cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A methodology of measuring coronary flow in a porcine aortic root using a pulsatile flow loop

The purpose of the study is to develop an ex vivo testing methodology to quantify coronary artery flow using a pulsatile left heart simulator. A dissected porcine aorta was mounted on a Vivitro left heart simulator and its coronary artery flow was measured and calibrated to match previously recorded human coronary data[1]. The method of aortic root attachment proved to fit the flow loop with no fluid leakage and the coronary flow conditions were found to match the baseline data trends with relatively good accuracy. This methodology may facilitate ex vivo measurement of coronary flow under various transcatheter valve deployment conditions.
Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the septic neonate.

Abstract Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is widely used for cardiopulmonary support in neonates with cardiopulmonary failure secondary to overwhelming sepsis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of culture status on the eventual outcome of septic neonates requiring ECMO support. Data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) for the years 1990 through 1992 inclusive were collected and analyzed for all neonates with a primary diagnosis of sepsis. Records were reviewed for gestational age, birth weight, culture status and isolated organism, last arterial blood gas before beginning ECMO, hemorrhagic complications during bypass, and overall survival. Gram-positive sepsis accounted for 85% of positive cultures. Group B streptococcus (GBS) and Escherichia coli were the most commonly isolated organisms (GBS: 95% of all gram-positive sepsis; E coli: 76% of all gram-negative sepsis) from culture-positive patients. Culture-negative patients were found to have a significantly lower mortality rate compared with culture positive patients (16.6% versus 26.9%, P P
Will Lake Michigan lake trout meet the Great Lakes Strategy 2002 PCB reduction goal

The Great Lakes Strategy 2002 establishes the long-term goal that all Great Lakes fish should be safe to eat without restriction. As an indicator of progress toward that goal, the Strategy specifies that lake trout PCBs will decline 25% from 2000 to 2007. We estimated the plausibility of achieving this near-term goal by examining a time−series of Lake Michigan lake trout PCB concentrations from 1972 to 2000. We used two different Bayesian approaches, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and dynamic linear models (DLM), to model the trajectory of these historical data and forecast concentrations through 2007. Both approaches indicate that the probability of a 25% reduction from 2000 to 2007 is negligible. The most likely lake trout PCB declines predicted by the BMA and DLM over this time period are 6.8% and 8.9%, respectively. Our results suggest that declines in lake trout PCBs will be in the range of 5−10% assuming conditions similar to recent years. This rate of decline will be difficult to discern without ad...
Increase in Antibiotic Resistance among Isolates of Salmonella in the United States, 1967–1975

0.001), and all serotypes combined (21%-31%; P< 0.001). The increase in frequency of resistance was significant for streptomycin (P = 0.022), sulfonamides (P < 0.001), ampicillin (P < 0.001), and kanamycin (P < 0.001). No chloramphenicol-resistant isolates were found in the 1967 study, whereas six isolates (0.8%) were resistant in 1975. The frequency of strains resistant to six or more antibiotics increased greatly (0.8%7-5.0%; P < 0.001). These data document a continuing increase in antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolates.
Predicted errors in children's early sentence comprehension

Children use syntax to interpret sentences and learn verbs; this is syntactic bootstrapping. The structure-mapping account of early syntactic bootstrapping proposes that a partial representation of sentence structure, the set of nouns occurring with the verb, guides initial interpretation and provides an abstract format for new learning. This account predicts early successes, but also telltale errors: Toddlers should be unable to tell transitive sentences from other sentences containing two nouns. In testing this prediction, we capitalized on evidence that 21-month-olds use what they have learned about noun order in English sentences to understand new transitive verbs. In two experiments, 21-month-olds applied this noun-order knowledge to two-noun intransitive sentences, mistakenly assigning different interpretations to "The boy and the girl are gorping!" and "The girl and the boy are gorping!". This suggests that toddlers exploit partial representations of sentence structure to guide sentence interpretation; these sparse representations are useful, but error-prone.
Mobilization of Ca2+ influx, but not of stored Ca2+, by extracellular ATP in rat submandibular gland acini

