cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angle-of-attack estimation for analysis of wind shear encounters

Recent studies of severe wind shear encounters involving wide-body airliners have been based on flight-path wind estimates, made by analyzing digital flight-data-recorder (DFDR) records and radar records. Such estimates require a time history of the aircraft angle of attack, a record that is not usually included in the DFDR measurement set. This paper describes a method for reconstructing angle of attack that utilizes available flight records and aircraft-specific information associated with an aerodynamic model of the lift coefficient. Results from two airliner incidents in which vane measurements of angle of attack were recorded show good agreement between measured and calculated time histories. This research has been performed in cooperation with the National Transportation Board to provide a better understanding of wind shear phenomena.
Simple method to determine the effective conductivity of porous media saturated with a phase changing liquid

Abstract Effective thermal conductivities of porous materials saturated with phase changing liquids, needed for the proper design of, for example, storage type heat exchangers or rectification columns, cannot be computed reliably from models available in the literature. To overcome this drawback a very simple measurement technique was conceived. It can easily be applied by using inexpensive and easy to build test cells. Measurements of heat flows or temperature distributions are not needed. The only requirement is that heat transfer surfaces in contact with thet substance can be changed and maintained at a desired temperature for freezing or melting the phase change material (PCM). Effective thermal conductivity data are listed for different porous metals of different shape and porosity, and saturated with water (ice). It can be assumed that these data are accurate because the thermal conductivities of pure solid or liquid PCM were measured accurately. Some quality criteria are introduced which will be helpful in the proper desin of latent energy stores.
Oxytocin in Dry Period Inhibits Lactation

Abstract Twice-daily intravenous injections of 5 IU oxytocin were given to 11 Holstein cows, beginning 14 days after they were dried off and after their milk secretion was stopped. In comparison with 11 suitably paired untreated cows, the oxytocin treatments caused a significantly (P
Low threshold interband cascade lasers operating above room temperature

Mid-IR type-II interband cascade lasers were demonstrated in pulsed mode at temperatures up to 325 K and in continuous mode up to 200 K. At 80 K, the threshold current density was 8.9 A/cm2 and a cw outpout power of ~140 mW/facet was obtained.
Preliminary system concepts for MODIS - A moderate resolution imaging spectrometer for EOS

Plans are underway at NASA Goddard to develop a moderate-resolution (0.5-1.0-km) imaging spectrometer with 104 spectral bands in the range from 0.4 to 14.2 microns for use as a NASA facility aboard the Space Station Earth Observation System. Science requirements call for the system to image the earth's surface every 2 d for a period of 10 yr, using two electrooptic sensors. MODIS-T (tilt) has 64 10-nm-wide channels in the 400-1000-nm range. The system has 5-cm-diameter optics, scans + or - 45 deg, and can be pointed + or - 60 deg along track. Calculated S/N is in excess of 800:1 near 400 nm. MODIS-N (nadir) scans + or - 45 deg about nadir with 12 500-m- and 28 1000-m-resolution channels, including two polarization channels and 14 thermal-IR channels. With 20-cm-diameter optics the calculated S/N of the majority of the reflected solar bands is over 1000:1. NETD values for the thermal bands are on the order of 0.1-0.2 K at 300 K. Combined MODIS-T and MODIS-N data rates are 8.3 Mb/s in daylight and 1.5 Mb/s at night, resulting in a total of 360 Gb/d.
Benzopyrans are selective estrogen receptor beta agonists with novel activity in models of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Benzopyran selective estrogen receptor beta agonist-1 (SERBA-1) shows potent, selective binding and agonist function in estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in vitro assays. X-ray crystal structures of SERBA-1 in ERα and β help explain observed β-selectivity of this ligand. SERBA-1 in vivo demonstrates involution of the ventral prostate in CD-1 mice (ERβ effect), while having no effect on gonadal hormone levels (ERα effect) at 10× the efficacious dose, consistent with in vitro properties of this molecule.
An Objective Comparison of Applied Behavior Analysis and Organizational Behavior Management Research

Abstract This paper presents an objective review, analysis, and comparison of empirical studies targeting the behavior of adults published in Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA)and Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM)between 1997 and 2001. The purpose of the comparisons was to identify similarities and differences with respect to research topics and methodologies that appeared in the studies reviewed. Based on these comparisons, suggestions were made regarding what organi zational behavior management (OBM) researchers and practitioners can learn from applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Role of cations in the catalysis of thermostable pectinmethylesterase extracted from Marsh grapefruit pulp.

