cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Succinct Randomized Encodings and their Applications

A randomized encoding allows to express a "complex" computation, given by a function f and input x, by a "simple to compute" randomized representation f(x) whose distribution encodes f(x), while revealing nothing else regarding f and x. Existing randomized encodings, geared mostly to allow encoding with low parallel-complexity, have proven instrumental in various strong applications such as multiparty computation and parallel cryptography. This work focuses on another natural complexity measure: the time required to encode. We construct succinct randomized encodings where the time to encode a computation, given by a program Π and input x, is essentially independent of Π's time complexity, and only depends on its space complexity, as well as the size of its input, output, and description. The scheme guarantees computational privacy of (Π,x), and is based on indistinguishability obfuscation for a relatively simple circuit class, for which there exist instantiations based on polynomial hardness assumptions on multi-linear maps.We then invoke succinct randomized encodings to obtain several strong applications, including: Succinct indistinguishability obfuscation, where the obfuscated program IObf({Π}) computes the same function as Π for inputs x of apriori-bounded size. Obfuscating Π is roughly as fast as encoding the computation of Π on any such input x. Here we also require subexponentially-secure indistinguishability obfuscation for circuits. Succinct functional encryption, where a functional decryption key corresponding to Π allows decrypting Π(x) from encryptions of any plaintext x of apriori-bounded size. Key derivation is as fast as encoding the corresponding computation. Succinct reusable garbling, a stronger form of randomized encodings where any number of inputs x can be encoded separately of Π, independently of Π's time and space complexity. Publicly-verifiable 2-message delegation where verifying the result of a long computation given by Π and input x is as fast as encoding the corresponding computation. We also show how to transform any 2-message delegation scheme to an essentially non-interactive system where the verifier message is reusable.Previously, succinct randomized encodings or any of the above applications were only known based on various non-standard knowledge assumptions.At the heart of our techniques is a generic method of compressing a piecemeal garbled computation, without revealing anything about the secret randomness utilized for garbling.
Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) expression in normal prostatic glands and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN): Association with diagnosis of prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is strongly expressed in prostate cancer with variable expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and low expression in normal prostate. We examined whether AMACR expression in HGPIN and normal tissue was associated with subsequent diagnosis of cancer or proximity to a cancer focus. METHODS Needle core biopsies from 45 patients with isolated HGPIN, 12 radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens with prostatic carcinoma and 6 cystoprostatectomies without prostatic carcinoma were immunostained for AMACR. Among patients with HGPIN, 23 (cases) showed cancer on a later biopsy and 22 (controls) had no cancer with at least 3 consecutive negative biopsies. RESULTS In the biopsy set, the mean AMACR expression per gland in the normal compartment of the cases (0.29) was significantly higher than the controls (0.21) (P = 0.0006). In the RP set, normal glands near a cancer focus had higher mean AMACR expression than those that were distant (P = 0.0006). There was no difference within the HGPIN compartment between cases and controls in the biopsies, or between near and distant glands in the RP set. Mean AMACR staining of normal glands in the cystoprostatectomy specimens was significantly lower than in normal glands in close proximity to a cancer focus. CONCLUSIONS Higher expression of AMACR in normal glands near a focus of cancer, as well as in the subjects eventually showing cancer, suggests a possible field effect in prostatic carcinogenesis. AMACR expression in normal glands therefore might be a useful predictor for repeat biopsy outcomes or as an intermediate endpoint in chemoprevention studies. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct rotating-sector studies of the systems: Styrene–methyl methacrylate and styrene–methyl acrylate

The rotating-sector technique was applied directly in a study of two copolymerization systems: styrene–methyl methacrylate and styrene–methyl acrylate. The two coupled rate expressions which describe the change in radical concentrations for two-component polymerizations degenerate into a single expression identical in form to the radical expression for a homopolymerization when the ratio of the radical concentrations under intermittent illumination is assumed constant and equal to the ratio under steady illumination. Numerical solutions of the complete rate expression by use of constants from the literature confirm that this assumption is valid for a rotating-sector experiment. The overall lifetimes of these two-component systems were defined and measured experimentally as a function of monomer composition and then compared with lifetimes calculated by using literature rate constants. The agreement was satisfactory. The direct application of the technique to the two-component system provides an independent experiment which for some systems seems to be more sensitive to the value of the cross-termination constant than the usual steady-state method.
OTOLARYNGOLOGY HEAD AND NECK SURGERY: AN INTEGRATIVE VIEW OF THE LARYNX

