cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digestibility, Mineral Balance, and Rumen Fermentation by Steers of Rations Containing Large Amounts of Lactose or Dried Whey

Abstract Nine Holstein steers in three ration groups were in a series of five digestion trials during 10 wk to measure digestibilities of rations containing lactose fed as either lactose or dried whole whey. All steers received a control ration of corn, soybean meal, and corn silage during period 1. Three steers also received the control ration during periods 2 through 5. Steers fed lactose received 10, 20, 30 and 40% of their dry matter as lactose during periods 2 through 5, respectively. Steers fed dried whole whey received the same amount of lactose as the lactose-fed steers but from dried whole whey (15, 30, 45, and 60% dried whole whey) during periods 2 through 5. Digestibilities of energy and dry matter were highest for the dried whey rations and lowest for the control ration. Within the dried whey rations, 15% dried whey was most digestible. Digestibility of ration fiber was similar for all groups. Dry matter content of feces was reduced when rations contained 30% or more lactose as lactose or dried whey. Urine output increased slightly with increasing amounts of lactose fed as lactose but increased nearly 300% when steers were fed 45 and 60% dried whey because of the high salt intake. Calcium and phosphorus absorption and retention were not affected by lactose or dried whey. Molar percentages of butyrate increased and propionate decreased in rumen contents of steers fed lactose or dried whey. Rumen ammonia tended to be lowest in steers fed dried whey rations. Steers can be fed large amounts of lactose or dried whole whey without adversely affecting ration digestibility or animal health.
Fourth-order quantum-chromodynamic corrections to the longitudinal coefficient function in deep-inelastic scattering

We calculate the first non-leading-logarithmic corrections to the nonsinglet longitudinal structure function of deep-inelastic scattering, using the operator-product expansion and the renormalization group. We use dimensional regularization to regulate both ultraviolet and infrared divergences. We discuss the renormalization-scheme dependence of our result and its phenomenological implications.
Explaining the Japanese economic miracle

Abstract This paper argues that, contrary to popular opinion, the Japanese economy was not, by western notions and standards, highly efficient during the period in which the so-called economic miracle took place. Rather, the rapid economic growth of that period, which actually occurred in the face of substantial inefficiencies, was made possible in part by significant offsetting effects.
Update in endocrinology.

The articles discussed in this Update fall under the following general areas of endocrinology: diabetes mellitus and lipids, hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism,...
Immediate Cutaneous Hypersensitivity in Mice: in vitro and in vivo Characteristics of Serum from Hypersensitive Mice

INVESTIGATIONS of immediate-type active cutaneous hypersensitive reactions in mice1 led to the conclusion that the characteristic reaction consisted of two distinct phases. A rapid phase (phase 1), consisting of an immediate œdematous response, could be detected within 6–9 days of a single sensitizing injection of egg albumen in adjuvant. It continued to occur, at least transiently, throughout the period of testing (36 days after sensitization). A slower phase (phase 2) was first noticed approximately 12 days after sensitization. At first phase 2 developed 2–3 h after the animals had been skin-tested; but as the time interval between sensitization and challenge increased it appeared more rapidly. Fully developed phase 2 reactions were macroscopically and microscopically typical Arthus reactions.
Influence of chain length on the rate of hydrolysis of polyoxymethylene ethers

Four series of polyoxymethylene ethers (polyformals) [RO(CH2O)nR] where R is isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, or methoxyethyl and n = 1–3 have been prepared, examined by GLC, separated by fractional distillation, and characterized by NMR. Rate constants for the aqueous acid hydrolysis of all the compounds have been determined. The isopropyl series appears to be a special case, and as reported in the literature (but in aqueous dioxane), all members of this series hydrolyze at the same rate. In the other series, there is a definite increase in rate, which never exceeds fourfold, in going from n = 1 to n = 2. This increase differs considerably from the 100-fold increase reported by others in going from CH3OCH2OCH3 to CH3O(CH2O)2CH3. In all series, the n = 3 compound hydrolyses at practically the same rate as the n = 2 compound.
Confirm and Explore: A Stepwise Approach to Clinical Study Designs

In general, the scientific learning process begins with exploration. Scientists learn from exploratory findings, generate a new hypothesis, and then perform experiments to confirm the hypothesis. After they do more exploration, and learn more, scientists continue with this process. The process is to explore first, then confirm, next explore and confirm again, and so on. The same is true for the entire drug development process. However, in designing an individual phase 2 or 3 clinical trial, this thinking process needs to be reversed because each study is designed to address a specific clinical question. This question is formulated as the primary objective of the study. Clinical trials are designed to address this well-defined study objective. Hence this part is a confirmatory step. After the primary objective is achieved, scientists then explore all available data and see what additional information can be generated from the study. In this article, we discuss the thinking process of clinical trials. It is clear that the clinical trial design follows a stepwise approach that first considers the confirmatory step by testing a pre-specified, well-defined statistical hypothesis, and then moves to the exploratory (or learning) step. We discuss a few examples to illustrate how this thinking process can be applied in designing some of the phase 2/3 studies.
Sources of Industrial Growth in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe: Some Estimates

