cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geriatric Syndromes in Older Adults Living with HIV and Cognitive Impairment

Objectives Nearly half of the population living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States is now older than 50 years with at least 6% over age 65. Between 35% and 50% live with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Older persons living with HIV (PLWH) also have a substantial burden of HIV-associated non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome medical conditions and are at risk for frailty, geriatric syndromes, and early mortality compared with HIV-uninfected peers. We sought to define the magnitude of geriatric conditions and multimorbidity in PLWH older than 60 years who are living with symptomatic cognitive impairment. In a subset of participants, we examined associations between these geriatric conditions. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting HIV Elders Study at the University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center. Participants Participants were HIV infected, virally suppressed, 60 years or older, and clinically diagnosed with mild neurocognitive disorder (MND). Measurements We conducted standardized assessment of geriatric conditions and everyday function and investigated multimorbidity burden using the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) index. Results Among 141 older PLWH with MND, 58% report incontinence, 55% meet criteria for pre-frailty, and a substantial proportion report dependence with instrumental activities of daily living (52%) or activities of daily living (41%). The mean VACS index score is 33 (standard deviation = 14), suggesting a 13.8% 5-year all-cause mortality risk. Conclusions Older PLWH with symptomatic cognitive impairment carry a substantial burden of other geriatric conditions. Our work supports the need for comprehensive geriatric systems of care for cognitively impaired individuals aging with HIV. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1913-1916, 2019.
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders

This chapter reviews the latest developments in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). The biologic and phenotypic heterogeneity of MG is highlighted, and the effect of this heterogeneity on disease course, choice of treatment, and response to therapy is emphasized. Discussion of myasthenia subtypes and additional references for further reading are provided. The approach to diagnosis and management of paraneoplastic and autoimmune LEMS is also reviewed.
Procedure-related and medical complications in and after intraportal islet transplantation

Abstract Performed surgically or percutaneously, intraportal islet transplantation involves infusion of islet cells within the main portal vein or its tributaries. Percutaneous injection of islet cells is the most common method of intraportal islet transplantation and can be achieved transhepatically or transjugularly. In this chapter, we provide an overview of complications associated with intraportal delivery of islet cells and describe the different approaches to this method. In the first section, we delineate procedure-related complications of intraportal transplantation corresponding to each technique and provide up-to-date information regarding the incidence, risk factors, diagnostics, and management of each problem. Specifically, we discuss the most common complications that include bleeding, thrombosis, and iatrogenic injury to anatomical structures. In the second section, we highlight the medical complications related to intraportal islet transplantation that occur independently of technique. These include adverse events related to immunosuppressive therapy and liver pathologies such as hepatic steatosis and chronic portal hypertension.
Gorgeous Photograph, Limited Copyright

This chapter explores how copyright protection of photographs is shaped by the dual nature of photography as both creative expression and a system of recording reality. Starting with the Supreme Court’s 1884 Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony opinion, the chapter explains how under American copyright law a photograph will have copyright protection only if it has original expression; that original expression can take the form of composition, selection of background, lighting, angle, shading, positioning of subjects, and a whole variety of “inputs” in the process of creating the photograph. Indeed, reading court decisions carefully it is clear that courts look for creativity less in the final photographs and more in the process of photography (including choice of camera, filters, lenses, and processing techniques, both analog and digital). The chapter describes how we can generally organize the recognized sources of copyrightable expression in a photograph into three categories: [a] creative choices in constructing the scene; [b] creative choices in initial image capture, and [c] creative choices in manipulating the image. The chapter then explores what this legal framework means for modern practices, concluding that many photographic and audiovisual records do not merit copyright protection; that photojournalists will often have only “thin” copyright protection over their work; that copyright law is only a very limited tool against “deep fakes;” and that most selfies do get at least some copyright protection. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the fair use doctrine and how the emergence of “transformative use” analysis threatens the work of freelance photographers far more than other creative professionals. Fortunately, it appears that appellate courts have recognized that concern and have appropriately dialed back “transformative use” analysis as it applies to photography.
Highly selective staining and quantification of intracellular lipid droplets with a compact push–pull fluorophore based on benzothiadiazole

A robust lipophilic dye, based on the structures of the benzothiadiazole heterocycle, was shown to be a potent fluorescent stain for the selective imaging of lipid droplets (LDs) within both live and fixed human cells. Its small molecular framework, large Stokes shift, and vastly improved photostability over that of the current status quo, Nile Red, highlight its tremendous potential as a versatile chemical tool for facilitating LD imaging and research.
Picking up the pace: Decreasing platelet administration safely and effectively

