cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body mass index and waist circumference predictors of cardiovascular risk in African Americans.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine which measure of obesity is better at predicting cardiovascular risk in African Americans. We hypothesized that BMI alone would be significantly associated with cardiovascular reactivity. We also hypothesized that waist circumference alone would be significantly associated with cardiovascular reactivity. Lastly, we hypothesized that BMI and waist circumference together would be more associated with cardiovascular reactivity and account for more of the variance than the two measures alone. DESIGN: BMI and waist circumference were measured in 105 African American college students (21 men and 84 women) aged 18-27. In addition, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured as the participants viewed a racially noxious scene on videotape. RESULTS: BMI and waist circumference analyzed separately were significantly associated with stroke volume, cardiac output, and systolic blood pressure. These positive associations showed that heavier participants had higher systolic blood pressure and their hearts pumped out greater blood volume compared to their thinner counterparts. Body mass index also completely mediated the relationship between waist circumference and cardiovascular activity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings may be attributed to the premise that the waist circumference standards are different for African Americans than for Whites. Future research should establish waist circumference thresholds that are better predictors of cardiovascular disease in African Americans. Ethn Dis . 2012 Spring;22(2):162-7.
Yield Improvements in Membrane Reactors for Partial Oxidation Reactions

Implementing a distributive membrane reactor for partial oxidation reactions, specifically the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane and the partial oxidation (POx) of propylene to acrolein, is the focus of this theoretical investigation. The reactor model in this study demonstrates that the membrane reactor increases the yield of the desired product, propylene or acrolein, while suppressing the yield of COx. The membrane reactor accomplishes this by lowering the partial pressure of a reactant, oxygen, to suppress the full oxidation reaction that has a higher order dependence on oxygen. In addition to improvements for these individual reactions, the reactor model is expanded to include two different catalyst beds, the ODH reaction and the POx reaction. The dual-bed membrane reactor design improved the yield of acrolein compared to that of a dual-bed fixed bed reactor. The distributive membrane reactor is a useful tool to further enhance the performance of these POx catalysts.
Closures and dispensing devices for glass and plastic containers

It has been said that ‘a bottle or jar is only as good as its closure’; but this is only part of the story, since a good seal is the outcome of a cooperative effort between the finish of the bottle or jar and its closure.
Assessing Protein-Ultrafiltration Membrane Interactions Using Flow Field-Flow Fractionation

Flow FFF (FlFFF) is used to rapidly and conveniently measure initial stage protein fouling on ultrafiltration membranes. The procedures and findings are applicable to both ultrafiltration processes and flow FFF analyses. UV detector peak areas representing analytes eluting from the FlFFF channel are used to determine the amount of sample recovered. It was observed that compositionally similar membranes from different companies exhibited significantly different sample recoveries. The measured FlFFF retention times provided insights into the relationship between sample recovery and proximity of the sample layer to the membrane wall. Increasingly large amounts of bovine serum albumin were adsorbed when the average distance of the sample layer was less than 11 μm. This information can be used to establish guidelines for flowrates that should be used to minimize sample adsorption and membrane fouling. The methods described here also provide a means to rapidly test membranes when developing a new FlFFF analysis, evaluating membranes from different manufacturers, and testing batch-to-batch membrane reproducibility.
“Religious” as a Category: A Comparative Case Study

Rightly noting that premodern non-Western cultures lacked a version of the modern Western category of “the religious,” some scholars have proposed simply abandoning it. Meanwhile, other scholars continue to wield it uncritically. In this article I propose a middle way, using premodern China as an example. Although China had no category exactly matching “the religious” in meaning and scope, it did, I argue, have an analogous category, one that functioned somewhat similarly in a partially analogous discourse that, like the Western category, formed part of an imperial project. More generally, I suggest that we do well to inquire into the extent to which the cultures we study possessed analogues to the categories and concepts in terms of which we characterize them, rather than assume either that they did or that they did not.
Extracellular vesicles reveal abnormalities in neuronal iron metabolism in restless legs syndrome

Study objectives Determine abnormalities in levels of iron-management proteins in neuronal origin-enriched extracellular vesicles (nEVs) in restless legs syndrome (RLS). Methods We used immunoprecipitation for neuronal marker L1CAM to isolate nEVs from the serum of 20 participants with RLS from a study including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) determinations of iron deposition in the substantia nigra and hematologic parameters and 28 age- and sex-matched Controls. Results RLS compared with Control participants showed higher levels of nEV total ferritin but similar levels of transferrin receptor and ferroportin. Western blot analysis showed that heavy- but not light-chain ferritin was increased in nEVs of RLS compared with Control participants. In RLS but not Control participants, nEV total ferritin was positively correlated with systemic iron parameters; the two groups also differed in the relation of nEV total ferritin to MRI measures of iron deposition in substantia nigra. Conclusions Given the neuronal origin and diversity of EV cargo, nEVs provide an important platform for exploring the underlying pathophysiology and possible biomarkers of RLS.
A Unified Digital Twin Framework for Real-time Monitoring and Evaluation of Smart Manufacturing Systems

