cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Warpage Characterization and Improvements for IC Packages with Coreless Substrate

Coreless package substrates are preferred for their superior electrical performance and thin profile compare to conventional substrates with core. However, one of the major concerns with coreless substrate packages is warpage control. It is difficult to meet industry standards for co-planarity because of the high CTE of the coreless substrates and the missing stiff core material in the stack up of the coreless structure. Finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized to investigate the use of coreless substrate in different package configurations. In this study, known stiffening structures such as a stiffener ring, lid and molding options are investigated to characterize the advantages and disadvantages of using each of these structures to control the warpage in an IC package with coreless substrate. Available shadow moire data is used for initial correlation of the finite element model and further design changes were carried out to stiffen the structure in the final packaged configuration. It is important to ...
Does repeat usage of bevacizumab in patients with progressive recurrent ovarian cancer offer a survival advantage

e16510 Background: Many studies show bevacizumab (BEV) has activity in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer, especially when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, it is uncertain whet...
Preliminary Studies in the North American Phoracanthini and Sphaerionini(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

The North American components of the tribes Phoracanthini and Sphaerionini have probably been subject to greater confusion than any other groups of Cerambycidae. The writings of Lacordaire, LeConte, Horn, Bates, and Casey contain striking differences of opinion, and in almost any large collection one can find a great many species masquerading under incorrect names. Although additional material has done much to clear up this confusion, it is felt that our knowledge of these groups is still too imperfect to warrant a complete revision at this time. Such a revision can only be undertaken when the fauna of Mexico and tropical America has been more thoroughly collected. It is the object of the present paper merely to propose a tentative arrangement of the genera and to make known such new species and changes as seem advisable at this time. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, Mr. Ralph Hopping, Mr. J. N. Knull, and Mr. F. H. Parker, for the loan of material, and to Mr. W. S. Fisher for the comparison of several species with types in the collection of the United States National Museum.
Reciprocity, Bullying, and International Cooperation: Time-series Analysis of the Bosnia Conflict

Although the role of reciprocity in international cooperation is central to neoliberal institutionalism, empirical understanding of the concept remains weak. We analyze strategic response patterns—the use of reciprocity or inverse response (bullying)—in the Bosnia conflict from 1992 to 1995. We construct weekly time series of conflict and cooperation among the parties to the Bosnia war, using machine-coded events data. Time-series statistical analysis identifies several important patterns of strategic response, both reciprocal and inverse. These include bilateral responses, which are central to the concepts of reciprocity and evolution of cooperation, and triangular responses, which are central to the debates on containment versus accommodation in regional conflicts. Specifically, Serb forces displayed inverse triangular response, cooperating toward Bosnia after being punished by NATO. Outside powers displayed triangular reciprocity, increasing hostility toward Serb forces after Serbian attacks on the Bosnian government.
Passive Source Material Attenuation Estimates from Seismic Measurements with a Two-Dimensional Array of Sensors

Material attenuation is an important dynamic engineering property of soil. Previous seismic surface wave methods for estimating this property have relied on an active source of energy that must be deployed at the site. This paper introduces a passive source method of estimating material attenuation of Rayleigh seismic surface waves. The method utilizes the estimated direction of arrival, phase and amplitude of a wave impinging on a two-dimensional array of sensors to estimate the material attenuation. To demonstrate the procedure, the material attenuation and wavefield models will be shown with simulated and experimental data. Finally, several considerations regarding limitations of this method will be discussed. The procedure is shown to yield good results when applied to the experimental data under consideration.
Factors Affecting Contact Between Inmate Parents and Their Children: An Examination of Mothers and Fathers Behind Bars

ABSTRACTAs the number of children with incarcerated parents rises, it is important to identify the variables affecting their contact children. The majority of available research centers on in-person visitation, and ignores other forms of contact. Using a large, national sample of inmate parents, this study investigated the relationship of three categories of inmate-level variables (sociodemographic, criminality/sentencing, and institutional experience) upon mail, phone calls, and visitation with children. Children’s contact with inmate fathers is robustly predicted by sociodemographic variables (age, race, education, marital status, mental health). In contrast, contact with inmate mothers is more affected by a mixture of all three types of variables, including age, education, time served, being a violent offender, and rule violations committed during incarceration.
Efficient, problem tailored big data processing using framework delegation

The rise of the Internet of Things, social networking, and embedded connectivity has led to an explosion of available data. In order to better analyze this big data, many different tools have been created that can process the data efficiently. However, the increase in the amount of tools available makes it more difficult to determine which one will provide the most efficient solution to a given big data problem. In this paper, we present a delegation system that takes various frameworks and problem parameters as input and computes the best framework to use for a specific big data problem. To evaluate our system, we used two big data processing frameworks, namely, Hadoop MapReduce and AJIRA, with problem size as an input parameter. Preliminary results show that the system is able to select the most optimal big data processing framework for a given problem 90% of the time. Moreover, the proposed delegation system introduces only an additional 1% overhead when compared to the individual framework in terms of execution time.
Simplifying and enhancing the use of PyMOL with horizontal scripts

