cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Organic Acid Salt Solutions on Sensory and Other Quality Characteristics of Frankfurters

ABSTRACT: The technical feasibility of using organic acid salts for surface treatment of frankfurters to determine their sensory and other quality characteristics and their ability to inhibit bacterial growth was investigated. To be practically effective, such treatments for frankfurters should have no adverse effects on meat quality attributes, including sensory quality, color, or texture. A 6% sodium diacetate + potassium benzoate (SD/PB) treatment significantly increased meat flavor, and a 3% sodium lactate + sodium diacetate + potassium benzoate (SL/SD/PB) treatment significantly decreased smoke flavor compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between controls and the surface-treated frankfurters when comparing salty, sour, or pepper flavors. On the other hand, the SL/SD/PB at either 3% or 6% significantly increased the lightness (L*) and decreased the redness (a*) value for frankfurters compared with the control group. For storage time longer than 2 mo, the L* value significantly increased and the a* value decreased. Evaluation of quality characteristics showed that after surface treatment with organic acid salts, no differences were observed between controls and treated frankfurters for pH, nitrite concentration, or sodium content.
Brain Potentials Measured During a Go/NoGo Task Predict Completion of Substance Abuse Treatment

Background U.S. nationwide estimates indicate that 50% to 80% of prisoners have a history of substance abuse or dependence. Tailoring substance abuse treatment to specific needs of incarcerated individuals could improve effectiveness of treating substance dependence and preventing drug abuse relapse. We tested whether pretreatment neural measures of a response inhibition (Go/NoGo) task would predict which individuals would or would not complete a 12-week cognitive behavioral substance abuse treatment program. Methods Adult incarcerated participants (n = 89; women n = 55) who volunteered for substance abuse treatment performed a Go/NoGo task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Stimulus- and response-locked ERPs were compared between participants who completed (n = 68; women = 45) and discontinued (n = 21; women = 10) treatment. Results As predicted, stimulus-locked P2, response-locked error-related negativity (ERN/Ne), and response-locked error positivity (Pe), measured with windowed time-domain and principal component analysis, differed between groups. Using logistic regression and support-vector machine (i.e., pattern classifiers) models, P2 and Pe predicted treatment completion above and beyond other measures (i.e., N2, P300, ERN/Ne, age, sex, IQ, impulsivity, depression, anxiety, motivation for change, and years of drug abuse). Conclusions Participants who discontinued treatment exhibited deficiencies in sensory gating, as indexed by smaller P2; error-monitoring, as indexed by smaller ERN/Ne; and adjusting response strategy posterror, as indexed by larger Pe. The combination of P2 and Pe reliably predicted 83.33% of individuals who discontinued treatment. These results may help in the development of individualized therapies, which could lead to more favorable, long-term outcomes.
Management of Ureteral Stricture Disease during Laparoscopic Ureteroneocystostomy

Background and Purpose: Laparoscopic surgery has many applications in urology. The surgical management of obliterative ureteral stricture disease using laparoscopy has not been widely reported. We recently implemented this technique in an adult patient with an obliterative ureteral stricture. Methods: A transperitoneal refluxing right ureteral reimplantation was performed using the Endostitch device. Placement of the new ureteral orifice in the bladder was monitored by simultaneous cystoscopy and laparoscopy. The anastomosis was performed without tension, torsion, or angulation and was stented for 4 weeks. Results: The operative time was 233 minutes. The blood loss was minimal. There were no intraoperative complications, and the postoperative hospital course was uneventful. Conclusion: Laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation is a safe and feasible technique. Cystoscopic determination of the neoureteral orifice is helpful. The Endostitch device is a useful adjunct in this procedure.
Stacking and Stripping for Normal Mode Eigenfrequencies

Summary A method suggested by Gilbert to identify individual normal mode (singlet) eigenfrequencies has been applied to a set of broadband accelerometer data, representing twenty-seven events recorded at a single location. Although the data set was found inadequate to allow the identification of any singlet eigenfrequencies, a slight modification to Gilbert's method yielded a procedure to estimate normal mode multiplet centre or average frequencies, and to separate closely-spaced multiplets. The results reported here, for ‘source stacking’, are in general agreement with other's results for ‘receiver stacking’. Finally, a feasibility study indicates the quantity/quality of data necessary to resolve singlet eigenfrequencies.
A multi-turn, circularly polarized, radiating-line antenna

The authors report on the development and experimental verification of a multiturn radiating-line antenna. The antenna consists of a single-strip conductor formed into overlying spiral arms. Several antennas were built to test the influence of the various parameters. The bandwidth of the multiturn, radiating-line antenna was defined after considering the input impedance, the relative power absorbed, the polarization, and the squint of the beam. At low frequencies the limiting factor is the relatively small amount of power that can be radiated. At high frequencies, the bandwidth is limited by the degradation of the axial ratio of the polarization ellipse. The circular polarization bandwidth is usually defined as the frequency range for which the axial ratio is less than 3 dB. This criterion was adopted to define the upper frequency of operation. Accordingly, the antenna considered exhibits 46% bandwidth. >
Characterization of a Micromachined Thermal Shear Stress Sensor

