cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A REPORT ON THE SERUM TREATMENT OF TWENTY-SIX CASES OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS

1. Serum taken from recently recovered cases of poliomyelitis may be employed in its treatment and probably yields the best results. 2. When sterile for ordinary bacteria, free of corpuscles and hemoglobin, and when injected by the gravity method, observing well known rules of caution, it may be employed without danger. 3. The serum should be injected both intraspinally and intravenously, the latter either directly or by way of the subcutaneous tissues. 4. The earlier in the course of the disease the serum is employed in suitable doses, the more promise there is of benefit. 5. The action of the serum appears to be more precise and definite in arresting paralysis than in rapidly bringing about its retrogression. 6. The decision to employ the serum should rest upon a clinical examination supported by the results of the microscopic and chemical study of the cerebrospinal fluid. 7. The question of multiple and repeated injections of the serum has not yet been worked out. In the cases here reported and especially in the group in which no paralysis existed at the time of the first injection, the pathologic process either did not progress at all, or where there was extension, as in Cases 14 and 15, the upper segment of the spinal cord became rapidly involved, and was followed by respiratory paralysis and death. Probably in cases in which some degree of muscular weakness develops soon after the injection of serum, reinjection 12 to 24 hours later may be advantageous. The temperature curve may serve to indicate the time for reinjection. 8. The favorable results thus far achieved in human beings by means of the immune serum support and extend those obtained experimentally in monkeys and indicate, as was foreseen, that the milder or less fatal form of poliomyelitis appearing in man is even more amenable to the serum treatment than is the highly fatal disease produced by inoculation in monkeys.
Finite-Element Analysis of Crack Growth Under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading

An elastic-plastic (incremental) finite-element analysis, in conjunction with a crack-growth criterion, was used to study crack-growth behavior under monotonic and cyclic loading. The crack-growth criterion was based on crack-tip strain. Whenever the crack-tip strain equals or exceeds a critical strain value, the crack grows. The effects of element-mesh size, critical strain, strain hardening, and specimen type (tension or bending) on crack growth under monotonic loading were investigated. Crack growth under cyclic loading (constant amplitude and simple variable amplitude) were also studied. A combined hardening theory, which incorporates features of both isotropic and kinematic hardening under cyclic loading, was also developed for smooth yield surfaces and was used in the analysis.
A Process for Design Engineering

The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Design Engineering Technical Committee has developed a draft Design Engineering Process with the participation of the technical community. This paper reviews similar engineering activities, lays out common terms for the life cycle and proposes a Design Engineering Process.
Effects of felbamate, gabapentin and lamotrigine on seizure parameters and excitability in the rat hippocampus

The effects of three new antiepileptic drugs (felbamate, lamotrigine and gabapentin) on the parameters of seizure initiation and termination in one model of reverberatory seizures in the hippocampal-parahippocampal loop in urethane-anesthetized rats were determined. All three of the drugs caused a dose-dependent decrease in the duration of the seizure discharge. Only very high doses of felbamate had a significant effect on seizure initiation. In addition to the seizure model, we tested the three new anti-epileptic drugs for an effect on excitability, on paired-pulse inhibition and on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of the urethane-anesthetized rat. None of the drugs altered LTP or excitability. However, gabapentin altered paired-pulse inhibition, causing a loss of inhibition. For felbamate and lamotrigine, the effects of seizure duration are consistent with their clinical effects as antiepileptic drugs. However, the effect of gabapentin on paired-pulse inhibition suggests a proconvulsant effect and the effect on seizure duration suggests an antiepileptic effect.
An osteoclastic protein-tyrosine phosphatase may play a role in differentiation and activity of human monocytic U-937 cell-derived, osteoclast-like cells.

This study investigated if an osteoclastic protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), PTP-oc, plays a role in the functional activity and differentiation of osteoclastic cells by determining the effects o...
Wireless telemetry for oxygen saturation measurements

A system to remotely monitor a patient’s oxygen saturation (%SpO 2 ) levels is described. The data was continuously measured using a pulse oximeter and then transferred to a central monitoring station via a wireless sensor network for storage and display. Crossbow MICAz motes were programmed to serve as the network nodes. One mote was interfaced to the pulse oximeter for data acquisition and the others were utilized to route the %SpO 2 data to the monitoring station. A user-friendly graphical user interface was developed to capture and display incoming measurements for all patients being monitored. Test results indicated high accuracy in the measurements.
Response to Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients with Acute Right Heart Syndrome

