cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.

Abstract This paper describes a rapid purification procedure for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the major regulatory enzyme in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. A freeze-thaw technique is used for solubilizing the enzyme from rat liver microsomal membranes. No detergents or other stringent conditions are required. The purification procedure employs Blue Dextran-Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography, and purification can be carried out from microsomal membranes to purified enzyme in 8 to 10 hours. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 517 nmoles/min/mg protein, and it is 975-fold purified with respect to the original microsomal membrane suspension. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme shows only trace impurities; the subunit molecular weight for the enzyme measured by this technique is 47,000.
Ascending Aorta-Right Pulmonary Artery Anastomosis Clinical Experience with Thirty-five Patients with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

The results of ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis in 35 patients are reported. The patients ranged in age from 18 hours to 12 years; 16 were less than 12 months old. Seventeen had tetralogy of Fallot, six had pulmonary atresia and a ventricular septal defect, and eight had tricuspid atresia with hypoplasia of the right ventricle. In six infants under 4 months of age with tricuspid atresia, an atrial septal defect was made by the balloon catheter technique prior to the shunt operation. Four patients initially required digitalis for left heart failure. Three patients died in the postoperative period. The remaining 32 patients have been followed up to 3 years and have done well and maintained adequate shunts.
The thermal deazetations of fluorinated 2,3-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enes

Abstract Thermal deazetation of difluoro- and tetrafluoro-2,3-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enes proceed via two parallel mechanistic pathways, one involving formation of a diradical via simple N2 loss, and the other proceeding via a retro-dipolar cycloaddition process. A key finding was the absence of isolation of a bicyclopentane product in the difluoro case.
The photophysics of cabosil ― adsorbed pyrene end-capped poly(ethylene glycol)

Abstract A series of pyrene end-capped polyethylene glycols of variable molecular weight have been synthesized (Py-(CH 2 ) 3 -COO-(CH 2 CH 2 O) n COO-(CH 2 ) 3 -Py, n =5, 9, 23, 77) . In CH 2 Cl 2 these polymers show a well defined monomer and excimer flourescence emission at 380 and 480 nm respectively and obey the simple Birks' scheme in which 1 Py ∗ is a precursor to the excimer (Py) ∗ 2 . These polymers were adsorbed on dry Cabosil (colloidal SiO 2 ) and the flourescence examined. Monomer and excimer emissions were observed which were shifted with respect to the solution phase and of different relative intensities. The time dependence and excitation spectra of the adsorbed polymer demonstrated that preformed excimer sites exist and, except for n ≈5, no growing in of the excimer emission occurs. These results are interpreted in terms of the likely polymer configuration on the Cabosil surface and the lack of chromophore mobility.
Variations of the solar acoustic high-degree mode frequencies over solar cycle 23

Abstract Using full-disk observations obtained with the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft, we present variations of the solar acoustic mode frequencies caused by the solar activity cycle. High-degree (100
Organic Intellectuals and the New Loyalism: Re‐Inventing Protestant Working‐Class Politics in Northern Ireland

Abstract New loyalism is an effort to reinterpret the loyalist tradition through a more class‐based focus. The current study examines the work of community activists in Belfast to promote a new loyalist politics and to organize members of the Protestant working class into a self‐conscious political force. In the process these community workers challenge the traditional deferential role of the working class within unionism. They reject the politics of unionist elected officials while advocating an independent and activist involvement by residents in their communities. The study is based on interviews with 18 community activists about their understanding of loyalism and also their organizing efforts. Antonio Gramsci’s concept of the organic intellectual is employed as a theoretical framework for interpreting the ideas and actions of these community workers. The argument is made that while the subjects of this study do not correspond in every respect to Gramsci’s concept, they do embody the heart of his idea.
Superconductivity of the memory-type chalcogenide Te0.81 Ge0.15 As0.04

Abstract A superconducting transition was observed in the memory-type chalcogenide material Te 0.81 Ge 0.15 As 0.04 . Changes at H = 0 in χ′ and χ″ of the ac magnetic susceptibility and of the dc electrical resistivity for H ⩽ 1200 gauss were observed.
Identification of 5–7 Defects in a Copper Oxide Surface

A topological defect in a Cu2O surface oxide grown on Cu(111) has been identified. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we observed the formation of pentagonal and heptagonal rings within the Cu2O surface oxide. These structures break the symmetry of the hexagonal oxide surface and are a consequence of the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Cu2O surface. We propose that the pentagonal and heptagonal rings are formed through the rotation of a −O–Cu–O– chain in a manner similar to the Stone–Wales transformation. The proposed transformation is supported by the results of density functional theory calculations.
An in vivo platform for tumor biomarker assessment.

