cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student-Advising Recommendations from the Council of Residency Directors Student Advising Task Force

Emergency Medicine (EM) has become more competitive in recent years with a marked increase in the number of applications per student, raising costs for students and programs. Disseminating accurate advising information to applicants and programs could reduce excessive applying. Advising students applying to EM is a critical role for educators, clerkship directors, and program leaders. There are a variety of advising resources available through social media and individual organizations, however currently there are no consensus recommendations that bridge these resources. The Council of Residency Directors (CORD) Student Advising Task Force (SATF) was initiated in 2013 to improve medical student advising. The SATF developed best-practice consensus recommendations and resources for student advising. Four documents (Medical Student Planner, EM Applicant’s Frequency Asked Questions, EM Applying Guide, EM Medical Student Advisor Resource List) were developed and are intended to support prospective applicants and their advisors. The recommendations are designed for the mid-range EM applicant and will need to be tailored based on students’ individual needs.
Auditory categories in the nonhuman primate

Abstract Communication is one of the fundamental components of both human and nonhuman animal behavior. Whereas the benefits of language in human evolution are obvious, other communication systems have also evolved to convey information that is critical for survival. This chapter focuses on auditory communication signals, specifically species-specific vocalizations and the underlying neural processes that may support their use in guiding goal-directed behavior. We first highlight the fundamental role that species-specific vocalizations play in the socioecology of several species of nonhuman primates, with a focus on rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Finally, we discuss the role that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may play in the categorization of species-specific vocalizations.
Relapse risk and survival in patients with FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia undergoing stem cell transplantation.

In patients with AML with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations, the significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) detected by PCR before allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) on outcomes after transplant remains unclear. We identified 200 patients with FLT3-AML who underwent SCT at our institution. Disease status at transplant was: first or second complete remission (CR1/CR2, n=119), high-risk CR (third or subsequent CR, marrow hypoplasia, or incomplete count recovery) (CR-HR, n=31), and morphological evidence of active disease (AD, n=50). The median follow-up was 27 months, and the 2-year overall and progression-free survival were 43% and 41%, respectively. Relapse was highest in the AD group (85%) and the CR-HR FLT3 MRD positive group (72%), followed by CR-HR FLT3 MRD negative (58%), CR1/CR2 FLT3 MRD positive (39%), and lowest in the CR1/CR2 FLT3 MRD negative group (23%). On multivariate analysis, independent factors influencing the risk of relapse were detectable morphological disease and FLT3 MRD by PCR pre-transplant. Factors that did not influence the relapse risk included: age, graft type, graft source, type of FLT3 mutation, or conditioning intensity. Morphologic and molecular remission status at the time of transplant were key predictors of disease relapse and survival in patients with FLT3-AML. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
God’s Case for Sex:

This article complicates a popular notion that conservative religions are incompatible with sexual expression and pleasure. Case studies from Orthodox Judaism and evangelical Protestant Christianit...
Transphobia Among Students Majoring in the Helping Professions

The study was designed to further the understanding of transphobia among students majoring in the helping professions including social work, occupational therapy, and nursing. The study's hypotheses examined the effects of transgender content in education (e.g., textbooks and lectures), religiosity, contact with transgender people, and several sociodemographic variables with transphobia. Differences in transphobia levels between social work students and those in aligned professions were also explored. The sample consisted of 600 students of a public, urban university in New York City who participated in an online survey. Measures included transphobia and transgender content scales. Students reported (75%) a deficient amount of transgender content in education, and almost one half of the sample reported moderate to high levels of transphobia. Other findings showed that transgender content in education was positively correlated with transphobia, and 1-way ANOVA showed that transphobia differed significantly across the majors. The author suggestions included increasing transgender content in textbooks, lectures, and class discussions as well as developing field sites that provide students with opportunities to serve this population.
A point-based scattering model for the incoherent component of the scattered field

A numerical model for calculation of the incoherent component of the field scattered from random rough surfaces is described. This model is based on the point scattering approach, where the mean scatterer amplitudes are calculated from deterministic models. These amplitudes are then scaled by a complex circular Gaussian random variable to simulate scattering from a surface with minimal coherence length. The resulting simulated fields are shown to agree with theory for the mean field, mean square field, statistical distribution, and the spatial coherence length.
Supporting Expressive Procedural Art Creation through Direct Manipulation

