cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wisconsin Caves and Karst

Wisconsin’s caves and karst landscape are more widespread than is commonly appreciated and they merit greater attention. Roughly, 20% of the state exhibits karst landscape and carbonate-cemented sandstones contribute to carbonate-dominated groundwater underlying nearly 45% of the state. The caves and karst are formed primarily in Ordovician and Silurian dolostones and in underlying and interbedded Cambrian and Ordovician sandstones. Pleistocene glaciation has obscured much of the eastern, central, and south-central karst, leaving two main areas of exposure, in the Door Peninsula and adjacent counties of east-central Wisconsin and in the southwestern Driftless Area. In eastern, Wisconsin surface karst is essentially limited to Door County, where there are extensive open joints, sinkholes, sinking streams, karren, caves, and springs, plus glaciokarstic benches and steps. The caves are of dissolutional, littoral, and mechanical origin. Rapid karstic hydrologic connections between the surface and shallow groundwater pose serious threats of contamination, necessitating appropriate land use regulation. The karst hydrology of the Silurian aquifer south of Door County continues to be underappreciated but became manifest during construction of a deep tunnel stormwater management network in Milwaukee in the 1980s and 1990s. The southwestern karst is better known and escaped extensive Pleistocene glaciation. It may have evolved more-or-less continuously since the Paleozoic, but hypogenic contributions, long-term environmental episodicity and recent Pleistocene influences may all be involved. The karst is a fluviokarst, integrated into the fluvial landscape with a wide array of dry valleys, sinkholes, caves, and springs. Dissolution remains active, but the karst hydrogeology deserves greater study, as do the springs and caves, which have probably been influenced by hydrothermal processes, hypogenic dissolution, and possibly by dissolution under saline–freshwater mixing conditions. Lead ores were mined extensively from the Platteville and Galena formations during the nineteenth century and quarrying remains a significant industry. Land use has been dominated by small-scale agriculture, but intensive agriculture and sand mining have emphasized the potential for land-use conflicts and detrimental environmental impacts. Regional karst science has yet to be incorporated adequately into planning mechanisms, but the karst is becoming a central theme for NGOs and the regional press. There are also caves and karst developed in Paleozoic sandstones in southwestern and central Wisconsin, including pavements, natural bridges, and other fragile rock formations.
Longitudinal impact of a pre‐populated default quantity on emergency department opioid prescriptions

Objective Previously published studies indicate that a pre-populated default quantity may decrease opioid amounts on discharge prescriptions from the emergency department (ED). However, the longitudinal effect of defaulted quantities has not been described in the literature. Methods A retrospective review of electronic health record data from visits to 4 hospital EDs in a community health system examined opioid prescription dispense quantities 3.5 years pre- and 6.5 years post-implementation of a defaulted dispense quantity of seventeen. The primary purpose was to determine the percentage of ED discharge opioid prescriptions containing the prepopulated default dispense quantity after implementation. The longitudinal effect of a default quantity implementation on the average quantity prescribed (normalized per 1000 visits) was examined by comparing the pre-implementation period (January 1, 2009-July 31, 2012) to the post-implementation period (August 1, 2012-June 30, 2018). Results After implementation in 2012, the acceptance rate of the default dispense quantity increased each year, up to 48% in 2016 and maintained through 2018. A significant decrease in prescribed opioid quantities post-default quantity implementation was sustained, with the average quantity prescribed from 2015-2018 maintained at 17 or lower. Conclusion A pre-populated default quantity impacts discharge opioid prescribing as evidenced by a high sustained rate of prescriber utilization over years and reduction in the per prescription average pill quantity. The acceptance of a pre-populated default quantity may allow for selection of even a lower quantity to influence prescribing patterns of opioid analgesics.
When the Pressure of the World Has Dissipated: Introduction

This chapter challenges the long-held assumption that human rights norms, including transitional justice norms, increase the likelihood of better norm-respecting practices from states. By probing the question of why states that adopted transitional justice norms vary in their respect for the norms after their application as policies (i.e., truth commissions, reparations policies, and criminal prosecutions), this chapter lays out the arguments of why the expected outcome of a positive state behavioral change have not always held true. Particularly, the chapter examines the role of advocacy networks and their battles against state interests that are incorporated into the dynamics of states’ norm compliance. This chapter cautions against the prospects of human rights norms and their capacity to be able to change a state’s behavior.
Extended symbolic finite automata and transducers

Symbolic finite automata and transducers augment classic automata and transducers with symbolic alphabets represented as parametric theories. This extension enables to succinctly represent large and potentially infinite alphabets while preserving closure and decidability properties. Extended symbolic finite automata and transducers further extend these objects by allowing transitions to read consecutive input elements in a single step. In this paper we study the properties of these models. In contrast to the case of finite alphabets, we show how reading multiple symbols increases the expressiveness of the models, which causes some closure properties to stop holding and most decision problems to become undecidable. In particular we show how extended symbolic finite transducers are not closed under composition, and the equivalence problem is undecidable for both extended symbolic finite automata and transducers. We then introduce the subclass of Cartesian extended symbolic finite transducers in which guards are limited to conjunctions of unary predicates and we propose an equivalence algorithm for this subclass in the single-valued case. We also present a heuristic algorithm for composing extended symbolic finite transducers that works for many practical cases. Finally, we model real world programs with Cartesian extended symbolic finite transducers and use the proposed algorithms to prove their correctness.
"Who's on first?": Garrison-Morton-Norman at the end of the twentieth century.

