cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of toxic cyanobacteria and purified toxins on the survival and feeding of a copepod and three species of Daphnia

Acute toxicity experiments with purified toxins show that four species of zooplankton differ markedly in their physiological sensitivity to cyclic peptide hepatotoxins from Microcystis ueruginosu (microcystin-LR1 and Noduluria spumigenu (nodularin). The copepod Diaptomus birgei was most sensitive (48-h LC,, for microcystin-LR ranged from 0.45 to 1.00 pg ml-l), Daphnia pulicuriu was least sensitive (48-h LCsO, 21.4 pg ml-l), and Daphnia hyulinu (48-h L& 11.6 pg ml- *) and D ap niu pulex (48-h LC&,, 9.6 pg ml-l) were intermediate in sensitivity. h Survivorship in the presence of toxic Microcystis was strongly infiuenced by both physiological sensitivity and feeding behavior. Relatively good survivorship by D. pulicuriu was associated with low sensitivity to purified toxin and rapid feeding inhibition in the presence of toxic cells. In contrast, very poor sur\ivorship by D. pulex was associated with greater physiological sensitivity and nearly uninhibited feeding on toxic Microcystis. Intermediate survivorship by D. birgei was associated with food selection capabilities on the one hand and high physiological sensitivity and uninhibited feeding on the other. Our results suggest that zooplankton have evolved both physiological and behavioral adaptations which enhance their abilities to coexist with toxic cyanobacteria.
The deformation of a viscous particle surrounded by an elastic shell in a general time-dependent linear flow field

The dynamics of a viscous particle surrounded by an elastic shell of arbitrary thickness freely suspended in a general linear flow field is investigated. Assuming the unstressed shell to be spherical, an analysis is presented for the case in which the flow-induced deformation leads to small departures from sphericity. The general time-dependent evolution of shape is derived and various special cases (purely elastic sphere, rigid and gaseous interior, elastic membranes) are discussed in detail. It is found that for steady-state flows the equilibrium deformations are absolutely stable and depend only upon the shell thickness, although the rates at which they are attained show the effect of the inside viscosity, too.
Regulation of Vibrio anguillarum empA Metalloprotease Expression and Its Role in Virulence

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum strains M93Sm and NB10 and empA null mutants M99 and NB12. Both wild types were virulent when administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or anal intubation. NB12 was avirulent via either route of infection. M99 virulence was attenuated when delivered by intubation, but fully virulent by i.p. injection. Northern blot analysis revealed empA expression in M93Sm and NB10 cells incubated in mucus, while incubation in Luria-Bertani broth plus 2% NaCl (LB20) induced empA expression only in NB10. Nucleotide differences between M93Sm and NB10 empA sequences were found in regions located 207 and 229 bp upstream of the empA translational start. Reverse transcription-PCR and 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends revealed the empA transcriptional start site 85 bp upstream of the translational start for both strains. A putative σS-dependent promoter was identified upstream of the transcriptional start in both strains. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to create rpoS mutants of M93Sm and NB10. Neither rpoS mutant exhibited protease activity. Since empA is expressed during stationary phase, the effects of conditioned medium on protease activity were examined. M99 conditioned LB20 supernatants stimulated protease activity in NB10 while allowing M93Sm to produce protease in LB20. Neither acyl homoserine lactones nor AI-2 induced protease activity. Conditioned LB20 supernatant from a V. anguillarum luxS mutant caused a more rapid induction of protease activity in wild-type cells. Our data show that expression of empA is differentially regulated in V. anguillarum strains NB10 and M93Sm and requires σS, quorum-sensing molecules, and gastrointestinal mucus.
Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone

OBJECTIVETo review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of long-acting (LA) risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia.DATA SOURCESInformation was selected from PubMed (1965–July 2004). Applicable scientific posters were also used.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll published information on risperidone LA was considered. Material providing a comprehensive description was considered.DATA SYNTHESISRisperidone LA is the first long-acting, injectable atypical antipsychotic. It is dosed at 25–50 mg every 2 weeks. Adverse effects are similar to those seen with oral risperidone. A short-term study showed that risperidone LA is better than placebo in reducing the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia, and a long-term trial showed that stable schizophrenic patients can be switched from either oral or other injectable antipsychotic medications to risperidone LA.CONCLUSIONSRisperidone LA is efficacious and safe in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Self-reported alcohol consumption and falls in older adults: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the cardiovascular health study.