This paper presents the characterization of a silicon micromachined thermal shear stress sensor for quantitative turbulence measurements. Static sensitivity data at multiple overheat ratios (11 mV/Pa at an overheat of 1.0), pressure sensitivity spectra (<1 tiV/Pa\ noise floor spectra (100 nV/^Hz) and direct, in-situ dynamic calibration data (up to 7 kHz) are presented. These calibrations were performed under constant current excitation using a four-point probe measurement to isolate the response of the sensor from the external biasing circuitry.
The Sustainability of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports

A summary of the available literature on sustainability is provided and recommended sustainability features are applied to implementation of schoolwide positive behavior interventions and supports (SWPBIS). One hundred and seventeen schools from 6 states completed the sustainability survey, which determined the presence of 8 sustainability features as they related to sustaining schoolwide positive behavior supports. Results from a logistic regression analysis demonstrate that together the sustainability features of administrative support combined with communication and data-based decision making create the best-fitting model of sustainability for SWPBIS. The results suggest that an educational innovation is more likely to be implemented and sustained with fidelity if it (a) has support from an administrator who encourages communication about the core features of the innovation and (b) uses data to plan and make changes. Implications for large-scale, sustained implementation of evidence-based practices are...
Ongoing Challenges in Language Assessment

Many challenges that language testers have faced over the years continue to engage us. New challenges engendered by changes in the economic, social, and educational contexts of the 21st century assure that the field will be vibrant and exciting. Continuing issues include the validity of interpretations, ethics and professionalism, the use of language assessments in accountability decisions, and washback. New challenges include classroom language assessment, training classroom teachers in language assessment, and language assessment for citizenship and naturalization. The needs for language assessments have increased and there is greater demand for language testers to be accountable to stakeholders. Assessment justification is the process of providing a rationale and evidence to justify the use of a particular assessment. An assessment use argument (AUA) provides a conceptual framework for linking assessment performance to assessment use. Assessment justification is applicable to the wide range of situations and uses that characterize language testing practice in the 21st century, and provides a basis for addressing the challenges these raise. Keywords: Assessment evaluation; Assessment methods; Classroom assessment
Recommendations for Training Psychiatry Residents in Psychosomatic Medicine

Background The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandates that residents in psychiatry training programs learn to provide psychiatric consultation to other medical and surgical services. The ACGME, however, offers little information to instruct academic faculty and institutions to what constitutes a quality educational experience in psychosomatic medicine/consultation-liaison psychiatry for the resident trainee. Methods These recommendations were developed through a collaborative process between educators in C-L psychiatry and members of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine's Residency Education Subcommittee. Results This manuscript provides a broad framework for what constitutes a well-rounded clinical and academic resident rotation on psychiatric consultation-liaison services. A rotation that is viewed positively by residents is important as it likely provides a foundation for a growing interest in Psychosomatic Medicine and the development of future fellows and subspecialty trained physicians.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis in Cardiac Hypertrophy and its Relation to Myocardial Failure

The rate of myocardial protein synthesis was studied in hearts of rabbits with experimentally produced cardiac hypertrophy and treatment with actinomycin D and puromycin as well as in animals maintained on a protein-free diet. Actinomycin D and puromycin inhibited myocardial incorporation of glycine-2-C14 only if protein synthesis was stimulated by means of aortic stenosis. Actinomycin D had no effect on the normal myocardium. Animals on protein-free diet also showed a decreased rate of glycine-2-C14 uptake into heart muscle protein after production of aortic stenosis, but an increased incorporation into skeletal muscle protein. Inhibition of protein synthesis during the first stage of cardiac hypertrophy was associated with the development of heart failure, regardless of whether the inhibition occurred as a result of actinomycin D, of puromycin or of protein-free diet. As compared to animals maintained on a regular diet, myocardial protein turnover rate in unoperated animals was not altered significantly...
Reversal by Vasopressin of Intractable Hypotension in the Late Phase of Hemorrhagic Shock

Background—Hypovolemic shock of marked severity and duration may progress to cardiovascular collapse unresponsive to volume replacement and drug intervention. On the basis of clinical observations, we investigated the action of vasopressin in an animal model of this condition. Methods and Results—In 7 dogs, prolonged hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure [MAP] of ≈40 mm Hg) was induced by exsanguination into a reservoir. After ≈30 minutes, progressive reinfusion was needed to maintain MAP at ≈40 mm Hg, and by ≈1 hour, despite complete restoration of blood volume, the administration of norepinephrine ≈3 μg · kg−1 · min−1 was required to maintain this pressure. At this moment, administration of vasopressin 1 to 4 mU · kg−1 · min−1 increased MAP from 39±6 to 128±9 mm Hg (P<0.001), primarily because of peripheral vasoconstriction. In 3 dogs subjected to similar prolonged hemorrhagic shock, angiotensin II 180 ng · kg−1 · min−1 had only a marginal effect on MAP (45±12 to 49±15 mm Hg). Plasma vasopressin was...
Dopaminergic Control of Corticostriatal Long-Term Synaptic Depression in Medium Spiny Neurons Is Mediated by Cholinergic Interneurons

