cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action

Over the last century and a half, the work of the Constitutional Convention and the motives of the Founding Fathers have been analyzed under a number of different ideological auspices. To one generation of historians, the hand of God was moving in the assembly; under a later dispensation, the dialectic (at various levels of philosophical sophistication) replaced the Deity: “relationships of production” moved into the niche previously reserved for Love of Country. Thus in counterpoint to the Zeitgeist, the Framers have undergone miraculous metamorphoses: at one time acclaimed as liberals and bold social engineers, today they appear in the guise of sound Burkean conservatives, men who in our time would subscribe to Fortune, look to Walter Lippmann for political theory, and chuckle patronizingly at the antics of Barry Goldwater. The implicit assumption is that if James Madison were among us, he would be President of the Ford Foundation, while Alexander Hamilton would chair the Committee for Economic Development.The “Fathers” have thus been admitted to our best circles; the revolutionary ferocity which confiscated all Tory property in reach and populated New Brunswick with outlaws has been converted by the “Miltown School” of American historians into a benign dedication to “consensus” and “prescriptive rights.” The Daughters of the American Revolution have, through the ministrations of Professors Boorstin, Hartz, and Rossiter, at last found ancestors worthy of their descendants. It is not my purpose here to argue that the “Fathers” were, in fact, radical revolutionaries; that proposition has been brilliantly demonstrated by Robert R. Palmer in his Age of the Democratic Revolution.
Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Extended culture of neural stem/progenitor cells facilitates in vitro analyses to understand their biology while enabling expansion of cell populations to adequate numbers prior to transplantation. Identifying approaches to refine this process, to augment the production of all CNS cell types (i.e., neurons), and to possibly contribute to therapeutic cell therapy protocols is a high research priority. This report describes an easily applied in vivo "pre-conditioning" stimulus which can be delivered to awake, non-anesthetized animals. Thus, it is a non-invasive and non-stressful procedure. Specifically described are the procedures for exposing mouse or rat pups (aged postnatal day 1-8) to a brief (40-80 min) period of intermittent hypoxia (AIH). The procedures included in this video protocol include calibration of the whole-body plethysmography chamber in which pups are placed during AIH and the technical details of AIH exposure. The efficacy of this approach to elicit tissue-level changes in the awake animal is demonstrated through the enhancement of subsequent in vitro expansion and neuronal differentiation in cells harvested from the subventricular zone (SVZ). These results support the notion that tissue level changes across multiple systems could be observed following AIH, and support the continued optimization and establishment of AIH as a priming or conditioning modality for therapeutic cell populations.
Evoked responses in vitamin B12 deficiency

Abnormalities of visual, brainstem auditory, and somatosensory evoked responses were demonstrated in two of seven individuals with vitamin B12 deficiency. The evoked response delays correlated directly with the degree of neurological dysfunction. Abnormalities were present in sensory systems without clinical evidence of involvement and were similar to those found in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
Self-calibration of tomographic weak lensing for the physics of baryons to constrain dark energy

Recent numerical studies indicate that uncertainties in the treatment of baryonic physics can affect predictions for weak lensing shear power spectra at a level that is significant for several forthcoming surveys such as the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP), and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Correspondingly, we show that baryonic effects can significantly bias dark energy parameter measurements. Elimination of such potential biases by neglecting information in multipoles beyond several hundred leads to weaker parameter constraints by a factor of ∼ 2 − 3 compared with using information out to multipoles of several thousand. Fortunately, the same numerical studies that explore the influence of baryons indicate that they primarily affect power spectra by altering halo structure through the relation between halo mass and mean effective halo concentration. We explore the ability of future weak lensing surveys to constrain both the internal structures of halos and the properties of the dark energy simultaneously as a first step toward self calibrating for the physics of baryons. In this approach, parameter biases are greatly reduced and no parameter constraint is degraded by more than ∼ 40% in the case of LSST or 30% in the cases of SNAP or DES. Modest prior knowledge of the halo concentration relation and its redshift evolution greatly improves even these forecasts. In addition, we find that these surveys can constrain effective halo concentrations themselves usefully with shear power spectra alone. In the most restrictive case of a power-law relation for halo concentration as a function of mass and redshift, the concentrations of halos of mass m ∼ 10 14 h −1 M⊙ at z ∼ 0.2 can be constrained to better than 10%. Our results suggest that inferring dark energy parameters through shear spectra can be made robust to baryonic physics and that this procedure may even provide useful constraints on galaxy formation models.
Circadian disruption alters mouse lung clock gene expression and lung mechanics.

