cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3H estradiol in catecholamine neurons of rat brain stem: Combined localization by autoradiography and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence

3H setradion-17beta was localized in nuclei of catecholamine (CA) neurons of the rat lower brain stem, i.e., midbrain, pons and medulla, by employing a combined formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF)-autoradiography approach which permits the direct visualization of 3H estradiol uptake in relation to CA-neuron perikarya and terminals. In the medulla, noradrenalin (NA)-containing neurons in and adjacent to the nucleus (n.) reticularis lateralis (group A1) and in the vicinity of the n. tractus solitarii (group A2) concentrated 3H estradiol. In the pons, NA neurons dorsal to the n. olivaris superior (group A5), in the locus ceruleus (group A6) and ventral to the pedunculus cerebellaris superior (group A7) displayed 3H estradiol uptake. In the midbrain, dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the n. cuneiformis (group A8), in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (group A9) and adjacent to the n. interpeduncularis (group A10), were not seen to concentrate 3H estradiol. This is in contrast to DA neurons in the n. arcuatus of the hypothalamus (group A12), previously reported to concentrate 3H estradiol. In addition, certain non-CA-containing neurons with nuclear uptake of 3H estradiol were observed to be surrounded by CA terminals in such areas as substantia grisea centralis, n. tractus solitarii and n. tractus spinalis nervi trigemini. This suggests a second mode of interaction between CA neurons and estrogen target neurons. The estradiol-CA neuron relationships described may provide morphological substrates underlying functional interactions between estradiol and CA neurons in the rat brain.
Oral ulcerations as a sequela of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil therapy

Medication-induced ulcerative stomatitis can be a complication of immunosuppressive therapy in a post-transplant patient. A 54-year-old African-American female patient presented with significant, recalcitrant oral ulcers 5 months after renal transplant as a result of mucosal toxicity and severe leucopenia caused by her immunosuppressive maintenance regimen of tacrolimus (US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, MD) and mycophenolate mofetil (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). The patient was also prescribed fluconazole as an antifungal, which likely contributed to the patient's increase in tacrolimus blood levels. Altering the medication dosages ultimately reduced blood tacrolimus levels, allowing for resolution of her oral ulcers. This report indicates that medication-induced oral ulcerations are a potential sequela of post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy.
Alz‐50 Antibody recognizes alzheimer‐related neuronal changes

Alz-50 is a monoclonal antibody directed against an antigen present in Alzheimer's disease. Unlike conventional pathological stains that reveal only neurons with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), Alz-50 recognizes neurons that contain NFTs and additional neurons that do not. Our investigation of the topographical distribution of both NFT-containing and non-NFT-containing neurons recognized by Alz-50 reveals that they are both found primarily in certain cytoarchitectural areas and lamina that have been established as consistent sites for NFT pathology. Some of the neurons recognized by Alz-50 appear histopathologically normal. We suggest that Alz-50 recognizes an antigen in neurons that both precedes and accompanies NFT formation. Thus, it may mark a point early in cellular pathology before irreversible cytoskeletal and degenerative changes occur.
Nonlinear corrections in a high-gain free-electron laser

Abstract A perturbation series in powers of the radiation field strength is developed in order to calculate nonlinear corrections to the high-gain exponential amplification regime of a single-mode free-electron laser (FEL). In such a series, contributions to the optical power gain come only from the odd order terms. We give an estimate of the radiative power threshold at which the lowest-order nonlinear (3rd-order) contribution becomes comparable to the linear-order result.
Young children's development of swinging behaviors

This investigation examines the development of young children's psychomotor behaviors on swings in the outdoor play environment. The Guttman scale outlined in this study describes the development of swinging behaviors in hierarchical stages. Early swinging behaviors focus on maintaining balance and achieving movement. Children consolidate basic movements into proficient swinging skills and then extend into experimentation with the physical properties of the swing and with the social context. Modeling, informal instruction, and practice contribute to the successive stages of swinging behaviors. The Guttman scale provides a tool for teachers and researchers to observe children's development in a natural play environment.
China's distant water fishing industry: Evolving policies and implications

Abstract This article examines China's distant water fishing industry, with a focus on China's bilateral fisheries access agreements in Africa. The article argues that China largely conforms to international norms and rules on sustainable fisheries, but that challenges remain in efforts to work with China on the sustainable management of fish stocks. Developed countries contribute to China's policies and behavior in international fisheries in both positive and negative ways.
Maxillary distraction for the management of cleft maxillary hypoplasia with a rigid external distraction system.

