cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregation based information collection for mobile environments

In the future, we are likely to see a tremendous rise in mobile computing and communications as ubiquitous applications incorporate multimedia information. These mobile multimedia applications will have QoS requirements; resource provisioning algorithms utilize current system resource availability information to ensure that these applications meet their QoS requirements. Information collection algorithms collect and maintain current system resource information and are vital in performing efficient resource provisioning. In this paper, we present a novel information collection technique for mobile environments - the ABIC (aggregation-based information collection) algorithm. This algorithm derives aggregate mobility from individual user mobility, then utilizes the aggregation to drive the information collection process and adjust the related parameters in the process. A feedback loop allows the information collection process to utilize feedback from the resource provisioning process in further decision making. We compare the ABIC approach to other proposed information collection algorithms under different workloads and mobility patterns. Our experimental results show that the aggregation based information collection algorithm exhibits superior performance under most mobility criteria and request patterns.
General Bases and Tensor Notation

While the laws of mechanics can be written in coordinate-free form, they can be solved, in most cases, only if expressed in component form. This requires that we introduce a basis. Though the standard Cartesian basis is often the simplest, the physics and geometry of a problem, and especially the so-called boundary conditions, may dictate another. For example, if we wished to study the temperature distribution in a body the shape of a parallelepiped, we would choose most likely a basis consisting of vectors lying along three co-terminal edges of the body. An aim of tensor analysis is to embrace arbitrary coordinate systems and their associated bases, yet to produce formulas for computing invariants, such as the dot product, that are as simple as the Cartesian forms.
Differences in polyadenylation site choice between somatic and male germ cells

Background We have previously noted that there were differences in somatic and male germ cell polyadenylation site choices. First, male germ cells showed a lower incidence of the sequence AAUAAA (an important element for somatic polyadenylation site choice) near the polyadenylation site choice. Second, the polyadenylation sites chosen in male germ cells tended to be nearer the 5' end of the mRNA than those chosen in somatic cells. Finally, a number of mRNAs used a different polyadenylation site in male germ cells than in somatic cells. These differences suggested that male germ cell-specific polyadenylation sites may be poor substrates for polyadenylation in somatic cells. We therefore hypothesized that male germ cell-specific polyadenylation sites would be inefficiently used in somatic cells.
Helical Nucleocapsid Structure of the Oncogenic Ribonucleic Acid Viruses (Oncornaviruses)

Abstract Negative staining of virions and isolated nucleoids from avian myeloblastosis virus, murine leukemia virus, murine mammary tumor virus, and feline leukemia virus reveals common internal structures. The majority of virions that are penetrated by phosphotungstate show spherical nucleoids with no apparent symmetry. In a small percentage of virions, two distinctive structures are found: (i) single strands (3 to 5 nm in diameter) which are presumed to be the nucleoprotein and are found randomly oriented throughout the viral interior and (ii) helical structures (7 to 9 nm in diameter) which contain these nucleoprotein strands and are observed at the periphery of the nucleoid. The finding of helical nucleocapsid segments at the periphery of the nucleoid, as well as the hollow spherical structure observed in thin section of budding virions, has led to the hypothesis that the nucleocapsid of the freshly budded oncornavirus is supercoiled as a hollow sphere. This symmetry, however, is considered transient, as the internal structure of the extracellular virus undergoes a conformational rearrangement; thus, due to structural instability, the nucleocapsid uncoils and the nucleoprotein strands fill the interior of the virion. The extracellular virion is therefore considered degenerate in respect to symmetry, explaining the difficulty in detecting a helical nucleocapsid.
Infantile Water Intoxication After a Swimming Lesson

This report emphasizes a danger inherent in early infant swimming programs, ie, the need to observe the infant closely for ingestion of excessive amounts of water. A physician faced with a history compatible with near-drowning or possible aspiration of water must consider the diagnosis of acute water intoxication. Accidental ingestion of water can produce hyponatremia with resulting signs and symptoms of acute water intoxication, ie, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, and increased intracranial pressure.
Bacterial effect on sperm motility.

Abstract Human semen containing normal number of sperm was exposed to concentrations of Escherichia coli varying from 500 to 108 colonies per cubic centimeter. A significant decrease in motility was observed at 106 colonies per cubic centimeter.
Becoming Muslim: The Development of a Religious Identity

This study explores the process of religious identity formation and examines the emergence of religion as the most salient source of personal and social identity for a group of second-generation Muslim Americans. Drawing on data gathered through participant observation, focus groups, and individual interviews with Muslim university students in New York and Colorado, three stages of religious identity development are presented: religion as ascribed identity; religion as chosen identity; and religion as declared identity. This research illustrates how religious identity emerges in social and historical context and demonstrates that its development is variable rather than static. Additionally, I discuss the impacts of September 11 and show how a crisis event can impel a particular identity-in this case, religious-to become even more central to an individual's concept of self. Through asserting the primacy of their religious identity over other forms of social identity, religion became a powerful base of personal identification and collective association for these young Muslims.
MAGNETIC FLUX QUANTIZATION IN SUPERCONDUCTORS AND THE AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT

Abstract The magnetic flux in superconductors is quantized in units of hc/2|e| rather than hc/|e| observed in the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Such a result is widely recognized as an obvious evidence of electron pairing. It has been believed that electron pairs (Cooper's pairs) with charge 2e constitute the charge carriers in superconductors. In this article the authors have shown in terms of the geometric phase — Berry's phase — that the factor of 2 in 2e in superconductors is an outcome of both the London equation and gauge invariance. It is indicated that the same conclusion is also true for the Josephson effect. Thus, the factor of 2 in 2e has nothing to do with electron (Cooper's) pairing.
The tooth, the whole tooth and nothing but the tooth: how belief in the Tooth Fairy can engender false memories

To examine how children's fantasy beliefs can affect memory for their experiences, 5- and 6-year-olds with differing levels of belief in the reality of the Tooth Fairy were prompted to recall their most recent primary tooth loss in either a truthful or fun manner. Many of the children who fully believed in the existence of the Tooth Fairy reported supernatural experiences consistent with the myth under both sets of recall instructions, whereas those who realized the fictionality of the myth recalled mainly realistic experiences. However, those children with equivocal beliefs evidenced a different pattern under each set of instructions, recalling mainly realistic experiences when asked to be truthful and reporting many fantastical experiences when prompted to relate the tooth loss in a fun manner. These findings suggest that children's beliefs in the reality of fantastic phenomena can give rise to genuine constructive memory errors in line with their fantasies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of laminar breakdown and subsequent intermittent and turbulent flow in parallel-plate channels: Effects of inlet velocity profile and turbulence intensity

Abstract The nature of flow development in a parallel plate channel has been investigated by making use of a newly developed model of intermittency. That model, taken together with the RANS equations of momentum conservation, the continuity equation, and the SST turbulence model, was employed to provide a complete chronology of the development processes and the derived practical results. A major focus of the work is the effect of inlet conditions on the downstream behavior of the developing flow. It was observed that the flow development process depends critically on the specifics of the inlet conditions characterized here by the shape of the velocity profile and the magnitude of the turbulence intensity. Two velocity profile shapes (flat and parabolic), are regarded as limiting cases. Similarly, two turbulence intensities, Tu = 1% and 5%, are employed. From the standpoint of practice, the relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number is most significant. It was found that this relationship reflects that of standard practice for only one of the investigated cases (flat velocity profile, Tu = 5%). For the other cases (flat profile, Tu = 1% and parabolic profile, Tu = 1% and 5%), the breakdown of laminar flow is delayed and the onset of full turbulence occurs rather abruptly at Re ∼10,000. Three unique fully developed flow regimes are existent, depending on the inlet conditions and on the value of the Reynolds number. In addition to the standard laminar and fully turbulent regimes, another regime, fully developed intermittent , can occur. Specifically, in the latter regime, laminar and turbulent flows occur intermittently.
New insight into silicide formation: The creation of silicon self-interstitials

Diffusion studies of Cu+Re and Re+CU films on silicon show that the formation of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Si precursor lowers the formation temperature of ${\mathrm{ReSi}}_{2}$ from over 900 to 550 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The results are explained and generalized to all metal-rich silicides by the specific volume of silicon being much larger in these compounds than in elementary silicon. In forming metal-rich silicides, silicon atoms are forced out of their original planes and are free to form silicon-rich silicides with adjacent metals, or to form silicon self-interstitials at the metal-rich-silicide--silicon interface.
Radiation scintillator embedded with a converting medium to detect and discriminate the four species of ionizing radiation

A new nanoparticle loaded plastic scintillator embedded in a glass substrate detects and discriminates all species of radiation emitted from fissionable bomb making materials. The fast electron scintillating resin is doped with tailored charge conversion nanoparticles to produce characteristic optical pulses. The created optical pulses exit the detector, since the nanoparticles are appreciably smaller than the wavelength of light. Microsandblasting is used to etch deep cavities in the glass substrate forming independent optical paths. The doped resin is injected into the cavities and cured. A separate off-the-shelf PM tube linearly amplifies the created light pulse into a usable electrical signal. By using tailored nanoparticles, the physical mechanisms for converting different species of radiation into lower energy electrons allows for pulse height spectroscopy to discriminate between alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation. A 90 Sr source was used to test the beta detector, which is loaded with W. The drop in count rates versus distance was found to be similar to traditional detectors. The gamma detector loaded with Pb nanoparticles was tested with a 60 Co source. The addition of Pb provided greater sensitivity to the gamma radiation. A 210 Pl source was used to test the glass doped scintillator. The count rates remained fairly constant for varying distances since alpha particles tend to travel in straight paths until losing most of their initial energy. The 157 Gd loaded scintillator was tested with an Am/Be source. 157 Gd has the largest thermal neutron absorption cross section at 255,000 barns and releases a usable characteristic 72keV electron in 39% of the capture reactions.
The Effects of Free-Stream Turbulence and Flow Pulsation on Heat Transfer From a Cylinder in Crossflow

