cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perpetual “Crisis” and the Dysfunctional Politics of Corrections in California

In 2007, California’s Little Hoover Commission, which is a bipartisan government oversight committee, stated frankly in a report toCalifornia lawmakers that, “The State knows what the answers are . . . thanks to nearly two decades of work” and suggested that policy makers stop dragging their feet and take immediate action to manage California’s deepening corrections crisis (Little Hoover Commission, 2007: 1). The Commission stated correctly that no further research was necessary and that failing to act would be costly. They noted how California’s Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) was already under federal mandate to decrease its population and that federal officials had already seized control of key corrections operations (Little Hoover Commission, 2007). Then-Governor Schwarzenegger had promised to tackleCalifornia’s corrections debacle, and the state seemed primed for reform. Change seemed even more likely when economic conditions declined and the state faced historical budget deficits. Despite these developments, the Golden State’s efforts to overhaul its failed corrections system have been marginal and have created as many problems as they have solved. And in 2009, a federal court ordered the state to decrease its prison population by 40,000 inmates or face serious penalties (Coleman v. Schwarzenegger, 2009). Smith, Omori, Turner, and Jannetta (2012, this issue) provide an insightful tale of the pitfalls besetting would-be reformers attempting to change the state’s dysfunctional penal culture. Smith et al. provide an excellent breakdown of criminological research on the value and necessity of targeting the most serious offenders for supervision and of facilitating reintegration by accelerating low-level offenders’ transition into free society. As Smith et al. demonstrate clearly, these types of policies are known to improve recidivism rates and allow
SPEED SUITS AND SWIMMING t's

The authors examine the impact of high-tech suits on swimmers in the New England Small College Athletic Conference championships in 2009. The effect these high-tech suits had on drop times (that is, the difference between a swimmer's best in-season time prior to the championships and their best time in the preliminaries or finals of the championships) in the backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly was far greater for men than for women when compared to their drop times in 2010 (the first year of the speed suit ban) and 2008 (one year before the introduction of the speed suits to collegiate swimming).
Bridging the Gap: Technology and Veteran Academic Success.

This paper presents two unique yet confluent perspectives regarding the use of technology to support student veterans in college, and is meant to ignite discussion of the blending of high impact practices with technology to promote their academic success. The authors highlight the historical trends of student veterans in the academy and discuss the barriers to success for this unique population of students. Uvize, an online mentoring and advising platform for student veterans, is introduced with an overview of the creation of the program and preliminary results from three forward thinking institutions. This article further defines why student veterans are a special student population on our campuses and require unique services to support their overall academic success. Theoretical and pragmatic technology based solutions for student veteran successes are presented.
Social inequality and health: a commentary.

Medical anthropologists have had a long interest in the subject of social inequality and health. Critical medical anthropologists (Farmer 1999; Singer 1986) and biocultural anthropologists (Goodman and Leatherman 1998; Thomas 1998) have all argued for the systematic study of structured economic and social inequality in communities and their impact on health. In this issue of MAQ, Ricardo Godoy and his colleagues add a new dimension to the anthropological study of this subject. My aim here is to provide a bit more background, to better contextualize their study. Although anthropologists have a deep interest in the subject of inequality and health, we have contributed proportionately little to the debate. The inverse association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, and the related positive association between social integration and health, are probably the most widely replicated of any associations observed between social variables and health outcomes. And, the SES–health relationship is certainly the most often replicated association of these two relationships. Social epidemiology is the field that has contributed the most to this literature (Berkman and Kawachi 2000). This of course will be familiar to the many medical anthropologists who are acquainted with the literature in epidemiology. Regardless of who is doing the research, however, the question remains: why? What is it about social inequality that leads to ill health? This may seem like a silly question when you consider the grinding poverty (or absolute material deprivation) under which some people live as described in the ethnographic literature by, for example, Nancy Scheper-Hughes (1992). Her careful ethnographic description of the desolate poverty experienced by many living in a Brazilian favela (or “shantytown”) makes it clear that some people are sicker because they are poor, oppressed, and exploited. On the other hand, it is not such a crazy question when you look at the socioeconomic gradient in health found in Michael Marmot’s Whitehall study (Marmot 1994). Whitehall, of course, refers generally to the British civil service. From the housekeeping staff to the titled ministers, the inverse gradient in health can be seen. Granted, the differences in health may not be as great as those between the poorest Brazilians and Brazilian members of the international elite, but the gradient, nevertheless, is there. And, these British civil servants are fortunate to live in a society with a national health care service and with the economic wherewithal
Resurrecting the Conditional CAPM with Dynamic Conditional Correlations

