cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Kondo Effect

A review is presented of the Kondo effect, with a summary of key experiments and theoretical treatments. Hamiltonians surveyed, in addition to the single-impurity spin-1/2 Kondo model, are multichannel Kondo models, the Coqblin–Schrieffer model, two-impurity problems, including two-channel, two-impurity, the Anderson model, and a brief summary of the Kondo lattice. Exact, known results are a focus. Non-Fermi-liquid fixed points are a feature of more than one Kondo Hamiltonian, and the phases of these systems can be unusual and quite interesting. Techniques surveyed include scaling, numerical renormalization group, 1/N expansion, Bethe ansatz, and conformal field theory. We conclude with a review of the scanning tunneling microscope experiments on Kondo systems, one of the best current realizations of few-impurity Kondo models, and a source of often surprising new physics. Keywords: Kondo effect; Anderson model; numerical renormalization group; multichannel Kondo; two-impurity Kondo; 1/N expansion; Coqblin–Schrieffer model; non-Fermi liquid; STM
The yeast endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger, Nhx1, confers osmotolerance following acute hypertonic shock

Osmotolerance in yeast is regulated by at least two distinct mechanisms. The acquired response occurs following long-term exposure to hypertonic medium and requires the induction of the HOG-MAP (high-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein) kinase cascade to increase levels of the osmolyte glycerol. The acute response occurs following sudden exposure to high osmotica and appears to be dependent on normal vacuole function. In this study it is reported that the yeast endosomal/prevacuolar Na+/H+ exchanger Nhx1 contributes to osmotolerance following sudden exposure to hyperosmotic media. Vacuolar shrinkage and recovery in response to osmotic shock was altered in the Δnhx1 null mutant. Our results also show that the osmotolerance conferred by Nhx1 contributes to the postdiauxic/stationary-phase resistance to osmotic stress and allows for the continued growth of cells until the acquired osmotolerance response can occur.
Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

The dynamic fracture and fragmentation of a solid body or structure can result from the application of an intense impulsive load. The scale of such events ranges from shaped-charge jet breakup and rock blasting to astro-physical impacts and creation of planetary debris. In rock blasting, for example, specific information on ejecta velocities and fragment size distributions is sought, and methods to control resulting fragment sizes by proper placement and type of explosives are of interest (Grady and Kipp, 1987). In stretching shaped-charge jets, fragmentation characteristics, such as time-to-breakup and particle size are intimately tied to performance (Chou and Carleone, 1977). Ejecta from planetary and meteoric impact provide information on the evolution and dynamics of the solar system (Melosh, 1984). The applications in which solids or structures are subjected to intense dynamic loading and when breakup must be mitigated or controlled are numerous and varied. The need to understand the dynamic fracture mechanisms for such applications has provided the impetus for research in this rich area, and the field is currently quite active. The response of a single crack or void, within a solid body, to both static and impulsive loading has received considerable attention over the past several decades and is reasonably well understood (Freund, 1973; Chen and Sih, 1977; Kipp et al., 1980). The mechanics of a system of cracks or voids under impulsive or stress-wave loading, and how the cooperative response of such a system relates to the transient strength and ultimate failure and fragmentation of a solid body is less well understood, and has been a subject of study over the past decade (Curran et al., 1977; Davison and Graham, 1979; Meyer and Aimone, 1983; Grady and Kipp, 1987; Curran et al., 1987). Experimental studies of fracture under high-rate loading have revealed unusual features associated with the phenomenon, such as enhanced material strength and failure-stress dependence on loading conditions. Although such observations have led to the postulation of rate-dependent material properties, most of the features can be understood through fundamental fracture concepts when considered in terms of a system of interacting cracks or voids.
Primary Nonepithelial Malignancies

This chapter is devoted mostly to lymphomas, presenting their cytopathologic features as well as ancillary techniques to determine their specific type and differential diagnosis from other neoplasms.
Hierarchical test generation for analog circuits using incremental test development

In this paper, we propose an efficient test generation scheme for analog circuits consisting of embedded modules. The proposed scheme simplifies the test generation effort by incrementally generating tests for the individual embedded modules rather than for the full circuit. At each step of the test generation process, the test waveform is incrementally optimized. As input nodes to an embedded module are not directly accessible, the test optimization considers only those waveforms that can be justified from an embedded module input to a primary input of the circuit-under-test using a signal backtrace procedure. The "best" selected test is then evaluated at the full circuit level for controllability of the test stimulus and observability of the test results. In this manner, repeated evaluation of the full circuit over the search space of all test stimuli is not necessary and the complexity of test search can be reduced.
The Safe Zone for TransFix Fixation in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Anteromedial Portal Technique

