cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medicolegal Aspects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome

Despite frequent speculation by speakers at national medical meetings that physicians may be held legally liable for accidents caused by patients with obstructive sleep apnea/ hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) who have not been promptly diagnosed and treated, very little has been published on the topic. A patient involved in a drowsy driving accident resulting in serious injury or death is the most likely situation in which physicians could face charges of legal negligence in relation to management of a patient with OSAHS. State regulations for physician reporting of patients with medical conditions that may render them unfit for driving safely vary from “no requirement” to mandatory reporting of all patients with a diagnosis listed as reportable. In two instances in Ontario, Canada, physicians were found liable because of failure to report potentially medically unfit patients to authorities before the patient had automobile crashes (1). In New Jersey, falling asleep at the wheel and driving while “fatigued” can be considered reckless driving (Maggie’s Law), with fatigued defined as having had no sleep for more than 24 conservative hours. American Medical Association policy H-15.958 (Fatigue, Sleep Disorders, and Motor Vehicle Crashes) states that physicians should “inform patients about the personal and societal hazards of driving or working while fatigued and advise patients about measures they can take to prevent fatigue-related and other unintended injuries.” It also states they should “become familiar with the laws and regulations concerning drivers and highway safety in the state(s) where they practice” (2).
The Development and Current Use of BCL-2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

The BCL-2 family of proteins integrates pro- and anti-apoptotic signals within the cell and is responsible for initiation of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are particularly dependent on the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 for their survival, making this an attractive therapeutic target in CLL. Several early efforts to create inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic family members faced significant challenges, but eventually, the BCL-2 specific inhibitor venetoclax moved forward in CLL. Overall and complete response rates to venetoclax monotherapy in relapsed, refractory CLL are approximately 80 and 20%, respectively, even in patients with high-risk 17p deletion. Toxicities have been manageable and include neutropenia, diarrhea, and nausea. The risk of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), seen in early experience with the drug, has been mitigated by the use of appropriate TLS risk assessment, prophylaxis, and management. Future studies of venetoclax will focus on combination approaches, predictive biomarker discovery, and mechanisms of resistance.
Theory of computation as an enabling tool for the sciences

Researchers in the theory of computation are increasingly adopting a computational worldview that is radiating out to a wide circle of scientific and technological fields, recognizing that central phenomena of these fields are often computational in nature. Over the past decade we have applied this viewpoint to physics, molecular biology and economics. Connections are also developing to evolutionary biology, machine learning, social choice, social network analysis, nanotechnology, cognitive science and astronomy. To maximize the effectiveness of this outreach to the sciences, the theory of computation must join forces with the fields of massive data analysis and combinatorial optimization.
Developing a Psychometric Instrument to Measure Physical Education Teachers’ Job Demands and Resources

ABSTRACTBased on the job demands–resources model, the study developed and validated an instrument that measures physical education teachers’ job demands–resources perception. Expert review established content validity with the average item rating of 3.6/5.0. Construct validity and reliability were determined with a teacher sample (n = 397). Exploratory factor analysis established a five-dimension construct structure matching the theoretical construct deliberated in the literature. The composite reliability scores for the five dimensions range from .68 to .83. Validity coefficients (intraclass correlational coefficients) are .69 for job resources items and .82 for job demands items. Inter-scale correlational coefficients range from –.32 to .47. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity with high dimensional factor loadings (ranging from .47 to .84 for job resources scale and from .50 to .85 for job demands scale) and adequate model fit indexes (root mean square error of approximation =...
Highly Broadband Absorber Using Plasmonic Titanium Carbide (MXene)

Control of light transmission and reflection through nanostructured materials has led to demonstration of metamaterial absorbers that have augmented the performance of energy harvesting applications of several optoelectronic and nanophotonic systems. Here, for the first time, a broadband plasmonic metamaterial absorber is fabricated using two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene. Arrays of nanodisks made of Ti3C2Tx exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonances at near-infrared frequencies. By exploiting the scattering enhancement at the resonances and the optical losses inherent to Ti3C2Tx MXene, high-efficiency absorption (∼90%) for a wide wavelength window of incident illumination (∼1.55 μm) has been achieved.
First Level Agenda-Setting: A Study of Press vs. Public Opinion in Kenya

The present research examines media agenda setting effects in a Kenyan context in 2013 and 2014. Specifically, focusing on the first level of agenda setting, the study investigates whether two nati...
Constellation Shaped 66 GBd DP-1024QAM Transceiver with 400 km Transmission over Standard SMF

A single wavelength 66 GBd DP-1024QAM transceiver with a coded bit rate of 1.32 Tb/s is demonstrated. Constellation shaping is employed to tailor the symbol distribution to achieve a net bit rate of 680 Gb/s and spectral efficiency of 9.35 b/s/Hz after 400 km transmission.
Using Profile Analysis in Counseling Outcome Research

