cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coming To Craft and Coming Of Age: Teaching Advanced Placement English In The Classroom-Workshop

This article explores the lived experiences of Advanced Placement English teachers in public high school, as the author addresses the question: "What is it like to teach Advanced Placement English while caught in the tension between teaching and testing?" The phenomenological text constructed from conversations and written reflections with six Advanced Placement teachers brings forth aspects of the experience of dwelling aright in the Zone of Between in AP English teaching: between teaching and testing, high school and college, and childhood and adulthood. The teachers use the exam as a foundation for courage and encouragement, confidence and passion building, and creative ways-of-being with students. The study suggests a need for Advanced Placement teachers to participate in the development of curriculum, to retain the autonomy to teach from the self, and to be trusted to provide students with meaningful experiences in the art and craft of literature study. The article also reveals the importance of widening the narrow definition of student achievement to include more than test scores.
Abstract 089: CD36 Genetic Variant Impacts Nitric Oxide Regulation of Endothelial Function: Response to Chronic Treatment with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition

CD36, a scavenger receptor expressed on endothelial cells, interacts with thrombospodin-1, a matrix protein that modulates nitric oxide-soluble guanylate cyclase (NO-sGC) signaling. CD36 genetic variants associate with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension and insulin resistance. A coding variant of CD36 (rs3211938, G/T genotype) that causes partial CD36 deficiency (50% reduction) is common (~18%) in African Americans (AA); however, it is unknown, if this genotype influences NO-dependent endothelial function. This study examined whether potentiating NO-sGC pathways with the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, sildenafil citrate, improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in AA women with or without the G/T genotype. Forty-six AA women with metabolic syndrome (MetS) participated in a 4-week, parallel-arm, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Carefully matched subjects were randomly assigned to sildenafil citrate 20 mg TID versus placebo; sildenafil (n= 23, 42±10 years old, BMI 39±5 kg/m2, fasting insulin 15±8 uU/ml) and placebo (n=23, age 43±10, BMI 39±6 kg/m2, fasting insulin 14±10 uU/ml). Primary endpoints were insulin sensitivity and endothelial function measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test and flow mediated dilation, respectively. Treatment compliance was documented with plasma sildenafil levels (mean 57±50 ng/ml). There was no difference in insulin sensitivity (p=0.676) or flow-mediated dilation (p=0.649) between intervention groups. However, subgroup analyses showed a significant interaction between sildenafil citrate treatment and G/T genotype (p=0.018). Sildenafil citrate improved endothelial function in G/T carriers (the mean difference: 2.9, the 95% CI: -0.90 to 6.8, p = 0.126) and decreased endothelial function in T/T carriers (the mean difference: -2.6, the 95% CI: -5.1 to -0.1, p = 0.040). We conclude that the rs3211938 common CD36 genetic variant influences NO-dependent endothelial function in response to chronic treatment with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition. Further studies are needed to determine if rs3211938 and other common CD36 genotypes influence endothelial function and the inter-individual variability in response to the drug.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF STRESSES IN AIRCRAFT ENGINE DISCS

A probabilistic model is developed for generating samples of the in-flight stress time histories in aircraft component. The model gives (1) the sequence and the duration of flight conditions assumed to be random and (2) the stress evolution during the flight. Stress time histories are modeled by Gaussian and non-Gaussian random processes with parameters depending on the flight conditions. The proposed probabilistic model is used to develop a Monte Carlo simulation algorithm for generating in-flight stress time histories. A numerical example is used to illustrate the use and the potential of the proposed Monte Carlo simulation algorithm.
Carbohydrate intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Purpose of reviewCarbohydrate consumption has been implicated in the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Reviewed here is basis for this relationship and the recent additional evidence that excessive dietary carbohydrate consumption, especially excessive fructose or sucr
Black Politics at the Crossroads? Or in the Cross-Hairs?

The Black Progress Question: Explaining the African American Predicament. Stephen Burman. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995. 237p. $52.00 cloth, $24.00 paper. Faded Dreams: The Politics and Economics of Race in America. Martin Carnoy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 286p. $29.95. Separate and Unequal: Blacks Americans and the US Federal Government. Desmond King. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 352p. $35.00. Separate City: Black Communities in the Urban South, 1940-1968. Christopher Silver and John V. Moeser. Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 1995. 220p. $29.95. The Bubbling Cauldron: Race, Ethnicity, and the Urban Crisis. Edited by Michael Peter Smith and Joe R. Feagin. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 359p. $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper. We Have No Leaders: African Americans in the PostCivil Rights Era. Robert C. Smith. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996. 363p. $46.50 cloth, $16.95 paper.
Injecting Poultry Litter into Orchardgrass Hay

