cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role ambiguity and role conflict in nurse case managers: an integrative review.

Purpose/objectives The purpose of this integrative review is to critically examine the relationship between the transition from a direct caregiver to a nurse case manager role and the perceived levels of role ambiguity and role conflict. Primary practice setting(s) Nurse case managers in acute care, postacute care, and managed care settings. Findings/conclusions Nurses can expect to experience substantial role ambiguity and role conflict as they take on the case manager role, primarily because of inadequate role definition, unexpected ethical challenges, and lack of prior insight into the case manager role. Role ambiguity and role conflict may impact nurse case managers' job satisfaction and job performance. Implications for case management practice Well-designed broad-scale descriptive studies are needed to further explicate the relationship between transition from direct caregiver to nurse case manager roles and the experience of role ambiguity and role conflict. Nurses transitioning from direct caregiver to nurse case manager roles should be systematically prepared to identify and manage specific ethical challenges commonly encountered by case managers. Further development of a nursing theoretical foundation for case management would be very useful in helping caregivers understand that as case managers, they remain practicing nurses with all the inherent rights and responsibilities of professional nursing.
Chemotaxis-driven assembly of endothelial barrier in a tumor-on-a-chip platform.

The integration of three-dimensional micropatterning with microfluidics provides a unique opportunity to create perfusable tissue constructs in vitro. Herein, we have used this approach to create a tumor-on-a-chip with an endothelial barrier. Specifically, we photopatterned a mixture of endothelial cells and cancer spheroids within a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel inside a microfluidic device. The differential motility of endothelial and cancer cells in response to a controlled morphogen gradient across the cell-laden network drove the migration of endothelial cells to the periphery while maintaining the cancer cells within the interior of the hydrogel. The resultant endothelial cell layer forming cell–cell contact via VE-cadherin junctions was found to encompass the entire GelMA hydrogel structure. Furthermore, we have also examined the potential of such a tumor-on-a-chip system as a drug screening platform using doxorubicin, a model cancer drug.
War Crimes Tribunals after Armed Conflict

Tasked with implementing the various and broad aims of international criminal justice, war crimes tribunals face unique challenges. Chief among these challenges lie basic questions of jurisdiction, applicable law, and appropriate consequences. This chapter provides an overview of war crimes tribunals and offers a framework for evaluating whether their challenges hamper their effectiveness or provide impetus for their most important contributions to international humanitarian law. The chapter begins by briefly examining the history of war crimes tribunals from Nuremberg to the present, highlighting attempts by each iteration of courts to address their predecessors’ challenges. The chapter then briefly investigates the jurisprudential contributions of war crimes tribunals to international humanitarian law, focusing on the additional humanitarian protection for women and children provided by heightened attention to sexual violence during armed conflict. Finally, it concludes with a brief assessment of the current issues facing war crimes tribunals and their implication for the future.
Information dispersion for trojan defense through high-level synthesis

Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) heavily rely on hardware security for data and privacy protection. However, constantly increasing integration complexity requires automatic synthesis to maintain the pace of innovation. We introduce the first High-Level Synthesis (HLS) flow that produces a security enhanced hardware design to directly prevent Hardware Trojan Horse (HTH) injection by a malicious foundry. Through analysis of entropy loss and criticality decay, the presented algorithms implement highly efficient resource-targeted information dispersion to counter HTH insertion. The flow is evaluated on existing HLS benchmarks and a new IoT-specific benchmark and shows significant resource savings.
Grafting of Skin.

A thorough presentation of skin grafting is offered, including types of grafts, biology of take, unfavorable factors, indications for use (and where not to use), preparation of the recipient bed, grafting techniques, and the finished product.
Sequential titrations of anions with cetylpyridinium chloride

The recently reported sequential titration of perchlorate and iodide vs. nitron was critically examined and improved. Some possible sequential titrations of anions vs. cetylpyridinium chloride were examined. Up to four separate endpoint breaks for four groups of anions were obtained. Under optimum conditions, these may be used for the estimation of certain anions or groups of anions.
Do three-piece PMMA IOLs rotate after implantation in the capsular bag?

