cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of exophthalmic goiter. IV. The course of mortality from exophthalmic goiter in Great Britain, 1919-1964.

Abstract The mortality from exophthalmic goiter in England and Wales increased at the rate of 8.5 per cent each year more than in the preceding one from 1919 until 1936. There was a subsequent decline until 1964, the latest year for which data were available. The increase was not uniform throughout the country and the absolute rate was consistently higher in Rural Areas than in others through 1950–1954. In Scotland the increase was less marked and came later than in England and Wales. In both countries, there was a gradual change to greater and greater age at death. Analysis of the data for England and Wales showed that the cohorts that were from 15 to 19 to 55 to 59 yr old in 1919–1923 showed a continuously increasing mortality from exophthalmic goiter. This disorder was maintained as these cohorts grew older, at least up to 65–69 yr of age; indeed, in 1944–1948 to 70–74 yr and in 1959–1963 to 75–79 yr. An attempt was made to evaluate the probable increase in the incidence of exophthalmic goiter. It was found that an increase of at least 19 per cent each year over the preceding one for 9 yr and a corresponding diminution for another 9 yr was required to account for the increased mortality. The data appear to be consistent with the view that nearly all the women who died with a diagnosis of exophthalmic goiter or of thyrotoxicosis from 1919 to 1964 had acquired the disease in 1919–1923, possibly some even earlier. It is believed that the British statistics support Meulengracht's view, based upon the Danish experience of 1940–1945, that “the disease might be entirely or in part caused by a specific infectious agent of unknown nature….” [7].
Investigating Young Children's Music-making Behavior: A Developmental Theory

Investigating young children’s music-making behavior: A development theory Paul Morehouse Claremont Graduate University 2012 We have many developmental theories contributing to our understanding of children as they meander steadfastly toward maturation. Yet, none have reported on how young children interpret the qualitative meaning and importance of their own music-making experiences. Music created by average, not prodigious, young children is perceived by adults as “play” music rather than “real” music. But do young children take the same view as adults? When Piaget speaks of the young child’s qualitatively unique view and experience of the world (Ginsberg & Opper, 1988), can we assume that his statement encompasses young children’s predispositions related to music-making? Music is understood to occur when people act intentionally to produce and organize sound into rhythm and form. The guiding questions for this study are, What evidence is there to show that, when following an adult music leader, young children can engage in authentic music-making behavior and produce identifiable musical structures that move beyond random sounds or ‘noise’? What evidence is there to show that children's music-making behavior develops according to developmental stages? This qualitative field study observed and videotaped over 100 children between 2 and 7 years old who chose to engage in music-making behavior in a socially-rich school environment during structured activities guided by an adult “music leader.” The data gathered from this study suggest that young children’s motivation to make music derive from predispositions unrelated to notions of cultural and artistic expression thereby differing from adult musical needs and are instead based on more primary responses to their own developmental needs and their social environment. Functioning as “music leader,” the PI appeared to serve as an indispensable interface for assuring authenticity in the children’s music-making at all stages of development. The older children did not introduce any novel behavior specifically related to making music. However, due to the progression of cognitive and social maturity across the range of ages, new extra-musical behavior (EMB) slowly emerged at each developmental stage always seeming to enrich the experience relative to a particular group.
Hugoniot Measurements in Aluminum to 420 GPa Using the LLNL Two-Stage Light-Gas Gun

Aluminum is a standard material for shock wave experiments. The increased velocity of our two-stage light-gas gun has been used to extend the range of previous aluminum measurements in order to reduce the gap between laboratory data and the data obtained with the nuclear driven shock impedance match methods. The experiments reported include direct collision Hugoniot measurements with tantalum impactors and reshock measurements using tantalum impactors and both platinum and copper anvils.
A Singular Presolar SiC Grain with Extreme 29Si and 30Si Excesses

An ion-imaging search of presolar SiC grains from the Murchison meteorite revealed one grain whose isotopic ratios are highly unusual: 12C/13C = 844±34, 14N/15N = 213±21, 29Si/28Si = (3.68±0.02) times solar, and 30Si/28Si = (4.29±0.04) times solar. Although several populations of presolar SiC grains have been identified, most of which originate in low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars, this is the first grain of its kind among ~20,000 SiC grains analyzed to date. Type II supernovae and Wolf-Rayet O binary systems are possible stellar sources.
Modeling Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency and Correction by CRISPR/Cas9-Enhanced Gene Targeting

Mutations of the Janus family kinase JAK3 gene cause severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). JAK3 deficiency in humans is characterized by the absence of circulating T cells and natural killer (NK) cells with normal numbers of poorly functioning B cells (T(-)B(+)NK(-)). Using SCID patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and a T cell in vitro differentiation system, we demonstrate a complete block in early T cell development of JAK3-deficient cells. Correction of the JAK3 mutation by CRISPR/Cas9-enhanced gene targeting restores normal T cell development, including the production of mature T cell populations with a broad T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Whole-genome sequencing of corrected cells demonstrates no CRISPR/Cas9 off-target modifications. These studies describe an approach for the study of human lymphopoiesis and provide a foundation for gene correction therapy in humans with immunodeficiencies.
Abstract 181: VAMP8 Mediates Endothelial Granule Exocytosis

