cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hat weaving with Jipi, Carludovica Palmata (Cyclanthaceae) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Weaving hats withjipi,Carludovica palmata (Cyclanthaceae) has built the local economy and cultural identity for the people of Becal, in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. They obtain most material from cultivated sources, weave in man-made caves, and market the goods to commercial centers. BecauseJipi does not appear to deplete the soil, they do not need to clear more land for sustainable production. Although weaving traditionally served as the main source of income and social activity in Becal, interest in weaving is declining as the town modernizes. Although profits gained from weaving add to family earnings, because of the many hands through which the hat passes, this income remains low compared to the final selling prices. Thus, many who have the opportunity to pursue other careers are doing so. However, for rural communities, without other earning options, weaving may provide an economically and environmentally advantageous way to use the land.
Productive infection of human fetal microglia by HIV-1.

Abstract Central nervous system disease is a frequent finding in both pediatric and adult AIDS. Microglia have been shown to be the major target of HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system. However, studies in vitro concerning susceptibility of human microglia to HIV-1 infection reported conflicting results; microglia from adult brain showed productive infection by HIV-1, whereas microglia from fetal brain did not. To investigate this further and to define the possible mechanisms responsible for this difference, we prepared highly purified human microglial cell cultures from fetuses of 16 to 24 weeks' gestation and exposed them to monocytotropic (HIV-1 JR-FL and HIV-1 JR-CSF) isolates of HIV-1. Culture supernatants were examined for the presence of p24 antigen for a 4-week period after viral exposure. Concurrently, potential cytopathic effects and cellular viral antigen expression (gp41 and p24) were examined by light microscopy in combination with immunocytochemistry. The results showed that human fetal microglia can be productively infected by HIV-1 as judged by p24 antigen capture assay, syncytia formation, and gp41 and p24 immunoreactivity of infected microglia. In addition, by electron microscopy, numerous viral particles characteristic of HIV-1 were present both in the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Uninfected cultures or astrocytes overgrown in the microglial cultures did not show evidence of infection under identical experimental conditions. These data demonstrate that human fetal microglia, like their adult counterparts, are susceptible to HIV-1 infection in vitro and can support the production of virus.
COMPRESSION RATES IN THE MOUTH

The mte of compression of solid foods in the mouth varies widely. The rate of movement of the jaws is not linear but follows an approximate sine curve pattern. The first few chews on a piece of food are frequehtly slower than subsequent chews. Other factors that affect the mte of compression are: differences in chewing mtes between individuals, how wide the jaw is opened, the placement of teeth with respect to the temperomandibular joint and the type of food. More studies are needed on compression mtes between the teeth in order to establish the mnge of compression speeds that would be preferred for use in objective texture measurements.
Multi-Scale Modeling of Phase Separation in Mixed Lipid Bilayers

An approach to bridging the phenomenological field theory description of phase separation in binary mixed lipid bilayers with coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is presented. CG MD simulation is carried out for a 1:1 dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine lipid mixture at the liquid-gel phase coexistence condition. The liquid-gel phase separation can be characterized by the bilayer thickness, area per lipid molecule, and orientation parameter of the lipid tails. After a local order parameter is defined using the lipid tail bond orientation parameter, the CG MD data are bridged to a mesoscopic model based on the phenomenological Landau-Ginzberg free-energy functional. All parameters in this mesoscopic model are defined from the information of the phase boundary structure and the distributions of the order parameter in the liquid and gel phases. It is found that the mesoscopic model reproduces the equilibrium properties of the system very well, including collective fluctuations in both phases, spatial correlation functions of the order parameter, and the line tension. The possibility of using a time-dependent Landau-Ginzberg model to mimic the phase-separation dynamics is also investigated, using the relaxation time constant obtained by fitting the time-dependent correlation functions of the order parameter.
Validation of the Tracmor triaxial accelerometer system for walking.

LEVINE, J. A., P. A. BAUKOL, and K. R. WESTERTERP. Validation of the Tracmor triaxial accelerometer system for walking. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 9, 2001, pp. 1593–1597.PurposeWalking is likely to contribute substantially to nonexercise activity thermogenesis. The Tracmor triaxial accele
What is the utility of biomarkers for assessing the pathophysiology of hip osteoarthritis? A systematic review.

