cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal patterns of CO2 and water vapor exchange of the tall and short height forms of Spartina alterniflora Loisel in a Georgia salt marsh

Seasonal patterns of the responses of net photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf diffusive conductance, water-use efficiency and respiration to temperature, light and CO2 concentration were determined on intact plants of the short and tall height forms of Spartina alterniflora. The studies were conducted on in situ plants in an undisturbed marsh community on Sapelo Island, Ga. Net photosynthesis of the tall form at full sunlight was significantly higher than the short form except during the winter months. Tall S. alterniflora did not light saturate during any season, whereas the short form tended to saturate during all seasons except the summer. The temperature optima of photosynthesis of both forms were similar and showed acclimation to prevailing seasonal temperatures. Leaf conductances to water vapor decreased with increasing temperature and were significantly different between the height forms only at higher temperatures. Dark respiration was relatively low at seasonal temperatures, but increased with temperature. Dark respiration and the respiratory Q10 of the short form tended to be slightly higher than those of the tall form during all seasons. Transpiration rates and water-use efficiency of the tall form were generally higher than the short form. The seasonal response patterns showed intrinsic differences in the capacities of the height forms to metabolize CO2 and respond to prevailing environmental parameters. Analyses of the components of the CO2 diffusion pathway suggested that metabolic or internal components were more important than stomatal factors in determining the photosynthetic patterns of the short height form. It is suggested that the observed differences in the physiological responses of the height forms of the C4 species are due to micro-habitat differences between the low and high marsh. Higher salinity, lower nitrogen availability and other soil factors may limit the CO2 and water vapor exchange capacity of the short form compared to the tall.
125 HEMODYNAMICS AND MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW IN THE FETUS WITH CHRONIC PULMONIC STENOSIS IN UTERO

125 HEMODYNAMICS AND MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW IN THE FETUS WITH CHRONIC PULMONIC STENOSIS IN UTERO
Tris(imidazolyl) cadmium and zinc complexes: structural and spectroscopic characterization of M–OH2 motifs

Abstract The tris(imidazolyl) cavitand ligand, 1,3,5-triethyl-2,4,6-tris[N-methyl-imidazol-2-yl-thiomethyl]benzene, TriMIm, is used to prepare monomeric aqua complexes of cadmium and zinc with the general formula, [(TriMIm)M(OH2)]X2 (M=Cd, X=BF4; M=Zn, X=BF4 or NO3). The molecular structures of each species are characterized by trigonal pyramidal metal ion coordination and hydrogen-bonding between the bound water molecule and the non-coordinating counter ions. The binuclear zinc hydroxo-bridged complex, [{(TriMIm)Zn}2(μ-OH)](BF4)3, has been characterized by X-ray diffraction methods.
The complexation of Cr(III) by iodate

Abstract A study of the complexes formed between Cr(III) and iodate ion in solutions of ionic strength of 0·5, and [H+] = 0·10 M has been made. The complexation is very rapid upon mixing of the reagents. The use of ion exchange membrane equilibration, spectrophotometric measurements and solubility studies can all be interpreted in terms of a single soluble complex, Cr(IO3)2+, being formed at iodate concentrations below 0·12 M. For the equilibrium Cr +3 +2IO 3 −⇄ Cr ( IO 3 ) 2 − the best value of K is 132 ± 10 M−2 at 25°C. In addition the solubility measurements indicated higher complexes are formed at iodate concentrations above 0·2 M.
Enantiomer recognition during anionic coupling of a racemic 2-norbornenone

Abstract Following deprotonation, 1 enters into highly selective bonding to a second enone molecule of the same absolute configuration. The resulting hypothetical homoenolate anion ( 4 ) progresses to 3 by antiplanar ejection of CH 3 S − .
A continuum model for the linear wave propagation in ice-covered oceans: An approximate solution

Abstract In order to model the wave-in-ice climate on a geophysical scale, a continuum viscoelastic model has been developed [Wang, R., Shen, H.H., 2010. Gravity waves propagating into an ice-covered ocean: a viscoelastic model. J. Geophys. Res. 115, C06024. doi:10.1029/2009JC005591 ]. In this model, two modes were identified to be dominant, each for the low or high elasticity range, respectively. In the intermediate elasticity range, both modes have comparable attenuation rates and wave numbers, and they could be co-dominant. Inspired by the Eigenfunction Expansion Matching Method, this paper presents an approximate approach to solve the wave propagation characteristics in the whole physical range of elasticity. A monochromatic wave propagating from semi-infinite open water into semi-infinite ice-covered water is considered. Only two transmitted wave modes are included in the eigenfunction expansions for the ice-covered water. These two modes correspond to the dominant mode under relatively low or high elasticity, respectively. Evanescent wave modes in open water are ignored. By minimizing the matching errors, the least square solution is obtained. For the pure elastic ice cover, the results are compared with the exact solution from the thin elastic plate model. The comparison is in good agreement when the wave period is larger than 10 s. Mild discrepancies exist when the period is smaller than 10 s. The present model provides the simplest way to describe wave propagation characteristics in different types of ice covers.
Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer over an unsteady stretching surface