Long-term depression (LTD) of the synapse formed between cortical pyramidal neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons is central to many theories of motor plasticity and associative learning. The induction of LTD at this synapse is thought to depend upon D(2) dopamine receptors localized in the postsynaptic membrane. If this were true, LTD should be inducible in neurons from only one of the two projection systems of the striatum. Using transgenic mice in which neurons that contribute to these two systems are labeled, we show that this is not the case. Rather, in both cell types, the D(2) receptor dependence of LTD induction reflects the need to lower M(1) muscarinic receptor activity-a goal accomplished by D(2) receptors on cholinergic interneurons. In addition to reconciling discordant tracts of the striatal literature, these findings point to cholinergic interneurons as key mediators of dopamine-dependent striatal plasticity and learning.
Joint lossless-source and channel coding using ARQ/go-back-(N, M) for image transmission

The paper introduces a new transmission protocol that uses a joint lossless-source and channel coding scheme (JARQ). This protocol utilizes the self-synchronization property of lossless compression to generate indications of errors in the received data. This approach assures the reconstruction of images that were compressed in a lossless fashion and transmitted over a packet switched network, regardless of the error pattern that occurred during transmission. This new protocol is referred to as go-back-(N, M) JARQ. We evaluate the protocol by analyzing its throughput, and present simulation results that compare its throughput with those of conventional ARQ protocols. Using still images, we find significant gain in throughput performance for our go-back-(N, M) protocol, especially in moderate to low BERs, compared with that of the conventional go-back-N protocol. Moreover, by including packet combining, we find large throughput gains at low BERs, as well. This gain is realized for both random and burst errors. This approach provides: an increase in the code rate; a clear indication of error propagation; insensitivity to the type of error pattern - random or burst.
Generating images from non-raster data in AFM

Non-raster methods in atomic force microscopy utilize high-level feedback control to steer the tip in order to sample only regions of interest. Although the non-raster method can reduce the scanning time by gathering fewer samples, the measurement locations are no longer uniformly distributed. As a result, the production of accurate images from the data is a non-trivial problem. This paper presents a method of generating images that faithfully represent the sample from the non-raster data based on Kriging spatial interpolation theory. The method is modified to work well with a particular non-raster method developed previously by one of the authors. One of the primary drawbacks of Kriging, however, is its computational cost. As the algorithm is too slow for real time use, we also describe the use Delaunay triangulation for image generation. While less accurate than Kriging, triangulation is fast enough to produce images in real time, providing visual feedback to the user during the image process.
Radiation Monitors and Instruments

This is a report on the papers presented at the International Atomic Energy Agency Conference on Nuclear Electronics in the field of radiation monitors and instruments which was held at Belgrade in May, 1961. The report deals particularly with contamination monitors, survey (dose-rate) meters and instruments for monitoring gaseous and liquid effluent for radioactive contamination. Among the new techniques mentioned are the following: selective ?-monitoring for portable instruments; the use of semiconductor devices as radiation detectors; impactors for sorting particulate contamination according to the size of the particles; alarm systems taking account of normal natural background variations, so that more rapid variations automatically operate on alarm; the use of ?erenkov detectors in liquid effluent monitoring; the monitoring of surface contamination on fuel elements; the use of coincidence scintillation-counter systems for determining the direction of ?-radiation, for source location; and the remote indication of radiation monitors using telephone lines. The report gives details of a number of new instruments, including a new type of personal radiation monitor, and a new type of instrument for detecting accidental reactor excursions, as well as several new types of plutonium monitors. Reference is made in all cases to the original papers, which will shortly be available in the Proceedings of the Belgrade Conference, which will be published by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Factors Associated with Absence of H2O2-Producing Lactobacillus among Women with Bacterial Vaginosis

Background Women with bacterial vaginosis have different microbiological profiles. Our objective was to identify risk factors for an absence of H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli among women with bacterial vaginosis. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 947 women with bacterial vaginosis who were enrolled in prospective studies investigating vaginal colonization and genital-tract infections. Results Women were categorized into 2 groups: those with H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli present (n=191; 20.2%) and those with H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli absent (n=756; 79.8%). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that douching >/=2 times during the past month (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-6.0) and having >/=3 sex partners during the past year (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.8-11.7) were predictive of an absence of H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli. Conclusion Among women with bacterial vaginosis, H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacillus colonization is influenced by sexual activity and douching habits. These findings may have important implications for response to treatment, relapse rate, and risk for sexually-transmitted-disease acquisition among women with bacterial vaginosis.
Startle, categorical response, and attention in acoustic behavior of insects.

