cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring US mainstream teachers’ perspectives on use of the native language in instruction with English language learner students

Abstract In the US, public school teachers are currently experiencing an unprecedented increase in the number of English language learner (ELL) students with whom they work. Research shows the practice of incorporating ELL students’ native languages (L1) into instruction to be a major factor enhancing their success in school. In this study, 327 pre-service and experienced mainstream teachers in the midwestern region of the USA were surveyed on their perspectives related to this practice. Findings from descriptive analyses indicated that while teachers generally supported L1 use in instruction, they tended to show stronger support for its underlying theory than for its practical implementation. Results from a series of analyses of variances (ANOVA) suggested a clear link between English as a second language specific university preparation and an increased support for the theory and practice of L1 use in instruction. Results further suggested links among some combination of teaching experience and an increa...
Chromatophorotropic activity of extracts of radial nerves from the starfish, Asterias amurensis

1. Extracts of radial nerves from the starfish, Asterias amurensis, were assayed for chromatophorotropic activity in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. 2. The radial nerve extracts evoked pigment dispersion in the melanophores and pigment concentration in the leucophores and erythrophores of Uca. Gel filtration studies revealed that the chromatophorotropic material is different from the gamete-shedding substance. 3. Like chromatophorotropins in arthropod neural tissues, the chromatophorotropic material in the radial nerves appears to have a peptide nature. Chromatography on Bio-Gel P-6 and analysis of solubility properties indicate that the latter is different from the chromatophorotropins which have been found in crustaceans. 4. The possibility that these chromatophorotropic effects were caused by a single substance was discussed.
The relationship between parental racial attitudes and children’s implicit prejudice

Abstract Although many researchers assume that implicit racial attitudes develop via exposure to prejudicial socializing agents (e.g., parents, peers, and the media) starting in childhood, there is a dearth of research on implicit attitudes in children. This study looks at the effect of one socializing agent—parents—on children’s or implicit racial prejudice. Specifically, we examine Allport’s (1954) contention that children’s identification with their parents moderates the intergenerational transmission of prejudice. Fourth- and fifth-grade children completed measures of implicit and explicit pro-White/anti-Black prejudice, as well as a survey assessing child–parent identification. Parents completed a survey that measured their attitudes toward Blacks. As hypothesized, we found greater correspondence between parents’ prejudice and children’s prejudice among children who were highly identified with their parents than less identified children.
Uniquely decodable code-division via augmented Sylvester-Hadamard matrices

We consider the problem of designing binary antipodal uniquely decodable (errorless) code sets for overloaded code-division multiplexing applications where the number of signals K is larger than the code length L. Our proposed errorless code set design aims at identifying the maximum number of columns that can be potentially appended to a Sylvester-Hadamard matrix of order L, while maintaining the errorless code property. In particular, we derive formally the maximum number of columns that may be appended to the Sylvester-Hadamard matrix of order L = 8 and use this result as a seed to produce an infinite sequence of designs in increasing L. In the noiseless transmission case, a simple algorithm is developed to uniquely decode all signals. In additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), a slab-sphere decoding scheme can be utilized for efficient and effective decoding.
Effect of High-Voltage Pulsed Current and Alternating Current on Macromolecular Leakage in Hamster Cheek Pouch Microcirculation

Background and Purpose. Electrical stimulation (ES) is supposed to affect edema formation by inhibiting macromolecular leakage from microvessels. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of various forms of ES on macromolecular leakage from microvessels. Subjects. Fifty-three hamsters were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: a control group (histamine only); groups that received histamine with cathodal high-voltage pulsed current (HVPC) at intensities of 90%, 50%, and 10% of visible motor threshold (VMT); groups that received anodal HVPC at intensities of 90% and 50% of VMT; and a group that received alternating current (AC) at 90% of VMT. Methods. Anesthetized animals were injected with fluorescein-labeled dextran. Macromolecular leakage was determined by computer analysis of fluorescence microscopy images for 5 minutes after treatment. Results. When compared with controls, leakage was less in groups treated with cathodal HVPC at 90% and 50% of VMT and anodal HVPC at 90% of VMT. Conclusion and Discussion. Cathodal and anodal HVPC, but not AC, curb macromolecular leakage from the microvessels of histamine-treated hamsters.
P2P-3 Numerical and Experimental Study of the Dynamic Behavior of Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (pMUTs)

