cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Functional Status After Stroke in a Tri-Ethnic Population

Objective To examine recovery of functional status for white, black, and Hispanic patients who have had a stroke from the time of admission to inpatient medical rehabilitation to 12 months after discharge. Design A longitudinal study that used information from the Stroke Recovery in Underserved Population database, a prospective observational study of persons with stroke who received inpatient medical rehabilitation services during 2005-2006. Setting Eleven inpatient rehabilitation facilities located across diverse regions of the United States, including California, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York (2), Texas (2), and Washington, DC. Participants A total of 990 adults aged 55 years or older who had a stroke and were admitted to 1 of 11 inpatient medical rehabilitation facilities in the United States were interviewed at 4 time points, including admission to and discharge from an inpatient medical rehabilitation facility and 3 and 12 months after discharge. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Functional status as measured by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results For the total sample, FIM ratings increased from admission to discharge and from discharge to 3-month follow-up, with little recovery occurring between 3 and 12 months. In random effects mixed models, at 3-month follow-up, both black and Hispanic patients had lower FIM ratings than did white patients. At 12-month follow-up, black and white patients were similar; however, Hispanic patients continued to have lower FIM ratings compare with white patients. Racial/ethnic group, age, length of stay, and medical comorbidities were significant predictors of total FIM ratings over the 4 time points. Conclusions Persons 55 years and older who have had a stroke, regardless of race/ethnicity, appear to benefit from inpatient medical rehabilitation. Most functional status gains occur during inpatient medical rehabilitation and continue in the first few months after discharge, with little change afterward.
Residual urine volume following involuntary voiding in elderly inpatient men

Urinary incontinence is a debilitating condition for elderly inpatients. The etiology is not well understood and has not been investigated extensively. Incontinence volume per episode has been shown to vary within patients and does not appear to be associated with cystometric bladder capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of residual urine volume following involuntary voiding to the incontinence volume and the total bladder volume in elderly inpatient men. Sixteen patients had catheterized residual urine volume measurements done following involuntary voiding on each of four days. Significant variability was found in the residual urine volume, the incontinence volume, and the total bladder volume within patients having urinary incontinence. The variability observed in volume parameters suggests that factors other than intravesical volume may have a significant role in the etiology of involuntary voiding in elderly patients.
Utilization of a glucagon infusion in the management of a massive nifedipine overdose.

This case report describes a continuous i.v. infusion of glucagon used to reverse the cardiovascular manifestations of a nifedipine overdose in a patient who presented after a massive nifedipine extended-release tablet ingestion. In this patient, glucagon appeared to be effective in the management of this toxicologic emergency.
Effects of Internal and External Supports on Preschool Children's Event Planning.

Two experiments examined how internal and external supports affected planning for enabling (logically linked) and conventional (arbitrarily linked) events. In Experiment 1, preschoolers were given either two or four training sessions before planning and enacting invariably sequenced art projects. In Experiment 2, preschoolers were given two training sessions and either viewed or did not view completed projects during planning. Children's knowledge, anticipatory plans for actions and art supplies, and execution of action and supply plans were assessed. Children's ability to include advance preparations and required items in their anticipatory plans, to select preplanned items, and to sequence actions and repair errors when enacting plans was worse for the enabling event than for the conventional event. Practice had limited influence on successful planning, whereas cueing enhanced planning performance. Anticipatory and opportunistic planning, plan execution, and debugging processes are differentially affected by event knowledge and structure and by cues in the environment.
Integrated TaaS platform for mobile development: architecture solutions

This paper examines the Testing-as-a-Service (TaaS) solutions in mobile development and proposes a universal TaaS platform: Cloud Testing of Mobile Systems (CTOMS). CTOMS is an integrated solution with a core infrastructure that enables the scaling of additional functionalities. The CTOMS's benefits are explained, the architecture of the system is described in detail, and technical solutions are listed based on the feasibility study that resulted in creation of the first version of CTOMS for Android development.
The Complexities in the Learning of Mathematics.

are adequately supported by the data in the first place. That, then, is the sole and simple purpose for my review: to help clarify the aims and potential value of status studies, such as the one under review, which deal primarily with so-called administrative variables. The question that each and everyone of us should ask with respect to such research is: What do the results say to us insofar as decision making is concerned? If they provide useful information, information which leads to wise decisions, it may be reasonable to justify the expenditure of the large sums usually required. If they do not, can we justify funding them at all?
Muscle and reflex changes with varying joint angle in hemiparetic stroke

Background Despite intensive investigation, the origins of the neuromuscular abnormalities associated with spasticity are not well understood. In particular, the mechanical properties induced by stretch reflex activity have been especially difficult to study because of a lack of accurate tools separating reflex torque from torque generated by musculo-tendinous structures. The present study addresses this deficit by characterizing the contribution of neural and muscular components to the abnormally high stiffness of the spastic joint.
Numerical prediction of the unsteady flowfield around the F-18 aircraft at large incidence

