cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autophagy Reduces Acute Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Steatosis in Mice

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Alcohol abuse is a major cause of liver injury. The pathologic features of alcoholic liver disease develop over prolonged periods, yet the cellular defense mechanisms against the detrimental effects of alcohol are not well understood. We investigated whether macroautophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism that is commonly activated in response to stress, could protect liver cells from ethanol toxicity. METHODS: Mice were acutely given ethanol by gavage. The effects of ethanol on primary hepatocytes and hepatic cell lines were also studied in vitro. RESULTS: Ethanol-induced macroautophagy in the livers of mice and cultured cells required ethanol metabolism, generation of reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Suppression of macroautophagy with pharmacologic agents or small interfering RNAs significantly increased hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury; macroautophagy therefore protected cells from the toxic effects of ethanol. Macroautophagy induced by ethanol seemed to be selective for damaged mitochondria and accumulated lipid droplets, but not long-lived proteins, which could account for its protective effects. Increasing macroautophagy pharmacologically reduced hepatotoxicity and steatosis associated with acute ethanol exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Macroautophagy protects against ethanol-induced toxicity in livers of mice. Reagents that modify macroautophagy might be developed as therapeutics for patients with alcoholic liver disease.
The first 30 minutes in the life of a virus : unREST in the nucleus

On entry of viral DNA into cells, a competition ensues between cellular factors that silence viral genes and transcriptional factors that block silencing and transcribe the DNA. In the case of herpes simplex virus 1, the first set of genes expressed after infection - are induced by a viral protein (?TIF or VP16). Expression of later (?, ?) genes in cells infected at low ratios of virus per cells requires a transcriptional activator (ICP4) that cannot block silencing and a protein, ICP0, hitherto characterized as a promiscuous transactivator. Recent studies indicate that ICP0 blocks silencing of viral DNA by dissociating HDACs 1 & 2 from the CoREST/REST repressor complex. HDACs 1/2 are phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus. The findings have broad implications regarding silencing of the viral genome during latency and, potentially, the expression of genes encoded by other DNA viruses as well.
Chaotic neural networks for intelligent signal encryption

The non-linear capabilities of artificial neural networks coupled with the noise-like properties of chaotic systems are exploited to perform signal encryption. The proposed approach computes the signal digital envelope which consists of the encrypted signal, the secret key and the associated hash value. The methodology is demonstrated via the encryption and subsequent decryption of two frequently occurring radiation signals, Co-60 and Cs-137. The results obtained demonstrate the capability of the proposed methodology to couple artificial neural networks and chaos dynamics to produce the signal digital envelope and satisfy the security requirements of confidentiality, authentication, and non-repudiation.
Robust 3D ATR techniques based on geometric invariants

Automatic target classification in general is complicated owing to the influence of pose, articulation, and overall viewing geometry on two dimensional SAR data. Three dimensional (3D) data, however, affords the opportunity to develop robust classification techniques independent of those issues. Based on geometric invariants, discriminants can be obtained assuming the target or its phase center lattice can be well modelled by 3D geometries subject to independent rigid body motions, (i.e. reflection, rotation, and translation). Toward this end, we present recent results in the development of a unique 3D classification algorithm. The concepts herein are developed for the full 3D observation space. In particular, we discuss several discrimination metrics based on a target's geometry. As such, they are necessarily invariant to pose and articulation and consequently provide robust classification performance. These geometric-invariant discriminants are concisely expressed as equations unique to a single target structure, or to the spatial interrelationships of multiple structures (this addresses the articulation problem). Once established, these equations can subsequently be used to properly classify the structure or structures at a later time without the need for explicit knowledge of the 3D orientation of the structures within the field of view. We present the mathematical basis behind these classification schemes, discuss implementation concepts, and finish by demonstrating these techniques on synthetic data.
Transient velocity sedimentation at unit gravity of human erythrocytes

Abstract A new biophysical method, transient velocity sedimentation (TRANSVELS) at unit gravity, has been applied to the study of human erythrocytes from normal subjects and from patients with diseased states producing abnormal red blood cells. The hydrodynamic behavior of the cells during sedimentation was examined by repetitively recording the distribution profile as a function of time by the use of optical scanning methods. Computer analysis of the distributions allowed precise measurement of the mean sedimentation velocity ( s ) and the mean skewness ( ± S ) of peak profile. A two-dimensional plot of s versus S indicated significant differences between “normal” and “abnormal” erythrocytes by linear categorization techniques and probability density ellipses at the 0.1 density level. It is concluded that precise measurement of these two new parameters offers a new and valuable approach to the physical characterization of erythrocytes.
Democratization and environmentalism : South Korea and Taiwan in comparative perspective

