cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Optics and Optoelectronics in Quasi Two Dimensional Semiconductor Structures

In this article we review the most salient results obtained in the 80’s in the fields of nonlinear optics and optoelectronics of semiconductor quantum well structures, with a particular emphasis on the properties which are specific to the low dimensionality of elementary excitations.
Engineering Education for the 21st Century:Technology based hierarchical online learning

Engineering education in the 21 st century faces a host of challenges. A new generation of students is finding itself perpetually wired, as brick and mortar buildings are competing with e-books, youtube and wikipedia, classrooms with gaming and Second Life, along with an overall push to decentralize education through Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and virtual universities. We face a huge challenge and therein a unique opportunity to design platforms that can actively engage future engineers, teach useful skills and disseminate information for long-termed retention. With the proliferation of for profit online universities like Univ. of Phoenix, and online courses by EdX, Coursera, Udacity, it is often hard to separate hope from hype when it comes to MOOCs and online learning. This paper focuses on my experiments with asynchronous and blended learning over years of engineering course design.
Changes in Depression and Stress after Release from a Tobacco-Free Prison in the United States

Prior research has found high levels of depression and stress among persons who are incarcerated in the United States (U.S.). However, little is known about changes in depression and stress levels among inmates post-incarceration. The aim of this study was to examine changes in levels of depression and stress during and after incarceration in a tobacco-free facility. Questionnaires that included valid and reliable measures of depression and stress were completed by 208 male and female inmates approximately eight weeks before and three weeks after release from a northeastern U.S. prison. Although most inmates improved after prison, 30.8% had a worsening in levels of depression between baseline and the three-week follow-up. In addition, 29.8% had a worsening in levels of stress after release than during incarceration. While it is not surprising that the majority of inmates reported lower levels of depression and stress post-incarceration, a sizable minority had an increase in symptoms, suggesting that environmental stressors may be worse in the community than in prison for some inmates. Further research is needed to address depression and stress levels during and after incarceration in order for inmates to have a healthier transition back into the community and to prevent repeat incarcerations.
Adolescent Rats Self-Administer Less Nicotine Than Adults at Low Doses

INTRODUCTION Although nearly 90% of current smokers initiated tobacco use during adolescence, little is known about reinforcement by nicotine in adolescents. Researchers are currently investigating whether a potential public health policy setting a tobacco product standard with very low nicotine levels would improve public health, and it is essential to understand whether data generated in adults translates to adolescents, particularly as it relates to the threshold dose of nicotine required to support smoking. The present study compared self-administration of low doses of nicotine between adolescent and adult rats. METHODS Adolescent (postnatal day [P] 30) and adult (P90) male and female rats were allowed to nosepoke to receive intravenous infusions of nicotine (3-100 μg/kg/infusion) during 16 daily 1-hour sessions. RESULTS At 10 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, adolescent rats earned significantly fewer infusions than adults. When responding for 30 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, rats of both ages earned a similar number of infusions; however, there were subtle differences in the distribution of infusions across the 1-hour session. No sex differences were apparent in either age group at any dose. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine. However, at nicotine doses that support self-administration in both age groups, adolescent and adult rats do not differ in acquisition or number of infusions earned. These results suggest that reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to a level that does not support smoking in adults may be sufficient to reduce the acquisition of smoking in adolescents. IMPLICATIONS The results of the present studies demonstrate that adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine. These results suggest that reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to a level that does not support smoking in adults will be sufficient to reduce the acquisition of smoking in adolescents.
Interannual Variability in Baseline Ozone and Its Relationship to Surface Ozone in the Western U.S.

Baseline ozone refers to observed concentrations of tropospheric ozone at sites that have a negligible influence from local emissions. The Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO) was established in 2004 to examine baseline air masses as they arrive to North America from the west. In May 2012, we observed an O3 increase of 2.0–8.5 ppbv in monthly average maximum daily 8-hour average O3 mixing ratio (MDA8 O3) at MBO and numerous other sites in the western U.S. compared to previous years. This shift in the O3 distribution had an impact on the number of exceedance days. We also observed a good correlation between daily MDA8 variations at MBO and at downwind sites. This suggests that under specific meteorological conditions, synoptic variation in O3 at MBO can be observed at other surface sites in the western U.S. At MBO, the elevated O3 concentrations in May 2012 are associated with low CO values and low water vapor values, consistent with transport from the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS). Furthermore,...
Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with pyrex tube

Extrusion and migration of the Jones tube are known complications of conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy. We have an unusual case in which the mechanism for extrusion is identified and the problem corrected.
Factor structure of the Differential Ability Scales–Second Edition: Exploratory and hierarchical factor analyses with the core subtests.