This paper describes a numerical method capable of solving the steady and unsteady viscous flow around complete aircraft configurations at high angles of attack. This method is used to simulate the external flow around the F-18 aircraft, including deflected control surfaces. The current technique employs a generalized overset zonal grid scheme to decompose the computational space around the aircraft. The grid around various components of the aircraft are created numerically using a three-dimensional hyperbolic grid generation procedure. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are integrated using a time-accurate, implicit procedure. Results for the turbulent flow around the F-18 aircraft at 30 degrees angle of attack show the details of the flowfield structure, including the unsteadiness created by the vortex burst and the resulting fluctuating airloads exerted on the vertical tail. The computed results agree fairly well with flight data for surface pressure, surface flow pattern, vortex burst location, and the dominant frequency for tail load fluctuations.
Power Transformen Short-Circuit Strength - Requirements, Design, and Demonstration

The complex considerations associated with the design and demonstration of short-circuit withstand capability in power transformers are discussed. A model testing technique is described as a means of defining failure modes and failure stresses. One failure mode involving buckling of a winding subjected to inward radial forces is analyzed on a dynamic basis. Alternative means of capability demonstration are proposed and additional experience with the recurrent surge generator method of failure detection is presented.
Fractal fracture of single crystal silicon

The quantitative description of surfaces that are created during the fracture process is one of the fundamental issues in materials science. In this study, single crystal silicon was selected as a model material in which to study the correlation of fracture surface features as characterized by their fractal dimension for two different orientations of fracture with the fracture toughness of the material as measured using the strength-indentation and fracture surface analysis techniques. The fracture toughness on the {110} fracture plane of single crystal silicon was determined to be 1.19 MPa m1/2 for the {100} tensile surface and 1.05 MPa m1/2 for the {110} tensile surface using the indentation-strength three-point bending method. The fracture surface features of these two orientations are correspondingly different. Within our limitations of measurements (1–100 μm), the fractal dimension appeared different in different regions of the fracture surface. It has a higher value in the branching region and a lower value in the pre-branching and post-branching regions. The fractal dimensions are about the same in the pre-branching regions and post-branching region for these two orientations (D = 1.01 ± 0.01), i.e., nearly Euclidean (smooth); but the fractal dimensions are higher in the branching region for these two orientations. The fractal dimension is 1.10 ±0.4 for the {100} tensile surface and is 1.04 ±0.3 for the {110} tensile surface. If we select the highest dimension on a surface to represent the dimensionality of the surface, then a material with a higher fracture toughness has a higher fractal dimension in the branching region.
The influence of ferric iron and hydrogen on Fe–Mg interdiffusion in ferropericlase ((Mg,Fe)O) in the lower mantle

Both ferric iron (Fe3+) and hydrogen (H+) have important influence on several transport properties of minerals such as diffusion. We determined the influence of Fe3+ and H+ on Fe–Mg interdiffusion in (Mg,Fe)O at 1,673–1,873 K and 5–24 GPa under the anhydrous and hydrous conditions using the diffusion couple technique. The diffusion couples consist of single crystals of ferropericlase ((Mg,Fe)O) and periclase (MgO) with Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios ranging from 0.44 to 1.0. The oxygen fugacity was controlled by the following assemblages of metal and oxide: Fe–FeO, Ni–NiO, Mo–MoO2, and Re–ReO2. After the diffusion experiments, hydrogen (H+) concentrations were measured using the FTIR spectroscopy. Fe3+ concentrations were measured using the flank method. Under the conditions investigated, Fe–Mg interdiffusivity increases strongly with Fe3+ and modestly with H+ and the influence of H+ relative to that of Fe3+ on Fe–Mg interdiffusion decreases with temperature. Our results show that, under both anhydrous and hydrous conditions, the dominant defect responsible for diffusion is the same suggesting that H+ enhances Fe–Mg interdiffusivity by enhancing the mobility of vacancies at the M-site. Our results indicate that the influence of Fe3+ likely dominates at temperatures expected for the normal lower mantle conditions (T > 1,900 K), while the influence of both Fe3+ and H+ is important at lower temperature environments such as near the subduction zone. We also estimated the vacancy diffusivity based on Fe–Mg interdiffusion and vacancy concentration estimated from the charge neutrality condition with Fe3+. Both Fe–Mg interdiffusivity and vacancy diffusivities are reasonably consistent with values estimated from previous experimental and theoretical studies.
N-representability-driven reconstruction of the two-electron reduced-density matrix for a real-time time-dependent electronic structure method

