cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking withdrawal symptoms are more severe among smokers with ADHD and independent of ADHD symptom change: results from a 12-day contingency-managed abstinence trial.

INTRODUCTION Smokers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have greater difficulty quitting than those without ADHD, but preliminary data (McClernon, Kollins, Lutz, Fitzgerald, Murray, Redman, et al., 2008) suggest equivalent severity of withdrawal symptoms following brief abstinence. The objective of this study was to characterize the differential effects of intermediate term smoking abstinence on self-reported withdrawal and ADHD symptoms in adult smokers with and without ADHD. METHODS Forty adult (50% female), nontreatment seeking moderate-to-heavy smokers with and without ADHD were enrolled in a 12-day quit study in which monetary incentives were provided for maintaining biologically verified abstinence. Self-reported withdrawal, mood, and ADHD symptoms were measured pre- and post-quitting. RESULTS ADHD and controls did not vary on smoking or demographic variables. Significant Group × Session interactions were observed across a broad range of withdrawal symptoms and were generally characterized by greater withdrawal severity among ADHD smokers, particularly during the first 5 days of abstinence. In addition, Group × Sex × Session interactions were observed for craving, somatic symptoms, negative affect, and habit withdrawal; these interactions were driven by greater withdrawal severity among females with ADHD. Group × Session interactions were not observed for ADHD symptom scales. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that smokers with ADHD, and ADHD females in particular, experience greater withdrawal severity during early abstinence-independent of effects on ADHD symptoms. Whereas additional research is needed to pinpoint mechanisms, our findings suggest that smoking cessation interventions targeted at smokers with ADHD should address their more severe withdrawal symptoms following quitting.
COMPUTER-AIDED SYNTHESIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS

The synthesis of biochemical pathways satisfying stoichiometric constraints is discussed. Stoichiometric constraints arise primarily from designating compounds as required or allowed reactants, and required or allowed products of the pathways; they also arise from similar restrictions on intermediate metabolites and bioreactions participating in the pathways. An algorithm for the complete and correct solution of the problem is presented; the algorithm satisfies each constraint by recursively transforming a base-set of pathways. The algorithm is applied to the problem of lysine synthesis from glucose and ammonia. In addition to the established synthesis routes, the algorithm constructs several alternative pathways that bypass key enzymes, such as malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Apart from the construction of pathways with desired characteristics, the systematic synthesis of pathways can also uncover fundamental constraints in a particular problem, by demonstrating that no pathways exist to meet certain sets of specifications. In the case of lysine, the algorithm shows that oxaloacetate is a necessary intermediate in all pathways leading to lysine from glucose, and that the yield of lysine over glucose cannot exceed 67% in the absence of enzymatic recovery of carbon dioxide.
Eclipse theory in the Jing chu li: Part I. The adoption of lunar velocity

This paper investigates the methods of eclipse prediction in China before the fourth century AD, with a detailed example of the eclipse theory in the Jing chu li (Luminous Inception System ). As the official calendar of the Jin dynasty and the Kingdom Wei during the three kingdoms period, the Jing chu li was used for more than 200 years after it was adopted in 237 AD. From the San tong li (Triple Concordance System ) of the Western Han to the Jing chu li, methods for predicting eclipses developed in three important ways: (i) from predicting only lunar eclipses to the prediction of both solar and lunar eclipses; (ii) from relying only on the mean periods of the sun and the moon to taking into consideration the variation in lunar velocity; and (iii) from estimating only a rough date to predicting the exact time of eclipses. This paper addresses two questions: first, how did ancient Chinese astronomers use cycles to predict eclipses in the Han dynasty? Second, how did astronomers such as Liu Hong and Yang Wei revise early eclipse prediction methods? The original text of the Jing chu li is analyzed to show how Yang Wei combined lunar velocity theory with the traditional method of predicting eclipses using cycles.
Fault Tolerance and Recovery of Scientific Workflows on Computational Grids

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of two mechanisms for fault-tolerance and recovery for complex scientific workflows on computational grids. We present our algorithms for over-provisioning and migration, which are our primary strategies for fault-tolerance. We consider application performance models, resource reliability models, network latency and bandwidth and queue wait times for batch-queues on compute resources for determining the correct fault-tolerance strategy. Our goal is to balance reliability and performance in the presence of soft real-time constraints like deadlines and expected success probabilities, and to do it in a way that is transparent to scientists. We have evaluated our strategies by developing a Fault-Tolerance and Recovery (FTR) service and deploying it as a part of the Linked Environments for Atmospheric Discovery (LEAD) production infrastructure. Results from real usage scenarios in LEAD show that the failure rate of individual steps in workflows decreases from about 30% to 5% by using our fault-tolerance strategies.
A Simple Genetic Architecture Underlies Morphological Variation in Dogs

