cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A phase diagram for energy flow-limited reactivity.

Intramolecular energy flow (also known as intramolecular vibrational redistribution or IVR) is often assumed in Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus, transition state, collisional energy transfer, and other rate calculations not to be an impediment to reaction. In contrast, experimental spectroscopy, computational results, and models based on Anderson localization have shown that ergodicity is achieved rather slowly during molecular energy flow. The statistical assumption in rate theories might easily fail due to quantum localization. Here, we develop a simple model for the interplay of IVR and energy transfer and simulate the model with near-exact quantum dynamics for a 10-degree of freedom system composed of two five-mode molecular fragments. The calculations are facilitated by applying the van Vleck transformation to local random matrix models of the vibrational Hamiltonian. We find that there is a rather sharp “phase transition” as a function of molecular anharmonicity “a” between a region of facile energy transfer and a region limited by IVR and incomplete accessibility of the state space (classically, the phase space). The very narrow transition range of the order parameter a happens to lie right in the middle of the range expected for molecular torsion, bending, and stretching vibrations, thus demonstrating that reactive energy transfer dynamics several kBT above the thermal energy occurs not far from the localization boundary, with implications for controllability of reactions.
Reticulocalbin 3 is Involved in Postnatal Tendon Development by Regulating Collagen Fibrillogenesis and Cellular Maturation

Tendon plays a critical role in the joint movement by transmitting force from muscle to bone. This transmission of force is facilitated by its specialized structure, which consists of highly aligned extracellular matrix consisting predominantly of type I collagen. Tenocytes, fibroblast-like tendon cells residing between the parallel collagen fibers, regulate this specialized tendon matrix. Despite the importance of collagen structure and tenocyte function, the biological mechanisms regulating fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation are not well understood. Here we examine the function of Reticulocalbin 3 (Rcn3) in collagen fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation during postnatal tendon development using a genetic mouse model. Loss of Rcn3 in tendon caused decreased tendon thickness, abnormal tendon cell maturation, and decreased mechanical properties. Interestingly, Rcn3 deficient mice exhibited a smaller collagen fibril distribution and over-hydroxylation in C-telopeptide cross-linking lysine from α1(1) chain. Additionally, the proline 3-hydroxylation sites in type I collagen were also over-hydroxylated in Rcn3 deficient mice. Our data collectively suggest that Rcn3 is a pivotal regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and tenocyte maturation during postnatal tendon development.
Outcomes of brain metastasis in high-grade bone and soft tissue sarcoma: An analysis of clinicopathological characteristics and survival data.

Brain metastases in sarcoma are exceedingly rare, with few published series documenting ranges from 1% to 8%. This study investigated the outcomes of sarcoma patients with brain metastases using a population-based analysis. This was a retrospective review of 5933 patients with high-grade sarcoma identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 2010 and 2015. Of the eligible 5933 patients, 0.7% (n = 44) had brain metastasis. Kaplan-Meier was used to estimate survival and follow-up (reverse Kaplan-Meier), and a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model analyzed prognostic factors of disease-free survival (DFS). Median (IQR) follow-up of all eligible patients was 28 months (12; 47). Patients who developed brain metastasis had a higher proportion of N1 stage disease (p 0.05). For sarcoma patients with brain metastasis, the outcomes are poor and do not appear to differ by clinicopathologic factors. However, patients with certain histologies and synchronous metastases may warrant more frequent surveillance as there was an association of brain metastasis with these factors.
Tilting at windmills? Electoral repercussions of wind turbine projects in Minnesota

Abstract Spatial electoral repercussions of wind turbine developments are surprisingly understudied in the literature. How people vote based on the personal costs and benefits of living in the vicinity of wind turbines is an important empirical question that can improve our understanding about the political feasibility of a clean energy transition. Given the assumption that any potential nuisances or benefits associated with wind turbines are likely to be highly spatially concentrated, we merge the GIS turbine data with voting and census data at the precinct level to examine how wind turbine development affects the electoral fortunes of incumbent state legislators in the state of Minnesota in elections that occurred between 2006 and 2018. We also examine whether the incumbency advantage of turbine development favors Republicans or Democrats more. We find that turbine development has a positive impact on incumbent performance. In precincts where wind turbines are constructed, our models estimate that adding at least one turbine within that precinct increases the share of the incumbent party's vote in the next election by an average of 1.8–9 percentage points. We also find that Republicans benefit electorally from turbine development as much as or more than Democrats. The finding that voters usually reward rather than punish local politicians in both parties for wind development bodes well for the future of energy transition in the US as it suggests that most people are supportive of green energy even in their backyards.
Temperature Characterization of Unipolar-Doped Electroluminescence in Vertical GaN/AlN Heterostructures

