cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated by social processing implemented in IPL

Empathic decision-making involves making choices on behalf of others in order to maximize their well-being. Examples include the choices that parents make for their children, as well as the decisions of a politician trying to make good choices on behalf of his constituency. We investigated the neurobiological and computational basis of empathic choice using a human fMRI task in which subjects purchased DVDs for themselves with their own money, or DVDs for others with the other's money. We found that empathic choices engage the same regions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex that are known to compute stimulus values, and that these value signals were modulated by activity from a region of inferior parietal lobule (IPL) known to play a critical role in social processes such as empathy. We also found that the stimulus value signals used to make empathic choices were computed using a mixture of self-simulation and other-simulation processes, and that activity in IPL encoded a variable measuring the distance between the other's and self preferences, which provides a hint for how the mixture of self- and other-simulation might be implemented.
Studying Rac1-induced tumorigenesis suggests antioxidants may help prevent and treat Kaposi’s sarcoma

Evaluation of: Ma Q, Cavallin LE, Yan B et al.: Antitumorigenesis of antioxidants in a transgenic Rac1 model of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 8683–8688 (2009). The development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is preceded by the upregulation of several key gene products of human herpesvirus 8/Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Some of these virally-encoded proteins are cellular homologs of oncogenes that play a critical role in cell-cycle regulation and apoptosis. Among these, the viral G-protein-coupled receptor, when constitutively activated, leads to robust signaling through the phosphotidyl-inositol-3-kinase pathway, thereby promoting cellular growth, transformation, angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis. Importantly, recent evidence suggests that activation of this complex cellular machinery downstream of the viral G-protein-coupled receptor occurs, at least in part, through the activation of the small G-protein, Rac1. Building upon this, Ma and colleagues describe their development of a mo...
Crystal structure of the conserved core of protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT3.

Protein arginine methylation has been implicated in signal transduction, nuclear transport and transcription regulation. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) mediate the AdoMet-dependent methylation of many proteins, including many RNA binding proteins involved in various aspects of RNA processing and/or transport. Here we describe the crystal structure of the rat PRMT3 catalytic core in complex with reaction product AdoHcy, determined at 2.0 Å resolution. The results reveal a two-domain structure: an AdoMet-binding domain and a barrel-like domain. The AdoMet-binding domain is a compact version of the consensus AdoMet-dependent methyltransferase fold. The active site is situated in a cone-shaped pocket between the two domains. The residues that make up the active site are conserved across the PRMT family, consisting of a double-E loop containing two invariant Glu and one His–Asp proton-relay system. The structure suggests a mechanism for the methylation reaction and provides the structural basis for functional characterization of the PRMT family. In addition, crystal packing and solution behavior suggest dimer formation of the PRMT3 core.
The Natural History, Immature Stages, and Shelter Building Behavior of Dion carmenta (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in Eastern Ecuador

ABSTRACT We describe the immature stages and shelter building behavior of the skipper butterfly Dion carmenta (Hewitson) from eastern Ecuador. Adults infrequently are encountered and feed on a variety of flowers, generally at forest edges and clearings. Chusquea c.f. scandens Kunth (Poaceae: Bambusoidea) is the larval food plant. Young larvae have black heads with white, unadorned bodies, changing little as they grow, with the exception of developing a reddish tinge to thoracic segments. Larvae of all stadia construct and dwell in shelters built on the food plant and forcibly eject frass with the aid of an anal comb. Pupation occurs on the food plant in a final structure formed by joining together multiple leaves with silk. Development, from oviposition to eclosion, lasts 128–147 d.
Adverse Drug Event Reporting in Intensive Care Units: A Survey of Current Practices

Background:With the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) higher in the intensive care unit (ICU) than other areas of the hospital, it is suspected that ADE/ADR surveillance systems differ between ICU and non-ICU areas. However, there is a lack of information about ADE/ADR identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies in the ICU. Understanding the frequency with which institutions incorporate standardized operational ADE/ADR definitions, triggers, and evaluation tools in this population will facilitate benchmarking between hospitals.Objective:To determine whether ADE/ADR identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies differ between ICU and non-ICU populations and to characterize ADE/ADR reporting strategies in the ICU.Methods:A validated survey was mailed to pharmacy directors at 590 randomly selected hospitals in the US having at least one ICU. A reminder was sent one week after the surveys were mailed. Five weeks later, a second survey was mailed to hospi...
Stereo ego-motion improvements for robust rover navigation

