cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Spray Sanitizing of Broiler Hatching Eggs 2. Hatchability of Nest Clean and Dirty Eggs

Abstract The hatchability of nest clean and dirty broiler hatching eggs which have been spray sanitized immediately following collection with the MS Technologies, Inc. Mini-Master/4000® were compared in four trials. Treatments were nonsanitized control, with eggs sanitized by immersion in water or spraying with water or with sanitizing solutions. Trials 1 and 2 utilized nest clean eggs only, while Trials 3 and 4 utilized both nest clean and dirty eggs. Hatch of eggs set and hatchability of fertile eggs were similar between nonsanitized control and all sanitized treatments used nest clean eggs or dirty hatching eggs. Nest clean eggs consistently had greater hatchability than dirty eggs, and sanitizing did not enhance or depress hatchability. The difference in hatchability between nest clean and dirty eggs was due to increased embryonic mortality following transfer into the hatcher for dirty eggs. In Trials 3 and 4, chick weight on day of hatch and at one week posthatch did not differ between nest clean and dirty eggs, or between sanitized and nonsanitized eggs. First week chick mortality was low (
Automated Phosphate Injection of Whole Broiler Carcasses

Abstract Automated injection of phosphate solution into broiler carcasses at levels near the U.S.D.A. permitted level of 3% decreased weight loss during storage, improved cooking yields and lowered shear values of breast meat. Carcasses were selected at a broiler processing plant and subjected to a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments that included three chilling treatments (dry chilled, chilled in 3°C. water and chilled in 3°C. water after prechilling in 10° C. water) and three injection treatments (control, water and 12% polyphosphate solution). Weight loss of carcasses was highest during the first 24 hours of 3°C. storage and similar for all chilling and injection treatments. However, over the entire 7-day storage period the phosphate injection treatments seemed to retard the weight loss of water chilled treatments. Net gains through chilling, injection and 3° C. storage were about 20 gms. for most non-injected or water injected carcasses, but were 40 gms. or more for phosphate injected water chilled birds. Average cooked yields were higher for phosphate injection treatments (84.4%) than for control (82.9%) or water injection (82.2%). Average shear values (kg./g. of sample) of breast meat were lower for phosphate treated carcasses (4.6) than for control (6.6) or water injected (6.5).
Reducing the computational load of iterative SPECT reconstruction methods by preprocessing the projection data to compensate for nonstationary resolution and attenuation

By accurately modeling the physics of photon transport into the projection and backprojection operations, iterative SPECT reconstruction methods can reduce the degrading effects of scatter, attenuation and the non-stationary spatial resolution of the camera. Unfortunately, iterative reconstruction methods have required very long computation times, predominately due to the complexity involved in modeling these degrading effects into the projection and backprojection operations. In this study, we describe an approach which allows SPECT iterative reconstruction algorithms to be implemented with a reduction in the number of computations needed. The idea is to pre-process the measured projection data to compensate for scatter and attenuation, as well as to transform the projection data to those which would have been obtained with a stationary system resolution. Results of simulation studies indicate that preprocessing the measured projection data reduces the number of computations needed to perform the projection and backprojection operations, and yields reconstructions which differ minimally from those obtained using the slower standard iterative approach of modeling both photon attenuation and nonstationary blurring in the projection and backprojection steps.
Combining electrolysis and dialysis for regeneration of chromic acid etching solution

Abstract The technique of integrating Donnan dialysis with electrolysis was evaluated for regenerating a chromic acid solution contaminated with copper. Electrolysis converts the reduced chromium (Cr 3+ ) to the active form (Cr 6+ , as dichromate), but cannot remove copper efficiently. A dialyzer in series greatly increases the copper removal efficiency by providing a facile route for copper ions to reach the catholyte where they are electrodeposited.
Muon fluxes and showers from dark matter annihilation in the Galactic center

We calculate contained and upward muon flux and contained shower event rates from neutrino interactions, when neutrinos are produced from annihilation of the dark matter in the Galactic center. We consider model-independent direct neutrino production and secondary neutrino production from the decay of taus, W bosons, and bottom quarks produced in the annihilation of dark matter. We illustrate how muon flux from dark matter annihilation has a very different shape than the muon flux from atmospheric neutrinos. We also discuss the dependence of the muon fluxes on the dark matter density profile and on the dark matter mass and of the total muon rates on the detector threshold. We consider both the upward muon flux, when muons are created in the rock below the detector, and the contained flux when muons are created in the (ice) detector. We also calculate the event rates for showers from neutrino interactions in the detector and show that the signal dominates over the background for $150\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}l{m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}l1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ for ${E}_{\mathrm{sh}}^{\mathrm{th}}=100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.
Optical conductivity of the Hubbard model at finite temperature

