cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Internet Search Logs to Evaluate Potential Drug Adverse Events

Internet search logs provide an abundant source of data that can be explored for purposes such as identifying drug exposure–adverse event relationships. The methodology to rigorously conduct such evaluations is not well characterized, and the utility of such analyses is not well defined. In this issue, White and colleagues propose an approach using Internet search logs for this purpose and compare it to parallel analyses conducted using the US Food and Drug Administration's spontaneous reporting database. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014); 96 2, 149–150. doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.115
Biosensors for Neurological Disease

The diagnosis of neurological disease (ND) traditionally involves the association of specific symptoms in a patient with a clinical examination, consideration of the patient's prior medical history, and clinical laboratory testing (e.g., electroencephalography, electromyography). The decoding of the human genome has made possible the identification of proteomic and genomic biomarkers associated with specific neurological disorders. The identification of multiple biomarkers, including determination of chemical nature and concentration, provides a disease “signature” that is not achievable through testing for any single marker alone. Biomarker signatures can augment conventional clinical evaluation and testing by improving diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring progression, and management of ND. Biomarker signature profiling for a patient can allow for personalized medicine catered to individual need. The need for biosensors in the detection of ND is illustrated by recent events. Two cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada have cost their beef industry millions of dollars and resulted in precluding shipment of cattle from Canada to the United States. The ability to determine absence of prion disease in live cattle could greatly increase confidence in cattle imports. In a separate example, Tysabri, an immunosuppressant drug effective in lengthening periods of remission in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), was withdrawn from the market because of occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in treated individuals. PML in the treated MS individuals was caused by proliferation of JC virus. The ability to detect JC virus production during treatment with Tysabri could remedy this problem. Biosensors designed to detect analytes indicative of disease are currently available. Ranging from single target detection to more complex multitarget signature profiling, these biosensors are offered for a wide range of disorders. Many focus on the detection of cancer and ND. The platforms used for cancer detection are directly applicable to ND determination because the sensors detect analytes or genetic mutations present in both disease types. Specific products and technologies that are already being used for or can be readily adapted to ND diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are discussed. A select list of ND-related biomarkers for current and future study is presented. Keywords: proteomics; genomics; multiplexed sensor; microarray; neurological disease; biomarker; immunosensor; cancer; degenerative disease
Cell Polarity: Quantitative Modeling as a Tool in Cell Biology

Among a number of innovative approaches that have modernized cell biology, modeling has a prominent yet unusual place. One popular view is that we progress linearly, from conceptual to ever more detailed models. We review recent discoveries of cell polarity mechanisms, in which modeling played an important role, to demonstrate that the experiment-theory feedback loop requires diverse models characterized by varying levels of biological detail and mathematical complexity. We argue that a quantitative model is a tool that has to fit an experimental study, and the model’s value should be judged not by how complex and detailed it is, but by what could be learned from it.
Industry Views on Content of the International Marketing Course

Recent studies point out the importance of, as well as the need for, improving the course in international marketing. The present study provides input from 225 of the largest U.S. corporations regarding their views on appropriate content in the international marketing course. Results indicate a preference for subject matter having the most direct impact on marketing activities.
Switching of a photochromic molecule on gold electrodes: single-molecule measurements

We have studied the electronic changes caused by light-induced isomerization of a photochromic molecule between an open state (that absorbs in the UV to become closed) and a closed state (that absorbs in the visible to become open). Data obtained using a newly developed repetitive break junction method are interpreted in terms of single-molecule resistances of 526 +/- 90 M Omega in the open form and 4 +/- 1 M Omega in the closed form when the molecule is bound between two gold contacts via dithiol linkages. The corresponding ratio of open to closed resistance is in close agreement with the results of ab initio calculations, though the measured resistances are about half of the calculated values. Optical spectroscopy indicates that the photoisomerization occurs in both directions on small gold particles, evaporated thin gold films, and in the break junction experiments.
Human middle cerebral artery blood velocity during sexual intercourse.

