cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Unfinished Pyramid in the Field of Twentieth Century Chinese Studies

Involving the efforts of over one hundred scholars for over fifteen years, the dictionary is now wrapped up in four giant volumes of more than one million printed words. Its publication not only fills a major void on the reference shelf of modern Chinese history but also thrusts upon scholarly attention many compelling issues by the collective presentation of the biographies of some six hundred Chinese leaders who were active in 1911–1949 in the fields of politics and the military as well as in business and banking, literature, the arts, the press and publishing, education, medicine, and religion. In response to the urgent need for Chinese Communist studies in mid-20th century America, the work covers the prominent figures in the People's Republic who appeared during the Republican (1912–49) period. The concern for contemporary development is also reflected in the omission of many important figures whose career had little relevance to the rise of the Chinese Communist state and in the emphasis on the military and politics. Many native Chinese writers contribute to the dictionary their intimate knowledge of the period as well as their biases, taboos, and myths. Since there is much room for improvement in terms of historical perceptiveness and scholarly balance, three proposals are given, aimed at adding the finishing touch to this monumental work.
Coming Out (of the Darkness)

This autoethnographic account details the struggles to accept my own identity and same-sex attraction. Due to my need to pass, I moved often. With each move, I found the darkness that I needed to survive for it was only in the darkness that I could explore my desire and simultaneously stay hidden. Coming out of the darkness began an intensely difficult journey. This journey takes the discussion of growing up in a shame culture further into adult life and the effect over time that growing up in such a culture has on life, self-worth, and love.
Continuous nebulized albuterol attenuates acute lung injury in an ovine model of combined burn and smoke inhalation

Objective: Albuterol, due to its bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects, is given via continuous nebulization in children with severe asthma. Combined burn and smoke inhalation injury frequently results in acute lung injury due to a combination of airway obstruction and inflammation. We hypothesized that albuterol administered via continuous nebulization would mitigate acute lung injury after smoke inhalation injury and burn. Design: Randomized prospective animal model. Subjects: Twenty adult female sheep (mean weight, 33.1 ± 0.9 kg). Interventions: Adult ewes were subjected to a 40% body surface area third-degree flame burn and smoke inhalation injury after tracheostomy. Sheep were allocated to a) sham group, b) saline continuous nebulization group, c) 20 mg of albuterol continuous nebulization group, or d) 40 mg of albuterol continuous nebulization group (n = 5 animals per group). All groups received intravenous lactated Ringer’s solution at 4 mL · kg−1 · %burn−1 · 24 hrs−1 for resuscitation and were equally mechanically ventilated throughout the 48-hr study period. Pulmonary and cardiac function, lung lymph flow, bronchial obstruction score, and wet/dry lung weights were recorded. Results: Compared with saline and control groups, the albuterol groups had lower pause and peak inspiratory pressures, decreased pulmonary transvascular fluid flux, a significantly higher Pao2/Fio2 ratio, and decreased shunt fraction at 48 hrs postinjury. The wet-to-dry lung weight ratio and bronchial obstruction scores were lower for sheep receiving albuterol. Conclusions: Continuous nebulization of albuterol improves pulmonary function via improved airway clearance and decreased fluid flux in a combined burn/smoke inhalation injury model.
Feminist Epistemology and James’ Ways of Deriving Truth

In the following paper I will be comparing two trains of thought in the method of attaining knowledge, or lack thereof. The first critique will be from feminist epistemology headed by Genevieve Lloyd who argues that there is a fundamental difference in the knowledge of men and of women; the female virtues, as she states, have not been given their full voice in epistemology and philosophy in general. These virtues are of receptivity and dependence and most importantly, feelings and associations with the ‘body’ in the Cartesian sense. The males tend to represent the ‘mind’ category of the Cartesian framework as the characteristic of a universal faculty which must attain knowledge only through what Hegel calls “...stress of thought and much technical exertion. I will be comparing this framework to ideas of William James. In the Will to Believe, James gives a critique of Scientific Absolutism as representative of having a dogmatic attitude towards particulars instead of having a particular (empiricist) attitude with a goal towards attainment of content knowledge. All of this comparison will be brought together by an analysis of a combined feminist and pragmatist understanding of knowledge, reason and philosophy. Finally we shall take on a new perspective of the feminist standpoint from Phyllis Rooney who says that any characterization is bound to be tied up with gendered associations that separate and therefore degrade. I intend to argue for the feminist side in respect to the virtues that it may present as perhaps what needed in the modern era. Feminist Epistemology and James’ Ways of Deriving Truth In Lloyds “The Man of Reason,” she quotes Hegel in order to make the distinction between Male Reason and Female. “Hegel contrasted the ‘happy ideas, taste and elegance’ characteristic of female consciousness with male attainments which demand a ‘universal faculty’. ‘Women are educated—who knows how?—as it were by breathing in ideas, by living rather than by Res Cogitans (2016) 7 Spencer |
Effects of strain and body weight on low-oxygen tolerance of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus )

Low-oxygen tolerance is important for aquaculture species, because exposure to hypoxia can result in heavy mortalities. This study evaluated the effects of strain, body weight, and gender on low-oxygen tolerance in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed to a lethal concentration of dissolved oxygen (0.1 mg/L). The variation in low-oxygen tolerance, assessed as the time to loss of equilibrium, of channel catfish from six strains (103KS, Kansas, KMix, Marion, Marion S, and Thompson) was examined. Catfish (15–179 g) showed a large variation in resistant time to hypoxia, ranging from 8 to 104 min, and both strain and body weight contributed significantly to this variation (P < 0.05). 103KS and Marion S strains had higher low-oxygen tolerance than the other strains, while the Marion strain had the poorest low-oxygen tolerance (P < 0.05). In addition to genetic background, body weight positively correlated with low-oxygen tolerance, but there were no significant differences between female and male catfish in low-oxygen tolerance. The results indicate that genetic background and body weight are important factors that contribute variations in low-oxygen tolerance.
Review of GaN-based devices for terahertz operation

GaN provides the highest electron saturation velocity, breakdown voltage, operation temperature, and thus the highest combined frequency-power performance among commonly used semiconductors. The industrial need for compact, economical, high-resolution, and high-power terahertz (THz) imaging and spectroscopy systems are promoting the utilization of GaN for implementing the next generation of THz systems. As it is reviewed, the mentioned characteristics of GaN together with its capabilities of providing high two-dimensional election densities and large longitudinal optical phonon of ∼90 meV make it one of the most promising semiconductor materials for the future of the THz emitters, detectors, mixers, and frequency multiplicators. GaN-based devices have shown capabilities of operation in the upper THz frequency band of 5 to 12 THz with relatively high photon densities in room temperature. As a result, THz imaging and spectroscopy systems with high resolution and deep depth of penetration can be realized through utilizing GaN-based devices. A comprehensive review of the history and the state of the art of GaN-based electronic devices, including plasma heterostructure field-effect transistors, negative differential resistances, hetero-dimensional Schottky diodes, impact avalanche transit times, quantum-cascade lasers, high electron mobility transistors, Gunn diodes, and tera field-effect transistors together with their impact on the future of THz imaging and spectroscopy systems is provided.
Precision surgery of rolandic glioma and insights from extended functional mapping.

Abstract Objectives Electrical cortical stimulation mapping (ECSM) is the current gold standard functional mapping technique; however, it is burdened by several limitations. Our objective in this study is to show that extended functional mapping modalities can (1) allow neurosurgeons to map and preserve eloquent regions that are inaccessible by the traditional ECSM technique and (2) factor into the operative decision-making process and surgical trajectory during resection of Rolandic brain tumors. Patients and methods A 55 year old patient having a right Rolandic glioblastoma underwent subdural grid implantation followed by surgical resection. Multimodal functional mapping including electrical stimulation, high gamma power mapping, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging were performed to define the location of the patient’s eloquent cortex and white matter tracts in relation to the tumor and determine the optimal surgical trajectory prior to resection. Results The patient tolerated a safe surgical resection without any new postoperative deficits. ECSM mapping successfully delineated safe areas for resection as well as eloquent areas related to motor control and speech production. High gamma power analysis successfully mapped areas involved in arm reach. Functional MRI showed the regions related to finger tapping. DTI demonstrated the corticospinal tract and its relation to the hand motor cortex and the tumor. Conclusion Adjunct mapping techniques used to supplement the data offered by ECSM can help advance the field of functional mapping and Rolandic surgery via broadening our accessibility to the human brain and providing a comprehensive map of eloquent grey and white matter structures and their relation to the tumor.
Existential Family Therapy: Personal Power-Parental Authority-Effective Action-Freedom

The author, who was trained in family therapy by Carl Whitaker and Walter Kempler, feels a moral obligation to both pass on and expand upon ways of thinking and doing family therapy that could very easily become extinct as a result of not knowing the history of family therapy and what may be for lack of any better description the calling of a family therapist to manifest courage in his or her daily work.
Regional Approaches to the Investigation of Past Human Biocultural Structure

The enormously influential volume by Brown (1971) arising out of the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices symposium clearly established that bioanthropological data are essential in assessing and analyzing the social persona of the deceased (Binford 1971:17). For that volume, individual interments were the unit of analysis and emphasis was placed on within-site variability of both cultural and biological attributes. The role of basic paleodemographic data in mortuary archaeology was thus firmly entrenched by that volume. Human biology is even more prominent in The Archaeology of Death (Chapman, Randsborg, and Kinnes 1981), published a decade after Social Dimensions. Not only were the final two chapters by biological anthropologists, but Chapman and Randsborg’s (1981:19) introduction emphasized that “the exciting changes in the analysis of skeletal materials by physical anthropologists” were among the developments that had “been particularly challenging and potentially most productive about the archaeology of death in the last decade.” The composition of the present volume indicates that the boundary between biological anthropology and archaeology has become even more permeable.
Greening Development Lending in the Americas: Trends and Determinants

