cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supervenience and Basic Christian Beliefs

A field-oriented interpretation of Whiteheadian societies of actual occasions, when used to explain the notion of strong supervenience as applied to the mind-brain problem, allows one to claim that not only higher-level properties such as consciousness but even higher-level entities such as the mind or soul are emergent from lower-level systems of neuronal interaction. Moreover, it also explains the preexistence of God to the world and Christian belief in eternal life with the triune God in a way that is impossible within the limits of a theory of strong supervenience.
MHZ RATE IMAGING OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES WITHIN A HIGH SPEED AXISYMMETRIC JET

The ability to perform ultrafast flow imaging of a supersonic jet with a convective Mach number of 0.6 is demonstrated. Preliminary results concerning the formation and evolution of large-scale structures are presented. The potentials of this flow imaging technique and future works are also discussed.
Static Analysis to Enforce Safe Value Flow in Embedded Control Systems

Embedded control systems consist of multiple components with different criticality levels interacting with each other. For example, in a passenger jet, the navigation system interacts with the passenger entertainment system in providing passengers the distance-to-destination information. It is imperative that failures in the non-critical subsystem should not compromise critical functionality. This architectural principle for robustness can, however, be easily compromised by implementation-level errors. We describe Safe- Flow, which statically analyzes core components in the system to ensure that they use non-core values communicated through shared memory only if they are run-time monitored for safety or recoverability. Using simple, local annotations and semantic restrictions on shared memory usage in the core component, SafeFlow precisely identifies accesses to unmonitored non-core values. With a few false positives, it identifies erroneous dependencies of critical data on noncore values that can arise due to programming errors, inadvertent accesses, or wrong assumptions regarding the absence of difficult-to-detect implementation errors such as data races and synchronization. We demonstrate the utility of SafeFlow by applying it to discover critical value flow dependencies in three prototype systems.
A SPECIFIC HEAT CALORIMETER FOR FOODS

A new procedure was developed to determine the specific heat of food products by using a calorimeter which was prepared through the proper modification of a household vacuum jar. Since there was no direct contact between food and heat exchange medium in the calorimeter, the evaluation of heat of solution for dissolvable chemical entities in the food was eliminated and also this new method is readily applicable to food whose temperature is higher than 100°C. The reproducibility and reliability of the developed procedure were carefully examined by using several materials whose specific heat values were well documented. This procedure was utilized to determine specific heat values of four cookies, wheat flour and one fresh produce. The agreement between the experimental and literature values was found to be excellent. The standard deviations of replicated experiments were less than 2%.
Resistance of Tripsacorn to Sitophilus zeamais and Oryzaephilus surinamensis

One strategy that has been used to find germplasm for developing improved plant varieties is to test ancestral germplasm for the desired traits. Although the progenitors of commercial maize are not known, a hybrid (called Tripsacorn) developed from a perennial teosinte, Zea diploperennis, and eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides, resembles the earliest known samples of primitive domesticated maize. We tested resistance of whole Tripsacorn to the primary storage pest (primary storage pests can infest intact kernels) the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and resistance of ground Tripsacorn to the secondary storage pest (secondary pests usually cannot infest intact kernels) the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Tripsacorn was immune to attack by S. zeamais. The weevils were unable to lay eggs in the Tripsacorn, and we hypothesized that the hardness of the fruitcase was responsible for lack of weevil oviposition. Oryzaephilus surinamensis were able to complete immature development on ground Tripsacorn, but duration of development was longer and weight of emerged adults was less than for beetles developing on wheat. Hardness of the fruitcase may have been a primitive mechanism of defense against insects and other pests, but probably would not be an acceptable trait in commercial varieties. It remains to be determined whether the possible antibiotic effect demonstrated in ground Tripsacorn would be a useful trait in commercial maize hybrids.
Sensing Agency and Resistance in Old Prisons: A Pragmatist Analysis of Institutional Control

Using the exemplary case of 19th-century American state penitentiaries, the authors explore penitentiary control from the perspective of sensing agents who navigate a controlled sensory ecology – t...
Analysis of electro-active polymer bending: A component in a low cost ultrathin scanning endoscope

The development of a low-cost active tip bending system for a scanning fiber endoscope or catheterscope has been initiated and proof-of-concept fabrication and testing have been conducted. The actuator material chosen for the design is an ionic conductive polymer metal composites (IPMC) type electro-active polymer (EAP). IPMC materials are inexpensive, especially in small sizes required for ultrathin scopes, allowing the possibility of an active-bending mechanism for the single-use endoscope. The charge and the strain distribution across the 200m thick membrane are simulated using finite element analysis (FEA). The deformation results from the numerical analysis agree within 8.5% error of the experimental outcome. An IPMC strip actuator made from a Nafion ® membrane and a platinum-plating recipe is developed. The generative force of the actuator is measured and demonstrated to be sufficient to lift the rigid tip of the scanning fiber endoscope. Therefore, this IPMC material is a candidate to be used as a low-cost active bending mechanism for the ultrathin scanning fiber endoscopes and future catheterscopes.
Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. By Geoffrey Parker. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013. Pp. xxix, 871. $40.00.)

