cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-human decisionmaking: A control theoretic approach

The distributed nature of human decisionmaking tasks within an organization--civilian as well as military--interacts strongly with the information structure inherent to that organization. Very often these tasks are too complex to be performed by only a single decisionmaker, due to the inherent human limitations of memory, restricted planning horizon, information processing capacity, and mental workload demands. Thus, the functions that make-up any organizational structure are characterized by the interconnections of multiple tasks performed by several humans. In various man machine systems, communications are of crucial importance to each local operator's performance, as well as to the overall team performance. A strong relationship exists among 1) the degree of interdependence of the subsystems, 2) the communications, information and control sharing requirements, and 3) performance. In this paper, several different theories that have been proposed for studying human team performance are overviewed and their limitations are identified. On the one hand, the existing distributed decisionmaking and control theories do not take into account the inherent human operator limitations. On the other hand, the state of the art models for human decisionmaking deal mainly with the case of a single operator. Thus, there is a potential to fuse both areas of distributed decisionmaking and man machine systems into a single theory which can serve the purpose of analyzing multihuman decisionmaking processes. An attempt to set the bases of such a theory is made for simple human teams with different information structures. The need for the presence of a coordinator, one level of hierarchy above the other decisionmakers is also examined. These studies, together with the normative-descriptive Dynamic Decision Model (DDM) previously developed and validated for a single operator, will form the framework of future experimental designs involving two or more humans making decisions in a multi-task environment.
ADF/Cofilin: A Functional Node in Cell Biology

Recent findings have significantly expanded our understanding of the regulation of actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins and the profound multifaceted impact that these well-established regulators of actin dynamics have on cell biology. In this review we discuss new aspects of previously documented regulation, such as phosphorylation, but also cover novel recently established modes of regulation and functions of ADF (also known as destrin)/cofilin. We now understand that their activity responds to a vast array of inputs far greater than previously appreciated and that these proteins not only feed back to the crucially important dynamics of actin, but also to apoptosis cascades, phospholipid metabolism, and gene expression. We argue that this ability to respond to physiological changes by modulating those same changes makes the ADF/cofilin protein family a homeostatic regulator or 'functional node' in cell biology.
Mesenchymal Nuclear Transcription Factors in Nitrofen-Induced Hypoplastic Lung

Abstract Background. Nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) with or without coexistent congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in animals mimics the human condition. We have demonstrated reduced steroid–thyroid–retinoid receptors in hypoplastic lungs. Therefore, we hypothesize that expression of two additional mesenchymally derived nuclear transcription factors, retinoid X receptor α (RXR-α) and homeobox b-5 (Hoxb-5), would also be altered in hypoplastic lungs. Materials and methods. We used timed-pregnant CD-1 mice either untreated or gavaged with nitrofen on gestational day (Gd) 8. Normal lungs were compared with hypoplastic lungs with severe left PH and CDH at Gd 14, 16, and 19 and from neonates. We performed immunoblotting for RXR-α and Hoxb-5 proteins and immunohistochemistry for Hoxb-5 protein. Results. Almost 70–80% of nitrofen-exposed mice had no apparent external phenotypic abnormalities, such as craniofacial defects. Fetal body and lung weights were reduced. RXR-α and Hoxb-5 proteins were highest at Gd 14 and decreased as development progressed. Densitometric analysis of RXR-α or Hoxb-5 proteins in normal and hypoplastic lungs showed no significant difference; however, the immunolocalization pattern of Hoxb-5 protein differed. Hoxb-5 protein was primarily in mesenchymal cells of normal lungs on Gd 14; however, by Gd 19, it appeared to be mainly in the epithelial cells of prealveolar structures and in adjacent subepithelial mesenchymal cells. In hypoplastic lungs no significant changes were observed in Hoxb-5 staining in mesenchymal cells at Gd 14 nor at Gd 16; however, Hoxb-5 expression persisted in mesenchyme and epithelium at Gd 19 and in neonatal hypoplastic lungs, unlike normal lungs. Conclusions. (1) Unaltered RXR-α protein implies that despite altered retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in hypoplastic lungs, the mechanisms of nitrofen-induced PH may be independent of RXR-α pathways. (2) In hypoplastic lungs, the persistent mesenchymal expression of Hoxb-5, in later stages of development and at birth, suggests delayed development and maturation compared to normal lungs. We speculate that nitrofen induces PH via RAR-dependent but RXR-independent interactions, which may be downstream of the Hoxb-5 gene or may involve other more anteriorly expressed Hox genes.
9-Aminocamptothecin (9-AC) given as a 120-hour continuous infusion in patients with advanced adenocarcinomas of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction: A phase II trial of the University of Chicago phase II consortium.