The heat transfer from a circular cylinder is a fundamental problem with practical applications ranging from tubular heat exchangers to the leading edge of gas turbine blades. The flow field across the surface is often unsteady due to natural instabilities or forced oscillations of the fluid. Examples are the periodic natural shedding of vortices form cylinders and the wakes of rotor blades in gas turbine engines. In addition, active vibration of the fluid is a possible means of augmenting the heat transfer. When the frequencies are near the natural shedding frequency of the cylinder, active fluid vibration also gives the possibility of frequency control through lock-on. The present work is an experimental study of the combined effects of flow pulsation and turbulence on the local heat transfer from a circular cylinder. In particular, the possibility of a coupling between the two effects is investigated.
Effects of intense exercise training on endothelium-dependent exercise-induced vasodilatation.

To determine whether intense exercise training affects exercise-induced vasodilatation, six subjects underwent 4 weeks of handgrip training at 70% of maximal voluntary contraction. Exercise forearm vascular conductance (FVC) responses to an endothelium-dependent vasodilator (acetylcholine, ACH; 15, 30, 60 micrograms min-1) and an endothelium-independent vasodilator (sodium nitroprusside, SNP; 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 micrograms min-1) and FVC after 10 min of forearm ischaemia were determined before and after training. Training elicited significant (P 0.4), but exercise FVC increased (0.1330 +/- 0.0190 vs. 0.2534 +/- 0.0387 units, P 0.6). These results suggest that exercise FVC is increased by both exercise training and stimulating the release of endothelium-dependent vasodilators. However, training does not affect the vascular response to these vasodilators.
Measurement correlation and tool matching of multiple CD-SEMs

A methodology is proposed to evaluate measurement correlation and matching feasibility between CDSEMs from different vendors in a multiple tool environment. Two CDSEMs from different vendors are used in this study. The measurement correlation and matching feasibility is identified through a series of steps. The pixel oversampling of both CDSEMs were first adjusted to the same extent in order to achieve the same scan pixel signal-to-noise ratio on both CDSEMs. Then the corresponding linescan smoothing and averaging were lowered but optimized with the precision criterion of less than 2 nm. The scan pixel magnification calibrations on both CDSEMs were traced back to an internal pitch standard. The corresponding measurement linearity was checked against a resolution mask from which wafers with pitch ranging from 400 to 800 nm were generated using a 248 nm stepper. The resulting scanning magnification correction factors for both CDSEMs in two scan orientations were determined for the follow-on measurement corrections on 248 nm resist focus exposure pattern (FEM) wafers and e-beam resist wafers obtained from e-beam lithography. The algorithms' characteristics between two CDSEMs were identified and they were adjusted to use only the information derived from the first linescan derivative in order to maintain maximum algorithm similiarity. The 120 nm process window on 248 nm resist wafers has a positive 1.6 nm offset from CDSEM A to B through focus. Both CDSEMs report the same process latitude for 110 nm process window identification. The measurement correlation study on e-beam resist shows offsets of negative 1.5 and 2 nm from CDSEM A to B, depending on which CDSEM is used first for the measurement sequence. Analysis-of-variance was used to analyze the measurement correlation. It is found that there is no significant difference in offsets generated regardless of which CDSEM is used first for performing the measurement for the 248 nm resist system. However, the offset generated for e-beam resist is dependent on measurement sequence. We conclude that CDSEMs from different vendors can be adjusted to maintain a constant offset over a CD variation range since after tuning all the factors mentioned both CDSEMs have very similar responses toward resist line secondary characteristics. Therefore these two CDSEMs are viewed as matched from a process development and process control prospective. All other CDSEMs in the same vendor group are then matched to each of the two bridged CDSEMs following the correposponding vendor's routine without any major procedure change.
Effect of Geometric Modifications on the Flow Field of a Turret

Results of the effects of the passive flow control techniques to modify the flow field over a generic turret model are reported. The baseline turret model consisted of a cylindrical base and a hemispherical top with a truncated side similar to an optical aperture used in laser beam propagation. Control surfaces placed on or around the base model were used to delay the flow separation and improve the quality of flow over the aperture and wake. Tests consisted of surface oil-flow visualization, surface pressure fluctuations, and PIV. Preliminary results indicate that the control surfaces were successful in reducing the wake and modifying the flow in the vicinity of the laser aperture. PIV measurements supported the observations of a reduction in the wake and unsteadiness.
Joint structures determined by clustering microearthquakes using waveform amplitude ratios