There are three categories of auditory behavior that are often considered to be the province of psychophysicists and neurobiologists who study higher mammals, including humans, for which behavioral analogs might be expected to be found in insects. These behaviors are (a) categorical pcrception, (b) acoustic startle, and (c) selective attention. Categorical perception can be defined as the behavioral segmentation of a stimulus that varies continuously along some physical parameter. For example, in the case of sound, sharp behavioral (or perceptual) boundaries that define distinctly different behavioral acts can be drawn along the dimension of spectral frequency. Acoustic startle can be defined as a short-latency, characteristic sequence of muscle contractions, elicited by the sudden onset of a sound, especially one that is loud, unexpected, and potentially threatening. Selective attention has been defined as "that process by which an organism chooses to deal more effectively with one type of sensory stimulus at the expense of other stimuli" (Robinson & Petersen 1986). J present evidence that with appropriate amendments of definition to take into account surplus meaning (cognitive implications) in the original con­ cepts as applied to humans, categorical perception, acoustic startle, and selective attention can be studied in such creatures of modest behavioral means as crickets, moths, praying mantises, and green lacewings.
Effect of secretin on fasting and postprandial pH of the duodenal bulb in dogs.

In 2 dogs continuous measurements of the pH of the contents of the duodenal bulb were made from a miniature glass electrode inserted through a cannula implanted in the bulb. Intravenous secretin, 3 U per kg-hr, significantly increased the fasting pH from the range of 5.2 to 6.7 to a sustained pH of about 8.1 (P
Fast Algorithms for Counting Ranked Ballots

With a number of voting systems, voters cast ballots by ranking the candidates in order of preference. Voting systems that used ranked ballots - e.g., the single transferable vote and Condorcet methods - have theoretical advantages over simpler voting systems that do not use ranked ballots, but are computationally more intensive. This article shows that, by organinizing ballots into a tree data structure, the computations can be decreased dramatically. For example, with different versions of the single transferable vote, the compuatation times will be decreased ten to twenty fold.
Viscosity coefficients for liquid helium-3 in the interval 0.36 to 2.6°K

Abstract The torsional crystal technique was employed to determine the viscosity coefficients in liquid 3He and the results of this investigation are compared with other data.
Health-related quality of life among women with ductal carcinoma in situ or early invasive breast cancer: validation of the FACT-B (version 4)

ABSTRACTObjectives: To examine the reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) Version 4.Methods: Women ≥ 40 years with DCIS or early invasive breast cancer treated with whole breast irradiation (n=280) completed patient-reported outcome measures at three time points.Results: Most internal consistency reliability coefficients were 0.70 or greater. At baseline and 6 months, mean FACT-B scores were comparable between physician-reported cosmetic outcome subgroups; at 12 months, most scores were higher (better) for the “excellent” cosmesis group compared to “poor/fair/good” (p<0.05). Most mean FACT-B scores were higher for those with Grade 0-1 CTCAE toxicities versus Grade 2-3 (p<0.05). There were medium to large correlations between the FACT-B and the Body Image Scale. Most FACT-B mean scores were significantly different across BIS change groups (p<0.05).Conclusions: The FACT-B exhibited good reliability and validity in this sample of 280 women treated for DCIS and...
Thermodynamics of Micellization for the K+ and Ba2+ Complexes of a Lipophilic Cryptand

Temperature variation of the critical micelle concentration (cmc) has been used to obtain the thermodynamic parameters for micellization of 2-n-C14H29-[2.2.2]cryptand 1, in the presence of one equivalent of K+ or Ba2+. ΔHmic for the K+ complex is 5.5 kJ/mol and 12.6 kJ/mol for the Ba2+ complex. ΔSmic was 0.1 kJ/molK for both complexes, K+ and Ba2+. The process of micellization is entropy driven, but the major thermodynamic difference is of enthalpic origin. This result is consistent with increased charge repulsion on the micellar surface in the case of Ba2+ when compared to K+.
BLENDING APPROACH OF LINEAR PARAMETER VARYING CONTROL SYNTHESIS FOR F-16 AIRCRAFT *

This paper presents the design of a linear parameter varying (LPV) controller for the F-16 longitudinal axes over the entire flight envelope using a blend- ing approach which reduces computational costs for synthesizing an LPV controller. Quasi-LPV models of the F-16 longitudinal axes are constructed from the nonlinear equations of motion over the entire flight envelope, including non-trim regions, to facil- itate synthesis of LPV controllers for the F-16 air- craft. The nonlinear simulations of the blended LPV controller show that the desired performance and ro- bustness objectives are achieved across all altitude variations.
Further Studies on Mechanism of Invasiveness by Pyogenic Bacteria

