cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrophobic chromatography in the purification of the histidine-binding protein J from Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract Upon increasing the length of the side chains in a homologous series of ω-aminoalkyl agaroses (Seph—C n —NH 2 ), more and more proteins become adsorbed onto the column and it is thus possible to achieve purification by selective exclusion of a desired protein. This principle is illustrated in the purification of the histidine-binding protein j from Salmonella typhimurium , vising ω-aminodecyl or ω-aminododecyl agarose columns. The protein was purified 7- to 10-fold in one step from either the shock fluid or the crude extract of the bacteria. Since protein j has an isoelectric pH of 5.5 and yet does not bind to the positively charged columns at pH 7, it seems that this protein is not likely to have available hydrophobic pockets and may thus be remarkably hydrophilic, compared with the other proteins in the shock fluid.
Cognitive and Psychosocial Characteristics of Gifted Students With Written Language Disability: A Reply to Lovett’s Response:

Our article describing the characteristics of gifted students with a specific learning disability (SLD) in written language was criticized for emphasizing an ability achievement discrepancy as an indication of a written language disability and for not ruling out alternative explanations for the observed difficulties. The three primary alternative explanations include measurement error, (lack of) motivation, and/or past experiences. In our reply, we offer extensive evidence that refutes these alternative explanations. The critique also offers an interpretation, which we determined to be inaccurate, of our data; therefore, we correct the misinterpretation. We conclude with a confirmation of our original findings: identification of gifted students with specific learning disabilities requires a comprehensive psycho-educational evaluation that includes an examination of the cognitive profile generated from individually-administered tests of ability and achievement. In combination with a psychosocial profile that addresses behavior, self-concept, interests, and motivation, educators have the necessary information to guide them in identifying and developing the unique talents of gifted children with SLD.
The asymptotic form of the cluster partition function in a two-dimensional lattice gas

Abstract The partition function, Zp, of a cluster of p particles in a lattice gas depends on the number of lattice embeddings of labelled, connected graphs with p points and a given number of lines. We have determined the asymptotic behavior of this quantity for the triangular lattice. It appears that a similar behavior obtains in the square lattice. We find that Z p ⋍e kp−μ√p as p→∞. For small clusters, the surface energy is significantly greater than its asymptotic value.
Immunocytochemical localization of GABA-, cholecystokinin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the area dentata and hippocampus of the rat

Hippocampal neurons containing GABA-, cholecystokinin(CCK)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)-, or somatostatin(SS)-like immunoreactivity (LI) were localized in sections of rat hippocampus. GABA-, CCK-, VIP, and SS-LI are found exclusively in interneurons of the area dentata and hippocampus. In the area dentata, GABA-LI occurs in cells of all strata but predominates in type 1 and 2 basket cells. CCK-LI is present in a subset of these basket cells and some hilar cells. VIP-LI is present in a distinct subset of dentate interneurons that, unlike the type 1 and 2 basket cells, do not contribute to the fiber plexus in the inner molecular layer. These VIP-LI interneurons send their axons to nearby granule cells and form a plexus in the hilus. SS-LI, although rare in cells of the molecular and granular layers, is present in a large population of hilar interneurons that do not exhibit GABA-, CCK-, or VIP-LI. In area CA3 of the hippocampus, a variety of morphologically diverse interneurons containing GABA-, CCK-, VIP-, or SS-LI are present in all strata. In area CA1, SS-LI is present mainly in cells of strata oriens and pyramidale. GABA- CCK- and VIP-LI interneurons are present in all strata of CA1 but, unlike the SS-LI cells, are most numerous in strata pyramidale and radiatum. These findings in the area dentata, taken together with those of Kosaka et al. (J. Comp. Neurol. 239:967-969, '85), indicate that two main populations of interneurons can be discriminated on the basis of the substances they contain. One is a group of GABA-LI cells, some of which also contain CCK- and/or VIP-LI. These cells innervate the granule cells and the second group of interneurons, the SS-LI hilar cells, which apparently form part of the dentate ipsilateral associational/commissural projections.
EMERGING METHODS FOR GEOMEMBRANE SEAMING

Abstract Selected geomembrane sheet seaming methods which are not widely used at the present time are discussed in this paper. These include ultrasonic bonding, electrical conduction bonding and electromagnetic induction bonding methods. The physical principles of each of these techniques are discussed, as well as their current degree of development and implementation. The potential advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed.
Standardized colonoscopy reporting and data system: report of the Quality Assurance Task Group of the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable.

