cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Continuing Biochemical Challenge of PAF and Closely Related Lipid Mediators

The discovery that platelet-activating factor (PAF) was a biologically active phosphoglyceride expanded dramatically our concept of the role of the phospholipids in cellular events. In the past fifteen years of study on PAF and related lipid mediators, it is evident that on the one hand they shared many features in common with the more conventional phosphoglycerides, but on the other hand, the bio-active phosphoglycerides which appear to be restricted to those with choline or hydrogen in the polar head (base) group, had certain characteristics unique unto themselves. It is appropriate then to review the similarities in these two classes of compounds together with a discussion of their differences.
Vibronic spectrum of Gd/sup 3 +/ in BeF/sub 2/ class

Vibronic sidebands associated with the $^{6}P_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}$ transition of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in Be${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ glass are observed with the use of line-narrowed fluorescence techniques. Comparison of the relative intensities of peaks in vibronic, polarized Raman, and infrared (${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$) spectra demonstrate that different selection rules are operative. No variation of vibronic spectra with laser excitation wavelength was detected.
Determination of Cadmium by Magnetic Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Flow Injection Preconcentration and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACTMagnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes were incorporated on iron oxide nanoparticles and used for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of cadmium prior to quantification by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection analysis. Cadmium was retained in a microcolumn filled with the magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes and quantitatively eluted with nitric acid. The major parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated, including the sample pH, sample flow rate, sorbent amount, sample volume, eluent concentration, and eluent volume. The optimum conditions were pH 7.0, a flow rate of 16 µL s−1, 10 mg of magnetic nanoparticles, a sample volume of 10 mL, an eluent concentration of 0.1 mol L−1, and an eluent volume of 1 mL. The linear dynamic range was from 0.01 to 10 µg L−1, with a relative standard deviation of 2.3% at 1.0 µg L−1. The limit of detection was 1.2 ng L−1 and the preconcentration factor was approximately 160. The accuracy of the method was evaluated ...
The Value of Fun in Physical Activity

According to students, fun, good grades and time with friends are the three key outcomes of physical education. A further review of fun in physical education, from the perspective of students, is included in this article. Selected responses from interviews with high school students reference fun as an important part of their experience in physical education. Teachers who interact with students individually during class create a positive learning environment. From a student's perspective, teachers who demonstrate knowledge and enthusiasm are more engaging, and make the class more fun and interesting. Teacher engagement and an awareness of students' perception of fun are discussed as two intricate components of improving experiences of students in high school physical education. The use of curriculum models to engage students, such as the personal system of instruction, is also a consideration for increasing participation.
The Symmetric and Fully Distributed Solution to a Generalized Dining Philosophers Problem: An Analogue of the Coupling Theory of Relaxations in Complex Correlated Systems

In the past ten years we as well as our coworkers[1–4] have made various attempts to understand irreversible processes (i.e. relaxations) in complex correlated systems (CCS’s). The latter includes structural relaxation of supercooled liquids and glasses, motions of segments or entire chains in dense entangled polymers, ionic conductivity relaxations in vitreous ionic conductors with large concentration of mobile ions, etc. The common characteristic of these is that the elementary units responsible for the relaxation process are correlated with or coupled to each other. An elementary unit can no longer relax independently as if the others were not present. The loss of independence is caused by the mutual constraints between the elementary units which requires the relaxation process to be highly cooperative. This many-body problem in irreversible statistical mechanics is extremely difficult to solve. At present an ab initio, first principle and parameter free theory for any relaxation process in a realistic CCS is not available. Nevertheless, much progress has been made by less ambitious approaches which use physical principles to derive the general rules of cooperative relaxations in CCS’s. These approaches, whenceforth summarily referred to as the coupling theory, are not parameter free but provide a whole host of predictions that can be and have been verified. Many research opportunities remain in the quest for a better understanding of cooperative relaxation processes. We are constantly on the lookout for alternative methods to solve this problem. In this contribution we shall present a solution based on a recent advance in computer science to solve a similar problem.
Differentially Strained P-Doped Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector

In this paper, we discuss a differentially strained p-doped quantum well infrared photodetector that achieves high performance specifications. We examine key device specifications for a 9 and 18 μm infrared detector. We calculate that through differential strain, these novel detectors have improved gain and substantially reduced dark current over previous quantum well infrared photodetectors, while being able to detect normal incident light.
EFFECTS OF HUMMINGBIRD MIGRATION ON PLANT SPECIATION IN THE CALIFORNIA FLORA

