cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a molecular switch system that regulates gene expression in mammalian cells through a small molecule.

Molecular switch systems that activate gene expression by a small molecule are effective technologies that are widely used in applied biological research. Nuclear receptors are valuable candidates for these regulation systems due to their functional role as ligand activated transcription factors. Previously, our group engineered a variant of the retinoid × receptor to be responsive to the synthetic compound, LG335, but not responsive to its natural ligand, 9-cis-retinoic acid. This work focuses on characterizing a molecular switch system that quantitatively controls transgene expression. This system is composed of an orthogonal ligand/nuclear receptor pair, LG335 and GRQCIMFI, along with an artificial promoter controlling expression of a target transgene. GRQCIMFI is composed of the fusion of the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcription factor, Gal4, and a retinoid × receptor variant. The variant consists of the following mutations: Q275C, I310M, and F313I in the ligand binding domain. When introduced into mammalian cell culture, the switch shows luciferase activity at concentrations as low as 100 nM of LG335 with a 6.3 ± 1.7-fold induction ratio. The developed one-component system activates transgene expression when introduced transiently or virally. We have successfully shown that this system can induce tightly controlled transgene expression and can be used for transient transfections or retroviral transductions in mammalian cell culture. Further characterization is needed for gene therapy applications.
Antihydrophobic Cosolvent Effects for Alkylation Reactions in Water Solution, Particularly Oxygen versus Carbon Alkylations of Phenoxide Ions†

Antihydrophobic cosolvents such as ethanol increase the solubility of hydrophobic molecules in water, and they also affect the rates of reactions involving hydrophobic surfaces. In simple reactions of hydrocarbons, such as the Diels−Alder dimerization of 1,3-cyclopentadiene, the rate and solubility data directly reflect the geometry of the transition state, in which some hydrophobic surface becomes hidden. In reactions involving polar groups, such as alkylations of phenoxide ions or SN1 ionizations of alkyl halides, cosolvents in water can have other effects as well. However, solvation of hydrophobic surfaces is still important. By the use of structure−reactivity relationships, and comparing the effects of ethanol and DMSO as solvents, it has been possible to sort out these effects. The conclusions are reinforced by an ab initio computer model for hydrophobic solvation. The result is a sensible transition state for phenoxide ion as a nucleophile, using its oxygen n electrons to avoid loss of conjugation. ...
Synthesis of Photoactive Analogues of a Cystine Knot Trypsin Inhibitor Protein

We describe the preparation of a recently described photoactive amino acid analogue (photoMethionine) by two novel synthetic routes, one of which is flexible and enantiospecific, and the site-specific chemical incorporation of photoMethionine into a defined and functionally active protein using a combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and modern chemical ligation methodology. Site-specific labeling of proteins with this amino acid analogue through chemical synthesis provides valuable probes for photoaffinity cross-linking studies.
Mean-field approximation minimizes relative entropy

We derive the mean-field approximation from the information-theoretic principle of minimum relative entropy instead of by minimizing Peierls’s inequality for the Weiss free energy of statistical physics theory. We show that information theory leads to our statistical mechanics procedure. As an example, we consider a problem in binary image restoration. We find that mean-field annealing compares favorably with the stochastic approach.
The Delta–M Method: Rapid Yet Accurate Radiative Flux Calculations for Strongly Asymmetric Phase Functions

Abstract The delta–M method represents a natural extension of the recently proposed delta–Eddington approximation to all orders M of angular approximation. It relies essentially on matching the first 2M phase function moments and using a Dirac delta–function representation of forward scattering. Computed fluxes are remarkably accurate at very low orders M of approximation, even when the phase function is strongly asymmetric; thus the associated M × M matrix computations remain small and manageable. Flux is automatically conserved, making phase function “renormalization” unnecessary. Phase function truncation is effected in a much more attractive manner than in the past; furthermore, truncation tends to zero as M → ∞. Errors are shown to oscillate with (roughly) exponentially decreasing amplitude as M increases; which has the curious consequence that increasing M by small amounts does not necessarily reduce error. Mie computations associated with the δ–M method can be considerably reduced, based on a simpl...
Low-pressure facies series metamorphism in an accretionary sedimentary prism, southern Alaska

The low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism of the Chugach metamorphic complex (Alaska) occurred in an ocean-continent convergence zone. To achieve the high temperatures at a relatively shallow depth in an accretionary prism, we propose the large-scale transport of heat by fluids, which preheated the metamorphic belt by tectonic focusing of fluids followed by injection of melts, both of which were generated downdip in a shallow subduction zone.
Efficacy of Ravuconazole in Treatment of Mucosal Candidosis in SCID Mice

