cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Opinion and Direct Democracy

Americans generally support the idea of direct democracy yet they also, if not as much as most political scientists, appreciate the undesirable consequences of by-passing our representative processes. The populist impulse is alive and well, both at the state level and for the national government. Voters tell pollsters they are not afraid of direct democracy because they are not afraid of the people who elect our public officials.Most Americans view direct democracy processes not as radical measures intended to subvert or alter the basic character of American government, but rather as modifying measures aimed at complementing representative institutions, and also as a means of guaranteeing that representative bodies actually remain representative and accountable. But the extensive use of direct democracy at the state and local levels in recent years has raised concerns about the integrity of the initiative, referendum and recall.If Americans want more of a voice in state and national policymaking, many citizens also worry about the abuses of too direct an involvement. After a brief look at the historical context of this long-standing debate, I will report on several public opinion surveys that highlight Americans' ambivalence toward populist democracy devices.
System simulation methodology of optical interconnects for high- performance computing systems

The relentless quest for processing speed in the range of teraflops and beyond has accelerated the need for scalable, parallel, high-performance computing (HPC) systems. To meet this high bandwidth and low power requirements, optical interconnect-based system architectures are being implemented by the HPC industry. While computer-aided design tools have significantly assisted electronic system simulation, the field of system level optoelectronics modeling has lagged behind owing to lack of simulation methodologies and tools. This paper explores the design space of developing OPTISIM, a system level modeling and simulation methodology of optical interconnects for HPC systems. OPTISIM can provide computer architects, designers, and researchers a highly optimized, efficient, and accurate discrete-event environment to test various research hypotheses on HPC systems with power-performance implications. For any given optical interconnect architecture with optical transceivers, wavelength assignment, and traffic patterns, OPTISIM provides end users with network throughput, average latency, power loss, power consumption, and signal strength at the output. The proposed OPTISIM simulation methodology is explained with a case study on the performance of an optical HPC architecture called RAPID.
Characterization of the gentamicin resistance transposon Tn5281 from Enterococcus faecalis and comparison to staphylococcal transposons Tn4001 and Tn4031.

In Enterococcus faecalis, the genetic determinant encoding gentamicin resistance (Gmr) on the conjugative plasmid pBEM10 previously has been shown to be on a mobile element. In the current study, this element, termed Tn5281, was shown to relocate in the absence of homologous recombination in E. faecalis UV202. On the basis of restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization studies, Tn5281 was shown to be similar, if not identical, to the Gmr transposons Tn4001 found in Australian isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Tn4031 found in U.S. isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, since all three of these transposons have symmetrically located HindIII (2.5 kb apart), ClaI (slightly more than 2.5 kb apart), and HaeIII (3.9 kb apart) sites. Restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of Tn5281 generated with HincII, ScaI, and AluI were also consistent with Tn4001 and Tn4031. By using a probe specific for the external portion of the terminal inverted repeat of Tn4031, it was determined that each terminus of Tn5281 contained a 0.35-kb HaeIII fragment and a 0.7-kb HindIII-HaeIII fragment. The sizes of these fragments are identical to those found in the staphylococcal transposons, which is a further indication that inverted repeats like IS256 are present in Tn5281. A 1-kb HaeIII fragment in pBEM10 also hybridized with this probe, which indicates that Tn5281 in pBEM10 contains a double copy of the inverted repeat at one end.
Thermal and mechanical effects on large field dielectric loss in lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate

Ferroelectric material losses in devices ranging from sonar transducers to energy harvesters result in the conversion of energy to heat. Under small amplitude sinusoidal drive, either electrical or mechanical, the losses are expressed in terms of a loss tangent. This study addressed the effects of temperature and bias stress on large field dielectric loss in the presence of thermal and mechanical loading in lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate, Pb0.92La0.08(Zr0.65Ti0.35)0.98O3 (PLZT 8/65/35). This loss is associated with domain wall motion. Large field dielectric loss was experimentally measured using a technique that matches the area within a unipolar electric displacement – electric field hysteresis loop to an equivalent area ellipse-shaped hysteresis loop. The results indicate that the dependence of dielectric loss on bias stress changes with the onset of a thermally induced transition to slim loop behavior. Stress causes the dielectric loss to increase at low temperature and decrease at high temperature. This is consistent with changes in remnant polarization and saturation of the unipolar electric field – electric displacement hysteresis loops.
CUSTOMERS' INVOLVEMENT AND THE REPLACEMENT CYCLE '

This study examined two hypotheses, (1) that there is a positive relationship between involvement and the length of the replacement cycle and (2) that there is a negative relationship between involvement and the replacement rate. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .806 confirmed the first hypothesis and a decrease in the c constant in the logistics equation confirmed the second hypothesis. 124 undergraduate business school students served as subjects and the stimulus object was athletic shoes.
Corneal endothelial morphology after anterior chamber lens implantation.