Purpose The risk of neurovascular injury is inherent to cross-pin femoral fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and has not been evaluated using the anteromedial portal technique; therefore, we determined a safe zone of cross-pin drill angles. Methods Five cadaveric midthigh to midknee specimens underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by use of the anteromedial portal to drill the femoral tunnel and a cross-pin femoral fixation system. Guide pins were passed through the femur at −40°, −20°, 0°, and +20°, with 0° being the coronal plane bisecting the femoral shaft, negative angles when the guide pin started posteriorly, and positive angles when the guide pin started anteriorly. Distances between the guide pin and saphenous nerve, femoral artery, and peroneal nerve were measured. The neurovascular structures were considered safe if the guide pin did not pass within 10 mm of the structures. Results The mean distance from pin to saphenous nerve was 74, 61, 21, and 24 mm at −40°, −20°, 0°, and +20°, respectively; pin to femoral artery was 100, 85, 59, and 51 mm, respectively; and pin to peroneal nerve was 40, 50, 65, and 76 mm, respectively. The safe zone for the saphenous nerve was violated at 0° and +20° in 2 of 5 knees, and the safe zone for the femoral artery was violated at +20° in 2 of 5 knees. Conclusions We have shown that a 20° safe zone of rotational angles about the axis of the femoral tunnel, from −40° to −20°, minimizes the risk of damage to the saphenous nerve, femoral artery, and peroneal nerve. Clinical Relevance Intraoperative guide-pin angle measurement can be made in reference to the coronal plane of the femur to guide safe drilling of the TransFix guide pin (Arthrex, Naples, FL).
Some Reactions of the Rat to Treatment with Progesterone and Estrone in Late Pregnancy.

SummaryProgesterone (2.5 mg daily) beginning on the 19th day of pregnancy in intact rats prevents labor, uterine bleeding and parturition. Estrone (25γ) started on the 19th or 20th day induces uterine bleeding, vigorous but ineffective labor and death of fetuses. Estrone (100γ) begun on the 20th day in 1 animal brought about delivery of young 1 day premature. Spontaneous delivery occurred in 4 rats given 35γ of estrone about 24 hours before time for delivery. Progesterone (2.5 mg) given simultaneously with estrone (25γ) beginning on the 20th day has the sams effect as progesterone alone, preventing the above effects of estrone alone. It is suggested that estrone plays a role in the prevention of parturition in the rat other than by way of its action on the corpora lutea.
Memory and Memory Training

This study examined memory and improvement in memory following memory training. Variables included: age, number of years of formal education, number of years since formal education, number of classes taken in the last fifteen years, participants' perceptions of health as it relates to attention and memory, particiants' perceptions of relevance of course material to their everyday lives and careers. Data indicated statistical significances in the relationships of memory with (1) age, (2) number of years since formal education and (3) number of classes taken in the last fifteen years. No statistical significance between variables was elicited in improvement in memory following memory training, however, many interesting trends were noted. The memory techniques presented in this research should be very instructive to occupational therapists who teach and interact with elderly clients.
Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process Model for Genetic Crossover Interference

The genetic crossover interference is usually modeled with a stationary renewal process to construct the genetic map. We propose two non-homogeneous, also dependent, Poisson process models applied to the known physical map. The crossover process is assumed to start from an origin and to occur sequentially along the chromosome. The increment rate depends on the position of the markers and the number of crossover events occurring between the origin and the markers. We show how to obtain parameter estimates for the process and use simulation studies and real Drosophila data to examine the performance of the proposed models.
Scalability of cognitive radio control algorithms

Cognitive radios with their intelligent mechanisms of avoiding interference and their ability to automatically discover and utilize unoccupied spectrum have frequently been proposed for pervasive wireless deployments. In recent years, a variety of control algorithms managing such cognitive radios have been developed, following many different types of strategies and implementing the whole range from centralized control to distributed control principles. As future wireless deployments are expected to be very dense, the ability of a cognitive radio control algorithm to scale well to large network sizes becomes crucial. In this paper, we review and discuss a wide variety of previously proposed algorithms for managing cognitive radio networks. For each of these algorithms, we theoretically analyze performance in pervasive, dense deployments and compare their ability to scale.
Poverty-of-the-Stimulus and SLA Epistemology: Considering L2 Knowledge of Aspectual Phrasal Semantics

Coupling a review of previous studies on the acquisition of grammatical aspects undertaken from contrasting paradigmatic views of second language acquisition (SLA) with new experimental data from L2 Portuguese, the present study contributes to this specific literature as well as general debates in L2 epistemology. We tested 31 adult English learners of L2 Portuguese across three experiments, examining the extent to which they had acquired the syntax and (subtle) semantics of grammatical aspect. Demonstrating that many individuals acquired target knowledge of what we contend is a poverty-of-the-stimulus semantic entailment related to the checking of aspectual features encoded in Portuguese preterit and imperfect morphology (see also Goodin-Mayeda and Rothman (2007), Montrul and Slabakova (2003), Slabakova and Montrul (2003)), namely, a [±accidental] distinction that obtains in a restricted subset of contexts, we conclude that UG-based approaches to SLA are in a better position to tap and gauge underlying m...
Adrenergic Pharmacology and Cognition: Focus on the Prefrontal Cortex

