cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of the ACS Symposium on Public Health Perspectives of Mycotoxins in Food.

A symposium entitled “Public Health Perspectives of Mycotoxins in Food” was held at the 251st American Chemical Society (ACS) Meeting in March 2016 in San Diego, CA, and was sponsored by the ACS Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. The purpose of the symposium was to convene the leading mycotoxin researchers throughout the world to discuss the current state of knowledge as well as research needs with respect to evaluating the toxicological properties of mycotoxins and ways to detect, control, and reduce human and animal exposure to these natural toxins. A total of 23 presentations were delivered by speakers representing academic, government, and industrial institutions from North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The presentations covered such diverse topics as a historical perspective on the discovery of the major fungal toxins, occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed, toxicological properties of mycotoxins and their influence on public health, analytical methods for mycotoxins, pre- and posth...
HETEROMULTIMERIC GAP JUNCTION CHANNELS: A CONNECTION WITH CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY

Growing evidence that heteromultimeric channels are formedin vivosuggests that junctional communication is not only governed by the permeability and gating mechanism of gap junctions formed by one type of connexin, but also by the interaction of multiple subunits that form channels (Loewenstein1981; Ramon and Riveral986). Despite our current limited knowledge about interaction among cardiac connexins, it has become necessary to review and interpret how combinations of connexin subunits participate in the physiology and pathology of electrical and metabolic transmission in the heart.
How Machines Make History, and how Historians (And Others) Help Them to Do So:

If machines make history, they do so only with the assistance of others. For the most part, machines are mute and illiterate, and it is historians (and others) who decide the extent to which technology acts as an independent force to shape history. Vacillating between Marx and Mumford, historians, philosophers, and sociologists writing on technology in the last ten years have reached no consensus on technological determinism. Of the fields reviewed here, philosophers of technology are the most enthusiastic advocates of technological determinism. Business historians who emphasize technology's determining role in shaping modern business structures define one pole of historical writing; labor historians who detail workers' capabilities to blunt, transform, or even reject managers' efforts to introduce new technologies define the other pole. Urban, physical science, and technological historians hold intermediate positions. Recently, historians as well as sociologists of technology have taken steps to achieve the difficult feat of showing technology at once as socially constructed and society-shaping. On one level, this essay aims to identify patterns in these literatures. But disciplinary patterns are not the whole story. The principal argument is that those historians (and others) adopting a "macro" perspective are the ones who allow technology a causal role in historical change. They deploy the Machine to make history. This causal role for the Machine is not present and is not possible in studies adopting a "micro" perspective. "The single most influential theory of the relationship between technology and society is 'technological determinism,' " write MacKenzie and Wajc-
Knowledge and the permissibility of action

I argue in favor of a certain connection between knowledge and the permissibility of action. On this approach, we do not think of the relation between those notions as reflecting a universal epistemic principle. Instead, we think of it as something resembling a platitude from folk psychology. With the help of some elementary tools from the logic of normativity and counterfactuals, I attempt to establish the connection by deriving it from more elementary principles. The new formulation involves a ceteris paribus clause. Though it is often difficult to specify the exact content of a ceteris paribus clause, we will see that our clause is derived from a descriptive generalization with independent motivation.
Retention Mechanisms in Reversed-Phase HPLC

In analytical chemistry HPLC techniques are notably powerful, important and widely used, yet they are still viewed as ‘black magic’ by many practitioners because of a lack of basic understanding of the Chromatographic process. Investigations of retention mechanisms have as their goal a complete and exact understanding of retention, accounting for influences of solute type, mobile-phase composition and stationary-phase structure. This would allow separations to be pre-calculated, largely eliminating trial-and-error development. It would also be feasible to devise a rigorously correct retention index system for HPLC, to obtain exact physicochemical information, and to develop a ‘truly expert’ system.
Methods and Purposes for Conducting Students’ Course Evaluations Reported by North American Dental School and Dental Hygiene Program Leaders: A Preliminary Survey Study

The aim of this preliminary survey study was to determine the perceptions of leaders of dental schools and dental hygiene programs regarding methods of and purposes for conducting students’ course evaluations and their role in course improvement, curriculum design, and faculty assessment. A short electronic survey was distributed in 2016 to the academic deans of all 76 dental schools in the U.S. and Canada and a convenience sample of program directors of 232 of the total 332 accredited dental hygiene programs. Individuals from 93 institutions responded for an overall response rate of 30%: 30 of 76 dental schools (39.5% response rate) and 63 of the 232 dental hygiene programs (27% response rate). All of the respondents (100%) reported that their institutions’ full-time faculty members were assessed by students in course evaluations for each course and semester they taught. However, only 78% reported that their part-time faculty members were evaluated by students. Course evaluations were mandatory in 62% (n=58) of the responding institutions, with the remaining 38% (n=35) optional. Respondents indicated course directors received the evaluation results for purposes of annual review (n=73, 78%) and instructional review (n=70, 75%). Further investigation of the use and effects of student evaluations is needed to better understand their role in faculty assessment and other aspects of the administration of dental schools and dental hygiene programs.
Clitic sequences in Nunggubuyu and PF convergence