Abstract Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) faces a $110 billion-dollar annual gap in financing for climate change. This paper shows that development banks operating in the Americas are falling far short of playing the key role they need to assume in filling these gaps. According to our estimates, development banks provide just $7 billion per year in terms of green finance in general, and climate finance in particular is just $4.4 billion per year. A corresponding econometric analysis shows green financial flows tend to go to countries with higher human development scores and left of center governments, and derive from development banks where the majority of the shareholder governments have strong environmental performance in their home country.
2357 Lost and found: Detection of brain cardiolipins in plasma after cardiac arrest

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Neurological injury remains as the main limiting factor for overall recovery after cardiac arrest (CA). Currently available indicators of neurological injury are inadequate for early prognostication after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). High diversification of brain mitochondrial cardiolipins (CL) makes them unique candidates to quantify brain injury and to predict prognosis early after ROSC. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CL content in plasma in 39 patients within 6 hours of ROSC and 10 healthy subjects as well as CL content in human heart and brain specimens were quantified using a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method. The quantities of brain-type CL species were correlated with clinical parameters of brain injury severity permitting derivation of a cerebral CL score (C-score) using linear regression. C-score and a single CL species (70:5) were evaluated in patients with varying neurological injury and outcome. Using a rat model of CA, CL was quantified in the plasma and brain of rats using similar methods and results compared with the controls. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that brain and the heart fell on extreme ends of the CL diversity spectrum with 26 species of CL exclusively present in human brain not heart. Nine of these 26 species were present in plasma within 6 hours of ROSC with quantities correlating with greater brain injury. The C-score correlated with early neurologic injury and predicted discharge neurologic/functional outcome. CL (70:5) emerged as a potential point-of-care marker that alone was predictive of injury severity and outcome nearly as well as C-score. Using a rat CA model we showed a significant reduction in hippocampal CL content corresponding to CL released from the brain into systemic circulation. C-score was significantly increased in 10 minute Versus 5 minute no-flow CA and naive controls. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: CA results in appearance and accumulation of CL in plasma, proportional to injury severity. Quantitation of brain-type CL species in plasma can be used to prognosticate neurological injury within 6 hours after ROSC.
NEW MURMUR OF AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY IN ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION

A new murmur of aortic insufficiency is a classic physical examination sign of acute aortic dissection (AAD); we sought to further describe AAD patients presenting with aortic insufficiency murmur without a prior history of aortic valve disease or repair. Patients enrolled from January 1996- June
The residential segregation of the American Indian and Alaska Native population in US metropolitan and micropolitan areas, 2010.

Background Racial/ethnic residential segregation has been studied extensively, but few studies have focused on the growing population of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs). An examination of the group's residential patterns will contribute to an understanding of the social position of AIANs and the overall pattern of racial/ethnic residential segregation in the United States. Objective What is the average level of residential segregation in 2010 across the metropolitan and micropolitan areas with a substantial AIAN presence? What are the most- and least-segregated areas for this group? What are the causes and correlates of residential segregation for this group? Methods I use the index of dissimilarity to measure the residential segregation of single-race and multiracial AIANs from non-Hispanic Whites in 264 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, using data from the 2010 census. I also use data from the 2010 census and 2006-2010 American Community Survey to estimate OLS regression models examining the causes and correlates of segregation levels across metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Results The index of dissimilarity for single-race AIANs is 31.8, while for multiracial AIANs it is 23.6. For both single-race and multiracial AIANs, higher segregation levels are found in metropolitan areas with larger populations, a higher proportion of AIANs, more female-headed households, and a lower relative education level for AIANs. Conclusions Relative to other racial/ethnic groups, AIANs - especially multiracial AIANs - experience low levels of residential segregation from non-Hispanic Whites. Contribution This is the first study that reports and examines residential segregation levels for AIANs using 2010 census data.
Impact of health reform on health insurance status among persons who use opioids in eastern Kentucky: A prospective cohort analysis

Abstract Background Health insurance improves health and reduces mortality. Expanding insurance is a central feature of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Persons who use drugs (PWUDs) have historically been at high risk of being uninsured. It is unknown if Appalachian PWUDs, who live in an extremely economically distressed region, are more likely to be insured since implementation of the ACA. Methods Data from a cohort of 503 PWUDs from eastern Appalachian Kentucky, who were interviewed at seven time-points between 2008 and 2017, were analysed using mixed effects regression models. Results At baseline, only 33.8% of participants were insured, which increased to 87.3% of the cohort at the last follow-up interview. The final multivariate model, which included baseline characteristics and interactions by time, indicated there were significant baseline differences in insurance status by gender, age, education, income, and history of injection. Differences in the predictive margin probabilities of being insured across these groups had dissipated by the final follow-up interview. Conclusions After Kentucky’s implementation of the ACA, this cohort of Appalachian PWUDs made substantial gains in obtaining insurance that far exceeded the increases reported in national studies.
RETROGRADE VAGINAL FILLING DURING BARIUM ENEMA, REPORT OF A CASE.