Norepinephrine (NE) has widespread projections throughout the brain, and thus, is ideally positioned to orchestrate neural functions based on arousal state. For example, NE can increase "signal/noise" ratio in the processing of sensory stimuli, and can enhance long-term memory consolidation in the amygdala and hippocampus through actions at alpha-1 and beta adrenoceptors. Over the last 20 years, NE has also been shown to play a powerful role in regulating the working memory and attention functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Moderate levels of NE released under control conditions strengthen prefrontal cortical functions via actions at post-synaptic alpha-2A adrenoceptors with high affinity for NE, while high levels of NE release during stress impair PFC cortical functions via alpha-1 and possibly beta-1 receptors with lower affinity for NE. Thus, levels of NE determine whether prefrontal cortical or posterior cortical systems control our behavior and thought. Understanding these receptor mechanisms has led to new intelligent treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders associated with PFC dysfunction.
ALVEOLAR PRESSURES DURING HIGH-FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION(HFJV) IN NORMAL AND SURFACTANT-DEFICIENT LUNGS

HFJV has been reported to reduce airway pressures during assisted ventilation in preterm infants. Nonetheless, augmented pressure transmission to alveoli has been observed at frequencies near resonance. We determined the effect of surfactant deficiency on airway to alveolar pressure transmission in 6 postmortem adult rabbit lungs (3 normal and 3 surfactant-deficient by multiple saline lavage) during both conventional ventilation (CV, f=30/min, rectangular wave) and HFJV (f=200/min, triangular wave). Alveolar pressure was measured via a piezoelectric transducer on the visceral pleura and communicating with the alveoli. Airway pressure was measured with a similar transducer and/or catheter, both inside the distal endotracheal tube. With each ventilator, measurements were obtained maintaining either peak inspiratory pressure(PIP 20-30cmH2O), positive end expiratory pressure(PEEP 3-13cmH2O) or ΔP(PIP-PEEP 7-27cmH2O) constant. During CV the ratios of alveolar to airway PIP, PEEP and ΔP were always 1.0, while during HFJV they ranged from 0.9 to 1.1. Alveolar to airway pressure ratios were not affected by saline lavage and were independent of magnitude or combination of pressures used. We conclude that in this rabbit model of normal and surfactant-deficient lungs, airway pressures are transmitted to the alveoli with little distortion during HFJV at the frequencies employed. Thus, the previously reported reduction in airway pressures during HFJV may in fact portend decreased barotrauma at the alveolar level. Supported by ALA-Ohio
Assessment of ICU readmission risk with the Stability and Workload Index for Transfer score

Patient discharge from the ICU is indicated on the basis of clinical evidence and the result of strategies aimed at improving health care. Nevertheless, some patients might be discharged too early. We attempted to identify risk factors for unplanned ICU readmission, using a score for risk assessment, designated the Stability and Workload Index for Transfer (SWIFT) score. We evaluated 100 patients discharged from an ICU and found that the SWIFT score can be used as a tool for improving the assessment of ICU patients and the appropriateness of ICU discharge, thus preventing readmission.
Anisotropic spin diffusion and multiple spin echoes in 3 He- 4 He solutions

We propose a θ1-t1-θ2 pulse-NMR experiment to detect the spin-diffusion anisotropy, Δ=D∥-D⊥, in degenerate spin-polarized3He-4He mixtures, where D⊥ and d∥are the transverse and longitudinal spin diffusion coefficients. In such an experiment the nonlinearity of the dynamics produces multiple spin echoes (MSE). At the 3He concentration x3 ≈ 4% the spinrotation parameter vanishes (μM →0), so that the nonlinearity of the equations of motion is entirely due to the anisotropy. In this situation, detection of MSE amounts to observation of ΔD. For slight anisotropy, i.e. ΔD/D∥ ≲0.25, we use a perturbation scheme similiar to that developed by Einzel et al. (in that case, for small μ M and small demagnetizing field) to calculate the second and third echo heights. For larger anisotropy we numerically calculate the echo heights. We find that for ΔD/D∥ = 0.5 the heights are ≈ 2 % of the first echo, and should be detectable. The (θ1, θ2) tip-angle dependence of the ΔD echoes is different from that of the μM and demagnetization echoes, and furthermore, they occur at right angles to these echoes (in spin space). Thus, even when small spin-rotation and demagnetization effects are present, the θ1-t1-θ2 experiment provides a sensitive means of detecting the anisotropy.
Stochastic analysis of two-phase flow in porous media: II. Comparison between perturbation and Monte-Carlo results

