cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FAIR: Fair Audience InfeRence

Given the recent changes in the policy governing Internet content distribution, such as the institution of per listener royalties for Internet radio broadcasters, content distributors now have an incentive to under-report the size of their audience. Previous audience measurement schemes only protect against inflation of audience size. We present the first protocols for audience measurement that protect against both inflation and deflation attempts by content distributors. The protocols trade-off the amount of additional information the content distributors must distribute to facilitate audience inference with the amount of infrastructure required and are applicable to Internet radio, web plagiarism, and software license enforcement.
EVIDENCE FOR HYPERŒSTROGENÆMIA AS A RISK FACTOR FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN MEN

Abstract Fifteen men who had had a myocardial infarction between the ages of 32 and 42 years were compared with fifteen age-matched healthy men. Seven of the patients had a strikingly slow rate of beard growth, three had evidence of gynaecomastia, and three had a loss of libido. The slow beard growth and decreased libido, and possibly the gynaecomastia, preceded the myocardial infarction. Mean serum œstradiol and œstrone concentrations were significantly increased in the patients, 43.5±8.8 (standard deviation) and 50.7±9.5, respectively, compared with 33.5±5.5 and 37.5±5.8 pg/ml in the controls (P
Finite-difference methods for solving the boundary layer equations with second-order accuracy

A number of second-order accurate finite-difference schemes are investigated for a simplified equation representative of reacting flows and a new method is proposed. The boundary layer equations for a binary gas mixture with a finite reaction rate are solved with this scheme and with the implicit, Crank-Nicolson, Predictor-Corrector and Petukhov methods. For very small step-sizes and for the problems investigated, the second-order finite-difference methods offer an advantage over the first-order implicit scheme.
Mutational analysis of Brh2 reveals requirements for compensating mediator functions

Brh2, a member of the BRCA2 family of proteins, governs homologous recombination in the fungus Ustilago maydis through interaction with Rad51. Brh2 serves at an early step in homologous recombination to mediate Rad51 nucleoprotein filament formation and also has the capability to function at a later step in recombination through its inherent DNA annealing activity. Rec2, a Rad51 paralogue, and Rad52 are additional components of the homologous recombination system, but the absence of either is less critical than Brh2 for operational activity. Here we tested a variety of mutant forms of Brh2 for activity in recombinational repair as measured by DNA repair proficiency. We found that a mutant of Brh2 deleted of the non-canonical DNA-binding domain within the N-terminal region is dependent upon the presence of Rad52 for DNA repair activity. We also determined that a motif first identified in human BRCA2 as important in binding DMC1 also contributes to DNA repair proficiency and cooperates with the BRC element in Rad51 binding.
Growth rate regulation in Escherichia coli

Growth rate regulation in bacteria has been an important issue in bacterial physiology for the past 50 years. This review, using Escherichia coli as a paradigm, summarizes the mechanisms for the regulation of rRNA synthesis in the context of systems biology, particularly, in the context of genome-wide competition for limited RNA polymerase (RNAP) in the cell under different growth conditions including nutrient starvation. The specific location of the seven rrn operons in the chromosome and the unique properties of the rrn promoters contribute to growth rate regulation. The length of the rrn transcripts, coupled with gene dosage effects, influence the distribution of RNAP on the chromosome in response to growth rate. Regulation of rRNA synthesis depends on multiple factors that affect the structure of the nucleoid and the allocation of RNAP for global gene expression. The magic spot ppGpp, which acts with DksA synergistically, is a key effector in both the growth rate regulation and the stringent response induced by nutrient starvation, mainly because the ppGpp level changes in response to environmental cues. It regulates rRNA synthesis via a cascade of events including both transcription initiation and elongation, and can be explained by an RNAP redistribution (allocation) model.
Phase Identification Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction in the Scanning Electron Microscope

The identification of unknown micrometer-sized phases in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been limited by the lack of a robust and simple way to obtain crystallographic information about the unknown while observing the microstructure or morphology of the specimen. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a technique that can provide identification of unknown crystalline phases while exploiting the excellent imaging capabilities of the SEM. Previous to the development of EBSD for phase identification, the only applicable technique for the identification of micrometer-sized phases was electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Convergent beam and selected area electron diffraction (CBED and SAED) can provide information from submicrometer sized phases, but require the preparation of electron transparent samples that is very difficult and time intensive. Phase identification using EBSD is a complementary technique to TEM methods.
Combining diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study reduced frontal white matter integrity in youths with family histories of substance use disorders