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), a selective pulmonary vasodilator, has been shown to decrease pulmonary artery pressures but not increase cardiac output in hemodynamically stable patients with a variety of causes of pulmonary hypertension. The response to iNO in hemodynamically unstable patients with acute right heart syndrome has not been previously described. We determined the response to iNO in 26 critically ill adult patients with acute right heart failure defined by echocardiographic criteria. Patients received iNO through the inspiratory limb of the ventilator in increments of 10 ppm with hemodynamic and gas-exchange measurements made before and after each level. When maximal effect was seen, iNO was discontinued to compare parameters with baseline. iNO significantly increased cardiac output (5.5 +/- 3 to 6.4 +/- 4 L/min), stroke volume (54 +/- 27 to 65 +/- 38 ml), and mixed-venous oxygen saturation (69 +/- 8 to 73 +/- 10%), all p 20%) and in approximately 25% of all patients, the improvement in hemodynamic measures permitted a decrease in other vasoactive drug administration. The mean concentration of iNO required to achieve these effects was 35 ppm, and 85% of patients exhibiting a substantial improvement in hemodynamics did so at a concentration of iNO of less than or equal to 40 ppm. Underlying causes of right heart failure and baseline hemodynamics did not predict response to iNO, but the use of alpha-agonist catecholamines did. We conclude iNO improves hemodynamics in patients with respiratory failure, shock, and right ventricular dysfunction. Although mortality was not a key end point in this pilot study, it was high for both responders and nonresponders to this therapy. Further evaluation of the role of iNO in this patient population is supported by these data.
Relationship between the daily rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature in eight mammalian species.

The relationship between the daily rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature was studied by telemetry in four nocturnal and four diurnal mammalian species. The results showed that the two ...
Listening to Both Sides of the Therapeutic Dyad: Self-Disclosure of Gay Male Therapists and Reflections From Their Gay Male Clients

Clinicians vary as to their beliefs about the use of self-disclosure in psychotherapy depending on theoretical framework, experience level, and the problem focus. Given the limited number of studies examining therapeutic pairs (client and clinician), this study used qualitative methodology to interview gay male therapists and their gay male clients about how therapist self-disclosures affected their therapy. Results show that clients often felt aware of therapist self-disclosures, whether explicit or implicit, and believed the disclosures assisted them in feeling connected to their therapists and served to normalize the clients’ experiences. Limitations to the study are discussed.
Gonadotropin-stimulated regulation of blood-follicle barrier is mediated by nitric oxide

Although initially described over 30 years ago, the blood-follicle barrier has remained a biological enigma. In this study, we characterize the blood-follicle barrier with respect to its regulation of intrafollicular inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor protein (I alpha I) influx after an ovulatory stimulus. We have found that I alpha I is localized within the ovarian vasculature but is excluded from the follicular compartment until an ovulatory stimulus is given. Within minutes after an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin, I alpha I is localized within the follicular fluid of responding follicles where this protein becomes associated with and stabilizes the newly synthesized hyaluronic acid-rich cumulus extracellular matrix. Analysis of this process has shown that intravenous injection of sodium nitroprusside or excess substrate for nitric oxide synthase, L-arginine, mimics the effect of gonadotropic hormones on the influx of I alpha I into the follicular compartment of preovulatory follicles. Moreover, intravenous injection of specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and NG-nitro-L-arginine, inhibits gonadotropin-mediated intrafollicular influx of I alpha I and also inhibits ovulation in the mouse.
Measurements of Qβ for Neutron-Deficient Nuclei with A ~ 80

Measurement of the decay energies (Qβ) of isotopes which are far removed from the valley of beta stability permits checks of mass theories and provides input for the refinement of mass systematics. In particular, the nuclei which lie on or near the N = Z line with A > 60 are expected to provide some of the most stringent tests of these theories. The nuclei in this region are expected to highlight the influences of a variety of nuclear structure features which affect the nature of the mass surface. These include ison effects, the influences of nuclear shells on binding energies, single particle versus collective phenomena, coulomb energy considerations, symmetry effects, and the role of nuclear deformation in regions of unusual N/Z ratio. In addition to the delineation of the mass surface in these regions, spectroscopic studies of nuclei which lie off of the beta stability line permit additional tests of the detailed predictions of nuclear structure theories.
Stochastic Threshold Characterization of the Intensity of Active Channel Dynamical Action Potential Generation

Schmich, Robert M. and Michael I. Miller. Stochastic threshold characterization of the intensity of active channel dynamical action potential generation. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2616–2630, 1997. This ...
New capabilities in the HENP Grand Challenge Storage Access System and its application at RHIC

Abstract The High Energy and Nuclear Physics Data Access Grand Challenge project has developed an optimizing storage access software system that was prototyped at RHIC. It is currently undergoing integration with the STAR experiment in preparation for data taking that starts in mid-2000. The behavior and lessons learned in the RHIC Mock Data Challenge exercises are described as well as the observed performance under conditions designed to characterize scalability. Up to 250 simultaneous queries were tested and up to 10 million events across 7 event components were involved in these queries. The system coordinates the staging of “bundles” of files from the HPSS tape system, so that all the needed components of each event are in disk cache when accessed by the application software. The caching policy algorithm for the coordinated bundle staging is described in the paper. The initial prototype implementation interfaced to the Objectivity/DB. In this latest version, it evolved to work with arbitrary files and use CORBA interfaces to the tag database and file catalog services. The interface to the tag database and the MySQL-based file catalog services used by STAR are described along with the planned usage scenarios.
Activating patients for smoking cessation through physician autonomy support.