This massive study takes up one of the most durable hypotheses of early modern studies—that of a “general crisis” in the seventeenth century. Since the 1950s, historians have debated the causes of ...
AED Education: A Dilemma for Public Health and a Challenge for Critical Care Specialists

Objective: The proper management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) includes proper CPR and early defibrillation with a public access AED (automated external defibrillator). However, the general public is largely ignorant of their role in OHCA. This behavior has resulted in only a minority of OHCA patients being successfully resuscitated and leaving the hospital neurologically intact. One particularly revealing study demonstrated that American college students not only were hesitant to employ an AED, they did not even know its location within their own campus. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether this was true even among healthcare students in a healthcare academic environment. Method: A local university population of students and faculty in nursing, medicine, public health, physician assistant, pharmacy, and biological sciences completed a survey which included not only the AED training and knowledge aspects, but also whether or not they knew the location of the nearest AED. A total of 553 participants (532 students and 21 faculty) agreed to participate and completed the anonymous IRB-approved survey. Results: Of those that completed the survey, 89.5% received AED training, 55.3% within the prior twelve months. However, only 110 of those who received AED/ CPR education (19.9%) knew the location of the AED in the building where they received the majority of their education. This lack of knowledge crossed all the disciplines. It ranged from as low as 17.5% for medical students up to 22.5% for PA students. These data reached statistical significance. Conclusion: Health professionals and the general public need to know not only how to use an AED but where the nearest one is located to actually save lives in the pre-hospital environment. Critical care specialists and intensivists are advised to work with the local public health infrastructure to ensure that AED/CPR training includes empowering the trainees to actively seek out AED locations at the more popular public venues in a community. Knowledge of CPR and defibrillator training alone are useless if the individual cannot find the device in a timely manner.
Expression of cell cycle, angiogenesis and metastases associated factors in osteosarcoma - immunohistochemical analysis of tissue array in 35 patients

10036 Background: Osteosarcoma is the most common, non-haemopoietic primary malignant tumor of bone. A variety of biological markers have been investigated for their prognostic value with variable ...
The Use and Evaluation of an Inexpensive Eye Model in Direct Ophthalmoscopy Training

Purpose Learning direct ophthalmoscopy to view the fundus is an important skill that is often given insufficient attention in medical school curriculums. The goals of this study were to (1) create an easy-to-assemble, inexpensive artificial eye model, the FAK-I, (2) develop an objective evaluation tool to assess the students' clinical skills in using the direct ophthalmoscopy, and (3) determine if practice with the FAK-I translates into improved clinical examination skills. Methods After an initial hands-on tutorial on direct ophthalmoscopy, study subjects (n = 12) were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 6), which received no FAK-I model, or a study group (n = 6), which received a FAK-I model. After 45 days of no further intervention, students took an objective evaluation of clinical direct ophthalmoscopy skills. Scores of students in the control and study group were compared. Results The study group had a higher percentage of correct responses (44%) compared with the control group (40%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. More students in the study cohort (50%) reported independently practicing the direct ophthalmoscope than the control group (0%). The study cohort also reported practicing on the FAK-I more frequently than on peers or patients. Conclusions We were able to create the FAK-I, a simple low-cost eye model to practice direct ophthalmoscopy. We also designed an objective evaluation tool to assess students' clinical skills with a direct ophthalmoscope. While the study group scored slightly better than the control group, these numbers did not reach significance due to the limited size of this pilot study. The study group practiced more than the control group, and more often on the FAK-I model than on peers or patients. These findings in this pilot study point to the potential utility of providing a simple eye model in improving direct ophthalmoscopy skills in medical students.
Stage of Lung Cancer in Relation to Its Size

Objective: To assess the relationship between tumor size and disease stage at the time of diagnosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: From the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry, we identified all cases of primary non-small cell lung cancer diagnosed prior to autopsy. Among these, we focused on 84,152 cases diagnosed in 1988 or later and documented as to tumor size and disease stage at diagnosis. The distribution of disease stage within categories of tumor size was determined. Results: The smaller the tumor was, the more likely the disease was stage I. For tumors 45 mm, with all of these proportions being very precise. Conclusions: Tumor size has substantial bearing on disease stage in non-small cell lung cancer. (CHEST 2005; 127:1136–1139)
Training Issues in Military and Defense

