cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomic DNA Copy Number Alterations in Mouse Cancer Models and Human Cancer

The development of solid tumors is associated with the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although these changes may be brought about at the genomic level in a variety of ways, genomic DNA copy number aberrations are particularly frequent in solid tumors and are expected to contribute to tumor evolution by copy number induced alterations in gene expression. Mouse cancer models recapitulate genomic alterations observed in human tumors to varying degrees. Comparison of aberrations in tumor genomes in mouse models and human cancer has facilitated the identification of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, as well as polymorphic variants contributing to individual cancer susceptibility.
Software Project Duration and Effort: An Empirical Study

Software projects frequently finish late and over budget. Much of the research to date has characterized this problem in terms of inadequate project estimation or incomplete requirements determination. In this study, we concentrate instead on understanding the relationship between project duration and project effort. Over time, a dynamic environment contributes to the expansion of project requirements, thus increasing the scope and effort required to complete the project, irrespective of initial requirements and anticipated project size. Further, frequent delays and interruptions in a project contribute to greater effort each time work is resumed. We develop and empirically evaluate a two-stage model to relate project duration and effort. Our results indicate a significant and positive relationship between project duration and effort, controlling for anticipated project size and other project characteristics. Our model also provides an estimate for the rate of environmental change while projects are in progress. We demonstrate the practical implications of our model by showing how it can be used in conjunction with time boxing techniques and new development methodologies to better scope software projects.
Pathophysiological Contributions of Fucosyltransferases in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of delayed graft function. Recent studies have shown that selectins play an important role in IRI. Selectins bind to sialylated and fucosylated sLex receptors, and two enzymes, fucosyltransferase IV (FucT-IV) and VII (FucT-VII), are important in the function of these receptors. We hypothesized that fucosyltransferase (FucT) enzymes were important pathophysiologic mediators of renal IRI. We therefore evaluated renal IRI in mice deficient in FucT-IV, FucT-VII, and both FucT-IV and FucT-VII and compared their renal function, tubular injury, selectin ligand expression, and neutrophil infiltration to those in wild-type control mice. Bilateral 30-min renal IRI was performed, and the results demonstrated that mice deficient in both FucT-IV/FucT-VII were significantly protected from renal IRI at 24 and 48 h compared with wild-type control mice. FucT-IV-deficient mice showed only modest protection from renal injury at 24 h. However, FucT-VII-deficient mice had similar injury as wild-type mice. Histological analysis of kidney tissue postischemia revealed that mice deficient in both FucT-IV and FucT-VII had significantly reduced tubular injury compared with wild-type mice. Selectin ligand expression increased postischemia in wild-type, but not FucT-IV/FucT-VII-deficient, mice. Neutrophil infiltration in postischemic kidneys of FucT-IV/FucT-VII-deficient mice was also attenuated. These data demonstrate that fucosyltransferases are important in the pathogenesis of renal IRI and are potential therapeutic targets.
Alchemy and the Science of Matter

Atoms and Alchemy. Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution. By William R. Newman. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2006. 272 pp. $75, £47.50. ISBN 9780226576961. Paper, $30, £19. ISBN 9780226576978. Building on his work on the origins of modern chemistry, Newman argues that the alchemical tradition made a major contribution to the 17th-century reformulation of science that emphasized experiments.
Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in diseases of the motor neuron: utility and comparative analysis in a multimodal biomarker study

Publisher Summary This chapter studies 64 patients with motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), familial ALS (fALS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)) using multiple point stimulation motor unit number estimation (MUNE), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI), diffusion tensor imaging (MRDTI), and clinical measures at baseline every 3 months thereafter for 15 months. It discusses the substantial differences in MUNE noted among the motor neuron disease subgroups and mean values for each motor neuron disease subgroup that were significantly lower vs. controls vs. the normal control average. MUNE showed the greatest significant change over time of any measure, clinical or otherwise, tested in this study. The chapter reviews that MUNE clearly delineates lower motor neuron dysfunction, strongly correlates with important clinical functions, such as strength and respiration, and is a highly sensitive marker of disease progression over time. These features make MUNE an important tool for both the study of the pathophysiology of the motor neuron diseases as well as an important measure for incorporation into future clinical trials.
Use of Geopolymeric Cements as a Refractory Adhesive for Metal and Ceramic Joins