ABSTRACTTraditional surface application of poultry litter leaves nutrients vulnerable to loss through volatilization and runoff. However, injection can increase capture of these nutrients in agricultural fields. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of poultry litter injection on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay yield and quality. Poultry litter was injected or surface applied using the Subsurfer poultry litter injector at the recommended agronomic rate (high) and half that rate (low) in 2012 and 2013 in an established field of orchardgrass. Soil was sampled to 15 cm and analyzed for soil nitrate. No significant differences in soil nitrate were detected between treatments. Although not always statistically significant, first cutting orchardgrass yields tended to be greater with surface litter application. Injected treatments had greater protein concentrations than their respective surface treatment, showing greater nitrogen uptake, when protein was weighted by yield....
An important role of pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine in the new drug development in TCM

Although the pharmacokinetic study of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)plays a limited role in promoting the registration of new drugs of TCM,it plays an important role in reforming the Chinese medicine formulations,elucidating the material basis of Chinese medicine,designing the dose regimens for clinical treatment and promoting the internationalization of Chinese medicine.This review summarized the recent advances and illustrated with examples how the pharmacokinetics of TCM can promote the research and development of Chinese medicine.
Theoretical study of intensity and carrier density modulations in semiconductor lasers

Frequency and intensity modulations of single-mode semiconductor lasers have been extensively studied.1-3 However, it is interesting to investigate the changes of the modulation characteristics due to the presence of side modes.
The Role of the Urologist in the Era of In Vitro Fertilization-Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

The use of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection has dramatically increased. In spite of this, the male partner in the couple is often not evaluated for fertility status or other general health conditions associated with male infertility. Such an approach goes against established guidelines recommending dual partner evaluations and does not address longer term male health risks. In this review, we discuss the urologist's role in the era of in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which includes diagnosing serious conditions associated with infertility, treating reversible causes of infertility, defining untreatable causes of testis failure, and, when appropriate, facilitating sperm retrieval.
What If Osler Were One of Us?: Inpatient Teaching Today

Master, mentor, supervisor, facilitator, or all of the above—somewhere in this list lies the role of the inpatient teacher, perhaps the most intense assignment clinician-educators are asked to assume. Always challenging, inpatient teaching currently must meet requirements and regulations that did not even exist years ago. Today's handbook of inpatient teaching includes chapters written by (1) the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) governing training experiences and working conditions for residents; (2) managed care organizations and hospital utilization committees establishing guidelines for admissions, length of stay, and utilization of diagnostic tests, consultations, and other resources; and (3) the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and other third-party payers setting forth requirements that affect the level of the attending physicians’ involvement in patient care and the allocation of their time, and at least indirectly, housestaff responsibility and learning.
Parents of global youth: contesting debt and belonging

ABSTRACTIn the United States, recently arrived migrant youth encounter competing media and institutional discourses that cast them as dependents who have been rendered ‘left behind,’ ‘on their own,’ or ‘unaccompanied’ by their parents. A corresponding narrative emerges in which young migrants’ parents are framed as abusive, neglectful, and ignorant. Combined, these portrayals may garner specialized services and contribute to success in the legal realm. At the same time, however, they fail to recognize and even imperil the intimate intergenerational networks that facilitate transnational migration. In this article, we trace the homogenizing power of public discourses on young people and their families across two diverse ethnographic contexts, that of Chinese and Guatemalan migration. Focusing in particular on narratives of debt and belonging, we argue that the pervasive pathologization of migrant youths’ parents diminishes and contorts valued relationships over time. It correspondingly demands broader effo...
The Me-this, Redeemed: A Reflection on My Thesis Project and How It Helped Me Heal

This is an essay reflecting on the importance of the author’s thesis in her healing process from cancer. It explores the process from deciding to do a project so closely linked to the author’s life...
Post-transplant Immune Function and the Development of Lymphoma

Both hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and solid organ transplantation are associated with short-term and long-term immune deficits that result in an increased risk of disseminated infection and malignancy. Here, we discuss these risk factors and the time-course for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in each transplant type.
Picosecond Electron Transfer and Nonlinear Spectroscopy

In the twenty years since the introduction of picosecond time resolution to molecular spectroscopy [1] a wealth of information has become available in photophysics, photochemistry, chemical reaction dynamics and the spectroscopy of biological systems. Undoubtedly picosecond time resolved spectroscopy has had a major role in providing a large part of this new knowledge. Picosecond time resolved emission, transient absorption and transient Raman spectroscopy have been basic tools for the elucidation of mechanisms in various scientific fields. Picosecond spectroscopy eliminated the need for extrapolating from data obtained in the nanosecond regime and thus allowed for clearly examining the various processes in real-time. In this discussion we wish to present the application of picosecond lasers in the study of a biological process of primary importance such as photosynthesis.
Strategische Anwendungs- und Datenplanung

