cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic formation of carbonyl sulfide during warm gas clean-up of simulated coal-derived fuel gas with Pd/γ-Al2O3 sorbents

Abstract Coal gasification processes, such as the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), will increase in importance due to the expanding concern over CO 2 emissions and global climate change. During the development of a Pd/γ-Al 2 O 3 sorbent for warm (200 °C) fuel gas cleanup, the catalytic formation of carbonyl sulfide (COS), was observed. This is attributed to a heterogeneous reaction involving fuel gas components (CO/CO 2 /H 2 /H 2 S/H 2 O) and Pd/γ-Al 2 O 3 . The concentration of COS increases 200-fold when exposed to the Pd/γ-Al 2 O 3 sorbent. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood reaction mechanism is proposed and a kinetic model is developed based on experimental results. The effect of γ-Al 2 O 3 , a common catalyst for hydrolysis of COS, and H 2 O on the COS concentration is discussed.
Effects of Sequential 1-Minute Time Trials With and Without Inter-Trial Feedback and Self-Correction on General and Special Education Students' Fluency with Math Facts

We measured the effects of two procedures for implementing 1-min time trials on the rate and accuracy with which elementary students wrote answers to single-digit math facts in two concurrent experiments in a first grade classroom and a special education classroom. On-task behavior of three students in each class was also measured. Baseline was a 10-min work period in which students were told to “answer as many problems as you can.” The two time trial conditions, each of which was also conducted within a 10-min period, consisted of: (1) a series of seven 1-min time trials with a 20-s rest period following each timing; and (2) two 1-min timings, each followed by a teacher-directed feedback and self-correction activity. Students in both classrooms answered correctly more problems per minute during both time trial conditions than they did during the 10-min work period, with the highest levels of fluency occurring during the two time trials with self-correction. The emphasis on “going fast” did not impair students' accuracy of performance. In both classrooms the percentage of attempted problems answered correctly was high during the initial baseline and increased slightly over the course of the study. On-task behavior was higher during both time trial conditions than during the 10-min work period. When asked at the study's conclusion which of the three methods for practicing math facts (1) “helped you learn the most” and (2) would you “like to do again,” the majority of the students in both classrooms chose the time trials followed by feedback and self-correction.
Imperfect Invariance to Object Translation in the Discrimination of Complex Shapes

The positional specificity of short-term visual memory for a variety of 3-D shapes was investigated in a series of ‘same’/‘different’ discrimination experiments, with computer-rendered stimuli displayed either at the same or at different locations in the visual field. For animal-like shapes, we found complete translation invariance, regardless of the interstimulus similarity, and irrespective of direction and size of the displacement (experiments 1 and 2). Invariance to translation was obtained also with animal-like stimuli that had been ‘scrambled’ by randomizing the relative locations of their parts (experiment 3). The invariance broke down when the stimuli were made to differ in their composition, but not in the shapes of the corresponding parts (experiments 4 and 5). We interpret this pattern of findings in the context of several current theories of recognition, focusing in particular on the issue of the representation of object structure.
Nuclear Quadrupole Absorption in Indium Metal

The nuclear quadrupole resonance spectrum of indium metal has been observed and studied over the temperature range 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 225\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The four transition frequencies occur in ratios of 1:2:3:4, as expected from the crystal structure of indium. The lowest transition at 1.881 Mc (at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) gives a quadrupole coupling constant of (45.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02) Mc.The root second moment of 18 kc is substantially greater than the 4 kc predicted from magnetic dipolar coupling among the nuclei, is temperature independent, but is somewhat sample dependent. It is shown that for a pure quadrupole resonance, the pseudo-exchange coupling produces an exchange broadening. This mechanism is shown to contribute about 10 kc to the root second moment and predicts a Gaussian line shape, as observed. It is concluded that in some cases magnetic impurities must be present, but it is not known whether or not the narrowest line represents a natural width.The field gradient is computed assuming point ions and a uniform electron density by a technique that converges rapidly with distance, but the answer is too small by a factor of 3. It is argued that it is important to consider the $p$ valence electrons. The temperature dependence of frequency is very strong (a 23% decrease between 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 220\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), and unexplained. It appears to show that the field gradients cannot be computed assuming point ions and a smooth charge distribution.A resonance in the superconducting state is reported.
Mapping interception of photosynthetically active radiation in sweet cherry orchards