Intensive study of the history of medicine is for doctors alone.. . . Such studies will always tend to diminish our pride, in the realization of the thousand-fold labors and vast stretches of time required to lift the doctor to his present social status and bedside medicine to its now commendable estate.' In the 83 years since its first publication in 1912, Garrison and Morton's Medical Bibliography has become the most authoritative work in the history of medicine. The authority derives from its age, from its practicality, and, most of all, from its celebration of origins and priority in the history of medicine. Indeed, until recently, the Medical Bibliography was governed by its own myth of origin which held that Sir William Osler inspired Garrison's work. Preoccupied with origins as such, it serves more as a node in the reward system of twentieth-century medical science and practice than as a work of sound historical scholarship. It is chiefly for those interested in the commemorative voice of medical history rather than for those undertaking the disciplined study of the historical record (the forensic voice). Tragically, because the compilers I have worked alone in surveying the specialized and fragmented literature of medical history-a literature which has grown exponentially over the past three centuries-they have produced a work which cannot do justice to the profession it celebrates.
Stimulation by Growth Hormone and Dexamethasone of Labeled Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Accumulation by White Fat Cells

The accumulation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was determined by measuring the accumulation of labeled cyclic AMP in fat cells whose adenine nucleotides had been labeled with adenine-3H during the isolation of the white adipose cells. The addition of growth hormone and 9α-fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxy-16α-methyl-pregna-1, 4-diene-3,20-dione (dexamethasone) increased the accumulation of labeled cyclic AMP and lipolysis after a lag period of at least 1 hour. At the end of 4 hours of incubation, most of the increase in accumulation of cyclic AMP due to epinephrine or growth hormone and dexamethasone was in the medium rather than in the cells. Puromycin and cycloheximide, which are inhibitors of protein synthesis, blocked the increases in both labeled cyclic AMP accumulation and lipolysis due to growth hormone and dexamethasone. However, the addition of cycloheximide alone did stimulate cyclic AMP accumulation without affecting lipolysis due to theophylline. Growth hormone and glucocorticoid also increased phosphorylase activity in fat cells, and this was blocked by cycloheximide. These results indicate that there is an increase in accumulation of labeled cyclic AMP due to growth hormone and glucocorticoid which is blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Stratosphere‐to‐troposphere transport revealed by ground‐based lidar and ozonesonde at a midlatitude site

This paper presents ozone structures measured by a ground-based ozone lidar and ozonesonde at Huntsville, Alabama, on 27-29 April 2010 originating from a stratosphere-to-troposphere transport event associated with a cutoff cyclone and tropopause fold. In this case, the tropopause reached 6 km and the stratospheric intrusion resulted in a 2-km thick elevated ozone layer with values between 70 and 85 ppbv descending from the 306-K to 298-K isentropic surface at a rate of 5 km day1. The potential temperature was provided by a collocated microwave profiling radiometer. We examine the corresponding meteorological fields and potential vorticity (PV) structures derived from the analysis data from the North American Mesoscale model. The 2-PVU (PV unit) surface, defined as the dynamic tropopause, is able to capture the variations of the ozone tropopause estimated from the ozonesonde and lidar measurements. The estimated ozone/PV ratio, from the measured ozone and model derived PV, for the mixing layer between the troposphere and stratosphere is approximately 41 ppbv/PVU with an uncertainty of approximately 33%. Within two days, the estimated mass of ozone irreversibly transported from the stratospheric into the troposphere is between 0.07 Tg (0.9 10(exp33) molecules) and 0.11 Tg (1.3 10(exp33) molecules) with an estimated uncertainty of 59%. Tropospheric ozone exhibited enormous variability due to the complicated mixing processes. Low ozone and large variability were observed in the mid-troposphere after the stratospheric intrusion due to the westerly advection including the transition from a cyclonic system to an anticyclonic system. This study using high temporal and vertical-resolution measurements suggests that, in this case, stratospheric air quickly lost its stratospheric characteristics once it is irreversibly mixed down into the troposphere.
Integrating Rules and Connectionism for Robust Commonsense Reasoning