Robust navigation for mobile robots over long distances requires an accurate method for tracking the robot position in the environment. Techniques for position estimation by determining the camera ego-motion from monocular or stereo sequences have been previously described. However, long-distance navigation requires a very high level of robustness and a very low rate of error growth. In this paper, we describe a methodology for long-distance rover navigation that meets these goals using robust estimation. We show that a system based on only camera ego-motion estimates will accumulate errors with super-linear growth in the distance travelled, owing to increasing orientation errors. When an absolute orientation sensor is incorporated, the error growth can be reduced to a linear function of the distance travelled. We tested these techniques using both extensive simulation and hundreds of real rover images and achieved a low, linear rate of error growth.
On the Averages of Operators in Finite Fermion Systems

The important ingredients in the spectral analysis [1,2] of Fermion systems, as discussed by J. B. French in this conference, are the average of operators. In this paper we shall derive expressions for averages of operators in truncated Fermion spaces in terms of the minimal information needed about the operator. If we take the operator to be powers of the Hamiltonian we can then study the conditions on a Hamiltonian for the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian in the truncated space to be Gaussian distributed.
Performance of a Non-Aqueous Vanadium Acetylacetonate Prototype Redox Flow Battery: Examination of Separators and Capacity Decay

Non-aqueous electrolytes are stable over wide electrochemical potential windows, generally >2 V, and therefore hold promise for enabling higher energy and power density redox flow batteries (RFBs). Nevertheless, the development of non-aqueous RFBs is at an earlystageandsignificantresearcheffortsareneededtodemonstratenon-aqueousRFBswithperformancecharacteristics thatexceed those of aqueous RFBs. The membrane or separator is a critical component that to a great extent determines the performance of RFB systems for practical applications. In this work, the performance of a RFB was evaluated with Nafion 1035 membranes and Daramic 175 SLI microporous separators. The non-aqueous electrolyte was based on vanadium (III) acetylacetonate. This chemistry possesses two couples over ∼2.2 V. Charge-discharge cycles were performed in a RFB at a current density of 10 mA cm −2 . Coulombic and energy efficiencies of 91% and 80% were achieved using the Nafion membrane. A similar RFB using the Daramic microporous separator achieved columbic and energy efficiencies of 73% and 68%, respectively. The source of capacity decay during multiple charge-discharge cycles was also investigated. The loss in the capacity was related to the poor chemical stability of the vanadium acetylacetonate in the positive electrolyte during battery cycling. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any
A Prognostic Relationship for Entrainment Zone Thickness

Abstract The thickness of the entrainment zone at the top of the atmospheric mixed layer is analyzed using measurements made with a ground-based lidar during the BLX83 and CIRCE field programs. When the entrainment-zone depth normalized by mixed-layer depth is plotted as a function of the entrainment rate normalized by the convective velocity scale, with time as a parameter, a hysteresis curve results. Although portions of the curve can be approximated by diagnostic relationships, the complete hysteresis behavior is better described with a prognostic relationship. A simple thermodynamic model that maps the surface-layer frequency distribution of temperature into a corresponding entrainment zone distribution is shown to approximate the hysteresis evolution to first order.
Mandibular asymmetry in noncleft and unilateral cleft lip and palate individuals.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate mandibular asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip and palate individuals (UCLP) in relation to chronologic age and in relation to lower facial asymmetry. Design: The longitudinal records of 34 UCLP individuals and 142 controls treated in the Department of Orthodontics, Eastman Dental Center, Rochester, NY, were included in the study. Posteroanterior and oblique cephalometric radiographs were analyzed for lower facial asymmetry and mandibular asymmetry, respectively. Mandibular asymmetry in UCLP was analyzed relative to three age groups (6–10, 11–14, and 15 or greater) and compared to controls. Moreover, mandibular asymmetry was analyzed relative to lower facial asymmetry. Results: UCLP individuals showed no significant differences in mandibular asymmetry compared to controls. In addition, no significant correlation was found between mandibular asymmetry and lower facial asymmetry in UCLP. Conclusions: The degree of mandibular asym...
Ecological Modeling for Informing Forest Restoration and Management

Copyright: © 2013 Xi W. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Forest restoration planning, evaluation, management and implementation are major and urgent challenges for forest health and sustainable development in the United States and many other regions of the world [1]. Forest managers, stakeholders and private landowners need to use all possible means to assist in this important undertaking. The use of ecological models to assess restoration strategies and their possible outcomes provides forest professionals, with a temporal and spatial forecasting tool to assess change in forests affected by a variety of environmental threats, including insects, pathogens, wildfire, hurricanes and invasive species.
Peroxide Damage to the Eye Lens In Vitro Prevention by Pyruvate