Objective.Test whether physicians’ counseling patients for smoking cessation with an autonomy supportive rather than controlling style would increase patients’ active involvement in the counseling session and increase maintained abstinence.Design.Randomized trial of 27 community-based physicians usi
The increasing incidence of thromboembolic events among hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

BackgroundWe performed a national population-based study examining the incidence of both venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients hospitalized with inflammatory bowel disease over the ...
Studies in Porto Rican Parasitic Fungi—II

In the May number of Mycologia, there appeared a report by the writer of this article which was the first of a series on Porto Rican Parasitic Fungi. A second article, by Mr. Garman, was published in the November number of Mycologia. This is the third of the series and is a report on the genus Cercospora. The work was done according to the method used in work reported in the first paper, when acknowledgments were made for valuable assistance rendered. The specimens were all collected by Dr. F. L. Stevens during the years I912 and 1913 and the material is in the herbarium of the University of Illinois.
Application situation of public health insecticides and insecticide resistance of Culex pipiens pallens and Musca domestica in Shangqiu city

Objective To investigate the application situation of public health insecticides and insecticide resistance of Culex pipiens pallens and Musca domestica in Shangqiu city. Methods Bioassay in laboratory and market investigation were employed in the study. The dipping method and the topical application method were used to measure the susceptibility of Culex pipiens pallens and Musca domestica to insecticides. Results A total of 208 samples of public health insecticides were investigated,including 124 aerosol insecticide samples,77 mosquito coils and electric coils samples and 7 other samples. Public health insecticides containing monophyletic active ingredient and multiple active ingredients occupied 25% and 75% respectively. The active ingredient of all samples contained pyrethroid,and tetramethrin appeared in 60. 26% of the samples. Cx. pipiens pallens held low resistance to beta-cypermethrin and temephos. M. domestica developed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin,permethrin and deltamethrin and low resistance to dichlorvos. Conclusion The resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens and M. domestica to hygienic insecticides results from insecticides application history in Shangqiu city. Insecticides should be used scientifically and appropriately to postpone the development of insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens and M. domestica.
The Pap smear revisited. Controversies and recent developments.

PreviewIn recent years, guidelines for cervical cytologic screening have been reexamined and revised. The resulting trend toward less frequent screening for low-risk patients, however, necessitates increased vigilance by the primary care physician and the pathologist to minimize false-negative cytologic reports. In addition, the recent association of the human papillomavirus with cervical dysplasia has stimulated intense interest in this virus as a potential cervical carcinogen. Dr Zuna provides an update on these developments and their implications for both physicians and patients.
Epidemiology experimentation and simulation management through scientific digital libraries

Advances in scientific data management, discovery, dissemination, and sharing are changing the manner in which scientific studies are being conducted and repurposed. Data-intensive scientific practices increasingly require data management related services not available in existing digital libraries. Complicating the issue are the diversity of functional requirements and content in scientific domains as well as scientists’ lack of expertise in information and library science. Researchers that utilize simulation and experimentation systems need digital libraries to maintain datasets, input configurations, results, analyses, and related documents. A digital library may be integrated with simulation infrastructures to provide automated support for research components, e.g., simulation interfaces to models, data warehouses, simulation applications, computational resources, and storage systems. Managing and provisioning simulation content allows streamlined experimentation, collaboration, discovery, and content reuse within a simulation community. Formal definitions of this class of digital libraries provide a foundation for producing a software toolkit and the semi-automated generation of digital library instances. We present a generic, component-based SIMulation-supporting Digital Library (SimDL) framework. The framework is formally described and provides a deployable set of domain-free services, schema-based domain knowledge representations, and extensible lower and higher level service abstractions. Services in SimDL are specialized for semi-structured simulation content and large-scale data producing infrastructures, as exemplified in data storage, indexing, and retrieval service implementations. Contributions to the scientific community include previously unavailable simulation-specific services, e.g., incentivizing public contributions, semi-automated content curating, and memoizing simulation-generated data products. The practicality of SimDL is demonstrated through several case studies in computational epidemiology and network science as well as performance evaluations.
General Principles of Cryopreservation

