cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osmium Phosphiniminato Complexes: Synthesis, Protonation, Structure, and Redox-Coupled Hydrolytic Scission of N-P Bonds

The osmium(VI) nitrido complex TpOs(N)Cl2 [1, Tp = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate] reacts with triarylphosphines to afford the OsIV phosphiniminato complexes TpOs(NPAr3)Cl2 [Ar = p-tolyl (tol) (2a), phenyl (2b), p-CF3C6H4 (2c)] in nearly quantitative yield. Protonation of 2a−c with 1 equiv of HOTf in MeCN occurs at the phosphiniminato nitrogen to give [TpOsIV(NHPAr3)Cl2]OTf (3a−c) in 68−80% yield. Solutions of 2a−c in CH2Cl2 react with excess H2O over 1 week to form the disproportionation products 1 (28%), TpOsIII(NHPAr3)Cl2 (4a−c) (60%), and OPAr3 (35%). Treatment of solutions of 3a−c with H2O also affords 1, 4a−c, and OPAr3. X-ray structures of 2b, 3b, and 4b are presented. Cyclic voltammograms of compounds 2a−c exhibit OsV/OsIV and OsIV/OsIII couples at ∼0.3 and −1 V versus Cp2Fe+/0. Protonation to give 3 makes reduction easier by ∼1.2 V, so that these compounds show OsIV/OsIII and OsIII/OsII couples. In the hydrolytic disproportionation of 2a−c, labeling studies using 18O-enriched O2 and H2O establish w...
Heat and mass transfer at an upstream-facing blunt face situated in a uniform oncoming flow

A numerical investigation was performed to determine the heat /mass transfer from upstream-facing blunt faces of axisymmetric and plane two-dimensional bodies, which are situated such that a uniform flow approaches normal to the respective blunt faces. Face-average and stagnation-point Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, velocity and temperature profiles, and streamline maps are presented over the Reynolds number range from 5 × 103 to5 × 104. Average Nusselt number predictions for Pr = 0.7 (heat transfer in air) and average Sherwood numbers for Sc = 2.5 (naphthalene sublimation in air) agreed well with experiment. These results are well represented by a 0.5-power Reynolds number and 0.4-power Prandtl number fit. Stagnation-point Nusselt and Sherwood number predictions showed excellent agreement with boundary layer results using experimentally measured pressure distributions as input. Boundary layer results based on potential flow velocities as input overpredicted both the present numerical results and experimen...
GENERAL VERSUS SPECIFIC SUPPORT FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

Abstract A return to capital punishment during the past decade, and its escalated use during this decade, has been justified as a response to public demand. A survey distributed to 208 subjects finds strong support for use of the death penalty as a sanction. However, considerable diversity in opinion emerges regarding how extensively it should be utilized. Further, the portion of the sample supporting capital punishment demonstrates little agreement with the actual outcome of five cases of criminal homicide regarding whether the death sentence was appropriate. It is suggested that support of capital punishment in principle does not necessarily indicate support of the manner in which it is utilized, though the public is largely uninformed on the latter. This fact may have ramifications as the debate on capital punishment focuses more on legal issues surrounding its utilization.
Composition of chondrule silicates in LL3-5 chondrites and implications for their nebular history and parent body metamorphism

The composition of 75 type-IA and type-II porphyritic olivine chondrules from nine LL type 3 to type 5 chondrites was determined and was compared with that of chondrules from the Semarkona type 3.0 meteorite. Chemical data for silicates in the LL3.3-5 chondrites indicated that porphyritic olivine chondrules in these chondrites could be derived from chondrules similar to those from the Semarkona LL3.0, the least metamorphosed one of the known LL chondrites. It is shown that the chemical trends defined by the minerals of type-IA and type-II chondrules can be satisfactorily accounted for by the process of solid-state diffusive equilibration between minerals in chondrules and the opaque matrix rather than by changes in conditions during chondrule crystallization.
Superconducting and pseudogap effects on the interplane conductivity and Raman scattering cross section in the two-dimensional Hubbard model

Cluster dynamical mean field methods are used to calculate the superconductivity-induced changes in the interplane conductivity and Raman scattering cross section of the two-dimensional Hubbard model. When superconductivity emerges from the pseudogap, the superconducting response is found to be diminished in amplitude, broadened, and, in the case of the interplane conductivity, shifted to higher frequency. The results are in agreement with data on high-temperature copper-oxide superconductors indicating that the Hubbard model contains the essential low-energy physics of the pseudogap and its interplay with superconductivity in the cuprates.
Effect of compressive uniaxial stress on the binding energies of D- centers in Si:P and Si:As.