Objectives: To assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between alcohol consumption and risk of falls in older adults. Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Setting: Four U.S. communities. Participants: A total of 5,841 older adults enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study, an ongoing, population-based, prospective cohort study, participated. Measurements: Self-reported alcohol consumption at baseline, self-reported frequent falls at baseline, and the 4-year risk of falls of participants who denied frequent falls at baseline. Results: Cross-sectional analysis indicated an apparent inverse association between alcohol consumption and risk of frequent falls (adjusted odds ratio in consumers of 14 or more drinks per week=0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.14–1.17; P for trend=.06), but longitudinal analysis indicated a similar 4-year risk of falls in abstainers and light to moderate drinkers but a 25% higher risk in consumers of 14 or more drinks per week (95% CI=3–52%; P for trend=.07). Similar results were found in analyses stratified by age, sex, race, and physical activity. Conclusion: Consumption of 14 or more drinks per week is associated with an increased risk of subsequent falls in older adults. Cross-sectional studies may fail to identify this risk of heavier drinking, perhaps because older adults at risk for falls decrease their alcohol use over time or because heavier drinkers at risk for falls tend not to enroll in cohort studies. However, because this study relied upon annual reporting of falls, further prospective studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
On isoperimetric profiles of algebras

Abstract Isoperimetric profile in algebras was first introduced by Gromov in [M. Gromov, Entropy and isoperimetry for linear and non-linear group actions, Groups Geom. Dyn. 2 (4) (2008) 499–593]. We study the behavior of the isoperimetric profile under various ring theoretic constructions and its relation with the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension.
RF multi-channel head coil design with improved B 1 + Fields uniformity for high field MRI systems

In ultra high field MRI systems (7 tesla and higher), the wavelength inside the body is short and smaller than the human anatomy at the Larmor frequency. At these shorter wavelengths, interference effects appear; the uniformity of the RF excitation B 1 + field over the whole subject becomes inhomogeneous. The RF B 1 + field generated by the RF coil is a maximum in the center along the length of the coil microstrip element and falls off towards both ends of the coil element and it leads to anomalous contrast in the MR images. In this study, double trapezoid-like shape along the length of the microstrip resonator is proposed to obtain gradual impedance variation and flatten transmission near-field profile along the length of the coil. The conventional and proposed 8 channel head coils were investigated with a phantom in a 7 tesla MRI scanner. The results show very flat field distribution with about 35% increased local transmission magnetic field strengths at the end sides as well as about 13% improvement at the center and the Q (quality factor) ratio between unloaded and loaded is also increased about 45% (from 1.46 to 2.13) compared to the conventional structure.
When Going Along Gets You Nowhere and the Upside of Conflict Behaviors

The capacity for coordinated action is the foundation of much of humanity’s greatest social and cultural achievements. Yet there are conditions under which cooperative behaviors do more harm than good, within and between groups. We review current research from a variety of social science disciplines exploring the oft-unquestioned ironic effects of cooperative behavior and conversely, the value of social conflict for positive outcomes – e.g., increased creativity and moral behavior, and concrete social change and equity. Recent reviews of prejudice reduction interventions have shed light on the hazards of exclusively promoting positive attitudes and emotions within and between groups. In complement, we focus on cooperative and conflictual behavior and the consequences thereof. To highlight issues researchers and practitioners should consider when developing social interventions, we summarize some of the common ironic effects of cooperative and conflict behaviors. Cooperative behaviors are socially and economically beneficial across a large variety of contexts; however, universal prescriptions for such behaviors may have unintended negative effects, whereas conflict is often requisite for promoting progress.
Par-4 Links Dopamine Signaling and Depression

Summary Prostate apoptosis response 4 (Par-4) is a leucine zipper containing protein that plays a role in apoptosis. Although Par-4 is expressed in neurons, its physiological role in the nervous system is unknown. Here we identify Par-4 as a regulatory component in dopamine signaling. Par-4 directly interacts with the dopamine D2 receptor (D2DR) via the calmodulin binding motif in the third cytoplasmic loop. Calmodulin can effectively compete with Par-4 binding in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner, providing a route for Ca 2+ -mediated downregulation of D2DR efficacy. To examine the importance of the Par-4/D2DR interaction in dopamine signaling in vivo, we used a mutant mouse lacking the D2DR interaction domain of Par-4, Par-4ΔLZ . Primary neurons from Par-4ΔLZ embryos exhibit an enhanced dopamine-cAMP-CREB signaling pathway, indicating an impairment in dopamine signaling in these cells. Remarkably, Par-4ΔLZ mice display significantly increased depression-like behaviors. Collectively, these results provide evidence that Par-4 constitutes a molecular link between impaired dopamine signaling and depression.
Colonoscopy use following mutation detection in Lynch syndrome: Exploring a role for cancer screening in adaptation

Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common inherited form of colorectal cancer. Mutation carriers can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with colorectal cancer through colonoscopy. Theoretical models suggest that such health-related behaviors might also bring psychological benefits. This study assessed whether colonoscopy following mutation detection was associated with the levels of depressive symptoms. Data were obtained from a prospective family cohort study offering genetic services for LS. Participants completed questionnaires prior to the provision of services and 6 months post-receipt of mutation results. One hundred thirty-four (134) persons were identified to carry a mutation and completed both the questionnaires. Main outcome measures were depressive symptoms 6 months post-receipt of test results. Mutation carriers who did not complete a colonoscopy within the 6 months following receipt of results were six times (p < 0.01; odds ratio = 6.06) more likely to report depressive symptoms at a level of clinical importance post-receipt of test results compared to those who did undergo colonoscopy. Facilitating the expeditious use of colonoscopy following mutation detection may benefit newly identified mutation carriers by addressing the objective risks for cancer and moderating underlying emotional distress responses to genetic risk information. Furthermore, depressive symptoms may interfere with behavioral compliance in some patients, suggesting referral to mental health specialists.
Simulation and visualization: improving our understanding of dipole radiation

Normally, dipole radiation is a topic that is reserved for an upper-division course in electromagnetic fields. The usual treatment consists of perturbation expansions applied to the near zone and far zone. The near zone is dominated by the Coulomb fields which mask the radiation, so this treatment leads to little understanding of how the radiation is actually emitted from the antenna. Using the CAEME software, simulations of an impulsively excited dipole can be produced that lead to a fundamental understanding of the radiation process in a dipole antenna. In the simulation software, the Coulomb fields can be turned off so that the radiated "acceleration" fields may be studied, and animated "QuickTime" movies of the radiation can be produced. The simplicity of the fields aids students in understanding the time-domain features of the radiation process. The simulations have been used in sophomore introductory physics classes and have proven to be effective in teaching dipole radiation. >
No Absolutes in Neuromonitoring for Carotid Endarterectomy

To the Editor: I have some concerns about the recently published study by Beese et al.1 While I applaud the number of patients they studied, they misled the readers regarding the reliability of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) for carotid endarterectomies. I question the validity of their data because of their description of sensor location, inadequate data presentation, and conclusions that are not warranted by their results. I also disagree with some of the points raised in their discussion. To their credit, the authors addressed some of these concerns, but inadequately, I believe. My 5-year experience with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the NIRO 500, and the INVOS 3100A and 4100 convinces me that the INVOS accurately measures brain hemoglobin oxygenation even in pathological states. Understanding what is being measured and how best to apply it in its many potential and untested uses is the challenge before us. First, the authors tacitly imply that SEP monitoring is 100% sensitive and specific by stating that the avalidity of SEP has been established. In fact, previous studies involving 200 to 500 patients report sensitivity of 60% to 100% and specificity of …
Age and set in creative test performance.

The Unusual Uses Test was administered to 36 boys and 36 girls from two Grade 5 and two Grade 12 classes. The resulting fluency and originality scores were then analyzed. As hypothesized, Ss told they were taking a “creativity exercise” produced more uses than Ss taking a “word exercise.” This effect was chiefly due to the older Ss being strongly influenced by the creative set. There was no effect of sex. The “exercise” manipulation did not effect the originality scores (fluency as the covariate). Younger Ss and males appeared to be more original, but an interaction of sex × grade with unusually low scores by older girls was chiefly responsible for these effects. Implications for assessment of creativity and research are discussed.
Stability of a Model Explaining Selected Extramusical Influences on Solo and Small-Ensemble Festival Ratings.

This is the third study in a line of inquiry whose purpose has been to develop a theoretical model of selected extramusical variables' influence on solo and small-ensemble festival ratings. Authors of the second of these (Bergee & McWhirter, 2005) had used binomial logistic regression as the basis for their model formulation strategy. Their final model included as statistically significant variables time of day (morning/afternoon), type of event (solo/ensemble), performing medium (vocal/instrumental), school size classification (Larger/smaller), district level of expenditure per average daily attendance (high/middle/low), and type of event by performing medium interaction. For the present study, we examined the stability of their model for a different data set (the following year's ratings) by means of a similar but modified strategy. Among other modifications, we used multinomial instead of binomial logistic regression. Utimately, the present study's model converged strongly on Bergee and Mc Whirter's pr...
Expanding CS education; improving software development

Ed H. Chi writes about the social Web's impact on CS education. Ruben Ortega discusses software and test-driven development.
Decentralized mapping of robot-aided sensor networks

A key problem in the deployment of sensor networks is that of determining the location of each sensor such that subsequent data gathered can be registered. We would also like the network to provide localization for mobile entities, allowing them to navigate and explore the environment. In this paper, we present a robust decentralized algorithm for mapping the nodes in a sparsely connected sensor network using range- only measurements and odometry from a mobile robot. Our approach utilizes an extended Kalman filter (EKF) in polar space allowing us to model the nonlinearities within the range-only measurements using Gaussian distributions. We also extend this unimodal centralized EKF to a multi-modal decentralized framework enabling us to accurately model the ambiguities in range-based position estimation. Each node within the network estimates its position along with its neighbor's position and uses a message-passing algorithm to propagate its belief to its neighbors. Thus, the global network localization problem is solved in pieces, by each node independently estimating its local network, greatly reducing the computation done by each node. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using simulated and real-world experiments with little to no prior information about the node locations.
β-Adrenergic regulation of uncoupling protein expression in swine