In this study, a finite element code based on a combination of equivalent single-plate theory and classical laminated plate theory was used to study the dynamic behavior of the thin film membrane structures. The structure studied was piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) fabricated with MEMS technology. The membrane has two different shapes, square and rectangular. Two different types of boundary conditions were considered for modeling, namely, simply supported vs. clamped. It is demonstrated that the model generates correct qualitative trend for the mechanical responses of pMUT structure. Quantitatively, for relatively larger (greater than 1 mm) thin membrane structures, the measured fundamental frequencies fall between the predictions based on clamped and simply supported boundary conditions. However, for smaller structures, both predictions overestimate them. The possible reasons for this discrepancy include the interaction of membrane vibration with the supports of the structure, residual stress, DC bias voltage, parasitic capacitance, and uncertainty of the dimensions and material properties of the constituent thin films
Tolerance of barley cultivars to an acid, aluminum‐toxic subsoil related to mineral element concentrations in their shoots

Abstract Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., is extremely sensitive to excess soluble or exchangeable aluminum (Al) in acid soils having pH values below about 5.5. Aluminum tolerant cultivars are needed for use in rotations with potatoes which require a soil pH below 5.5 for control of scab disease. They are also potentially useful in the currently popular “low input, sustainable agriculture (LISA)”; in which liming even the plow layer of soil is not always possible or cost effective, or in situations where surface soils are limed but subsoils are acidic and Al toxic to roots. Ten barley cultivars were screened for Al tolerance by growing them for 25 days in greenhouse pots of acid, Al‐toxic Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, typic Hapludult) treated with either 750 or 4000 μg•g‐1 CaCO3 to produce final soil pH values of 4.4 and 5.7, respectively. Based on relative shoot dry weight (weight at pH 4.4/weight at pH 5.7 X 100), Tennessee Winter 52, Volla (England), Dayton and Herta (Denmark) were significantly mo...
Target-derived factors regulate the expression of Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents in developing chick sympathetic neurones.

1. The functional expression of Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents (IK(Ca)) and voltage-activated Ca2+ currents (ICa) was examined using whole-cell recordings from chick lumbar sympathetic neurones developing in situ and under various conditions in vitro. 2. Macroscopic IK(Ca) was expressed at low current density ( 0.04 mA cm-2) at E17-19. By contrast, there was no significant difference in ICa density between sympathetic neurones isolated at E13 and E18. 3. When sympathetic neurones were isolated at E13 and maintained in vitro for 5 days, IK(Ca) was expressed at a significantly lower density ( 0.04 mA cm-2). There was no difference in ICa density between neurones that developed in vitro and in situ. 4. When E13 sympathetic neurones were cultured for 5 days in the presence of a confluent layer of ventricular myocytes, they expressed IK(Ca) at a high density (> 0.04 mA cm-2), similar to that of E18 neurones that developed entirely in situ. Cardiac cell-conditioned medium produced similar effects. However, co-culture of sympathetic neurones with spinal cord explants did not allow for normal IK(Ca) expression in vitro. 5. Culturing sympathetic neurones in the presence of 5 ng ml-1 nerve growth factor (NGF) caused a significant increase in IK(Ca) density but this effect was only seen in 50% of cells examined. 6. The largest developmental changes in macroscopic IK(Ca) occur several days after other K+ currents and ICa are expressed at maximal density. The normal developmental expression of IK(Ca) is dependent upon extrinsic factors, including target-derived differentiation factors.
PTS: A Probability-Based Tag Selection Algorithm for RFID Systems with Recurring Readings

We propose a novel tag selection algorithm to improve the efficiency of tag arbitration in RFID systems. Based on the probability that a given tag is located in the sensing range of the reader, our algorithm involves two steps. First, tags with higher probabilities are selected and directly arbitrated by their IDs, in order to eliminate the collisions caused by multiple tag replies and reduce the number of empty tag replies. And then, the remaining unidentified tags, which will be in a small quantity if any, are arbitrated with the Query-Tree or the frame-slotted Aloha protocols specified in the RFID standards. Our proposed Probability-based Tag Selection (PTS) algorithm is compatible with the RFID standards with very minor modification on the readers and no changes on the tags. An analytical model is constructed to find the optimal threshold of tag selection in the first step. The simulation shows the result from our model nicely represents the optimal threshold value. It further demonstrates that PTS significantly reduces the arbitration delay and improves the arbitration rate with a given budget, comparing with the Query-Tree and frame-slotted Aloha protocols.
Effects of ocean-acidification-induced morphological changes on larval swimming and feeding

