cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of A Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker for 380V DC Distribution System

Design and operation of a hybrid DC circuit breaker for 380V DC distribution system is presented in this work. A hybrid DC circuit breaker offers reduced on-state loss compared to its full solid-state alternative while ensuring arc-free, fast current interruption. Power electronic converters’ current limiting capability during overload in a DC distribution system can be leveraged to accommodate slow response time of mechanical switch compared to its solid-state counterpart to increase system efficiency during normal operation. A hybrid circuit breaker for a 380V/10kW system, along with its control and device thermal models, is implemented in PLECS. Operational and thermal simulation results are provided to validate safe breaker operation. Additionally, a compact hybrid DC circuit breaker design is presented and a prototype has been fabricated. Performance of the constructed hybrid DC circuit breaker has been evaluated experimentally for a scaled down 380V/5kW DC system to demonstrate very low on-state loss and arc-free current interruption.
Relative Late Gestational Muscle and Adipose Thickness Reflect the Amount of Mobilization of These Tissues in Periparturient Dairy Cattle

Due to insufficient dry matter intake and heightened nutrient requirements in early lactation, periparturient dairy cows mobilize adipose and muscle tissues to bridge energy and amino acid gaps, respectively. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between the relative muscle thickness of late pregnant cows and their early lactation performance. At 35 d before expected calving (BEC), longissimus dorsi muscle thickness (LDT) was measured in forty-one multiparous Holstein cows via ultrasound. Tissue mobilization was evaluated via ultrasound images of LDT and backfat thickness (BFT) at 21 and 7 d BEC as well as at 0, 10, 30, and 60 DIM. Plasma concentrations of 3-methylhistidine (3-MH), creatinine (CRE), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were evaluated weekly. Milk yield and milk component data were collected through 60 DIM. Cattle were assigned post hoc to high-muscle (HM; n = 20; LDT > 4.49 cm) or low-muscle (LM; n = 21; ≤4.37 cm) groups, with mean LDT at 35 d BEC greater in HM (5.05 ± 0.49) than in LM (3.52 ± 0.65) animals. Between 35 and 21 d BEC, LM cows gained LDT, whereas HM cows gained BFT. HM cows mobilized more muscle from 21 d BEC to 30 DIM, as reflected by a greater loss of LDT, greater 3-MH concentrations (532 vs. 438 ± 30 ng/mL), and a greater 3-MH:CRE ratio (0.164 vs. 0.131 ± 0.008) in the first three weeks postpartum. The LDT and BFT at 21 d BEC were related to the amount of respective tissue mobilized through 30 DIM (R2 = 0.37 and 0.88, respectively). Although calves born to HM cattle were larger (45.2 vs. 41.8 ± 0.7 kg), HM cows produced less milk (38.8 vs. 41.6 ± 0.8 kg/d) with a tendency towards higher fat content (4.33 vs. 4.05 ± 0.12%), likely related to the mobilization of more backfat from 0 to 60 DIM (1.78 vs. 0.68 ± 0.34 mm), compared to LM cattle. These findings suggest that a cow's metabolic status, as measured by LDT and BFT prepartum, may influence the metabolic strategy the animal uses to meet energy and amino acid requirements in late gestation and early lactation.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IN THE NATIONAL DEFENSE PROGRAM

Excerpt Today it is acknowledged that military mobilization and expansion are impossible without industrial mobilization and expansion. We know that steps to perfect the Nation's industrial mobiliz...
Increased Oxidative Stress and Vascular Aging by Zinc Deficiency in Mice

Zinc is an essential micronutrient largely recognized by its structural role in enzymes and transcription factors and more recently in signal transduction. Dietary zinc promotes beneficial effects and its deficiency is associated with diverse diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases by incompletely understood mechanisms. Using ApoE KO mice fed zinc deficient (3 ppm zinc), zinc adequate (80 ppm zinc) and zinc supplemented (300 ppm zinc) diets, we found that zinc deficiency accelerates senescence, a hallmark of mammalian aging, which is associated with the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. In contrast, zinc supplementation ameliorates the increase in senescence induced by Angiotensin II (Ang II), a strong stimulator of vascular aging and disease. Ang II as well as zinc deficiency decreased the expression of the zinc transporters ZnT3, which work to reduce cytosolic zinc levels. Using aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro, we found that ZnT3 downregulatio...
Plasma cell densities and glomerular filtration rates predict renal allograft outcomes following acute rejection