Background Standardized reporting systems for diagnostic and screening tests facilitate quality improvement programs and clear communication among health care providers. Although colonoscopy is commonly used for screening, diagnosis, and therapy, no standardized reporting system for this procedure currently exists. The Quality Assurance Task Group of the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable developed a reporting and data system for colonoscopy based on continuous quality improvement indicators. Design The Task Group systematically reviewed quality indicators recommended by the Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and developed consensus-based terminology for reporting and data systems to capture these data elements. The Task Group included experts in several disciplines: gastroenterology, primary care, diagnostic imaging, and health care delivery. Results and Conclusions The standardized colonoscopy reporting and data system provides a tool that can be used for efforts in continuous quality improvement within and across practices that use colonoscopy.
Heroism in a resource crisis: A simulation study

This study examined the effects of individual responsibility and communication in a simulated resource management problem. Subjects faced the problem of how to harvest resources from a regenerating pool so as to maximize their individual harvests without overexploiting the pool. One behavioral option open to individuals involved the sacrifice of a harvesting opportunity in order to add to the pool, thereby benefiting the rest of the group. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to test the effect of this kind of heroism by (1) including a volunteer leader in the group and (2) including the possibility of communication. Results showed communication produced a significant increase in heroism and in group harvest, resulting from better management of the pool. The presence of a leader in a group had no overall effect on group performance. The implications of these findings for current resource management crises are discussed.
Selenium- and tellurium-terminated GaAs(100) surfaces observed by scanning tunneling microscopy.

GaAs(100) surfaces with adsorbed Se or Te have been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), x-ray-photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and electron diffraction. STM reveals uniform dimerization which is consistent with the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 symmetry of the electron diffraction. XPS shows an initial single-monolayer coverage of Se followed by a slow Se uptake which predominantly replaces As. Narrow single- and double-bilayer high islands, which are long in the [011] direction of dimer rows, are generally observed as well as terrace edges which show related kink anisotropy. Possible surface structures are discussed.
A Soluble Factor from Trypanosoma cruzi Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-ß-Induced MAP Kinase Activation and Gene Expression in Dermal Fibroblasts

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes human Chagas' disease, exerts a variety of effects on host extracellular matrix (ECM) including proteolytic degradation of collagens and dampening of ECM gene expression. Exposure of primary human dermal fibroblasts to live infective T. cruzi trypomastigotes or their shed/secreted products results in a rapid down-regulation of the fibrogenic genes collagenIα1, fibronectin and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2). Here we demonstrate the ability of a secreted/released T. cruzi factor to antagonize ctgf/ccn2 expression in dermal fibroblasts in response to TGF-s, lysophosphatidic acid or serum, where agonist-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases Erk1/2, p38 and JNK was also inhibited. Global analysis of gene expression in dermal fibroblasts identified a discrete subset of TGF-s-inducible genes involved in cell proliferation, wound repair, and immune regulation that are inhibited by T. cruzi secreted/released factors, where the genes exhibiting the highest sensitivity to T. cruzi are known to be regulated by MAP kinase-activated transcription factors. Consistent with this observation, the Ets-family transcription factor binding site in the proximal promoter region of the ctgf/ccn2 gene (-91 bp to -84 bp) was shown to be required for T. cruzi-mediated down-regulation of ctgf/ccn2 reporter expression. The cumulative data suggest a model in which T. cruzi-derived molecules secreted/released early in the infective process dampen MAP kinase signaling and the activation of transcription factors that regulate expression of fibroblast genes involved in wound repair and tissue remodelling, including ctgf/ccn2. These findings have broader implications for local modulation of ECM synthesis/remodelling by T. cruzi during the early establishment of infection in the mammalian host and highlight the potential for pathogen-derived molecules to be exploited as tools to modulate the fibrogenic response.
Autoradiographic Localization of Albumin-131I Accumulation in the Estrogen-Stimulated Rat Uterus

Autoradiographic techniques were used to localize the distribution pattern of homologous albumin-131I in the spayed rat uterus after 17β-estradiol stimulation. Short term circulation of the protein in pre-stimulated uteri revealed preferential uptake patterns in stromal areas. With protein circulating for 15 min and with increasing pre-stimulation time, a step-wise elevated uptake pattern appeared. Radioactivity first appeared in blood vessels, then in connective tissue areas of the endometrium and finally within the lumen of the organ; myometrium also picked up and retained albumin-131I though the more pronounced increases occurred within the endometrium. When albumin-131I and 17β-estradiol were injected at zero time and uteri were prepared for autoradiography at 1-4 and 6 hr, the estradioldependent sequence of accumulation and retention in the endometrium was more obvious. Stromal endometrial areas of stimulated uteri contained 1.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.7, and 1.9 times as much radioactivity as did controls afte...
Ethical internalism and moral indifference

L'A. vise a montrer qu'aucun fait clair d'indifference morale ne peut etre pris comme argument contre l'internalisme ethique, c'est-a-dire la theorie que le jugement moral entraine la motivation a agir moralement. Il passe en revue divers types de situation d'indifference, de la plus legere a la plus prononcee, et montre qu'a chaque fois un partisan de l'internalisme moral peut defendre sa theorie
On De-Mythologizing Whitehead’s Actual Entity

Emphasis on the direct perception of causality is basic to Whitehead’s proposal to overturn the “thoroughly topsy-turvy fashion” in which much of post-Cartesian philosophy has explained experience.1 It is on this basis that Whitehead uses terms such as “mental and physical poles,” “creativity and reproductivity,” “atomicity and continuity,” “freedom and law” to express what he sees as the fundamental causal or sub-object structure of nature. There is one term, however, which is intended to carry the unity of each of these and other dualities — as well as that of the multiplicity they all represent — and that is “actual entity.” The weight thus given to this term may seem excessive, but Whitehead is careful to construe the term’s widest meaning in a manner which will enable it to bear the burden. To this end he writes:
Effects of the deafferentation of the trigeminal area on the motility of the chick embryo.

