cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of oligonucleotides containing N2-(5-carboxypentyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine and 5-[2-(4'-methyl-2,2'-dipyrid-4-yl-carboxamido)ethylthio]-2'-deoxyuridine

Abstract Synthesis of 2′-deoxyguanosine tethered at N-2 to a carboxypentyl group and 2′-deoxyuridine tethered through C-5 to a bipyridine is described. The modified nucleosides were converted to the corresponding phosphoramidites and incorporated into mono- and di-modified oligonucleotides. The carboxypentyl group was introduced in the ester form into oligonucleotides and recovered by hydrolysis with aqueous triethylamine.
Academic library reference service for the publications of municipal, state, and federal government; A historical perspective spanning the years up to 1962

Abstract The literature of government publications in academic libraries is well represented by articles discussing their selection, acquisition, distribution, bibliography, and classification and cataloging. Reference service, especially its history, has received comparatively less attention, which is perhaps understandable due to the scattered and sporadic nature of the source material. This article attempts to survey the history of academic reference service among government publications, delimit the scope of the subject, and suggest that the service merits further research and investigation.
Autonomic Peripheral Neuropathy

Most generalized peripheral polyneuropathies are accompanied by clinical or subclinical autonomic dysfunction. There is a group of peripheral neuropathies in which the small or unmyelinated fibers are selectively targeted. In these neuropathies, autonomic dysfunction is the most prominent manifestation. The features associated with an autonomic neuropathy include impairment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital, thermoregulatory, sudomotor, and pupillomotor autonomic function.
Measurements of Unsteady Vortex Flowfields

A combined surface hot film and laser velocimeter measurement technique has been developed for the study of time-dependent turbulent flows. Data obtained in a compressible cylinder wake (M(sub infinity) = 0.6) are presented, and its structure in both the Eulerian and Lagrangian frames is discussed. Turbulence data obtained by conventional and phase averaging of the velocity fluctuations provide details of the small- and large-scale contributions to the total turbulent field.
Laboratory measurements of the Ka-band (7.5 mm to 9.2 mm) opacity of phosphine (PH3) and ammonia (NH3) under simulated conditions for the Cassini-Saturn encounter

Abstract Recently, a model for the centimeter-wavelength opacity of PH3 under conditions characteristic of the outer planets was developed by Hoffman et al. (2001, PhD thesis), based on centimeter wavelength laboratory measurements. New laboratory measurements have been conducted which show that this model is also accurate at low pressures and temperatures, and at millimeter wavelengths such as will be employed in Cassini Ka-band (9.3 mm) radio occultation studies. The opacity of PH3 in a hydrogen/helium (H2/He) atmosphere has been measured at frequencies in the Ka-band region at 32.7 GHz (9.2 mm), 35.6 GHz (8.4 mm), 37.7 GHz (8.0 mm), and 39.9 GHz (7.5 mm) at pressures of 0.5, 1, and 2 bar and at temperatures of 295, 209, and 188 K. Additionally, new high-precision laboratory measurements of the opacity of NH3 in an H2/He atmosphere have been conducted under the same temperature and pressure conditions described for PH3. These new measurements better constrain the NH3 opacity model supporting use of a Ben-Reuven lineshape model. These measurements will also elucidate the interpretation of millimeter wavelength observations conducted with the NRAO/VLA at 43 GHz (7 mm).
Dynamics of capillary drying in water.

We use atomistic simulations to address the question when capillary evaporation of water confined in a hydrocarbonlike slit is kinetically viable. Activation barriers and absolute rates of evaporation are estimated using open ensemble Monte Carlo--umbrella sampling and molecular dynamics simulations. At ambient conditions, the evaporation rate in a water film four molecular diameters thick is found to be of the order ${10}^{5}({\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}^{2}\text{ }\mathrm{s}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, meaning that water readily evaporates. Films more than a few nanometers thick will persist in a metastable liquid state. Dissolved atmospheric gas molecules do not significantly decrease the activation barrier.
Feedback from First Radiation Sources: H– Photodissociation

During the epoch of reionization, the formation of radiation sources is accompanied by the growth of a H- photodissociating flux. We estimate the impact of this flux on the formation of molecular hydrogen and cooling in the first galaxies, assuming different types of radiation sources (e.g., Population II and Population III stars, miniquasars). We find that H- photodissociation reduces the formation of H2 molecules by a factor of Fs ~ 1 + 103ksxfδ-1, where x is the mean ionized fraction in the intergalactic medium, fesc is the fraction of ionizing photons that escape from their progenitor halos, δ is the local gas overdensity, and ks is an order unity constant that depends on the type of radiation source. By the time a significant fraction of the universe becomes ionized, H- photodissociation may significantly reduce the H2 abundance and, with it, the primordial star formation rate, delaying the progress of reionization.
Channel Length Scaling of MoS2 MOSFETs

