cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Transcending Academic Orthodoxies

Garcia challenges the secular understanding of academic freedom, claiming it is incomplete. He insists on the right of scholars to “listen” for the divine voice in the discourse of creation, to pursue the theological dimension of all fields of study, and to explore the connections between knowledge in scholarly disciplines and theological insight. By “theological insight” he does not mean pronouncements by religious authorities, adherence to dogmas, or literal interpretations of religious texts; instead, he means a subtle awareness that there is a surplus of knowledge and meaning to reality that transcends what can be known through ordinary disciplinary methods of inquiry—that findings in many fields of study hint at connections to a greater whole, and that these connections should be pursued.
Ausgewählte Herausforderungen der internationalen Preispolitik

Insgesamt umfasst ein Preis „what the buyer will give up in exchange for a product”. Unter Preispolitik wird die „Festlegung der Art von Gegenleistungen, die die Kunden fur die Inanspruchnahme der Leistungen des Unternehmens zu entrichten haben“ verstanden. Hunerberg unterteilt im Hinblick auf die Findung eines Gesamtnettopreises in drei Entscheidungsbereiche: (Brutto-)Preisfestsetzung Nachlasse auf den (Brutto-)Preis Zahlungs-/ Finanzierungsbedingungen hinsichtlich raumlicher, zeitlicher und inhaltlicher Regelungen.
Property Rights and Property Wrongs: How Power, Institutions, and Norms Shape Economic Conflict in Russia

Secure property rights are central to economic development and stable government, yet difficult to create. Relying on surveys in Russia from 2000 to 2012, Timothy Frye examines how political power, institutions, and norms shape property rights for firms. Through a series of simple survey experiments, Property Rights and Property Wrongs explores how political power, personal connections, elections, concerns for reputation, legal facts, and social norms influence property rights disputes from hostile corporate takeovers to debt collection to renationalization. This work argues that property rights in Russia are better seen as an evolving bargain between rulers and rightholders than as simply a reflection of economic transition, Russian culture, or a weak state. The result is a nuanced view of the political economy of Russia that contributes to central debates in economic development, comparative politics, and legal studies.
The Active Target Time Projection Chamber at NSCL

Reactions in inverse kinematics close to the Coulomb barrier offer unique opportunities to study exotic nuclei, but they are plagued by the difficulty to efficiently and precisely measure the characteristics of the emerging particles. The Active Target Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC) offers an elegant solution to this dilemma. In this device, the detector gas of the time projection chamber is at the same time the target in which nuclear reactions take place. The use of this new paradigm offers several advantages over conventional inert target methods, the most significant being the ability to increase the luminosity of experiments without loss of resolution. The AT-TPC and some results obtained on resonant α scattering to explore the clustering properties of neutron-rich nuclei are presented, as well as fusion cross section results using a 10 Be radioactive beam. In addition, the first re-accelerated radioactive beam experiment using the fully commissioned ReA3 linac was conducted recently at the NSCL with the AT-TPC, where proton resonant scattering of a 4.6 MeV/u 46 Ar beam was used to measure the neutron single-particle strength in 47 Ar.
Elder Abuse in Communities of Color in the United States: A Literature Review

Elder abuse is a significant major problem in today’s society, and it affects older adults across all racial, ethnic, and cultural groups and globally. Most of the research on elder abuse often focuses on White, middle-class individuals. However, responding to elder abuse necessitates an understanding of elder abuse within different racial and other communities. This review examined the existing literature on the nature, extent, and responses to elder abuse within communities of color. It highlighted gaps in the knowledge and awareness of elder abuse within communities of color and the disparities in responses to elder abuse in these communities. It also indicated a lack of an agreed uniform definition of elder abuse, a lack of a multicultural framework for examining elder abuse among these groups, and the need for more research and culturally appropriate interventions to address elder abuse in these communities. Recommendations for research and practice are included.
142 – Singular Solutions

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the application and yield of singular solutions. It is applicable to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It yields a singular solution. Singular solutions may exist where the implicit function theorem does not hold in differential algebraic equations. The algebraic ordinary differential equation F (x,y, y′,…, y(n)) = 0 can often be solved for the yn term to determine that y(n) = G1(x, y, …, y(n−1)). It is found that the singular solutions do not depend on any constants, even though equation is a first-order differential equation.
Do tropical homegardens elude science, or is it the other way around?