Although X0 movement places clitics within sentences,ordering within cliticclusters must be readjusted at PFto conform to nonsyntactic orderingrequirements. This paper addressesexactly how the conflicting demands ofsyntactic ordering and purely morphologicalordering are mediated, with datafrom Nunggubuyu (Australia, documented byHeath (1980, 1982, 1984)). Twomechanisms are proposed. First, a pre-Spell-Outdeletion of features by means ofImpoverishment rules (Bonet 1991, 1995) bleedsthe insertion of certain clitics.Impoverishment rules also feed and bleed oneanother, giving rise to complexsurface patterns. Second, clitics which surviveImpoverishment must move inMorphology from their abstract (syntactic)position to conform with surfaceordering restrictions. Heath formalized thesemovements as Affix Hoppingtransformations, but this paper shows thatHopping is always local, and can thusbe modelled as an instance of MorphologicalMerger (Marantz 1988). Whereclitic sequences cannot be properly reorderedby local movements, clitic deletionapplies as a Last Resort to allow PFconvergence. The proposed localityrestriction explains a battery of seeminglyunrelated clitic deletions in aprincipled way.
Antibodies in Milk Directed Against Specific Enteropathogens

Many organisms have been identified as causing diarrhea in infants and children (1). Diarrhea is prevalent when personal hygiene and sanitation are deficient. In addition diarrhea occurs more frequently in infants who are formula fed compared to those who are bottle fed (2–4). Human milk provides a large number of nonspecific and specific Table 1. Enteropathogens against which antibodies have been reported in human colostrum and milk. protective factors that are present in varying concentrations throughout all stages of lactation (5,6). Total secretory IgA immunoglobulin and specific IgA antibodies to many enteropathogens have been recognized in human milk (table 1) (7,8). Secretory IgA is not absorbed in significant quantity from the human intestine and therefore presumably acts at the mucosal surface of the intestine (8). Secretory IgA is more resistant to acid degradation and to the proteolytic activity of gut enzymes than is serum IgA, and can be found intact in significant quantities in feces (9). It is known that immunoglobulin concentrations and antibody titers are high in colostrum and decrease significantly in mature milk. Little is known about the relation between the presence and concentration of these antibodies and the occurrence of diarrhea due to various enteropathogens.
Spectroscopic study of the 7p1/2 and 7p3/2 states in cesium-133

Doppler free spectroscopy was performed on the 7p1/2 and 7p3/2 states in neutral cesium-133 using a frequency doubled titanium sapphire laser stabilized to a temperature-stabilized ultra-low expansion optical cavity. The absolute frequencies for the centers of gravity of the two states were determined to be cm−1 and cm−1, factors of 500 and 650 better than previously reported measurements, respectively. The magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole constants were measured to be MHz for the 7p1/2 state and MHz and MHz for the 7p3/2 state, which are consistent with previously published values.
Integrating Workplace Spirituality and Sustainability for Organizational Success

The central theme of this chapter is that the combination of spirituality and sustainability are beneficial for organizational success. Because limited research exists concerning the relationships among sustainability, spirituality and organizational success, much of the focus of this chapter will be on the development of an argument for, and a conceptual framework from which to examine the proposed relationship of these constructs. Systems thinking, the Quadruple Bottom Line for Sustainability, and Man-Environment-Organism (M-E-O) are introduced as frameworks through which to understand the proposed relationship. Flourishing, conscious capitalism and spiritual entrepreneurship are introduced within the context of the chapter theme. The chapter concludes with an examination of Laloux’s proposed model of organizational evolution, and the emerging evolutionary “teal” organization.
On Finding Local Nash Equilibria (and Only Local Nash Equilibria) in Zero-Sum Games.

We propose local symplectic surgery, a two-timescale procedure for finding local Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. We first show that previous gradient-based algorithms cannot guarantee convergence to local Nash equilibria due to the existence of non-Nash stationary points. By taking advantage of the differential structure of the game, we construct an algorithm for which the local Nash equilibria are the only attracting fixed points. We also show that the algorithm exhibits no oscillatory behaviors in neighborhoods of equilibria and show that it has the same per-iteration complexity as other recently proposed algorithms. We conclude by validating the algorithm on two numerical examples: a toy example with multiple Nash equilibria and a non-Nash equilibrium, and the training of a small generative adversarial network (GAN).
Generalization of einstein's equation for nonsymmetric T μν