Abstract Maxillary hypoplasia is a common finding in patients with repaired orofacialclefts. Management of this condition has been a challenge to the reconstructive team. The introduction of distraction osteogenesis to treat craniofacial skeletal dysplasias has opened alternative approaches to manage these severe conditions. In this article, the authors present their technique to distract the hypoplastic cleft maxilla using a rigid external distraction device. The clinical assessment, indications, orthodontic procedure, surgical technique, and distraction protocol are reviewed. A case report shows the use of the technique. This technique allows the reconstructive team to treat patients in all age groups with predictable and stable results.
Mutation mapping and identification by whole genome sequencing

Genetic mapping of mutations in model systems has facilitated the identification of genes contributing to fundamental biological processes including human diseases. However, this approach has historically required the prior characterization of informative markers. Here we report a fast and cost-effective method for genetic mapping using next-generation sequencing that combines single nucleotide polymorphism discovery, mutation localization, and potential identification of causal sequence variants. In contrast to prior approaches, we have developed a hidden Markov model to narrowly define the mutation area by inferring recombination breakpoints of chromosomes in the mutant pool. In addition, we created an interactive online software resource to facilitate automated analysis of sequencing data and demonstrate its utility in the zebrafish and mouse models. Our novel methodology and online tools will make next-generation sequencing an easily applicable resource for mutation mapping in all model systems.
LIMIT THEOREMS FOR POLLING MODELS WITH INCREASING SETUPS

Multiclass single-server systems with significant setup times (polling models) are common in industry. This article considers asymptotics for polling models with increasing setup times. Two types of polling model are considered, namely (a) polling models with polling tables, exhaustive service, and deterministic setups, and (b) cyclic exhaustive service polling models with general setups under heavy traffic. It is shown that as the mean setup time increases to infinity, the scaled intervisit time for each queue (time between service of that queue) converges in probability to a constant. This, in turn, is shown to imply that scaled steady-state waiting time converges in distribution to either a uniform distribution or a simple discrete random variable multiplied by a uniform random variable as setups tend to infinity. These results lead to considerable insight into the behavior of systems with setups, and conclusions are drawn with respect to previous studies.
"Cuando el río suena, piedras trae": relaves de cobre en la bahía de Chañaral, 1938-1990

From the perspective of environmental history, this article focuses on the impact of the Large Scale Copper Industry on the province of Chanaral between 1938 and 1990. More specifi cally, it looks at the history beyond the 350 tons of copper tailings disposed in the Salado river and the Pacifi c ocean, fi rst by the U.S. company Andes Copper and later by Codelco-Chile. While local authorities decided to ignore the problem, local residents articulated a critical discourse, denouncing the polluting practices of the company. Moreover, this article raises questions about the traditional assumption that the nationalization represented a break in the history of the copper industry, showing -from the perspective of environmental history- the existence of important continuities.
Antimicrobial Decapeptide KSL-W Enhances Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Function

Mammalian cationic antimicrobial peptides have received increased attention over the last decade, due to their prokaryotic selectivity and decreased risk of microbial resistance. In addition, antimicrobial peptides display differential biological effects on mammalian immune cell function, such as migration, adhesion, and modulation of respiratory burst, which make them even more attractive as therapeutic agents. Synthetic combinatorial libraries provide a time-efficient and cost-effective source for these diverse molecules. The novel synthetic antimicrobial peptide, KSLW (KKVVFWVKFK-NH(2)), has been shown to display a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, fungi and viruses. In this study, we evaluated the alternative biological activity of the decapeptide on neutrophil migration and function. KSLW was demonstrated to be chemotactic for neutrophils in micromolar amounts, and neutrophil treatment with KSLW, after 1 min, resulted in significant increases in F-actin polymerization. KSLW was shown to inhibit oxygen radical production in PMA- and LPS-stimulated neutrophils. Future studies, to determine if KSLW regulates neutrophil phagocytosis, adhesion, and apoptosis, or examining the effect of KSLW on other mammalian cell types, such as cell populations of healing-impaired wounds, would provide significant insight for the potential therapeutic strategies offered by antimicrobial peptides.
Space-time structure and measurement theory

The present paper is a naive operational approach to measurement theory in a truly relativistic framework. Both experiments and states exist in finite regions of space-time. The causality structure of the underlying Minkowski space is described in terms of these.
Walk-Counting Method, with an Application to Energy Bands and Impurity States in Close-Packed Lattices

Three formally equivalent problems of crystal physics (vibrations of arrays of masses with nearest-neighbor harmonic coupling, vibrations of arrays of coupled vibrators, and a generalization of Koster and Slater's theory of electronic states) are considered. The moments of the energy (or frequency) bands of pure crystals and the energy and amplitude functions of localized impurity states are expressed in terms of the numbers of closed or open walks on the crystal lattice. The method is applicable to aperiodic as well as periodic arrays, and is used to show that the level distribution in a pure crystal and the positions of impurity levels due to isolated impurities are, for the models considered, the same for all close-packed lattices, periodic or aperiodic. It is suggested that the walk-counting method is a more useful computational resource than has previously been recognized.
Identification of the ovulatory follicle in the ewe: associated changes in follicular size, thecal and granulosa cell luteinizing hormone receptors, antral fluid steroids, and circulating hormones during the preovulatory period.