Focusing on the emergence and evolution of environmentalism in South Korea and Taiwan since the mid-1980s, this paper analyzes the relationship between democratic consolidation and environmental politics. In both countries, an environmental movement arose after a series of environmental disasters and expanded through the effective politicization of environmental issues by the opposition parties. The general relationship between environmental groups and political parties differs significantly in the two countries compared. In South Korea, environmental groups have maintained relative autonomy from political society, forging only tactical alignments with opposition parties. In Taiwan, the environmental movement from its inception has been closely affiliated with and depended upon the dissident movement. Additionally, in terms of the relationship between the environmental movement and the state, South Korea represents a pattern of "congruent engagement" whereas Taiwan stands for a "conflictual engagement." These differences in the development of environmentalism are closely related to the different modes of democratic transition in the two countries. In South Korea, the intensive "politics of protest" by civil society groups resulted in drastic changes in the ruling bloc. In Taiwan, elite-led and pacted transition largely enabled the ruling regime to maintain its control of society at large. As a result, in South Korea environmentalism emerged as a "new social movement" after the transition, whereas in Taiwan, it served as an essential component of the pro-democracy movement against the KMT government.
Deep-Sea pH.

In the northeastern Pacific Ocean, north of 22 degrees N and east of 180 degrees W, a deep-sea pH maximum of 7.9 exists near 4000 meters. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the dissociation constants of carbonic acid in sea water appears to be important in its formation.
Inhibition of airlicking in thirsty rats by cooling the preoptic area.

THIRSTY rats lick avidly and persistently at a stream of air flowing through a drinking tube1, behaviour which is not dependent on the previous experience of drinking water through a drinking tube2 or on olfactory cues3. The most plausible explanation for the rewarding property of airlicking is that it is a result of evaporative cooling of the orolingual region. Heating and humidifying the air so as to decrease its cooling power reduces airlicking4. In addition, tongue cooling alone is rewarding for thirsty rodents5, and cold water has a greater satiating effect on water intake than warm water6. These observations seem to indicate that because airlicking leads to tongue cooling, it thereby reduces thirst and the reduction of thirst reinforces airlicking. Airlicking cannot be mediated entirely by tongue temperature receptors, however, because lingual denervation by bilateral section of the lingual, chorda tympani and one branch of the glossopharyngeal nerves has no influence on airlicking7. It is not clear whether central stimuli that affect water drinking and satiation will similarly influence airlicking. Temperature-sensitive neurones are located in the preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus8, and since cooling of the POA reduces water intake in thirsty animals9, we tried to determine if cooling of the POA reduced airlicking. We found that acquisition of airlicking behaviour was completely blocked by POA cooling in naive animals and reduced about 50% in experienced animals.
The Cubberley Conference and the Evolution of Observational Learning Strategies.

The 1965 Cubberley Conference at Stanford University was an important milestone for the counseling profession. For many, this conference provided the impetus for the development of an empirical model for counseling. More specifically, it was the first major attempt to propose the application of behavioral principles to the counseling process. It also represents the beginning of a period from which considerable research and a variety of innovative counseling interventions emanated. This article discusses the evolution of one of these strategies—social modeling—and how this strategy fostered the development and sophistication of more specific observational learning techniques, such as self-observation and self-modeling.
Crystal structure of adenosine kinase from Toxoplasma gondii at 1.8 Å resolution

Human infection with Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Protozoan parasites such as T. gondii are incapable of de novo purine biosynthesis and must acquire purines from their host, so the purine salvage pathway offers a number of potential targets for antiparasitic chemotherapy. In T. gondii tachyzoites, adenosine is the predominantly salvaged purine nucleoside, and thus adenosine kinase is a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway of this parasite. The structure of T. gondii adenosine kinase was solved using molecular replacement and refined by simulated annealing at 1.8 A resolution to an R-factor of 0.214. The overall structure and the active site geometry are similar to human adenosine kinase, although there are significant differences. The T. gondii adenosine kinase has several unique features compared to the human sequence, including a five-residue deletion in one of the four linking segments between the two domains, which is probably responsible for a major change in the orientation of the two domains with respect to each other. These structural differences suggest the possibility of developing specific inhibitors of the parasitic enzyme.
Symbiotic cultures for increasing the solar energy conversion efficiency of outdoor photobioreactors

