cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties in global aerosol simulations: Assessment using three meteorological data sets

[1] Current global aerosol models use different physical and chemical schemes and parameters, different meteorological fields, and often different emission sources. Since the physical and chemical parameterization schemes are often tuned to obtain results that are consistent with observations, it is difficult to assess the true uncertainty due to meteorology alone. Under the framework of the NASA global modeling initiative (GMI), the differences and uncertainties in aerosol simulations (for sulfate, organic carbon, black carbon, dust, and sea salt) solely due to different meteorological fields are analyzed and quantified. Three meteorological data sets available from the NASA Goddard Data Assimilation Office (DAO) general circulation model (GCM), the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM, version II' and the NASA Goddard Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), finite-volume GCM (FVGCM) are used to drive the same aerosol model. The global sulfate and mineral dust burdens with FVGCM fields are 40% and 20% less than those with DAO and GISS fields, respectively, due to its larger precipitation. Meanwhile, the sea salt burden predicted with FVGCM fields is 56% and 43% higher than those with DAO and GISS, respectively, due to its stronger convection especially over the Southern Hemispheric Ocean. Sulfate concentrations at the surface in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and in the middle to upper troposphere differ by a factor of 3 between the three meteorological data sets. The agreement between model calculated and observed aerosol concentrations in the surface source regions is similar for all three meteorological data sets. Away from the source regions, however, the comparisons with observations differ greatly for DAO, FVGCM, and GISS, and the performance of the model using different meteorological data sets varies depending on the site and the compared species. Sensitivity simulations with the NASA GEOS-4 assimilated fields show that the interannual variability of aerosol concentrations can be higher than a factor of 2 depending on the location and season, which is generally, however, smaller than the differences due to using different meteorological data sets. Global annual average aerosol optical depth at 550 nm is 0.120–0.131 for the three meteorological data sets. However, the contributions from different aerosol components to this total optical depth differ significantly, which reflects differences in the aerosol spatial distributions. The global annual average anthropogenic and all-sky aerosol direct forcing at the top-of-the atmosphere is estimated to be −0.75, −0.35, and −0.40 W m−2 for DAO, FVGCM, and GISS fields, respectively. Regional differences can be much larger (by a factor of 4–5) in the tropics over the ocean and in the polar regions.
Alterations of cerebromicrovascular Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity due to fatty acids and acute hypertension.

Abstract Acute hypertension, induced in rats by intravenous injection of angiotensin II, previously has been shown to increase cerebrovascular permeability to macromolecules. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute hypertension on Na + , K + -ATPase, the enzyme responsible for controlling ionic permeability of the cerebromicrovascular endothelium. The K + -dependent p -nitrophenylphosphatase activity of the cerebromicrovascular Na + , K + -ATPase was determined using microvessels prepared from hypertensive and normotensive rats. When compared to controls, a 70% decrease ( P V max ) of the Na + , K + -ATPase from hypertensive rats was evident with no change in the Michaelis constant ( K M ). In contrast, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, a marker enzyme for cerebral endothelic cells, was not significantly affected. Sodium arachidonate (1–100 μM) inhibited the phosphatase activity of the Na + , K + -ATPase in microvessels isolated from both normotensive and hypertensive rats in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (sodium linoleate and arachidonate) evoked the greatest inhibition of the enzyme, while sodium oleate and sodium palmitate inhibited the Na + , K + -ATPase to lesser extents. This regulation of enzyme activity by fatty acids was comparable in control and hypertensive groups. In summary, the data indicate that the cerebromicrovascular Na + , K + -ATPase was altered as a consequence of acute hypertension and that poly-unsaturated fatty acids can modulate this enzyme in microvessels derived from hypertensive or control rats
A Lensed Arc in the Low-Redshift Cluster Abell 2124

We report the discovery of an arclike object 27'' from the center of the cD galaxy in the redshift z=0.066 cluster A2124. Observations with the Keck II telescope reveal that the object is a background galaxy at z=0.573, apparently lensed into an arc of length ~85 and total R magnitude mR=20.86±0.07. The width of the arc is resolved; we estimate it to be ~06 after correcting for seeing. A lens model of the A2124 core mass distribution consistent with the cluster galaxy velocity dispersion reproduces the observed arc geometry and indicates a magnification factor 9. With this magnification, the strength of the [O II] λ3727 line implies a star formation rate of ~0.4 h−2 M☉ yr−1. A2124 thus appears to be the lowest redshift cluster known to exhibit strong lensing of a distant background galaxy.
Structured D-chart: a diagrammatic methodology in structured programming

The rules and principles of structured programming resemble the rules and principles of good musicianship. Good programmer performance depends on both a competent programmer and the proper logic design methodologies. This paper presents a new diagrammatic methodology for such programming that accurately depicts the restricted control structures and their close correlation with natural thought process. A good programming style and coding indentation are the direct results of the use of structured D-charts.
ROTATION OF HORIZONTAL-BRANCH STARS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

