cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-line thin film thickness monitor by pulsed laser photoacoustics

Abstract On-line thickness monitor of thin film deposition by thermal evaporation is demonstrated using femtosecond pump-probe photoacoustics. A Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser (wavelength 800 nm, pulse width ~110 fs, pulse energy ~1.3 nJ) is split into a pump and a probe beams. The pump beam is used to instantaneously heat the illuminated area of an aluminum thin film during its deposition on a silicon substrate, whereas the probe beam is used to investigate the change in the transient thermoreflectance ΔR/R. The thermal expansion, by the laser heating, creates stress in the aluminum surface region that generates an acoustic wave of ultrasonic frequency. The travel time of the optically-induced acoustic wave normal to the surface of the thin film is measured to evaluate the thickness of the aluminum in the range of ~32 to 388 nm during the film deposition.
Enhanced Mesenchymal Stromal Cells or Erythropoietin Provide Long-Term Functional Benefit After Neonatal Stroke

Background and Purpose: Perinatal stroke is a common cause of life-long neurobehavioral compromise. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and EPO (erythropoietin) have each demonstrated short-term benef...
Plasmonic hot carriers scratch the surface

Metal nanostructures capture light efficiently due to plasmonic enhancement and generate energetic electrons and holes that can be used to drive chemical reactions or transferred across metal–semiconductor interfaces for solar cells and photodetectors. The overall efficiency of plasmonic hot-carrier devices depends on the generated energy distribution, on its evolution with transport through the metal, and, most critically, on the transport across the metal surface or interface. Here, we review the mechanistic considerations, strategies, and challenges for efficient hot-carrier extraction, highlighting the need for new materials to transport carriers with minimal energy loss and for interfaces designed to transfer them with high probability.
Catalysts as Prevailing Parties under the Equal Access to Justice Act

Many federal statutes provide for the recovery of reasonable attorney's fees by a "prevailing party."' Until recently, courts had interpreted prevailing party to include those who brought about a voluntary change in the defendant's conduct even though they did not obtain judicially sanctioned relief. Recovery was allowed under this socalled catalyst theory because the party had achieved its desired result in the lawsuit.2 The Supreme Court, however, rejected this definition of prevailing party for the purposes of recovery under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ("ADA")3 and the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 ("FHAA")4 in Buckhannon Board and Care Home, Inc v West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources.5 The Court held that a party that merely serves as a catalyst does not qualify as a prevailing party under these statutes.6 By rejecting the definition of prevailing party on which a majority of circuit courts had settled, the Court severely limited a party's ability to recover attorney's fees. The narrower definition of prevailing party embraced by the Buckhannon Court has serious implications, particularly concerning civil rights and the possibility of its extension to other federal statutes, such as the Equal Access to Justice Act ("EAJA").7 This Comment ex-
La enseñanza de la atención farmacéutica en pregrado: la experiencia de una universidad de los EEUU de américa

The practice of Pharmacy continues to evolve from its traditional role of dispensing medication toward the management of use of pharmaceutical products in disease states, for which cost-effective pharmaceutical services are reimbursed. The goal of the Patient Care Management Courses is to provide the student the opportunity to integra te and practice all aspects of pharmaceutical careo For two semesters, third year students at local and distant sites take the courses that combine lectures and hands-on laboratory exercises. These courses consist of one-hour lecture per week and a three-hour laboratory on alternating weeks for the total of 15 weeks during the fall semester, and 14 weeks in the spring semester. Lectures review the top 200 drug products by presenting the students with disease-state based c1inical situations encountered primarily in the community setting. Areas covered include diabetes, asthma, and hypertension, among others. Each laboratory session is staffed with three experienced c1inical pharmacists, and 20-24 students divided into groups of four per working table. The «Patient Care Management Lab" manual is required for laboratory sessions. Students are assessed for identification of therapeutic problems, patient counseling, and tasks such as interpreting prescriptions and typing labels. In preparation for future in-service presentations, each student present two assigned drugs in class, focusing on management of drug therapy,detection and evaluation of medication-related problems. Students are videotaped while they counsel «patients» for self-evaluation. These courses, designed to educate our future clinicians about practical issues associated with current and future pharmacy practice, are standardized for uniformity among sites.
hmm.Coreceptor Perturbation as a Possible Mechanism Underlying the Immediate and Persistent Anti-HIV-1 Activity of the Microbicidal Compound PEHMB

Microbicides, which are products capable of reducing or eliminating the risk of HIV-1 sexual transmission, are urgently needed to combat the global spread of HIV-1. Our efforts in this area are focused on the preclinical development of the polybiguanide, PEHMB (polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide). PEHMB has been shown to have low cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, as well as in vitro activity against both cell-free and cell-associated forms of HIV-1. Flow cytometric analyses have shown that PEHMB exposure results in epitope-specific alterations in the detection of viral co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5, suggesting that PEHMB acts by interfering with events critical to viral binding and entry. Changes in co-receptor detection have also been observed up to 24 hr after removal of PEHMB. Consistent with the latter result was the demonstration of persistent protection from infection in experiments in which cells were challenged with HIV-1 after removal of PEHMB. Cumulatively, these results suggest that HIV-1 co-receptors may play roles in PEHMB-mediated protection from HIV-1 infection, and that products containing PEHMB may provide both shortand longterm protection against HIV-1 transmission. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Experimental models, neurovascular mechanisms and translational issues in stroke research