Background Innovations in biologics offer great promise in the treatment of patients with orthopaedic conditions and in advancing our ability to monitor underlying disease pathophysiology. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of hip osteoarthritis (OA) has improved significantly in the last decade. Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and hip dysplasia are increasingly recognized and treated as forms of prearthritic hip disease, yet the inability of radiographic and MR imaging to identify patients before the onset of irreversible articular cartilage injury limits their use for early diagnosis and treatment of patients with these conditions. Molecular biomarkers, as objectively measureable indicators of the pathophysiology of hip OA, have the potential to improve diagnosis, disease staging, and prognosis of hip OA and prearthritic hip disease. Although research into molecular biomarkers of hip OA has been conducted, investigations in prearthritic hip disease have only recently begun.
Traffic Densification of Asphalt Concrete Pavements

A 5-year study of newly constructed pavements showed that a reduction in in situ air voids occurred both within and between wheelpaths for highways with an average daily traffic (ADT) load of less than 10,000 vehicles. Regardless of the level of voids immediately after construction, mixtures in the upper 65 mm (2.5 in.) within the wheelpath indicated a reduction in voids by 3 to 5 percent (e.g., from 10 to 6 percent voids), and by between 2 to 4 percent between the wheelpaths. Because only limited densification occurred below this depth for lower-traffic-volume facilities, reducing the mix design level of air voids from 4 percent to 2 percent for the lower lifts was suggested so that lower initial voids could be obtained during construction. An evaluation of older pavements indicated that moisture damage to the lower pavement layers was typical; thus, a change in mix design procedures might also help improve durability by increasing the film thickness. Pavements with high traffic volumes (>50,000 ADT) con...
Chemical/physical retting of flax using detergent and oxalic acid at high pH

An oxalic acid-based system for chemically retting flax is tested and compared with enzymatic retting. The retting effect is substantially higher at pH 10 and 11 than at lower pH levels, and the optimal oxalic acid concentration is 50 mmol. The presence of the strong detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) further enhances retting. The rate of retting with the oxalic acid/SDS mixture at pH 10 is strongly temperature dependent, and at 75°C the process is completed within 2 hours. Tests of fiber properties (e.g., tex, tenacity, and elongation) indicate that the chemical/physical retting method pro duces fibers of textile quality that can be spun into flax-rich blends with cotton.
Recent advances in dendritic polymers

Interest in dendritic polymers has increased nearly exponentially in the past few years. Dendritic polymers are now recognized as a fourth major class of macromolecular architecture. New applications, based on these structure-controlled architectures, have made this area the object of wide interdisciplinary interest. Recent advances in organometallic constructs, dendritic processes, catalysis, electron conduction, gene vectoring and guest—host chemistry have kindled activities in such diverse areas as material, interfacial, supramolecular and life sciences.
Rings and Ideals

The MAA is pleased to re-issue the early Carus Mathematical Monographs in ebook and print-on-demand formats. Readers with an interest in the history of the undergraduate curriculum or the history of a particular field will be rewarded by study of these very clear and approachable little volumes. This monograph presents an introduction to that branch of abstract algebra having to do with the theory of rings, with some emphasis on the role of ideals in the theory. Except for a knowledge of certain fundamental theorems about determinants which is assumed in Chapter VIII, and at one point in Chapter VII, the book is almost entirely self-contained. Of course, the reader must have a certain amount of 'mathematical maturity' in order to understand the illustrative examples, and also to grasp the significance of the abstract approach. However, in so far as formal technique is concerned, little more than the elements of algebra are presupposed.
Activists, Contributors, and Volunteers: The Participation Puzzle

Despite a general consensus that citizen group supporters vary radically in their level of group activity, we know little about what factors “create” an activist. This paper asks: What factors determine which mode a supporter chooses? We seek to answer this question by examining socio-demographic correlates of participation and several “benefits” of participation using individual level survey data. This question informs a more central question: What factors separate the activist from the “regular” supporter? We find that those individuals best able to bear participation costs who also participate out of a sense of duty and who enjoy group participation most, are the most likely to opt for maximum participation. Our data support the conclusion that duty, commitment, and the desire for expressive benefits are capable of overwhelming the “free-rider” impulse. However, activists are not typical, comprising only a fraction of group membership. This means Olson, who would predict that few people would become activists, is right for most people most of the time.
The role of mechanical loading histories in the development of diarthrodial joints

The possible role of mechanical loading history in chondroosseous development at the ends of long bones is explored using two-dimensional finite element models of chondroepiphyses. Loading histories are characterized in terms of discrete loading cases defined by joint contact pressure distributions and an associated number of loading cycles. An osteogenic stimulus throughout the chondroepiphyses is calculated following the theory that cyclic octahedral shear stresses promote endochondral ossification and cyclic compressive dilatational stresses inhibit ossification. The resulting distributions for the osteogenic stimulus predict the appearance of the secondary ossific nucleus and the shape of the developing bony epiphysis. The zone of Ranvier and the formation of articular cartilage and the growth plate are also predicted by the models. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that tissue stress histories constitute an important influence during skeletal morphogenesis. Further study and testing of the concepts introduced in this study are appropriate.
Carbon-sulfur bond cleavage by cobalt. Reaction of Cp★Co(C2H4)2 with dibenzothiophene