The purpose of this symposium is to provide an in-depth discussion of some of the key training issues in the defense and military fields. The massive scale and diversity of physiological and psychological needs of personnel in these fields render the training challenges in these domains unique from any other. Training in maintenance, in tactics, and in piloting or control of aircraft or ships, present several issues of interest to the human factors community that are discussed in this session. The symposium is comprised of four papers presented by scientists and practitioners with extensive experience in designing training methodologies specific to military and defense. The range of topics discussed in this session include: game-based training techniques for counterinsurgency operations, intelligent tutors for ship handling skills, and techniques for training emotion management and self-development for military personnel. The symposium concludes with a discussion of computer-based language and culture tra...
Phytotoxemia of Coastal Bermudagrass Caused by the Two-Lined Spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Homoptera: Cercopidae)

An adult two-lined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say), causes phytotoxemia of Coastal bermudagrass, a cultivar of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Symptoms appear as White stipple and Ivory to Sea Foam streak of leaves and browning and dying of the entire above ground portion of the plant. Disease, severity is correlated with the degree of infestation and length of feeding time on the host. Some symptoms developed after 1 spittlebug was confined to a stem for only 1 hr. Nymphs, in any of the 4 instars, were incapable of producing visible symptoms. Histological studies revealed that the nymphs and the adults feed in the xylem. The toxin appeared to move both up and down the stem in the xylem and escaped through the border parenchyma into the mesophyll in the leaves where it caused loss of chlorophyll and, later, death of both parenchyma and mesophyll. Confining an adult to the middle portion of a stem resulted in leaf symptoms both above and below the point of confinement. Confining an adult to an area above the fork of a divided stem resulted in leaf symptoms both above and below the point of confinement but not on the alternate arm of the fork.
The success of the Harry Potter industry and its transnational marketing strategies

This article examines the work of J.K. Rowling and her Harry Potter creation. The Harry Potter industry is examined and its phenomenal success is explained. Specific marketing strategies which have launched this product so that it has achieved widespread popularity are considered. The problems of global marketing strategies and the need to retain the essential Britishness of the original product are discussed. The paper concludes by touching on a few authenticity issues, such as some people's beliefs that Harry Potter is becoming an Americanised product.
Quantitative MRI criteria for optic pathway enlargement in neurofibromatosis type 1

Objective: To determine quantitative size thresholds for enlargement of the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Methods: Children 0.5–18.6 years of age who underwent high-resolution T1-weighted MRI were eligible for inclusion. This consisted of children with NF1 with or without optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) and a control group who did not have other acquired, systemic, or genetic conditions that could alter their anterior visual pathway (AVP). Maximum and average diameter and volume of AVP structures were calculated from reconstructed MRI images. Values above the 95th percentile from the controls were considered the threshold for defining an abnormally large AVP measure. Results: A total of 186 children (controls = 82; NF1noOPG = 54; NF1+OPG = 50) met inclusion criteria. NF1noOPG and NF1+OPG participants demonstrated greater maximum optic nerve diameter and volume, optic chiasm volume, and total brain volume compared to controls ( p p 80%, all comparisons). Conclusions: Quantitative reference values for AVP enlargement will enhance the development of objective diagnostic criteria for OPGs secondary to NF1.
Hands-on sensors 101: invited session

This will be a one hour long practicum where attendees, guided by experts, will try out biometric sensors and equipment, including eye trackers, electrodermal activity sensors, and heart rate monitors. Attendees will write code to collect data from a sensor and analyze it to compute operationalized metrics like cognitive load. These will be applied to a simple research experiment. Attendees will gain the basic knowledge needed to engage in research with psycho-physiological sensors.
Semiclosed Conformations of the Ligand-Binding Domains of NMDA Receptors during Stationary Gating

NMDA receptors are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels. In the continuous presence of saturating agonists, NMDA receptors undergo stationary gating, in which the channel stochastically switches between an open state that permits ion conductance and a closed state that prevents permeation. The ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of the four subunits are expected to have closed clefts in the channel-open state. On the other hand, there is little knowledge about the conformational status of the LBDs in the channel-closed state during stationary gating. To probe the latter conformational status, Kussius and Popescu engineered interlobe disulfide cross-links in NMDA receptors and found that the cross-linking produced stationary gating kinetics that differed only subtly from that produced by agonist binding. These authors assumed that the cross-linking immobilized the LBDs in cleft-closed conformations, and consequently concluded that throughout stationary gating, agonist-bound LBDs also stayed predominantly in cleft-closed conformations and made only infrequent excursions to cleft-open conformations. Here, by calculating the conformational free energies of cross-linked and agonist-bound LBDs, we assess whether cross-linking actually traps the LBDs in cleft-closed conformations and delineate semiclosed conformations of agonist-bound LBDs that may potentially be thermodynamically and kinetically important during stationary gating. Our free-energy results show that the cross-linked LBDs are not locked in the fully closed form; rather, they sample semiclosed conformations almost as readily as the agonist-bound LBDs. Several lines of reasoning suggest that LBDs are semiclosed in the channel-closed state during stationary gating. Our free-energy simulations suggest possible structural details of such semiclosed LBD conformations, including intra- and intermolecular interactions that serve as alternatives to those in the cleft-closed conformations.
Working with Resource Parents for Trauma-Informed Foster Care