Cryopreservation quickly became a cornerstone technology in assisted reproduction because the banking of gametes, embryos, and gonadal tissues has increased the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technology cycles for infertility treatment as well as fertility preservation for patients at risk of premature sterilization. Cryopreservation protocols, both slow/equilibrium cooling and vitrification methods, have evolved empirically and still depend heavily on operator skill, but further automation promises to improve reproducibility and uniformity of results.
Enhanced cytotoxicity with interleukin-1α and 5-fluorouracil in HCT116 colon cancer cells

Recombinant human interleukin-1α (rIL-1α), at concentrations that were not growth-inhibitory when given alone (100-10,000 U/ml), enhanced the growth inhibition resulting from a 72-h fluorouracil (FUra) exposure in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Median-effect analysis of clonogenic assays indicated that rIL-1α, given 24 h prior to and following a 24-h exposure to FUra, increased lethality in a more than additive fashion. rIL-1α did not appear to significantly affect [ 3 H]-FUra metabolism, total [ 3 H]-FUra-RNA incorporation or RNA retention after drug removal, inhibition of thymidylate synthase, or thymidine triphosphate pool deple tion. During continuous exposure to rIL-1α transient stimulation of RNA and DNA synthesis was observed at 72 h, with a return to normal by 96 h. A 24-h exposure to 10 μM FUra altered the elution profile of newly synthesized DNA as monitored by pH step alkaline elution. An accumulation of lower-MW single-stranded DNA species was noted with FUra compared to control, accompanied by a significantly decreased proportion of DNA retained on the polycarbonate filter. 10% retained vs. 32% for control (P = 0.01). A 48-h exposure to rIL-1α alone did not affect the elution profile of nascent DNA species, nor did it enhance the effects of FUra. Although FUra did not appreciably affect pulse [ 3 H]-uridine incorporation into RNA for the initial 8-24 h of FUra exposure, progressive inhibition of net RNA synthesis was observed thereafter. FUra prevented the stimulatory effect of rIL-1α on RNA synthesis, and net RNA synthesis was significantly inhibited (by 64-79% after 72 and 96 h) with the combination compared to rIL-1α alone. Continuous exposure to 10 μM thymidine did not rescue cells from the lethality of FUra alone or the combination of FUra plus rIL-1α, suggesting that depletion of deoxythymidine triphosphate as a consequence of thymidylate synthase inhibition was not the most important component of FUra toxicity. In contrast, 1 mM uridine provided partial protection against the toxicity of FUra alone or with rIL-1α. Although uridine did not affect FUra metabolism, it decreased FUra-RNA incorporation by 42-60%, presumably as a consequence of the 2-fold expansion of UTP pools. [ 125 I]-rIL-1α binding was nonspecific; with a 24-h exposure, however, internalized [ 125 I]-rIL-1α exceeded cell surfacebound material by 2-fold. Concurrent exposure to 10 μM FUra increased the binding and internalization of [ 125 I]-rIL-1α at 37°C by 2.7-fold. While the precise mechanism of interaction between FUra and IL-1α is ubnclear, the data suggest that RNA-directed cytotoxicity by FUra is contributory
The Role of Adult Fiddler Crab Environmental Acoustic Cues and Chemical Cues in Stimulating Molting of Field-Caught Megalopae

Abstract In mid-Atlantic estuaries, three fiddler crab species, Uca pugilator, Uca pugnax and Uca minax, co-occur, with their adults occupying different habitat types distinguished by salinity and sediment size. Some evidence exists that selective settlement is responsible for this separation but the mechanism is largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that field-caught megalopae would be stimulated to molt in the presence of adult species-specific environmental acoustic cues and conspecific chemical cues. We placed megalopae in seawater with and without adult chemical cues, exposed them to one of three sound treatments for 8 days, and recorded the time each megalopa took to metamorphose. Time to molt was unaffected by sound treatment either alone or in combination with chemical cues. In the absence of adult chemical cues, very few megalopae molted regardless of the sound treatment. Molting in the presence of habitat sound and chemical cues varied by species. Many U. pugilator molted in all sound and odor combinations, including the no odor and no sound treatment, and molted sooner in conspecific and congeneric odors. U. pugnax was stimulated to molt by chemical cues from either U. pugilator or U. pugnax, but molting was similar across sound treatments. Lastly, due to the small number of U. minax in the experiment, no statistical analyses or conclusions could be made. Our results do not support the hypothesis that sound stimulates molting of fiddler crab megalopae, but provide additional evidence that chemical odors from adults act as molting cues.
Theory of Ballistic Gait in Prosthetics

Let us come back to the prosthesis development chart (Fig. 1.19). We will begin with gait analysis in normal subjects and will use the model of ballistic synergy as a filter for selecting the key characteristics from the overwhelming amount of available data. We will consider the contribution of the lower limb segments to the generation of the body’s propulsion. From that analysis, we will derive recommendations for the prosthetic foot and knee that aim to better compensate for the anatomical segments lost in amputation.
United States: Continued Weak Funding for Public Service Media