The optical conductivity, \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}), of the two-dimensional one-band Hubbard model is calculated at finite temperature using exact diagonalization techniques on finite clusters. The in-plane dc resistivity, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{a}\mathit{b}}$, is also evalauted. We find that at large U/t and temperature T, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{a}\mathit{b}}$ is approximately linear with temperature. We also observed that \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) displays charge excitations, a midinfrared (MIR) band, and a Drude peak. The combination of the Drude peak and the MIR oscillator strengths leads to a conductivity that decays slower than 1/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$ at energies smaller than the insulator gap near half filling.
Deepwater Gulf of Mexico and the MMS

The western and central portions of the northern Gulf of Mexico constitute one of the world’s major oil and gas producing areas and have provided a steady and reliable source of these resources for more than 50 years. The U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) is mandated to manage the development of that country’s OCS oil and gas resources, while also ensuring safe operations and protecting the human and natural environment. The level of Gulf of Mexico OCS deepwater activities, both drilling and production, has steadily increased, and the discoveries in the deepwater tracts have begun to stack up. Very high rates of production by prolific deepwater wells have convinced operators that the deepwater Gulf of Mexico is a sound investment, and the trend continues to show signs of increase.
4,4'-diformamidodiphenylsulfone (DFD): analysis of plasma and urine for unsubstituted arylamine in the presence of metabolites and acid-labile substituents on the parent compound.

4,4′-Diformamidodiphenylsulfone (DFD), an antimalarial drug currently being evaluated in man, becomes active by generation of free arylamine derivatives, 4-amino-4′-formamidodiphenylsulfone (MFD) or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS)5. These arylamines cannot be distinguished from the parent DFD under standard conditions for diazotization and dye-coupling of arylamine, pH ≈ 1, since DFD hydrolyzes readily at this pH at ambient temperatures. However, DFD is not hydrolyzed above pH 2.2, and arylamine can be diazotized at any pH up to 2.5. By using a trichloroacetic acid-sodium citrate buffer to set the pH at 2.35, we have been able to measure all free arylamine as DDS equivalents in the presence of the parent compound and other metabolites. Acetylated derivatives of the free arylamines do not hydrolyze at low pH except when boiled. Methods are given for simultaneous determination of total drug and arylamine at concentrations as low as 4 · 10T-6M in plasma (≈ 1 μg/ml) and 8 · 10T-6M in urine. This colometric measurement is less sensitive than available fluorometric measurements of DDS and N-acetylated derivatives when only these species are present, but it offers the only currently available means of quantifying any unsubstituted arylamine in the presence of its N-formyl congeners.
An I/O scheduler based on fine-grained access patterns to improve SSD performance and lifespan

Although the many benefits delivered by Solid State Disks (SSDs), they also pose some unique and serious challenges to I/O and file system designers. Unlike HDDs and other memory devices, SSDs cannot perform in-place updates. A block has to be erased before it can be re-written. Moreover, the costs of different SSD operations are highly asymmetric. A write operation in an SSD is an order of magnitude slower than a read operation, and an erase operation is in turn an order of magnitude slower than a write. Moreover, a block can endure only a limited number of erasures before it wears out. Most SSDs employ a log-structured Flash-Translation-Layer (FTL) to solve the not-in-place update problem. The unique operations of the FTLs, together with the asymmetric overheads of different operations, imply that many traditional solutions optimized for HDDs do not work well for SSDs. For example, sequential writes that are not perfectly aligned to the flash block boundary, may reduce performance and increase wearing overhead. In this paper, we proposed a novel I/O scheduler which is based on fine-grained access patterns in a per-process per-stream manner. These patterns are used to guide a set of novel scheduling policies, including pre-alignment, inner-padding, write merging, merging-and-splitting, to improve the write performance of SSDs that adopt log-structured FTLs. Simulation results show that these policies can improve write performance by up to 60%. Moreover, the schemes reduce SSD erasure cycle by up to 64%, which is directly translated to a major improvement on the lifespan of SSDs.
The Dilemma of Distress Disclosure

Many observers agree that when we feel upset and unhappy, we will cope more successfully if we discuss our problems and negative feelings rather than keeping them to ourselves. Scholars of the human condition have long argued that an inability or unwillingness to openly express intense, negative emotions underlies many of the psychological and physical disorders that people develop (Creighton, 1886; Falconer, 1796; Freud, 1935). Many modern therapists have likewise maintained that the open expression of unpleasant feelings, what we call “distress disclosure,” is necessary in order to overcome those feelings and maximize our psychological well-being (Jourard, 1971; Perls, 1969; Schutz, 1971). Nonprofessionals also tend to view the disclosure of problems and negative feelings as a good strategy for alleviating their troubles. In several studies where people have been asked what they do when they are feeling depressed, “talking it over with a friend” is always among the most frequently mentioned responses (Funabiki, Bologna, Pepping, & Fitzgerald, 1980; Parker & Brown, 1982; Rippere, 1977). Further, all of this faith in distress disclosure does not seem misplaced because there is evidence that people who are unable or unwilling to reveal their troubles are more likely to develop serious physical and psychological problems (see Cooper, 1984; Locke & Colligan, 1986; Silver & Wortman, 1980, for reviews).
The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders Preliminary Exploration of Effectiveness for Group Delivery