In this article, we investigate electrical transport properties in ultrathin body (UTB) MoS2 two-dimensional (2D) crystals with channel lengths ranging from 2 μm down to 50 nm. We compare the short channel behavior of sets of MOSFETs with various channel thickness, and reveal the superior immunity to short channel effects of MoS2 transistors. We observe no obvious short channel effects on the device with 100 nm channel length (Lch) fabricated on a 5 nm thick MoS2 2D crystal even when using 300 nm thick SiO2 as gate dielectric, and has a current on/off ratio up to ∼109. We also observe the on-current saturation at short channel devices with continuous scaling due to the carrier velocity saturation. Also, we reveal the performance limit of short channel MoS2 transistors is dominated by the large contact resistance from the Schottky barrier between Ni and MoS2 interface, where a fully transparent contact is needed to achieve a high-performance short channel device.
Assembly of the gephyrotoxin ring system via a [4+1] approach to 3-pyrrolines

Abstract Heating azidodienes 19 at 70°C produced the tricyclic 3-pyrrolines 20 and 21 in one operation. The diastereoselectivity of this process was examined, and found to be controlled by the conformation of the cyclization precursor. Compound 20d incorporates the basic features of gephyrotoxin 3 .
Spherical Lagrangians via ball packings and symplectic cutting

In this paper, we prove the connectedness of symplectic ball packings in the complement of a spherical Lagrangian, $$S^{2}$$ or $$\mathbb{RP }^{2}$$ , in symplectic manifolds that are rational or ruled. Via a symplectic cutting construction, this is a natural extension of McDuff’s connectedness of ball packings in other settings and this result has applications to several different questions: smooth knotting and unknottedness results for spherical Lagrangians, the transitivity of the action of the symplectic Torelli group, classifying Lagrangian isotopy classes in the presence of knotting, and detecting Floer-theoretically essential Lagrangian tori in the del Pezzo surfaces.
What Happens When the Technology Growth Trend Changes? Transition Dynamics, Capital Growth, and the “New Economy”

Abstract This paper considers transition dynamics associated with a change in the rate of technological progress, using a general equilibrium framework that incorporates stochastic technology growth trends. The model suggests that these dynamics are associated with protracted transition periods, especially when technology growth is capital-embodied. Simulations of the post-WWII U.S. economy show that the model's propagation mechanism is capable of explaining a significant portion of variation in observed growth rates, particularly for investment, capital accumulation, and employment. The simulations suggest that positive shocks to the trend rate of technology growth in the mid-1980s and early 1990s were precursors to the productivity acceleration of the late 1990s. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E32, E22, O40.
Some coasian problems with posnerian law and economics

The methodological approaches of Ronald Coase and Richard Posner are compared and contrasted with regard to microeconomic theory and its application to law and economics. The central divide is whether positive transaction cost requires a major reworking of the core of neoclassical price theory (Coase: yes; Posner: no). Evidence is provided by examining the basic price theory tools (demand curve, demand/supply model) that Posner uses in Chapter 1 of his treatise Economic Analysis of Law and their application in Chapter 11 to labor and employment law. It is demonstrated that these tools and derivative conclusions about labor law are not robust with respect to variation in transaction cost and the institutional structure of production. Hence, standard price theory is subject to irreducible indeterminacy and the welfare effects of labor and employment law can only be decided on empirical grounds, thus supporting the position of Coase and original institutionalists over Posner.
Metallicities of Young Open Clusters. I. NGC 7160 and NGC 2232

We present a moderate-resolution spectroscopic analysis of the 10-25?Myr clusters NGC?7160 and NGC?2232 using observations obtained with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope. Both NGC?7160 and NGC?2232 are found to have super-solar metallicities, with a mean [Fe/H] = 0.16 ? 0.03 (s.e.m.) for NGC?7160, and 0.22 ? 0.09 (s.e.m.) or 0.32 ? 0.08 for NGC?2232, depending on the adopted temperature scale. NGC?7160 exhibits solar distributions of Na, Fe-peak, and ?-elements. NGC?2232 is underabundant in light elements Al and Si, by ~0.25 and ~0.15?dex, respectively; [Ni/Fe] is roughly solar. The abundance of lithium in NGC?2232 stars is in agreement with undepleted values reported for other cluster main-sequence stars. Our abundances are similar to other metal-rich open clusters and Galactic thin and thick disk stars.
Bioorthogonal chemistry: strategies and recent developments