The ability of pyruvate to protect the eye lens against physiological damage by hydrogen peroxide has been studied. The physiological damage was estimated in terms of a decrease in the ability of the lens to transport rubidium against an electrochemical gradient under organ culture conditions. Peroxide was either added directly to the culture medium or generated therein by incorporation of xanthine and xanthine oxidase. In both these cases, addition of pyruvate to the medium led to a greater accumulation of rubidium by the lens. The net accumulation of this cation in the presence of 1 to 5 mM pyruvate from the medium containing peroxide (0.2 to 0.45 mM) was very close to that observed in the absence of peroxide. The protective effect was thus substantial. The mechanism of the pyruvate effect has been discussed, and seems to be related to the scavenging of peroxide by pyruvate.
Variability in the Cross-Sectional Area and Narrowing of the Internal Jugular Vein in Patients Without Multiple Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE. Chronic cerebrospinal vascular insufficiency is a proposed condition of intraluminal stenosis of the internal jugular vein (IJV) that impedes venous flow from the brain. Calculations of IJV stenosis are vague and described in veins with at least a 50% reduction in IJV caliber at a specific level. The purpose of this study was to assess normal changes in anatomic caliber of the course of the IJV in a generalized population. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Images from 500 consecutive contrast-enhanced neck CT studies performed in January–July 2011 were reviewed. Cross-sectional areas of the IJV were calculated at the jugular foramen, C1–C7 levels, and jugular angles bilaterally. Patients were excluded if they had severely motion-limited studies; limited clinical data; a history of multiple sclerosis, neck mass, or neck dissection; or known IJV occlusion. Normalized IJV cross-sectional areas at each level were compared with an averaged normalized cross-sectional area from all patients at each level. RESULT...
Diophantine Problems in Weighing

(1927). Diophantine Problems in Weighing. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 4-22.
Chloroprocaine: local anesthetic systemic toxicity in a 9-month infant with paravertebral catheter.

Summary Regional anesthesia use in pediatric patients has a good safety profile. 2-Chloroprocaine is used frequently in infants due to rapid onset, lack of accumulation, and rapid plasma degradation. We present a case of local anesthetic systemic toxicity following the administration of 3% 2-chloroprocaine through a paravertebral catheter in an infant. The episode lasted 40 s followed by complete recovery. The infrequent reporting of local anesthetic systemic toxicity and limited duration of symptoms supports the continued use of 2-chloroprocaine in infants. Volume should be restricted to the smallest amount providing analgesia.
The Analysis and Solutions in Metal Supervision About High Temperature Bolt in Power Plant

The paper suggested that metal supervison of high temperature bolt should accord with the DL/T439-2006.The paper also analysed the existence problems of high temperature bolt during purchasing.building and testing and proposed some advice and solutions according to personal experience.
Analysis on major causes of death in elderly population in Nantong economic and technological development area from 2011 to 2013

Objective:To investigate the death cause constitution among the senior residents over 60 years old in Nantong economic and technological development area from 2011 to 2013. Methods:According to the data of diseases surveillance and death-reporting system in Nantong economic and technological development area duiring 2011-2013, the causes of death were analyzed. Results:The standardized mortality rate was 2 002.05/100 000. The mortality rate of male was higher than that of female. The top three death causes were circulatory disease, malignant tumor and respiratory disease, which accounted for 83.36%of the total death causes. The major causes of deaths were the same in both gender,but different in the rank of deaths. Conclusions:Circulatory disease, malignant tumor and respiratory disease are the main death causes and disease burden among the elderly population in Nantong economic and technological development area.Effective prevention and control programs for the seniors should be strengthened to promote the health of the seniors.
Breech presentation; a study of 1,456 cases.

Abstract The results of a survey of 1,456 breech presentations from seven institutions have been presented. It is evident that breech presentation is accompanied by an increased perinatal mortality. One of the greatest hazards to the fetus is prematurity which is two and one-half times as common in breech presentation as in the clinic as a whole. Any decrease in prematurity would lower the perinatal loss markedly. Although there is an increased perinatal loss in mature infants delivered as breeches, this loss can be kept at a relatively low level if certain principles of management are kept in mind and if the obstetrician has had sufficient experience in the handling of these cases. This means that in many cases consultation should be obtained and this communion of the minds should not be limited to ward patients. Cesarean section has the lowest perinatal mortality of the various methods of delivery but this should not imply that cesarean section should be used in all breech deliveries. There are complications of breech presentation, however, that are best handled by cesarean section and delay in its employment may be disastrous. Breech presentation including delivery is one of the greatest tests of an obstetrician's skill and the art of obstetrics finds full flower in the proper handling of this problem.
Structural and functional neuroimaging of pediatric depression

