cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia due to shunts in pig lung treated with O2 and fluorocarbon-derived intravascular microbubbles.

Abstract:Rationale: Earlier work has shown that experimental conditions calling for improved tissue oxygenation could be assisted by i.v. infusion of a dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe) forming oxygen-transporting microbubbles. Objectives: The present work investigated the effect of DDFPe on hypoxia due to experimental shunts in the pig lung. Methods: Nineteen O2 breathing, anesthetized pigs had glass beads administered into the trachea so as to significantly depress arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). PaO2 was recorded for up to 12 hrs while 0.1 ml/kg DDFPe was administered 1–3 times. Main Results: The animals were divided into two groups based on arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) after shunt induction, combined with oxygen breathing: the “SaO2 >90% group” (n=6) and the “SaO2 <90% group” (n=13). In the “SaO2 <90% group,” the PaO2 increased stepwise with each infusion from 56.6±2.9 to 88.6±14.6 mmHG (P≤0.001); improvements lasted about 2 hrs after each infusion. Mixed venous oxygenation also increased with...
Thoughts about roles and relations: An old document revisited

“Thoughts about roles and relations Part I: Theoretical considerations”, was written in the fall of 1974 at the beginning of my second year of graduate study at Harvard. It was a memorandum to Harrison White’s research group on blockmodel analysis. “Part II: Methodological considerations” was never written. The major purpose of the memo was to outline a theory of roles that would allow a researcher not only to identify individuals who where in the same roles in the same population but individuals who were in similar roles in different populations. The main ideas in “Thoughts about roles and relations” were not followed up until Mike Mandel and I started working together in 1977. At the time Mike was an undergraduate at Harvard. This collaboration resulted in Mike writing an undergraduate senior honors thesis (Mandel 1978) that not only extended the theory, but carried out extensive empirical analyses. There were, however, considerable personal obstacles to bringing our work to publication. Mike had decided to pursue a graduate degree in economics at Harvard. I had moved on to post-dots at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Chicago, and my interests had moved away from social networks to social stratification and econometric modelling. It was not until 1983 that we published two papers (Winship and Mandel 1983; Mandel 1983) that presented most of the core ideas in my original memorandum and our later unpublished work. By that time though, the pull of different intellectual agendas
Friends of the Court: The Republican Alliance and Selective Activism of the Constitutional Court of Turkey

During the past two decades, scholars have noted a global expansion of judicial power and court-led rights revolutions. Far from leading a rights-revolution, the Constitutional Court of Turkey became renowned for its restrictive take on civil liberties during this period. Why are some high courts more activist than others in protecting and expanding civil rights and liberties? I argue that judicial power and judicial independence offer incomplete explanations of judicial activism on questions of rights. Even powerful courts are activist only selectively, using their clout to protect some groups while suppressing the demands of others. Building on perspectives on legal mobilization and judicial entrenchment, I argue that the socio-political alliances in which high courts and judiciaries participate explain the selective nature of their activism. The initial parameters of these alliances are set during critical junctures when formerly dominant coalitions are displaced and new institutions entrench new alliances. Such alliances are not static, however, and struggles within alliances can transform high courts’ orientations on rights questions.
Do clear cell ovarian carcinomas have poorer prognosis compared to other epithelial cell types? A study of 1411 clear cell ovarian cancers

Abstract Objective To compare the clinico-pathologic characteristics and survival of women with clear cell versus other epithelial ovarian cancers. Methods Data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program between 1988 and 2001 and analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Results Of 28,082 women with epithelial ovarian cancer, 1411 (5%) had clear cell, 13,835 (49.3%) papillary serous, 3655 (13%) endometrioid, 2711 (9.7%) mucinous, and 6470 (23%) had unspecified histologies. The median age of overall patients was 64 years; with clear cell patients presenting at younger age (55 years). The proportion of clear cell histology was significantly higher in Asians versus Whites, Blacks, and others (11.1% versus 4.8%, 3.1%, and 5.5%; p p p p Conclusions Our data suggest that women with clear cell ovarian cancer present at a younger age, are more likely to be Asian, and have a poorer prognosis compared to serous cancers.
Resolution of severe thrombocytopenia in two standard Poodles with surgical correction of splenic torsion

Objective: To describe the diagnosis and treatment of 2 cases of severe thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion and to discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the thrombocytopenia. Summary: We report 2 cases of severe thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion. Each dog presented with non-specific clinical signs, radiographic evidence of an intra-abdominal mass, and platelet counts of less than 25,000 platelets/μL. The diagnosis of splenic torsion was made with abdominal ultrasonography and was confirmed during exploratory laparotomy. Both dogs recovered rapidly following splenectomy. The cause of thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion is not fully elucidated, but may be because of either platelet sequestration within the torsed spleen, platelet consumption in disseminated intravascular coagulation, or a combination of both. New information provided: This report provides previously unreported evidence that the degree of thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion may be of a severity at which primary hemostasis is compromised, and resolution of thrombocytopenia occurs after splenectomy.
Courtship in The Madagascar Cat‐eyed Snake, Madagascarophis colubrina (Boiginae)