The de-esterification of high methoxyl pectin by thermostable pectinmethylesterase (TS-PME) from Marsh grapefruit was studied at pH 7.5, in a temperature range between 25° and 50 °C and in the presence of various cations. Arrhenius plots were constructed for CaCl2 (5 to 20 mM), SrCl2 (5 to 20 mM), and spermidine (2.5 to 10 mM) added reactions. Enthalpy (ΔH⧧) and entropy (ΔS⧧) of activation changed with cation type and concentration. The presence of cations modified the free energy of the resulting enzyme/substrate complex. The entropy of activation was positive at all concentrations of CaCl2 studied, and negative in the same concentration range with SrCl2. Reactions with spermidine showed negative entropy of activation at concentrations <5 mM and positive values of entropy at higher concentrations. Keywords: Catalysis; pectinmethylesterase; kinetic parameters
Current Status and Future Plans for Undergraduate Public/Community Health Education Program Accreditation

Abstract Background: Quality assurance in health education professional preparation has long been a goal of the profession. A comprehensive coordinated accreditation process for graduate and undergraduate health education has been recommended. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the current status of, and future plans for, accreditation/approval of professional preparation programs in community health education. Methods: A web-based survey was sent to 93 programs chairs or coordinators listed in American Association for Health Education (AAHE) Program Directory of Institutes offering Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs in Health Education. Results: Fiftyeight programs responded yielding a 62% response rate. Sixty-two percent (n=33) of programs noted they would seek accreditation when CEPH accreditation of free-standing undergraduate programs becomes available. Seventy-nine percent (n=45) reported their administration was highly supportive or somewhat supportive of accreditation. Dis...
DECLINES IN IQ SCORES AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA TREATED WITH CRANIAL IRRADIATION

Abstract Intellectual and other neuropsychological dysfunctions have been observed in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL). The possible relationship of therapy to these dysfunctions was investigated in a prospective study of children with newly diagnosed ALL seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. They were evaluated with standardised intelligence tests during the first month of treatment and periodically thereafter. There were two therapy schedules—one using standard drugs for induction and maintenance, the other a more intensive schedule. Central-nervous-system prophylaxis (2400 rad cranial radiation and six doses of intrathecal methotrexate) was given to all. Significant reductions were found in overall IQ score for the majority of children, younger patients being most affected. More extensive testing of surviving children, with and without decline in IQ, all of whom were normal on the first test, revealed patterns of functional deficits and residual strengths that could not be characterised with IQ testing alone. These deficits, which could affect learning and academic performance, were not seen in six children studied years after receiving similar chemotherapy that included intrathecal and oral methotrexate but not cranial irradiation.
The Place of Africalogy in the University Curriculum

Within the last 25 years, three major events, among others, occurred in the American academy. The first was the institutionalization of African American studies as a distinguishable discipline. The second momentous development in the academy was the establishment of a doctoral program in African American studies at Temple University in 1988. The Ph.D. program, which is the nation's first, did not have a peer as of 1994.1 In fact, Africalogy, otherwise known as African American studies, is increasingly becoming a major field of inquiry in the American university curriculum, standing shoulder to shoulder with older disciplines such as sociology, political science, and history. The third event was the renaming in 1994 of the Department of African American Studies in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as the Department of Africalogy-a landmark in the disciplinary evolution of Black studies.
Systematics of the electronic states of the rare-earth trihalides

Abstract We have employed a semi-empirical molecular orbital method for studying the systematics of the low lying electrically excited states of the rare earth trihalides. We report here orbital energies, transition energies, effective nuclear charges, etc. calculated for the 56 different rare earth trihalides. Qualitative results extracted from these studies have been used to suggest candidate molecules for new gas lasers.
Measurement of Internal Channel Heat Transfer Coefficients and Fluid Temperature Using Inverse Methods

The cooling systems found in gas turbine blades and combustor liners often employ the use of convective cooling channels. The heat flux along the wall of an internal channel is typically computed using Newton’s Law of Cooling requiring knowledge of the local heat transfer coefficient and fluid bulk temperature at that location. Experimentally, the measurement of a heat transfer coefficient and the associated driving temperature difference is often difficult. By tracking the surface temperature response to a change in the fluid temperature during a transient experiment, sufficient data can be obtained to determine both the fluid temperature and heat transfer coefficient using inverse methods provided an appropriate mathematical model of the surface temperature response is employed. This procedure avoids the difficult measurement and tedious calculation for the determination of the fluid bulk temperature.To validate the technique, experiments were conducted for the ‘sudden’ heating of a flat plate in a small wind tunnel. The fluid temperature rise was measured with a ‘rapid’ response thermocouple while both thermocouple and thermo-chromic liquid crystal surface temperature history data were obtained on the surface of the plate. Results indicate that for data sets containing sufficient transient surface temperature history, the method can accurately measure heat transfer coefficients and the asymptotic temperature of the fluid temperature rise (within 5% to 10% depending on the surface temperature model used).In many situations the fluid temperature rise is not a ‘step change’. For example, for axial positions far downstream in a channel the assumption introduces bias due to the cooling along the channel walls upstream. The bias generated by the data analysis in the heat transfer coefficient and fluid temperature is examined and compared to more appropriate models describing the temperature rise. A similar situation was simulated in the tunnel and the results analyzed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Ordinary Retirement: Commonalities and Continuity:

Case studies of twenty-five recent retirees from a Midwest plant are the basis for a profile of ordinary retirement. The commonalities of preparation, satisfaction, activity patterns, and relationships are found to far outweigh differences. Exceptions are the widowed, divorced, and those with health disabilities.
Performance of Spatially and Temporally Distributed Displays as a Function of Continuous versus Discrete Update Schedules

Generally, there are two ways to present monitored information: a traditional display that spatially distributes information across a screen or a temporally distributed display, which is the presentation of information serially in the center of a screen. Previous studies comparing these display formats have used methodologies in which changes in numerical information only occurred in view of the participant. This is beneficial for tight experimental control, but is not realistic since information can constantly change. The current study compared a spatially distributed display with a temporally distributed display and manipulated the updates to occur either in view, as in previous research, or continuously, even if out of view. Results showed a system response lag time in addition to participant reaction time for realistic settings and an increase in missed events not shown in previous research. These findings suggest that while a temporally distributed display is currently far from implementation, resear...
Raman temperature study of conformational changes in anhydrous dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

The gradual randomization of anhydrous dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine below the main transition is monitored by Raman spectroscopy at the headgroup, the acyl linkages, and the hydrocarbon chains. The thermodynamic properties of the conformation changes occuring in the different regions of the phospholipid molecule are investigated using the symmetric C4N+ stretch, CO stretch, and the CH and CC stretch spectral regions. The first Raman spectra of intermediate stages in the temperature-induced change of the CO doublet (arising from inequivalent acyl rotamers) to a singlet are presented. A fractional order parameter for the acyl region, θCO, is defined. Temperature plots of the fractional order parameters for the CH stretch θCH and the chain CC stretch θCC are nearly co-linear, while that of θCO is parallel to but below the θCH and θCC plots. We observed that the onset of hydrocarbon chain randomization proceeds first and that conformation change in the acyl region begins after the trans-gauche isomerization of 4 to 5 CC bonds per molecule in the chains. Thereafter, the rate of change in the hydrocarbon chain and acyl regions are approximately equal. Van't Hoff plots for the hydrocarbon chain randomization and acyl region conformational changes from 50 to 90°C give ΔH values of 3.2±0.4 kcal/mol and 4.4±0.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The electrostatic interactions of the headgroups are not broken until the transition. It appears that ionic interactions at the headgroup are responsible for the exceptionally high ΔH values for acyl C2-C1 rotamerization.
Prolonged Hypoxemia Enhances and Acute Hypoxemia Attenuates Laryngeal Reflex Apnea in Young Lambs

ABSTRACT: To determine the influence of an altered carotid body function on the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) response, reflex apnea was induced by laryngeal water stimulation during normoxia or acute hypoxia in unanesthetized awake lambs in which the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia was attenuated by prolonged postnatal hypoxemia. Prolonged hypoxemia (H) was induced in seven lambs for 12 d after birth through exposure to 0.10 fraction of inspired oxygen. Five control lambs were kept in 0.21 fraction of inspired oxygen. Studies were performed repeatedly during the first 7 wk after birth. The ventilatory response to LCR stimulation, expressed as a percent decrease in minute ventilation, was tested in 0.21, 0.14, and 0.10 fraction of inspired oxygen. H after birth resulted in a markedly increased inhibition of ventilation in response to LCR stimulation and postponed the age-related decrease in LCR response. A potential failure to recover from apnea occurred only in the H lambs, and in these lambs there was a significantly greater requirement for mechanical ventilation after LCR stimulation. Acute hypoxemia preceding LCR stimulation significantly attenuated the ventilatory response in both control and H lambs, with a stronger effect in the H lambs. There was no difference between the two groups in heart rate response to LCR stimulation. Acute hypoxemia significantly augmented reflex bradycardia in the H lambs. These results show that there is a relationship between H immediately after birth—which is known to delay resetting of carotid chemoreceptors—and augmented ventilatory inhibition in response to LCR stimulation. They do not confirm the theory that acute hypoxia reinforces reflex apnea.
Oblique Impact: A Process for Obtaining Meteorite Samples from Other Planets

Cratering flow calculations for a series of oblique to normal (10° to 90°) impacts of silicate projectiles onto a silicate halfspace were carried out to determine whether or not the gas produced upon shock-vaporizing both projectile and target material would form a downstream jet that could entrain and propel SNC meteorites from the Martian surface. The difficult constraints that the impact origin hypothesis for SNC meteorites has to satisfy are that these meteorites are lightly to moderately shocked and yet have been accelerated to speeds in excess of the Martian escape velocity (more than 5 kilometers per second). Two-dimensional finite difference calculations were performed that show that at highly probable impact velocities (7.5 kilometers per second), vapor plume jets are produced at oblique impact angles of 25° to 60° and have speeds as great as 20 kilometers per second. These plumes flow nearly parallel to the planetary surface. It is shown that upon impact of projectiles having radii of 0.1 to 1 kilometer, the resulting vapor jets have densities of 0.1 to 1 gram per cubic centimeter. These jets can entrain Martian surface rocks and accelerate them to velocities greater than 5 kilometers per second. This mechanism may launch SNC meteorites to earth.
Cloning humans from the perspective of the Christian churches.