The glottis is composed of muscular, cartilaginous, and other viscoelastic tissues which perform some of our most important, complex, coordinated, and life-sustaining functions. Dominated by the thyroarytenoid muscles and associated glottic closure muscles, the larynx is involved in respiration, swallowing, voicing, coughing, valsalva, vomiting, laughing, and crying. With respiration continuing in the background, all other “secondary” laryngeal events seamlessly occur. When the delicate balance of coordinating these events is disrupted by disease or disorder, many of these tasks are compromised. Due to the complex innervation of these volitional and reflexive tasks with brainstem central pattern generators, primary sensorimotor areas and importantly, limbic areas, failure can occur due to disease, anatomic compromise, and even emotional state. Understanding the level of sensori-motor control and interaction among systems that share these laryngeal neuromuscular substrates will improve the diagnostic and therapeutic skill of the clinician when treating compromise of laryngeal function.
Peromyscus furvus (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Abstract Peromyscus furvus Allen and Chapman, 1897 is a cricetid rodent commonly called the blackish deermouse because of its characteristically dark pelage coloration. It is 1 of 56 species in the genus Peromyscus and is of large size compared with the majority of its congeners. Its distribution is restricted to moderate- to high-elevation cloud forests along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources' status was recently reassessed and set to “Data Deficient,” although P. furvus has lost the majority of its natural habitat to deforestation. Sequence data indicate that P. furvus may be a composite taxon, with the southern population forming an independent evolutionary lineage.
Selecting Landmarks for Localization in Natural Terrain

We describe techniques to optimally select landmarks for performing mobile robot localization by matching terrain maps. The method is based upon a maximum-likelihood robot localization algorithm that efficiently searches the space of possible robot positions. We use a sensor error model to estimate a probability distribution over the terrain expected to be seen from the current robot position. The estimated distribution is compared to a previously generated map of the terrain and the optimal landmark is selected by minimizing the predicted uncertainty in the localization. This approach has been applied to the generation of a sensor uncertainty field that can be used to plan a robot's movements. Experiments indicate that landmark selection improves not only the localization uncertainty, but also the likelihood of success. Examples of landmark selection are given using real and synthetic data.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin and Tazobactam in Critically Ill Children

The study objective was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam in children hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Seventy-two serum samples were collected at steady state from 12 patients who received piperacillin-tazobactam at 100/12.5 mg/kg of body weight every 8 h infused over 4 h. Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using NONMEM, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the piperacillin pharmacokinetic profiles for dosing regimens of 80 to 100 mg/kg of the piperacillin component given every 6 to 8 h and infused over 0.5, 3, or 4 h. The probability of target attainment (PTA) for a cumulative percentage of the dosing interval that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (TMIC) of ≥50% was calculated at MICs ranging from 0.25 to 64 mg/liter. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age, weight, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were 5 ± 3 years, 17 ± 6.2 kg, and 118 ± 41 ml/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. A one-compartment model with zero-order input and first-order elimination best fit the pharmacokinetic data for both drugs. Weight was significantly associated with piperacillin clearance, and weight and sex were significantly associated with tazobactam clearance. Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) for piperacillin and tazobactam were as follows: clearance, 0.22 ± 0.07 and 0.19 ± 0.07 liter/h/kg, respectively; volume of distribution, 0.43 ± 0.16 and 0.37 ± 0.14 liter/kg, respectively. All extended-infusion regimens achieved PTAs of >90% at MICs of ≤16 mg/liter. Only the 3-h infusion regimens given every 6 h achieved PTAs of >90% at an MIC of 32 mg/liter. For susceptible bacterial pathogens, piperacillin-tazobactam doses of ≥80/10 mg/kg given every 8 h and infused over 4 h achieve adequate pharmacodynamic exposures in critically ill children.
Regulation of Ethylene-mediated Responses at the Level of the Receptor

The ethylene receptor is currently the best characterized of plant hormone receptors. Mutant and biochemical analyses have revealed much about the mode(s) of action and biological regulation of ethylene responses. The receptors are related to bacterial two-component regulators, which are histidine protein kinases. In both arabidopsis and tomato, a family of genes encodes a structurally divergent set of receptors. While one arabidopsis receptor, ETR1, has been shown to be a functional histidine kinase, the significant structural divergence among the family members makes the actual mode of action of the receptors unclear. Molecular and genetic evidence indicates that quantitative alterations in receptor levels can modify the sensitivity of a plant or tissue to ethylene. However, our current knowledge of receptor gene regulation does not address how a plant regulates differential responsiveness of a tissue to ethylene.
Method of Enterprise Marketing Risk Early-warning and The Index System Construction

