cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Benefits of a Minimal Dose Eccentric Resistance Training Paradigm to Combat Sarcopenia and Age-Related Muscle and Physical Function Deficits in Older Adults

The ability of older adults to perform activities of daily living is often limited by the ability to generate high mechanical outputs. Therefore, assessing and developing maximal neuromuscular capacity is essential for determining age-related risk for functional decline as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Interventions designed to enhance neuromuscular capacities underpinning maximal mechanical outputs could positively impact functional performance in daily life. Unfortunately, < 10% of older adults meet the current resistance training guidelines. It has recently been proposed that a more “minimal dose” RT model may help engage a greater proportion of older adults, so that they may realize the benefits of RT. Eccentric exercise offers some promising qualities for such an approach due to its efficiency in overloading contractions that can induce substantial neuromuscular adaptations. When used in a minimal dose RT paradigm, eccentric-based RT may be a particularly promising approach for older adults that can efficiently improve muscle mass, strength, and functional performance. One approach that may lead to improved neuromuscular function capacities and overall health is through heightened exercise tolerance which would favor greater exercise participation in older adult populations. Therefore, our perspective article will discuss the implications of using a minimal dose, submaximal (i.e., low intensity) multi-joint eccentric resistance training paradigm as a potentially effective, and yet currently underutilized, means to efficiently improve neuromuscular capacities and function for older adults.
What Sujet de la folie ? Gladys Swain and Marcel Gauchet’s Search for an Alternative History of Madness

Inspired by three monographs of Gladys Swain and Marcel Gauchet, my presentation traces the rise of the new science of psychiatry in Revolutionary France, with Philippe Pinel and his student J.-E. Esquirol. As the directors of the division of the alienes in the Hopital Bicetre (Paris), Pinel and Esquirol pioneered a therapeutic programme that spread out between their “traitement moral” (reasoning with the passions) and an “energetic repression,” wherever necessary. The discipline they created sought to gain autonomy from medicine treating diseases of the body, much as pathology would do in regard to physiology, some fifty years later. Using Canguilhem, Foucault’s teacher and significant influence, I show how the unfolding of a science of disorders (for Canguilhem, this was pathology) poses questions of taxonomy and runs the inevitable ‘risk’ of extensive fragmentation. This is what happens in France after Pinel. However, Pinel, above all, will have made one contribution that—by Swain and Gauchet’s argument—stands in stark contrast to the theses of the young Foucault. Rather than sequestering and excluding the fou by forcing him or her into exaggerated, discursive revelations or silence, Pinel and Esquirol “discover” the sense, or sens , at the heart of madness, notably in what Pinel called “manie intermittente.” Esquirol takes this discovery one step further, to discern in various attacks, a certain rationality. This rather modern conception of madness exerts a considerable influence on literature, criticism, philosophy, and medicine in their time. Hegel’s understanding of madness will come directly from Pinel, and it will see in folie the internal division of subjective Reason. From this characterization comes a therapeutics based on the conviction that one could often reintegrate the mad into society, and avoid prolonged sequestration and exclusion. Thus the presentation focuses on Swain and Gauchet’s question to Foucault ( Histoire de la folie a l’âge classique , notably), using the work of Pinel and Hegel to illustrate their claim.
Multilingual Practices of Senegalese Immigrants in Rome: Construction of Identities and Negotiation of Boundaries

AbstractWhile African immigrants and Italians of African descent have become more visible in Italian society since the 1980s, Italian culture and identity are still largely understood by majority white Italians in terms of race, nationhood, and family history. Overwhelmingly absent from these national discussions concerning the inclusion of immigrants, foreign residents, and so-called non-Italian citizens in society are the very people at the center of these debates. To give voice to some of these individuals, this article explores how a specific group, the Senegalese community in Rome, conceptualizes and understands identity formation as foreigners and as linguistic, racial and ethnic minorities through the lens of Applied Linguistics. Through analysis of code-switching in qualitative ethnographic data collected in the spring of 2010, I show how multilingual practices illustrate these immigrants’ understandings of inclusion/exclusion and how these notions intersect with ideas about blackness. Therefore, ...
High gain antenna pointing on the Mars exploration rovers

This paper describes the algorithm used to point the high gain antennae on NASA/JPL's Mars exploration rovers. Each rover's gimballed antenna must track the Earth as it moves across the Martian sky during communication sessions. The pointing algorithm accounts for obstacles to the line-of-sight posed by (1) features on the rover and in the surrounding environment (2) gimbal range limitations, and (3) kinematic singularities in the gimbal mechanism. The algorithm treats all obstacles with a generalized approach that computes the intercept-times to each obstacle. Where possible, the algorithm takes advantage of pairs of joint-space solutions arising from the mechanism design. The algorithm chooses the solution that provides the longest obstruction-free tracking time. Upon encountering an obstacle, the algorithm automatically switches to the other solution if it is not also obstructed. This algorithm has successfully provided obstruction-free pointing for both rovers throughout the mission.
Neurotrophic factors and Parkinson's disease.