9-Aminocamptothecin (9-AC) is a water-insoluble camptothecin derivative that demonstrated broad activity in pre-clinical studies. In vitro, greater anti-tumor efficacy can be achieved with prolonged administration. A minor response was observed in gastric cancer in a phase I study. We conducted a phase II study of 9-AC in 15 patients with previously untreated metastatic gastric cancer and adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. 9-AC was administered at a dose of 25 μg/m2/h over 120 hours (3000 μg/m2 over 5 days) on two consecutive weeks every 21 days. Fourteen patients were evaluable for response. There were no objective responses. Three patients had stable disease lasting a median of 3.4 months (range 1.6–4.3 months). Median time to progression was 1.4 months; median survival was 5.2 months. Grade 3 neutropenia developed in 20% of patients, and anemia in 7%. Grade 3 nausea and fatigue each developed in 7% of patients. We conclude that 9-AC given by 120-hour continuous infusion demonstrates no clinical activity in patients with metastatic gastric cancer.
Biological removal of siloxanes from landfill and digester gases: opportunities and challenges.

The presence of volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) presents challenges for using landfill and digester gases as energy fuels because of the formation of silicon dioxide deposits during combustion. This study looks at the feasibility of using biological treatment to control VMSs. Biotrickling filters removing octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), selected as a model VMS, from aerobic and anaerobic waste gas streams were setup. The efficacy of both aerobic and anaerobic biotrickling filters was low. The removal of D4 in the aerobic biotrickling filter followedalineartrend,reaching43%atagasemptybedresidence time of 19.5 min. Aerobic biodegradation of D4 in shake flaskswasfoundtobeextremelyslow,withtraceconcentrations requiring 3-4 months for complete degradation. Gas-liquid partition tests revealed that D4 partitions poorly into aqueous phasesandthatinterphasemasstransferisslow.Usingthemass transfer data, we estimated the maximum possible mass transfer rate of D4 in the biotrickling filter to be in the range of 30-100 mg m -3 h -1 . These values are low and suggest that mass transfer limitations play an important role in the low treatment performance that was observed. The possibility of enhancing D4 mass transfer by using oleyl alcohol as a second nonmiscible liquid phase was unsuccessful. Overall, the results demonstrate that biological treatment of D4 vapors is possible but poses significant challenges.
Federalism: Problems of scale

The modern explanation of Democratic government is based firmly on the theory of economic externalities. Individual choices in a situation in which externalities are important may lead to highly inefficient resource use. Government is one way, and frequently the most convenient way, to deal with this problem. This approach also gives a idea of the optimal size of the government or governments. It may be said that the governmental unit chosen to deal with any given activity should be large enough to "internalize" all of the externalities which that activity generates. It would appear that most students do not really aim at totally internalizing all external effects of the given action, but merely internalizing most of them, say 90 per cent. The reason that I am confident that this is so is that they almost never discuss local border effects. Any geographically delimited governmental unit must have a border, and if its function is to deal with an externality producing activity, then its actions just inside the border will normally produce an externality just outside the boundary. Thus total internalization would normally require boundaries which ran along some very impressive natural barrier. Such a minor matter as street-cleaning might require a continental or even world-wide governmental unit to totally internalize its effects.
Review of Triboluminescence Impact Research at Projectile Speeds of 1 m/s to 6 km/s☆

Abstract Over the last decade, research has been conducted to investigate the use of triboluminescence (TL) as the active element for impact sensors. TL is defined as the emission of light produced by mechanical action. For the last decade, the authors has obtained extensive experience in characterizing TL and has successfully measured it during impacts with speeds of 1 m/s to about 5.6 km/s. For the most part, zinc sulfide and europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (europium tetrakis) compounds have been used as sample materials, since both emit strong TL. Recent ballistic results also show there is a ~1 nm shift in the triboluminescent peak wavelength between the high speed 30 caliber and low speed 9 mm projectiles augmented with ZnS:Mn powder. In fact, the 9 mm peak wavelength for triboluminescence is similar to what was found in earlier measurements. More significantly, collected results also show that the triboluminescent emission yield for ZnS:Mn appeared to be a function of speed for collisions up to 6 km/s using a two-stage light gas gun. These research programs expanded the knowledge base for using TL as the active element for sensors to detect high-speed impacts.
A High Power Ion Thruster Plume Model

A 2-D axisymmetric plume model of a 30-cm ion engine, operating at >20kW of jet power is presented. The model accounts for the main ion components expected to be present in the thruster plume, namely main beam ions and ion products from ion-neutral scattering. Main beam ions are found within ~30 deg of the axis of symmetry, and have energies in excess of 3000 eV and peak densities in the order of 10 15 m -3 near the thruster exit. Ions that undergo charge exchange with neutrals are expelled radially from the main beam by electric forces due to their low energies ( 70 deg). Ions that are elastically scattered retain a major portion of their initial kinetic energy (100-3000 eV) and are found with peak densities in the order of 10 12 m -3 and populate the complete range of plume angles; however, for issues associated with spacecraft sputtering their presence between angles of 30 to 70 deg is most critical.
Design of safety monitor schemes for a fault tolerant flight control system