Although the augmentation of central hemodynamics during human sexual intercourse is well established, dynamic changes in human regional cerebral blood flow have not been reported. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasonography has been well validated and allows direct, continuous measurement of phasic blood velocity in the human middle cerebral artery (a linear index of regional cerebral blood flow). The middle cerebral artery supplies the premotor and primary sensorimotor cortical regions for the arms, upper and lower trunk, and head. Blood velocities in this vessel have been shown to increase significantly with sensory stimuli and physical stresses. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that human sexual intercourse increases middle cerebral artery blood velocity. We used noninvasive, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (95% confidence limits for precision +/- 7%) to measure blood velocity in the left middle cerebral artery of 10 male and 10 female, sexually acquainted, healthy adults (age range, 23 to 47 years; mean, 30 years). To eliminate signal artifacts and allow complete freedom of motion, a modified low profile, temporal fossa transducer was secured by minimal unobtrusive forehead strapping. Continuous measurements of phasic blood velocity and heart rate were made in a private bedroom setting during rest (control), preexcitement, excitation, prepenetration, penetration, preorgasm, orgasm, and resolution with the untethered instrumented subject in the supine missionary position. Heart rate and blood velocity responses were similar in both sexes. During orgasm, the maximal heart rate increased significantly (P 0.10) from a resting value of 56 +/- 15 cm/s. In conclusion, in both sexes, human middle cerebral artery blood velocity, a linear index of human regional cerebral blood flow, does not increase significantly (P > 0.10) during human sexual intercourse.
Accentuate the Positive: Americanos and the Articulation of Latina/o Life in the United States

At the turn of the century, data from the 2000 U.S. Census announced an emergent population of 35 million Latina/os, and focused the attention of journalists, media producers, politicians, and marketing demographers on Latina/o individuals and Latinidad as a coherent structure of feeling that might unite a disparate group who share a common ancestry. Since then, Latina/os have garnered an extraordinary amount of attention from cultural producers and audiences alike. This essay conducts a dual analysis of the textual and extratextual features of Americanos: Latino Life in the United States/La Vida Latina en Los Estados Unidos, a coproduction of Olmos Productions, Time Warner, and the Smithsonian Institution, that presents a generous vision of both Latina/os and America. While Americanos does indeed display affirmative representations of Latina/o life, the conditions of its production yield a text that adheres to the dominant ideologies of multiculturalism and the American Dream. By articulating Latinidad w...
Structure, penetration, and mixing of pulsed jets in crossflow

Effects of periodic disturbances on the structure and mixing of a transverse jet have been investigated through chemically reactive laser-induced fluorescence experiments in a water model. Flow visualization experiments with a steady, round jet in crossflow revealed a distinct vortex loop merging pattern among the vortices that make up the curved shear layer around the jet. As the vortex loops are stretched and distorted, certain parts of the neighboring loops with the opposite or the same sign of vorticity merge, resulting in cancellation or intensification of the vorticity in the corresponding regions of the jet. When the flow rate of this jet was periodically modulated by a square wave, however, distinct vortex rings were created whose spacing and strength were dictated by the pulsing frequency for a given jet and crossflow combination. At low pulsing rates, these rings penetrated into the crossflow significantly deeper than the steady jet. An optimum pulsing frequency was found at which closely spaced vortex rings were observed, which penetrated as discrete vortices into the crossflow in the near field. Strong interactions among neighboring rings were observed farther downstream
Decline in haemoglobin A1c values in diabetic patients receiving interferon‐alpha and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C*

Haemoglobin A1c (A1c) levels are lower during haemolysis because of the shorter exposure of haemoglobin (Hb) to plasma glucose. Ribavirin (RBV) used in combination with interferon-alpha (IFN) for chronic hepatitis C causes reversible haemolytic anaemia. This study examined the extent to which RBV treatment influences A1c levels in diabetic patients. A retrospective analysis identified 32 diabetic patients who underwent hepatitis C treatment with IFN and RBV. Each subject had at least three measures of A1c, Hb and glucose: before, during and after therapy. A1c values decreased from a mean pretreatment level of 7.2% to an on-treatment A1c level of 5.2% [mean paired difference -2.01%; 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.59% to -2.43%; P < 0.001]. During therapy, mean Hb levels decreased from 15.1 g/dL at baseline to a nadir of 11.7 g/dL (P < 0.001) with a rise in lactose dehydrogenase levels and reticulocyte counts, and unchanged mean corpuscular volume values confirming haemolysis. At the same time, glucose levels declined by a mean of 38.4 mg/dL (95% CI 13.4-63.5 mg/dL; P = 0.002) as did body weights by a mean of 3.15 kg (P < 0.001). According to published glucose-A1c correlation tables, this decline of glucose concentration by 38.4 mg/dL correlates to a decline in A1c level of 1.08%. In conclusion, reductions of A1c levels by a mean of 2.01% during hepatitis C therapy with IFN + RBV are due to a combination of decreased glucose levels (1.08%) and RBV-induced haemolysis (0.93%). A1c levels should not be measured during hepatitis C treatment with IFN + RBV because they do not adequately reflect glycaemic control.
Concentrated Enforcement in a Best-Case Tax Enforcement Regime