We show how our hypercomplex number approach to the basic laws (which works so well for Dirac and Maxwell theory) leads to a divergence from the Einstein approach to gravity except in the contracted scalar equation. Our equation seems to allow a nonsymmetricT μβ source tensor. The serious problem of energy conservation is considered but not resolved.
Treated Municipal Wastewater Reuse: A Holistic Approach Using Hybrid Ion Exchange (HIX) with Concurrent Nutrient Recovery and CO2 Sequestration

As freshwater supplies dwindle globally, large metropolises like Los Angeles and Singapore have made significant progress in municipal wastewater reuse where reverse osmosis (RO) is an integral com...
Advances in Low Energy SiGe APD Optical Link

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) combined with four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) can double the data rate at the same baud rate and allow for realization of high bandwidth and high density interconnects. Due to this reason, PAM4 has becoming a mainstream modulation scheme for the standardization of 400 Gb/s Ethernet (400bE). High-sensitivity receivers with internal gain can relieve the link budget challenge in operations of PAM4 and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and achieve high energy efficiency. Here we demonstrates a 60 Gb/s PAM4 waveguide Si-Ge avalanche photodiode (APD) with low breakdown voltage of −10 V. A low energy WDM SiGe APD optical link architecture involves Si hybrid comb lasers, Si microring modulators and SiGe APDs is also presented.
Still Life: A Bioarchaeological Portrait of Perinatal Remains Buried at the Spring Street Presbyterian Church

This article examines the perinatal remains from the Spring Street Presbyterian Church burial vaults of New York City. This early 19th-century collection contains the commingled remains of at least 13 perinates, and burial records indicate that 37 stillborn individuals, or individuals dying just after birth, were interred in the vaults between 1820 and 1850. By integrating historical records and the findings from the church, this article argues that the biological and social identities of perinates were made in relationship to their mothers, fathers, and the church institution itself. Such making draws on Ingold and Hallam’s (2016:5) metaphor that bodies are not just grown, but literally created, that the physical growth of an individual provides the material for the embodiment of personhood through socialization. This article explores how these biological and social identities were constructed for the perinates buried at the Spring Street Presbyterian Church.
Nanodomains can persist at physiologic temperature in plasma membrane vesicles and be modulated by altering cell lipids.

The formation and properties of liquid-ordered (Lo) lipid domains (rafts) in the plasma membrane are still poorly understood. This limits our ability to manipulate ordered lipid domain-dependent biological functions. Giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) undergo large-scale phase separations into coexisting Lo and liquid-disordered lipid domains. However, large-scale phase separation in GPMVs detected by light microscopy is observed only at low temperatures. Comparing Forster resonance energy transfer-detected versus light microscopy-detected domain formation, we found that nanodomains, domains of nanometer size, persist at temperatures up to 20°C higher than large-scale phases, up to physiologic temperature. The persistence of nanodomains at higher temperatures is consistent with previously reported theoretical calculations. To investigate the sensitivity of nanodomains to lipid composition, GPMVs were prepared from mammalian cells in which sterol, phospholipid, or sphingolipid composition in the plasma membrane outer leaflet had been altered by cyclodextrin-catalyzed lipid exchange. Lipid substitutions that stabilize or destabilize ordered domain formation in artificial lipid vesicles had a similar effect on the thermal stability of nanodomains and large-scale phase separation in GPMVs, with nanodomains persisting at higher temperatures than large-scale phases for a wide range of lipid compositions. This indicates that it is likely that plasma membrane nanodomains can form under physiologic conditions more readily than large-scale phase separation. We also conclude that membrane lipid substitutions carried out in intact cells are able to modulate the propensity of plasma membranes to form ordered domains. This implies lipid substitutions can be used to alter biological processes dependent upon ordered domains.
Military cosmopolitanism and romantic indigeneity: Crafting claims to statehood in Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss and Easterine Kire’s Bitter Wormwood:

The world wars definitively changed the relations with the state of the peoples of India’s northeastern frontier. The wars were both fought on their terrain (with the invasion of the Japanese army)...
How to Prepare for USMLEs, How to Do Well, and When to Take Them?

USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination) sponsored by FSMB (Federation of State Medical Boards) and NBME (National Board of Medical Examiners) is a three-step key examination to get medical licensure in the United States. The key to preparation is the practice of the materials like UWorld self-assessment, first aid, and NBME self-assessments before actually giving the exam. The best time to start giving exams is medical school year 2 or 3, which makes an international applicant at par with an American medical graduate. Herein, we described in detail the testing format and tips for the best time period to take the exam so as to score the best.
Synthesis of transition metal dichalcogenides

