cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting temperature range in food slabs undergoing short-term/high-power microwave heating

The contribution of standing wave patterns to nonuniform heating in homogeneous slabs was examined through the development of equations for various heating situations relating temperature distribution to thermal, geometric and dielectric properties. The equations were solutions to the differential heat equation, which incorporated a volumetric heat generation term based on a full solution to Maxwell's equations. This analysis was based on steady-state microwave heating resulting in either steady temperatures or temperature profiles and was thus applicable only to very long term heating and, where food is concerned, low power heating as well. This latter stipulation allowed the additional assumption of temperature-independent thermal and dielectric properties. Results were reported in the form of the minimum-to-maximum temperature range, indicating the degree of nonuniformity. Parameter values for agar gel and cooked beef were used to illustrate the behavior of the equations. For both types of food it was found that the temperature range was a very sensitive sinusoidal function of slab width. Furthermore, for slab widths of 10 cm or less, it was found that insulation at the slab faces significantly reduced the temperature range. Future work will determine if this approach can be extended to short term/high power applications.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT, PAY SYSTEMS, AND THE THEORY OF THE FIRM : AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Abstract The literature on incentives and organizations implies that the costs of monitoring determine the type of pay system utilized. This paper considers self-employment, salary pay, and hourly pay as three distinct pay systems. Using job characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles merged to Current Population Survey data, I determine which types of jobs each pay system occurs in. Strong support is found for the monitoring cost explanation.
Mössbauer and related studies of some divinyltin(IV) complexes

Abstract Mossbauer parameters are reported for twenty-five divinyltin(IV) compounds. Electric moments of some of these compounds indicate greater overall electron withdrawal from tin by vinyl than by phenyl groups. A comparison of isomer shifts of octahedral divinyl- and diphenyl-tin compounds suggests some +C6H5Sn− double bond character. Quadrupole splittings of these pairs of compounds reveal similar configurations except for (bis) picolinates and dialkyldithiocarbamates, in which the phenyl groups are cis and the vinyl groups trans. Infrared absorption in the CSn stretching region reveals different patterns for cis and trans compounds.
Anaerobic functionalization of unactivated C–H bonds

The functionalization of alkanes was once thought to lie strictly within the domain of enzymes that activate dioxygen in order to generate an oxidant with suitable potency to cleave inert C-H bonds. The emergence of the radical SAM superfamily of enzymes-those which use S-adenosyl-l-methionine as a precursor to a 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical-has kindled a renaissance in the study of radical-dependent enzymatic reactions, and is ushering in a wealth of new and intriguing chemistry that remains to be elucidated. This review will focus on a special subclass of radical SAM enzymes that functionalize inert C-H bonds, highlighting the functional groups and the chemistry that leads to their insertion. Within this class are first, enzymes that catalyze sulfur insertion, the prototype of which is biotin synthase; second, enzymes that catalyze P-methylation or C-methylation, such as P-methylase or Fom3; third, enzymes that catalyze oxygen insertion, such as the anaerobic magnesium protoporphyrin-IX oxidative cyclase (BchE); and fourth, enzymes that functionalize n-hexane or other alkanes as the first step in the metabolism of these inert compounds by certain bacteria. In addition to surveying reactions that have been studied at various levels of detail, this review will speculate on the mechanisms of other types of reactions that this chemistry lends itself to.
Infornation Content Analysis of Landsat Image Data for Compression

This paper investigates information-preserving compressionof Landsat image data based on an entropy study. Measurementsof the statistical information in actual Landsat-4 images indicate a 3 : 1compression ratio can be achieved with a simple real-time compressionscheme.
The Removal of the Fowl Tapeworm Raillietina cesticillus by Short Periods of Starvation

Abstract ONE of the most prevalent and difficult tapeworms to control is the relatively large species Raillietina cesticillus (Molin). Although attempts to find suitable drugs to remove this and other species have been made repeatedly, no satisfactory anthelmintic has yet been found. Harwood and Guthrie (1940) who tried to remove experimentally produced infections of this worm used 223 substances and 27 mixtures. Although certain of these compounds were effective in the removal of this persistent parasite, they were too toxic to be recommended for general use. In recent studies upon the effects of fowl starvation on the tapeworm R. cesticillus, it was found that short periods of fasting caused large portions of the worm to be removed. Some of the physiological and parasitological problems involved in this study have been reported elsewhere (Reid, 1942). Starvation itself cannot be recommended as a means of treatment for tapeworms. However, since almost all treatment . . .
Parental Investment Prospects and Teen Birth Rates of Blacks and Whites in American Metropolitan Areas

