cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Drug Labels Following the 2015 Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule

Importance The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR), implemented in 2015, includes information on pregnancy, lactation, and women and men with reproductive potential. Objectives To identify the drugs that have adhered to the new PLLR format; to shed light on the continued need for implementation of pregnancy, lactation, and reproduction into clinical studies; and to evaluate how many new therapeutic products have human and animal data specific to pregnancy and lactation. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study of 290 new therapeutic drugs reviewed labeling data for newly FDA-approved therapeutic products from January 2010 to December 2019. Therapeutic products submitted on or after June 30, 2015, were required to be in PLLR format; those approved from June 30, 2007, to June 29, 2015, had until June 30, 2019, to be in PLLR format. Approval data and subsequent labeling revision were evaluated for pregnancy and lactation data (human and animal), pregnancy registry, black-box warnings, and inclusion of PLLR labeling format. Exposures Date of new drug approval by FDA. Main Outcomes and Measures Compliance with PLLR; presence of animal or human data; presence of pregnancy registries; and presence of information regarding female and male reproductive potential. Results A total of 290 new molecular entities or therapeutic products were approved by the FDA between 2010 and 2019 in 19 categories. Black-box warnings occurred in 89 drugs (30.7%; 95% CI, 25.4%-36.3%), with 3 (3.4%; 95% CI, 0.7%-9.5%) involving pregnancy. All products submitted after June 30, 2015, were in PLLR format; however, of the 138 submitted between 2010 and that date, 45 (32.6%; 95% CI, 24.9%-41.1%) were not in PLLR format by June 30, 2019. During the 10 years of data analyzed, significantly more were in PLLR format (P for trend Conclusions and Relevance The results of this study show that with the implementation of PLLR in the last decade, new therapeutic products were in compliance with the new rules; however, more than one-third of labels remain out of PLLR compliance. Human data on pregnancy and lactation are available in less than 20% of new product labeling.
Gender as a Predictor of Complications in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Background:Understanding patient-specific risk factors for complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is critical. Previous work has investigated such risk factors, but a population...
Economic Coercion in an Interdependent Era: China Responds to the THAAD Crisis

China uses economic coercion against smaller commercial partners, as well as large economies that contribute to its own economic success. For example, following South Korea’s deployment in March 2017 of the Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) anti-missile system, China adopted a range of informal economic sanctions. At the subnational level, some local leaders quietly shielded commercial ties to South Korea from escalating political tensions, but many others, despite lacking explicit orders from the center, forced Korean retail stores to close, suspended contracts with Korean investors, and waged anti-Korean media campaigns. What explains this variation in local official participation in foreign economic retaliation? I argue that whether a city’s economy is dependent on commerce with a targeted foreign state, and whether a city’s leaders are politically vulnerable, shape their responses to international political crises. Utilizing an original dataset of sentiment analysis scores of local official media, I test this theory first in the context of local official management of anti-Korean sentiment, which played an important role in promoting a consumer backlash against Korean goods. I then provide a case study comparison of local leader treatment of South Korean commercial interests in the cities of Xi’an and Chengdu.
The interactive effect of mental contamination and cognitive fusion on anxiety.

OBJECTIVES: Mental contamination and cognitive fusion have been identified as risk factors for anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of cognitive fusion on the relationship between mental contamination and anxiety. METHOD: Participants (N = 504 community adults), recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), completed measures of mental contamination, cognitive fusion, and anxiety. RESULTS: Results from a regression analysis showed that the interaction between mental contamination and cognitive fusion predicted anxiety (s = 0.15, p < 0.001). Simple slopes analysis revealed a positive association between mental contamination and anxiety that was significant at higher (s = 0.25, p < 0.001), but not lower (s = 0.01, p = 0.88), levels of cognitive fusion. CONCLUSION: The development of risk profiles that incorporate mental contamination and cognitive fusion may be beneficial for early identification of individuals at high risk for anxiety.
Infective Endocarditis and Intravenous Drug Users: Never Was and Never Will Be Taken Lightly.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is the infection of the endocardial surface (innermost layer - valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles) of the heart. It usually refers to infection of one or more of the heart valves which may be native or prosthetic. The definition also includes infection on indwelling cardiac devices. Over time, the etiology, as well as causes of IE, have evolved and doubled in numbers because of a greater number of patients with indwelling cardiac devices and central lines. Some characteristic features have remained the same, including intravenous drug users (IVDU) and right-sided IE, fever, or peripheral signs of IE. However, there are instances where the clinical presentation is unique. Here we describe an unusual case of an IVDU patient developing acute decompensated heart failure following acute aortic regurgitation (AR) from IE without fever and right-sided heart or tricuspid valve involvement.
Tests of rationality, neutrality and market efficiency: A Monte Carlo analysis of alternative test statistics