Im vorliegenden Kapitel beschaftigen wir uns mit der Hauptphase Strategiefestlegung. Damit ist: 1. Eine von der Geschaftsleitung festgelegte Marschrichtung als Unite de Doctrine in der Belegschaft zu verankern 2. Eine globale Datenarchitektur zu definieren, welche als Dreh- und Angelpunkt fur alle weiteren Uberlegungen zu verwenden ist 3. Potentielle Anwendungen festzulegen, mit deren Realisierung die Informationsversorgung der Unternehmung am nachhaltigsten zu verbessern ist
Steroid Receptor Activation: The Glucocorticoid Receptor as a Model System

The glucocorticoid receptor has been used as a model for steroid receptor activation. Because of recent evidence for the essentially nuclear location of the unoccupied receptors of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 17 β-estradiol, the significance of the activation mechanism converting unactivated receptor complexes to DNA-binding forms is unclear for some receptors. Up to now the weight of evidence favors a cytoplasmic location of the unactivated glucocorticoid receptor. In this article we describe studies on the nature of the activation mechanism and of regulatory factors. Activation is defined as the conversion of non-DNA binding forms of steroid-receptor complexes to DNA binding forms. In vivo studies suggest that the activation mechanism has biological significance since it occurs under physiological conditions. The activation mechanism may consist of two steps in vitro, the first of which is sensitive to molybdate. The second step may involve the removal of an RNA from the receptor complex by RNase. Activation also results in a decreased molecular size of the receptor complex. Regulatory factors influencing activation which have been identified so far include a low molecular weight modulator which inhibits activation and a macromolecular inhibitor. A macromolecule in cytosol also acts as a stimulator of the second step of activation and may be RNase. Since phosphorylation/dephosphorylation may play some role in this overall process, the activity of a protein kinase has been described which is associated with the purified, liganded receptor and which mediates the phosphorylation of the 90,000 molecular weight steroid-binding component of the receptor complex. All of these observations are synthesized into a speculative mechanism of action of the glucocorticoid receptor complex and its activation.
Lps Gene Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection in Mice

In 1940, Hill and coworkers reported that the inoculation of a heterogeneous population of mice with endotoxin, followed by the selective interbreeding of survivors, produced a strain of mice which displayed significantly increased resistance to the lethal effects of endotoxin. This finding suggested that the degree of sensitivity to endotoxin challenge was a heritable trait in mice. The demonstration by Sultzer (1968) that inbred C3H/HeJ mice were resistant to the endotoxin-induced infiltration of mononuclear cells into the peritoneal cavity, as well as to the toxicity of endotoxin, identified this mouse strain as a valuable tool for the study of mechanisms of resistance to endotoxin toxicity and genetic control of murine sensitivity to endotoxin. By analyzing the LPS responsiveness of 11 different mouse strains which were derived from the C3H strain between 1920 and 1968, Glode and Rosenstreich (1976) traced the chronology of mutational events which led to the defect in LPS responsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice. The unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS was reported to be caused by a genetic mutation which occurred some time between 1960 and 1965 and was inbred into the C3H/HeJ line by 1968 (Glode and Rosenstreich 1976; reviewed by Vogel et al. 1979).
Noodle model for scintillation arcs

I show that narrow, parallel strips of phase-changing material, or "noodles," generically produce parabolic structures in the delay-rate domain. Such structures are observed as "scintillation arcs" for many pulsars. The model assumes the strips have widths of a few Fresnel zones or less, and are much longer than they are wide. I use the Kirchhoff integral to find the scattered field. Along the strips, integration leads to a stationary-phase point where the strip is closest to the line of sight. Across the strip, the integral leads to a 1D Fourier transform. In the limit of narrow bandwidth and short integration time, the integral reproduces the observed scintillation arcs and secondary arclets. The set of scattered paths follows the pulsar as it moves. Cohorts of noodles parallel to different axes produce multiple arcs, as often observed. A single strip canted with respect to the rest produces features off the main arc. I present calculations for unrestricted frequency ranges and integration times; behavior of the arcs matches that observed, and can blur the arcs. Physically, the noodles may correspond to filaments or sheets of over- or under-dense plasma, with a normal perpendicular to the line of sight. The noodles may lie along parallel magnetic field lines that carry density fluctuations, perhaps in reconnection sheets. If so, observations of scintillation arcs would allow visualization of magnetic fields in reconnection regions.
Use of computer algorithms in the electronic health record to identify and triage primary care patients for hereditary evaluation.

e13137Background: Identifying individuals with inherited cancer susceptibility is critical for optimal cancer prevention and screening. Family history is a significant predictor of inherited risk. ...
Association of Exposure to Artificial Light at Night While Sleeping With Risk of Obesity in Women.