This paper provides a time-series and cross-sectional investigation of the conditional and unconditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The unconditional CAPM fails, but the conditional CAPM with dynamic conditional correlations (DCC) succeeds in generating a significantly positive risk-return tradeoff. The conditional alpha estimates indicate that the time-varying conditional covariances explain the industry, size and value premiums, but the momentum profits cannot be explained by the conditional CAPM. The multivariate GARCH-in-mean model with DCC provides an accurate characterization of the conditional betas that significantly covary with the expected market risk premium to explain stock market anomalies. The paper also examines the significance of intertemporal hedging demand identified by the covariation of portfolio returns with the innovations in macroeconomic variables. The results show that only inflation and dividend related shocks have significant risk premia.
Modeling for Fuzzy Logic Control of Deformable Manipulators

In this paper a control law which consists of a fuzzy logic controller plus a nonlinear effects negotiator for a flexible robot manipulator is presented. The nonlinear effects negotiator is used to enhance the control system's ability in dealing with the uncertainty of the mathematical model. The control algorithm is simple and easy to tune as opposed to conventional control law which requires time consuming gains selections. To obtain fuzzy control rules, an error response plane method is proposed. This method is mainly based on mathematical reasoning. In addition, the degree of overlap of membership functions for fuzzy rules is investigated. The optimal overlap of membership functions that results in the best performance of the robot is obtained. Moreover, the nonlinear effects of a typical robot motion, such as friction, backlash and external disturbances, are simulated by a sine function with randonmized amplitude and phase in the motion simulation. The results show that the proposed control scheme is robust in that it can cope with modeling uncertainty, nonlinearity, and disturbances due to payload variations simultaneously.
Sleep logs of young adults with self-selected sleep times predict the dim light melatonin onset.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a sleep log parameter could be used to estimate the circadian phase of normal, healthy, young adults who sleep at their normal times, and thus naturally have day-to-day variability in their times of sleep. Thus, we did not impose any restrictions on the sleep schedules of our subjects (n=26). For 14 d, they completed daily sleep logs that were verified with wrist activity monitors. On day 14, salivary melatonin was sampled every 30 min in dim light from 19:00 to 07:30h to determine the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Daily sleep parameters (onset, midpoint, and wake) were taken from sleep logs and averaged over the last 5, 7, and 14 d before determination of the DLMO. The mean DLMO was 22:48±01:30 h. Sleep onset and wake time averaged over the last 5 d were 01:44±01:41 and 08:44±01:26 h, respectively. The DLMO was significantly correlated with sleep onset, midpoint, and wake time, but was most strongly correlated with the mean midpoint of sleep from the...
Relationship between voluntary control of alpha activity level through auditory feedback and degree of eye convergence

Various studies have implicated the oculomotor system as possibly being involved in the biofeedback control of alpha activity with the eyes closed. This study investigated the effect of degree of eye convergence (and accompanying changes in accommodation) on alpha activity level both with the eyes open and closed. The effectiveness of eye convergence as a means of voluntarily controlling alpha activity level with the aid of EEG- or EOG-modulated auditory feedback also was investigated. Degree of eye convergence was found to be inversely related to alpha level both with the eyes open and closed. The two variables also were found to covary when subjects attempted, with the aid of biofeedback, to generate high or low levels of alpha activity with their eyes closed. The activation of visual cortex as manifested through changes in alpha activity appears to be increased when the eyes assume a position for viewing near objects, even when they are closed.
Alloy scattering in ternary III-V compounds

It is pointed out that the disorder potential utilized to calculate alloy scattering in a pseudobinary semiconductor solid solution can be determined from the heteropolar energy associated with the dielectric method of calculating band structure.
Comparison of fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria and peroxisomes from rat liver.

Abstract Oxygen uptake with succinate or palmitoyl-CoA as substrates can be measured in rat liver mitochondria that have been isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation providing the fractions are diluted with a 30 mM phosphate buffer rather than with an isotonic medium. Separate assay procedures were used to measure peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA in the fractions of a sucrose gradient used to separate these organelles. A preliminary estimate of the ratio of palmitoyl-CoA oxidation by the mitochondrial fraction relative to the surviving peroxisomes from livers of male rats was 3.2.
Surgery for mitral stenosis; a review of progress.

The renewed interest in surgery for mitral stenosis is reviewed and the progress of the past five years summarized. The present status of the indirect operation (pulmonary-azygos shunt) is discussed, and the notable advances with the direct attack (finger-fracture valvuloplasty and commissurotomy) have been brought up to date (May 1951) by means of a survey of selected centers here and abroad. Detailed information is available on 352 patients who have had an operation on the mitral valve. It is quite likely that the total now approaches 500 cases. The over-all operative mortality has been 15 per cent. Post-operative embolism occurred in 6 per cent. Clinical improvement in the majority has been prompt and striking, and this has been fully supported by catheterization data. An appraisal of the more remote effects must await the passage of time. Those most likely to benefit are patients under the age of 50 with only slight to moderate cardiac enlargement who are nevertheless seriously limited by pulmonary hy...
Evidence for multiple states of hydrogen on palladium

