cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
hTPX2 is required for normal spindle morphology and centrosome integrity during vertebrate cell division.

Abstract Bipolar spindle formation is essential for the accurate segregation of genetic material during cell division. Although centrosomes influence the number of spindle poles during mitosis, motor and non-motor microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) also play key roles in determining spindle morphology [1]. TPX2 is a novel MAP also characterized in Xenopus cell-free extracts [2, 3]. To examine hTPX2 (human TPX2) function in human cells, we used siRNA to knock-down its expression and found that cells lacking hTPX2 arrest in mitosis with multipolar spindles. NuMA, γ-tubulin, and centrin localize to each pole, and nocodazole treatment of cells lacking hTPX2 demonstrates that the localization of γ-tubulin to multiple spindle poles requires intact microtubules. Furthermore, we show that the formation of monopolar microtubule arrays in human cell extracts does not require hTPX2, demonstrating that the mechanism by which hTPX2 promotes spindle bipolarity is independent of activities focusing microtubule minus ends at spindle poles. Finally, inhibition of the kinesin Eg5 in hTPX2-depleted cells leads to monopolar spindles, indicating that Eg5 function is necessary for multipolar spindle formation in the absence of hTPX2. Our observations reveal a structural role for hTPX2 in spindles and provide evidence for a balance between microtubule-based motor forces and structural spindle components.
Is Action Research Really 'Research1?

The case of Action Research drives a wedge between two opposite views of research methodology: an 'exclusive ' (Platonic/theoretical) one which insists that only objective and quantitative inquiries (as in physics) are genuine scientific research, and an 'inclusive ' (Aristotelian/practical) one that recognizes a need to adapt the research methods of different inquiries to the nature of their problems. The latter approach involves seeing issues of methodology as dependent on half-a-dozen contextual factors, which are crucial to Action Research, yet which the former approach ignores.
Complications of contemporary open nephron sparing surgery: a single institution experience.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Open nephron sparing surgery (NSS) is now the standard of care for small renal tumors irrespective of overall renal function. More recently laparoscopic NSS with hilar clamping has emerged, albeit with relatively longer ischemic times. We reviewed our experience with contemporary open NSS, comparing complication rates to those of historical controls and updating data for comparison with minimally invasive procedures.Materials and Methods: From 1985 to 2001, 823 open NSSs were performed at our institution. Early (within 30 days of NSS) and late (30 days to 1 year) complications were compared using the chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests between procedures performed in 1985 to 1995 (control group of 343 patients) and 1996 to 2001 (contemporary group of 480).Results: In the control vs the contemporary group there were significant decreases in intraoperative blood loss (median 550 vs 350 cc, p <0.001), chronic renal insufficiency/failure (14.6% vs 8.1%, p = 0.003), dialysis need (7.0% vs 2...
An infinite square lattice of super-supertetrahedral T6-like tin oxyselenide clusters

A new super-supertetrahedral cluster, resembling a coreless supertetrahedral T6 cluster, was made as a tin oxyselenide by integrating hard and soft Lewis bases (O2− and Se2−) into the tetravalent system. Its hierarchical architecture, built from supertetrahedral T3-[Sn10O4Se20] and Sn2Se6 clusters, represents a new level of complexity in the cluster-based construction. Compared to pure tin selenides, the new tin oxyselenide material in this work shows much enhanced stability and size-dependent band energy level.
Soul and Self: Comparing Chinese Philosophy and Greek Philosophy

Comparative philosophy has been interested in issues such as whether the familiar Western concepts of the soul and self can be applied in understanding Chinese philosophy about human selfhood and whether there are alternative Chinese modes of thinking about these concepts. I will outline a comparison of the main concerns of the Greeks and Chinese philosophers in their discussion about the soul and self, and examine some of the major comparative theories that are recently developed. The comparative discussion is significant in helping us understand each tradition's views of soul and self in its own terms, and in identifying alternatives to familiar modes of thinking. However, we should avoid looking for simplified uniformity in each tradition and overgeneralizing the contrasts between China and Greece.
Conjugate observations of solar proton events: Delayed ionospheric changes during twilight

Abstract Solar proton events have been observed, as Polar Cap Absorption, with riometers operating simultaneously at a set of stations, some conjugate, in the northern and southern hemispheres. Comparisons of the records from stations in twilight with a station which is continuously sunlit allow an accurate determination of the changes during twilight, since changes due to the proton flux are monitored by the sunlit station. The method also allows accurate determinations of the day-to-night ratio to be made. It is found that after sunrise there is a time delay of several hours before the absorption reaches the full daylight value. There is also some evidence for a time delay after sunset. It appears that these results cannot be fully understood in terms of the aeronomy of the D -region as it is known at present, and it is suggested that some other photochemical process, not yet identified, might be involved.
Research announcement asymptotics of pdo on discontinuous functions near singular support