The terms multistrata systems and homegardens, which are used synonymously for the purpose of discussion in this paper, represent a group of seemingly sustainable and profitable agroforestry systems in the tropics. Although practiced for a long time, the systems have been little studied, and most reported studies are descriptive and limited to the identification of plant species involved and location-specific information on their yield and management. The conventional mass-balance approach to estimating the extent of nutrient cycling in some of these systems has raised alarms about potential danger of excessive rates of soil-nutrient depletion from the systems and their consequent unsustainability. Yet, in the field, the systems seem to defy such predictions. Furthermore, these systems that provide sustenance to millions of farm families defy the market-superiority paradigm of neoclassical economics. These contradictions arise, perhaps, from our failure to understand the systems in their right perspectives. The methods and criteria that are used for assessing the productivity and profitability of market-oriented, single-species, agricultural and forestry enterprises may not be appropriate for understanding the ecological and economic 'mysteries' of the time-tested multispecies systems. These systems can contribute greatly to our efforts to develop sustainable agroforestry systems; but new initiatives are needed for accomplishing such a goal. The efforts should start with the collection of basic statistics on the area and number of people involved, and proceed by developing appropriate methodologies, in much the same way as agroforestry research was initiated more than two decades ago.
The Contribution of Psycholinguistics to the Study of Language Origins

Research into the origin of language must consider the psycholinguistic factors of present-day communication in addition to looking at prehistoric artifacts and animal communication. As the author has suggested in her previous papers in the LOS collection, the human communication system is gestural and vocal from its inception. Medical evidence documents the audio-oral capabilities of the child immediately after birth and before, during his life in the maternal womb. The gestural theory of the origin of language is unacceptable. Many mothers are conscious of the receptive and expressive capabilities of the child they are carrying. The burial rites for miscarriages may vary across cultures, but the awareness of fetal expressivity is universal.
Analyses of VLA-4 structure and function.

The integrin VLA-4 mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and some melanoma cells to VCAM-1 on the surface of activated endothelial cells.1-7 Because the VLA- 4/VCAM-1 pathway plays a prominent role in the migration and localization of these various cell types, it is a potential target of therapeutic intervention that has relevance to inflammation, atherosclerosis,8 allergy and asthma,9,10 and possibly also tumor cell metastasis11 and arthritis.12
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND HEALTH CARE XIII: EXAMINING THE CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS, DESIGN APPROACHES AND EVALUATION METHODS FOR A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

Research pertaining to emergency response systems has accelerated over the past few years, particularly since 9/11 events, and more recently due to Hurricane Katrina and concern over a potential of an avian flu pandemic. This study examines the requirements that are the most demanding with respect to software and hardware, and the associated design strategies for a public health emergency response system (ERS) for electronic laboratory diagnostics consultation. In addition, this study illustrates ways to evaluate the design decisions. An important goal of a public health ERS is to improve the communication and notification of lifethreatening diseases and harmful agents. The system under study is called Secure Telecommunications Application Terminal Package or STATPack. STATPack supports distributed laboratories to communicate information and make decisions regarding biosecurity situations. The intent of the system is to help hospital laboratories enhance their preparedness for a bioterrorism event or other public health emergency. The practical nature of this research concerns how an ERS diagnostic and consultation system was designed to alert and support first responders and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). The academic nature of the research centers on the critical requirements of an ERS and how these unique needs can be met through careful design. Understanding the critical requirements will assist developers to better meet the expectations of the users. Specifically, I conducted a thirteen month study analyzing the requirements, design, and implementation of the system.
Novel Self-Calibration Procedures for Channel Characterization of Automotive Communication Cables in the GHz Range

The bandwidth demand for data transmission on copper cables increases more and more. For the characterization of such cables up to GHz frequencies it is advisable to use a vector network analyzer (VNA). However, the effort for its calibration can be considerable, since a star-quad cable consists of two twisted-pairs, which results in 128 calibration coefficients to be determined. It has previously been shown how to reduce the number of calibration coefficients significantly, by exploiting symmetry properties within a mixed-mode description of the measurement setup. As a part of that solution, four leaky 4-port error-networks must be calibrated. For this purpose, the present paper presents different novel 15-term self-calibration procedures, which finally result in a higher measurement accuracy. These procedures allow the calibration of 15-term error-networks without an ideal THRU- or LINE-connection. The first procedure named NMRG2 requires the same calibration standards as the well- known TMRG procedure, with the exception of the THRU, which can be replaced by a known network-standard. The second self-calibration procedure named MONS5 applies an unknown network, an asymmetric 2-port reflection and a match, whereas two other known reflection-standards are required.
WISDOM: WIreless Sensing-assisted Distributed Online Mapping

Spatial sensing is a fundamental requirement for applications in robotics and augmented reality. In urban spaces such as malls, airports, apartments, and others, it is quite challenging for a single robot to map the whole environment. So, we employ a swarm of robots to perform the mapping. One challenge with this approach is merging sub-maps built by each robot. In this work, we use wireless access points, which are ubiquitous in most urban spaces, to provide us with coarse orientation between sub-maps, and use a custom ICP algorithm to refine this orientation to merge them. We demonstrate our approach with maps from a building on campus and evaluate it using two metrics. Our results show that, in the building we studied, we can achieve an average Absolute Trajectory error of 0.2m in comparison to a map created by a single robot and average Root Mean Square mapping error of 1.3m from ground truth landmark locations.
Magellan Stereo Revisted