Abstract Background Hematology-oncology patients often require blood and blood product transfusions, including platelets (PLTs), to maintain stability. Administering PLTs in a shorter timeframe may prove beneficial by possibly raising platelet counts to a higher level faster, and allowing patients to be disconnected from IV pumps sooner. Objective To evaluate the optimal (safe and effective) transfusion time by comparing standard administration of PLTs over 2–4 h to the investigational administration of PLTs over 30–45 min in the pediatric hematology-oncology inpatient population. Methodology A pilot trial was conducted using a convenience sample of hematology-oncology children. Children prescribed a PLT transfusion while admitted to an inpatient unit were eligible. If randomized to the intervention group, the nurse administered the PLTs over 30–45 min. If randomized to the standard group, the nurse administered the PLTs over 2–4 h. Post transfusion PLTcount was drawn 30 min after completion. The child was monitored closely for adverse reactions. Results Eleven participants were enrolled in the study and 20 PLT infusions administered. No adverse events were noted. There was not a significant difference in changes in PLT counts by group (post minus pre), p = 0.082. There was not a significant difference in post infusion PLT counts, p = 0.727. There was a significant difference in the rate of change in PLT counts by groups, p = 0.003. Nursing implications This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that PLTs may be safely and effectively administered over 30–45 min in pediatric hematology-oncology patients. With quicker PLT administration, patients can be disconnected from IV pumps sooner.
Capacity building to bridge data use and instructional improvement through evidence on student thinking

Abstract While schools and systems across the globe promote data-driven decision making, teachers often struggle to use data, especially from external assessments, to inform daily instruction. In this paper, we examine teacher capacity building for a less typical form of data use - evidence on student thinking. We draw on data from a longitudinal, in-depth qualitative study involving middle school math teachers who were engaged in an instructional improvement project. Findings show that data use occurred when evidence from student thinking was introduced as part of the instructional planning process. This shift was facilitated by an instructional coach whose capacity building efforts with teachers focused on coherence, specifically planning high quality instruction and using data effectively, while also meeting district pacing and unit planning goals. When teachers put new strategies into practice, feedback from formative assessment data allowed teachers to identify and address misconceptions in student thinking. Learning how to use data as part of instruction helped teachers build capacity to reflect on their own practice. Implications for theory, practice, and research are discussed.
Therapeutic efficacy of "floating elbow" in children

Objective To analyze the mechanisms of injury,adopt the therapeutic regimen according to the pathological anatomy,evaluate the therapeutic effects of floating elbow,and present our experience in the management of "floating elbow" in children.Methods From 2005 to 2012,25 cases (17 boys and 8 girls) with average age of 7.5 years were retrospectively evaluated after treatment of their floating elbow injuries.Twenty-five cases were with supracondylar fracture of the humerus,including Gartland type Ⅰ in 4 patients,type Ⅱ in 10 cases,and type Ⅲ in 11 case.Eleven cases were with both the radius and ulna fractures,and 14 with simple radius fractures.The radius fractures included shaft of radius fractures in 3 cases,metaphysis fractures in 14 cases,and epiphyseal fractures in 8 cases.Three cases had radial nerve injury,and one case had median nerve injury.All patients with Gartland type Ⅱ/Ⅲ supracondylar fractures were treated with primary closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire pinning,while cases with type Ⅰ were treated with plaster.Some patients with displaced radius fractures were treated with primary closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire pinning or elastic intramedullary nail fixation.Some cases were treated with open reduction and internal fixation.Results According to the modified Flynn criteria,two patients had 10 deficiency of the range of elbow motion and 10 deficiency of forearm supination,one case had 15 limitation of elbow flexion and 12 limitation of forearm supination,and the remaining 22 cases had satisfactory elbow and forearm movements.No residual varus and valgus were found in all cases except ligament hyperlaxity.Conclusions Management of floating elbow according to the pathological anatomy is effective with satisfactory functional results. Key words: Elbow joint; Humeral fractures; Radius fractures
Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Ventricular Arrhythmias: Challenges in Diagnosis

A 37 year-old man with right ventricular dysfunction, frequent ventricular ectopy, and history of sustained palpitations presents for evaluation. The case highlights limitations in current diagnostic criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), as well as the potential benefit in selected patients of voltage-map guided biopsy to further guide treatment and prognosis.
Infant with Bilious Emesis

A 7-month-old male infant presents with 2 episodes of green emesis, decreased stool output and urine output, and lethargy. The mother states he was a full-term baby with no prior illnesses or surgery. He fed normally for months until the day prior to presentation. He had a normal, nonbloody bowel movement 24 h ago. His heart rate is slightly elevated and he is normotensive and afebrile. He is lethargic but otherwise has a normal physical examination. His abdomen is soft, nontender, and nondistended.
Supercritical carbon dioxide drying of municipal sewage sludge - Novel waste-to-energy valorization pathway.