Domestic dogs exhibit tremendous phenotypic diversity, including a greater variation in body size than any other terrestrial mammal. Here, we generate a high density map of canine genetic variation by genotyping 915 dogs from 80 domestic dog breeds, 83 wild canids, and 10 outbred African shelter dogs across 60,968 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Coupling this genomic resource with external measurements from breed standards and individuals as well as skeletal measurements from museum specimens, we identify 51 regions of the dog genome associated with phenotypic variation among breeds in 57 traits. The complex traits include average breed body size and external body dimensions and cranial, dental, and long bone shape and size with and without allometric scaling. In contrast to the results from association mapping of quantitative traits in humans and domesticated plants, we find that across dog breeds, a small number of quantitative trait loci (≤3) explain the majority of phenotypic variation for most of the traits we studied. In addition, many genomic regions show signatures of recent selection, with most of the highly differentiated regions being associated with breed-defining traits such as body size, coat characteristics, and ear floppiness. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of mapping multiple traits in the domestic dog using a database of genotyped individuals and highlight the important role human-directed selection has played in altering the genetic architecture of key traits in this important species.
Homocysteinemia in Mice with Genetic Betaine Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase Deficiency Is Independent of Dietary Folate Intake

Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations are associated with increased risk of several chronic diseases. Hcy can be removed by methylating it to form methionine via either the betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) or the methionine synthase (MS) pathway. BHMT uses betaine as the methyl donor, whereas MS uses 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. We previously found that mice with the gene encoding Bhmt deleted (Bhmt 2/2 ) had altered Hcy metabolites in tissues. This study aimed to determine whether folate supplementation of Bhmt 2/2 mice reverses, and folate deficiency exacerbates, these metabolic changes. Bhmt 2/2 mice and their littermates (Bhmt +/+ mice) were fed a folate-deficient (FD; 0 mg/kg diet), a folate control (FC; 2 mg/kg diet), or a folate-supplemented (FS; 20 mg/kg diet) diet for 4 wk. Bhmt 2/2 mice had higher plasma Hcy and hepatic S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) concentrations and had lower hepatic Sadenosylmethionine (AdoMet) concentrations compared with Bhmt +/+ mice for all diets. Although the FD diet increased plasma Hcy (P < 0.05) and hepatic AdoHcy (P < 0.001) concentrations in Bhmt +/+ mice compared with FC and FS mice, the FD diet had no effect on the metabolites measured in Bhmt 2/2 mice. The FS diet did not ameliorate elevated plasma Hcy and elevated hepatic AdoHcy concentrations but did increase hepatic AdoMet concentrations in Bhmt 2/2 mice (P < 0.001) compared with FD and FC mice. We conclude that the BHMT pathway is a major route for the elimination of Hcy in mice and that the MS pathway has little excess capacity to methylate the Hcy that accumulates when the BHMT pathway is blocked. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.166835.
EROSION OF RIVER SANDBARS BY DIURNAL STAGE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE COLORADO RIVER IN THE MARBLE AND GRAND CANYONS: FULL-SCALE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

This research examines the mass failure and seepage erosion of sandbars due to rapid fluctuations in river stage using a full-scale laboratory model. Hydroelectric dams operated to provide electricity at peak demand produce rapid river stage fluctuations. During decreasing river stage, the groundwater table becomes higher than the river stage, increasing pore water pressures and exfiltrating groundwater. This can cause seepage erosion and mass failures in the banks and bars. In the Colorado River in the Marble and Grand Canyons, maximal downramp and upramp rates have been imposed on the Glen Canyon Dam operations. Our experiments research the efficacy of these discharge ramp rate restrictions to reduce sandbar erosion. The laboratory model consists of a two-dimensional sandbar face (8 m long, 2.5 m high and 0.5 m wide). Multiple experiments were conducted in a range of slopes, varying from 12° to 26°. An analysis of historical and current ramp rates at 47 locations along the river provided the basis of laboratory downramp rates in the range from 0.1 to 0.6 m h−1. Results show that bank stability is reached at a slope of approximately 14°. The erosion of intermediate slopes (18° – 22°) is controlled by seepage erosion, whereas the erosion of steep slopes (26°) is governed by mass failures. Erosion rates per diurnal cycle do not depend on ramp rates, but they increase with sandbar steepness. Therefore, steep sandbar faces would rapidly erode by mass failure and seepage erosion to shallower stable slopes in the absence of other erosion processes, regardless of dam discharge ramp rates. Our experiments only address seepage erosion and mass failure; increasing the daily magnitude and/or duration of peak discharge may increase the erosion of bars by turbulent sediment transport. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims

This article employs an intersectional approach to examine the ways in which lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people evaluate the severity of hate-motivated violence. Previous studies of LGBT hate crime victims have typically focused on the psychological effects of violence. In contrast, this article explores the sociological components of hate crime by comparing the perceptions of poor and working-class LGBT people of colour with the perceptions of white, middle-class LGBT people. Data were collected from semi-structured, in-depth interviews, conducted in New York City, with 44 people who experienced anti-LGBT violence. Results indicate that middle-class white respondents were more likely than low-income people of colour to perceive their violent experiences as severe, even though the latter experienced more physical violence than the former. This finding suggests that the social position of LGBT people plays an instrumental role in structuring how they evaluate the severity of hate-motivated violence.
The Lenses of Bem