The present study examined the factor structure of the Differential Ability Scales-Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007a) standardization sample using exploratory factor analyses, multiple factor extraction criteria, and hierarchical exploratory factor analyses (Schmid & Leiman, 1957) not included in the DAS-II Introductory and Technical Handbook (Elliott, 2007b). Exploratory factor analyses with multiple factor extraction criteria and hierarchical analyses with the Schmid and Leiman (1957) procedure were conducted with the 3 DAS-II standardization samples (Lower Early Years [Ages 2:6-3:5], Upper Early Years [Ages 3:6-6:11], School-Age [Ages 7:0-17:11]). All factor extraction criteria suggested 1 factor despite the author and publisher recommended and promoted 2 (Ages 2:6-3:5) or 3 (Ages 3:6-6:11, Ages 7:0-17:11) factors. Results indicated that most DAS-II subtests were properly associated with the theoretically proposed first-order factors. Hierarchical exploratory analyses with the Schmid and Leiman procedure, however, found that the hierarchical g factor accounted for large portions of total and common variance, while the 2 or 3 first-order factors accounted for small portions of total and common variance. It was concluded that the DAS-II provides strong measurement of general intelligence but clinical interpretation should be primarily at that level. (PsycINFO Database Record
The change and value of serum S-100 protein in term newborns with bilirubin encephalopathy

Objective To discuss the diagnosis value of serum S-100 protein in hyperbilirubinemia. Methods 60 term newborns having hyperbilirubinemia were selected including normal nerve function and nerve dysfunction of 30 cases each.In the 30 newborns with nerve dysfunction,there were 17 with minor neurologic dysfunction and 13 definitely abnormal. We detected their serum levels of S-100 protein,total bibirubin(TBC),albumin and calculated B/A ratio. Results The serum S-100 level of nerve dysfunction group was significantly higher than that of normal nerve function group(t=7.084,P0.05). In the 30 newborns with nerve dysfunction,there was no statistically significant difference between the 17 minor neurologic dysfunction and the 13 definitely abnormal(t=0.497,P0.05). Serum S-100 level was significantly correlated with TBC and B/A in all the 60 newborns(P0.05). Conclusion As a neurological damage and specific biochemical index, serum S-100 protein level may be helpful to the diagnosis of bilirubin encephalopathy.
A double-end sourced multi-chip improved wire-bonded SiC MOSFET power module design

This paper proposes an improved wire-bonded design with a unique double-end sourced (DES) structure for multi-chip paralleled silicon carbide (SiC) power modules. The new structure adopts two pairs of DC bus-bars to source the power module from the two ends, not only shortens the equivalent power loops but also provides a symmetrical structure for the paralleled devices. The proposed design achieved a minimized power-loop inductance of 7.2 nH. In addition, the design improved current sharing among the paralleled devices. A 1200 V, 60 A SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effecttransistor (MOSFET) half-bridge module (3 devices in parallel) is fabricated and tested for verification. Improved performances are observed in both switching and continuous operation. A converter level design is also presented to accommodate this unique module structure.
How less is truly more: Merging library support services

