cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PEDESTRIAN DETECTION WITH NEAR AND FAR INFRARED NIGHT VISION ENHANCEMENT

AbstractCurrent headlighting and road lighting are only partly effective in reducing the risk of driving at night. To further reduce this risk, two major sensing technologies for night vision systems have been receiving particular development interest: near infrared (NIR) systems, which actively illuminate the scene in the near infrared spectrum and capture the reflected radiation, and far infrared (FIR) systems, which generate images by passively detecting thermal emissions. To compare pedestrian detection with night vision systems, a test vehicle equipped with an NIR and an FIR system was driven at night on several roads with pedestrians standing along the route. Video clips, recorded from both systems simultaneously, were later shown in a laboratory to 16 subjects (eight younger than 30 years and eight older than 64 years). Subjects pressed a button as soon as they saw each pedestrian. Detection distances with FIR were, on average, three times greater than with NIR. For both systems, detection distance...
Enzyme Activity in the Crowded Milieu

The cytosol of a cell is a concentrated milieu of a variety of different molecules, including small molecules (salts and metabolites) and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins and large macromolecular complexes. Macromolecular crowding in the cytosolic environment is proposed to influence various properties of proteins, including substrate binding affinity and enzymatic activity. Here we chose to use the synthetic crowding agent Ficoll, which is commonly used to mimic cytosolic crowding conditions to study the crowding effect on the catalytic properties of glycolytic enzymes, namely phosphoglycerate kinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and acylphosphatase. We determined the kinetic parameters of these enzymes in the absence and in the presence of the crowding agent. We found that the Michaelis constant, Km, and the catalytic turnover number, kcat, of these enzymes are not perturbed by the presence of the crowding agent Ficoll. Our results support earlier findings which suggested that the Michaelis constant of certain enzymes evolved in consonance with the substrate concentration in the cell to allow effective enzyme function in bidirectional pathways. This conclusion is further supported by the analysis of nine other enzymes for which the Km values in the presence and absence of crowding agents have been measured.
Change in Engineering Education: One Myth, Two Scenarios, and Three Foci

Change is coming to engineering education, but many reform efforts have proceeded without explicitly examining the prime movers of change, the forces that resist change, or the facets or foci of the system that are most in need of change. This essay frames the current debate by seeing change as motivated by external competitive and technological forces. Resistance to change is viewed as being reinforced by the fundamental myth of engineering education that asserts the supremacy of basic research over all other engineering academic activities. After providing evidence that the myth resulted largely from an overestimation of the role of science and an underestimation of the role of engineering in World War II, the essay considers needed organizational, integrative, and programmatic changes. Among these are the creation of student-faculty teams responsible for delivering a quality education, bottom-up alliances with industrial clients, and a number of proposals aimed at helping the profession explore its human, philosophical, and historical underpinnings. The essay concludes by warning that times of great change risk making matters worse through the unintended consequences of reform. A principled methodology of reform is suggested that advocates distributed and competitive implementation together with a special appreciation for knowledge that is difficult to articulate.
Phase I trial of adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) with floxuridine (FUDR) and dexamethasone plus systemic oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with resected liver metastases from colorectal cancer

Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of systemic oxaliplatin (oxal), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) that could be administered with hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of floxuridine (FUDR) and dexamethasone (Dex) in the adjuvant setting after hepatic resection. Methods: Thirty-five patients with resected liver metastases were entered into a phase I trial using HAI FUDR/Dex with escalating doses of oxal and 5-FU. Results: The initial dose of HAI FUDR was fixed at 0.12 mg/kg · pump volume divided by pump flow rate plus Dex infused over the first 2 weeks of a 5-week cycle. Systemic chemotherapy was delivered on days 15 and 29 with the doses of oxal escalated from 85 to 100 mg/m 2 and the 5-FU 48-h continuous infusion doses from 1000 to 2000 mg/m 2 . The LV dose was fixed at 400 mg/m 2 . Dose-limiting toxic effects were diarrhea, 8.5%, and elevated bilirubin, 8.5%. With a median follow-up of 43 months, the 4-year survival and progression-free survival were 88% and 50%, respectively. Conclusions: Adjuvant therapy after liver resection with HAI FUDR/Dex plus systemic oxal at 85 mg/m 2 and 5-FU by continuous infusion at 2000 g/m 2 with LV at 400 mg/m 2 is feasible and appears effective. Randomized studies
Embeddedness for singly periodic Scherk surfaces with higher dihedral symmetry

n ’ < 2 . Previously, this inequality has been proved by turning the problem into a Plateau problem and solving, and by using the Jenkins‐Serrin solution and Krust’s theorem. In this paper we provide a proof of the embeddedness of these surfaces by using some results about univalent planar harmonic mappings from geometric function theory. This approach is more direct and explicit, and it may provide an alternate way to prove embeddedness for some complicated minimal surfaces.
Rapid versus non-rapid cycling bipolar II depression: response to venlafaxine and lithium and hypomanic risk.