Scripts are used in PyMOL to exert precise control over the appearance of the output and to ease remaking similar images at a later time. We developed horizontal scripts to ease script development. A horizontal script makes a complete scene in PyMOL like a traditional vertical script. The commands in a horizontal script are separated by semicolons. These scripts are edited interactively on the command line with no need for an external text editor. This simpler workflow accelerates script development. In using PyMOL, the illustration of a molecular scene requires an 18-element matrix of view port settings. The default format spans several lines and is laborious to manually reformat for one line. This default format prevents the fast assembly of horizontal scripts that can reproduce a molecular scene. We solved this problem by writing a function that displays the settings on one line in a compact format suitable for horizontal scripts. We also demonstrate the mapping of aliases to horizontal scripts. Many aliases can be defined in a single script file, which can be useful for applying costume molecular representations to any structure. We also redefined horizontal scripts as Python functions to enable the use of the help function to print documentation about an alias to the command history window. We discuss how these methods of using horizontal scripts both simplify and enhance the use of PyMOL in research and education.
ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY. PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Abstract This paper will be concerned with a brief and critical review of the instrumentation used in atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) with emphasis towards its eventual use in routine single element and multi-element determinations. The essential characteristics and types of instrumental components, including sources of excitation (conventional line and continuum sources as well as high intensity dye lasers), atomizers (flames, plasmas, and furnaces), optical systems (source optics, spectrometer entrance optics, spectrometers), detectors and detection electronic systems will be discussed and compared in tabular fashion. The major reasons for using AFS will also be given in tabular form. The calculated and experimental limits of detection and other experimental analytical figures of merit (linear dynamic ranges, selectivity, and precision) will be given and atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry (line or continuum sources, conventional vs laser sources) compared with other atomic methods including atomic absorption flame spectrometry (line or continuum source) and atomic emission flame and plasma spectrometry. The use of RF-ICP as an atomizer in AFS will be given in the comparison. Several specialized methods will be discussed in more detail: (i) the use of an RF-ICP source of excitation (high concentration of analyte in ICP) and a flame atomizer for the sample-AFS system and the use of an RF-ICP source of excitation (sample in ICP) and a flame resonance monochromator (concentration of reference analyte in flame sufficient to give good signal-to-noise ratio); (ii) a pulsed hollow cathode lamp excitation of atoms high in the ICP plasma with AF detection via interference filters and photomultiplier tubes (Baird has developed an instrument based upon this approach); (iii) laser excited AFS using an ICP as an atomizer/ionizer; (iv) selective measurement of minor and trace elements in solid samples using a cathodic sputtering of the sample (or a reference) and detection by use of a glow discharge resonance (non-dispersive) monochromator; (v) non-dispersive AFS for the hydride forming elements using electrodeless discharge lamps and a H2-based flame with solar blind photomultiplier tube detection; (vi) a laser microanalyzer for trace element analysis of solid samples. Finally a critical comparison of single and multi-element AFS systems will be made and the most likely AFS methods to be commercially produced will be compared (ranked) with the major single and multi-element atomic approaches now in use or likely to be in use. It is hoped that this paper will present accurately and precisely the present and near future potential of AFS as both a single element and a multi-element trace analytical (routine) method. Certain AFS approaches will be applauded but many will be listed as highly unlikely of ever resulting in a commercial analytical instrument.
Fast magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging using echo-time optimization

In recent decades, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) has become an influential technique to provide information about metabolite distributions. However, long acquisition time is required in standard MRSI to achieve satisfactory resolution in both spatial and spectral dimensions. This limitation is a key challenge for MRSI applications. To overcome this problem, we propose to implement an imaging protocol that uses echo-time optimization in the acquisition process. An efficient sequential backward selection (SBS) is used to optimize the echo-time selection in the context of echo planer imaging (EPI). To investigate this approach with a simpler acquisition method, we applied the proposed selection method to standard chemical shift imaging (CSI), using experimental phantom data. This acquisition method simplifies the reconstruction process and avoids Nyquist ghost artifacts as a means of testing the potential of optimized echo-time EPI. Comparisons are made in acquisition data volume and reconstructed spatial and spectral distribution from the proposed technique, standard MRSI and equally spaced echo-time selection. Results show that our method has the potential to greatly reduce the acquisition time without sacrificing spatial and spectral accuracy.
Recent advances in III-V nitride electronic devices

