cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expected vs Actual Outcomes of Elective Initiation of Inotropic Therapy During Heart Failure Hospitalization.

Abstract Objective To describe the intent and early outcomes of elective inotrope use during heart failure hospitalization. Patients and Methods A prospective multisite design was used to collect data for hemodynamically stable patients started electively on inotrope therapy between January 1 and August 31, 2018. We prospectively recorded data when intravenous inotropic therapy was initiated, including survey of the attending cardiologists regarding expectations for the clinical course. Patients were followed up for events through hospital discharge and an additional survey was administered at the end of hospitalization. Results For the 92 patients enrolled, average age was 60 years and ejection fraction was 24%±12%. At the time of inotrope initiation, attending heart failure cardiologists predicted that 50% (n=46) of the patients had a “high or very high” likelihood of becoming dependent on intravenous inotropic therapy and 58% (n=53) had a “high” likelihood of death, transplant, or durable ventricular assist device placement within the next 6 months. Provider predictions regarding death/hospice or need for continued home infusions were accurate only 51% (47 of 92) of the time. Only half the patients (n=47) had goals-of-care conversations before inotrope treatment initiation. Conclusion More than half the patients (51 of 92) electively started on inotrope treatment without present or imminent cardiogenic shock ultimately required home inotrope therapy, died during admission, or were discharged with hospice. Heart failure clinicians could not reliably identify those patients at the time of inotrope therapy initiation and goals-of-care discussions were not frequently performed.
Fatty acid binding protein 5 forms higher order assemblies with FLAP or COX-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages

Abstract Immune cells must integrate multiple extracellular signals to produce an appropriate inflammatory response, including production of a dynamic mix of eicosanoids and related bioactive lipids. Synthesis of these lipids is initiated on the membrane surface of the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. One critical question is how the precursor arachidonic acid (AA) is distributed between the initial biosynthetic enzymes of the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase-1/2 (COX-1/2) related pathways. To understand these balancing mechanisms, we hypothesized that fatty acid binding proteins mediate this process. We employed a multi-modal imaging approach by combining direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) with computational analyses and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to delineate the relationships of fatty acid binding proteins 3, 4, and 5 (FABP3–5) with 5-LO activating protein (FLAP), COX-1, and COX-2 in the presence of a stimulus (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) that triggers the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). LPS triggers a redistribution of FABP5 to higher order assemblies of COX-2 or FLAP. This was evidenced by a decrease in lifetime determined by FLIM. Colocalization between FABP3 and FLAP decreased, but no other changes in distribution were observed for FABP3 and FABP4. In contrast, assemblies of FABP5 with COX-1 were smaller and showed an increase in lifetime. The data indicate that FABP5 is a member of higher order assemblies of eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes and that FABP5 may play a key role in regulating the organization of these structures. FABP5 is positioned to distribute AA to both the 5-LO and COX-2 pathways.
Multiple Myeloma: Clinical Updates from the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Scientific Symposium 2020.

The novel clinical data for plasma cell neoplasms (smoldering myeloma, multiple myeloma, and AL amyloidosis) that were presented in the 2020 American Society of Clinical Oncology virtual scientific symposium are summarized here. Data from large phase-3 studies (CASSIOPEIA, ENDURANCE, and TOURMALINE-MM4 trials) and phase-2 studies (SWOG 1211, GMMG CONCEPT trials) for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients who are eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation are described. Updates from previous important studies for multiple myeloma (STaMINA) along with studies on three different chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-) T cell products are also described. Results of clinical studies involving the use of anti-myeloma drugs with novel mechanisms of action such as immunoconjugates, selinexor, venetoclax, monoclonal antibodies, and data on minimal residual disease (MRD) are discussed. These data provide an overview of the efficacy and safety of the various treatments in multiple myeloma and could lead to changes in our clinical practice, which could pave the path for a “cure” in myeloma.
Exploring the Potential of Cultural Drag.