Abstract A new method of clustering seismic events has been developed to identify features within a large cloud of microearthquakes induced by the pressurization of a 3.5-km deep, jointed region of granitic rock. The relative amplitudes of shear- and compressional-waves were taken as an expression of the source mechanism for each microearthquake. Then, the events were clustered according to their similarity in S P ratio and a second criterion, their spatial proximity to each other. Thus, each cluster contains events with closely spaced hypocenters and similar S P ratios, and therefore a high probability of the same (or very similar) focal mechanism. This method was applied to a data set of 8000 microearthquakes recorded during hydraulic stimulation of the Hot Dry Rock geothermal reservoir at Fenton Hill, New Mexico, located on the western flank of the Valles Caldera. Over 50 clusters of more than 10 events each were identified as planar features and over 20 such clusters were identified as linear features, together containing 15% of the usable events. Two predominant sets of planar features strike north to N45°W, roughly tangent to the ring fault system circling the caldera and dip 60° in either direction. These planes represent joints that may be associated with stress fields accompanying caldera formation. Most observed planes contain significant resolved shear within the current stress field. However, wide ranges of equally probable orientations are not observed, indicating a relatively unbiased sampling of the actual range of joint orientations. Most linear features are oriented parallel to one or both sets of planar features and may be associated with joint intersections or terminations. These results support a reservoir flow model composed of water storage within aseismic joints oriented perpendicular to the minimum stress direction and of limited dimension, connected by high impedance paths along joints striking north to N45°W as defined by the cluster results.
The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire: reliability, validity, and national norms

Objective: To assess the utility and performance of the 34-item Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) in eliciting the recent victimization experiences of a national sample of children ages 2–17. Method: The JVQ was administered in a national random digit dial telephone survey about the experiences of 2,030 children. The experiences of children 10–17 years old were assessed through youth self-report on the JVQ, and the experiences of children 2–9 assessed through JVQ caregiver proxy report. Results: Large numbers of recent victimizations were disclosed using the JVQ (71% of the sample reporting at least one victimization in the last year, with an average of 2.63 victimizations per child). There were few indicators of respondent confusion and little resistance to even the most sensitive questions. In a test of construct validity, endorsements of JVQ items correlated well with measures of traumatic symptoms. The instrument showed adequate test-retest reliability i na3t o 4week re-administration. Large numbers of victimizations were reported across the spectrum of ages, and there were no major discontinuities between the self-reports and proxy reports, suggesting that caregivers provided generally adequate and comparable information to child self-reports about the experiences of children under the age of 10. Conclusion: The JVQ has potential for use in future epidemiological research as well as clinical evaluation concerning the victimization of children. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Maternal hypertension and spontaneous preterm births among black women

Abstract Objective: To examine effects of maternal hypertension on spontaneous preterm birth (birth at less than 37 weeks’ gestation) among black women. Methods: Using hospital discharge summary records from the National Hospital Discharge Survey between 1988 and 1993, we conducted a case-control study to assess the risk of spontaneous preterm birth among black women with chronic hypertension preceding pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Logistic regression was used to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Preterm births were almost two times more likely for women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5, 2.2), more than 1.5 times more likely for women with chronic hypertension preceding pregnancy (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3, 2.1), and more than four times more likely for women with pregnancy-aggravated hypertension (OR = 4.4; 95% CI, 2.9, 6.7) compared with normotensive women. Preterm births also were associated significantly with antepartum hemorrhage, poor fetal growth, marital status, and source of payment. The odds of preterm birth by maternal hypertension were increased among women with chronic hypertension and genitourinary infection, whereas the odds of preterm birth were reduced among women with pregnancy-induced hypertension and genitourinary infection. Conclusion: These findings are important in demonstrating the relation between type of hypertension in pregnancy and preterm birth. The relationships between maternal hypertension and preterm birth need to be further investigated to provide some guidelines in the management of hypertension in pregnancy and assessment of prenatal care compliance for black women, particularly when genitourinary infection is present.
Accommodating new vistas

Abstract In this Special Issue, we aim to provide a diverse sample of current research that uses and/or extends Communication Accommodation Theory in innovative ways. With this Prologue, we provide a general overview of the tenets and recent developments of theory, discussing how each of the seven original research articles included herein fits in the theory's ever-evolving framework and body of research.
Reactive oxygen species in mechanotransduction.

a randomized clinical trial by the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network ([1][1]) demonstrated a 22% reduction in mortality in patients by reducing the tidal volume for mechanical ventilation from the conventional setting of 12 ml/kg to a lower setting of 6 ml/kg. This dramatic decrease in
Optimal control of discrete-time systems with time-lag controls