Endothelial cells maintain the integrity of the vasculature. In response to injury, endothelial cells undergo exocytosis, releasing various compounds into the blood stream by vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Endothelial exocytosis provokes inflammation and thrombosis as one of the earliest responses to vascular injury. Enhanced understanding of these events may lead to novel treatments for vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, and thrombosis. However, the exocytic machinery that regulates granule secretion from endothelial cells is not completely defined. We tested the hypothesis that specific proteins in the soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor receptor attachment protein (SNARE) superfamily are associated with the endothelial-specific secretory organelles, Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), and mediates endothelial exocytosis. We found that human endothelial cells express members of the SNARE superfamily, including vesicle associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3), VAMP8, syntaxin 4 (STX4), and synaptosomal associated protein 23 (SNAP23). Out of all these proteins, we found that only VAMP8 co-localizes with WPBs containing von Willebrand Factor (VWF), the major component of endothelial granules. Furthermore, VAMP8 also interacts with STX4, another SNARE component of the exocytic machinery. To explore the role of VAMP8 in regulating endothelial granule exocytosis, we knocked down VAMP8 expression with siRNA in endothelial cells. Decreasing VAMP8 expression impairs exocytosis; conversely, rescue of VAMP8 expression after VAMP8 knockdown restores exocytosis to normal level. Mice lacking VAMP8 have decreased endothelial exocytosis, as measured by decreased plasma VWF levels and decreased leukocyte rolling along vessels. In conclusion, our data suggest that VAMP8 plays a critical role in mediating endothelial exocytosis and may be a potential therapeutic target for vascular inflammatory and thrombotic diseases.
Mapping of Cerebral Metabolic Activation in Three Models of Cholinergic Convulsions

Glucose utilization of four cerebral cortex and 35 subcortical regions (CGU) was analyzed in three models of cholinergic seizures induced by the following compounds: 1) soman (pinacolylmethylphosphonofluoridate) an organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor, 100 μg/kg SC after pretreatment with pyridostigmine 26 μg/kg IM (n = 6); 2) physostigmine, a carbamate cholinesterase inhibitor, 1.31 mg/kg infused IV over 75 min (n = 6); and 3) pilocarpine, a direct cholinergic agonist, 30 mg/kg SC (n = 6). Physostigmine and pilocarpine were preceded by 3 mmol/kg LiCl IP 20 hrs earlier. Animals injected with saline SC (n = 6) were used as controls. Step-wise discriminant analysis successfully classified 100% of the cases into the four experimental groups with data from only six regions. Pyridostigmine-soman induced the most widespread and greatest increases in CGU. More restricted and lower levels of activation were observed with Li-pilocarpine while Li-physostigmine induced significant increases in CGU only in globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra. These three regions, which are functionally related, were also activated in the other two models of cholinergic convulsions and may represent the initial step in cholinergic activation of the CNS. Li-pilocarpine failed to activate most of the brainstem and the superior colliculus. All cortical regions were activated by Li-pilocarpine and pyridostigmine-soman, while they were inhibited by Li-physostigmine. This phenomenon may be due in part to the lack of activation with physostigmine of the basal forebrain nuclei (lateral septum, medial septum, vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, and substantia innominata) resulting in a decreased drive of cortical metabolism.
Pronounced hypothermic synergy between systemic baclofen and NOS inhibitor.

Baclofen was administered to rats systemically (intraperitoneal, i.p.) by itself or with l-NAME. Baclofen (1–7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) evoked dose-dependent hypothermia. l-NAME (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was ineffective. For combined administration, l-NAME increased the relative potency of baclofen (F=10.77, p<0.05), indicating multiplicative interaction and synergism. The present data reveal a surprising and significant interaction between nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and baclofen-induced hypothermia.
Transient and Asymptotic Domain Growth in the 3D Ising Model with Conserved Spin

We present a study of domain growth in the three-dimensional Ising model with locally conserved magnetization. For the first time in a dynamic Ising model, the theoretically expected growth exponent n 1/3 is confirmed; we observe it over a wide range of temperatures. For low temperatures, the transient phenomena are accurately described by a mean-field model. The algorithm used for this study allows different types of transport processes to be controlled, and can be applied to many other problems.
A demographic and epidemiological study of a Mexican chiropractic college public clinic