Abstract This article considers two situations involving unsteady laminar boundary layer flow due to a stretching surface in a quiescent viscous incompressible fluid. In one configuration, the surface is impermeable with prescribed heat flux, in the other, the surface is permeable with prescribed temperature. The boundary value problems governing a similarity reduction for each of these situations are investigated and the existence of a solution is proved for all relevant values of physical parameters. The uniqueness of the solution is also proved for some (but not all) values of the parameters. Finally, a priori bounds are obtained for the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number.
Differential scanning calorimetric study of the binding of the water of hydration to deoxyadenosine

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the water of hydration in powder samples of deoxyadenosine (dA), a naturally occurring nucleoside. Though water of crystallization is present in samples which have not undergone heat treatment previously, dA was found to rehydrate at room temperature only at relative humidities (RHs) of 88% and higher. Rehydrated samples exhibited a single endothermic peak. At 95% RH, its activation energy was 1.61 ± 0.06 eV and had an enthalpy change of 190 ± 30 J/g. Experiments between 88 and 95% RH revealed that the energies are independent of RH, to within experimental error. This range of humidity corresponds to secondary hydration in DNA.
Pipeline Infrastructure Growth Challenges

The rapid and unprecedented recent pipeline construction boom to satisfy energy demand has successfully delivered needed energy supplies to growing markets. In the United States, inspectors from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) significantly increased their inspection focus to cover many projects over the last four years. The results of many inspections were the subject of a PHMSA public meeting in April 2009, along with at least one Advisory Bulletin. This paper describes key issues PHMSA has witnessed, addressed, and taken action. The paper will also provide guidance on where industry should focus quality improvement initiatives.
Discrimination between Translesion Synthesis and Template Switching during Bypass Replication of Thymine Dimers in Duplex DNA

The goal of this study was to determine whether bypass replication occurs by translesion synthesis or template switching (copy choice) when a duplex molecule carrying a singlecis,syn-cyclobutane thymine dimer is replicated in vitro by human cell extracts. Circular heteroduplex DNA molecules were constructed to contain the SV40 origin of replication and a mismatch opposite to or nearby the dimer. Control molecules with only the mismatch were also prepared. Heteroduplexes were methylated at CpG islands and replicated in vitro (30 min). Following bisulfite treatment, the nascent DNA complementary to the dimer-containing template was distinguished from the other three strands by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Cloning and sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products revealed that 80–98% carried the sequence predicted for translesion synthesis, with two adenines incorporated opposite the dimer. The fraction of clones with sequence predictive of template switching was reduced when extracts deficient in mismatch repair or nucleotide excision repair activities were used to replicate the heteroduplex molecules. These results support the conclusion that lesion bypass during in vitroreplication of duplex DNA containing thymine dimers occurs by translesion synthesis.
Aquifer Parameters from a One‐Dimensional Steady‐Leaky Type Curve

A drain function and type curve were defined for the one-dimensional steady-state leaky aquifer case, and a match-point procedure was developed for determining the aquifer parameters of transmissivity and leakance. Values for these parameters can be determined by plotting steady-state values of drawdown versus distance and matching the distance-drawdown data to the steady-leaky type curve. The procedure is illustrated by an example that utilizes field data from a canal pumping test in the Tampa, Florida area. Values of transmissivity = 164,000 ft2/day and leakance = 4.9 X 10-3 day-1 were determined for the Upper Floridan aquifer from distance-drawdown and canal flowrate data. These values compare favorably with values of transmissivity and leakance determined from pumping tests and a digital model study in the same area.
Pathology of liver necrosis and regeneration after administration of dimethylnitrosamine in massive doses.

Two groups of dogs were given dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), a hepatotoxic drug, in a single lethal dose. Control dogs were allowed to die. Experimental dogs received life-saving auxiliary liver transplants which were removed after recovery of the host liver or when rejection occurred. The histopathologic findings in the host livers of the two groups are presented. Remarkable variations were noted even among livers from the same group. Centrilobular and midzonal congestion and necrosis were the main findings but appeared less severe than one would expect in view of the lethality of DMNA in control dogs. In contrast to the changes noted with long-term administration of the drug to dogs, there was nothing in this series to suggest cirrhosis.
A ZKP-based identification scheme for base nodes in wireless sensor networks

