cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature Dependence of Transient Electron Radiation Upset in TTL NAND Gates

The temperature dependence of transient upset caused by a 40-MeV electron flux was investigated for junction-isolated gold-doped and nongold-doped TTL NAND gate devices in the temperature range from 20 to 125°C. Data for five devices are presented. Over this temperature range, the dose rate required to upset the logical 1 and logical 0 output levels of the gate increased by a factor of between 2 and 3 for the gold-doped devices, but remained essentially constant for the nongold-doped (Schottky) devices. Schottky-clamped devices are not gold-doped, and the gold-doped devices did not employ Schottky clamps. A correlation was observed between the temperature dependence of the upset dose rate and the collector-substrate depletion width as determined from capacitance measurements for both device types. It is proposed that nearly all of the upset photocurrent for gold-doped devices is generated in the collector-substrate depletion region and that variations in the depletion width with temperature cause the observed results.
A mathematical model for the concentration field in an electrodialysis cell

Abstract A mathematical model is proposed for the concentration field between two membranes in an eleclrodialysis desalination cell. A spacer fills this space and the flow and the concentration field are considered in the presence of this spacer and without the assumption of infinite mixing. An integral method is used to obtain a solution, which is later shown to be a very good approximation near the membrane and a rather good approximation everywhere else. The form of this solution is relatively simple, which makes it useful in further investigations.
INFANT SLEEP VENTILATION

18 infants were studied during natural sleep with continuous polygraph recording of ventilation(VE) by nasal pneumotachygraph,end tidal PCO2 (PACO2), EEG, EKG and oculogram (EOG). Sleep state was scored by patterns of EEC, EOG and respiration (and confirmed by observation). VE, f, VT, PACO2 and ventilatory responses to 100% O2 and to 5% CO2 in air were determined in quiet (mean=62 min) and REM (33 min) periods. 12 infants (gest.age 49.2 wk) with unexplained cyanotic spells requiring resuscitation had quiet sleep apnea > 10 sec(2/Hr) and episodes of VE 10 sec. (1.3/Hr) and VE 10 sec apnea nor fall in VE. The steady state response to CO2 was less (30.6 ml/min/Kg/mm Hg) in affected compared to unaffected (39.5) infants in quiet sleep and 26.0 compared to 34.4 in REM sleep. Infants with unexplained cyanotic spells demonstrated prolonged apnea and depressed VE with abnormal CO2 response in quiet and REM sleep suggesting inadequate integration of respiratory control mechanisms.
Between death and shame: dimensions of pain in Bariba culture

The Bariba of Benin idealize stoicism in response to pain. Analysis of the conceptualization of pain in Bariba thought indicates that an appropriate response to pain is considered intrinsic to Bariba identity. The Bariba example offers data illuminating the pain response and detailing the implications of urbanization and industrialization for this facet of ethnicity. The subject of pain elicits from informants a cognitive map of honor and shame, rather than discussion of pain per se. Features of the socialization process, particularly circumcision and clitoridectomy, signal courage and honour as crucial values and provide a basis for the Bariba perspective towards pain.
I followed the butterflies: Poetry of positive emotions in art therapy research

AbstractArt therapy is a profession that offers potential avenues to improve mental health by increasing positive emotions and counteracting depression and negativity through art-making processes within a therapeutic relationship. As art therapy research is scant, this study of how positive emotions are expressed through art-making was needed. Pairs of art therapists (N = 5) conducted participatory arts-based research to explore emotional expression through visual art-making and discussion. Results included artwork and illustrated poems that demonstrate the expression of positive and other emotions within an interpersonal relationship. As part of multi-modal aesthetic exploration, poetry was used as a means of data analysis and as a vehicle for conveying findings.
Erythrocyte plasma membrane fluidity in avian muscular dystrophy.

Abstract Erythrocytes from closely related dystrophic and normal adult chickens showed no differences in either membrane fluidity or polarity at 25°C, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of fatty acid spin labels. The effects of temperature and spin label concentration on order parameters were identical for erythrocytes from dystrophic and normal birds. Similarly, erythrocyte ghosts from dystrophic and normal chickens showed identical spectral properties.
Perspective on underground and obscured-target detection and imaging

This briefing focusses on some of the work forming the background of today's state of the ground probing radar art, and will attempt to draw conclusions about the prospects of this technology. We will cover some of the results achieved to date by many of the laboratories and organizations engaged in this work, including some work that is up to 20 years old, as well as work accomplished in the last few weeks. The spectrum of results is quite varied, ranging from the disappointing to the encouraging. We will attempt to identify some of the factors leading to or limiting success in this area and define some likely prospects for further applications. Finally, we will describe some of the research efforts that will be required to fully evaluate the feasibility of these hoped-for applications.
Effects of nitric oxide synthase gene knockout on neurotransmitter release in vivo