Most aspects of human physiology and behavior exhibit 24-h rhythms driven by a master circadian clock in the brain, which synchronizes peripheral clocks. Lung function and ventilation are subject t...
Bayesian approach to estimating reproductive inhibition potency in aquatic toxicity testing

Effectively and accurately assessing the toxicity of chemicals and their impact on the environment continues to be an important concern in ecotoxicology. Single experiments conducted by a particular laboratory commonly serve as the basis of toxicity risk assessment. These laboratories often have a long history of conducting experiments using particular protocols. In the present study, a Bayesian analysis for estimating potency based on a single experiment was formulated, which then served as the basis for incorporating the experimental information from historical controls. A Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to estimate the relative inhibition concentrations (RIp) of a toxicant and flexible ways of using historical control information were suggested. The methods were illustrated using a data set produced by the test for reproduction in Ceriodaphnia dubia in which the number of young produced over three broods was recorded. In addition, simulation studies were included to compare the Bayesian methods with previously proposed estimators of potency. The Bayesian methods gave more precise RIp estimates with smaller variation and nominal coverage probability offsetting a small negative bias in the point estimate. Incorporating historical control information in the Bayesian hierarchical model effectively uses the useful information from past similar experiments when estimating the RIp, and results in potency estimates that are more precise compared to frequentist methods.
Probing local structures of siliceous zeolite frameworks by solid-state NMR and first-principles calculations of 29Si–O–29Si scalar couplings

Subtle structural details of siliceous zeolites are probed by using two-bond scalar (J) coupling constants to characterize covalently bonded 29Si–O–29Si site pairs and local framework order. Solid-state two-dimensional (2D) 29Si{29Si} NMR measurements and first-principles calculations of 2J(29Si–O–29Si) couplings shed insights on both the local structures of siliceous zeolites Sigma-2 and ZSM-12, as well as the sensitivity of J couplings for detailed characterization analyses. DFT calculations on a model linear silicate dimer show that 2J(Si–O–Si) couplings have complicated multiple angular dependencies that make semi-empirical treatments impractical, but which are amenable to cluster approaches for accurate J-coupling calculations in zeolites. DFT calculations of 2J(29Si–O–29Si) couplings of the siliceous zeolite Sigma-2, whose framework structure is known to high accuracy from single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, yield excellent agreement between calculated and experimentally measured 2J(Si–O–Si) couplings. For the siliceous zeolite ZSM-12, calculated 2J(29Si–O–29Si) couplings based on less-certain powder X-ray diffraction analyses deviate significantly from experimental values, while a refined structure based on 29Si chemical-shift-tensor analyses shows substantially improved agreement. 29SiJ-coupling interactions can be used as sensitive probes of local structures of zeolitic frameworks and offer new opportunities for refining and solving complicated structures, in combination with complementary scattering, modeling, and other nuclear spin interactions.
Pressure-overload hypertrophy of the developing heart reveals activation of divergent gene and protein pathways in the left and right ventricular myocardium

Right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) myocardium differ in their pathophysiological response to pressure-overload hypertrophy. In this report we use microarray and proteomic analyses to identify pathways modulated by LV-aortic banding (AOB) and RV-pulmonary artery banding (PAB) in the immature heart. Newborn New Zealand White rabbits underwent banding of the descending thoracic aorta [LV-AOB; n = 6]. RV-PAB was achieved by banding the pulmonary artery (n = 6). Controls (n = 6 each) were sham-manipulated. After 4 (LV-AOB) and 6 (RV-PAB) wk recovery, the hearts were removed and matched RNA and proteins samples were isolated for microarray and proteomic analysis. Microarray and proteomic data demonstrate that in LV-AOB there is increased transcript expression levels for oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria energy pathways, actin, ILK, hypoxia, calcium, and protein kinase-A signaling and increased protein expression levels of proteins for cellular macromolecular complex assembly and oxidative phosphorylation. In RV-PAB there is also an increased transcript expression levels for cardiac oxidative phosphorylation but increased protein expression levels for structural constituents of muscle, cardiac muscle tissue development, and calcium handling. These results identify divergent transcript and protein expression profiles in LV-AOB and RV-PAB and provide new insight into the biological basis of ventricular specific hypertrophy. The identification of these pathways should allow for the development of specific therapeutic interventions for targeted treatment and amelioration of LV-AOB and RV-PAB to ameliorate morbidity and mortality.
CLOE: Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Networks