In this Article, I set forth a theory (“concentrated enforcement”) for allocating scarce enforcement resources within a low compliance tax sector. The intuition behind concentrated enforcement is that, under a number of different circumstances, there may be increasing marginal returns to enforcement resources and psychological factors that support concentration. This Article begins by setting forth the notion of a best-case tax enforcement regime, which would allocate scarce tax enforcement resources to maximize the combination of direct revenue and voluntary compliance. The Article then examines some empirical evidence from the criminology context which suggests that, under certain circumstances, concentration of enforcement may be critical to voluntary compliance. The bulk of the Article draws on a number of different disciplines to set forth the conditions under which concentrated enforcement may increase voluntary compliance and explore how it might work in the particularly problematic cash business tax sector. The question of when concentrated enforcement can increase compliance is not merely theoretical. As I explain in this Article, concentrated tax enforcement, in the form of project-based enforcement, already exists in practice. By exploring the conditions under which concentrated enforcement can increase compliance, this Article can help explain and improve existing practice, as well as guide future research. While ultimately determining when concentrated enforcement does increase voluntary compliance requires experimental application and evaluation, examining the conditions under which concentrated enforcement is likely to increase voluntary compliance and the evidence of such conditions is the first step toward such experimentation. This Article takes this first, necessary step toward thinking about concentrated enforcement as part of a best-case tax enforcement regime.
Compensating behaviors, regret, and heterogeneity in the dynamics of smoking behavior

Abstract This paper studied smoking behavior in the context of the interactions among health, smoking, exercise and seeking medical care using a microeconomic model. Based on a dynamic optimal choice theory, a simultaneous equation system was used in the empirical estimation. This study found that smokers with longer smoking history tend to have extra incentives to maintain or improve their health. It was found that they tend to use more medical services and to be more active in exercise than smokers with shorter smoking history. Health status nonlinearly affects smoking decisions. Quitting incentives can be “curative” or “preventive”, depending on one's health status. Light smokers’ addiction is qualitatively and quantitatively different from heavy smokers’.
Mangrove fishes of New Guinea

Fishes were collected with rotenone from 14 mangrove swamps, 2 in northern Australia, 6 in Papua New Guinea and 6 in Irian Jaya. Over 200 species from 58 families were found. The 12 families found in the most mangrove swamps were Hemiramphidae (13 of 14), Gobiidae (13), Apogonidae (13), Tetraodontidae (10), Blenniidae (10), Lutjanidae (9), Ophichthidae (9), Eleotridae (8), Pomacentridae (8), Toxotidae (8), Ambassidae (8), and Siganidae (7). The number of families collected per mangrove swamp ranged from 9 to 25, the number of species from 12 to 57, and the number of specimens from 59 to 818. Among the most abundant species in some mangroves were two anchovies (Thrissina baelama and Stolephorus commersonii), a cardinalfish (Apogon lateralis), two ambassids (Ambassis interruptus and Priopidichthys gymnocephalus), an atherinid (Atherinomorous endrachtensis), a pomacentrid (Neopomacentrus taeniurus), and a goby (Oligolepis moloanus). Species found in the most mangroves were the archerfish Toxotes jaculator, a blenny Omox biporos and a cardinalfish Apogon lateralis (8 of 14); a cardinalfish Fowleria cf. marmorata, two gobies, Acentrogobius cf. triangularis and Pandaka cf. pygmaea (7); a pipefish Hippichthys spicifer, a third species of cardinalfish Sphaeramia orbicularis, three gobies, Oligolepis moloanus, Parioglossus sp., and Yongeichthys cf. nebulosus, and an elebtrid Eleotris cf. fusca (6). Comparisons are made between the New Guinea mangrove fish fauna and the mangrove fishes in 7 other studies from North Borneo, South Viet Nam, India, Madagascar, Florida, and Puerto Rico.
Linear Theory for Self-Localization: Convexity, Barycentric Coordinates, and Cayley–Menger Determinants

Localization, finding the coordinates of an object with respect to other objects with known coordinates—hereinafter, referred to as anchors, is a nonlinear problem, as it involves solving circle equations when relating distances to Cartesian coordinates, or, computing Cartesian coordinates from angles using the law of sines. This nonlinear problem has been a focus of significant attention over the past two centuries and the progress follows closely with the advances in instrumentation as well as applied mathematics, geometry, statistics, and signal processing. The Internet-of-Things (IoT), with massive deployment of wireless tagged things, has renewed the interest and activity in finding novel, expert, and accurate indoor self-localization methods, where a particular emphasis is on distributed approaches. This paper is dedicated to reviewing a notable alternative to the nonlinear localization problem, i.e., a linear-convex method, based on Khan et al. ’s work. This linear solution utilizes relatively unknown geometric concepts in the context of localization problems, i.e., the barycentric coordinates and the Cayley–Menger determinants. Specifically, in an $m$ -dimensional Euclidean space, a set of $m+1$ anchors, objects with known locations, is sufficient (and necessary) to localize an arbitrary collection of objects with unknown locations—hereinafter, referred to as sensors, with a linear-iterative algorithm. To ease the presentation, we discuss the solution under a structural convexity condition, namely, the sensors lie inside the convex hull of at least $m+1$ anchors. Although rigorous results are included, several remarks and discussion throughout this paper provide the intuition behind the solution and are primarily aimed toward researchers and practitioners interested in learning about this challenging field of research. Additional figures and demos have been added as auxiliary material to support this aim.
Statistical Language Learning: Mechanisms and Constraints