This article illustrates the problematic nature of the use of intercultural, international exchange as the primary or singular mode of understanding the study abroad experience and proposes alternative ways of talking to students about their study abroad experiences. While the focus on cultural exchange may be a practical trope, it creates a clear understanding of them-versus-us in terms of values and behaviors. It also glazes over some central features of the postmodern study abroad experience. We argue that the study abroad can be understood through the metaphor of drag, i.e., the act of putting on a costume and performing an identity. ”Cultural drag” gives students the opportunity to experiment and play with their identity and explore how their privilege may change depending on where and how they present themselves. The article examines the strengths and weaknesses of this metaphor and explores how to advise students so they have an awareness of the role of their body once they enter the experience. Abstract in Danish Denne artikel illustrerer problematikkerne ved at benytte interkulturel og international udveksling som den eneste eller primaere made til at forsta studerendes udenlandsophold. Samtidig foreslar artiklen alternative mader til italesaettelse af de studerendes oplevelse. Branchens fokus pa kulturel udveksling er praktisk da det etablerer en modpol de studerende kan spejle vaerdier og handlinger i. Dog ignorerer dette fokus centrale aspekter af det postmoderne udenlandsophold for studerende. Denne artikel argumenterer at metaforen kulturel drag, altsa at ifore sig et kostume og spille en identitet, kan kaste lys pa de studerendes oplevelse. Kulturel drag giver de studerende mulighed for at eksperimentere og lege med deres identitet, samt at undersoge hvordan deres privilegier aendrer sig alt efter deres positionalitet og fremtoning. Artiklen undersoger styrker og svagheder ved foromtalte metafor og undersoger hvordan studerende kan radgives for udenlandsophold sa de bliver bevidste om deres krops performativitet.
Higher daily pain severity after emergency department visits is associated with lower return-to-work rates

Abstract Background Pain can impair functional status, including a patient's ability to return to work. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an association between pain levels and return-to-work status during the first 4 days post-ED discharge in ED patients seen for undifferentiated acute pain. Methods This secondary analysis of data from the Acute Management of Pain from the Emergency Department (AMPED) registry included patients who reported working either full-time or part-time. We used Cox regression models to examine the association between daily self-reported minimum and maximum pain scores and first return to work. We used repeated measures logistic regression models to examine the association between daily minimum and maximum pain scores and daily return-to-work status. Results Of the 610 employed patients, 481 (78.9%) were employed full-time and 129 (21.1%) part-time. The average delay in returning to work after ED visit was 2.4 days. For all models, higher minimum and maximum daily pain scores predicted lower daily return-to-work rates in the first four days post-ED discharge. The adjusted hazards ratios for first return to work were 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) and 0.93 (0.89, 0.97), while the adjusted odds ratios for daily return-to-work status were 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) and 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) for every one-point increase in minimum and maximum pain scores, respectively. Conclusion Higher daily pain severity is associated with decreased return-to-work after ED visits for acute pain, highlighting the importance of adequate discharge pain management from the ED.
Discharge Practices for COVID-19 Patients: Rapid Review of Published Guidance and Synthesis of Documents and Practices at 22 US Academic Medical Centers.

There are currently no evidence-based guidelines that provide standardized criteria for the discharge of COVID-19 patients from the hospital. To address this gap in practice guidance, we reviewed published guidance and collected discharge protocols and procedures to identify and synthesize common practices. Rapid review of existing guidance from US and non-US public health organizations and professional societies and qualitative review using content analysis of discharge documents collected from a national sample of US academic medical centers with follow-up survey of hospital leaders We reviewed 65 websites for major professional societies and public health organizations and collected documents from 22 Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) in the US participating in the HOspital MEdicine Reengineering Network (HOMERuN). We synthesized data regarding common practices around 5 major domains: (1) isolation and transmission mitigation; (2) criteria for discharge to non-home settings including skilled nursing, assisted living, or homeless; (3) clinical criteria for discharge including oxygenation levels, fever, and symptom improvement; (4) social support and ability to perform activities of daily living; (5) post-discharge instructions, monitoring, and follow-up. We used streamlined methods for rapid review of published guidance and collected discharge documents only in a focused sample of US academic medical centers. AMCs studied showed strong consensus on discharge practices for COVID-19 patients related to post-discharge isolation and transmission mitigation for home and non-home settings. There was high concordance among AMCs that discharge practices should address COVID-19-specific factors in clinical, functional, and post-discharge monitoring domains although definitions and details varied.
Local Well-Posedness and Continuation Criteria

The regularity theory for models with smooth communication is understandably quite different from singular models—the former is essentially Burgers’ equation with a damping mechanism, while the latter is a degenerate fractional parabolic system with dissipation in the momentum equation. In this chapter we will go through the first routine but very much essential step—proving local existence of classical solutions and setting a convenient functional framework for further development of the regularity theory for the Euler alignment systems.
The Great Fire of Rome: life and death in the ancient city: by Joseph J. Walsh, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019, x+174 pp., $22.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1421433714

“O-o, o lambent flame! O-o, o force divine! O omnivorous power, hail!” Thus chanted Peter Ustinov as the most enduring modern reincarnation of Rome’s archetypally bad boy in Quo Vadis (1951). Nero’...
A Review of Recent Studies on Two-Frequency RF Field-Induced Single-Surface Multipactor Discharge

