cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Great Beginnings

Contemporary psychological theory is far from uniform. Psychologists are divided to a greater extent than are physicists or biologists. Psychological systems differ in methods of research, in the selection of problems to be studied, and in conclusions arrived at. When psychologists, like all other scientists, form theories or general and comprehensive systems of interpretation of their empirical findings, the differences among them are quite apparent.
Endogenous Immune Complex Nephropathy Associated with Malignancy, I. Studies on the Nature and Immunopathogenic Significance of Glomerular Bound Antigen and Antibody, Isolation and Characterization of Tumor Specific Antigen and Antibody and Circulating Immune Complexes

Three patients with clear cell renal carcinoma and one with another intrarenal malignancy were studied for the presence of glomerular localized immunoglobulins, complement components and tumor specific antigen and antibody by immunofluorescence. To determine the association and elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the relationship between tumors and glomerular deposits, antibody eluted from tumor tissue and renal glomendi, cryoproteins, serum antibodies and rabbit antisera to tumor tissue were tested for specificity to antigen. The relationship between tumor antigens and the lipoprotein antigen localized in normal proximal tubular brush border (RTE) and the small bowel mucosa, was studied by immunofluorescence, absorption and blocking studies as well as complement fixation. Immunoglobulins and complement components were localized in the glomeruli and tumor membrane of all patients. Sera and glomerular fixed antibody from three patients with renal cell carcinoma localized to normal proximal tubular brush border and jejunal mucosa as well as to tumor membrane and the glomeruli and proximal tubules of all of these three patients. Anti RTE activity was also detected by complement fixation. Immunologic similarity between RTE and renal cell carcinoma antigen was confirmed by absorption studies. Furthermore, cryoprecipitable complexes of tumor antigen and specific antibody were isolated from the serum. The tumor antibody was immunologically similar to RTE. In the other case the rabbit anti-tumor antibody and the patient's serum fixed to the tumor membrane and kidney of the patient but did not show cross reactivity with the renal cell carcinoma or RTE. These studies suggest that the tumor antigen in renal cell carcinoma is similar to RTE and the glomerular deposits represent tumor antigen and antibody complexes. In addition these investigations support the hypothesis that tumor immune complexes are significant in the glomerular lesions, and that the origin of renal cell carcinoma is in the proximal tubule. The investigations also show that tumor antibodies are specific for tumors of the same morphological type but not for other tumors in the same tissue. Moreover, the renal glomerulus appears to be a chosen anatomic site for deposition of tumor antigens and antibodies and studies of the kidney may provide insight into the nature of tumor antigens and antibodies. Cryoprecipitation appears to be a valuable method in isolation of tumor complexes and characterization of tumor specific antigen and antibody.
On the Mechanism of Action of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the Intestine

One of the major effects of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the small intestine is that of increasing the transcellular transport of calcium across the mucosal cells1, 2. Physiological data indicate that a major cellular site of action of this hormone is at the luminal or brush border membrane where it increases the rate of entry of calcium into the cell3. In an effort to gain an insight into the biochemical and molecular basis of this specific cellular effect of 1,25(OH)2D3, we have developed a method for preparing small osmotically-intact membrane vesicles from the brush border membranes of chick duodenal mucosal cells4.
HAWAII'S PLAN FOR ACTION FOR A BIOFUEL R&D PROGRAM

ABSTRACT A workshop was held in Hawaii to prepare a plan for the development of biomass resources for Hawaii and the Pacific Basin. Workshop procedures are described and a general plan for action is presented. Recommendations emphasize establishing energy plantations to cultivate and harvest fast-growing trees and grasses to supply boiler fuel to generate electricity in the near-term and in the long-term to be converted to liquid transportation fuels.
State Regulation and the Political Consequences of Urban Fiscal Stress

Previous research on municipal tax limitation referenda has attempted to explain this phenomenon in terms of fiscal decline and its associated byproducts, often ignoring state influences. Explanations of the occurrence and outcome of tax referenda have included: a dissatisfaction with government services;' an unwillingness to pay increased taxes;2 administrative problems with implementing timely property assessments;3 and an inability to afford increased taxes.4 To what extent, however, were locally initiated tax limitation referenda a function of external constraints placed on cities by state laws and policies? If remedies to fiscal stress are to be found, they will most likely take the form of greater state-local cooperation. Reliance on federally initiated and funded solutions to urban fiscal stress is not a viable course of action for
Performance of a Multichannel Fiber Optic Accelerometer Array During a Undersea Structural Monitoring Test

We describe the results of a multichannel array of fiber optic accelerometers utilized to measure the vibrational response of an underwater structure to acoustic ensonification. The experiment represents the first demonstration of a multiplexed array of compact, field ruggedized fiber optic accelerometers for measuring the vibrational response of a structure located in real world environment. The results of the experiment clearly demonstrate that for many applications, arrays of appropriately designed fiber optic accelerometers are ideally suited for high quality structural vibration measurements.
Professional Printing Techniques for Ansco Color Negative-Positive Motion Picture Film