Profile analysis is a multivariate data analysis technique used to examine performance on tests, subtests, or scores by identifying profile pattern and shape. In this article, we provide a conceptu...
ISOZYMES OF SHEEP LIVER THREONINE DEAMINASE

ABSTRACT. Sheep liver extracts were shown to possess 1, 2, or 3 electrophoretically separable isozymes of threonine deaminase and 5 to 7 isozymes separable by isoelectric focusing, A quantitative study of the enzyme activity in 150 individual livers was carried out. It was found that while the greatest number yielded an extract containing 0.1-0.2 units/ml the activity of some livers was 20 times higher. The distribution was asymmetric and approximated a trimodal curve. Only the livers possessing the highest activity exhibited the three electrophoretic isozymes. Both genetic and physiological factors appear to influence the enzyme activity. Studies of the purified isozymes by gel filtration chromatography suggested that they have a molecular weight of about 53,000 and that they exhibit a tendency to aggregate at high concentrations. Estimates of the subunit molecular weight by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate also gave values close to 53,000, indicating that the enzyme is monomeric.
A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR ORDINAL MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS BASED ON FUZZY SETS

ABSTRACT Using the structural forms supplied by fuzzy set theory and approximate reasoning, a new method is presented for solving multiple-objective decision problems for which the decision maker can supply only ordinal information on his preferences and the importance of the individual objectives.
The Drivers of Hollywood’s Competitive Advantage

Chapter 3 explicates the drivers of Hollywood’s global competitive advantage combining and harmonizing perspectives from various fields of study. First, the economic drivers are analyzed within the “national diamond” framework: factor conditions, relating and supporting industries, demand conditions, and strategy/structure/rivalry conditions. Subsequently, the analysis is enriched with an interdisciplinary approach, enabling the study to shed light on the potential threats to Hollywood’s global primacy in an evolving landscape.
Assessing the Leisure Needs of Older Persons

The authors review the available instruments for assessing the leisure needs of older persons and argue for further development of such instruments.
Futureproofing [18F]Fludeoxyglucose manufacture at an Academic Medical Center

We recently upgraded our [18F]fludeoxyglucose (FDG) production capabilities with the goal of futureproofing our FDG clinical supply, expanding the number of batches of FDG we can manufacture each day, and improving patient throughput in our nuclear medicine clinic. In this paper we report upgrade of the synthesis modules to the GE FASTLab 2 platform (Phase 1) and cyclotron updates (Phase 2) from both practical and regulatory perspectives. We summarize our experience manufacturing FDG on the FASTLab 2 module with a high-yielding self-shielded niobium (Nb) fluorine-18 target. Following installation of Nb targets for production of fluorine-18, a 55 μA beam for 22 min generated 1330 ± 153 mCi of [18F]fluoride. Using these cyclotron beam parameters in combination with the FASTLab 2, activity yields (AY) of FDG were 957 ± 102 mCi at EOS, corresponding to 72% non-corrected AY (n = 235). Our workflow, inventory management and regulatory compliance have been greatly simplified following the synthesis module and cyclotron upgrades, and patient wait times for FDG PET have been cut in half at our nuclear medicine clinic. The combination of FASTlab 2 and self-shielded Nb fluorine-18 targets have improved our yield of FDG, and enabled reliable and repeatable manufacture of the radiotracer for clinical use.
Frier, David. The Novels of José Saramago: Echoes from the Past, Pathways into the Future. U of Wales P, 2007.

Frier felicitously opted for a thematically organized discussion of Saramago’s novels that loosely follows the chronological order of their publication, a structure that enables him to foreground the thematic unity of the author’s corpus while underlining major stylistic shifts in his work.
Application of a computer model to predict optimum slaughter end points for different biological types of feeder cattle.

A bioeconomic model was developed to predict slaughter end points of different genotypes of feeder cattle, where profit/rotation and profit/day were maximized. Growth, feed intake, and carcass weight and composition were simulated for 17 biological types of steers. Distribution of carcass weight and proportion in four USDA quality and five USDA yield grades were obtained from predicted carcass weights and composition. Average carcass value for each genotype was calculated from these distributions under four carcass pricing systems that varied from value determined on quality grade alone to value determined on yield grade alone. Under profitable market conditions, rotation length was shorter and carcass weights lighter when the producer's goal was maximum profit/day, compared with maximum profit/rotation. A carcass value system based on yield grade alone resulted in greater profit/rotation and in lighter and leaner carcasses than a system based on quality grade alone. High correlations ( > .97) were obtained between breed profits obtained with different sets of input/output prices and carcass price discount weight ranges. This suggests that breed rankings on the basis of breed profits may not be sensitive to changes in input/output market prices. Steers that were on a grower-stocker system had leaner carcasses, heavier optimum carcass weight, greater profits, and less variation in optimum carcass weights between genotypes than steers that were started on a high-energy finishing diet at weaning. Overall results suggest that breed choices may change with different carcass grading and value systems and postweaning production systems. This model has potential to provide decision support in marketing fed cattle.
Risk assessment as a mechanism for reducing differential treatment of minorities by a juvenile justice system