Computation is a powerful artistic medium. Artists with experience in programming have demonstrated the unique creative opportunities of using code to make art. Currently, manual artists interested in using procedural techniques must undergo the difficult process of learning to program, and must adopt tools and practices far removed from those to which they are accustomed. We hypothesize that, through the right direct manipulation interface, we can enable accessible and expressive procedural art creation. To explore this, we developed Para, a digital illustration tool that supports the creation of declarative constraints in vector artwork. Para's constraints enable procedural relationships while facilitating live manual control and non-linear editing. Constraints can be combined with duplication behaviors and ordered collections of artwork to produce complex, dynamic compositions. We use the results of two open-ended studies with professional artists and designers to provide guidelines for accessible tools that integrate manual and procedural expression.
Emergence of Spectacles

This chapter introduces readers to some of the essential ideas regarding spectacles and their basic components. It also introduces the concept of “spectacular morality”: how moral claims and understandings are carried and transmitted by spectacles. Through several case studies, it addresses some of the apparent successes and failures in spectacle production and reception.
Acrylamide neurotoxicity : Neurological, morhological and molecular endpoints in animal models

Acrylamide (AA) monomer is used in numerous chemical industries and is a contaminant in potato- and grain-based foods prepared at high temperatures. Although experimental animal studies have implicated carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity as possible consequences of exposure, neurotoxicity is the only outcome identified by epidemiological studies of occupationally exposed human populations. Neurotoxicity in both humans and laboratory animals is characterized by ataxia and distal skeletal muscle weakness. Early neuropathological studies suggested that AA neurotoxicity was mediated by distal axon degeneration. However, more recent electrophysiological and quantitative morphometric analyses have identified nerve terminals as primary sites of AA action. A resulting defect in neurotransmitter release appears to be the pathophysiological basis of the developing neurotoxicity. Corresponding mechanistic research suggests that AA impairs release by adducting cysteine residues on functionally important presynaptic proteins. In this publication we provide an overview of recent advances in AA research. This includes a discussion of the cumulative nature of AA neurotoxicity and the putative sites and molecular mechanisms of action.
Examining Person–Environment Fit and Academic Major Satisfaction

Decisions regarding college majors have the potential to affect a person's overall academic performance and long-term career success. With Holland's (1997) trait-and-factor theory serving as a foundation, the authors examined relationships between person–environment fit, college major satisfaction, and grade point average of undergraduate students (N = 99). Results revealed that student–major congruence and academic major satisfaction were both significant predictors of grade point average.
Embryology and Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands

As with most surgical procedures, a surgeon’s knowledge of the relevant anatomy is critical to the technical success of operations on the parathyroid glands. This knowledge must encompass more than just an understanding of the anatomy of the normal neck; it must also include an understanding of the variant anatomy and aberrant anatomic relationships that may be encountered. The process is reinforced by an appreciation and understanding of not only parathyroid anatomy but also parathyroid embryology. This chapter reviews the embryology and anatomy of the parathyroid glands in a clinically relevant manner. Furthermore, it details recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of parathyroid development. Our aim is to reinforce the link between embryology and surgical anatomy in the context of parathyroid surgery such that parathyroid glands are successfully identified and operative morbidity is minimized. We also intend for this to serve as a reference and preface to the other chapters in this text.
Effective Computation of the Symmetric Lens

We present an effective numerical scheme to compute, to any desired degree of accuracy, the shape of a symmetric lens of unit radius with given index of refraction and prescribed foci on the axis of symmetry. When the right focus is fixed at infinity there is a minimal focal length for the left focus. The scheme converges when the left focus is not too near the minimal focal distance. Interesting phenomena occur when the left focus is very close to the minimal focal length.
All Things Considered: Educational Radio as the First MOOCs

Those who do not learn history, even educational technology history, are doomed to repeat it. Every windshield has a rear-view mirror: using historical trends can yield lessons and guidance as we navigate the future. Take for instance MOOCs and their relatively rapid rise to popularity and fame in practice, predictions, and scholarship. Existing literature on MOOCs generally does not predate 2008 in terms of historical foundations. However, this approach fails to look beyond the immediate past, assuming a brave new world in massive, open, distance learning which actually has existed for over a century. To address this shortsighted view, we present a brief history of educational radio, making the case for this medium as the first MOOCs and draw upon the literature around this medium to present a cautionary tale and lessons from which we might learn going forward.
Targeted delivery at 34 versus 35 weeks in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes

Objective: To compare planned delivery at 34 versus 35 weeks for women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM).Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of singlet...
Contrasting river incision in north and south Tian Shan piedmonts due to variable glacial imprint in mountain valleys