Extracted from text ... Short communication Courtship in The Madagascar Cat-eyed Snake, Madagascarophis colubrina (Boiginae) RITA MEHTA1 AND NEIL B. FORD Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA 1Present address: Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Koxville, TN 37996 Key words.-Reproduction, courtship, behaviour, Madagascarophis colubrina, snake. 115 African Journal of Herpetology, 2001 50(2): 115-120. Courtship patterns in snakes may play an important role in conveying information between the sexes. For example, courtship acts could serve to identify conspecifics in areas where related species are sympatric (Gillingham 1987). Other information may also be relayed in the courtship ritual, such as an individual's fitness, thus influencing mate selection (Ford & Burghardt 1993). In snakes, it appears that many of ..
Punctures on super Riemann surfaces

An investigation of the geometry of punctured super Riemann surfaces and their moduli is pursued with particular emphasis on Ramond (or spin) punctures. A central role is played by the notion of a standard punctured neighborhood, which may be glued into a super Riemann surface to create a punctured surface. A geometrical explanation is given for the rule that two Ramond punctures only have one odd modulus. Explicit examples of spheres with Ramond and Neveu-Schwarz punctures are constructed and the connection between moduli of punctures and picture changing is elaborated. This description of punctures combined with the operator formalism should be useful both in treating fermionic or (R, R) sector backgrounds for the superstring and in the unitarity proof for the superstring.
Vibrational spectra of copper formate tetrahydrate, copper formate dihydrate and three anhydrous forms of copper formate

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of the two hydrated and three anhydrous forms of copper formate have been recorded. Based on x-ray structures previously published for several of these species it was determined that formate groups bridging copper atoms in the anti-anti configuration can be distinguished from those which bridge in the anti-syn configuration on the basis of CO stretching modes. Anti-syn structures have been between 1585 and 1610 cm −1 as well as at ≈ 1560 cm −1 . The ≈ 1560 cm −1 frequency is present in both anti-anti and anti-syn structures. The dehydrated form of copper formate dihydrate was found to exist in a double layered form with alternate layers made up of formate bridges of the two different types. Only when copper is bridged by anti-anti configuration formates in square planar arrangement are the magnetic moments of these species depressed. No magnon scattering was observed in the Raman spectrum of the antiferromagnetic ordered phase of the tetrahydrate.
Fluorescence bronchoscopic surveillance after curative surgical resection for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Second lung primaries occur at a rate of up to 3% per patient-year after curative resection for non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Postresection patients are often poor candidates for further curative surgery because of their diminished pulmonary reserve. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of fluorescence bronchoscopy by using the Xillix® LIFE-Lung Fluorescence Endoscopy SystemTM to identify second lung primaries in patients who have had a previous curative resection of a non-small-cell lung cancer. Patients who had no evidence of disease status after resection of a non-small-cell lung cancer were identified from a prospectively collected data base and entered onto a fluorescence bronchoscopy surveillance protocol. All suspicious areas, as well as several areas of apparently normal mucosa, were sampled for biopsy. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens, with 10% of biopsies re-reviewed, for quality control, by a second pulmonary pathologist. A total of 31 surveillance fluorescence bronchoscopies were performed on 25 patients after conventional bronchoscopy. Four intraepithelial neoplasias or invasive carcinomas were identified in 3 (12%) of 25 patients screened. The addition of the LIFE examination to conventional bronchoscopy increased the sensitivity of screening from 25.0% to 75.0%, which yielded a relative sensitivity of 300% with a negative predictive value of .97. Use of postresection surveillance with fluorescence bronchoscopy identified intraepithelial or invasive lesions in 12% of non-small-cell lung cancer patients, and the system was three times more sensitive than conventional bronchoscopy to identify these early mucosal lesions. Fluorescence bronchoscopic surveillance of this high-risk, postresection population will help better define the true rate of occurrence and the natural history of second primaries and may assist in monitoring their response to newer, noninvasive treatment methods, such as photodynamic therapy or chemopreventive agents, in future trials.
Birth control and the black American: A matter of genocide?

During the 1960’s and continuing into the 1970’s, the charge that birth control and abortion are integral elements of a white genocidal conspiracy directed against Afro-Americans has been heard with increasing frequency and stridency in black communities. The genocide theory finds greatest acceptance among spokesmen for black nationalist and black revolutionary groups, but suspicion of family planning programs is not limited to them. An analysis of black leadership opinion on birth control is provided in this paper. The black debate over the desirability of population limitation is traced back approximately fifty years. It began with a dispute between those blacks who believed that in sheer numbers there was strength and those blacks, such as W. E. B. DuBois, who argued that among human races, as among vegetables, quality and not quantity counted. An appreciation of the sexual exploitation of the chattel slave in the ante-bellum period, which did not end with emancipation, is also essential to an understanding of the roots and rationale of the genocide notion which are the foci of this paper.
Virally mediated misexpression of Hoxc-6 in the cervical mesoderm results in spinal nerve truncations.

