cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative measurement of adiposity using CT images to predict the benefit of bevacizumab‑based chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer patients

The present study aims to quantitatively measure adiposity-related image features and to test the feasibility of applying multivariate statistical data analysis-based prediction models to generate a novel clinical marker and predict the benefit of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients with and without maintenance bevacizumab-based chemotherapy. A dataset involving computed tomography (CT) images acquired from 59 patients diagnosed with advanced EOC was retrospectively collected. Among them, 32 patients received maintenance bevacizumab following primary chemotherapy, while 27 did not. A computer-aided detection scheme was developed to automatically segment visceral and subcutaneous fat areas depicted on CT images of abdominal sections, and 7 adiposity-related image features were computed. Upon combining these features with the measured body mass index, multivariate data analyses were performed using three statistical models (multiple linear, logistic and Cox proportional hazards regressions) to analyze the association between the model-generated prediction results and the treatment outcome, including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the patients. The results demonstrated that applying all three prediction models yielded a significant association between the adiposity-related image features and patients' PFS or OS in the group of the patients who received maintenance bevacizumab (P<0.010), while there was no significant difference when these prediction models were applied to predict both PFS and OS in the group of patients that did not receive maintenance bevacizumab. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the use of a quantitative adiposity-related image feature-based statistical model may generate a novel clinical marker to predict who will benefit among EOC patients receiving maintenance bevacizumab-based chemotherapy.
Baryonic correlators in the random instanton vacuum

This is the third paper of a series devoted to a systematic study of QCD correlation functions in the framework of an instanton model for the QCD vacuum. In this paper we concentrate on the quark-quark (diquark) and three quark (baryon) channels. We have found that the quark-quark interaction resembles the one between quarks and antiquarks. Similar to the pion and rho channels, the interaction in the scalar isospin I = 0 and vector I = 1 diquark channels is completely different: the former has a much stronger attractive interaction. As a consequence, the SU(3) octet (nucleon) and decuplet (delta) correlators are also found to be qualitatively different. Using a complete set of all available correlation functions, we determine masses and coupling constants for the nucleon and delta. Our results agree surprisingly well with the first lattice data on point to point correlators.
Network Names in Content-Centric Networking

Content-centric networking (CCN) is a networking paradigm that emphasizes request-response-based data transfer. A {\em consumer} issues a request explicitly referencing desired data by name. A {\em producer} assigns a name to each data it publishes. Names are used both to identify data to and route traffic between consumers and producers. The type, format, and representation of names are fundamental to CCN. Currently, names are represented as human-readable application-layer URIs. This has several important security and performance implications for the network. In this paper, we propose to transparently decouple application-layer names from their network-layer counterparts. We demonstrate a mapping between the two namespaces that can be deterministically computed by consumers and producers, using application names formatted according to the standard CCN URI scheme. Meanwhile, consumers and producers can continue to use application-layer names. We detail the computation and mapping function requirements and discuss their impact on consumers, producers, and routers. Finally, we comprehensively analyze several mapping functions to show their functional equivalence to standard application names and argue that they address several issues that stem from propagating application names into the network.
Spatially controlled Si-V defect nanodiamonds with nitrogen-enhanced photoluminescence prepared by scanning probe lithography

F nanodiamond offers a promising platform for many biological applications including imaging probes, drug delivery, and biosensing. This is due, in part, to the potential to incorporate photostable luminescent defect centers into nanoscale diamond crystals which are biologically compatible and easy to functionalize. We present the first demonstration of spatially controlled nanodiamonds with nitrogen-enhanced photoluminescence from silicon-vacancy (Si-V) defect centers incorporated during microwave-plasma chemical vapor deposition. The potential for further enhancement of Si-V emission from these nanodiamonds is demonstrated through controlled nitrogen doping by adding varying amounts of N2 in a H2+CH4 feedgas mixture. At low levels, isolated substitutional nitrogen in {100} growth sectors is believed to act as a donor to increase the population of optically active (Si-V)at the expense of optically inactive Si-V defects, thus increasing the observed luminescence from this center. The direct placement and manipulation of nanodiamonds is done by scanning probe lithography (SPL) using “inked” cantilevers. We explore suitable nanodiamond inks, the mechanism of ink transport, and parameters such as humidity and dwell time that affect the SPL process. The precise control in spatial arrangement of these highly photostable particles and their strong emission in the far-red (c.a. 738 nm) lends them well for applications in targeted drug delivery, biosensing and imaging devices as well as single cell in vitro studies for very specific therapeutic dosing or release kinetics. Shane A. Catledge, J Nanomed Nanotechnol 2013, 4:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.S1.013
Thermal Inactivation of Conidia From Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