Let β be a pseudo-differential operator (PDO) with a real-valued symbol satisfying asymptotic condition where b is a strictly positive C∞ function on the unit sphere in R2. Let Ff denote the Fourier transform of f . We consider the action of the PDO on functions with discontinuities and analyze the asymptotic behavior of B f in a neighborhood of a discontinuity curve S of f . Applicationsof the obtained results in computer tomography are illustrated.
Cephalopod remains from stomachs of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that mass‐stranded along the Oregon coast

On 16 June 1979, a herd of 41 sperm whales stranded near the mouth of the Siuslaw River in Florence, Oregon. The stomach contents from 32 whales were collected, identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible, enumerated, and measured. A total of 20,247 cephalopod lower beaks that represented 24 species from 14 different families were recovered. The most numerous species were Histioteuthis hoylei (25.9%), Taonius borealis (12.9%), Galiteuthis phyllura (11.2%), Gonatopsis/Berryteuthis type (10.9%), and Moroteuthis robusta (10.7%). Reconstructed estimates of mass indicated that M. robusta contributed almost 50% of the total mass of cephalopods consumed, followed by H. hoylei (19.3%), and T. borealis (7.0%). The most important species in the diet of stranded whales were M. robusta, H. hoylei, T. borealis, G. phyllura, Octopoteuthis deletron, and Gonatopsis/Berryteuthis type. There were significant differences in the diet of males and females, but no differences between sperm whales of different age groups. Overall, sperm whales primarily consumed small cephalopods that were likely eaten south of 45oN in or near the California Current System. This study provides new estimates of the food habits of sperm whales in the northeast Pacific from one of the largest strandings of this species.
Kinetics and products of the reactions of OH radicals with 2-methyl-2-pentanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol

Abstract Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with 2-methyl-2-pentanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol were investigated. Using a relative rate method, rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with 2-methyl-2-pentanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol of (7.93±0.58)×10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 and (1.91±0.10)×10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , respectively, were measured at 298±2 K, where the error limits are two standard deviations and do not include the uncertainty (estimated to be ∼±10%) in the rate constant for the reference compound. Gas chromatographic analyses showed the formation of acetaldehyde, propanal, acetone and 2-pentanone from the 2-methyl-2-pentanol reaction in the presence of NO, with molar formation yields of 22±3, 35±4, 56±6 and 5.4±1.1%, respectively. From the 4-methyl-2-pentanol reaction, gas chromatographic analyses showed the formation of acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-methyl-2-propanal and 4-methyl-2-pentanone, with molar formation yields of 37±6, 26±3, 11.1±1.2 and 25±2%, respectively. In situ atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry analyses showed the formation of molecular weight 163 and 179 nitrates (attributed to hydroxynitrates and dihydroxynitrates, respectively) from both reactions, and the sum of the hydroxynitrate and dihydroxynitrate yields were determined to be ∼8% from the 2-methyl-2-pentanol reaction and ∼7% from the 4-methyl-2-pentanol reaction. Reaction mechanisms leading to the observed products are discussed and presented.
Performance scripts creation: processes and applications

Purpose – Seeks to explain some of the dynamics of scripts creation as used in training, to offer some theoretical underpinning regarding the influence of script creation on behavior and performance, and to offer some examples of how script creation is applied in training activities.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explains in detail and demonstrates the general processes of script creation for training uses. The design of the paper is to present, in sequence, a generalized script creation process, the theoretical grounding of the processes, and evidence of the efficacy of script creation.Findings – While there is not a lot of research available to practitioners about script creation uses in training, the research that does exist gives credible support for script creation applications. There is a body of research in cognition and cognitive processes that tangentially treats script behavior; however, that body of research is highly technical and esoteric and not of practical value to most practition...
Nuclear Receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α (PPARα) Is Expressed in Resting Murine Lymphocytes THE PPARα IN T AND B LYMPHOCYTES IS BOTH TRANSACTIVATION AND TRANSREPRESSION COMPETENT

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARα and PPARγ ligands have been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory activities in macrophages by repressing the activities of several transcription factors. PPARγ is expressed in T lymphocytes and may play a role in cytokine production, cellular proliferation, and susceptibility to apoptosis. Herein, we demonstrate that T and B lymphocytes constitutively express PPARα. PPARα represents the predominant isoform expressed in lymphocytes, whereas PPARγ dominates in all cell types of the myeloid lineage. PPARα expression was down-regulated following T-cell activation while PPARγ expression increased under the same activating conditions. PPARα expression in T cells may be regulated by microenvironmental factors, because Peyer's patch T cells expressed far greater levels of PPARα than T cells isolated from peripheral lymphoid organs. Exposure to specific ligand determined that PPARα in lymphocytes can effectively transactivate a peroxisome proliferator response element reporter construct. PPARα's ability to regulate endogenous genes, however, required treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Finally, ligand activation of lymphocyte PPARα antagonized NF-κB. Our observation that a functional PPARα exists within T cells and B lymphocytes suggests an expanding role for this nuclear receptor in cells of the immune system.
Anticoagulation in the elderly.

