cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term results (>25 years) of a randomized, prospective clinical trial evaluating chemotherapy in patients with high-grade, operable osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: The authors present the long-term follow-up (>25 years) data from 1 of the original prospective, randomized trials that compared adjuvant chemotherapy with expectant management in patients with high-grade, localized osteosarcoma. In addition, the value of pathologic necrosis induced by a single cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was analyzed as a predictive marker of disease-free and overall survival. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with high-grade, localized osteosarcoma were enrolled in a prospective trial that was performed between 1981 and 1984 at the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA). Patients were randomized to receive either adjuvant chemotherapy or observation after surgical resection. Long-term outcomes, follow-up, and pathologic review of all available histologic sections were performed. RESULTS: The 25-year disease-free survival rate was 28% for patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy compared with 15% for the untreated patients (P = .02). The overall survival rate at 25 years was also significantly higher for treated patients versus untreated patients (38% vs 15%; P = .02). Tumor necrosis >90% after a single round of chemotherapy was a statistically significant predictor of overall survival and disease-free survival for patients who received adjuvant therapy (164 months vs 65 months [P = .04] and 141 months vs 14 months [P < .01], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with high-grade, localized osteosarcoma who received adjuvant chemotherapy after undergoing definitive surgical resection had a statistically significant benefit in disease-free and overall survival that was maintained through 25 years. Tumor necrosis after just 1 cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation was predictive of overall survival and disease-free survival in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
A global illumination solution for general reflectance distributions

A general light transfer simulation algorithm for environments composed of materials with arbitrary reflectance functions is presented. This algorithm removes the previous practical restriction to ideal specular and/or ideal diffuse environments, and supports complex physically based reflectance distributions, This is accomplished by extending previous two-pass ray-casting radiosity approaches to handle non-uniform intensity distributions, and resolving all possible energy transfers between sample points. An implementation is described based on a spherical harmonic decomposition for encoding both bidirectional reflectance distribution functions for materials, and directional intensity distributions for illuminated surfaces. The method compares favorably with experimental measurements.
Assignments of Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shifts of 1-(N-Piperidinoacetyl)-4-arylthiosemicarbazides

Abstract Chemical shifts of the various carbon resonances of 1-(N-piperidinoacetyl)-4-arylthiosemicarbazides have been assigned. The assignments are based on chemical shift theory, multiplicity observed in SFORD spectra, signal intensity and comparison with the corresponding carbon chemical shift of the model compounds.
The transition from porous to channelized flow due to melt/rock reaction during melt migration

The effect of melt/rock reaction on the mechanisms and kinetics of melt migration is investigated through a series of melt migration experiments in which melt saturated only in olivine infiltrates synthetic peridotites containing different proportions of olivine and Ca-poor pyroxene. The microstructures that develop are significantly different from those formed during melt migration in a chemically equilibrated system. A reaction zone develops in which all pyroxene is dissolved, the melt fraction is increased, and olivine grain size is increased. The reaction front is unstable so that finger-like structures or channels with higher melt content develop. The morphology of the instability depends on the initial pyroxene content of the infiltrated rock. This reactive-infiltration instability with the resulting formation of melt fingers could facilitate the transition from porous to channelized flow in the mantle.
Nutritional regulation of hepatic lipogenesis in the rat

Abstract In vivo fatty acid synthesis and the in vitro activity of the enzymes fatty acid synthase, ATP citrate lyase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were examined in the livers of rats fed fat free, high carbohydrate (HC) diet or those fed diets containing 44% calories from either corn oil or hydrogenated soybean oil. Fat free diet was fed up to 96 h after an initial starvation for 48 h, while the fat containing diets were fed up to 48 h after an initial refeeding of HC diet for 48 h. Compared to the HC diet both the fat diets caused marked inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and the activity of the enzymes tested. The inhibition of lipogenic parameters by the two fat diets was comparable. Fatty acid synthesis responded more rapidly to the dietary changes as compared to the time taken by the enzymes.
Coronary spasm produced by picrotoxin in cats

Picrotoxin (2 mg/kg i.v.) was administered to 6 vagotomized chloralose-anesthetized cats while monitoring coronary blood flow (electromagnetic flow probe), blood pressure and ECG. Coronary constriction occurred in each animal as measured by an increase in coronary vascular resistance (CVR) (mean = 25.2 +/- 7.5%, P less than 0.05) followed by ST segment elevation (0.30 +/- 0.06 mV, P less than 0.05). Pretreatment with phentolamine prevented the increase in CVR and the elevation in ST segment. These results demonstrate that picrotoxin produces alpha-receptor mediated coronary spasm.
Backscattering Enhancement By Randomly Distributed Particles Of Different Sizes

We present the characteristics of backscattering enhancement for different particle sizes. Type I and II backscattering enhancements are defined, and the observable conditions are discussed. Experimental results are given for different cases.
Charles Dorn: A Tribute

(2007). Charles Dorn: A Tribute. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 245-246.
Somatotropic and sodium-retaining effects of human growth hormone and placental lactogen in lower vertebrates.