Individuals with a family history of substance use disorder (FH+) show impaired frontal white matter as indicated by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This impairment may be due to impaired or delayed development of myelin in frontal regions, potentially contributing to this population's increased risk for developing substance use disorders. In this study, we examined high angular resolution DTI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data from the anterior corona radiata were collected in 80 FH+ and 34 FH- youths (12.9 ± 1.0 years old). White matter integrity indices included fractional anisotropy (FA), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and total choline (tCho). Lower FA suggests decreased myelination. Decreased NAA coupled with higher tCho suggests impaired build-up and maintenance of cerebral myelin and consequently greater breakdown of cellular membranes. We found FH+ youths had lower FA (P < 0.0001) and NAA (P = 0.017) and higher tCho (P = 0.04). FH density (number of parents and grandparents with substance use disorders) was negatively correlated with FA (P < 0.0001) and NAA (P = 0.011) and positively correlated with tCho (P = 0.001). FA was independently predicted by both FH density (P = 0.006) and NAA (P = 0.002), and NAA and tCho were both independent predictors of FH density (P < 0.001). Our finding of lower frontal FA in FH+ youths corresponding to lower NAA and increased tCho is consistent with delayed or impaired development of frontal white matter in FH+ youths. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine how these differences relate to substance use outcomes.
Spectral Broadening of Picosecond Pulses in a Nonlinear Medium

Propagation of an intense ultrashort laser pulse in a nonlinear medium leads to a huge spectral broadening of the pulse. This phenomenon has attracted a great deal of attention in the past decade but has not yet received a satisfactory explanation. Two mechanisms, self-phase modulation1 and parametric four-wave mixing,2 have been proposed as being responsible for the spectral broadening. Neither, however, can explain fully the experimental observation.
LAMPF Dual-Energy Operation

The Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) operated with simultaneous H+ and H- beams until June 1980, when a method of providing a variable energy H- beam as well as a full-energy H+ beam was brought into use. The scheme is based on time sharing between H+ and H- beam pulses. It is now possible to provide H- beams with energy as low as 300 MeV along with the usual 800-MeV H+ beams. The method requires a reduction in duty factor of the H+ and H- beams; however, the total duty factor has been increased to 9% which compensates in large measure for the reduction due to dual-energy operation. The necessary modifications to the beam switchyard and accelerator timing systems are described.
Maximizing the benefits of health care information systems

Information systems can improve cost control, increase the timeliness and accuracy of patient care and administration information, increase service capacity, reduce personnel costs and inventory levels, and improve the quality of patient care. However, experience shows that most of these benefits will not occur automatically following system implementation. Operational problems may exist that diminish information timeliness, accessibility, and accuracy; policies and procedures may not have been sufficiently tailored to reflect the realities and intents of the systems; and personnel tasks may not have been adequately restructured. In order to realize the full potential of information systems, health care organizations must plan for and implement strategies that are designed to maximize such benefits. This paper describes a method for developing benefits maximization strategies. The processes used to define strategies and their outcomes are presented.
Continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion in refractory carcinoma of the breast.

Twenty-five patients with refractory, metastatic carcinoma of the breast were treated with continuous ambulatory 5-fluorouracil (5 FU) infusion (200 to 300 mg/m2/day) through a chronic indwelling central venous catheter. All patients had had extensive previous treatment, including hormonal therapy in 20/25 patients (80%), radiation therapy in 18/25 patients (72%), and an average of 4.6 previous chemotherapy drugs per patient (range 1–10). Twenty-three of 25 patients (92%) had had previous bolus 5 FU. Seventeen of 25 patients (68%) had two or more metastatic sites of involvement and 17/25 patients (68%) had visceral involvement. Results: complete remission −1/25 (4%), partial remission −7/25 (28%), stable disease −6/25 (24%), and progressive disease −11/25 (44%), for an overall response rate of 8/25 (32%). Median duration of response was 6 months. Toxicities included hand-foot syndrome, mucositis, diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting, and required treatment interruption and/or dose attenuation in 9/25 patients (36%). No myelosuppression or serious catheter-related problems were seen. We conclude that continuous 5 FU infusion is a potentially effective salvage treatment that may provide meaningful palliation in some patients with carcinoma of the breast, in spite of extensive previous treatment.
Grazing Behavior of Ruminants and Daily Performance from Warm-Season Grasses

An estimate of the animal-production potential of pastures can be assessed by knowing the daily dry matter (DM) intake of the grazing animal and the digestibility of the DM consumed. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationships between pasture canopy characteristics, ingestive behavior, and daily animal response from warm-season pastures. Of daily DM intake and digestibility of the DM consumed, the former is the most variable and the most difficult to determine. One approach to estimating daily DM intake has been to use the components of ingestive behavior to determine a short-term intake rate (g min -1 ), which can be scaled using grazing time (min d -1 ) to give a 24-h DM intake (kg d -1 ). This approach has been used experimentally with some success, but has not found application in production settings. While aspects of ingestive behavior, including ingestive mastication, are common to all grazing ruminants, literature indicates that differences occur among ruminant species and that animals ingest different pasture species differently. This results in plant-animal interactions. Frequently these dynamics are not clearly addressed for cool-season and warm-season pastures in literature renews, which adds undue confusion to the general area. Ingestive behavior is discussed relative to animal- and pasture-generated bounds which operate within paddocks and can greatly alter ingestive behavior estimates. Also presented are relationships between diet particle size, associated with ingestive mastication, and steer daily gains.
Physician Variation in Test Ordering in the Management of Gastroenteritis in Children