The binding energies of D/sup -/ states in P- and As-doped silicon crystals are calculated as functions of uniaxial compressive stress along the (100) direction within a variational scheme in the effective-mass approximation and with a Chandrasekhar-type variational function. A model Hamiltonian which takes into account valley-orbit corrections, electron-electron interaction, and stress effects is proposed. Our calculation shows that as the stress is applied, the outer electron orbital is driven readily into the two stress-deepened valleys, which leads to a strong decrease in the D/sup -/ binding energy. With further increase in stress, the inner electron orbital changes gradually from a function almost evenly distributed among the six conduction valleys into one in which the two stress-deepened valleys are dominant, and the D/sup -/ binding energy increases. Our results agree qualitatively with previous theoretical calculations and are in good agreement with far-infrared photoconductivity measurements in Si:P.
Cuba’s Ministry of Interior: The FAR’s Fifth Army

Since the beginning of the Cuban Revolution, Raul Castro and his Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) has sought to maintain at least operational control over state security, i.e., the Ministry of Interior (Minint). Between 1960 and 1989 FAR and Minint competed for resources and for the attention of the Revolution’s supreme leader, Fidel Castro. In 1989 Raul Castro was finally able to achieve his objective of absorbing Minint’s operational missions, namely domestic security, when, after a series of crises associated with the end of the Cold War, corruption scandals in Minint, and indiscretions by the Minint leadership, Fidel acquiesced and allowed Raul and FAR to purge Minint and take control of state security.
Spatial Variation in Nitrogen Isotope Values Beneath Nitrate Contamination Sources

Nitrogen isotope ratios of soil water and ground water nitrate have been used to identify or implicate sources; however, lack of data on delta 15N in thick (> 12 m) vadose zones beneath the source and potential effects of denitrification on delta 15N signatures have raised questions about the meaning of delta 15N values measured in ground water. In this study, nitrogen isotope ratios (delta 15N) were measured on nitrate extracted from 218 core samples removed from the surface to the water table below natural (soil organic matter) fertilizer, onsite sewage disposal systems (septic tank effluent), and animal sources located in Salinas and Sacramento Valleys, California. Additionally, spatial variability of delta 15N in the horizontal plane was measured beneath an agricultural field, and delta 15N values of native geologic materials (organic-rich shales) were determined. In general, delta 15N values throughout the vadose zone were consistent with the literature and remained fairly constant with depth, indicating little denitrification during transport. The delta 15N values from soil organic matter sources varied from about 0 to +4 per thousand, and the mean was not significantly different from that of fertilizer sources. The delta 15N values of animal sources varied from about +8 to +20 per thousand and were dependent on site and animal source. The delta 15N of onsite sewage disposal sources varied from about +2 to +12 per thousand, and the mean was significantly different from that of animal sources at a 90% confidence level. delta 15N of organic-rich shales of the Panoche and Moreno Formations (Cretaceous; San Joaquin Valley) and soils derived from these rocks were generally between +4 and +8 per thousand. Thus, it may be difficult to distinguish a geologic-N source from septic tank or commercial fertilizer sources using delta 15N. Little spatial variation was found in delta 15N beneath the agricultural field in the horizontal plane.
Relativistic Thomas-Fermi Atom Model

It is shown that an expression for the density of states derived from the Dirac wave equation for a central field removes the convergence difficulties in the usual relativistic Thomas-Fermi equation.
Response of 'Helleri' holly to nitrogen form and aluminum in solution culture

Abstract Rooted cuttings of ‘Helleri’ holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri') were grown in solution culture for 101 days. On day 31, plants were exposed to 0 and 54 mg‐l‐1 aluminum (Al) and five nitrogen (N)‐form treatments of varying ammonium:nitrate (NH4 +:NO3 ‐) ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, percent basis) at pH ≤4.O. Root growth decreased with increasing NH4 + concentration in solution. Uptake of phosphorus (P) was increased by Al. Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) uptake were reduced by Al. No significant N‐form effects were determined for nutrient uptake data. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), Fe, Mn, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) tissue concentrations decreased in solutions containing 54 mg‐L‐1 Al; while tissue P concentrations increased. Nitrogen source exerted less influence on growth and nutrition of ‘Helleri’ holly than Al.
Performance compensation contracts and CEOs’ incentive to shift risk to debtholders: An empirical analysis

The paper investigates the relationships among CEO incentive contracts, manager ownership, charter value, and bank risk taking. We analyze whether the presence and magnitude of incentive contracts induce CEOs of financially distressed firms and firms with high manager ownership to take unprofitable risks that shift wealth from debtholders to equity holders. Our sample focuses on banks that had both the incentive and opportunity to shift risks, and compares them with those that did not. We compare weak and strong banks in periods when the banks’ principal creditor, the FDIC, was a lenient and then a stringent monitor. The evidence is consistent with bonus compensation inducing CEOs of financially weak firms to shift risk to debtholders only if they do not have large insider ownership. The evidence is also consistent with these contracts rewarding CEOs for their effort to manage unforeseeable risk albeit not their ability. Low charter value banks with high managerial ownership took profitable risk during the lenient regulatory period.
Sustainability and Entrepreneurship: Fostering Indigenous Entrepreneurship in the Brazilian Amazon Region

