cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Flaw Detection: Application to Flaws Below Curved Surfaces

The detection of the presence of flaws in structural materials is the most important function which Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) performs. As structures are designed to higher performance criteria and as safety and life cycle cost factors become more important, it becomes necessary to detect smaller and more difficult to find flaws. This paper presents a practical approach to the optimum detection of flaws in the presence of noise signals. A decision theoretic approach (described in more detail in a companion paper by Fertig, et al.1) is used to derive a detection algorithm which is adapted to the noise environment in which a particular measurement is being made. An automatic procedure for characterizing the noises and developing the optimum detection algorithm is presented. Two implementations of this approach have been tested on experimental data and show substantial improvement over conventional detection techniques. One is a flexible algorithm used for research purposes, and the other is a real-time algorithm suitable for field implementation.
Applying Program Analysis to Code Retrieval

Early code retrieval systems were primarily adaptations of standard text retrieval approaches, and so treated source code as either plain or structured text. While fairly successful, these approaches ignored much of the information that can be extracted from the source code. Recently, researchers have demonstrated a number of ways in which static program analysis can be used to augment text-based retrieval approaches. By taking advantage of the structural and semantic information embedded in source code, advanced code retrieval systems can provide a superior experience.
Photoelectron Spectrometry: Experiments with Atoms

These lectures will present a brief review of the technique of Photoelectron Spectrometry and outline its capacity and potential to delineate the electronic structure and dynamics of atoms. Experimental results and, in particular, those photoelectron spectrometric experiments that give evidence of many-electron interactions in atoms will be discussed. I shall emphasize experiments that are especially instructive or promising for future work in the area of electron-electron correlation effects. This should introduce the student to the characteristics of the technique and the manifestations of many-electron interactions in photoelectron spectra, and at the same time, will familiarize him with the latest experimental results, since the most relevant data are of recent origin.
Affective Disorders in Late Life: Pharmacotherapy

Clearly, in the time available today I cannot do justice to all of the currently fashionable treatments of depression in old age, and certainly not the treatment of mania as well. Generally, these treatments are similar to the treatments we favor for young adults. Since I cannot do justice to all, I shall look at just one, our own double-bind placebo-controlled study of doxepin and imipramine.
Implementation and Clinical Evaluation of a Fetal ALARA Ultrasound System

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides guidelines for acoustic output to ensure that ultrasound remains a safe imaging modality used widely in applications such as obstetrics. However, even within these limits, additional acoustic output that does not lead to improved image quality represents an unnecessary risk to patient safety. Ultrasound manufacturers and professional societies advise users to observe the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle with regard to acoustic exposure, but studies have shown that most ultrasound users do not adjust the transmit power. In this study, an adaptive ultrasound tool was implemented to automatically adjust acoustic exposure in response to real-time image quality feedback based on lag-one coherence (LOC). LOC is the average correlation between backscattered echoes received on neighboring array elements. Previous work has shown that LOC is predictive of local signal-to-noise ratio and sensitive to incoherent acoustic clutter and temporally-incoherent noise. LOC as a function of MI was assessed in seven volunteers. While imaging the placenta or the fetal abdomen, the system swept through 18 transmit voltages that correspond to MIs ranging from 0.08 to 1.21 and automatically selected the optimum MI based on reaching 95% of the maximum LOC. In this study, the optimal MI values were between 0.48 and 0.89, depending on the acoustic window. For all acquisitions, we saw a steady increase that approached an asymptote in LOC with increasing MI. Contrast, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and LOC followed similar trends. These results suggest that maximum image quality can be achieved with acoustic output levels lower than the FDA limits and an automated tool can be employed in real-time to find this optimal MI for specific imaging conditions. Our results support the feasibility of an automated, LOC-based implementation of the ALARA principle with regard to acoustic exposure for obstetric ultrasound.
The Difficult Splenic Flexure

Splenic flexure mobilization may be a routine or selective part of left-sided operations. Understanding tips and tricks used in the most difficult flexure takedown is a critical component to minimize complications.
Subperiosteal Hematoma of the Orbit: A Variety of Presentations

Subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit is an uncommon radiologic finding. Most typically, the hemorrhage is in the superior aspect of the orbit, however, location within the orbit may vary. Subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit may be associated with trauma. Nontraumatic etiology has also been well documented. We present a series of three cases, to illustrate typical and atypical radiologic findings of subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit, both traumatic and nontraumatic. Review of the pertinent radiologic literature and its relation to the cases presented here is also provided.
VOICES OF THE TRAUMA: A DISSECTION OF ISLAND OF A THOUSAND MIRRORS BY NAYOMI MUNAWEERA