Cross-layer optimization is an effective mechanism to improve wireless system and network performance and efficiency. Cross-layer optimization is not a new technique, but it can be applied effectively to different wireless technologies to handle different problems without violating the wireless standards. Utility functions are constructed from measurements of the different OSI layers to provide input into our cross-layer optimization engine. ZigBee technology was chosen as the test platform to demonstrate our proposed mechanism.
Frequency-Dependent Wave Damping in the Time Domain

ONE of the more troublesome problems associated with the study of the dynamics of floating bodies is accurate specification of wave damping effects. This is particularly true for arbitrary shapes, such as floating platforms or buoys, for which there are little experimental data or theoretical results available. Strip theory has been used to theoretically predict wave damping for simple shapes, such as cylinders and some hull shapes. Experimental measurements of wave damping have also been made for several hull shapes.1,For arbitrary shapes, however, there is little theory available and in the absence of experimental data, only an estimation can usually be made. The most common estimation of the wave-damping coefficients in heave dz and pitch cfe for floating, threedimensional bodies are obtained by Haskind's equations1 '2
Longitudinal distribution of chlorine absorption in human airways : a comparison to ozone absorption

The bolus inhalation method was used to measure the fraction of inhaled chlorine (Cl2) and ozone (O3) absorbed during a single breath as a function of longitudinal position in the respiratory system of 10 healthy nonsmokers during oral and nasal breathing at respired flows of 150, 250, and 1,000 ml/s. At all experimental conditions, <5% of inspired Cl2 penetrated beyond the upper airways and none reached the respiratory air spaces. On the other hand, larger penetrations of O3 beyond the upper airways occurred as flow increased and during nasal than during oral breathing. In the extreme case of oral breathing at 1,000 ml/s, 35% of inhaled O3 penetrated beyond the upper airways and ∼10% reached the respiratory air spaces. Mass transfer theory indicated that the diffusion resistance of the tissue phase was negligible for Cl2 but important for O3. The gas phase resistances were the same for Cl2 and O3 and were directly correlated with the volume of the nose and mouth during nasal and oral breathing, respectively.
Relationships between Lay and Professional Volunteers in a Successful Crisis Intervention Centre

ABSTRACT This paper elucidates factors operating in a suicide prevention centre that has maintained excellent relationships between lay and professional volunteers throughout its eleven years of existence. First we examine the Centre's history; its structure and functioning; its inter-relationship with the community at large; its economic and political independence; and the personality traits of the volunteers, their education, and their self-concepts as crisis interveners. Accounting for part of the Centre's success are its economic management, avoidance of all political entanglements between and with other professional agencies, maintenance of a close symbiotic relationship with professional agencies, and provision for close daily contact between professionals and lay volunteers.
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AS AN OVER-THE-COUNTER MEDICATION

Five physicians debate the pros and cons of changing the prescription requirement for oral contraceptives (OCs) to an over-the-counter (OTC) status. Three of the physicians are in favor of changing the present policy while the other 2 physicians are in favor of keeping the present policy. Reasons supporting a change to OTC OCs are: the health risks from an unwanted pregnancy are greater than the risks from OC use; the prescription requirement puts an expensive and unnecessary burden on women; and other countries (e.g. India and South Africa) dispense OCs OTC. Reasons for keeping the prescription requirement are: the potential risks of self medication; the possibility of inappropriate use by relatively uninformed patients; and the loss of opportunity for women to obtain a health evaluation physical examination and counseling. One family practice physician supports OTC status because this change may reduce the teenage pregnancy rate. She acknowledges however that the change will not solve the problem of teenage pregnancy. An advantage of OTC OCs is that women could use them as a postcoital contraceptive. Another physician in favor of OTC status for OCs suggests that the US health department and Planned Parenthood clinics could offer OCs at lower than retail cost to women who undergo an annual health examination. Another physician calls for randomized clinical trials to generate sufficient data to make an informed decision about public and medical policy changes.
A Comparison of Subject-Based Classification Strategies for Enhanced Usability