• The morphologic features of the corneal endothelium were investigated by means of regional wide-field specular microscopy and computer-assisted morphometry in 13 eyes of nine patients who had undergone intracapsular cataract extraction with anterior chamber lens implantation more than one year previously. The endothelial cells in these patients demonstrated a significant increase in cellular elongation and the coefficient of variation in mean cell area and a significant decrease in the percentage of hexagonal endothelial cells when compared with age-matched controls (ten eyes of ten patients). The clinical implications of these long-term morphologic changes are unknown, but the changes may be indicative of an unstable endothelium or may be an early sign of continuing cell loss.
Sex and handedness differences in cerebral blood flow during rest and cognitive activity

Cognitive activity resulted in increased flow of blood to the cerebral hemispheres. The increase was greater to the left hemisphere for a verbal task and greater to the right hemisphere for a spatial task. The direction and degree of hemispheric flow asymmetry were influenced by sex and handedness, females having a higher rate of blood flow per unit weight of brain, and females and left-handers having a greater percentage of fast-clearing tissue, presumably gray matter.
Synthetic studies of 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-4-ones

Abstract A strategy for preparation of functionalized, 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecanes has been explored using β-diketone precursors.
Energy Input Use in Environmentally Friendly Farming Systems: A Comparative Analysis between Organic and Conventional Dried Fig Production

Energy efficiency in organic farming has been the subject of various investigations. Overall, these studies indicate that diverse organic farming systems have higher energy efficiency compared with conventional farming systems, primarily because no mineral N fertilizers are used. The investigations also show, however, that there is considerable potential for improvement. Dried fig production by conventional farming methods averaged 26% higher energy inputs and only 5% higher yields per hectare than fig produced by organic farming methods. The economic costs averaged 6% less per hectare for conventional fig production than for organic fig production, using a standard accounting procedure.
Light wavelength effects on a lutein-fortified model colloidal beverage.

The effect of light on a model colloidal beverage system containing whey protein, lutein, and limonene was investigated. Changes in volatile chemistry were evaluated under accelerated conditions (12 h, 25 °C) at selected wavelengths regions (395, 463, 516, 567, and 610 nm absorbance maxima) using a photochemical reactor. The most damaging wavelengths to lutein stability were UV (200–400 nm) and 463 nm wavelengths. Hexanal formation was highest in the control beverage when exposed to full spectrum light and UV (200–400 nm) wavelengths. Hexanal also was formed in the lutein-fortified beverage under full spectrum light and UV (200–400 nm) wavelengths but to a significantly lesser degree. Limonene degraded significantly under all treatment conditions, with most degradation occurring during full spectrum light exposure. Lutein fortification did not completely protect limonene from degradation.
Russian Mass Privatization: Analysis of Financial Structure and Initial Cash Endowments

This paper analyzes the cash flow and corporate finance structure of large‐size Russian enterprises required by law to privatize. The legal framework and governmental regulatory structure of Russia's mass privatization program are presented, and particular emphasis is placed on tracing the flow of cash (versus Russian privatization vouchers) between enterprises, investors and the government. Most Russian firms raise no cash during the initial privatization process and, accordingly, have substantial difficulties in obtaining funds to continue operations and to finance their growth and expansion. The authors believe that undue emphasis on the use of privatization vouchers has placed many newly privatized firms in conditions of extreme financial distress. Examples of the initial financial structure of three Western corporate finance transactions — spin‐offs, leveraged buy‐outs (LBOs) and Chapter 11 reorganizations — are compared to the initial endowment of liquid resources in Russian firms undergoing privatization.
Topological evolution during coupled grain growth and Ostwald ripening in volume-conserved 2-D two-phase polycrystals

The topological evolution during coupled grain growth and Ostwald ripening in volume-conserved two-phase polycrystalline systems was studied in two dimensions (2-D), employing computer simulations based on a continuum diffuse-interface field model. The topological distributions were found to scale with time, but dependent on the ratios of grain boundary energies to the interphase boundary energy, the volume fractions and the initial microstructures. The correlations between topological class and grain size, as well as the topological correlations of grains with their neighbor grains were observed. The differences in topological features between volume-conserved two-phase systems and single-phase systems are discussed.
Polygonal chain simplification for flight simulation systems

We consider the problem of simplifying an n-vertex polygonal chain with small angle constraints in R3, arising in flight planning. Specifically, we give an algorithm that solves the min-# version of the polygonal chain simplification problem with small angle constraints in O(n2 log n) time, O(n2) space in R3, thus matching the time and space complexities of the solutions for large angle constraints and for the unconstrained problem. The algorithm uses known data structures and admits efficient implementation.
Snowpack model estimates of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet and its changes over the twentyfirst century

