cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proprioceptive representations of the hand in somatosensory cortex

Hand proprioception is critical for executing dexterous movements but has received little experimental attention compared to proximal limb proprioception. Here, we review what is known about how hand posture and movements are encoded in the responses of neurons in somatosensory cortex, highlighting ways in which neuronal representations of hand state differ from their proximal limb counterparts. We also consider the role of proprioception in haptic shape perception — stereognosis — and contemplate the possibility of restoring proprioception through electrical stimulation of the brain to improve the dexterity of bionic hands.
1.7 kW 6.78 MHz Wireless Power Transfer with Air-Core Coils at 95.7% DC-DC Efficiency

This paper describes the design and implementation of a 1.7 kW wireless power transfer system that operates at 6.78 MHz and uses low-cost air-core coils. The demonstration achieves a dc-dc efficiency of 95.7% at 1.7 kW and maintains above 93% efficiency between 100 W and 1.7 kW.
A qualitative investigation on the impact of mood and anxiety disorders in the workplace

Mood and anxiety disorders are the most burdensome mental health disorders related to work functioning. This study conducted an in-depth analysis on how mood and anxiety disorders impact work funct...
Multicentric Castleman Disease

Multicentric Castleman disease is a systemic disorder of lymph nodes characterized by inflammatory symptoms including fever, night sweats, cachexia, malaise, and lymphadenopathy together with laboratory abnormalities including anemia and hypoalbuminemia. These symptoms may be life-threatening. The diagnosis is based on specific pathological findings in affected lymph nodes. In individuals infected with HIV, multicentric Castleman disease is almost exclusively caused by infection with a cancer-causing herpesvirus, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8). This may be considered a separate entity from the non-KSHV related or idiopathic form of multicentric Castleman disease and from unicentric forms of Castleman disease. While these disorders have pathological and clinical similarities, the KSHV-related form is distinguished by its pathological characteristics and unique viral etiology.
Inference Methods for Autonomous Stochastic Linear Hybrid Systems

We present a parameter inference algorithm for autonomous stochastic linear hybrid systems, which computes a maximum-likelihood model, given only a set of continuous output data of the system. We overcome the potentially intractable problem of identifying the sequence of discrete modes by using dynamic programming; we then compute the maximum-likelihood continuous models using an Expectation Maximization technique. This allows us to find a maximum-likelihood model in time that is polynomial in the number of discrete modes as well as in the length of the data series. We prove local convergence of the algorithm. We also propose a novel initialization technique to derive good initial conditions for the model parameters. Finally, we demonstrate our algorithm on some examples – two simple one-dimensional examples with simulated data, and an application to real flight test data from a dual-vehicle demonstration of the Stanford DragonFly Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.
Blood flow response to a postural challenge in older men and women.

Background: The purpose of this study was to measure blood flow in the carotid and femoral arteries, heart rate and blood pressure in response to postural challenge in older adults. A second purpose was to determine if older men and women have different cardiovascular responses to a postural challenge such as tilt. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy elderly men and women participated in this study (69–82 years old). All subjects had similar physical activity levels. Postural challenge was induced by a 60° tilt at the level of the waist. Continuous carotid blood flow and femoral blood flow was measured with Doppler ultrasound. Results: Carotid blood flow was significantly reduced 17% in both men and women immediately after tilt (p < 0.001), and by 3.2% two minutes after tilt (p < 0.001). Femoral blood flow decreased 59.4% in men and 61% in women immediately after tilt (p < 0.001), and remained significantly decreased two minutes after tilt by 21% (p <0.001). Heart rate increased by 15% in men (p < 0.001), and 26% in women immediately after the tilt (p < 0.001). Heart rate returned to resting values within two minutes in both men and women. Response to tilt was not significantly related to selfreport physical activity levels or to six-minute walk time. Conclusion: A postural challenge induced larger changes in the femoral artery compared to the carotid artery. There were no differences between men and women to a tilt table test except for differences in heart rate response. There was no difference in the blood flow responses to postural challenge with physical activity level or between healthy older men and women.
Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb‐weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