Descriptive studies of chiropractic patients are not new, several have been performed in the U.S., Australia, Canada, and Europe. None have been performed in a Latin American country. The purpose of this study is to describe the patients who visited a Mexican chiropractic college public clinic with respect to demographics and clinical characteristics. This study was reviewed and approved by the IRB of Parker College of Chiropractic and the Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec (UNEVE). Five hundred patient files from the UNEVE public clinic from May 2005 to May 2007 were selected from an approximate total number of 3,700. Information was collected for demographics, chief complaints, associated complaints, and previous care sought. The sample comprised 306 (61.2%) female. Most files (44.2%) were in the age range of 40–59 years (mean of 43.4 years). The most frequent complaints were lumbar pain (29.2%) and extremity pain (28.0%), most commonly the knee. Most (62.0%) described their complaints as greater than one year. Trauma (46.6%) was indicated as the initial cause. Mean VAS score was 6.26/10 with 20% rated at 8/10. Demographic results compared closer to studies conducted with private clinicians (females within the ages of 40–59). The primary complaint and duration was similar to previous studies (low back pain and chronic), except in this population the cause was usually initiated by trauma. The most striking features were the higher number of extremity complaints and the marked increased level of VAS score (20% rated as 8/10).
Demonstration of an ultra-wideband optical fiber inline polarizer with metal nano-grid on the fiber tip

Dramatic increase in the bandwidth of optical fiber inline polarizer can be achieved by using metal nano-grid on the fiber tip. However, high extinction ratio of such fiber polarizer requires high spatial frequency metal nano girds with high aspect ratio on the small area of optical fiber tip. We report the development of a nano-fabrication process on the optical fiber tip, and the design and realization of the first ultra-wideband fiber inline polarization device with Au nano gird fabricated on a single mode optical fiber end face.
Modeling ion channels from the cricket cercal sensory system

Abstract We are interested in understanding how information about air-current dynamics is represented and processed in the primary sensory interneurons of the cricket cercal system. In this work, we develop channel models based on voltage–clamp data from Kloppenburg and Horner (J. Exp. Biol. 201 (1998) 2529), use channel ensembles to construct model neurons, and analyze the underlying mathematical structure of these excitable systems. We also examine the behavior of the model neurons in response to constant frequency stimuli and its dependence on channel kinetics. This study provides a crucial step toward developing models for studying the contributions of channel dynamics to mechanisms underlying information processing in this system.
OVEREXPRESSION OF HUMAN GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE IN CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS PROTECTS CELLS FROM OXIDANT INJURY. ▴ 1474

OVEREXPRESSION OF HUMAN GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE IN CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS PROTECTS CELLS FROM OXIDANT INJURY. ▴ 1474
The effect of Lactobacillus GG on the initiation and promotion of DMH‐induced intestinal tumors in the rat

Abstract Male Fischer 344 rats were fed a 20% or a 5% corn oil diet and were injected subcutaneously with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) weekly for 16 weeks. In addition, an approximately equal number of animals challenged with DMH were fed daily, until the end of the study, 2 × 1010 Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus strain GG starting three weeks before DMH administration or after the ninth weekly injection. The feeding of the Lactobacillus GG before and during carcinogen treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of colon tumors and the number of small intestinal and colon tumors per tumor‐bearing animal for rats fed a 20% corn oil diet. This decrease in tumor incidence or number of tumors was not seen when animals were fed the Lactobacillus after the ninth week of carcinogen treatment. Animals fed a 5% corn oil diet had a lower tumor incidence and number of tumors resulting from the decrease in dietary fat; in addition the feeding of Lactobacillus GG before the carcinogen challenge resul...
GRIN-VI: gradient-index imaging systems

The Sixth International Meeting on Gradient-Index Optical Imaging Systems was held in Palermo, Sicily, 26–27 Sept. 1985. Progress in the field is reviewed.
Surface tension of binary liquid alloys

Calcul direct des tensions de surfaces d'alliages, sans utiliser de parametres ajustables, en appliquant la forme la plus simple de la theorie quasi chimique a la monocouche de surface et en utilisant des valeurs experimentales d'activites en volume. Le nombre de coordination de surface z' et l'aire de la monocouche de ces surfaces sont pris comme constantes independantes de la composition. Application aux alliages Pb−Sn et Fe−Si
H ∞ model reduction of linear continuous-time systems over finite-frequency interval

This article studies the H∞ model reduction problem for linear continuous-time systems over a finite-frequency interval. Different from the existing methods in the literature, we resort to the aid of recently developed generalised Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov (GKYP) lemma. Based on a in-depth exploitation of the GKYP lemma and the Projection lemma, sufficient conditions for the finite-frequency H∞ model reduction problems are derived and expressed in terms of solutions to a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be handled easily by using the available toolbox. Numerical examples are included for illustration.
An experimental study of online chatting and notetaking techniques on college students’ cognitive learning from a lecture

Abstract This experimental study investigated the effects of college students’ online chatting behavior and notetaking techniques (handwritten vs. computer-mediated) on their cognitive learning. The results showed that regardless of notetaking technique, students who did not participate in off-learning online chatting during class, compared to those who did, demonstrated better recall of lecture content and higher quality of note. In terms of cognitive learning, students who used laptops to take notes were least negatively affected by online chatting during class than those who took handwritten notes or took no notes during the lecture. The findings suggest that task switching and interruption result in reduced effectiveness of learning and notetaking; moreover, switching from handwriting on notepads to typing chat messages on computer keyboards demonstrated a motor delay compared to students who used the same devices to multitask.
Anomalous Exciton Diffusion in the Conjugated Polymer MEH−PPV Measured Using a Three-Pulse Pump−Dump−Probe Anisotropy Experiment