The performance of a snow cover model in capturing the ablation on the Greenland ice sheet is evaluated. This model allows an explicit calculation of the formation of melt water, of the fraction of melt water which re-freezes, and of runoff in the ablation region. The input climate variables to the snowpack model come from two climate models. While the higher resolution general circulation model (ECHAM 4), is closest to observations in its estimate of accumulation, it fails to give accurate results in its predictions of runoff, primarily in the southern half of the ice sheet. The two-dimensional low-resolution climate model (MIT 2D LO) produces estimates of runoff from the Greenland ice sheet within the range of uncertainty of the Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC1) 1995 estimates. Both models reproduce some of the characteristics of the extent of the wet snow zone observed with satellite remote sensing; the MIT model is closer to observations in terms of areal extent and intensity of the melting in the southern half of the ice-sheet in July and August while the ECHAM model reproduces melting in the northern half of the ice sheet well. Changes in runoff from Greenland and Antarctica are often cited as one of the major concerns linked to anthropogenic changes in climate. Because it is based on physical principles and relies on the surface energy balance as input, the snow cover model can respond to the current climatic forcing as well as to future changes in climate on the century time scale without the limitations inherent in empirical parametrizations. For a reference climate scenario similar to the IPCC's IS92a, the model projects that the Greenland ice sheet does not contribute significantly to changes in the level of the ocean over the twenty-first century. Increases in accumulation over the central portion of the ice sheet offset most of the increase in melting and runoff, which takes place along the margins of the ice sheet. The range of uncertainty in the predictions of sea-level rise is estimated by repeating the calculation with the MIT model for seven climate change scenarios. The range is –0.5 to 1.7 cm.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) within a social disadvantage framework: Distinguishing unique, cumulative, and moderated contributions to adult mental health.

The deleterious impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) may be confounded with frequently co-occurring social disadvantage. In this analysis we test the effects of ACE on adult mental health within a social disadvantage framework, using a population-based survey (n = 7,444; mean age = 55.2 years) from Washington State. We also examined the protective effects of socioemotional support, and the distinct and combined contribution of the measured ACE factors. Results demonstrated sustained impact of ACE on mental health many decades later, even net of social disadvantage and demographic contributors. Protective factors provided both direct and moderating influences, potentially masking the elevated effects of ACE for those with few resources. Toxicity examination of ACE items evinced differential effects of ACE experiences on mental health. These results demonstrate that interventions ameliorating the effects of ACE and bolstering protective resources such as socioemotional support may be effective towa...
The Transcription Factor Spn1 Regulates Gene Expression via a Highly Conserved Novel Structural Motif

Abstract Spn1/Iws1 plays essential roles in the regulation of gene expression by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), and it is highly conserved in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. Spn1 physically and/or genetically interacts with RNAPII, TBP (TATA-binding protein), TFIIS (transcription factor IIS), and a number of chromatin remodeling factors (Swi/Snf and Spt6). The central domain of Spn1 (residues 141–305 out of 410) is necessary and sufficient for performing the essential functions of SPN1 in yeast cells. Here, we report the high-resolution (1.85 A) crystal structure of the conserved central domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spn1. The central domain is composed of eight α-helices in a right-handed superhelical arrangement and exhibits structural similarity to domain I of TFIIS. A unique structural feature of Spn1 is a highly conserved loop, which defines one side of a pronounced cavity. The loop and the other residues forming the cavity are highly conserved at the amino acid level among all Spn1 family members, suggesting that this is a signature motif for Spn1 orthologs. The locations and the molecular characterization of temperature-sensitive mutations in Spn1 indicate that the cavity is a key attribute of Spn1 that is critical for its regulatory functions during RNAPII-mediated transcriptional activity.
Switching Conditions and a Synthesis Technique for the Singular Saturn Guidance Problem

Saturn 5 suboptimal continuous guidance design, eliminating discontinuous control encountered in SA-502 flight
Long-term psychological consequences of childhood frontal lobe lesion in patient DT

Patient DT was examined 26 years after she acquired focal frontal lobe damage at 7 years of age. This report focused on several aspects of psychological outcome, including the empirical study of social development into early adulthood. Standardized measures of empathy, psychosocial development, and personality were analyzed, along with a moral judgment interview and patterns of adult social behavior. Results indicated that DT has a very limited capacity for empathic understanding, inadequate identity development, difficulties in vocational adjustment, and a concrete level of moral reasoning. Her social behavior and profile of test scores suggest that social development and adaptation have been arrested at early adolescent levels. We conclude that early frontal lobe damage has profound effects on social development, and that the frontal lobes provide a crucial neural substrate for social maturation.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Selectively Depolarizes Thalamic Relay Neurons and Attenuates Intrathalamic Rhythmic Activity