Social exclusion on the basis of factors like race, ethnicity, gender, culture, sexuality and class in a nation can be seen as internal colonization. Oppression of marginalized necessitates movements of resistance by the oppressed. The conflict between two races for the supremacy over land results in the dissection of the community into two as a result of which resentment or hatred is spread among those who once lived as brothers and sisters. Refugees are created in such brutal battles whose selves get dissected when they really belong nowhere, neither in their past space or new shelter. A threatening question of identity is posed before those people with torn selves. The Island of a Thousand Mirrors by Nayomi Munaweera gives us an account of the long and brutal civil war in Srilanka. The novel narrates the burden of exile and belonging and the harsh demands of survival. In the novel which tells about the ethnic conflict in Srilanka, violence has occupied an important place. This novel is a haunting tale of lives distorted by terrible violence. The level of victimization which is the resultant factor of ethnic conflict is vividly described in this book. The paper aims to analyze the concepts of refugee by applying refugee theory. Traumatic experiences of the victims of the ethnic conflict also form the subject of analysis. This paper thus dissects the dissected selves of the characters in the novel by examining the wounded psyche of the two important characters.
A Simulation-Based Multifunctional Differential Mode and Common Mode Filter Design Method for Universal Converters

Existing filter design methods for grid-tied power converters either focus on grid current harmonic suppression or electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise attenuation. This article proposes a simulation-based, multifunctional filter design method, which can simultaneously handle multiple objectives, including minimizing grid current total harmonic distortion (THD), conductive EMI noise, ground leakage current, touch current, filter weight, and so on. By modeling equivalent filter circuit and simulating in the Powersim (PSIM) software, the approach avoids traditional complicated circuit analysis and mathematical computation. In addition, unlike most existing filter design approaches that only focus on one specific application or converter topology, this filter design method is a generalized approach and can also be used for universal converters that have variable applications. To demonstrate this feature, the filter design method is applied to a recently proposed series-capacitive-link universal converter. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Use of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes and Dual Use Among Adult Employees in the US Workplace

Introduction Evidence-based interventions for tobacco control in the US workplace can reach a large audience. The purpose of our study was to explore the prevalence and determinants of type of tobacco use (ie, cigarettes only, e-cigarettes only, or dual use) among adult employees in the United States and to examine type of use by state. Methods We used data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the prevalence of cigarette use, e-cigarette use, dual use, and quit attempts. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the relationships between sociodemographic characteristics and type of tobacco product used, and we estimated adjusted prevalence. Results Approximately 17% of respondents were current smokers, 5% were current e-cigarette users, and 2% were dual users. E-cigarette-only and dual use were generally highest among young (aged 18-24), male, and less-educated respondents and lower for respondents who identified as black, Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or Hispanic than for white respondents. Cigarette-only and dual use were higher for respondents who did not have health care coverage. Prevalence by state of e-cigarette use only ranged from 1.2% (Vermont) to 3.9% (Arkansas), whereas the prevalence of dual use ranged from 0.6% (District of Columbia) to 4.0% (Oklahoma). Conclusion Prevalence of cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use varied by sociodemographic characteristics and by state. These findings can support targeting of specific populations when designing and implementing evidence-based interventions for tobacco control in workplace settings.
The effect of parent personality on the acquisition and use of mindfulness skills during an MBSR intervention

Abstract Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) has been shown to reduce stress among parents of children with DD, who often experience higher levels of stress than parents of typically developing (TD) children. The current study examined how parent personality impacted parents' learning and acquisition of mindfulness skills. Participants included 50 parents who participated in a waitlist-control trial examining the efficacy of MBSR for parents of children with DD. Results showed that Openness predicted increases in the trajectory of use of mindfulness over the course of the MBSR intervention. Openness also predicted increases in specific facets of mindfulness (i.e. Observe and Non-reactivity), while Conscientiousness predicted increases in Acting with Awareness specifically, from pre to post intervention. This study highlighted Openness and Conscientiousness as important personality traits with regard to how parents of children with DD learn and acquire mindfulness skills. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Antibiotic resistance genes in swine manure slurry as affected by pit additives and facility disinfectants.

Abstract Manure storage facilities are critical control points to reduce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in swine manure slurry before the slurry is land applied. However, little is known about how exogenous chemicals entering the manure storage facilities may affect the fate of ARGs. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of six commonly used pit additives and four facility disinfectants on the concentration of ARGs in swine manure slurry. Bench scale reactors, each containing approximately 50 L of liquid swine manure, were dosed with additives or disinfectants and were sampled for 40 days. Seven antibiotic resistance genes along with the intI1 gene and the 16S rRNA gene were monitored. Out of the six additives tested, Sludge Away significantly reduced the time-averaged absolute abundance of erm(C), erm(F), tet(Q), and the 16S rRNA gene as compared to the no additive control. Out of the four disinfectants tested, Tek-Trol significantly reduced the time-averaged absolute abundance of erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), intI1, tet(Q), and tet(X) than did the no-disinfectant control. According to Spearman's rank correlation, three genes erm(F), tet(Q), and tet(X) showed a strong to perfectly positive correlation and the two genes erm(B) and tet(O) showed a moderate to strong correlation in both the additive and disinfectant tests. Overall, the disinfectants were more effective in controlling the absolute abundance of ARGs than were the pit additives.
Inflammatory Biomarker Trends Predict Respiratory Decline in COVID-19 Patients.