The writer has recently demonstrated that the dissemination of a foreign substance from its site of inoculation is at least in part a function of its irritating capacity.1, 2Staphylococcus aureus induces a lesion sufficiently intense to occlude draining lymphatics and to cause the formation of a fibrinous network as early as one hour after cutaneous inoculation of the organism. The degree of “walling-off” was determined by studying the dissemination of trypan blue from the site of injury to the regional lymphatics. In the case of Type I pneumococcus the area is circumscribed at a somewhat later stage (about 6 hours subsequent to the inoculation of the organism). When Streptococcus hemolyticus is inoculated into the skin the lymphatics maintain their functional patency for about 2 days, and throughout that time these vessels are virtually unoc-cluded by thrombi. This histological observation adequately accounts for the delayed fixation and consequently the relative ease with which the dye penetrates to the...
GLOBAL ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF OSCILLATIONS WITH SLIDING MODES

This paper explores a new methodology based on quadratic surface Lyapunov functions to globally analyze oscillations with sliding modes in relay feedback systems (RFS). The method consists in efficiently construct quadratic Lyapunov functions on switching surfaces that can be used to show that impact maps, i.e., maps from one switch to the next, are contracting. This, in turn, shows that the system is globally stable. Several classes of piecewise linear systems (PLS) were previously successfully analyzed with this methodology. In this paper, we consider PLS whose trajectories switch between subsystems of different dimensions. We present and discuss distinct relaxations leading to sufficient conditions of different conservatism and computationally complexity. The results in this paper open the door to the analysis of other, more complex classes of PLS.
Establishing a successful clinical research program.

Clinical research (CR) is a natural corollary to clinical surgery. It gives an investigator the opportunity to critically review their results and develop new strategies. This article covers the critical factors and the important components of a successful CR program. The first and most important step is to build a dedicated research team to overcome time constraints and enable a surgical practice to make CR a priority. With the research team in place, the next step is to create a program on the basis of an original idea and new clinical hypotheses. This often comes from personal experience supported by a review of the available evidence. Randomized controlled (clinical) trials are the most stringent way of determining whether a cause–effect relationship exists between the intervention and the outcome. In the proper setting, translational research may offer additional avenues allowing clinical application of basic science discoveries.
Zwitterionic Weak-Link Approach Complexes Based on Anionic Icosahedral Monocarbaboranes

The anionic hemilabile phosphinothioether ligand, [1-(Ph2PCH2CH2S)-closo-1-CB11H11 ]−, which is functionalized with an anionic icosahedral monocarbaborane anion, was synthesized in three steps from [HNMe3][closo-CB11H12]. The ligand was used to synthesize a family of zwitterionic Weak-Link Approach (WLA) complexes that contain platinum(II), palladium(II), and rhodium(I). These complexes were characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Although the C-bound [closo-CB11H11]− anion behaves as an electron-withdrawing moiety, hemilabile phosphinothioether ligands that are based on this unit are strongly chelating, as determined via the measurement of the chloride association constant. The chelating strength is comparable to that of hemilabile ligands that are functionalized with the very electron-rich B-bound closo-1,7-C2B10H11 moiety, thus demonstrating the use of charge to influence ligand coordination strength. The anion...
Divergent T gamma cell functions in antigen-induced blastogenesis: facilitory interactions with Tnon gamma cells and participation in monocyte- and prostaglandin-mediated suppression.

The contribution of T gamma cells, i.e., T cells bearing surface receptors for the Fc portion of IgG, to the immunologic response to antigen has not been assessed in health or disease. We examined the role of T gamma cells in antigen-induced blastogenesis of T cells from healthy subjects and characterized their participation in monocyte- and prostaglandin-mediated suppression. Cell fractions enriched in the depleted of T gamma cells were prepared from nonadherent T cells by preparative rosetting with IgG-sensitized ox erythrocytes; antigen-induced blastogenesis was assayed as 3H-thymidine incorporation (3H-TdR), by microculture techniques. Removal of T gamma cells resulted in a Tnon gamma cell fraction whose in vitro response to soluble antigen was a mean 40% +/- 8 less than the response of the unseparated T cells from the same donors. Antigen did not induce 3H-TdR in cultures of T gamma cells; however, in cell-mixing experiments, addition of autologous T gamma cells reconstituted the antigen responsiveness of the Tnon gamma cell fraction. Monocytes (MN) added to cell cultures at a ratio known to be suppressive in vitro (MN to T = 1:4) significantly decreased antigen-induced 3H-TdR of unseparated T cells but did not alter the antigen responses of Tnon gamma cells. MN-dependent suppression was abrogated by co-culture with indomethacin. Exogenous prostaglandin E2, an immunosuppressive cyclooxygenase product of MN, selectively decreased antigen-induced 3H-TdR of cell cultures containing T gamma cells but did not affect antigen responses of Tnon gamma cell fraction. Thus these studies show that MN and their cyclooxygenase products modulate T gamma cells to function in a suppressive mode. This demonstration of divergent T gamma cell functions indicates that the contribution of an expanded T gamma cell population to altered antigen reactivity in disease can be determined only by careful functional studies.
Aging alters interspecific competition between two sympatric insect–parasitic nematode species