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are often called van der Waals materials because they typically have strong in-plane covalent bonds and weak out-of-plane van der Waals forces. For the unique structure of the van der Waals materials, they can form a stable structure as the materials are reducing to an atomically thin monolayer. Single-layer graphite called graphene has been produced by mechanical exfoliation method from highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. Since the discovery of graphene, many unique and superior properties of the material have been revealed. However, it has some limitations in the semiconductor applications due to its semimetallic character. The success of graphene research and lack of semiconductor property have led scientists to find other inorganic 2D materials beyond graphene. Researchers have revealed several different types of 2D semiconductor materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), phosphorene, and MXene. TMDs among the 2D semiconductor materials have attracted considerable attention as core materials of next-generation semiconductor devices due to their unique electrical, mechanical, chemical, and optical properties. This chapter discusses various methods to synthesize and to manipulate the properties of TMDs.
Multi-Level Power Controller Design for Dynamic Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems

A multi-level power controller is proposed to ensure high power transfer in dynamically varying inductive power transfer systems. The Output power in an IPT system is significantly affected due to coupling factor changes as pick-up coil moving across transmitter coils. Multi-level power transfer is designed to online regulate the transfer power level according to the position of pickup coil with respect to the primary pads. A dynamic wireless power transfer system along with the proposed power transfer controller is investigated as a case study and the detailed simulation results are shown; simulation is done using ANSYS MAXWELL combined with MATLAB.
Strategies for Conducting Post-Culture-of-Poverty Research on Poverty, Meaning, and Behavior

Sociologists widely agree that poverty is the effect of structural factors; however, understanding the ways in which poverty is experienced and constructed with reference to culture remains a compelling area of scholarship. In a society where culture of poverty ideas retain popularity, attributing meanings and behavior to people in poverty is complicated and contentious. Many scholars adroitly navigate these waters, but we lack clear guidelines on how to examine the behavior and perceptions of people in poverty without misrepresenting and potentially stigmatizing research subjects. I argue that to avoid problems of overgeneralization and what I call “unacknowledged comparison,” we must engage with multiple points of observation and empirical comparisons. In addition, it makes sense to center sets of circumstances that affect behavior rather than generalizing the behavior or the culture that influences that behavior. Finally, I argue that the unit of analysis should be at the relational level rather than the individual level. The implications of failing to attend to these issues include continued misunderstanding of and unwarranted stigmatization of people in poverty.
COVID-19 Response Needs to Target Rural Communities

As societies attempt to contain COVID-19, millions have sought to avoid the high living cost and perilous density of the metropolis. Throughout the world, migrant workers have been forced to flood out of cities and return to their homes in the countryside following government-initiated lockdowns aimed at curbing the spread of COVID-19. However, as governments seek to curb the disease and address the socio-economic implications of the lockdowns, the plight of rural communities has been overlooked. Even as governments struggle to check the outbreak in cities amid the easing of months-long lockdowns, there is a need for policy that targets rural areas.
What's the Matter?

This issue of Technology | Architecture + Design began in one world and will be published in another. Two major health and cultural phenomena have reshaped our understanding of ourselves, how we in...
Label-free detection of brain tumors in a 9L gliosarcoma rat model using stimulated Raman scattering-spectroscopic optical coherence tomography.

Significance: In neurosurgery, it is essential to differentiate between tumor and healthy brain regions to maximize tumor resection while minimizing damage to vital healthy brain tissue. However, conventional intraoperative imaging tools used to guide neurosurgery are often unable to distinguish tumor margins, particularly in infiltrative tumor regions and low-grade gliomas. Aim: The aim of this work is to assess the feasibility of a label-free molecular imaging tool called stimulated Raman scattering-spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (SRS-SOCT) to differentiate between healthy brain tissue and tumor based on (1) structural biomarkers derived from the decay rate of signals as a function of depth and (2) molecular biomarkers based on relative differences in lipid and protein composition extracted from the SRS signals. Approach: SRS-SOCT combines the molecular sensitivity of SRS (based on vibrational spectroscopy) with the spatial and spectral multiplexing capabilities of SOCT to enable fast, spatially and spectrally resolved molecular imaging. SRS-SOCT is applied to image a 9L gliosarcoma rat tumor model, a well-characterized model that recapitulates human high-grade gliomas, including high proliferative capability, high vascularization, and infiltration at the margin. Structural and biochemical signatures acquired from SRS-SOCT are extracted to identify healthy and tumor tissues. Results: Data show that SRS-SOCT provides light-scattering-based signatures that correlate with the presence of tumors, similar to conventional OCT. Further, nonlinear phase changes from the SRS interaction, as measured with SRS-SOCT, provide an additional measure to clearly separate tumor tissue from healthy brain regions. We also show that the nonlinear phase signals in SRS-SOCT provide a signal-to-noise advantage over the nonlinear amplitude signals for identifying tumors. Conclusions: SRS-SOCT can distinguish both spatial and spectral features that identify tumor regions in the 9L gliosarcoma rat model. This tool provides fast, label-free, nondestructive, and spatially resolved molecular information that, with future development, can potentially assist in identifying tumor margins in neurosurgery.
Genome-wide identification of sexual-reproduction genes in fission yeast via transposon-insertion sequencing