Human growth hormone resembled ovine prolactin in its ability to promote growth of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles. Both hormones stimulated a dose-related increase in tail length, tail height and body weight, but prolactin tended to be more potent. Human growth hormone was about half as active as prolactin in causing sodium retention in the teleost Tilapia mossambica. On the other hand, human placental lactogen failed to induce either growth responses in tadpoles or sodium retention in Tilapia. (Endocrinology 93: 960, 1973)
Bicontinuous gels formed by self-assembly of dipolar colloid particles

Molecular dynamics simulations of binary mixtures of dipolar colloid particles reveal the existence of two unique bicontinuous gel structures: the first consisting of two single-species interpenetrating networks of cross-linked chains and the second consisting of a network of cross-linked chains of one species sheathed by particles of the other species.
First Report of Soybean vein necrosis virus in Soybean Fields of Oklahoma

Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) causes a new emerging disease of soybean that has been recorded in more than 10 states (1,2,3,4) of the United States, but so far no information is available about its presence in soybean crops of Oklahoma. Surveys of commercial soybean fields were conducted for soybean viruses during summer of 2012. A total of 327 samples were randomly collected from soybean fields in 11 counties. Symptoms typical of SVNV infections including leaf chlorosis and leaf-vein necrosis were observed on some soybean plants in the field (4). All soybean leaf samples were tested against SVNV polyclonal antisera obtained from AC Diagnostics, Inc. (Fayetteville, AR) by dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) (1). Fifty-three samples reacted positively with SVNV antisera. Total RNA was extracted from three DIBA-positive samples collected from soybean plants in Choctaw County and tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using SVNV-specific primers (forward primer 5′-ATGTTCTCTCTATAATAGCCA and reverse primer 5...
SU-E-T-589: IGRT-Assisted Episcleral Eye Plaque Brachytherapy

Purpose: The goal of episcleral eye plaque brachytherapy has been to deliver a prescribed dose to the apex of an intra‐ocular malignancy. Advances in dose calculation and image guidance allow for optimal plaque treatment planning. The BEBIG Plaque Simulator™ utilizes calibrated fundus collages to more precisely localize intra‐ocular tumors volumes, thus enabling physicists to plan plaque therapies that deliver the prescribed dose to the tumor while quantifying and limiting dose to critical optical structures, including the macula, optic disc, and lens. Methods and Materials: A retrospective study of 30 patients at our institution who previously received episcleral eye plaque brachytherapy based on conventional treatment planning techniques. For each patient, the originally defined Ultrasoundtumor dimensions, plaque specifications (COMS universal or notched), and treatment times were entered into Plaque Simulator. Fundus collages were calibrated and overlaid on a retinal diagram. The tumor was placed over the delineated tumor on the fundus collage. Doses to the tumor apex, macula, optic disc, and lens were calculated using TG‐43U1 formalism after assuming correct plaque placement. Results: Localization of intra‐ocular tumors allowed for accurate plaque placement and realistic dose calculation for critical structures. Recreated plans validated the original prescriptions while elucidating doses to critical structures. Doses to the macula and optic disc have been correlated to clinical outcomes, including radiation maculopathy and optic neuropathy, in an effort to evaluate dose thresholds that can be enforced in future plaque therapies. Conclusions: The use of image guidance gives radiationoncology‐ophthalmology teams the ability to deliver plaque therapy with the intent to control the tumor and spare critical structures. Dose determination may highlight the necessity of proper plaque placement, plaque size, source strength, and carrier angle optimization to deliver the prescribed dose while reducing dose to critical structures below suggested thresholds in order to preserve vision.
Vasomotor responses in the extremities of subjects with various neurologic lesions. I. Reflex responses to warming.

Vascular responses to warming were studied in hemiplegic patients and after sympathectomy, using venous occlusion plethysmography of foot and leg. Comparisons were made with corresponding age groups. The pattern of response was essentially unchanged in hemiplegic patients, but was altered substantially where sympathetic pathways had been interrupted.
Periodicities in the occurrence rate of solar proton events