Compared to many of their Western European counterparts, public service media play a small role in the commercially driven American media system. This derives in large part from weak funding commitments. In the United States the main issues for public service media are about funding and independence, rather than transparency. For this reason, the chapter describes the funding process for domestic public service media. Subsequently, the independence of public media providers is discussed. It is argued that the major threats to public media stem not from government funding (as critics often suggest) but, rather, the specific ways in which these media are exposed to potentially corrupting influences from government officials, programme sponsors, and culturally elite audiences. Together, these different constituencies make American public service media less genuinely ‘public’ than they might otherwise be. The chapter concludes by discussing future directions for public service media in the United States.
Computational Modeling of Protein-RNA Interactions

Protein-RNA interactions, mediated through both RNA sequence and structure, play vital role in all cellular processes. In recent years, technologies have been developed to measure these interactions in high-throughput manner. Researchers would like to infer accurate models from the experimental data in order to predict new interactions and better understand the underlying binding mechanism. In this tutorial, I will present the main computational challenges in incorporating RNA structure information into computational algorithms and models. I will describe in detail two state-of-the-art methods to infer structure-based models from experimental data and discuss their strengths and weakness. I will conclude with open problems in the field.
Heart of the Matter

You have been asked to join the team of cardiovascular surgeons, anesthetists, and perfusionists reviewing transfusion practices in cardiovascular surgery at your hospital. Your center performs about 600 coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures annually, approximately 20% of which combine heart valve replacement and CABG. An audit showed that 18% of red cell and 10% of platelet units in your hospital are used for cardiac surgery.
rmalloc() and rpipe(): a uGNI-based Distributed Remote Memory Allocator and Access Library for One-sided Messaging

Optimizing communication is essential for high-performance computing because synchronization bottlenecks inhibit the overall performance and scalability of parallel applications. Today's cutting-edge computing hardware, as well as networking interfaces like Cray Aries/Gemini, features extremely low latency and high bandwidth remote memory access (RMA) operations for optimized data movement. However for any efficient data movement to occur between two logical processing units, software substrates must be able to properly exploit hardware resources for the underlying fabric. Overheads due to coarse granular synchronization and stalls during irregular access of remote memory regions may hint at two adverse effects of resource under-utilization in time and space. We introduce a uGNI-based distributed remote memory allocator called "rmalloc" which expands RDMA-enabled memory utilization, and a communication substrate called "rpipe" that tries to mitigate synchronization bottlenecks. Our UNIX-inspired RMA programming model is simple to use and equally applicable to both higher-level applications as well as lower-level runtime systems for enabling efficient data movement. Our micro-benchmark results suggest that "rmalloc" default next-fit allocator outperforms MPI-3.0 RMA by 1.5X and up to 6X in most cases, while other variants of "rmalloc" (i.e. best-fit, worst-fit) reduce external fragmentation and perform comparably or better than the default "rmalloc" allocator for irregular RMA.
Treatment, Age, and Time-Related Predictors of Behavioral Outcome in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors

The research has shown that children surviving cancer are at risk for long-term emotional and behavioral problems secondary to the cumulative effects of cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional and behavioral outcome of children diagnosed with brain tumor and treated with cranial irradiation and chemotherapy by looking at the association between treatment, time, age, and cognitive-related variables on externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 3 years posttreatment. Fifty-four brain tumor survivors were administered a neuropsychological test battery, whereas the parents filled out the CBCL and Conners' Parent Rating Scale. The results indicate that chemotherapy treatment with vincristine, cytoxan, cisplantinum, and/or VP16 was related to poorer internalizing and externalizing behavioral outcome, especially attention, social withdrawal, and anxious–depressive symptomatology. Age at time of diagnosis or treatment, time since discontinuation of treatment, type and/or total dose of radiation therapy was not significantly correlated with any of the behavioral outcome scales. Verbal memory and learning deficits accounted for a significant portion of the variance in social withdrawal, whereas lower scores in overall intellectual functioning and verbal fluency was related to disturbances in attention, inhibition, and social functioning. The findings suggest that children treated with 1 or a combination of any of the aforementioned chemotherapy agents who exhibit declines in intellectual functioning and memory are at increased risk for long-term behavioral problems 3 years after treatment cessation. These findings support the importance for early psychotherapeutic and supportive intervention services immediately after treatment cessation, with the goal of circumventing these potentially debilitating emotional problems.
Overt-Covert Dissociation and Hypnotic Ego State Therapy