Canopy mapping on fractional photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception.Canopy projection distortion correction due to sun zenith and azimuth angle changes.Mobile PAR measurement system with a constant spatial resolution of 0.01msample-1.Canopy mapping and correction methods evaluation at dormant and full canopy stages. Understanding interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of individual canopies could help advanced orchard management, thus, enhance fruit productivity and quality. The objective of this research was to develop a canopy PAR interception mapping method in Y-trellis trained sweet cherry orchards. A mobile measurement system was developed for continuously collecting constant spatial resolution PAR data at varying moving speeds. A mathematical model was developed to correct the distortion of the projected canopy shadow due to time of day and/or from orchard latitude. The mapping method was evaluated at both the dormant and full canopy stages. Digital images of 10 trees were used to validate the canopy projection correction method in each test. The measurement system achieved constant spatial resolution of 0.01m?sample-1 within the entire platform speed range of 0-3.8kmh-1. For dormant stage, the relative error in branch elevation angle comparison ranged from 0.1% to 9.6% with a mean of 3.4%?3.1%, and for full canopy stage, the relative error in canopy eccentricity ranged from 1.5% to 10.3% with a mean of 4.8%?2.6%. Combined, the results showed that the measurement system was capable of collecting high-density data with constant spatial resolution in orchards, and the canopy projection correction method can effectively correct the distortion in canopy maps caused by both imperfect sun zenith and azimuth angles at data collection. Light interception of individual tree canopies and the variation between/within canopies could be extracted from the corrected canopy maps, which should be useful for the advanced orchard management.
Enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose uptake in cold acclimating rats.

Cold-exposed rats exhibit hypermetabolism, hyperphagia, and increased glucose oxidation. Their counterregulatory hormone secretion is markedly elevated, while insulin levels fall acutely, gradually returning to basal during acclimation. We assessed both hepatic and peripheral sensitivity to insulin in rats in the basal state and after 5 days of cold (5 C) exposure. The contribution of gluconeogenesis to total glucose turnover was measured and compared to daily urinary corticosterone excretion. Hepatic glucose production was equally suppressed by the infusion of insulin at 1.2 mU/kgmin in both control and cold-acclimated rats, but enhanced hepatic sensitivity to low dose (0.6 mU/kgmin) insulin infusion was only observed after cold exposure. The metabolic clearance of glucose Was elevated with cold stress and was insensitive to the infusion of insulin at either level. Insulin resistance was not observed. Urinary excretion of corticosterone and urea nitrogen were markedly increased, but creatinine excretion ...
Differences in the Use of Search Assistance for Tasks of Varying Complexity

In this paper, we study how users interact with a search assistance tool while completing tasks of varying complexity. We designed a novel tool referred to as the search guide (SG) that displays the search trails (queries issued, results clicked, pages bookmarked) from three previous users who completed the task. We report on a laboratory study with 48 participants that investigates different factors that may influence user interaction with the SG and the effects of the SG on different outcome measures. Participants were asked to find and bookmark pages for four tasks of varying complexity and the SG was made available to half the participants. We collected log data and conducted retrospective stimulated recall interviews to learn about participants' use of the SG. Our results suggest the following trends. First, interaction with the SG was greater for more complex tasks. Second, the a priori determinability of the task (i.e., whether the task was perceived to be well-defined) helped predict whether participants gained a bookmark from the SG. Third, participants who interacted with the SG, but did not gain a bookmark, felt less system support than those who gained a bookmark and those who did not interact. Finally, a qualitative analysis of our interviews suggests differences in motivation and benefits from SG use for different levels of task complexity. Our findings extend prior research on search assistance tools and provide insights for the design of systems to help users with complex search tasks.
Silastic prosthesis plombage for right postpneumonectomy syndrome

In rare instances, right pneumonectomy can produce progressive exertional dyspnea and reduce ventilatory reserve because of extreme mediastinal shift (right postpneumonectomy syndrome). The diagnosis can be made by bronchoscopy and computed tomography. We report a case of a 43-year-old patient in whom plombage with two Silastic breast implants produced mediastinal derotation and symptomatic relief of this syndrome.
Novel 2-Aminopyrimidine Carbamates as Potent and Orally Active Inhibitors of Lck: Synthesis, SAR, and in Vivo Antiinflammatory Activity

The lymphocyte-specific kinase (Lck) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase of the Src family expressed in T cells and NK cells. Genetic evidence in both mice and humans demonstrates that Lck kinase activity is critical for signaling mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR), which leads to normal T cell development and activation. A small molecule inhibitor of Lck is expected to be useful in the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and/or organ transplant rejection. In this paper, we describe the synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological characterization of 2-aminopyrimidine carbamates, a new class of compounds with potent and selective inhibition of Lck. The most promising compound of this series, 2,6-dimethylphenyl 2-((3,5-bis(methyloxy)-4-((3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl)oxy)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl(2,4-bis(methyloxy)phenyl)carbamate (43) exhibits good activity when evaluated in in vitro assays and in an in vivo model of T cell activation.
Evaporation-controlled chemical enhancement of SERS using a soft polymer substrate

An elusive chemical contribution to SERS is investigated by estimating the chemical coupling strengths through a dynamic relative peak analysis during solvent evaporation from a diluted chemical sample that is drop-deposited on a soft SERS substrate.
Collision-induced transitions between the Zeeman-split ( J , m ) levels of Rb ( 5 2 P 1 / 2 , 5 2 P 3 / 2 )