Many genes required for sexual reproduction remain to be identified. Moreover, many of the genes that are known have been characterized in distinct experiments using different conditions, which complicates understanding the relative contributions of genes to sex. To address these challenges, we developed an assay in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that couples transposon mutagenesis with high-throughput sequencing (TN-seq) to quantitatively measure the fitness contribution of nonessential genes across the genome to sexual reproduction. This approach identified 532 genes that contribute to sex, including more than 200 that were not previously annotated to be involved in the process, of which more than 150 have orthologs in vertebrates. Among our verified hits was an uncharacterized gene, ifs1 (important for sex), that is required for spore viability. In two other hits, plb1 and alg9, we observed a novel mutant phenotype of poor spore health wherein viable spores are produced, but the spores exhibit low fitness and are rapidly outcompeted by wildtype. Finally, we fortuitously discovered that a gene previously thought to be essential, sdg1 (social distancing gene), is instead required for growth at low cell densities. Our assay will be valuable in further studies of sexual reproduction in S. pombe and identifies multiple candidate genes that could contribute to sexual reproduction in other eukaryotes, including humans.
A juggler’s dozen of easy † problems

Is every dualizable finite algebra of finite signature finitely based? What is the likelihood that a random finite modular lattice directly decomposes into an even number of directly indecomposable lattices? Is the algebra $${\langle \mathbb{N},+, \cdot, {n\atopwithdelims ()k},!,0, 1 \rangle }$$ finitely based? Is it decidable, given a finite lattice $${\mathbf{L}}$$ and a finite algebra $${\mathbf{A}}$$ , whether $${\mathbf{L}}$$ can be embedded into the congruence lattice of an algebra belonging to the variety generated by $${\mathbf{A}}$$ ? What is the Nullstellensatz for free lattices? Which finite automatic algebras are dualizable?
The Escherichia coli preprimosome and DNA B helicase can form replication forks that move at the same rate.

A DNA replication system was developed that could generate rolling-circle DNA molecules in vitro in amounts that permitted kinetic analyses of the movement of the replication forks. Two artificial primer-template DNA substrates were used to study DNA synthesis catalyzed by the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme in the presence of either the preprimosomal proteins (the primosomal proteins minus the DNA G primase) and the Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding protein or the DNA B helicase alone. Helicase activities have recently been demonstrated to be associated with the primosome, a mobile multiprotein priming apparatus that requires seven E. coli proteins (replication factor Y (protein n'), proteins n and n″, and the products of the dnaB, dnaC, dnaG, and dnaT genes) for assembly, and with the DNA B protein. Consistent with a rolling-circle mechanism in which a helicase activity permitted extensive (-) strand DNA synthesis on a (+) single-stranded, circular DNA template, the major DNA products formed were multigenome-length, single-stranded, linear molecules. The replication forks assembled with either the preprimosome or the DNA B helicase moved at the same rate (approximately 730 nucleotides/s) at 30 degrees C and possessed apparent processivities in the range of 50,000-150,000 nucleotides. The single-stranded DNA binding protein was not required to maintain this high rate of movement in the case of leading strand DNA synthesis catalyzed by the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and the DNA B helicase.
Processing Instruction : Theory, Research, and Commentary

Contents: Part I: Foundations. B. VanPatten, Input Processing in SLA. W. Wong, The Nature of Processing Instruction. P. Lightbown, Commentary: What to Teach? How to Teach? M. Harrington, Commentary: Input Processing as a Theory of Processing Input. Part II: Processing Instruction Versus Other Types of Instruction. B. VanPatten, W. Wong, Processing Instruction and the French Causative: Another Replication. A.C. Cheng, Processing Instruction and Spanish Ser and Estar: Forms With Semantic-Aspectual Values. A.P. Farley, The Relative Effects of Processing Instruction and Meaning-Based Output Instruction. J. Collentine, Commentary: Where PI Research Has Been and Where It Should Be Going. Part III: The Roles of Structured Input and Explicit Information. W. Wong, Processing Instruction in French: The Roles of Explicit Information and Structured Input. A. Benati, The Effects of Structured Input Activities and Explicit Information on the Acquisition of the Italian Future Tense. A.P. Farley, Processing Instruction and the Spanish Subjunctive: Is Explicit Information Needed? C. Sanz, Computer Delivered Implicit Versus Explicit Feedback in Processing Instruction. C.J. Doughty, Commentary: When PI Is Focus on Form It Is Very, Very Good, but When It Is Focus on Forms... Part IV: Long-Term Effects of PI. B. VanPatten, C. Fernandez, The Long-Term Effects of Processing Instruction. Part V: Final Commentaries. S. Carroll, Some Comments on Input Processing and Processing Instruction. J.F. Lee, On the Generalizability, Limits, and Potential Future Directions of Processing Instruction Research. B. VanPatten, Several Reflections on Why There Is Good Reason to Continue Researching the Effects of Processing Instruction.
More Orthogonal Polynomials as Moments

Classical orthogonal polynomials as moments for other classical orthogonal polynomials are obtained via linear functionals. The combinatorics of the Al-Salam-Chihara polynomials are given, and three classification theorems for generalized moments as orthogonal polynomials are proven. Some combinatorial explanations and open problems are discussed.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN DEODORIZED AND NONDEODORIZED BUTTEROIL STORED AT 30 C.