ABSTRACTIn the summer of 2010, to provide a “one-stop shop” service point to Woodruff Library patrons, the Circulation, Reference, and Learning Commons (LC) desks merged into the unified Library Service Desk (LSD) under Access Services. Last year, due to organizational changes in the library and IT, and anticipated support needs of the new LC spaces and technologies, Student Digital Life opened a separate LC Technical Support desk. The lessons of the year of the two desks, funding considerations, and the persistent goal to streamline the experience of our patrons resulted in transitioning the functions of the LC desk to LSD, thus evolving it to new organizational and operational levels.
Autoimmune AQP4 channelopathies and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders (SD) represent an evolving group of central nervous system (CNS)-inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating diseases unified by a pathogenic autoantibody specific for the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. It was historically misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS), which lacks a distinguishing biomarker. The discovery of AQP4-IgG moved the focus of CNS demyelinating disease research from emphasis on the oligodendrocyte and myelin to the astrocyte. NMO is recognized today as a relapsing disease, extending beyond the optic nerves and spinal cord to include brain (especially in children) and skeletal muscle. Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, identifiable in 60% of patients at the second attack, are consistent with MS in 10% of cases. NMOSD-typical lesions (another 10%) occur in AQP4-enriched regions: circumventricular organs (causing intractable nausea and vomiting) and the diencephalon (causing sleep disorders, endocrinopathies, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis). Advances in understanding the immunobiology of AQP4 autoimmunity have necessitated continuing revision of NMOSD clinical diagnostic criteria. Assays that selectively detect pathogenic AQP4-IgG targeting extracellular epitopes of AQP4 are promising prognostically. When referring to AQP4 autoimmunity, we suggest substituting the term "autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathy" for the term "NMO spectrum disorders." Randomized clinical trials are currently assessing the efficacy and safety of newer immunotherapies. Increasing therapeutic options based on understanding the molecular pathogenesis is anticipated to improve the outcome for patients with AQP4 channelopathy.
SU-F-R-15: Establishing Relevant ADC-Based Texture Analysis Metrics for Quantifying Early Treatment-Induced Changes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify texture analysis metrics from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps that would provide quantifiable changes with treatment in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We discerned which imaging metrics were relevant using baseline agreement and variations during early treatment. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed diffusion-weighted MRI scans in 9 patients with stages II-IV HNSCC. ADC maps were generated from two baseline scans, performed 1 week apart, and one early treatment scan, obtained during the 2nd week of chemoradiation. Regions of interest (ROI) consisting of primary and nodal disease were drawn on the resampled ADC maps. Four 3D texture matrices describing local and regional relationships between voxel intensities in the ROIs were generated. From these, 38 texture metrics and 7 histogram features were calculated for each patient, including the mean and median ADC. To identify metrics with good agreement between baseline studies, we compared all metrics using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). For metrics with ICC ≥ 0.80, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test if the difference between the mean of the baselines and the early treatment was non-zero. Results: Nine of the 45 metrics had an ICC ≥ 0.80. Six of these 9 metrics had a p-value < 0.05: run length non-uniformity, ADC median, texture strength, ADC mean, zone percentage, and variance. Only 1 of the 9 metrics remained of interest, after applying the Holm correction to the alpha levels: run length non-uniformity (p = 0.004) in the Gray Level Run Length Matrix. Conclusion: The feasibility of texture analysis is dependent on the baseline agreement of each metric, which disqualifies many texture characteristics. Consequently, only a few metrics are reproducible and qualify for future studies that provide quantitative assessment of early treatment changes for HNSCC.
Topiramate and Other AED Effects on Cognition

The acute and steady-state cognitive effects of three new antiepileptic drugs (AED), gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate, were studied in healthy young adults at the University of Alabama Epilepsy Center, Birmingham, AL.
Three-dimensional overturned traveling water waves

Abstract Traveling gravity-capillary water waves on the interface of a three-dimensional fluid of infinite depth are computed. The vortex sheet formulation with the small scale approximation is used as the mathematical model for the fluid motion. The fluid interface is parameterized isothermally. The traveling wave ansatz for parameterized surfaces is described. Waves are computed using Fourier collocation and quasi-Newton iteration; large amplitude overturned traveling waves are computed via a dimension-breaking based numerical continuation method.
Female-biased sex ratio, polygyny, and persistence in the endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus)

ABSTRACT Demographic changes in populations, such as skewed sex ratios, are of concern to conservationists, especially in small populations in which stochastic and other events can produce declines leading to extirpation. We documented a decline in one of the few remaining populations of Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) in southern California, USA, which dropped from 40 to 5 adults between 2000 and 2015. Declines were unequal between sexes (94% for males, 82% for females). Adult sex ratios were female-biased in 10 of 16 yr. The proportion of paired males that were polygynous ranged from 0% to 100%, depending on the ratio of females to males in the adult population. Some males paired with up to 5 females simultaneously. We investigated the role of nestling sex ratio in the female-biased adult sex ratio by using genetic techniques to determine sex from blood samples collected from 162 nestlings in 72 nests from 2002 to 2009. Both population-level and within-brood nestling sex rati...
Causation and teleology in contemporary philosophy of science

In the Cours de philosophie positive (1842) August Comte described a process through which, he believed, all the sciences must pass, and a hierarchy among these subjects that supposedly reflects the order in which they pass through it and their relations of generality, if not also reducibility. This typology for the sciences and its associated sociology of science attracts little attention today, and it is usually treated as reflecting superficial, dogmatic and irrelevant speculation about the nature of science and its history. Nevertheless, Comte’s views may well provide the initial motivation and the hidden agenda underlying contemporary philosophy of science’s program of analysis for teleological claims and their uses. Comte claimed that human knowledge passes through three stages: the theological, the metaphysical, and the postive. The first of these stages is characterized by the conviction that all events are to be explained by the citation of will, intention, purpose, on the model of ordinary explanations of human actions. In its animistic version, each object’s behavior is explained by attributing human violation to it; in its theistic versions, natural phenomena are explained as reflecting one or more divine wills.
Dynamic response of electronic materials to impact loading: review

In this review we consider publications addressing the dynamic response of electronic materials to shocks and vibrations. The emphasis is on the second level solder joint interconnections (package-to-substrate) and on the board-level drop testing.
MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTIONS IN TYPE II SUPERCONDUCTORS.

