cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of engulfment in the Dictyosteliaceae.

SYNOPSIS. Experiments with mixtures of latex-tagged cultures of amoebae of strains, species and genera of the Dictyosteliaceae indicate little specificity in engulfment. This is in sharp contrast to the decided specificity for compatibility in completion of morphogenesis in the same organisms. Lack of specificity in engulfment is considered additional evidence favoring engulfment as a normal feeding activity rather than a process associated with syngamy in the cellular slime molds.
Comparing Decision Rules that Incorporate Customer Diversion in Perishable Asset Revenue Management Situations

Most of the initial work on perishable asset revenue management (PARM) situations assumed no possibility of customer diversion from one product class to another when the former is made unavailable. In this paper, an evaluation is made of the few published decision rules that incorporate the realistic and common behavior of customer diversion (or sell-up). We present a new heuristic approach that incorporates diversion and could be used by airlines and other relevant industries to achieve improvements in expected contribution of 0.25 to 2.5% over the approach currently used. The sensitivity of the difference in expected contribution between these rules is tested relative to changes in the input parameters, and managerial insights are presented.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN MODEL FOR THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION

In this paper a lattice Boltzmann (LB) model to simulate incompressible flow is developed. The main idea is to explicitly eliminate the terms of o(M 2), where M is the Mach number, due to the density fluctuation in the existing LB models. In the proposed incompressible LB model, the pressure p instead of the mass density ρ is the independent dynamic variable. The incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are derived from the incompressible LB model via Chapman–Enskog procedure. Numerical results of simulations of the plane Poiseuille flow driven either by pressure gradient or a fixed velocity profile at entrance as well as of the 2D Womersley flow are presented. The numerical results are found to be in excellent agreement with theory.
Doping Metal–Organic Frameworks for Water Oxidation, Carbon Dioxide Reduction, and Organic Photocatalysis

Catalytically competent Ir, Re, and Ru complexes H2L1–H2L6 with dicarboxylic acid functionalities were incorporated into a highly stable and porous Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6 (UiO-67, bpdc = para-biphenyldicarboxylic acid) framework using a mix-and-match synthetic strategy. The matching ligand lengths between bpdc and L1–L6 ligands allowed the construction of highly crystalline UiO-67 frameworks (metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) 1–6) that were doped with L1–L6 ligands. MOFs 1–6 were isostructural to the parent UiO-67 framework as shown by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and exhibited high surface areas ranging from 1092 to 1497 m2/g. MOFs 1–6 were stable in air up to 400 °C and active catalysts in a range of reactions that are relevant to solar energy utilization. MOFs 1–3 containing [Cp*IrIII(dcppy)Cl] (H2L1), [Cp*IrIII(dcbpy)Cl]Cl (H2L2), and [IrIII(dcppy)2(H2O)2]OTf (H2L3) (where Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, dcppy is 2-phenylpyridine-5,4′-dicarboxylic acid, and dcbpy is 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylic a...
Finite Element Analysis of Surface Wave Radiation for Pavement Debonding

A large scale finite element model with high mesh resolution is established to simulate the ground truth of regular highway pavement structure with subsurface debonding defects. The simulation is motivated by non-destructive testing methods that derive information from the acoustic radiation of the surface wave. These NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) signals come from solid elastic wave propagation beneath pavement surface, which then couple with acoustic wave in air above the pavement surface. In this article, 2 main debonding phenomena, which are conventionally hidden below the pavement surface, are modeled and also compared with a healthy (perfectly intact) pavement structure model. Both the impact-response transient analysis and frequency spectrum analysis have been given to show a new opportunity to detect the subsurface debonding in pavement non-destructively through acoustic signals from heights above the pavement surface which are incorporated with ground truth information.
Profound conditioned taste aversion induced by oral consumption of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Abstract In a previous experiment rats avidly avoided a solution of 2-deoxy-d-glucose in 0.2% saccharin (2-DG+S), drinking less than 1 mL over 3 days. The present study investigated taste avoidance and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to orally presented 2-DG+S as well as CTA in response to i.p. injections of 2-DG. In Experiment 1, rats were given either a glucose/saccharin(G+S) solution or 2-DG+S for eight 30-s test periods. Four seconds into the first 30-s test, rats in the 2-DG+S group licked significantly less than rats in the G+S group, and licking almost totally ceased in the remaining seven tests. Overnight water intake was not different between the groups, but when offered a G+S solution, rats in the 2-DG+S group almost totally avoided the solution and still showed a significant aversion to G+S when retested 6 days later. In Experiment 2, rats were allowed to drink G+S, and were then injected i.p. with 500 mg 2-DG/kg, 500 mg d -glucose/kg body weight in 0.3 mL water, or with 0.3 mL saline. When tested with a G+S solution the next day, rats in the 2-DG group showed a highly significant avoidance, while rats in the glucose group were not different from those in the saline group. The results of the second experiment are consistent with earlier studies of CTA induced by i.p. injections of 2-DG. The present study indicates that small amounts of orally ingested 2-DG produce a CTA as strong or even stronger than that following injected 2-DG, most likely by inducing malaise. Whether the onset of malaise is fast enough to account for the rapid initial avoidance of this solution or a taste factor is also involved is not yet clear.
The Evolution of Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Justice