During the past decade, the psychological process of dissociation has received an increasing amount of attention as witnessed by the contributions in this volume. However, the focus has been largely on its severe ramifications evidenced in amnesia and multiple personality disorder (MPD). Such a focus has resulted in an emphasis on its pathological effects as found in severe mental illness to the neglect of its more normal manifestations as an adaptive defense. This more normal aspect of dissociation is demonstrated in many behavioral, adjustment problems and in various neurotic and psychosomatic reactions.
The Effects of Health Care Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP on Life Expectancies

The purpose of our research is to examine to see if there is a relationship between health care expenditures as a percentage of GDP and life expectancy for both females and males, consisting of 210 countries and regions over the period of 1995 to 2014. Along with health expenditure, we also use percent of the population in urban areas, primary completion rates, the amount of foreign aid received, agriculture value added, sanitation, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita as our independent variables. The data that we collected indicates that there is a statistically significant link between life expectancies of both men and women and health care expenditures. During our research we ran our data through fixed effects regression model, this model is in use so that it would reduce the potential biases that we may have had during our experiment and test our hypothesis at the highest standard.
College Teaching from Multiple Angles: A Multi-trait Multi-method Analysis of College Courses

As the field of higher education has used several methods to assess college teaching, the validation of these measures and how they relate to each other has been sparse. This study drew on data from a multi-institutional study of 587 college courses to examine the efficacy of two methods of measuring college teaching (class observation and syllabus analysis) in understanding six college teaching constructs. Results of the multi-trait multi-method (MTMM) modeling analysis revealed a confluence of theory and method in validation: observation was better suited for situated teaching theories that are embedded within disciplines and learners, while syllabus analysis was stronger for robust constructs (such as time on task) that examine coursework across contexts.
Diabetes mellitus and radiation induced lung injury after thoracic stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Abstract Background Radiographic radiation induced lung injury (RILI) is frequently observed after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Models of radiographic change can identify patient risk factors that predict clinical toxicity. We examined the association between radiographic lung changes and lung tissue dose-density response over time with clinical risk factors for RILI, such as diabetes. Methods 424 baseline and follow up CT scans at 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment were analyzed in 116 patients (27 with diabetes) undergoing thoracic SBRT. Volumes of dense/hazy regions and lung parenchyma dose-density response curves were evaluated with respect to follow up time, diabetes, and other factors. Results Dense and hazy tissue regions were larger in the diabetic population, with the effect most pronounced at 3 months. Similarly, dose-density response curves showed greater density change versus dose in the diabetic group (all p Conclusions The presence of diabetes and other clinical factors is associated with increased volume and density of radiographic RILI after lung SBRT, most prominently early after treatment. This is the first report demonstrating the increased severity of RILI after SBRT in diabetic patients. Increased caution treating diabetic patients may be warranted.
Bilevel Optimization and Variational Analysis

This chapter presents a self-contained approach of variational analysis and generalized differentiation to deriving necessary optimality conditions in bilevel optimization with Lipschitzian data. We mainly concentrate on optimistic models, although the developed machinery also applies to pessimistic versions. Some open problems are posed and discussed.
The Importance of Tissue Perfusion in Reconstructive Breast Surgery

Summary:Immediate breast reconstruction relies on healthy mastectomy flaps for success. Tissue perfusion of these mastectomy flaps is dependent on multiple patient-, operative-, and surgeon-specific factors, which must be optimized. Unfortunately, tissue perfusion is also notoriously difficult to ac
Using yeast to sustainably remediate and extract heavy metals from waste waters

Our demand for electronic goods and fossil fuels has challenged our ecosystem with contaminating amounts of heavy metals, causing numerous water sources to become polluted. To counter heavy-metal waste, industry has relied on a family of physicochemical processes, with chemical precipitation being one of the most commonly used. However, the disadvantages of chemical precipitation are vast, including the generation of secondary waste, technical handling of chemicals and need for complex infrastructures. To circumvent these limitations, biological processes to naturally manage waste have been sought. Here, we show that yeast can act as a biological alternative to traditional chemical precipitation by controlling naturally occurring production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Sulfide production was harnessed by controlling the sulfate assimilation pathway, where strategic knockouts and culture conditions generated H2S from 0 to over 1,000 ppm (~30 mM). These sulfide-producing yeasts were able to remove mercury, lead and copper from real-world samples taken from the Athabasca oil sands. More so, yeast surface display of biomineralization peptides helped control for size distribution and crystallinity of precipitated metal sulfide nanoparticles. Altogether, this yeast-based platform not only removes heavy metals but also offers a platform for metal re-extraction through precipitation of metal sulfide nanoparticles. Physicochemical treatments of heavy-metal pollution in waste water have several environmental and structural disadvantages. This Article shows that sulfide-producing yeasts are able to remove mercury, lead and copper from real-world water samples and offer a platform for metal re-extraction.
The Role of Familial Influences in African American Women's Persistence in Computing