Numerous failures in clinical stroke trials have led to some pessimism in the field. This short review examines the following questions: Can experimental models of stroke be validated? How can combination stroke therapies be productively pursued? Can we achieve neuroprotection without reperfusion? And finally, can we move from a pure neurobiology view of stroke towards a more integrative approach targeting all cell types within the entire neurovascular unit? Emerging data from both experimental models and clinical findings suggest that neurovascular mechanisms may provide new opportunities for treating stroke. Ultimately, both bench-to-bedside and bedside-back-to-bench interactions may be required to overcome the translational hurdles for this challenging disease.
The Observer and the Observed: Reimagining Privacy Dichotomies in Information Privacy Law

This Article is the first in a series of work in which I will explore the modern, complicated relationship of privacy, technology, and the “observed vs. observer” relationship. Specifically, in future articles I intend to elaborate upon the complicated dance of the observed and the observer vis-a-vis Fourth Amendment reasonable expectations of privacy, possible reconceptualizations of the traditional four privacy torts, and the impact that the post 9/11 security measures might have on our ruminations about privacy given the new world of bilateral observation (as explained infra). In this Article, I will build a preliminary foundation for these works by elucidating how technology and modern privacy relations have changed the nature of privacy (or lack thereof) and how these modern realities should impact our notions of privacy.
Two-dimensional zoom FFT

The concept of the zoom FFT (a more efficient algorithm which allows zooming in on a narrow segment of the spectrum while preserving its frequency content) is extended to the two-dimensional case. The technique is further expanded to allow zooms over a specified segment within both the time and the frequency domains. Comparisons are also made as to the computational efficiency of this technique compared to the conventional two-dimensional FFT algorithms.
The economics of coeliac disease: a population-based study.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 261–269 Summary Background Despite increasing prevalence, the economic implications of coeliac disease are just emerging. Aims To assess the impact of coeliac disease diagnosis on healthcare costs and the incremental costs associated with coeliac disease. Methods Administrative data for a population-based cohort of coeliac disease cases and matched controls from Olmsted County, Minnesota were used to compare (i) direct medical costs 1 year pre- and post-coeliac disease diagnosis for 133 index cases and (ii) 4-year cumulative direct medical costs incurred by 153 index cases vs. 153 controls. Analyses exclude diagnostic-related and out-patient pharmaceutical costs. Results Average total costs were reduced by $1764 in the year following diagnosis (pre-diagnosis cost of $5023 vs. $3259; 95% CI of difference: $688 to $2993). Over a 4-year period, coeliac disease cases experienced higher out-patient costs (mean difference of $1457; P = 0.016) and higher total costs than controls (mean difference of $3964; P = 0.053). Excess average total costs were concentrated among males with coeliac disease ($14 191 vs. $4019 for male controls; 95% CI of difference: $2334 to $20 309). Conclusions Coeliac disease-associated costs indicate a significant economic burden of disease, particularly for diseased males. Diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease reduce medical costs of care suggesting an economic advantage to earlier detection and treatment.
SIRT6: A Promising Target for Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Many of the pathologies associated with the aging process also contribute to tumor initiation, growth or metastasis. Insights from biogerontology may be instrumental for developing new therapies for cancer. This chapter highlights the rationale for combining biogerontology and cancer research to generate new strategies for cancer treatment. In particular, this chapter focuses on one gene, SIRT6, which has emerged as an important regulator of longevity in mammals and appears to have multiple biochemical functions, which antagonize tumor development and may be useful in cancer prevention and treatment.
Communicating, Interpreting, and Executing High-Level Instructions for Human-Robot Interaction

In this paper, we address the problem of communicating, interpreting,and executing complex yet abstract instructions to a robot teammember. This requires specifying the tasks in an unambiguous manner,translating them into operational procedures, and carrying outthose procedures in a persistent yet reactive manner. We reportour response to these issues, after which we demonstrate theircombined use in controlling a mobile robot in a multi-room officesetting on tasks similar to those in search-and-rescue operations.We conclude by discussing related research and suggesting directionsfor future work.
Interfaces in crystalline materials