The use of covalent chemistry to track biomolecules in their native environment—a focus of bioorthogonal chemistry—has received considerable interest recently among chemical biologists and organic chemists alike. To facilitate wider adoption of bioorthogonal chemistry in biomedical research, a central effort in the last few years has been focused on the optimization of a few known bioorthogonal reactions, particularly with respect to reaction kinetics improvement, novel genetic encoding systems, and fluorogenic reactions for bioimaging. During these optimizations, three strategies have emerged, including the use of ring strain for substrate activation in the cycloaddition reactions, the discovery of new ligands and privileged substrates for accelerated metal-catalysed reactions, and the design of substrates with pre-fluorophore structures for rapid “turn-on” fluorescence after selective bioorthogonal reactions. In addition, new bioorthogonal reactions based on either modified or completely unprecedented reactant pairs have been reported. Finally, increasing attention has been directed toward the development of mutually exclusive bioorthogonal reactions and their applications in multiple labeling of a biomolecule in cell culture. In this feature article, we wish to present the recent progress in bioorthogonal reactions through the selected examples that highlight the above-mentioned strategies. Considering increasing sophistication in bioorthogonal chemistry development, we strive to project several exciting opportunities where bioorthogonal chemistry can make a unique contribution to biology in the near future.
Modeling and Automated Containment of Worms

Self-propagating codes, called worms, such as Code Red, Nimda, and Slammer, have drawn significant attention due to their enormously adverse impact on the Internet. Thus, there is great interest in the research community in modeling the spread of worms and in providing adequate defense mechanisms against them. In this paper, we present a (stochastic) branching process model for characterizing the propagation of Internet worms. The model is developed for uniform scanning worms and then extended to preference scanning worms. This model leads to the development of an automatic worm containment strategy that prevents the spread of a worm beyond its early stage. Specifically, for uniform scanning worms, we are able to 1) provide a precise condition that determines whether the worm spread will eventually stop and 2) obtain the distribution of the total number of hosts that the worm infects. We then extend our results to contain preference scanning worms. Our strategy is based on limiting the number of scans to dark-address space. The limiting value is determined by our analysis. Our automatic worm containment schemes effectively contain both uniform scanning worms and local preference scanning worms, and it is validated through simulations and real trace data to be nonintrusive. We also show that our worm strategy, when used with traditional firewalls, can be deployed incrementally to provide worm containment for the local network and benefit the Internet.
A study of 2 mc/s ionospheric absorption measurements at high latitudes

Abstract Ionospheric absorption at high latitudes is studied using the published data on 2.0 mc /s at five Canadian stations during the years 1957 and 1958. The seasonal and diurnal variations are considered and it is found that a pronounced winter anomaly in noon absorption occurs at Churchill but not at Resolute Bay. The diurnal variations indicate that the dependence of absorption on solar zenith angle decreases with increase of latitude. The distribution of midnight absorption with latitude shows that, although the maximum occurs in the auroral zone, high absorption is also encountered over the polar cap. A study of the duration of long lasting blackouts shows that in summer the duration is longer as the latitude increases.
AN ISOMORPHISM BETWEEN SCALAR-VALUED MODULAR FORMS AND MODULAR FORMS FOR WEIL REPRESENTATIONS

In this paper, we consider discriminant forms that are given by the norm form of real quadratic fields and their induced Weil representations. We prove that there exists an isomorphism between the space of vector-valued modular forms for the Weil representations that are invariant under the action of the automorphism group and the space of scalar-valued modular forms that satisfy some \(\epsilon \)-condition, with which we translate Borcherds’s theorem of obstructions to scalar-valued modular forms. In the end, we consider an example in the case of level \(12\).
Combustion behavior and flame structure of XM46 liquid propellant

This investigation was focused on the combustion behavior of XM46. The regression rate of XM46 has been characterized up to 207 MPa, displaying a complex burning behavior with both negative pressure exponent and plateaulike behavior. The e ame structure displayed three different stages: 1 ) nearly simultaneous decomposition of both hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and triethanol ammonium nitrate initiating in the liquid to produce gases around 300 ±C, 2) breakdown of heavy opaque intermediate molecules into transparent species, and 3 ) reaction of transparent species to form e nal products in the luminous e ame. The feeding tests showed peculiar e ashback phenomena, believed to be related to the interaction between gas-phase radicals and unburned liquid propellant. Pyrolysis tests of XM46 were conducted in a specially designed pyrolyzer used in conjunction with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. The major pyrolysis products observed were NO, N 2O, N2, CO2, CO, H2O, HCN, and C2H4 when pyrolyzed at temperatures between 130 and 540 ± C. The pressure dependency of the burning rate of the HAN-based liquid propellant is highly nonlinear. Water evaporation has a noticeable effect on combustion characteristics of XM46. Gas dissolution/desorption could also affect the burning rate. The type of fuel ingredient was found to have a signie cant effect on the overall burning characteristics.
The distinctly visible right upper lobe bronchus on the lateral chest: a clue to adolescent cystic fibrosis