The avoiding of marketing risk is the critical safeguard for the existence and development of enterprises, it is also an important content in modern business management. The risk early-warning indexes act as the carriers of the information in enterprise marketing activities and take the duty of providing the information for the enterprise marketing early-warning system. The index is also the basis and core of effective operation in the system. The index system describes a comprehensive goal, it aims to seek a group to have qualitative representative and at the same time it can comprehensively reflect the synthesis goal and the requested characteristic index from various aspects, these indexes and the combinations can appropriately express the synthesis judgment of people, that is also the purpose of the establishment of the index system. The article had analyzed the enterprise marketing risk influence factor from the interior and exterior perspective. It constructed the risk early-warning index system by using the system analysis and the AHP method, rejected the small technical progress index factor through the principal components analysis method, and carried on the actual description of the concrete content of each index. Comparing with the existent index system, the index system constructed in this article is not only relatively succinct in exterior target, it increases the establishment of enterprise interior marketing risk index at the same time, this index system is relatively comprehensive, and in the end, using the BP artificial neural networks, it obtained satisfactory result.
A variance analysis of the Metropolis Light Transport algorithm

The Metropolis Light Transport algorithm is a variant of the classic Metropolis method used in statistical physics. A variance analysis of the Metropolis Light Transport algorithm is presented that bounds its variance in terms of the number of paths used and the intrinsic correlation between samples. It is shown that the variance of a pixel is where is the number of samples for the entire image. The analysis uses basic probability, Bayes’ law, and the principle of stationary distributions. This result implies that the presence of correlation in the algorithm does not make its asymptotic time complexity worse than uncorrelated Monte Carlo methods such as path tracing.
Interactions of phosphatidylinositol kinase, GTPase-activating protein (GAP), and GAP-associated proteins with the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor.

Abstract The interactions of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) receptor with potential targets were investigated after ligand stimulation either of mouse macrophages or of fibroblasts that ectopically express mouse CSF-1 receptors. In Rat-2 cells expressing the mouse CSF-1 receptor, full activation of the receptor and cellular transformation require exogenous CSF-1, whereas NIH 3T3 cells expressing mouse c-fms are transformed by autocrine stimulation. Activated CSF-1 receptors physically associate with a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3'-kinase. A mutant CSF-1 receptor with a deletion of the kinase insert region was deficient in its ability to bind functional PI 3'-kinase and to induce PI 3'-kinase activity precipitable with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. In fibroblasts, CSF-1 stimulation also induced the phosphorylation of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-associated protein p62 on tyrosine, although GAP itself was a relatively poor substrate. In contrast to PI 3'-kinase association, phosphorylation of p62 and GAP was not markedly affected by deletion of the kinase insert region. These results indicate that the kinase insert region selectively enhances the CSF-1-dependent association of the CSF-1 receptor with active PI 3'-kinase. The insert deletion mutant retains considerable transforming activity in NIH 3T3 cells (G. Taylor, M. Reedijk, V. Rothwell, L. Rohrschneider, and T. Pawson, EMBO J. 8:2029-2037, 1989). This mutant was more seriously impaired in Rat-2 cell transformation, although mutant-expressing Rat-2 cells still formed small colonies in soft agar in the presence of CSF-1. Therefore, phosphorylation of GAP and p62 through activation of the CSF-1 receptor does not result in full fibroblast transformation. The interaction between the CSF-1 receptor and PI 3'-kinase may contribute to c-fms fibroblast transformation and play a role in CSF-1-stimulated macrophages.
Corticospinal reorganization after spinal cord injury

The corticospinal tract (CST) is a major descending pathway contributing to the control of voluntary movement in mammals. During the last decades anatomical and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated significant reorganization in the CST after spinal cord injury (SCI) in animals and humans. In animal models of SCI, anatomical evidence showed corticospinal sprouts rostral and caudal to the lesion and their integration into intraspinal axonal circuits. Electrophysiological data suggested that indirect connections from the primary motor cortex to forelimb motoneurons, via brainstem nuclei and spinal cord interneurons, or direct connections from slow uninjured corticospinal axons, might contribute to the control of movement after a CST injury. In humans with SCI, post mortem spinal cord tissue revealed anatomical changes in the CST some of which were similar but others markedly different from those found in animal models of SCI. Human electrophysiological studies have provided ample evidence for corticospinal reorganization after SCI that may contribute to functional recovery. Together these studies have revealed a large plastic capacity of the CST after SCI. There is also a limited understanding of the relationship between anatomical and electrophysiological changes in the CST and control of movement after SCI. Increasing our knowledge of the role of CST plasticity in functional restoration after SCI may support the development of more effective repair strategies.
Neural Substrates of Action Event Knowledge