A model of orogastric candidosis in SCID mice, which mimics disease seen in AIDS patients, was used to evaluate ravuconazole in comparison with fluconazole for treatment. Mice were infected orally with Candida albicans and received either no treatment or oral treatment once daily for 12 days with 1, 5, or 25 mg of ravuconazole per kg of body weight per day, 5 or 25 mg of fluconazole per kg per day, or diluent (10% dimethyl sulfoxide in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose). The numbers of C. albicans CFU in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and cecum on day 25 in mice given no treatment and diluent were equivalent. Both doses of fluconazole significantly reduced numbers of CFU in all four tissues but were equivalent to each other. Ravuconazole showed dose-responsive improvement of clearance of CFU. Ravuconazole at 25 mg/kg was superior in reduction of numbers of CFU in all tissues to controls or 25 mg of fluconazole per kg and to other regimens in at least three tissues. Fluconazole at 25 mg/kg cured no infection in any tissue, whereas 25 mg of ravuconazole/kg cleared infection in all tissues from 50% of mice. Ravuconazole has good efficacy and the potential to cure mucosal candidosis in the absence of a functional immune response.
Clinical characteristics of nonfatal myocardial infarction among individuals on prophylactic low-dose aspirin therapy.

BACKGROUNDThe influence of prophylactic low-dose aspirin on the clinical characteristics of subsequent nonfatal myocardial infarction was examined in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of alternate-day aspirin (325 mg) among 22,071 US male physicians.METHODS AND RESULTSDuring 60.2 months of follow-up, 342 incident cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction were confirmed (95.2% of all reports): 129 on aspirin and 213 on placebo (p less than 0.00001). Despite this statistically extreme reduction in occurrence of a first nonfatal infarction attributable to aspirin, there were no significant differences in the size, location, electrocardiographic features, or postinfarction left ventricular ejection fraction between the aspirin and placebo groups. Furthermore, among those undergoing angiography, there were no differences in the distribution or number of coronary vessels obstructed.CONCLUSIONSThese data indicate that chronic platelet inhibition with alternate-day as...
A REVIEW OF GENETIC PRACTICES IN POULTRY: EFFORTS TO IMPROVE MEAT QUALITY

The success of the poultry industry has been fueled by the ability to economically produce acceptable products. This accomplishment has been achieved through high selection intensities, shorter generation intervals and reduced environmental influences. The result is reduced slaughter age and increased body weight at specific ages. Muscle yields and feed conversion have also improved. Unfortunately, genetic progress has resulted in a reduction of meat quality associated with muscle texture and flavor. The most recent poultry meat quality concern is associated with muscle characteristics similar to pale-soft-exudative (PSE) pork. Molecular approaches providing relief to the PSE pork have not been documented for poultry. The molecular tools necessary for marker-assisted selection in poultry are still in their infancy. Unfortunately, the time required for marker development, and the interface of this technology with the traditional selection programs will require 8 to 12 years. Thus, other remedies should be pursued.
Incubator for growing chick embryos in vitro and in ovo.

Abstract Two chick incubators, with inside dimension 61 cm. H, 66 cm. W, 71 cm. D, were designed and constructed to meet critical control of temperature, atmosphere, humidity, and air borne bacteria. Construction was of plywood laminated to 2.5 cm. polystyrene insulation. The top and front had plexiglas and glass ports respectively, for visibility. Air entered the incubator from the top and bottom after being heated by a hair-dryer type heater-blower. It exited on the left and right sides. A controlled atmosphere chamber, 17 cm. H, 30 cm. W, 35 cm. D; 36 embryos capacity, was supported on a frame 15 cm. from all sides within the incubator. Temperature was controlled between 37.8–37.9°C. by a thermistor-regulator. Temperature at the level of the chick embryos was monitored with YSI Telethermometer using a probe thermistor. The inner chamber was purged with room air supplied by an aquarium air pump. The air entered the front of the inner chamber after passing through a series of flasks of water and a bacteriological filter, and exited from the rear. Chick embryos incubated in opened shells (2.5 cm. diam.) in these incubators lived to 18 days when experiments terminated.
Absolute vs Acoustic Standardization in Electrostethography and the Need for Studying Cardiac Vibrations As Transients

The marked variations in the audiograms of the individuals and the wide variation in frequency response of different flexible stethoscopes preclude the possibility of any widespread system of standardization. Phonocardiography has well recognized teaching and clinical value but is limited in usefulness as a clinical tool. Electrostethography eliminates the use of auditory recordings and is a direct measure of vibrations and can be easily calibrated in absolute, i.e., cgs units. The patterns produced have a gross resemblance to phonocardiographic patterns but provide measurable frequency and amplitude data. The many factors which affect heart vibrations together with the numerous types of artefacts that can occur suggest the electrostethograms should not be studied according to the techniques developed from electrocardiography but should be done with long records, multifrequency channels, and calibrated amplifiers. This method is further improved by studying the vibrations as transients on a cv scope with locked sweep and provisions for recording of selected single cycles.
Low Frequency End Performance of a Symmetrical Configuration Antenna for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