Radiographic differentiation between cystic fibrosis and asthma presenting in teenagers and young adults can be difficult. Many patients with a late presentation of cystic fibrosis display minimal changes on a chest radiograph. However, a large majority (90%) of cystic fibrosis patients with an essentially normal PA chest radiograph will have a distinctly outlined orifice of right upper lobe bronchus on a lateral chest film as opposed to a small number of asthmatics (25%) or normal patients (18%). This observation correlates well with the pathologic finding that the initial pulmonary involvement in cystic fibrosis is typically in the right upper lobe in adolescents. Teenage or young adult patients presenting with a history of repeated respiratory infections, asthma-like symptoms and a distinctly visible right upper lobe bronchus on a lateral chest film should be sweat-tested to exclude cystic fibrosis.
Climate Change and Damage from Extreme Weather Events

The weather varies, but climate change affects the frequencies with which particular weather occurs, including the frequencies of extreme weather, such as heavy storms, heat waves, and droughts. Mo...
Two-Parameter Quantum Groups and Drinfel'd Doubles

We investigate two-parameter quantum groups corresponding to the general linear and special linear Lie algebras $${\mathfrak{g}}{\mathfrak{l}}_n $$ and $${\mathfrak{s}}{\mathfrak{l}}_n $$ . We show that these quantum groups can be realized as Drinfel'd doubles of certain Hopf subalgebras with respect to Hopf pairings. Using the Hopf pairing, we construct a corresponding R-matrix and a quantum Casimir element. We discuss isomorphisms among these quantum groups and connections with multiparameter quantum groups.
A model for stock returns and volatility

Abstract We prove that Student’s t-distribution provides one of the better fits to returns of S&P component stocks and the generalized inverse gamma distribution best fits VIX and VXO volatility data. We further prove that stock returns are best fit by the product distribution of the generalized inverse gamma and normal distributions. We find Brown noise in VIX and VXO time series and explain the mean and the variance of the relaxation times on approach to the steady-state distribution.
The spectrophotometric determination of uranium by means of the azide ion

Abstract A method has been devised for the spectrophotometric determination of uranium by means of the azide ion. The method possesses several advantages over the various thiocyanate procedures. It has a slightly higher sensitivity, an aqueous medium is used, and the reaction product is more stable. Within the concentration limits tested, Beer's law is obeyed.
Shadow prices for a physician's services

This paper presents a method for determining shadow prices for a physician's services on the basis of actual prices charges. The Ramsey rule is used as the shadow-pricing formula. This is combined with the physician's profit-maximizing condition to produce an expression for the social prices in terms of the price elasticities of demand for the third parties paying for the services. On the basis of implicit estimates of the elasticities for a hospital plastic surgeon in the USA, it was found that roughly half (between 42 and 59 cents of every dollar charged) was not relevant for social-valuation purposes.
An improved synthesis of tetramethylcyclopentadiene

Abstract A two-step synthesis of tetramethylcyclopentadiene, immediate precursor to substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands, has been developed based on a cyclodehydration reaction, providing this material rapidly and in relatively high yield.
Statistical Phylogenetic Tree Analysis Using Differences of Means

We propose a statistical method to test whether two phylogenetic trees with given alignments are significantly incongruent. Our method compares the two distributions of phylogenetic trees given by the input alignments, instead of comparing point estimations of trees. This statistical approach can be applied to gene tree analysis for example, detecting unusual events in genome evolution such as horizontal gene transfer and reshuffling. Our method uses difference of means to compare two distributions of trees, after mapping trees in a vector space. Bootstrapping alignment columns can then be applied to obtain p-values. To compute distances between means, we employ a "kernel method'' which speeds up distance calculations when trees are mapped in a high-dimensional feature space, e.g. splits or quartets feature space. In this pilot study, first we test our statistical method on data sets simulated under a coalescence model, to test whether two alignments are generated by congruent gene trees. We follow our simulation results with applications to various data sets of gophers and lice, grasses and their endophytes, and different fungal genes from the same genome. A companion toolkit, Phylotree, is provided to facilitate computational experiments.
THE USE OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE IN THE TREATMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

Inhalation of N-acetylcysteine improves the pulmonary toilet in cystic fibrosis by decreasing the viscosity of tracheobronchial secretions. Functional pulmonary gains consist of improved vital capacity with diminished functional residual capacity, more even distribution of inspired air, increased respiratory flow rate, increased maximum voluntary ventilation, and decreased respiratory work load. The clinical benefit consists of increased exercise capacity, improved linear growth, and weight gain. Benefit is dependent upon delivery of the aerosol into the trachea in sufficient concentration and upon adequate bronchial drainage after therapy. Without adequate bronchial drainage, gas diffusion difficulties may be superimposed upon obstructive and restrictive lung disease already present.
NON-LOGARITHMIC PROBABILISTIC RATES OF THE OBJECT CONDITION'S UNCERTAINTY AND THE DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOMS’ INFORMATIVITY