Abstract Members of theHoxgene family appear to regulate anterior–posterior (A–P) regionalization in embryos. Genetic manipulation of numerousHoxgenes in the developing trunk region of vertebrates results in changes in the morphology of individual vertebrae. We have used virally mediated, targeted misexpression to ectopically express the Hoxc-6 protein in chick embryos.Hoxc-6has an anterior border of expression at the cervical–thoracic transition in tetrapods. Misexpression of this gene in the cervical mesoderm of chick embryos results in dramatic truncations of the ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves in the infected region. These data point to a role forHoxc-6in axon guidance, and suggest that in addition to regulating proliferative rates,Hoxgene expression provides positional information utilized in producing domain-specific extracellular signals.
Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility and Advertising Practice

This study examined the effects of positive and negative news about a corporation's adverting practice on consumers' assessments of the corporation's ethical, discretionary and relational practices, three dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. The results suggested while the effect of positive news might be minimal, the persuasiveness of negative news should not be overlooked. However, the negative news effect is content specific, depending on assessments toward different dimensions of CSR practices. Consumers were able to separate the negative news effect and attribute specific negativity to their assessments of different CSR practices.
Succeeding in managerial accounting. Part 2: a structural equations analysis

Abstract Does the type of knowledge, and levels of ability and experience needed, depend on rank in managerial accounting? Are the knowledge, ability, and experience needed for managerial accounting success, consistent with the Libby & Luft (LL industry knowledge, tacit managerial knowledge (TMK) and experience predict success for seniors; and, industry and TMK predict success for managers. The results suggest significant (though not identical) commonality in the predictors of success in managerial accounting and the determinants of judgment performance identified in the L& L model.
Dissolution of aragonite-strontianite solid solutions in nonstoichiometric Sr (HCO3)2−Ca (HCO3)2−CO2-H2O solutions

Abstract Synthetic strontianite-aragonite solid-solution minerals were dissolved in CO2-saturated non-stoichiometric solutions of Sr(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2 at 25°C. The results show that none of the dissolution reactions reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Congruent dissolution in Ca(HCO3)2 solutions either attains or closely approaches stoichiometric saturation with respect to the dissolving solid. In Sr(HCO3)2 solutions the reactions usually become incongruent, precipitating a Sr-rich phase before reaching stoichiometric saturation. Dissolution of mechanical mixtures of solids approaches stoichiometric saturation with respect to the least stable solid in the mixture. Surface uptake from subsaturated bulk solutions was observed in the initial minutes of dissolution. This surficial phase is 0–10 atomic layers thick in Sr(HCO3)2 solutions and 0–4 layers thick in Ca(HCO3)2 solutions, and subsequently dissolves and/or recrystallizes, usually within 6 min of reaction. The initial transient surface precipitation (recrystallization) process is followed by congruent dissolution of the original solid which proceeds to stoichiometric saturation, or until the precipitation of a more stable Sr-rich solid. The compositions of secondary precipitates do not correspond to thermodynamic equilibrium or stoichiometric saturation states. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate the formation of solid solutions on surfaces of aragonite and strontianite single crystals immersed in Sr(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2 solutions, respectively. In Sr(HCO3)2 solutions, the XPS signal from the outer ~ 60 A on aragonite indicates a composition of 16 mol% SrCO3 after only 2 min of contact, and 14–18 mol% SrCO3 after 3 weeks of contact. The strontianite surface averages approximately 22 mol% CaCO3 after 2 min of contact with Ca(HCO3)2 solution, and is 34–39 mol% CaCO3 after 3 weeks of contact. XPS analysis suggests the surface composition is zoned with somewhat greater enrichment in the outer ~25 A (as much as 26 mol% SrCO3 on aragonite and 44 mol% CaCO3 on strontianite). The results indicate rapid formation of a solid-solution surface phase from subsaturated aqueous solutions. The surface phase continually adjusts in composition in response to changes in composition of the bulk fluid as net dissolution proceeds. Dissolution rates of the endmembers are greatly reduced in nonstoichiometric solutions relative to dissolution rates observed in stoichiometric solutions. All solids dissolve more slowly in solutions spiked with the least soluble component ((Sr(HCO3)2)) than in solutions spiked with the more soluble component (Ca(HCO3)2), an effect that becomes increasingly significant as stoichiometric saturation is approached. It is proposed that the formation of a non-stoichiometric surface reactive zone significantly decreases dissolution rates.
Validation of high-performance liquid chromatography–boron-doped diamond detection for assessing hepatic glutathione redox status