The neural crest and placodal primordia of the trigeminal ganglion were extirpated bilaterally at stages 11–12. Tests of the tactile sensitivity of different head regions showed the absence of responses to stimulation in 31 of 35 deafferented embryos. In a histological study of eight randomly selected experimental embryos small residual ganglia and trigeminal nerves were found; however, they were apparently functionally ineffective. Midbrain and cerebellar defects were found in 60% of the embryos. Periodic motility was recorded mechanically, as in previous studies, in embryos between 9 and 17 days. Random motility up to 15 days was not different in normal and deafferented embryos. This implies that self-stimulation of the head, for instance, by brushing of legs or wings against the head, or proprioceptive self-stimulation, play no role in the random motility at least up to 15 days. A decline of spontaneous motility which occurs in normal embryos after 17 days, begins in experimental embryos already at 15 days. This may be due to the absence of sensory input or, at least in the majority of cases, to the above-metioned brain damage. The operated embryos did not hatch but remained in a position characteristic of the 17-day stage. The failure to perform the integrated prehatching and hatching behavior may be due to either one of the following causes: (1) Absence of specific sensory information; (2) Absence of non-specific excitatory stimulation reducing muscle tonus; (3) Transneuronal degeneration in trigeminal medullary or in higher centers; (4) Damage in the midbrain and/or cerebellum.
Measurement of Residual Stresses in Coatings on Brittle Substrati by Indentation Fracture

On decrit une methode d'evaluation des contraintes dans les revetements sur des substrats fragiles par indentation, a partir d'un modele de mecanique de la rupture du systeme de fissure radiale dans la geometrie Vickers. Les experiences pour confirmer la methodologie ont ete realisees sur des substrats en verre, avec divers revetements (nitrure de silicium, silice, zircone, alumine)
Can inhaled prostacyclin stimulate surfactant in ELBW infants

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) causes significant hypoxia in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. We report an ELBW infant with RDS and pulmonary hypertension whose hypoxia did not respond to inhaled nitric oxide but improved with inhaled prostacyclin. We propose that inhaled prostacyclin alleviated the hypoxia by stimulating surfactant secretion.
Genetic Relationships of Even-Year Northwestern Alaskan Pink Salmon

Abstract Even-year cohorts of northwestern Alaskan pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, sampled from 13 Aleutian islands, 1 Kodiak Island, and 4 eastern Bering Sea streams, were surveyed electrophoretically for 29 protein-coding loci. We observed no significant genetic heterogeneity among collections from the Aleutian Islands or within the Bering Sea regions of Bristol Bay and Norton Sound. The Bering Sea and Aleutian Island populations were more closely related to each other than to the Kodiak Island population. This similarity may reflect patterns of post-glacial colonization from the Bering Refuge. Genetic comparisons of northwestern Alaskan pink salmon with Asian populations from Sakhalin Island suggest that the Asian fish are most closely related to the northernmost North American populations that we collected, i.e., those of Norton Sound. Homogeneity among Aleutian Island populations is notable because the islands extend nearly 1,000 km, a distance over which pink salmon populations in other regions ...
Evaluation of the Lacrimal Drainage System

Methods of testing for lacrimal drainage insufficiency and a modification of the Jones fluorescein dye tests are presented. Despite their excellence, Jones tests have never been widely employed because of difficulty in dye retrieval. The modification consists of instilling one drop of the dye three times at 15 second intervals, and after a one minute period, placing the head down at a 45° angle for ten minutes. Anatomic and roentgenogram studies show that the dye can be easily lost posteriorly unless this is done. No nasal vasoconstrictors are used to avoid false negatives.
The Present Theory of Electric Conduction

The present theory of electric conduction in solid conductors and semiconductors is reviewed here by a recognized authority who interprets some of the results of modern physical research in the light of their bearing upon the theory of electric conductivity. First the author gives a short review of the present theory, then discusses the breakdown of ionic crystals, the quantum theory, and cold discharge phenomena.
The evolution of conformist transmission and the emergence of between-group differences.