Printing from Ansco color negative onto Ansco positive is relatively simple, but it does require certain changes in technique, equipment and timing. These requirements are described. The technique of timing for color printing with color correction filters is described with particular attention to some of the reasons why anticipated results are not always attained.
Sophus Lie's Transformation Groups: A Series of Elementary, Expository Articles

(1898). Sophus Lie's Transformation Groups. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 2-9.
The value of a redesigned program and capstone course in economics

Abstract This paper describes an undergraduate program in economics which redesigned its curriculum to include a required capstone research course. The outcomes of this program are noteworthy for several reasons. To assess the impact of the high-stakes capstone research course and the redesigned program, the authors provide evidence of labor market outcomes of its graduates. Further, student learning and program outcomes are measured using direct, objective, and indirect measures, among them the ETS MFT Economics scores, awards and recognitions in undergraduate research competitions, and Senior Exit Surveys. The overall evidence suggests the redesigned economics program improved research quality among its best students, and raised median hourly wages of its graduates within two to four years of graduation.
Managing the Growing Classroom: Opportunities for Postdoctoral Teaching Fellows

Increasing undergraduate class sizes place high demands on professors in the field of nutrition. Postdoctoral teaching fellows can absorb some of the teaching workload and elevate the quality of un...
Response Differentiation of Verbal behavior

The effect of two different differential-reinforcement procedures on the relative frequency of responses in two subclasses of the same class of conditioned operant responses was investigated, as well as the role of the reinforced response subclass as a determinant of the effect of the procedures. Six groups of college students (60) were first conditioned to emit living-thing responses. Then four (experimental) groups were differentially-reinforced for mammal and non-mammal responses. One procedure consisted of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. The other consisted of reinforcement and punishment. Two (control) groups received either reinforcement or nonreinforcement after responses in both subclasses. The main conclusions were that: (a) response differentiation (RD) was obtained with both procedures; (b) the magnitude of RD was highly similar under the two procedures; and (c) the response subclass after which reinforcement was administered did not have a differential effect on the occurrence or the magnitude of RD under each procedure.
Kinetic and structural analyses reveal residues in phosphoinositide 3-kinase α that are critical for catalysis and substrate recognition

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are ubiquitous lipid kinases that activate signaling cascades controlling cell survival, proliferation, protein synthesis, and vesicle trafficking. PI3Ks have dual kinase specificity: a lipid kinase activity that phosphorylates the 3′-hydroxyl of phosphoinositides and a protein-kinase activity that includes autophosphorylation. Despite the wealth of biochemical and structural information on PI3Kα, little is known about the identity and roles of individual active-site residues in catalysis. To close this gap, we explored the roles of residues of the catalytic domain and the regulatory subunit of human PI3Kα in lipid and protein phosphorylation. Using site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic assays, and quantitative mass spectrometry, we precisely mapped key residues involved in substrate recognition and catalysis by PI3Kα. Our results revealed that Lys-776, located in the P-loop of PI3Kα, is essential for the recognition of lipid and ATP substrates and also plays an important role in PI3Kα autophosphorylation. Replacement of the residues His-936 and His-917 in the activation and catalytic loops, respectively, with alanine dramatically changed PI3Kα kinetics. Although H936A inactivated the lipid kinase activity without affecting autophosphorylation, H917A abolished both the lipid and protein kinase activities of PI3Kα. On the basis of these kinetic and structural analyses, we propose possible mechanistic roles of these critical residues in PI3Kα catalysis.
Coping With Concentration

Provider market power is a powerful driver of high health care costs in the United States. Despite decades of antitrust litigation and regulatory interventions, the problem has worsened and threate...
Multi Environmental Trials

Most field tests for plant breeding are replicated across different environments to measure the performance of breeding stocks across a range of environmental conditions to which a cultivar might be exposed. Multi-environment trials provide information about the adaptability of genotypes to specific environments or to sets of environments. The variance-covariance structures introduced in preceding chapters can be used to model genotype-by-environment interactions in multi-environmental trials. The number of parameters required to fit fully specified multi-environment trial models increases faster than the number of environments, so more parsimonious models are preferred when the number of environments is large. In this chapter we compare an unstructured matrix that involves separate parameters for genetic variance within each environment and for genetic correlations between each pair of environments to more parsimonious models, such as factor analytic structures, which require fewer parameters. Factor analytical structures can often efficiently capture the genotype-by-environment patterns without requiring extraordinary model complexity.
Problems in One-Dimension: General Considerations, Infinite Well Potential, Piecewise Constant Potentials, and Delta Function Potentials