Venus topography knowledge comes primarily from either Magellan radar altimetry with a spatial resolution of 15-20 km and a elevation accuracy of no better than 100 m or derived from radar stereo data collected by Magellan during Cycles I and III with spatial resolution on the order of half a kilometer and elevation accuracy of 20-50 m that only covered roughly 17% of the surface. We describe a previously unexploited source of Venus topography with intermediate spatial resolution and elevation accuracy to the aforementioned sources thereby extending the available Venus topographic data that uses intra-Cycle stereo observation between adjacent orbit pairs as a source of topographic data. We show that the spatial resolution and elevation accuracy are suitable for use in scientific investigations.
“It is a constant struggle of trying to ‘stick to my roots’”: a narrative analysis of an immigrant’s identities-in-making

ABSTRACTInformed by the theory of identity in practice, this study examined an immigrant student’s (Yulia’s) language learning experience. A narrative analysis of Yulia’s personal stories reveals t...
14 – Introduction to Noninfectious Diseases

Publisher Summary Noninfectious diseases are the most common group of tree diseases. This chapter discusses some common needs of trees and some reasons for the prevalence of the noninfectious diseases. Noninfectious diseases have uniform symptoms on the entire tree while the symptoms of infectious diseases on the tree are variable and random in severity. Noninfectious diseases affect every tree of the same species in a small area with identical symptoms and some noninfectious diseases will affect more than one species. The regularity of symptom expression and the lack of any evidence of living pathogens are the best diagnostic criteria for the noninfectious diseases. There are varied forms of detrimental stress that affect shade trees; however, most noninfectious diseases fall into three broad categories: environmental stress, animal injury, and people pressure. Environmental stress results from the extremes of temperature, from moisture, and from a soil environment that does not allow normal root function. Animal injury can result from the activities of dogs, cats, birds, horses, rabbits, squirrels, and other pets and wildlife around shade trees.
Human child-rearing and family from an evolutionary perspective

Abstract In this chapter, we examine the evolution of human parenting and evolved mechanisms for parents’ investment in children and children’s solicitation of investment from parents. We discuss the role of our ancestral hunter/gatherer lifestyle in the evolution of the human family, noting that most psychological research has been conducted with WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) societies, substantially different from the environment in which humans evolved. We examine the diversity of conditions across cultures in which children are raised and discuss the role of children’s plasticity in adapting to diverse rearing environments. Lastly, we present life history theory as a framework for explaining how developmental plasticity in interaction with the local ecology produces adaptive individual differences, and we examine these differences in a wide range of rearing environments.
Regulatory compliance and socio-demographic analyses of civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems users

Abstract To safely integrate the emerging Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) technology into the national airspace system and a variety of application fields, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is in charge of publishing rules to regulate and oversee UAS activities in the U.S. However, incompliance with rules undermines the effectiveness of such regulations. This study focuses on investigating the status of UAS regulatory compliance in the U.S. from the perspectives of UAS ownership registration and maximum flight altitude limitation, analyzing the socio-demographic factors of UAS users and their relationship with regulatory compliance. A U.S. national representative survey was performed for data collection. Descriptive statistics illustrate the overall status of UAS regulatory compliance and the demographic characteristics of the adult UAS users. Canonical correlation analysis was adopted to explore the pattern between variables of regulatory compliance and socio-demographic factors. Logistic regression was used to identify influencing socio-demographic factors for compliance behavior of UAS users on two specific rules. Results present 1) the demographic features of the adult UAS users in the U.S., 2) the overall status of UAS regulatory compliance in terms of ownership registration and maximum flight altitude limitation, and 3) the relationship between UAS regulatory compliance and influencing socio-demographic factors. Findings of this study provide aviation regulation authorities and UAS law enforcement important insights into UAS regulatory compliance to further develop more effective policies and strategies to safely and sustainably regulate UAS activities.
Reconstructive and restorative cues improve public perception on the value of plastic and reconstructive surgeries

Summary Background Persistent public misconceptions of plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS), ambiguity between cosmetic versus reconstructive surgical procedures, and subjective interpretation of aesthetics can result in undervaluing of the field. Our study analyzes how patient context (cosmetic or reconstructive/restorative cues) affect public perception of outcomes and value of surgery. Methods We distributed Qualtrics™ surveys to laypersons via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Demographics were self-reported. The survey presented a series of pre- and post-operative photographs of PRS surgeries alongside either a cosmetic or reconstructive/restorative cue, followed by questions on values of procedure. Survey responses were analyzed using two-tailed Student's t tests and chi square analyses, univariate and multivariate analysis, and linear regression. Results Of the 459 respondents, the mean age was 38.5 ± 12.1 years, and was 50.5% (232) male. The majority of respondents classified breast reconstruction as a cosmetic surgery (243, 66.8%), and was rated more attractive (p Conclusions This study revealed more public support for reconstructive/restorative cued PRS cases over cosmetic cued PRS cases, and persistent misconceptions of breast reconstruction as a cosmetic procedure. Reconstructive or restorative cues can be used to educate the public and address skewed perceptions on the roles and value of PRS.
Proximity to the Frontier, Markups, and the Response of Innovation to Foreign Competition: Evidence from Matched Production-Innovation Surveys in Chile