The contribution of T cells and graft-reactive antibodies to acute allograft rejection is widely accepted but the role of graft-infiltrating B and plasma cells is controversial. We examined 56 consecutive human renal transplant biopsies classified by Banff schema into T cell-mediated (N=21), antibody-mediated (N=18) and mixed (N=17) acute rejection, using standard immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD20, CD138, and CD45. In a predominantly African-American population (75%), neither Banff classification nor C4d deposition predicted the return to dialysis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed CD3+ T cells as the dominant cell type, followed by CD20+ B cells and CD138+ plasma cells in all acute rejection types. Using univariate Cox Proportional Hazard analysis, plasma cell density significantly predicted graft failure while B cell density trended towards significance. Surprisingly T cell density did not predict graft failure. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at diagnosis of acute rejection also predicted graft failure, while baseline eGFR ≥6 months prior to biopsy did not. Using multivariate analysis, a model including eGFR at biopsy and plasma cell density was most predictive of graft loss. These observations suggest that plasma cells may be a critical mediator and/or an independently sensitive marker of steroid-resistant acute rejection.
New (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear equations with KdV equation constituting its main part: multiple soliton solutions

In thiswork,we present two new(3+1)-dimensional nonlinear equationswith Korteweg-de Vries equation constituting its main part. We show that the dispersive relation is distinct for each model, whereas the phase shift remains the same. We determine multiple solitons solutions, with distinct physical structures, for each established equation. The architectures of the simplified Hirota's method is implemented in this paper. The constraint conditions that fall out which must remain valid in order for themultiple solitons to exist are derived.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching About Intractable Conflicts: An Approach to Peace and Conflict Studies

The literature shows that study abroad provides students with the opportunity for self reflection, increases resistance to stereotyping, develops open-mindedness and intercultural communication skills by facilitating understanding of the Other’s perspectives and values, and promotes tolerance and respect for peoples of different cultures and values. However, in the case of entrenched conflicts – such as Israel-Palestine and Turkey-Armenia – study abroad programs that visit only one “side” risk distorting the political and historical tensions, thus serving to strengthen in-group ties and out-group exclusion instead of promoting all the pluralistic benefits described above What would a study abroad program to places of entrenched conflict that promotes greater cultural understanding and peaceful co-existence look like? In this paper, we examine one experiential educational program – the Olive Tree Initiative (OTI) at the University of California. OTI is a diverse student, faculty and community initiative promoting dialogue and understanding about intractable conflicts conflict through experiential learning in the region. We discuss how the students, faculty and community members who are part of OTI at UCI created a model of experiential learning adapted to entrenched conflicts – in particular Israel-Palestine and Turkey-Armenia, but potentially adaptable to other conflict areas. We briefly discuss the emergence of OTI, delineate the three pillars of OTI’s educational philosophy – dialogue promotion, narrative appreciation, and leadership development, and engage some of the challenges faced by this initiative as it continues to evolve. The over-aching goal of this paper is to introduce OTI as the model for an experiential learning program that provides the educational grounding for students to have informed and constructive discussions related to intractable conflicts, and empower student leaders to create the context for future greater cultural understanding and peaceful coexistence.
Towards finding valuable topics

Enterprises depend on their information workers finding valuable information to be productive. However, existing enterprise search and recommendation systems can exploit few studies on the correlation between information content and information workers’ productivity. In this paper, we combine content, social network and revenue analysis to identify computational metrics for finding valuable information content in people’s electronic communications within a large-scale enterprise. Specifically, we focus on two questions: (1) how are the topics extracted from such content correlate with information workers’ performance? and (2) how to find valuable topics with potentially high impact on employee performance? For the first question, we associate the topics with the corresponding workers’ productivity measured by the revenue they generate. This allows us to evaluate the topics’ influence on productivity. We further verify that the derived topic values are consistent with human assessor subjective evaluation. For the second question, we identify and evaluate a set of significant factors including both content and social network factors. In particular, the social network factors are better in filtering out low-value topics, while content factors are more effective in selecting a few top high-value topics. In addition, we demonstrate that a Support Vector regression model that combines the factors can already effectively find valuable topics. We believe that our results provide significant insights towards scientific advances to find valuable information.
The Needles-in-Haystack Problem

We consider a new problem of detecting members of a rare class of data, the needles, which have been hidden in a set of records, the haystack. The only information regarding the characterization of the rare class is a single instance of a needle. It is assumed that members of the needle class are similar to each other according to an unknown needle characterization. The goal is to find the needle records hidden in the haystack. This paper describes an algorithm for that task and applies it to several example cases.
Preliminary results on grasping with vision and touch

This paper presents initial results in integrating touch with vision for delicate manipulation tasks. A generalizable framework of behavioral primitives for tactile and visual feedback control is proposed. Since vision provides position and shape information at a distance, while tactile provides small-scale geometric and force information, we focus on the complimentary roles of vision and touch. We demonstrate that visual feedback can perform the rough positioning needed for tactile sensor feedback, and that grasp force and object orientation can be sensed and controlled with tactile sensing. A force sensor based approach provides a comparison measure, and we observe that the use of tactile sensing results in a more gentle grasp.
The MILLER banding procedure as a treatment alternative for dialysis access steal syndrome: a single institutional experience.