Abstract The internal induction distribution of Type II superconductors is calculated using experimental data on a Nb ellipsoid of Cline et al. , and a theory of Inhaber. Qualitative agreement is found between theory and experiment; however, the distortion of fluxoid lattice due to shape, possible inhomogeneities in the distribution of pinning centers, and lack of probe resolution may be factors in preventing quantitative agreement.
FAMILY HISTORY OF ARTERIAL DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION

Background: Spontaneous coronary dissection (SCAD) is an important cause of ACS in young women and is associated with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) in 45-72% of cases. ∼1/4 of FMD patients have a family history (FHx) of aneurysm, but FHx of arterial disorders among SCAD patients is not well
Towards an OWL Ontology for Identity on the Web.

One of the main strength of the web is that it realizes the goal of allowing any party of its global community to share information with any other party. This has been achieved by making use of a unique and uniform mechanism of identification, the URI (Universal Resource Identifiers). Web applications such as search engines have been built up on this mechanism. Although URIs succeed when used for retrieving resources on the web, their suitability as a way for identifying any kind of things, for example resources that are not on the web, is not guaranteed. We investigate the meaning of identity of a web resource and how it can be modeled in order to be implemented on the web. In particular, we propose an ontology that models the problem, and discuss some possible solutions. We describe the concept of resource from the web domain point of view, using an ontology of Information Objects, built on top of DOLCE and of some of its modular extensions. In particular, we formalize some concepts of a web resource, and distinguish them from the concept of a generic entity. We finally propose a formal pattern for resource modelling.
Modeling Condensation in Deep Convection

AbstractCloud-scale models apply two drastically different methods to represent condensation of water vapor to form and grow cloud droplets. Maintenance of water saturation inside liquid clouds is assumed in the computationally efficient saturation adjustment approach used in most bulk microphysics schemes. When super- or subsaturations are allowed, condensation/evaporation can be calculated using the predicted saturation ratio and (either predicted or prescribed) mean droplet radius and concentration. The study investigates differences between simulations of deep unorganized convection applying a saturation adjustment condensation scheme (SADJ) and a scheme with supersaturation prediction (SPRE). A double-moment microphysics scheme with CCN activation parameterized as a function of the local vertical velocity is applied to compare cloud fields simulated applying SPRE and SADJ. Clean CCN conditions are assumed to demonstrate upper limits of the SPRE and SADJ difference. Microphysical piggybacking is used ...
Conclusion: The Future of Literary Studies in General Education

A new academic field of inquiry has emerged in the French-speaking world, out of the realization that academic literary theory does not adequately address the needs of literary pedagogy, especially at the secondary level. “Didactique de la litterature (literary didactics)” has redefined the role of the school from a place of cultural transmission centered on canonical texts, to one of cultural production centered on the activity of the student. This radical reinterpretation has roots in Roland Barthes’s distinction between “consuming” and “producing”, between the “readerly” and the “writerly”. The economic metaphors of “consumption” and “production” provide the best justification, so far, for a mandatory literature curriculum that is a kind of useful spiritual discipline, both disinterested and practical.
Low-complexity memory-assisted adaptive-threshold detection scheme for on-OFF-keying diffusion-based molecular communications

In this paper, a novel Memory-Assisted Adaptive-Threshold detection (MAAT) scheme for diffusion-based molecular communications (MC) systems is proposed. The proposed scheme applies to MC systems in which single-type of molecules is assumed to carry the information from the transmitting nano-machine, through a fluid medium, to the receiving nano-machine. The information is represented by the received concentration of the information molecules. We consider a single transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) problem, where the communication takes place in a three-dimensional free-flow diffusion-based unbounded propagation environment. We present a novel adaptive-threshold detection algorithm suitable for binary On-OFF Keying (BOOK signaling), where the Rx adapts the 1/0 bit detection threshold based on past received bits. The adjustment of the 1/0 detection threshold based on past received bits helps to alleviate the inter-symbol interference resulting from residual (tail) diffusion molecules arriving at the receiver due to past bit transmissions and noise molecules. Performance evaluation shows a promising improvement in the un-coded BER performance of our proposed scheme compared with the traditional Fixed-Threshold Detection (FTD) approach. In addition, our proposed approach delivers BER levels comparable with considerably more complex approaches found in the literature.
Cyber-physical systems approach for wide area control applications

