cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple meanings? The link between partisanship and definitions of voter fraud

Abstract Research on public perceptions of voter fraud often relies on items that gauge the frequency of noncitizen voting, double voting, and posing as someone else. Few studies explore the underlying sentiments that structure the concept of voter fraud and its meaning to people. Further, no study has examined whether these dominant survey items fully capture the ways in which people understand and articulate their views about voter fraud. We use original surveys with open-ended questions to explore public perceptions of voter fraud. With a combination of in-depth content analysis and text analysis, we find that individuals think of voter fraud as consisting of a wide array of actions being undertaken by a diverse set of actors. We also find substantial differences in the ways that Democrats and Republicans think about this issue. Our study provides important contributions to a growing literature on election administration and public opinion toward voter fraud.
Culture, Freedom, and the Spread of Covid-19: Do Some Societies and Political Systems Have National Anti-Bodies?

Public health scholars have previously explored the impact of culture upon various aspects of infectious disease policy Similarly, regime type, while less studied, has been suggested as a possible explanation for varying rates of efficacy in infection vulnerability, mitigation, and abatement The COVID-19 pandemic offers an intriguing opportunity to test whether culture or level of societal freedom affects how different societies manage a serious pandemic challenge We examine whether societies that are more free or have different cultures are more or less effective at managing the spread of COVID-19 To examine possible correlational pathways, we conduct a country-level regression analysis After controlling for population size, income, stringency of government policies, population density, and age dispersion, we find that the level of freedom in a political system is unrelated to rates of COVID-19 infection, at least in the time period under study By contrast, two cultural families seemed to show at least temporary superiority in disease response: Confucian and South Asian culturally affiliated nations While our results may be artifacts of aspects of the disease not yet revealed by science, if they are sustained by future research, they potentially offer insights into unusual intersections of culture and public health
Criminalization of Gender-Affirming Care - Interfering with Essential Treatment for Transgender Children and Adolescents.

Criminalization of Gender-Affirming Care Arkansas recently passed a law making it illegal for clinicians to provide gender-affirming treatment to children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. Thi...
The association between the COVID-19 pandemic and postpartum care provision.

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic led to a rapid transformation in the healthcare system to mitigate viral exposure. In the perinatal context, one change included altering the prenatal visit cadence and increasing the utilization of telehealth methods. Whether this approach had inadvertent negative implications for postpartum care, including postpartum depression screening and contraceptive utilization, is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine whether preventative health service utilization, including postpartum depression screening and contraceptive utilization, differed during the COVID-19 pandemic when compared with the prepandemic period. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective cohort study included all pregnant patients who received prenatal care at 1 of 5 academic obstetrical practices and who delivered at Northwestern Memorial Hospital either before (delivery from September 1, 2018, to January 1, 2019) or during (delivery from February 1, 2020, to May 15, 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. Completion of postpartum depression screening was assessed by reviewing standardized fields in the documentation associated with the screening in the electronic health record system. The method of contraception used was ascertained from the postpartum clinical documentation. Patients were classified as initiating long-acting reversible contraception use if they received NEXPLANON (etonogestrel implant) or an intrauterine device during the hospitalization for delivery or within 3 months following delivery. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the 2375 pregnant patients included in this study, 1120 (47%) delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pregnant patients who delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic were significantly less likely to have undergone postpartum depression screening (45.5% vs 86.2%; P CONCLUSION The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a decrease in the completion of postpartum depression screenings and fewer patients initiating long-acting reversible contraception use overall. These results can inform adaptations in healthcare delivery in the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Effect of the Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) Program on Middle Level Students’ Executive Function

The current research investigated the impact of Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) on middle level students’ executive function skills. AVID uses inquiry-based and student-centered ins...
The mechanism of equilibrium binding of microtubule-associated protein 2 to microtubules: Binding is a multi-phasic process and exhibits positive cooperativity

The mechanism of binding of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) to taxol-stabilized microtubules (MTs) was examined through Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding and by immunoelectron microscopy. We demonstrate the following. 1) Binding is a cooperative process as indicated by sigmoidal binding curves, prominent humps in Scatchard plots, and an all-or-none response in binding during ligand titrations. At high tubulin/MAP2 ratios, the Kd for noncontiguous binding (5-25 microM) is estimated to be 100-1500 times greater than that predicted for contiguous binding, suggesting a high degree of cooperativity. 2) Cooperativity is indicated independently by a highly clustered or patchy distribution of MAP2 on MTs as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. 3) The binding of truncated constructs of mouse MAP2 protein suggests that a domain of MAP2 conferring cooperativity is located in or near the MT binding site near the carboxyl terminus. We speculate that in the cell, cooperativity may generate MTs with uniform biochemical properties and contribute to the segregation of MAPs in neuronal cell processes.
Studies on fluorinated pyrimidines: VII—the degradative pathway☆☆☆

Abstract A study of the metabolic degradation of 5-fluorouracil has been carried out in mice and human cancer patients. 5-Fluoroorotic acid is not significantly degraded by mice. The first steps of 5-fluorouracil degradation, the conversion to dihydrofluorouracil and α-fluoro-β-ureidopropionic acid, are exactly analogous to those of uracil. In human subjects there is extensive conversion of FU to urea. Most normal tissues, except spleen, degrade FU in vivo . The liver is probably the main site of degradation, and studies with high-speed supernatant fractions have been carried out. Two mouse tumours have been shown to be incapable of degrading the drug. In human beings there is more extensive catabolism when the drug is administered orally than by intravenous injection. There is a higher concentration of radioactivity in a human malignant carcinoma and intestinal mucosa than in the normal tissues and a benign fibro-adenoma. The presence of α-fluoro-β-guanidopropionic acid as a metabolite of 5-fluorouracil has been suggested.
Future vaccines against emerging encephalitides

The vaccine strategies available for control of emerging encephalitides range in a continuum from traditional approaches to those utilizing new technologies. In this report, we explore the use of live attenuated vaccines where the attenuating mutations have been selected in a rational way to improve attenuation without sacrificing effectiveness. A strategy for paired lethal and resuscitating mutations is presented that will greatly reduce the possibility of reversion to virulence. Finally, we describe an example of a vaccine vector system that could be rapidly adapted for use against these virus diseases as they emerge.
Potentialities of Yale Astrometric Materials

A brief summary is given of the plate materials and results obtained at Yale since the advent of photographic astrometry. The distributions of plates not yet measured or reduced are indicated and possible supplementary programmes for their effective utilization are discussed. Interest centres chiefly in the following areas: (1) The unmeasured parallax plates. (2) Reduction of the −60° to −70° zone catalogue. (3) The El Leoncito programmes for the determination of both positions and proper motions relative to faint galaxies. (4) The feasibility of a search for intrinsically faint nearby stars with the Yale 40-in. at Cerro Tololo and the 20-in. double astrograph at El Leoncito.
The Theory of Contract Law: Two Economic Theories of Enforcing Promises

This paper describes the modern economic analysis of contract law, emphasizing its (often unappreciated) similarities with various non-economic perspectives. The economic analysis began with theories that equated the efficiency of enforcing promises with the efficiency of carrying out the promised actions, a view that was starkly at odds with many non-economic perspectives. By contrast, though, modern economic analyses recognize that legal enforceability triggers a much more complex set of effects. For example, enforceability may influence not only whether the promise is carried out, but also whether the promise gets made at all, or how carefully the promisor thinks about the promise before making it, or how much the promisor spends on precautions to guard against accidents that might leave her unable to perform in the future (to list just a few of the possibilities). This paper first describes the more modern economic approach, and distinguishes it from the older view that the efficiency of enforcement depends only on the efficiency of the promised actions. It then discusses the implications of that distinction for several issues of philosophical interest. For example, questions of paternalism - should courts try to decide whether enforcement of a promise would be efficient, or should they leave that to the parties to decide? - become more difficult once it is recognized how many effects must be considered in any assessment of efficiency. The argument that promises should be enforced only if and when they have been relied upon, and the related argument that damage remedies should be limited to reliance damages, also become more doubtful once the effect on reliance is seen as only one of the possible effects of legal enforceability. The paper also discusses the similarities between modern economic analysis and the views of (a) "relational contract" theorists, who emphasize that many contracts govern an ongoing, multi-faceted relationship; (b) "private regulation" theorists, who analogize contracts to regulatory schemes that are enacted by private parties; and (c) "property theorists," who see contracts as instantaneously transferring an entire bundle of property rights and duties.
Development of a Self-Inactivating Lentivirus Vector