In this single-center, retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, we investigate whether inflammatory biomarker levels predict respiratory decline in patients who initially present with stable disease. Examination of C-reactive protein (CRP) trends reveals that a rapid rise in CRP levels precedes respiratory deterioration and intubation, although CRP levels plateau in patients who remain stable. Increasing CRP during the first 48 h of hospitalization is a better predictor (with higher sensitivity) of respiratory decline than initial CRP levels or ROX indices (a physiological score of respiratory function). CRP, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and physiological measures of hypoxemic respiratory failure are correlated, which suggests a mechanistic link. Our work shows that rising CRP predicts subsequent respiratory deterioration in COVID-19 and may suggest mechanistic insight and a potential role for targeted immunomodulation in a subset of patients early during hospitalization.
Developmental capacity and the early evolution of animals

Disentangling the factors underlying the appearance of macroscopic, often skeletonized, bilaterians during the Ediacaran–Cambrian diversification of animals requires carefully parsing the contributions of ecological opportunity, environmental potential and developmental capacity. The early evolution of animals involved the introduction of genomic, developmental, morphologic and behavioural novelties, identified as the individuation of new characters, which led to the construction of new ecological networks (innovation). Here I employ a recently introduced conceptual framework for novelty and individuation that distinguishes between potentiation, novelty, innovation and adaptive adjustments to the Ediacaran–Cambrian Radiation, and focus on the roles of potentiation and novelty in the expansion of developmental capacity. Comparative developmental studies combined with molecular clock estimates and data from the fossil record suggest that developmental capacity, the potential to generate a range of morphologies, may expand rapidly through developmental novelties without leading directly to morphological novelties, or to innovation. The expected patterns from this framework are markedly different from those in adaptive radiation scenarios. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Advances in the Cambrian Explosion collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/advances-cambrian-explosion
Teaching topography using 3D printed terrain in an introductory earth science course: A pilot study

Topographic maps are a common form of 3D surface elevation data represented as a 2D display. Despite their use in geoscience courses, many students find learning to effectively read and interpret t...
Thinking the limits of the body

Menunjukkan ketidakterpisahan antara tekstualitas, materialitas, dan sejarah dalam diskusi tentang tubuh. Koleksi ini memetakan upaya terbaik untuk memikirkan tubuh pada batas kemampuannya. Karena tubuh mencakup komunitas (badan sosial dan politik), wilayah (badan geografis), dan teks dan gagasan sejarah (badan sastra, badan karya), Cohen dan Weiss mencari titik resonansi dan perbedaan lintas disiplin untuk memeriksa bagaimana metafora disipliner mewujudkan tubuh tertentu, dan di mana tubuh ini rusak dan / atau menolak jalan yang ditentukan. Sementara teori postmodern tentang tubuh sering mengabaikan jasmani demi konstruksi budayanya, buku ini menunjukkan bahwa tekstualitas, materialitas, dan sejarah tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam setiap diskusi tentang tubuh.
Major Religious and Activist Groups Involved in the Controversy

Several organizations played key roles in making the infant formula controversy into a national and international cause celebre. Although the early seeds of the infant formula controversy were planted in Europe, the movement was initiated in the United States by the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) and subsequently fostered and managed by the Infant Formula Action Coalition (INFACT). During the period spanning between 1978-1984 when the public awareness and involvement in the infant formula controversy were at their peak, a great many activist groups were involved both in the United States and abroad. They ranged all over the spectrum in terms of their political and ideological orientation, religious beliefs, understanding of the issues, financial resources, and intensity of commitment. They also included groups from many walks of life: health care, education, public services, groups concerned with Third World issues, as well as those involved with the poor and disenfranchised in the United States, to name a few.
Ethical Issues and At-Risk Behaviors in Marriage and Family Therapy: A Qualitative Study of Awareness

This exploratory study investigated perceptions of and relationship with professional ethics of therapists-in-training. A focus group of marriage and family therapy doctoral students explored self-awareness and “at-risk” behaviors regarding ethical competence and compliance. A grounded theory analysis of data is presented as a conditional matrix, which offers a theory of development between therapists and their perception of ethics. The Practitioner-Relationship Ethics Model represents findings of interaction between confidence in ethical principles, field experience, use of justification, and at-risk behaviors. Implications and limitations of these findings are presented, as are suggestions for research.
Metabolism of Imidazole by a Pseudomonad