Importance Short sleep has been associated with obesity, but to date the association between exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) while sleeping and obesity is unknown. Objective To determine whether ALAN exposure while sleeping is associated with the prevalence and risk of obesity. Design, Setting, and Participants This baseline and prospective analysis included women aged 35 to 74 years enrolled in the Sister Study in all 50 US states and Puerto Rico from July 2003 through March 2009. Follow-up was completed on August 14, 2015. A total of 43 722 women with no history of cancer or cardiovascular disease who were not shift workers, daytime sleepers, or pregnant at baseline were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2017, through December 31, 2018. Exposures Artificial light at night while sleeping reported at enrollment, categorized as no light, small nightlight in the room, light outside the room, and light or television in the room. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalent obesity at baseline was based on measured general obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30.0) and central obesity (waist circumference [WC] ≥88 cm, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR] ≥0.85, or waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]≥0.5). To evaluate incident overweight and obesity, self-reported BMI at enrollment was compared with self-reported BMI at follow-up (mean [SD] follow-up, 5.7 [1.0] years). Generalized log-linear models with robust error variance were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs for prevalent and incident obesity. Results Among the population of 43 722 women (mean [SD] age, 55.4 [8.9] years), having any ALAN exposure while sleeping was positively associated with a higher prevalence of obesity at baseline, as measured using BMI (PR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.03), WC (PR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.09-1.16), WHR (PR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.08), and WHtR (PR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.09), after adjusting for confounding factors, with P P P = .04 for trend), incident overweight (RR, 1.22; 95% CI,1.06-1.40; P = .03 for trend), and incident obesity (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.13-1.57; P Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that exposure to ALAN while sleeping may be a risk factor for weight gain and development of overweight or obesity. Further prospective and interventional studies could help elucidate this association and clarify whether lowering exposure to ALAN while sleeping can promote obesity prevention.
Dynamic Autonomous Surface Vehicle Controls Under Changing Environmental Forces

The ability to navigate, search, and monitor dynamic marine environments such as ports, deltas, tributaries, and rivers presents several challenges to both human-operated and autonomously operated surface vehicles. Human data collection and monitoring are overly taxing and inconsistent when faced with large coverage areas, disturbed environments, and potentially uninhabitable situations. In contrast, the same missions become achievable with Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) configured and capable of accurately maneuvering in such environments. The two dynamic factors that present formidable challenges to completing precise maneuvers in coastal and moving waters are currents and winds. In this work, we present novel and inexpensive methods for sensing these external forces, together with methods for accurately controlling an ASV in the presence of such external forces. The resulting platform is capable of deploying bathymetric and water quality monitoring sensors. Experimental results in local lakes and rivers demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Progress with interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (Conference Presentation)

Progress with Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscopes Interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (IFOGs) have been in production for many years and for a given size, weight and power it has demonstrated higher performance than other sensors technologies. This is due to the use of relatively long fiber optic coils with small diameter, providing high performance and small size. Several IFOG developers, including Honeywell, are using new error-reduction techniques and improved component technologies to advance the technology. A review of the reported performance advancements will be presented, as well as a discussion of IFOG long life reliability. This is a proven technology for strategic grade gyros and has demonstrated the ability to meet strategic grade performance without compromising bandwidth or requiring boutique manufacturing processes.
Do states adjust Medicaid enrollment in response to capitation rates? Evidence from the Medicare Part D clawback

To curb rising Medicaid costs at the federal level, a number of recent policy proposals suggest capitation financing, under which program costs are fixed per beneficiary. This study examines to what extent more generous capitated federal subsidies would likely cause states to increase Medicaid enrollment. To answer this question, the analysis identifies a component of Medicaid that currently relies on capitation financing – the clawback provision in Medicare Part D – and uses that provision to estimate state responses to capitation rates. Specifically, the clawback requires states to pay the federal government a lump sum for each Medicaid enrollee who is also eligible for Medicare (dual-eligible). The size of the lump sum varies across states, based on a historical artifact: state-level prescription drug spending for dual-eligibles in 2003. Thus, the price of enrollment in any year after 2006, when Part D went into effect, is exogenous conditional on the 2003 price. The analysis shows that this within-state rigidity in the clawback formula creates substantial transfers between the federal government and the states, as well as among the states. It further finds that increasing clawback payments per dual-eligible by $100 would lead to a 2-percentage-point decrease in the share of dual-eligibles enrolled in Medicaid.
An exploratory analysis of extracellular vesicle-associated and soluble cytokines in cancer-related fatigue in men with prostate cancer.