In this chapter I present a somewhat more formal introduction to the theory that underlies quantum mechanics. Although the discussion is limited mainly to single particles, many of the results apply equally well to many-particle systems. Some of the postulates of the theory depend on the properties of Hermitian operators, operators that play a central role in quantum mechanics. First I state the postulates, then discuss Hermitian operators, and finally explore some results that follow directly from Schrodinger’s equation.
Escaping Our Shitty Reality: Counterpublics, Orange Is the New Black, and Religion

Recognizing popular culture as an increasingly valuable discursive site, this article argues that Orange Is the New Black, the popular Netflix series, intentionally attempts to operate as a counterpublic discursive engagement to challenge tacitly held opinions about female prisoners and the carceral system of the United States. To unfold this counterpublic discourse, this article explores the utility of religion within the third season of Orange Is the New Black as a means of constructing the counterpublic. Through characters of the series using religion as a creative means of resistance, consumers of the series come to understand the humanity of female prisoners, the complexity of prisoner narratives, and the injustice of the American carceral system. At the end, I explore why religion might be a space of creative agency for depictions pertaining to the American carceral system.
Obtaining acoustic intensity from multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography

Multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography (M-SONAH) improves the field reconstruction process by directly incorporating into the pressure propagator types of wavefunctions that correspond most closely to the source geometries of interest [A. T. Wall et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137, 963–975 (2015)]. The M-SONAH method has previously been used to localize acoustic sources in a full-scale jet engine plume above a rigid reflecting plane by adding a second set of cylindrical wavefunctions corresponding to the image source [A. T. Wall et al. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139, 1938–1950 (2016)]. Here, M-SONAH theory is extended to obtain the vector particle velocity and, by extension, the acoustic intensity. Discussed are two examples that relate to the full-scale jet noise-with-image-plane reconstruction problem: (1) a Gaussian line source with image and (2) a jet-like wavepacket and image, with hologram geometry identical to that of the full-scale experiment. The results from both examples rev...
Implementation of Structural Synchrony and Linear Measures of Brain Network Connectivity for Real-Time State Estimation

Real-time electroencephalogram (EEG)-based state detection and prediction has many applications in Human-Computer Interactions, for example, adaptive training. Network analysis of brain activity derived from EEG data has been correlated to various cognitive states in the neuroscience literature making these network features an attractive measure to use for state detection. However, deriving these network measures in real-time is non-trivial and relatively unexplored in the literature. In this paper, we examine hardware designs and algorithmic performance of an existing non-linear measure of network activity, structural synchrony, as compared to a correlation-based linear measure of network activity, towards real-time human state classification. Our results indicate that the non-linear structural synchrony metric achieves a higher classification accuracy with similar computation speed. We demonstrate that the structure synchrony method can be accelerated in hardware using less resources while achieving similar latency and throughput. Collectively, our results suggest that a real-time implementation of non-linear, network connectivity measures on EEG data is viable and may facilitate on-line human state estimation.
Pariahs No More? On the Status of Theory and Theorists in Contemporary Public Administration

Sense-making is an overly simplified definition of theory. Theorists serve a greater purpose than merely providing an interpretive frame to make sense of social phenomena. Camilla Stivers has artic...
Motivational Interviewing in Social Work Practice

1. Why Social Work and Motivational Interviewing? 2. The Heart of Motivational Interviewing 3. Motivational Interviewing and the Engagement and Assessment Process, with Hilda Loughran & Sally Mathiesen 4. Supporting Self-Efficacy, or What If They Dona (TM)t Think They Can Do It?, with StA(c)phanie Wahab & Katie Slack 5. Expressing Empathy: Communicating Understanding (Even When Ita (TM)s Hard) 6. Developing Discrepancy: Using Motivational Interviewing in a Group Setting to Increase Ambivalence 7. Rolling with Resistance: Motivational Interviewing with Adolescents, or, "You Cana (TM)t Make Me", with Elizabeth Barnett & Audrey M. Shillington 8. Building Collaboration: Motivational Interviewing in Community Organization Work, with Mike Eichler 9. Integrating Motivational Interviewing into Social Work Practice, with Rhoda Emlyn-Jones, Bill James, & Cristine Urquhart 10. Final Thoughts: Lessons Learned from Training and Teaching Motivational Interviewing
On Neutron Spectroscopy Using Gas Proportional Detectors Optimized by Transport Theory