Accounting for Commonsense Reasoning: A Framework with Rules and Similarities A Connectionist Architecture for Commonsense Reasoning Evaluations and Experiments More on the Architecture: Logic and Causality More on the Architecture: Beyond Logic An Extension: Variables and Bindings Reviews and Comparisons Conclusions References Index.
The School Nurse Practitioner

The report of the American Academy of Pediatrics9 Committee on School Health on the school nurse practitioner which appears in this issue of Pediatrics (p 665) recognizes the innovative approach that school nurse practitioners are making to the problem of delivery of medical services to children in underserved areas and stresses that school nurse practitioners, with supervision, can be used appropriately and effectively in providing improved health care to these children. The Committee notes that utilization of school nurse practitioners has been associated with improved immunization referrals and a decrease in emergency room use by participating children, and indicates that the presence of school nurse practitioners in school settings permits some children to obtain care who previously were not receiving adequate care and services.
Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within subfamily Arbutoideae (Ericaceae) were estimated using parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data from the ITS region and part of the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The data support the monophyly of Arctostaphylos, Arctous, and Comarostaphylis, but suggest that Arbutus is not monophyletic, with Mediterranean Basin species more closely related to the clade containing Arctostaphylos, Arctous, Comarostaphylis, Ornithostaphylos, and Xylococcus than to the western North American species of Arbutus. Calibration of branch lengths with the fossil record suggests that a vicariance event occurred among members of the Arbutoideae between western North America and the Mediterranean Basin at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary, consistent with the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. Communicating Editor: Kathleen A. Kron
Design and optimization methods for digital microfluidic biochips: A vision for functional diversity and more than moore

Microfluidics-based biochips (or lab-on-chip) are revolutionizing laboratory procedures in molecular biology, and leading to a convergence of information technology with biochemistry and nanoelectronics. Advances in microfluidics technology offer exciting possibilities for high-throughput DNA sequencing, protein crystallization, drug discovery, immunoassays, neo-natal and point-of-care clinical diagnostics, etc. As microfluidic lab-on-chip mature into multifunctional devices with “smart” reconfiguration and adaptation capabilities, automated design and ease of use become extremely important. Computer-aided design (CAD) tools are needed to allow designers and users to harness the new technology that is rapidly emerging for integrated biofluidics. This talk will present ongoing work at Duke University on design automation techniques for microfluidic biochips. First, the speaker will provide an overview of electrowetting-based digital microfluidic biochips. Next, the speaker will describe synthesis tools that can map bioassay protocols to a reconfigurable microfluidic device and generate control software, an optimized schedule of bioassay operations, the binding of assay operations to functional units, and the layout and droplet flow-paths for the biochip. Techniques for pin-constrained chip design, fault detection, and dynamic reconfiguration will also be presented. An automated design flow allows the biochip user to concentrate on the development of nano- and micro-scale bioassays, leaving implementation details to CAD tools.
Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene

Isoprene is a significant source of atmospheric organic aerosol; however, the oxidation pathways that lead to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) have remained elusive. Here, we identify the role of two key reactive intermediates, epoxydiols of isoprene (IEPOX = β-IEPOX + δ-IEPOX) and methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN), which are formed during isoprene oxidation under low- and high-NOx conditions, respectively. Isoprene low-NOx SOA is enhanced in the presence of acidified sulfate seed aerosol (mass yield 28.6%) over that in the presence of neutral aerosol (mass yield 1.3%). Increased uptake of IEPOX by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions is shown to explain this enhancement. Under high-NOx conditions, isoprene SOA formation occurs through oxidation of its second-generation product, MPAN. The similarity of the composition of SOA formed from the photooxidation of MPAN to that formed from isoprene and methacrolein demonstrates the role of MPAN in the formation of isoprene high-NOx SOA. Reactions of IEPOX and MPAN in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants (i.e., acidic aerosol produced from the oxidation of SO2 and NO2, respectively) could be a substantial source of “missing urban SOA” not included in current atmospheric models.
FREEZING AND THAWING RATES OF LAMB CHOPS: EFFECTS ON PALATABILITY AND RELATED CHARACTERISTICS

SUMMARY Lamb rib chops (120, 1.5-in. thick) were cut from 15 racks similar in marbling, maturity and postmortem aging. Paired chops (left and right) were assigned to three rates of freezing: (1) slow (0°F, still air); (2) rapid (–20°F, moving air); and (3) extremely rapid (–160°F at the surface of the chop, liquid nitrogen vapor). Half of each group was thawed at 45°F for 20 hr, then cooked by a modified broiling method at 375°F to an end point temperature of 80°C. Half of each group was thawed during cooking by the same method. Pre-thawed chops cooked in one-third less time than frozen chops, whereas the rate of freezing had no significant effect on cooking time. Rates of freezing and thawing did not significantly affect flavor, juiciness, water-holding capacity, total moisture, overall acceptability and Warner-Bratzler shear value. Tenderness scores and cooking losses were lower for slow than for extremely rapid freezing.
Self-dual supergravity in seven dimensions with reduced holonomy G2