The first paper (Changet al., 1995) described stochastic analysis of two-phase flow in a fully liquid-saturated system. In this paper, the results of Monte-Carlo simulations are compared with the closed-form expressions obtained using the perturbation approach. We present analytical solutions to the one-dimensional, steady-state oil-and-water flow equations. These solutions are subsequently used in the Monte-Carlo analysis to estimate the statistical properties of the key output processes. The comparison between the results of perturbation and Monte-Carlo approaches shows a good agreement between the two methods over a wide range lnk (k is the intrinsic permeability) variability with three different combinations of input stochastic processes of lnk and soil parameter γ. In particular, a good agreement was obtained for capillary and individual pressure variances and effective phase conductivities. The results showed that as the mean capillary pressure in the profile increased, the variance of capillary pressure increased while the variances of individual pressures decreased. Overall comparison between the two methods showed that the first-order perturbation theory can be successfully used to describe the effective behavior of large-scale, two-phase systems.
Soot Particle Growth in Premixed Toluene/Ethylene Flames

Abstract Surface growth of soot was examined in several premixed flat flames. The fuel was a mixture of toluene and ethylene, with more than half of the carbon supplied by the toluene. We found: (I) Acetylene in the burned gases supplied most of the mass for surface growth, and the growth mechanism in toluene/ethylene flames was the same as in the ethylene flames that we examined previously; i.e., the rate constants that we found in the earlier work predicted the surface growth rates in these flames. (2) In comparing ethylene and toluene/ethylene flames, the fluorescence intensity from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was very different for flames with the same C/O ratios but similar for flames with the same soot volume fraction. (3) For a given C/O ratio the amount of soot produced in the particle inception stage in the toluene/ethylene flames was much higher than in the ethylene flames. However, because the acetylene concentrations were higher in the ethylene flames, the rate of surface growth per...
Bounding the effects of measurement error in regressions involving dichotomous variables

Abstract In a multiple regression involving dichotomous independent variables, the effects of measurement error in the dichotomous variables is analyzed. Unlike the case of classical (i.e., white noise) measurement error, the measurement error in a dichotomous variable must be correlated with the true variable and any other variables correlated with the true variable. Nonetheless, it is shown that the results for the classical errors-in-variables model can be used to analyze the implications of measurement error in dichotomous variables. It is shown how the bounding procedure developed by Klepper and Leamer (1984) for the classical errors-in-variables model can be adapted to bound the coefficients when the regression contains mismeasured dichotomous variables. The classical results are also used to analyze the inconsistency in least-squares regression coefficient estimators computed from data on the mismeasured variables.
A non-thermal plasma reactor for the synthesis of Gallium Nitride nanocrystals

Gallium Nitride is of interest due to its direct bandgap, which allows for efficient emission in the near-UV range. Bulk GaN is already in use in solid-state devices that exploit its emissive properties, however, the promise of GaN nanocrystals as tunable emitters for use in light-emitting devices and lasers has led to the recent exploration of nanocrystalline GaN synthesis routes. Here we discuss the use of nonthermal plasmas for the synthesis of nanocrystalline pow-ders of GaN. The particles were examined using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Impaired recovery and cytolytic function of CD56+ T and non-T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus following in vitro polyclonal T cell stimulation. Studies in unselected patients and monozygotic disease-discordant twins.

Objective. To determine whether there is impaired generation and cytolytic function of CD56+ T cells and non-T cells in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 73 patients with SLE, 39 normal controls, and 9 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for SLE. PBMC were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, maintained in interleukin-2, and assayed for percentages of total CD56+ cells and CD56+ T cells by flow cytometry, and for cytolytic activity against 51Cr-labeled Daudi target cells. Results. Despite normal total cell expansion, the percentages of recovered CD56+ T cells and total CD56+ cells were 1.6-fold and 1.8-fold lower, respectively, in patients with SLE compared with normal controls (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001, respectively). Cytolytic activities of isolated total CD56+ cells and CD56+ T cells and were also reduced in patients with SLE compared with normal controls (P = 0.033). These defects associated with SLE were independent of disease activity and immunosuppressive medications, and they reflected impaired maturation of cytolytic effector cells rather than a deficiency in precursor cell number. In MZ twins discordant for SLE, recovered percentages of CD56+ cells and cytolytic responses were very low in 4 of 8 and 6 of 9 co-twins with SLE, respectively. Cell-mixing experiments with the PBMC of the MZ twins demonstrated that the E+ cell fractions (containing all T cells and CD56+ non-T cells) from the co-twins with SLE had decreased ability to generate cytolytic activity compared with the corresponding E+ cell fractions from the healthy co-twins. However, recovered percentages of CD56+ cells and non-T cells and cytolytic responses were also depressed in 4 of 8 and 4 of 9 healthy co-twins, respectively. Conclusion. Impaired CD56+ T cell and non-T cell responses are a feature of SLE and may antedate the onset of clinical disease.
Kilometer-range communications link in the 220 GHz atmospheric window using continuous phase modulation