This review will address the general approach to the management of the typical elderly patient requiring anticoagulation. Most of the data has been derived from studies of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Data from postmyocardial infarction trials have also been included. A practical clinical approach to anticoagulation in the elderly is described. Emphasis has been placed on maximizing the benefit and reducing the risk of anticoagulation in the rapidly expanding group of elderly patients aged >/=75 who are at the greatest risk of stroke and are likely to benefit the most from antithrombotic therapy.
MASS TRANSFER FROM AERODYNAMICALLY ROUGH SURFACES

Abstract Mass transfer rates were determined by directly measuring the actual volume of water evaporated from saturated wavy (sinusoidal) surfaces in a micrometeorological wind tunnel. Simultaneous measurements of mean velocity, humidity and temperature distributions were made over these saturated waves. Under equilibrium boundary layer conditions, the average mass transfer coefficient was found to be a simple power function of the surface Reynolds number, u ∗z 0 /v Based on this result the mass transfer data from this study correlated well with published mass transfer data from various other types of surfaces, e.g. water waves, flat plate, and surfaces roughened with pyramids and spanwise humps.
A comparative study of the adsorption of chloro- and non-chloro-containing organophosphorus compounds on WO3

The adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), and methyldichlorophosphate (MDCP) on monoclinic tungsten oxide (m-WO3) evacuated at various temperatures was investigated using infrared spectroscopy. DMMP is the most common molecule used for evaluating the performance of WO3 and other semiconducting metal oxide (SMO)-based sensors to phosphonate-based nerve agents. However, toxic nerve agents such as sarin differ from DMMP in that they contain a functional group (P−F in sarin) that can be readily hydrolyzed. It is shown that the adsorption of organophosphates that contain P−Cl groups differs from nonhalogenated simulants such as DMMP and TMP on WO3 surfaces. Specifically, the non-chlorinated simulants DMMP and TMP adsorb on the surface solely through the PO functionality with the surface water layer as well as the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The relative number of molecules bound on Lewis and Bronsted acid surface sites depends on the initial evacuation temperature of th...
Estimation of angles.

In a study designed to test the adequacy of a long-held belief that acute angles are overestimated and obtuse angles underestimated, 20 adult Ss reproduced acute and obtuse angle sizes. The findings challenge this traditional view of angle estimation.
Warfare, terrain, and political expansion

Very little explicit attention has been paid to the determinants of political borders and why they form at one location rather than another. With a statistically significant frequency, the political borders on the island of Tahiti at contact coincided with ridge formations that radiated from the island's interior and crossed the coastal plain to meet the sea in steep cliffs or bluffs. Since warfare had become the primary means of political expansion by contact, the determinants of this striking correlation appear to have been the strategic problems these features posed to the extension of armed might. These same processes were at work on many other Polynesian islands with the result that contactera variations in the degree of political unification and even sociopolitical development can be traced in considerable part to variations in island topography.
Marihuana and retrieval from short-term memory.

Twelve subjects received an oral dose of marihuana extract calibrated to 20 mg of δ1-tetrahydrocannibinol on Day 1 of the experiment and performed a short-term memory task before and after administration of the drug. The subjects were then split into two groups, receiving either marihuana or placebo on the evenings of Days 1 to 4 and between two memory test sessions on Day 5. Placebo subjects showed little change in performance between the two test sessions on Day 5; however, results from Day 1 for all subjects and Day 5 for the drug group showed that reaction time increased from before- to after-challenge sessions. This increase in time under marihuana was explained as a change in encoding and/or response processes, rather than processes involved in the search of the memory store.
Magic numbers in metallo-inorganic clusters: chromium encapsulated in silicon cages.

A systematic theoretical study of the equilibrium geometries and total energies of Cr encapsulated in Si clusters reveals that $\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{Si}}_{12}$ is more stable than its neighbors. The origin of this enhanced stability is consistent with the 18-electron sum rule commonly used in the synthesis of stable chemical complexes, and may provide a criterion for a systematic search of magic numbers in metalloinorganic clusters. The $6{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ magnetic moment of the caged Cr atom, the largest among the $3d$ transition metal atoms, is completely quenched. This effect of caging on the properties of transition metal atoms may lead to the synthesis of novel cluster based materials.
Dose—response relationship for X-ray-induced dominant lethal mutations detected in mouse embryos in vitro