This paper provides the first comprehensive comparative morphological study of symphytognathoid spiders, with an emphasis on the family Mysmenidae. Hypotheses of primary homology, particularly at the level of male genitalia, are proposed for a total of 65 taxa (42 mysmenids), compiled into a morphological data set of more than 350 characters. Male palpal structures (paracymbium and tegular conductor), considered absent for the family by previous workers, are actually present in Mysmenidae. The pattern of interfamilial relationships based on the morphological data differs from the hypothesis based on the total evidence (morphology plus multigene sequence data) in the placement of Theridiosomatidae. We have based all formal taxonomic and nomenclatural decisions on the results of analysis of the total evidence from a previous study, except in the cases in which only morphological information was available. Based on such phylogenetic results, the following generic transfers from Mysmenidae are proposed: Crassignatha, Iardinis (to Symphytognathidae); Leviola (to Zodariidae); and Phricotelus (Araneoidea incertae sedis). Mysmenidae is redelimited to include at least eight genera: Mysmena, Microdipoena, Maymena, Trogloneta, Isela, Mysmenopsis, Brasilionata, and Mysmeniola, which are re-diagnosed. Mysmenella and Anjouanella are synonymized with Microdipoena. Calodipoena, Itapua, Calomyspoena, Tamasesia, and Kekenboschiella are synonymized with Mysmena. Two mysmenid subfamilies are here proposed: Mysmenopsinae subf. nov. and Mysmeninae. In addition, diagnostic features for all symphytognathoid families are provided. One significant outcome of this comparative review is the entelegyne internal genitalic conformation for the family Anapidae (as opposed to haplogyne): all anapid representatives examined possess fertilization ducts. We provide some comments on the evolution of the morphology of spinneret spigots in symphytognathoids. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London
The Darling Dogma of Bourgeois Europeanists

This review article examines critically the belief that national democracies are inherently deficient on democratic grounds since they affect people across their own borders without offering them a voice in the domestic political process. Supranational institutions are supposed to address this problem. The article explains, first, that this belief can be given two different readings: one is liberal, the other democratic. Second, it argues that making sense of this belief requires transforming it into a principle of cosmopolitan citizenship that draws on the idea of virtual representation. The current European Union would look differently if it were to abide by this principle.
Distribution of growth cones and synapses in developing laminar and interlaminar regions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

In the present study, we quantified the distribution of growth cones and synapses in 2 developing layers, as well as in the intervening interlaminar space of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in tree shrews. Our goal was to gain insight into mechanisms involved in the segregation of dLGN cells into layers during development. We sacrificed tree shrews before (P0), during (P4 and P7), and after (P15) laminar segregation as well as at maturity (P90). The dLGN from each animal was sectioned horizontally, and all tissue for analysis was blocked from the middle third of the nucleus along the dorsoventral axis. Each micrograph was coded and blindly scored for the number of growth cones and synapses in layers 4 and 5 and the intervening interlaminar space. We also measured each growth cone and classified synapse type. Statistical analyses of these data reveal that neither growth cones nor synapses are significantly more common in the interlaminar space early in the period of laminar segregation (P4). By nearly a week after the interlaminar space can first be distinguished (P7), there are more growth cones in the interlaminar space than in the layers, but this difference is no longer present at (P15). These results suggest that, although neuropil development at the laminar borders may not play a role in the onset of laminar segregation, it may contribute to the widening of the interlaminar spaces once this process has begun. In addition, growth cones continuously decrease in number and become less bulbous and more linear in shape with development. Synapses, on the other hand, continuously increase in number with age and pass through a transient period characterized by heavy spinous terminations.
Petrological variability of recent magmatism at Axial Seamount summit, Juan de Fuca Ridge

[1] A combined study of mapping, observational, age constraint, and geochemical data at the summit of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge, has revealed its recent petrological history. Multiple basalt types erupted at the summit in a time sequence. At least three different magma batches have been present beneath the Axial Summit caldera during the last millennium, each with a range in differentiation. The first, prior to 1100 CE, was compositionally diverse, dominantly aphyric T-MORB. The second, from ∼1220 to 1300 CE, was dominantly plagioclase-phyric, more mafic N-MORB erupted mostly in the central portion of the caldera. Since ∼1400 CE, lavas have been more differentiated, and nearly aphyric T-MORB mostly erupted in the caldera's rift zones. Parental magmas vary subtly due to small coupled differences in the degree of melting and sources, but all share a uniform differentiation trend indicating pooling at similar depths. Thus, melts percolate through melt-rich lenses that remain partially isolated in space and/or time. Centennial magmatic timescales at Axial Seamount are similar to those for fast spreading ridge segments. The fluctuation between aphyric and plagioclase-phyric lava likely reflects different pathways or velocities of melt migration.
The non-linear characteristic of core function of RNS numbers and its effect on RNS to binary conversion and sign detection algorithms

Residue number system (RNS) has been recognized as a robust method to perform computations in a parallel fashion. RNS operations provide us with the capability of solving a precise or fuzzy system using a low resolution multi-moduli system. Despite of the advantages of RNS operations in parallel addition, subtraction, and multiplication, it suffers from some drawbacks such as RNS to binary conversion, sign detection, parity detection, overflow detection, scaling and division by Burgess (1997), and Szaho and Tanaka (1967). Several techniques have been developed to alleviate these drawbacks. For instance MRC (mixed radix conversion) by Szaho and Tanaka (1967), New CRT II (Chinese residue theorem II) by Wang et al. (1998), and core function by Burgess (1997) and Gonella (1991) are some well-known techniques used for RNS to binary conversion. Our study is oriented upon core function. Core function has a non-linear characteristic that causes an ambiguity in RNS to binary conversion as well as sign detection algorithms. Our work is a discussion about the nonlinear characteristic of the core function and its effects on these algorithms. Also, we point to some solutions to alleviate or resolve any ambiguity due to this non-linearity.
Manufacturing white criminals: Depictions of criminality and violence on Law & Order