Conidiospores from one strain of Aspergillus flavus and two of Aspergillus parasiticus were thermally inactivated in menstrua at pH values of 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.0. These values were obtained with the following buffering systems: sodium acetate and acetic acid, citric acid and Na2HPO4, potassium acid phthalate (KHP)-HCl and KHP-NaOH, and KH2PO4 and NaOH. Heating of conidia in a menstruum adjusted to pH 7.0 with KH2PO4 and NaOH served as the control. Use of the sodium acetate and acetic acid buffering system resulted in an increase in the rate at which conidia were inactivated when the pH was decreased. Use of the citric acid and Na2HPO4 buffering system resulted in increased thermal resistance for the conidia as the pH was decreased; however, the degree of increased thermal resistance was strain dependent. When the KHP-HCl and KHP-NaOH buffers were used, conidia were inactivated more rapidly than in the control at the higher pH values and more slowly than in the control at the lower pH values. An increas...
Do Calcifications Seen on Mammography After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Always Need to Be Excised

This study aimed to determine the relationship between mammographic calcifications and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tumoral enhancement before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and to assess the impact of these findings on surgical management. This Institutional Review Board-approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant retrospective study involved breast cancer patients who underwent NAC between 2009 and 2015. The study cohort comprised 90 patients with pre- and posttreatment MRI and mammograms demonstrating calcifications within the tumor bed either at presentation or after treatment. The data gathered included pre- and post-NAC imaging findings and post-NAC histopathology, particularly findings associated with calcifications. Comparisons were made using Fisher’s exact test, with p values lower than 0.05 considered significant. Complete resolution of MRI enhancement occurred for 44% of the patients, and a pathologic complete response (pCR) was achieved for 32% of the patients. No statistically significant correlation between changes in mammographic calcifications and MRI enhancement was found (p = 0.12). Resolution of enhancement was strongly correlated with pCR (p < 0.0001). The majority of the patients with pCR demonstrated complete resolution of enhancement (79%, 23/29). No statistically significant relationship was found between changes in calcifications and rates of pCR (p = 0.06). A pCR was achieved most frequently for patients with resolution of enhancement and new, increasing, or unchanged calcifications (p < 0.0001). Although calcifications seen on post-NAC mammography may be associated with benign disease, loss of MRI enhancement does not predict the absence of residual tumor with sufficient accuracy to leave calcifications in place. Complete excision of tumor bed calcifications remains standard practice and a substantial limitation to NAC use for downstaging patients to be eligible for breast conservation treatment.
Age of initiation, psychopathology, and other substance use are associated with time to use disorder diagnosis in persons using opioids nonmedically.

ABSTRACTBackground: Nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) is an ongoing public health challenge, as NMUPO is associated with psychopathology, other drug use, and fatal overdose. These concomitant risks are greatest in those with opioid use disorder (OUD), but the development of NMUPO-related use disorder is poorly understood. The primary aim of this study was to establish factors associated with the development of and time to OUD among persons engaged in NMUPO. Methods: Data were from wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions, with 1755 participants endorsing lifetime NMUPO. Analyses used sequential design-based logistic regression for DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) opioid dependence correlates, followed by Cox regression of proportional hazards for correlates (e.g., sociodemographics, age of NMUPO initiation, and psychopathology) of time to dependence in those who developed DSM-IV dependence. Results: Earlier age ...
Stochastic and Adversarial Online Learning without Hyperparameters

Most online optimization algorithms focus on one of two things: performing well in adversarial settings by adapting to unknown data parameters (such as Lipschitz constants), typically achieving $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret, or performing well in stochastic settings where they can leverage some structure in the losses (such as strong convexity), typically achieving $O(\log(T))$ regret. Algorithms that focus on the former problem hitherto achieved $O(\sqrt{T})$ in the stochastic setting rather than $O(\log(T))$. Here we introduce an online optimization algorithm that achieves $O(\log^4(T))$ regret in a wide class of stochastic settings while gracefully degrading to the optimal $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret in adversarial settings (up to logarithmic factors). Our algorithm does not require any prior knowledge about the data or tuning of parameters to achieve superior performance.
Modifying the steric and electronic character within Re(I)-phenanthroline complexes for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