An electroluminescence (EL) phenomenon in unipolar-doped GaN/AlN/GaN double-barrier heterostructures—without any p-type contacts—was investigated from 4.2 K to 300 K. In the range of 200–300 K, the extracted peak photon energies agree with the Monemar formula. In the range of 30 to 200 K, the photon energies are consistent with A-exciton emission. At 4.2 K, the exciton type likely transforms into B-exciton. These studies confirm that the EL emission comes from a cross-bandgap (or band-to-band) electron-hole radiative recombination and is excitonic. The excitons are formed by the holes generated through interband tunneling and the electrons injected into the GaN emitter region of the GaN/AlN heterostructure devices.
Analysis of Massive Sulfides within the Mountain View Area of the Stillwater Complex, Montana — a Statistical Formulation and Test of the Sulfide Liquid Immiscibility Model

The Stillwater Complex, Montana, is a layered mafic intrusion containing resources of chromite, platinum, copper, and nickel. The exploration program for copper and nickel sulfides within the Mountain View area of this igneous body included a series of diamond drillholes located on a grid. Characteristics of massive sulfides which occur in these drillholes (thickness, stratigraphic position, and copper-nickel grades) within and adjacent to the Basal series of the Stillwater Complex have been analyzed and compared with theoretically expected results of immiscible sulfide liquids. An important aspect of this study is the translation of the attributes of a geologic model into statistical hypotheses to evaluate the possibility that liquid immiscibility is the primary process responsible for the thickness, stratigraphic distribution, and copper-nickel grade characteristics of the massive sulfides present within the Mountain View area of the Stillwater Complex.
Does meeting BBB accountability standards affect charitable giving? A study of New York Metropolitan area charities, replicated by a US national sample

Nonprofit organizations acquire resources from diverse sources, wherein donations play a significant role for many. To help donors and other source of public support make donative decisions, Better Business Bureaus under its Wise Giving Alliance conduct and publish review results of participating nonprofit organizations based on nationally developed criteria named as BBB STANDARDS FOR CHARITY ACCOUNTABILITY. This study assess the impact of meeting all BBB accountability criteria on the amount of public support received, using data from New York region charity organizations. The study result was replicated for validity by using an independent sample from key nonprofits from across the US in general. Multiple methods were used in data analysis, taking advantage of the data quality and availability. The research finds that participating in the accountability review program and meeting all the evaluative criteria is associated with increased public support, controlling for documented key covariates. The study is limited by its quantitative orientation and further studies to qualitatively investigate the detailed mechanism of the phenomena is recommended.
Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds

Preface I. On the Shoulders of Bakhtin and Vygotsky 1. The Woman Who Climbed Up the House 2. A Practice Theory of Self and Identity II. Placing Identity and Agency 3. Figured Worlds 4. Personal Stories in Alcoholics Anonymous 5. How Figured Worlds of Romance Become Desire III. Power and Privilege 6. Positional Identities 7. The Sexual Auction Block IV. The Space of Authoring 8. Authoring Selves 9. Mental Disorder, Identity, and Professional Discourse 10. Authoring Oneself as a Woman in Nepal V. Making Worlds 11. Play Worlds, Liberatory Worlds, and Fantasy Resources 12. Making Alternate Worlds in Nepal 13. Identity in Practice Notes References Credits Index
A Grid Service-Based Active Thermochemical Table Framework

In this paper we report ourwork on the integration of existing scientific applications using Grid Services. We describe a general architecture that provides access to these applications via Web services-based application factories. Furthermore, we demonstrate how such services can interact with each other. These interactions enable a level of integration that assists the scientific application architect in leveraging applications running in heterogeneous runtime environments. Our architecture is implemented by using existing infrastructures and middleware, such as Web services, the Globus Toolkit, and the Java CoG Kit. We test our architecture on a thermochemistry application that provides a number of requirements, such as batch processing, interactive and collaborative steering, use of multiple platforms, visualization through large displays, and access via a portal framework. Besides the innovative use of the Grid and Web services, we have also provided a novel algorithmic contribution to scientific disciplines that use thermochemical tables. Specifically, we modified the original approach to constructing thermochemical tables to include an iterative process of refinement leading to increased accuracy; we are now implementing this approach. We have designed a portal for accessing the set of services provided, which include the display of network dependencies between the reactions a chemist may be interested in and interactive querying of associated species data.
Comparison of reintroduction and enhancement effects on metapopulation viability