AbstractThis study examines exposure to the police drama television genre and its impact on perceptions of crime and racial criminality. Content analyses of three seasons of Law & Order were examined to evaluate the show’s portrayal of race and crime compared to actual crime statistics for New York City during the same periods. A survey was also conducted to examine perceptions of personal safety and the influence of television’s depiction of race and crime. Results suggest whites are disproportionately portrayed as criminals five to eight times more often on police dramas compared to actual crime statistics for the city of New York, exposure to police dramas increases beliefs of threats to personal safety, and exposure to police dramas leads to elevated perceptions of white criminality among non-whites. Results provide additional support for cultivation theory and “Mean World Syndrome,” and implications for delimitation and racial distrust.
Use of intraoperative venography to guide the distal portion of a ventriculoatrial shunt past an obstruction in the central veins: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE: Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunting is commonly used to treat hydrocephalus when ventriculoperitoneal shunting has failed. Placement of a VA shunt in patients with narrowing or occlusion of the central veins presents considerable difficulty because few imaging modalities exist to safely and reliably insert a guidewire or atrial catheter past the occlusion. We report the use of intraoperative venography to guide the placement of the distal portion of a VA shunt in a patient with a valve blocking the left brachiocephalic vein. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 42-year-old man with pseudotumor cerebri and a left ventriculoperitoneal shunt presented with severe headaches. He was diagnosed with partial distal shunt obstruction. Because of a history of failed attempts at ventriculoperitoneal shunting, conversion to a VA shunt via the left internal jugular vein was planned. TECHNIQUE: Surgery was performed by using the standard technique until resistance was encountered when inserting a guidewire into the internal jugular vein. Intraoperative venography of the central veins was performed, which showed a large valve blocking progression of the guidewire in the left brachiocephalic vein. Using fluoroscopic guidance, a 0.035-inch guidewire was successfully directed through the vein past the obstruction and exchanged for a peel-away introducer. The distal shunt catheter was then inserted, and the correct position in the atrium was confirmed fluoroscopically. CONCLUSION: When obstruction of the central veins is found during a VA shunting procedure, intraoperative venography is a useful method to aid in the placement of the atrial catheter through the central veins.
Nonmonotonic reasoning and causation: Comment

In a recent issue of Cognitive Science, * Yoav Shoham (1990) proposed a theory of causation based on a nonmonotonic logic of temporal knowledge. It is the purpose of this commentary to show that Shoham’s procedure is essentially isomorphic with a theory of causal ordering that requires no special nonmonotonic logic. Although this latter causal ordering theory is compatible with the requirement that causes precede their effects, it can also be used to describe systems in which causes and effects are simultaneous. This discussion will employ a version of the causal ordering theory that uses Boolean truth functions of sentences (Simon, 1952; reprinted in Simon, 1977, chap. 2.2) rather than the more famliar version that uses mathematical functions of real variables (Simon, 1953; reprinted in Simon, 1977, chap. 2.1) as the material of construction. This will make the relation to Shoham’s theory easier to see. The discussion here will be largely informal; the formalities are easily supplied by reference to the original articles by Shoham (1990) and Simon (1952, 1953).
Effective Administrative Behavior

Effective administrative behavior, this writer explains, requires a clear knowledge of planning, decision making, and communication as well as the exercise of ethical behavior. He expands this statement on the following pages.
Seafloor seismic stations perform well in study

Broadband seafloor seismic installations can yield quality data comparable to land stations in terms of ambient noise levels and time series events, a study has shown. This is good news for plans to fill in the gaps in the Global Seismic Network (GSN) around the world. About 25 GSN stations are needed on the seafloor. The study the Ocean Seismic Network (OSN) Pilot Experiment, was carried out to test different systems for broadband seafloor seismology. So far GSN has about 115 high quality, broadband, three-component, seismic stations on continents and islands around the world.
Age-Associated Changes in Bovine Muscle Connective Tissue. II. Exposure to Increasing Temperaturea

SUMMARY Changes in collagen structure during maturation were studied with collagenous residues obtained from the loose connective-tissue network within bovine biceps femoris muscle from animals of different ages. A new technique for studying thermal shrinkage and collagen structure of powdered collagenous residues was described. Samples from four age groups were studied: Group I, three calves, 40–49 days old; Group II, three steers, 403–495 days old; Group III, three cows, 4 years, 8 months to 5 years, 5 months old; Group IV, two cows, 10 years, 2 months and 10 years, 5 months old. The release of soluble protein, ninhydrin-positive material, and hydroxy-proline from collagenous residues into a phosphate-buffered medium (pH 7.0) upon incubation at gradually increasing increments of temperature from 25 to 70°C was measured. Differences between various age groups were marked, and at 60°C and above, the groups ranked I, II, III, and IV, from highest to lowest, in amounts of soluble material released. At the final temperature of 70°C, Group I samples had released 42% of their hydroxyproline in a soluble form, compared to only 2% from Group IV. The thermal shrinkage temperature, which was taken as that temperature at which a sudden release of soluble hydroxyproline occurred, increased with advancing age, from near 55°C for Group I to 70°C or above for Group IV, while the average molecular weight of the soluble protein released was greater for the younger animals. The results were discussed in relation to experiments involving the rate of collagenase digestion of the same samples. The findings indicate stronger or more extensive cross-linkages in the collagen from older animals.
Optimizing radiologic workup: An artificial intelligence approach

The increasing complexity of diagnostic imaging is presenting an ever expanding variety of radiologic test options to clinicians. As a result, it is becoming more difficult for referring physicians to select an appropriate sequence of tests. The current economic pressures on medicine make it particularly important that resources be used judiciously. Radiologic workup often involves a sequence of tests that lead from presenting signs and symptoms to a definitive diagnosis or intervention. This sequence ideally begins with simple, inexpensive, safe, non-invasive tests and progresses to more complex, expensive, and hazardous tests only if the simpler tests are insufficient to establish a diagnosis. DxCON is a developmental artificial intelligence-based computer system that gives advice to physicians about the optimum sequencing of radiologic tests. DxCON evaluates basic clinical information and a physician’s proposed workup plan. The system then creates an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of his plan. The domain chosen to explore computer-based workup advice is the radiologic workup of obstructive jaundice.
Structural characterization of cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside anthocyanins: Multi-dimensional fragmentation pathways using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry

Abstract Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside were identified from an extract of freeze-dried red hybrid-tea rose petals with high mass accuracy and multi-dimensional fragmentation using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS). The effects of varying the amount of collision energy applied to the trap at each MS stage were studied to optimize subsequent fragmentation steps. Structural characterization of cyanidin and pelargonidin was attempted by identifying the fragments created by cross-ring cleavage (CRC) of the C-ring and small neutral molecule loss. These fragments were further determined to be diagnostic for differentiating the compounds of interest. A computational study of the CRC fragments of cyanidin was performed in order to calculate the overall energy of the fragments. It was determined that the 0,2 CRC pathway was more favorable than the 0,3 CRC pathway.
Studies of Defect Behavior in Large-Grain, Polycrystalline Ice Using Synchrotron X-ray Topography

Abstract Synchrotron White Beam X-ray Topography (SWBXT) has been used to conduct in situ, low temperature studies of the behavior of defects introduced into large-grain, polycrystalline ice of very low “as-grown” defect density. The generation of faulted and unfaulted interstitial dislocation loops as a function of imposed temperature changes was observed. Variations in the distribution of these loops in the vicinity of grain boundaries are discussed in the context of diffusion mobilities on the basal plane and the relative orientation between the basal plane and the grain boundary plane. Dislocation generation mechanisms under applied compressive stresses were also investigated in situ using a specially-designed compression stage. This has led to the novel observation of dislocation nucleation at stress concentrations on grain boundaries. The utility of SWBXT in dynamic studies of this general nature is demonstrated.
Adaptive fuzzy inference causal graph approach to fault detection and isolation of field devices in nuclear power plants

An adaptive fuzzy inference causal graph is presented as an integrated approach for fault detection and isolation of field devices including sensors, actuators, and controllers in nuclear power plants. In this approach, nuclear plant systems are represented as a causal graph consisting of individual process variables connected with adaptive fuzzy inference system models. The adaptive fuzzy inference system models generated from historical data are used to characterize the relationships among process variables during normal operation. Fault detection and isolation is achieved by monitoring and cause-effect reasoning on the residuals. This unique cause-effect reasoning strategy for fault isolation can avoid seeking signatures patterns from fault data, which are usually very difficult to obtain for a large system. The most parsimonious model structure, which is a decisive factor in building robust data driven models, is achieved through the system decomposition that inherent in a causal graph. The developed approach has been demonstrated for a simulated pressurized water reactor steam generator system. Both simple faults and complex faults with fault propagation can be successfully isolated during their incipient fault stages, regardless of fault magnitudes and initial power level.
1,3-Butadiene oligomerization catalyzed by polymer-attached palladium complexes. Comparison with homogeneous catalysis