The frequency specifications of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) call for an optimum operation of the antenna elements from 25 down to 100 MHz. The current 12 m diameter US-SKA design is specified from 500 up to 25 GHz, with an upper goal of 35 GHz. At the low frequency end of the band (i.e., 100 MHz), a 12 m reflector antenna is about four wavelengths in diameter. Then, the question is: how well can you do, at this low frequency end of the specified band of operation for the SKA, with a symmetric reflector configuration using an ultra-wide-band prime focus feed? This paper presents the analysis of the antenna performance, in terms of Aeff/TA, of three symmetric configurations of the 12 m US-SKA antenna design between 100 and 200 MHz.
Ranks of abelian varieties over infinite extensions of the rationals

Let S be an infinite set of rational primes and, for some p ∈ S, let \({\mathbb{Q}_S^{(p)}}\) be the compositum of all extensions unramified outside S of the form \({\mathbb{Q}(\mu_p,\sqrt[p]{d})}\), for \({d \in \mathbb{Q}^\times}\). If \({(\sigma) = (\sigma_{1},\ldots,\sigma_{n}) \in {\rm Gal} {(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})}^n}\), let \({(\mathbb{Q}_S^{(p)})^{(\sigma)}}\) be the intersection of the fixed fields by \({{\langle\sigma_{i}\rangle}}\), for i = 1, . . , n. We provide a wide family of elliptic curves \({E/\mathbb{Q}}\) such that the rank of \({E((\mathbb{Q}_S^{(p)})^{(\sigma)})}\) is infinite for all n ≥ 0 and all \({(\sigma) \in {\rm Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})^n}\), subject to the parity conjecture. Similarly, let \({(A/\mathbb{Q},\phi)}\) be a polarized abelian variety, let K be a quadratic number field fixed by \({(\sigma) \in {\rm Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})^n}\), let S be an infinite set of primes of \({\mathbb{Q}}\) and let \(K^{p-{\rm dihe}}_S\) be the maximal abelian p-elementary extension of K unramified outside primes of K lying over S and dihedral over \({\mathbb{Q}}\). We show that, under certain hypotheses, the \({\mathbb{Z}_p}\) -corank of selp∞(A/F) is unbounded over finite extensions F/K contained in \({(K^{p-{\rm dihe}}_S)^{(\sigma)}/K}\). As a consequence, we prove a strengthened version of a conjecture of M. Larsen in a large number of cases.
Double-row vs single-row rotator cuff repair: A review of the biomechanical evidence

Hypothesis A review of the current literature will show a difference between the biomechanical properties of double-row and single-row rotator cuff repairs. Background Rotator cuff tears commonly necessitate surgical repair; however, the optimal technique for repair continues to be investigated. Recently, double-row repairs have been considered an alternative to single-row repair, allowing a greater coverage area for healing and a possibly stronger repair. Materials and Methods We reviewed the literature of all biomechanical studies comparing double-row vs single-row repair techniques. Inclusion criteria included studies using cadaveric, animal, or human models that directly compared double-row vs single-row repair techniques, written in the English language, and published in peer reviewed journals. Identified articles were reviewed to provide a comprehensive conclusion of the biomechanical strength and integrity of the repair techniques. Results Fifteen studies were identified and reviewed. Nine studies showed a statistically significant advantage to a double-row repair with regards to biomechanical strength, failure, and gap formation. Three studies produced results that did not show any statistical advantage. Five studies that directly compared footprint reconstruction all demonstrated that the double-row repair was superior to a single-row repair in restoring anatomy. Conclusions The current literature reveals that the biomechanical properties of a double-row rotator cuff repair are superior to a single-row repair. Level of evidence Basic Science Study, SRH = Single vs. Double Row RCR
The Pioneer 10 anomalous acceleration and Oort cloud comets

Anderson et al. [Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 082004] recently reported new evidence that both Pioneer 10 and 11 are experiencing nearly the same unmodeled anomalous acceleration directed toward the Sun. Numerous mechanisms, both internal and external to the spacecraft, have been proposed to explain this unmodeled acceleration. If we assume that the cause of the anomalous acceleration is (1) external to the spacecraft, (2) isotropic, and (3) acts on bodies of cometary mass, then it would imply that new comets are more tightly bound to the Sun than previously believed. Here we show that the implied higher binding energy is incompatible with the established evidence that the galactic tide is dominant in making Oort cloud comets observable. We conclude that one or more of these assumptions must be invalid.
Asymmetric information in competitive bribery games

Abstract In this paper, competitive bribery games with incomplete information about the nature of the potential bribee are considered. Given a common uniform cost distribution function, we characterize the closed-form Nash equilibrium; some properties of the equilibrium are derived therein.
Efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for black cutworm control in turfgrass