Tumor biomarkers provide a quantitative tool for following tumor progression and response to therapy. However, investigations of clinically useful tumor biomarkers are time-consuming, costly, and limited by patient and tumor heterogeneity. In addition, assessment of biomarkers as indicators of therapy response is confounded by the concomitant use of multiple therapeutic interventions. Herein we report our use of a clinically relevant orthotopic animal model of malignant pleural mesothelioma for investigating tumor biomarkers. Utilizing multi-modality imaging with correlative histopathology, we demonstrate the utility and accuracy of the mouse model in investigating tumor biomarkers – serum soluble mesothelin-related peptide (SMRP) and osteopontin (OPN). This model revealed percentage change in SMRP level to be an accurate biomarker of tumor progression and therapeutic response – a finding consistent with recent clinical studies. This in vivo platform demonstrates the advantages of a validated mouse model for the timely and cost-effective acceleration of human biomarker translational research.
A difficult case of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Key Concepts: 1 The immediate postoperative concerns in a patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis. 2 Recognize the difficulties in assessing biliary health in patients that have had complicated postoperative biliary concerns. 3 Recognize the difficulty in ascertaining the presence of chronic rejection vs. recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Transpl. 12:S65–S67. 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
PDE4: arrested at the border.

Compartmentation plays a critical role in determining the specificity and efficacy of signaling by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and other second messengers. It has become apparent that all of the protein components of the cAMP signaling pathway are subject to regulation and may be localized to particular subcellular compartments. This Perspective discusses recent research concerning the importance of cAMP phosphodiesterase localization in cAMP signaling, functional implications of the organization of this pathway9s protein components into macromolecular complexes, and common themes in the compartmentation of cAMP- and Ca 2+ -mediated signaling pathways.
Non-Perturbative Gauge Theoretic Treatment of Two-Particle Scattering in (2 + 1)-DIMENSIONAL Gravity

By a suitable choice of phase space variables, which is natural for the reduction of a two-body problem, we couple two sources to the Chern-Simons-Witten action and obtain the exact two-body Hamiltonian. For particles of (nearly) equal mass and of small momenta, the Hamiltonian reduces to that of 't Hooft. In the corresponding geometry, when viewed from a particular frame, the relative coordinate moves on a cone of deficit angle equal to the classical Hamiltonian.
Carrier-concentration-dependent superconductivity in SnTe and GeTe

A theoretical calculation is given of the dependence of the superconducting transition temperature on carrier concentration for the many-valley semiconductors SnTe and GeTe. The model used includes an accurate description of all intravalley processes; however, intravalley interactions alone are inadequate to explain the superconductivity of these materials. This contradicts the results of a recent model calculation of Hulm et al. which involved only intravalley interactions. Intervalley phonon-induced interactions are found to be the dominant mechanism. Good agreement with the available data over the entire range of carrier concentration is found by adjusting a single parameter, the intervalley deformation potential.
Helicopter Detection Using Harmonics and Seismic-Acoustic Coupling

Unattended ground sensors (UGS) are routinely used to collect intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) information. Unattended ground sensors consisting of microphone array and geophone are employed to detect rotary wing aircraft. This paper presents an algorithm for the detection of helicopters based on a fusion of rotor harmonics and acousticseismic coupling. The main rotor blades of helicopters operate at a fixed RPM to prevent stalling or mechanical damage. In addition, the seismic spectrum is dominated by the acoustic-seismic coupling generated by these rotors; much more so than ground vehicles and other targets where mechanical coupling and a more broadband acoustic source are strong factors. First, an autocorrelation detection method identifies the constant fundamental generated by the helicopter main rotor. Second, key matching frequencies between the acoustic and seismic spectrum are used to locate possible coupled components. Detection can then be based on the ratio of the coupled seismic energy to total seismic energy. The results of the two methods are fused over a few seconds time to provide an initial and continued detection of a helicopter within the sensor range. Performance is measured on data as a function of range and sound pressure level (SPL).
Small agricultural impoundments affect pollutant transport

Reservoirs created by dams intercept runoff from upslope areas and thus are often sinks for fertilizers and other pollutants that would otherwise flow downstream. Most studies of solute transport through impoundments have focused on large, long-lived systems. However, small impoundments, such as those created for irrigation or livestock watering, are common in agricultural regions, and their total global surface area is comparable to that of large reservoirs. As these small systems mature, the impoundments fill with sediment, creating ecosystems with wetland-like characteristics. Because dams that create these small impoundments are more likely to be degraded, poorly maintained, or removed by their owners, it is important to understand how changes in such systems may affect pollutant transport.
Procedures for Designing an Occupational Therapy Consultation Contract