A numerical study is presented aiming to maximize the solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of a symbiotic culture containing microorganisms with different absorption characteristics. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC125 and the purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter sphearoides ATCC 49419 are chosen for illustration purposes. The previously measured radiation characteristics of each microorganism are used as input parameters in the radiative transport equation for calculating the local spectral incident radiation within a flat panel photobioreactor. The specific hydrogen production rate for each microorganism as a function of the available incident radiation is recovered from data reported in the literature. The overall solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of symbiotic cultures of varying microorganism concentrations have been computed for photobioreactor thicknesses from 1 to 10 cm. The results show that for a given photobioreactor thickness a saturation microorganism concentration exists above which the solar energy conversion efficiency does not increase. The maximum solar energy conversion efficiencies of solo cultures of C. reinhardtii and R. spaheroides at their respective saturation concentrations are 0.06 and 0.055%, respectively. Using symbiotic cultures, a total conversion efficiency of about 0.075% is achieved within the parameter range explored. It has been shown that the choice of microorganism concentrations for maximum solar energy conversion efficiency is non-trivial and requires careful radiation transfer analysis coupled with H2 production kinetics taking into account the photobioreactor thickness. The presented numerical tool can be used for simulating any photobiological or photochemical process involving more than one species with different radiation characteristics provided the closure laws for the reaction kinetics are known as a function of spectral incident radiation. Examples include (i) the symbiotic cultivation of more than one microorganism for biomass or lipid production in a photobioreactor and (ii) a photochemical reactor containing a number of absorbing and scattering photocatalysts with different band gaps.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The brain of a learning-disabled individual

The concept of learning disability is less absolute than is usually realized. In a nonliterate society only the advantages of many dyslexics may be evident without the disadvantages. By contrast markedly unmusical individuals can go through modern educational systems with little difficulty, although in some particular social conditions they could correctly be regarded as severely learning disabled. These considerations lead to a fresh look at the evolutionary significance of brain changes found in learning disorders, and their relationship not only to disability, but also to giftedness. This paper considers many of these issues in the context of the life of an individual who is not at all dyslexic but suffers from a severe form of another neglected learning disability, i.e., dysmusia.
Relativistic Hartree study of deformed nuclei

Abstract Relativistic Hartree calculations are performed for axially symmetric solutions of deformed nuclei in the sd shell. Both even-even and selected odd- A nuclei are included. The systematic behavior of quadrupole moments and binding energies are reproduced; the deformations being solely determined by self-consistency. The states are expanded in a spherical basis of states obtained by solving the same or neighboring nucleus with a constraint to retain spherical symmetry. The continuum states are artificially discretized by applying a boundary condition; both the positive and negative energy states are included in the expansion. The effects of tensor coupling of the rho meson and of the pion are included. The contribution of the former are small in the nuclei studied here; however, the pion has a large effect on the magnetic moment of odd- A nuclei. The binding energies, quadrupole moments, magnetic moments and single particle spectra are presented and compared with similar calculations, both relativistic and non-relativistic.
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using a New Type of Ion-Sieve Adsorbent Based on MgMn2O4

Abstract A new type of ion-sieve manganese oxide, HMnO(Mg), was prepared by an acid treatment of MgMn2O4. The HMnO(Mg) showed a remarkably high selectivity for lithium ions among alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ions. The selectivity sequences were Na ≑ K ≪ Li for alkali metal ions and Mg ≤ Ca ≤ Sr ≤ Ba for alkaline earth metal ions at pH 8. The HMnO(Mg) showed a high selectivity for lithium ions in seawater. The lithium uptake increased with increasing solution pH and adsorption temperature. The maximum lithium uptake from native seawater reached 8.5 mg/g, corresponding to a lithium content of 1.8% in the form of Li2O. The adsorbed lithium could easily be eluted with a dilute acid solution. The adsorptive capacity for lithium ions gradually decreased through repeated adsorption/elution cycles. The HMnO(Mg) after 4 cycles showed a lithium adsorptivity which was about 60% of the initial value.
A fully non-linear model for atomization of high-speed jets

A non-linear model has been developed to assess the time evolution of an axisymmetric liquid jet using a boundary-element method. Vorticity transported from the boundary layer in the orifice passage to the free surface is modeled using a potential ring vortex placed at the orifice exit plane. The vortex strength is uniquely determined from the Kutta condition and information regarding the boundary layer thickness at the orifice exit plane. It is shown that primary breakup can occur even in the absence of the gas phase. Using a secondary stability analysis after Ponstein [Appl. Scientific Res. 8 (1959) 425], the size of the droplets is estimated based on the size of the ring-type structures shed from the periphery of the jet. Computed droplet sizes are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, although turbulence effects obscure some comparisons.
Maternal and fetal variants in the TGF-beta3 gene and risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in a predominantly Latino population

Objective We sought to determine whether polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 gene are associated with risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in case-control mother-baby dyads. Study Design Patients (n = 136) and control subjects (n = 169) were recruited from our hospital. We genotyped 4 TGF-β3 polymorphisms and examined association with PIH using logistic regression, adjusting for parity, maternal age, gestational age at delivery, fetal (or maternal) genotypes for the polymorphism in question, and the 3 other polymorphisms within the TGF-β3 gene. Results Only 1 of the TGF-β3 polymorphisms (rs11466414) was associated with PIH. Mothers who carried a baby with a minor allele were at decreased risk (odds ratio multi-locus adj , 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.77). Maternal TGF-β3 variants had no effect on risk of PIH. Conclusion A fetal TGF-β3 polymorphism (rs11466414) is associated with PIH in a predominantly Hispanic population.
Socioeconomic factors in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis with bone erosion.