This article elaborates on the diverse entrepreneurial activities of indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon region. This article argues that further sustainability of the Brazilian Amazonian region is intrinsically linked to the entrepreneurial activities by indigenous communities in the Amazon region. Amazonian indigenous communities are under increasing economic and social pressure. Fostering sustainable indigenous entrepreneurship in these disadvantaged indigenous communities has the potential to improve indigenous communities, economic and social welfare, preserve their culture, customs, and traditional knowledge, in addition to the rebuilding of these communities. Thus, engagement of indigenous communities in sustainable activities further protects the local natural capital. The article also proposes the creation of a center for indigenous entrepreneurship in the Amazon region aiming at supporting and fostering indigenous entrepreneurship.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIS SOME FACTORS AFFECTING INFECTION WITH CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES

The action on mice of several neurotropic viruses was studied with reference to factors which influence infection. With pseudorabies virus, section of the sciatic nerve with inoculation into the ipsilateral foot pad significantly retarded the speed of infection. The virus ascended other nerves of the leg, but at a slower rate. It would appear that the number of nerve fibers available for passage may play a role in the speed with which infection occurs with this virus. When pseudorabies virus was inoculated into an area of inflammation its effects were markedly lessened. Similar experiments with unmodified equine encephalomyelitis virus which, unlike pseudorabies, does not ascend along local nerves, showed no impedance of infection. Brain trauma did not change the rate of infection with the viruses of St. Louis encephalitis, herpes, or pseudorabies. But intraperitoneal injection of glycerine, followed by intramuscular inoculation of St. Louis virus, resulted in marked facilitation of infection, as already remarked of fixed equine encephalomyelitis virus. This phenomenon did not occur with pseudorabies or herpes. In contrast to certain other viruses, pseudorabies and herpes viruses were only slightly more effective in young mice than in adults. With St. Louis virus, as with fixed equine encephalomyelitis viruses, inoculation into the eye or nose was far more effective than other peripheral routes. This was not the case with pseudorabies. Herpes, however, also showed greater sensitivity of the intraocular route. After injection into the eye, St. Louis and fixed equine encephalomyelitis viruses invaded the optic pathway, while herpes and pseudorabies avoided the optic fibers and attacked the trigeminal nerve. These phenomena are discussed in the light of cellufugal and cellupetal progression of viruses. The similarities in the action of fixed equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses are discussed and contrasted with herpes and pseudorabies.
Sub-Loess Basalt Topography in the Palouse Hills, Southeastern Washington

The Palouse Loess of southeastern Washington was deposited on a gently undulating surface of Columbia River Basalt. Resistivity measurements indicate that the loess attains thicknesses in excess of 250 ft in the southwestern Palouse, but thins to less than 100 ft in the northeast. The low, rolling hills of the northeastern Palouse are formed in the areas of thin loess deposited on an almost horizontal basalt surface. The high, steep hills that typify the western and southwestern Palouse are associated with 200 ft or more of loess deposited on a more steeply inclined basalt surface.
First stekeospecific synthesis of -γ-bisabolene. A method for the concurrent generation of a ring and a tetrasubstituted exocyclic double bond.

Abstract A short stereospecific synthesis of E -γ-bisabolene (1) from an acyclic acetylenic precursor (either 2 or 6) is described.
The Jury and Criminal Responsibility in Anglo-American History

Anglo-American theories of criminal responsibility require scholars to grapple with, inter alia, the relationship between the formal rule of law and the powers of the lay jury as well as two inherent ideas of freedom: freedom of the will and political liberty. Here, by way of canvassing my past work and prefiguring future work, I sketch some elements of the history of the Anglo-American jury and offer some glimpses of commentary on the interplay between the jury—particularly its application of conventional morality to criminal judgments—and the formal rule of law of the state. My central intent is to pose questions for further study (by myself and others) regarding the historical behavior of the jury, the jury’s role in reinforcing notions of political liberty and free will, and, primarily, how scholarly conceptions of the jury’s role and behavior have informed elite theory regarding the justifications for imposing criminal responsibility.
Further studies on the properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the coccidium Eimeria stiedai (Protozoa).

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria stiedai does not reduce NAD or any of its analogs tested. It does reduce NADP and its thionicotinamide and 3-acetylpyridine analogs. 2. 2. It will accept d -glucose as substrate, but not 2-deoxy- d -glucose, glucose 1-phosphate, or 2-deoxy- d -glucose 6-phosphate. 3. 3. Its response to a number of compounds that activate or inhibit the enzyme from other organisms has been determined. 4. 4. The molecular weight is ca. 240,000 by gel chromatography, and only one isoenzyme could be detected by disc electrophoresis. 5. 5. The enzyme resists conditions that commonly cause dissociation to lighter weight active forms.
Creator and keeper of the flame of emergency medicine: John G. Wiegenstein, MD, 1930-2004.