Parental investment theory was used to identify predictors of nonmarital teen birth rates for Blacks and Whites in U.S. metropolitan areas. Regression models predicted Black teen births, White teen births, and both together using indices of parental investment (male income, unemployment rates, marital opportunity for women) with various controls. White teen births decreased with increased marital opportunity for women, and the same was true of Blacks, although these effects were comparatively small. In the combined model, parental investment measures and the control variables accounted for 70% of the variance in nonmarital teen birth rates. Adding race as a variable did not significantly increase the variance explained, indicating that Black-White differences in nonmarital teen reproduction can be explained by differences in parental investment prospects. Early nonmarital reproduction can be seen as an adaptive response to diminished prospects for parental investment.
Models of the Spiral-Down Effect in Revenue Management

The spiral-down effect occurs when incorrect assumptions about customer behavior cause high-fare ticket sales, protection levels, and revenues to systematically decrease over time. If an airline decides how many seats to protect for sale at a high fare based on past high-fare sales, while neglecting to account for the fact that availability of low-fare tickets will reduce high-fare sales, then high-fare sales will decrease, resulting in lower future estimates of high-fare demand. This subsequently yields lower protection levels for high-fare tickets, greater availability of low-fare tickets, and even lower high-fare ticket sales. The pattern continues, resulting in a so-called spiral down. We develop a mathematical framework to analyze the process by which airlines forecast demand and optimize booking controls over a sequence of flights. Within the framework, we give conditions under which spiral down occurs.
Gene structure and polymorphism of an invertebrate nitric oxide synthase gene.

Abstract Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are ubiquitous in living organisms. However, little is known about the evolution of this large gene family. The first inducible NOS to be described from an invertebrate regulates malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.) development in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. This single copy gene shows the highest homology to the vertebrate neuronal isoforms, followed by decreasing homology to endothelial and inducible isoforms. The open reading frame of 1247 amino acids is encoded by 19 exons, which span ≈33 kilobases. More than 50% of the mosquito exons, distributed around the putative heme, calmodulin, and FAD/NADPH cofactor-binding domains, are conserved with those of the three human genes. Repetitive elements identified within the larger introns include a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat, two tandem repeats, and a putative miniature inverted repeat transposable element. Sequence analysis and primer extension indicate that the upstream promoter is ‘TATA-less’ with multiple transcription start sites within ≈250 base pairs of the initiation methionine. Transcription factor binding sites in the 5′-flanking sequence demonstrate a bipartite distribution of lipopolysaccharide- and inflammatory cytokine-responsive elements that is strikingly similar to that described for vertebrate inducible NOS gene promoters.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

On the basis of strong research and consensus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in children and is soon to be the most common indication for liver transplantation in adults. Although the disease begins as simple steatosis, some patients may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, making early identification and treatment critical.• The diagnosis of NAFLD can be challenging because patients are typically asymptomatic, with no major clinical symptoms of liver disease. Overweight and obese children are at the highest risk for disease. (1)(2)• On the basis of moderate research and consensus, serum ALT is usually mildly elevated but is an imperfect test with a low sensitivity for detecting NAFLD at commonly used thresholds.(10) Liver biopsy is still considered the gold standard for diagnosis but is too invasive for population-level screening and is often used selectively. Novel, noninvasive diagnostic modalities and serum biomarkers are currently being studied but warrant further validation, especially in children.• On the basis of moderate research and consensus, assessing serum liver tests in any overweight or obese child is reasonable.Liver disease should be suspected if the serum ALT is ‡22 U/L(0.37 mkat/L) in girls and ‡25 U/L (0.42 mkat/L) in boys. (10)Subspecialist referral should be considered for those with a normal BMI, persistent ALT elevation longer than 6 months,specific symptoms of advanced liver disease such as splenomegaly, or concerning laboratory findings on selected screening tests.• On the basis of strong research evidence, weight loss is the most efficacious treatment for NAFLD.• On the basis of some research and consensus, initiation of vitamin E therapy (400 IU BID) may be started, although its use probably should be restricted to those children with biopsy-proven disease. (12)• On the basis of some research and consensus, novel elastography-based imaging modalities are being studied in children and several drugs show promise in treating NAFLD.
Kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of amidals : their relative stability compared to structurally related acetals and acylals

Abstract The preparation, kinetics and mechanism of degradation of four amidals (1–4), formed from the reaction of benzamide, N-methylbenzamide, nicotinamide, and N-methylnicotinamide with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, are reported. The hydrolyses of the N-methyl amidals 2 and 4 were found to follow first-order kinetics. The degradation of amidal 2 was studied in detail and was catalyzed not only by specific acid catalysis, but also by a general acid catalysis; the second-order rate constant for the involvement of H3PO4 was about 4 M−1h−1. Amidal 3 was resistant to acid-catalyzed degradation in 0.05 M phosphate buffer at pH 3.0 and 37° C, whereas the phenyl analogue, 1, under similar conditions, exhibited a t 1 2 value of 98.4 days. N-methylation of the carboxamide moiety in both the phenyl and pyridyl amidals (i.e., 1 and 3, respectively) had a marked accelerating effect on the rate of hydrolysis, and this was attributed to the inductive effect of the N-methyl group which stabilizes the proposed transition state in the degradation mechanism. In acid media, amidals of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran were found to hydrolyze much more slowly than acetals and acylals of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran due to the greater stability of the protonated amidal species to unimolecular C-N bond cleavage. Substitution of an N-nicotinoyl group in place of the N-benzoyl moiety in the N-methyl-3,4-tetrahydro-2H-pyran amidal 2 resulted in a much slower rate in the acid-catalyzed hydrolytic cleavage reaction. The results indicated that the amidals formed from carboxamides and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran undergo degradation to the parent carboxamide via an acid-catalyzed unimolecular mechanism.
Institutional Trust and Congressional Autonomy in Latin America: Expectations, Performance, and Confidence in Peru’s Legislature