A femtosecond pump−dump−probe anisotropy experiment is used to study the time-dependent motion of singlet excitons in the conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH−PPV). The pump pulse prepares an unpolarized population of excitons at time t = 0, which is then depleted by a linearly polarized dump pulse at t = T12. The anisotropy decay of the remaining population is then monitored as a function of the probe delay, T23. At both room temperature and 4 K, the T23 anisotropy decay is observed to slow as T12 increases. Although interpretation of our results is complicated by the possible presence of excited-state absorption at 600 nm, the wavelength of the dump and probe pulses, the T12 dependence is consistent with a slowing down of the diffusion of the luminescent exciton during its lifetime in the material. This experiment provides a way to directly probe anomalous diffusion of the exciton at different points during its lifetime, which is what ultimately determines ...
Normalizing XML schemas through relational databases

The theory of normal forms is one of the most widely studied subjects in databases. It provides the basis for designing anomaly-free relational schemas (see [3] for an introduction). Recently, Wu et. al. [6] and Arenas and Libkin [1] extended the theory to XML and semistructured data by appropriately generalizing the notions of normal forms. They then developed algorithms for checking and transforming DTDs with respect to these definitions.
Acoustic and Aerodynamic Measures of the Voice During Pregnancy

Summary Background Known influences of sex hormones on the voice would suggest pregnancy hormones could have an effect, yet studies using acoustic measures have not indicated changes. Additionally, no examination of the voice before the third trimester has been reported. Effect of pregnancy on the voice is relatively unexplored yet could be quite relevant to female speakers and singers. Objectives/Hypothesis It is possible that spectral and aerodynamic measures would be more sensitive to tissue-level changes caused by pregnancy hormones. Design/Methods In this first longitudinal study of a 32-year-old woman's pregnancy, weekly voice samples were analyzed for acoustic (fundamental frequency, perturbation ratios of shimmer and jitter, Harmonic-to-Noise Ratio, spectral measures, and maximum phonation time) and aerodynamic (average airflow, peak flow, AC/DC ratio, open quotient, and speed quotient) parameters. Results All measures appeared generally stable during weeks 11–39 of pregnancy compared with 21 weeks postpartum. Slight decrease in minimum airflow and open speed quotient may reflect suspected vocal fold tissue changes. Conclusions It is recommended that future studies monitor and test correlations among hormone levels, visual analyses of vocal fold mucosa, aerodynamic function, and glottal efficiency.
Corneal Insult Affects the Production and Distribution of FGF-2 within the Lacrimal Gland

The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of FGF-2 within rabbit lacrimal glands and to determine whether corneal insult affects that distribution. The scarified corneas of experimental animals were inoculated either with adenovirus type 5 or buffer. Control animals were either untreated, or animals whose corneas were scarified. Twenty-one days later all animals were killed and the lacrimal glands were studied by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting to detect FGF-2. In untreated control animals, FGF-2 was immunolocalized predominantly within a population of elongated cells in the basal epithelium of ducts, and to a lesser degree in the basal epithelium of the acini. The elongated immunopositive cells appear to be myoepithelial cells known to be present at these sites. Interstitial cells around ducts and acini, and the basement membranes of the ducts and acini, were also immunopositive for FGF-2. Twenty-one days after adenovirus inoculation and scarification of the cornea, immunopositivity for FGF-2 was dramatically decreased in basement membranes, but increased within myoepithelial cells of the duct epithelium. These myoepithelial cells were frequently enlarged, bulging toward the duct lumen. In animals whose corneas were inoculated with buffer and scarified, or animals whose corneas were simply scarified, the changes in the lacrimal gland were similar, but somewhat less pronounced, to those of adenovirus-inoculated animals. Western blots confirmed the presence of FGF-2 immunoreactivity in all groups. The major band in untreated controls was at 24 kD, whereas all animals with corneal scarification had major bands at 38 kD. Densitometry of Western blots demonstrated that the amount of 24 kD FGF-2 present within the lacrimal gland after corneal scarification was at least 50% less than in untreated controls, whereas 38 kD FGF-2 was at least ten-fold greater. Our findings indicate that corneal scarification results in an altered distribution of FGF-2 within the lacrimal gland, which involves a decrease in low molecular weight FGF-2 and a dramatic increase in a higher molecular weight isoform of FGF-2. FGF-2 may be released from myoepithelial cells apically (exocrine) into the tear fluid and basally (autocrine/paracrine) into the connective tissue, as well as from extracellular complexes within basal laminae.
Home Visit Simulation Using a Standardized Patient