The collisional dynamics of the Zeeman-split levels of $\mathrm{Rb}(5{}^{2}{P}_{1/2},5{}^{2}{P}_{3/2})$ has been studied in the presence of a strong magnetic field (1.65 T) using steady-state, spectrally resolved laser-induced fluorescence techniques. State-to-state cross sections for transitions between $(J,m)$ levels ranged from $1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ to $2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for collisions with nitrogen and rare gases. The cross sections indicate a significant dependence on $(J,m)$ states and certain symmetry relations such as $\ensuremath{\sigma}(J,\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}{J,m}^{\ensuremath{'}})=\ensuremath{\sigma}(J,\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}J,\ensuremath{-}{m}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(J,\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}{J,}^{\ensuremath{'}}m)=\ensuremath{\sigma}(J,\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}{J}^{\ensuremath{'}},\ensuremath{-}m)$ are demonstrated. The results also agree favorably with theoretical predictions of the relative decay rates for orientation, alignment, and octupole moment. The cross sections for rare-gas collision partners scale with polarizability as predicted.
Quantitative Assessment of the Spatial Organization of Atrial Fibrillation in the Intact Human Heart

Background Atrial activation during atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequently described as random or chaotic. We propose that activation during AF is constrained by the principles of reentrant excitation; that these constraints impart a measurable spatial organization to activation during AF; and that the distance over which activation sequences remain well correlated can be readily measured and related both to the propensity of AF to sustain itself as well as to atrial tissue wavelength. Methods and Results We describe a novel signal-processing technique that quantifies the correlation in activation sequences recorded from five equally spaced sites in the right atrium in patients undergoing electrophysiology studies. In 20 patients in AF (12 with paroxysmal AF, 5 with chronic AF, and 3 with no clinical history of AF), the average correlation was 0.54±0.12 at 11 mm and 0.32±0.11 at 44 mm, compared with 0.95±.023 and 0.91±.023 in sinus rhythm. In AF, the correlation versus distance relation was monotonically ...
New concepts in oral contraceptive pill use.

Over the 30 years since combined oral contraceptives (OCs) first emerged scientists have learned that reducing the estrogen component by 80% and the progestogen component by 90% provides adequate contraception and reduces adverse side effects. Their better understanding of the mechanisms of the metabolism of estrogens and progestogens contained in these OCs has allowed them to develop new progestogens all modifications of levonorgestrel. These new progestogens include desogestrel gestodene and norgestimate which further reduce the likelihood of androgenic side effects and adverse changes of blood lipids coagulation and carbohydrate metabolism. They were first introduced in Europe and are expected to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration soon. The improved understanding of the metabolic mechanisms has also allowed scientists to learn about the role of the cytochrome P-450 hydroxylating enzyme system in steroid metabolism and about interactions of OCs with other drugs. This hepatic system 2-hydroxylates ethinyl estradiol and eliminates it more rapidly from the body; so inhibiting 2-hydroxylase activity would make ethinyl estradiol more powerful while stimulating it would reduce ethinyl estradiols potency. This discovery alerts physicians to be cautious when prescribing other medications while a woman is taking an OC that could induce or inhibit this enzyme system e.g. rifampicin (an inducer) and cimetidine (an inhibitor). Scientific documentation for a justification of the pill-free interval does not exist. Disadvantages of the pill-free interval include estrogen withdrawal symptoms e.g. migraine headaches and the risk of reduced contraceptive efficacy.
TU-C-T-617-10: The Use of a Miniature Multileaf Collimator in Stereotactic Proton Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate — in terms of dose conformity, neutron dose, activation, and leakage — the use of a Miniature Multileaf Collimator (MMLC) in stereotactic proton therapy, both as an aperture and for segmented intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Method and Materials: Firstly, we compute the neutron production and activation of the MMLC with Geant4. In a simple geometry — a cylindrical target hit by a pencil proton beam — we determine the neutron distribution as function of position and energy, and compare tungsten,brass,nickel, and lead. Given the point‐spread functions, we assess the secondary‐neutron dose to the patient for the different materials and MMLC distance to patient. Secondly, we model the Radionics ConforMAX™ MMLC as integrated in our stereotactic proton beamline, and compare the dose distributions for the MMLC and an equivalent aperture. The results are validated with radiographic film measurements. Finally, we measure the proton leakage, activation, and neutron dose. Results: The neutron production in tungsten, the leaf material in most MLC's, is more than twice that of nickel. For a 10 cm diameter field, with a range of 15 g/cm2 and modulation of 5 g/cm2, and with the MMLC positioned at 30.0 cm from the patient, the maximum neutron dose, i.e. for a closed MLC, is ∼0.04% of the target dose. The MMLC leaf width at iso center is 3.2 mm; the lateral penumbra in air is 0.6 mm. Conclusion: In beam‐lines with a large SAD, such as our stereotactic beam‐line, the use of the MMLC as aperture is feasible. The device can be positioned far away from the patient, which reduces the neutron dose to acceptable levels, while hardly compromising the lateral penumbra. Given a decrease in proton efficiency of a factor of 3, the MMLC could also be used for IMPT.
Image Segmentation using Human Visual System Properties with Applications in Image Compression