The latest developments made using III-V nitride technology for microwave and mm-wave applications are reviewed. Design, processing issues are addressed and device, circuit performance is reported. The devices discussed are AlGaN/GaN-based HEMTs, MISFETs and HBTs. Circuit types reviewed include power and low-noise amplifiers. Nitride technology is also investigated for mixer and switch applications.
Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) as a possible therapeutic alternative for the management of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) – A case report

Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) is an alternative remedy used primarily for depression but also is used for rheumatism, gastroenteritis, headache and neuralgias. The mechanism of action of Hypericum perforatum comprehends a neurotransmitter inhibitory profile, and potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects suggesting a role for pain management. In this case report, we describe a 53-year-old Hispanic female patient who came to our orofacial pain clinical service presenting with a history of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The patient was not able to get an appointment soon enough and decided to take an over the counter homeopathic preparation of Hypericum perforatum since she found on the internet that it was effective for nerve pain. The patient responded dramatically to the Hypericum perforatum preparation. The use of this homeopathic preparation relieved completely the TN pain. The management of TN is often a challenge. Hypericum perforatum may be a promising therapeutic option for TN that deserves to be explored further to solidly support its use in the clinical setting.
Estimating and Managing Enterprise Project Risk Using Certainty

The literature reports that 73% of enterprise projects fail due to insufficient risk estimation and management. This study focuses on developing a model to estimate the risk in enterprise software development projects. The traditional practice of measuring the risk in enterprise projects uses risk exposure which is unable to quantify the risk beyond the expected value of the socio-economic cost. To address this, the current study examines how enterprise project managers may quantify the uncertainty underlying risk by calculating certain probability and then using a probability distribution to determine the unknown probability values. Thus, this paper is unique in that it presents a model to measure the risk based on certain probability rather than unknown probability. A case-study of 19 enterprise software projects is used to apply and validate the model.
Biochemical studies on regenerating liver.

Regenerating liver of the rat has long been recognized as a source of relatively abundant quantities of homogeneous rapidly growing tissue. Following the removal of the two largest lobes of the liver, the remaining ones, constituting about one-third of the total, enlarge to the size of the original liver in the span of a few days. The work of Higgins and Anderson (l), Brues et al. (2), and others has established that this enlargement is due to true hyperplastic growth. It therefore seemed to us an especially favorable tissue in which to test, by chemical analysis, the current view that nucleic acids are intimately related to growth. It should be noted that, although there is considerable indirect evidence to support this view, there is surprisingly little direct chemical data to demonstrate this relation. Caspersson and his colleagues (3-5) have shown an increased absorption of ultraviolet light, at 260 rnp, in the cytoplasm of actively growing cells. Stowell (6), using photometric histochemical methods, demonstrated a higher nucleic acid content in neoplastic tissue than in the homologous normal tissue. Brachet (7) has combined cytochemical techniques with the chemical estimation of furfural to reveal an increasing pentosenucleic acid (PNA) concentration during embryonic growth. Davidson and Waymouth (8) have estimated the PNA and desoxypentosenucleic acid (DNA) content of embryonic and adult tissues, and have found the concentration of both nucleic acids higher in embryonic than in adult tissues. Schneider and Klug (9) assayed rapidly growing tumors chemically and found them to have a high nucleic acid content. In this paper we shall present results which demonstrate a rise in PNA content of the liver when it is rapidly growing. We shall also present analyses, performed on the same tissue, for other substances which may be related to growth, lactic acid, glycogen, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenylic acid, and pentose phosphate, and for four oxidative enzyme systems, succinoxidase, malic dehydrogenase, cytochrome reductase, and oxalacetic oxidase.
The bottom water exchange between the Singapore Strait and the West Johor Strait

Abstract As a part of the border between Singapore and Malaysia, the West Johor Strait (WJS) suffered newly from harmful algal blooms. There is no previous study showing the source of the nutrients in the WJS. This paper is investigating the possible water exchange between the water in the WJS and the bottom water in Singapore Strait. This paper adopts a two-level nesting atmosphere-ocean coupled models to downscale the global atmosphere-ocean model into the Singapore coastal water, keeping the large-scale and long-term ocean and climate circulation signals and the advantages of the high-resolution. Based on the high-resolution ocean circulation fields, a Lagrangian particle tracking model is used to trace the Singapore Strait's bottom water movement and the water mixing in the WJS. The results showed that the numerical models well resolved the Singapore coastal water regional circulation. There is a small but significant bottom water (1.25%) transport from the Singapore Strait to the WJS, which occurs from the southwest coastline of Singapore. The bottom water in the Singapore Strait prefers to enter the WJS during the spring tide and the flood period, and stay in Johor Strait for 6.4 days. The spring tide is the first-order factor for the water vertical mixing in the WJS, the wind is also very important for the vertical mixing especially in neap tide condition. An overall very important factor is the light perturbation. With the strongest vertical mixing of nutrients and bottom sediments due to the spring tide, the latter ones may inhibit the light penetration during the spring tide and reduce the algal bloom. The light penetration otherwise is greater during the neap tide, when the winds are the most important factor and hence favor the algal bloom. With the strongest wind in February and the longest permanence time in June and the sufficient nutrient supply in February and June, the most serious algal blooms may happen in February and June in the WJS.
Teaching transnational cinema: politics and pedagogy, edited by Katarzyna Marciniak and Bruce Bennett, New York and London, Routledge, 2016, 311 pp., $145 (hardback); $44.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-138-92843-5