AbstractDisparities in treatment of African American juvenile offenders persist in juvenile justice systems across the United States. This study examined adjudication trends over a ten-year span wi...
A Combinatorial Approach for the Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer/Vanadium Oxide Nanocomposites

Vanadium pentoxide xerogels were prepared by the hydrolysis of VO(OC3H7)3 by the sol−gel process. The generation of V2O5 was optimized by a combinatorial approach incorporating rapid screening by Raman spectroscopy. The latter revealed crystallites of vanadium oxide. Subsequently poly(p-ethylphenol) (PEP)/V2O5 nanocomposites were prepared by the sol−gel process at the optimized molar ratio of VO(OC3H7)3/H2O/acetone = 1/45/300. Evidence from Raman spectra indicated that the presence of PEP did not interfere in the formation of crystalline V2O5 in the composites. FTIR also exhibited interaction between PEP and V2O5. TEM showed a fibrous V2O5 structure dispersed in the PEP matrix.
The association between statins and colorectal cancer stage in the Women's Health Initiative

The anticarcinogenic effect of statins may reduce the metastatic potential of cancer cells leading to 'stage migration', with users more likely diagnosed with early rather than late stage cancer. The association between prior statin use and colorectal cancer (CRC) stage at diagnosis in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was investigated. The study population included 132,322 post-menopausal women, among which there were 2,628 pathologically confirmed cases of in situ (3.3%), localized (43.6%), regional (40.4%) and distant (12.7%) stage CRC, after an average of 13.9 (SD=4.7) years of follow-up. To reduce the possibility of detection bias among women more likely to be prescribed statins, women who did not report a mammogram within 5 years of study entry and who had no health insurance or medical care provider (n=28,237) were excluded from the study. Stage was coded using SEER criteria into early (in situ and local) vs. late (regional and distant) stage disease. Hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) evaluating the association between statin use and diagnosis of late-stage CRC both at baseline and in a time-dependent manner were computed from multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards analyses. In the multivariable time-dependent analysis, there was a lower hazard of late stage CRC among users of lipophilic statins compared with non-users (HR=0.80, 95% CI 0.66-0.98, P=0.029) and a marginally lower hazard of late stage CRC among users of lipophilic vs. hydrophilic statins (HR=0.70, 95% CI 0.49-1.01, P=0.058). The use of lipophilic statins was associated with a reduction in the proportion of CRC cases that were late stage at the time of diagnosis.
Subcellular localization and characterization of nucleoside diphosphate kinase in rat retina: effect of diabetes.

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase) catalyzes the transfer of terminal phosphate from nucleotide triphosphates (e.g. ATP) to nucleotide diphosphates (e.g. GDP) to yield nucleotide triphosphates (e.g. GTP). Since guanine nucleotides play critical role(s) in GTP-binding protein (G-protein)-mediated signal transduction mechanisms in retina, we quantitated NDP kinase activity in subcellular fraction-derived from normal rat retina. A greater than 85% of the total specific activity was present in the soluble fraction, which was stimulated (up to 7 fold) by 2 mM magnesium. NDP kinase exhibited saturation kinetics towards di- and tri-phosphate substrates, and was inhibited by known inhibitors of NDP kinase, uridine diphosphate (UDP) or cromoglycate (CRG). We have previously reported significant abnormalities in the activation of G-proteins in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat retina (Kowluru et al. Diabetologia35:624–631, 1992). Since NDP kinase hasbeen implicated in direct interaction with and/or activation of various G-proteins, we quantitated both basal and magnesium-stimulated NDP kinase activity in soluble and particulate fractions of retina derived from STZ-diabetic rats to examine whether abnormalities in G-protein function in diabetes are attributable to alterations in retinal NDP kinase. There was no effect of diabetes either on the basal or the magnesium-activated retinal NDP kinase activity. This study represents the first characterization of NDP kinase activity in rat retina, and suggests that in diabetes, this enzyme may not be rate-limiting and/or causal for the observed alterations in retinal G-protein functions.
Low-loss single-photon NbN microwave resonators on Si

