cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vanguardia y mercado en Argentina: el caso Pellegrini

Resumen : Entre la fundacion del primer grupo surrealista fuera de Francia en los anos ’20 y el inicio en 1948 de su obra poetica y critica –que lo convertira en una figura insoslayable del surrealismo latinoamericano– el argentino Aldo Pellegrini (1903-73) paso casi veinte anos de silencio. En ese hiato tuvo lugar una transformacion historica del espacio literario y editorial, que su trayectoria permite observar de manera privilegiada. Mediante un analisis de su figura y una lectura del tipo de apropiacion del surrealismo que hicieron sus revistas Que (1928-30) y Letra y Linea (1953-4), este articulo investiga como las condiciones y los modos de participacion literaria fueron afectados por la masificacion de su circulacion. Palabras clave : Aldo Pellegrini (1903-73); vanguardia; mercado; surrealismo; critica literaria. Abstract : Aldo Pellegrini’s (1903-73) career shows a surprising hiatus of almost two decades between his founding of the first Surrealist group outside of France in 1920s Buenos Aires, and the beginning of his work in poetry and criticism in 1948–for which he is now regarded as a pivotal figure of Latin American Surrealism. During those years of silence, a key historical transformation took place in the literary space, one which this article intends to investigate by looking at the characteristics of his appropriation of Surrealism before and after the gap. Analyses of the figure of Pellegrini, and of his magazines Que (1928-30) and Letra y Linea (1953-4), reveal how the conditions and modes of literary participation were affected by the massification of the circulation of cultural goods. Keywords : Aldo Pellegrini (1903-73); avant-garde; market; surrealism; literary criticism.
The Notation of Calculus

In Chapters XIII and XIV we dealt with issues of discrete and continuous structures, rational and irrational numbers, and recognized the relationships between them. These are actually the fundamental concerns of calculus; if they are understood, then the remainder of calculus is essentially a question of notation.
Biophysical Characterization and Its Role in the Biopharmaceutical Industry

Abstract The development of a biopharmaceutical into a commercial drug product proceeds through an extensive process of testing and characterization that goes well beyond what is carried out in the clinic. Coupled to this process is the supporting biophysical, biochemical, and biological work that establishes not only the ability of the drug manufacturer to make the drug consistently, but more importantly establishes the totality of the knowledge base of the drug. Along with the clinical data, drug product characterization is performed to convince regulatory agencies that the manufacturer understands the many facets of the drug and is capable of controlling its production to implement changes to improve its production and to deal with potential problems. The role of biophysical characterization in this overall process will be the focus of this chapter.
Improvements in the Annealing of Mg Ion Implanted GaN and Related Devices

The activation of ion implanted p-type dopants in GaN is notoriously difficult as the extremely high temperatures required to activate implanted Mg also damage the GaN crystal. In this paper, we present refinements to our novel annealing process (symmetric multicycle rapid thermal annealing) to reduce surface damage and contamination responsible for elevated leakage currents and non-ideal diode behavior. Furthermore, we apply the technique to Mg-implanted bulk GaN substrates to enable vertical power device structures, demonstrating rectifying p-i-n junctions. In addition, the technique was applied for edge termination in both p-i-n and Schottky barrier diodes, realizing floating guard ring and junction termination extension structures. The processes demonstrated here represents a key enabling step for future GaN-based power devices.
Characterizing Emergent Anxiety Through the Lens of Fragile X

Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a single-gene disorder highly associated with anxiety, with over 75% of males meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder. Due to the known genetic mechanisms of FXS, examining emergent anxiety through the lens of FXS offers unique insight into the complex intersection of genetics, development, and environment. This work may inform both syndrome-specific patterns of risk, as well as general models of anxiety relevant to non-FXS populations. In this review, we synthesize the emergent literature on prodromal anxiety in young children with FXS with goals to (1) establish a working model for anxiety emergence in infants and toddlers with FXS and (2) identify current limitations and next steps needed to develop translational, phenotypically calibrated treatments. We present evidence that further investigating specific prodromal features of anxiety emergence in infants and toddlers with FXS may pave the way to identifying malleable markers of risk and resilience, which may be targeted to optimize child and family outcomes.
Independența sistemului judiciar din SUA: victimă a „războiului declarat terorismului” (US Judicial Independence: Victim in the 'War on Terror')