Abstract We have synthesized and characterized a series of fac-[Re(R2phen)(CO)3Cl] complexes (R2phen = 2,9-disubstituted-1,10-phenanthroline) that function as electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 to CO. The 2,9-disubstituted phenanthroline ligands contain proton (phen), methyl (2,9-Me2phen), trimethylphenyl (Mes2phen), or trimethoxyphenyl ((2,4,6-tmp)2phen and (3,4,5-tmp)2phen) groups as steric and electronic modifiers to provide insight into factors impacting catalytic activity. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) recorded in CO2-saturated CH3CN or DMF solutions reveal that following two-electron reduction and chloride dissociation to form the active [Re(R2phen)(CO)3]− intermediate, current enhancement indicative of CO2 reduction to CO was observed and confirmed by controlled potential electrolysis (CPE). Using current enhancement values (icat/ip, where icat and ip are the current response under CO2 and N2, respectively) to estimate catalytic activity, it was observed that catalysts with more cathodic ReI/0 potentials displayed greater activity, in accord with an electronic effect driving catalysis. Interestingly, the trimethoxyphenyl-substituted complexes Re((2,4,6-tmp)2phen) and Re((3,4,5-tmp)2phen) showed different degrees of activity in DMF (icat/ip = 14.8 and 6.0, respectively) and CH3CN (icat/ip = 8.5 and 7.7, respectively). These results suggest that while electronics dominate the observed catalytic activity within this fac-[Re(R2phen)(CO)3Cl] architecture, factors such as sterics and solvent play an important role as well.
THE ROLE OF THE ACMNPV 25K GENE, FP25 , IN BACULOVIRUS POLH AND P10 EXPRESSION

A previous study showed that an Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) 25K mutant produced less polyhedrin protein than wild-type (Jarvis et al., J. Virol. 66, 6903-6911, 1992). In this study, the role of the 25K gene product (AcMNPV ORF 61) in baculovirus gene expression was further investigated. Five different viral 25K mutants expressed lower levels of polyhedrin protein and less CAT activity under the control of the polh promoter compared to wild-type. Polh RNA was equally stable in wild-type and mutant virus-infected cells while the rate of polh transcription was significantly reduced in mutant-infected cells. In comparison, steady-state levels of p10 RNA were not reduced in 25K mutant-infected cells, indicating that the reduction in polh RNA did not reflect a general effect on very late gene transcription. Expression of ie-1, which also appears to influence polh expression (Choi and Guarino, Virology 209, 90-98, 1995), was not influenced by 25K mutation. These results show that the 25K protein is important for maintaining optimal levels of polh transcription by a mechanism that does not involve maintaining ie-1 expression.
Parent- and Preschool-Teacher-Perceived Strengths Among Black and Latino Boys in Miami: Links to Early Success in Elementary School

Children’s social and behavioral skills prior to school entry are important components of school readiness that relate to long-term academic success. Parents and teachers, however, can have different perceptions of children’s strengths. We examined parent and preschool teacher reports of the social and behavioral skills of predominantly low-income Black and Latino preschool boys (N = 13,448) on the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA; Lebuffe and Naglieri in Devereux early childhood assessment. Kaplan Press, Lewisville, NC, 1999). We also examined the extent to which these reports predicted later academic outcomes in kindergarten and first grade. Teachers rated boys of color as having higher social skills and behavioral strengths than parents on all subscales, with parents of Black boys being particularly “tough” with their ratings. Latino preschoolers were perceived as showing slightly stronger skills than their Black peers. Both parent and teacher reports of child behavior at age 4 predicted GPA, test scores, and school suspension and retention in K and first grade, with parent ratings of socio-emotional skills being more predictive of later academic performance for Black boys than for Latino boys.
Operations and marketing alignment to reduce operational risk: how airlines circumvent well-guarded markets

Building upon the concepts that: 1) efficiency can be achieved by a better integration between operations and marketing functional units; 2) the intensity of competition is depicted by the correlation between service frequency and price dispersion, this empirical investigation intends to explain how airlines apply an operations and marketing alignment strategy to achieve a competitive advantage. Using US domestic carrier competition behaviours as an example, the methodology involves applying the Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) to analyse 241,230 observations from panel data of real-life service frequencies and price dispersion from 2014, 2016 and 2017. The findings show that to align internal processes with external events, firms may wish to: 1) increase marketing efforts to gain market share or maintain competitiveness in markets shielded by historical rigid endogenous barriers or long-established reputations; 2) reduce operational resources and fall back from entrenched primary markets that are strategically guarded by powerful incumbents; 3) increase integration of operations and marketing to potentially expand into new secondary markets, since fare structures and services are increasingly indistinguishable between strategic groups.
Hinged ankle braces do not alter knee mechanics during sidestep cutting.

Abstract Lateral ankle sprains are common injuries in quick, dynamic movements and are caused by rapid ankle inversion. Ankle braces are used to reduce ankle inversion, while allowing normal plantar and dorsiflexion ranges of motion. Knee injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament injuries, are also common in dynamic movements. It is important to understand how ankle braces affect injury risk at other proximal joints. There is limited and conflicting results on how ankle braces affect knee mechanics during these types of movements. Additionally, it is unknown if sex differences exist when using an ankle brace. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a hinged ankle brace and sex during a 45° cutting movement. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected using a motion capture system and force plate on ten men and eight women during cutting trials. 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVAs were used to detect differences in ground reaction forces, as well as knee and ankle kinematics between brace conditions and sex (p
Molten salt reactor waste and effluent management strategies: A review

Abstract Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are being considered as one of the potential nuclear options to meet future energy demands. While the MSR designs are drastically different from the more traditional light water reactor, many of the waste streams are similar between the concepts. The purpose of this paper is to outline strategies for the treatment and processing of MSR-type wastes from concepts of reconditioning and recycle of certain components to partitioning and direct immobilization of other waste components. To help bridge science and technology gaps, knowledge gained from similar efforts such as pyroprocessing of Experimental Breeder Reactor II salt wastes can be leveraged to develop concept-to-disposition pathways.
Treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: protocol for a systematic review and evidence map.