The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality, Sandra Lipsitz Bem. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993. 244 pp., $28.50, ISBN: 0-300-05676–1.
Operation of the optically pumped polarized H - ion source at LAMPF

A report is presented on the first five months of operation of the Optically Pumped Polarized Ion Source (OPPlS) for the nuclear physics research program at Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). The LAMPF OPPIS is unique in using Ti:Sapphire lasers to polarize the potassium charge-exchange medium, and until recently was unique in using a superconducting magnet in the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source and polarizer regions. The ECR extraction electrode biasing arrangement is also unique. Typical performance was 25 mu A of peak current (measured at 750 keV) with 55% beam polarization or 15 mu A at 62%. Ion source availability was greater than 90%. Also reported on are planned improvements in preparation for research operation in May of 1991. >
ADMESH: An advanced, automatic unstructured mesh generator for shallow water models

In this paper, we present the development and application of a two-dimensional, automatic unstructured mesh generator for shallow water models called Admesh. Starting with only target minimum and maximum element sizes and points defining the boundary and bathymetry/ topography of the domain, the goal of the mesh generator is to automatically produce a high-quality mesh from this minimal set of input. From the geometry provided, properties such as local features, curvature of the boundary, bathymetric/topographic gradients, and approximate flow characteristics can be extracted, which are then used to determine local element sizes. The result is a high-quality mesh, with the correct amount of refinement where it is needed to resolve all the geometry and flow characteristics of the domain. Techniques incorporated include the use of the so-called signed distance function, which is used to determine critical geometric properties, the approximation of piecewise linear coastline data by smooth cubic splines, a so-called mesh function used to determine element sizes and control the size ratio of neighboring elements, and a spring-based force equilibrium approach used to improve the element quality of an initial mesh obtained from a simple Delaunay triangulation. Several meshes of shallow water domains created by the new mesh generator are presented.
Fungal Melanin: What do We Know About Structure?

The production of melanin significantly enhances the virulence of many important human pathogenic fungi. Despite fungal melanin’s importance in human disease, as well as melanin’s contribution to the ability of fungi to survive in diverse hostile environments, the structure of melanin remains unsolved. Nevertheless, ongoing research efforts have progressively revealed several notable structural characteristics of this enigmatic pigment, which will be the focus of this review. These compositional and organizational insights could further our ability to develop novel therapeutic approaches to combat fungal disease and enhance our understanding of how melanin is inserted into the cell wall.
Same-Sex Spouses Lost in Translation? How to Interpret “Spouse” in the E.U. Family Migration Directives

This Article analyzes the word “spouse” in the European Union's Family Migration Directives in detail, focusing on the treatment of married bi-national same-sex couples. Through these directives, the European Union exercises significant authority over family-based immigration and internal migration, expressly providing immigration rights to the “spouses” of E.U. citizens and legal residents. However, family law, including the familial status of “spouses” is governed by individual E.U. member states. While a growing number of member states authorize same-sex marriage, the majority still does not. The Union, therefore, must determine how to treat migrating couples who are legal spouses in one member state, but not in another. This issue echoes the choice the U.S. faced in 1996 and again in 2013: Should federal law determine spousal status based on the law of the jurisdiction where a marriage was celebrated or where the couple resides, or should it create its own independent federal definition? The two U.S. approaches, a federal definition and a place-of-celebration choice-of-law rule, may help Europeans as they develop their own answer. This Article describes and rigorously applies the European Court of Justice's five methods of directive interpretation (textual, systematic, historical, teleological, and comparative analyses) to the directives, concluding that the best interpretations of the directives result in an autonomous definition of “spouse” that includes same-sex spouses or in a member-state-of-celebration choice-of-law rule. This exercise provides some insight for European courts and scholars about the various paths the E.C.J. may take to interpret the word “spouse” in the Family Migration Directives. It also provides an introduction to European family-based immigration and an example of the interpretation of directives generally, for judges, attorneys, scholars, and students from outside of the E.U.
Controlled Exfoliation of MoS2 Crystals into Trilayer Nanosheets.