Abstract Palladium chloride, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, and palladium acetate have been anchored to diphenylphosphinated styrene-divinylbenzene resins to provide resin catalysts with from 1.1 to 10.9% Pd loadings and P:Pd ratios from 2.1 to 25.7. Butadiene was oligomerized to product mixtures of E-1-acetoxy-2,7-octadiene, 6; 3-acetoxy-1,7-octadiene, 7; E-1,3,7-octadiene, 8; E-1-acetoxy-2-butene, 9; and 3-acetoxybutene, 10; in THF-HOAC at 100 °C in the presence of these anchored catalysts. The product distribution was essentially unchanged as the percentage Pd in the resin was varied at constant P:Pd. The product distribution varied modestly as P:Pd was changed. The product distribution for reactions catalyzed by such resins was the same as those homogeneously catalyzed by PPh 3 plus Pd(OAc) 2 when compared at equal P:Pd ratios. These observations rule out a mechanism involving a bridged bimetallic intermediate in Pd(OAc) 2 catalyzed reactions because the resin matrix effectively isolates Pd sites from one another. Palladium leaching was serious for anchored PdCl 2 and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 but less so for Pd(OAc) 2 . The effect of the P:Pd ratio on leaching is discussed. In the presence of triethylamine, metallic palladium was precipitated in the resin.
Test of Significance in order selection

To select a proper order is a critical step in fitting a model to a data set. It is well known that Mallows' Cp,as well as other asymptotically equivalent order selectors, often selects an excessively large order. To reduce the chance of overestimating the optimal order using a heavier penalty term has been suggested. In this paper, the issue about setting the penalty term is considered from a perspective similar to hypothesis testing. It is suggested setting the penalty according to the probabiiity of overestimating the true or optimal order. A test procedure based on the order selecters is proposed to assess the significance of the order selected. Some simulation results are presented to illustrate the properties of the order selectors and the test procedure. The application of the procedures to two real examples are also presented.
Surgical treatment of submucous fibrosis

Abstract A study of the surgical treatment of submucous fibrosis in the oral cavity is reported, and a case report with a 4-year follow-up is discussed.
QSRR prediction of chromatographic retention of ethynyl-substituted PAH from semiempirically computed solute descriptors.

Retention prediction of 12 ethynyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their six unsubstituted parent compounds has been elucidated by the application of quantitative structure−retention relationship (QSRR) analysis. Retention data of the PAH were obtained from reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) utilizing an octadecylsilica stationary phase operated under linear-gradient elution (60:40 water/acetonitrile to pure acetonitrile in 40 min). Six solute descriptors (moment of inertia, total energy, polarizability, ionization potential, dipole moment, subpolarity), computed from the optimized semiempirical AM1, MNDO, and PM3 solute geometries, were examined. Results from one-parameter QSRR analysis showed that retention of solutes was best predicted with solute polarizability as the parameter, computed from the AM1- (r = 0.969), MNDO- (r = 0.970), or PM3 (r = 0.967)-optimized solute geometries. From two-parameter QSRR analysis involving a size-specific parameter accompan...
Mast Cell Participation During the Elicitation of Murine Allergic Contact Hypersensitivity

Abstract In order to evaluate mast cell participation in allergic contact hypersensitivity (ACH), BALB/c mice were sensitized with 0.1% trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB). Immediately before challenge and at 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after challenge with 1% TNCB, groups of animals had car thickness measured, had blood collected for histamine determinations, and had both cars removed for histologic evaluation of mast cells. The increase in ear swelling was triphasic with peak increases at 1.5 h (14.3 ± 1.6 × 10 −2 mm; mean ± SEM), 8 h (19.9 ± 1.8 × 10 −2 mm), and 24 h (30.2 ± 2.9 × 10 −2 mm). A triphasic pattern of increased serum histamine was noted at 1–4 h (117% over control levels), at 12 h (131%), and at 48 h (133%). Examination of the tissue specimens from challenged animals showed modest (1 +) degranulation of mast cells between 1 and 6 h with extensive (2+) degranulation at 12 h. In addition, hypogranulated mast cells were evident between 1 and 6 h, at 24 h, and at 48 h. There were no statistically significant differences in mast cell numbers at any time. Neither platelets nor other formed elements of the blood contributed to the increased blood histamine levels. These data show that mast cells are activated in a triphasic pattern during ACH, and thus suggest both early and late roles for the mast cell and its products in the evolution of ACH.
Becoming a Manager: Mastery of a New Identity

This article presents a review of the book Becoming a Manager: Mastery of a New Identity, by Linda A. Hill.
The scattering of 8.0 and 9.0 MeV neutrons by 27Al, 28Si, 31P and 32S