On October 28, 2004, John G. Wiegenstein, MD, was killed in a tragic motor vehicle crash in Naples, Florida, that also claimed the life of his young grandson. A shock wave of grief hurtled through phone lines and e-mail transmissions around the country. Wiegenstein was one of the founders of the specialty of emergency medicine. Over the course of his career, he touched so many people in his professional and personal life, and had remained so vigorous and involved, that the news of his sudden death left the emergency medicine community stunned. Hundreds of emergency physicians who had seen Wiegenstein at the American College of Emergency Physicians meeting in San Francisco were left muttering, ‘‘But, I just saw him a couple weeks ago.’’ The ensuing period of reflection and remembrance of Dr. Wiegenstein has honored his life, values, and principles and helped to fill some of the void left by his loss. John Wiegenstein was born in 1930 in rural Missouri and was raised during the Depression. John’s father was a foreman for the Missouri highway department, and the job required travel around the state. John and his sister spent much of their preschool years living in various Missouri motels and hotels. The foundation of Wiegenstein’s schooling was the St. Louis Preparatory Seminary, a 6-year program for those aspiring to priesthood. Wiegenstein eventually decided he did not want to become a priest and spent a few years finding his calling. He studied engineering at the General Motors Institute of Technology in Flint, Michigan, and had brief studies of business and economics. He enrolled in the Aviation Cadets program in the United States Air Force, but found that the military also did not suit him. After this unsettled period, Wiegenstein developed a strong interest in medicine and took premedical courses at the University of Michigan and was accepted into the entering class of the medical school in 1956. Wiegenstein was by then married to his wife, Iris, and they had small children. He struggled to make ends meet through medical school, working as a desk clerk at the University of Michigan Hospital during the evenings and nights. Because students were not supposed to have hospital jobs, Wiegenstein would duck under the desk when faculty physicians walked by. He nodded off during daytime classes, and his coursework suffered. His first exposure to emergency care was in his senior year of medical school when he was hired as the night-time emergency physician at Beyer Hospital in nearby Ypsilanti,
Novel Polydiacetylenes with Chromophoric Substituents: Materials for Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optics

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to develop stable nonlinear optical (NLO) materials which possess both second and third order NLO properties. These materials were envisioned as having a polydiacetylene (PDA) backbone with a second order active NLO chromophoric substituent. The choice of a PDA backbone in this investigation was twofold. In terms of third order NLO properties, the extensive π-conjugation of the PDA backbone leads to large ultrafast third order effects. In terms of second order NLO properties, the high thermal stability and rigidity of the PDA matrix in a perfect polymeric single crystal is expected to prevent the randomization of the NLO chromophores in the noncentrosymmetric environment. This paper focuses on the synthesis, FT-Raman structural analysis, and NLO properties of the unsymmetrical diacetylene monomers, ((9-Butoxy carbonyl) methyl urethanyl)-1-(4-urethanyl-4′- nitrobiphenyl)-nona-2,4-diyne, and ((9-Butoxy carbonyl) methyl urethany1)-1-(4-urethanyl-4′-nitroazoben...
Quality of Life, Values, and Teamwork in Geriatric Care: Do We Communicate What We Mean?

Two major forces are changing the shape of health care for the frail elderly with disabling conditions: increasing emphasis on quality of life and growing reliance on an interprofessional team-based approach to care. This article outlines a conceptual framework for organizing discussions of quality of life for elderly persons with disabilities, reviews relevant empirical research, and develops a framework for understanding the different dimensions and interpretations of this concept--particularly as it is used in communication among health care providers, and between them and their elderly patients and families. New models of health care to enhance the focus on life quality and collaborative team practice are summarized. Proposed is the development of an "empowering and reflective ethic" to achieve more effective communication about quality of life in geriatric clinical practice.
The Management of Archaeological Collections and Resources in Africa

Dans ce bref article, l'auteur fait un etat de la question de la gestion des collections et ressources archeologiques en Afrique, en insistant sur les problemes lies au manque de structures dediees a la restauration et a la conservation des collections et au manque de statuts qui pourraient permettre une protection adequate des ressources archeologiques
Current enhancement for hose-unstable electron beams

An electron beam injected into a conducting medium produces inductive electric fields. These fields drive conduction currents that, for stable beams, oppose the beam current and thereby reduce the total (net) current. For unstable beams that undergo large transverse displacements, the inductive fields can reverse direction and drive conduction current parallel to the beam current. An analytic and numerical treatment of the latter effect is presented to explain current enhancement as observed for electron beams propagating in gases at pressures above 10 Torr.
DNA at 50: Institutional and Biographical Perspectives

These volumes are among a large number of publications produced as part of the reflections on the past triggered by the fiftieth anniversary of DNA structure, the 'double helix', in the spring of 2003. Although each deals with a different actor, all seek to shed new light on an event that has enjoyed considerable publicity, even notoriety in films, plays, and exhibitions.1 It is of interest to see how they manage to contribute different perspectives on the 'same' event.
Asymptotic Behavior and Subtractions in the Mandelstam Representation