Background Cancer Related Fatigue (CRF) is one of the most prevalent and distressing symptoms associated with cancer treatments. The exact etiology of CRF and its mechanisms are poorly understood. Cytokine dysregulation was hypothesized to be one of these mechanisms. Here, we explored the associations of soluble and extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated markers that include cytokines, heat shock proteins (hsp27, hsp70, hsp90), and neurotrophic factors (BDNF) with CRF. Methods Plasma was collected from men (n ​= ​40) with non-metastatic prostate cancer receiving external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) at the start of the treatment, and three months after EBRT. CRF was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Fatigue (FACT-F) from all participants. EVs were characterized via Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, electron microscopy, and Western blot. Concentrations of EV-associated and soluble markers were measured with a multiplexed immunoassay system. Bivariate correlation analyses and independent T tests analyzed the relationships of CRF with the markers. Findings As CRF worsened, concentrations of EV-associated markers were upregulated. EV-associated fold changes of Eotaxin, hsp27, IP-10, MIP-3α, were significantly higher in fatigued participants compared to non-fatigued EBRT participants three months after treatment. This was not observed in soluble markers. Concentrations of EV-associated CRP and MCP-1, soluble survivin, IFNα2, IL-8, IL-12p70, and MCP-1 significantly correlated with lower (worsening) CRF scores at the start of and three months after treatment. Interpretation Concentrations of EV-associated markers increased in fatigued men with prostate cancer three months after EBRT. Both EV-associated and soluble markers correlated with worsening CRF. EV-associated markers, which have not been previously studied in depth, may provide additional insights and serve as potential biomarkers for CRF.
Thyrotoxicosis with Ashwagandha: A Case Report

A 62-year-old female, in otherwise good health, was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis after self-medication with Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). She began supplementing with Ashwagandha root extract for stress and anxiety relief. After about two months of consistent daily dosing at 1950 mg, she experienced worsened anxiety, hysteric behaviors, extreme physical fatigue, unintentional weight loss, lack of concentration, poor memory, and increased resting heart rate. A physical examination determined her thyroid was uniformly enlarged, with tenderness to palpation and odynophagia. Laboratory results revealed low thyroid-stimulating hormone and elevated thyroxine, confirming hyperthyroidism, and borderline anemia evidenced by low hematocrit and red blood cell distribution width. After discontinuation of Ashwagandha, the patient’s symptoms resolved, weight normalized, and subsequent laboratory values displayed normal thyroid functioning. To our knowledge, there have been only two human case reports on the relationship between thyrotoxicosis and the use of Ashwagandha. Additionally, data from animal studies suggests that Ashwagandha increases serum concentrations of thyroid hormones. This case report recognizes the potential of thyrotoxicosis following Ashwagandha supplementation.
Piecewise All-Atom SMD Simulations Reveal Key Secondary Structures in Luciferase Unfolding Pathway.

Abstract Although the folding of single-domain proteins is well characterized theoretically and experimentally, the folding of large multidomain proteins is less well known. Firefly luciferase, a 550 residue three-domain protein, has been commonly used as a substrate to study chaperone reactions and as a model system for the study of folding of long polypeptide chains, including related phenomena such as cotranslational folding. Despite being characterized by various experimental techniques, the atomic-level contributions of various secondary structures of luciferase to its fold’s mechanical stability remain unknown. Here, we developed a piecewise approach for all-atom steered molecular dynamics simulations to examine specific secondary structures that resist mechanical unfolding while minimizing the amount of computational resources required by the large water box of standard all-atom steered molecular dynamics simulations. We validated the robustness of this approach with a small NI3C protein and used our approach to elucidate the specific secondary structures that provide the largest contributions to luciferase mechanostability. In doing so, we show that piecewise all-atom steered molecular dynamics simulations can provide novel atomic resolution details regarding mechanostability and can serve as a platform for novel mutagenesis studies as well as a point for comparison with high-resolution force spectroscopy experiments.
Revenge of the Humdrum: Bureaucracy as Profession and as a Site of Science

Bureaucracy, so often demeaned, should be understood as an embodied means for the production and deployment of knowledge. Its reputation as humdrum and rule-bound is not necessarily undeserved, yet it makes possible a variety of activities on a scale that would otherwise be out of reach. Here we survey and ponder some of its diverse forms as they have adapted to diverse aims and circumstances evolved over several centuries. This afterword is part of a special issue entitled “Histories of Bureaucratic Knowledge,” edited by Sebastian Felten and Christine von Oertzen.
Feeling correct is feeling prejudiced: The differential effects of attitude correctness and attitude clarity on evaluations of outgroups:

Global attitude certainty consists of two subconstructs: attitude clarity—certainty that one is aware of one’s true attitudes—and attitude correctness, certainty that one’s attitudes are morally co...
Words and Wars of Conquest: The Rhetoric of Annihilation in the American West and the Nazi East