We present self-dual N=2 supergravity in superspace for Euclidean seven dimensions with the reduced holonomy G2⊂SO(7), including all higher-order terms. As its foundation, we first establish N=2 supergravity without self-duality in Euclidean seven dimensions. We next show how the generalized self-duality in terms of octonion structure constants can be consistently imposed on the superspace constraints. We found two self-dual N=2 supergravity theories possible in 7D, depending on the representations of the two spinor charges of N=2. The first formulation has both of the two spinor charges in the 7 of G2 with 24+24 on-shell degrees of freedom. The second formulation has both charges in the 1 of G2 with 16+16 on-shell degrees of freedom.
Metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid metabolite trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal by mouse liver aldehyde dehydrogenases.

The metabolism of trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (t-4HH) was compared with that of propionaldehyde (PAL) and trans-2-hexenal (t-2H). Kinetic experiments with hepatic cytosol as a source for aldehyde dehydrogenase(s) (ALDH) (E.C. 1.2.1.3) resulted in linear Lineweaver-Burk plots for both t-4HH and t-2H, while PAL produced biphasic plots. Values of 43 and 3 microM were obtained for the apparent Km values for t-4HH and t-2H, respectively, with the two apparent Kms for PAL being 5 microM and 0.8 mM. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of cytosol isolated two peaks capable of oxidizing PAL, but only one peak was able to metabolize t-4HH. Unlike cytosol, mitochondria produced biphasic Lineweaver-Burk plots for t-4HH with two estimated Kms of 52 microM and 0.2 mM. The majority of activity for the oxidation of t-4HH, like PAL, was localized in the cytosolic fraction. This study indicates that ALDH(s) may play an important role in the detoxification of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid metabolite t-4HH, as well as other 4-hydroxyalkenals that arise from membrane lipid peroxidation.
The 12C/13C and 16O/18O ratios in the solar photosphere

Mesures des abondances de 12 C, 13 C et 18 O dans la photosphere solaire a partir de plus de 900 raies des bandes fondamentales de vibration des especes CO substituees isotopiquement
Integrative modeling of hydrological, ecological, and economical systems for water resources management at river basin scale

An integrated hydrological, ecological, and economical model (HEE) was developed at basin scale to evaluate the interactions among resources, agriculture, and rural development. Hydrological module in the integrated model was adapted from SWAT, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, to simulate the water balance in terms of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, streamflow, and groundwater table change. Ecological module was integrated into the hydrological module to compute the ecosystem production of biomass and yield for different land use types. Economical module estimated the monetary values of crop yield and other ecosystem services. The model was implemented in a holistic approach, and able to produce simulation results at daily time steps with a spatial resolution of hydrological response unit (HRU). The integrated model was calibrated by data for the period of 1983-1991, and run for the period of 1986-1995 with the calibrated parameters for the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, a semi-arid area in northwest China. The average efficiency of the model in simulating monthly streamflow was 0.63 during the calibration period, which indicated an acceptable calibration. Preliminary simulation results revealed that water use in the study area had largely reduced the streamflow in many parts of the area except for that in the riverhead. Spatial distribution of biomass, crop yield, and water productivity showed a strong impact of irrigation on agricultural production. In general, the simulation results from this study indicated that the model was capable of tracking the temporal and spatial variability of pertinent water balance variables, ecosystem dynamics, and regional economy, and provided a useful simulation tool in evaluating long-term water resources management strategies basin scale.
Reversible Metal-Insulator Transition in Ordered Metal Nanocrystal Monolayers Observed by Impedance Spectroscopy

Low frequency impedance spectroscopy was applied on a Langmuir monolayer of alkylthiol passivated 35 A diameter silver quantum dots, as a function of interparticle separation distance. As interparticle spacing decreases below 30% of particle diameter, a reduction in interparticle charge tunneling time is observed. On further compression, the complex impedance of the films undergoes a transition from a parallel RC equivalent circuit to an inductive circuit. Optical reflectance changes in the films are consistent with the deduced metal-insulator transition.
Mechanisms of Transformation by the BCR/ABL Oncogene

The Philadelphia chromosome generates a chimeric oncogene in which the BCR and c-ABL genes are fused. The product of this oncogene, BCR/ABL, has elevated ABL tyrosine kinase activity, relocates to the cytoskeleton, and phosphorylates mul-tiple cellular substrates. BCR/ABL transforms hematopoietic cells and exerts a wide variety of biological effects, including reduction in growth factor dependence, enhanced viability, and altered adhesion of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) cells. Elevated tyrosine kinase activity of BCR/ABL is critical for activating downstream signal transduction and for all aspects of transformation.This review will describe mechanisms of transformation by the BCR/ABL oncogene and opportunities for clin-ical intervention with specific signal transduction inhibitors such as STI-571 in CML.
Estimating the Standard Errors of Rotated Factor Loadings by Jackknifing.