SUMMARY Reduction in global ocean pH due to the uptake of increased atmospheric CO 2 is expected to negatively affect calcifying organisms, including the planktonic larval stages of many marine invertebrates. Planktonic larvae play crucial roles in the benthic–pelagic life cycle of marine organisms by connecting and sustaining existing populations and colonizing new habitats. Calcified larvae are typically denser than seawater and rely on swimming to navigate vertically structured water columns. Larval sand dollars Dendraster excentricus have calcified skeletal rods supporting their bodies, and propel themselves with ciliated bands looped around projections called arms. Ciliated bands are also used in food capture, and filtration rate is correlated with band length. As a result, swimming and feeding performance are highly sensitive to morphological changes. When reared at an elevated P CO2 level (1000 ppm), larval sand dollars developed significantly narrower bodies at fourand six-arm stages. Morphological changes also varied between four observed maternal lineages, suggesting within-population variation in sensitivity to changes in P CO2 level. Despite these morphological changes, P CO2 concentration alone had no significant effect on swimming speeds. However, acidified larvae had significantly smaller larval stomachs and bodies, suggesting reduced feeding performance. Adjustments to larval morphologies in response to ocean acidification may prioritize swimming over feeding, implying that negative consequences of ocean acidification are carried over to later developmental stages.
Convergence of sampled-data consensus algorithms for double-integrator dynamics

This paper studies convergence of two consensus algorithms for double-integrator dynamics with intermittent interaction in a sampled-data setting. The first algorithm guarantees that a team of vehicles reaches consensus on their positions with a zero final velocity while the second algorithm guarantees that a team of vehicles reaches consensus on their positions with a constant final velocity. We show conditions on the sampling period and the control gain such that consensus is reached using these two algorithms over, respectively, an undirected interaction topology and a directed interaction topology. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions are shown in the case of undirected interaction while sufficient conditions are shown in the case of directed interaction. Consensus equilibria for both algorithms are also given.
Ensuring Patient Access to Essential Medicines While Minimizing Harmful Use: A Revised World Health Organization Tool to Improve National Drug Control Policy

In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a series of 21 guidelines to assist governments in improving their national drug control laws, regulations, and administrative procedures to promote the availability of controlled medicines for pain relief and for a variety of acute and chronic diseases and conditions. These guidelines ultimately are designed to encourage the development of policies designed to fulfill a country's dual obligation concerning these medicines: to prevent their abuse, diversion and trafficking while ensuring access for medical and scientific purposes. This article summarizes each guideline and outlines the constituents who can actively participate in making controlled medicines available to the patients who need them. It is hoped that representatives of governments and medical institutions, as well as health care professionals, will commonly and effectively use the revised WHO guidelines as a policy change tool.
Influence of maternal depression on children's brooding rumination: Moderation by CRHR1 TAT haplotype

There is growing evidence that brooding rumination plays a key role in the intergenerational transmission of major depressive disorder (MDD) and may be an endophenotype for depression risk. However, less is known about the mechanisms underlying this role. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine levels of brooding in children of mothers with a history of MDD (n = 129) compared to children of never depressed mothers (n = 126) and to determine whether the variation in a gene known to influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning--corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1)--would moderate the link between maternal MDD and children's levels of brooding. We predicted children of mothers with a history of MDD would exhibit higher levels of brooding than children of mothers with no lifetime depression history but that this link would be stronger among children carrying no copies of the protective CRHR1 TAT haplotype. Our results supported these hypotheses and suggest that the development of brooding among children of depressed mothers, particularly children without the protective CRHR1 haplotype, may serve as an important mechanism of risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression.
MRI With Synchronized Audio to Evaluate Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous-acquired magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-quality synchronized audio recording for evaluating velopharyngeal closure. Design: Institutional Review Board–approved case series. Setting: Tertiary care hospital. Patients: Three healthy adult volunteers with a normal speech pattern. Interventions: MRI with simultaneous recorded audio files evaluating velopharyngeal closure. Main outcome measure: Precise imaging and audio coordination of specific phonatory tasks. Results: Synchronization of MRI and audio in all three adults. Conclusion: Our novel imaging and audio protocol provides simultaneous acquired MRI with synchronized high quality audio for evaluating velopharyngeal closure. This technique may provide the opportunity to improve diagnosis and surgical planning in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency.
Component ratings in impression formation

Given three traits that described a person, Ss judged the person and then the traits. Ratings of each trait were displaced towards the other traits. An averaging model gave a reasonably good account of this positive context effect. An interpretation in terms of change in meaning was also noted.
Quality of Reanalyses in the Tropics

Broad vertical layer-averaged temperatures from the microwave sounder unit (MSU) are used as a quasiindependent validation of temperature fields from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP‐NCAR) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalyses. While the MSU and NCEP‐NCAR temperatures show fairly good agreement overall, large discrepancies with ECMWF temperatures indicate that changes in the satellite observing system may have adversely affected the ECMWF reanalyses, especially in the Tropics. Two spurious discontinuities are present in tropical temperatures with jumps to warmer values throughout the Tropics below 500 mb in late 1986 and early 1989, and further spurious interannual variability is also present. These features are also reflected in the specific humidity fields. The temperature discrepancies have a complex vertical structure with height that is not fully understood, although it seems that the problems partly arise from positive reinforcement of biases in satellite radiances with those of the assimilating model first guess. Changes in the observing system provide a limit to the usefulness of the reanalyses in some climate studies.
Quadratic Variation Process