The presence of LH receptors in both thecal and granulosa cells appears to be required in preovulatory follicles. Since Finn and Suffolk sheep have significantly different ovulation rates, the number of Graafian follicles with LH receptors in both cell types was investigated to determine the relationship between the number of corpora lutea (CL) per ewe and the number of follicles with LH receptors in both cell types. Follicles with this characteristic LH binding were classified as ovulatory. All other follicles were considered to be nonovulatory. Follicular size, LH/hCG receptor concentrations in thecal and granulose cells, and antral fluid (AF) steroid concentrations were studied in ovulatory and nonovulatory follicles at two periods of the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in Finn and Suffolk sheep. Sheep were studied either before preovulatory gonadotropin surge or during the ascending limb of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. The mean ovulation rate (2.7 CL per Finn ewe and 1.3 CL per Suffolk e...
Distance Dependence of the Electron-Transfer Rate Across Covalently Bonded Monolayers on Silicon

Alkyl monolayers covalently bonded directly to n-type Si(111) surfaces have been prepared by UV illumination of the H−Si(111) surface while immersed in CH2CH−(CH2)n-3CH3 (n = 5−8) under high vacuum. The characterization by ellipsometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that 1-alkenes form dense monolayers on the silicon surface. The electron-transfer rates from the surface of the electrode through the alkyl monolayers to decamethylferricenium acceptors in tetrahydrofuran have been measured. The rates are proportional to the decamethylferricenium concentration and also to the dopant density as determined from capacitance measurements. The rates show an exponential distance dependence with a decay constant of 1.00 ± 0.05 per CH2, similar to known behavior with alkanethiol monolayers on metal electrodes. The dependence of the rates on applied potential has a logarithmic slope of about 0.25F/RT at potentials negative of the flat-band potential derived from capacitance measurem...
Reporting of medication errors by pediatric nurses

Medication administration errors can threaten patient outcomes and are a dimension of patient safety directly linked to nursing care. Children are particularly vulnerable to medication errors because of their unique physiology and developmental needs. This descriptive study surveyed a convenience sample of 57 pediatric and 227 adult hospital nurses regarding their perceptions of the proportion of medication errors reported on their units, why medication errors occur, and why medication errors are not always reported. In this study, which focuses on pediatric data, pediatric nurses indicated that a higher proportion of errors were reported (67%) than adult nurses indicated (56%). The medication error rates per 1,000 patient-days computed from actual occurrence reports were also higher on pediatric (14.80) as compared with adult units (5.66). Pediatric nurses selected distractions/interruptions and RN-to-patient ratios as major reasons medication errors occurred. Nursing administration's focus on the person rather than the system and the fear of adverse consequences (reprimand) were primary reasons selected for not reporting medication errors. Results suggest the need to explore both individual and systematic safeguards to focus on the reported causes and underreporting of medication errors.
Experimental deformation of a synthetic dunite at high temperature and pressure. II. Transmission electron microscopy

Abstract We have performed detailed transmission electron microscope on most of the deformed synthetic dunite specimens prepared in the study by Zeuch and Green (1984). We have identified three basic types of sub-boundaries, simple tilt walls in (100) and (001). composed by b = [100] and b = [001] edge dislocations, respectively, and twist boundaries in (010) composed of b = [100] and b = [001] screws. We have also observed more complex, asymmetric lilt boundaries in (100) and (001). Like the (010) twist boundaries, these asymmetric tilt walls are common only at the highest temperatures and lowest strain rates. Subgrain development is extensive at the higher temperatures and lower strain rates, and subgrains are composed of the above-mentioned three types of sub-boundaries; edge components in (100) and (001) ire “knitted” to screw components in (010) as described by Kirby and Wegner (1978) for naturally deformed olivine. In many areas of the samples which we studied, subgrain development is not observed, but parallel arrays of tilt boundaries of one type or the other are present. At higher temperatures and lower strain rates. “(100) organization” (Durham et al., 1977) is common; this structure consists of parallel arrays of (100) tilt boundaries with b = [100] screws connecting the sub-boundaries. At lower temperatures we have observed an analogous arrangement of (001) sub-boundaries and b = [001] screws, which we refer to as “(001) organization”. Under all experimental conditions, dislocations with b = [100] and b = [001] are present in approximately equal numbers. However, the two types of dislocations also have distinctly different geometries under all test conditions. We suggest that the transition from slip parallel to [001] to slip parallel to [100] with increasing temperature, which has been reported in earlier studies may also depend upon water content. The substructures which we observe are virtually identical to those seen in many naturally deformed peridolites. and we conclude that the mechanisms involved in both natural and laboratory deformation of olivine polycrystals are similar. On the other hand, the substructures reported here are very different from those observed in experimentally deformed olivine single crystals. It seems likely that these substructural differences reflect fundamental differences in the behavior oh single crystals and polycrystals. which are in turn reflected in different measured creep strengths.
Ritualization of middle-class family life in nineteenth century britain