Various optimal control problems for discrete-time systems with time-lag controls are discussed. Some of the basic features of this type of system are noted. A simple example is given for illustrative purpose.
Impact of Hierarchical Memory Systems On Linear Algebra Algorithm Design

Linear algebra algorithms based on the BLAS or ex tended BLAS do not achieve high performance on mul tivector processors with a hierarchical memory system because of a lack of data locality. For such machines, block linear algebra algorithms must be implemented in terms of matrix-matrix primitives BLAS3. Designing ef ficient linear algebra algorithms for these architectures requires analysis of the behavior of the matrix-matrix primitives and the resulting block algorithms as a func tion of certain system parameters. The analysis must identify the limits of performance improvement possible via blocking and any contradictory trends that require trade-off consideration. We propose a methodology that facilitates such an analysis and use it to analyze the per formance of the BLAS3 primitives used in block methods. A similar analysis of the block size-perfor mance relationship is also performed at the algorithm level for block versions of the LU decomposition and the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedures.
Paradoxical techniques in strategic family therapy: A behavioral analysis☆

Accounts of paradoxical intervention with individuals are appearing increasingly in the behavior therapy literature. As yet little attention has been given to the use of such interventions with families. The present article examines their use in the context of strategic family therapy, the assumptions of which are briefly stated. The treatment of a case of family discord is described, and a behavioral analysis of its effects is provided.
Neptune's microwave spectrum from 1 mm to 20 cm

Abstract We present VLA observations of Neptune at 1.3, 2, 6, and 20 cm. The total flux densities and disk-averaged brightness temperatures are compiled in Table II. Averaged values for the brightness temperatures are: 119 ± 13°K, 152 ± 11°K, and 318 ± 16°K at 1.3, 2, 6, and 20, respectively. High resolution images of the planet show an error in the ephemeris of −0.6″ in RA. Further, we have recalibrated previous observations by other researches to accurately determine the shape of Neptune's spectrum. In contrast to Uranus' spectrum, the brightness temperature of the planet increases with increasing wavelength. A comparison of Neptune's spectrum with realistic model atmosphere calculations implies an excess emission at 20 cm of 0.4 ± 0.13 mJy. If all emission is thermal radiation from Neptune's atmosphere, the ammonia abundance must be a factor of ∼50 below the solar nitrogen value throughout Neptune's atmosphere (at least down to the 120- to 150-bar level). An alternative explanation could be that Neptune emits ∼0.3–0.5mJy synchrotron radiation at 20 cm. This amount of synchrotron radiation is expected from the planet if it has a magnetic field with a strength of ∼0.5 G at the surface, and a particle distribution similar to that in Jupiter's radiation belts.
Photovoltages in suspensions of magnetically oriented chloroplasts

The photovoltage of suspensions of magnetically oriented chloroplasts using polarized light of 680 nm has been measured. The magnitude of the photo e.m.f. depends on the polarization of the light and on its direction of propagation with respect to the oriented thylakoid planes. This photo e.m.f. is qualitatively attributed to the Dember effect which arises when inhomogeneous light absorption gives rise to a gradient of positive and negative charges along →x, where →x is the direction difined by the propagation vector of the light and which is also the direction joining the two electrodes. The photovoltage obtained with the planes of the oriented thylakoids parallel to →x depends on the plane of polarization of the incident light and shows that (1) the magnitude of the photovoltage depends on the absorption coefficient (which itself is polarization dependent) and thus on the magnitude of the charge gradient produced by the inhomogeneously absorbed light, and (2) a charge gradient within the planes of the thylakoids can give rise to the macroscopic photovoltage. While our experimental observations are basically in agreement with those previously reported (Fowler, C.F. and Kok, B. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357, 308–318 and Witt, H.T. and Zickler, A. (1973) FEBS Lett. 37, 307–310) for unoriented chloroplasts, their interpretation of the origin of this effect in terms of a transmembrane potential must be modified in view of our results obtained with oriented chloroplasts. The macroscopically observed photovoltage of oriented chloroplasts is due to the creation of charge gradients either parallel or perpendicular to the thylakoid planes by a flash of light, the diffusion of these charges and to differences in the mobilities of the negative and positive charges. This interpretation in terms of the Dember effect is completely consistent with the existence of a transmembrane electric field as proposed by Fowler and Kok, as well as by Witt and Zickler. However, macroscopic measurements of the photovoltage using either oriented or unoriented chloroplast suspensions cannot prove that a transmembrane voltage exists, as previously claimed.
Reconstructing the Evolution of Viviparity and Placentation

A recent paper in J. theor. Biol. has challenged the proposed application of punctuated equilibrium models to the evolution of reptilian viviparity and placentation. While clarifying some aspects of the models, the paper's criticisms reflect misinterpretations of the literature and an unnecessary reluctance to apply punctuationist concepts to extant taxa. The punctuated equilibrium model retains potential for clarification of the patterns of stasis and episodic change that may well have characterized squamate reproductive history.Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited
Sources of Error in Hydraulic Weighing Lysimeter Measurements