What role do Latin Americans expect legislatures to play vis-a-vis the executive? How do expectations shape political trust in a developing democracy like Peru? This article introduces new indicators gauging citizens’ current perceptions of, and idealized expectations for, the institutional independence of their elected assemblies. It uses 2007 data to test the hypothesis that the gap between the two indicators – the “legislative autonomy gap” – predicts trust in Congress. Most Peruvians claimed to prefer a more autonomous legislature. And citizens whose high expectations for institutional independence were adequately met were more likely to express confidence in Congress. However, having low expectations of congressional autonomy met also enhanced confidence in that institution. Trust in Congress proved to be pragmatic too, tied to perceptions of strong national economic performance, confidence in political parties, approval of congressional leadership, and approval of the same president from whom most Peruvians wished Congress would become more independent.
Diverse mechanisms for activation of Wnt signalling in the ovarian tumour microenvironment

Wnt signalling pathways have been shown to play key roles in both normal development and tumorigenesis. Progression of many human cancers is associated with defined mutations in Wnt pathway components that result in dysregulated β-catenin-mediated gene transcription. Although Wnt pathway mutations are rare in epithelial ovarian cancer (with the exception of the endometrioid histotype), accumulating evidence supports a role for Wnt signalling in ovarian tumorigenesis in the absence of genetic mutations. The present review summarizes evidence in support of activated Wnt signalling in ovarian tumours and discusses alternative mechanisms for Wnt pathway activation in the ovarian tumour microenvironment.
Protein anabolic effects of insulin and IGF-I in the ovine fetus.

We determined the effect of insulin and/or recombinant human (rh)IGF-I infusion on ovine fetal phenylalanine kinetics, protein synthesis, and phenylalanine accretion. The chronically catheterized f...
The role of the COP/DET/FUS genes in light control of arabidopsis seedling development.

Summary of negative regulatory loci of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis Dark-Grown Morphology COP/DET Gene Other Names Mutant Seedling Lethality Null Mutant Reis COPl FUS1, EM8168 COP8 FUS8, EMB134 COP9 FUS7, EMB143 COPlO FUS9, EM8 144 COPl I FUS6, EM873 COP12 FUS12 COP13 FUSll COP14 FUS4 COP15 FUS5 DETl FUS2 COPZ AMPl, PTl CO P3 HLSl COP4 DET2 COP7 DET3 PRCl DIM CPD Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Pleiotropic Open cotyledons Open cotyledons Open cotyledons Short hypocotyl Short hypocotyl Short hypocotyl Short hypocotyl Short hvDocotvl Yes Y es Yes Yes Yes Y es Y es Yes Yes , Yes No No Unknown No Unknown Unknown Unknown No Deng et al., 1991 Wei et a\., 1994 Wei and Deng, 1992 Wei et al., 1994 Wei et al., 1994; Castle and Meinke, 1994 Misera et al., 1994; Kwok 1996 Misera et al., 1994; Kwok et al., 1996 Misera et al., 1994; Kwok et al., 1996 Misera et al., 1994; Kwok et al., 7 996 Chory et al., 1989
Effects of Inbreeding on Mortality in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract WITH increased emphasis being placed on the production of poultry and eggs by incrossbreeding methods, it is desirable to know more about the influence of inbreeding on the economically important traits of poultry. This study deals with the relationship of inbreeding to mortality. Wilson (1948) reported a regression of −0.19 of percent hatchability on inbreeding among the inbred Leghorns at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Stephenson (1949) reported a regression of −0.43 of percent egg production on inbreeding in the same flock. Duzgunes (1950) studied the regression of mortality on inbreeding in Leghorns. He found a significant regression up to 5 months of age, but no significant regression thereafter. Several studies have indicated a depression effect of inbreeding on viability in chickens. Dryden (1915) found that inbreeding increased mortality in both chicks and hens. Cole and Halpin (1916 Cole and Halpin (1922), after inbreeding Rhode Island Reds for four years, were forced to …
Moisture migration during freeze and thaw of unsaturated soils: modeling and large scale experiments