Unlike other animal species, much of the variation among human groups is cultural: genetically similar people living in similar environments exhibit strikingly different patterns of behavior because they have different, culturally acquired beliefs and values. Such cultural transmission is based on complex, derived psychological mechanisms that are likely to have been shaped by natural selection. It is important to understand the nature of these evolved psychological mechanisms because they determine which beliefs and values spread and persist in human groups. Boyd and Richerson showed that a tendency to acquire the most common behavior exhibited in a society was adaptive in a simple model of evolution in a spatially varying environment, because such a tendency increases the probability of acquiring adaptive beliefs and values. Here, we study the evolution of such “conformist transmission” in a more general model in which environments vary in both time and space. The analysis of this model indicates that conformist transmission is favored under a very broad range of conditions, broader in fact than the range of conditions that favor a substantial reliance on social learning. The analysis also suggests that there is a synergistic relationship between the evolution of imitation and the evolution of conformism. We conclude by examining the role of conformism in explaining the maintenance of cultural differences among groups.
Multiple Instruction Stream Processor

Microprocessor design is undergoing a major paradigm shift towards multi-core designs, in anticipation that future performance gains will come from exploiting threadlevel parallelism in the software. To support this trend, we present a novel processor architecture called the Multiple Instruction Stream Processing (MISP) architecture. MISP introduces the sequencer as a new category of architectural resource, and defines a canonical set of instructions to support user-level inter-sequencer signaling and asynchronous control transfer. MISP allows an application program to directly manage user-level threads without OS intervention. By supporting the classic cache-coherent shared-memory programming model, MISP does not require a radical shift in the multithreaded programming paradigm. This paper describes the design and evaluation of the MISP architecture for the IA-32 family of microprocessors. Using a research prototype MISP processor built on an IA-32-based multiprocessor system equipped with special firmware, we demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the MISP architecture. We then examine the utility of MISP by (1) assessing the key architectural tradeoffs of the MISP architecture design and (2) showing how legacy multithreaded applications can be migrated to MISP with relative ease.
A geospatial integrated problem solving environment for Homeland Security applications

Effective planning, response, and recovery (PRR) involving terrorist attacks or natural disasters come with a vast array of information needs. Much of the required information originates from disparate sources in widely differing formats. However, one common attribute the information often possesses is physical location. The organization and visualization of this information can be critical to the success of the PRR mission. Organizing information geospatially is often the most intuitive for the user. In the course of developing a field tool for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office for Bombing Prevention, a geospatial integrated problem solving environment software framework was developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This framework has proven useful as well in a number of other DHS, Department of Defense, and Department of Energy projects. An overview of the software architecture along with application examples are presented.
A global router for system-on-package targeting layer and crosstalk minimization

We formulate and solve a new 3D global routing problem for system-on-package. Our divide-and-conquer algorithm provides an effective way to decompose the complex 3D problem into a set of 2D problems for simultaneous layer and crosstalk minimization.
Group delay inversion for ocean properties

Ocean acoustic tomography has enjoyed success at shorter ranges (<2 Mm) by using ray theory to model the acoustic propagation. As the ranges of these experiments increase to basin and global scale it is necessary to consider the dispersive effect of the medium by using mode theory to model the propagation. This is useful at shorter ranges as well to correctly interpret the final cutoff which contains a substantial amount of energy for axial transmissions.
Lipid Pools As Photolabile “Protecting Groups”: Design of Light‐Activatable Bioagents

Lipidated light-responsive constructs that sequester bioagents to the membranes of organelles and cells have been constructed. When membrane-bound, the bioagent is not susceptible to processing by its biological target. Photolysis releases the bioagent from its membrane anchor and thereby renders it biologically active.
Do we need anything more than single bit error correction (ECC)

For a long time, single bit error correction (with double bit error detection) has been the mainstay ECC technology for covering soft errors in the cache. From the soft error rate that has been observed (at least terrestrially), people have been content with what single bit correction can offer. For the rare occasion that a double error occurs, ECC will also be able to alert the system and result in a graceful shutdown or otherwise. However, things are changing. As technology scaling continues, we are approaching the point where we will have a billion transistors on a single piece of silicon, with a big part of this budget as memory elements. In a system, the number of memory bits is also on the rise. The scaled technology also brings with it many variations and sensitivities that can cause memory cells to function improperly, or may not function well at certain environmental conditions. Increasingly, ECC is no longer serving as just radiation induced soft error correction, but may be able to affect other forms of fault corrections as well. Will ECC be able to serve this multi-faceted role? Do we need more than single bit error correction? Can we afford the cost of multiple bit error correction? Should we need it? This paper will attempt to answer some of these questions and raise issues with the status quo.
Controlling IQ Differences Between Reading Disabled and Normal Children An Empirical Example

Learning disability research has been the subject of much controversy in recent years. The research concern addressed in this paper relates to the equivalence of selected samples of learning disabled and normal children on measures of intelligence. LD and normal children often differ on measures of intelligence, as normal children score higher; intelligence test scores also are not similarly correlated with achievement measures for LD and normal children. This difference often is controlled in research investigations using analysis of covariance. When this procedure is used with LD children, assumptions underlying analysis of covariance frequently are violated. To illustrate this point, an empirical example is reviewed, with an interpretation of results when using analysis of covariance and an alternative procedure. Although specific procedures may be used with given samples of LD children to control for the IQ score difference, more research is needed to further clarify the nature of this difference.
Fashioning an Industry: Socio-cognitive Processes in the Construction of Worth of a New Industry