It has been established by ornithologists that the high mountains of California are summer collecting grounds for hummingbirds which have been widely dispersed over areas of lower elevation in late winter and spring. In this paper we shall show that a correlated condition exists in the plant life of California. Those hummingbird-pollinated plant species which grow in the high mountains and bloom in summer often occur in sympatric flocks, whereas the bird-pollinated plants growing in the lowlands and foothills and blooming in winter and spring tend to occur in an allopatric state. We shall argue that the observed correlation between the seasonal migratory movements of hummingbirds in California and the distribution patterns of plant species pollinated by these hummingbirds is not a mere coincidence, but is a result of the interactions between the bird and the plant populations. It seems probable that the dense aggregations of hummingbirds in the high mountains of California in summer have brought about the characteristic pattern of plant speciation found in the same region.
The design of antimicrobial LL37-modified collagen-hyaluronic acid detachable multilayers

Abstract The design of antimicrobial membranes and thin films are critical for the design of biomaterials that can combat bacterial contamination. Since the long-term use of conventional antibiotics can result in bacterial resistance, there is a critical need to incorporate natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that not only prevent a wide range of pathogens from causing infections but can also promote many beneficial outcomes in wounded tissues. We report the design and antimicrobial properties of detachable collagen (COL)/hyaluronic acid (HA) polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) modified with LL-37, a naturally occurring human AMP. LL-37 was physically adsorbed and chemically immobilized on the surface of PEMs. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of PEMs were tested with Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, strain DH10B) and primary rat hepatocytes, respectively. The ability to prevent bacterial adhesion and to neutralize an E. coli layer was investigated as a function of LL-37 concentration. An interesting trend was that even unmodified PEMs exhibited a 40% reduction in bacterial adhesion. When LL-37 was physically adsorbed on PEMs, bacterial adhesion was significantly lower on the surface of the films as well as in the surrounding broth. Immobilizing LL-37 resulted in less than 3% bacterial adhesion on the surface due to the presence of the peptide. LL-37 modified PEMs did not result in any cytotoxicity up to input concentrations of 16 μM. More importantly, urea and albumin secretion by hepatocytes were unaffected even at high LL-37 concentrations. The COL/HA PEMs can serve as antimicrobial coatings, biological membranes and as in vitro platforms to investigate pathogen-tissue interactions. Statement of Significance Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are emerging as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. We report the antimicrobial properties of detachable collagen (COL)/hyaluronic acid (HA) polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) modified with LL-37, a human AMP. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties were tested with gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, strain DH10B) and primary rat hepatocytes, respectively. Unmodified PEMs exhibited a 40% reduction in bacterial adhesion. When LL-37 was physically adsorbed on PEMs, the sustained release of the active peptide killed planktonic bacteria. Immobilizing LL-37 resulted in less than 3% bacterial adhesion. LL-37 modified PEMs did not result in cytotoxicity up to input concentrations of 16 μM. The COL/HA PEMs can serve as antimicrobial coatings and to investigate pathogen-cell interactions.
Electronic Textbooks as a Professional Resource After Dental School

In two previous studies of dental students’ attitudes about the VitalSource Bookshelf, a digital library of dental textbooks, students expressed negative opinions about owning and reading electronic textbooks. With the assumption that dentists would find the digital textbooks useful for patient care, the authors surveyed recent graduates to determine if their attitude toward the VitalSource Bookshelf had changed. A brief survey was sent to 119 alumni from the classes of 2009 and 2010 of one U.S. dental school. Forty-seven (39.5 percent) completed the questionnaire. Eighteen respondents (48.3 percent) reported using the e-textbooks often or sometimes. The twenty-nine dentists who said they have not used the collection since graduation reported preferring print books or other online sources or having technical problems when downloading the books to a new computer. Only five respondents selected the VitalSource Bookshelf as a preferred source of professional information. Most of the respondents reported preferring to consult colleagues (37.8 percent), the Internet (20 percent), or hardcopy books (17.8 percent) for information. When asked in an open-ended question to state their opinion of the Bookshelf, nineteen (42.2 percent) responded positively, but almost one-third of these only liked the search feature. Six respondents reported that they never use the program. Twenty-two said they have had technical problems with the Bookshelf, including fifteen who have not been able to install it on a new computer. Many of them said they have not followed up with either the dental school or VitalSource support services to overcome this problem. Our study suggests that dentists, similar to dental students, dislike reading electronic textbooks, even with the advantage of searching a topic across more than sixty dental titles.
GIS-based allocation of herbaceous biomass in biorefineries and depots