Collections of documents, such as technical notes, are often classified on websites using a set of keywords that describe general subject areas. These keywords are used as a set of links to help the user navigate to the information he or she is seeking. This subject-based classification is intended to help users find information. A poorly designed subject-based index can make it difficult or impossible for users to find the information they need, however, creating an effective subject-based index is not easy. There are many different classification strategies that can be used. Each of these strategies can result in a different set of key words/key phrases. Some of these strategies may result in an index that is more usable than others. This paper addresses the problem of how to create a subject index that facilitates usability. Several strategies are compared against user search data. The five strategies resulted in differences in search success rate and efficiency.
Metal containing nucleosides that function as therapeutic and diagnostic agents against brain cancer

Nucleoside transporters are essential components for the hyperproliferative capabilities of brain cancer cells. These transporters play important roles to increase nucleoside metabolism which is necessary for higher levels of DNA and RNA synthesis. The goal here is to use a series of metal containing nucleoside (MCN) analogues as novel chemical agents to study how nucleosides are imported into cells. In addition, we expect that these MCNs will ultimately function as therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents for brain cancer. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) represent the two classes of transporters that allow MCNs to travel in (and out) of brain cancer cells. This study focuses on cyclometalated iridium nucleosides, designated Ir(III)-PPY, Ir(III)-BZQ, and Ir(III)-PBO, that were tested on a glioblastoma brain cancer cell line, U87. The therapeutic activities of these MCNs were tested against U87 glioblastomas using several biochemical methods. Cell viability experiments demonstrate that all compounds induce cell death in a timeand dose-dependent manner. Ir(III)-BZQ was identified as the most potent MCN, exhibiting an effective concentration (EC50) of 10 μM after 48 hours of exposure. ix The collective photophysical properties of these fluorescent MCNs were also used to visualize their intracellular distribution throughout localized regions of the cell. Fluorescent microscope images reveal the accumulation of Ir(III)-BZQ in the cytosol after 4 hours of exposure while significant nuclear localization is detected at longer times (~24 hours). This timing corresponds with the onset of cell death and provides insight into the mechanism of action of these MCNs. In addition, the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of Ir(III)-BZQ is significantly reduced when U87 cells are pretreated with the natural nucleoside, adenosine. Collectively, the ability to measure the uptake of MCNs coupled with their anti-cancer activities define these novel nucleoside analogues as “theranostic agents” – compounds that possess both therapeutic and diagnostic activities.
The Abuse of Innocence: The McMartin Preschool Trial. By Paul Eberle and Shirley Eberle. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993. 416 pages. Hardcover, $26.95.

(1997). The Abuse of Innocence: The McMartin Preschool Trial. By Paul Eberle and Shirley Eberle. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993. 416 pages. Hardcover, $26.95. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 48-49.
Predictors for Surgical Referral in Patients With Pancreatic Cystic Lesions Undergoing Endoscopic Ultrasound: Results From a Large Multicenter Cohort Study.

Objective Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) plays an integral role in the evaluation of pancreatic cysts lesions (PCLs). The aim of the study was to determine predictors of surgical referral in patients with PCLs undergoing EUS. Methods We performed a multicenter retrospective study of patients undergoing EUS for evaluation of PCLs. Demographics, EUS characteristics, and fine-needle aspiration results were recorded. Patients were categorized into surgery or surveillance groups on the basis of post-EUS recommendations. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of surgical referral. Results 1804 patients were included. 1301 patients were recommended to undergo surveillance and 503 patients were referred for surgical evaluation, of which 360 patients underwent surgery. Multivariate analysis revealed the following 5 independent predictors of surgical referral: symptoms of weight loss on presentation (odds ratio [OR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-5.03), EUS findings of associated solid mass (OR, 7.34; 95% CI, 3.81-14.16), main duct communication (OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.71-9.98), multilocular macrocystic morphology (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.78-4.38), and fine-needle aspiration findings of mucin on cytology (OR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.94-4.82). Conclusions This study identifies factors associated with surgical referral in patients with PCLs undergoing EUS. Future studies should focus on creation of risk stratification models to determine the need for surgery or enrollment in surveillance programs.
On the Predictability and Error Sources of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts

AbstractThe skill of tropical cyclone intensity forecasts has improved slowly since such forecasts became routine, even though track forecast skill has increased markedly over the same period. In deciding whether or how best to improve intensity forecasts, it is useful to estimate fundamental predictability limits as well as sources of intensity error. Toward that end, the authors estimate rates of error growth in a “perfect model” framework in which the same model is used to explore the sensitivities of tropical cyclone intensity to perturbations in the initial storm intensity and large-scale environment. These are compared to estimates made in previous studies and to intensity error growth in real-time forecasts made using the same model, in which model error also plays an important role. The authors find that error growth over approximately the first few days in the perfect model framework is dominated by errors in initial intensity, after which errors in forecasting the track and large-scale kinematic...
Building protection- and building shielding-factors for environmental exposure to radionuclides and monoenergetic photon emissions