The reciprocal synaptic relationship between the relay thalamus and surrounding thalamic reticular nucleus can lead to the generation of various rhythmic activities that are associated with differe...
A study of penicillin ointments and creams

A number of ointments and cream formulas containing penicillin were prepared and studied for their antibactericidal activity against organisms. Tests were made by a new modified agar cup-plate method which was devised in the laboratories of the School of Pharmacy at Purdue University.
Behavior of pile foundations in laterally spreading ground during centrifuge tests

Eight dynamic model tests were performed on a 9 m radius centrifuge to study the behavior of single piles and pile groups in liquefiable and laterally spreading ground. Pile diameters ranged from 0.36 to 1.45 m for single piles, and from 0.73 to 1.17 m for pile groups. The soil profile consisted of a gently sloping nonliquefied crust over liquefiable loose sand over dense sand. Each model was tested with a series of realistic earthquake motions with peak base accelerations ranging from 0.13 g to 1.00 g. Representative data that characterize the important aspects of soil–pile interaction in liquefiable ground are presented. Dynamic soil–pile and soil–pile cap forces are backcalculated. Directions of lateral loading from the different soil layers are shown to depend on the mode of pile deflection relative to the soil, which depends on the deformed shape of the soil profile, the pile foundation stiffness, and the magnitude of loads imposed by the nonliquefied crust. Procedures for estimating the total horizontal loads on embedded piles and pile caps i.e., passive loads plus friction along the base and sides are evaluated. Due to liquefaction of the sand layer beneath the crust, the relative displacement between the pile cap and free-field crust required to mobilize the peak horizontal loads is much larger than expected based on static pile cap load tests in nonliquefied soils.
“Importin” signaling roles for import proteins: The function of Drosophila importin-7 (DIM-7) in muscle-tendon signaling

The formation of a mature myotendinous junction (MTJ) between a muscle and its site of attachment is a highly regulated process that involves myofiber migration, cell-cell signaling, and culminates with the stable adhesion between the adjacent muscle-tendon cells. Improper establishment or maintenance of muscle-tendon attachment sites results in a decrease in force generation during muscle contraction and progressive muscular dystrophies in vertebrate models. Many studies have demonstrated the important role of the integrins and integrin-associated proteins in the formation and maintenance of the MTJ. We recently demonstrated that moleskin (msk), the gene that encodes for Drosophila importin-7 (DIM-7), is required for the proper formation of muscle-tendon adhesion sites in the developing embryo. Further studies demonstrated an enrichment of DIM-7 to the ends of muscles where the muscles attach to their target tendon cells. Genetic analysis supports a model whereby msk is required in the muscle and signals...
Novel poly-DL-lactide-polycaprolactone copolymer based flexible drug delivery system for sustained release of ciprofloxacin.

This research evaluated 7525DLPCL for soft flexible drug delivery systems. The effect of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) loading at three levels (10, 20, and 30%), on thermo-mechanical properties was studied. CIP release was monitored for 12 weeks. Addition of CIP to 7525DLPCL caused an increase in compressive modulus of 7525DLPCL. CIP release was found to be sigmoidal with two phenomena (apart from a minor burst) contributing to release–diffusion and later diffusion plus erosion. An increased burst was observed with greater CIP loading and the majority of CIP (> 70%) was released as an effect of diffusion plus erosion. Additional factors, like the effect of CIP particle size, had no significant effect on drug release. Change in the implant shape from a cylinder (5 mm diameter; 3 mm thickness) to disc (6 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness) also failed to show a significant impact on drug release. Erosion of 7525DLPCL is a major contributing factor towards this release and other factors like shape of implants...
A physicochemical study of the lipoprotein system of the normal and estrogen-treated male rat in relation to atherosclerosis

Summary In these experiments adult, male, albino rats were studied in an attempt to disclose some of the physico-chemical properties of the naturally occurring serum lipoprotein system and to demonstrate the influence of an atherogenic diet with and without estradiol on this lipoprotein system. Evidence is presented for the existence of three naturally occurring lipoproteins in the rat. Several of the physical and chemical properties of these various substances are discussed and contrasted with human lipoproteins under normal and experimental conditions. The very low density lipoproteins are found to be quite stable when rats are fed a high fat diet. The low density lipoproteins are relatively unaffected while both the cholesterol and phospholipid content of the high density lipoproteins are significantly increased by the same regimen. The possible significance of these findings is discussed. When estradiol is added to the high fat diet the cholesterol is found to be preferentially elevated over the phospholipid in the very low density lipoprotein fraction. Estradiol induces an elevation in cholesterol and phospholipid in such a way that the C/P ratio is decreased in both the low and high density lipoproteins. The greater effect is on the low density lipoproteins. These results are unlike those found in humans. Estradiol administration results in an acute increase in β / α -lipoprotein ratio; an acute elevation in the very low density lipoprotein C/P ratio; and an acute sparing of the liver from lipid deposition. All of these acute phenomena, which are thought to be atherogenic, disappear with time. These initial variations from the more chronic effects of estradiol may in part explain the acute deleterious effects large doses of estrogen are reported to have in the treatment of atherosclerosis. The response of rat lipoproteins to the variables of high fat diet and high fat diet plus estrogen are found to be quite different from human lipoproteins of the same density.
Electron-electron double resonance study of polymer chain motions