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the scope of substance abuse and related problems among juvenile offenders, and describes three models of addressing the problem based on a review of current approaches, ranging from Treatment Alternatives to Street Crimes programs (TASC), to juvenile drug courts, to an integrated treatment network model. The relevant strengths and weaknesses of each in supporting lasting change in substance-abusing juvenile offenders and their families are presented, and a call to action is offered for communities wishing to aim their interventions innovatively and precisely in the direction of substance abuse among their delinquent youth.
Stress triggering and earthquake probability estimates

[1] Stress triggering and fault interaction concepts are beginning to be incorporated into quantitative earthquake probability estimates. However, the current methods are limited in their range of compatible earthquake nucleation models. I introduce a new general method for translating stress changes into earthquake probability changes, which can potentially be used with any physical fault model. Given the large uncertainties in earthquake probability calculations, it is unclear whether the small probability changes resulting from stress transfer are significant and meaningful for the purposes of seismic hazard assessment. I present a case study of the effect of the 1992 M7.3 Landers, California, earthquake on the probability of a major earthquake on the San Andreas Fault in southern California. This is a large event in a well-studied region, which should maximize the probability change signal and minimize the uncertainty. Even for this scenario, the earthquake probability change for a 30 year period is not significant with respect to the initial uncertainty in the earthquake probability. This example, comparisons with other studies, and exploration of parameter space imply that the probability changes due to stress triggering are significant only for time intervals which are short compared to the repeat time of the target fault. Therefore stress change calculations will be useful in long-term seismic hazard assessment only for low slip-rate faults. Otherwise, stress triggering calculations are best utilized in the short-term immediately following a major earthquake.
Behavioral biometrics for verification and recognition of malicious software agents

Homeland security requires technologies capable of positive and reliable identification of humans for law enforcement, government, and commercial applications. As artificially intelligent agents improve in their abilities and become a part of our everyday life, the possibility of using such programs for undermining homeland security increases. Virtual assistants, shopping bots, and game playing programs are used daily by millions of people. We propose applying statistical behavior modeling techniques developed by us for recognition of humans to the identification and verification of intelligent and potentially malicious software agents. Our experimental results demonstrate feasibility of such methods for both artificial agent verification and even for recognition purposes.
Enhancement of the Antiplaque Value of Antibacterial Agents by Enamel-Conditioning Methods: I. Rationale, Mechanism, and Initial Findings:

A method is proposed to induce chemically the incorporation of bacterial agents inot enamel and thus rende this tissue resistant to bacterial colonization. It consists of promoting a slight initial dissolution of enamel, followed immediately by tis reprecipitation. During this latter phase, antibacterial agents included in the test formulations would become trapped in the reprecipitating enamel. That this happens is proved by the chemical detection of antibacterial agents in treated enamel, as well as by the development of a remarkable resistance of treated specimens to grow in vitro plaque.
Nodal domain integration model of one-dimensional advection—diffusion

Abstract The nodal domain integration method is applied to a one-dimensional advection—diffusion mathematical model without a source term. Comparison of the resulting numerical model to the well known Galerkin finite element, subdomain, and finite difference domain models indicates that a single numerical statement can be developed which includes the Galerkin finite element, subdomain, and finite difference models as special cases.
In Vitro Activity of Penicillins Against Anaerobes

The in vitro susceptibility of 162 anaerobic isolates from clinical material were tested to pencillin G, BL-P1654, and carbenicillin. Penicillin G and BL-P1654 showed good activity against Bacteroides fragilis, but only 60% of strains were susceptible to carbenicillin at achievable blood levels (128 mug/ml).
E-government access to social service information: State web resources for domestic violence survivors

This study provides the first nationwide analysis of states' e-government support for domestic violence (DV) survivors, identifying characteristics and patterns of domestic violence content and access to this content on all state government Web sites (50 states plus the District of Columbia). Using a systematic examination of click paths and site search results, DV content was located, examined, and codified in terms of information type (e.g., shelter access), accessibility (e.g., language), and type of authoring agency (e.g., law enforcement). General DV resources such as hotline-referral services were more prevalent than content related to specific needs such as child custody. States provide substantially more information on immediate emergency needs, which are actually met at the local level, than on intermediate or long-term support. Accessibility was hampered by both cognitive concerns (e.g., English-only sites) and affective concerns (e.g., a tone which focused on data transmission rather than on information use). Legal-law enforcement agencies rather than social service or medical agencies consistently provided the most information as well as the largest numbers of connections to other sites, both within and beyond the state government site. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction of fuzzy basis function networks using adaptive least squares method