Three patients showed spontaneous vaginal visualization during barium enema examination. None had any evidence of a true rectovaginal fistula, and it can be assumed that the vaginal filling represented a spontaneous retrograde flow of barium. This inoccuous phenomenon, which might be dubbed a radiologic “pseudorectovaginal fistula,” can be seen on occasion and its significance should be recognized.
Methyl Ketones from Municipal Solid Waste Blends by One-Pot Ionic-Liquid Pretreatment, Saccharification, and Fermentation.

The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and lignocellulosic biomass blends to methyl ketones (MKs) was investigated by using bioderived ionic liquid (bionic liquid)-based hydrolysates followed by fermentation with an engineered Escherichia coli strain. The hydrolysates were produced by a one-pot process using six types of MSW–biomass blends, choline-based bionic liquids, and commercial enzymes. Based on the sugar yields, one blend (corn stover/MSW=95:5, w/w) and two bionic liquids {cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) and cholinium aspartate ([Ch][Asp])} were selected for scale-up studies. Maximum yields of 82.3 % glucose and 54.4 % xylose were obtained from the selected blend in the scale-up studies (6 L), which was comparable with 83.6 % glucose and 52.8 % xylose obtained at a smaller scale (0.2 L). Comparable or higher yields of medium-chain (C–C) MKs were achieved by using the MSW–biomass blend-derived hydrolysates, relative to the sugar controls (glucose and xylose) with similar sugar feeding concentrations. Up to 1145 mg L of MKs was produced by using MSW–biomass-derived hydrolysates, and the MK titer decreased to 300 mg L when the bionic-liquid concentration in the hydrolysate increased from 1 to 2 %, indicative of bionic-liquid inhibition. Technoeconomic analysis was conducted to investigate the economic potential of using the selected MSW–biomass blend as a feedstock to produce MKs.
Southern California access services unites with CLASS

In the past, Southern California’s library access services professionals in higher education had to travel across the country for professional development and networking opportunities, but this is ...
The hippocampal formation as a hierarchical generative model supporting generative replay and continual learning

We advance a novel computational theory of the hippocampal formation as a hierarchical generative model that organizes sequential experiences, such as rodent trajectories during spatial navigation, into coherent spatiotemporal contexts. We propose that to make this possible, the hippocampal generative model is endowed with strong inductive biases to pattern-separate individual items of experience (at the first hierarchical layer), organize them into sequences (at the second layer) and then cluster them into maps (at the third layer). This theory entails a novel characterization of hippocampal reactivations as generative replay: the offline resampling of fictive sequences from the generative model, which supports the continual learning of multiple sequential experiences. Our experiments show that the hierarchical model using generative replay is able to learn and retain efficiently multiple spatial navigation trajectories, organizing them into separate spatial maps. Furthermore, it reproduces flexible and prospective aspects of hippocampal dynamics that have been challenging to explain within existing frameworks. This theory reconciles multiple roles of the hippocampal formation in map-based navigation, episodic memory and imagination.
Network Slicing in 5G and the Security Concerns

The fifth-generation (5G) of mobile communications is currently being rolled out, with service providers adopting it in their networks. 5G enables the connection of multiple devices and their communication over the Internet, giving it the capability to support the Internet of Things (IoT). One of the technologies behind its support of multiple and diverse devices is the network slicing technology which helps in managing the logical networks comprising of different user equipment. The objective of the present study is to explore the network slicing technology and investigate the security concerns that it introduces to 5G. The study adopts the systematic review, which is a qualitative methodology, for gathering and analyzing data. The review comprises of the analysis of various literature sources obtained from Google Scholar, IEEE, and the Cochrane Library. The data analysis process is thematic in nature, focusing on security challenges, their solutions, and the merits of network slicing. The literature findings indicate that network slicing has two major challenges, namely security and the implementation of 5G radio access network (RAN) to accommodate slicing. The potential solutions to these challenges include network isolation through slicing, cryptography, authentication, and manual slice allocation to different devices. The principle conclusions derived from the proposed study are that the network slicing is suitable for 5G and the solutions remain effective in minimizing the security risks it poses to the network.
16 – Fusion Reactors

