cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the clarity of research reports written for research subjects

It is not simple to report research results to the people who participated in the research as subjects of study. Few evaluations have examined subjects' understanding of written research findings. In two recent studies of solvent exposure, subjects received brief summaries of the research. Before they were sent, the summaries were evaluated by research, health, and communication specialists as well as by representatives of the target audience. For one of the studies, interviews were conducted with subjects before and after they received the reports. Although the subjects said they understood the summary, their answers to questions about its content indicated otherwise. The results suggest that researchers not rely on subjects' self-assessments of their understanding but instead design methods to test subjects' knowledge directly. Those tests would be most valuable if applied in formative evaluations, when the opportunity exists to improve the research summaries. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
EFFECT OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE ON FLAVOR STABILITY OF ALMONDS

A low oxygen atmosphere, which shows promise of controlling insect infestations during storage of raisins was studied in relation to its effect on flavor changes during storage of raisins at 18.5 and 27°C for 1 yr. Raisins stored in the low oxygen atmosphere for 1 yr at 18.5 or 27°C were equal or superior in flavor quality and acceptability to similar samples stored in normal atmosphere for the same length of time.
Short-term memory recognition search in aphasics.

A nonverbal short-term memory (STM) recognition task was administered to eight matched pairs of normal and aphasic subjects. Computer-controlled apparatus presented a stimulus list of two, four, an...
SMAC: A VLSI Architecture for Scene Matching☆

Abstract Scene matching is the problem of matching regions of two images of the same scene taken by different sensors at different times or under different viewing conditions. In this paper, we describe an efficient architecture for scene matching called SMAC (Scene Matching ArChitecture). The architecture achieves a significant amount of speedup by utilizing a large amount of parallelism and pipelining. Such an architecture can be used to compute the exhaustive search task of hierarchical scene matching, a technique used to reduce the amount of computations involved in scene matching applications. A prototype very large scale integration (VLSI) chip implementing a scaled down version of the proposed architecture has been designed and built. The prototype chip has been tested to be fully functional at a frequency of 50 MHz with a clock cycle of 20 ns. Based on the prototype design, it is estimated that the proposed architecture can process a 512 × 512 image with an 128 × 128 size template in about 15.36 μs, which corresponds to a rate of 65K frames per second.
Synthesis of complementary RNA by poliovirus polymerase in vitro.

Abstract In vitro poliovirus polymerase produces a partially ribonuolease resistant product analogous to replicative intermediate that is found in infected cells. Twenty percent of the RNA produced hybridizes with virion type RNA.
Fracture of fibrous metal matrix composites—II. Modeling and numerical analysis

Abstract The model of a unidirectional fibrous composite with a notch blunted by long discrete plastic shear zones, proposed in Part I, is analysed here for many center notch geometries. The ABAQUS finite element program is used together with an approximation of the composite yield surfaces indicated by the bimodal plasticity theory. The results confirm the existence of experimentally observed long discrete plastic zones at the tip of the notch before fracture. They also give the plastic zone lengths, the magnitudes of the shear displacements across the zones which agree well with experimental measurements, notch tip opening displacement, and the stress distribution in the vicinity of the notch. An analysis of numerous experimental results suggests that the onset of fracture in the notched B/A1 composite is controlled by critical ratio of the largest principal stress to off-axis unnotched strength in the principal direction, in a small representative volume ahead of the blunted notch.
Genetic variation in the Ponderosae of the southwest

Ninety-five seedling populations of southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) along with single populations of Pinus engelmannii and Pinus arizonica were compared in four environmentally disparate common gardens. Differentiation among ponderosa pine populations was detected for a diverse assortment of variables that included patterns of shoot elongation, measures of growth potential, winter and spring freezing damage, and leaf characteristics. Multiple regression models accounted for as much as 85% of the variance among populations and described complex clines that were dominated by elevational and latitudinal effects. Although P. ponderosa, P. arizonica, and P. engelmannii were readily differentiated, the performance of progenies from one population suggested introgression primarily involving P. ponderosa and P. arizonica but also implicating P. engelmannii.
Experimental investigation of three-dimensional woven composites

Abstract This paper summarizes an extensive experimental study of composites reinforced with three-dimensional woven preforms subjected to tensile, compressive and in-plane shear loading. Three innovative three-dimensional woven architectures were examined that utilize large 12 K and 24 K IM7 carbon tows, including two ply to ply angle interlock architectures and one orthogonal architecture. Additionally, a two-dimensional quasi-isotropic woven material was evaluated for comparison. Loads were applied in both the warp and the weft directions for tensile and compressive loading. Digital image correlation was used to investigate full field strains leading up to quasi-static failure. Experimental results including ultimate strengths and moduli are analyzed alongside representative failure modes. The orthogonal woven material was found to have both greater strength and modulus in tension and compression, though a ply to ply woven architecture was found to outperform the remaining three-dimensional architectures. Recommendations are made for improving the manufacturing processes of certain three-dimensional woven architectures.
Hominid brain size versus time: Revised regression estimates