A novel algorithm based on the least squares (LS) method and genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed for autonomous learning and construction of FBFN's when training data are available. The proposed algorithms add significant fuzzy basis functions (FBF) at each iteration during training, based on error reduction measures. The adaptive least squares (ALS) algorithm based on the combined LS and GA, realizes hybrid structure-parameter learning without any human intervention. Simulation studies are performed with numerical examples for comparison with conventional algorithms. The ALS algorithm is applied to the construction of a fuzzy basis function network model for surface roughness in a grinding process using experimental data.
On the magnetic transition in superfluid 3He

Abstract Comparison of recent measurements of the magnetic transition in superfluid 3 He A with a fluctuation theory of the transition yield an estimate of the coherence length.
Using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to detect monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in serum and urine

Rationale Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to monitor serum and urine samples for endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulins. MALDI-TOFMS is faster, fully automatable, and provides superior specificity compared to protein gel electrophoresis (PEL). Methods Samples were enriched for immunoglobulins in 5 min using Melon Gel™ followed by reduction with dithiothreitol for 15 min to separate immunoglobulin light chains and heavy chains. Samples were then desalted using C4 ZipTips, mixed with sinapinic acid matrix, and analyzed on a Bruker Biflex III MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. Results Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains were identified in serum and urine samples from patients with a known monoclonal gammopathy using MALDI-TOFMS with minimal sample preparation. Conclusions MALDI-TOFMS can identify a monoclonal immunoglobulin in serum and urine samples. The molecular mass of the monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain is obtained providing unprecedented specificity compared to PEL. In addition, the methodology can be automated, making it a practical alternative to PEL. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAKING YEMEN INDIAN: REWRITING THE BOUNDARIES OF IMPERIAL ARABIA

On 19 January 1839, the South Arabian port town of Aden was bombarded by ships of the Indian Navy and occupied by soldiers of the East India Company. It was the first British colonial acquisition of the Victorian period. Just a year before, Capt. S. B. Haines, the man who later commanded the assault on Aden, had met with Sultan Muhsin bin Fadl al-cAbdali of Lahj, who claimed the port as part of his territory. At that time, the two men discussed the possibility of leasing the town in order to store coal for the Royal Navy. After lengthy deliberations, the sultan expressed his desire to come to some agreement. Haines later wrote an account of the meeting in a letter to the superintendent of the Indian Navy in which he described Sultan Muhsin's overture: "At last he announced that he would rather have the English, but would they receive him as an ally, and protect his country from being molested; in fact receive him and country on the same terms as the Nabob of Surat."1 The reference to Surat is intriguing on a number of points. On the one hand, it shows the extent to which the sultan of a small agrarian community in inner Arabia was aware of the longstanding commercial relationship between Yemen and India, linked by the coffee trade and the ports of al-Mukha and Surat. On the other hand, and perhaps of greater importance, the reference to the "Nabob" of Surat as a model for political relations between the cAbdali sultanate and the British reveals the extent to which the
High-Speed Flip-Flops for the Millimicrosecond Region

The problem of designing high-speed flip-flops has been approached by dividing the circuit operation into steady-state and switching functions, the steady-state function being assigned to a slave flip-flop and the switching function to a driving circuit. Circuits, using conventional components and having a resolving time of 10m?sec, are described. Resolving times as low as 2m?sec have been attained by using a special beam-deflection tube as the slave flip-flop. These circuits dissipate considerably less power in the intervals between switching than conventional circuits.
Defiance Theory and Life Course Explanations of Persistent Offending

Criminologists have long grappled with the varying effect of sanctions. In an effort to clarify these divergent effects, Sherman (1993) delineated a general theory of sanction effects, termed defiance theory. Defiance theory anticipates that there are four necessary conditions for defiance to occur: (a) the sanction must be perceived as unfair; (b) the offender must be poorly bonded; (c) the sanction must be perceived as stigmatizing; and (d) the offender denies the shame produced by the sanction. This study provides one of the first empirical assessments of defiance theory. In addition, defiance theory is examined within the life-course perspective, and analyses address trajectories of offending. Using data from the 1945 Philadelphia Birth Cohort, the results yield promising support for the theory.
Agonist Activation of δ-Opioid Receptor but not μ-Opioid Receptor Potentiates Fetal Calf Serum or Tyrosine Kinase Receptor-Mediated Cell Proliferation in a CellLine-Specific Manner