This paper describes a cyber-physical system approach for wide area control applications in power grids. Specifically, it is proposed to use cyber-physical system modeling methodology, to include explicit physical and behavior based models, to facilitate the application of traditional controller design and analysis to wide area control applications. Our proposed approach allows for modeling the physical elements of the power grid (e.g. transmission network, generation, loads and measurement devices), the cyber components (e.g. execution of reactive software algorithms in data processing and control software), and the concurrent and sequential interactions of cyber and physical components. The cyber-physical interactions are critical for wide area control applications due to the multiple spatial and temporal scales present in these systems. The modeling methodology is formulated into a classical closed loop controller which the plant and the controller contain cyber and physical elements. The proposed approach allows for studying the impacts of cyber-physical interactions, evaluating the effectiveness and resiliency of wide area controllers, and can be applied as a tool to benchmark and derive specifications for final designs. The methodology is applied to a phasor measurement unit based wide area control of a static VAR compensator in a MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Fluoride Use in Health Care Settings: Association with Children’s Caries Risk:

Expanded partnership with the medical community is an important strategy for reducing dental caries disparities. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between fluoride (F) "in office" (drops/tablets and/or varnish), as prescribed or applied by a health care professional by age 1 y, and 1) caries development and 2) presence of other caries risk factors or mediators (e.g., socioeconomic status). Child-primary caregiver (PCG) pairs ( N = 1,325) were recruited in Indiana, Iowa, and North Carolina as part of a longitudinal cohort study to validate a caries risk tool for primary health care settings. PCGs completed a caries risk questionnaire, while children received caries examinations per the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System at ages 1, 2.5, and 4 y. Baseline responses regarding children's history of F in office were tested for association with other caries risk variables and caries experience at ages 2.5 and 4 y via generalized estimating equation models applied to logistic regression. The sample was 48% female, and many children (61%) were Medicaid enrolled. The prevalence of cavitated caries lesions increased from 7% at age 2.5 y to 25% by age 4 y. Children who received F in office were likely deemed at higher caries risk and indeed were significantly ( P < 0.01) more likely to develop cavitated caries lesions by ages 2.5 and 4 y, even after F application (odds ratios: 3.5 and 2.3, respectively). Factors significantly associated with receiving F included the following: child being Medicaid enrolled, not having an employed adult in the household, child and PCG often consuming sugary drinks and snacks, and PCG having recent caries experience. Increased F in office from a health care provider by age 1 y was associated with known caries risk factors. Most (69%) children had never been to the dentist, suggesting that risk factors could be alerting medical providers and/or parents, thereby affecting in-office F recommendations. Differences among states could also be related to state-specific F-varnish reimbursement policies (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01707797).
ERK1/2-dependent activation of FCHSD2 drives cancer cell-selective regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) regulates the uptake of cell surface receptors, as well as their downstream signaling activities. We recently reported that signaling reciprocally regulates CME in cancer cells and that the crosstalk can contribute to cancer progression. To further explore the nature and extent of the crosstalk between signaling and CME in cancer cell biology, we analyzed a panel of oncogenic signaling kinase inhibitors for their effects on CME. Inhibition of several kinases selectively affected CME function in cancer cells. Among these, ERK1/2 inhibition selectively inhibited CME in cancer cells by decreasing the rate of CCP initiation. We identified an ERK1/2 substrate, the FCH/F-BAR and SH3 domain-containing protein, FCHSD2, as being essential for the ERK1/2-dependent effects on CME and CCP initiation. ERK1/2 phosphorylation activates FCHSD2 and regulates EGFR endocytic trafficking as well as downstream signaling activities. Loss of FCHSD2 activity in non-small-cell lung cancer cells leads to increased cell surface expression and altered signaling downstream of EGFR, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation and migration. The expression level of FCHSD2 is positively correlated with higher cancer patient survival rate, suggesting that FCHSD2 negatively affects cancer progression. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms and consequences of the reciprocal regulation of signaling and CME in cancer cells.
Quantitative Acoustic Characterization of the Myocardium

Quantitative ultrasonic analysis of the myocardium for non-invasive medical diagnosis is based on the premise that alterations in acoustic properties of the myocardium accompany the development of myocardial disease. Implicit in this approach is knowledge of the acoustic properties of normal myocardium. Also required is ultrasonic and computer instrumentation capable of quantifying one or more acoustic parameters, and interfacing with existing clinical echocardiographic equipment. Both M-mode and two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography utilize specular reflection to depict smooth tissue interfaces such as the pericardium, epicardium, endocardium, valve leaflets, and aortic root. Although not designed for the purpose of tissue characterization, standard echocardiographic systems have yielded a variety of qualitative imaging observations in human hearts that underscore the potential clinical importance of quantitative characterization of the myocardium (Table 1) [1–8]. Common to most of the disease processes listed in Table 1 is replacement of the normal myocardium by tissue elements (amyloid, calcium, collagen) likely to have different acoustic properties than the surrounding myocardium. The irregular shape of these elements leads to scattering rather than specular reflection of incident ultrasound.
Surface Enhanced Exchange Reactions of Hydrogen Isotopes with Water and Fomblin Oil