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown an increase in the incidence of orbital and skull base erosion in African Americans and males diagnosed with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS). However, un...
Razor-lite: A side-channel error-detection register for timing-margin recovery in 45nm SOI CMOS

Advanced CMOS technologies are highly susceptible to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations due to sub-wavelength lithography and other manufacturing challenges. These variations cause performance uncertainty for which timing margins must be added to guarantee correct operation. Ultimately, this results in lost performance or energy: performance is lost directly through reduced clock frequency, while energy is sacrificed by operating at a higher voltage than necessary to meet non-margined timing requirements.
Metal coordination by sterically hindered heterocyclic ligands, including 2-vinylpyridine, assessed by investigation of cobaloximes.

Structural and 1 H NMR data have been obtained for cobaloximes with the bulkiest substituted pyridines reported so far. We have isolated in noncoordinating solvents the complexes CH 3 Co(DH) 2 L (methylcobaloxime, where DH = the monoanion of dimethylglyoxime) with L = sterically hindered N-donor ligands: quinoline, 4-CH 3 quinoline, 2,4-(CH 3 ) 2 Pyridine, and 2-R-pyridine (R = CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH=CH 2 ). We have found that the Co-N ax bond is very long in the structurally characterized complexes. In particular, CH3Co(DH)2(4-CH3quinoline) has a longer Co-N ax bond (2.193(3) A) than any reported for methylcobaloximes. The main cause of the long bonds is unambiguously identified as the steric bulk of L by the fairly linear relationship found for Co-N ax distance vs CCA (calculated cone angle, CCA, a computed measure of bulk) over an extensive series of methylcobaloximes. The linear relationship improves if L basicity (quantified by pK a ) is taken into account. In anhydrous CDCl 3 at 25 °C, all complexes except the 2-aminopyridine adduct exhibit 1 H NMR spectra consistent with partial dissociation of L to form the methylcobaloxime dimer. 1 H NMR experiments at -20 °C allowed us to assess qualitatively the relative binding ability of L as follows: 2,4-(CH 3 ) 2 pyridine > 4-CH 3 quinoline ≈ quinoline ≈ 2-CH 3 pyridine > 2-CH 3 Opyridine > 2-CH 3 CH 2 pyridine > 2-CH 2 =CHpyridine. The broadness of the 1 H NMR signals at 25 °C suggests a similar order for the ligand exchange rate. The lack of dissociation by 2-aminopyridine is attributed to an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the NH 2 group and an oxime O atom. The weaker than expected binding of 2-vinylpyridine relative to the Co-N ax bond length is attributed to rotation of the 2-vinyl group required for this bulky ligand to bind to the metal center, a conclusion supported by pronounced changes in 2-vinylpyridine signals upon coordination.
POWER OF DUAL-WAVELENGTH APPROACHES IN STUDYING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OF INTACT HEART AND IN VIVO BRAIN

Since the dual-wavelength spectrophotometer was developed, it has been widely used for studying biological samples and applied to extensive investigations of the electron transport in respiration and redox cofactors, redox state, metabolic control, and the generation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Here, we discuss some extension of dual-wavelength approaches in our research to study the physiological and functional changes in intact hearts and in vivo brain. Specifically, we aimed at (1) making nonratiometric fluorescent indicator become ratiometric fluorescence function for investigation of Ca2+ dynamics in live tissue; (2) eliminating the effects of physiological changes on measurement of intracellular calcium; (3) permitting simultaneous imaging of multiple physiological parameters. The animal models of the perfused heart and transiently ischemic insult of brain are used to validate these approaches for physiological applications.
Physical dynamics of estuarine suspended sediments

Abstract A review of the state of knowledge of the physical dynamics of estuarine suspended-sediment distributions, transport, and erosion and deposition is given. Near-bottom processes, net circulation effects, tidal effects, and plumes and fronts are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the several items that we do not fully understand or cannot describe in quantitative terms.
Superfluid density, condensation, and phase separation in High-Tc and other exotic superconductors