The technique of frequency-swept electron–electron double resonance (ELDOR) has been used to study polymer chain motions in dilute solutions. ELDOR effects have been measured at different temperatures and pump powers. The maximum de-enhancements obtained by extrapolating the data to infinite pump powers were used to interpret molecular motions. Amorphous polystyrene with nitroxides spin-labeled at both chain ends was employed in this study. The result agrees excellently well with the result obtained from electron spin resonance (ESR) line-width analysis. Both the activation energy (12 kJ/mole) and the correlation times of the motion, were found to be significantly smaller than the values obtained from other ESR and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies on aromatic substituted polystyrene. Explanations were given as due to the smaller steric hindrance and less backbone coupling among neighboring bonds for the local motions of polymer chain ends.
MLL/AF-4 leukemic cells recruit new blood vessels but do not incorporate into capillaries in culture or in a NOD/SCID xenograft model.

MLL/AF-4 leukemic cells recruit new blood vessels but do not incorporate into capillaries in culture or in a NOD/SCID xenograft model
Bilateral loss of vision following radiation therapy

Following radiation therapy tor unilateral paranasal sinus malignancies. three patients (one of whom also received chemotherapy) sustained loss of vision in the ipsilateral eye two to three years later due to chorioretinal dysfunction, and in the contralateral eye three to four vears later secondary to optic nerve compromise. There was no evidence of persistent tumor. The occurrence of this delayed post-irradiation complication appears to be mediated by impairment of the arterial perfusion of the eye or of the optic nerve, and may be potentiated by simultaneous chemotherapy.
Counseling Psychologists in General Hospital Settings The Continued Quest for Balance and Challenge

Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals can provide rich and varied work experiences for psychologists. Long an employer and standard bearer for counseling psychologists, VA settings have markedly eased our way into the behavioral medicine, neuropsychology, and health psychology arenas. Additionally, they have maintained our traditional role of vocational assessment, with added specialization for different populations. Affiliation with medical settings can offer opportunities for academic and research involvement. However, VA psychology positions are generally geared heavily toward providing clinical coverage, and the scientist-practitioner model may be difficult to establish and/or maintain. Advancement beyond a staff psychologist designation is unusual, and salaries have not kept pace with psychologist salaries in the private hospital sector.
Mobile technology and communications: exploring aspects of Customer Relationship Management

Cultural and individual factors must be taken into account when mobile technology options are offered and managing Customer Relationship Management initiatives that are created as value-added activities increase from m-commerce transactions. Principal components and factor analyses techniques were the dominant multivariate statistical procedures to be used in this research effort. A survey was conducted over a 4-month period with 21 companies that granted access to their professional employees, resulting in 261 successfully interviewed respondents for the purposes of this study. The hypotheses-testing section revealed that all independent factor-score constructs of Financial Features, Mobile Applications, and Education were statistically significant in differentiation awareness and familiarity of engaged users for mobile technology. As seen in the analysis portion, the opportunities are endless, but mistrust still is a major issue. As more individuals and corporations come on board with mobile technology and mobile networks, the current problems of dead zones will become replaced with higher speeds as data packages continue to approach Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) speed and air cards are made more efficient.
Nutrition research on calcium homeostasis. I. Lizards (with recommendations)

This review presents information from a decade of nutrition research into calcium homeostasis in lizards, including non-nutritive factors essential to lizard nutrition; for example, ontogenetic dietary shift, microbial fermentation, environmental temperature, ultraviolet light and photoreception. Recommendations are made for possible nutrition research to be carried out in the future. These recommendations may be essential for the survival of lizards in captivity and include minimal vitamin and mineral supplementation, standardized ultraviolet light research, species requirements for spectral radiance, normative and pathological plasma indices, the relationship of gut transit time to diet, normative indices for growth and nutritional requirements, and development of an accurate method for identifying animals with, or at risk from, metabolic bone disease.
Minimize Production Loss in Device Testing via Condition-Based Equipment Maintenance