Abstract Background The use of standardized patients (SPs) in home health applications in nursing education is relatively new. This study analyzes student perceptions of a home visit simulation experience as part of community health clinical rotations. Method This descriptive study explores the effectiveness of student satisfaction, self-confidence, and the effectiveness of student learning in a home visit simulation with an SP. Study participants included 76 undergraduate nursing students from a Southeastern university enrolled in a senior-level community health nursing course. Results The findings of the quantitative and qualitative data indicated that students were highly satisfied with their simulated home visit experience and generally felt confident in their ability in learning during the simulation. Conclusions Use of the SP during the home visit simulation was well received by students as a valuable learning experience and could be expanded for use in community health and other clinical courses.
Intermediates in insertion rearrangements: A π-bonded iminoacyl —Metal Complex

Abstract The complex, (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Mo(CO) 2 (CH 3 CNC 6 H 5 ), has been synthesized. It crystallizes in the space group P 2 1 / c ; a 7.789(4), b 6.810(3), c 26.754(15) A, β 91.91°, Z  4. An X-ray crystal structure analyses shows the presence of a π-bonded iminoacyl group. Pertinent internuclear separations are Moz.sbnd;N  2.108(5), MoN  2.142(4) and CN  1.232(6) A. The product is believed to be formed by isocyanideinsertion into a molybdenum—methyl bond with incorporation of the nitrogen atom into the coordination sphere of the molybdenum atom. It is suggested that similar π-bonded species may be important intermediates in the mechanisms of carbonyl insertion rearrangements.
The effects of altered fractionation schedules on the survival of human cell lines differing in their proliferative activity and repair capacity.

Abstract Plateau phase cultures of human cell lines were used as model systems to study the relative influences of proliferation and repair on the effectiveness of altered fractionation schedules. A human normal diploid fibroblast cell line (AG1522) which has a high capacity to repair potentially lethal radiation damage (PLD) and very little proliferative activity when grown to confluence was compared to human tumor cell lines which maintain significant cell-cycle activity in plateau phase. The human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080, used in the present study exhibited a much greater rate of turnover than the normal fibroblasts as determined from tritiated thymidine incorporation (5 day labeling index of 66% vs 20%) and no PLD repair, as determined by delayed plating experiments, in plateau phase. Twenty Gy were delivered to both cell lines over 5 days in 3 regimens: one 4 Gy fraction/day, two 2 Gy fractions/day with a 2 hr interval between doses, and two 2 Gy fractions/day with a 6 hr interval between doses. Although the normal fibroblasts demonstrated the greatest sparing between acute single doses and one 4 Gy fraction/day, there was little additional benefit (increased survival) from the increased dose fractionation. In contrast, the twice daily fractionation schedules resulted in significant differential sparing of the fibrosarcoma cells compared to the normal fibroblasts. With the 6 hr interval between doses, the survival advantages of the cell line with the slow turnover rate and high PLD repair capacity were completely lost. Split-dose experiments indicated slightly less sublethal damage repair in the fibrosarcoma cell line, but for both cell lines recovery was complete in 2 hr. DNA distributions were measured by flow cytometry and long term labeling index measurements performed in parallel with the multifraction radiation survival studies. These data indicated the occurrence of some accumulation in G 2 but also suggested no further cell division during treatment in the cell line with the most proliferative activity (fibrosarcoma). The concave upward shape of the tumor cell survival curves suggested that a resistant subpopulation (e.g. S-phase cells) may be dominating the survival response in the schedules with two 2 Gy fractions/day. Thus, it appears that the halting of cell division combined with the heterogenous nature of the tumor target cell population in terms of inherent (cell-age dependent) radiosensitivity led to a greater sparing with increased fractionation than observed in the homogenous normal cell population. These results are exactly the opposite of what has generally been observed so far with early vs late effects tissues and in rodent cell systems in vitro . The scenario depicted by the present study would clearly contraindicate hyperfractionation.
Disparities in breast cancer prognostic factors by race, insurance status, and education

Black women are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage and other less favorable breast cancer prognostic factors than white women. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which markers of socioeconomic position accounts for black-white differences in these factors. Our study included 193,969 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancers during 2004-2005 from the National Cancer Database, which represents about 72% of all patients with cancer treated in the United States. Compared to white women, black women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast tumors that are less differentiated (odds ratio (OR) = 2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.44-2.66), hormone receptor negative (OR = 2.29, 95% CI 2.22-2.37), large (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.80-1.95), metastatic (OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.78-2.00), and lymph node-positive (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.40-1.48). In multivariable analyses, adjustment for insurance and area-level educational attainment explained 31-39% of the differences in tumor size and metastasis, but only about 14% of the differences in grade and hormone receptors. After accounting for race and other covariates, uninsured women remained 3.66 (95% CI 3.30-4.07) times more likely to have metastasis and 2.37 (95% CI 2.17-2.58) times more likely to have large tumors compared to privately insured women. Similarly, the risk of having breast cancer with less favorable prognostic factors increased as area-level educational attainment decreased. Extending health insurance coverage to all women is likely to have an effect on reducing racial disparities in the development of breast cancers with poor prognostic factors.
U.S. Interior Department Issues Scientific Integrity Guidelines and Strategic Plan

