cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of the Effect of Intergroup Cooperation on Intergroup Attraction

It was hypothesized that intergroup cooperation would increase intergroup attraction to the extent that previous group identities were erased. In the first phase of the present study, two groups of subjects either competed or acted interdependently. Members of the two groups either wore similar uniforms or different uniforms to distinguish the groups. In the second phase of the study, the two groups were combined and worked cooperatively on two tasks. The outcome of the cooperative endeavor was manipulated so half the groups succeeded and half failed. The results indicated that attraction for out-group members following the first phase was the lowest when the groups wore distinctive uniforms and competed. Intergroup cooperation increased attraction for outgroup members except when the cooperative endeavor resulted in failure and the two groups had previously competed. Further, there was less intergroup attraction following cooperation between members of groups distinguished by uniforms than between groups...
Monocytes-macrophages are a potential target in human infection with West Nile virus through blood transfusion.

BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) transmission by transfusion was documented in 2002. Approximately 80 percent of WNV infections are asymptomatic and 1 percent develop severe neurological illness. In animals, Langerhans-dendritic cells support initial viral replication, followed by replication in lymphoid tissues and dissemination to organs and possibly to the CNS. The cellular tropism of WNV infection after transfusion and the particular human blood cells that sustain viral replication remain largely unknown. Whether primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) support WNV infection-replication and produce infectious virions, with an in vitro system, was investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Elutriated monocytes (CD33+/CD14+) from suitable blood donors were cultured in the presence of macrophage–colony-stimulating factor, infected with WNV-NY99 at different time points, washed, and cultivated for up to 47 days. Supernatants were tested for WNV replication by TaqMan reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with primers for the envelope and/or 3′NC regions, and by cDNA-PCR to detect WNV minus-strand RNA and for the presence of functional virions by infectivity assays in Vero cells. RESULTS: RT-PCR TaqMan of supernatants demonstrated productive infection of MDMs. Viral load reached 2 to 5 log above baseline in 3 to 6 days and then declined, with detectable viral replication persisting for up to 47 days. WNV minus-strand RNA was detected in Day 4 cultures, indicating active viral replication. Infected MDM cultures showed no cytopathic changes. Supernatants that were TaqMan-positive for the presence of WNV-infected Vero cells and produced cytopathic effects within 3 to 5 days of culture. CONCLUSION: The susceptibility of monocytes-macrophages to productive infection in vitro is compatible with a potential role in initial WNV replication and propagation after transmission by transfusion.
The aberrant course of the cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve.

The ilioinguinal nerve was dissected in 196 adult human cadavers. A normal pattern of distribution, consistent with modern textual descriptions, was defied in 60% of in guinal regions. In 35% of the inguinal regions a previously undescribed aberrant course for the cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve was observed in which it is incorporated within the genitofemoral nerve, entered the inguinal canal at the deep inguinal ring, coursed within the cremasteric layer and emerged into the subcutaneous tissue at the superficial inguinal ring on the dorsal side of the spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus. The cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve is most frequently found on the ventral surface of the spermatic cord or round ligament during inguinal hernia operations thus an unrecognized aberrant course of this nerve within the spermatic cord is particularly susceptible to accidental trauma.
Blocked RecA protein-mediated DNA strand exchange reactions are reversed by the RuvA and RuvB proteins.

Abstract RecA protein is unable to complete a DNA strand exchange reaction between a circular single-stranded DNA and a linear duplex DNA substrate with heterologous sequences of 375 base pairs at the distal end. Instead, it generates a branched intermediate in which strand exchange has proceeded up to the homology/heterology junction. Addition of the RuvA and RuvB proteins to these stalled intermediates leads to the rapid conversion of intermediates back to the original substrates. The reversal reaction is initiated at the branch, and the hybrid DNA is unwound in the direction opposite to that of the RecA reaction that created it. Under optimal conditions the rate of the reaction exhibits only a modest dependence on the length of hybrid DNA that must be unwound. Products of the reversal reaction are detected within minutes after addition of RuvAB, and appear with an apparent first order progress curve exhibiting a tin the range of 6-12 min under optimal conditions. Few molecules that have undergone only partial reversal are detected. This suggests that the assembly or activation of RuvAB on the branched substrate is rate-limiting, while any migration of RuvAB on the DNA to effect unwinding of the hybrid DNA (and reformation of substrate DNA) is very fast. The results are discussed in the context of the role of RuvA and RuvB proteins in recombinational DNA repair. We suggest that one function of the RuvAB proteins is to act as an antirecombinase, to eliminate intragenomic crossovers between homologous segments of the bacterial chromosome that might otherwise lead to deleterious inversions or deletions.
Immunology and the elusive AIDS vaccine