A condition-based maintenance program is proposed to reduce the device testing cost by utilizing tester's self-diagnostic data. The degradation signal is modeled as a nonstationary Gaussian process with time-varying mean and variance. Based on the degradation model, an optimization algorithm is devised to determine the best maintenance policy such that production loss due to equipment failures is minimized. Simulations and numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the method.
Device sizing for minimum energy operation in subthreshold circuits

Digital circuits operating in the subthreshold region provide the minimum energy solution for applications with strict energy constraints. This paper examines the effect of sizing on energy for subthreshold circuits. We show that minimum sized devices are theoretically optimal for reducing energy. A fabricated 0.18 /spl mu/m test chip is used to compare normal sizing and sizing for minimum V/sub DD/. Measurements show that existing standard cell libraries offer a good solution for minimizing energy in subthreshold circuits.
The measurement of KNN and KLL in at 800 MeV

Abstract The spin-transfer parameters KNN and KLL have been measured for at 0° and 800 MeV for neutron momenta between 700 and 1200 MeV c . Peak values of KNN and KLL are −0.30 ± 0.05 and −0.5 ± 0.1 respectively. These results are in substantial disagreement with VerWest's field theoretic model.
Analysis and comparison of three ecosystem models

[1] Three-component (NPZ), four-component (NPZD), and five-component (NNPZD) nitrogen-based ecosystem models are compared. The fixed points of the zero-dimensional systems, with no spatial variation except light attenuation by water, are determined. A linear-stability analysis shows that unstable steady solutions exist for all three models. Time-periodic solutions are found in these regions. It is shown that the choice of the values of the parameters in the zooplankton equation is critical in determining steady state concentrations. One-dimensional model studies allowing variation with depth, self-shading by phytoplankton, and vertical diffusion show that the differences among the models increase when the available light is influenced by the presence of phytoplankton. With vertical diffusion, periodic solutions, such as those in the zero-dimensional case, are not found. Finally, a set of one-dimensional depth-integrated models, with variability in time and across-shore coordinate, are formulated. These models include horizontal advection and diffusion and the sinking of detritus (or phytoplankton). Application of a constant offshore advection velocity and coastal boundary conditions consistent with upwelling, produces many of the features seen in two-dimensional experiments [Spitz et al., 2003]. The dependence of the resulting spatial distributions of phytoplankton and zooplankton on the values of the biological parameters is determined, helping to explain the two-dimensional results. Significant differences are found between the NPZ and the other models as a result of the sinking of phytoplankton rather than detritus.
The Turán problem for projective geometries

We consider the following Turan problem. How many edges can there be in a (q + 1)-uniform hypergraph on n vertices that does not contain a copy of the projective geometry PGm(q)? The case q = m = 2 (the Fano plane) was recently solved independently and simultaneously by Keevash and Sudakov (The Turan number of the Fano plane, Combinatorica, to appear) and Furedi and Simonovits (Triple systems not containing a Fano configuration, Combin. Probab. Comput., to appear). Here we obtain estimates for general q and m via the de Caen-Furedi method of links combined with the orbit-stabiliser theorem from elementary group theory. In particular, we improve the known upper and lower bounds in the case q = 2, m = 3.
ROEMER ON MARX ON EXPLOITATION

John E. Roemer, Free to Lose: An Introduction to Marxist Economic Philosophy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988.
Developmental mode influences diversification in ascidians

Ascidian species (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) usually have tailed, hatching tadpole larvae. In several lineages, species have evolved larvae that completely lack any tail tissues and are unable to disperse actively. Some tailless species hatch, but some do not hatch before going through metamorphosis. We show here that ascidian species with the highest speciation rates are those with the largest range sizes and tailed hatching larval development. We use methods for examining diversification in binary characters across a posterior distribution of trees, and show that mode of larval development predicts geographical range sizes. Conversely, we find that species with the least dispersive larval development (tailless, non-hatching) have the lowest speciation rates and smallest geographical ranges. Our speciation rate results are contrary to findings from sea urchins and snails examined in the fossil record, and further work is necessary to reconcile these disparate results.
Unroofed coronary sinus atrial septal defect: a multi-modality imaging approach.