Field experiments were conducted in turf maintained under golf course fairway conditions in May, June, and August 2009 and in August and September 2010 to evaluate the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to control larval populations of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, on golf courses. Commercial products containing the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. riobrave were applied at 1.0 or 2.5×109 infective juveniles per ha against fourth-instar black cutworms. Larval mortality and turf damage were evaluated at 4 and/or 7 days after treatment (DAT). Steinernema carpocapsae was the best performing species due to a combination of high control rates (average 83%), most consistent results (70–90% range), high speed of kill (average 68% at 4 DAT), and prevention of significant turf damage despite very high larval densities at 0 DAT. Efficacy of S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora was often similar to that of S. carpocapsae but overall less consist...
Corticosteroids enhance S-antigen expression in nonretinal ocular tissues of rats with experimental autoimmune uveitis

S-antigen (S-Ag), a major protein on the retinal photoreceptor cell, can induce experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We have previously detected S-Ag and its mRNA in irises of chronic uveitis patients receiving long-term steroid therapy. To further investigate the effect of steroid therapy on ocular tissue, we compared levels of S-Ag and its mRNA in EAU rats with and without steroid treatment. EAU was induced in 72 Lewis rats by two footpad injections of S-Ag. The rats were then treated with Depo-Medrol or phosphate-buffered saline by intramuscular injection. Eyes were collected at different time points. S-Ag mRNA was detected in the lens epithelium, trabecular meshwork, iris, and ciliary body of 47.2% of the steroid-treated group vs 22.2% of the controls. S-antigen was also detected in 30.6% of the eyes of the treated group vs 16.7% of the controls. S-Ag and its mRNA was found only in the retina of normal rats. These results support the hypothesis that prolonged corticosteroid therapy in uveitic patients might enhance the expression of S-Ag in nonretinal ocular tissues and might contribute to the ocular side effects of corticosteroid.
A rat model of full thickness thermal injury characterized by thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, pronociceptive peptide release and tramadol analgesia

Opioid-related side effects are problematic for burn patients. Dual mechanism therapeutics targeting opioid and non-opioid mechanisms may have reduced side effects with similar analgesic efficacy. Tramadol combines mu opioid receptor agonism with norepinephrine reuptake inhibition and has been effective in treating some types of pain. The effectiveness of tramadol in treating pain associated with burns is unclear. We hypothesized that tramadol is effective in reducing thermal injury-evoked pain behaviors in a rat model. Rats were anesthetized and a 100°C metal probe was placed on the hindpaw for 30 s to induce a full thickness thermal injury. A subset of rats was perfusion fixed and hindpaw tissue and spinal cord collected for anatomical analysis. Rats received morphine (5 mg/kg; i.p.), tramadol (10-30 mg/kg; i.p.) or vehicle and latency to paw withdrawal from a noxious thermal or non-noxious mechanical stimulus was recorded every 10 min over 70 min and again at 2 h. We report that pain behaviors developed within 48 h and peaked at 1 week; paralleled by enhanced expression of pronociceptive neuropeptides in the spinal cord. Morphine and tramadol significantly attenuated hyperalgesia and allodynia, while not significantly altering motor coordination/sedation. These data indicate dual mechanism therapeutics may be effective for treating pain associated with burns.
The paradox of the question

What is the best question to ask an omniscient being? The question is intriguing; is it also paradoxical? We discuss several versions of what Ned Markosian calls “the paradox of the question” and suggest solutions to each of those puzzles. We then offer some practical advice about what do if you ever have the opportunity to query an omniscient being.
Structure, function, and stability of enzymes covalently attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes.

We describe the structure, activity, and stability of enzymes covalently attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Conjugates of SWNTs with three functionally unrelated enzymeshorseradish peroxidase, subtilisin Carlsberg, and chicken egg white lysozymewere found to be soluble in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, characterization of the secondary and tertiary structure of the immobilized proteins by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies, respectively, and determination of enzyme kinetics revealed that the enzymes retained a high fraction of their native structure and activity upon attachment to SWNTs. The SWNT−enzyme conjugates were also more stable in guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and at elevated temperatures relative to their solution counterparts. Thus, these protein conjugates represent novel preparations that possess the attributes of both soluble enzymeshigh activity and low diffusional resistanceand immobilized enzymeshigh stabilitymaking them attractive choices for applicati...
Dominant-Interfering Hsc70 Mutants Disrupt Multiple Stages of the Clathrin-Coated Vesicle Cycle in Vivo