This study examined the β-adrenergic regulation of uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 and UCP3 gene expression in porcine tissues. In vitro experiments examined changes in UCP2 and UCP3 gene expression in middle (MSQ) and outer (OSQ) subcutaneous adipose tissues from crossbred neutered male pigs. Incubation of tissue slices (24 h) with 0 to 1000 nM isoproterenol increased UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA abundance in MSQ and OSQ, relative to 18S rRNA (Pb0.05). For the in vivo experiment, nine randomly selected pigs (80 kg) were presented with a diet supplemented with 10.0 ppm ractopamine for 2 weeks. Another eight pigs were maintained on a control diet. Dietary ractopamine did not affect adipose UCP2 or UCP3 gene expression (PN0.05). However, UCP2 mRNA abundance was depressed in semitendinosus white (STW, Pb0.05) and semitendinosus red (STR, Pb0.001) by ractopamine feeding. Also, ractopamine decreased UCP3 mRNA abundance by 28% in STW (Pb0.05). The in vitro data suggest that β-adrenergic agonists directly affect adipose tissue UCP expression, although these adipose effects can be masked by the in vivo physiology. The in vivo data indicate that β-adrenergic agonists may function in regulating UCP2 and UCP3 expression in selected muscles.
Smoking Bans and Restrictions in U.S. Prisons and Jails Consequences for Incarcerated Women

Adiscussion focusing on the unintended consequences of tobacco-control policies on low SES women and girls would be incomplete if it did not address the impact of prison tobacco policies on incarcerated women. In the U.S., incarcerated women are doubly disadvantaged— disadvantaged by the circumstances associated with incarceration and by the circumstances of incarceration. Overwhelmingly, incarcerated women are young and impoverished, as well as members of racial and ethnic minorities. They come from communities damaged by high rates of incarceration and the breakdown of social networks. They have less education, fewer employment opportunities, and less access to health care and other services in their communities. Their health status is poor, with high rates of chronic and communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Most have children and many are pregnant at the time of arrest or incarceration. They have higher rates of mental illness, substance abuse and dependence, and greater lifetime exposure to trauma, including physical and sexual abuse. Once incarcerated, they suffer the loneliness, stress, trauma, and degradation of prison life. Because they make up a small proportion of the prison population, they have less access to treatment and services during incarceration than their male counterparts. Smoking prevalence among incarcerated women ranges from 42% to 91%, two to four times higher than among women in the general population. 1–3 Despite their relatively young ages, a large proportion of incarcerated female smokers already suffer from smokingrelated illnesses. 3 The culture of smoking is different in prisons and jails than in “the free world.” Smoking is entrenched in the culture of prisons and jails; in those environments, smoking is normative and cigarettes function as currency and provide a means to barter for scarce commodities or services. 3,4 Despite the presence
Slater Transition in the Pyrochlore Cd2Os2O7

Cd2Os2O7 crystallizes in the pyrochlore structure and undergoes a metal-insulator transition (MIT) near 226 K. Here we present resistivity, heat capacity, and magnetization results on Cd2Os2O7. Both single crystal and polycrystalline material were examined. We also present LAPW electronic structure calculations on Cd2Os2O7. We interpret the results in terms of a Slater transition. In this scenario, the MIT is produced by a doubling of the unit cell due to the establishment of antiferromagnetic order. A Slater transition--unlike a Mott transition--is predicted to be continuous, with a semiconducting energy gap opening much like a BCS gap as the material is cooled below T MIT .
Fractures of the humerus; a comparative study in methods of treatment.

Undisplaced fractures of the neck of the humerus or impacted fractures in patients of the older age group (over sixty) are best treated by a collar-and-cuff sling and early, active exercise5. Impacted adduction fractures of the neck must be reduced and immobilized in abduction. As a rule, abduction fractures without avulsion of the greater tubercle may be reduced by manipulation and immobilized in a hanging cast. If the tubercle and rotator cuff are displaced, they must be reduced accurately, usually by surgery. The treatment of choice for all fractures of the shaft at any level is the hanging cast, provided: (1) that traction is never excessive; (2) that angulation and apposition are controlled; and (3) that the "hanging-cast rules" are observed. Although fractures of the shaft may be treated successfully by the abduction splint, return of function will be delayed, the apparatus will require continual attention, and the patient will be less comfortable than with the hanging cast. The shoulder spica is rarely indicated in the treatment of any fracture of the humerus. Anaesthesia is seldom necessary for reduction of uncomplicated fractures of the neck or shaft, provided that traction is properly utilized. Thus, the necessity for hospitalization is reduced to a minimum. Since medullary fixation is gaining wide popularity, it is well to re-emphasize the success of conservative treatment of these fractures.
Deep-water Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa): current knowledge of reproductive processes