Most of the published work on authentication mechanisms for wireless sensor networks establishes secure authentication for sensor nodes, but not for the base node that is in fact required to authenticate other nodes in the same network. This situation can lead to an attack whereby a malicious party masquerades as the base station and fraudulently authenticates other legitimate nodes to capture and/or inject messages within the network. The trust assumption in the existing literature with regard to base stations (i.e., implicitly trusting the base station) presents a serious security loophole. We address this problem by proposing a protocol that will help build a base station authentication mechanism in the framework of a one-hop mesh network and later extend it to a multi-hop framework. Our network would consist of a commissioning/installation device, and several forests of nodes (a base node and other nodes). The installation device would be responsible for deploying nodes in an area selected and would distribute information to them as necessary. We shall use a modification of the Guillou-Quisquater identification scheme as our Zero-Knowledge (ZK) protocol in conjunction with the μTESLA protocol for authenticated broadcast, to authenticate the base station.
Inhibition of the U1A-RNA complex by an aminoacridine derivative.

Abstract The RNA recognition motif (RRM) is one of the most common RNA binding domains. There have been few investigations of small molecule inhibitors of RRM–RNA complexes, although these inhibitors could be valuable tools for probing biological processes involving RRM–RNA complexes and would have the potential to be effective drugs. In this paper, the inhibition by small molecules of the complex formed between the N-terminal RRM of the U1A protein and stem loop 2 of U1 snRNA has been investigated. An aminoacridine derivative has been found to promote dissociation of the U1A-stem loop 2 RNA complex with an IC50 value of 1 μM. Fluorescence experiments indicate that two aminoacridine ligands bind to each RNA target site. RNase A footprinting suggests that one binding site may be near the base pair that closes the loop and the other may be in a more flexible region of the loop. The addition of the aminoacridine derivative to stem loop 2 RNA increases the susceptibility of other portions of the loop to digestion by RNase A, which implies that binding of the ligand changes the conformation or dynamics of the stem loop target site. Either direct binding to the RNA or indirect alteration of the structure or dynamics of the loop would be likely to inhibit binding of the U1A protein to this RNA.
Improving outcomes in hypertensive patients: focus on adherence and persistence with antihypertensive therapy.

Although effective control of blood pressure (BP) reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension, BP control rates among treated patients in actual clinical practice are less than optimal. Although the costs of medicines and medical care (which are difficult to estimate both in clinical trials and general clinical practice) are important, medication-taking behavior—adherence and persistence with antihypertensive regimens—influences BP control rates. Many factors affect adherence and persistence with medications, including efficacy and tolerability of drugs prescribed, such that rates vary greatly among antihypertensive classes. In general, medications with fewer adverse effects (in registration trials or large outcomes studies) are associated with increased adherence and lower discontinuation rates. More widespread use of such agents, particularly those available in generic formulations or in low-cost formularies, may lead to better long-term BP control and fewer cardiovascular events.
THE IMPACT OF FLEXIBLE LINKS WITH SOLID LUBRICATION

The collision, with solid lubrification and in the presence of an electric current, of unconstrained slender bars with a massive external surface has been studied. The friction force was computed using a generalized law. An analytical continuous model has been developed and validated by comparing theoretical outcomes with experimental results
Norleucine as a replacement for methionine in phosphatase-resistant linear and cyclic peptides which bind to p85 SH2 domains

Abstract A Met residue in the pTyr+3 position has previously been shown to be an important determinant for high affinity binding of peptides to PI 3-kinase p85 SH2 domains. In the present work, a series of linear and cyclic peptides based on the sequence “Gly-pTyr-Val-Pro-Met-Leu” as well as analogues having pTyr replaced by the phosphatase-resistant pTyr mimetics, phosphonomethyl phenylalanine (Pmp) or difluorophosphonomethyl phenylalanine (F 2 Pmp), were synthesized and their binding potency in p85 SH2 domain preparations compared with corresponding peptides in which the Met has been substituted by Nle. Nle is a chemically more stable, isosteric Met homologue in which the sulfur has been replaced by a methylene. Significant binding potency was retained by the Nle-containing peptides, indicating that Met is not absolutely essential for high affinity binding to this SH2 domain.
Effect of synthetic estrogens and estrogen-progestin combinations on the hepatic microsomal enzyme system

Abstract Pretreatment of male rats with mestranol or ethynyl estradiol 10 min prior to the administration of pentobarbital had no effect on the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep. Although the estrogens are alternate substrates for the microsomal enzyme system which metabolizes pentobarbital, the concentrations used in this study did not affect pentobarbital metabolism. Chronic pretreatment with mestranol or ethynyl estradiol did not induce the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, as determined by measuring the concentration of cytochrome P-450, the rate of activity of cytochrome P-450 reductase and the amount of microsomal protein/g of rat liver. However, chronic pretreatment with ethynyl estradiol or mestranol markedly decreased the daily body weight gain of the rats, but did not significantly alter the weight of their livers.
Computer-Aided Neuroanatomy: Differential Geometry of Cortical Surfaces and an Optimal Flattening Algorithm