This article briefly reviews the theory and modeling of single-surface multipactor discharge on a dielectric, focusing on recent studies on two-frequency RF-field-induced multipactor. A novel multiparticle Monte Carlo simulation model with adaptive time steps is used to investigate the time-dependent physics of multipactor discharge. Two-frequency RF operation is found to be effective in reducing multipactor strength compared with single-frequency RF operation with the same total RF power. Strong multipactor mitigation is also demonstrated for nonsinusoidal RF fields of multiple frequencies. Migration of multipactor trajectory is shown for different configurations of the two-frequency RF field. Frequency-domain analysis shows that multipactor-induced normal surface charging electric field consists of only even harmonics of the RF frequency for single-frequency RF operation, but is dominated by strong intermodulation products of the RF carrier frequencies for two-frequency RF operation.
Effects of Aldehyde Carbon Chain Length and Type of Luciferase on the Quantum Yields of Bacterial Bioluminescence

Bacterial bioluminescence results from the oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) and an aliphatic aldehyde (RCHO) by molecular oxygen in the presence of the enzyme bacterial luciferase. The final product of the reaction is FMN but as shown in Figure I, perturbation of its fluorescence, for instance by an environment of low polarity, cannot blue shift its fluorescence to overlap the spectral emission distribution of the bioluminescence. In addition the low polarity enhances a vibrational structure in the FMN fluorescence whereas the properly corrected bioluminescence is unstructured. Lumiflavin is used here since FMN is insoluble in solvents of low polarity.
Estimating and improving protein interaction error rates

High throughput protein interaction data sets have proven to be notoriously noisy. Although it is possible to focus on interactions with higher reliability by using only those that are backed up by two or more lines of evidence, this approach invariably throws out the majority of available data. A more optimal use could be achieved by incorporating the probabilities associated with all available interactions into the analysis. We present a novel method for estimating error rates associated with specific protein interaction data sets, as well as with individual interactions given the data sets in which they appear. As a bonus, we also get an estimate for the total number of protein interactions in yeast. Certain types of false positive results can be identified and removed, resulting in a significant improvement in quality of the data set. For copurification data sets, we show how we can reach a tradeoff between the "spoke" and "matrix" representation of interactions within co-purified groups of proteins to achieve an optimal false positive error rate.
Druckverlust von Glocken‐ und Ventilböden. Vergleichende Betrachtung verschiedener Berechnungsverfahren

Um verschiedene Verfahren zur Berechnung des Druckverlustes einem zahlenmasigen Vergleich unterziehen zu konnen, wurden fur jeweils drei Glocken- und Ventilboden unterschiedlicher Grosbe und Belastung die Teildruckverluste sowie der Gesamtdruckverlust ermittelt. Bei den Glocken- und Ventilboden liefern die einzelnen Verfahren Ergebnisse mit teilweise betrachtlichen Abweichungen. Eine zuverlassige Vorherbestimmung des Druckverlustes ist somit nicht ohne weiteres moglich.
What Do We Know (and Need to Know) about the Impact of School Choice Reforms on Disadvantaged Students

In this article, Dan Goldhaber and Eric Eide consider what we do and do not know about the impact of school choice, focusing particularly on the potential impact of choice on minority students in urban school settings. They observe that many argue that school choice is a necessary component of any educational reform designed to improve educational outcomes for students. While public pressure has yielded a tremendous expansion of choice options, Goldhaber and Eide contend that the empirical evidence on the academic effects of school choice reforms is mixed. They propose that relatively little evidence exists that these schools are having a clear-cut positive or negative impact on the achievement of either the students who attend them or those who remain in traditional public schools. They conclude that the mixed evidence on choice suggests that choice in and of itself is unlikely to be the solution that revolutionizes urban school systems.
The effect of increased intracranial pressure on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence syndrome

Objective To determine if vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) responses change during inversion in patients with superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS) compared to controls.
The expectations theory of the term structure: Evidence from inflation forecasts

Abstract This paper tests the joint hypothesis of rational expectations and the expectations theory of the term structure using the Livingston survey data on price inflation forecasts. For a variety of sample periods, the paper presents evidence that the data are consistent with the theory. Since inflation forecasts, unlike interest rates, are not linked to specific underlying financial assets, the relationship between longterm and short-term inflation forecasts should not embody risk premia. This paper's findings therefore lend support to the view that a time-varying risk premium is needed to explain the observed term structure of interest rates.
Combined cryo- and thin sectioning (TEM) in the elucidation of mimosoid tetrad/polyad ultrastructure

Cryosections (freeze-sections) of tetrads/polyads and their subsequent examination in the SEM complement traditional methods (LM, SEM, and TEM) by providing both a dynamic three-dimensional overview of polyad morphology and clarifying aperture morphology, internal wall characters and tetrad/polyad cohesion mechanisms. Cryosections of Dinizia tetrads reveal that cohesion is maintained through adhesion/fusion of the apices of clavate elements in localized regions of the subproximal and proximal walls — a feature not discernible using traditional SEM preparations. Cryosections of the globose 20-grained polyads of Parkia species reveal small central grains and triradiate-shaped proximal apertures — features unobservable or misinterpreted using traditional LM, SEM and TEM methods. In Anadenathera polyads, cryosections have clarified the nature and distribution of small gaps present in the lateral and proximal walls of individual grains.
STEM CELL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