Activation by opioid receptors of cell proliferation was examined with fibroblast cell lines stably expressing either delta-opioid or mu-opioid receptors. Addition of [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin or [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-enkephalin to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with delta-opioid receptor cDNA resulted in an agonist concentration-dependent potentiation of fetal calf serum (FCS)-stimulated cell proliferation. This potentiation by delta-opioid agonists was antagonized by naloxone and was not observed with the kappa-opioid receptor selective agonist U50,488 or the mu-opioid receptor selective agonist [D-Ala2,N-MePhe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin. This delta-opioid agonist effect was not observed at FCS concentrations > 0.1% and could be blocked by pretreating cells with pertussis toxin, indicating that Gi/Go were involved in this action. In addition, delta-opioid agonists could potentiate CHO cell proliferation stimulated by those growth factors that are mediated by tyrosine kinase receptors (i.e., insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and fibroblast-derived growth factor b). This delta-opioid agonist potentiation of growth apparently was dependent on the level of delta-opioid receptors that were expressed and had cell-line selectivity. Activation of delta-opioid receptors expressed in Rat-1 or NIH3T3 fibroblast did not result in a modulation of the cell growth induced by FCS or by growth factors. Interestingly, in CHO cells transfected with mu-opioid receptor cDNA, activation with agonists did not produce a potentiation of FCS-stimulated proliferation. This lack of mu-opioid receptor effect was not due to the differences among CHO clones. In a CHO cell line transfected with both delta-opioid receptor cDNA and mu-opioid receptor cDNA, activation of delta-but not mu-opioid receptors resulted in a potentiation of growth. These data suggest that delta- and mu-opioid receptors in CHO cells activate similar but divergent second messenger pathways, resulting in the differential regulation of cell growth.
Estimated change in tundra ecosystem function near Barrow, Alaska between 1972 and 2010

How the greening of Arctic landscapes manifests as a change in ecosystem structure and function remains largely unknown. This study investigates the likely implications of plant community change on ecosystem function in tundra near Barrow, Alaska. We use structural data from marked plots, established in 1972 and resampled in 1999, 2008 and 2010 to assess plant community change. Ecosystem functional studies were made close to peak growing season in 2008 and 2010 on destructive plots adjacent to marked plots and included measurement of land‐atmosphere CH4 and CO2 exchange, hyperspectral reflectance, albedo, water table height, soil moisture, and plant species cover and abundance. Species cover and abundance data from marked and destructive plots were analyzed together using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMS) ordination. NMS axis scores from destructive plots were used to krig ecosystem function variables in ordination space and produce surface plots from which time series of functional attributes for resampled plots were derived. Generally, the greatest functional change was found in aquatic and wet plant communities, where productivity varied and soil moisture increased, increasing methane efflux. Functional change was minimal in moist and dry communities, which experienced a general decrease in soil moisture availability and appeared overall to be functionally more stable through time. Findings suggest that the Barrow landscape could have become less productive and less responsive to change and disturbance over the past few decades. This study is a contribution to the International Polar Year-Back to the Future Project (512).
Raster modelling of coastal flooding from sea-level rise

As rates of sea-level rise continue to increase due to climate change, land planners require accurate spatial analyses on the extent and timing of coastal flooding and associated hazards. Digital elevation data used to evaluate coastal vulnerability to flooding are available at various horizontal and vertical resolutions. However, the quality of digital elevation models (DEM) used in environmental assessment can significantly affect the detection of topographic features and the magnitude of hydrological processes. We used lidar elevation data in coastal North Carolina, USA to investigate the effects of horizontal resolution and connectivity on the extent and timing of flooding from sea-level rise. We found that the rate and extent of inundation were dependent on horizontal resolution and assumptions made on hydrological connectivity. The variation in flood extent was much larger (760 km2) at low sea-level projections ( ∼0.9 m, 114 km2) due to the effect of hydrological corrections on the coarse-scale DEM and topographic complexity at low elevations. Lidar elevation data provide a significant advance in mapping potential coastal flooding, but the extent and timing of inundation are sensitive to horizontal resolution and the modelling of hydrological connectivity.
The Unique Mental Health Needs of Military Women: A Social Work Call to Action

Women involved in all aspects of the United States Armed Forces face mental health needs that are unique from women in the general population. Because the most recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are involving more women in combat situations, social workers encounter female clients who are increasingly experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder, substance misuse, and sexual violence. Special attention must be paid particularly to women who serve in the National Guard or Reserves, as they have different concerns than enlisted active duty women. These concerns include less social support and fewer resources upon return from deployment. Thus, it is imperative for social workers in the community to be aware of these military women’s experiences and unique mental health challenges in order to effectively treat their needs.
Exploration of the Pathways to Delinquency for Female Adolescents With Depression: Implications for Cross‐Systems Collaboration and Counseling

This study found that lack of involvement in prosocial institutions, affiliation with other troubled youth, and indifference regarding personal safety partially mediate the relationship between depression and delinquency among justice-involved female adolescents. The results suggest that depression may not be the primary conduit to delinquency.
Hidden Markov models for zero-inflated Poisson counts with an application to substance use.