The universal correlations between Tc and the superfluid density ns/m∗ in high-Tc superconductors (HTSC) are applicable also to systems with Zn-doping, overdoping, and static magnetic stripe ordering. These three cases involve microscopic phase separation, where ns/m∗ is proportional to the volume fraction of the superconducting region. Tc is determined predominantly by ns/m∗, in a way similar to bulk and/or thin-film superfluid 4He in ordinary and porous media. The importance of 3-dimensional interlayer coupling in HTSC systems argues for the relevance of Bose-Einstein condensation over a simple Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. The intercalated HfNCl-Li-THF system (Tc = 25.5 K) shares energy-scale relations with HTSC and organic BEDT superconductors, following the universal correlations.
Solutions for enhancing remote sensing high emitter vehicle screening procedures

The research presented here combines a carbon balance with fuel consumption estimates to convert emissions measured by remote sensing devices (RSD) from concentration to mass. In estimating vehicle fuel consumption rates, the VT-Micro model and a Vehicle Specific Power (VSP)-based model (the PERE model) are considered and compared. The results of the comparison demonstrate that both of the VT-Micro and PERE models provide reliable fuel consumption estimates (R2 of 90% and higher for a 1993 Honda Accord with a 2.4L engine). RSDs capture only an instantaneous snapshot of a vehicle's emissions, and how this single point measurement might be related to the vehicle's overall emission status, to our knowledge, has not yet been mechanistically assessed. For the above sample vehicle, the in-laboratory mass emissions measured over an IM240 driving cycle identified the sample vehicle as a normal emitter in 100%, 97%, and 89% of the second-by-second measurements for HC, CO, and NO X emissions, respectively. The estimated mass emissions based on concentration measurements and the modeled fuel consumption rate yielded normal emitter results in 100%, 97%, and 88% of the measurements. These results suggest a 100%, 100%, and 99% success rate relative to the results from in-laboratory measured emissions. The study clearly demonstrates that the proposed procedure works well in converting concentration measurements to mass emissions and can be applicable in the screening of HEVs and normal emitting vehicles for several vehicle types such as sedans, station wagons, full-size vans, mini vans, pickup trucks, and SUVs.
ERIC on CD, Southern Style.

Compact disc technology has come to the Southern Oregon State College Library in the form of the OCLC Search CD450 system and its ERIC databases. ERIC on CD‐ROM is a great step forward for a library somewhat behind the times in automated services. While many Oregon State System libraries started providing online searching in the mid 70s, we didn't begin until 1984. So when our library director suggested that we start using compact disc technology, we became rather excited at the opportunity to leap into this brand new area of automation. Librarians, students, and faculty have since grown attached to this new technology for enhancing research.
Controlling the deformation in elastic and viscoelastic structures due to temperature and moisture changes using piezoelectric actuators

We study the placement of surface-bonded piezoelectric actuators to control or minimize the deformation due to changes in temperature and moisture content in linear elastic and linear viscoelastic ...
Engaging the public in the regulation of xenotransplantation: would the Canadian model of public consultation be effective in the US?

The value of engaging the public in science policymaking is becoming increasingly controversial. In the US, however, the regulation of biotechnologies remains in the domain of the scientific elite. By contrast, Canada recently conducted a very public process aimed at including the public in the regulation of xenotransplantation. Members of the US xenotransplantation community were asked to comment on the public consultation process with specific attention given to the Canadian consultation on xenotransplantation. These scientists agreed that gathering public opinion is usually desirable but expressed some serious concerns about the methods used to gather these opinions. They challenged the notion of an informed public as defined by the organizers of the Canadian consultation. Therefore, in order for the Canadian model of public consultation to be well received in the US, there would have to be more stringent adherence to representative sampling and more rigorous public education strategies.
Quantum mechanical calculation of giant magnetoresistance in layered magnetic films

Abstract We have developed a new transfer-matrix method for the computation of exact wavefunctions and magnetoresistivity in a layered periodic system, assuming a free electron model within each layer, and solved the Boltzmann equation for interface-roughness scattering. The resulting magnetoresistance can be of order one.
What’s Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University

The environmental impacts of bottled water prompted us to explore drinking water choices at Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, IN. A random sample of 2,045 Purdue University students, staff, and faculty was invited to participate in an online survey. The survey assessed current behaviors as well as perceived barriers and benefits to drinking tap water versus bottled water. 677 surveys were completed for a response rate of 33.1%. We then conducted qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of university undergraduates (n = 21) to obtain contextual insights into the survey results and the beliefs of individuals with a variety of drinking water preferences. This study revealed that women drink disproportionately more bottled water then men while undergraduate students drink more than graduate students, staff and faculty. The study also uncovered a widespread belief that recycling eliminates the environmental impacts of bottled water. Important barriers to drinking tap water at Purdue include: perceived risks from tap water and the perceived safety of bottled water, preferring the taste of bottled water, and the convenience of drinking bottled water. The qualitative interviews revealed that drinking water choices can be influenced by several factors—especially whether individuals trust tap water to be clean—but involve varying levels of complexity. The implications of these results for social marketing strategies to promote tap water are discussed.
Study of Dielectric Properties of (Sr1-xPbx)TiO3: MgO Composites for Field Tunable Devices