This paper employs a matched firm production/innovation panel data set from Chile to explore the response of firm innovation to the increased competition arising from the China shock. In addition to covering a wider range of innovation inputs and outputs than previously possible, the data allow generating measures of markups and efficiency (physical total factor productivity) that correspond more closely to the concepts of rents and technological leadership envisaged in the Schumpeterian literature. Except for the 10 percent most productive plants, increased competition depresses most measures of innovation. Falling rents exacerbate declines among laggards, while rising rents further increase innovation among leaders.
Real-Time Ground-Plane Refined LiDAR SLAM.

SLAM system using only point cloud has been proven successful in recent years. In most of these systems, they extract features for tracking after ground removal, which causes large variance on the z-axis. Ground actually provides robust information to obtain [t_z, \theta_{roll}, \theta_{pitch}]$. In this project, we followed the LeGO-LOAM, a light-weighted real-time SLAM system that extracts and registers ground as an addition to the original LOAM, and we proposed a new clustering-based method to refine the planar extraction algorithm for ground such that the system can handle much more noisy or dynamic environments. We implemented this method and compared it with LeGo-LOAM on our collected data of CMU campus, as well as a collected dataset for ATV (All-Terrain Vehicle) for off-road self-driving. Both visualization and evaluation results show obvious improvement of our algorithm.
Vaginal Complications after Bladder Cystectomy: Results from a Medicare Sample.

Purpose:Cystectomy with a vaginal sparing approach may be associated with unique complications specific to the female population. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of vagina...
An Assessment of the Impact of Racially Homogeneous Reference Groups on Strength of Ethnic Affiliation for Black Consumers

Marketing theory posits that individual values, attitudes, and beliefs are strongly influenced by reference groups. In this exploratory study of 98 Black students, we examined the impact of racially homogeneous and heteregenous reference groups on strength of affiliation with Black culture using Whittler et al.'s (1991) 13-item Black Identification with Black Culture scale. We did not find any significant differences in the mean scores on the 13-item scale between black respondents associated with racially similar homogeneous reference groups and those associated with racially heteregeneous reference groups.
A naturally fortified milk modifier; clinical studies of apple syrup as a carbohydrate for infant feeding.

Summary Apple syrup has been found to be a good source of the simple sugars: levulose, dextrose, and sucrose. Its iron content (about 10 mg. per 100 c.c.) has been shown to be readily available in the correction of anemia in test animals (albino rats). The apple syrup has been found to be stable and bacteria-free when prepared from apple juice by evaporation under vacuum at 140° F. For use in infant feeding formulas the crude apple syrup has to be partly neutralized to a pH of about 5.0. The vitamin C content has been shown to be relatively stable, losing about 33 per cent of its strength in six months, when the apple juice is stored at room temperature, and 25 per cent when stored at refrigerator temperature. Added vitamin C shows approximately the same rate of stability.
Phylogenetic and amino acid conservation analyses of bacterial l -aspartate-α-decarboxylase and of its zymogen-maturation protein reveal a putative interaction domain

All organisms must synthesize the enzymatic cofactor coenzyme A (CoA) from the precursor pantothenate. Most bacteria can synthesize pantothenate de novo by the condensation of pantoate and β-alanine. The synthesis of β-alanine is catalyzed by l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (PanD), a pyruvoyl enzyme that is initially synthesized as a zymogen (pro-PanD). Active PanD is generated by self-cleavage of pro-PanD at Gly24-Ser25 creating the active-site pyruvoyl moiety. In Salmonella enterica, this cleavage requires PanM, an acetyl-CoA sensor related to the Gcn5-like N-acetyltransferases. PanM does not acetylate pro-PanD, but the recent publication of the three-dimensional crystal structure of the PanM homologue PanZ in complex with the PanD zymogen of Escherichia coli provides validation to our predictions and provides a framework in which to further examine the cleavage mechanism. In contrast, PanD from bacteria lacking PanM efficiently cleaved in the absence of PanM in vivo. Using phylogenetic analyses combined with in vivo phenotypic investigations, we showed that two classes of bacterial l-aspartate-α-decarboxylases exist. This classification is based on their posttranslational activation by self-cleavage of its zymogen. Class I l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase zymogens require the acetyl-CoA sensor PanM to be cleaved into active PanD. This class is found exclusively in the Gammaproteobacteria. Class II l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase zymogens self cleave efficiently in the absence of PanM, and are found in a wide number of bacterial phyla. Several members of the Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota also contain Class II l-aspartate-α-decarboxylases. Phylogenetic and amino acid conservation analyses of PanM revealed a conserved region of PanM distinct from conserved regions found in related Gcn5-related acetyltransferase enzymes (Pfam00583). This conserved region represents a putative domain for interactions with l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase zymogens. This work may inform future biochemical and structural studies of pro-PanD-PanM interactions. Experimental results indicate that S. enterica and C. glutamicum l-aspartate-α-decarboxylases represent two different classes of homologues of these enzymes. Class I homologues require PanM for activation, while Class II self cleave in the absence of PanM. Computer modeling of conserved amino acids using structure coordinates of PanM and l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase available in the protein data bank (RCSB PDB) revealed a putative site of interactions, which may help generate models to help understand the molecular details of the self-cleavage mechanism of l-aspartate-α-decarboxylases.
Bone marrow transplantation across major histocompatibility barriers in mice. IV. Graft-versus-host disease in TLI-conditioned mice