The thermal reaction of CP★Co(C2H4)2 with thiophene yields the CS insertion product [Cp★Co]2(μ-η2η34H4S). Reaction with dibenzothiophene produces the analogous dinuclear CS insertion adduct [Cp★Co]2(μ-η2-η3 -C12H8S) the crystal structure of which was determined. Reaction of the thiophene insertion adduct with H2S gives a new butadienedithiolate compound in which sulfur has inserted into the metal-carbon bond, [CP★Co]2(μ-η2-η2-S2C 4H4).
The conformation of adsorbed blood proteins by infrared bound fraction measurements

Abstract The likelihood that surface-induced blood coagulation results from specific protein-material interactions has led to a study of the conformation of adsorbed blood proteins. Infrared difference spectroscopy was used to determine the bound fraction, i.e., the fraction of carbonyl groups of an adsorbed molecule directly interacting with the surface, of serum albumin, prothrombin, and fibrinogen in situ. Measurements were carried out on individual proteins as a function of the amount adsorbed, time of absorption, pD, and ionic strength using a silica surface. The results obtained for serum albumin and prothrombin indicate that the internal bonding of these globular proteins is sufficient to prevent changes in the structure while adsorbed, even at low surface population. The bound fraction of fibrinogen increases with increasing adsorbance, suggesting possible interfacial aggregation. The conformation of all three proteins was found to be independent of the time of adsorption, although major differences in the rates of adsorption were observed. Studies of cross-linked and denatured serum albumin have provided information on the conformational changes concomitant with adsorption of the native protein. Qualitatively, such changes, if they occur, are small. This conclusion is supported by computer simulation studies of lysozyme adsorption. Studies of the effect of pD and ionic strength on the adsorbance and bound fraction of serum albumin show that caution must be exercised when identifying the plateau adsorbance of a protein isotherm with a close-packed monolayer.
Representations of symmetry operators

Explicit representations in terms of the field variables are given for the charge conjugation, space inversion, and time reversal operators, for the case of free fields. These expressions are generalized to the case of coupled fields.
Neurosarcomatous transformation in malignant melanoma. An ultrastructural study

Six cases of desmoplastic melanoma were studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumors fulfilled one or more of the following criteria: (1) having the presence of atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation bordering the primary lesions; (2) an antecedent history of melanoma at the site of recurrence; (3) a metastatic lesion in the direct lymphatic drainage route of a previously excised melanoma. Premelanosomes were not identified in the neoplastic cells. Ultrastructural features common to the six tumors were interpreted as evidence of Schwann cell differentiation, i.e., neurosarcomatous transformation occurring in malignant melanoma. The ultrastructural findings provide further support for the concept that melanocytic lesions may simulate tumors of Schwann cell origin, presumably reflecting the common embryologic origin of the two cell types from the neural crest.
An Energy-Based Method for Multi-Axial Fatigue Life Calculation

An accelerated method for determining the material strength of Aluminum 6061-T6 has been developed for prediction of fully-reversed shear and biaxial fatigue life. The framework for this accelerated method is developed in accordance with a previously developed uniaxial energy-based prediction approach, which states: the total strain energy dissipated during a monotonic fracture and a cyclic process is the same material property, where each can be determined by measuring the area underneath the monotonic true stress-strain curve and the area within a hysteresis loop, respectively [1]. The developed framework consists of the following two elements: (1) The development of a life prediction and estimation implementation scheme for calculating effective shear fatigue life cycles, and (2) the development of a constitutive law for multi-axial fatigue life prediction based on analytical comparison with biaxial fatigue experimental data. A comparison between these two framework elements and experimental results for Al 6061-T6 has been conducted to show that there is good agreement, thus validating the prediction method and the developed procedures of the entire framework.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The meaning and effect of the UN decade for women on black women in America

Abstract Thirty Black women activists within different age categories, from varied educational and occupational backgrounds, and representing Black women's organizations from different regions of the U.S. were interviewed to determine their views on the meaning and effect of the UN Decade for Women on the lives of Black American women. Their responses to questions about the Decade indicate that the masses of Black women are poorly informed or totally uninformed about the UN Decade for Women. And, among that segment of the Black female population which is well informed about the Decade, positive views on the benefits of the Decade for Black women correlate strongly with employment in a national women's organization or governmental agency dealing with women's issues, and personal involvement in UN Conferences. Many Black women feel that the opportunity to network with third-world women is the major benefit that Black American women gained from the Decade. They also feel that American racism and class bias effectively prevent equitable implementation of a national plan of action to improve the status of women in the United States.
Pile Installation in Difficult Soils

The demands on pile installation have increased dramatically in recent years in response to the threats from strong earthquakes, ice, and ship collision. Piles are being used for heavier loads and deeper penetrations in new environments and more remote areas. As a result, initial efforts at installation have frequently been unsuccessful. Geotechnical explorations have often been incomplete due to limited access and lack of initial funding. Contractors’ equipment has had to be changed and installation procedures modified. Case histories are presented, with descriptions of the difficulties encountered and their solutions. General guidance is provided as to preparedness with alternative equipment and procedures so as to minimize the time and cost of changes.
First Family: Abigail and John Adams. By Joseph J. Ellis. New York: Vintage Books, 2010. 299 pp.