Human concepts can be roughly divided into entities (prototypically referred to in language by nouns) and events (prototypically referred to in language by verbs). While much work in cognitive neuroscience has investigated how the brain represents different categories of entities, less attention has been given to the more basic distinction between entities and events. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity while subjects performed a conceptual matching task that required them to access knowledge of objects and actions, using either pictures or words. Since action events involve movement through space, we hypothesized that accessing knowledge of actions would cause greater activation in brain regions involved in motion or spatial processing. In comparison to objects, accessing knowledge of actions through pictures was accompanied by increased activity bilaterally in the human MT/MST and nearby regions of the lateral temporal cortex. Accessing knowledge of actions through words activated areas just anterior and dorsal to area MT/MST on the left, within the posterior aspect of the middle and superior temporal gyri. We propose that the lateral occipital-temporal cortex contains a mosaic of neural regions that processes different kinds of motion, ranging from the perception of objects moving in the world to the conception of movement implied in action verbs. The lateral occipital-temporal cortex mediates the perceptual and conceptual features of action events, similar to the way that the ventral occipital-temporal cortex processes the perceptual and conceptual features of entities.
Angiogenic Factors in Superimposed Preeclampsia: A Longitudinal Study of Women With Chronic Hypertension During Pregnancy

Imbalances in circulating angiogenic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. To characterize levels of angiogenic factors in pregnant women with chronic hypertension, we prospectively followed 109 women and measured soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), soluble endoglin, and placental growth factor at 12, 20, 28, and 36 weeks9 gestation and postpartum. Superimposed preeclampsia developed in 37 (34%) and was early onset ( P =0.001) or who developed late-onset preeclampsia ( P =0.001). Circulating levels of sFlt1, soluble endoglin, and the ratio of sFlt1:placental growth factor were also significantly higher, and placental growth factor levels were significantly lower at the time of clinical diagnosis of superimposed preeclampsia in women with either early or late-onset superimposed preeclampsia compared with levels at similar gestational ages in those with uncomplicated chronic hypertension. We conclude that alterations in angiogenic factors are detectable before and at the time of clinical diagnosis of early onset superimposed preeclampsia, whereas alterations were observed only at the time of diagnosis in women with late-onset superimposed preeclampsia. Longitudinal measurements of angiogenic factors may help anticipate early onset superimposed preeclampsia and facilitate diagnosis of superimposed preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension.
Black Skimmer Nest Survival in Mississippi

Abstract The nest survival of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) in coastal Mississippi was modeled to better understand their breeding biology and suggest management strategies for protecting nesting colonies. During the 2004 and 2005 breeding seasons a total of 301 nests was monitored and hatching success was 67% in 2004 and 39% in 2005. Mean clutch size differed between years, although mean incubation length did not differ between years or between colonies on the mainland and barrier islands (P = 0.70). Nest survival was influenced by year, seasonal variation within year, clutch size, and colony. Nest survival was greatest in 2004, and within years nest survival followed a seasonal pattern where it was high from May through late June and then decreased through early August. Large clutches had greater survival than small clutches. There was considerable inter-colony variation in nest survival, and it appeared that low survival was correlated with disturbance risk at many colonies. This study provides th...
Practice patterns of clinicians following isolated diagnoses of atypical small acinar proliferation on prostate biopsy specimens.

Abstract Context.—The controversial diagnostic term atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) has gained some acceptance as a legitimate way for pathologists to describe minute foci of small prostatic acini that raise the suspicion of carcinoma but that fail to attain the requisite diagnostic threshold for carcinoma. Objective.—To investigate the practice patterns of clinicians following this diagnosis and to identify clinicopathologic parameters that may be of influence. Design.—All cases with a diagnosis of ASAP on a prostate biopsy specimen during a 7-year period were retrieved from our computerized database. Cases with concurrent diagnoses of adenocarcinoma and/or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia were excluded. Medical and pathologic records for the remaining patients were reviewed and correlated with pathologic data. Results.—Fifty-five (2.8%) of 1964 prostate biopsies performed during this period provided the diagnosis of ASAP, of which 36 met our study criteria. The average age of the patients ...
Invariance to representation of information

Abstract Under weak assumptions on the solution concept, I construct an invariant selection across all finite type spaces, in which the types with identical information play the same action. Along the way, I establish an interesting lattice structure for finite type spaces and construct an equilibrium on the space of all finite types.
Computer-Based Technology Transfer

A software system is described which may be used to facilitate the dissemination of civil engineering application programs to promote technology transfer. Through the use of this system, denoted Generalizer/Specializer System, a software center may provide subscribers with a customized program based on their selection of engineering options and target computer specifications. The Generalizer/Specializer System consists of a two-part software package and the Master File, a data base on which they operate. Upon acceptance, a program submitted to the Center is processed by the Generalizer into a standard form, consisting of modules, and is stored on the Master File. The modules reflect the machine-dependencies of the program as well as the engineering options it allows and algorithmic methods it may use. The Specializer, using the answers to a questionnaire covering the target computer and engineering options and algorithmic techniques desired, extracts the necessary modules from the Master File and assembles them into an executable program. This prototype system handles FORTRAN programs and is itself written in FORTRAN.
Nailing Shut the Policy Window: The Policy Evolution of America’s First Urban School Voucher Program

This article describes the origins and evolution of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program, arguing that voucher policy in Milwaukee continues to exist long after the policy window that enabled its creation closed. The author, using the framework of public policy windows, concludes that under certain conditions untested policy initiatives can lead to policy paralysis. The study is of interest to legislators considering new and untested policy initiatives, program evaluators, and scholars interested in the history of school voucher policy.
Climate Change and TESOL: Language, Literacies, and the Creation of Eco-Ethical Consciousness.