(Sr1-xPbx)TiO3 (SPT) ceramics have low loss tangents and high dielectric tunabilities under DC bias fields at room temperature, but they have the disadvantage of high dielectric constants. In order to exploit these materials for microwave applications, the reduction of dielectric permittivities is necessary. Thus, the composites of the SPT system by the addition of a non-ferroelectric oxide such as MgO were prepared and electrical properties were measured. Loss tangents of the composite sintered at the same temperature as SPT's sintering were less than 0.3% in paraelectric region just above the transition temperature and the dielectric tunabilities of ~20% at 20 kV/cm and ~35% at 40 kV/cm were observed at 10 kHz.
The glucoamylase inhibitor acarbose is a direct activator of phosphorylase kinase.

Phosphorylase kinase (PhK), an (αβγδ)4 complex, stimulates energy production from glycogen in the cascade activation of glycogenolysis. Its large homologous α and β subunits regulate the activity o...
Specific Heat of Dysprosium Metal between 0.4 and 4°K

The heat capacity of dysprosium has been measured between 0.4 and 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ cryostat. In this temperature range the specific heat of the metal can be written ${C}_{p}=A{T}^{3}+BT+C{T}^{\frac{3}{2}}+D{T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{-}E{T}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ensuremath{-}F{T}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The first term is the lattice specific heat, the second the electronic specific heat, the third the magnetic specific heat caused by exchange interaction between the electronic spins, and the remaining terms are the nuclear specific heat due to splitting of the nuclear energy levels by the strong magnetic field of the $4f$ electrons and by quadrupole coupling. An anomalous contribution to the heat capacity, probably due to the 0.08% oxygen impurity in the sample, was observed between 1.2 and 3.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. By excluding the measurements in this temperature region the following values were obtained for the constants in the above equation (for specific heat in millijoules/mole \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K): $B=9.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%$, $C=9.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%$, $D=26.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2%$. The result $A=0.22$ by Dreyfus et al. was adopted and constants $E=1.32$ and $F=0.12$ were calculated from the available electron-paramagnetic resonance data.Considerable disagreement exists in the temperature range from 2 to 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K between measurements of the specific heat of dysprosium by different investigators. It is shown, however, that the discrepancies appear to be in the magnetic specific heat only, $C$ varying between 0 and 24. The various values of $B$ are all in good agreement. Our result for $D$ is in excellent accord with the value 26.6 obtained from electron paramagnetic resonance experiments on dilute salts. The magnetic field at the dysprosium nucleus as calculated from the value of $D$ after the effect of quadrupole coupling had been subtracted is 7.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ gauss, in good agreement with ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}=7.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ gauss determined for ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{161}$ by M\"ossbauer techniques.
The HERMIT in the machine: a plugin for the interactive transformation of GHC core language programs

The importance of reasoning about and refactoring programs is a central tenet of functional programming. Yet our compilers and development toolchains only provide rudimentary support for these tasks. This paper introduces a programmatic and compiler-centric interface that facilitates refactoring and equational reasoning. To develop our ideas, we have implemented HERMIT, a toolkit enabling informal but systematic transformation of Haskell programs from inside the Glasgow Haskell Compiler's optimization pipeline. With HERMIT, users can experiment with optimizations and equational reasoning, while the tedious heavy lifting of performing the actual transformations is done for them.HERMIT provides a transformation API that can be used to build higher-level rewrite tools. One use-case is prototyping new optimizations as clients of this API before being committed to the GHC toolchain. We describe a HERMIT application - a read-eval-print shell for performing transformations using HERMIT. We also demonstrate using this shell to prototype an optimization on a specific example, and report our initial experiences and remaining challenges.
Suicide Postvention as Suicide Prevention: Improvement and Expansion in the United States

The authors asserted the need for increased postvention efforts for suicide survivors, individuals left behind to grieve the loss of a loved one by suicide, because they have an increased risk for suicide. Indeed, Shneidman (1972) asserted that suicide postvention efforts serve the dual purpose of assisting survivors through the grief process and preventing suicide for future generations. First, the authors briefly discussed the increased risk for suicide among survivors. Second, the authors overviewed the potential benefits of postvention programs and current strategies for suicide postvention in the United States. Finally, they recommended plans for suicide postvention program development such as states should include efforts to create or expand traditional postvention services as well as active survivor outreach to link survivors to these services.
A Field-Based Model of the Effects of Landcover Changes on Daytime Summer Temperatures in the North Cascades