Geopolymer cements (GPs) possess the ability to form high-strength, thermally-stable, and near-net shape structures at room temperature. It has been found that GPs can also be used to bond both metals and ceramics. Unlikeorganics, geopolymers can be heated to elevated temperatures and are easier to apply as compared to refractory adhesives. Many refractory adhesives require at least one, if not multiple curing steps, at elevated temperatures before they can be used in service. Geopolymers, however, need only be cured once at relatively low temperatures (40 - 80°C) to complete their curing process. Geopolymers contain no organic carriers often found in refractory adhesives, and can be processed from inexpensive and relatively non-toxic materials, i.e. watetglass and calcined aluminosilicate clays. This study details how geopolymer cements can be used to bond 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, 1008/1010 steel, alumina, and borosilicate glass at both ambient and elevated temperatures (25 - 430°C). Shear strength values of various samples were determined according to ASTM D1002-01 (single) and ASTM D3528-96 (double) shear lap tests. The microstructure and chemical composition of the geopolymer bond as well as interface were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in the SEM.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling

We introduce the general concept and background knowledge of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling. Examples of application of PBPK/PD modeling are provided. We illustrate the utility of PBPK/PD modeling, particularly in the pharmaceutical drug development process. We project future development on “second-generation” PBPK/PD modeling and In silico toxicology. An emphasis is given to introducing the concepts of PBPK/PD modeling rather than the details of its techniques and processes. Keywords: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling; classical pharmacokinetics; differences; myths; data requirements; chemical interactions; application; validation; second-generation PBPK/PD model; reaction network modeling
THE DEMAND FOR RISKY ASSETS: Some Extensions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some extensions on the demand for risky assets. The research on capital asset pricing has until very recently been devoted almost exclusively to the interrelationships of the risk premiums among different risky assets rather than to the determinants of the market price of risk. Such research has also generally relied on theoretical preconceptions to determine the appropriate utility functions of individual investors upon which both the market price of risk and the pricing of individual risky assets depend. The chapter discusses the highlights of the theoretical and empirical analysis and their conclusions. Then, the same analytical framework is used to obtain new results on the effect of inflation on the market price of risk. It turns out that by using nominal values for returns, the market price of risk under inflation is increased by positive covariance between the rate of inflation and the market rate of return, and decreased by negative covariance. However, statistically as the actual covariance has been very small since the latter part of the 19th century, at least in the USA, the measured market price of risk is not affected appreciably by the adjustment for inflation.
The Amino Acid Neighbors of Thyroxine in Thyroglobulin

Abstract The preparation, composition, and some properties of rabbit thyroglobulin labeled in vivo with 125I are described. Thyroglobulin was digested with Pronase under conditions which released most of the monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine as the free amino acids but left most of the thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine in peptide linkage. A fraction of this digest containing most of its iodine as iodothyronine was further separated by gel diffusion into seven iodopeptide fractions, in which T4, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and alanine were consistently the most frequent amino acids. One fraction containing equimolar amounts of serine and T4 was shown to be a seryl-T4 dipeptide. Additional fractionation of the digest on Dowex 1-X2 yielded eight T4 peptide fractions, in which the same five amino acids were again the most prominent constituents. A total of two-thirds of the T4 of thyroglobulin was accounted for in the peptide fractions studied. These findings indicate that in rabbit thyroglobulin T4 formation occurs principally at tyrosine residues within specific amino acid sequences rather than at random. The question of whether T4 is restricted to a unique sequence was explored indirectly by comparing the amino acid compositions of all the T4 peptide fractions. The sequence -Ala-Ser-T4-Glx-Asx- was the only one which could not be excluded by this approach. Thus, our findings are compatible with the possibility of a unique sequence, but a final answer must await direct sequencing of peptides obtained by more specific means.
Design Verification through Function- and Behavior-Oriented Representations

This paper focuses on the task of design verification using both knowledge of the structure of a device and its intended functions. In particular, it addresses the question of when one can say a behavior predicted by a prediction system achieves the desired function in the manner intended by the designer. We use Functional Representation (Sembugamoorthy & Chandrasekaran 1986) to represent the function of a device and the expected causal mechanism for achieving it. We present a formal definition of matching between a system trajectory generated by a simulation system and the description of a causal process to achieve a function expressed in Functional Representation. We demonstrate behavior verification based on the definition, using two predicted behaviors of the electrical power system of a satellite. We believe that evaluating a behavior with respect to the expected causal process as well as the function improves the chances of uncovering hidden flaws in a design that may otherwise go undetected at an early stage.
Outcomes of Care for Iowa Medicaid Enrollees: State Fiscal Year 2008. Final Report to the Iowa Department of Human Services

Introduction 3 Eligibility 3 Outcome measures 5 Well-child visits in the first 15 months of life
Potassium tert‐Butoxide–tert‐Butyl Alcohol Complex

[135329-82-7] C8H19KO2 (MW 186.37) InChI = 1S/C4H10O.C4H9O.K/c2*1-4(2,3)5;/h5H,1-3H3;1-3H3;/q;-1;+1 InChIKey = MCNTVFNKNAAKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (see Potassium tert-Butoxide) Physical Data: white, hygroscopic powder. Preparative Methods: by removal of the solvent from a solution of t-BuOK in t-BuOH at 50 °C/1 mmHg.1
Similarities and Differences in the Pursuit of Intimacy among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Individuals: A Personal Projects Analysis