For a research aircraft, "conventional" control laws (CLs) are implemented on a "baseline" flight computer (FC) while research CLs are typically housed on a dedicated research computer. Therefore, for an experimental aircraft used to test specific fault tolerant flight control systems, a safety logic scheme is needed to ensure a safe transition from conventional to research CLs (while at nominal conditions) as well as from research CLs at nominal conditions to conditions with "simulated" failures on specific control surfaces. This paper describes the design of such a safety scheme for the NASA Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS) F-15 Program. The goals of the IFCS F-15 program are to investigate the performance of a set of fault tolerant CLs based on the use of dynamic inversion with neural augmentation. The different transitions are monitored using information relative to flight conditions and controller-related performance criteria. The testing of the scheme is performed with a Simulink-based flight simulation code and interface developed at West Virginia University for the NASA IFCS F-15 aircraft.
Colorectal cancer screening at a Veterans Affairs hospital

Abstract Background Because of limited resources and common barriers to widespread screening, the Surgery Service of the Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center has focused its colorectal screening program on patients undergoing hernia repair. Our objective was to examine the success, safety, pathology results, and educational benefit of this nontraditional screening program. Methods The study was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database (1991 to 2002). Initial screening colonoscopy was performed on 263 average-risk Veterans Affairs patients, 217 (83%) in conjunction with hernia repair. Visualized polyps were removed or biopsied during colonoscopy and pathology reports for all specimens were examined. Results were compared with published screening studies. Results Complete colonoscopy, defined as cecal intubation, was performed in 93% of initial screening colonoscopies. There were no major complications, including perforation, excessive bleeding, or death, from colonoscopy. Initial colonoscopy showed adenomas in 67 patients (25%), hyperplastic polyps in 34 (13%), and invasive cancer in 4 (1.5%). Follow-up endoscopies revealed cancer in 2 additional patients, 3 and 5 years after initial screening. Conclusions This program is an important training resource for surgical residents. Screening colonoscopy performed in conjunction with hernia repair has produced results consistent with more conventional methods. The Surgery Service at the Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center is providing colorectal cancer screening with a high degree of safety and success in the face of limited resources and common barriers to implementation of widespread screening.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Core Competencies for Natural Resource Negotiation

Natural resource negotiation often involves multiple parties with overlapping interests and issues that can provide opportunities for mutually beneficial solutions. These opportunities can be missed, however, if negotiators are unable to comprehend the facts of a negotiation, understand the interests of other parties, or accurately evaluate the options that increase the size of the negotiation pie. Through structured personal interviews with more than 60 representatives from seven different hydropower negotiations, respondents identified core competencies that help negotiators succeed at accurately comprehending the facts of a negotiation, comprehending the interests of other parties, and fully understanding the available options and alternatives. We categorized those core competencies into three dimensions of negotiation—interpersonal, organizational, and operational.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with Oral Phenylephrine Use: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background Prior reports have linked both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke to use of sympathomimetic drugs including phenylephrine. The purpose of this study is to describe the first case, to our knowledge of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after oral use of phenylephrine and to systematically review the literature on phenylephrine and acute stroke. Methods A case report and review of the literature. Results A 59-year-old female presented with thunderclap headache, right hemiparesis, aphasia, and left gaze deviation. Head computed tomography (CT) showed a left frontal ICH with intraventricular and subarachnoid extension. She had no significant past medical history. For the previous 30 days, the patient was taking multiple common cold remedies containing phenylephrine to treat sinusitis. CT and magnetic resonance angiography showed no causative vascular abnormality. Catheter cerebral angiography supported reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). Phenylephrine was determined to be the most likely etiology for her hemorrhage. A review of the literature, found 7 cases describing phenylephrine use with acute stroke occurrence: female, 5 of 7 (71%); route of administration, nasal (n = 3), ophthalmic (n = 2), intravenous (n = 1), intracorporeal injection (n = 1). Stroke types were subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 5), ICH (n = 4), and ischemic (n = 1). One case reported RCVS after phenylephrine use. Conclusions It is scientifically plausible that phenylephrine may cause strokes, consistent with the pharmacologic properties and adverse event profiles of similar amphetamine-like sympathomimetics. As RCVS has been well described in association with over-the-counter sympathomimetics, a likely, although not definitive, causal relationship between phenylephrine and ICH is proposed.
A simple method for generating Lyapunov functions