Metapopulation viability depends upon a balance of extinction and colonization of local habitats by a species. Mechanisms that can affect this balance include physical characteristics related to natural processes (e.g. succession) as well as anthropogenic actions. Plant restorations can help to produce favorable metapopulation dynamics and consequently increase viability; however, to date no studies confirm this is true. Population viability analysis (PVA) allows for the use of empirical data to generate theoretical future projections in the form of median time to extinction and probability of extinction. In turn, PVAs can inform and aid the development of conservation, recovery, and management plans. Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) is a dune endemic that exhibited metapopulation dynamics. We projected viability of three natural and two restored populations with demographic data spanning 15–23 years to determine the degree the addition of reintroduced population affects metapopulation viability. The models were validated by comparing observed and projected abundances and adjusting parameters associated with demographic and environmental stochasticity to improve model performance. Our chosen model correctly predicted yearly population abundance for 60% of the population-years. Using that model, 50-year projections showed that the addition of reintroductions increases metapopulation viability. The reintroduction that simulated population performance in early-successional habitats had the maximum benefit. In situ enhancements of existing populations proved to be equally effective. This study shows that restorations can facilitate and improve metapopulation viability of species dependent on metapopulation dynamics for survival with long-term persistence of C. pitcheri in Indiana likely to depend on continued active management.
Prediction of daily energy expenditure during a feeding trial using measurements of resting energy expenditure, fat-free mass, or Harris-Benedict equations

Background During feeding trials, it is useful to predict daily energy expenditure (DEE) to estimate energy requirements and to assess subject compliance.
Relation between Charge and Stability of Colloidal Gold

IT is believed by most colloid chemists that the stability of a colloid depends on the charge on its particles, and that the greater the charge the greater the stability. The results of coagulation of colloids by electrolytes, as well as the effect of dialysis on the stability of the colloid, have been explained on the basis of the above idea. Mukherjee and collaborators,1 however, working on arsenious sulphide sol, found that the stability of this sol is not so directly related to the charge as it is generally believed to be.
Effect of alterations in side chain upon anti-inflammatory and liver glycogen activities of hydrocortisone esters.

A number of esters of hydrocortisone and related steroids have been examined for activity in the granuloma inhibition (subcutaneous cotton pellet) test, both after local application of the steroids and after systemic administration. Liver glycogen deposition activity was examined by a one-day oral test in mice, a six-day test in rats, and for duration of action after a single subcutaneous injection. Rates of absorption and activity per mg. of steroid absorbed also were determined. Wide differences in activity were found, depending upon the configuration at C-21. Part of this difference was due to diverse rates of absorption, but there were also differences in activity per mg. of steroid absorbed. It is concluded that ease of hydrolysis of the ester is also a factor in determining potency. The tertiary butyl acetate is particularly effective when locally applied, but systemic activity of this ester is relatively low because of reduced rate of absorption and decreased activity per mg. absorbed. After subcutaneous injection, the free alcohol of hydrocortisone is more rapidly absorbed and gives a more prompt response than any of its esters examined. The 9α-fluoro derivative is more gradually absorbed and gives a more sustained response than does hydrocortisone.
The Aggregate Dynamics of Campaigns

AbstractDaily interactions between partisan elites, the media, and citizens are the driving dynamic of election campaigns and the central determinant of their outcomes. Accordingly, we develop a theory of campaign dynamics that departs from previous top-down models of campaign effects in its emphasis on the reciprocal campaign interactions between these actors. We examine these interactions with daily data on campaign expenditures, media coverage, and voter support in the 2000 presidential campaign. We find that partisan elites, the media, and citizens each played critical and interdependent roles in creating the dynamics of the campaign and producing the closest election in decades. We also find that the Gore campaign was hindered by its delayed responsiveness to the Bush campaign and its unwillingness to reinforce positive media coverage of Gore with increased campaign expenditures.
The effects of social trust on consumer perceptions of food safety

This study investigated the extent to which social trust affects consumers' food safety opinions. Additionally, it examined the determinants of social trust in governmental agencies and advocacy groups responsible for food safety. It also examined relationships between trust and food safety opinions. The data came from a social survey administered by mail to 289 adults in the Minneapolis/Minnesota metropolitan area. The results show support for a conceptual distinction between food safety worry and concern, which, respectively, reflect emotional and cognitive consumer risk assessments. Social trust significantly affected worry, but not concern. Environmentalism and social-demographic variables had significant total effects, but not significant direct effects, on trust, worry, and concern.
A Leadership Perspective of Reciprocal Stewardship in Family Firms

Davis, Allen, and Hayes found that family members employed by the family firm reported significantly higher levels of perceived stewardship than nonfamily members. We extend their research by exploring how stewardship in family firms can be further expanded throughout the firm using the theoretical perspective of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory. Particularly in family firms, the leader's stewardship behaviors may establish a culture of stewardship throughout the firm. The resulting reciprocal stewardship behaviors of employees can be explained through LMX mechanisms. Propositions are offered to explore conditions where the family firm context provides a unique opportunity for creating a culture of reciprocal stewardship.
pH of very acid soils.