Pediatric major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Newly available noninvasive neuroimaging techniques provide unique opportunities to illuminate the underlying neurobiological factors of MDD. This article reviews structural and functional neuroimaging data in pediatric MDD. In general, neuroimaging studies in pediatric MOD tend to confirm findings in adult depression implicating the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. These brain regions are linked and believed to be critical in modulating emotional responses. However, neuroimaging research in pediatric MDD is still in its infancy, and inconsistencies are rife. These inconsistencies are largely due to the small samples and lack of agreement regarding methodology in ascertainment as well as in imaging. Greater focus on careful delineation of clinically and neurobiologically defined subgroups will likely lead to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD.
Micro-determinations of C, N, S, H, He, metallic Fe, .DELTA.13C, .DELTA.15N and .DELTA.34S in geologic samples.

Pyrolysis-combustion, direct combustion and hydrolysis procedures have been developed for study of returned lunar samples. These procedures are also applicable to the analysis of numerous elements on relatively small geological specimens. During pyrolysis-combustion, the sample is degassed at 150°C, heated in vacuum to 1, 225°C and the various gaseous products are measured and collected. Then, the pyrolysis residue is combusted in a partial atmosphere of oxygen and additional gaseous products are collected. The above method allows the following measurements: C (as CO2, CH4 and CO); total H, total He, total N, combusted C, δ13CPDB and δ15Nair. By direct combustion in oxygen, the abundances of C, S, N and He, as well as δ13CPDB, δ15Nair and δ34SCD are determined. Hydrolysis involves reacting the sample in 6N H2SO4 overnight at 105°C. The gaseous products collected and measured are: S (as H2S), δ34SCD, acid hydrolyzable CH4, He and % metallic Fe (from H2 released). Standards were analyzed to demonstrate the capabilities and reliabilities of the different experiments. A suite of lunar samples was studied using these new techniques. Replicate and duplicate analyses of these samples and a comparison with literature values obtained by different methods show a high degree of confidence which can be placed in the techniques described.
25(OH)D status: Effect of D3 supplement.

BACKGROUND Excess adipose tissue may lead to sequestrating of vitamin D, making it less available for use in the body. OBJECTIVE This study determined if overweight or obese individuals (BMI > 25 kg m-2) had insufficient (<30 ng mL-1) levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and, if so, would serum levels respond to exogenous supplementation. METHODS Sixty-three women who were overweight/obese (BMI = 31.07 ± 5.00 kg m-2) were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 (D3) (n = 31) or a placebo (PL) (n = 32) daily. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by finger-stick analyses at baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed by using a 2 × 2 (group × time) repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance to determine group differences for pre-values and post-values (p < 0.05). RESULTS On day one of the study, both D3 and PL groups had insufficient levels of vitamin D (mean ± SD) 24.03 ± 9.78 ng mL-1 and 23.62 ± 9.77 ng mL-1, respectively. After 8 weeks of supplementation, the D3 group 25(OH)D level rose to a mean of 43.57 ± 10.87 ng mL-1 (p < 0.001) versus the PL group whose 25(OH)D level remained statistically unchanged 24.31 ± 8.84 ng mL-1. Women who were overweight/obese had insufficient vitamin D levels prior to supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Following supplementation with 5,000 IU of vitamin D3, all subjects' 25(OH)D levels rose to a sufficient level (≥30 ng mL-1). The findings of this study concur with the Institute of Medicine and Endocrine Society recommendations in that two to three times the daily requirement of vitamin D is required to improve serum vitamin D levels in individuals who are overweight or obese.
Towards an obesity-cancer knowledge base: Biomedical entity identification and relation detection

Obesity is associated with increased risks of various types of cancer, as well as a wide range of other chronic diseases. On the other hand, access to health information activates patient participation, and improve their health outcomes. However, existing online information on obesity and its relationship to cancer is heterogeneous ranging from pre-clinical models and case studies to mere hypothesis-based scientific arguments. A formal knowledge representation (i.e., a semantic knowledge base) would help better organizing and delivering quality health information related to obesity and cancer that consumers need. Nevertheless, current ontologies describing obesity, cancer and related entities are not designed to guide automatic knowledge base construction from heterogeneous information sources. Thus, in this paper, we present methods for named-entity recognition (NER) to extract biomedical entities from scholarly articles and for detecting if two biomedical entities are related, with the long term goal of building a obesity-cancer knowledge base. We leverage both linguistic and statistical approaches in the NER task, which supersedes the state-of-the-art results. Further, based on statistical features extracted from the sentences, our method for relation detection obtains an accuracy of 99.3% and a f-measure of 0.993.
Potential Expanded Indications for Neprilysin Inhibitors