Developing a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is critical to end the global acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, but many question whether this goal is achievable. Natural immunity is not protective, and despite immunogenicity of HIV vaccine candidates, human trials have exclusively yielded disappointing results. Nevertheless, there is an indication that success may be possible, but this will be dependent on understanding the antiviral immune response in unprecedented depth to identify and engineer the types of immunity required. Here we outline fundamental immunological questions that need to be answered to develop a protective HIV vaccine, and the immediate need to harness a much broader scientific community to achieve this goal.
On certain formal properties of grammars

A grammar can be regarded as a device that enumerates the sentences of a language. We study a sequence of restrictions that limit grammars first to Turing machines, then to two types of system from which a phrase structure description of the generated language can be drawn, and finally to finite state Markov sources (finite automata). These restrictions are shown to be increasingly heavy in the sense that the languages that can be generated by grammars meeting a given restriction constitute a proper subset of those that can be generated by grammars meeting the preceding restriction. Various formulations of phrase structure description are considered, and the source of their excess generative power over finite state sources is investigated in greater detail.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS AND AMYGDALA INDUCED BY VAGINAL AND OTHER PERIPHERAL STIMULI.

Abstract To test the significance of changes in the EEG evoked by vaginal stimulation in the rat we compared the response to vaginal and other stimuli at different levels of anesthesia and in different endocrine states. A characteristic activation pattern appeared most readily in the ventromedial hypothalamus and basolateral amygdala, and its morphology was affected by the level of barbiturate anesthesia. The EEG of these two areas during recovery from barbiturate anesthesia was divided into three distinct stages characterized by high voltage spikes (Stage I), bursts of waves (50–10 cycle/sec) of higher voltage than the background EEG (Stage II), and continuous fast (up to 50 cycle/sec) high voltage activity (Stage III). Nonspecific and vaginal stimulation altered the EEG during Stages II and III. Study of female rats in various stages of the estrous cycle and after ovariectomy or adrenalectomy, and of males yielded no positive evidence that EEG changes induced by vaginal stimulation were related to the release of hypophyseal gonadotrophins or corticotrophin. These studies indicate that vaginal stimulation, as performed here, is an example of a nonspecific arousing stimulus which can shift the EEG of the amygdala and the hypothalamus from Stage II to Stage III during recovery from barbiturate anesthesia. The peculiar EEG activation pattern, therefore, may be characteristic of a definite level of brain activity which reflects a balance between incoming peripheral stimuli and the level of anesthesia.
Active immunization of mice with chagastoxin.

PREVIOUSLY we reported on the immunology, immunochemistry and immunochemotherapy of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. T. cruzi has at least 9 antigens. Sonic lysates of the cultures contain antigens A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H, and the sediment contains B, E, D and X. Living trypanosomes have antigens B, E and G. Saline supernatant has antigens A, B and F, while distilled water supernatant has A, B and E, and sediment antigens B and X. The recently phenolized cultures have A, B, G and X, and old phenolized cultures have only B. 50 per cent extraction with ammonium sulphate yields A, B, E, G and F. 100 per cent saturation still extracts B, while precipitation with alcohol after full saturation with ammonium sulphate still extracts antigen B. The phenol extract and sediment (Westphal) contain no antigens, but phenol aqueous extract contains antigen B. The antigens B, E and G are major antigens. The agglutinin titre of hyperimmune rabbit serum was 1 : 10,240 and that of horse serum was 1 : 327,600. Both rabbit and horse hyperimmune sera had 1 : 4 titre of agargel precipitin. Immunotherapy with hyperimmune rabbit serum prolonged the survival time in fatal T. cruzi infection in mice two- to three-fold. Chemotherapy with 1-furaltadone, in doses of 50 mg/kg/day for two weeks, followed by 12.5 mg/kg/day for 2.5 months, protected 86.7 per cent of infected mice, while combined immunochemotherapy with hyperimmune rabbit serum plus 1-furaltadone protected all mice for at least 5 months1–3.
Impacts of 2006 Indonesian fires and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone

Abstract. We investigate the relative impacts of biomass burning emissions and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O 3 ) over western and central Indonesia during the August–November 2006 fires in equatorial Asia by using a global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem) and by comparing model results with Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of upper tropospheric CO and O 3 . GEOS-Chem CO and O 3 show similarities with MLS observed enhancements from convective lifting of fire emissions. In the tropical upper troposphere (UT), fire effluents from equatorial Asia are primarily transported southwestward to the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, driven by the high-pressure systems along 10° N–15° N and 10° S–15° S latitudes, and northeastward to southeast Asia and beyond, driven by the western North Pacific subtropical high. A characteristic feature of these CO enhancements is that they lag behind biomass burning emissions (by 2–3 weeks) at the three pressure levels 215, 147 and 100 hPa, resulting from the decreasing influence of deep convective lifting with altitude in the tropical UT. Inclusion of biomass burning injection height significantly improves model comparison with observations. We estimate the fire influences by contrasting one model simulation with year-specific and another with climatological biomass burning emissions. Biomass burning accounts for about 50–150 ppbv of CO and 5–15 ppbv of O 3 in the tropical UT below 100 hPa during October and November, with temporal variations driven by biomass burning and deep convection. We estimate the dynamic impacts by examining the difference between a model simulation for 2006 (El Nino) and another for 2005 (neutral). The dynamic impacts are far more complex and account for up to 100 ppbv of CO and 30 ppbv of O 3 in the tropical UT below 100 hPa. The temporal variation of the dynamic impact on CO is driven by deep convection. The variation of the dynamic impact on O 3 depends on deep convection as well as the associated lightning NO x emissions and also reflects non-linearity of O 3 chemistry.
THE UNIVERSAL CARTOGRAPHIC DATA BASE

Numerical representation of map information is currently being used by many map customers and it has far reaching implication in cartographic compilation and use. Machine manipulation of digital data is having an impact on production processes and graphic readout. Map users, interested in geography, land-use, geology, hydrology, geodesy and other earth resource information, will obtain digital thematic mapping data which will be annotated on a digital map base. This paper describes a project to standardize data codes, data representation, unit of measure, increment of data recording and other common attributes of a digital data base so that it can be used interchangeably within the Department of Defense in the preparation of maps and charts. Qualitative and quantitative requirements for digital and physical analog records will be established. La representation numerique de l'information cartographique est employee couramment par plusieurs usagers de cartes, car elle s'avere eminemment utile dans la redact...
The adsorption of proteins to pharmaceutical container surfaces

Abstract The adsorption of a variety of proteins to different pharmaceutical container surfaces was investigated. No correlation was found between the amount adsorbed and molecular mass or isoelectric point, although glass surfaces appeared to bind more protein under the experimental conditions examined.
Socialized Speech: A Proposed Resolution of the Controversy

Summary Piaget's concept of socialized speech was re-evaluated with the use of everyday preschool speech collected during free play on 174 boys and girls age 2–0 to 5–11. With one important exception, the results supported Piaget's concept of an age increment in socialized speech relative to egocentric speech. Egocentric speech (Repetition, Monologue, Collective Monologue) showed no increase with age; socialized speech (Adapted Information, Criticism and Derision, Questions and Answers) showed significant age increments. The one exception was the socialized category Commands, Requests, Threats, which like the egocentric categories, appeared early at high levels and did not increase with age. This latter finding pointed up an internal inconsistency in Piaget's formulation and suggested a possible resolution of the socialized speech controversy.
The Role of Nutrition and Diet in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review

The role of nutrition in modulating Alzheimer disease (AD) remains uncertain. Persons ingesting a Mediterranean-type diet appear to be less likely to develop AD. Epidemiologically, food combinations rich in antioxidant vitamins reduced the risk of AD. Combination formulas (eg, Souvenaid) appear to have small effects on cognition. B-vitamin supplements were mostly disappointing with inconsistent findings, except in countries where bread is not fortified with folate. They were generally negative, as were studies investigating omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Based on this review, a Mediterranean diet and/or a combination supplement, such as Souvenaid, appear to be the most beneficial approaches with the least possible adverse effects to slowing the progression of AD.
Binding of malarial circumsporozoite protein to sulfatides [Gal(3-SO4)β1-Cer] and cholesterol-3-sulfate and its dependence on disulfide bond formation between cysteines in region II

Region II of the malaria circumsporozoite (CS) protein is highly conserved between the CS proteins of different species of malaria. Amino acid sequences homologous to that of region II are found in thrombospondin, properdin, von Willebrand factor and a few other proteins. We show here that the native CS protein from the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei, and recombinant Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum CS proteins containing region II, but not recombinant proteins lacking region II, specifically bind to sulfatides and cholesterol-3-sulfate. The binding is abolished following reduction and alkylation of the proteins. Region II contains 2 cysteines separated by only 3 amino acids, S(N), V, T, and these are the only cysteines present in our recombinant proteins. Therefore, our findings strongly suggest that the region II cysteines are linked by a disulfide bond forming a small peptide loop. We also present evidence that the recognition of sulfatides, cholesterol-3-sulfate, or other cross-reactive sulfated macromolecules by region II may be required during sporozoite invasion of liver cells. Antibodies to a peptide representing region II react with live sporozoites and with sporozoites fixed with glutaraldehyde, indicating that this region is exposed on the surface of the parasites. Furthermore, we have found that the sulfatide and cholesterol-3-sulfate recognition by the CS proteins, and the invasion of hepatocytes by P. berghei sporozoites, are specifically inhibited by dextran sulfate.
Characteristics of an MM 22 medical microtron 6-MV photon beam.