Abstract Nitric oxide serves as a diffusible messenger within the neuronal networks of the brain. Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide may amplify neurotransmitter release via its ability to diffuse in a retrograde manner from postsynaptic to presynaptic neurons. Two isoforms of nitric oxide synthase may be present in neurons: Type I nitric oxide synthase (neuronal isoform) and Type III nitric oxide synthase (endothelial isoform). In this study, we examined the role of nitric oxide as an amplifier of neurotransmitter release by using K+ and N-methyl- d -aspartate stimulations via microdialysis probes located in cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. We compared responses obtained in wild-type mice versus knockout mice deficient in either neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase or endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase gene expression. No significant differences in glutamate and GABA release were observed between knockout mice and wild-type mice after K+ stimulations. In contrast, N-methyl- D -aspartate-stimulated glutamate release in cortex was significantly reduced in the neuronal isoform of NOS knockout mice, and N-methyl- D -aspartate-stimulated GABA release was significantly reduced in all brain regions of endothelial isoform of NOS knockout mice. These data suggest that the two nitric oxide synthase isoforms, most likely due to their specific neuronal localizations, may serve different roles in the modulation of excitatory versus inhibitory neurotransmission in mammalian brain.
Pyrogenic signaling via vagal afferents: what stimulates their receptors?

Although there is good evidence that pyrogenic messages may be conveyed from the periphery to the brain via vagal afferents, the exact nature of the factors that activate their sensory terminals is unclear. Since IL-1beta and PGE2 have established roles in fever production and since their receptors have been identified on or near vagal nerves, they are potential candidate mediators. A difficulty, however, is that (1) IL-1beta is not expressed constitutively in mononuclear phagocytes, their presumed cell source upon stimulation by exogenous pyrogens, e.g. endotoxin, and (2) similarly, the isoform of the enzyme that selectively mediates the production and release of PGE2 by endotoxin-stimulated macrophages, COX-2, is also not constitutively expressed in these cells. Since the transcription and translation of these factors significantly lags the onset of fever induced by endotoxin administered intravenously, in particular, it is possible that a secondary, quickly-acting mediator evoked in almost immediate reaction to the presence of endotoxin excites, directly or indirectly, the sensory neurons. We have evidence that the complement component C5 contributes importantly to the initiation of the febrile response to endotoxin. This article briefly reviews the prevailing concepts of pyrogen sensing and signaling, examines their shortcomings particularly in terms of the temporal discrepancy between the very rapid onset of the febrile response to intravenously administered endotoxin and the significant delay in the elaboration of the putative mediators of fever, and presents newer data that may help to integrate the various preposed mechanisms.
Dispersion technique studies on Pd43Ni10Cu27P20

Abstract Crystallization of undercooled Pd 43 Ni 10 Cu 27 P 20 melts is studied by dispersing the sample into about 300 particles that are processed simultaneously. The size is chosen in such a way that crystallization of each individual particle can be detected. In isothermal experiments at high temperatures, above the nose of the time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagram, the onset of crystallization of individual particles is spread out over up to 10 4 s. In contrast, all particles crystallize simultaneously below the nose and the crystallization is not distinguishable from that of one large sample. The results suggest that the dominant crystallization mechanism changes in a very narrow temperature range from a nucleation-controlled process at high temperatures to a growth-controlled process at low temperatures. The dispersed sample setup together with the nature of the nucleation and crystal growth process enable to directly measure the nucleation and growth rates in the nucleation controlled temperature region as a function of temperature.
A Description of Adverse Events in Home Healthcare

Patient safety has taken on increasing importance in the American healthcare system, yet there is little information on patient safety in home healthcare. The current study aimed to describe the most frequent adverse events defined by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services among the national population of patients receiving home healthcare in 2003, and to compare characteristics between patients who experience adverse events and those who do not. The findings show that 13% of all home healthcare patients had an adverse event, with 80% experiencing only 1 adverse event. More than three fourths of the adverse events were associated with discharge to the community and required continued assistance. Patients who experienced adverse events were older, had more depressive symptoms and behavioral problems, and were more functionally impaired. Women had a slightly lower relative risk of an adverse event (.98), whereas patients of minority ethnicity had a slightly higher relative risk (1.06). These findings suggest that home healthcare agencies may need to spend more time on discharge planning after home healthcare and work with existing community providers. The findings also raise questions regarding the appropriateness of these adverse events and whether there are additional adverse events that warrant monitoring and follow-up evaluation.
GLASS TRANSITIONS IN POLYMER/CO2 MIXTURES AT ELEVATED PRESSURES

It is shown that poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene undergo glass transitions in the presence of CO 2 at moderate pressures (<100 atm). The observed T g depressions at these moderate pressures are quite large and are directly related to the amount of CO 2 sorbed by the two polymers. In contrast, the CO 2 pressure at the glass transition is related to both the amount of CO 2 sorbed and the temperature at the glass transition. At substantially higher CO 2 pressures (i.e., more than several hundred atmospheres), a hydrostatic pressure effect must also be considered
Guidelines for evaluating the educational performance of medical school faculty: priming a national conversation.