Objectives To describe the variation among physicians in test ordering when caring for children with gastroenteritis and to explore the effect of hospital charge information on such variation. Design Prospective, nonmasked, observational study and controlled trial of price information. Setting Urban, university-affiliated pediatric emergency department. Participants Pediatric emergency medicine faculty (n = 10) and fellows (n = 5). Methods Test-ordering practices were reviewed during 3 periods: control, intervention, and washout. During the intervention period, test charge information was placed on patients' emergency department records. Telephone contact with families was initiated 7 days after care. Results We included 3198 visits. Individual physician mean test charges varied more than 2-fold during the control period (mean, $127; range, $82-$185). Based on their test charges (control period), physicians were assigned to the "high" (n = 8) or "low" (n = 7) test user group. Differences in mean charges in high vs low test users during the control period ($144 vs $112) persisted in the intervention period ($80 vs $52; Mann-Whitney P = .01), as did rates of intravenous fluid use (20% vs 14% in both periods). Among the lowest-acuity patients, low test users exhibited greater price sensitivity (vs high users). Patients treated by low test users did not differ in improved condition (82% vs 86%) or family satisfaction (93% vs 92%); they had more unscheduled follow-up (25% vs 17%; P P = .11). Conclusions Physicians varied in resource use when treating children with gastroenteritis. High and low test users were sensitive to price information. This intervention did not seem to compromise patient outcome.
CodeWave: a real-time, collaborative IDE for enhanced learning in computer science

Computer science instructors often rely on the final version of a program for assessment and feedback. This ignores the process the student used to arrive at the final program. When the instructor has the ability to observe real-time development progress of each student, they are better equipped to provide appropriate and timely feedback. CodeWave, a software program developed at the University of North Carolina Wilmington looks to alleviate these issues.CodeWave is a real-time, collaborative Integrated Development Environment with traditional features such as syntax highlighting and non-traditional features such as integrated messaging and logged playback. CodeWave enhances productivity by integrating many common tools students and instructors use during the programming process. Communication is effortless and allows a user to specify a point in the code as a link in the message body. Log playback provides the ability to review the entire development process. In this paper, we describe the software program we developed to enhance learning in computer science programming courses.
Influence of season on estrous and luteinizing hormone responses to estradiol benzoate in ovariectomized sows.

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine whether seasonal differences existed in estrous and LH responses to estradiol benzoate (EB) in ovariectomized sows. Sows were ovariectomized after weaning their first litter, and treatment was begun 120 d after ovariectomy. Sows were given 400 μg EB intramuscularly (i.m.) on July 24, 1982 (summer), October 24, 1984 (fall), January 29, 1985 (winter), and March 27, 1985 (spring). Beginning 24 h after EB, sows were checked for estrus four times daily. Proportion in estrus was affected by season, with all sows exhibiting estrus within 5 d after EB in summer, winter, and spring. Only three of five sows exhibited estrus within 5 d after EB in fall. Interval (h) to estrus was delayed in fall (80 h) compared to other seasons (62.6 h; SEM = 4.5). Concentrations of LH were suppressed within 6 h after EB in all seasons but rebounded to pre-injection levels more slowly in fall and spring than in winter and summer. Frequency of LH peaks ( 3.2 ± .4 4 h ) was not affected by season, but amplitude (1.9 vs 0.9 ng/ml) and baseline (2.7 vs 1.6 ng/ml) were greater (P
The Revenue Potential of Site Value Tax: Extension and Update of General Equilibrium Model With Recent Empirical Estimates of Several Key Parameters

. Although appealing on the consideration of efficiency, the site (land) value tax has been dismissed by some economists as an unviable alternative to the local real estate tax on the ground that it cannot generate sufficient revenue. From earlier work based on a general equilibrium model, however, a switch from a real estate to an equal yield site value tax could result in an increase in equilibrium land prices (and hence the site value tax base). In particular, equilibrium land prices will rise with a site value relative to a real estate tax if: (L+K/L) > ex. (fL+ fk)/fk. sx+ ex. fL Critical to that theoretical result are the magnitudes of several parameters including the percent land constitutes of total real estate value, (L + K/L), the elasticity of substitution, sx, the elasticity of demand for real estate ex, and the output elasticities, fk and fL. Based on recent empirical estimates of those parameters, the above stated condition holds.
Step-stress accelerated lifetime testing for photovoltaic devices and cells