This study of the high-end fashion industry in India examines the process of construction of the worth of a new industry. Analyses of data from multiple sources revealed that framing by early entrepreneurs and the socio-cognitive processes that resulted from the transactions of field-constituents with the new industry constructed the worth of the industry. These socio-cognitive processes—curation and certification, commentary and critique, co-presentation, comparison and commensuration—enabled broader audiences to make sense of the industry and comprehend its worth. The findings form the basis of a general model of the social construction of worth through a process of distributed sanctification, contributing to the growing literature on social construction of value.
On optimal precoding in wireless multicast systems

Precoding has been extensively studied for point-to-point communications, including the problems of constructing the precoding codebook and selecting the best precoder. This paper investigates precoding for a multicast channel in which a base station is sending the same information to all users and each user sends back the index of its best precoding matrix. It is assumed that users do not collaborate and that no channel state information is known at the base station. Optimization problems are formulated to reduce the packet drop rate. A set of probabilistic algorithms that effectively reduce the average package drop rate are presented. It is shown numerically that these new schemes lead to significant improvements.
Communication Using Antennas Fabricated in Silicon Integrated Circuits

The feasibility of integrating compact antennas and required circuits for implementing wireless interconnections in foundry digital CMOS technologies has been demonstrated. A 3-mm long zigzag dipole antenna on a 20-Omega-cm substrate should have efficiency up to approximately 25% at 24 GHz and cost 1-2 cents. These antennas can be used to implement a radio for 100-kb/s communication up to about 10 m. By lowering the operation frequency to 5.8 GHz and using a monopole structure, which occupies approximately 30% more area, the communication range can be increased by three times or more. This technology, as well as in a true single-chip radio, can be used for intra- and inter-chip data communication, intra- and inter-chip clock distribution, beacons, radars, RFID tags, and contactless high-frequency testing.
Effects of protein concentration and heat treatment on concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy and on amino acid digestibility in four sources of canola meal fed to growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine DE and ME and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 4 sources of canola meal (high-protein [CM-HP], high-temperature-processed [CM-HT], low-temperature-processed [CM-LT], and conventional [CM-CV] canola meal) and in conventional soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 48 growing barrows (initial BW: 39.7 ± 1.58 kg) were individually housed in metabolism cages and randomly assigned to 6 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 2 blocks of 24 pigs and 8 replicate pigs per treatment. The 6 diets included a corn-based basal diet and 5 diets that were formulated by mixing corn and 1 of the sources of canola meal (39.0% inclusion) or SBM (28.5% inclusion). Feces and urine were collected for 5 d following a 5-d adaptation period. The DE and ME in each source of canola meal and in SBM were calculated using the difference procedure. The DE and ME in the 4 sources of canola meal were less (P < 0.05) than in corn and SBM (DE: 2,854, 2,680, 2,892, and 2,883 vs. 3,324 and 3,784 kcal/kg, respectively; ME: 2,540, 2,251, 2,681, and 2,637 vs. 3,213 and 3,523 kcal/kg, respectively). No differences in the concentrations of DE and ME were observed among the 4 sources of canola meal. In Exp. 2, 12 growing barrows (initial BW: 34.0 ± 1.41 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a repeated 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods in each square. Five diets that contained 35% SBM or 45% of 1 of the 4 sources of canola meal as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated, and a N-free diet was also used. Each period lasted 7 d and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The AID and SID of CP and all AA in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) than in the 4 sources of canola meal. Compared with CM-CV, CM-HP had greater (P < 0.05) AID of Ile, Lys, Asp, Cys, and Pro and greater (P < 0.05) SID of Lys and Cys. However, no differences between CM-HT and CM-LT were observed. In conclusion, regardless of the concentration of CP and the processing used, canola meal provides less DE and ME to pigs than corn and SBM, and the SID of AA in canola meal is less than in SBM. The processing temperature used in this experiment did not affect DE and ME or SID of AA in canola meal. The SID of Lys and Cys was greater in CM-HP than in CM-CV.
Progesterone and low-dose vitamin D hormone treatment enhances sparing of memory following traumatic brain injury