Many image compression techniques involve segmentation of a gray level image. With such techniques, information is extracted that describes the regions in the segmented image, and this information is then used to form a coded version of the image. In this paper we present a region-growing-based segmentation technique that incorporates human visual system properties, and describe the use of this technique in image compression. We also discuss the effect of requantizing a segmented image. Requantization of a segmented image is useful because it can lead to a reduction in the number of bits required to code the description of the regions in the segmented image. This results in a lower data rate. We show that the number of gray levels in a segmented image can be reduced by a factor of at least twelve, without noticeable degradation in the quality of the segmented image. This result is attributable to human visual system properties having to do with contrast sensitivity, and to the fact that requantization of a segmented image does not usually reduce significantly the number of distinct segments in the image. In addition, in this paper we explore the relationship between the number of segments in an image, and the extent of requantization possible before noticeable degradation occurs in the image. Finally, we discuss the impact of the above results on image compression algorithms, and present some experimental results.
Evaluation of the ultrasound biomicroscope in strabismus surgery.

Abstract Purpose: This study was done to determine the ability of the ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) to define the distance of the horizontal extraocular muscle insertions from the limbus in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Methods: A total of 51 children undergoing primary surgery on their horizontal muscles were recruited for this study. The 50 MHz UBM was used before surgery on the muscle(s) requiring an operation to define the distance of the insertion of the horizontal rectus muscle(s) from the limbus. These data were stored on a computer and masked from the surgeon who measured the actual insertion from the limbus with calipers intraoperatively. An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation of the UBM measurement with that performed during surgery. Results: Measurement of the distance of the insertions from the limbus were taken on 79 muscles of the 51 patients: 44 medial rectus (MR) and 35 lateral rectus (LR). Mean age of the patients was 6.4 ± 3.7 years (range, 1-15). A total of 29 children (56.9%) were female. The mean distance of MR from the limbus measured surgically was 5.2 ± 0.6 mm (range, 4-6 mm; median, 5 mm) and measured with the UBM was 5.2 ± 0.9 mm (range, 4-7.6 mm; median, 5.3 mm). Comparable results for the LR muscles were 6.4 ± 0.6 mm (range, 5.5-7.5 mm; median, 6.5 mm) and 6.9 ± 0.7 mm (range, 5.9-8.4 mm; median, 6.9 mm), respectively. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.71 signified good agreement between the surgical and UBM measurements of the distance from the limbus of the horizontal rectus muscle insertions. Conclusion: The UBM could be used reliably as a tool before surgery to estimate the distance of the horizontal rectus muscles from the limbus in children with strabismus. (J AAPOS 2002;6:187-90)
EXAM: a comprehensive environment for the analysis of access control policies

Policy integration and inter-operation is often a crucial requirement when parties with different access control policies need to participate in collaborative applications and coalitions. Such requirement is even more difficult to address for dynamic large-scale collaborations, in which the number of access control policies to analyze and compare can be quite large. An important step in policy integration and inter-operation is to analyze the similarity of policies. Policy similarity can sometimes also be a pre-condition for establishing a collaboration, in that a party may enter a collaboration with another party only if the policies enforced by the other party match or are very close to its own policies. Existing approaches to the problem of analyzing and comparing access control policies are very limited, in that they only deal with some special cases. By recognizing that a suitable approach to the policy analysis and comparison requires combining different approaches, we propose in this paper a comprehensive environment—EXAM. The environment supports various types of analysis query, which we categorize in the paper. A key component of such environment, on which we focus in the paper, is the policy analyzer able to perform several types of analysis. Specifically, our policy analyzer combines the advantages of existing MTBDD-based and SAT-solver-based techniques. Our experimental results, also reported in the paper, demonstrate the efficiency of our analyzer.
Scalable and fully self-aligned n-type carbon nanotube transistors with gate-all-around

While proven to provide high performance at sub-10 nm lengths, carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) typically employ impractical gate geometries. Here we demonstrate fully self-aligned CNTFETs that include a gate-all-around (GAA) the nanotube channels — the ideal gate geometry for a 1D CNT. These GAA-CNTFETs have 30 nm channel lengths and exhibit n-type operation with high on-currents and good switching behavior that is explained by quantum transport (NEGF) simulations. This work is an important milestone showing that a technologically relevant self-aligned device can be realized with nanotubes.
Update on role of chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell cancer

Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is most commonly a tobacco-related disease, affecting nearly 600,000 people worldwide each year. For decades, HNSCC has been treated successfully with multimodality treatments including, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, though the ‘perfect’ treatment paradigm remains elusive. This review will discuss a number of clinical trials, comparing various combinations of chemotherapy and the settings in which they are most successful. Promising research and recent data on the combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy with new biological agents indicate chemotherapy plays a critical role in treatment of HNSCC and will only continue to improve.
Biofilm and persistent inflammation in endoscopic sinus surgery

Bacterial biofilms have been observed in many patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, but their importance is still being investigated. This study examines the association between biofilms and other clinical findings in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Twenty-four patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who failed medical management underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Tissue was collected from the ethmoid sinus and analyzed for the presence of biofilm by hematoxylin and eosin staining, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Biofilms were classified as extensive (> 50% of mucosal surface in sample) or present (< 50% of surface). The surgeon remained blinded to the biofilm status of patients until postoperative follow-up was complete. The presence of bacterial biofilm was strongly associated with persistent mucosal inflammation after ESS (53% of biofilm-positive patients vs 0% of biofilm-negative patients, P = 0.009). The amount of biofilm was not important as there was no significant difference between the extensive and present biofilm classifications with respect to inflammation. The presence of biofilm was not associated with prior ESS, allergies, eosinophils, polyps, or presence of fungal elements.
New Learning Environments for the 21st Century: Exploring the Edge

(2006). New Learning Environments for the 21st Century: Exploring the Edge. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 18-24.
Hájek-Šidák approach to the asymptotic distribution of multivariate rank order statistics

Let Xα = (X1α,…, Xpα), 1 ≤ α ≤ Nν, ν ≥ 1 be Nν independent observations from a density function f(x) where x ∈ Rp, the p-dimensional real space. Let Rνjα denote the rank of Xjα in the ordered array of Xj1 ,…, XjNν; 1 ≤ j ≤ p and consider the multivariate rank order statistics Tvj = ∑α = 1NvCyαavj(Rvjα), where the constants, cνα, 1 ≤ α ≤ Nν satisfy the Noether condition and the scores, aνj(α), 1 ≤ j ≤ p, 1 ≤ α ≤ Nν converge as ν → ∞, for each j, in quadratic mean to a nonconstant, square integrable function πj(u), 0 < u < 1. Under the hypothesis of randomness, the joint asymptotic conditional and uncoditional normality of the statistics Tνj, 1 ≤ j ≤ p is established. Further, under mild conditions on the underlying density functions and assuming contiguous location shift alternatives, the joint asymptotic normality of these statistics is also established.
Analysis of blood alcohol by direct head space gas sampling and gas chromatography

Abstract A simple direct head space gas sampling method is shown to measure accurately blood alcohol levels between 0 and 0.3%. A standard error of estimate on the instrument employing the 20% Carbowax 20 M column on acid washed firebrick was 0.005-0.006% and the standard error of estimate of the instrument employing hexamethyldisilazane treated support with 20% Carbowax 20 M was 0.003%. The method was tested against routine samples analyzed for blood alcohol and the results were in good agreement.
Distributed stochastic buffering for enterprise WLAN architectures

The emergence of enterprise WLAN as a key technology has posed numerous challenges to researchers. Presented is a novel, theoretically-grounded, distributed dynamic buffering mechanism to address two of those challenges, namely, buffer stability and power consumption costs. The proposed mechanism optimally controls the buffer dynamics of system switches, thereby guaranteeing buffer queue stability, and minimising time-average expected power expenditure, thereby decreasing costs.
A Trade-Off Analysis of Energy Detectors and Partitioned Search for Primary Detection

Cognitive radios aim to coexist in the unused spec­ trum bands which are licensed to primary users without harming the primary transmission/reception. For a cognitive radio, it is important to detect the band in which the primary is operating as fast as possible and with high reliability in order to adapt its transmission. In this work, we propose P-partitioning method in combination with energy detectors for the search of the band that the primary user is operating. In the P-partitioning method, the spectrum bands are categorized into P groups and the group that the primary band belongs to is detected in a recursive fashion. The energy detector operates on each group and the test statistics is the total energy received in the bands belonging to the group. The proposed search technique has detection time P logP (N), where N is the number of bands in the spectrum. When P = N , the proposed scheme is equivalent to linear search with detection time N . We study the performance of the proposed scheme for a single non-cooperative radio and also for multiple cooperating radios. For a single cognitive radio, we provide an upper bound on the probability of correct detection which presents two different regimes of operation. In the low SNR regime, although it is counter-intuitive the partitioning improves the probability of detection. This is due an averaging effect when the signal energy in different bands are accumulated to obtain the energy contribution from a group. In the high SNR regime, performance degrades with partitioning. In addition, we observe that user cooperation improves the performance in the high SNR regime.
EXAFS Studies on the Structure of Photoexcited Cyclopentadienylnickelnitrosyl(C5H5NiNO)