Resume: Resume: Pour etudier les sources de croissance industrielle au Kenya, en Tanzanie, en Zambie et au Zimbabwe, nous avons utilise dans cet ouvrage la methode de la formation de production appliquee a la croissance, le taux de croissance du facteur de la productivite globale (T.F.P.G.) sont calculees sur une periode allant de 1964 a 1983 pour ces pays. Pour le Zimbabwe le taux de croissance du T.F.P.G. est positif mais n'a aucune signification. Donc, pour tous ces pays une croissance de facteur des moyens de production influe en grande partie sur la croissance industrielle. En comparant des etudes faites sur les pays developpes avec celles faites sur les pays en developpement nous constatons que la contribution de l'augmentation des facteurs de production est relativement negligeable, mais celle du T.F.P.G. est significative. Puis, dans ce document nous considererons les causes approximatives de la performance nulle du T.F.P.G. dans ces pays etudies. Puis nous analyserons les variations de la capa-cite d'exploitation, des tailles du marche, des politiques macro-economiques, des structures du marche, du niveau de developpement des capacites techno-logiques. Abstract: This paper utilizes a growth accounting production function approach to analyze the sources of industrial growth in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Rates of Total Factor Productivity Growth (TFPG) are calculated for these countries during periods in between 1964 and 1983. The estimates indicate negative growth rates of TFP in Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. For Zimbabwe the growth rate of TFP is found to be positive but insignificant. Hence, for all of these countries increase in factor inputs mostly accounts for manufacturing growth. By comparison studies for developed countries and some developing countries showed a relatively unimportant contribution from increased inputs and a significant contribution from TFPG. The paper, then considers some of the proximate causes of the poor performance in TFPG in the countries—studied. The roles of changes of capacity utilization, market size, macro-economic policies, market structures, level of development of technological capability are analyzed.
Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet shape change and aggregation by o-phthalaldehyde: evidence for covalent modification of cysteine and lysine residues.

Abstract Platelets play a major role in the hemostatic process following vascular injury. Chemical modification of cysteine and/or lysine residues in platelet proteins has been shown to cause loss of platelet aggregation induced by diverse agonists; however, these investigations have not addressed the identity of the specific proteins affected. o -Phthalaldehyde (OPTH) is a unique chemical modification reagent that forms and permits the identification of fluorescent isoindole derivatives with proteins by covalently and simultaneously modifying closely spaced cysteine and lysine residues. We found that OPTH inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, and U46619 (an analog of prostaglandin H 2 ), but had minimal effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, plasmin, chymotrypsin, A23187 (a calcium ionophore), PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), and PMA + A23187. Since platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, and U46619 has been shown to involve binding of endogenous or exogenous ADP to the platelet receptor, our further studies focused on platelet aggregation induced by ADP. OPTH inhibited ADP-induced shape change and aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. The second-order rate constant for the inhibition of ADP-induced platelet shape change ( K sc = 1.0 × 10 3 M −1 s −1 ) was lower than that for aggregation ( K agg = 5.4 × 10 3 M −1 s −1 ). Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of OPTHplatelet adduct exhibited maxima at 346 and 437 nm, respectively, consistent with the formation of an isoindole derivative(s). The nonpenetrating thiol-specific reagent, p -chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (pCMBS) (0.8 m m ), is known to block the inhibition of stimulated adenylate cyclase induced by ADP but not the ADP-induced platelet shape change. The inhibition of ADP-induced platelet shape change ( K sc = 1.5 × 10 3 M −1 s −1 ) by OPTH was not affected by pCMBS. OPTH, at concentrations (15–50 μ m ) that inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation and shape change did not raise the intracellular levels of adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) in platelets nor did it impair the ability of iloprost (a stable analog of prostaglandin I 2 ) to raise the platelet cAMP level. Thus, OPTH under these conditions did not interact with platelet adenylate cyclase. 5′- p -fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA) has been previously shown to inhibit ADP-induced platelet shape change and aggregation by covalently modifying aggregin ( M r = 100 kDa), a putative ADP receptor on platelet surface. N -Ethylmaleimide (NEM) also inhibits ADP-induced platelet shape change and aggregation. Preincubation of platelets with OPTH prevented labeling of platelets by [ 3 H]FSBA and [ 3 H]NEM. The results show that OPTH inhibited ADP-induced platelet shape change and aggregation and chemically modifies closely spaced cysteine and lysine residues in aggregin, thus preventing binding of ADP to its receptor.
Multimodal Imaging of highly pigmented tissues

