cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulating MUC1 Function on T Cells.

Immunotherapy is a promising approach to treating cancer. Mucin1 (MUC1), an epithelial glycoprotein, is hypo-glycosylated and overexpressed on epithelial cancers. This renders it a promising target for potential immunotherapeutic approaches. However, MUC1 has also been identified on T cells, which might complicate its potential as a target for immunotherapies.
Parallel algorithms on Connex-like machines

Complex problems like image processing function approximation, pattern recognition, weather prediction and neural network applications require computationally heavy array manipulation. The main tailback when handling arrays is their size. Many of these practical applications tackle this problem by making use of parallel programming. The power of multiple single instruction processing units is very advantageous.
High-order spectral method for the simulation of capillary waves with complete order consistency

Abstract We develop the simulation capability for surface capillary waves based on the high-order spectral method, which solves the primitive Euler equations truncated to a prescribed nonlinearity order in wave steepness. The uniqueness in this development is to construct an order-consistent scheme to model the surface tension term, so that the simulation at arbitrary order forms a Hamiltonian system with complete energy conservation. The model equations are integrated in time using an integration factor scheme coupled with a 4th-order Runge-Kutta method (IF-RK4), where the linear terms are solved analytically (i.e., under machine precision in the numerical implementation), and nonlinear terms explicitly. The performance of the model is tested by simulation of a progressive Crapper wave and a broadband capillary wave spectrum. The property of order consistency as well as the enhanced accuracy and stability due to the IF-RK4 (compared to RK4 only) are clearly benchmarked. We finally show the effectiveness of the model to reproduce (for the first time) the thermal equilibrium spectrum of capillary waves when energy is injected at small scales of the wave field.
TRANSRADIAL SHEATHLESS COMPLEX CORONARY INTERVENTION USING BALLOON ASSISTED TRACKING TECHNIQUE

The major limitation of Transradial (TRA) PCI is the inability to use large guiding catheters because of the relatively small size of the radial artery. Therefore, the sheathless technique for TRA PCI has been recently developed. However, reports on TRA complex PCI using the sheathless BAT technique
We All Know We Need Them, We Hope They Are Coming, But When?

A number of mechanisms modify thyroid hormone (TH) signaling at the cellular level. To restore TH signaling in patients with hypothyroidism or in patients with the syndrome of TH resistance, it is ...
Donor bone-marrow CXCR4+ Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells are essential for costimulation blockade-induced long-term survival of murine limb transplants.

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) allows tissue replacement after devastating loss but is currently limited in application and may be more widely performed if maintenance immunosuppression was not essential for graft acceptance. We tested whether peri-transplant costimulation blockade could prolong VCA survival and required donor bone-marrow cells, given that bone-marrow might promote graft immunogenicity or graft-versus-host disease. Peritransplant CD154 mAb/rapamycin (RPM) induced long-term orthotopic hindlimb VCA survival (BALB/c->C57BL/6), as did CTLA4Ig/RPM. Surprisingly, success of either protocol required a bone-marrow-associated, radiation-sensitive cell population, since long-bone removal or pre-transplant donor irradiation prevented long-term engraftment. Rejection also occurred if Rag1−/− donors were used, or if donors were treated with a CXCR4 inhibitor to mobilize donor BM cells pre-transplant. Donor bone-marrow contained a large population of Foxp3+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells, and donor Foxp3+ Treg depletion, by diphtheria toxin administration to DEREG donor mice whose Foxp3+ Treg cells expressed diphtheria toxin receptor, restored rejection with either protocol. Rejection also occurred if CXCR4 was deleted from donor Tregs pre-transplant. Hence, long-term VCA survival is possible across a full MHC disparity using peritransplant costimulation blockade-based approaches, but unexpectedly, the efficacy of costimulation blockade requires the presence of a radiation-sensitive, CXCR4+ Foxp3+ Treg population resident within donor BM.
Pulmonary hypertension complicating pregnancy: cardiac remodeling and residual concerns.

To assess pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac remodeling in pregnancy in women with pulmonary hypertension and compare these findings with studies done beyond three months postpartum. Pregnant wo...
Long-Term Outcomes of POEM for Primary Esophageal Motility Disorders

Since peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) emerged in 2010 as a treatment for achalasia, more than 7,000 procedures have been performed in the world. The main indication for POEM continues to be achalasia, which is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterized by impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and aperistalsis. POEM has also been applied in other types of primary esophageal motility disorders. Short-term outcomes indicate that POEM has comparable results to laparoscopic Heller myotomy in terms of efficacy and safety. Studies show decrease in Eckardt scores after POEM as a reflection of symptomatic relief. Now, a decade after its introduction, long-term data have emerged for POEM and demonstrates that POEM remains effective and safe. Both POEM and laparoscopic Heller myotomy are associated with postinterventional gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Antireflux mechanisms are disrupted during the procedures. However, the rate of GERD is higher after POEM than with laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy is commonly performed with a partial fundoplication to reduce antireflux, but POEM is not typically combined with an antireflux procedure. Further studies should examine the long-term effects of postinterventional GERD.
Large fieldlike torque in amorphous Ru 2 Sn 3 originated from the intrinsic spin Hall effect