In a variety of species including monkeys and humans, the surface of the retina is mapped in an accurate manner to the surface of primary visual cortex. In a real sense there is an image, expressed in the firing density of neurons, impressed on the surface of the brain. The various images found in the brain have complicated natures: They are ``distorted'' by nonlinear map functions, and contain submodality information expressed spatially in the form of columnar systems representing stereo, orientation, motion, and other forms of data. The detailed study of such maps represents a difficult series of problems in the areas of computer graphics, image processing, numerical analysis, and neuroanatomy. This article describes some intial steps in the field of computer-aided neuroanatomy. An algorithm for unfolding and flattening cortical surfaces and a measurement of the differential geometric aspects of these surfaces are presented. Models of the structure of images as they would appear mapped to the surface of primate striate cortex are also shown.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of CH3O− and CD3O−

Abstract The photoelectron spectra of the methoxide anions, CH 3 O − and CD 3 O − , have been measured at 8–10 meV resolution. The spectra show resolved vibrational structure corresponding to vibrational levels of the CH 3 O/CD 3 O X ( 2 E ) state. These vibrational progressions are assigned to the degenerate ν 5 and ν 6 modes of the methoxy radical; no progressions in the totally symmetric stretch modes are observed. In addition, we obtain refined electron affinities: EA(CH 3 O)=1.568±0.005 and EA(CD 3 O)=1.551±0.005 eV.
Evaluation of recycling and disposal options for batteries

The environmental impacts associated with recycling and disposal of lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and sodium sulfur batteries are evaluated. A semi-quantitative scoring system is used to synthesize the extensive and diverse data available on the environmental impacts of battery recycling and disposal. In addition, uncertainties are characterized and features of the recycling infrastructure that could influence battery design are flagged.
Automated Assessment of Review Quality Using Latent Semantic Analysis

Quality of a review can be identified by reviewing a review. Quantifiable factors that help identify the quality of a review include quality and tone of review comments, and the number of tokens each contains. We use machine-learning techniques such as latent semantic analysis (LSA) and cosine similarity to classify comments based on their quality and tone. Our paper details experiments that were conducted on student review and metareview data by using different data pre-processing steps. We compare these pre-processing steps and show that when applied to student review data, they help improve data quality by providing better text classification. Our technique helps predict metareview scores for student reviews.
Theory and application in a post-GISystems world

This perspectives paper uses the seminal article of Goodchild 1992 as a lens through which to review and reflect upon several longstanding issues that have influenced the field of geographic information science in the past and will continue to be important at least into the next decade. Under the category of theory, the continuing issue of ‘tool versus science’ now has implications for the defining of geographic information systems GISs as a profession. In turn, a brief perspective is offered on how GIS has contributed to ‘methodological versus substantive’ questions in science, leading to the understanding of how the Earth works versus how the Earth should look. Both understandings of the Earth are particularly germane to the emergence of tools and applications such as marine and coastal GIS, virtual globes, spatial cyber infrastructure, and the ethics of GIS. And in the realm of marine and coastal GIS, the example of multidimensional data structuring and scaling is used to highlight an underlying lesson of Goodchild 1992 in that theory and application are in no way mutually exclusive, and it may often be application that advances theory, rather than vice versa. Indeed, it may be this reversal that is ushering in a ‘post-GISystems’ world, where GIS is subsumed into a broader framework known simply as ‘the web,’ divorced from the desktop, but providing a new paradigm for GIS aligned with the ‘fourth paradigm’ of Hey et al . 2009. As so much data and information will be collected spatially in a way not possible before e.g., the ‘big data’ of global observational science, GIS will need to be both system and science to support the turn toward more place-based research across increasing scientific domains. GIS is needed also by society at large to guide the understanding of the longstanding fundamentals of geolocation, scale, proximity, distance decay, the neighborhood, the region, the territory, and more.
A comprehensive examination of white matter tracts and connectometry in major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disorder characterized by widespread brain abnormalities. The literature is mixed as to whether or not white matter abnormalities are associated with MDD. This study sought to examine fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter tracts in individuals with MDD using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: 139 participants with MDD and 39 healthy controls (HC) in a multisite study were included. DTI scans were acquired in 64 directions and FA was determined in the brain using four methods: region of interest (ROI), tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and diffusion tractography. Diffusion connectometry was used to identify white matter pathways associated with MDD. RESULTS: There were no significant differences when comparing FA in MDD and HC groups using any method. In the MDD group, there was a significant relationship between depression severity and FA in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex, and between age of onset of MDD and FA in the right caudal anterior cingulate cortex using the ROI method. There was a significant relationship between age of onset and connectivity in the thalamocortical radiation, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and cerebellar tracts using diffusion connectometry. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of group differences in FA and connectometry analysis may result from the clinically heterogenous nature of MDD. However, the relationship between FA and depression severity may suggest a state biomarker of depression that should be investigated as a potential indicator of response. Age of onset may also be a significant clinical feature to pursue when studying white matter tracts. Language: en
Meta-analysis of treatment outcomes for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma.