This book brings together two topics – one increasingly foregrounded, the other still somewhat neglected in Film Studies: transnational cinemas and film pedagogy. The collection of 15 essays, an in...
Development of a Semi-autonomous Drone for Structural Health Monitoring of Structures Using Digital Image Correlation (DIC)

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) has proven itself to be a highly versatile and accurate method to measure 2D and 3D displacement, deformation, and strain in a wide range of structures and objects. A major advantage is that it is a non-contact, full-field measurement technique; it measures phenomena across the entire target object without having to attach sensors directly to the object. Despite the ability to measure many static and dynamic phenomena, the cameras and data acquisition equipment are almost exclusively set up in a static configuration. The cameras are often mounted on tripods and remain positioned in the same location while taking measurements. Such an immobile measurement platform prevents DIC from being employed to measure objects in inaccessible locations, such as bridges and tall buildings. An unmanned aerial vehicle carrying digital image correlation cameras has high mobility and can easily access regions on structures that would otherwise be too expensive or dangerous to measure with conventional static camera setups. This paper presents the development and testing of a prototype mobile digital image correlation platform. The resulting platform carries all of the necessary equipment on-board the drone and can be controlled by a single user with a remote control. It is shown that the prototype drone platform is capable of taking accurate and repeatable measurements while airborne. This drone aims to be used for vibration measurement and structural health monitoring of structures such as wind turbines and bridges.
Variation in Food Selection Among Lambs Effects of Basal Diet and Foods Offered in a Meal

In studies of behavior and nutrition, we typically determine nutritional needs and formulate diets for the average member of the herd, not for specific individuals within a herd. Nevertheless, variation among individuals could affect productivity of the group if the diet diverges too much from what individuals at the extremes prefer to eat. Thus, it is important to determine the degree to which individuals within a group vary in their food preferences when offered alternatives. Our first objective was to determine the degree to which lambs differed in preference for foods high in energy (barley) or protein (alfalfa) (Exp. 1). When we offered lambs barley and alfalfa for ad libitum consumption for 25 d, individuals varied in the amounts of barley (range: 221 to 991 g/d) and alfalfa (range: 51 to 558 g/d) they consumed (P < .0001). At one extreme, individuals preferred a diet of 6% alfalfa and 94% barley; at the other extreme, individuals preferred a diet of 70% alfalfa and 30% barley. Our second objective was to determine whether lambs from Exp. 1 compensated, when fed a basal diet that was lower in alfalfa than they preferred, by ingesting foods higher in alfalfa when offered a meal (Exp. 2). Lambs were ranked according to the percentage of alfalfa (range from 6 to 70%) and barley (range from 94 to 30%) they ate during Exp. 1 and then assigned alternately to two treatments: 1) basal diet with similar proportions of alfalfa and barley consumed ad libitum (preferred diet) or 2) basal diet with 10% less alfalfa than consumed ad libitum (low-alfalfa diet). We then conducted three trials in which lambs fed the different basal diets were offered a meal for 15 min/d for 2 d of two foods that differed in barley and alfalfa. During Trial 1, when we offered barley and alfalfa, lambs in both groups preferred barley (138 g) to alfalfa (46 g) (P < .05). During Trial 2, when the test foods (barley and alfalfa) were diluted with grape pomace (20%), lambs fed the preferred basal diet ate more barley (116 vs 64 g) and less alfalfa (48 vs 87 g) than lambs fed the low-alfalfa basal diet (P < .05). During Trial 3, when we offered a food high in barley (80% barley and 20% pomace) and a food high in alfalfa (70% alfalfa, 14% cornstarch, and 16% pomace), lambs fed the preferred basal diet ate more of the high-barley food (124 vs 73 g) and less of the high-alfalfa food (45 vs 98 g) than lambs fed the low-alfalfa basal diet (P < .05). Collectively, these results illustrate that lambs varied greatly in their preferences for foods that differ in energy (barley) and protein (alfalfa), and that when their preferred basal diet was altered, lambs compensated by ingesting food that complemented their basal diet during a daily meal. The addition of grape pomace in Trials 2 and 3 reduced the protein content of the high-barley and high-alfalfa foods such that the high-barley food was only marginally adequate to meet needs compared with the high-alfalfa food. Lambs fed the low-alfalfa basal diet compensated by eating more of the high-alfalfa food than lambs fed the preferred basal diet.
Comparative Consumer Bankruptcy