ABSTRACT HYDRAULIC weighing lysimeters are widely used for determining rates of evapotranspiration of agricultural crops. Some lysimeter systems have been modified to reduce temperature errors by placing the indicating manometer below ground level where temperature fluctuations are minimized or by using dummy mechanisms to allow for temperature-induced error correction. This paper contains the results of a laboratory study using a prototype size lysimeter to study accuracy and sources of error that might be caused by variable pillow contact area, temperature changes in various components of the indicating mechanism, and rate of lysimeter loading. The effect of degree of inflation of the hydraulic pillows on bearing plate contact area is examined in detail and found to have a significant effect on lysimeter calibration. Hysteresis in the indicating mechanism was not significant. The effects of rapid changes in lysimeter tank mass relative to gradual mass changes are evaluated and found not to significantly affect lysimeter response. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the laboratory findings on the accurate collection of evapotranspiration data under field conditions..
Suction Caisson Capacity in Anisotropic, Purely Cohesive Soil

This paper presents a plastic limit analysis of the lateral load capacity of suction caissons in an anisotropic, purely cohesive soil assuming conditions of rotational symmetry about the vertical or gravity axis. The formulation utilizes a form of the Hill yield criterion modified to allow for various soil strengths in triaxial compression and extension. With this yield criterion, energy dissipation relationships are formulated for continuous and discontinuous deformation fields. These dissipation relationships are then applied to a postulated caisson failure mechanism comprising a wedge near the free soil surface, a 2-D flow-around failure at depth, and a hemispherical slip surface at the base of the rotating caisson. The plastic limit analysis predictions compared favorably to predictions obtained from finite-element simulations employing a Hill yield criterion. For the range of anisotropic undrained strength properties commonly reported for normally K-sub-0-consolidated clays, parametric studies indicate that suction caisson horizontal load capacities predicted using a conventional approach (a von Mises yield surface fitted to the soil simple shear strength) will differ from anisotropic predictions by less than 10%.
Building Cooperative High School-University Programs.

Numerous reports have documented the need for reforms in science education, and have suggested directions for change (National Commission of Excellence in Education, 1983; National Science BoardCommission, 1983;"Tomorrow's Teachers," 1986; "Nation Prepared," 1986). Concerns relate to goals, the curriculum and teacher education at all levels (Johnston & Aldridge, 1984). As in the 1960s, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has assumed a leadership role in sponsoring science education projects (Directorate for Science and Engineering Education, 1987), and many projects have involved cooperative efforts between secondary schools and universities. The three cooperative projects described here serve as examples of collaborative efforts between high school science teachers and university faculty members.
Improved purification of acyl carrier protein.

Abstract An improved method for the purification of acyl carrier protein from Escherichia coli is described. The method consists of four steps: a 2-propanol extraction, batch adsorption to DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and acid precipitation. The purification can be carried out in a few days and yields between 120 and 150 mg of pure acyl carrier protein per kilogram wet weight of cells.
Lim1 is required for nephric duct extension and ureteric bud morphogenesis

The nephric duct plays a central role in orchestrating the development of the mammalian urogenital system. Lim 1 is a homeobox gene required for head and urogenital development in the mouse but most Lim 1-deficient embryos die by embryonic day 10. To determine the role of Lim 1 in the development of the nephric duct, we conditionally removed Lim 1 in the nephric epithelium just after the nephric duct begins to form using a floxed allele of Lim 1 and Pax2-cre transgenic mice. We report that Lim 1 conditional knockout mice have renal hypoplasia and hydronephrosis. Developmental studies revealed that the caudal portion of the nephric duct did not reach the urogenital sinus at embryonic day 10.5, formation of the ureteric bud was delayed, the ureteric bud was smaller and branching of the ureteric bud reduced. We also found that the nephric duct was generally not maintained and extension of the Mullerian duct inhibited. Molecular analysis indicated that Pax2 was expressed normally but the expression of Wnt9b and E-cadherin in the nephric duct was markedly altered. These results suggest that Lim 1 influences nephric duct extension and ureteric bud outgrowth by regulating and or maintaining the differentiation of the nephric epithelium.
Fluxes, sizes, morphology and compositions of particles in the MT. Erebus volcanic plume, December 1983

Use of an airborne quartz crystal microbalance cascade impactor instrument together with a correlation spectrometer has allowed the flux of particles and their size distribution to be determined at Mount Erebus. The plume contributes 21±3 metric tomnes/day of aerosol particles to the Antarctic upper troposphere. The aerosol particles consist of larger (5–25 μm) particles of elemental sulfur and silica, a middle sized group of iron oxides and smaller particles (less than 1 μm) of complex liquids. Unlike many volcanic plumes, the Erebus plume has only a small amount of sulfate particles. The concentrations of particles in the Erebus plumes was 70–370 μm/m3. Limited sampling of the Antarctic atmosphere at 8 km altitude but hundreds of km away from Erebus obtained a few large particles of sulfur and silicates, suggesting a similarity with the Erebus plume. The fallout of these particles occurs slowly over a broad area of the Antarctic continent.
Nicotine reverses GABAergic inhibition of long-term potentiation induction in the hippocampal CA1 region