Abstract While sufficient biomass has been identified to meet the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) 1 targets by previous studies, availability does not equal access. Our objective was to quantify the potential accessible and stranded herbaceous biomass from different scenarios of predicted available biomass in both Texas and the US. The location and size of potential biorefineries and depots was determined using the geographic location of suitable lands for biomass, the transportation infrastructure and published economic constraints for minimum biomass supplied to a facility within a specified neighborhood. Our GIS-based heuristic addresses the capacitated facility location problem by distributing potential biomass along a county's suitable lands. Road and rail proximity optionally was included in the algorithm. The total stranded biomass in Texas was 28% of the total available biomass. Including the constraint of the transportation network accessibility (rail and appropriate roads) when determining facility location increased the total stranded biomass to 33%. Using county centroids as supply points and potential facilities led to an increase of 7% in total biomass captured by all facilities in Texas when compared to our raster-based heuristic. The nationwide accessible biomass is 90% of the available biomass, 78% of which is captured by biorefineries. In total, 77 biorefineries and 171 depots were identified in the US, which projects to 184 million Mg year −1 delivered to biorefineries and depots, or 65.3 billion liters of advanced biofuels, more than the targeted 60 billion liters of advanced cellulosic biofuel in the RFS2.
Anticipating the next move: Comparing mid-older adult master athletes and chess players on their expectations regarding aging

Master athletes are often touted as the "gold standard" of healthy aging; however, there is a paucity of research concerning Master athletes and their expectations regarding biopsychosocial facets of the aging process. Positive expectations of aging have been associated with engaging in preventative health behaviours and lifespan longevity, and while previous research has suggested that Master athletes may actively resist negative age-stereotypes, no research has quantified and compared their expectations of aging. The present study investigated expectations regarding aging (via the 12-item Expectations Regarding Aging survey; ERA-12; Sarkisian et al., 2005) of Master athletes (n=103) and mid-older adult chess players (n=42) aged 50 years and greater. Results revealed that Master athletes had significantly better expectations of aging compared to those of chess players (overall ERA-12, p=0.0001; physical expectations, p=0.001; psychosocial expectations, p=0.001; cognitive expectations, p=0.0001). Furthermore, Master athletes engaged in significantly more healthy behaviours compared to chess players (e.g., more physically active, sexually active, less sedentary). Age split analyses of variance between middle age (50-64 years) and older age (65+ years) additionally revealed that both middle and older aged Master athletes had significantly better ERA-12 scores compared to middle and older chess players (p<0.05). These findings suggest that middle and older adults regularly participating in competitive physical sport have more positive expectations of the aging process than those engaging in cognitive-based competition. Considering the potential health outcomes outlined by previous literature, promotion of sport for facilitating positive expectations and healthy aging in mid-older adults warrants further research attention.
Leaders and Leadership

The goals of this chapter are to: • Clarify the differences between leaders as individuals with distinct personalities and needs versus leadership as a more theoretical and impersonal process. Show how the distinct and individual characteristics of leaders may support or inhibit the performance of their leadership function. Discuss personal characteristics and motivations of leaders from psychological perspectives. Discuss motivations and needs of subordinates (to the leader), and their impact on the leader. Describe aspects of a mutually beneficial leader/subordinate relationship during organizational transitions.
Intravenous Bevacizumab for Refractory Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia–Related Epistaxis and Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Abstract Objective To present a multiyear clinical experience with intravenous bevacizumab for the management of severe gastrointestinal bleeding and/or epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Patients and Methods All patients treated with intravenous bevacizumab for severe hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia–related bleeding from June 1, 2013, through January 31, 2017, were included in this report. Severity of epistaxis (determined using the Epistaxis Severity Score questionnaire); hemoglobin, iron, and ferritin levels; and quality of life data were collected serially in all patients. Results Intravenous bevacizumab was administered to 34 patients using a standardized treatment protocol. Anemia was primarily related to severe epistaxis (n=15, 44%), severe gastrointestinal bleeding (n=4, 12%), or both (n=15, 44%), with a median baseline hemoglobin level of 9.1 g/dL (range, 8.3-10.5 gm/dL; to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.62). Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions had been administered to 28 patients (82%). Of these, 16 patients (47%) were RBC transfusion dependent and had received a median of 75 RBC transfusions (range, 4->500 RBC units) before bevacizumab initiation. The median length of follow-up was 17.6 months from the beginning of bevacizumab treatment (range, 3-42.5 months). There was a significant reduction in epistaxis severity scores (P Conclusion Intravenous bevacizumab is an effective treatment option for patients with severe anemia related to epistaxis and/or gastrointestinal bleeding. Further studies are needed to establish a dose-response relationship as well as clinical, genetic, and biomarker predictors of response.
Living with Oxygen.

Work on the electronic structures of metal–oxo complexes began in Copenhagen over 50 years ago. This work led to the prediction that tetragonal multiply bonded transition metal–oxos would not be stable beyond the iron–ruthenium–osmium oxo wall in the periodic table and that triply bonded metal–oxos could not be protonated, even in the strongest Bronsted acids. In this theory, only double bonded metal–oxos could attract protons, with basicities being a function of the electron donating ability of ancillary ligands. Such correlations of electronic structure with reactivity have gained importance in recent years, most notably owing to the widespread recognition that high-valent iron–oxos are intermediates in biological reactions critical to life on Earth.In this Account, we focus attention on the oxygenations of inert organic substrates by cytochromes P450, as these reactions involve multiply bonded iron–oxos. We emphasize that P450 iron–oxos are strong oxidants, so strong that they would destroy nearby amin...
Cystic Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator and Drugs: Insights from Cellular Trafficking.