THE purpose of this note is to call attention to the fact that usual methods of measuring soil pH1 seriously underestimate the pH of very acid soils, such as those of coal mine spoils2, cat clays3 and solfataras4, in which acidity is due to the presence of free sulphuric acid. Standard methods for measuring soil pH involve making a slurry of soil with (usually) distilled water at a 1 : 2, 1 : 5, or 1 : 10 dilution, and reading the pH of this slurry. Implicit in this procedure is the assumption that the soil is buffered and hence that pH does not change with dilution. This assumption is erroneous in the case of the sulphuric acid soils.
Electron Transport in Magnetic Inhomogeneous Media

Giant magnetoresistance has been observed in both magnetic multilayers and magnetic granular solids. We develop a framework for unifying these particular realizations of inhomogeneous magnetic media, based on the real-space Kubo formula. It constitutes a spin-dependent form of linear response theory, associated with internal spin-dependent fields arising from spin accumulation; moreover, we discuss the physical meaning of these spin dependences. For magnetic multilayers we discuss the particular cases of collinear and noncollinear configurations, and we consider limiting cases of the elastic mean-free path to inhomogeneity-scale ratio for granular solids. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of magnetically self-averaging systems, which include the current perpendicular to the plane geometry of multilayers and granular solids. In the limit of no spin-flip scattering, we show that there are no length scales associated with the magnetoresistance of self-averaging structures.
Resistance of the rabbit to methotrexate: Isolation of a drug metabolite with decreased cytotoxicity

Abstract Hematological and toxicological studies revealed a strong resistance of the rabbit to the folic acid antagonist methotrexate. Investigation of its metabolism led to the isolation and purification of a drug metabolite from urine and liver incubation samples, based on solubility characteristics of the compound. The metabolite was characterized by u.v. absorption spectrum, pattern of crystallization, and paper chromatography in phosphate buffers. Elementary analysis was compatible with the 4,7-dihydroxy derivative of methotrexate. Toxicity studies in mice indicated that the metabolite is a product of detoxification with reduced but apparently not fully obliterated antifolic acid activity.
Folding kinetics of a naturally occurring helical peptide: implication of the folding speed limit of helical proteins.

The folding mechanism and dynamics of a helical protein may strongly depend on how quickly its constituent α-helices can fold independently. Thus, our understanding of the protein folding problem may be greatly enhanced by a systematic survey of the folding rates of individual α-helical segments derived from their parent proteins. As a first step, we have studied the relaxation kinetics of the central helix (L9:41-74) of the ribosomal protein L9 from the bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus, in response to a temperature-jump (T-jump) using infrared spectroscopy. L9:41-74 has been shown to exhibit unusually high helicity in aqueous solution due to a series of side chain-side chain interactions, most of which are electrostatic in nature, while still remaining monomeric over a wide concentration range. Thus, this peptide represents an excellent model system not only for examining how the folding rate of naturally occurring helices differs from that of the widely studied alanine-based peptides, but also for ...
Effect of the plasmonic dispersion relation on the transmission properties of subwavelength cylindrical holes

We analyze subwavelength cylindrical holes in an optically thick metallic film with the metal described by a plasmonic model. We find that the dispersion diagram exhibits three distinct features that have a profound impact on the transmission of incident light through cylindrical holes. First, such holes always support propagating modes near the surface plasmon frequency, regardless of how small the holes are. Second, the fundamental plasmonic mode $({\mathrm{HE}}_{11})$ is located completely below the surface plasmon frequency and gives rise to a passband in the transmission spectrum. Third, when the radius of the holes is small, there exists a stop band, just above the surface plasmon frequency, where a normally incident plane wave does not transmit. Based on the dispersion analysis, we design both a single hole and a hole array in which propagating modes play a dominant role in the transport properties of incident light. These structures exhibit a different region of operation that has not been probed yet experimentally, while featuring a high packing density and diffractionless behavior.
Systemic sarcoidosis presenting with alopecia of the scalp