BACKGROUND With the current interest in toric intraocular lenses (IOLs), it is critical to establish whether these implants rotate following cataract surgery. If there is continual rotation of the implant with capsular bag contraction, then the orientation of the astigmatic correction would be unstable and thus not clinically useful. METHODS Twenty-eight eyes were followed for up to 6 months postoperatively. These consecutive eyes were selected on the basis of demonstrating adequate dilation following surgery, such that the points of haptic to optic insertion could be visualized with the slit-lamp microscope. Sequential photographs and comparisons of the orientation of the lenses postoperatively were performed. RESULTS With the exception of one lens implant, none of the 28 IOLs demonstrated significant rotation. Of the 16 eyes followed for 6 months, none demonstrated rotation of greater than 4 degrees, which was within experimental error. CONCLUSIONS Continued rotation of PMMA IOLs following implantation in the capsular bag seldom occurs. Thus, the concept of toric IOLs appears to be quite usable.
Understanding Git history: a multi-sense view

Version control systems archive data about the development history of a project, which can be used to analyze and understand different facets of a software project. The project history can be used to evaluate the development process of a team, as an aid in bug fixing, or to help new members get on track with development. However, state of the art techniques for analyzing version control data provide only partial views into this information, and lack an easy way to present all the dimensions of the data. In this paper we present GitVS, a hybrid view that incorporates visualization and sonification to represent the multiple dimensions of version control data - development time line, conflicts, etc. In a formative user study comparing the GitHub Network Graph, GitVS, and a version of GitVS without sound, we show GitVS improves over the GitHub Network Graph and that while sound makes it easier to correctly understand version history for some tasks, it is more difficult for others.
Democracy's Muse: How Thomas Jefferson Became an FDR Liberal, A Reagan Republican, and a Tea Party Fanatic, All the While Being Dead. By Andrew Burstein. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015.

Democracy's Muse: How Thomas Jefferson Became an FDR Liberal, A Reagan Republican, and a Tea Party Fanatic, All the While Being Dead. By Andrew Burstein. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015. This case study on the "politics of memory" from Andrew Burstein fits in with works by Merrill Peterson (e.g., Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography [New York: Oxford University Press, 1975]), Francis Cogliano ('Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy [Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2006]), Peter Onuf (Jefferson Legacies [Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1993]), and others on Jefferson's malleable legacy, with special focus on books about Jefferson that were written in the twentieth century. Jefferson's prolific and inspirational writing set him apart from the other Founders, and politicians and theologians easily wrench his quotations out of context. According to Burstein, he is the Founder "whose political sentiments reverberate the loudest," making him the "supremely articulate superego of the American nation" (ix--x). While Burstein shares other historians' skepticism of "Founder Fundamentalism," Jefferson has proven a durable symbol of the "American way of life" among a diverse population, even as his reputation has waned among the academic left because of his racism and slaveholding. That is because Jefferson was full of contradictions, and what he symbolizes varies so much in the eye of the beholder. "Our problem with Jefferson is that there are simply too many of him, and they are all ghosts" (196). Instead of acknowledging Jefferson's complexity, Americans plunder his writing in a distorted cherry-picking festival. Burstein describes Jefferson as "ammunition held in reserve [as] moralizing fodder" (x). Conservatives, for instance, do not want to "saddle our posterity with our debt," but dismiss the quotation's context: Jefferson's disapproval of Madison's taxing to win the War of 1812. Conservatives see Jefferson as a "sentinel against big government," while "old liberals" point to his advocacy of participatory democracy and each generation remaking laws to suit changing circumstances. Conservatives overlook that Jefferson feared strong, centralized government precisely because of its association with powerful banks and corporations. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was likewise playing fast and loose when he proclaimed, in defense of the New Deal, that "[e]ven Jefferson realized that the government must intervene ... not to destroy individualism but to protect it." Burstein reinforces this Jeffersonian "ventriloquism" by weaving in John Dos Passos' ongoing use of Jefferson as the author transitioned from left to right (The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson [New York: Doubleday, 1954]). Burstein navigates seamlessly between past and present, showing how partisans share a misunderstanding of Jefferson's time--a preindustrial era when America's population was 1% of what it is today. …
When We Stop Talking Politics: The Maintenance and Closing of Conversation in Contentious Times

Despite the democratic significance of citizen talk about politics, the field of communication has not considered how that talk is weathering stresses facing our civic culture. We examine political talk during an archetypal case of political contentiousness: the recall of Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin in 2012. Pairing qualitative and quantitative methods, we show that a fracturing of civic culture took place in which many citizens found it impossible to continue political discussion. Individuals at fault lines of contention, by nature of occupation, geographic location, or other personal circumstance, were most prone to this breakdown. Our results call into question the ability of talk to bridge political and social differences in periods of polarization and fragmentation, with implications for democratic functioning.
Radiative Decay of the 23P States of Helium-Like Argon

We would like to report preliminary results on a measurement of the lifetimes and wavelengths of the allowed El decays from 23P states of heliumlike Ar XVII. These decays are observed using a vacuum ultraviolet monochrometer to view the decay radiation of the transitions 23P2 - 23S1 and 23P0 - 23S1.
Strategies for monitoring and combating resistance to combination kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy

Targeted therapies such as kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have dramatically altered cancer care in recent decades. Although these targeted therapies have improved patient outcomes in several cancer types, resistance ultimately develops to these agents. One potential strategy proposed to overcome acquired resistance involves taking repeat tumor biopsies at the time of disease progression, to identify the specific molecular mechanism driving resistance in an individual patient and to select a new agent or combination of agents capable of surmounting that specific resistance mechanism. However, recent studies sampling multiple metastatic lesions upon acquired resistance, or employing “liquid biopsy” analyses of circulating tumor DNA, have revealed that multiple, heterogeneous resistance mechanisms can emerge in distinct tumor subclones in the same patient. This heterogeneity represents a major clinical challenge for devising therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. In many cancers, multiple drug resistance mechanisms often converge to reactivate the original pathway targeted by the drug. This convergent evolution creates an opportunity to target a common signaling node to overcome resistance. Furthermore, integration of liquid biopsy approaches into clinical practice may allow real-time monitoring of emerging resistance alterations, allowing intervention prior to standard detection of radiographic progression. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding tumor heterogeneity and resistance to targeted therapies, focusing on combination kinase inhibitors, and we discuss approaches to address these issues in the clinic.
Synovial cellular and molecular markers in rheumatoid arthritis

The profound alterations in the structure, cellular composition, and function of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the basis for the persistent inflammation and cumulative joint destruction that are hallmarks of this disease. In RA, the synovium develops characteristics of a tertiary lymphoid organ, with extensive infiltration of lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Concurrently, the fibroblast-like synoviocytes undergo massive hyperplasia and acquire a tissue-invasive phenotype. In this review, we summarize key components of these processes, focusing on recently-described roles of selected molecular markers of these cellular components of RA synovitis.
On the Use of Maps and Models in Conservation and Resource Management (Warning: Results May Vary)

Conservation planning and management typically require accurate and spatially explicit data at scales that are relevant for conservation objectives. In marine conservation, these data are often combined with spatial analytical techniques to produce marine habitat maps. While marine habitat mapping is increasingly used to inform conservation efforts, this field is still relatively young and its methods are rapidly evolving. Because conservation efforts do not always specify standards or guidelines for the production of habitat maps, results can vary dramatically. As representations of real environmental characteristics, habitat maps are highly sensitive to how they are produced. In this review paper, I present four concepts that are known to cause variation in spatial representation and prediction of habitats: the methodology used, the quality and scale of the data, and the choice of variables in regards to fitness for use. I then discuss the potential antinomy associated with the use of habitat maps in conservation: while habitat maps have become an invaluable tool to inform and assist decision-making, maps of the same area built using different methods and data may provide dissimilar representations, thus providing different information and possibly leading to different decisions. Exploring the theories and methods that have proved effective in terrestrial conservation and the spatial sciences, and how they can be integrated in marine habitat mapping practices, could help improve maps used to support marine conservation efforts and result in more reliable products to inform conservation decisions. Having a strong, consistent, transparent, repeatable, and science-based protocol for data collection and mapping is essential for effectively supporting decision-makers in developing conservation and management plans. The development of user-friendly tools to assist in the application of such protocol is crucial to a widespread improvement in practices. I discuss the potential to use interactive and collaborative Geographic Information Systems to encourage the conservation and management community, from data collectors and mapmakers to decision-makers, to move toward a digital resilience and to develop such science-based protocol. Until standards and protocols are developed, habitat maps should always be interpreted with care, and the methods and metadata associated with their production should always be explicitly stated.
Digital high density (80 Mb/s) tape

Work with a state-of-the-art high density PCM tape recorder reproducer system is described. The tape recorder is designed for 80 Mb/s operation at an overall bit error rate of .00001and for 40 Mb/s operation at .000001. The article describes the process of measuring the error rate. Also detailed is a data rate buffer designed for use in recent radar experiments and generalizable to most potential uses of the recorder system.
The Effect of Age on the Westheimer Function

The Westheimer function is relatively stable in healthy observers between 20 and 70 years of age. The sensitization portion of the function is unaffected by age and only in the oldest observers does a small but significant decrease in desensitization occur.
On the Energy-Dependent Transport Equation

Within the framework of the heavy-gas model of a neutron-moderating medium, the anisotropic contribution to the scattering is about on the order of (neutron mass/moderator mass)/sup 2/, so that energy-dependent neutron transport equations assuming isotropic scattering are reliable. (T.F.H.)
Crystal (ball): I Look at Physics and Predict Control Flow! Just-Ahead-Of-Time Controller Recovery