Paradigms for substance abuse cue-reactivity research involve short term pharmacological or stressful stimulation designed to elicit stress and craving responses in cocaine-dependent subjects. It is unclear as to whether stress induced from participation in such studies increases drug-seeking behavior. We propose a 2-state Hidden Markov model to model the number of cocaine abuses per week before and after participation in a stress- and cue-reactivity study. The hypothesized latent state corresponds to ‘high’ or ‘low’ use. To account for a preponderance of zeros, we assume a zero-inflated Poisson model for the count data. Transition probabilities depend on the prior week’s state, fixed demographic variables, and time-varying covariates. We adopt a Bayesian approach to model fitting, and use the conditional predictive ordinate statistic to demonstrate that the zero-inflated Poisson hidden Markov model outperforms other models for longitudinal count data.
Impact of right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit placement on pulmonary artery development after the Norwood procedure in hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV–PA) shunt in the Norwood procedure (NP) for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) provides stable haemodynamics and improves interstage survival. The aim of the study was to find the effect of RV–PA placement on pulmonary artery development after the NP. METHODS: A prospective, randomized study of 60 children with HLHS was carried out between 2008 and 2010. All children underwent the NP in the neonatal period and survivors underwent the hemi-Fontan operation (at a mean age of 4.78 ± 2.8 months). RV–PA was left side to the neo-aorta in 32 children (the first group) and right side to the neo-aorta in 28 children (the second group). Echocardiography and angiograms were used to asses the pulmonary artery size. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between right pulmonary artery (RPA) and left pulmonary artery (LPA) diameters in both groups before the NP (first: 4.94 ± 0.27 vs. 4.26 ± 0.22, P= 0.04; second: 4.97 ± 0.23 vs. 4.14 ± 0.17, P= 0.003). This difference was not significant when z-scores were taken into account. The dynamics of the pulmonary artery development was similar in both groups comparing pre-Norwood and pre-hemi-Fontan periods. A slight increase in the LPA and the RPA diameter with a significant decrease in the z-scores was noted. At the pre-hemi-Fontan stage, there was no significant difference in the diameter and the z-score between LPA and RPA in the second group, whereas in the first group, the z-score for LPA was significantly lower compared with RPA (�1.34 ± 1.6 vs. �0.86 ± 1.4, P= 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Placement of the RV–PA conduit on the right side to the neo-aorta ensures more equal distribution of the blood to the pulmonary arteries and better development of the LPA.
Practice-building seminars in chiropractic: a Petit Bourgeois response to biomedical domination.

As biomedicine evolved into the preserve of upper-class and upper-middle-class physicians, working-class and lower-middle-class individuals turned to chiropractic as a vehicle of upward social mobility. Practice-building seminars constitute a largely overlooked strategy by which many chiropractors have sought to address their marginal status within the U.S. medical system. Using archival and research data, this article discusses the role of these seminars in assisting chiropractors to convince their patients of the efficacy of their treatment modalities, increase their incomes, and bolster their confidence as heterodox medical practitioners.
The promise of family medicine: history, leadership, and the Age of Aquarius.

Family medicine began as a revolutionary movement with courageous leaders who had a compelling vision for the new specialty. Next came a growth era with the expansion of residency programs, medical school departments and community practices; organizationally adept, businesslike people managed family
Efficient Modeling of User-Entity Preference in Big Social Networks

Data generated by social media are frequently leveraged to build machine learning models that can accurately profile human behavior and sentiment. Twitter is a readily available source of population data that can be collected and used by any organization. Therefore, accurate machine learning models must be created to learn from this user-generated content. In this paper, we explore the task of classifying a user's preference towards a specific entity. Particularly, we study the accuracy of classification models as an increasing number of tweets (status posts) per user is provided to the models. New users and tweets are constantly being created, warranting the use of techniques to reduce the size of data needed for machine learning algorithms. We find that there is a diminishing return on model performance as the number of tweets per user is increased, and identify a threshold where adding more tweets per user does not result in statistically better performance. Utilizing this threshold, as opposed to the maximum amount of tweets per user, data collection time is reduced by 80% while dataset size is reduced by 75%.
When You're the Editor

This article provides editing tips and advice for editors of other people’s writing. It starts with the premise that editing other writers’ work requires many of the same skills as self-editing. It goes on to suggest, however, that in addition to using those skills, editors should adopt several unique strategies to more efficiently revise other writers’ drafts. It recommends that lawyers as editors take on the roles of reader, manager, coach, and copy editor. The article also provides editing advice for lawyers to follow as they comment on other writers’ drafts.
Segmental Forearm Fracture Due to Grip-Lock Injury in Male Gymnast: A Case Report.