Within the clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) cycle, coat assembly drives the internalization of receptors from the cell surface and disassembly allows for the processing of internalized ligands. The heat shock cognate protein, hsc70, has been implicated in regulating coat disassembly. We find that in cells overexpressing ATPase-deficient hsc70 mutants, uncoating of CCVs is inhibited in vivo, and the majority of unassembled cytosolic clathrin shifts to an assembled pool that cofractionates with AP1 and AP2. Surprisingly, this assembled pool of coat proteins accumulates in the absence of cargo receptors, suggesting that disruption of hsc70 activity may cause misassembly of empty clathrin cages. The strongest effect of overexpression of hsc70 mutants is a block in transferrin receptor (TfnR) recycling, which cannot be accounted for by the degree of inhibition of uncoating of endocytic CCVs. These results suggest that hsc70 participates in multiple transport and/or sorting events between endosomal compartments. Additionally, the mutant-expressing cells are defective at internalizing transferrin. In the most potent case, the initial rate of uptake is inhibited 10-fold, and TfnR levels double at the cell surface. Our findings demonstrate that hsc70 indeed regulates coat disassembly and also suggest that this chaperone broadly modulates clathrin dynamics throughout the CCV cycle.
Effect of Protein Content and Denaturation on the Extractability and Stability of Isoflavones in Different Soy Systems

The effect of protein on the thermal stability of isoflavones and the efficiency of their extraction from various soy matrixes was investigated. Isoflavones were extracted from soymilk, soybean. and soy protein isolate, varying in protein content and/or denaturation state, following nonenzyme-assisted solvent extraction or enzyme-assisted extraction. Selected samples were subjected to thermal treatment prior to and posthydrolysis of the protein. The extraction efficiency was a function of the enzyme used, sample to solvent ratio, protein content, and protein denaturation state. Proteolysis and reducing the sample to solvent ratio enhanced the isoflavone extractability, especially in samples with denatured protein. Results demonstrated clearly that the solvent extraction techniques currently used considerably underestimate isoflavone content in complex soy systems with high protein content. The stability of isoflavones was reduced upon protein hydrolysis, indicating that the protein moiety may have a protective effect against the thermal degradation of isoflavones.
Neuroimaging in partial epilepsy: Structural magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive technique that has been shown to be the structural neuroimaging procedure of choice in evaluating patients with partial or localization-related epilepsy. The diagnostic yield of MRI has been confirmed in patients with partial epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) or foreign-tissue lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging may be used preoperatively to identify patients with intractable partial epilepsy who have surgically remediable epileptic syndromes. Preoperative MRI studies are predictive of long-term seizure outcome in patients receiving surgical treatment. Analysis of hippocampal formation size has also been shown to correlate with the neurocognitive outcome following temporal lobe surgery. A recent development involving subtraction ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) coregistered with structural MRI (SISCOM) has important clinical applications. SISCOM studies are more sensitive and specific than visual side-by-side interpretation of interictal and ictal SPECT scans. Also, SISCOM images have been shown to have prognostic importance in patients undergoing surgical treatment for epilepsy.
Two Decades After: “After The Wake: Postpositivistic Educational Thought”

This essay is an updating of one that was published exactlytwo decades ago; in the intervening years there has been a revival of interest in positivism as a historical phenomenon in epistemology and philosophy of science (some references to which are given), but there also has been heightened awareness of the various weaknesses of the positivist position. But the main themes of the original essay are still valid – the tendencypersists (and may even have grown stronger) for individuals to charge their opponents indiscriminately with being ``positivists'' without being clear what actually characterizes this position; and there is still a failure to recognize that positivism was a complex ``position'' some of whose theses can be held by individuals who strongly oppose other theses and thus often do not deserve this label. Indeed, some present-day opponents of positivism do not realize that they share its important anti-realism or instrumentalism.
Work Hardening: Evidence for Success of a Program

The effectiveness of a work hardening program in facilitating gains in physical strength and return to work in 40 chronic low back-pain clients was assessed. Statistically significant gains in physical strength were found. Also, 27 of the 32 clients reached by follow-up telephone calls returned to work full time.
Overcoming obstacles to desensitization using in vivo stimuli and brevital

Difficulties with systematic desensitization include the failure of stimuli presentedin imagination to elicit the intensity of anxiety provoked by active stimuli. Other patients have difficulty in relaxing sufficiently. Using intravenous Brevital and “real life” stimuli in the therapy, a female with multiple phobias showed substantial improvement within 10 sessions. Gradual withdrawal of the drug during prolonged exposure apparently facilitated transfer of the medication's antianxiety effects to the nondrug state. The patient remained improved at 18 month follow-up. A psychological test battery administered before treatment and at follow-up substantiated the durability of improvement.
Epidemiological Data Analysis in TerraFly Geo-spatial Cloud

GIS systems and online services are growing at a very fast pace, however, there are few online services for the analysis of geospatial epidemiology and their functionality is limited. We present a geospatial epidemiology analysis system on the TerraFly Geo-spatial Cloud platform. The system provides comprehensive spatial analysis methods and visualization. In this system, the user is not required to program in order to employ the functionality. All the datasets are stored in the Geo-spatial Cloud. This system is accessible at http://terrafly.fiu.edu/GeoCloud/. The system API algorithms adapted to geospatial epidemiology. The application utilizes the GeoCloud distributed storage system for the Big Data to be analyzed, it utilizes an interactive mapping API to display results.
Voltammetry of dicarboxylic acids on solid electrodes in aqueous and mixed media