Abstract This paper examines the small sample properties of three testing strategies used to analyze the rationality, monetary neutrality and market efficiency hypotheses. We focus on the original ‘two-step’ Barro test of the MRE hypothesis formed entirely from OLS results, a test that employs the correct variance-covariance formulae for these ‘two-step’ estimates, and Mishkin's FIMLE testing framework. Each test is examined under likely model respecifications. The findings highlight the extensive bias incurred by drawing inferences from simple unadjusted ‘two-step’ estimates and reveal the relative power of all tests in identifying alternatives to the null hypotheses.
A Cost-Effective Quantity Food Lab through the Use of Shared Resources

(1991). A Cost-Effective Quantity Food Lab through the Use of Shared Resources. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 15-20.
An Automata-Theoretic Approach to Fair Realizability and Synthesis

Over the last few years, the automata-theoretic approach to realizability checking and synthesis of reactive modules, developed by Pnueli and Rosner, by Abadi, Lamport, and Wolper, and by Dill and Wong-Toi, has been quite successful, handling both the synchronous and the asynchronous cases. In this approach one transforms the specification into a tree automaton. The specification is realizable if this tree automaton is nonempty, i.e., accepts some infinite tree, and a finite representation of an infinite tree accepted by this automaton can be viewed as a finite-state program realizing the specification. Anuchitanukul and Manna argued that the automata-theoretic approach cannot handle realizability checking and synthesis under fairness assumptions. In this paper we show to the contrary that the automata-theoretic approach can handle realizability checking and synthesis under a variety of fairness assumption.
Highlighting Diverse Concepts in Documents.

We show the underpinnings of a method for summarizing documents: it ingests a document and automatically highlights a small set of sentences that are expected to cover the different aspects of the document. The sentences are picked using simple coverage and orthogonality criteria. We describe a novel combinatorial formulation that captures exactly the document-summarization problem, and we develop simple and efficient algorithms for solving it. We compare our algorithms with many popular document-summarization techniques via a broad set of experiments on real data. The results demonstrate that our algorithms work well in practice and give high-quality summaries.
Measurements of the radiated fields and conducted current leakage from the pulsed power systems in the national ignition facility at LLNL

An important pulsed power system consideration is that they inherently generate fields and currents that can cause interference in other subsystems and diagnostics. Good pulsed power design, grounding and isolation practices can help mitigate these unwanted signals. During the laser commissioning shots for the NIF Early Light milestone at LLNL, measurements were made of the radiated field and conducted currents caused by the power conditioning system (PCS) modules with flash lamp load and the plasma electrode pockels cell (PEPC) driver. The measurements were made in the capacitor bay, laser bay, control room and target bay. The field measurements were made with B-dot and E-dot probes with bandwidth of about 100 MHz. The current measurements were made with a clamp on probe with a bandwidth of about 20 MHz. The results of these measurements show fields and currents in the NIF Facility well below that required for interference with other subsystems. Currents on the target chamber from the pulsed power systems are well below the background noise currents.
Transforming growth factor-β2 is sequestered in preterm human milk by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

Human milk contains biologically important amounts of transforming growth factor-β2 isoform (TGF-β2), which is presumed to protect against inflammatory gut mucosal injury in the neonate. In preclin...
UNCERTAINTY AND ESTIMATION IN RECONSTRUCTABILITY ANALYSIS

The problem of identifying discrete probability distributions from partial information is examined. The study was motivated primarily by the identification problem of reconstructability analysis, in which the partial information takes the form of known marginal distributions. However, most of the concepts discussed apply more generally, when information is available in the form of arbitrary linear constraints on the components of a discrete probability distribution. These constraints arise naturally in many contexts (e.g., when bounds on the probabilities are known, or an ordering among some of them is determinable). Techniques for making inferences and decisions on the basis of the information available are developed and illustrated. It is argued that, in many cases, it is neither necessary nor desirable to estimate a single, numerically determinate distribution (e.g., the maximum entropy distribution) compatible with the constraints in order to utilize the information.
On the Realized Risk of High-Dimensional Markowitz Portfolios

We study the realized risk of Markowitz portfolios computed using parameters estimated from data and generalizations to similar questions involving the out-of-sample risk in quadratic programs with linear equality constraints. We do so under the assumption that the data is generated according to an elliptical model, which allows us to study models with heavy tails, tail dependence, and leptokurtic marginals for the data. We place ourselves in the setting of high-dimensional inference where the number of assets in the portfolio, $p$, is large and comparable to the number of samples, $n$, we use to estimate the parameters. Our approach is based on random matrix theory. We consider the impact of both the estimation of the mean and of the covariance. Our work shows that risk is underestimated in this setting and, further, that in the class of elliptical distributions, the Gaussian case yields the least amount of risk underestimation. The problem is more pronounced for genuinely elliptical distributions. There...
Meson spectroscopy with the suppressed hadronic decays of the ψ-particles