The structures of C5H5NiNO in a reversible photochemical reaction were studied via EXAFS, FTIR, and optical absorption spectroscopies. A photoexcited intermediate with distinctively different EXAFS, IR, and optical absorption spectra from those of the ground state molecules was generated upon irradiation using 365 nm light at 20K in a 3- methylpentane solution. The reverse reaction was induced by irradiation with 310 nm light. The EXAFS data analysis has shown a 0.12A elongation of the Ni-N bond and the bending of Ni-N-O in the photoexcited intermediate. Several ZINDO calculations were conducted based on the structures obtained from the EXAFS spectroscopy. These calculations reproduced the changes in the optical spectra and the intramolecular electron transfer in C5H5NiNO.
Changes in Blood Pressure After Various Forms of Therapeutic Massage: A Preliminary Study

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the change in blood pressure (BP) in normotensive and prehypertensive adults resulting from a therapeutic massage, and the factors associated with such changes, including demographic and massage characteristics. Design: settings/location: National University of Health Sciences Massage Therapy Clinic, Lombard, IL. Subjects: The subjects were 150 current adult massage therapy clients with BP lower than 150/95. Interventions: BP was measured before and after a therapeutic massage Outcome measures: Change in BP and potential associated factors such as type of massage, duration of massage, specific body area massaged, amount of massage pressure, and demographic characteristics were studied. Results: Overall, systolic BP decreased by 1.8 mm Hg and diastolic BP increased by 0.1 mm Hg. Demographic factors associated with BP decrease included younger age (p = 0.01) and taller stature (p = 0.09). Type of massage was associated with change in BP: Swedish massa...
Comparison of Methods for Predicting Safe Parameters for Welding Onto In-Service Pipelines

When welding onto an in-service pipeline, to facilitate a repair or to install a branch connection using the “hot tapping” technique, there are two risks that need to be considered. The first is the risk of burnthrough, where the welding arc causes the pipe wall to be penetrated allowing the contents to escape. The second is the risk of hydrogen cracking that arises from the fast cooling rates that tend to be produced by the ability of the flowing contents to remove heat from the pipe wall. Various methods exist for predicting safe welding parameters for welding onto in-service pipelines with regard to the risk of both burnthrough and hydrogen cracking. This paper reviews these methods and presents a comparison of the results for a typical in-service welding application.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Putting Atoms and Molecules into Chemically Opened Fullerenes

We studied Ar, Kr, CO, and N2 going into and out of a chemically opened fullerene, 1. We measured the equilibrium constant, Keq, for the formation of X@1. Keq is particularly large for Ar, probably due to the large van der Waals attraction between the Ar atom and the fullerene cage. We measured rate constants and activation energies for the unimolecular reaction X@1→X + 1 (X = Ar, CO, N2). The reactions show an unusually small pre-exponential factor, probably due to the loose binding of X inside the cage.
Photo-Optical Data Acquisition In Biomedical Research

Biomedical data acquisition problems normally involve complex multi-dimensional phenomena. Research efforts in particular often require the specification of apparently subjective considerations in terms of multiple objective events. Description of routine x-ray images in rational terms, suitable for mechanized data processing, presents substantial problems of technique and logic. These problems must be overcome if effective data reduction techniques are to be developed.© (1970) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Tale of Two Cities: San Francisco and "Gomorrah" in Biblical Allusion and Unestimated Prophecy

This article examines the song "Gomorrah" and its central motif of "don't look back" as reflective of the culture and era in which it was first written and later recorded. Through an analysis of its literary structure, the song reveals an enduring message not commonly associated with Lot in the Bible. Rather, "Gomorrah" speaks of San Francisco in the 1970s and the struggles of two of its prominent institutions: the Grateful Dead and the LGBT movement.
Use of foraging racks and shavings as enrichment tools for groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Searching for and processing food are important activities of free-ranging primates. In contrast, captive primates spend little time foraging. Their food is readily available, easily obtained, and can be consumed quickly. The present study compared the use of foraging racks and a shavings substrate as two manipulations used to alter feeding behavior in nonhuman primates. Each method was tested in between two baseline periods (no racks or shavings present). Behavioral data were collected using a 30-sec scan sampling procedure for 1 hr during the feeding period. Both the rack conditions and the shavings condition decreased passive feeding behavior in the subjects. The use of racks also resulted in increased cage usage, activity, and movement, and decreased social proximity; the use of shavings resulted in decreased agonism. This study suggests that foraging racks and shavings are useful devices for environmental enrichment. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanical behavior and swelling of tube scale from a pressurized water reactor steam generator using miniature specimens