We describe a simplified method for calculating both building protection- and shielding-factors for generic one- and two-story housing-unit models that are source-term dependent. Typically, radionuclide-independent factors are applied generically to external dose coefficients to account for the radiation shielding effects of indoor residences. In reality, the shielding effectiveness of each housing-unit would change over time as the radionuclide mixture and gamma-ray energy spectrum change due to physical effects such as deposition, radioactive decay, weathering effects, and decontamination efforts. Thus, it is necessary to develop factors designed for multiple photon energy spectrums to generate a more realistic estimate of the shielding effectiveness of a particular building. It is impractical to develop factors specific to a spectrum of photons emitted by each radionuclide of interest. Therefore, Monte Carlo simulations have been performed for sixteen monoenergetic photon energies from 0.10 to 3.0 MeV to characterize the 3D radiation fluence through each housing-unit produced by two idealized, yet realistic, environmental exposure scenarios. Results of these simulations were then used to develop fitted logarithmic functions (extrapolated to 0.0 MeV) to correlate an estimated factor to any monoenergetic photon energy up to 3.0 MeV. To verify these functions, another series of Monte Carlo simulations were performed for a select set of radionuclides to develop radionuclide-specific building protection- and shielding-factors. Good agreement is achieved between factors estimated using the presented functions and those calculated directly using Monte Carlo methods. Factors predicted by these functions are found to be in general agreement with other study results reported on similar structures which applied various computational methods and source-terms. This study only focuses on generic one- and two-story homes to provide a practical application that can contribute to improve the preparedness for and the response to a nuclear or radiological emergency.
The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade Under Uncertainty

One of the most fundamental issues in international trade theory concerns the determination of a country’s pattern of trade. The problem is to determine what goods a country will export or import. Stated differently, is it possible to prognosticate a country’s configuration of importables or exportables just by examining the characteristics of its closed economy? The answer to this question defines not only a country’s trade pattern but also the basis for the very presence of international trade. In other words, the explanation for the trade pattern is also, in general, an explanation for why a country trades at all.
An innovative model of integrated behavioral health: school psychologists in pediatric primary care settings

AbstractThis article discusses an innovative example of integrated care in which doctoral level school psychology interns and residents worked alongside pediatric residents and pediatricians in the primary care settings to jointly provide services to patients. School psychologists specializing in pediatric health are uniquely trained to recognize and address the academic, developmental, and behavioral needs frequently encountered in pediatric healthcare. Furthermore, school psychology training enhances their ability to effectively collaborate across health, education, and family systems to enhance the coordination of care. Case reviews provide data regarding frequency and types of services provided by the school psychologists, including conducting behavioral health screenings and assessments, implementing evidence-based interventions, and providing diagnostic psychoeducation. Physicians participating in this integrated health model provided program feedback, as well as caregivers of patients that received...
Cost-effectiveness analysis of pneumococcal vaccination for infants in China

Abstract Background Although China has a high burden of pneumococcal disease among young children, the government does not administer publicly-funded pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) through its Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of publicly-funded PCV-7, PCV-10, and PCV-13 vaccination programs for infants in China. Methods Using a Markov model, we simulated a cohort of 16 million Chinese infants to estimate the impact of PCV-7, PCV-10, and PCV-13 vaccination programs from a societal perspective. We extrapolated health states to estimate the effects of the programs over the course of a lifetime of 75 years. Parameters in the model were derived from a review of the literature. Results We found that PCV-7, PCV-10, and PCV-13 vaccination programs would be cost-effective compared to no vaccination. However, PCV-13 had the lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ($11,464/QALY vs $16,664/QALY for PCV-10 and $18,224/QALY for PCV-7) due to a reduction in overall costs. Our sensitivity analysis revealed that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were most sensitive to the utility of acute otitis media, the cost of PCV-13, and the incidence of pneumonia and acute otitis media. Conclusions The Chinese government should take steps to reduce the burden of pneumococcal diseases among young children through the inclusion of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in its EPI. Although all vaccinations would be cost-effective, PCV-13 would save more costs to the healthcare system and would be the preferred strategy.
Nanomanufacturing of high-performance hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes by coating uniform block polymer films from solution