The individual properties of hematopoietic stem cells, including self-renewal, maintenance of pluripotency, and asymmetric cell division, must depend at some level on the functions of specific transcription factors. Recently, valuable insights into stem cell transcription factor function have emerged from targeted gene disruption (knockout) studies in mice. Absence of transcription factors belonging to diverse protein families results in interference with expansion and differentiation of either the stem cell itself or of primitive multipotential progenitors. The findings from these and complementary experiments provide a framework for examining the transcription control of the earliest cellular events in hematopoiesis.
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis: in vitro study of the chemical composition and particle size as causes of the toxic effects of coal.

Abstract Cells grown in vitro are inhibited to a greater extent by leachates of coal particles from a mine in Pennsylvania where the miners have a high incidence of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis than by leachates of coal of the same particle size but from a mine in Utah where the miners show a low prevalence of the disease. Leachates of respirable particles (1.5 μm and less) of the two coals caused markedly different responses in the cell culture system. The leachate from the Pennsylvania coal caused a growth depression while chemicals leached from the same size particles of the Utah coal stimulated cell growth. The concentration of selected metals in the leachates of the two coal samples differed. The results support the hypothesis that toxic substances leached from coal may be a factor in the etiology of CWP.
Reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MDS using tacrolimus/sirolimus-based GVHD prophylaxis

We report a consecutive series of 59 patients with MDS who underwent reduced-intensity hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (RI-HSCT) with fludarabine/melphalan conditioning and tacrolimus/sirolimus-based GVHD prophylaxis. Two-year OS, EFS, and relapse incidences were 75.1%, 65.2%, and 20.9%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality at 100 days, 1 year, and 2 years was 3.4%, 8.5%, and 10.5%, respectively. The incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD was 35.4%; grade III-IV was 18.6%. Forty of 55 evaluable patients developed chronic GVHD; of these 35 were extensive grade. This RI-HSCT protocol produces encouraging outcomes in MDS patients, and tacrolimus/sirolimus-based GVHD prophylaxis may contribute to that promising result.
Outer-Sphere Redox Couples as Shuttles in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Performance Enhancement Based on Photoelectrode Modification via Atomic Layer Deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been used to create conformal TiO2 blocking layers on fluorine-doped tin-oxide substrates in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), effectively eliminating shunting. ALD has also been used to deposit, in controlled fashion, ultrathin coatings of alumina on nanoparticle-based TiO2 DSSC photoanodes. These modified electrodes enable ferrocenium/ferrocene, an outer-sphere redox couple, to be used as a shuttle. The photovoltaic performance and interfacial charge-transfer dynamics were investigated in DSSCs employing this shuttle. It was found that a single ALD cycle is able to passivate surface states, resulting in a dramatic improvement in photovoltaic performance. Subsequent alumina deposition resulted in exponentially increasing electron lifetimes as a function of alumina layer thickness, indicating that the layers behave as barriers to electron tunneling. The characterization of DSSC photovoltaic performance and interfacial charge-transfer dynamics was extended to cells emplo...
Examining the Efficacy of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in the Treatment of Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder

Abstract Although an abundance of diagnosis specific protocols exist, they tend to inadvertently contribute to issues with treatment dissemination. A unified approach that can address multiple disorders simultaneously by targeting the core underlying components has been identified as a possible solution. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP; Barlow et al., 2011) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression, and has been theorized to work in the treatment of other emotional disorders in which emotion dysregulation is a core component, including Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). In the present study, the usefulness of the UP was examined in a small sample of individuals ( N = 8) with BPD by employing a multiple baseline across individuals single case experimental design. This study provided an important extension of research related to the applicability of the UP and preliminary support for its efficacy in the treatment of BPD.
RHETORIC AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN EZEKIEL 16

Ezekiel 16 presents the narration of a man's relationship with his woman as an extended metaphor of Yhwh's relationship with Jerusalem. In consideration of its rhetoric, we discover that the speaking voice is exclusively male. The man Yhwh focuses upon sexual possession of the woman Jerusalem, uses shaming tactics, mandates voyeurism, and exhibits faulty logic in his condemnation of her. On a second level, when we compare the incident presented in the text with situations of domestic violence, we find that the textual interaction exhibits charac47 teristics similar to those of men who physically abuse women. Ezekiel 16 reflects a situation of woman battering in its content and progression. Its male speaker, Yhwh, exhibits those traits of a woman abuser: jealousy, possessiveness, and censuring. As batterers tend to wrongly suspect their women of affairs, this comparison serves to question the veracity of the male speaker in this text. On a third level, one finds that many who have interpreted this passage have overwhelmingly tended to believe the statements of the man Yhwh that the woman Jerusalem deserves the abuse. These male readers have taken a perspective similar to that of a battered woman before she leaves the relationship; they speak with a female voice.
Real time monitoring of lipoplex molar mass, size and density.