Abstract A coupled heat flow and moisture flow model (FROSTB) was used to simulate large-scale freeze-thaw experiments to assess its ability to predict soil moisture conditions. The experimental data consist of temperature and soil moisture profiles measured during freeze-thaw cycles in a 1-m layer of frost-susceptible silty sand over roughly 2 m of gravelly sand. Two experimental conditions were modeled: (1) where the soil was fairly wet and the water table was shallow (1 m below surface), and (2) where the soil moisture was lower than specific retention and water table was deep. Overall, the model predicts the frost penetration and heave quite well; however, it tends to overpredict ice formation. The additional ice in the modeled frozen soil then causes a slower thaw. Matching the (total) moisture contents in the drier soils results in underpredicting the heave. The discrepancies stem from the model representation of the physical processes involved in freezing (and frost heave) of unsaturated soil. We propose improvements through using a “pseudo” three-phase flow potential and calculating volumetric segrated ice content starting at 90% of saturation. The effects of changing the constants related to hydrologic properties are also discussed.
Patient prompting of their physician resulted in increased colon cancer screening referrals.

AIM: To determine whether a communication instrument provided to patients prior to their primary care physician (PCP) visit initiates a conversation with their PCP about colorectal cancer screening (CRC-S), impacting screening referral rates in fully insured and underinsured patients. METHODS: A prospective randomized control study was performed at a single academic center outpatient internal medicine (IRMC, underinsured) and family medicine (FMRC, insured) resident clinics prior to scheduled visits. In the intervention group, a pamphlet about the benefit of CRC-S and a reminder card were given to patients before the scheduled visit for prompting of CRC-S referral by their PCP. The main outcome measured was frequency of CRC-S referral in each clinic after intervention. RESULTS: In the IRMC, 148 patients participated, a control group of 72 patients (40F and 32M) and 76 patients (48F and 28M) in the intervention group. Referrals for CRC-S occurred in 45/72 (63%) of control vs 70/76 (92%) in the intervention group (P ≤ 0.001). In the FMRC, 126 patients participated, 66 (39F:27M) control and 60 (33F:27M) in the intervention group. CRC-S referrals occurred in 47/66 (71%) of controls vs 56/60 (98%) in the intervention group (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patient initiated physician prompting produced a significant referral increase for CRC-S in underinsured and insured patient populations. Additional investigation aimed at increasing CRC-S acceptance is warranted.
Prevalence and Correlates of Exercise Motivated by Negative Affect

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of exercising in response to negative affect. Method: Participants (N 5 177) completed questionnaires assessing affect before and after exercise, exercise quality and quantity, eating behaviors and attitudes, body image, and self-esteem. Results: Fifty-eight percent of participants endorsed ever exercising in response to negative affect. As a group, these individuals were more likely to report self-induced vomiting, binge eating, and fasting over the previous 4 weeks. They also showed poorer body image and self-esteem, and their exercise was more obligatory and impairing. Groups did not differ on body mass index or quantity of exercise.
On the benefits of alternative color spaces for noncontact heart rate measurements using standard red-green-blue cameras

Existing video plethysmography methods use standard red-green-blue (sRGB) video recordings of the facial region to estimate heart pulse rate without making contact with the person being monitored. Methods achieving high estimation accuracy require considerable signal-processing power and result in significant processing latency. High processing power and latency are limiting factors when real-time pulse rate estimation is required or when the sensing platform has no access to high processing power. We investigate the use of alternative color spaces derived from sRGB video recordings as a fast light-weight alternative to pulse rate estimation. We consider seven color spaces and compare their performance with state-of-the-art algorithms that use independent component analysis. The comparison is performed over a dataset of 41 video recordings from subjects of varying skin tone and age. Results indicate that the hue channel provides better estimation accuracy using extremely low computation power and with practically no latency.
Inhibition of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) Activates β2-Adrenergic Receptor (β2-AR) Stimulation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in Atrial Myocytes

We reported that attachment of atrial myocytes to laminin (LMN) decreases adenylate cyclase (AC)/cAMP and increases β2-AR stimulation of L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L). This study determined whether LMN enhances β2-AR signaling via a cAMP-independent mechanism, i.e. cPLA2 signaling. Atrial myocytes were plated on uncoated cover-slips (-LMN) or cover-slips coated with LMN (+LMN) (>2 hrs). As previously reported, 0.1 μM zinterol (β2-AR agonist) stimulation of ICa,L was larger in +LMN than -LMN myocytes. In +LMN myocytes, zinterol stimulation of ICa,L was inhibited by 10 μM AACOCF3 (cPLA2 inhibitor), pertussis toxin or 10 μM BAPTA-AM (intracellular Ca2+ chelator). Stimulation of ICa,L by fenoterol (β2-AR/Gs agonist) was smaller in +LMN than -LMN myocytes. Arachidonic acid (AA; 5 μM) stimulated ICa,L in -LMN and +LMN myocytes similarly. Inhibition of PKA by either 5 μM H-89 or 1 μM KT5720 in -LMN myocytes mimicked the effects of +LMN myocytes to enhance zinterol stimulation of ICa,L, which was blocked by AACOCF3. In contrast, H-89 inhibited fenoterol stimulation of ICa,L, which was unchanged by AACOCF3. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by 1 μM U-0126 inhibited zinterol stimulation of ICa,L in +LMN myocytes and -LMN myocytes in which PKA was inhibited (KT5720). Western blots showed that inhibition of PKA (KT5720) in -LMN myocytes markedly increased zinterol phosphorylation of ERK1/2. We conclude that inhibition of AC/cAMP/PKA by cell attachment to LMN or PKA by pharmacological agents in -LMN myocytes switches β2-AR signaling from predominantly Gs/AC/cAMP/PKA to Gi/ERK1/2/cPLA2/AA. These findings may be relevant to the remodeling of β-AR signaling in diseased (fibrotic) and/or aging atria, both of which exhibit decreases in AC activity.
A 1.8-GHz instruction window buffer for an out-of-order microprocessor core