Objective To examine the safety and effectiveness of antidepressant versus mood stabilizer monotherapy in rapid versus non-rapid cycling bipolar II disorder. Method Subjects ≥18 years old with bipolar II depression (n = 129) were randomized to double-blind venlafaxine or lithium carbonate monotherapy for 12 weeks. Responders (n = 59) received continuation monotherapy for six additional months. Results Rapid cycling did not affect frequency of response or change over time in depressive symptoms. Rapid cycling status did not affect frequency of depressive relapse or sustained treatment response. Rapid cyclers were more likely to experience hypomanic symptoms (P = 0.005) during continuation monotherapy; however, rates were similar in venlafaxine (17.6%) and lithium (42.9%) (P = 0.31). Conclusion Rapid cycling status may not be associated with an increased risk of diminished response or greater depressive relapse during venlafaxine, relative to lithium monotherapy, in bipolar II subjects. Additional randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Solid-State Carbon-13 NMR Studies of Vulcanized Elastomers. IX. TMTD-Vulcanized cis-1,4-Polybutadiene at 75.5 MHz

Abstract The results of the present study indicate that, for the most part, the variety of C-S bonded structures formed in TMTD-vulcanized cis-BR qualitatively parallel those found in sulfur-cured vulcanizates of the material. Key exceptions include the demonstrated existence of stable rubber-bound accelerator fragments, and the possible elimination of select intramolecular cyclic species. Cis-to-trans isomerization has again been shown to be the predominant feature of the vulcanization reaction sequence and seems to obey first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of accelerator. While the kinetic rate of conversion among all intermediate species was too rapid to permit a full account of the process, the spectral data demonstrate further that, subsequent to the formation of rubber-bound accelerator residues, sulfur becomes quickly redistributed to form crosslink structures of low average sulfur rank. In contrast to results obtained from elemental sulfur-cured BR vulcanizates, relatively high c...
Population Balance Modeling of Environment Dependent Breakage: Role of Granular Viscosity, Density and Compaction. Model Formulation and Similarity Analysis

In this work, we introduce mechanistic considerations in nonlinear milling of particulate material. We show that the mobility of the powder can have a significant effect on the breakage frequency. During grinding, the change in particle size leads to changes in the mobility of the powder which in turn alters the breakage rate. The mechanistic modeling, being able to accommodate different responses of powder mobility for wet and dry grinding, is able to distinguish naturally between dry and wet grinding, an attribute not possessed by other nonlinear models. It is shown that the rich variety of phenomena observed in grinding mills emanates from the interplay between opposing factors that influence the breakage environment in a mill. Such factors include viscosity, density, and compaction of the powder. For dry grinding, the change in powder porosity and viscosity leads to a variety of nonlinear effects. For wet grinding the viscosity and density of the slurry impart a nonmonotonic variation in the breakage rate with particle size. A population balance equation (PBE) for environment dependent breakage has been formulated by considering the foregoing effects. Similarity analysis of the model equation shows the existence of self-similar behavior even for the environment dependent breakage. Experimental investigation of such self-similarity provides an effective diagnostic process for validating model framework. Furthermore, when combined with the methodology of solving inverse problems (e.g., Sathyagal, A. N.; Ramkrishna, D. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1996, 51, 1377), an effective approach becomes available for model identification.
Metastable Structures Formed in Plasma Source Ion Processing

Ni-Ti films were bombarded by plasma source heavy ions of different ion dose and ion flux. Disc-like non-uniform microstructures were found when the films were irradiated at a dose of 5x10 16 Kr + /cm 2 . These “discs” were acting as defect centers. The development of “discs” depended on the plasma ion flux during the pulse. Target geometry appeared to have effects on the density of “discs”.
Electronic transport study of high deposition rate HWCVD a-Si:H by the microwavephotomixing technique

The electronic transport properties of high deposition rate a-Si:H films prepared by HWCVD have been investigated in detail by employing the microwave photomixing technique. The high deposition rates (up to 1 µm/min.) were achieved by adding a second filament, increasing deposition pressure, silane flow rate, and decreasing filament-to-substrate distance. The effect of the deposition rate on the resultant film properties with respect to the substrate temperature, deposition pressure and silane flow rate was studied. It was found that the film transport properties do not change monotonically with increasing deposition rate. The photoconductivity peaks at ∼70-90 A/s, where both the drift mobility and lifetime peak, consistent with the deposition rate dependence of the range and depth of the potential fluctuations. High quality, such as a photoconductivity-to-dark-conductivity ratio of ∼105 and nearly constant low charged defect density, can be maintained at deposition rates up to ∼150 A/s, beyond which the film properties deteriorate rapidly as a result of an enhanced effect of the long-range potential fluctuations due to a considerable increase in the concentration of the charged defects. Our present results indicate that medium silane flow rate, low pressure, and higher substrate temperature are generally required to maintain high quality films at high deposition rates.
The mating type system of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum.