Time-resolved multiangle laser light scattering (TR-MALLS) is used to monitor the temporal variation of DNA/cationic liposome lipoplex molar masses and geometric sizes throughout the complexation process. The measured molar masses and geometric sizes are in turn used to estimate lipoplex density. The DNA/cationic lipid charge ratio is found to be the primary factor governing lipoplex formation kinetics and the final lipoplex molar mass, geometric size and density. Charge ratios near unity lead to a growing kinetic regime in which initially formed primary lipoplexes undergo further aggregation eventually forming large molar mass lipoplexes of high density, while charge ratios very far from unity yield low molar mass lipoplexes of lower density. It is also noted that solvent composition can play a significant role in the lipoplex formation process with lipoplexes formed in ion-containing media being larger and denser than those formed in dextrose solution.
Plato on Perception and ‘Commons’

On the face of it, Plato's treatment of aisthesis is decidedly ambiguous. Sometimes he treats aisthesis as a faculty which, though distinct from all rational capacities, is nonetheless capable of forming judgments such as ‘This stick is bent’ or ‘The same thing is hard and soft’. In the Theaetetus, however, he appears to separate aisthesis from judgment, isolating the former from all prepositional, identificatory and recognitional capacities. The dilemma is easily expressed: Is perception a judgmental or cognitive capacity, or is it a non-judgmental, non-cognitive capacity? If the former, how does perception differ from belief? If the latter, is perception a faculty of the rational or irrational soul? Not surprisingly, the topic has received much scrutiny over the years. And equally unsurprisingly, the debate has turned as much on what it means for a capacity to be judgmental, cognitive, non-judgmental or non-cognitive, as on whether Plato says that it is of either kind.
Conditional, genetic disruption of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptors reveals a role in adult motor neuron survival

Indirect evidence suggests that endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor signaling can promote motor neuron (MN) survival in the adult. If so, proper targeting of this signaling may selectively counteract the effects of adult MN diseases. However, direct evidence for CNTF receptor involvement in adult MN survival is lacking, presumably because the unconditional blockade of the mouse CNTF receptor in vivo [through genetic disruption of the essential CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα) gene] leads to uniform perinatal death of the mice. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a method to selectively disrupt CNTF receptor function in a targeted subset of adult MNs that are not required for survival. A ‘floxed CNTFRα’ mouse line was generated and characterized. In addition, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector that drives Cre recombinase (Cre) expression was constructed and shown, with reporter mouse lines, to selectively excise floxed genes in facial MNs following its stereotaxic injection into the facial motor nucleus. Adult floxed CNTFRα mice were then injected with the AAV-Cre vector to excise the CNTFRα gene in the targeted MNs. The resulting data indicate that adult CNTF receptor signaling, likely by the MNs themselves, can play an essential role in MN survival. The data further indicate that this role is independent of any developmental contributions CNTF receptor signaling makes to MN survival or function.
Ankle Instability: Comparison of Primary Repair and Delayed Reconstruction After Long-term Follow-up Study

Twenty-five consecutive primary ligament repairs and 40 delayed reconstructions for lateral collateral ankle ligament injuries were studied. Response to a questionnaire provided a 94% subjective evaluation at a mean of 9.5 years after surgery; 97% of patients were satisfied with the surgical result. Clinical examination, stress radiography, and biomechanical gait analysis studies were performed on 39 patients at four years or more after surgery (mean, 9.6 years). In 14% of those with ligament repair and 41% of those with reconstructive procedures, mean residual talar tilt with stress testing was 3.2 degrees and 5.2 degrees, respectively. Gait studies did not demonstrate a consistent abnormal gait pattern, even with side slope walking, and did not correlate with the talar tilt values. There was no significant measurable difference between the results of repair and reconstruction. Thus, most severe Grade III sprains can be managed nonoperatively, and if late residual instability occurs, a reconstructive procedure can be offered with confidence that the result will be equivalent subjectively and roughly comparable objectively to that of the immediate repair.
Salicylate induced changes in outer hair cell lateral wall stiffness.