What types of mechanisms underlie the acquisition of human language? Recent evidence suggests that learners, including infants, can use statistical properties of linguistic input to discover structure, including sound patterns, words, and the beginnings of grammar. These abilities appear to be both powerful and constrained, such that some statistical patterns are more readily detected and used than others. Implications for the structure of human languages are discussed.
The mosquitoes of eastern Tennessee: studies on abundance, habitat preferences, and host-seeking behaviors

A significant increase in the number of reported cases of La Crosse virus (LACV) infections in eastern Tennessee has occurred in the last ten years. The objective of this study was to determine the abundance and habitat preferences of the potential vectors of LACV in this region. Adult host-seeking mosquitoes were collected using CO(2)-baited CDC light traps and a series of human-landing catches in eastern Tennessee from 2004 to 2006. A total of 4,200 female mosquitoes of 23 species was collected by CO(2)-baited CDC trapping at ten sites during the study period. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was the most abundant mosquito collected at all sites and vegetation types, with the ratios of total Ae. albopictus to Ae. triseriatus (Say) females collected being 2.1:1 in 2004, 3.8:1 in 2005, and 4.9:1 in 2006. Ten species were collected during a series of human-landing catches made at four different sites; one probable and three confirmed case sites of LACV infections, totaling 528 female mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus was the most abundant species collected, with a 4:1 ratio of Ae. albopictus to Ae. triseriatus females. Aedes albopictus exhibited two clear peaks of "landing" activity, one in the early morning and one in the late afternoon or early evening. Simple and multiple regression analyses of the predictors of the number of mosquitoes collected showed that populations of Ae. albopictus were three times more likely to be collected overall than Ae. triseriatus. Species (Ae. albopictus), vegetation (residential), and the previous cumulative precipitation for the four weeks prior to collection were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the number of mosquitoes collected by CO(2)-baited CDC trapping. Aedes albopictus was also more likely to be collected than Ae. triseriatus at confirmed cases of LACV infections.
A Method to Infer Observation Time Based on Day-to-Day Temperature Variations.

Abstract A method to infer the observation time of a station at annual resolution is developed and tested at stations in the United States. The procedure is based on a tendency for the percentiles of the monthly distribution of positive day-to-day maximum temperature changes (i.e., day n + 1 > day n) to exceed the corresponding absolute percentiles of the distribution of negative day-to-day changes at afternoon stations. Similarly absolute percentiles of negative day-to-day minimum temperature change tend to exceed the corresponding positive interdiurnal changes at morning observation sites. Equal percentiles are generally found at stations that use a midnight observation hour. Based on annual and seasonal summations of these monthly percentile differences, discriminant functions are developed that are capable of differentiating between afternoon, morning, and midnight observation schedules. Across the majority of the United States observation time is correctly classified in over 90% of the station-years ...
A computer-controlled load loss standard for calibrating high-voltage power measurement systems

A computer-controlled load loss standard, based on the current-comparator technique, for calibrating high-voltage power measurement systems is described. Measurements can be made at any power factor from zero lag through unity to zero lead, positive or negative power, at voltages up to 200 kV, currents up to 1000 A, and 50 or 60 Hz. The load loss standard features current-comparator-based components including a high-voltage active divider, a unity-gain integrator for producing an accurate and stable reactive component, a high-current transconductance amplifier with the ability to provide a highly accurate current to a circuit that is operated at high voltage, and a computer for control and data reduction. In a laboratory environment the load loss standard has an uncertainty of less than 10 ppm for both magnitude and phase. However, when used for on-site testing/calibration, due to temperature effects, its uncertainty is increased to less than 100 ppm in magnitude and 10 ppm in phase. >
Amino Acid–Induced Activation of mTORC1 in Rat Liver Is Attenuated by Short-Term Consumption of a High-Fat Diet