The polarographic waves formed by carboxylic acids (dicarboxylic acids among them) in aqueous and some nonaqueous solutions correspond to the hydrogen ion discharge [1]. The data on the electrochemical behavior of dicarboxylic acids on solid electrodes are hard to obtain, the more so, in mixed water--organic media. In this work we study voltammetry of lower members of the homologous series of dicarboxylic acids, namely, oxalic, malonic, succinic, and adipic. The study is performed on solid electrodes in aqueous solutions and in mixtures of water with acetone, acetonitrile (AN), ethanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), and pyridine.
Swelling with inhomogeneous point defect production — a cascade diffusion theory

A theoretical method is described for evaluating the effects of spatially and temporally discrete production in collision cascades on point defect concentrations and swelling in materials during irradiation. The concentrations of vacancies and interstitials at a point which result from their diffusion from all cascades in the material are calculated. Large fluctuations occur with time in the vacancy concentration. The interstitial concentration is nearly always zero except for extremely large spikes of very short duration, corresponding to the occurrence of a cascade anywhere within the sphere beyond which all generated defects are absorbed by sinks before reaching the reference point. The growth rate of a void in this cascade diffusion theory is compared to that given by the more approximate rate theory. The difference is small but increases rapidly at high temperature. Implications of this work for void nucleation, irradiation creep, and analysis of pulsed irradiations are mentioned.
Identified hadron production in √s = 130 GeV Au-Au collisions at relativistic heavy-ion collider

Identified π±,K ±, p and -p transverse momentum spectra at mid-rapidity in √sNN = 130 GeV Au-Au collisions were measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC as a function of collision centrality. Average transverse momenta increase with the number of participating nucleonsN part similarly for all particle species. The multiplicity densities scale faster thanN part. TheK ± andp ±yields per participant increase faster than the π± yields. We combine the PHENIX neutral and charged pion measurement and find that in central collisions forp T >-2 GeV/c,-p andp yields are comparable to or even exceed the pion yields.
Modeling Ground Water Quality Sampling Decisions

Questions such as what, where, when, and how often to sample play a central role in the development of monitoring strategies. Limited resources will not permit sampling for many contaminants at the same frequency at all well sites. Therefore, a resource allocation strategy is necessary to arrive at answers for the preceding types of questions. Such a strategy for a ground water quality monitoring program is formulated as an integer programming model (an optimization model). The model will be of use in the process of deciding what constituents to sample and where to sample them so as to maximize a given objective, subject to a set of budget, sampling, and regulatory constraints. The maximization objective in the model is defined as a weighted function of population exposure to a scaled measure of observed chemical concentrations. The sampling constraints are based on the observed variability of contaminants in the aquifer, needed precision in estimates, a chosen level of significance, the available budget for implementing the program, and selected regulatory constraints. The model is tested with field data obtained for 10 selected constituents from more than 650 wells in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in Iowa. Results from two alternative formulations of the model are compared, analyzed, and discussed. Further avenues for research are briefly outlined.
Synthesis and conformation of asymmetric rigid polyamides

Asymmetric polyamides from the reaction of either optically active trans-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid (C3) or trans-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (C6) with 2,7-diazaspiro[4,4]nonane(DSN) were synthesized. The possible conformations of these polymers and their model compounds in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), water, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and sulfuric acid were examined by circular dichroism (CD), NMR, viscosity, and dipole moment measurements. The racemic polyamides (±)C3·(±)DSN and (±)C6·(±)DSN exist in extended forms. No intrinsic viscosity changes were observed for these two polymers in TFE and MSA. Certain viscosity and spectral changes have been observed for the optically active polyamides, although no specific ordered conformations can be assigned. The optically active diacid units incorporated into the polymer give a conformation unique from the totally extended chain. CD studies seem to evidence some conformational differences among the polyamide derived from (+)C6 diacid and the optically active DSN. By changing the solvent from TFE to MSA a blue shift of the trough was observed for (+)C6·(±)DSN, a red shift for (+)C6·(−)DSN, and an inversion of the CD spectrum for (+)C6·(+)DSN polyamides. The results of the work with (+)C6·(−)DSN in dilute acid solution suggest that the rotation around the C–N bond is a relatively low-energy process. The spectral and intrinsic viscosity data are consistent with this suggestion. No drastic spectral changes have been observed for the C3·DSN polyamides by changing the solvent from TFE to MSA. The amide group in the C3·DSN polyamide and the corresponding model compound prefer a similar conformation with the carbonyl group bisecting the cyclopropane ring. The C3·DSN polyamide seems to exist in an extended form.
Obtaining Legal Counsel for Child and Family Mental Health Practice

There are seven reasons mental health practitioners providing services to children and families face an escalation of legal liability and risk of ethical, regulatory (licensing), and legal (malpractice) complaints: (1) parents using children to assuage their own anxiety; (2) the increase in governmental control of mental health practice; (3) the penchant for litigation; (4) the demise of community mental health services programs (resulting in highly disturbed persons seeking services from private practitioners); (5) distrust of health care providers (which results in a common negativity towards health care practitioners in general and mental health therapeutic compliance in specific); (6) demands from and restrictions imposed by third-party payment sources that increase the risk of client dissatisfaction; and (7) the competitive marketplace. This article explains the practitioner's hesitancy to rely on legal counsel for risk management purposes, noting that there are two barriers to making the decision to...
MRI evaluation of post-operative seromas in extremity soft tissue sarcomas.