Micropipette aspiration was used to study the lateral wall stiffness of isolated guinea pig outer hair cells (OHCs) perfused with a sodium salicylate solution. Salicylate treatment significantly decreased lateral wall stiffness as measured by a stiffness parameter (S) compared to cells perfused with a standard bathing solution (S=0.68±0.26 vs. S=1.09±0.25, P<0.05). The effect was reversible – cells treated with salicylate and then with bathing solution exhibited a lateral wall stiffness similar to control cells (S=1.10±0.40, P=0.94). Salicylate perfusion diminishes electromotile responses in isolated OHCs and physiologic doses of salicylate produce hearing loss and tinnitus in human subjects. The OHC lateral wall, the locus of electromotility, consists of three concentric layers: (1) an outermost plasma membrane, (2) a cytoskeletal network of actin and spectrin called the cortical lattice and (3) an innermost collection of flattened membranes called the subsurface cisternae (SSC). Ultrastructural studies have shown that salicylate treatment dilates and vesiculates the lateral wall subsurface cisternae (SSC) in guinea pig OHCs. In addition, salicylate causes an outward curvature of plasma membranes in human erythrocytes. The reversible, salicylate induced increase in lateral wall compliance may result from a direct action on the SSC and/or the plasma membrane.
The effects of horseback riding on body mass index and gait in obese women

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the effect of horseback riding on body mass index (BMI) and gait in obese women. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-four obese women residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do were randomly divided into a horseback riding group and a walking group and conducted their respective exercises 3 times a week for 8 weeks. [Results] Step length increased significantly and BMI and width of the base of support significantly decreased in both groups. A comparison of BMI and width of the base of support after the intervention between the two groups revealed that the horseback riding group showed larger decreases than the walking group. [Conclusion] The result of this study indicated that the horseback riding may improve gait ability and obesity.
A Comparison of Intracardiac and Intravenous Injections for the Measurement of Cardiac Output by the Dilution Technic

Using H3P32O4 and the dye T-1824 as labels, simultaneous injections were made into the right ventricle and into a peripheral vein, and cardiac output was calculated from the individual flow-dilution curves. When a discrepancy beyond the range expected from the use of the two labels occurred, the output from the central injection was always the larger (approximately one-third of the observations, in a small series). This may be attributable to progressive blood loss from sampling, since delayed intraventricular injections under comparable conditions, measure a similarly reduced cardiac output.
PREDICTION OF CASING RUNNING LOADS IN DIRECTIONAL WELLS

Drag and torque in deviated wells has always been a concern to the petroleum engineer. Their prediction has been made through the use of mathematical models that call for, among other parameters, the borehole friction factor, and have been verified using field data and the actual well trajectory. These studies show that the amount of additional load, in directional wells, caused by friction is significant and therefore, when possible, should be planned for in advance. This research investigated the drag predictions that could have been made at the planning stage of 4 directional wells, restricted to a vertical plane, and compared them to field data. For the wells in which drag was a significant portion of the hook load and the amount and magnitude of shallow doglegs were not much, the predictions were accurate.
A New Species of Crateromys (Muridae) from the Philippines

A new species of Crateromys is named and described. The taxon is represented by a single specimen obtained from Ilin Island, southwest of Mindoro Island in the Philippines. The Ilin rat is much smaller in body size than C. schadenbergi , the giant arboreal Luzon endemic, but the new species is not just a miniature version of the larger—the two are distinguished by additional features associated with the pelage, cranium, and mandibles. Crateromys is known only from the Philippine Islands; originally considered to be endemic to the island of Luzon, the presence of another very distinctive species on Ilin indicates that the genus is more widespread in the archipelago than published records indicate, and has a greater morphological scope than it was thought to have.
Thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysinate, substrate for a sensitive colorimetric assay for trypsin-like enzymes.

Abstract Thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl- l -lysinate (Z-Lys-SBzl), a substrate for trypsin-likeproteases, was synthesized. In the presence of 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) the hydrolysis of the thiol ester by trypsin-like enzymes provides a continuous colorimetric assay with a sensitivity comparable to the best fluorometric substrates. Z-Lys-SBzl is readily synthesized in good yield, is water soluble, and has a low rate of spontaneous hydrolysis even at pH 8.0. This assay procedure has been routinely used with urokinase, human urinary and human plasma kallikrein, thrombin, plasmin, β -trypsin, factor Xa, and crotalase. Levels of detection of these enzymes are in the range 10 −14 to 10 −13 mol.
Nonthermal radio observations of the major planets.

Seventeen years of observations have shown that Jupiter is a complex and intriguing source of emission over the entire radio spectrum accessible from the ground. The observations indicate the presence of intense radiation belts and a strong magnetic field inclined to the axis of rotation. At decametric wavelengths, several remarkably powerful sources are correlated with the rotation of the planet and the orbital motion of the satellite Io. Longer-term variations of these sources may be associated with the sunspot cycle, with Jupiter's orbital motion, or with changes in the internal structure of the planet. There is at most marginal evidence of nonthermal emission from Saturn, and as yet no evidence for such radiation from Uranus or Neptune.
p-barp interactions at 2. 32 GeV/c