This article calls on the field of TESOL to respond to the planet's growing climatic and ecological crisis, conceptualizing climate change beyond just standards-based language and content curriculum. Climate change is also cultural and religious, and thus warrants broader consideration in TESOL. Drawing on theories of value creation and creative coexistence, the author considers climate change socioculturally, epistemologically, and ontologically toward the development of a value-creative eco-ethical consciousness. The author concludes with a critical instrumental case study that used ethnographic and discourse analytic methods to examine the effects of a standards-based climate change unit among adolescent religious refugee English language learners (ELLs) from the former Soviet Union (FSU). Findings suggest these ELLs’ curricular engagement developed their language, literacies, and content knowledge relative to climate science. It also fostered transformed perspectives and value creation toward an eco-ethical consciousness consonant with their cultural religious identity expression. Intersecting multiple subareas of TESOL, including FSU learners, digital literacies, religion and spirituality, and standards-based approaches, the case study findings have potentially broader transferability implications beyond climate change and language learning and instruction.
Democratic Sexuality Education: A Departure From Sexual Ideologies and Traditional Schooling

For over a century, American sexuality education in schools has primarily focused on biomedical aspects of human sexuality and instilling traditional sexual morals in youth. This narrow focus has excluded many aspects of sexuality from the curriculum. This article identifies the conditions that permit the perpetuation of undemocratic sexuality education, and then argues for sexuality education based on democratic values. In achieving this end, the article begins with a description of traditional sexuality education practice. Next, analyses of the polarized debate about sexuality education and its educational implications are undertaken. Then, the conditions of American schooling—the physical environment, school policies, and pedagogical practices—are explored to illustrate how inhospitable schools have been to (sexuality) education based on democratic ideals. Subsequently, I argue why substantial school reform is crucial for democratic sexuality education to be possible. Finally, various possibilities of ...
Visualization of Pain Severity Events in Clinical Records Using Semantic Structures

Physicians are often required to make critical medical decisions that may be based on previous events in the patient's health history. However, these events may be very difficult to locate in the patient record due to the large volume of unstructured textual data in the patient's chart. Even when the chart is housed in an electronic health record (EHR) system, keyword search within the chart may produce many results that are not relevant or that may overlook related expressions and concepts entirely. In addition, some medical events, such as the occurrence of symptoms, are associated with important attributes such as location or severity, and require other elements such as the type of clinical note and its date and time in order to provide the proper context of the event. This paper describes a prototype system that performs ontology-based semantic search through clinical text to extract pain severity events, and then presents them in a visualization to monitor the progression of pain over time.
The Vi Antigen in the Detection of Typhoid Carriers

The expense and difficulties inherent in culturing a large number of specimens for the detection of Eberthella typhosa in typhoid carriers led to attempts to use the presence of O and H agglutinins as a screen test in narrowing the field of carrier suspects. However, since a high proportion of individuals have O and H agglutinins, the value of the procedure is limited. Eliot and Cameron1 reported O and H agglutinins in titers of 1:80 or higher in 19*^ of 354 individuals, none of whom were identified as carriers.
Fixed Sagittal Plane Imbalance

Study Design Literature review. Objective To discuss the evaluation and management of fixed sagittal plane imbalance. Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed on the preoperative evaluation of patients with sagittal plane malalignment, as well as the surgical strategies to address sagittal plane deformity. Results Sagittal plane imbalance is often caused by de novo scoliosis or iatrogenic flat back deformity. Understanding the etiology and magnitude of sagittal malalignment is crucial in realignment planning. Objective parameters have been developed to guide surgeons in determining how much correction is needed to achieve favorable outcomes. Currently, the goals of surgery are to restore a sagittal vertical axis Conclusion Sagittal plane malalignment is an increasingly recognized cause of pain and disability. Treatment of sagittal plane imbalance varies according to the etiology, location, and severity of the deformity. Fixed sagittal malalignment often requires complex reconstructive procedures that include osteotomy correction. Reestablishing harmonious spinopelvic alignment is associated with significant improvement in health-related quality-of-life outcome measures and patient satisfaction.
Complete Residue Systems in the Gaussian Integers