Abstract Tenox 2, 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, lauryl gallate, propyl gallate, quercetin, and charred nonfat milk solids were evaluated in deodorized and nondeodorized butteroil stored 12 months at 30C. The samples were analyzed at one-month intervals for 2-thiobarbituric acid numbers, peroxide value, free carbonyls, and average flavor threshold. The antioxidants were effective in stabilizing the oil against flavor deterioration in the deodorized samples. However, in the nondeodorized oil, a flavor deterioration occurred early in storage which was attributed to nonoxidative reactions. This flavor defect was described as stale or lactone.
A COMPUTATIONAL THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC MAGNESIUM PRODUCTION

The Magnetherm process is the most Midely used thermal reduction process for commercial magnesium production. This process requires a vacuum atmosphere, ferrosilicon reductant. and dolomite ore. The vacuum atmosphere is typically 0.1 atm. However. the vacuum atmosphere creates two major problems: air leakage and batch operation to tap excess slag. The air leakage contaminates the magnesium vapor and the batch operation lowers productivity. Atmospheric production of magnesium could eliminate the vacuum requirement. By increasing the pressure inside the furnace to atmospheric pressure. a pressure difference would not exist between the outside and the inside of the furnace. Air would not leak into the furnace and excess slag could be tapped without stopping the production. However. the atmospheric magnesium process will require a different reaction temperature and slag coniposition since under current operating parameters. magnesium cannot be produced when the pressure is over 0.63 atm. A computational thermodynamic analysis was completed on a variety of slag compositions and reaction temperatures. The data collected was used to determine three key factors: ( 1) purity of the magnesium \apor: (2) aggressiveness of the slag: and (3) fraction of solids in the bulk slag.
Landmark-Based Robot Motion Planning

This paper considers a reduced version of the general motion planning problem with uncertainty and an implemented complete polynomial algorithm solving it. This algorithm computes a guaranteed plan by backchaining nondirectional preimages of the goal until one fully contains the set of possible initial positions of the robot. It assumes that “landmarks” are scattered across the workspace. Robot control and sensing are perfect within the fields of influence of these landmarks, while control is imperfect and sensing null outside these fields. We propose extensions of the planning algorithm that eliminate the need for several of these assumptions.
Voting Radical Right in Western Europe

1. Introduction 2. The radical right 3. Who votes for the radical right? 4. Immigration, unemployment, and the vote for the radical right 5. Coalitions and strategic voting: a model 6. Coalitions and strategic voting: analysis 7. Extending the model: Denmark 8. Conclusion.
Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination.

(2005). Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 21-25.
‘He's One of Ours’: A Case Study of a Campus Response to Crisis

Early on Friday, 19 April 2013, officials at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth learned that one of the Boston Marathon bombing suspects was an enrolled student. That morning, the entire campus was transformed into both a crime scene and a potential target for an act of domestic terrorism. This article examines the campus response to this crisis, based on interviews with campus officials and a review of a task force report produced to review the campus response. This case study speaks to three important issues in the crisis management literature. Having a crisis plan helps (1), but testing of these plans is critical for an effective response (2). Furthermore, the plan must allow for real-time decision making that is both centralized and decentralized (3).
Two-Dimensional Soot

Large soot aggregates (ca. 100 μm) in acetylene−air diffusion flames are physically flat and have a fractal dimension of D = 1.40 ± 0.04 consistent with simulations of two-dimensional diffusion-limited cluster aggregation. This occurs because the soot is constrained to a cylindrical annular flame front with a radial thickness that appears thin relative to the increasing dimensions of the soot aggregates, thus confining them to a two-dimensional space during aggregation.
ADDENDUM Specht Modules for Column-Convex Diagrams: Characteristic-Free Results for Weyl Modules

Abstract It is shown that the results in Reiner and Shimozono 12 have characteristic-free analogues for Weyl modules.
A system to detect houses and residential street networks in multispectral satellite images