Power spectral analyses of the time series of solar proton events during the past three solar cycles reveal a periodicity around 154 days. This feature is prominent in all of the cycles combined, cycles 19 and 21 individually but is only weak in cycle 20. These results are consistent with the presence of similar periodicities between 152 and 155 days in the occurrence rate of major solar flares, the sunspot blocking function (P s ), the 10.7 cm radio flux (F 10.7) and the sunspot number (R z ). This suggests that the circa 154-days periodicity may be a fundamental characteristic of the Sun. Periods around 50–52 days are also found in the combined data set and in the three individual cycles in general agreement with the detection of this periodicity in major flares in cycle 19 and inP s ,F 10.7, andR z in cycle 21. The cause of the 155 day period remains unknown. The spectra contain lines (or show power at frequencies) consistent with a model in which the periodicity is caused by differential rotation of active zones and a model in which it is related to beat frequencies between solar oscillations, as proposed by Wolff.
Film splitting model with entrainment

Abstract Critical heat flux (CHF) is one of the major parameters for calculating safety margin of nuclear power plant systems based on US-Nuclear Regulatory Commission's safety regulations (defined under 10CFR50-46). Exceeding the CHF point suddenly increases the fuel clad temperature so that it may result in damage to the nuclear fuel pins. Dryout is a special CHF physical phenomenon occurred in Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs). Firstly, the present work identifies several existing dryout correlations and notes the major assumptions for the derivation of them. It follows with the derivation of a film splitting model (originally proposed by Chun et al., in 2003) for annular geometry where the liquid film is broken into an inner and outer film. Film splitting can result in better prediction of the critical film thickness where dryout can occur due to local variations especially due to turbulence and other effects. Secondly, an alternate approach to solving the film splitting model of Chun et al. is employed to evaluate the model against the same experimental data. It was observed that liquid entrainment and deposition into and out of the film layer were the missing components in the model and the model predictions shown in Chun et al. (2003) so that the model predictions with alternative solution methods were compared against experimental data by excluding entrainment/de-entrainment phenomena. Thirdly, the film split model is updated by adding entrainment/de-entrainment models to make the film splitting model more realistic. Fourthly, new film splitting model is compared against both tubular and pipe data. It was observed that entrainment and deposition are significant contributors in the new mechanistic dryout model. The mass flux of the inner film is mostly overestimated while the mass flux of the outer film is overestimated for some of the experimental cases when compared to the original correlation.
Persistence of Influenza A by Continuous Close-Contact Transmission: The Effect of Non-Random Mixing

The interaction of two populations has variable effects on the nature and duration of epidemic activity, depending on the transmissibility of the virus, the susceptibility of the population, migration, birth and death rates, and the initial number of cases. Under circumstances where transmission stops in a single population (the infectious contact number is less than or equal to one), transmission may continue indefinitely when two populations interact under many different parameter combinations. A mass-action model was constructed using difference equations for two populations that included parameters for migration between populations and variable transmissibility between and within these populations. The limitations of extrapolating the model to actual conditions in human populations result from assumptions inherent in these models, such as fractional infection of individuals.
Construction site image retrieval based on material cluster recognition

The capability to automatically identify shapes, objects and materials from the image content through direct and indirect methodologies has enabled the development of several civil engineering related applications that assist in the design, construction and maintenance of construction projects. This capability is a product of the technological breakthroughs in the area of image processing that has allowed for the development of a large number of digital imaging applications in all industries. In this paper, an automated and content based construction site image retrieval method is presented. This method is based on image retrieval techniques, and specifically those related with material and object identification and matches known material samples with material clusters within the image content. The results demonstrate the suitability of this method for construction site image retrieval purposes and reveal the capability of existing image processing technologies to accurately identify a wealth of materials from construction site images.
Evaluation of statistical methods for avoidance data of schooling fish

Concentrations of heavy metals blends avoided by schools of fathead minnows and alkaline pH levels avoided by schools of bluegill sunfish, fathead minnows, golden shiners, and rainbow trout were determined in a boundary layer avoidance chamber. Parameters measured were residence time, activity, and sequential fish location counts. Data were evaluated using linear, quadratic, and polynomial regression, log10 transformations, analysis of variance, covariance analysis, Duncan's multiple range test, and Hochberg's GT2 test. The best methods of analysis are quadratic regression and covariance analysis.
Ontogeny of auditory saccular sensitivity in the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus.

The auditory system of the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, is an important sensory receiver system used to encode intraspecific social communication signals in adults, but the response properties and function of this receiver system in pre-adult stages are less known. In this study we examined the response properties of auditory-evoked potentials from the midshipman saccule, the main organ of hearing in this species, to determine whether the frequency response and auditory threshold of saccular hair cells to behaviorally relevant single tone stimuli change during ontogeny. Saccular potentials were recorded from three relative sizes of midshipman fish: small juveniles [1.9–3.1 cm standard length (SL), large juveniles (6.8–8.0 cm SL) and non-reproductive adults (9.0–22.6 cm SL)]. The auditory evoked potentials were recorded from the rostral, middle and caudal regions of the saccule while single tone stimuli (75–1,025 Hz) were presented via an underwater speaker. We show that the frequency response and auditory threshold of the midshipman saccule is established early in development and retained throughout ontogeny. We also show that saccular sensitivity to frequencies greater than 385 Hz increases with age/size and that the midshipman saccule of small and large juveniles, like that of non-reproductive adults, is best suited to detect low frequency sounds (<105 Hz) in their natural acoustic environment.
Telescoping anastomosis of the colon: a comparative study.