Abstract Glutathione redox status is a commonly used oxidative stress biomarker. High-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC–UV) and HPLC–electrochemical detection (HPLC–ECD) have been used to assess glutathione status but have potential limitations due to challenging sample preparation procedures or electrochemical signal degradation. Thus, this study aimed to validate an HPLC–ECD approach using boron-doped diamond (BDD), a novel electrode material exhibiting excellent electrochemical stability. Liver homogenates from obese ( ob / ob ) mice and their lean littermates ( n = 4/genotype) as well as from rats fed high- or low-fat diets ( n = 8/treatment) were analyzed in parallel by HPLC–BDD and –UV. HPLC–BDD responses for reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were linear over more than four orders of magnitude at 1475 mV, the optimal oxidation potential. Within- and between-day precision values of GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG were 2.1% to 7.9%, and accuracy values of GSH and GSSG were 96% and 105%, respectively. Electrochemical responses were stable up to 48 h of continuous system use. Using HPLC–BDD and –UV, hepatic GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG from mice ( r = 0.64–0.94) and rats ( r = 0.79–0.92) were well correlated ( P
Ligand photolysis and recombination of (dimethylsulfoxide)2Fe(II)porphyrin complexes

Abstract Steady-state optical absorption and nanosecond transient absorption spectromcopy have been employed to examine ligand photolysis and recombination of (dimethylsulfoxide) 2 Fe(II)protoporphyrinIX ((DMSO) 2 Fe(II)PPIX), (DMSO) 2 tetrakis-4-(sulfonatophenyl)-Fe(II)porphyrin. ((DMSO) 2 Fe(II)4ASP) and (DMSO) 2 Fe(II)uroporphyrin ((DMSO) 2 Fe(II)URO) complexes in neat DMSO. The steady-state optical absorption data indicate that all three complexes are six-coordinate and low-spin. The corresponding nanosecond transient absorption data demonstrate that photo excitation of the (DMSO) 2 Fe(II)PPIX and (DMSO) 2 Fe(II)URO complexes results in formation of a transient species with an absorption maximum and minimum at ≈434 and ≈424 nm, respectively. These transient specientdecay exponentially with rate constants of ≈2 x 10 6 s 1 . Excitation of the ((DMSO) 2 Fe(II)4SP, on the other hand, produces a trassient species with a broad absorption maximum centered at ≈438 nm with a minima at ≈424 nm in kinetic difference spectrum. The initially formed transient decays exponentially with rate constants of ≈1.5 x 10 5 s 1 . Examination of the temperature dependence of the rate constants for ligand recombination reveals that the activation enthalpy is higer for ligand recombination to the (DMSO)Fe(II)4SP complex than either the (DMSO)Fe(II)PPIX or (DMSO)Fe(II)URO complexes (8,8.6.1 and 6.8 kcal mol 1 for Fe(II)4SP, Fe(II)PPIX and Fe(II)URO, respontively). These results allow for the interpretation of the activation energy for ligand recombination in terms of electrostatic, steric and solvent interactions.
Equilibrium concentration of oxygen rich and deficient defect centers in germanosilicate glasses

Abstract Equilibrium concentrations of oxygen rich and deficient defect centers are calculated as a function of temperature and glass redox condition for germanosilicate glasses. We have here used the approach of Silin and Lace [J. Non-Cryst. Solids 149 (1992) 54–61] but extended it to include the case of binary system of germanosilicate glasses. A set of 23 reactions is identified as the possible pathway for formation of different defect centers. Each of these reactions are represented by forward and backward steps with Arrhenius kinetics and their activation energies are estimated based on the relevant bond energies of the involved species. Equilibrium concentrations are determined by setting rates of each of these reactions equal to zero. Typical results are presented for glasses which are: (i) stoichiometric, (ii) glasses with excess oxygen levels of 10 16 to 10 20 cm −3 , and (iii) glasses which are oxygen deficient by 10 16 to 10 18 cm −3 .
REVERSE INNOVATION: THE INTERNATIONAL OPPORTUNITY

In a recent Harvard Business Press book, Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble (2012)discuss the importance of innovating for international markets. The subtitle of the book isCreate Far from Home, Win Everywhere. Innovation and Entrepreneurship can and shouldexpand beyond national borders. The next frontiers are not in the United States. They arein China, India, other emerging markets; they are in places such as Africa, which areseemingly underdeveloped at this time. Entrepreneurs must learn how to exploit oppor-tunities in those markets and, more importantly, how to learn from the “clean-slate”innovations need to address the needs gaps between emerging and developed markets.For students of entrepreneurship, Reverse Innovation is a must read! It illustrates notonly the necessity of conducting a thorough study of the differences of people from placeto place and cultural and taste differences, but also the similarities among peoples. Thestudy of Global Entrepreneurship should be emphasized by all of us. If you have not beendoing that already, it’s time to start!JDE’s ﬁrst issue of 2013 features a number of articles pertaining to international/globalentrepreneurship and microenterprise issues. The ﬁrst article is dedicated to the memory ofone of its authors, Jocelyn Sackey. Jocelyn, Ylva Faltholm and Halkan Yllinenpaaexamine entrepreneurship and ethics from the perspective of Ghanaian entrepreneurs insmall and medium-size enterprises. Working With or Against the System: Ethical Dilemmafor Entrepreneurship in Ghana extends our understanding of issues affecting entrepre-neurial behavior in developing countries, such as Ghana.A Resource-Based View of New Firm Survival: New Perspectives on the Role ofIndustry and Exit Route explores the framework leading to new ﬁrm survival or exit. SusanColeman, Carmen Cotei and Joseph Farhat base their analysis on the Resource-BasedView and posit hypotheses about the impact of both tangible and intangible resources onnew ﬁrm survival in both the service and non-service sectors. Their results point to anumber of similar factors behind the survival of both types of ﬁrms. The ﬁndings alsoindicate a relationship between human capital, industry and exit route for the ﬁrms in thesample.Andrew Van Hulten and Abdullah Ahmed test the hypothesis that Australian migrantentrepreneurs have less difﬁculty accessing ﬁnance than their Australia-born counterparts.
Assessing sustainability of community management of rural water systems in the developing world