The announcement of the birth of Dolly the cloned sheep evoked widespread response from the Christian Churches. These responses are identified, organized thematically, and discussed critically. The churches have viewed reproductive human cloning either with unqualified opposition or with grave suspicion. Some statements have discussed animal cloning, generally granting limited approval, and nonreproductive human cloning, either in opposition or expressing an openness to entertain specific proposals as the technology develops.
Anarchy and Hierarchy in International Relations: Examining South America's War-Prone Decade, 1932–41

This article questions the validity of anarchy as an assumption in International Relations theory. Powerful states often provide public goods to smaller states in return for their acquiescence on matters of interest. This transactional provision of public goods is analogous to how central governments behave in domestic environments; thus the hierarchic structure of domestic politics is replicated in international politics. The anarchy-hierarchy distinction, which rests on a neat separation of international and domestic structures, is therefore highly contentious. One public good that great powers provide, largely ignored by the literature on hierarchy, is justice. Powerful states can provide a forum for aggrieved parties to settle their disputes, and thus contain conflicts before they escalate to war. If such a forum is no longer provided, the system reverts to anarchy, where escalation—and therefore, war—is more likely. South America's war-prone decade can be explained by the variation in structural conditions on the continent. Due to the Depression, its Good Neighbor policy, and the onset of World War II, the United States was less interested in South American affairs in the 1930s, resulting in a more anarchic structure and a higher propensity for war.
Implementation of the Introductory Clinician Development Series: an optional boot camp for Emergency Medicine interns.

Background The transition from medical student to first-year intern can be challenging. The stress of increased responsibilities, the gap between performance expectations and varying levels of clinical skills, and the need to adapt to a new institutional space and culture can make this transition overwhelming. Orientation programs intend to help new residents prepare for their new training environment. Objective To ease our interns' transition, we piloted a novel clinical primer course. We believe this course will provide an introduction to basic clinical knowledge and procedures, without affecting time allotted for mandatory orientation activities, and will help the interns feel better prepared for their clinical duties. Methods First-year Emergency Medicine residents were invited to participate in this primer course, called the Introductory Clinician Development Series (or "intern boot camp"), providing optional lecture and procedural skills instruction prior to their participation in the mandatory orientation curriculum and assumption of clinical responsibilities. Participating residents completed postcourse surveys asking for feedback on the experience. Results Survey responses indicated that the intern boot camp helped first-year residents feel more prepared for their clinical shifts in the Emergency Department. Conclusion An optional clinical introductory series can allow for maintenance of mandatory orientation activities and clinical shifts while easing the transition from medical student to clinician.
Incorporation of the fluorescent ribonucleotide analogue tCTP by T7 RNA polymerase

Fluorescent RNA is an important analytical tool in medical diagnostics, RNA cytochemistry, and RNA aptamer development. We have synthesized the fluorescent ribonucleotide analogue 1,3-diaza-2-oxophenothiazine-ribose-5′-triphosphate (tCTP) and tested it as substrate for T7 RNA polymerase in transcription reactions, a convenient route for generating RNA in vitro. When transcribing a guanine, T7 RNA polymerase incorporates tCTP with 2-fold higher catalytic efficiency than CTP and efficiently polymerizes additional NTPs onto the tC. Remarkably, T7 RNA polymerase does not incorporate tCTP with the same ambivalence opposite guanine and adenine with which DNA polymerases incorporate the analogous dtCTP. While several DNA polymerases discriminated against a d(tC-A) base pair only by factors <10, T7 RNA polymerase discriminates against tC-A base pair formation by factors of 40 and 300 when operating in the elongation and initiation mode, respectively. These catalytic properties make T7 RNA polymerase an ideal tool...
Orientating nonpharmacist faculty members to pharmacy practice.