Everyone has two families: one to live with and another to live by. There are also two family histories: one written in terms of observ? able behavior, the other constructed from family myths, memories, and symbols. Over the past two decades we have learned a great deal about the former. In cooperation with historical demographers, historians now have a clear picture about how the size and composi? tion of family has changed and how family structures and functions have altered. But the symbolic family remains obscure. Historians have either consigned it to the history of ideas or conceded it to the psychologist and the novelist, acknowledging its existence but warning us not to confuse it with the real.3 However, the symbolic family is no less real than that which is constructed by behaviorally oriented historians from the so-called facts of the parish register and census schedule. And, if their highly abstracted, reified accounts of family life have not yet challenged the novel and the soaps for a share of their vast audiences, the fault lies with the neglect of the symbolic dimension. A family history that focuses on behavior without dealing with meaning simply does not correspond to the actual experience of family as simultaneous image and reality, symbol and action, a way of life and a way of thinking about life. What distinguishes family life today from family life 200 years ago is the way family has become a principal symbolic resource for making sense of ourselves and the world. As Virginia Tufte and Barbara My erhoff have pointed out, we not only think about but we think with the family, "using it as an object in our cultural work of self-definition."4 For evidence of this we need refer not only to contemporary novels, television, and the speeches of presidential candidates, but to the history of family life itself. Here we find evidence of an enormous proliferation of familial language, sym? bols, and rituals, the history of which has until recently been seen as trivial or merely reflective, but which, in fact, is of immense significance, not just for the family but for society in general. For while our public and private lives are now radically separated, the symbolic family serves to mediate this chasm, to mask its contradic
Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was performed with a commercially available device consisting of an endotracheal tube with integrated stainless-steel-wire surface EMG electrodes positioned at the level of the true vocal cords. Forty-two recurrent laryngeal nerves were successfully monitored with this system in 31 patients undergoing thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. In all cases, evoked EMG responses were elicited by direct electrical recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation. Stimulus thresholds for evoked responses ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 mA (mean 0.3 mA) for the 37 nerves with preoperative ipsilateral normal vocal cord mobility. Mechanically evoked potentials with acoustic signals were also detected during the surgical procedures related to recurrent laryngeal nerve manipulation. It may be concluded that surface electrode monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve with this system provides a simplified, noninvasive technique that is as sensitive as monitoring with intramuscular laryngeal electrodes.
Learning From Economic Experiments in China and India

Executive Overview China and India offer contrasting models of recent economic development. I focus on two dimensions of this Sino-Indian difference—having to do with the state and with civil society—that have become contextually salient as a result of the current world financial crisis but have received short shrift in the management literature. China exhibits a strong state, forcing organizations to coexist with it, blurring the lines between the public and the private. The ambient rise in crisis-induced state ownership will likely force such coexistence on organizations worldwide, so there is an opportunity to learn from the Chinese. India exhibits a raucous civil society, historically in angst against excesses of capitalism in a way that now appears relevant to the rest of the world. On both fronts, state and civil society, China and India are mirror inversions of each other. Each can be understood better when juxtaposed against the other. As management scholars, we would be well advised to learn from...
A model for stability of the semi-implicit backward differentiation formulas

A model is presented for stability for an extension of linear multistep methods for stiff ordinary differential equations. The method is based on a prediction followed by a fixed number of corrections obtained by a Newton scheme with inexact Jacobian matrix. The impact on stability of error in the matrix over a broad range of linear, constant coefficient equations is modeled. The model provides practical guidance for implementation of software for stiff equations.
Guatemala's Party Universe: A Case Study in Underinstitutionalization

The article examines the degree of institutionalization of the Guatemalan party universe across four areas: the pattern of inter-party competition; the rootedness of parties in society; the legitimacy accorded to parties and democratic institutions; and the nature of internal party organization. Guatemala displays an extremely inchoate party structure across all these variables. There is no stability in the identity of the main parties in the polity. After more than two decades of electoral democracy, no single party has been able to avert a drift into electoral irrelevance or outright disappearance. With respect to the basic facets of internal party organization, Guatemalan parties exhibit a feebleness so pronounced that their very status as parties is questionable. In general, Guatemalan “parties” only fulfill Sartori's minimalist definition as organizations that field candidates for public office, but offer nothing more substantive.
Effect of endotoxin and immunoglobulin on the course of experimental hepatic encephalopathy.