The question of an incompatibility mechanism in the Myxomycetes was first raised by Pinoy in 1908 when he reported "sexual dimorphism" in Didymium nigripes.4 Skupienski (1926), working with monosporous cultures of Didymium difforme, concluded that the organism was heterothallic. The careful work of von Stosch (1935) with Didymium nigripes seemed to establish the existence of a 1-locus, 2-allele type of heterothallism in this species. Nevertheless, because of contradictory results obtained by other workers, presumably with the same species (Kerr and Sussman, 1958), heterothallism in the Myxomycetes remained a controversial subject until Dee (1960), working with Physarum polycephalum, and Collins (1961), working with Didymium iridis, definitely proved that an incompatibility mechanism does exist in the Myomycetes. Collins (1963) went on to establish the fact that multiple alleles are present at the incompatibility locus in D. iridis. Preliminary studies of Physarum flavicomum indicated that this organism is also heterothallic. Inasmuch as a number of specimens were available, some from widely separated geographical areas, it was decided to study the mating type system of this myxomycete.
Arterial oxygen pressure in dogs breathing oxygen at 2, 5 atmospheres pressure.

SummaryIn supine, anesthetized dogs breathing 100% O2 the alveolar-arterial O2 difference is unaltered when ambient pressure is increased from 1 to 2.5 atm. The results can be explained in terms of constant admixture of systemic venous blood with fully oxygenated pulmonary capillary blood. It is likely, but not proven, that previous estimates of arterial O2 pressure at high barometric pressures are too low.
Research on high capacity Mg-based hydrogen storage material and its hydrogen storage performance

The research advance of high capacity Mg-based hydrogen-storage materials was reviewed.The mechanical alloying can improve the hydrogen-storage capacity and dynamic performance of Mg nano-crystal materials,but the dehydriding temperature was rather high generally.In order to decrease the dehydriding temperature of MgH2,carbon and metallic catalyzer were introduce into Mg metal.According to DSC analysis,the initial dehydriding temperature of the Mg-C nano-crystal composites is only 201～240℃,which is reduced by 60～90℃,and therefore the thermodynamic performance is improved distinctly.
Application of Wavelet Transform Threshold Noise Reduction in Load Management Terminal

The basic function of load management terminal is data collection,but the data are always stained when the collection channels have malfunction or are interfered by electromagnetic waves,sometimes impact load will make pulse,step or zigzag waveform noise.Currently these abnormal data will be selected by time interval and send to the master station and not to discern true or false,some normal data may be abandoned.All these abnormal data can give false information to period load prediction,which will firstly mislead the setting up of load prediction module by all means,then will affect the precision and reliability of prediction result.In this paper,wavelet theory is used to reduce noise of power load data and several threshold quantization methods are analyzed and compared.In the end,draw a conclusion that Sqtwolog threshold noise reduction method can keep the useful information of old data and have not via experiment.
Individual on-line processing differences are not necessarily reflected in off-line acceptability judgments.

Individual on-line processing differences are not necessarily reflected in off-line acceptability judgments.
Prologue: World Health Concerns

The enormous number of cases of hyperbilirubinemia worldwide can hardly be estimated. The World Health Organization estimates the number of people worldwide who have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) deficiency at 400 million. G-6-PDH deficiency is the disorder that contributes the largest number of jaundiced newborn infants.
Bodies: Placing the Dead in the German Reformation

Physically and spiritually, the dead were a constant presence in medieval society. Medieval Christians dwelt in a community of the living and the dead: the traditional Christian funeral summed up this close relationship by bringing the body of the deceased to rest in a consecrated churchyard at the centre of a village or town while the clergy offered prayers and masses for the soul of the deceased. The burial of the dead in the midst of the living was one of the most important aspects of the presence of the dead in medieval society.
Feature subset selection for rule induction using RIPPER

Many existing rule learning systems perform poorly on large noisy datasets because of the presence of irrelevant features. In this paper we propose a hybrid approach combining Genetic Algorithms and RIPPER, to design better classifiers. Our experiments with several benchmark datasets show the feasibility of this approach.
Isomerization and Icosahedral Fullerenes

A discussion of the evidence for isomerization in carbon clusters highlights the special nature of Buckminsterfullerene. The predictions of Gaussian-typeorbital local-density-functional calculations on icosahedral fullerenes are reviewed. The larger icosahedral fullerenes have properties remarkably similar to C60 and should be easily made if special kinetic effects during vaporization and/or recondensation prevent or severely restrict isomerization as they appear to do.
A capillary electrophoretic method for separation and characterization of carbon dots and carbon dot-antibody bioconjugates

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with UV absorbance detection has been applied as an analysis tool for carbon dots (C-dots), which were hydrothermally synthesized from precursors citric acid (CA) and ethylene diamine (EDA). An alkaline working buffer (100mM tris acetate, pH 8.4) was found to be optimal for rapid and reliable analysis of C-dots. A calibration curve was established over a broad concentration range (0.5-10mg/mL) with excellent linearity (R2=0.9989). The CE method was also applied to enhance understanding of and facilitate optimization of ensuing C-dot biolabeling reactions. The novel CE method was used to confirm and quantify production of C-dot labeled antibodies. The optimum concentration of antibody for use in the labeling reaction was determined.
Midclerkship feedback in the surgical clerkship: the "Professionalism, Reporting, Interpreting, Managing, Educating, and Procedural Skills" application utilizing learner self-assessment.