We report on multimodal imaging of highly pigmented tissues including blood using sub-15 fs pulses. We find that shorter pulses minimize thermal damage and under these conditions red blood cells appear bright rather than dark.
Neural control of feeding

Substantial progress has been made in identifying the possible signals for initiating and terminating the appetitive aspects of feeding behavior in vertebrates. Strong evidence now implicates ATP (or an ATP-like molecule) and a fall in glucose in initiating feeding. In invertebrates, particular progress has been made in defining the nature and mechanisms of action of the neurotransmitters and peptide co-transmitters that regulate the consummatory aspects of feeding, and a number of new research tools for modelling the operation of simple feeding motor program networks have been developed.
Abstract 1255: Role of choline in adaptive mechanisms in choline phospholipid metabolism of human breast cancer cells

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of cancer have consistently detected increased cellular phosphocholine (PC) and total choline-containing compounds (tCho), which are closely related to malignant transformation, invasion and metastasis [1]. Enzymes in choline metabolism present attractive targets that can be exploited for treatment [2]. Two of these enzymes, choline kinase-α (Chk) and phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase D (PC-PLD) have been associated with increased malignancy [1, 3]. Chk is a cytosolic enzyme that is responsible for phosphorylation and converting free choline to phosphocholine. Two mammalian isoforms of PC-PLD, PLD1 and PLD2 have currently been identified. While PLD2 is restricted to cytoplasm, PLD1 shuttles between cytoplasm and membrane upon activation by G proteins such as ARF, Rho and Rac [4]. Here we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Chk and PLD1 alone or in combination in triple negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells to silence these two genes. Effective downregulation was confirmed at both protein and mRNA levels. However, downregulation of Chk with siRNA resulted in increased PLD1 expression, and downregulation of PLD1 resulted in increased Chk expression, typifying the ability of cancer cells to adapt. We sought to further understand mechanisms underlying this interdependence by changing the concentrations of free choline in the media. We observed a reduction in the increase of PLD1 protein expression and mRNA levels following Chk downregulation with higher concentration of free choline (107.1µM), suggesting that free choline plays a role in mediating the increase of PLD1 observed following Chk downregulation. Understanding the complex networks of pathways that participate following downregulation of a specific target is critical in a complex disease like cancer. These participating pathways provide novel opportunities to target in concert with the primary target to achieve improved control and minimize compensatory responses that allow cancer cells to survive or adapt. This is especially important if the downregulation of one ‘oncogenic target’, e.g. Chk, results in the upregulation of another, e.g. PLD1. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH P50 CA103175. References: 1. Glunde, K. et al., Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2006; 2. Banez-Coronel M. et al., Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2008; 3. Toschi, A. et al., Cancer Letters, 2010; 4. Huang, P. and Frohman, MA., Expert Opin Therapy, 2007. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1255. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1255
STEPPING STONES TO A DEGREE: THE IMPACT OF ENROLLMENT PATHWAYS AND MILESTONES ON COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENT OUTCOMES

This paper presents findings from a study of the experiences and outcomes of older and younger community college students. We developed a discrete-time hazard model using longitudinal transcript data on a cohort of first-time community college students in Florida to compare the impact of enrollment pathways (such as remediation) and enrollment milestones (such as attaining a certain number of credits) on educational outcomes of older students—those who enter college for the first time at age 25 or later—with those of traditional-age students. Results suggest that reaching milestones such as obtaining 20 credits or completing 50 percent of a program is a more important positive factor affecting graduation probabilities for younger students than it is for older students. We also found that although enrollment in remedial courses decreases the odds of graduating for all students, older students who enroll in remediation are less negatively affected than are younger ones who take remedial classes.
Stochastic models of proportionally fair congestion controllers

Design of congestion control mechanisms using deterministic fluid models has attracted a lot of attention recently. In this paper, we relax two critical assumptions that lead to these deterministic models. Firstly, we explicitly account for the fact that the congestion notification mechanism at the router is probabilistic in nature and secondly, we account for the unresponsive flows at the router which are modeled as stochastic noise. By taking these factors into account for a single bottleneck link accessed by multiple proportionally fair congestion controlled sources, we derive a suitable AR (auto-regressive) process model to describe the system. We calculate the variance of the input process at the router to provide a design rule for selecting the link capacity to ensure near loss-free operation. We compare our results with those obtained from simulations. An interesting conclusion from our numerical and simulation results is that the improvement in network performance that one can obtain from multiple bits of congestion information (as opposed to one-bit marking) is negligible.
A Longitudinal Study of a Multivariate Model of the Stress Process Using Structural Equations Modeling