Background: The academic community needs a sound framework for the promotion and advancement of educators. The Group on Educational Affairs of the Association of American Medical Colleges organized...
Free, Stuck, Tangled: Bob Dylan, the ‘Self’ and the Performer's Critical Perspective

The following exchange occurred on 17 May 1966, during a Bob Dylan concert at Free Trade Hall in Manchester, England: Anonymous audience member from deep in the crowd: ‘Judas!’ Dylan: ‘I don't beli...
Familiarity and attraction to social and nonsocial objects by rats

Rats were housed alone, in pairs, or with a tennis ball for 10 days before the start of 10 days of testing for attraction to tennis balls or to other rats. Rats were more attracted to other rats than to tennis balls, attraction to both balls and rats increased over days, and housing with either a ball or a rat reduced attraction to that object but not to the other.
Data mining application in designing popular and optimal travel packages

We developed a strategy to design a travel package with the most popular and appropriate elements for the traveler; at the same time, this strategy minimizes the operation and processing costs of the travel agency. Association rules as a data mining technique is implemented to develop this model. We rely on the available massive travel agency database to make essential decisions related to the optimality of designing the travel package. A heuristic algorithm is an approach used to solve the final model. An illustrative numerical example based on a made-up data set is also provided
A k-structure generalization of the theory of 2-structures

The prime tree decomposition of graphs facilitates the solution of a number of important combinatorial problems. The decomposition is also known as modular decomposition and substitution decomposition. It has been generalized to 2-structures and to k-ary relations, but while both of these generalizations give the decomposition on graphs as a special case, neither is a generalization of the other. In this paper, we propose a type of edge-colored hypergraph, which we will call a k-structure. We define the modular decomposition of k-structures, and generalize the essential algebraic properties. This unifies the prime tree decompositions on 2-structures and k-ary relations, by giving them as special cases, and extends the decomposition to k-structures that are neither 2-structures nor k-ary relations. In addition, we show that any indecomposable k-structure on n?3 nodes contains a smaller indecomposable substructure that has at least n-k nodes. This is a generalization of a previously known result on graphs and 2-structures, that is, where k = 2. The generalization to k-ary relations that it gives as a special case is also new.
Self-aligning spatial filter

In this paper we describe a prototype self-aligning spatial filter (SASF). We present studies of the design and the results of fabrication prior to the final processing step. The SASF consists of an electrostatically actuated platform on which an optical spatial filter (pinhole) has been fabricated. The pinhole is in the center of a four quadrant split-cell photodetector, which serves as the alignment gauge for the system. When a focused beam at the pinhole is aligned, all four detectors sense the same optical current. In future devices, this information from the photodetectors will be fed back to the electrostatic actuation system to push the platform and align the beam. The electrostatic actuators are formed from the parallel walls of vertical side- wall capacitors built between the silicon bulk and the movable platform. Electrical signal paths in the integrated system used diffused interconnects, while the photodetectors are simply reverse-biased p+n diodes. Fabrication techniques are similar to surface micromachining, except that a wafer bonding step is used to create single crystal structures.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of a truancy court intervention in four middle schools

The effectiveness of a school-based truancy court intervention in four middle schools in a mid-sized school district was evaluated. Cumulative data from 185 youth attending a truancy court from 2004 through 2008 were included in the analyses. Results indicated a differential impact of the truancy court intervention depending on truancy severity at baseline. The intervention was most successful in increasing attendance for students with severe truancy, but had limited impact on students with moderate truancy, and no impact on mild truancy. The intervention did not result in improved school attachment or grade point averages, nor did it significantly reduce discipline offenses. Furthermore, the aftercare intervention, consisting of regular meetings with an authority figure (e.g., a juvenile officer), was only effective at maintaining truancy court attendance gains for students with severe truancy at baseline, although it was associated with a substantial decrease in discipline offenses for all groups. These results suggest that truancy courts similar to the one described here may have an impact on truancy for severely truant students, but may have a limited effect on students with mild or moderate truancy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Education of Ernest Hemingway