Occupational therapists have been asked with increasing frequency to function as consultants, yet most of the research on consultation has been published in other fields. Issues that have been investigated include negotiating consultation sponsorship, conducting needs assessments, and evaluating the consultant's effectiveness. For the purposes of our research the literature was used to generate a list of steps for designing a consultation package. The steps were then used in a six-month pilot contract to assess their usefulness for occupational therapy practice.
A rationale for the use of Erbium.YAG lasers in endodontic therapy

Since the introduction of lasers to dentistry, dentists have been intrigued with the idea of placing laser energy into an infected root canal with the goal of removing the bacteria and infected tissue, and sterilizing the root canal system. This paper will discuss the bacterial origin of endodontic infections, and describe the use of the Er.YAG laser to remove bacteria, prepare the canal walls, and aid in the creation of a superior seal of the root canal system.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
INDOMETHACIN AND RENAL FUNCTION: THE EFFECTS OF ADDITION OF LOW-DOSE DOPAMINE

The renal function changes induced by indomethacin during treatment of patent ductus arteriosus often preclude its use. To determine if concommitent low-dose dopamine improved renal function, we studied renal parameters in Beagle puppies. The animals were sedated; tracheostomy was performed and mechanical ventilation begun. The femoral artery and vein were catheterized and the right ureter isolated and catheterized for urine collection. Four groups were studied: controls, indomethacin treated, dopamine treated, and indomethacin and dopamine treated. Each animal was allowed to serve as its own control at time 0-120 min. At time 120 the treated animals received .2 mg/kg indomethacin intravenously and/or 4 mcg/kg/min dopamine by continuous intravenous infusion. Time 120-240 served as the next collection period. All animals received constant fluid intake. Blood pressure, heart rate and blood gases remained stable. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sodium para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance, fractional sodium (Na) excretion, osmolar and free H2O clearance were obtained. GFR was significantly decreased (p<.05) in animals that received indomethacin alone, and unchanged in the groups receiving dopamine, dopamine and indomethacin and controls. There was a trend (p<.1) indicating fractional Na excretion decreased only in the group receiving indomethacin. This data suggests that low-dose dopamine may improve renal parameters when used with indomethacin.
Determination of gallium coordination in cesium gallate glasses by high-resolution pulsed NMR*

High-resolution 71 Ga and 69 Ga NMR spectra of glasses in the system x Cs 2 O·(1 − x )Ga 2 O 3 with x = 0.3–0.7 have been studied at 91.5 MHz and 72.0 MHz respectively. Absorption peaks corresponding to the tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated gallium sites can be unambiguously distinguished in both the static and magic-angle sample spinning (MASS) spectra. Assignment of spectral features to the different gallium atomic coordinations has been done in light of the close similarity in chemical and coordination properties between gallium and aluminum, and by comparison with gallium compounds of known gallium coordinations. The spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 , and spin-spin relaxation time T 2 of the 4-coordinated and 6-coordinated gallium sites were measured; the existence of different relaxation times helps in distinguishing the two different sites. Close similarities are found with the results of 27 Al NMR studies of similar systems.
An essential DNA strand-exchange activity is conserved in the divergent N-termini of BLM orthologs

The gene mutated in Bloom's syndrome, BLM, encodes a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases that is needed to suppress genome instability and cancer predisposition. BLM is highly conserved and all BLM orthologs, including budding yeast Sgs1, have a large N-terminus that binds Top3–Rmi1 but has no known catalytic activity. In this study, we describe a sub-domain of the Sgs1 N-terminus that shows in vitro single-strand DNA (ssDNA) binding, ssDNA annealing and strand-exchange (SE) activities. These activities are conserved in the human and Drosophila orthologs. SE between duplex DNA and homologous ssDNA requires no cofactors and is inhibited by a single mismatched base pair. The SE domain of Sgs1 is required in vivo for the suppression of hyper-recombination, suppression of synthetic lethality and heteroduplex rejection. The top3Δ slow-growth phenotype is also SE dependent. Surprisingly, the highly divergent human SE domain functions in yeast. This work identifies SE as a new molecular function of BLM/Sgs1, and we propose that at least one role of SE is to mediate the strand-passage events catalysed by Top3–Rmi1.
Dilemma of correlating fluorescence quantum yields and intensity decay times in single-tryptophan mutant proteins

The relationship between the fluorescence quantum yield, (phi) f, radiative lifetime, (tau) r, and excited singlet state lifetime, (tau) s, is considered to be fundamental in fluorescence studies. Because of advances in instrumentation and data analysis the intensity decay times of tryptophan in proteins can be determined with a high degree of confidence and accuracy. Site directed mutagenesis allows one to place tryptophan residues in different locations within proteins. In several mutant single tryptophan containing proteins studied in our laboratory it has often been noted that there is a lack of a proportional correlation between the measured fluorescence quantum yield and the mean fluorescence decay time. This data and examples from the literature are presented and rationalizations are discussed. The intent is to stimulate experimental design and theoretical studies. This will lead to new intuitions from fluorescence studies of mutant proteins regarding the interrelationship of their structure, dynamics, and function.
Analysis of soil moisture trends in the Salt River watershed of central Arizona