The jackknife by groups and modifications of the jackknife by groups are used to estimate standard errors of rotated factor loadings for selected populations in common factor model maximum likelihood factor analysis. Simulations are performed in whicht-statistics based upon these jackknife estimates of the standard errors are computed. The validity of thet-statistics and their associated confidence intervals is assessed. Methods are given through which the computational efficiency of the jackknife may be greatly enhanced in the factor analysis model.
Next Generation Genetic Counseling: Introduction to the Special Issue

The genesis of the idea for thisspecial issue,as well as its title, “Next Generation Genetic Counseling,” originated in January 2012. As the newly hired project manager for the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill’s Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) consortium project, NCGENES, Myra had begun speculating just how the adaptation of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) would affect genetic counseling practice (Roche 2012). Later that spring, at the American College of Medical Genetics meeting, the message that NGS would have an unprecedented impact on genetic counseling was delivered loudly and clearly but it seemed that too few of the voices sending that message belonged to genetic counselors. The idea behind this Special Issue is simply this: tap into the collective wisdom of the genetic counseling community to explore how NGS’s clinical application would impact current genetic counseling practices and ponder future implications by providing a platform on which the voices of genetic counselors could be heard. Since it was still early in the adaptation phase,wesuspectedthatfew empiricalstudiesanalyzingNGS and genetic counseling would be completed in time for our submission deadline. Therefore, we decided to cast a wide net in order to capture a broader swath of the early adaptation experiences of genetic counselors as they transitioned from traditional approaches in testing, counseling, and training to what promised to be an exciting, if uncertain, future. We challenged our colleagues to think, discuss, and write about what they saw as the critical emerging issues facing our profession. We wanted to “crowd source” their ideas and hear about strategiestocombine the essence ofwhatour profession has always contributed with new, best practices for the future as we moved together towards Next Generation Genetic Counseling (NGGC). Our call for papers invited submissions describing the evolution of genetic counseling and education strategies relevant to whole genome or whole exome sequencing; counseling and ELSI issues specifically related to return of diagnostic and incidental results; and the role of the genetic counselor on multidisciplinary teams offering this testing. The diverse submissions in this issue successfully answered our call. They range from empirical studies analyzing such bread and butter topics as informed consent and return of results to case studies describing how practicing genetic counselors are grappling with these same issues in their clinics. Throughout, we have kept the focus on the genetic counselors themselves as they adapt to expanded niches and actively create new ones.
Untangling a Web: An Unusual Case of Labial Necrosis in an Adolescent Female

Abstract Background Hair tourniquets are commonly described in the pediatric literature. Prompt recognition of a hair tourniquet and treatment with complete removal of the hair by pediatricians, pediatric emergency room physicians, or gynecologists is essential to prevent ischemia and necrosis of affected tissue. Case Herein we present the case of a 12-year-old female referred to the pediatric surgery clinic for labial pain and swelling. She was found to have a hair tourniquet of the labia minora caused by pubic hair. The patient was taken to the operating room for examination under anesthesia and removal of the hair. Her post-operative course was unremarkable and she was discharged home the following day. On follow-up visit to the clinic her labial edema had completely resolved and she was pain free. Summary and Conclusions Unlike previous case reports that describe hair tourniquets as originating from hair on the head, our patient had a hair tourniquet caused by pubic hair. In adolescents where personal hygiene of the perineum is difficult, clinicians need to be aware of the possibility of a hair tourniquet forming from pubic hair.
Minimizing errors in LAI estimates from laser-probe inclined-point quadrats.

Abstract Leaf area index (LAI) measurement by the method of inclined point quadrats has recently been automated using laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence to detect green leaves. The simplest implementation of this approach assumes (i) leaves are randomly distributed, both in azimuth and in horizontal position. and (ii) the laser beam is infinitely thin. These assumptions are violated by heliotropic plants, crops grown in rows, and real-world lasers. Mathematical modeling was used to analyze the resulting errors and to evaluate possible solutions. One model treated crop rows as rectangular prisms filled with leaves categorized by inclination and azimuth angle. Nonrandom leaf azimuth and crop arrangement in rows were predicted to decrease the accuracy of laser-probe LAI estimates. It was also shown that such errors can be reduced to 4. A second model predicted the laser-induced chlorophyll florescence signal (assumed proportional to laser-illuminated leaf area) as a circular laser spot was scanned across a rectangular leaf. Laser beam diameter was predicted to be a significant source of error whenever the radius of the laser beam exceeded the leaf width. This prediction was confirmed experimentally, using rice seedlings growing underwater.
NHLBI Cost-Management Strategies A Success Story