Instrument AB Scanditronix offers a 6‐MV therapeuticphoton beam as an option with the 22‐MeV medical microtron (MM 22). The method of acceleration, target assembly, and use of two flattening filters produce beams having several characteristics (e.g., field flatness, penetration, and intensity) that are superior to many 6‐MV Linac beams. Characteristics of the microtron’s 6‐MV photon beams including quality, surface dose, depth of maximum dose, peak dose rates, peak scatter factors, central axis percentage depth doses, tissue maximum ratios, and beam profiles are described.
The psychological impact of genetic testing for Alzheimer disease.

Information regarding one's genetic risk for a particular disease might effectively inform medical, financial, and reproductive decisions and perhaps promote established risk reduction behaviors. However, genetic testing may also lead to significant levels of anxiety, depression, or other forms of distress, especially when psychological coping strategies and social reserves are not adequate to manage positive or inconclusive results. This paper focuses on the psychological impact of predisposition genetic testing for Alzheimer disease (AD). We present stress and coping models that capture the essence of this impact and discuss the potential role of counseling and follow-up interventions. The discussion draws primarily from the experiences of professionals working with other diseases, and seeks to expand that experience into the AD arena. In addition, we emphasize two issues we believe need additional attention in the psychological literature regarding genetic testing and counseling: (i) the psychosocial v...
A DIFFERENTIAL MEDIUM FOR THE ISOLATION OF Aspergillus flavus FROM COTTONSEED

An amended Aspergilhrs Differential (BSAD) agar prepared by a modification of Bothast and Fennell's formula [Mycologia (1974) 66: 365] using botran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) facilitated the isolation and enumeration of A. flavus from cottonseeds based on the characteristic orange yellow under-colony pigmentation after the cultures were incubated for 5 days at 28°C. Pigment production by A. flavus cultures on BSAD agar was detected by the third day of incubation. An incubation period of 5 days at 28°C is recommended for routine screening of cottonseed samples for contamination by A. flavus. At the concentrations used, botran (10 mg/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (50 mg/liter) did not interfere with the pigment production by A. flavus but decreased the numbers and colony size of other fungi and bacteria. Decrease in pH of the medium from 6.5 to 5.5, 4.5 and 3.5 resulted in decrease of the intensity of pigmentation while the sporulation of A. flavus colonies increased. When ferric citrate was omitted from ADM containing botran or was replaced with manganous sulfate, zinc sulfate or copper sulfate, orange yellow pigmentation was not produced. Kojic acid produced by strains of Aspergillus reacts with ferric citrate in the medium to produce orange-yellow pigmentation. When esculin hydrate (6,7-dihydrocoumarin-6-glucoside) was added to BSAD agar at a 1% level, deep reddish brown pigment was produced by all isolates of A. flavus and A. parasificus tested. Similarities between pigment production and nitrification by the A. flavus group of fungi was observed. Few isolates of A. oryzae produced pigmentation similar to that produced by A, flavus.
Cloning, expression and characterization of an unusual guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia

Abstract Giardia lamblia is one of the most ancient eukaryotes identified to date. It lacks de novo purine biosynthesis and is thought to rely solely on the functions of two salvage enzymes, adenine and guanine phosphoribosyltransferases (APRTase and GPRTase). We have cloned the gene encoding the G. lamblia GPRTase by complementation of the E. coli strain SO609 (Δ gpt-pro-lac, thi, hpt, pup, pur H,J, str A) with a genomic library consisting of Sau 3AI-digested G. lamblia DNA inserted into the Bluescript™ vector. Transformed SO609 colonies grew on minimal medium supplemented with guanine at a frequency of 3.3 × 10 −5 ampicillin-resistant colonies, but were unable to salvage hypoxanthine or xanthine, as predicted from previous studies of the native G. lamblia GPRTase. The sequence analysis of cloned DNA fragments reveals an open reading frame of 690 bp, encoding a protein of 26.3 kDa with an estimated pI of 6.83, in agreement with the reported subunit molecular weight of the native G. lamblia GPRTase. The deduced protein has less than 20% sequence identity to the human and other known HGPRTases, and features several significant changes in the primary sequence of the putative active sites of the enzyme, which may reflect the stringent substrate specificity of GPRTase. The recombinant GPRTase was expressed in E. coli and purified to >95% homogeneity. Kinetic studies of the recombinant enzyme showed an apparent K m of 74 μM for guanine. Hypoxanthine as an alternate purine substrate was used only when present in millimolar amounts, and xanthine was not utilized at all. This Giardia enzyme is thus a highly unique purine PRTase without a known parallel in any other living organisms.
Stability, inhibition and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase covalently coupled to glass