Propagating the equations of motion (EOM) for the one-electron reduced-density matrix (1-RDM) requires knowledge of the corresponding two-electron RDM (2-RDM). We show that the indeterminacy of this expression can be removed through a constrained optimization that resembles the variational optimization of the ground-state 2-RDM subject to a set of known N-representability conditions. Electronic excitation energies can then be obtained by propagating the EOM for the 1-RDM and following the dipole moment after the system interacts with an oscillating external electric field. For simple systems with well-separated excited states whose symmetry differs from that of the ground state, excitation energies obtained from this method are comparable to those obtained from full configuration interaction computations. Although the optimized 2-RDM satisfies necessary N-representability conditions, the procedure cannot guarantee a unique mapping from the 1-RDM to the 2-RDM. This deficiency is evident in the mean-field-quality description of transitions to states of the same symmetry as the ground state, as well as in the inability of the method to describe Rabi oscillations.
WE‐C‐T‐6E‐04: Nanotechnology for Molecular Imaging

Developments in molecular science are pushing the temporal detection horizon of medical diagnosis and therapy back from the anatomical sequelae of disease to its earliest physiological and biochemical manifestations. The emerging field of “Molecular Imaging” may be envisioned as the in vivo diagnosis of complex pathological processes by detection of unique biochemical signatures. The concept is analogous to microscopic detection of specific epitopes with immuno‐histochemistry techniques translated into a complex and hostile in vivo environment and detected with noninvasive medical imagingsystems. We have developed a novel multi‐modal site‐targeted contrast agent for sensitive and specific imaging of molecular epitopes and local therapy. This “platform” approach comprises a nanoparticle that is applicable to at least three common noninvasive imaging modalities: ultrasound (native particle), magnetic resonance(gadolinium conjugated), and nuclear imaging (radionuclide conjugated). Homing ligands linked to the surface of the nanoparticle an injectable agent with long circulating half‐life and high signal amplification upon binding to a molecular target. This novel platform has been used to detect angiogenesis, fibrin, tissue factor and collagen III and to locally deliver therapeutic agents through a unique contact facilitated mechanism. Over the next decade, molecular imaging, in conjunction with rational targeted therapies, will likely change many clinical paradigms in medicine.
The importance of the large chela in the territorial and pairing behaviour of the snapping shrimp, Alpheus Heterochaelis

A series of laboratory tests on the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochaelis (Say), revealed that after removal of the large chela or immobilization of its dactylus, the shrimp could not compete successfully with normal shrimp in acquiring or holding a shelter. Evidently, the action components of the dactylus play a primary role in the successful defense of a shelter. Unlike normal shrimp or shrimp with an immobilized dactylus, shrimp lacking the large chela often were allowed to encroach beneath the shelter by their like‐sexed competitors, suggesting that the structure of the chela itself and not its movements elicits aggressive behaviour by adversaries. The absence or immobilization of the chela did not seem to affect heterosexual pairings.
The Rate and Effects of Spontaneous Mutation on Fitness Traits in the Social Amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum

We performed a mutation accumulation (MA) experiment in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum to estimate the rate and distribution of effects of spontaneous mutations affecting eight putative fitness traits. We found that the per-generation mutation rate for most fitness components is 0.0019 mutations per haploid genome per generation or larger. This rate is an order of magnitude higher than estimates for fitness components in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, even though the base-pair substitution rate is two orders of magnitude lower. The high rate of fitness-altering mutations observed in this species may be partially explained by a large mutational target relative to S. cerevisiae. Fitness-altering mutations also may occur primarily at simple sequence repeats, which are common throughout the genome, including in coding regions, and may represent a target that is particularly likely to give fitness effects upon mutation. The majority of mutations had deleterious effects on fitness, but there was evidence for a substantial fraction, up to 40%, being beneficial for some of the putative fitness traits. Competitive ability within the multicellular slug appears to be under weak directional selection, perhaps reflecting the fact that slugs are sometimes, but not often, comprised of multiple clones in nature. Evidence for pleiotropy among fitness components across MA lines was absent, suggesting that mutations tend to act on single fitness components.
Sharing the trousers: gender roles and relationships in an HIV-prevention trial in Zimbabwe

Male and female gender roles and inequalities are important in contributing to the disproportionate burden of HIV experienced by women in sub-Saharan Africa. Within the context of an HIV prevention trial, we aimed to describe and understand male partner influence on women's use of HIV-prevention methods. Our presumption was not that regressive gender norms prevailed - rather, that a wide range of gendered attitudes and dynamics would be expressed among couples. Data from 16 focus groups with Zimbabwean female trial participants and their male partners and 4 in-depth couples interviews were collected, and form the basis of the analysis. Findings offer descriptions of how couples have adapted techniques for negotiating modern household economies and sexual decision-making in a manner that both preserves traditional gender roles, while accommodating women's entrance into new domains such as the workforce or an HIV-prevention trial. Women's agency to introduce novel female-initiated-method use into her intimate relationships is described. Men and women's accounts of method introduction and use suggest different perceptions about the locus of sexual decision making. The study provides unique insight into a gendered context that is dynamic yet sensitive to change, which in turn can provide useful information to more appropriately guide HIV-prevention activities in this setting.
Sum-frequency observation of solvent structure at model chromatographic interfaces: acetonitrile-water and methanol-water systems.