A method for generating Lyapunov functions that is useful for determining the stability criterion of second-order nonlinear autonomous systems is developed. The idea is based on varying slopes in the phase plane. These slopes define the phase trajectories of the nonlinear system. The method is very simple compared with existing methods. Several examples illustrate this point. >
Phosphorylation of Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) Protein Is Associated with Bovine Luteal Oxytocin Exocytosis

The ruminant corpus luteum, in addition to producing progesterone, synthesizes and secretes oxytocin (OT) during the estrous cycle. Secretion of oxytocin occurs by exocytosis of membrane-encapsulated granules of this hormone. Exocytosis of oxytocin involves transport of granules through a cytoskeletal matrix including an actin cortex closely associated with the plasma membrane (PM). Actin filaments crosslinked by various proteins give rise to the structural integrity of the cortex. Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), a protein specifically phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), crosslinks actin filaments and anchors the actin network to the inner leaflet of the PM. There is evidence that the intact actin cortex may serve as a barrier, precluding fusion of transport vesicles with the PM. In some secretory cells, phosphorylation of MARCKS has resulted in its translocation from the PM to the cytoplasm with an associated disassembly of the actin cortex. Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) stimulation of the bovine corpus luteum during the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle activates PKC, which is associated with an increase in OT secretion in vivo and in vitro. Data are presented demonstrating that stimulation of bovine luteal cells with PGF(2alpha) on Day 8 of the cycle promotes rapid phosphorylation of MARCKS protein and causes its translocation from the PM to the cytoplasm and concomitant, enhanced exocytosis of OT. These data are consistent with the premise that MARCKS plays a role in the exocytotic process.
Enriching rare variants using family-specific linkage information

Genome-wide association studies have been successful in identifying common variants for common complex traits in recent years. However, common variants have generally failed to explain substantial proportions of the trait heritabilities. Rare variants, structural variations, and gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, among others, have been suggested as potential sources of the so-called missing heritability. With the advent of exome-wide and whole-genome next-generation sequencing technologies, finding rare variants in functionally important sites (e.g., protein-coding regions) becomes feasible. We investigate the role of linkage information to select families enriched for rare variants using the simulated Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 data. In each replicate of simulated phenotypes Q1 and Q2 on 697 subjects in 8 extended pedigrees, we select one pedigree with the largest family-specific LOD score. Across all 200 replications, we compare the probability that rare causal alleles will be carried in the selected pedigree versus a randomly chosen pedigree. One example of successful enrichment was exhibited for gene VEGFC. The causal variant had minor allele frequency of 0.0717% in the simulated unrelated individuals and explained about 0.1% of the phenotypic variance. However, it explained 7.9% of the phenotypic variance in the eight simulated pedigrees and 23.8% in the family that carried the minor allele. The carrier’s family was selected in all 200 replications. Thus our results show that family-specific linkage information is useful for selecting families for sequencing, thus ensuring that rare functional variants are segregating in the sequencing samples.
Rifampin in the Treatment of Leprosy

The minimal inhibitory concentration of rifampin for Mycobacterium leprae is less than 1 microgram/ml. Therapy with rifampin has proved efficacious both in mice experimentally infected with M. leprae and in humans with leprosy. Rifampin kills M. leprae more rapidly than do other antileprosy drugs currently available. Consequently, M. leprae bacilli from patients with lepromatous disease are rendered noninfectious within three weeks after the institution of rifampin therapy, as determined in the mouse footpad test system. Administration of this antibiotic substantially reduces the quantities of M. leprae discharged in the nasal secretions of lepromatous patients within three weeks, thus rapidly decreasing the potential infectivity of these individuals. Intermittent rifampin therapy for leprosy has been successful, with a low incidence of adverse reactions to the drug. Worldwide, the prevalence of primary and secondary resistance of M. leprae to dapsone has increased markedly. Therefore, the World Health Organization recommends a multidrug regimen that includes intermittent administration of rifampin for the treatment of leprosy.
Translating Expertise into Effective Instruction: The Impacts of Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) on Lab Report Quality and Student Retention in the Biological Sciences.

Poor instruction has been cited as a primary cause of attrition from STEM majors and a major obstacle to learning for those who stay [Seymour and Hewitt [1997]. Talking about leaving: Why undergraduates leave the sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview]. Using a double-blind design, this study tests the hypothesis that the lack of explicit instructions in scientific inquiry skills is a major factor in both low STEM retention and academic underperformance. This project delivered supplemental instruction to students in a laboratory-based undergraduate biology course (n = 314) that was derived either from cognitive task analyses (CTAs) conducted with expert biologists (treatment) or was authored and delivered by an award-winning biology instructor (control). Students receiving traditional instruction were almost six times more likely to withdraw from the course than students in the treatment condition (8.1% vs. 1.4% of initial enrollment). Of the students who completed the course, those who received the CTA-based instruction demonstrated significantly higher levels of performance in the discussion section of their written laboratory reports. Significantly higher performances were seen specifically in the areas of analyzing data to formulate valid conclusions, considering alternative explanations, consideration for the limitations of the experimental design and implications of the research. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 1165–1185, 2010
Multicast optimization in broadband adaptive optical wireless networks