Abstract We propose that missing excited states of ordinary (noncharmed) mesons be looked for in the decay products of narrow members of the ψ-particle family, and point out advantages of this method.
Influence of nitro group on biotransformation of nitrotoluenes in Pseudomonas putida strain OU83

Abstract Pseudomonas putida OU83 is a soil organism capable of degrading 3-nitrotoluene (3-NT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,6-DNT, and mono and polychlorinated biphenyls. An investigation of the nitro group dependent biotransformation of nitrotoluenes in P. putida revealed accumulation of two metabolic products, a and b from each of the three tested NT isomers (2-, 3-, and 4-NT). Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) analysis of the accumulated metabolite a showed that it had a major fragmentation pattern (107, 88, 76, and 65 amu) similar to the pattern of pure aminotoluene (AT). Evidently metabolite a resulted from the reduction of the nitro group to an amino group. The metabolite b produced from 3-NT was identical to the MS pattern of 3-nitrophenol (3-NP) (139 amu). However, the metabolite b formed from 2- and 4-NT showed fragmentation patterns (153, 136, 108, 77, and 65 amu) similar to authentic 6-hydroxy-2-nitrotoluene (6H2NT). The identity of the bacterial metabolites was confirmed by the 1 H NMR spectral analysis. The 1 H NMR results showed transformation of 2-NT to 2-AT and 6H2NT, 4-NT to 4-AT and 2H4NT, and 3-NT to 3-AT and 3-NP. Oxygen consumption in the NT-induced cell suspension of strain OU83 was increased when 2-, 3-, and 4-NT, 6H2NT, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 3-nitrobenzoic acid, and 3-nitrophenol were used as substrate. In summary, the nitro group at 2-, 3-, and 4-position was reduced to an amino group, the methyl group of 3-NT was oxidized, and the benzene ring is hydroxylated at the 2 and 6 position of 4- and 2-NT, respectively. These results show that the degradation of nitrotoluene in P. putida was influenced by the position of the nitro group on the benzene ring.
Analysis of the A3(X3)3 nuclear spin system and π-electron coupled hyperfine splitting constants in aromatic hydrocarbons

The nuclear spin functions for the A3(X3)3 system have been developed and used to analyse the NMR spectra of (CH3)3C6H3 and (CF3)3C6H3. The π-electron coupled hyperfine splitting constants, obtained from the Ramsey theory with simple Huckel M.O.'s for benzene and without the assumption of an average energy of excitation for the virtual processes which give rise to the coupling, are in agreement with the hyperfine constants observed between the methyl groups and the ring protons in the above compounds.
Electrochemical performance of diamond thin-film electrodes from different commercial sources.

The electrochemical properties of two commercial (Condias, Sumitomo) boron-doped diamond thin-film electrodes were compared with those of two types of boron-doped diamond thin film deposited in our laboratory (microcrystalline, nanocrystalline). Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the electrode morphology and microstructure, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical response, with five different redox systems serving as probes (Fe(CN)63-/4-, Ru(NH3)63+/2+, IrCl62-/3-, 4-methylcatechol, Fe3+/2+). The response for the different systems was quite reproducibile from electrode type to type and from film to film for electrodes of the same type. For all five redox systems, the forward reaction peak current varied linearly with the scan rate1/2 (ν), indicative of electrode reaction kinetics controlled by mass transport (semi-infinite linear diffusion) of the reactant. Apparent heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants, k°app, for all five...
New horizons, clouded vistas

The author argues that the current state of computer-based distance learning is problematic. He attempts to show that solving the problems requires change at all levels of computer-mediated communication (CMC), that more research is needed in computer-interface design, and that delivery systems and support structures need radical redesign. The author examines six statements about computer-based distance learning from two opposing perspectives. He concludes by positing that medium-sized and small colleges that hope to offer distance-based programs may suffer the greatest number of problems in the attempt.
Influence of weather on the synchrony of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) outbreaks in New England

Outbreaks of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were partially synchronous across the New England states (Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont) from 1938 to 1992. To explain this synchrony, we investigated the Moran effect, a hypothesis that local population oscillations, which result from similar density-dependent mechanisms operating at time lags, may be synchronized over wide areas by exposure to common weather patterns. We also investigated the theory of climatic release, which postulates that outbreaks are triggered by climatic factors favorable for population growth. Time series analysis revealed defoliation series in 2 states as 1st-order autoregressive processes and the other 2 as periodic 2nd-order autoregressive processes. Defoliation residuals series computed using the autoregressive models for each state were cross correlated with series of weather variables recorded in the respective states. The weather variables significantly correlated with defoliation residuals in all 4 states were minimum temperature and precipitation in mid-December in the same gypsy moth generation and minimum temperature in mid- to late July of the previous generation. These weather variables also were correlated strongly among the 4 states. The analyses support the predictions of the Moran effect and suggest that common weather may synchronize local populations so as to produce pest outbreaks over wide areas. We did not find convincing evidence to support the theory of climatic release.
An electron microscopic study of terminals of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptive afferent fibers in the cat spinal cord.