To native writers emerging in the 1920s The Education of Henry Adams (1918) spoke with an immediacy and an authority now difficult to reconstruct. Sherwood Anderson, whose own Winesburg, Ohio (1919) would soon become another model for young writers, was puzzled by Adams's book. But he was intrigued enough by it to grapple with its ideas in the pages of his own autobiography. Scott Fitzgerald, who as a child had known Adams, not only studied the Education but paid its author a writer's compliment by putting him into This Side of Paradise. At one point, in fact, Fitzgerald had even decided to call his first novel The Education of a Personage. On the basis of the Education T. S. Eliot branded Adams a ‘sceptical patrician’, damning him as an ineffectual product of his New England heritage, but not disdaining, all the while, to snap up from die Education images and phrases for his own poetry. Ernest Hemingway, who consciously sided with Eliot on absolutely nothing, would have found himself, had the occasion forced itself, hard put to disagree with Eliot's radier summary judgement of Adams. Nevertheless, all things considered, it remains my conviction that one important way in which Hemingway's work resembles Eliot's, and both resemble Fitzgerald's, is that in certain basic characteristics it is what it is because of The Education of Henry Adams.
Learners as teachers: the conflicting roles of medical residents.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of internal medicine residents’ roles as learners, teachers, and physicians on their performance in teaching and supervising interns; to generate insights for educational policy and research.
Quantitative affinity high-performance liquid chromatography of neuroendocrine polypeptides using porous and non-porous glass derivatives

Analytical affinity HPLC was developed to isolate and characterize neuroendocrine peptide/protein components. Bovine neurophysin II (NP-II) was covalently immobilized on succinamidopropyl derivatives of both controlled-pore glass (CPG) and non-porous glass (NPG). These derivatives were packed into 25 X 0.46 cm I.D. stainless-steel columns and incorporated into a high-performance liquid chromatograph. Interaction of [3H]Arg8-vasopressin ([3H]AVP) with NP-II was examined by chromatography of AVP on both CPG and NPG affinity matrices. Zonal elution profiles of [3H]AVP on NPG matrix showed, as predicted theoretically, a linear dependence of retardation on the concentration of hormone injected. The data permit calculation of the equilibrium dissociation constant for the NP-II/AVP interaction. Elution characteristics also were measured by frontal analysis of large-zone chromatography experiments, the results of which were in good agreement with the zonal elution analysis. Affinity resulting from dimerization also was studied by chromatography of [125I]NP-II on the NPG matrix. In this case, concentration dependence of retardation was non-linear, again as predicted theoretically. Off-rate kinetic constants for dissociation of the mobile interactant from the stationary phase also were obtained. The studies illustrate the utility of analytical affinity HPLC on non-porous beads for measuring relative affinities for various soluble ligands with small amounts of material. Chromatography on the CPG column proved useful for purification of microscale amounts of [3H]AVP.
The electrocatalytic enzyme function of adsorbed cytochrome c peroxidase on pyrolytic graphite

Abstract Cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) is a well characterized redox enzyme which can serve as a model for understanding the electrocatalytic function of adsorbed enzymes. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry were used to show that CCP adsorbed on edge-oriented pyrolytic graphite reduces H 2 O 2 electrocatalytically in a manner similar but not identical to solution CCP. Bulk electrolysis and Koutecky—Levich analysis of RDE data proved that the observed amperometric signal corresponds to the unmediated 2e − reduction of H 2 O 2 to water. The pH dependence of the enzyme—substrate kinetics of adsorbed CCP were similar to those for solution CCP at pH ≤ 6 but showed some differences at pH > 6. RDE studies in solutions of varying ionic strength show that CCP remains strongly adsorbed to pyrolytic graphite even at high ionic strength. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry experiments revealed that adsorbed CCP is reversibly inhibited by inhibitors of solution CCP.
Protecting wood from mould, decay, and termites with multi-component biocide systems

Abstract Biocides must be developed for controlling mould establishment on cellulose-based building materials. Accordingly, biocides intended for indoor applications must be non-toxic, non-volatile, odourless, hypoallergenic, and able to provide long-term protection under conditions of high humidity. Multi-component biocide systems were tested in American Wood-Preservers’ Association soil block tests for inhibition of brown-rot and white-rot decay fungi and American Society for Testing and Materials standard tests for inhibition of mould fungi and termites. Multi-component systems combining a borate base supplemented with either 0.1% azole or 0.5% thujaplicin, performed well against the two brown-rot fungi Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum ; the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor ; the three mould fungi Aspergillus niger , Penicillium chrysogenum , and Trichoderma viride ; and the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). It was concluded that for interior applications borate-based multi-component biocide systems can protect wood from decay fungi, mould fungi, and termites, and that a system containing thiabendazole provided protection at a lower retention than the other biocides in this study. Synergy was observed between the borate base and voriconazole in inhibition of mould.
The solubility of germanium (IV) oxide in aqueous NaOH solutions at 25°C

Abstract The solubility of GeO 2 was measured in dilute aqueous NaOH solutions at 25°C. The data indicate the predominance of the following reaction from 0·03 to 0·07 M NaOH: GeO 2(s) + OH − = HGeO 3 − . This conclusion was corroborated by conductometric titrations. The acid dissociation constant of metagermanic acid was calculated: K 5 = 2·75 × 10 −12 .
Direct Measurement of Energy Thresholds to Conformational Isomerization in Tryptamine