[1] U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) issued detailed scientific integrity guidelines on 1 February, becoming the first federal agency to do so following a 9 July 2009 White House memorandum on the subject and 17 December 2010 White House guidelines for federal agencies. DOI's guidelines indicate that the department “will not tolerate loss of integrity in the performance of scientific and scholarly activities or in the application of science and scholarship in decision making.”
On-line eye movement recorders: The good, the bad, and the ugly

The first section of this paper describes three types of problems inherent in the use of on-line eye movement recorders (EMRs), These types of problems are (1) that software is difficult to develop, (2) that an on-line EMR is subject to all difficulties that are normally inherent in computer use and, (3) that with an on-line EMR. it is difficult to detect when the gaze is falling on an object that has an irregularly shaped boundary. It is argued that a large class of eye movement experimentation could be done as easily or more easily with an off-line EMR. The second section of the paper describes an off-line EMR laboratory currently in use by the author.
Judging response-outcome relations: the role of response-outcome contingency, outcome probability, and method of information presentation.

A series of four experiments investigated college students’ judgments of interevent contingency. Subjects were asked to judge the effect of a discrete response Itapping a wire) on the occurrence of a brief outcome (a radio’s buzzing). Pairings of the possible event-state combinations (response-outcome, response-no outcome, no response-outcome, no response-no outcome) were presented in a summary-table (Experiments 2 and 4), in an unbroken-time-line (Experimente 1, 2, and 4), or in a broken-time-line format (Experiment 3). Subjects judged the extent to which the response caused the outcome or prevented it from occurring. Across all methods of information presentation, judgments were a positive function of response-outcome contingency and outcome probability. In the unbroken-time-line condition, judgments of negative response-outcome contingencies were less extreme than judgments of equivalent positive contingencies. This asymmetry was smaller in the broken-time-line condition and in those conditions in which subjects were encouraged to segment an unbroken time line into discrete response outcome units. Finally, judgments of positive and negative relationships were generally symmetrical in the summary-table condition. Relative to the two time-line portrayals, summary table judgments were also less influenced by the overall probability of outcome occurrence. These judgment differences among format conditions suggest that, depending on the method of information presentation, subjects differently partition event sequences into discrete event pairings.
Adsorption of CO on Supported Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts: A Comparative Study

The adsorption of CO on three different gold nanoparticle catalysts supported on high surface area TiO2 was studied using infrared transmission spectroscopy at room temperature and CO pressures typically used in CO oxidation reactions. The three, real-world catalysts were Au catalysts synthesized in our laboratory from thiol monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) and two commercial catalysts from the World Gold Council (WGC and AuTEK). Within experimental reproducibility, the adsorption data for the three catalysts are indistinguishable. While showing approximately Langmuir behavior, the adsorption data also show coverage dependence, as others have observed for many catalyst systems. Two approaches were used to fit the data, a two-site model and a variable binding constant model. The two-site Langmuir model yielded strong (36%) and weak (64%) binding constants of 2740 and 146 atm−1, respectively. Alternatively, using a sliding-tangent Langmuir fit gave a variable binding constant of 2670−120 atm−1 at room te...
The Challenge of Empowerment in Child Protective Services: A Case Study of a Mother with Mental Retardation:

This article applies principles of empowerment-oriented practice to interventions with families headed by mothers with mental retardation who come before protective services. Strategies that suppor...
Intra-and intercellular calcium waves in cultured human myometrium.

Intracellular calcium waves were observed in cultured human myometrium using confocal laser scanning microscopy in the epifluorescence mode. Intracellular calcium waves were observed following stimulation of the cells with 10 mU ml-1 oxytocin in physiological bathing solution, or following substitution of tetraethylammonium chloride for NaCl. Intracellular wave speeds were 18.9±8.2 μm s-1 in physiological bathing solution. Intracellular calcium waves were also observed in cells bathed in calcium-free solutions, with no significant differences in wave speeds. Calcium waves that crossed cell boundaries were also observed. Some intercellular calcium waves travelled large distances (>500 μm). Wave speeds for intercellular waves were 7.8±1.6 μm s-1. Attempts to use octanol to determine the contribution of gap junctions to intercellular calcium wave propagation were unsuccessful because of direct effects of 2 mm octanol on calcium oscillations. These data demonstrate that intra-and intercellular calcium waves are a means of tissue level communication in myometrium that is distinct from action potentials with regard to mechanisms of action, propagation speeds, responses to stimuli, and responses to inhibitors.
Ibuprofen inhibits skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats.