Maps are vital tools for most government agencies and consumers. However, their manual generation and updating is tedious, time consuming, and expensive. To address these concerns, we are developing automated techniques. In this paper, we restrict our attention to residential regions. These regions provide a challenge, testing the current limits of automated image analysis. Such regions are also typically areas of rapid growth and development and, therefore, are of interest from the applications perspective. In previous studies, we introduced statistical measures to extract these kinds of regions from satellite images [in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol. 1, 2002, p. 127, IEEE Trans. GeoRS (2003), IEEE Trans. PAMI]. As the next step toward automatic map generation, here we introduce a novel system to detect houses and street networks in IKONOS multispectral images. These images have one meter panchromatic resolution with 4 m resolution in the spectral bands. Our system consists of four major components: multispectral analysis to detect cultural activity, segmentation of regions of possible human activity (based on the surface material), decomposition of the segmented images, and graph theoretical algorithms over the decompositions to extract the street network and to detect houses. We tested our system on a large and diverse data set. Our results indicate the usefulness of our system in detecting houses and street networks, hence generating automated maps.
Using Executable Slicing to Improve Rogue Software Detection Algorithms

This paper describes a research effort to use executable slicing as a pre-processing aid to improve the prediction performance of rogue software detection. The prediction technique used here is an information retrieval classifier known as cosine similarity that can be used to detect previously unknown, known or variances of known rogue software by applying the feature extraction technique of randomized projection. This paper provides direction in answering the question of is it possible to only use portions or subsets, known as slices, of an application to make a prediction on whether or not the software contents are rogue. This research extracts sections or slices from potentially rogue applications and uses these slices instead of the entire application to make a prediction. Results show promise when applying randomized projections to cosine similarity for the predictions, with as much as a 4% increase in prediction performance and a five-fold decrease in processing time when compared to using the entire application.
Terrestrial solar spectral ultraviolet measurements at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

ABSTRACT At the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), ongoing projects investigate the use of ultraviolet(UV) energy as it applies to aqueous toxic waste purification, material degradation, and terrestrial spectralsolar irradiance model development. These projects require knowledge of the UV spectral distribution ofnatural terrestrial sunlight and artificial sources rich in UV radiation. NREL has modified instrumentationto measure terrestrial solar spectral distributions from 250 to 400 nanometers (nm) at 1-nm intervals. It uses a band width of 2 nm, and a small double monochromator and photomultiplier (1P28) detector. Themodified instrument measures artificial sources in the laboratory with up to 1000 times the intensity of natural solar UV radiation. This is done using coupled multiple integrating spheres and by limiting apertures to provide appropriate signal levels. A newly acquired UV spectroradiometer with good wavelengthaccuracy (0.3 nm) is used to calibrate broad-band solar UV monitoring detectors outdoors and againstlaboratory standards. Both the metrology and research applications of these UV spectral measurements
Application of Monte Carlo simulation methods to quantum cosmology.

Quantum Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods used widely throughout physics to generate ground-state wave functions are applied to the minisuperspace quantization of spatially homogeneous cosmologies. MC diffusion, MC path integral, and semiclassical MC path integral methods are applied to the de Sitter model, the mixmaster universe (and its generalizations), and the Robertson-Walker scalar field cosmology. All methods adequately reproduce the de Sitter model's wave function in the regime that has an effective ground state. In other situations, the failure of the Hamiltonian constraint (i.e., Wheeler-DeWitt operator) to be bounded from below presents a severe obstacle to the simulations. If a ground state is artificially forced, the various MC methods can be compared in more complicated models. The simulations can then be used to study issues such as the validity of the minisuperspace approximation, the choice of a time variable, the path space measure, and tunneling universe wave functions.
Dvandvas, blocking, and the associative: The bumpy ride from phrase to word

The oldest form of Sanskrit has a class of expressions that are in some respects like asyndetically coordinated syntactic phrases, in other respects like single compound words. I propose to resolve the conflicting evidence by drawing on prosodic phonology, stratal optimality theory, and the lexicalist approach to morphological blocking. I then present an account of the semantic properties and the historical development of these expressions. The analysis points to a solution to the theoretical problem of nonmonotonic trajectories in diachrony, a challenge for causal theories of change that claim that analogical processes are simplifying or regularizing. The idea is that optimization of such a highly structured object as a language does not proceed monotonically, but via a sequence of local optima. * .
The Influence of Jurisprudential Considerations on Supreme Court Decisionmaking: A Study of Conflict Cases

In this study, we assess the impact of attitudinal and jurisprudential factors on the Supreme Court's resolution of intercircuit conflicts. In doing so, we depart from earlier efforts to assess the impact of legal factors that conceptualize law as an external constraint. Instead, we view jurisprudential considerations in terms of the justices' efforts to adopt the most legally persuasive position in light of accepted methods of legal reasoning. Our analyses reveal that the justices are (1) more likely to follow the reasoning process adopted by the majority of circuits involved in the conflict, (2) less likely to adopt the conflict position marred by contrary dissents and concurrences in the circuit court opinions, and (3) more likely to adopt the conflict position endorsed by prestigious circuit court judges. Our findings suggest that jurisprudential considerations, as well as attitudinal concerns, affect the justices' decisionmaking processes in a substantial minority of cases.
Ionization potential of neutral atomic plutonium determined by laser spectroscopy