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease, usually caused by tobacco smoking, but other important risk factors include exposures to combustion products of biomass fuels and environmental pollution. The introduction of several new (combination) inhaler therapies, increasing uncertainty about the role of inhaled corticosteroids and a rapid proliferation of the literature on management of stable COPD in general, call for novel ways of evidence synthesis in this area. A systematic review and evidence map can provide the basis for shared decision-making tools and help to establish a future research agenda. Methods and analysis This systematic review will follow an umbrella systematic review design (also called overview of reviews). We plan to conduct a comprehensive literature search of Ovid MEDLINE (including epub ahead of print, in process and other non-indexed citations), Ovid Embase, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus from database inception to the present. We will include systematic reviews that assessed the effectiveness of any pharmacological or non-pharmacological intervention on one or more patient-important outcomes and/or lung function in patients with stable COPD. For every intervention/outcome pair, one systematic review will be included. An a priori protocol will guide, which systematic reviews will be chosen, how their credibility will be evaluated, and how the quality of the body of evidence will be rated. Data will be synthesised into an evidence map that will present a matrix that depicts each available treatment for stable COPD with a quantitative estimate on symptoms/outcomes from the patient perspective, along with an indication of the size and certainty in the evidence. Ethics and dissemination Approval by a research ethics committee is not required since the review will only include published data. The systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018095079
The Role of Manual Dexterity and Cognitive Functioning in Enhancing Resident Operative Autonomy.

Introduction Autonomy, both operative and nonoperative, is one of the most critical aspects of successful surgical training. Both surgeon and resident share the responsibility of achieving this goal. We hypothesize that operative autonomy is distinct and depends, for the most part, on the resident's manual dexterity, knowledge of, and preparation for the procedure. Methods Over a period of 4 academic years, between July 2014 and June 2018, a total of 958 Global Rating Scale of Operative Performance evaluations were completed by 32 general and subspecialty faculty surgeons for 35 residents. Elective procedures were evaluated, including 165 (17.2%) by postgraduate year (PGY)1 residents, 253 (26.4%) by PGY2, 199 (20.8%) by PGY3, 147 (15.3%) by PGY4, and 194 (20.3%) by PGY5. The procedures evaluated were: 261 (27.2%) hernia repairs; 178 (18.6%) cholecystectomies; 102 (10.6%) colorectal and anal procedures; 73 (7.6%) vascular procedures; 56 (5.8%) thyroid and parathyroidectomies; 39 (4.1%) foregut (esophagus and stomach) procedures; 38 (4%) skin, soft tissue, and breast; 92 (10%) hepatopancreatic; 20 (2.1%) pediatric procedures; and 99 (10.3%) other procedures including amputations, cardiothoracic, and solid organs procedures. Each resident was scored from 1 to 5 (1 lowest, 5 highest) in each of the following categories of Global Rating Scale of Operative Performance: respect for tissue (RT), time and motion (T&M), instrument handling (IH), knowledge of the instrument (KI), flow of operation (FO) and resident's preparation for the procedure (RP). Resident operative autonomy (ROA) was assessed using the Zwisch scale, a 4-point scale describing faculty supervision behaviors associated with different degrees of resident autonomy (1: Show and Tell, 2: Active Help, 3: Passive Help, and 4: Supervision Only). Results Correlation and ordinal regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between ROA and manual dexterity (RT, T&M, IH, and FO), and cognitive functioning (knowledge of instruments and resident preparation). Results indicated a positive correlation between ROA and RT (r = 0.528, p Conclusions Resident operative autonomy is a product of shared responsibility between the faculty and resident. However, residents’ inherent and/or acquired skills and preparation for the operative procedures play a critical role. Residents should be advised to use available resources such as simulation to augment their skills preoperatively and to enhance their autonomy in the operating room.
A low-cost hydrologic observatory for monitoring the water balance of small lakes