The rotation of horizontal-branch stars places important constraints on angular momentum evolution in evolved stars and therefore on rotational mixing on the giant branch. Prompted by new observations of rotation rates of horizontal-branch stars, we calculate simple models for the angular momentum evolution of a globular cluster giant star from the base of the giant branch to the star's appearance on the horizontal branch. We include mass loss and infer the accompanied loss of angular momentum for each of four assumptions about the internal angular momentum profile. Mass loss is found to have important implications for angular momentum evolution. These models are compared to observations of horizontal-branch rotation rates in M13. We find that rapid rotation on the horizontal branch can be reconciled with slow solid body main-sequence rotation if giant-branch stars have differential rotation in their convective envelopes and a rapidly rotating core, which is then followed by a redistribution of angular momentum on the horizontal branch. We discuss the physical reasons that these very different properties relative to the solar case may exist in giants. Rapid rotation in the core of the main-sequence precursors of the rapidly rotating horizontal-branch star or an angular momentum source on the giant branch is required for all cases if the rotational velocity of turnoff stars is less than 4 km s-1. We suggest that the observed range in rotation rates on the horizontal branch is caused by internal angular momentum redistribution, which occurs on a timescale comparable to the evolution of the stars on the horizontal branch. The apparent lack of rapid horizontal-branch rotators hotter than 12,000 K in M13 could be a consequence of gravitational settling, which inhibits internal angular momentum transport. Alternative explanations and observational tests are discussed.
Stand-alone/remote graphic system

The big revolution in computer usage is, by now, an old story. No longer do users, programmers and computer operators always work independently and separately, communicating only through voluminous printouts. Engineers and designers can now participate continuously in the execution of their problems through displays. By accelerating design iterations, they can solve their problems more quickly and, at the same time, improve the quality of their solutions.
SCROLL: a pattern recording language

A number of routines have been developed recently to facilitate labeling of computer plotted output. One of the more versatile programs is that written by Freeman which is capable of plotting characters in sequence including sub and superscripts, over and underscoring, using italics, changing fonts and returning to a saved coordinate. Programs of related nature have been written specifically for the purpose of text editing such as the IBM TEXT 360 and CALL 360 which are primarily printer oriented. Along these lines, all conversational programming systems have editing facilities. The routines share a common feature: the interpretation of character strings containing substrings specifying the desired output and other substrings specifying control functions. The substrings are separated typically by a break character such as a dollar sign or slash followed by a character representing the purpose of the substring. The use of a single character to represent a word or idea is as old as language itself (& for and, $ for dollar, etc.) and the characters so used are called logograms or logographs. One of the early programming languages to use logograms is APL although the purpose of that language is very different from the string languages involved above. A clear advantage of the logogrammatic language is its brevity. However this can be a confusing factor as well.
Low-barrier hydrogen bonds and enzymic catalysis

Formation of a short (less than 2.5 angstroms), very strong, low-barrier hydrogen bond in the transition state, or in an enzyme-intermediate complex, can be an important contribution to enzymic catalysis. Formation of such a bond can supply 10 to 20 kilocalories per mole and thus facilitate difficult reactions such as enolization of carboxylate groups. Because low-barrier hydrogen bonds form only when the pKa's (negative logarithm of the acid constant) of the oxygens or nitrogens sharing the hydrogen are similar, a weak hydrogen bond in the enzyme-substrate complex in which the pKa's do not match can become a strong, low-barrier one if the pKa's become matched in the transition state or enzyme-intermediate complex. Several examples of enzymatic reactions that appear to use this principle are presented.
Magnetic Fields in Massive Stars. II. The Buoyant Rise of Magnetic Flux Tubes through the Radiative Interior

We present results from an investigation of the dynamical behavior of buoyant magnetic flux rings in the radiative interior of a uniformly rotating, early-type star. Our physical model describes a thin, axisymmetric, toroidal flux tube that is released from the outer boundary of the convective core and is acted on by buoyant, centrifugal, Coriolis, magnetic tension, and aerodynamic drag forces. We find that rings emitted in the equatorial plane can attain a stationary equilibrium state that is stable with respect to small displacements in radius, but is unstable when perturbed in the meridional direction. Rings emitted at other latitudes travel toward the surface along trajectories that largely parallel the rotation axis of the star. Over much of the ascent, the instantaneous rise speed is determined by the rate of heating by the absorption of radiation that diffuses into the tube from the external medium. Since the timescale for this heating varies like the square of the tube cross-sectional radius, for the same field strength, thin rings rise more rapidly than do thick rings. For a reasonable range of assumed ring sizes and field strengths, our results suggest that buoyancy is a viable mechanism for bringing magnetic flux from the core to the surface, being capable of accomplishing this transport in a time that is generally much less than the stellar main-sequence lifetime.
The Challenge of the Able Child