We studied the effect of transplanting lymphohematopoietic grafts across major histocompatibility barriers into mice conditioned with either single dose 900 rad total body irradiation (TBI), fractionated 17 × 200 rad total lymphoid irradiation (TLI, or single dose 900 rad TLI plus cyclophosphamide (TLI + CY). In all three conditioning regimens, survival following BALBc → C57BL6 grafting was inversely related to the number of immunocompetent T cells in the donor graft. These findings show that regardless of conditioning protocol (TBI or TLI), it was not possible to protect mice from lethal GvHD when the number of T cells in donor grafts approximated those found in patient bone marrow aspirates. When T cells were eliminated from the donor graft by pretreatment with monoclonal anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement prior to injection into TBI-conditioned recipients, long-term protection from lethal GvHD was indeed possible.
Naturally Aligned Nanocrystals

The aggregation of nanocrystals has long been believed to result in disordered solids. In his Perspective, Alivisatos discusses recent evidence that nanocrystals may also form oriented assemblies. He highlights the work by Banfield et al. in this issue, who show that such alignment can also occur in natural systems. The results may be of importance not only for geochemistry but also for the synthesis of advanced artificial materials.
Biologically inspired design of a parallel actuated humanoid robot

This paper presents the comparison for the role of bi-articular and mono-articular actuators in human and bipedal robot legs, in particular the hip and knee joint, for driving the design of a humanoid robot with inspirations from the biological system. The various constraints driving the design of both systems are also compared. Additional factors particular to robotic system are identified and incorporated in the design process. To do this, a dynamic simulation is used to determine loading conditions and the forces and power produced by each actuator under various arrangements. It is shown that while the design principles of humans and humanoids are similar, other constraints ensure that robots are still merely inspired by humans, and not direct copies. A simple design methodology that captures the complexity and constraints of such a system in this paper is proposed. Finally, a full-size humanoid robot that demonstrates the newfound principle is highlighted.
Frequency Distribution of Esterase-5 Alleles in Two Populations of DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA.

Statistical tests comparing allele frequencies in natural populations with those predicted by various theories of genic variation depend critically on the accurate enumeration of alleles. This study used a series of five sequential electrophoretic conditions to characterize the allele frequency distributions of esterase-5 in two large population samples of Drosophila pseudoobscura from California. In Standard chromosome lines 12 electromorphs were discriminated using a single electrophoretic condition. When four additional criteria were used, the number of electromorphs increased to 41, 33 in one population and 22 in the other. Both populations had the same two alleles in high frequency, with other alleles present in frequencies of 6% or less. Although each population had a number of unique alleles, a χ2 contingency test demonstrated no significant genetic divergence between them. A statistical comparison of allele frequencies in both populations with that predicted by neutral models suggests that the individual and combined distributions deviate from neutrality in the direction of purifying selection.—Sex-Ratio chromosomes differed markedly from Standard chromosomes in both allelic content and diversity. In 32 Sex-Ratio chromosomes from one population only three alleles were found, all of which were detected under the initial "standard" electrophoretic conditions. Moreover, none of these alleles was found in the Standard chromosome lines.
Uniaxial and Equibiaxial Strength of a Vitreous-Bonded Abrasive

The inert strength of a vitreous-bonded abrasive material was measured using bars in four-point bending and disks in ring-on-ring flexure. It was found that the strength of the bend bars could be described by a unimodal flaw population while the strength of the disks was controlled by an exclusive bimodal mixture of flaw populations. The results show that the Weibull multiaxial statistical theory accurately predicts from bend-bar strength the ring-on-ring strength of this material, provided that the strength-controlling flaw population is properly characterized.
On the hypotheses underlying physical geometry

The relationship between physics and geometry is examined in classical and quantum physics based on the view that the symmetry group of physics and the automorphism group of the geometry are the same. Examination of quantum phenomena reveals that the space-time manifold is not appropriate for quantum theory. A different conception of geometry for quantum theory on the group manifold, which may be an arbitrary Lie group, is proposed. This provides a unified description of gravity and gauge fields as well as generalizations of these fields. A correspondence principle which relates the geometry of quantum physics and the geometry of classical physics is formulated.
Information Management: Training for the Realities of the Modern Office.