Abstract This paper presents the basics of the quasi-information approach to qualitative (multivalued) diagnostic model analysis. Proposed approach consists in introducing non-logarithmic, quantitative rates that describe both the uncertainty of the object's condition and the informativity of symptoms.
Modeling the interaction of light between diffuse surfaces

A method is described which models the interaction of light between diffusely reflecting surfaces. Current light reflection models used in computer graphics do not account for the object-to-object reflection between diffuse surfaces, and thus incorrectly compute the global illumination effects. The new procedure, based on methods used in thermal engineering, includes the effects of diffuse light sources of finite area, as well as the “color-bleeding” effects which are caused by the diffuse reflections. A simple environment is used to illustrate these simulated effects and is presented with photographs of a physical model. The procedure is applicable to environments composed of ideal diffuse reflectors and can account for direct illumination from a variety of light sources. The resultant surface intensities are independent of observer position, and thus environments can be preprocessed for dynamic sequences.
Gold(III)-catalyzed nitrene insertion into aromatic and benzylic C-H groups.

Simple AuCl3 can mediate direct nitrene insertion into aromatic and benzylic C−H groups at room temperature.
Combinatorics of free vertex algebras

This paper illustrates the combinatorial approach to vertex algebra - study of vertex algebras presented by generators and relations. A necessary ingredient of this method is the notion of free vertex algebra. Borcherds \cite{bor} was the first to note that free vertex algebras do not exist in general. The reason for this is that vertex algebras do not form a variety of algebras, because the locality axiom (see sec 2 below) is not an identity. However, a certain subcategory of vertex algebras, obtained by restricting the order of locality of generators, has a universal object, which we call the free vertex algebra corresponding to the given locality bound. In [J. of Algebra, 217(2):496-527] some free vertex algebras were constructed and in certain special cases their linear bases were found. In this paper we generalize this construction and find linear bases of an arbitrary free vertex algebra. It turns out that free vertex algebras are closely related to the vertex algebras corresponding to integer lattices. The latter algebras play a very important role in different areas of mathematics and physics. Here we explore the relation between free vertex algebras and lattice vertex algebras in much detail. These results comply with the use of the word "free" in physical literature refering to some elements of lattice vertex algebras, like in "free field", "free bozon" or "free fermion". Among other things, we find a nice presentation of lattice vertex algebras in terms of generators and relations, thus giving an alternative construction of these algebras without using vertex operators. We remark that our construction works in a very general setting; we do not assume the lattice to be positive definite, neither non-degenerate, nor of a finite rank.
Operation of Multiple Superconducting Energy Doubler Magnets in Series

In order to understand the operational characteristics of the Energy Doubler, we have started a series of experiments designed to be a practical test of running superconducting accelerator magnets in series. We describe two separate tests in which we have powered two Energy Doubler dipoles in series. Of particular interest are the static losses of the cryostats and the behavior of the coils and cryostats during quenches. The results of the tests show that Energy Doubler magnets can be safely operated near their short sample limit, and that the various safety devices used are adequate to protect the coils and the cryostats from damage.
A structural study of premixed tubular flames

Abstract Premixed tubular flames with different fuels (H 2 , CH 4 and C 3 H 8 ) mixed with air are investigated using visible laser-induced spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. Two sets of sub-unity Lewis number H 2 /air flames with Φ = 0.175, k = 145–363 s −1 and Φ = 0.152, k = 127–298 s −1 , respectively, are studied first. The measured temperature and major species profiles show good agreement with numerical simulations using a modified 1-D Oppdif code with the Mueller chemical kinetic mechanism. The measured and predicted extinction strain rates also agree well for all the H 2 /air flames with low Reynolds numbers. Two sets of CH 4 /air tubular flames with near unity Lewis number ( Φ = 0.54, k = 113–137 s −1 and Φ = 0.58, k = 166–257 s −1 , respectively) are studied next. Numerical simulations using various chemical kinetic mechanisms are carried out and compared with the measurements. The measured flame temperature is close to its adiabatic value. For the Φ = 0.54 flame at the near-extinction condition ( k = 137 s −1 ), the measured peak temperature is higher than the predicted value using the Kee chemical kinetic mechanism. Measured data show a large amount of CO exists in the product zone under this condition. This suggests that reaction incompleteness is important for the near-extinction flames. Improvement of the chemical mechanism is needed to produce an accurate prediction. Raman-derived temperature and species profiles of the premixed above-unity Lewis number C 3 H 8 /air tubular flames at Φ = 0.64, k = 131–203 s −1 are also studied. The peak flame temperature measured is approximately 15% lower than its adiabatic value. Discrepancies are found between the measurements and simulations with possible explanations given.
A quantitative method for evaluating the degradation of biologic scaffold materials

