cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystalloids in FNA specimens of salivary gland lesions: A retrospective study in a single large institute

Background Identifying crystalloids, which includes amylase and tyrosine crystalloids, is relatively uncommon in salivary gland fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Although it has been suggested that the presence of crystalloids favors a benign process, the full significance has not been well established. Methods The authors performed a review of slides from all salivary gland FNA cases received in their laboratory from January 2017 to September 2019 to identify cases with crystalloids (screened cohort). In addition, the departmental archives were searched retrospectively for all salivary gland FNA cases that had specifically reported crystalloids. Cytologic findings as well as correlation with surgical pathology and clinical follow-up were examined. Results There were 664 cases in the screened cohort. Crystalloids were present in 37 cases (incidence, 5.6%). Amylase crystalloids were the most commonly identified (n = 28; 75%), followed by tyrosine crystalloids (n = 4; 11%), and collagenous crystalloids (n = 1; 3%). Four cases with crystalloids could not be further classified because of low quantity (n = 4; 11%). An additional 54 cases were identified in the 10-year retrospective review. Diagnostic categorization for the total cohort (N = 91) was as follows: nondiagnostic, 30 cases (33%); nonneoplastic/benign, 42 cases (46%); neoplasm: benign, 10 cases (11%); and atypia of undetermined significance, 9 cases (10%). Twenty-six cases had subsequent resection findings, including oncocytic cyst/cystadenoma in 8 cases (31%), chronic sialadenitis/ductal obstructive change in 7 cases (27%), pleomorphic adenoma in 5 cases (27%), developmental cyst in 3 cases (12%), lymphoepithelial cyst in 2 cases (8%), and Warthin tumor in 1 case (4%). Conclusions This cohort represents the largest FNA series of salivary gland crystalloids. All cases were associated with nonneoplastic or benign neoplastic lesions.
A single-cell resolved cell-cell communication model explains lineage commitment in hematopoiesis

The role of cell-cell communication in cell fate decision-making has not been well-characterized through a dynamical systems perspective. To do so, here we develop multiscale models that couple cell-cell communication with cell-internal gene regulatory network dynamics. This allows us to study the influence of external signaling on cell fate decision-making at the resolution of single cells. We study the granulocyte-monocyte vs. megakaryocyte-erythrocyte fate decision, dictated by the GATA1-PU.1 network, as an exemplary bistable cell fate system, modeling the cell-internal dynamic with ordinary differential equations and the cell-cell communication via a Poisson process. We show that, for a wide range of cell communication topologies, subtle changes in signaling can lead to dramatic changes in cell fate. We find that cell-cell coupling can explain how populations of heterogeneous cell types can arise. Analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic cell-cell communication noise demonstrates that noise alone can alter the cell fate decision-making boundaries. These results illustrate how external signals alter transcriptional dynamics, and provide insight into hematopoietic cell fate decision-making.
Repurposing π Electrophilic Cyclization/Dealkylation for Group Transfer

A metal-free regio- and stereocontrolled group-transfer route toward the synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes is described. In this route, an electrophilic heterocyclization is followed by ring-opening group transfer. Specifically, a thioboration reaction transforms readily available alkynyl sulfide precursors into alkenyl boronates and alkenyl sulfides with defined regio- and stereochemistry in one synthetic step using commercially available B-chlorocatecholborane (ClBcat). Mechanistic studies identified the likely pathway as proceeding through zwitterionic rather than haloborated intermediates. The regio- and stereochemistry set in the initial cyclization step is preserved in the final acyclic alkene product, producing alkenes with up to four modifiable substituents with predictable regio- and stereochemistry. Downstream functionalization reactions showcase the versatility of the substitutions of the resulting alkenes. The mechanistic concept maps onto future reaction designs, given the abundance of known electrophiles and nucleophiles for electrophilic heterocyclization/dealkylation sequences.
Guanethidine-Induced Destruction of Sympathetic Neurons: An Autoimmune "Disease" Prevented by Nerve Growth Factor

Guanethidine, the structure of which is shown in Fig. 1, is a guanidinium adrenergic-neuron-blocking agent. It is the prototype of this class of drugs that act to reduce the efficacy of sympathetic neurotransmission primarily by dissociating the action potential from the secretion of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE). By virtue of its ability to block NE release, it lowers blood pressure, and has thus been used clinically as an antihypertensive agent since the 1960s. In 1971, it was demonstrated by Burnstock et al. (1971), Eranko and Eranko (1971), and Jensen-Holm and Juul (1971) that chronic treatment of rats with high doses of guanethidine (about 10 times that needed to produce adrenergic-neuron blockade) resulted in the destruction of sympathetic neurons in both neonatal and adult animals. The destruction was selective for sympathetic neurons; other neurons such as sensory or parasympathetic neurons were not affected. The basis for this selectivity arises from the ability of guanethidine to accumulate to high concentrations in sympathetic neurons via the catecholamine (CA)-uptake pump as the neuronal destruction is prevented by an inhibitor of this uptake mechanism, desmethylimipramine (Juul and Sand, 1973). It is excluded from neurons that lack this active-uptake mechanism because it is a highly charged guanidinium compound.
Vitamin E and apoptosis

Vitamin E is a generic term that refers to a family of compounds that is further divided into two subgroups called tocopherols and tocotrienols. All natural forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols are potent antioxidants that regulate peroxidation reactions and controls free radical production within the body. However, it is now firmly established that many of the biological actions mediated by individual vitamin E isoforms are not dependent on their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, synthetic ether derivatives of vitamin E that no longer possess antioxidant activity also display a wide range of biological activities. One of the most intriguing therapeutic applications for natural vitamin E and vitamin E derivatives currently being investigated is their use as anticancer agents. Specific forms of vitamin E display potent apoptotic activity against a wide range of cancer cell types, while having little or no effect on normal cell function or viability. Experimental studies have also determined that the intracellular mechanisms mediating the apoptotic effects of specific vitamin E compounds display great diversity in different types of caner cells and has been found to restore multidrug resistant tumor cells sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. These findings strongly suggest that some natural and synthetic analogues of vitamin E can be used effectively as anticancer therapy either alone or in combination to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity of other anticancer agents.
TV Dinosaur Team Treads Tricky Mammalian Terrain

PALEONTOLOGYNORWICH, U.K.-- Walking with Dinosaurs was a smash hit, but researchers were uneasy with the mix of fact and guesswork presented in a "wildlife documentary" format. Now the BBC is trying to head off the critics as it gives mammals the same treatment. How the program's makers fared is dividing the experts.
Uncoupling diet and diabetes.

Expression of the uncoupling protein Ucp in skeletal muscle prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Similar effects are seen in response to increased physical exercise, indicating that pharmacological strategies designed to manipulate energy expenditure can be used to treat obesity and diabetes. (pages 1115–1120 )
S-Nitrosothiols: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biological Actions

Publisher Summary The formation of S -nitrosothiols (RSNOs) species has been clearly demonstrated by the work reviewed in this chapter. These nitric oxide (NO)-bearing species represent one of several possible adducts that can form in biological systems between nitrogen oxide(s) and other biochemical functionalities, including heme iron (to form nitrosylated heme moieties), nonheme iron [to form iron-(di)nitrosyl-(di)thiols], and oxygen-derived species (to form nitrogen dioxide radical with oxygen and peroxynitrite with superoxide). It is recently shown that low-molecular-weight thiols combine with oxides of nitrogen under physiological conditions to form thionitrites or S -nitrosothiols (RSNOs). NO does not react directly with thiols, but must undergo oxidation to form N 2 O 3 , a likely candidate nitrosating species in this reaction sequence through its nitrosonium-bearing moiety. RSNOs have a significantly longer chemical half-life than NO, and also possess potent platelet-inhibitory and vasorelaxant properties in vivo that resemble those of endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF). The physiological relevance of RSNOs has been confirmed the observation that the predominant form of NO in mammalian plasma is that of an adduct between NO and serum albumin, S -nitrosoalbumin. S -Nitrosoalbumin possesses EDRF-like properties in vivo , including vasorelaxation and platelet inhibition.
Solid-state high voltage modulator with output control utilizing series-connected IGBTs

The design of a solid-state high voltage modulator has been developed that uses series-connected insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) to control the output voltage. Although having many potential applications, this high voltage modulator was designed to meet, at a minimum, the requirements of one of the power supplies required for depressed collector gyrotrons being used in electron cyclotron systems on devices performing experiments for fusion energy. Depending on the specific gyrotron, the output voltage is required to vary up to −80 kV with currents up to 100 A. In addition, square-wave modulation at frequencies up to 1 kHz is required. Four IGBTs are configured into a 2.4 kV IGBT module, and the number of IGBT modules that are connected in series is adjusted to meet the output voltage requirement. IGBT modules were successfully built and tested to verify the performance of the topology at 2.4 kV. The design of a −80 kV, 100 A modulator has been developed. The design is easily scalable for different applications and output voltages. A conceptual design was also developed for a −90 kV, 120 A power supply that has multiple intermediate taps to energize a multi-stage depressed collector gyrotron. This concept has twenty-four 4.5 kV, 120 A power supply modules that are connected in series. Each power supply module has three 2.4 kV IGBT modules, which provides sufficient voltage margin to support the additional voltage headroom needed for regulation and AC line fluctuations. If all of the power supply modules were equally sharing the total output voltage of −90 kV, then each module would be operating at −3.75 kV. The extra 18 kV of voltage margin adds the capability of reaching −90 kV with some of the modules putting out less than −3.75 kV. The description of the design of the IGBT modules and of the −80 kV, 100 A modulator will be presented. An overview of its adaptation to the concept for the power supply of the multi-stage depressed collector gyrotron will also be presented.
Enhanced computational efficiency in the direct determination of the two-electron reduced density matrix from the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrödinger equation with application to ground and excited states of conjugated π-systems.

Determination of the two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) from the solution of the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrodinger equation (ACSE) yields accurate energies and properties for both ground and excited states. Here, we develop a more efficient method to solving the ACSE that uses second-order information to select a more optimal step towards the solution. Calculations on the ground and excited states of water, hydrogen fluoride, and conjugated π systems show that the improved ACSE algorithm is 10-20 times faster than the previous ACSE algorithm. The ACSE can treat both single- and multi-reference electron correlation with the initial 2-RDM from a complete-active-space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) calculation. Using the improved algorithm, we explore the relationship between truncation of the active space in the CASSCF calculation and the accuracy of the energy and 2-RDM from the ACSE calculation. The accuracy of the ACSE, we find, is less sensitive to the size of the active space than the accuracy of other wavefunction methods, which is useful when large active space calculations are computationally infeasible.
SEXUAL MEDICINE HISTORY: Satyriasis: The Antiquity Term for Vulvodynia?

From ancient times, through the Middle Ages, and well into the 19th century, physicians concentrated on catastrophic medical conditions and illnesses rather than on quality of life issues. Wars, plagues, and pestilence left little time, energy, or concern for "discomfort" problems. Therefore, it is not surprising that women's conditions that caused distressing symptoms but fell short of major morbidity and mortality were not given a prominent position in medicine until relatively recently. This is especially the case with vulvodynia, a condition that has been reported to affect approximately 15% (and in some studies up to 27%) of the female population at some point in their lives. Despite its high prevalence, this condition was not discussed or reported in traditional medical textbooks until the end of the 1800s. Now, we propose another viewpoint on when the first description of vulvodynia appeared; that is, that vulvodynia was described as far back as the 1st century CE. From our review of the ancient medical literature, we believe that the condition described by Soranus as "satyriasis in females" was actually vulvodynia.
Emerging land use practices rapidly increase soil organic matter

The loss of organic matter from agricultural lands constrains our ability to sustainably feed a growing population and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Addressing these challenges requires land use activities that accumulate soil carbon (C) while contributing to food production. In a region of extensive soil degradation in the southeastern United States, we evaluated soil C accumulation for 3 years across a 7-year chronosequence of three farms converted to management-intensive grazing. Here we show that these farms accumulated C at 8.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1, increasing cation exchange and water holding capacity by 95% and 34%, respectively. Thus, within a decade of management-intensive grazing practices soil C levels returned to those of native forest soils, and likely decreased fertilizer and irrigation demands. Emerging land uses, such as management-intensive grazing, may offer a rare win–win strategy combining profitable food production with rapid improvement of soil quality and short-term climate mitigation through soil C-accumulation. Agricultural practices can degrade soil conditions through the loss of organic matter, a situation that will be exacerbated with growing populations. Here, the authors show that converting cropland to management intensive grazing can rapidly improve soil quality and increase organic matter concentrations.
Why Does Academic Medicine Allow Ghostwriting? : A Prescription for Reform

A book, paper, or speech that involves an author who is notgiven credit is considered ghostwritten, at least according tomost dictionary definitions. This straightforward and seem-ingly commonsense definition has yet to be accepted withinacademic medicine. Over the past 15 years, the academicmedical community has quietly tolerated the presence ofghostwriters in the medical literature, a practice that no othersegment of the university community has allowed. A medicalresearch paper containing a subtle endorsement for amedication carries more weight with clinicians and patientsif the pharmaceutical company that wrote the paper is notmentioned in the authorship byline, especially if it listsprominent university professors from prestigious institutions.The practice of ghostwriting is neither rare nor harmless.Alleged ghost authors haunt the clinical trial literature ofvirtually all the recent blockbuster drugs, including medi-cines like Vioxx, Avandia, Paxil, Zoloft, Zyprexa, hormone-replacement therapy, and Fen-phen. As the makers of thesedrugs are embroiled in product liability lawsuits from theirproduct’s tendency to cause harm, the involvement ofghostwriters in the production of scientific evidence tosupport their use has raised eyebrows.Recently, a public dialogue on ghostwriting has emerged,with public advocacy organizations and some medicaljournal editors, practicing physicians and bioethicistsvoicing their perspectives and calling for reform. As thisdialogue continues, we have noted a critically importantissue often overlooked by many of those involved: Whenexactly should a scientific paper be considered ghostwrit-ten? Medicine aside, most people who hear the term“ghostwriter” think of a paid writer who authors an article,book, or speech without credit. While discussions ofghostwriting have some complexities, it seems there isone, and only one, criterion to determine whether ascientific paper has been ghostwritten: If a person whoshould have been listed as an author was left off the byline,then the paper has been ghostwritten.Whiter Shades of PaleInstead, because of supposedly offsetting circumstances,various authors, companies, reporters, and universityadministrators have taken the stance that some scientificpapers, which admittedly did involve a ghost author, should
Supermolecular stereochemistry in ferroelectric liquid crystals

Until recently, it was an empirical fact that chiral liquid crystal phases were produced only from enantiomerically enriched liquid crystal materials. Ferroelectric smectic liquid crystals have always been composed of enantiomerically enriched molecules as well. Here we describe the first example of the formation of chiral supermolecular liquid crystalline structures from achiral bent-core molecules (bow phases or banana phases). In one case, a metastable antiferroelectric bow-phase structure is macroscopically chiral, with bulk samples composed of chiral macroscopic domains of either handedness. This system represents the first known liquid conglomerate. In addition, based upon a directed design approach exploiting control of interlayer clinicity, a ferroelectric liquid crystal conglomerate has been created from a racemic mixture. In this case bulk ferroelectricity is obtained by spontaneous polar symmetry breaking. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined elasticity and 3D imaging of the prostate

A method is described for repeatably assessing elasticity and 3D extent of suspected prostate cancers. Elasticity is measured by controlled water inflation of a sheath placed over a modified transrectal ultrasound transducer. The benefit of using fluid inflation is that it should be possible to make repeatable, accurate, measurements of elasticity that are of interest in the serial assessment of prostate cancer progression or remission. The second aspect of the work uses auxiliary tracking arrays placed at each end of the central imaging array that allow the transducer to be rotated while simultaneously collected 'tracking' information thus allowing the position of successive image planes to be located with approximately 11% volumetric accuracy in 3D space. In this way, we present a technique for quantifying volumetric extent of suspected cancer in addition to making measures of elastic anomalies.
Low peripheral progesterone and late embryonic/early fetal loss in suckled beef and lactating dairy cows.

Abstract Pregnancy failure during placentation in lactating dairy cows was associated with low concentrations of serum progesterone. Beef cows have greater serum progesterone and less pregnancy failure. Experiment 1 determined that reduction of serum progesterone affected late embryonic/early fetal loss in suckled beef cows. Cows ( n = 40) received progesterone from two new or used controlled internal drug releasing devices, replaced every 5 d, beginning on Day 28 of gestation (mating = Day 0); CL were enucleated on Day 29. Retention of pregnancy was 77% in treated cows and 97% in 78 control cows ( P P 2 α was increased and that of 6-keto-PGF 1 α decreased by endothelin-1 in vitro . Serum progesterone during replacement was lower ( P
Machado‐Joseph disease: An autosomal dominant motor system degeneration

Machado-Joseph disease is an autosomal dominant spinocerebellar degeneration. It expresses itself clinically with variable expression. Type one patients have early onset with a rapid progression of symptoms including spasticity, rigidity and myokymia. Type two patients are the most common phenotype with ataxia and spasticity. Type three patients develop progressive ataxia with variable amyotrophy. All patients have ophthalmoparesis and normal mental status. The neuropathology consists of neuronal loss and gliosis in the substantia nigra, motor cranial nuclei, dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, and variable neuronal loss with gliosis in the cerebellar cortex and neostriatum. The cerebral cortex is normal histologically. The inferior olivary nuclei are normal, thus separating this disease from olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). The disease has a worldwide distribution including families described in Portugal, the Azores, Spain, Italy, United States, Canada, Brazil, China, Taiwan, and Japan. The gene has not been mapped for this disease but the locus on chromosome 6p mapped for most families with OPCA has been excluded for this disorder.
Capture of carbon dioxide from ambient air

Carbon dioxide capture from ambient air could compensate for all carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Such capture would, for example, make it possible to use liquid, carbon-based fuels in cars or airplanes without negatively impacting the climate. We present a specific approach based on a solid sorbent in the form of an anionic exchange resin, that absorbs carbon dioxide when dry and releases it when exposed to moisture. We outline a particular implementation of such a moisture swing and discuss the scale of the collectors, the energy consumption, and the indirect carbon dioxide emissions related to the operation of carbon dioxide capture devices.
Measuring cultural adaptation on the Web: a content analytic study of U.S. and Japanese Web sites

Abstract Web sites reach global audiences by nature, and as such necessitate country-specific cultural adaptation. The paper proposes a framework to measure cultural values embedded in Web sites and tests it using a content analysis of U.S. and Japanese company Web sites. The results provide evidence that country-specific Web sites reflect national cultural values. The proposed framework can serve as a guide for developing culturally congruent Web sites.
A hybrid E-pulse/least squares technique for natural resonance extraction

A technique to extract the resonant frequencies of a radar target is presented. The scheme is completely automated, with only the number of natural modes expected and the beginning of late-time as inputs. Results using experimental data demonstrate the insensitivity of the method to random noise and to estimates of model content. The technique is computationally efficient, taking only a few minutes to execute on a personal computer. >
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Economic growth invariably leads to environmental degradation. But in this paper it is shown that economic development may be necessary before a country will adopt a policy of environmental protection. Within the context of an optimal-policy model, this proposition is proved and an optimal policy is derived. It is shown that knowledge of preferences for environmental quality is necessary for such a policy of environmental protection. It is then shown how such preferences can be estimated from market demand. The estimation is carried out with select consumption data.
Racial and Educational Differences in Physical Activity Among Older Adults

This study utilized a nationally representative sample of older adults to investigate the association of race and education with five different measures of self-reported physical activity. Rates of physical activity were low among white Americans and even lower among African Americans. However, a majority of the racial variation in activity was accounted for by racial differences in educational attainment. Those with 8 or fewer years of education were found to be less active than those with 9 or more, despite having controlled for educational differences in income, health compared to one year ago, functional status, body mass, and chronic disease. Discussion focuses on self-efficacy and social and cultural contexts.
Moving target parameter estimation and SFN ghost rejection in multistatic passive radar

In this paper, we consider the motion parameter estimation of ground moving targets in a multistatic passive airborne radar that utilizes broadcast signals as a source of opportunity. It is shown, by focusing on the target position or within its close vicinity, that the narrow signal bandwidth permits the use of a moderate coherent integration time without range migration compensation. The multistatic nature, achieved through the use of multiple illumination sources, enables velocity and acceleration estimation in two-dimensional horizontal directions on the ground. A cost function is developed based on the estimated motion parameters which, when three or more illuminators are available, allows rejection of ghost targets in a single-frequency network (SFN) and proper parameter association in the presence of multiple closely spaced moving targets.
Ethical issues in forensic psychiatry.

Forensic psychiatry has been established as a subspecialty of psychiatry in the past two decades. The initiation of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law as the outstanding organization of forensic psychiatrists in the country, the founding of the American Board of Forensic Psychiatry in the late 1970s, and finally, the development of specialized training programs and fellowships in forensic psychiatry, all attest to the growth and presence of the subspecialty. In many ways, forensic psychiatrists serve as the spokespersons for psychiatry, as they attain exposure, both in court and in the media, commenting on principles of psychiatry and mental health. The changes in mental health legislation and the increase in psychiatric malpractice claims have also served to enhance the subspecialty of forensic psychiatry.
A report from the 106th International Conference of the American Thoracic Society (May 14-19, 2010 - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA)

Flowing oil covered the Gulf like a blanket, but while no attempts so far had been effective at controlling the oil spill, treatments that do work to improve symptoms, prevent disability and offer an improved quality of life were discussed during the meeting on respiratory tract diseases. Within the same context of pollution by human activity, it is interesting to know that retreatment with anacardic acids reduced lung inflammation upon exposure to diesel exhaust particles in experimental animals (Carvalho, A.L.N. et al., A1729), suggesting ways to improve human health. Along with pollution, which in New Orleans during the days of the meeting was largely washed away by the heavy rains, smoking remains a major health threat of specific interest for respiratory tract disease specialists. Although effective, well-tolerated treatments are available for smoking cessation in patients willing to quit, including, as reported during this year's ATS meeting in New Orleans, varenicline (Bolliger, C.T. et al., A2648; Tashkin, D.P. et al., A2858), smoking habits persist across cultures, countries, genders and geographical areas, and relapses are remarkably common even after successful pharmacological treatment (Ponnuswamy, A. et al., A2651). Effective smoking cessation certainly requires more than drugs, as the overall effectiveness has been shown to depend on the subjects' education level (Santos, S.R. et al., A2653), and psychobehavioral/cognitive interventions may help obtain successful outcomes. However, in addition to the already known but repeatedly confirmed negative impact of smoke on respiratory tract health, an interesting observation among this year's discussions was that use of olive oil throughout pregnancy results in a reduced likelihood for wheezing during the first year of life in the offspring (Castro-Rodriguez, J.A. et al., A1865) (an effect probably not dependent on the observed ability of oleanoic acid for preventing experimental acute lung injuries through inflammatory pathway modulation [Santos, R. et al., A2156]), whereas use of antibiotics during pregnancy was associated with an increased likelihood of wheezing in the offspring from the third year of age, peaking in the early school age and waning slowly up to young adulthood (Garcia-Marcos, L. et al., A4144). However, many other therapeutic issues of interest competed with all the attractions in New Orleans for the attention of congress attendees, and are briefly summarized in the following report.
A face a mother could love: Depression-related maternal neural responses to infant emotion faces

Depressed mothers show negatively biased responses to their infants' emotional bids, perhaps due to faulty processing of infant cues. This study is the first to examine depression-related differences in mothers' neural response to their own infant's emotion faces, considering both effects of perinatal depression history and current depressive symptoms. Primiparous mothers (n = 22), half of whom had a history of major depressive episodes (with one episode occurring during pregnancy and/or postpartum), were exposed to images of their own and unfamiliar infants' joy and distress faces during functional neuroimaging. Group differences (depression vs. no-depression) and continuous effects of current depressive symptoms were tested in relation to neural response to own infant emotion faces. Compared to mothers with no psychiatric diagnoses, those with depression showed blunted responses to their own infant's distress faces in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Mothers with higher levels of current symptomatology showed reduced responses to their own infant's joy faces in the orbitofrontal cortex and insula. Current symptomatology also predicted lower responses to own infant joy-distress in left-sided prefrontal and insula/striatal regions. These deficits in self-regulatory and motivational response circuits may help explain parenting difficulties in depressed mothers.
Neural systems involved in fear and anxiety measured with fear-potentiated startle.

Abstract A good deal is now known about the neural circuitry involved in how conditioned fear can augment a simple reflex (fear-potentiated startle). This involves visual or auditory as well as shock pathways that project via the thalamus and perirhinal or insular cortex to the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The BLA projects to the central (CeA) and medial (MeA) nuclei of the amygdala, which project indirectly to a particular part of the acoustic startle pathway in the brainstem. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, as well as various intracellular cascades in the amygdala, are critical for fear learning, which is then mediated by glutamate acting in the CeA. Less predictable stimuli, such as a long-duration bright light or a fearful context, activate the BLA, which projects to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), which projects to the startle pathway much as the CeA does. The anxiogenic peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone increases startle by acting directly in the BNST. CeA-mediated behaviors may represent stimulus-specific fear, whereas BNST-mediated behaviors are more akin to anxiety. NMDA receptors are also involved in extinction of conditioned fear, and both extinction in rats and exposure-based psychotherapy in humans are facilitated by an NMDA-partial agonist called D-cycloserine. ((c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
Pragmatic approach to device-independent color

JPL has been producing images of planetary bodies for over 30 years. The results of an effort to implement device-independent color on three types of devices are described. The goal is to produce near the same eye-brain response when the observer views the image produced by each device under the correct lighting conditions. The procedure used to calibrate and obtain each device profile is described.
Arterial baroreflex regulation of blood pressure in patients with congestive heart failure

Objectives. This study was designed to determine whether arterial baroreflex control of blood pressure is altered in patients with congestive heart failure. Background. Arterial baroreceptor reflexes normally contribute to cardiovascular homeostasis by preserving blood pressure during changes in volume and posture. Methods. Arterial baroreceptor reflex function was studied in 18 patients with congestive heart failure and 18 age-matched healthy subjects. The arterial baroreceptor-blood pressure reflex was assessed by measuring the blood pressure response to perturbations in carotid sinus pressure. Carotid baroreceptors were stimulated by applying negative pressure to a custom neck chamber (−10, −20 and −30 mm Hg) and were unloaded by applying neck positive pressure (+10, +20 and +30 mm Hg). Results. Peak carotid baroreceptor-blood pressure reflex sensitivity was lower in patients with heart failure than in normal subjects (0.19 ± 0.02 vs. 0.30 ± 0.03 mm Hg/mm Hg, p < 0.05). During neck positive pressure, blood pressure increased less in the heart failure group than in the normal group. During neck suction, however, the decrease in blood pressure was similar in the two groups. Conclusions. Patients with heart failure are less able than normal subjects to increase blood pressure during arterial baroreceptor unloading, but they can reduce blood pressure appropriately during baroreceptor stimulation. These observations suggest that the resting blood pressure position on the arterial baroreceptor stimulus-response curve, the operational point, is closer to the baroreceptor threshold in patients with heart failure than in normal subjects. As a result, reduced inhibitory signals from arterial baroreceptors most likely contribute to a heightened state of sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction in patients with congestive heart failure.
Mode localization phenomena in large space structures

The possibility of localization or confinement of vibratory modes in large space structures is investigated theoretically and numerically. These structures belong to a class of periodic structures that have recently been shown to be sensitive to periodicity-b reaking disorder or imperfections . When localization occurs, the modal amplitude of a global mode becomes confined to a local region of the structure, with serious implications for the control problem. The results of this study indicate that mode localization is most likely to occur in structures consisting of a large number of weakly coupled substructures. Certain large space structures with high modal densities fall in this category, and it is therefore important to include the effect of structural imperfections and disorder when designing control systems for shape or directional control of such structures. [ / ] K, Kh , Kw,Ku [K] [k] [M] [ m ] m n N p qi qt t u, v, w uf 8fj e 6
Relationships of New Teachers’ Beliefs and Instructional Practices: Comparisons Across Four Countries

Drawing on large-scale international teachers’ data from Hungary, Korea, Norway, and Turkey in the Teaching and Learning International Survey in 2008 assessment, this study examined the relationships between new teachers’ beliefs about instruction (direct transmission and constructivist beliefs) and teaching practices (structured, student orientation, and enhanced activities) in the international contexts. The findings of this study showed that for new teachers from the four selected countries, their instructional practices were neither consistent nor aligned with their beliefs about instruction; thus, there were no consistent patterns of the relationship between teacher beliefs and their instructional practices in each country. The results were discussed from perspectives of two types of contexts: classroom and school contexts, and national and international contexts. This study adds to the understanding of relationships between teacher beliefs and instructional practices with international data sets.
Multi-disciplinary studies of viruses: the role of structure in shaping the questions and answers.

This contribution to the 50th anniversary issue of the Journal of Structural Biology traces a path in which the author evolved from seeing macromolecular structure as end in it self to a means of organizing and correlating data from many sources. The author looks at where we have been and where we are going in this enterprise and the role that structure plays in defining ever more ambitious biological questions and testing and refining models that incorporate data from many techniques. In this, essentially, personal account, the author reflects on 35 years of structural virology and the stages experienced; from “stand alone” crystallography of virus particles to the study of virus assembly and maturation in vitro and eventually into the entire virus infection process from particle cell entry to egress. In the process data from many sources were incorporated into reasonable and testable models based on structures ranging in resolution from near-atomic determined by crystallography, to nanometer, determined by electron cryo-microscopy and image reconstruction, to five nanometer tomographic studies in the cell. The technological development over this period, for structural studies at all resolutions and functional studies that were unimaginable three decades ago, has been astonishing. Here we look at an aspect of this development applied to virology.
Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation by a Bis-porphyrin−Ruthenium(IV) μ-Oxo Dimer: Observation of a Putative Porphyrin−Ruthenium(V)−Oxo Intermediate

The title complexes catalyze the aerobic oxidations of hydrocarbons using visible light and atmospheric oxygen as oxygen source in sequences employing photodisproportionation reactions. The putative oxidants, ruthenium(V)−oxo porphyrin species, can be detected and studied in real time via laser flash photolysis methods.
Hybrid Optical-Digital Realization Of The Nonlinear Filter

A hybrid optical-digital approach is being investigated for a real time Kalman, 2-D, nonlinear phase estimator. The 2-D convolution is calculated using incoherent optics with an LED array input and a CCD array output. Interfacing problems and the accuracy of the optical convolution are discussed.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Single-pyroxene thermobarometry

Abstract Enstatites in peridotites from the Vourinos ophiolites, Greece, have exceptionally high Cr/Al ratios, though the pyroxenes are in equilibrium with picotite. Phase-chemistry data yield new empirical relations for the critical effect of Cr on Al solubility, in full agreement with local Cr/Al ratio variations observed in some massifs. These new relations allow application of the single-pyroxene thermobarometer to Cr-rich parageneses and revision of the general method of calculation of pressure and temperature estimates previously suggested for both spinel and garnet facies. The revised method is still based on thermodynamics, but emphasis is given to the fundamental distinction between experimental pure systems and natural complex ones as a result of the observed non-ideality of many solutions dealt with and of the interaction between Al and Cr. The impossibility of extrapolating experimental spinel-facies Al-solubility data for Cr-free systems to natural peridotites, leads to construction of an empirical Al(px) model based on geophysical, petrological and geochemical constraints, such a model yielding realistic estimates. Geotherms constructed fall into three categories, depending on the regional tectonic environment: oceans and continental extension zones, advanced rifting/ridges, and cratonic domains. Typical geotherms so obtained are similar to those proposed earlier (Mercier and Carter, 1975) but with the addition of the new high-temperature rift/ridge type.
Repeat confirmatory testing for persons with discordant whole blood and oral fluid rapid HIV test results: findings from post marketing surveillance.

Background Reactive oral fluid and whole blood rapid HIV tests must be followed with a confirmatory test (Western blot (WB), immunofluorescent assay (IFA) or approved nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)). When the confirmatory result is negative or indeterminate (i.e. discordant with rapid result), repeat confirmatory testing should be conducted using a follow-up specimen. Previous reports have not described whether repeat testing adequately resolves the HIV-infection status of persons with discordant results. Methodology Post-marketing surveillance was conducted in 368 testing sites affiliated with 14 state and 2 city health departments from August 11, 2004 to June 30, 2005 and one health department through December 31, 2005. For persons with discordant results, data were collected on demographics, risk behaviors, HIV test results and specimen types. Persons with repeat confirmatory results were classified as HIV-infected or uninfected. Regression models were created to assess risk factors for not having repeat testing. Principal Findings Of 167,371 rapid tests conducted, 2589 (1.6%) were reactive: of these, 2417 (93%) had positive WB/IFA, 172 (7%) had negative or indeterminate WB/IFA. Of 89/172 (52%) persons with a repeat confirmatory test: 17 (19%) were HIV-infected, including 3 with indeterminate WB and positive NAAT; 72 (81%) were uninfected, including 12 with repeat indeterminate WB. Factors associated with HIV-infection included having an initial indeterminate WB/IFA (vs. negative) (p<0.001) and having an initial oral fluid WB (vs. serum) (p<0.001). Persons who had male-female sex (vs. male-male sex) were at increased risk for not having a repeat test [adjusted OR 2.6, 95% CI (1.3, 4.9)]. Conclusions Though only half of persons with discordant results had repeat confirmatory testing, of those who did, nearly one in five were HIV-infected. These findings underscore the need for rapid HIV testing programs to increase repeat confirmatory testing for persons with discordant results. Because of the lower sensitivity of oral fluid WBs, confirmatory testing following a reactive rapid test should be conducted using serum or plasma, when possible.
Parameterizing and Eliciting Text Elements across Languages for Use in Natural Language Processing Systems

This paper analyzes the structure and meaning of text elements cross-linguistically and discusses how that information can be elicited from people in a way that is directly useful for NLP applications. We describe a recently developed computer-based linguistic knowledge elicitation system that initiates a new paradigm of knowledge acquisition methodologies for NLP. In particular, we describe the natural language phenomena the system seeks to cover, the approach to knowledge elicitation and its rationale, the elicitation modules themselves, and broader implications of this work.
Infusion of a pineal gland-derived antigonadotropic decapeptide into the lateral ventricle depresses prolactin levels in male rats.

Abstract The primary structure of a pineal gland-derived antigonadotropic decapeptide (AGD) was determined recently, and a synthetic analog prepared by solid state methods. Adult male Harlan SD rats were maintained under controlled photoperiods. Each was fitted stereotaxically with a stainless steel cannula for infusion into a right lateral ventricle. Each cannula was attached to a subcutaneous osmotic minipump filled either with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or the AGD in CSF (0.5 μg/μl). Additional Tygon microbore cannulae were inserted through the femoral artery and placed in the abdominal aorta for blood sampling and the determination of prolactin (PRL) levels by radioimmunoassay. CSF (1.0 μl/hr) or the AGD (0.5 μg/hr) was infused into the right lateral ventricle over a period of seven days. Circulating PRL concentrations were significantly depressed by AGD infusion both in the morning and late afternoon; adenohypophysial concentrations were concomitantly elevated on infusion day seven. These results confirm previous observations of inhibitory effects of the AGD on PRL secretion, and further support its postulated central mechanism of action.
An Endogenous Ouabain-Like Factor Associated with Hypertensive Pregnant Women*

Levels of a ouabain-like factor (OLF) were measured in amniotic fluid from 49 undigitalized third trimester pregnant women by means of its cross-reactivity in a digoxin RIA and its inhibition of ouabain-sensitive [Na,K]ATPase. The results from these 2 assays were significantly correlated (P less than 0.05). Of the women included in this study, 25 had blood pressures considered normal for their gestational age, while 24 had developed during their current pregnancy blood pressures judged to be elevated. When levels of OLF in the amniotic fluids from the normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women were compared, significantly higher levels were present in the hypertensive group for both assays (P less than 0.002). Further, there was a significant correlation between the diastolic blood pressures of these women at the time of amniocentesis and the amniotic fluid OLF levels determined by either assay (P less than 0.002). These results are consistent with OLF having a role in hypertensive complications of pregnancy.
Isolation of an active complex of DNA-RNA-protein from nuclear residual fraction☆

The nuclear residue, which is obtained after the extraction of ribosomes and soluble proteins of the sap of isolated nuclei, consists of DNA, histones, RNA, and non-histone proteins (1). We have reported recently (2) that such a residue from calf thymus nuclei is capable of incorporating C14-tryptophan into its non-histone proteins, in vitro. This incorporation was shown to be inhibited by DNase and stimulated by limited tryptic digestion; but completely insensitive to RNase. It was suggested that this may represent DNA-dependent chromosomal protein synthesis. In the present communication we report a procedure for isolating from this nuclear residual fraction a DNA-RNA-protein complex which actively incorporates C14-tryptophan into its non-histone proteins. Electronmicroscopy reveals this cmoplex to contain spherical particles, many of which are associated with DNA containing fibers.
Alumina Tie Layer Promotes Environmental Durability of FEP Adhesion to EVA

Adhesion of fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) to poly(co-ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA) is discussed in the context of photovoltaic modules, where FEP film has the potential to improve photovoltaic efficiency when used as a sun-facing weathering layer. While virgin FEP has practically no adhesion to EVA, it is demonstrated that cementable FEP, which has a surface chemically enriched in nitrogen and oxygen, has much improved as-laminated adhesion to EVA. However, when subjected to accelerated weathering tests involving exposure to 85°C, 85% relative humidity environment, or temperature cycling to −40°C from this state, the improvement in adhesion is not well maintained. To overcome such limited durability, the benefit is shown of adding an aluminum oxide coating to cementable FEP such that when laminated, the alumina layer is sandwiched between the FEP and EVA surfaces. This structure not only has excellent as-laminated adhesion to EVA, but adhesion performance is maintained for extended accelera...