This work offers information on the able and the gifted child, including case studies, suggestions for teaching strategies, and ideas about useful resources.
A Near-Infrared Imaging Survey of the Chamaeleon I Dark Cloud

We describe a near-infrared imaging survey covering ~1 deg2 of the Chamaeleon I dark cloud. The survey is complete for K < 15.0, H < 16.0, and J < 16.5, roughly 2 magnitudes more sensitive than previous large-scale surveys. We use the large number of background stars detected to derive an accurate near-infrared extinction law for the cloud and select new candidate members with near-infrared color excesses. We list ~100 candidates of the cloud with K ≥ 12.0, based on their positions in the J-H, H-K color-color diagram. These new stars have low luminosities (K ~ 12–16, H-K 0.5–1.5) and may have masses close to or even below the hydrogen-burning limit.
Amplified carbon release from vast West Siberian peatlands by 2100

[1] Extensive new data from previously unstudied Siberian streams and rivers suggest that mobilization of currently frozen, high-latitude soil carbon is likely over the next century in response to predicted Arctic warming. We present dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements from ninety-six watersheds in West Siberia, a region that contains the world's largest stores of peat carbon, exports massive volumes of freshwater and DOC to the Arctic Ocean, and is warming faster than the Arctic as a whole. The sample sites span ∼106 km2 over a large climatic gradient (∼55–68°N), providing data on a much broader spatial scale than previous studies and for the first time explicitly examining stream DOC in permafrost peatland environments. Our results show that cold, permafrost-influenced watersheds release little DOC to streams, regardless of the extent of peatland cover. However, we find considerably higher concentrations in warm, permafrost-free watersheds, rising sharply as a function of peatland cover. The two regimes are demarcated by the position of the −2°C mean annual air temperature (MAAT) isotherm, which is also approximately coincident with the permafrost limit. Climate model simulations for the next century predict near-doubling of West Siberian land surface areas with a MAAT warmer than −2°C, suggesting up to ∼700% increases in stream DOC concentrations and ∼2.7–4.3 Tg yr−1 (∼29–46%) increases in DOC flux to the Arctic Ocean.
High-resolution monochromatic x-ray imaging system based on spherically bent crystals.

We have developed an improved x-ray imaging system based on spherically curved crystals. It is designed and used for diagnostics of targets ablatively accelerated by the Nike KrF laser. A spherically curved quartz crystal (d = .?, R = mm) has been used to produce monochromatic backlit images with the He-like Si resonance line (1865 eV) as the source of radiation. The spatial resolution of the x-ray optical system is 1.7 mum in selected places and 2-3 mum over a larger area. Time-resolved backlit monochromatic images of polystyrene planar targets driven by the Nike facility have been obtained with a spatial resolution of 2.5 mum in selected places and 5 mum over the focal spot of the Nike laser.
Oxide barriers to the formation of refractory silicides

Abstract An investigation of the formation of refractory metal (tungsten, molybdenum and tantalum) silicides by reaction of the metal with crystalline and polycrystalline silicon at temperatures above 900 °C indicates that WSi2 formation can be inhibited by certain processing techniques. These techniques utilize the growth of an SiO2 diffusion barrier about 20 A thick on crystalline silicon and the deposition of tungsten films in vacuum ambients that will ensure oxygen incorporation (P ⩾ 2 × 10-7 Torr). The reactivity of vacuum-deposited tungsten films results in the formation of an isolating oxide between the deposited silicon and tungsten films and the maintenance of the stability of the SiO2 diffusion barrier between tungsten films and a crystalline silicon substrate. This barrier is effective up to 1050 °C in hydrogen ambients containing 15–20 ppm H2O. These procedures, however, are ineffective in preventing the formation of MoSi2 or TaSi2 at or above 900 °C. A possible explanation for these results is that the tungsten film contains some level of oxygen due to the gettering of residual oxygen in the vacuum. In addition, the outgassing of the silicon source may enhance the level of oxygen at the evaporated WSi interface. When the composite layer is annealed at high temperatures in a hydrogen ambient, the oxygen diffuses readily out of the bulk of the tungsten film to the interface, probably forming SiO2 which is more stable than WO3. The resulting thin SiO2 film has sufficient integrity to prevent silicon diffusion into the tungsten, thereby preventing WSi2 formation. This property of tungsten makes it inherently useful for buried-metal films in silicon devices.
Acute Scaphoid Fractures

Scaphoid fractures are a common problem encountered in clinical practice. This manuscript provides an algorithm for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of acute scaphoid fractures.
Leptin, Leptin Receptors, and the Control of Body Weight