Case: A fifteen-year-old male gymnast sustained a segmental forearm fracture with physeal involvement as the result of a grip-lock injury. Conclusion: Grip lock occurs when a leather grip becomes caught around a bar while the athlete is rotating around it. This may lead to physeal injuries, extensor tendon injuries, and fractures of the hand, wrist, or forearm. Proper grip fit and maintenance as well as education of coaches, parents, and athletes is important to prevent this type of injury.
Agenda instability in Pennsylvania politics: Lessons for future replication

Research on agenda-setting dynamics in American politics has a rich and deep history. Recent efforts to extend this work into other countries provides a comparative perspective on how differing institutional designs shape attention allocation and punctuated equilibrium. This comparison is not only possible cross-nationally, but also between the American states. Using an untapped resource—the Pennsylvania Policy Agendas Project—the author replicates three components of punctuated equilibrium and agenda-setting theory (leptokurtic budget distributions, agenda-opinion correspondence, and media effects) that provide a benchmark for future comparative analysis as additional states join the project. This work argues that these efforts are beneficial not only for understanding agenda dynamics within the states, but also broader issues of representation, responsiveness, and their relationship with institutional design.
Plasma Synthesis of Fine Ceramic Powders by a Novel Counter-Flow Liquid Injection Method.

Ceramic powders of carbides, oxides, solid solutions of oxides, magnetic and non-magnetic spinels, superconductors and composites have been successfully synthesized in a thermal plasma jet reactor using a novel counter-flow liquid injection plasma synthesis (CF LIPS) method developed to overcome the problems associated with solid injection and to realize the benefits of gas phase reactions and counter-flow injection. Standard material characterization techniques have been used for powder analysis.
Coenzyme function of cobalamin analogues from calf kidney.

Calf kidney has been used as a tissue source for the isolation of cobalamin analogues, which are defined here as cobalt-containing compounds of distinctive chromatographic behavior that are extractable from tissues by methods conventionally used to extract cobalamin and which, in radioisotope dilution assays, are more active with R-protein as binder than intrinsic factor and are relatively less active in microbiologic assays. Preparatory methods employed reverse affinity chromatography or a series of chemical extractions for the isolation of corrin followed by Dowex-50 chromatography. An analogue-containing fraction (peak 2) was eluted by acetate buffers between pH 4 and 5. This material was shown to contain cobalt, to migrate differently than the four cobalamins in Dowex-50 and paper chromatography, and to display a pattern of properties that is compatible with the above definition of cobalamin analogues. These analogues stimulated crude preparations of N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.13) from Escherichia coli and rat liver at far lower concentrations (1–40 nmol/L) than the major cobalamins. No evidence of enzymatic conversion of cobalamin to analogue could be demonstrated.
Immunologically specific antigens in leukemic tissues.

The injection of extracts of leukemic and Hodgkin’s disease tissues of man elicit an antibody reaction in both man and rabbit. This response is similar to that elicited by leukemic mouse tissues when injected into rabbits. The antibody reaction may be demonstrated by the technics of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, immunodiffusion, microprecipitin and immunofluorescence. Tissue extracts from non-leukemic individuals do not elicit a similar response. Rabbits immune-tolerant to normal human tissues produce antibodies specific to leukemic human antigens. Antibodies develop in those individuals who are exposed for a long time to either human or mouse leukemia. These immunologic studies demonstrate specific antigenic differences between normal and leukemic tissue extracts. It is postulated that the difference between normal and leukemic extracts is the consequence of the presence of viruses or the alterations caused by them.
Development of a ReaxFF Reactive Force Field for Tetrabutylphosphonium Glycinate/CO2 Mixtures

Carbon dioxide interacts with the ionic liquid tetrabutylphosphonium glycinate, [P(C4)4][Gly], through both physical and chemical absorption. We present a parametrization of the ReaxFF force field for this system that accounts for both chemical and physical interactions. The parametrization was developed from an extensive training set including periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations of reaction pathways between CO2 and the anion [Gly](-) in the condensed phase, condensed-phase molecular dynamics (MD) configurations, gas-phase CO2-anion and CO2-cation interactions, and gas-phase cluster calculations for intra-ion interactions. The optimized ReaxFF parameters capture the essential features of both physical and chemical interactions between CO2 and [P(C4)4][Gly] as compared with experiments, van der Waals-corrected DFT calculations, or, in the case of physical interactions, classical force field calculations. The probability distributions of the distance between C (from CO2) and N (from the anion) and the CO2 bend angles calculated from MD simulations with the optimized ReaxFF force field are in good general agreement with those from DFT-based MD simulations. We predict that the density of CO2/[P(C4)4][Gly] mixtures increases with increasing CO2 concentration up to at least 50 mol % CO2. We attribute the significant increase in density to the small effective volume occupied by chemically bound CO2 in the mixture. The predicted increase in density may be tested experimentally.
Revisiting the challenges of training Maternal Fetal Medicine fellows in chorionic villus sampling.