Abstract Eighty percent of the world's wastewater is discharged back into nature without reuse and further treatment and solid byproduct of wastewater is either spread on land or landfilled. The valorization of municipal sewage sludge for energy use is a major opportunity for sustainable energy applications. This includes effective dewatering and drying of the sludge in addition to producing biogas during the anaerobic digestion. Supercritical CO 2 extraction process was investigated for the purpose of drying municipal sewage sludge. Remarkably our results showed that after sCO2 processing the higher heating value (HHV) of sludge at wet basis moisture content of 52% was 14 MJ/kg and thus higher than the HHV of brown coal with similar moisture level (12 MJ/kg). Our research also shows that under specific conditions sCO2 extraction reduces the moisture content of the municipal sludge from 89% to 53% in 15 min. Although, more research is needed this dewatering process could be considerably less energy intensive than conventional thermal and other drying processes. Another benefit is extraction of micro pollutants by sCO2 treatment and thus making the dried sludge more useable in energy applications as per regulations. Our results show an alternative and novel pathway for highly effective dewatering and drying of municipal and other types of sludge.
Are Guidelines Important? Results of a Prospective Quality Improvement Lumbar Fusion Project.

BACKGROUND United States (U.S.) healthcare is a volume-based inefficient delivery system. Value requires the consideration of quality, which is lacking in most healthcare disciplines. OBJECTIVE To assess whether patients who met specific evidence-based medicine (EBM)-based criteria preoperatively for lumbar fusion would achieve higher rates of achieving the minimal clinical important difference (MCID) than those who did not meet the EBM indications. METHODS All elective lumbar fusion cases, March 2018 to August 2019, were prospectively evaluated and categorized based on EBM guidelines for surgical indications. The MCID was defined as a reduction of ≥5 points in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Multiple logistic regression identified multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of EBM concordance. RESULTS A total of 325 lumbar fusion patients were entered with 6-mo follow-up data available for 309 patients (95%). The median preoperative ODI score was 24.4 with median 6-mo improvement of 7.0 points (P < .0001). Based on ODI scores, 79.6% (246/309) improved, 3.8% (12/309) had no change, and 16% (51/309) worsened. A total of 191 patients had ODI improvement reaching the MCID. 93.2% (288/309) cases were EBM concordant, while 6.7% (21/309) were not.In multivariate analysis, EBM concordance (P = .0338), lower preoperative ODI (P < .001), lower ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) (P = .0056), and primary surgeries (P = .0004) were significantly associated with improved functional outcome. EBM concordance conferred a 3.04 (95% CI 1.10-8.40) times greater odds of achieving MCID in ODI at 6 mo (P = .0322), adjusting for other factors. CONCLUSION This analysis provides validation of EBM guideline criteria to establish optimal patient outcomes. The EBM concordant patients had a greater than 3 times improved outcome compared to those not meeting EBM fusion criteria.
Phase separation of both a plant virus movement protein and cellular factors support virus-host interactions

ABSTRACT Phase separation concentrates biomolecules, which should benefit RNA viruses that must sequester viral and host factors during an infection. Here, the p26 movement protein from Pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV2) was found to phase separate and partition in nucleoli and G3BP stress granules (SGs) in vivo. Electrostatic interactions drive p26 phase separation as mutation of basic (R/K-G) or acidic (D/E-G) residues either blocked or reduced phase separation, respectively. During infection, p26 must partition inside the nucleolus and interact with fibrillarin (Fib2) as a pre-requisite for systemic trafficking of viral RNAs. Partitioning of p26 in pre-formed Fib2 droplets was dependent on p26 phase separation suggesting that phase separation of viral movement proteins supports nucleolar partitioning and virus movement. Furthermore, viral ribonucleoprotein complexes containing p26, Fib2, and PEMV2 RNA were formed via phase separation in vitro and could provide the basis for self-assembly in planta. Interestingly, both R/K-G and D/E-G p26 mutants failed to support systemic trafficking of a Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vector in Nicotiana benthamiana suggesting that p26 phase separation, proper nucleolar partitioning, and systemic movement are intertwined. p26 also partitioned in SGs and G3BP over-expression restricted PEMV2 accumulation >20-fold. Expression of phase separation-deficient G3BP only restricted PEMV2 5-fold, demonstrating that G3BP phase separation is critical for maximum antiviral activity. AUTHOR SUMMARY Phase separation of several cellular proteins is associated with forming pathological aggregates and exacerbating neurodegenerative disease progression. In contrast, roles for viral protein phase separation in RNA virus lifecycles are less understood. Here, we demonstrate that the p26 movement protein from Pea enation mosaic virus 2 phase separates and partitions with phase-separated cellular proteins fibrillarin and G3BP. The related orthologue from Groundnut rosette virus has been extensively studied and is known to interact with fibrillarin in the nucleolus as a pre-requisite for virus movement. We determined that basic residues and electrostatic interactions were critical for p26 phase separation. Furthermore, mutation of charged residues prevented the rescue of a movement-deficient Tobacco mosaic virus vector in Nicotiana benthamiana. Stress granules form through phase separation and we found that p26 could partition inside stress granules following heat shock. Phase separation of the stress granule nucleator G3BP was required for maximum antiviral activity and constitutes a host response that is dependent on cellular protein phase separation. Collectively, we demonstrate that phase separation of a plant virus protein facilitates virus-host interactions that are required for virus movement and phase separation of cellular proteins can simultaneously restrict virus replication.
The MBARI-WEC: a power source for ocean sensing