A single intraperitoneal dose of endotoxin (500 μg) shortened the time for development of hepatic coma by 27% in 300-g rats that had an end-to-side portacaval shunt followed within 48 hr by hepatic artery ligation. The body temperature of the rats was maintained at 37°C, and the endotoxin was injected just after the hepatic artery was ligated. Controls were injected similarly with saline. The time to death was also shortened by 27%. A single intravenous dose of immunoglobulin (150mg) delayed the time from the massive hepatic ischemia to the onset of hepatic coma by 19%. The immunoglobulin was injected just after the portacaval shunt was completed. Controls were injected similarly with 0.6ml of 25% human serum albumin. While not large, these opposite effects of endotoxin and immunoglobulin were highly significant statistically. These observations complement the findings in human liver failure.
Estimating grassland phytomass production with near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral variables

Abstract Near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroradiometric reflectance variables were studied for estimating grass phytomass production within grass plots fertilized with five rates of nitrogen. Nine difference vegetation indices, five single wavelengths, and one waveband were correlated with phytomass. Among the 15 variables studied, TM5 (1550–1750 nm), reflectance at the 1100 nm (R1100), 1650 nm (R1650), and 2200 nm (R2200) wavelengths, and five indices [R1100–R1200, R1100–R1650, (R1100–R1300)-TM5, R1100–R2200, and R1200–R1650] had significant coefficients of determination (r 2 ) ranging from 0.83 to 0.92. The spectral variables involving the mid-infrared wavelengths generally yielded the highest r 2 coefficients. These results suggest the potential for estimating grass phytomass production over large and inaccesible rangeland areas using Thematic Mapper (TM5 and TM7) satellite data.
Abstract P4-15-02: Timing of infectious complications following breast conserving therapy with catheter-based accelerated partial breast irradiation

Background: Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) has been introduced as an alternative to whole breast irradiation as part of breast conserving therapy for selected patients. The long-term outcomes remain under investigation. Previous publications have emphasized early postoperative infections with APBI with less focus on delayed infection. In the current study, we evaluated patients enrolled on a prospective registry trial for infectious complications after treatment with catheter-based APBI. Methods: Patients who underwent single-entry catheter-based APBI were identified from a single-institution prospective registry from 2009 to 2011. Data regarding treatment, patient comorbidities, complications, and outcomes were obtained from registry and retrospective chart review. Infectious complications were assessed from the date of APBI catheter insertion and were classified as early (≤30 days) or delayed (>30 days). All patients were maintained on oral antibiotics while the catheter was in place. Results: A total of 91 patients with 92 cases of primary breast cancer were enrolled on a prospective registry at a comprehensive cancer center between 2009 and 2011 and treated with single-entry catheter-based APBI. The median follow-up time was 76.2 weeks. A temporary catheter was placed at the time of initial operation in 40 cases (43.5%) and left in place a median of 6 days prior to definitive catheter insertion. There were 20 patients (21.7%) who required re-excision. Overall, breast infection occurred in 13 (14.1%) patients. Three (3.3%) patients had infection within 30 days of catheter placement and 10 (10.9%) occurred more than 30 days after catheter insertion (median 112.5 days, interquartile range 51–154). Eight patients were managed with oral antibiotics alone on an outpatient basis. The remainder required a combination of admission, intravenous antibiotics, and aspiration of abscess. One patient underwent operative drainage. Conclusion: We found an overall infection rate of 14.1% in patients treated with catheter-based APBI. This is consistent with other reports; however, we found that the majority of infections occurred more than 30 days after definitive catheter placement. Vigilance for infectious complications must continue beyond the immediate treatment period in patients undergoing catheter-based APBI. Most infections following APBI can be managed on an outpatient basis without operative intervention. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-15-02.
Application of high-frequency Granger causality to analysis of epileptic seizures and surgical decision making.