Abstract Background The Liaison Committee on Medical Education requires midclerkship formative (low stakes) feedback to students regarding their clinical skills. Student self-assessment is not commonly incorporated into this evaluation. We sought to determine the feasibility of collecting and comparing student self-assessment with that of their preceptors using an iPad application. These student self-ratings and preceptor ratings are jointly created and reviewed as part of a face-to-face midclerkship feedback session. Methods Using our iPad application for Professionalism, Reporting, Interpreting, Managing, Educating, and Procedural Skills ("PRIMES"), students answer 6 questions based on their self-assessment of performance at midclerkship. Each skill is rated on a 3-point scale (beginning, competent, and strong) with specific behavioral anchors. The faculty preceptors then complete the same PRIMES form during the face-to-face meeting. The application displays a comparison of the 2 sets of ratings, facilitating a discussion to determine individualized learning objectives for the second half of the clerkship. Results A total of 209 student–preceptor pairs completed PRIMES ratings. On average, student–preceptor ratings were in agreement for 38% of the time. Agreement between students and preceptors was highest for Professionalism (70%) and lowest for Procedural Skills (22%). On average, 60% of student–preceptor ratings did not agree. Students rated themselves lower than preceptors 52% of the time, while only 8% of students rated themselves higher than their preceptors' ratings (this difference is significant at the P value Conclusions This study demonstrates the value of using the PRIMES framework to incorporate surgery clerkship students' self-assessment into formative face-to-face midclerkship feedback sessions with their preceptors with the goal to improve performance during the second half of the clerkship.
Introduction: “Like an Artwork in Its Own Right”: Artistic Representations of 9/11 in a Late-Late Capitalist Age of Terror

This introduction outlines the interplay between capitalism and aesthetics after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It theorizes late-late capitalism as distinct from late capitalism and it outlines the contents of the body chapters of this edited collection.
Occurrence of carcinoma prostate in the Pune Metropolitan Region: A 5-year study from 2007 to 2011

BACKGROUND: A retrospective study was carried out to know only the occurrence of carcinoma prostate (CAP) in the Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR) over a period of five years (January 01, 2007 to December 31, 2011). All the histopathological (HPE) reports of all prostate specimens were collected from 23 medical colleges, private institutions and stand-.alone HPE laboratories in PMR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four types of prostate specimens were examined – endoscopic resection, open prostatectomy, transrectal needle biopsy of prostate and prostate from the cystoprostatectomy specimen (surgery carried out for primary carcinoma bladder). Specimens of radical prostatectomy were excluded as the biopsy was carried out earlier. RESULTS: A total of 5006 reports of the prostate specimens were examined out of which 779 showed the presence of CAP. Analysis of annual occurrence of CAP revealed that there was no significant variation in the CAP cases. Thus giving an average of CAP cases of 155.8 per year in PMR. Population data of the PMR was obtained from the official Government of India Census department for the year 2011. Total population of PMR in 2011 was 5,049,968 out of which the male population was 2,659,484. Thus the occurrence of CAP in the PMR works out to 5.86/100,000 male population. Results were compared with the published reports of CAP by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) of 7.2/100,000 and Globocon of 4.2/100,000 males. CONCLUSIONS: Occurrence of CAP in PMR is low at 5.86/100,000 male population is comparable with published figures of ICMR & Globocon 2012.
Randomization Inference with Rainfall Data: Using Historical Weather Patterns for Variance Estimation

Many recent papers in political science and economics use rainfall as a strategy to facilitate causal inference. Rainfall shocks are as-if randomly assigned, but the assignment of rainfall by county is highly correlated across space. Since clustered assignment does not occur within well-defined boundaries, it is challenging to estimate the variance of the effect of rainfall on political outcomes. I propose using randomization inference with historical weather patterns from 73 years as potential randomizations. I replicate the influential work on rainfall and voter turnout in presidential elections in the United States by Gomez, Hansford, and Krause (2007) and compare the estimated average treatment effect (ATE) to a sampling distribution of estimates under the sharp null hypothesis of no effect. The alternate randomizations are random draws from national rainfall patterns on election and would-be election days, which preserve the clustering in treatment assignment and eliminate the need to simulate weather patterns or make assumptions about unit boundaries for clustering. I find that the effect of rainfall on turnout is subject to greater sampling variability than previously estimated using conventional standard errors.
Evaluating the health-related targets in the Sustainable Development Goals from a human rights perspective