We explore in this study the practical limits in designing a neutron detector array to resolve the spectra from special nuclear material (SNM) neutron sources using 3 He detectors. We demonstrate that radiation transport analysis yielded a spectrum unfolding strategy based on the energy structure of the BUGLE-96 cross-section library, with 47 neutron energy groups. The initial computational model used is an isotropic planar source incident on a block of high-density polyethylene moderator. Assuming 3 He is diluted throughout the moderator, the 3 He(n,p) reaction rate energy group matrix in the block was computed using a completely "flat" neutron source spectrum. Analyzing the energy group matrix, there are neutrons from specific collections of energy groups (energy "bands") that induce a maximum reaction rate in specific locations; we determined that these groups cannot be further differentiated within the energy band using 3 He detectors. It was determined that optimal spectral fidelity for SNM detection and characterization is achievable using four spectral bands spanning among groups 1 through 29 (31.8 keV to 17.3 MeV). Using ideal-filter materials to remove the neutrons from different regions of the spectrum, we predicted the maximum neutron spectral resolution obtainable using this approach. To demonstrate our method, we present the optimally detected spectral differences between SNM materials (plutonium and uranium), metal and oxide, using ideal-filter materials. We have also selected a number of candidate filtering materials and, by replacing the ideal filters with real materials, we exemplified our approach with a design of a neutron detector array capable of resolving the spectra from SNM neutron sources using 3 He detectors.
A framework to optimize the frame duration and the beam angle for random beamforming of mmWave mobile networks

Random Beamforming (RBF) for mmWave systems has been proven to provide optimal performance for downlink MIMO systems with respect to the number of users and the number of antenna elements in the base station. The mobility of User Equipment (UE) and its effect on the overall system capacity has been studied as well. The duration of each frame transmitted between the Base Station (BS) and any UE depends largely on the mobility state of the UE. Static UE can receive frames with any size and duration (to achieve the optimal sum rate performance), but mobile UE is limited to a specific frame duration before that UE gets out of the narrow beam coverage area. Beam angles used by the RBF is another application specific factor in the network design and its optimization for specific conditions is required to ensure providing the best achievable throughput to each user in the network. This work is suggesting a framework to optimize the frame duration and the beam angle for each mobility model with different outage probability thresholds (when the UE is moving out of the beam coverage area during transmission or reception). Convex optimization is used as the outage probability has been proven to monotonically increase with both the frame duration and the beam angle.
Neural adaptation to faces reveals racial outgroup homogeneity effects in early perception

A hallmark of intergroup biases is the tendency to individuate members of one's own group but process members of other groups categorically. While the consequences of these biases for stereotyping and discrimination are well-documented, their early perceptual underpinnings remain less understood. Here, we investigated the neural mechanisms of this effect by testing whether high-level visual cortex is differentially tuned in its sensitivity to variation in own-race versus other-race faces. Using a functional MRI adaptation paradigm, we measured White participants' habituation to blocks of White and Black faces that parametrically varied in their groupwise similarity. Participants showed a greater tendency to individuate own-race faces in perception, showing both greater release from adaptation to unique identities and increased sensitivity in the adaptation response to physical difference among faces. These group differences emerge in the tuning of early face-selective cortex and mirror behavioral differences in the memory and perception of own- versus other-race faces. Our results suggest that biases for other-race faces emerge at some of the earliest stages of sensory perception.
Combining Mental Health and Performance Interventions: Coping and Social Support for Student-Athletes

College student-athletes face various stressors that, if not well managed, could become a source of mental health issues. The transactional model of stress and coping proposes that effective coping...
“Necessary Murder”: Eating Meat Against Fascism in Orwell and Auden

This chapter delineates how despite their received status as almost writerly adversaries, George Orwell and W. H. Auden both adopt in their work a carnophallogocentric stance towards vegetarians that feminizes and denigrates those who choose not to consume meat. Whether (as in Orwell’s case) because they deviate insidiously from the ordinary decency that will prove humanity’s salvation, or (as in Auden’s) because they strive in futility towards a purity that can only be enforced through dictatorial means, vegetarians serve for both writers throughout the late 1930s not only as obstacles to fascism’s defeat, but as minor-key exemplars of some of its core tendencies. Orwell’s and Auden’s writings of the 1930s thus alert us, through their carnophallagocentrism, both to the co-constitutive nature of oppressive hierarchies and to how our propensity to frame such hierarchies in strictly anthropic terms can serve to reassert the normative model of subjectivity that virtually ensures their perpetuation.
Hospice Utilization in the United States: A Prospective Cohort Study Comparing Cancer and Noncancer Deaths