Estimating the lifetime and activation energy of photovoltaic (PV) cells, devices, and components is a key element to understanding lifecycle costs and improving designs of PV systems. Standard techniques for accelerated lifetime testing (ALT) plans are resource intensive in terms of the number of samples used and the strain placed on the PV testing facilities. In this paper, we introduce the step-stress accelerated lifetime testing (SSALT) method applied to a hypothetical PV test. We describe the SSALT method as a means for alleviating the resource burdens associated with the usual ALT setup. In the last section, we describe a testing plan for a future PV SSALT experiment.
The Paris History and Anthropology Round Table II and the Wenner-Gren Foundation Symposium No. 85

The History and Anthropology Round Table II, sponsored by the Max Planck Institut f?r Geschichte (G?ttingen) and the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) was held in Paris, June 11-14, 1980. The Round Table brought together 25 historians and anthropologists from West Germany, France, Britain, the United States, Switzerland and Italy. Its topic was Family and Kinship, Mate rial Interest and Emotion. The ''Preliminary Considerations" by Drs. David Sabean and Hans Medick posed the problem: "In analyzing the family, anthropologists and social historians have often found difficulties in handling the relationship between emotional needs and material interest. Rather than carefully sorting out the nature of rights and du ties, claims and counter-claims within families in different social and cultural con texts and delineating the corresponding specific territories in which emotion, trust, and sentiment are structured, emotions and interests are treated as opposites which cancel each other out." They noted the danger of simple linear interpretations of temporal change or cross-sectional differences and called for anthropological and historical papers on the following themes: 1) central moments of exchange within the family or household which mediate both emotion and material interest; 2) the interconnection between various planes of activity?the public and the private, the interior and the exterior; 3) specific relationships within the family; 4) the role of kinship in survival strategies. The papers, which were submitted and circulated in advance, addressed these substantive themes in cases ranging from American slave society and New Guinea to seventeenth century France and Italy to twentieth century France, Greece, and England. Discussion was lively and informed. All participants were open to comparative insights and methodologies so there was much stimulating interchange. Professors Herbert Gutman (CUNY) and Jack Goody (Cambridge Univer sity) summed up and pointed to directions for further research. Goody noted that "affective bonds" could only be discussed in a generalized way from anthropo logical data, and historians can do even less. He remarked that although anthro pologists in general tend to see cases as highly individual and particular, the meet
Wastewater application and water use of Larrea tridentata

Abstract Treated wastewater has been applied to agronomic crops, rangelands, forests and recreation areas including parks and golf courses, and to disturbed lands such as mine spoil sites. While land application systems are conventional technology for many communities, there is limited information to guide land managers in arid and semiarid environments where wastewater may be the only source of supplemental irrigation. In order to develop a creosote climate-based water balance irrigation scheduling model to irrigate a desert ecosystem using wastewater, a crop coefficient (Kc) for the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) must be determined. The objective of this study is to determine the Kc and evapotranspiration rate of L. tridentata in non-water limiting conditions and to use the data for wastewater irrigation scheduling in the Chihuahuan desert. The study site, located in Las Cruces, New Mexico is semiarid with an average annual rainfall of 220 mm. Thirty L. tridentata shrubs were purchased from a commercial greenhouse in 19 l pots. The pots were weighed before an irrigation and 24 h after irrigation. The weight change was converted to depth of Et based on the area of the plots. Reference Et was determined from climate data and a crop coefficient calculated. A third order polynomial described the change in the crop coefficient with both day of year and growing degree days using a base and minimum cutoff temperature of 0 °C, no upper cutoff temperature and only data when the day length was greater than 11 h. The coefficient of determination was 0.76 using day of year and 0.77 using GDD. The crop coefficient was used in a water balance irrigation scheduling model to predict creosote water use under rainfall condition in the Chihuahuan desert.
Bayesian intervals for linkage locations

Intermediate fine mapping has received considerable attention recently, with the goal of providing statistically precise and valid chromosomal regions for fine mapping following initial identification of broad regions that are linked to a disease. The following classes of methods have been proposed and compared in the literature: (1) LOD-support intervals, (2) Generalized estimating equations, (3) Bootstrap, (4) Confidence set inference framework. These methods provide confidence intervals either with coverage levels deviating from the nominal confidence levels or that are not fully efficient. Here, we propose a novel Bayesian method for constructing such intervals using affected sibling pair data. The susceptibility gene location is treated as a parameter in this method, with a uniform prior. A Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is implemented to sample from the posterior distribution and Highest Posterior Density Intervals of the disease gene locations are constructed. Correct coverage levels are maintained by our method. Both simulation studies and an application to a Rheumatoid Arthritis dataset demonstrate the improved efficiency of the Bayesian intervals compared with existing methods.
24-h Void number as an indicator of hydration status.