A 58-year-old male with end-stage renal disease referred for assessment prior to kidney transplant. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed severe right atrial and right ventricular dilation and moderate systolic dysfunction. An atrial septal defect was suspected. Two- and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiogram (2D and 3D TEE) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) confirmed a diagnosis of unroofed coronary …
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a pilot-scale ozone bubble-diffuser contactor. I: Model development

A mathematical model was developed to simulate the performance of a pilot-scale ozone bubble-diffuser column. The reactor hydrodynamics was represented with the axial dispersion reactor model. An analytical solution was developed for the liquid and gas phase ozone mass balances in which dissolved ozone decomposes by first-order kinetics. Numerical approximations were provided for the mass balances for viable microorganisms and the more general case of dissolved ozone decomposition through a second-order reaction with fast ozone demand in natural organic matter. Model components required to predict the liquid and gas phase ozone concentration and viable microorganism number density profiles throughout the bubble-diffuser column included input parameters (liquid and gas flow rates, influent gas and dissolved ozone concentrations, temperature, and countercurrent or cocurrent operation mode), empirical correlations (dispersion number, volumetric mass transfer coefficient, Henry's law constant), and batch or semibatch kinetic information (ozone decomposition rate constants and fast-ozone demand, and microorganism inactivation lag phase and rate constant). A sample model run for the case of first-order ozone decomposition revealed that the analytical and numerical solutions were practically identical.
The Defect Structure of Unintentionally Doped α‐Al2O3 Crystals

Electrical conductivity and the ionic and electronic transference numbers were determined for two types of unintentionally doped single crystalline sapphire for current directions perpendicular to the r plane (1102). One was acceptor dominated and the other was initially donor (Hix) dominated, changing to acceptor domination after a prolonged anneal at 1600°C. The positions of the electronic energy levels of dominant impurities and the constants regulating the oxidation-reduction of these impurities and of pure Al2O3 are determined. The latter shows a discrepancy with an expression reported previously.
Guanfacine overdose resulting in initial hypertension and subsequent delayed, persistent orthostatic hypotension

Introduction. Guanfacine is an α2-adrenoreceptor agonist used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorders. Few reports exist regarding overdose with guanfacine. Case Report. A 16-year-old female with Tourette's syndrome presented with diaphoresis, dry mouth, and hypertension 8 h after ingesting 25 mg of guanfacine. These symptoms improved and her blood pressure (BP) normalized over 2 h. Thirty hours following ingestion, she experienced near syncope and returned to the emergency department. She was noted to have orthostatic hypotension and a prolonged QTc interval of 593 ms on electrocardiogram. With only fluid support, she was asymptomatic by 60 h postingestion and her QTc interval had improved to 511 ms. Discussion. This experience suggests a much delayed onset of symptoms may occur and that the QTc interval may be prolonged, necessitating a longer period of monitoring in a patient presenting with an overdose.
Inlet patch: prevalence, histologic type, and association with esophagitis, Barrett esophagus, and antritis.

Abstract Context.—Inlet patch is a congenital anomaly of the cervical esophagus consisting of gastric mucosa. Case reports have documented the histologic type and its associated complications. Objective.—To report the prevalence and histologic types of inlet patch as well as its association with Barrett esophagus and Helicobacter pylori–associated gastritis. Design.—We reviewed 1821 consecutive pathology reports from endoscopies of the upper gastrointestinal tract between 1995 and 2002 and identified 20 patients with inlet patch. The patients' ages ranged from 16 to 75 years (mean, 55 years). We examined biopsies from these patients of the cervical esophagus, distal esophagus, and antrum that had been stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the Steiner stain. Biopsies from the cervical esophagus composed of nonoxyntic gastric mucosa were also stained for gastrin-producing cells. Results.—In our patient population, inlet patch occurred in 1.1% of all patients in whom an inlet patch had been searched for endosco...
The structural and functional coupling of two molecular machines, the ribosome and the translocon.

Ribosomes synthesizing secretory and membrane proteins are bound to translocons at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both the ribosome and translocon are complex macromolecular machines whose structural and functional interactions are poorly understood. A new study by Pool (Pool, M.R. 2009. J. Cell Biol. 185:889–902) has now shown that the structure of the translocon is dictated by the identity of the protein being synthesized by the ribosome, thereby demonstrating that the two macromolecular machines are structurally coupled for functional purposes. The study also identifies an unexpected component in the apparent molecular linkage that connects the two machines, a discovery that shows the current view of translocon structure is oversimplified.
The Virtues of Cultural Resonance, Competence, and Relational Collaboration With Native American Indian Communities: A Synthesis of the Counseling and Psychotherapy Literature:

The article extends the scholarship, observations, and recommendations provided in Joseph Gone’s article, “Psychotherapy and Traditional Healing for American Indians: Prospects for Therapeutic Integration” (2010 [this issue]). The overarching thesis is that for many Indian and Native clients, interpersonal and interethnic problems can emerge when a counselor’s lack of culturally resonant experience and knowledge, deeply held stereotypes, and preconceived notions interfere with the counseling relationship and impede counseling effectiveness. A brief synthesis of the counseling literature themes suggests that there is ample evidence that by using particular culturally resonant techniques, counselors can promote client trust, rapport, and cultural empathy and improve the counselor—client relationship, both in general and with American Indian and Alaska Native clients specifically. Topics consistent with Joseph Gone’s main thesis also are explored that relate to spiritual healing and other counseling consider...
Experimental Evaluation of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Newcastle Disease Virus