(1988). Information Management: Training for the Realities of the Modern Office. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 69-72.
Methods for Calculating Radiation Induced Heat Generation

Abstract The heat production rate at any point in a medium due to a neutron or gamma-ray field existing at that point can generally be simply related to the follwing quantities: the flux density energy spectrum at that point; the number density of various atomic constituents at that point; the energy-dependent atomic (microscopic) cross-sections for the various interactions possible between radiation types and nuclear species; and the kinetic energy of the resulting charged particle emissions, which are assumed to be locally transformed into thermal energy. The determination of each of these quantities is discussed. Precise knowledge of the radiation field flux density and its energy spectrum as a function of position in most practical cases requires a rather sophisticated use of one or more of the various methods of radiation transport calculation known. A brief review of these techniques and their capabilities are made herein. Fortunately, there are approximation formulas which are adequate for engineering purposes in many cases. Such formulas are largely based on use of the “point kernel” approach, which is strictly valid only for infinite homogeneous media; however, these are usually adequate, especially for gamma rays, which are in general of greater significance than neutrons in reactor shield heating. For gamma rays, as is well known, it is the custom to combine much of the information on atomic constituents of the medium, cross-sections for the various energy-depositing interactions, and energy of the resulting charged particles (electrons) into a coefficient which we call the “energy deposition coefficient.” This presentation also makes a particularly detailed review of this concept. It reviews the fundamental basis of energy deposition coefficients and indicates how one might best choose the correct values to use for it. Comparisons of predicted and measured heat production functions are able to be found in the literature and are briefly summarized. Discrepancies found indicate the degree of accuracy generally available with today's techniques.
Analysis of Mold Filling in RTM Process

A simplified RTM process analysis is presented which is based on the one-dimensional resin flow model by using Darcy's law for flow through porous media. Closed form solutions for the wet length, mold filling time, and pressure distributions are derived for different simplified mold shapes such as rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular sections. These results are then applied to the mold design and vent arrangement in RTM process. Two design principles are proposed from these derivations and confirmed by nu merical application examples. One is to arrange the vents to assure that flow takes the shorter path whenever possible. The other is to use line gates and to inject the fluid from the larger side to the smaller side, or with rapid reduction of the filling volume. Illustration examples show that these arrangements can cut down the mold filling time or reduce the required applied pressure. Especially in the case of RTM with high volume fraction of fibrous preforms, where the process usually involves appl...
Pharmacological Inhibition of Pleckstrin Homology Domain Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase Is Neuroprotective: Differential Effects on Astrocytes

Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) inhibits protein kinase B (AKT) survival signaling in neurons. Small molecule pan-PHLPP inhibitors (selective for PHLPP1 and PHLPP2) may offer a translatable method to induce AKT neuroprotection. We tested several recently discovered PHLPP inhibitors (NSC117079 and NSC45586; benzoic acid, 5-[2-[4-[2-(2,4-diamino-5-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl]diazenyl]-2-hydroxy-,sodium salt.) in rat cortical neurons and astrocytes and compared the biochemical response of these agents with short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated PHLPP1 knockdown (KD). In neurons, both PHLPP1 KD and experimental PHLPP inhibitors activated AKT and ameliorated staurosporine (STS)-induced cell death. Unexpectedly, in astrocytes, both inhibitors blocked AKT activation, and NSC117079 reduced viability. Only PHLPP2 KD mimicked PHLPP inhibitors on astrocyte biochemistry. This suggests that these inhibitors could have possible detrimental effects on astrocytes by blocking novel PHLPP2-mediated prosurvival signaling mechanisms. Finally, because PHLPP1 levels are reportedly high in the hippocampus (a region prone to ischemic death), we characterized hippocampal changes in PHLPP and several AKT targeting prodeath phosphatases after cardiac arrest (CA)-induced brain injury. PHLPP1 levels increased in rat brains subjected to CA. None of the other AKT inhibitory phosphatases increased after global ischemia (i.e., PHLPP2, PTEN, PP2A, and PP1). Selective PHLPP1 inhibition (such as by shRNA KD) activates AKT survival signaling in neurons and astrocytes. Nonspecific PHLPP inhibition (by NSC117079 and NSC45586) only activates AKT in neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that selective PHLPP1 inhibitors should be developed and may yield optimal strategies to protect injured hippocampal neurons and astrocytes—namely from global brain ischemia.
Characterization of the female-sterile mutant almondex of Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster females homozygous for the sex-linked recessive mutation almondex (amx) are completely sterile when mated to amx males. Matings of amx ♀♀ X+♂♂ yield low numbers of heterozygous female offspring, which frequently show abnormalities of the thorax and abdominal sternites, and an occasional non-disjunctional, non-mutant (XO) male offspring. The results of mating experiments reported here can be explained by assuming that the cytoplasm of eggs produced by amx females is deficient for some material that is necessary for normal development. Homozygous amx females have apparently normal reporductive organs and a high egg yield. Eggs are usually fertilized. In matings to amx males, all zygotes die as embryos; in matings to non-amx males, all ordinary (XY) male zygotes and most female zygotes die as embryos. Survival to the adult stage is more frequent at higher temperatures and, surprisingly, increases also with maternal age.
ASSESSMENT OF PILOT PERFORMANCE AND MENTAL WORKLOAD IN ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT.