To address the challenges in microprocessor designs beyond a gigahertz, an instruction window buffer (IWB) was designed. The IWB implements the processor parts for renaming, reservation station, and reorder buffer as a unified buffer. Measured results on an experimental chip demonstrated operation of the IWB macros supporting 1.8 GHz, with the chip being at the fast end of the process distribution. The technology is 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS8S bulk technology with seven levels of copper interconnect and a 1.5-V supply voltage.
SiC Integrated MOSFETs

A new design and processing concepts have been applied to develop practical SiC trench MOSFETs for high power applications. The designed trench MOSFET has a MOS structure consisting of epitaxially grown n-type SiC trench sidewall layers. The current flows via an accumulation mode through the channel defined in the epitaxially grown SiC sidewall layer. The channel is depleted by the built-in fields of the p-type SiC base layer and the p-poly-Si gate, that control the channel conditions. The simulation based investigations revealed that the formed channel can withstand up to the avalanche breakdown condition. The structure of the n-type SiC trench sidewall epi-layer has been optimized to realize the blocking voltage of more than 1000 V for SiC MOSFETs with low on-state resistance. Moreover, our designed structure can address most of the open issues related to the MOS interface, viz., high surface state density, low channel mobility and high electric field at the trench base of the MOS structure. We have fabricated the first 2 mm square large size 6H-SiC trench MOSFET chip, in which 2380 hexagonal structural microcells of 23 μm pitch were integrated. The fabricated 6H-SiC trench MOSFET on (0001-) C-face wafers feature the on-state resistance as low as 23.84 m Ω cm2 with blocking voltage of more than 450 V.
Intestinal Edema: Effect of Enteral Feeding on Motility and Gene Expression

Objective Edema formation, inflammation, and ileus in the intestine are commonly seen in conditions like gastroschisis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cirrhosis. We hypothesized that early enteral feeding would improve intestinal transit. We also wanted to study the impact of early enteral feeding on global gene expression in the intestine. Design Rats were divided into Sham or Edema ± immediate enteral nutrition (IEN). At 12 h, small intestinal transit via FITC-Dextran and tissue water were measured. Ileum was harvested for total RNA to analyze gene expression using cDNA microarray with validation using real-time PCR. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 4–6 and ∗, ∗∗ = P Results IEN markedly improved intestinal transit with minimal genetic alterations in Edema animals. Major alterations in gene expression were detected in primary, cellular and macromolecular metabolic activities. Edema also altered more genes involved with the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Conclusions Intestinal edema results in impaired small intestinal transit and globally increased gene expression. Early enteral nutrition improves edema-induced impaired transit and minimizes gene transcriptional activity.
Automating design of MANETs for future force networks

Studying the behavior of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is essential for predicting the performance of the network over the mission/application duration. In this work, we develop a framework for automating the network design to aid the user in tuning the design parameters as the mission progresses. We show the different states that the automated design manager (ADM) goes through to support different objectives and constraints. We also develop algorithms for exploring the design space and providing guidelines for parameter tuning over time. We implement the proposed automated network design in the context of the NEDAT tool [1]. Using realistic mission scenarios, we show how the ADM guides the user through the design process.
Optimal Observation of Satellites Using Combined Measurements from Many Networked Observers Cooperatively Controlled by Human and Autonomous Means

This paper develops methods for regularly characterizing satellites at high resolution and low recurring cost using satellites whose combined orbits collectively have excellent views of space objects. Humans and autonomous spacecraft efiectively collaborate by allowing humans to modify and direct both overall objectives and short term goals while using autonomous planning techniques to manage complex, yet well-deflned and predictable orbital events and sensor allocations. This allows humans to provide input where they are strong, such as understanding high level goals and reasoning amidst uncertainty. Simultaneously, it allows autonomous optimization and planning techniques to operate in domains where they are strong, in this case when many spacecraft must be jointly controlled over space and time to achieve a clearly deflned overall flnal result. Characterization of satellites in geosynchronous orbit is especially important, as they are too far away for high resolution observation from Earth. This paper formulates observation of multiple satellites by a set of Observer satellites flrst as a binary integer programming problem. Next, methods are found to relax the formulation to become a convex linear program. Thus global optimality, high speed, and convergence to the optimum are assured. Real-time human input is allowed by modiflcation of the optimization weights. For instance, if a human decides that a particular object requires extra observation immediately, then this paper shows how this short term goal can be achieved by weight modiflcation. Similarly, if a human operator desires that an object be observed more persistently and accurately than other objects, then this paper develops weighting methods to achieve this long term goal. Simulation results conflrm the viability of the technique on a variety of orbits, including both low Earth and geosynchronous cases. In addition, the simulations indicate that the binary approximation of the convex relaxation achieves nearly optimal performance. The method is fully general, encompassing 3-D and elliptical orbits.
Metacomputing with MILAN