Objective. To design, implement, and evaluate a faculty development program intended to orient nonpharmacist faculty members to pharmacy practice.Design. A multifaceted program was implemented in 2...
Substrate induced spin state changes in cytochrome P450

Abstract Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) produces 385 and 645 nm peaks and 420, 530 and 575 nm troughs, and 20αOH-cholesterol produces 420, 530 and 575 nm peaks and 385 and 645 nm troughs in the difference spectra of adrenal cortical submitochondrial particles. Electron spin resonance studies show that 20αOH-cholesterol produces an increase and 11-deoxycortisol or DOC produce a decrease in the low-spin signal of P450. These results suggest to us that the substrate induced difference spectra may be the result of a spin state shift in cytochrome P450.
TRAILING EDGE NOISE AT LOW MACH NUMBERS

Abstract A review is made of the diffraction theory of the trailing edge noise generated by a flat-plate airfoil of zero-thickness and non-compact chord, according to which the sound is attributed to the scattering of a “frozen” pattern of turbulence wall pressure swept over the edge in the mean flow. Extension is made to determine the sound produced by very low Mach number flow over the edge of an airfoil of finite thickness. In applications it is desirable to represent the noise in terms of a surface integral over the airfoil involving a Green's function and a metric of the edge flow that can be calculated locally using the equations of motion of an incompressible fluid. It is argued that the appropriate metric for a rigid airfoil is the incompressible “upwash” velocity (determined by the Biot–Savart induction formula applied to the boundary layer vorticity outside the viscous sublayer), and not the surface pressure. Formulae for calculating the noise are given when the airfoil thickness is acoustically compact, and for both three- and two-dimensional edge flows. The theory is illustrated by a detailed discussion of a two-dimensional vortex flow over an airfoil with a rounded trailing edge. The problem is simple enough to be treated analytically, yet is also suitable for validating computational edge noise schemes.
Inhibition of the metabolism and motility of human spermatozoa by various alkaloids

The ability of several alkaloids to inhibit the metabolism and motility of human spermatozoa has been investigated. Of the agents tested, chloroquine was the most effective in inhibiting sperm metabolism (production of carbon dioxide and lactic acid) and motility. It was active at a concentration of 3.6 × 10−5M. Quinine and Quinacrine were active at concentrations of 5 × 10−4M and emetine required concentrations as high as 3.6 × 10−3M to achieve an inhibitory effect. Detailed studies with emetine showed that the time needed for inhibition of sperm motility was inversely proportional to the drug concentration and directly related to the sperm density. In addition, the inhibition was shown not to be reversible.
A prospective study of factors that determine cecal intubation time at colonoscopy.

Background For outpatient colonoscopy, the time required to intubate the cecum is variable. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with cecal intubation time. Methods A total of 693 consecutive outpatient colonoscopies performed from January to October 2002 at a tertiary care medical center were studied prospectively. Data gathered included time required to reach the cecum; patient age, gender, and body mass index; history of abdominal surgery; quality of bowel preparation; presence/absence of diverticula; and endoscopist experience. Results Complete data were available for 587 patients. Mean age was 59 years, 48% were men, and mean body mass index was 28. Median cecal intubation time was 9 minutes. Linear regression analysis was performed. Cecal intubation time is prolonged by the following factors: older patient age, female gender, lower body mass index, poor bowel preparation, and lower endoscopist annual case volume. Conclusions This large, prospective study identified 5 factors that prolong the time required for cecal intubation at colonoscopy. These factors may be used to individualize scheduling of colonoscopy according to the time required.
Strong self-focusing in nematic liquid crystals.

We present an experimental study of strong self-focusing in nematic liquid crystals. In a planar geometry, a linear dependence of the focal power on the input intensity for 100-\ensuremath{\mu}m-thick samples turns into an exponential one when thicker samples are used. A transverse visualization of the beam structure is performed in a cylindrical geometry. We observe an undulation and a filamentary structure of the laser beam for large intensities. Also, multiple focal points appear along the beam axis in this configuration. Undulation and filamentation of the beam are also observed in a spherical geometry.
On the role of nitrogen dioxide in the mechanism of the selective reduction of NOx over Cu-ZSM-5 zeolite

Abstract The selective reduction of nitrogen dioxide over a Cu-ZSM-5 preparation has been studied and compared with the same reaction with nitric oxide. Nitrogen dioxide appears to play a critical role in the overall reaction mechanism in both cases. Excess oxygen is required to produce nitrogen dioxide to oxidize the hydrocarbon, to keep the catalyst clean and to prevent excessive reduction of the Cu 2+ cations.
Measurement of eddy diffusivity by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

The signal attenuation in nuclear magnetic resonance images where turbulent flow exists is described in terms of eddy diffusivity. An analytical expression for eddy diffusivity is given. Experimental results in phantoms are presented.
Premature atherosclerotic disease in systemic lupus erythematosus--role of inflammatory mechanisms.