Digital Twin (DT) is one of the key enabling technologies for realizing the promise of Smart Manufacturing (SM) and Industry 4.0 to improve production systems operation. Driven by the generation and analysis of high volume data coming from interconnected cyber and physical spaces, DTs are real-time digital images of physical systems, processes or products that help evaluate and improve business performance. This paper proposes a novel DT architecture for the real-time monitoring and evaluation of large-scale SM systems. An application to a manufacturing flow-shop is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology.
Gulfization of the Arab World

Gulfization of the Arab World, edited by Marc Owen Jones, Ross Porter, and Marc Valeri, makes an important contribution to Gulf studies, and is a timely addition to the field given the increasing i...
Agricultural Practices Contributing to Aquatic Dead Zones

Aquatic dead zones are areas of decreased biodiversity due to hypoxic conditions. Runoff from farms often contains high levels of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, which flows into larger bodies of water and eventually the ocean and stimulates algal growth. When the algae die, they settle to the bottom and are decomposed by bacteria. The amount of oxygen produced by photosynthesis is exceeded by the amount of oxygen consumed during decomposition, thus leading to hypoxia in the bottom waters. This low oxygen starves organisms such as fish and shellfish, leading to decreased biodiversity or extinction of animal life in the area. Dead zones are linked to agricultural activity and are growing, which poses a threat to both aquatic organisms and humans. In this chapter, the case of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone is elaborated and sustainable solutions are posed to help mitigate this growing problem. The US “baby boom”, a marked population increase, directly impacted the farming industry, and larger industrial farms have since been used to supply the buyers’ needs. These farms use practices that are not sustainable including planting monoculture crops that have poor nutrient absorption, planting crops that alter the soil composition causing increase flooding, and using chemical fertilizers. By identifying the source of the nutrients that cause dead zones, more sustainable solutions have been identified to stop the growing areas of hypoxia. Larger industrial farms are directly influencing the size and continual growth of the dead zones. Sustainable farming practices benefit both the consumers and aquatic ecosystems, and this chapter gives practical solutions for sustainable agriculture.
Interlayer Optical Response of YBa2[Cu1-y(Co,Zn)y]3O6+x

We report c-axis optical measurements of chain-doped YBa2Cu3O6+x and YBa2(Cu1-yCoy)3O6.85, and of plane-doped YBa2(Cu1-yZny)3O6.85. The c-axis optical conductivity, σc(ω), of YBa2[Cu1-y(Zn,Co)y]3O6+x is roughly frequency-independent for x < 0.9, suggesting that c-axis transport is diffusive throughout much of the doping range. O- and Co-substitution causes a dramatic suppression of σc(ω), most likely due to structural changes induced between the CuO2 bilayers. By contrast, Zn substitution has only a slight influence on σc(ω), indicating that in-plane scattering has at best a small effect on interlayer hopping. Finally, c-axis Raman scattering measurements suggest that phonon-assisted interlayer hopping also contributes to c-axis transport in YBa2Cu3O6+x.
A methodology for improved circuit simulation efficiency via topology-based variable accuracy device modeling

A general and efficient preprocessing algorithm which can increase circuit simulation efficiency is discussed. The algorithm identifies significant devices based upon circuit topology. Device model complexity and error tolerances are varied based upon device significance which results in a reduction in the required model evaluation time. >
Advances in our understanding of canine atopic dermatitis

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a genetically inherited clinical syndrome that encompasses a diversity of mechanisms and can have a variety of triggers. Development of clinical disease is the result of genetic factors and environmental conditions, which shape the resulting immunological response. Clinical disease becomes evident once a threshold of inflammatory response is achieved. Skin barrier impairment plays a role in promoting cutaneous dysbiosis and increased allergen penetration. Keratinocytes shape the response of dendritic cells and subsequent lymphocytic response. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is one of the links between the damaged skin barrier and the modulation of a T-helper (Th)2 response. It is still unclear whether mutations in skin barrier genes exist in atopic dogs, as they do in humans, or whether the observed alterations are purely secondary to inflammation. A dysregulated immune response with increased Th2, Th17 and CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells has been reported. A variety of cytokines [interleukin(IL)-31, IL-34, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor] are proposed as potential biomarkers and treatment targets because they are increased in the serum of atopic dogs when compared to controls, although a correlation between serum levels of these factors and severity of disease is not always present. The main issue with many published studies is that atopic dogs are always only compared to normal controls. Thus, it is unclear whether the changes that we find are truly a signature of cAD or merely a manifestation of nonspecific broad inflammatory responses. Studies considering comparison with other inflammatory diseases different from cAD are urgently needed to correctly identify what is specific to this complicated syndrome.
Multifunctional dendritic molecular probe for selective detection of Cu2+ ions using potentiometric and fluorometric techniques