This paper represents a revision of the regression estimates proposed in an earlier version (Journal of Human Evolution 1973 2, 405–411). An attempt has been made to incorporate new fossil material and the increasing number of absolute dates. The results of this new analysis suggest that the trend in the relationship of hominid cranial capacity with time remains consistent but the regression parameters have changed.
Role of HIV in Amyloid Metabolism

HIV infection has changed from an acute devastating disease to a more chronic illness due to combination anti-retroviral treatment (cART). In the cART era, the life expectancy of HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals has increased. More HIV + individuals are aging with current projections suggesting that 50 % of HIV + individuals will be over 50 years old by 2015. With advancing age, HIV + individuals may be at increased risk of developing other potential neurodegenerative disorders [especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD)]. Pathology studies have shown that HIV increases intra and possibly extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ42), a hallmark of AD. We review the synthesis and clearance of Aβ42; the effects of HIV on the amyloid pathway; and contrast the impact of AD and HIV on Aβ42 metabolism. Biomarker studies (cerebrospinal fluid AB and amyloid imaging) in HIV + participants have shown mixed results. CSF Aβ42 has been shown to be either normal or diminished in with HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Amyloid imaging using [11C] PiB has also not demonstrated increased extracellular amyloid fibrillar deposits in HAND. We further demonstrate that Aβ42 deposition is not increased in older HIV + participants using [11C] PiB amyloid imaging. Together, these results suggest that HIV and aging each independently affect Aβ42 deposition with no significant interaction present. Older HIV + individuals are probably not at increased risk for developing AD. However, future longitudinal studies of older HIV + individuals using multiple modalities (including the combination of CSF markers and amyloid imaging) are necessary for investigating the effects of HIV on Aβ42 metabolism.
Electrical impedance myography for monitoring motor neuron loss in the SOD1 G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis rat.

Objective Human studies have shown that electrical impedance myography (EIM), a technique based on the surface application of high-frequency, low-intensity electrical current to localized areas of muscle, is sensitive to muscle denervation. In this study, we examined the role of EIM as a potential biomarker for assessing ALS disease progression in the SOD1 transgenic rat by comparing it to motor unit number estimation (MUNE).
A Novel Network Coding Based Routing Protocol for Throughput Improvement in Wireless Mesh Networks

Considering the high throughput requirement in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), a novel network coding based routing (NCBR) protocol is presented in this paper. The NCBR protocol could actively create potential coding opportunities in the process of path establishment, which attempts to choose an appreciated route with more coding benefits among available path candidates. After this paper gives the proposed coding condition, it describes the working principle of NCBR protocol in detail. Based on NS-2 platform, average end-to-end throughput is measured to evaluate the effectiveness of NCBR by varying the offered load and number of flows. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed NCBR protocol performs better in enhancing average end-to-end throughput than traditional AODV and AODV+COPE schemes. In particular, average end-to-end throughput could be improved by 11% compared with the AODV+COPE case.
Selective light V th hopping (SLITH): Bridging the gap between runtime dynamic and leakage

Ever since the invention of various leakage power reduction techniques, leakage and dynamic power reduction techniques are categorized into two separate sets. Most of them cannot be applied together during runtime. The gap between them is due to the large energy breakeven time (EBT) and wakeup time (WUT) of conventional leakage reduction techniques. This paper proposes a new leakage reduction technique (SLITH) based on Vth hopping. SLITH has very low EBT and WUT, yet keeps the effectiveness of leakage reduction. Thus, it is able to reduce the gap, and enables joint dynamic and leakage power reduction. SLITH can be applied together with clock gating, precomputation and operand isolation etc., and significantly reduces both dynamic and active leakage power consumption.
TELEVISION USE BY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

The investigation explored the relationships between child and adolescent television use motivations and various sociodemographic characteristics, television viewing levels, program preference, and television attitudes. Six viewing motivations were identified: learning, passing time or habit, companionship, escape or forget, arousal, and relaxation. Age was the only demographic correlate of most of these functions. All viewing motivations correlated positively with television viewing levels, medium attachment, and perceived content reality. However, when age and level of viewing were partialed out, habitual viewing was no longer found to correlate with perceived reality. Several significant associations between viewing motivations and program preference were also noted. Arousal viewers preferred dramatic programs, while habitual, escapist, and companionship viewers favored comedies. Habitual viewers also shunned news and public affairs programs. Implications of the findings were discussed within the conceptual rubric of the uses of gratifications research perspective.
Submandibular Adenitis in a Newborn Caused by Mycoplasma hominis