Abstract Mounting evidence from a growing body of epidemiologic studies demonstrates that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk for the development of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, awareness of accelerated atherosclerosis in young SLE patients, albeit growing, is still limited, as documented by the brief case presented. Inflammation is thought to play an important role in both the pathogenesis of SLE, as well as atherosclerotic vascular disease. Inflammatory processes that are shared by SLE and atherosclerotic disease include immune complex deposition and fixation, autoantibody binding, complement activation and CD40–CD40 ligand interaction. By examining the inflammatory mechanisms in common between SLE and atherosclerotic disease, we can come to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the accelerated atherosclerotic process seen in patients with SLE and can gain insights into developing and instituting preventative and treatment strategies. In this article, we present a case of a young woman with SLE who presents with chest pain, followed by a review of inflammation-based pathogenic mechanisms that are shared by SLE and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
The oak leaf roller (Archips semiferanus Walker) sex pheromone complex: Field and laboratory evaluation of requisite behavioral stimuli

Die fruher als Bestandteile der von Abdominalextrakten des weiblichen Eichenblattrollers,Archips semiferanus Walker, festgestellten 21 Isomeren von Tetradecenyl-Acetat wurden mit der Elektroantennogram-(EAG) und der Fallenfang-Methode auf ihre Wirkung bei Mannchen vonA. semiferanus gepruft. Wahrend alle 21 Isomere sich als EAG-aktiv erwiesen, vermochten nur 17 Mannchen anzulocken. Aktivitatsvergleiche der Isomeren haben gezeigt, dass zwischen den Resultaten der beiden Test-Methoden nur eine geringe Beziehung existiert.
Traffic Ground Truth Estimation Using Multisensor Consensus Filter

The estimation of traffic ground truth has traditionally been accomplished with a trusted reference detector or by human observation, either live or in time-coded video recordings. These approaches are limited by the error characteristics of any single trusted detector, observation error, or the temporal and spatial resolution of the recorded video used by the human observer. For conventional traffic management purposes, the output of a trusted detector is usually adequate. However, for unbiased performance assessment and comparative ranking of vehicle detectors, an accurate ground truth estimate is essential. With this objective, an automated detector testing system was implemented. This system used consensus filtering methods typically employed in the fusion of data from multisensor networks to optimally estimate ground truth. The algorithm continuously adjusted a level of confidence in each detector under test that was used to form a weighted consensus decision for the presence, speed, and length of ea...
Solar spectral variations and their influence on concentrator solar cell performance

A comparative study is performed to quantify the difference in efficiency and spectral sensitivity between a tandem junction and its spectrum splitting parallel junction counterpart. Direct normal solar spectra in a representative sunny site, Tucson, Arizona are calculated using the SPCTRAL2 model at 15-minute intervals throughout a year with real-time meteorological data input. The corresponding efficiencies of the two junctions under 500X concentration at cell temperatures deduced from thermal modeling with real-time ambient temperatures are computed. Both junction structures comprise the same materials, InGaP, GaAs and Ge, and are each optimized to the AM1.5D standard spectrum and cell temperature of 25 C, under which the parallel junction achieves a 1.0% absolute (and 2.5% relative) higher efficiency than the tandem junction. The two junctions are compared for their hourly, daily, and yearly average efficiencies. It is found that the yearly average efficiency of the parallel junction is 2.65% absolute (and 7.31% relative) higher than that of the tandem junction.
Incidence and patterns of regional metastasis in early oral squamous cell cancers: feasibility of submandibular gland preservation.

Background. We aimed to study the incidence of metastasis to the submandibular gland (SMG) and to establish the oncologic basis of SMG preservation in early-stage cancer of the oral cavity (OSCC). Methods. This was a retrospective study of 261 patients with OSCC treated primarily with surgery at a tertiary medical center. One hundred thirty-two early-stage (T1-2, N0) OSCCs were further analyzed. Results. The mean age was 59 years with male-to-female sex ratio of 1.4:1. Two hundred sixty-one neck dissections were performed with SMG removal in 253 patients. One patient with an advanced floor of mouth cancer had obvious infiltration of the SMG. Only 2.5% (3 of 116) patients with early-stage OSCC had level I metastasis; none had SMG metastases. Conclusion. SMG preservation in early cancers (T1-2, N0) of the oral cavity should be feasible unless there is evidence of direct invasion of the gland or close proximity of the cancer to it. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 31: 1619- 1623, 2009
Reaction of Vibrio cholerae and Choleragenic Toxin in Ileal Loop of Laboratory Animals

Accumulation of fluid in the ligated ileal loop upon injection of cholera vibrios or choleragenic toxin seems to be a generalized phenomenon in laboratory animals.
Generalization of gas‐liquid partition chromatography to study high pressure vapor‐liquid equilibria of multicomponent systems