Stimulated emission pumping (SEP)–hole filling spectroscopy and SEP-induced population transfer spectroscopy have been used to place narrow bounds on the energy thresholds for isomerization between individual reactant-product isomer pairs involving the seven conformational minima of tryptamine. The thresholds for isomerizing conformer A to all six other conformations divided into three groups at 750 wavenumbers (cm–1)(A→B, F), 1000 cm–1 [A→C(2)], and 1280 to 1320 cm–1 [A→D, E, and C(1)]. The appearance of the first band and the absence of the band below it were used to place upper and lower bounds to the barrier heights for each process. The thresholds for A→B and B→A isomerizations were also combined to determine the relative energies of these two lowest energy minima. The combined data from all X→Y isomerizations identify important isomerization pathways on the potential energy surface linking the minima.
The Contributions of Development versus Music Training to Simple Tempo Discrimination.

Children ages 7 to 15 and adults were asked to detect changes in an unaccompanied drumbeat that either increased, decreased, or maintained the same tempo across measures. Marked differences in performance as a function of age were found for the change trials, older subjects being more accurate, while musical training was relatively unimportant. For trials in which the beat remained constant, however, subjects with musical training were more accurate, while age, by itself, had little effect upon performance. A multiprocess model for the perception of tempo is discussed.
Dental abnormalities and bone lesions associated with familial adenomatous polyposis: report of cases

Dental abnormalities and bone lesions of the maxilla and mandible are found in more than 70% of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Dental abnormalities include impacted teeth (other than third molars), supernumerary teeth, congenially missing teeth, and fused roots of molars. Bone lesions consist of osteomas—isolated or in clusters—in the maxilla and mandible. In this study of 24 patients, 75% had demonstrable dental abnormalities, and 79% had osteomas of the maxilla and mandible. Because dental abnormalities and bone lesions are present early in life, these features may be helpful in diagnosing this syndrome.
Pandaka: A lightweight cipher for RFID systems

The ubiquitous use of RFID tags raises concern about potential security risks in RFID systems. Because lowcost tags are extremely resource-constrained devices, common security mechanisms adopted in resource-rich equipment such as computers are no longer applicable to them. Hence, one challenging research topic is to design a lightweight cipher that is suitable for low-cost RFID tags. Traditional cryptography generally assumes that the two communicating parties are equipotent entities. In contrast, there is a large capability gap between readers and tags in RFID systems. We observe that the readers, which are much more powerful, should take more responsibility in RFID cryptographic protocols. In this paper, we make a radical shift from traditional cryptography, and design a novel cipher called Pandaka, in which most workload is pushed to the readers. As a result, Pandaka is particularly hardwareefficient for tags. We perform extensive simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of Pandaka. In addition, we present security analysis of Pandaka facing different attacks.
Work in progress — The costs and benefits of using alternative approaches in lecture-based courses: Experience in electrical engineering

Engineering programs across the country promote the success of their courses to engage students through the use of hands-on projects, cooperative learning and other non-traditional educational strategies. While alternative strategies to lecture-based instruction are preferable in many ways, there are formidable obstacles to their widespread implementation. The goal of a project funded by an NSF CCLI grant addresses several of these obstacles through the use of portable, low-cost experiment modules in traditional lecture-based courses to enhance the learning environment. This research describes the introduction of these experiments at a top tier university and the lessons learned about implementing a cohesive program of hands-on experiments in several courses that do not have lab components. The challenges associated with both integrating experiments in long-running lecture-only classes and evaluating the impact on students is examined. The experience of using a quasi-experimental design to more fully understand both the costs and benefits of using portable experiments in a Systems and Controls course is also discussed, which highlights the inherent costs and potential benefits of integrating hands-on experiments in lecture-style courses.
The pathogenesis of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction

Abstract A number of observations that have accumulated in the literature in the past several years cannot be explained by the classic pathogenetic hypothesis of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Experimental cardiac necroses of metabolic origin can be easily produced in the animal and if the classic pathogenetic hypothesis of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction is modified to include a metabolic factor, most of the unexplained observations become explainable.
Cross-Validation of a Model of Intrinsic Motivation With Students Enrolled in High School Elective Courses

Abstract The purpose of this study was to cross-validate a model of relationships among social-contextual factors, individual differences, and intrinsic motivation in adolescent students enrolled in required courses (E. Ferrer-Caja & M. R. Weiss, 2000) with an independent sample of students taking elective courses. Female and male high school students (N = 219) completed measures of motivational climate, teaching style, perceived competence, self-determination, goal orientation, and intrinsic motivation. Motivated behavior was assessed by teachers who rated the students on effort and persistence in class activities. First, the authors used structural equation modeling to examine model invariance between the original and the new samples, which yielded a lack of equivalence. Next, the authors examined several alternative theory-based models using the elective sample. The results indicated that the data were best represented by a model that separated social-contextual factors, individual factors, intrinsic m...
A Note on Schooling and Smoking: the issue revisited