Fluvial terraces carved by incising rivers are widely used to investigate external forcing by climate and tectonics. In the Eastern Tian Shan (Central Asia), the north piedmont rivers are much more deeply incised (mean: 124 m) compared to the south piedmont (mean: 17 m) despite very similar tectonic and climatic settings. We attribute the incision contrast to a difference in glacial imprint between southern and northern catchments. Whereas the upper halves of the valleys in the northern higher subrange are formerly glaciated, wide and gently sloping, U-shaped valleys flowing into V-shaped valleys, the valleys of the lower southern subrange are entirely V-shaped. The glacially widened valleys act as capacitors that accumulate and release glacial and periglacial sediment onto the piedmont. The resulting discrete pulse in sediment flux, Q_s, forces aggradation and steepening, followed by incision and gentler slopes of the piedmont rivers. The fluvial valleys do not accumulate sediment, and changes in water discharge primarily control the slope of the piedmont rivers. Today, incision in the north is associated with the drop in Q_s that occurred after depletion of the upstream reservoir, while aggradation in the south is due to Central Asian aridity. The same climatic forcing can have strikingly distinct morphological expressions downstream of catchments with different glacial imprints.
Using Schlossberg's transition theory to identify coping strategies of welfare recipients attending postsecondary institutions

USING SCHLOSSBERG’S TRANSITION THEORY TO IDENTIFY COPING STRATEGIES OF WELFARE RECIPIENTS ATTENDING POSTSECONDARY INSTITUTIONS Kathy J. Pendleton ___________________ Using Schlossberg’s transition theory as the conceptual framework, this case study explored and identified the coping strategies used by seven welfare recipients attending postsecondary institutions. Three participants were enrolled in the local community college, three in a local 4-year research intuition and one attended four-year private institution. The case study used semi-structured interviews and each participant were interviewed three times over a three-month period. The findings identified multiple personal and psychological barriers to persistence. The participants had histories of childhood sexual abuse, rape, and domestic violence. Friends and community agencies, rather than family, provided the primary sources of emotional and financial support. To extend TANF benefits participants
Governing the Commons: An Institutional Approach to the Study of Self-organization and Self-governance in CPR Situations

In Chapter 1, I described my strategy as that of a “new institutionalist” who has picked small-scale CPR situations to study because the processes of self-organization and self-governance are easier to observe in this type of situation than in many others. The central question in this study is how a group of principals who are in an interdependent situation can organize and govern themselves to obtain continuing joint benefits when all face temptations to free-ride, shirk, or otherwise act opportunistically. Parallel questions have to do with the combinations of variables that will (1) increase the initial likelihood of self-organization, (2) enhance the capabilities of individuals to continue self-organized efforts over time, or (3) exceed the capacity of self-organization to solve CPR problems without external assistance of some form. This chapter has several objectives. First, I define what I mean by CPRs and how I view individual behaviors in complex and uncertain CPR situations. Then I examine the general problem facing individuals in CPR situations: how to organize to avoid the adverse outcomes of independent action. This general problem is solved by external agents in two wellaccepted theories: the theory of the firm and the theory of the state. These explain how new institutions are supplied, how commitments are obtained, and how the actions of agents and subjects are monitored effectively, using in one case the firm, and in the other state, as an organizational device. How a group of principals – a community of citizens – can organize themselves to solve the problems of institutional supply, commitment, and monitoring is still a theoretical puzzle. Given that some individuals solve this puzzle, whereas others do not, a study of successful and unsuccessful efforts to solve CPR problems should address important issues related to the theory of collective action and the development of better policies related to CPRs. Many efforts to analyze collective-action problems have framed the analysis by presuming that all such problems can be represented as prisoner's dilemma (PD) games, that a single level of analysis is sufficient, and that transactions costs are insignificant and can be ignored. In the last section of this chapter, I propose assumptions that are alternatives to those that normally frame the analysis of collective action.
Abstract 3594: A Pilot Feasibility Study of Community Engaged Stroke Preparedness: The ASPIRE Project