1. As a matter of notation small case Latin letters will represent real integers and Greek letters will represent Gaussian integers. There are many representations for the complete residue system modulo n but the one that usually comes to mind is the set of integers {0, 1, 2, *..., n-1 } . Other representations are sometimes used; for example if (a, n) = 1 then {a, 2a, 3a, *, na } is a representation of the complete residue system modulo n. Another representation which has a somewhat pleasing quality is found in Uspensky and Heaslet [1] and is { x -n/2 <x < n/2 } which is the representation with least absolute values. Consider the meaning of divisibility and congruences in the Gaussian integers. Recall that in the Gaussian integers 1 ,I means there is a Gaussian integer a such that a * y= =, and a = -3 (mod y) means that I a -of-. This congruence relation is an equivalence relation and, analogous to the real case, it is reasonable to define the complete residue system modulo y as the set of equivalence classes formed from the Gaussian integers with respect to the principal ideal ('y). The complete residue system modulo y will be abbreviated as CRS (mod y). Without any loss of generality y can be restricted to being in the first quadrant or on the positive real line. It is the purpose of this paper to exhibit several representations for the CRS (mod y). These representations are given in section 2 and the verification that they are representations of the complete residue systems is given in section 3.
Scanning Angle Total Internal Reflection Raman Spectroscopy of Thin Polymer Films

Plasmon waveguide resonance (PWR) Raman spectroscopy provides chemical content information with interface or thin film selectivity. Near the plasmon waveguide interface, large increases in the interfacial optical energy density are generated at incident angles where plasmon waveguide resonances are excited. When a polymer of sufficient thickness is deposited on a gold film, the interface acts as a plasmon waveguide and large enhancements in the Raman signal can be achieved. This paper presents calculations to show how polymer thickness and excitation wavelength are predicted to influence PWR Raman spectroscopy measurements. The results show the optical energy density (OED) integrated over the entire polymer film using 785 nm excitation are 1.7× (400 nm film), 2.17× (500 nm film), 2.48× (600 nm film), 3.08× (700 nm film) and 3.62× (800 nm film) higher compared to a 300 nm film. Accounting for the integrated OED and frequency to the fourth power dependence of the Raman scatter, a 532 nm excitation wavelength is predicted to generate the largest PWR Raman signal at the polymer waveguide interface. This work develops a foundation for chemical measurements of numerous devices, such as solar energy capturing devices that utilize conducting metals coated with thin polymer films.
Hot Forging with High Temperature Heat Treatment of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductors

In order to increase Jc of bulk Bi2223 superconductors, a short period heat treatment at a temperature near the melting point of Bi2223 phase was carried out during hot forging. Samples with a relative density of about 90% were prepared by hot pressing. The hot-pressed sample was then hot-forged at 840°C and 9.8MPa in air for 50h, and was also heat-treated at 885°C for 15min during hot forging. The Jc’s were 70, 150 and 600A/cm2(77K, IkOe) for these samples, respectively. For the heat-treated sample, Jc at 77K,0Oe was estimated to be 7000–10000A/cm2 from the magnetic field dependence of Jc. The mechanism for the increase in Jc was discussed in terms of the microstructure of the specimens.
Noise properties of attenuation correction methods for SPECT

The authors investigate the noise properties of SPECT images reconstructed with the attenuation correction methods of Bellini, Chang, and Tretiak and Metz. The general model for the image covariance matrix can be described by two terms, the first representing object variability, the second representing the object-dependent quantum noise. The model assumes the reconstruction operation is non-iterative and linear, and the noise in the projection data is nonstationary. All aspects of digital reconstruction are included in the model. The three attenuation correction methods are tested to demonstrate the noise character of SPECT images for a uniformly emitting and attenuating disk. In addition, image quality assessment is performed for the task of detecting a cold signal on a uniformly emitting and attenuating circular background. Comparing the local noise power spectrums for various pixel locations, it is shown that image noise is both globally and locally nonstationary for all three methods, except for a small, uniform region near the center of the disk. It is also seen that the noise properties of all three methods are similar in this region. The method of Tretiak-Metz increases the noise variance at the edge of the disk, whereas it is reduced with the Bellini and Chang methods. Finally, the ideal, nonprewhitening, and region-of-interest observers are shown to be invariant across reconstruction method, however the human observer performs better with the Bellini attenuation correction method. >
Emotional Understanding, Reactivity, and Regulation in Young Children with ADHD Symptoms

The goal of the present study was to examine whether young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms experience difficulties with emotional understanding, reactivity, and regulation. Participants were 64 children, 4 to 7 years of age (43 boys, 20 girls), 29 with ADHD symptoms and 34 typically developing children. Children completed an emotion matching task and parents reported on child lability and emotional regulation. Children also completed a frustrating computer task. Facial expressions of emotions were coded and children self reported affect during the task. Parent reports indicated heightened lability and impaired emotional regulation abilities in children with ADHD symptoms. Compared to typically developing children, children with ADHD symptoms demonstrated emotional understanding impairments in matching similar expressions and matching expressions to situations, but not in producing expression labels or matching expression labels to images. Self-reports of negative affect during the frustration task indicated that children with ADHD symptoms experienced more difficulty with emotional regulation than typically developing children. Behavioral observations during the frustration task indicated that the two groups demonstrated a similar increase in expressed negative affect during frustration; however, children with ADHD symptoms showed higher levels of negative affect across all four conditions of the task. This study suggests that the deficits documented in older children with ADHD are already evident during the preschool years, and distinct from the developmentally appropriate emotional dysregulation seen in typically developing preschoolers.
Axial Vector Form Factors of the Nucleon from Lattice QCD