Objectives Reliable national estimates of hospice use and underuse are needed. Additionally, drivers of hospice use in the United States are poorly understood, especially among noncancer populations. Thus the objectives of this study were to (1) provide reliable estimates of hospice use among adults in the United States; and (2) identify factors predicting use among decedents and within subsamples of cancer and noncancer deaths. Design We conducted a prospective cohort study using the Health and Retirement Study survey. Excluding sudden deaths, we used data from the 2012 survey wave to predict hospice use in general, and then separately for cancer and non-cancer deaths. Setting Study data were provided by a population-based sample of older adults from the U.S. Participants We constructed a sample of 1,209 participants who died between the 2012 and 2014 survey waves. Measurements Hospice utilization was reported by proxy. Exposure variables included demographics, functionality (activities of daily living [ADLs]), health, depression, dementia, advance directives, nursing home residency, and cause of death. Results Hospice utilization rate was 52.4% for the sample with 70.8% for cancer deaths and 45.4% for noncancer deaths. Fully adjusted model results showed being older (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54), less healthy (OR = .79), having dementia (OR = 1.52), and having cancer (OR = 5.47) were linked to greater odds of receiving hospice. Among cancer deaths, being older (OR = 1.64) and female (OR = 2.54) were the only predictors of hospice use. Among noncancer deaths, increased age (OR = 1.58), more education (OR = 1.56), being widowed (OR = 1.55), needing help with ADLs (OR = 1.13), and poor health (OR = .77) were associated with hospice utilization. Conclusion Findings suggest hospice remains underutilized, especially among individuals with noncancer illness. Extrapolating results to the US population, we estimate that annually nearly a million individuals who are likely eligible for hospice die without its services. Most (84%) of these decedents have a noncancer condition. Interventions are needed to increase appropriate hospice utilization, particularly in noncancer care settings. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:783-793, 2020.
Resistance Training during Chemotherapy with Doxorubicin.

Previous research has shown that resistance training (RT) before doxorubicin (DOX) treatment attenuates the decline in muscle dysfunction; however, the effect of RT during DOX treatment is less known. Purpose Investigate the effects of RT before and during a 4-wk course of incremental DOX treatment on skeletal muscle function. Methods Male, Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 36) were randomly assigned to the following groups: sedentary+saline (SED + SAL), sedentary+DOX (SED + DOX), RT + SAL, or RT + DOX. The RT protocol utilized a raised cage model, which provided progressive hindlimb loading throughout the 14-wk study, whereas SED animals were kept in normal housing. Starting at week 10, DOX-treated animals received 3 mg·kg DOX weekly for 4 wk (12 mg·kg cumulative); whereas SAL-treated groups received 0.9% NaCl as a placebo. Grip strength was recorded at 0, 10, 12, and 14 wk. Ex vivo muscle function was performed on excised soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) from the right hind limb 5 d after the last injection and were analyzed for expression of creatine kinase (CK) and creatine transporters. Results SED + DOX-treated animals had significantly lower EDL mass compared with SED + SAL- and RT + DOX-treated animals. Grip strength, EDL maximal force, and EDL force development were significantly lower in SED + DOX-treated animals compared with RT + SAL and SED + SAL. No significant differences in EDL function were found between RT + DOX and RT + SAL animals. DOX treatment reduced expression of CK in the SOL, which abated with RT. Conclusions Low-intensity RT may attenuate the decline in skeletal muscle function during incremental DOX treatment.
FDA orphan products clinical trial grants: assessment of outcomes and impact on rare disease product development.

The Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD) of the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has awarded over 700 grants to conduct clinical trials of medicals products for rare diseases since 1983, leading to over 70 marketing approvals. However, despite recent progress in rare disease product development, thousands of rare diseases still have no approved treatments. An assessment of this clinical trial grants program was undertaken to provide an in-depth analysis of the characteristics and outcomes of the program. Results of this analysis will be used to inform future goals of the program, as well as internal data collection to continue to maximize the program’s impact in supporting rare disease product development. Between fiscal years 2007—2011, OOPD funded 85 clinical trial grants. These grants spanned 18 therapeutic areas, included all pre-approval phases (Phases 1–3), and approximately 75% of the grants studied small molecule drugs. Nine (11%) product approvals, of seven drugs and two devices, were at least partially supported by grants funded within this 5-year timeframe. Four of the seven drugs approved were new molecular entities (NMEs). The average time from funding to approval was seven years. We also found a suggested association between collaboration with multiple types of stakeholders and the success of grants, where we defined success as either positive or negative study findings or a future marketing approval. The clinical trials funded by OOPD provided valuable information for future product development, and there were a notable number of approvals that occurred using the support of the grants program. There was a suggested association between collaboration and successful outcomes. Efficient and innovative trial designs and collaboration among stakeholders appear vital to continue to effectively bring products to rare disease patients. Ongoing program assessments will ensure that the funding continues to be used to optimally meet the treatment needs of the rare disease community.
An E-Band Power Amplifier Using High Power RF Device with Hybrid Work Function and Oxide Thickness in 22nm Low-Power FinFET

This paper presents an E-band power amplifier (PA) designed using a novel high power FinFET device (HyPowerFF) with dual work function materials and oxide thicknesses under a common gate in Intel 22nm FinFET low-power (22FFL) technology. The new device achieves high breakdown voltage and high RF performance simultaneously, which is ideal for RF and millimeter-wave power amplifiers. The single-stage PA achieves a peak S21 of 12.8dB at 82GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 27GHz. With a conservative 2.1V supply voltage for reliability, the measured Psat, OP1dB, peak PAE, and PAE at OP1dB are 14.6dBm, 12.1dBm, 18.6%, and 13.6% at 73GHz. Taking advantage of the high power density of HyPowerFF, the core area of the PA is only 0.012 mm2, enabling compact integration into massive phased array systems.
The Seer of Bayside: Veronica Lueken and the Struggle to Define Catholicism, by Joseph P. Laycock.