Child welfare and mental health trainers are often at a loss for trauma-informed resources to enhance the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of resource parents. This chapter is designed to provide an understanding of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network product called Caring for Children Who Have Experienced Trauma: A Workshop for Resource Parents (Grillo & Lott D, Caring for children who have experienced trauma: A workshop for resource parents-participant handbook, 2010) and how it supports the concept of trauma-informed parenting. The chapter outlines the curriculum goals, description, program components, current level of evidence, challenges to implementation, and fit to culture within child welfare supporting the overall goals. On the surface, the content of this curriculum seems similar to materials often found in child welfare pre-service trainings for resource parents, but in reality, it fills a tremendous gap in training resources available to foster a better understanding of how trauma impacts child behaviors and how parents and caregivers might effectively advocate for trauma-informed services.
Implicit–explicit (IMEX) Runge–Kutta methods for non-hydrostatic atmospheric models

Abstract. The efficient simulation of non-hydrostatic atmospheric dynamics requires time integration methods capable of overcoming the explicit stability constraints on time step size arising from acoustic waves. In this work, we investigate various implicit–explicit (IMEX) additive Runge–Kutta (ARK) methods for evolving acoustic waves implicitly to enable larger time step sizes in a global non-hydrostatic atmospheric model. The IMEX formulations considered include horizontally explicit – vertically implicit (HEVI) approaches as well as splittings that treat some horizontal dynamics implicitly. In each case, the impact of solving nonlinear systems in each implicit ARK stage in a linearly implicit fashion is also explored. The accuracy and efficiency of the IMEX splittings, ARK methods, and solver options are evaluated on a gravity wave and baroclinic wave test case. HEVI splittings that treat some vertical dynamics explicitly do not show a benefit in solution quality or run time over the most implicit HEVI formulation. While splittings that implicitly evolve some horizontal dynamics increase the maximum stable step size of a method, the gains are insufficient to overcome the additional cost of solving a globally coupled system. Solving implicit stage systems in a linearly implicit manner limits the solver cost but this is offset by a reduction in step size to achieve the desired accuracy for some methods. Overall, the third-order ARS343 and ARK324 methods performed the best, followed by the second-order ARS232 and ARK232 methods.
Privatization of government services: an overview and review of the literature

Privatization continues to receive serious consideration at the federal, state, and local government levels. The most frequent reason cited for privatizing services is to reduce the size and cost of government. While many government entities have privatized services, it is often up to academic researchers to determine if the goals of privatization have been realized and to shed light on the organizational and service characteristics that make it more likely that the results of privatizing a particular service will be positive. This paper seeks to provide a background to those researchers interested in examining the privatization of government services. The paper reviews and synthesizes prior privatization research and discusses future research directions.
Geometry and algorithms to expand 2θ coverage of a 2D detector

A two-dimensional (2D) diffraction pattern is an image representing the diffraction intensity distribution over the detected area. For data evaluations of various materials characterization, such as phase identification, stress, texture, and crystal size, this distribution is further converted into the intensity distribution over 2θ or γ angles. For many applications, especially phase analysis and structure refinement, it is crucial for the two-dimensional (2D) pattern to have a large 2θ range sufficient to cover as many diffraction rings as necessary. The 2θ range covered by a 2D detector is determined by the size of the detector active area and the detector distance from the sample. In order to expand the 2θ coverage with a given 2D detector, one may collect several 2D frames at various swing angles and then merge the multiple frames, or scan the 2D detector over the desired 2θ range during the data collection. This paper introduces the geometry and algorithms to produce accurate 2D diffraction patterns with expanded 2θ coverages from multiple images or scanned images.
Application of BP Neural Network PID Control to Coordinated Control System Based on Balance Thought

Coordinated control system of thermal power unit is a time-varying, uncertainties, strong-coupling and multi-variable control system. Its control quality is a key to improve the thermal processes automation and achieve power system automatic generation control. In this paper, the non-linear mathematical models of drum-boiler turbine unit and once-through boiler unit are given. Analysis of the conventional boiler feed-forward control system and based on the thought that dynamic energy and static energy separation, the boiler BP neural network PID control feed-forward controller is structured and applied. Simulation results show that not only load response and anti-interference ability are improved, but also dynamic overshoot greatly reduce. It is conducive to the safety, economy and stability of generator unit.
Complications of Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy

“Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is a unique surgical procedure due to the fact that the surgeon is operating on a healthy individual in order to benefit another patient he or she is unlikely managing, with a potential for complications ensuing in both the donor and the recipient patients. Overall surgical technique, anatomic considerations, and perioperative management remain important for minimizing the donor’s morbidity. In addition, maneuvers to maximize graft function for the recipient must be performed without compromising the donor patient. This includes minimizing warm ischemia time, ensuring a safe graft retrieval, and performing a careful dissection of the renal hilum and ureter to maximize graft length for implantation. Lastly, the long-term medical consequences of loss of renal function for the donor must be considered.”
Factors Influencing the Archaic Pattern of Animal Exploitation