We have explored and demonstrated a digital communications link operating in the 220 GHz atmospheric window, utilizing multi-level continuous phase modulation (CPM), capable of kilometer-distance links at sea level in a standard US atmosphere. The transmitter architecture consists of direct I/Q modulation on a Ku-band (13.5 GHz) carrier, followed by diode frequency multiplication (×16) to 216 GHz. The receiver architecture consists of a sub-harmonic mixer (SHM) driven by an X-band (12.08 GHz) LO that is multiplied by ×9; the resulting IF at 1.44 GHz is analyzed with a spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope that runs appropriate demodulation software. The constant-envelope architecture enables minimal distortion at the full saturated power of the transmitter, with no output power backoff, resulting in high spectral and power efficiency. This technique is ideal for the millimeter-wave/terahertz frequency range (100-1000 GHz) where transmit power is limited. Our transmitter produces, at the horn antenna flange, approximately 3 mW, measured in both CW and CPM operation. We have characterized the system in the lab at short range (1 m), indoors at moderate ranges (100 m), and will shortly demonstrate it outdoors at a range of 1 kilometer. In these measurements we introduce additional attenuation into the link to explore the bit error rate, and vary the number of CPM levels. Additionally, we have incorporated a G-band LNA before the SHM to extend the link distance. The presentation will describe our system architecture in detail, discuss system-level communications aspects above 100 GHz, and include descriptions of our experiments and their results.
lidar change detection using building models

Terrestrial LiDAR scans of building models collected with a FARO Focus3D and a RIEGL VZ-400 were used to investigate point-to-point and model-to-model LiDAR change detection. LiDAR data were scaled, decimated, and georegistered to mimic real world airborne collects. Two physical building models were used to explore various aspects of the change detection process. The first model was a 1:250-scale representation of the Naval Postgraduate School campus in Monterey, CA, constructed from Lego blocks and scanned in a laboratory setting using both the FARO and RIEGL. The second model at 1:8-scale consisted of large cardboard boxes placed outdoors and scanned from rooftops of adjacent buildings using the RIEGL. A point-to-point change detection scheme was applied directly to the point-cloud datasets. In the model-to-model change detection scheme, changes were detected by comparing Digital Surface Models (DSMs). The use of physical models allowed analysis of effects of changes in scanner and scanning geometry, and performance of the change detection methods on different types of changes, including building collapse or subsistence, construction, and shifts in location. Results indicate that at low false-alarm rates, the point-to-point method slightly outperforms the model-to-model method. The point-to-point method is less sensitive to misregistration errors in the data. Best results are obtained when the baseline and change datasets are collected using the same LiDAR system and collection geometry.
Determinants of skeletal muscle catabolism after severe burn.

Objective To determine which patient factors affect the degree of catabolism after severe burn. Background Data Catabolism is associated with severe burn and leads to erosion of lean mass, impaired wound healing, and delayed rehabilitation. Methods From 1996 to 1999, 151 stable-isotope protein kinetic studies were performed in 102 pediatric and 21 adult subjects burned over 20-99.5% of their total body surface area (TBSA). Patient demographics, burn characteristics, and hospital course variables were correlated with the net balance of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown across the leg. Data were analyzed sequentially and cumulatively through univariate and cross-sectional multiple regression. Results Increasing age, weight, and delay in definitive surgical treatment predict increased catabolism (P <.05). Body surface area burned increased catabolism until 40% TBSA was reached; catabolism did not consistently increase thereafter. Resting energy expenditure and sepsis were also strong predictors of net protein catabolism. Among factors that did not significantly correlate were burn type, pneumonia, wound contamination, and time after burn. From these results, the authors also infer that gross muscle mass correlates independently with protein wasting after burn. Conclusions Heavier, more muscular subjects, and subjects whose definitive surgical treatment is delayed are at the greatest risk for excess catabolism after burn. Sepsis and excessive hypermetabolism are also associated with protein catabolism.
Measured Vs. Predicted Basal Energy Expenditure in Obese Women

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if actual, ideal, or adjusted body weight should be used in the Harris-Benedict equation (HBE) to estimate basal energy expenditure (BEE) in obese females and to determine if the Ireton-Jones equation (IJE) accurately estimates BEE in obese females. Nineteen healthy, premenopausal, obese (>125% IBW) females, ages 18-39 completed a questionnaire detailing demographic and medical history information. BEE was determined by open-circuit indirect calorimetry, and weight, height, and body composition (bioelectrical impedance) were measured. BEE was calculated using the HBE with ideal body weight (IBW), actual body weight (ABW) and adjusted body weight (AdBW). The mean BMI and percent body fat of subjects were 35.5+8.4 and 41.2+5.0, respectively. There was no difference (p
Rapists’ talk: Linguistic strategies to control the victim∗