Abstract Adsorption of hydrogen on polycrystalline palladium has been investigated using ESD techniques. Although a single thermal desorption peak is observed for H 2 and Pd, total ESD cross section measurements suggest the existence of four distinct sources for desorbing H + and H - species. The very large cross section associated with the H - signal along with its behavior during sample heating suggests the possible existence of a molecular precursor state.
Plasmid DNA-based immunization for hepatitis C virus structural proteins: Immune responses in mice

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Plasmid DNA-based immunization has been shown to be an effective means of vaccination in animal models. In this study, the immune responses to various hepatitis C virus structural protein antigens were evaluated using this technique. METHODS: Six recombinant plasmids were constructed. These include, individually, the coding regions for the core protein (pC); E1 (pE1) and E2 (pE2); as well as core, E1, and E2 together (pCE1E2); E1 and E2 together (pE1E2); and finally an E2 construct from which the N-terminal hypervariable region had been deleted (pE2 deltaHVR). These plasmids were transfected into mammalian cells to test their protein expression and were injected into the quadriceps muscles of BALB/c mice to measure specific antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. RESULTS: All the recombinant plasmids were shown to express specific antigens transiently in cells and elicited specific antibody responses to core, E1, and E2 in mice. Specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were detected only in mice injected with plasmid constructs encoding the core. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic immunization can aid the development of hepatitis C virus vaccines by allowing for the rapid construction and evaluation of different expression plasmids as potential immunogens. (Gastroenterology 1997 Apr;112(4):1321-30)
Interaction of discrete and rhythmic movements over a wide range of periods

This study investigates a complex task in which rhythmic and discrete components have to be combined in single-joint elbow rotations. While previous studies of similar tasks already reported that the initiation of the discrete movement is constrained to a particular phase window of the ongoing rhythmic movement, interpretations have remained contradictory due to differences in paradigms, oscillation frequencies, and data analysis techniques. The present study aims to clarify these findings and further elucidate the bidirectional nature of the interaction between discrete and rhythmic components. Participants performed single-degree-of-freedom elbow oscillatory movements at five prescribed periods (400, 500, 600, 800, 1000 ms). They rapidly switched the midpoint of oscillation to a second target after an auditory signal that occurred at a random phase of the oscillation, without stopping the oscillation. Results confirmed that the phase of the discrete movement initiation is highly constrained with respect to the oscillation period. Further, the duration, peak velocity, and the overshoot of the discrete movement varied systematically with the period of the rhythmic movement. Effects of the discrete-onto-rhythmic component were seen in a phase resetting of the oscillation and a systematic acceleration after the discrete movement, which also varied as a function of the oscillation period. These results are interpreted in terms of an inhibitory bidirectional coupling between discrete and rhythmic movement. The interaction between discrete and rhythmic movement elements is discussed in comparison to sequential and gating processes suggested previously.
A Software Framework for Non-Repudiation Service based on Adaptive

In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient software framework for non-repudiation service based on an adaptive secure methodology in e-commerce (electronic commerce). First, we introduce an explicit security framework of the e-commerce transaction called notary service. The proposed framework supports non-repudiation of service for a successful e-commerce transaction in terms of generation, delivery, retrieval, and verification of the evidence for resolving disputes. Second, we propose an adaptive secure methodology to support secure and efficient non-repudiation of service in the proposed framework. Our adaptive secure methodology dynamically adapts security classes based on the nature and sensitivity of interactions among participants. The security classes incorporate security levels of cryptographic techniques with a degree of information sensitivity. As Internet e-businesses exponentially grow, a need for high security level categories to identify a group of connections or individual transactions is manifest. Therefore, development of an efficient and secure methodology is in high demand. We have done extensive experiments on the performance of the proposed adaptive secure methodology. Experimental results show that the adaptive secure methodology provides e-commerce transactions with high quality of security services. Our software framework incorporating the adaptive secure methodology is compared with existing well-known e-commerce frameworks such as SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and SET (Secure Electronic Transaction).
The Management of Lobular Neoplasia Identified on Percutaneous Core Breast Biopsy