Optical wireless networks (OWNs) are expected to have a major role in the evolution of broadband wireless networks and the wireless Internet. This is due in large to the high data rates that OWNs can deliver. The deployment of OWNs in these domains necessitates the need for new techniques and approaches that can secure a place for OWNs in the future of wireless communications. The adaptive model of OWNs is considered a major step towards this goal. It has a great impact on the future of OWNs because of the new design concepts it brought to the optical wireless arena. In this paper, we study the multicast process in adaptive OWNs. We prove the NP-hardness of the multicast optimization problem and accordingly propose two optimization heuristics. Simulation results show that networks adapting our multicast heuristics achieve improvements of up to 42% and 62% on average packet delay and overhead-related metrics, respectively, as compared to networks with conventional multicast.
Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods

Spruce, alder, and oak woods deposited in coastal sediments were characterized versus their modern counterparts by quantification of individual neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols as well as by scanning electron microscopy, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The buried spruce wood from a 2500 yr old deposit was unaltered whereas an alder wood from the same horizon and an oak wood from an open ocean sediment were profoundly degraded. Individual sugar and lignin phenol analyses indicate that at least 90 and 98 wt% of the initial total polysaccharides in the buried alder and oak woods, respectively, have been degraded along with 15–25 wt% of the lignin. At least 75% of the degraded biopolymer has been physically lost from these samples. This evidence is supported by the SEM, 13C NMR and elemental analyses, all of which indicate selective loss of the carbohydrate moiety. The following order of stability was observed for the major biochemical constituents of both buried hardwoods: vanillyl and p-hydroxyl lignin structural units > syringyl lignin structural units > pectin > α-cellulose > hemicellulose. This sequence can be explained by selective preservation of the compound middle lamella regions of the wood cell walls. The magnitude and selectivity of the indicated diagenetic reactions are sufficient to cause major changes in the chemical compositions of wood-rich sedimentary organic mixtures and to provide a potentially large in situ nutrient source.
Tumor mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acids: the nucleotide sequence of Morris hepatoma 5123D mitochondrial tRNA GUC Asp.

A mitochondrial aspartate tRNA (anticodon GUC) was isolated from a transplantable rat tumor, Morris hepatoma 5123D, and sequenced. The sequence, pGAGAUAUUm(1)AGUAAAAUAAUUACA psi AACCUUGUCAAGGUUAAGUUAUAGACUUAAAUCUAUAUAUCUUACCAOH, can be arranged in a cloverleaf structure. The RNA exhibits a number of unusual features, such as lack of the constant -G-G- and -T-psi-C- sequences in loops I and IV, respectively, small size of these loops, lack of the constant G.C base pair adjacent to loop IV, predominance of A.U base pairs in general, and presence of m1A in position 9. The RNA exhibits 82 and 70% homology with the DNA-derived putative sequences of human placenta and beef heart mitochondrial tRNA Asp, respectively, and bears little resemblance to other sequenced aspartate tRNAs of non-mitochondrial origin.
Friendship patterns of sexual minority individuals in adulthood

This study focuses the social context for sexual minority friendships by investigating the friendship patterns of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Participants were 405 self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals (18 to 79 years old). Results suggest that like their heterosexual counterparts, sexual minorities primarily form close friendships with individuals who are similar to themselves in sex and race. Sexual minorities, however, are more likely to report cross-orientation over same-orientation friendships. Among sexual minorities, unique friendship patterns exist across sex, sexual orientation, and race. Lesbian and gay participants drew the majority of their friends from the lesbian, gay, and bisexual community while bisexual women and men primarily formed friendships with heterosexual individuals.
A role for p21-activated kinase in endothelial cell migration.

The serine/threonine p21-activated kinase (PAK) is an effector for Rac and Cdc42, but its role in regulating cytoskeletal organization has been controversial. To address this issue, we investigated the role of PAK in migration of microvascular endothelial cells. We found that a dominant negative (DN) mutant of PAK significantly inhibited cell migration and in-creased stress fibers and focal adhesions. The DN effect mapped to the most NH2-terminal proline-rich SH3-binding sequence. Observation of a green fluorescent protein-tagged α-actinin construct in living cells revealed that the DN construct had no effect on membrane ruffling, but dramatically inhibited stress fiber and focal contact motility and turnover. Constitutively active PAK inhibited migration equally well and also increased stress fibers and focal adhesions, but had a somewhat weaker effect on their dynamics. In contrast to their similar effects on motility, DN PAK decreased cell contractility, whereas active PAK increased contractility. Active PAK also increased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, as indicated by staining with an antibody to phosphorylated MLC, whereas DN PAK had little effect, despite the increase in actin stress fibers. These results demonstrate that although PAK is not required for extension of lamellipodia, it has substantial effects on cell adhesion and contraction. These data suggest a model in which PAK plays a role coordinating the formation of new adhesions at the leading edge with contraction and detachment at the trailing edge.
PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI ERA POSMETODE