Romanian Abstract: Acest articol abordeaza principalele cauze mai intâi prin natura acțiunilor guvernamentale atacate și subsecvent prin doctrinele speciale invocate. Ceea ce incerca sa demonstrez este ca puterea judecatoreasa și-a abandonat practic rolul sau fundamental din sistemul SUA, respectiv cel al exercitarii controlului judiciar. In fața susținerilor guvernamentale privind situația de criza și necesitațile naționale de securitate, instanțele au refuzat sa analizeze sau au examinat cu o deferența exagerata, acțiunile agenților guvernamentali. In mod straniu, Curtea Suprema, dominata de republicani, a aratat o rezistența mai indârjita decât instanțele ierarhic inferioare, dar tot a evitat anumite probleme serioase.English Abstract: This paper catalogs the principal cases first by the nature of the government action challenged and then by the special doctrines invoked. What I attempt to show is that the judiciary has virtually relinquished its valuable role in the U.S. system of judicial review. In the face of governmental claims of crisis and national security needs, the courts have refused to examine, or have examined with undue deference, the actions of government officials. Oddly enough, the mostly Republican Supreme Court has shown more stiff resistance than most of the lower courts but still has ducked some significant issues.
“Poverties” and Wealth

“Rich” and “poor” are multidimensional concepts of considerable value in comparative social research. This chapter discusses conceptual and methodological issues associated with their use and is divided into three parts. Part I briefly discusses national and international efforts at developing systems of national accounts on which contemporary approaches to “wealth” and “poverty” assessment are based. Part II identifies the major concepts associated with comparative poverty and wealth assessment in the context of national accounting systems. Part II also focuses on the application of selected “poverty” and “wealth” concepts to various population groups and identifies some of the causal explanations associated with the application of each concept. Part III discusses recent efforts at constructing more comprehensive measures of poverty and wealth assessment. The composite indexes summarized in Part III suggest the need for more multidimensional approaches to understanding the concepts of “rich” and “poor” and “poverty” and “wealth” if we are to succeed in better understanding their origins and social functions. The chapter also draws on selected international data to illustrate a number of concepts associated with comparative poverty and wealth research. These data offer unique insights into both the meaning of the concepts and the methodologies associated with their use.
From planets to crops and back: Remote sensing makes sense

Remotely sensed data and the instruments that acquire them are core parts of Earth and planetary observation systems. They are used to quantify the Earth's interconnected systems, and remote sensing is the only way to get a daily, or more frequent, snapshot of the status of the Earth. It really is the Earth's stethoscope. In a similar manner remote sensing is the rock hammer of the planetary scientist and the only way comprehensive data sets can be acquired. To risk offending many remotely sensed data acquired across the electromagnetic spectrum, it is the tricorder to explore known and unknown planets. Arriving where we are today in the use of remotely sensed data in the solar system has been a continually evolving synergy between Earth observation, planetary exploration, and fundamental laboratory work.
Pulmonary Vasodilators and Anesthesia Considerations

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex disease process of the pulmonary vasculature system characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressures. Patients with PH are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality, including intraoperatively and postoperatively. Appreciation by the clinical anesthesiologist of the pathophysiology of PH is warranted. Careful and meticulous strategy using appropriate anesthetic medications, pulmonary vasodilator and inotropic agents, and careful fluid management all increase the likelihood of the best possible outcome in this challenging patient population.
Effects of the dose and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. Ruminal fermentation, performance of lactating dairy cows, and correlations between ruminal bacteria abundance and performance measures.

ABSTRACT This study examined effects of the dose and viability of supplemented Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain YE1496 on ruminal fermentation and performance of lactating dairy cows. A second objective was to examine correlations between ruminal bacteria abundance and performance measures. Four ruminally cannulated lactating cows (284 ± 18 days in milk) were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatment sequences in a 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design using four 21-d experimental periods. Cows were fed a nonacidotic total mixed ration comprising 22.5% starch (minimum ruminal pH >5.8), 41.7% corn silage, 7.60% wet brewers grain, and 50.7% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diet was supplemented with no yeast (control), a low (5.7 × 10 7 cfu/d; LLY) or high (6.0 × 10 8 cfu/d; HLY) dose of live yeast, or a high dose of killed yeast (6.0 × 10 8 cfu/d; killed by heating at 80°C for 1.5 h; HDY). Milk production and composition were measured twice daily from d 11 to 21 of each period, and rumen fluid samples were collected on d 21. In vivo digestibility was measured using chromic oxide as a marker. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess whether animal performance parameters were correlated with relative abundance (RA) of ruminal bacteria. Supplemental LLY increased yields (kg/d) of milk (29.6 vs. 31.7) and milk protein (0.95 vs. 1.03), tended to increase milk fat yield (1.10 vs. 1.17) and ruminal acetate:propionate ratio (1.92 vs. 2.21), and increased in vivo apparent digestibility (%) of DM (64.5 vs. 69.1), neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 45.0 vs. 54.5), and ADF (53.1 vs. 60.9) compared with the control. Feeding HLY had no effects on milk yield compared with the control (30.0 vs. 29.6 kg/d). Feeding HDY tended to increase in vivo digestibility (%) of NDF (45.0 vs. 50.7), ADF (53.1 vs. 57.7), and the ruminal concentration of lactate (0.78 vs. 2.82 m M ) but did not affect milk yield compared with the control. Dry matter and NDF digestibility correlated negatively with RA of unclassified Lachnospiraceae in both solid (r = −0.50 and −0.52, respectively) and liquid (r = −0.56 and −0.57, respectively) fractions, whereas milk yield correlated positively with RA of Lachnospiraceae [ Ruminococcus ] (an incompletely classified genus; r=0.43) in the solid ruminal fraction. Supplemental LLY, HLY, or HDY increased or tended to increase DM, NDF, and ADF digestibility, but only LLY increased yields of milk, milk fat, and milk protein.
Tracking and disturbance rejection of MIMO nonlinear systems with a PI or PS controller

We study tracking and disturbance rejection for a class of MIMO nonlinear systems, with a Linear proportional plus integral (PI) compensator, in the continuous time Case, and a linear proportional plus sum (PS) compensator in the discrete time case. We show that if the nonlinear plant is exponentially stable and has a strictly increasing dc steady state I/O map then a simple PI or PS compensator can be used to yield a stable unity feedback closed loop system which asymptotically tracks reference inputs that tend to constant vectors and asymptotically rejects disturbances that tend to constant vectors. This extends earlier work of Desoer and Lin
Hysteresis-free negative capacitance germanium CMOS FinFETs with Bi-directional Sub-60 mV/dec

In this paper, we report on the first hysteresis-free Ge CMOS FinFETs exhibiting sub-60 mV/dec subthreshold slope (SS) in both forward and reverse sweeps at room temperature. Minimum SS rev of 7 mV/dec and SSfor of 17 mV/dec with a large voltage hysteresis of −4.3 V are achieved on 10 nm Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (HZO) Ge pFinFET. Ferroelectric (FE) HZO film is integrated with Al 2 O 3 /GeOx as a gate stack. Recessed source/drain and fin-channel process scheme is implemented to yield such sub-60 mV/dec 3D devices. With scaled HZO thickness down to 2 nm, Ge pFinFET and nFinFET show SS (forward/reverse) of 56/41 and 43/49 mV/dec respectively. Negligible voltage hysteresis is obtained with −4 mV for pFinFET and 17 mV for nFinFET.
Research methods: Clinical studies based on routine laboratory tests

Clinical research using routine laboratory tests can provide important opportunities to investigators, especially those with limited resources, and can improve patient care, especially if the result improves clinical decision making without the use of more sophisticated or expensive tests. Laboratory analysis of biological parameters can be used for screening, diagnostic testing, predicting prognosis, and measuring treatment responses. Often the same parameter can be used for several purposes, depending on the clinical scenario and the patient population. For example, several studies have suggested the mean platelet volume (MPV) is different in patients with acute coronary syndrome compared to patients with coronary disease but no acute syndrome. Given this information it might seem relatively easy to start studies using this laboratory test. However, multiple questions need to be considered before starting any research using MPV measurements. We will discuss some of these considerations in this review article. This approach applies to most research projects based on laboratory tests.
Techniques in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An arthroscopic approach

Most patients with isolated acute PCL injuries do relatively well with conservative treatment. As a result of excessive posterior tibial translation, however, abnormal chondral wear may occur. Pain rather than instability becomes the major symptomatic issue. Conservative treatment of these injuries has been shown to lead to a high incidence of acute and chronic chondral injuries involving the medial femoral condyle and patellofemoral joint (1–4). Patients are also subject to acute and chronic meniscal tears (1,5,6). Consequently, there is an emerging consensus that isolated grade III PCL injuries are not as benign as previously thought (7). Many surgeons have thus elected to proceed with PCL reconstruction in patients with isolated grade III injuries, especially in the presence of instability and pain (8–17).
Detecting spatiotemporal clusters of dementia mortality in the United States, 2000–2010

Based on national death certificate data during 2000 and 2010, we employed the space-time scan statistic to identify spatiotemporal clusters of dementia mortality in the contiguous United States. Results revealed that, for both Alzheimer's disease and all-cause dementia mortality in the total population, the most likely clusters occurred in the Northeast region, with lower than average relative risk. The most likely excess mortality clusters were in the Pacific Northwest and Ohio River Valley and Carolinas. Temporal information of clusters suggested reduction in the relative risk of Alzheimer's disease and all-cause dementia mortality in most of the highly likely clusters. The results should propel public health agencies to evaluate the capacity of local health and social care to meet dementia patients' needs before death in the high-risk cluster areas. Further investigation of causal factors of these clusters is needed.
Correction to “Statistically Reconstructed Multiplexing for Very Dense, High-Channel-Count Acquisition Systems”

Presents corrections to the paper, “Statistically reconstructed multiplexing for very dense, high-channel-count acquisition systems,” (Tsai, D., et al), IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 13–23, Feb. 2018.
Modeling Spatio-temporal Malaria Risk Using Remote Sensing and Environmental Factors

Background Remote sensing have been intensively used across many disciplines, however, such information was limited in spatial epidemiology. Methods Two years (2009 & 2010) Landsat TM satellite data was used to develop vegetation, water bodies, air temperature and humidity criterion maps to model malaria risk and its spatiotemporal seasonal variation. The criterion maps were used in weighted overlay analysis to generate final categorized malaria risk map. Results Overall, 25%, 68%, 18% and 16% of the total area of Rawalpindi region was categorized as danger zone for Jun 2009, Oct 2009, Jan 2010 and Jun 2010, respectively. The malaria risk reached at its peak during the monsoon season whereas air temperature and relative humidity were the main contributing factors in seasonal variation. Conclusion Malaria risk maps could be used for prioritizing areas for malaria control measures.
Mechanisms of Interaction of Ultrasound With Cancellous Bone: A Review

Ultrasound is now a clinically accepted modality in the management of osteoporosis. The most common commercial clinical devices assess fracture risk from measurements of attenuation and sound speed in cancellous bone. This review discusses fundamental mechanisms underlying the interaction between ultrasound and cancellous bone. Because of its two-phase structure (mineralized trabecular network embedded in soft tissue—marrow), its anisotropy, and its inhomogeneity, cancellous bone is more difficult to characterize than most soft tissues. Experimental data for the dependencies of attenuation, sound speed, dispersion, and scattering on ultrasound frequency, bone mineral density, composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties are presented. The relative roles of absorption, scattering, and phase cancellation in determining attenuation measurements in vitro and in vivo are delineated. Common speed of sound metrics, which entail measurements of transit times of pulse leading edges (to avoid multipath interference), are greatly influenced by attenuation, dispersion, and system properties, including center frequency and bandwidth. However, a theoretical model has been shown to be effective for correction for these confounding factors in vitro and in vivo . Theoretical and phantom models are presented to elucidate why cancellous bone exhibits negative dispersion, unlike soft tissue, which exhibits positive dispersion. Signal processing methods are presented for separating “fast” and “slow” waves (predicted by poroelasticity theory and supported in cancellous bone) even when the two waves overlap in time and frequency domains. Models to explain dependencies of scattering on frequency and mean trabecular thickness are presented and compared with measurements. Anisotropy, the effect of the fluid filler medium (marrow in vivo or water in vitro ), phantoms, computational modeling of ultrasound propagation, acoustic microscopy, and nonlinear properties in cancellous bone are also discussed.
Clinical and Economic Impact of Tailoring Screening to Predicted Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Decision Analytic Modeling Study.

Background: Global increases in colorectal cancer risk have spurred debate about optimal use of screening resources. We explored the potential clinical and economic impact of colorectal cancer screening tailored to predicted colorectal cancer risk. Methods: We compared screening tailored to predicted risk versus uniform screening in a validated decision analytic model, considering the average risk population9s actual colorectal cancer risk distribution, and a risk-prediction tool9s discriminatory ability and cost. Low, moderate, and high risk tiers were identified as colorectal cancer risk after age 50 years of ≤3%, >3 to Results: Assuming no colorectal cancer risk misclassification or risk-prediction tool costs, tailored screening was preferred over uniform screening. Tailored colonoscopy was minimally less effective than uniform colonoscopy, but saved $90,200–$889,000/QALY; tailored FIT/colonoscopy yielded more QALYs/person than annual FIT at $10,600–$60,000/QALY gained. Relatively modest colorectal cancer risk misclassification rates or risk-prediction tool costs resulted in uniform screening as the preferred approach. Conclusions: Current risk-prediction tools may not yet be accurate enough to optimize colorectal cancer screening. Impact: Uniform screening is likely to be preferred over tailored screening if a risk-prediction tool is associated with even modest misclassification rates or costs.
Encountering and speaking to the unconscious.

This paper tries to answer the question: what is it about the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis that makes it fundamental? The paper argues that the fundamental rule is fundamental to psychoanalys...
Scottish home prices: Compatible with Euro membership?

Although the Scottish electorate voted down independence in 2014, Brexit has led to renewed calls from Scottish political leaders for a second referendum. Scottish independence would likely lead to joining the European Union, and this would obligate Scotland to eventually join the euro common currency. If Scottish home prices were not highly cohesive with those in euro zone countries, the ECB’s monetary policy could cause major disruptions for Scottish housing, and, by extension, the Scottish economy. As an example, if most euro-country home values were rising, but those in Scotland were falling, the ECB would likely run a tight monetary policy, which would be devastating to housing conditions in Scotland. We accordingly investigate the co-movement of house prices in Scotland with those in eight major euro zone countries, as well as co-movement between Scottish and UK home prices, using a variety of metrics. The use of methods that are primarily linear indicates that joining the euro may not result in a large loss of co-movement with other regional housing markets, compared to Scotland’s current correlation with UK national home prices. However, the use of a measure that takes into account differences in the magnitude, and not just the phase of cycles yields results indicating Scotland exhibits very little co-movement with other euro housing markets. Indeed Scotland has co-movement metrics within the euro countries at levels similar to those of Spain and Ireland, which both suffered devastating booms and busts. Thus leaving sterling for the euro could be highly problematic.
Potential Impact of Targeted HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Among Male Sex Workers.

Little is known about the potential population-level impact of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among cisgender male sex workers (MSWs), a high-risk subset of cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM). Using an agent-based model, we simulated HIV transmission among cisgender MSM in Rhode Island to determine the impacts of PrEP implementation where cisgender MSWs were equally (“standard expansion”) or five times as likely (“focused expansion”) to initiate PrEP compared to other cisgender MSM. Without PrEP, the model predicted 920 new HIV infections over a decade, or an average incidence of 0.39 per 100 person-years. In a focused expansion scenario where 15% of at-risk cisgender MSM used PrEP, the total number of new HIV infections was reduced by 58.1% at a cost of $57,180 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Focused expansion of PrEP use among cisgender MSWs may be an efficient and cost-effective strategy for reducing HIV incidence in the broader population of cisgender MSM.
PANCYTOPENIA SECONDARY TO AUTOIMMUNE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY IN GRAVES DISEASE.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a case of Graves disease (GD) and coexistent pancytopenia associated with autoimmune vitamin B12 deficiency. While thyrotoxicosis and antithyroid drugs can cause pan...
A Proposal to Augment the Plausibility of William Lane Craig’s Deductive Moral Argument:

The plausibility—though not the soundness—of William Lane Craig’s deductive moral argument for God’s existence has been insightfully challenged by David Baggett, who prefers to formulate the argume...
Playful introduction to 9.3

We dedicated this issue to the theme of play, healing, and therapy, not knowing several months ago that this time would be marked by a pandemic and protests over extreme racial injustice. The motif...
Accurate voltage-to-frequency sensor with galvanic isolation and bandwidth of 375kHz

High-bandwidth low-cost MV voltage sensors with appropriate isolation are required in MV power electronic converters for utility and industrial applications. It is especially critical in low-inertia converters (reduced passives) due to the existence of fast dynamics with reduced storage elements (dc-link, filters etc.). In this paper, a MV sensor for sensing a 2kV 16kHz voltage is presented. The sensor is supposed to provide > 160kHz bandwidth which is 10 times the frequency to be sensed, 2% accuracy and >10kV isolation. It is based on voltage-to-frequency (V2F) conversion and optical isolation principles. Compared to existing solutions, the proposed sensor is fast and scalable to MV thanks to the feature of converting analog voltage into digital high-speed square wave through optical enabled MV isolation. The components chosen to build the sensor and the design trade-offs are explained in detail. The sensor delay, accuracy, bandwidth characteristics are shown both at the v2f-sensor output and after frequency to voltage conversion implemented in a FPGA.
Proposing a Gamified Solution for SMEs' Use of Messaging Technology in Smart Manufacturing.

Small- and medium- sized enterprises (SMEs) face exceptional challenges in implementing smart manufacturing solutions. Specifically, SMEs often struggle with understanding advanced technologies well enough to implement them and reap the benefits. In this paper, we discuss one specific instance of this problem, namely implementation of data standards for effective business-to-business communications. We propose a possible solution to aid in lowering barriers for SMEs to access and apply technologies for data standardization, a vital part of effective business-to-business communications. Our solution takes a gamified approach by working to conceptualize the SMEs’ data into a story with fill-in-the-blanks, similar to a Mad Lib™. We believe that the development and implementation of this tool would provide numerous benefits including, but not limited to, boosting morale, making new technology and standards more approachable, and improving the learning experience.
Histological classification of non-small cell lung cancer with RNA-seq data using machine learning models

This study develops an automated model using the supervised learning framework(s) for the classification of the histological subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The machine learning (ML) approach is performed on gene expression profiles for the diagnosis of lung cancer that is the primary cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The performance of five classical Machine Learning (ML) estimators and four ensemble ML classifiers are evaluated on an RNA-Sequence dataset of 127 cases of NSCLC. The Decision Tree (DT) and Bagging models show promising classification accuracy up to 100% and area under curves (AUCs) is more than 0.97. The implemented ensemble methods collectively exhibit good performance in terms of AUCs (0.68 -- 1.00). The findings are comparable to the high precision ML models and the results provide an insight into the supervised models that can achieve higher diagnosis accuracy on RNA-Seq-based gene expression profiles of NSCLC subtypes.
Reorienting the Field of Human Rights Education

Review of: Foley Jr., W.J. (2021). Suggestions for critical awareness, accountability, and transformation in human rights education. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 23(1), 77-89. The examination of critical approaches to human rights and the focus on community engaged spaces to enact human rights are rich contributions of Foley's article. He also presents innovative approaches and methodologies to ensure student success and positive outcomes for all stakeholders involved. Going forward, more detail about the role of critical human rights in the higher education sector may be beneficial.
ORIGINS OF ALTRUISM DIVERSITY I: THE DIVERSE ECOLOGICAL ROLES OF ALTRUISTIC STRATEGIES AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO LOCAL COMPETITION