We present results for the form factors of the isovector axial vector current in the nucleon state using large scale simulations of lattice QCD. The calculations were done using eight ensembles of gauge configurations generated by the MILC collaboration using the HISQ action with 2+1+1 dynamical flavors. These ensembles span three lattice spacings a≈0.06, 0.09, and 0.12 fm and light-quark masses corresponding to the pion masses Mπ≈135, 225, and 310 MeV. High-statistics estimates allow us to quantify systematic uncertainties in the extraction of GA(Q2) and the induced pseudoscalar form factor G˜P(Q2). We perform a simultaneous extrapolation in the lattice spacing, lattice volume and light-quark masses of the axial charge radius rA data to obtain physical estimates. Using the dipole ansatz to fit the Q2 behavior we obtain rA|dipole=0.49(3) fm, which corresponds to MA=1.39(9) GeV, and is consistent with MA=1.35(17) GeV obtained by the miniBooNE collaboration. The estimate obtained using the z-expansion is rA|z-expansion=0.46(6) fm, and the combined result is rA|combined=0.48(4) fm. Analysis of the induced pseudoscalar form factor G˜P(Q2) yields low estimates for gP* and gπNN compared to their phenomenological values. To understand these, we analyze the partially conserved axial current (PCAC) relation by also calculating the pseudoscalar form factor. We find that these low values are due to large deviations in the PCAC relation between the three form factors, and in the pion-pole dominance hypothesis.
Are Glacials Dry? Consequences for Paleoclimatology and for Greenhouse Warming

AbstractPast cold climates are often thought to have been drier than today on land, which appears to conflict with certain recent studies projecting widespread terrestrial drying with near-future warming. However, other work has found that, over large portions of the continents, the conclusion of future drying versus wetting strongly depends on the physical property of interest. Here, it is shown that this also holds in simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): the continents have generally wetter topsoils and higher values of common climate wetness metrics than in the preindustrial, as well as generally lower precipitation and ubiquitously lower photosynthesis (likely driven by the low CO2), with streamflow responses falling in between. Using a large existing global pollen and plant fossil compilation, it is also confirmed that LGM grasslands and open woodlands grew at many sites of present-day forest, seasonal forests at many sites of present-day rain forest, and so forth (116–144 sites out of 302)...
Unexpected Biotransformation of the HDAC Inhibitor Vorinostat Yields Aniline-Containing Fungal Metabolites

The diversity of genetically encoded small molecules produced by filamentous fungi remains largely unexplored, which makes these fungi an attractive source for the discovery of new compounds. However, accessing their full chemical repertoire under common laboratory culture conditions is a challenge. Epigenetic manipulation of gene expression has become a well-established tool for overcoming this obstacle. Here, we report that perturbation of the endophytic ascomycete Chalara sp. 6661, producer of the isofusidienol class of antibiotics, with the HDAC inhibitor vorinostat resulted in the production of four new modified xanthones. The structures of chalanilines A (1) and B (2) and adenosine-coupled xanthones A (3) and B (4) were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic analyses, and the bioactivities of 1–4 were tested in antibiotic and cytotoxicity assays. Incorporation studies with deuterium-labeled vorinostat indicate that the aniline moiety in chalalanine A is derived from vorinostat itself. Our study s...
A stochastic model of active zone material mediated synaptic vesicle docking and priming at resting active zones.

Synaptic vesicles (SVs) fuse with the presynaptic membrane (PM) at specialized regions called active zones for synaptic transmission. SVs are associated with dense aggregates of macromolecules called active zone material (AZM) that has been thought to be involved in SV release. However, its role has recently begun to be elucidated. Several morphological studies proposed distinctively different AZM mediated SV docking and priming models: sequential and concurrent SV docking/priming. To explore ways to reconcile the contradictory models we develop a stochastic AZM mediated SV docking and priming model. We assume that the position of each connection site of the AZM macromolecules on their SV, directly linking the SV with the PM, varies by random shortening and lengthening of the macromolecules at resting active zones. We also perform computer simulations of SVs near the PM at resting active zones, and the results show that the distribution of the AZM connection sites can significantly affect the SV’s docking efficiency and distribution of its contact area with the PM, thus priming and that the area correlates with the shape of the SVs providing a way to account for seemingly irreconcilable observations reported about the spatial relationship of SVs with the PM at active zones.
Effectiveness of Vancomycin or Beta-Lactam Therapy in Ampicillin-Susceptible Enterococcus spp. Bloodstream Infections.