Some time ago (see July 1994 issue of Circulation ), we described some innovative cost-management strategies used by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in funding research project grants and provided preliminary data on their effectiveness. Now, with 5 years of experience in implementing these strategies, we would like to revisit the issue and focus more detailed attention on the extent to which our approaches have benefited the research enterprise. As the readership may recall, impetus for development of new financial management approaches was provided by the House Appropriations Committee report for fiscal year 1991, which urged the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to “aggressively eliminate any costs which they believe are unnecessary … [after which] a grant should be funded at the full level without arbitrary reductions.” This directive presented a difficult …
Principal Component Analysis of the T Wave and Prediction of Cardiovascular Mortality in American Indians The Strong Heart Study

Background— Increased QT interval dispersion (QTd) is a proposed ECG marker of vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias and of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. However, principal component analysis (PCA) of the T-wave vector loop may more accurately represent repolarization abnormalities than QTd. Methods and Results— Predictive values of QTd and PCA were assessed in 1839 American Indian participants in the first Strong Heart Study examination. T-wave loop morphology was quantified by the ratio of the second to first eigenvalues of the T-wave vector by PCA (PCA ratio); QTd was quantified as the difference between maximum and minimum QT intervals. After 3.7±0.9 years mean follow-up, there were 55 CV deaths. In univariate analyses, an increased PCA ratio predicted CV mortality in women (χ2=7.8, P=0.0053) and men (χ2=9.5, P=0.0021). In contrast, increased QTd was a significant predictor of CV mortality in women (χ2=30.6, P<0.0001) but not in men (χ2=2.0, P=NS). In multivariate Cox analyses controlling for risk...
Reciprocal regulation of bioluminescence and type III protein secretion in Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in response to diffusible chemical signals.

It has long been known that some groups of bacteria exhibit complex patterns of coordinated behavior and that in several cases, the behaviors of these populations of cells are regulated by diffusible chemical signals. These behaviors include bioluminescence, the horizontal transfer of DNA, the
Subtyping Stuttering I: A Review.

Abstract A reliable and practical subtype system of stuttering should enhance all related scientific work concerned with this disorder. Although a fair number of classification systems have been offered, to date, none has received wide recognition or has been routinely applied in research or clinical spheres. Whereas progress has been made in understanding and treating the disorder, for the most part stuttering continues to be viewed and addressed as a unitary problem. The objectives of the current article are to (a) highlight the motivation for identifying sub-types of stuttering, (b) outline the issues involved in researching subtypes, and (c) address the question of whether or not subtyping is plausible for this disorder. Toward these ends, a broad-based review of past concepts regarding subtypes of stuttering and stutterers is presented according to seven categories that reflect the various authors’ conceptual or experimental approaches. Selected studies for each category are also presented to illustrate the research problems and challenges. It is concluded that islands of progress can be identified in subtype research, particularly in studies of children. It is recommended that future studies include multiple factors or domains in the data collection process, especially with young children during the formative years of the disorder, when substantial overlap in the development of several speech/language domains occurs. Educational objectives: (a) Readers will be able to describe the theory and research concerning the numerous attempts to subtype stuttering, particularly during the past 50 years; (b) Readers will be able to explain the general issues that need to be resolved in order to identify subtypes as well as current and future research strategies aimed at achieving these goals.
Self-Consistent Energy Bands of Metallic Copper by the Augmented-Plane-Wave Method

The band structure, Fermi surface, and density of states from a self-consistent augmented-plane-wave (APW) calculation of copper are presented and compared with previously reported results. Some results of a self-consistent APW calculation in which the exchange term was reduced to $\frac{2}{3}$ of the original Slater term are also reported.
The probabilities of theories as frequencies

From the beginning of his career, Reichenbach studied the role that probability played both in modern physical theory and in epistemology.1 He was, with Richard von Mises, one of the foremost proponents of the frequency theory of probability and axiomatized a very general form of it. He further claimed that all reasonable uses of the concept of probability, both in physical theory and as an evaluative concept in epistemology, are to be explicated in terms of the frequency theory.
Effects of Spatial Ability and Instructional Program on Geometry Achievement

The authors investigated the effects of student spatial ability, as measured by Raven's Progressive Colored Matrices (J. C. Raven, 1938) and type of instructional program on geometry achievement. Sixth-grade students worked through either 6 instructional activities in Geometer's Sketchpad (Key Curriculum Press, 1993), a dynamic geometry program, or a geometry tutorial, both of which paralleled Connecticut's geometry standards. The authors hypothesized that students working with the activities in Sketchpad would learn geometry better and that (after controlling for mathematics ability) student spatial ability would predict success in such an environment more reliably than it would in the tutorial program. However, students with high spatial ability performed significantly better than did low-spatial learners in both instructional treatments; students in the Sketchpad treatment scored only marginally higher on the posttest than did learners in the tutorial condition, despite spending more time on task. Resu...
The anisotropic superconducting energy gap of Nb3Sn