Progesterone (PROG) has been shown to protect the brain from traumatic injury and is now in Phase III clinical trials. Our work shows that PROG's beneficial effects can be reduced in vitamin D hormone (VDH)-deficient subjects. VDH can modulate neuronal apoptosis, trophic factors, inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and myelin and axon repair. We investigated whether VDH combined with PROG could improve behavioral outcomes more than PROG alone in VDH-sufficient rats given bilateral contusions of the medial frontal cortex. PROG and different doses of VDH (1 μg/kg, VDH1; 2.5 μg/kg, VDH2; 5 μg/kg, VDH3) were injected intraperitoneally 1 h post-injury. Eight additional doses of PROG were given subcutaneously over 8 days with tapering over the last 2 days. Neurobehavioral tests, necrotic cavity, neuronal death and activation of astrocytes were evaluated 21 days post-injury. We found that PROG and PROG + VDH preserve spatial memory processing. VDH1 + PROG improved performance in acquisition more effectively than PROG alone, indicating that the low VDH dose is optimal for combination therapy. There were no significant differences in necrotic cavity size among the groups. The density of positive staining for reactive astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) increased and the cell bodies and processes of GFAP-positive cells were enlarged in the PROG + VDH1 group. Our data indicate that the combination of PROG and VDH is more effective than PROG alone in preserving spatial and reference memory, and that PROG plus low-dose VDH can activateGFAP reactions up to 21 days after injury. This effect may be one of the mechanisms underlying PROG's neuroprotective effects in combination with VDH.
WORK AND LEISURE ON THE REPORTING OF POLL RESULTS

Louis Harris has reported a substantial increase in work between 1973 and 1985 and a corresponding decrease in the availability of free time. Data from the Current Employment Statistics of the Department of Labor show a decline of the work week in the same period. Data from the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Surveys show a rough constancy in the work week. Previous analyses of Current Population Survey results also point to constancy as the appropriate conclusion for the period in question. Examination of the Harris studies shows five changes in procedure. These changes in method may well have produced the dramatic changes he reported. Harris's finding is challenged also by other results from his studies, which show increased participation in a wide range of leisure-time activities. Louis Harris, the noted public opinion expert, has presented two remarkable findings in his recent book, Inside America (1987). They are introduced in a chapter entitled "Is Leisure Time on the Way Out in America?" The findings are stated clearly, unambiguously, and with no qualification: "Since 1973 the number of hours worked by Americans has increased by 20%, while the amount of leisure time available to the average person has dropped by 32%" (p. 17). Adding some details, a second summary statement has it that "the number of hours the average American spends at work each week has increased from 40.6 in 1973 to a current 48.8, a rise of 8.2 hours a week or one hour and 10 minutes a day" (p. 19). The end point for the period under discussion was 1985; the 20 percent increase in work, therefore, occurred within the relatively brief span of 12 years. Harris is certainly justified in referring to these as "dramatic shifts in working hours and leisure time." That change in the work week would be the most important development since the setting of the 40-hour standard with the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. The reRICHARD F. HAMILTON is professor of sociology and political science at Ohio State
Optimization of UV cross‐linking density for durable and nontoxic collagen GAG dermal substitute

Artificial dermal constructs, based upon collagen-glycosaminoglycan matrices (CGMs), provide new options in treating skin defects. However, their clinical effectiveness may be limited by cytotoxicity related to residual aldehydes left over from the manufacturing process. Although both chemical and dehydrothermal (DHT) cross-linking are used to produce CGMs, we hypothesize that optimized nonchemical cross-linking, using ultra-violet (UV) and DHT treatment combinations, may limit cytotoxicity without sacrificing mechanical strength. Porous CGMs were physically cross-linked using a combination of DHT and varying intensities of UV light. These were compared to glutaraldehyde cross-linked controls. Human keratinocytes were seeded in each matrix, and cellular proliferation measured using a microculture tetrazolium dye assay. A scoring system (based on the in vitro contraction rate, stiffness, and cellular growth of a small cylindrical specimen) was developed to assess the best overall physical cross-linking method. More cellular growth was observed in the 90-120 min UV cross-linked group than in the glutaraldehyde-treated group (p < 0.05). Stiffness was maximized after 0-30 min of UV cross-linking. On the basis of our scoring system, DHT combined with 45 min of UV cross-linking produced the best overall matrix in terms of cellular growth and physical durability. UV cross-linked collagen-based biomaterials could be a viable alternative for use in biological applications to eliminate glutaraldehyde-associated cytotoxicity.
Linear Collider Research and Development at SLAC, LBL and LLNL

The study of electron-positron (e+e-) annihilation in storage ring colliders has been very fruitful. It is by now well understood that the optimized cost and size of e+e- storage rings scales as E cm 2 due to the need to replace energy lost to synchrotron radiation in the ring bending magnets. Linear colliders, using the beams from linear accelerators, evade this scaling law. The study of e+e- collisions at TeV energy will require linear colliders. The luminosity requirements for a TeV linear collider are set by the physics. The natural scale of electroweak cross sections is $$ {R_0} = {{4\pi {\alpha ^2}} \over {3s}} \approx 0.1pb {{1Te{V^2}} \over {E_{cm}^2}}. $$ (1) A goal of 104 R 0 units per year at 1 TeV requires a luminosity of order 1034cm-2sec-1.
The Brumer-Stark Conjecture