We have designed and synthesized a multifunctional dendritic molecular probe that selectively detects Cu2+ ions via potentiometric and fluorometric techniques with low detection limits (3.5 μM in potentiometry, 15 nM in fluorometry). The selective and reversible binding of the molecule with the Cu2+ ion was used to make a solid-state microsensor (diameter of 25 μm) by incorporating the molecular probe into the carbon-based membrane as an ionophore for Cu(II). The Cu(II) microelectrode has a broad linear range of 10 μM to 1 mM with a near Nernstian slope of 30 mV/log [aCu2+] and detection limit of 3.5 μM. The Cu(II) microsensor has a fast response time (1.5 s), and it has a broad working pH range from 3.5 to 6.0. The incorporation of the hydrophobic dendritic moiety makes the ionophore less prone to leaching in an aqueous matrix for potentiometric measurement. The cinnamaldehyde component of the molecule helps detection of Cu2+ ions fluorometrically, as indicated by a change in fluorescence upon selective and reversible binding of the molecular probe to the Cu2+ ions. The strategic design of the molecular probe allows us to detect Cu2+ ions in drinking water by using this novel dendritic fluoroionophore and solid-state Cu2+ - ion-selective microelectrode.
The Long-Term Residual Effects of Low-Magnitude Mechanical Stimulation On Murine Femoral Mechanics

As an alternative to drug treatments, low-magnitude mechanical stimulation (LMMS) may improve skeletal health without potential side effects from drugs. LMMS has been shown to increase bone health short term in both animal and clinical studies. Long term changes to the mechanical properties of bone from LMMS are currently unknown, so the objective of this research is to investigate the long-term effects of whole body vibration therapy on the elastic and viscoelastic properties of bone. In this study 10-week old female BALB/cByJ mice were given LMMS (15 min/day, 5 days/week, 0.3 g, 90 Hz) for 8 weeks; SHAM did not receive LMMS. Two sets of groups remained on study for an additional 8 or 16 weeks post LMMS (N=17). MicroCT and histomorphology of these femurs were studied and results were published by Bodnyk et al. [1]. Femoral quasi-static bending stiffness trended 4.2% increase in stiffness after 8-weeks of LMMS and 1.3% increase 8-weeks post LMMS compared to SHAM. Damping, tan delta, and loss stiffness, significantly increased by 17.6%, 16.3%, and 16.6% respectively at 8 weeks LMMS compared to SHAM. Finite element models of applied LMMS signal showed decreased stress in the mid-diaphyseal region at both 8-week LMMS and 8-week post LMMS compared to SHAM. Residual mechanical changes in bone during and post-LMMS indicates that LMMS could be used to increase long-term mechanical integrity of bone.
Risk factors for physical assault. State-managed workers' compensation experience

Abstract Background The estimation of incidence and evaluation of risk factors associated with nonfatal occupational assault injuries have rarely been documented in a statewide population context. A state-managed workers’ compensation system can provide estimates of incidence of such injuries and allow evaluation of risk factors. Methods Using claims data from the state-managed West Virginia Workers’ Compensation, the incidence rates of workplace injuries resulting from physical assault were estimated for the period 1997–1999. Data on potential risk factors were obtained from the claim-related electronic data files, and the risk associated with each factor was assessed using proportional injury ratios (PIRs). Results During the study period, 2122 compensated injuries were associated with workplace violence. The incidence of assault injuries was 108.2 cases per 100,000 employee years. Women sustained a higher incidence than men. Healthcare workers, public safety workers, and teachers accounted for almost 75% of all assault injuries. Workers in these occupations also differed from each other with regard to seasonality and timing of assault, perpetrator–victim relationship, and types of injury. Evidence of gender–occupation interaction indicated higher risk of assault injury in men compared to women across the three leading occupations. Nighttime work shifts were associated with greater risk of assault for female healthcare workers (PIR=1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–2.87). Conclusion The healthcare sector sustained the bulk of assault injuries in West Virginia. Although the majority of healthcare-sector employees were women, the risk of assault injuries was higher in male employees. Risk factors and injury characteristics identified in this study, particularly for three high-risk occupations, should help develop strategies for preventing workplace violence. Protecting female healthcare workers on night-shift duty, especially in nursing home settings, appears to be an important target for intervention.
Development and Application of Ride-Quality Criteria

Ride quality vibration criteria applicable to the design and evaluation of air and surface transportation systems are described. Consideration is given to the magnitude of vehicle vibration experienced by the passenger, the frequency of vibration, the direction of vibration measurements are presented for a variety of air and surface transportation systems. In addition, simulator data on seat dynamics and passenger response are presented. Results suggest the relative merits of various physical descriptors and measurement locations for characterizing the vibration in terms suitable for the design and/or evaluation of transportation systems.
Infinite Terms and Infinite Rewritings