The MILAN project, a joint effort involving Arizona State University and New York University, has produced and validated fundamental techniques for the realization of efficient reliable, predictable virtual machines, that is, metacomputers, on top of environments that consist of an unreliable and dynamically changing set of machines. In addition to the techniques, the principal outcomes of the project include three parallel programming systems-Calypso, Chime, and Charlotte-which enable applications to be developed for ideal, shared memory, parallel machines to execute on distributed platforms that are subject to failures, slowdowns, and changing resource availability. The lessons learned from the MILAN project are being used to design Computing Communities, a metacomputing framework for general computations.
Federal Spending and Economic Growth in Appalachian Counties

In this paper I use a model informed by key theories of regional processes, and I test three related hypotheses concerning the effects of different types of federal spending (public investment, defense, salaries/wages) on economic growth in the 399 Appalachian counties during recent business cycles. The analysis incorporates a maximum likelihood estimate spatial lag regression model and shows that federal public investment spending and defense spending exerted net positive effects on per capita income, civilian employment, and private nonfarm employment growth rates between 1983 and 1988. In addition, public investment spending had a positive relationship with percentage of earnings from mining for the 1983–1988 period. Federal spending, however, had less consistent effects during the 1989–1992 recession. Implications for theory and research on regional processes are discussed.
Quantification of emotional bias by an Emotional-Gain Model

Article accompanying a poster presentation for the 2011 Computational Neuroscience Annual Meeting. This article discusses the quantification of emotional bias by an emotional-gain model.
Diffusive oxidative stress following acute spinal cord injury in guinea pigs and its inhibition by polyethylene glycol

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in rapid and significant oxidative stress. We have previously demonstrated that polyethylene glycol (PEG) repairs neuronal membrane and inhibits lipid peroxidation in an in vitro model of SCI. In this study we tested the effects of PEG on oxidative stress in guinea pigs after SCI. Oxidative stress was assessed by lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl and glutathione content. A compression injury of spinal cord at T10-11 induced a rapid and diffusive oxidative stress. Administration of PEG immediately after injury resulted in a marked decrease in oxidative stress both at the injury site and in its adjacent segments. These results, along with our previous findings, suggest that an early application of PEG can effectively suppress oxidative stress after SCI in vivo.
A Simple Fast Response Anemometer

Abstract Techniques are considered for measuring unsteady ground winds specifically for the purpose of defining inputs for the dynamic load problem encountered by booster vehicles on the launch pad. It is shown that the drag sphere type anemometer is ideally suited for such measurements because (1) it is responsive to the higher frequency wind fluctuations which conventional anemometers do not generally follow and (2) the input quantity of interest, that is, the dynamic pressure, is measured directly by such an instrument. Some development and field experience recently acquired at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, is presented for two different types of drag-sphere anemometers. The merits in using a perforated rather than a continuous smooth-surface sphere as a drag sensor are indicated.
On Specifying Invariant σ-fields

The purpose of this paper is to use coupling to specify invariant σ- fields. Suppose then that (X, P x , Ω, F t , S t ) is a strong Markov process on some nice state space E. S t is the shift on paths: \( X,T = { \cap_t}_{{ > 0}}\sigma \left( {{X_s}:s \geqslant t} \right) \). Denote by I = I(X) the σ-field generated by events Λ ∈ F∞ for which S t Λ = Λ a.s. ∀t > 0. This is the invariant σ-field. T is the tail σ-field for X, T = ∩t>0 σ(X s : s ≥ t). A couple of things are well-known about these σ-fields. First, if \( {\tilde{X}_t} = \left( {t + {\varepsilon_0},{X_t}} \right) \) is the space-time process, then \( I\left( {\tilde{X}} \right) = T(X) \). Thus our arguments will apply to tail σ-fields as easily as to invariant σ-fields. Second, is the fact that I gives all the bounded harmonic functions for X. From here on we shall say simply harmonic, the “for X” being understood. Briefly put, the connection is that for Λ ∈ I, h(x) = P x (Λ) is harmonic. On the other hand, if h is bounded and harmonic, h(X t ) is a bounded, hence convergent, martingale with limit H ∈ I. Moreover, h(x) = E x H. Thus to specify I is to characterize all bounded harmonic functions. Typically, there is some I-measurable random variable Z for which one suspects σ(Z) = I. The inclusion σ(Z) ⊂ I is automatic, yet for equality it must be shown there isn’t more information in I than is provided by Z. This is the role played by Theorem 1 below.
A theoretical study of the contrast recovery and variance of MAP reconstructions with applications to the selection of smoothing parameters