The adsorption of methanol−D2O and acetonitrile−D2O solutions at model chromatographic interfaces (octadecylsiloxane and quartz) was studied using sum-frequency spectroscopy. Methanol did not adsorb at either interface in detectable quantities, while acetonitrile adsorbs at the octadecylsiloxane− and quartz−solution interfaces in a concentration-dependent manner and is well ordered at the interface. Adsorption of acetonitrile was decreased by the addition of KCl at 10 and 100 mM. Acetonitrile adsorption was also observed during simulated gradient elution, demonstrating that adsorption of acetonitrile occurs on a time scale relevant to actual chromatographic separations. Examination of the OH stretch spectra of acetonitrile−H2O and methanol−H2O solutions at the interface revealed concentration-dependent changes in the acetonitrile−H2O spectra that are consistent with hydrogen bonding between interfacial water and acetonitrile, indicating that interfacial water is involved in mediating acetonitrile adsorpti...
On the resolution capacity of wideband sensor arrays: further results

The fundamental limits on the maximum number D/sub max/ of cochannel wideband emitters uniquely resolvable by a passive K-element sensor array are studied. It is shown that for uncorrelated emitters D/sub max/ is only O(K square root L), where L is the measurement time-bandwidth product. These results extend the author's recent result, that for a uniform linear array with uncorrelated cochannel wideband emitters D/sub max/ approximately=K L/2. Hence, D/sub max/ of a given array for cochannel wideband signals is essentially limited only by the observation interval, rather than by the number of sensors. >
Extending Transfer of Learning Theory to Transformative Learning Theory: A Model for Promoting Teacher Leadership

This article describes collaborative efforts to frame university teacher preparation program activities within transfer of learning and transformative learning theories to promote teacher leadership. Specifically, we describe (a) a community sponsored, public school, campus-based experience during an introductory teacher preparation course; (b) a university supervision program designed to empower teachers to take primary responsibility for guiding and developing future colleagues; and (c) a model for providing guidance and development for a postbaccalaureate alternate route to certification for students during their first year of teaching. A goal for each program is to foster within teachers a long-term commitment to teacher leadership, particularly in culturally diverse, low socioeconomic schools.
Leveraging Cultural Resources through Teacher Pedagogical Reasoning: Elementary Grade Teachers Analyze Second Language Learners' Science Problem Solving.

Abstract Grounded in teacher professional development addressing the intersection of student diversity and content area instruction, this study examined school teachers' pedagogical reasoning complexity as they reflected on their second language learners' science problem solving abilities using both home and school contexts. Teachers responded to interview questions after watching a video of one of their students engaged in a science problem solving task. Over a 5-year period, 206 teacher interviews were conducted with a total of 133 teachers. Results indicated significant differences across the dimensions of pedagogical reasoning complexity as teachers expressed both deficit and resource oriented thinking.
Studies on the appearance and nature of a maturation-inducing factor in the cytoplasm of amphibian oocytes exposed to progesterone.

Abstract Full-grown oocytes of amphibians respond in vitro to exogenous progesterone by undergoing physiological maturation (breakdown of the germinal vesicle (GVBD), meiosis, and acquisition of the capacity for activation). Both cytoplasm and “cytosol” from maturing oocytes have been shown to produce similar events when injected into unstimulated oocytes. This activity appeared within 4 hr after hormone treatment in Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis and represents the earliest detectable, specific response of the oocyte yet observed, i.e., 6–8 hr before GVBD in Rana. Maturing oocytes retained activity as long as 100 hr after exposure to progesterone, and activity was also obtained from ovulated eggs and cleaving embryos. In addition, cytoplasm from Rana pipiens, Xenopus laevis, or Ambystoma mexicanum was effective in inducing maturation in oocytes of each other, indicating a lack of specificity. Recipient oocytes of Xenopus laevis consistently began to mature within 1.5–3 hr after injection of maturing cytoplasm, well before progesterone-treated controls. The timing of the response was closely related to the quantity of cytoplasm transferred, suggesting the presence of both a minimum and threshold level of cytoplasmic factor. Serial cytoplasmic transfer in Xenopus oocytes showed no significant loss of activity through 10 injections.
Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy treated by hemodialysis.

Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an unusual but serious complication that may occur in people with normal liver-associated enzyme levels, despite normal therapeutic doses and serum levels of valproate. Here, we describe an adolescent girl who had absence seizure and complained about progressive dizziness and general malaise several days after restarting valproate. Then, she presented vomiting and decreased consciousness three weeks after valproate use. Notably, her serum ammonia level was five times the upper limit of normal (184 μmmol/L), with normal liver-associated enzyme and supra-therapeutic valproate level. EEG showed continuous generalized slowing. The tandem mass analysis revealed carnitine deficiency. Consciousness improved after emergent hemodialysis. Ammonia level and EEG also returned to normal. Possible mechanisms, risk factors and the treatments of valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy are described. Physicians should consider this possibility when consciousness d...
Study of the length dependence of frequency-doubled light in optical fibers

Abstract It is found that the length dependence for frequency-doubled light in optical fibers is directly related to the amount of green seed used during the preparation stage. These measurements also show that self-phase modulation is not responsible for the saturation of the SHG signal with length. From these measurements it is also seen that the SH light is subject to two independent saturation effects, one with length and the other with time.
Systematic review of chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy.

In a recent meta-analysis evaluating the relationship between chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy, we found that chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for both cerebral palsy and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL). The current paper extends the meta-analysis by including studies published in the year 2000, and by further evaluating the causes of heterogeneity among individual study results. Using a random effects model, clinical chorioamnionitis was significantly associated with both cerebral palsy (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.5) and cPVL (RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-3.9). Sources of heterogeneity included widely varying practices in the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis, different gestational age characteristics, and varying study year. We conclude that based on the available literature, chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for both cerebral palsy and cPVL.
Ecological extinction of native prey of a carnivore assemblage in Argentine Patagonia

The Patagonia region of South America has been severely modified by the introduction of livestock and wild exotic species. We studied diets of culpeo foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus), chilla foxes (P. griseus), hog-nosed skunks (Conepatus chinga), Geoffroy's cats (Oncifelis geoffroyi), and pumas (Puma concolor) between 1989 and 1994, and evaluated prey biomass on rangelands in Neuquen, Argentina. The carnivores consumed primarily (and selected) introduced hares (Lepus europaeus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), or carrion of introduced species. Native species represented 6% of the potential-prey biomass, and similar percentages of carnivore diets. We conclude that native large-bodied species (guanacos, Lama guanicoe, and rheas, Pterocnemia pennata) are ecologically extinct as prey and sources of carrion in our study area, and likely throughout Argentine Patagonia. Other ecological implications of their currently low biomass are unknown. Measures to control introduced species, prevent new introductions, and create protected areas are urgently needed.
"Paradoxical" shortening of REM latency on first recording night in major depressive disorder: clinical and polysomnographic correlates.

Abstract Among 92 inpatients with major depressive disorders, variability in REM latency (RL) during the first two recording nights was assessed by means of an “adaptation coefficient” (AC = night 1 RL — night 2 RL × 100 ÷ mean RL for nights 1 and 2). Although mean RL was very similar for both nights (48.1 and 50.7 min), individual ACs showed a gaussian distribution [range: −176.5–171.4; mean: −1.2 (67.3); median: −4.4]. Forty-two patients (45.7%) exhibited shortening of RL on night 2 compared with night 1 (positive AC, corresponding to an “expected” evolution), 48 patients (52.2%) displayed the opposite pattern (negative AC, corresponding to a “paradoxical” evolution), and two patients had identical values on both nights. Extent of increase in RL from first to second night (i.e., extent of “paradoxical” evolution) correlated significantly with increasing duration of current episode, earlier age of onset, and poorer clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants. A cutoff AC of −7 correctly classified 62% of patients according to treatment response. The research diagnostic criteria-based retarded subtype of depression was associated with a more negative AC (i.e., a more “paradoxical” evolution), and the situational subtype was associated with a more positive AC (i.e., a more “expected” evolution) than the remainder of the sample. The subgroup with the most negative ACs (i.e., largest increases in RL from first to second night) also had longer sleep latencies, whereas the subgroup with the most positive ACs (i.e., largest decreases in RL) had higher REM activity and REM density as compared with the remainder of the sample. These results suggest that RL in major depression is not a static parameter and that the study of its within-subject variability can be helpful for diagnostic confirmation and prediction of treatment response.
Reminiscences on the discovery of electrochromic phenomena in transition metal oxides