This article is aimed to answer two essential problems; (1) development map of Arabic learning method from 1990s until today which has been formulated unclearly, and (2) developing Arabic learning in posmethod era by optimilizing teacher’s strategic role in the process of Arabic learning. This article used bibliographic sources from some books and articles in scientific journal about linguistic and Arabic learning. The interpretation data of academician thought and Arabic linguistic experts was done by using historical-critical approach and content analysis for substancial interpretation. B. Kumaravadivelu concept in Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for Language Teaching (2003) which requires teacher to play three essential roles; pasif technician, reflective practician, and transformative intelectual is very inportant in Arabic learning in posmethod era. The principle of at-thariqatu ahammu min al-mâddah (method is more important than content) can be developed to be main principle “spirit, profesionality and strategic role of language educator is more important in teaching Arabic than the method itself”, since basically there is no most appropriate and ideal method for any goals and situation of Arabic learning. DOI: 10.15408/a.v2i1.1519
VARIATION IN THE MAJOR URINARY PROTEIN MULTIGENE FAMILY IN WILD-DERIVED MICE

The levels of expression and genomic organization of genes coding for the major urinary proteins (MUPs) were examined in several stocks of wild-derived mice. Levels of MUP mRNA in the liver varied considerably with M. musculus Brno and M. castaneus males having several-fold more MUP RNA than inbred C57BL/6 males, whereas M. hortulanus, M. caroli and M. cervicolor displayed levels much lower than C57BL/6. Analysis of RNA with MUP cDNAs specific to two different subfamilies of MUP genes revealed that M. caroli and M. cervicolor primarily expressed a MUP mRNA that was less abundant in C57BL/6, suggesting differential expression of subfamilies of genes within the MUP multigene complex. Although inbred males usually have five-fold more MUP mRNA than inbred females, male to female ratios for wild-derived stocks ranged from one to several hundred. Southern blots of genomic DNA hybridized to MUP subfamily probes revealed differences in restriction fragment sizes as well as possible variation in the number of MUP genes in some species. Analysis of urinary proteins from hybrids between C57BL/6 and M. spretus suggested that low MUP expression in M. spretus females was due to cis -acting genetic elements.
Muscimol dialysis in the retrotrapezoid nucleus region inhibits breathing in the awake rat

Under anesthesia, inactivation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) region markedly inhibits breathing and chemoreception. In conscious rats, we dialyzed muscimol for 30 min to inhibit neurons of th...
The Impact of Resource Constraints on the Psychological Well-Being of Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence over Time.

This study examined the impact of resource constraints on the psychological well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), testing whether resource constraints is one mechanism that partially mediates the relationship between IPV and women’s well-being. Although within-woman changes in resource constraints did not mediate the relationship between change in physical abuse and change in well-being, change in resource constraints fully explained the relationship between change in psychological abuse and change in psychological well-being over time. Survivors’ resource constraints were fully responsible for the significant mental health consequences that women experienced after psychological abuse. Between-women differences in initial resource constraints were also examined; however, they did not mediate the relationship between women’s earlier experiences of abuse and change in their well-being over time. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conceptualizing professional development in mathematics: Elements of a model

This theoretical paper discusses the concept of models for mathematics professional development. After examining the related literature, we propose a definition of this concept that includes four elements: goals, theories, contexts, and structure. We present aspects of professional development that comprise each element.
Designing and Implementing an „On-Demand” IMACS

Most current commercial and research Image Management, Archive, and Communication Systems (IMACS) utilize an „autorouted” or „prefetched” image management scheme to compensate for the limitations of network bandwidth and disk transfer time. After implementing one such commercial PACS to distribute images to a Trauma Center and several Intensive Care Units, the multidisciplinary IMACS research team at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) analyzed the autorouting method to discover ways to improve the system. The resulting proposal consisted of an „on-demand” method of image retrieval implemented with a high-speed network and a centralized storage system.
How Mentors Can Improve Online Graduate Student Attrition Rates

Do higher levels of mentoring support contribute to a successful academic graduate career? This article tackles mentoring for online graduate students and its relation to attrition rates focusing on: the benefits of successful mentoring, challenges of online mentoring programs, a review of a model of an online mentoring program, and establishing mentor-mentee relationships.
Prevalence of biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects without metabolic syndrome.