We investigated temperature dependent current driven spin-orbit torques in magnetron sputtered ${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ (4 and 10 nm)/${\mathrm{Co}}_{20}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{60}{\mathrm{B}}_{20}$ (5 nm) layered structures with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. The room temperature dampinglike and fieldlike spin torque efficiencies of the amorphous ${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ films were measured to be $0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012)$ and $--0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(--0.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009)$, for the four (10 nm) films, respectively, by utilizing the second-harmonic Hall technique. The large fieldlike torque in the relatively thicker ${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ (10 nm) thin film is unique compared to the traditional spin Hall materials interfaced with thick magnetic layers with in-plane magnetic anisotropy which typically have dominant dampinglike and negligible fieldlike torques. Additionally, the observed room temperature fieldlike torque efficiency in ${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ (10 nm)/CoFeB (5 nm) is up to three times larger than the dampinglike torque ($--0.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009$ and $0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012$, respectively) and 30 times larger at 50 K ($--0.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014$ and $0.009\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017$, respectively). The temperature dependence of the fieldlike torques shows dominant contributions from the intrinsic spin Hall effect while the dampinglike torques show dominate contributions from the extrinsic spin Hall effects, skew scattering, and side jump. Through macrospin calculations, we found that including fieldlike torques on the order of or larger than the dampinglike torque can reduce the switching critical current and decrease magnetization procession for a perpendicular ferromagnetic layer.
When First We Practice to Deceive.

While we agree with Christopher Meyers (2021) that avoiding deception is a prima facie rather than an absolute duty for clinical ethicists and that some cases may require a clinical ethicist to par...
EU–India Relations and New Political Realities: Normative Convergence and Its Implications for Shared Strategic Concerns

This chapter highlights the historically convergent democratic values of the European Union and India and what that means for their growing common strategic interests. EU’s foreign policy historically showcased a strong commitment towards democratic norms. India’s independence from Britain in 1947 made it the world’s largest democracy. Thus, the political normative commitments of both the EU and India have long showcased convergence. However, recent political developments have prompted strategic prudence in EU–India relations and shared normative convergence is a convenient lynchpin. In particular, the chapter analyzes the impact of three recent developments in the region and their implications for EU–India relations: the rise of China in South Asia; second, the impact of the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India on the normative convergence between the EU and India; finally, the chapter tackles the prospects of EU-Indian relations in an era of increasing American withdrawal from international politics.
Lessons Learned in Employing Data Analytics to Predict Oxidation Kinetics and Spallation Behavior of High-Temperature NiCr-Based Alloys

Machine learning (ML) can offer many advantages in predicting material properties over traditional materials development methods based solely on limited experimental investigations or physical-based simulations with the capability to reduce development cost, risk, and time. However, so far, limited efforts have been made to predict alloy oxidation kinetics and spallation behavior via ML due to the lack of consistently measured and sufficient experimental data and the inherent complexity in oxidation behavior of multicomponent high-temperature alloys. A previous study reported the ability of ML to predict oxidation kinetics of NiCr-based alloys as a function of alloy composition and operating conditions. In the current work, the performance of a ML model in predicting rate constants and spallation probability was evaluated in light of the roles of the data distribution of the experimental dataset (data analytics), the alloy composition, the exposure environment and the chosen oxidation approach to extracting kinetic values from the measured mass changes (but using either a simple parabolic law or a statistical cyclic oxidation model). Potential strategies to improve the predictions and enhance the extrapolative capability of the previously trained model will be discussed.
Mean Air Concentration of Self-Aerated Flows

The purpose of this technical note is to develop a correlation between the mean air concentration and the most significant flow parameters in the fully aerated zone. Dimensional analysis is used to evaluate the relative importance of the various parameters. This approach follows somewhat that used by Kobus to examine the motion of bubbles in liquids.
Methodology for Calibrating Stormwater Models

A method for calibrating coupled quantity-quality stormwater management model is presented. The United States Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model is used as an example. Quantity and quality subroutines are separated and each is calibrated using measured data. Data from six storm events are used for quantity calibration and data from five storm events are used for quality calibration. Model parameters are adjusted, based on sensitivity analyses, until predicted and measured outputs are within stated calibration criteria. The calibrated models are then recombined and the coupled model is used to predict annual pollutant loadings. Loading rates are compared with loading rates predicted using a single storm event calibrated model.
Ramanujan graphs on cosets of PGL2(Fq)