Abstract X-Irradiated male mice sired offspring that expressed dominant lethal mutations during development in vitro. These mutations were expressed as arrest of the embryo either before or after blastocyst formation and were induced in germ cells irradiated as spermatids. When the dose—response data for the induced dominant lethal mutation rate were fit to a linear-quadratic model for dose—response curves, they were found to be compatible with mutation induction by both one-track and two-track processes, and the calculated interaction distance agreed well with those values found for radiation-induced translocations in Vicia faba and mouse spermatogonia. This correlation suggests that dominant lethal mutations in embryos and translocations in germ cells both result from similar radiation-induced chromosome damage.
Effect of moisture content on ammonia emissions from broiler litter: A laboratory study

A dynamic flow-through chamber system was designed to measure ammonia emissions from broiler litter and to investigate the responses of ammonia emissions to litter moisture content under laboratory-controlled conditions. It was observed that ammonia emissions from litter were very sensitive to litter moisture content. As water was added to the litter, the total ammoniac nitrogen content (TAN) in the litter increased, and can potentially increase ammonia emissions. However, measurements of ammonia concentrations in the chamber and total nitrogen losses from litter samples all suggested that water applied to the litter also had an effect of suppressing ammonia emissions for a short time. After enough time (1 to 2 weeks) was allowed, higher moisture content in litter eventually resulted in higher ammonia emissions. It was also noticed that, at very high litter moisture content, even when more time was allowed, ammonia concentrations began to decrease as moisture content further increased.
The psychophysics of the pursuit oculomotor system.

When a fixation point moves under a row of identical targets at a speed of one target for each flash of a strobe, smooth apparent movement of the targets is seen (the “picket-fence illusion”). When the fixation point is removed, the eye continues to pursue the apparent target movement. Pursuit continues through small changes in target configuration, but is interrupted by a change to a very dissimilar target (such as 1 vs. x) in the middle of a row. This new method, the “pursuit-interruption method,” showed that large differences in the number of pixels in a line did not interrupt trackingif the end points of the line were preserved. Pursuit interruption by changes in line orientation(such as vs.) corresponded to the orientation bandwidth of orientation-sensitive cortical neurons. The maximum number of consecutive missing targets that does not interrupt pursuit depends on frequency of target presentation as well as on parameters of the pursuit system.
Advances in general thoracic surgery

Summary Modern-day thoracic surgery represents a new set of challenges for the general thoracic surgeon and the anesthesiologist. Airway management, particularly the ability to deliver 1-lung anesthesia, is critical. The use of the video camera has resulted in a much closer working relationship between the general thoracic surgeon and the anesthesiologist. Bronchoscopy for placement of the double-lumen endotracheal tube and endobronchial laser therapy, the large variety of video-assisted thoracic surgical procedures, and more recently mediastinoscopy, are all now readily visualized by the entire team utilizing video. This has resulted in a, much better appreciation for what is going on in the surgical field and improved care. Lung resections following chemotherapy and radiation therapy present an additional set of challenges. The advances discussed in this article are only the beginning as VATS becomes even more versatile, robotic instrumentation is developed, and oncologic treatment complimentary to surgery is advanced. All of this places a tremendous burden on, the surgical team and makes good communication essential. It is also essential that the thoracic surgeon take an active role in helping to educate anesthesia residents in the nuances of the procedure from a thoracic surgeon's viewpoint.
Premonitory neurologic signs in a patient with an acute vertex epidural hematoma

A case of an acute vertex epidural hematoma with delayed neurologic deterioration is presented. Prior to the onset of signs of midbrain compression, the patient developed an excrutiating headache, a movement disorder, and upper motor neuron signs. A review of the literature and this case suggest that the presence of a severe, unrelenting headache and upper motor neuron signs in a victim of head trauma may be secondary to compression of the parasagittal brain region by a vertex hematoma.
Being the Same Isn't Enough: Impact of Male and Female Mentors on Computer Self-Efficacy of College Students in It-Related Fields:

This study investigates the relationship between computer self-efficacy, mentoring, and the gender of mentors and students. The decline of women in IT-related programs of U.S. universities has led scholars to suggest that making more female faculty mentors available could raise female students' computer self-efficacy. This could address women's computational reticence and encourage more women to enter and remain in the programs. A survey of students from IT-related programs in five U.S. universities shows that extent of mentoring received, gender of students, and time students spent on computers as teenagers were significant predictors of computer self-efficacy. Extent of mentoring, gender of students, and gender of mentors have significant main effects on computer self-efficacy. Students with male mentors reported significantly higher computer self-efficacy while students with female mentors reported lower computer self-efficacy. Female students with no mentors reported the lowest level of computer self-...
Ranolazine for Congenital and Acquired Late INa-Linked Arrhythmias In Silico Pharmacological Screening