It has long been known that transition metal oxides of the types WO3, MoO3, TiO2, V2O5, etc., show considerable variation in stoichiometry, and that very often the non-stoichiometric compounds are characterized by strong coloration. This observation led to the fabrication of highly disordered thin films of some of these oxides—ones that showed strong coloration upon optical excitation. Back in the 1960s, there was considerable interest in optically bistable phenomena for high-density information recording, and these oxide films were investigated for that purpose. However, the difficulty encountered in the bleaching process led to the proposition that the optically induced color centers could be bleached by an electric field. Subsequent experiments clearly demonstrated that it was not only possible to form color centers by optical excitation and to bleach them by an electric field, but that it was possible to color and bleach by an electric field alone by simply reversing the polarity. This constituted the first successful demonstration of eletrochromic phenomena in thin films of transition metal oxides. This was quickly followed by the development of various innovative device structures for practical application. In this paper, an attempt will be made to reminisce the discovery of the electrochromic phenomena in this type of material, ultimately leading to the current state of this technology.
DECOUPLING LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS OF A CYLINDRICAL BEAM IN TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS

The approach and equations can be applied to any beam structure with a circular cross section subjected to combined longitudinal and transverse loading. The decoupling provides a way to evaluate the significance and contribution of the longitudinal and transverse components to the total response of the beam structure. Due to the experimental set up and the layout of the strain gages, the torsional component is not sensed by the gages, and therefore has no effect on the decoupling results
Fine‐grained rims in the Allan Hills 81002 and Lewis Cliff 90500 CM2 meteorites: Their origin and modification

Antarctic CM meteorites Allan Hills (ALH) 8 1002 and Lewis Cliff (LEW) 90500 contain abundant fine-grained rims (FGRs) that surround a variety of coarse-grained objects. FGRs from both meteorites have similar compositions and petrographic features, independent of their enclosed objects. The FGRs are chemically homogeneous at the 10 m scale for major and minor elements and at the 25 m scale for trace elements. They display accretionary features and contain large amounts of volatiles, presumably water. They are depleted in Ca, Mn, and S but enriched in P. All FGRs show a slightly fractionated rare earth element (REE) pattern, with enrichments of Gd and Yb and depletion of Er. Gd is twice as abundant as Er. Our results indicate that those FGRs are not genetically related to their enclosed cores. They were sampled from a reservoir of homogeneously mixed dust, prior to accretion to their parent body. The rim materials subsequently experienced aqueous alteration under identical conditions. Based on their mineral, textural, and especially chemical similarities, we conclude that ALH 8 1002 and LEW 90500 likely have a similar or identical source.
Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet–Era Monuments and Post–Soviet National Identity in Moscow

This article explores the formation of post–Soviet Russian national identity through a study of political struggles over key Soviet–era monuments and memorials in Moscow during the “critical juncture” in Russian history from 1991 through 1999. We draw on the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Pierre Nora to explain how competition among political elites for control over the sites guided their transformation from symbols of the Soviet Union into symbols of Russia. By co–opting, contesting, ignoring, or removing certain types of monuments through both physical transformations and “commemorative maintenance,” Russian political elites engaged in a symbolic dialogue with each other and with the public in an attempt to gain prestige, legitimacy, and influence. We make this argument through case studies of four monument sites in Moscow: Victory Park (Park Pobedy), the Lenin Mausoleum, the former Exhibition of the Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), and the Park of Arts (Park Isskustv). In the article, we firs...
Optimal actuator strategies for acoustic suppression

In this paper we are concerned with Smart Materials that contain many actuators and sensors along with digital signal processing electronics that allow for the implementation of a control algorithm. Smart Materials have been proposed for the active control of sound from a vibrating structure. Here we investigate the design of structural control systems for these Smart Structures for noise suppression. First we model the radiated acoustic waves in terms of the velocity of the surface of the structure. Then we formulate an optimal control problem as a linear system that has a transmission zero in the path between the disturbance force and the shape that radiates best.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Who's who among African-American student groups in high school: An exploratory investigation on peer subcultures

This study provides some descriptive information about the variety of peer groups that exist within urban high schools. The results suggest that African-American peer groups vary in the amount of visibility, likability, and respect that they receive from other students in their school. The data also revealed that although many groups are perceived to be known by students in the school, these groups are not always liked and respected within the school. In addition, students' perceptions of the peer groups within their schools varied depending on the gender, grade level, and school. The findings suggest that schools need to have a more comprehensive understanding of the types of peer groups that exist in their schools. The results also imply that schools can alter the school environment to encourage positive attitudes toward students who are academically inclined and to minimize the influence that negative peer groups have on the student body.
Approximate spatial reasoning: integrating qualitative and quantitative constraints

Abstract Approximate reasoning refers in general to a broad class of solution techniques where either the inference procedure or the environment for inference is imprecise. Algorithms for approximate spatial reasoning are important for coping with the widespread imprecision and uncertainty in the real world. This paper develops an integrated framework for representing induced spatial constraints between a set of landmarks given imprecise, incomplete, and possibly conflicting quantitative and qualitative information about them. Fuzzy logic is used as the computational basis for both representing quantitative information and interpreting linguistically expressed qualitative constraints.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 is responsible for macrophage recruitment following injury to sciatic nerve