ABSTRACTThe origins of the Archaic subsistence pattern in North America are examined by focusing only on the terrestrial faunal procurement system. A model is presented and predictions derived which are then tested on faunal material from Russell Cave (Alabama), Rodgers Shelter (Missouri), and Hogup Cave (Utah). It is argued that the relative abundance of small animals in the prehistoric diet is an index to the natural availability of large species. It is concluded that the economic implications of a decline in the number of large species (post-Pleistocene extinctions) would be a shift towards greater dependence on the smaller animals.
The role of dietary fiber in lipid metabolism.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of dietary fiber in lipid metabolism. The understanding of the involvement of dietary fiber in lipid metabolism is still quite limited. Despite the strong relationships indicated by epidemiological observations, very few concerning mechanisms involved and details concerning the specific types of dietary fiber involved are known. One viable mechanism involves the interaction of some types of dietary fiber with bile acids. The magnitude of this interaction appears to be sufficient to result in an alteration of bile acid excretion and, as a result, alter sterol balance. This alteration is involved in the hypocholesteremic effects of certain types of dietary fiber. At the same time, the resultant increase in the concentration of bile acids in the colon may be related to susceptibility to colon carcinogenesis. These data indicate the necessity of a thorough evaluation of all phases of the effects of any dietary fiber source or component before making any recommendation for its use. A dietary fiber with both bile-acid adsorption capabilities and a high water-holding capacity could result in increased total excretion without increasing bile acid concentrations.
Binding of pseudomonas solanacearum fimbriae to tobacco leaf cell walls and its inhibition by bacterial extracellular polysaccharides

Fimbriae may mediate attachment of plant pathogenic bacteria to host cell walls, and this is thought to be involved in the elicitation of resistant (hypersensitive) responses. Fimbrial extracts and purified fimbriae of the avirulent B1 strain of Pseudomonas solanacearum agglutinated isolated tobacco cell wall fragments, erythrocytes and polystyrene latex spheres. In all three assays, agglutination was inhibited by purified extracellular polysaccharides from the virulent K60 strain of P. solanacearum, Rhizobium meliloti, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Bovine serum albumin, fetuin and conalbumin were also strong inhibitors of agglutination. Pretreatment of tobacco cell -walls with P. solanacearum extracellular polysaccharide greatly reduced their agglutination by Bl fimbriae. This inhibition was not reversed by sugars, indicating that specific carbohydrate receptors on the tobacco cell wall or the erythrocyte surface may not be involved in agglutination. It is proposed that the fimbriae bind to these surfaces via nonspecific interactions. Results are discussed in relation to (a) the possible involvement of fimbriae in immobilization of avirulent bacteria in vivo, and (b) the role of extracellular polysaccharide in preventing the attachment of virulent strains by virtue of its interaction with the tobacco cell wall.
The Ethical Dimension of Politics

Chapter 5, The Ethical Dimension of Politics, articulates the subsumption of the ethical principles into norms of critical political rationality. When constituted power of the state and other institutions become corrupt and are no longer obedient to constituents, constituents face the challenge of recuperating their sovereignty and restoring democratic governance. The chapter examines in detail Dussel’s account of how a politics of liberation justifies the struggle to transform corrupt forms of governance into ones that answer obediently to democratic expressions of constituent power.
Superconductivity in the presence of spin-orbit interactions stabilized by Hund coupling

The intraorbital repulsive Hubbard interaction cannot lead to attractive superconducting pairing states, except through the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism. This situation may change when we include additional local interactions such as the interorbital repulsion ${U}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and Hund interactions $J$. Adding these local interactions, we study the nature of the superconducting pairs in systems with tetragonal crystal symmetry including the ${d}_{xz}$ and ${d}_{yz}$ orbitals, and in octahedral systems including all three of ${d}_{xz}, {d}_{yz}$, and ${d}_{xy}$ orbitals. In the tetragonal case, spin-orbit interactions can stabilize attractive pairing channels containing a spin triplet, orbital singlet character. Depending on the form of spin-orbit coupling, pairing channels belonging to degenerate, nontrivial irreducible representations may be stabilized. In the octahedral case, the pairing interactions of superconducting channels are found to depend critically on the number of bands crossing the Fermi energy.
Comparative plasma and urine concentrations of flunixin and meloxicam in goats