Abstract Objective To describe a single institutional experience with minimally invasive limited ligation endoluminal-assisted revision (MILLER) for treatment of dialysis access steal syndrome (DASS). Materials and Methods Twenty patients were retrospectively identified that underwent 30 MILLER band procedures for DASS at our institution from March 2010 to December 2014. Technical success was defined by successful creation of MILLER band with preservation of flow for hemodialysis. Clinical success was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms with preservation of dialysis access in a 1-month postprocedural period. Primary MILLER band patency, postintervention-assisted primary access patency, and postprocedure secondary access patency are reported. Results Technical success was achieved in all patients. Clinical success was achieved in 75% of patients after one banding procedure and in 95% of patients after two banding procedures. One patient experienced access thrombosis following the initial banding procedure which was subsequently treated and did not lead to loss of access. MILLER band patency was 83% at 1 month and 77% at 6 months. Postintervention-assisted primary patency was 95%, 93%, and 92% at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, respectively. Postintervention secondary patency was 86%, 68%, and 59% at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, respectively. Conclusions MILLER banding offers a less-invasive alternative to surgical therapy that appears to be safe and permits preservation of dialysis access.
Opportunity-based deficit round robin: a novel packet scheduling strategy for wireless networks

This paper proposes a simple, fair and efficient scheduler for wireless networks called opportunity-based deficit round robin (ODRR). In most schedulers proposed for wireless networks, when a flow encounters errors and uses the allocated resource inefficiently, it is compensated with a larger allocation at a later time to ensure fairness in the number of bytes transmitted successfully. The ODRR scheduler, on the other hand, is based on the premise that fairness should be ensured in the opportunity given to the flows in the use of a resource, and not in the actual benefit received by the flows from the use of a resource. This strategy leads to a significantly more efficient use of the available resources in the system. The ODRR scheduler is versatile enough for use in allocating resources other than bandwidth, and in fact, may also be used in very different contexts such as in an ATM Internet backbone carrying IP packets and in wormhole switches popular in system area networks.
Evaluation of triadimenol seed treatment for early season control of tan spot, powdery mildew, spot blotch and Septoria nodorum spot on spring wheat

Abstract Triadimenol seed treatment was evaluated for control of early infections of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cultivars Max and Sinton) by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (causal fungus of tan spot), Erysaphe graminis f. sp. tritici (causal fungus of powdery mildew), Leptosphaeria nodorum (causal fungus of Septoria nodorum spot), and Cochliobolus sativus (causal fungus of spot blotch). In controlled environment studies, triadimenol seed treatment controlled both tan spot and powdery mildew up to 20–30 days and 40–50 days after sowing, respectively. However, triadimenol seed treatment provided no control of early infection by airborne inoculum of L. nodorum and C. sativus . Powdery mildew-resistant cv. Max was completely free of symptoms or signs of E. graminis f. sp. tritici . In field experiments, triadimenol seed treatment controlled early development of tan spot and powdery mildew for 5 and 10 days longer, respectively, than in controlled environment studies. Control of both diseases in cv. Sinton and tan spot control in cv. Max resulted in yield increases of approximately 20% and 15%, respectively, at two different field locations.
Conductive low impurity diamond for solar wind collection

Abstract The primary objective of NASA's Genesis Discovery Mission was to obtain accurate data on the isotopic composition of the solar wind, particularly with respect to oxygen isotopes. CVD diamond provides an ideal collector material for a number of reasons: first, it can be made ultra-pure with respect to nitrogen and oxygen; secondly, once ions are implanted in the diamond lattice, little diffusion occurs within the bulk; thirdly, a large surface area can be obtained; and finally, synthetic diamond can be enriched with carbon-13, which is critical for the analytical differentiation of the oxygen isotopes. The major drawback associated with CVD diamond is its inherently high resistivity. Boron is typically added to the diamond growth environment in order to increase the conductivity; however, Genesis Mission specifications eliminated this option. Instead, reactor conditions were manipulated to introduce small amounts of sp 2 -bonded carbon, which allowed the resistivity specifications for the mission to be met.
How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system

The filoviruses Ebola and Marburg use several different and effective mechanisms to both evade and battle the immune system. This Review explores recent findings in the filovirus–host-defence clash, and highlights the crucial areas in which additional research is necessary. The filoviruses Ebola and Marburg have emerged in the past decade from relative obscurity to serve now as archetypes for some of the more intriguing and daunting challenges posed by such agents. Public imagination is captured by deadly outbreaks of these viruses and reinforced by the specter of bioterrorism. As research on these agents has accelerated, it has been found increasingly that filoviruses use a combination of familiar and apparently new ways to baffle and battle the immune system. Filoviruses have provided thereby a new lens through which to examine the immune system itself.
In-service Degradation and Life Prediction of Coatings for Advanced Land-based Gas Turbine Buckets