: The management of lobular neoplasia (LN) found on percutaneous core biopsy remains a clinical dilemma. The purpose of this study was to establish guidelines for the management of LN when obtained on percutaneous core needle biopsy. A retrospective review of the Breast Imaging Tissue Sampling Database at New York Presbyterian Hospital–Columbia Comprehensive Breast Center was performed from 1998 to 2000. A total of 1460 percutaneous core breast biopsies were performed using 11- or 14-gauge needles with LN identified in 43 biopsies from 34 patients. Eleven biopsies were ultrasound guided for nonpalpable masses and 32 were stereotactically guided for mammographically detected densities (10) and microcalcifications (22). The 43 LN biopsies were divided into three groups based on additional findings associated with LN on core biopsy: group I (n = 19), LN with invasive cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); group II (n = 11), LN plus a second indication for open surgical biopsy, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), radial scar, phyllodes tumor, or intraductal papilloma; and group III (n = 13), LN plus benign fibrocystic changes. In group I, 19 of 19 biopsies (100%) yielded invasive cancer or DCIS on surgical biopsy versus 3 of 11 (27%) for group II, and 1 of 13 (8%) for group III. Outcomes in group III are described as follows: three patients were lost to follow-up, three patients did not undergo surgical biopsy but demonstrated more than 1 year of mammographic stability following core biopsy. Of the remaining seven patients, two had LN and ADH on surgical biopsy (one had a contralateral cancer), one had atypical lobular hyperplasia (with a contralateral cancer), two had LN and benign fibrocystic changes, one had LN and intraductal papilloma, and one had LN and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) with DCIS (with a contralateral cancer). These results suggest that surgical biopsy is indicated for patients with LN when found on core biopsy and when the biopsy demonstrates invasive cancer, DCIS, or other indications for surgical biopsy such as ADH, or in the examination of a patient with a synchronous contralateral breast cancer. The diagnosis of LN alone without these indications on percutaneous biopsy may not warrant routine surgical biopsy.
p-Version least squares finite element formulation for three-dimensional, isothermal, Newtonian fluid flow

Abstract A p-version least squares finite element formulation (LSFEF) is presented for three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for isothermal, incompressible Newtonian fluid flow. The Navier-Stokes equations are cast into a set of first order partial differential equations using pressure-velocity-stress form where the stresses are auxiliary variables. The pressure, velocities and stresses are interpolated using equal order p-version hierarchical approximation functions derived from the Lagrange family of interpolation function. Newton's method with line search is used to find a solution vector {δ} which satisfies necessary and sufficient conditions resulting from least squares minimization procedure. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate convergence characteristics and accuracy of the formulation. Numerical results are compared with analytical solutions and the results reported by other researchers.
Redox control of caspase-3 activity by thioredoxin and other reduced proteins.

Abstract Caspases are cysteine proteinases that play a critical role in the execution phase of apoptosis. The active site cysteine residue must be reduced for caspase activity. Thioredoxins are redox proteins that catalyze the reduction of cysteine residues. We have examined the ability of various recombinant human thioredoxins to activate caspase-3. The EC 50 for caspase-3 activation by reduced thioredoxin-1 was 2.5 μM, by reduced glutathione 1.0 mM and by dithiothreitol 3.5 mM. A catalytic site redox-inactive mutant thioredoxin-1 was almost as active as thioredoxin-1 in activating caspase-3. Caspase activation was shown to correlate with the number of reduced cysteine residues in the thioredoxins. Reduced insulin and serum albumin were as effective on a molar basis as thioredoxin-1 in activating caspase-3. Thus, caspase-3 activation is not a specific effect of thioredoxins but is a property shared by other reduced proteins.
Potential of adult Orius insidiosus [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] as a predator of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

Orius insidiosus (Say) was observed to successfully prey on eggs and earlier instar larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Significantly more neonates of FAW were killed per 24 h than either 1, 2 or 3 d old larvae. Female and male predators exhibited a typical type-II functional response when preying on varying densities of eggs or neonates of FAW.
SU-E-I-81: Radiation Dose for a 320 Slice Cone Beam CT: Methods and Analysis

Purpose: The new 320 slice CT scanners can irradiate x‐ray beam widths from 2.0 mm to 160 mm length in one rotation, and they present challenges for the measurement and analysis of radiation doses. Various methods to perform and analyze the radiation dose data were examined. Methods: These CT scanners have various modes of operation such as: 320 detector axial volume mode, 64 detector axial and helical scan, and scan mode with 4 narrow axial slices ranging from 4*0.5 mm to 4*8 mm. There are many selectable scan parameters such as: four kVp settings (80, 100, 120 and 135), three x‐ray beam filters, 50 to 550 mA, several scan time settings of 0.35 to 3.0 seconds, various pitch values and automatic mA modulation. These options complicate the radiation dose measurement and analysis procedures. Longer CT dose phantoms were evaluated. Several ionization chambers (100 mm pencil chamber and 0.6 cc thimble) and OSL dosimeters were utilized to perform the measurements and evaluated. Results: The radiation dose profiles were measured, and the narrowest beam width resulted in the largest radiation doses. In the 320 slice volume mode, the utilization of 3 radiation dose phantoms stacked together only changes the measured radiation dose by less than 10%. The large amount of data was reduced to a few simple equations and graphs that could be used to estimate the CT radiation dose for any of the clinical procedures. Both thimble ionization and OSLradiation detectors provide useful contributions in CTdosimetry. Conclusions: Limitations and approaches to CT radiation dosimetry for large cone beam CT scanners are reviewed and guidance is provided. Current dosimetry methods can be employed without significant errors.
Organic thermal and electrostatic ciliary microactuator array for object manipulation