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare plasma and urine concentrations of flunixin and meloxicam, in order to determine withdrawal intervals for animals at livestock shows where urine is routinely tested. Eleven goats were housed in individual metabolism cages to facilitate complete urine collection. All animals were randomly divided into one of two treatment groups and received either a single dose of 2.2 mg/kg flunixin in the muscle (n = 5) or 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam by mouth (n = 6). Flunixin meglumine was given via an intramuscular injection to evaluate the effect of extra label administration on the disposition of flunixin in goats. The information from this study represents a potential worst-case scenario for urine depletion and helps determine the withdrawal intervals needed for flunixin meglumine in show goats when administered in this extra label manner. Plasma and urine samples were collected over 360 h and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS). Goats were euthanized at the end of the study, and liver samples were collected at necropsy 15 days post dose in order to quantify any potential residues. Drug levels in urine reached peak concentrations between 8 and 16 h after dosing for both drugs. Flunixin urine concentrations were higher than maximum levels determined in plasma. Urine concentrations for both flunixin and meloxicam fell below the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 ng/mL by 240 h in all goats. Calculated harmonic mean apparent elimination half-life in plasma based on non-compartmental analysis was 5.4 ± 0.001 h and 10.3 ± 0.001 h for flunixin and meloxicam respectively. Five of six liver samples for goats administered meloxicam fell below the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5.0 ng/mL by 15 days. Four out of five liver samples for goats administered flunixin fell below the LOQ (5.0 ng/mL) by 15 days. Flunixin and meloxicam administered to healthy goats exhibited longer elimination from urine than plasma, but followed a similar and linear depletion profile. Urine concentrations did not correlate with liver residues. This study provides useful information that can assist livestock show authorities and veterinarians determine an appropriate withdrawal interval for show animals whose urine may be tested prior to competition.
Laparoscopic Surgeons' Perspectives on Risk Factors for and Prophylaxis of Trocar Site Hernias: A Multispecialty National Survey

Background and objectives Although trocar site hernias (TSHs) occur in only 1.5% to 1.8% of all laparoscopic procedures, TSHs can present serious postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to survey surgeons who are active members of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons (SLS) to elicit their experiences with TSHs, including fascial closure preferences. Methods After reviewing the clinical and epidemiological literature to compile relevant questions, an anonymous survey was designed using Qualtrics web-based software. The survey link was emailed to all SLS members. Descriptive analyses included frequencies, percentages, and χ2 or Fisher's exact tests to assess statistical associations. Results There were 659 SLS members who completed the survey: 323 general surgeons, 242 gynecologists, 45 colorectal surgeons, 25 bariatric surgeons, and 24 urologists. Nearly 7 in 10 respondents (68.4%) reported at least 1 patient developing a TSH within the previous decade. Compared with other specialties, bariatric surgeons had the smallest proportion of respondents reporting fascial closure for 10- to 12-mm trocars (68%) and the largest proportion indicating no fascial closure for trocars of any size (28%) (P Conclusion Port size remains one of the main risk factors for TSH development, with most respondents closing only 10- to 12-mm ports regardless of surgical volume or practice setting. The general trend for port closure for bariatric surgeons is significantly different from that of other surgeons.
Resisting knowledge, realizing values, and reasoning in complex contexts: Ecological reflections:

In this article I explore the social, pragmatic, ecological contexts within which reasoning occurs, and without which it cannot function properly. A diverse set of perspectives are used to guide th...
Religion and Health Among Hispanics: Exploring Variations by Age.

The purpose of this study is to see whether there are age differences in the relationship between church-based social ties and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) antibodies among Hispanics (250) and non-Hispanic Whites (N = 602). The data indicate that emotional support that is received from fellow church members is associated with lower EBV values among Hispanics of all ages, but not among Whites of all ages. In contrast, emotional support that is received outside religious institutions failed to provide similar protective effects for Hispanics. No age differences emerged from the data.
Evaluation of capsular contracture following immediate prepectoral versus subpectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction

Capsular contracture is a common adverse outcome following implant breast reconstruction, often associated with radiation treatment. The authors hypothesize that muscle fibrosis is the main contributor of breast reconstruction contracture after radiation. Retrospective chart review identified patients that underwent DTI reconstruction with pre-or post-operative breast irradiation. Signs of capsular contracture were assessed using clinic notes and independent graders reviewing two-dimensional images and anatomic landmarks. Capsular contracture rate was greater in the subpectoral vs. prepectoral group (n = 28, 51.8% vs. n = 12, 30.0%, p = 0.02). When compared to prepectoral DTI reconstruction in irradiated patients, subpectoral implant placement was nearly 4 times as likely to result in capsular contracture (p < 0.01). Rates of explantation, infection, tissue necrosis, and hematoma were comparable between groups. We also found that when subpectoral patients present with breast contracture, chemoparalysis of the muscle alone can resolve breast asymmetry, corroborating that muscle is a key contributor to breast contracture. As prepectoral breast reconstruction is gaining popularity, there have been questions regarding outcome following radiation treatment. This study suggest that prepectoral breast reconstruction is safe in an irradiated patient population, and in fact compares favorably with regard to breast contracture.
Design of Conical Rotor Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine with Improved Flux-Weakening Capability for Traction Applications