Purpose: We sought to determine whether cyclooxygenase (COX) activity is necessary for overload-induced growth of adult rat skeletal muscle, and whether nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity is involved in upregulation of COX messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in skeletal muscle. Methods: Unilateral surgical removal of the gastrocnemius and soleus was performed on the right hindlimb of 16 female Sprague-Dawley rats (~230 g) to induce chronic overload (OL) of the plantaris for 14 d, with sham surgeries performed on the contralateral leg as a normally loaded (NL) control. Half of the rats were treated with the nonspecific COX inhibitor, ibuprofen (0.2 mg·mL-1 in drinking water; ~20 mg·kg-1·d-1). In a second experiment, the plantaris was unilaterally overloaded for 5 or 14 d in male rats (~350 g; N = 16 rats per time point) and half of the animals were treated with the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME (0.75 mg·mL-1 in drinking water; ~90 mg·kg-1·d-1). Results: Ibuprofen treatment inhibited plantaris hypertrophy by approximately 50% (P < 0.05) following 14 d of OL, as did L-NAME treatment (P < 0.05). COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA did not differ between any groups at 5 d. At 14 d, however, L-NAME caused a 30-fold increase in plantaris COX-1 mRNA expression independent of loading condition. Additionally, OL induced a 20-fold increase in COX-2 mRNA expression compared with NL (P < 0.05) at 14 d, without affecting COX-1 mRNA level. L-NAME treatment significantly inhibited OL-induced expression of COX-2 mRNA. Conclusion: COX activity is important for in vivo muscle hypertrophy, and plantaris overload is associated with NOS activity-dependent COX-2 expression
ANALYSIS OF SIMULTANEOUS RADIATIVE AND CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BEDS

Abstract In the bubbling regime of operation for fluidized beds, the major mechanism for heat transfer is transient conduction to periodic packets of densely packed particles at the heat transfer surface. The well known Mickley and Fairbanks model, with various subsequently proposed modifications, adequately describes this transient conduction mechanism. However, no adequate theory exists for heat transfer in high-temperature fluidized beds where radiative contribution becomes significant. Analysis of the radiative contribution is complicated by the nonlinear interaction of radiation with conduction/convection. This paper describes a differential formulation of the combined radiative/ conductive heat transfer process. The discrete flux method used by Churchill et al. for radiative transport in heterogeneous media is applied here to the problem of transient heat transfer to packets in fluidized beds. Packets are modeled as radiatively participating media with absorption, scattering, and emission of radiati...
Static analysis of the stability of three-dimensional blocky systems around excavations in rock

Abstract This paper describes the development of a procedure for three-dimensional analysis of the static stability of an assembly of polyhedral rock blocks around an underground excavation. The method is based on graph theory, and involves systematic analysis of the spatial arrangement of the blocks. The relationship between a structured graph and block system topology is investigated in order to identify removable blocks, i.e. blocks that are geometrically and kinematically free to become detached from the remaining system of blocks. Algorithms to construct paths of removable blocks from a given block system are described, together with post-processing procedures for creating graphic computer displays of the blocky system, and of the stable and unstable blocks.
Low-noise microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator

An on-chip Brillouin microwave synthesizer is demonstrated. Phase noise of -109 dBc/Hz at 100kHz offset frequency (21.7 GHz carrier) is measured. A record low white phase noise floor for a microcavity-based microwave source is demonstrated.
REGENERATION IN CRASSULA MULTICAVA

CRASSULA MULTICAVA Lem. (C. quadrifida Bak.) is a native of South Africa. According to Figdor (1918) this plant may be propagated not only by buds which are formed regularly in the axils of the bracts of the inflorescences but also by buds induced to form on leaves. The latter are formed after severance of the main vein both on leaves still attached to the parent and on those detached and placed on moist sand. Figdor reported that the new structures formed on the leaves arise from callus, although he failed to give the histological details. The purpose of this investigation is to make a histological study of the origin of the new plants formed on the leaves. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUJRE.-Material for this study was taken from cuttings obtained from the Missouri Botanical Garden and from the New York Botanical Garden. Entire leaves and portions of leaves were placed on moist filter paper in Petri dishes. Others were placed with the wounded surface in moist sand. At intervals of one or two days the material was examined with the binocular microscope, and basal portions of leaves or parts of leaves were removed and placed in chromo-acetic solution. The paraffin technique was used; the material was sectioned at 8 microns and stained with Heidenhain's iron-alum haematoxylin. Both transverse vertical and longitudinal vertical sections were made. GROSS MORPHOLOGY.-Crassula multicava is a low herb with more or less decumbent base. The stems are suicculent and bear opposite, decussate leaves (fig. 1). The petioles are short, sometimes so short that the leaves appear almost sessile, and petioles of a pair are joined. The fleshy, glabrous leaves are obovate with very obtuse tips and a tapering base. Numerous hydathodes give the leaves a more or less spotted appearance. The maximum size of the leaves is approximately 7.5 by 4.0 by 0.2 cm. Both lamina and petiole are composed largely of parenchymatous tissue. In this tissue there are occasional cells which are filled with tannin and are stained black in the preparations. Characteristic of both petiole and lamina is a layer of subepidermal cells almost all of which are filled with tannin (fig. 5, 8). This layer of cells aids in the study of the slides. The cells of the upper and lower epidermis are afike in cross section. The mesophyll is composed entirely of spongy tissue; there is no palisade layer (fig. 11). In the lamina these cells contain many chloroplasts, especially near the margins of the leaves; in the petiole the chloroplasts are less numerous. Commonly there are five leaf traces, one large central vein with two smaller lateral veins on each side of it. Occasionally there are seven traces. The phloem is arranged in small groups of cells on the
Space-time evolution of bulk QCD matter