The incidence of large-intestinal anastomotic leaks remains unacceptably high. For this reason, we studied the resistance to dehiscence of a telescoping type of anastomosis and compared it with the conventional one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses in a canine model. These experiments demonstrated that the telescoping anastomosis provided a more resistant suture line during the early postoperative phase and did not cause encroachment of the lumen by the diaphragm, which was consistently produced when an inverting suture line was used. Three days postoperatively the mean bursting pressures of the one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses were 31±12, 120±46, and 52±21 mm Hg, respectively. The telescoping anastomosis had a mean bursting pressure of 210±44 mm Hg, which was significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of all the other anastomoses tested. However, seven and 14 days after opertion, there was no statistically significant difference among the bursting pressures of the various anastomoses. When the different types of anastomoses were examined histologically, it was found that there was considerably more suture-line inflammation, edema, micro-abscess formation, mucosal ulceration and pericolic inflammation of the fat in the one-layer, two-layer, and stapled anastomoses than in the telescoping anastomosis.
Experiences of Stigma and Discrimination among Adults Living with HIV in a Low HIV-Prevalence Context: A Qualitative Analysis

Abstract Little is known about how people living with HIV in low prevalence contexts face the challenges of stigma and discrimination. Low prevalence and rural communities are unique environments in which HIV-related stigma and discrimination may be intensified due to lower tolerance of differences among people and greater fear of HIV. This study examined the experiences of 16 individuals living with HIV who reside in a predominantly rural area with low HIV prevalence. We used in-depth interviews to explore participants' experience with stigma and discrimination in social and health care settings and their behavioral and emotional responses. In their day-to-day lives, participants described feeling social rejection, being forced to follow different rules of social contact, and being treated differently. In health care settings, participants described specific instances when they felt providers were afraid of them and when they were refused or discouraged treatment or treated differently based on their HIV...
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June 1995

Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 277 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1995. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward (1992) (Acoustical Imaging, Vol. 19, pp. 785–797). A new model of anelastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom (1994) (EOS, 75: 83) is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Measurement of loop gain in feedback systems

ABSTRACT In this design of a feedback system it is desirable to make experimental measurements of the loop gain as a function of frequency to ensure that the physical system operates as analytically predicted or, if not, to supply information upon which a design correction can be based. In high loop-gain systems it is desirable that the loop-gain measurement be made without opening the loop. This paper discusses practical methods of measuring and interpreting the results for loop gain of the closed-loop system by a voltage injection or a current-injection technique ; extension to the case in which the measurement can be made even though the system is unstable ; and extension to the case in which neither the voltage nor current-injection technique alone is adequate, but in which a combination of both permits the true loop gain to be derived. These techniques have been found useful not only in linear feedback systems but also in describing-function analysis of switching-mode converters and regulators.
Assessing the Explosion Risk of Plants for Dusty, Granular and Combustible Products Example of a Risk Assessment Procedure for a Fluid Bed Spray Granulator

Risk management is specific to the organization and its external and internal context. In this paper risk management and some concepts focusing specifically on such plants for dusty, granular and combustible products were introduced. Some examples were presented here for practical uses, which can be applied in dusty and complicated surroundings.
Structure and function of long-lived olfactory organotypic cultures from postnatal mice.

The first synapse in the olfactory pathway mediates a significant transfer of information given the restricted association of specific olfactory receptor neurons with specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. To understand better how this connection is made and what the functional capacities of the participating cells are, we created a long-lived culture system composed of olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb tissues. Using the roller tube method of culturing, we grew epithelium-bulb cocultures, explanted from 1–4-day-old Swiss Webster mice, on Aclar for periods ranging from 18 hr to 68 days. The explants flattened so that in some areas the culture was only a few cells thick, making individual cells distinguishable. From 107 cultures studied, we identified the following cell types by expression of specific markers (oldest culture expressing marker, days in vitro, DIV): olfactory receptor neurons (neural cell adhesion molecule, 42 DIV); mature receptor neurons (olfactory marker protein, 28 DIV); postmitotic olfactory receptor neurons and olfactory bulb neurons (β-tubulin, 68 DIV); astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamate/aspartate transporter, 68 DIV); olfactory horizontal basal cells (cytokeratin, 22 DIV). Neuronal processes formed glomeruli in 2–4-week-old cultures. We also recorded electro-olfactography responses to puffs of vapor collected over an odorant mixture containing ethyl butyrate, eugenol, (+) carvone, and (−) carvone from cultures as old as 21 DIV. These features of our olfactory culture system make this model useful for studying properties of immature and mature olfactory receptor neurons, pathfinding strategies of receptor axons, and mechanisms of information transfer in the olfactory glomerulus. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional low dose gadolinium‐enhanced peripheral MR venography