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel flux-switching permanent magnet machine (FSPM) with a conical rotor. The conical rotor has two degree-of-freedom movement, including axial and radial movements. The axial movement is realized by controlling the axial force generated by the d-axis current. During the positive axial movements, the air gap length is reduced and leads to higher air gap flux density to increase the torque production capability. During the negative axial movements, the air gap flux density is reduced due to the increase of air gap length, which creates an opportunity for the improved flux-weakening compared with normal FSPM machines. In this paper, the design parameters of the conical FSPM are provided. The axial force and torque production capability are investigated by analytical equations and 3-D finite element analysis (FEA). Flux-weakening is also evaluated at various axial positions and d-axis currents.
The Nucleus is a Quality Control Center For Non-Imported Mitochondrial Proteins

Mitochondrial import deficiency causes cellular stress due to the accumulation of non-imported mitochondrial precursor proteins. Despite the burden mis-localized mitochondrial precursors place on cells, our understanding of the systems that dispose of these proteins is incomplete. Here, we catalog the location and steady-state abundance of mitochondrial precursor proteins during mitochondrial impairment in S. cerevisiae. We find that a number of non-imported mitochondrial proteins localize to the nucleus, where they are eliminated by proteasome-based nuclear protein quality control. Recognition of mitochondrial precursors by the nuclear quality control machinery requires the presence of an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS), and impaired breakdown of precursors leads to their buildup in nuclear-associated foci. These results identify the nucleus as a key destination for the disposal of non-imported mitochondrial precursors.
Antimicrobial interventions to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter populations and improve shelf life of quail carcasses.

Quail (Coturnix japonica) is processed and marketed as fresh meat, with limited shelf life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial interventions during slaughter on reducing Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination and to determine the microbiological shelf life of quail during refrigerated (4°C) storage. Three antimicrobials, peracetic acid (400 ppm; PAA), Citrilow (pH 1.2), and Cecure (cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC], 450 ppm), along with a water and no-treatment control were evaluated. Quail carcasses (n = 75) were inoculated with a cocktail of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and gentamicin-resistant Campylobacter coli. After 30 min of attachment time, quail carcasses were submerged in each antimicrobial solution for 20 s with air agitation. Noninoculated quail carcasses (n = 25) were similarly treated, packaged, and stored under refrigeration (4°C). Aerobic plate counts (APC), psychrotroph counts (PC), Enterobacteriaceae counts (ENT), total coliform counts (TCC), and Escherichia coli counts on quail carcasses were determined on 1, 4, 7, and 10 d. Salmonella and Campylobacter populations were determined by plating on Petrifilm APC supplemented with 200-ppm nalidixic acid and Campy Cefex agar supplemented with 200-ppm gentamycin, respectively. No significant reductions in (P > 0.01 log cfu/mL) in APC, PC, ENT, TCC, and E. coli counts were observed on carcasses submerged in water. However, treatments with PAA, Citrilow, and CPC significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella and Campylobacter coli contamination. Citrilow showed greater (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in Salmonella and Campylobacter population (1.90 and 3.82 log cfu/mL reduction, respectively) to PAA and CPC. Greater (P ≤ 0.05) reductions in APC, PC, ENT, TCC, and E. coli counts (2.22, 1.26, 1.47, 1.52, and 1.59 log cfu/mL, respectively) were obtained with the application of CPC. Application of antimicrobial interventions resulted in a reduction in Campylobacter and Salmonella, APC, PC, and ENT populations after treatments (day 0) and throughout the storage period (day 10). Use of antimicrobial interventions after slaughter can improve the microbiological safety and shelf life of quail.
Abstract 3: Does dimer resveratrol offer twice the benefits in prostate cancer