In-service degradation mechanisms of over-aluminized MCrAlY duplex coatings have been determined by evaluating two long-term service-run blades. Cyclic oxidation tests were also conducted to characterize the degradation of the duplex coatings, GT29+ and GT33+. The results show that degradation of duplex coatings is manifested by the formation of oxide scale, the transformation of β-phase into γ, the coarsening of β-phase particles in the MCrAlY coating, and the enlargement of the interdiffusion zone. Considering all of the degradation mechanisms observed in these service-run coated buckets, a coating life prediction model, developed under an EPRI-funded program, was used to estimate the life of GT29+ and GT33+ coatings. A comparison of the model calculations and experimental data indicated that, conservatively, the useful life of duplex coatings can be predicted solely based on the Al content in the top aluminide coating. The predicted value of the coating life is increased by a factor of 1.4 to 2 if MCrAlY is included in the lifetime estimation.
INDUCTION OF FLOWERING IN LEMNA MINOR BY EDDHA

SUMMARY The effect of EDDHA (ethylenediamine-di-o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) on growth and flowering of Lemna minor cultured in M-medium was investigated. It was observed that inclusion of this compound induced flowering in this plant. The maximum flowering was observed in a medium supplemented with 15 ppm of this metal chelate. Endogenous copper analysis of flowering and non-flowering plants demonstrated 45–65% less copper in flowering plants, thereby indicating the role of copper in the flowering of L. minor.
In vitro induction, expression and selection of thioguanine-resistant mutants with human T-lymphocytes.

Abstract Conditions have been defined to measure the in vitro induction of mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase ( hprt ) locus in human T-lymphocytes by a cell cloning assay. The in vitro growth of mass cultures as well as cell cloning is accomplished by the use of crude T-cell growth factor (TCGF) and irradiated human lymphoblastoid feeder cells. These initial studies employed irradiation of G 0 phase peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a single individual. After explosure to γ-irradiation from a 137 Cs source, the cells were stimulated with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and maintained in exponential growth with exogenous TCGF to allow phenotypic expression of the 6-thioguanine-resistant (TG r ) mutants. The mutant frequency was determined by measuring cell cloning efficiency in microtiter dishes in the absence and presence of TG, with an optimal selection density of 1 × 10 4 cells/well. The development of this in vitro assay should allow direct study of susceptibility to γ-irradiation in the human population in terms of both cytotoxicity and mutation induction.
Molecular analysis of the aidD6::Mu d1 (bla lac) fusion mutation of Escherichia coli K12.

In this report we present genetic and biochemical evidence indicating that the aidD6: : Mu dl (bla lac) fusion is an insertion of Mu dl (bla lac) into the alkB coding sequence. We describe the phenotypic effects resulting from this mutation and compare them with the effects of alkB22, alkA and ada mutations. We also constructed an alkAalkB double mutant and compared its phenotype with that of the single mutant strains. The observation that the methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) resistance of the double mutant is approximately at the level predicted from the additive sensitivity of each of the single mutants suggests that these two gene products act in different pathways of DNA repair.
Perforating curling's ulcer—a rare but lethal complication

Abstract During the last 14 years 8 of 2700 burn patients (0–3 per cent) at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center developed perforated Curling's ulcer. Seven of the 8 patients expired, representing 2 1 per cent of the 328 deaths during that period. All patients were septic. Five of the 8 were operated upon and one of these survived. The incidence of all complications from Curling's ulcer has been markedly decreased by widespread use of prophylactic antacid therapy and hyperalimentation by tube feeding. Only 1 of the 8 patients was receiving antacid therapy at the time of perforation.
A control oriented charge mixing and hcci combustion model for internal combustion engines

This paper describes a control-oriented charge mixing and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion model, where the in-cylinder charge is divided into the well-mixed and unmixed zones as the result of charge mixing. Simplified fluid dynamics is used to predict the residual gas fraction at the intake valve closing, which defines the size of the unmixed zone, during real-time simulations. The unmixed zone size not only determines how well the in-cylinder charge is mixed, which affects the start of HCCI combustion, the peak in-cylinder pressure and also the temperature during the combustion process. The developed model was validated in the HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) simulation environment. The HIL simulation results show that the proposed charge mixing and HCCI combustion model provides better agreement with these of the corresponding GT-Power than the previously developed one-zone model.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Correlation to predict solubility of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in heavy paraffins

Abstract The Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reactor and hydrocracker, which are important elements of a synthetic liquid fuel process, are multi-phase reactors having gas–solid–liquid reactions involving H2 and/or CO. To predict the reactor performance, it is therefore important for simulation models used in the techno-economic or feasibility studies of such processes to accurately capture the solubility of H2 and CO in the reactant–product mixture. This poses challenges in terms of the asymmetric nature of the mixture and accurate characterization of the components involved. Using solubility experimental data and validated component characterization equations from literature, correlations to determine the Peng–Robinson binary interaction parameters and hence, predict the solubility of H2 and CO are presented. These binary interaction parameter correlations are expressed as a function of the solvent carbon number and temperature.
Intelligent Polyelectrolytes and Gels in Oral Drug Delivery