The controlled exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) into pristine single- or few-layer nanosheets remains a significant barrier to fundamental studies and device applications of TMDs. Here we report a novel strategy for exfoliating crystalline MoS2 into suspensions of nanosheets with retention of the semiconducting 2H phase. The controlled reaction of MoS2 with substoichiometric amounts n-butyllithium results in intercalation of the edges of the crystals, which are then readily exfoliated in a 45 vol % ethanol–water solution. Surprisingly, the resulting colloidal suspension of nanosheets was found (by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy) to consist mostly of trilayers. The efficiency of exfoliation of the pre-intercalated sample is increased by at least 1 order of magnitude relative to the starting MoS2 microcrystals, with a mass yield of the dispersed nanosheets of 11–15%.
Reduced ferromagnetic transition temperatures in Sr Ru 1 − v O 3 perovskites from Ru-site vacancies

We show that annealing of stoichiometric $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskites in high-pressure oxygen of $600\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{atm}$ near $1100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ produces $\mathrm{Sr}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{1\ensuremath{-}v}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ compounds with vacancies on the Ru-sites. The creation of Ru vacancies rapidly suppresses the ferromagnetic ordering temperature, ${T}_{C}$, from $163\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ to $45\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ with an increase of $v\ensuremath{\approx}0.09$. Subtle structural changes that accompany the creation of Ru-site vacancies are different from the typical properties of transition metal perovskites, for which an increased formal oxidation state of the B-site cations normally leads to decreased B-O interatomic distances and contraction of the unit cell volume. The reduced charge screening caused by the Ru-vacancies offsets an expected decrease of the average interatomic distance Ru-O and rotation of the $\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra as Sr atoms relax toward Ru-vacancies increases the observed volume.
Crossing the Great Divides: Hans Aarsleff's Lessons for Nineteenth-Century Intellectual Historians

SUMMARYThis essay discusses Hans Aarsleff's long battle to demonstrate the importance of the French and British thinkers of the mid-eighteenth century to the development of modern linguistic thought. Contesting claims that German scholars were the first to develop historicised theories of language, Aarsleff, along with his Princeton colleagues Lionel Gossman and Anthony Grafton, helped pioneer longue duree studies of the history of philology and of historiography that cross national boundaries as well as the so-called Sattelzeit (stretching from about 1780 until 1820). Although the importance of his work was, for a long time, little appreciated by modern intellectual historians, this essay argues that it is time that we fully learned Aarsleff's lessons.
Modulation of in Vitro DNA Synthesis in the Chicken Ovarian Granulosa Cell Follicular Hierarchy by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

Abstract Folliculogenesis in domestic hens appears to be controlled by numerous factors, particularly the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The involvement of LH in follicular steroidogenesis has been described in some detail; however, the specific role of FSH has remained elusive. In 3 experiments, the effects of ovine (o)- or chicken (c)-derived FSH (oFSH, cFSH) or LH (oLH, cLH) were evaluated on in vitro DNA synthesis [3 H-thymidine (3 H-TdR) incorporation], indicative of cellular proliferation, of granulosa cells from F1, F3, or F5-6 preovulatory follicles. In experiment 1, oFSH or cFSH stimulated (P
Young investigator perspectives. Blogging for electronic record keeping and collaborative research.

Interdisciplinary and collaborative projects involving large electronic data sets are commonplace and provide a challenge to record keeping efforts. Blogging software provides a tool to record experimental results and analysis as well as collaborate. Here, I discuss blogs and illustrate how one can be used in research record keeping. I think go on to discuss using blogs to interface with project team members and the public. Finally, I address data security and protection issues surrounding electronic data, which are important to any successful blogging for research record keeping and collaboration endeavor.
Mucopolysaccharide excretion in patients with Hurler's syndrome, their families, and normal man.

SummaryMucopolysaccharide levels have been measured in urine specimens of normal persons, patients with Hurler's syndrome and their relatives. In the samples from normal humans a marked decrease was observed in the amount of chondroitin sulfates and muco-polysaccharides per unit of creatinine with age until the late teens, after which the amount became constant. In normal humans a decrease in the chondroitin sulfate/muco-polysaccharide ratio with increased age was also observed. After making appropriate allowances for age and creatinine levels in the urine, mucopolysaccharide excretion in parents and siblings of Hurler's patients was found to be similar to normal individuals by all criteria used. Several patients with the heparitin sulfateuria type of mucopolysaccha-ridosis were found in this survey.
THRESHOLDS FOR ABDOMINAL AORTIC CALCIUM THAT PREDICT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE EVENTS IN THE FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY

Abdominal aortic calcium (AAC), measured by non-contrast multidetector abdominal computed tomography (MDCT), is associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Established coronary artery calcium (CAC) thresholds independently predict incident CVD events. No corresponding, broadly-
Using Bayesian models to assess the capability of a manufacturing process in the presence of unobserved assignable causes

AbstractThe capability of a manufacturing process is a measure of how well the process is able to manufacture items within required engineering specifications. A process capability analysis is traditionally considered only after all assignable causes of variation have been removed. Under these conditions, a manufacturing process is considered to be in control. This is often an idealized situation since assignable causes such as tool wear, environmental conditions and batch variation in raw materials are inherent in many processes. In this article, the capability of a process is modelled in such a way that the process distribution is allowed to change between observed subgroups due to assignable causes. Standard and hierarchical Bayesian models are used. The Bayesian framework allows for prior information that is known about the manufacturing processes to be formally incorporated into the model. The hierarchical Bayesian framework is useful when the within group variation dominates the between group variat...
China's Economic Transformation and the Quality of Economic Growth——On the Investigation of the Contribution of TFP