A bubble-chamber experiment based on 304 000 events of $\overline{p}p$ interactions at 2.32 GeV/c is described. The film was automatically scanned and measured by the POLLY II system. Details of the data-analysis methods are given. We report results on cross sections for constrained final states, tests of $C$ invariance, and inclusive pion and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ multiplicity parameters for annihilation final states.
Self-Correctional Strategies In The Conversational Speech Of Aphasic And Nonaphasic Brain Damaged Adults

Summary Self-correctional strategies in the conversational speech of aphasic and non-aphasic brain-damaged adults were analyzed for frequency of occurrence and percentage of success. Similar strategies were used by groups resulting in the same rank order of most to least successful for delay, association, description and generalization. Further analysis of self-correctional strategies among aphasic subgroups indicated that frequency and success of strategies were not significantly related to type of aphasia. Severity level and success were significantly correlated. Use and success of a particular strategy appeared to depend on the amount of information about the target word which was available to the subject at the time of error.
The dopamine patchwork of the rat nucleus accumbens core

The dopamine (DA) terminal field in the rat dorsal striatum is organized as a patchwork of domains that show distinct DA kinetics. The rate and short-term plasticity of evoked DA release, the rate of DA clearance and the actions of several dopaminergic drugs are all domain-dependent. The patchwork arises in part from local variations in the basal extracellular concentration of DA, which establishes an autoinhibitory tone in slow but not fast domains. The present study addressed the hypothesis that a domain patchwork might also exist in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc), a DA terminal field that is deeply involved in reward processing and the mechanisms underlying substance abuse. DA recordings in the NAcc by fast-scan voltammetry during electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle confirmed that the NAcc contains a patchwork of fast and slow domains showing significantly different rates of evoked DA release and DA clearance. Moreover, the NAcc domains are substantially different from those in the dorsal striatum. There were no signs in the NAcc of short-term plasticity of DA release during multiple consecutive stimuli, and no signs of a domain-dependent autoinhibitory tone. Thus, the NAcc domains are distinct from each other and from the domains of the dorsal striatum.
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE EFFECTS ON ETHANOL SELF‐ADMINISTRATION: DEPENDENCE ON CONCURRENT CONDITIONS

Experiments examined the effects of acute doses of chlordiazepoxide upon ethanol self-administration in the rat. A concurrent-schedule procedure was used that employed choice between ethanol (5%) and a second fluid (either water or a 1% sucrose solution). When ethanol and water were the available fluids, chlordiazepoxide at doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg reduced ethanol-reinforced responding and intake, with a greater reduction occurring at the 20 mg/kg dose. However, when ethanol and sucrose were concurrently available, in many rats only the 20 mg/kg dose of chlordiazepoxide reduced ethanol-reinforced responding. The differences in dose response function occurred in most animals without large changes in the baseline ethanol-reinforced responding across the two concurrent conditions. Thus the dose-effect curve relating chlordiazepoxide and ethanol self-administration can be altered, dependent upon the nature of the concurrently available reinforcers.
Denitrification in surface soils of a riparian forest : Effects of water, nitrate and sucrose additions

Abstract We studied the effects of adding water, nitrate and sucrose on denitrification in a riparian forest that receives nitrate in drainage from cornfields. We used large (3–6 m 2 ) flow-through chambers to sample N 2 O emissions from surface soils. N 2 emissions were estimated by comparing N 2 O efflux in chambers with or without acetylene addition. Water and solutions of nitrate or sucrose were sprinkled on the soil within the chambers and subsequent changes in N 2 O efflux were observed continuously for several days. In 23 of 25 cases the soil beneath the chambers released N 2 O at 0.19–17 μ g N 2 O-N m −2 h −1 prior to experimental treatments. In two chambers, there was consistent uptake of N 2 O from the atmosphere at 2.2 and 1.0 μ g N 2 O-N m −2 h −1 prior to treatments. Release of N 2 O was sometimes stimulated by adding water, usually stimulated by adding sucrose and always stimulated by adding nitrate. Stimulation by either nitrate and sucrose separately may reflect the heterogeneity of soil conditions that limit denitrification. After additions of nitrate or sucrose, N 2 O efflux rates usually peaked at more than 10 times pre-treatment rates, but effects of adding water were less pronounced. Responses to treatments began within minutes or hours and usually did not persist for more than a day. The rapid response suggests that denitrifiers possess a stock of enzymes ready to exploit rapidly changing conditions in the soil. Acetylene added to the air in the chambers penetrated at least 40 cm into the soil within 10 h, reaching concentrations of 3–8 ml l −1 in the soil gas. Adding acetylene alone had no consistent effect on N 2 O flux. However, adding acetylene and nitrate together resulted in greater stimulation of N 2 O efflux than adding nitrate alone, presumably because acetylene inhibits N 2 O reduction to N 2 . The lack of effect of acetylene alone suggests that inhibition of N 2 O reduction may not be effective in situ unless nitrate is also added. Based on the combined effects of acetylene and nitrate, we infer that 8.2–90% of the N 2 O produced after adding nitrate without acetylene was converted to N 2 . The amount of N 2 O-N released after adding nitrate and acetylene was only 0.19–5.5% of the nitrate-N added.
Hormonal regulation of implantation