Nature abounds with a rich variety of altruistic strategies, including public resource enhancement, resource provisioning, communal foraging, alarm calling, and nest defense. Yet, despite their vastly different ecological roles, current theory typically treats diverse altruistic traits as being favored under the same general conditions. Here, we introduce greater ecological realism into social evolution theory and find evidence of at least four distinct modes of altruism. Contrary to existing theory, we find that altruistic traits contributing to “resource-enhancement” (e.g., siderophore production, provisioning, agriculture) and “resource-efficiency” (e.g., pack hunting, communication) are most strongly favored when there is strong local competition. These resource-based modes of helping are “K-strategies” that increase a social group’s growth yield, and should characterize species with scarce resources and/or high local crowding caused by low mortality, high fecundity, and/or mortality occurring late in the process of resource-acquisition. The opposite conditions, namely weak local competition (abundant resource, low crowding), favor survival (e.g., nest defense) and fecundity (e.g., nurse workers) altruism, which are “r-strategies” that increase a social group’s growth rate. We find that survival altruism is uniquely favored by a novel evolutionary force that we call “sunk cost selection.” Sunk cost selection favors helping that prevents resources from being wasted on individuals destined to die before reproduction. Our results contribute to explaining the observed natural diversity of altruistic strategies, reveal the necessary connection between the evolution and the ecology of sociality, and correct the widespread but inaccurate view that local competition uniformly impedes the evolution of altruism.
Temporal modulation sensitivity of the cat. I. Behavioral measures.

Abstract Critical fusion frequency (CFF) and a temporal modulation sensitivity function (TMSF) were determined for three cats using behavioral testing procedures. CFF's ranged from 40 to 55 Hz. The sensitivity functions showed the classic high frequency attenuation but had some unusual features below 15 Hz. Comparisons with the sensitivity function of humans derived with the same stimulus indicated that at the same average luminance and modulation depth, cats were capable of detecting higher rates of flicker. This difference is smaller, but not eliminated, when targets are equated for retinal illumination.
Metrics, Methodologies, and Tools for Analyzing Network Fault Recovery Performance in Real-Time Distributed Systems

The highly distributed computing plants planned for deployment aboard modern naval ships will serve real-time, mission-critical applications. The high-availability requirements of the distributed applications targeted for these platforms require mechanisms to rapidly recover from system faults (e.g., battle damage). Providing network fault recovery mechanisms that support rapid recovery in the network infrastructure used to compose these systems is critical. This paper examines how metrics used for general network performance analysis can be used to analyze fault recovery performance. A methodology for applying these metrics is presented. A testing toolset that implements the metrics and complies with the testing methodology is presented. Finally, test data collected using the toolset is presented to show the utility of the metrics and testing methodology for evaluating network fault recovery performance.
The NKp46 receptor contributes to NK cell lysis of mononuclear phagocytes infected with an intracellular bacterium

We used human tuberculosis as a model to investigate the role of NK cytotoxic mechanisms in the immune response to intracellular infection. Freshly isolated NK cells and NK cell lines from healthy donors lysed Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected monocytes to a greater extent than uninfected monocytes. Lysis of infected monocytes was associated with increased expression of mRNA for the NKp46 receptor, but not the NKp44 receptor. Antisera to NKp46 markedly inhibited lysis of infected monocytes. NK cell-mediated lysis was not due to reduced expression of MHC class I molecules on the surface of infected monocytes or to enhanced production of IL-18 or IFN-gamma. NK cell lytic activity against M. tuberculosis-infected monocytes and NKp46 mRNA expression were reduced in tuberculosis patients with ineffective immunity to M. tuberculosis compared with findings in healthy donors. These observations suggest that 1) the NKp46 receptor participates in NK cell-mediated lysis of cells infected with an intracellular pathogen, and 2) the reduced functional capacity of NK cells is associated with severe manifestations of infectious disease.
Reductive Dechlorination of the Nitrogen Heterocyclic Herbicide Picloram

The anaerobic biodegradation of picloram (3,5,6-trichloro-4-amino-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) in freshwater sediment was favored under methanogenic conditions but not when sulfate or nitrate was available as a terminal electron acceptor. Under the former conditions, more than 85% of the parent substrate (340 μM) was removed from nonsterile incubations in 30 days, following a 50-day acclimation period. Concomitant with substrate decay, an intermediate transiently accumulated in the sediment slurries. By liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the intermediate was identified as an isomer of dichloro-4-amino-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance evidence suggested that a chlorine was reductively removed from the parent substrate at the position meta to the nitrogen heteroatom. Upon continued incubation, the dechlorinated product was transformed into an unidentified compound which accumulated and resisted further decay. The addition of sulfate or bromoethanesulfonic acid to sediment slurries inhibited picloram dehalogenation, but molybdate reversed the inhibitory effect of sulfate on pesticide metabolism. These findings help clarify the fate of a halogenated nitrogen heterocyclic herbicide in anaerobic environments.
Erratum to: On the “Virtue Turn” and the Problem of Categorizing Chinese Thought