Publisher Summary Neurotrophic factors are endogenous proteins that modulate cell-signaling pathways regulating stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, differentiation, growth, and regeneration. They are generally small, soluble proteins with molecular weights between 13 and 24 kDa and often function as homodimers. This chapter reviews neurotrophic factors for midbrain dopamine neurons, the principal neuronal population affected in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Like most signaling molecules, neurotrophic factors can be divided into families of closely related molecules. They are produced by both glial cells and neurons. Trophic factor interactions with receptors can be complex. Many neurotrophic factors are both neuroprotective (protect neurons from injury) and neurorestorative (promote structural and functional regeneration). During development, excessive numbers of neurons are generated in many brain regions. Developing neurons that fail to make connections with appropriate trophic factor-producing target cells die from being deprived of necessary neurotrophic factors.
The Generation of Experimental Data for Computational Testing in Optimization

This chapter discusses approaches to generating synthetic data for use in scientific experiments. In many diverse scientific fields, the lack of availability, high cost or inconvenience of the collection of real-world data motivates the generation of synthetic data. In many experiments, the method chosen to generate synthetic data can significantly affect the results of an experiment. Unfortunately, the scientific literature does not contain general protocols for how synthetic data should be generated. The purpose of this chapter is to rectify that deficiency. The protocol we propose is based on several generation principles. These principles motivate and organize the data generation process. The principles are operationalized by generation properties. Then, together with information about the features of the application and of the experiment, the properties are used to construct a data generation scheme. Finally, we suggest procedures for validating the synthetic data generated. The usefulness of our protocol is illustrated by a discussion of numerous applications of data generation from the optimization literature. This discussion identifies examples of both good and bad data generation practice as it relates to our protocol.
Fuel consumption reduction with a starter-alternator using an MPC-based optimisation

In order to minimize the fuel consumption and emissions of a soft hybrid vehicle while maintaining the SOC of the battery in a specified window, an optimising control strategy is required. An optimization developed for this purpose is introduced here. It employs a cost function that is minimized off-line to reduce the calculation power required for its implementation.
Connection Establishment for Multi-Party Real-Time Communication

There is considerable interest in the network community in supporting real-time multi-party applications, such as video conferencing. The Tenet Group at UC Berkeley and ICSI has designed and implemented protocols that provide quality of service (QoS) guarantees for real-time traffic on packet switching networks. Suite 2 of the Tenet protocols provides scalable, flexible and efficient network support for real-time multi-party connections. We outline our method of connection establishment and describe the design issues and alternatives, and our decisions. Preliminary measurements confirm the viability of our approach for realtime multicast connection establishment.
Identification and Aftermarket Personalization with Durable Goods

Blending elements of the heuristic–systematic model and social identity theory, the authors extend theory by exploring the role of intimacy as a key boundary condition for identification (ID). Specifically, this research illustrates how intimacy affects the relationship between brand characteristics (prestige and distinctiveness) and ID. Further, the authors explore the relationship between ID and aftermarket spending on accessories. In a consumer durables setting, the authors conducted a field study with 1,193 consumers and matched customer perceptions with their actual retail spending on aftermarket goods. The results suggest that an individual's intimacy with a brand may affect how prestige and distinctiveness shape their ID. In addition, results show that the relationship between ID and customer aftermarket spending is moderated by a customer's level of satisfaction. Managerial implications of the findings are also outlined.
interannual Variability in Stratiform Cloudiness and Sea Surface Temperature

Marine stratiform cloudiness (MSC)(stratus, stratocumulus, and fog) is widespread over subtropical oceans west of the continents and over midlatitude oceans during summer, the season when MSC has maximum influence on surface downward radiation and is most influenced by boundary-layer processes. Long-term datasets of cloudiness and sea surface teperature (SST) from surface observations from 1952 to 1981 are used to examine interannual variations in MSC and SST. Linear correlations of anomalies in seasonal MSC amount with seasonal SST anomalies are negative and significant in midlatitude and eastern subtropical oceans, especially during summer. Significant negative correlations between SST and nimbostratus and nonprecipitating midlevel cloudiness are also observed at midlatitudes during summer, suggesting that summer storm tracks shift from year to year following year-to-year meridional shifts in the SST gradient. Over the 30-yr period, there are significant upward trends in MSC amount over the northern midlatitude oceans and a significant downward trend off the coast of California. The highest correlations and trends occur where gradients in MSC and SST are strongest. During summer, correlations between SST and MSC anomalies peak at zero lag in midlatitudes where warm advection prevails, but SST lags MSC in subtropical regions where cold advection predominates. This difference is attributed to a tendency for anomalies in latent heat flux to compensate anomalies in surface downward radiation in warm advection regions but not in cold advection regions.
Using infrared spectroscopy of a nitrile labeled phenylalanine and tryptophan fluorescence to probe the α-MSH peptide’s side-chain interactions with a micelle model membrane