ObjectivesThis study reviews the published outcomes regarding sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) since the initial description in 1986. This article attempts to (1) understand and better describe the benefit and survival advantages associated with using radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical treatment and (2) support the recommendations of a treatment regimen with current available data in the literature.Data SourcesPublished English-language literature.Review MethodsA PubMed search for articles related to SNUC, along with the bibliographies of those articles to avoid missing articles. All articles were examined for an independent patient data meta-analysis. Thirty studies with 167 cases from 1986 to October 2009 were identified. Demographics, disease extent, treatment, follow-up, and survival were analyzed. Patient cohorts mirroring Kadish staging were created. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed.ResultsFollow-up range was 1 to 195 months (mean 23.4 months, median 15 months). At last follow-up, ...
Alcohol consumption and smoking status: the role of smoking cessation

Cigarette smoking is common among persons with alcohol dependence or abuse with as many as 80% of persons who are alcohol dependent also being smokers. Not only is smoking common in persons with heavy alcohol consumption, but also nicotine dependence appears more severe in smokers with a history of alcohol dependence. This combined exposure to both tobacco smoke and alcohol results in major health consequences including additive risks for some diseases such as head and neck cancers. Although modest alcohol consumption has some positive health benefits, smoking typically negates these benefits. The cellular mechanisms impacted by combined smoking and alcohol exposure are poorly understood, but molecular epidemiology approaches are providing insights regarding the importance of effects on oxidant/antioxidant pathways and on metabolic pathways involving the cytochrome P450 system. Given the prevalence of smoking in the alcohol dependent population, smoking cessation in this group has the potential for tremendous impact. In recent years, smoking cessation approaches have been initiated in this population, but much work remains in order to define the optimal smoking cessation strategies for persons in alcohol treatment programs.
OBSERVATIONS ON ARGENTOPHILIC GRANULES OF CERTAIN PERITRICHS.

SYNOPSIS. Studies of certain members of the order Peritrichida, namely species of Carchesium, Epistylis, Vorticella and Zoothamnium, have revealed prominent argentophilic granules, probably cuticular pores, on the bells of all species, located on the transverse striations which encircle the bells. With light microscopy they appear similar to the basal bodies or kinetosomes found in the peristomal regions of the sessile forms, in the posterior ciliary girdles of the telotrochs, and in the scopulas of both sessile and motile organisms. Telotrochs of the various species are depicted with single and multiple rows of the basal bodies from which the membranelles of the locomotor girdles arise.
Simple Method to Stabilize the Blood Pressure in the Aortic Arch During Distal Crossclamping. An Experimental Study

A method is presented to stabilize the blood pressure on the aortic arch during crossclamping. The procedure consists of inserting a cannula into the proximal aorta and connecting it to a plastic buffer-bag suspended above the operating table at a level corresponding to the desired blood pressure in the aortic arch. Experimentally the method proved to be highly effective to protect the heart from acute hypertension and from overdistention injury regardless of the level of aortic crossclamping.
New Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease

The Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) IV, the long-awaited guideline recommendation to prevent or treat cardiovascular disease (CVD), looks very different from the ATP III guideline released in 2000. The...
Fast seek control for flexible disk drive systems with back EMF and inductance

This paper derives shaped time-optimal servomechanism (STOS) controllers for flexible disk drive systems considering the effect of back electromotive force (back EMF) and coil inductance. To eliminate the vibration due to an unwanted flexible mode, input shaping is used to alter the time-optimal velocity phase-plane profile that moves the third-order non-flexible dynamics from rest to rest. Because the closed-form solution for the time-optimal control of the third-order non-flexible dynamics is not known, the shaped time-optimal velocity phase-plane profiles are derived numerically. By using a curve-fit polynomial to approximate these shaped time-optimal velocity phase-plane profiles, we obtain an analytical expression for the STOS control. Simulations show that the curve-fit polynomials give high accuracy and the STOS control yields near time-optimal performance without unwanted residual vibration.
Exploratory modeling with collaborative design spaces