Self-assembled block polymer membranes offer a high density of nanoscale pores with a well-defined size that make them an attractive platform for advanced membrane-based applications, and the development of block polymer membranes in the hollow fiber geometry is crucial in expanding their utility across a broader range of systems. By introducing a facile dip-coating archetype to the self-assembly and non-solvent induced phase separation (SNIPS) nanomanufacturing process, ultra-thin polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) membranes with highly-ordered, self-assembled nanostructures were coated onto the shell side of a hollow fiber support. By exploiting the chemical flexibility of this fabrication strategy, block polymer membranes demonstrated both a high-throughput and highly selective pores in the nanofiltration regime. Namely, a hollow fiber membrane with a 40 nm-thick active layer and pores with a well-defined diameter of 5.1 nm was fabricated. This high-performance hollow fiber nanofiltration membrane was generated by systematically controlling the nanoscale architecture of the membrane at the interface between the hollow fiber support and block polymer coating. As such, the permeability of this membrane (27 L−1 m−2 h−1 bar−1) was consistent with that predicted by theory. The readily controlled nanoscale structural characteristics and pore wall chemistries of these membranes make them an appealing platform to be tailored for advanced membrane processes.
Highly flexible AMOLED integrated with ultrathin on-cell touch panel

The flexible universal plane (FlexUP) technology was demonstrated with Polyimide (PI) substrate and a mechanical debonding method. Based on FlexUP technology, the 5mm bending radius AMOLED is successfully developed and demonstrated with new structure LTPS-TFT backplane and ultrathin on-cell touch panel.
Risk Factors for Clinician-Diagnosed Lyme Arthritis, Facial Palsy, Carditis, and Meningitis in Patients From High-Incidence States.

Background Clinical features of Lyme disease (LD) range from localized skin lesions to serious disseminated disease. Information on risk factors for Lyme arthritis, facial palsy, carditis, and meningitis is limited but could facilitate disease recognition and elucidate pathophysiology. Methods Patients from high-incidence states treated for LD during 2005-2014 were identified in a nationwide insurance claims database using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for LD (088.81), antibiotic treatment history, and clinically compatible codiagnosis codes for LD manifestations. Results Among 88022 unique patients diagnosed with LD, 5122 (5.8%) patients with 5333 codiagnoses were identified: 2440 (2.8%) arthritis, 1853 (2.1%) facial palsy, 534 (0.6%) carditis, and 506 (0.6%) meningitis. Patients with disseminated LD had lower median age (35 vs 42 years) and higher male proportion (61% vs 50%) than nondisseminated LD. Greatest differential risks included arthritis in males aged 10-14 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0-4.2), facial palsy (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6-2.7) and carditis (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.6) in males aged 20-24 years, and meningitis in females aged 10-14 years (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.1-5.5) compared to the 55-59 year referent age group. Males aged 15-29 years had the highest risk for complete heart block, a potentially fatal condition. Conclusions The risk and manifestations of disseminated LD vary by age and sex. Provider education regarding at-risk populations and additional investigations into pathophysiology could enhance early case recognition and improve patient management.
Abstract 19858: The Promise and Peril of the Molecular Autopsy: Genetic Testing in a Sibling of a Sudden Death in the Young Victim Leads to Misdiagnosis of Long QT Syndrome and ICD Implantation