The intra-axonal horseradish peroxidase technique was used to examine the central terminals of 7 Aβ primary afferent fibers from rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors in the glabrous skin of the cat's hindpaw. At the light microscopic level, labelled collaterals were seen to bear occasional boutonlike swellings, mostly (75–82%) of the en passant type. These swellings were distributed more or less uniformly from lamina III to a dorsal part of lamina VI in the dorsal horn, over a maximum longitudinal extent of about 4 mm. At the electron microscopic level, we observed that labelled boutons of RA afferent fibers were 1.0 to 3.3 μm in longest sectional dimension, and contained clear, round synaptic vesicles. They frequently formed asymmetric axospinous and axodendritic synapses and commonly appeared to receive contacts from unlabelled structures containing flattened or pleomorphic vesicles plus occasional large dense-cored vesicles. The examination of synaptic connectivity over the entire surface of individual boutons indicated that RA afferent boutons each made contacts with an average of one spine and one dendrite and, in addition, appeared to be postsynaptic to an average of two unlabelled vesicle-containing structures. This synaptic organization was, in general, more complex than that we had seen previously in Pacinian corpuscle (PC) and slowly adapting (SA) type I mechanoreceptive afferent fibers. Our findings indicate that RA, SA, and PC afferent terminals, while displaying some differential synaptic organizations, have many morphological and synaptological characteristics in common. These afferent terminals, in turn, seem to be generally distinguishable from the terminals of muscle spindle Ia afferents or unmyelinated primary afferents.
Regulation of polyamine biosynthesis in normal and transformed hamster cells in culture.

Several aspects of polyamine biosynthesis were compared in low-passage hamster embryo fibroblasts and transformed hamster fibroblasts. Earlier studies had demonstrated a larger and longer-lasting induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in transformed cells than in hamster embryo fibroblasts. The increases in intracellular polyamine concentrations after serum stimulation were much greater in chemically transformed HE68BP cells than in normal hamster fibroblasts. Treatment of confluent cultures with the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, greatly potentiated ornithine decarboxylase induction by fresh medium in HE68BP cells, but not in hamster fibroblasts. A similar synergistic effect was observed when transformed cells, but not normal cells, were treated with the combination of insulin and promoter. HE68BP cells were capable of growth in medium containing serum concentrations as low as 0.5%, whereas only concentrations of 5% or more supported the growth of hamster embryo fibroblasts. Low serum concentrations induced ornithine decarboxylase in HE68BP cells but not in normal cells, and a given serum concentration always produced a greater induction of ornithine decarboxylase in transformed than in normal cells. Another enzyme involved in polyamine synthesis, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase was induced in normal and transformed cells by serum-containing medium or tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, but in contrast to ornithine decarboxylase, no synergistic effect was seen in transformed cells exposed to the combination of fresh medium and the tumor promoter. A macromolecular inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase was readily detected in hamster fibroblast cultures treated with high concentrations of putrescine, but little or none of this inhibitor was found in HE68BP cultures. In both cell types, however, serum induction of ornithine decarboxylase was inhibited under conditions of excess putrescine. The results demonstrate several differences between normal and transformed hamster cells in the regulation of polyamine synthesis.
Individual and Group Goals: A Factor Analysis

(1962). Individual and Group Goals: A Factor Analysis. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 131-139.
A comparison of models using removal effort to estimate animal abundance

This paper compares methods for modeling the probability of removal when variable amounts of removal effort are present. A hierarchical modeling framework can produce estimates of animal abundance and detection from replicated removal counts taken at different locations in a region of interest. A common method of specifying variation in detection probabilities across locations or replicates is with a logistic model that incorporates relevant detection covariates. As an alternative to this logistic model, we propose using a catch–effort (CE) model to account for heterogeneity in detection when a measure of removal effort is available for each removal count. This method models the probability of detection as a nonlinear function of removal effort and a removal probability parameter that can vary spatially. Simulation results demonstrate that the CE model can effectively estimate abundance and removal probabilities when average removal rates are large but both the CE and logistic models tend to produce biase...
Relative Perceived Product Quality: Increasing the Effectiveness of Restaurant Planning Through a More Effective Integration of the Competitive Environment