We discuss here the properties of term rewriting systems that allow infinite derivations leading to infinite normal forms. We extend work of Dershowitz and Kaplan to preserve more information about infinite derivations in the resulting normal forms, and to give finite representations of cyclic infinite terms. We develop algebraic semantics of the new system that are very similar to those of the old.
Infinite prandtl number convection

We prove an inequality of the type N≤CR 1/3(1+log+ R)2/3 for the Nusselt number N in terms of the Rayleigh number R for the equations describing three-dimensional Rayleigh–Benard convection in the limit of infinite Prandtl number.
Cognition and Chance: The Psychology of Probabilistic Reasoning

Lack of ability to think probabilistically makes one prone to a variety of irrational fears and vulnerable to scams designed to exploit probabilistic naivete, impairs decision making under uncertainty, facilitates the misinterpretation of statistical information, and precludes critical evaluation of likelihood claims. Cognition and Chance presents an overview of the information needed to avoid such pitfalls and to assess and respond to probabilistic situations in a rational way. Dr. Nickerson investigates such questions as how good individuals are at thinking probabilistically and how consistent their reasoning under uncertainty is with principles of mathematical statistics and probability theory. He reviews evidence that has been produced in researchers' attempts to investigate these and similar types of questions. Seven conceptual chapters address such topics as probability, chance, randomness, coincidences, inverse probability, paradoxes, dilemmas, and statistics. The remaining five chapters focus on empirical studies of individuals' abilities and limitations as probabilistic thinkers. Topics include estimation and prediction, perception of covariation, choice under uncertainty, and people as intuitive probabilists. Cognition and Chance is intended to appeal to researchers and students in the areas of probability, statistics, psychology, business, economics, decision theory, and social dilemmas.
Construction of locally conservative fluxes for the SUPG method

We consider the construction of locally conservative fluxes by means of a simple postprocessing technique obtained from the finite element solutions of advection diffusion equations. It is known that a naive calculation of fluxes from these solutions yields nonconservative fluxes. We consider two finite element methods: the usual continuous Galerkin finite element method for solving nondominating advection diffusion equations and the streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin method for solving advection dominated problems. We then describe the postprocessing technique for constructing conservative fluxes from the numerical solutions of the general variational formulation. The postprocessing technique requires solving an auxiliary Neumann boundary value problem on each element independently and it produces a locally conservative flux on a vertex centered dual mesh relative to the finite element mesh. We provide a convergence analysis for the postprocessing technique. Performance of the technique and the convergence behavior are demonstrated through numerical examples including a set of test problems for advection diffusion equations, advection dominated equations, and drift-diffusion equations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1971–1994, 2015
Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures: a randomized trial

Object. Seizures frequently accompany moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Phenytoin and carbamazepine are effective in preventing early, but not late, posttraumatic seizures. In this study the authors compare the safety and effectiveness of valproate with those of short-term phenytoin for prevention of seizures following traumatic brain injury. Methods. The study was a randomized, double-blind, single-center, parallel-group clinical trial. Treatment began within 24 hours of injury. One hundred thirty-two patients at high risk for seizures were assigned to receive a 1-week course of phenytoin, 120 were assigned to receive a 1-month course of valproate, and 127 were assigned to receive a 6-month course of valproate. The cases were followed for up to 2 years. The rates of early seizures were low and similar when using either valproate or phenytoin (1.5% in the phenytoin treatment group and 4.5% in the valproate arms of the study; p = 0.14, relative risk [RR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7–13....
Lanthanide‐induced shifts in proton NMR spectra—IV: Praseodymium‐induced shifts to lower applied fields and obscured chemical shifts from lanthanide‐induced shift (LIS) data

Praseodymium(III) tris(dipivalomethanato) [Pr(DPM)3] reduces the complex overlapping aromatic absorptions in the proton NMR spectrum of a monosubstituted naphthalene, cis-3-(1-naphthyl)-1,3,5,5-tetramethlcyclohexan-1-ol(1) to a virtually first-order pattern, whereas Eu(DPM)3 at the same and higher molar concentrations does not completely resolve the aromatic proton signals. Plots of the Pr(DPM)3-induced shifts measured in carbon tetrachloride solution versus molar equivalents of Pr(DPM)3 added may be extrapolated to provide accurate chemical shifts in the absence of added lanthanide shift reagent (LSR). The qualitative conformational conclusions from the Pr(DPM)3 shifts agree with those from the Eu(DPM)3-induced shifts, but there are detailed differences in the relative lanthanide-induced shifts (LIS) for different proton types in the molecule.
In situ laser ablation ICP‐MS analyses of dimict diogenites: Further evidence for harzburgitic and orthopyroxenitic lithologies