For the remainder of this book, we shall only consider integrators M which are continuous local martingales. By Proposition 1.9 these are automatically local L 2-martingales. A more extensive treatment, encompassing right continuous integrators would require more elaborate considerations which are not suitable for inclusion in this short book.
Correlates of Caregiver Preference Scores in a Child Disability Model

Childhood disabilities can affect the health of caregivers and other family members. Interventions to treat or prevent disabilities in childhood thus have the potential to generate family or caregiver spillover effects that should be accounted for in economic evaluations from the societal perspective. Yet, little is known about how specific child disabilities can affect preference-weighted health outcomes of caregivers. Data describing relationships between child disabilities and caregiver preference scores can provide an indication as to the importance of caregiver spillover effects in economic evaluations. This paper describes data on preference-weighted health outcomes of caregivers in relation to specific characteristics of children with three disabilities: spina bifida, traumatic brain injury, and hearing loss. Caregiver preference scores were generated with generic instruments including the Health Utilities Index (HUI3), the Quality of Well-being (QWB) scale, and the SF-6D. In all three disabilities, specific health conditions of the child were identified that correlated strongly with the preference-weighted health outcomes of the caregiver, but differed according to the type of disability. In analyses of deaf and hearing impaired children, caregiver preference scores declined linearly with reductions in the child's hearing ability and speech outcomes which were also correlated with increased emotional problems. In analyses of children with traumatic brain injury and spina bifida, caregiver preference scores declined linearly with increased perception of child pain. Such a relationship was evident at 3 months post discharge following a hospitalization for a traumatic brain injury. In all three models of child disability, caregiver preference scores were positively correlated with self-reported hours of sleep. Findings from the presentation will be used to highlight how caregiver spillover effects might be incorporated in economic evaluations involving childhood disabilities with cochlear implantation as an example. Avenues for additional research and survey design also will be discussed.
Residential and outpatient treatment completion for substance use disorders in the U.S.: Moderation analysis by demographics and drug of choice.

Abstract Background This study investigates the impact of residential versus outpatient treatment setting on treatment completion, and how this impact might vary by demographic characteristics and drug of choice, using a national sample of publicly funded substance abuse programs in the United States. Methods This is a retrospective analysis using data extracted from the 2011 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS-D). A total of 318,924 cases were analyzed using logistic regression, fixed-effects logistic regression, and moderated fixed-effects logistic regression. Results Residential programs reported a 65% completion rate compared to 52% for outpatient settings. After controlling for other confounding factors, clients in residential treatment were nearly three times as likely as clients in outpatient treatment to complete treatment. The effect of residential treatment on treatment completion was not significantly moderated by gender, but it was for age, drug of choice, and race/ethnicity. Residential compared to outpatient treatment increased the likelihood of completion to a greater degree for older clients, Whites, and opioid abusers, as compared to younger clients, non-Whites, and alcohol and other substance users, respectively. Conclusion We speculate that for opioid abusers, as compared to abusers of other drugs, residential treatment settings provide greater protection from environmental and social triggers that may lead to relapse and non-completion of treatment. Greater use of residential treatment should be explored for opioid users in particular.
Multi-Objective Optimization for Many-to-Many Communication in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of routing for supporting many-to-many communication and optimizing the Quality of Service (QoS) for the Secondary Users (SUs) in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN). The goal is to build the routing tree for many-to-many communication that optimizes the delay, rate and the number of transmission links. We model the network using the Multi-Layer Hyper Graph, and we model the optimization problem as an Integer Linear Program (ILP). We also study the problem of many-to-many communication scheduling in CRNs. We employ a modified version of an Ant Colony optimization algorithm (MOACS) to solve our problem of finding the routing tree that optimizes our objectives. Our simulation results show that the performance of MOACS outperforms the Shortest-Path Tree (SPT) in all our objectives.
Entomology Looks to The Future—Men, Money and Mission

The theme of this meeting was suggested by Paul Ritcher and adopted by the Governing Board at New Orleans. It is deceptively simple, direct and even poetic, yet it is relevent to the problems of our Society and profession in 1966 and in the future. Some of you may not have stopped to think that the graduate students in this room today will be at the peak of their careers in the year 2000. Because civilization moves at an accelerating pace, life at that time will probably be as different from what we know today, as our own life is from that of the 19th century. With this somewhat jarring thought, we might take another look at the words of our theme —“Entomology looks to the future—Men, money, and mission” — and ask whether we are really looking to the future. In our teaching are we distinguishing between the trivial and the significant, and in our research are we concentrating on the temporary or on longterm solutions to problems? In the Entomological Society of America are we considering what can be done to shape the entomology of the future?
Bleeding times, platelet adhesion, and aspirin.