Abstract Rape is a crime of violence and force. The stereotype of the male rapist's attack is that he attains power and control over the victim through strategies based on physical force. The present study shows that not only do rapists use physically based strategies, but also they use a second set of strategies based on language. The sample consists of 115 female adult, adolescent, and child rape victims. Open‐ended interviews were used and information was collected on what conversation occurred. In analyzing what rapists reportedly said, 11 major themes emerged: threats, orders, confidence lines, personal inquiries of the victim, personal revelations by the rapist, obscene names and racial epithets, inquiries about the victim's sexual “enjoyment,” soft‐sell departures, sexual put downs, possession of women, and taking property from another male. What these themes have in common is that they constitute a strategy for exercising power over the victim, either before, during, or after the rape.
Dynamic compression of highly compressible porous media with application to snow compaction

A new experimental and theoretical approach is presented to examine the dynamic lift forces that are generated in the compression of both fresh powder snow and wind-packed snow. At typical skiing velocities of 10 to 30ms the duration of contact of a ski or snowboard with the snow will vary from 0.05 to 0.2s depending on the length of the planing surface and its speed. No one, to our knowledge, has previously measured the dynamic behaviour of snow on such a short time scale and, thus, there are no existing measurements of the excess pore pressure that can build-up in snow on this time scale. Using a novel porous cylinder–piston apparatus, we have measured the excess pore pressure that would build-up beneath the piston surface and have also measured its subsequent decay due to the venting of the air from the snow at the porous wall of the cylinder. In further experiments, in which the air is slowly and deliberately drained to avoid a build-up in pore pressure, we have been able to separate out the force exerted by the ice crystal phase as a function of its instantaneous deformation. A theoretical model for the pore pressure relaxation in the porous cylinder is then developed using consolidation theory. Dramatically different dynamic behaviour is observed for two different snow types, one (wind-packed) giving a steady continuous relaxation of the excess pore pressure and the other (fresh powder) leading to a piston rebound with negative pore pressure. A feature of the rebound is the apparent debonding of sintered ice crystals after maximum compression. This behaviour is described well by introducing a debonding coefficient where the debonding force is proportional to the expansion velocity of the medium. The experimental and theoretical approach presented herein and the previous generalized lubrication theory for compressible porous media, have laid the foundation for understanding the detailed dynamic response of soft porous layers to rapid deformation.
Mathematical model of multivalent virus-antibody complex formation in humans following acute and chronic HIV infections.

Antibodies that bind viral surface proteins can limit the spread of the infection through neutralizing and non-neutralizing functions. During both acute and chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection, antibody–virion immune complexes are formed, but fail to ensure protection. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of multivalent antibody binding and use it to determine the dynamical interactions that lead to immune complexes formation and the role of complexes with increased numbers of bound antibodies in the pathogenesis of the disease. We compare our predictions with published temporal virus and immune complex data from acute infected patients. Finally, we derive quantitative and qualitative conditions needed for antibody-induced protection.
Mobile media for large-scale sporting events

Mobile devices have evolved into complex, miniature information management systems capable of functioning as a phone, day planner, music player, video player, contact list, digital camera, web browser, and more combined into a device. As mobile devices continue to evolve, new and innovative approaches to using them ensue, such as information-packed applications that are also designed to entertain or amuse the user. One successful example of these infotainment applications is Purdue football e-Stadium. E-Stadium has garnered significant media attention by delivering interactive content that users want to receive during live-game attendance. Students, faculty, and staff have worked together for the 2005-2006 season to implement many new features, releasing one new feature at each home game of the '05-'06 season. It has been recognized by The Exponent as, "the ultimate football experience," (2005) and gained further exposure in a PurdueSports.com article, e-Stadium: Fans have the game in the palms of their hands (2005) and a Cedar Rapids Gazette article, Hold a Jumbotron in palm of hand (2005).
TFIIS and GreB: two like-minded transcription elongation factors with sticky fingers.

How the structurally distinct transcription factor TFIIS from eukaryotes and its bacterial counterpart GreB act to convert their cognate RNA polymerases into ribonucleases has been a longstanding question. Now, two new structures of these factors bound to their respective RNA polymerases (Opalka et al. and Kettenberger et al. [this issue of Cell]) suggest how they accomplish this feat.
Using 'Constraints' to Design Developmentally Appropriate Movement Activities for Early Childhood Education

Teachers of young children know the importance of designing developmentally appropriate activities to encourage motor development but are not always prepared with the information they need to accomplish this design. When teachers choose movement activities, motor development theory must be understood and utilized in the planning of activities to ensure that the choice of the movement task, equipment, and the movement environment interact to encourage developmentally appropriate movement experiences. Basic motor development theory is explained as the basis for examples of appropriate movement tasks for young children.
Multiple sclerosis: genomic rewards