In this paper, we study Cayley graphs on PGL"2(F"q) mod the unipotent subgroup, the split and nonsplit tori, respectively. Using the Kirillov models of the representations of PGL"2(F"q) of degree greater than one, we obtain explicit eigenvalues of these graphs and the corresponding eigenfunctions. Character sum estimates are then used to conclude that two types of the graphs are Ramanujan, while the third is almost Ramanujan. The graphs arising from the nonsplit torus were previously studied by Terras et al. We give a different approach here.
Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease

To study the association of the use of oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), we analyzed data from a large multicenter case-control study of contraceptive use and serious gynecologic disorders. The analysis included data from interviews of 648 women hospitalized with an initial episode of PID and 2,516 hospitalized control subjects. The risk of PID for women using oral contraceptives in the 3 months prior to interview was 0.5 (95% confidence limits, 0.4 to 0.6) relative to women using no contraceptive method during this period. This association was not explained by differences between case subjects and control subjects in demographic variables, level of sexual activity, or medical history. The protective effect of current oral contraceptive use against PID was restricted to women using oral contraceptives for more than 12 months; past use of oral contraceptives did not exert a protective effect against PID. Annually, an estimated 50,000 initial cases of PID are prevented by oral contraceptive use; 12,500 hospitalizations are also averted by oral contraceptive use. Consequently, protection against PID is one of the most important noncontraceptive benefits of oral contraception.
Radiation Exposure in Imaging of Suspected Child Abuse: Benefits versus Risks.

Recent articles on child abuse in this journal discussed the value of ordering a skeletal survey in children age 24-36 months and the need for a computed tomography (CT) of the head in children less than 2 years with an isolated single nonmetaphyseal long bone fracture. The benefits of these and other imaging studies are not merely in the number of positive tests. Negative results can be extremely important. However, both radiography and CT use ionizing radiation (X-rays). Determining the risks of radiation exposure from medical imaging is not straight forward. Language: en
HLS1X: CopyrightX Course Report

This report describes the first Harvard Law School open online course, first offered through HarvardX on the edX platform in Spring 2013. The course was taught by Professor William Fisher, who also prepared this report. Modified versions will be offered in the spring semesters of 2014 and 2015. This document describes and evaluates the 2013 version and outlines plans for the 2014 version.
Career advancement of men and women in academic radiology: Is the playing field level?

Rationale and Objectives. The authors' purposes were to determine if there are gender differences in the speed of promotion and/or academic productivity in academic radiology and if this situation had changed since a previous study was performed in 1987. Materials and Methods. Surveys were distributed to faculty members of academic radiology departments in May 1997. A total of 707 surveys were analyzed according to gender for time at rank for assistant and associate professor levels, in relation to publication rate, grant funding rate, and distribution of professional time. Results. There was no difference between genders in the time at assistant professor rank. Among all current professors, women had been associate professors longer than men, but there was no difference between genders for those who had been in academic radiology for less than 15 years. There was no gender difference at any rank in the rate of publishing original articles. There was no difference in funding rates, although men had more total grant support. Male associate professors reported spending more time in administration and slightly more time in total hours at work than did their female colleagues, and male professors spent slightly more time teaching residents. Otherwise, there is no difference in how men and women at any rank spend their professional time. There are, however, lower percentages of women in tenured positions and in the uppermost levels of departmental administration. Conclusion. The time at rank for men and women and their rate of publication appear to have equalized. Women still are underrepresented at the uppermost levels of departmental administration, however, and are less likely than men to hold tenured positions.
Rats respond for food in the presence of free food: How free is the “free” food?

Abstract An experiment conducted by A.J. Neuringer ( Science , 1969, 166 , 399–401) in which he reported that rats maintained appreciable levels of bar pressing for earned food in the presence of freely available food was critically examined and replicated. Rats were trained to bar press, then housed in operant chambers and administered a 15-day preference test between free and earned food, followed successively by 10 days of free food only, a second 6-day preference test, and 7 days of earned food only. Throughout the experiment half of the animals were provided with tall free-food containers similar to those used by Neuringer; the other half were provided with short containers similar to those more commonly employed by other researchers. The former animals showed a consistent propensity to bar press for earned food across both preference tests, while the latter animals showed only an initial propensity to bar press which subsequently declined to very low levels. These results indicate that the maintenance of significant amounts of bar pressing by the rats in Neuringer's report was due to the relatively more effortful free-food source he employed. The utility of a neophobia-optimality model in explaining the present data is discussed.
The role of palladin in actin organization and cell motility