Interest in wave energy converters to provide autonomous power to various ocean-bound systems, such as autonomous underwater vehicles, sensor systems, and even aquaculture farms, has grown in recent years. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute has developed and deployed a small two-body point absorber wave energy device suitable to such needs. This paper provides a description of the system to support future open-source access to the device and further the general development of similar wave energy systems. Additionally, to support future control design and system modification efforts, a set of hydrodynamic models are presented and cross-compared. To test the viability of using a linear frequency-domain admittance model for controller tuning, the linear model is compared against four WEC-Sim models of increasing complexity. The linear frequency-domain model is found to be generally adequate for capturing system dynamics, as the model agreement is good and the degree of nonlinearity introduced in the WEC-Sim models is generally less than 2.5%.
CSANet: High Speed Channel Spatial Attention Network for Mobile ISP

The Image Signal Processor (ISP) is a customized device to restore RGB images from the pixel signals of CMOS image sensor. In order to realize this function, a series of processing units are leveraged to tackle different artifacts, such as color shifts, signal noise, moire effects, and so on, that are introduced from the photo-capturing devices. However, tuning each processing unit is highly complicated and requires a lot of experience and effort from image experts. In this paper, a novel network architecture, CSANet, with emphases on inference speed and high PSNR is proposed for end-to-end learned ISP task. The proposed CSANet applies a double attention module employing both channel and spatial attentions. Particularly, its spatial attention is simplified to a light-weighted dilated depth-wise convolution and still performs as well as others. As proof of performance, CSANet won 2nd place in the Mobile AI 2021 Learned Smartphone ISP Challenge with 1st place PSNR score.
Obstacles for Public Organizations Using HRIS

Data quality is defined in the literature as “a set of characteristics that data should own (p.1)” (Scannapieco & Catarci, 2002). Several scholars have provided various classifications for data quality. These include accuracy, timeliness, completeness and consistency (Ballou & Pazer, 1985; Scannapieco et al., 2005), meaningfulness, unambiguousness, and accessibility. The most detailed classification is provided by Wang et al. (1995), in which 25 different dimensions are used to classify data quality, of which accuracy tops their list. Given the importance of accuracy as a measure of data quality, this study will focus on the causes for inaccurate data in the public sector with a special attention on institutions of higher education.
A co-crystal containing Kemp's tri-acid and acetic acid: a 0D aggregate disrupts a thermodynamically preferred 1D rod motif

A supramolecular aggregate of two Kemp's tri-acid (cis,cis-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, KTA) and four acetic acid molecules is arranged in a centrosymmetric zero-dimensional (0D) motif (2). This unusual pairing of unlike carboxylic acids disrupts a 1D hydrogen-bonded rod motif that is thermodynamically preferred by KTA (1) under most conditions. The six-molecule 0D aggregate reported here behaves like a large molecule with excellent self-recognition properties. Efficient centrosymmetric packing leads to maximized van der Waals contact and multiple C–H⋯O interactions between aggregates. The synthesis and physical properties of the parent KTA rod structure (1) and the acetic acid co-crystal (2) are compared and discussed.
A Parallel Iterative Method for Solving 3-D Elliptic Partial Differential Equations

In this paper, we will consider the parallel solution of the Dirichlet problem for a second-order uniformly elliptic equation in two and three dimensions. Specifically, we shall consider the problem $$\begin{gathered} \hfill L\left( u \right) = \,f\,in\,\Omega \\ \hfill u = g\,on\,\Gamma \\ \end{gathered} $$ (1) where $$L\left( u \right) = - \sum\limits_{{\text{j}} = 1}^3 {\frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_i}}}} \left( {{a_i}\frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial {x_i}}}} \right) $$ with a i positive, bounded, and piecewise smooth on bounded Ω with boundary Γ. For sake of exposition, we will assume the equation is 2-dimensional, however, the extension to 3-dimensions of the numerical methods to be described will be described will be obvious.
CLIN-S - A Semantically Guided First-Order Theorem Prover

CLIN-S is an instance-based, clause-form first-order theorem prover. CLIN-S employs three inference procedures: semantic hyper-linking, which uses semantics to guide the proof search and performs well on non-Horn parts of the proofs involving small literals, rough resolution, which removes large literals in the proofs, and UR resolution, which proves the Horn parts of the proofs. A semantic structure for the input clauses is given as input. During the search for the proof, ground instances of the input clauses are generated and new semantic structures are built based on the input semantics and a model of the ground clause set. A proof is found if the ground clause set is unsatisfiable. In this article, we describe the system architecture and major inference rules used in CLIN-S.
Optical-Near-Infrared Color Gradients in Early-Type Galaxies at z ≤ 1.0