Obesity is a major risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD encompasses simple fatty liver (FL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in its spectrum. NASH can progress to liver cirrhosis and is associated with liver cancer. Not all obese subjects have insulin resistance (IR) or develop metabolic syndrome (MS). This study evaluates the prevalence of NAFLD in severely obese subjects without MS. We retrospectively reviewed 445 charts from our database of severely obese subjects with clinical suspicion of NAFLD and who were selected for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. One hundred five subjects who did not have MS, as defined by the International Diabetes Foundation, based on comprehensive pre-operative metabolic evaluation were included. Liver biopsy specimens were evaluated for NAFLD. 24% of morbidly obese (mean body mass index [BMI] 48 kg m(-2) ) adult subjects (mean age 38 years) who underwent bariatric surgery did not have MS. NAFLD was identified in 77 (73%) on liver biopsy, out of which 59 (56%) were labelled as FL and 18 (17%) had histological diagnosis of NASH. Age, gender, race and BMI were the same among all groups. Among NAFLD subjects, 22% did not have any additional metabolic component of MS, while 36% had low high-density lipoprotein, 27% had hypertension, 8% had high triglycerides and 6% had hyperglycaemia. IR calculated by HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) and diagnosis of hyperglycaemia was statistically higher in NASH group compared to those who did not have NASH. NAFLD is highly prevalent in morbidly obese individuals who undergo bariatric surgery despite the absence of MS. Diagnosis of hyperglycaemia in such subjects suggests the presence of IR and may have underlying NASH, which is a progressive form of NAFLD.
It’s not all academic: nursing admissions and attrition in the United States

Interest in the nursing profession is growing in the United States (US). Currently, there are more applicants for nursing school than nursing school capacities can accommodate. At the same time qualified applicants are unable to enter nursing school related to program capacities, 18% of admitted students leave nursing schools prior to graduation. The abundance of applicants should make nursing school attrition, in the US, practically nonexistent. US nursing programs must determine more effective criteria for screening applicants so that the students, most likely to succeed, are admitted to programs.
Spin-Orbital Coupling Effects on Magnetoresistance in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

The magnetoresistance of conjugated polymer poly [2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) based organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) was investigated at both forward and reverse bias at liquid nitrogen temperature. We find that the reverse bias yields a largely increased magnetoresistance when the electron-hole capture zone is away from the metal electrode as compared to the forward bias with the electron-hole capture zone close to the metal electrode. The electroluminescence suggests that the deposited metal atoms enhance the spin-orbital coupling at the polymer/metal interface and consequently lead to electron-hole capture zone-dependent magnetic field effects in organic semiconductor devices.
ALLOZYME FREQUENCIES IN A LINEAR SERIES OF SONG DIALECT POPULATIONS.

Evaluating the biological consequences of avian song dialects is important in at least two ways. First, where appropriate experimental evidence is available, we know that dialect markers in song are learned (Marler, 1970; Marler and Mundinger, 1971). Dialect systems thus offer an opportunity to determine if and how culturally transmitted vocal signals, a fundamental feature of many songbird societies, influence patterns of gene flow. Second, despite much fine descriptive work, few attempts have been made to connect the field of behavioral research on song dialects to that of evolutionary genetics. The central issue is whether or not population specific vocal signals (dialects) cause mating to take place primarily among members of the same dialect population. This question does not specify any particular behavioral mechanism that might be hypothesized nor should it suggest that gene migration is an all-or-none phenomenon. Gene flow between adjacent dialects may vary in amount or direction depending upon such possible influences as dialect discrimination affecting mate selection, recency of contact of the populations (Remington, 1968), availability of unoccupied breeding habitat, or major environmental disturbances. If song dialects reduce gene migration among dialect populations, however, then it is reasonable to predict that neighboring dialect populations may exhibit genetic differences (Templeton, 1980a). The divergence may occur because of founder effect, genetic drift, or because of selective differences in occupied habitats as when, for example, dialects occur along an environmental gradient (Endler, 1977). differential coadaptation of genomes may also be involved. Possible outcomes of the interaction of gene flow, environmental gradients, magnitude of selection pressures, and population size have only recently begun to yield to theoretical analysis (Endler, 1977; Slatkin, 1978; Lande, 1980) and we hope that our studies may be of some use in this regard. Our field data, while not constituting a test of this developing theory, may serve to underscore the significance of gene flow in population differentiation. The four song dialect populations of Whitecrowned Sparrows treated here extend over a total of only 35 km distance in an environment of apparent homogeneity in climate and vegetation. In view of the potentially high vagility of these birds, the possible consequences of discontinuities in gene flow caused by social structure may be more easily discovered. In this report we provide allozyme frequency data from four dialect populations occurring in a linear sequence along the central California coast. From these data we describe the nature and extent of genetic differentiation within and among the four song dialect populations to test the hypothesis of genetic differentiation of dialects.
Survey on Nosocomial Infection in Kuancheng County Hospital,Hebei Province