Our initial experience with low dose contrast-enhanced (LCE) peripheral MR venography (MRV) is presented. Five subjects were studied using three-dimensional (3D) fast imaging with a steady-state precession (FISP) sequence. A dose of 60 ml of gadopentetate dimeglumine diluted 1:20 was used. A tourniquet was applied during lower extremity MR venography. The venous anatomy was well depicted with the 3D LCE technique in all subjects. Compared to the two-dimensional (2D) time-of-flight (TOF) technique, acquisition time of 3D LCE MRV was much shorter, images looked sharper, and more veins could be seen. It is not affected by in-plane saturation and can be performed repeatedly because of the low dose of contrast. This technique holds promise for the detection of venous thrombosis and other disorders.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: PCR: The Discovery that Powered the Genomic Revolution in Modern Science

The polymerase chain reaction is a revolutionary laboratory technique that allows scientists to exponentially replicate DNA samples for testing. This article provides a basic overview of the process, its history, and how it has changed genomic research. A review of the literature demonstrates the influence of this technique and its breadth of application across the life sciences. Several education resources are highlighted to inform how the polymerase chain reaction is applied in undergraduate research.
Thyroid hormones and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) in Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus (JDM)

In 60 newly diagnosed children with JDM we measured serum T4, T3, reverse T3 (rT3) and free T4 (FT4) before and serially at 1, 3 and 5 days and up to 6 months during therapy. The mean ± SEM serum T3 before therapy (71 ± 6 ng/dl) was lower (p 15 mEq/L, but low before therapy when −HCO3 < 15 and increased to normal by day 3. Serum T3 was lower in patients with low −HCO3 before therapy. The elevated rT3 and FT4 were unaffected by low −HCO3. HbAl fell significantly by paired t test (p < .001) during the first 5 days of therapy, and further decreased during the ensuing 3 months (p < .001). HbA1 correlated with rT3 and inversely with T3 during the study period (p < .001). We speculate that the metabolic disturbance in untreated JDM resembles the "Low T3 Syndrome" of starvation. The association of low −HCO3 and low total T4 and T3 but normal TSH and high FT4 suggests an impairment of binding to the serum thyroid binding proteins. Correlation of T3 and rT3 with HbAl may reflect their dependency on the severity of the disease.
Scheme for enhancing the frame rate of magnetooptic spatial light modulators

High speed computer-controlled spatial light modulators play an important role in optical signal processing. Of interest is a commercially available nonvolatile Litton/Semetex magnetooptic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) which is limited in achievable frame rate by thermal dissipation and possible magnetic forces. Methodologies for improving the frame rate of the MOSLM are investigated. The findings described here show that a parallel-serial addressing scheme aided by a strong externally applied magnetic field bias could be employed to achieve high frame rates. A driver circuit capable of exercising the 48 × 48 MOSLM at a frame refresh time of better than one millisecond is described and its performance evaluated.
Preconditioned iterative methods for linear discrete ill-posed problems from a Bayesian inversion perspective

In this paper we revisit the solution of ill-posed problems by preconditioned iterative methods from a Bayesian statistical inversion perspective. After a brief review of the most popular Krylov subspace iterative methods for the solution of linear discrete ill-posed problems and some basic statistics results, we analyze the statistical meaning of left and right preconditioners, as well as projected-restarted strategies. Computed examples illustrating the interplay between statistics and preconditioning are also presented.
Purification and properties of myokinase from cockroach thoracic muscle mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Myokinase (ATP-AMP phosphotransferase) was isolated from thoracic muscle mitochondria of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). 2. 2. The enzyme was purified greater than 100-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography on Sephadex. 3. 3. The purified enzyme requires magnesium, but exhibits some activity in the presence of manganese or calcium. It is specific for the adenosine nucleotides, and has a pH optimum of 5.8–6.0 depending upon buffer. 4. 4. The reaction is markedly inhibited by fluoride at 2 × 10 −2 M. K m values 3.1 × 10 −4 , 1.5 × 10 −3 and 3.2 × 10 −4 M were obtained for ATP, ADP and AMP, respectively. 5. 5. The equilibrium constant was calculated to be 0.44 in the presence of magnesium. 6. 6. The significance of this enzyme in the metabolism of adenosine nucleotides in insects is discussed.
The ploidy conveyor of mature hepatocytes as a source of genetic variation