Palladin is a widely expressed protein found in stress fibers, focal adhesions, growth cones, Z-discs, and other actin-based subcellular structures. It belongs to a small gene family that includes the Z-disc proteins myopalladin and myotilin, all of which share similar Ig-like domains. Recent advances have shown that palladin shares with myotilin the ability to bind directly to F-actin, and to crosslink actin filaments into bundles, in vitro. Studies in a variety of cultured cells suggest that the actin-organizing activity of palladin plays a central role in promoting cell motility. Correlative evidence also supports this hypothesis, as palladin levels are typically up-regulated in cells that are actively migrating: in developing vertebrate embryos, in cells along a wound edge, and in metastatic cancer cells. Recently, a mutation in the human palladin gene was implicated in an unusually penetrant form of inherited pancreatic cancer, which has stimulated new ideas about the role of palladin in invasive cancer.
Exercise for Everyone: A randomized controlled trial of Project Workout On Wheels in promoting exercise among wheelchair users

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of 2 home-based behavioral interventions for wheelchair users to promote exercise adoption and maintenance over 12 months. Design Randomized controlled trial, with participants stratified into groups based on disability type (stable, episodic, progressive) and support partner availability. Setting Exercise occurred in participant-preferred locations (eg, home, recreation center), with physiological data collected at a university-based exercise laboratory. Participants Inactive wheelchair users (N=128; 64 women) with sufficient upper arm mobility for arm-based exercise were enrolled. Participants on average were 45 years of age and lived with their impairment for 22 years, with spinal cord injury (46.1%) most commonly reported as causing mobility impairment. Interventions Both groups received home-based exercise interventions. The staff-supported group (n=69) received intensive exercise support, while the self-guided group (n=59) received minimal support. Both received exercise information, resistance bands, instructions to self-monitor exercise, regularly scheduled phone calls, and handwritten cards. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome derived from weekly self-reported exercise. Secondary outcomes included physical fitness (aerobic/muscular) and predictors of exercise participation. Results The staff-supported group reported significantly greater exercise (∼17min/wk) than the self-guided group over the year ( t =10.6, P =.00), with no significant between-group difference in aerobic capacity ( t =.76, P =.45) and strength ( t =1.5, P =.14). Conclusions Although the staff-supported group reported only moderately more exercise, the difference is potentially clinically significant because they also exercised more frequently. The staff-supported approach holds promise for encouraging exercise among wheelchair users, yet additional support may be necessary to achieve more exercise to meet national recommendations.
Development of a galling resistance test method with a uniform stress distribution

In this study, a new galling test method is presented along with results from a pilot testing program. The pilot program was performed on type 303 stainless steel. The new testing configuration consists of two concentrically aligned hollow cylindrical specimens loaded along their longitudinal axes. The specimens are held in alignment using a custom made alignment pin. The pin maintains concentricity between the mated surfaces while enabling the contact interface to self-align. The resulting contact surface is in the shape of an annulus and has a uniform stress distribution. The new testing configuration eliminates the stress concentration that exists in the ASTM G98 Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials. The results of this study show that the galling wear phenomena do not transition from non-galled to galled at a single value. Galling is shown to be stochastic in nature.
Linear driving force approximation to a radial diffusive model

Transient volume-averaged and spatial intraparticle contaminant concentration in a dissolved phase of spherical immobile aggregates is examined using the linear driving force (LDF) model, a special case of a generalized concentration profile (GCP) approximation. Particular cases are solved when a mass flux occurs between the surrounding bulk concentration and intraparticle concentration. Four different forms for the time-variant surrounding bulk concentration are considered: linear, exponential, sinusoidal (oscillatory) and step function. Both pointwise and volume-averaged intraparticle concentrations computed by the LDF model match the numerical and analytical (when available) solutions almost perfectly, when the surrounding bulk concentration is assumed to be changing linearly or exponentially. For the other two cases, however, only volume-averaged concentrations across the immobile spherical particle and the temporal concentrations at the outer boundary of the particle computed from the LDF approximation match the numerical model results reasonably well.
Metrics for Assessing Return on Investment from Information Technology

The rapid advancement of information technology (IT) is making it difficult for organizations to maintain end user knowledge and skills, and poor user performance negatively impacts the return on investment (ROI) for IT. Conventional training fails to meet the rapidly emerging learning needs of users, costs too much to provide the “just-in-time” learning that is needed, and fails to establish necessary contextual ties between learning and work processes. A solution to this challenge is proposed in the form of embedded learning events that are integrated with IT software tools and made available to users during the conduct of required job tasks. This approach reduces the cost of learning by precluding formal training and increasing the contextual relevance of learning activities. Certain IT capabilities and the learning strategies they afford are identified, mapped to “ROI Factors” and used to estimate the impact of different types of embedded IT learning on the return on investment for information technology.
Photoactivation of water by Cp′2Mo and photochemical studies of Cp2MoO. Investigation of a proposed water-splitting cycle and preparation of a water-soluble molybdocene dihydride