Few user-friendly hydration assessment techniques exist for the general population to use on a daily basis. The present study evaluated void number over 24 h as a potential hydration assessment tool. Male and female subjects collected urine for 24 h while adequately hydrated (n=44; 22±4 years, 168±16 cm, 73±15 kg) or fluid restricted (n=43; 22±3 years, 175±10 cm, 81±24 kg). As a control, participants were asked to void when feeling the ‘first urge to void’ on a commonly used urge scale and noted the volume of each void. For each sample, 24-h urine volume, osmolality (UOSM), specific gravity (USG) and color were measured in the laboratory. As designed, the level of urge upon voiding was consistent throughout the study (2±0; ‘first urge to void’). Samples were classified by USG as either euhydrated (USG<1.020) or hypohydrated (USG⩾1.020). Grouping by UOSM did not change results. Euhydrated versus hypohydrated individuals had greater 24-h urine volume (1933±864 versus 967±306 ml, respectively) and lower urine color (2±1 versus 5±1), USG (1.012±0.004 versus 1.025±0.004) and UOSM (457±180 versus 874±175 mOsm/kg H2O; all P<0.001). Euhydrated individuals voided more than hypohydrated individuals over the 24-h period (5±2 versus 3±1 voids; P<0.001). Additionally, void number inversely correlated with hydration status as identified by USG (r=−0.50; P<0.05) and UOSM (r=−0.56; P<0.05). In conclusion, over 24 h, individuals with a higher void number were euhydrated (that is, had less concentrated hydration biomarkers) than those with a lower void number. Based on these data, void number might be utilized as a simple and feasible hydration assessment for the general public, as it utilizes no equipment or technical expertise.
Bulk viscosity and conformal symmetry breaking in the dilute Fermi gas near unitarity

The dilute Fermi gas at unitarity is scale invariant and its bulk viscosity vanishes. We compute the leading contribution to the bulk viscosity when the scattering length is not infinite. A measure of scale breaking is provided by the ratio $(P-\frac{2}{3}{\cal E})/P$, where $P$ is the pressure and ${\cal E}$ is the energy density. In the high temperature limit this ratio scales as $\frac{z\lambda}{a}$, where $z$ is the fugacity, $\lambda$ is the thermal wave length, and $a$ is the scattering length. We show that the bulk viscosity $\zeta$ scales as the second power of this parameter, $\zeta \sim (\frac{z\lambda}{a})^2 \lambda^{-3}$.
Is the Euro-zone on the Mend? Latin American examples to analyze the Euro question.

Several European countries face challenges reminiscent of those faced by the emerging economies of Latin America. The economic booms in some peripheral Euro-zone countries financed by large capital inflows; the credit and asset price booms and then the busts including Sudden Stops in capital flows; the strong interaction between sovereign debt and domestic banking systems; the role of foreign banks and contagion; and all in the context of a fixed exchange rate, are familiar plotlines for Latin American audiences. For those Euro-zone countries that built up large Euro-denominated external liabilities, Latin America's experience is particularly relevant and worrisome. Still, Europe may be in a better position to navigate a path out of the crisis given cooperative mechanisms that were absent in Latin America, particularly the availability of massive liquidity support. Nonetheless, while such support buys time, it does not guarantee success. This paper argues that reflecting on Latin America's experience provides useful lessons for Europe to improve the chances for a successful resolution.
A hypergraph-based learning algorithm for classifying arraycgh data with spatial prior

Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) has been used to detect DNA copy number variations at genome scale for molecular diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. A special property of arrayCGH data is that, among the spot-intensity variables in the arrayCGH data, there are spatial relations introduced by the layout of the probes along the chromosomes. Standard classification algorithms are not capable of capturing the spatial relations for accurate cancer classification or biomarker identification from the arrayCGH data. We introduce a hypergraph based learning algorithm to classify arrayCGH data with spatial priors modeled as correlations among variables for cancer classification and biomarker identification. In the experiments, we show that, by incorporating the spatial relations among the spots as prior, our algorithm is more accurate than other baseline algorithms on a bladder cancer array-CGH data. Furthermore, some discriminative regions identified by our algorithm contain genomic elements that are cancer-relavent.
Differential-algebraic systems, their applications and solutions

Abstract Here, we describe what differential-algebraic systems (DASS) are and where they arise. We also sketch the numerical methods that underly the software packages that can be used to solve DASS. Finally, we describe a two-phase, time-dependent, reaction, diffusion, convection problem and the numerical solution of this prototypical DAS.
Correctness via compilation to logic: a decade of verification at microsoft research