Negative attitudes and discriminatory policies pertaining to same-sex relationships create social and structural inequalities, privileging heterosexuals’ abilities to achieve intimacy while impeding the intimacy-related pursuits of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. This study examined the pursuit of intimacy in the form of intimacy-related personal projects among a sample of 431 LGB and heterosexual individuals. LGBs and heterosexuals did not differ in how meaningful they rated their intimacy projects. LGBs perceived more devaluation and barriers to achieving their intimacy projects than heterosexuals. These differences were more pronounced at the macrosocial level (e.g., laws and policies). No significant sexual orientation differences were observed regarding participants’ job-related projects, highlighting the domain specificity of project devaluation and barriers. Results suggest that the pursuit of intimacy is highly meaningful for both LGBs and heterosexuals. Nonetheless, LGBs experience minority stressors specific to their relational pursuits from both interpersonal and macrosocial sources, including discriminatory laws and policies.
The diagnosis of right heart thrombus by focused cardiac ultrasound in a critically ill patient in compensated shock

Right heart thrombus (RHT) is a life-threatening diagnosis that is rarely made in the emergency department (ED), but with the increasing use of focused cardiac ultrasound (FocUS), more of these cases may be identified in a timely fashion. We present a case of an ill-appearing patient who had an immediate change in management due to the visualization of RHT soon after arrival to the ED. The diagnosis was confirmed after a cardiology-performed ultrasound (US). This case illustrates the value of the recognition of RHT on FocUS and how US protocols designed for the evaluation of shock and shortness of breath may potentially be expanded to patients in a ‘compensated’ or ‘pre-shock’ state to expedite the correct diagnosis and to facilitate more timely management.
Protein Kinase C Activation Regulates Human Serotonin Transporters in HEK-293 Cells via Altered Cell Surface Expression

Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) transporters (SERTs) dictate clearance of extracellular 5-HT after release. To explore protein kinase C-mediated SERT regulation, we generated a stable human SERT (hSERT)-expressing cell line (293-hSERT) and evaluated modulation of 5-HT activity via studies of 5-HT flux, hSERT-mediated currents under voltage clamp, and surface distribution of SERT protein. 293-hSERT cells exhibit saturable, high-affinity, and antidepressant-sensitive 5-HT uptake as well as hSERT-dependent whole-cell currents. In these cells, the protein kinase C activator β-PMA caused a time-dependent reduction in 5-HT uptake capacity ( V max) after acute application and a reduction in SERT-mediated currents. Effects of β-PMA were mimicked by the phorbol ester β-PDBu, were not observed with the inactive α-isomers, and could be blocked by treatment of cells with the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine. Biotinylation/immunoblot analyses showed that activity reductions are paralleled by a staurosporine-sensitive loss of surface SERT protein. These data indicate that altered surface abundance, rather than reduced catalytic transport efficiency, mediates acute PKC-dependent modulation of 5-HT uptake.
Mentoring experiences of women in graduate education: Factors that matter

This exploratory study focused on the mentoring experiences of women faculty members and graduate students within a counseling psychology graduate program. Results from semi-structured interviews and focus groups identified the women’s contextual mentoring experiences in higher education and highlighted several factors that contribute to mentorship experiences unique to women in graduate higher education. Findings demonstrate the importance of relational mentoring relationships and investment by mentors. Implications for building upon mentoring theories for women and future research are discussed.
Fecal α1-antitrypsin measurement: An indicator of Crohn's disease activity

Random fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin levels were determined in 34 patients, 24 with Crohn's disease, and 10 "controls" having diarrheal illnesses not associated with intestinal protein loss, in an effort to evaluate its usefulness as a measure of Crohn's disease intestinal activity. In the control group, all alpha 1-antitrypsin levels were less than 2 mg/g dry wt of stool. The mean fecal level among those with Crohn's disease was 52.9 mg/g (range less than 2 to greater than or equal to 200). There was a strong correlation between disease activity, as measured by a clinical score, and the alpha 1-antitrypsin levels (Spearman r = 0.65, p = 0.001). This correlation was similarly strong among those with colitis or ileitis. A fecal value greater than 20 mg/g may provide a rough guideline to separate patients with clinically active disease from those with inactive Crohn's disease, despite a considerable range of fecal levels among patients with a particular clinical score. Fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin levels correlated with several other laboratory measures that have been proposed as indicators of Crohn's disease activity. The serum orosomucoid, C-reactive protein, and albumin correlated with the clinical activity score among some of our patient groups. Both clinical scores and laboratory parameters, however, may have limited usefulness in a variety of circumstances. Random fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin determinations seem to provide a reliable, although not directly quantitative, measure of the intestinal activity among patients with Crohn's disease, especially when other methods may be inconclusive.
Cytogenetic studies of blast cells in the cerebrospinal fluid in meningeal leukemia