We present coplanar waveguide (CPW) microwave resonators with exceptionally low loss produced from NbN sputtered on Si. The NbN films are deposited with a modest RF substrate bias during reactive DC magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of 250 °C and can achieve a critical temperature as high as 15 K depending on the N2 flow rate. We measure the internal quality factors (Qi) of two such resonators at high-powers near saturation and report high-power quality factors in excess of 1.2 × 106 at 200 mK and 3.5 × 105 at 2 K. We also measure the temperature-dependent frequency shift at high power levels and the quality factor at single-photon power levels. From these measurements, we find a low-power (average photon number less than one) Qi value of 4.2 × 105 at 200 mK, which is consistent with a system limited by two-level-system loss.
The Fallout of Heart Allocation System Changes: Practice Patterns and Landscape of the Recipient

Purpose The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) implemented a new heart allocation system on October 1, 2018. This has inevitably changed the strategy to position the recipient to receive a donor organ. However, these changes in practice and the condition of the recipient has not been thoroughly evaluated. Methods The UNOS database was evaluated from 2006 to 2019 for all adult heart transplant recipients. Patients were excluded if they were listed for multiple organs, re-transplantation, or for a diagnosis of congenital heart disease. This patient population was then analyzed for differences in pre-transplantation characteristics for January, 2006- September, 2018 (Era 1) versus October, 2018 - June, 2019 (Era 2). Results A total of 25,820 patients were identified with 25,209 and 619 patients in Era 1 and Era 2, respectively. Results from the comparison analysis are summarized in Table 1. Overall, patients spent fewer days on the waiting list in Era 2, but were more likely to have a temporary support device with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or intra-aortic balloon pump. Additionally, distance traveled for donors was significantly farther in era 2. Consequently, patients were more likely to have a permanent mechanical circulatory support device implanted prior to the policy changes. Conclusion The new status classification for recipients has resulted in more patients receiving transplant on ECMO and IABP compared to long-term durable devices. In addition, patients have a significantly shorter waiting time and distance travelled for donors is significantly increased. Major changes are observed in both practice patterns and recipient condition after the allocation changes, and more data are required to correlate this to outcomes and other differences.
Operational modal analysis of a rotating structure under ambient excitation using a tracking continuously scanning laser Doppler vibrometer system

A continuously scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (CSLDV) system is capable of rapidly obtaining spatially dense vibration measurement by continuously sweeping its laser spot along a path on a structure surface. This paper presents a new operational modal analysis (OMA) method for a rotating structure based on a rigorous rotating beam vibration theory, an image processing method, and a data processing method called the lifting method. A novel tracking CSLDV (TCSLDV) system was developed in this work to track and scan a rotating structure, and the real-time position of the rotating structure can be determined by image processing so that the TCSLDV system is capable of tracking a time-varying scan path on the rotating structure. The lifting method can transform raw TCSLDV measurement into measurements at multiple virtual measurement points as if they were measured by transducers attached to these measurement points. Modal parameters of the rotating structure with a constant speed, including damped natural frequencies, undamped mode shapes, and modal damping ratios, and operating deflection shapes (ODSs) of the structure with a constant or prescribed time-varying rotation speed can be determined by calculating and analyzing correlation functions with non-negative time delays among measurements at virtual measurement points. Experimental investigation is conducted using the TCSLDV system to study the OMA method with which modal parameters and an ODS of a rotating fan blade with different constant speeds, as well as an ODS of the rotating fan blade with a non-constant speed, are successfully estimated.
The Regime Complex for Climate Change

There is no integrated regime governing efforts to limit the extent of climate change. Instead, there is a regime complex: a loosely-coupled set of specific regimes. We describe the regime complex for climate change and seek to explain it, using interest-based, functional, and organizational arguments. This institutional form is likely to persist; efforts to build a comprehensive regime are unlikely to succeed, but experiments abound with narrower institutions focused on particular aspects of the climate change problem. Building on this analysis, we argue that a climate change regime complex, if it meets specified criteria, has advantages over any politically feasible comprehensive regime. Adaptability and flexibility are particularly important in a setting—such as climate change policy—in which the most demanding international commitments are interdependent yet governments vary widely in their interest and ability to implement them. Yet in view of the serious political constraints, both domestic and international, there is little reason for optimism that the climate regime complex that is emerging will lead to reductions in emissions rapid enough to meet widely discussed goals, such as stopping global warming at two degrees above pre-industrial levels.
Addressing Senior Financial Abuse: Adult Protective Services and Other Community Resources

In the United States, seniors face unprecedented risks of financial abuse (i.e., financial exploitation, fraud, and scams). In recognition of these risks and the consequences of victimization, federal, state, and local community service agencies are working together to prevent, detect, and respond to these inexcusable acts. The primary response system consists of Adult Protective Services (APS) agencies and their partnerships with other community agencies and organizations that serve seniors. The resources provided by these agencies and organizations promote short- and long-term protection for seniors against financial abuse as well opportunities for recovery and resilience for those affected. To promote public awareness, this chapter highlights APS and other common community resources that victims and others can turn to for financial abuse prevention, detection, and response support. Recommendations for increasing accessibility and utilization of these agency and community service resources around the United States are provided.
Diminishing Religious Liberties: COVID Under the First Amendment