It is proved that a two-body reaction amplitude involving scalar particles and satisfying Mandelstam's representation is bounded by expressions of the form $\mathrm{Cs}{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}s$ at the forward and backward angles, and $C{s}^{\frac{3}{4}}{\mathrm{ln}}^{\frac{3}{2}}s$ at any other fixed angle in the physical region, $C$ being a constant, $s$ being the total squared c.m. energy. This corresponds to cross sections increasing at most like ${\mathrm{ln}}^{2}s$. These restrictions limit the freedom of choice of the subtraction terms to six arbitrary single spectral functions and one subtraction constant.
Cash Stockpiles and Investment: Do Cash-Rich Firms Use Cash in Acquisitions?

U.S. firms are hoarding a $2 trillion cash stockpile which many believe will spur acquisition activity. In light of this fact, we examine whether cash-rich firms actually use their cash when making acquisitions. Surprisingly, we show that firms in the top third of cash holdings are 45% more likely to use stock versus cash in acquisitions, vis-a-vis other firms. Additionally, cash-rich firms both make fewer all-cash bids and use a lower proportion of cash in mixed bids. We investigate this phenomenon further and show that cash-rich firms are more likely to use equity as the method of payment when they are overvalued. Moreover, there is no evidence that cash rich firms waste their cash on acquisitions; cash-rich firms that pay with cash actually acquire undervalued firms. Finally, in the post-acquisition period, cash-rich firms that acquire with stock are at least as likely to maintain high levels of excess cash as non-bidder cash-rich firms. Overall, the evidence implies that the link between cash stockpiles and cash acquisitions is not as obvious as commonly believed.
The Spatial Attention Network Interacts with Limbic and Monoaminergic Systems to Modulate Motivation-Induced Attention Shifts

How does the human brain integrate information from multiple domains to guide spatial attention according to motivational needs? To address this question, we measured hemodynamic responses to central cues predicting locations of peripheral attentional targets (food or tool images) in a novel covert spatial attention paradigm. The motivational relevance of food-related attentional targets was experimentally manipulated via hunger and satiety. Amygdala, posterior cingulate, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra showed selective sensitivity to food-related cues when hungry but not when satiated, an effect that did not generalize to tools. Posterior parietal cortex (PPC), including intraparietal sulcus, posterior cingulate, and the orbitofrontal cortex displayed correlations with the speed of attentional shifts that were sensitive not just to motivational state but also to the motivational value of the target. Stronger functional coupling between PPC and posterior cingulate occurred during attentional biasing toward motivationally relevant food targets. These results reveal conjoint limbic and monoaminergic encoding of motivational salience in spatial attention. They emphasize the interactive role of posterior parietal and cingulate cortices in integrating motivational information with spatial attention, a process that is critical for selective allocation of attentional resources in an environment where target position and relevance can change rapidly.
Figuring Myself Out: Certainty, Injury, and the Poststructuralist Repositioning of Bodies of Identity

I have been attempting to figure myself out. Out of chaos and incompletion,toward increased certainty. I have been at this task of construction for quitesome time now. I have just proposed my dissertation and my intentions areonce again uncertain. My dissertation is to be a self-study. It is also a storyabout uncertainty and my attempts to redeem a clear definition, to be nameda peer and a colleague among artists, writers, and teachers. I have been un-certain as a little boy; uncertain as a son; uncertain as a student of architec-ture; uncertain as an artist and writer; uncertain as a teacher; uncertain as ablack man. To compensate, I have sought the conferral of certainty, a nameamong leaders in many fields of inquiry. Still, it is not easy to forget thatcertainty has also been the cause of great injury to my body, to my mind.On sunny afternoons after school all the kids came outside to play. Theair would fill with echoes going back and forth between the red brick andstone buildings on both sides of our narrow street. Pounding rubber balls,the taps and scratches of shoe heels, and the slapping of sneakers on thecement and asphalt.Sometimes white chalk would appear and hopscotch boxes were quicklydrawn on the neat squares of cement pavement in front of my Grandma’shouse. Grandma lived next door to us. Houses on our block were side byside, sharing each other’s walls.On a particular day, similar to other days, I watched as a small flat stonewas tossed to bounce across the cement into a numbered box. I watched theone foot, two feet, one foot hops from box to box to stop and balance on onesmall hopping foot, steadying itself, to drop a hand to pick up the stone.Some little girl came to sit beside me and asked me to look at her. We weresitting on one of Grandma’s two wooden benches, just inside the front gate.
Should the Simple View of Reading Include a Fluency Component