Enabling ordinary people to create high-quality 3D models is a long-standing problem in computer graphics. In this work, we draw from the literature on design and human cognition to better understand the design processes of novice and casual modelers, whose goals and motivations are often distinct from those of professional artists. The result is a method for creating exploratory modeling tools, which are appropriate for casual users who may lack rigidly-specified goals or operational knowledge of modeling techniques.Our method is based on parametric design spaces, which are often high dimensional and contain wide quality variations. Our system estimates the distribution of good models in a space by tracking the modeling activity of a distributed community of users. These estimates drive intuitive modeling tools, creating a self-reinforcing system that becomes easier to use as more people participate.We present empirical evidence that the tools developed with our method allow rapid creation of complex, high-quality 3D models by users with no specialized modeling skills or experience. We report analyses of usage patterns garnered throughout the year-long deployment of one such tool, and demonstrate the generality of the method by applying it to several design spaces.
Scheduling cooperative work: viewing distributed systems as both CSP and SCL

The authors propose to view cooperating tasks in distributed systems as both CSPs: (communicating sequential processes) and SCLs (sequential cooperating layers). This dual, complementary, view of distributed systems is based on the notion of communication closed layers. The same state-space abstraction and global assertions that were used for the design, development, verification, and testing of such systems are used as the guide and support for scheduling. With a given partition and a given mapping the scheduling guarantees the best performance. It takes advantage of the syntactic visibility of the logic behind task cooperation. >
Timing simulation of paragon codes using workstation clusters

This paper describes a parallel simulation software tool, LAPSE-nx-lib, that executes on a network of workstations. Using this tool, message-passing codes written for an N processor Intel Paragon can be executed on M workstations (N/spl ges/M). The timing estimate produced by the simulator is a prediction of how long the code would have run had it been executed on the N processor Paragon. LAPSE-nx-lib combines nx-lib, a publicly available library that provides the functionality of Intel Paragon nx message-passing calls on networks of workstations, with LAPSE, a parallelized timing simulator that we originally developed to run on the Paragon. We report on our early experiences with this tool on a network of Sun Sparc-10 workstations.
MHC Class I Antigen Presentation of DRiP-Derived Peptides from a Model Antigen Is Not Dependent on the AAA ATPase p97

CD8(+) T cells are responsible for killing cells of the body that have become infected or oncogenically transformed. In order to do so, effector CD8(+) T cells must recognize their cognate antigenic peptide bound to a MHC class I molecule that has been directly presented by the target cell. Due to the rapid nature of antigen presentation, it is believed that antigenic peptides are derived from a subset of newly synthesized proteins which are degraded almost immediately following synthesis and termed Defective Ribosomal Products or DRiPs. We have recently reported on a bioassay which can distinguish antigen presentation of DRiP substrates from other forms of rapidly degraded proteins and found that poly-ubiquitin chain disassembly may be necessary for efficient DRiP presentation. The AAA ATPase p97 protein is necessary for efficient cross-presentation of antigens on MHC class I molecules and plays an important role in extracting mis-folded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we find that genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of p97 does not diminish DRiP antigen presentation to any great extent nor does it alter the levels of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface, despite our observations that p97 inhibition increased the levels of poly-ubiquitinated proteins in the cell. These data demonstrate that inhibiting poly-ubiquitin chain disassembly alone is insufficient to abolish DRiP presentation.
The burden of illness of irritable bowel syndrome: current challenges and hope for the future.

1-3 is associated with a large unmet medical need. IBS symptoms are chronic and unsettling, have an intensely negative effect on patients’ quality of life, and impose a substantial economic burden on patients and society. This article focuses on discussing factors that contribute to these unmet needs and providing a brief overview of advancements in IBS diagnosis and treatment that may influence treatment strategies. Ultimately, these advancements may lower the heavy socioeconomic burden caused by this disorder. The discussion of treatment options in this paper is brief, solely intended to provide the reader with background knowledge of traditional treatment approaches, recently approved agents, and treatments that are on the horizon. IBS patients often experience comorbid GI and non-GI conditions with overlapping symptoms, such as celiac disease, functional dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and psychological disturbances (discussed in 2 sections that follow: Comorbid Conditions and Psychosocial Factors). 4-7 Presence of these comorbid conditions may account, at least in part, for the high health care utilization seen in this patient population. IBS patients use a significantly greater number of health care services and take a greater quantity of prescription drugs, both GI- and non‐GI-related, per year than do persons without IBS. 8-10
Oral administration of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor meloxicam blocks ovulation in non-human primates when administered to simulate emergency contraception