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was covalently coupled to a silanized fritted glass disc by a diazonium salt reaction and by a diimide condensation. The diimide-coupled adduct survived numerous assays and chemical studies for a period of 55 days at room temperature in contrast to the diazonium-coupled adduct which rapidly lost activity. Both adducts exhibited a lesser pronounced dependence of activity on pH than the free enzyme, reflecting the weak buffering action of the silanol-silane surface. The diimide adduct is inhibited by diethyl p -nitrophenyl phosphate and can be reactivated by either Toxigonin or alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydralase, EC 3.1.3.1).
On elliptic equations in a half space or in convex wedges with irregular coefficients

Abstract We consider second-order elliptic equations in a half space with leading coefficients measurable in a tangential direction. We prove the W p 2 -estimate and solvability for the Dirichlet problem when p ∈ ( 1 , 2 ] , and for the Neumann problem when p ∈ [ 2 , ∞ ) . We then extend these results to equations with more general coefficients, which are measurable in a tangential direction and have small mean oscillations in the other directions. As an application, we obtain the W p 2 -solvability of elliptic equations in convex wedge domains or in convex polygonal domains with discontinuous coefficients.
First Do No Harm: Critical Analyses of the Roads to Health Care Reform

Health care reform poses numerous challenges. A core challenge is to make health care more efficient and effective without causing more harm than benefit. Additionally, those fashioning health-care policy must encourage patients to exercise caution and restraint when expending scarce resources; restrict the ability of politicians to advance their careers by promising alluring but costly entitlements, many of which they will not be able to deliver; face the demographic challenges of an aging population; and avoid regulations that create significant inefficiencies and restrict access to health care. Given such real-world challenges, how should health care be reformed in the United States or elsewhere? This number of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy examines many of the complex issues that must be considered in reforming a health-care system.
The Significance of Secondary Depression

Secondary depression is a depression in an individual who has one or more preexisting, nonaffective psychiatric disorders or an incapacitating or life-threatening medical illness which precedes and parallels the symptoms of depression. Secondary depression is commonly seen in patients presenting to psychiatric facilities. For every 5 patients who are seen with a diagnosis of depression, approximately 2 should be classified as secondary. A patient with secondary depression is more likely to be younger, male, and to have a family history of alcoholism. His first diagnosis is most likely to be alcoholism; however, the preceding diagnosis varies depending on the setting in which the patient is seen. Hysteria, sociopathy, drug abuse and anxiety neurosis are also common. The symptom picture of secondary depression is almost indistinguishable from primary depression. One important reason a patient enters psychiatric treatment is that he develops a coexistent depression.
Exploring the Effects of Changes in Design on the Analytical Uses of the NCVS Data

In 1992 changes were made in the design of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to improve its accuracy and utility. Little is known about the effect of the redesign on the analytic uses of the NCVS. This paper examines the effects of the redesign across population subgroups important in analyses of victimization. This extends work on modeling victimization and begins the construction of a measurement model that addresses the reliability and validity of NCVS data across important analytic subgroups. These two goals are interrelated. If the redesign has a differential effect across subgroups, then it is critical to understand whether these effects increase or decrease the validity of the data. Assessing validity requires developing a model of survey response against which the results of the redesign can be compared. If differences across designs are consistent with expectation from the survey response model, then we can use these new data for substantive analyses. The design change had little effect on models of victimization. The effects observed were largely consistent with expectation from a survey response model except in the simple assault model, where the effects of age and income on victimization were reduced in the new design.
Factorizable supersymmetric S-matrices in two dimensions with general internal symmetry for massive excitations with vanishing central charge

Abstract Factorizable supersymmetric S-matrices for massive particles with vanishing central charge are shown to decouple into the product of two S-matrices. Only one carries the isospin content and the other is the S-matrix of the supersymmetric sine-Gordon model.
Amyris amazonica (Rutaceae), a new species from Ecuador

Amyris amazonica, from the Amazonian forests of northeastern Ecuador, is described. This new species is characterized by a shrubby or arborescent habit, very large unifoliolate leaves, long petioles, and fasciculate, pseudoracemose inflorescences.
Dinitrogen activation by titanium sandwich complexes.