In our previous studies, we reported MTA1-targeted chemopreventive and therapeutic properties of resveratrol (Res) and its potent analog pterostilbene (Pter) in prostate cancer (PCa). We recently reported that Gnetin C, a Res- dimer, has more potent inhibition of MTA1/ETS2 axis in PCa than other stilbenes. Gnetin C is found abundantly in melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) plant widely cultivated in Southeast Asia; its seeds and fruits are common ingredients in Indonesian culinary. As Res and Pter, Gnetin C has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity, however it has not been considered as a chemopreventive agent in PCa. Using two PCa cell lines, namely DU145 and PC3M cells, we demonstrated that Gnetin C shows significant inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and viability, more potent effects in colony formation and wound healing assays than Res or Pter. We next studied in vivo antitumor effects of Gnetin C in two doses (50 and 25 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days/week) using PC3M-Luc subcutaneous xenografts and compared to Res and Pter effects (50 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days/week). 5-6 week-old male nude mice were randomized into 5 treatment groups: 1) Vehicle; 2) Res50; 3) Pter50; 4) Gnetin C50; and 5) Gnetin C25. Weekly bioluminescent imaging was used to monitor tumor development. After 21 days of treatment with corresponding compounds, mice were sacrificed and tumor tissues were analyzed. Results demonstrated that while vehicle-treated mice showed rapid tumor progression, compounds-treated mice showed noticeable delay in tumor growth, especially in Gnetin C-treated groups. Gnetin C in 50 mg/kg dose demonstrated the most potent tumor inhibitory effects. Gnetin C in 25 mg/kg dose exhibited tumor inhibitory effects comparable with Pter in 50 mg/kg dose. Consistent with the effective antitumor effects, Gnetin C-treated tumors showed reduced mitotic activity (Ki67) compared to all the other groups. Accordingly, cleaved caspase 3 staining revealed a large increase in apoptosis in tumors from Gnetin C-treated mice. Additionally, microvessel area as assessed by CD31 staining was significantly decreased in Gnetin C-treated tumors compared to Res, Pter or vehicle-treated mice. Together, this data suggest that Gnetin C is more potent in slowing tumor progression in PCa xenografts than Res or Pter. Steady state serum levels and tissue distribution of compounds also were analyzed. Taken together, we demonstrated, for the first time, that Gnetin C is a lead compound among stilbenes for effectively blocking PCa progression. In conclusion, our findings implicate the potential of Gnetin C in PCa chemoprevention and therapy. Citation Format: Ketaki Gadkari, Rutu Hemani, Urvi Kolhatkar, Gisella Campanelli, Qing Cai, Avinash Kumar, Anait S. Levenson. Does dimer resveratrol offer twice the benefits in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3.
562. Tocilizumab for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective, Multi-Center, Case-Matched Series

Background: At the time of this writing, there is no FDA approved medication for the treatment of COVID-19 One medication currently under investigation for COVID-19 treatment is tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor It has been shown there are increased levels of cytokines including IL-6 in severe COVID-19 hospitalized patients attributed to cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Therefore, inhibition of IL-6 receptors may lead to a reduction in cytokines and prevent progression of CRS The purpose of this retrospective study is to utilize a case-matched design to investigate clinical outcomes associated with the use of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 hospitalized patients Methods: This was a retrospective, multi-center, case-matched series matched 1:1 on age, BMI, and days since symptom onset Inclusion criteria included ≥ 18 years of age, laboratory confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 result, admitted to a community hospital from March 1st - May 8th, 2020, and received tocilizumab while admitted The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay, total mechanical ventilation days, mechanical ventilation mortality, and incidence of secondary bacterial or fungal infections Results: The following results are presented as tocilizumab vs control respectively The primary outcome of in-hospital mortality for tocilizumab (n=26) vs control (n=26) was 10 (38%) vs 11 (42%) patients, p=0 777 The median hospital length of stay for tocilizumab vs control was 14 vs 11 days, p=0 275 The median days of mechanical ventilation for tocilizumab (n=21) vs control (n=15) was 8 vs 7 days, p=0 139, and the mechanical ventilation mortality was 10 (48%) vs 9 (60%) patients, p=0 463 In the tocilizumab group, for those expired (n=10) vs alive (n=16), 10 (100%) vs 7 (50%) patients respectively had a peak ferritin > 600 ng/mL, and 6 (60%) vs 8 (50%) patients had a peak D-dimer > 2,000 ng/mL The incidence of secondary bacterial or fungal infections within 7 days of tocilizumab administration occurred in 5 (19%) patients Conclusion: These findings suggest that tocilizumab may be a beneficial treatment modality for severe COVID-19 patients Larger, prospective, placebo-controlled trials are needed to further validate results
Spike-frequency dependent coregulation of multiple ionic conductances in fast-spiking cells forces a metabolic tradeoff

High-frequency action potentials (APs) allow rapid information acquisition and processing in neural systems, but create biophysical and metabolic challenges for excitable cells. The electric fish Eigenmannia virescens images its world and communicates with high-frequency (200-600 Hz) electric organ discharges (EODs) produced by synchronized APs generated at the same frequency in the electric organ cells (electrocytes). We cloned three previously unidentified Na+-activated K+ channel isoforms from electroctyes (eSlack1, eSlack2, and eSlick1). In electrocytes, mRNA transcript levels of the rapidly-activating eSlick, but not the slower eSlack1 or eSlack2, correlated with EOD frequency across individuals. In addition, transcript levels of an inward-rectifier K+ channel, a voltage-gated Na+ channel, and Na+,K+-ATPases also correlated with EOD frequency while a second Na+ channel isoform did not. Computational simulations showed that maintaining electrocyte AP waveform integrity as firing rates increase requires scaling conductances in accordance with these mRNA expression correlations, causing AP metabolic costs to increase exponentially.