Many liver cells are polyploid, containing 4, 8, 16 or more times the haploid chromosome complement, although the significance of the phenomenon is not known. A study in mice now shows that hepatocytes can both increase and decrease their ploidy in vivo. Ploidy reversal was previously thought to be exclusive to meiosis, but this work shows that it can also occur in normal somatic cells. Increases in ploidy occur through failed cytokinesis, and decreases as a result of multipolar mitosis. The resulting genetic heterogeneity might be advantageous following hepatic injury when 'genetically robust' cells could be selected from a pre-existing pool of diverse genotypes. Cells that make up the liver are known to be polyploid. These authors show that mouse hepatocytes can increase and decrease their ploidy in vivo; increases occur as a result of failed cytokinesis, and decreases occur as a result of multipolar mitosis. The resulting genetic heterogeneity might be advantageous following hepatic injury, allowing the selection of 'genetically robust' cells from a pre-existing pool of diverse genotypes. Mononucleated and binucleated polyploid hepatocytes (4n, 8n, 16n and higher) are found in all mammalian species, but the functional significance of this conserved phenomenon remains unknown1,2,3,4. Polyploidization occurs through failed cytokinesis, begins at weaning in rodents and increases with age2,5,6,7. Previously, we demonstrated that the opposite event, ploidy reversal, also occurs in polyploid hepatocytes generated by artificial cell fusion8,9,10. This raised the possibility that somatic ‘reductive mitoses’ can also happen in normal hepatocytes. Here we show that multipolar mitotic spindles form frequently in mouse polyploid hepatocytes and can result in one-step ploidy reversal to generate offspring with halved chromosome content. Proliferating hepatocytes produce a highly diverse population of daughter cells with multiple numerical chromosome imbalances as well as uniparental origins. Our findings support a dynamic model of hepatocyte polyploidization, ploidy reversal and aneuploidy, a phenomenon that we term the ‘ploidy conveyor’. We propose that this mechanism evolved to generate genetic diversity and permits adaptation of hepatocytes to xenobiotic or nutritional injury.
Cardiac responses to signal and nonsignal tasks in 9-year-olds

This study investigated the cardiac waveform of 9-year-olds’ responses to high-and low-intensity nonsignal pure tones and to a simple reaction time (RT) task. Responses to the nonsignal tones were not affected by stimulus intensity and consisted of slight initial deceleration followed by pronounced acceleration. Responses to the RT task also consisted of an initial deceleration and larger acceleration plus a prominent deceleration, peaking at the onset of the imperative stimulus. These waveforms generally resembled those found in adults.
Physical Co-Location and the Success of New Product Development Projects

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationship between the use of physical co-location and the success of new product development projects. It is proposed that physical co-location leads to higher frequency of face-to-face meetings. The higher frequency of face-to-face meetings are proposed to lead to more successful new product development projects. Data were gathered from 82 firms. The findings indicate that physical co-location is positively related to the frequency of face-to-face meetings. The frequency of face-to-face meetings is significantly and positively correlated with a new product development project's schedule performance. There is also a borderline significance between the frequency of face-to-face meetings and a project's final product quality. The managerial implications of this study are presented.
Platinum Coated Copper Nanowires and Platinum Nanotubes as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Platinum (Pt) coated copper (Cu) nanowires (Pt/CuNWs) are synthesized by the partial galvanic displacement of Cu nanowires (CuNWs) with a Pt loading of 18 wt %. Pt/CuNWs have an outer diameter of 100 nm, a length of 25–40 μm, and a theoretical Pt layer thickness of 2 nm. Cu templated Pt nanotubes (PtNTs (Cu)) with a wall thickness of 11 nm, an outer diameter of 100 nm, and a length of 5–20 μm are synthesized by the complete galvanic displacement of CuNWs. CuNWs are synthesized by the hydrazine reduction of Cu nitrate in sodium hydroxide. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and durability experiments are conducted on Pt/CuNWs, PtNTs (Cu), silver templated PtNTs (Ag), and carbon supported Pt nanoparticles (Pt/C) to evaluate catalyst activity for use as proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathodes. The ORR area activities of Pt/CuNWs and PtNTs (Cu) are 1.501 and 1.506 mA cmPt–2, respectively. Pt/CuNWs produce a dollar activity of 9.8 A $–1 (dollar activity calculated from the DOE mass activity target for 2017–202...
WallBots: interactive wall-crawling robots in the hands of public artists and political activists