Advances in automated theorem provers over the last decade have led to a renaissance in software tools that compile problems of correctness to problems over logic formula. In this talk, I will review progress in automated theorem provers, such as Z3 from Microsoft Research, and consider a variety of program correctness tools that build upon Z3, such as automated test generators, automated safety/termination checkers, as well as interactive functional verifiers. I'll then describe a number of new projects that make use of the "correctness via compilation to logic" approach, including the design of new programming languages, ensuring the security of data centers, and safely programming gesture recognizers such as Kinect.
Lung Cancer Chemoprevention: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition)

Background Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States. Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor. Former smokers are at a substantially increased risk for lung cancer compared with lifetime never-smokers. Chemoprevention is the use of specific agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent the process of carcinogenesis. This article reviews the major agents that have been studied for chemoprevention. Methods Articles of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention trials were reviewed and summarized to obtain recommendations. Results None of the phase III trials with the agents beta carotene, retinol, 13-cis-retinoic acid, α-tocopherol, N-acetylcysteine, or acetylsalicylic acid has demonstrated beneficial, reproducible results. For facilitating the evaluation of promising agents and for lessening the need for a large sample size, extensive time commitment, and expense, focus is now turning toward the assessment of surrogate end point biomarkers for lung carcinogenesis. With the understanding of important cellular signaling pathways, various inhibitors that may prevent or reverse lung carcinogenesis are being developed. Conclusions By integrating biological knowledge, more trials can be performed in a reasonable time frame. The future of lung cancer chemoprevention should entail the evaluation of single agents or combinations that target various pathways while working toward identification and validation of intermediate end points.
Are Functional Relations Always the Alter Ego of Humean Laws

Abstract It has recently been suggested in the pages of this journal that ‘functional relations are the alter ego of Humean laws’ (Fleetwood, 2001, p. 205). Based on the identification of an open-systems, ceteris-paribus (OSCP) approach to formal modelling, it is argued that this claim is true only some of the time and problematic only some of the time that it is true. The paper goes on to demonstrate that functional relations that are consistent with the OSCP approach to formal modelling can provide useful tools in various domains of the stratified ontology identified by critical realists. The OSCP approach to formalism is contrasted with a second, axiomatic approach to formalism that is identified as advising the mainstream formal modelling project.
A Comparison of Low Socio-economic Mexican American Students' and Parents' Attitudes toward College Educationl

A sample survey showed that low socio-economic (SES) Mexican American students (N = 70) held favorable attitudes toward college education. Students, however, when compared with their parents, held significantly less favorable attitudes toward college education. That over one-half of the students did not plan on attending college reflected this attitude. The discrepan cy between the students' attitudes and their parents' attitudes was attributed, in large part, to generational differences. The discrepancy between the students' favorable attitudes toward col lege and their hesitancy to enroll in college was attributed, in part, to a growing discontentment with college education. The importance of a student perceiving his home environment as con ducive to education is also discussed.
A Superconducting Solenoid

TESTS have been made recently on a superconducting solenoid constructed from what is believed to be the longest continuous length of niobium–zirconium alloy wire so far produced in the United Kingdom. An ingot of the alloy (75 at. per cent niobium, 25 at. per cent zirconium) was swaged and cold drawn to give approximately 320 feet of 0.010-in. diameter wire. 100 ft. of this was used to construct the coil, which is shown in the accompanying photograph. The insulation was provided by a single layer of silk wrapping round the wire and by sheets of ‘Melinex’ between the layers of the coil.
A recent occurrence of an African type tooth mutilation in Florida.

A Negro skull with mutilated teeth was found in Saint Augustine, Florida. There are clear indications that the specimen is recent. Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine the country of origin of the skull. However, anthropologists should be sensitive to the possibility of tooth mutilation currently being practiced among Negro groups in the Western Hemisphere.
ρs of confined 3He–4He using adiabatic fountain resonance