First Family: Abigail and John Adams. By Joseph J. Ellis. New York: Vintage Books, 2010. 299 pp. Joseph Ellis's latest book on one of the most famous marriages in American history shares much in common with his previous work. It is well written and engagingly told, the historical context is well established, and the personalities are sharply drawn. John Adams needed equilibrium: "Ballast is what I want... I totter with every breeze," he once wrote (p. 12). Ellis argues that "Abigail's chief role as John's wife was to become his ballast. She needed to create a secure domestic environment in which he felt completely comfortable, a calm place where his harangues and mood swings were treated as lovable eccentricities" (p. 12). She did precisely that, running the household; raising and educating the children; and supporting her proud, sensitive husband. But all this came at a cost. John's driving ambition meant that he consistently chose to spend his time in the service of his country--in Philadelphia and then in Europe--and not with his family. He was a devoted but largely absent and emotionally distant father whose children vied for his attention and approval, often receiving neither. And for Abigail, John's repeated selection of public service over family life meant that she became a single parent, her husband faithful and loving yet chronically absent. For much of their marriage, their relationship consisted solely of letters. When John, distracted by his work obligations, failed to write or wrote back infrequently, it hurt Abigail deeply. John's achievements were "no longer.., adequate compensation for her abiding loneliness. From her perspective, he was simply gone;" thus, "damage had been done to their previously impregnable bond" (pp. 91, 107). Eventually, she joined John in Paris and then, London, and they rebuilt their fraying emotional connection. Ellis also portrays the couple as demanding parents, by turns, harsh or withholding of praise and frequently distant. "Greatness was the goal" for their boys; indeed, Ellis observes, "John Quincy spent his entire childhood hearing that anything less than the highest office would be regarded as failure" (pp. 92-93). Although John Quincy was always their favorite son, he was treated as "a project almost as much as a person" (p. 129). While he flourished under such unrelenting expectations, his siblings did not, meeting with unhappiness, disaster, and tragedy instead. Ellis argues that Abigail deserves some of the blame for John's support for the infamous Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. …
Implications of biofuels mandates for the global livestock industry: a computable general equilibrium analysis

The rapid growth of biofuels production, particularly in the United States, the EU, and Brazil, has had important implications for the global livestock industry—both by raising the cost of feed grains and oilseeds and by forcing onto the market a large supply of biofuel by-products, most of which end up in livestock feed rations. This article investigates the impact of an expanding biofuels industry on the mix and location of global livestock production. Surprisingly, we find that growth in the U.S. and EU biofuels industries results in larger absolute reductions in livestock production overseas than in those regions, due to the international transmission of grains prices which is offset locally by the lower cost of by-products. We also find that nonruminant production is cut more than ruminant livestock, because it is less able to use biofuel by-products in its feed rations. Implementing biofuel mandates increases cropland area, a large portion of which is estimated to come from reduced grazing lands. The biofuel producing regions are expected to reduce their coarse grains exports and increase imports of oilseeds and vegetable oils, while they increase their exports of processed feed materials. In sum, biofuel mandates have important consequences for livestock as well as crops, with net effects influenced by the important role of by-products in substituting for feedstuffs.
Lipomas of the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal: Primum Non Nocere.

Objectives/Hypothesis To describe the presentation and clinical course of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and internal auditory canal (IAC) lipomas. Study Design Retrospective cohort study at a tertiary academic referral center. Methods All patients presenting with a CPA or IAC mass radiographically consistent with a lipoma on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were identified. Data including presenting symptomatology, tumor characteristics, management strategy, and patient course were collected. Results Between 1996 and 2012, 15 patients were diagnosed with a CPA or IAC lipoma at the authors' institution and were included in the analysis. The mean duration of radiological and clinical follow-up was 3.4 years and 5.1 years, respectively. Eight lesions were confined to the IAC, while seven involved the CPA. The median tumor size at diagnosis was 7.2 mm; one patient demonstrated tumor growth on serial MRI while the remaining subjects did not have radiological progression. The most common presenting symptoms were sensorineural hearing loss (40%) and tinnitus (33%); five patients were diagnosed after incidental discovery on MRI. Fourteen patients were managed with observation, while one subject underwent subtotal resection. None of the observed patients reported worsening symptoms at last follow-up. Conclusions While rare, lipomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of CPA and IAC lesions. Owing to a generally benign clinical course and high morbidity associated with resection, microsurgery should only be considered in cases of definite tumor enlargement with intractable symptoms from mass effect. Careful radiological evaluation is critical for establishing an accurate diagnosis in order to prevent unnecessary morbidity associated with resection. Level of Evidence 2b.
Glacial history of southernmost South America