Abstract Irradiation ( λ >350 nm) of Cp′ 2 MoH 2 (Cp′=η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 3 ) dissolved in 3:5 H 2 O–CH 3 CN (v/v) results in the quantitative formation of Cp′ 2 MoO and 2 equiv. of H 2 . In light of this result, the photochemistry of the Cp′ 2 MoO and Cp 2 MoO complexes was re-examined to determine the feasibility of using these molybdocene complexes as sensitizers in a photochemical water-splitting scheme. The metal-containing products formed by irradiation of Cp 2 MoO were [Cp 2 MoO 2 (MoO 2 )] 2 , {(η-C 5 H 5 )(μ-[η 1 :η 5 -C 5 H 4 ])Mo} 2 (C 20 H 18 Mo 2 ) and Cp 2 MoPPh 3 (in the presence of PPh 3 ), but gas chromatographic and mass spectroscopic analyses showed that free O 2 was not a product. Variations in the temperature, pH of the solution, and wavelength of the irradiating light did not yield any O 2 . Experiments showed that O 2 reacted with Cp 2 MoO to form [Cp 2 MoO 2 (MoO 2 )] 2 . A sensitive apparatus was therefore built to remove and quantitate any O 2 generated in solution (as little as 0.02 μmol of O 2 ) before it could react with Cp 2 MoO, but no O 2 was detected in experiments using this apparatus. It is concluded that O 2 is not produced by irradiation of Cp 2 MoO. Electron spin resonance experiments in the presence of α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone, a radical spin trap, demonstrated that Cp radicals form when Cp 2 MoO is irradiated, and it is proposed that this photoprocess may be responsible for the observed photochemistry.
Application of ply level analysis to flexural wave propagation

Abstract A brief survey is presented of the shear deformation theories of laminated plates. It indicates that there are certain non-classical influences that affect bending-related behavior in the same way as do the transverse shear stresses. They include bending- and stretching-related section warping and the concomitant non-classical surface parallel stress contributions and the transverse normal stress. A bending theory gives significantly improved performance if these non-classical affects are incorporated. The heterogeneous shear deformations that are characteristic of laminates with highly dissimilar materials, however, require that attention be paid to the modeling of local rotations. In this paper, it is shown that a ply level analysis can be used to model such disparate shear deformations. Here, equilibrium of each layer is analyzed separately. Earlier applications of this analysis include free-edge laminate stresses. It is now extended to the study of flexural wave propagation in laminates. A recently developed homogeneous plate theory is used as a ply level model. Due consideration is given to the non-classical influences and no shear correction factors are introduced extraneously in this theory. The results for the lowest flexural mode of travelling planar harmonic waves indicate that this approach is competitive and yields better results for certain laminates.
The Accuracy of Watt-Hour Meters on Intermittent Loads

A watt-hour meter on intermittent loads of a particular character may have a registration error. The magnitude of error is a function of the meter design, the periodicity of the intermittent component of load, ratio of intermittent component to total load, character of intermittent component, power factor of load, and adjustment of the friction compensation. The registration characteristic of a meter on most types of intermittent load can be predicted from the acceleration and deceleration curves for the meter disk.
Charge Carrier Production and Mobility in Anthracene Crystals

The drift mobilities of electrons and holes in anthracene crystals have been measured using a pulsed photoconductivity technique. The mobilities found at room temperature vary from about 0.3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec to about 3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec, depending on the crystal orientation, and the mobilities increase as the temperature is lowered. The wavelength dependence of the number of charge carriers produced by a pulse of light, as well as other experimental data, indicates that the charge carriers are not produced in the interior of anthracene crystals, but that they are released from a surface layer of the crystal either directly by photons or by excitons which migrate to the surface.
Modeling and simulation of ionic currents in three-dimensional microfluidic devices with nanofluidic interconnects

Electrokinetic fluid flow in nanocapillary array (NCA) membranes between vertically separated microfluidic channels offers an attractive alternative to using mechanical action to achieve fluidic communication between different regions of lab-on-a-chip devices. By adjusting the channel diameter, a, and the inverse Debye length, к, and applying the appropriate external potential, the nanochannel arrays, can be made to behave like digital fluidic switches, and the movement of molecules from one side of the array to the other side can be controlled. However, inherent differences in ionic mobility lead to non-equilibrium ion populations on the downstream side, which, in turn, shows up through transient changes in the microchannel conductance. Here we describe coupled calculations and experiments in which the electrical properties of a microfluidic–nanofluidic hybrid architecture are simulated by a combination of a compact model for the bulk electrical properties and iterative self-consistent solutions of the coupled Poisson, Nernst–Planck, and Navier–Stokes equations to recover the detailed ion motion in the nanopores. The transient electrical conductivity in the microchannel, after application of a forward bias pulse to the NCA membrane, is recovered in quantitative detail. The surface charge density of the nanopores and the capacitance of the membrane, which are critical determinants of electrokinetic flow through NCA, fall out of the analysis in a natural way, providing a clear mechanism to determine these critically important parameters.
Differential effect of cycloheximide on penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis by Cephalosporium acremonium