Maintaining isotopic purity of tritium is one of the major tasks in several new large facilities such as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), KATRIN (Karlsruhe Tritium Experiment) and NEXTEX (Texas Neutrino Mass Experiment). Working with multiple isotopes and isotopomers is always accompanied by isotope exchanges, which are accelerated by catalysts. These are provided by surfaces of various materials, which are used in the recycling systems. Here new results are reported of the solubility of hydrogen in Fomblin oil and kinetics for reactions between D 2 O, HDO, H 2 O and D 2 , HD and H 2 taking place at the surface of a stainless steel (SS304) vessel at pressures of about 350 Pa. The kinetics of hydrogen isotopes were measured by Raman spectrometer. The water isotopomers were monitored by mass spectrometry. The solubility of hydrogen in Fomblin oil was determined at several H 2 pressures using NMR spectroscopy. The results can be extended to lower pressures using Henry's law.
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Welfare

Since the Food and Drug Administration relaxed its regulation on prescription drug advertising in broadcast media in 1997, direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) expenditure of prescription drugs has increased over 200%. The welfare implications of such advertising have garnered considerable attention and are complicated since the consumer delegates some decision-making authority to the physician, who is exposed to advertising as well. In this research, I develop and estimate a model of demand side behavior in the market for prescription drugs and compute the impact on consumer welfare that results from changes in demand for cholesterol-reducing drugs due to DTCA. DTCA enters the model as informative advertising that influences the consumer's decision to seek health care while physician-directed advertising enters the model as both informative and persuasive advertising. Informative effects of physician-directed advertising influence the consumer's choice of the drug and the quantity while persuasive effects influence the consumer's choice of the drug only. The consumer first decides whether to seek health care depending on his health state, budget constraint, and the level of DTCA and second chooses the drug and the quantity depending on his health state, budget constraint, treatment specific characteristics, and advertising directed towards physicians. The parameters of the model are estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments using data on individuals from Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), on brand-level advertising expenditures and sales and on consumers' exposure to media over the period of 1997-2000.
1,7-Di­hydro-1,4,7,10-tetra­aza­cyclo­­dodecane­phosphine oxide iodide

The title compound, C8H18N4OP+·I− or [H2cyclenPO][I], contains a five-coordinate P atom arranged in a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramid. The asymmetric unit contains half the cyclen moiety of the H~2~cyclenPO unit and two distinct iodide positions. The full molecule can be symmetry generated around the P atom using the symmetry code 1 \over 3 + x − y, 2 \over 3 − y, 5 \over 3 − z. The P—N bond length in the equatorial plane is 1.656 (5) A and the apical P—N interaction is much longer, 1.891 (4) A. The cyclen moieties are linked together via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and form a spiral chain along [001]. Crystallographically, there are two distinct anion sites, both in special positions, one of them with partial occupancy. One anion site may participate in an extremely weak hydrogen bond, linking the cyclen spiral chains into a pseudo-hexagonal three-dimensional array.
Web usability testing with concurrent fnirs and eye tracking

Abstract The wealth management industry has been one of the prime beneficiaries of the digitization wave, with incessantly growing investment from fintech companies to develop new online platforms. The current methods of evaluating the effectiveness, usability, and ease of use of these web platforms are rudimentary and subjective, as they rely largely on traditional survey measures and may fail to uncover critical usability issues with a platform. When companies launch such web platforms, early adopter users are usually faced with an array of issues, ranging from ineffective navigation to poor layout, which may cause consumers to lose trust and eventually switch to other brands and services. There has been a long-standing need to develop more effective methods to assess web platforms. We propose and empirically validate a multimodal approach that combines traditional methods (survey and performance measures) with physiological (eye-tracking and neuroimaging) measures to enable more holistic and rigorous testing of web platforms. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional methods and enables a more comprehensive usability assessment.
Micellar liquid chromatography.