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) has demonstrated promising results among patients with heterogeneous anxiety and comorbid depressive disorders when delivered on an individual basis, but greater efficiencies may be achieved with group-based applications. The aim of the present study was to provide a preliminary exploration of the UP when delivered in a group format. Among diagnostically diverse patients (N = 11), the UP group treatment resulted in moderate to strong effects on anxiety and depressive symptoms, functional impairment, quality of life, and emotion regulation skills, as well as good acceptability and overall satisfaction ratings from patients. Three clinical cases are presented in detail to illustrate the group-based UP delivery, followed by a critical discussion of associated challenges and proposed guidelines for group administration, as well as directions for future research.
Compression Ultrasonography of the Lower Extremity With Portable Vascular Ultrasonography Can Accurately Detect Deep Venous Thrombosis in the Emergency Department

Study objective: Compression ultrasonography of the lower extremity is an established method of detecting proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis when performed by a certified operator in a vascular laboratory. Our objective is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of bedside 2-point compression ultrasonography performed in the emergency department (ED) with portable vascular ultrasonography for the detection of proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. We did this by directly comparing emergency physician‐performed ultrasonography to lower extremity duplex ultrasonography performed by the Department of Radiology. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study and diagnostic test assessment of a convenience sample of ED patients with a suspected lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, conducted at a single-center, urban, academic ED. All physicians had a 10-minute training session before enrolling patients. ED compression ultrasonography occurred before Department of Radiology ultrasonography and involved identification of 2 specific points: the common femoral and popliteal vessels, with subsequent compression of the common femoral and popliteal veins. The study result was considered positive for proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis if either vein was incompressible or a thrombus was visualized. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated with the final radiologist interpretation of the Department of Radiology ultrasonography as the criterion standard. Results: A total of 47 physicians performed 199 2-point compression ultrasonographic examinations in the ED. Median number of examinations per physician was 2 (range 1 to 29 examinations; interquartile range 1 to 5 examinations). There were 45 proximal lower extremity deep venous thromboses observed on Department of Radiology evaluation, all correctly identified by ED 2-point compression ultrasonography. The 153 patients without proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis all had a negative ED compression ultrasonographic result. One patient with a negative Department of Radiology ultrasonographic result was found to have decreased compression of the popliteal vein on ED compression ultrasonography, giving a single false-positive result, yet repeated ultrasonography by the Department of Radiology 1 week later showed a popliteal deep venous thrombosis. The sensitivity and specificity of ED 2-point compression ultrasonography for deep venous thrombosis were 100% (95% confidence interval 92% to 100%) and 99% (95% confidence interval 96% to 100%), respectively. Conclusion: Emergency physician‐performed 2-point compression ultrasonography of the lower extremity with a portable vascular ultrasonographic machine, conducted in the ED by this physician group and in this patient sample, accurately identified the presence and absence of proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. [Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:601-610.] Please see page 602 for the Editor’s Capsule Summary of this article.
Acute toxicity of patulin in mice and rats.

Summary Patulin had the following 14-day LD 50 values when dissolved in saline (pH 7.2) and given as a single i.p. dose: mice, 7.6 mg/kg and weanling rats, 5.9 mg/kg. Administration by stomach tube increased the single dose LD 50 value to 17 and 108–118 mg/kg in mice and weanling rats, respectively. Neonatal rats given a single dose of patulin 24 h after birth gained less weight (dose-response relationship apparent than controls during the interval from dosing to 21 days of age. The 14-day oral LD 50 in these neonates was 6.8 mg/kg. Patulin potentiated pentobarbital-induced narcosis in adult mice. Because the lethal effect of patulin also was increased by pretreatment with SKF-525A, we suggest that the parent compound, not a metabolite, is the toxic form of this mycotoxin. Death generally occurred within 48–72 h regardless of the route of patulin administration or animal species involved. Focal hepatic necrosis occurred in 10% of the treated mice. Atelectasis was prominent in 64% of the lungs, and alveolar septal congestion and limited intraalveolar hemorrhage were found in an additional 36% of the treated mice and weanling rats. Although stomachs from nurseling rats exposed by gavage to patulin were massively distended with milk, microscopic examination showed no changes other than the extremely stretched wall.
Multi-threaded UPC runtime with network endpoints: Design alternatives and evaluation on multi-core architectures