The coronavirus has caused an unprecedented shutdown of biblical proportions. As the world manages a pandemic, of similarities of the 1918 Influenza, that has caused a shutdown of the United States, gatherings like religious services have been subjected to sweeping stay-at-home orders banning congregation. This piece examines the claims of Churches who have faced restrictive and violative enforcement of government order that has allowed homologous activities, such as shopping or dining, at the expense of religious liberties, past to present.
Globalization in World History

Globalization and the Challenge to Historical Analysis Emerging Patterns of Contact, 1200 BCE - 1000 CE: a preparatory phase 1000 CE as Turning Point: the birth of globalization? Transition: the Mongol Period 1500 as Turning Point: the birth of globalization? A Late-18th Century Transition The 1850s as Turning Point: the birth of globalization? The Great Retreat, 1914-1945, and a New Transition Globalization since the 1940s: a new global history? A New Retreat? Another Decade of Disruption Conclusion: The Historical Perspective Index
Recent Development in Interconnect Modeling

The Spice simulator which was first introduced 30 years ago is still the dominating circuit simulator used throughout. It is slow and clearly not suitable to handle large deep submicron circuits. During the past decade many more efficient circuit simulators have been developed. AWE[1] and SWEC[2,3] are based on moment matching and Pade approximation. Although they work well by and large, both have inherent problems of stability. The next generation of simulators based on the Lanczos process[4] and Arnoldi algorithm[5] resolved the numerical stability problem. However, it is the work on congruent transformation[6] which can preserve passivity that guarantees stability. Efficient programs based on these are now available[7,8]. However, these are strictly formulated from equations of lumped circuits. Thus when handling a transmission line, discretalization must be used. It is clear that at high frequencies, discretalization causes inaccuracy. In references[9,10], interconnect is treated as transmission lines characterized by Telegraph equations. State equation is desired and an integrated congruent transformation is introduced. It is shown that passivity is preserved and a lumped model can be derived which match the moments of the original distributed circuit at arbitrary frequencies. An efficient algorithm based on the Hilbert space theory is developed. Furthermore, the method can handle mixed lumped and distributed circuits with coupled transmission lines. Another approach[11] similar to the above is to use Chebyshev polynomial in both the z-domain and s-domain. Because of the orthogonal property of Chebyshev polynomials, the resulting algorithm is more efficient. In addition, it is possible to determine in advance the order of the approximation needed for a prescribed error tolerance. Experimental results indicate that the method is very attractive.
Strategic Sourcing and Procurement

Recent developments in IT have focused on providing a platform that facilitates and streamlines the activities of the purchasing department within an enterprise. Cost savings that are realized in these activities have a direct impact on the bottom line of an organization and the growing number of testimonials about excellent ROI has prompted companies to consider sourcing and procurement as the next large IT investment. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the various functions in sourcing and procurement and the techniques that are required to enable a large enterprise to rationalize their sourcing and procurement function. In an enterprise there are two kinds of procurement:
Reflections on the effects of globalisation on local tradition

(2003). Reflections on the effects of globalisation on local tradition. The Journal of International Communication: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 81-97.
Localization and characteristics of hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (glucose dehydrogenase).

Abstract The autosomally inherited glucose-6-P dehydrogenase of liver has now been found to catalyze the oxidation not only of galactose-6-P, as previously reported, but also glucose and 2-deoxyglucose-6-P. The enzyme was localized in the microsomal fraction of liver. The pH optimum of the enzyme was dependent not only upon the hexose used as substrate, but also upon the substrate concentration. The Michaelis constant was very pH-sensitive and ranged from less than 0.005 mm for galactose-6-P with NAD as hydrogen acceptor to over 4000 mm when glucose served as substrate and NADP as the hydrogen acceptor. Purification and electrophoretic studies indicate that the dehydrogenase activities with glucose, glucose-6-P, 2-deoxyglucose-6-P, and galactose-6-P as substrate are properties of the same enzyme.
Experimental Evaluation of Inner-Vacancy Level Energies for Comparison with Theory