An alarmingly high percentage of drinking water systems in the developing world do not provide design service, or may even fail. This has health implications for vulnerable populations forced to consume water from alternative, often unimproved sources. The Sustainability Assessment Tool developed in this research serves as a diagnostic to inform decision-making, characterize specific needs of rural communities in the management of their water systems, and identify weaknesses in training regimes or support mechanisms. Fifteen specific measures result in a score of sustainability likely (SL), possible, or unlikely for eight indicators. A weighting factor is applied to each indicator to provide an overall sustainability score. The framework was tested on 61 statistically representative geographically stratified sample communities with rural water systems in the Dominican Republic. Twenty-three percent of systems were assessed to be SL, 59% sustainability possible, and for 18% it is unlikely the community will be able to overcome a significant challenge(s). As post-construction support increased so did community participation ( p = 0.005) and financial durability ( p = 0.004). Increased accounting transparency was correlated to increased compliance with user tariffs ( p p = 0.003) and community activity level ( p = 0.005).
Association between bacterial vaginosis and acute cystitis in women using diaphragms.

• We hypothesized that the increased vaginal fluid pH and altered vaginal microflora characteristic of bacterial vaginosis might predispose young women to introital colonization with Escherichia coli and to acute cystitis. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied 291 women who presented with acute urinary symptoms for association of clinically defined bacterial vaginosis and vaginal conditions associated with this syndrome (increased vaginal fluid pH, absence of lactobacilli , and abnormal vaginal fluid gas-liquid chromatographic patterns) with E coli introital colonization and urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli introital colonization and urinary tract infection were both significantly more frequent among women with a high vaginal fluid pH, an absence of vaginal lactobacilli, or an abnormal vaginal fluid gas-liquid chromatographic pattern characteristic of bacterial vaginosis. Escherichia coli introital colonization was also more frequent in women with bacterial vaginosis. These associations and an association of bacterial vaginosis and E coli urinary tract infection were strong only among the 144 women who were diaphragm users. We conclude that bacterial vaginosis, or an altered vaginal microflora as reflected by an abnormal gas-liquid chromatographic pattern characteristic of bacterial vaginosis, is associated with E coli introital colonization and acute symptomatic urinary tract infection in women who use diaphragms. ( Arch Intern Med . 1989;149:1932-1936)
When to discontinue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy support.

Abstract Background . Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has demonstrated limited success in adult postcardiotomy shock. The goal of this study was to determine when to discontinue ECMO for postcardiotomy support. Methods . During a 7-year period ECMO was used in 51 postcardiotomy patients, of whom 16 (31%) weaned and 8 (16%) survived. Results . Patients in the heart transplant group were more likely to wean compared with patients in the non–heart transplant group ( p = 0.03). Patients aged greater than 65 years ( p = 0.04) or with ejection fractions of less than 30% after 48 hours of ECMO ( p p Conclusions . After 48 to 72 hours, consideration should be given to discontinuing ECMO, either by moving to an implantable ventricular assist device or by withdrawal of support, except in those patients with heart transplants. In the latter, both severe postoperative pulmonary hypertension and reperfusion injury may take as long as 120 hours to reverse.
Tryptophan Fluorescence Reports Nucleotide-induced Conformational Changes in a Domain of the ArsA ATPase

The ars operon of plasmid R773 encodes an ATP-dependent extrusion pump for arsenite and antimonite in Escherichia coli. The ArsA ATPase is the catalytic subunit of the pump protein, with two nucleotide binding consensus sequences, one in the NH2-terminal half and one in the COOH-terminal half of the protein. A 12-residue consensus sequence (DTAPTGHTIRLL) has been identified in ArsA homologs from eubacteria, archebacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. ArsA enzymes were constructed containing single tryptophan residues at either end of this conserved sequence. The emission spectrum of the fluorescence of the tryptophan on the COOH-terminal end (Trp-159) indicated a relatively hydrophilic environment for this residue. An increase in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and a blue shift of the maximum emission wavelength were observed upon addition of MgATP, indicating movement of Trp-159 into a relatively less polar environment. No fluorescence response was observed with MgADP, with nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs, or with MgATP by catalytically inactive enyzmes. This suggests that the location Trp-159 is shifted only during hydrolysis of ATP. In contrast, the emission spectrum of Trp-141, located on the NH2-terminal side of the consensus sequence, indicated a relatively nonpolar environment. The maximum emission wavelength red shifted upon addition of MgADP. MgATP slowly produced a response that correlated with product formation, suggesting that the environment of Trp-141 is sensitive only to MgADP binding. Thus, during ATP hydrolysis the COOH-terminal end of the conserved domain moves into a less polar environment, whereas the NH2-terminal end moves into a more hydrophilic environment as product is formed. A hypothesis is presented in which the conserved domain of ArsA and homologs is an energy transduction domain involved in transmission of the energy of ATP hydrolysis to biological functions such as transport.
Asymmetry of radiation damage properties in Al–Ti nanolayers