Micelles are notable for their ability to solubilize hydrophobic compounds in aqueous solution. Micellar solutions can help in improving analytical methodologies and in developing entirely new concepts in analytical chemistry; they have been studied especially as HPLC mobile phases. The micelles provide a hydrophobic site for interaction with solutes in the mobile phase and can replace traditional modifiers such as methanol or acetonitrile in RP-HPLC*. We have studied the Chromatographic capabilities of these unique mobile phases — capabilities that are unrealizable with traditional mobile phases. One such advantage is in gradient elution, never popular in repetitive analyses by RP-HPLC because of the slow re-equilibration of the stationary phase after a change in mobile phase composition. We have shown that micelle concentration gradients speed the elution of strongly retained compounds without altering stationary phase ocmposition. This allows a step-gradient back to initial conditions and obviates column re-equilibration. Furthermore, if the conductivity of the two solutions of different micelle concentrations is balanced, micellar gradients are compatible with EC detection — again in contrast with hydro-organic mobile phases. Serum or urine can be directly injected onto a RP column for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Knowledge Management Mechanisms in E-Commerce: A Study of Online Retailing and Auction Sites

Knowledge management is vital to a company's success in this e-commerce era. Not only has the topic of knowledge management attracted much research attention lately, but the management of customer ...
Violence and Racialized Lives

Racism is a phenomenon borne out of centuries of violence. It began with physical acts of violence at the hands of slavers and colonizers from Europe who exerted physical aggression combined with economic, social, and psychological control over indigenous and African people as they simultaneously built the wealth of Western nations. These violent actions laid the foundation for a system of thinking, beliefs, and feelings about human worth that would become difficult for the people who lived in these societies, the enslaved and non-enslaved, not to be ensnared in it. The system would also provide opportunities for Europeans and Whites to render moral reasoning and decisions about non-White people in unjust ways and in the face of glaring contradictions about the perpetrators’ and their beneficiaries’ perceptions of themselves as fair and decent people.
Deep imitation learning for molecular inverse problems

Many measurement modalities arise from well-understood physical processes and result in information-rich but difficult-to-interpret data. Much of this data still requires laborious human interpretation. This is the case in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, where the observed spectrum of a molecule provides a distinguishing fingerprint of its bond structure. Here we solve the resulting inverse problem: given a molecular formula and a spectrum, can we infer the chemical structure? We show for a wide variety of molecules we can quickly compute the correct molecular structure, and can detect with reasonable certainty when our method cannot. We treat this as a problem of graph-structured prediction, where armed with per-vertex information on a subset of the vertices, we infer the edges and edge types. We frame the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) and incrementally construct molecules one bond at a time, training a deep neural network via imitation learning, where we learn to imitate a subisomorphic oracle which knows which remaining bonds are correct. Our method is fast, accurate, and is the first among recent chemical-graph generation approaches to exploit per-vertex information and generate graphs with vertex constraints. Our method points the way towards automation of molecular structure identification and potentially active learning for spectroscopy.
#selfharm on Instagram: Quantitative Analysis and Classification of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is the intentional destruction of body tissue without the intent to die. NSSI is particularly prevalent among adolescents and young adults as a means of emotional regulation. With the proliferation of social media, NSSI content is frequently being posted, viewed, and shared on popular social media platforms, which may increase social contagion among adolescents. To address this problem, this work first quantifies the prevalence of NSSI content on social media. We develop a content crawler that searches for posts, images, and videos with NSSI-related hashtags (e.g., #selfharm), downloads NSSI content from target social media platforms, and stores them in cloud storage. We then perform a trend analysis, which confirms a steep increase in NSSI posts on social media. Moreover, this work develops an image classifier to identify NSSI or non-NSSI images from social media content. Our classifier is based on the idea of weakly supervised object localization. We evaluate our NSSI classifier with more than 30K labeled NSSI images collected from social media. In our evaluation, our classifier accurately identifies NSSI images with 94% accuracy, and it outperforms state-of-the-art pre-trained models. An accurate NSSI image classifier is an essential first step to enable us and/or social media providers to protect adolescents and young adults from social contagion due to NSSI exposure through such actions as legitimate filtering mechanisms.
Achieving 280 Gbar hot spot pressure in DT-layered CH capsule implosions at the National Ignition Facility

We are reporting on a series of indirect-drive 0.9-scale CH capsule implosions (inner radius = 840 μm) fielded in low gas-fill (0.6 mg/cm3) hohlraums of 6.72 mm diameter at the National Ignition Facility. Thanks to the 11%-reduction of the capsule size at a given hohlraum diameter compared to previously tested full-scale capsules, we achieved good hot spot symmetry control near 33% cone-fraction and without the need to invoke cross beam energy transfer. As a result, we achieved a hot spot pressure of 280 ± 40 Gbar, which is the highest pressure demonstrated in layered DT implosions with CH capsules to date. Pushing this design to higher velocity resulted in a reduction of neutron yield. Highly resolved capsule simulations suggest that higher Au M-shell preheat resulted in an increase in Atwood number at the ablator–ice interface, which leads to increased fuel-ablator instability and mixing. The results reported here provide important scaling information for next-generation CH designs.
Heightened reactivity to uncertain threat as a neurobehavioral marker of suicidal ideation in individuals with depression and anxiety.