BACKGROUND Prostaglandins produced via cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) within the periovulatory follicle are required for successful ovulation. Inhibition of follicular prostaglandin synthesis prevents timely follicle rupture and oocyte release. This study was conducted to determine if a 5-day course of oral administration of the COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam can prevent ovulation while maintaining normal menstrual cycles in non-human primates. METHODS Adult female cynomolgus monkeys were studied in each of four sequential menstrual cycles. In Cycle 1 a serum sample was obtained each day and assayed for estradiol progesterone and luteinizing hormone; first menses was also noted to establish parameters of a normal menstrual cycle for each animal. In Cycle 2 meloxicam was administered orally once each day for 5 days beginning at either mid follicular (n = 4) late follicular (n = 4) or periovulatory (n = 4) phase of the menstrual cycle; daily serum samples and menses were assessed as for Cycle 1. In Cycle 3 the follicle-bearing ovary was removed 2 days after the expected day of ovulation (n = 3-4/treatment group). In Cycle 4 monkeys received the 5-day courses of oral meloxicam as in Cycle 2 (n = 3-4/treatment group) and the remaining ovary was removed. Ovaries were examined for the presence of an oocyte within the follicle. RESULTS Monkeys had the expected levels of changing reproductive hormones during Cycle 1. Meloxicam treatment in Cycle 2 did not alter hormone levels or the luteal phase length. Follicles of ovaries removed during Cycle 3 did not contain oocytes indicating successful ovulation. Follicles did contain oocytes after meloxicam treatment beginning in the mid follicular (67%) late follicular (100%) or periovulatory (50%) phase of Cycle 4 indicating failure of ovulation. CONCLUSIONS A 5-day course of oral meloxicam administered around the time of ovulation reduced the rate of oocyte release without alteration of reproductive hormones or menstrual cycle length. Meloxicam may be effective as an emergency contraceptive in women.
Image Analysis for Cotton Fibers Part II: Cross-Sectional Measurements:

Cross-sectional analysis of cotton fibers provides direct, accurate measurements of fiber fineness and maturity, which are often regarded as the reference data for validating or calibrating other i...
Ethical Dimensions of International Grantmaking: Drawing the Line in a Borderless World

By their very nature and purpose, foundations are powerful leaders in society. Pressure to maintain the public trust has consequently focused attention on their behavior. While codes of conduct have been produced, foundation officers have yet to make explicit the values that shape their work. The pressure and complexity of foundation decision making — the ways in which priorities are identified and strategies implemented — compel recognition of the multiple ethical dimensions that underlie those actions. This paper is thus proffered as a contribution toward developing the ethics of international grantmaking.
Complementarities in Organizational Design: Empirical Evidence from the New Economy

Economic theory suggests that there are complementarities between the various components of a firm's organizational design (Milgrom and Roberts (1992)). With the exception of Nagar (2002) which examines the joint determination of two components of the management control system, incentive compensation and delegation, there is very little empirical research to support this theorized structure of the firm. We extend Nagar (2002) by examining the complementarities across all three components of the firm's organizational architecture as identified by Jensen and Meckling (1976) and Brickley, Smith, and Zimmerman (1995): performance measurement, incentive compensation, and the allocation of decision rights. We develop a structural equation model to test the hypothesis that the three elements are interdependent for a sample of business-to-consumer Internet firms and find strong evidence to support the conjecture that the three components of the firms' organizational design are interdependent. We also provide evidence on the role of knowledge specificity, firm strategy, span of control, and various ownership and governance characteristics in the design of the firm's organizational architecture.
Tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire arrays for the lunar laser OCTL terminal

We have developed 12-pixel arrays of fiber-coupled tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire single photon detectors and performed end-to-end tests of a 39 Mbps pulse position modulation optical communication link with a software receiver.
Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) seeds are dispersed by seed-caching rodents

ABSTRACT Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) is a distinctive and charismatic plant of the Mojave Desert. Although floral biology and seed production of Joshua tree and other yuccas are well understood, the fate of Joshua tree seeds has never been studied. We tested the hypothesis that Joshua tree seeds are dispersed by seed-caching rodents. We radioactively labelled Joshua tree seeds and followed their fates at five source plants in Potosi Wash, Clark County, Nevada, USA. Rodents made a mean of 30.6 caches, usually within 30 m of the base of source plants. Caches contained a mean of 5.2 seeds buried 3–30 mm deep. A variety of rodent species appears to have prepared the caches. Three of the 836 Joshua tree seeds (0.4%) cached germinated the following spring. Seed germination using rodent exclosures was nearly 15%. More than 82% of seeds in open plots were removed by granivores, and neither microsite nor supplemental water significantly affected germination. Joshua tree produces seeds in indehiscent pods or cap...
Infrared detection of HO2 and HO3 radicals in water ice.

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to detect HO2 and HO3 radicals in H2O + O2 ice mixtures irradiated with 0.8 MeV protons. In these experiments, HO2 was formed by the addition of an H atom to O2 and HO3 was formed by a similar addition of H to O3. The band positions observed for HO2 and HO3 in H2O-ice are 1142 and 1259 cm-1, respectively, and these assignments were confirmed with 18O2. HO2 and HO3 were also observed in irradiated H2O + O3 ice mixtures, as well as in irradiated H2O2 ice. The astronomical relevance of these laboratory measurements is discussed.
Montgomery Multiplication Using Vector Instructions

In this paper we present a parallel approach to compute interleaved Montgomery multiplication. This approach is particularly suitable to be computed on 2-way single instruction, multiple data platforms as can be found on most modern computer architectures in the form of vector instruction set extensions. We have implemented this approach for tablet devices which run the x86 architecture Intel Atom Z2760 using SSE2 instructions as well as devices which run on the ARM platform Qualcomm MSM8960, NVIDIA Tegra 3 and 4 using NEON instructions. When instantiating modular exponentiation with this parallel version of Montgomery multiplication we observed a performance increase of more than a factor of 1.5 compared to the sequential implementation in OpenSSL for the classical arithmetic logic unit on the Atom platform for 2048-bit moduli.
Effects of prior exercise on exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in young women.