Little is known of the basic biology and ecology of the numerous species of deep-water scleractinians found in all the world’s oceans. Of all the biological processes, reproduction is the most fundamental. Without knowledge of a species’ reproduction, we know little about how they survive both the environment that is the deep-sea, and the increasing anthropogenic effects of man’s exploration for new fisheries and energy reserves.
Abstract LB-484: Molecular regulation of HIF-1α by CDK1 and the cell cycle

The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) transcription factor is a critical mediator of the cellular response to oxygen deprivation. HIF-1α is frequently overexpressed in human cancers due to intratumoral hypoxia as well as genetic alterations that promote HIF-1α synthesis or inhibit its degradation (i.e. gain of function mutations in oncogenic pathways, such as RAS and PI3K, or loss of function mutations to the tumor suppressor, VHL, respectively). Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α is stabilized and translocates to the nucleus where it activates the transcription of genes that promote angiogenesis, cell proliferation/survival, and metastasis, among other processes. While the role of HIF-1 in the regulation of the cell cycle has been well studied, the effect of the cell cycle stage on HIF-1 expression and activity remains unknown. To address this question, HCT116 colon cancer cells were synchronized in G1, S, or G2/M-phase and exposed them to hypoxia (0.2% O 2 ). Interestingly, HIF-1α expression was nearly abolished upon G2/M-phase arrest, and a significant increase was observed following arrest in S-phase. Therefore, cell cycle position influences the expression of HIF-1α, independent of oxygen concentration. Previous data in our lab indicates that knockdown of CDK1 decreased HIF-1α expression under hypoxic conditions. To further characterize this effect, we demonstrate that acute inhibition of CDK1 kinase activity with small molecules significantly decreases the stability of HIF-1α at the protein level, without affecting HIF-1α mRNA levels. Furthermore, cycloheximide chase experiments reveled that HIF-1α protein levels decreased at a significantly faster rate in the presence of a CDK1 inhibitor, R0-3306, (t 1/2 = 38.2 ± 6.1 min) compared to controls (t 1/2 = 54.6 ± 3.2 min). These results indicate that the half-life of HIF-1α is significantly decreased upon inhibition of CDK1. Taken together, these data indicate that CDK1 activity regulates the stability of HIF-1α, and suggests that CDK1 activity stabilizes HIF-1α through a post-translational modification that promotes its stability. Thus, we have discovered that CDK1 and the cell cycle position regulate the expression of HIF-1α. There is a subset of tumors that express HIF-1α under normoxic conditions, driving tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Therefore the identification of alternative mechanisms that regulate HIF-1α expression would be extremely valuable in the clinical setting, as well as to aid the basic understanding of the role of HIF-1 in tumorigenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-484. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-484
Hyperglycemia at the Time of Acquiring Central Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections Is Associated With Mortality in Critically Ill Children.

Objectives Hyperglycemia is common and may be a risk factor for nosocomial infections, including central catheter-associated bloodstream infections in critically ill children. It is unknown whether hyperglycemia at the time of acquiring central catheter-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric critical illness is associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration > 126 mg/dL [> 7 mmol/L]) at the time of acquiring central catheter-associated bloodstream infections (from 4 d prior to the day of first positive blood culture, i.e., central catheter-associated bloodstream infections) in critically ill children is common and associated with ICU mortality. Design Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting Fifty-five-bed PICU and 26-bed cardiac ICU at an academic freestanding children's hospital. Patients One hundred sixteen consecutively admitted critically ill children from January 1, 2008, to June 30, 2012, who were 0-21 years with central catheter-associated bloodstream infections were included. We excluded children with diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, and those with a "do not attempt resuscitation" order. Interventions None. Measurements and main results The study cohort had an overall ICU mortality of 23%, with 48% of subjects developing hyperglycemia at the time of acquiring central catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Compared with survivors, nonsurvivors experienced more hyperglycemia both at the time of acquiring central catheter-associated bloodstream infections and subsequently. Median blood glucose at the time of acquiring central catheter-associated bloodstream infections was higher in nonsurvivors compared with survivors (139.5 mg/dL [7.7 mmol/L] vs 111 mg/dL [6.2 mmol/L]; p 7 mmol/L) during the 7 days following central catheter-associated bloodstream infections (in comparison to 45% of survivors; p = 0.03). After controlling for severity of illness and interventions, hyperglycemia at the time of acquiring central catheter-associated bloodstream infections was independently associated with ICU mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-6.4; p = 0.03), in addition to other risk factors for ICU mortality (vasopressor use and severity of organ dysfunction). Conclusions Hyperglycemia at the time of acquiring central catheter-associated bloodstream infections is common and associated with ICU mortality in critically ill children. Strategies to monitor and control blood glucose to avoid hyperglycemia may improve outcomes in critically ill children experiencing central catheter-associated bloodstream infections.
Developing new pathways into the biomedical informatics field: the AMIA High School Scholars Program