The effects of aspirin on well-standardized commercially produced platelet adhesiveness devices and template bleeding times were simultaneously studied in 19 normal volunteers. As expected, there was significant prolongation of the bleeding time after aspirin, but there was no change in platelet adhesion. Reasons for the different effects of aspirin on the two tests are discussed. In addition, the normal range of platelet adhesion was further defined utilizing commercially prepared glass-bead columns.
Sidewall Effects on Energy Use in Broiler Houses

Abstract Fuel and electricity expenditures were estimated for broiler houses with uninsulated side curtains and those with insulated sidewalls using two-year energy and temperature data from broiler houses located in northwest Arkansas. Insulation of 2.5 ft sidewall openings with R=7.5 ft2·°F·hr/BTU reduced annual propane use by 22% (965 gal) in conventional houses, and by 17% (505 gal) in tunnel-ventilated houses. However, the insulated sidewalls increase annual ventilation electricity use by 25% (2825 KWH) and 7% (1230 KWH) in conventional and tunnel houses, respectively. Using the current price of 55 increase annual ventilation electricity use by 25% (2825 KWH) and 7% (1230 KWH) in conventional and tunnel houses, respectively. Using the current price of 55¢/gal for propane, 3.56¢/KWH for electricity in winter, and 6.04¢/KWH for electricity in summer, annual energy savings with the insulated sidewalls average $369 per house for conventional houses and $207 per house in tunnel houses. These savings were reduced to $254 and $93, respectively, when the cost of daytime fluorescent lighting was considered. As the cost of fuel increases, the benefit of using insulated sidewalls over open curtains if greater.
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: initial experience with ferumoxytol

Ferumoxytol is an ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particle that is FDA-approved for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adults with chronic kidney disease. Because of the association between gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with severe chronic kidney disease, we sought to evaluate the diagnostic role of ferumoxytol-enhanced MR venography in children with chronic kidney disease. Twenty children underwent 22 high-resolution ferumoxytol-enhanced MR venography examinations at 3.0 T. High-resolution 3-D contrast-enhanced imaging was performed at a minimum of 3 time points following injection of ferumoxytol at a total dose of 4 mg/kg. Two blinded pediatric radiologists independently scored six named veins on ferumoxytol-enhanced MR venography examinations according to a three-point subjective score, where a score ≥2 was considered diagnostic. Additionally, all relevant venous structures in the included field of view were analyzed for occlusive or non-occlusive thrombosis, compression and presence of collaterals. All patients underwent ferumoxytol-enhanced MR venography successfully and without adverse event. The overall scores of the reviewing radiologists for all venous structures were 2.7-2.9. In all cases, the reviewers were confident basing their diagnoses on the ferumoxytol-enhanced MR venography findings. In 12 of 22 examinations, findings on follow-up imaging or invasive procedures were available to correlate with the findings on ferumoxytol-enhanced MR venography. There was complete concordance between the findings from follow-up imaging and invasive procedures with findings from ferumoxytol-enhanced MR venography. Ferumoxytol holds promise as a powerful alternative to gadolinium-based contrast agents for reliable, high-resolution MR venography in children with chronic kidney disease.
Epidemiological analysis of hemorrhagic fever in Zhoukou city during 2005-2012

Objective To understand the Zhoukou city in Henan province of epidemic hemorrhagic fever(EHF)epidemiological characteristics and the epidemic factors, To judge the disease development trend, To provide scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods and analysis of epidemiological research for data analysis, use the night clip method for rat density survey. Results From 2005 to 2012 in Zhoukou City reported 136 cases of hemorrhagic fever, The average incidence rate was 0.16 / 100 000, Cases under 40 years old, male, young adults, the incidence of most, Winter is the peak incidence. The rat density is between 10.0 %and 18.9 %. Conclusions From 2005 to 2012 in Zhoukou city of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome showed an overall trend of decline and kept in low level.
Experimental on parameter optimization of extraction process of leaf protein from Alfalfa

Salting out and heating-acid are two ways to extract leaf protein,in this paper,the keys factors belonging to these ways such as heating time,water temperature,the amount salt and pH were designed to research the extraction effects of leaf protein from Alfalfa respectively,based on the single factor experiment,the orthogonal experiment 4 factors and 3 levels were used to research the optimal extraction processing parameters of leaf protein from Alfalfa and the results showed as follows:water temperature of 80 ℃,the amount salt of 2.2%,pH 3 and heating time of 8 min.The aim of this paper was to research an effective and integrated technology for extracting leaf protein and then provide an basis for mass production of leaf protein.
Simultaneous determination of nineteen β-lactam residues in milk by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Objective:A ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of Nineteen β-lactam residues(12 Penicillins of Amoxicillin,Ampicillin,Methicillin,Piperacillin,Penicillin G,Methicillin,Penicillin V,Phenethicillin,Oxacillin,Dicloxacillin,Cloxacillin,Nafcillin and 7 Cephalosporins of Cefapirin,Cefalexin,Cefradine,Cefoperazone,Ceftiofur,Cefalothin) in milk was reported.Methods:Using PenicillinG-D7 as internal standard to improve the influence effectiveness by sample stroma.Samples were prepared by depositing protein,centrifugation,SPE column purification.The separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH SHELD RP18(100 mm x 1.0 mm,dp 1.7 μm)with gradient elution using acetonitrile and water(containing 0.1% formic acid)at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min.19 β-lactams were separated in 12 min.The parameters of MS/MS were optimized under the mode of MRM and two daughter ions were chosen for each β-lactam with one as quantification ion while the other as assistant qualification ion.Results:The LOD range of 19 β-lactams was 0.01～0.3 μg/L,the LOD range was 0.034～1.144 μg/L,correlation coefficients(r) were 0.99 in the range of 0.01～200 μg/L.Average recoveries for the 19 β-lactams spiked at the levels of low,medium and high concentrations(2.5,5.0,7.5 μg/L) of 73.4%～112.7%,75.7%～103.1%,80.0%～103.6%,with relative standard deviations of 4.3%～17.4%,2.9%～15.2%,1.8%～9.2%.Conclusion:The method is fast,sensitive and specific for the determination of glucocorticoids residues in milk.
Methods for Evaluating Simulated Learners: Examples from SimStudent.

We discuss methods for evaluating simulated learners associated with four different scientific and practical goals for simulated learners. These goals are to develop a precise theory of learning, to provide a formative test of alternative instructional approaches, to automate authoring of intelligent tutoring systems, and to use as a teachable agent for students to learn by teaching. For each goal, we discuss methods for evaluating how well a simulated learner achieves that goal. We use SimStudent, a simulated learner theory and software architecture, to illustrate these evaluation methods. We describe, for example, how SimStudent has been evaluated as a theory of student learning by comparing, across four domains, the cognitive models it learns to the hand-authored models. The SimStudent-acquired models generally yield more accurate predictions of student data. We suggest future research into directly evaluating simulated learner predictions of the process of student learning.
Efficient dipolar double quantum filtering under magic angle spinning without a (1)H decoupling field.

Abstract We present a systematic study of dipolar double quantum (DQ) filtering in 13 C-labeled organic solids over a range of magic-angle spinning rates, using the SPC- n recoupling sequence element with a range of n symmetry values from 3 to 11. We find that efficient recoupling can be achieved for values n ⩾ 7, provided that the 13 C nutation frequency is on the order of 100 kHz or greater. The decoupling-field dependence was investigated and explicit heteronuclear decoupling interference conditions identified. The major determinant of DQ filtering efficiency is the decoupling interference between 13 C and 1 H fields. For 13 C nutation frequencies greater than 75 kHz, optimal performance is observed without an applied 1 H field. At spinning rates exceeding 20 kHz, symmetry conditions as low as n = 3 were found to perform adequately.
The unborn surgical patient. A nursing frontier

The fetus can now be considered a patient. Sophisticated imaging techniques and prenatal tests have allowed precise diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. Subsequent recommendations for treatment are evolving depending on diagnosis and progression of disease. For severely affected fetuses with life-threatening problems, fetal surgery is a proposed intervention. Knowledge of the diagnosis and potential treatment modalities are now a prerequisite for providing the necessary support and care of mothers of fetuses with an anomaly. The fetal treatment center provides a regionalized approach to providing specialized care to the mother carrying a fetus with an anomaly. The center provides both prenatal and postnatal diagnosis; treatment; and obstetric, neonatal, and pediatric surgical management for a wide variety of pediatric surgical disorders. The fetal treatment center model is a useful one offering knowledgeable, coordinated, efficient, and compassionate care to parents facing difficult decisions regarding their unborn child. Future interventions include less invasive procedures to the mother, such as videofetoscopic techniques. Use of new research related to scarless wound healing may allow endoscopic techniques to correct cleft lips in utero. Gene and stem cell therapy in utero may ameliorate blood disorders, enzyme deficiencies, hemoglobinopathies, and so on prior to birth. Finally, other lethal fetal anomalies, such as pulmonary atresia and laryngeal atresia may also benefit from in utero intervention.
Current trends in developmental psychology.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on an analysis of 2108 papers that were submitted to the American Psychological Association's journal “Developmental Psychology,” since its inception in January of 1968 to the cutoff time for analysis, August 1, 1973. High rates of submission and acceptance are noted for experimental-manipulative-methodological papers. Areas of neglected subjects in the field are toddlers, adolescents (particularly those not in school), and the aged. Continued research upon, and reporting of, demographic variables are strongly emphasized. Concerns range from norms and description to elaborate and careful experiments and manipulations.
Urothelial Carcinoma: Cancer of the Bladder, Ureters, and Urethra