This article evaluates the health targets identified in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted at a September 2015 UN summit from a human rights perspective. Although there is considerabl...
Asymptotic Theory in Rank Estimation for AFT Model Under Fixed Censorship

Rank based parameter estimation in the accelerated failure time model with right-censoring has been studied rigorously by many authors [(1990), (1991) and (1993)]. A key assumption in establishing the asymptotic normality for the rank estimator is that, conditional on covariates, the censoring time has a density function. This assumption may be violated in many situations. It may also be non-intrinsic in that the limiting variance formula does not involve such a density. We show in this paper that the usual asymptotic theory for rank estimation can indeed be established without this stringent and unnatural assumption.
Opioid Receptor Trafficking

The functioning of opioid receptors involves a wide range of processes. Their association with G-proteins is clearly one of the most important. However, receptor trafficking also plays a crucial role in their activation, inactivation and desensitization. This review will attempt to summarize the receptors from their synthesis to their eventual proteolytic elimination.
Singular Points and Tangent Cones

The Zariski tangent space to a variety X ⊂ 𝔸n at a point p is described by taking the linear part of the expansion around p of all the functions on 𝔸n vanishing on X. In case p is a singular point of X, however, this does not give us a very refined picture of the local geometry of X; for example, if X ⊂ 𝔸2 is a plane curve, the Zariski tangent space to X at any singular point p will be all of T p (𝔸 2) = K 2. We will describe here the tangent cone, an object that, while it certainly does not give a complete description of the local structure of a variety at a singular point, is at least a partial refinement of the notion of tangent space.
Introduction to Approximate Analysis

This chapter presents an introduction to approximate analysis. Sometimes an exact solution cannot be obtained for a differential equation and an approximate solution must be found. Other times, an approximate solution may convey more information than an exact solution. There are essentially two types of approximations which include those that give an approximation over a range of the independent variable, and those that give an approximation only near a single point. The methods that are the most useful when approximating the solution to ordinary differential equations, and partial differential equations are presented. Most useful methods for differential equations include collocation, dominant balance, the phase plane, last squares method, and Lyapunov functions.
THE FATE OF THE RUSSIAN IDEA

It is not the task of this essay to engage in a polemic with the so-called 'nationalist' faction of the Russian opposition, which is represented, in particular, by the letters and speeches of Alexander Solzhenitsyn and by what is generally recognized as that faction's manifesto - the samizdat collection From Under the Rubble. I feel only admiration for its authors, for they have dared throw down a last desperate challenge to the Soviet regime's overwhelmingly oppressive police power. There cannot be the slightest doubt as to the purity and sincerity of their intentions. However, I do doubt something else. Are they really following the very principle which they themselves have proclaimed so solemnly and which this essay's epigraph expresses? Are they aware that everything they now declare to the modern world as the latest word on salvation was declared in Russia a century ago? Not only was it declared, but it underwent, with Russia's history of reform, an instructive ideological evolution. It was actually tested in the crucible of a great historical experiment- and it ended in a terrible ideological catastrophe. Is it correct, is it reasonable to deprive oneself of all historical memory when that is precisely what almost every page of their manifesto clamors and yearns for? Is it reasonable to act as if Russia's tragedy began only in 1917? Can one allow oneself simply to forget the history of one's own ideological forefathers?
Student Education and Training Needs for Safety in Roadway Engineering Fieldwork

AbstractUniversities, colleges, and other learning institutions receive funding for research studies and data collection involving laboratory and field site work. Students are hired to work in the ...
Electronic Monitoring & Justice: Influences on Employee Job Outcomes

Managerial monitoring of electronic communication among employees has become increasingly necessary for performance appraisal and to avoid legal issues arising from inappropriate usage of technolog...
Adapting dCas9-APEX2 for subnuclear proteomic profiling

Genome organization and subnuclear protein localization are essential for normal cellular function and have been implicated in the control of gene expression, DNA replication, and genomic stability. The coupling of chromatin conformation capture (3C), chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, and related techniques have continuously improved our understanding of genome architecture. To profile site-specifically DNA-associated proteins in a high-throughput and unbiased manner, the RNA-programmable CRISPR-Cas9 platform has recently been combined with an enzymatic labeling system to allow proteomic landscapes at repetitive and nonrepetitive loci to be defined with unprecedented ease and resolution. In this chapter, we describe the dCas9-APEX2 experimental approach for specifically targeting a DNA sequence, enzymatically labeling local proteins with biotin, and quantitatively analyzing the labeled proteome. We also discuss the optimization and extension of this pipeline to facilitate its use in understanding nuclear and chromosome biology.
What’s feminist about feminist economics?

ABSTRACTWhat’s feminist about feminist economics? Is it the employment of particular feminist methodological approaches, about ‘seeing’ women instead of assuming economic subjects are gender neutra...
Teachers' Perspectives on Creating an Inclusive Climate in Middle School Physical Education for Overweight Students.