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed with empirical potentials to study the effects of multilayer interfaces and interface spacing in Al–Ti nanolayers. Several model interfaces derived from stacking of close-packed layers or face-centered cubic {1 0 0} layers were investigated. The simulations reveal significant and important asymmetries in defect production with ∼60% of vacancies created in Al layers compared to Ti layers within the Al–Ti multilayer system. The asymmetry in the creation of interstitials is even more pronounced. The asymmetries cause an imbalance in the ratio of vacancies and interstitials in films of dissimilar materials leading to >90% of the surviving interstitials located in the Al layers. While in the close-packed nanolayers the interstitials migrate to the atomic layers adjacent to the interface of the Al layers, in the {1 0 0} nanolayers the interstitials migrate to the center of the Al layers and away from the interfaces. The degree of asymmetry and defect ratio imbalance increases as the layer spacing decreases in the multilayer films. Underlying physical processes are discussed including the interfacial strain fields and the individual elemental layer stopping power in nanolayered systems. In addition, experimental work was performed on low-dose (1016 atoms/cm2) helium (He) irradiation on Al/Ti nanolayers (5 nm per film), resulting in He bubble formation ∼1 nm in diameter in the Ti film near the interface. The correlation between the preferential flux of displaced atoms from Ti films to Al films during the defect production that is revealed in the simulations and the morphology and location of He bubbles from the experiments is discussed.
Prediction of crystallographic texture evolution and anisotropic stress–strain curves during large plastic strains in high purity α-titanium using a Taylor-type crystal plasticity model

Abstract A new Taylor-type polycrystalline model has been developed to simulate the evolution of crystallographic texture and the anisotropic stress–strain response during large plastic deformation of high purity α-titanium at room temperature. Crystallographic slip, deformation twinning and slip inside twinned regions were all considered as contributing mechanisms for the plastic strain in the model. This was accomplished by treating the dominant twin systems in a given crystal as independent grains once the total twin volume fraction in that crystal reached a predetermined saturation value. The newly formed grains were allowed to independently undergo further slip and the concomitant lattice rotation, but further twinning was prohibited. New descriptions have been established for slip and twin hardening and the complex coupling between them. Good predictions were obtained for the overall anisotropic stress–strain response and texture evolution in three different monotonic deformation paths on annealed, initially textured samples of high purity α-titanium.
Information technology research in Latin America: Editorial introduction to the special issue

on “IT Advances in Latin America” provides insights into the practices andapplications of IT, points to problems and constraints, offers ﬁndings and solutions that canbe useful to practitioners, and indicates how IT is helping in development of Latin Americaand its countries.Theintroductionhastwoparts.Part1examinesthestatusofITresearchinLatinAmerica.It suggests how IT investigators in Latin America can be motivated and encouraged,institutional networks developed, topics identiﬁed, and language differences overcome. Itsuggests steps for journals, conferences, and granting agencies to support the region’s ITresearch productivity. Part 2 introduces the articles in the special issue. All the authors ofarticles in this issue are from Latin America and were located in the region during theresearch they reported on. This supports a goal of this issue to encourage investigators inthe region and their insights and discoveries based on the environment, cultures, businessand societal patterns particular to Latin America.
Employment Outcomes in a Randomized Trial of Second-Generation Antipsychotics and Perphenazine in the Treatment of Individuals with Schizophrenia

Employment has been increasingly recognized as an important goal for individuals with schizophrenia. Previous research has shown mixed results on the relationship of specific antipsychotic medications to employment outcomes, with some studies finding greater benefits for second-generation antipsychotic medications (SGAs) over first-generation antipsychotic medication (FGAs). A randomized controlled trial (CATIE) examined medication assignment and both employment outcomes and participation in psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) among 1,121 individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia randomized to SGAs (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) or one FGA (perphenazine). Service use and employment were assessed at quarterly interviews. There were no differences between medication groups on employment outcomes or participation in PSR. Consistent with other CATIE results, there were no differences in employment or participation in PSR among these five medications, including the FGA perphenazine.
Splendid Demonstrations: The Political Funerals of Kaiser Wilhelm I and Wilhelm Liebknecht