A large body of immunologic, epidemiologic, and genetic data indicate that tissue injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) results from an abnormal immune response to one or more myelin antigens that develops in genetically susceptible individuals after exposure to an as-yet undefined causal agent. The genetic component of MS etiology is believed to result from the action of several genes of moderate effect. The incomplete penetrance of MS susceptibility alleles probably reflects interactions with other genes, post transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, and significant nutritional and environmental influences. Equally significant, it is also likely that genetic heterogeneity exists, meaning that specific genes influence susceptibility and pathogenesis in some affects but not in others. Results in multiplex MS families confirm the genetic importance of the MHC region in conferring susceptibility of MS. Susceptibility may be mediated by the class II genes themselves (DR, DQ or both), related to the known function of these molecules in the normal immune response, e.g. antigen binding and presentation and T cell repertoire determination. The possibility that other genes in the MHC or the telomeric region of the MHC are responsible for the observed genetic effect cannot be excluded. The data also indicate that although the MHC region plays a significant role in MS susceptibility, much of the genetic effect in MS remains to be explained. Some loci may be involved in the initial pathogenic events, while others could influence the development and progression of the disease. The past few years have seen real progress in the development of laboratory and analytical approaches to study non-Mendelian complex genetic disorders and in defining the pathological basis of demyelination, setting the stage for the final characterization of the genes involved in MS susceptibility and pathogenesis. Their identification and characterization is likely to define the basic etiology of the disease, improve risk assessment and influence therapeutics.
Gift-giving roles and gender self-concepts

Based on current research on sex roles and on the working self-concept, the present study considers the constructs of masculinity (instrumentality) and femininity (expressiveness) in different gift-giving contexts and how they may vary on a within-individual basis. Results indicated that males described themselves differently in terms of masculine and feminine traits when buying gifts for same-sex friends as opposed to for opposite-sex friends. Females tended to be more consistent across these two situations. However, both sexes felt more comfortable in giving gifts to the same sex but reported more intense feelings in giving to the opposite sex. Biological sex was a better predictor than Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) sex type of changes in self-descriptions, reported feelings and attitudes, and gift chosen. The BSRI was useful as a measure of the instrumental and expressive aspects of the self-concept in specific situations, but not as a way to identify groups that respond differently to gender cues.
Pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders in Parkinson disease.

Objective Neither best practices nor an evidence base for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety in Parkinson disease (PD) has been established. This study investigated pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders in idiopathic PD and the associated clinical features. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Three community-based movement disorder neurology practices. Participants 250 subjects with PD. Measurements Anxiety disorder diagnoses were established by consensus using a panel of six psychiatrists with expertise in geriatric psychiatry and movement disorders. Current medications were provided by the treating neurologists at the time of interview. Results Among subjects with anxiety disorders only, 53% were untreated with medications. When anxious subjects with comorbid depressive disorders were included, 70.8% were on medications effective for treatment of anxiety. Subjects with anxiety and comorbid depressive disorders were more likely to be treated for their psychiatric disturbances than subjects with anxiety disorders alone (odds ratio: 8.33), as were subjects with comorbid motor fluctuations (odds ratio: 3.65). There were no differences in the types of anti-anxiety medications used in regard to the presence of depression or motor fluctuations. Conclusions These findings suggest that over half of nondepressed PD patients with clinically significant anxiety are untreated with medication. A better understanding of the role of clinical features associated with anxiety in PD, such as depression and motor fluctuations, may improve the recognition and treatment of anxiety disorders in this population.
Testing visual notification cues on a mobile device

This paper discusses field-testing of visual notification cues on a mobile handheld device. Each cue consisted of three multicolored lights preceded by a tactile signal (vibration). After being customized, the cues were sent periodically to the device over a wireless network as users went about their normal activities. User personalization seemed to enhance learning and usefulness of the cues, while the additional tactile signal aided arrival awareness.
Deposition and characterization of diamond, silicon carbide and gallium nitride thin films

Abstract The extreme thermal and electronic properties of diamond, SiC and GaN provide combinations of attributes which lead to the highest figures of merit for any semiconductor materials for high power, temperature, frequency and optoelectronic applications. The methods of deposition and the results of chemical, structural, microstructural and electrical characterization are briefly reviewed for thin film of these three materials.
Ternary hydrides of calcium and strontium with palladium

Abstract New ternary hydrides of the stoichiometry SrPd 2 H, Sr 2 PdH 4 , and Ca 3 Pd 2 H 4 have been prepared. These compounds were formed by reacting the respective alkaline earth binary hydride with palladium under approximately 625 mm of hydrogen pressure at temperatures ranging from 750 to 850° for 8–10 hr. Differential thermal analyses were used as a guide in evaluating optimum reaction temperatures and decomposition behavior of the reactants and products. The SrPd 2 H was also formed by intermetallic hydrogenation. X-Ray diffraction data for each ternary were indexed as cubic. Electrical resistance measurements for each of the ternary hydrides indicated metallic behavior. Magnetic data showed that the ternary systems were diamagnetic or weakly paramagnetic.
Structure and action of heteronemertine polypeptide toxins: importance of amphipathic helix for activity of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin A-III.