Multi-core architectures are becoming more and more popular in HEC (High End Computing) era. Recent trends of high-productivity computing in conjunction with advanced multi-core and network architectures have increased the interest in Global Address Space (PGAS) languages, due to its high-productivity feature and better applicability. Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an emerging PGAS language. In this paper, we compare different design alternatives for a high-performance and scalable UPC runtime on multi-core nodes, from several aspects: performance, portability, interoperability and support for irregular parallelism. Based on our analysis, we present a novel design of a multi-threaded UPC runtime that supports multi-endpoints. Our runtime is able to dramatically decrease network access contention resulting in 80% lower latency for fine-grained memget/memput operations and almost doubling the bandwidth for medium size messages, compared to multi-threaded Berkeley UPC Runtime. Furthermore, the multi-endpoint design opens up new doors for runtime optimizations — such as support for irregular parallelism. We utilize true network helper threads and load-balancing via work stealing in the runtime. Our evaluation with novel benchmarks shows that our runtime can achieve 90% of the peak efficiency, which is a factor of 1.3 times better than existing Berkeley UPC Runtime. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which multi-network endpoint capable UPC runtime design is proposed for modern multi-core systems.
No Double Counting Semantics for Conditional Independence

The main goal of this paper is to describe a new semantic for conditional independence in terms of no double counting of uncertain evidence. For ease of exposition, we use probability calculus to state all results. But the results generalize easily to any calculus that fits in the framework of valuation-based systems. Thus, the results described in this paper apply also, for example, to Dempster-Shafer’s (D-S) belief function theory, to Spohn’s epistemic beliefs theory, and to Zadeh’s possibility theory. The concept of independent (or distinct) evidence in D-S belief function theory is analogous to the concept of conditional independence for variables in probability theory.
A Path Forward for Multi-biometrics

In this talk, we define "multi-biometrics" and "multi-modal" biometrics and discuss the reasons why "multi-modal" biometrics has failed to achieve its promise, despite 30 years of research. We give examples of how "multi-biometric" systems have been successfully used in large-scale applications, such as the Australian "SmartGate", US-VISIT and U.K. IRIS systems, and present a Bayesian-based, parameter-free approach to combining multi-biometric data.
Longitudinal measurements and simulations of stretched bunches in the NSLS VUV ring

Certain longitudinal instabilities in the stretched bunches of the National Synchrotron Light Source Vacuum Ultra-Violet ring are described and simulated using a code for the integration of the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation (these proceedings). Results for the microwave instability driven by a broadband impedance, an instability driven by high-Q RF modes, and response functions in stretched bunches, are compared with measurements from the ring.
Default reasoning using monotonic logic: a modest proposal

This paper presents a simple extension of first order predicate logic to include a default operator. Rules of inference governing the operator are specified, and a model theory for interpreting sentences involving default operators is developed based on standard Tarskian semantics. The resulting system is trivially sound. It is argued that (a) this logic provides an adequate basis for default reasoning in A.I. systems, and (b) unlike most logics proposed for this purpose, it retains the virtues of standard first order logic, including both monotonicity and simplicity.
Mothers' Emotional Reactions to Crying Pose Risk for Subsequent Attachment Insecurity

Links between maternal emotional reactions to crying (anger and anxiety) and infant attachment security were examined in 119 mother-infant dyads. Mothers rated the intensity of their emotional responses to videotapes of crying infants prenatally. Maternal sensitivity was observed during infant exposure to emotion eliciting tasks at six and 16 months postpartum and mothers' self-reported on their responses to their infant's negative emotions at 16 months. Infant attachment security was assessed using the Strange Situation at 16 months postpartum. Results indicated that observed sensitivity was associated with fewer avoidant and resistant behaviors and prenatal maternal anger and anxiety in response to infant crying predicted the developing attachment system independent of observed sensitivity, but in different ways. Maternal anxiety in response to crying was positively associated with resistant behaviors as a direct effect. Maternal anger in response to crying was associated with avoidant behaviors indirectly through mothers' self-reported punitive and minimizing responses to infant distress at 16 months. Theoretical, applied, and methodological implications are discussed.
Would You Defend This Complication

Complications in surgery are common. They often originate from preventable errors in communication. In this chapter, we review specific case examples that lead to a complication and identify what could have been done differently to prevent them.
Why Do Standardized Tests Underpredict Women’s Academic Performance? The Role of Conscientiousness

Women typically earn higher grades than men, even though they tend to score lower than men on the SAT, a pattern known as the female underprediction effect (FUE). In three samples, we tested our hypothesis that gender differences in Conscientiousness can explain this effect. Within each sample, we created a regression-based measure of under (vs. over) prediction, which reflects the extent to which an individual student’s actual grade point average (GPA) exceeded (or fell below) the GPA predicted by his or her SAT score. Significant gender differences in this measure documented the presence of the FUE. Next, we demonstrated that Conscientiousness significantly mediated the link between gender and underprediction. Specifically, women were higher in Conscientiousness, and students who were more conscientious earned grades that were higher than their SAT scores would predict. Thus, our expectation that Conscientiousness is a partial explanation for the FUE was confirmed.
METABOLISM OF 4-14C-PROGESTERONE BY HUMAN FETAL TESTIS AND OVARIES.