The eukaryotic cell is organized into membrane-delineated compartments that are characterized by specific cadres of proteins sustaining biochemically distinct cellular processes. The appropriate subcellular localization of proteins is key to proper organelle function and provides a physiological context for cellular processes. Disruption of normal trafficking pathways for proteins is seen in several genetic diseases, where a protein’s absence for a specific subcellular compartment leads to organelle disruption, and in the context of an individual, a disruption of normal physiology. Importantly, several drug therapies can also alter protein trafficking, causing unwanted side effects. Thus, a deeper understanding of trafficking pathways needs to be appreciated as novel therapeutic modalities are proposed. Despite the promising efficacy of novel therapeutic agents, the intracellular bioavailability of these compounds has proved to be a potential barrier, leading to failures in treatments for various diseases and disorders. While endocytosis of drug moieties provides an efficient means of getting material into cells, the subsequent release and endosomal escape of materials into the cytosol where they need to act has been a barrier. An understanding of cellular protein/lipid trafficking pathways has opened up strategies for increasing drug bioavailability. Approaches to enhance endosomal exit have greatly increased the cytosolic bioavailability of drugs and will provide a means of investigating previous drugs that may have been shelved due to their low cytosolic concentration.
Emergency physician use of tissue Doppler bedside echocardiography in detecting diastolic dysfunction: an exploratory study.

This study evaluates the agreement between emergency physician (EP) assessment of diastolic dysfunction (DD) by a simplified approach using average peak mitral excursion velocity (eʹA) and an independent cardiologist’s diagnosis of DD by estimating left atrial (LA) pressure using American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) guidelines. This was a secondary analysis of 48 limited bedside echocardiograms (LBE) performed as a part of a research study of patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with elevated blood pressure but without decompensated heart failure. EPs diagnosed DD based on eʹA < 9 cm/s alone. A blinded board-certified cardiologist reviewed LBEs to estimate LA filling pressures following ASE guidelines. An unweighted kappa measure was calculated to determine agreement between EP and cardiologist. Six LBEs were deemed indeterminate by the cardiologist and excluded from the analysis. Agreement was reached in 41 out of 48 cases (85.4%). The unweighted kappa coefficient was 0.74 (95% CI 0.57–0.92). EPs identified 18 out of 20 LBEs diagnosed with diastolic dysfunction by the cardiologist. There is a good agreement between (eʹA) by EP and cardiologist interpretation of LBEs. Future studies should investigate this simplified approach as a one-step method of screening for LV diastolic dysfunction in the ED.
Effects of chemical substitution on the electronic spectra of aromatic compounds: Part I. The effects of strongly perturbing substituents on benzene☆

Abstract The Doub and Vandenbelt ultraviolet spectral data on 191 substituted benzenes in aqueous solution have been reexamined. The frequency shifts of the 1 A − 1 L b transition (Doub and Vandenbelt's “secondary band”), relative to benzene, have been found to obey the Forster formula: δv= ∑ m lm + [ ∑ m Vm exp( 2πim 3 )] 2 Parameters, l and v , derived from some of the data (30 compounds) have been used with this formula to predict the remainder of the data on the 1 A - 1 L b transition (80 compounds) to within ±1 kK. The frequency shifts of the 1 A - 1 L a transition (“first primary band”) obey the following formula: δv=K( ∑ m lm′) + (x 0 − x 3 ) 2 . The first term is the sum of the “monoshifts” (as observed in the spectra of the monosubstituted benzenes). The second term involves the difference of donor and acceptor strengths for substituents para to each other and is attributed to the mixing of the 1 L a state with a low-lying substituent-to-substituent charge-transfer state. The parameter K is dependent on the number of substituents present, and is less than unity for di- and tri-substitution. The observed monoshifts and values of x derived from combinations of 13 substituents can be used to predict the spectral positions of the remaining 150 compounds to within ±1.5 kK, even for frequency shifts up to 25 kK.
Extended Incision to Expose the Innominate Vein

Operation to provide the best exposure of the complex innominate-subclavian vein that sometimes is necessary to correct obstruction or injury to those vessels.
Raman, Photoconductive, and Acoustoelectric Probes of Residual Deep Impurities and Absorption in GaAs

We present several techniques to test and characterize GaAs for residual deep impurities and weak optical absorption at 1.06 µ. 90° Raman scattering intensities were measured as a function of position along a sample to probe the attenuation of a collimated YAG laser beam and to obtain the absorption coefficient. The absorption at 1.06 µ may be due to native defects. Their concentration was obtained from saturation photoconductive studies with intense Q-switched YAG laser radiation. A 25 fold increaselin conductivity yielded a defect concentration of ≈ 1016 cm−3. In addition we have used propagating acoustoelectric domains, ≈ 1 mm wide, to scan the sample for inhomogeneities in both dark and photoexcited carrier concentration.
Using Trajectory Measurements to Estimate the Region of Attraction of Nonlinear Systems