BACKGROUND: Lack of culturally appropriate education about stroke may prevent people from recognizing symptoms and/or seeking immediate care. The Stroke Warning Information and Faster Treatment (SWIFT) intervention reports increasing the proportion of prevalent stroke/TIA cases arriving under 4.5 hours using culturally tailored strategies, but few interventions have rigorously evaluated preparedness strategies in community settings. ASPIRE is a multi-dimensional program with a three-pronged approach (community, hospital, EMS) to acute stroke preparedness targeted to increased IV tPA utilization in underserved black communities in the DC metro area. METHODS: Using community engaged methodology, a skill-based approach to teaching community members to recognize acute stroke, call 911 and navigate the ER setting was developed. In the pilot phase, 50 education sessions were conducted in church, civic, educational and work organizations over a six month period in Ward 7 of the DC Metro area. Local ER and EMS staff were also in-serviced. We prospectively identified all hospital stroke admissions and EMS utilization information including acute stroke parameters for the 6 month pre and post intervention periods. Pre-post pilot intervention acute ischemic stroke parameters were compared. RESULTS: In the pre-intervention period, we identified 142 ischemic strokes in Ward 7: mean age 63 yrs; 63% male; 96% blacks. Fifty-six percent arrived via EMS, with a mean and median time to arrival of 1600 minutes (27.0 hours), and 890 minutes (14.8 hours), respectively. Following the intervention we identified 115 ischemic stroke cases: 66 yrs; 47% male; 89% black. Fifty percent arrived via EMS, mean and median time to arrival was 1423 min (23.7 hours) and 815 min (13.6 hours). In addition to this modest decrease in overall arrival times, an increased proportion of cases arriving in the 4.5 hours group was noted [pre 25% vs. post 28%, p=NS]. We were also able to match 104 ischemic stroke cases to EMS utilization sheets demonstrating feasibility for larger evaluation. CONCULSION: The ASPIRE pilot demonstrates feasibility of the multilevel community education intervention as well as feasibility of linking EMS and hospital records on a city wide scale. Despite the small number of ischemic strokes in this pilot phase, a modest reduction in hospital arrival times occurred in the post intervention phase. A city-wide intervention aimed at increasing the proportion of stroke patients treated with IV tPA is currently underway.
A new approach to modeling liquid intrusion in hydrophobic fibrous membranes with heterogeneous wettabilities

Abstract The current paper presents an energy minimization method, implemented in the Surface Evolver code, for tracking the air–water interface intrusion in a hydrophobic fibrous membrane and thereby studying the effects of the membrane’s microstructure on its resistance to water intrusion (i.e., membrane’s liquid entry pressure). The simulation method developed in this work is computationally affordable and it is accurate in its predictions of the air–water interface shape and position inside the membrane as a function of pressure (and the size or contact angles of the fibers). Due to challenges in applying the present interface tracking method to membranes having highly complex internal microstructures (e.g., media comprised of dissimilar fibers with random three-dimensional orientations), this study is limited to membranes comprised of orthogonally oriented fibers. Application of the proposed simulation method in studying effects of fiber diameter or contact angle heterogeneity on water intrusion pressure is demonstrated for such orthogonal fibrous structures.
The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period: Edited by Sue O’Connor, David Bulbeck, and Juliet Meyer. Terra Australis 48, ANU Press, Canberra. 2018. AU$75.00 print, free download. ISBN 9781760462567 357pp.

The Indonesian island of Sulawesi has been a hot spot for new discoveries in archaeology in the past few years. It is the home of what is some of the earliest rock art in the world (Aubert et al. 2...
State criminal justice policy context and opioid agonist treatment delivery among opioid treatment admissions, 2015.

Abstract Background Criminal justice referral to treatment is associated with reduced odds of receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT), the gold-standard treatment for opioid use disorder. States vary substantially in the extent of criminal justice system involvement in opioid treatment; however, the effects on treatment provision are not clear. We examined whether state-level criminal justice involvement in the substance use treatment system modified the association between criminal justice referral to treatment and OAT provision among opioid treatment admissions. Methods We conducted a random effects logistic regression to investigate how the effects of criminal justice referral to treatment on OAT provision differed in states with high vs. low state-level criminal justice involvement in opioid treatment, adjusting for individual and state-level covariates, among 22 states in the 2015 Treatment Episode Dataset-Admissions. Results Criminal justice referral to treatment was associated with an 85% reduction in the odds of receiving OAT, compared to other sources of treatment referral (OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.16). Among opioid treatment admissions resulting from criminal justice referral in 2015, receiving treatment in high criminal justice involvement states was associated with a 63% reduction in the odds of OAT provision, compared to opioid treatment received in low criminal justice involvement states (interaction OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.89). Conclusion The effects of criminal justice referral to treatment on OAT provision varied by criminal justice involvement in opioid treatment at the state level. Targeted interventions should increase access to OAT in states that rely on the criminal justice system for opioid treatment referrals.
Synthesis and Activity of Six-Membered Cyclic Alkyl Amino Carbene–Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts

Ru–cyclic alkyl amino carbene (Ru–CAAC) olefin metathesis catalysts perform extraordinarily in metathesis macrocyclization and ethenolysis, but previous studies have been limited to the use of five-membered CAAC (CAAC-5) ligands. In this work, we synthesized a different group of ruthenium catalysts with more σ-donating and π-accepting six-membered CAAC (CAAC-6) ligands, and their metathesis activity was probed through initiation studies, ring-closing metathesis (RCM), cross-metathesis, and ethenolysis. These catalysts display higher initiation rates than analogous Ru–CAAC-5 complexes but demonstrate lower activity in RCM and ethenolysis.
Cardiac Amyloidosis: Mimics, Multimodality Imaging Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) results from cardiac infiltration with systemic light chains (AL) or the transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) protein. Diffuse increase in left ventricular (LV) wall thickness often with ground glass appearance, preserved LV ejection fraction, small LV volumes, and restrictive
Dynamic shifts within volatile fatty acid–degrading microbial communities indicate process imbalance in anaerobic digesters

Buildup of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in anaerobic digesters (ADs) often results in acidification and process failure. Understanding the dynamics of microbial communities involved in VFA degradation under stable and overload conditions may help optimize anaerobic digestion processes. In this study, five triplicate mesophilic completely mixed AD sets were operated at different organic loading rates (OLRs; 1–6 g chemical oxygen demand [COD] LR−1day−1), and changes in the composition and abundance of VFA-degrading microbial communities were monitored using amplicon sequencing and taxon-specific quantitative PCRs, respectively. AD sets operated at OLRs of 1–4 g COD LR−1day−1 were functionally stable throughout the operational period (120 days) whereas process instability (characterized by VFA buildup, pH decline, and decreased methane production rate) occurred in digesters operated at ≥ 5 g COD LR−1day−1. Though microbial taxa involved in propionate (Syntrophobacter and Pelotomaculum) and butyrate (Syntrophomonas) degradation were detected across all ADs, their abundance decreased with increasing OLR. The overload conditions also inhibited the proliferation of the acetoclastic methanogen, Methanosaeta, and caused a microbial community shift to acetate oxidizers (Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans) and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanoculleus). This study’s results highlight the importance of operating ADs with conditions that promote the maintenance of microbial communities involved in VFA degradation.
Prolonged myosin binding increases muscle stiffness in Drosophila models of Freeman-Sheldon syndrome.

Abstract Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (FSS) is characterized by congenital contractures resulting from dominant point mutations in the embryonic isoform of muscle myosin. To investigate its disease mechanism, we used Drosophila models expressing FSS myosin mutations Y583S or T178I in their flight and jump muscles. We isolated these muscles from heterozygous mutant Drosophila and performed skinned fiber mechanics. The most striking mechanical alteration was an increase in active muscle stiffness. Y583S/+ and T178I/+ fibers’ elastic moduli increased 70 and 77%, respectively. Increased stiffness contributed to decreased power generation, 49 and 66%, as a result of increased work absorbed during the lengthening portion of the contractile cycle. Slower muscle kinetics also contributed to the mutant phenotype, as shown by 17 and 32% decreases in optimal frequency for power generation, and 27 and 41% slower muscle apparent rate constant 2πb. Combined with previous measurements of slower in vitro actin motility, our results suggest a rate reduction of at least one strongly bound cross-bridge cycle transition that increases the time myosin spends strongly bound to actin, ton. Increased ton was further supported by decreased ATP affinity and a 16% slowing of jump muscle relaxation rate in T178I heterozygotes. Impaired muscle function caused diminished flight and jump ability of Y583S/+ and T178I/+ Drosophila. Based on our results, assuming that our model system mimics human skeletal muscle, we propose that one mechanism driving FSS is elevated muscle stiffness arising from prolonged ton in developing muscle fibers.
Increasing obesity odds among foreign-born New Yorkers are not explained by eating out, age at arrival, or duration of residence: results from NYC HANES 2004 and 2013/2014

Among the foreign-born in the United States (US) dietary acculturation and eating out may increase obesity risk. Using the 2004 (N = 1952) and 2013/14 (N = 1481) New York City (NYC) Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, we compared for the foreign-born and US-born by survey year: 1) odds of obesity; 2) association between eating out and obesity and 3) effect of age at arrival and duration of residence among the foreign-born. Weighted logistic regression estimated odds of obesity. Compared to the US-born, the foreign-born had lower odds of obesity in 2004, (aOR = 0.51 (95%CI 0.37–0.70), P = <.0001). Odds were no different in 2013/14. In 2013/14 the foreign-born who ate out had lower obesity odds (aOR = 0.49 (95%CI 0.31–0.77), P = 0.0022). The foreign-born living in the US≥10 years had greater odds of obesity in 2004 (aOR = 1.73 (95%CI 1.08–2.79), P = 0.0233) but not in 2013/14. Eating out does not explain increasing obesity odds among the foreign-born.
Impact of Sterilization on the Enzymatic Degradation and Mechanical Properties of Silk Biomaterials