In this investigation, we generate estimates of soil moisture for the Salt River basin on which the expanding city of Phoenix, Arizona relies upon for nearly half of its water supply. While previous empirical studies have produced mixed results concerning recent drought trends in the southwestern USA, our results support the many numerical climate models which predict that this region will become drier in response to the buildup of greenhouse gases. Over the period 1895–2007, we found that soil moisture levels revealed no significant change. However, if we restrict the study to the period 1980–2007, soil moisture levels have decreased at a highly statistically significant rate. We could find little evidence that the trend is associated with variations in El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Increasing surface pressure over our study area during the latter half of the twentieth century may be a catalyst for the drier conditions.
Surgically palliated double-inlet left ventricle with transposition of the great arteries mistaken for aortic aneurysm with dissection.

Abstract We report a 23-year-old male with history of double-inlet single ventricle with transposition of the great arteries who is s/p pulmonary artery banding, a Damus–Kaye–Stanzel anastomosis, and Fontan procedure during infancy and childhood who now presents with chest pain. A chest CTA at an outside hospital was thought concerning for the presence of a thoracic aortic aneurysm with dissection, prompting immediate transfer to our institution. However, repeat chest CTA at our institution revealed the predicted anastomoses based on his surgical procedures, which was misinterpreted as aortic aneurysm and dissection. An understanding of the physiology of his surgically repaired congenital heart disease is critical in interpreting his subsequent chest CTA and arriving at the appropriate clinical conclusion.
The oxygen electrode in fused electrolytes

Abstract The Pt/O2 electrode system is evaluated in a molten carbonate electrolyte at 600°–800°C by the criteria for reference electrodes. This electrode system is found to be stable and reproducible (±5 mV) and shows a high degree of reversibility by the criteria of bias-potentials, micropolarization, and the Nernst Equation. It is apparent that this electrode system functions as a relative of the metal/metal-oxide class of reference electrodes. Some results are also reported for gold as the metal substrate. While the Au/O2 system satisfies the above criteria for reference electrodes, there is evidence that it equilibrates at a slightly higher thermodynamic free energy than the Pt/O2 system.
Microscreen-based replication of electroforming micromolds

Novel technology is presented which allows the rapid replication of electroforming plastic micromolds. This technique incorporates microscreens into hot embossing or injection molding processes to produce sacrificial molds with conducting bases and insulating sidewalls. Both contiguous and non-contiguous features can be electroformed from these molds. Process parameters including the microscreen geometry and the use of multiple porous metal inserts are discussed.
Sport fishing survey in 1960 of the lower patuxent estuary and the 1958 year-class of striped bass

The interview-count creel survey was conducted from July through November in the 12-square mile area around Solomons, Maryland where the Patuxent River joins Chesapeake Bay. Fishermen trolling for striped bass and bluefish and still-fishing for spot, white perch, Atlantic croakers, etc., were interviewed in their skiffs, runabouts, private cruisers, party boats, and on piers.
Decoherence of motional superpositions of a trapped ion

Abstract We summarize experiments on the decoherence of motional superposition states of single trapped ions which were carried out at NIST. The decoherence was characterized by the loss of contrast in interference experiments involving superpositions of two motional coherent states or two motional Fock states that were subjected to stochastically fluctuating electric fields. The observed loss of coherence is in good agreement with that predicted by the appropriate master equations of quantum optics.
Integrable Hamiltonian flows with positive Lebesgue-measure entropy

This paper shows that any symplectic diffeomorphism can be embedded as a subsystem of a Liouville-integrable Hamiltonian flow on some symplectic manifold. If F is real-analytic, then the flow can be chosen to be real-analytic, but it is Liouville integrable with smooth first integrals. Examples are constructed of integrable, volume-preserving Hamiltonian flows on Poisson manifolds whose metric entropy with respect to the volume form is positive. Completely integrable Hamiltonian flows on a symplectic manifold are constructed which have positive metric entropy with respect to an invariant probability measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to the canonical volume form.
Management of pain associated with spinal tumor

Metastatic spinal disease is common in cancer patients, and it is a frequent source of pain and disability. Expert management of the patient's pain and neurologic dysfunction is required. Neurosurgical advances have afforded the patient the opportunity to have improved symptom management and improved quality-of-life outcomes. Patients and their families are best served by the provision of supportive care by specialty pain medicine and palliative care services (especially neurology based) working with the primary neurosurgical team in an integrated model.
Met-enkephalin-like and dynorphin-like immunoreactivities of the basal ganglia of the cat.