Chromosome analysis can be performed by culturing cerebrospinal fluid from patients with CNS leukemia. The quality of the metaphase spreads are adequate for banding studies. This approach is useful, especially when the bone marrow is difficult to aspirate or when CNS involvement is the only manifestation of the leukemia.
Tensile behavior of glass/ceramic composite materials at elevated temperatures

This paper describes the tensile behavior of high-temperature composite materials containing continuous Nicalon ceramic fiber reinforcement and glass and glass/ceramic matrices. The longitudinal properties of these materials can approach theoretical expectations for brittle matrix composites, failing at a strength and ultimate strain level consistent with those of the fibers. The brittle, high-modulus matrices result in a nonlinear stress-strain curve due to the onset of stable matrix cracking at 10 to 30 percent of the fiber strain to failure, and at strains below this range in off-axis plies. Current fibers and matrices can provide attractive properties well above 1000 C, but composites experience embrittlement in oxidizing atmospheres at 800 to 1000 C due to oxidation of a carbon interface reaction layer.The oxidation effect greatly increases the interface bond strength, causing composite embrittlement.
S-induced faceting transformations on Fe(111)

Abstract We report previously unobserved structural transformations on the Fe(111) surface with respect to segregation of S studied by a combination of STM, LEED and AES. An evolution of different surface topographies and LEED patterns was observed as a function of S coverage. At low coverages of S and other impurities of N and O, a complex “clock” LEED pattern was observed along with a faceted surface consisting of triangular terraces, mounds and sawtooth structures. The terraces display a typical width of ∼1400 A separated by multi-height steps as high as ∼50 A. The clock pattern appears only after annealing the crystal to temperatures above 520 K. Annealing of the crystal at higher temperatures (≥700 K) induced increased segregation of bulk S resulting in the transformation to a (1×1)-S LEED pattern. In contrast to the multi-height steps observed for the clock surface, STM measurements on the (1×1)-S phase revealed a planar topography consisting of monatomic steps spaced at approximately 100 A from each other. Upon further annealing of the crystal, additional S was driven to the (1×1)-S surface resulting in the transformation to a new LEED pattern corresponding to a (2 3 ×1)R30° structure. STM images for the (2 3 ×1)R30° structure revealed that the steps have coalesced to reform the multi-height steps and wide terraces similar to that observed on the clock surface. In addition to the coalescence of the steps, an unusual faceting behavior was observed for this high-S coverage phase, consisting of numerous triangular pits of varying sizes with edges aligned along the 〈110〉 directions of the surface. Within large triangular pits, a very periodic “staircase” topography was observed. The pits are as deep as 50 A with edges as long as 800 A. Our data show that S, at varying coverages, interacts very strongly with the steps of the Fe(111) surface.
Assessment of reperfused myocardial infarction in the hyper-acute phase with delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: This study intends to investigate the earliest point which the reperfused infarct size can be accurately measured by delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (deMRI) with the validation of tetrazolium staining as histological gold standard. Methods: Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 30 minutes of ischemia by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. At the end of a designated reperfusion period of 1, 2 or 24 hours, deMRI measurement of infarct size was performed with a spin echo sequence. Corresponding tissue sections from explanted heart were stained with triphenyltetrazolium, and the infarct size was quantitatively compared with deMRI measurements. Results: At 2 and 24 hr after infarction, infarct size determined by deMRI was in good agreement with histology, with a difference of 0.53 ± 3.59% (n = 5) and 1.47 ± 2.19% (n = 7), respectively, of the left ventricular cross section area. However, with 1 hr reperfusion, the area of delayed hyper-enhancement overestimated by ...
Pathway crosstalk between Ras/Raf and PI3K in promotion of M-CSF-induced MEK/ERK-mediated osteoclast survival

While M-CSF-mediated MEK/ERK activation promotes osteoclast survival, the signaling pathway by which M-CSF activates MEK/ERK is unresolved. Functions for PI3K, Ras, and Raf have been implicated in support of osteoclast survival, although interaction between these signaling components has not been examined. Therefore, the interplay between PI3K, Ras and Raf in M-CSF-promoted MEK/ERK activation and osteoclast survival was investigated. M-CSF activates Ras to coordinate activation of PI3K and Raf/MEK/ERK, since Ras inhibition decreased PI3K activation and PI3K inhibition did not block M-CSF-mediated Ras activation. As further support for Ras-mediated signaling, constitutively active (ca) Ras promoted MEK/ERK activation and osteoclast survival, which was blocked by inhibition of PI3K or Raf. Moreover, PI3K-selective or Raf-selective caRas were only partially able to promote osteoclast survival when compared to parental caRas. We then examined whether PI3K and Raf function linearly or in parallel downstream of Ras. Expression of caPI3K increased MEK/ERK activation and promoted osteoclast survival downstream of M-CSF, supporting this hypothesis. Blocking Raf did not decrease osteoclast survival and MEK/ERK activation promoted by caPI3K. In addition, PI3K-selective Ras-mediated survival was not blocked by Raf inhibition. Taken together, our data support that Raf signaling is separate from Ras/PI3K signaling and PI3K signaling is separate from Ras/Raf signaling. These data therefore support a role for Ras in coordinate activation of PI3K and Raf acting in parallel to mediate MEK/ERK-promoted osteoclast survival induced by M-CSF.
Hydrogen-induced absorption in glasses containing arsenic and antimony