Abstract As the scale of consideration in materials decreases to the micron and sub-micron scales, the effect of internal surfaces on the plastic flow becomes dominating. To explicitly account for interfaces and grain boundaries a gradient plasticity framework, enhanced with a separate interface energy term, has been developed. This interface energy depends on the plastic strain at the interface and defines an interface yield-like criterion which indicates the stress at which the interface begins to deform plastically. Experimentally this interfacial yielding is captured through nanoindentation experiments near the grain boundary of crystalline materials, namely Nb. Fitting the theoretical analytical expression to the experimental data allows the determination of the key material parameters; for Nb it gives the internal length to be approximately 1.4 μm, and in fact for pure (single phase) materials the dislocation source distance is approximated as 1.5 μm. In order to further render the interface-dislocation interactions, discrete dislocation dynamics simulations are performed for a micron-scale tri-crystal with rigid/non-deforming grain boundaries. The resulting strain distribution profile from the simulation coincides with the predicted plastic strain of the gradient plasticity framework, while the best fit results when the internal length in the analytical expression is chosen to be the same as the value of the dislocation source distance used in the simulation. Hence, the gradient plasticity model that considers an interface energy term has been validated using experimental and numerical investigations.
Effect of x-irradiation and hypophysectomy on globule leucocytes in rat intestine.

SummaryWithin 4 days after whole body x-irradiation (650 r), globule leucocytes were reduced to 1-2% of their normal number in the intestine of the rat. Reestablishment of normal numbers of cells began toward end of the first week after irradiation and was completed by the 5th week. The effect of irradiation on globule leucocytes was chiefly a local one, being prevented by shielding the intestine with lead during irradiation. Only with the LDioo 30 days dosage (800 r) was there a significant reduction in number of globule leucocytes in lead-shielded intestinal segments. This appeared to be the indirect result of stress induced by irradiation, since the effect was prevented by hypophysectomy. Hypophysectomy alone reduced markedly the number of intestinal globule leucocytes.
The development of children with transient neonatal tyrosinemia

The effects of high serum concentrations of tyrosine on the developing brain of the neonate have been of concern. The present study is a report of six children with very high serum tyrosine levels to six weeks of age. Neurologic, developmental, and intellectual testing during infancy, at 25 months of age, and at six years of age failed to reveal any signs of central nervous system damage or dysfunction. No cognitive or neurologic impairment was noted as a result of transient neonatal tyrosinemia.
Synthesis and Reactivity of [PPh4][Ru(N)Me3(SSiMe3)], a Ruthenium(VI) Trimethylsilanethiolate Complex

The anionic organoruthenium complex [PPh4][Ru(N)Me3Br] reacts with NaSSiMe3 to give the trimethylsilanethiolate complex [PPh4][Ru(N)Me3SSiMe3], 1. Reactions of 1 with CsF or with PPh4Cl in nitromethane or acetonitrile produce [PPh4][Ru(N)Me3(SH)], 2. The molecular structure of 2 was determined by X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 reacts with [Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(μ-Cl)]2 to form a heterobimetallic complex, [PPh4][Me3(N)Ru(μ-S)Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(NCCH3)], 3.
Neuropsychiatric toxicity of antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C.

Dose-dependent, reversible neuropsychiatric toxicity is reported in up to 30–40% of chronic hepatitis C patients treated with 6–12 months of interferon-α or interferon-α plus ribavirin combination the
Changes in psychological variables and health behaviors by dieting status over a three-year period in a cohort of adolescent females

Purpose: Psychologic and behavioral changes associated with frequent dieting were examined. Compared to nondieters, frequent dieters were hypothesized to show more adverse psychologic changes and increased use of unhealthy weight control behaviors, but possibly healthier eating and exercise behavior changes, over the three-year period of observation. Methods: A prospective study of female students, in grades 7–10 at baseline completed a health behavior survey in school once a year for a total of three years. Results: Restrained eating, body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, self-induced vomiting, laxative use, diet pill use, and alcohol use, significantly increased, and physical appearance and self-concept significantly decreased among frequent dieters, compared to non-dieters. Changes in scores on five EDI subscales, eight self-esteem subscales, weight fluctuations, dietary intake, and physical activity patterns did not significantly differ over time by dieting status. Conclusion: Dieting may reflect a general pattern of unhealthy behaviors adopted in adolescence, rather than act as a causal factor in promoting psychologic distress.
SUSY + Beyond Standard Model Higgs Searches at the Tevatron

Recent results by the CDF and DO Collaborations for non-Standard Model Higgs boson searches in collisions at center-of-mass energy of √s = 1.96 TeV using up to 8.2 fb−1 of Fermilab Tevatron data are discussed. Searches for neutral Higgs bosons predicted in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), doubly-charged Higgs bosons predicted in extended models, as well as Higgs bosons within Hidden Valley and Fermiophobic models are described.
Metabolic Responses to Acute and Chronic l-Dopa Administration in Patients with Parkinsonism

Abstract The metabolic effects of L-dopa were studied in 23 patients with Parkinsonism. Levels of plasma growth hormone were elevated two hours after administration of 0.5 to 1.0 g of L-dopa, and this response persisted for at least one year. Plasma glucose was increased at two hours, and free fatty acids at four hours. Chronic therapy significantly increased serum cholesterol (approximately 10 per cent), but no change in serum triglycerides, thyroxine, fasting blood sugar, and 24-hour urinary excretion of 17-keto and 17-ketogenic steroids was observed. After one year of chronic L-dopa therapy, there was a decrease in glucose tolerance associated with a delayed and exaggerated insulin response. The changes in growth hormone and carbohydrate tolerance suggest that patients receiving L-dopa for long periods should be monitored for the possible development of frank acromegaly.
Transition metals and their carbides and nitrides: Trends in electronic and structural properties