Abstract We have carried out a detailed immunohistochemical study of opiate peptide distributions in the cat's basal ganglia using antisera to met-enkephalin and dynorphin 1–17. The findings suggest that within the striatum, pallidum and substantia nigra, these peptides have different distributions and therefore presumably different functional roles.
Colorectal cancer: all hands on deck.

The past 50 years has seen substantial progress in our understanding of and in the management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Surveillance colonoscopy with resection of premalignant polyps has led to a...
Mode I fatigue cracking in a fiber reinforced metal matrix composite

The mode I fatigue crack growth behavior of a fiber reinforced metal matrix composite with weak interfaces is examined. In the longitudinal orientation, matrix cracks initially grow with minimal fiber failure. The tractions exerted by the intact fibers shield the crack tip from the applied stress and reduce the rate of crack growth relative to that in the unreinforced matrix alloy. In some instances, further growth is accompanied by fiber failure and a concomitant loss in crack tip shielding. The measurements are compared with model predictions, incorporating the intrinsic fatigue properties of the matrix and the shielding contributions derived from the intact fibers. The magnitude of the interface sliding stress inferred from the comparisons between experiment and theory is found to be in broad agreement with values measured using alternate techniques. The results also indicate that the interface sliding stress degrades with cyclic sliding, an effect yet to be incorporated in the model. In contrast, the transverse fatigue properties are found to be inferior to those of the monolithic matrix alloy, a consequence of the poor fatigue resistance of the fiber/matrix interface.
Copper(II) complexes of tridentate schiff base ligands

Abstract Complexes of emperical formula CuLCl and CuL2 have been synthesized and characterized wherein L = the Schiff base formed from the condensation of selected salicylaldehydes (Z-SAL) with two polyamines, 2-aminomethylpyridine (AMP) and 2-(2-aminoethyl-pyridine (AEP). The Cu to L ratio was shown to be dependent on the method of preparation. Magnetic, spectral and elemental analysis data indicate that the environment of Cu(II) is five-coordinate in the solid state. The complexes do not react with DMSO solutions of superoxide.
Glucose control of sucrose synthase in the maize scutellum

Abstract The in vivo amounts of UDPG, UTP, UDP and UMP, metabolites known to influence the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS), were measured throughout 5 hr incubations of scutellum slices in fructose or water, i.e. under conditions of sucrose synthesis or breakdown. Cytosolic concentrations were estimated assuming that these metabolites were confined to the cytosol. Within the estimated in vivo concentration ranges, UDPG, UTP and UDP had little effect on the in vitro SS activity, but glucose (100 mM) inhibited SS in the synthesis direction by 63–70% and in the breakdown direction by 86–93%. Glucose inhibition of SS was considerably less when saturating levels of substrates were used. Sucrose did not inhibit SS. It is concluded that during germination the glucose produced from starch breakdown in the maize endosperm enters the scutellum and inhibits SS, preventing a futile cycle and limiting SS participation in sucrose synthesis.
The Requirement of Sterol and Various Sterol Precursors in Free-Living Nematodes

The quantitative sterol requirements were studied in C. briggsae, C. elegans (Be), C. elegans (Br), and T. aceti. It was shown that all four nematodes had similar minimal sterol requirements (0.1-2.0 μg/ml) and toxicity appeared in T. aceti at 50 μg/ml. Cholesterol and five precursors were tested for population growth. We found that acetic acid, DLmevalonic acid lactone, and farnesol did not support population growth; while squalene, lanosterol, and cholesterol supported significant population growth in all four nematodes. Our results suggest that the major metabolic block in the pathway of sterol biosynthesis occurs between the step of farnesol and squalene.
THE ROLE OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN CERTAIN IONIC EXCHANGES INVOLVING THE ERYTHROCYTE.

1. The acceleration by bicarbonates of the swelling and hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of ammonium salts, first reported by Orskov, is strikingly dependent upon carbonic anhydrase, being almost abolished by inhibitors of this enzyme such as KCN and sulfanilamide, and under suitable conditions being enhanced by its addition to the external solution. This behavior gives support to the theory of "catalyzed diffusion" as an explanation of the Orskov effect. 2. The inhibitory effects of both sulfanilamide and KCN seem to be capable of complete reversal on washing the erythrocytes in isotonic salt solutions. The full effect of KCN appears almost instantly; that of sulfanilamide requires a period measured in seconds, or possibly even in minutes, to reach its maximum, the delay presumably being due to the slower penetration of the erythrocyte by this substance. Under favorable conditions the effect of concentrations of sulfanilamide of a few hundredths of a milligram per cent can be demonstrated. No similar effects have been obtained with sulfapyridine. 3. Bicarbonates also have a "catalytic" effect on the response of the internal pH of erythrocytes to changes in that of their surroundings. The resulting volume changes of the cell, which otherwise frequently require many minutes for their completion, may take place within a few seconds in the presence of low concentrations of bicarbonates. At a given pH value the effect of the latter substances is chiefly on the rate of the change and only to a minor extent on its magnitude. It may be further accelerated under appropriate conditions by the addition to the cell suspension of carbonic anhydrase, and can be almost abolished by KCN and by sulfanilamide. 4. Volume changes of erythrocytes associated with exchanges of Cl' for SO(4)'' ions are greatly accelerated by low concentrations of bicarbonates, this effect being likewise dependent upon carbonic anhydrase. There is some evidence that in this case the exchange takes place, at least in part, in two steps: Cl' for HCO(3)' and HCO(3)' for SO(4)''.
A phase I study of the somatostatin analogue somatuline in patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer

Background. Somatuline, a somatostatin analogue, has proven to be effective in several animal models of prostate cancer. Preliminary clinical studies also have suggested antitumor activity in patients with prostate cancer. The authors conducted a dose-escalation trial of 25 patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Methods. Dosages of 4, 7, 10, 13, 18, and 24 mg/day were administered by continuous intravenous infusion for at least 28 days. Results. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but not those of IGF-II, declined modestly during therapy. Toxicities included grade I diarrhea, bloating, infection, nausea, and flatus. The gastrointestinal side effects were typically self-limiting and occurred during the initial portion of treatment cycles. In addition, three patients experienced grade II catheter-related infections. No clinical response was noted by either radiographic or tumor marker criteria. The maximally tolerated dose of somatuline was not determined. Conclusion. A continuous intravenous infusion of 24 mg/day of somatuline is well tolerated and could be evaluated in other types of cancer or possibly in less advanced prostate cancer, but no clinical activity was noted at this dose in patients with advanced metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 1995 ; 75 :2159-64.
Cell lineage dependent and independent control of Purkinje cell number in the mammalian CNS: further quantitative studies of lurcher chimeric mice

Abstract Recent quantitative studies of lurcher chimeric mice have shown that the adult population of cerebellar Purkinje cells can properly be described as a small number of developmental clones of cells. The clones are not seen as patches of contiguous neurons; rather, the cells of any one clone distribute throughout the half-cerebellum that contains them, intermingling extensively with the Purkinje cells of other linkages. Lurcher ⇌ wild-type chimeras were analyzed using the cell autonomous Purkinje-cell-lethal mutant, lurcher ( + L ), as a cell marker. Cell counts from these chimeras revealed that the number of surviving Purkinje cells was always an integral multiple of a unit clone size. These numerical quanta are the evidence for the existence of Purkinje cell developmental clones. When two different inbred strains of mouse were compared (C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6), the resulting clonal analysis showed that the unit clone size (i.e., the number of Purkinje cells in one quantum) is an autonomous property of the lineage and hence, presumably, intrinsic to the progenitor cell that founded it. The current study uses the lurcher chimeric mouse system to examine the cell lineage relationships among the Purkinje cells of a third inbred strain of mouse, AKR/J. The data both support and extend our previous studies. Quantitative analysis reveals that the Purkinje cells of this strain also exist in clones, and the size of these clones is also strain-specific. The number of cells in a single clone (7850), however, is different from either C3H/HeJ (10,200) or C57BL/6 (9200). The fact that this value is so highly polymorphic among the inbred strains of mouse makes it likely that, rather than being a function of different alleles at a single genetic locus, clone size may well represent a multifactorial (but still cell-autonomous) property of developing Purkinje cells. Additional results from a single chimeric animal suggest strongly that clone number (i.e., the number of progenitors selected to found the population) is not strain-specific but results instead from cell:cell interactions during early central nervous system formation.
Rose Bengal derivatives as singlet oxygen sensitizers

Abstract Derivatives of Rose Bengal are reported and the relationships between subtle structural and dramatic changes in photophysical properties pointed out.
Radiation force of acoustical tweezers on a sphere: The case of a high-order Bessel beam of quasi-standing waves of variable half-cone angles

Abstract Using the partial-wave series for the acoustic scattering of a high-order Bessel beam (HOBB) of counterpropagating quasi-standing waves of variable half-cone angles, a generalized radiation force expression is obtained. The radiation force function, which is the radiation force per unit cross-sectional surface and unit characteristic energy density, is expressed in terms of the order m of the HOBB, the quasi-standing waves’ amplitudes Φ0 and Φ1, as well as the variable half-cone angles β1 and β2. The features of the theory include the ability to suppress two resonances as well as exploring a broad range of parameters related to the beam shape and mechanical properties of the spherical target.
Diagnosis and management of refractoriness to platelet transfusion