This study developed and tested a longitudinal multivariate model of the stress process using an intensive structural equations modeling (SEM) approach. The use of latent variables permits a powerful test of the causal relationships between stress process constructs. Anderson and Gerbing's (1988) two-stage process of analysis was followed: A measurement model was examined in Stage One of the analysis; structural verification of the proposed stress process model using a panel design was tested in Stage Two. Findings from both stages contribute to our understanding of stress by uncovering some dynamic components underlying the stress process. This study offered a sophisticated methodological examination into the complexity inherent in uncovering the dynamics of the stress process.
AUTOANTIBODIES TO CEREBELLUM IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM ASSOCIATE WITH BEHAVIOR

Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with a poorly understood biological basis. Some children with autism harbor plasma autoantibodies that target brain proteins. Similarly, some mothers of children with autism produce antibodies specific to autism that target pairs of fetal brain proteins at 37/73 and 39/73 kDa. We explored the relationship between the presence of brain-specific autoantibodies and several behavioral characteristics of autism in 277 children with an autism spectrum disorder and 189 typically developing age-matched controls. Further, we used maternal autoantibody data to investigate potential familial relationships for the production of brain-directed autoantibodies. We demonstrated by Western blot that autoantibodies specific for a 45 kDa cerebellar protein in children were associated with a diagnosis of autism (p = 0.017) while autoantibodies directed towards a 62 kDa protein were associated with the broader diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (p = 0.043). Children with such autoantibodies had lower adaptive (p = 0.0008) and cognitive function (p = 0.005), as well as increased aberrant behaviors (p < 0.05) compared to children without these antibodies. No correlation was noted for those mothers with the most specific pattern of anti-fetal brain autoantibodies and children with the autoantibodies to either the 45 or 62 kDa bands. Collectively, these data suggest that antibodies towards brain proteins in children are associated with lower adaptive and cognitive function as well as core behaviors associated with autism. It is unclear whether these antibodies have direct pathologic significance, or if they are merely a response to previous injury. Future studies are needed to determine the identities of the protein targets and explore their significance in autism.
Open educational resources in computer science teaching

Open content and open access to resources are important factors in the innovation of Computer Science education. This paper presents a study aimed at gaining an understanding of the needs of Computer Science educators in terms of Open Educational Resources (OER): what kind of resources they need, when they need them, how they use them, and what are the barriers and the enablers for using OER The results of the study are compared and analyzed in the context of the popular OER sites. The work contributes to the research on OER utilization and discovery.
Modulation of medial prefrontal cortical activity using in vivo recordings and optogenetics

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serves major executive functions. mPFC output to subcortical brain areas such as the amygdala controls emotional processing and plays an important role in fear extinction. Impaired mPFC function correlates with extinction deficits in anxiety disorders such as PTSD and with cognitive decision-making deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders and persistent pain. Controlling mPFC output is a desirable therapeutic goal in neuropsychiatric disorders but functional differences of cell types (pyramidal cells and interneurons) and regions (infralimbic and prelimbic) represent a challenge. This electrophysiological study used optogenetics for the cell- and region-specific modulation of mPFC pyramidal output in the intact anesthetized animal. Extracellular single-unit recordings were made from infralimbic (IL) pyramidal cells, IL interneurons and prelimbic (PL) pyramidal cells 2–3 weeks after intra-IL injection of a viral vector encoding channel rhodopsin 2 (ChR2) under the control of the CaMKII promoter (rAAV5/CaMKIIa-ChR2(H134R)-EYFP) or a control vector that lacked the ChR2 sequence (rAAV5/CaMKIIa-EYFP). Optical stimulation with laser-generated blue light pulses delivered through an optical fiber to the IL increased spontaneous and evoked action potential firing of ChR2 expressing IL pyramidal cells but had no effect on IL interneurons that were distinguished from pyramidal cells based on their higher firing rate and shorter spike duration. Optical activation of IL pyramidal cells also inhibited PL pyramidal cells, suggesting that IL output controls PL output. The effects were light intensity-dependent and reversible. Confocal microscopy confirmed ChR2-EYFP or control vector expression in mPFC pyramidal cells but not in GABAergic cells. The novelty of our study is the analysis of optogenetic effects on background and evoked activity of defined cell types in different mPFC regions. The electrophysiological in vivo results directly demonstrate the optogenetic modulation of mPFC activity in a region- and cell type-specific manner, which is significant in conditions of impaired mPFC output.
Regulation, Property Rights, and Definition of “The Market”: Law and the American Economy

This article identifies four problems in the recent interdisciplinary studies of property rights, law, and economic development in the nineteenth-century United States. First, recent studies stress too exclusively the positive functions of law in either the “release of entrepreneurial energy” or the exploitative allocation of advantages (by courts and legislatures) to the business interests leading industrialization. Second, the dichotomy between alleged “instrumentalism” as the prevailing judicial style before 1860 and “formalism” after 1865 has been exaggerated. Third, generalizations have been based too much on the eastern states and Wisconsin. Fourth, there has been a failure to identify accurately the winners and losers in the struggle over regulation and the definition of property rights. Thus, although rediscovery of the importance of institutions by economists and the renaissance of legal history among historians and legal scholars constitute welcome (converging) developments in recent scholarship, much more research is needed on these main themes in the literature.
Solution-Based Synthesis of Submicrometer ZrB2 and ZrB2–TaB2

