. A sex/gender*weight loss assignment interaction was observed for SPPB (p=0.07), with women experiencing greater weight loss-associated improvement in SPPB score (WL: 0.42±0.08 versus NWL: 0.10±0.09; p=0.02) compared to men (WL: 0.30±0.11 versus NWL: 0.30±0.13). A sex/gender*weight loss amount interaction was observed for grip strength (p=0.05), with no difference observed across categories in women; however, greatest grip strength improvement was seen in men experiencing moderate weight loss compared to high loss and weight gain/stability categories. Weight loss-associated improvement in SPPB score is greater in women than men; grip strength gains in men are greatest among those achieving moderate weight loss.
A self-checking treatment couch coordinate calculation system in radiotherapy.

PURPOSE Traditionally, the treatment couch coordinates (TCCs) for patients undergoing radiotherapy can only be determined at the time of treatment, placing pressure on the treating therapists and leaving several pathways for errors such as wrong-site treatment or wrong treatment table shift from a reference point. The purpose of this work is to propose an accurate, robust, and streamlined system that calculates TCC in advance. METHODS The proposed system combines the advantages of two different calculation methods that use an indexed immobilization device. The first method uses an array of reference ball bearings (BBs) embedded in the CT scanner's couch-top. To obtain the patient-specific TCC, the spatial offset of the treatment planning isocenter from the reference BB is used. The second method performs a calculation using the one-to-one mapping relationship between the CT scanner's DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) coordinate system and the TCC system. Both methods use a reference point in the CT coordinate system to correlate a point in the TCC system to perform the coordinate transfer between the two systems. Both methods were used to calculate the TCC and the results were checked against each other, creating an integrated workflow via automated self-checking. The accuracy of the calculation system was retrospectively evaluated with 275 patients, where the actual treatment position determined with cone-beam CT was used as a reference. RESULTS An efficient workflow transparent to the therapists at both CT simulation and treatment was created. It works with any indexed immobilization device and can be universally applied to all treatment sites. The two methods had comparable accuracy, with 95% of the calculations within 3 mm. The inter-fraction variation was within ± 1.0 cm for 95% of the coordinates across all the treatment sites. CONCLUSIONS A robust, accurate, and streamlined system was implemented to calculate TCCs in advance. It eases the pressure on the treating therapists, reduces patient setup time, and enhances the patient safety by preventing setup errors.
Physiology and pregnancy of beef cattle

Abstract The establishment of pregnancy early in the breeding season is critical for lifetime production and longevity of a female in a beef herd. More specifically, a beef heifer should attain puberty prior to the breeding season, exhibit normal estrous cycles, ovulate a gamete capable of being fertilized, form a blastocyst capable of signaling its presence to the dam, complete placentation, initiate parturition. and return to cyclicity postpartum. The preceding physiological events during gestation are complex and occur over an extended period of time. Any interruption to these events can result in pregnancy failure and reproductive loss. The purpose of this chapter is to review the physiological mechanisms controlling the onset of puberty, estrous cycle, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, parturition, and postpartum anestrus in beef cattle.
Introduction to Part III: What Is a Leader?

The role of a leader is to unlock the possibilities within each individual, be the nexus of information for their surroundings, and communicate ideas verbally and nonverbally to make the entire team stronger. Energy strategist is an emerging leadership role for those who wish to grapple with the realities of sustainability and climate change. These leaders need to tame the ambiguous uncertainties of a company’s exposure to climate risks over decade-long time horizons and help define a new vision for the future. Although energy subject matter expertise is necessary to understand technical tradeoffs, leadership skills are just as important to mobilize a team to operationalize decisions. Part III explores concepts of organizations, decision-making, and communication in three chapters.
Dynamic visualization of large scale tactical network simulations

Network simulations are widely used for evaluating network functionality and protocols. Large scale network simulations in particular, produce huge amounts of data, making automatic data visualization tools extremely useful. Visual network analysis tools are capable of bringing the salient network performance metrics to the forefront revealing hidden relationships between different entities. This paper describes a custom visualization framework for rapid visual analysis of performance metrics in tactical network simulations. By utilizing network data gathered via the ns-3 simulator, a series of analytical tests using this framework have been conducted. Results from these tests indicate the usefulness of such a visualization framework when studying large scale network topologies.
2D Materials: Molybdenum Disulfide for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a 2D semiconducting dichalcogenide material with a bandgap of 1.8–1.9 eV, has demonstrated promise for future use in field-effect transistors and optoelectronics. Various approaches have been used for MoS2 processing, the most common being chemical vapor deposition. During chemical vapor deposition, precursors such as Mo, MoO3, and MoCl5 have been used to form a vapor reaction with sulfur, resulting in thin films of MoS2. Currently, MoO3 ribbons and powder and MoCl5 powder have been used. In addition, sputtering of Mo produces continuous MoS2 films as well. Here we compare the structural properties of MoS2 grown by sulfurization of pulse vapor deposited MoO3 and Mo precursor films. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results demonstrate uniform and continuous film growth for the MoS2 films produced from Mo when compared to the films produced from MoO3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that both precursors produce MoS2 films that were stoichiometric and had ~7–8 layers in thickness. We also found that, like other reports, infiltrating reduced graphene oxide during the sulfurization process increases MoS2 grain growth. Correlations between Mo and MoO3 layers and resulting 2D MoS2 film chemistry and structure are discussed.
Contextual Prejudice: How Occupational Context and Stereotypes Shape Bias against Gay and Lesbian Employees:

While much research provides evidence that gay men and lesbians are discriminated against in the U.S. labor force, the contexts in which such bias is enhanced or reduced, or the mechanisms behind i...