Rationale: The antianginal ranolazine blocks the human ether-a-go-go–related gene–based current IKr at therapeutic concentrations and causes QT interval prolongation. Thus, ranolazine is contraindicated for patients with preexisting long-QT and those with repolarization abnormalities. However, with its preferential targeting of late INa (INaL), patients with disease resulting from increased INaL from inherited defects (eg, long-QT syndrome type 3 or disease-induced electric remodeling (eg, ischemic heart failure) might be exactly the ones to benefit most from the presumed antiarrhythmic properties of ranolazine. Objective: We developed a computational model to predict if therapeutic effects of pharmacological targeting of INaL by ranolazine prevailed over the off-target block of IKr in the setting of inherited long-QT syndrome type 3 and heart failure. Methods and Results: We developed computational models describing the kinetics and the interaction of ranolazine with cardiac Na+ channels in the setting of normal physiology, long-QT syndrome type 3–linked ΔKPQ mutation, and heart failure. We then simulated clinically relevant concentrations of ranolazine and predicted the combined effects of Na+ channel and IKr blockade by both the parent compound ranolazine and its active metabolites, which have shown potent blocking effects in the therapeutically relevant range. Our simulations suggest that ranolazine is effective at normalizing arrhythmia triggers in bradycardia-dependent arrhythmias in long-QT syndrome type 3 as well tachyarrhythmogenic triggers arising from heart failure–induced remodeling. Conclusions: Our model predictions suggest that acute targeting of INaL with ranolazine may be an effective therapeutic strategy in diverse arrhythmia-provoking situations that arise from a common pathway of increased pathological INaL. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-75}
Dose Painting and Theragnostic Imaging: Towards the Prescription, Planning and Delivery of Biologically Targeted Dose Distributions in External Beam Radiation Oncology

Theragnostics (from Greek therapeia: to treat and gnosis: knowledge) is the use of individual patient-level biological information in deciding the optimal therapy for that individual. Thus, theragnostic radiation therapy aims to go from a populationbased, typically uniform, dose prescription to a personalized prescription of a, generally nonuniform, dose distribution [1]. The two main research fields are:
Analysis of the correlation properties of digital satellite signals and their applicability in bistatic remote sensing

This paper presents a study of relevant correlation properties of signal transmitted from commercial communication satellites in order to evaluate their potential use as “signal of opportunity” for bistatic remote sensing. The ambiguity function for the XM radio satellites was computed analytically from published information on the modulation schemes and bandwidth, under the assumption that the data modulation is random. The model was then experimentally tested by recording the received signals from these satellites. Next, a cross-correlation waveform for digital signal reflected from random rough surface was simulated. Scattering model that were originally developed for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-R) signals was applied to the modified simulator to incorporate the derived ambiguity function. The simulator was then used to generate synthetic waveform with a realistic signal to noise ratio (SNR). Retrieval algorithms for ocean surface roughness and reflectivity that were derived originally for GNSS-R, were applied to these simulated signals. Non-linear least square methods were applied to invert a scattering model and estimate the slope variances of the probability density function (PDF), which best fits the measurements of the reflected XM signal waveform. The SNR for the experimental data was found to be within 0.5dB of the theoretically calculated SNR.
Finite Element Modeling of Bone Ultrastructure as a Two-phase Composite

Bone is a composite material with a mineral hydroxyapatite (HA) phase and an organic collagen-based phase. Each phase represents about half the material by volume. The precise arrangement of these components at the ultrastructural level is unclear but of great interest in understanding the mechanical functionality of bone. Nanoindentation tests show that the elastic modulus of bone is primarily distributed between 10 GPa and 30 GPa. In this study we examine different ultrastructural arrangements of collagen and apatite phases, to test different proposed models for bone composite ultrastructure within the same finite element modeling framework. Different configurations of the composite are considered, including (a) a compliant phase with stiff reinforcing particles, (b) a stiff phase with compliant reinforcing particles, and (c) an interpenetrating two-phase (co-continuous) composite. An elastic modulus of 100 GPa is used for the mineral phase and 100 MPa for the organic phase, with volume fraction of each phase fixed at 0.5. Stiff phase continuity (as the only continuous phase in 2D and 3D or as one of two continuous phases in 3D) gives rise to effective composite elastic modulus values of 25–35 GPa, similar to the experimental results for bone modulus. Isotropic models with compliant phase continuity only give rise to moduli around 300 MPa, far below experimental results. Anisotropy was evaluated by calculating effective moduli in parallel and transverse directions relative to the primary axes of rectangular particles. High aspect ratio, stiff particles embedded in a compliant matrix do result in a substantially stiffened composite in the direction of the particles when compared to symmetric particles. However, this configuration results in a material with an effective elastic modulus of 2 GPa along the particle direction but a transverse modulus of only 250 MPa. Decreased interparticle spacing in the direction of loading was the mechanism for stiffening parallel to the particle long axis, demonstrating an indirect effect of particle aspect ratio. Although many bone models have considered the mineral as a particle reinforcement phase, the current results suggest this arrangement would not give rise to a material with bonelike properties, particularly when transverse modulus is considered, regardless of the particle geometry. Some degree of continuity of the mineral phase is required for bone-like elastic modulus values and thus a partially to fully co-continuous ultrastructural arrangement of phases is supported.
Pair potentials and their limitations for computer simulations