Abstract An organic thin-film ciliary microactuator array using independent thermal and electrostatic actuation is described. A polyimide thermal bimorph structure provides for large angle deflection with high load capacity. Electrostatic electrodes provide low-power hold-down, capacitive sensing, and feedback control capabilities. Integrating four orthogonally oriented actuators into a unit cell and replicating this cell into an array allows for precise movement of small objects in arbitrary directions. The ciliary microactuator array has immediate applications for positioning, alignment, inspection, and assembly of small parts, such as IC dice, with micron-scale resolution.
Dynamics of offshore floating wind turbines—model development and verification

The vast deepwater wind resource represents a potential to use offshore floating wind turbines to power much of the world with renewable energy. Many floating wind turbine concepts have been proposed, but dynamics models, which account for the wind inflow, aerodynamics, elasticity and controls of the wind turbine, along with the incident waves, sea current, hydrodynamics, and platform and mooring dynamics of the floater, were needed to determine their technical and economic feasibility. This work presents the development of a comprehensive simulation tool for modelling the coupled dynamic response of offshore floating wind turbines and the verification of the simulation tool through model-to-model comparisons. The fully coupled time-domain aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation tool was developed with enough sophistication to address limitations of previous studies and has features required to perform loads analyses for a variety of rotor-nacelle assembly, tower, support platform and mooring system configurations. The developed hydrodynamics module accounts for linear hydrostatic restoring; non-linear viscous drag; the added-mass and damping contributions from linear wave radiation, including free-surface memory effects; and the incident-wave excitation from linear diffraction in regular or irregular seas. The developed mooring line module is quasi-static and accounts for the elastic stretching of an array of homogenous taut or slack catenary lines with seabed interaction. The hydrodynamics module, the moorings module, and the overall simulation tool were tested by comparing to results of other models, including frequency-domain models. The favourable results of all the verification exercises provided confidence to perform more thorough analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System selectivity cube: a 3D visualization tool for comparing the selectivity of gas chromatography, supercritical-fluid chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography systems.

A three-dimensional visualization tool termed the system selectivity cube (SSC) has been developed to aid in the selection of chromatography systems. The most effective way to change the resolution of a complex mixture is to change the selectivity of the separation. The SSC allows efficient identification of systems of differing selectivity. Our approach is based on comparisons of the energetics of two systems and in this way is somewhat akin to the κ−κ plots of Horvath et al. Our comparisons, however, are based on linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) or other multiparameter models of retention. Our approach unifies LSERs, κ−κ plots, and the “effective selectivity” concept introduced by Zhao and Carr. The utility and versatility of the SSC is demonstrated with LSERs for 74 micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) systems taken from the literature. The SSC groups those systems which provide little or no difference in selectivity and those systems which do differ in their selectivities. We ant...
Species and sex differences in electron transport systems in liver microsomes and their relationship to ethylmorphine demethylation

Abstract Species differences in the metabolism of ethylmorphine parallel differences in NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase more closely than they do differences in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome P-450 content or the type I spectral change caused by ethylmorphine.
Recent advances in the application of metabolomics to Alzheimer’s Disease

The pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) begin decades before the emergence of clinical symptoms. Understanding the early mechanisms associated with AD pathology is, therefore, especially important for identifying disease-modifying therapeutic targets. While the majority of AD clinical trials to date have focused on anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) treatments, other therapeutic approaches may be necessary. The ability to monitor changes in cellular networks that include both Aβ and non-Aβ pathways is essential to advance our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of AD and subsequent development of cognitive symptoms and dementia. Metabolomics is a powerful tool that detects perturbations in the metabolome, a pool of metabolites that reflects changes downstream of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic fluctuations, and represents an accurate biochemical profile of the organism in health and disease. The application of metabolomics could help to identify biomarkers for early AD diagnosis, to discover novel therapeutic targets, and to monitor therapeutic response and disease progression. Moreover, given the considerable parallel between mouse and human metabolism, the use of metabolomics provides ready translation of animal research into human studies for accelerated drug design. In this review, we will summarize current progress in the application of metabolomics in both animal models and in humans to further understanding of the mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis.
Fluorescent antibody study of herpes simplex virus lesions and recurrent aphthae

Abstract 1. 1. Fluorescent antibody methods are reliable for the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections. 2. 2. Papanicolaou staining of smears from clinically suspicious herpes simplex infections is an excellent method for the diagnosis of these lesions when they are clinically differentiated from herpes zoster and varicella infections. 3. 3. Recurrent herpes simplex infection does occur within the oral cavity proper. 4. 4. Cells from recurrent aphthae do not exhibit specific fluorescence to FIT-labeled HSIS or to FIT-labeled human globulin obtained from a convalescent patient with recurrent aphthae.
Measurement of ragweed antigen E by double antibody radioimmunoassay.