Following injury to the peripheral nervous system, circulating monocytes/macrophages are recruited to the damaged tissue, where they play vital roles during both nerve degeneration and subsequent regeneration. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of the C-C or β-chemokine family, is a powerful leukocyte recruitment/activation factor that is relatively specific for monocytes/macrophages. Because these are the predominant leukocyte type recruited by injured nerve, we hypothesized that up-regulation of MCP-1 expression is involved in recruitment of these cells. Indeed, assay of steady-state levels of MCP-1 mRNA in rat sciatic nerve during tellurium-induced primary demyelination indicated up-regulation of this chemokine with a peak after 3 days of tellurium exposure, preceding the peak of accumulation of phagocytic macrophages (assayed as lysozyme mRNA levels) by 6 days. Increasing levels of MCP-1 mRNA expression, induced by increasing levels of tellurium exposure, resulted in corresponding increases in subsequent recruitment of macrophages. In situ hybridization suggested that MCP-1 mRNA was localized in Schwann cells. No expression of MIP-2, which is a C-X-C or α-chemokine that is specific for recruitment of neutrophils, was detected, consistent with the lack of recruitment of significant numbers of these cells. In addition, we also investigated the response seen following nerve transection (axonal degeneration and secondary demyelination with no subsequent regeneration) and nerve crush (degeneration followed by regeneration). In these latter two nerve injury models, there was also a marked, early up-regulation of MCP-1 mRNA, with a time course that is compatible with a role for this chemokine in macrophage recruitment. We conclude that MCP-1 is involved in recruiting monocytes/macrophages to injured peripheral nerve and that the specificity of leukocyte types recruited results from specificity of chemokine production. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:260–267, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MO-D-AUD-03: Verification of Lung Tumor Doses Calculated by the Eclipse AAA and Pinnacle CC Algorithms

Purpose: The goal of this study was to investigate the dosimetric accuracy of the analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) for the treatment of lungtumors. This algorithm, recently implemented in Eclipse (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA), was also compared to the Pinnacle's (Philips Medical, Cleveland, OH) collapsed cone (CC) algorithm. Methods: Four phantoms were used in this study. Three lung‐, bone‐ and water‐equivalent slab phantoms were designed to validate the accuracy of the calculated doses in simple geometries. Doses were additionally measured in the CIRS (Norfolk, VA) thorax solid water phantom, which includes lung cavities and a cylindrical spine. All four phantoms were CT‐scanned with thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) in place. Plans were generated with the AAA algorithm using anterior‐posterior (AP), AP/PA, oblique, and intensity modulated (IMRT) beams with both 6MV and 18MV photons. The dose distributions for all plans, excluding the IMRT, were re‐computed with Pinnacle using monitor units matched to the AAA plans. Dose measurements were performed with TLDs and ion chambers at 6 different positions including three in tissue, one in spinal cord, and two in lung.Results: The AAA algorithm was found to calculate the dose in lung and tissue accurately to within 6% in all four phantoms. Ion chamber measurements showed 2–3% better agreement than the TLDs in the thorax phantom. For 6 MV, the differences between measured and calculated doses were less than 2% for both AAA and Pinnacle for all six points. However, for the 18 MV beam, the dose measured in the spinal cord was 5.9% greater than the calculated dose with both algorithms. Measured and calculated doses agreed to within the 2% for the IMRT plan. Conclusion: The AAA algorithm provides accurate dose calculations in and around heterogeneities, similar to that provided by the CC algorithm implemented in Pinnacle.
Estimation of Directional Wave Spectra from Multicomponent Observations

Abstract An improved method for estimating the directional spectrum of linear surface gravity waves from in Situ observations is presented. The technique, a refinement and extension of the inverse method of Long and Hasselmann, is applicable to multicomponent wave measurements at fixed locations in constant or slowly varying depth water. On a frequency band by frequency band basis, an estimate of the directional distribution of wave energy S(θ) is obtained by minimizing a roughness measure of the form ∫dθ[d2S(θ)/dθ2]2 subject to the constraints: (i) S(θ) is nonnegative with unit integral, (ii) S(θ) fits the data within a chosen statistical confidence level, and (iii) S(θ) is zero on any directional sectors where energy levels are always relatively low because of the influence of geographic surroundings. The solution to this inverse problem is derived through a variational formulation with Lagrange multipliers. A series of simulations using the new estimator show the fundamental limitations of sparse array...
A note on “Bed allocation techniques based on census data”