The Seer of Bayside: Veronica Lueken and the Struggle to Define Catholicism, by Joseph P. Laycock. Oxford University Press, 2015. 284pp., Hb $33.95, ISBN-13: 9780199379668.
Out-of-pocket costs and time spent attending antenatal care services: a case study of pregnant women in selected rural communities in Zinder, Niger

Despite an official policy of exemption from health care costs, pregnant women in Niger still face some out-of-pocket costs (OPC) in addition to time costs when they attend antenatal care (ANC) services. We aimed to: 1) assess the OPC for pregnant woman attending ANC, 2) estimate the time spent to attend ANC and the opportunity cost of that time, and 3) assess how OPC and time spent to attend ANC affected ANC attendance. Data were obtained from a quasi-experimental descriptive study carried out in the region of Zinder, Niger, which compared pre- and post-intervention cohorts of pregnant women (n = 1736 women who reported attending ANC during their current pregnancy). An ANC attendance score was developed to describe the timing of ANC attendance in regard to the WHO recommendation of attending 4 ANC sessions. OPC and time spent were evaluated separately for associations with ANC attendance using Spearman correlations. The mean (±SD) age of pregnant women was 25.0 ± 6.4 yr, 19.0% were ≤ 19 yr and 99.7% were in their second or third trimester of gestation at the time of the interview. Among those who were > 13 weeks and > 27 weeks of gestation, 4.0 and 74.4% had attended ANC during their first and second trimesters, respectively. The median (1st quartile (Q1), 3rd quartile (Q3)) ANC score was 0 (− 1, 0), reflecting that the majority of women failed to follow the WHO recommendation. More than half of the women (72.5%) experienced OPC related to ANC. The majority of women (> 80%) reported spending ~ 3 h for an ANC visit, including travel and waiting time. Time spent to attend ANC was not associated with ANC attendance score. Women who experienced OPC, and those who received iron folic acid (IFA) or long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets during an ANC visit, were more likely to have a higher ANC attendance score compared to those who did not. OPC and time spent were not identified as barriers to ANC visits, and IFA and long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets distribution could be used to motivate pregnant women to attend ANC. The NiMaNu project was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01832688 . Registered 16 April 2013.
Domain Adaptation for Real-World Single View 3D Reconstruction.

Deep learning-based object reconstruction algorithms have shown remarkable improvements over classical methods. However, supervised learning based methods perform poorly when the training data and the test data have different distributions. Indeed, most current works perform satisfactorily on the synthetic ShapeNet dataset, but dramatically fail in when presented with real world images. To address this issue, unsupervised domain adaptation can be used transfer knowledge from the labeled synthetic source domain and learn a classifier for the unlabeled real target domain. To tackle this challenge of single view 3D reconstruction in the real domain, we experiment with a variety of domain adaptation techniques inspired by the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) loss, Deep CORAL, and the domain adversarial neural network (DANN). From these findings, we additionally propose a novel architecture which takes advantage of the fact that in this setting, target domain data is unsupervised with regards to the 3D model but supervised for class labels. We base our framework off a recent network called pix2vox. Results are performed with ShapeNet as the source domain and domains within the Object Dataset Domain Suite (ODDS) dataset as the target, which is a real world multiview, multidomain image dataset. The domains in ODDS vary in difficulty, allowing us to assess notions of domain gap size. Our results are the first in the multiview reconstruction literature using this dataset.
Delayed discounting and hedonic hunger in the prediction of lab-based eating behavior

Research suggests that characteristics identified in obese individuals, such as impulsive decision-making and hedonic hunger, may exist in nonobese populations. This study examined the independent and interactive effects of impulsive decision-making (measured via delay discounting, DD) and hedonic hunger (assessed with the Power of Food Scale, PFS) on food intake. Female participants (N=78) ate a self-determined amount of plain oatmeal, completed self-report measures and the delay discounting task, and participated in a sham taste test of palatable sweet and salty foods. Unexpectedly, PFS and DD scores interacted to predict consumption of the total amount of food consumed, and of oatmeal alone, but not of snack food alone. High-PFS participants consumed more when also high in DD, while low-PFS participants showed the opposite pattern of consumption. The findings identify variables that may increase propensity toward overconsumption and potential weight gain; future research is necessary to evaluate the utility of these constructs to predict increases in BMI over time.
Water Flow in Unsaturated Soil