The activation of dinitrogen by titanium sandwich complexes of the general form (η5-C5Me4R)2Ti (R = CHMe2, CMe3, SiMe3) has been systematically investigated. Low-temperature, in situ, solution infrared spectroscopy has allowed detection of monomeric bis-dinitrogen complexes of titanium that are isostructural with more familiar dicarbonyl derivatives. One example, (η5-C5Me4CHMe2)2Ti(N2)2, has also been characterized by X-ray diffraction and reveals weakly activated dinitrogen ligands. From the solution IR data, the relative azophilicity of the titanium sandwich complexes has been established and increases with smaller cyclopentadienyl substituents.
Action of oral and parenteral bethanechol on decompensated bladder

A double blind balanced Latin-square study was conducted on 20 adult patients with decompensated bladders to determine the relative effectiveness of oral and parenteral bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) on the stretch response of bladder muscle. Detrusor reaction was measured by modified cystometry. Five mg. of subcutaneous bethanechol chloride produced a significant increase in intravesical pressure which was more rapid in onset, of larger magnitude, and of shorter duration than oral doses of 100 and 200 mg.
A counterexample to a Voronoi constellation conjecture

Voronoi constellations are of interest because it is possible to save on signal power by choosing a lattice for which the second moment of the Voronoi region is close to that of a sphere with the same dimensionality. A Voronoi constellation based on the lattice partition Lambda / Lambda /sub s/ is the set of points in some translate Lambda +a that fall within the Voronoi region R( Lambda /sub s/). G.D. Forney, Jr. (1989) proposed an algorithm for constructing Voronoi constellations and conjectured that this algorithm minimized the average signal power. A two-dimensional counterexample, to Forney's conjecture is presented. >
Simultaneous Vapor Deposition Of Metal And Monomeric Compounds: Lithographic Applications

We have published methods for bringing highly reactive metal atoms and/or ions and volatile organic monomers together in the vapor phase, thus achieving deposition of uniform metal-containing polymer films on a desired substrate. In the present study of blending of gold and other metals with polyimides, an evaporated gold vapor was mixed with vapors of aromatic dicarboxylic dianhydride and of oxydianiline to deposit uniform films on the substrate. Deposited polymer films were heated at 300°C on a hot plate to remove an excess of either monomer, and to convert the polyamic acid to the polyimide films. An optical absorption band due to gold clusters in the films appeared around 600 nm. The resulting polyimide film was image-wise delineated, using a silicon-containing photo-resist and oxygen RIE, to give relief images with vertical wall profiles. The oxygen RIE rate was measured as a function of the gold content in the films. As long as gold particles are isolated, the RIE rate is not reduced significantly. This kind of imaging technology with a heavy gold content which produces polyimide films may be useful in x-ray mask fabrication and other processes. Polymer films other than polyimides with gold clusters have been reported.2'3
Classification of concentration profiles in quaternary diffusion couples

Abstract Concentration profiles that can occur in quaternary diffusion couples have been classified into five types according to the number of extrema, the initial concentration differences, and the concentration gradient at the initial interface. The various profiles that are possible have zero, two or four extrema and are illustrated in this work by plotting appropriate error function solutions to the diffusion equation. The conditions under which the different types occur and the transitions between types, are given as well for quaternary systems. The only assumptions made are that the diffusivity is constant in the reaction zone and that the system is single phase.
The Mammary Elimination of Radioiodine

Summary The oral administration of I 131 -labeled iodocasein to a lactating rabbit resulted in the identification of monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, and iodide in the milk. The oral administration of single doses to lactating goats resulted in the mammary elimination of an average of 15.5% of the administered iodine as iodide. Oral administration to lactating goats resulted in the mammary elimination of an average of 50% of the administered radioactive iodine as iodide. In a single experiment, the levels of elimination of orally administered sodium iodide 131 in the milk, urine, and feces were 45.3%, 40.7%, and 2.3%, respectively. In a single experiment 31.2% of an oral dose of carrier-free sodium iodide 131 was eliminated in the milk of a lactating goat as iodide. A chromatographic-radioautographic technique capable of separating monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, and sodium iodide from skimmilk failed to detect the presence of any iodine compounds other than iodide in the milk of goats treated with I 131 -labeled iodocasein or sodium iodide.
Functional Testing of Microprocessors

This paper presents a new and systematic method to generate tests for microprocessors. A functional level model for the microprocessor is used and it is represented by a reduced graph. A new and comprehensive model of the instruction execution process is developed. Various types of faults are analyzed and it is shown that with the use of appropriate codewords all faults can be classified into three types. This gives rise to a systematic procedure to generate tests which is independent of the microprocessor implementation details. Tests are given to detect faults in any microprocessor, first for the READ register instructions, and then for the remaining instructions. These tests can be executed by the microprocessor in a self-test mode, thus dispensing with the need for an external tester.
Empirical Bayes estimation for the conditional extreme value model

A new estimation strategy for estimating the parameters of the Heffernan and Tawn conditional extreme value model is proposed. The technique makes use of empirical Bayes estimation for the conditional likelihood that otherwise does not have a simple closed-form expression. The approach is tested on simulations from different types of extreme dependence (and independence) structures, as well as for two real data cases consisting of precipitation analysis conditional on extreme temperature in Boulder, Colorado, and Los Angeles, California, USA. The strategy generally has good coverage when informative priors are used for one of the parameters, except for the independence case where the coverage is low until the sample size reaches about 50. Results for the precipitation and temperature data are found to be consistent with the semi-non-parametric strategy. The presented model can be potentially applied in a wide variety of science fields, especially in earth, environment and climate sciences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intertemporal production externalities, technical change, and public expenditure analysis