Homogenates of testes and ovaries, obtained from human fetuses at 9–11, 12–15 and 19 weeks of gestational age, were incubated with 4-14C-progesterone. The media of the individual incubations were combined into groups according to sex and age, and analyzed for conversion products of progesterone by the reverse isotope dilution technique. Testes tissue converted progesterone to testosterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (a major metabolite) and 16α-hydroxyprogesterone. Testosterone synthesis by the older (12–15 weeks) tissue was at least 7-fold that of the younger testes tissue. In contrast, ovarian tissue exhibited little metabolic activity toward progesterone except for the oldest (19 weeks) age group. Here, progesterone was extensively reduced to 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnene- 3-one. During the second quarter of human gestation, the fetal testis shows extensive proliferation of the Leydig cells, presumably with concomitant androgen synthesis and secretion. At this time, the fetal ovary is still hormonally quiescent....
Team-Driven Multi-Model Motion Tracking with Communication

Interactions are frequently seen between the robot and the targets being tracked within the robotics community. Modeling the interactions using knowledge of robot cognition improves the performance of the tracker. Communication improves the performance of a multi-agent system. The focus of this paper is to present our solution to integrate the communication information into our team-driven multi-model motion tracking. We present the probabilistic tracking algorithm in detail and present empirical results both in simulation and in a Segway soccer team. The information from team communication allows the robot to much more effectively track mobile targets.
Hydraulic and Electrical Flows in Clays

The electrical conductivity of saturated kaolinite clay-water-electrolyte systems of different particle size distributions and of illite and montmorillonite clays were determined over the frequency range of 50–108 c/s. The conductivity increases as the frequency increases, and the experimental values show two distinct dispersions, one in the low frequency range and the other in the high frequency range. The frequency range over which the first dispersion occurs is experimentally shown to be dependent on particle size. The average particle size is uniquely related to the frequency at which half the dispersion occurs. The magnitude of conductivity variation, the high frequency conductivity and the streaming potential values are related to the microscopic permeability coefficient. This microscopic permeability coefficient, evaluated from a knowledge of the above electrical properties, is shown to be uniquely related to the Darcy permeability coefficient at various consolidation states of the kaolinite clays. Similar unique relationships have been observed in illitic clays.
Mothers' Decisions to Change From Formula to Mothers’ Milk for Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine maternal decisions about providing milk for a very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infant, when the initial maternal intent was to formula-feed. Design Using prospective, purposive sampling, semistructured interviews were conducted with 21 of 23 eligible mothers over a 9-month period. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim, coded, categorized, and subjected to dimensional analysis. Setting The study took place in a 52-bed, tertiary urban neonatal intensive-care unit. Patients/Participants Mean maternal age was 26.5 years (range = 18–38), and mean infant birth weight and gestational age were 705.4 g (range = 504–1,310), and 25.8 weeks (range = 23–33), respectively. Of the 21 mothers, 76% were African American or Latina; 62% were low income. Main Outcome Measures We evaluated mothers’ initial reasons for selecting formula and changing the decision to provide their milk, whether they were made to feel guilty or coerced, the processes of establishing and maintaining lactation, and breastfeeding outcomes at 1-month postbirth. Results Mothers initially chose formula because they had no breastfeeding role models and were fearful of pain and lifestyle modifications. They changed this decision after the nurse or physician talked with them about the health benefits for their infant. Of the 21 women, all denied feeling pressured, coerced, or guilty about the decision change, and all identified rewards to themselves and their infants. All mothers provided milk for greater than or equal to 30 days, 19 went on to feed at breast, and 2 became certified breastfeeding peer counselors for the Rush Mothers’ Milk Club. Conclusion These findings underscore the role of nurses and physicians in providing evidence-based information about mothers’ milk and indicate that sharing this knowledge does not make mothers of VLBW infants feel pressured, coerced, or guilty.
REVIEW OF THE PHYSICS OF LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS*

Abstract : Over the past decade there has been considerable interest in the physics and chemistry of materials which exhibit highly anisotropic properties. The crystals themselves are of course three dimensional, but in some cases the atomic or molecular arrangement is such that the electrons are constrained to move preferentially in only one or two directions and it is in this sense that the systems may be described as having reduced dimensionality. As we shall see in the following pages this reduced dimensionally has some unusual consequences which are responsible for the present excitement in this field.
Hepatitis A Screening for Internationally Adopted Children From Hepatitis A Endemic Countries