Borosilicate, potassium and sodium silicate and potassium borate glasses containing small quantities of AsO3 and 5½03 darken from the surface when exposed to H2 in the glass transformation range. The depth of surface darkening is a function of time, temperature, and H2 pressure. Change in absorbance at constant wavelength increases with time but shows neither linear nor square root dependence on time. In addition, the absorbance change (X constant) does not show Arrhenius behavior as a function of treatment temperature, but instead appears to approach saturation. The same phenomena are observed for D2 treatments. Absorbance change at 300 nm from the H2 treated sample under identical temperature and pressure conditions differs by a factor of the square root of 2. Relative permeability of H2 and D2 is given by the square root of their mass ratio, i.e. 12. This finding suggests a direct proportionality between the inducedabsorption and the permeability of the diffusing species. The coloration is attributed to the reduction of the fining agent (As/Sb) and is accompanied by an increase in the hydroxyl concentration in the glass. The effect of base glass permeability, fining agent identity and fming agent concentration on the optical absorption will be discussed. Metallic colloidal scattering is proposed as the mechanism for the coloration. Evidence to support the mechanism is presented and discussed.
Latency functions in human vision

Abstract A series of experiments determined how the latency of a dark-adapted observer's response varies with flash luminance and flash duration. Upon receipt of a flash, observers responded by releasing a contact switch. Latency varied as a power function of luminance with simple fractional exponents: an exponent of − 1/3 for extended sources and an exponent of − ½ for a point source. To a first approximation, the exponents were independent of flash duration, spectral composition, or retinal location. Both photopic and scotopic processes gave rise to latency functions with similar exponents. For brief flashes under all stimulus conditions examined, latency was determined by the stimulus energy contained in the first 10 msec of the flash independent of flash luminance level. The invariance of the period of temporal dependence indicates a linear process in latency determination.
Facile Cycling of Ti-Doped LiAlH4 for High Performance Hydrogen Storage

LiH and Ti-doped Al react quantitatively with H2 in Me2O solution to form LiAlH4 under mild conditions. The solvent is easily vented along with excess H2 on completion, leaving dry Ti-doped LiAlH4; this releases ∼7 wt % H2 commencing at 80 °C with excellent kinetics.
Guidelines for writing for publication

An abstract and an outline are the initial means to interest an editor in your work. The editor has to decide — in the context of the publication's audience — what you will tell readers that they don't already know, whether they would want the information, and how they could use the information. To proceed beyond the proposal, write the “meat” of the article first; then develop an appropriate introduction. Even when the editor intends to publish your paper, heavy editing and revision are likely, but your real stake is in the idea, not the final words.
An upper- and lowercase alphabetic similarity matrix, with derived generation similarity values

A full upper- and lowercase visual similarity matrix is presented for a standard set of computer characters, implemented on the Apple-Psych system. The 2,704 (52×52) letter pairs were rated by 12 subjects each. From the ratings, generation and veridical similarity values are derived, and they are tabled for use in research on mixed-case letter matching. In addition, the results of multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses are presented, which give complementary, simplified descriptions of the data.
Effects of prolonged meal-feeding on the body composition of adult rats

Abstract This study was designed to examine the influence of long-term meal-feeding on adult rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 315 g were fed a purified diet once a day (1xd) or three times a day (pair fed to 1xd group-3xd). Both groups had an average daily food intake of 16.7±1.3 g. At the end of an eight-week feeding period, the final body weights were 1xd 393.7±19.8 g and 3xd 397.0±15.6 g. Five skeletal muscles (psoas, soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius, biceps), three organs (liver, kidney, heart), and three fat pads (retroperitoneal, inguinal, epididymal) were removed and weighed to estimate changes in body composition. No significant changes occurred in body weight, adipose tissues, or skeletal muscles. This study demonstrates that the frequency of feeding does not affect body weight or body composition, provided all animals are pair fed the same amount of food throughout the study.
Low Energy n-d Scattering: Comparison of Experiment with Theory