Great public figures can bestride the public stage in life—but be buried privately. Kaiser Wilhelm II despised his father, Friedrich III. Having established his legitimacy through his central role in his grandfather, Wilhelm I's, funeral, he refused Friedrich a public funeral and staged a private funeral so perfunctory the widow refused to attend. Otto von Bismarck, to spite Wilhelm II for having fired him, directed that his funeral should be private and at his country estate, denying Wilhelm the grand public display in Berlin he had planned.
Standard Reference Materials for Medical CT

NIST Standard Reference Materials 2087 and 2088 for medical computed tomography (CT) have become available. The materials allow CT reconstructions to be tied to the International System of Units in length, density, and mass attenuation coefficient.
Circumpolar properties of Antarctic intermediate water and Subantarctic Mode Water

Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water are studied by examining their modal density and modal salinity characteristics around Antarctic. The study focuses on 15 regions between 40 and 45°S. Circumpolar distributions for the cores of Antarctic Intermediate and Subantarctic Mode Water and potential temperature-salinity diagrams provide a detailed description of the water masses. The modal salinity and density change gradually across each of the three oceans, presumably due to the alteration of a single water mass. Large changes occur in the transition regions in the Drake Passage, south of Africa, and south of New Zealand. These large changes are due to the presence of distinctly different water masses. Thermohaline finestructure is associated with the water mass transitions. The finestructure intensity between the 27.10 and 27.40 σθ isopycnals is quantified. Although continuous temperature-depth data are not available for the entire region the study indicates that the most intense finestructure occurs in regions of large water mass contrast and decreases by an order of magnitude away from them. Increased vertical temperature gradient variances were observed near a 100-km diameter eddy south of New Zealand.
Differential Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptors in Myometrium of Women With Failed Induction of Labor, No Labor, and Preterm Labor:

Comparative analysis of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β receptor type I and type II messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in myometrium of women who had unsuccessful labor induction, with those without labor or in preterm labor complicated by chorioamnionitis. Small segments of myometrium were collected from women who were undergoing cesarean delivery for unsuccessful labor induction (n = 5), elective cesarean without labor (n = 5), or cesarean delivery for complications related to preterm labor and chorioamnionitis (n = 5). Total RNA was isolated from these tissues and subjected to competitive quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) to determine the level of TGF-β1, and TGF-β type I and type II receptor mRNA expression. Tissue sections were prepared from paraffin-embedded specimens and immunostained for TGF-β1 and receptor proteins using specific polycolonal antibodies. The data were analyzed by unpaired Student t test and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. Myometrium from women who had unsuccessful labor induction expressed higher levels of TGF-β1 mRNA (2.21 ± 0.28 × 106 copies/μg of total cellular RNA) than those with preterm labor (4.53 ± 0.2 × 105 copies), or without labor [3.13 ± 2.6 × 104 copies (P < .05)]. The level of TGF-β type I receptor mRNA expression did not vary; however, type II receptor expression was significantly lower in myometrium from preterm labor (1.36 ± 0.36 × 105 copies) compared with those from unsuccessful labor induction (3.42 ± × 106 copies) or without labor (9.65 ± 3.2 × 105 copies). Immunoreactive TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor proteins were present in all myometrial tissues, and their intensity reflected that of the mRNA expression in these tissues. TGF-β1 and TFG-β type II receptors are expressed differently in myometrium of women who had unsuccessful labor induction compared with those without labor or with preterm labor complicated by chorioamnionitis. Because TGF-β is a key regulator of tissue remodeling which is central to initiation of normal labor, alterations in TGF-β and/or TGF-β receptor expression may lead to changes in the outcome of labor, at least at the myometrial level.
Predictive Value of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Indices after LVAD Implantation

Purpose Secondary pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary vascular (PV) remodeling is deemed to predict poor outcomes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implant, but supporting evidence is lacking. This study examines the predictive role of preoperative hemodynamic indices reflecting PV remodeling on right ventricular failure (RVF) and early mortality. Methods and Materials A single-center review of 208 patients receiving LVADs between June 2005 and June 2012 was conducted. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), transpulmonary gradient (TPG), PV resistance (PVR), PA compliance (PAC; stroke volume divided by PA pulse pressure), right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI), LV transmural filling pressure (LVTFP; pulmonary capillary wedge minus right atrial pressure), and PV impedance score (PVIS; ratio of PVR/PAC) were obtained from preoperative catheterization reports. Patients were grouped by operative mortality (death within index hospital stay or 30 days of surgery) and RVF requiring an RVAD. Results Operative mortality and RVF were seen in 41 (19.6%) and 21 (10.1%) patients respectively. Figure 1 shows the groups’ hemodynamic indices. PASP, TPG, and RVSWI were similar in patients with early mortality or RVF and their respective controls. Lower PVR, PVIS, LVTFP, and a higher PAC were associated with early mortality. RVF patients had lower PVIS than controls. Conclusions While the mechanism requires further study, low PVR, high PAC, and low PVIS predicted early mortality instead of better outcome after LVAD implantation. RVF was predicted only by low PVIS, a novel index combining static and dynamic elements of RV afterload. Narrowing of LVTFP may reflect poor RV-PA coupling. These data solicit new perspectives on preoperative hemodynamic indices.
Nonlinear Lyapunov-based burn control in fusion reactors