This book explores the rapidly evolving law of individual insolvency. As consumer borrowing and spending play a greater role in fueling worldwide economic growth, more and more countries are dealing with the casualties of the "democratization of credit" and the "open credit economy." Drawing on both primary sources of formal law and empirical studies of the law in action, this book offers an overview of how the law of consumer "overindebtedness" has played out in the last two decades in the United States and Europe and where it appears to be headed today. While the focus here is on law and practice, the questions for discussion at the end of each chapter might spawn deeper theoretical and policy explorations of the ambivalent relationship of societies to their financially overextended consumers and the ambiguous state of contract law in the consumer context in the 21st century. Chapter 1 sets the stage by introducing the challenges and methodology of a comparative approach to this area of the law. Chapter 2 explores the varying form and role of "credit counseling" and pre-bankruptcy negotiation with creditors in the various systems presented. Chapters 3 and 4 compare and contrast the formal consumer insolvency systems in the United States, France, Germany, Austria, England & Wales, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Designed to be short and inexpensive yet dense with information and ideas for discussion, this book is intended for use in a small unit of a larger course. For example, it might be used in a Comparative Law course, using consumer insolvency law to illustrate many of the challenges of comparative law analysis, or in a Bankruptcy course, using a variety of European approaches and their development over time to enlighten and challenge students' appreciation of the operation of the U.S. system. Note: File contains only cover, contents, and prefatory material.
Developing a Raman Spectrokinetic Approach To Gain Insights into the Structure–Reactivity Relationship of Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts

The elucidation of structure–reactivity relationships in supported metal oxide catalysts has proven to be a challenge that remains unresolved for various catalytic systems, especially for supported ternary metal oxide catalysts. The catalytic performance of these ternary multicomponent systems is controlled not only by their coverage (two- or three-dimensional MOx structures) but also by the ratio of the molar loading between the different MOx species. In this contribution, we show that by combining operando Raman spectroscopy and transient reaction kinetics, the redox reaction rates of a catalyst can be measured in real time directly from the Raman spectra. More importantly, such rates can be correlated to a specific catalytic site (i.e., that originating from the Raman signal) as opposed to an average overall reaction rate that can typically be obtained by mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC). This approach, defined as Raman spectrokinetic, was demonstrated by monitoring the Raman signal as...
Language development in children who stutter: A review of recent research

Purpose: This article reviews recent studies that examined the controversial claim that children who stutter (CWS), as a group, have weaker language skills than children who do not stutter (CWNS). The article was an effort to address the conflicting conclusions of two previous reviews of the research in this area. Method: Studies published in research journals during the past 7 years (2011-2018) were located through a systematic review of the literature. Each study was analysed to determine how well it supported the claim that CWS, as a group, have weaker language skills than CWNS. Result: The evidence was not convincing to support this controversial claim. Rather, the review indicated that CWS performed as well as or better than CWNS on formal language tasks. Conclusion: The claim that language weaknesses are linked to children's stuttering is not well supported by recently published studies. Alternative interpretations of the literature are offered.
Recent advances in diamond color centers for quantum information and sensing applications (Conference Presentation)

New color centers are being discovered in diamond every year. For the most part these are guided by the desire to replace the silicon-vacancy (SiV) by emitters with higher quantum efficiency and longer storage times. I will discuss color centers produced by some of the most recently implanted elements into diamond including Ge, Sn, Pb, Mg. I will also discuss the rationale for elements to be implanted soon. Finally I will also discuss new options for the future, including designer color centers made possible by novel diamond growth techniques.
Measurements of Duodenal Mucosal Integrity Are Altered in Celiac Disease

Altered barrier function is a part of celiac disease (CeD) pathophysiology that we currently cannot reliably measure. Catheter-based mucosal integrity (MI) is an endoscopic technology that has identified altered esophageal barrier function in esophageal disease.1 The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility, safety, and clinical utility of measuring duodenal integrity with an MI catheter in patients with and without CeD.
Heating of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene/polymer composites in response to Radio Frequency fields

Here we report for the first time that Ti3C2Tx/polymer composite films rapidly heat when exposed to low-power radio frequency fields. Ti3C2Tx MXenes possess a high dielectric loss tangent, which is correlated with this rapid heating under electromagnetic fields. Thermal imaging confirms that these structures are capable of extraordinary heating rates (as high as 303 K/s) that are frequency- and concentration-dependent. At high loading (and high conductivity), Ti3C2Tx MXene composites do not heat under RF fields due to reflection of electromagnetic waves, whereas composites with low conductivity do not heat due to the lack of an electrical percolating network. Composites with an intermediate loading and a conductivity between 10-1000 S m-1 rapidly generate heat under RF fields. This finding unlocks a new property of Ti3C2Tx MXenes and a new material for potential RF-based applications.
Composite score for prediction of 30-day orthopedic surgery outcomes.