Removal or reduction of forest landcover has been shown to increase daily high temperatures during the summer in clearcut and young, regrowth forests relative to mature or old-growth forests. Although these temperature differences are easily observed in individual stands, extrapolating the net temperature effect to an actively logged terrain is made difficult by the heterogeneous mixture of stand heights and densities. To study the effect of temperature produced by changes in forest landcover on a regional scale, 13 temperature sensors were placed in structurally different stands in a 15 x 24 km area of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest on the northwest side of Mount Adams, Washington. These sensors operated for 60 days, from July 20, 2008, through September 17, 2008, in snow-free conditions across a range of elevations. Using field data and a previously developed proxy dataset for stand height and density, near-surface daytime air temperature models were developed for the modern and pre-anthropogenic l...
Impression formation in online collaborative communities

In online collaborative communities such as open source software development, people often encounter unknown others who they must work with in the absence of any previous interaction or formal organizational relationship. These settings are increasingly supported by social networking systems. When connected with the work, these systems can provide detailed information about individuals' activities and behaviors. My research focuses on understanding how individuals form impressions of others in work environments supported by social media, and how these impressions influence collaborative outcomes.
A note on the optimality of strict liability

Abstract I show that, contrary to what is widely accepted, in situations of unilateral care a rule of strict liability is not optimal. The difference between my results and previous ones follows from my consideration of the victim's rational behavior.
Incidental findings in the maxillofacial region identified on cone-beam computed tomography scans

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a three-dimensional radiographic imaging technique that is commonly being used in diagnosis and treatment planning in various fields of dentistry. Incidental findings on CBCT images are frequently reported in the literature and are important to assess before treatment planning. Aims: To record types and prevalence of incidental findings in the maxillofacial region, identified on CBCT scans and described in radiologist's consultation reports. Settings and Design: A total of 147 CBCT scan reports on 59 males and 88 females between June 2007 and February 2012 at University of California, San Francisco, were analyzed retrospectively. Methods and Material: 147 patient reports by Board certified oral radiologists on CBCT scans taken with the Hitachi CB MercuRay. The incidental findings were categorized and analysed using descriptive statistics. Statistical Analysis Used: Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the rate of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathologies between females and males. Results: The overall rate of incidental findings was 40.1%. The age range of patients was from 8 years to 80 years. The highest rate of incidental findings was in the sinus region (51.7%), followed by dento-alveolar region (34.01%), TMJ region (26.53%), osseous region (15.64%), calcification of ligaments, pineal gland, and carotid artery (12.92%), dental anomalies (10.88%), nasal region (8.84%), and airway region (5.44%). According to logistic regression analysis, females were 2.58 times more likely to exhibit TMJ pathology compared to males ( P value = 0.02). Conclusions: CBCT scans are beneficial in revealing incidental abnormalities in the head and neck region outside the scope of interest. Careful review of the entire CBCT image is essential to avoid under- or overestimation of potential complications in providing comprehensive health care.
Children's judgments of relative number by one-to-one correspondence: A planning perspective ☆

Abstract Factors influencing the use of a plan to judge the relative number of two sets by one-to-one correspondence were studied in three experiments with 4- and 5-year-old children. The plan used by a child was assessed by the pattern of responses shown over a series of different types of problems in which sets were arranged in parallel rows. One-to-one plans were used by children only when perceptual support was present that facilitated the pairing of elements. When the support consisted of lines that connected the elements in pairs, one-to-one plans were used spontaneously by nearly all children. When the support consisted of enclosing pairs of elements in the windows of a grid, one-to-one plans were not used initially but were adopted after the children had received experience in pairing the elements. The results were interpreted as indicating (a) that most children have one-to-one plans in long-term memory by 4 years of age and (b) that young children fail to use one-to-one plans in some situations either because they fail to retrieve them from memory or because they reject them as unworkable.
Selenium Redox Reactions and Transport between Ponded Waters and Sediments

Understanding the cycling of trace elements such as selenium in the environment requires information on mass transfer and reactions occurring across boundaries. Selenium partitioning and redox transformations in ponded laboratory sediments was compared with a model based on the transport of Se(VI) and Se(IV) between surface waters and sediment pore waters. Waters containing Se(VI) were ponded over initially nonseleniferous sediment columns. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated Se reduction to Se(0) in these sediments. Synchrotron X-ray microprobe analyses revealed very high Se concentrations within mil limeters of the sediment surface. Concentrations of Se(VI) and Se(IV) in sediment pore waters were used as time-dependent boundary conditions to model concentrations of these species in overlying pool waters. Two parameters, the mass transfer coefficient and pool Se(VI) apparent reduction rate constant, were optimized. The successful application of mass transfer coefficients in this study resulted fro...
Properties of the Wind Field within the Oklahoma City Park Avenue Street Canyon. Part II: Spectra, Cospectra, and Quadrant Analyses