Background: The chronic activation of the mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin in complex 1 (mTORC1) in response to excess nutrients contributes to obesity-associated pathologies. Objective: To understand the initial events that ultimately lead to obesity-associated pathologies, the present study assessed mTORC1 responses in the liver after a relatively short exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Male, obesity-prone rats were meal-trained to consume either a control (CON; 10% of energy from fat) diet or an HFD (60%of energyfrom fat) for 2 wk. Livers were collected and analyzed for mTORC1 signaling [assessed by changes in phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1)] and potential regulatory mechanisms, including changes in the association of Ras-related GTP binding (Rag) A and RagC with mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and expression of Sestrin1, Sestrin2, and Sestrin3. Results: Feeding-induced activation of mTORC1 was blunted in the livers of rats fed the HFD compared with those fed the CON diet (p70S6K1 phosphorylation, 19% of CON; 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, 61% of CON). The attenuated response was not due to a change in a kinase also referred to as protein kinase B (Akt) signaling but rather to resistance to amino acid–induced activation of mTORC1, as evidenced by a reduction in the interaction of RagA (69% of CON) and RagC (66% of CON) with mTOR and enhanced expression of the mTORC1 repressors Sestrin2 (132% of CON) and Sestrin3 (143% of CON). The consumption of an HFD led to impaired amino acid–induced activation of mTORC1 as assessed in livers perfused in situ with medium containing various concentrations of amino acids. Conclusions: These results in rats support a model in which the initial response of the liver to an HFD is an attenuation of rather than the expected activation of mTORC1. The initial response likely represents a counterregulatory mechanism to the onset of excess nutrients and is caused by enhanced expression of Sestrin2 and Sestrin3, which, in turn, leads to impaired Rag signaling, resulting in resistance to amino acid–induced activation of mTORC1. JN utrdoi: 10.3945/jn.115.215491.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION AND REGULATION BY PH OF MURINE AE2 ANION EXCHANGER EXPRESSED IN XENOPUS OOCYTES

cRNA encoding the murine band 3-related protein AE2 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes. AE2-mediated transport function and regulation were analyzed by unidirectional 36Cl- influx and efflux studies....
Expressive Derivation of Substantives in Contemporary Russian and Polish

(1954). Expressive Derivation of Substantives in Contemporary Russian and Polish. WORD: Vol. 10, Slavic Word No. 3, pp. 457-468.
White ≠ Poor Whites Distance, Derogate, and Deny Low-Status Ingroup Members

Throughout society, White people of low socioeconomic status (SES) face prejudice, often from racial ingroup members. The present research tested the ingroup distancing effect, which predicts that Whites' negative reactions to low-SES ingroup members are motivated responses to perceived threats to their personal and group-level status. To cope with perceived status threats, White people psychologically and physically distance themselves from low-SES Whites. Four studies provide converging support for this theorizing. Among White participants, low-SES Whites elicited derogation, impaired racial categorization and memory, and inflated perceived personal status. White participants explicitly perceived low-SES Whites as greater status threats than low-SES Blacks, and these perceptions of threat predicted increased discomfort in anticipated social situations with low-SES White targets. Moreover, threatened status led Whites who strongly identified with their racial ingroup to physically distance themselves from a low-SES White partner. This research demonstrates that concerns with status motivate prejudice against ingroup members.
A colorimetric method for evaluating chymotrypsin inhibitors in human serum.

SummaryA colorimetric method of determining serum chymotrypsin inhibitor levels has been descrived. This method has the following advantages over the original milk method described by West and Hilliard. 1 It is based on the hydrolysis of a stable, synthetic substrate. 2 Colorimetric determinations on timed reactions have obviated the need for subjective end point determinations.
The Edge of Knowledge: Jews as Monsters/ Jews as Victims

During the late summer and early fall of 1978, Film Comment published two strikingly original articles on the horror film by critic Robin Wood. Wood's first essay expands on the common analogy between dreams and films by providing a fresh insight that unites psychology with politics and sociology, arguing that movies are both "the personal dreams of their makers and the collective dreams of their audiences - a fusion made possible by the shared structures of a common ideology." Given this supposition, Wood offers a basic formula for the horror film: "normality is threatened by the monster." Such a simple and general formula gives us three variables: normality, the monster, and the relationship between the two. "It is this third variable," says Wood, "that constitutes the essential subject of the horror film."' Because Wood's premises fuse psychology, politics, and sociology, they open up some fertile areas of examination within this genre. He discusses horror pictures as manifestations of repressed sexual energy, citing Robert Florey's Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932) as a classic example. Finally, he analyzes the connection between family and horror - a theme prevalent in such contemporary pictures as Rosemary's Baby (1969), Night of the Living Dead (1968), Sisters (1973), and Carrie (1976) and concludes that these films show examples of "the sense of civilization condemning itself through its popular culture." But Wood's ideas need not be restricted to the realms of Freudian psychology, sexual
Changing landscapes, changing narratives: socio-cultural approach for teaching global migrants