A study of the structural and electronic properties of selected transition metals and their carbides and nitrides is presented. We focus on assessing trends of possible importance for understanding their hardness. Lattice constants, bulk moduli (B[sub o]), and charge densities are calculated using the local density approximation with a pseudopotential plane wave approach. An fcc lattice is employed for the transition metal elements in order to make comparisons and study trends relateable to their carbides and nitrides. Our results show that both increasing the number of valence d electrons and the presence of f electrons in the core lead to larger (B[sub o]). Charge density plots and histograms enable us to explain the nature of the charge distribution in the interstitial region for the different compounds considered. In addition, we include the heavier elements seaborgium, bohrium, and hasnium in order to test further trends. Surprisingly, the calculated B[sub o] for Hs is comparable to that of diamond. [copyright] [ital 1999] [ital The American Physical Society]
The Business School′s Impact on US Competitiveness

A nation′s capacity to compete in international markets is influenced by a number of factors including R&D expenditures, radical innovation, productivity, machine tool production and patents. The United States′ declining capacity to dominate selected markets is related to reductions in these factors. Although one can argue that, in general, the managerial practices of business executives are responsible for that decline, a number of more specific causes are isolated. It is argued that the quickest solution to the competitiveness situation is through proactive business extension programmes.
Unilateral destruction of the dorsocentral striatum in rats produces neglect but not extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation.

A number of previous studies have indicated that lesions of the medial agranular cortex (AGm) in rats induce multimodal neglect and extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation (extinction), the two major symptoms of the neglect syndrome in humans. A recent study demonstrated that lesions of dorsocentral striatum (DCS), the site of AGm projections to the striatum, produce multimodal neglect qualitatively similar to that found with AGm lesions. In the present study, the behavioral effects of unilateral DCS lesions were examined in more detail for the major manifestations of neglect: hemineglect, extinction, and allesthesia/allokinesia. Subjects were tested for extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation of the forepaws three times a week for 3 weeks. Neglect testing occurred twice weekly and the subjects were tested for the presence of neglect by rating the magnitude of orientation to visual, tactile, and auditory stimulation. The results indicated that DCS operates, while demonstrating severe neglect, failed to demonstrate extinction or allesthesia/allokinesia. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms that underlie neglect and extinction are dissociable in this system. A better understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie extinction is particularly important because humans that have recovered from neglect often continue to demonstrate the debilitating symptoms of extinction.
Gastric resection for ulcer

Abstract 1. 1. Extensive duodenitis is suggested as the reason some patients cannot be controlled on a medical regime. 2. 2. The ability of standard operations to relieve pylorospasm, hypermotility, hypersecretion and hyperacidity, which is the aim of medical treatment, is discussed. Resection alone completely fulfils these requirements. 3. 3. Errors in technic and judgment are described, correction of which has reduced the mortality rate. 4. 4. Resection for exclusion has given good results and is recommended for those patients in whom complete resection carries too great a risk. The prepyloric mucosa should be removed. 5. 5. Antecolic anastomosis without jejunojejunostomy is the method of choice in the majority of cases.
Projected health impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination among children <5 years of age in China.

Abstract Introduction Two rotavirus vaccines have been licensed globally since 2006. In China, only a lamb rotavirus vaccine is licensed and several new rotavirus vaccines are in development. Data regarding the projected health impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccination of children in China against rotavirus will assist policy makers in developing recommendations for vaccination. Methods Using a Microsoft Excel model, we compared the national health and economic burden of rotavirus disease in China with and without a vaccination program. Model inputs included 2007 data on burden and cost of rotavirus outcomes (deaths, hospitalizations, outpatient visits), projected vaccine efficacy, coverage, and cost. Cost-effectiveness was measured in US dollars per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) and US dollars per life saved. Results A 2-dose rotavirus vaccination program could annually avert 3013 (62%) deaths, 194,794 (59%) hospitalizations and 1,333,356 (51%) outpatient visits associated with rotavirus disease in China. The medical break-even price of the vaccine is $1.19 per dose. From a societal perspective, a vaccination program would be highly cost-effective in China at the vaccine price of $2.50 to $5 per dose, and be cost-effective at the price of $10 to $20 per dose. Conclusions A national rotavirus vaccination program could be a cost-effective measure to effectively reduce deaths, hospitalizations, and outpatient visits due to rotavirus disease in China.
Excitation spectroscopy of thin-film amorphous semiconductors using a free-electron laser

An infrared free-electron laser has been used to measure the first photoluminescence excitation spectrum well below the optical absorption edge in a thin-film amorphous semiconductor. This method should be useful for probing below-gap absorption mechanisms that contribute to photoluminescence in a wide class of amorphous semiconducting films.
TRANSIENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THERMAL ANALYSIS IN X-RAY LITHOGRAPHY

A three-dimensional transient numerical model is developed based on the Douglas alternating direction implicit (ADD) scheme and the parallel Gaussian elimination technique, to analyze the temperature distribution and temperature rise of an X-ray lithography process. The numerical model includes four layers commonly found in an X-ray lithography process: mask layer, resist layer, substrate layer, as well as a gap layer between the mask and resist layers. The numerical procedure is simple and has a high inherent parallelism, since it is a domain decomposition algorithm. Numerical results were obtained for a single X-ray beam pass indicating the transient temperature distribution in a typical X-ray lithography process.
Inhibition of protein biosynthesis: the first active sparsomycin analog.