The use of chromatographic retention volume data to obtain vapor-liquid equilibrium coefficients has been extended to a ternary system with all components present at finite concentrations in the liquid phase and essentially a light binary gas comprising the vapor phase. The data are obtained by observing the retention time of the solute of interest when that solute is eluted by a flowing gas stream through a column packed with an inert porous firebrick on which is impregnated a fixed, relatively nonvolatile liquid. The retention times are used to compute retention volumes which may be related to the K values of the solute. A previous mathematical description of the elution process is modified to include the case of an N component elution gas, all constituents of which are soluble in the fixed liquid phase. A general solution is derived for the multicomponent elution gas from which K values for each component may be calculated if retention volume data are taken for each, provided molecules of the solute samples used are distinguishable from others of the same species present in the eloution gas. For the case of indistinguishable sample molecules, the rate theory development of Stalkup and Deans is verified for a binary elution gas. Sufficient retention data were taken to completely define the concentration dependence of the K value for propane in the system methane-propane-n-decane at −20°, 0°, 40°, and 70°F. from 20 to 1,000 lb/sq.in.abs. Six methane-propane binary mixtures were used as elution gases, consisting of 2.08, 4.31, 6.90, 9.44, 13.09, 16.27 mole % propane. Retention data were also taken for methane under the same conditions. Distinguishability of sample molecules was achieved by using radioactive solute samples tagged with carbon-14. Propane retention data were also obtained for the system methane-propane-n-heptane at −20° and −40°F. from 100 to 1,000 lb./sq.in.abs. for propane at infinite dilution and for binary elution gases composed of 2.08 mole % propane at −40°F. and 4.31 mole % propane at −20°F. All K values determined chromatographically were either compared directly with published static equilibrium values or tested for consistency with such values and found to be in substantial agreement.
Immunization of Mice with Combinations of Pneumococcal Virulence Proteins Elicits Enhanced Protection against Challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae

The vaccine potential of a combination of three pneumococcal virulence proteins was evaluated in an active-immunization–intraperitoneal-challenge model in BALB/c mice, using very high challenge doses of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The proteins evaluated were a genetic toxoid derivative of pneumolysin (PdB), pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), and a 37-kDa metal-binding lipoprotein referred to as PsaA. Mice immunized with individual proteins or combinations thereof were challenged with high doses of virulent type 2 or type 4 pneumococci. The median survival times for mice immunized with combinations of proteins, particularly PdB and PspA, were significantly longer than those for mice immunized with any of the antigens alone. A similar effect was seen in a passive protection model. Thus, combinations of pneumococcal proteins may provide the best non-serotype-dependent protection against S. pneumoniae.
CS: Culture shock or computer science?

The state of Qatar has embarked upon a novel challenging experiment of massively investing in its education and research infrastructures with the goal set on becoming a knowledge-based economy by 2030. World class institutions, such as Carnegie Mellon University, were therefore invited to offer identical versions of some of their undergraduate programs in Qatar. Numerous challenges inevitably emerged as a result of this rough transition that our students experience, particularly within Computer Science, which initially led to large attrition rates during the first few years. In this paper, we discuss some of these challenges that particularly occur during the first year. We shed some light on strategies taken in our revamped Computer Science introductory Freshmen Immigration course. We share our experience with how this course helped smooth this transition for first year students to make their experience more exciting and rewarding.
The Economic Impact of the Wine Industry on Hotels and Restaurants: Evidence from Washington State*

Washington State enjoys an extraordinarily fast growing wine industry and is now the second largest wine producing state in the U.S. This paper examines the impact of this growth on the revenue of hotels and restaurants. Employing a dynamic quarterly panel model at the county level we show that the regional reputation as high quality wine county, as expressed by critical wine points in the national wine press, has a significant effect on the tourism industry. For Walla Walla, the most prominent wine county in the state, less than 17% of all restaurant and approximately 40% of all hotel revenue is tied to the wine cluster (2007). However, regional reputation is not long-living and needs constant replenishment. (JEL Classification: R11, R15, Q19)
Targeting angiogenin in therapy of amyotropic lateral sclerosis

Background: Missense heterozygous mutations in the coding region of angiogenin (ANG) gene, encoding a 14 kDa angiogenic RNase, were recently found in patients of amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Functional analyses have shown that these are loss-of-function mutations, implying that angiogenin deficiency is associated with ALS pathogenesis and that increasing ANG expression or angiogenin activity could be a novel approach for ALS therapy. Objective: Review the evidence showing the involvement of angiogenin in motor neuron physiology and function, and provide a rationale for targeting angiogenin in ALS therapy. Methods: Review the current understanding of the mechanism of angiogenin action in connection with ALS genetics, pathogenesis and therapy. Conclusion: ANG is the first gene whose loss-of-function mutations are associated with ALS pathogenesis. Therapeutic modulation of angiogenin level and activity in the spinal cord, either by systemic delivery of angiogenin protein or through retrograde transpor...
PEER: enriching secondary engineering education through a college summer camp

The Partnership for Engineering Education in the Rockies (PEER) is comprised of local educational and industrial institutions committed to improving the engineering education paths available to students at all levels. Programs start with introductory engineering courses in the 8th grade and scaffold through the high school level. The PEER college summer camp expands on these course offerings to enhance students' learning experience further in a college setting. The camp also brings together secondary students and teachers for an opportunity to extend the reach of the PEER program to new students and schools. The paper provides an overview of PEER, and describes the specific goals and format for the PEER summer camp.
Religiosity and Prosocial Behaviours in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Prosocial Values.