Abstract Nicotine is known to enhance cognitive function but the mechanism is unknown. The present study examined the modulatory effect of nicotine on the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a synaptic model of learning and memory. A weak tetanic stimulation consisting of 20 pulses at 100 Hz induced stable LTP in the hippocampal CA1. The induction of LTP was completely blocked if the tetanus was delivered in the presence of muscimol (2.5 μM), a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist. This inhibition was sensitive to, and reversed by, not only nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists (nicotine and epibatidine), but also the α7 nAChR-selective antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). Furthermore, ACh-puff activation of α7 nAChRs on feedforward interneurons induced inhibitory postsynaptic currents in pyramidal cells that were blocked by nicotine or MLA. In addition, nicotine reduced field monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the presence of MLA. These results suggest not only two pathways of nicotine-induced disinhibition of pyramidal cells, one involving desensitization of α7 nAChRs and the other involving non-α7 nAChRs, but also two potential mechanisms underlying the modulatory effect of nicotine on LTP induction, both reducing GABAergic inhibition, thereby indirectly increasing the excitability of pyramidal cells.
Unifying Biological and Cultural Psychology

The tension between biological and sociocultural approaches to human behavior has been with the social sciences since their beginning. Wilhelm Wundt, one of the founders of modern psychology, distinguished between two psychologies, a physiological psychology based on laboratory experimentation and a "folk" psychology based on ethnographic research (Cole, 1996, 28-29). Although a division of labor between biological and sociocultural perspectives makes considerable practical sense, such division has often turned into polarized opposition, as though a biological approach were in opposition to a cultural approach, and vice-versa.' Tensions between biological and cultural approaches to human behavior have heightened in recent years, perhaps because of their resonance with the wider "cul-
CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF THE CLIENT KIND

Am I ready for this? What will they be like? What will I be like? Nothing is more equally exciting and frightening for a young anthropologist than entering into the field for the first time. As I imagine Margaret Mead daydreamed about the exotic South Pacific before she arrived in person, I fantasize about the corporate world with both excitement and horror. What will it be like? Am I ready?
Deletion of amino acids 1641-2437 from the foot region of skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor alters the conduction properties of the Ca release channel

The ryanodine receptor (RyR) of skeletal muscle contains two functional domains: a carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain that forms the putative conduction pore of the calcium release channel, and a large cytoplasmic domain that corresponds to the "foot structure." To understand the contribution of the foot structure to the function of the calcium release channel, we studied a RyR deletion mutant, delta(1641–2437)-RyR, in which a region that is rich in glutamate and aspartate residues (a.a. 1641–2437) was removed. The wild-type and delta(1641–2437)-RyR proteins were expressed in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, and functions of single calcium release channels were measured in the lipid bilayer membrane. The wild-type RyR forms functional calcium release channels with a linear current-voltage relationship similar to that of the native channel identified in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane of skeletal muscle, whereas the channels formed by delta(1641–2437)-RyR exhibit significant inward rectification, i.e., currents moving from cytoplasm into SR lumen were approximately 20% less than that in the opposite direction. As in to the wt-RyR channel, opening of the delta(1641–2437)-RyR channel has a bell-shaped dependence on the cytoplasmic calcium, but the calcium-dependent activation and inactivation processes of the delta(1641–2437)-RyR channel are shifted to higher calcium concentrations. Our data show that deletion of a.a. 1641–2437 from the foot region of the skeletal muscle RyR results in changes in both ion conduction and calcium-dependent regulation of the calcium release channel.
Immunopathology of leprosy granulomas.

Lymphocytes T dans les lesions lepreuses. Etude anatomopathologique, sous populations cellulaires de lymphocytes T. Etude de l'epiderme, modeles experimentaux. Extraction des lymphocytes a partir des lesions, fonctions des lymphocytes derives des tissus
Uropharmacology: IV. Parasympathomimetic drugs

Abstract Parasympathomimetic drugs include (1) acetylcholine and several synthetic choline esters and related derivatives, and (2) naturally occurring cholinomimetic alkaloids and certain related synthetic compounds. Pharmacology of acetylcholine, the prototype parasympathomimetic, is presented, as well as an introduction to other parasympathomimetic drugs and choline esters.
A study of microlayer evaporation for three binary mixtures during nucleate boiling