The concept of competing for the customer, like many concepts, appears deceptively simple. A problem with some restaurants' analyses of customers and competitors is that they are often viewed as isolated events, decreasing the effectiveness with which information is incorporated in the firm's research, planning, and implementation efforts. The concept of relative perceived product quality not only synthesizes the customer and competitor analyses, but it provides management with a means of ingraining the new relevant information into the marketing planning process. As important as this concept is, it has received virtually no coverage in general business and hospitality research.
Concordance of self-collected and clinician-collected swab samples for detecting human papillomavirus DNA in women 18 to 32 years of age.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether self- and clinician-collected samples are comparable for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection. STUDY DESIGN Three hundred seventy-four women aged 23 to 32 (population 1) and 211 women aged 18 to 25 (population 2) contributed self-collected vaginal and clinician-collected cervical and vulvovaginal samples for HPV DNA testing. Eighty-six women mailed in self-collected samples. RESULTS Agreement between self-collected vaginal and clinician-collected combined cervical/vulvovaginal samples was excellent (population 1:92.0%, kappa = 0.81; population 2: 96.4%, kappa = 0.88), but self-collected samples were more concordant with clinician-collected cervical samples in population 2 (kappa = 0.84) than population 1 (kappa = 0.65) (P = 0.01). Age-adjusted HPV prevalence was slightly lower in mailed-in (21.5%) than in-clinic self-collected samples (26.8%). CONCLUSIONS The combined clinician-collected cervical/vulvovaginal sample is most sensitive for detecting all female genital tract HPV infections. HPV concordance between cervical and vaginal samples may be better for newer infections. Larger studies are needed to determine whether mailed-in self-samples are as effective as those collected in a clinical setting.
Issues of separation and reunification in immigrant Latina youth

Latinos make up 12.5% of the total U.S. population, and the largest source of migration to the United States is from Mexico. The intersection of acculturation and risk for Latino immigrant youth is complex, with recent arrivals being protected in the context of strong family ties. Youth, and particularly young women who have been separated from their parents during migration and later reunited, face particular problems that have not been well studied. This article discusses possible stresses facing reunified families, with implications for nursing practice and suggestions for future research.
Low frequency two dimensional flows through a sparse array of bodies

Abstract A low frequency and weak interaction theory is developed to study certain types of unsteady two-dimensional flows through an array of bodies. The results, together with the Taylor transformation, provide a simple and systematic yet powerful technique for obtaining solutions for an important, but otherwise extremely difficult, class of problems. The general results are applied to two specific examples in order to illustrate the approach and to produce some interesting results.
Organizing the arithmetic of elliptic curves

Abstract Suppose that E is an elliptic curve defined over a number field K , p is a rational prime, and K ∞ is the maximal Z p -power extension of K . In previous work [B. Mazur, K. Rubin, Elliptic curves and class field theory, in: Ta Tsien Li (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, ICM 2002, vol. II, Higher Education Press, Beijing, 2002, pp. 185–195; B. Mazur, K. Rubin, Pairings in the arithmetic of elliptic curves, in: J. Cremona et al. (Eds.), Modular Curves and Abelian Varieties, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 224, 2004, pp. 151–163] we discussed the possibility that much of the arithmetic of E over K ∞ (i.e., the Mordell–Weil groups and their p -adic height pairings, the Shafarevich–Tate groups and their Cassels pairings, over all finite extensions of K in K ∞ ) can be described efficiently in terms of a single skew-Hermitian matrix with entries drawn from the Iwasawa algebra of K ∞ / K . In this paper, using work of Nekovar˘ [J. Nekovar˘, Selmer complexes. Preprint available at 〈 http://www.math.jussieu.fr/∼nekovar/pu/ 〉 ], we show that under not-too-stringent conditions such an “organizing” matrix does in fact exist. We also work out an assortment of numerical instances in which we can describe the organizing matrix explicitly.
Stored multi-charged ion research: current status and plans

Abstract Low energy multi-charged ions have been produced in Penning ion traps by electron-impact ionization, and as recoil ions from fast, highly-charged heavy ion impact on target gases. Studies of charge transfer from gases and hydrogen atoms to these ions have been completed and are being extended. New multi-charged ion production methods using photoionization by synchrotron radiation, and ionization of atomic beams, are being considered. Certain potential precision spectroscopy measurements on ions stored in radio-frequency traps are also being developed. These new measurements and techniques are expected to be difficult to implement, but may lead to significant advances in the understanding of multi-charged ion collision processes at near-thermal energies, and to spectroscopic precisions not previously possible with high charge states.
Selective Inhibition of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase-1 (Cyclooxygenase-1) by Valerylsalicylic Acid