Abstract A (dl) S -deoxo- S -propyl sparsomycin analog has been prepared and examined as an inhibitor of the peptidyl transferase reaction with bacterial ribosomes. A double reciprocal plot and Dixon analysis indicate that the sparsomycin analogy is a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanyl-puromycin formation. The inactivity of the L-isomer has established that the chiral carbon of sparsomycin analogs must be identical with the chirality of D-cysteinol for ribosomal binding.
Injecting parallel computing into CS2

In today's multicore world, every CS student should learn about and gain experience with (at least) shared-memory parallelism. CS Curriculum 2013 acknowledges this by shifting parallel computing from elective status into the core. This paper argues that students should be introduced to parallelism early, that the CS2 (Data Structures) course is a natural place to do so, and reports our experience in doing this. The paper also argues that students should be taught to solve problems using parallel patterns, which are industry-standard best-practice strategies for parallel problem solving. To support such teaching, the paper presents patternlets -- minimalist, scalable, executable programs, each illustrating the behavior of a parallel pattern -- as a useful pedagogical tool for teaching parallel concepts. Several patternlets and their executions are given. The paper presents evidence that this injection of parallelism into CS2 has been successful.
Ion-optical design and field shaping calculations for the RPI 255° magnetic analyzer

Abstract A large-diameter, high-transmission 255° magnetic analyzer for charged particles has been constructed through field mapping studies. The analyzer is designed to operate with an energy resolution of over 1000 and a transmission factor of 0.3% of 4π sr over a ±10% energy range. The usable magnetic field extends radially from 16′' to 44′' and can exceed 5500 G across the nominal width of 4′' when operated at full power. Total weight is about 75t and each of the four exciting coils weighs 1 t. The operating mean radius is about 28′', however the effective mean radius is twice this value due to the inhomogeneous field. This work is primarily concerned with the research and development of an optimum focusing field as described by a fifth order series expansion, and constructing the analyzer to reproduce this field. Magnetic field measurements are in good agreement with predicted theoretical results.
CD22 Forms a Quaternary Complex with SHIP, Grb2, and Shc A PATHWAY FOR REGULATION OF B LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR-INDUCED CALCIUM FLUX

CD22 is a cell surface molecule that regulates signal transduction in B lymphocytes. Tyrosine-phosphorylated CD22 recruits numerous cytoplasmic effector molecules including SHP-1, a potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase that down-regulates B cell antigen receptor (BCR)- and CD19-generated signals. Paradoxically, B cells from CD22-deficient mice generate augmented intracellular calcium responses following BCR ligation, yet proliferation is decreased. To understand further the mechanisms through which CD22 regulates BCR-dependent calcium flux and proliferation, interactions between CD22 and effector molecules involved in these processes were assessed. The adapter proteins Grb2 and Shc were found to interact with distinct and specific regions of the CD22 cytoplasmic domain. Src homology-2 domain-containing inositol polyphosphate-5'-phosphatase (SHIP) also bound phosphorylated CD22, but binding required an intact CD22 cytoplasmic domain. All three molecules were bound to CD22 when isolated from BCR-stimulated splenic B cells, indicating the formation of a CD22.Grb2.Shc.SHIP quaternary complex. Therefore, SHIP associating with CD22 may be important for SHIP recruitment to the cell surface where it negatively regulates calcium influx. Although augmented calcium responses in CD22-deficient mice should facilitate enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, BCR ligation did not induce JNK activation in CD22-deficient B cells. These data demonstrate that CD22 functions as a molecular "scaffold" that specifically coordinates the docking of multiple effector molecules, in addition to SHP-1, in a context necessary for BCR-dependent SHIP activity and JNK stimulation.
Genetic differences in locomotor activation in mice

Two highly inbred strains of mice were found to differ in habituation of activity repeatedly assessed in a toggle-box exploration task. The recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from their cross resembled either one or the other parent strain, suggesting that a single gene exerts a marked influence on this behavior. The influence of an acute ethanol injection on activity in an open field was found to differ among 19 inbred strains. In 6 strains significant decreases in activity from the previous day's scores were seen; in two strains activity increased; and in 11 strains, no significant change was seen. Genetic specificity must, therefore, be considered in the interpretation of pharmacologic substrates for activity in mice. Lines of mice selectively bred for high and low open-field activity are suggested to offer an ideal subject population for neuropharmacologic studies.
Synthesis and Characterization of the First Neutral Zinc-Sulfur Cluster: Zn(10)S(4)(SEt)(12)L(4).