Despite frequent colonization of the newborn infant with genital mycoplasmas, morbidity due to these organisms has been cited on few occasions. This report describes an infant with suppurative submandibular lymphadenitis from whom Mycoplasma hominis was isolated in pure culture. CASE REPORT A 2,580-gm, firstborn, black, female twin was the product of a 36-week pregnancy in a 15-year-old primigravida in whom mild preeclampsia and fever developed one day prior to delivery. After spontaneous rupture of the membranes and a 12-hour labor, the infant was delivered without complication by low forceps and vacuum extraction. Apgar scores were 7 and 9 at one and five minutes, respectively; findings on routine newborn examination were unremarkable.
Flight Data on Liquid-Filled Shell for Spin-up Instabilities

Abstract : The stability of a spinning projectile can be adversely affected when a liquid payload is present. Due to the impulsive launch of a spin-stabilized projectile, the liquid payload is subjected to unsteady and time-dependent processes. For example, the liquid must adjust to the rapid spin of the projectile casing. This process is normally called liquid spin-up. For many projectiles, the liquid spin-up process encompasses a large portion of the trajectory, and in fact many flight instabilities have occurred during this spin-up time frame. Flight data for spin-up instabilities of 155mm projectiles are presented and qualitatively discussed with respect to a recently developed model for yaw moments during spin-up.
THE FUNCTIONS OF SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR: AN EXPERIMENTAL‐EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Data are summarized from 152 single-subject analyses of the reinforcing functions of self-injurious behavior (SIB). Individuals with developmental disabilities referred for assessment and/or treatment over an 11-year period were exposed to a series of conditions in which the effects of antecedent and consequent events on SIB were examined systematically by way of multielement, reversal, or combined designs. Data were collected during approximately 4,000 experimental sessions (1,000 hr), with the length of assessment for individuals ranging from 8 to 66 sessions (M = 26.2) conducted over 2 to 16.5 hr (M = 6.5). Differential or uniformly high responding was observed in 145 (95.4%) of the cases. Social-negative reinforcement (escape from task demands or other sources of aversive stimulation) accounted for 58 cases, which was the largest proportion of the sample (38.1%). Social-positive reinforcement (either attention or access to food or materials) accounted for 40 (26.3%) of the cases, automatic (sensory) reinforcement accounted for 39 (25.7%), and multiple controlling variables accounted for 8 (5.3%). Seven sets of data (4.6%) showed either cyclical or inconsistent patterns of responding that were uninterpretable. Overall results indicated that functional analysis methodologies are extremely effective in identifying the environmental determinants of SIB on an individual basis and, subsequently, in guiding the process of treatment selection. Furthermore, an accumulation of assessment data from such analyses across a large number of individuals provides perhaps the most rigorous approach to an epidemiological study of behavioral function.
Comparison of clinical trial recruitment populations: Treatment-seeking characteristics of opioid-, cocaine-, and cannabis-using participants

This study examined the treatment history and intention to seek treatment among 489 individuals interested in substance use disorder clinical trial participation. Opioid and cocaine users were more likely than cannabis users to report having received treatment for substance use in the past and more likely than cannabis users to report planning to seek treatment for substance use before exposure to recruitment advertising. Free cost was the aspect of clinical trial participation that most influenced the decision to make an intake evaluation appointment for opioid-dependent patients as compared with cocaine- and cannabis-dependent participants, and the availability of individual psychotherapy most influenced those who were cannabis dependent. Cannabis-dependent individuals evaluated for clinical trial participation reported that recruitment advertising was an important factor in leading them to seek treatment. These results have implications for clinical trial recruitment and public health efforts directed at encouraging cannabis-dependent individuals to seek treatment.
Proton–beryllium neutron production at 25–55 MeV

The production of neutrons by stopping 25‐, 35‐, 45‐, and 55‐MeV protons in beryllium has been studied. The yield of neutrons in the forward direction can be approximated by the relation: yield =−0.032×1016⋅E+0.0027×1016⋅E 2 neutrons/C sr. The neutron spectra are characterized by a low‐energy evaporation component which has small angular dependence and a high‐energy component which is peaked in the forward direction. Neutrons produced in the forward direction have an average energy approximately 40% of the incident proton energy.
Nodal induces ectopic goosecoid and lim1 expression and axis duplication in zebrafish