This research examined the processing demands imposed upon experienced pilots by two different communication formats, digital and verbal, in a high fidelity simulation of an advanced multi-function helicopter. The mental workload imposed by die type and magnitude of communications was assessed by a battery of subjective, performance, secondary, and physiological measures. The performance data indicated that the pilots had difficulty adhering to the Nap of the Earth altitude criterion with high communication demands, particularly with the digital communication system. This was presumably due to the requirement to spend more time scanning the multi-function displays with the digital than with the verbal communication system. On the other hand, the pilots were less prone to task shedding when they used the digital communication system possibly due to the provision of a permanent list of queries that was unavailable with the verbal system. Measures of heart rate variability and blink rate were larger with the...
"Driven to the Commission of This Crime": Women and Infanticide in Baltimore, 1835–1860

The author uses newspapers and city documents to describe the history of women and infanticide in Baltimore, Maryland during the mid-19th century, with a focus upon the social conditions of women during the period and the social perceptions which surrounded the crime. Attention is particularly given to the role of women's poverty and social marginalization on the rate of infanticide. Subjects addressed include characteristics of infant mortality, its investigation, and the structural economic restraints on women in the era. Conclusions are then offered discussing the ways in which poor women navigated the criminal justice system. Language: en
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related gastrointestinal toxicity: definitions and epidemiology

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-associated gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is a broad topic encompassing symptoms as well as severe GI complications. GI bleeding and perforation are the 2 overlapping components that account for the majority of deaths and disability associated with these drugs. Abnormal gastric endoscopic profiles as well as symptoms such as heartburn, pain, and dyspepsia are common in NSAID users, but no correlation has been found between these factors and the occurrence of the more severe complications; therefore, neither symptoms nor endoscopic observations can necessarily be considered reliable predictors of future outcomes. Confounding factors can increase the risk of complications, and specific NSAIDs vary in the magnitude and type of risk attending their use. Recent studies have focused on the contribution of nonprescription NSAIDs to total complications, and combined with evidence suggesting that the risk is greatest during the first month of NSAID use, it is apparent that NSAID toxicity is an acute as well as a chronic problem.
Foundations in time: Where are we now?

By looking at a full century of philanthropic experience in the United States, we can more clearly see the forces that have influenced and, in all likelihood, will continue to shape the future of foundations.
Effect of periodontal therapy on salivary enzymatic activity

This study determined changes in the levels of enzymes in whole mixed saliva of adults following periodontal therapy including two or more sessions of meticulous periodontal scaling and root planing and 1 g/day of tetracycline-HCI for 14 days. Clinical variables assessed at baseline and 2 weeks after treatment included Gingival Index, Plaque Index, periodontal pocket depth, and gingival crevicular fluid flow. Subgingival specimens obtained from the deepest periodontal pocket in each quadrant were analyzed for Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and for bacterial morphotypes using bright light phase contrast microscopy. The enzymatic profile of unstimulated whole mixed saliva was determined using the API ZYM and API ZYM AP micromethod systems. Periodontal treatment significantly reduced gingival inflammation and the proportions of subgingival black-pigmented bacteroides and motile organisms. However, the Plaque Index and total salivary bacterial counts remained virtually unchanged. Treatment also resulted in reduced salivary levels of caprylate esteraselipase, leucine, valine, and cystine aminopeptidases, trypsin, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, and β-glucosidase. The present study indicates that the efficacy of periodontal treatment may be readily monitored by changes in levels of activity of specific enzymes in whole saliva.
Distributed Topology-Based Resource Allocation for a Femtocell-Based Cellular Network