A 39-year-old African-American woman was referred to the department of dermatology, Mount Sinal Hospital, New York for evaluation of a skin lesion on her scalp which had been present for 3 years and had recently changed in appearance. On examination, she was found to have erythematous plaques with hair loss extending from the frontal hairline on the right side in a “C-shaped” distribution, terminating behind the left ear. Two years later the lesion had rapidly extended to the vertex of the scalp and left temporal area (Fig. 1). There was a 10 cm × 12 cm area of alopecia at the vertex with slight erythema, but there was no evidence of scarring, inflammation or nodularity of the scalp (Fig. 2). A skin biopsy taken from the forehead revealed granulomatous dermatitis showing noncaseating granuloma with negative acid fast bacilli (AFBC) and ammonical-silverstain for fungus (GMS) (Fig. 3). Figure 1. Erythematous plaque with hair loss on the left temporal area Figure 2. Nonscarring alopecia at the vertex with slight erythema Figure 3. Noncaseating granuloma consisting of lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells (hematoxylin and eosin staining; magnification ×100) She complained of chronic nasal congestion for 8 months. Nasal cavity examination and laryngeal endoscopy showed multiple nodules on the nasal septum and vocal cord. At that time, a presumptive diagnosis of sarcoidal nodule of the nasal septum and vocal cord was made and corticosteroids were administered orally. A chest X-ray demonstrated prominence of the right peritracheal and perihilar regions consistent with sarcoid. A 67 Gallium scan disclosed increased uptake in the lung and perihilar lymph nodes. A skull X-ray showed soft tissue density of the skull, probably indicating a subcutaneous sarcoidal nodule. Computed tomography (CT) scanning of her brain and skull base showed a soft tissue mass along the outer table of the calvarium within the frontal region. Six years ago, she experienced visual changes: blurred vision, tearing, floaters on both eyes and a 1 cm × 1 cm subcutaneous, painful, firm mass on the lateral side of her left upper eyelid. A skin biopsy was performed in another hospital and revealed noncaseating granuloma. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis involving the central nervous system, lacrimal gland, nasal septum, vocal cord, lung and scalp was made, and the patient was treated with 20 mg of methylprednisone on alternate days with intralesional triamcinolone injection for skin lesions. During the follow-up period, nasal, laryngeal, pulmonary, ocular and cutaneous lesions were slightly improved and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning will be carried out for further evaluation of the brain lesion.
Conformal mixed neutron and photon irradiation in localized and locally advanced prostate cancer: Preliminary estimates of the therapeutic ratio

Abstract Purpose: To determine the incidence of chronic toxicity and the probability of biochemical and histologic complete response among patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer, treated with three dimensional (3D) conformal mixed neutron and photon irradiation. Methods and Materials: Between November 1991 and December 1994, 151 patients with prostate cancer were entered in three prospective dose-finding studies of conformal mixed neutron and photon irrdation. Patients with low stage, low to intermediate grade prostate cancer (T1-2NXM0, Gleason Score ≤7) received 38 Photon Gy (PhGy) plus 9 (51 patients) or 10 (53 patients) Neutron Gy (NGy) to the prostate and seminal vesicles. Forty-seven patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (T3-4N0-1 M0) and/or Gleason Score ≥ 8) received 15 NGy + PhGy to the postate and seminal vesicles and 9 NGy + 18 PhGy to the pelvic lymph nodes. Results: The median follow-up was 16 months (range: 3–30 months). There was no Grade 3–5 GI or GU toxicity recorded. At 20 months, the actuarial rates of Grade 2 GI morbidity were 6 and 29% for the 9–10 and 15 NGy protocals, respectively ( p = 0.07). At 20 months, the incidences of Grade 2 GU morbidity were 4 and 16%, respectively ( p = 0.08). Stiffness in flexing or abducting the hips was seen in 20 and 42% of patients receiving 9–10 and 15 NGy, respectively ( p = 0.01). Potency was maintained in 65% of all patients. Among patients with an initial PSA ≤ 10, 100% had a 12-month PSA Conclusion: The use of conformal mixed neutron and photon irradiation has been well tolerated with no severe bladder or rectal complications observed. However, because of the enhanced toxicity seen with 15 NGy, the current maximum dose levels of neutron irrdiation have beem limited to 11 NGy.
Pressure Distribution under Symptom-Free Feet during Barefoot Standing

The plantar pressure distributions for a large heterogeneous sample of feet (N = 107) were collected during barefoot standing using a capacitance mat. From these data, the function of the foot during standing was characterized. Peak pressures under the heel (139 kPa) were, on average, 2.6 times greater than forefoot pressures (53 kPa). Forefoot peak pressures were usually located under the second or third metatarsal heads. No significant relationship was found between body weight and the magnitude of peak pressure. The concepts of a transverse arch at the level of the metatarsal heads and a "tripod" theory of load distribution were not substantiated by this study. Load distribution analysis showed that the heel carried 60%, the midfoot 8%, and the forefoot 28% of the weightbearing load. The toes were only minimally involved in the weightbearing process. Examples of unusual distributions are shown; finally, a checklist is provided to aid the clinician in evaluating plantar pressure findings.
NMR relaxation measurements in solid H2 at low ortho-H2 concentrations