Global warming portends an accelerated water cycle as increased evaporation feeds atmospheric moisture and precipitation. To monitor effects on surface water levels, we describe a low-cost hydrologic observatory suitable for small to medium size lakes. The observatory comprises sensor platforms that were built in-house to compile continuous, sub-daily water budgets. The variables measured directly are lake stage (S), evaporation (E), and precipitation (P). A net inflow term (Qnet) is estimated as a residual in the continuity equation: ∆S = P - E + Qnet. We describe how to build in-lake stilling wells and floating evaporation pans using readily available materials. We assess their performance in laboratory tests and field trials. A 3-month deployment on a small Wisconsin lake (18 ha, 10 m deep) confirms that continuous estimates of ∆S, E, P, and Qnet can be made with good precision and accuracy at hourly time scales. During that deployment, daily estimates of E from the floating evaporation pans were comparable with estimates made using the more data-intensive Bowen ratio energy balance method and a mass transfer model. Since small lakes are numerically dominant and widely distributed across the globe, a network of hydrologic observatories would enable the calibration and validation of climate models and consumptive use policies at local and regional scales. And since the observatories are inexpensive and relatively simple to maintain, citizen scientists could facilitate the expansion of spatial coverage with minimal training.
Cholecystocolonic fistula: A rare case report of Mirizzi syndrome

Abstract Introduction Mirizzi syndrome is a rare complication of gallstone disease that more rarely is associated with the formation of cholecystoenteric fistula. Presentation of case The patient presented with a five-day history of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), nausea, and emesis. Further ultrasound (US) imaging demonstrated a large gallstone with associated thickened gallbladder with pericholecystic fluid. Computed tomography (CT) imaging, preoperative Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) displayed findings consistent with a Csendes type IV Mirizzi syndrome associated with cholecystocolonic fistula. Description of surgical approach, management and outcome is presented. Discussion Surgical management of Mirizzi syndrome varies by classification of its severity. Open operation is preferred in cases with severe inflammation and concern for malignancy. The patient underwent a cholecystocolonic fistula takedown. A cholecystectomy was attempted though aborted due to concerns of malignancy. Biopsies returned negative for malignancy and the patient demonstrated findings on ERCP consistent with Mirizzi syndrome. Stenting of the common bile duct (CBD) was performed with ERCP and later the patient underwent an open biliary exploration with subsequent choledochotomy, biliary stone removal, and primary closure with interrupted sutures using remnant gallbladder wall flaps. Conclusion To our knowledge, Mirizzi syndrome with concurrent cholecystocolonic fistula is exceedingly rare with a paucity of reports within the literature. Our report discusses principles of management of Mirizzi syndrome as well as best practices of surgical management for Mirizzi syndrome with concurrent cholecystocolonic fistula.
Teaching embodiment: disability, subjectivity, and architectural education

This article analyses an experiment in teaching non-normative embodiment in architectural design at the University of California, Berkeley. Connecting the paucity of approaches to embodiment in US ...
Integrated Trajectory-Based Operations for Traffic Flow Management in an Increasingly Diverse Future Air Traffic Operations

Integration of new flight operations, such as urban air mobility vehicles and commercial space flights, into the National Airspace System (NAS) will require accommodation of new vehicles with different performance and mission profiles into an established traditional commercial and general aviation aircraft operational framework. For example, in this increasingly diverse future air traffic operations, the interaction and integration of on-demand operations with traditional, largely scheduled operations will lead them to share existing commercial airspace with increased requirements on data exchange and control schemes to ensure adequate safety margins. In this new paradigm, the traditional operations will need to transform from current vector-based operation to a more integrated trajectory-based operation (TBO) in which the aircraft's trajectory intents are more strategically planned, precisely tracked, and collaboratively coordinated. Over the years, NASA has been developing, demonstrating and transferring air traffic management concepts to the FAA to support surface, departure and arrival metering, as well as dynamic reroutes for weather avoidance. This paper describes a framework for combining and advancing those NASA efforts to improve arrival and departure demand management by integrating select NASA TBO capabilities with the Traffic Flow Management System (TFMS), Time-Based Flow Management (TBFM), and the Terminal Flight Data Manager (TFDM) tools to enable TBO across the NAS. The overall concept incorporates operator priorities and preferences in a service-oriented approach to managing complex, high demand airports.
High Frequency TDDB of Reinforced Isolation Dielectric Systems

Reinforced isolation provides protection of equipment and operators that interact with high voltage domains. Standards that define it have evolved over time from those that require only partial discharge to confirm reliability at the high voltage operating conditions, to those that also require a time dependent dielectric breakdown model (TDDB) for verifying reliable working voltage. In this paper we assess the impact of AC frequency, waveform, and rise and fall times on lifetime, which are important parameters that are not included in the current standards.
The Use of Self-Monitoring and Technology to Increase Physical Activity: A Review of the Literature