In southernmost South America, an incomplete radiometrically dated glacial chronology has been obtained by KAr dating for the interval 3.5-1 MY ago, and a more detailed chronology by C-14 dating for the last 25,000 years, with some older minimal ages. The first major glaciation was about 3.5 MY ago during the middle Pliocene. Little is yet known about glacial fluctuations during the interval 3.5-2.1 MY ago. Between 2.1 and 1 MY ago many glaciations occurred, probably including the greatest of late Cenozoic time which took place after 1.2 MY and, according to inconclusive evidence, before 1 MY ago. The Patagonian Gravel in its type area is mid-Pliocene to early Pleistocene glacial outwash that accumulated from the first to the greatest glaciations. During the late Pleistocene several glaciations occurred, but only the most recent has been radiometrically dated. During the last glaciation the glaciers were most extensive before 56,000 BP. Successively smaller advances that culminated about 19,500 BP and, probably, about 13,000 BP were separated by an interstade when glaciers shrank by more than half. The glaciers receded rapidly after 13,000 BP and were within their present borders by 11,000 BP; they remained so during the European Younger Dryas Stade 11,000-10,000 BP. Neoglacial regional readvances culminated 4600-4200 BP, probably 2700-2000 BP, and during the last three centuries; most glaciers reached their Neoglacial maxima during the first episode. Between readvances, the glaciers shrank within their present borders.
Concentrations of passively acquired IgG1 antibodies in the intestinal lumen of the neonatal calf

Abstract Passively acquired specific antibodies in the intestinal lumen are thought to provide protective immunity against infections with rotaviruses and other enteropathogens. In this study, concentrations of functional antibody in the intestinal lumen derived from diet and circulation were measured using 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) specific antibody of the IgG 1 isotype, radiolabelled with 125 I. The labelled IgG 1 antibody was administered to neonatal calves either orally in the daily milk diet for three consecutive days (Group 1), or by a single intravenous injection (Group 2). After equilibration, the concentrations of protein-bound 125 I and the specific DNP binding activities of the labelled protein in the intestinal lumen were measured, and intestinal concentrations of functional IgG 1 were estimated. In Group 1 calves, protein bound 125 I concentrations in the pooled small intestinal contents at 2 and 12 h after a milk meal were 50.8±20.5% and 7.9±3.4%, respectively, of the milk concentration. Protein bound 125 I concentrations in the small intestinal contents were 0.7±0.4% (mean±SD) of serum concentrations of Group 2 calves, and were similar at 2 and 12 h after a milk meal. For a calf with average serum passive IgG 1 concentrations drinking milk with normal IgG 1 content, these results predict IgG 1 concentrations in the small intestinal contents of milk fed calves at 2 h after a milk meal to be 0.6 mg ml −1 , half of which originates from the milk and half from the circulation. At 12 h after a milk meal, intestinal IgG 1 concentrations fall to approximately 0.3 mg ml −1 , most of which originates from the circulation. Antibody in the intestinal lumen originating from serum retained more antigen (DNP) binding affinity than that ingested in the milk diet. Therefore, both dietary and circulating IgG 1 contribute significantly to passive IgG 1 antibody concentrations in the small intestinal lumen of neonatal calves, but milk derived IgG 1 antibody concentrations in the small intestinal lumen were not maintained between twice daily feedings.
Source apportionment of gasoline and diesel by multivariate calibration based on single particle mass spectral data

The mass apportionment of gasoline and diesel particles in ambient aerosol samples is a difficult problem because both sources exhibit very similar chemical composition. However, individual particle analysis could provide additional information and help achieve source apportionment with good accuracy. Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) has proven to be a powerful technique capable of simultaneously determining both the size and chemical composition of single particles in real time. Thus, samples of gasoline and diesel particles were analyzed by ATOFMS for their single particle information. In addition to the aerodynamic diameter from which the individual particle mass can be estimated, positive and negative mass spectra were obtained for each particle. A novel data analysis approach based on the combination of an adaptive resonance theory-based neural network (ART-2a), and a multivariate calibration method, partial least squares (PLS), has been developed to apportion the mass contributions of gasoline and diesel sources to mixture samples. The ART-2a neural network was used first to classify the particle-by-particle mass spectral data. The source profile for each source (gasoline/diesel) was obtained in terms of the mass fractions of the classified particle types. Next, PLS was applied to build a model relating the mass fractions of different particle classes and the mass contributions of the two sources to mixture samples. Artificial mixture samples obtained by randomly mixing some particles from the two source samples have been used to examine the feasibility of the proposed method. Satisfactory predictions for the mass contributions of gasoline and diesel exhaust to the mixture samples have been obtained. A recently proposed formula for prediction error variance is successfully modified to quantify the uncertainty in the PLS predictions. This study exemplifies the potential promise of multivariate calibration as applied to the aerosol source apportionment problem.
A tool for assisting municipalities in developing riparian shade inventories