Nuclear transverse and longitudinal relaxation time measurements in solid hcp H 2 are presented for two frequencies, 5.3 and 29 MHz. The ortho molefractionX varied from 2×10−3 to 0.1 and the temperature range extended from 0.4 K to near the triple point, ∼ 13.9 K. Over this range ofX andT, the longitudinal timeT1is representative of theintramolecular relaxation processes that reflect the orientational fluctuations of the molecules. On the other hand, the rates fromintermolecular dipolar coupling are calculated to be negligible. At concentrationsX≲0.008, the transverse timeT2is dominated by the contributions from intramolecular relaxation processes, and is found to increase quite strongly with temperature. This new effect is ascribed to a coupling between molecular rotation and lattice vibrations, brought into evidence by the narrow width of the fluctuation spectral density at lowX. ForX>0.01 in the nondiffusion region, the NMR line shape is dominated by the signal from isolated ortho-H2 molecules broadened via intermolecular dipolar interactions, and by the signal from isolated ortho pairs and triangles, etc., configurations. Above 9 K, however, the thermally activated diffusion produces an averaging out of these broadening effects, making it possible to determine theT2fromintramolecular nuclear spin interactions. For these mixtures,T1also shows a temperature variation, but with a maximum near 7 K and a flat minimum at higher temperatures. The relaxation data are compared with previous experiments and some systematic discrepancies in the dependence onX are found. The frequency dependence ofT1extends to higher concentrations than one expects from the theory of Fujio, Hama, and Nakamura, where nuclear relaxation is treated in terms of the orientational fluctuations from intermolecular electric quadrupolar coupling and crystalline fields. In the appendix, results are presented of an earlier attempt in this laboratory to determine the crystalline field splitting inH2from the temperature variation of the NMR line shape. An upper bound of |VC/kB|=0.028 K is obtained at zero pressure.
Beyond Satisfaction: Understanding and Promoting the Instructor-Librarian Relationship

This article reports upon the assessment and research activities undertaken by a research group of faculty librarians at Hunter College regarding the perceptions, awareness, and usage of library services by non-librarian faculty members. Given the initial directive to measure faculty satisfaction with library services, the research group developed an ongoing action-research protocol to pursue more meaningful assessments of faculty awareness and use of library services and resources. The researchers employed both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, gathering data through informal information groups with faculty members and through an online survey measuring faculty awareness of library resources and services (Faculty Awareness of Library Services (FALS)). The findings show that while Hunter faculty value relational engagement with the library, they are more frequently aware of non-relational, self-service library resources. Further, the data suggest that tenured faculty members are aware of libra...
Entrapment of enzymes using organo-functionalized polysiloxane copolymers.

The present study expands previous work [(1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 797, 343-347] by showing that organo-functionalized polysiloxane copolymers could entrap two of the most frequently immobilized enzymes, i.e. urease and invertase with retention of biological activity. Urease was solidly entrapped in the polymer formed from a 1:3 mixture of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethylorthosilicate. The entrapment yield and the activity of the entrapped enzyme are significantly greater than with other techniques reported to date. Significantly, the entrapped enzyme possessed greater activity than its solution counterpart (36% at higher amounts of enzyme entrapped). The entrapment process also rendered the enzyme more stable toward pH and temperature, and less susceptible toward the action of urea at high concentrations. In addition, the entrapment process significantly increased the stability, both operational and storage, of the urease enzyme. When invertase was entrapped in the same copolymer, it retained two thirds of its solution activity, but the entrapment yield was lower than that of urease. Results obtained during this study also suggested that the protein may be influencing polymer development in these systems and that the resultant polymer in turn may be affecting the enzyme's activity (see following paper for further discussion).
Neurosteroid analogues. Part 13: Synthetic methods for the preparation of 2β-hydroxygonane derivatives as structural mimics of ent-3α-hydroxysteroid modulators of GABAA receptors

Abstract Many different 3α-hydroxysteroids in the androstane and pregnane steroid series enhance the actions of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA type-A (GABAA) receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Recent studies have shown that (3α,5α)-3-hydroxyandrostan-17-one (androsterone) is less active at these receptors than its enantiomer ent-androsterone. Further structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies are needed to explore the structural features of ent-androsterone that are important for its enhanced action at these receptors. Molecular modeling shows that 2β-hydroxysteroids are similar in three-dimensional shape to the enantiomers of 3α-hydroxysteroids. The development of synthetic methods to gain access to C17-substituted analogues of 2β-hydroxygonanes for SAR studies is demonstrated with the synthesis of (2β,5α,14β)-2-hydroxygonan-17-one.
Characterization and modeling of the oligomeric state and ligand binding behavior of purified translocator protein 18 kDa from Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein that has been identified as a key player in cholesterol and porphyrin transport, apoptotic signaling, and cancer development, as well as neurological inflammation and disease. Despite a number of TSPO ligands whose effects have been studied with respect to these varied biological activities, the nature of their interactions with TSPO and the molecular mechanism of their effects remain controversial, in part because of the lack of an atomic-resolution structure. We expressed and purified the homologue of mammalian TSPO from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsTSPO), as well as a mutant form in a proposed drug binding loop, RsTSPOW38C. We characterized their binding behaviors with endogenous ligands and a series of compounds that affect apoptosis by using a sensitive tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay. Our results show that RsTSPO behaves as a dimer in the purified...
Female mating preferences in red junglefowl: a meta-analysis