Most computer simulations of the structure and properties of defects in crystalline materials involve the use of pair potentials. This is particularly true of grain boundary simulations. In many systems the concept of a pair potential is not difficult to justify but in others, particularly transition metals, its validity can be seriously questioned. In this paper the pair potential concept is reviewed and its validity and limitations are discussed. The main emphasis throughout is on metals.
Extensive and coordinated control of allele-specific expression by both transcription and translation in Candida albicans

Though sequence differences between alleles are often limited to a few polymorphisms, these differences can cause large and widespread allelic variation at the expression level. Such allele-specific expression (ASE) has been extensively explored at the level of transcription but not translation. Here we measured ASE in the diploid yeast Candida albicans at both the transcriptional and translational levels using RNA-seq and ribosome profiling, respectively. Since C. albicans is an obligate diploid, our analysis isolates ASE arising from cis elements in a natural, nonhybrid organism, where allelic effects reflect evolutionary forces. Importantly, we find that ASE arising from translation is of a similar magnitude as transcriptional ASE, both in terms of the number of genes affected and the magnitude of the bias. We further observe coordination between ASE at the levels of transcription and translation for single genes. Specifically, reinforcing relationships--where transcription and translation favor the same allele--are more frequent than expected by chance, consistent with selective pressure tuning ASE at multiple regulatory steps. Finally, we parameterize alleles based on a range of properties and find that SNP location and predicted mRNA-structure stability are associated with translational ASE in cis. Since this analysis probes more than 4000 allelic pairs spanning a broad range of variations, our data provide a genome-wide view into the relative impact of cis elements that regulate translation.
Family Oral Histories for Multicultural Curriculum Perspectives

Teachers who want to include multicultural perspectives in their curriculum can explore the funds of knowledge of the parents of their students by using oral history projects in their classrooms. This article describes a rationale and an approach for helping teachers use the life histories of parents and members of the community as scaffolds to teach social studies and history concepts. The article illustrates the approach with examples from a case study of an extended Puerto Rican family and abstracts of teacher reflections on the process.
Physiological Outcomes of Aerobic Exercise Training in Hemiparetic Stroke Patients

Background and Purpose In hemiparetic individuals, low endurance to exercise may compound the increased energy cost of movement and contribute to poor rehabilitation outcomes. The purpose of this investigation was to describe how hemiparetic stroke patients responded to intense exercise and aerobic training. Methods Forty-two subjects were randomly assigned to an exercise training group or to a control group. Treatments were given three times per week for 10 weeks in similar laboratory settings. Baseline and posttest measurements were made of maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, workload, exercise time, resting and submaximal blood pressures, and sensorimotor function. Results Only experimental subjects showed significant improvement in maximal oxygen consumption, workload, and exercise time. Improvement in sensorimotor function was significantly related to the improvement in aerobic capacity. After treatment, experimental subjects showed significantly lower systolic blood pressure at submaximal worklo...
Adding Gender to American Urban History

Urban history can be merged with other history subfields to create intriguing amalgamations that work well as the subject for college classes. In this article, the author explores the intellectual journey that led her to combine urban history and women’s history, both in her own research and in her college classroom. The intricacies of the class “Gender and the City,” are explored, including reading assignments, a courses exercise in mental mapping, and class participation in a community oral history project. Oral history proves to be an extremely malleable assignment, even when rigorously following the Oral History Association guidelines, and the methodology befits many kinds of urban history courses.
Moral Reasoning about Real-Life Dilemmas: Paradox in Research Using the Defining Issues Test

Cognitive-structural models of moral reasoning have been criticized for ignoring contextual determinants of moral reasoning and, therefore, failing to enhance understanding of real-life moral reasoning. Three studies are reported: (a) Participants completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT; Rest, 1988) and the Personal Moral Dilemma Inventory (PMDI), created to assess real-life moral reasoning; (b) the DIT and PMDI were completed using moral role-plays; (c) participants described the response sets resulting from these role-plays. High- and low-principled reasoners' responses to real-life moral dilemmas were not significantly different. Also, it was harder to distinguish moral from immoral responses to DIT dilemmas than similar responses to real-life dilemmas. Findings support the argument that cognitive-structural models of moral reasoning fail to address everyday moral concerns.
Efect of 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine on calcium fluxes by human platelet microsomes

Abstract Under conditions where optimal concentrations of arachidonic acid, phosphatidic acid, or the calcium ionophore A23187 caused release of 50–95% of calcium from preloaded platelet microsomes, basophil platelet activating factor (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine, AGEPC) did not cause the release of calcium at concentrations as high as 2 × 10 −5 M. The failure to stimulate calcium release was not due to metabolism or inactivation of AGEPC. These results show that AGEPC is not a calcium ionophore and is unable to directly effect the release of calcium from microsomes by mechanisms other than ionophoric action. The increase in intracellular levels that occurs during AGEPC-induced platelet aggregation must be an indirect effect of the AGEPC.
Frequency of recovery of pathogens from the nasopharynx of children with acute maxillary sinusitis before and after the introduction of vaccination with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine.