Abstract In resting cells of Cephalosporium acremonium CW19, protein synthesis was inhibited completely by 100 μg cycloheximide per ml. Furthermore, ongoing protein synthesis halted abruptly when cycloheximide was added after 20 min of incubation. Although cycloheximide did not affect the specific rate of penicillin N production, it markedly inhibited the specific rate of cephalosporin C production. The effect of cycloheximide was not influenced by the carbon source used to prepare the cells for the resting cell system.
Calculating scattering cross sections in the near field: Analytic proof and numerical verification

Abstract The scattering cross section (SCS) is a key property in plasmonic studies that carries valuable information on the scattering dynamics. Due to the complexity of fields and the interference from evanescent waves in the near-field region, the SCS is currently calculated in the far-field, which makes the computation costly. In this study we prove analytically that the total SCS is independent of the distance between the closed surface used to calculate the SCS and the scattering structure, hence introducing a numerically inexpensive approach to computing the total SCS, based solely on near-field information. We carry out also two numerical tests of this analytical proof in discretized spaces, verifying its applicability in computations.
On optimum wedges and semicones in hypersonic viscous flow.

Abstract : The class of wedges and semicones whose upper surfaces are parallel to the undisturbed flow is considered and, with reference to the range where viscous interaction can be neglected, the effect of the thickness ratio on the lift-to-drag ratio is investigated under the hypotheses that (1) the pressure distribution is that of the hypersonic, small-disturbance theory and (2) the local shear stress is proportional to the square root of the static pressure at the outer edge of the boundary layer, assumed laminar. A solution is derived for the optimum thickness ration parameter and the maximum lift-to-drag ratio parameter as functions of the similarity parameter. This solution is then compared with the approximate solution obtained by assuming a modified Newtonian pressure coefficient and an average skin-friction coefficient which is independent of the shape during the optimization process. It is found that the latter solution is a good approximation to the former, since the predicted lift-to-drag ratios are within 2.5%(wedge) and 1.4%(semicone)of the maximum values.
Array BP-XOR codes for reliable cloud storage systems

Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes such as LT codes have received significant attention from both academics and industry in the past few years. By employing the underlying ideas of efficient Belief Propagation (BP) decoding process in LT codes, this paper introduces array BP-XOR codes and shows the equivalence between the edge-colored graph model and degree-one-and-two encoding symbol based array BP-XOR codes. Using this equivalence result, novel [n, n-2] and [n, 2] MDS array BP-XOR codes are designed in this paper.
Deductions from new π−p → π°n data at large momentum transfers

Abstract New measurements of dσ/dt (π−p → π°n) at 3.67 and 4.83 GeV/c suggest that the ϱ Regge trajectory continues to fall linearly out to t = −5 (GeV/c)2. A comparison with elastic data indicates furthermore that the dips in dσ/dt (π±p) near t = −2.8 and −4.8 (GeV/c)2 are associated with zeros of the t-channel isospin-zero (vacuum exchange) contributions. Both these properties indicate that a t-channel explanation is appropriate through the range −t
Why Program Implementation is Important

SUMMARY Program implementation refers to how well a proposed program or intervention is put into practice and is fundamental to establishing the internal, external, construct, and statistical conclusion validity of outcome evaluations. Research conducted on preventive field trials indicates that program implementation is variable across change agents and settings and is sometimes seriously compromised, and that the level of implementation influences outcomes. Preventionists should not expect that the quantity or quality of program implementation will be a perfect 100%. Four major steps in studying implementation are discussed and suggestions are offered to insure better levels of implementation.
Genetic dependence of cochlear cells and structures injured by noise

Abstract The acute and permanent effects of a single damaging noise exposure were compared in CBA/J, C57BL/6 (B6), and closely related strains of mice. Two hours of broadband noise (4–45 kHz) at 110 dB SPL led to temporary reduction in the endocochlear potential (EP) of CBA/J and CBA/CaJ (CBA) mice and acute cellular changes in cochlear stria vascularis and spiral ligament. For the same exposure, B6 mice showed no EP reduction and little of the pathology seen in CBA. Eight weeks after exposure, all mice showed a normal EP, but only CBA mice showed injury and cell loss in cochlear lateral wall, despite the fact that B6 sustained larger permanent threshold shifts. Examination of noise injury in B6 congenics carrying alternate alleles of genes encoding otocadherin (Cdh23), agouti protein, and tyrosinase (albinism) indicated that none of these loci can account for the strain differences observed. Examination of CBA×B6 F1 mice and N2 backcross mice to B6 further indicated that susceptibility to noise-related EP reduction and associated cell pathology are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, and are established by one or a few large effect quantitative trait loci. Findings support a common genetic basis for an entire constellation of noise-related cochlear pathologies in cochlear lateral wall and spiral limbus. Even within species, cellular targets of acute and permanent cochlear noise injury may vary with genetic makeup.
The Epidemiology of Type I Diabetes in Children 0–14 Yr of Age in Philadelphia