The authors examine the spatial resolution and variance properties of PET images reconstructed using maximum a posteriori (MAP) or penalized-likelihood methods. Resolution is characterized by the contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) of the local impulse response. Simplified approximate expressions are derived for the local impulse response CRCs and variances for each voxel. Using these results the authors propose a practical scheme for selecting spatially variant smoothing parameters to optimize lesion detestability through maximization of the local CRC-to-noise ratio in the reconstructed image.
A Study of Mobile Internet Usage from Utilitarian and Hedonic User Tendency Perspectives

Although a few studies have focused on mobile value from the distinctive feature of a wireless mobile technology perspective, limited attempts have been made to study mobile value from a mobile application perspective. Thus, in this study we elaborate on mobile application as two types of values: utilitarian and hedonic. Based on these two values, we conceptualize two types of mobile value tendency: utilitarian tendency and hedonic tendency. The goal of this study is to examine the relationships between mobile users’ value tendency and their personal predispositions (i.e., socio-economic status and level of maturity) and their perceptions on mobile Internet service quality dimensions (i.e., connection quality, design quality, and information quality). Results of the study show that mobile users of lower maturity level are more likely to have hedonic tendencies than those of a higher maturity level, who in contrast exhibit more utilitarian tendencies; the mobile users’ hedonic tendency is positively associated with their perceptions on mobile Internet service quality. However, unlike our expectations, mobile users’ socioeconomic status is not related to their utilitarian tendency of mobile Internet use; the mobile users who have a higher level of utilitarian tendency are more likely to show negative perception on mobile Internet service quality. The interpretation of the unexpected results, research contributions, and limitations are discussed.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus cereus Group Phage TsarBomba.

ABSTRACT The Bacillus cereus group bacteriophage TsarBomba, a double-stranded DNA Myoviridae, was isolated from soil collected in Saratov, Russia. TsarBomba was found to be similar to Bacillus phages BCP78 and BCU4, and to have a wide host range among Bacillus cereus group species.
«Superstitious» behavior in children

The behavior of 12 preschool children was examined for the emergence of superstitious behavior under response-independent, fixed-time (FT) schedules of reinforcement. Three experimental phases were conducted: (a) two 8-min baseline sessions, (b) six 10-min experimental sessions of FT 15- or 30-sec marble delivery, and (c) two final 8-min baseline sessions. Sessions were videotaped and scored; mean interobserver agreement ranged from 80.0 to 98.6%. Results showed that responding emerged on the FT schedules for seven of the children, increasing in probability towards the end of the intervals; five children either displayed responses having no discernible temporal pattern or they had no specifiable dominant response. A test of the reinforcing function of the marbles showed that they generally functioned as reinforcers. Discussion focused on the fixed-time length, the behavioral processes involved, methodological qualifications, and the nature of the responding engendered.
The role of the LDL receptor in lipoprotein metabolism.

The discovery of the LDL receptor in cultured mammalian cells by Goldstein and Brown in 1973 was followed by a rapid increase in our understanding of cellular and total body cholesterol metabolism1. The LDL receptor is the starting point for an intracellular pathway which is of fundamental importance in regulating cellular cholesterol metabolism. Studies in patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disease characterized by hypercholesterolemia and a partial or complete absence of LDL receptor activity, have shown that the LDL receptor is largely responsible for regulating the plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. It is also known that LDL receptor activity can be manipulated in vivo with dietary changes or medication to alter the plasma LDL cholesterol level for therapeutic purposes. Finally, the knowledge gained from animal studies that the liver contains large numbers of LDL receptors led to the use of liver transplantation to treat a young patient with the homozygous form of familial hypercholesterolemia. The results of that operation indicate that the human liver also contains a significant amount of LDL receptor activity. Since these findings are of major importance in developing ways to combat hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis, they will be reviewed in the following discussion.
Image spam analysis and detection

Image spam is unsolicited bulk email, where the message is embedded in an image. Spammers use such images to evade text-based filters. In this research, we analyze and compare two methods for detecting spam images. First, we consider principal component analysis (PCA), where we determine eigenvectors corresponding to a set of spam images and compute scores by projecting images onto the resulting eigenspace. The second approach focuses on the extraction of a broad set of image features and selection of an optimal subset using support vector machines (SVM). Both of these detection strategies provide high accuracy with low computational complexity. Further, we develop a new spam image dataset that cannot be detected using our PCA or SVM approach. This new dataset should prove valuable for improving image spam detection capabilities.
Impaired perception of surface tilt in progressive supranuclear palsy.