Background Establishing and maintaining a positive, inclusive social climate in school is essential, especially given the many potential social pressures that make school a toxic environment for vulnerable students. We explored middle school physical education (PE) teachers' perceptions of the factors that influence the implementation of social-oriented approaches to include overweight and obese students. Methods We used a qualitative multicase study design guided by the Social Ecological Constraints model to study 9 PE teachers' perspectives and actions. We analyzed the transcripts of semistructured interviews, field notes, and artifacts related to teaching, PE programs, and school policies. Trust was established in conventional ways. Results Social-ecological factors influenced teachers including program and school culture, policies, and norms of collaboration. Teachers acted beyond their instructional setting level strategies and used school-program level strategies to socially include overweight and obese in PE. Conclusions Some environments challenge employment of more than simple accommodations and a caring attitude; in others, teachers can collaborate with other school personnel to teach social goals through negotiating constraints, creating ingenious modifications and interactive tasks, and incorporating personal and social skills as a primary curricular goal.
Sexual Minority Families of Choice and Family Networks: We Are Family

In the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community, the concept of ‘family’ has different meanings. Historically the right to form a traditional family (e.g., two parents and children) with associated legal rights and protections has not been an option for LGBTQ couples. In the absence of formal family arrangements, LGBTQ individuals have created their own family and community structures. Yet, over time, steps have been taken to create and legitimize family rights for LGBTQ people, and as social and political attitudes and norms have changed and laws and policies followed suit, so has the ability of LGBTQ individuals to form legally recognized family structures.
Instrumentation for automated and quantitative low temperature compaction and sintering

This report describes the design, operation, and capabilities of a semiautomated uniaxial press with in situ measurement of platen displacements designed to facilitate, understand, and improve compaction and densification of particulate materials contained in conventional metal dies under modest temperatures. While not exclusive to one implementation, the instrumentation is particularly well-suited to study cold sintering. The instrumentation shares similarities to dilatometry, given the ability to monitor pellet compaction, and calorimetry, given the ability to monitor phase transitions by their molar volume signatures. Pursuant to these similarities, we refer to this device as a sinterometer. A critical benefit to this automation is a new ability to conduct experiments unattended for indefinite amounts of time under constant pressure while collecting quantitative data. We demonstrate densification profile computation (i.e., sintegram) using this instrument, including methods to account for the thermal expansion background of the metal die. A set of examples are provided where this stable and long-term data collection allows one to identify densification mechanisms and phase transformations that occur during cold sintering, which would be extremely time consuming, or impossible, to extract using a conventional, manual press.
Perfunctionalized Dodecaborate Clusters as Stable Metal-Free Active Materials for Charge Storage.

We report a class of perfunctionalized dodecaborate clusters that exhibit stability during galvanostatic cycling. These boron clusters afford several degrees of freedom in material design to tailor...
Providing Context and Meaning to Statistical Data: The Work of Census Bureau Geographers

Geography is central to the work of the Census Bureau. Geography provides context to the information collected, tabulated, and disseminated by the Census Bureau, whether data for the United States ...
Chemistry Teacher Isolation, Contextual Characteristics, and Student Performance

This case study explored chemistry teacher isolation through the compilation and analysis of contextual characteristics and student performance data of 895 public schools and 2321 chemistry teachers in New York State in 2011–12. Data on the teachers’ qualifications along with school characteristics were collected from several independent, publicly available data sources. Chemistry teacher characteristics included professional age, certification type (primary or secondary), and whether the teachers were isolated, that is, the only teachers of chemistry in their schools. School-level data included socioeconomic status, chemistry course-taking rates, and passing rates on the statewide high-stakes chemistry exam. Analysis revealed that more than half of public secondary schools in New York State had isolated chemistry teachers, and they were concentrated in urban schools and had less professional teaching experience. When examining the chemistry performance of students of isolated teachers in a multivariable model, it was determined that school-level socioeconomic status, chemistry-taking ratio, certification type, and professional age were predictors, accounting for 27% of the variance in scores. Results were consistent with mediation analyses indicating both teacher professional age and school test-taking ratio mediated the relationship between socioeconomic status and chemistry passing rate, suggesting that teaching experience and chemistry course-taking rates mitigated the effects of poverty on student chemistry performance. These findings have implications for education policy makers indicating that teacher preparation and induction programs should be re-examined to address: (1) teaching chemistry in isolation and (2) the relationships among school conditions, chemistry teacher retention, and high school chemistry students’ achievement.
Oxidation behavior of welded Zry-3, Zry-4, and Zr–1Nb tubes

Abstract The Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) facility is a research reactor designed to simulate rapid transients to test new fuel designs. TREAT's cladding is exposed to unique conditions compared to normal water reactors. These conditions include: exposure to air at high temperatures (≥600 °C), rapid heating (≈700 °C/s), and cladding geometry that includes chamfers and welds. This work investigates the effects of chamfering and welding on the oxidation behavior of zirconium alloys (Zircaloy-3, Zircaloy-4, and Zr–1Nb). Tube specimens were examined under isothermal and transient conditions in dry and humid air. The effect of weld type (tungsten inert gas or electron beam), the number of welds, and alloying elements are compared. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to collect mass gain data during isothermal oxidation and the data was used to quantify the oxidation rate constant and the activation energy of oxidation. Oxide behavior in the weld region, chamfered region, and bulk tube was measured and compared. The microstructure and secondary phase precipitates in EBW tubes before and after breakaway were characterized. The electron beam welded Zr–1Nb specimen was found to have the most favorable oxidation behavior under both isothermal and transient conditions. Zry-4 oxidized the most readily and was the most affected by mechanical deformation.
A Man in His 20s With Cough, Unilateral Pleural Effusion, and Nodular Pleural Thickening.