The current obesity epidemic and inactive lifestyles of many Americans lead to health problems for millions of Americans and in turn, millions of dollars in medical bills. One aspect of this problem is the lack of physical activity that people engage in. Self-monitoring techniques have been used in the past to increase physical activity. However, there has not been a systematic review of the literature on this research to date. Furthermore, as technology that is user-friendly and assists in self-monitoring physical activity becomes more available to the public, it is important to investigate its use when used in conjunction with self-monitoring. The purpose of this review was to determine how self-monitoring techniques and technology have been applied to increase physical activity across multiple populations. A systematic review of the literature identified 19 articles. Results indicated that the majority of studies used more than one type of self-monitoring intervention. The most popular type of technology used with self-monitoring were fitness trackers. Future research should continue to examine the most effective methodologies that produce lasting behavior change in physical activity.
Probability Theory: Interpretations

Abstract This article is divided into two sections. The first reviews the formal theories of quantitative and qualitative probability. Conditions are given when a quantitative probability exists that agrees with (or almost agrees with) a qualitative probability. The second section reviews four kinds of semantics for the quantitative theory: the Subjective, the Classical (or Logical), the Objective, and the Fisher–Kyburg interpretation. The Subjective interpretation is presented through deFinetti's Dutch Book argument. Variants of Logical interpretations are described as these relate to LaPlace's Principle of Insufficient Reason . Two varieties of Objective probability are considered: limiting frequency theory and chance (or propensity) theory. Last, the Fisher–Kyburg theory is sketched in relation to fiducial probability.
Delineation of metabolic responses of Npc1-/-nih mice lacking the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme SOAT2 to acute treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.

Abstract Lipids present in lipoproteins cleared from the circulation are processed sequentially by three major proteins within the late endosomal / lysosomal (E/L) compartment of all cells: lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), Niemann-Pick (NPC) C2 and NPC1. When all three of these proteins are functioning normally, unesterified cholesterol (UC) exits the E/L compartment and is used in plasma membrane maintenance and various pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum including esterification by sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) or SOAT1 depending partly on cell type. Mutations in either NPC2 or NPC1 result in continual entrapment of UC and glycosphingolipids leading to neurodegeneration, pulmonary dysfunction, splenomegaly and liver damage. To date, the most effective agent for promoting release of entrapped UC in nearly all organs of NPC1-deficient mice and cats is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD). The cytotoxic nature of the liberated UC triggers various defenses including suppression of sterol synthesis and increased esterification. The present studies, using the Npc1-/- nih mouse model, measured the comparative quantitative importance of these two responses in the liver versus the spleen of Npc1-/- : Soat2+/+ and Npc1-/- : Soat2-/- mice in the 24 h following a single acute treatment with 2HPβCD. In the liver but not the spleen of both types of mice suppression of synthesis alone or in combination with increased esterification provided the major defense against the rise in unsequestered cellular UC content. These findings have implications for systemic 2HPβCD treatment in NPC1 patients in view of the purportedly low levels of SOAT2 activity in human liver.
How do laypeople define empathy

The term "empathy" is popular, yet fuzzy. How laypeople define it has not been investigated. In Study 1, we analyzed 99 participants' free narratives describing their personal definition, and in Study 1 (N = 191) and Study 2 (N = 351), we asked participants to rate a list of specific behaviors and tendencies for how well each one matched their personal definition. Out of 10 coded components, perspective taking was mentioned most often and personal distress (anxious reactivity in emotional situations) was never mentioned. Item ratings revealed four Empathy Concept factors: Prosocial Emotional Response, Interpersonal Perceptiveness, Other Perspective, and Anxious Reactivity. Other Perspective and Prosocial Emotional Response were most highly endorsed while Anxious Reactivity showed the lowest endorsement. Individuals varied widely in their endorsements of the factors. These results demonstrate that laypeople hold a multifactorial set of definitions of empathy and differ widely from one another in which ones they endorse.
Computational Biomechanical Analysis of Engaging and Nonengaging Abutments for Implant Screw-Retained Fixed Dental Prostheses.

Purpose To evaluate the stress distribution, using 3-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), on different implant components of a mandibular screw-retained fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) situation when using different combinations of engaging and nonengaging abutments. Material and methods A model of artificial bone was digitally designed. Dental implants were positioned in the lower right posterior area of teeth #'s 28 (premolar - pm) and 30 (molar - m). Restorative implant components were digitally designed and placed into the implant model. Four different implant abutment situations were simulated through FEA: (1) Both engaging abutments (mE-pmE), (2) both nonengaging (mNE-pmNE), (3) molar nonengaging and premolar engaging (mNE-pmE), and (4) molar engaging and premolar nonengaging (mE-pmNE). Thirty-five (35) Ncm preload to the abutment screws and 160 N static load at 45° angle to the occlusal plane were applied in each group. Results The equivalent Von Mises stress was measured on each component. Stress distribution changed among the different configurations and ranged from 516.0 to 1304.6 MPa in the implants, and from 554.6 to 994.5 MPa with the abutments. Higher stress was found for the mNE-pmNE designs (1078.6-1106.9 MPa). Engaging and nonengaging abutments had different stress distributions on the screw (698.8-902.5 MPa). Peak stress areas were located on the upper part of the screws for the nonengaging configuration, and on the lower areas for the engaging abutments. The sum of the stress on both implants decreased in the following order: mNE-pmNE > mE-pmNE > mNE-pmE > mE-pmE. Conclusion Under conditions of this study, abutment design produced different stress patterns to the implant components. The lowest and most balanced stress distribution was found for the mE-pmE configuration followed by the mNE-pmE configuration.
The Effects of the Real Estate Bust on Renter Perceptions of Homeownership