Abstract Flakes consisting primarily of iron oxide (magnetite) have been discovered in the spaces between tubes and support plates in steam generators, increasing flow resistance and causing abnormal increases in water levels. To determine the effects of tube scale on steam generators and to study the fracture and swelling behavior of the flakes, this investigation measured the elastic modulus, fracture stress, and swelling of scale from the steam generator of the Oconee-2 pressurized water reactor (PWR). Evidence indicates that the mechanical behavior response of the flakes is quite complex. The flakes are composed of multiple layers, each of which exhibits a different mechanical behavior. The fracture stress of the strongest flake materials tested was in the range of 117 to 165 MPa (17 to 24 ksi). Thin, single-layered specimens exhibited moduli in the range of 137880 to 227502 MPa (20 to 33 × 10 6 psi) and layered specimens from 48258 to 86175 MPa (7.0 to 12.5 × 10 6 psi) at room temperature. There does not appear to be a substantial change in the range of stresses measured at elevated temperatures.
Modeling Asphalt Oxidation in Pavement With Field Validation

A model for asphalt oxidation in pavement was developed based on fundamentals of oxygen diffusion in the mastic and reaction with asphalt. Diffusion depth, a concept different from the conventional film thickness, defined the oxygen diffusion region in the mastic. A field calibration factor accounted for the factors not considered in the model such as the effect of small aggregate particles on oxygen diffusion. Carbonyl area and viscosity of binders recovered from field cores were measured and were used for model calibration and validation. Results demonstrated that the proposed model estimates carbonyl growth over time in pavement, layer by layer, quite well.
Predictors of decision-making style among cancer patients: An empirical test of theory

Abstract Patient decision-making has been shown to be far from data-driven which results in serious consequences for physical health and psychological well-being. Cancer patients were found to have made their medical decisions in four ways: information-seeking, information-processing, advice-following, and ruminating. These four ways represent two routes of cognitive processing. The first two exemplify central route processing and the second two exemplify peripheral route processing. Medical decisions have also been shown to be highly influencable based on message presentation. This study represents the first step in applying social influence theory to medical decision-making. The elaboration likelihood model was used to determine whether the variables shown to have influenced routes of processing could predict which decisional style the cancer patients used. Specifically, the elaboration likelihood model of Petty and Cacioppo (1986) was applied as predictors of decisional processing style. Using a discri...
Channel-coupling array analysis of electron correlation in H 3 +

The three-center, two-electron molecular ion H/sub 3/ /sup +/ has been studied using the channel-coupling array theory of n-particle scattering. The aim has been to determine how well the simplest approximations to the theory can handle electron correlation in a well-studied, three-center system. Two sets of approximate calculations of the ground-state energy of H/sub 3/ /sup +/ are described. In the first, a channel-truncation approximation was used to yield a set of three coupled equations involving the three H/sub 2/+H/sup +/ channels. The channel-component wave functions were then approximated by hydrogenic 1s states; both the energy and equilibrium separation were poor. For the second set, a technique was developed in which the H/sub 2/ cluster in each of the preceding H/sub 2/+H/sup +/ channels was subpartitioned into an H + H subchannel. The use of hydrogenic 1s states for the H + H subchannel components yielded much more accurate results: E(R = 1.67a/sub 0/) = -1.307 a.u., compared to a valence-bond calculation with 1s states E(R = 1.66a/sub 0/) = -1.298 a.u. As in previous calculations of this type, the results were obtained with relative computational ease.
Hematocrit Effect in Bilateral Subdural Hematomas

A 72-year-old woman with a history of advanced dementia, diabetes, and hypertension developed worsening somnolence and headache after a mechanical fall four days prior to presentation. A CT scan of the head showed bilateral subdural hematomas with a “hematocrit effect" (Fig. 1). The “hematocrit effect” is a blood-plasma level seen with acute re-bleeding into an older subdural blood collection.1 As hematomas age, they transition over a period of 3 weeks from a hyperdense (bright on CT) to a hypodense (dark on CT) state.2 In the chronic phase, hemoglobin and protein have broken down, cellular elements have disintegrated, and a collection of serous fluid remains in the subdural space. With re-bleeding, the denser cellular blood (bright on CT) will layer inferiorly to the chronic serous fluid (dark on CT) in the supine patient.3 The patient underwent uneventful, bilateral burr hole drainage of the subdural hematomas. Her mental status returned to baseline, and she was transferred to a skilled nursing facility for further care. Figure 1. CT scan of the head showing the "hematocrit effect".
Modernization, Stratification and Elite Development in Hungary