One of the first intercellular signalling events in the ver tebrate embryo leads to mesoderm formation and axis determination. In the mouse, a gene encoding a new member of the TGF-β superfamily, nodal, is disrupted in a mutant deficient in mesoderm formation (Zhou et al., 1993, Nature 361, 543). nodal mRNA is found in prestreak mouse embryos, consistent with a role in the development of the dorsal axis. To examine the biological activities of nodal, we have studied the action of this factor in eliciting axis determination in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Injection of nodal mRNA into zebrafish embryos caused the formation of ectopic axes that included notochord and somites. Axis duplication was preceded by the generation of an apparent ectopic shield (organizer equivalent) in nodal-injected embryos, as indicated by the appearance of a region over expressing gsc and lim1; isolation and expression in the shield of the lim1 gene is reported here. These results suggest a role for a nodal-like factor in pattern formation in zebrafish. SUMMARY
Transcatheter right ventricular outflow tract stent implantation in a child with pentalogy of Cantrell, double outlet right ventricle, and severe pulmonary stenosis.

We described a 5-week-old boy with dextrocardia, double outlet right ventricle, and severe pulmonary stenosis with pentalogy of Cantrell. There was a defect within the sternum, diaphragm, and a prominent left ventricular diverticulum. Hypercyanotic spells developed with desaturation to 50%. Two Vision coronary stents were implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract with a significant improvement in oxygen saturation to 85%. This represents the first report of transcatheter pulmonary stent implantation as a form of palliation in a child with pentalogy of Cantrell. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diurnal variation in the undisturbed continental aerosol : results from a measurement program in Arizona

Abstract The concentration of Aitken nuclei (AN) in the ambient atmosphere seems to undergo a daily cycle in many continental locations. However, details of the cycle vary from site to site. In this study, hourly variation of AN level was recorded on a mountaintop in southern Arizona between November 1986 and April 1988. During periods of atmospheric stability, air samples obtained at the mountain site were representative of the mid-troposphere. Analysis of these clean-air samples revealed a diurnal AN variation on most days. The AN variation with time differed slightly from that observed at other geographic locations.
Applicability of Metal/Insulator/Metal (MIM) Diodes to Solar Rectennas

The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of metal/insulator/metal (MIM) diodes illuminated at optical frequencies are modeled using a semiclassical approach that accounts for the photon energy of the radiation. Instead of classical small-signal rectification, in which a continuous span of the dc I-V curve is sampled during rectification, at optical frequencies, the radiation samples the dc I-V curve at discrete voltage steps separated by the photon energy (divided by the electronic charge). As a result, the diode resistance and responsivity differ from their classical values. At optical frequencies, a diode with even a moderate forward-to-reverse current asymmetry exhibits high quantum efficiency. An analysis is carried out to determine the requirements imposed by the operating frequency on the circuit parameters of antenna-coupled diode rectifiers, which are also called rectennas. Diodes with low resistance and capacitance are required for the RC time constant of the rectenna to be smaller than the reciprocal of the operating frequency and to couple energy efficiently from the antenna. Existing MIM diodes do not meet the requirements to operate efficiently at visible-to-near-infrared wavelengths.
Cloning and characterization of beta‐lactam biosynthetic genes

Summary Seven genes coding for two different enzymes of the penicillin/cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway have been cloned from fungal and bacterial sources. Using amino acid sequences derived from the purified enzymes, oligonucleotide probes were designed to hybridize to their cognate genes in a genomic library. The high degree of similarity (57%) between enzymes of bacterial and fungal origin suggests a horizontal transfer of a primordial beta-lactam pathway, probably from a bacterial cell to a fungal cell. Overproduction of the proteins in Escherichia coli has allowed further study of the mechanism of action of these important enzymes.
Dynamics of Airborne Influenza A Viruses Indoors and Dependence on Humidity

There is mounting evidence that the aerosol transmission route plays a significant role in the spread of influenza in temperate regions and that the efficiency of this route depends on humidity. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which humidity might influence transmissibility via the aerosol route have not been elucidated. We hypothesize that airborne concentrations of infectious influenza A viruses (IAVs) vary with humidity through its influence on virus inactivation rate and respiratory droplet size. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which humidity might influence aerosol transmission, we modeled the size distribution and dynamics of IAVs emitted from a cough in typical residential and public settings over a relative humidity (RH) range of 10–90%. The model incorporates the size transformation of virus-containing droplets due to evaporation and then removal by gravitational settling, ventilation, and virus inactivation. The predicted concentration of infectious IAVs in air is 2.4 times higher at 10% RH than at 90% RH after 10 min in a residential setting, and this ratio grows over time. Settling is important for removal of large droplets containing large amounts of IAVs, while ventilation and inactivation are relatively more important for removal of IAVs associated with droplets <5 µm. The inactivation rate increases linearly with RH; at the highest RH, inactivation can remove up to 28% of IAVs in 10 min. Humidity is an important variable in aerosol transmission of IAVs because it both induces droplet size transformation and affects IAV inactivation rates. Our model advances a mechanistic understanding of the aerosol transmission route, and results complement recent studies on the relationship between humidity and influenza's seasonality. Maintaining a high indoor RH and ventilation rate may help reduce chances of IAV infection.
Clip-on micro-cuff electrode for neural stimulation and recording