We introduce a combined, fully three-dimensional macroscopic/microscopic transport approach employing relativistic 3D hydrodynamics for the early, dense, deconfined stage of the reaction and a microscopic nonequilibrium model for the later hadronic stage where the equilibrium assumptions are no longer valid. Within this approach, we study the dynamics of hot bulk QCD matter, which is being created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. Our work is an extension of the well-known hybrid macro+micro approach in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions, which is capable of self-consistently calculating the freeze-out of the hadronic system while accounting for the collective flow on the hadronization hypersurface generated by the quark-gluon plasma expansion. In particular, we perform a detailed analysis of the reaction dynamics, hadronic freeze-out, and transverse flow.
The balanced placebo design: Methodological considerations

Abstract The balanced placebo design has been employed increasingly in alcohol research in recent years as the optimal way to differentiate the influence of pharmacologic action from subjects' expectancies concerning the effects of a substance. However, in many studies the procedures employed have been faulty, rendering the results uninterpretable. A number of methodological considerations are discussed, including: (1) the critical importance of demonstrating that the expectancy manipulation was credible before drawing conclusions about expectancy effects, (2) the contribution of the method of beverage presentation, masking the taste, the nature of the task, and so forth, in determining the credibility of the deception, (3) the influence of subject variables including experience with alcoholic beverages, cultural background, and sex of subject, (4) the lack of comparability across different doses, types of alcoholic beverages, rates of consumption, etc., (5) the effects of the manner in which the dependent constructs of interest are operationalized, and (6) ethical aspects concerning the deception, debriefing, and intoxication. Although these procedures are discussed primarily in relationship to alcohol, most of them apply as well to the use of the balanced placebo design in research with other drugs.
Design and implement of voltage control circuit in DC energy storage unit of power quality compensator based on improved zero voltage transition PWM

Supplying power for DC energy storage unit of power quality compensator by rectifier will produce much harmonic and decrease power factor. Active power factor correction technology can resolve the problem, but it will bring much switching loss and put forward higher requirements to the frequency and stress of power device. It proposed soft switching power transformation technology to control switching device and presented a control strategy based on improved Boost zero voltage transition PWM converter and designed its circuit topology. The operation course of the circuit was researched and the switching state of power device was analyzed. The improved circuit made main switching device operate under zero voltage and auxiliary switching device work under zero current. Simulation results have verified the validity and feasibility of the strategy.
Magnetic quantum phase transition in an anisotropic kondo lattice.

The quantum phase transition between paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of the Kondo lattice model with Ising anisotropy in the intersite exchange is studied within extended dynamical mean-field theory. Nonperturbative numerical solutions at zero temperature point to a continuous transition for both two- and three-dimensional magnetism. In the former case, the transition is associated with critical local physics, characterized by a vanishing Kondo scale and by an anomalous exponent in the dynamics close in value to that measured in heavy-fermion ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{5.9}{\mathrm{Au}}_{0.1}$.
Nitrogen gas supersaturation in the recent sediments of lake erie and two polluted harbors

Abstract Nitrogen gas distributions in sediment pore water were determined for cores collected in Lake Erie and two nearby harbors. Concentrations of N 2 gas ranged from 11.9 to 37.0 ml l −1 and from 8.9 to 58.3 ml l −1 for open lake and polluted harbor sediments, respectively. Maximum concentrations in the harbor sediments were as high as 3.5 times N 2 saturation calculated for the overlying water. Indirect diffusive flux estimates for nitrogen gas ranged from 20 to 32% of the particulate nitrogen sedimentation rate in Lake Erie. At one location, the amount of nitrogen gas lost by diffusion was calculated to be greater than the nitrogen deposited to the sediments. Nitrogen gas production and diffusive loss from surficial sediments probably represents a major pathway for nitrogen removal from Lake Erie.
Isolation and characterization of a mildly thermophilic nonsulfur purple bacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll b

A mildly thermophilic bacterium isolated from a New Mexican hot spring microbial mat is described. The organism is a budding bacterium and contained bacteriochlorophyll b as sole chlorophyll pigment. The organism grew up to 47°C and grew optimally around 42°C. The new organism required only biotin and a reduced sulfur source (for biosynthetic purposes) as growth factors, and utilized a relatively restricted group of organic compounds as sole carbon sources. The hotspring anoxygenic phototroph also fixed N2 up to 47°C and showed ammonia ‘switch-off’ of nitrogenase activity, typical of mesophilic phototrophic bacteria. The new organism, which we refer to as Rhodopseudomonas strain GI, is the first bacteriochlorophyll b-containing nonsulfur purple bacterium shown capable of growth above 45°C.