Applying the contribution of total factor productivity,the paper quantifies the quality of economic growth in China since the reform in 1978,and draws the conclusion on the basis of empirical study that marketization rate,industrialization rate and urbanization rate which reflect China's economic transformation have a positive correlation with the quality of economic growth.
Distributed mutual exclusion algorithms for fieldbus based on reading/writing characteristics

In order to solve the distributed mutual exclusion in fieldbus control systems, a novel CSMA distributed mutual exclusion algorithm is presented. The algorithm is based on CSMA communication mode, reading/writing characteristics and the improved Mackawa algorithm. And analysis results show that it is of less message complexity and shorter response delay.
Initiation of protein synthesis in a cell-free system prepared from rat hepatocytes.

A cell-free system, which maintained a linear rate of protein synthesis for up to 20 min of incubation, was prepared from isolated rat hepatocytes. The rate of protein synthesis in the cell-free sy...
Sexual Health and Language Dominance Among Hispanic/Latino Women and Men: Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample

This study assessed the prevalence of sexual behaviors among a nationally representative sample of Latino men and women in the United States (US) (N = 432) including Spanish language data collection. Prior studies of sexual health among US Latinos have consisted of convenience samples, and focused mainly on assessing risk behaviors. We consider a broader range of sexual behaviors, subjective sexual experiences (e.g. pleasure and arousal), and STI testing behaviors. Analyses by language dominance and gender indicate a higher variability in sexual behaviors for English-dominant participants and a link between overall STI testing to regular medical examinations, especially women. Higher rates of pleasure, orgasms and arousal was reported by Spanish-dominant men and women, relative to the English-dominant group. Results represent a nuanced examination of internal differentiation among US Latinos and provides applicable data for reducing sexual health disparities in this population.
Biochemische Defekte bei Hyperlipoproteinämie

Hyperlipoproteinamie kann eine Konzentrationsanderung einer einzigen Lipoproteinfraktion bedeuten, wie z. B. eine Vermehrung der Serum-β-Lipoproteine ohne Beteiligung der anderen Lipoproteinfraktionen. Gewohnlich sind jedoch mehrere Serumlipoproteinfraktionen gleichzeitig verandert, wobei einige erhoht und andere vermindert sind; die Gesamtveranderung der Hyperlipoproteinamie besteht jedoch in einer Erhohung der Konzentration von einer oder mehreren Serumlipidfraktionen. Sind gleichzeitig mehrere Lipoproteine betroffen, sollte der Begriff Dyslipoproteinamie statt Hyperlipoproteinamie verwandt werden, um ein abnormes Serumlipoproteinmuster zu kennzeichnen.
Undergraduate Psychological Writing: A Best Practices Guide and National Survey.

There is no comprehensive guide for teaching psychological writing, and little is known about how often instructors teach the topic. We present a best practices guide for teaching psychological writing beyond just American Psychological Association style, discuss psychology-specific writing assignments, and examine psychological writing instruction. In an online survey, 177 psychology instructors across the United States reported on psychological writing instruction and their writing assignments. In general, we found that instructors reported using many best practices. Comparisons between courses revealed that instructors use course-specific writing instruction such that it becomes progressively complex across courses. However, instructors might not provide students with enough training to successfully complete assignments. Instructors assign diverse assignments, though, suggesting that students get varied practice at psychology-specific writing.
International travel is a risk factor for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae acquisition in children: A case-case-control study in an urban U.S. hospital.

Abstract Background Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) infections are increasing in both adults and children. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of children with ESBL in an ethnically-diverse population, to determine what proportion of these infections were community-onset, and to identify risk factors predisposing children to ESBL acquisition. Methods A case-case-control study of children aged 0–18 years was conducted from 2012 to 2014. Patients with ESBL (detected via VITEK2) were matched 1:1:5 (based on age, sex, specimen source, and healthcare setting) with non-ESBL and uninfected controls. Data on prior antibiotic and healthcare exposure, international travel, prior urinary tract infection (UTI), comorbid gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary (GU), neurologic, and immunocompromising conditions were collected and compared. Results Seventy-six patients were identified with 85 ESBL infections, of which 77 (91%) were E. coli . ESBL was isolated most frequently from urine (n = 72, 85%). Most infections were community-onset (n = 76, 89%) and were managed in the ambulatory setting (n = 47, 62%). On multivariate analysis, international travel (p Conclusion Most ESBL infections in this study were community-onset. To our knowledge, this is the first description of international travel as a risk factor for ESBL acquisition in children in the United States.
A molecular orbital analysis of four chromaboranes