We propose a method to estimate the region of attraction of a nonlinear ODE based only on measurements of the trajectory - implying that the nonlinear vector field need not be known a priori. This method is based on using trajectory data to determine values of a form of converse Lyapunov function at a finite number of points in the state-space. Least absolute deviations is then used to fit this data to a Sum-of-Squares polynomial whose level sets then become estimates for the region of attraction. This learned Lyapunov function can then be used to predict whether newly generated initial conditions lie in the region of attraction. Extensive numerical testing is used to show that the method correctly predicts whether a new initial condition is within the region of attraction of the nonlinear ODE on over 95% of a generated set of test data.
Learning Outcomes for Adolescent SBIRT Simulation Training in Social Work and Nursing Education

Early alcohol and drug use is linked to a range of immediate and long-term consequences with youth. It is essential that social workers and nurses receive training to recognize and address substanc...
Expansion, Enrollment, and Inequality of Educational Opportunity:

This article calls into question the view that educational expansion has a causal effect on class-based inequalities of educational opportunity. This view, the impetus for many studies, is flawed b...
Observation of fenbendazole fluorescent effect in small animal optical imaging

3726 Small animals such as mice and rats are very good models in biomedical research on cancer, especially when non-invasive in vivo imaging is used. Virtually every biomedical research institute and pharmaceutical company now has small animal imaging facilities that support scientists’ studies. Infection, especially pinworm infection, is a very serious issue that each animal facility tries to prevent and has to face and manage. Fenbendazole (FBZ), a type of anthelmintic drug, is often used to treat various gastrointestinal parasites including roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, the taenia species of tapeworms, pinworms, aelurostrongylus, paragonimiasis, strongyles and strongyloides. It is also effective against Giardia, a protozoan and several species of lungworm and even some flukes. In order to prevent pinword infection in animal housing facilities in the long run, especially for longitudinal animal imaging studies, it has been suggested that all mice and rats be given fenbendazole-containing feed, on a prophylactic basis. However, fenendazole is a fluorescent compound that may contribute to background in imaging studies. We evaluated whether fenbendazole in the food interferes with fluorescence optical imaging signals of interest. Our preliminary data show a strong fenbendazole fluorescent signal in the mouse belly area that might interfere or overlap with the region of interest of a particular study. Using measurements of fluorescence intensity or fluorescence life-time imaging, it is clear that fenbendazole-containing diets contribute to high background signal in the gastrointestinal tract of imaged living mice. More research is required to develop strategies to reduce or eliminate this background which could improve the sensitivity and specificity of in vivo imaging studies.
Evaluating impacts of a wetland field trip: a case study with urban middle school students

As societies search for ways to deal with increasing environmental issues due to human impacts, the urgency increases for public schools to produce graduates who are environmentally literate and th...
A Differential Game Theoretic Neural Optimizer for Training Residual Networks.

Connections between Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) training and optimal control theory has attracted considerable attention as a principled tool of algorithmic design. Differential Dynamic Programming (DDP) neural optimizer is a recently proposed method along this line. Despite its empirical success, the applicability has been limited to feedforward networks and whether such a trajectory-optimization inspired framework can be extended to modern architectures remains unclear. In this work, we derive a generalized DDP optimizer that accepts both residual connections and convolution layers. The resulting optimal control representation admits a game theoretic perspective, in which training residual networks can be interpreted as cooperative trajectory optimization on state-augmented dynamical systems. This Game Theoretic DDP (GT-DDP) optimizer enjoys the same theoretic connection in previous work, yet generates a much complex update rule that better leverages available information during network propagation. Evaluation on image classification datasets (e.g. MNIST and CIFAR100) shows an improvement in training convergence and variance reduction over existing methods. Our approach highlights the benefit gained from architecture-aware optimization.
COVID-19 and Youth Impacted by Juvenile and Adult Criminal Justice Systems.