Scaffolds derived from naturally occurring extracellular matrix (ECM) have found extensive use in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many of these scaffolds are designed to degrade rapidly as they are replaced by new host tissue. Other scaffolds are chemically crosslinked to slow the rate of degradation or add strength to the scaffold. Commercially available ECM scaffolds have considerable variability with regards to tissue origin and methods of processing, and little is known about their rate of degradation and the fate of their degradation products. A novel method is described herein to integrally label ECM with a radioactive isotope ((14)C). It was found that a number of tissues are efficiently labeled, including heart, liver, trachea, pancreas, small intestine, and urinary bladder tissue. Of the tissues analyzed, only spleen was not found to contain detectable levels of (14)C. The technique is extremely sensitive, accurate, and safe, but requires access to accelerator mass spectrometry, and is expensive and time consuming. This model represents the first described quantitative method to determine the rate of degradation for an ECM scaffold and to track the fate of the degradation products.
Intercultural Transitions in Human Development and Education

Intercultural transitions are alterations that occur in individuals and in their environments as a consequence of contact between cultures. This paper focuses on the life events that children (and the adults in their lives) may face in bridging cultures, the options they are given, the choices they make (or that adults make for them), the circumstances and experiences that accompany these choices, and their consequences. The paper identifies and discusses issues in need of research concerning ways to foster scholastic success and socioemotional well-being in populations that contemporary policies and practices may be putting at risk for school failure and for other forms of marginality. A better understanding of these issues can contribute to the improvement of intergroup relations, and it can be used to enhance the educational development and life chances of individuals from all ethnocultural and linguistic backgrounds.
Phenomenological issues in TeV scale gravity with light neutrino masses

Abstract The possible existence of bulk singlet neutrinos in the scenario with large compactified dimensions and low string scale M ∗ has important consequences for low-energy observables. We demonstrate that intergenerational mass splitting and mixing lead to the effective violation of the lepton universality and flavor changing processes in charged lepton sector. Current experimental constraints push M ∗ to the scale of 10 TeV over most of the interesting range for neutrino mass splitting.
Chiral limit of staggered fermions at strong couplings: A loop representation

Abstract The partition function of two dimensional massless staggered fermions interacting with U(N) gauge fields is rewritten in terms of loop variables in the strong coupling limit. We use this representation of the theory to devise a non-local Metropolis algorithm to calculate the chiral susceptibility. For small lattices our algorithm reproduces exact results quite accurately. Applying this algorithm to large volumes yields rather surprising results. In particular we find m π ≠ 0 for all N and it increases with N . Since the talk was presented we have found reasons to believe that our algorithm breaks down for large volumes questioning the validity of our results.
Rendering Alternative Offerings Less Profitable with Resale Price Maintenance

When it was legal, resale price maintenance (RPM) was commonly observed on items such as aspirin, pens, pencils, toothpaste, soap, shaving cream, and milk. In providing a theory that is based on compensating retailers for their opportunity cost of shelf space, and that does not hinge on the existence of externalities in nonprice competition, this article explains why a manufacturer might impose RPM on these and many other products. By contrast, the use of RPM on food, grocery, and drug store items is not easily explained by standard theories such as free riding on presale services and quality certification by high-priced retailers.
Consciousness, Power and Drug Effects

(1974). Consciousness, Power and Drug Effects. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 67-76.
Perfectly competitive markets as the limits of cournot markets

A perfectly competitive, partial equilibrium market for a single homogeneous good with a (bounded) continuum of infinitesimal firms is considered. Cost functions are essentially unrestricted and are allowed to vary smoothly across firms. A sequence (net) of Cournot markets (each with a finite number of firms) which converge smoothly to the perfectly competitive limit in terms of both the inverse demand functions and the distributioon of firm technologies is introduced and it is shown that all markets sufficiently far along the sequence have a Cournot equilibrium and all the Cournot equilibria converge to the perfectly competitive equilibrium of the limit market.
Consistent estimation for some nonlinear errors-in-variables models

Abstract The issues of identification and estimation of nonlinear errors-in-variables models are explored. The deficiencies of the conventional definition of identification are discussed and an alternative definition in terms of observed samples is suggested. The consistency and asymptotic normality of minimum distance estimators are studied. To simplify the computation, a two-step estimation procedure is also suggested in which a consistent estimate of a subset of parameters is first obtained and treated as if they were known in the second-step estimation of the rest of the parameters. Conditions for the consistency of this two-step estimator and its asymptotic variance–covariance matrix are also derived.
An 8 Mb SRAM in 45 nm SOI Featuring a Two-Stage Sensing Scheme and Dynamic Power Management