The assimilation, storage, and disposition of nutrient energy constitute a complex homeostatic system central to the survival of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In vertebrates, and especially among land dwelling mammalian species, the ability to store large quantities of energy-dense fuel in the form of adipose tissue triglyceride permits survival during prolonged periods of food deprivation. In order to maintain such fuel stores during times of dietary scarcity or surfeit, some balance between energy intake and expenditure must be achieved. Lesions of the hypothalamus alter body weight suggesting that this brain region regulates nutritional state. These and other studies led to the hypothesis that body weight was regulated by a feedback loop in which peripheral signals reported nutritional information to an integratory center in the brain. However, the identity of these nutrition signals proved elusive.
The Spacetime Algebra Approach to Massive Classical Electrodynamics with Magnetic Monopoles

Maxwell’s equations with massive photons and magnetic monopoles are formulated using spacetime algebra. It is demonstrated that a single nonhomogeneous multi-vectorial equation describes the theory. Two limiting cases are considered and their symmetries highlighted: massless photons with magnetic monopoles and finite photon mass in the absence of monopoles. Finally, it is shown that the EM-duality invariance is a symmetry of the Hamiltonian density (for Minkowskian spacetime) and Lagrangian density (for Euclidean 4-space) that reflects the signature of the respective metric manifold.
Temporal filtering for point target detection in staring IR imagery: I. Damped sinusoid filters

In an earlier conference, we introduced a powerful class of temporal filters, which have outstanding signal to clutter gains in evolving cloud scenes. The basic temporal filter is a zero-mean damped sinusoid, implemented recursively. Our final algorithm, a triple temporal filter, consists of a sequence of tow zero-mean damped sinusoids followed by an exponential averaging filter along with an edge suppression factor. The algorithm was designed, optimized and tested using a real world database. We applied the Simplex algorithm to a representative subset of our database to find an improved set of filter parameters. Analysis led to two improved filters: one dedicated to benign clutter conditions and the other to cloud clutter-dominated scenes. In this paper, we demonstrate how a fused version of the two optimized filters further improves performance in severe cloud clutter scenes. The performance characteristics of the filters will be detailed by specific examples and plots. Real time operation has been demonstrated on laboratory IR cameras.
Data that matter: opportunities in crisis informatics research

In an increasingly global society and on a planet experiencing effects of climate change, large-scale emergencies both instigated by humans and arising from nature can devastate human life and our tightly- woven social fabric. With a promise of improved warning and coordination, a prevailing hope is that information and communication technology (ICT) can help reduce the impacts of large-scale disruptions, including political crises, natural disasters, pandemics, and terrorist threats. Much of the focus of development has been on the formal emergency response effort. However, social computing is changing the way we understand information distribution. By viewing the citizenry as a powerful, self-organizing, and collectively intelligent force, ICT is now playing a remarkable and transformational role in the way society responds to mass emergencies and disasters. Furthermore, this view of a civil society that can be augmented by ICT is based on social and behavioral knowledge about how people truly respond in disaster, rather than on simplified and mythical portrayals of people unable to help themselves [2]. Indeed, long before the advent of widely available social computing platforms, research has shown that disaster victims themselves are the true first responders, frequently acting on the basis of knowledge not available to officials [1, 3, 6]. We argue that this transformative view is critical to our global future: When large-scale emergencies happen, there is often no way to survive it in practical terms unless we rely on each other for help. The urgency and scale of many disaster events are such that no one, not even the most experienced and best technology- equipped responders' can rescue all victims or direct all people over the span of the event as to what the best course of action might be. Climate change and population migration to geographically vulnerable areas mean that naturally occurring hazards will exert increasingly extensive damage. Man-made and terrorist threats can also have greater potential to cause lasting damage to the social and built environment. It is instead necessary, through innovative ICT, to leverage the power of the collective intelligence of the citizenry to support natural instincts, which are to search for reliable information using any means possible to optimize for local conditions [5].
Characterization of visbreaker feeds

Abstract A visbreaker should be operated at high severity for better process economics, but the severity is limited by heater fouling and product stability. Both of these limitations are due to coke formation. Visbreaking feed can be characterized by its coking propensity, which is derived from the kinetics of coke formation. Coke formation can be calculated from the coking propensity and the process severity, so that the process may be controlled at the maximum severity permissible at all times. Coking propensity can be determined with a simple laboratory visbreaker. The coking propensities are found to be 2.1 × 10−3, 4.2 × 10−3 and 7.3 × 10−3 wt% s−1 for mixed residue, Boscan crude and Arab heavy residue, respectively, and are in good agreement with commercial visbreaking experiences. Coking propensity is directly proportional to the asphaltene content of the feed. It is also indirectly related to the viscosity, but not to the Conradson carbon residue (CCR) content or the density (API gravity) of the feed.
Experimental Study of Plasmoids

A plasma source can be used to project ionized matter across a magnetic field. The configuration of plasma observed when an electromagnetic braking action is produced by the presence of low-pressure gas (\ensuremath{\sim}1 \ensuremath{\mu}) in the vacuum chamber provides an insight into the manner in which magnetic-field lines can be dragged and twisted. By firing several sources simultaneously, it is possible to simulate in geometrical form the production of spiral galaxies and barred spirals.
Generalized Walsh Bases and Applications

We investigate convergence properties of generalized Walsh series associated with signals f?L 1[0,1]. We also show how the dependence of the generalized Walsh bases on N×N unitary matrices allows for applications in signal encoding and encryption, provided the signals are piece-wise constant on N-adic subintervals of [0,1].
Human capital and state-level economic growth: what is the contribution of schooling?