The reforms which were instituted in Hungary in the 1960s, and which were aimed at solving the problem of economic stagnation, have resulted in changes in both social stratification and the composition of the political elite. The high level, of social mobility which was characteristic of the earlier "mobilization" phase has given way to an increasing rigidity in the stratification system, and to higher levels in inequality. At the same time, differentiation within the elite stratum has been increasing; relatively separate political, technocratic, intellectual and social elites may now be distinguished, each having a distinct world-view. With the development of these changes, the pattern of conflict in Hungarian society is shifting from an inter-class to intraclass basis. The focus of this paper is the relationship between the modernization process, social stratification, and elite development in Hungary. Modernization is seen as the most basic process, as a consequence of which changes in social stratification and in the configuration of the political elite occur in response to new needs of the overall societal system. At the same time, in contrast to Marxist theory, we contend that each specific phase of modernization may be characterized by specific sets of conditions and causal relationships which affect stratification and the characteristics of the elite. As is true of other East European societies today, Hungary is a land of contrasts. The comments of a young Hungarian sociologist present the picture as follows: Today in Hungary there are no bankers . ., landlords ., starving pariahs . and worker-peasants possessing only one robe. ... At the same time, in Hungary today there are trust-directors and European-famed soccer-players, engineerdeputy-ministers and small shopkeepers . . ., party-secretaries and cooperative farm directors, Catholic priests who are active in the People's Front, American businessmen . . ., and camouflaged prostitutes actively engaged around the most famous hotels, girls working at heavy construction and existing in barracks and hovels at Tiszaszederkeny and students from acting schools who have just returned from a study tour in France . . ., workers from the Angyalfold district who live in brand new apartments they own, and workers from Angyalfold who live in damp basement hovels. There are crowded dormitory rooms and parties in half-lit rooms, construction camps of the Young Communist League and trips abroad, second and
A Stable, Two-Multiplies-per-Cycle Algorithm for Digital Generation of Sinusoids in Real Time

An algorithm for the generation of sinusoids is presented. It is better than other algorithms previously known and used for this purpose, as it is stable and requires only two multiplications per cycle.
Variation of Total and Speciated Arsenic in Commonly Consumed Fish and Seafood

ABSTRACT This article compiles available data and presents an approach for predicting human intakes of inorganic arsenic (Asi), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) from marine, estuarine, and freshwater seafood when only total arsenic (Astot) concentrations are reported. Twenty studies provided data on total arsenic (Astot) and Asi. Mean Asi concentrations were approximately 10 to 20 ng/g wet weight (ww) in freshwater, anadromous, and marine fish, whereas crustaceans and molluscs had mean Asi concentrations of 40 to 50 ng/g ww. Thirteen studies provided data for MMA and DMA. MMA was seldom detected, whereas DMA averaged 10 ng/g ww in freshwater fish, and 45 to 95 ng/g ww in anadromous fish, marine fish, crustaceans, and molluscs. There was little correlation between Astot concentrations and Asi concentrations; however, when only Astot data are available to assess health risks from arsenic in seafood, these data could support conservative, upper end estimates of the percent of Asto...
An Examination of Authority in Social Classification Systems

Champions of social classification praise its flexible and collaborative nature, in contrast to the rigidity and authoritarianism that they see in traditional classificative structures (such as Kroski, 2005; Shirky, 2005c; Merholz, 2004). In the view of these writers, social classification applications such as the photo storage Web site Flickr and the Web bookmarks manager del.icio.us are both democratic, incorporating the participation of all Web users, and emergent, changing rapidly in response to new content. On the other hand, traditional methods for organizing information, particularly those that involve hierarchy, are seen as exclusive, because they may not represent all users’ viewpoints, and imprecise, because they cannot be easily adapted for the rapid pace of content development engendered by Web publishing.
A 160-kilodalton photosystem-I reaction-center complex: low-temperature absorption and EPR spectroscopy of the early electron acceptors

Abstract Treatment of a P700-enriched particle having a Chl P 700 = 7–12 (Ikegami, I. and Katoh, S. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376, 588–592) with Triton X-100, followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded a Photosystem-I reaction-center complex highly purified in both pigment and protein. The 160-kilodalton reaction-center complex contains 10–15 Chl:1 P700:12 atoms each of iron and sulfur, no carotenoids, and no (or little) cytochromes. Some complex can be prepared to contain equal or less 1 Chl b per P700, although it could also be completely removed by further extraction without appreciable change of the Chl a P 700 ratio. This PS-I reaction center, when appropriately redox-posied, is fully photochemically active at room and cryogenic temperatures. At room temperature, P700 could be oxidized by ferricyanide and re-reduced by excess ascorbate. In the complex containing dithionite at pH 10, intense illumination followed by freeze-trapping in the dark resulted in an absorption increase at 686 nm and some weak bleachings at 440 and 420 nm. These changes are attributed to possibly a contribution from the photoreduction of the secondary electron acceptor A2 or X, as well as an electrochromic shift in the neighboring chlorophyll molecules. Extended illumination of the complex containing dithionite at approx. −40°C produced absorbance decreases at 670, 440 and 420 nm and an appearance of a 14 G-wide EPR signal at g = 2.0, indicating photoaccumulation of the reduced primary electron acceptor A−1. When this same sample was briefly thawed and then refrozen, the difference absorption spectrum and the 14 G-wide free-radical EPR signal attributed to A1 reduction disappeared. Accompanying the reduction of A2 (or X), additional absorbance decreases at 650 and 468 nm and an absorbance increase at 527 nm were observed, which could be accounted for by photoreduction of the chlorophyll-b molecule remaining in the complex.