Increasing access to biomedical informatics experiences is a significant need as the field continues to face workforce challenges. Looking beyond traditional medical school and graduate school pathways into the field is crucial for expanding the number of individuals and increasing diversity in the field. This case report provides an overview of the development and initial implementation of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) High School Scholars Program. Initiated in 2014, the program's primary goal was to provide dissemination opportunities for high school students engaged in biomedical informatics research. We discuss success factors including strong cross-institutional, cross-organizational collaboration and the high quality of high school student submissions to the program. The challenges encountered, especially around working with minors and communicating program expectations clearly, are also discussed. Finally, we present the path forward for the continued evolution of the AMIA High School Scholars Program.
Complex-Vector Model of Interturn Failure in Induction Machines for Fault Detection and Identification

This paper presents an improved complex-vector dynamic model for a three-phase induction machine (IM) with stator interturn short-circuit fault. The paper proposes an accurate and meaningful approach to the faulty stator leakage inductance and describes a nonlinear phenomenon in the faulty circuit. The asymmetric model is developed in detail and represented in state-space (SS) form with the flux-linkages as the SS variable. Based on the proposed model, steady-state complex-vector, operational, and sequence component equivalent circuits are derived for fault detection and identification purposes. For reasons of verification, the model is simulated in MatLab environment and experimentally corroborated for a 1HP three-phase squirrel-cage IM. The simulations and experiments are compared at no-load and loading condition for both transient and steady-state response. The permanent regime analysis studies the model with respect to the fault severity factor, fault resistance, and load variation. The proposed model shows high correlation with the experimental results.
EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS-BASED INTERVENTIONS ON DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR: A META-ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH

The popularity of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) is growing rapidly in schools. Decisions regarding the use of these interventions must be based on empirical evidence. There is robust evidence for the use of MBIs with adults, but research on MBIs with youth is nascent. The purpose of this meta-analytic review was to add to the literature by synthesizing single-case research on MBIs with children and adolescents. Specifically, the effect of MBIs on youths’ disruptive behavior was examined in 10 studies published between 2006 and 2014. Results indicated that, on average, MBIs had a medium effect on disruptive behavior during treatment, g = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.30–1.78]; TauU = 0.59, 95% CI [0.40–0.77]. The average effect of MBIs during maintenance phases was larger, g = 1.41, 95% CI [0.55–2.28]; TauU = 0.71, 95% CI [0.59–0.83]. Potential moderators of intervention effects were also explored. Implications for future research and practice regarding MBIs with youth and in schools are discussed.
CD34+AC133+VEGFR-2+ Cells Are Primitive Hematopoietic Progenitors, Not Functional Endothelial Progenitor Cells.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are currently used for angiogenic therapies or as biomarkers to assess cardiovascular disease risk and progression. However, there is no uniform definition of an EPC, which complicates interpretation of prior EPC studies. EPCs are primarily defined by expression of cell surface antigens. The most widely cited definition of an EPC is a cell which co-expresses CD34, AC133 and VEGFR-2. Importantly, these antigens are also expressed on the most primitive population of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), including high proliferative potential- (HPP-) and low proliferative potential-colony forming cells (LPP-CFCs). Remarkably, CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells have never been isolated and plated in endothelial cell (EC) or hematopoietic cell clonogenic assays to determine what cell progeny can be derived from a CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cell. Utilizing human umbilical cord blood (CB), an enriched source of both EPCs and HPCs, we isolated and purified CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells by FACS and assayed for the presence of clonogenic endothelial CFCs (ECFCs) plus HPP- and LPP-CFCs. Surprisingly, CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells do not form ECFCs under any culture conditions previously described for outgrowth of EPCs. However, consistent with a HPC phenotype, CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells formed both HPP- and LPP-CFCs in multiple independent assays. In addition, all CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells were shown to co-express the specific hematopoietic cell surface antigen, CD45, which is not present on ECs. Based on this information, we plated CD34 + CD45 + or CD34 + CD45 − cells to determine if EPCs could be separated from HPCs on the basis of CD45 expression. In multiple independent assays, CD34 + CD45 + cells consistently formed both HPP- and LPP-CFCs but not EC colonies. In contrast, CD34 + CD45 − cells form EC colonies but not hematopoietic cell colonies. Taken together, these data demonstrate that circulating CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells are HPCs and the biologic mechanism for their correlation with cardiovascular disease needs to be re-examined. Furthermore, studies focused on determining the angiogenic potential of CD34 + CD45 − cells are needed given that this cell population harbors ECFCs.
The Cortisol Awakening Response Mediates the Relationship Between Acculturative Stress and Self-Reported Health in Mexican Americans