$D$-wave effects are shown to be significant, though small, in the experimental $n\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering data at 4.5 and 5.5 Mev. Consequently, since the calculations of Buckingham and Massey include only $S$ and $P$ wave phases, a phase shift analysis of the experimental data is carried out to determine these phases so that a suitable comparison can be effected between experiment and theory. The resulting "experimental" $P$-wave phases agree only qualitatively with those of the symmetric-interaction calculations, but they completely disagree with those of the neutral-interaction calculations. The lack of quantitative agreement in the former case could be attributed to the range, depth, and possibly shape of the inter-nucleon potential chosen by Buckingham and Massey especially since their $S$-wave phases, which they found to be insensitive to force-type, are not in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results of slow neutron scattering.
α-Helical Topology Prediction and Generation of Distance Restraints in Membrane Proteins

The field of protein structure prediction has seen significant advances in recent years. Researchers have followed a multitude of approaches, including methods based on comparative modeling, fold recognition and threading, and first-principles techniques. It is noteworthy that the structure prediction of membrane proteins is comparatively less studied by researchers in the field. A membrane protein is characterized by a protein structure that extends into or through the lipid-lipid bilayer of a cell. The structure is influenced by the combination of the hydrophobic bilayer region, the direct interaction with the bilayer, and the aqueous external environment. Due to the difficulty in obtaining reliable experimental structures, accurate computational prediction of membrane proteins is of paramount importance. An optimization model has been developed to predict the interhelical interactions in α-helical membrane proteins. A database of α-helical membrane proteins of known structure and limited sequence identity can be constructed to develop interaction probabilities. By then maximizing the occurrence of highly probable pairwise or three-residue interactions, realistic contacts can be predicted by imposing a number of geometrical constraints. The development of these low distance contacts can provide additional distance restraints for first principles-based approaches to the tertiary structure prediction problem. The proposed approach is shown to successfully predict interhelical contacts in several membrane protein systems, including bovine rhodopsin and the recently released human β2 adrenergic receptor protein structure.
Nickel SALICIDE Process Technology for CMOS Devices of 90nm Node and Beyond

As CMOS technologies move into the 90nm node and beyond, nickel (Ni) self-aligned silicide (SALICIDE) is transitioning from R&D into mainstream SC fabrication. In this paper, advantages and challenges of Ni SALICIDE process technology will be reviewed. The extension of Ni SALICIDE technology to fully silicided metal gates (FUSI) will be discussed.
Empirical Scaling of Single Oral Lethal Doses Across Mammalian Species Based on a Large Database

The scaling of administered doses to achieve equal degrees of toxic effect in different species has been relatively poorly examined for noncancer toxicity, either empirically or theoretically. We investigate empirical patterns in the correspondence of single oral dose LD50 values across several mammalian species for a large number of chemicals based on data reported in the RTECS® database maintained by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. We find a good correspondence of LD50 values across species when the dose levels are expressed in terms of mg administered per kg of body mass. Our findings contrast with earlier analyses that support scaling doses by the 3/4-power of body mass to achieve equal subacute toxicity of antineoplastic agents. We suggest that, especially for severe toxicity, single- and repeated-dosing regimes may have different cross-species scaling properties, as they may depend on standing levels of defenses and rate of regeneration of defenses, respectively.
Changes in the dominance rank and reproductive behaviour of male bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)

Abstract The dominance rank of male bonnet macaques influenced their associations and sexual interactions with cycling and conceiving females. Only high-ranking males formed exclusive associations with high-ranking females, and high-ranking males copulated with these females more often than did other males. Changes in male dominance rank were directly related to changes in male mating behaviour, as males who rose in rank spent increasing amounts of time in exclusive proximity to conceiving high-ranking females, and males whose ranks declined spent decreasing amounts of time in proximity to such females. The year of the study in which dominance relationships were most stable was also the year in which the top-ranking male most successfully monopolized access to conceiving high-ranking females.
A new classical relevance logic

The system C of Pottinger (1974) has as primitive logical constants = (entailment), -9 (S4 strict implication), -, (relevant implication), D (intuitionist implication), & (intuitionist conjunction), v (intuitionist disjunction), and A (absurdity). In Section 8 of Pottinger (1974) it was pointed out that the addition of either 2-A A or 2B 2A .A B2 to C collapses -* into material implication and that the addition of either 21A * A or
Hierarchical Economic Dispatch for Piecewise Quadratic Cost Functions

This paper presents a method to solve the economic power dispatch problem with piecewise quadratic cost functions. The solution approach is hierarchical, which allows for decentral i zed computations. An advantage of this approach is the capability to optimize over a greater variety of operating conditions. Traditionally, one cost function for each generator is assumed. In this formulation multiple intersecting cost functions are assumed. This method has appl ication to fossil generation units capable of burning gas and oil , as well as other problems which result in multiple intersecting cost curves for a particular unit. The results show that the solution method is practical and valid for real-time application. The motivation for this research stems from the actual operational and planning problems of a large Southwestern Utility.
The victim of terrorism: Psychiatric considerations