The LACE+ (Length of stay, Acuity of admission, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, and Emergency department visits in the past 6 months) risk-prediction tool has never been tested in an orthopedic surgery population. LACE+ may help physicians more effectively identify and support high-risk orthopedics patients after hospital discharge. LACE+ scores were retrospectively calculated for all consecutive orthopedic surgery patients (n = 18 893) at a multi-center health system over 3 years (2016-2018). Coarsened exact matching was employed to create "matched" study groups with different LACE+ score quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). Outcomes were compared between quartiles. In all, 1444 patients were matched between Q1 and Q4 (n = 2888); 2079 patients between Q2 and Q4 (n = 4158); 3032 patients between Q3 and Q4 (n = 6064). Higher LACE+ scores significantly predicted 30D readmission risk for Q4 vs Q1 and Q4 vs Q3 (P < .001). Larger LACE+ scores also significantly predicted 30D risk of ED visits for Q4 vs Q1, Q4 vs Q2, and Q4 vs Q3 (P < .001). Increased LACE+ score also significantly predicted 30D risk of reoperation for Q4 vs Q1 (P = .018), Q4 vs Q2 (P < .001), and Q4 vs Q3 (P < .001).
S + T + M = E as a Convergent Model for the Nature of STEM

The paper provides a theoretical synthesis that addresses the multiple calls to consider the existence of an integrated nature of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). The nature of STEM (NOSTEM) has been advocated for as a way to promote effective STEM instruction in K-16 education and has been challenged as being non-existent. We propose a theoretical conceptualization of the NOSTEM through a convergent model that integrates the shared characteristics of the nature of knowledge and nature of inquiry practices of each of the four STEM disciplines. We propose this model in light of the siloed individual disciplines by considering the dimensions of each and whether they are pure or applied or attend to questions and issues surrounding the physical and non-physical world(s). Using this synthesis and model, we argue that the NOSTEM is congruent with the nature of engineering (NOE). This finding has multiple implications for all stakeholders (i.e., teachers, researchers, policy makers) in STEM education. First, we caution stakeholders from using this model to create or change educational policies or standards but rather work to validate, extend, and challenge the model in light of STEM education reform. Second, with the congruency between our model of NOSTEM and NOE, we charge scholars to work to illuminate the critical aspects of the nature of engineering knowledge. Third, if the model withstands the scrutiny of STEM scholars (i.e., researchers and teachers), it has the potential to inform teaching and learning in STEM education.
Clustering analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism data reveals population structure of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been spreading rapidly and across the globe since first being reported in December 2019. To understand the evolutionary trajectory of the coronavirus, phylogenetic analysis is needed to study the population structure of SARS-CoV-2. As sequencing data worldwide is accruing rapidly, grouping them into clusters helps to organize the landscape of population structures. To effectively group these data, computational methodologies are needed to provide more productive and robust solutions for clustering. In this study, using the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the viral sequences as input features, we utilized three clustering algorithms, namely K-means, hierarchical clustering and balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies to partition the viral sequences into six major clusters. Comparison of the three clustering results reveals that the three methods produced highly consistent results, but K-means performed best and produced the smallest intra-cluster pairwise genetic distances among the three methods. The partition of the viral sequences revealed that the six clusters differed in their geographical distributions. Using comprehensive approaches to compare the diversity and selective pressure across the clusters, we discovered a high genetic diversity between the clusters. Based on characteristics of the mutation profiles in each cluster along with their geographical distributions and evolutionary histories, we identified the extent of molecular divergence within and between the clusters. The identification of the mutations that are strongly associated with clusters have potential implications for diagnosis and pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition, the clustering method will enable further study of variant population structures in specific regions of these fast-growing viruses.
Modification of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in the Strong Light-Matter Coupling Regime

We report non-trivial changes in the photoconductivity of organic semiconductor polarons when their optical transition is strongly-coupled to a microcavity mode. Our observations point to a change in the underlying photoinduced electron transfer process.
Polarization-selective modulation of supercavity resonances originating from bound states in the continuum