The goal of this article is to review potential expanded indications for neprilysin inhibitors. This article reviews the rationale and design for ongoing and future trials of sacubitril/valsartan in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular disease. Randomized trial data are lacking for use of sacubitril/valsartan in acute heart failure and advanced heart failure. Mechanistic data from animal studies suggest a role for neprilysin inhibition in the treatment of post-myocardial infarction systolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Beyond the cardiovascular system, renal and neurological function may be impacted by neprilysin inhibition. Forthcoming randomized trials will address the clinical impact of sacubitril/valsartan on these conditions. Neprilysin inhibition with sacubitril/valsartan offers a new therapeutic strategy with a broad range of potential therapeutic actions. In PARADIGM-HF, the combination of neprilysin and RAAS inhibition was proven to be superior to enalapril for patients with stable NYHA class II–III heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Preliminary data suggests it may also have a role in other cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular disease. Several ongoing and planned studies will determine the extent of its benefit for these other indications.
Routing and spectrum assignment with delayed allocation in elastic optical networks

In response to bandwidth-hungry applications, the field of elastic optical networks (EONs) has emerged. In this paper, we investigate the provisioning and allocation problem in EONs, which presents a number of new and exciting challenges not otherwise present in optical networking solutions.We propose a novel technique for solving the routing and spectrum allocation problem, which improves resource allocation efficiency for scheduled demands. This approach, called delayed spectrum allocation (DSA), promises network resources to each demand upon request for scheduling, but delays the selection and allocation of those specific resources until immediately before the transmission begins. Through extensive simulations, we are able to conclude that the DSA improves resource consumption efficiency and lowers call blocking. We also evaluate demands with flexible reservation windows such that a range of acceptable start times can be specified by the user. This flexibility is found to significantly increase the performance improvement of the DSA with little additional delay.
A Model for Virus Induced Reproductive Failure: Theory, Observations and Speculations

If a virologist-pathologist team were to undertake to construct a virus designed to induce reproductive failure the most important attribute sought would likely be the ability to enter and to destroy mitotic cells. Such an agent would, theoretically, be infectious for the fetus throughout gestation. An attack upon sites of cell proliferation at critical stages of organogenesis could result in malformations incompatible with life, or induce severe developmental defects. Considering that critical phases of growth and differentiation of various organs occur sequentially throughout fetal development, infections even in late gestation or in the perinatal period would still be capable of producing disabling or fatal sequelae. In a relatively stable adult cell population only mild infection would be expected. Hence, a pregnant host could harbor an unapparent or latent infection with an agent which would be highly virulent or lethal for her progeny.
Attribute Inference Attacks in Online Social Networks

We propose new privacy attacks to infer attributes (e.g., locations, occupations, and interests) of online social network users. Our attacks leverage seemingly innocent user information that is publicly available in online social networks to infer missing attributes of targeted users. Given the increasing availability of (seemingly innocent) user information online, our results have serious implications for Internet privacy—private attributes can be inferred from users’ publicly available data unless we take steps to protect users from such inference attacks. To infer attributes of a targeted user, existing inference attacks leverage either the user’s publicly available social friends or the user’s behavioral records (e.g., the web pages that the user has liked on Facebook, the apps that the user has reviewed on Google Play), but not both. As we will show, such inference attacks achieve limited success rates. However, the problem becomes qualitatively different if we consider both social friends and behavioral records. To address this challenge, we develop a novel model to integrate social friends and behavioral records, and design new attacks based on our model. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our attacks. For instance, we observe that, in a real-world large-scale dataset with 1.1 million users, our attack can correctly infer the cities a user lived in for 57% of the users; via confidence estimation, we are able to increase the attack success rate to over 90% if the attacker selectively attacks half of the users. Moreover, we show that our attack can correctly infer attributes for significantly more users than previous attacks.
Using Pre-session Homework to Elicit More Insights during Web Usability Testing

Lab-based, web usability testing plays a central role in user-centered design. Yet time constraints, anxiety-producing conditions of testing, and a narrow focus on designs that may not align well with user needs can restrict the kinds of information obtained from users. These limitations can be addressed, in part, by assigning participants broader and more exploratory activities to be completed prior to the session that help them articulate their preferences and the processes they follow in the relevant research area. Participants are then better able to bring this awareness to their evaluation of the design being tested in the lab. Incorporating these pre-study activities into web usability testing can lead to the generation of more and a broader array of actionable recommendations.
Regression of intestinal metaplasia following magnetic sphincter augmentation device placement.