Abstract A cuff electrode device for applications in functional electrical stimulation and recording on micro-scale diameter nerves and nerve fibers is reported here. The proposed design addresses the need for a cuff device for micro-scale diameter nerve tissue for which the presently available nerve cuff devices are generally not suitable. The micro-cuff electrode is provided with a clip-type feature that allows for easy opening of the cuff, its placement on nerve tissue, and subsequent closure. Advantages of this clip-type feature in electrode attachment and cuff closure are discussed. The use of the proposed clip-on device can be extended to larger diameter nerves and nerve fibers.
Qualitative evaluation and scientific citizenship: Reflections and refractions

Qualitative approaches to evaluation have recently attained legitimacy. Now it's time to advance their influence. Towards that end, this discussion offers a self-reflective critique of four critical issues in qualitative evaluation: relativism, theory and generalization, warrant and inquiry criteria, and positioning. Refractions from this critique embolden a recentering of qualitative evaluation around its socio-political value dimensions and a concomitant assumption of the rights and responsibilities of scientist citizens. These refractions further challenge the remainder of the evaluation community to do the same.
May Circulating microRNAs be Gastric Cancer Diagnostic Biomarkers

Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. More than 80% of the diagnosis was made at the advanced stages of the disease, highlighting the urgent demand for novel biomarkers that can be used for early detection. Recently, a number of studies suggest that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) could be potential biomarkers for GC diagnosis. Cancer-related circulating miRNAs, as well as tissue miRNAs, provide a hopeful prospect of detecting GC at early stages, and the prospective participation of miRNAs in biomarker development will enhance the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for GC. As miRNAs in blood are stable, their potential value as diagnostic biomarkers in GC has been explored over the past few years. However, due to the inconsistent or sometimes conflicting reports, large-scale prospective studies are needed to validate their potential applicability in GC diagnosis. This review summarizes the current development about potential miRNA biomarkers for GC diagnosis and the obstacles hindering their clinical usage.
Allogeneic Marrow Engraftment Following Whole Body Irradiation in a Patient with Leukemia

A 46-year-old man with blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia was given 950 rads whole-body irradiation followed immediately by 17.6 x 109 marrow cells. The marrow donor was the patient's sister who matched the patient in 11 of 12 HL-A groups and whose leukocytes reacted to the patient's leukemic cells in mixed leukocyte culture. The patient's white blood cell count began to go up on the 13th day and marrow engraftment was confirmed by repeated cytogenetic analyses. Secondary disease with skin rash and diarrhea was evident by the end of the second week but appeared to be controlled by methotrexate. The patient then developed fever, recurrent diarrhea and pneumonitis and died 56 days after irradiation. Autopsy showed inclusion bodies typical of cytomegalovirus. There was no histological evidence of acute secondary disease nor of leukemia.
IPLaminator: an ImageJ plugin for automated binning and quantification of retinal lamination

Information in the brain is often segregated into spatially organized layers that reflect the function of the embedded circuits. This is perhaps best exemplified in the layering, or lamination, of the retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL). The neurites of the retinal ganglion, amacrine and bipolar cell subtypes that form synapses in the IPL are precisely organized in highly refined strata within the IPL. Studies focused on developmental organization and cell morphology often use this layered stratification to characterize cells and identify the function of genes in development of the retina. A current limitation to such analysis is the lack of standardized tools to quantitatively analyze this complex structure. Most previous work on neuron stratification in the IPL is qualitative and descriptive. In this study we report the development of an intuitive platform to rapidly and reproducibly assay IPL lamination. The novel ImageJ based software plugin we developed: IPLaminator, rapidly analyzes neurite stratification patterns in the retina and other neural tissues. A range of user options allows researchers to bin IPL stratification based on fixed points, such as the neurites of cholinergic amacrine cells, or to define a number of bins into which the IPL will be divided. Options to analyze tissues such as cortex were also added. Statistical analysis of the output then allows a quantitative value to be assigned to differences in laminar patterning observed in different models, genotypes or across developmental time. IPLaminator is an easy to use software application that will greatly speed and standardize quantification of neuron organization.
Current Status of Renal Radiopharmaceuticals