Improvements in the availability and quality of platelet transfusions have markedly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with intensive myelosuppressive therapy. Alloimmunization and refractoriness to platelet transfusion remains a significant clinical problem, although the incidence of alloimmunization may be declining due to more widespread use of leucocyte depleted products. Alloimmunization can be distinguished from other causes of poor post transfusion increments by the measurement of lymphocytotoxic or antiplatelet antibodies. In addition to medical approaches to reduce the risk of bleeding in individual patients, identification of histocompatible donors can usually be accomplished by HLA matching of donor and recipient, platelet cross matching or a combination of both techniques. There are a number of selection strategies which can be utilized and optimal patient management requires close cooperation and communication between clinicians and blood centers.
Coaching competency and (exploratory) structural equation modeling: A substantive-methodological synergy

Objectives The purpose of this manuscript was to provide a substantive-methodological synergy of potential importance to future research in the psychology of sport and exercise.
Amelioration of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by treatment with the platelet activating factor receptor antagonist web 2086 in hamsters

Therapeutic use of bleomycin, an antineoplastic drug, is complicated by the development of a dose-dependent lung toxicity leading to fibrosis. This study tested the effectiveness of a platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, WEB 2086, against bleomycin (BLEO)-induced lung fibrosis in hamsters. The animals were assigned to four groups: (1) saline (SA) + SA, (2) WEB 2086 (WEB) + SA, (3) SA + BLEO, and (4) WEB + BLEO. Sterile isotonic saline or WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg 1P) was administered daily for the duration of the study starting 2 days prior to intratracheal (IT) instillation of saline or bleomycin (2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 units/kg 5 mL-1) in three consecutive doses at weekly intevcals. The animals were killed at 21 days after the last IT instillation and their lungs were processed for various studies. The lung hydroxy-proline levels in SA + SA, WEB + SA, SA + BLEO, and WEB + BLEO groups were 932 31, 943 48, 1302 72, and 964 63 μg/lung, respectively. The lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malondia...
Age does not limit quality of life improvement in cardiac valve surgery.

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the association of age with the change in quality of life (QOL) after valve surgery. BACKGROUND Improvement in QOL is one of the principal goals of valve surgery. These procedures are being done with increasing frequency for older patients. METHODS We prospectively studied 148 patients with aortic valve procedures and 72 patients with mitral valve procedures. Patients’ QOL was measured at baseline and at 18 months using the Medical Outcomes Trust Short Form 36-Item (SF-36) Health Survey (response rate 90%). The association of age with change in QOL was measured by multiple regression analysis and based on two meta-scores of the SF-36: the Mental Component Summary (MCS) and the Physical Component Summary (PCS). RESULTS Overall improvement in most domains of the SF-36, including the MCS and the PCS scores, was substantial. Improvement in the MCS score was not influenced by age in either aortic (0.09 score point improvement per 10-year age increments; p 0.9) or mitral (0.90 score point improvement per 10-year age increments; p 0.3) patients. Similarly, improvement in the PCS score did not vary by age in aortic patients (1.00 score points per 10-year age increments; p 0.2) and only slightly varied by age in mitral patients (1.90 score points per 10-year age increments, p 0.02). In the latter, despite statistical significance, the association was not substantial or clinically important. CONCLUSIONS Among patients referred for cardiac valve surgery, age does not appear to limit the QOL benefits of surgery. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1208 –14) © 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
Static scheduling for dynamic dataflow machines

Dataflow machines can ``unravel'''' loops automatically so that many iterations of a loop can execute in parallel. Unbounded loop unraveling can strain the resources available on the machine and, in extreme cases, deadlock can occur due to overcommitment of resources. Previous efforts to address this problem have focused mainly on runtime mechanisms of debatable utility. Loop bounding, a compile-time technique, controls parallelism by introducing dependencies between loop iterations. The loop is given enough resources for the concurrent execution of some number of iterations, say $k$. The $K$ + 1st iteration uses the same resources as the first iteration and starts only after the first iteration is complete, and so on. Thus, the granularity of resource allocation is based on the rather arbitrary syntactic notion of a loop iteration. In this paper, we argue that loop bounding can lead to inefficient use of resources and propose an alternative way of compiling loops for pipelined execution. We introduce the notion of a stage decomposition of a loop, which defines a partition of a loop iteration into stages. We show how the problem of choosing a stage decomposition for a particular loop can be tackled by applying compile-time analyses and static scheduling techniques. Such techniques have been developed for scheduling loops on very long instruction word (VLIW) machines which, like dataflow machines, can exploit fine-grained parallelism in programs. These analyses permit the compiler to allocate resources according to expected patterns of usage, thus reducing overall resource requirements. Finally, we show how our schema can be implemented on the Monsoon dataflow machine being built at M.I.T.
Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP)