Numerous experiments have been conducted in an effort to understand the mating preferences of female red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Males of this species have both colourful ornamental plumage and fleshy head ornaments, including the comb. Previous studies produced conflicting results regarding the responses of females to these different ornaments. Several studies indicated that the comb influences female choice, but others failed to support this finding. Similarly, feather ornamentation correlated with female choice in some studies, whereas in a number of others it did not. Our meta-analyses show that when all mate choice experiments involving combs are analysed together, female preference is significantly related to male comb morphology. Subsets of these data (non-manipulation experiments, comb length [not colour] experiments, or manipulation experiments that leave one comb unaltered) make this point more strongly. This evidence is consistent with current understanding of the signalling value of the co...
Completeness in formal specification language design for process-control systems

This paper examines the issue of completeness in specification language design. In the mid-80s we identified a set of 26 formal criteria to identify missing, incorrect, and ambiguous requirements for process-control systems. Experimental validation of the criteria on NASA and NASDA spacecraft systems have supported their usefulness in detecting commonly omitted but important information and engineers have been using them in checklist form on real systems. At the same time, we have extended the criteria and now have over 60. This paper shows how most of the criteria can be embedded in a formal specification language in ways that potentially allow automated checking or assist in manual reviews.
Multiply enhanced odd-order wave-mixing spectroscopy.

Extending current coherent multidimensional spectroscopy (CMDS) methods to higher order multiwave mixing requires excitation intensities where dynamic Stark effects become important. This paper examines the dynamic Stark effects that occur in mixed frequency/time domain CMDS methods at high excitation intensities in a model system with an isolated vibrational state. The phase-matching restrictions in CMDS define the excitation beams that interact by nonlinear mixing while the dynamic Stark effects create vibrational ladders of increasingly more energetic overtone and combination band states. The excited quantum states form coherences that reemit the output beams. This paper uses the phase-matching conditions k out = k 1 - k 2 + k 2 , and k out = -k 1 + k 2 + k 2' , where the subscripts denote the excitation frequencies of each excitation pulse and the output pulse. The phase-matching condition constrains each pulse to have an odd number of interactions so the overall mixing process that creates the output coherence must also involve an odd number of interactions. Tuning the excitation frequencies and spectrally resolving the output intensity creates three-dimensional spectra that resolve the individual overtone states. Changing the excitation pulse time delays measures the dynamics of the coherences and populations created by the multiple excitations. The multidimensional spectra probe the highly excited states of a molecular potential energy surface. This paper uses tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO) 6 ) as a model for observing how dynamic Stark effects change the multidimensional spectra of a simple system. The simplicity of the W(CO) 6 system provides the experimental data required to develop the nonperturbative theoretical methods that will be necessary to model this new approach to CMDS.
Multilevel cache hierarchies: organizations, protocols, and performance

Abstract We introduce some basic characteristics of multilevel cache hierarchies in uni-processor and multiprocessor systems. We define multilevel inclusion properties, give some necessary and sufficient conditions for these properties to hold in multiprocessor environments, and show their importance in reducing the complexities of cache coherence protocols. A number of multiprocessor structures with a two-level cache hierarchy are described, along with their advantages and drawbacks. The algorithms for the cache protocols are presented in detail. Quantitative estimates of performance show the improvements that can be obtained over a single-level cache hierarchy.
Search for oscillations in the translational energy dependence of the dissociation of H2 on Pd(100)

Abstract Recent calculations of the variation of the probability of dissociative chemisorption, S 0 , of H 2 on Pd(100) and on W(100) predict distinct oscillations in this probability with increasing translational energy, E i , at low energy. We have searched for these oscillations in the H 2 /Pd(100) system using a novel molecular beam scattering method. No oscillations could be found. We find that S 0 falls monotonically with increasing E i up to ∼0.1 eV. Any deviations from this monotonic fall represent changes in S 0 of 2 ( J = 1, v = 0) and H 2 ( J = 0, v = 0), respectively, at a surface temperature of 80 K. We discuss the possibility that surface motion is responsible for averaging away structure in S 0 versus E i .
Three-dimensional architecture of a polytene nucleus

The three-dimensional chromosome topography in an intact nucleus has been determined using fluorescently stained Drosophila polytene chromosomes, optical fluorescence microscopy and newly developed, generally applicable, cellular image reconstruction techniques. The folding pattern is a complex mixture of parallel chromosomal segments and intertwined coils and shows extensive interaction of the chromosomes with the nuclear envelope.
Alcohol expectancies, risk identification, and secondary prevention with problem drinkers

Abstract Alcohol-related expectancies are associated with drinker status and alcohol-related problems, but their contribution to the maintenance of drinking and their role in behavior change have yet to be determined. Goals of the present research were: (a) to assess the impact that participation in a secondary prevention program might have on drinking-related outcome and efficacy expectancies; and (b) to evaluate whether changes in drinking were associated with changes in expectancies. Despite significant decreases in drinking levels as a result of participation in the prevention program, neither outcome nor efficacy expectancies changed accordingly. Several methodological and theoretical issues are discussed in relation to these findings. The role of expectancy change as a necessary precondition for change in drinking behavior is questioned.
Landscape Scale Variation in Nitrous Oxide Flux Along a Typical Northeastern US Topographic Gradient in the Early Summer