SUMMARY Objective: In recent decades intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings using increasing numbers of electrodes, higher sampling rates, and a variety of visual and quantitative analyses have indicated the presence of widespread, high frequency ictal and preictal oscillations (HFOs) associated with regions of seizure onset. Seizure freedom has been correlated with removal of brain regions generating pathologic HFOs. However, quantitative analysisofpreictal HFOshas seldombeen appliedto the clinical problem ofplanning the surgical resection. We performed Granger causality (GC) analysis of iEEG recordings to analyzefeaturesofpreictalseizurenetworksandtoaidinsurgicaldecisionmaking. Methods: Ten retrospective and two prospective patients were chosen on the basis of individually stereotyped seizure patterns by visual criteria. Prospective patients were selected, additionally, for failure of those criteria to resolve apparent multilobar ictal onsets. iEEG was recorded at 500 or 1,000 Hz, using up to 128 surface and depth electrodes. Preictal and early ictal GC from individual electrodes was characterized by the strength of causal outflow, spatial distribution, and hierarchical causal relationships. Results: In all patients we found significant, widespread preictal GC network activity at peak frequencies from 80 to 250 Hz, beginning 2–42 s before visible electrographic onset. In the two prospective patients, GC source/sink comparisons supported the exclusion of early ictal regions that were not the dominant causal sources, and contributed to planning of more limited surgical resections. Both patients have a class 1 outcome at 1 year. Significance: GC analysis of iEEG has the potential to increase understanding of preictal network activity, and to help improve surgical outcomes in cases of otherwise ambiguous iEEG onset.
Decentering Ethnography: Victor Turner's Vision of Anthropology

Etude de l'approche anthropologique et des methodes de travail de Victor Turner dans le cadre du postcolonialisme et de la decentralisation de l'ethnographie : conception de l'histoire, du fatalisme, le deplacement du sujet colonial, le recit et le drame social, la relation entre l'anthropologue et son sujet d'etude, la reflexivite, l'equilibre entre la structure et le processus, la place du voyage, du jeu et des elements ludiques de l'expression culturelle.
The C-O Stretching Infrared Band as a Probe of Hydrogen Bonding in Ethanol–Water and Methanol–Water Mixtures

ABSTRACT Infrared spectra of the ethanol–water and methanol–water mixtures in the mole fraction range of 0.1 to 0.9 were recorded in the attenuated reflection (ATR) mode. Traditionally, the hydrogen bonding of water with other molecules has been studied by investigation of the OH stretching band frequencies and intensities of water. However, in the case of alcohol–water mixtures, this procedure presents a problem due to the complete overlap of the hydroxyl absorptions from the alcohol and water. In the present study, we have adopted an alternative approach of understanding the ethanol–water and methanol–water hydrogen bonds through the analysis of the C-O stretching band. The intrinsic high intensity of the C-O band and nearly complete absence of its overlap with the water bands make it a good candidate for the study of hydrogen bonding interactions in alcohol–water mixtures. The integrated areas of the C-O stretching band versus mole fractions were plotted for both mixtures. In the case of methanol–water...
Room temperature supramolecular repositioning at molecular interfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract Individual C60 molecules adsorbed on a monolayer of 4,4′-dimethyl bianthrone first grown on Cu(111) have been repositioned at room temperature with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope. The procedure can be applied to C60 without disrupting the 4,4′-dimethyl bianthrone film. Controlled supramolecular repositioning at a molecular interface has allowed us to assemble lateral C60 patterns that define a bimolecular C60-4,4′-dimethyl bianthrone heterojunction on Cu(111).
SCDU Testbed Automated In-Situ Alignment, Data Acquisition and Analysis

In the course of fulfilling its mandate, the Spectral Calibration Development Unit (SCDU) testbed for SIM-Lite produces copious amounts of raw data. To effectively spend time attempting to understand the science driving the data, the team devised computerized automations to limit the time spent bringing the testbed to a healthy state and commanding it, and instead focus on analyzing the processed results. We developed a multi-layered scripting language that emphasized the scientific experiments we conducted, which drastically shortened our experiment scripts, improved their readability, and all-but-eliminated testbed operator errors. In addition to scientific experiment functions, we also developed a set of automated alignments that bring the testbed up to a well-aligned state with little more than the push of a button. These scripts were written in the scripting language, and in Matlab via an interface library, allowing all members of the team to augment the existing scripting language with complex analysis scripts. To keep track of these results, we created an easily-parseable state log in which we logged both the state of the testbed and relevant metadata. Finally, we designed a distributed processing system that allowed us to farm lengthy analyses to a collection of client computers which reported their results in a central log. Since these logs were parseable, we wrote query scripts that gave us an effortless way to compare results collected under different conditions. This paper serves as a case-study, detailing the motivating requirements for the decisions we made and explaining the implementation process.
ROC curve estimation based on local smoothing