Case Presentation A man in his 20s presented to the ED after several months of progressive dyspnea, dry cough, and night sweats. He had no chest pain, fevers, weight loss, or sick contacts. He was previously healthy and took no medications. Social history was notable for 5 pack-years of tobacco use. The patient was sexually active with male partners and had a recent partner infected with human T-lymphotropic virus. The patient worked in set design and window installations, and wore a respirator when working around solvents and resins. From ages 2 to 7 years, he frequently visited buildings at his parents’ workplace that were undergoing asbestos abatement. From ages 7 to 24 years, he frequently visited pottery studios where talc-containing products were used. He frequently visited northern Massachusetts, and infections with Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella henselae were common in family members. His stepfather had recently been infected with Anaplasma. There was no family history of cancer.
Genomic determination of relative risks for Clostridioides difficile infection from asymptomatic carriage in ICU patients

Background Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) are among the most prevalent hospital-associated infections (HAIs), particularly for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The risks for developing active CDI from asymptomatic carriage of C. difficile are not well understood. Methods We identified asymptomatic C. difficile carriage among 1897 ICU patients, using rectal swabs from an existing ICU vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) surveillance program. C. difficile isolates from VRE swabs, and from C. difficile-positive stool samples, were genome sequenced. Spatial-temporal data from hospital records assessed genomically-identified clusters for potential transmission events. Results Genomic analyses identified a diverse set strains in infected patients and asymptomatic carriers. 7.4% of ICU patients asymptomatically carried C. difficile. 69% of isolates carried an intact toxin locus. In contrast, 96% of C. difficile stool isolates were toxin-encoding. CDI rates in asymptomatic carriers of toxin-encoding strains were 5.3%, versus 0.57% in non-carriers. The relative risk for CDI with asymptomatic carriage of a toxin-encoding strain was 9.32 (95% CI=3.25-26.7). Genomic identification of clonal clusters supported analyses for asymptomatic transmission events, with spatial-temporal overlaps identified in 13 of 28 cases. Conclusions Our studies provide the first genomically-confirmed assessments of CDI relative risk from asymptomatic carriage of toxin-encoding strains and highlight the complex dynamics of asymptomatic transmission in ICUs. Asymptomatic carriers are an active reservoir of C. difficile in the nosocomial environment. C. difficile screening can be implemented within existing HAI surveillance programs and has the potential to support infection control efforts against this pathogen.
The effect of Sports-based Physical Activity programme on teachers’ relatedness, stress and exercise motivation:

Background:Teacher wellness affects teaching performance and students’ academic achievement; hence, teacher wellness matters and should be a concern to educational researchers and practitioners. Th...
La Casa de la Contratación: una oficina de expedición documental para el gobierno de las Indias (1508–1717): by Francisco Fernández López, Seville: Editorial Universidad de Sevilla/El Colegio de Michoacán, 2018, 422 pp. (ISBN 978-84-472-1946-9/978-607-544-015-6)

Despite the monumental importance of the Casa de la Contratacion—founded even before the Consejo de Indias—in supervising trade with Spain’s overseas empire, it has generally been studied in piecem...
Improved Noninvasive In Vivo Tracking of AAV-9 Gene Therapy Using the Perchlorate-Resistant Sodium Iodide Symporter from Minke Whale

The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is widely used as a reporter gene to noninvasively monitor the biodistribution and durability of vector-mediated gene expression via gamma scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron-emission tomography (PET). However, the approach is limited by background signal due to radiotracer uptake by endogenous NIS-expressing tissues. In this study, using the SPECT tracer pertechnetate (99mTcO4) and the PET tracer tetrafluoroborate (B18F4), in combination with the NIS inhibitor perchlorate, we compared the transport properties of human NIS and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni) NIS in vitro and in vivo. Based on its relative resistance to perchlorate, the NIS protein from minke whale appeared to be the superior candidate reporter gene. SPECT and PET imaging studies in nude mice challenged with NIS-encoding adeno-associated virus (AAV)-9 vectors confirmed that minke whale NIS, in contrast to human and endogenous mouse NIS, continues to function as a reliable reporter even when background radiotracer uptake by endogenous NIS is blocked by perchlorate.
Transcriptional co-activator regulates melanocyte differentiation and oncogenesis by integrating cAMP and MAPK/ERK pathways