Abstract We have previously described a resonance involving the adiabatic motion of 4He from a superleak into a reservoir. We consider here the case of 3He–4He mixtures and show some preliminary results for ρs for confinement to a film with thickness L=0.0483 μm . We relate this to the behavior expected from correlation-length scaling.
Adrenocortical insufficiency with normal serum cortisol levels and hyporeninaemia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been associated with abnormalities of adrenocortical function [1–4], and hypoaldosteronism due to hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism (HHA) [15]. We here report the case of a woman with AIDS associated with orthostatic hypotension, persistent hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia, in whom basal serum cortisol levels were normal and serum renin activity was low. Subsequent post-mortem examination revealed almost complete adrenocortical destruction. A possible explanation of this apparently contradictory combination of findings is discussed, together with the therapeutic implications for similar cases.
Coordination of index finger movements.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to describe the patterns of coordination among the joint motions of the index finger, and among the EMGs of index finger muscles. Index finger movements involving all three joints were varied in speed and direction. Joint motions were recorded along with finewire EMG from all the muscles that insert into the index finger. We observed nearly linear relationships for angular position between the two interphalangeal (IP) joints, and between the metacarpophalangeal (MP) and proximal IP (PIP) joints regardless of movement, speed and direction. The activities of the extrinsic flexors were of similar magnitude and were highly correlated when they acted as agonists but were poorly correlated when they acted as antagonists to the movement. Extrinsic extensor muscles behaved in this way also. The activation patterns of the intrinsic musculature correlated weakly except for extension movements voluntarily limited to the IP joints. We conclude that the highly coordinated action of the extrinsic flexors during flexion contribute importantly to the linked motions of the IP joints in part because these muscles span two or all the three index finger joints. Hence, interjoint movement patterns appear not to arise solely from restraints imposed by passive tissues, especially for fast flexion movements. The weakly correlated intrinsic mucle activity does not uncouple the flexion motions at the PIP and DIP joints because these muscles exert extensor torques at both IP joints. However, the actions of the intrinsic muscles are necessary for stabilizing the MP joint in flexion postures during IP motion and in producing motions voluntarily limited to the MP joint.
Application of the Charge Regulation Model to the Colloidal Processing of Ceramics

We implement competitive adsorption of ions in the charge regulation (CR) model to describe several aspects of the interaction and compaction behavior of ceramic particles. This model shows that th...
Bile Ptyalism Associated with Chest Trauma and Sickle Cell Crisis Simulating Bronchobiliary Fistula

Abstract Bile ptyalism, the elaboration of copious amounts of sputum virtually indistinguishable from bile, is nearly always indicative of the presence of a bronchobiliary fistula, a lesion usually produced by trauma and requiring surgical correction. This report deals with 4 patients, in 3 of whom the appearance of bilious sputum was known to have been preceded by chest trauma. None of these patients had a bronchobiliary fistula. However, all 4 had sickle cell disease and were suffering a hemolytic crisis complicated by pulmonary consolidation at the time. Although it is a rare complication, the fact that biliary ptyalism not due to fistula may occur during crisis in patients with sickle cell disease is important knowledge in the management of victims of this disorder.
Dopamine depletion in the rostral nucleus accumbens alters the cerebral metabolic response to cocaine in the rat.

Abstract The functional consequences of dopamine depletion in the rostral nucleus accumbens were examined using the quantitative 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose method for determining rates of local cerebral glucose utilization. Cerebral metabolism was determined in 35 brain structures of Sprague–Dawley rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine or sham lesions of the rostral accumbens. The effect of the lesion was assessed in cocaine-naive animals treated systemically with cocaine or saline. In saline-treated animals, the lesion increased cerebral metabolism in typical basal ganglia regions, such as the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus, as well as portions of the extended amygdala that included the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the hypothalamic preoptic area. Cerebral metabolism was affected bilaterally in a subset of all affected structures which demonstrated that the functional consequences of the lesion extended beyond the primary monosynaptic output zones of the rostral accumbens. The lesion also changed the topography of the normal cocaine response such that cocaine effects were blunted in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus and the medial ventral pallidum. Thus, the present study describes functional evidence of the link between the rostral accumbens and the extended amygdala and demonstrates that dopamine in the rostral accumbens plays an important role in the central response to cocaine. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The use of unique statistical weights for estimating variances with the balanced half-sample technique

Abstract The balanced half-sample technique has been used for estimating variances in large scale sample surveys. This paper considers the bias and variability of two balanced half-sample variance estimators when unique statistical weights are assigned to the sample individuals. Two weighting schemes are considered. In the first, the statistical weights based on the entire sample are used for each of the individual half-samples while in the second, the weights are adjusted for each individual half-sample. Sampling experiments using computer generated data from populations with specified values for the strata parameters were performed. Their results indicate that the variance estimators based on the second method are subject to much less bias and variability than those based on the first.
ENTRY FLOW IN STRAIGHT AND CURVED CHANNELS WITH SLENDER CHANNEL APPROXIMATIONS.

The slender channel equations for laminar flow are solved downstream of the entrance of curved channels of variable height. The singularities at the entrance are removed with coordinate transformations which stretch the boundary layer and shrink the core flow. Initial conditions at the entrance are obtained from the governing equations with only the streamwise velocity specified. A modified box scheme is used to develop a finite-difference method which allows the derivatives of the dependent variables across the channel to be discontinuous at the interface between the boundary layer and core flow. Numerical results are presented for several channel geometries and entry conditions.
Treatment of Addison's Disease with Interrenalin (Adrenal Cortex Extract)