Abstract Tunneling measurements have been made on single crystal Nb3Sn and have revealed a large anisotropy in the superconducting energy gap Δ with a very small average value.
Regulation of DNA-dependent Protein Kinase by the Lyn Tyrosine Kinase

The Src-like protein-tyrosine kinase Lyn is activated by ionizing radiation and certain other DNA-damaging agents, whereas the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), consisting of the catalytic subunits (DNA-PKcs) and Ku DNA-binding components, requires DNA double-stranded breaks for activation. Here we demonstrate that Lyn associates constitutively with DNA-PKcs. The SH3 domain of Lyn interacts directly with DNA-PKcs near a leucine zipper homology domain. We also show that Lyn phosphorylates DNA-PKcs but not Ku in vitro. The interaction between Lyn and DNA-PKcs inhibits DNA-PKcs activity and the ability of DNA-PKcsto form a complex with Ku/DNA. These results support the hypothesis that there are functional interactions between Lyn and DNA-PKcs in the response to DNA damage.
On the reduction of Tikhonov minimization problems and the construction of regularization matrices

Tikhonov regularization replaces a linear discrete ill-posed problem by a penalized least-squares problem, whose solution is less sensitive to errors in the data and round-off errors introduced during the solution process. The penalty term is defined by a regularization matrix and a regularization parameter. The latter generally has to be determined during the solution process. This requires repeated solution of the penalized least-squares problem. It is therefore attractive to transform the least-squares problem to simpler form before solution. The present paper describes a transformation of the penalized least-squares problem to simpler form that is faster to compute than available transformations in the situation when the regularization matrix has linearly dependent columns and no exploitable structure. Properties of this kind of regularization matrices are discussed and their performance is illustrated.
Beyond the Creative City: Cognitive–Cultural Capitalism and the New Urbanism

Scott A. J. Beyond the creative city: cognitive–cultural capitalism and the new urbanism, Regional Studies. Creativity is a concept whose time has come in economic and urban geography. It is also a concept that calls for enormous circumspection. An attempt is made to show that the interdependent processes of learning, creativity and innovation are situated within concrete fields of social relationships. Because much existing research on creative cities fails adequately to grasp this point, it tends to offer a flawed representation of urban dynamics and leads in many instances to essentially regressive policy advocacies. Cognitive–cultural capitalism is a more robust theoretical framework through which contemporary urbanization processes can be described. The framework of cognitive–cultural capitalism shapes the peculiar logic of learning, creativity and innovation that are observed in cities today but also has many wider and deeper impacts on urban outcomes. It has important policy implications so a criti...
Duration of Antibiotic Therapy for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli

Background and Purpose: Chastre et al. compared eight and 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), finding no difference in outcome with the exception of VAP caused by non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), for which a higher recurrence rate was seen in the shorter-duration group (JAMA 2003;290:2588–2598). We recently examined our institutional experience with VAP caused by NFGNB to determine whether shorter courses of antibiotic therapy were associated with higher rates of recurrence. Methods: Data collected on all patients completing treatment for VAP in a surgical/trauma intensive care unit from December 1996 to October 2004 were analyzed retrospectively for the relations between the duration of antibiotic therapy and recurrence and in-hospital mortality rates. Results: Of the 452 episodes of VAP, 154 were associated with NFGNB. Twenty-seven patients were treated with 3–8 days (mean 6.4 ± 0.3 days) of antibiotics, whereas 127 received nine or more days (mean 17....
Development and validation of the learning transfer system inventory in Taiwan

Due to globalization in recent years, organizations and the government in Taiwan take developing human expertise more seriously than ever before. However, human resource development evaluation practices in Taiwan have somewhat overlooked connecting training to transfer and organizational results. To help close the gap, organizations in Taiwan need a valid and reliable instrument to assess transfer issues. This study validated a research-based instrument in the United States, the Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI), for use in Taiwan. A heterogeneous sample containing 583 responses from twenty organizations was collected. Through a rigorous translation process with qualitatively subjective, quantitatively objective, and pilot evaluations of the translation as well as common factor analyses, a Taiwan version of the LTSI (TLTSI), which contained fifteen statistically reliable factors, was validated. This study also extended the LTSI's generalizability and provided comparable measures of transfer systems between Taiwan and the United States. Translation issues, suggestions for improving the LTSI, implications for HRD, and future research directions are discussed.
Decisions under Time Pressure: How Time Constraint Affects Risky Decision Making