Recent studies based on line indices of nearby early-type galaxies suggest that stars in the galaxies' inner part may be younger and more metal-rich than stars in the outer part. If confirmed, the finding has a profound implication for the formation and evolution of early-type galaxies, since such age gradients naturally arise if merging played an important role in their formation/evolution. As an independent test for the existence of the age gradient, we investigate the optical-near-infrared color gradients of six field early-type galaxies at z 0.4-1.0, where the age gradient is expected to be detectable when combined with z = 0 calibrations. By utilizing Hubble Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer H-band imaging along with Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 optical data, we obtain a broad-wavelength baseline, giving results that are sensitive to the expected age gradient. When compared with simple model predictions, five of the objects show negligible age gradients and are metallicity gradient dominated, while the remaining object shows a color gradient consistent with the age + metallicity gradient picture. Our results suggest that stars within early-type galaxies may be coeval at z ~ 1, but sprinkling of young stars might have occurred at z < 1.
The Scaled Arrival of K-12 Online Education: Emerging Realities and Implications for the Future of Education:

Dramatic increases in K–12 online education for all students, including those in traditionally underserved populations, necessitate a reconceptualization in the way educators plan and implement ins...
Cleft palate: A clinical review

Orofacial clefts, including cleft palates (CP), are one of the most common birth defects. CP have a multiplicity of effects on the individual and society in terms of economic costs, loss of productivity, psychosocial effects, and increased morbidity and mortality at all stages of life. Embryological development of the palate is well delineated, with developments in the last decade regarding the biomolecular processes involved. Etiology is complex, involving a number of genetic and environmental factors. Various techniques can be employed for the repair of CP, depending on whether the cleft is of the primary or secondary palate, the width of the cleft, whether lengthening of the palate is necessary, and with regard to concerns of disruption of midfacial growth. All surgical techniques have the goals of restoring functional speech, swallowing, and aesthetics. A multidisciplinary team is necessary for the long-term pre- and postoperative care of CP patients to handle complications, associated anomalies, and to optimize function and quality of life.
On Benefits of Agricultural Marketing Research

Impressed with the inadequacy of research answers to questions about benefits of marketing research and even more with the reluctance of agricultural economists to accept a priori evidence of such benefits, the authors present provocative observations in an effort to stimulate interest in economic analysis of research and measurement of research results. Suggestions are presented on broadening the bases for inquiry, on kinds of evidence to be found and issues to be met, on criteria for evaluation, and on relevant inquiries that might be pursued. Discussions of spill-over effects and intersector research bolster a contention that marketing research constitutes an integral part of agricultural research and that it merits public support because a less than socially desirable investment in it is likely to be forthcoming from private sources.
The new Component Design Theory: instructional design for courseware authoring

This paper outlines extensions of Component Display Theory to provide the type of design guidance needed for experiential computer based instructional systems. The new Component Design Theory (CDT) extends the original theory in several significant ways. Content types are extended to content structures. These content structures include experiential as well as structural representations. Primary presentation forms are extended to primary presentation functions and the display is replaced by the transaction. Various types of transactions are identified for both structural and experiential representations. Course organization, previously described as Elaboration Theory, is included as part of the new CDT. Consistency rules are extended to include: (a) goal-content representation consistency; (b) goal/content representation-transaction consistency; and (c) goal/content representation-course organization consistency. Intervention rules are included for intra-transaction guidance, inter-transaction selection and sequence (strategy), inter-content representation selection and sequence (sequence) and control (who makes the guidance, strategy and sequence decisions, the learner or the system?). Finally a set of cardinal instructional principles is identified and the sets of rules which comprise the new CDT are suggested as prescribed procedures for implementing these cardinal principles. 1. The preparation of this paper was supported in part by funds provided by The Army Research Institute via Human Technology, Inc. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring organization or Human Technology, Inc. 2. Mark Hopkins was a powerful teacher and President of William College of Massachusetts (1836–1872). It is said that the best instructional technique ever devised was Mark Hopkins on one end of a log and a student on the other.
Effects of low intrapulmonary PCO2 on ventilatory sensitivity to PaCO2 in chickens