Recent major attacks against unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and their controller software necessitate domain-specific cyber-physical security protection. Existing offline formal methods for (untrusted) controller code verification usually face state-explosion. On the other hand, runtime monitors for cyber-physical UAVs often lead to too-late notifications about unsafe states that makes timely safe operation recovery impossible. We present Crystal, a just-ahead-of-time control flow predictor and proactive recovery for UAVs. Crystal monitors the execution state of the flight controller and predicts the future control flows ahead of time-based on the UAV's physical dynamics. Crystal deploys the operator's countermeasures proactively in case of an upcoming unsafe state. Crystal's just-ahead-of-time model checking explores the future control flows in parallel ahead of the UAV's actual operation by some time margin. The introduced time margin enables Crystal to accommodate operator's feedback latency by the time the actual execution reaches to the identified unsafe state. Crystal periodically queries the controller's execution state. It emulates the UAV physical dynamical model and predicts future sensor measurements (controller inputs) and upcoming feasible controller's execution paths. This drives Crystal's model-checking exploration away from unreachable future states. Crystal's selective model checking saves computational time to stay ahead of execution by concentrating on relevant upcoming control flows only. This eliminates the state-explosion problem in traditional offline formal methods. We evaluated a multi-threaded prototype of Crystal between the control station server and the UAV. Crystal was able to predict upcoming hazardous states caused by the third-party controller program and proactively restored the safe states successfully with minimal overhead.
Connecting the Dots: Validation of Time in Range Metrics With Microvascular Outcomes.

The landmark Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) identified the relationship between intensive diabetes management for those with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and a delay in the onset or progression of microvascular complications, shifting the paradigm of clinical care for this chronic medical condition (1). Importantly, the data from that trial continue to have a lasting legacy as they can now be analyzed to inform present-day questions. An example of this comes from the article by Beck et al. in this issue of Diabetes Care (2) that concisely states the primary implication of the article in its title, “Validation of Time in Range as an Outcome Measure for Diabetes Clinical Trials.” In recent years, and with increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), the ability to classify sensor glucose levels into various ranges has been feasible. Yet, some have questioned the validity of using these measures as a surrogate outcome measure in ongoing and future clinical trials. Indeed, some have called for a “modern-day” DCCT assessing whether CGM and a greater time in range (TIR) would result in fewer microvascular end points compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (with intermittent masked CGM). Unfortunately, the duration of time, funds required, and ethical concerns given clinical equipoise regarding the benefits of the technology would make completion of a rigorous randomized controlled trial a near-impossible feat. Recognizing the wealth of data that the DCCT affords, Beck et al. (2) found a creative solution to assess the hypothesis of whether TIR could serve as an outcome measure for future trials. Specifically, they capitalized on the glucose values captured seven times daily every 3 months during the course of the 6+ years of the DCCT. This allowed them to calculate the percent TIR of glucose values between 70 and 180 mg/dL and show a robust …
Relationship Between Opacity of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Lesion Borders and Severity of Immunodeficiency Among People With AIDS

Purpose To evaluate risk factors for severity of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis lesion whitening (opacity), using a standardized scoring system. Methods We performed a cross-sectional, observational investigation of all individuals with newly diagnosed AIDS-related CMV retinitis in three randomized clinical trials and one prospective observational study. Opacity was scored by masked readers, using a prospectively defined ordinal 6-point scale. Demographic factors, laboratory data (CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] blood levels), and lesion characteristics (location, size) were compared to the highest opacity score assigned to either eye. Among eyes with active lesions (scores ≥3), factors associated with severe opacity (scores 5, 6) were identified. Results There were 299 participants (401 eyes with CMV retinitis). In one or more comparisons, increased opacity was associated with lower CD4+ and lower CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts, higher HIV blood level, lack of antiretroviral therapy, male sex, race/ethnicity, and bilateral disease. In eyes with active disease, severe opacity was associated with lower CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, higher HIV blood level, older age, Karnofsky score, lesion size, and bilateral disease. No relationship was identified between opacity and lesion location. Conclusions Lesion border opacity (resulting from CMV activity) reflects level of immune function; as immunodeficiency becomes worse, CMV activity (and opacity) increases. The positive relationship between opacity and HIV blood level may reflect both immunodeficiency and increased CMV activity caused by transactivation of CMV by HIV. Scoring of opacity may be a useful, standard measure for continued study of CMV retinitis across different settings and populations. (Clinicaltrials.gov number for the HPMPC CMV Retinitis Trial: NCT00000142; Clinicaltrials.gov number for the Monoclonal Antibody CMV Retinitis Trial: NCT00000135; Clinicaltrials.gov number for the Ganciclovir-Cidofovir CMV Retinitis Trial: NCT0000014; Clinicaltrials.gov number for the Longitudinal Study of the Ocular Complications of AIDS: NCT00000168.).
Perceived Pain and Smoking Interrelations and Expectancies Are Associated With Pain and Smoking Cessation in Individuals With Mobility Impairments.