This chapter is devoted to the explanation and, in special cases, the proof of a conjecture which generalizes the famous theorem of Stickelberger about the structure of the class group of cyclotomic number fields. This important conjecture, due to A. Brumer and H. Stark, is unresolved in the number field case. The analogous conjecture in function fields is now a theorem due to the efforts of J. Tate and P. Deligne. A short time after Deligne completed Tate’s work on this result, D. Hayes found a proof along completely different lines. We will give a proof for the cyclotomic function fields introduced in Chapter 12. We will do so by using a method of B. Gross which combines the approaches of Tate and Hayes as they apply in this relatively simple special case. The use of 1-motives, which is essential in Deligne’s work, will not be needed here.
Early Anatomic Changes of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament Identified by Stress Ultrasound of the Elbow in Young Professional Baseball Pitchers

Background:Stress ultrasound (SUS) of the elbow has demonstrated changes in the anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) in professional baseball pitchers. However, there have been no reports documenting the chronological appearance of these changes.Purpose:To characterize the chronology of anatomic changes of the UCL in a cohort of young professional baseball pitchers.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:SUS of the elbow was performed on the dominant arm in 127 asymptomatic professional pitchers aged 17 to 21 years. UCL thickness was measured at rest. The width of the ulnohumeral joint was measured at 30° of elbow flexion, both at rest and with 150 N of valgus stress, using a standardized instrumented device. Any ligament heterogeneity and calcifications were documented. Players were divided into 3 groups based on the number of years of professional experience before the ultrasound examination: 0 years (n = 51), 1-2 years (n = 54), and 3-4 years (n = 22). Additiona...
Parathyroid Imaging with Simultaneous Acquisition of 99mTc-Sestamibi and 123I: The Relative Merits of Pinhole Collimation and SPECT/CT.

The objective of this study was to determine the relative utility of 3 state-of-the-art parathyroid imaging protocols: single-time-point simultaneous acquisition of 99mTc-sestamibi and 123I images with pinhole collimation in the anterior and bilateral anterior oblique projections, single-time-point simultaneous acquisition of 99mTc-sestamibi and 123I images with SPECT/CT, and the combination of the first and second protocols. Methods: Fifty-nine patients with surgical proof of parathyroid adenomas were evaluated retrospectively. All 3 protocols included perfectly coregistered subtraction images created by subtracting the 123I images from the 99mTc-sestamibi images, plus an anterior parallel-hole collimator image of the neck and upper chest. The pinhole protocol was performed first, followed by the SPECT/CT protocol. Three image sets were derived from each study in each patient according to the above protocols. Two experienced observers recorded the size, location, and degree of certainty of any identified lesion. Results: The 59 patients had 61 adenomas. For the 2 observers combined, the localization success rate was 88% for the pinhole protocol, 69% for the SPECT/CT protocol, and 81% for the combined protocol. The pinhole protocol detected more adenomas than the SPECT/CT protocol and missed fewer adenomas than either the SPECT/CT protocol or the combined pinhole and SPECT/CT protocol (P
Ten. The Vital Role of Norms and Rules in Maintaining Open Public and Private Economies

This paper argues that trust-enhancing institutions are needed to support economic activity, and shows that these institutions become more complex to deal with information asymmetry among economic actors. Using Crawford and Ostrom's (2005) institutional grammar, it tracks the development of trust-enhancing institutions from a theorized "state of nature" where actors can only rely on shared strategies, to the development of norms to stabilize expectations, and finally to the rise of the rule-based institutions such as the Law Merchant as a means to handle more complex informational asymmetry. The paper concludes with recommendations for sound institutional design, suggesting that improper design can "crowd out" people's natural sense of trust and result in failure to achieve desired outcomes.
The Cognitive Characteristics of Mediator's Decision Making

Cognitive processes are key for understanding experts’ challenges and decisions. The prevailing stylistic dichotomy in mediation might conceal the diverse factors behind mediators’ decisions. Going beyond the dichotomy, we systematically examined the explicit and implicit challenges of mediators’ schema, the tensions emerging when a mediators’ schema meets a complex reality, and the ways mediators choose to handle their perceived challenges. To analyze these dimensions we focused on the work of eight mediators out of twenty-two mostly highly experienced mediators who came to our lab. All mediated the same simulated conflict enacted by two female disputants. All sessions were observed, videotaped and then assessed through multiple measures from 3 viewpoints: the mediators, the disputants, and three independent observers. A special effort was made to capture the cognitive aspects of the mediators and compare them with their behaviors. In the dynamic mediation interaction, mediators often reacted unconsciously and intuitively. Consistent with mediation research, mediators’ explicitly presented themselves as stylistically eclectic but most were observed behaving with little stylistic and behavioral flexibility. Mediators’ implicit schema varied from simple to complex. Two universal mechanisms of coping with the stresses of the mediation role were identified--flexibility and reflection. Greater cognitive and behavioral flexibility and reflective capacity were detected in mediators with a complex schema, and they seem to relate to higher competency and better intervention quality than those with simple schema.
On linearized stability of differential repetitive processes and iterative learning control