Objectives 1. Explain the diagnosis, assessment, and management of urothelial carcinoma. 2. Identify the incidence, risk factors, and signs and symptoms associated with cancer of the bladder, ureters, and urethra. 3. Discuss the pathology, staging, and diagnostic evaluation of urothelial carcinoma. 4. Review management of urothelial carcinoma.
SYSTEMIC BETA-BLOCKERS IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

PURPOSE To evaluate whether oral beta-blockers (BBs) are associated with a decreased number of intravitreal injections in patients with incident neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of subjects with a new diagnosis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration was conducted using a medical claims database from a large national US insurer. Two cohorts were created for comparison consisting of patients with regular use of BBs or calcium channel blockers. The main outcome measured was the difference in the mean number of intravitreal injections administered between the two cohorts. RESULTS After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 239 BB and 155 calcium channel blocker subjects remained for analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that the mean number of injections in the BB cohort was 6.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.90-6.95) versus 6.55 (95% CI 5.85-7.25) in the calcium channel blocker cohort (P = 0.78). After multivariate adjustment, the mean number of injections in the BB group was 6.32 (95% CI 5.77-6.87) versus 6.71 (95% CI 6.02-7.40) in the calcium channel blocker group. The overall difference between the 2 groups was -0.39 (95% CI difference -1.29 to 0.51; P = 0.40). CONCLUSION The use of oral BBs is not associated with a decreased number of intravitreal injections in incident neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients.
Chapter 53 – Prostate Cancer Economics

Prostate cancer is a major economic industry in the United States. It has high prevalence and incidence rates, in conjunction with long expected survival; therefore, the costs of treatment for an individual often accrue for many years. The two major contributors to the cost of treatment are radical prostatectomy and luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists. Radiation therapy, either as external beam or brachytherapy, is an increasingly important source of expenditure as well. Prostate cancer research receives funding from a large number of private and public sources. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the federal government's umbrella organization through which the majority of appropriations are funneled. Prostate cancer research funding by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has significantly increased since 1998. In the early 1990s, the annual allocation grew from $13 million in 1990 to $71 million in 1996. Even with these increases, the 1996 funding level for prostate cancer ranked among the lowest four cancers by incidence. However, with mandates from Congress to expand funding of prostate and breast cancer, the levels continued to rise. By 2000, prostate cancer funding was second only to breast cancer's $438.7 million.
Back When I Wasn’t a Feminist

Mayock discusses the history of gender dynamics over the past 25 years, examines how different employees think about and adopt approaches to gender in the workplace, and then analyzes the fruits of careful work on gender in the workplace.
Intelligent control using fixed and adaptive models

The paper is concerned with the intelligent control of dynamical systems using multiple models, switching, and tuning. The manner in which the methodology is applied to control in fast time-varying environments is described, and the stability of one such method using fixed models and switching is proved for the time-invariant case.
Developing a scalable artificial photosynthesis technology through nanomaterials by design

An artificial photosynthetic system that directly produces fuels from sunlight could provide an approach to scalable energy storage and a technology for the carbon-neutral production of high-energy-density transportation fuels. A variety of designs are currently being explored to create a viable artificial photosynthetic system, and the most technologically advanced systems are based on semiconducting photoelectrodes. Here, I discuss the development of an approach that is based on an architecture, first conceived around a decade ago, that combines arrays of semiconducting microwires with flexible polymeric membranes. I highlight the key steps that have been taken towards delivering a fully functional solar fuels generator, which have exploited advances in nanotechnology at all hierarchical levels of device construction, and include the discovery of earth-abundant electrocatalysts for fuel formation and materials for the stabilization of light absorbers. Finally, I consider the remaining scientific and engineering challenges facing the fulfilment of an artificial photosynthetic system that is simultaneously safe, robust, efficient and scalable.
Firm’s Economic Reliance to National Markets and the Corporate Provision of Public Goods