Screening for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is not currently routinely recommended in internationally adopted children. International adoptees seen at the University of Minnesota International Adoption Clinic from 2006 to 2010 were assessed for acute HAV infection (positive HAV immunoglobulin M). Thirty of the 656 children screened (4.6%) were acutely HAV infected. HAV-infected children emigrated from Ethiopia (16), Guatemala (4), China (2), Colombia (2), Haiti (2), Philippines (2), Liberia (1), and Nepal (1). Infection was most frequent among children younger than 2 years (6.7%). No symptoms distinguished children with acute HAV infection from uninfected children. HAV infection caused significant social disruption, including separation of children from their ill adoptive parents during the initial weeks postarrival, a period important for postadoption adjustment and attachment. All international adoptees arriving from countries with high or intermediate HAV endemicity should be screened for HAV infection on arrival to the United States.
Total hip arthroplasty with an uncemented tapered femoral component.

Background: Excellent intermediate-term results with use of tapered femoral components in primary total hip arthroplasty have been reported. The purpose of this study was to update our previous report and to evaluate the outcome of total hip arthroplasty with use of the porous Taperloc femoral component in patients who had been followed for a minimum of eighteen years postoperatively. Methods: One hundred and forty-five consecutive uncemented total hip arthroplasties in 138 patients were performed between 1983 and 1985, by a single surgeon, with use of the Taperloc femoral component. The outcome of every femoral component with regard to stem fixation, retention, or revision was determined for all 145 total hip replacements. At a mean of twenty years (range, eighteen to 22.6 years) postoperatively, fifty-eight patients (sixty-five hips) were living. In fifty living patients (fifty-seven hips), the femoral component had not undergone revision surgery. Evaluation of the living patients included clinical and radiographic analysis and recording of complications. Results: Of the eighty patients (eighty hips) who had died, five hips had undergone revision of the femoral component. Only one stem had been revised for aseptic loosening, and no femoral component had been definitely loose by radiographic criteria. In the remaining sixty-five hips in the fifty-eight living patients, eight femoral components were revised. No femoral component underwent revision for aseptic loosening. Definite radiographic evidence of femoral component loosening occurred in one hip. In the fifty living patients (fifty-seven hips) who had not undergone femoral component revision, there was a significant improvement in the mean Harris hip score from 49.3 points preoperatively to 85.4 points at the time of latest follow-up (p = 0.001). Survivorship analysis of all 145 hips, with revision for any reason as the end point, estimated that the survival rate for the femoral component was 87% (95% confidence interval, 79% to 93%) at twenty-two years. Conclusions: Primary total hip arthroplasty with the Taperloc femoral component is associated with a low rate of aseptic loosening at a mean follow-up of twenty years. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) regeneration in the presence of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa).

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) is an invasive hemipteran that poses a major threat to east- ern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) forests in the United States. We conducted three surveys over a five-year pe- riod that assessed the density of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) and a second invasive pest, the elongate hemlock scale (EHS; Fiorinia externa Ferris), overstory hemlock mortality, and hemlock regeneration in ~140 hemlock stands (mean size, 44 ha; range, 7-305 ha) within a 7500 km 2 north-south transect of southern New England (USA). In each stand, we rated HWA and EHS density on 50 hemlock trees using a 0-3 scale (0, none; 1, 1-10 organisms/m branch; 2, 11-100 organisms/ m branch; 3, >100 organisms/m branch). Data on the presence or absence of regeneration were taken in 2005; in 2007 and 2009, we quantitatively assessed regeneration by counting the number of hemlock seedlings in three 16 m 2 plots per stand. In 2005, 81% of sampled stands had HWA, 72% had EHS, and 66% had hemlock regeneration. In 2007, 86% of sampled stands had HWA, 79% had EHS, and 46% had hemlock regeneration. In 2009, 91% of stands had HWA, 87% had EHS, and 37% had hemlock regeneration. The proportion of stands with hemlock regeneration declined 46% between 2005 and 2009, and hemlock seedling density declined 71% between 2007 and 2009. A best-fit model selection algorithm found that this decrease was inversely correlated with stand-level adelgid density. There was no correlation between the change in seed- ling density and stand-level density of the elongate hemlock scale. The apparent decline in regeneration suggests that the ecosystem-level changes currently occurring in southern New England may be difficult to reverse.
Integrative multicellular biological modeling: a case study of 3D epidermal development using GPU algorithms

Background: Simulation of sophisticated biological models requires considerable computational power. These models typically integrate together numerous biological phenomena such as spatially-explicit heterogeneous cells, cell-cell interactions, cell-environment interactions and intracellular gene networks. The recent advent of programming for graphical processing units (GPU) opens up the possibility of developing more integrative, detailed and predictive biological models while at the same time decreasing the computational cost to simulate those models. Results: We construct a 3D model of epidermal development and provide a set of GPU algorithms that executes significantly faster than sequential central processing unit (CPU) code. We provide a parallel implementation of the subcellular element method for individual cells residing in a lattice-free spatial environment. Each cell in our epidermal model includes an internal gene network, which integrates cellular interaction of Notch signaling together with environmental interaction of basement membrane adhesion, to specify cellular state and behaviors such as growth and division. We take a pedagogical approach to describing how modeling methods are efficiently implemented on the GPU including memory layout of data structures and functional decomposition. We discuss various programmatic issues and provide a set of design guidelines for GPU programming that are instructive to avoid common pitfalls as well as to extract performance from the GPU architecture. Conclusions: We demonstrate that GPU algorithms represent a significant technological advance for the simulation of complex biological models. We further demonstrate with our epidermal model that the integration of multiple complex modeling methods for heterogeneous multicellular biological processes is both feasible and computationally tractable using this new technology. We hope that the provided algorithms and source code will be a starting point for modelers to develop their own GPU implementations, and encourage others to implement their modeling methods on the GPU and to make that code available to the wider community.
Exploring dataflow testing of arrays

A scheme is presented for constructing prototype testing tools to experiment with issues in data-flow testing of arrays. Data-flow testing is a variant of path testing that falls between the extremes of simple run-time instrumentation, and full path testing. In data-flow testing, the paths selected for exercising are variants of def/use (DU) paths for program variables. Tool support for data-flow testing takes the form of static program analysis followed by run-time instrumentation. The output from a test analyzer is a list of untested, possible DU associations. With the novel approach to constructing testing-supporting tools, it is easy to experiment with new analysis methods. The authors describe the implementation of a DU-path analyzer as an example of this approach. Using the prototype tool, experiments and issues are considered raised by an analyzer that treats arrays differently from existing tools. Each array element is considered to be a distinct data-flow object. >
The synthesis, characterization, and photoinitiated cationic polymerization of silicon-containing epoxy resins

The preparation of a variety of silicon-containing epoxy monomers and oligomers is described and their reactivity in photoinitiated cationic polymerization examined. Monomers and oligomers having terminal cycloaliphatic epoxy groups were found to be especially reactive in cationic polymerization. These materials are attractive candidates for use in coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
Towards Surface Realization with CCGs Induced from Dependencies

We present a novel algorithm for inducing Combinatory Categorial Grammars from dependency treebanks, along with initial experiments showing that it can be used to achieve competitive realization results using an enhanced version of the surface realization shared task data.
Management of NAFLD: a stage-based approach

NAFLD is the most prevalent form of liver disease in the USA, affecting an estimated 30% of the population. The condition is associated with increased mortality related to cardiovascular disease, malignancy and liver disease. Identification of patients who might be at increased risk of adverse outcomes is critical as it is not feasible to screen all patients with suspected NAFLD. Patients with NASH, the progressive subtype of NAFLD, should be targeted for treatment, especially if they have concomitant fibrosis because such patients are more likely than those without fibrosis to have adverse outcomes. Treatment goals in patients with NAFLD vary depending on the disease stage owing to differential risk of progression and the particularities of an individual's comorbid disease. Lifestyle intervention is important for all patients irrespective of disease stage, but other therapies should be targeted to those most likely to benefit. In this Review, we highlight risk factors for disease progression and offer a stage-based treatment approach for patients with NAFLD.
Subjective health among LGBT persons living with disabilities: A qualitative content analysis.

OBJECTIVE There exist significant health disparities among both lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual (LGBT) and disability persons; however, there is a dearth of information regarding the subjective health experiences of LGBT persons living with disabilities (LGBTPWD). As such, the purpose of this study was to understand how LGBTPWD subjectively defined and characterized the meaning of health in their lives. METHOD Using qualitative content analyses procedures outlined by Elo and Kyngas (2008), we conducted a secondary data analysis using a larger questionnaire study that was administered via the Internet. Participants were originally asked to answer the following prompt, "Describe what it personally means to you to be healthy?" Open-ended responses from 79 participants were thematically analyzed over several inductive and comparative coding iterations by a 3-person research team. Trustworthiness of data analysis was ensured via researcher triangulation, negative case analyses, and researcher reflexivity. RESULTS Four dimensions of subjective health emerged during the qualitative analytic process: physical wellness, emotional vitality, functionality, and social engagement. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS There are contextually nuanced characteristics that constitute subjective health for LGBTPWD. These findings could help rehabilitation professionals provide culturally competent interventions. Implications for future research and limitations are provided in the discussion section. (PsycINFO Database Record
A Theory of Freedom of Expression