The Simple View of Reading states that reading comprehension is the product of word recognition and listening comprehension. Whereas much research has focused on word recognition accuracy, recent attention has been directed toward word recognition fluency. The current study investigated whether a separate fluency component should be added to the Simple View of Reading. A battery of reading and language measures was administered to 604 children in second, fourth, and eighth grades. Approximately half these children had language and/or nonverbal cognitive impairments in kindergarten, but weighting procedures were used to reduce the potential bias this sampling characteristic may have entailed. Structural equation modeling was used to determine whether fluency accounted for unique variance in reading comprehension after controlling for word recognition accuracy and listening comprehension. Individual profile analyses were conducted to determine the number of individual participants who␣had poor fluency in the spite of good word recognition accuracy and listening comprehension. Results showed that fluency did not account for unique variance in reading␣comprehension and that few individuals had problems in fluency separate from word recognition accuracy or listening comprehension. Thus, it does not appear that a separate fluency component should be added to the Simple View of Reading.
Sex-specific DoublesexM expression in subsets of Drosophila somatic gonad cells.

Background In Drosophila melanogaster, a pre-mRNA splicing hierarchy controls sexual identity and ultimately leads to sex-specific Doublesex (DSX) transcription factor isoforms. The male-specific DSXM represses genes involved in female development and activates genes involved in male development. Spatial and temporal control of dsx during embryogenesis is not well documented.
Hsp104, Hsp70 and Hsp40 interplay regulates formation, growth and elimination of Sup35 prions.

Self-templating amyloid forms of Sup35 constitute the yeast prion [PSI þ ]. How the protein-remodelling factor, Hsp104, collaborates with other chaperones to regulate [PSI þ ] inheritance remains poorly delineated. Here, we report how the Ssa and Ssb components of the Hsp70 chaperone system directly affect Sup35 prionogenesis and cooperate with Hsp104. We identify the ribosomeassociated Ssb1:Zuo1:Ssz1 complex as a potent antagonist of Sup35 prionogenesis. The Hsp40 chaperones, Sis1 and Ydj1, preferentially interact with Sup35 oligomers and fibres compared with monomers, and facilitate Ssa1 and Ssb1 binding. Various Hsp70:Hsp40 pairs block prion nucleation by disassembling molten oligomers and binding mature oligomers. By binding fibres, Hsp70:Hsp40 pairs occlude prion recognition elements and inhibit seeded assembly. These inhibitory activities are partially relieved by the nucleotide exchange factor, Fes1. Low levels of Hsp104 stimulate prionogenesis and alleviate inhibition by some Hsp70:Hsp40 pairs. At high concentrations, Hsp104 eliminates Sup35 prions. This activity is reduced when Ssa1, or enhanced when Ssb1, is incorporated into nascent prions. These findings illuminate several facets of the chaperone interplay that underpins [PSI þ ] inheritance.
Earth science futuristic trends and implementing strategies

For the last several years, there is a strong trend among the science community to increase the number of space-based observations to get a much higher temporal, spectral and spatial resolution. Such information will eventually be useful in higher resolution models that can provide predictability with higher precision. Such desirability puts a tremendous burden on any single implementing entity in terms of budget, technology readiness and computing power. The health of the planet Earth is not governed by a single country, but in reality, is everyone's business living on this planet. Therefore, with this notion, it is becoming an impractical problem by any single organization/country to undertake. So far, each country per their means has proceeded along satisfactorily in implementing or benefiting directly or indirectly from the Earth observation data and scientific products. However, time has come that this is becoming a humongous problem to be undertaken by a single country. Therefore, this paper gives some serious thoughts in what options are there in undertaking this tremendous challenge. The problem is multidimensional in terms of budget, technology availability, environmental legislations, public awareness, and communication limitations. Some of these issues are introduced, discussed and possible implementation strategies are provided in this paper to move out of this predicament. A strong emphasis is placed on international cooperation and collaboration to see a collective benefit for this effort.
The Arabidopsis gain-of-function mutant dll1 spontaneously develops lesions mimicking cell death associated with disease

We describe the characterization of a novel gain-of-function Arabidopsis mutant, dll1 (disease-like lesions1), which spontaneously develops lesions mimicking bacterial speck disease and constitutively expresses biochemical and molecular markers associated with pathogen infection. Despite the constitutive expression of defense-related responses, dll1 is unable to suppress the growth of virulent pathogens. However, dll1 elicits normal hypersensitive response in response to avirulent pathogens, thus indicating that dll1 is not defective in the induction of normal resistance responses. The lesion+ leaves of dll1 support the growth of hrcC mutant of Pseudomonas syringae, which is defective in the transfer of virulence factors into the plant cells, and therefore non-pathogenic to wild-type Col-0 plants. This suggests that dll1 intrinsically expresses many of the cellular processes that are required for pathogen growth during disease. Epistasis analyses reveal that salicylic acid and NPR1 are required for lesion formation, while ethylene modulates lesion development in dll1, suggesting that significant overlap exist between the signalling pathways leading to resistance- and disease-associated cell death. Our results suggest that host cell death during compatible interactions, at least in part, is genetically controlled by the plant and DLL1 may positively regulate this process.
Cognitive‐behavioral approaches to pain management in rheumatoid arthritis

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the topic of cognitive-behavioral approaches to pain management for persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Existing studies offer support for the usefulness of cognitive-behavioral techniques, but methodologic limitations were identified. Although the core element in rheumatoid arthritis pain management is optimal rheumatologic care, an important role also exists for strategies that seek to reduce the cognitive-evaluative aspects of arthritis pain.
Disruption of cyclooxygenase-1 gene results in an impaired response to radiation injury.