Unsaturated flow processes are complicated and difficult to describe quantitatively. This is so because they often entail changes in the state and content of soil water during flow. The flow of water in the soil is driven by a hydraulic potential gradient. The flow occurs in the direction of decreasing hydraulic potential, and its rate (flux) is proportional to the potential gradient and is affected by the geometric properties of the pore channels through which the flow takes place. These principles apply in unsaturated as well as saturated soils. However, the nature of the moving force and the effective geometry of the conducting pores may be very different. The water in an unsaturated soil is subjected to a subatmospheric pressure, or matric suction, which is equivalent to a negative pressure potential. The gradient of this potential constitutes a moving force. The most important difference between unsaturated and saturated flows is in the hydraulic conductivity. The transition from saturation to unsaturation generally entails a steep drop in hydraulic conductivity, which may decrease by several orders of magnitude as suction increases from 0–1 MPa. At still higher suctions, or lower wetness values, the conductivity may be so low that very steep suction gradients, or very long times, are required for any appreciable flow to occur at all.
Hookworm Eradication as an Instrument for Schooling in the American South

I exploit an historical natural experiment to assess whether more schooling causes greater vote participation. Specifically, I leverage the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission’s (RSC) campaign to eradicate hookworm infection in the early-20th century American South as a plausibly-exogenous instrument for primary and secondary education. I evaluate three county-level interventions from the public health campaign: exposure to the campaign, proportion treated, and pre-campaign hookworm incidence. I use genetic matching to condition on factors that may have driven the haphazard way the RSC collected hookworm incidence rates and targeted counties for treatment, and develop new matching methods for continuous instruments. I then use permutation inference to assess the strength of the campaign exposure instruments, and I employ a simultaneous sensitivity analysis to evaluate robustness to any remaining bias or exclusion restriction violations. Throughout, I find a robust and positive effect of education on participation, not accounted for by other potentially non-excluded paths.
Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R) Studies, Misclassification Rates†

To properly monitor and improve a manufacturing process, it is necessary to measure attributes of the process output. Measurements of these attributes are taken by a gauge that has associated measurement variability. Gauge R&R studies are used to determine if the measurement system variability is harmfully large. The approach for evaluating the goodness of the measurement system based on a gauge R&R study is to determine the probability that a part is misclassified. The better a measurement system, the less likely it is to classify a “good” part as “bad”, and a “bad” part as “good”. References are provided for computing bounds on the probabilities of these misclassifications. Keywords: gauge RR measurement systems analysis; variance component models; measurement error; random effects model; misclassification rates
Proton NMR determination of crystallinity in poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The results of proton NMR T1xz measurements on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films and fibers processed under various conditions are presented. Consistent with previous results, two domains are found in isotropic, amorphous PET. The NMR results provide an accurate measure of crystallinity in PET films and fibers, without requiring any assumptions about the semi-crystalline morphology of the polymer. The NMR technique is particularly advantageous for PET fibers where orientation effects interfere with the more traditional density determination of crystallinity.
The Effect of Correlating Quantum Allocation and Job Size for Gang Scheduling

Gang scheduling is an effective scheduling policy for multiprocessing workloads with significant interprocess synchronization and is in common use in real installations. In this paper we show that signigicant improvement in the job slowdown metric can be achieved simply by allocating a different number of quanta to different rows (control groups) depending on the number of processes belonging to jobs in a given row. Specifically, we show that allocating the number of quanta inversely proportionally to the number of processes per job in that row results in 20 - 50% smaller slowdowns without significantly affecting mean job response time. Incorporating these suggestions in to real schedulers would require the addition of only a few lines of simple code, hence this work should have an immediate practical impact.
Nonuniform Sampling for Multidimensional Signals

We will discuss the nonuniform samples of periodic signals first and then analyse any type of multidimensional signal. A bandlimited periodic signal is represented by a finite number of Fourier coefficients and hence can be represented by the same number of nonuniform samples per period. Therefore in general, random sampling at any rate is sufficient to retrieve the signal; this is because the random samples are distinct and occur at different epochs of time.
Effects of cultural power distance on group creativity and individual group member creativity

Summary We develop a conceptual model to theorize the impact of high versus low power distance cultural contexts on group creativity and individual group member creativity. High power distance cultural contexts manifest in group social environments where status differentiation among individuals is expected and accepted. This hierarchical social environment is substantially different from the relatively equal social environment in low power distance cultural contexts. Building on this premise, we theorize how and why power distance cultural contexts may (1) impact group creativity by influencing the divergent and convergent processes at the group level and (2) impact the creativity of individual group members by influencing an individual's cognitive task involvement and impression management motives. Further, we identify contextual factors and individual differences that may moderate the impact of power distance. This conceptual model advances our understanding of how creative processes in groups may differ in different cultural contexts as well as suggests ways to foster group creativity in non-Western high power distance cultural contexts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modern or distinct axial bauplan in early hominins? Comments on Haeusler et al. (2011).