* Abbreviation: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease Youth impacted by the US juvenile and adult criminal justice systems are an important, largely overlooked pediatric population at grave risk of devastating consequences from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Correctional facilities have high likelihood of COVID-19 outbreak, portending disproportionate risk and challenges to 3 groups of US children: (1) the 44 000 incarcerated youth,1 (2) the 2.7 million children whose parents are incarcerated,2 and (3) the hundreds of thousands of children whose parents work in correctional settings.3 As multiple correctional facilities become US epicenters for COVID-19, incarcerated youth and youth in contact with adults living or working in corrections have heightened medical risk of contracting COVID-19. Additionally, the susceptibility of jails, prisons, and detention centers to COVID-19 challenges the wellbeing of all children impacted directly or indirectly by the justice system. The COVID-19 correctional health crisis has advocacy and clinical implications for pediatric health professionals, including for providers in community ambulatory and hospitals settings, necessitating urgent action to protect a group of children already known to face significant vulnerabilities. Young people can experience significant COVID-19 morbidity and even fatality. In response, the pediatric community has galvanized and innovated to swiftly meet youth’s medical needs, such as through national advocacy efforts and by ramping up telehealth services. We must also remember youth impacted by the justice system. Although it can be easy to forget the plight of youth and adults in custody, especially during the COVID-19 global crisis, doing so will threaten the health of children and families across the … Address correspondence to Elizabeth S. Barnert, MD, MPH, MS, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 12-467 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail: ebarnert{at}mednet.ucla.edu
Purposeful interpersonal interaction and the point of diminishing returns for graduate learners

Abstract Social constructivist based course designs in online learning are emphasized in higher education as a way to highlight and capitalize on the benefits of interpersonal interaction. Course designers have generally taken a “more is better” approach to interpersonal interaction; however, some evidence points to a point of diminishing returns for interpersonal interaction. Purposeful interpersonal interaction (PII) is a framework for identifying high quality interpersonal interactions which are demonstrated to lead to better student outcomes. This study attempted to shed insight on how PII relates to student satisfaction and perceived learning in asynchronous environments by comparing courses in two graduate business programs. Results demonstrated that greater PII does generally lead to greater student satisfaction and perceived learning. Comparison of the programs also revealed that similar levels of satisfaction and learning can be achieved despite lesser levels of PII, giving evidence of a point of diminishing returns.
Closed-loop automated reaching apparatus (CLARA) for interrogating motor systems

ABSTRACT Objective: Personalized neurostimulation is a rapidly expanding category of therapeutics for a broad range of indications. Development of these innovative neurological devices requires high-throughput systems for closed-loop stimulation of model organisms, while monitoring physiological signals and complex, naturalistic behaviors. To address this need, we developed CLARA, a closed-loop automated reaching apparatus. Approach: Using breakthroughs in computer vision, CLARA integrates fully-automated, markerless kinematic tracking of multiple features we use to classify animal behavior and precisely deliver neural stimulation based on behavioral outcomes. CLARA is compatible with advanced neurophysiological tools, enabling the testing of neurostimulation devices and identification of novel neurological biomarkers. Results: The CLARA system tracks unconstrained skilled reach behavior in 3D at 150hz without physical markers. The system fully automates trial initiation and pellet delivery and is capable of accurately delivering stimulation in response to trial outcome with sub-quarter second latency. Mice perform the skilled reach task in the CLARA system at a proficiency similar to manually trained animals. Kinematic data from the CLARA system provided novel insights into the dynamics of reach consistency over the course of learning, suggesting that changes are driven entirely by unsuccessful reach accuracy. Additionally, using the closed-loop capabilities of CLARA, we demonstrate that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) delivered on reach success improves skilled reach performance and increases reach trajectory consistency in healthy animals. Significance: The CLARA system is the first mouse behavior apparatus that uses markerless pose tracking to provide real-time closed-loop stimulation in response to the outcome of an unconstrained motor task. Additionally, we demonstrate that the CLARA system was essential for our finding that VNS given after successful completion of a motor task improves performance in healthy animals. This approach has high translational relevance for developing neurostimulation technology based on complex human behavior.
Individual differences in dopamine uptake in the dorsomedial striatum prior to cocaine exposure predict motivation for cocaine in male rats.

A major theme of addiction research has focused on the neural substrates of individual differences in the risk for addiction; however, little is known about how vulnerable populations differ from those that are relatively protected. Here, we prospectively measured dopamine (DA) neurotransmission prior to cocaine exposure to predict the onset and course of cocaine use. Using in vivo voltammetry, we first generated baseline profiles of DA release and uptake in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and nucleus accumbens of drug-naive male rats prior to exposing them to cocaine using conditioned place preference (CPP) or operant self-administration. We found that the innate rate of DA uptake in the DMS strongly predicted motivation for cocaine and drug-primed reinstatement, but not CPP, responding when “price” was low, or extinction. We then assessed the impact of baseline variations in DA uptake on cocaine potency in the DMS using ex vivo voltammetry in naive rats and in rats with DA transporter (DAT) knockdown. DA uptake in the DMS of naive rats predicted the neurochemical response to cocaine, such that rats with innately faster rates of DA uptake demonstrated higher cocaine potency at the DAT and rats with DAT knockdown displayed reduced potency compared to controls. Together, these data demonstrate that inherent variability in DA uptake in the DMS predicts the behavioral response to cocaine, potentially by altering the apparent potency of cocaine.
Love’s Labor’s Lost: Marry for Love, Copyright Work Made-for-Hire, and Alienate at Your Leisure