Trace element concentrations in pyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine were measured in five diogenite breccias previously identified as containing distinct harzburgitic (ol+opx) and orthopyroxenitic (opx) lithologies (dimict). Three samples show two distinct populations of pyroxene trace element abundances, supporting their classification as dimict. These three meteorites show increases in Y, Yb, and HREE concentrations from harzburgitic to orthopyroxenitic pyroxenes, supporting the hypothesis that the lithologies are related through fractional crystallization whereby harzburgite olivine and pyroxene crystallized from the magma first followed by orthopyroxenite pyroxene. Depletions in LREE and Eu concentrations in the orthopyroxenitic lithology are most likely due to equilibration with LREE and Eu-rich phases, likely plagioclase, which is found primarily in that lithology. Two samples do not show evidence supporting a dimict classification. Large pyroxene trace element variation in one sample indicates that it is polymict, while uniform trace element distribution in the other suggests that it may be a monomict breccia.
Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition. By Bhaskar Sarkar. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009. xi, 384 pp. $94.95 (cloth); $25.95 (paper).

This article reviews the book "Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition," by Bhaskar Sarkar. The book examines the political truncation of India at the end of British colonial rule in 1947.
Capacitance plethysmography: Validation in an ex Vivo human limb model

Venous occlusion plethysmography has been used to measure extremity blood flow since 1905, without adequate validation in man. We compared noninvasive capacitance plethysmography measurements of blood flow to actual pump flow rates in viably perfused, amputated, human tumorbearing limbs. Capacitance plethysmography measurement of flow (ml/min/100 ml) correlated with the actual blood flow (ml/min) throughout the range of measurements (r = 0.93, P < 0.001). We conclude that when the plethysomograph encompasses the proximal segment of an extremity, the measurement of flow by capacitance plethysmography is linearly related to actual total limb blood flow.
Teaching Religion: Disrupting students’ notions of authoritative texts and placing religion into an interdisciplinary context

This article argues the importance of including religion in the curriculum of undergraduate studies. Religion is, at its nexus, an ideology, a belief system that reverberates through literature and...
Oral complications following radiation therapy: a five-year retrospective report.

Summary Oral complications following radiation therapy for head and neck cancer are common. A retrospective review of histories of 324 patients seen over a 5-year period by both the Radiation Oncology Department and the Dental Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is presented. ORN developed in only six patients during the interval.
Plasma pharmacokinetics, nervous system biodistribution and biostability, and spinal cord permeability at the blood-brain barrier of putrescine-modified catalase in the adult rat.

Free radical-mediated oxidative damage has been proposed to be an underlying mechanism in several neurodegenerative disorders. Previous investigations in our laboratory have shown that putrescine-modified catalase (PUT-CAT) has increased permeability at the blood-brain (BBB) and blood-nerve barriers with retained enzymatic activity after parenteral administration when compared to native catalase (CAT). The goals of the present study were to examine the plasma stability, spinal cord BBB permeability, nervous system biodistribution, and spinal cord enzyme activity of CAT and PUT-CAT after parenteral administration in the adult rat. TCA precipitation and chromatographic analyses revealed that CAT and PUT-CAT were found intact in the plasma and in the central nervous system (CNS) after iv, ip, or sc bolus injections. The highest percentages of intact CAT or PUT-CAT proteins were found in the plasma after iv administration, and similar percentages of intact CAT or PUT-CAT were found in the CNS following all three types of administration. Increases of 2.4- to 4.7-fold in permeability at the BBB and similar increases in the levels of intact PUT-CAT were found in different brain regions compared to the levels of CAT. A 2.4-fold higher level of intact PUT-CAT compared to that of CAT (P < 0.05) was found in the spinal cord 60 min after a sc bolus injection. CAT enzyme activity in the spinal cord was 50% higher (P < 0.05) in rats treated with PUT-CAT continuously for 1 week by subcutaneously implanted, osmotic pumps than the activity found in rats treated with PBS. These results provide evidence that intact, enzymatically active PUT-CAT is efficiently delivered to the nervous system following iv, ip, and sc administration and suggest that sc administration of PUT-CAT may be effective in treating neurodegenerative disorders in which the underlying mechanisms involve the action of free radicals and oxidative damage.
Clinical commentary: the bromocriptine (Parlodel) controversy and recommendations for lactation suppression.

Mounting concerns about bromocriptine (Parlodel) and rare cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents have prompted the manufacturer to remove the drug from the market for use in postpartum lactation suppression. No drug is available now or will be in the foreseeable future for this indication. This change in prescribing practice should alert the physician to counseling the expectant mother about the merits of breast feeding and about simple, non-pharmacologic methods of suppressing milk production.
Dynamical investigations of the catalytic mechanisms of water oxidation by the [(bpy)2Ru(OH2)]2O4+ ion