Intermediates formed during the microbial degradation of imidazole, namely 4(5)-imidazolone, formiminoglycine, and possibly glycine, are similar to those formed during metabolism of imidazole derivatives.
Vocabulary Integration Environment: VINE

Interoperabilidad entre sistemas de informacion distribuidos requiere acuerdos de estandares de metadatos, protocolos, interfaces y vocabularios controlados. Tales acuerdos se basan en adopciones de estandares publicados por organizaciones como la Organizacion Internacional para la Estandarizacion (International Organization for Standardization - ISO) y el Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Estos estandares son generales y no regulan en totalidad los vocabularios controlados que se utilizan para anotar metadatos. Por consiguiente, cuando comunidades comparten metadatos, se encuentran con conflictos semanticos resultado de las heterogeneidades de los vocabularios controlados. Por ejemplo “elevacion del agua”, “nivel del agua” y “altura del agua”, son distintos conceptos que semanticamente son equivalentes. Pare poder resolver estas heterogeneidades semanticas, se creo el programa VINE, Entorno de Integracion de Vocabularios. Esta herramienta fue utilizada exitosamente en el taller Avanzando Vocabularios Controlados (Advancing Domain Vocabularies), organizado por el proyecto Interoperabilidad de Metadatos Marinos (MMI) en 2005. Esta herramienta se especializa en crear relaciones de tipo tesauros para mapear vocabularios controlados representados en grafos de Resource Description Framework (RDF). VINE tambien permite busquedas de texto libre en los grafos. VINE es un plugin de Eclipse desarrollado en JAVA, siguiendo el paradigma de Modelo Vista Controlador (MVC). Se discutira la arquitectura de la herramienta y el concepto de busqueda inteligente profunda en grafos
Feminist Perspectives on Female Offending

Abstract This paper explores new approaches in theorizing about delinquent girls that overcome the shortcomings of traditional theories. Organized under the broad framework of feminist perspectives, recent research is reviewed for its contribution to a better understanding of delinquent girls. This review suggests that acknowledging the sexism, victimization, and racism experienced by female offenders is crucial in attempts to theorize about and respond to girls' delinquency.
Athletic Training Council

(1976). Athletic Training Council. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 47, No. 9, pp. 33-34.
Isolation of the Subunits of Transcarboxylase and Reconstitution of the Active Enzyme from the Subunits

Abstract The separation of the 12 SH central subunit, the 5 SE peripheral metallo subunit, and the 1.3 SE biotinyl carboxyl carrier protein which are formed on the dissociation of transcarboxylase has been accomplished by molecular sieving on Bio-Gel. The 12 SH and 5 SE subunits have been obtained in nearly homogeneous form as judged by the sedimentation velocity profiles and by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 1.3 SE carboxyl carrier protein has given less consistent results; sometimes a single band of molecular weight of approximately 12,000 is obtained on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate but sometimes there is an additional band of lower molecular weight of approximately 11,000. This lower molecular weight component may result from limited proteolytic degradation in spite of efforts to prevent it. Two or more bands are obtained in the absence of dodecyl sulfate. This heterogeneity may result from aggregation. subunits. The most effective reconstitution is accomplished by a two-step process. First, the 1.3 SE carboxyl carrier protein and 5 SE metallo subunit are combined to form the 6 SE complex; then this product is combined with the 12 SH subunit to yield active enzyme. With a limiting amount of the 6 SE complex and an excess of the 12 SH subunit the resulting enzymatic activity is proportional to the concentration of 6 SE complex. Likewise, with an excess of the 6 SF, complex and the 12 SH subunit limiting, the enzymatic activity is proportional to the concentration of the 12 SH subunit. The maximum specific activities of the reconstituted 6 SE complex and the 12 SH subunit were approximately 60% and 50%, respectively of the value estimated for their specific activities in the native 18 S form of the enzyme with three peripheral 6 SE subunits. Because assay of the 6 SE complex is done using an excess of the 12 SH subunit, this may yield enzyme with a single peripheral subunit. The 6 SE subunit may be less effective in this form. In the case of the 12 SH subunit, the activity is most likely low because the reconstituted 6 SE complex does not contain the full complement of 1.3 SE biotinyl carboxyl carrier proteins. The carboxyl carrier protein provides the groups which link together the 5 SE peripheral subunits with the central subunit. Evidence is presented that the 1.3 SE biotinyl carboxyl carrier must first combine with the 5 SE subunit to assume a form which effectively provides the combining groups for association with the 12 SH subunit.
Context-specificity of relapse: effects of therapist and environmental context on return of fear

Context-specificity of fear extinction was tested among 65 participants who were fearful of spiders by manipulating the contexts used for exposure treatment and two-week follow-up assessment. Context was defined by both meaningful (presence of a particular therapist) and incidental (room location and furnishings) environmental cues. Distinct phobic stimuli were used to examine interactions of context with stimulus. Physiological, behavioral and verbal indices of fear were measured. Results provided modest support for context-specific return of fear. With one stimulus, participants assessed in a non-treatment context at follow-up exhibited greater returns in heart rate levels. In addition, three of four participants who could not touch the stimulus at follow-up had been tested in a non-treatment context. Future investigations may benefit from greater distinctions between contexts or manipulation of contextual features more directly relevant to fear. Finally, post hoc analyses identified high trait anxiety, slow treatment response, recovery of phobic cognitions and long duration/high intensity phobic encounters post-treatment as significant predictors of increased return of fear.
Transformation of rat small lymphocytes with allogeneic lymphoid cells.