Although only two courts have decided cases involving whether under state law an author-spouse’s copyright is community property, some commentators are treating this question as settled law. There are no cases deciding these issues in non-community property states or under state laws protecting the property interests of cohabiting couples. This article will examine whether state domestic relations laws governing the allocation of copyright interests, including economic rights, are preempted by federal law. Because the articles concludes that under principles of federal preemption, the interests in the author-spouses copyrights are not subject to transfer by operation of state law; this article will then propose conceptualizing the marriage “partnership” as a legal business entity partnership and then explore whether this new business partnership understanding of marriage is consistent with the principles of both business entity law and copyright law. Finally, this article will evaluate whether treating marriage as a legal business partnership may not achieve the goals of community property allocation upon marital dissolution in a manner consistent with the statutory and constitutional purposes of copyright.
Pyramidal Inflammatory Deposits of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Outer Retina in Ocular Syphilis.

Purpose To evaluate the role of OCT in the diagnosis of uveitis secondary to syphilis. Design Consecutive, retrospective case series. Participants All patients 18 years of age or older with ocular syphilis from 2 tertiary referral centers. Methods All patients who were diagnosed with intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis secondary to syphilis were included in the study (40 patients representing a total of 62 eyes) to identify important imaging features to aid in diagnosis. Patients underwent confirmatory serologic testing, OCT imaging, and dilated examination by a uveitis specialist. Main Outcome Measure Hyperreflective retinal lesions on OCT. Results The mean age of the study population was 42.9 ± 12.16 years. Forty-five percent of the eyes included in this study harbored hyperreflective pyramidal lesions of the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium on OCT. Fifty-four percent of eyes with these imaging findings did not show a placoid retinal lesion on examination. Sixty-eighty percent of the described outer retinal lesions on OCT resolved after treatment for syphilis. Visual acuity ranged from normal (20/20) to no light perception, with a mean of 20/43 at diagnosis, and improved significantly to a mean visual acuity of 20/26 after treatment (P Conclusions Patients treated for uveitis secondary to syphilis achieve good visual recoveries. Outer retinal lesions seen on OCT are common and can serve as an additional imaging finding of the disease.
Stress Mediates the Within-Person Longitudinal Associations Between Depression and Different Anxiety Syndromes in Youth

Depressive symptoms predict within-person change in physical symptoms of anxiety and social anxiety symptoms; however, potential mediators of these within-person associations remain understudied. The current study examined whether overall stress, interpersonal stress, and achievement stress mediate the associations between depressive symptoms and physical, social, and separation anxiety symptoms for girls and boys in a sample of 680 community youth aged 8–18 (M = 11.8, SD = 2.4; 55% female) using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). Participants completed measures of anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and stress (Adolescent Life Events Questionnaire) every 3 months for 3 years (13 total assessments). Overall and interpersonal stress partly mediated the longitudinal, within-person associations between depression symptoms and physical symptoms of anxiety and between depression symptoms and social anxiety symptoms. Stress did not mediate the longitudinal associations between depression and separation anxiety symptoms. Multigroup models indicated that total stress mediated the associations between depression and physical symptoms of anxiety, and between depression and social anxiety for girls but not for boys. Results support the role of stress as a mediator of the association between depression and anxiety symptoms and suggest that, as youth experience depression-related impairment, they may generate additional stressors, which increase their symptoms of physical and social anxiety.
A Systematic Review of Science Discourse in K–12 Urban Classrooms in the United States: Accounting for Individual, Collective, and Contextual Factors:

The literature on science discourse in K–12 classrooms in the United States has proliferated over the past couple of decades, crossing geographical, disciplinary, theoretical, and methodological bo...
Recollections on the early days of the Marcé Society for Perinatal Mental Health from Professor John Cox.

Dr. Katherine Wisner interviewed Dr. John Cox, a founding member of the Marce Society. Dr. Cox discussed the beginnings of the Marce Society, his views about the current Society, and his vision for the future.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Organic Halides with CO, Olefins, and Acetylenes

Publisher Summary Metal-catalyzed carbonylations have provided practical alternatives to the organic routes. These reactions employ organic halides as starting materials and the halide group is replaced by the carbon monoxide in the reactions. These reactions offer simple and convenient methods for the preparation of a wide variety of esters, amides, aldehydes, olefins, and acetylenes. This chapter reviews the transition metal-catalyzed reactions of organic halides with CO, olefins, and acetylenes. The carbonylation of ally1 chloride with a nickel carbonyl catalyst appears to be the first useful example of an organic halide reaction to be reported. The nickel-catalyzed reaction often proceeds in high yield under mild conditions and appears to be a useful synthetic procedure. Palladium catalyzes the carbonylation of allylic, vinylic, benzylic, and aromatic halides in alcohols to form esters under conditions similar to those required by the nickel carbonyl catalyst. The palladium-catalyzed reaction offers the advantage of not requiring the use of highly toxic and volatile nickel carbonyl. Like the nickel reaction, the palladium reaction is highly tolerant of a variety of functional groups, such as ester, nitro, cyano, and ether groups.
Adenovirus Internalization and Infection Require Dynamin