The ionization potential of the neutral plutonium atom, Pu i, has been determined by two- and three-step resonance photoionization observation of the threshold of ionization and of Rydberg series. The Rydberg series were observed by field ionization as series that converge to the first ionization limit and as autoionizing series that converge to the second and to several higher convergence limits. The threshold and Rydberg series were obtained through a number of two- and three-step pathways. The photoionization threshold value for the 239Pu i ionization potential is 48582(30) cm−1, and the more accurate value from the Rydberg series is 48604(1) cm−1 or 6.0262(1) eV.
Hierarchical spatiotemporal feature extraction using recurrent online clustering

Deep machine learning offers a comprehensive framework for extracting meaningful features from complex observations in an unsupervised manner. The majority of deep learning architectures described in the literature primarily focus on extracting spatial features. However, in real-world settings, capturing temporal dependencies in observations is critical for accurate inference. This paper introduces an enhancement to DeSTIN - a compositional deep learning architecture in which each layer consists of multiple instantiations of a common node - that learns to represent spatiotemporal patterns in data based on a novel recurrent clustering algorithm. Contrary to mainstream deep architectures, such as deep belief networks where layer-by-layer training is assumed, each of the nodes in the proposed architecture is trained independently and in parallel. Moreover, top-down and bottom-up information flows facilitate rich feature formation. A semi-supervised setting is demonstrated achieving state-of-the-art results on the MNIST classification benchmarks. A GPU implementation is discussed further accentuating the scalability properties of the proposed framework.
The ACES II program system

ACES II, a new program system for ab initio electronic structure calculations is described. The strengths of ACES II involve the use of many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) and coupled-cluster (CC) theory for calculating the energy, geometry, spectra, and properties of small- to medium-sized molecules. This paper gives a brief overview of the ACES II project, describes many features of the program system, and documents a number of benchmark calculations. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
He I Photoelectron Spectra and Gas-Phase Electronic Structures of End-Functionalized (3)- and (5)-Ladderanes

[3]- and [5]-ladderanes obtained by way of template-controlled syntheses conducted in the organic solid state have been characterized via He I photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy. The results provide a first correlation with X-ray crystallographic structure data and establish the reliability of quantum chemical DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) and ab initio HF calculations in predicting geometrical and electronic structures of molecular ladder frameworks.
A Model for Protective Clothing Effects on Performance

Personal protective clothing (PPC) enables people to work in hazardous environments, but PPC can have a detrimental effect on worker performance. Predicting garment effects on worker performance is difficult because quantitative relationships among garment properties and human responses are not known. Presents a systematic structure for studying the relationships among garment properties and their immediate effects on the worker. Using a survey of 118 studies, previous work was categorized according to garment parameters and dependent measures. Except for studies of heat stress, most of these studies compared competing garments or simply measured physiological response, rather than relating these effects to garment attributes. Such results are seldom transferable to other clothing systems or tasks. Proposes a conceptual model based on this systematic structure. Introduces garment impediment indices (GIIs) as response functions of garment attributes, and offers an approach for developing quantitative models of PPC effects on worker performance.
How were porphyrins and lipids synthesized in the RNA world

Abstract It has been suggested that the most primitive organisms use RNA's as catalysts for their metabolic pathways. Molecular mechanisms are proposed for carbon-carbon bond forming processes in the RNA world leading to the lipids necessary for the membranes and to the production of porphyrinoids in these organisms.
Applying Buber's I–Thou Principle to Incarceration

To date, probably the most damning critiques of the prison-industrial complex come from abolitionists like Angela Davis or (who I would identify as) radical reformers like Christian Parenti. In bot...
Single-Cell Electroporationfor Gene Transfer In Vivo

We report an electroporation technique for targeting gene transfer to individual cells in intact tissue. Electrical stimulation through a micropipette filled with DNA or other macromolecules electroporates a single cell at the tip of the micropipette. Electroporation of a plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the brain of intact Xenopus tadpoles or rat hippocampal slices resulted in GFP expression in single neurons and glia. In vivo imaging showed morphologies, dendritic arbor dynamics, and growth rates characteristic of healthy cells. Coelectroporation of two plasmids resulted in expression of both proteins, while electroporation of fluorescent dextrans allowed direct visualization of transfer of molecules into cells. This technique will allow unprecedented spatial and temporal control over gene delivery and protein expression.
Genetic control of programmed cell death and aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used extensively as a model system for the study of basic biological processes. In this species, apoptosis and aging are both under genetic control. Molecular studies have shown that the death machinery that kills C. elegans cells has remained conserved through evolution and also functions to promote apoptotic death in mammalian cells. At least some of the genes that affect C. elegans life span are also evolutionarily conserved; whether the vertebrate homologs of these genes also influence life span remains to be determined. Although a large number of mutations have been isolated that affect either apoptosis or aging in C. elegans, there is so far no evidence that the genetic pathways that control these processes might overlap.