cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient, transparent, and comprehensive runtime code manipulation

This thesis addresses the challenges of building a software system for general-purpose runtime code manipulation. Modern applications, with dynamically-loaded modules and dynamically-generated code, are assembled at runtime. While it was once feasible at compile time to observe and manipulate every instruction—which is critical for program analysis, instrumentation, trace gathering, optimization, and similar tools—it can now only be done at runtime. Existing runtime tools are successful at inserting instrumentation calls, but no general framework has been developed for fine-grained and comprehensive code observation and modification without high overheads. This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of building such a system in software. We present DynamoRIO, a fully-implemented runtime code manipulation system that supports code transformations on any part of a program, while it executes. DynamoRIO uses code caching technology to provide efficient, transparent, and comprehensive manipulation of an unmodified application running on a stock operating system and commodity hardware. DynamoRIO executes large, complex, modern applications with dynamically-loaded, generated, or even modified code. Despite the formidable obstacles inherent in the IA-32 architecture, DynamoRIO provides these capabilities efficiently, with zero to thirty percent time and memory overhead on both Windows and Linux. DynamoRIO exports an interface for building custom runtime code manipulation tools of all types. It has been used by many researchers, with several hundred downloads of our public release, and is being commercialized in a product for protection against remote security exploits, one of numerous applications of runtime code manipulation. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Co1-xFexS2: a tunable source of highly spin-polarized electrons.

In the emerging field of spin-electronics ideal ferromagnetic electron sources would not only possess a high degree of spin polarization, but would also offer control over the magnitude of this polarization. We demonstrate here that a simple scheme can be utilized to control both the magnitude and the sign of the spin polarization of ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, which we probe with a variety of techniques. The position of the Fermi level is fine-tuned by solid solution alloying with the isostructural diamagnetic semiconductor ${\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, leading to tunable spin polarization of up to 85%.
Computational detection of genomic cis-regulatory modules applied to body patterning in the early Drosophila embryo.

Background Regulation of gene transcription is crucial for the function and development of all organisms. While gene prediction programs that identify protein coding sequence are used with remarkable success in the annotation of genomes, the development of computational methods to analyze noncoding regions and to delineate transcriptional control elements is still in its infancy.
Accelerating Service Discovery in Ad-Hoc Zero Configuration Networking

Zero Configuration Networking (Zeroconf) assigns IP addresses and host names, and discovers service without a central server. Zeroconf can be used in wireless mobile ad-hoc networks which are based on IEEE 802.11 and IP. However, Zeroconf has problems in mobile ad-hoc networks as it cannot detect changes in the network topology. In highly mobile networks, Zeroconf causes network overhead while discovering new services. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to accelerate service discovery for mobile ad-hoc networks. Our algorithm involves the monitoring of network interface changes that occur when a device with IEEE 802.11 enabled joins a new network area. This algorithm allows users to discover network topology changes and new services in real-time while minimizing network overhead.
Absolute bioavailability of evacetrapib in healthy subjects determined by simultaneous administration of oral evacetrapib and intravenous [13C8]-evacetrapib as a tracer

This open-label, single-period study in healthy subjects estimated evacetrapib absolute bioavailability following simultaneous administration of a 130-mg evacetrapib oral dose and 4-h intravenous (IV) infusion of 175 µg [(13) C8 ]-evacetrapib as a tracer. Plasma samples collected through 168 h were analyzed for evacetrapib and [(13) C8 ]-evacetrapib using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates following oral and IV doses, including area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from zero to infinity (AUC[0-∞]) and to the last measureable concentration (AUC[0-tlast ]), were calculated. Bioavailability was calculated as the ratio of least-squares geometric mean of dose-normalized AUC (oral : IV) and corresponding 90% confidence interval (CI). Bioavailability of evacetrapib was 44.8% (90% CI: 42.2-47.6%) for AUC(0-∞) and 44.3% (90% CI: 41.8-46.9%) for AUC(0-tlast ). Evacetrapib was well tolerated with no reports of clinically significant safety assessment findings. This is among the first studies to estimate absolute bioavailability using simultaneous administration of an unlabeled oral dose with a (13) C-labeled IV microdose tracer at about 1/1000(th) the oral dose, with measurement in the pg/mL range. This approach is beneficial for poorly soluble drugs, does not require additional toxicology studies, does not change oral dose pharmacokinetics, and ultimately gives researchers another tool to evaluate absolute bioavailability.
Phonon Transport in Asymmetric Sawtooth Nanowires