Abstract Antigen E (AgE), the principal allergen of short ragweed pollen, has previously been quantitated by histamine release from sensitized leukocytes or by immunodiffusion. To measure AgE activity a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed. With this assay as little as 7 ng. of AgE was measurable, and by logit transformation of inhibition curves AgE activity in various allergy extracts could be compared immunologically. AgE reactivity was detected in extracts of several Ambrosia and Franseria species, but only AgE from short ragweed produced inhibition curves parallel to AgE IV-C. With giant ragweed this cross-reactivity was confirmed with immunodiffusion analysis. Certain lots of extracts from botanically unrelated pollens contained small amounts of AgE with inhibition curves parallel to AgE from short ragweed. No dialyzable AgE activity was found in freshly prepared short ragweed extracts. Extraction of short ragweed pollen with 50. per cent glycerin yielded extracts with greater AgE content than extraction with Coca's solution. AgE activity from short ragweed survived freezing and thawing (10 times) and was stable for months at 4 °C. in concentrated aqueous solutions. The quantities of AgE coupled to solidphase polymers used in the radioallergosorbent test could also be estimated with RIA.
Monitoring β-Lactamase Activity In Vivo by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

A 13C-labeled cephalothin, 7 beta-(2-thienylacetamido)-3-[acetoxy-13C1]methyl-3-cephem-4- carboxylate (compound 1), has been prepared and used to monitor beta-lactamase activities by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Time-elapsed spectral analysis of the reaction of the labeled cephalothin with the TEM-2 beta-lactamase purified from Escherichia coli revealed the progressive loss of the cephalothin acetyl resonance at 176.8 ppm and accumulation of an acetate signal at 184.3 ppm. Spectral results identical to those observed in the in vitro experiment were obtained when compound 1 was incubated with cell suspensions of E. coli JSR-O (pBR322), which contains the plasmid-encoded TEM-2 beta-lactamase, and Enterobacter cloacae strains that contain a class I chromosomal beta-lactamase. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for the lactamase-catalyzed formation of acetate from cephalothin in vivo were obtained by integration of the 13C-acetyl resonances of compound 1 during timed incubations with cell preparations. These results constitute the first demonstration of the ability to monitor beta-lactamase activity in viable cells by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Regular four-spiral semigroups, idempotent-generated semigroups and the rees construction

A regular semigroup S is called an ℋ-coextension of a regular semigroup T if there exists an idempotent-separating homomorhism from S onto T. J. Meakin [5] has described all regular four-spiral semigroups, i.e. all ℋ-coextensions of the fundamental four-spiral semigroup Sp4 [2], by means of the structure mappings on a regular semigroup. The purpose of this note is to point out that D. Allen's generalization [1] of the Rees theorem allows one to give a short alternative description of all regular four-spiral semigroups and their maximum completely simple homomorphic images in terms of bisimple ω-semigroups (whose structure is known by Reilly's theorem [7]) and Rees matrix semigroups ℳ(S;I;ΛP) over a semigroup S [3]. The notion of a Rees matrix semigroup over a semigroup is also used to embed semigroups in idempotent-generated ones, providing easy proofs for some embedding theorems of F. Pastijn [6].
Design requirements of a global name service for a mobility-centric, trustworthy internetwork

The Internet's tremendous success as well as our maturing realization of its architectural shortcomings have attracted significant research attention towards clean-slate re-designs in recent times. A number of these shortcomings can be traced back to naming. The current Internet uses IP addresses to conflate identity and network location, which results in poor support for mobility and multihoming; vulnerability to hijacking and spoofing of addresses, etc. The Internet's name resolution infrastructure deeply embeds in its design the assumption of mostly stationary hosts and poorly satisfies the performance, security, and functionality demanded by modern mobile services. As a step towards addressing these shortcomings, we present the design of a global name service that forms a central component of the MobilityFirst, a clean-slate Internet architecture with mobility and trustworthiness as principal design goals. MobilityFirst relies on the global name service to cleanly separate identity from network location and to resolve identifiers to locations in a secure manner. More importantly, MobilityFirst capitalizes on the role of the name resolution infrastructure as a logically central, first point of contact to significantly enhance a number of network-layer functions such as supporting host and network mobility, multi-homed traffic engineering, content retrieval, multicast, and next-generation context-aware services. This paper identifies key challenges that must be addressed to realize such a vision and outlines the design of a distributed global name service that can resolve identifiers to dynamic attributes in a fast, consistent, and cost-effective manner at Internet scales.
Effects of ECS on retention of brightness and brightness reversal discrimination.