To determine its effect on cytosolic Ca2+ levels (Ca2+i) and to assess its role as an autonomic cotransmitter, ATP was added to suspensions of rat pancreatic or submandibular gland acini loaded with fura-2. ATP had no effect on pancreatic acinar Ca2+i at either high (2.5 mM) or low (< 10 nM) extracellular Ca2+ concentrations (Ca2+o). In submandibular acini, ATP had little effect on Ca2+i when Ca2+o was < 10 nM but, with Ca2+o equal to 2.5 mM, ATP increased Ca2+i to a steady-state level 2-4 times the resting level of 50-100 nM. Addition of carbachol or epinephrine further increased Ca2+i. The mean and standard deviation of the ATP4- concentration at half of maximal activity (K0.5 ATP4-) was 33 +/- 7 microM and the Hill coefficient was 1.5 +/- 0.7 (n = 9). The active species is apparently ATP4-, as adding Mg2+ increases the total concentration of ATP needed to elevate Ca2+i. GTP, UTP, ADP and adenosine produced no significant changes in Ca2+i. However, 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl ATP (BZATP) increased Ca2+i with a K0.5 BZATP of 2.4 +/- 0.5 microM and a Hill coefficient of 2.8 +/- 0.4 (n = 8). ATP-induced changes in Ca2+i were not due to a generalized increase in acinar-cell permeability and were unaffected by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel blockers or by the presence of depolarizing concentrations of K+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Nitpick Analysis of Mobile IPv6

A lightweight formal method enables partial specification and automatic analysis by sacrificing breadth of coverage and expressive power. NP is a specification language that is a subset of Z, and Nitpick is a tool that quickly and automatically checks properties of finite models of systems specified in NP. We used NP to state two critical acyclicity properties of Mobile IPv6, a new internetworking protocol that allows mobile hosts to communicate with each other. In our Nitpick analysis of Mobile IPv6 we discovered a design flaw: one of the acyclicity properties does not hold. It takes only two hosts to exhibit this flaw. This paper gives self-contained overviews of Mobile IPv6 and of NP and Nitpick sufficient to understand the details of our specification and analysis.
Thinking, Broad and Deep

The effects of the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan on marine ecosystems are severe and harder to discern. Some 300 researchers from more than a dozen institutions will spend the next decade documenting everything from changes in water quality, pollution, and the strength of currents to shifts in biodiversity and the population genetics of marine life. One big challenge is teasing out how intensive coastal development and wetland reclamation may have exacerbated the marine disaster, and how onshore rebuilding may degrade the marine environment. Working with local fishing cooperatives, researchers intend to help develop sustainable fisheries plans and revitalize the region9s aquaculture.
The resolution capability of the single-pole-based nonparametric spectrum estimator

Abstract The resolution property of the nonparametric spectrum estimator which incorporates single pole-based autocorrelation estimates is discussed. It is shown that the spectral window of the estimator is bounded by the Fourier transform of a rectangular and a triangular window. Positioning the spectral window closer to either bound depends on the pole location as well as the number of emplyed data samples.
Faint Collimated Herbig-Haro Jets from Visible Stars in L1641

A population of 11 faint, collimated jets has been discovered in the northern part of the L1641 cloud in the region of HH 1/2, HH 34, and the L1641-N cluster. These jets were missed in previous imaging surveys on account of their weak emission, and they were discovered only on deep exposures with the Subaru 8 m telescope. With these new faint jets, the number of HH flows within the area surveyed has doubled. This suggests that collimated jets from young stars may be more common than previously assumed. It is noteworthy that all of the jets are associated with optically visible stars with r magnitudes ranging from 13.8 to 22.0. The driving sources of jets in regions flooded by ultraviolet radiation from nearby OB stars are known to be excavated by photoionization, and in three cases remnant Hα emission envelopes are found associated with the sources, although the more benign environment in the region observed here, about 10 pc distant from the Orion Nebula Cluster, makes the optical visibility of all these sources rather surprising. Such faint jets from visible stars represent either the final vestiges of the outflow phenomenon, or they are triggered by disturbances of the remnant disks, possibly initiated by the orbital evolution of binaries that spiral in to form close binaries. Among the known Hα emission stars within the region surveyed, 8% are found to be associated with jets.
The Mammalian γ-Tubulin Complex Contains Homologues of the Yeast Spindle Pole Body Components Spc97p and Spc98p

γ-Tubulin is a universal component of microtubule organizing centers where it is believed to play an important role in the nucleation of microtubule polymerization. γ-Tubulin also exists as part of a cytoplasmic complex whose size and complexity varies in different organisms. To investigate the composition of the cytoplasmic γ-tubulin complex in mammalian cells, cell lines stably expressing epitope-tagged versions of human γ-tubulin were made. The epitope-tagged γ-tubulins expressed in these cells localize to the centrosome and are incorporated into the cytoplasmic γ-tubulin complex. Immunoprecipitation of this complex identifies at least seven proteins, with calculated molecular weights of 48, 71, 76, 100, 101, 128, and 211 kD. We have identified the 100- and 101-kD components of the γ-tubulin complex as homologues of the yeast spindle pole body proteins Spc97p and Spc98p, and named the corresponding human proteins hGCP2 and hGCP3. Sequence analysis revealed that these proteins are not only related to their respective homologues, but are also related to each other. GCP2 and GCP3 colocalize with γ-tubulin at the centrosome, cosediment with γ-tubulin in sucrose gradients, and coimmunoprecipitate with γ-tubulin, indicating that they are part of the γ-tubulin complex. The conservation of a complex involving γ-tubulin, GCP2, and GCP3 from yeast to mammals suggests that structurally diverse microtubule organizing centers such as the yeast spindle pole body and the animal centrosome share a common molecular mechanism for microtubule nucleation.
Displacement and stigma: The social-psychological crisis of the deportee:

The phenomenon of forced repatriation for non-citizens has grown exponentially since the passing of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 and the Patriot Act of 2001. This development is the `natural' result of the three wars on the globalized `other': the war on drugs, the war on terrorism, and the war on the immigrant (see Brotherton and Kretsedemas, 2008). Based on five years of ethnographic study (2002—7) with Dominican deportees in both the Dominican Republic and the United States we set out to answer two questions: how do Dominican deportees fare when they return to their `homeland' after living most of their lives in the United States? And how are deportees reacted to by different levels of Dominican society after being labeled by the public media as criminals and as anti-social elements? In our analysis of the data we found that the crisis of subjectivity of the deportee hinged around two prominent themes: the twin notions of place and displacement and the experie...
THERMODYNAMIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

The response of an asphalt concrete pavement to external loading depends on its internal structure. Using a recent framework that associates different natural (stress-free) configurations with distinct internal structures of the body, asphalt concrete is modeled. The authors assumed asphalt concrete to be a mixture of aggregate matrix and asphalt mortar matrix with evolving natural configurations. The evolution of the natural configuration is determined using a thermodynamic criterion, namely, the maximization of the rate of dissipation. Appropriate choices for the Helmholtz potential, the rate of dissipation and the other thermodynamic criteria are assumed to describe how energy is stored and the manner of the rate of dissipation. As an example, a specific form for the Helmholtz potential and the rate of dissipation function that leads to a generalized "upper convected Burgers's model" were chosen, its linearized version being the viscoelastic model that is usually used for modeling asphalt concrete. This model is just one example of how a class of thermodynamically consistent models can be generated to describe the nonlinear behavior of materials such as asphalt concrete. The uniaxial compressive and tensile creep of asphalt concrete for 2 different types of specimens and test methods are modeled. Details are provided of the numerical scheme used to solve the initial value problem, and the experimental data of Monismith and Secor (1962) is compared with predictions of the model.
Sec61α is required for dorsal closure during Drosophila embryogenesis through its regulation of Dpp signaling

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Wang, X. and Ward, R. E. (2010), Sec61α is required for dorsal closure during Drosophila embryogenesis through its regulation of Dpp signaling. Dev. Dyn., 239: 784–797. doi:10.1002/dvdy.22219, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22219. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
Shaping sacred space in the sixteenth century: Design criteria for the Collegio Borromeo's chapel

In this article, I present a newly discovered, late-sixteenth-century design drawing for the chapel of the Collegio Borromeo, in Pavia, Italy, and investigate it in the context of contemporary Catholic ecclesiastical architecture. Historiographically, the period is dominated by the church of the Gesu, in Rome, interpreted as a typological paradigm characterized by austere architecture and restrained decoration. This view is called into question by the Collegio9s chapel. The initial design (represented by the drawing) drew from ancient sources in order to achieve spatial complexity. The realized chapel is spatially simpler, but ornately ornamented and decorated. The chapel differs from what is considered the norm, but is the chapel an anomaly, or are traditional understandings of the Gesu invalid? On investigation, it becomes evident that patrons may have established a number of criteria for their churches, but architects had a degree of freedom in designing them. In few if any contemporary cases, however, was architectural severity a goal for Catholic churches. With the example of the Collegio9s chapel, these findings take on greater significance: the patron, Carlo Borromeo (1538-1584), was one of the most important in the history of ecclesiastical architecture. The chapel9s architect, Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527-1596), restored, renovated, and built numerous sacred spaces for Borromeo. What they achieved demonstrates that Catholic reformers of the latter half of the sixteenth century sought architectural magnificence for buildings dedicated to the worship of God.
Paradoxic Decreases in Atherosclerotic Plaque Mass in Insulin-Treated Diabetic Patients ☆

This study assessed the impact of diabetes mellitus on atherosclerotic lesion formation. Seventy insulin-treated diabetics, 150 non-insulin-treated diabetics, and 607 nondiabetics with chronic anginal syndromes and de novo native coronary stenoses were studied using (1) angiography, and (2) intravascular ultrasound (reference and lesion arterial, lumen, and plaque areas; area stenosis [reference-lesion/reference lumen area]; remodeling index [reference-lesion lumen area/lesion-reference plaque area]; and slope of the regression line relating lumen area to plaque burden [plaque/arterial area]). Despite being diabetic for longer and having similar lumen compromise, insulin-treated patients had (1) less reference plaque (8.3 +/- 3.4 vs 10.5 +/- 4.5 mm2, p = 0.0015), (2) less stenosis plaque (13.0 +/- 4.9 vs 16.9 mm2, p or = 1 year had (paradoxically) less reference segment and stenosis plaque accumulation. Possible explanations include impaired adaptive remodeling and/or arterial (and plaque) shrinkage.
A wind/diesel hybrid system with desalination for Star Island, NH: feasibility study results