ROC curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test. It is a popular tool for evaluating and comparing different diagnostic tests in medical sciences. In the literature,the ROC curve is often estimated empirically based on an empirical distribution function estimator and an empirical quantile function estimator. In this paper an alternative nonparametric procedure to estimate the ROC Curve is suggested which is based on local smoothing techniques. Several numerical examples are presented to evaluate the performance of this procedure.
Genetic parameters of size pre- and post-smoltification in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Abstract Size and growth rate are important traits for cultured salmonids in both farming and enhancement operations. This study investigated the heritabilities and the genetic correlations for size pre- and post-smoltification and the genetic effects on specific growth rate in two different year class populations of coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) from the University of Washington stock. One population was transferred to saltwater at smoltification, while the other was maintained in freshwater. Estimates of heritability for size parameters were moderate to high pre-smoltification (0.5 to 0.7), and lower in post-smoltification samples (0.2 to 0.5), particularly for the population moved to saltwater. The effect of maternal egg size on growth was significant in both populations through smoltification. The genetic correlations between size in pre-and post-smoltification samples were much higher for the population reared in freshwater.
Potentiation of ischemic renal injury by amino acid infusion

The purpose of this study was to determine whether amino acid hyperalimentation sensitizes the kidney to ischemic renal injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with a control infusate or control infusate plus 15 essential and nonessential amino acids (FreAmine III, 2 mg of amino acids/kg/min). After 1 hr, bilateral renal ischemia was induced (15 min pedicle cross clamp). GFR, urine flow, and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured before and for 0 to 2 hr postischemia. None of these parameters were statistically different between the two groups of rats prior to renal ischemia. However, the decrease in GFR following renal ischemia was twice as great in the amino acid versus the nonamino acid treatment group (decreases 73 +/- 4% vs. decreases 36 +/- 4%, respectively; P less than 0.001). The postischemia urine flow rate was also significantly less (P less than 0.01) with amino acid treatment. RBF did not differ between the two groups. Renal histology confirmed greater tubular injury with amino acid treatment (P less than 0.001). In conclusion, infusion of therapeutic doses of amino acids can exacerbate early functional and histologic parameters of ischemic renal injury and thus, may sensitize the kidney to ischemic acute renal failure.
Drug testing laws and employment injuries

Employer use of employee drugscreening procedures is widespread in the U.S. A state-by-state analysis of statutory law applicable to the drug testing issue is combined with state and industry data to isolate how drug testing laws affect workplace injury rates. Based on our data, injury rates are not statistically related to the state’s legal environment.
Effects of mannitol and chlorpromazine pretreatment of rabbits on kidney mitochondria following in vivo ischemia and reflow.

Abstract The effects of in vivo ischemia and reflow on the respiratory control ratio (RCR) of rabbit kidney mitochondria (homogenates) was studied in rabbits pretreated with mannitol or chlorpromazine (CPZ). Two hours of ischemia damages mitochondria and lowers the RCR from about 13 to 2. Reflow to ischemic kidneys does not affect the RCR (RCR = 2.1), unless the rabbits are pretreated with mannitol (RCR = 11) or CPZ (RCR = 13.9). Although mannitol or CPZ pretreatment is effective at fully restoring the RCR to normal levels, the maximal rate of ADP-stimulated respiration remains partially depressed. Three hours of ischemia followed by reflow does not allow restoration of mitochondrial RCR even with mannitol or CPZ pretreatment. The mechanism of action of mannitol and CPZ may be explained on the basis of their vascular effects resulting in increased reflow in ischemic kidneys. Although a direct effect upon the metabolism of the ischemic kidney remains a possibility.
Immunotoxic potential of antiviral drugs: effects of ganciclovir and (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxy propyl) cytosine on lymphocyte transformation and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.

Abstract In the present studies, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of ganciclovir (DHPG) and a relatively new nucleoside analogue, (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxy propyl) cytosine (HPMPC), on lymphocyte responses to T cell mitogens and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Initially, responses of mouse splenic mononuclear cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to PHA and con A were evaluated in vitro in the presence of each drug. Both drugs inhibited the responses to each mitogen; however, DHPG had a greater inhibitory effect on con A responses of human and mouse lymphocytes than did HPMPC. Also, spleen cells from mice treated for 7 days with DHPG responded less well to PHA stimulation than cells from untreated or HPMPC-treated mice. No effect of either drug was observed on con A responses. Treatment of mice with either drug decreased the development of DTH responses, with HPMPC having a greater inhibitory effect than DHPG. The results from the present studies suggest that both DHPG and HPMPC may have inhibitory effects on the development of certain immune functions at high dosages, but at drug concentrations that were therapeutic in animal model studies, little inhibitory effects were observed.
Survival of Escherichia coli, strain W, during the manufacture of cottage cheese.