Twenty-eight healthy women (ages 27.2 ± 6.4 yr) with widely varying fitness levels [maximal O2consumption (V˙o 2 max), 31–70 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1] first completed a progressive incremental treadmill t...
Power effects on implicit prejudice and stereotyping: The role of intergroup face processing

Power is thought to increase discrimination toward subordinate groups, yet its effect on different forms of implicit bias remains unclear. We tested whether power enhances implicit racial stereotyping, in addition to implicit prejudice (i.e., evaluative associations), and examined the effect of power on the automatic processing of faces during implicit tasks. Study 1 showed that manipulated high power increased both forms of implicit bias, relative to low power. Using a neural index of visual face processing (the N170 component of the ERP), Study 2 revealed that power affected the encoding of White ingroup vs. Black outgroup faces. Whereas high power increased the relative processing of outgroup faces during evaluative judgments in the prejudice task, it decreased the relative processing of outgroup faces during stereotype trait judgments. An indirect effect of power on implicit prejudice through enhanced processing of outgroup versus ingroup faces suggested a potential link between face processing and implicit bias. Together, these findings demonstrate that power can affect implicit prejudice and stereotyping as well as early processing of racial ingroup and outgroup faces.
Small polaron-related recombination in BaxSr1−xTiO3 thin films by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy

Polarons are critical to our understanding of many condensed matter systems, but are difficult to observe and characterize. By combining cathodoluminescence spectroscopy measurements with insights from first-principles calculations, we have identified transitions involving two distinct and simultaneous polaronic states in relaxed BaxSr1−xTiO3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These polaronic optical transitions arise from two discrete Ti-O-Ti bonding configurations simultaneously present in the system, one with a 180° bond angle and the other with buckled geometry due to octahedral tilting. By compositional modulation, we show that we can semi-quantitatively probe the population of each bonding configuration.
Planning the Minimum Time Course for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle in Uncertain Current

The authors developed an approach to a “best” time path for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles sailing uncertain currents. The numerical optimization tool DIDO is used to compute minimum time paths for a sample of currents between ebb and flow. A simulated meta-experiment is performed where the vehicle traverses the resulting paths under different current strengths per run. The fastest elapsed time emerges from a payoff table.© 2013 ASME
Nondestructive Detection of Traveling Optical Photons in Real Time

We nondestructively observe individual optical photons in real time as they propagate through a slow-light medium. The nondestructive measurement is accomplished with another light that detects the atomic-excitation component of the slow photons.
Taking What Action for Change? Dare Evaluation Build a New Social Order?

ABSTRACTThis article, originally presented as a keynote at the annual meeting of the Visitors Studies Association in Indianapolis, IN, in July 2015, raises the challenging question of if and how informal educators can use evaluation as a tool to effect social change. The concept of social betterment, a phrase common in evaluation parlance, is problematic because evaluators need to understand whose values will determine what counts as better. Evaluators rarely have the power to make change directly; evaluation practice plays an indirect role in the world of organizational power. Helpfully, research on evaluation use provides useful ideas about how to encourage people to take action for change. Building on these ideas, it is important to engage intended users in evaluation processes, and seven principles provide guidance on how to do this.
Estimating Forest and Woodland Aboveground Biomass Using Active and Passive Remote Sensing

Abstract Aboveground biomass was estimated from active and passive remote sensing sources, including airborne lidar and Landsat-8 satellites, in an eastern Arizona (USA) study area comprised of forest and woodland ecosystems. Compared to field measurements, airborne lidar enabled direct estimation of individual tree height with a slope of 0.98 (R 2 = 0.98). At the plot-level, lidar-derived height and intensity metrics provided the most robust estimate for aboveground biomass, producing dominant species-based aboveground models with errors ranging from 4 to 14 Mg ha −1 across all woodland and forest species. Land-sat-8 imagery produced dominant species-based aboveground biomass models with errors ranging from 10 to 28 Mg ha −1 . Thus, airborne lidar allowed for estimates for fine-scale aboveground biomass mapping with low uncertainty, while Landsat-8 seems best suited for broader spatial scale products such as a national biomass essential climate variable (ECV) based on land cover types for the United States.