Blastogenesis was observed in cultures containing lymphoid cells of the thymus glands, spleens, lymph nodes, thoracic duct lymph and blood of two genetically dissimilar rat strains. In thymus cultures, the large and medium cells in the culture inoculum gave rise by division to small lymphocytes. The majority of the blast cells originated from the small lymphocytes of both donors, although not all small cells underwent transformation. Subsequently, some blasts divided, giving rise to more blast cells, while others served as precursors of small lymphocytes, thereby completing the cycle of small lymphocyte blast small lymphocyte. Similar blastogenesis was observed in mixed cultures containing newborn thymic cells but was not observed in mixed splenic cultures until the donors were three days of age.
Developing brokered community transportation for seniors and people with disabilities

Communities are exploring ways to increase transportation coordination to improve access for seniors. One such effort is a brokered transportation system in which one agency serves as the central point of contact for ride information or actually arranging transportation for clients of multiple programs by use of a combination of transportation services. A team of social work faculty and students from the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Social Work Outreach Center, a center that provides service learning opportunities to students, collaborated with a local coalition to investigate the specific transportation needs of the region's senior citizens. A total of 641 people participated in the survey. Results indicate that the study population experiences problems reliably meeting daily living needs due to inconsistent or unavailable private and public transportation options. Study findings also indicate the promising potential of brokered transportation systems, particularly for isolated seniors in rural and suburban areas with relatively limited public and private transportation options.
The sweet potato—Its origin and primitive storage practices

In pre-Columbian times sweet potatoes provided food for the widely separated Mayans of Central America, the Incas of Peru and the Maoris of New Zealand, while two other species of the genus were occasionally used by Indians of western North America.
Head-and-Neck Target Delineation Among Radiation Oncology Residents After a Teaching Intervention: A Prospective, Blinded Pilot Study

Purpose We conducted this study to determine the feasibility of incorporating a teaching intervention on target delineation into the educational curriculum of a radiation oncology residency program and to assess the short-term effects on resident skills. Methods and Materials The study schema consisted of a baseline evaluation, the teaching intervention, and a follow-up evaluation. At the baseline evaluation, the participants contoured three clinical tumor volumes (CTVs) (70 Gy, 59.4 Gy, and 54 Gy) on six contrast-enhanced axial computed tomography images of a de-identified patient with Stage T2N2bM0 squamous cell carcinoma of the right base of the tongue. The participants attended a series of head-and-neck oncology and anatomy seminars. The teaching intervention consisted of a didactic lecture and an interactive hands-on practical session designed to improve the knowledge and skills for target delineation in the head and neck. At the follow-up evaluation, the residents again contoured the CTVs. Results Of the 14 eligible residents, 11 (79%) actually participated in the study. For all participants, but especially for those who had not had previous experience with head-and-neck target delineation, the teaching intervention was associated with improvement in the delineation of the node-negative neck (CTV 54 Gy contour). Regardless of clinical experience, participants had difficulty determining what should be included in the CTV 59.4 Gy contour to ensure adequate coverage of potential microscopic disease. Conclusion Incorporating a teaching intervention into the education curriculum of a radiation oncology residency program is feasible and was associated with short-term improvements in target delineation skills. Subsequent interventions will require content refinement, additional validation, longer term follow-up, and multi-institutional collaboration.
Thermal Optimization of a Composite Heat Spreader

A theoretical study is undertaken to determine the optimal geometry of a composite heat spreader subjected to cooling by a single phase fluid. Optimal geometry is obtained when heat transfer from the spreader is maximized. Constructal theory is employed, where the fundamental construct for the composite consists of a thin high-thermal conductivity blade in contact with a matrix of lesser conductivity. Following a systematic procedure, a tree-like geometry is built up from this fundamental unit, which increases in surface area with each successive construct and possesses optimal geometry at each construct level. Numerical results are calculated for a carbon-fiber composite in an epoxy matrix. We find the optimal aspect ratio for all constructs to be of the order of 1 for a wide range of prescribed surface area for the fundamental unit.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate in Nursing Home Men