The assessment of acculturative stress as synonymous with acculturation level overlooks the dynamic, interactive, and developmental nature of the acculturation process. An individual’s unique perception and response to a range of stressors at each stage of the dynamic process of acculturation may be associated with stress-induced alterations in important biological response systems that mediate health outcomes. Evidence suggests the cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a promising pre-clinical biomarker of stress exposure that may link acculturative stress to self-reported health in Mexican Americans. The aim of the current study was to examine whether alterations in the CAR mediate the relationship between acculturative stress and self-reported health in Mexican Americans. Salivary cortisol samples were collected at awakening, 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter, on two consecutive weekdays from a sample of adult Mexican Americans. Acculturative stress and self-reported health were assessed. Data were aggregated and analyzed (n = 89) using a mixed effects regression model and path analysis. Poorer self-reported health was associated with attenuated CAR profiles (primarily due to a diminished post-awakening rise in cortisol) predicted by both moderate and high levels of exposure to acculturative stress. Stress-induced alterations in the CAR mediated the relationship between exposure to acculturative stressors and self-reported health. Findings demonstrate that different levels of acculturative stress are associated with distinct CAR profiles and suggest the CAR is one possible biological pathway through which exposure to culturally unique stressors may be linked to health disparities.
Diverse Requirements for Microglial Survival, Specification, and Function Revealed by Defined-Medium Cultures.

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, engage in various CNS-specific functions that are critical for development and health. To better study microglia and the properties that distinguish them from other tissue macrophage populations, we have optimized serum-free culture conditions to permit robust survival of highly ramified adult microglia under defined-medium conditions. We find that astrocyte-derived factors prevent microglial death ex vivo and that this activity results from three primary components, CSF-1/IL-34, TGF-β2, and cholesterol. Using microglial cultures that have never been exposed to serum, we demonstrate a dramatic and lasting change in phagocytic capacity after serum exposure. Finally, we find that mature microglia rapidly lose signature gene expression after isolation, and that this loss can be reversed by engrafting cells back into an intact CNS environment. These data indicate that the specialized gene expression profile of mature microglia requires continuous instructive signaling from the intact CNS.
The Anti-Axial Age

Karl Jaspers famously characterized the period from the beginning of the eighth to the end of the third century before Christ as an “Axial Age” in which intellectual freedom and creativity blossomed as never before. This article argues that it was followed, five hundred years later, by an “Anti-Axial Age”, which devised a novel formula for intellectual and political repression. Its essence was the state’s capture of the millenial narrative, which had first been developed as religious doctrine within Zoroastrianism and Christianity. Involving the two great classical empires of Western Eurasia, Persia and Rome, and then empowering the expansion of Islam, the Anti-Axial Age left an ideological legacy that continues to haunt the contemporary world.
Is Formal Research Training Associated With Academic Success in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Purpose Pursuing promotion in academic rank and seeking funded research opportunities are core elements of academic practice. Our purpose was to assess whether formal research training influences academic rank or National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding among full-time academic oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs). Materials and Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of full-time academic OMSs in the United States. The primary predictor variable was completion of formal research training, defined as a research fellowship or advanced non–clinical doctoral research degree (PhD, DMSc, DPH, DPhil, ScD). The outcomes measures were current academic rank and successful acquisition of NIH funding (yes vs no). Other study variables included MD degree, clinical fellowship training, years since training completion, and Hirsch index (H-index), a measure of academic productivity. We computed the descriptive, bivariate, and multiple regression models and set P ≤ .05 as significant. Results A total of 299 full-time academic OMSs were included in the study sample. Of the 299 OMSs, 41 (13.7%) had had formal research training. Surgeons with formal research training had a greater mean interval since completion of training (P = 0.01) and had a greater mean H-index (P = 0.02). Formal research training was not associated with academic rank (P = .10) but was associated with an increased likelihood of receiving NIH funding (P Conclusions Among academic OMSs, those with formal research training had greater success with obtaining NIH funding. However, formal research training did not appear to influence an OMS's current academic rank.
Abstract 607: Modulating VEGFR3 Signaling by Epsins Regulates Lymphatic Dysfuntion in Diabetes