This paper describes an 8 Mb SRAM test chip that has been designed and fabricated in a 45 nm Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology. The test chip comprises of sixteen 512 kb instances and is designed for use as the principal compilable one-port embedded-SRAM block in a 45 nm ASIC library. Challenges associated with SRAM cell design in SOI are overcome and resulted in a cell size of 0.315 mum2 . The paper introduces two circuit techniques that address the AC and DC power consumption issues facing today's embedded-SRAMs. The first technique addresses AC power dissipation by utilizing a two-stage, body-contacted sensing scheme that, among other improvements, achieves a 68% improvement in read power under constant voltage and frequency compared to the previous generation macro . The second technique addresses the DC power consumption by introducing a single-device, header based dynamic leakage suppression scheme that reduces total macro leakage power by 38% with no wake-up cycle requirements.
Convergence and representation theorems for set valued random processes

Abstract In this paper we study set valued random processes in discrete time and with values in a separable Banach space. We start with set valued martingales and prove various convergence and regularity results. Then we turn our attention to larger classes of set valued processes. So we introduce and study set valued amarts and set valued martingales in the limit. Finally we prove a useful property of the set valued conditional expectation.
INITIAL PLANETESIMAL SIZES AND THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL KUIPER BELT OBJECTS

The Kuiper Belt is a remnant from the early solar system and its size distribution contains many important constraints that can be used to test models of planet formation and collisional evolution. We show, by comparing observations with theoretical models, that the observed Kuiper Belt size distribution is well matched by coagulation models, which start with an initial planetesimal population with radii of about 1 km, and subsequent collisional evolution. We find that the observed size distribution above R ~ 30 km is primordial, i.e., it has not been modified by collisional evolution over the age of the solar system, and that the size distribution below R ~ 30 km has been modified by collisions and that its slope is well matched by collisional evolution models that use published strength laws. We investigate in detail the resulting size distribution of bodies ranging from 0.01 km to 30 km and find that its slope changes several times as a function of radius before approaching the expected value for an equilibrium collisional cascade of material strength dominated bodies for R 0.1 km. Compared to a single power-law size distribution that would span the whole range from 0.01 km to 30 km, we find in general a strong deficit of bodies around R ~ 10 km and a strong excess of bodies around 2 km in radius. This deficit and excess of bodies are caused by the planetesimal size distribution left over from the runaway growth phase, which left most of the initial mass in small planetesimals while only a small fraction of the total mass is converted into large protoplanets. This excess mass in small planetesimals leaves a permanent signature in the size distribution of small bodies that is not erased after 4.5 Gyr of collisional evolution. Observations of the small Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) size distribution can therefore test if large KBOs grew as a result of runaway growth and constrained the initial planetesimal sizes. We find that results from recent KBO occultation surveys and the observed KBO size distribution can be best matched by an initial planetesimal population that contained about equal mass per logarithmic mass bin in bodies ranging from 0.4 km to 4 km in radius. We further find that we cannot match the observed KBO size distribution if most of the planetesimal mass was contained in bodies that were 10 km in radius or larger simply because their resulting size distribution cannot be sufficiently depleted over 4.5 Gyr to match observations.
Rotenone NMR assignments

Complete and unambiguous 13C nmr assignments for rotenone have been determined and are presented along with proton nmr data.
The human adrenergic neurovascular mechanism

Abstract Although evidence is limited and derived from many studies with many different objectives on a variety of blood vessels under varying experimental conditions, it appears that the human adrenergic vascular neuroeffector mechanism is qualitatively similar to that defined in studies on animals. The characteristics of the α-adrenoceptor based upon pA2 measurements and other pharmacological characteristics show it to be similar to adrenoreceptors defined in animals. The sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to norepinephrine is of the same order throughout the human vasculature and is similar to that seen in most animal vessels. In most blood vessels the α-adrenoreceptor is the dominant type. By contrast the β-adrenoceptor component is usually small with a high threshold except in the coronary artery and facial vein. Sympathetic frequency-response relationships of both arteries and veins are similar to those from animal studies. The human α-adrenoceptor is coupled both to sequestered calcium sites and slow calcium channels, and these two mechanisms are responsible for the biphasic response of human blood vessels to norepinephrine. The slow calcium channel but not the sequestered calcium system is sensitive to calcium antagonists. There is evidence that the human adrenergic mechanism is altered in disease.
A Sense of Occasion

A continuous Oxford tradition on knowledge runs from John Cook Wilson to John McDowell. A central idea is that knowledge is not a species of belief, or that, in McDowell's terms, it is not a hybrid state; that, moreover, it is a kind of taking in of what is there that precludes one's being, for all one can see, wrong. Cook Wilson and McDowell differ on what this means as to the scope of knowledge. J.L. Austin set out the requisite foundations for McDowell to be right. McDowell has shown why the tradition, and his version of it, need to be right. But he does not accept Austin's innovation. That is a shame. For, despite McDowell's very great insightfulness, precisely that much separates him from a very powerful, and correct, view of what knowledge is.
Cyclotomic Swan subgroups and primitive roots