Electron paramagnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopies have been used to identify component species in acidic solutions containing the water oxidation catalyst (µ-oxo)bis[cis-aquabis(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III)] ([3,3]) and Ce^(4+) ions. One-electron oxidation with Ce^(4+) gave rise to an anisotropic pH-dependent EPR signal at g = 1.77-1.90, assigned to the S = 1/2 ground state of a spin-delocalized Ru-O-Ru orbital. Appearance of the EPR signal correlated with formation of a resonance-enhanced symmetric band at 405-410 cm^(-1) in the Raman spectrum, attributable to the Ru-O-Ru symmetric (v_s) stretching mode. Upon further addition of Ce^(4+) in 0.1 M acid, a second anisotropic EPR signal was detected at g = 1.87, which correlated with a v_s(Ru-O-RU) band appearing at 398 cm^(-1). By analogy with the one-electron oxidation product ([3,4]), this species was assigned as the S = 1/2 three-electron oxidized ion ([4,5]). In 1 M acid, however, the EPR spectrum of highly oxidized samples also exhibited an unusual isotropic signal centered at g = 1.95, whose relative intensity correlated with resonance Raman bands at ~357 cm^(-1) (v_s(Ru-O-Ru)) and 817 cm^(-1) (v(Ru=O)). By analogy with very similar signals reported for reduced Ru(bpy)_3^+ ions and related species which contain bipyridine radical anions as ligands, the g = 1.95 signal is tentatively assigned to a coordinated bipyridine radical π-cation in a complex whose metal oxidation state is [5,5].
Electromagnetic Form Factor of the Neutrino

Bernstein and Lee and, independently, Meyer and Schiff have recently published calculations of the neutrino electromagnetic form factor, obtaining results differing by a finite constant term. This difference can be traced back to how the W-meson contribution is regularized: The Bernstein-Lee calculation is gauge-invariant at every step, while Meyer and Schiff simply impose over-all neutrino charge neutrality at the end. The ξ-limiting process in addition sums a class of electromagnetic radiative corrections and assigns the value lnα−1 to the logarithmically divergent term in the W-meson contribution. Since the finite term, which is almost comparable to lnα−1 in magnitude, is not fixed by the ξ-limiting method, the neutrino form factor has actually been determined only to order of magnitude by this method. For this reason and because the W mass is large (or infinite), we have determined the largest part of the neutrino form factor from the charged lepton contribution using a guage-invariant direct-interaction theory. This is obtained, without further calculation, from the photon vacuum polarization. The νe charge radius thus measures the same integral that appears in the perturbation-theory calculation of Z3e12, the charge renormalization in quantum electrodynamics.
Certification Requirements in Health Education, 1949–1959

Abstract This investigation, comparing statutes and regulations pertaining to certification requirements in health education in 1949 and 1959, disclosed an increase of these health education requirements for secondary school teachers in the 50 states and District of Columbia. The requirements involved general education, professional teacher education, and special teaching fields.
Composition of relational productions for plans and programs

A relational production system (rps) is a mathematical model for information processing in which computer programs and artificial intelligence plans have a common representation. Annth order composition theorem for relational productions is presented which specifies the net effect of a sequence of actions, providing a unified, operational, mathematical solution to the following problems: (1) formation of compound artificial intelligence operators; (2) closed-form representation of loop semantics for plans; (3) composition of program statements; (4) closed-form representation of loop semantics for programs. This leads to a composition-based verification method, in which structured data are treated by the same methods as unstructured data. This approach seems especially promising in the verification of programs with structured data, which the orthodox inductive assertion technique accommodates only after major transfusions of additional theory.
Murine experimental autoimmune hepatitis: nonspecific inflammation due to adjuvant oil.

Abstract Experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) has been induced in several strains of mouse by immunization with liver cytosol plus Freund's complete adjuvant. Our goal was to validate EAH in female C57B1/6 mice and to compare the ability of immunization with liver cytosol and hepatocyte plasma membranes in Freund's complete (CFA) or incomplete (IFA) adjuvants to induce EAH. Control mice received Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), alone or an emulsion of HBSS in either CFA or IFA. The severity of hepatitis in coded liver sections was compared. EAH-like lesions were found not only in mice immunized with liver antigens in CFA or IFA but also in mice injected with either CFA or IFA. Mice injected with HBSS alone showed no hepatitis. These results indicate that immunization with neither liver nor mycobacteria cell wall antigens is required for induction of EAH-like lesions and suggest that the EAH in C57B1/6 mice may be a nonspecific inflammatory response to adjuvant oil.
A Perceptually-Inspired Stochastic Framework for Video Search and Analysis

The neurobiological model for motion recognition and visual processing posits that visual stimuli in the brain bifurcate into a Motion Energy Pathway and a Form Pathway, both of which are finally Integrated in the resulting motion recognition. In this article, we propose a perceptually-inspired computational framework for video search and analysis of human activity recognition. For high-resolution video, our computational framework relies upon the physics-based Human Action Image for the Motion Energy Pathway, shapes of trajectories and Dynamic Time Warping for the Form Pathway, and a variant of the bootstrap for the Integration. For low-resolution video, the computational equivalent uses simple, physics-based kinematic features for the Motion Energy Pathway, Space-time Interest Points and Nearest Neighbour classification for the Form Pathway, and a variant of the Markov chain Monte Carlo method for the Integration. We demonstrate the efficacy of our system on real-life video sequences from the well-known USF, Weizmann, UCR Videoweb, and YouTube/Hollywood Human Actions datasets.
Cell-surface events for metallothionein-1 and heme oxygenase-1 regulation by the hemopexin-heme transport system.