Zirconium diboride and a zirconium diboride/tantalum diboride mixture were synthesized by solution-based processing. Zirconium n-propoxide was refluxed with 2,4-pentanedione to form zirconium diketonate. This compound hydrolyzed in a controllable fashion to form a zirconia precursor. Boria and carbon precursors were formed via solution additions of phenolformaldehyde and boric acid, respectively. Tantalum oxide precursors were formed similarly as zirconia precursors, in which tantalum ethoxide was used. Solutions were concentrated, dried, pyrolyzed (800°-1100°C, 2 h, flowing argon), and exposed to carbothermal reduction heat treatments (1150°-1800°C, 2 h, flowing argon). Spherical particles of 200-600 nm for pure ZrB 2 and ZrB 2 -TaB 2 mixtures were formed.
Illustrating a Behaviorally Informed Approach to Antitrust Law: The Case of Predatory Pricing

One of the core assumptions of the traditional economic approach to antitrust law is that competitors are perfectly rational, profit-maximizing, decision makers. Sometimes, this assumption serves as a useful simplification of business behavior, providing an effective foundation for antitrust doctrine. At other times, however, assuming strictly rational behavior on the part of competitors is not “approximately right” but, instead, “perfectly wrong.” In these latter cases, the reliance on the perfect rationality assumption can lead scholars to mispredict market behavior and, possibly, advocate erroneous prescriptions for antitrust policy. In contrast, a behaviorally informed approach to antitrust law is based on scientific findings regarding actual human behavior. The hallmark of behavioral law and economics is the replacement of homo economicus – the perfectly rational actor – with a “boundedly rational” decision maker who, apart from being affected by emotion and motivation, has only limited cognitive resources. To function effectively in a complex world, boundedly rational actors must rely on various simplifying cognitive heuristics. Even when they are, overall, beneficial and often correct, however, these mental rules-of-thumb inevitably lead people to make some systematic decision errors, such that their behavior deviates from rational actor models in predictable ways. Potentially, empirical findings on boundedly rational judgment and decision making can provide better descriptions of market behavior and more effective prescriptions for competition policy than those based on the often unrealistic theoretical assumptions of rational actor models. In the context of antitrust law, moreover, systematic deviations of market participants’ behavior from neo-classical assumptions are especially important: Actual behavioral patterns of judgment and decision making reveal that certain anticompetitive practices are more or less likely to occur than the traditional economic approach deems. In considering Section 2 predatory pricing behavior, for instance, if managers of dominant firms were shown to be risk seeking – that is, engaging in negative expected value business practices – under certain circumstances, some costly predatory pricing could occur even where recoupment prospects are dim. With respect to antitrust law in general, a behavioral approach may even reveal that some business practices are altogether more or less anticompetitive than previously thought.
Atomically precise self-assembly of one-dimensional structures on silicon

Abstract This work has three main themes: (1) fabricate atomically precise nanostructures at surfaces, particularly nanowires consisting of atom chains; (2) explore the behavior of one-dimensional electrons in atomic chains; (3) find the fundamental limits of data storage using an atomic scale memory. Semiconductor surfaces lend themselves towards self-assembly, because the broken covalent bonds create elaborate reconstruction patterns to minimize the surface energy. An example is the large 7 × 7 unit cell on Si(1 1 1), which can be used as building block. On semiconductors, the surface electrons completely de-couple from the substrate, as long as their energy lies in the band gap. Angle-resolved photoemission reveals surprising features, such as a fractional band filling and a spin-splitting at a non-magnetic surface. An interesting by-product is a memory structure with self-assembled tracks that are five atom rows wide and store a bit by the presence or absence of a single silicon atom. This toy memory is used to test the fundamental limits of data storage and to see how storage on silicon compares to storage in DNA.
Acute Effect of Nonsurgical Septal Reduction Therapy on Regional Left Ventricular Asynchrony in Patients With Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Background— Patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy have left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction due, in part, to temporal heterogeneity in regional function. The acute effect of the relief of LV outflow tract obstruction is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nonsurgical septal reduction therapy (NSRT) on regional function. Methods and Results— Twenty-two patients (aged 56±17 years) underwent echocardiographic examination, including tissue Doppler imaging, simultaneously with left heart catheterization before and after NSRT. LV regional function was assessed in 12 segments from which myocardial strain was obtained. Asynchrony was calculated as the coefficient of variation of the time interval from the QRS complex to the onset of expansion and to early diastolic strain. After NSRT, a significant reduction in LV outflow tract obstruction (from 57±5 to 12±3 mm Hg) occurred with shortening of the time constant of LV relaxation (71±4 to 61±3 ms; both P<0.05). The coefficient o...
The Effectiveness of a Color‐Coded, Onset‐Rime Decoding Intervention with First‐Grade Students at Serious Risk for Reading Disabilities