Femtocell (FC) is a low-power, low cost indoor cellular base station (BS) installed by an end user at home or in an office environment. A typical indoor coverage of an FC is tens of meters and could cover several rooms. When Femto base stations (F-BS) are densely deployed, interference between them becomes an unavoidable issue. Hence, there is an immediate need for a robust interference management technique before femtocells can be extensively adopted for commercial purpose. In this paper, we propose a distributed algorithm that takes into account dynamic topology of FCs and carefully allocates communication channels to each F-BS. This also addresses the co-domain interference problem in FCs. We perform extensive simulations to demonstrate the novelty of our proposed scheme, called as distributed topology-based spectrum allocation. This avoids spectrum overlap that facilitates efficient resource allocation for each cell, thereby enabling low interference under high resource utilization and increased reuse efficiency.
Linear energy-momentum relations for acoustic deformation-potential polarons

Several variational theories for the energy-momentum ($\mathrm{EP}$) relation of the acoustic deformation-potential (ADP) polaron are considered. We show that the trial states of these theories need not be translationally invariant to yield upper bounds to the actual $\mathrm{EP}$ relation. A theory which interpolates between weak- and strong-coupling theories is thus shown to give an asymptotically linear upper bound to the ADP polaron $\mathrm{EP}$ relation, as predicted by energy-crossing arguments.
The Need for Common Principles in Prevention Programs for Children, Adolescents, and Families:

This article provides a critique of the proposed Development-In-Context Evaluation (DICE) model as a prevention approachfor children, adolescents, andfamilies who are at risk. An analysis of the mo...
Phase-Tilt Array Antenna Design for Dense Distributed Radar Networks for Weather Sensing

This paper describes the design of a dual-polarized microstrip series-fed linear array as part of the phase-tilt active planar array antenna being designed for weather sensing for the CASA Engineering Research Center. The dual-polarized planar array antenna is composed of 64 linear array columns, each one formed by 32 aperture coupled patch antenna elements in cascade and excited by a 2 W solid state transmit and receive (TR) module. A straightforward synthesis method is used in order to achieve the desired amplitude and phase excitation of each linear array. Radiation patterns computed using method of moments (MoM) and measured in a compact range system are presented in order to validate the synthesis method proposed.
Methadone withdrawal in newborn infants.

T K E v A L U E of methadone therapy for heroin addiction was described in 1965 by Dole and Nyswander. 1 This synthetic opiate blocks the euphoric effect of heroin in the addict, eliminates his craving for it, and usually allows him to lead a relatively normal life. Numerous methadone maintenance programs have been established in New York City. Some of these, including the one at Harlem Hospital Center, treat pregnant addicts. There have been limited studies of the effect of maternal methadone administration on the fetus and neonate?, a We have compared withdrawal symptoms in a group of newborn infants of mothers on methadone maintenance therapy with irtfants whose mothers were untreated heroin addicts.
Microalloying Boron Carbide with Silicon to Achieve Dramatically Improved Ductility

Boron carbide (B4C) is a hard material whose value for extended engineering applications such as body armor; is limited by its brittleness under impact. To improve the ductility while retaining hardness, we used density functional theory to examine modifying B4C ductility through microalloying. We found that replacing the CBC chain in B4C with Si–Si, denoted as (B11Cp)–Si2, dramatically improves the ductility, allowing a continuous shear to a large strain of 0.802 (about twice of B4C failure strain) without brittle failure. Moreover, (B11C)–Si2 retains low density and high hardness. This ductility improvement arises because the Si–Si linkages enable the icosahedra accommodate additional shear by rotating instead of breaking bonds.
Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences identifies Acorus calamus as the primal extant monocotyledon.

Abstract The identity of the oldest lineage of monocotyledons is a subject of debate. Alternative interpretations of morphological homologies are variously consistent with proposals that species of Alismatanae, Dioscoreales, or Melanthiales were the earliest descendants of the first monocotyledons. We present phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the plastid locus rbcL in which Acorus calamus, an herb with unspecialized floral features and of uncertain affinities, is supported as a member of the oldest extant lineage of monocotyledons. This conclusion is consistent with a substantial body of morphological, anatomical, and embryological evidence and offers an explanation for the failure to identify any close relationship between Acorus and other genera.
Telling Tales out of School: Dilemmas of Race and Inclusiveness in the Liberal Academy

Colleges and universities are gateways to upward mobility and committed in principle to candid discourse and progressive policies on diversity. In this article, the author relates a narrative of personal experience during graduate study in sociology, to reflect on the subtle texture of racial tension and interaction in a setting that most would assume to be accepting of, if not enlightened about, difference. The discussion highlights four issues that are likely to be generally relevant in the process of working toward racial diversity in graduate programs in the social sciences and humanities: (a) the significance of the composition of groups (i.e., the proportion of people of color in a graduate cohort or program); (b) conflict between individualist versus collectivist orientations; (c) pressure to reconcile multiple perspectives and grievances based on gender and class as well as racial/ethnic identities; and (d) conflicting styles of communicating and resolving racial tensions.