Summary Objective To compare the proportion of recovery of pathogens in the nasopharynx of children with acute maxillary sinusitis in the 5 years period before to the 5 years period following the introduction of vaccination with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7). Methods Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 428 children with acute maxillary sinusitis, 208 between 1996 and 2000, and 220 between 2001 and 2005. The PCV7 was administered to 174 (79%) of the 220 children seen between 2001 and 2005. Results One hundred and thirty eight potentially pathogenic organisms were isolated from 208 children between 1996 and 2000. Organisms were isolated in 114 patients (55%). The predominant organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (59 or 43% of all isolates), Haemophilus influenzae non-type b (46 or 33%), Moraxella catarrhalis (18 or 13%), Streptococcus pyogenes (9 or 7%), and Staphylococcus aureus (6 or 4%). One hundred and sixty five potentially pathogenic organisms were isolated from 220 patients between 2001 and 2005. Organisms were isolated in 121 patients (55%). The predominant organisms were H. influenzae non-type b (68 or 41% of all isolates), Streptococcus pneumoniae (41 or 25%), M. catarrhalis (23 or 14%), Streptococcus pyogenes (20 or 12%), and Staphylococcus aureus (13 or 8%). Significant statistical differences were noted in the rates of recovery of Streptococcus pneumoniae ( p Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin from 44% between 1997 and 2000 to 27% between 2000 and 2005. An increase was noted in the isolation of beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae from 37% between 1997 and 2000 to 44%. However, neither of these changes was statistically significant. Conclusions This data illustrates that a significant shift occurred in the causative pathogens of acute maxillary sinusitis in children in the 5 years after the introduction of vaccination of children with the PCV7 as compared to the previous 5 years. While the proportion of Streptococcus pneumoniae declined by 18%, the proportion of H. influenzae increased by 8%.
2000 Presidential Address

This is the Society’s first meeting outside the United States. However, the organization was and still is chartered to accept membership from all of North America. Thus, we have numerous members from Canada as well as Mexico and Central America. My thanks go out to our host country. I am sure you will enjoy this lovely city. I would also like to thank those who have helped to make the organization run over the last year and who have helped to make my job easier. First, thanks to my fellow members of the Council who provided advice and hard work for our organization. Numerous members of committees of the Society have also worked diligently on many facets of the organization, only some of which will I have time to mention. To them, my thanks as well. The permanent staff of the Society stationed in Washington has had a trying year with a move of their offices and some turnover in staff. They remained cheerful and hardworking. We owe them a great deal. My colleagues at the University of Minnesota have shouldered responsibilities for me during this year, for that I am grateful. Patty Johnson has been my right hand in this job. She has been superb. Finally, family and friends have provided counsel and encouragement during this year. The meeting depends on corporate support. I want to acknowledge these most generous
Device for Increasing Passive Ankle Dorsiflexion at Home Suggestion from the Field

Decreased ankle dorsiflexion is a problem frequently encountered in patients with central nervous system lesions.1 A number of methods have been described for dealing with this problem; in one of these methods, the patients stand on a wedge board while they are strapped to a tilt table.2,3 This method, which uses a patient's body weight as a stretching force, allows the stretching force to be applied for long durations of time. Although we have found standing on a wedge board with a tilt table effective for increasing ankle dorsiflexion,3 we only recently developed a device that allows patients to use a wedge board effectively at home without a tilt table. This device compensates for several problems frequently encountered in neurologically involved patients. One problem is that many patients have insufficient strength to maintain knee extension during long periods of standing on a wedge board.…
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor I. Response to Acute Granulocytopenia

The in vitro growth of hemopoietic colonies, in the presence of an active colony stimulating factor (CSF), provides a useful model for evaluation of potential humoral factors controlling granulopoiesis. The present investigations were undertaken to assess the relationship between rapidly induced granulocytopenia in rats and the presence of heightened CSF activity. Sera from control animals showed virtually no activity (0-3 colonies). Significant levels of CSF (40-60 colonies) were demonstrated within 2-6 hr after rabbit antirat neutrophil serum (ANS). The increased activity corresponded with the phase of rapid neutrophil destruction. However, in animals rendered neutropenic by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, ANS administration was also associated with a prompt rise in CSF levels; the magnitude of this response approximated that seen in animals treated with ANS alone. These results suggest that heightened CSF may accompany destruction of relatively small numbers of neutrophils. The temporal appearance of heightened CSF activity in relation to induced granulocytopenia is consistent with the concept that this factor may be a regulator of granulopoiesis.
Comparison of Reductive Ligation-Based Detection Strategies for Nitroxyl (HNO) and S-Nitrosothiols