This chapter compares the use of language and euphemism in the development and implementation of military strategy in the US West between 1850 and 1890 and in the Nazi East between 1939 and 1945. It evaluates the ways in which the military orders and statements of senior military leaders influenced the attitudes and actions of military forces charged with the conquest of these two regions. Furthermore, it explores the effects of pejorative and euphemistic language on the conduct of acts of massacre and atrocity in both regions.
Becoming a Disabled Parent: Eliminating Access Barriers to Health Care Before, During, and after Pregnancy

The desire to become a parent transcends all identities—including disability. Despite federal disability rights laws, a nascent body of scholarship indicates that parents with disabilities experience substantial and pervasive inequities. Although legal scholars have extensively examined the discrimination that disabled people encounter while parents, there is scant legal scholarship critically evaluating, or even acknowledging, the impediments that people with disabilities experience throughout the process of becoming parents. In particular, legal scholarship has not adequately examined legal and policy barriers that may hinder people with disabilities’ access to health care before, during, and after pregnancy. This study, conducted in accordance with established methodological practices from the social sciences, responds to this scholarly void and is the first to provide concrete data about the barriers that parents with disabilities experience when accessing health care before, during, and after pregnancy. This study draws original empirical data from qualitative interviews with thirty-eight parents with disabilities. Three themes emerged from the data indicating barriers to health care. First, physical barriers, specifically architectural barriers and inaccessible medical diagnostic equipment, impede parents with disabilities’ access to health care. Second, communication barriers contribute to inaccessible health care for parents with disabilities. Third, programmatic barriers, namely a paucity of policies and procedures about caring for parents with disabilities, negative attitudes, and lack of knowledge among health care providers’, result in health inequities for disabled parents. The Article concludes by discussing potential legal and policy implications of the findings and identifies critical areas for future research.
Causes and consequences of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa.

PREMISE Heterospecific pollen transfer, the transfer of pollen between species, is common among co-flowering plants, yet the amount of pollen received is extremely variable among species. Intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt can be even greater, but we lack an understanding of its causes and fitness consequences in wild populations. METHODS We examined potential drivers of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. We evaluated the relationship between heterospecific and conspecific pollen receipt and considered how visitation by different pollinator groups, local floral neighborhood composition, and flowering phenology affect the total amount and proportion of heterospecific pollen received. Finally, we tested whether variation in heterospecific pollen receipt translated into lower seed production. RESULTS Heterospecific pollen was ubiquitous on O. fruticosa stigmas, but the amount received was highly variable and unrelated to conspecific pollen receipt. Heterospecific pollen receipt depended on pollinator type, the proportion of nearby conspecific flowers, and flowering date. Significant interactions revealed that the effects of pollinator type and neighborhood were not independent, further contributing to variation in heterospecific pollen. Naturally occurring levels of heterospecific pollen were sufficient to negatively impact seed set, but large amounts of conspecific pollen counteracted this detrimental effect. CONCLUSIONS Although selection could act on floral traits that attract quality pollinators and promote synchronous flowering in O. fruticosa, the risk of heterospecific pollen is equally dependent on local floral context. This work highlights how extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in wild plants, with significant fitness consequences.
Current practices of family caregiver training during home health care: A qualitative study.

Background Home health clinicians report a need for family caregiver assistance during the majority of skilled home health care episodes. Since 2018, the Medicare Conditions of Participation has required home health agencies to provide training to family caregivers. However, little is known regarding current practices of family caregiver assessment and training during home health care. Methods Qualitative research relying on semistructured key informant interviews with registered nurses and physical therapists (n = 19), hereafter "clinicians," from four home health agencies. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, then analyzed using directed content analysis to identify relevant themes and concepts. Results Three agencies were not-for-profit and one was for-profit; three were urban and one was rural; two operated on a local scale, one on a regional scale, and one on a national scale. Key informants had an average of 9.3 years of experience in home health care and an average age of 45.0 years. Clinicians described a cyclic process of family caregiver training including four major phases: initial assessment, education, reassessment, and adjustment. Initial assessment was informal and holistic; education was delivered via demonstration and teach-back; reassessment was used to evaluate caregiver progress and inform adjustments to the care plan. Clinicians noted that their perceptions regarding the success of family caregiver training efforts influenced decisions relating to clinical practice, including the number of visits provided and whether to discharge the patient. Conclusions Caregiver training is currently integrated into clinician workflows in home health care and helps determine visit intensity and discharge timing, but clinicians face a lack of structured assessment instruments or training materials. Efforts by policymakers and home health agencies to facilitate clinicians' training efforts could positively affect the cost and quality of Medicare-funded home health care.
Antifungal Prophylaxis and Therapy: Controversies and Emerging Issues

Among the most significant complications an organ transplant recipient can experience is a fungal infection. These infections range from mild disease like mucocutaneous candidiasis to life-threatening disease like rhinocerebral aspergillosis. Unfortunately, fungal infections are increasing in frequency. Candida is now the fourth most common pathogen isolated from blood cultures in the United States (1,2). A patient’s susceptibility to infection depends largely on the organ transplanted. Among solid-organ transplant recipients, the rate of fungal infection is lowest among kidney recipients and highest among liver recipients. However, heart-lung recipients have the highest mortality from fungal infections with a rate as high as 70% (3). Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) also poses significant risk for these infections. Up to 15% of BMT recipients will develop a fungal infection post-transplant (4). The 30-day mortality for Candida infections in this population is 39% (5).
Fast parallel soft Viterbi decoder mapping on a reconfigurable DSP platform

The Viterbi algorithm is used to decode convolutional codes (CC). Viterbi decoding is a computation/communication intensive algorithm. Recently, with the emerging of WLAN standards delivering high rates, performance requirements of Viterbi decoders have increased dramatically. So far, such decoders have only been implemented using fixed ASIC with the datapath designed specially for the Viterbi algorithm, sacrificing flexibility. In this paper, we introduce a reconfigurable DSP platform targeting wireless communication algorithms in general with specific accelerators for the Viterbi algorithm.
Pathology of asthma.

Asthma is a clinically complex condition but at present the pathologist recognises only one disease process. The airways in fatal asthma are occluded by tenacious plugs of exudate, mucus and cells. There is fragility of the airway surface epithelium and thickening of epithelial reticular basement membrane. Bronchial vessel dilation, congestion and oedema, an intense inflammatory cell infiltrate and enlargement of the mass of bronchial smooth muscle, and mucus-secreting gland each contribute to thickening of the airway wall. These changes contribute to the cardinal signs of inflammation (i.e. redness, heat, pain, swelling and secretion of mucus) and can profoundly modify the effects of airway contracture on airflow. The fragility and loss of surface epithelium, thickening of its underlying reticular layer and the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate, comprising activated T lymphocytes together with 'activated' and secreting eosinophils, are early events seen in biopsies of subjects with mild stable atopic asthma.
Limited Liability Unlimited

Many types of economic relationships, including joint ventures, franchises and joint operating agreements, resemble economic firms but differ from them in critical respects. Because of these non-firm attributes, the parties to these relationships may not want the owner vicarious liability that comes by default with the legal characterization of a relationship as a partnership or agency. In order to clarify that the relationship does not trigger vicarious liability, the parties can form a corporation or other limited liability business association. However, the statutory default rules of these business associations do not fit many borderline firms. This Article proposes a way out of this dilemma -- statutes authorizing "Contractual Entities" whose owner liability and other terms would be governed solely by their filed operating agreements. The Article analyzes potential arguments against the proposal, including those relating to the appropriate scope of limited liability and the functions of statutory forms. It also discusses the political aspects of adopting Contractual Entity statutes and some implications of the proposal for the future of limited liability and of contractual choice of law.
THE MATHEMATICS OF MOSAIC ANALYSIS III. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES WITH EXTENT IN TWO DIMENSIONS

This paper derives formulae for the use of mosaic analysis to determine the sizes, shapes and locations of structures that are not points but are extended areas on the blastoderm. We consider a male patch of any convex shape and size and a structure of any convex shape and size. The probability that these two intersect in a set of mosaics is simply one-quarter the product of their perimeters. From this perimeter formula we derive equations relating the frequency of mosaicism of a structure to its size and we derive a formula for the mapping of lethal foci. We then develop a method to locate the borders of a focus that covers an area on the blastoderm.
The syntheses of protected 9‐vinyladenine monomers

In order to develope synthetic approaches to poly-(9-vinyladenines) of varying degrees of stereoregularity a series of protected 9-vinyladenine monomers have been synthesized which are soluble in organic solvents. Einige geschutzte, in organischen Solventien losliche 9-Vinyladenine wurden hergestellt. Diese Monomeren sollen fur die Synthese von stereoisomeren Poly-(9-vinyladeninen) eingesetzt werden.
Estimation of gluconeogenesis in newborn infants

The rate of glucose turnover (Ra) and gluconeogenesis (GNG) via pyruvate were quantified in seven full-term healthy babies between 24 and 48 h after birth and in twelve low-birth-weight infants ond...
Material parameters for 2D modeling of quaternary quantum well lasers

The authors have implemented a simplified Luttinger-Kohn theory to model the optical gain, spontaneous emission and quantum-well carrier concentration of a strained quantum-well laser. The model is based on an anisotropic effective mass approximation. Parameters of the effective mass interpolation over the whole quaternary parameters space of InGaAsP are presented. >
A flowing afterglow study of uranium tetraborohydride