Street art and political activism have a rich history of shaping urban landscapes. Our work explores the processes by which public artists and political activists contribute to public spaces, introducing opportunities for HCI researchers to engage with the people who shape the aesthetic feel of our cities. We present WallBots-autonomous, wall-crawling robots as a research probe for public expression across a wide range of surfaces and hard-to-reach places, including bus stops, whiteboards, streetpoles, trashcans, moving vehicles and building walls. We evaluate WallBots as a low-cost DIY authoring tool for public artists and activists. Our study of six individuals who extensively contribute to public spaces offers insights into the materials and practices behind grassroots public expression. We then leverage feedback from participants, among them a graffiti artist, light painter, political activists, and street musician, to evaluate interaction techniques for manipulating WallBots as a medium for public expression across a range of surfaces. Our findings expose a research space for technological interventions in the context of street art, and we conclude with design insights for magnetic kinetic systems as an approach for supporting engagement, expression and creativity in public spaces.
Expression of Cadherin-11 during Organogenesis in the Chick Embryo

Cadherin-11 (cad-11) is primarily a mesenchymal cadherin that appears in delaminating neural crest cells. Its expression correlates with morphogenetic events and the pattern has been studied in mouse, rat and Xenopus embryos, but not during avian organogenesis. Our purpose was to investigate this pattern in the chick embryo during organogenesis using immunolocalization and in situ hybridization. Cad-11 was expressed in mesenchyme around the pharynx and aortic arches, eyes, auditory vesicles, lung buds, stomach, and nasal placodes. Neural expression included some cranial ganglia and also new neuroepithelium within the tail bud region undergoing secondary neurulation. We also found expression in epithelia of the developing circulatory and digestive organs. The limb buds, pineal rudiment and mesonephros were also positive. Cad-11 expression became more widespread with development. Our findings support the role of cad-11 as a mesenchymal cadherin, but provide evidence for a wider role that includes epithelial morphogenesis and secondary neurulation.
Effects of acetylene and soil water content on emission of nitrous oxide from soils

THERE are fears that increased nitrogen fertilisation of soils may increase release of N2O from soils through denitrification of nitrate and thereby pose a threat to the stratospheric ozone layer protecting the Earth from biologically harmful UV radiation from the Sun1–6.
Pseudoaneurysm of the Heart Report of a Case and Review of Literature

A case is reported of coronary atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction of the left ventricle and rupture of the left lateral posterior wall with limitation of the hemorrhage by fibrotic parietal pericardium. Formation of the false aneurysm allowed the patient to survive 5 years and 10 months after it was clinically recognized.
Compendium of resources for radiation safety in medical imaging using ionizing radiation.

Purpose Diagnostic imaging, including ionizing radiation modalities, maintains a prominent role in the medical evaluation of patients. There is increasing awareness and need for information across varied sectors about low-level radiation and potential risks. Many medical and scientific organizations have resources discussing radiation risk and management. However, there is no single resource compiling this information. Methods Websites, including those of national and international medical organizations, were reviewed for information on radiation dose, risk, justification, optimization, guidelines (including general information about improvement in quality and dose reduction without specific mention of optimization techniques), appropriateness criteria, and general principles of radiation safety for CT, fluoroscopy or angiography, and radiography. This information was organized into 8 tables, categorized by modality, and separated for adult and pediatric populations. Websites with training modules were noted as well. Results Twenty-nine websites were explored. Overall, less information is available about medical radiation safety in children compared with adults. Across both groups, most information is available on CT, then fluoroscopy, and finally radiography. Across all groups and modalities, there is no information available for patients or parents on optimization, appropriateness, or guidelines, with the exception of adult radiography, for which there are some guidelines. Conclusions This compendium serves as a collective resource for communities including the public and regulatory organizations. Additionally, the compendium can be used to determine redundant or deficient areas, providing opportunities for more comprehensive resources and efficient efforts in accessing medical radiation patient safety information.
Identification of a presymptomatic molecular phenotype in Hdh CAG knock-in mice

The hallmark striatal neurodegeneration of Huntington's disease (HD) is first triggered by a dominant property of the expanded glutamine tract in mutant huntingtin that increases in severity with glutamine size. Indeed 111-glutamine murine huntingtin leads to a dominant cascade of phenotypes in Hdh Q111 mice, although these abnormalities are not manifest in Hdh Q50 mice, with 50-glutamine mutant protein. Therefore, to identify phenotypes that might reflect events closer to the fundamental trigger mechanism, and that can be measured as a consequence of adult-onset HD mutant huntingtin, we have screened for altered expression of genes conserved in evolution, which are likely to encode essential proteins. Probes generated from Hdh Q111 homozygote and wild-type striatal RNAs were hybridized to human gene segments on filter arrays, disclosing a mutant-specific increase in hybridization to Rrs1, encoding a ribosomal protein. Subsequent, quantitative RT-PCR assays demonstrated increased Rrs1 mRNA from 3 weeks of age in homozygous and heterozygous Hdh Q111 striatum and increased Rrs1 mRNA expression with a single copy's worth of 50-glutamine mutant huntingtin in Hdh Q50 striatum. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR assays for the human homologue demonstrated elevated Rrs1 mRNA in HD compared with control postmortem brain. These findings, therefore, support a chronic impact of mutant huntingtin on an essential ribosomal regulatory gene to be investigated for its role very early in HD pathogenesis.
Electric rate design and greenhouse-gas emissions reduction