Publisher Summary A device that permits the controlled release of fusion energy is designated as a fusion reactor, in contrast with one yielding fission energy, the fission reactor. The potentially available energy from the fusion process is enormous. This chapter reviews the choices of nuclear reaction, and studies the requirements for feasibility and practicality. Many complex machines have been devised to generate a plasma and to provide the necessary electric and magnetic fields to achieve confinement of the discharge. The chapter reviews a few of these to illustrate the variety of possible approaches. An approach to practical fusion is inertial confinement, in which very small pellets of a deuterium and tritium mixture are, as high-density gas or as ice, compressed and heated by laser light or by high-speed particles. The pellets act as miniature hydrogen bombs, exploding and delivering their energy to a wall and cooling medium. The combination of the fusion process with the fission process in a “hybrid” system has been proposed as an easier first step in achieving practical fusion.
Trabecular bone score and transilial bone trabecular histomorphometry in type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.

Abstract Patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) have an increased risk of fracture. Little is known about the microarchitecture of trabecular bone in T1DM, which may account for some of the increased risk. We report here a secondary analysis comparing Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) derived from DXA to 2-D histomorphometric and 3-D micro-computerized tomography (CT) variables obtained from iliac biopsies in 83 subjects (29 T1DM and 54 controls). The transilial bone biopsy specimens were fixed, embedded and scanned using a desktop micro-CT at 16 μm resolution. They were then sectioned and quantitative histomorphometry was performed. TBS of the anterior/posterior (AP) spine was obtained by re-analysis of AP lumbar spine DXA images. Overall, there were no differences in TBS, histomorphometry or micro-CT measurements between T1DM and controls. There was a significant association between TBS and 2-D BV/TV using multivariable linear regression after adjusting for group, age and gender. For every 1 unit increase in 2-D BV/TV, TBS increases by 0.0036 units after adjusting for group, gender and age. In conclusion, T1DM does not result in abnormal TBS, histomorphometric or micro-CT variables in young T1DM patients in the absence of diabetic complications. TBS is a good surrogate measure for trabecular microarchitecture.
Photoacoustic Drug Delivery

Photoacoustic (PA) technology holds great potential in clinical translation as a new non-invasive bioimaging modality. In contrast to conventional optical imaging, PA imaging (PAI) enables higher resolution imaging with deeper imaging depth. Besides applications for diagnosis, PA has also been extended to theranostic applications. The guidance of PAI facilitates remotely controlled drug delivery. This review focuses on the recent development of PAI-mediated drug delivery systems. We provide an overview of the design of different PAI agents for drug delivery. The challenges and further opportunities regarding PA therapy are also discussed.
A COVID-19 Deterioration Report: The Nurse Practitioner's Perspective.

â¢Nurse Practitioner -led interventionâ¢COVID -19 pandemic in communityâ¢Deterioration Reportâ¢Integration of clinical laboratory dataâ¢Prioritization of Careâ¢High Flow Oxygen and proning to avoid intubation.
Advanced AQM Blue Algorithm in Wireless Network

When the number of packets increases beyond the network capacity leads to congestion in the computer network. Congestion effects the QOS parameters severely by decreasing throughput and increasing packet loss and delay, thus degrading the overall network performance. Active queue management algorithm is router based mechanism for early detection of congestion in the computer network. The basic idea of AQM is to sense and detect congestion in advance and to inform the sender to reduce its sending rate there by reducing the number of packets sent in the network to control the congestion in the CN. AQM algorithm is congestion control algorithm which increases throughput, link utilization and decreases the delay and packet loss. RED (Random Early Detection) provides the mechanism for congestion avoidance. The technique has several drawbacks and one among them is inability to deal with busty traffic. The major drawback of Blue algorithm is that it detect the congestion by analyzing and observing the queue length, queue length may little information about the severity of the congestion and detection of number of competing connections. The proposed algorithm called AdvancedBlue which is the modification of Blue AQM algorithm uses idle link, packet loss to detect congestion decouples the congestion measure with performance measure and stabilizes the performance measure against the target independently of number of users. AdvancedBlue AQM is simulated in wireless network using NS2 simulator. Wireless network is quite different from the wired network. The nodes have no wired links to other nodes and base station. So any barrier that is between the sender and the receiver could influence the transmission power and bring packet loss. The proposed AQM showed a better performance in wired network and was more complicated in wireless network. The proposed algorithm when compared with existing DropTail algorithm in wireless network showed better performance with respect to throughput and delay but had more packet loss. Keywords: AQM, AdvancedBlue, Blue, CN, DropTail, NS2, QOS, RED Cite this Article: Uma R. Pujeri. Advanced AQM Blue Algorithm in Wireless Network. International Journal of Wireless Network Security. 2020; 6(1): 16–24p.
Service quality in the health care industry: how are hospitals evaluated by the general public?