Abstract Streams in many urbanized watersheds have elevated water temperature, and stream temperature is a regulated aspect of water quality in many parts of the western U.S. Some municipal point source polluters develop temperature mitigation plans that involve compensatory measures linked to stream temperature, principally increasing riparian shade. In this paper we describe a tool designed to help municipalities and other riparian property managers develop inventories of current and potential stream shade. The tool is based on the insolation module of the published model Heat Source to which we made the following modifications: (1) developed user interfaces and regional supporting geospatial data that minimize data acquisition and user expertise requirements; (2) incorporated LiDAR data to produce direct high spatial resolution estimates of riparian vegetation architecture; (3) created a new method to estimate site specific potential vegetation, with concomitant changes in the shading algorithm involving finer discretization and fewer parameter requirements. The new tool produces estimates of existing shade conditions comparable to those derived from on the ground field measurements for small to medium sized streams. We used the tool to develop a riparian shade inventory and a map of potential shade restoration for the City of Albany, Oregon, U.S.A. Results of this case study demonstrate that the tool can help municipalities meet shade reporting and monitoring goals at a minimum cost, including identifying specific areas with highest potential gains in shade. However, the case study identified limitations in some regional GIS framework data that potentially limit broad applicability or increase costs.
Distributed detection for cellular CDMA

A distributed scheme is proposed for a cellular code division multiple access system in which each base station is served by three widely spaced sectored antennas, with each antenna site performing separate detection. At worst the error probability achieved at the base station is always equal to the minimum of those at each antenna site. With coherent signalling employed, the distributed detection has significantly increased system capacity over simple sectored antennas.
Polycythaemia Vera: Differential Diagnosis by Ferrokinetic Studies and Treatment with Busulphan (Myleran*)

Summary. Twenty-two patients with polycythaemia Vera, six with benign polycythaemia or relative polycythaemia and six with secondary (hypoxaemic) polycythaemia were compared by means of ferrokinetic studies and measurement of bone-marrow iron stores. In polycythaemia Vera a poor correlation was noted between the haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and total red-cell mass (TRBC). Reliance on the Hb and PCV alone is frequently misleading in the differential diagnosis of the polycythaemic states. A rapid 59Fe T1/2 (< 30 minutes) was found in 85 per cent of patients with polycythaemia Vera, and was associated with absent marrow iron stores in 21 of 22 patients. In benign polycythaemia and relative polycythaemia the 59Fe T1/2 was normal and stainable iron was present in the marrow. Similar findings were noted in secondary polycythaemia. Fifteen of the 22 patients with polycythaemia Vera were treated with busulphan. This treatment was effective in controlling leucocytosis and thrombocytosis. Dosage, toxicity and indications for the use of busulphan in the treatment of polycythaemia Vera are discussed.
Structural similarity of molybdate-stabilized steroid receptors in human breast tumors, uteri and leukocytes

Abstract Hydrodynamic parameters of receptors for three classes of steroids from several benign and malignant human tissues have been evaluated in buffers of similar conductivity containing Na 2 MoO 4 and/or KCl. Estrogen receptors in breast tumor cytosols were labeled with [ 3 H]-estradiol, progcstin receptors in cytosols from breast tumors and benign or carcinomatous uterine endometrium with [ 3 H]-promegestone (R5020) and glucocorticoid receptors in normal lymphocytes and cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic and nonlymphocytic leukemias with [ 3 H]-triamcinolone acetonide. Receptor-bound steroid was resolved from free or loosely bound steroid by charcoal-dextran treatment or chromatography on 9-ml columns of Sephadex LH-20 (Pharmacia) prior to analysis by glycerol gradient centrifugation or filtration on 120-ml columns of Agarose A-1.5 m (BioRad). Ultracentrifugal and Chromatographic patterns obtained in control buffers were heterodisperse, and the recovery and predominant receptor form(s) detected depended on numerous experimental variables: time and temperature of incubation, protein concentration of the cytosol and concentration of salt in the fractionation buffers (30, 50 or 150 mM KCl). In contrast, analyses in hypotonic buffers containing 20 mM Na 2 MoO 4 revealed highly consistent results for both the sedimentation coefficient (s 20 ,w) and Stokes radius ( R s ) of all of the receptors studied. In view of this similarity among the corresponding parameters, the data from 47 gradients and 26 chromatograms were pooled to obtain the following values for the “average” molybdate-stabilized receptor in human tissues: s 20 w = 9.6 ± 0.3 S and R s = 77 ± 4 A (mean ± SD). In a protein of normal density and solvalion, these parameters indicate a molecular weight of ~310,000 and an axial ratio of 11, for a prolate ellipsoid. The observation of similarly large, asymmetric forms of these receptors in buffers containing both 20 mM Na 2 MoO 4 and 120 mM KCl implies that they are not artifactual aggregates formed during extraction and analysis in hypotonic buffers. The remarkable conservation of this structure among receptors for three classes of steroids in both benign and malignant specimens of human breast, uterus and leukocytes suggests that most of this structure is essential to receptor function. Purification and detailed characterization of the molybdate-stabilized complexes should facilitate the elucidation of the common pathways of receptor action in benign and steroid-responsive malignant tissues and the detection of any structural defects in receptors in steroid-resistant cancers.
Children's online reports about educational and informational television programs