Abstract This paper discusses the implications of relative price change for public expenditure analysis involving natural environments. It develops a model which identifies those demand and supply factors which must be considered in the evaluation of the time stream of benefits associated with the amenity services provided by natural environments in their preserved status.
Computation of supersonic viscous flows around pointed bodies at large incidence

A recently reported parabolized Navier-Stokes method has been extended to compute turbulent supersonic flows around cones and an ogive-cylinder body at large incidence. The algebraic eddy-viscosity turbulence model contained in the code was modified to properly account for the large regions of cross-flow separation that occur in these flows. Extensive comparisons between computed results and experimentally measured flow fields are presented. The results show good agreement for viscous-layer profiles and details of the external leeward-side vortex structure at angles of attack up to three times the cone half angles. Details of the modified turbulence model are presented and discussed.
Tumor localization using cone-beam CT reduces setup margins in conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for lung tumors

Purpose To determine whether setup margins can be reduced using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to localize tumor in conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for lung tumors. Methods and Materials A total of 22 lung cancer patients were treated with curative intent with conventionally fractionated radiotherapy using daily image guidance with CBCT. Of these, 13 lung cancer patients had sufficient CBCT scans for analysis (389 CBCT scans). The patients underwent treatment simulation in the BodyFix immobilization system using four-dimensional CT to account for respiratory motion. Daily alignment was first done according to skin tattoos, followed by CBCT. All 389 CBCT scans were retrospectively registered to the planning CT scans using automated soft-tissue and bony registration; the resulting couch shifts in three dimensions were recorded. Results The daily alignment to skin tattoos with no image guidance resulted in systematic (Σ) and random (σ) errors of 3.2–5.6 mm and 2.0–3.5 mm, respectively. The margin required to account for the setup error introduced by aligning to skin tattoos with no image guidance was approximately 1–1.6 cm. The difference in the couch shifts obtained from the bone and soft-tissue registration resulted in systematic (Σ) and random (σ) errors of 1.5–4.1 mm and 1.8–5.3 mm, respectively. The margin required to account for the setup error introduced using bony anatomy as a surrogate for the target, instead of localizing the target itself, was 0.5–1.4 cm. Conclusion Using daily CBCT soft-tissue registration to localize the tumor in conventionally fractionated radiotherapy reduced the required setup margin by up to approximately 1.5 cm compared with both no image guidance and image guidance using bony anatomy as a surrogate for the target.
Simulations of Credits Concept with User Input for Collaborative Air Traffic Management

This paper describes the procedure and outcome of a human-in-the-loop simulation experiment. The purpose of the simulation was to study feasibility of incorporating user flight preferences in air traffic demand and capacity management. Five airline dispatchers specified flight priorities for multiple routes. These priorities were used for airspace constraint management by creating a new credit ranked flight departure schedule. One air traffic manager prescribed and managed the airspace constraints. The dispatchers were trained on the system using different traffic scenarios. A realistic data set with convective weather was used for generating final results. Based on the experiment results, the credits concept allowed users to prioritize their flights and to distribute delays as per their preference. It was also observed that the delays could be reduced and better distributed among users with respect to a first-come-first served schedule, without violating airspace constraints. The study elicited several factors for prioritizing flights from the users’ perspective, which could be used in future fast-time simulations.
The adhesive pads of Heteroptera: a re-examination

SYNOPSIS The behaviour of the setae on the tibial adhesive pads of Rhoduius prolixus is described and compared with that of the digital setae of lizards.
Winning and Losing: Understanding Managers' Reactions to Strategic Change

Managers' interpretation of and reactions to large-scale organizational change that resulted in a new business unit strategy are examined in one firm. We find differences in the configuration of attitudes that predict support for the strategy, depending upon whether the employees gained or lost power and opportunity as a result of the change. Among “winners,” the strongest predictor of support for the new strategy was positive career expectations and current career satisfaction. Among “losers,” the strongest predictor was belief that people had been treated fairly during the change process.
Microstructure Fiber Based Optical Parametric Oscillators

The current status of fiber based optical parametric oscillators is presented with a focus on pulsed systems employing microstructure fibers. It is shown based on standard expressions for parametric processes in optical fibers that systems employing short (less than a few cm) optical fibers lead to superior performance in terms of wavelength tunability and output power. Practical guidelines for realizing a working system are given. These devices are now practical as ultrafast pulsed-light sources and for extending the wavelengths of operation of existing mode-locked fiber lasers.
Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the skull base presenting with cranial neuropathies: case report and literature review.