OBJECTIVE— To determine the epidemiology of type I diabetes in children in Philadelphia, particularly with respect to racial differences. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— This is a descriptive epidemiological study using a retrospective population-based registry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a city with large white, black, and Hispanic populations. All hospitals in Philadelphia that admit children were identified. All charts meeting the following criteria were reviewed: 1) newly diagnosed IDDM, 2) 0–14 yr of age, 3) residing in Philadelphia at the time of diagnosis, and 4) diagnosed from 1 January 1985 to 31 December 1989. Standard IDDM registry data were abstracted from the charts. Ascertainment of the completeness of the hospital registry was validated by two secondary sources: 1) diabetes camp records, 2) Philadelphia School District data. RESULTS— A total of 215 cases were identified, and the combined hospital, camp, and school registry was determined to be 93% complete. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate in Philadelphia was 13.4/100,000/yr. The highest incidence rate was in Hispanics (15.16), followed by whites (13.31), and blacks (10.95). CONCLUSIONS— The incidence of IDDM in Philadelphia is similar to what has been found in other U.S. registries. The unexpected finding was that the incidence in the Puerto Rican Hispanic population was the highest in the city. This is the first data reported on this population, and more studies are needed to elucidate the genetic and environmental causes of this high incidence of IDDM.
A Posteriori Estimation of Correlated Jointly Gaussian Mean Vectors

This paper describes the use of maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) techniques to estimate the mean values of features used in statistical pattern classification problems, when these mean feature values from the various decision classes are jointly Gaussian random vectors that are correlated across the decision classes. A set of mathematical formalisms is proposed and used to derive closed-form expressions for the estimates of the class-conditional mean vectors, and for the covariance matrix of the errors of these estimates. Finally, the performance of these algorithms is described for the simple case of a two-class one-feature pattern recognition problem, and compared to the performance of classical estimators that do not exploit the class-to-class correlations of the features' mean values.
Characterization of Cocaine Binding Sites in the Rat Testes

AbstractPurpose: An estimated 29 million individuals use cocaine in the United States. Studies have shown a high affinity for dose dependent binding of cocaine in the testes. Recent work done in our laboratory has shown that chronic administration of cocaine to male rats has an adverse effect on fertility and spermatogenesis by producing extensive morphological changes in the testes, leading to reduction in sperm production. As a first step toward understanding this process, we characterized and identified the pharmacological properties of [3H]cocaine binding sites in the testes.Materials and Methods: Crude membranes from the testes were prepared from 35 days old male Sprague-Dawley rats. [3H]cocaine binding was measured by using the method of Madras et al. (1989) with modifications. The data from saturation binding assays were analyzed by Inplot (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA) to determine the Kd and Bmax.Results: Specific binding of [3H]cocaine was linearly dependent on membrane protein concentration...
3-weight pseudo-random test generation based on a deterministic test set for combinational and sequential circuits

A method for weighted pseudorandom test generation based on a deterministic test set is described. The main advantages of the method described over existing methods are: (1) only three easily generated weights (0, 0.5 and 1) are used, (2) a minimum number of shift register cells is used, thus leading to minimal hardware for built-in-test applications, and (3) the weights are selected to allow the same coverage of target faults attained by the deterministic test set to be attained by weighted random patterns. The weights are computed by walking through the range of test generation approaches from pure random at one extreme to deterministic at the other extreme, dynamically selecting the weight assignments to correspond to the remaining faults at every stage. Hardware suitable for the generation of random patterns under the proposed method is described. The method is suitable for both combinational and sequential circuits. Experimental results are provided for ISCAS-85 and MCNC benchmark circuits. >
Photochemical Coenzyme Regeneration in an Enzymatically Active Optical Material

The photoinduced electron transfer between immobilized thionine and the dinucleotide enzyme cofactors NADH and NADPH in a SiO2 sol−gel matrix is reported. The electron-transfer quenching of thionine luminescence is used to monitor the rate of NADPH oxidation. Using Stern−Volmer quenching curves, the quenching rates in the silica matrix are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than those in solution. The rate constants for oxidation of NADPH by thionine were measured to be 9.8(±2.9) × 10-3 s-1 in solution and 8.8(±1.0) × 10-4 s-1 in the gel. Within the silica matrix, the photoinduced oxidation of NADPH is combined with the enzymatic reaction of isocitrate dehydrogenase, which uses the oxidized cofactor, NADP+, as an electron acceptor in the oxidation of isocitrate. The encapsulated isocitrate dehydrogenase is active with a Michaelis−Menten constant, KM, of 3 μM and a kcat of 0.67 μM/s per mgenzyme. Because optical sensors use NADPH fluorescence as an indicator of the presence and relative concentration of en...
Perceptions and Positionings of Colleges in New York City: A Longitudinal Study of Brand Images