The Children's Television Act of 1990 requires broadcasters to provide programming that furthers the development of children. The purpose of this study was to examine second through sixth grade children's learning from educational programs broadcast by affiliates of ABC, CBS, NBC, and FOX compared to PBS and Nickelodeon. Using the Internet as a data collection tool, 97 children in locations throughout the US reported their viewing patterns and their learning from educational and informational programs. Children viewed about four different educational and informational programs a week, primarily from Nickelodeon and PBS, with the educational strength of children's reports being comparable for the commercial vs. cable/PBS offerings. Children reported more social and emotional lessons and knowledge information lessons than cognitive skills lessons or physical well-being lessons. The results indicate that many children are learning lessons of social and informational value from programs mandated by the Children's Television Act. The implication is that governmental regulation of children's television results in measurable benefits for child viewers.
Ingroup Biases and the U.S.‐Soviet Conflict

This paper examines the role of ingroup biases in the distrust between the United States and the Soviet Union, and how such biases may undermine international relations. Findings from a questionnaire administered to American community college adults showed that U.S. citizens favor their country over the Soviet Union and interpret government actions in ways that preserve their positive views of the United States and negative views of the USSR. Americans' perceptions of the Soviets were associated with the way they interpreted Soviet actions, and a negative interpretation of Soviet actions was related to policy support for the Strategic Defense Initiative and increased U.S. defense spending. Results also supported the “blacktop illusion”: a view of the other side's leadership as evil and coercive, and its people as controlled or manipulated by their government.
Improving wireless sensor network lifespan by efficient routing algorithm and LZW compression

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), sensor nodes are powered by batteries that can operate for only a short period of time, which results in short network lifetime. The short lifetime disables the application of WSNs for long term tasks such as structural health monitoring for bridges and tunnels, border surveillance, road condition monitoring, etc. In this paper the overall network lifetime is increased using Grade diffusion (GD) algorithm along with LZW compression technique. Grade diffusion algorithm select the more available energy node as the relay node in the routing process and LZW algorithm reduces the transmitting and receiving power by compressing the original data size. By reducing the transmitting and receiving power to extend the life time of the wireless sensor network.
Early Kindergarten Identification of Academically Not-Ready Children by Use of Human Figure Drawing Developmental Score.

The Koppitz Human Figure Drawing (HFD) Test was examined for use in early identification of academically not-ready kindergarten children. HFD developmental scores of a group of children who later “passed” the Metroplitan Readiness Test (stanine score ≥4), as required for admission to the first-grade classroom, were compared with the HFD scores of a group of children who later “failed” the Metropolitan Readiness Test (stanine score ≤3). Evaluation of the test data showed that the optimum HFD score cut-off point for prediction of nonreadiness was ≤3; 42% of the nonready and 90% of the ready children, as defined by the Metropolitan Readiness Test (MTR) score criterion, were correctly identified. An overall hit rate of 75% was obtained on the experimental population. The work indicates that HFD developmental scores are useful for early identification of the academically not-ready kindergarten child.
LIPID CLASS COMPOSITION OF NORMAL HUMAN BRAIN AND VARIATIONS IN METACHROMATIC LEUCODYSTROPHY, TAY-SACHS, NIEMANN-PICK, CHRONIC GAUCHER'S AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASES.