Two groups of rats were trained in an avoidance situation to discriminate brightness and then received ECS 0.2 or 200 min. after reaching criterion. Error savings were significantly less in the sho...
The Absence of Linear Plasmid 25 or 28-1 of Borrelia burgdorferi Dramatically Alters the Kinetics of Experimental Infection via Distinct Mechanisms

The 25-kb linear plasmid lp25 and one of the 28-kb linear plasmids (lp28-1) are required for experimental infection in Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. The loss of these plasmids either eliminates infectivity (lp25) or significantly increases the 50% infective dose during a 2-week infection period (lp28-1). This study assessed the kinetics of bacterial dissemination in C3H/HeN mice infected with B. burgdorferi lacking either lp25 or lp28-1, as well as their wild-type parent, and tracked the development of specific borrelial antibodies over a 3-week period. The results indicated that the wild type and the lp28-1− strains were able to disseminate throughout the host, whereas the lp25− strain was cleared within 48 h of inoculation. While the wild-type B. burgdorferi persisted in tissues for the duration of the study, the lp28-1− mutant began clearing at day 8, with no detectable bacteria present by day 18. As expected, the wild-type strain persisted in C3H/HeN mice despite a strong humoral response; however, the lp28-1− mutant was cleared coincidently with the development of a modest immunoglobulin M response. The lp28-1− mutant was able to disseminate and persist in C3H-scid mice at a level indistinguishable from that of wild-type cells, confirming that acquired immunity was required for clearance in C3H/HeN mice. Thus, within an immunocompetent host, lp28-1-encoded proteins are not required for dissemination but are essential for persistence associated with Lyme borreliosis.
Measurements of sulfur in gases and particles during sixteen months in the Ohio River Valley

Abstract During the period May 1980–August 1981, air quality measurements were made at three rural sites in the Ohio River Valley. Monthly averages of O 3 , NO 2 and gaseous and particulate sulfur were quite uniform from site to site and showed a strong annual pattern: NO 2 and gas phase sulfur were highest in winter; while O 3 and particulate sulfur were highest in summer. The ratio of particulate sulfur to gaseous sulfur varied from less than 0.1 in winter to nearly 1 in summer.
Children with serious illness: Behavioral correlates of separation and isolation

The deleterious effects of separation have been demonstrated in experimental animal studies and in naturalistic case studies of children. In this study extensive observational and physiological records were obtained on four preschool children who were receiving chemotherapy for childhood cancer. The findings generally parallel those reported in the subhuman primate literature. The children's behavior followed a sequence of agitation followed by behavioral depression. The findings underscore the seriousness of parent-child separation and the need to develop intervention strategies to ameliorate these deleterious effects.
Plume source detection using a process query system

A Process Query System (PQS) has the capability of filtering large volumes of real time data originating from a field of networked Physical Sensors. Modern air quality monitoring techniques such as Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy will eventually provide massively distributed real time contamination data at high fidelity. As large networks of these sensors are deployed, improved techniques of data retrieval and assimilation will be required. The case of detecting a diffusion event such as a hazardous chemical plume is considered. In this scenario, a plume model based on an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)is submitted to the PQS which manages multiple hypotheses explaining the current observations. The feasibility of such an application is demonstrated and results from preliminary simulations are presented.
The emotional wellness of radiology trainees: prevalence and predictors of burnout.

Rationale and Objectives Burnout is a complex phenomenon characterized by emotional exhaustion, social detachment, and feelings of low personal achievement. In this study, we aim to establish the prevalence of burnout among radiology trainees and to explore the factors influencing its development. Materials and Methods Survey data were collected from 266 trainee members of the Association of University Radiologists to assess financial status, attitudes toward money and compensation, and burnout symptomology. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze these data. Results Most radiology residents reported high levels of personal achievement but routine symptoms of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Although increasing levels of household debt were correlated with symptoms of depersonalization and lower reported quality of life, we found that the subjective financial experience was a more reliable indicator of emotional well-being. Specifically, higher subjective self-assessments of financial strain were the best predictors of symptoms of depersonalization ( P P P P P P Conclusions The unique nature of radiology training could mean that traditional assumptions regarding the development of trainee burnout do not necessarily apply. Finances may be an underappreciated influence on resident burnout, and subjective feelings of financial scarcity could outweigh the impact of objective indebtedness. Further study is needed to ensure that the emotional well-being of radiology trainees is optimally supported.
Microtubule Regulation of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Channels in Neurons