In this paper, we set out to quantify the magnitude of the positive empirical relationship between schooling and regional growth. We apply the growth empirics method of Mankiw et al. (Q J Econ 107:407–438, 1992) to a panel of US states. We improve upon the existing regional growth literature by (i) removing transfer payments from personal income, (ii) deflating non-transfer income by individual state price indices, and (iii) using a system GMM estimator. We estimate an education share of income of 20–25%, which corresponds to estimates from the growth accounting literature.
How better monetary statistics could have signaled the financial crisis

This paper explores the disconnect of Federal Reserve data from index number theory. A consequence could have been the decreased-systemic-risk misperceptions that contributed to excess risk-taking prior to the housing bust. We find that most recessions in the past 50 years were preceded by more contractionary monetary policy than indicated by simple-sum monetary data. Divisia monetary aggregate growth rates were generally lower than simple-sum aggregate growth rates in the period preceding the Great Moderation, and higher since the mid 1980s. Monetary policy was more contractionary than likely intended before the 2001 recession and more expansionary than likely intended during the subsequent recovery.
Persulfoxide: Key Intermediate in Reactions of Singlet Oxygen with Sulfides

Persulfoxide (R(2)S(+)-OO(-) R(2)S(.)-OO(.)) is the first formed intermediate in the reactions between singlet oxygen and organic sulfides. It is a weakly bound species that nevertheless has a sufficient lifetime to undergo a myriad of inter- and intramolecular reactions. Its behavior suggests that it can be considered as a resonance hybrid of zwitterionic and diradical canonical structures. It primarily acts as a nucleophile/base at oxygen but has a tendency to interconvert to secondary intermediates that often behave as electrophilic oxidizing agents. Judicious selection of reaction conditions and substituents can allow the use of the persulfoxide as a synthetically useful intermediate.
Measure conjugacy invariants for actions of countable sofic groups

Sofic groups were defined implicitly by Gromov in [Gr99] and explicitly by Weiss in [We00]. All residually finite groups (and hence every linear group) is sofic. The purpose of this paper is to introduce, for every countable sofic group $G$, a family of measure-conjugacy invariants for measure-preserving $G$-actions on probability spaces. These invariants generalize Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy for actions of amenable groups. They are computed exactly for Bernoulli shifts over $G$, leading to a complete classification of Bernoulli systems up to measure-conjugacy for many groups including all countable linear groups. Recent rigidity results of Y. Kida and S. Popa are utilized to classify Bernoulli shifts over mapping class groups and property T groups up to orbit equivalence and von Neumann equivalence respectively.
Si, Se Puede: Organizing Latino Immigrant Workers in South Omaha’s Meatpacking Industry

Faced with declining union membership and a growing immigrant workforce, the US labor movement has started to realize the importance of organizing immigrant workers. Yet the conventional wisdom among many within the movement is that immigrant workers are “unorganizable.” Based on a case study of a collaborative effort between the United Food and Commercial Workers Union and Omaha Together, One Community to organize an estimated 4,000 Latino immigrant meatpacking workers, I demonstrate not only the “organizability” of immigrant workers, but also the fact that they have been organizing themselves, with the help of a community-based organization, in the absence of union efforts. This case study suggests that in order to facilitate successful organizing campaigns among immigrant workers, unions need to reach out to community-based organizations and institutions that have established relationships with immigrant workers.
Allene Epoxidation. Highly functionalized tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans from the oxidative cyclization of allenic alcohols.

Abstract The dimethyldioxirane oxidation of various allenic alcohols yields highly functionalized tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran derivatives via intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the hydroxy group to an intermediate allene diepoxide.
The dependence of chemical weathering rates on fluid residence time