Previous studies have shown the normal range of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) for independent community men over 60 years old to be 30-200 micrograms/dL. In human adults, low levels of plasma DHEAS have been correlated with a high mortality rate. In rodents, dehydroepiandrosterone, the precursor of DHEAS, has exhibited antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, neurotropic, and memory-enhancing effects. We have now measured plasma DHEAS in 50 independent community men age 55-94 and in 61 nursing home men age 57-104. Mean DHEAS was significantly lower in the nursing home men than in the community men. Plasma DHEAS was subnormal (less than 30 micrograms/dL) in 40% of the nursing home residents and in only 6% of the community subjects. In both groups, DHEAS was inversely related to age. In the nursing home men, additionally, plasma DHEAS was inversely related to the presence of an organic brain syndrome and to the degree of dependence in activities of daily living. Plasma DHEAS was subnormal in 80% of the nursing home men who required total care. There was no significant correlation between the plasma concentrations of DHEAS and testosterone, or between plasma DHEAS and one-year mortality rate.
The absorption of globular proteins

A series of experiments is suggested to elucidate further the nature of the adsorption of globular proteins on polar solid surfaces. Two ratios of surface energies and the total protein volume are used to characterize the expected form of the adsorbed species. A simple model calculation illustrates the approach.
Twins: Early Mental Development

Mental development was appraised periodically for infant twins, and the twins displayed high within-pair concordance for level of mental development during the first and second years. Twins were also concordant for the spurts and lags in development in this period (monozygotic twins more so than dizygotic). From these results it was inferred that infant mental development was primarily determined by the twins' genetic blueprint and that, except in unusual cases, other factors served mainly a supportive function.
Evaluating the use of a MicroGrid as a power solution for Africa's rural areas

Energy availability and reliability is critical to the development of a region, especially for those still in the development phase. Africa, which is the largest and most populous continent after Asia, has only 2% of the world's industrial capacity. Africa's per capita income is roughly 15% of the world average and it consumes roughly 3% of world's energy. Approximately one-third of the estimated 1.6 billion people worldwide that do not have access to electricity currently reside in Africa. Insufficient energy supply has been one of the main factors that have negatively impacted the development of Africa, especially in its rural areas. There are many options that exist for increasing the availability of electricity in this region of the world. The implementation of a MicroGrid is one such option. The intent of this paper is to evaluate the different MicroGrid concepts which could serve as an energy solution for Africa's rural areas.
Use of distal splenorenal shunt in children referred for liver transplant evaluation

Abstract Variceal bleeding remains a common cause of morbidity for children with both intrahepatic and extrahepatic portal hypertension. Occasionally, patients referred for liver transplant evaluation have significant variceal bleeding, despite adequate synthetic liver function. During a 7-year period, 322 children were referred for liver transplant evaluation. Six underwent distal splenorenal shunt surgery after evaluation. There were four boys and two girls. The average age was 11 ± 4 years, and the average weight was 39 ± 15 kg. The etiology of variceal bleeding was intrahepatic portal hypertension in five (1 biliary atresia, 2 chronic hepatitis, 2 congenital hepatic fibrosis) and extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis in one. Two patients had no previous attempts at sclerotherapy (one because of an abnormality in platelet function, the other because of extensive gastric varices), and four had multiple previous sclerotherapy treatments. No patient had preoperative encephalopathy. Three cases were Child's class A, and three were Child's class B. Preoperative evaluation of the portasystemic system was performed with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging or splenoportography. All patients underwent a distal splenorenal shunt procedure, four of whom also had splenopancreatic disconnection. One patient required 100 mL of blood replacement, and five required no blood. The average length of hospital stay was 9.8 ± 2.2 days. Postoperative complications were minimal. All patients are alive, without recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding or encephalopathy, and they have patent shunts, which was confirmed by MR or Doppler ultrasound at a mean of 25 ± 20 months after shunt surgery. Children who have significant cirrhosis, portal hypertension, recurrent variceal bleeding refractory to sclerotherapy, and adequate synthetic function can be effectively treated with a distal splenorenal shunt. While the choice between liver transplantation of shunting may be difficult, use of the distal splenorenal shunt does not preclude future liver transplantation for such children.
The structure of protonated acetone and its dimer: infrared photodissociation spectroscopy from 800 to 4000 cm−1

The infrared spectra of protonated acetone and the proton bound acetone dimer are obtained revealing vibrational resonances associated with the shared proton motions, which are in agreement with the predictions from ab initio, MP2, harmonic frequency calculations.
Interfacial structure and melting temperature of alcohol and alkane molecules in contact with polystyrene films.