This is the fourth and final CE article in the Radiopharmaceutical Series. After reading and studying this paper, the nuclear medicine technologist will be able to: (1) discuss principles of renal anatomy and physiology; and (2) compare and contrast various renal radiopharmaceuticals, including method of localization, primary usefulness, and associated pitfalls. Additionally, this article will familiarize technologists with research efforts to develop a Tc-99m tubular function agent.
The Indian and the Frontier in American History—A Need for Revision

rT he proposition that I am setting forth here is that although much traditional Indian-white-frontier history is of great significance in illuminating our knowledge of the past, there is a need to focus more of our attention on what might be called the Indian point of view. In fact, I am suggesting that we revise certain of our traditional ideas about the frontier in American history with a hope of seeking a balance to offset some of the widely accepted interpretations that have repeatedly appeared in our textbooks and in many learned journals. If we are going to tell the whole story of Indian-white relations, we must make an all-out attempt to picture the clash of cultures so that there will be an understanding of both cultures, not just one. Thus, to give more attention to the Indian side is not necessarily to plead for the Indian point of view. What we are seeking, it seems to me, is a wider basis of truth, a better understanding of what has happened in the past. We may then have a truer account of what actually happened to both Indians and whites and of the emergence of a new culture that formed on the frontier at the point of contact.
Molecular genetic analysis of porcine von Willebrand disease: tight linkage to the von Willebrand factor locus

von Willebrand disease (vWD), one of the most common bleeding disorders in humans, is manifested as a quantitative or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor (vWF), an adhesive glycoprotein (GP) with critical hemostatic functions. Except for the rare severely affected patient with a gene deletion as etiology of the disease, the molecular basis for vWD is not known. We studied the molecular basis for vWD in a breeding colony of pigs with a disease closely resembling the human disorder. The porcine vWF gene is similar in size and complexity to its human counterpart, and no gross gene deletion or rearrangement was evident as the pathogenesis of porcine vWD. A restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) within the porcine vWF gene was identified with the restriction endonuclease HindIII, and 22/35 members of the pedigree were analyzed for the polymorphic site. Linkage between the vWF locus and the vWD phenotype was established with a calculated LOD score of 5.3 (1/200,000 probability by chance alone), with no crossovers identified. These findings indicate that porcine vWD is due to a molecular defect within (or near) the vWF locus, most likely representing a point mutation or small insertion/deletion within the vWF gene.
Functional Linguistic Topography of the Cerebellum

Abstract The cerebellum is thought to be involved in both motoric (e.g., articulation) and cognitive (e.g., word generation) aspects of language. Evidence from anatomical, clinical, neuromodulation, and neuroimaging studies suggests that the cerebellar regions involved in motor aspects of language differ from those involved during verbal fluency or word-generation tasks. Anterior and medial cerebellar regions are involved in articulation, and dysarthria is associated with damage to these regions. In contrast, posterior and lateral cerebellar regions, particularly on the right, are engaged during language tasks that require cognitive monitoring of performance, and when these regions are damaged, patients may have impaired naming and verbal fluency. These data provide evidence for functional topography in the cerebellum for language-related tasks. Location of the cerebellar lesion determines whether the clinical deficit is dysarthria (impaired articulation from lesions of cerebellar motor areas) or linguistic deficits (impaired semantic processing from lesions of cerebellar cognitive areas).
On the electric breakdown of electronegative gases

Two years ago at this Conference we presented a paper in which it was demonstrated that the sparking potentials of simple hydrocarbon gases could be related directly to certain physical properties of the molecules of which the gases were composed(1). In order to accomplish this it was first necessary to derive an expression relating the first Townsend coefficient, α, of a gas to the pressure, P, the applied electric field, E, and to the elastic and inelastic cross-sections of the individual gas molecule. By introducing certain realistic assumptions regarding the energy dependence of these cross-sections, it was possible to show that, (2) equation where Q represents the total elastic cross-section of the gas molecule, and e i its ionization threshold.
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block and Radiofrequency Ablation

The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is a large extracranial neural structure that is located in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF). It has rich autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic components, which explains the autonomic features associated with cluster headache. Cluster headache involves activation of the parasympathetic outflow from the superior salivary nucleus of the facial nerve, predominantly through the SPG.
Evaluating HPC networks via simulation of parallel workloads

This paper presents an evaluation and comparison of three topologies that are popular for building interconnection networks in large-scale supercomputers: torus, fat-tree, and dragonfly. To perform this evaluation, we propose a comprehensive methodology and present a scalable packet-level network simulator, TraceR. Our methodology includes design of prototype systems that are being evaluated, use of proxy applications to determine computation and communication load, simulating individual proxy applications and multi-job workloads, and computing aggregated performance metrics. Using the proposed methodology, prototype systems based on torus, fat-tree, and dragonfly networks with up to 730K endpoints (MPI processes) executed on 46K nodes are compared in the context of multi-job workloads from capability and capacity systems. For the 180 Petaflop/s prototype systems simulated in this paper, we show that different topologies are superior in different scenarios, i.e. there is no single best topology, and the characteristics of parallel workloads determine the optimal choice.
Leukocyte Elastase Release during Blood Coagulation: A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR ACTIVATION OF THE ALTERNATIVE FIBRINOLYTIC PATHWAY