Public policy in the U.S. and Europe has sought to control several major pollutants from power plants through a cap-and-trade system, whereby a secondary market is established for emissions permits. The costs of these emissions permits are a variable cost of power production and are thus integrated into regional electricity markets and locational wholesale electricity prices. Exposing retail consumers to these economically efficient joint electricity and emissions prices has the potential to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases significantly in the short run, before any new investments in low-emissions generation are made. This paper reports on some ongoing research in the area of how these emissions costs ought to be passed on to consumers. Three different rate design options — real-time pricing, time-of-use pricing and flat-rate pricing are compared in terms of emissions reductions for a simulated PJM electricity market. The simulations suggest that real-time pricing is nearly equivalent to time-of-use pricing in terms of overall emissions reductions, while flat-rate pricing yields at most 30% of the emissions reductions of real-time or time-of-use pricing.
Toward unsupervised activity discovery using multi-dimensional motif detection in time series

This paper addresses the problem of activity and event discovery in multi dimensional time series data by proposing a novel method for locating multi dimensional motifs in time series. While recent work has been done in finding single dimensional and multi dimensional motifs in time series, we address motifs in general case, where the elements of multi dimensional motifs have temporal, length, and frequency variations. The proposed method is validated by synthetic data, and empirical evaluation has been done on several wearable systems that are used by real subjects.
Longitudinal maneuver design in coordination layer for automated highway system

The automated highway system (AHS) architecture of the California PATH program organizes traffic into platoons of closely spaced vehicles and has a layered control system. Maneuvers in AHS include join, split, lane change and merging/exit to and from the automated lanes. The main function of the coordination layer is to coordinate all the maneuvers of each vehicle in a specified section of AHS such that they are performed in safe, smooth and deterministic manner. Coordination layer designs maneuver by determining maneuver parameters and calculate reference trajectory for each vehicle, which keeps the feasibility of maneuvers and guarantees the safety of passengers, ride quality, and avoiding control saturation. Furthermore, it is desired that the decisions are made in an optimal manner to minimize time and/or other performance criteria like fuel consumption while constraints on variables are not violated. This paper presents the mathematical model and design procedure for coordination layer control using a hybrid system approach which unifies coordination layer and regulation layer. It is shown that this problem can be formulated as a mathematical programming problem, which can be easily modeled using AMPL modeling language software and readily solved by the MINOS solver.
Hierarchical simulation-based verification of Anton, a special-purpose parallel machine

One of the major design verification challenges in the development of Anton, a massively parallel special-purpose machine for molecular dynamics, was to provide evidence that computations spanning more than a quadrillion clock cycles will produce valid scientific results. Our verification methodology addressed this problem by using a hierarchy of RTL, architectural, and numerical simulations. Block- and chip-level RTL models were verified by means of extensive co-simulation with a detailed C++ architectural simulator, ensuring that the RTL models could perform the same molecular dynamics computations as the architectural simulator. The output of the architectural simulator was compared to a parallelized numerical simulator that produces bitwise identical results to Anton, and is fast enough to verify the long-term numerical stability of computations on Anton. These explicit couplings between adjacent levels of the simulation hierarchy created a continuous verification chain from molecular dynamics to individual logic gates.
Defending White Democracy: The Making of a Segregationist Movement & the Remaking of Racial Politics, 1936–1965. By Jason Morgan Ward. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011. Pp. xi, 252. $34.95.)

In recent years, many historians have embraced the concept of a long civil rights movement, but the author of this study is concerned with the flip side of this proposition. “If there was a ‘long c...
The Emotional Re-Experiencing of the Hortatory Narratives Found in the Admonition of the Damascus Document

This article proposes that the emotional re-experiencing of the hortatory narratives found in the Admonition section of the Damascus Document (cols. 1–8; 19–20) may have been instrumental in preparing the community for an optimal reception of the laws that follow. The sectarian’s imaginative and egocentric re-enactment of the negatively valenced emotions in these vignettes could have made foundational events of covenant re-making accessible with the vividness of first-hand experiences. The generation of self-diminishment that arises from re-experiencing these negative emotions could have staged an experience of God’s immediacy, thereby replicating the conditions of divine encounter associated with the covenantal reception of laws.