Intestinal metaplasia represents an esophageal mucosal transformation due to uncontrolled gastroesophageal reflux disease. Fundoplication has been shown to lead to regression of disease. Magnetic sphincter augmentation is an alternative to fundoplication that effectively treats reflux disease. Initially, patients with intestinal metaplasia were not considered candidates for device placement, so outcomes in these patients are unknown. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent magnetic sphincter augmentation device placement between 2007 and 2017 was performed. All patients underwent pre-operative endoscopic evaluation and were categorized as having ultra-short segment (less than 1 cm), short-segment (1–3 cm), or long-segment (greater than or equal to 3 cm) disease. To be included in the study, pathologic examination demonstrating columnar mucosa with goblet cells was required. There were 86 patients with biopsy-proven non-dysplastic intestinal metaplasia. 35 patients had ultra-short segment, 37 patients had short-segment, and 14 patients had long-segment disease. At a median follow-up of 1.2 years, 67/86 (78%) patients completed endoscopic follow-up. 48/67 (71.6%) patients had regression of intestinal metaplasia. There was no progression to dysplasia or carcinoma. Patients with abnormal post-operative DeMeester scores were less likely to have regression of disease. Regression was more likely in the ultra-short segment (82.8%) and short-segment (73.3%) groups compared to the long-segment group (25.0%). Magnetic sphincter augmentation is effective in achieving regression of intestinal metaplasia. Longer-term follow-up is needed to assess durability of effect and make meaningful comparisons to fundoplication.
Coordination and learning in games with strategic substitutes and complements

Abstract This paper experimentally compares the impact of the presence of strategic substitutes (GSS) and complements (GSC) on players’ ability to successfully play equilibrium strategies. By exploiting a simple property of the ordering on strategy spaces, our design allows us to isolate these effects by avoiding other confounding factors that are present in more complex settings, such as market games. We find that the presence of strategic complementarities significantly improves the rate of Nash play, but that this effect is driven mainly by early rounds of play. This suggests that GSS may be more difficult to learn initially, but that given sufficient time, the theoretically supported globally stable equilibrium offers a good prediction in both settings. We also show that increasing the degree of substitutability or complementarity does not significantly improve the rate of Nash play in either setting, which builds on the findings of previous studies.
Reconceptualizing goal setting’s dark side: The ethical consequences of learning versus outcome goals

Abstract Goal-setting theory is one of the most researched and practically applied theories in the field of organizational behavior. A core tenet of this theory is that specific and challenging goals increase performance. However, recent behavioral ethics research has left unresolved questions regarding how high performance goals can be used to motivate performance without also encouraging unethical behavior. Drawing on achievement goal theory, we consider the role of goal type in arguing that an over-use of outcome goals as performance drivers and an over-reliance on goal difficulty as a motivating mechanism have both created goal-setting’s dark side and obscured potential remedies. Extending previous research, we integrate the goal-setting literature with regulatory focus theory to demonstrate that outcome goals stimulate a prevention focus, which increases unethical behavior as individuals engage in questionable conduct in order to prevent goal failure. This indirect effect is exacerbated as goal difficulty increases. In contrast to outcome goals, learning goals reduce prevention focus and unethical behavior without decreasing performance—even when goals are difficult. Across both field and laboratory studies, we find convergent support for our proposed model. Our findings extend existing theory and also offer practical insight into harnessing the motivating power of goals without simultaneously increasing unethicality.
Regulating the Use of Cognitive Enhancement: an Analytic Framework

Recent developments in neuroscience have enabled technological advances to modulate cognitive functions of the brain. Despite ethical concerns about cognitive enhancement, both individuals and society as a whole can benefit greatly from these technologies, depending on how we regulate their use. To date, regulatory analyses of neuromodulation technologies have focused on a technology itself – for instance, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulation of a brain stimulation device – rather than the use of a technology, such as the use of a brain stimulation device at work or school. Given that some forms of cognitive enhancement have already started to penetrate the general public’s everyday life, we should begin our discussion on potential regulatory issues regarding their use in various real-world situations. The goal of the article is to fill the gap by providing an analytic framework to examine these regulatory issues. More specifically, it aims to illustrate the issues around respecting autonomy and preventing coercive use of cognitive enhancement. The proposed framework categories the real-world settings where a neuromodulation technology can be used for cognitive enhancement based on two criteria – who is subjected to cognitive enhancement and who imposes cognitive enhancement. Based on this framework, the article analyzes regulatory issues arising out of every combination of subject/imposing party by taking one example case. Focusing on the regulations in the U.S., this analysis shows the current lack of adequate safeguards against the coercive use and calls for more attention from government agencies and researchers to develop sound policies regarding current and potentially more widespread use of cognitive enhancement.
The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Housing and Living Arrangements