Abstract Identifying neurobehavioral correlates of suicidal ideation can help detect those most vulnerable for suicide among high-risk groups, such as those with internalizing psychopathology. Individuals with elevated sensitivity to uncertain threat (U-threat) have a strong preference for known outcomes relative to unknown outcomes and often experience high levels of chronic distress. We therefore hypothesized that among individuals with internalizing psychopathology, those with heightened reactivity to U-threat would be especially prone to suicidal ideation as a means to escape uncertainty. The present study examined whether in two independent samples suicidal ideation was associated with heightened startle response to U-threat, and whether the effects were specific to responses U-threat relative to predictable threat (P-threat). Study 1 was a sample of treatment-seeking patients (N = 99) and Study 2 was a community sample (N = 102). Participants in both samples met current DSM-5 criteria for an anxiety and/or depressive disorder. In Study 1, current suicidal ideation was positively associated with startle potentiation to U-threat. Similarly, in Study 2, a lifetime history of suicidal ideation was positively associated with startle potentiation to U-threat. The relation between suicidal ideation and startle potentiation to U-threat remained when adjusting for number of internalizing diagnoses. Heightened reactivity to U-threat may therefore characterize those with a propensity for suicidal ideation among individuals with internalizing psychopathology.
Programmed Proteolysis of Chemotaxis Proteins in Sinorhizobium meliloti: Features in the C-Terminal Region Control McpU Degradation.

ABSTRACT Chemotaxis and motility are important traits that support bacterial survival in various ecological niches and in pathogenic and symbiotic host interaction. Chemotactic stimuli are sensed by chemoreceptors or methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), which direct the swimming behavior of the bacterial cell. In this study, we present evidence that the cellular abundance of chemoreceptors in the plant symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti can be altered by the addition of several to as few as one amino acid residues and by including common epitope tags such as 3×FLAG and 6×His at their C termini. To further dissect this phenomenon and its underlying molecular mechanism, we focused on a detailed analysis of the amino acid sensor McpU. Controlled proteolysis is important for the maintenance of an appropriate stoichiometry of chemoreceptors and between chemoreceptors and chemotactic signaling proteins, which is essential for an optimal chemotactic response. We hypothesized that enhanced stability is due to interference with protease binding, thus affecting proteolytic efficacy. Location of the protease recognition site was defined through McpU stability measurements in a series of deletion and amino acid substitution mutants. Deletions in the putative protease recognition site had similar effects on McpU abundance, as did extensions at the C terminus. Our results provide evidence that the programmed proteolysis of chemotaxis proteins in S. meliloti is cell cycle regulated. This posttranslational control, together with regulatory pathways on the transcriptional level, limits the chemotaxis machinery to the early exponential growth phase. Our study identified parallels to cell cycle-dependent processes during asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter crescentus. IMPORTANCE The symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti contributes greatly to growth of the agriculturally valuable host plant alfalfa by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Chemotaxis of S. meliloti cells toward alfalfa roots mediates this symbiosis. The present study establishes programmed proteolysis as a factor in the maintenance of the S. meliloti chemotaxis system. Knowledge about cell cycle-dependent, targeted, and selective proteolysis in S. meliloti is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of maintaining a suitable chemotaxis response. While the role of regulated protein turnover in the cell cycle progression of Caulobacter crescentus is well understood, these pathways are just beginning to be characterized in S. meliloti. In addition, our study should alert about the cautionary use of epitope tags for protein quantification.
The Criminalization of Immigration and Intellectual Disability in the United States: A Mixed Methods Approach to Exploring Forced Exclusion

Public attitudes, negative stereotypes, and stigma are essential to cultural narratives about the membership status of people with intellectual disability and people who have immigrated to the United States. With a concern for the exclusion of people from participation in democratic societies, this mixed methods study explores conceptual links between the criminalization of intellectual disability and immigration. The overlay of criminal justice norms and practices onto civil law without parallel adoption of safeguards results in the misallocation of risk to individuals with out-group membership status. This study offers conceptual analysis by applying to the policy issue, standard of proof of intellectual disability in death penalty cases, the framework of membership theory and related constructs present in the scholarly literature on immigration policy. Exact measures logistic regression is used to predictively link states’ standards of proof of intellectual disability with immigration status. It was found that the best model predicting the probability of a Higher than Preponderance standard of proof of intellectual disability in death penalty cases was a two-variable model consisting of Prior Ban and Unauthorized Immigration. This study presents recommendations for research and policy practice.