The present review concerns smart, or intelligent polymers for oral administration that change conformation in aqueous solutions in response to external stimuli such as pH or temperature. We concentrate on charged polymers and gels with polyelectrolyte properties. Because of the ionization at a certain pH or in response to changes in the ionic composition of the solution, a polyelectrolyte has better chances of displaying smart properties than a neutral polymer. When such smart polyelectrolyte is cross-linked by covalent or hydrogen bonding and/or physical aggregation or is entangled, it forms an environmentally sensitive gel capable of swelling and collapse in an aqueous medium. Varying pH, temperature, and microbial flora are found in the gastrointestinal tract, and thus pH- sensitive polymers and gels that can be degraded by specific enzymes and/or inhibit proteolytic enzymes can be tailored for the efficient site-specific therapy. Smart polymers wield a lot of promise in the targeted, site-specific administration where they can provide advantages in loading of sensitive drugs such as proteins and peptides, while releasing the drug at a specific pH or in response to the presence of certain microbial flora.
3411 Endoscopy in those who require long term anticoagulation.

Patients maintained on anticoagulation (AC) often need endoscopy. Little information is available about this cohort of patients. Aim: To determine the indications, findings, and therapeutic impact of endoscopy in these patients. Methods: Retrospective chart analysis of inpatients undergoing endoscopy while on coumadin or i.v. heparin therapy from 1997 to 1999 was done. Patients who had AC stopped at admission were excluded. Data collected were indication for admission and endoscopy, type of procedures, findings and impact of endoscopy. Results: 86 endoscopies were done in 64 patients who met inclusion criteria. [38 EGD, 30 colonoscopies, 9 enteroscopies, 7 ERCPs, 1 flexible sigmoidoscopy and 1 PEG]. 45 patients (70%) were admitted for a gastrointestinal (GI) diagnosis [GI bleeding (14), elective EGD/colonoscopy (11), for enteroscopy (6) and others (14)]. 19 patients (30%) had non-GI diagnoses [DVT (9), infections (5), atrial fibrillation (2), others (3)]. Indication for AC was prosthetic valves in 20 (31%), atrial fibrillation in 10 (16%), prosthetic valve and atrial fibrillation in 9 (14%), DVT/PE in 21 (33%), and other in 4 (6%). Indication for endoscopy in 40 patients (63%)was bleeding which was significant in 21 [drop in hematocrit or melena]. Other indications were surveillance/screening in 6 (9%), for ERCP: CBD stone/pabnormal LFT/pancreatitis in 7 (11%) and other in 11 (17%). Most common indication in those with prosthetic valves was melena (10/29) and in patients with DVT was heme positive stool (4/20). Of the significant bleeders, 12/21 had prosthetic valves and AVMs were the most common finding (9/21). In patients with prosthetic valves,AVMs were frequently found (9/29 vs 2/35 for other patients, p
The population-environment nexus and vulnerability assessment in Africa

Rapid population growth and associated negative settlement changes, eg hyper-urbanization, as well as environmental degradation have been frequently cited as inextricably linked phenomena which should be of grave concern to natural scientists and sociopolitical policymakers alike. Examples abound from both the popular press as well as serious scientific fields (Repetto and Holmes 1983; Pingali and Biswanger 1984; Blaikie and Unwin 1988; Wisner 1988; Brown 1989; Cleaver and Schreiber 1993 ; Hardin 1993 ; Jazairy et al. 1993 ; White 1993 ; King 1993; Kaplan 1994). In some of this literature, cases from Africa are frequently cited as "worst-case scenarios" that prove the ultimate validity of the "Malthusian nightmare" as a fundamental demographic and consequent environmental security reality that should transcend every analysis of sustainable development or international security trends in the region (Meillassoux et al. 1991; Shaikh and Snrech 1993). Negative events or conditions evident in countries such as Rwanda, Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Liberia, Guinea, Angola, and elsewhere are most frequently cited. The Rwandan case is the most vivid as of summer 1994 (Pagni 1982; Futures Group 1990; Falloux and Talbot 1993; Charlery 1993; Clay 1993; Bart 1993; Clay and Reardon 1994; Honadle et al. 1994). The question I want to explore is the following: Are current situations of political or environmental vulnerability and chaos in Africa better explained by population pressure on resources or are other explanations, or combinations of explanations, equally or more satisfying, eg technology, politics, culture, social disorganization, and so on? Old and New Thinking: a Critique of Malthusianism
Effect of dietary vitamin E upon fluorescent compounds of the rat uterus

Several water soluble and organic solvent soluble fluorescent peaks were observed in extracts of uteri from vitamin E deficient or supplemented rats following Sephadex column chromatography and spectrophotofluorometric analysis. Levels of one of the organic and two of the water soluble fluorescent peaks were found to be significantly higher in the uteri of vitamin E deficient rats than in vitamin E supplemented rats. Some of these fluorescent fractions may contribute to the brown discoloration that is known to occur in the uterus of vitamin E deficient animals.
Regulation of lipolysis in cardiac muscle: A system similar to the hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue

Abstract Evidence has been presented that suggests the presence of a cyclic 3′5′-AMP-sensitive lipase in cardiac muscle. This system appears to be similar to the hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue in that both are activated by catecholamines and glucagon, and the activation of both systems may be inhibited by beta-adrenergic blocking agents and nicotinic acid. The perfused heart system differs from adipose tissue preparations in that insulin has been found to be without anti-lipolytic activity in the heart, although it inhibits activation of lipolysis in adipose tissue.
A soluble form of the first extracellular domain of mouse type 2β corticotropin-releasing factor receptor reveals differential ligand specificity

Abstract The heptahelical receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), CRFR1 and CRFR2, display different specificities for CRF family ligands: CRF and urocortin I bind to CRFR1 with high affinity, whereas urocortin II and III bind to this receptor with very low affinities. In contrast, all the urocortins bind with high affinities, and CRF binds with lower affinity to CRFR2. The first extracellular domain (ECD1) of CRFR1 is important for ligand recognition. Here, we characterize a bacterially expressed soluble protein, ECD1-CRFR2β, corresponding to the ECD1 of mouse CRFR2β. The K i values for binding to ECD1-CRFR2β are: astressin = 10.7 (5.4–21.1) nm, urocortin I = 6.4 (4.7–8.7) nm, urocortin II = 6.9 (5.8–8.3) nm, CRF = 97 (22–430) nm, urocortin III = sauvagine >200 nm. These affinities are similar to those for binding to a chimeric receptor in which the ECD1 of CRFR2β replaces the ECD of the type 1B activin receptor (ALK4). The ECD1-CRFR2β possesses a disulfide arrangement identical to that of the ECD1 of CRFR1, namely Cys45–Cys70, Cys60–Cys103, and Cys84–Cys118. As determined by circular dichroism, ECD1-CRFR2β undergoes conformational changes upon binding astressin. These data reinforce the importance of the ECD1 of CRF receptors for ligand recognition and raise the interesting possibility that different ligands having similar affinity for the full-length receptor may, nevertheless, have different affinities for microdomains of the receptor.
Fixed domain methods for free and moving boundary flows in porous media

A survey is presented concerning fixed domain methods used to solve mathematical models of free and moving boundary flow problems in porous media. These include the following: variational inequality or quasi-variational inequality formulations; general inequality formulations which have been set and solved in fixed domains; and the residual flow procedure. Finally, some parallel computing methods and mesh adaptation methods are discussed to demonstrate how these fixed domain formulations can be solved with current technology.
Clinical diagnosis of isolated subpulmonic (supracristal) ventricular septal defect

Abstract In 7 patients, isolated subpulmonic ventricular septal defect was identified by selective left ventricular angiocardiography and, in 6, confirmed by direct surgical observation. Each of the 7 patients exhibited characteristic auscultatory and phonocardiographic findings signaling the presence of this lesion. The murmur of subpulmonic ventricular septal defect was pansystolic and crescendo-decrescendo in configuration. Maximal intensity appeared in the first and second left intercostal spaces with preferential radiation of the murmur upward toward the left clavicle and jugular notch. The absence of pure right ventricular hypertrophy in the electrocardiogram aided in distinguishing the murmur from that associated with isolated valvular pulmonary stenosis. Selective left ventricular angiocardiography is currently the most valuable clinical modality for positive identification of the subpulmonic ventricular septal defect.
Near infrared spectroscopy describes physiologic payback associated with excess postexercise oxygen consumption in healthy controls and children with complex congenital heart disease.

Exercise creates a physiologic burden with recovery from such effort crucial to adaptation. Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) refers to the body’s increased metabolic need after work. This investigation was designed to determine the role of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the description of exercise recovery in healthy controls (NL) and children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Subjects were recruited with exercise testing performed to exhaustion. Exercise time (EXT), heart rate (HR), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured. Four-site NIRS (brain, kidney, deltoid, and vastus lateralis) were measured during exercise and into recovery to establish trends. Fifty individuals were recruited for each group (NL = 26 boys and 24 girls; CHD = 33 boys and 17 girls). Significant differences existed between EXT, VO2, and peak HR (P < 0.01). NIRS values were examined at four distinct intervals: rest, peak work, and 2 and 5 min after exercise. Significant cerebral hyperemia was seen in children with CHD post exercise when compared to normal individuals in whom redistribution patterns were directed to somatic muscles. These identified trends support an immediate compensation of organ systems to re-establish homeostasis in peripheral beds through enhanced perfusion. Noninvasive NIRS monitoring helps delineate patterns of redistribution associated with EPOC in healthy adolescents and children with CHD.
Repeat tourism, play, and monetary spending

Abstract Tourism is examined as a phenomenon that can be best understood as a form of play. Tourism and resulting economic behavior are examined as stimulus-seeking play that contains distinct stages of exploration, assimilation, and creativity or withdrawal. To exemplify such ideas, the impact of repetition of a given tourist experience on economic spending was determined using data from a large-scale survey of tourism at university level football games at The Pennsylvania State University. This study involved measurement of behaviors and monetary spending of over 1,600 football tourists during a 1-year period. A strong negative association was found between repeat attendance at football games and per game expenditures.
Liposome fluidization and melting point depression by compressed and liquid n-alkanes