Immunological detection of elastase, an enzyme present within leukocyte granules, has been used as a marker for polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes contained 4.6 mug/10(7) cells, whereas erythrocytes, mononuclear cells, and platelets contained <1% of this level. In plasma that was separated from blood cells after 1 h at 22 degrees C, the mean level of elastase-related antigen in seven normal donors was 25+/-6 ng/ml. This level was unaltered by immediate separation of the plasma from the cells, by inclusion of protease inhibitors, or by anticoagulation of the plasma with either EDTA or acidcitrate-dextrose (the level in heparinized plasma was approximately threefold higher). In serum, the level of elastase-related antigen was 288+/-125 ng/ml, representing an 11.5-fold increase above plasma levels. The antigen detected in serum was immunochemically indistinguishable from the leukocyte enzyme. Release of elastase was observed when isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes were added to nonanticoagulated platelet-rich or platelet-poor plasma, recalcified plasma, or to serum. Addition of a chelating agent to serum prevented elastase release, but calcium or magnesium did not induce release in the absence of plasma. Coagulation induced by addition of thrombin to plasma also failed to induce release. In whole blood or in anticoagulated plasma reconstituted with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and then recalcified, initial release of elastase occurred concomitantly with or slightly after clotting and reached maximal levels within 20-40 min after clot formation. The data indicates that early events in coagulation or other pathways that occur in parallel with coagulation induce leukocyte release. The release of elastase, a major fibrinolytic protease of leukocytes, from the cells provides a mechanism for this enzyme or other granule proteases to participate in physiological events.
Enhancing Understanding of Community and Public Health

Introduction to Community and Public Health presents the essentials of community and public health and uses the diverse, real-world experiences of the authors to provide practical and memorable understandings of major concepts and principles. It is straightforward and easy to read with frequent examples and scenarios along with focus features in each chapter that describe interesting discoveries or applications that keep the reader captivated. This practical overview provides 545 valuable pages outlining the essentials of community and public health. Students, health educators, and practitioners at all levels will find this book to be a well–thought out, convenient, and effective resource in the classroom and beyond. The application of well-established principles and contemporary knowledge alike make this textbook a strong contribution to the educational and professional literature.
A Preferred Curvature-Based Continuum Mechanics Framework for Modeling Embryogenesis

Abstract Mechanics plays a key role in the development of higher organisms. However, understanding this relationship is complicated by the difficulty of modeling the link between local forces generated at the subcellular level and deformations observed at the tissue and whole-embryo levels. Here we propose an approach first developed for lipid bilayers and cell membranes, in which force-generation by cytoskeletal elements enters a continuum mechanics formulation for the full system in the form of local changes in preferred curvature. This allows us to express and solve the system using only tissue strains. Locations of preferred curvature are simply related to products of gene expression. A solution, in that context, means relaxing the system's mechanical energy to yield global morphogenetic predictions that accommodate a tendency toward the local preferred curvature, without a need to explicitly model force-generation mechanisms at the molecular level. Our computational framework, which we call SPHARM-MECH, extends a 3D spherical harmonics parameterization known as SPHARM to combine this level of abstraction with a sparse shape representation. The integration of these two principles allows computer simulations to be performed in three dimensions on highly complex shapes, gene expression patterns, and mechanical constraints. We demonstrate our approach by modeling mesoderm invagination in the fruit-fly embryo, where local forces generated by the acto-myosin meshwork in the region of the future mesoderm lead to formation of a ventral tissue fold. The process is accompanied by substantial changes in cell shape and long-range cell movements. Applying SPHARM-MECH to whole-embryo live imaging data acquired with light-sheet microscopy reveals significant correlation between calculated and observed tissue movements. Our analysis predicts the observed cell shape anisotropy on the ventral side of the embryo and suggests an active mechanical role of mesoderm invagination in supporting the onset of germ-band extension.
Bank bailouts and moral hazard? : evidence from banks'investment and financing decisions.

The goal of this paper is to estimate a dynamic model of a bank to explain how bank bailouts exacerbate moral hazard. In the model, a bank makes an endogenous choice of the risks of its investments and can finance these investments by deposits and risky debt. I estimate nine model parameters that characterize a bank's behavior. For the full sample of U.S. banks, I estimate the expected bailout probability, conditional on bankruptcy, to be 52%. The estimated conditional bailout probabilities for small and large banks are 36% and 76%, respectively. The model predicts that rescue funding constitutes 4.2% of total assets, which is very close to the actual capital injection, 4.4% of total assets, made by the U.S. government under the 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). The simulation results show that a bank with a higher bailout belief takes more risks, especially when it is very close to bankruptcy.
Voice Abnormalities and Laryngeal Pathology in Preterm Children.