Abstract This paper summarizes a feasibility study for a wind–diesel hybrid system for Star Island, New Hampshire, that also includes a desalination system component. In addition to supplying electricity during the peak demand summer months, this system attempted to balance the seasonal mismatch between wind resource and electric demand load via the production and storage of potable water during the winter months. A proposed system configuration featuring wind–diesel components as well as a desalination system was analytically modeled using hybrid power system computational codes. Both reverse osmosis and variable-power mechanical vapor compression desalination plants were modeled. Using specific data obtained from the site, these models calculated the electrical generation as well as the excess energy produced by the wind turbines that would be available to power a desalination plant. Energy produced, fuel savings, and water processed (and stored) were determined for a number of commercially available wind turbines. This work has shown that is economical to install two or three 7.5 kW wind turbines on Star Island without desalination, even considering that much of the energy would be wasted in the winter. The economics of a proposed desalination system were not determined to be favorable at the present time. The proposed system, however, was determined to be technically feasible and it offers some interesting system design and environmental advantages.
Citrulline does not relax isolated rat and rabbit vessels.

The study was prompted by the report of Ruiz E. & Tejerina T., 1998 describing endothelium-independent relaxation by L-citrulline via activation of particulate guanylate cyclase. We compared the effects of L-citrulline and L-arginine in isolated aortic rings of rats and in isolated aortic, carotid and femoral artery rings of rabbits. No significant relaxation to either L-citrulline or L-arginine was found in the concentration range of 10−12 to 10−3 M, while 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1, 10−6 M) relaxed vascular tissues. This study does not support the conclusion that L-citrulline has direct vasorelaxing action on vascular smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 130, 713–716; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703372
Suite of optical filters for general-purpose machine vision

A suite of different image processing algorithms can be optically implemented using different filter functions on one common optical architecture (a correlator). This allows one optical system to address all major operations required in general computer vision. These operations, the associated filters, examples of the use of each, and real-time optical hardware are reviewed. For specific image processing applications, only selected operations are necessary; but the same basic architecture suffices.
Arabidopsis thaliana organellar DNA polymerase IB mutants exhibit reduced mtDNA levels with a decrease in mitochondrial area density

Plant organelle genomes are complex and the mechanisms for their replication and maintenance remain unclear. Arabidopsis thaliana has two DNA polymerase genes, DNA polymerase IA (polIA) and polIB, that are dual targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts and are differentially expressed in primary plant tissues. PolIB gene expression occurs at higher levels in tissues not primary for photosynthesis. Arabidopsis T-DNA polIB mutants have a 30% reduction in relative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, but also exhibit a 70% increase in polIA gene expression. The polIB mutant shows an increase in mitochondrial numbers but a significant decrease in mitochondrial area density within the hypocotyl epidermis, shoot apex and root tips. Chloroplast numbers are not significantly different in mesophyll protoplasts. These mutants do not have a significant difference in total dark mitorespiration levels but exhibit a difference in light respiration levels and photosynthesis capacity. Organelle-encoded genes for components of respiration and photosynthesis are upregulated in polIB mutants. The mutants exhibited slow growth in conjunction with a decreased rate of cell expansion and other secondary phenotypic effects. Evidence suggests that early plastid development and DNA levels are directly affected by a polIB mutation but are resolved to wild-type levels over time. However, mitochondria numbers and DNA levels never reach wild-type levels in the polIB mutant. We propose that both polIA and polIB are required for mtDNA replication. The results suggest that polIB mutants undergo an adjustment in cell homeostasis, enabling them to maintain functional mitochondria at the cost of normal cell expansion and plant growth.
Experiments on the use of infrared sensitive phosphors in photography of the spectrum.

Wartime developments of infra-red sensitive phosphors have made possible the photography of infra-red spectra to wave-lengths as great as 15,300A with practical exposure times and reasonable definition. Experiments will continue toward better resolution and still longer wave-lengths.
Impact of depressive illness on emergency department recidivism: a new approach to the “frequent flyer”

Study objectives: Recent articles have found an increasing rate in depressive illness and the successful use of a 2-question case-finding instrument for depression screening (2DEP?). Repeated emergency department (ED) visits for nonemergency causes and chronic problems have been previously addressed. No study has screened for a depressive illness link as a causation for these patients seeking frequent ED care. This study evaluates the relationship between screening results for depression and frequency of ED repeated visit. Methods: This institutional review board–approved, prospective survey evaluated all ED patients presenting during 10 consecutive days in randomized 6-hour blocks, with all hours equally represented. Adult patients presenting awake, alert, not in extremis, and without a psychiatric complaint were included and asked to answer 2DEP?. Patient characteristics, chief complaints, length of stay, number of visits during the past 12 months, and final diagnoses were included in analyses. Results: A total of 370 patients were included, with 54% female patients and a mean age of 42.3 years. These patients had a mean 2.7 (95% confidence interval 2.3 to 3.1) ED visits in the previous 12 months. Thirty-three percent of patients answered affirmative to both depression screening questions, and 44.2% of patients answered negatively to both questions, with 55.8% answering affirmatively to at least 1 question. The frequency of ED visits and depression screening correlated well ( P =.75). Patients answering yes to both 2DEP? had a mean 3.3 visits, 1 positive response had 2.8 annual visits, and no positive responses had 1.5 annual visits (2-tailed χ 2 =0.011). The severity of visits did not differ between these 3 groups according to length of stay and mortality data. Conclusion: Despite being tested at a single institution, depression screening was found to predict ED patient return visits, with a high likelihood for nonemergency causes. After confirmation of these results in a multicenter study, antidepressant treatment and psychiatric referral may reduce the problem of ED patient recidivism.
Regional evolution of mechanical dyssynchrony in a closed-chest porcine model of myocardial infarction as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance

Methods In six pigs, cine, late gadolinium enhancement, and tagged cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were performed at baseline (before MI) and early (10 ± 2 days) and late (34 ± 10 days) after balloon induced occlusionreperfusion myocardial injury. Infarct, peri-infarct, and remote normal regions were defined as previously described. Cardiac morphology, function, location and extent of MI, and regional mechanics (circumferential strain (eC)) were measured.
Dynamic alignment in driven magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.

Motivated by recent analytic predictions, we report numerical evidence showing that in driven incompressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence the magnetic- and velocity-field fluctuations locally tend to align the directions of their polarizations. This dynamic alignment is stronger at smaller scales with the angular mismatch between the polarizations decreasing with the scale $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ approximately as ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{1/4}$. This can naturally lead to a weakening of the nonlinear interactions and provide an explanation for the energy spectrum $E(k)\ensuremath{\propto}{k}^{\ensuremath{-}3/2}$ that is observed in numerical experiments of strongly magnetized turbulence.
Study of the Environmental and Technical Performance of a Diesel Engine with the Alternative Use of Biofuel Obtained from the Reutilization of Vegetable Oil

Abstract The aim of this work is to provide an environmental assessment of a diesel engine by analyzing the emissions of CO, CO 2 and NO x that result from the combustion process, as well as analyzing technical performance related to consumption and the development of power and torque in a laboratory test rig. Biodiesel fuel was produced from vegetable cooking oil. The intention of this work is to evaluate the best method for the production of biodiesel in reference to an analysis of the peculiar features of this process of procurement and control of the physical environmental variables that may result in better performance of the engine under the conditions of the use of biodiesel blends with commercial diesel. The use of cooking oil as a raw material for biodiesel production has proven to be of significant value as compared to other raw material choices of various origins such as the oilseed crop since cooking oil is available in large quantities without any defined application. Gains related to the reduction of emissions of toxic gases resulting from combustion processes were remarkable, mainly in terms of the large reduction of CO and CO2 emissions.
Androgen receptors exist throughout the `critical period' of brain sexual differentiation

Several studies suggest direct roles for androgens and oestrogens in the development of sexually dimorphic characteristics of mouse and rat brain1. To elucidate the biochemical mechanisms for such effects, investigators have asked which putative steroid receptors are present in the hypothalamus throughout the critical period of sexual differentiation. A priori, potential receptors would include high-affinity proteins with selectivities for active androgens, oestrogens and their metabolites. Two major classes of steroid that might be active as agonists are the androgens per se, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)2, and the oestrogens, which are themselves androgen metabolites3. Normally, in sexual differentiation, a proper balance of both androgens and oestrogens may be necessary4. Indeed, receptors for each of these ligands do exist in the hypothalamus of neonatal and prepubertal mice4–7. Although the perinatal oestrogen receptor and its function have been extensively studied7,8, the existence of perinatal androgen receptors has not been as clearly demonstrated to permit a similar acceptance9. In this report, we establish the existence of adult-like androgen receptors in embryonic and neonatal mouse and rat hypothalami by qualitative biochemical and genetic analyses. This is achieved by DNA–cellulose affinity chromatography and velocity sedimentation, and by analysis of the androgen-resistant mutant, testicular feminisation. The presence of sex hormone receptors in perinatal brain is discussed in the context of behavioural responses which are differentiated during the critical period of brain sexual development.
Relation of Different Numbers of Bacteriophage and Bacteria to Population Changes and Acid Production

Summary The action of bacteriophage did not result in mass lysis of host bacteria where coagulation of skimmilk occurred before the population of bacteriophage became large enough to cause mass lysis. Experiments indicated that the high acidity at the time of and after coagulation retarded the multiplication of bacteriophage and prevented mass lysis following the addition of small numbers. Addition of about 5.0×10 −3 particles per milliliter of bacteriophage F54 or about 5.0×10 −4 particles per milliliter of bacteriophage F24 to 0.5 per cent culture of host bacteria in skimmilk resulted in normal coagulation, normal development of acidity, and normal bacterial populations. However, in the absence of evident bacteriophage action, the population of bacteriophage was 10million or greater per milliliter in each case after about 5 hr. The addition of as small numbers of bacteriophage as approximately 4.5×10 −1 per milliliter of F54, 2.5×10 −2 per milliliter of F24, or 3.0×10 −3 per milliliter of F63 resulted in mass lysis and prevented coagulation of skimmilk by 0.5 per cent culture of host bacteria. The rate of multiplication of bacteriophage was not appreciably changed by adding different numbers of bacteriophage to 0.5 per cent culture. For those cases in which mass lysis occurred, differences in length of time required for the different numbers of bacteriophage, multiplying at a common rate, to equal the number of bacteria appeared to determine the time required for mass lysis. Adding 0.5, 4 and 8 per cent culture to a constant number of bacteriophage did not change the rate of bacteriophage multiplication. With these large numbers of bacteria the rate of bacteriophage multiplication appeared to be at or near a maximum which was relatively unchanged by differences in number of host bacteria. With one combination, S. lactis 712 and bacteriophage F56, mass lysis failed to occur with addition of 4 per cent culture and about 25 bacteriophage particles per milliliter. Mass lysis did not occur when 8 per cent culture and 25 particles per milliliter of bacteriophage were used with four bacteria-bacteriophage combinations. For S. lactis strains 565 and W2, this number was about 5 thousand and 50 thousand times greater, respectively, than the largest numbers of bacteriophage which had been found to permit normal growth of 0.5 per cent culture.
Applications of information theory in ensemble data assimilation

We apply information theory within an ensemble-based data assimilation approach and define information matrix in ensemble subspace. The information matrix in ensemble subspace employs a flow-dependent forecast error covariance and it is of relatively small dimensions (equal to the ensemble size). The information matrix in ensemble subspace can be directly linked to the information matrix typically used in non-ensemble-based data assimilation methods, such as the Kalman Filter (KF) and the three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) methods, which provides a framework for consistent comparisons of information measures between different data assimilation methods. We evaluate information measures, such as degrees of freedom for signal, within the Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter (MLEF) data assimilation approach and compare them with those obtained using the KF approach and the 3D-Var approach. We assimilate model-simulated observations and use the Goddard Earth Observing System Single Column Model (GEOS-5 SCM) as a dynamical forecast model. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework is useful for comparing information measures obtained in different data assimilation approaches. These comparisons indicate that using a flow-dependent forecast error covariance matrix (e.g. as in the KF and the MLEF experiments) is fundamentally important for adequately describing prior knowledge about the true model state when calculating information measures of assimilated observations. We also demonstrate that data assimilation results obtained using the KF and the MLEF approach (when ensemble size is larger than 10 ensemble members) are superior to the results of the 3D-Var approach. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The doubly stochastic matrices of a vector majorization

Abstract Let y be majorized by x . We investigate the polytope of doubly stochastic matrices D for which y = Dx . We determine when there is a positive D and when there is a fully indecomposable D . We calculate the dimension of the polytope, and as a result determine when D is uniquely determined.
The asymptotic distributions of maximum likelihood ratio test and maximally selected χ2-test in binomial observations

Abstract We considered binomial distributed random variables whose parameters are unknown and some of those parameters need to be estimated. We studied the maximum likelihood ratio test and the maximally selected χ 2 -test to detect if there is a change in the distributions among the random variables. Their limit distributions under the null hypothesis and their asymptotic distributions under the alternative hypothesis were obtained when the number of the observations is fixed. We discussed the properties of the limit distribution and found an efficient way to calculate the probability of multivariate normal random variables. Finally, those results for both tests have been applied to examples of Lindisfarne's data, the Talipes Data. Our conclusions are consistent with other researchers' findings.
Management of intrinsic sphincteric deficiency in women.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We reviewed treatment options for intrinsic sphincteric deficiency in women with an emphasis on safety and efficacy.Materials and Methods: Using MEDLINE, we comprehensively reviewed literature relevant to management of intrinsic sphincteric deficiency. We focused on peer reviewed articles from 1995 through December 2001 with older articles included for historical purposes.Results: Past and current treatment options for intrinsic sphincteric deficiency fall into the 3 categories of urethral bulking agents, slings and artificial urinary sphincter. The autologous fascial pubovaginal sling continues to be the gold standard but newer sling materials are promising. Less invasive therapies with acceptable efficacy and safety profiles are still needed.Conclusions: Improved understanding of the continence mechanism may lead to new and improved treatment modalities for intrinsic sphincteric deficiency. However, it will be impossible to compare these treatment options with past treatment unless long...
Interfacial aspects of strength development in poly(methyl methacrylate)-based latex systems

Film formation from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) latex and PMMA copolymer latex incorporating N-(iso-butoxymethyl)acrylamide (IBMA) or methacrylic acid (MAA) has been investigated in terms of the development of tensile strength as a function of annealing time and temperature. Tensile strength is developed through a combination of macromolecular interdiffusion and interfacial crosslinking. The relative rates of interdiffusion vs. crosslinking reactions were studied as a function of temperature and the chemical nature and concentration of the IBMA and MAA functional groups. For low concentrations of these two functional monomers it appears that polymer chain interdiffusion between adjacent latex particles during the film formation process dominates the kinetics of strength development. However, at higher IMBA and MAA concentrations, the higher glass transition temperature at the latex particle surface and intraparticle crosslinking hinders interdiffusion, as reflected by differences in the power law exponent values obtained from the log-log dependence of tensile strength on annealing time. The power law exponents were higher in the case of PMMA than for both IBMA- and MAA-containing copolymers. There was a greater influence temperature on the tensile behavior for the MAA copolymer system as compared to the IBMA copolymer. In the interfacially crosslinked latex polymer system, there is competition between the interdiffusion and crosslinking mechanisms in determining the final mechanical strength of films during the annealing process. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Task-oriented world wide web retrieval by document type classification

This paper proposes a novel approach to accurately searching Web pages for relevant information in problem solving by specifying a Web document category instead of the user's task. Accessing information from World Wide Web pages as an approach to problem solving has become commonplace. However, such a search is difficult with current search services, since these services only provide keyword-based search methods that are equivalent to narrowing down the target references according to domains. However, problem solving usually involves both a domain and a task. Accordingly, our approach is based on problem solving tasks. To specify a user's problem solving task, we introduce the concept of document types that directly relate to the problem solving tasks; with this approach, users can easily designate problem solving tasks. We implemented PageTypeSearch system based on our approach. Classifier of PageTypeSearch classifies Web pages into the document types by comparing their pages with typical structural characteristics of the types. We compare PageTypeSearch using the document typeindices with a conventional keyword-based search system in experiments. The average precision of the document type-based search is 88.9%, while the average precision of the keyword-based search is 31.2%. Moreover, the number of irrelevant references gathered by our system is about one-thirteenth that of traditional keyword-based search systems. Our approach has practical advantages for problem solving by introducing the viewpoint of tasks to achieve higher performance.
From the Field: ACADEMIC-LED DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAM DELIVERY: AN OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN REGION VIOLENCE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION CENTER APPROACH

ABSTRACT Academic involvement in juvenile and criminal justice initiatives is largely limited to program design and evaluation. Typically, there is discontinuity of academic involvement over the life of a program and minimal, if any, participation in program delivery. This description of the Southern Region Violence and Substance Abuse Prevention Center illustrates a model for academic-led program delivery, an approach that enables greater realization into practice of theoretically derived and empirically sound delinquency prevention and reduction principles. The VSACprogrammatic orientation, which features youth as resources, is discussed relative to program mission and increased effectiveness attributable to scientific control.
Interferon induction in marrow‐derived macrophages: Regulation by L cell conditioned medium

Mouse bone marrow cells grown in medium enriched with L cell conditioned medium (LCM) as a source of colony stimulating factor (CSF) yield populations of adherent macrophages which are quite sensitive to induction of interferon (IFN) by viral and nonviral inducers. We examined the role of LCM in the sensitivity of marrow macrophage cultures to IFN induction. Removal of LCM from the cultures for as little as 3 hours markedly reduced the IFN titers induced by a double stranded ribopolynucleotide (poly I:C) or a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while induction by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was unaffected. Addition of anti-CSF serum to LCM medium also reduced IFN titers in response to poly I:C but had no effect on NDV induction. The inhibitory effect of anti-CSF indicates that the LCM requirement is at least partially related to the colony stimulating activity of the medium. We postulate that CSF regulates the initial interaction of macrophages with poly I:C or LPS rather than the synthesis and secretion of interferon by the phagocytes. Nearly complete restoration of IFN induction with poly I:C was obtained when LCM deprived cultures were reincubated with LCM medium previously conditioned by marrow cultures.
Intramedullary epidermoid cyst in the thoracic spine of a dog.

A 5 yr old female spayed mastiff was evaluated for a 3–4 mo history of paraparesis and 3 days of acutely worse paraparesis and incontinence. On magnetic resonance imaging, a spinal cord lesion was present at the ninth thoracic vertebra. The lesion was hyperintense on T2-weighted images (T2-W), and a hyperintense rim was present on T1-weighted postcontrast images. Histologic examination showed a cystic mass lined by squamous epithelial cells. Histopathologic diagnosis was an intramedullary epidermoid spinal cyst. Epidermoid cyst should be a differential diagnosis in young dogs with a myelopathy and an intramedullary spinal cord lesion on magnetic resonance imaging examination.
CAM at the Crossroads

Future historians may well document the last two decades as a brief aberration in the steady progress of health care from anecdote and guesswork to rational decision making. After seeing massive public health improvements brought about by science-based modalities such as antibiotics, vaccines, and nutrition, we have been seduced by a return to mystical concepts and a reliance on ‘‘ancient wisdom.’’ Politicians, media celebrities, aristocrats, and physicians who ought to know better have leapt on the bandwagon of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), on a wave of public enthusiasm and a backlash against science. All this has coincided with, or perhaps has been enabled by, the emergence of the Internet. The lack of ownership and regulation of the Internet, one of its strengths, means that we are bombarded with information, the validity of which can be very hard to establish. For example, a Google search using the terms ‘‘effective alternative cancer cure’’ generates some 5,030 hits. Yet, in the back of my mind is the lingering question, can there be anything to all this? Surely, so many intelligent people could not have been misled so drastically? What does science tell us about CAM, and if the answer is that there is little or nothing going on, what can we learn about the human behavioral processes that have led to the resurgence of CAM?
Moved to Action: Motivation, Participation, and Inequality in American Politics . By Hahrie C. Han. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009. 208p. $50.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.

This excellent book explores how and why people participate in politics, focusing mostly on those without the educational, financial, and civic resources that enable democratic participation in the United States. How is it, Hahrie Han asks, that a large, underresourced population returned to New Orleans against great odds to vote in a mayoral election? Han problematizes the received wisdom about political participation, bringing new attention to the seemingly intractable problem of political inequality in the United States. How did these people manage to come from out of town, many of them busing in and out on the same day, to vote in a municipal election? If we find the answer to this question, we may discover new ways to expand political participation in the United States, particularly among those populations that seem to be the most difficult to pull into the democratic decision-making process.
The effect of synchronization errors on the performance of telescope arrays for optical deep space communications

Evolving optical deep space communication network architecture requires incremental growth in the total aperture. On the other hand, the cost of a large aperture telescope grows exponentially as a function of its diameter, therefore telescope array architecture could provide a cost effective scalable growth for an evolving optical deep space network. However, the total aperture size and the corresponding breakdown into smaller individual telescope segments poses some system architecture impact in terms of site selection of the entire network, and the number of telescopes that fall within the footprint from the space-to-Earth at various distances, e.g., Moon, Mars, etc. In this paper, the effect of synchronization on the performance of the telescope arrays is analyzed. An adaptive method based on Kalman filtering is developed and used to synchronize different telescope signals in a telescope array with PPM modulation and direct detection. It is shown that the degradation in combined signal due to synchronization error can be reduced to a small value so that it places only a minor limitation on the number of telescopes in a telescope array.
History of propulsion for single-stage-to-orbit and multiple-stage vehicles

Studies of advanced Earth-to-orbit vehicles and the propulsion systems that might be used on them have continued since the Space Shuttle design was selected. This article summarizes the history of some of those studies. Topics covered include airbreathing and rocket propulsion, dual-fuel propulsion, engines with both hydrocarbon and hydrogen fuels, two-stage vehicles with parallel burn, and the space transportation booster and main engine studies.
Reasons and Rationales for Neuropsychological Tests in a Multitier System of School Services.

Many contemporary learning disabilities (LD) experts advocate a multitiered service delivery system. Included in this formulation is the obligation to deliver for each struggling student increasingly sophisticated and intensive services before special education is considered. For students who evidence failed response to intervention, an evaluation, suggested by some to comprise minimal cognitive and extensive achievement testing, typically ensues and helps to determine special education eligibility. We argue that neuropsychological tools are essential at this point in the process. In contrast to minimal standardized testing, use of these tools permits school psychologists to perform their most important mission – to understand, predict, and control (improve) student behavior and development by identifying learning syndromes, rather than discrete academic deficits. This article argues for neuropsychological tests as a way for school psychologists to recognize patterns of learning problems reported in the peer-reviewed literature, which in turn promotes effective planning and intervention. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.