Abstract Fenske–Hall molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on Cp 2 Cr 2 B 4 H 8 ( 1′ ), Cp 2 Cr 2 (CO) 2 B 4 H 6 ( 2′ ), Cp 2 Cr 2 B 4 H 8 Fe(CO) 3 ( 3′ ), and Cp 2 Cr 2 B 4 H 6 (S 2 CH 2 ) ( 4′ ) (Cp= η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) with structures based on the known compounds with η 5 -C 5 Me 5 ligands. It is demonstrated that the dinuclear Cp 2 Cr 2 fragment is capable of providing an additional low energy (filled) or high energy (unfilled) orbital to the cluster bonding network with only small distortions of the Cr 2 B 4 cluster core geometry. By this mechanism, the cluster core geometry changes required by Wade's rules are decoupled from cluster electron count. Thus, both electron poor and electron rich clusters, as defined by the Wade prescription, are stable and exhibit the same qualitative cluster geometry. The electronic origin of this behavior resides in the close energy match of the metal fragment `t 2g ' orbitals with those of the borane fragment combined with the perturbation of differing ligands associated with the cluster.
Towards understanding peer conflict

The nature and significance of peer conflict is discussed within a social relational framework derived from theories of social exchange and emotional investment. Overall, the rewards of exchanges with close friends must exceed the costs. Because relationships with friends and romantic partners are voluntary, close peers must be es pecially wary about conflict and handle interactions in a manner to preserve rewards in future exchanges. When conflict occurs, close peers are less likely than parents, siblings, and classmates to display coercive, angry tactics that harm relationships and diminish rewards. Evidence indicates that close peers' conflict management styles help to avert the threat that disagreement poses to their relationships. In other rela tionships, conflict management styles reflect power differentials and personal gain.
Random k -Subset of an n -Set (RANKSB)

This chapter describes an algorithm for generating random k -subset of an n -set. Supposing that integers k, n are given, 1 ≤ k ≤ n and k distinct elements a 1 , …, a k from {1, 2, …, n } are to be selected at random. This question poses some substantive algorithmic problems. The output set is to contain k words, and so it seems reasonable to impose the requirement that no more than k words of array storage should be used by the algorithm, each word to hold an integer between 0 and n ; the average labor required should be O ( k ), and for the output set, 1 ≤ a 1 ≤ a 2 ≤ … ≤ a k ≤ n . The algorithm presented in the chapter meets all three requirements. The chapter discusses subroutine specifications. It presents the sample output. The program RANKSB was called 200 times with n = 5, k = 3. The chapter also presents frequencies with which each of the ten subsets were obtained.
Making Sense of Issue Exhaustion in Rulemaking

When reviewing the validity of a rule, should a court consider issues that were not presented to the agency during the underlying rulemaking proceeding? In 2015, the Administrative Conference of the United States explored this question, drawing upon a consultant’s report prepared by Professor Jeffrey Lubbers, but did not reach a consensus on how to answer it. This essay, written to accompany the publication of the Lubbers report, proposes some answers. The thrust of the analysis is that judicially imposed requirements for issue exhaustion in rulemaking are, in general, legitimate, even in the absence of legislation that specifically authorizes such requirements. However, an exception should be recognized with respect to key assumptions of the rule and of the procedure that gave rise to it. These principles should apply both to judicial review litigants who previously participated in the rulemaking and to defendants who first encounter a rule when the government commences enforcement proceedings against them.
Gate tunable transport-gap to beat the Boltzmann limit: A graphene klein tunnel field effect transistor

With the impending end of Moore's Law and the abandonment of the ITRS roadmap, there is now a pressing need to explore new materials, architectures and possibly a new way of computation beyond Boolean logic. Of particular interest is the exploration of fundamental concepts that utilize novel physical mechanisms to beat the Boltzmann limit on the steepness of the gate transfer curve. Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology is built around silicon based field-effect devices where the sub-threshold swing (k B T ln 10/q ∼ 60 mV/decade) is fundamentally limited by the tail of the Fermi-Dirac distribution of electrons in the contacts. To overcome this limit, new devices have emerged utilizing novel physical mechanisms such as — Tunnel FETs that abruptly open a tunneling channel in a p-i-n junction [1], negative capacitance based MOSFETs [2] that amplify voltage division across a regular oxide in series with a ferroelectric near transition, metal-to-insulator transition hyperFETs [3] that use opening of a Mott bandgap for voltage amplification at the source, NEMFETs that abruptly withdraw the channel from the drain end [4] and electrostrictive FET [5] that opens a physical gap with a piezoelectric field. All of these systems rely on depletion physics in addition to a gate enhancement of the transmission modes in the channel, except negative capacitance and hyperFETs where the enhancement happens externally at the voltage input. In this paper, we will argue how angular filtering in pristine graphene can produce a tunable transport-gap [6,7] which can in principle beat the Boltzmann limit over several decades while preserving its high mean-free path. We also discuss geometrical non-idealities as well as applications like RF devices that can still survive these non-idealities.
Measurements in Separated and Transitional Boundary Layers Under Low-Pressure Turbine Airfoil Conditions