The cell receptors that facilitate adenovirus internalization into cells have been identified; however, the infectious pathway of virus entry has not been established. Adenovirus entry and infection were examined in HeLa cells lacking or overexpressing mutant dynamin, a protein that specifically regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Expression of mutant dynamin significantly reduced adenovirus internalization and gene delivery, indicating a functional requirement for this molecule. These findings are consistent with virus entry via the clathrin-coated pit pathway.
Literacy: The First Decade of the New Millennium

Although the importance of literacy instruction has remained con-stant since the beginning of the new millennium, literacy trends have shifted, often alongside acts of legislation. Areas of literacy education that were once overlooked in the past like adolescent literacy and RTI are now receiving increased attention, whereas areas of literacy like phonemic awareness, phonics, and fluency receive considerably less attention than 10 years ago. Discussions describe “very hot” and “cold” topics as they relate to philosophy/approach, level, content, materials, and assessment. Educators can utilize the findings in this survey to adjust their instruction and direct atten-tion to needed areas within their own schools. Literacy: The First Decade of the New Millenium • 93 Literacy: The First Decade of the New Millennium Jack Cassidy, Ph.D. Millersville University, Millersville, PA Evan Ortlieb, Ph.D. Texas AM Cassidy, Ortlieb, & Shettel, 2010/2011). Rather than review the whole decade, we looked specifically at two years: 2000, when we interviewed literacy leaders for the 2001 list and 2010, when we interviewed our panel for the 2011 list. 94 • Reading Horizons • V51.2 • 2011
DNA Microarrays and Gene Expression: From Experiments to Data Analysis and Modeling

Preface 1. A brief history of genomics 2. DNA array formats 3. DNA array readout methods 4. Gene expression profiling experiments: problems, pitfalls and solutions 5. Statistical analysis of array data: inferring changes 6. Statistical analysis of array data: dimensionality reduction, clustering, and regulatory regions 7. Survey of current DNA array applications 8. Systems biology: overview of regulatory, metabolic and signaling networks.
A high-swing class-AB CMOS operational amplifier

A circuit topology for high-swing, high-linearity class-AB CMOS operational amplifiers has been developed. The technique uses parallel-connected input pairs with appropriate DC bias/level shifting circuitry to obtain an input common-mode voltage range that equals or exceeds the output linear range, and is nearly equal to the total power supply voltage. High linearity is achieved by summing the DC bias and AC small-signal currents so that the small-signal voltage gain is approximately constant over the full input common-mode voltage range. >
M-GROUPS OF ORDER paqb: A THEOREM OF LOUKAKI

Let p and q be odd primes, and let G be an M-group of order paqb. Loukaki has proven that if N is a normal subgroup of G, then N is an M-group. In this paper, we present a simpler proof of Loukaki's theorem. We also present a slight generalization of Loukaki's theorem.
Durability studies of solar reflector materials exposed to environmental stresses

Methods that allow accurate prediction of service lifetimes need to be developed and demonstrated to spur the commercialization of solar reflector materials and systems. Without confident knowledge of service lifetimes, uncertainties in life cycle cost and warranty projections will significantly limit the economic viability of solar concentrators. To assure general and robust usefulness, methods should be based on correlations between accelerated, laboratory-controlled environmental stress factors and actual deployment conditions for a variety of applicable geographical locations. Accelerated experiments have identified the key stress factors of UV radiation, temperature, and relative humidity, and their effect on loss of performance, for a particular class of reflector materials. A model is proposed that allows prediction of the time dependent degradation of such materials as an analytic function of combined applied stresses. The model is shown to provide excellent agreement with measured performance data and provides a strong basis for future comparisons with data collected in field tests.
I. Productivity, nest sites, and habitat of Red-shouldered and Red-tailed Hawks in Iowa. II. Status, habitat utilization, and management of Red-shouldered Hawks in Iowa

S INTRODUCTION General Introduction Explanation of Thesis Format PART I. PRODUCTIVITY, NEST SITES, AND HABITAT OF RED-SHOULDERED AND RED-TAILED HAWKS Page
Tomorrow's Cyber Unions

Extraordinary changes in information technologies challenge organized labor to adapt without end. Technological advances are evident in the building of alliances, modernization of communications, fresh tactics in organizing, and the upgrading of staff development. Worries persist about a possible related erosion in face-to-face relations, loss of control over the medium, generational rifts, loss of confidentiality, and (unappreciated) work overload. Thanks to a growing core of digerati inside the labor movement, there is hope that the CyberUnion model will soon receive the fair trial it warrants.