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are widely studied for their ability to confine light, produce sharp resonances for sensing applications and serve as avenues for lasing action with topological characteristics. Primarily, the formation of BICs in periodic photonic band gap structures are driven by symmetry incompatibility; structural manipulation or variation of incidence angle from incoming light. In this work, we report two modalities for driving the formation of BICs in terahertz metasurfaces. At normal incidence, we experimentally confirm polarization driven symmetry-protected BICs by the variation of the linear polarization state of light. In addition, we demonstrate through strong coupling of two radiative modes the formation of capacitively-driven Freidrich-Wintgen BICs, exotic modes which occur in off-Γ points not accessible by symmetry-protected BICs. The capacitance-mediated strong coupling at 0° polarization is verified to have a normalized coupling strength ratio of 4.17% obtained by the Jaynes-Cummings model. Furthermore, when the polarization angle is varied from 0° to 90° (0° ≤ ϕ < 90°), the Freidrich-Wintgen BIC is modulated until it is completely switched off at 90°. Bound states in the continuum, offering long-lived, spatially-confined photon states, are typically realized via geometric manipulation of symmetry. Here, the formation of bound states in the continuum is instead driven in a THz metasurface by varying the polarization.
Phase transformations, fracture, and other structural changes in inelastic materials

Abstract Review of selected fundamental topics on the interaction between phase transformations, fracture, and other structural changes in inelastic materials is presented. It mostly focuses on the concepts developed in the author's group over last three decades and numerous papers that affected us. It includes a general thermodynamic and kinetic theories with sharp interfaces and within phase field approach. Numerous analytical (even at large strains) and numerical solutions illustrate the main features of the developed theories and their application to the real phenomena. Coherent, semicoherent, and noncoherent interfaces, as well as interfaces with decohesion and with intermediate liquid (disordered) phase are discussed. Importance of the surface- and scale-induced phenomena on interaction between phase transformation with fracture and dislocations as well as inheritance of dislocations and plastic strains is demonstrated. Some nontrivial phenomena are discussed and modeled.
More Than The Sum of Its Things: Resource Sharing Across IoTs at The Edge

The extreme growth and diversity of IoT applications, along with the heterogeneity of these devices, has led to numerous middleware solutions emerging to address various relevant challenges. These solutions have been shifting from cloud-based approaches to edge-technologies in order to handle issues related to privacy, latency, and bandwidth. Within this context, we identify an opportunity to introduce a novel IoT Middleware system that enables more seamless resource and context sharing at the edge. We propose the Hive, a middleware system that allows heterogeneous off-the-shelf devices in a common edge network to seamlessly and efficiently utilize each other’s sensory and computational resources. The Hive architecture enables a new wave of multi-modal sensory applications, leveraging a pool of IoT devices, that would otherwise be unattainable. We accomplish this by decoupling the hardware, processing, and application layers within IoT devices from each other. The Hive abstracts each of these layers into a single resource pool that is shared and cross utilized on-demand within the edge network by any individual device. We implement the Hive, along with a dedicated communication protocol for our system. We evaluate the effectiveness of the Hive by integrating it with two sample IoT applications: an audio-based emotion recognition system, and a video-based facial detection application. We extensively evaluate the impact the Hive has on these new applications after integration, and additionally investigate its impact at scale. Our results show how the hive boosts the overall utilization of resources in an edge IoT network, reduces computational delay in complex applications, and most importantly, enables applications to perform at higher level of effectiveness.
A Semantic Parsing and Reasoning-Based Approach to Knowledge Base Question Answering.

Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) is a task where existing techniques have faced significant challenges, such as the need for complex question understanding, reasoning, and large training datasets. In this work, we demonstrate Deep Thinking Question Answering (DTQA), a semantic parsing and reasoning-based KBQA system. DTQA (1) integrates multiple, reusable modules that are trained specifically for their individual tasks (e.g. semantic parsing, entity linking, and relationship linking), eliminating the need for end-to-end KBQA training data; (2) leverages semantic parsing and a reasoner for improved question understanding. DTQA is a system of systems that achieves state-of-the-art performance on two popular KBQA datasets.
Adult Reconstruction Fellowship Interviewee Perceptions of Virtual vs In-Person Interview Formats

Abstract Background Owing to COVID-19, arthroplasty fellowship programs will be required to interview virtually for the current application cycle. Unrelated to COVID-19, our arthroplasty fellowship offered the 2019-2020 interviewees the option of an in-person or virtual interview. The purpose of the present study is to compare interviewee perceptions regarding in-person vs virtual interview formats from that application cycle at a single institution. Methods A 17-question survey was sent to all 26 interviewees (13 in-person and 13 virtual) shortly after the rank-list submission deadline. Interviewees were asked to what extent they agreed or disagreed with several statements, ranging from whether the interview was enjoyable to whether interviewees felt they were being adequately evaluated. In this Likert scale rating system, “strongly agree” was given 5 points (more positive outlook), and “strongly disagree” was given 1 point (more negative outlook). Chi-square analyses were performed. Results Seventeen interviewees (8 in-person and 9 virtual) returned questionnaires (response rate: 65%). Both in-person and virtual interview ratings were similar when averaged across all statements (4.5 vs 4.4, P = .67). In-person and virtual ratings were also similar for each individual statement (all P > .05). On average, interviewees spent $557/in-person interview. Fifteen (88%) said virtual interviews were more convenient, and 14 (94%) said they were more cost-effective. Conclusion At a single institution, perceptions on interview format, as quantified through Likert scale ratings, were similar between in-person and virtual groups. The vast majority also viewed virtual interviews as more convenient and cost-efficient. These findings have immediate implications for future fellowship application cycles.
Spectral Diffusion and Blinking Timescales In Semiconductor Nanoplatelets

Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals offer a potential path forward to lowering the bar for access to Quantum Emitters. While demonstrations of single photons from nanocrystals have existed for two decades, intermittent periods of low light emission ("blinking") and transient emission from multiple emissive states ("spectral diffusion") have limited the usefulness of these sources. One underlying clue to the mechanism causing these two phenomena is whether or not these two effects are related. While evidence for blinking at fast timescales (~10s of us) is observable with modern electronics, the emission spectra cannot easily be captured at those timescales due to the inherent limitations of building up spectra in spectrometers. We utilize the indistinguishability of subsequent photons to determine the timescale spectral diffusion occurs and find that blinking can happen independently of spectral diffusion on the ~10us timescale, only becoming correlated at the ~1s timescale.
The demise of the public-interest model of the Federal Reserve System

The Political Economy of American Monetary Policy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 19901, edited by Thomas Mayer, is a collection of one previously published and eighteen unpublished works that seeks to review, consolidate, and extend the growing literature on a positive theory of the Federal Reserve System. A major theme of the collection is that the traditional public interest view of the Fed has little to offer as a guide to understanding the behavior of Federal Reserve officials. At the same time, the collection offers a word of caution to practitioners of the positive theory who use a ‘naive’ public-choice approach. According to this subplot, a narrow self-interest approach to the Fed is not much better than the traditional alternative. A general theory of the Federal Reserve System requires the right blend of the best elements from the staid public-interest view and the renegade public-choice view. As a review of the current state of the literature this collection of works has much to offer. The book is at its best in posing questions that force not only the public-interest proponent but also the naive public-choice theorist to rethink their positions. The book is less useful, I think, as a road map to future research. In contrast to this book’s premise, the problem I see with the naive public-choice approach is not that it has been too radical, but that it has not been radical enough. The renegade assumption that Fed decisionmakers are self-interested utility maximizers is misleading only when used within the context of a misspecified model of the macroeconomy. I argue in this review essay that the next discrete step in the evolution of a positive theory of central banking is to supplement the self-interest assumption with
Reactions of alkali metal derivatives of metal carbonyls : XIII. Some reactions of metal carbonyl anions with dihalomethanes and related halides☆

Abstract Reactions of ClCH 2 I with the sodium salts Na[M(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] (M = Mo and W) in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature give fairly good yields of the corresponding chloromethyl derivatives ClCH 2 M(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 (M = Mo and W). A similar reaction of ClCH 2 I with the more nucleophilic Na[Fe(CO) 2 C 5 H 5 ] gives a rather low yield of the corresponding chloromethyl derivative ClCH 2 Fe(CO) 2 C 5 H 5 . Reactions of diiodomethane with the sodium salts Na[M(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] (M = Mo and W) in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature give the very unstable iodomethyl derivatives ICH 2 M(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 (M = Mo and W). Reactions of ClCH 2 CH 2 I with metal carbonyl anions do not give any isolable 2-chloroethyl transition metal derivatives.
Multipliers, Analog CMOS

The sections in this article are 1 Operation Principles 2 Remarks on Multiplier Structures 3 Design Issues of the Circuit in Fig. 4(b) 4 Conclusion
17 – Peroxiredoxins in Cell Signaling and HIV Infection

This chapter summarizes the existing evidence and provides perspectives on the structure of peroxiredoxins as well as their functions in signal transduction and in HIV-1 infection. All peroxiredoxins conserve at least one cysteine motif at the N terminus. In addition to this N-terminal cysteine motif, many peroxiredoxins possess a second similar motif at the C terminus. These peroxiredoxin motifs are implicated as being important for the catalysis of peroxide reduction. This peroxidase activity, which accounts for the antioxidant properties of peroxiredoxins, is modulated by the microenvironment affecting the redox center residues. The redox status of the reactive center cysteine dictates the specificity and the potency of peroxiredoxin activity. The determination of a crystal structure of human provides a framework for understanding the mechanism and the regulation of peroxiredoxin functions. The ability of peroxiredoxins to reduce peroxides is attributed to their cysteine residues. The chapter presents models that are used to study the mechanisms by which peroxiredoxins reduce peroxides.