Repetitive processes are two dimensional (2D) systems that arise in the modeling of engineering applications such as additive manufacturing, in which information propagation occurs along two axes of independent variables. While the existing literature on repetitive processes is predominantly on linear systems, recent work highlights the need to develop rigorous tests for stability of nonlinear processes. Using existing results from linear repetitive process theory, we establish a differential repetitive process analogue of the well known result that the stability of a nonlinear feedback system can be verified by the stability of the linearized dynamics. In particular, we employ a 2D Lyapunov equation to show that the feasibility of a linear matrix inequality, combined with 2 small gain conditions, can guarantee stability locally around an equilibrium. Finally, we apply this result to the design and stability analysis of iterative learning control (ILC) systems, and discuss implications in the context of nonlinear ILC.
Absolute reactivity of (N-methyl-3-pyridinium)chlorocarbene.

(N-Methyl-3-pyridinium)chlorocarbene tetrafluoroborate (MePyr+CCl BF4–, 4) is generated by laser flash photolysis (LFP) of the corresponding diazirine (5) and reacted with tetramethylethylene, cyclohexene, 1-hexene, 2-ethyl-1-butene, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile. Absolute rate constants are measured for these carbene–alkene addition reactions, and activation parameters are obtained for additions of MePyr+CCl BF4– to tetramethylethylene, cyclohexene, and 1-hexene. MePyr+CCl BF4– is computed to be a highly reactive, electrophilic, singlet carbene, and experiments are in accord with expectations. Its activation parameters are compared with those of CF3CCl, CCl2, CClF, and CF2. In all cases, enthalpy–entropy compensation is observed, with ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ decreasing in tandem as carbenic stability decreases. A qualitative explanation is offered for this phenomenon.
Efficient Single-Photon Frequency Conversion Using a Sagnac Interferometer

We propose a scheme for efficient optical frequency conversion at the single-photon power level. The scheme exploits the quantum interference of single-photon states at a three-level quantum emitter coupled to a Sagnac interferometer. We show that this device can achieve single-photon frequency up- or down-conversion with near unity efficiency.
Russia The Reemergence of Class in the Wake of the First “Classless” Society

Class structure, class inequality, and class analysis are central to understanding contemporary Russian politics and society. And yet Russians themselves—from social scientists, to political leader...
Urolithiasis on Absorbable and Non-Absorbable Suture materials in the Rabbit Bladder

AbstractAbsorbable and non-absorbable suture materials were evaluated for calculi formation and tissue reactivity in the rabbit bladder. Five-0 chromic, polydioxinone and polypropylene sutures were used to close cystostomies made in New Zealand white rabbits. Bladders were evaluated at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. Calculi formed on all sutures tested and the persistence of calculi appeared to be dependent on the longevity of the suture material used. This data suggests that the use of non-absorbable suture material in urologic surgery may contribute to calculus formation.
SU-G-201-14: Is Maximum Skin Dose a Reliable Metric for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation with Brachytherapy?

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of the maximum point dose (Dmax) to the skin surface as a dosimetric constraint, we investigated the correlation between Dmax at the skin surface and dose metrics at various definitions of skin thickness. Methods: 42 patients treated with APBI using a Strut Adjusted Volume Implant (SAVI) applicator between 2010 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Target (PTV_EVAL) and organs at risk (OARs: skin, lung, and ribs) were delineated on a CT following NSABP B-39 guidelines. Six skin structures were contoured: a rind 3cm external to the body surface and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5mm thick rinds deep to the body surface. Inverse planning simulated annealing optimization was used to deliver 32–34Gy in 8-10 fractions to the target while minimizing OAR doses. Dmax, D0.1cc, D1.0cc, and D2.0cc to the various skin structures were calculated. Linear regressions between the metrics were evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2). Results: The average±SD PTV_EVAL volume and cavity-to-skin distances were 71.1±28.5cc and 6.9±5.0mm. The target V90 and V95 were 97.3±2.3% and 95.1±3.2%. The Dmax to the skin structures were 78.7±10.2% (skin surface), 82.2±10.7% (skin-1mm), 89.4±12.6% (skin-2mm), 97.9±15.4% (skin-3mm), 114.1±32.5% (skin-4mm), and 157.0±85.3% (skin-5mm). Linear regression analysis showed D1.0cc and D2.0cc to the skin 1mm and Dmax to the skin-4mm and 5mm were poorly correlated with other metrics (R2=0.413±0.204). Dmax to the skin surface was well correlated (R2=0.910±0.047) and D1.0cc to the skin-3mm was strongly correlated with all subsurface skin layers (R2=0.935±0.050). Conclusion: Dmax to the skin surface is a relevant metric for breast skin dose. Contouring discontinuities in the skin with a 1mm subsurface rind and the active dwells in the skin 4 and 5mm introduced significant variations in skin DVH. D0.1cc, D1.0cc, and D2.0cc to a 3mm skin rind are more robust metrics in breast brachytherapy.