After almost a decade of strong price appreciation, the housing market fell into a steep decline in 2007. By 2008, foreclosure filings on owner-occupied homes were surpassing record levels. Due to the housing downturn, fewer renters may aspire to own a home, which could have lasting implications for neighborhoods and household asset building. This study analyzes the impact of the housing downturn on renters’ intent to purchase a home, their perceptions of the risks and benefits of homeownership, and their interest in information and advice concerning homeownership. ; Based on a survey of 400 low- and moderate-income renters in the San Francisco Bay Area, most renters continue to aspire to homeownership, especially renters who are younger, who have higher incomes, and who speak English at home. In addition, lower-income and minority renters, as well as renters who reside in zip codes with greater exposure to foreclosures, have more negative perceptions of homeownership. Together, these findings indicate the housing downturn produced shifts in renters’ aspirations to own a home and the expected risks and benefits of owning a home that vary by residential location and demographic characteristics.
A unified alternative telomere-lengthening pathway in yeast survivor cells

Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a recombination process that maintains telomeres in the absence of telomerase and helps cancer cells to survive. Yeast has been used as a robust model of ALT; however, the inability to determine the frequency and structure of ALT survivors hinders understanding of the ALT mechanism. Here, using population and molecular genetics approaches, we overcome these problems and demonstrate that contrary to the current view, both RAD51-dependent and RAD51-independent mechanisms are required for a unified ALT survivor pathway. This conclusion is based on the calculation of ALT frequencies, as well as on ultra-long sequencing of ALT products that revealed hybrid sequences containing features attributed to both recombination pathways. Sequencing of ALT intermediates demonstrates that recombination begins with Rad51-mediated strand invasion to form DNA substrates that are matured by a Rad51-independent ssDNA annealing pathway. A similar unified ALT pathway may operate in other organisms, including humans.
The (mostly) robust influence of initial trustworthiness beliefs on subsequent behaviors and perceptions

Do initial trustworthiness beliefs only have a short-term, temporary effect on one’s behavior and perceptions? Or might these initial beliefs have a lasting, robust effect that persists over time a...
Which patients are at risk for not receiving anti-osteoporosis treatment following hip fracture?: An ACS NSQIP analysis.

Abstract Background Screening and management of osteoporosis is often only considered by providers when patients present with multiple fragility fractures. The objective was to determine which patients are at risk for not receiving anti-osteoporotic medication and screening immediately following open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for hip fracture. Methods The 2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) Targeted Hip Fracture Database was queried to identify patients ≥ 50 years old who underwent ORIF of femoral neck, intertrochanteric hip, and subtrochanteric hip fractures. Patients with concurrent polytrauma, malignancy, and other fragility fractures were excluded. Patients taking osteoporotic medications immediately prior to hospitalization were excluded to prevent an overlap in the screening and/or antiresorptive medication initiation rates. Multi-variate logistic regression was used to assess for factors associated with not receiving anti-osteoporotic medication immediately postoperatively. Results A total of 6179 patients were identified of whom 3304 (53.5%) were treated at a facility with a documented standardized hip fracture care program. Only 28.5% (N = 1766) patients received anti-osteoporosis medication immediately following ORIF. Independent factors associated with increased odds of not initiating bone protective medication were those without a standardized hip fracture care program (odds ratio [OR] 1.80 [1.58–2.06], P 1 day until operation (odds ratio [OR] 1.35 [1.13–1.60], P = 0.001), patients requiring a mobility aid preoperatively (odds ratio [OR] 1.29 [1.13–1.47], P Conclusion Patients starting anti-osteoporotic medication immediately following a hip fracture in the United States remains low (28.5%). Standardized hip fracture care programs have the greatest impact with regards to initiating anti-osteoporotic medication following hip fracture.
Will the Real Theoretical Structure of the WISC-V Please Stand Up? Implications for Clinical Interpretation