This study examined the hypothesis that religiosity would be differentially related to six types of adolescent prosocial behaviour, and that these relations would be mediated by the prosocial value of kindness. Self‐report data were collected from 142 high school students (63 per cent female; 91 per cent White; M age = 16.8, S = .80). Religiosity was a significant positive predictor of kindness, as well as compliant, anonymous and altruistic prosocial behaviour, but not public, dire and emotional prosocial behaviour. Associations between religiosity and both compliant and altruistic prosocial behaviours were mediated by kindness. Direct and indirect paths were found between religiosity and anonymous prosocial behaviour. Thus, partial support was found for the mediational hypothesis. Discussion focused on the utility of distinguishing among different types of prosocial behaviours and on the role of religion and values in promoting moral education.
Endothelin-stimulated human B-type natriuretic peptide gene expression is mediated by Yin Yang 1 in association with histone deacetylase 2.

Increased B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene expression is regarded as one of the hallmarks of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Here we demonstrate that both basal- and endothelin-1–dependent stimulation of human (h) BNP gene transcription requires the presence of an intact Yin Yang 1 (YY1) binding site positioned at −62 bp relative to the transcription start site. Mutation of this site reduced both basal and stimulated hBNP promoter activity. This site was shown to bind YY1 both in vitro and within the context of the intact cell. The latter interaction increased after endothelin-1 treatment. Exposure to endothelin-1 also resulted in increased nuclear localization of YY1 and a reduction in acetylation of the YY1 protein. Overexpression of wild-type YY1 increased both basal and endothelin-stimulated hBNP promoter activity, whereas a carboxy-terminal deletion mutant of YY1 was devoid of activity. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A resulted in decreased hBNP reporter activity. YY1 was shown to associate with histone deacetylase 2, and histone deacetylase 2 was shown to associate directly with the hBNP promoter in the intact cell. Collectively these findings demonstrate that YY1 plays an important role in regulating the transcriptional activity of the hBNP gene promoter. These data suggest a model in which YY1 activates hBNP transcription through interaction with histone deacetylase 2.
Chronic Ethanol Consumption Inhibits Hepatic Natural Killer Cell Activity and Accelerates Murine Cytomegalovirus-Induced Hepatitis

Background: Chronic alcohol drinking accelerates the progression of liver disease in patients with hepatitis viral infection; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Methods: Here, we examined the effects of chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic natural killer (NK) cells and liver injury in 2 murine models of liver injury: injection of synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), which mimics viral infection, and infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing 5% (vol/vol) ethanol for 8 weeks, resulting in a significant decrease in the percentage and total number of NK cells in the liver. Results: In control, pair-fed mice, poly I:C injection induced NK cell accumulation in the liver and activated hepatic NK cell cytotoxicity, whereas such induction and activation were diminished in ethanol-fed mice. Treatment with poly I:C also induced expression of NKG2D, granzyme B, perforin, Fas L, TRAIL, and IFN-g on liver lymphocytes, which were delayed or reduced in ethanol-treated mice compared with pair-fed mice. In contrast, chronic ethanol feeding did not affect poly I:C–induced mild liver injury. Furthermore, MCMV infection activated hepatic NK cells and induced hepatic inflammation and injury. Chronic ethanol consumption inhibited hepatic NK cell activation during MCMV infection, but enhanced MCMV-induced liver injury, viral titer, and inflammation in the liver. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that chronic ethanol consumption decreases hepatic NK activity, thereby accelerating MCMV-induced hepatitis and liver injury.
An experimental evaluation of continuous testing during development

Continuous testing uses excess cycles on a developer's workstation to continuously run regression tests in the background, providing rapid feedback about test failures as source code is edited. It is intended to reduce the time and energy required to keep code well-tested and prevent regression errors from persisting uncaught for long periods of time. This paper reports on a controlled human experiment to evaluate whether students using continuous testing are more successful in completing programming assignments. We also summarize users' subjective impressions and discuss why the results may generalize.The experiment indicates that the tool has a statistically significant effect on success in completing a programming task, but no such effect on time worked. Participants using continuous testing were three times more likely to complete the task before the deadline than those without. Participants using continuous compilation were twice as likely to complete the task, providing empirical support to a common feature in modern development environments. Most participants found continuous testing to be useful and believed that it helped them write better code faster, and 90% would recommend the tool to others. The participants did not find the tool distracting, and intuitively developed ways of incorporating the feedback into their workflow.
Interleukin‐1β modulation using a genetically engineered antibody prevents adverse cardiac remodelling following acute myocardial infarction in the mouse

Division of Cardiology/VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 East Broad Street West Hospital, 10th Floor, East Wing, Room 1041, PO Box 980281, Richmond, VA 23298-0281, USA; Victoria Johnson Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; and School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA