cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beginning Teachers' Confidence before and after Induction

Abstract Levels of confidence of novice teachers were investigated pre- and post-induction program. In sum, 119 beginning teachers completed a New Teacher Confidence Survey on 28 teaching performance behaviors. There was a statistically significant confidence gain from pre- to postinduction on 20 of 28 teaching behaviors. Statistically significant gains were also shown on six scales developed from the California Standards for the Teaching Profession. New teachers reported mentoring, networking, structured program activities, and opportunities for reflection as valuable induction-program features.
Uptake of metal ions by nonliving biomass derived from marine organisms‐effect of ph and chemical treatments

Abstract The nature of metal binding by four strains of nonliving marine biomass, the green algae Cladophora profitera and Ulva lactuca, the brown alga Padina pavonica, and the sea plant Zostera marina were studied. Specifically, the effect of pH on the degree of binding of Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Al(III), Au(III), Ag(I), and TI(I) was investigated. For most metals studied binding was very strongly pH dependent, with maximum binding observed at pH 5–6; only Au(III) showed a negative effect of pH on binding. A pH dependence on the binding of several metals was observed for U. lactuca at both 10 and 100‐ppm levels. Very pronounced interspecies differences in metal binding capacity and specificity were observed. Acidic or basic treatments generally increased the degree of metal binding. Multi‐treatment with both acid and base significantly increased subsequent Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) binding by U. lactuca. Triton X‐100 detergent treatment led to a slight in...
Impaired social recognition memory in recombination activating gene 1-deficient mice

The recombination activating genes (RAGs) encode two enzymes that play key roles in the adaptive immune system. RAG1 and RAG2 mediate VDJ recombination, a process necessary for the maturation of B- and T-cells. Interestingly, RAG1 is also expressed in the brain, particularly in areas of high neural density such as the hippocampus, although its function is unknown. We tested evidence that RAG1 plays a role in brain function using a social recognition memory task, an assessment of the acquisition and retention of conspecific identity. In a first experiment, we found that RAG1-deficient mice show impaired social recognition memory compared to mice wildtype for the RAG1 allele. In a second experiment, by breeding to homogenize background genotype, we found that RAG1-deficient mice show impaired social recognition memory relative to heterozygous or RAG2-deficient littermates. Because RAG1 and RAG2 null mice are both immunodeficient, the results suggest that the memory impairment is not an indirect effect of immunological dysfunction. RAG1-deficient mice show normal habituation to non-socially derived odors and habituation to an open-field, indicating that the observed effect is not likely a result of a general deficit in habituation to novelty. These data trace the origin of the impairment in social recognition memory in RAG1-deficient mice to the RAG1 gene locus and implicate RAG1 in memory formation.
Scanning for presence in simple sentences is influenced by image value of nouns

Ss were asked to scan transitive (A-N-V-A-N) sentences for the presence or absence of probe word. It took longer to locate abstract subject (object) nouns than to locate concrete subject (object) nouns.
A comparison of mix models for the Rayleigh–Taylor instability

Abstract Four mix models, implemented into an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) multi-physics code, are compared on simulations of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The specific models of interest are a mass diffusion model , the k – L turbulence model , the BHR turbulence model, and a multifluid interpenetration mix model. The bubble growth rates produced by the different models are compared to experimentally determined growth rates. The diffusion model reproduces the characteristic t 1 / 2 growth for diffusion processes and therefore does not reproduce instability growth rates, as expected. The k – L and BHR turbulence models reproduce the nominal instability growth rates at multiple Atwood numbers with a single set of model parameters. The multifluid interpenetration model exhibits diffusion-like behavior and therefore does not reproduce instability growth rates. All four models exhibit Cauchy-like convergence in the mixing layer width with decreasing mesh size, although the multifluid model exhibits both a larger error for a given mesh size and a slower convergence rate than the turbulence models.
The baroclinic instability of a mid-ocean circulation

The instability of a flow modelling a linear oceanic thermocline is investigated with a view towards understanding the intermediate-scale fluctuations observed by Crease (1962) and others. Robinson's (1962) analysis of the stability of a thermal ocean circulation is extended to include amplifying quasi-geostrophic perturbations. North-south wavelengths of several hundred kilometers are predicted and agree with previous measurements. For the special case of perturbations independent of longitude, a uniformly valid solution is obtained for oceans of large latitudinal extent. Growth rates are of the order of one year, and the north-south wavelength is a function of latitude. Although the basic state chosen is different from its atmospheric counterpart examined by Eady (1949) and Green (I960), both are baroclinically unstable and have perturbations with similar properties. At maximum instability, both have perturbations which are constant in the direction parallel to the basic lateral density gradient, and this result is true both on an ƒ-plane and ?-plane. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01483.x
“A great caravansary filled with strangers”: American popular democracy in T. C. Haliburton’s political satire

This article examines the political satire of Nova Scotian writer and politician Thomas Chandler Haliburton through the lens of early nineteenth-century transatlantic debates over reform and the best form of government. Haliburton’s Sam Slick sketches, featuring a charismatic Yankee commenting on global political affairs, were immensely popular at the time, being published and read in Britain, Canada, and the US. The following pages argue that Haliburton’s portrayal of American culture is informed by his negative views on popular democracy and on its relationship with the nascent industrial capitalism transforming North America. Haliburton’s political satire was meant to persuade colonial readers that the introduction of American-style elective institutions in Nova Scotia had the potential to radically alter British North American culture, and push the colonies out of the orbit of the Empire.
Evolution of the pediatric influenza vaccination program in the United States.

* Abbreviations: ACIP — : Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices CDC — : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SLV — : school-located mass vaccination TIV — : trivalent influenza vaccine For many years, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) focused its vaccination policy on persons at higher risk for influenza complications (eg, older adults, children and adults with certain high-risk conditions, pregnant women) and their contacts (eg, household contacts, health care personnel). Unfortunately, although vaccination coverage rates varied, they remained low for most adult and pediatric high-risk groups, other than persons aged ≥65 years.1 In conjunction with the recognition that influenza vaccination recommendations for high-risk target populations were not being optimally implemented, the adverse effects of influenza illness on all children was increasingly recognized. This led to the expansion of vaccination recommendations for children, beginning in 2002, when influenza vaccination was “encouraged” for children aged 6 through 23 months, and in 2004, when a full recommendation was issued for this age group.2,3 That recommendation was based largely on studies documenting that these young children had influenza-related hospitalization rates that were comparable to hospitalization rates in older persons with underlying risk conditions who were targeted to receive influenza vaccine.4–6 Full recommendation was added for other groups who are at risk, such as adults and children with neuromuscular and other conditions that can compromise respiratory function or the handling of respiratory secretions, as data became available.7 The gradual, incremental, group-by-group expansion of influenza recommendations to additional age and risk groups was challenging for providers and the public. In the ensuing years, immunization experts, professional organizations, and other stakeholders debated the advantages and challenges of expanding routine influenza vaccination to all persons in the United States.8–10 At a meeting of immunization and … Address correspondence to Richard Schieber, MD, MPH, Epidemiology and Analysis Program Office, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS E33, Atlanta, GA 30333. E-mail: rschieber{at}cdc.gov
Selective attention and the breadth of learning: A developmental study

Abstract Nursery school and second-grade subjects were trained on an optional intradimensional/extradimensional shift task with (1) no overtraining, (2) overtraining on the initial problem only, (3) overtraining on the shift problem only, or (4) overtraining on both the initial and the shift problems. Predictions concerning the effects of age and training conditions on the type of solution and the breadth of learning for the shift problem were derived from selective attention theory. However, the results were not consistent with the one-look assumption of such models. Instead, a multiple-look theory in which the breadth of attention varies with task demands seems most tenable.
Rheological, textural and melting properties of commercial samples of some of the different types of pasteurized processed cheese

The detailed rheological and textural properties of commercially available samples of the three major categories of pasteurized processed cheese in the USA, that is, pasteurized process American cheese (PPA), pasteurized process cheese product (PPP) and pasteurized process cheese food (PPF), were analysed. All samples had similar pH values, ranging from 5.65 to 5.87, but most were ∼5.7. Even within each of the categories considerable differences were observed in textural and melting behaviour. The samples with the lowest melt and the lowest loss tangent parameter from the rheological tests were two PPF and one PPA samples. These two PPF samples also had the highest hardness and adhesiveness force. Significant correlations were observed between several textural, rheological and melting properties.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence 69: The Tris(2,2‘-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), (Ru(bpy)32+)/Tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) System RevisitedA New Route Involving TPrA•+ Cation Radicals

The reaction occurring on electrooxidation of Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) and tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) leads to the production of Ru(bpy)32+* and light emission. The accepted mechanism of this widely used reaction involves the reaction of Ru(bpy)33+ and a reduced species derived from the free radical of the TPrA. However, this mechanism does not account for many of the observed features of this reaction. A new route involving the intermediacy of TPrA cation radicals (TPrA•+) in the generation of Ru(bpy)32+* was established, based on results of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)-electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) experiments, as well as cyclic voltammetry simulations. A half-life of ∼0.2 ms was estimated for TPrA•+ in neutral aqueous solution. Direct evidence for TPrA•+ in this medium was obtained via flow cell electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments at ∼20 °C. The ESR spectra of the TPrA•+ species consisted of a relatively intense and sharp septet with a splitting of ∼20 G and a g v...
Characterization of calmodulin-binding components in the pituitary gonadotrope

We have used an 125I-calmodulin gel overlayer assay to identify calmodulin-binding component in the rat pituitary. Tissue-specific and Ca2+ -dependent patterns of 125I-calmodulin binding were observed, with five major Ca2+-dependent 125I-calmodulin-labeled components of subunit Mr greater than 205,000, 200,000, 135,000, 60,000, and 52,000. Ca2+-dependent binding was defined as that which was abolished in the presence of 1 mM EGTA. Calmodulin binding was inhibited by calmodulin antagonists such as penfluridol (1 microM) or pimozide (1 microM). Some Ca2+-independent binding was observed and appears to be due to (nonspecific) hydrophobic interaction of calmodulin with acid-soluble proteins, principally histones. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the Ca2+-dependent calmodulin-binding components are localized primarily in the cytosolic fraction. Separation of dispersed anterior pituitary cells by a linear metrizamide gradient yielded gonadotrope-enriched fractions; these contained all five 125I-calmodulin-binding components corresponding to the major bands in the pituitary homogenate. Studies with ovariectomized and steroid-replaced animals indicated that the tissue content of calmodulin-binding components, like those of calmodulin itself, did not appear to be differentially regulated by steroids. A comparison of rat and bovine pituitary tissue homogenates revealed that binding components migrating at the same apparent Mrs were found for four of the components (the largest component is lacking in the bovine system).
N-terminal cleavage of bax by calpain generates a potent proapoptotic 18-kDa fragment that promotes bcl-2-independent cytochrome C release and apoptotic cell death.

Upon apoptosis induction, the proapoptotic protein Bax is translocated from the cytosol to mitochondria, where it promotes release of cytochrome c, a caspase-activating protein. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Bax triggers cytochrome c release are unknown. Here we report that before the initiation of apoptotic execution by etoposide or staurosporin, an active calpain activity cleaves Bax at its N-terminus, generating a potent proapoptotic 18-kDa fragment (Bax/p18). Both the calpain-mediated Bax cleavage activity and the Bax/p18 fragment were found in the mitochondrial membrane-enriched fraction. Cleavage of Bax was followed by release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and fragmentation of DNA. Unlike the full-length Bax, Bax/p18 did not interact with the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein in the mitochondrial fraction of drug-treated cells. Pretreatment with a specific calpain inhibitor calpeptin inhibited etoposide-induced calpain activation, Bax cleavage, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. In contrast, transfection of a cloned Bax/p18 cDNA into multiple human cancer cell lines targeted Bax/p18 to mitochondria, which was accompanied by release of cytochrome c and induction of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis that was not blocked by overexpression of Bcl-2 protein. Therefore, Bax/p18 has a cytochrome c-releasing activity that promotes cell death independent of Bcl-2. Finally, Bcl-2 overexpression inhibited etoposide-induced calpain activation, Bax cleavage, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis. Our results suggest that the mitochondrial calpain plays an essential role in apoptotic commitment by cleaving Bax and generating the Bax/p18 fragment, which in turn mediates cytochrome c release and initiates the apoptotic execution.
Money and Society: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Money is one of the hallmarks of a modern economy, but a somewhat overlooked social science puzzle for noneconomists. Mostly, money has been left to the economists even though as an interdisciplinary topic "it has it all," covering history, power, politics, economy, culture, base and superstructure, center and periphery, structure and agency, and just about any other conceptual dichotomy one cares to name. Monetary institutions span the social spectrum from the individual and mundane (e.g., activities like purchasing groceries with cash) to the very apex of social and political power (e.g., international monetary diplomacy among sovereign states). Money consists of general, immediate, transferable and legitimate claims on value (Carruthers, 2005). Fully developed money also allows for the quantitative measurement of value and facilitates commensuration (Espeland and Stevens, 1998). As such, money can vary dramatically from one historical situation, or one society, to the next, and it has a deep connection with processes of rationalization and quantification. Money has been a topic for sociology since Georg Simmel's daunting and formidable The Philosophy of Money, but mostly the profession has been more interested in who has it and why (e.g., studies of income and wealth inequality), than in money per se. The topic was reinvigorated some 10 years ago by Viviana Zelizer's work The Social Meaning of Money. The
SmartPointers: Personalized Scientific Data Portals In Your Hand

The SmartPointer system provides a paradigm for utilizing multiple light-weight client endpoints in a real-time scientific visualization infrastructure. Together, the client and server infrastructure form a new type of data portal for scientific computing. The clients can be used to personalize data for the needs of the individual scientist. This personalization of a shared dataset is designed to allow multiple scientists, each with their laptops or iPaqs to explore the dataset from different angles and with different personalized filters. As an example, iPaq clients can display 2D derived data functions which can be used to dynamically update and annotate the shared data space, which might be visualized separately on a large immersive display such as a CAVE. Measurements are presented for such a system, built upon the ECho middleware system developed at Georgia Tech.
Saratoga Springs: from genteel spa to Disneyified family resort

Abstract Early in the nineteenth century, Saratoga Springs became the model spa town of the American Northeast with easy access to New York City, promising health restoration with its many mineral springs. Soon, however, it became a venue of elite socializing and later of horse racing, gambling, and shopping. While it lost customers by the 1920s to dispersed car-accessible sites and to the decline of genteel crowd-gathering, it was revived in the 1960s and 1970s with government support and its genteel memory was celebrated in 2007 as the theme of Walt Disney World's latest and largest resort complex. Still, Disney created only a hollowed out version of Saratoga Springs, reducing it to a pastiche of architectural accents while reproducing the standard Disney family formula of comfortable modern lodgings, pools, sports, and restaurants. But the need to recall the spa culture of the nineteenth century suggests a longing of middle-class Disney visitors for a lost world in the twenty-first century.
Advantages and safeguards in using the ideomotor signaling technique: a commentary of Walsh and clinical practice.

Abstract Research and some of the valuable applications of ideomotor signaling are discussed. Then in a commentary on the uses and misuses of ideomotor signaling, and on Walsh's (1997) variant of this technique, safeguards are discussed, particularly concerning asking questions regarding the exploring of events from the past.
Surgeon-Performed Ultrasound for Preoperative Localization of Abnormal Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

The introduction of portable ultrasound equipment enables surgeons to perform ultrasound examinations in a clinic setting. This study was undertaken to evaluate surgeon-performed ultrasound (SP-US) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Between July 2003 and March 2004, 65 patients with PHPT were evaluated with SP-US and 48 of these patients underwent parathyroid surgery. Among this group of 48 evaluable patients, 47 had preoperative imaging with technetium-99m sestamibi scanning (MIBI), and 12 had an additional ultrasound examination at an external radiology department (RP-US). All patients were cured of PHPT and the operative findings were used to determine the true status of the parathyroid glands of each patient. Twenty-four (50%) patients had concomitant thyroid nodules which were identified by SP-US, and 4 (8.3%) patients had simultaneous thyroid operations, 2 of which were for thyroid cancer. Considering data for all patients, SP-US had significantly higher sensitivity than MIBI or RP-US (60% vs. 46%, P = 0.013, and 60% vs. 11%, P = 0.004 respectively). Among the patients with a single adenoma, SP-US, MIBI, and RP-US had sensitivities of 83%, 63%, and 13% respectively. The specificities of all three imaging techniques were uniformly high and were not significantly different from each other. Surgeon-performed ultrasound is an accurate modality for localizing abnormal parathyroid glands in patients with PHPT, with results that compare favorably with other parathyroid imaging modalities.
Chromatin Higher Order Structure and Gene Expression

Recent studies from a number of laboratories have shown that the 30 nm chromatin fiber contains a solenoidal array of nucleosomes, with about six nucleosomes (chromatosome + spacer DNA) per turn of solenoid. We have used electric dichroism to determine the orientation of the chromatosomes within the solenoid. With reasonable assumptions about the path of the spacer DNA, we find that chromatosomes in a variety of chromatins with different spacer lengths have quite similar packing schemes. We show that hyperacetylation of histones (thought to be associated with transcriptional activity of genes) has little effect on the stability of the 30 nm solenoid. Furthermore, a typical active gene, the adult β globin gene of chicken erythrocytes, appears to be packaged in a structure similar to the 30 nm solenoid.
Detection of Surface Response to Chemical/Mechanical Planarization of Silica Films

Chemical/mechanical (C/M) planarization is a technique that has received attention lately due to the industry-wide trend toward multilevel device processing. In most multilevel schemes, the most commonly planarized layer is the interlevel dielectric, usually an oxide. In order to understand the response of this oxide layer to the planarization process, the authors have addressed the issues of chemical and structural effects of C/M planarization on silicon dioxide films. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to examine the films and revealed that there are chemical and structural changes that occur within 200 nm of the film surface.
Social and environmental impacts of payments for environmental services for agroforestry on small-scale farms in southern Costa Rica

Agroforestry on small-scale farms has potential to provide important ecological services, such as carbon sequestration and maintenance of biological diversity, while also providing on-farm products for domestic use and marketing. Payments for environmental services (PES) are an increasingly popular mechanism for encouraging production of ecological services on agricultural lands and may also contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable farming practices through adoption of new farming technologies. There is little current information, however, on the degree to which PES increase tree planting relative to a baseline or the effects of program participation on farmer livelihoods. This study examined the initial impacts of a recent PES program for agroforestry in southern Costa Rica by: (1) assessing the efficiency of PES in increasing reforestation relative to baseline tree planting activities; (2) examining farmer perceptions of socioeconomic and environmental impacts of PES; and (3) exploring obstacles to adoption of agroforestry practices. Thirty-six participant and non-participant farmers were given semi-structured interviews. Key informant interviews were conducted with forestry engineers, farmers’ associations, NGOs, and government agencies. Farmers reported positive economic benefits in the first 2–3 years of program participation. PES participants also planted substantially more trees and more species than non-participant farmers. The PES program was effective in overcoming initial economic and technical obstacles that made adoption of agroforestry unattractive. Strong local organizations played a key role in facilitating adoption. Additional investment in short- to medium-term technical support will likely be necessary for broad retention of agroforestry practices beyond the life of the PES contracts.
Why Video? How Technology Advances Method

This paper reports on the use of video to enhance qualitative research. Advances in technology have improved our ability to capture lived experiences through visual means. I reflect on my previous work with individuals living with HIV/AIDS, the results of which are described in another paper, to evaluate the effectiveness of video as a medium that not only collects data, but also produces knowledge. I have provided strategies for confronting specific technological barriers and concerns in research. I made sure to consider my own role within this research, and have chosen to share the personal insights and revelations that occurred in light of using this visual method. Key Words: Visual Research, ImageBased Data, Video Camera, and Audiovisual Analysis
ECR: An Equality Conditional Resolution Proof Procedure

This paper presents an equality conditional resolution proof procedure, ECR, that incorporates a user's knowledge concerning the different roles of input equations in a proof. The input equations are separated into different classes according to the roles they will play. Each such role has rule schema into which the corresponding equations are transformed. The conditions on the application of these rules control the inference, and prevent inappropriate use of the equations. The paper will introduce the concept of potential completeness to characterize the generality of a deduction method. ECR is potentially complete for proving the set of positive Horn theorems, that is, it can finally prove any of these theorems by first proving the needed lemmas, and then using them. This procedure has been used to prove a number of theorems of group theory, ring theory, boolean algebra and field theory. The paper will give a summary of these proofs, among which, the efficient proofs of the associativity law and De.Morgan's law of boolean algebra seem interesting.
Bacteremia and Empyema Caused by Shewanella algae in a Trauma Patient

Objective: To describe the first reported case of bacteremia and empyema caused by Shewanella algae and summarize the existing literature on Shewanella human infection. Case Summary: A 25-year-old healthy male was shot through the chest into the abdomen and fled into an adjacent body of seawater. He underwent surgical repair of his injuries, including pleural decortication. Leukocytosis, bandemia, and copious yellow bronchorrhea led to cultures; piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin were started for broad-spectrum empiric management based on the local intensive care unit antibiogram. Blood and pleural fluid cultures revealed S algae. Sputum cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. He was successfully managed with an empiric and then tailored antibiotic regimen. Discussion:Shewanella algae is a rare Gram-negative bacillus that has infrequently been reported to cause infection. It is found predominantly in men. Shewanella algae infections span bacteremia to necr...
Influence of the Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator on Sudden Death and Total Mortality in Patients Evaluated for Cardiac Transplantation

Background Implantable cardioverter/defibrillators (ICDs) may reduce sudden tachyarrhythmic death in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. It is uncertain whether this improves survival, particularly in patients awaiting cardiac transplantation. Methods and Results The effect of treatment for spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias (ICD [n=59], antiarrhythmic drugs [n=53], or no antiarrhythmic treatment [n=179]) on total mortality and mode of cardiac death was analyzed in 291 consecutive patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation between January 1986 and January 1995. There were 109 deaths (37.4%) (63 [21.6%] sudden, 40 [13.7%] nonsudden, and 6 [2.1%] noncardiac) during mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 1 to 118 months). Baseline clinical variables, medical therapies for heart failure, and actuarial rates of transplantation were similar between treatment groups. Kaplan-Meier sudden death rates were lowest in the ICD group, intermediate in the no antiarrhythmic treatment group, and highest i...
Reply to Gosselin and Schyns

Abstract We discuss Gosselin and Schyns’ (2003) reply to our criticisms and constructive suggestions concerning the bubbles method Murray and Gold (2003) . We find that their reply does not mollify our concerns, and we still believe that reverse correlation will generally be preferable to the bubbles method until further developments (a) demonstrate more clearly what the bubbles method actually measures and (b) introduce a type of windowing noise that is less likely to disrupt observers’ strategies.
Reducing renal uptake of 90Y- and 177Lu-labeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide analogues.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to improve the tumor-to-kidney uptake ratios of 90 Y- and 177 Lu-[1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-Re-Cys 3,4,10 , d-Phe 7 , Arg 11 ]α-melanocyte stimulating hormone 3–13 {DOTA-Re(Arg 11 )CCMSH} through coupling a negatively charged glutamic acid (Glu) to the peptide sequence. Methods A new peptide of DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH was designed, synthesized and labeled with 90 Y and 177 Lu. Pharmacokinetics of 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH was determined in B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing C57 mice. Results 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH exhibited significantly ( P 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Arg 11 )CCMSH at 30 min and at 2, 4 and 24 h after dose administration. The renal uptake values of 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH were 28.16% and 28.81% of those of 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Arg 11 )CCMSH, respectively, at 4 h postinjection. 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH displayed higher tumor-to-kidney uptake ratios than 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Arg 11 )CCMSH at 30 min and at 2, 4 and 24 h after dose administration. The tumor-to-kidney uptake ratio of 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH was 2.28 and 1.69 times of 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Arg 11 )CCMSH, respectively, at 4 h postinjection. The 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH activity accumulation was low in normal organs except for kidney. Conclusions Coupling a negatively charged amino acid (Glu) to the CCMSH peptide sequence dramatically reduced the renal uptake values and increased the tumor-to-kidney uptake ratios of 90 Y- and 177 Lu-DOTA-Re(Glu 2 , Arg 11 )CCMSH, facilitating their potential applications as radiopharmaceuticals for targeted radionuclide therapy of melanoma.
Feeding mechanics and dietary implications in the fossil sloth Neocnus (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from Haiti.

Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65212ABSTRACT Haitian species of the extinct ground slothgenus Neocnus (Mammalia: Pilosa: Megalonychidae)have previously been hypothesized to have a muchreduced jugal bone and a correspondingly reduced mass-eter musculature but a paucity of specimens hasprevented further investigation of this hypothesis. Recentdiscovery of jugal bones belonging to Haitian specimensof Neocnus within the University of Florida Museumcollections enables the element to be more accuratelydescribed. The discovery also makes it possible to exploremastication in these sloths. Osteological charactersrelated to feeding were examined, along with compara-tive estimations of bite force with the extant tree sloths,Bradypus and Choloepus, and their known dietary habitsas a means to infer aspects of the paleodiet of Neocnus.There is a signiﬁcant difference in moment arm calcula-tions for m. masseter between predicted and actualjugals, but the overall signiﬁcance for bite force is lostand hampered by small sample size. Neocnus demon-strates a variety of characters that are similar to those ofBradypus and not to Choloepus, which is a close phyloge-netic relative. The masticatory musculature of Neocnusenabled a chewing cycle emphasizing a grinding combi-nation of mesiodistal and linguobuccal movements of themolariform dentition. The orientations of m. masseterand m. temporalis are estimated to produce relativelyhigh bite force ratios that imply a masticatory systemwith stronger versus faster components. Because of thesimilarity of bite forces and jaw mechanics to those ofBradypus, in addition to a number of osteological adapta-tions indicative of herbivorous grazers (elevated mandib-ular condyle, large and complex masseter, and robustangular process), the Haitian forms of Neocnus are con-sidered to have been selective feeders with a folivorousdiet. J. Morphol. 272:1204–1216, 2011.
Modeling u-Healthcare Frameworks Using Mobile Devices

It is widely anticipated that there will be a paradigm shift in the coming year from desktop-centric computing to mobile computing. This will have a number of significant ramifications. One issue of critical importance is the design, development and deployment of software solutions for mobile users. In this paper, we suggested a mobile collaboration framework based on distributed object group framework (DOGF). This paper focuses on the use of this framework to support mobile collaboration. Therefore, we improved the existing work and apply it to the construction of u-healthcare agent services. For supporting mobile collaboration, we divided into two agent types such as the stationary and the moving-typed agents according to the function of mobile devices. The data collected by sensors attached on arbitrary spaces can be shared by 2-typed agents or a home server, and exchanged with each other using the Push and Pull methods. For managing this information, the DOGF provides functions of object group management, storing information and security services to our mobile collaboration framework via defined application interfaces. We also showed via GUI the executablility of healthcare application supporting for medical work in hospitals on our mobile collaboration framework. Information Management using mobile phone in Wireless Sensor Network is a very common factor. This system will be as simple as possible providing all the facilities those are available in remote PC based applications. A wireless mesh network furnishes the WSN. Mobile phones are going to be the nodes or access points of this network. Some predefined activities like error messages or warning messages after sensing the system environment along with all types of responses to user queries can be achieved in this system. A simple user friendly GUI is implemented for user and there is a server to authenticate the logged in user, listen to the requests and replies them accordingly. The user can(i) get the reports regarding all/individual tags and or routes, emergency messages, sensors and also the location information and /or (ii) send actuation command to the server using which immediate decision about the system can be taken from server side. Thus any remote user can be assisted by this system and can communicate with WSN anywhere, anytime.
Empowering the activist: Using framing devices on activist organizations’ web sites

Abstract The researchers analyzed activist organization web sites to determine the framing techniques employed in their public relations messages. The macro framework for this study was based on the work of sociologists David Snow and Robert Benford, who focus on how social activist organizations frame their messages. At the micro level, the researchers examined the web sites for the presence or absence of five devices identified by Gamson and Modigliani ( American Journal of Sociology 1989;95:1–37) as commonly used when framing issues. The findings suggest that public relations practitioners working for activist groups are not making use of most of these message-framing devices in their issue-related messages on their web sites. Based on Gamson and Modigliani’s work, it would seem that practitioners incorporating these devices would only add to the persuasive power of their messages.
Long-term infusion of Met5-enkephalin fails to protect murine hearts against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Recently, we reported that exogenous administration of Met5-enkephalin (ME) for 24 h reduces infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits. In the present study, we tested whether ME-induced c...
Cytoskeletal filament assembly and the control of cell spreading and function by extracellular matrix.

This study was undertaken to analyze how cell binding to extracellular matrix produces changes in cell shape. We focused on the initial process of cell spreading that follows cell attachment to matrix and, thus, cell 'shape' changes are defined here in terms of alterations in projected cell areas, as determined by computerized image analysis. Cell spreading kinetics and changes in microtubule and actin microfilament mass were simultaneously quantitated in hepatocytes plated on different extracellular matrix substrata. The initial rate of cell spreading was highly dependent on the matrix coating density and decreased from 740 microns 2/h to 50 microns 2/h as the coating density was lowered from 1000 to 1 ng/cm2. At approximately 4 to 6 hours after plating, this initial rapid spreading rate slowed and became independent of the matrix density regardless of whether laminin, fibronectin, type I collagen or type IV collagen was used for cell attachment. Analysis of F-actin mass revealed that cell adhesion to extracellular matrix resulted in a 20-fold increase in polymerized actin within 30 minutes after plating, before any significant change in cell shape was observed. This was followed by a phase of actin microfilament disassembly which correlated with the most rapid phase of cell extension and ended at about 6 hours; F-actin mass remained relatively constant during the slow matrix-independent spreading phase. Microtubule mass increased more slowly in spreading cells, peaking at 4 hours, the time at which the transition between rapid and slow spreading rates was observed. However, inhibition of this early rise in microtubule mass using either nocodazole or cycloheximide did not prevent this transition. Use of cytochalasin D revealed that microfilament integrity was absolutely required for hepatocyte spreading whereas interference with microtubule assembly (using nocodazole or taxol) or protein synthesis (using cycloheximide) only partially suppressed cell extension. In contrast, cell spreading could be completely inhibited by combining suboptimal doses of cytochalasin D and nocodazole, suggesting that intact microtubules can stabilize cell form when the microfilament lattice is partially compromised. The physiological relevance of the cytoskeleton and cell shape in hepatocyte physiology was highlighted by the finding that a short exposure (6 hour) of cells to nocodazole resulted in production of smaller cells 42 hours later that exhibited enhanced production of a liver-specific product (albumin). These data demonstrate that spreading and flattening of the entire cell body is not driven directly by net polymerization of either microfilaments or microtubules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
Topological superconductivity in a multichannel Yu-Shiba-Rusinov chain

Chains of magnetic atoms placed on the surface of an $s$-wave superconductor with large spin-orbit coupling provide a promising platform for the realization of topological superconducting states characterized by the presence of Majorana zero-energy modes. In this work, we study the properties of one-dimensional chains of Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states induced by magnetic impurities using a realistic model for the magnetic atoms that includes the presence of multiple scattering channels. These channels are mixed by spin-orbit coupling and, via the hybridization of the Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states at different sites of the chain, result in a multiband structure for the chain. We obtain the topological phase diagram for such a band structure and show that the inclusion of higher bands can greatly enlarge the phase space for the realization of topological states.
DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato

Landrace potato cultivars are native to two areas in South America: the high Andes from eastern Venezuela to northern Argentina and the lowlands of south-central Chile. Potato fi rst appeared outside of South America in Europe in 1567 and rapidly diffused worldwide. Two competing hypotheses suggested the origin of the “ European ” potato from the Andes or from lowland Chile, but the Andean origin has been widely accepted over the last 60 years. All modern potato cultivars predominantly have Chilean germ plasm, explained as originating from breeding with Chilean landraces subsequent to the late blight epidemics beginning in 1845 in the UK. The Andean origin has been questioned recently through examination of landraces in India and the Canary Islands, but this evidence is inferential. Through a plastid DNA deletion marker from historical herbarium specimens, we report that the Andean potato predominated in the 1700s, but the Chilean potato was introduced into Europe as early as 1811 and became predominant long before the late blight epidemics in the UK. Our results provide the fi rst direct evidence of these events and change the history of introduction of the European potato. They shed new light on the value of past breeding efforts to recreate the European potato from Andean forms and highlight the value of herbarium specimens in investigating origins of crop plants.
Ethanol-induced anxiolysis and neuronal activation in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

High rates of comorbidity for anxiety and alcohol-use disorders suggest a causal relationship between these conditions. Previous work demonstrates basal anxiety levels in outbred Long-Evans rats correlate with differences in voluntary ethanol consumption and that amygdalar Neuropeptide Y (NPY) systems may play a role in this relationship. The present work explores the possibility that differences in sensitivity to ethanol's anxiolytic effects contribute to differential ethanol self-administration in these animals and examines the potential role of central and peripheral NPY in mediating this relationship. Animals were first exposed to the elevated plus maze (EPM) to assess individual differences in anxiety-like behaviors and levels of circulating NPY and corticosterone (CORT). Rats were then tested for anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark box (LD box) following acute ethanol treatment (1 g/kg; intraperitoneally [i.p.]), and neuronal activation in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) was assessed using Fos immunohistochemistry. EPM exposure increased plasma CORT levels without altering plasma NPY levels. Acute ethanol treatment significantly increased light-dark transitions and latency to re-enter the light arena, but no differences were seen between high- and low-anxiety groups and no correlations were found between anxiety-like behaviors in the EPM and LD box. Acute ethanol treatment significantly increased Fos immunoreactivity in the BNST and the central amygdala. Although NPY neurons were not significantly activated following ethanol exposure, in saline-treated animals lower levels of anxiety-like behavior in the LD box (more time in the light arena and more transitions) were correlated with higher NPY-positive cell density in the central amygdala. Our results suggest that activation of the CeA and BNST are involved in the behavioral expression of ethanol-induced anxiolysis, and that differences in basal anxiety state may be correlated with NPY systems in the extended amygdala.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Social Work Takes a Leading Role in Affordable Care Act Initiatives at The Mount Sinai Hospital

In 2015, a National Advisory Committee released a white paper, “Social Work & the Affordable Care Act: Maximizing the Profession’s Role in Health Reform.” The Committee identified six areas of pote...
Abstract 001: Axl Expression by CD4+ T Lymphocytes Promotes Salt-Dependent Hypertension

Introduction: Our laboratory has shown that Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is important in both vascular and immune functions during deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. We hypothesized that Axl activity specifically in T lymphocytes could explain the dependence of hypertension on Axl. Methods and Results: We did adoptive transfers of either Axl+/+ or Axl-/- CD4+ T cells to RAG1-/- mice that lack mature T cells. Once CD4+ T cell repopulations were confirmed, we induced DOCA-salt hypertension for 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (BP, mmHg) increased by 20±5 in Axl+/+RAG-/- mice after DOCA-salt, but Axl-/- RAG-/- mice had increases in BP by only 6+3 after 6 weeks of DOCA-salt. We isolated naive CD4+ T cells from both Axl+/+ and Axl-/- littermates and primed them under either Th1 or Th2 polarizing conditions in culture. Production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ ng/mL) was significantly decreased (-23%, p 9 ) compared to Axl+/+ mice (7.8±0.7x10 9 ). We found a higher population of AnnexinV (marker of early apoptosis)-positive peripheral leukocytes in Axl-/- mice (10±1%) compared to Axl+/+ (4±1%) by flow cytometry; while the percentages of dead cells (~10%) were similar between Axl+/+ and Axl-/- mice. Conclusions: Altogether we show that expression of Axl by T cells drives salt-induced hypertension. The mechanism of Axl-dependent effects on T cells occurs via T-cell-dependent expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. In addition, Axl plays a role in inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis in the circulation. Future work will focus on how Axl expression in T cells affects T cell-dependent vascular remodeling during hypertension.
Predictions of Aero-Optical Distortions Using LES with Wall Modeling

Large-eddy simulation (LES) with wall-modeling is evaluated for applications to aerooptical predictions at practical Reynolds numbers. Turbulent boundary layers and flow over a cylindrical turret are considered. The results of boundary-layer flows at both subsonic and supersonic speeds show accurate predictions of mean velocity profiles and velocity fluctuations. The density fluctuations and hence wavefront distortions are found to be more demanding in terms of grid resolution. The subsonic separated shear layer over a cylindrical turret is computed at the same Reynolds number as in the experiment conducted by Gordeyev et al. [1]. Both flow and optical results show good agreement with the experimental measurements and the previous wall-resolved LES results of Wang et al. [2] at a reduced Reynolds number.