Abstract The marine heteronemertine Cerebratulus lacteus produces a family of protein cytolysins designated as A-toxins. Limited subtilisin digests of the most abundant homolog, toxin A-III, yield two major products which may be purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. One product is shown to represent residues 1–86 and the other contains the entire toxin sequence (1–95). Both polypeptides are shown to lack internal protease nicks. The 1–95 polypeptide retains full cytolytic activity in comparison to native toxin, whereas 1–86 has an activity that is approximately four times lower. Extensive treatment of A-III with carboxypeptidase Y yields a polypeptide containing residues 1–75 which is totally devoid of hemolytic activity. Residues 63–95 of native A-III have been predicted to form a relatively hydrophobic α-helix which is potentially important for activity. The circular dichroism spectrum of 1–95 is in excellent agreement with both experimental and Chou-Fasman-predicted secondary structures of native A-III, while the spectra of 1–86 and 1–75 indicate a loss of helicity quantitatively consistent with the removal of residues 87–95 and 76–95, respectively. Combined with our earlier data on bilayer penetration by N-terminal sequences ( K. M. Blumenthal (1982) Biochemistry 21 , 4229–4233], the current results indicate a direct involvement of both ends of A-III in lytic activity. The C-terminal region may function by contributing a membrane binding site in the form of an amphipathic helix.
Solvation Induced Vibrational Peak Shift of a Re Bipyridyl Complex in Solution and at the Nanoporous ZrO2/Liquid Interface

In this paper, we compare the solvation induced vibrational peak shift of Re(CO)3(Cl)(2,2‘-bipyridine-4,4‘-carboxylate) in solution and at nanocrystal/liquid interfaces. Upon optical excitation to ...
Identification and sequence analysis of chicken Toll-like receptors

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of microbial components. Only chicken TLR2 and -4 have been reported in the literature. The objectives of this study were to identify new chicken TLRs and to evaluate evolutionary significance of these receptors. Searching chicken genomic databases and DNA sequencing revealed five new TLRs, TLR1 (type 1 and 2), -3, -5, and -7. No chicken orthologues of mammalian TLR8, -9, or -10 were found. As in mammals, all chicken TLRs (chTLRs) share identical protein secondary structure that consists of several leucine-rich domains, a transmembrane domain, and Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain(s). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the identified chTLR genes are the orthologues of TLRs in mammals. Analyses of the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site and nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site indicate that the nucleotide sequences coding for the leucine-rich repeats of chicken TLR1 type 1 and type 2 were significantly under positive Darwinian selection. In contrast, the sequences of other TLRs were under purifying selection. These results support the hypothesis that one of the major evolutionary strategies of the innate immune system is to recognize a few highly conserved microbial components with several conserved TLRs. The results also indicate that the sequence changes in the ligand-binding domains of TLR1 in chickens provide adaptive advantages during evolution.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Is a Transcription Factor that Constitutively Binds Fatty Acids.

The 2.7 A X-ray crystal structure of the HNF4gamma ligand binding domain (LBD) revealed the presence of a fatty acid within the pocket, with the AF2 helix in a conformation characteristic of a transcriptionally active nuclear receptor. GC/MS and NMR analysis of chloroform/methanol extracts from purified HNF4alpha and HNF4gamma LBDs identified mixtures of saturated and cis-monounsaturated C14-18 fatty acids. The purified HNF4 LBDs interacted with nuclear receptor coactivators, and both HNF4 subtypes show high constitutive activity in transient transfection assays, which was reduced by mutations designed to interfere with fatty acid binding. The endogenous fatty acids did not readily exchange with radiolabeled palmitic acid, and all attempts to displace them without denaturing the protein failed. Our results suggest that the HNF4s may be transcription factors that are constitutively bound to fatty acids.
Vision-Based Analysis of Small Groups in Pedestrian Crowds

Building upon state-of-the-art algorithms for pedestrian detection and multi-object tracking, and inspired by sociological models of human collective behavior, we automatically detect small groups of individuals who are traveling together. These groups are discovered by bottom-up hierarchical clustering using a generalized, symmetric Hausdorff distance defined with respect to pairwise proximity and velocity. We validate our results quantitatively and qualitatively on videos of real-world pedestrian scenes. Where human-coded ground truth is available, we find substantial statistical agreement between our results and the human-perceived small group structure of the crowd. Results from our automated crowd analysis also reveal interesting patterns governing the shape of pedestrian groups. These discoveries complement current research in crowd dynamics, and may provide insights to improve evacuation planning and real-time situation awareness during public disturbances.
Co-adaptive processes of stakeholder networks and their effects on information systems specifications

Information System's (IS) requirements inadequacy and volatility are major IS project risks leading to failed, over budget, or over schedule projects. Within requirements determination, an area of focus for the inadequacy and volatility issue is the application domain (i.e., business domain). One step towards better requirements determination methods, techniques, and tools for the application domain would be a theoretically-grounded model for specification emergence and evolution. This paper presents a model of specification emergence and evolution that is confirmed using a case study.