Most previous studies investigating controls on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have relied on plot-scale experiments and focused on relative homogeneous biotic and abiotic factors such as soil, vegetation, and moisture. We studied soil N2O flux at 11 chamber sites along a 620 m topographic gradient in upstate New York, USA, aiming at identifying patterns of N2O flux and correlating them to hydrological factors and soil substrate properties along the gradient. The topographic gradient is a complex slope with an overall gradient of 8%, covering plant communities of pasture, forest, alfalfa field, and riparian area from the top to the bottom. Mean fluxes of N2O measured from late March to May ranged from 4.45 to 343 μg N m−2 h−1, and these fluxes were not significantly different among chamber sites located in different communities. With the descending of the slope, N2O fluxes increased with the increase of soil water content, except for the riparian site. Statistically, N2O fluxes were not strongly correlated with soil temperature, soil bulk density, and water filled pore space (p > 0.05). Instead, strong correlations (p < 0.05) were found between N2O fluxes and soil C and N content including NO 3 − , NH 4 + , total organic carbon, and C/N ratio. Multiple linear regression analyses including both soil physical and substrate properties highlighted the significance of soil NO 3 − content and C/N ratio in regulating N2O fluxes along the gradient.
Taphonomy and paleoecology of epibionts on the scallops Chlamys hastata (Sowerby 1843) and Chlamys rubida (Hinds 1845)

The taphonomic loss of soft-bodied organisms and ubiquitous time averaging make reconstruction of ecological interactions in fossil communities difficult. This study employs an actualistic analysis of epibiont communities on scallops to infer preservation potential and life-span overlap in ancient epibiont associations. Spirorbid, serpulid, and sabellid annelids, sponges, barnacles, and cheilostome and cyclostome bryozoans form dense covers on the scallops Chlamys hastata and C. rubida in moderately deep waters around San Juan Island, Washington. Serpulids, spirorbids, cyclostomes, and cheilostomes dominate on lower surfaces of living scallops and on the interiors of dead shells. In some instances, up to 100% of the areal epibiont cover on these surfaces would likely be preserved in the fossil record
Moments and power generated by the horse (Equus caballus) hind limb during jumping.

SUMMARY The ability to jump over an obstacle depends upon the generation of work across the joints of the propelling limb(s). The total work generated by one hind limb of a horse and the contribution to the total work by four joints of the hind limb were determined for a jump. It was hypothesized that the hip and ankle joints would have extensor moments performing positive work, while the knee would have a flexor moment and perform negative work during the jump. Ground reaction forces and sagittal plane kinematics were simultaneously recorded during each jumping trial. Joint moment, power and work were determined for the metatarsophalangeal (MP), tarsal (ankle), tibiofemoral (knee) and coxofemoral (hip) joints. The hip, knee and ankle all flexed and then extended and the MP extended and then flexed during ground contact. Consistent with our hypothesis, large extensor moments were observed at the hip and ankle joints and large flexor moments at the knee and MP joints throughout ground contact of the hind limb. Peak moments tended to occur earlier in stance in the proximal joints but peak power generation of the hind limb joints occurred at similar times except for the MP joint, with the hip and ankle peaking first followed by the MP joint. During the first portion of ground contact (≈40%), the net result of the joint powers was the absorption of power. During the remainder of the contact period, the hind limb generated power. This pattern of power absorption followed by power generation paralleled the power profiles of the hip, ankle and MP joints. The total work performed by one hind limb was 0.71 J kg -1 . Surprisingly, the knee produced 85% of the work (0.60 J kg -1 ) done by the hind limb, and the positive work performed by the knee occurred during the first 40% of the take-off. There is little net work generated by the other three joints over the entire take-off. Velocity of the tuber coxae (a landmark on the pelvis of the animal) was negative (downward) during the first 40% of stance, which perhaps reflects the negative work performed to decrease the potential energy during the first 40% of contact. During the final 60% of contact, the hip, ankle and MP joints generate positive work, which is reflected in the increase of the animal9s potential energy.
Tumor-to-tumor metastasis: case report of a pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastatic to a clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a very rare event. The recipient tumor may be benign or malignant. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common tumor recipient of metastasis while lung carcinoma is the most common donor tumor. We report a 57-year-old Caucasian male who presented with chest pain. On PET CT Scan, he was also found to have a large renal mass for which he underwent left nephrectomy. On histology of the renal mass, the tumor was a conventional renal cell carcinoma with areas of metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma. The two components had a distinctive morphology which was confirmed on subsequent immunohistochemistry. The physiopathological mechanisms making clear cell renal cell carcinoma an avid recipient of a metastatic carcinoma have been speculated upon, but are still unknown.