Abstract N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs), which play a key role in synaptic plasticity, are dynamically regulated by many signaling molecules and scaffolding proteins. Although actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in regulating NMDAR stability in synaptic membrane, the role of microtubules in regulating NMDAR trafficking and function is largely unclear. Here we show that microtubule-depolymerizing agents inhibited NMDA receptor-mediated ionic and synaptic currents in cortical pyramidal neurons. This effect was Ca2+-independent, required GTP, and was more prominent in the presence of high NMDA concentrations. The NR2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor was the primary target of microtubules. The effect of microtubule depolymerizers on NMDAR currents was blocked by cellular knockdown of the kinesin motor protein KIF17, which transports NR2B-containing vesicles along microtubule in neuronal dendrites. Neuromodulators that can stabilize microtubules, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, significantly attenuated the microtubule depolymerizer-induced reduction of NMDAR currents. Moreover, immunocytochemical studies show that microtubule depolymerizers decreased the number of surface NR2B subunits on dendrites, which was prevented by the microtubule stabilizer. Taken together, these results suggest that interfering with microtubule assembly suppresses NMDAR function through a mechanism dependent on kinesin-based dendritic transport of NMDA receptors.
Type II photocyclizations of carbohydrates

Abstract The Norrish type II photocyclization reaction provides direct preparation of chainextended carbohydrates. The benzylidene acetal moiety constrains the excited state carbonyl group so that hydrogen abstraction is observed at only one site. The synthesis of the rare sugars penta-O-acetyl-D-gulopyranose and penta-O-acetyl-D-idopyranose has been achieved in only three steps from a readily available xylose derivative.
Zinc Depletion Causes Multiple Defects in Ovarian Function during the Periovulatory Period in Mice

Shortly before ovulation, the oocyte acquires developmental competence and granulosa cells undergo tremendous changes including cumulus expansion and luteinization. Zinc is emerging as a key regulator of meiosis in vitro, but a complete understanding of zinc-mediated effects during the periovulatory period is lacking. The present study uncovers the previously unknown role of zinc in maintaining meiotic arrest before ovulation. A zinc chelator [N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN)] caused premature germinal vesicle breakdown and associated spindle defects in denuded oocytes even in the presence of a phosphodiesterase 3A inhibitor (milrinone). TPEN also potently blocked cumulus expansion by blocking induction of expansion-related transcripts Has2, Ptx3, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 mRNA. Both meiotic arrest and cumulus expansion were rescued by exogenous zinc. Lack of cumulus expansion is due to an almost complete suppression of phospho-Sma- and Mad-related protein 2/3 signaling. Consistent with a decrease in phospho-Sma- and Mad-related protein 2/3 signaling, TPEN also decreased cumulus transcripts (Ar and Slc38a3) and caused a surprising increase in mural transcripts (Lhcgr and Cyp11a1) in cumulus cells. In vivo, feeding a zinc-deficient diet for 10 d completely blocked ovulation and compromised cumulus expansion. However, 42.5% of oocytes had prematurely resumed meiosis before human chorionic gonadotropin injection, underscoring the importance of zinc before ovulation. A more acute 3-d treatment with a zinc-deficient diet did not block ovulation but did increase the number of oocytes trapped in luteinizing follicles. Moreover, 23% of ovulated oocytes did not reach metaphase II due to severe spindle defects. Thus, acute zinc deficiency causes profound defects during the periovulatory period with consequences for oocyte maturation, cumulus expansion, and ovulation.
661 URIC ACID EXCRETION IN ACUTE LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA (ALL), A FIVE YEAR SURVEY

Urinary uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine (UXH) were determined following vincristine (VCR) and steroid administration during the induction and remission phases of 37 subjects with ALL in order to determine a possible parameter of disease activity. Average daily UXH (mg/m2) during induction were: Wk1:817, Wk2:577, Wk3:693, Wk4:803 (nl. range 150-270 mg/m2). UXH excretion was no different for the 86% of subjects who achieved remission (712 mg/m2/day) compared to those who failed (707 mg/m2). The markedly elevated UXH at the time of clinical remission suggests that a longer induction program might achieve greater cell kill. Similar induction UXH excretions were found for those who ultimately relapsed as opposed to those remaining disease free. Induction UXH excretion correlates with clinical evidence of tumor burden (liver-spleen size). During remission, the UXH excretion was significantly lower (259 ± 104 mg/m2/day) but 50% of subjects did excrete mild to moderately abnormal quantities of UXH. UXH excretion demonstrated no tendency to decline over 48-60 mos. for the overall group. Relapses occurred with equal frequency in those with normal or increased UXH during the remission phase suggesting that a normal UXH in a patient who relapses indicates a failure of VCR and steroid to be effective in these subjects. Relapsed patients who did not exhibit elevated UXH with VCR during remission generally failed to achieve a second remission with VCR and steroid. Thus UXH excretion in remission cannot be used to predict relapses in all cases.
Limit evolutionarily stable strategies in two-player, normal form games☆

Abstract Because the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is too strict in asymmetric games, the more general limit ESS concept was proposed by Selten. This paper provides a characterization of the limit ESS concept, showing that a strategy profile is a limit ESS if and only if it is a purestrategy Nash equilibrium in strategies which are not weakly dominated and which satisfy an additional condition called absence of role-equivalent strategies. We also briefly explore, in the context of examples, the properties of the limit ESS concept.