Aspirin causes a time-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (PGHS)-1 and -2 by acetylating active site serines present in both isozymes. In the case of PGHS-1, aspirin acetylation blocks cyclooxygenase activity, apparently by preventing arachidonate binding to the cyclooxygenase active site. With PGHS-2, acetylation does not block substrate binding but rather alters the enzyme in such a way that the acetylated form of PGHS-2 produces 15R-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15R-HETE) instead of the usual prostaglandin endoperoxide product. Based on these differences between PGHS-1 and PGHS-2, we reasoned that a salicylate ester containing an acyl group somewhat larger than the acetyl group of aspirin might be a selective inhibitor of PGHS-2. Accordingly, we prepared and tested eight different acyl salicylates as inhibitors of human (h) PGHS-1 and -2 expressed transiently in cos-1 cells. Valeryl(pentanoyl)salicylate (VSA) was the only compound in this series which showed isozyme selectivity, and, surprisingly, VSA inhibited hPGHS-1 much more effectively than hPGHS-2. Inhibition of hPGHS-1 by VSA was time-dependent. VSA also inhibited ovine PGHS-1 but did not inhibit the S530A mutant of ovine PGHS-1. This latter mutant, which lacks the active site serine hydroxyl group, is also refractory to inhibition by acetylsalicylate. Thus, we conclude that VSA acylates the active site serine of PGHS-1, VSA inhibited prostanoid synthesis by serum-starved murine NIH 3T3 cells which express only PGHS-1; in contrast, VSA caused only partial inhibition of prostanoid synthesis by serum-stimulated 3T3 cells which express both PGHS isozymes. Our results establish that VSA can be used as a reasonably selective inhibitor of PGHS-1.
Sine-Gordon equation and nonlinear σ model on a lattice

A discrete generalization of the sine-Gordon equation on a lattice is studied. The corresponding B\"acklund transformations, soliton solutions, action principle, conservation laws, and inverse scattering equations are obtained. The connection to a discrete version of the two-dimensional nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model is found.
The Glutamate–Aspartate Transporter GLAST Mediates Glutamate Uptake at Inner Hair Cell Afferent Synapses in the Mammalian Cochlea

Ribbon synapses formed between inner hair cells (IHCs) and afferent dendrites in the mammalian cochlea can sustain high rates of release, placing strong demands on glutamate clearance mechanisms. To investigate the role of transporters in glutamate removal at these synapses, we made whole-cell recordings from IHCs, afferent dendrites, and glial cells adjacent to IHCs [inner phalangeal cells (IPCs)] in whole-mount preparations of rat organ of Corti. Focal application of the transporter substrate d-aspartate elicited inward currents in IPCs, which were larger in the presence of anions that permeate the transporter-associated anion channel and blocked by the transporter antagonist d,l-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate. These currents were produced by glutamate–aspartate transporters (GLAST) (excitatory amino acid transporter 1) because they were weakly inhibited by dihydrokainate, an antagonist of glutamate transporter-1 (excitatory amino acid transporter 2) and were absent from IPCs in GLAST−/− cochleas. Furthermore, d-aspartate-induced currents in outside-out patches from IPCs exhibited larger steady-state currents than responses elicited by l-glutamate, a prominent feature of GLAST, and examination of cochlea from GLAST–Discosoma red (DsRed) promoter reporter mice revealed that DsRed expression was restricted to IPCs and other supporting cells surrounding IHCs. Saturation of transporters by photolysis of caged d-aspartate failed to elicit transporter currents in IHCs, as did local application of d-aspartate to afferent terminals, indicating that neither presynaptic nor postsynaptic membranes are major sites for glutamate removal. These data indicate that GLAST in supporting cells is responsible for transmitter uptake at IHC afferent synapses.
Application of a streamwise upwind algorithm for unsteady transonic computations over oscillating wings

A new streamwise upwind algorithm has been derived to compute unsteady flows with a moving grid system and applied to compute flows over oscillating wings at transonic Mach numbers. Comparisons have been made between results obtained from this upwind algorithm, using both temporally nonconservative- and conservative-implicit methods, with the results obtained from a central-difference method, and also with experimental data. The results show (1) the efficiency and practicality of the temporally nonconservative implicit solver and (2) the robustness and accuracy of the upwind method for unsteady computations compared to the central-difference method.
Manipulating remember and know judgements of autobiographical memories: an investigation of false memory creation

SUMMARY We investigated memory qualities that aAect judgements of whether a recollection is a personal memory or self-knowledge. In Experiment 1, college students described three types of childhood experiences: remembered, known but not remembered, and unsure whether remembered or known. After describing the experiences, they rated their memories on several characteristics (e.g. visual detail, emotion). Remembered events were rated as containing more information on almost all the dimensions than the known events (unsure events were rated between the other two types of events). Based on the observed diAerences, in Experiments 2 and 3 we manipulated remember versus know ratings. Participants described a remember, know, or unsure event. Some then formed a mental image of the event while others did not. Creation and description of a mental image led participants to rate known events closer to remember. The remember/know rating is a source-monitoring decision based on the quality of the memory. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of metal ions on the molecular weight distribution of humic substances derived from municipal compost: ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography with spectrophotometric and inductively coupled plasma-MS detection.