Evidence can be found elsewhere in this volume of considerable progress on the theoretical side in calculations of atomic inner-shell energy levels. Especially as regards the deeper lying levels of heavier atoms one is obliged to use a relativistic formulation which entails a number of questions. Firstly any structure which emerges from the Dirac one-electron problem shares with it questions about proper accounting of the role of negative-energy states. This seems tractable via projection operators (Sucher, 1980; Mittleman, 1981) and will not be further considered here. Secondly, in the case of a many-electron atom, one does not have a closed-form relativistic Hamiltonian; the usual approach is to construct a relativistic analog of the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian (Weiss, 1981; Desclaux, 1979) with the static electron-electron interaction included in the Hamiltonian while transverse photon exchange (the Breit interaction), self-energy, and vacuum polarization are treated perturbatively.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was developed in the late 1980s as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Since then the therapy has been shown to be efficacious for this and other disorders. It is broadly disseminated and widely practiced. There are several controversies surrounding this therapy. Though eye movements were originally proposed to be an important active component of the intervention, several studies have called that claim into question. Questions remain, including what the mechanisms of action are for EMDR, how distinctive this therapy is from other interventions that include exposure and information-processing components, and what training is needed to be technically proficient? Moreover, use of EMDR for memory recovery poses significant risk, as it incorporates many features that memory researchers have shown to promote development of false memories. Keywords: EMDR; information processing and cognitions; psychotherapies; eye movement; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Genes encoding mercuric reductases from selected gram-negative aquatic bacteria have a low degree of homology with merA of transposon Tn501

An investigation of the Hg2+ resistance mechanism of four freshwater and four coastal marine bacteria that did not hybridize with a mer operonic probe was conducted (T. Barkay, C. Liebert, and M. Gillman, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1196-1202, 1989). Hybridization with a merA probe, the gene encoding the mercuric reductase polypeptide, at a stringency of hybridization permitting hybrid formation between evolutionarily distant merA genes (as exists between gram-positive and -negative bacteria), detected merA sequences in the genomes of all tested strains. Inducible Hg2+ volatilization was demonstrated for all eight organisms, and NADPH-dependent mercuric reductase activities were detected in crude cell extracts of six of the strains. Because these strains represented random selections of bacteria from three aquatic environments, it is concluded that merA encodes a common molecular mechanism for Hg2+ resistance and volatilization in aerobic heterotrophic aquatic communities.
Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis

Contents: Preface. Path Models in Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis. Fitting Path Models. Fitting Path and Structural Models to Data From a Single Group on a Single Occasion. Fitting Models Involving Repeated Measures or Multiple Groups. Exploratory Factor Analysis--Basics. Exploratory Factor Analysis--Elaborations. Issues in the Application of Latent Variable Analysis. Appendices.
Biomarkers for kidney involvement in pediatric lupus

Lupus nephritis (LN), the renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus, is currently diagnosed by histopathology obtained by percutaneous renal biopsy and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. LN is more prevalent and severe in children, requiring aggressive and prolonged immunosuppression. The consequences of the diagnosis and its treatment have devastating long-term effects on the growth, well-being and quality of life of affected children. The paucity of reliable clinical indicators of the presence and severity of renal involvement have contributed to a halt in the reduction of progression to end-stage renal disease in recent years. Here, we discuss the recent development of biomarkers in the management of LN and their role as therapeutic targets.
Effect of environmental factors on survival and growth of quahog parasite unknown (QPX) in vitro.

Abstract Quahog parasite unknown (QPX) is a protistan microorganism associated with mass mortalities of hard clams ( Mercenaria mercenaria ) along the northeastern coasts of the United States and maritime Canada. Because several studies indicate modulatory effects of prevailing environmental parameters on disease outbreaks, this study tested the effect of major environmental parameters (temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration; individually or combined) on QPX survival in artificial seawater and parasite growth in culture media in vitro . Three QPX isolates from two different geographic locations were compared. Results indicated that in vitro growth of QPX was optimal in standard culture medium at 34 ppt between 20 °C and 23 °C. Additionally, significant differences in temperature optima were observed for geographically distinct QPX isolates ( p
Reading Instruction in Kindergarten: A Look at Some Issues through the Lens of New Basal Reader Materials.

An earlier classroom-observation study of 42 kindergartens revealed that teachers equated readiness and beginning reading instruction with teaching phonics. Basal readiness workbooks determined both the letter-sound correspondences taught as well as the sequence for teaching them. The need to cover all the sounds with everyone was explained with a reference to the dependence of first grade basal readers on children's knowledge of the sounds. In turn, the need to know all the sounds was cited as a reason for using whole class instruction to teach phonics even when differences in children's abilities were too obvious for anyone to miss. Because of these findings, six basal series with 1989 copyright dates were examined in order to learn if the new kindergarten (K) manuals do anything to facilitate matching instruction with abilities, whether phonics or something else is being taught. The various analyses suggested that whole class instruction was taken for granted by those who prepared the manuals. The same six series were also examined to determine whether the phonics taught in pre-first grade materials, which are expanded in the new series to include both K and R (readiness) levels, is a prerequisite for using preprimers. The latter are customarily thought of as beginning first grade materials. This analysis showed, first, that authors of preprimer materials assume that children know the letter-sound correspondences covered earlier; however, the expectation was met by the R manuals, which teach less phonics than K manuals. This was unexpected, because publishers state that K level is intended for use in kindergarten, whereas recommendations for using the R level are either absent, ambiguous, or unrealistic. Implications of the various findings are discussed.
Using Gender to Preserve Tracking's Status Hierarchy: The Defensive Strategy of Entrenched Teachers