Objective. To define the spectrum of MRI appearances of postoperative seromas in patients who have undergone excision of extremity soft tissue sarcomas. Local recurrence is always of concern; often a second-look procedure is performed to assess this possibility. Unnecessary surgical exploration may be avoided if radiologists and orthopedic oncologists are familiar with this spectrum of MRI appearances. Design and patients. The medical records and images of 85 patients with extremity soft tissue sarcomas were reviewed. Postoperative MRI examinations were available in 46 patients. Eight of these demonstrated MRI evidence of postoperative seroma. The initial size, rate of change, margin, and internal architecture of each seroma was measured, calculated, graded, and graphed. Results and conclusion. MRI is an excellent modality for the evaluation of postoperative seromas. Globular areas of low to intermediate signal material within seromas may represent organized hematomas or granulation tissue rather than sarcoma recurrence. Local recurrence rarely occurs within seromas.
Surface singularities in nematics and some notes on cholesterics

2014 A topological analysis of surface and bulk configurations in cholesterics and nematics is given. Volovik’s procedure for combining surface and bulk defects is reviewed and illustrated, and the problem of twist in cholesterics is discussed from the point of view of Cladis et al. These considerations are applied to cholesteric boojums. Also, the question of non-singular textures is studied and a soliton-like texture for a cholesteric is proposed and is predicted to be stable. Next, the problem of a nematic in a sphere is considered and the various solutions to this problem are given. J. Physique 41 (1980) 345-349 AVRIL 1980,
Combining Group and Foster Care: Solution or Problem?: A Response to Arieli and Feuerstein

The relationships among foster and group care and biological families have, deservedly, occupied the attention of child welfare advocates for at least a decade. Among the major reasons for this attention, at least in North America, is the concern that some children have in the past been inappropriately placed and that the placement setting--foster care or group care--has often been purposely isolated by practice, attitude, and administrative prescription from the child's family of origin. The concern with "permanency" has caused a re-examination of placement policies, a greater emphasis on preventive services, and a range of practice innovations designed to increase the involvement of parents in the care and treatment of their children away from home (Jenson & Whittaker, in press; Whittaker, in press). Outcome research from group care has reinforced the notion of parent involvement as a frequent correlate of successful community readaptation of youth (Whittaker & Pecora, 1984). The present contribution by Arieli and Feuerstein provides a useful point of cross-cultural reference for how the issue of permanency is being addressed in at least one rural Israeli community. While the vignettes from individual youth were illuminating and useful, I found the overall paper disappointing in several respects. First, the authors begin with a presumptive list of problems specific to foster and residential care and then go on to detail a "solution" (combined care) to address these problems. Unfortunately, neither the problem nor the solution are buttressed with confirming data. Are we to assume, for example, that "exposure," "over control," "insufficient relationships," and "distance" are nezessarily found in all group care settings? If so, to what degree and how measured? Similarly, no clear rationale (or evidence) is offered to explain why some of these "problems" might not also affect the foster home or, conversely, why the presumed foster care problems might not also affect the group care setting. If this were, in fact, the case, it would stand the authors' "solution" on its head: i.e., by combining two substitute care settings, one would actually be exacerbating the child's sense of impermanence. In the absence of any objective data on the children's adjustment, we have no way of knowing. Curiously, however, the authors' recounting of the apparently numerous and frequent incidence of incontinence among the youth
Coping With LGBT and Racial–Ethnic-Related Stressors: A Mixed-Methods Study of LGBT Youth of Color

This study examines how racial–ethnic minority lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth cope with both racial–ethnic and LGBT-related stress. Within a sample of 213 LGBT youth of color, the present study presents (1) quantitative and qualitative results from an approach and avoidance–based measure of parental racial coping socialization across six conversation domains, and (2) qualitative responses regarding LGBT stressors and associated coping strategies. The emphasis on approach versus avoidance varied across the racial–ethnic conversation domains. However, both racial–ethnic- and LGBT-related coping strategies emphasized a combination of cognitive and behavioral strategies. Similarities and differences also existed in the types of stressors encountered across racial–ethnic and LGBT statuses. We discuss the potential for coping skill transfer across these minority statuses.
A Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation of Reaustenitized-and-Cooled HSLA-100 Steel