Subjects rated the attractiveness of and judged maximum buying prices for gambles which had some probability of winning a dollar amount, otherwise winning nothing. Change-of-process theory (Mellers, Chang, Birnbaum, & Ordonez, 1992; Mellers, Ordonez, & Birnbaum, 1992) asserts that decision makers multiply probability and amount information when stating buying prices but add this information when reporting attractiveness ratings. When subjects were placed under time constraint, however, some subjects' ratings were consistent with a multiplicative combination process. This result only occurred when these subjects performed the rating task under time constraint and had performed the buying price task in the previous set of trials. These subjects were less likely to engage in cognitive tasks, as measured by the Need for Cognition Scale (Cacioppo, Petty, & Kao, 1984). Apparently, the extra cognitive demands of the time constraint caused these subjects to use the same strategy employed in the previous task. When the time constraint was removed, these subjects appeared to switch back to an additive strategy. These changes in information processing produced predictable patterns of preference reversals.
Probing the catalytic mechanism of a C‐3′‐methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of D‐tetronitrose

D-Tetronitrose is a nitro-containing tetradeoxysugar found attached to the antitumor and antibacterial agent tetrocarcin A. The biosynthesis of this highly unusual sugar in Micromonospora chalcea requires 10 enzymes. The fifth step in the pathway involves the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the C-3' carbon of dTDP-3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-4-keto-D-glucose. The enzyme responsible for this transformation is referred to as TcaB9. It is a monomeric enzyme with a molecular architecture based around three domains. The N-terminal motif contains a binding site for a structural zinc ion. The middle- and C-terminal domains serve to anchor the SAM and dTDP-sugar ligands, respectively, to the protein, and the active site of TcaB9 is wedged between these two regions. For this investigation, the roles of Tyr 76, His 181, Tyr 222, Glu 224, and His 225, which form the active site of TcaB9, were probed by site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic analyses, and X-ray structural studies. In addition, two ternary complexes of the enzyme with bound S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and either dTDP-3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-4-keto-D-glucose or dTDP-3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-galactose were determined to 1.5 or 1.6 A resolution, respectively. Taken together, these investigations highlight the important role of His 225 in methyl transfer. In addition, the structural data suggest that the methylation reaction occurs via retention of configuration about the C-3' carbon of the sugar.
Structure Function Analysis of Two-Scale Scalar Ramps. Part I: Theory and Modelling

Structure functions are used to study the dissipation and inertial range scales of turbulent energy, to parametrize remote turbulence measurements, and to characterize ramp features in the turbulent field. Ramp features are associated with turbulent coherent structures, which dominate energy and mass fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer. The analysis of structure functions to identify ramp characteristics is used in surface renewal methods for estimating fluxes. It is unclear how commonly observed different scales of ramp-like shapes (i.e., smaller ramps and spikes embedded in larger ramps) influence structure function analysis. Here, we examine the impact of two ramp-like scales on structure function analysis using artificially generated data. The range of time lags in structure function analysis was extended to include time lags typically associated with isotropic turbulence to those larger than the ramp durations. The Van Atta procedure (Arch Mech 29:161–171, 1977) has been expanded here to resolve the characteristics of two-scale ramp models. This new method accurately, and in some cases, exactly determines the amplitude and duration of both ramp scales. Spectral analysis was applied to the structure functions for a broad range of time lags to provide qualitative support for the expanded Van Atta procedure results. The theory reported here forms the foundation for novel methods of analyzing turbulent coherent structures.
Correlation-dimension calculations for broadband intensity fluctuations in emission from a heavily saturated source of amplified spontaneous emission.

Broadband intensity fluctuations from a heavily saturated source of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) operating on the 3.51-\ensuremath{\mu}m transition of xenon show no evidence of a dynamical origin represented by a low-dimensional underlying chaotic attractor. The broadband coupled-mode fluctuations in ASE thus seem to be stochastic when contrasted with the recently reported deterministic nature of similar broadband fluctuations of single-mode lasers operating on the same transition.
Age, Physical Impairment, and Symptoms of Anxiety: A Test of Mediating and Moderating Factors

This study examines the processes linking physical impairment with symptoms of anxiety. Analyses are based on a representative sample of 967 physically disabled adults (ages 20 to 90) from ten counties of southwestern Ontario, Canada Several hypotheses test the intervening role of disability characteristics, perceived health care efficacy, personal attributes, and social stratification resources. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses included sets of those intervening variables entered sequentially. Adjustment produces a significant reduction in the association between symptoms of anxiety and impairment--confirming the intervening role of healthcare efficacy and mastery. Moreover, impairment and mastery have synergistic effects such that higher mastery buffers against the anxiety associated with higher impairment. Other findings raise important questions about age, impairment, and the sense of mastery in the contest of healthcare and gender.