Abstract This paper investigates the “expectations” aspect of service quality in the health care industry. Specifically, an examination is made of the importance of various hospital characteristics to consumers, the dimensionality of service quality, and the relative importance of these dimensions across demographic groups. The results suggest that the competency and the behavior of physicians are the most important characteristics in the minds of consumers. Moreover, it was found that hospitals are evaluated along: (1) interpersonal, (2) amenities, (3) capabilities, and (4) accessibility dimensions. These findings are consistent with previous research in this regard. Additionally, significant differences in the importance of these factors were found across respondent gender, age, income, and education.
Small Group Predictions on an Uncertain Outcome: The Effect of Nondiagnostic Information

Research has established that exposure to a combination of diagnostic (i.e., relevant) and nondiagnostic (i.e., irrelevant) information results in predictions that are more regressive than predictions based on diagnostic information (Hackenbrack, 1992; Hoffman and Patton, 1997). This phenomenon has been labeled the dilution effect (e.g., Tetlock and Boettger, 1989) and has been documented when individuals make predictions. This study tests for the dilution effect when small groups make predictions, and examines the effect of using a procedure designed to reduce the dilution effect. Results indicate that group predictions are influenced by nondiagnostic information in the same manner as are individual predictions, and allowing participants to rate the diagnosticity of information prior to making predictions does not reduce the dilution effect.
Elderly patients with colon cancer have unique tumor characteristics and poor survival

BACKGROUND: The incidence of colon cancer increases with age, and colon cancer predominantly affects individuals >65 years old. However, there are limited data regarding clinical and pathologic factors, treatment characteristics, and survival of older patients with colon cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing age on colon cancer. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with colon cancer between 1988 and 2006 were identified through the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program, in Southern California. Patients were stratified into 4 age groups: 18-49, 50-64, 65-79, and ≥80 years. Clinical and pathologic characteristics and disease-specific and overall survival were compared between patients from different age groups. RESULTS: A total of 32,819 patients were assessed. Patients aged 18 to 49 and 65 to 79 years represented the smallest and largest groups, respectively. A near equal number of males and females were diagnosed with colon cancer in the 3 youngest age groups, whereas patients who were ≥80 years old were more commonly white and female. Tumor location was different between groups, and the frequency of larger tumors (>5 cm) was greatest in youngest patients (18-49 years). The oldest patients (≥80 years) were administered chemotherapy at the lowest frequency, and disease-specific and overall survival rates decreased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation demonstrates that older age is associated with alterations in clinical and pathologic characteristics and decreased survival. This suggests that the phenotype of colon cancer and the efficacy of colon cancer therapies may be dependent on the age of patients. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Photo-Double Ionization: Threshold Law and Low-Energy Behavior

The threshold law for photoejection of two electrons from atoms (PDI) is derived from a modification of the Coulomb-dipole (C-D) theory. The C-D theory applies to two-electron ejection from negative ions (photo-double detachment:PDD). The modification consists of correctly accounting for the fact that in PDI that the two escaping electrons see a Coulomb field, asymptotically no matter what their relative distances from the residual ion are. We find in the contralinear spherically symmetric model that the analytic threshold law Q(E),i. e. the yield of residual ions, to be Qf(E)approaches E + CwE(sup gamma(w)) + CE(sup 5/4)sin[1/2 ln(E + theta)]/ln(E). The first and third terms are beyond the Wannier law. Our threshold law can only be rigorously justified for residual energies less than or equal to 10(exp -3) eV. Nevertheless in the present experimental range (0.1 - 4 eV), the form, even without the second term, can be fitted to experimental results of PDI for He, Li, and Be, in contrast to the Wannier law which has a larger deviation from the data for Li and Be, for both of which the data show signs of modulation.
The Velocity Dispersion and Dispersion Profile of Abell 963

Abell 963 (z = 0.206) is still the best candidate for a true arc-counterarc lens configuration (Lavery & Henry 1988). A simple model explains the positions, lengths and patchy light distribution of the two arcs. Photometry indicates the arcs also have the same B-R color (Lavery & Henry 1988; Ellis et al. 1991). However, spectroscopic observations have not confirmed that these arcs originate from the same background galaxy. Ellis et al. (1991) detected a single emission line in the spectrum of the smaller northern arc, identifying it as [O II] λ3727 at a redshift of 0.77. Neither Lavery (1989) or Ellis et al. (1991) detected this emission line in the larger southern arc.
A comparative study of surface binding of human low density and high density lipoproteins to human fibroblasts: regulation by sterols and susceptibility to proteolytic digestion.