Introduction:The prevalence of voice abnormalities in children born prematurely has been reported to be as high as 58%. Few studies have examined these abnormalities with laryngoscopic or videostro...
Laparoscopy in Gynecologic Malignancies

Laparoscopic and minimally invasive approaches have been described in the surgical treatment of almost all aspects of gynecologic oncology surgery including pelvic masses, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer. However, the widespread use of laparoscopy in this setting has been limited. Lack of long-term outcome data, increased surgical times, and the need for retraining have been major obstacles to the use of minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic malignancies and complex gynecologic surgery.
Neurological advances and ethical/legal conundrums: lessons from history

The scientific advances in the neurosciences are exciting and promise to advance our understanding of the human mind. The ethical and legal issues raised by neuroscience are distinctive but they are not unique to the twenty-first century. The ethical issues raised by these technologies deserve attention even while the science is in development. History teaches us to reflect on our humanity using insights from many disciplines and many times.
SUMMARY THE HYPOTHETICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AMINES AND MENTAL ILLNESS; A CRITICAL SYNTHESIS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hypothetical relationships between amines and mental illness. The discovery of the psychotomimetic effects of mescaline and later of LSD was responsible for a broad and rather ill-defined hypothesis that chemical substances, or more specifically, certain amines may be crucially involved in the symptomatology of some forms of schizophrenia. These agents are not properly described as hallucinogens because they produce true hallucinations in only a small percentage of individuals. The interesting thing about them is that they produce a wide variety of mental changes, including delusions, hallucinations, thought disturbances, paranoid states, and affective changes, in different individuals at different times. All of these are found in patients with schizophrenia.
Phantom Islands A Collection of Short Stories

i Tin Islands 1 Arithmetic 7 Durable Goods 11 City of Lost Tongues 19 Pillars 27 The Mourner 33 Goldfish 42 Panic Attack 49 The Street 51 Thresholds 56 Hunters 61 The Tobacconist 67 Fever 80 Evidence of Things Not Seen 83 A Fly in Amber 87 References 92
In Vitro Carcinogenesis with Cell Lines

Unlike the Syrian hamster embryo cell system pioneered by Sachs and by DiPaolo, in which chemical carcinogens transform primary or secondary cultures, we and others have used permanent cell lines derived from mouse fibroblasts. As an example, this paper concentrates on the C3H/10T1/2 cells that we developed. These cells are highly susceptible to postconfluence inhibition of cell division, spontaneous transformation is very rare, and they do not produce tumors on inoculation into syngeneic immunosuppressed mice. On treatment with polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAH), X-rays, ultra-violet light, neutrons, some cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, alkylating agents, or tobacco smoke condensate, they lose contact inhibition and form piled-up foci that produce fibrosarcomas in C3H mice. These cells have the cytochrome P448 enzyme system that is required to activate PAH, but lack the capacity to activate other classes of chemical carcinogens. Permanent lines that we recently developed from mouse regenerating liver, when used as irradiated “feeder layers,” activate aflatoxin B1 to transform C3H/10T1/2 cells. In this system: there is no induction of an endogenous retrovirus during chemical transformation; chemically transformed clones have individual tumor-specific and common embryonic cell- surface antigens; and transformation with alkylating agents and antimetabolites is cell-cycle phase-specific. We have obtained two-stage transformation with PAH or UV light as initiators and phorbol esters, anthralin, and saccharin as promoters, and we can now simultaneously study oncogenic transformation and mutagenesis to ouabain resistance. We are using this system to study cellular and molecular mechanisms of chemical oncogenesis, and as a potential prescreen for chemical carcinogens, initiators, and promoters.
Cardiotoxicity and HIV/AIDS Therapy

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a global epidemic that continues to escalate. Recent World Health Organization (WHO) estimates include over 33 million people currently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. Twenty million HIV-infected individuals died over the past quarter century. Antiretrovirals, particularly nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), changed HIV/AIDS from a fatal disease to a chronic illness. Cardiomyopathy (CM) is a bona fide HIV/AIDS comorbidity. It may result from individual or combined effects of the HIV per se, immune reactions to it, or from toxicities of NRTIs. Clinical observations, in vitro and in vivo evidence, suggest various mechanisms of CM are centered around NRTI toxicity to mitochondria. This review highlights some of the hypotheses and data that support those hypotheses that focus on cardiotoxicity of NRTIs and on mitochondrial-associated pathways of NRTI toxicity in CM.