INTRODUCTION Smoking and pain are highly prevalent among individuals with mobility impairments (MIs; use assistive devices to ambulate). The role of pain-related smoking motives and expectancies in smoking cessation is unknown. We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations between a novel measure of pain-related smoking motives (how smokers with pain perceive their pain and smoking to be interrelated) and pain and smoking behavior in smokers with MI. METHODS This is a secondary data analysis of a smoking cessation induction trial (N = 263; 55% female) in smokers with MI. Participants did not have to want to quit to enroll. Pain-related smoking motives and expectancies were assessed at baseline with the pain and smoking inventory (PSI) which measures perceived pain and smoking interrelations in three distinct but related domains (smoking to cope with pain, pain as a motivator of smoking and as a barrier to cessation). Other measures included pain occurrence and interference, nicotine dependence, motivation and self-efficacy to quit smoking, and number of cigarettes per day. Biochemically verified smoking abstinence was assessed at 6 months. RESULTS PSI scores were significantly higher among smokers with chronic pain occurrence compared to occasional and to no occurrence (p < .002) and were associated with greater pain interference (ps < .01) and lower self-efficacy to quit smoking (ps < .01). In prospective analyses adjusted for age, treatment group, and chronic pain, only expectancies of smoking to help cope with pain predicted lower odds of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Targeting expectancies of smoking as a mechanism to cope with pain may be useful in increasing smoking cessation in pain populations. IMPLICATIONS Individuals with MI have a high prevalence of smoking and pain, yet the extent to which this population perceives pain and smoking to be interrelated is unknown. This is the first article to examine prospective associations between a novel measure of perceived pain and smoking interrelations (PSI) and smoking outcomes. The PSI was associated with greater pain and lower self-efficacy for quitting. Prospectively, the PSI subscale tapping into expectancies that smoking help coping with pain predicted a lower probability of smoking abstinence. In smokers with MI, expectancies of smoking as pain-coping mechanism may be an important clinical target.
55 TRANSIENT LEFT VENTRICULAR APICAL BALLOONING SYNDROME.

Purpose Left ventricular apical ballooning (LVAB) is characterized by cardiac wall motion abnormalities involving the apex and midventricular segments in absence of obstructive coronary disease. It is easily mistaken for acute MI because it presents with symptoms mimicking acute MI. We report several cases with atypical clinical presentations and complicated hospital courses to better describe this recently reported cardiomyopathy. Methods We analyzed medical records from patients who were diagnosed with an acute MI and then later found to have normal coronary vessels on cardiac catheterization. The data abstracted include (1) details of the inciting event, (2) ECG changes, (3) cardiac enzyme levels, (4) echocardiogram results, and (5) details of the hospital course. We included only patients with characteristic wall motion abnormalities involving the apex and/or midventricular segments and no evidence of obstructive coronary disease. Results We identified five cases, all female, with an age range of 48 to74. One case presented after extensive abdominal surgery, one to the ER with chest pain, one after physical threat to life, one post-cardiac arrest, and one after a dobutamine stress test. All patients were evaluated for acute MI. They had either ST segment elevation (3/5), elevated troponin T levels, or both. Two patients had nonspecific ECG changes. The troponin T levels ranged from 0.15 to 0.93 ng/mL. Catheterization revealed patent epicardial coronary vessels and left ventricular apical dyskinesis or akinesis and normal or hypercontractile midventricular or basal segments. The wall motion abnormalities resolved spontaneously within a few days as documented by echocardiography. Three patients had complicated courses. The lengths of stay ranged from 2 to 18 days. All survived. Conclusion Our patients demonstrate that LVAB syndrome can occur in diverse clinical settings that usually involve significant stress, emotional or disease related. Only one patient had a typical outpatient presentation with chest pain. In addition, three patients had complicated hospital courses. Clinicians need to maintain a high index of suspicion to identify these patients. Echocardiography is an important screening tool.
The Need for Comparative Research in Disaster Studies: Developing Broader Theories from Research

Over the past three decades, natural disasters killed 2.5 million people and inflicted billions of dollars in property damage. In 1999, Turkey’s twin Marmara earthquakes claimed more than 18,000 lives; the 2004 tsunami devastated the Southeast Indian state of Tamil Nadu; 15 ft of floodwater inundated New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Located in the “Ring of Fire,” Japan frequently experiences tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquakes including the 1923 Kanto earthquake, the 1959 Nagoya typhoon, the 1995 Kobe earthquake, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The global cost of these disasters, both in terms of lives and property damage, will only increase in the future as more nations in the danger zones develop economically.
Characterizing electronic and atomic structures for amorphous and molecular metal oxide catalysts at functional interfaces by combining soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering

Amorphous thin film materials and heterogenized molecular catalysts supported on electrode and other functional interfaces are widely investigated as promising catalyst formats for applications in solar and electrochemical fuels catalysis. However the amorphous character of these catalysts and the complexity of the interfacial architectures that merge charge transport properties of electrode and semiconductor supports with discrete sites for multi-step catalysis poses challenges for probing mechanisms that activate and tune sites for catalysis. This minireview discusses advances in soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering that provide opportunities to resolve interfacial electronic and atomic structures, respectively, that are linked to catalysis. This review discusses how these techniques can be partnered with advances in nanostructured interface synthesis for combined soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering analyses of thin film and heterogenized molecular catalysts. These combined approaches enable opportunities for the characterization of both electronic and atomic structures underlying fundamental catalytic function, and that can be applied under conditions relevant to device applications.
Testing of a commercial waterpipe electric heater and a research-grade waterpipe electric heater.

Introduction The capability of a commercial waterpipe electric heater to simulate the waterpipe charcoal heating system using waterpipe tobacco consumption as a metric was evaluated, and a research-grade waterpipe electric heater to standardize waterpipe tobacco emission testing was designed. Methods The experiment was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, tobacco was heated using either charcoal or a commercial electric heater. The tobacco temperature was recorded during a 57-minute machine-smoking session and tobacco consumption was measured. In Phase 2, a similar procedure was followed using a novel research-grade electric heater. Results In Phase 1, tobacco consumption using either charcoal or the commercial electric heater averaged 31.35% and 20.56%, respectively. In Phase 2, tobacco consumption using the research-grade electric heater, set at target temperatures of 470, 430, 400, 380, 370 and 350°C, averaged 55.74, 41.22, 40.18, 39.10, 31.57 and 26.14%, respectively. Conclusions The commercial electric heater did not reach consumption levels seen in the charcoal heating system, whereas the research-grade electric heater did and can be used as part of a standardize waterpipe tobacco emission testing regimen.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 50

Douglas J. Futuyma, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Daniel Simberloff, eds. 2019. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 50. (isbn-13: 978-0-8243-1450-7, hbk). Annual Reviews, Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. (Orders: annualreviews.org, science@annualreviews.org), $116.00 US, 593 pp., 7½" × 9½".
Expansive Automobile Access in Arkansas: The Untold Story

For over seven decades, the United States Supreme Court has limited the scope of the Fourth Amendment’s automobile exception to permit only warrantless searches of vehicles and their containers. Against that precedent, the American Law Institute adopted Section 260.3 of the Model Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedure in 1975. Section 260.3 permitted police officers to not only conduct warrantless searches of vehicles, but also vehicle occupants when the search of the vehicle failed to turn up evidence of a crime. As of 2019, only one state in the country maintains Section 260.3 as a rule or statute of criminal procedure. That state is Arkansas. Arkansas adopted Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 14.1, governing warrantless vehicle searches, in 1976. Like Section 260.3, Rule 14.1 permits the warrantless search of a vehicle occupant—in addition to the vehicle itself. This Article demonstrates that the historical circumstances surrounding Rule 14.1’s adoption deviate from the Supreme Court’s automobile exception jurisprudence. It begins by tracing the remarkable origins and development of Rule 14.1. Afterward, it examines the Arkansas courts, commentators, and police agencies that have left the ultimate question of Rule 14.1’s constitutionality unanswered since 1976. At its core, this Article seeks to realign Arkansas’s automobile exception jurisprudence with that of the United States Supreme Court. It therefore concludes that Rule 14.1—Arkansas’s expansive approach to warrantless vehicle searches—must be significantly amended.
Glycine-Conjugated Bile Acids Protect RPE Tight Junctions against Oxidative Stress and Inhibit Choroidal Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis In Vitro

We previously demonstrated that the bile acid taurocholic acid (TCA) inhibits features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine if the glycine-conjugated bile acids glycocholic acid (GCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) can protect retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells against oxidative damage and inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in choroidal endothelial cells (CECs). Paraquat was used to induce oxidative stress and disrupt tight junctions in HRPEpiC primary human RPE cells. Tight junctions were assessed via transepithelial electrical resistance and ZO-1 immunofluorescence. GCA and GUDCA protected RPE tight junctions against oxidative damage at concentrations of 100-500 µM, and GDCA protected tight junctions at 10-500 µM. Angiogenesis was induced with VEGF in RF/6A macaque CECs and evaluated with cell proliferation, cell migration, and tube formation assays. GCA inhibited VEGF-induced CEC migration at 50-500 µM and tube formation at 10-500 µM. GUDCA inhibited VEGF-induced CEC migration at 100-500 µM and tube formation at 50-500 µM. GDCA had no effect on VEGF-induced angiogenesis. None of the three bile acids significantly inhibited VEGF-induced CEC proliferation. These results suggest glycine-conjugated bile acids may be protective against both atrophic and neovascular AMD.
Skills, community, and rapport: Prelicensure nursing students in the virtual learning environment