As rents have risen and wages have not kept pace, housing affordability in the United States has declined over the last 15 years, impacting the housing and living arrangements of low-income families. Housing subsidies improve the housing situations of low-income families, but less than one in four eligible families receive a voucher. In this article, we analyze whether one of the largest anti-poverty programs in the United States-the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)-affects the housing (eviction, homelessness, and affordability) and living arrangements (doubling up, number of people in the household, and crowding) of low-income families. Using the Current Population Survey, the American Community Survey/decennial census, and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we employ a parameterized difference-in-differences strategy to examine whether policy-induced expansions to the EITC affect the housing and living arrangements of single mothers. Results suggest that a $1,000 increase in the EITC improves housing by reducing housing cost burdens, but it has no effect on eviction or homelessness. Increases in the EITC also reduce doubling up (living with additional, nonnuclear family adults)-in particular, doubling up in someone else's home-and reduce three-generation/multigenerational coresidence, suggesting that mothers have a preference to live independently. We find weak evidence for a reduction in overall household size, yet the EITC does reduce household crowding. Although the EITC is not an explicit housing policy, expansions to the EITC are generally linked with improved housing outcomes for single mothers and their children.
Carotid Plaque Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and Cerebral Ischemic Disease.

Background and Purpose— The clinical utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in evaluating carotid artery plaque vulnerability remains unclear. Two tracers of recent interest for caro...
After You: May Action by the Rich be Contingent Upon Action by the Poor?

The allocation problem is unavoidable whatever control system is adopted, whether it be national emission targets, taxes, or other approaches. All systems that will have global impact will impose costs on participants, and must include some resource transfers if poorer countries are to take part. . . . [I]n practice, some degree of equity considerations have appeared as a consistent feature in a large number of negotiated international environmental and natural resource regimes.. . . Pure equity may well have a stronger role to play than in many agreements, in part because of the economic stakes involved combined with the need to gain widespread and very long term adherence to a control regime.2
Dynamic programming from an excel perspective

Many students have difficulty understanding the concept of dynamic programming, a problem solving approach appropriate to use when a problem can be broken down into overlapping sub-problems. In addition, computer science majors seldom take a course in which a spreadsheet application is taught or used, although spreadsheet applications can be a great tool in visualizing and solving problems. This paper attempts to address these issues by providing examples of problems that can be solved in a spreadsheet environment using dynamic programming in various computer science courses.
Renal Hydrogen Peroxide Production Prevents Salt-Sensitive Hypertension.

Background The regulation of sodium excretion is important in the pathogenesis of hypertension and salt sensitivity is predictive of cardiovascular events and mortality. C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice hav...
Scalable Filtering of Large Graph-Coupled Hidden Markov Models

We consider the online filtering problem for a graph-coupled hidden Markov model (GHMM) with the Anonymous Influence property. Large-scale spatial processes such as forest res, social networks, disease epidemics, and robot swarms are often modeled by GHMMs with this property. We derive a scalable online recursive algorithm to produce a belief over states for each HMM node in the GHMM at each time step, given a history of noisy observations. In contrast to prior work, our algorithm is tractable for the high-dimensional discrete state spaces of GHMMs with arbitrary graph structure, and our method scales linearly with the total number of HMMs, i.e., nodes in the graph. We demonstrate the accuracy and scaling of our method using simulation experiments of a wild re model containing 10298 total states and a disease epidemic model containing 1018 states.
MOBILITIES OF MASS-IDENTIFIED H$sub 3$$sup +$ AND H$sup +$ IONS IN HYDROGEN.