Abstract Measurements were made of the differential elastic and inelastic cross sections for neutrons scattered by silicon at 7.71 MeV; and aluminium, silicon, phosphorus and sulphur at 7.97 and 9.05 MeV. Natural scattering samples were used. Finite sample corrections were made for the elastic scattering data. The elastic cross sections have rms relative and absolute uncertainties of 2–5 % and 6–8 % respectively. The inelastic cross sections have rms relative and absolute uncertainties of 3–8 % and 6–10 % respectively. All measured elastic cross sections were compared to theoretical calculations obtained by adding the shape elastic contribution from the optical model to the compound elastic contribution from the statistical model with level-width-fluctuation corrections. Theoretical calculations of the inelastic scattering from the first excited states of 28 Si and 32 S were made by summing the statistical and direct interaction predictions. The measurements agree with the models for 32 S. For 28 Si, only the 9.05 MeV measurements were in agreement with the models. The particle-core coupling model was used to compute the direct interaction contributions to the inelastic cross sections of the low-lying levels of 27 Al and 31 P. These predictions do not adequately describe the inelastic scattering of neutrons by 27 Al and 31 P.
Asymptomatic Nonulcerated Swelling of the Mandible

This case emphasizes that radiographic changes, although not diagnostic, can be characteristic and highly suggestive of a disease process especially a benign or malignant tumor. Radiographic changes that suggested the possibility of a malignant process in this case included ill-defined margins of the lesion; bone production within the lesion, especially interdentally at the alveolar crest; widening of the periodontal ligament space around tooth roots within the lesions; and perpendicular bony striae extending outward from the surface of the bone (sun-ray effect). THese changes are not specific for a malignant process: however, when coupled with the clinical history, the probability of malignancy is high. Failure of recognition is considered the greatest problem in malignancy of the oral cavity. Clinicians should consider every abnormal condition as suspicious unless there are valid reasons for ruling out cancer.
Exploring the spin structure of the proton with two-body partonic scattering at RHIC

The STAR collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is using polarized proton beams at s = 200 GeV to study the spin structure of the proton. The first results for the double spin helicity dependence of inclusive jet production are presented along with projections for additional data taken in 2005 and 2006. When fully analyzed these data sets should place strong constraints on the possible contribution of gluonic spin to the proton spin as expressed by ΔG. Future studies using 2-jet or photon-jet coincidences to map out the gluon spin distribution vs. the gluon's momentum fraction of the proton are discussed.
Compartment modeling from tracer experiments

An elementary system is defined as two compartments, one the immediate and unique precursor of the other. By synthesizing a number of elementary systems, we can obtain a system with any given weight, transfer time and dispersion. A criterion is presented to choose the best model of a given system, i.e. a system with the same above parameters and composed of a minimum number of elementary systems.
Neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells contain clonidine-displacing substance.

Abstract Clonidine-displacing substance (CDS) isolated from bovine brain potently inhibits clonidine binding and elicits contraction of gastric smooth muscle. We sought to determine if CDS was contained in neuron-like clonal cells (neuroblastoma × glioma hyrid NG108-15). Extracts were prepared from osmotically shocked P2 fractions of NG108-15 cells. One unit of CDS, as defined by a [ 3 H]p-aminoclonidine radioreceptor assay using bovine frontal cortex membranes, was obtained from each 1.3 million cells processed. CDS isolated from NG108-15 cells was biologically active on gastric smooth muscle. NG108-15 cells may serve as a model system for the study of this endogenous clonidine-like ligand.
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) genetics in the mouse: linkage with metabolically related enzyme loci.

An electrophoretic polymorphism of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) has been observed in the subspecies Mus musculus musculus from northern Denmark. M. m. musculus is interfertile with inbred strains of mice, and F1 hybrids with C57BL/6J show a three-banded phenotype. This pattern is consistent with a dimeric enzyme structure with codominant expression of alleles. In backcrosses and the F2 generation, PGD segregated as a single autosomal gene, designated Pgd, closely linked to Gpd-1 on chromosome 4 (1.7±1.1%). Both gene products are dimers, both require NADP, and these enzymes catalyze sequential steps in metabolism.
Bacterial Vaginosis and the Natural History of Human Papillomavirus

Objective. To evaluate associations between common vaginal infections and human papillomavirus (HPV). Study Design. Data from up to 15 visits on 756 HIV-infected women and 380 high-risk HIV-uninfected women enrolled in the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) were evaluated for associations of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vaginal Candida colonization with prevalent HPV, incident HPV, and clearance of HPV in multivariate analysis. Results. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was associated with increased odds for prevalent (aOR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.26) and incident (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47) HPV and with delayed clearance of infection (aHR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97). Whereas BV at the preceding or current visit was associated with incident HPV, in an alternate model for the outcome of incident BV, HPV at the current, but not preceding, visit was associated with incident BV. Conclusion. These findings underscore the importance of prevention and successful treatment of bacterial vaginosis.
Electromagnetic induction over a two-layer earth with a sinusoidal overburden

An attempt is made to estimate the effect of a sinusoidal variation of the depth of the interface for a two-layer earth model. The source is a line current that varies harmonically with time. A perturbation theory is employed that is valid when the deviation of the sinusoidal interface from a plane is reasonably small compared with a skin depth in the more conductive upper layer. The numerical results indicate that typical impedance and wave-tilt parameters are seriously influenced by the non-uniformity of the overburden thickness.
Effect of Oxygen Management on Culture Performance of Channel Catfish in Earthen Ponds