The effect of some sterilization methods (autoclaving and ethanol treatments) on the degradation rate and mechanical properties of two types of porous silk scaffolds (aqueous- and hexafluoroisopropanol-derived) is evaluated. Changes in secondary structure, crystal size, and supramolecular features of silk fibroin, resulting from sterilization, are tracked to elucidate molecular level effects on protease XIV enzymatic degradation and compressive mechanical properties. The structural features and pore sizes of the silk scaffolds remain intact after both sterilization processes. Autoclave sterilization dramatically reduce the degradation rate of the silk scaffolds in response to protease XIV and significantly increase mechanical properties, in contrast to scaffolds sterilized with 70% ethanol. Higher β-sheet content and larger crystal size are observed after autoclaving, unlike in response to 70% ethanol sterilization, based on examination of Fourier transform (FT) IR spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). In addition, thermal analysis finds supramolecular features within silk fibroin amorphous regions, including the glass transition temperature (Tg ), heat capacity of glass transition (ΔCp-Tg ), and thermal gravimetric degradability. Such supramolecular level changes are related to the shift in enzymatic degradation and mechanical properties due to autoclaving versus treatment with 70% EtOH. The changes in supramolecular organization in amorphous regions can retard enzyme diffusion through the glassy regions of the silk matrix or/and hinder binding of enzymes, while also stiffening these matrices.
Inference of node and edge replacement graph grammars

In this dissertation we study the inference of node and edge replacement graph grammars. The approach is based on previous research in frequent isomorphic subgraphs discovery. We extend the search for frequent subgraphs by checking for overlap among the instances of the subgraphs in the input graph. If subgraphs overlap by one node, we propose a node replacement graph grammar production. If subgraphs overlap by two nodes or two nodes and an edge, we propose an edge replacement graph grammar production. We also can infer a hierarchy of productions by compressing portions of a graph described by a production and then inferring new productions on the compressed graph. We validate the approach to node replacement grammar inference in experiments where we generate graphs from known grammars and measure how well the approach infers the original grammar from the generated graph. We show how this method performs in extracting the organization of XML files. We convert an XML file into a tree and infer a graph grammar from it. We compare the inferred graph grammar to the Document Type Definition of the XML file. We report the graph grammar we found from XML files used in the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and major baseball leagues. We also apply the algorithm to biological domains. We show the graph grammars found in biological molecules and in biological networks, and analyze learning curves of the algorithm as we increase the number of biological networks input to the method. We also describe an algorithm and experiments for inference of edge replacement graph grammars. This method generates candidate recursive graph grammar productions based on finding isomorphic subgraphs which overlap by two nodes. If there is no edge between the two overlapping nodes, the method generates a recursive graph grammar production with a virtual edge. We guide the search for the graph grammar using the Minimum Description Length (MDL) of a graph and the size of a graph. We show experiments where we generate graphs from known graph grammars, use our method to infer the grammar from the generated graphs, and then measure the error between the original and inferred grammars. Experiments show that the method performs well on several types of grammars, and specifically that error decreases with increased numbers of unique labels in the graph. We briefly discuss other grammar inference algorithms indicating that our study extends classes of learnable graph grammars.
Oxidation‐Initiated Myosin Subfragment Cross‐Linking and Structural Instability Differences between White and Red Muscle Fiber Types

Both white and red muscles are commonly used in meat processing, and protein cross-linking, which may be affected by oxidants, is a key factor affecting the product quality. In this study, myofibrillar proteins (MPs) extracted from postrigor chicken Pectoralis major (PM, predominantly white) and Gastrocnemius (GN, predominantly red) muscles were subjected to a •OH-oxidizing system (10 μM FeCl3 , 0.1 mM ascorbic acid, with 0, 5, 10, or 20 mM H2 O2 ) at pH 6.2, 4 °C for 18 h. The solubility of nonoxidized (control) PM MPs (63%) was higher than that of control GN MPs (41%). After oxidation with •OH generated at 5 mM H2 O2 , protein solubility decreased by 46% and 21% for PM and GN, respectively, due to aggregation. Chemical and electrophoretic analyses indicated H2 O2 -dose-dependent losses of sulfhydryls and the concomitant formation of disulfides which were more pronounced in PM protein samples. Oxidation favored cross-linking of myosin rod or tail in PM MPs compared to an equal susceptibility of myosin subfragment-1 (s-1) and rod to •OH in GN MPs. Both Ca- and K-ATPase activities in GN myosin were more sensitive to •OH than their PM counterparts, indicating a less stable s-1 region of GN myosin to oxidation. The uncoiling of rods from PM myosin was more rapid than that in GN myosin during heating. Oxidation induced cross-linking via disulfide bonds hindered the unfolding of rod, particularly in PM myosin. These data revealed the molecular events that underscore the necessity of meat processing and formulation control based on muscle fiber types.
Two Types of Rigid Designation