The doctrine of freedom of expression is generally thought to single out a class of "protected acts" which it holds to be immune from restrictions to which other acts are subject. The theory of freedom of expression consists of four distinguishable elements. It is based upon the Millian Principle, which is absolute but serves only to rule out certain justifications for legal restrictions on acts of expression. Within the limits set by this principle the whole range of governmental policies affecting opportunities for expression, whether by restriction, positive intervention, or failure to intervene, are subject to justification and criticism on a number of diverse grounds. First, on grounds of whether they reflect an appropriate balancing of the value of certain kinds of expression relative to other social goods; second, whether they insure equitable distribution of access to means of expression throughout the society; and third, whether they are compatible with the recognition of certain special rights, particularly political rights.
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS WITH DUAL VERSUS SINGLE ANTIPLATELET THERAPY IN PATIENTS AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: AN UPDATED META-ANALYSIS

Combined use of dual antiplatelet therapy with oral anticoagulation (OAC) is required after coronary artery stenting or acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We performed a meta-analysis (EMBASE and MEDLINE search) of the comparative effects of triple antithrombotic therapy (TT) vs OAC with single
Redefining standards for body mass index of the US population based on BRFSS data using mixtures

ABSTRACTUsing body mass index (BMI) data from 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we test a spectrum of single parametric skewed distributions as well as Gaussian mixture densities to determine best distributional fit. We find that a k-component Gaussian mixture is the best model to describe the distribution of BMI data for the overall US population and for the population divided by gender, race, and region. A 4-component Gaussian mixture with the following sub-population means (standard deviations) fits best the US population: 22.21(σ=2.27), 26.05(σ=2.19), 29.83(σ=3.90), 35.47(σ=8.45) with corresponding weights: 23%, 25%, 37%, and 15%. Current obesity standards are set based on a convention and they are fairly dated. Overweight population has BMI (25.0, 29.9). Obese population is subdivided into three grades based on BMI: grade 1 (30–35), grade 2 (35–40), grade 3 (40 and above). Our study shows that modeling BMI using mixtures can be used to redefine current standards and support them with a...
Getting Out of their Comfort Zone: Examining Teacher Candidates' Reactions to Service-Learning Abroad

This study presents data gathered from a service-learning trip to Costa Rica designed for teacher candidates. Data include participant responses to writing prompts, field notes, and follow-up questionnaires. Results show that participants' experience with the language barrier raised their empathy toward English learners. However, participants expressed dissonance regarding student behavioral norms.
Consistency in Distributed Systems

This chapter seeks to put a structure on the increasingly diverse collection of protocols and properties feasible using the techniques of Chaps. 10– 14. We suggest that protocols should be understood in terms of the forms of order-based consistency they offer, and by thinking of durability as a separate dimension that can be varied to match the needs of particular applications.
Hearing in Mice by GSR Audiometry: II. Magnitude of Unconditioned GSR as a Function of Intensity and Frequency Interactions

The unconditioned GSR’s elicited by tones of 60, 70, 80, and 90 dB SPL were largest in the mouse in the ranges around 10,000 Hz. The growth of response magnitude with intensity followed a power law...
Polish patriotism after 1989. Concepts, debates, identities

In Poland, patriotism is not an abstract virtue nowadays. Nor is it an inspiration to sacrifice for the fatherland on the battlefield (no matter how aggressive Putin’s Russia has become, it poses n...
Spatial Evaluation and Verification of Earthquake Simulators

In this paper, we address the problem of verifying earthquake simulators with observed data. Earthquake simulators are a class of computational simulations which attempt to mirror the topological complexity of fault systems on which earthquakes occur. In addition, the physics of friction and elastic interactions between fault elements are included in these simulations. Simulation parameters are adjusted so that natural earthquake sequences are matched in their scaling properties. Physically based earthquake simulators can generate many thousands of years of simulated seismicity, allowing for a robust capture of the statistical properties of large, damaging earthquakes that have long recurrence time scales. Verification of simulations against current observed earthquake seismicity is necessary, and following past simulator and forecast model verification methods, we approach the challenges in spatial forecast verification to simulators; namely, that simulator outputs are confined to the modeled faults, while observed earthquake epicenters often occur off of known faults. We present two methods for addressing this discrepancy: a simplistic approach whereby observed earthquakes are shifted to the nearest fault element and a smoothing method based on the power laws of the epidemic-type aftershock (ETAS) model, which distributes the seismicity of each simulated earthquake over the entire test region at a decaying rate with epicentral distance. To test these methods, a receiver operating characteristic plot was produced by comparing the rate maps to observed m > 6.0 earthquakes in California since 1980. We found that the nearest-neighbor mapping produced poor forecasts, while the ETAS power-law method produced rate maps that agreed reasonably well with observations.