Let K"m=Q(@z"m) where @z"m is a primitive mth root of unity. Let p>2 be prime and let C"p denote the group of order p. The ring of algebraic integers of K"m is O"m=Z[@z"m]. Let @L"m","p denote the order O"m[C"p] in the algebra K"m[C"p]. Consider the kernel group D(@L"m","p) and the Swan subgroup T(@L"m","p). If (p,m)=1 these two subgroups of the class group coincide. Restricting to when there is a rational prime p that is prime in O"m requires m=4 or q^n where q>2 is prime. For each such m, 3=
Modern wavelength standards in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet

In recent work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology the Atomic Spectroscopy Group has characterized several sources of wavelength standards useful for remote sensing applications. At low resolution, mercury pencil-type lamps are convenient for use either in the laboratory or the field. We recommend wavelengths for this lamp with an uncertainty of +/- 0.001 angstroms in the region 2535 angstroms to 5790 angstroms. We also provide relative irradiances for the most prominent Hg lines, data that can be used to determine instrumental response. For high- resolution applications, we have measured wavelengths and relative intensities emitted by a commercial Pt/Ne hollow cathode lamp. Wavelengths for 5600 lines from 1130 angstroms to 4330 angstroms, some with uncertainties as small as +/- 0.0004 angstroms, are available in a comprehensive atlas of this lamp. Excellent calibration lines can also be obtained from demountable hollow cathode lamps. We review wavelength standards in Fe I and II, Th I and II, Ar II, and Cu II that can be excited in such lamps. Cu II provides wavelengths with uncertainties of less than +/- 0.0004 angstroms from 670 angstroms through the entire ultraviolet region. For calibrations at shorter wavelengths, we have developed accurate standards that can be excited in a sliding-spark discharge with yttrium electrodes.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Efficient Game Form for Multi-Rate Multicast Service Provisioning

We consider the decentralized bandwidth/rate allocation problem in multi-rate multicast service provisioning with strategic users. We demonstrate that such a situation is the combination of a market problem and a public goods problem. We present a mechanism/game form which possesses the following properties when the users' utilities are concave: (1) It implements in Nash equilibria the solution of the corresponding centralized rate allocation problem in multi-rate multicast service provisioning. (2) It is individually rational. (3) It is budget-balanced at all Nash equilibria of the game induced by the mechanism/game form as well as at all off equilibrium messages/strategies that result in feasible allocations.
The Interaction of Biological Factors with Mechanical Signals in Bone Adaptation: Recent Developments

Mechanotransduction in bone is fundamental to proper skeletal development. Deficiencies in signaling mechanisms that transduce physical forces to effector cells can have severe consequences for skeletal integrity. Therefore, a solid understanding of the cellular and molecular components of mechanotransduction is crucial for correcting skeletal modeling and remodeling errors and designing effective therapies. In recent years, progress has been made on many fronts regarding our understanding of bone cell mechanotransduction, including subcellular localization of mechanosensitive components in bone cells, the discovery of mechanosensitive G-protein-coupled receptors, identification of new ion channels and larger pores (eg, hemichannels) involved in physical signal transduction, and cell adhesion proteins, among others. These and other recent mechanisms are reviewed to provide a synthesis of recent experimental findings, in the larger context of whole bone adaptation.
Dense stellar systems as laboratories for fundamental physics

Abstract Galactic nuclei and globular clusters act as laboratories in which nature experiments with normal stars, neutron stars and black holes, through collisions and through the formation of bound states, in the form of binaries. The main difference with the usual Earth-based laboratories is that we cannot control the experiments. Instead, we have no choice but to create virtual laboratories on Earth, in order to simulate all the relevant physics in large-scale computational experiments. This implies a realistic treatment of stellar dynamics, stellar evolution, and stellar hydrodynamics. Each of these three fields has its own legacy codes, workhorses that are routinely used to simulate star clusters, stars, and stellar collisions, respectively. I outline the main steps that need to be taken in order to embed and where needed transform these legacy codes in order to produce a far more modular and robust environment for modeling dense stellar systems. The time is right to do so: within a few years computers will reach the required speed, in the Petaflops range, to follow a star cluster with a million stars for 10 billion years, while resolving the internal binary and multiple star motions. By that time simulation software will be the main bottleneck in our ability to analyze dense stellar systems. Only through full-scale simulations will we be able to critically test our understanding of the ‘microphysics’ of stellar collisions and their aftermath, in a direct comparison with observations.