Prostaglandins may play an important role in regulating normal renewal of gastrointestinal epithelium, epithelial injury repair, and initiation or progression of intestinal neoplasia. Synthesis of ...
Triple Mutants Uncover Three New Genes Required for Social Motility in Myxococcus xanthus

The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus glides over surfaces using two different locomotive mechanisms, called S (social) and A (adventurous) motility that enable cells to move both as groups and as individuals. Neither mechanism involves flagella. The functions of these two motors are coordinated by the activity of a small Ras-like protein, encoded by the mglA gene. The results of previous studies of a second-site suppressor of the mglA-8 missense mutation masK-815 indicate that MglA interacts with a protein tyrosine kinase, MasK, to control social motility. Sequence analysis of the sites of 12 independent insertions of the transposon magellan-4 that result in the loss of motility in an M. xanthus mglA-8 masK-815 double mutant shows that nine of these 12 insertions are in genes known to be required for S gliding motility. This result confirms that the masK-815 suppressor restores S but not A motility. Three of the 12 insertions define three new genes required for S motility and show that the attachment of heptose to the lipopolysaccharide inner core, an ortholog of the CheR methyltransferase, and a large protein with YD repeat motifs, are required for S motility. When these three insertions are backcrossed into an otherwise wild-type genetic background, their recombinants are found to have defects in S, but not, A motility. The spectrum of magellan-4 insertions that lead to the loss of S motility in the mglA-8 masK-815 double mutant background is different than that resulting from a previous mutant hunt starting with a different (A mutant) genetic background, suggesting that the number of genes required for S motility in M. xanthus is quite large.
From Emerson to Edwards

Recasting Perry Miller's classic “From Edwards to Emerson,” the essay relocates Emerson in the New England spiritual tradition from the Puritans to William James. Even as he dismissed the theologic...
Bis-tropolonate complexes of tungsten: scaffolds for selective side-on binding of nitriles, imines and ketones

The chiral bis-tropolonate tungsten(II) tricarbonyl compound, (trop)2W(CO)3 (1), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. This seven-coordinate compound readily loses two carbonyl ligands to preferentially bind a series of π-bonding substrates to form six-coordinate complexes of the type (trop)2W(CO)(L). Alkynes coordinate strongly to form (trop)2W(CO)(η2-RCCR) (2) in which spectroscopic data is consistent with the alkyne serving as a 4-electron donor. Compound 1 will also preferentially coordinate organic nitriles in a side-on fashion through the CN triple bond. A dramatic shift in the nitrile carbon signals to greater than 210 ppm in the 13C NMR confirms the nitriles are coordinated in an η2 4-electron donating capacity. Aldehydes, ketones, and imines also react with 1 to form 4-electron donor η2 adducts. The imine adduct (trop)2W(CO)(η2-MeNC(H)(tol)) (5) was characterized crystallographically and the short 1.91 A W–N bond distance supports the postulation of 4-electron donation from the imine through CN π-bonding and N lone pair donation. Side-on coordination of ligands of this type is rare and may provide a means towards asymmetric functionalization of these substrates. All of the tropolonate compounds are prone to oxidation in air and the alkyne compounds will oxidize to stable WIV oxo alkyne species, (trop)2W(O)(η2-RCCR) (6). This causes a 90° rotation of the alkyne ligand and a reduction in alkyne donation to approximately 3 electrons, to maintain an optimal 18 electron configuration.
The brain binds entities and events by multiregional activation from convergence zones

The experience of reality, in both perception and recall, is spatially and temporally coherent and “in-register.” Features are bound in entities, and entities are bound in events. The properties of these entities and events, however, are represented in many different regions of the brain that are widely separated. The degree of neural parcellation is even greater when we consider that the perception of most entities and events also requires a motor interaction on the part of the perceiver (such as eye movements and hand movements) and often includes a recordable modification of the perceiver's somatic state. The question of how the brain achieves integration starting with the bits and pieces it has to work with, is the binding problem. Here we propose a new solution for this problem, at the level of neural systems that integrate functional regions of the telencephalon.
When mandatory disclosure hurts: expert advice and conflicting interests

We study the quality of advice that an informed and biased expert gives to an uninformed decision maker. We compare two scenarios: mandatory disclosure of the bias and non-disclosure, where information about the bias can only be revealed through cheap-talk. We nd that in many scenarios non-disclosure allows for higher
Living with the Ancestors: Ancestors and Archaeology of Place