57 As before (p. 342), a number of virtue ethical interpreters have been fairly modest and focused in their discussion of the issues, carefully delineating the scope of their interpretive claims, so no blanket condemnation is intended here. On the other hand, I think that for those steeped in the virtue ethics literature (myself included), there remains a hazard of losing sight of how their discussions can seem to others who are not steeped in that literature and do not appreciate its complexities. Of course, the critics have responsibility not to misread the virtue ethical interpreters of Chinese thought, but the interpreters can and should also take steps to try to forestall misunderstandings.
4.3.1 Acquisition Strategies for the Management of Multinational Cooperative Research and Development Programs

Collaborative efforts allow nations to pursue common-interest programs too expensive for any one nation to attempt. The difficulties of these multinational developments are formidable. Program Managers must devise an acquisition strategy that allows them to control the direction and goals of the program by mobilizing programmatic, technology, management, and contracting processes. Several alternatives are available to these managers, and their choice of acquisition strategy can have a major impact on their ability to guide the program to a successful conclusion.
Time-series data mining in a geospatial decision support system

This paper presents an overview of the motivation for, and the use of time-series data mining in, a Geospatial Decision Support System (GDSS). Our approach is based on a combination of time-series data mining algorithms and spatial interpolation techniques. The initial focus of the system is to facilitate drought risk management. We develop two association rule mining algorithms and two interpolation methods, which help drought experts predict local weather conditions or potential yield impact based on the global weather patterns.
Investigating signatures of cosmological time dilation in duration measures of prompt gamma-ray burst light curves

We study the evolution with redshift of three measures of gamma-ray burst (GRB) duration ($T_{\rm 90}$, $T_{\rm 50}$ and $T_{\rm R45}$) in a fixed rest frame energy band for a sample of 232 Swift/BAT detected GRBs. Binning the data in redshift we demonstrate a trend of increasing duration with increasing redshift that can be modelled with a power-law for all three measures. Comparing redshift defined subsets of rest-frame duration reveals that the observed distributions of these durations are broadly consistent with cosmological time dilation. To ascertain if this is an instrumental effect, a similar analysis of Fermi/GBM data for the 57 bursts detected by both instruments is conducted, but inconclusive due to small number statistics. We then investigate under-populated regions of the duration redshift parameter space. We propose that the lack of low-redshift, long duration GRBs is a physical effect due to the sample being volume limited at such redshifts. However, we also find that the high-redshift, short duration region of parameter space suffers from censorship as any Swift GRB sample is fundamentally defined by trigger criteria determined in the observer frame energy band of Swift/BAT. As a result, we find that the significance of any evidence for cosmological time dilation in our sample of duration measures typically reduces to $<2\sigma$.
A fast hardware trigger for charged particles in multilayer tracking devices

A new algorithm for triggering on charged particles in a magnetic spectrometer drift chamber enables the inclusion of particle tracks with high curvature while maintaining good noise rejection. The algorithm is applied to the CLEO II tracking system. A full system has been built and shown to work, with signal propagation time < 70 ns. The ultimate purpose of this system is to enable exclusive triggering on charged particles with momenta as low as 100 MeV/c. The attainment of this goal may in practice be limited by the rate of background from beam-gas and beam-wall collisions.
Comparative Effects of Two Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners on Calcium Homeostasis in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells

Abstract Some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been reported to alter locomotor activity and decrease brain dopamine function in laboratory animals. PCBs with ortho- and/or parachlorinc substitutions and varying number of chlorinations are known to decrease cell dopamine content in vitro and have been detected in brains of animals exposed to PCBs, suggesting that the neurotoxicity could be mediated by ortho-substituted congeners. Dopamine or other neurotransmitter uptake and release phenomena are dependent on the maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis could lead to altered cell function and/or death. We compared the effects of two PCB congeners on Ca2+ homeostasis in cerebellar granule cells: 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl (DCBP), a putative neurotoxic congener, and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCBP), a presumed nonneurotoxic congener. In cerebellar granule cells (6-8 days in vitro), DCBP was cytotoxic as indicated by a significant increase in LDH leakage at 200 μM after 2 hr of exposure and at 100μM after 4 hr exposure. PCBP, on the other hand, did not affect LDH leakage even at 200 μM for up to 4 hr. Although both congeners increased cerebellar granule cell [Ca2+]i, DCPB was more effective in increasing [Ca2+]i to a greater extent than PCBP. The increase in [Ca2+]i produced by both congeners was not transient, but a steady rise was observed with time. To understand cellular Ca2+-buffering capacity, Ca2+ sequestration and Ca2+ extrusion were studied in mitochondria, microsomes, and synaptosomes, isolated from adult rat cerebellum. DCBP was a potent inhibitor of 45Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria (IC50 = 6.17 ± 0.53 μM) and microsomes (IC50 7.61 ± 0.35 μM). PCBP inhibited Ca2+ sequestration by mitochondria (68% of control) and microsomes (72% of control), but the effects were much less than those produced by equivalent concentrations of DCBP. Synaptosomal Ca2+-ATPase was inhibited by DCBP, but not by PCBP. These results indicate that at concentrations where cytotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells was not observed, DCBP increased intracellular [Ca2+]i, and at the same concentrations, Ca2+ sequestration by intracellular organelles and Ca2+-ATPase in synaptic plasma membrane were inhibited. Although PCBP increased [Ca2+]i in cerebellar granule cells to some extent, it was not potent in affecting Ca2+ sequestration or Ca2+ extrusion in adult cerebellar components. Hence, PCBP induced slight increase of [Ca2+]i levels in the cells might have been associated with effective Ca2+ sequestration by intracellular organelles, as seen in cerebellar preparations. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the position of chlorine substitution on the biphenyl ring and/or number of chlorine substitutions may have significant implications for predicting potential effects of PCB congeners in the nervous system, and perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis might play a significant role in the neuroactivity of PCBs.
Management of degloving injuries of the lower extremity: a case report of a forklift injury.

Soft-tissue injuries of the foot and ankle can vary from crushing to penetrating mechanisms. Degloving injuries of the lower extremity are the result of an entrapment between a fixed surface and a moving object. These injuries pose significant morbidity and potential complications (eg, infection) to the patient if prompt wound coverage is not initiated. The authors present a case of an extensive degloving injury to the foot, ankle, and lower leg from a forklift accident. With the collaborative effort of the podiatry and plastic surgery teams, the patient underwent serial debridements, application of a small-intestine submucosa wound matrix, negative-pressure wound therapy, and skin grafting. This case presentation demonstrates the benefit of procedure staging and early wound coverage for improved patient outcomes.Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV, Case Study
Gravitational Inconsistency in the Lunar Theory: Confirmation by Radio Tracking

When range and Doppler observations of space probes near or on Moon are reduced by use of a lunar ephemeris calculated from the Brown lunar theory, residuals as large as 440 meters in position and 1.5 millimeters per second in velocity are observed. When the calculations are repeated with use of LE 5, the integrated lunar ephemeris described (1), the residuals are greatly reduced.
Multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: an overview

Multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm (MPDATA) was proposed in the early eighties as a simple positive-definite advection scheme with small implicit diffusion, for evaluating the advection of water-substance constituents in atmospheric cloud models. Over the two decades, MPDATA evolved from an advection scheme into a class of generalized transport algorithms that expand beyond advective transport to alternate PDEs and complete fluid models with a wide range of underlying governing equations. Recently, MPDATA has attracted attention in the context of several mutually-beneficial developments such as (i) quantification of MPDATA implicit turbulence modelling capability in the spirit of monotonically integrated large eddy simulations (MILES), (ii) extensions to flow solvers cast in generalized time-dependent curvilinear coordinates, and (iii) unstructured-grid formulations. The aim of this paper is to assist the special issue on MPDATA methods for fluids by providing an up to date comprehensive review of the approach, including the underlying concepts, principles of implementation, and guidance to the accumulated literature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unnatural substrates reveal the importance of 8-oxoguanine for in vivo mismatch repair by MutY

Escherchia coli MutY plays an important role in preventing mutations associated with the oxidative lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (OG) in DNA by excising adenines from OG:A mismatches as the first step of base excision repair. To determine the importance of specific steps in the base pair recognition and base removal process of MutY, we have evaluated the effects of modifications of the OG:A substrate on the kinetics of base removal, mismatch affinity and repair to G:C in an Escherchia coli-based assay. Surprisingly, adenine modification was tolerated in the cellular assay, while modification of OG results in minimal cellular repair. High affinity for the mismatch and efficient base removal require the presence of OG. Taken together, these results suggest that the presence of OG is a critical feature for MutY to locate OG:A mismatches and select the appropriate adenines for excision to initiate repair in vivo prior to replication.
Bacterial membrane electrode for l-cysteine

Abstract Potentiometric response to L-cysteine is obtained by coupling bacteria of the type Proteus morganii to a modified version of a hydrogen sulfide gas-sensing membrane electrode. The resulting electrode system shows good response to cysteine in the millimolar concentration range with moderate selectivity over related sulfur-containing amino acids. The practical applicability of the electrode is limited by the poor discrimination of the internal gas sensor between hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.