We found conflicting reports regarding the relationship between intrapulmonary PCO2 and sensitivity to PaCO2 in the chicken. To resolve this, we anesthetized eight cockerels with sodium pentobarbital (25-35 mg/kg), cannulated the cutaneous ulnar vein and carotid artery, opened the thorax and ventilated right and left lungs independently. We established PaCO2 by over-ventilating the denervated, perfused right lung with the following: 94.7, 39.9, 31.6 and 19.0 Torr PCO2 balanced with oxygen. At each right lung CO2 tension (PRCO2), we measured blood pressure and ventilatory responses to five CO2 tensions (PLCO2) ventilating the non-perfused left lung. PLCO2 ranged from 70.3 to 15.7 Torr. We found a linear relationship between the amplitude of sternal deflections and PaCO2-1, and that the slope depended upon PLCO2. Respiratory period was also linearly related to PaCO2-1, however the intercept, not the slope, was a altered by PLCO2. Stepwise regression analyses revealed an important interaction term (that is, (PaCO2.PLCO2)-1) in the determination of respiratory amplitude, but not in the determination of period. We conclude that low intrapulmonary PCO2 enhances the sensitivity of respiratory amplitude to changes in PaCO2. Further, we propose that intrapulmonary chemoreceptor discharge mediates this change in sensitivity to PaCO2.
Socrates On Obedience and Justice

here is an old problem, discussions going back at least to Grote, for students of Plato's earliest dialogues. It concerns an alleged discrepancy in Socrates' attitude toward civil obedience. In the Crito Socrates appears to take a hard line: the just man must always obey what the city commands of him (unless it commands him to commit an injustice), even if it commands him unjustly to go to his death.' But in other works, notably the Apology of Socrates (henceforth Apology), Socrates openly admits that he has on occasion disobeyed the city, and states that he would do so again if the city commanded him to cease the pursuit of philosophy (29c7ff.). Can Socrates consistently have it both ways? (Discussions include Grote 1875: I, 302-04; Adkins 1960: 263-64; A. Barker 1977: 13-28; Dybikowski 1974: 519-35; Friedlinder 1964: vol. 2, 176; Greenberg 1965: 45-82; Maier 1913: 409; Martin 1970: 21-38; Romilly 1971: 130; Taylor 1936: 168; Wasserstrom 1975: 358-84; and Young 1974: 24 n. 18).2 In certain recent studies this old problem has been transformed. Now the Crito too is taken to be a defense of sorts of civil disobedience (most recently Kraut 1984; cf. Allen 1980: 86, 109-13; E. Barker 1918: 123; Murphey 1974: 17; Santas 1979: 26; Vlastos 1974: 530-34; Wade 1971: 324; Woozley 1971: 307-08; and 1979: 28-40)." Yet, while helpful for the old problem, this reading creates a new one: if Socrates was defending civil disobedience in the Crito, why did he not escape? Generally defenders of this reading of the Crito try to show that civil disobedience requires
On the parabolic kernel of the Schrödinger operator

Etude des equations paraboliques du type (Δ−q/x,t)−∂/∂t)u(x,t)=0 sur une variete riemannienne generale. Introduction. Estimations de gradients. Inegalites de Harnack. Majorations et minorations des solutions fondamentales. Equation de la chaleur et noyau de Green. Operateur de Schrodinger
Template control of framework topology and charge in new phosphate- and arsenate-based sodalite analogs

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of three new sodalite analog structures are reported. By using mixed metal cations to achieve the host-guest charge matching and tetramethylammonium (TMA) and piperazine as structure-directing agents, ternary sodalite analog structures are synthesized in zinc gallophosphate, zinc galloarsenate. and gallium cobalt phosphate systems. The framework charge, composition, and symmetry are controlled by the charge and geometry of organic structure-directing agents. The host-guest charge matching also dictates the preferred framework T-atom sites, for Co2+ and Ga3+ respectively, and is an important aspect of the synthesis mechanism. The host guest interaction that allows the communication of symmetry information from the guest species to the inorganic framework is C-H…O hydrogen bonds in TMA sodalites and N-H…O and C-H…O hydrogen bonds in the piperazine sodalite. As a result of symmetry-templating, TMA sodalite analog structures are cubic whereas the piperazine-templated structure is body-centered tetragonal.
Design and synthesis of new nonlinear optic materials

Abstract In order to get a fundamental clear understanding of the structure-polarizability correlation, theoretical calculations were carried out on a group of molecules with cationic centers, using finite field approach. The cationic design is very flexible and allows for a lot of tinkering and tuning by the incorporation of monomeric and polymeric, chiral or achiral anions to achieve the desired properties. Synthesis of the promising molecules are being carried out.
STEREOELECTRONIC EFFECTS IN THE HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHONIUM IONS FROM ACYCLIC AND BICYCLIC PHOSPHOROTHIONATES

Abstract The alkaline hydrolysis of the bicyclic phosphonium ion 1-methyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo-[2,2,2]octane-4-methylthiophosphonium ion 1 proceeds mainly with P-O bond cleavage as shown by hydrolysis in 18O labeled water to form the cyclic epimers cis- and trans-2-methylmercapto-2-oxo-5-hydroxymethyl- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane (2/3) in addition to the bicyclic phosphate, l-methyl-4-phospha-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo-(2,2,2]octane-4-oxide, 4. The trans epimer 3 is formed after pseudorotation of the triagonal bipyramid (tbp) intermediate and is the predominant initial product. This could be explained by deprotonation of the initial neutral tbp intermediate 5 followed by fast pseudorotation to give the more stable anionic tbp 5′ in which the negatively charged oxygen is placed in the equatorial position of the intermediate. In contrast, the acyclic analogue triethoxy(methylthio)phosphonium ion undergoes alkaline hydrolysis with 100% P-S bond cleavage. It is very unusual to observe P-O bond cleavage competitive with ...
The protein kinase C activator PMA modulates LPS lethality in normal mice and protects against LPS lethality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice

Pretreatment for 5 h with 10 μg phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a well established activator of protein kinase C (PKC) in many kinds of cells including macrophages, was found to either (a) delay, or (b) potentiate, lethal endotoxin shock in mice, depending upon the dose of LPS. The latter occurred despite a marked attenuation (>90%) of the TNFα response to LPS. In mice sensitized with D-galactosamine the same PMA pretreatment offered protection against challenge from either LPS or TNFα. This protection, coupled with the ability of PMA to reduce serum TNFα while increasing serum corticosterone in response to LPS, adds in vivo support for a possible role for PKC activation in early endotoxin tolerance. A phorbol ester (4α-phorbol) that is not a PKC activator was found ineffective. PMA produced a prompt and profound decrease in body temperature which reached a nadir at 3 h. However, the protective effect produced by PMA was not dependent upon a decrease in body temperature per se, but was dependent up...
Overview of Genetic and Molecular Events in the Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer

The studies of p53 and K- ras have provided important clinical insights into the biology of lung cancer. Although over one half of all patients with lung cancer have mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in their tumor specimen, there has been no association identified between the presence of a p53 mutation and survival. In contrast, a ras family oncogene is mutated in approximately 20 percent of tumors and tumor cell lines from patients with NSCLC and the presence of a K -ras mutation is an adverse prognostic factor for survival in two different retrospective studies of patients with NSCLC. Prospective studies of these and other genes in tumors from resected specimens taken from patients with accurate follow-up may continue to provide important clues about the potential clinical and biologic significance of these genetic abnormalities.
Alternate Monte Carlo algorithm applied to a Lennard-Jones solid

Abstract Monte Carlo calculations of the thennodynamic properties of a classical nearest neighbor Lennard-Jones solid have been carried out using an alternate to the usual Metropolis algorithm. The new algorithm is particularly convenient for the study of solids. Unbiased estimators are used to obtain values for the properties and their standard deviations. Our results are combined with recent results of Cowley to give a set of best estimates.
Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence Perceptions, Behaviors, and Recall

This study examined the relationship between listening effectiveness and leadership emergence in the task-oriented small group. Subjects were 51 undergraduate students in lO classroom groups assign...
Primers for the amplification of nuclear introns in Heliconius butterflies

I described the development of degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for intron-containing regions of nine candidate wing patterning and pigmentation genes in Heliconius butterflies. Primers were developed by comparing sequence data from Drosophila melanogaster, Precis coenia, and a variety of other insects so they are likely to be applicable widely among the butterfly family Nymphalidae and perhaps Lepidoptera in general. The amplified regions are highly variable and should be useful for inferring relationships among closely related species and estimating the phylogeographical and population genetic structure of individual species.
Surgical resection for esophageal carcinoma: Speaking the language

The terminology used to describe esophagectomy for carcinoma can be confusing, even for specialists in gastrointestinal disease. As a result, specific terms are often used out of their intended context. To simplify the nomenclature, two points regarding procedures for surgical resection of the esophagus are critical: the extent of resection (radical vs standard) and the operative approach (choice of incisions). It is important to understand that the radicality of the resection may have little to do with the operative approach, with the exception of esophagectomy without thoracotomy (transhiatal esophagectomy), which mandates the performance of a standard or non-radical resection. Esophagectomy has emerged as the standard curative treatment option for patients with esophageal carcinoma; however, unlike the surgical resection of other types of solid tumors, many different surgical options and/or approaches exist for these patients. This heterogeneity of care may result from the fact that the esophagus is accessible through more than one body cavity (left hemithorax, right hemithorax, abdomen). In addition, and partially as a result of its accessibility, different types of surgical specialists harbor this operation in their armamentarium, including general surgeons, thoracic surgeons, and surgical oncologists. Despite this enthusiasm amongst surgeons, little consensus exists as to which option is most oncologically sound. Further, the details of the various surgical approaches and procedures for resection of the esophagus are often difficult to comprehend, even for specialists in gastrointestinal disease, with much of the relevant terminology used out of its intended context. To facilitate the understanding of the surgical options for esophageal carcinoma, it is useful to view the operation from two angles: the extent of resection (Aradical@ vs Astandard@) and the operative approach (choice of incisions).
Deoxygenation of glycolaldehyde and furfural on Mo 2 C/Mo(100)