Abstract In order to evaluate the importance of hydrologic processes in controlling chemical weathering rates, a reactive transport analysis is used to interpret chemical weathering rate data for a range of systems. An analysis of weathering rates for granitic material shows that weathering rates depend most strongly on fluid residence times and fluid flow rates, and depend very weakly on material age. Over moderate fluid residence times from 5 days to 10 yr, characteristic of soils and some aquifers, transport-controlled weathering explains the orders of magnitude variation in weathering rates to a better extent than material age. For fluid residence times greater than 10 yr, characteristic of some aquifers, saprolites, and most marine sediments, a purely thermodynamic-control on chemical weathering rates sustains chemical weathering—this control may be due to clay precipitation, which can drive weathering of primary minerals, or microbial processes which alter the fluid chemistry via the oxidation of organic matter. In addition, this analysis suggests that the apparent time dependence of chemical weathering rates commonly used to model the evolution of Earth's landforms may be attributable to transport-controlled weathering and the evolution of hydrologic properties over time. If hydrologic processes are the primary control on chemical weathering rates, the nature of the temperature dependence of chemical weathering rates is also altered.
A review of the electrical characteristics of metal contacts on diamond

Abstract The formation of closely spaced selected area ohmic and rectifying contacts on a given semiconductor surface is of fundamental interest for the fabrication of transistor type devices. However, it has been observed that the formation of good ohmic or rectifying contacts is not always easily accomplished on diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Contacts established with aluminum or gold on CVD films exhibit highly resistive ohmic or nominally asymmetric behavior, whereas these metals can be used almost routinely to form rectifying contacts on synthetic and natural semiconducting diamond crystals. Considerable effort has been directed towards producing low resistivity ohmic contacts on natural semiconducting crystals. A commonly employed technique is the deposition of metals such as titanium, tantalum and molybdenum with a protective film of gold and a post-deposition anneal. Specific contact resistances of the order of 10−5ohmcm2 have been achieved by this technique. Low-resistance contacts have also been obtained by placing metal contacts on highly doped films. A combination of boron ion-implantation, to achieve a high surface concentration, and a subsequent Ti/Au metallization has been employed for the fabrication of ohmic contacts on polycrystalline diamond films with a specific contact resistance of the order of 10−6ohmcm2.
A Correlation Between Static Adhesion Data and the Dynamic Friction Coefficients for Two Cobalt Alloys and Iron Under Vacuum Conditions

An investigation of the static adhesion between cobalt-50 iron and cobalt-25 molybdenum-10 chromium alloy couples under ultraclean conditions has provided an excellent correlation between adhesion data and the dynamic coefficient of friction data as provided by independent experiments. When the materials and conditions of experiment were identical, the dynamic coefficient of friction which was predicted from the static adhesion data for Co-50Fe was given as f = 1.2 and that value observed was f = 1.2 – 1.3. Similarly, the predicted coefficient of friction for the Co-25 Mo-10 Cr alloy was 0.31 and observed was f = 0.25. These relationships coupled with those data for ultrahigh purity iron establish the operating spectrum for material behavior in metallic contact phenomena which includes asperity deformation, load support and contact fracture mechanisms. The investigative system provides a very rapid analysis of the effects of materials factor in contact systems devoid of contaminant film effects. Presented...
EFFECTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF BLOOD FROM BRED RABBITS UPON IMMATURE RABBITS

As was first pointed out by Heape (1) and verified by Hammond and Marshall (2) ovulation in the rabbit occurs normally ten to twelve hours following copulation. The work of Evans (3) on the luteinizing effect of anterior lobe extracts upon rat ovaries, and that of Smith and Engle (4) and Zondek and Aschheim (5) on the gonad-stimulating effects of the anterior lobe, as well as that of Smith (6) showing that hypophyseetomy caused cessation of the oestrus cycle in the rat all indicated a relationship existing between the anterior lobe and the ovary. Bellerby (7) working with hypophyseal extracts and Friedman (8) working with pregnancy urine were able to induce ovulation in the unbred rabbit and Fee and Parkes (9) have demonstrated that hypophyseetomy within one hour following copulation prevents ovulation. This, in broad outline, is the evidence for the belief now commonly held, that ovulation in the rabbit is the end product of two reactions: first, an activation of the anterior lobe probably by means of th...
Transient reduction of the drag coefficient of charged droplets via the convective reversal of stagnant caps

Droplets are frequently observed to move as if they were solid rather than liquid, i.e., with no slip at the liquid-liquid interface. This behavior is usually explained in terms of the so-called “stagnant cap” model, in which surfactants accumulate at the trailing edge of the droplet, immobilizing the surface and increasing the observed drag coefficient. Here, we show that the drag coefficient for charged droplets is temporarily reduced by reversing the direction of an electric driving force. Using high speed video, we simultaneously track the velocity and relative interfacial velocity of individual aqueous droplets moving electrophoretically through oil. The observed velocity behavior is highly sensitive to the concentration of surfactant. For sufficiently low or sufficiently high concentration, upon reversal of the electric field the droplet rapidly accelerates in the opposite direction but then decelerates, concurrent with a transient rearrangement of tracer particles on the droplet surface. In contras...
High-Excitation Emission Lines Near Eta Carinae, and Its Likely Companion Star