The effect of metal ions (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) on the molecular weight distribution of humic substances (HSs) obtained from compost is studied. We believe this is the first of this type of study applied in this way to humic substances. Size exclusion chromatography is coupled with two on-line detection systems (spectrophotometric and ICPMS) to study the binding of metal ions by humic substances leached from compost. ICPMS provided highly specific, sensitive, and multielement analytical information that enabled obtaining direct experimental evidence for the participation of metal ions in molecular size distributions of humic compounds. The compost extract or its high molecular weight fraction (>5000) was put in contact with EDTA or citrate ions, thereby competing with HSs for binding metals. The experiments were carried out by varying the pH maintained by Tris-HCl or CAPS buffer (pH 8.0 and 10.3) and keeping the ionic strength constant. The elution profile of humic substances using UV/visible detection was ...
Temperature Dependence of Maximum Daily Consumption in White Crappie: Implications for Fisheries Management

Abstract Maximum daily consumption (C max) by adult white crappies Pomoxis annularis (164–532 g live weight) provided ad libitum rations of prey fish was determined at 18, 21, 24 and 27°C. Observed increases in C max between 18 and 24°C followed by a sharp (two-thirds) decline at 27°C indicated that a low to negative physiological “scope for growth” exists for white crappies at 27°C and above. Examination of temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles from numerous Missouri impoundments for May–August 1991 suggested that white crappies were forced to occupy water of 27–32°C (warm water) in 40% of these impoundments by early June and 85% by early August. White crappies were forced into warm water in only a slightly lower percentage of the deep (>5 m) impoundments we examined than in shallow (≤5 m) ones. Evaluation of year-to-year differences (1988–1991) in time periods when white crappies were forced to occupy warm water in Lake Pomme de Terre, Missouri, showed that range (15–64 d) and time of occurrenc...
A class number formula for elementary-abelian-group rings

Abstract Let G be an elementary abelian group of order lk, where l is an odd prime. The order of the “odd part” of the class group Cl( Z G) of the integral group ring Z G is shown to be the “odd part” of the index of a Stickelberger ideal in the group ring Z C, where C≌(F lk ) x . Analogous results are obtained for elementary abelian 2-groups. For k = 1, this coincides with Iwasawa's class number formula for the cyclotomic field Q (μl). The Stickelberger ideal is a relative of one introduced by Kubert and Lang based on a Cartan subgroup C(N) of C(N) of Gl 2 ( Z N ).
Risk Assessment in 457 Adrenal Cortical Carcinomas: How Much Does Tumor Size Predict the Likelihood of Malignancy?

Background Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for tumors > 6 cm is controversial because of the risk of malignancy, but data to support this position are mostly from small series. The recent NIH consensus conference did not make a definitive recommendation about management of 4- to 6-cm nonfunctioning incidentalomas. Study design Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) recorded in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1988 to 2000) were compared with benign functional or nonfunctional adrenal cortical adenomas (excluding aldosteronomas) operated on at our institution between January 1, 1993, and July 1, 2003. Data were compared using t -tests, chi-square tests, likelihood ratios, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results We identified 457 patients with ACC and 47 patients with adrenal cortical adenomas; 376 and 44 neoplasms, respectively, had tumor size data available. Tumor size was larger in ACC (12.0 ± 5.6 versus 4.2 ± 1.9 cm, mean ± SD, p Conclusions These data suggest that size is useful for predicting malignancy, and that at a size threshold of ≥ 4 cm, the likelihood of malignancy doubles (to 10%) and it is more than ninefold higher for tumors ≥ 8 cm (47%).
Equality, economic resources, and structural diferentiation: Dimensions of development in the Northeast United States

This note describes a factor analysis of indicators of income equality, income, employment, and the diversity of commercial, transportation, organization, and other institutions in 300 counties and 94 substate planning and development districts in the Northeast. There were three factors at each level of analysis, representing income equality, economic resources, and structural differentiation. This finding underlines the need to consider the multidimensional character of development in planning and evaluating development programs. Moreover, comparative analysis of the dimensions of development in counties or districts may complement the traditional case study approach to industrialization.
Expert judgment about uncertainty: Bayesian decision making in realistic settings.