AbstractGiven the proliferation of new media technologies today’s immigrant children and youth are experiencing the effects of time–space compression in the domain of interpersonal interactions. Increasingly, they are able to simultaneously engage in developmental activities across their native and host societies. If migration is no longer a one-way binary choice, but rather a culturally dialectical process involving fluid articulation of consciousness and identity across multiple cultural landscapes, how can we structure teaching and learning to support cognitive development of immigrant children and youth as they gradually assume the responsibilities of adulthood? This work builds on socio-cultural theory in order to describe sense-making, a psychological process situated in interaction with extant social, cultural and physical environments, which employs language actively woven into a narrative as a tool for organising consciousness and perception. Practical recommendations stemming from this theoretic...
Memory retrieval along the proximodistal axis of CA1

The proximal and distal segments of CA1 are thought to perform distinct computations. Neurons in proximal CA1 are reciprocally connected with the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and exhibit precise spatial firing. In contrast, cells in distal CA1 communicate with the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), exhibit more diffuse spatial firing and are affected by the presence of objects in the environment. To determine if these segments make unique contributions to memory retrieval, we examined cellular activity along the proximodistal axis of CA1 using transgenic reporter mice. Neurons tagged during context learning in proximal CA1 were more likely to be reactivated during testing than those in distal CA1. This was true following context fear conditioning and after exposure to a novel environment. Reactivation was also higher in brain regions connected to proximal CA1 (MEC, distal CA3) than those connected to the distal segment (LEC, proximal CA3). To examine contributions to memory retrieval, we performed neurotoxic lesions of proximal or distal CA1 after training. Lesions of the proximal segment significantly impaired memory retrieval while damage to distal CA1 had no effect. These data suggest that context memories are retrieved by a hippocampal microcircuit that involves the proximal but not distal segment of CA1. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How the Brain Understands Explanation of Consciousness and Understanding

Understanding and consciousness are two of the most fundamental functions of the mind. While understanding is semantically different from consciousness, the two functions are explicated as being very much the same physiologically. Their physiologies are elucidated. Genetic research is cited which clearly demonstrates that both functions are physical and indicates the role of qualitative neurons or qualitative proteins as instantiations of both functions. The roles of synecdoche and semi-independent memory item are reviewed. In addition, reasons are presented for the historical unfathomability of consciousness and understanding and the applicability of the concept of a “fact of nature” is explained.
Secure Packet Transfer in Wireless Sensor Networks - A Trust-based Approach

Trust is very important in wireless sensor networks to transfer the data from source to destination. The Dynamic Source Protocol calculates the alternate path, if any node fails to transfer the data. The Dynamic Source Protocol does not have any built-in functionality to calculate an alternate path if the path has a malicious node. With the expense of an intruder detection system we can detect the malicious node and alter the data/packet transfer path. However, intruder detection system is very expensive for wireless sensor networks and there is no guarantee in detecting a malicious node. In the current research a trust- based approach is recommended to minimize the overheads of intruder detection system and it also detects the abnormal behavior nodes. The proposed model uses the repeated games to detect faulty nodes through the cooperative effort in the sensor network and further judges the trust of successive nodes. Simulations were presented for normalized payoff of packet dropping, average discount payoff, and trust relation.
Intelligent Control for a Robotic Acrobat

The acrobot, so named because of its similarity to a human acrobat, is an underactuated unstable robot useful as a testbed for studying the theory and application of nonlinear control (see Figure 1). In this chapter we apply intelligent control [1, 2] to two challenging robotics control problems associated with the acrobot: swing-up and balancing. To date there seems to be no uniform theory for the control of underactuated robots such as the acrobot, where we try to control the position of its two links with one input. Indeed, its nonlinear dynamics have forced researchers to employ two very different varieties of controllers, one for swing-up and another for balancing. Typically, a heuristic strategy is used for swing-up, where the goal is to force the acrobot to reach its vertical upright position with near zero velocity on both links. Then, when the links are close to the inverted position, a balancing controller is switched on and used to maintain the acrobot in the inverted position (again, see Figure 1).
Valence Band Control of Metal Silicide Films via Stoichiometry

The unique electronic and mechanical properties of metal silicide films render them interesting for advanced materials in plasmonic devices, batteries, field-emitters, thermoelectric devices, transistors, and nanoelectromechanical switches. However, enabling their use requires precisely controlling their electronic structure. Using platinum silicide (PtxSi) as a model silicide, we demonstrate that the electronic structure of PtxSi thin films (1 ≤ x ≤ 3) can be tuned between metallic and semimetallic by changing the stoichiometry. Increasing the silicon content in PtxSi decreases the carrier density according to valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical density of states (DOS) calculations. Among all PtxSi phases, Pt3Si offers the highest DOS due to the modest shift of the Pt5d manifold away from the Fermi edge by only 0.5 eV compared to Pt, rendering it promising for applications. These results, demonstrating tunability of the electronic structure of thin metal silicide films, suggest that metal silicides can be designed to achieve application-specific electronic properties.
Decisions Management during Wildland Fires: Accidents Viewed as a Spatiotemporal Inadequacy

Extreme situations as wildland fires are a source of stress and pressure. In such events, decision-makers and incident commanders need to address a specific problem: how to manage time and resources to make meaningful decisions? Current models of accidents that exist to explain and manage catastrophes and disasters are inadequate and insufficient to deal with resources and time pressure due to uncertainty within a complex organization. Current incident response structures are incompetent and impotent to handle effectively a dynamic evolution of space and time in order to bring a situation back to stability adequately.
The Resurgence of Foreign Languages in the U.S.