Because African American women represent a vastly underrepresented population in the field of computing (i.e., 1% of bachelor's degrees awarded to African American women in 2018), multiple approaches have been utilized to increase the representation of African American women in the computing pipeline. However, strategies to recruit and retain African American women in computing emphasize mentorship in educational settings, ignoring the significance of familial influences in African American women's decision to pursue a degree in computing or how this impacts their ability to successfully navigate the computing pipeline. Furthermore, familial influences represent one form of social capital that can be leveraged to gain access to opportunities in computing. In this exploratory study, we investigate the role of family members and the family values that influence African American women's decision to pursue computing as a preferred field of study and a viable career option. Leveraging Black Feminist Thought as a critical framework, we interview 34 African American women in various stages of the computing pipeline to explore their lived experiences. Qualitative analysis reveals that families play a pivotal role in African American women's persistence in computing in six crucial ways: 1) early exposure and access to computing; 2) support for African American women's self-efficacy; 3) education as a family value; 4) career guidance and advice; 5) emotional support; and 6) family members as role models. We provide recommendations to leverage African American women's strong ties with family members.
Coding Out Justice: Digital Platforms’ Enclosure of Public Transit in Cities

This paper argues that when platform companies like Uber partner with cities to enfold public transit options into their apps, they establish themselves as obligatory passage points for individuals seeking city information or accessing city services. In the process, private platforms become the interfaces through which people experience the city and themselves in it. Platform enclosure of this sort threatens the long-term viability of urban transit systems and their capacity to provide equitable service.
Image denoising for fluorescence microscopy by supervised to self-supervised transfer learning

When using fluorescent microscopy to study cellular dynamics, trade-offs typically have to be made between light exposure and quality of recorded image to balance the phototoxicity and image signal-to-noise ratio. Image denoising is an important tool for retrieving information from dim cell images. Recently, deep learning based image denoising is becoming the leading method because of its promising denoising performance, achieved by leveraging available prior knowledge about the noise model and samples at hand. We demonstrate that incorporating temporal information in the model can further improve the results. However, the practical application of this method has seen challenges because of the requirement of large, task-specific training datasets. In this work, we addressed this challenge by combining self-supervised learning with transfer learning, which eliminated the demand of task-matched training data while maintaining denoising performance. We demonstrate its application in fluorescent imaging of different subcellular structures.
Randomized controlled trial of self-directed versus in-classroom teaching of narrow-band imaging for diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus–associated neoplasia

Background and Aims Previous studies have shown that narrow-band imaging (NBI) can be taught to inexperienced gastroenterologists. However, it is unknown whether in-person training is more effective than self-directed training. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of diagnosing Barrett's esophagus (BE)–associated neoplasia by trainees with no prior NBI experience between in-classroom and self-directed didactic training programs. Methods This was a randomized controlled trial that took place at 2 tertiary-care medical centers, involving 33 participants—12 second-year medical students, 8 first-year gastroenterology fellows, 7 second-year gastroenterology fellows, and 6 third-year gastroenterology fellows. A teaching module was developed for all participants to review. Half of the participants were taught in a classroom setting by an endoscopist with expertise in NBI, whereas the other participants were in a self-directed group that received an automated version of the presentation with audio commentary. Participants completed a test of 40 randomized NBI images, predicting the histology and indicating their confidence levels in the diagnosis. Results There was no difference in accuracy between the in-classroom and self-directed groups (57.5% vs 57.2%; P = 1.0). The in-classroom group had a significantly higher percentage of high-confidence answers (57.2% vs 41.1%; P ≤ .01), but there was no significant difference in accuracy with these high-confidence answers (60.7% vs 66.4%; P = .34). There was no significant difference in overall accuracy or accuracy with high-confidence predictions between the 2 study sites (57.4% vs 55.9%, P = .58; 63.1% vs 61.4%, P = .69) or between gastroenterology fellows and medical students (57.8% vs 54.6%, P = .27; 62.8% vs 60.8%, P = .62). Conclusions The overall accuracy of predicting NBI patterns in BE were modest in our study participants, and there was no difference between self-directed and in-classroom didactic training. Self-directed learning of NBI is adequate for teaching NBI to trainees.
Does extinction of responses to cigarette cues occur during smoking cessation