In order to study the distribution of gas and ionizing radiation around η Car and their implications for its likely companion star, we have examined high-excitation emission lines of [Ne III], [Fe III], etc., in spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph instrument during 1998-2004. Our principal results, some of them unexpected, are as follows. (1) The high-excitation fluxes varied systematically and non-trivially throughout η Car's 5.5 year spectroscopic cycle. Instead of rising to a plateau after the 1998 event, they changed continuously with a maximum in mid-cycle. (2) At one significant location a brief, strong secondary maximum occurred just before the 2003.5 spectroscopic event. (3) These emission lines are strongly concentrated at the Weigelt knots several hundred AU northwest of the star. With less certainty, [Ne III] appears to be somewhat more concentrated than [Fe III]. (4) A faster, blueshifted component of each feature appears concentrated near the star and elongated perpendicular to the system's bipolar axis. This structure may be related to the equatorial outflow and/or to dense material known to exist along our line of sight to the star. (5) Using the photoionization program Cloudy, we estimated the range of parameters for the hot secondary star that would give satisfactory high-excitation line ratios in the ejecta. T eff 39, 000 K and L ~ 4 × 105 L ☉, for example, would be satisfactory. The allowed region in parameter space is wider (and mostly less luminous) than some previous authors suggested.
Measurement of AC Insulation Losses at Cryogenic Temperatures

The design of superconducting high voltage transmission lines requires engineering data which, until recently, have been largely unavailable. The selection of a suitable dielectric for a tape-insulated ac cryogenic cable, for example, requires the knowledge of insulation dissipation fagtors at high voltage, which are typically 20 x 10 or smaller. We present here dissipation factor measurements made on several dielectric tapes under consideration by a superconducting power transmission line project as well as on epoxies which appear mechanically suitable as low-tempetature bushing material. The measurement technique and instrumentation are described.
On reported occurrences of shock-deformed clasts in the volcanic ejecta from Toba caldera, Sumatra

Reports of shock-deformed phenocrysts from the Toba ignimbrite deposits, Sumatra, have prompted considerable debate over whether shock-deformation products are clear evidence of a meteorite impact origin for the K/T boundary deposits as well as terresrial 'cryptoexplosion' structures. Evidence presented in favor of volcanically induced shock at Toba includes kinked biotites and rare occurrences of single set of lamellae in quartz grains but rests most heavily upon occurrences of mosaic extinction patterns in plagioclase phenocrysts. The present analysis of several of the same Toba samples reveals that these mosaic patterns ae related to distinct compositional zoning and cannot be attributed to deformation of the crystal lattice that shock would produce. Additionally, in more than 200 quartz grains examined, no occurrences of microdeformation features or mosaic textures similar to those associated with known impact structures and the K/T boundary are detected. It is concluded that evidence of shock deformation in the Toba deposits has not been demonstrated.
The sensitivity of tropical convective precipitation to the direct radiative forcings of black carbon aerosols emitted from major regions

Abstract. Previous works have suggested that the direct radiative forcing (DRF) of black carbon (BC) aerosols are able to force a significant change in tropical convective precipitation ranging from the Pacific and Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. In this in-depth analysis, the sensitivity of this modeled effect of BC on tropical convective precipitation to the emissions of BC from 5 major regions of the world has been examined. In a zonal mean base, the effect of BC on tropical convective precipitation is a result of a displacement of ITCZ toward the forcing (warming) hemisphere. However, a substantial difference exists in this effect associated with BC over different continents. The BC effect on convective precipitation over the tropical Pacific Ocean is found to be most sensitive to the emissions from Central and North America due to a persistent presence of BC aerosols from these two regions in the lowermost troposphere over the Eastern Pacific. The BC effect over the tropical Indian and Atlantic Ocean is most sensitive to the emissions from South as well as East Asia and Africa, respectively. Interestingly, the summation of these individual effects associated with emissions from various regions mostly exceeds their actual combined effect as shown in the model run driven by the global BC emissions, so that they must offset each other in certain locations and a nonlinearity of this type of effect is thus defined. It is known that anthropogenic aerosols contain many scattering-dominant constituents that might exert an effect opposite to that of absorbing BC. The combined aerosol forcing is thus likely differing from the BC-only one. Nevertheless, this study along with others of its kind that isolates the DRF of BC from other forcings provides an insight of the potentially important climate response to anthropogenic forcings particularly related to the unique particulate solar absorption.
High fidelity computational simulation of a membrane wing airfoil

Abstract Computations and analysis for a two-dimensional flexible membrane wing airfoil are presented. A well-validated, robust, sixth-order Navier–Stokes solver is employed coupled with a membrane structural model suitable for the highly nonlinear structural response of the membrane. A low Reynolds number, Re = 2500 , consistent with MAV flight is chosen for the majority of the calculations. The most notable effect of the membrane flexibility is the introduction of a mean camber to the membrane airfoil. A close coupling between unsteady vortex shedding and the dynamic structural response is demonstrated. The dynamic motion of the membrane surface is also shown to significantly alter the unsteady flow over the membrane airfoil at high angles of attack. The coupling of this dynamic effect and the mean camber results in a delay in stall with enhanced lift for higher angles of attack. Exploratory computations investigating the effects of angle of attack, membrane rigidity, membrane pretension and Reynolds number on the membrane airfoil response are also presented.
Higher-order parabolic approximations for sound propagation in stratified moving media