Abstract Aeration allows for higher feeding rates and increased production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems. However, the effect of specific dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on various production parameters remains unknown. The purpose of this 2-year study was to determine the effect of daily minimum DO concentration on channel catfish production. Six 0.1-ha ponds were each equipped with three 0.37-kW (0.5-hp) aerators and one 0.37-kW circulator. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were monitored and recorded with a commercial oxygen monitor that also controlled aeration. During both years, aeration in the high-oxygen treatment was initiated when the DO concentration dropped below 5.0 mg/L (mean, 64% saturation from May to September); aeration in the low-oxygen treatment was initiated when the DO concentration dropped below 2.5 mg/L (32% saturation; 2001) or 1.5 mg/L (19% saturation; 2002). The minimum DO concentrations resulting from this aeration...
Depression in childhood.

Psychiatric clinicians may not be as aware of the possibility of depression in children as they are of other childhood conditions. Children's affective state and their developmental progress are very sensitive to the familial emotional environment. Marital discord, family psychopathology, and major losses are all importantly implicated in childhood depression. It behooves all psychiatrists to be attuned to the types of situations where childhood depression may be expected to develop and to be ready with strategies of intervention.
Light-Induced Plasticity in Semiconductors

It has been found that light of wavelength between 2.0 and 4.0 \ensuremath{\mu}, or shorter than 0.4 \ensuremath{\mu}, decreases the hardness of the surface layer of $n$-type germanium by 10 to 60%. The softened layer extends to a depth of one to two microns. A similar but less intense effect was observed in $p$-type germanium and $n$-type InSb and InAs. On the other hand, $p$-type silicon seems to soften to a greater extent than germanium. The effect is proportional to light intensity and is affected by surface preparation.
DEP Induction of ROS in Capillary-like Endothelial Tubes Leads to VEGF-A Expression

Inhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) is associated with pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. One contributor to pathogenesis is inhaled particles reaching and injuring the lung capillary endothelial cells, and possibly gaining access to the blood stream. Using in vitro capillary tubes as a simplified vascular model system for this process, it was previously shown that DEPs induce the redistribution of vascular endothelial cell-cadherin (VE-Cad) away from the plasma membrane to intracellular locations. This allowed DEPs into the cell cytoplasm and tube lumen, suggesting the tubes may have become permeable (Chao et al., 2011). Here some of the mechanisms responsible for endothelial tube changes after DEP exposure were examined. The results demonstrate that endothelial tube cells mounted an oxidative stress response to DEP exposure. Hydrogen peroxide and oxidized proteins were detected after 24h of exposure to DEPs. Particles induced relocalization of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, upregulating the expression of the enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Surprisingly, vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A (VEGF-A), initially termed "vascular permeability factor" (VPF), was found to be up-regulated in response to the HO-1 expression induced by DEPs. Similar to DEPs, applied VEGF-A induced relocalization of VE-Cadherin from the cell membrane surface to an intracellular location, and relocalization of VE-cadherin was associated with permeability. These data suggest that the DEPs may induce or contribute to the permeability of capillary-like endothelial tube cells via induction of HO-1 and VEGF-A.
Localization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 messenger ribonucleic acid in rat ovaries during the estrous cycle.

To investigate the potential role of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) in ovarian physiology, we employed in situ hybridization and Northern analysis to localize IGFBP-5 mRNA in rat ovaries during the estrous cycle. By Northern analysis, the mRNA was abundant at all stages of the cycle. Two species of mRNAs were detected, with sizes of 6.0 and 1.8 kilobases, respectively. The relative amounts of the two transcripts changed throughout the cycle. By in situ hybridization, IGFBP-5 mRNA was expressed in only a few cell types: 1) granulosa cells of some atretic follicles, 2) some secondary interstitial cells, 3) some corpora lutea, and 4) the surface epithelium. The levels of message in both the granulosa and secondary interstitial cells changed over the cycle. At 1000 h on proestrus (before the LH/FSH surge), the message was expressed in only a few follicles. Interestingly, all were small atretic preantral (200-250 microns) follicles. At 2000 h on proestrus (after the LH/FSH surge), the IGFBP-5 mRNA was more abundant; now almost every atretic preantral follicle showed a strong hybridization signal. At 0200 and 1000 h on estrus, the mRNA appeared for the first time in granulosa cells of some atretic antral follicles and in secondary interstitial cells. Hence, virtually all atretic follicles, preantral and antral, now showed IGFBP-5 gene expression. In contrast to that on proestrus and estrus, the hybridization signal on diestrous days 1 and 2 was much less prominent and was found in only a few atretic preantral follicles. Throughout the cycle, IGFBP-5 mRNA was evident in some corpora lutea, but it was not particularly prominent. Abundant IGFBP-5 mRNA was evident in the surface epithelium, and no change was detected over the cycle. Dominant follicles were devoid of IGFBP-5 mRNA. In conclusion, this paper presents the first evidence that the IGFBP-5 gene is expressed in the adult rat ovary. The IGFBP gene is expressed in a cell-specific manner, e.g. in atretic granulosa, secondary interstitial cells, corpora lutea, and the surface epithelium, and the stage of the cycle significantly affected message levels, especially in atretic granulosa and secondary interstitial cells around estrous morning. These findings suggest that IGBP-5 may be an autocrine/paracrine regulator of ovarian physiology, particularly in relation to preantral follicle atresia.
The Evolution of Climate Sensitivity and Climate Feedbacks in the Community Atmosphere Model