Godelier (1986) has referred to the false dichotomy between the mental and the material—between the “superstructure” and the “infrastructure.” To my mind, a similar and false polarization has characterized ancient Maya studies. More than a matter of scholarly perspectives, however, these “polar” entities have been linked to social segments; the mental—the ideological—has been linked with the study of all things “elite,” and the material with all things construed to have been “nonelite.” This construct is not only inaccurate, it is denigrating. The dawn of the twenty-first century (in the Gregorian calendar) and the imminent end of a long-count cycle (A.D. 2012) in the Maya calendar provide an auspicious opportunity to move beyond the ecological/ideological dichotomy to a new fusion of settlement and epigraphic research; this study is one effort at such a new kind of synthesis. In current ethnographic research, many investigators have abandoned the “voice” of authority as we know it from traditional ethnographies and attempt to present their research giving full voice to interviewed participants. I suggest a similar course for Maya studies—an abandonment of the unitary “top-down” approach and a concomitant broadening of the “playing field” to include nonstatist organizational structures in our models of Maya political power and economic organization. Ostensibly, this book is about Maya society and the historical processes that shaped this society. Rather than introduce more complexity into a book that is already unusually concept-laden for this area of study, I refrain from expanding my frame of reference to general Mesoamerica. Readers familiar with Mesoamerica west of the isthmus or south of the Sula River, however, will recognize the wide reach of issues discussed in this book—lineage, land, the domestic focus of ancestor veneration, inequality, and the oppositional nature of kinship and kingship. There is a historical specificity here that is distinctly Maya, but the broad issues can be broached for many parts of Mesoamerica.
Field measurements of selection for European red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) resistance to dicofol in apple orchards

Mortality of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) susceptible and resistant to dicofol was measured in apple trees to estimate the selective effect of dicofol applications on mite populations. Mortality of P. ulmi i from a susceptible (0% survivors in discriminating dose bioassay) and a resistant (70% survivors in discriminating dose bioassay) population were compared in a field bioassay. With conventional application procedures used in apple orchards, mites from the resistant population had 50% mortality; those from the susceptible population had 95% mortality. Frequencies of resistant phenotypes (RP) of P. ulmi were measured in five commercial orchards before and after treatment with dicofol, and one year after treatment. Frequencies before treatment averaged 7 and 3%, respectively, in dicofoltreated and untreated control plots. Two weeks after treatment, RP frequencies averaged 32% (dicofol) and 8% (control); 1 yr after treatment, RP frequencies were 41%(dicofol) and 14% (control). The measurements of selection resulting from single dicofol applications are discussed within the context of establishment of appropriate acaricide rotations for control of spider mites in New York apple orchards.
A MEMS Low-Noise Sound Pressure Gradient Microphone With Capacitive Sensing

A silicon microelectromechanical systems microphone is described that detects sound pressure gradients. The diaphragm consists of a stiffened plate that rotates around a central axis in response to sound pressure gradients. The motion of the diaphragm is converted into an electronic signal through the use of interdigitated comb fins that enable capacitive sensing. Measured results show that the microphone achieves a substantially lower low-frequency sound pressure-referred noise floor than can be achieved using existing dual miniature microphone systems. Measured directivity patterns are shown to be very close to what is expected for sound pressure gradient receivers over a broad range of frequencies.
Excitation of quadratic solitons

We investigated the excitation of spatial quadratic solitons. With soliton-like input conditions different soliton-family members were launched and quantitatively characterized. For multi-soliton input we observed self-focusing and beam fission.
The spectrum of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

The state of differentiation of the lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a factor that appears to correlate with the presence and severity of clinical manifestations of the disease and with the incidence of complications. Among drug regimens proposed to date, the most efficacious in poorly differentiated disease appear to be the three-and four-drug combinations.
Correlates of Condom Use Among Substance Using Older Seropositive MSM: Implications for Mental Health Practice

The purpose of this study was to describe the correlates of condom use among a sample of N = 60 substance using seropositive men who have sex with (MSM). The mean age of the study participants was 52 ranging 50–75 years of age. Seventy-percent of study participants reporting smoking marijuana, 62% using cocaine, 25% heroin, 37% alcohol, and 30% amphetamines. Among those reporting substance use, 75% reported it was a hassle to use condoms, 42% indicated pleasure decreased with condom use, 72% indicated safer sex is boring, 72% reported the idea of using condoms is unappealing, 78% reported condoms ruined sex, and 71% said condoms interfered with romance. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed low self-esteem, relationship status, attitudes towards condom use, and depression predicted condom use χ2 = 20.79, df = 6, ρ =.002. The study findings have implications for mental health nursing practice with seropositive African American MSM.
Nonlinear impairments mitigation aided by low-noise optical frequency combs

We present the role of mutual channel frequency stability in digital back-propagation-based nonlinear impairment mitigation methods. Elimination of mutual frequency uncertainty by using frequency-locked carriers has enabled unprecedented capacity extension for the first time.