Abstract Microlayer evaporation was studied both experimentally and theoretically for the binary solutions: 50 mol % methanol in water, 10 mol % methanol in water, and 3 mol % 1-butanol in water. Surface temperatures beneath the evaporating microlayer were measured as the solution was boiled on Pyrex. These were compared with temperatures calculated from a mathematical model. This model considered mass diffusion within the liquid layer and heat diffusion in the Pyrex and across the microlayer. The agreement between the experimental and calculated results demonstrates that mass transfer has a significant effect on the evaporation of the microlayer for these three cases.
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry on a microscopic scale

An electronic speckle pattern interferometer that incorporates a commercial, long-working-distance microscope is described which provides new opportunities to perform nondestructive inspection for applications in fields such as microelectronics. The long-working-distance microscrope was attached directly to the CCD camera to form a compact, portable system with a field of view that was variable over several mm in width. Alignment was greatly simplified because the skewed Michelson interferometer configuration used a speckled reference beam imaged from a diffusely reflecting reference surface that was positioned adjacent to the test object. To demonstrate the performance of the micro-ESPI instrument, fringe patterns were recorded for the quasi-static cantilever deflection of a 1 mm-wide interconnect clip from an electronics socket.
Quantitative Measurements of CpRh(CO)2 (Cp = η5-C5H5) Photochemistry in Various Hydrocarbon Solutions: Mechanisms for Ligand Photosubstitution and Intermolecular C−H and Si−H Bond Activation Reactions

The quantitative solution photochemistry of CpRh(CO)2 (Cp = η5-C5H5) involving ligand substitution and intermolecular C−H and Si−H bond activation processes has been investigated in several hydrocarbon solvents at room temperature following excitation in the region 313−458 nm. These photoreactions have been monitored by UV−vis and FTIR spectroscopy, and the absolute quantum efficiencies (φcr), determined to be in the 0.0007−0.31 range, are dependent on the entering ligand concentration, excitation wavelength, and solvent. The observed wavelength dependence is consistent with distinct reaction pathways occurring from two rapidly dissociating ligand-field (LF) excited states. Analysis of the quantitative photochemical results has led to a comprehensive mechanistic description for all of the various competing reaction pathways in the photochemistry of CpRh(CO)2. In the absence of an entering ligand, a carbonyl-bridged trans-Cp2Rh2(CO)3 complex is identified as the major photochemical reaction product; this s...
Sex Differences in Ethical Systems: A Useful Framework for Interpreting Communication Research.

Carol Gilligan's thesis that women use a care orientation in structuring their ethical systems while men use a justice orientation in structuring their ethical systems was used as a framework for explaining conclusions drawn from selected experimental studies in psychology, sociology, and communication. Theoretical material from feminist literature as well as other sources were considered. Published and unpublished sources were reviewed. The selection of materials is suggestive of the usefulness of Gilligan's position as an interpretative framework. The dearth of studies including women as subjects was considered as the setting for the publication of Gilligan's book, In a Different Voice. Some critical considerations of Gilligan's position as well as possible alternative explanations and directions for future research are included.
A Thermodynamic Equilibrium Climate Model for Monthly Mean Surface Winds and Precipitation over the Tropical Pacific

Abstract Diagnosis of the dynamic and thermodynamic balances using observed climatological monthly mean data reveals that 1) anisotropic, latitude-dependent Rayleigh friction coefficients lead to much improved modeling of the monthly mean surface wind field for a given monthly mean sea level pressure field, and 2) the annual variation of the vertically averaged lapse rate is important for modeling sea level pressure. Based on the aforementioned observations, a thermodynamic equilibrium climate model for the tropical Pacific is proposed. In this model, the sea level pressure is thermodynamically determined from sea surface temperature (SST) through a vertically integrated hydrostatic equation in which the vertical mean lapse rate is a function of SST plus a time-independent correction. The surface winds are then computed from sea level pressure gradients through a linear surface momentum balance with anisotropic, latitude-dependent Rayleigh friction coefficients. The precipitation is finally obtained from ...
Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize

A new species of Prosorhochmus is described from Belize and Florida based on morphological, reproductive and sequence data. Similar to Prosorhochmus nelsoni (Sanchez, 1973), Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. is gonochoric and oviparous; all other species of Prosorhochmus are viviparous hermaphrodites. Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. differs from P. nelsoni by having significantly larger stylets and different arrangement of acidophilic cephalic glands. Sequence divergence between the two is 7.4% (16S) and 9.1% (COI), comparable to divergence from the viviparous hermaphroditic species. Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862 is revised based on re‐evaluation of the type and voucher material as well as fresh specimens collected by us. We conclude that Prosorhochmus adriaticus Senz, 1993 is insufficiently described and cannot be distinguished from Prosorhochmus claparedii Keferstein, 1862. We re‐establish Prosorhochmus korotneffi Burger, 1895 from its previous synonymization with P. claparedii and designate it as ty...