A study of high school seniors' perceptions of colleges, conducted in 1979, was replicated 23 years later. The study affords an opportunity to examine perceptual changes over time and provides an additional perspective on the positioning of colleges, apart from other well-known surveys. This information may be useful for those involved in marketing and developing images for the schools included in the study.
Efficiently selecting regions for scene understanding

Recent advances in scene understanding and related tasks have highlighted the importance of using regions to reason about high-level scene structure. Typically, the regions are selected beforehand and then an energy function is defined over them. This two step process suffers from the following deficiencies: (i) the regions may not match the boundaries of the scene entities, thereby introducing errors; and (ii) as the regions are obtained without any knowledge of the energy function, they may not be suitable for the task at hand. We address these problems by designing an efficient approach for obtaining the best set of regions in terms of the energy function itself. Each iteration of our algorithm selects regions from a large dictionary by solving an accurate linear programming relaxation via dual decomposition. The dictionary of regions is constructed by merging and intersecting segments obtained from multiple bottom-up over-segmentations. To demonstrate the usefulness of our algorithm, we consider the task of scene segmentation and show significant improvements over state of the art methods.
Climate change, responsibility, and justice

In this paper I make the following claims. In order to see anthropogenic climate change as clearly involving moral wrongs and global injustices, we will have to revise some central concepts in these domains. Moreover, climate change threatens another value (“respect for nature”) that cannot easily be taken up by concerns of global justice or moral responsibility.
Leave the Lemons at Home: Towards a Political Ecology of Border Space

This paper presents a political ecology approach to the study of borders through consideration of a lemon's travels in contemporary North American border space. Following discussion of recent work on the dynamic, multi-scalar, and process-based character of modern borders, I suggest that such critical approaches could be usefully augmented by drawing on ideas about socio-material networks advanced by Bruno Latour. By adopting a political ecology framework, border scholars would be able to consider more fully the materiality of borders and bordering processes. Through the example of the lemon, I demonstrate that in constructing the fruit as a particular socio-material artifact that embodies multiple threats to US national space, it and its carrier become implicated in the regulation of political-economic and geopolitical networks that are seemingly far removed from the object of concern.
A New Adaptive Compression Scheme for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor nodes typically have limited processing capabilities and are powered by batteries. The amount of energy expended in transmitting a single data bit would be several orders of magnitude higher when compared to the energy needed for a 32 bit computation. Thus, to maximize network lifetime, data transmissions should be minimized without losing vital information. In this paper, a novel adaptive compression scheme using nonlinear estimation theory is proposed for data aggregation. Satisfactory performance of the proposed compression scheme in the presence of noise, distortion, and quantization errors is demonstrated using Lyapunov approach. The proposed scheme is contrasted with existing compression schemes using various metrics applicable to wireless sensor networks such as energy efficiency, distortion and compression ratio. Simulation and hardware experimental results demonstrate almost 50% energy savings with very low distortion (less than 5%) and overhead. By iteratively applying the proposed scheme at the cluster head nodes, higher energy savings are obtained with a tolerable level of distortion.
Maximal clique enumeration for large graphs on hadoop framework

Maximal clique enumeration (MCE) problem for very large graphs appears in many critical applications such as community detection in social networks, aligning 3D protein sequences, finding motifs in genomic data, identifying co-expressed genes and data analytics in communication networks. It is not unusual to have graphs of billions of nodes and edges in these applications. The MCE problem is NP hard, but a number of algorithms both sequential and parallel have been proposed that work efficiently for real graphs. In addition to the large sizes of the input graphs, the MCE algorithms in general result in large intermediate data making it even more challenging to efficiently process the data. Recently an approach has been proposed, referred to as pbitMCE, which is shown to outperform or perform equally well compared to the existing approaches. The approach uses degeneracy ordering of vertices which plays a vital role in the performance of the algorithm. Degeneracy ordering of vertices can be generated in linear time. However it is challenging to find the degeneracy ordering in a distributed environment as it requires extensive communication between the nodes. In some cases generating the ordering can take a significant amount of time. In such cases a different ordering such as ordering by degree can be a better choice than the degeneracy ordering. In this paper we experimentally study the impact of various ordering of vertices on the performance of an MCE algorithm in the context of mapreduce framework. We present an implementation of pbitMCE using mapreduce that takes a large graph and an ordering of vertices as input and enumerates all the maximal cliques. To support the study, we present the experimental results on various graphs using different orderings. The results show that the degree ordering performs comparable to the degeneracy ordering in most cases while it performs poorer in the case of large graphs.