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children’s (WISC) factorial\theoretical structure has undergone numerous substantive changes since it was first developed, and each of these changes has subsequently been questioned by assessment experts. Given remaining questions about the structure of the latest revision, the WISC-V, the present study used three different exploratory factor analytic techniques to investigate the factor structure of the 10 primary subtests in a large clinical sample (N = 5359). Results revealed that the WISC-V likely contains four factors (e.g., Gc, Gwm, Gs, and either Gv (via exploratory bifactor analysis) or a complexly determined perceptual reasoning factor (via the Schmid-Leiman procedure and oblique/higher-order factor analysis)), not the five factors proposed by the test publisher. Variance apportionment and omega estimates indicate that only secondary interpretive emphasis should be placed upon group factors, but only when there is structural validity support. This study suggests that the WISC-V measures four, not five, factors, although the four-factor configuration may be different than previously reported in the technical literature.
Exploring Stem Faculty Professional Identity in Practitioner Inquiry Programs

One strategy for improving pedagogical practices is to engage STEM faculty in practitioner inquiry, where faculty identify a teaching-related problem relevant to their practice, collect and analyze data, and use the findings to guide instructional improvements. Research suggests that professional development opportunities to improve teaching can be complicated by STEM faculty members’ perceptions, proclivities and motivations built upon their past experiences, which also influence their professional identities. While some past is illuminative, we note a general under-specification of professional identity as well as under-exploration of how individuals’ professional identities interact with the complex contexts they work in, including any participation in practitioner inquiry. An especially underexplored factor concerning the interplay of practitioner inquiry research and STEM faculty professional identity is professional position (e.g. tenure-track, instructor, adjunct positions). Our study explored how STEM faculty, largely fixed-term faculty, experience practitioner inquiry in light of their professional identity. We found that many of our participants sought to use their practitioner inquiry experience to broaden their professional identities to include identity as scholars of education. Indicative of one who does/demonstrates publication and presentation of research, identity as scholars of education was thought to be respected by the research-intensive institution within which they worked. Participants’ scholar of education identities were shaped by their disciplinary notions of research and methodologies, which suggest tensions concerning how to legitimize scholarship in education. We also found that faculty identities as scholars of education can generally be facilitated by participating in a supportive group of other STEM faculty engaged in practitioner inquiry. We discuss implications for those leading and designing practitioner inquiry programs.
Hormonal Influences on Maternal Aggression

With the exception of work conducted with female hamsters (see Floody, this volume), the study of the relationship between hormones and female aggressive behavior has never been of paramount importance. Recently, however, a number of investigators have turned to an analysis of this little-studied dimension of agonistic behavior. The results of this research tentatively suggest that female aggression during the peripartum period, like intermale aggression, is influenced by neuroendocrine status. The purpose of the present chapter is to review the available literature concerning the role of hormones in the aggressive behavior displayed by pregnant and lactating mammals. This review is limited to work conducted with hamsters, mice, and rats.
Control of the removal of reducing equivalents from the cytosol in perfused rat liver.

Abstract The rat liver perfusion previously employed was adapted to a flow-through system in which samples of effluent perfusion medium were collected for measurement of metabolic products at 2-min intervals by means of a fraction collector. Overnight fasted rats were used to avoid complications of glucose formation from endogenous glycogen. Since xylitol conversion to glucose and lactate by the liver is associated with the production of NADH in the cytosol, the rates of production of these metabolic end products can be used to provide a measure of the rate of NADH production and utilization. Xylitol metabolism was predominantly cyanide sensitive showing an obligatory involvement of mitochondrial respiration for removal of reducing equivalents from the cytosol. The participation of various shuttles for the transport of reducing equivalents into the mitochondria was investigated by infusion of the oxidized or reduced partners of cytosolic or mitochondrial NAD-linked dehydrogenases (e.g. ethanol, β-hydroxybutyrate), or specific inhibitors such as rotenone, amobarbital, cyanide, and the transaminase inhibitor aminooxyacetate. The influence of flux in the mitochondrial electron transport chain on the rate of removal of NADH from the cytosol was studied by infusion of 2,4-dinitrophenol to produce an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, ornithine plus ammonia to provide an energy drain on mitochondrial ATP, and artificial electron acceptors to bypass rate-limiting electron transport steps. The studies show that xylitol metabolism was not controlled by the activity of NAD-xylitol dehydrogenase but by the rate of reoxidation of NADH. This process was regulated by the rate of transfer of reducing equivalents into the mitochondria and by the rate of electron flux to oxygen. Evidence was obtained for the participation of both NAD- and flavin-linked shuttles in the over-all transport of reducing equivalents from cytosol to mitochondria. The flavin-linked shuttle may be identified with the α-glycerophosphate shuttle which operates by virtue of the abnormally high cytosolic α-glycerophosphate concentration produced during xylitol metabolism. Involvement of the NAD-linked malate-aspartate shuttle was shown by the sensitivity of glucose formation from xylitol to aminooxyacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. The relevance of these findings to the control of ethanol utilization by the liver is discussed.