Objective To study the status of nosocomial infection,usage of antibiotics and detection rate of the major pathogenic bacteria in Kuancheng county hospital,and thus to provide references to effectively prevent and control nosocomial infection. Methods According to the requirement of national nosocomial infection surveillance system,bedside conversation and running records consultation were both adopted to survey the infection status of inpatients on Dec. 25,2012; the survey contents included patents discharges,transferring and dead cases and excluding new admitted cases on that day. Results Altogether 432 of the total 438 inpatients was investigated,with an actual investing rate of 98. 6%. Twenty eight patients were of nosocomial infectors,with a prevalence rate 6. 48% and case infection rate 6. 94%. Among those infectors 33. 3% were from ICU,21. 43% were from the first division of orthopedics,19. 35% were from department of cerebral surgery and12. 82% were from the second division of orthopedics.The high incidence body parts were the upper respiratory tract( 42. 86%), lower respiratory tract( 46. 43%)and unary tract( 7. 41%). There were 274 of them treated with antibacterial agents,with a daily usage rate of 63. 43%. Of the infectors,233( 85%) were treated with one kind of antibacterial agents,37( 13. 5%)were treated with two kinds of antibacterial agents and 4( 1. 46%) were treated with three kinds of antibacterial agents. Seven strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated and dominated by gram negative bacilli. Conclusion This survey substantially reflects the occurrence of the nosocomial infection and usage of antibacterial agents in Kuancheng county hospital.
Research on Monte Carlo Simulation of Grinding Breakage Process

Monte Carlo simulation for breakage process during grinding was studied. The error of Monte Carlo simulation w as in reverse proportional to the number of particles in the computation box,w hich caused the conflicting betw een the computation accuracy and cost. The main target of this w ork w as to accelerate simulation w hile keeping its accuracy. First,main steps of the eventdriven Monte Carlo simulation w ere listed. Then,an improved sampling method w as proposed to tackle the problem of the poor performance of traditional rejection sampling. Simulation experiments of batch grinding w ere designed. The results show ed that the proposed algorithm could obviously reduce invalid sampling,and increase the simulation speed up to 5 times w hile keeping good simulation accuracy.
Clinical Observation on Effect of Jiawei Baohe Decoction in Treating 52 Case of Angina Pectoris

Objective To observe the effect of Jiawei Baohe Decoction in treating Angina pectoris. Methods Single-blind control was adopted in this clinical observation, ninety-eight patients were divided into two groups, 52 in the treated group and 46 in control group. The two groups were treated by conventional therapy, combined with additional Jiawei Baohe Decoction(treated group) and compound dansheng tablets (control group) respectively for 2 to 4 courses. And the clinical effects as well as relevant criteria in both groups before and after treatment were observed. Results The total effective rate in the treated group was higher than that in the control group (P0.05). And the clinical symptoms and ECG were improved significantly in treated group than those in contral group (P0.05). The dosage of isosorbids dinitrate reduced markly in treated groups than in control group (P0.05). The decrease of UA and HS-CRP levels was signiftcant in the treated group compared with the control group (P0.05, P0.01). Conclusion Jiawei Baohe Decoction has evident therapeutic effect in treating angia pectoris.
Surgical Management of the Ulcerogenic Syndrome

Although there is a consensus that the definitive therapy in this condition is surgical, the type or extent of the surgery that should be performed is controversial. In the author's view, it is necessary to remove the target organ by total gastrectomy as well as to remove as much tumor tissue as is feasible or reasonable. The procedure is demonstrated in a patient whose disease followed an indolent but difficult course.
Physiology: Stressed-out chromatin promotes longevity

Two studies reveal that early-life malfunction in organelles called mitochondria brings about lasting changes in how DNA is packaged. These alterations have consequences for cellular stress responses and organismal longevity.
Optimization of femtosecond laser processing of silicon via numerical modeling

Surface processing of silicon using a 400-fs ytterbium fiber laser has been experimentally investigated. Processing was conducted using an average power of 20 W at laser repetition rates from 500 kHz – 2 MHz and scanning speeds up to 2.8 mm/s. Samples showed both effective material removal and detrimental surface artifacts resulting from high surface temperatures during the ablation process. A numerical model has been constructed to simulate the macroscopic surface heating mechanism in femtosecond laser processing. The model validates the experimental results, predicting the observed occurrence of oxidation and melting for un-optimized laser parameters. The surface-heating sensitivity to laser repetition rate, laser fluence, and scanning speed has been comprehensively analyzed, allowing for the first identification of optimized processing conditions to control surface heating and mitigate thermal artifacts in femtosecond laser processing. This work demonstrates a path for predicting deterministic femtosecond laser processing of silicon and other materials.