This study was an investigation into the effectiveness of a color-coded, onset-rime–based decoding intervention with first-graders at serious risk for reading disabilities using a single-subject multiple probe design. Students increased their ability to decode instructional words on average 73% over baseline. For novel words from instructed rime patterns, scores increased by an average of 56%. Transfer at the vowel level to uninstructed rime patterns was limited, with scores improving by an average of 29%. Students maintained decoding gains at 1-week and 1-month maintenance. While acknowledging the difficulty in predicting reading disabilities based on first-grade performance, the effectiveness of the early intervention is a promising step in finding an instructional approach that is successful with the most at risk or disabled students who often do not respond to effective remedial programs.
The Policy of Clodius from 58 to 56 B.C.

The motive of Clodius in attacking the validity of Caesar's laws in the latter part of 58 B.C. has been the subject of many conjectures on the part of modern historians. In a recent article1 Pocock has propounded a new theory as to the position and policy of the turbulent tribune, which is highly suggestive and deserving of a careful consideration. In the first place Pocock, in opposition to all previous historians, flatly denies that Clodius made any such attack at all, and offers a new explanation of the passage in Cicero's speech for his house where this is asserted. In the oration in question Cicero declares that Clodius called Bibulus before the people and by the testimony of the former consul showed that all Caesar's laws had been passed in disregard of the auspices, drawing from this the conclusion that they should all be annulled by the senate. If the conscript fathers would do this, Clodius offered to bring Cicero back on his own shoulders as the saviour of his country.2 Pocock believes that Cicero has flagrantly misrepresented Clodius and wilfully distorted his meaning. Some of Cicero's friends had denied the legality of Clodius' tribuneship and hence of the great orator's exile, and what Clodius did was to demonstrate that this denial logically involved the repudiation of all the Julian legislation. His offer to bring back Cicero was an ironical difiance, and amounted to telling the nobles that they had better not raise such a question unless they had the courage to cancel all Caesar's laws, something which he knew that they would not dare to do.
A Parallel Cosmological Hydrodynamics Code

Formation by gravitational collapse of galaxies and the large-scale structure of the universe is a nonlinear, multi-scale, multi-component problem. This complex process involves dynamics of the gaseous baryons as well as of the gravitationally dominant dark matter. We discuss an implementation of a parallel, distributed memory, cosmological hydrodynamics code using MPI message passing; it is based on the Total-Variation-Diminishing (Harten 1983) serial code of Ryu et al. (1993). This parallel code follows the motion 1983) serial code of Ryu et al. (1993). This parallel code follows the motion of gas and dark matter simultaneously, combining a mesh based Eulerian hydrodynamics code and a Particle-Mesh N-body code. A new, flexible matrix transpose algorithm is used to interchange distributed and local dimensions of the mesh. Timing results from runs on an IBM SP2 supercomputer are given.
Vagally evoked synaptic currents in the immature rat nucleus tractus solitarii in an intact in vitro preparation

1. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in an in vitro brainstem-cranial nerve explant preparation were used to assess the local circuitry activated by vagal input to nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) neurones in immature rats. 2. All neurones that responded to vagal stimulation displayed EPSCs of relatively constant latency. Approximately 50 % of these also demonstrated variable-latency IPSCs, and approximately 31 % also displayed variable-latency EPSCs to vagal stimulation. All neurones also had spontaneous EPSCs and IPSCs. 3. Evoked and spontaneous EPSCs reversed near 0 mV and were blocked by the glutamate AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists 6,7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) at rest. Evoked EPSCs had rapid rise times (< 1 s) and decayed monoexponentially (tau = 2. 04 +/- 0.03 ms) at potentials near rest. 4. At holding potentials positive to approximately -50 mV, a slow EPSC could be evoked in the presence of DNQX or CNQX. This current peaked at holding potentials near -25 mV and was blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5). It was therefore probably due to activation of NMDA receptors by vagal afferent fibres. 5. Fast IPSCs reversed near -70 mV and were blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. In addition, bicuculline enhanced excitatory responses to vagal stimulation and increased spontaneous EPSC frequency. Antagonists to AMPA/kainate receptors reversibly blocked stimulus-associated IPSCs and also decreased the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs. 6. These findings suggest that glutamate mediates synaptic transmission from the vagus nerve to neurones in the immature NTS by acting at non-NMDA and NMDA receptors. NTS neurones may also receive glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic input from local neurones that can be activated by vagal input and/or regulated by amino acid inputs from other brainstem neurones.1. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in an in vitro brainstem-cranial nerve explant preparation were used to assess the local circuitry activated by vagal input to nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) neurones in immature rats.
Geochemical alteration of simulated wellbores of CO2 injection sites within the Illinois and Pasco Basins