Interspecific competition can vary depending on the stage, age, or physiological state of the competitors. Competitive ability often increases with age or size; alternatively, senescence can lead to a loss of viability and reduced competitive success. Differences between species in their age‐specific competitive abilities can promote coexistence in the face of substantial niche overlap. We examined two sympatric species of nematodes (genus Steinernema) to determine whether their competitive relationship changes as a function of age. These obligately killing insect parasites are known for their broad host ranges and are transmitted from insect to insect via a juvenile stage propagule that is free‐living in the soil. Here, we tested whether the two species differed in the effects of age by examining the mortality of insect hosts infected with young or old transmission stage nematodes of each species. We also performed mixed infections, where an equal ratio of both species was simultaneously exposed to a host, to determine the effect of age on competitiveness. One species showed reduced performance with age, as older propagules were slower at inducing host mortality. In contrast, the other species increased in killing speed with age. In competition, insect mortality rate was predictive of competitive outcome, such that if one species induced considerably faster host death in a single‐species infection, it was competitively dominant in the coinfection. Accordingly, we found a shift in the competitive relationship between the two species with age. Our work demonstrates that species differences in the effects of aging can lead to dramatic shifts in reproductive success. As these effects are realized solely in a competitive environment, both spatial patchiness and temporal niche partitioning may be important for promoting coexistence.
Radial scars diagnosed on breast core biopsy: Frequency of atypia and carcinoma on excision and implications for management

Abstract Aims The risk of finding carcinoma in excisions following a core needle biopsy diagnosis of radial scar is not well defined and clinical management is variable. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of high-risk lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma in excisions following a core biopsy diagnosis of radial scar. Methods and results Dedicated breast pathologists and radiologists correlated the histologic and radiologic findings and categorized radial scars as the target lesion or an incidental finding. High-risk lesions were defined as atypical hyperplasia or classical lobular carcinoma in situ. Of the 79 radial scars identified over a 14-year period, 22 were associated with atypia or carcinoma in the core biopsy. Thirty-seven (37) of the 57 benign radial scars underwent excision with benign findings in 30 (81%), high-risk lesions in six (16%), and flat epithelial atypia in one (3%). There were no upgrades to carcinoma. One patient with a benign radial scar developed a 3-mm focus of intermediate-grade estrogen receptor-positive ductal carcinoma in situ in the same quadrant of the ipsilateral breast 72 months after excision. One patient with an incidental un-excised benign radial scar was diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ at a separate site of suspicious calcifications. Conclusions In this series, none of the benign radial scars was upgraded to carcinoma. Radial scar was the targeted lesion in all cases with high-risk lesions on excision. Surgical excision may not be mandatory for patients with benign incidental radial scars on core biopsy.
In vivo infection studies

Treatment of implant-associated infections is an important healthcare challenge due to increasing use of medical implants. This chapter will discuss several in vivo infection studies that have been used to explore the pathogenesis, treatment, and prophylaxis of implant-associated infections. The chapter also includes an overview of the common models of implant-associated infection, as well as a discussion of choosing the most suitable model, animal species, and microbial pathogen. Further, the benefits/limitations and correlation of in vivo infection study results with human infections will be assessed.
Components and Functions of Communication During Initial Interaction, With Extrapolations to Beyond

Uncertainty reduction theory has been used to explain communication behavior in initial interaction as well as in more developed relationships. An extension of uncertainty reduction theory is predicted outcome value, in which individuals expect affiliation or attraction as a possible outcome during initial encounters. A complete theory of uncertainty reduction and its relation to affiliative outcomes requires an understanding of the relations among three components of any communicative encounter: preinteraction expectancies about another’s anticipated communication behavior, the structure of the interaction (e.g., behavioral actions and reactions that evolve over the course of a conversation), and the outcome of uncertainty reduction (e.g., affiliation, more certainty, ambiguity). This essay examines the relations among these communicative components in expectancy-outcome studies in which behavior is ignored, in expectancy-structure studies that link expectancies to behavioral responses, in structure-outc...
Laser Speckle Rheology and Micromechanics

Most pathological conditions are accompanied by alterations in tissue viscoelasticity. In this paper, we describe a new optical approach, Laser Speckle Rheology (LSR), to measure the viscoelastic properties of tissue and detail the results of three applications we have conducted that demonstrate the utility of the LSR approach for cardiology, blood diagnostics and cancer biology applications.
Issues in Comparing Poverty Trends Over Time in Cote De'Ivoire