The effect of schooling on the odds that an adult individual smokes is estimated. Empirial results show that schooling has a negative effect on the odds that an individual smokes. The odds of smoking by year of schooling and by gender and age are also calculated. These simulations generally suggest that the odds of smoking are reduced by at least half after the first 10 years of schooling.
Overcoming CAP with Consistent Soft-State Replication

New data-consistency models make it possible for cloud computing developers to replicate soft state without encountering the limitations associated with the CAP theorem.
Human-computer interface for the 21st century

An overview of current interfaces is presented, with attention given to icons, menus, hypermedia and hyperobjects, video, audio, virtual reality and animation. A prediction of the interfaces at the end of the next decade is also presented. It is predicted that the next decade will see a continuance of the universal user interface but with computers that have the capability of adapting to the human that uses them. >
Disequilibrium condensation environments in space - A frontier in thermodynamics

Quasi-steady states with a disequilibrium between the gas phase kinetic temperature and the condensed phase internal temperature appear to be the norm of condensation environments in space. Such states may constitute Prigogine dissipative structures.
A 64 GHz LNA With 15.5 dB Gain and 6.5 dB NF in 90 nm CMOS

This paper presents an integrated LNA for millimeter-wave applications implemented in 90 nm CMOS technology. Modeling methodology based solely on electromagnetic simulations, RC parasitic extraction and device measurements up to 20 GHz allows for ldquocorrect-by-constructionrdquo design at mm-wave frequencies and first-pass silicon success. The dual-stage cascode LNA has a peak gain of 15.5 dB at 64 GHz with a NF of 6.5 dB, while drawing 26mA per stage from 1.65 V. Output is 3.8 dBm. At , each stage draws 19 mA, with a peak gain and a NF of 13.5 dB and 6.7 dB, respectively. Measured results are in excellent agreement with simulations, proving the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology. A custom set-up for mm-wave NF measurement is also extensively described in the paper.
Sigma Coordinate Pressure Gradient Errors and the Seamount Problem

In a recent paper by Mellor et al., it was found that, in two-dimensional ( x, z) applications with finite horizontal viscosity and zero diffusivity, the velocity error, associated with the evaluation of horizontal density or pressure gradients on a sigma coordinate grid, prognostically disappeared, leaving behind a small and physically insignificant distortion in the density field. The initial error is numerically consistent in that it decreases as the square of the grid increment size. In this paper, we label this error as a sigma error of the first kind. In three-dimensional applications, the authors have encountered an error that did not disappear and that has not been understood by us or, apparently, others. This is a vorticity error that is labeled a sigma error of the second kind and is a subject of this paper. Although it does not prognostically disappear, it seems to be tolerably small. To evaluate these numerical errors, the authors have adopted the seamount problem initiated by Beckman and Haidvogel. It represents a stringent test case, as evidenced by their paper, wherein the model is initialized with horizontal isopycnals, zero velocity, and no forcing; then, any velocities that develop must be considered errors. Two appendices are important adjuncts to the paper, the first providing theoretical confirmation and understanding of the numerical results, and the second delving into additional errors related to horizontal or isosigma diffusion. It is, however, shown that satisfactory numerical solutions are obtained with zero diffusivity.
The stabilizing effect of a random environment

It is shown that the lottery competition model permits coexistence in a stochastic environment, but not in a constant environment. Conditions for coexistence and competitive exclusion are determined. Analysis of these conditions shows that the essential requirements for coexistence are overlapping generations and fluctuating birth rates which ensure that each species has periods when it is increasing. It is found that a species may persist provided only that it is favored sufficiently by the environment during favorable periods independently of the extent to which the other species is favored during its favorable periods.
Examination of the mechanisms of action of diverse cytoprotectants in renal cell death

Glycine, strychnine, muscimol, allopregnanolone. and pregnenolone sulfate act in the late phase of renal cell injury, block CI- influx and cell lysis induced by the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A, and promote the recovery of respiration and ion transport following hypoxidreoxygenation. However, the mechanism of action of these compounds has not been completely elucidated. Recently, we have shown that calpains are critical mediators of renal cell death produced by diverse toxicants and that antimycin A exposure results in calpain translocation from the cytosol to the membrane fraction that is temporally associated with C1- influx and precedes cell death/ lysis. The current study examined the effects of a group of diverse cytoprotectants on calpain activity and determined if calpain inhibition plays a role in the cytoprotection produced by these compounds. The cytoprotection produced by glycine, strychnine, niuscimol, allopregnanolone, and pregnenolone sulfate in rabbit renal proximal tubules exposed to antimycin A was associated with the inhibition of antimycin A-induced calpain translocation. None of the cytoprotectants had a direct effect on calpain activity. All of the cytoprotectants decreased calcium-ionophore-induced cell death. Glycine, strychnine, and muscimol also blocked antimycin A mediated extracellular Ca2+ influx. These data suggest that the cytoprotcctive mechanism of action of glycine, strychnine, and muscimol involves the inhibition of antimycin A mediated extracellular Ca2+ influx as well as calpain translocation and associated C1- influx. In contrast, the mechanism of action of the neurosteroids results only from the blockade of calpain translocation and associated CIinflux. Calpains; calcium; glycine; neurosteroids; renal proximal tubules; mitochondrial dysfunction; necrosis Keyrords.
Parity-violating DIS at 12 GeV