Infrared-visible sum-frequency-generation spectroscopy (SFG) is used to investigate the interfacial structure of hexadecanol (C16H33OH) and heneicosane (C21H44) in contact with polystyrene films (PS) spin coated on a sapphire substrate. The interfacial structure of hexadecanol is very different from heneicosane in contact with PS. In the crystalline state, the hexadecanol molecules are oriented with the C−C−C axis parallel to the surface plane in contact with PS. For the crystalline heneicosane/PS interface, the SFG spectra are very similar to those observed for molecules oriented with the symmetry axis of the methyl groups parallel to the surface normal. The structure of both hexadecanol (or heneicosane) and the phenyl groups changes sharply at the melting temperature of hexadecanol (or heneicosane). Upon heating the hexadecanol/PS sample above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PS, the hexadecanol molecules penetrate through the PS film and adsorb on the sapphire substrate. The adsorbed hexadecano...
The rate of oxygen isotope exchange between nitrate and water

Abstract The oxygen isotope exchange rate between nitrate and water was measured at a temperature of 50–80 °C and pH −0.6 to 1.1. Oxygen isotope exchange is a first-order reaction, with the exchange rate being strongly affected by both reaction temperature and pH, with increased rates of isotope exchange at higher temperatures and lower pH values. The rate of oxygen isotope exchange under natural conditions is extremely slow, with an estimated half-life for isotope exchange of 5.5 × 109 years at 25 °C and pH 7. The extremely slow rate of oxygen isotope exchange between nitrate and water under typical environmental conditions illustrates that nitrate-δ18O signatures (and also nitrate δ17O and Δ17O signatures) associated with various nitrate sources, as well as isotope compositions produced by biogeochemical processes, will be preserved. Hence, it is valid to use the value of nitrate-δ18O to investigate the sources and biogeochemical behavior of nitrate, in a similar manner to the use of sulfate-δ18O signatures to study the sources and biogeochemical behavior of sulfate. Equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors have been determined, although quantification of the nitrate–water equilibrium fractionation factor is not possible due to the presence of nitrate as both protonated (i.e. HNO3) and unprotonated forms (i.e. NO 3 - ) under the experimental conditions, and the difficulty in accurately calculating nitrate speciation in low pH, high ionic strength solutions.
A braze system for sealing metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract A composite braze, consisting of Ag–Cu–Ti braze alloy and particulate Al2TiO5 filler, was used to produce metal/braze/metal and metal/braze/YSZ joints to seal and interconnect metal-supported SOFC membranes. The addition of Al2TiO5 to the braze alloy lowers the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the resulting composite sufficiently so as to produce joints in which the YSZ does not crack due to CTE mismatch. Optimization of the reactive element (Ti) loading is discussed with regard to its effect on electrolyte conductivity. Electronic conductivity, sealing ability, and strength of the braze alloy remain acceptable after complete oxidation at 700 °C in air. Joints were also tested in air/fuel dual atmosphere environment at 700 °C. After this exposure, the joint remains hermetically sealed, and no significant degradation of the joint was observed. This is in contrast to a free-standing foil of the braze alloy, which failed upon dual atmosphere exposure. The composite braze material was used to seal a metal-supported thin-film YSZ cell. The sealed cell was thermally cycled 30 times very rapidly without any deterioration of the open circuit voltage.
A case of serendipity in chemical microscopy

During the preparation of flat, two dimensional Ag2Cr207 crystals suitable for profile angle measurement," th ere appeared on one of t he microscope slides , among t he expected forms, the one illustrated in Figure 1. This remarkable variat ion had not appeared before , nor has it been encountered since, in any oth er experiment connected with the formation of crystals for examinat ion by the methods ernployed in chemical microscopy , This seems to 1)(' a clear cut case of serendipity since th e result was not anticipated. was unplanned and was accidentally produ ced while pursuing ent irely different objectives, Another peculiar twist is that it fitted into the main purpose anyway. The crystal illustrated in Figure I is anhedral, i.e., without any external crys talline boundaries. This irregular flak!' (dark areas) is full of holes (white areas) . These holes have the same sha pes and angles as real crystals of pure silver dichromate, of which th ey are , so to speak, the negatives. The angles were measured in the same way . All through th e figure, the corresponding sides of corresponding angles " line up ;" that is, t here are parallel directions visible through it. The same results are obtained, whether the angles of the holes or of the real crystals are measured, Th ey are interchangeable. The holes in Figure 1 represent almost all the crystal forms found on Ag2Cr2()7 upon a fragm ent that measures somewhere between 0.2 to 1.0 mm . It is interesting to speculate on how many preparations would have to he made to exhibi t all these forms on real crys tals of silver dichromate. Also, the lat ter would pile up and overlap while th e holes never do. While a reproduction of the resul t illustrated in Figure 1 is highly
Peer victimization in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder:

This study examined the correlation of peer victimization to psychosocial adjustment in a sample of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A total of 303 files of youth who received a psycho-educational assessment were reviewed; of these, 116 had an ADHD diagnosis. The data collected included the Child Behavior Checklist (which includes items assessing peer victimization), Conner's Parent Rating Scale, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and Children's Depression Inventory. Peer victimization was positively correlated with parent reports of anxiety, depression, social problems, delinquent behavior and aggressive behavior. Children with a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis with ADHD reported higher rates of peer victimization than those without a comorbid diagnosis. Children diagnosed with ADHD along with a comorbid externalizing psychiatric diagnosis experienced higher rates of peer victimization than those with a comorbid internalizing psychiatric diagnosis. The implications of this study concerning peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment in children with ADHD are discussed.
Smart Grid architecture risk optimization through vulnerability scoring