Procedures suitable for obtaining representative samples of whole brain and of total grey and white matter of brain are presented and discussed. A procedure is described for the quantitative determination of lipid class distribution of human brain specimens utilizing in sequence : a cellulose column to separate gangliosides and nonlipid material from the remaining lipids, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column chromatography to separate the lipid classes into manageable groups, and finally quantitation of the lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is made quantitative by correlating the amt of charring of spots on chromatograms with the amt of lipid present by means of transmission densitometry. The use of two-dimensional TLC for the analysis of brain lipids and its application to the study of pathological brain specimens is also described.
The effect of organ culture on human trabecular meshwork.

Abstract The effect of organ culture on the trabecular meshwork was studied in a series of human eyes using a perfusion culture system. One eye of a pair was cultured while the fellow eye was immediately fixed in glutaraldehyde. Culture periods ranged from 2 to 28 days, during which a mean intraocular pressure of 27 mmHg±15 was maintained. The perfused culture medium appeared to leave the eye via Schlemm's canal and collector channels, mimicking the in vivo situation. The trabecular meshwork was well maintained with this system in 21 of 25 eyes. Cells remained in position on trabecular lamellae, cellular organelles usually remained normal, and the lamellae remained intact. Culture-induced changes were noted, with some cells developing intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles and other cells developing swollen mitochondria. In addition, scattered focal cell necrosis was observed, most often in the uveal meshwork. Meshwork cellularity (nuclei: solid tissue) was determined with an image analysis system; there was an average cell loss of 20–40% in the cultured eyes as compared to their respective fellow control eyes. Overall, organ culture appears to maintain the human trabecular meshwork for at least 28 days, allowing controlled experimental studies to be performed.
Image‐directed Doppler ultrasound: A screening technique for patients at high risk to develop deep vein thrombosis

Hip fracture patients typify a population at high risk to develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Recently ultrasound has been used successfully to diagnose DVT when clinical suspicion exists. In this prospective study, 88 hip fracture patients asymptomatic for DVT were screened serially with compression ultrasound to assess the development of thrombus within the femoral or popliteal systems. Contrast venography was employed as a control. Twelve of the 76 patients (16%) completing the study were noted by ultrasound to have a clot. Venography confirmed a clot in each case and detected no additional femoral or popliteal clot. The possibility of utilizing ultrasound to screen additional high risk groups for DVT should be investigated based on the encouraging results of this series.
Existence and nonuniqueness of solutions of a singular nonlinear boundary-layer problem

Abstract Sufficient conditions for existence and nonuniqueness of positive solutions of the singular boundary value problem g ( x ) g ″( x ) + h ( x ) = 0, − k ⩽ x k > 0, g ′(− k ) = C , g (1) = 0 are obtained. Also, it is proved that the solutions with g(−k) > −Ck ( for C and g(−k) > ( k 2 ) √ −2h(−k) ( for C > 0) are unique. Furthermore, it is shown numerically that for h ( x ) = x there are exactly two Solutions for the problem.
Spanish Dominicans, the Laws of the Indies, and the Establishment of Human Rights

(1993). Spanish Dominicans, the Laws of the Indies, and the Establishment of Human Rights. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 40, Spain and the New World Part 1, pp. 89-96.
Fast graph approaches to measure influenza transmission across geographically distributed host types

Recent advances in next generation sequencing are providing a number of large whole-genome sequence datasets stemming from globally distributed disease occurrences. This offers an unprecedented opportunity for epidemiological studies and the development of computationally efficient, robust tools for such studies. Here we present an analytic approach combining several existing tools that enables a quick, effective, and robust epidemiological analysis of large whole-genome datasets. In this report, our dataset contains over 4,200 globally sampled Influenza A virus isolates from multiple host type, subtypes, and years. These sequences are compared using an alignment-free method that runs in linear time. This enables us to generate a disease transmission network where sequences serve as nodes, and high-degree sequence similarity as edges. Mixing patterns are then used to examine statistical probabilities of edge formation among different host types from different global regions and from different localities within Southeast Asia. Our results reflect notable amounts of inter-host and inter-regional transmission of Influenza A virus.
The evolution of transformation media in spherical trigonometry in 17th- and 18th-century China, and its relation to “Western learning”

Abstract Problems of spherical trigonometry in 17th- and 18th-century China were often reduced to problems in plane trigonometry and then solved by means of the proportionality of corresponding sides of similar right triangles. Nevertheless, in the literature on the history of Chinese mathematics, there is not much discussion on the transformation and reduction of spherical problems to the plane, and how the techniques utilized for such transformations evolved over time. In this article, I investigate the evolution of the transformation media involved. I will show that in the trigonometric treatises by Mei Wending (1633–1721) and Dai Zhen (1724–1777), the authors’ views on Western learning shaped their choices of transformation media, and conversely their choices of transformation media offered support to their views on trigonometry in the debate of Chinese versus Western methods. Based on my analysis, I also propose a reassessment of Dai’s treatise of trigonometry, which was controversial ever since its publication in the 18th century.