Detailed velocity measurements were made along a flat plate subject to the same dimensionless pressure gradient as the suction side of a modern low-pressure turbine airfoil. Reynolds numbers based on wetted plate length and nominal exit velocity were varied from 50,000 to 300,000, covering cruise to takeoff conditions. Low and high inlet free-stream turbulence intensities (0.2% and 7%) were set using passive grids. The location of boundary-layer separation does not depend strongly on the free-stream turbulence level or Reynolds number, as long as the boundary layer remains non-turbulent prior to separation. Strong acceleration prevents transition on the upstream part of the plate in all cases. Both free-stream turbulence and Reynolds number have strong effects on transition in the adverse pressure gradient region. Under low free-stream turbulence conditions transition is induced by instability waves in the shear layer of the separation bubble. Reattachment generally occurs at the transition start. At Re = 50,000 the separation bubble does not close before the trailing edge of the modeled airfoil. At higher Re, transition moves upstream, and the boundary layer reattaches. With high free-stream turbulence levels, transition appears to occur in a bypass mode, similar to that in attached boundary layers. Transition moves upstream, resulting in shorter separation regions. At Re above 200,000, transition begins before separation. Mean velocity, turbulence and intermittency profiles are presented.
Designing for Networked Collaborative Discourse: An UnLMS Approach

Supporting collaborative discourse with discussion forums in a typical Learning Management System (LMS) remains challenging. This article reports on a design case of an “unLMS” approach, which aimed to devise a networked learning environment not based on an LMS for collaborative discourse in an online course. To support such discourse, four design principles were proposed based on the literature and then used to guide technological and pedagogical designs. Following the principles, a networked learning environment was configured by harnessing emerging technologies of open textbooks, web annotation, and team communication. The designed environment was piloted in the online course. A survey was distributed at the end of the course to investigate student perceptions of the design. Student perceptions of the environment was overall positive in terms of usefulness and ease of use, despite several suggested refinements to improve the tool integration and to personalize student discourse experiences.
CHAPTER 8 – Stochastic Analysis

This chapter describes stochastic analysis. Model structures that accommodate stochastic properties exhibit a spectrum running from completely deterministic to completely nondeterministic. On the one hand, stochastic data can be input to a deterministic model that produces identical output for repeated runs using the same input data. On the other hand, stochastic properties can be built into a model that produces typical output for repeated runs using the same input cues. Many systems are impacted by stochastic components. Systems modelers have sought innovative ways to introduce stochastic time series into their models. Models are capable of realistic response whether empirical and analytical probability distributions are used to simulate primary time series.
Serologic Tests for Human Cytomegalovirus Infections

In this chapter we consider the various serologic tests that have been described for the diagnosis of CMV infection. The principles and background of each test will be presented along with its utility. The specific problem of strain and type variation of human CMV is treated in Chapter 5. The technical details of each procedure will not be described, as they have been admirably updated elsewhere (Lennette and Schmidt, 1979). Tests for cellular immunity against CMV and their changes during and after various infections are described in Chapter 7.
SABR Enhancement-Fast Calibration, Arbitrage-Free Extrapolation, Efficient SABR Implementaion

In this article, we will discuss a few enhancements for SABR model implementation, first we will introduce a fast SABR calibration with the standard Hagan’s formula by reducing the number of model parameters; then we will address the negative probability at the low strike wing with the Hagan’s formula, and propose an arbitrage free patching to fix it by using shifted-Black model; in the end we will introduce an arbitrage-free SABR implementation with just a one-dimension integration, the result is very close to the MC solution.
Dietary Intake Among Head Start Preschooler-caregiver Dyads.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Head Start preschooler-caregiver dyad's dietary intake and factors influencing dietary intake. Design and Methods A cross-sectional, correlational design was used. Height and weight were measured. Caregivers completed an online survey assessing demographics, dietary intake, feeding practices, and psychosocial factors. Results Seventy dyads, recruited from two urban Head Start centers in the Midwestern U.S., participated. The mean age for preschoolers and caregivers was 3.90 (63% female) and 28.97 years (94% female), respectively. About 43% of preschoolers and 81% of caregivers were overweight/obese. Sixty-seven percent of caregivers, but only 9% of preschoolers, met the fruit/vegetable (F/V) recommendation. Preschoolers' F/V intake was not significantly correlated with their caregivers' F/V intake after adjusting for demographics and psychosocial factors (B = 0.05, p = .607). Caregiver race (B = −0.71, p = .05), nutrition knowledge (B = −0.35, p = .017), perceived caregiver weight (B = −0.85, p = .035), perceived child weight (B = 1.09, p = .029), and concerns of preschoolers' weight (B = 0.79, p = .004) were significantly correlated with preschoolers' F/V intake, after adjusting for demographics, caregiver F/V intake, and other psychosocial factors. Conclusions The study findings indicate the critical need to improve preschoolers' dietary intake and the important influence of caregivers on their preschoolers' dietary intake. Given the few limitations of the study (e.g., small sample size, food frequency questionnaire), interpretation and application of the study's findings warrant caution. Practice Implications Pediatric practitioners and researchers need to design effective programs to improve low-income Head Start preschoolers' dietary intake, thereby helping to curb the current childhood obesity epidemic.
Ethics of Managing Unintended Consequences in Global Health Research: A Case Study