Binding of 125I-low density lipoprotein (LDL) and 125I-high density lipoprotein (HDL) was determined in cultured human fibroblasts from a normal subject and two subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH). Binding was assayed at 0 ° C to minimize the internalization of labeled lipoproteins. The binding of LDL and of HDL were compared following interventions reported to affect LDL binding in normal fibroblast. LDL binding to normal cells increased two to three fold 24 hours after transfer from medium containing whole fetal calf serum to medium containing lipoprotein-deficient fetal calf serum. This increase was completely blocked in the presence of cycloheximide (200 µg/ml) or 7-ketocholesterol (2.5 µg/ml). This increased capacity of normal fibroblasts to bind LDL could be reduced 70–80% by a subsequent 18-hour incubation with cholesterol (50 µg/ml) or 7-ketocholesterol (2.5 µg/ml). In contrast, no significant change in HDL binding to normal fibroblasts was observed after any of these interventions. HFH cells to show any significant change in either LDL binding or HDL binding following these interventions. These results suggest that HDL binding sites on normal fibroblasts are for the most part distinct from LDL binding sites. They also support the conclusion that LDL binding sites on HFH cells are for the most part qualitatively different from those on normal cells.
The laurel and the axe: Petrarchist execution lyrics in late‐Renaissance Italy

A little-investigated feature of the lyric tradition in late sixteenth-century Italy is its increased engagement with the social world. Occasional poetry in this period constitutes a potentially rich resource for social historians, yet this remains almost entirely unexploited to date. This article examines a body of verse of particular interest in this regard: a collection of around eighty mainly anonymous printed and manuscript poems commemorating the execution for murder of two young lovers in Bologna in 1587. These poems represent a rare case of Petrarchist lyric intruding into a literary space more commonly associated with popular forms such as ballads and broadsheets, and they provide novel and striking documentation of gender attitudes and attitudes to crime and punishment in this period. Particularly interesting is the diversity of opinions expressed in the lyrics, and the sometimes sharply polemical tone they assume. Taken as a whole, this body of literature illustrates the continuing vitality of civic conversation in Counter-Reformation Bologna, during a pontificate, that of Sixtus V, when the administration of papal justice was a highly politicized issue.
Mode control in giant pulse lasers and some applications

The rather large linewidth of ruby lasers has been a serious limiting factor on the coherence length obtainable in certain applications. Also the lack of spatial coherence can be attributed to another form of multimoding in the laser. Specific mode control devices have been used to some advantage in small normal pulsed ruby lasers but no success has been obtained in high-power applications. Successful operation of high-power mode-selected devices will be described with emphasis placed upon the methods of mode selection. The resulting laser possesses a high degree of spatial and temporal coherence and therefore has been used for some interesting applications, such as holography and nonlinear optics. Some of these applications will be discussed.
609 COLCHICINE INHIBITION OF SUCRASE-ISOMALTASE LABELLING IN INTESTINAL BRUSH BORDERS

We have investigated the mechanism by which colchicine reduces disaccharidase activities in intestinal mucosa. Male CDF strain rats were injected with colchicine (0.5mg/kg body weight) freshly dissolved in physiological saline. Two hours after colchicine injection, each animal was injected with 200 μCi of 3H-leucine. Two hours later, animals were sacrificed, and homogenates and brush borders were prepared from mucosal scrapings. Aliquots were precipitated with TCA and counted for label incorporation into total protein. Sucrase was immunoprecipitated from solubilized brush borders at the experimentally determined equivalence point for each sample, using specific rabbit anti-sucrase antibody. Results (x±SEM) showed significant reductions of radiolabelling of brush border protein and immunoprecipitated sucrase,but not of total homogenate protein, and brush border sucrase activity was not significantly reduced: A significant increase in metaphase arrests in crypts of treated mucosa independently verified the effectiveness of the colchicine dose. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that at a dose of 0.5mg/kg body weight, colchicine significantly inhibits the movement of newly synthesized sucrase-isomaltase to the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cell.
Contributions of the TATA box sequence to rate-limiting steps in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

We have examined the role of the TATA box in determining transcription initiation frequency in vitro by studying a collection of promoters containing different TATA sequences in the context of the adenovirus major late promoter. In addition to measuring transcription rates, we have determined how the sequence changes affected the association and dissociation kinetics and the affinity of TBP binding. We observed that transcription from promoters containing the highest affinity TATA boxes is limited by the rate with which TBP associates with the promoter. In contrast, transcription from promoters containing lower affinity TATA boxes appears to be limited both by how much TBP is bound and by the relatively low occupancy of the conformation that can undergo subsequent steps in preinitiation complex assembly. The implications of these results in understanding the mechanism of transcription enhancement by transcriptional activators is discussed.
Issues and solutions for authenticating MPEG video

Video authentication techniques are used to prove the originality of received video content and to detect malicious tampering. Existing authentication techniques protect every single bit of the video content and do not allow any form of manipulation. In real applications, this may not be practical. In several situations, compressed videos need to be further processed to accommodate various application requirements. Examples include bitrate scaling, transcoding, and frame rate conversion. The concept of asking each intermediate processing stage to add authentication codes is flawed in practical cases. In this paper, we extend our prior work on JPEG- surviving image authentication techniques to video. We first discuss issues of authenticating MPEG videos under various transcoding situations, including dynamic rate shaping, requantization, frame type conversion, and re-encoding. Different situations pose different technical challenges in developing robust authentication techniques. In the second part of this paper, we propose a robust video authentication system which accepts some MPEG transcoding processes but is able to detect malicious manipulations. It is based on unique invariant properties of the transcoding processes. Digital signature techniques as well as public key methods are used in our robust video authentication system.
Solid solution limits and selected mechanical properties of the quaternary L12 trialuminide AlTiMnMo