Abstract Introduction The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic forced changes in program delivery across nursing education. This article describes the innovative virtual lab sessions designed and implemented for Foundations and Pediatrics courses in an Accelerated Baccalaureate Science in Nursing program. The objectives of this quality improvement project were to (1) ascertain student perceptions of learning in virtual lab environment (2) identify benefits and barriers to planning and implementing virtual learning experiences, and (3) explore student attitudes and perceptions regarding group dynamics and the sense of community provided by virtual lab sessions. Methods A cross-sectional approach was employed with two cohorts (Cohort 1, n = 71; Cohort 2, n = 86). Students completed a survey and responded to open-ended questions regarding their virtual clinical lab experiences. Results The four themes of small group dynamics, resource availability, hands-on activities, and sense of community emerged as the characteristics students liked most about virtual lab sessions with 95% of students reporting the virtual lab sessions were engaging. Overall student survey responses were favorable to the virtual labs. Discussion This project demonstrates that nursing educators were able to design and implement innovative teaching and learning strategies in a virtual environment to promote knowledge, skills, and attitudes while nurturing a sense of community.
Clinical presentation and outcomes of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in patients with cancer.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection is thought to be more severe in cancer patients, but this has not been studied since the development of new cancer therapies, increasing antibiotic resistance and the introduction of new antibiotics. We sought to describe the demographic characteristics, microbiological findings, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of NTS infections in cancer patients at our institution. We reviewed microbiology laboratory records and identified patients who had cancer and from whom NTS organisms were recovered between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013, at a comprehensive cancer center in Houston, Texas. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics, clinical presentation and outcomes. We identified 110 isolates from 82 patients with 88 episodes of NTS infection (including five relapses [6%] in four patients, and two consecutive episodes in one patient). Fifty-five patients (67%) had hematologic malignancies. Most NTS isolates were susceptible to the commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Sixty-nine percent of patients had sepsis and one-third had severe sepsis or septic shock. Gastroenteritis, bacteremia, or both were present in 69% of patients, and the rest had focal infection. Mortality at 30 days was low (8%). Relapses occurred only in patients receiving ≤ 10 days of antibiotic therapy. NTS affects predominantly patients with hematologic malignancies, followed by gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers. Invasive disease, sepsis, and septic shock are common presentations among admitted patients. Antimicrobial prophylaxis may not prevent NTS infection. Thirty-day mortality and attributable mortality rates were low in our series compared to older case series. Early appropriate antibiotic therapy may have had a role in decreasing mortality. Relapses occurred in patients receiving ≤ 10 days of therapy, suggesting the need for longer duration of antibiotic therapy in cancer patients with uncomplicated NTS infections.
Dr. Alexander Hamilton and Provincial America: Expanding the Orbit of Scottish Culture – By Elaine Breslaw

This new biography on Dr. Alexander Hamilton is a very well‐crafted book on “the other Alexander Hamilton” and a highly useful work that paints a portrait for historians about life in mid‐eighteent...
Embryonic neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is elevated in the denervated rat dentate gyrus

We evaluated the immunohistological changes in neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) expression in the adult rat dentate gyrus during the period of synaptic degeneration, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis following ipsilateral entorhinal cortex (ERC) lesion. This lesion denervates the outer two-thirds of the dentate granule cells dendrites and induces compensatory sprouting from the subjacent inner one-third into the denervated zone, as well as reactive synaptogenesis in the denervated outer molecular layer. In unlesioned adult hippocampus, antibodies to total N-CAM stained the inner molecular layer intensely, and the outer molecular layer (ML) more lightly. After ERC lesion the intense staining of the inner layer widened, the expansion following the known temporal sequence of commissural and associational (C/A) axon sprouting into the denervated zone. In normal unlesioned controls there was very light, uniform staining of the ML with antibodies directed against embryonic N-CAM (eN-CAM). By 2 d post-ERC lesion, the outer two- thirds of the ML stained robustly with antibody to eN-CAM. This area of intense staining receded as the C/A axon collaterals from the inner one- third entered the denervated zone, so that by 30 d the intense eN-CAM staining only occupied the outer half of the ML. The increased expression of eN-CAM remained present at 60 d post-ERC lesion, past the point that synaptic volume density has returned to normal levels in the denervated zone. Ultrastructural studies showed that the newly expressed eN-CAM was located on the surface of dendrites in the denervated zone, but was not found at the synaptic contacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An oversampled channelized UWB receiver