Abstract Ionization-fragmentation of uranium(IV) tetraborohydride, U(BH4)4, by He+ and by N+/N2+ yields, predominantly, U(BH5)+ and U(B2H8)+, respectively. Attachment of thermal electrons yields U(BH4)4− and ions of 1, 2, and 3 mass units less. Fluoride transfer with SF6−, BF4−, and UFn− (n = 5–7) and reactions with other small ions (O−, O2−, NO2−, F−, Cl−, O2+) are described.
Proline oxidase, a proapoptotic gene, is induced by troglitazone: evidence for both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Proline oxidase (POX) is a redox enzyme localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. We and others have shown that POX is a p53-induced gene that can mediate apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligand troglitazone was found to activate the POX promoter in colon cancer cells. PPARγ ligands have been reported to induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. In HCT116 cells expressing a wild-type PPARγ, troglitazone enhanced the binding of PPARγ to PPAR-responsive element in the POX promoter and increased endogenous POX expression. Blocking of PPARγ activation either by antagonist GW9662 or deletion of PPAR-responsive element in the POX promoter only partially decreased the POX promoter activation in response to troglitazone, indicating also the involvement of PPARγ-independent mechanisms. Further, troglitazone also induced p53 protein expression in HCT116 cells, which may be the possible mechanism for PPARγ-independent POX activation, since POX has been shown to be a downstream mediator in p53-induced apoptosis. In HCT15 cells, with both mutant p53 and mutant PPARγ, there was no effect of troglitazone on POX activation, whereas in HT29 cells, with a mutant p53 and wild type PPARγ, increased activation was observed by ligand stimulation, indicating that both PPARγ-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved in the troglitazone-induced POX expression. A time- and dose-dependent increase in POX catalytic activity was obtained in HCT116 cells treated with troglitazone with a concomitant increase in the production of intracellular ROS. Our results suggest that the induction of apoptosis by troglitazone may, at least in part, be mediated by targeting POX gene expression for generation of ROS by POX both by PPARγ-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Polarization of microwave noise source radiation in the 30 GHz to 300 GHz range

Radiation spectra have been obtained in order to calculate the frequency bandwidth and polarization of three microwave noise sources. Results were obtained in the 1-10-mm wavelength region using a lamellar grating Fourier transform spectrometer and a helium-cooled bolometer detector. A secondary transmission region was found to have an input current as well as a polarization dependence, despite the directional output of the waveguide antenna.
Effects of a Calcimimetic Compound and Naturally Activating Mutations on the Human Ca2+ Receptor and on Ca2+ Receptor/Metabotropic Glutamate Chimeric Receptors

Naturally occurring mutations identified in subjects with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) and the calcimimetic compound, R-568, have both been reported to increase Ca2+ sensitivity of the Ca2+ receptor (CaR). To gain insight into their mechanism of action, we studied interactions between four different ADH mutations located in the amino-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) and R-568. We found that R-568 increased the sensitivity of three of the ADH mutant receptors, but the Leu125Pro mutant appeared to be maximally left-shifted in that neither R-568 addition nor combining other ADH mutations with Leu125Pro gave increases in sensitivity comparable to those seen with the three other ADH mutations studied. We also made use of truncation and deletion mutants of the CaR and CaR/metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1) chimeras to study both the site of action of R-568 and the effect of the Leu125Pro activating mutation. R-568 was effective in receptor constructs containing the seven transmembrane domain (7TM) of the CaR, but not in those containing the mGluR1 7TM. R-568, moreover, imparted Ca2+ responsiveness to CaR constructs lacking all or part of the CaR ECD. The Leu125Pro mutation in contrast conferred no or minimal increase in Ca2+ responsiveness to CaR constructs lacking part of the CaR ECD but showed a striking increase in basal activity in the context of chimeras containing an mGluR1 7TM. Our results localize the site of action of NPS-568 specifically to the CaR 7TM. Our results with the Leu125Pro mutant, furthermore, suggest that the mGluR1 7TM domain may be more permissive for activation than the 7TM domain of the CaR.
MtDNA Phylogeography of the California Newt, Taricha torosa (Caudata, Salamandridae)

Thirty-six individuals of the California newt, Taricha torosa, representing 22 populations from throughout the range of the two currently recognized subspecies, torosa and sierrae, were examined for sequence variation in a segment (375 bp) of the mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b gene. The maximum sequence divergence within T. torosa is about 9%. Phylogenetic analyses used the sister taxa T. rivularis and T. granulosa as outgroups. Eighteen haploid sequence types found in T. torosa were grouped by parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor-joining analyses into five mitochondrial clusters: two in torosa (the northern and southern clusters) and three in sierrae (the northern, central, and southern clusters). The southern sierrae cluster apparently shared a most recent common ancestor with the northern torosa cluster. The approximate time of sequence divergence within the current species was calibrated using the known fossil record (0.8% divergence per million years or 0.01 maximum likelihood distance per million years). Phylogenetic implications of mtDNA sequence variation for evolution and biogeography of the T. torosa species complex are discussed.