Implantation is a complex process that requires synchronization between the embryo and a receptive endometrium. Hormones, such as the female sex steroids, prostaglandins, and peptide hormones, regulate the cellular and molecular mediators of endometrial receptivity, which include pinopodes, cell adhesion molecules, cytokines, homeobox genes, and growth factors. These mediators can be altered, despite the presence of normal hormone levels and endometrial histology; this limits the usefulness of the luteal phase endometrial biopsy. Therefore, analysis of markers of endometrial receptivity may predict successful implantation better. Elevated androgen and estrogen levels, as seen with polycystic ovary syndrome and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, respectively, also can have detrimental effects on the endometrium, and therefore, implantation.
Determination of Interfacial Fracture Toughness for Thin Film Coating Materials

A material configuration of central importance in composite materials or in protective coating technology is a thin film of one material deposited onto a substrate of a different material. Fabrication of such a structure inevitably gives rise to stress in the film due to lattice mismatch, differing coefficient of thermal expansion, chemical reactions, or other physical effects. Therefore, in general, the weakest link in this composite system often resides at the interface between the thin film and substrate. In order to make multi-layered electronic devices and structural composites with long-term reliability, the fracture behavior of the material interfaces must be known. This project is intended to address the problems associated with interface fracture toughness evaluation and offers an innovative testing procedure for the determination of interface fracture toughness applicable to thin coating materials in general.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
L 1 adaptive controller for multi-input multi-output systems in the presence of nonlinear unmatched uncertainties

This paper presents the L 1 adaptive controller for a class of multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems in the presence of unmatched uncertainties. The L 1 controller ensures uniformly bounded transient response for system's input and output signals simultaneously, in addition to steady-state tracking. Simulation results verify the theoretical findings.
Why Johnny Can Never, Ever Read: The Perpetual Literacy Crisis and Student Identity

Alarms about a “literacy crisis” among young people have been sounded on a regular basis for more than a century. Yet as each generation of students matures, it is able to accomplish the reading and writing tasks necessary for society to continue. Perhaps then, rather than sounding more alarms, it is time to consider what anxieties, particularly economic anxieties, drive the perpetual literacy crisis. We should consider how these anxieties influence our perceptions of student identities and how best to respond in the classroom.
Perturbation theory for orthogonal projection methods with applications to least squares and total least squares

The stabilized versions of the least squares (LS) and total least squares (TLS) methods are two examples of orthogonal projection methods commonly used to “solve” the overdetermined system of linear equations AX ≈ B when A is nearly rank-deficient. In practice, when this system represents the noisy version of an exact rank-deficient, zero-residual problem, TLS usually yields a more accurate estimate of the exact solution. However, current perturbation theory does not justify the superiority of TLS over LS. In this paper we establish a model for orthogonal projection methods by reformulating the parameter estimation problem as an equivalent problem of nullspace determination. When the method is based on the singular value decomposition of the matrix [A B], the model specializes to the well-known TLS method. We derive new lower and upper perturbation bounds for orthogonal projection methods in terms of the subspace angle, which shows how the perturbation of the approximate nullspace affects the accuracy of the solution. In situations where TLS is typically used, such as in signal processing where the noise-free compatible problem is exactly rank-deficient, our upper bounds suggest that the TLS perturbation bound is usually smaller than the one for LS, which means that TLS is usually more robust than LS under perturbations of all the data. Also, the bounds permit a comparison between the LS and TLS solutions, as well as for any two competing orthogonal projection methods. We include numerical simulations to illustrate our conclusions.
Multisegmented Block Copolymers by 'Click' Coupling of Polymers Prepared by ATRP

Multisegmented block copolymers were prepared by the step-growth click coupling of well-defined block copolymers synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). α,ω-Diazido-terminated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene was coupled with propargyl ether in N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of a CuBr/N,N,N´,N´´,N´´-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalyst. The preparation of multisegmented block copolymers was also demonstrated by the click coupling of propargyl ether with another diazido-terminated triblock copolymer, poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate), and a diazido-terminated pentablock copolymer, polystyrene-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene. The formation of a product of higher molecular weight and broader molecular weight distribution was verified by triple-detection size exclusion chromatography, which revealed that typically five to seven block copolymers were linked together during the click reaction. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the amphiphilic block copolymer behaves as a viscoelastic fluid, while its corresponding multiblock copolymer is an elastic material. The multisegmented block copolymers with partially miscible segments exhibit higher glass transition temperatures than their precursors.