When firms decide to engage in the provision of collective goods that benefit social welfare (i.e., to behave prosocially), they may consider the economic relevance of such goods for their own market operation. The bigger the stake of the firm in a given market, the greater its reliance on the market’s collective goods (e.g., communication networks, transportation infrastructure). Therefore, a market’s relative importance for a firm should be a significant predictor of corporate pro-social behavior—an association that is not explained by theories on social preferences or strategic considerations. I test this argument by constructing a measure of corporate economic reliance on market systems based on the literature on club goods and analyzing data on corporations’ philanthropic responses to 3,115 natural disasters between 2003 and 2013, inclusive. I show that accounting for variation in economic reliance leads to a more accurate prediction of the frequency and magnitude of corporate pro-social behavior than widely invoked arguments rooted in the strategic philanthropy and institutional literatures, which neglect such firm-market connection.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs encoding but not retrieval of verbal information.

Abstract Introduction Cannabis and agonists of the brain cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) produce acute memory impairments in humans. However, the extent to which cannabinoids impair the component processes of encoding and retrieval has not been established in humans. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether the administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, impairs encoding and/or retrieval of verbal information. Materials and methods Healthy subjects were recruited from the community. Subjects were administered the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) either before administration of THC (experiment #1) (n = 38) or while under the influence of THC (experiment #2) (n = 57). Immediate and delayed recall on the RAVLT was compared. Subjects received intravenous THC, in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized manner at doses known to produce behavioral and subjective effects consistent with cannabis intoxication. Results Total immediate recall, short delayed recall, and long delayed recall were reduced in a statistically significant manner only when the RAVLT was administered to subjects while they were under the influence of THC (experiment #2) and not when the RAVLT was administered prior. Conclusions THC acutely interferes with encoding of verbal memory without interfering with retrieval. These data suggest that learning information prior to the use of cannabis or cannabinoids is not likely to disrupt recall of that information. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether THC impairs encoding of non-verbal information, to what extent THC impairs memory consolidation, and the role of other cannabinoids in the memory-impairing effects of cannabis. Clinical Trial Information: Cannabinoids, Neural Synchrony, and Information Processing (THC-Gamma) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00708994 NCT00708994 Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoid Response http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00678730 NCT00678730
Improved video throughput and reduced gaming delay in WLAN through seamless SDN-based traffic steering

For better quality of experience,WiFi users typically expect stringent application performance requirements such as consistent video streaming, and fast online gaming. With the wireless access substrate typically being the bottleneck in these networks, a few WiFi users ineffectively utilizing the WiFi shared resource can cause allWiFi users (under the sameWiFi coverage) to experience fluctuating network performance. To combat such situations, we need approaches to steer and appropriately control the applications’ traffic in order to effectively use the sharedWiFi medium. However, in a network that deals with crowd or private end-users (such as gaming multiplayers or the Internet content distributors), a major challenge involves in controlling the traffic without involvement or modification at the end-host application devices. In this paper, we propose an SDN-based seamless traffic steering and control framework towards providing effective application-specific delivery services such as reduced delay (for gaming traffic), and improved throughput (for video consumption). Unlike simulation-based solutions, we have implemented our framework on a real network testbed environment. With extensive performance study, we demonstrate the prowess of our proposed framework.
Altered attentional control strategies but spared executive functioning in chronic cannabis users.

Abstract Background Cannabis use has increased rapidly in recent decades. The increase in cannabis use makes it important to understand the potential influence of chronic use on attentional control and other executive functions (EFs). Because cannabis is often used to reduce stress, and because stress can constrain attentional control and EFs, the primary goal of this study was to determine the joint effect of acute stress and chronic cannabis use on specific EFs. Methods Thirty-nine cannabis users and 40 non-users were assigned to either a stress or no stress version of the Maastricht Acute Stress Test. Participants then completed two cognitive tasks that involve EFs: (1) task switching, and (2) a novel Flexible Attentional Control Task. These two tasks provided assessments of vigilant attention, inhibitory control, top-down attentional control, and cognitive flexibility. Salivary cortisol was assessed throughout the study. Results Reaction time indices showed an interaction between stress and cannabis use on top-down attentional control (p = 0.036, np2 = 0.059). Follow-up tests showed that cannabis users relied less on top-down attentional control than did non-users in the no stress version. Despite not relying on top-down control, the cannabis users showed no overall performance deficits on the tasks. Conclusions Chronic cannabis users performed cognitive tasks involving EFs as well as non-users while not employing cognitive control processes that are typical for such tasks. These results indicate alterations in cognitive processing in cannabis users, but such alterations do not necessarily lead to global performance deficits.