Background More than a decade ago, researchers described a survey of Maternal Fetal Medicine fellows that showed that chorionic villus sampling training was limited for Maternal Fetal Medicine fellows in the United States. Prenatal screening and diagnosis have rapidly evolved since then and include the introduction of noninvasive aneuploidy screening that uses cell-free fetal DNA. Yet, chorionic villus sampling remains the only method available for first-trimester genetic diagnosis. Objective This study evaluated the chorionic villus sampling training of Maternal Fetal Medicine fellows with respect to availability, competency standards, and education methods. Study Design In November 2015, an electronic survey was sent to Maternal Fetal Medicine fellows and fellowship directors of accredited Maternal Fetal Medicine fellowship programs in the United States. Results Fifty-eight percent of fellows (179/310) and 46% of program directors (35/76) responded. Ninety-five percent of Maternal Fetal Medicine fellows think that invasive diagnostic testing is essential to their training; 100% of fellows have amniocentesis training; and 65% have chorionic villus sampling training. The median number of chorionic villus sampling procedures that are expected during a fellowship in those who trained was 10. Eighty-eight percent of fellows and 89% of program directors state that chorionic villus sampling training could be better; 89% of fellows and 97% of directors would like access to simulated models. Barriers to training included lack of patients (71%) and lack of proficient attending supervisors (43%). Conclusion Since the last survey, >10 years ago, chorionic villus sampling training has declined further. A decrease in the number of procedures that are performed is the leading barrier to this training.
Stability-maneuverability trade-offs during lateral steps

Abstract Selecting a specific foot placement strategy to perform walking maneuvers requires the management of several competing factors, including: maintaining stability, positioning oneself to actively generate impulses, and minimizing mechanical energy requirements. These requirements are unlikely to be independent. Our purpose was to determine the impact of lateral foot placement on stability, maneuverability, and energetics during walking maneuvers. Ten able-bodied adults performed laterally-directed walking maneuvers. Mediolateral placement of the “Push-off” foot during the maneuvers was varied, ranging from a cross-over step to a side-step. We hypothesized that as mediolateral foot placement became wider, passive stability in the direction of the maneuver, the lateral impulse generated to create the maneuver, and mechanical energy cost would all increase. We also hypothesized that subjects would prefer an intermediate step width reflective of trade-offs between stability vs. both maneuverability and energy. In support of our first hypothesis, we found that as Push-off step width increased, lateral margin of stability, peak lateral impulse, and total joint work all increased. In support of our second hypothesis, we found that when subjects had no restrictions on their mediolateral foot placement, they chose a foot placement between the two extreme positions. We found a significant relationship (p
The Effect of Fiscal Illusion on Public Sector Financial Management: Evidence from Local Government Property Assessment

An important concern to the efficiency of public finance systems is that voters may suffer from various “fiscal illusions” that can be exploited by politicians to grow the public sector. This artic...
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Low Density Fe-Mn-Al-C Steels with High Stacking Fault Energy

The microstructures and the mechanical properties of two Fe-26Mn-xAl-1C steels with 8 and 10 % Al have been investigated at different strain rates. The results show that Fe-26Mn-10Al-1C steel possesses higher strength and at the same time higher ductility than Fe-26Mn-8Al-1C steel at both low and high strain rates. The strengths of the steels increase and ductility declines slightly with increasing strain rate. These observations can be attributed to the different strain hardening mechanisms acting at different strain rates. Planar slip occurs and microbands form duringthe steady state stage, whereas deformation twinning occurs in the final stage ofdeformation. The higher strain hardening at high strain rates are due to the strong increase in the twinning propensity. The strain hardening at high strain rates also depends on the adiabatic heating, causing a competition between softening and strain hardening.
Removal kinetics of stearic acid discrete deposits on photocatalytic self-cleaning surfaces: Effect of deposit initial size distribution

Abstract Earlier reports by Sawunyama et al. (1997, 1999) and Ghazzal et al. (2011) used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy to characterize the structure of stearic acid (SA) deposits on polycrystalline TiO 2 films and Ti [110] crystal surfaces. Their preparation methods and catalysts yielded island-like SA deposits, rather than continuous films, for stearic acid submonolayers and multi-layers. Ghazzal observed that individual islands showed disappearance kinetics to be zero order with respect to island area, but apparently first order with respect to total SA remaining. We develop here kinetic models which are consistent with these “island” findings and establish the guidelines for apparent kinetic order of reaction, n: 1. Island deposits of a single size will exhibit apparent zero order kinetics., n = 0. 2. Island deposits with a narrow distribution of island sizes will exhibit an apparent half order behavior, n = 0.5. 3. Island deposits with a broad size distribution will exhibit an apparent reaction order of unity, n = 1. Our conclusion is that meaningful kinetic analysis of SA island photocatalyzed disappearance, and thus that of any oxidizable, carbonaceous pollutant which deposits in island form, rather than as a continuous film, requires knowledge of the initial island size distribution. The SA deposits may also undergo significant rearrangement as the titania surface is illuminated, quickly transforming the latter from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. Thus it is the reactant film and/or island distribution after initiation of illumination which is most relevant to kinetic modeling attempts.
Ethnographic Intelligence: The Human Terrain System and Its Enduring Legacy