Background:De-escalation to a beta-lactam improves outcomes for patients with a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI). Whether a similar strategy is appropriate ...
From Nowhere: Space, Race, and Time in How Young Minority Men Understand Encounters with Gangs

Research on gangs within minority communities often focuses on gang crime and violence, and gang organization. Few studies examine the non-gang member side of the equation, especially in how potential victims make sense of gang encounters. This paper reveals how young Black and Latino men interpret gang encounters, interpretations that differ because of the following: one’s ethnicity, a gang’s ethnicity, the state of interethnic gang conflict, and a space’s ethnic makeup. It will also examine the intersection of time, specifically as to how shifting neighborhood demographics change the perceptions of these young minority men. This research is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in both Compton and South Central.
Zirkulierende Körperflüssigkeiten (Blut, Lymphe, Abwehr-Mechanismen, Hämostase)

Die Aufgabe des zirkulatorischen Systems ist Transport von Nahrstoffen und Sauerstoff zu den Geweben, Abtransport von CO2 und Stoffwechselprodukten, Regulation der Korpertemperatur sowie Verteilung von Hormonen und anderer die Zelltatigkeit beeinflussender Substanzen. Das Blut als Trager dieser Substanzen wird vom Herzen durch das in sich geschlossene System der Blutgefase gepumpt. Das Herz des Warmbluters besteht — im Gegensatz zum Herzen mancher niederer Lebewesen — aus 2 nacheinander geschalteten Pumpen. Der linke Ventrikel pumpt das Blut uber Arterien und Arteriolen in die Capillaren, wo die Austauschvorgange mit der Interstitialflussigkeit stattfinden; die Capillaren munden in die Venolen und uber die Venen erfolgt der Ruckflus des Blutes zum rechten Herzen (groser oder Korper-Kreislauf).
A Distributed Infomap Algorithm for Scalable and High-Quality Community Detection

Community detection is essential to various graph analysis applications. Infomap is a graph clustering algorithm capable of achieving high-quality communities. However, it remains a very challenging problem to effectively apply Infomap on large graphs. By analyzing communication and workload patterns of Infomap and leveraging a distributed delegate partitioning and distribution method, we develop a new heuristic strategy to carefully coordinate the community constitution from the vertices of a graph in a distributed environment, and achieve the convergence of the distributed clustering algorithm. We have implemented our optimized algorithm using MPI (Message Passing Interface), which can be easily employed or extended to massively distributed computing systems. We analyze the correctness of our algorithm, and conduct an intensive experimental study to investigate the communication and computation cost of our distributed algorithm, which has not shown in previous work. The results demonstrate the scalability and the correctness of our distributed Infomap algorithm with large-scale real-world datasets.
Assisted Reproductive Technology and Developmental Outcomes.

* Abbreviation: ART — : assisted reproductive technology Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), including in vitro fertilization with fresh or frozen embryos as well as intracytoplasmic sperm injection, have come into increasing use in Western nations since the late 1970s. Pregnancies resulting from ART are more likely to result in stillbirth, multiple gestation, preterm delivery, and low birth weight, with higher rates of adverse outcomes after procedures that involve the placing of either a single embryo or multiple embryos.1 Infant mortality rates are higher as well, whereas evidence for an increased risk of specific birth defects is equivocal.2–4 Research on child health and developmental outcomes is more limited, and for this reason, the study by Hansen et al5 is a welcome addition to our literature. Hansen et al5 use population-based data from Western Australia garnered through probabilistic record linkage based … Address correspondence to Russell S. Kirby, PhD, MS, FACE, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612. E-mail: rkirby{at}health.usf.edu
Superconducting properties of In doped ZrNi2Ga1−xInx

Abstract We report on the effect of In doping on the superconducting properties of ZrNi2Ga1−xInx (x = 0.0.05, 0.10, 0.15) Heusler alloys. While the samples with x
First principles based screen for identification of transparent conductors

We report a simple first principles based screen amenable to high throughput calculations for transparent conductors. These include the effects of doping on transparency, which can be important. In particular, doping leads to conduction accompanied by losses in transparency, both of which are materials dependent, but rarely considered in computational materials selection. We consider both the Drude contribution to optical conductivity, as well as new interband transitions that arise as a material is doped. This leads to a simple application dependent optical and electrical fitness function (OEF) that can be applied to semiconductors to identify materials that may be useful transparent conductors. The OEF goes beyond the frequently discussed criteria of suitable band gap and low effective mass. We illustrate this by application to a number of proposed p-type transparent conducting materials.