The vertebral column plays a central role in the evolution and performance of positional behaviors, including upright posture and bipedal locomotion in the human lineage. The lumbar column, in particular, is associated with locomotor function. As such, its numerical composition has been a major source of contention in the paleoanthropological literature. Ever since Robinson’s (1972) description and interpretation of the nearly complete thoracolumbar vertebral column of Sts 14 (Australopithecus africanus), researchers have, with few exceptions, consistently stated that early hominins possessed six lumbar vertebrae (Benade, 1990; Latimer and Ward, 1993; Shapiro, 1993; Walker and Leakey, 1993; Sanders, 1995, 1998; Tobias, 1998; Pilbeam, 2004; Rosenman, 2008; McCollum et al., 2010). In 2002, Haeusler et al. demonstrated that these reconstructions were incorrect because they were based on aberrant vertebral morphologies, conflation of multiple definitions (costal versus zygapophyseal) of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the fragmentary nature and associated uncertainty of consecutiveness of fossil vertebral elements in general (see also Williams, 2011). In a new study, Haeusler et al. (2011) describe newly identified vertebra and rib fragments associated with the KNM-WT 15000 juvenile Homo erectus skeleton that reinforce their previous contention (Haeusler et al., 2002) that this specimen has five instead of six lumbar vertebrae, a finding consistent with recent reconstructions of the A. africanus specimens Sts 14 and Stw 431
Prostate Cancer Prevention: Strategies and Realities

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed male malignancy in the United States with approximately 230,000 patients diagnosed each year. Worldwide, about 900,000 men are diagnosed annually, making prostate cancer a global public health problem. In the era of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, most men are now diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer and face difficult treatment decisions due to the protracted history of the disease as well as uncertainty about optimal treatment and treatment-related morbidity. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of PSA screening has led to a dramatic increase in the lifetime risk of prostate cancer diagnosis from 9% in the prescreening era to 17% at present. Indeed, overdiagnosis and overtreatment of prostate cancer has become an area of significant concern due to limited mortality benefits found in screening trials.
RESIDUAL UNDRAINED DEFORMATION FROM CYCLIC LOADING

Residual undrained deformation of anisotropically consolidated soil samples under cyclic loading is investigated. The magnitude of residual deformation is influenced by factors such as initial stress condition, excess pore pressure generated by the cyclic loading, and soil properties. A semi-empirical model derived from hyperbolic fitting is developed for predicting residual undrained deformation during cyclic loading. This analytical model consists of five parameters: c, phi, k, n, and R sub f, in which k, n, and R sub f, can be determined either from static or cyclic tests. Based on the results of this study, the values of parameters determined from the cyclic test show close agreement with the values determined from static tests. The comparison of predicted and measured residual undrained deformation of samples during cyclic tests shows excellent agreement. This semi-empirical model can be used to estimate residual strains after cyclic loading of soil elements subjected to anisotropic initial stress conditions, such as soil elements under a footing or in slopes. (Author)
Association between high visceral fat area and postoperative complications in patients with Crohn's disease following primary surgery

Aim The aim of this study was to determine the association between visceral fat area (VFA) on CT and postoperative complications after primary surgery in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Method Inclusion criteria were patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CD who had preoperative abdominal CT scan. The areas of total fat, subcutaneous fat and visceral fat were measured using an established image-analysis method at the lumbar 3 (L3) level on CT cross-sectional images. Visceral obesity was defined as a visceral fat area (VFA) of ≥ 130 cm2. Clinical variables, intra-operative outcomes and postoperative courses within 30 days were analysed. Results A total of 164 patients met the inclusion criteria. Sixty-three (38.4%) patients had postoperative complications. The mean age of the patients with complications (the study group) was 40.4 ± 15.4 years and of those without complications (the control group) was 35.8 ± 12.9 years (P = 0.049). There were no differences in disease location and behaviour between patients with or without complications (P > 0.05). In multivariable analysis, VFA [odds ratio (OR) = 2.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–6.62; P = 0.032] and corticosteroid use (OR = 2.86; 95% CI: 1.32–6.21; P = 0.008) were found to be associated with postoperative complications. Patients with visceral obesity had a significantly longer operative time (P = 0.012), more blood loss (P = 0.019), longer bowel resection length (P = 0.003), postoperative ileus (P = 0.039) and a greater number of complications overall (P < 0.001). Conclusion High VFA was found to be associated with an increased risk for 30-day postoperative complications in patients with CD undergoing primary surgery.
Non-linear mechanisms for radiation induced thermally activated depolarization phenomena☆

Abstract A transient thermally stimulated charge transport, as described solely by a field-independent conductivity, cannot produce the strong RITAD effects observed in many ionic solids.