ABSTRACT A model has been developed for the hemopexin receptor-mediated heme transport system based on iron uptake in yeast. Two steps are required: reduction followed by oxidation by a multi-copper-oxidase. Furthermore, in the hemopexin system, the surface redox events have been linked with gene regulation. The impermeable Cu(I) chelator bathocuproinedisulfonate (BCDS) is shown here to abrogate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA induction by heme-hemopexin. A role for Cu(I) in the regulation of HO-1 and MT-1 (Sung et al., 1999) by hemopexin supports the participation of electron transport processes at the cell surface as does competition by the reductase activator, ferric citrate, which inhibits the induction of MT-1 and HO-1 mRNA by heme–hemopexin. There is a key role for the hemopexin receptor because neither ferric citrate nor iron-transferrin alone regulates MT-1 or HO-1. Cell-surface copper is the first molecule to link the concomitant regulation of HO-1 and MT-1 by the hemopexin receptor. In addition, cy...
Safety and potency testing of federally licensed fish bacterins.

Abstract Federally licensed fish biologicals include Vibrio anguillarum-V. ordalii and Yersinia ruckeri bacterins. Three commercial firms are licensed to produce and market these bacterins. Standard test procedures are established for the safety and potency testing of Vibrio anguillarum-V. ordalii and Yersinia ruckeri bacterins and are being developed for Aeromonas salmonicida bacterins. The National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) routinely tests production lots for safety and potency in salmonids, primarily rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Test methods have proven satisfactory with good agreement of test results between those of licensed firms and the NVSL. Recommendations for potency test standards are presented.
Management of Thrombotic Complications in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer diagnosed in children, and has been reported as the most common malignancy associated with thromboembolism in the pediatric age group. Treatment with Escherichia coli asparaginase, concomitant steroids, presence of central venous lines, and thrombophilic abnormalities are established risk factors for thromboembolism. The incidence varies with age, co-morbidities and chemotherapy regimens but the risk is highest during the induction and intensification phases. Treatment is necessary in majority of children to prevent serious sequelae. Mortality from thromboembolic events in any location is 2 to 4 % and the risk of recurrence is 7 to 10 %, further enhanced in the setting of malignancy. Randomized trials of venous thromboembolism (VTE) management in pediatric patients with ALL are lacking due to the low overall incidence, resulting in considerable variation in practice. The objective of this article is to review current knowledge on the treatment and prevention of thrombosis associated with pediatric ALL.
THE FORGIVING ORGANIZATION: BUILDING AND BENEFITING FROM A CULTURE OF FORGIVENESS

Forgiveness is a powerful social force with lasting consequences for victims and offenders. Nonetheless, theory on forgiveness as an organizational phenomenon has lagged. In response to this concer...
Early synthesis of virus-specific RNA and DNA in cells rapidly transformed with Rous sarcoma virus

Abstract Chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) were infected with the Prague strain (subgroup C) of RSV (PrC-RSV) under conditions of rapid transformation and the synthesis of RNA and DNA capable of hybridizing with single-stranded DNA transcripts of 70 S PrC-RSV RNA (PrC-RSV DNA) was measured by hybridization kinetics analysis. PrC-RSV DNA was synthesized in the presence of high concentrations of actinomycin D and was freed from double-stranded DNA by chromatography; it protected over 90% of 70 S PrC-RSV RNA from digestion by ribonuclease at DNA:RNA ratios greater than 9. Virus-specific RNA sequences were measured with cellular RNA in vast excess, using the hybridization kinetics of the PrC-RSV DNA with 70 S PrC-RSV RNA as the reference. Virus-specific DNA sequences were measured with cellular DNA in vast excess, using the kinetics of self-annealing of the unique sequences of cellular DNA as the reference. Uninfected gs − CEF contained on the average one viral genome copy of DNA per cell and no detectable virus-specific RNA. DNA capable of hybridizing with the probe began to be synthesized within 3 hr after infection, and by 24 hr 2 viral genome copies had been synthesized. No additional virus-specific DNA was synthesized thereafter. During the first 6 hr after infection, CEF contained about 40 viral genome equivalents of RNA per cell, about 85% of which were in the cytoplasm. This represented most probably RNA in inoculum virus. Between 6 and 24 hr the number of viral genome equivalents per cell increased to 100. This newly synthesized RNA was equally distributed between the nucleus and polyribosomes. Between 24 and 96 hr the amount of virus-specific RNA in the nucleus and in polyribosomes increased by just under 2-fold, but in the remainder of the cytoplasm it rose by over 8-fold. By 96 hr cells contained about 340 genome equivalents of RNA per cell, which was about one-half of the number present in cells 14 days after infection. The size of the virus-specific RNA present in polyribosomes was predominantly 35 S, but some 10–30 S material was also present.
A randomized trial of intraocular lens fixation techniques with penetrating keratoplasty.