In a case study of a racially mixed high school undertaking detrucking, gender politics among the teachers emerged as a shaping force in the reform effort. This paper examines the politics of representation among two factions of teachers at the school. The reform, led by a party of female teachers, was derailed as a coalition of male teachers employed a gender discourse to successfully capture the dominant mode of representing what “school” means. The entrenched male teachers' efforts at maintaining a culture of patriarchy was part of their larger movement to maintain tracking's status hierarchy among students.
Time-optimal chaos control by center manifold targeting.

Department of Mathematics, University of Colorado, 3500 Clay Street, Denver, Colorado 80211~Received 22 May 2002; published 10 October 2002!Ott-Grebogi-Yorke control and its map-based variants work by targeting the~linear! stable subspace of thetarget orbit so that after one application of the control the system will be in this subspace. I propose an n-stepvariation, where n is the dimension of the system, that sends any initial condition in a controllable regiondirectly to the target orbit instead of its stable subspace. This method is time optimal, in that, up to modelingand measurement error, the system is completely controlled after n iterations of the control procedure. Idemonstrate the procedure using a piecewise linear and a nonlinear two-dimensional map, and indicate how thetechnique may be extended to maps and ﬂows of higher dimension.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.046206 PACS number~s!: 05.45.GgI. INTRODUCTION
A comparison of exposure methods for SPME-based bioavailability estimates

Abstract The ability of polydimethlysiloxane coated solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to predict bioavailability has been documented for a number of species and compounds. There are also a variety of established methods for establishing SPME-based bioavailability estimates; however, factors such as time until equilibrium and exposure regimen could affect fiber concentrations and have not yet been thoroughly tested. Exposure time may influence SPME fiber concentrations at equilibrium. Co-exposure of the fibers with different animals or the invertebrate species used could yield different estimates than those acquired using a shaker table system to achieve equilibrium between the sediment and SPME fibers. The current study examined the effects of time and exposure method (shaker table versus co-exposure with test species) on SPME fiber concentrations for two hydrophobic compounds: permethrin and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). An additional experiment with permethrin determined whether animal densities or fiber number influenced fiber concentrations. There were significant differences between the time required for SPME fibers to reach equilibrium when co-exposed with different species or separately, but fiber concentrations at equilibrium among treatments for both compounds were similar. Furthermore, among the 12 variations in species and fiber densities, there were no significant differences among treatments indicating that neither the route of exposure, animal density, nor fiber volume influenced SPME fiber estimates. This demonstrated that SPME fiber concentrations at equilibrium were not affected by exposure conditions, increasing their versatility in environmental assessments.
Disintegration of Yeast Cells by Pressurized Carbon Dioxide

Disruption of yeast cells with high-pressure carbon dioxide at both subcritical and supercritical temperatures (25, 35, and 55 °C) was investigated. The experimental results revealed that yeast cells can be ruptured to a maximal level by carbon dioxide within 5 h at 5000 psi and 15 h at 1000 psi at any of the temperatures studied. In the presence of β-glucuronidase, the length of time for maximal cell rupture was reduced to 90 min at 5000 psi. Off-flavors of the ruptured yeast cells were removed by carbon dioxide in the process. The functional properties of proteins were preserved, as indicated by enzyme activities in the ruptured cell suspension. An increase in temperature from subcritical to supercritical of carbon dioxide led to a significant enhancement of rapture rates under high pressures, while the functional properties of proteins and the removal of off-flavors were relatively insensitive to the variation of temperature if the process was maintained at or below 35 °C. At higher temperatures, the activities of enzymes began to decay and were lost at about 55 °C under the carbon dioxide pressures of this study.
The Effect of Surface Modification on Gliding Ability of Decellularized Flexor Tendon in a Canine Model In Vitro