The reaction between ZnEt2 and 2 equiv of sulfur in toluene followed by workup in pyridine (py) results in isolation of Zn10S4(SEt)12(py)4 (2) and [Zn2S(SEt)(Et)py]n. Species 2 reacts with an excess of lutidine to yield Zn10S4(SEt)12(lutidine)4 (1), which was characterized in the solid state and is the first example of a neutral zinc−sulfur cluster.
The effect of a physician partner program on physician efficiency and patient satisfaction.

Despite the advantages of electronic health records, concerns have been raised about the amount of computer time spent documenting care1 and its adverse effects on the physician-patient relationship. Using scribes to reduce physician documentation time has resulted in improved satisfaction among urologists2 and increased productivity among Emergency Department physicians3 and cardiologists4. Although scribes have been used in primary care,5 their effects have received little formal evaluation. We created a new position, a Physician Partner (P2), to facilitate patient care during the office visit and tested this in two practices at an academic medical center to determine its effect upon physician efficiency and patient satisfaction.
Progressive encoding of complex isosurfaces

We present a progressive encoding technique specifically designed for complex isosurfaces. It achieves better rate distortion performance than all standard mesh coders, and even improves on all previous single rate isosurface coders. Our novel algorithm handles isosurfaces with or without sharp features, and deals gracefully with high topologic and geometric complexity. The inside/outside function of the volume data is progressively transmitted through the use of an adaptive octree, while a local frame based encoding is used for the fine level placement of surface samples. Local patterns in topology and local smoothness in geometry are exploited by context-based arithmetic encoding, allowing us to achieve an average of 6.10 bits per vertex (b/v) at very low distortion. Of this rate only 0.65 b/v are dedicated to connectivity data: this improves by 24% over the best previous single rate isosurface encoder.
Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy

OxyContin (oxycodone hydrochloride controlled release) is a long-acting preparation of oxycodone that is used as an opioid analgesic to treat chronic pain conditions. We report a patient who ingested a massive quantity of OxyContin and had altered mental status, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and hypoventilation that proved refractory to naloxone administration. She required mechanical ventilation for 3 days before recovering completely. The severity and length of poisoning was likely related both to the quantity and formulation of the oxycodone ingested.
Studies in Rapid Kinetic Reactions by Quasi-Quantum Mechanical, Conservative Methodology

Abstract Simulations are made of prototype, ground state, rapid kinetic reactions for A + BC , in which A , B , and C are hydrogen atoms and BC is a hydrogen molecule. We study cases in which B and C first unbind, and then A , B , and C undergo complex, three-body, oscillatory behavior in accordance with the Morse potential. It is shown that, in every case, one of A , B , or C is ejected and the remaining two atoms form an H 2 bond with precisely correct ground state energy, frequency, and bond length. Pico second trajectories are described and discussed. The numerical method employed conserves the system's total energy at each time step.
The Elements Go to the Movies

A survey of films reveals that many elements have been used in movie titles. The chemical significance of the use of each element is reported.
On the partial ionization cross-sections for CF4 by use of the pulsed-electron-beam time-of-flight method

Abstract Recent measurements of the absolute partial ionization cross-sections for CF 4 by two different experimental approaches are in generally good agreement except for the cross-sections for production of the doubly charged ions CF 2+ 3 and CF 2+ 2 which were in serious disagreement. We have recently remeasured the Ar 2+ /Ar + ratio using the pulsed-electron-beam time-of-flight method and have uncovered several problems which caused a revision of our earlier work. Here we report a similar study for the CF 4 molecule. Although one of the three error sources in the case of Ar was found to be unimportant in the case of CF 4 , the main error, insufficient ion impact energy on the front surface of the detector, leads to an upward revision of most of our previous cross-sections. Our new results range from 5–15% larger than our previous values for the partial cross-sections. These results are in even better agreement with those reported by H. Poll, C. Winkler, D. Margreiter, V. Grill and T.D. Mark [Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 112 (1992) 1], except for the CF 2+ 3 /CF + 3 and CF 2+ 2 /CF + 3 cross-section ratios which are approximately a factor of two higher than those of Poll . The cause of this remaining discrepancy is unknown.
The diagnosis of hydatidiform mole by gonadotropic hormone assay using the South African frog, Xenopus laevis.