This evaluation of ten matching grant funds for enterprise development concludes that matching grant funds address the need to build domestic capacity to support businesses. Performance has been mixed, however, and best practice models are needed. Grant funding may be justified for technical knowhow, but support should be temporary and should be phased out as soon as the main objective, market take-off, is achieved. Developing viable new business is critical to recovery and long-term growth, especially in transition economies. There has been a long history of public support of enterprise development, starting with centralized state agency initiatives but moving more recently to decentralized instruments for development of the business services market. The window of time during which the benefits of intervention are likely to be greatest: When a market is in its infancy and its development is constrained by uncertainty and lack of information. Interventions for enterprise support should be demand-responsive and flexibly organized. In some circumstances, centralized assistance may still be effective, but it is generally better to use competitive private service providers responding to enterprises' changing needs. The main task is to stimulate the private services sector, improving its capacity to respond to the demands of new and expanding private enterprises. Support for enterprises has tended to be either free or heavily subsidized. But such subsidies can be justified only if interventions efficiently supply public goods. Providing technical and management knowhow can be a public good if it generates externalities - if, for example, knowhow benefits can be disseminated at proportionately low additional cost. Any subsidy for an intervention should be temporary and should be phased out when the main objective of intervention is achieved - that is, when the market takes off. Grants should generally be for knowhow, not for equipment. There may be a case for unbundling the knowhow component of loans (including feasibility studies and follow-up expert services) for grant funding. A package combining loans and grants - through a single financial institution or through separate institutions - may work, provided safeguards can be put in place to prevent perverse use of grants. The matching grant model, which is used increasingly in the World Bank and elsewhere, is one solution - but it must be justified and carefully designed. After evaluating ten matching grant funds, Phillips concludes that performance is mixed. Best practice models are needed. Ensuring economic benefits requires proactive management with clear objectives of market facilitation (making a market). And it requires a balance between rapid grant approval procedures and careful selection of services for grants. This paper - a product of the Private and Financial Sectors Development Unit, Europe and Central Asia - is part of a larger effort in the region to develop new instruments to support enterprise restructuring and development, especially in former Soviet Union economies.
Value of the portal venous phase in evaluation of treated hepatocellular carcinoma following transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation

Aim To evaluate the utility of the portal venous phase on multiphasic computed tomography (CT) after treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with trans-arterial chemoembolisation (TACE). Materials and methods This was a retrospective review of patients who underwent TACE for HCC between 1 April 2012 and 21 December 2014, with appropriate multiphasic, pre- and post-procedural CT examinations. The maximum non-contrast, arterial phase, and portal venous phase attenuation values of the tumour and tumour bed were evaluated within a region of interest (ROI), with values adjusted against background hepatic parenchyma. Linear regression analyses were performed for both the arterial and venous phases, to assess the level of enhancement and to determine if the venous phase had additional value in this setting. Results A total of 86 cases from 51 patients were reviewed. All pre-procedural CT examinations of lesions demonstrated arterial phase enhancement with portal venous and delayed phase washout compatible with HCC. The post-procedural CT examinations following TACE revealed expected decreased arterial enhancement. Sixty-five cases (76%) showed persistent non-enhancement on the portal venous phase following embolisation therapy. A total of 21 cases (24%), however, demonstrated progressive portal venous hyper enhancement. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a statistical significance between the difference in maximal arterial and portal venous enhancement in these cases. Conclusion Following TACE, the treated lesion may demonstrate portal venous phase hyper-enhancement within the tumour bed. As such, full attention should be given to these images for comprehensive evaluation of tumour response following treatment.
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Biologically Significant Acyl Transfer Reactions in Pseudomonads

Fatty acid synthesis (FAS) is essential for cellular function by providing precursors for synthesis of numerous cellular constituents, including phospholipids16, lipopolysaccharides84, rhamnolipids9, 72, polyhydroxyalkanoic acids2, 61, oligosaccharides23, 27 and proteins48. More recently, acyl-acyl carrier proteins (acyl-ACPs) derived from the fatty acid biosynthetic (Fab) pathway were shown to be the acyl donors for synthesis of acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) that are required for cell-to-cell communication and the many processes depending on it41, 43, 67, 76, 100. In addition, fatty acids play numerous other diverse roles in the physiology of pseudomonads. Adaptive alterations of membrane fatty acids and phospholipids play a role in the solvent tolerance of Pseudomonas putida and probably other pseudomonads37, 86. Such adaptive fatty acid alterations also occur in response to changes in growth conditions, with temperature and growth phase being the most influential parameters in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11 . Fatty acid composition of phospholipids also can influence some behavioral traits, such as P. aeruginosa twitching motility up phospholipid gradients53. The unique fatty acid patterns of individual Pseudomonas strains determined by gas chromatographic analysis can be utilized to identify individual bacterial species19, 68, 69. This technology forms the basis of the commercially available Sherlock® microbial identification system (MIDI, Inc., Newark, Delaware, USA).
Can Animals Lie

Philosophers and theologians commonly define a lie as any intentionally deceptive, “stated” message, so in order to answer the delusively simple question posed in our title, the notion of intentionality in animals must be considered, as well as what is meant, in this context, by a statement. The best way to tackle problems such as these is not in the abstract, but by considering actual examples of animal behavior.
Isolation and characterization of a mucosal triacylglycerol pool undergoing hydrolysis.