Objectives We report our institutional experience with calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the skull base that presented with cranial neuropathies. These lesions are also known as fibro-osseous lesions, cerebral calculi, or brain stones. Results One patient presented with facial numbness and retro-orbital pain secondary to compression of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve at the anterior portion of the infratemporal fossa. The other patient presented with occipital headaches and hypoglossal nerve palsy. This patient was found to have a calcified lesion in the posterior fossa, which eroded the left occipital condyle. Conclusion Calcifying pseudoneoplasms are benign, slow-growing masses that are apparently cured by gross total resection. Even with incomplete tumor resection, the prognosis is considered to be favorable. We advocate a minimally invasive surgical resection of such tumors involving the cranial nerves.
Estimation of Genetic Covariance from Joint Offspring-Parent and Sib-Sib Statistics

Formulae for calculating the variances and covariances of estimates of genetic variance or covariance from offspring-parent and sib covariance data are presented. The model consists of a one-way classification of families with unequal numbers of offspring, where normally distributed traits x (a parental measure), y and z (offspring measures) are recorded. Procedures for pooling offspring-parent and sib covariance estimators are discussed. An application of the results to estimating genetic variance is presented, and the offspring-parent and sib covariance estimators and a pooled statistic are compared in terms of exact and asymptotic formulae. Implications for experimental design and allocation of experimental resources are also reported.
Effects of HIV Medication Complexity and Depression on Adherence to HIV Medication.

Background: While much is known about the association between drug regimen complexity and drug adherence, little is known about how this association is affected by patient depression. Objective: To examine whether the relationship between medication adherence and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen complexity varied with mental health status. Methods: The analysis included 1192 respondents to HCSUS who were receiving HAART at the second HCSUS follow-up interview (1997–8). Self-reported past-week HAART adherence, current mental health status, and an aggregate measure of regimen complexity were used in the analysis. Regression models with interactions between mental health status and medication complexity were estimated to assess differential associations with adherence. Results: Patients with high depressive/anxiety symptoms had lower odds of adherence to HAART medication (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; p < 0.05) than those with low depressive symptoms at mean medication complexity. However, this association was found to vary by HAART medication complexity. Under high depressive symptoms, odds of adhering to a low-complexity regimen were 9% lower than odds of adhering to a regimen of mean complexity (OR= 0.91). Under low depressive symptoms, odds of adhering to a low-complexity regimen were 44% higher than for a regimen of mean complexity (OR= 1.44). In contrast, odds of adhering to a highly complex regimen compared with a regimen of mean complexity were 10% higher under high depressive symptoms (OR= 1.10) and 30% lower for low depressive symptoms (OR= 0.70). Thus, high levels of depression have ORs for adherence that increase with HIV drug complexity, while low levels of depression have ORs for adherence that decline with HIV drug complexity (the two trends differ by p = 0.10). In a second measure of mental health, similar results were found between low and high emotional well-being (the two trends differ by p<0.05). Conclusion: While individuals with poorer mental health generally have poor adherence, these individuals may have been preferentially targeted with adherence support interventions as the medication regimen complexity increased. Physicians should now begin to target adherence interventions to patients with less complex HIV regimens.
Automated phase assignment for the synthesis of low power domino circuits

High performance circuit techniques such as domino logic have migrated from the microprocessor world into more mainstream ASIC designs. The problem is that domino logic comes at a heavy cost in terms of total power dissipation. For mobile and portable devices such as laptops and cellular phones, a high power dissipation is an unacceptable price to pay for high performance. Hence, we study synthesis techniques that allow designers to take advantage of the speed of domino circuits while at the same time to minimize total power consumption. Specifically, in this paper we present three results related to automated phase assignment for the synthesis of low power domino circuits: (1) We demonstrate that the choice of phase assignment at the primary outputs of a circuit can significantly impact power dissipation in the domino block (2) We propose a method for efficiently estimating power dissipation in a domino circuit and (3) We apply the method to determine a phase assignment that minimizes power consumption in the final circuit implementation. Preliminary experimental results on a mixture of public domain benchmarks and real industry circuits show potential power savings as high as 34% over the minimum area realization of the logic. Furthermore, the low power synthesized circuits still meet timing constraints.
The Relation between GPA and Exam Performance during Interteaching and Lecture.

A growing number of studies have shown that interteaching produces better student-learning outcomes than more traditional teaching methods such as lecture. But to date, no studies have directly examined whether interteaching is differentially effective for students who typically earn either good or bad grades in their courses. In this study, we alternated between interteaching and lecture several times during the semester and measured the exam performance of students with low, moderate, and high grade point averages. We found that interteaching improved the exam scores for students in each of these groups but that the improvement was most noticeable for students with low and moderate GPAs. Thus, interteaching may be especially useful for students who typically earn lower grades in their courses.