The advent of the 12-GeV upgrade at JLab will present an excellent opportunity to study parity violation in deep inelastic scattering at high values of x. The physics issues in this domain include charge symmetry violation, quark-quark correlations in the nucleon, and tests of the Standard Model. This program will require a high-luminosity detector with high acceptance for scattering angles up to about 35°. A possible design for a solenoidal spectrometer that meets this requirement is suggested.
Immunofluorescent Demonstration of the Common Enterobacterial Antigen.

SummaryThe fluorescent antibody technique was used to study the presence of an antigen common to many species of Entero-bacteriaceae and demonstrated localization of this antigen in the cell wall of these species. Although the studies indicate that specific 0 antigen comprised the largest portion of the cell wall of these organisms, satisfactory cell wall fluorescence was obtained utilizing antiserum against the common antigen. In addition, correlation between immunofluorescence and hemagglutination results were excellent. The use of antiserum against the common antigen allows studies of immunofluorescence of multiple strains of Enterobacteriaceae without the necessity of multiple type specific antisera.
A plate cooling model relating rates of plate motion to the age of the lithosphere at trenches

Previous studies have shown that the observed correlation between the age of the lithosphere and rate of ‘absolute’ motion of subducting oceanic plates at trenches can be explained by a net slab-pull force derived from a halfspace cooling model for the thermal lithosphere. Rates of motion are proportional to the square root of age. However, depth / age trends suggest that the ‘plate’ thermal structure applies to much of the seafloor; rate and age data for trenches where the oldest seafloor is subducted in the western Pacific should reflect the ‘plate’ structure. Fitting rate and age data from 16 trenches to net slab-pull models based on both halfspace and plate cooling models shows that rates of plate motion at the five western Pacific trenches where the lithosphere entering the trench is oldest are systematically lower than the rates predicted by the best fitting halfspace model. In contrast, these data do fit a slab-pull model based on plate cooling with R²=0.97, and an RMS error of 4.7 mm/a. Thus the plate model represents a statistically significant improvement over the halfspace model, and the plate-like ‘flattening’ of depth/age trends is reflected in the relationship between the rate of subduction and the age of the seafloor at Pacific trenches.
Coupled Quantum-Scattering Madeling of Thermoelectric Properties of Si/Ge/Si Quantum Well Structures

Confined structures presumably offer enhanced performance of thermoelectric devices. 1) Interfaces and boundaries create scattering sites for phonons, which reduces the thermal conductivity. 2) Reduced dimensionality increases the local density of states near the Fermi level, which increases the Seebeck coefficient. From these two phenomena, the net effect should be an increase in ZT, the performance parameter used to evaluate different materials and structures. These effects have been measured and modeled, but none of the models attempts to quantify the electron-phonon coupled effects particularly in the regime where quantum and scattering influences are found. Using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach, quantum wells composed of Si and Ge are studied and the important physics isolated. Results show a competing effect between the decrease in the electrical conductivity due to scattering with the increase in electrical conductivity with doping, leading to 77% decrease in the value of the power factor for the case of electron-optical phonon scattering.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Ionosphere effects on navigational and positioning signals full-wave solutions

Full-wave, numerical, and analytical solutions are obtained for navigational signals reflected or transmitted through an inhomogeneous anisotropic layer such as the ionosphere. The transfer functions used in these solutions are obtained by using a nonsingular transformation matrix to convert Maxwell's equations (for the transverse electromagnetic field components) into a set of loosely coupled first-order differential equations for the forward and backward traveling ordinary and extraordinary wave amplitudes. These transformation matrices which are also suitable for critical coupling regions (characterized by strong reflections or coupling between the ordinary and extraordinary waves) are constructed through the use of generalized characteristic vectors. Analytical and numerical techniques are used to obtain the signal distortions and instantaneous phase anomalies due to the medium. These are used to determine the time of the third zero crossing, which is generally regarded as the effective arrival time of the signal.
The Psychological Origins of a Constitutional Revolution: The Supreme Court, Birth Order, and Nationalizing the Bill of Rights