AbstractThe major evolution of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) is used to diagnose climate feedbacks, understand how climate feedbacks change with different physical parameterizations, and identify the processes and regions that determine climate sensitivity. In the evolution of CAM from version 4 to version 5, the water vapor, temperature, surface albedo, and lapse rate feedbacks are remarkably stable across changes to the physical parameterization suite. However, the climate sensitivity increases from 3.2 K in CAM4 to 4.0 K in CAM5. The difference is mostly due to (i) more positive cloud feedbacks and (ii) higher CO2 radiative forcing in CAM5. The intermodel differences in cloud feedbacks are largest in the tropical trade cumulus regime and in the midlatitude storm tracks. The subtropical stratocumulus regions do not contribute strongly to climate feedbacks owing to their small area coverage. A “modified Cess” configuration for atmosphere-only model experime...
Yukon River streamflow response to seasonal snow cover changes.

We used remotely sensed weekly snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow cover extent (SCE) data to investigate streamflow response to seasonal snowcover change over the Yukon watershed. We quantified the seasonal cycles and variations of snowcover (both SWE and SCE) and river streamflow, and identified a clear correspondence of river discharge to seasonal snowcover change. We also examined and compared the weekly mean streamflow with the weekly basin SWE and SCE. The results revealed a strong relation between the streamflow and snowcover change during the spring melt season. This relationship provides a practical procedure of using remotely sensed snowcover information for snowmelt runoff estimation over the large northern watersheds. Analyses of extreme (high/low) streamflow cases (years) and basin snowcover conditions indicate an association of high (low) flood peak with high (low) maximum SWE. Comparative analyses of weekly basin SWE versus SCE, peak snowmelt floods, and climatic variables (temperature and winter precipitation) indicate consistency among basin SWE, SCE, and temperature, but there is some incompatibility between basin SWE and winter precipitation. The inconsistency suggests uncertainties in determination of basin winter snowfall amounts and limitations in applications of the SWE retrieval algorithm over large watersheds/regions with different physical characteristics. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the weekly SWE and SCE data/products derived from remote sensing technology are useful in understanding seasonal streamflow changes in the northern regions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shared Family Activities and the Transition from Childhood into Adolescence.

Drawing on time use data from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study identified five different profiles of shared time between parents and young people at different stages of development. In childhood, all profiles had high rates of shared television viewing, but some were oriented toward in-home activities and others toward activities outside the home (e.g., cultural events). These latter profiles tended to be higher in socioeconomic advantage, and the young people in them tended to demonstrate greater gains in math, but not reading, achievement across the transition into adolescence. In adolescence, shared activity profiles favored low amounts of shared time between parents and adolescents across activities and disfavored shared time in public domains.
Two modes of bottom water in the Australian‐Antarctic Basin

[1] Recent data from the deep Australian-Antarctic Basin show that waters colder than about −0.4°C are fresher by as much as 0.02 than data collected prior to 1994. It is possible that the freshening represents a fundamental change in the sources of bottom water for the basin, but it is more likely that the fresh mode recurs periodically and is underrepresented in the historical database. The freshening may be caused by a change in fresh bottom water input from the Antarctic coast between 120°E – 160°E or by a reduction in the outflow of saline Ross Sea Bottom Water.
Ergonomics of visual emergency signals

Abstract Visual distress signalling devices should be designed for safe and efficient use by untrained persons under adverse operating conditions. Thus, Ergonomics/Human Factors information should be used intensively to optimise visual emergency signals (VES). Research was performed to assess the compliance with Human Engineering principles in existing VES. A field survey was conducted, in which the VES were categorised, critical Ergonomics aspects were established and compiled to design recommendations. Laboratory tests were performed that indicated the effects of selected Human Engineering design features on identification, unpacking, and operation of VES. Finally, the research results were validated in realistically simulated emergencies. The research findings demonstrate that adherence to recommendations is often missing in present VES, but would greatly reduce the time needed (here: up to 80%) for the successful use of the signals.