Asymptotic solutions of order k-n are developed for the equations governing the propagation of sound through a stratified moving medium. Here k is a dimensionless wave number and n is the arbitrary order of the approximation. These approximations are an extension of geometric acoustics theory and provide corrections to that theory in the form of multiplicative functions which satisfy parabolic partial differential equations. These corrections account for the diffraction effects caused by variation of the field normal to the ray path and the interaction of these transverse variations with the variation of the field along the ray. The theory is illustrated by application to simple examples.
Isomorphisms of quantizations via quantization of resolutions

Abstract In this paper, we prove the existence of isomorphisms between certain non-commutative algebras that are interesting from the representation theoretic perspective and arise as quantizations of certain Poisson algebras. We show that quantizations of Kleinian singularities obtained by three different constructions are isomorphic to each other. The constructions are via symplectic reflection algebras, quantum Hamiltonian reduction, and W -algebras. Next, we prove that parabolic W -algebras in type A are isomorphic to quantum Hamiltonian reductions associated to quivers of type A. Finally, we show that the symplectic reflection algebras for wreath-products of the symmetric group and a Kleinian group are isomorphic to certain quantum Hamiltonian reductions. Our results involving W -algebras are new, while for those dealing with symplectic reflection algebras we just find new proofs. A key ingredient in our proofs is the study of quantizations of symplectic resolutions of appropriate Poisson varieties.
A woman’s place and a man’s duty: How gender role incongruence in one’s family life can result in home-related spillover discrimination at work.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how gender role incongruence in terms of women being primary wage earners and males being secondary wage earners in their families could affect them at work. Using an experimental design and a sample of 306 college students, I explored how females who are the primary wage earners in their families and males who are the secondary wage earners are perceived and evaluated in a work setting. I proposed, and found, that female primary wage earners are seen as the least overqualified and are given lower reward recommendations than equally qualified male peers (i.e., peers with exactly the same credentials and job performance). Male secondary wage earners are seen as being the most overqualified and are given higher reward recommendations than equally qualified female peers. Results demonstrate how the lack of fit model, which has been shown to penalize women who succeed in traditionally masculine domains (Dipboye, Acad Manag Rev 10:16–127, 1985; Heilman, Res Organ Behav 5:269–298, 1983, J Soc Issues 57:657–674, 2001), can be applied to situations where gender-incongruent behavior exists in the form of women being primary wage earners in their families. I refer to this phenomenon as “home-related spillover discrimination,” named after the spillover effects that derive from societal expectations that are transferred into employment situations (Nieva and Gutek, Acad Manag Rev 5:267–276, 1980). The practical implication of this finding is that this may present a new form of sex discrimination against women that has not yet been considered. This is the first study to show how violating stereotypical roles in terms of family wage earner status can influence outcomes in work settings.
An algorithm for computing equilibria in a linear monetary economy

An algorithm is presented for computing equilibria in a linear monetary economy, that is, an exchange economy in which all individuals have linear utility functions and in which goods are bought and sold only in exchange for money. The algorithm computes the equilibrium prices by solving a finite sequence of linear programming problems.
N=0 supersymmetry and the non-relativistic monopole

Abstract We study some of the algebraic properties of the non-relativistic monopole. We find that we can construct theories that possess an exotic conserved fermionic charge that squares to the Casimir of the rotation group, yet do not possess an ordinary supersymmetry. This is in contrast to previous known examples with such exotic fermionic charges. We proceed to show that the presence of the exotic fermionic charge in the non-supersymmetric theory can nonetheless be understood using supersymmetric techniques, providing yet another example of the usefulness of supersymmetry in understanding non-supersymmetric theories.
Explosive Nucleosynthesis: Prospects

Abstract Explosive nucleosynthesis is a combination of the nuclear physics of thermonuclear reactions, and the hydrodynamics of the plasma in which the reactions occur. It depends upon the initial conditions – the stellar evolution up to the explosive instability, and the nature of the explosion mechanism. Some key issues for explosive nucleosynthesis are the interaction of burning with hydrodynamics, the degree of microscopic mixing in convective zones, and the breaking of spherical symmetry by convection and rotation. Recent experiments on high-intensity lasers provides new opportunities for laboratory testing of astrophysical hydrodynamic codes. Implications of supernovae 1987A and 1998bw (GRB980425?), and η Carina are discussed, as well as the formation of black holes or neutron stars.