The experience of the political hostage is examined, with particular attention to methods used for coping with the threat of death and the strain of captivity. Several relevant concepts and findings from the behavioral sciences are discussed, including physiological stress, psychological coping mechanisms, “Stockholm syndrome,” and delayed medical effects of traumatization. Although the suffering endured by victims of terrorism is not unique, the context and the implications of such victimization are singular. These victims are symbols of the state and may become dehumanized pawns in a drama calculated to provoke outrage. It is important to recognize and understand the victims’ true situation and attune public policy accordingly.
Children's exposure to volatile organic compounds as determined by longitudinal measurements in blood

Blood concentrations of 11 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured up to four times over 2 years in a probability sample of more than 150 children from two poor, minority neighborhoods in M...
Single machine scheduling research

Abstract This paper reviews static scheduling research on single machine for the last three decades. One hundred seventy one papers were found on this topic after an extensive search in the English language periodicals. These papers are classified on the basis of the objective functions and constraints. Contribution of each paper is analyzed in terms of its theoretical and computational results. An analysis of the literature on the basis of number of articles published in each year, in each category, in different journals and by different authors has also been provided. This reveals several interesting facts about the developments in single machine scheduling (SMS) research and its future.
Observation of a Strongly Enhanced Magnetic Susceptibility of Pd in Au-Pd-Au Sandwiches

Exceptionally large increases in the magnetic susceptibility (indicating nearly magnetic ordering) of thin films of Pd sandwiched between thicker Au films have been observed at low temperatures - presumably due to the expansion of the Pd average lattice constant by the Au. The large resultant Stoner factors and the modified paramagnon model of Levin and Valls indicate the possibility of observing p-wave superconductivity in Pd structures with reduced proximity effects.
ENDOR Hyperfine Constants and Lattice Distortion of V K -Type Centers

The magnetic hyperfine dipole-dipole interaction between ${V}_{K}$-type centers (negatively charged diatomic halide molecule-ions) and the neighboring lattice nuclei has been calculated for the ${V}_{K}$ center in LiF and NaF and the ${V}_{\mathrm{KA}}$ (Li) center in NaF using the $\mathrm{F}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ wave function of Wahl. The calculated hyperfine constants are sensitive to the relative positions of the $\mathrm{F}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecule-ion and the neighboring nuclei. When the calculated hyperfine constants were compared with those measured in electron-nuclear double-resonance (ENDOR) experiments, the displacements of the nuclei surrounding the ${V}_{K}$-type centers were determined. In the vicinity of the center, the lattice contracts parallel to the axis of the molecule-ion and dilates perpendicular to this axis. The contact hyperfine interaction has been estimated and compared with the values measured in ENDOR experiments. The sign and order of magnitude of the contact hyperfine constants can be explained by assuming that the closed-shell orbitals of the molecule-ion are exchange-polarized.
Components of Effective Weight Loss Program: Theory, Research, and Practice

Obesity is a serious problem in American society. The prevalence of obesity, seriousness of consequences of remaining obese, and resistance to successful treatment cause obesity to be a major challenge to medical and psychological communities (Brownell, 1982). There is a growing literature on comprehensive weight control programs; the purpose of this article is to present a review of behavioral, cognitive, social support, and nutritional components of comprehensive weight control programs. A rationale for each treatment component, a description of techniques, and relevant research are included. Counselors may assess the individual needs of clients and develop effective weight control programs that match these specific needs.
Heavy ion contributions to organ dose equivalent for the 1977 galactic cosmic ray spectrum

Abstract Estimates of organ dose equivalents for the skin, eye lens, blood forming organs, central nervous system, and heart of female astronauts from exposures to the 1977 solar minimum galactic cosmic radiation spectrum for various shielding geometries involving simple spheres and locations within the Space Transportation System (space shuttle) and the International Space Station (ISS) are made using the HZETRN 2010 space radiation transport code. The dose equivalent contributions are broken down by charge groups in order to better understand the sources of the exposures to these organs. For thin shields, contributions from ions heavier than alpha particles comprise at least half of the organ dose equivalent. For thick shields, such as the ISS locations, heavy ions contribute less than 30% and in some cases less than 10% of the organ dose equivalent. Secondary neutron production contributions in thick shields also tend to be as large, or larger, than the heavy ion contributions to the organ dose equivalents.
Dislocations and grain boundaries in polycrystalline ice: a preliminary study by synchrotron X-ray topography