With the increasing smart grid cybersecurity concerns it is imperative that system owners provide cost effective security mechanisms to efficiently minimize risk. This paper introduces the idea of CVSS-host scores which utilize CVSS parameters to provide impact scoring for individual systems. This scoring mechanism presents a novel view of system risk by framing an upper bounds on the criticality of potential vulnerabilities in that system. Once this scoring system has been established, the CVSS vectors can then be utilized to perform more sophisticated calculations to investigate optimal costs and benefits for future security enhancements. The benefits of this risk assessment mechanism are displayed against an example smart grid AMI architecture as documented in NIST IR 7628. The contributions of the paper are 1) the introduction of CVSS-host scoring, 2) the analysis of NIST AMI proposed architectures through the CVSS-host scoring method and 3) a binary integer program formulation for utilizing CVSS-host scoring to evaluate optimal security configurations.
The relative basicity of sulfur containing esters

Abstract The relative gas phase proton affinities for an amide, ester, and thiolester have been established as CH 3 CONHCH 3 > CH 3 COSCH 3 > CH 3 COOCH 3 using ion cyclotron resonance techniques. A dithioester is more basic than the thiolester: CH 3 CSSCH 3 > CH 3 COSCH 3 . d -Orbitals are unimportant in the electronic structure of thiolesters.
Elastic photoproduction of. omega. mesons from hydrogen, deuterium, and complex nuclei

We have studied $\ensuremath{\omega}$ photoproduction using 7.5- to 10.5-GeV tagged photons. Cross sections from hydrogen lie 22% below the bubble chamber results of Ballam et al., but have a similar slope. Density matrices indicate approximate $s$-channel helicity conservation. The proton-neutron cross-section difference is midway between zero and the value suggested by the $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}n$ total-cross-section difference. Fits to the cross sections for D, Be, and Cu and those for Be, C, Al, Cu, and Pb from a previous experiment yield ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}N}=25.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7$ mb and $\frac{{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}=7.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2$.
Optical Pattern Generator Using Excimer Laser

Reticles (masks on enlarged scale) are needed for optical pattern transfer in the production of integrated semiconductor circuits. In order to meet present requirements for 5X reticles only a direct writing technique is feasible. This means direct exposing of photoresist either with light or an electron beam. Many of todays highly dense reticles require some 10 5 to 10 6 discrete exposures when generated with an optical pattern generator. Optical pattern generators normally use mercury arc lamps to expose positive photoresist, which in turn need 200 milliseconds for each of these discrete exposures, thus requiring to stop the table at every exposure position ("stop and go" mode). This results in running times of several days per reticle. Therefore most reticles are nowadays being manufactured with very expensive e-beam machines. In the early 80's we started the first experiments to expose photoresist with an excimer laser. In order to obtain the maximum gain in speed, the goal was to operate with only one excimer laser pulse per exposure, so that a fast "flash on the fly" operation with an optical pattern generator became true. Equipping a conventional optical pattern generator with an excimer laser as the light source, it has become possible to expose substrates coated with standard photoresist in the "flash on the fly" mode with only 13 nanoseconds per flash. So the thruput could be increased up to 25 times in comparison to a pattern generator equipped with a mercury lamp. A comparison of both operation modes will show that an immense increase of speed is possible, even when a ten years old M3600 pattern generator is used. This system is in function now with very high reliability since more than three years in our IC development line.
Procedure to predict ultimate fracture failure history for plane stress plasticity problems

Abstract A finite element solution procedure is presented to predict the load-displacement history up to ultimate fracture failure for a structural system. Incremental plasticity theory for the von Mises yield criterion and isotropic strain hardening are used to march along the uniaxial stress-strain curve of the material up to fracture. When an element fractures its strain energy is distributed into the unfractured elements using an element nodal release method. If another element fractures during this redistribution process, then unstable crack growth is said to occur, and the total load at this stage is termed the ultimate fracture failure load of the structural system. The analysis steps to automate the solution procedure are described. Numerical results obtained for a center pre-cracked panel tension specimen are reported and compared with experimental results available in the literature.
USE OF GENERALIZED RESIDUALS TO EXAMINE GOODNESS OF FIT OF ITEM RESPONSE MODELS

Generalized residuals are a tool employed in the analysis of contingency tables to examine goodness of fit. They may be applied to item response models with little complication. Their use is illustrated with testing data from operational programs. Models considered include the Rasch model and the two-parameter logistic model.