Abstract Fluidization and melting point depression of aqueous dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC, Tm ≈ 315 K) liposomes by compressed/supercritical n-alkanes (C2 and C3; 0.8–20.7 MPa) was quantified and compared to fluidization by liquid n-alkanes (C5–C10) using fluorescence anisotropy. The adsorption of ethane and propane into DPPC bilayers resulted in significant depression of the melting temperature (up to ΔTm = −16.2 K at 7.0 MPa ethane and propane). Pressure-dependent fluidization by gaseous n-alkanes (1.8–20.7 MPa) and pressure-induced reversal of this fluidization was observed at temperatures corresponding to gel (295 K) and fluid (333 K) phases at atmospheric pressure. The ability to manipulate the degree of bilayer ordering, melting temperature, and width of the phase transition region is discussed in terms of the n-alkane concentration in the bilayer, effect of n-alkane molecular size, and van’t Hoff enthalpy of the gel–fluid phase transition. The permeability, phase, and solvent properties of the bilayer can be altered with pressurized ethane or propane, which may provide enhanced control for liposome formation and processing.
Fate maps of the zebrafish embryo

In the past few years, we have seen a surge of interest in the zebrafish as a model system for the study of embryonic induction and patterning. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the organization of zebrafish fate maps during early development. Recent advances have addressed the relationship between early cleavage planes and the future dorsal axis, the pattern of cell mixing during blastula and gastrula stages, and the morphogenesis of the trunk neural keel. In addition, refined fate maps have become available for the embryonic shield, the central nervous system, and the heart. In combination with recent advances in molecular and genetic manipulations, these fate maps set the stage for new, more incisive, experimental approaches.
Note on the Absorption Spectra of Pure and Colored Alkali Halide Crystals

The absorption cross section per electron is calculated for ultraviolet radiation in NaCl at the first exciton band, at the exciton series limit, at the $F$-band, and at its series limit. The assumed models lead to qualitative agreement with experimental results. The conclusions are briefly extended to other crystals.
Ultrasonic cavity preparation

Abstract In the short span of three years, the ultrasonic dental instrument has been extensively investigated. Today, it is an instrument advantageous to the patient and dentist. Fortunately, all new developments were made in the expendable Cavitips and the power unit and handpiece remained the same. It is conceivable that additional improvements will follow. Cavity preparation by the ultrasonic method is efficient in relation to the time required, and it is effective in making classical cavity preparations. The greatest advantage of the ultrasonic unit is to the patient. Cavity preparation by this method is practically noiseless, vibrationless, heatless, and is well tolerated without local anesthesia.
Tours of the Community as Part of the Conversation Class.

The Interactive Tour Schema (ITS) is based upon the theory that the artificiality inherent in most conversation class situations is imposed by the classroom setting rather than by any particular method. Accordingly, classes using the ITS approach are freed from the classroom once or twice a week for excursions into the community, where student guides simulate at a historical or cultural site the relationship naturally existing between a guide and the tourists who make use of his or her services. The student guide's talk provides a natural basis for interaction: questioning and discussion involving the entire class, thus improving language skills and fluency. The content of the on-site talk also provides an unstrained means of comparing and contrasting American culture with that of other countries. Using the foreign language in this dynamic setting lends credibility to the concept of language as a tool for living.
Muscle contributions to support and progression during single-limb stance in crouch gait

Pathological movement patterns like crouch gait are characterized by abnormal kinematics and muscle activations that alter how muscles support the body weight during walking. Individual muscles are often the target of interventions to improve crouch gait, yet the roles of individual muscles during crouch gait remain unknown. The goal of this study was to examine how muscles contribute to mass center accelerations and joint angular accelerations during single-limb stance in crouch gait, and compare these contributions to unimpaired gait. Subject-specific dynamic simulations were created for ten children who walked in a mild crouch gait and had no previous surgeries. The simulations were analyzed to determine the acceleration of the mass center and angular accelerations of the hip, knee, and ankle generated by individual muscles. The results of this analysis indicate that children walking in crouch gait have less passive skeletal support of body weight and utilize substantially higher muscle forces to walk than unimpaired individuals. Crouch gait relies on the same muscles as unimpaired gait to accelerate the mass center upward, including the soleus, vasti, gastrocnemius, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, and gluteus maximus. However, during crouch gait, these muscles are active throughout single-limb stance, in contrast to the modulation of muscle forces seen during single-limb stance in an unimpaired gait. Subjects walking in crouch gait rely more on proximal muscles, including the gluteus medius and hamstrings, to accelerate the mass center forward during single-limb stance than subjects with an unimpaired gait.
Sp-5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-Ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphorothioate is a Potent Stimulus for Insulin Release

The Sp-isomer of 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenz-imidazole-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS) at micromolar concentrations was a more potent stimulus for insulin release than 8-bromo-cyclic (c) AMP in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS increased basal secretion, and potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin release to levels similar to those evoked by glucagon. A ten-fold higher concentration of 8-bromo-cAMP was required to mimic the potentiating effects of Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS. Neither 8-para-chlorophenylthio-cGMP, 8-bromo-cGMP, nor dibutyryl-cGMP affected insulin release. Thus, Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS is a potent and specific stimulus for cAMP-mediated insulin release.
Depth distribution of lipofuscin pigment in cerebral cortex of albino rat.