The notion of a rigid designator was originally introduced with respect to a modal semantics in which only one world, the world of evaluation, is shifted. Several philosophical applications employ a modal semantics which shifts not just the world of evaluation, but also the world considered as actual. How should the notion of a rigid designator be generalized in this setting? In this note, I show that there are two options and argue that, for the currently most popular application of two-dimensional modal semantics, proper names ought to be treated as rigid relative to the world considered as actual.
Credibility of Deterrence Threats- A Social Psychological Perspective

In view of the prevailing ambiguities, impressionistic beliefs and perhaps distortions that shroud the contemporary deterrence theory and the various strategies of deterrence associated with it, this paper attempts to break fresh grounds, particularly in the area of threat credibility. By focusing the level of analysis somewhere between the individual personality and social structures and thus using a social psychological approach, it attempts to explain the behaviour (as related to the credibility of deterrence threats) of national decision-makers, during acute international crises. After analyzing and re-evaluating the relevant literature in the field, the paper presents a functional model of threat perception involving two opponents. The model takes into account such variables as: (1) basic human needs; (2) role of reference groups; (3)credibility and specificity of international threats; (4) leaders intentions and predispositions; and (5) self-perception of threats. The major conclusions of the paper are: (1) no communicative means for influencing human behaviour are uniformally effective because of the problem of distortion of perception; evidence suggests in most cases rationality under high fear is impaired because fear tends to reduce the range of clues which are available for the consideration of the threatened party.
Introduction to Computation

Understanding and controlling materials requires coupled experimental andcomputational characterization methods. The paper reviews the main characteristics of computational methods and the benefits of using them for materials characterization. Several concepts such as models, simulations, predictability, verification and validation are briefly discussed in the context of materials characterization at various scales: atomistic, meso-scale and continuum. New developments in high performance computing are also mentioned, as they pertain to improving the computational tools for materials characterization. The author predicts that in a few years, the concept of materials characterization will be defined as a strongly coupled experimental and computational methodology. Keywords: computation; models and simulations; discovery and design; multiscale
Leveraging Wi-Fi Signals to Monitor Human Queues

A new approach exploits existing Wi-Fi infrastructure to extract unique Wi-Fi signal patterns from the smartphones of people in lines to estimate wait times. The approach can work under real-world queue scenarios in various environments without requiring a specialized infrastructure or incurring manpower overhead. Furthermore, it only requires that a small fraction of people waiting in line use Wi-Fi on their smartphones.
Art of the American Indian Frontier: The Chandler-Pohrt Collection

Art of the American Indian Frontier: The Chandler-Pohrt Collection. David W. Penney. Seattle: University of Washington Press in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts, 1992. 369 pp., 225 color illustrations, 34 duotone illustrations,. maps, bibliography, index. $60.00 (cloth).
Patient attrition from the HIV antiretroviral therapy program at two hospitals in Haiti

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) attrition among patients initiating therapy in 2005-2011 at two large, public-sector department-level hospitals, and to inform interventions to improve ART retention. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used data from the iSante electronic medical record (EMR) system. The study characterized ART attrition levels and explored the patient demographic, clinical, temporal, and service utilization factors associated with ART attrition, using time-to-event analysis methods. RESULTS: Among the 2 023 patients in the study, ART attrition on average was 17.0 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI): 15.8-18.3). In adjusted analyses, risk of ART attrition was up to 89% higher for patients living in distant communes compared to patients living in the same commune as the hospital (hazard ratio: 1.89, 95%CI: 1.54-2.33; P < 0.001). Hospital site, earlier year of ART start, spending less time enrolled in HIV care prior to ART initiation, receiving a non-standard ART regimen, lacking counseling prior to ART initiation, and having a higher body mass index were also associated with attrition risk. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest quality improvement interventions at the two hospitals, including: enhanced retention support and transportation subsidies for patients accessing care from remote areas; counseling for all patients prior to ART initiation; timely outreach to patients who miss ART pick-ups; "bridging services" for patients transferring care to alternative facilities; routine screening for anticipated interruptions in future ART pick-ups; and medical case review for patients placed on non-standard ART regimens. The findings are also relevant for policymaking on decentralization of ART services in Haiti.
Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis

The most common causes of chronic pancreatitis (CP) are well established; other more unusual causes are still the matter of debate. Most cases of CP in developed countries with a temperate climate are either due to alcoholism or are idiopathic. The etiology and pathogenesis of the “tropical” form of CP of some countries of the Third World are still poorly understood. So far there has been little progress both in terms of clinical and experimental studies to define the relationship of acute and chronic forms of pancreatitis. Accordingly, the 1963 Mar-
Response to comment by R. M. W. Musson [on “Comparison between probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and flood frequency analysis”]

Musson's comment on our article is a good example of “the inability of PSHA proponents to communicate clearly and directly to anyone but themselves just what it is that they are doing” [Hanks and Cornell, 1994, p. 1/1–1 ]. Musson's [2004] comment on an earlier paper by Wang et al. [2003] was addressed in a response by Wang et al. [2004]. However, it seems that Musson is still sure he is right and Wang et al. are all wrong when he says, “I pointed out [Musson, 2004] the fallacies in a paper by Wang et al. [2003]. These errors are now repeated by Wang and Ormsbee [2005], who refer back to Wang et al. [2003] but not to Musson [2004].” Now Musson is trying to impose his self-righteousness on the whole scientific community by asking Eos not to publish any paper that contains a point of view different from his.
Blood pressure rising: differences between current clinical and recommended measurement techniques

Abstract Strict observation to recommended blood pressure (BP) measurement technique is often not followed in outpatient clinics. The goal of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference in readings obtained using typical clinic procedures versus when following recommended guidelines. One hundred and fifty patients with initial BP readings obtained through usual care above normal per the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (systolic ≥120 mm Hg and/or diastolic ≥80 mm Hg) were included in this prospective cohort study. After obtaining informed consent, BP was reassessed following the American Heart Association guidelines and compared with readings obtained through usual care. BP readings obtained using the recommended technique were significantly lower than usual care (−12.4 mm Hg systolic and −6.0 mm Hg diastolic; P P = .0002). Significant differences exist when BP readings are obtained using recommended technique. Failure to follow guidelines for measurement may have significant clinical implications on treatment decisions.
On suboptimal detection of 3-dimensional moving targets

The author designates matched filters that are completely characterized by the velocity of the target as assumed velocity filters (AVFs). Like most matched filtering techniques where the signal parameters range in a continuum, the AVF must be implemented suboptimally by partitioning the velocity space. The author investigates the possibility of using a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss factor as the criterion for the partition. The loss factor is a measurement of the loss of SNR at the output of the matched filter due to mismatch of filter parameters. In the scenario of detecting a moving satellite from a ground-based sensor, because of the vast sky the sensor has to search, it is important to keep the number of filters minimal. The author shows that, with a fixed loss factor, the number of filters required for coverage increases linearly as the span of the two-dimensional velocity space increases quadratically. The rate of increase is further reduced when the loss factor is made proportional to expected target angular speed. >
Exercise-Induced Changes in Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Healthy Populations and Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

This review highlights the clinical significance of coagulation and fibrinolytic responses, and adaptations in healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much of the review focuses on indicators of the potential for coagulation and fibrinolysis. The terms 'coagulation potential' and 'fibrinolytic potential' are used frequently, as much of the literature in the area of exercise haemostasis evaluates factors that reflect an increased potential for coagulation, while coagulation per se, may or may not be occurring. Similarly, fibrinolysis is definitively the lysis of inappropriate or excessive blood clot, which may or may not be occurring when the enzymes that stimulate fibrinolysis are activated. Nevertheless, markers of coagulation and fibrinolytic potential are associated with CVD, ischaemic events, and cardiovascular mortality. Additionally, fibrinolytic potential is associated with other established CVD risk factors. Ischaemic events triggered by physical exertion are more likely to occur due to an occlusive thrombus, suggesting the exercise-induced responses related to haemostasis are of clinical significance. The magnitude of increase in coagulation potential, platelet aggregation and fibrinolysis appears to be primarily determined by exercise intensity. Patients with CVD may also have a larger increase in coagulation potential during acute exercise than healthy individuals. Additionally, the magnitude of the fibrinolytic response is largely related to the resting fibrinolytic profile of the individual. In particular, high resting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may diminish the magnitude of tissue plasminogen activator response during acute exercise. Therefore, acute responses to exercise may increase the risk of ischaemic event. However, chronic aerobic exercise training may decrease coagulation potential and increase fibrinolytic potential in both healthy individuals and CVD patients. Due to the aforementioned importance of resting fibrinolysis on the fibrinolytic response to exercise, chronic aerobic exercise training may cause favourable adaptations that could contribute to decreased risk for ischaemic event, both at rest and during physical exertion.