Abstract The interactions of α-MSH (Ac-SYSMEHFRWGKPV-NH2) side-chains were biophysically characterized with a micelle model membrane and in model intracellular bacterial conditions using infrared (IR) spectroscopy of a nitrile labeled α-MSH analogue, circular dichroism (CD), and tryptophan fluorescence. Local changes detected by the tryptophan and a nitrile-labeled phenylalanine using fluorescence and infrared spectroscopies, respectively, suggest that the Trp9 side-chain in the conserved core (HisPheArgTrp) of α-MSH is buried in an SDS micellar environment, while Phe(CN)7 does not appear to be buried.
Rationale for the Revascularization Arm of the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial

Modern coronary revascularization therapies, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), continue to evolve and are widely applied. However, for patients with mild stable angina, or those who are asymptomatic with angiographically documented coronary artery disease (CAD), no survival benefit or reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction has been demonstrated with CABG or PCI, except in the case of subgroups with angiographically determined high risk due to extensive multivessel disease with depressed LV function or left main CAD. At the same time, medical therapy continues to advance, with demonstrable benefit in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic coronary disease events. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, at increased risk for adverse cardiac events, have been shown to benefit from these approaches as well. However, in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with documented ischemia and angiographically significant CAD, the incremental benefit-or hazard-associated with early revascularization superimposed on aggressive medical and risk factor modification therapies is unknown. We discuss the background and rationale for investigating the impact of early revascularization in patients with diabetes and CAD.
Lorcainide for the treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia: clinical and electrophysiologic results.

The electrophysiologic effects and antiarrhythmic efficacy of lorcainide were evaluated using programmed electrical stimulation (PES) in 14 patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) refractory to conventional drug therapy. Lorcainide was administered orally (200-400 mg/d, eight patients), intravenously (150 mg/d, one patient), or by both routes (250-380 mg/d, five patients) prior to PES. In 13 patients undergoing both control and lorcainide PES, lorcainide increased the QRS duration (102 +/- 28 to 125 +/- 28 ms, P less than .001) and the QTc interval (430 +/- 39 to 471 +/- 32 ms, P less than .01) but had no effect on the RR interval (786 +/- 156 to 780 +/- 172 ms, P greater than .2). The right ventricular effective refractory period increased from 258 +/- 8 to 285 +/- 22 ms (P less than .001). Lorcainide prevented VT induction or resulted in induction of only well-tolerated, nonsustained VT in six of 14 patients (43%). The cycle length of induced VT increased from 264 +/- 32 to 306 +/- 34 ms (P less than .01). Of six patients started on chronic therapy, four still receive lorcainide after 18 +/- 7 months. Adverse effects have consisted mainly of sleep disturbances. Thus, it can be stated that lorcainide is effective in certain patients with VT refractory to conventional therapy.
INHIBITION OF EPINEPHRINE-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS IN RATS BY ADMINISTRATION OF SINGLE DOSES OF ETHANOL

The oral administration of single doses (0.5-6.0 g/kg) of ethanol to rats, shortly before injecting them with a large dose (3.0 mg base/kg) of epinephrine subcutaneously, significantly reduced the severity of the myocardial damage produced by the epinephrine. The larger the dose of ethanol, the greater was the protective effect. The results were the same, regardless of the method used to determine the degree of cardiac injury. Experiments employing various agents to determine the mechanisms of ethanol action have tentatively suggested that a platelet de-aggregating or an osmotic effect of alcohol may be involved.
Early Limited Formula Is Not Ready for Prime Time

All research should challenge existing paradigms and beliefs, and the article by Flaherman and colleagues on early limited formula as a strategy to promote exclusive breastfeeding does just that.1 The authors are respected contributors to the literature on breastfeeding. However, there are critical limitations to study design that bring their conclusion into question and restrict the generalizability of their results. All elements of the protocol, from inclusion and exclusion criteria to intervention content and timing, should receive careful evaluation before we accept the authors’ conclusions. Mothers agreeing to enroll as participants had to be receptive to either exclusive breastfeeding or to formula supplementation as described in an informed consent form. This inclusion criterion supports the study design yet unintentionally normalizes and endorses formula feeding for breastfeeding infants and selects for a group of participants who do not intend to breastfeed exclusively. In fact only 62% of participating mothers intended to breastfeed exclusively; because maternal intent is a strong predictor of short-term breastfeeding outcomes,2 the primary study outcome and any secondary outcomes related … Address correspondence to Lydia Furman, MD, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Room 784, MS 6019, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106. E-mail: lydia.furman{at}uhhospitals.org
The calcium ion binding site in bovine chymotrypsin A.

Abstract The effect of Gd 3+ on the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) relaxation rates, T 1 m −1 and T 2 m −1 , of inhibitor protons in metal-inhibitor-α-chymotrypsin ternary complexes has been measured. The Solomon-Bloembergen equations were used to calculate the distance from the methyl protons of p -toluamidine (a competitive inhibitor) to the Gd 3+ binding site which is 9.2 ± 0.5 A. Calcium ion and gadolinium ion compete for the same binding site on α-chymotrypsin. Distances from the specificity pocket of α-chymotrypsin to the metal binding site have been measured by fluorescence energy transfer experiments. By observing energy transfer between proflavine and Nd 3+ , Pr 3+ , or Ho 3+ , we have been able to calculate a distance of approximately 10 A between the two chromophores. This agrees well with the data obtained by nmr techniques and also gives nearly identical values to those obtained for trypsin (Darnall, D., Abbott, F., Gomez, J. E., and Birnbaum, E. R., Biochemistry 15 , 5017, 1976). This is consistent with the calcium ion binding sites being composed of the same residues in both trypsin and α-chymotrypsin.
Thrombospondin as a mediator of cancer cell adhesion in metastasis.

Thrombospondin (TSP) is a 450 kDa adhesive glycoprotein. It is present in high concentrations in the platelet α-granule and can readily be secreted following platelet activation where local concentrations can be increased by 3–4 orders of magnitude. TSP is also synthesized by a variety of other cells and is incorporated into their extracellular matrix. TSP is a homotrimer with a number of functional domains, at least four of which might serve as receptor recognizing regions. The amino-terminal heparin binding domain interacts with heparin, other glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids and likely recognizes specific cell surface proteoglycans. The central disulfide cross-linked region, 210 kDa non-reduced and 70 kDa reduced, contains a peptide motif CSVTCG which is apparently responsible for binding to glycoprotein IV (CD36) with high affinity. Immediately adjacent to the calcium binding region of TSP, which undergoes considerable molecular relaxation in the absence of calcium, is an RGDA sequence. TSP has been demonstrated to bind to integrins of the αvβ3 and αIIbβ3 class. The carboxy-terminal region of TSP also contains at least one binding epitope for a cell receptor. There are 2 well characterized genes for TSP and truncated forms of TSP have been detected which have inhibitory effects on angiogenesis. Finally, TSP can interact with fibrinogen and fibronectin, perhaps on cellular surfaces, which might serve as secondary receptor-like mechanisms for TSP binding and subsequent mediation of cell adhesion.
Are There Intimations of Divine Transcendence in the Physical World

This essay, suggesting two physical phenomena that might serve as meaningful analogies to divine transcendence, is a theological complement to two earlier Zygon articles that show how the underlying ubiquity of electromagnetic phenomena in all of nature is a compelling physical analogy to divine immanence. My perception of transcendence and its relation to immanence are specified to provide a context for the discussion. A description of our being ensconced in what I term a cosmic cocoon introduces the discussion of how the finite limit of the speed of light and quantum non-locality could be considered as physical analogies of, or pointers to, Cod's transcendence. The relevance of our cosmologic fixture to transcendence is also treated. Selected examples of transcendence found in spiritual experiences and in religious scriptures are presented that complement the physical discussion. Finally, the relevance of this study to a theology of nature as well as a natural theology is examined.
Teaching from the journal: An instructional method

Abstract Instruction librarians are often asked by instructors to teach the attributes of a peer-reviewed journal. Students are then asked to reference peer-reviewed papers in their written presentations. This column discusses a method of instruction that can be used in upper level undergraduate natural science classes. It focuses on the journal along with the author(s), abstract, keywords, acknowledgments, references, and footnotes to teach the research and publication process and to lead the students to a better understanding of how a journal (and a paper) becomes indexed and enters the flow of information in a particular field.
Intercalation of Methylamines into Titanium Disulfide

The reactions of methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine with TiS2 were characterized by several techniques. Detailed studies of the intercalation of methylamine demonstrated that the reaction was of the redox-rearrangement type, where the intercalate is best described as (CH3NH+3)y′ (CH3NH2)y″ TiS2y′−, with y′=0.25±0.02 and y″ dependent on sample history. For y′=0.25 and y″=0.15, this intercalate is a mixed-phase stage 1 [a=3.422(5) A and c=28.06(10) A] and stage 2 [a=3.4265 A and c=42.48(10) A] compound having R3m symmetry. Visual observation and thermogravimetric analysis of dimethylamine intercalation also suggest a redox-rearrangement mechanism. In contrast, no intercalation was observed for trimethylamine. The onset time for intercalation of liquid amines into TiS2 at ambient temperature follows the general trend: N2H4<NH3<CH3NH2<(CH3)2NH⪡(CH3)3N. This trend is consistent with an increase in steric hindrance about the N atom and decrease in the number of amine hydrogen atoms that effectively reduces the nucleophilic reaction rate of the intercalant.
Randomized, prospective, single-blind trial of a new parallel technique of Veress pneumoperitoneum needle insertion versus the conventional closed method.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new closed parallel technique of Veress needle insertion and to compare this method with the conventional closed approach. Design: Sequential, randomized, prospective, single-blind clinical trial. Setting: University hospital. Patient(s): Women undergoing elective diagnostic and/or operative laparoscopy. Subjects (n = 200) were assigned randomly to undergo the conventional closed method (group 1; n=100) or the new parallel technique (group 2; n=100) of Veress needle insertion. Intervention(s): Randomization of the patients was performed in the operating room. The investigator performed both diagnostic and operative laparoscopy in both study groups. Main Outcome Measure(s): Safety and effectiveness of the needle insertion technique. Result(s): There were no significant differences in demographics between the groups, or in the time required for Veress needle insertion to establish pneumoperitoneum. There were no nonlethal major or minor intraoperative complications associated with either laparoscopic approach. Conclusion(s): There is no significant disadvantage to the parallel technique of Veress pneumoperitoneum needle insertion compared with the conventional closed approach. This new technique avoids the anatomic location of large vessels during insertion and may serve as a safeguard to decrease the potential for lethal laceration of a major vessel.
Binary and ternary alkali graphite intercalation compounds: in-situ x-ray study of elastic and electrostatic effects on staging

We have studied stage transformations of binary potassium-graphite intercalation compounds by in-situ x-ray (00l) scans. In the transition region of stages one and two, both stages coexist and all Bragg reflections exhibit resolution limited widths. The characteristics of the stage transformation are identical in intercalated HOPG and single crystals. This implies that the stage transformation is a direct process with no need of forming intermediate structures, favoring electrostatic interaction as the dominant stabilizer for pure stage donor compounds. We have also studied the elastic distortion due to potassium atoms substitutionally dissolved in rubidium intercalant layers. From the interlayer spacing variation we find a double force tensor Pzz = 0.36 eV for potassium defects in RbC8 in the small defect concentration region.
The changing influence of religion on U.S. fertility: evidence from Rhode Island.

Traditionally one of the indisputable generalizations in demography has been that Catholics have higher fertility than Protestants and Jews (Freedman, Whelpton, & Campbell 1959; Ryder & Westoff 1971; Westoff, Potter, & Sagi 1964; Whelpton, Campbell, & Patterson 1966). Recently, however, doubts have been raised about the continued validity of this longstanding and heretofore widely accepted generalization.
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry

In the last two decades, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has become the preferred technique to determine the binding energetics of biological processes, including protein-ligand binding, protein-protein binding, DNA-protein binding, protein-carbohydrate binding, protein-lipid binding, and antigen-antibody binding. In this unit several protocols are presented, ranging from the basic ones that are aimed at characterizing binding of moderate affinity to advanced protocols that are aimed at determining very high or very low affinity binding processes. Also, alternate protocols for special cases (homodimeric proteins and unstable proteins) and additional information accessible by ITC (heat capacity and protonation/deprotonation processes coupled to binding) are presented.
Multiple target localization using a passive volume array and adaptive spectral whitening schemes

A passive sonar array referred to as `Ambient Noise Sensor' or ANS is introduced in this paper. The ANS is a simple and cost effective passive array that can provide horizontal and vertical directivity measurements and generate beamforward images with very good resolution. This array has been successfully deployed in surveillance missions to measure ambient noise due to biologics and breaking waves as well as for tracking boats, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and other sources in shallow water environment. Recent measurements for tracking AUVs that emit packets of relatively narrow band signals, however, revealed some difficulties in the ability of the array to continuously localize and track the targets. This is particularly true when other competing sources or interference are also present and their spectral content overlap with those of the targets. In this paper, a simple spectral whitening method using a large order autoregressive model is developed to smooth out the spectra of the collected signals prior to beamforming. This is then used in conjunction with the ANS correlation-based beamformer designed primarily for localizing wideband sources. The results indicate the effectiveness of the developed methods for detecting and tracking of different sources in presence of high level of interference and noise. Additionally, the ability of the proposed scheme to resolve multiple tracks associated with AUVs and boats in the beamformed images is demonstrated.
The Legal Status of Agro-Industrial Units and Their Relations With the Owners and Tillers of Land