Intermetallics based on the trialuminide Al[sub 3]Ti, or on Al[sub 11]Ti[sub 5], have been extensively researched in recent years. Alloying with approximately 10 at.% of first-row transition elements, such as Cr or Mn, converts the DO[sub 22] structure of Al[sub 3]Ti to L1[sub 2]. Although this transition to the L1[sub 2] structure increases the number of independent slip systems to five and causes substantial softening, room-temperature tensile ductilities and fracture toughnesses remain low. Typical values for the room-temperature ductilities of Al-25Ti-8Cr and Al-25Ti-9Mn are 0.2% and room-temperature fracture toughnesses of trialuminides range from 2 to 5 MPa m[sup 1/2]. Reasons for the low fracture toughness of trialuminides have been discussed by Turner et al. and George et al. On a phenomenological basis, it appears that fracture toughnesses might improve, if either Poisson's ratio or the ratio of the bulk and shear moduli can be increased. In principle, this might be achieved by macroalloying ternary L1[sub 2] trialuminides, while at the same time maintaining the L1[sub 2] crystal structure. Focusing on first-row transition elements, Kumar and Brown investigated a range of such quaternary compounds. They did not observe any improvement in ductility, as compared to the ternary compounds. In the presentmore » work, it was decided to focus on a second-row transition element, namely, 2 molybdenum. As compared to Cr and Mn, which are only slightly soluble in Al[sub 3]Ti, up to 20 at. % Mo dissolves in Al[sub 3]Ti at 1,198 K. This raises the question whether substantial amounts of Mo also dissolve in the cubic ternary trialuminides such as Al-Ti-Mn. In order to verify this possibility, the extent of the single-phase region of cubic Al-Ti-Mn-Mo intermetallic was mapped out at 1,473 K. In addition, a limited characterization of room-temperature mechanical properties was carried out.« less
Growing Pseudomorphic Layers Beyond the Critical Thickness Using Free-Standing Compliant Substrates

We demonstrated the high quality growth of exceedingly thick pseudomorphic layers on free-standing, compliant substrates using InGaAs and GaAs materials. A 1% compressively strained InGaAs layer was grown on a relaxed GaAs platform by MBE. We fabricated the 800 A-thick compliant platforms before growing a lattice-mismatched layer that exceeds its critical thickness by about twenty times. X-ray analysis confirms a shift in the InGaAs peaks grown on the compliant substrate. Such shifts are characteristic of strained layers. Atomic Force Microscope analysis verifies that the layers on compliant substrates are much smoother than layers grown on a plain substrate. Pseudomorphic growth exceeding the critical thickness has important applications in the design of various electronic and photonic devices.
Institutionalists, Neoclassicals and Team Production

Although for most of the twentieth century, mainstream neoclassical economists treated "labor" inputs into production as if they consisted of small, identical units that could be added to or subtracted from the production process to achieve efficiency, some "institutionalists" continued to study the messy historical and case-specific facts of how workers are hired, managed, and compensated. For decades, such economists have been marginalized within the discipline. But in the last few decades, a few ideas have come out of the stylized logic of neoclassical reasoning that seem destined to lead to a renewed interest among mainstream economists in the work of institutionalists. This essay briefly summarizes and reviews those ideas.
Low grade gliomas treated with adjuvant radiation therapy in the modern imaging era

The purpose of this study is to evaluate tumor control and failure patterns in patients with low grade gliomas treated with surgery and conventional adjuvant radiation therapy. Twenty-eight patients with low grade gliomas (7 grade I, 21 grade II) were retrospectively evaluated. Extent of resection was gross total (3), subtotal (17), and biopsy alone (8). All grade I tumors underwent subtotal resection. Median radiation therapy dose was 54 Gy delivered to localized fields. Tumor control and patterns of failure were determined from follow-up computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance scans. Median follow-up was 86 months (range, 2.4-177 months). Thirteen patients (46%) (four grade I, nine grade II) developed tumor progression. The 5-year actuarial progression-free survival rates for grade I and grade II patients were 86% and 51%, respectively. Corresponding 5-year actuarial survival rates were 100% and 70%. All recurrences were within the treated volume. Our results reveal that conventional adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with high rates of local tumor progression in both grade II and incompletely resected grade I low grade gliomas. Alternative strategies need to be explored in these patients in an effort to improve tumor control and outcome.