One of the most significant changes in American law was the application of the Bill of Rights to the states. Some members of the U.S. Supreme Court enthusiastically supported the doctrine of incorporation, while others actively opposed it. Why? Evolutionary psychology posits that birth order can explain support for radical change; older siblings identify with authority and resist changes in the rules, while laterborns defy authority and are willing to alter the status quo. Applying the birth order hypothesis to the Court, the author finds that the incorporation revolution was led by laterborns, even after taking account of justices’ political preferences.
A novel teleoperated long-reach manipulator testbed and its remote capabilities via the Internet

During the 1995 DOE Robotics Forum at Albuquerque, New Mexico, Georgia Tech's Intelligent Machine Dynamics Laboratory demonstrated remote display capabilities of its telemanipulated long-reach manipulator testbed through the Internet. This paper describes the testbed and addresses the methods, limitations, and capabilities of remote operations.
Report of research activities in fuzzy AI and medicine at USF CSE

Several projects involving the use of fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy methods in medical applications, developed by members of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, are briefly reviewed. The successful applications are emphasized.
An integrated serum proteomic approach capable of monitoring the low molecular weight proteome with sequencing of intermediate to large peptides

The low-abundance, low molecular weight serum proteome has high potential for the discovery of new biomarkers using mass spectrometry (MS). Because the serum proteome is large and complex, defining relative quantitative differences for a molecular species between comparison groups requires an approach with robust separation capability, high sensitivity, as well as high mass resolution. Capillary liquid chromatography (cLC)/MS provides both the necessary separation technique and the sensitivity to observe many low-abundance peptides. Subsequent identification of potential serum peptide biomarkers observed in the cLC/MS step can in principle be accomplished by in series cLC/MS/MS without further sample preparation or additional instrumentation. In this report a novel cLC/MS/MS method for peptide sequencing is described that surpasses previously reported size limits for amino acid sequencing accomplished by collisional fragmentation using a tandem time-of-flight MS instrument. As a demonstration of the approach, two low-abundance peptides with masses of approximately 4000-5000 Da were selected for MS/MS sequencing. The multi-channel analyzer (MCA) was used in a novel way that allowed for summation of 120 fragmentation spectra for each of several customized collision energies, providing more thorough fragmentation coverage of each peptide with improved signal to noise. The peak list from this composite analysis was submitted to Mascot for identification. The two index peptides, 4279 Da and 5061 Da, were successfully identified. The peptides were a 39 amino acid immunoglobulin G heavy chain variable region fragment and a 47 amino acid fibrin alpha isoform C-terminal fragment. The method described here provides the ability both to survey thousands of serum molecules and to couple that with markedly enhanced cLC/MS/MS peptide sequencing capabilities, providing a promising technique for serum biomarker discovery.
CYTOCHEMICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN MICROBODIES (GLYOXYSOMES) AND RELATED ORGANELLES OF CASTOR BEAN ENDOSPERM

Structural changes in endosperm cells of germinating castor beans were examined and complemented with a cytochemical analysis of staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB). Deposition of oxidized DAB occurred only in microbodies due to the presence of catalase, and in cell walls associated with peroxidase activity. Seedling development paralleled the disappearance of spherosomes (lipid bodies) and matrix of aleurone grains in endosperm cells. 6 to 7 days after germination, a cross-section through the endosperm contained cells in all stages of development and senescence beginning at the seed coat and progressing inward to the cotyledons. Part of this aging process involved vacuole formation by fusion of aleurone grain membranes. This coincided with an increase in microbodies (glyoxsomes), mitochondria, plastids with an elaborate tubular network, and the formation of a new protein body referred to as a dilated cisterna, which is structurally and biochemically distinct from microbodies although both apparently develop from rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In vacuolate cells microbodies are the most numerous organelle and are intimately associated with spherosomes and dilated cisternae. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the biochemical activities of these organelles. Turnover of microbodies involves sequestration into autophagic vacuoles as intact organelles which still retain catalase activity. Crystalloids present in microbodies develop by condensation of matrix protein and are the principal site of catalase formerly in the matrix.
DOES HABITAT FRAGMENTATION INFLUENCE NEST PREDATION IN THE SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE

Abstract We examined the effects of habitat fragmentation and vegetation structure of shortgrass prairie and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands on predation rates of artificial and natural nests in northeastern Colorado. The CRP provides federal payments to landowners to take highly erodible cropland out of agricultural production. In our study area, CRP lands have been reseeded primarily with non-native grasses, and this vegetation is taller than native shortgrass prairie. We measured three indices of habitat fragmentation (patch size, degree of matrix fragmentation, and distance from edge), none of which influenced mortality rates of artificial or natural nests. Vegetation structure did influence predation rates of artificial nests; daily mortality decreased significantly with increasing vegetation height. Vegetation structure did not influence predation rates of natural nests. CRP lands and shortgrass sites did not differ with respect to mortality rates of artificial nests. Our study area is only...