cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Language of Infection: Disease and Identity in Schnitzler's Reigen

(1995). The Language of Infection: Disease and Identity in Schnitzler's Reigen. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 65-75.
A thermodynamic investigation of the nickel(II) chloride-acetonitrile system

Abstract Equilibrium vapor pressures were determined at temperatures between 294 K and 353 K for the NiCl2-CH3CN system. Compositions studied ranged from molar ratios of CH3CN to NiCl2 of 0.27 to 1.90. Three stoichiometric compounds were identified: NiCl2(CH3CN)2, NiCl2(CH3CN), NiCl2(CH3CN)0.88. Per mole of gaseous CH3CN the values of ΔHo and ΔSo were calculated to be 52.0 ±0.4 kJ mol−1 and 149.0±1.3 J mol−1 K−1 for the decomposition of NiCl2(CH3CN)2, and 25.9 ±0.8 kJ mol−1 and 58.6± 2.1 J mol−1 K−1 for the decomposition of NiCl2(CH3CN). Below a composition of NiCl2(CH3CN)0.88 the phase diagram is complex and could not be interpreted in terms of specific stoichiometric compounds.
Other than chance and necessity; intention and purpose by design

Abstract Very little success has been enjoyed by decision makers in managing the life threatening problems found in the world today using techniques borrowed from the natural sciences and humanities. New promise, however, can be found in the expanded and transdisciplinary notion of the Systems Approach as developed by C. West Churchman. Using Churchman's work as a base for transdisciplinary inquiry, the new image of the dynamics of complex systems presented in the work of Ilya prigogine and others is brought to bear on the most complex system of all; social systems and the roles played by two types of social system participants; designers and planners. Designers provide the trigger in social systems leading to the dynamic system behavior described by prigogine as bifurcation which leads to rebirth and renewal in complex social systems (progress). However, unlike Prigogine's random perturbation, the designed trigger is full of intent and purpose. The complementary role of the planner is to determine the ideal level of systems performance compared to the actual level of performance and to determine how to more closely approximate the ideal (improvement).
A Wellness Course for Community Health Workers in Alaska: "wellness lives in the heart of the community".

Objectives: To develop, implement, and evaluate a culturally respectful Wellness Course with and for Alaska’s village-based Community Health Workers (CHWs) to support community health promotion and disease prevention. Study design: This article describes Wellness Course development, implementation, and evaluation. Methods: Five 5-day Wellness Courses were provided for 55 CHWs from communities throughout Alaska. Fifty-two of 55 participants completed a post-course written evaluation. Post-course telephone interviews were conducted with participants (11/32) from the first 3 courses. Results: On written post-course evaluations, all participants wrote detailed descriptions of what they learned and 98% (51/52) felt more confident in their knowledge and ability to present community wellness information. As a result of course participation, 88% (46/52) of CHWs wrote ways they would support family and community wellness, and 85% (44/52) wrote ways they planned to take better care of their health. During the in-depth post-course interviews, all 11 CHWs interviewed described ways the Wellness Course increased their health knowledge, helped them in their work, and prepared them to effectively engage with their communities to promote health. Conclusions: Learning wellness information with hands-on activities and practising health presentation and community engagement skills within the course design increased participants’ wellness knowledge and skills, confidence, and motivation to provide community wellness activities. Techniques for active listening, engaging community, and using the arts and storytelling as culturally respectful health promotion are tools that when used by CHWs within their own community have potential to empower community wellness. Keywords: Alaska Native; Community Health Workers; health education; Community Health Aides/Practitioners; adult education; health promotion and disease prevention (Published: 10 August 2012) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2012, 71 : 19125 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v71i0.19125
Supporting financial decision-making based on time value of money with singularity functions in cash flow models

Existing budgeting approaches differ in whether or not they consider the time value of money. A novel use of singularity functions in construction management has the potential to enhance cash flow models in order to maximize their net present value. This type of function can model a complete schedule, which serves as the underlying timeline for all financial transactions. Their variable amounts and constraints are expressed by singularity functions, converted from costs via bills into payments, and compounded towards the overall net present value for financial decision-making. Contributions to the body of knowledge include deriving exact amounts of interest on variable balances for any duration, creating a valuation algorithm, and exploring how the uneven solution space that cash flow profiles create can be searched successfully with a genetic algorithm.
Subcutaneous Emphysema in Operated and Unoperated Fowl

Abstract In performing surgical operations in the domestic fowl which require the opening of the abdominal cavity, it is practically impossible to avoid puncturing the balloon-like air sacs which it contains. Particularly is this true in castration experiments where one must destroy the lateral air sacs in order to fully expose the gonads. Such destruction of these thin-walled ballooned sacs apparently has no deleterious effects under ordinary conditions provided one carefully sutures the muscular body wall. However, when one fails to carefully suture this wall after an abdominal operation the air normally contained within the punctured air sacs is forced through the opening and becomes lodged under the skin. In our abdominal surgery on fowl we have always followed the practice of first tightly suturing the inner muscular body wall by one continuous suture followed by a second continuous suture on the skin. It has invariably been found that the skin . . .
An Analytical Approach to Research on Instructional Methods

(1968). An Analytical Approach to Research on Instructional Methods. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 37, Research and Development Toward the Improvement of Education, pp. 119-125.
Processing demands during mental operations

Man possesses a central system of limited capacity. Theorists at first described this system as a single limited capacity channel Two current theoretical alternatives to single-channel theory are (1) the undifferentiated capacity hypothesis that man possesses a pool of capacity units so that interference occurs oniy if the total number of capacity units that mental operations demand exceeds the system limit and (2) the hypothesis that some, but not all, mental operations require space in a limited capacity central mechanism and that any operation that requires space will interfere with any other operation that also demands space. Time on task fails as a sensitive measure of capacity demands because some task components require time but not full processing capacity. The secondary task technique uses the interference between a primary task and a secondary task to assess the extent to which the primary task makes processing demands on the central limited system. Processing demands have been measured for five categories of mental operation: (1) encoding, (2) multiple input, (3) rehearsal, (4) transformation, and (5) responding.
A Model of Local Government Structures and Their Application to Land Use

Upon the termination of Israeli occupation and the establishment of a Palestinian national government, two pressing issues which will face the new administration will be the reorganization of local government and the adoption of land use regulations. Both issues have been central concerns of occupation policies and have been avenues of expression for Palestinian nationalists in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This article is a proposal to restructure government on the local and regional levels in the post-occupation period in order to redefine its functions within the context of an emerging Palestinian political system. The proposal will focus on land use policies and regulations as a case study with a view to emphasizing the crucial role of local government in this aspect of development. The model presented in this paper takes intd consideration the following: the 1955 Jordanian Municipal Law presently used in the West Bank, the 1934 Egyptian Municipal Law presently in force in the Gaza Strip, the authority exercised by the Jordanian monarch and his mutasarrifs in the West Bank prior to 1967, the Egyptian local administration in Gaza prior to 1967, and the military decrees enforced by the Israeli military government in both territories since 1967. It also takes into account the fact that since 1967 municipal government in both territories has been the highest form of an indigenous government structure.
1438 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS) – THE PERINATAL CARE CENTER VERSUS INFANT TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO SEVERITY OF DISEASE

Few studies have determined if severity of RDS is influenced by the affected infant being born at a tertiary level center as opposed to being transported from an outlying hospital to the ICU. To evalute this problem, we followed 10 inborn(I), infants and 20 outborn(O) infants. All had RDS by standard criteria. Inborn infants were slightly less mature (I = 31.1±.7 wks. SEM; 0 = 31.6±.6 wks. SEM) and weighed less (I = 1490±109 gms. SEM; 0 = 1620±76 gms. SEM), but the difference was not statistically significant. The inborn group had a lower mean maximum FiO2 (I = 0.63±.03 SEM; 0 = 0.73±.03 SEM) to maintain paO2 at 50-75 torr and required oxygen for a significantly shorter period (I = 135.3 ±27.5 SEM hrs; 0 = 247.7±46.0 SEM hrs.) to resolution of their disease (p < .05). While maximum ventilator rate was similar in each group (I = 50±2.8 SEM breaths/min.; 0=48.5±4.05 SEM breaths/min), peak inspiratory pressure was significantly higher in the outborn babies (I = 16.8±0.7 SEM cm H20; 0 = 24.4±1.7 SEM cm H20) (p < .025). Infants in the inborn group also required mechanical ventilation for a shorter duration (I = 68.3±13.8 SEM hrs.; 0 = 138.1±36.7 SEM hrs.), but this difference was not significant (p=.09). Results of this study suggest that the course of RDS in the perinatal center is significantly milder than that seen in infants requiring transport. Avoidance of perinatal asphyxia and early intervention may be the critical factors.
Health monitoring of the New Benicia Martinez Bridge

This paper describes the proposed new Benicia Martinez Bridge of the State of California's transportation system and highlights the factors that led to health monitoring of this important structure. The instrumentation plan includes monitoring the structure for short term and long term structural behavior and monitoring the behavior of the structure during a seismic event. A brief overview of the instrumentation plan for the structure will be presented. As part of the health monitoring, the bridge will be instrumented during construction. A joint effort involving several agencies will be responsible for the instrumentation, data collection and data interpretation. The information collected will be used to periodically evaluate the performance of the bridge and to validate/enhance current design practice.
Copper nanoparticle cues for biomimetic cellular assembly of crosslinked elastin fibers

Abstract Elastin, a structural protein distributed in the extracellular matrix of vascular tissues, is critical to maintaining the elastic stability and mechanical properties of blood vessels, as well as regulating cell-signaling pathways involved in vascular injury response and morphogenesis. Pathological degradation of vascular elastin or its malformation within native vessels and the poor ability to tissue-engineer elastin-rich vascular replacements due to innately poor elastin synthesis by adult vascular cells can compromise vascular homeostasis, and must thus be addressed. Our recent studies attest to the utility of hyaluronan (HA) oligomers for elastin synthesis and organization by adult vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), though the elastin matrix yields in these cases were quite low relative to total elastin produced. Thus, in this study, we investigated the utility of copper (Cu2+) ions to enhance cellular elastin deposition, crosslinking and maturation into structural fibers. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs; 80–100 nm) in the dose range of 1–100 ng ml−1 were tested for Cu2+ ion release, and based on mathematical modeling of their release profiles, CuNPs (1, 10, and 400 ng ml−1) were chosen for supplementation to adult SMC cultures. The 400 ng ml−1 dose of CuNPs cumulatively delivered Cu2+ doses in the range of 0.1 M, over the 21 day culture period. It was observed that while exogenous CuNP supplements do not up-regulate tropoelastin production by vascular SMCs, they promoted formation of crosslinked elastin matrices. The deposition of crosslinked matrix elastin was further improved by the additional presence of HA oligomers in these cultures. Immunofluorescence imaging and structural analysis of the isolated elastin matrices indicate that amorphous elastin clumps were formed within non-additive control cultures, while aggregating elastin fibrils were observed within SMC cultures treated with CuNPs (1–10 ng ml−1) alone or together with HA oligomers. The presence of 400 ng ml−1 of CuNPs concurrent with HA oligomers furthered aggregation of these elastin fibrils into mature fibers with diameters ranging from 200 to 500 nm. Ultrastructural analysis of elastin matrix within cultures treated with HA oligomers and 400 ng ml−1 of CuNPs suggest that elastin matrix deposition as stimulated by Cu2+ ions proceeds via a fibrillin-mediated assembly process, with enhanced crosslinking occurring via stimulation of lysyl oxidase. Overall, the data suggest that CuNPs and HA oligomers are highly useful for regenerating crosslinked, fibrillar elastin matrices by adult vascular SMCs. These results have immense utility in tissue-engineering vascular replacements.
Soviet natural gas exports and the European energy balance

Abstract We examine opportunities and constraints for accelerated development of natural gas use in Europe. The Soviet Union will play a key role in this development. This development could result in a more secure and environmentally viable Europe.
Structured oblique illumination microscopy for enhanced resolution imaging of non-fluorescent, coherently scattering samples.

Many biological structures of interest are beyond the diffraction limit of conventional microscopes and their visualization requires application of super-resolution techniques. Such techniques have found remarkable success in surpassing the diffraction limit to achieve sub-diffraction limited resolution; however, they are predominantly limited to fluorescent samples. Here, we introduce a non-fluorescent analogue to structured illumination microscopy, termed structured oblique illumination microscopy (SOIM), where we use simultaneous oblique illuminations of the sample to multiplex high spatial-frequency content into the frequency support of the system. We introduce a theoretical framework describing how to demodulate this multiplexed information to reconstruct an image with a spatial-frequency support exceeding that of the system’s classical diffraction limit. This approach allows enhanced-resolution imaging of non-fluorescent samples. Experimental confirmation of the approach is obtained in a reflection test target with moderate numerical aperture.
Why Did House Members Vote for H.R. 4437

This article examines why members of the U.S. House of Representatives voted for H.R. 4437, the controversial 2005 bill to construct a 700-mile immigration barrier along the U.S.-Mexican border and to criminalize illegal presence and aid to undocumented immigrants. Logit analysis suggests that being a first-term House member or a Republican and representing a district that was in the South or the West or heavily blue-collar substantially boosted the odds of supporting H.R. 4437. If a member's district was disproportionately Asian, Latino, or, especially, African American, he or she was instead more likely to oppose the measure.
Studies On the Behavior of Peromyscus Maniculat Us Gambelii and Peromyscus Californicus Parasiticus

Peromyscus californicus parasiticus and Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii which inhabit the same macro-environment near Berkeley, California, were the subjects of an analysis of adult behavior patterns. Daily activities of single individuals were observed. Encounters between two animals were staged to determine the basic behavior patterns employed by each species in its intraspecific social behavior. After the various postures had been identified, their frequencies in encounters were found to be influenced by several factors. (1) The sex of the animal under observation. Males exhibit more aggressive patterns and initiate more grooming than do females. (2) The locus of the encounter. An animal introduced into a strange cage exhibits more submission and flight behavior than does the resident. (3) The sex of the animal encountered. A resident male will usually attack another male, but displays upright postures and grooming in response to an introduced female. (4) The physiological condition of the animals participating in the encounter. The chief variables here include the estrous cycle of the females and the breeding condition of the males. In male-male encounters the descended testes are associated with prolonged chases, and aggressive behavior with little grooming. In encounters between males during the non-breeding season, there is less chasing and more mutual grooming. The more complex aspects of social behavior were studied by two other methods: (1) Pairs were observed in order to determine the sexual behavior patterns and the subsequent behavior between the adults and the young. (2) Pairs were established in adjoining cages with removable doors. The pairs were kept separate for two weeks, and then the doors were removed and the subsequent behavior noted. By combining these laboratory data with the field data from several other workers, a picture of the social organization within these two species was constructed. It appears that P. californicus is more strongly territorial, since paired males and females defend the nest site; however, californicus employs a fighting technique involving jumping and avoidance and also exhibits a specific mewing cry which appears to inhibit aggressive behavior of another individual. These patterns may account for the ability of californicus to form bisexual groups of adults with little injury to the participants. P. maniculatus pairs differ in that the female does not defend the nest against intruders unless she is parturient. In the confines of a cage male maniculatus will fight until serious injuries occur. P. californicus with its lower reproductive potential. longer development time for the young, and complex nest, has a more rigid nest defense system and more rigid behavioral controls to regulate aggressive tendencies within the family group. P. maniculatus with its rapid growth rate. larger reproductive potential. and simple nest, has a less rigid social organization and nest site attachment when compared to californicus.
Incorporation of Acetate-1-C14 into Fatty Acids of Isolated Epidermal Cells

Epidermal cells were obtained from human skin epidermis by trypsinization and exposed to acetate-1-C 14 while maintained in a variety of culture media. Maximum amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into all lipids when a complete medium was used. Acetate-C 14 proved to be a more effective precursor than glucose-C 14 . Saponifiable lipids were converted to their methyl esters, which were resolved according to unsaturation, using silver TLC, and then by GLC. A portion of each ester was condensed and its radioactivity assayed by scintillation counting. Another portion was degraded to find the per cent of activity in the carboxyl carbon. Long-chain acids, with 20 carbons or more, were found to be heavily labelled, with high specific activities, with the exception of 20:4. The distribution of radioactivity did not alter greatly with time. The specific activities of long-chain acids increased several fold with time. Data on carboxyl carbon activity suggested the operation of a de novo synthesis of saturated acids to C 16 and a stepwise elongation of C 16 by C 2 units.
Performance and Yields of Broilers Fed Extruded Grain Amaranth and Grown to Market Weight

A trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding extruded grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) on performance of male broilers grown in batteries to 49 days of age. Practical corn-soy rations were supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% amaranth and formulated to meet nutrient requirements for the starter (0 to 21 days), grower (21 to 42 days), and finisher (42 to 49 days) periods. Each diet was fed to six replicate pens of 10 male birds each. No differences were observed for feed utilization (P greater than .05), but at Day 49, birds fed 50% amaranth weighed significantly less and had significantly lighter dressed carcass weights than those fed the control diet. For dressing percentages, no significant differences among diets were observed. Dietary differences in fat pad weights were not detected, but significant differences between diets were observed for fat pad weights expressed as a percentage of the total carcass weight (% OTC). Significant and positive linear responses existed when liver weight, liver weight as % OTC, and fat pad weight as % OTC were regressed upon amaranth inclusion. No treatment differences were observed for heart or pancreas weights or for their weights as % OTC. Gizzard weight and gizzard weight as % OTC decreased linearly with amaranth inclusion. Giblet weights (heart + liver + gizzard) were significantly different among diets, but giblet weight appeared to be unrelated to amaranth level. Birds fed the diet with 50% amaranth had giblets of equal size to birds fed the control diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
DEM alignment and registration in interferometric SAR processing and evaluation

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) processing, if lacking high quality ground control points (GCPs), may produce large errors in the final DEM. Some kind of alignment or registration can reduce these errors. This paper evaluates the accuracy of InSAR processed digital elevation models (DEM), against a high resolution DEM. InSAR DEMs were aligned and least-squares registered with USGS, 1/3 arc second NED. The accuracy evaluations after registration show InSAR DEMs alignment and registration can eliminate DEM errors caused by lack of accurate GCPs. In some cases, this process improves the accuracy of the InSAR DEM even more efficiently than including GCPs into InSAR processing.
Catalytic hydrodesulfurization of a high organic sulfur Turkish lignite : amount, form, and mechanism of sulfur removal

Abstract The removal of sulfur from Cayirhan (Turkish) lignite by catalytic hydrodesulfurization has been investigated. Ammonium tetrathiotungstate, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and nickel sulfate salts were used as catalyst precursors impregnated into the lignite. The experiments were carried out in microautoclave reactors in a hydrogen atmosphere but without added solvent. The effects of the temperature and type of catalyst on the total sulfur removed were studied. In most of the experiments, the sulfur removed from the lignite appeared in two products, hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur compounds present in the extract. Catalyst impregnation of the lignite promotes the removal of sulfur as hydrogen sulfide. The highest total sulfur removed was about 42 wt.%, achieved at 325°C for lignite impregnated with ammonium tetrathiotungstate. In this experiment, 72% of the sulfur removed was eliminated as hydrogen sulfide. The variations of hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur compounds with total sulfur removed suggested a sequential mechanism for catalytic hydrodesulfurization of this lignite.
Dizzy-Beats: a Bayesian evidence analysis tool for systems biology.

Motivation: Model selection and parameter inference are complex problems of long-standing interest in systems biology. Selecting between competing models arises commonly as underlying biochemical mechanisms are often not fully known, hence alternative models must be considered. Parameter inference yields important information on the extent to which the data and the model constrain parameter values. Results: We report Dizzy-Beats, a graphical Java Bayesian evidence analysis tool implementing nested sampling - an algorithm yielding an estimate of the log of the Bayesian evidence Z and the moments of model parameters, thus addressing two outstanding challenges in systems modelling. A likelihood function based on the L1-norm is adopted as it is generically applicable to replicated time series data. Availability and implementation: http://sourceforge.net/p/bayesevidence/home/Home/ Contact: ku.ca.de@nektia.s
Query-based learning applied to partially trained multilayer perceptrons

An approach is presented for query-based neural network learning. A layered perceptron partially trained for binary classification is considered. The single-output neuron is trained to be either a zero or a one. A test decision is made by thresholding the output at, for example, one-half. The set of inputs that produce an output of one-half forms the classification boundary. The authors adopted an inversion algorithm for the neural network that allows generation of this boundary. For each boundary point, the classification gradient can be generated. The gradient provides a useful measure of the steepness of the multidimensional decision surfaces. Conjugate input pairs are generated using the boundary point and gradient information and presented to an oracle for proper classification. These data are used to refine further the classification boundary, thereby increasing the classification accuracy. The result can be a significant reduction in the training set cardinality in comparison with, for example, randomly generated data points. An application example to power system security assessment is given. >
Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion

We examine formation conditions for the Galilean satellites in the context of models of late-stage giant planet accretion and satellite-disk interactions. We first reevaluate the current standard, in which the satellites form from a ‘‘ minimum mass subnebula ’’ disk, obtained by augmenting the mass of the current satellites to solar abundance and resulting in a disk mass containing about 2% of Jupiter’s mass. Conditions in such a massive and gas-rich disk are difficult to reconcile with both the icy compositions of Ganymede and Callisto and the protracted formation time needed to explain Callisto’s apparent incomplete differentiation. In addition, we argue that disk torques in such a gas-rich disk would cause large satellites to be lost to inward decay onto the planet. These issues have prevented us from identifying a self-consistent scenario for the formation and survival of the Galilean satellites using the standard model. We then consider an alternative, in which the satellites form in a circumplanetary accretion disk produced during the very end stages of gas accretion onto Jupiter. In this case, an amount of gas and solids of at least � 0.02 Jovian masses must still be processed through the disk during the satellite formation era, but this amount need not have been present all at once. We find that an accretion disk produced by a slow inflow of gas and solids, e.g., 2 � 10 � 7 Jovian masses per year, is most consistent with conditions needed to form the Galilean satellites, including disk temperatures low enough for ices and protracted satellite accretion times of � 10 5 yr. Such a ‘‘ gas-starved ’’ disk has an orders-of-magnitude lower gas surface density than the minimum mass subnebula (and for many cases is optically thin). Solids delivered to the disk build up over many disk viscous cycles, resulting in a greatly reduced gas-to-solids ratio during the final stages of satellite accretion. This allows for the survival of Galilean-sized satellites against disk torques over a wide range of plausible conditions.
Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping of Blacks.

In a modified 4 X 4 factorial design with race (black-white) of the harm-doer and race (black-white) of the victim as the major factors, the phenomenon of differential social perception of intergroup violence was established. While subjects, observing a videotape of purported ongoing ineraction occuring in another room, labeled an act (ambiguous shove) as more violent when it was performed by a black than when the same act was perpetrated by a white. That is, the concept of violence was more accessible when viewing a black than when viewing a white committing the same act. Causal attributions were also found to be divergent. Situation attributions were preferred when the harm-doer was white, and person (dispositional) attributions were preferred in the black-protagonist conditions. The results are discussed in terms of perceptual threshold, sterotypy, and attributional biases.
INTEGRATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE CONCENTRATION OF BACTERIA AND SEMINESTED PCR TO ENHANCE DETECTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM FROM GROUND BEEF AND BOVINE CARCASS SPONGE SAMPLES

Hydroxyapatite (HA) concentration of bacteriafiom ground beef and bovine carcass sponge samples was examined as a method to enhance the PCR detection of Salmonella typhimurium in these samples. Ground beef and carcass sponge samples were inoculated with progressively lower levels of S. typhimurium. Concentrated (I 0% HA) and unconcentrated samples were prepared for PCR after 0, 2, 3, or 4 h of nonselective enrichment. Without HA concentration and enrichment, Salmonella in ground beef was not detected by seminested PCR, even when present at levels of lo-' cells/mL in the 1:lO ground beef homogenates. However, when bacteria in these samples were extracted with HA, limits of detection in nonenriched samples were 1@-1@ CFU/mL and in enriched samples were 10' CFU/mL (after 2 and 3 h enrichment) and I@ CFWmL (after 4 h enrichment). Without concentration or enrichment, the limit of detection of Salmonella in carcass sponge samples was I@ cells/mL. HA concentration of these samples lowered this limit to 100- 10' CFU/mL. Nine of 14 different Salmonella serotypes adhered to HA at proportions of 98.0% or more.
Factors contributing to hospitalization for gastroparesis exacerbations.

Background The clinical course of patients with gastroparesis is characterized by symptomatic exacerbations often necessitating hospitalization.
Verification of large beam-type space structures

The verification approach of large beam type space structures is verified. The proposed verification approach consists of two parts. The first part is to remove the gravity effect on the tested substructure and to identify the on-orbit dynamic characteristics of the substructure by using the measurements of the ground test. A scaling law is also established to define the critical length of the structure which can be tested in 1-g field without incurring a buckling problem. The second part is to develop an adequate scaling law to extrapolate the dynamic characteristics of the prototype structure by using results from the substructure. The verification approaches are demonstrated on two typical structural configurations, the feed support structure of a wrap-rip antenna and a candidate shuttle flight experiment. The results indicate that it is practical to verify the on-orbit dynamic characteristics of these structures by using the proposed approach.
Characterization of Soot Deposition and Particle Nucleation in Exhaust Gas Recirculation Coolers

Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used to control engine out NOx (oxides of nitrogen) emissions from modern diesel engines by re-circulating a portion of the exhaust gases into the intake manifold of an engine after cooling it through a heat exchanger commonly referred to as an EGR cooler. However, EGR cooler fouling due to presence of soot particles and hydrocarbons (HC) in engine exhaust leads to a decrease in cooler efficiency and increased pressure drop across the cooler. This can adversely affect the combustion process, engine durability, and emissions. In this study, a multicylinder diesel engine was used to produce a range of engine out HC and soot concentrations to investigate soot deposition and particle nucleation in an EGR cooler. A portion of the engine exhaust was passed through an EGR cooler, while particle size and HC concentration measurements were made at the cooler inlet and outlet. Tests were conducted over a range of EGR cooler coolant temperatures and engine out soot and HC co...
Medicine under threat: professionalism and professional identity

The professions have never been more important to the well-being of society. Professional knowledge and expertise are at the core of contemporary society. How such professional expertise is developed, how it is deployed, by whom it is deployed and for what ends are among the most pressing issues
An explanation for the varves of the Castile evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico, USA

Extraordinary sequences of conspicuous, pervasive and laterally persistent varves characterize the Castile evaporites. They occur as singlets (calcite laminae), couplets (calcite laminae interstratified with anhydrite laminae), thick couplets (calcite laminae interstratified with thin anhydrite beds) and triplets (calcite and anhydrite laminae interstratified with thin halite beds). The varves accumulated in a deep (initially 550 m), persistently stratified, saline lake surrounded by an extinct reef. The lake had formed when the reef grew across a channel between an embayment and the ocean. Although located virtually on the palaeo-equator, the lake experienced negligible meteoric influx and extreme seasonality. During the season of high relative humidity, more marine groundwater entered the lake through the permeable reef barrier than exited as reflux and, secondarily, as evaporation. Consequently, the lake level rose by up to several metres to sea level. The 'refreshening' decreased salinity and replenished dissolved GO 2 - the critical nutrient limiting growth of indigenous phytoplankton. Algae proliferated, pH increased and CaCO 3 precipitated. It mixed with organic matter to form a thin, dark lamina. During the season of low relative humidity, tens of cubic kilometres of water evaporated from and, secondarily, leaked out through the surrounding reef. More water exited than entered, brine level fell below sea level, and salinity of the upper brine layer increased. Gypsum usually precipitated and rained onto the basin floor forming a couplet; infrequently, halite also precipitated forming a triplet. Every few thousand years, for <50 to several hundred years, the lake became unstratified during the dry season, and wind-induced overturn allowed a layer of gypsum crystals up to 2 cm high to precipitate on the basin floor. Each layer, now thin beds of anhydrite nodules and anhydrite pseudomorphs after gypsum, and an underlying lamina of CaCO 3 and admixed organic matter formed a thick couplet. The different varve types recur with a period of 1800-3000 years reflecting climatic changes on a millennial time scale.
Comparison of leucine and dispensable amino acid kinetics between Indian women with low or normal body mass indexes during pregnancy

Background: Evidence suggests that in women with a normal to high body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ), the extra amino acids needed during pregnancy are met through reduced oxidation. It is not known whether a woman with a low BMI can make this adaptation successfully. Objective: The objective was to measure and compare leucine kinetic parameters and alanine-nitrogen, glutamine amide-nitrogen, and glycine and cysteine fluxes in Indian women with a low and normal BMI in early and midpregnancy. Design: Fasted- and fed-state kinetics were measured by infusing 1-[ 13 C]leucine, [ 2 H2]cysteine, [ 2 H2]glycine, [5- 15 N]glutamine, and [ 15 N]alanine in groups of 10 women with a low BMI (,18.5) and 10 women with a normal BMI (18.5‐25) in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Results: Leucine, glutamine, glycine, and cysteine fluxes were faster in women with a low BMI in both trimesters, but there was no difference in alanine flux between groups. This difference was explained in the first trimester by a higher proportion of fat-free mass in low-BMI women. Leucine oxidation and percentage of dietary leucine oxidized were higher in low-BMI women in both trimesters, but nonoxidative disposal was not different between groups. Conclusions: Although they use dietary protein less efficiently, low-BMI women maintain net protein synthesis at the same rate as do normal-BMI women and produce similar quantities of labile nitrogen for the de novo synthesis of other dispensable amino acids such as glycine and cysteine. The extra amino acids required for increased maternal protein synthesis during pregnancy are provided by an overall decrease in amino acid catabolism in women with normal or low BMI. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:320‐9.
Capillary Electrophoresis Separations of Bundled and Individual Carbon Nanotubes

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been performed on polymer-stabilized bundles and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) suspensions of high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco)-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes. Real-time Raman spectroscopy has been used for detection and characterization of the separation process. Radial-breathing-mode vibrational frequencies are sensitive to nanotube diameter. Monitoring of these modes demonstrates the separation of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-stabilized tubes into fractions of differing bundle composition. Separations on SDS suspensions indicate that CE is capable of separating bundled nanotubes from isolated individuals on the basis of differences in nanotube mobility, depending on changes in diameter or bundle size.
Autonomic network configuration for networkable digital appliances

This paper proposes an autonomic network configuration (ANC) technology, which uses autonomic technologies for the network configuration in order for electronics consumer appliances to improve usability and security. ANC provides networkable digital appliances (NDAs) with a network environment detection service and enables them to automatically configure themselves as soon as they are connected to networks. The evaluation shows that ANC's network environment detection is so quick, safe, and accurate that it significantly contributes to the NDA's security and privacy.
Mixed-Mode Fracture of Ceramics in Diametral Compression

Etude de la rupture en mode mixte traction-cisaillement d'une vitroceramique et d'une ceramique d'alumine comportant des indentations inclinees lors d'essais de compression diametrale et de flexion en quatre points
Strongly non-Gaussian statistics of optical soliton parameters due to collisions in the presence of delayed Raman response

We study the effects of a delayed Raman response on soliton collisions in optical fibre transmission systems with multiple frequency channels. We show that the propagation of a given soliton undergoing many collisions with solitons from other frequency channels is described by a perturbed stochastic nonlinear Schrodinger equation, in which the stochastic perturbative terms are due to collision induced amplitude and frequency changes. Using the adiabatic perturbation theory we find that the distribution function of the soliton amplitude is lognormal, i.e. strongly non-Gaussian. The frequency of the soliton is also found to be a random variable that is not self-averaging. The results of our extensive numerical simulations incorporating the technique of importance sampling are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Chandra X-ray Observatory mirror effective area

ABSTRACT Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) the third of NASAs Great Observatories has now been successfullyoperated for four years and has brought us fruitful scientic results with many exciting discoveries. The majorachievement comparing to previous X-ray missions lies in the heart of the CXO the High Resolution MirrorAssembly. Its unprecedented spatial resolution and well calibrated performing characteristics are the keys for itssuccess. We discuss the eective area of the CXO mirrors, based on the ground calibration measurements madeat the X-Ray Calibration Facility in Marshall Space Flight Center before launch. We present the derivations ofboth on-axis and o-axis eective areas, which are currently used by Chandra observers.Keywords: Chandra X-ray Observatory, HRMA, X-ray telescopes, X-ray mirrors, calibration, eective area 1. INTRODUCTION NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) is the most powerful X-ray telescope ever built to-date. Its launchin 1999 was a major milestone in the eld of high energy astrophysics and the world of science. In the past fouryears, it has brought many new discoveries to the general public as well as the scientic community, and openeda new window to part of the Universe of which we have never seen before. CXO has unprecedented capabilitiesof high resolution imaging and spectroscopy over the X-ray band of 0.1 keV 10 keV. The success of CXO ismainly due to the design and manufacture of its X-ray mirrors the High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA).At 0.84-m long and 0.6 1.2-m in diameters, the surface area of each mirror ranging from 1.6 to 3.2 squaremeters. They are the largest and the most precise grazing incidence optics ever built. The success of CXO is alsodue to the extensive ground calibration for the HRMA and science instruments, carried out at NASAs MarshallSpace Flight Center before launch. The Eective Area (EA) is one of the most important characteristics of theCXO. It was determined that the CXO eective area should be calibrated to a precision that no X-ray telescopeshave ever achieved before, so it can provide accurate measurement of the ux from X-ray sources.
The Law and Order Origins of Urban Gay Politics

It was in big-city municipal government that American gays and lesbians first won political power. This article reinterprets the rise of urban gay politics, emphasizing the complex and changing rel...
Relationship between macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by uterine epithelial cells and accumulation and distribution of macrophages in the uterus of pregnant mice

Estrogen and progesterone induce production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) by uterine epithelial cells, and CSF-1 is produced in the uterus during pregnancy in mice. CSF-1 is a lineage-specific stimulator of macrophage proliferation, chemotaxis, and function. High concentrations of macrophages accumulate in the uterus during pregnancy. Experiments were conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between intrauterine CSF-1 production and the number and distribution of uterine macrophages during pregnancy in mice. The study demonstrated that on day 1 of pregnancy CSF-1 bioactivity levels were high. The number of macrophages in the uterus was also high on days 1 and 2, and macrophages were concentrated at epithelial surfaces. The decrease in CSF-1 bioactivity seen between days 1 and 2 was followed by a decrease in the macrophage concentration. An increase in CSF-1 bioactivity on day 4 was followed by an increase in the concentration of intrauterine macrophages. During the immediate postimplantation period, macrophages were detected primarily in the myometrium and deep endometrium and CSF-1 bioactivity was undetectable. During the second half of pregnancy, when CSF-1 concentrations were very high, the macrophage concentration was also very high and large numbers of macrophages were detected in association with epithelia. The data confirmed the existence of a direct relationship between intrauterine CSF-1 and macrophage accumulation and suggested that macrophages are attracted to epithelial surfaces by CSF-1.
Ionic Basis of the Wenckebach Phenomenon

We studied the ionic basis of slow recovery of excitability and the rate-dependent activation failure in enzymatically dissociated guinea pig ventricular myocytes and in numerical simulations using a modified version of the Beeler and Reuter model. In addition, appropriate parameters derived from biological and numerical voltage and current clamp experiments were used to devise an analytical model for diastolic recovery of excitability on the basis of the equations for current distribution in a resistive-capacitive circuit. Iteration of the analytical model equations gave rise to dynamics that closely resembled the experimentally obtained phaselocking patterns for repetitive stimulation of the ventricular cell. The results strongly suggest that slow deactivation of the delayed rectifier current (iK) determines the time-dependent recovery of excitability during diastole while the inward rectifier (iK 1) determines the amplitude and shape of depolarizations within the subthreshold range. The kinetics and voltage-dependence of both currents are responsible for the development of rate-dependent phase-locking patterns and of Wenckebach periodicity in the ventricular myocyte.
The benefit of being physically present

The effects of physical embodiment and physical presence were explored through a survey of 33 experimental works comparing how people interacted with physical robots and virtual agents. A qualitative assessment of the direction of quantitative effects demonstrated that robots were more persuasive and perceived more positively when physically present in a user?s environment than when digitally-displayed on a screen either as a video feed of the same robot or as a virtual character analog; robots also led to better user performance when they were collocated as opposed to shown via video on a screen. However, participants did not respond differently to physical robots and virtual agents when both were displayed digitally on a screen - suggesting that physical presence, rather than physical embodiment, characterizes people?s responses to social robots. Implications for understanding psychological response to physical and virtual agents and for methodological design are discussed. Survey identified 33 works exploring user responses to physical robots and virtual agents.Robot agents had greater influence when physically present than telepresent.No differences were found between physical robots displayed on a screen and virtual agents that looked similar.Physical presence, but not physical embodiment alone, resulted in more favorable responses from participants.