Background: Impaired lymphatic function in diabetes is a major cause of lymphedema and immune suppression. VEGFR3 signaling is a master regulator of lymphatic development; however, whether alteration of VEGFR3 signaling regulates lymphatic function in diabetes is unknown. We uncovered that loss of epsins in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) increases VEGFR3 signaling by hindering VEGFR3 downregulation (Science Signaling, 2014). The goals for the present study were (1) to determine if hyperglycemia inhibits VEGFR3 signaling and impairs lymphangiogenesis, (2) identify critical molecular pathways that drive the upregulation of epsin, leading to enhanced degradation of VEGFR3 in diabetes, (3) to ascertain if elevated VEGFR3 signaling caused by epsin loss is crucial for restoring impaired lymphatic circulation in diabetes. Methods and Results: Using innovative near-infrared imaging and tail lymphedema models, we showed that epsin loss accelerates recovery from diabetic secondary lymphedema. We also found that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress attenuates VEGFR3 signaling, delays diabetic secondary lymphedema resolution, however, elevates epsin expression in LECs. Mechanistically, using ChIP and luciferase reporter analyses, we discovered that hyperglycemia driven oxidative stress-induced Src activation stimulates AP1 activity, which in turn binds epsin promoter and upregulates epsin transcription. Consequently, heightened epsin expression in primary LECs isolated from diabetic mice suppresses VEGFR3 signaling and prohibits lymphangiogenesis by facilitating VEGFR3 downregulation. Conversely, epsin deficiency rescues high-glucose-induced VEGFR3 loss, amends defective lymphangiogenesis, and ameliorates diabetic secondary lymphedema. Conclusions: Epsin depletion promotes diabetic secondary lymphedema resolution by protecting VEGFR3 from oxidative stress-induced degradation, highlighting the therapeutic potential for targeted inhibition of epsins in the lymphatic endothelium as a treatment for lymphatic dysfunction in diabetes.
Enhanced chemical activity and wettability at adjacent Brønsted acid sites in HZSM-5

Abstract The adjustable acid sites in zeolites and its well-defined pore structure allows for a fine-tuning of the catalytic performance. The activity and selectivity of several reactions have been shown to be dependent on the location and distribution of the acid sites in the zeolite. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this dependence remain to be explored. Here, we report density functional theory calculations, through which we investigate the impact of proximity of Bronsted acid sites in the HZSM-5. We find that Bronsted sites with close spatial proximity can significantly strengthen the adsorption of water, which is used as a molecular probe for the local activity. We find that a water molecule can form H-bonds with two adjacent sites with increased adsorption energy. This increase is attributed to enhanced polarization of the water molecule through pronounced interfacial charge transfer. In some case, we observe that the proton becomes detached from the zeolite framework and forms a hydronium ion. We further show that hybrid functional calculations are essential for accurately describing the structural stability when two sites are located in close proximity of each other. Both, the enhanced polarization and proton delocalization may affect activity and selectivity for zeolite-catalyzed reactions.
A kinetic model for propylene oxidation on a mixed metal oxide catalyst

Abstract We report a kinetic model that describes in quantitative detail the formation and consumption rates of all C1–C6 byproducts in propylene oxidation to acrolein at 623 K on a mixed metal oxide catalyst. The kinetic model highlights the existence of two key surface intermediates, a propylene-derived allyl species and an acrolein-derived ethenyl species, as precursors to all heavy C4–C6 products via additive reactions with C C and C O bonds of propylene and oxygen-containing compounds. The model reproduces experimental molar amounts of 19 C1–C6 products as well as of propylene, oxygen, and water reactants as a function of propylene conversion assessed in 30 independent experiments. The model is further validated by comparing the model output to the measured isotopic distributions of C5 products during isotopic tracer experiments with acrylic acid-13C3 as a probe molecule. The surface coverages of relevant species are assessed as a function of propylene conversion to infer the involvement of lattice oxygen, surface hydroxyl, and lattice oxygen vacancies as well as the major and minor pathways for the formation and consumption of the allyl and ethenyl surface species.
SOURCES OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: OCEAN DISPOSAL AND ACCIDENTAL SPILLS

Organic contaminants enter the world oceans through a variety of non-point-source transport pathways, including deposition from the atmosphere, direct runoff from coastal municipalities, and runoff from agricultural lands either directly or via rivers. Rivers also deliver to the oceans those organic waste materials discharged via industrial and municipal effluents into upland surface waters. These oceanic inputs are supplemented by deliberate point-source discharges from coastal outfalls and ocean dumping, and accidental releases of materials during oceanic transport or coastal production and transfer operations. The purposes of this paper are to summarize current information on the quantities and types of organic contaminants entering the oceans as a result of deliberate disposal and accidental spills, and to assess the potential magnitudes of these inputs relative to others.
Protein Synthesis and Nutrient Metabolism

The liver produces and secretes most of the circulating proteins in the body that function in an amazingly complex array of regulatory and metabolic processes. The liver also functions as a central metabolic way station for the processing, partitioning and trafficking of nutrients, including lipids and carbohydrates, as well as vitamins, at the intersection of the intestine and the rest of the body. It is remarkable that the regulatory mechanisms that have evolved to control these processes generally function in a highly responsive and coordinated manner. However, when dysregulation occurs due to genetic or environmental factors, such as in glycogen storage diseases or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, significant morbidity may result. This chapter will highlight these functions of the liver and some of the disease processes that may occur.