Aims This study investigated whether Pavlovian extinction occurs during smoking cessation by determining whether experience abstaining from smoking in the presence of cigarette cues leads to decreased probability of lapsing and whether this effect is mediated by craving. Design Secondary analyses were carried out with data sets from two studies with correlational/observational designs. Setting Data were collected in smokers' natural environments using ecological momentary assessment techniques. Participants Sixty-one and 207 smokers who were attempting cessation participated. Measurements Multi-level path models were used to examine effects of prior experience abstaining in the presence of available cigarettes and while others were smoking on subsequent craving intensity and the probability of lapsing. Control variables included current cigarette availability, current exposure to others smoking, number of prior lapses and time in the study. Findings Both currently available cigarettes [odds ratios (OR) = 36.60, 11.59] and the current presence of other smoking (OR = 5.00, 1.52) were powerful predictors of smoking lapse. Repeated exposure to available cigarettes without smoking was associated with a significantly lower probability of lapse in subsequent episodes (OR = 0.44, 0.52). However, exposure to others smoking was not a reliable predictor, being significant only in the smaller study (OR = 0.30). Craving functioned as a mediator between extinction of available cigarettes and lapsing only in the smaller study and was not a mediator for extinction of others smoking in either study. Conclusions This study showed that exposure to available cigarettes is a large risk factor for lapsing, but that this risk can also be reduced over time by repeated exposures without smoking. Smoking cessation interventions should attempt to reduce cigarette exposure (by training cigarette avoidance) but recognize the potential advantage of unreinforced exposure to available cigarettes.
Nonlinear and directional effects on wave predictions over muddy bottoms: central chenier plain coast, Western Louisiana Shelf, USA

The sensitivity of wave-mud interaction on directionality and nonlinearity is investigated. A phase-resolving nonlinear wave model which accounts for directional wave propagation and mud damping is used to simulate wave propagation over a muddy shelf. Field data from an experiment conducted at the central chenier plain coast, western Louisiana, USA are used to validate the model. Recently, verification of a one-dimensional wave model with the field data showed that this model was able to replicate the evolution of wave spectra over muddy bottoms. In this study, unidirectional wave spectra were also run through the parabolic model, but with various initial angles. Linear wave model runs were also performed in order to gauge the effect of nonlinear evolution on the results. Significant wave height and total energy contained in three different spectral bands from the model are compared to the data over the shelf, and correlation metrics calculated. While the model generally performs well no matter the initial angle, at no point does a zero initial angle compare best to the data, indicating that a unidirectional model may be missing some of the dynamical features of wave propagation over a muddy shelf. Furthermore, despite similar correlation scores between linear and nonlinear model comparisons of bulk statistics, it is seen the linear model does not replicate some aspects of the spectral evolution (such as low-frequency generation and amplification) shown in the data and captured by the nonlinear model. Despite the relatively short propagation distance, the effects of both directionality and nonlinearity play a noticeable role in wave evolution over a muddy seabed.
Convective structure in rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones as depicted by passive microwave measurements

[1] Microwave remote sensing of tropical cyclones undergoing rapid intensification (RI; ΔV 30 kt/24 h) reveals structural differences from storms of lesser intensification rates; with 85 GHz signatures depicting a moderately intense convective ring surrounding the storm center. Overpass composites binned by wind shear magnitude show the ring is consistent for low shear RI storms, forming approximately 6 h before RI begins, then contracting and intensifying over the following 24 h. High shear RI events make up a smaller portion of all cases, with little evidence of a convective ring. With the majority of RI cases occurring in low shear, microwave observations of convective axisymmetry prior to RI onset may hold promise for its forecast, with an observed lag between the structural and heating modification and resultant intensification. Given the potential for destruction to vulnerable coastal interests and the current poor predictability of RI, any increase in RI forecast skill would be of great benefit to society.
Structure of the promoter of the Dictyostelium discoideum prespore EB4 gene.

Abstract EB4 is one of several cloned cDNAs that is expressed as mRNA only after the aggregation stage of Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation and exclusively in prespore and spore cells (E. Barklis and H. F. Lodish, Cell 32:1139-1148, 1983). We have isolated the unique genome fragment corresponding to the 5' portion of the EB4 message and the EB4 promoter. The EB4 transcript has an unusually long, G + C-rich, 5' noncoding region, but initiates at several start sites within a region of DNA that is 96% A + T. The sequence GTGGTGG, along with slight variations, occurs several times in the promoter. We have used the EB4 promoter to drive the transcription of an EB4/beta-galactosidase fusion transcript in yeast cells. Although the cap sites of the fused transcript in yeast cells are located in the region where multiple EB4 transcripts are initiated in Dictyostelium, the unregulated expression of the fusion transcript in yeast does not mimic the normal regulated pattern of EB4 mRNA expression in D. discoideum.
MODULATION OF UTERINE RESISTANCE ARTERY LUMEN DIAMETER BY CALCIUM AND G PROTEIN ACTIVATION DURING PREGNANCY

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increased sensitivity of uterine resistance arteries from late pregnant (LP) rats to alpha-adrenergic stimulation is due to an alteration in t...
Translation-invariant operators continuous in measure

Abstract Let G be a compact abelian group and let L(G) be the space of measurable functions on G, equipped with the topology of convergence in measure. The only continuous translation-invariant linear operators on L(G) are the finite linear combinations of the translations themselves.