Abstract This article reviews Bayesian research on experts' judgments about uncertainty in the real world. In the first part of the article, six central questions are raised concerning (1) the economic value of probability statements, (2) the use of actuarial versus subjective probabilities, (3) individual versus consensus probability assessments, (4) the role of computers in probability assessment (5) the use of data by assessors, and (6) expertise and the training of individuals to become experts, and laboratory evidence relevant to these questions is discussed. In the second part of the article these questions serve as a framework for reviewing the literature on experts' assessments of uncertainty in four separate areas of applied research, the military, meterology, medicine, and business.
A study of the bone machining process—Drilling

Abstract Internal fixation of fractures with screws is a common procedure that has been an historical fact for a number of years. Unfortunately little research has been reported on the action of drilling when preparing for screw insertion. This paper presents some results of a study wherein bovine tibia mid-shaft sections were drilled using several commercially available and experimental drill point geometries under different conditions of feed rate and rotational speed while measuring torque and thrust. Results indicate that drill point geometry is critical when attempting to minimize drilling forces and that there appears to be a softening effect in bone when drilled at relatively high speeds.
Further characterization of the aluminum peroxide oxide, AlO2, formed by interfacial reaction between Pt and α-Al2O3

Abstract A new metastable aluminum peroxide oxide, AlO2, was recently shown to form by an interfacial reaction in the presence of a kinetic constraint during diffusion-bonding of Pt and α-Al2O3. Further studies of the properties, bonding, formation kinetics and chemistry of AlO2 are described and the current state of knowledge of the kinetics of its formation is summarized. Raman spectroscopy on AlO2 gave several peaks in the frequency range characteristic of peroxide ions, providing the strongest evidence yet for their presence. Electron microprobe analysis detected only Al and O, with any other elements, if present, being below the detectability limit of the wavelength dispersive technique. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy at the carbon resonance energy could detect no carbon within the AlO2. Studies of the effect of temperature on the formation of AlO2 show that it forms after heating for 24 h in the temperature range of 1200 to 1400°C, but not at or below 1100°C. Heating in air at 1200°C causes AlO2 to first transform to a cubic form of Al2O3 before finally reverting to α-Al2O3. The dielectric constant of AlO2 is 22.7, approximately twice that of α-Al2O3 parallel to the c direction, and the hardness of 8.4 GPa is approximately one-half that of α-Al2O3.
Genome Size and Chromosome Analyses in Prairie Cordgrass

The next generation of bioenergy crops will be grown on marginal lands. Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) is well suited to marginal land because of its tolerance to stresses such as salinity and water fluctuations. Developing prairie cordgrass as an energy crop requires genomic information such as genomic size and ploidy level. The 2C nuclear genome size of 11 prairie cordgrass populations, originating from Illinois, North Dakota, and South Dakota, were determined by flow cytometry using somatic G1 nuclei, and the ploidy variation confirmed by counting the chromosome number. One population from each of North Dakota and South Dakota, as well as the Red River, had genome sizes of 3.1 pg of DNA per G1 somatic nucleus whereas, the majority of the eight populations from Illinois had a genome size of 1.6 pg. One plant from one of the Illinois populations had an estimated genome size of 2.3 pg. These genome sizes of 3.1 and 1.6 pg, along with their respective chromosome numbers of 80 and 40 indicate octoploid and tetraploid plants. The chromosome number of 60 observed in the plant with 2.3 pg indicated that this plant was hexaploid. This study provides the first estimates of genome size for prairie cordgrass and is also the first to report observed hexaploidy in this species. This genomic information provides critical knowledge for designing efficient breeding schemes for plant improvement.
Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solidago canadensis

Abstract Investigation of the roots of Solidago canadensis resulted in the isolation of seven clerodane-type diterpenes related to kolavenic acid, one of wh
Minimizing mean seek distance in mirrored disk systems by cylinder remapping

Abstract Cylinder remapping is advocated as a technique for reducing mean seek distance in both single and mirrored disk systems. Cylinder request streams are measured and found to exhibit strong Markovian dependence. Expressions for mean seek distance that incorporate this dependence are developed for both the single disk and mirrored disk systems. These expressions are used as energy functions in simulated annealing and geometric annealing optimization routines in order to find permutations that deliver reduced mean seek distances under stochastically equivalent workloads. In general, the optimal permutations for the two disks in the mirrored system are seen to be non-identical.
Fostering Flexibility and Comprehension in Elementary Students

Skilled reading requires attention to many aspects of print at the same time. Some children demonstrate difficulty in attending flexibly to multiple features of print, often focusing solely on decoding or word-level information. These children often lack the insight that reading is more than decoding; they have a difficult time thinking about words as having both meaning and sound. This article reviews work that shows how children can be taught to think more about both words' sounds and their meanings, resulting in increased flexibility and comprehension for these children. Further, the article provides teachers with a simple strategy for helping students achieve increased flexibility in reading processes to aid them in making the transition to more fluent reading.