Thermal transport in asymmetric sawtooth nanowires was investigated. The boundaries reflect phonons differently depending on the frequency and momentum of the phonon. These systems show thermally rectifying behavior when the boundary reflections are a function of both the direction the phonon is traveling and the frequency of the phonon. This rectifying effect could be useful for thermal management applications at all size scales, but would have to be built up from the nanoscale because of a strong dependence on the device aspect ratio and the Knudsen number of the system. Monte Carlo simulations show an accumulation of phonons at the boundary which emits phonons in a perceived rough direction where those phonons have some probability of diffuse reflections at the boundary while phonons emitted in the smooth direction only experience specular reflections at the boundary and are eventually thermalized at the opposite boundary. In this study the level of rectification of the system was linearly dependent on the device aspect ratio as long as the length of the device was near or below the phonon mean free path of the phonons.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber Substitution for Conductive Carbon in Anode Systems for LiB Applications

Isotropic and anisotropic conductive carbon particles, carbon black (CB) and vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), were incorporated into a Lithium Titanate (LTO) battery anode material composition, and their effect on conductivity and electrochemical properties investigated. Nanocomposite electrodes comprised of LTO, polyvinyldine floride (PVDF) and as little as 5 wt% VGCF are reported to manifest more than one order of magnitude enhancement in conductivity over their CB counterparts. VGCF-based anodes are also found to exhibit more stable voltage discharge profiles and as much as 20% improvement in capacity retention during extended electrochemical cycling at charge/discharge rates as high as 2.625 A/g (15 C). Remarkably, we find that the benefits of VGCF relative to CB conductivity aids diminish at higher particle loadings and that a LTO anode formulation containing 5 wt% CB | 5 wt% VGCF yields optimal capacity retention. At 5C, this composite system outperformed both the 10 wt% VGCF and 10 wt% CB electrode systems by delivering 20% higher capacity during extended charge/discharge cycling. We explain this finding in terms of two synergetic effects: enhanced electrode conductivity facilitated by incorporation of a percolated network of anisotropic VGCF particles; and shorter transport distances between the insulative LTO and high surface area CB.
I See Myself through My Avatar: Evidence from East Asia and North America for Acculturated Effects on Virtual Representation Preference

In the present research we argue that avatars, as identity containers, can mirror people’s self-concepts. Research in cultural psychology suggests that East Asians tend to be more tolerant of contradictions and that they more easily adjust their self-concepts in accordance with changing contexts compared to North Americans (see Heine 2001). We therefore assume that preferred forms of avatars among East Asians and North Americans are different because of this self-concept variability across cultures. We conducted a quasi-experiment to explore how people in the two cultures differently evaluate two forms of avatars, human-like and cartoon-like avatars, in terms of likeability and preference. We found that East Asians rated cartoon-like avatars more favourably than North Americans. Moreover, compared to North Americans, East Asians preferred cartoon-like avatars to human-like avatars for their hypothetical avatars to play games. We conclude by discussing implications for future research.
Reversal of Hepatic Venous Circulation in Dogs.

Conclusions1. Dogs survive for prolonged periods, at least 57 days, following reversal of their hepatic venous circulation. 2. Crimped teflon vascular prostheses remain patent in these low pressure venous systems and function satisfactorily enough to achieve objectives of this experiment. 3. This experimental preparation is presented as one potentially capable of contributing materially to studies of hepatic function and intrahepatic and extrahepatic vascular hemodynamics.
The Impact of 3:1 Ketogenic Diet on Cardiac Repolarization Changes in Children with Refractory Seizures: A Prospective Follow-Up Study.

Background The association between ketogenic diet (KD) and prolonged QT interval, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death is controversial. Aim We aimed to prospectively evaluate the effect of KD on electrocardiography (ECG) measures in children with refractory epilepsy. Method A total of 70 children with drug-resistant epilepsy who received a KD for at least 12 months were included in the study. The standard 12-lead electrocardiography was performed in all patients before the beginning and in the 12th month of KD. Heart rate, P-wave duration and dispersion, corrected QT interval and QT dispersion, and Tp-e interval were measured. Results All ECG-derived parameters, but P-wave dispersion increased after 12 months of KD compared with the baseline values. However, these changes were not statistically significant. Conclusion A 12-month long 3:1 KD treatment exerts no deleterious effect on cardiac repolarization measures.
Faculty Papers and Special-Subject Repositories

The growth of college and university archives, and the proliferation of repositories collecting documentation of specific subjects, have created a complex situation regarding the disposition of papers of college and university faculty members. Neither university archives nor special-subject repositories are accountable to a central authority, and both have developed individualized collecting policies. As a result, the papers of women and minority faculty members, and others working in fields for which special-subject archives exist, may be sought by two or more competing institutions. In other cases, important faculty papers may be lost because there are no appropriate subject or university archives, or because existing archives underestimate the value of such material. This paper reemphasizes the utility of faculty papers in general, discusses their importance to college and university archives in particular, and suggests ways, other than by direct solicitation, by which special-subject repositories can and should participate in the documentation of academic life.
The Case Study of an Online Course from American University and Its Implication

Online courses or face-to-face courses with online component have become popular in American colleges and universities. Using an entirely online course from University of Georgia as a case, this paper explores how the online instruction is designed and conducted in American universities. In particular, the media application and instructional activities of this online course are analyzed. Referencing the practice of American universities, four implications are suggested for developing online instruction in Chinese universities.
Memory-aware circuit overlay NoCs for latency optimized GPGPU architectures

The growing parallelism in most of today's applications has led to an increased demand for parallel computing in processors. General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) have been used extensively to provide the necessary computation for highly parallel applications. GPGPUs generate huge volumes of network traffic between memory controllers (MCs) and cores. As a result, the network-on-chip (NoC) fabric can become a performance bottleneck, especially for memory intensive applications on GPGPUs. Traditional mesh-based NoC topologies are not suitable for GPGPUs as they possess high network latency that leads to congestion at MCs and an increase in application execution time. In this paper, we propose a novel memory-aware circuit overlay NoC that exploits characteristics of traffic in GPGPUs to eliminate router arbitration at each hop. Our experimental results show that our approach yields an improvement of 40–75% in NoC latency, 20–70% in execution time, and 10–65% in overall energy consumption compared to the state-of-the-art.
Unpacking the “black box”: a preliminary study of visualizing humanists and social science scholars’ data and research processes

Due to the significant variations in their needs, attitudes, and practices toward their research, different scholars could have different research processes and interact with different kinds of data. We report the preliminary results of a qualitative study that examines how humanities and social science (H&SS) scholars interact with their data throughout the course of their research process. By conducting two focus group sessions with eight H&SS scholars, our results show that scholars indeed took different research patterns and thus interacted with distinctive data. The sketches produced in this study provide insights on future larger-scale focus group design, and also identify opportunities for an academic library or data service provider to support H&SS scholars’ research activities.
Cultural influences on suicide in Japan.

Following the economic crash of the late 1990s, the suicide rate in Japan increased to a rate of over 30 000 people per year and has been one of the highest in the world. Cultural factors have influenced this high suicide rate, such as a tradition of honorable suicide as well as permissive attitudes towards suicide that remain in modern times. Additionally, the economic downturn, particularly the trend of unemployment in middle-aged men, also played a significant role in the high suicide rate. The suicide rate has started to decrease in recent years perhaps in part due to suicide prevention measures undertaken by the government.
Assessment of the developmental and neurotoxicity of the mosquito control larvicide, pyriproxyfen, using embryonic zebrafish.

In 2014, as an attempt to address the Zika health crisis by controlling the mosquito population, Brazil took the unprecedented action of applying a chemical larvicide, pyriproxyfen, to drinking water sources. The World Health Organization has established an acceptable daily intake of pyriproxyfen to be 100 μg per kg of body weight per day, but studies have demonstrated that at elevated doses (>5000 mg/kg), there are adverse effects in mice, rats and dogs. To better understand the potential developmental toxicity of pyriproxyfen, we utilized the embryonic zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that the concentration resulting in 50% of animals presenting adverse morphological effects (EC50), including craniofacial defects, was 5.2 μM for daily renewal exposure, and above this concentration, adverse behavioral effects were also observed in animals that followed a static exposure regimen. Thus, zebrafish data suggest that the developmental toxicity of pyriproxyfen may not be limited to insects.
Studying faculty Communities of Practice through social network analysis

Creating systemic change in undergraduate engineering and STEM education is difficult to achieve and just as difficult to study. It has been proposed that organizational learning and change theories can be coupled with social network analysis to achieve both of these goals. In this paper, we describe an institutional change effort designed around principles from Communities of Practice. We then present the design of a social analysis network study that we are executing to study and analyze whether this change effort has been successful in achieving its goals. We present some preliminary data to demonstrate the promise of this approach for executing and studying institutional change in engineering education and STEM education more broadly.
Structure prediction and network analysis of chitinases from the Cape sundew, Drosera capensis

Abstract Background Carnivorous plants possess diverse sets of enzymes with novel functionalities applicable to biotechnology, proteomics, and bioanalytical research. Chitinases constitute an important class of such enzymes, with future applications including human-safe antifungal agents and pesticides. Here, we compare chitinases from the genome of the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis to those from related carnivorous plants and model organisms. Methods Using comparative modeling, in silico maturation, and molecular dynamics simulation, we produce models of the mature enzymes in aqueous solution. We utilize network analytic techniques to identify similarities and differences in chitinase topology. Results Here, we report molecular models and functional predictions from protein structure networks for eleven new chitinases from D. capensis, including a novel class IV chitinase with two active domains. This architecture has previously been observed in microorganisms but not in plants. We use a combination of comparative and de novo structure prediction followed by molecular dynamics simulation to produce models of the mature forms of these proteins in aqueous solution. Protein structure network analysis of these and other plant chitinases reveal characteristic features of the two major chitinase families. General significance This work demonstrates how computational techniques can facilitate quickly moving from raw sequence data to refined structural models and comparative analysis, and to select promising candidates for subsequent biochemical characterization. This capability is increasingly important given the large and growing body of data from high-throughput genome sequencing, which makes experimental characterization of every target impractical.
How well do we communicate risk? An evaluation of AJCC version 6 and 7 staging systems for soft tissue sarcomas.

10001 Background: Cancer staging systems allow physicians to communicate risks of a particular clinical situation with one another and with patients. Few data have been presented to support the upd...
Short- and long-term effects of imprisonment on future felony convictions and prison admissions

A substantial contributor to prison admissions is the return of individuals recently released from prison, which has come to be known as prison's "revolving door." However, it is unclear whether being sentenced to prison itself has a causal effect on the probability of a subsequent return to prison or on criminal behavior. To examine the causal effect of being sentenced to prison on subsequent offending and reimprisonment, we leverage a natural experiment using the random assignment of judges with different propensities for sentencing offenders to prison. Drawing on data on all individuals sentenced for a felony in Michigan between 2003 and 2006, we compare individuals sentenced to prison to those sentenced to probation, taking into account sentence lengths and stratifying our analysis by race. Results show that being sentenced to prison rather than probation increases the probability of imprisonment in the first 3 years after release from prison by 18 percentage points among nonwhites and 19 percentage points among whites. Further results show that such effects are driven primarily by imprisonment for technical violations of community supervision rather than new felony convictions. This suggests that more stringent postprison parole supervision (relative to probation supervision) increases imprisonment through the detection and punishment of low-level offending or violation behavior. Such behavior would not otherwise result in imprisonment for someone who had not already been to prison or who was not on parole. These results demonstrate that the revolving door of prison is in part an effect of the nature of postprison supervision.
The Sayings and Missayings of Samuel Beckett: Literature, Writing, and Method

Samuel Beckett’s late prose work Worstward Ho draws attention to the fact of its own coming into being as a literary text and thus raises questions about the origin of the literary utterance, the limitations of literary fiction’s ability to predicate, and the authority according to which meaning is derived from literature. The study of Worstward Ho calls for an “apophatic criticism” to match the negations and reductions of the text itself, which already performs a kind of self-criticism—to the extent that Worstward Ho can be said to be “about” anything, it is about the impossibility of its own having been written. In this sense, Beckett’s work proves useful in analyzing similar questions as they pertain to other special uses of language, particularly in the philosophical discourse around ineffability and constating the divine. Acknowledging the availability of Beckett’s prose as a resource for investigating questions of the subject and its relation to language and experience, this essay nevertheless focuses on the way Beckett’s prose thematizes issues of speech, writing, and interpretation in and from within specifically literary modalities, arguing, finally, that Beckett’s writing suggests the constitutive impossibility of literary representation as anything other than self-representation. Emerging from such a reading is a sense not of the text’s final or complete meaning, but rather an experience of play, both in the sense of the ludic and in the sense of literary meaning’s inherent fluidity and dynamism.
Resilience and Justice: Planning for New York City *

New York City has developed recent policy initiatives under the rubric of resilience. I consider the implications of extending the concept of resilience beyond the physical environment, analyze the...
Characterization of steel rebar spacing using synthetic aperture radar imaging

Steel rebars is a vital component in reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete structures since they provide mechanical functions to those structures. Damages occurred to steel rebars can lead to the premature failure of concrete structures. Characterization of steel rebars using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) offers engineers and decision makers important information for effective/good repair of aging concrete structures. Among existing NDE techniques, microwave/radar NDE has been proven to be a promising technique for surface and subsurface sensing of concrete structures. The objective of this paper is to use microwave/radar NDE to characterize steel rebar grids in free space, as a basis for the subsurface sensing of steel rebars inside RC structures. A portable 10-GHz radar system based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging was used in this paper. Effect of rebar grid spacing was considered and used to define subsurface steel rebar grids. Five rebar grid spacings were used; 12.7 cm (5 in.), 17.78 cm (7 in.), 22.86 cm (9 in.), 27.94 cm (11 in.), and 33.02 cm (13 in.) # 3 rebars were used in all grid specimens. All SAR images were collected inside an anechoic chamber. It was found that SAR images can successfully capture the change of rebar grid spacing and used for quantifying the spacing of rebar grids. Empirical models were proposed to estimate actual rebar spacing and contour area using SAR images.
Impact of Risk-Related Concerns on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Programs

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently reanalyzed the noncancer toxicity data for nitrate in order to reevaluate the nitrate reference dose (RfD). This re-analysis was prompted by questions concerning the comprehensiveness of previous toxicity evaluations, the adequacy of the uncertainty factors used to estimate the RfD, and the need to incorporate new research findings. The EPA reaffirmed its position that increases in methemoglobin associated with early clinical signs of cyanosis represent the critical toxic effect, and that infants represent the sensitive population because of their disposition for methemoglobin formation. An RfD of 1.6 mg/kg/day was verified by the EPA’s Intra-agency Reference Dose Work Group. This RfD supports the existing standard of 10 mg NO3-N/L of water.
A Mutational and Transcriptional Analysis of a Tumor Inducing Plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The large tumor inducing (Ti) plasmids (Zaenen et al., 1974) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens are the causitive agents of gall tumors on dicotylendonous plants. The plant cell transformation is brought about by the stable integration of a portion of the bacterial Ti-plasmid into plant nuclear DNA (Chilton et al., 1978a; Thomashow et al., 1980a; Thomashow et al., 1980b; Lemmers et al., 1981; Chilton et al., 1980; Yadav et al., 1980). Transformed plant cells are characterized by the following properties: the ability to grow in azenic culture without an exogenous supply of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin (Braun, 1958) and the synthesis of unusual amino acids called opines (Petit et al., 1968; Menage and Morel, 1964; Goldman et al., 1968; Goldman et al., 1969; Fermin and Fenwick, 1978). The transferred plasmid DNA (T-DNA) is transcribed, (Drummond et al., 1978; Yang et al., 1979; Gelvin et al., 1981; Ledeboer, 1978; Gurley et al., 1979) influences the levels of plant hormones, and directs the synthesis opines (Bomhoff et al., 1976; Montoya et al., 1977; Kemp et al., 1979; Hack and Kemp, 1980; Guyon et al., 1980) in transformed plant cells. Thus, crown gall tumorigenesis is a model system for the study of the mechanism by which a bacterial plasmid transforms a eukaryotic cell causing a neoplastic disease.
Environmental Dynamics, Community Structure and Function in a Hypersaline Microbial Mat

Microbial communities are often organized in surficial laminated matrices called mats, which provide both a substrate for attachment and chemical gradients. Within the mats are distinct microhabitats in which specific members of the community are able to optimize biogeochemical cycling and growth. These gradients also provide protection against external environmental factors, including extremely high irradiance (including UV), nutrient deprivation, and periodic desiccation, which potentially inhibit growth and reproduction. Hypersalinity (>45‰) represents a particular challenge to microbes, as this condition can adversely affect microbial community function and structure. Benthic microbial mats provide a protective habitat in systems experiencing large fluctuations in salinity, including hypersalinity, by enabling microbial taxa to produce and exchange osmotically active metabolites, including intracellular and extracellular polymers that can counter such fluctuations; these polymers can also form part of the mat matrix. This structure enables a taxonomically diverse, productive community to thrive under conditions that would otherwise be too hostile for life to flourish, as in the overlying water column. As such, microbial production, nutrient cycling, and growth are often optimized in mats in aquatic ecosystems experiencing large swings in salinity. Microbial communities in these mats are surprisingly diverse and exhibit a high degree of redundancy. They include a wide spectrum of metabolically flexible prokaryotes (Eubacteria—including Cyanobacteria, photosynthetic and heterotrophic bacteria, and Archaea) and eukaryotic microalgae and micrograzers. Together, these organisms carry out primary production, nutrient cycling, and trophic transfer in lakes, lagoons, and other shallow-water ecosystems under both fluctuating and extreme conditions. We examined a highly dynamic and diverse community in a benthic mat system of hypersaline Salt Pond, located on San Salvador Island, the Bahamas. This mat community exhibits remarkable diversity in the face of extreme variations in salinity, brought about by long periods of drought and desiccation (leading to salinities in excess of 200%) and periodic tropical storms and hurricanes that can reduce the salinity to less than 40%. The high microbial diversity serves to provide a rapid response to environmental variability, in that specific members of this community can assume key production and nutrient cycling functions depending on their salinity optima. This mat system illustrates the functional roles and significance of a high degree of taxonomic and metabolic diversity in response to either sort of long-term climatic change, which characterized past and present environmental conditions on Earth.
2.23 – Phosphodiesterases

This chapter provides a thorough examination of the state of the art of phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDEs) and published inhibitors. There are a total of 11 known types of PDEs in the superfamily, PDE1–PDE11, and, within this group, there are a variety of subtypes and isoforms, some of which have unique function(s). The most prominent members of the family, based on the development of inhibitors, are PDE4 and PDE5. There are inhibitors known for each of the 11 different types of PDEs. The degree of selectivity of each chemical class of inhibitor varies, and this selectivity is often a key feature of the utility of the compound as a tool to study the function of this class of enzymes. Therapeutic applications (approved and potential) for PDE inhibitors include inflammatory conditions such as asthma, cardiovascular function (including blood pressure and platelet aggregation), central nervous system disorders, erectile function, and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
Periodic Motions in a Van Der Pol Oscillator

In this chapter, symmetric periodic motions in a periodically forced van der Pol oscillator is presented. To obtain the periodic motions, the discrete maps of the van der Pol oscillator are developed through the discretization of the corresponding differential equations. Through mapping structures of periodic motions, stable and unstable periodic motions are obtained. A sequence of symmetric periodic motions to chaos with \(1(S) \triangleleft 3(S) \triangleleft \; \cdots \triangleleft (2l - 1)(S) \triangleleft \cdots\) is presented. The numerical simulations of the periodic motions are completed for illustration of motion complexity. This chapter is for a memory of Valentin Afraimovich for 20-year friendship.
A dose response model for quantifying the infection risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Quantifying the human health risk of microbial infection helps inform regulatory policies concerning pathogens, and the associated public health measures. Estimating the infection risk requires knowledge of the probability of a person being infected by a given quantity of pathogens, and this relationship is modeled using pathogen specific dose response models (DRMs). However, risk quantification for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) has been hindered by the absence of suitable DRMs for ARB. A new approach to DRMs is introduced to capture ARB and antibiotic-susceptible bacteria (ASB) dynamics as a stochastic simple death (SD) process. By bridging SD with data from bench experiments, we demonstrate methods to (1) account for the effect of antibiotic concentrations and horizontal gene transfer on risk; (2) compute total risk for samples containing multiple bacterial types (e.g., ASB, ARB); and (3) predict if illness is treatable with antibiotics. We present a case study of exposure to a mixed population of Gentamicin-susceptible and resistant Escherichia coli and predict the health outcomes for varying Gentamicin concentrations. Thus, this research establishes a new framework to quantify the risk posed by ARB and antibiotics.
Reaction rate of pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide: assessing antioxidant capacity of pyruvate under biological conditions.

Pyruvate, a pivotal glucose metabolite, is an α-ketoacid that reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Its pharmacological precursor, ethyl pyruvate, has shown anti-inflammatory/anti-tissue injury effects in various animal models of disease, but failed in a multicenter clinical trial. Since rodents, but not humans, can convert ethyl pyruvate to pyruvate in blood plasma, this additional source of extracellular pyruvate may have contributed to the discrepancy between the species. To examine this possibility, we investigated the kinetics of the reaction under biological conditions and determined the second order rate constant k as 2.360 ± 0.198 M−1 s−1. We then calculated the time required for H2O2 elimination by pyruvate. The results show that, with an average intracellular concentration of pyruvate (150 µM), elimination of 95% H2O2 at normal to pathological concentrations (0.01–50 µM) requires 141–185 min (2.4–3 hour). With 1,000 µM pyruvate, a concentration that can only exist extracellularly or in cell culture media, 95% elimination of H2O2 at 5–200 µM requires 21–25 min. We conclude that intracellular pyruvate, or other α-ketoacids, whose endogenous concentration is controlled by metabolism, have little role in H2O2 clearance. An increased extracellular concentration of pyruvate, however, does have remarkable peroxide scavenging effects, considering minimal peroxidase activity in this space.
Endodontic Treatment and Vertical Root Fracture

In this chapter, the most fundamental principle of mechanics, i.e., equilibrium or the balance of forces, is used to analyse the fracture load of endodontically treated root. We also introduce a simple model for friction, which occurs where a tapered rod is in contact with the root section. The result is a mathematical model or, more precisely, a mechanistic equation that relates the maximum allowable load to the key geometrical and material properties of the specimens.
3-D Beamforming Wideband Antenna for 5G Application

In this paper we have designed a wideband 5G antenna for 28 GHz band, which can be used to implement a 3-D beamforming array for small-cell base-station modules. 3-D beam steering is needed to cover a wide area of smart user devices with a high data rate up to 10s of Gbps. The antenna is formed on a multi-layered substrate where two different types of substrate used are liquid crystal polymer (LCP) as main substrate and Megtron-6 as a support substrate along with adhesive substrate to glue these layers after metal processing. The antenna is constructed by two-dimensionally arrayed elements consisting of two patches and the beamforming function is realized by individually feeding to each element. By optimizing the dimensions of the patch a bandwidth up to 4.25 GHz has be obtained. The antenna can steer the broadside beam $\pm 50\deg$ in azimuth plane and $\pm 20\deg$ in elevation plane with a peak gain of 19.5 dBi for array size of $4\times 4$ .
Electronic health records and polygenic risk scores for predicting disease risk.

Accurate prediction of disease risk based on the genetic make-up of an individual is essential for effective prevention and personalized treatment. Nevertheless, to date, individual genetic variants from genome-wide association studies have achieved only moderate prediction of disease risk. The aggregation of genetic variants under a polygenic model shows promising improvements in prediction accuracies. Increasingly, electronic health records (EHRs) are being linked to patient genetic data in biobanks, which provides new opportunities for developing and applying polygenic risk scores in the clinic, to systematically examine and evaluate patient susceptibilities to disease. However, the heterogeneous nature of EHR data brings forth many practical challenges along every step of designing and implementing risk prediction strategies. In this Review, we present the unique considerations for using genotype and phenotype data from biobank-linked EHRs for polygenic risk prediction. Electronic health records (EHRs) linked to biobanks provide new opportunities for developing and applying polygenic risk scores in the clinic. The authors review the opportunities and challenges that arise when using EHR data for the systematic evaluation of patient disease susceptibilities.
Does Continual Learning = Catastrophic Forgetting?

Continual learning is known for suffering from catastrophic forgetting, a phenomenon where earlier learned concepts are forgotten at the expense of more recent samples. In this work, we challenge the assumption that continual learning is inevitably associated with catastrophic forgetting by presenting a set of tasks that surprisingly do not suffer from catastrophic forgetting when learned continually. The robustness of these tasks leads to the potential of having a proxy representation learning task for continual classification. We further introduce a novel yet simple algorithm, YASS that achieves state-of-the-art performance in the class-incremental categorization learning task and provide an insight into the benefit of learning the representation continuously. Finally, we present converging evidence on the forgetting dynamics of representation learning in continual models. The codebase, dataset, and pre-trained models released with this article can be found at this https URL.
Social Media-Enabled Healthcare: A Conceptual Model of Social Media Affordances, Online Social Support, and Health Behaviors and Outcomes

Abstract Due to the popularity of social media, patients are increasingly using social media for the social support exchange to improve health outcomes. To understand this phenomenon of social media-enabled healthcare, we propose a conceptual framework by integrating literature from three areas—social media affordance, online social support, and health behaviors and outcomes—with the goal of developing propositions on how social media can help patients improve self-management of chronic diseases. We identified and distinguished three social media affordances: affordance for community co-creation, affordance for social learning, and affordance for social relationships. We also distinguish three kinds of social support and tailored them to the healthcare domain and the social media context: informational support, emotional support, and experiential support. We posit the following: (a) social media affordances foster social support, where co-creation facilitates informational support, user interaction facilitates emotional support, and social learning facilitates experiential support; (b) informational support and experiential support are both linked to self-care; and (c) informational support and emotional support are both linked to psychological health. Our work advances the literature in the area of social media-enabled healthcare.
NASA Incubation Study on Planetary Boundary Layer

In the 2017 Earth science decadal survey, the community indicted broad interest in improving measurements of the planetary boundary layer. To this end, NASA competed and formed the PBL Incubation Study Team to map out future investment in PBL modeling and observation to reduce risk and to achieve objectives of the next decade. The study team will develop a preliminary science and applications traceability matrix, envision future architectures and methodologies for observation and modeling, and document their findings in a final report. The team was established in December 2019 and will complete their assignment in calendar year 2020. This presentation will provide a mid-term status on the team's effort.
Is a 20 gauge fenestrated intravenous catheter non-inferior to a 18 gauge standard catheter for apheresis procedures? A pilot study.

BACKGROUND Peripheral venous access has been promoted as the safest, quickest, and most easily achievable route for performing apheresis procedures by the American Society for Apheresis' Choosing Wisely campaign. The current literature regarding catheter size and selection for both draw and return access is limited. Furthermore, the Infusion Nurses Society recommends using the smallest gauge catheter possible for the prescribed therapy in order to limit vein trauma and phlebitis. Since there is a lack of evidence to guide selection of catheter size for return access during therapeutic apheresis procedures (TAPs) for patients with chronic conditions, this pilot study seeks to compare the performance of a 20-gauge fenestrated (20G) catheter to a standard 18-gauge (18G) intravenous catheter. METHODS This non-inferiority pilot study randomized 26 subjects during 74 TAPs to either 20G fenestrated catheter or 18G standard catheter. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences for variables associated with the efficiency of the TAPs comparing 20G to 18G catheter for inlet rate (P = .8666), return pressure (P = .9427), blood processed (P = .4318), or total procedure time (P = .3184). CONCLUSION The results from this pilot study suggest that 20G fenestrated catheter is non-inferior to 18G standard catheters. Additional studies with increased power are warranted to confirm these findings.
Reduced Basis Approximations of Parameterized Dynamical Partial Differential Equations via Neural Networks.

Projection-based reduced order models are effective at approximating parameter-dependent differential equations that are parametrically separable. When parametric separability is not satisfied, which occurs in both linear and nonlinear problems, projection-based methods fail to adequately reduce the computational complexity. Devising alternative reduced order models is crucial for obtaining efficient and accurate approximations to expensive high-fidelity models. In this work, we develop a time-stepping procedure for dynamical parameter-dependent problems, in which a neural-network is trained to propagate the coefficients of a reduced basis expansion. This results in an online stage with a computational cost independent of the size of the underlying problem. We demonstrate our method on several parabolic partial differential equations, including a problem that is not parametrically separable.
Screen for Novel Anti-Astrocytic Antibodies in Patients with Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Encephalitis (P4.061)

OBJECTIVE: To identify novel autoantibodies against astrocytic targets in patients with autoimmune or paraneoplastic encephalitis. BACKGROUND: Most cases of autoimmune and paraneoplastic encephalitis do not test positive for known serological autoantibodies. Commercially available serological testing for encephalitis includes only anti-neuronal antibodies but astrocyte cellular dysfunction may also lead to encephalopathy. The mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy in which astrocyte toxicity causes failure of key functions is one example of how astrocyte targeting may be involved in encephalitis. Serological screening for anti-astrocytic antibodies has not been previously reported. DESIGN/METHODS: We developed an assay for screening against anti-astrocytic antibodies on cultured human astrocytes using indirect immunofluorescence stained with serial dilutions of serum from patients with reported encephalitis. Serum samples were obtained from Quest Diagnostics Labs, including samples that tested negative for all known paraneoplastic antibodies (96[percnt]) and those that previously tested positive (4[percnt]) for a variety of antibodies. RESULTS: We will report results from a screen of > 2000 Quest Diagnostic Encephalitis Panel samples tested for anti-astrocytic antibodies. Positive samples will be evaluated by immunoprecipitation and Western blot for identification of the target antigen. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-astrocytic antibodies may be present in a select population of patients with autoimmune and/or paraneoplastic encephalitis. Disclosure: Dr. Shin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jones has nothing to disclose. Acorda Therapeutics; Sanofi; Viropharma, Inc.; NeuralStem, Inc.; Shire/Abvie; TerumoBCT
PROVERB COMPREHENSION : THE PRIMACY OF LITERAL MEANING

According to the multistage model of figurative language understanding, literal meanings must be developed before figurative meanings. Although the model implies that figurative understanding should take longer than literal understanding, Kemper (1981) reported that figuratively biased proverbs were processed more quickly than literalized proverbs. By contrast, in the present study the results from six experiments yielded the opposite conclusion. These results support the multistage model and the conceptual base theory of proverb comprehension (Honeck, 1997; Honeck & Temple, 1994; Honeck, Voegtle, Dorfmueller, & Hoffman, 1980) which incorporates it. Discrepancies between studies that have examined the multistage model may crucially depend on methodological factors such as type of experimental design, materials, and, as apparent in the present case, the task and dependent measure used.
Relationships between C4 dicarboxylic acid transport and chemotaxis in Rhizobium meliloti.

Abstract The relationship between chemotaxis and transport of C4 dicarboxylic acids was analyzed with Rhizobium meliloti dct mutants defective in one or all of the genes required for dicarboxylic acid transport. Succinate, malate, and fumarate were moderately potent chemoattractants for wild-type R. meliloti and appeared to share a common chemoreceptor. While dicarboxylate transport is inducible, taxis to succinate was shown to be constitutive. Mutations in the dctA and dctB genes both resulted in the reduction, but not elimination, of chemotactic responses to succinate, indicating that transport via DctA or chemosensing via DctB is not essential for C4 dicarboxylate taxis, although they appear to contribute to it. Mutations in dctD and rpoN genes did not affect taxis to succinate. Aspartate, which is also transported by the dicarboxylate transport system, elicited strong chemotactic responses via a chemoreceptor distinct from the succinate-malate-fumarate receptor. Taxis to aspartate was unaltered in dctA and dctB mutants but was considerably reduced in both dctD and rpoN mutants, indicating that aspartate taxis is strongly dependent on elements responsible for transcriptional activation of dctA. Methylation and methanol release experiments failed to show a significant increase in methyl esterification of R. meliloti proteins in response to any of the attractants tested.
Accurate quantification of tio2 nanoparticles collected on air filters using a microwave-assisted acid digestion method.

ABSTRACTTitanium dioxide (TiO2) particles, including nanoparticles with diameters smaller than 100 nm, are used extensively in consumer products. In a 2011 current intelligence bulletin, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended methods to assess worker exposures to fine and ultrafine TiO2 particles and associated occupational exposure limits for these particles. However, there are several challenges and problems encountered with these recommended exposure assessment methods involving the accurate quantitation of titanium dioxide collected on air filters using acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Specifically, recommended digestion methods include the use of chemicals, such as perchloric acid, which are typically unavailable in most accredited industrial hygiene laboratories due to highly corrosive and oxidizing properties. Other alternative methods that are used typically involve the use of nitric acid or combina...