Control of plasma density and temperature magnitudes, as well as their profiles, are among the most fundamental problems in fusion reactors. Existing efforts on model-based control use control techniques for linear models. In this work, a zero-dimensional (0-D) nonlinear model involving approximate conservation equations for the energy and the densities of the species was used to synthesize a nonlinear feedback controller for stabilizing the burn condition of a fusion reactor.
The nature of phase transitions in reentrant CBOBP : 4-cyanobenzoyloxy : 4'-octylbenzoyloxy-p-phenylene

Abstract The phase transitions of 4-cyanobenzoyloxy-4′-octylbenzoyloxy-p-phenylene (CBOBP) were proposed to be doubly reentrant with the phase sequence: crystal to SA1 to N to SAd to N to I. We have reinvestigated the thermal behavior of CBOBP in light of the theory of Navard and Haudin. According to the theory, the peak height of a differential scanning calorimetry DSC signal obtained at different heating rates may be used to determine whether the order of the phase transition is 1st or 2nd order. Our calorimetric data combined with previous characterization of the SA phases by X-ray and NMR experiments show that the SA1 and the SAd are different phases which must not be considered thormodynamically the same phase. Thus, since only the N is reentrant, the term doubly reentrant incorrectly describes the phase behavior. We propose the phase behavior to be crystal to SA1 1st order, SA1 to N 2ndorder, N to SAd 1st order, SAd to N 1st order, and N to I 1st order.
Large-scale latitudinal and vertical distributions of NMHCs and selected halocarbons in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during the March-April 1999 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-Tropics B)

Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and selected halocarbons were measured in whole air samples collected over the remote Pacific Ocean during NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics B (PEM-Tropics B) in March and early April 1999. The large-scale spatial distributions of NMHCs and C2Cl4 reveal a much more pronounced north-south interhemispheric gradient, with higher concentrations in the north and lower levels in the south, than for the late August to early October 1996 PEM-Tropics A experiment. Strong continental outflow and winter-long accumulation of pollutants led to seasonally high Northern Hemisphere trace gas levels during PEM-Tropics B. Observations of enhanced levels of Halon 1211 (from developing Asian nations such as the PRC) and CH3Cl (from SE Asian biomass burning) support a significant southern Asian influence at altitudes above 1 km and north of 10°N. By contrast, at low altitude over the North Pacific the dominance of urban/industrial tracers, combined with low levels of Halon 1211 and CH3Cl, indicate a greater influence from developed nations such as Japan, Europe, and North America. Penetration of air exhibiting aged northern hemisphere characteristics was frequently observed at low altitudes over the equatorial central and western Pacific south to ∼5°S. The relative lack of southern hemisphere biomass burning sources and the westerly position of the South Pacific convergence zone contributed to significantly lower PEM-Tropics B mixing ratios of the NMHCs and CH3Cl south of 10°S compared to PEM-Tropics A. Therefore the trace gas composition of the South Pacific troposphere was considerably more representative of minimally polluted tropospheric conditions during PEM-Tropics B.
High Amplitude T-wave Alternans Precedes Spontaneous Ventricular Tachycardia or Fibrillation in ICD Electrograms

Background T-wave alternans (TWA) increases acutely prior to ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF) in animal studies, suggesting that it may provide a warning for VT/VF in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients. Clinically, measurement of surface ECG TWA requires preprocessing the input signal to reduce noise and/or analyzing more sinus beats than are recorded in ICDs as pre-onset, stored intracardiac electrograms (EGMs) before VT/VF. Our objective was to measure TWA from the few sinus EGMs stored in ICDs before spontaneous VT/VF in humans. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of measuring TWA from pre-onset ICD EGMs and to measure EGM TWA before spontaneous VT/VF in humans. Methods We developed a method to measure EGM TWA as a simple average (AVE) of peak-to-peak alternans. Using simulation, we determined the effect of ICD signal processing on EGM TWA for durations comparable to those in pre-onset EGMs. We then applied this method to pre-onset ICD EGMs that preceded 101 episodes of sustained VT/VF in 10 patients. In 6 of these patients, EGM recordings in atrial pacing and sinus rhythm provided control data. Results In simulation, the AVE method discriminated input TWA differences ≥ 15 μV. In patients, EGM TWA was 78 ± 62 μV prior to VT/VF vs. 13 ± 10 μV in control recordings (p Conclusions A simple averaging method can measure TWA preceding VT/VF in stored ICD EGMs. Pilot data indicate that high-amplitude EGM TWA usually precedes spontaneous VT/VF and is infrequent in control recordings. They provide a rationale for developing ICD technology to measure EGM TWA continuously, both to warn patients and to initiate pacing algorithms to prevent VT/VF.