Purpose To investigate the gliding ability and mechanical properties of decellularized intrasynovial tendons with and without surface modification designed to reduce gliding resistance. Methods We randomly assigned 33 canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons to 1 of 3 groups: untreated fresh tendons, to serve as a control; tendons decellularized with trypsin and Triton X-100; and tendons decellularized as in group 2 with surface modification using carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid and gelatin (cd-HA-gelatin). Tendons were subjected to cyclic friction testing for 1,000 cycles with subsequent tensile stiffness testing. We qualitatively evaluated the surface roughness after 1,000 cycles using scanning electron microscopy. Results The gliding resistance of the decellularized group was significantly higher than that of both the control and cd-HA-gelatin tendons (0.20, 0.09, and 0.11 N after the first cycle; and 0.41, 0.09, and 0.14 N after 1,000 cycles, respectively). Gliding resistance between the control and cd-HA-gelatin groups was not significantly different. The Young modulus was not significantly different between groups. The surfaces of the control and cd-HA-gelatin–treated tendons appeared smooth after 1,000 cycles, whereas those of the decellularized tendons appeared roughened under scanning electron microscopy observation. Conclusions Decellularization with trypsin and Triton X-100 did not change tendon stiffness. However, although this treatment was effective in removing cells, it adversely altered the tendon surface in both appearance and gliding resistance. Surface modification with cd-HA-gelatin improved the tendon surface smoothness and significantly decreased the gliding resistance. Clinical relevance The combination of decellularization and surface modification may improve the function of tendon allografts when used clinically.
Providing information about the neurobiology of alcohol use disorders to close the 'referral to treatment gap'

Only a small proportion of the 18 million Americans who could benefit from alcohol treatment actually receive it. Disseminating information on the neurobiological base of alcohol disorders may be useful in removing the prevailing barriers to accepting a referral to alcohol treatment. Nurses, guided by a set of clinical strategies known as screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment, can be instrumental in closing this treatment gap.
Self-Similar Collapse of an Isopedic Isothermal Disk

We study the gravitational collapse of an isothermal disk which is isopedically magnetized (i.e., with a mass-to-flux ratio that is spatially constant). The two theorems concerning magnetic forces in such a disk proven in a companion paper (Shu & Li 1997), plus the self-similar nature of the overall problem, allow a semianalytical treatment. The inflow occurs in an inside-out manner similar to that which applies in the collapse of the unmagnetized singular isothermal sphere (Shu 1977). These two cases (singular sphere and disk) bracket the range of possible collapse behaviors expected for the family of isopedic singular isothermal toroids described by Li & Shu (1996b). Although the strong magnetic fields dilute the effects of self-gravity in the isopedic isothermal disk, they do not prevent its outer parts (envelope) from falling onto the central condensed object (protostar) at a fixed infall rate , even when the field is perfectly frozen to the matter. Indeed, the higher densities supported by the fields in the equilibrium state increase during collapse in comparison with the unmagnetized case. The larger effective speed of sound due to magnetization produces a smaller effect. The flattened geometry enforced by the strong magnetic fields introduces a complication: the appearance of an outwardly propagating shock wave that runs ahead of the region of infall (also studied by Tsai & Hsu 1995 in a different context). We discuss the implications of our results for the magnetic-flux problem and for the formation of centrifugally supported disks in the presence of rotation.
Stereoselectivity and reactivity of α-chymotrypsin modified at methionine-192

Abstract Native α-chymotrypsin (N-Chtr) and two modified forms, methionine-192 sulfoxide (O-Chtr) and methionine-192- S -( N -2-carboxyisopropyl)carbamylmethyl (Al-Chtr) α-chy-motrypsin have been compared in hydrolysis of methyl β-phenylpropionate and its d -and l -α-substituted derivatives, in which substituents are Cl, OH, OCOCH 3 , NHCHO, and NHCOCH 3 . In general, both modifications lower the reactivity of the enzymes in terms of k cat and K m (app); the decrease is greater toward l than toward d -enantiomers, and stereoselectivity is decreased. It is proposed that the modifications change the methionine-192 side chain from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, bring it into solution, and enlarge the Met-192-Ser-214 passage in which α-substituents fit. This leads to weaker binding, allows more freedom of motion of substrates and decreases reactivity, while allowing easier access of d -α-substituents. The large modifying substituent of Al-Chtr counters this effect by steric interaction with the large d -α-acetoxy and d -α-acylamido substituents, while the small polar modification in O-Chtr favors hydrolysis of these d -substrates.
On wave-current interaction in a turbulent boundary layer

Abstract A two-equation turbulence model is used to study the interaction of waves and currents in a turbulent bottom boundary layer beneath a progressive water wave. Attention is restricted to flows for which the steady part of the velocity is comparable in magnitude to the orbital velocity associated with the wave motion. The governing equations are treated asymptotically for the case ∊ ≪ 1, β ≫ 1, where ∊ is a measure of nonlinearity and β is the square root of a characteristic drag coefficient. It is shown that the steady velocity at the outer edge of the boundary layer satisfies a logarithmic law with an apparent roughness length in excess of the physical bottom roughness. The results of the calculation are shown to agree well with observations.