Abstract Capacity planning and resource allocation are crucial to the cost-effective delivery of health care services. In this paper, we present an analytic approach based on a modified version of the Holt–Winters multiplicative seasonality forecasting model to determine the frequency distribution associated with a hospital care unit's census. This paper is a follow-up to the census frequency distribution simulation model described in Lapierre et al. (Socio Econ. Plan. Sci. 33 (1999) 25). We demonstrate that our model can provide census frequency distributions equivalent to the simulation model of Lapierre et al. [1], but without the computational effort common to simulation models.
Working with states to build competence in disaster response

This paper examines the relationship between national disaster response authorities and the international humanitarian community through case studies in three countries where it is generally agreed that good working relations exist. It seeks to understand the common phenomena which led to those good relations. The paper takes as its premise that the international humanitarian aid community, bruised by its experience in non-functioning and predatory states, has developed an unhelpful aversion to cooperation with, and working through, local government. It posits that in a future with climate change, disasters will be more frequent and this requires a necessary shift, on the part of international agencies and local government from seeing disaster response as exceptional and interventionist to viewing it as a standard part of sovereign duty and normalcy. The study highlights a number of common features across the three case studies which shed light on why disaster response has been transformed in the study co...
Abnormalities of smooth pursuit and saccadic control in schizophrenia and affective disorders

Smooth pursuit abnormalities have been reported in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives, suggesting that abnormal tracking may serve as a biological marker for schizophrenia. Recent studies in schizophrenic patients have found reduced pursuit gain, low initial acceleration and abnormal gain-corrective saccade interactions. Impaired saccadic initiation has been noted in anti-saccade tasks and in predictive saccade generation, as has saccadic hypometria. While abnormalities have been found in affective disorder patients, studies of their first-degree relatives suggest that abnormalities during pursuit are more closely associated with schizophrenia. Identification of specific defects allows informed speculation about their neural substrates and suggests possible relationships between the ocular motor defects and other cognitive and perceptual abnormalities associated with the major psychiatric disorders.
A distributed algorithm for cooperative navigation among multiple mobile robots

The navigation capability of a group of robots can be improved by sensing of relative inter-robot positions and intercommunication of position estimates and planned trajectories. The cooperative navigation system (CNS) algorithm described here is based on a Kalman filter which uses inter-robot position sensing to update the collective position estimates of the group. Assuming independence of sensing and positioning errors, the CNS algorithm always improves individual robot estimates and the collective navigation performance improves as the number of robots increases. The CNS algorithm computation may be distributed among the robot group. Simulation results and experimental measurements on two Yamabico robots are described.
The EPA Risk Management Program Regulations and Their Applicability to Oil and Gas Operations

Oil and gas operations will be impacted by the risk management program regulations to be promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990 (CAA). In part, the CAA requires facilities with certain hazardous substances above threshold quantities to conduct hazard assessments, implement accident prevention and emergency response programs and prepare risk management plans. The EPA has published final lists of toxic and flammable substances ; hydrogen sulfide and several hydrocarbons were listed. The risk management program regulations have been proposed. This paper provides an overview of the statutory requirements for accidental release prevention in section 112(r) of the CAA. The applicability of the final lists to the oil and gas industry is described and the proposed risk management program regulations are summarized. Examples of analyses illustrating potential effects of accidental releases of sour gas, methane, propane and pentane are presented. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some major issues raised in public comments to the proposed rule.
Nematode and copepod diversity (2012) from Louisiana near the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Abstract Meiofauna were sampled from the NOAA ship Gordon Gunter during Fall 2012 off the coast of Louisiana. At five locations near the Deepwater Horizon drilling site (located 54–115 km away) box core samples and Shipek® grab samples were collected for subsurface meiofauna and sediment analysis. The goals of this study were to: 1) perform a taxonomic analysis of the meiofauna groups Nematoda and Copepoda, 2) perform statistical analyses of animal densities and sediment characteristics, and 3) compare sampling results using two different collection devices. Nematodes were the most abundant animals recovered, ranging from 88–791 animals per 10 cm2 area. Nematodes were represented by 60 genera in 23 families. The nematode community was dominated by one genus at the deepest location. Cluster analysis showed that there were two major groups for the five sites; nematodes from two shallow sites 81 and 84, and those from two shallow sites 85 and 86 along with deep site 82. Copepods were represented by 35 specie...
Integrated Negative Index Modulator on Optical Fiber

We investigate a novel design of negative index metamaterial modulator integrated on optical fiber. Numerical studies indicate strong modulation of fiber-guided optical signal, when the resonance frequency of the metamaterial is detuned with optical excitation.
Revisiting the momentum-space study of runaway electrons during lightning initiation

The runaway electron flow in momentum space in weakly ionized air is being revisited. On studying the runaway electron flow in momentum space it was shown that including the scattering of electrons shifts the critical energy for runaway electron generation to higher values.