A continuous-cooling-transformation diagram for 0.06% C HSLA-100 steel (austenite grain size of about 10 lm) was reexamined in combination with hardness data and light-microscope images. Data suggested the presence of a martensitic microstructure over a wide range of cooling rates. A specimen cooled at approximately 17 C/s was chosen for detailed microstructural investigation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a microstruc- ture consisting primarily of martensite laths with a mod- erate-to-high dislocation density. About 5% of retained austenite was present as interlath films. An orientation relationship close to Kurdjumov-Sachs was verified for martensite and austenite, and adjacent laths exhibited an axis/angle pair consistent with two variants of this rela- tionship. Some regions of twinned martensite were observed, and multi-variant cementite precipitation was observed within large autotempered martensite laths. All results are consistent with this steel in its as-received mill-processed condition.
Preschoolers' responses to ongoing interadult conflict: the role of prior exposure to resolved versus unresolved arguments

Children's past experiences with interadult conflict are likely to influence their responses to ongoing arguments. Preschoolers' (4- to 5-year-olds) responses to interadult conflict were examined as a function of experimentally manipulated histories of exposure to resolved and unresolved arguments. Children were presented with two live arguments that were either resolved or unresolved, then they were presented with a third argument that was interrupted in progress (i.e., unresolved), and they were interviewed next. Children's overt-behavioral responses were videotaped and coded for distress level. The results support the notion that past experiences with conflict resolution ameliorate children's distress responses to ongoing arguments. In comparison to children previously exposed to unresolved conflict, those exposed to a history of resolved disputes were more likely to (a) exhibit lowered behavioral distress, (b) predict a lower likelihood of a conflictual outcome for the couple's argument, (c) report less negative perceptions of the arguing adults, and were less likely to (d) endorse intervention in conflict through attempts to stop the disputes; (c) and (d) pertained only to girls.
A unified Lagrangian trajectory model for particle diffusion in ducts

A unified Lagrangian trajectory mapping approach to predict particle diffusion in ducts is presented, in which the effects of Brownian diffusion are accounted for using an effective particle radius concept. This approach is uniformly applicable to all particle sizes with the diffusion influence diminishing in importance as the physical particle size increases. The proposed model has been verified using bench-mark tests for cases of ultra fine particles when the physical particle size is negligible. Results predicted by this model agree very well with available analytical solutions for both uniform and parabolic flows within ducts of cylindrical and rectangular cross-sectional geometry over a wide range of the particle diffusivity. Using the concept of a particle diffusion sphere, it has been shown that the particle deposition efficiency due to diffusion in a conduit of regular polygon cross section is identical to the diffusion efficiency for a cylindrical tube having the same hydraulic radius.
Four Universal Forms of Chlorophyll a

We have matched the red absorption band measured at −196 C in a variety of chloroplast preparations with four major component curves representing forms of chlorophyll a having peaks at 661.6, 669.6, 677.1, and 683.7 nanometers. Chloroplast fractions enriched in one or the other of the two photochemical systems both contain these four major components, but system 1 preparations contain relatively more chlorophyll a 684. Chlorophyll a 677 and chlorophyll a 684 have greater bandwidths in system 1. Bands at longer wavelengths near 693 and 704 nanometers also often occur, but with far smaller heights than the above major bands. The longer wavelength bands are more common in system 1 than in system 2. In system 1 the half-widths of the four major bands in typical spectra average 11.3, 10.0, 10.3, and 10.8 nanometers while in system 2 they are 11.6, 9.8, 9.4, and 9.6 nanometers. Some spectra with sharper and some with wider bands were found, but the wavelengths were identical.
Süleyman and Mihrimah: The Favorite’s Daughter

Due to the fact that an Ottoman princess never succeeded to the throne, princesses are usually dismissed as political ciphers lacking power or influence. Mihrimah (Mehr-o-māh), the only daughter of Suleyman (Solaymān) and his concubine (later wife) Hurrem (Khorram), wielded more power during her father’s reign than did her brothers. Together with her mother, and her grand vizier husband, Rustem (Rostam) Pasha, she belonged to the most powerful faction of her father’s reign. Rare among Suleyman’s favorites, these three never lost his regard leading to loss of status and/or life. By examining Mihrimah’s architectural patronage, her correspondence with her father, her amassment of great wealth, and her involvement in administrative appointments and decisions regarding military expeditions, this article analyzes the particular quality and origin of Mihrimah’s influence and power. It argues that because Mihrimah was female and ineligible to succeed to the sultanate, she was able to develop a closer relationship with her father than could his sons who were candidates for the throne, and thus potentially could revolt against him. This closeness continued even after death, for Mihrimah was the only one of Suleyman’s children to be buried with him in his tomb.
Magnetic resonance imaging of benign bone lesions: cysts and tumors.

SummaryA benign bone lesion may have a typical appearance on plain radiographs. This is the case with benign cortical defects and osteochondroma. With most other lesions, cross-sectional imaging is needed to complete the study of the tumor. The nidus of osteoid osteoma is well demonstrated on comput