Purpose: Pseudophakic corneal edema is the principal indication for penetrating keratoplasty in the United States. Currently, three techniques of intraocular lens (IOL) fixation during penetrating keratoplasty for this condition are commonly used—flexible anterior chamber IOL (AC IOL) implantation, iris suture fixation of a posterior chamber IOL (PC IOL), and transscleral suture fixation of a PC IOL. This study represents the first prospective, randomized comparison of these three techniques. Methods: One hundred seventy-six consecutive patients with pseudophakic corneal edema who underwent penetrating keratoplasty with IOL exchange were randomized to one of the three implantation techniques. Standardized evaluations were performed at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. Life-table analysis provided cumulative risk estimates for specific complications. Results: Randomization produced comparable groups at baseline. The cumulative risk of macular edema was significantly less for the iris fixation cohort than for either the AC IOL or scleral fixation group. A complications index was constructed based on the major adverse outcomes of glaucoma escalation, cystoid macular edema, IOL dislocation, and graft failure. A significantly lower risk of complication was found for iris compared with scleral fixation of PC IOLs. Conclusion: The authors conclude that transscleral fixation of the PC IOL at the time of penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic corneal edema is associated with a greater risk of adverse outcome than iris fixation of a PC IOL.
Efficient Market Making via Convex Optimization, and a Connection to Online Learning

We propose a general framework for the design of securities markets over combinatorial or infinite state or outcome spaces. The framework enables the design of computationally efficient markets tailored to an arbitrary, yet relatively small, space of securities with bounded payoff. We prove that any market satisfying a set of intuitive conditions must price securities via a convex cost function, which is constructed via conjugate duality. Rather than deal with an exponentially large or infinite outcome space directly, our framework only requires optimization over a convex hull. By reducing the problem of automated market making to convex optimization, where many efficient algorithms exist, we arrive at a range of new polynomial-time pricing mechanisms for various problems. We demonstrate the advantages of this framework with the design of some particular markets. We also show that by relaxing the convex hull we can gain computational tractability without compromising the market institution’s bounded budget. Although our framework was designed with the goal of deriving efficient automated market makers for markets with very large outcome spaces, this framework also provides new insights into the relationship between market design and machine learning, and into the complete market setting. Using our framework, we illustrate the mathematical parallels between cost-function-based markets and online learning and establish a correspondence between cost-function-based markets and market scoring rules for complete markets.
Non-Maxwellian electron-energy distribution due to inelastic collisions in a z-pinch plasma.

Radiation from a hot plasma is produced by inelastic collisions of energetic electrons with highly ionized ions. In each collision these electrons lose a large amount of energy, which, in large part, is lost from the plasma as radiation and replenished by heating. Radiative cooling, principally in the tail of the electron distribution function, and heating, generally below thermal energies, modify the electron-energy distribution. This modification in turn affects the plasma properties. For a z-pinch neon plasma around ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ density and 200 eV temperature the radiative power decreases up to about 20%, although the radiation rate for an individual line could decrease by up to 100%.
A theoretical treatment of self-demagnetization in magnetic recording

A model for self-demagnetization is proposed which states that the value of the field and magnetization at every point in the material represent a point on a particular hysteresis loop of the material. This loop can either be a major or a minor loop of the material. The particular loop ascribed to a point is determined by the magnetization which existed at that point initially. This model has been applied to an ideal case of longitudinal recording. The results are compared with the Kostyshyn model for self-demagnetization and with experimental data.
TCT-195 Impact of Total Stent Length on Clinical Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Biolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Everolimus-Eluting Stent

Total stent length (TSL) after first generation drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation was associated with adverse cardiac events. However, it remains unclear whether TSL after newer-generation DES implantation has impacts on clinical outcomes. Our aim was to assess the relationship between TSL and
Tandem inter [4+2]/intra [3+2] cycloadditions. 8. Cycloadditions with unactivated dipolarophiles

Abstract The tandem intermolecular [4+2/intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of nitroalkenes bearing a pendant olefin is presented. The success of the tandem process is remarkable in view of the potential for intramolecular reaction with the tethered alkene. Cycloadditions of di- and trisubstituted nitroalkenes bearing two- and three-methylene tethers which contain mono-, di- and trisubstituted olefins are described. In all cases the tandem process is high yielding (with n-butyl vinyl ether as the dienophile) and highly stereoselective. Hydrogenolysis of the resulting nitroso acetals leads cleanly to fused pyrrolidines in high yields.
Perceived Event Frequency and the Optimistic Bias: Evidence for a Two-Process Model of Personal Risk Judgments ☆

This is a post-print of an article published by Elsevier in Journal of Experimental Social Psychology in May 2002, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2001.1509.