Abstract Geologic carbon sequestration is being considered in target basalt and sandstone formations. The chemical effects of CO2 exposure on the interface between Class H Portland cement paste and Grande Ronde Columbia River basalt, or between cement paste and Mt. Simon sandstone, has been examined at a microstructural level. This bonding interface is a potential leakage pathway for CO2 along a wellbore. The salinities of the formation solutions, basaltic Pasco Basin formation water (0.013 M), whereas the sandstone Illinois Basin brine (1.28 M), play a large role in CO2 solubility and cement alteration. Experimental cement-rock-fluid charges were held at 35 °C and P CO 2 = 10 MPa for up to 84 days, conditions under which the fluids are CO2-saturated. The basalt-cement experiment had ∼1 mm alteration at the interface and high levels of alteration of the cement paste exterior. The sandstone sample displayed less alteration at the cement paste interface. Geochemical modeling conducted with CHIM-XPT calculated the pH of the Pasco brine solution (basalt only) to be 12.23 with 50 g of CO2 (104 bar) and 161 g (306 bar). The pH of the Pasco solution (cement + basalt) started with at 11.82 and ended at 4.52 after 136 g of CO2(g) dissolved in solution, resulting in the precipitation of magnesite, calcite, and siderite. The basalt has high capacity to convert CO2 into minerals. The Illinois Basin brine containing Mt. Simon sandstone and cement paste never exceeded a pH of 5.8, had an estimated 139 g of CO2 with high capacity to store aqueous and brine-saturated CO2 and a lower risk of alteration to hardened cement paste.
Understanding military decisions and actions in humanitarian assistance operations

In large-scale humanitarian crises, it is common to encounter military forces as well as civilian agencies and nongovernmental organisations providing relief services. The military-civilian interface is often frustrating for all actors and viewed as problematic by both military officers and their civilian counterparts from the humanitarian response community. This paper describes the doctrine-driven military staff processes used by military organisations while conducting humanitarian assistance operations. It highlights areas in which civilian agencies and the military forces can improve their coordination. Considerations are presented for both the military and humanitarian response organisations to modify their actions in order to achieve greater shared situation awareness.
Orthogonal Waveform Design and Performance Analysis in Radar Sensor Networks

In radar sensor networks (RSN), radar members are likely to interfere with each other if their waveforms are not properly designed. In this paper, we propose an orthogonal waveform model for RSN, which eliminates interference when no doppler shift is introduced. Additionally, we design both coherent and noncoherent RSN detection systems applying equal gain combination technique performed by clusterhead to take the advantage of spatial diversity. The latter scenario is more challenging as doppler-shift uncertainty results in more complicated implementation. Also, we analyzed the performance of both systems under the environment of doppler shift and interference. Monte Carlo simulation illustrates that our technique provides much better detection performance than that of single radar for fluctuating targets, in terms of probability of false alarm and miss detection. Conclusions are drawn based on our analysis and further related research areas are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE TO ASSESS THE COMPLEXITY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Information systems development (ISD) projects are becoming increasingly complex. ISD project complexity makes it difficult for project managers to deliver effective systems within time and budget constraints. As a result, the success of ISD projects is increasingly dependent on an organization’s ability to effectively assess and manage complexity. The purpose of this paper is to develop a measure for assessing ISD project complexity. A two-dimensional conceptual framework is proposed to define four distinct types of software project complexity: structural organizational complexity, structural IT complexity, dynamic organizational complexity, and dynamic IT complexity. Based on field interviews, focus group discussions, and a large-scale survey of ISD project managers, a measure of ISD project complexity with 17 indicators was developed. The results of an exploratory data analysis provide strong evidence that the final measure has satisfactory measurement properties. The contributions of this research to both theory development and practice are discussed.
Simplification of Morse Decompositions Using Morse Set Mergers

A common problem of vector field topology algorithms is the large number of the resulting topological features. This chapter describes a method to simplify Morse decompositions by iteratively merging pairs of Morse sets that are adjacent in the Morse Connection Graph (MCG). When Morse sets A and B are merged, they are replaced by a single Morse set, that can be thought of as the union of A, B and all trajectories connecting A and B. Pairs of Morse sets to be merged can be picked based on a variety of criteria. For example, one can allow only pairs whose merger results in a topologically simple Morse set to be selected, and give preference to mergers leading to small Morse sets.
Entrepreneurial Intentions Are Dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions

Short of studying actual new venture launches, what could possibly be more potent than understanding the preconditions that enable entrepreneurial activity? Early research focused unsurprisingly on behavior (the “what?” and the “how?” even somewhat the “where?” and the “when?”) and since entrepreneurs were obviously special people, on the entrepreneurial person (the “who?”). Intentions are classically defined as the cognitive state temporally and causally prior to action (e.g., The intentional stance, Cambridge, 1989; Entrep Theory Pract 24:5–23, 2000). Here that translates to the working definition of the cognitive state temporally and causally prior to the decision to start a business. The field has adopted and adapted formal models of entrepreneurial intentions that are based on strong, widely accepted theory and whose results appear not only empirically robust but of great practical value. But do we have what we think we have? Or have we also opened the door to a much broader range of questions that will advance our theoretical understanding of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs? We offer here a glimpse of the remarkably wide array of fascinating questions for entrepreneurship scholars.
El sistema de concordancia del participante en las lenguas Pano y sus implicancias para el conocimiento de la Proto-Lengua

En las lenguas de la familia Pano una serie de construcciones adjuntas (que expresan lugar, etapa de vida, cuantificacion distributiva, manera, entre otros) estan semanticamente orientadas hacia uno de los participantes obligatorios de la clausula. Dicha relacion es marcada explicitamente mediante una morfologia flexiva al final de los adjuntos, en concordancia con la funcion sintactica del participante acerca del cual predican. Este rasgo tipologicamente sobresaliente, llamado “concordancia del participante” (CP), opera tanto al interior de la clausula como en la combinacion de clausulas. En este ultimo ambito sintactico los marcadores de CP forman parte del sistema de cambio de referencia (switch-reference). El presente articulo trata la CP en lenguas pertenecientes a diferentes subconjuntos de la familia Pano y propone que este rasgo formaba parte de la gramatica Proto-Pano. La discusion sobre el posible desarrollo diacronico de este sistema conduce a una hipotesis acerca de la existencia de un sistema de marcacion de caso tripartito en la proto-lengua.
Path Attractors and the Origins of Stochastic Bifrucation and Dephasing in Genetic Networks

Gene regulatory networks are driven stochastic systems with the noise having two distinct components due to the to birth and death of metabolite molecules and dichotomous nature of gene state switching. Presence of dichotomous gene noise alone has the capacity to significantly perturb the optimal transition paths and steady state probability distributions compared to the macroscopic models and their weak noise approximations. Most importantly dichotomous gene noise can also lead to multimodal distributions due to stochastic bifurcation of the underlying nonlinear dynamical system, which underlies the mechanism of formation of population heterogeneity. In this note we derive approximate path based expression of the time dependent probability of gene circuits which enables deeper exploration of the role of gene noise in formation of epigenetic states and dephasing-like phenomena.
Group Versus Individual Physical Therapy for Veterans With Knee Osteoarthritis: Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background Efficient approaches are needed for delivering nonpharmacological interventions for management of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Objective This trial compared group-based versus individual physical therapy interventions for management of knee OA. Design and Methods Three hundred twenty patients with knee OA at the VA Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, (mean age=60 years, 88% male, 58% nonwhite) were randomly assigned to receive either the group intervention (group physical therapy; six 1-hour sessions, typically 8 participants per group) or the individual intervention (individual physical therapy; two 1-hour sessions). Both programs included instruction in home exercise, joint protection techniques, and individual physical therapist evaluation. The primary outcome measure was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC; range=0–96, higher scores indicate worse symptoms), measured at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. The secondary outcome measure was the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB; range=0–12, higher scores indicate better performance), measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Linear mixed models assessed the difference in WOMAC scores between arms. Results At 12 weeks, WOMAC scores were 2.7 points lower in the group physical therapy arm compared with the individual physical therapy arm (95% confidence interval [CI]=−5.9, 0.5; P =.10), indicating no between-group difference. At 24 weeks, WOMAC scores were 1.3 points lower in the group physical therapy arm compared with the individual physical therapy arm (95% CI=−4.6, 2.0; P =.44), indicating no significant between-group difference. At 12 weeks, SPPB scores were 0.1 points lower in the group physical therapy arm compared with the individual physical therapy arm (95% CI=−0.5, 0.2; P =.53), indicating no difference between groups. Limitations This study was conducted in one VA medical center. Outcome assessors were blinded, but participants and physical therapists were not blinded. Conclusions Group physical therapy was not more effective than individual physical therapy for primary and secondary study outcomes. Either group physical therapy or individual physical therapy may be a reasonable delivery model for health care systems to consider.
The Survey on Work Space in City Community Health Service Center in Gansu Provience

OBJECTIVE To study the status of work space in city community health service center(CHSC)so as to provide the scientific basis for strategy making in health resource management.METHODS Basic information about CHSC work space was collected by standard questionnaire.RESULTS 57.14% of the work space area in most of CHSC of Gansu Province is not big enough and its configuration is imbalanced.CONCLUSION It is suggested to increase the financial investment and policy support of CHSC and bring its work space into city construction and development planning in western cities.