The first demonstration that active endocrine material can be extracted from the adrenal cortex, and that it is capable of prolonging life and mitigating symptoms in completely adrenalectomized animals, was by Rogoff and Stewart (1) in 1925. Their experimental observations constitute the basis for the method that is now generally employed in the treatment of Addison's disease. The first demonstration that substantial benefit may be derived from administration of potent adrenal cortex extract, in Addison's disease, was published by the same authors (2), in 1929. Amelioration of symptoms was the outstanding observation in 7 patients that had been under treatment with interrenalin, in the form of an extract of adrenal cortex, for periods ranging from approximately 6 to 18 months. Other articles (3), were followed by a second report (4), in 1932, which included 14 additional cases together with further observations on the original 7. It was clearly shown, by comparison with a control group of 12 cases, that s...
Role of standardized grape polyphenol preparation as a novel treatment to improve synaptic plasticity through attenuation of features of metabolic syndrome in a mouse model.

Scope Metabolic syndrome has become an epidemic and poses tremendous burden on the health system. People with metabolic syndrome are more likely to experience cognitive decline. As obesity and sedentary lifestyles become more common, the development of early prevention strategies are critical. In this study, we explore the potential beneficial effects of a combinatory polyphenol preparation composed of grape seed extract, Concord purple grape juice extract and resveratrol, referred to as Standardized Grape Polyphenol Preparation (SGP), on peripheral as well as brain dysfunction induced by metabolic syndrome.
Photon impact factor and $k_T$-factorization for DIS in the next-to-leading order

The photon impact factor for the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov pomeron is calculated in the next-to-leading order approximation using the operator expansion in Wilson lines. The result is represented as a next-to-leading order ${k}_{T}$-factorization formula for the structure functions of small-$x$ deep inelastic scattering.
Using Chaotic Maps for Encrypting Image and Video Content

Arithmetic Coding (AC) is widely used for the entropy coding of text and multimedia data. It involves recursive partitioning of the range [0,1) in accordance with the relative probabilities of occurrence of the input symbols. In this paper, we present a data (image or video) encryption scheme based on arithmetic coding, which we refer to as Chaotic Arithmetic Coding (CAC). In CAC, a large number of chaotic maps can be used to perform coding, each achieving Shannon optimal compression performance. The exact choice of map is governed by a key. CAC has the effect of scrambling the intervals without making any changes to the width of interval in which the codeword must lie, thereby allowing encryption without sacrificing any coding efficiency. We next describe Binary CAC (BCAC) with some simple Security Enhancement (SE) modes which can alleviate the security of scheme against known cryptanalysis against AC-based encryption techniques. These modes, namely Plaintext Modulation (PM), Pair-Wise Independent Keys (PWIK), and Key and cipher text Mixing (MIX) modes have insignificant computational overhead, while BCAC decoder has lower hardware requirements than BAC coder itself, making BCAC with SE as excellent choice for deployment in secure embedded multimedia systems. A bit sensitivity analysis for key and plaintext is presented along with experimental tests for compression performance.
A particle process underlying SSD storage structures

We introduce a particle process that models the evolution of page configurations in solid-state-drive (SSD) storage devices. These devices use integrated circuitry as memory to store data. Typically, pages (units of storage) are organized into blocks of a given size. Three operations are permitted: write, read, and clean. Rewrites are not allowed, i.e., a page has to be "cleaned" before the write operation can be repeated. While the read and write operations are permitted on individual pages, the clean operation can be executed on whole blocks only. Analysis of our particle process captures a key tradeoff in the operation of SSD's.
Na+-independent l-arginine transport in rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles

Abstract Na + -independent l -arginine uptake was studied in rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles. The finding that steady-state uptake of l -arginine decreased with increasing extravesicular osmolality and the demonstration of accelerative exchange diffusion after preincubation of vesicles with l -arginine, but not d -arginine, indicated that the uptake of l -arginine in brush border vesicles was reflective of carrier-mediated transport into an intravesicular space. Accelerative exchange diffusion of l -arginine was demonstrated in vesicles preincubated with l -lysine and l -ornithine, but not l -alanine or l -proline, suggesting the presence of a dibasic amino acid transporter in the renal brush border membrane. Partial saturation of initial rates of l -arginine transport was found with extravesicular [arginine] varied from 0.005 to 1.0 mM. l -Arginine uptake was inhibited by extravesicular dibasic amino acids unlike the Na + -independent uptake of l -alanine, l -glutamate, glycine or l -proline in the presence of extravesicular amino acids of similar structure. l -Arginine uptake was increased by the imposition of an H + gradient (intravesicular pH + gradient stimulated uptake was further increased by FCCP. These findings demonstrate membrane-potential-sensitive, Na + -independent transport of l -arginine in brush border membrane vesicles which differs from Na + -independent uptake of neutral and acidic amino acids. Na + -independent dibasic amino acid transport in membrane vesicles is likely reflective of Na + -independent transport of dibasic amino acids across the renal brush border membrane.