White-beam synchrotron X-ray topography has been used to image dislocations and grain boundaries in high-purity columnar-grained polycrystalline ice. It was found that screw, 30° and 60° basal dislocations with 〈 1 1 ¯2 0 〉 Burgers vectors far outnumber other dislocations: near free surfaces, the dislocations were bent because of image forces. Circular prismatic dislocation loops with [0 0 0 1] Burgers vectors and dipoles were also found. These probably formed due to thermal shock. In one sample, the dislocation structures of three grains were clearly observed simultaneously, although no dislocations were visible in the boundaries.
Attitudes toward premarital sex and sexual behavior among black high school girls

This study examines the premarital sexual attitudes and behavior of black high school girls. An attempt is made to relate family structure, social class, and religious participation to these attitudes and behavior. Analysis of the data supported an hypothesis specifying a relationship between family structure and sexual attitudes and behavior. Social class appears to slightly influence attitudes, but behavior of girls from different social classes is very similar. No relationship was found between religious participation and premarital sexual attitudes and behavior. Of interest are incongruities in expressed attitudes and behavior and a tendency for high religious participants to be as permissive or more so than the girls who are less active in the church.
The Market Case for Green Energy: A Multiple Perspectives Approach

This research is an examination of the business case for various "alternative energy" sources, known in the industry as "green energy." These energy sources are considered more environmentally-friendly or to have less ecological impact than many conventional energy sources. Green energy is discussed as a form of new product development, which would enable organizations to meet specific goals, including both economic metrics and any "green metrics" which they may choose to establish. Given present energy trends, it could form the basis of strategy which may lead to long-term competitive advantage. The paper will assume a target audience of business managers and policy makers who need common sense, plain-spoken recommendations on the energy choices they should make in the near future.
Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activity Is Required for Oxidant-Induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase Activation and c-fos and c-jun Expression

Hydrogen peroxide stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in growth-arrested vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). One of these proteins was identified as fibroblast growth factor receptor type I (FGFR1). In addition, induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR1 by hydrogen peroxide resulted in complex formation with Grb2. Hydrogen peroxide also caused a time-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs; p42&p44) group of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in VSMC. The time courses of the hydrogen peroxide-stimulated FGFR1 tyrosine phosphorylation and ERKs activation were followed by induced expression of c-fos and c-jun. Genistein, a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases, significantly blunted the hydrogen peroxide-induced FGFR1 tyrosine phosphorylation, ERKs activation and c-fos and c-jun expression. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK1, attenuated the hydrogen peroxide-induced ERKs activation and c-fos and c-jun expression. Together, these results suggest that oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases and these, in turn, mediate the down-stream signalling events including the recruitment of Grb2 by the receptor, activation of ERKs and induction of c-fos and c-jun expression.
Localization of Analytic Regularity Criteria on the Vorticity and Balance Between the Vorticity Magnitude and Coherence of the Vorticity Direction in the 3D NSE

The first part of the paper provides spatio-temporal localization of a family of analytic regularity classes for the 3D NSE obtained by Beirao Da Veiga (space-time integrability of the gradient of the velocity on \({\mathbb{R}^3 \times (0,T)}\) which is out of the range of the Sobolev embedding theorem reduction to the classical Foias-Ladyzhenskaya-Prodi-Serrin space-time integrability conditions on the velocity) as well as the localization of the Beale-Kato-Majda regularity criterion (time integrability of the L∞-norm of the vorticity). The second part introduces a family of local, scaling invariant, hybrid geometric-analytic classes in which coherence of the vorticity direction serves as a weight in the local spatio-temporal integrability of the vorticity magnitude.
Sex in the City: The ambiguity of female mating strategies

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the limitations of evolutionary explanations of female mating strategies, and to present an alternative theory that accounts for the ambiguity of mating strategies throughout a woman's life. While mating strategies are considered to be discrete entities, it is clear that women's decision making in everyday life is based on mutually fused, ambiguous courses of actions. The current perspective addresses the commonality of female mating experiences while highlighting the uniqueness of each woman's mating strategy and outlines a multi-level perspective on strategies of women's reproductive decision making.
Unique neuronal functions of cathepsin L and cathepsin B in secretory vesicles : biosynthesis of peptides in neurotransmission and neurodegenerative disease

Proteases are required for the production of peptide neurotransmitters and toxic peptides in neurodegenerative diseases. Unique roles of the cysteine proteases cathepsin L and cathepsin B in secretory vesicles for the production of biologically active peptides have been demonstrated in recent studies. Secretory vesicle cathepsin L participates in the proteolytic conversion of proenkephalin into the active enkephalin, an opioid peptide neurotransmitter that mediates pain relief. Moreover, recent findings provide evidence that cathepsin B in regulated secretory vesicles participates in the production of toxic beta-amyloid peptides that are known to accumulate extracellularly in Alzheimer's disease brains. The neurobiological functions of cathepsins L and B demonstrate that these secretory vesicle cysteine proteases produce biologically active peptides. These results demonstrate newly identified roles for cathepsins L and B in neurosecretory vesicles in the production of biologically active peptides.