Introduction: Recent guidelines advise that postmortem genetic testing be considered as the new standard of care in the evaluation of sudden death in the young (SDY) cases. While postmortem testing has serious promise for elucidating a genetic cause of death, there may also be grave peril if used improperly. Here, we illustrate the work necessary to reverse course following the identification of a KCNQ1 variant interpreted erroneously as long QT syndrome (LQTS)-causing and to identify the true cause for the case of SDY. Methods: Surrogate genetic testing of a decedent’s living brother identified a rare KCNQ1-V133I variant, prompting placement of an ICD and consequent diagnosis of LQTS in other family members. Subsequently, this presumed LQT1 family came to our institution for clinical evaluation and research-based investigations including KCNQ1-V133I variant specific analysis of the decedent, heterologous expression studies of KCNQ1-V133I, and a whole exome molecular autopsy (WEMA) along with genomic triangulation using his unaffected parents’ DNA. Results: After evaluating several V133I-positive family members, clinical doubt was cast on the veracity of the previous diagnosis of LQT1 resulting in a re-opening of the case and an intense pursuit of the lethal substrate. Furthermore, the decedent tested negative for V133I and heterologous expression studies demonstrated a normal cellular phenotype for V133I-containing Kv7.1 channels. Instead, WEMA identified a de novo pathogenic variant (p. R454W) in DES -encoded desmin as the most likely disease-susceptibility gene. This gene has been implicated in HCM, and this precise variant was described as a sporadic pathogenic mutation in a 15-year-old male who developed exercise intolerance and HCM, corresponding with the autopsy findings of an enlarged heart and microscopic myocyte disarray found in this sudden death victim. Conclusions: The forensic evaluation of SDY requires an exquisite focus on the decedent followed by a careful and deliberate assessment of the decedent’s relatives. Surrogate genetic testing can have disastrous consequences and should be avoided. Genetic test results require precise interpretation otherwise precision medicine, like the SDY victim, will be dead on arrival.
Short root anomaly - A potential “Landmine” for orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment of patients

Short root anomaly (SRA) is a poorly understood developmental disorder and can significantly compromise the patient's dental treatment. This case report describes the treatment of a 15-year-old girl with SRA and discusses the implication of this disorder on orthodontic and orthognathic treatment of patients.
Enhanced vanadium redox flow battery performance using graphene nanoplatelets to decorate carbon electrodes

Abstract Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) measurements on model glassy carbon (GC) substrates and Cyclic Voltammetry on more practical commercial carbon supports are used to demonstrate that the kinetics of the positive VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction can be substantially enhanced by using electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) to decorate their surface with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). An exchange current density, i0, is obtained that is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that observed with standard carbon supported Pt nanocatalyst with the deposition of only 20 GNP layers. Tafel slope analysis is compared to electron microscopy imaging to conclude that while faster redox kinetics is associated with an increase in the available active area, the prevalence of smaller GNPs and associated edge sites the can attenuate activity gains with increasing number of layers. Practical implementation to existing Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) configurations was demonstrated through the application of a 370 nm (20 layer) LbL GNP coating on carbon felt (CF). The GNP coating yielded a 5% increase relative in voltage and overall efficiency of charge discharge curves obtained under typical VRFB cell operating conditions at 40 mA cm−2. Furthermore, a substantial increase in the discharge time is observed with this GNP coating on CF.
Dehomogenized Elastic Properties of Heterogeneous Layered Materials in AFM Indentation Experiments.

Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to study mechanical properties of biological materials at submicron length scales. However, such samples are often structurally heterogeneous even at the local level, with different regions having distinct mechanical properties. Physical or chemical disruption can isolate individual structural elements but may alter the properties being measured. Therefore, to determine the micromechanical properties of intact heterogeneous multilayered samples indented by AFM, we propose the Hybrid Eshelby Decomposition (HED) analysis, which combines a modified homogenization theory and finite element modeling to extract layer-specific elastic moduli of composite structures from single indentations, utilizing knowledge of the component distribution to achieve solution uniqueness. Using finite element model-simulated indentation of layered samples with micron-scale thickness dimensions, biologically relevant elastic properties for incompressible soft tissues, and layer-specific heterogeneity of an order of magnitude or less, HED analysis recovered the prescribed modulus values typically within 10% error. Experimental validation using bilayer spin-coated polydimethylsiloxane samples also yielded self-consistent layer-specific modulus values whether arranged as stiff layer on soft substrate or soft layer on stiff substrate. We further examined a biophysical application by characterizing layer-specific microelastic properties of full-thickness mouse aortic wall tissue, demonstrating that the HED-extracted modulus of the tunica media was more than fivefold stiffer than the intima and not significantly different from direct indentation of exposed media tissue. Our results show that the elastic properties of surface and subsurface layers of microscale synthetic and biological samples can be simultaneously extracted from the composite material response to AFM indentation. HED analysis offers a robust approach to studying regional micromechanics of heterogeneous multilayered samples without destructively separating individual components before testing.
Techno-economic assessment (TEA) of advanced biochemical and thermochemical biorefineries