Introduction Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is characterized by early postural instability and backward falls. The mechanisms underlying backward postural instability in PSP are not understood. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that postural instability in PSP is a result of dysfunction in the perception of postural verticality. Methods We gathered posturography data on 12 subjects with PSP to compare with 12 subjects with idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and 12 healthy subjects. Objective tests of postural impairment included: dynamic sensory perception tests of gravity and of surface oscillations, postural responses to surface perturbations, the sensory organization test of postural sway under altered sensory conditions and limits of stability in stance. Results Perception of toes up (but not toes down) surface tilt was reduced in subjects with PSP compared to both control subjects (p≤0.001 standing, p≤0.007 seated) and subjects with PD (p≤0.03 standing, p≤0.04 seated). Subjects with PSP, PD and normal controls accurately perceived the direction of gravity when standing on a tilting surface. Unlike PD and control subjects, subjects with PSP exerted less postural corrective torque in response to toes up surface tilts. Discussion Difficulty perceiving backward tilt of the surface or body may account for backward falls and postural impairments in patients with PSP. These observations suggest that abnormal central integration of sensory inputs for perception of body and surface orientation contributes to the pathophysiology of postural instability in PSP.
Asian American Female College Students' Subjective Femininity Conceptualizations: Using a Mixed‐Methods Approach

This mixed-methods study explored 184 Asian American female college students' subjective femininity conceptualizations and their associations with family conflict. A direct content analysis of responses identified 5 categories of subjective femininity conceptualizations: model minority, physical attributes, traditional femininity, subordinate roles, and modern femininity. Conceptualizations of subordinate roles were positively related to intensity of family conflict. Interdependent self-construal moderated the relationship between subjective conceptualizations of subordinate roles, modern femininity, and intensity of family conflict. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Este estudio de metodos combinados exploro las conceptualizaciones subjetivas de feminidad y sus asociaciones con conflictos familiares entre 184 estudiantes universitarias asiatico-americanas. Un analisis directo del contenido de las respuestas identifico 5 categorias de conceptualizaciones subjetivas de feminidad: modelo de minoria, atributos fisicos, feminidad tradicional, roles subordinados y feminidad moderna. Las conceptualizaciones de roles subordinados se relacionaron de forma positiva con la intensidad de los conflictos familiares. La autoconstruccion interdependiente modero la relacion entre las conceptualizaciones subjetivas de roles subordinados, la feminidad moderna y la intensidad de los conflictos familiares. Se discuten las implicaciones clinicas de estos hallazgos.
Determination of mean ionization potential using magnetic resonance imaging for the reduction of proton beam range uncertainties: theory and application

The accurate determination of mean ionization potential (I m) has the potential to reduce range uncertainty based margins and therefore allow for more focal treatments in proton radiotherapy. Many methods have been proposed to reduce uncertainty in I m and stopping power ratios (SPR), each with varying degrees of accuracy and issues. In this work, we present a simple parameterized model to determine I m in human biological tissue, allowing for the computation of patient-specific I m at the voxel level using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The model requires the measurement of three parameters by MRI, with only two parameters, mass percent water content and mass percent hydrogen content in organic molecules, required for the special case of soft tissues. The accuracy of this I m determination method was evaluated in available 'standard' (ICRU Report #44, (ICRU 1989 Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement (Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements))) human tissues. The sensitivity of this I m determination method to in vivo perturbations was also tested by calculating the effect of 10% variations in the experimentally measurable parameters on I m and SPR. For the human tissues modeled in this work, a high level of accuracy with low susceptibility to perturbations in measurement error was achieved in the prediction of I m. Root-mean-square errors in I m were within 0.77% and 1.8% for both soft and bony tissues, and were 0.09% and 0.2% for the SPR of soft and bony tissues, respectively, assuming knowledge of electron density. Proof of principle MR measurements and model-based computations of I m and SPR were taken in phantom for a series of hydrogenous solutions and compared against expected I m and SPR calculations from known elemental composition. MR determined I m and SPR values in a known composition solution were determined to within 5% and 0.52%, respectively. We present a novel model to accurately calculate mean ionization potential from measurements acquirable by MRI and show its feasibility in a phantom.
Rewired: Research-Writing Partnerships within the Frameworks . Randall McClure, ed., for the Association of Research Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association, 2016. 303p. Softcover, $68.00 (ISBN 978-0-8389-8904-3).

Attending the “ Creating Knowledge VIII ” 2016 conference (Reykjavik, Iceland) I was delighted to find conference sessions addressing the integration of writing and research for students. One session was titled “We have to talk about collaboration”: a presentation on a partnership between the University Library and the Writing Centre at Umea University, Sweden. Rewired: Research-Writing Partnerships within the Frameworks , edited by Randall McClure, extends this conversation to development of, partnerships with, and assessment of information literacy and writing as collaborative and integral foundations of academic research.
Using \( \sqrt{-1} \) to Evaluate Integrals

The use of \( i=\sqrt{-1} \) to compute integrals is nicely illustrated with a quick example. Let’s use i to do $$ {\displaystyle {\int}_1^{\infty}\frac{\mathrm{dx}}{\mathrm{x}\left({\mathrm{x}}^2+1\right)}}. $$