Agro-industrial enterprises have always been permitted by United States law, both national and state. They have a long history in this country, although they have become more prominent in recent decades. American law has tended in a variety of ways to encourage the creation of agro-industrial enterprises. At the same time, American law has tended to discourage the family farm. Of course, there are many family farm owners who have incorporated their farm businesses, largely for purposes of taxation and continuity. However, for the rest of this report I shall be focusing on corporate agricultural activity that is engaged in by larger corporate entities. These enterprises are increasingly characterized by vertical integration of companies at two or more steps in food production and merchandising, viz., growing, processing, canning, warehousing, transporting, wholesaling, and retailing. In addition, there is a fair amount of horizontal integration of companies at every step. Moreover, in recent years, as a result of mergers and takeovers of large enterprises, and the disappearance of smaller ones, there has been a strong movement toward oligopoly in the United States food business. These developments have had certain discernible consequences already. There may be more in the future. Lawyers should think about them.
Rare gas studies in Luna-16-G-7 fines by stepwise heating technique. A low fission solar wind Xe

Examination of He, Ne, Kr, and Xe in a dust sample (equal to or less than 125 micrometer) of Luna 16 in 12 temperature steps with especially small intervals in the low temperature range (80 C steps). The gas concentrations, as well as their relative abundances, are in general agreement with values reported by Vinogradov (1971) for Luna 16 and values found in Apollo 11 fines except for Ne. Comparison is made with various other experimental results. The solar wind Xe was lower in the fission-affected isotopes than was found in Apollo 11 fines and in the 1000 C fraction of the Pesyanoe meteorite as measured by Marti (1969). Air-Xe is interpreted as a fractional solar wind Xe with the composition found in this study.
ETS PSYCHOMETRIC CONTRIBUTIONS: FOCUS ON TEST SCORES

This chapter reviews ETS psychometric contributions with a focus on test scores. One section addresses contributions based on assessing test scores’ measurement characteristics. A second section describes contributions oriented toward using test scores as predictors in correlational and regression relationships. Contributions that integrate test scores’ measurement aspects with correlational and regression uses are also reviewed.
Preliminary observations on moulting and limb regeneration in the mite Caloglyphus boharti

Abstract Each immature instar of Caloglyphus boharti consists of an active and inactive stage. At the beginning of the inactive stage the soft leg tissue rapidly dedifferentiates and regresses into and forms a coxal limb bud, which elongates and differentiates into a new limb extending into the ventral exuvial space. Amoebocytes are conspicuously active during limb regression, though their role is unclear, and they were not involved with limb elongation. Although the appearance of the limb in the resultant adult depends on the position of the wound clot, leg regeneration of amputated nymphal legs was clearly very limited. This indicates that the limb bud must contain a sufficient number of cells from each former leg segment in order to form a normal limb.
Stress field in a sphere subjected to large deformations

The previously obtained strain fields in a sphere subjected to large deformations were converted into stress fields by using two different approaches: the strain-energy function and the concept of natural stress. Complete determination of stresses on the equatorial plane and on a plane parallel to it are given. The deviatoric stresses on the equatorial plane and the maximum shear stresses along the vertical axis of the sphere were determined using both approaches. The simplicity of the theory using the natural stress concept offers a good alternative for materials exhibiting linear relationship between natural strain and natural stress.
Hybridity and Whiteness in Claudine C. O'Hearn's Half and Half: Writings on Growing up Biracial and Bicultural

In her paper, "Hybridity and Whiteness in Claudine C. O'Hearn's Half and Half: Writings on Growing up Biracial and Bicultural," Heather Latimer examines the autobiographical collection Half and Half: Writings on Growing up Biracial and Bicultural assembled and edited by Claudine C. O'Hearn. Latimer's analysis reveals how current models of hybridity theory are performed, articulated, and exemplified in the texts of O'Hearn's volume. In her analysis, Latimer explores the anxiety and tension about whiteness within hybridity theory, often reflected in the performance of hybrid aesthetics. Latimer argues that while some authors in Half and Half avoid talking about whiteness as a way to establish legitimate hybrid identities, this avoidance actually resinscribes an authenticity to their identities which in turn replicates the very oppressive processes of identity formation they are attempting to write against. Latimer sees other authors in the volume, however, as disrupting the stability and invisibility of whiteness by performing a type of hybridity that makes visible the made-up and constructed nature of all racial identities. Heather Latimer, "Hybridity and Whiteness in Claudine C. O'Hearn's Half and Half " page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.3 (2005):
Remineralization of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) via alternating solution immersion (ASI)

In order to achieve successful clinical outcomes, biomaterials used for bone grafts must possess a number of traits including biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. These materials must also demonstrate appropriate mechanical stability to withstand handling as well as support potentially significant stresses at the implant site. Synthetic and natural polymer scaffolds used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) often lack necessary mechanical properties. Our goal was to internally mineralize natural collagenous matrix, thereby increasing mechanical properties of the material to useful levels. Published methods for intrafibrillar collagen mineralization were applied to clinically relevant-sized constructs but did not successfully deposit mineral in the interior of the constructs. To address this limitation, we developed a new technique for the remineralization of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) based on alternating solution immersion, or ASI. Mineral was removed from equine bone specimens, leaving behind a demineralized bone matrix (DBM). This matrix provides a framework for the nucleation and growth of a replacement mineral phase. Plain film radiography and microcomputed tomography (microCT) indicated accumulation of mineral within the DBM, and mechanical testing (3 point bending and compression) revealed a significant increase in stiffness between the DBM and the remineralized bone matrix (RBM). We believe this remineralization process will be useful in the preparation of stiff and strong allografts for clinical application.
Nose-cone calorimeter: PHENIX forward upgrade

PHENIX is a high rate experiment efficient at measuring rare processes, but has limited acceptance in azimuth and pseudorapidity (η). The Nose Cone Calorimeter (NCC), a W–Si sampling calorimeter in the region of 0.9<η<3, is one of the upgrades which will significantly increase coverage in both azimuth and pseudorapidity. The NCC will expand PHENIX’s precision measurements of electromagnetic probes in η, reconstruct jets, perform a wide scope of correlation measurements, and enhance triggering capabilities. The detector will significantly contribute to measurements of γ-jet correlations, quarkonia production, and low-x nuclear structure functions. This report discusses details of the detector design and its performance concerning a sample of the physics topics which will benefit from the NCC. In view of recent funding difficulties, outlook of the activities is discussed.
Assay for lysine-ketoglutarate reductase by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

The current paper describes a new technique for determining saccharopine for the purpose of measuring lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity, utilizing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) pre-column derivatization
Decision Making and Modeling in Freshwater Sport-fisheries Management

Abstract Models are used increasingly to predict the efficacy of sport-fishery management actions. With model use may come model misuse. Appropriate use of models starts with a fundamental and holistic approach, presents uncertainty and model assumptions, and appropriately weighs model output with basic biological and sociological information in the decision-making process. In addition, understanding human behavior as it relates to angling, and incorporating this knowledge into models, will improve chances of successful sport-fish management.
Should radiology IT be owned by the chief information officer

Considerable debate within the medical community has focused on the optimal location of information technology (IT) support groups on the organizational chart. The challenge has been to marry local accountability and physician acceptance of IT with the benefits gained by the economies of scale achieved by centralized knowledge and system best practices. In the picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) industry, a slight shift has recently occurred toward centralized control. Radiology departments, however, have begun to realize that no physicians in any other discipline are as dependent on IT as radiologists are on their PACS. The potential strengths and weaknesses of centralized control of the PACS is the topic of discussion for this month’s Point/Counterpoint.
Uncertainty analysis for the ERBE active cavity radiometers

The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) active cavity radiometers are used to measure the incoming solar, reflected-solar, and emitted longwave radiation from the Earth and its atmosphere. The radiometers are carried by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 spacecraft. Four Earth-viewing nonscanning active cavity radiometers are carried by each platform. Two of the radiometers are sensitive to radiation in the spectral range from 0.2 to 50 micrometers , while the other two radiometers are sensitive to radiation in the spectral range from 0.2 to 5.0 micrometers . Each set of radiometers comes in a wide field-of-view (WFOV) and a medium field-of-view (MFOV) configuration. The cavities of the shortwave (visible) radiometers are covered with Suprasil dome to filter out the incoming longwave radiation. An absolute calibration of the radiometers was obtained by allowing them to view laboratory radiometric sources based upon the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS68), and inflight stability of the radiometers is monitored by internal calibration sources.
Lack of association of presenilin-1 intron-8 polymorphism with neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease

Over 45 mutations within the coding region of presenilin-1 (PS-1) are associated with an autosomal dominant form of Alzheimer's disease. Recently allele 1 of a polymorphism within intron-8 was reported to be in disequilibrium with Alzheimer's disease in a group of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. This association has been replicated in some, but not all, studies. To determine whether the PS-1 intronic polymorphism is overrepresented in Alzheimer's disease in an autopsy-proven series, and to examine whether allele 1 is associated with a specific neuropathological phenotype, polymerase chain reaction based technique was used to assess the genotype in 85 cases of Alzheimer's disease. The resulting genotypes were compared with age of onset, duration of illness, and quantitative neuropathological measures of Abeta(total), Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42), neurofibrillary tangle number and neuron number. The 1/1 genotype did not associate with any differences in the clinical or neuropathological phenotype. These data suggest that the PS-1 intron-8 polymorphism does not strongly impact the clinical or neuropathologic features of Alzheimer's disease.
Functional nanowires of tin oxide

Quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures of tin oxide were produced in controlled conditions through condensation from the vapor phase. The preparation was assisted by noble metal catalysts and uniform single-crystalline nanowires were produced. The nucleation of nanowires was achieved at 470 °C, owing to the vapor–liquid–solid growth mechanism activated by the catalytic Pt clusters. The peculiar microstructural properties of these semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures will be summarized. The high aspect ratio and the high degree of crystallinity achieved for the nanowires foresee their functional exploitation.
Application of a K-ε Turbulence Model to Natural Convection From a Vertical Isothermal Surface

A K-e turbulence model similar to that proposed by Jones and Launder is applied to the calculation of the turbulent natural convective boundary layer on a vertical, isothermal surface. Conservation equations for the turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, and mean square temperature fluctuations are solved numerically along with the turbulent momentum and energy equations using the Spalding-Patankar boundary layer method. Various model constants and wall functions, and wall terms were tested. The results are compared with available experimental data and found to be in reasonable agreement.
Scoring of coronary artery calcium scans: History, assumptions, current limitations, and future directions

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning is a reliable, noninvasive technique for estimating overall coronary plaque burden and for identifying risk for future cardiac events. Arthur Agatston and Warren Janowitz published the first technique for scoring CAC scans in 1990. Given the lack of available data correlating CAC with burden of coronary atherosclerosis at that time, their scoring algorithm was remarkable, but somewhat arbitrary. Since then, a few other scoring techniques have been proposed for the measurement of CAC including the Volume score and Mass score. Yet despite new data, little in this field has changed in the last 15 years. The main focus of our paper is to review the implications of the current approach to scoring CAC scans in terms of correlation with the central disease - coronary atherosclerosis. We first discuss the methodology of each available scoring system, describing how each of these scores make important indirect assumptions in the way they account (or do not account) for calcium density, location of calcium, spatial distribution of calcium, and microcalcification/emerging calcium that might limit their predictive power. These assumptions require further study in well-designed, large event-driven studies. In general, all of these scores are adequate and are highly correlated with each other. Despite its age, the Agatston score remains the most extensively studied and widely accepted technique in both the clinical and research settings. After discussing CAC scoring in the era of contrast enhanced coronary CT angiography, we discuss suggested potential modifications to current CAC scanning protocols with respect to tube voltage, tube current, and slice thickness which may further improve the value of CAC scoring. We close with a focused discussion of the most important future directions in the field of CAC scoring.
The mechanical behavior of and deformation mechanisms in Al2Ti

Abstract The mechanical properties of the binary intermetallic compound Al 2 Ti show a strong dependence on test temperature and processing condition. The compressive yield strength and plastic strain-to-failure of Al 2 Ti as a function of temperature will be reviewed. Unlike many L1 2 compounds, binary Al 2 Ti with the Ga 2 Hf crystal structure, a body-centered tetragonal-based structure, does not show any evidence of anomalous yield strength behavior. Based on the crystallography of Al 2 Ti, various deformation modes are proposed. Possible partial dislocations and the planar faults that would be associated with them are hypothesized. The formation of antiphase boundaries (APBs) on {1 1 6}—the close-packed planes—and {1 0 0} and complex stacking faults (CSFs) on {1 1 6} will be discussed. It does not appear to be possible to form a superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF) on {1 1 6}. Slip by 1/2〈1 1 0〉 partial dislocations on {0 0 1} with the formation of a stacking fault may also be an important deformation mechanism and will be discussed. Thermally-activated cross-slip of APB-coupled partial dislocations from {1 1 6} onto {1 0 0} is not expected to be important in this material based on the observed mechanical behavior.
The current status of endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TEVAR).

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has been one of the most important advances in the management of thoracic aortic disease in the past two decades. The procedure was originally developed by Dake and colleagues in 1994 for the treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (DTAA), using the same principles as EVAR for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).1 The first device approved for this indication was the TAG device (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ) in 2005. Since then there has been a plethora of changes and new developments related to thoracic endovascular aortic repair. This article will summarize the major updates related to TEVAR, focusing on three main aspects: what is new in device technology and future prospects; the expanding indications of TEVAR for the treatment of other pathologies and the newly developed techniques involved; and a glimpse at the expected future direction in the field.
Steady pressure-driven non-Newtonian flow in a partially filled pipe

Abstract The steady pressure-driven flow of viscous fluid in a circular pipe has an associated flux that can be increased by partially filling the pipe and having the remaining volume either void or filled with less viscous, lubricating fluid. Flux gains are larger in the latter case than in the former. These previous results are extended here to non-Newtonian flow, in particular, the power law fluid and the modified Bingham plastic. The non-linear differential equation is solved computationally by employing suitable acceleration procedures to enhance the rate of convergence of iterative methods applied to the sparse non-symmetric linear systems.