SOON after Zondek and Aschheim made their brilliant discovery of the mouse test for pregnancy (1), Shapiro and Zwarenstein (5), Hogben (3), and Bellerby (2) showed the clinical application of the South African Frog (Xenopus laevis) to the finding of gonadotropic hormones in the urdne of pregnancy. In its natural habitat, the female of this unique species of amphibia never lays eggs unless stimulated by the male. Shapiro and Zwarenstein (6) segregated the females from the males and found that ovulation and external egg deposition could be induced entirely at will by simply injecting concentrates of pregnancy urine into these ever-ready and ever-willing female Xenopus. And thus, the early foundation for the frog test for pregnancy was laid. Since 1939, we in America have studied Xenopus laevis in detail and have performed thousands of pregnancy tests with the animal (7, 8, 9, 10, 11).1 In our earlier papers we have reported our excellent results, and have registered our keen delight with Xenopus as a test a...
Accumulation and detoxification of copper and zinc by the decapod crustacean Palaemonetes varians from diets of field-contaminated polychaetes Nereis diversicolor

Abstract In an investigation of the trophic transfer of ecotoxicologically significant amounts of trace metals from prey to predator, Palaemonetes varians were fed with diets of Nereis diversicolor from two metal-contaminated estuaries, the Tavy and Restronguet Creek in SW England, and a control estuary, the Blackwater in SE England. The decapods accumulated increased concentrations of copper (but not zinc) from the metal-contaminated worms above an initial apparently regulated body copper concentration, in response to a high dietary copper input over a period up to 30 days. High dietary challenges of copper caused the induction of MTLP (metallothionein-like proteins) in the hepatopancreas of the feeding decapods as a detoxification response, although the non-detoxified subcellular component of hepatopancreas accumulated copper also increased over time, probably in association with sublethal toxic effects.
On the phenomenology of the pomeron

Abstract Experimental data on the real and imaginary parts of hadronic forward scattering amplitudes are found to agree with the f-dominated pomeron, but to strongly disagree with the pomeron-f identity proposed by Chew and Rosenzweig.
BIDSIM: Using a Competitive Bidding Simulation to Highlight Pricing Issues

BIDSIM is a case and simulation exercise which is designed to introduce users to important pricing issues such as monitoring competitive activity and drawing up contingency plans. BIDSIM is different from other marketing simulation games in that inputs are very simple and no "black box" is required to process output. Through the dynamics of competitive sealed bidding, BIDSIM is able to create a realistic pricing environment with a minimum knowledge of simulation models. Such simplified simulation exercises may prove to be especially useful to marketing educators who are interested in providing students with hands-on training in the classroom.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CYMOPTERUS (UMBELLIFERAE) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Two species ofCymopterus are described as new:Cymopterus douglassi from the Lost River and Lemhi ranges of central Idaho and the closely relatedC. williamsii from the southern half of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming. Both are diploid on the basex=11 and occur on calcareous or dolomitic substrates. The mature fruit ofCymopterus williamsii differ from those ofC. douglassii in the absence of a functioning carpophore and in having 1, not 3–5 oil tubes in the intervals. Both species are unusual in the genus, though not unique, in that the dorsal ribs of the mericarps are not winged.
Heats of the helix–coil transitions of the poly A–poly U complexes

The heats of the conformational transitions of poly (A + U) and poly(A + 2U) were determined in a twin-cell differential thermal analysis microcalorimeter capable of measuring heat effects of 25–35 meal, in reactions of this type, with a precision of about 3%. The dependence of these heats on the concentration of Na+ and K+ was studied and was found to be interpretable with fair success by a simple phenomenological argument which employs the concept of binding of counterions to polyelectrolytes.
Locating Edges and Removing Ringing Artifacts in JPEG Images by Frequency-Domain Analysis

We present a method of locating edges in JPEG-coded images which operates in frequency space on the DCT coefficients. Applied to the quantized DCT coefficients of a block containing a straight edge, the method yields an equation for the edge in a fraction of the operations needed to dequantize and transform the coefficents to pixel values. As a sample application of this method, we present a technique for alleviating ringing artifacts in JPEG-coded images
Cuticular lipids of adults and nymphal exuviae of the desert cicada, Diceroprocta apache (homoptera, Cicadidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Hydrocarbons were the most abundant lipid constituent in the cuticles of nymph (exuviae) and adult desert cicadas, Diceroprocta apache . 2. 2. In both developmental stages, this fraction was comprised of saturated n -alkanes (43%) and branched alkanes (57%) ranging in size from 16 to over 43 carbon atoms. 3. 3. Hydrocarbon quantity per adult was approx five times higher than per nymphal exuvium. 4. 4. This difference is correlated with the increased transpiration potential experienced by the adult.
Quantifying understorey vegetation in the US Lake States: a proposed framework to inform regional forest carbon stocks

The contribution of understorey vegetation (UVEG) to forest ecosystem biomass and carbon (C) across diverse forest types has, to date, eluded quantification at regional and national scales. Efforts to quantify UVEG C have been limited to field-intensive studies or broad-scalemodelling approaches lacking fieldmeasurements. Although large-scale inventories of UVEG C are not common, species- and community-level inventories of vegetation structure are available and may prove useful in quantifying UVEG C stocks. This analysis developed a general framework for estimating UVEG C stocks by employing per cent cover estimates of UVEG from a region-wide forest inventory coupled with an estimate of maximum UVEG C across the US Lake States (i.e. Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin). Estimates of UVEG C stocks from this approach reasonably align with expected C stocks in the study region, ranging from 0.86±0.06 Mg ha-1 in red pine-dominated to 1.59±0.06 Mg ha-1 for aspen/birch-dominated forest types. Although the data employed here were originally collected to assess broad-scale forest structure and diversity, this study proposes a framework for using UVEG inventories as a foundation for estimating C stocks in an often overlooked, yet important ecosystemC pool.
A time‐domain technique For determining antenna Q