Abstract Cottage cheese was manufactured in 10-liter experimental vats by the direct-acid-set method from milk that was inoculated with a heat resistant strain of Escherichia coli . Growth or survival of Strain W (ATCC 9637) E. coli was determined at various stages of the cheese making operation after the cheese-skim milk was inoculated to give counts of 2.5 × 10 4 or 4.0 × 10 5 cells/ml. Numbers of coliform organisms remained constant at the inoculated concentration in the cheese milk up to a cooking temperature of 43C. At 43C, when curd was separated from the whey, the curd (not washed) had coliform counts that were two log cycles greater than the whey. These trends were in milks with both cell counts. Washing of the curd with acid and 10ppm chlorine reduced the number of coliform cells in the curd at all cooking temperatures as compared with unwashed curd. Acid wash of the curd at pH 5 did not reduce the coliform counts below those of unwashed curd. Cooking temperatures of 54C were necessary to destroy ( E. coli Strain W, in either the unwashed or acid-chlorine washed curd. Holding curd with an initial average log count of 6.26 coliform cells/ml at constant temperatures of 38, 43, 49, and 54C confirmed that 54C for 50min was necessary to reduce the average count to
Peace Activism and Social Justice: The Minnesota Branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1939–1940

The Minnesota branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom sponsored two volunteer work camps for college students in 1939 and 1940. This article traces the group's commitment to economic justice and racial equality as it evolved during those camp experiences. More broadly, it provides a fuller understanding of the peace movement's social justice activism in the years between two world wars.
A radical explanation for glucose-induced β cell dysfunction

The development of type 2 diabetes requires impaired β cell function. Hyperglycemia itself causes further decreases in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. A new study demonstrates that hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide production activates uncoupling protein 2, which decreases the ATP/ADP ratio and thus reduces the insulin-secretory response. These data suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in β cells exposed to hyperglycemia could prevent a positive feed-forward loop of glucotoxicity that drives impaired glucose tolerance toward frank type 2 diabete
Iron availability and infection

Abstract Background To successfully sustain an infection, nearly all bacteria, fungi and protozoa require a continuous supply of host iron. Methods Literature review. Results Mechanisms of microbial iron acquisition are determinants for the kinds of cells, tissues and hosts in which pathogens can flourish. As a corollary, hosts possess an array of iron withholding devices whereby they can suppress or abort microbial invasions. General significance Awareness of environmental and behavioral methods that can prevent iron loading plus development of pharmaceutical agents that can block microbial access to iron may help to reduce our dependence on antibiotics.
Soil Properties as Influenced by Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-Based Manure and Compost Applications

Manure or compost application based on N needs of corn (Zea mays L.) may result in soil accumulation of P, N, and other ions, since the manure or compost N/P ratio is usually smaller than the corn NIP uptake ratio. This study was conducted from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate the effects of annual or biennial application of N- and P-based composted and noncomposted beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure on soil properties. Fertilized and unfertilized checks were also included. Soil surface (0-15 cm) pH significantly increased with N-based manure (MN) or compost application (CN), but decreased with NH 4 -N fertilizer application as compared with the check. Soil bulk density was unaffected by manure or compost application. After 4 yr of manure and compost applications, soil surface (0-15 cm) C and N concentrations and quantities were greater for N- than P-based management systems. About 25% of applied manure C and 36% of applied compost C remained in the soil after 4 yr of application, indicating greater C sequestration with composted than noncomposted manure. No significant difference was observed between fertilizer and check plots for soil total C or N. Soil properties in the 15- to 30-em increment were unaffected by the applied treatments except soil electrical conductivity (EC). Residual soil NO 3 to a depth of 1.2 m was greater for inorganic fertilizer than manure and compost treatments in drier years. Soil property changes were greater for the annual or biennial N-based than P-based manure or compost applications, reflecting the differences in application amounts.
Multiple Literacies Gone Wild

Geocaching is a worldwide game of hiding and seeking, in which participants can place a cache anywhere in the world, pinpoint its location using global positioning system technology, and then share the geocache's existence and location online. This article describes the geocaching adventures the author took with three boys, ages 11, 8, and 6, and the holistic, organic, and authentic learning that occurred as they engaged in a treasure hunt of sorts in the natural world. This article also explores the multiple digital and print literacies in which geocachers engage and how these out-of-school literate experiences relate to what we know about in-school literacy. Finally, the author discusses the implications of geocaching and other digital literacies for teachers, providing links for those who would like to learn more.
Towards a practical, secure, and very large scale online election

We propose a practical and secure electronic voting protocol for large-scale online elections. Our protocol satisfies a large set of important criteria that has never been put together in a single protocol before. Among all electronic voting schemes in the literature, Sensus, a security-conscious electronic voting protocol proposed by Cranor and Cytron (1997), satisfies most of our criteria. Sensus has been implemented and used in mock elections. However, Sensus suffers from several major drawbacks. For instance, we show that even if all voters follow the Sensus protocol honestly, some voters' votes may still be replaced with different votes without being detected. Our protocol overcomes these drawbacks.