Abstract The desire to produce fuels and chemicals in an energy conscious, environmentally sympathetic approach has motivated considerable research on the use of cellulosic biomass feedstocks. One of the major challenges facing the utilization of biomass is finding effective catalysts for the efficient and selective removal of oxygen from the highly-oxygenated, biomass-derived platform molecules. Herein, a study of the reaction pathways for the biomass-derived platform molecule furfural and biomass-derived sugar model compound glycolaldehyde provides insight into the mechanisms of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) on a model molybdenum carbide catalyst, Mo2C/Mo(100). Using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), it was found that the Mo2C/Mo(100) catalyst was active for selective deoxygenation of the aldehyde carbonyl by facilitating adsorption of the aldehyde in an η2(C,O) bonding configuration. Furthermore, the catalyst showed no appreciable activity for furanic ring hydrogenation, highlighting the promise of relatively inexpensive Mo2C catalysts for selective HDO chemistry.
Thermodynamic model of natural, medieval and nuclear waste glass durability

A thermodynamic model of glass durability based on the hydration of “structural units” has been applied to natural glass, and glasses containing nuclear waste. The relative durability, predicted from thermodynamic calculations, correlates directly with the experimentally observed release of silicon to the leaching solution in short-term laboratory tests. By choosing natural glasses and ancient glasses, whose long-term performance is known and which bracket the durability of waste glasses, the long-term stability of nuclear waste glasses can be interpolated. The current Savannah River defense waste glass formulation is a durable as natural basalt from the Hanford Reservation (106 y old). The thermodynamic hydration energy is shown to be related to the bond energetics of the glass.
Formation of fractal clusters and networks by irreversible diffusion-limited aggregation

A model for diffusion-controlled aggregation in which growing clusters as well as individual particles are mobile has been investigated. Two versions of the model in which the cluster diffusion coefficient is either size independent or inversely proportional to number of particles (mass) give very similar results. In the limit of low concentration and large system size both models lead to structures with a fractal (Hausdorff) dimensionality of about 1.45-1.5 in two-dimensional lattice-based simulations.
The changing course of diabetic nephropathy: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure correlate with regression of proteinuria

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) as manifested by persistent and clinically evident proteinuria, has long been considered an irreversible process that predicts a rapid decline in renal function. The observation of reversal of DN in several individuals enrolled in a prospective study of the natural course of diabetes complications challenged this view and led to the current investigation into the correlates of such regression of proteinuria. DN was defined as a median albumin excretion rate (AER) over 200 μg/min in two or three urine collections obtained at baseline, and again at 2 and 4 years of follow-up. Among 658 individuals with childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 146 had DN at baseline. Nine subsequently died without renal failure, and 13 were lost to follow-up. Of the 124 subjects with at least survey follow-up data, 32 (24%) developed renal failure, and 78 of the remaining 92 provided full quantitative data. AER decreased by ≥10-fold into the microalbuminuric (20 to 200 μg/min) or normal range (<20 μg/min) in 7 of these individuals and are called “regressors of proteinuria.” Compared with the remaining 71 subjects, the strongest correlate of regression of proteinuria was an improvement in fasting plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the 7 regressors (P < 0.008). Improved glycemic control was not a significant predictor of improved AER. Five of the 7 individuals with improved AER had a baseline median AER below 500 μg/min. When the 7 regressors of proteinuria were combined with an additional 38 individuals who also experienced smaller decreases in median AER, such improvement was associated with a more favorable systolic (or diastolic) blood pressure (BP) change (P < 0.01), and a decrease in plasma LDL-C level (P = 0.01). These data suggest that proteinuria in DN may substantially regress in approximately 6% and improve in at least 34% of individuals with IDDM over a 4-year period, often in association with a decrease in plasma LDL-C concentration or stabilization or improvement in BP. Furthermore, the data suggest that the nonreversibility threshold for diabetic nephropathy may be higher (500 μg/min) than previously reported (200 μg/min).
Neoplastic transformation of hamster embryo cells irradiated in utero and assayed in vitro.

INDUCTION of neoplastic transformation in vitro by X rays1–5 and neutrons4 has been reported. Using short term cultures of hamster embryo cells we found previously1–4 that transformation by X rays can be detected with doses as low as 1 rad. The rate of transformation increases with dose reaching a peak of 1% between 150 and 300 rad. This frequency of neoplastic transformation in vitro is much higher than the frequency of radiation-induced tumours observed after exposing animals to similar doses of radiation6. We report here that malignant transformed cells can be obtained from embryos irradiated in utero and assayed in vitro and that the frequency of transformation is at least tenfold lower than that obtained when the irradiations are performed in vitro, and thus closer to the incidence in animals.
Phase structure of large- N lattice QCD with mixed fundamental-adjoint action

Abstract The diagram for the N = ∞ lattice QCD with a mixed fundamental-adjoint plaquette action is discussed. The general expectations are substantiated by treating first QCD 2 analytically and then case of the higher dimensions by a variational meanfield analysis.