The resurgence of foreign languages would enhance economic and national security and provide increased employment opportunities to Americans in a wide range of professions in education, government, and business, including foreign language education and language services. U.S. companies would be better able to sell products abroad, and foreign-owned companies would be more likely to invest in the U.S. if potential employees with the needed foreign language skills were workplace-ready. Our national stature would be enhanced, as our expats, diplomats, and study abroad students would be better prepared to communicate effectively across languages and cultures. Our nation would be more secure, as we would be better able to understand and to communicate with the world around us. Careers that require or are enhanced by foreign language skills are on the rise, while foreign language enrollments are in decline, and existing programs tend not to offer explicit career pathways. The disconnect is clear.
Div—Curl—Grad System

In this chapter we study and compare different finite element methods for the solution of two- and three-dimensional diffusion-type problems usually governed by second-order elliptic partial differential equations. In the mixed Galerkin method, the second-order scalar equation is decomposed into a first-order grad—div system by introducing additional variables (the fluxes). The conventional least-squares finite element method is also based on the same grad—div system. We shall present theoretical analysis and numerical results to show that this simple procedure of reduction destroys ellipticity and thus the conventional LSFEM is not optimal, that is, the rate of convergence for the fluxes is one order lower than optimal. In order to have an optimal LSFEM, the div—curl—grad system should be employed.
Genetic Regulation of Endothelial Vasomotor Function

The endothelium plays an important role in the regulation of vasomotor tone and the maintenance of vascular integrity. Endothelial dysfunction, i.e. impaired endothelial dependent dilation, is a fundamental component of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Although endothelial dysfunction is associated with a number of cardiovascular disease risk factors, those risk factors are not the only determinants of endothelial dysfunction. Despite knowing many molecules involved in endothelial signaling pathways, the genetic contribution to endothelial function has yet to be fully elucidated. This mini-review summarizes current evidence supporting the genetic contribution to endothelial vasomotor function. Findings from population-based studies, association studies for candidate genes, and unbiased large genomic scale studies in humans and rodent models are discussed. A brief synopsis of the current studies addressing the genetic regulation of endothelial responses to exercise training is also included.
Mass Media Reporting and Enabling of Mass Shootings

This article identifies distinct mass media reporting stages used in the coverage of mass killings, and the inspiration they provide for future killers. Ethnographic content analysis was used to id...
Adoptive Transfer of Nf1+/− Bone Marrow Is Sufficient for Neurofibroma Progression in Krox20;Nf1flox/flox Mice.

Mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene cause neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a GTPase activating protein for Ras called neurofibromin. NF1 is a genetic disorder that affects approximately 250,000 individuals in the US, Europe, and Japan alone. Neurofibromas, the hallmark of NF1, are complex tumors characterized by tumorigenic Schwann cells, neoangiogenesis, fibrosis, and degranulating mast cells. Studies in experimental models have emphasized the role of inflammatory cells in altering the microenvironment and facilitating malignant outgrowth. Similarly, Parada (Science, 2002) found that nullizygosity of Nf1 in Schwann cells of conditional knockout mice (Krox20;Nf1flox/flox) was necessary but not sufficient for neurofibroma formation and haploinsufficiency of Nf1 in lineages within the tumor microenvironment was required for neurofibroma progression. We previously provided the first genetic, cellular, and biochemical evidence that haploinsufficiency of Nf1 alters Ras activity and cell fates in mast cells (JEM, 2000, 2001) and identified a mechanism underlying the recruitment of mast cells to tumorigenic Schwann cells (JCI 2003). However, it remains unclear whether Nf1 +/− bone marrow derived hematopoietic cells can directly contribute to neurofibroma formation in vivo. To address this question, Nf1+/− or wildtype (WT) EGFP+ bone marrow (BM) was adoptively transferred into lethally irradiated Krox20;Nf1flox/flox mice and cohorts were followed prospectively for tumor formation using positron emission tomography and computerized axial tomography. Mice transplanted with Nf1+/− but not WT BM developed progressive enlargement of the trigeminal nerve, dorsal root ganglia, peripheral nerves, and motor paralysis similar to Krox20;Nf1flox/− mice that are haploinsufficient at Nf1 in all lineages of the tumor microenvironment. Postmortem analysis revealed that Krox20;Nf1flox/flox mice transplanted with Nf1+/− BM had cellular neurofibromas containing Schwann cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels and mast cells, which closely resembled the cellular architecture of human neurofibromas. Mice transplanted with WT BM did not develop neurofibromas. These studies establish that recruitment of Nf1 +/− BM derived cells to the neurofibroma microenvironment is directly linked to neurofibroma formation and progression. Given our observations, therapies which prevent both the recruitment and the tumor promoting functions of Nf1 +/− hematopoietic cells in neurofibroma formation are currently being tested in vivo as pre-clinical trials.
The Co-Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children With ADHD