The drift velocities of mass-identified $\mathrm{H}_{3}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions in hydrogen gas at room temperature were measured. The $\mathrm{H}_{3}^{+}$ ions were found to be in thermal equilibrium with the gas at $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ less than about 10 V/cm Torr; the ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions, at $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ less than about 5 V/cm Torr. From these measurements, the reduced zero-field mobilities were deduced: $\mathrm{H}_{3}^{+}$, 11.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec; ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, 16.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec. This investigation was performed with a long, low-pressure drift tube using a pulsed time-of-flight technique. The arrival-time histograms presented evidence of hydrogen ion-molecule reactions. It is shown that these reactions introduce no ambiguity in ascribing the above zero-field mobilities to single ionic species. Only a negligible fraction of the detected $\mathrm{H}_{3}^{+}$ ions were formed by the three-body conversion of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ into $\mathrm{H}_{3}^{+}$. Above an $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ of about 54 V/cm Torr, the disruption of $\mathrm{H}_{3}^{+}$ ions contributes substantially to the ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ signal. The reactive formation of $\mathrm{H}_{5}^{+}$ from $\mathrm{H}_{3}^{+}$ was evident in the $\mathrm{H}_{5}^{+}$ arrival-time histograms. The zero-field mobility of potassium ions in hydrogen was also determined, and the close agreement with the data of other investigators demonstrates that the apparatus is relatively free of unknown systematic uncertainties.
Packaging Requirements for New Drug Applications

The regulatory responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration and the Consumer Product Safety Commission, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970, as they pertain to safety packaging, are reviewed. Details are given on container information required in a new drug application. The importance of the requirement for adequate stability testing of drug products in their containers is stressed. Sources of various public standards pertaining to testing of drug packaging and component parts are listed.
Capturing the Perspective of Prospective Urology Applicants: Impacts of COVID-19 on Medical Education

Abstract Objective To capture the perspective of prospective urology applicants experiencing unique challenges in the context of COVID-19. Methods A voluntary, anonymous survey was distributed online, assessing the impact of COVID-19 on a large sample of US medical students planning to apply to urology residencies. Themes of (1) specialty discernment, (2) alterations to medical education, and (3) the residency application process were explored. Results A total of 238 medical students, 87% third and fourth years, responded to the survey. While 85% indicated that the pandemic had not deterred their specialty choice, they noted substantial impacts on education, including 82% reporting decreased exposure to urology. Nearly half of students reported changes to required rotations and 35% reported changes to urology-specific rotations at their home institutions. Students shared concerns about suspending in-person experiences, including the impact on letters of recommendation (68% “very concerned) and program choice (73% “very concerned”). Looking to the possibility of virtual interactions, students identified the importance of small group and one-on-one communication with residents (83% “very important”) and opportunities to learn about hospital facilities (72% “very important”). Conclusion Despite the impacts of COVID-19 on medical education, prospective urology applicants appear to remain confident in their specialty choice. Students’ biggest concerns involve disruption of away rotations, including impacts on obtaining letters of recommendation and choosing a residency program.
Deformations of noncompact projective manifolds

In this paper, we demonstrate that the complete hyperbolic structures of various twobridge knots and links cannot be deformed to inequivalent strictly convex projective structures. We also prove a complementary result showing that under certain rigidity hypotheses, branched covers of amphicheiral knots admit nontrivial, strictly convex deformations near their complete hyperbolic structure. 57M50; 57M60
Mycobacterial Infections in Monkeys

Mycobacteria are a group of acid-fast bacilli that cause a range of clinical manifestations of public health relevance across the globe including tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial infections, and leprosy. Nonhuman primates are naturally susceptible to infection with mycobacteria, and infections in captive, synanthropic, and free-roaming contexts are documented across most continents. Infection with mycobacterial species capable of causing tuberculosis is more thoroughly described compared to reports of atypical infection and infection with leprosy-causing strains. Monkeys are also used as animal models for biomedical studies of the disease tuberculosis. The full range of the immune response to infection, clinical manifestation of infection, and variations in species-level host susceptibility to all naturally acquired mycobacterial infections are poorly understood in monkeys. Transmission of mycobacteria between nonhuman primates, humans, and other species of domestic and wild animals complicates the current understanding of the epidemiology of these diseases as well as the implementation of effective surveillance and control measures, which is further compounded by a lack of rapid, feasible detection methods outside of the laboratory setting. The range of mycobacterial infections in monkeys, immunology of infection, and control and prevention measures are presented and discussed from a One Health perspective.
Impedance Matching using Interspiraled Coils for Wireless Power Transfer

This paper presents switchable interspiraled coils suited for active impedance matching in magnetic resonance wireless power transfer. The impedance matching network consists of single-turn coils placed in-between turns of a spiral resonator coil. The inductance variation allows matching over a range of distances in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems. Measurements of a 9 turn coil with radius of 103 mm is presented. The measured self-inductances of the single-turn coils vary between 43–510 nH. Measurement of the power transfer efficiency verifies that the proposed interspiraled coils offer an active impedance matching in the under-coupled region for distance changes between 7 cm to 25 cm, The interspiraled coils can be realized on one side of a PCB and the other side can be used for control circuitry and routing, making it compact in size and potentially cheaper in production.