To digitize the ultra-wideband (UWB) signal at its Nyquist rate, a frequency channelized receiver for UWB radio based on hybrid filter banks (HFB) is presented. Among the challenges of such receivers are the uncertainties of the analog analysis filters and the slow convergence speed. To overcome these problems, the channelized receiver operates slightly above the critical sampling rate. The proposed receiver, which is designed for use in transmitted reference (TR) systems, combines the synthesis filters and the matched-filter so that only the estimation of the combined response of the analysis filter and the propagation channel is necessary. The resulting convergence speed is comparable to an ideal full band receiver. In addition, all of the receiver functions are performed at the reduced subband sampling rate, relaxing the requirements on the digital circuitry.
Aggregation in Relational Databases: Controlled Disclosure of Sensitive Information

It has been observed that often the release of a limited part of an information resource poses no security risks, but the relase of a sufficiently large part of that resource might pose such risks. This problem of controlled disclosure of sensitive information is an example of what is known as the aggregation problem. In this paper we argue that it should be possible to articulate specific secrets within a database that should be protected against overdisclosure, and we provide a general framework in which such controlled disclosure can be achieved. Our methods foil any attempt to attack these predefined secrets by disguising queries as queries whose definitions do not resemble secrets, but whose answers nevertheless “nibble” at secrets. Our methods also foil attempts to attack secrets by breaking queries into sequences of smaller requests that extract information less conspicuously. The accounting methods we employ to thwart such attempts are shown to be both accurate and economical.
Invited Review—Survey of Value‐Focused Thinking: Applications, Research Developments and Areas for Future Research

Criteria are the central focus of multi-criteria decision analysis. Many authors have suggested using our values (or preferences) to define the criteria we use to evaluate alternatives. Value-focused thinking (VFT) is an important philosophy that advocates a more fundamental view of values in our decision making in our private and professional lives. VFT proponents advocate starting first with our values and then using our values to create decision opportunities, evaluate alternatives and finally develop improved alternatives. It has been 20 years since VFT was first introduced by Ralph Keeney. This paper surveys the VFT literature to provide a comprehensive summary of the significant applications, describe the main research developments and identify areas for future research. We review the scope and magnitude of VFT applications and the key developments in theory since VFT was introduced in 1992 and found 89 papers written in 29 journals from 1992 to 2010. We develop about 20 research questions that include the type of article (application, theory, case study, etc.), the size of the decision space (which, when given, ranged from $200K to billions of dollars), the contribution documented in the article (application benefits) and the research contributions (categorized by preferences, uncertainties and alternatives). After summarizing the answers to these questions, we conclude the paper with suggestions for improving VFT applications and potential future research. We found a large number of significant VFT applications and several useful research contributions. We also found an increasing number of VFT papers written by international authors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstruction of Evolutionary Trees

Inferring the evolutionary relationships among related taxa (species, genera, families, or higher groupings) is one of the most fascinating problems of molecular genetics [11, 13, 14]. It is now relatively simple to sequence genes and to compare the results from several contemporary taxa. In the current chapter we will assume that the chore of aligning the DNA sequences from these taxa has been successfully accomplished. The taxa are then arranged in an evolutionary tree (or phytogeny) depicting how taxa diverge from common ancestors. A single ancestral taxon roots the binary tree describing the evolution of the contemporary taxa. The reconstruction problem can be briefly stated as finding the rooted evolutionary tree best fitting the current DNA data. Once the best tree is identified, it is also of interest to estimate the branch lengths of the tree. These tell us something about the pace of evolution. For the sake of brevity, we will focus on the problem of finding the best tree.
P Element Transposition in Drosophila Melanogaster: An Analysis of Sister-Chromatid Pairs and the Formation of Intragenic Secondary Insertions during Meiosis

The gap-repair model proposes that P elements move via a conservative, "cut-and-paste" mechanism followed by double-strand gap repair, using either the sister chromatid or homolog as the repair template. We have tested this model by examining meiotic perturbations of an X-linked ry+ transposon during the meiotic cycle of males, employing the mei-S332 mutation, which induces high frequency equational nondisjunction. This system permits the capture of both sister-X chromatids in a single patroclinous daughter. In the presence of P-transposase, transpositions within the immediate proximity of the original site are quite frequent. These are readily detectable among the patroclinous daughters, thereby allowing the combined analysis of the transposed element, the donor site and the putative sister-strand template. Molecular analysis of 22 meiotic transposition events provide results that support the gap-repair model of P element transposition. Prior to this investigation, it was not known whether transposition events were exclusively or predominantly premeiotic. The results of our genetic analysis revealed that P elements mobilize at relatively high frequencies during meiosis. We estimated that approximately 4% of the dysgenic male gametes have transposon perturbations of meiotic origin; the proportion of gametes containing lesions of premeiotic origin was estimated at 32%.