Phosphine-based detection strategies for both nitroxyl (HNO) and S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) were investigated and compared. Phosphorus NMR studies show that azaylides derived from HNO or organic RSNO efficiently participate in subsequent reductive ligation required for fluorescence generation in properly substituted substrates. S-Azaylides derived from biological RSNO containing free amine and carboxylic acid groups primarily yield phosphine oxides suggesting these groups facilitate nonligation pathways such as hydrolysis. The fluorescence response of a phosphine-based fluorophore toward the same RSNO confirms these differences and indicates that these probes selectively react with HNO. Flow cytometry experiments in HeLa cells reinforce the reactivity difference and offer a potential fast screening approach for endogenous HNO sources.
Identification and Roles of Photosystem II Assembly, Stability, and Repair Factors in Arabidopsis

Photosystem II (PSII) is a multi-component pigment-protein complex that is responsible for water splitting, oxygen evolution, and plastoquinone reduction. Components of PSII can be classified into core proteins, low-molecular-mass proteins, extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex proteins, and light-harvesting complex II proteins. In addition to these PSII subunits, more than 60 auxiliary proteins, enzymes, or components of thylakoid protein trafficking/targeting systems have been discovered to be directly or indirectly involved in de novo assembly and/or the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. For example, components of thylakoid-protein-targeting complexes and the chloroplast-vesicle-transport system were found to deliver PSII subunits to thylakoid membranes. Various auxiliary proteins, such as PsbP-like (Psb stands for PSII) and light-harvesting complex-like proteins, atypical short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family proteins, and tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, were discovered to assist the de novo assembly and stability of PSII and the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. Furthermore, a series of enzymes were discovered to catalyze important enzymatic steps, such as C-terminal processing of the D1 protein, thiol/disulfide-modulation, peptidylprolyl isomerization, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PSII core and antenna proteins, and degradation of photodamaged PSII proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the identities and molecular functions of different types of proteins that influence the assembly, stability, and repair of PSII in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
YARN HAIRINESS AND THE PROCESS OF WINDING

The influence of winding on yarn hairiness is examined, and increased hairiness during winding is verified using a Zweigle hairiness tester. Specifically, this study concentrates on the increase of wild hairs on the yarn surface after winding, and the relationship between winding tension and yarn hairiness. Fiber transfer is proposed to explain the increased wild hairs; experimental results verify that fiber transfer occurs. A theory is proposed to explain the mechanism of fiber transfer during winding, and experimental results are given to support this mechanism.
Identification of alternatively spliced transcripts using a proteomic informatics approach.

We present the protocol for identification of alternatively spliced peptide sequences from tandem mass spectrometry datasets searched using X!Tandem against our modified ECgene resource with all potential translation products and then matched with the Michigan Peptide to Protein Integration scheme. This approach is suitable for human and mouse datasets. Application of the method is illustrated with a study of the Kras activation-Ink4/Arf deletion mouse model of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Chymotrypsin inhibition by human serum in health and disease.

SummaryThe antichymotrypsin content of serum, as found by this test, is not changed in early malignant disease. The presence of hidden metastatic cancer, however, can be detected. Thus the test may assist in the diagnosis of advanced malignancies or in detecting such lesions when they appear in an obscure state. False positive values with this procedure fall in the same group as with the methods which measure proteolysis.
Dynamic low coherence interferometry as a tool for imaging and quantification of Brownian motion with highly scattering media

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) has been used extensively during the last few decades for characterization of the structural and dynamical properties of optically dilute media [1,2].
Harnessing redox-active ligands for low-barrier radical addition at oxorhenium complexes.

The addition of an [X]+ electrophile to the five-coordinate oxorhenium(V) anion [ReV(O)(apPh)2]− {[apPh]2– = 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(phenylamido)phenolate} gives new products containing Re–X bonds. The Re–X bond-forming reaction is analogous to oxo transfer to [ReV(O)(apPh)2]− in that both are 2e– redox processes, but the electronic structures of the products are different. Whereas oxo addition to [ReV(O)(apPh)2]− yields a closed-shell [ReVII(O)2(apPh)2]− product of 2e– metal oxidation, [Cl]+ addition gives a diradical ReVI(O)(apPh)(isqPh)Cl product ([isqPh]•– = 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(phenylimino)semiquinonate) with 1e– in a Re d orbital and 1e– on a redox-active ligand. The differences in electronic structure are ascribed to differences in the π basicity of [O]2– and Cl– ligands. The observation of ligand radicals in ReVI(O)(apPh)(isqPh)X provides experimental support for the capacity of redox-active ligands to deliver electrons in other bond-forming reactions at [ReV(O)(apPh)2]−, including radical additions ...