Objective: Children with ADHD frequently present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology, yet there is a notable gap in the treatment needs of this subpopulation, including whether the presence of ASD may be associated with more severe ADHD symptoms. Method: Data from the 2014 National Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome (n = 2,464) were used to compare children diagnosed with ADHD and ASD with children with ADHD, but not ASD. Children were classified as needing treatment if it was received or their parents reported it was needed, but not received. Results: Approximately one in eight children currently diagnosed with ADHD was also diagnosed with ASD. Children diagnosed with both disorders had greater treatment needs, more co-occurring conditions, and were more likely to have a combined hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive ADHD subtype. Conclusion: These findings highlight the complexity of children diagnosed with both ADHD and ASD.
Item development research and practice

Recent legislation and federal regulations in education have increased our attention to issues of inclusion, fairness, equity, and access in achievement testing. This has resulted in a growing literature on item writing for accessibility. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of item development, especially as they pertain to accessible assessments. Constructed-response and selected-response items are first introduced and compared, with examples. Next, the item development process and guidelines for effective item writing are presented. Empirical research examining the item development process is then reviewed for general education items and items modified for accessibility. Methods for evaluating item quality, in regard to accessibility, are summarized. Finally, recent innovations and technological enhancements in item development, administration, and scoring are discussed.
Mediation Representation : Advocating as a Problem Solver

This book, first published in 2004 and recipient of the CPR International Book Award, offers a comprehensive approach to teaching and learning mediation representation, beginning with the initial client interview and extending through post-session representation. The book is designed to serve as a treatise for practitioners and a textbook for professors. It also comes with an expanded teacher’s manual for each chapter. The text highlights critical choices for advocates in mediation and covers: • advising clients about the mediation option and negotiating an agreement to mediate• preparing cases and clients for the mediation session• negotiating in a mediation process with the assistance of a mediator• presenting opening statements and representing clients in joint sessions and caucuses • overcoming impasses, including learning how to use decision-tree analysis and dealing with emotions • uncovering creative solutions and resolving money disputes• generating movement as the mediation progresses and bringing closure The third edition has several enhancements, including forty video-based questions that have been integrated throughout the book. Each video clip provides a visual aid for demonstrating particular mediator and advocacy techniques and practices. Also New to the Third Edition: • Questions and problems for each chapter in the text (no longer in teacher’s manual) • Substantial new text and exercises on representing clients in disputes primarily involving money • Expanded section on how to navigate mediation-related ethical and legal issues • Coverage of psychological influences on the bargaining process
United States: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site cleanup

Abstract: The federal government of the United States is responsible for the safe disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. The development of policies and practices has evolved over the years to ensure that the waste is managed appropriately. The major agency involved in the implementation of these activities is the Department of Energy (DOE), and the regulatory authority is assigned to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The US waste classification system is divided into two areas – commercial and government owned. Current storage and disposal techniques are described, addressing the different types of waste. The cleanup history and current strategies for these waste types are discussed in detail to provide the reader with an overall understanding of the US national waste management system.
Effect of the Baffle on the Cryogenic Helium Container Angular Momentum and Momentum Fluctuations due to Asymmetric Gravity Jitter Excited Slosh Waves

The dynamic behavior of fluids affected by asymmetric gravity jitter oscillations, in particular the effect of surface tension on partially-filled rotating fluids in a dewar tank, with and without installing baffle-board, imposed by time-dependent directions of background gravity have been investigated. Results show that lower frequency gravity jitter imposed on the time-dependent variations of the direction of background gravity induced a greater amplitude of oscillations and a stronger degree of asymmetry in liquid-vapor interface geometry than that made by the higher frequency gravity jitter. As the viscous force, between liquid and solid interface, greatly contributes to the damping effect of slosh wave excitation, a rotating dewar installed with baffles provides more area of liquid-solid interface than a rotating dewar without baffles. Results show that the damping effect provided by the baffles reduce the amplitude of slosh wave excitation, lowers the degree of asymmetry in the liquid-vapor distribution, and lowers angular momentum and fluid moment fluctuations.