This chapter analyzes the rise and fall of the US Army’s human terrain system (HTS), which was created in 2006 and was terminated in 2014. It cost taxpayers at least $725 million, making it the most expensive social science program in history. Anthropologists opposed HTS because it represented an unacceptable application of anthropological expertise. A small but vocal group of officers also criticized the program, claiming it was an ineffective, wasteful program. Investigative reports revealed patters of racism, sexual harassment, and mismanagement. Eventually, the program was terminated, due in part to the withdrawal of US combat troops from Iraq and the waning popularity of counter-insurgency. The chapter concludes with a discussion of new Pentagon programs that borrow elements of HTS.
Oviposition, larval survival and leaf damage by the willow leaf blotch miner, Micrurapteryx salicifoliella, in relation to leaf trichomes across 10 Salix species

1. Foliar trichomes clearly reduce chewing damage and efficiency of movement by some insect herbivores, but the effect of trichomes on insect oviposition is less well characterised. Trichomes are likely to have particularly strong, negative effects on species that require secure attachment of the egg to the leaf epidermis for successful transition to the feeding stage – a group that includes many leaf mining insects. 2. One such species, Micrurapteryx salicifoliella, must initially enter leaf cells directly from an egg adhered to the cuticle, but later instars can move between leaves and initiate new mines from the leaf exterior. 3. Natural patterns of occurrence by M. salicifoliella were quantified on 10 sympatric Salix species varying in trichome expression to test whether trichomes were associated with reduced oviposition, larval survival and leaf damage. 4. Mean egg density and leaf mining damage were negatively related to mean trichome density across Salix species. Survival of M. salicifoliella from egg to pupa was positively related to trichome density, suggesting that initiation of new mines by late-instar larvae was not adversely affected by trichomes. There was no evidence that trichomes benefited leaf miner larvae indirectly by decreasing density-dependent mortality; rather, the positive relationship between trichome density and larval survival may reflect less effective chemical defence by Salix species expressing high trichome density. 5. The results suggest that foliar trichomes serve as an effective defence against M. salicifoliella by deterring oviposition, but do not reduce the survivorship of those individuals that successfully transition from egg to larva.
Self-Optimizing IoT Wireless Video Sensor Node With In-Situ Data Analytics and Context-Driven Energy-Aware Real-Time Adaptation

It is well understood that data-acquisition by distributed sensors and subsequent transmission of all the acquired data to the cloud will produce a “data deluge” in next-generation wireless networks leading to immense network congestion, and data back-logs on the server which will prevent real-time processing and control. This motivates in situ data analytics in energy-constrained wireless sensor nodes that can perform context-aware acquisition and processing of data; and transmit data only when required. This paper presents a camera-based wireless sensor node with a self-optimizing end-to-end computation and communication design, targeted for surveillance applications. We demonstrate support for multiple feature-extraction and classification algorithms, tunable processing depth and power amplifier gain. Depending on the amount of information content, accuracy targets and condition of the wireless channel, the system choses the minimum-energy operating-point by dynamically optimizing the amount of processing done on the sensor itself. We demonstrate a complete system with ADI ADSP-BF707 image processor, OV7670 camera sensor, and USRP B200 software defined radio; and achieve $4.3\times $ reduction in energy consumption compared with a baseline design.
Analyzing the impact of press plate structure on the flux and loss distributions in the end region of large generators by transient 3-dimensional finite-element method with an improved core loss model

The strong leakage magnetic flux in the end region of large synchronous generators results in significant eddy currents in the end components which can possibly lead to overheating thus threatening the safe operation of large generators and is an essential issue at the design stage. The press plate is a major end component of large generators that fastens the stator end-core packets and shields the stator core back-iron from the intensive leakage flux. This paper describes a transient 3-dimensional (3D) finite-element analysis (FEA) based approach to calculate the magnetic field and loss distributions in the end region of large generators, and incorporates an enhanced laminated core model combining the impacts of anisotropic and nonlinear material properties, hysteresis effects, and the reaction of induced in-plane eddy currents on the magnetic field and loss distributions in the stator core. The method is validated by the agreement between the temperatures predicted by a 3D thermal FEA and the measured results. Then, the influences of different material properties and dimensions of the press plate on the magnetic flux and loss distributions in the end region are evaluated by the proposed 3D FEA.