The 1947 Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP), chaired by David Shakow (1901–81), was the most important committee of its day because its report provided the framework for the 1949 Boulder Conference and its scientist-practitioner model for training clinical psychologists. It was at this time, after World War II, that the federal government began to support clinical psychology training in a very big way. The CTCP agreed on three main points: that clinical psychology training required a doctoral degree, that a 1-year, full-time internship was necessary, and that the scope of the field included diagnosis, treatment, and research. Keywords: measurement in psychology; mental health; practice in clinical psychology; Shakow, David; attention; clinical psychology; committee; insanity; training
Efficient Processing of XML Update Streams

This paper introduces a framework for processing continuous, exact queries over continuous update XML streams. Instead of eagerly performing the updates on cached portions of the stream, we propagate the updates through the query evaluation pipeline, all the way to the result display, which prints the query answers. That way, the result display prints the query results continuously, replacing old results with new. The novelty of our approach is in the use of this processing framework to unblock operations and reduce buffering by letting the operations themselves embed new updates into the stream that retroactively perform the blocking parts of the operation. Based on this framework, we present novel methods for unblocking a number of important blocking/unbounded stream operations in XQuery using a small memory footprint, such as concatenation, general predicates, descendant-or-self and backward axes, and sorting.
Water availability and vulnerability of 225 large cities in the United States

[1] This study presents a quantitative national assessment of urban water availability and vulnerability for 225 U.S. cities with population greater than 100,000. Here, the urban assessments account for not only renewable water flows, but also the extracted, imported, and stored water that urban systems access through constructed infrastructure. These sources represent important hydraulic components of the urban water supply, yet are typically excluded from water scarcity assessments. Results from this hydraulic-based assessment were compared to those obtained using a more conventional method that estimates scarcity solely based on local renewable flows. The inclusion of hydraulic components increased the mean availability to cities, leading to a significantly lower portion of the total U.S. population considered “at risk” for water scarcity (17%) than that obtained from the runoff method (47%). Water vulnerability was determined based on low-flow conditions, and smaller differences were found for this metric between at-risk populations using the runoff (66%) and hydraulic-based (54%) methods. The large increase in the susceptible population between the scarcity measures evaluated using the hydraulic method may better reconcile the seeming contradiction in the United States between perceptions of natural water abundance and widespread water scarcity. Additionally, urban vulnerability measures developed here were validated using a media text analysis. Vulnerability assessments that included hydraulic components were found to correlate with the frequency of urban water scarcity reports in the popular press while runoff-based measures showed no significant correlation, suggesting that hydraulic-based assessments provide better context for understanding the nature and severity of urban water scarcity issues.
Dynamic patch mosaics and channel movement in an unconfined river valley of the Olympic Mountains

SUMMARY 1. River valleys resemble dynamic mosaics, composed of patches which are natural, transient features of the land surface produced by the joint action of a river and successional processes over years to centuries. They simultaneously regulate and reflect the distribution of stream energy and exchanges of sediment, wood and particulate organic matter between riparian and aquatic environments. 2. We determined the structure, composition, dynamics and origin of seven patch types at the reach scale in the Queets River valley in the temperate coastal forests of the Olympic Mountains, Washington (U.S.A.). Patch types included: (1) primary and (2) secondary channels; (3) pioneer bars; (4) developing and (5) established floodplains; and (6) transitional and (7) mature fluvial terraces. 3. Lateral channel movements strongly shape patch distribution, structure and dynamics. The primary channel moved laterally 13 m year )1 , on average from 1939 to 2002, but was highly variable among locations and over time. Mean lateral movement rates ranged from 1 to 59 m year )1 and moving averages (2 km) ranged from 3 to 28 m year )1 throughout the valley. 4. Each patch type exhibited characteristic vegetation, soil and accumulations of large wood. Pioneer bars contained peak stem density (69 778 stems ha )1 ) and volume of large wood (289 m 3 ha )1 ). Mature fluvial terraces contained the highest mean stem (1739 m 3 ha )1 ) and canopy volume (158 587 m 3 ha )1 ). These patches also contained the most soil nitrogen (537 kg ha )1 ) and carbon (5972 kg ha )1 ). 5. Patch half-life (the time required for half of the existing patches to be eroded) ranged from 21 to 401 years among forested patch types. Erosion rates were highest in pioneer bars (2.3% year )1 ) and developing floodplains (3.3% year )1 ), compared with only 0.17% year )1 in mature fluvial terraces. New forests formed continually, as pioneering vegetation colonised 50% of the channel system within 18 years, often unsuccessfully. 6. In the Queets River, the structure, composition, and dynamics of the patchy riparian forest depends on the interplay between channel movements and biophysical feedbacks between large wood, living vegetation and geomorphic processes. The cycle of patch development perpetuates a shifting-mosaic of habitats within the river valley capable of supporting diverse biotic assemblages.