The proportion of neuron somata occupied by lipofuscin pigments was determined at 20 relative depth levels throughout the depth of cerebral cortex (area 3) through the use of an integrating ocular and application of the Chalkley (1943) „hit” method. The proportion of the neuron soma volume occupied by autofluorescent granules was calculated from the above data. The highest (peak) values were observed in lamina Vb (23%-aged, 13%-middle age, and 6%-young adult). Mean values for the entire depth of cortex increased from 3% in 100 day rats to 6% in 400 days and 13% at 630–700 days. Theproportional increase in the relative volume of cell soma occupied by lipofuscin pigment from young adulthood to old age was greatest in lamina III, followed closely by lamina II. Ultrastructural studies of neurons in lamina V of cerebral cortical area 3 of young adult (150 day) and very aged (1200 day) albino rats revealed that electron-dense pigment bodies in neuron somata tended to increase in amount and size with increase in age of the animals. These changes were accompanied by changes in gross configurations and internal structure of the pigment bodies and a tendency to congregate in groups within the perikarya. Similar changes, although more variable, were observed in pigment accumulation within perineuronal glial cells.
Twist Viscosity of a Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polysiloxane Dissolved in a Tumbling Nematic Solvent

The dynamics of the twist distortion was characterized by electric-field-dependent dynamic light scattering (EFDLS) for a dilute solution of a side-chain liquid crystalline polysiloxane (SCLCP) dis...
Nuclear roundness factor. A predictor of progression in untreated Stage A2 prostate cancer

A measurement of nuclear roundness involving computer-assisted image analysis of histologic specimens was used to predict the prognosis of 19 patients with Stage A2 prostate cancer. This technique accurately identified those tumors that clinically progressed without treatment and those that did not, in contrast to the Gleason grading system, which produced significant prognostic overlap. What separated most of these tumors was the quantification and degree of irregularity of a relatively small subpopulation of cancer nuclei among a majority of rounder nuclei. There are currently several practical limitations in the use of this method, but with improvements in technique and in methods of obtaining tissue, computerized image analysis of nuclear shape may become a valuable tool for analyzing prostate cancer in a quantitative manner, thereby providing valuable information relative to the prognosis of the individual patient.
A computer-assisted qualitative data analysis framework for the engineering management domain

In this research, a computer assisted framework was developed to help researchers in conducting qualitative research. This framework leveraged the GATE platform, along with natural language processing and knowledge extraction techniques, to develop an automatic text annotation and summarisation system. A performance model, developed from the literature on lean manufacturing implementation strategies was employed, and a lexicon database for lean implementation practices was also developed. A unique dataset from a previous research study focusing on lean implementation practices was used to conduct this development and testing. A number of different summarisation techniques were developed and tested. A customised sensitivity analysis method was developed and used to systematically perform summarisation algorithms comparisons. The results of this study showed that using this framework at the early stages of a qualitative study has a great potential to reduce the time spent by researchers in annotating large datasets.
Activity of D(–)-β-Hydroxybutyric Dehydrogenase in Scurvy

LITTLE is known of the mechanism underlying the marked, alterations in the structure and metabolism of bones and teeth in scurvy. Various reports indicate that protein synthesis (particularly collagen)1, carbohydrate metabolism2,3 and fatty acid metabolism4 are impaired. Since these processes require energy, we have investigated, with histochemical methods, the activity of a number of dehydrogenases involved in metabolism.
Cluster energetic electron survey of the high-altitude cusp and adjacent regions

[1] A statistical study of the energetic electron population (E > 37 keV) in the high-altitude cusp and surrounding regions is conducted with 7 years of data from the Cluster spacecraft. The progression of Cluster's orbit during this period allows for a wide range of latitude on the dayside magnetosphere to be surveyed. Locations of the spacecraft are adjusted to account for changes in the solar wind and geomagnetic activity measurements. The survey shows (1) frequent presence of energetic electrons within the high latitude trapping region and exterior cusp, (2) energetic electron flux dropping off rapidly with distance from the magnetosphere into the magnetosheath, (3) a similar spectral power law for the electrons in the outer high latitude trapping region as the exterior cusp, and (4) a pitch angle distribution in the cusp peaking at 90°. These findings indicate the energetic electron population on potentially open field lines in the exterior cusp likely is fed by both the high latitude trapping region as well as local acceleration.