Abstract: This chapter covers techno-economic assessments (TEA) of advanced biochemical and thermochemical biorefineries. We discuss how governments, companies, and academic institutions are affecting the economic prospects of advanced biorefineries. The text describes their economic challenges and the various strategies being pursued to increase commercial adoption of advanced biorefineries: government incentives, facility scale-up, and technological innovation. Finally, we present an overall view of emerging trends in biorefinery TEAs with the intent of identifying key opportunities for improvement.
The Influence of Installation Parameters on Turbocharged Automotive Engine Performance

An automotive turbocharged engine configuration, comprising a turbocharger compressor, intercooler, EGR system, diesel engine and turbocharger turbine, are usually connected by systems of ducts and pipes. These must satisfy non-performance criteria such as clearance and crash without compromising aerodynamic and thermodynamic performance of the component parts of the air path system due to poor system design or installation. A study was made of the air inlet system design up to the turbocharger compressor inlet, and shows the relationship between the inlet flow field and the compressor wheel blade design. The study has shown that the turbocharger compressor performance can be influenced by inlet duct design and that CFD analysis can be used to characterise the gas flow behaviour within the duct. Flow bench test data is presented to support the CFD analysis and to validate the CFD process. Engine test data is also presented showing improved turbocharger compressor performance with the CFD optimised duct, thus further validating the methodology.
Spectral Analyses of Cytochromes P450

UV/Vis spectroscopy is the major means of identifying intact holocytochrome P450. The carbon monoxide complex of the intact ferrous hemoprotein exhibits a characteristic spectrum between 448 and 452 nm, considerably distinct from the usual Soret absorption peaks of hemoproteins. Methods are described for identification and quantitation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in membranes, in tissue homogenates, and in purified form, using difference spectroscopy and absolute spectroscopy. CYP are b-type cytochromes, containing protoporphyrin IX as the prosthetic group. Methods are also provided, using alkali and pyridine, for quantitation of the hemoprotein by this prosthetic group. In its oxidized, or ferric state, CYP exists as an equilibrium mixture of high- and low-spin configurations, each with distinctive UV/Vis absorption peaks. Substrate binding causes shifts in the spin equilibrium, and methods are shown for using these shifts for quantitation of substrate binding to CYP.
Influence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on galactofuranosidase and peptidophosphogalactomannan synthesis in Penicillum charlesii

Abstract 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibits synthesis of the glyco-enzyme exo -β-D-galactofuranosidase and its secretion into the growth medium of Penicillium charlesii cultures. In contrast, the synthesis of peptidophosphogalactomannan, an extracellular glycopeptide (peptido-polysaccharide) occurs in nearly normal quantities in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The peptidophosphogalactomannan's composition in cultures containing 2-deoxy-D-glucose was comparable to that obtained from cultures containing no added 2-deoxy-D-glucose. We conclude peptidophosphogalactomannan is not derived from mural or extracellular glycoprotein(s) whose synthesis is inhibited by 2-deoxy-D-glucose.
Blood Groups of Pygmy and Common Chimpanzees

The discovery of the blood groups of man (Landsteiner, 1901) and, particularly, confirmation of their hereditary nature (Bernstein, 1925) added a new dimension to taxonomic studies. The importance of blood groups for systematics was demonstrated quite early by Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld (1919), who carried out analyses of blood group frequencies among human races. The first comparative study of hominoid (ape and human) red cell antigens was undertaken by Landsteiner and Miller (1925). Thirty-five years later the first attempts were made to compare blood groups among various chimpanzee species, including the pygmy chimpanzee (Andre et al., 1961). Although at present impressive numbers of specificities have been identified on the red cells of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and hundreds of animals of this species have been tested for their blood groups, the testing of blood groups in pygmy chimpanzees has been infrequent, due to the relatively few specimens in captivity. Testing done thus far on the blood groups of Pan paniscus has revealed interesting differences between pygmy and common chimpanzees and shed light on discussions of the phylogenetic position of Pan paniscus. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the results of our ongoing research on blood group serology of the pygmy and common chimpanzees.
CHANGES IN VASCULAR ADRENOCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS BUT NOT OTHER STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS CORRELATE WITH EMBRYOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF CEREBRAL BLOOD VESSELS

ABSTRACT Receptor characteristics of the arteries conducting blood to the cerebral vasculature - the vertebral and internal carotid arteries - change abruptly at the level of the atlas and the carotid canal respectively. These correspond to sites of embryonic vascular fusion. None of the other parameters measured - vessel dimension, histology, innervation pattern and density, maximum tone, maximum response to norepinephrine, neurogenic contractile response, intrinsic vascular tone change abruptly at both these sites.