Absorbed and processed mucosal neutral lipid has been shown to be composed of at least two pools of triacylglycerol. One is likely to subserve chylomicron formation, and the other appears to be transported from the intestine via a nonlymphatic route. In the present study, 50 +/- 5% of the mucosal lipid pellets was centrifuged at 75,000 g.min [low-speed pellet (LSP)]. Discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation of LSP showed that 61 +/- 7% of the lipid banded at the 0.25-0.86 M sucrose interface. Neutral lipid analysis showed that this subfraction was only 58% triacylglycerol, suggesting it was undergoing hydrolysis. Active lipolytic activity in vitro was found on incubation. The lipase had an alkaline pH optimum (pH 8.5) and persisted despite pancreatic ductular diversion. Lipolysis in vivo in a LSP fraction was shown by infusing [14C]glyceryltrioleate for 3.5 h followed by [3H]glyceryltrioleate for 30 min. Discontinuous sucrose density centrifugation of the LSP followed by an analysis of the lipids at the 0.25-0.86 M sucrose interface showed that 14C-neutral lipids were only 70 +/- 6% triacylglycerol, whereas 3H-neutral lipids were 88 +/- 2% triacylglycerol. 3H entered LSP slowly compared with the floating lipid in the same centrifuge tube. These studies suggest both in vivo and in vitro mucosal lipolysis by a specific, alkaline-active lipase. The turnover rate of LSP is likely to be slow by comparison with neutral lipid floating to the top of the centrifuge tube.
CHAPTER 2-2 – THEORY OF THE CHEMICAL SHIFT

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a classification of shielding effects. The field experienced by a nucleus in an atom or molecule is not precisely equal to the applied field, Ho, because the nucleus is to some extent shielded by the extranuclear electrons associated with it and with neighbouring nuclei. In principle, electrons can influence the field at a nucleus in one or both of two ways. Firstly, the presence of unpaired electron spins can, in certain circumstances, give rise to a magnetic component at the nucleus. This effect is confined to paramagnetic molecules and is rarely encountered. The second way in which electrons shield nuclei is common to all atoms and molecules and is associated with the motions of electrons in a magnetic field. This latter effect is the origin of atomic and molecular diamagnetism and the chemical shift. Chemical shifts of protons in organic compounds are almost invariably measured in the liquid phase, usually as solutions in suitable solvents. Therefore, any discussion of the theory of the chemical shift must include a consideration of intermolecular effects.
Schooling Effects on Literacy Skills during the Transition to School.

The current study used a regression discontinuity (RD) design to characterize more precisely the link between schooling and literacy by examining whether and how different grade-level, practice-as-...
A Novel Mouse Model for Cilia-Associated Cardiovascular Anomalies with a High Penetrance of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Primary cilia are small organelles projecting from the cell surface of many cell types. They play a crucial role in the regulation of various signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the importance of cilia for heart development by conditionally deleting intraflagellar transport protein Ift88 using the col3.6-cre mouse. Analysis of col3.6;Ift88 offspring showed a wide spectrum of cardiovascular defects including double outlet right ventricle and atrioventricular septal defects. In addition, we found that in the majority of specimens the pulmonary veins did not properly connect to the developing left atrium. The abnormal connections found resemble those seen in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Analysis of mutant hearts at early stages of development revealed abnormal development of the dorsal mesocardium, a second heart field-derived structure at the venous pole intrinsically related to the development of the pulmonary veins. Data presented support a crucial role for primary cilia in outflow tract development and atrioventricular septation and their significance for the formation of the second heart field-derived tissues at the venous pole including the dorsal mesocardium. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that proper formation of the dorsal mesocardium is critically important for the development of the pulmonary veins. Anat Rec, 302:136-145, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Power Grid Resiliency Improvement Through Remedial Action Schemes

As the complexity of the power grid increases, it becomes more susceptible to failures and cascading outages. Therefore, the resiliency of the power grid is severely jeopardized under fault conditions, unforeseen disturbances, and cyber or physical attacks. A common approach to alleviate vulnerabilities and further improve operational security is to recognize the critical lines or generators and adopt suitable remedial action schemes. In this paper, we use a power flow-based method to assess the vulnerability of the system before and after applying remedial action schemes. We focus on a modified version of the IEEE 9 bus system in Powerworld to examine our method. Our simulation results demonstrate the improvement in the system's resiliency