In a study of dietary supplementation among women in Ghana, a disproportionately high number of pregnant study participants were found to no longer be pregnant, leading researchers to suspect that the very early identification of pregnancy status made possible by study participation may have contributed to an elevated incidence of elective abortion among study participants. While abortion is legal in Ghana under certain circumstances, misinformation regarding its legality and persistent stigmatization result in many Ghanaian women choosing abortion methods that are unsafe and often illegal. While the study of the potential benefits of dietary supplementation during pregnancy initially appeared to pose very little risk to participants, the unintended and unforeseen consequence of unsafe abortions required researchers to reevaluate study protocol. In the following discussion of this case, we explore the ethical considerations researchers must address when unintended consequences emerge in global health research.
Neutron Capture Cross Sections from 0.1 to 3 MeV by Activation Measurements

Neutron capture cross sections for 238U, 237Np, 232Th, 197Au, 193Ir, 191Ir, 187Re, 185Re, 186W, 181Ta, and 114Cd relative to the 235U fission cross sections have been determined for neutron energie...
Reverse Shoulder Replacement for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears

Optimal management of massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears remains controversial. Options include physical therapy, limited arthroscopic management such as debridement or biceps tenotomy, superior capsule reconstruction, or shoulder arthroplasty including hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Recently, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has gained popularity as an effective means to treat this difficult condition. By recruiting the deltoid as a means to achieve abduction and forward flexion, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has been shown to restore functional range of motion and reduce pain in patients with chronic, irreparable rotator cuff tears. This chapter will review rotator cuff pathology and the etiology of rotator cuff arthropathy and discuss the role of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in treating this condition.
Brief Crisis Therapy Groups

The special effort to provide rapid and effective relief to patients in acute crisis is a profoundly urgent, yet routinely familiar activity in every established program offering psychiatric services, whether that program is located in the intake-reception area of a large urban psychiatric hospital, a suicide prevention unit, a community mental health center, a counseling service, or a small social agency. The presentation of the crisis per se demands expeditious and sharply focused professional attention.
FtsA Regulates Z-Ring Morphology and Cell Wall Metabolism in an FtsZ C-Terminal Linker-Dependent Manner in Caulobacter crescentus.

ABSTRACT Bacterial cell division requires the assembly of a multiprotein division machinery, or divisome, that remodels the cell envelope to cause constriction. The cytoskeletal protein FtsZ forms a ringlike scaffold for the divisome at the incipient division site. FtsZ has three major regions: a conserved GTPase domain that polymerizes into protofilaments on binding GTP, a C-terminal conserved peptide (CTC) required for binding membrane-anchoring proteins, and a C-terminal linker (CTL) region of varied length and low sequence conservation. Recently, we demonstrated that the CTL regulates FtsZ polymerization properties in vitro and Z-ring structure and cell wall metabolism in vivo. In Caulobacter crescentus, an FtsZ variant lacking the CTL (designated ΔCTL) can recruit all known divisome members and drive local cell wall synthesis but has dominant lethal effects on cell wall metabolism. To understand the underlying mechanism of the CTL-dependent regulation of cell wall metabolism, we expressed chimeras of FtsZ domains from C. crescentus and Escherichia coli and observed that the E. coli GTPase domain fused to the C. crescentus CTC phenocopies C. crescentus ΔCTL. By investigating the contributions of FtsZ-binding partners, we identified variants of FtsA, a known membrane anchor for FtsZ, that delay or exacerbate the ΔCTL phenotype. Additionally, we observed that the ΔCTL protein forms extended helical structures in vivo upon FtsA overproduction. We propose that misregulation downstream of defective ΔCTL assembly is propagated through the interaction between the CTC and FtsA. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into the CTL-dependent regulation of cell wall enzymes downstream of FtsZ polymerization. IMPORTANCE Bacterial cell division is essential and requires the recruitment and regulation of a complex network of proteins needed to initiate and guide constriction and cytokinesis. FtsZ serves as a master regulator for this process, and its function is highly dependent on both its assembly into the canonical Z ring and interactions with protein binding partners, all of which results in the activation of enzymes that remodel the cell wall to drive constriction. Using mutants of FtsZ, we have elaborated on the role of its C-terminal linker domain in regulating Z-ring stability and dynamics, as well as the requirement for its conserved C-terminal domain and interaction with the membrane-anchoring protein FtsA for regulating the process of cell wall remodeling for constriction.
A Case of Nephrotic Syndrome after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.

For most American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Kidney Week attendees, case-based clinical nephrology talks are one of the most exciting venues. The Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire is the essence of clinical nephrology and represents what drew all of us into the field of nephrology. The expert