A new time-domain technique for determining the radiation Q of an antenna is presented. The time integral of power returning to the antenna from the standing energy field upon source turn off is determined numerically, and is used as a measure of the peak standing energy for Q determination. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 21: 395–398, 1999.
The Mitron-An Interdigital Voltage-Tunable Magnetron

This paper describes a voltage-tunable magnetron which can be electronically tuned in the frequency range 1,500 to 3,500 mc. This tube delivers a useful power output of approximately 200 mw and, when used as a local oscillator in a microwave receiver, gives a noise figure 3 db greater than is obtained when a reflex klystron is used with the same receiver. It is shown that temperature-limited operation of the cathode is necessary for coherent operation of the tube and that the operating voltage is greater than that predicted by the Hartree relation. The relation of tube operation and circuit parameters is discussed.
SPERM ASSAYS IN MAN AND OTHER MAMMALS AS INDICATORS OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED TESTICULAR DYSFUNCTION

Concern about human exposure to chemical agents has led to the development of numerous bioassays to detect mutagens and carcinogens rapidly and inexpensively. Recent attempts to compare and evaluate the efficacy of these bioassays have shown clearly that no single assay is sufficient (Coordinating Committee, 1978). A number of sperm assays have been developed and evaluated (Wyrobek, in press). Although the mutagenic basis of chemically induced sperm anomalies is generally not well understood, these assays play an important role in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis testing. First, sperm assays can measure chemical damage to the germ cells occurring during spermatogenesis or transit through the efferent ducts. Agents that are found to be mutagenic or carcinogenic in other bioassays can be tested directly for their spermatotoxic effects. This possibility is of major importance because the activity of an agent in bacteria or mammalian somatic cells is often a poor predictor of its activity in the testes after exposure in vivo (Coordinating Committee, 1978). Second, since animal sperm assays are as inexpensive as other short-term tests, many agents can be tested. Third, sperm assays have not only been developed and applied to mice, other rodents, and a variety of domestic animals, but they are also applicable to men exposed to chemicals (Wyrobek and Glendhill, in press).
Criteria for the diagnosis of acute megakaryocytic leukemia

The recent report by Tallman et al[1][1] on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group's experience with acute megakaryocytic leukemia contains an apparent inconsistency. In the methods section it is stated that the “bone marrow aspirate or biopsy leukemic blast cell population must have represented
Geochemical impacts of waste disposal on the abyssal seafloor

Abstract The response of pore water oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, sulfide, ammonium and methane and particulate organic carbon distributions to the input of 8.5 million m 3 (3.8×10 12 g) of organic-rich waste materials is simulated. The deposit is assumed to be conical with a maximum thickness of approximately 20 m. Remineralization reactions within the deposit rapidly deplete any initially available pore water oxidants such as oxygen, nitrate and sulfate, and are subsequently dominated by fermentation reactions. Diffusion downward of reduced metabolites, sulfide, ammonium and methane, depletes the available oxidants in the pore waters below the waste pile, increasing the thickness of the anoxic layer. While the impacted region is limited to essentially the deposition site, recovery of the pore waters is estimated to be >10 4 years. The overall computational results are corroborated by the pore water distributions observed at turbidite boundaries. Numerous uncertainties in the parameterizations limit the overall accuracy of the calculations presented. The most significant of these are: (1) A quantitatively accurate assessment of the remineralization rate of the deposited organic matter including its rate of inoculation by abyssal microorganisms; (2) a detailed assessment of potential non-diffusive pore water transport processes including advection due to compaction and buoyancy-driven flows and enhanced exchange due to macrobenthic irrigation activities and (3) an assessment of the potential alteration of pore space and methane reactivity due to gas hydrate formation.
UROLOGICAL ASSISTANCE DURING THERAPEUTIC PUBECTOMY

Purpose: A technique is described to optimize exposure during female pubectomy to minimize injury to associated urological structures.Materials and Methods: Three females with diagnosed osteomyelitis pubis underwent pubectomy. Before resection of the bone, the patients underwent a formal combined transvaginal and retropubic dissection. This dissection allowed complete freeing of the urethra and bladder from areas of orthopedic resection and optimized surgical exposure.Results: All operations were completed successfully with no incidence of intraoperative urological structure injury and no postoperative pelvic instability. None of the patients required intraoperative or postoperative blood transfusions. Pelvic pain resolved in all 3 patients.Conclusions: Using a combined transvaginal and retropubic technique, the urologist may assist the orthopedic surgeon at the time of pubectomy. This technique potentially minimizes the incidence of vesical and urethral injury.