Velocity data were obtained within Park Avenue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, using three-dimensional sonic anemometers under unstable atmospheric conditions. These data are used to produce velocity spectra, cospectra, and weighted joint probability density functions at various heights and horizontal locations in the street canyon. This analysis has helped to describe a number of physically interesting urban flow phenomena. Previous research has shown that the ratio of Reynolds shear stresses to normal stresses is typically much smaller deep within the canopy than those ratios found at the top of canopy and in the roughness sublayer. The turbulence in this region exhibits significant contributions to all four quadrants of a weighted joint-probability density function of horizontal and vertical velocity fluctuations, yielding the characteristic small Reynolds shear stresses in the flow. The velocity cospectra measured at the base of the canopy show evidence of discrete frequency bands of both positive and negative correlation that yield a small correlation, as indicated by the Reynolds shear stresses. Two major peaks were often observed in the spectra and cospectra: a low-frequency peak that appears to be associated with vortex shedding off the buildings and a midfrequency peak generally associated with canyon geometry. The low-frequency peak was found to produce a countergradient contribution to the along-wind vertical velocity covariance. Standard spectral tests for local isotropy indicate that isotropic conditions occur at different frequencies depending on spatial location, demonstrating the need to be thorough when testing for local isotropy with the urban canopy.
Brd4 maintains constitutively active NF-κB in cancer cells by binding to acetylated RelA

Acetylation of the RelA subunit of NF-κB at lysine-310 regulates the transcriptional activation of NF-κB target genes and contributes to maintaining constitutively active NF-κB in tumors. Bromodomain-containing factor Brd4 has been shown to bind to acetylated lysine-310 (AcLys310) and to regulate the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, but the role of this binding in maintaining constitutively active NF-κB in tumors remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate the structural basis for the binding of bromodomains (BDs) of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) to AcLys310 and identify the BD inhibitor JQ1 as an effective small molecule to block this interaction. JQ1 suppresses TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation and NF-κB-dependent target gene expression. In addition, JQ1 inhibits the proliferation and transformation potential of A549 lung cancer cells and suppresses the tumorigenicity of A549 cells in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of Brd4 or treatment of cells with JQ1 induces the ubiquitination and degradation of the constitutively active nuclear form of RelA. Our results identify a novel function of Brd4 in maintaining the persistently active form of NF-κB found in tumors, and they suggest that interference with the interaction between acetylated RelA and Brd4 could be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of NF-κB-driven cancer.
Root sensitivity to parameter uncertainties: a statistical approach

Abstract A statistical approach to calculating the sensitivity of characteristic roots to plant parameter uncertainties is presented. Means and variances of the eigenvalues are obtained in terms of the statistical moments of the system parameters, the sensitivity of an eigenvalue being defined by its relative standard deviation. The method allows for correlation among the system parameters and therefore among the elements of the plant matrix. The approach is a first-order random perturbation analysis that implicitly assumes gaussian random variables. The results derived by this statistical procedure are shown to be a generalization of the norm sensitivity results previously obtained in the literature by calculating the norm of the sensitivity matrix. Indeed, the two approaches are shown to be equivalent for uncorrelated and identically distributed plant matrix elements. The statistical measure of root sensitivity presented here is believed to be more representative than the usual norm sensitivity measure.
EFFECTS OF VARIABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT ON SOUND PROPAGATION IN THE OCEAN

A series of small depth charges was detonated along a transect from New Zealand to Antarctica over a period of three days in late December of 2006. Signals were recorded by hydrophones deployed near the source, and at a sparse network of permanent hydrophone stations operated by the International Monitoring System (IMS), at distances up to 9,600 km. Our purpose was to determine how well signal characteristics could be predicted by the World Ocean Atlas 2005 (WOA05) climatological database for sources within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Where recorded signal to noise ratios are high, travel times and signal dispersion are predicted to within two seconds under the assumption that propagation is adiabatic and follows a geodesic path. The deflection of the transmission path by abrupt spatial variations in sound speed at the northern ACC boundary is predicted to decrease travel times to the IMS stations by several seconds, depending on the path. The accuracy of source locations estimates based only on travel times depends on the monthly or seasonal database used to predict velocities and on whether we account for path deflection. The configuration of the IMS hydrophones limits source location accuracy within the ACC. Comparison of signal spectra for recordings near the source and at distance show that transmission loss is nearly uniform as a function of frequency.