The cyclic AMP pathway promotes melanocyte differentiation by activating CREB and the cAMP-regulated transcription co-activators 1-3 (CRTC1-3). Differentiation is dysregulated in melanomas, although the contributions of CRTC proteins is unclear. We report a selective differentiation impairment in CRTC3 KO melanocytes and melanoma cells, due to downregulation of oculo-cutaneous albinism II (OCA2) and block of melanosome maturation. CRTC3 stimulates OCA2 expression by binding to CREB on a conserved enhancer, a regulatory site for pigmentation and melanoma risk. CRTC3 is uniquely activated by ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation at Ser391 and by low levels of cAMP. Phosphorylation at Ser391 is constitutively elevated in human melanoma cells with hyperactivated ERK1/2 signaling; knockout of CRTC3 in this setting impairs anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasiveness, whereas CRTC3 overexpression supports cell survival in response to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor vemurafenib. As melanomas expressing gain-of-function mutations in CRTC3 are associated with reduced survival, our results suggest that CRTC3 inhibition may provide therapeutic benefit in this setting.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets for Engineering of the Tendon-Bone Interface.

Failure to regenerate the gradient tendon-bone interface of the enthesis results in poor clinical outcomes for surgical repair. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of composite cell sheets for engineering of the tendon-bone interface in order to improve regeneration of the functionally graded tissue. We hypothesize that stacking cell sheets at early stages of differentiation into tenogenic and osteogenic progenitors will create a composite structure with integrated layers. Cell sheets were fabricated on methyl cellulose and PNIPAAm thermally reversible polymers with human adipose-derived stem cells and differentiated into progenitors of tendon and bone with chemical induction media. Tenogenic and osteogenic cell sheets were stacked and the engineered tendon-bone interface (TM-OM) was characterized in vitro in comparison to stacked cell sheet controls cultured in basal growth medium (GM-GM), osteogenic medium (OM-OM), and tenogenic medium (TM-TM). Samples were characterized by histology, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining for markers of tendon, fibrocartilage and bone including mineralization, scleraxis, tenomodulin, COL2, COLX, RUNX2, osteonectin, and osterix. After 1 week co-culture in basal growth medium TM-OM cell sheets formed a tissue construct with integrated layers expressing markers of tendon, mineralized fibrocartilage and bone with a spatial gradient in RUNX2 expression. Tenogenic cell sheets had increased expression of scleraxis and tenomodulin. Osteogenic cell sheets exhibited mineralization 1 week after stacking and upregulation of osterix and osteonectin. Additionally, in the engineered interface there was significantly increased gene expression of IHH and COLX, indicative of endochondral ossification. These results highlight the potential for composite cell sheets fabricated with adipose-derived stem cells for engineering of the tendon-bone interface.
THE INTRACELLULAR UNCOATING OF POXVIRUS DNA. I. THE FATE OF RADIOACTIVELY-LABELED RABBITPOX VIRUS.

1. The uncoating of rabbitpox virus DNA within the cell has been studied, using highly purified virus preparations labeled with [2- 14 C]thymidine, L -[ 14 C]leuoine and 32 P. The uncoating is recognized as the sensitization of poxvirus DNA to DNase. Once uncoated, viral DNA is stable in the sense that it is not broken down to acid-soluble material. 2. Two stages of the uncoating process may be recognized: the first stage, commencing immediately on infection and affecting almost all virus particles, results in the breakdown of practically all viral phospholipid and the disintegration of part of the protein coat of the virus. The second stage begins after a lag and results in the sensitization of viral DNA to DNase. Not all parficles which are degraded during the first stage are fully uncoated. The extent of uncoating differs for different cell lines. 3. The lag before uncoating proper begins is shortened if the multiplicity of infection is increased. However, the extent of uncoating is independent of multiplicity down to a multiplicity of less than 0·35 viral particles per cell. 4. Pre-infection abolishes the lag; in cells pre-exposed to unlabeled virus, subsequently infecting labeled virus is immediately uncoated. 5. Pre-infection with any of three poxvirus strains abolishes the lag for rabbitpox virus. 6. The results are interpreted as follows : on penetrating into a cell the poxvirus particle is rapidly partially degraded by enzymes pre-existing in the cell. For the DNA to be fully uncoated, however, a viral protein has to fulfill some function leading to the establishment of a special uncoating mechanism. This mechanism may explain the phenomenon of poxvirus reactivation.
The Loop Group of E 8 and K-Theory from 11d

We examine the conjecture that an 11d E8 bundle, appearing in the calculation of phases in the M-Theory partition function, plays a physical role in M-Theory, focusing on consequences for the classification of string theory solitons. This leads for example to a classification of IIA solitons in terms of that of LE8 bundles in 10d. Since K(,2) approximates LE8 up to π14, this reproduces the K-Theoretic classification of IIA D-branes while treating NSNS and RR solitons more symmetrically and providing a natural interpretation of G0 as the central extension of E8.