House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus, NDV) by using a mesogenic NDV strain. Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to NDV (Roakin strain) by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum consisting of chicken embryo-propagated virus. NDV was detected in dissected crops and intestinal tissues from exposed flies for up to 96 and 24 h postexposure, respectively; no virus was detected in crops and intestines of sham-exposed flies. The potential of the house fly to directly transmit NDV to live chickens was examined by placing 14-d-old chickens in contact with NDV-exposed house flies 2 h after flies consumed NDV inoculum. NDV-exposed house flies contained approximately 10(4) 50% infectious doses (ID50) per fly, but no transmission of NDV was observed in chickens placed in contact with exposed flies at densities as high as 25 flies per bird. Subsequent dose-response studies demonstrated that oral exposure, the most likely route for fly-to-chicken transmission, required an NDV (Roakin) dose > or =10(6) ID50. These results indicate that house flies are capable of harboring NDV (Roakin) but that they are poor vectors of the virus because they carry an insufficient virus titer to cause infection.
Landscapes of Water in Delhi: Negotiating Global Norms and Local Cultures

Today more than half of the world’s population lives in cities. With anticipated increases in urbanization in Asia and Africa, addressing the growing needs of water and sanitation in cities has become one of the most urgent and pressing issues in urban sustainability. As the megacities of the world are home to such a large proportion of the urban population, the issue of water is particularly acute. Given the magnitude and complexity of the water question, this chapter focuses on water as one significant aspect of urban sustainability in megacities.
Primary Photodynamics of Water-Solubilized Two-Dimensional CdSe Nanoribbons

The primary photodynamics of water-solubilized 2D CdSe nanoribbons (NRs) was characterized with femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and modeled using global analysis. The measured signals...
Scramjet Antenna Development

Introduction: This describes the telemetry (TM) antenna development for the SCRAMJET Projectile tests. The antenna development was part of the Government’s Hardened Subminiature Telemetry and Sensor System (HSTSS) program’s support to Allied Aerospace, GASL Division. The antenna was developed at NAVAIR, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Mugu, CA under the authority of the HSTSS Government program manager, Dennis Schneider at STRICOM, AMSTI-ITTS-I, Orlando, Florida.
RESEARCH FOCUS: They might be Giants: Colossal lacustrine stromatolites

Stromatolites are laminated, typically domal or columnar rocks that form by accretionary growth from an initiation point or surface ([Semikhatov et al., 1979][1]). Historically, they have been interpreted as microbial fossils, with lamination and doming attributed to the trapping and binding or
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland masquerading as dacryoadenitis: Case Report

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the lacrimal gland is a rare, life-threatening tumor often not diagnosed until advanced stages. This malignancy usually presents with nonspecific symptoms such as periocular pain and non-axial proptosis. We present a case of a 40-year-old female experiencing these symptoms, whose initial lacrimal gland biopsy was consistent with chronic dacryoadenitis. Reappearance and worsening of her symptoms after treatment led to a total dacryoadenectomy, which confirmed the presence of ACC. Close follow up of the clinical signs and imaging in this patient allowed us to suspect and finally diagnose an invasive malignancy that was masquerading as a chronic dacryoadenitis.
Biomarkers of Response and Resistance to DNA Repair Targeted Therapies

Drugs targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways are exciting new agents in cancer therapy. Many of these drugs exhibit synthetic lethality with defects in DNA repair in cancer cells. For example, ovarian cancers with impaired homologous recombination DNA repair show increased sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Understanding the activity of different DNA repair pathways in individual tumors, and the correlations between DNA repair function and drug response, will be critical to patient selection for DNA repair targeted agents. Genomic and functional assays of DNA repair pathway activity are being investigated as potential biomarkers of response to targeted therapies. Furthermore, alterations in DNA repair function generate resistance to DNA repair targeted agents, and DNA repair states may predict intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of DNA repair targeted agents currently in clinical trials and the emerging biomarkers of response and resistance to these agents: genetic and genomic analysis of DDR pathways, genomic signatures of mutational processes, expression of DNA repair proteins, and functional assays for DNA repair capacity. We review biomarkers that may predict response to selected DNA repair targeted agents, including PARP inhibitors, inhibitors of the DNA damage sensors ATM and ATR, and inhibitors of nonhomologous end joining. Finally, we introduce emerging categories of drugs targeting DDR and new strategies for integrating DNA repair targeted therapies into clinical practice, including combination regimens. Generating and validating robust biomarkers will optimize the efficacy of DNA repair targeted therapies and maximize their impact on cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5651–60. ©2016 AACR.