We have constructed a new series of lentivirus vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that can transduce nondividing cells. The U3 region of the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) in vector constructs was replaced with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, resulting in Tat-independent transcription but still maintaining high levels of expression. A self-inactivating (SIN) vector was constructed by deleting 133 bp in the U3 region of the 3′ LTR, including the TATA box and binding sites for transcription factors Sp1 and NF-κB. The deletion is transferred to the 5′ LTR after reverse transcription and integration in infected cells, resulting in the transcriptional inactivation of the LTR in the proviruses. SIN viruses can be generated with no significant decreases in titer. Injection of viruses into the rat brain showed that a SIN vector containing the green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the internal CMV promoter transduced neurons as efficiently as a wild-type vector. Interestingly, a wild-type vector without an internal promoter also successfully transduced neurons in the brain, indicating that the HIV-1 LTR promoter is transcriptionally active in neurons even in the absence of Tat. Furthermore, injection of viruses into the subretinal space of the rat eye showed that wild-type vector transduced predominantly retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells, while SIN vector was able to transduce other types of retinal cells, including bipolar, Muller, horizontal, and amacrine cells. This finding suggests that the HIV-1 LTR can negatively influence the internal CMV promoter in some cell types. SIN HIV vectors should be safer for gene therapy, and they also have broader applicability as a means of high-level gene transfer and expression in nondividing cells.
Multi-finger Prehension Synergy: Exploration with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore the stability of the three components of the multi-finger prehension synergy during holding a vertically oriented object vertically in the air. TMS led to close to proportional changes in the mechanical variables produced by the digits. These changes violated synergy components that took different times to restore. Patterns of co-variation of the mechanical variables produced by individual digits corresponding to the equation of statics restored first followed by a change in the magnitude of the performance variables such as grip force, total tangential force, and total moment of force. The results support the principle of superposition as applied to the prehension synergy.
Initiation of migration and movement rates of Atlantic salmon smolts in fresh water

Timing of ocean entry is critical for marine survival of both hatchery and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Management practices and barriers to migration such as dams may constrain timin...
Deadlocks and traps in complete Petri nets

We consider the notions of deadlocks, traps, and liveness in Petri nets from a graph theoretic viewpoint. We characterize deadlocks and traps for a special class of Petri nets, namely complete Petri nets, and then determine necessary and sufficient conditions for complete Petri nets to be deadlock free. Similar conditions are determined for trap free complete Petri nets. We also present characterizations of minimal deadlocks and minimal traps in complete Petri nets.
Quantitative changes in total RNA, total poly(A), and ribosomes in early mouse embryos

Abstract To obtain information on the amounts and major classes of RNA stored in the mouse egg and accumulated during cleavage, we determined the contents of total RNA, total poly(A), and ribosomes from the 1-cell stage to blastocyst. Using purified RNA for assay, we obtained an RNA content of 0.35 ng in the unfertilized egg, 0.24 ng in 2-cell, 0.69 ng in 8- to 16-cell, and 1.47 ng in early bastocyst (32 cells). As derived from EM morphometry, the number of ribosomes accounts for 60–70% of the total RNA content at all these stages; the marked increase in ribosomal number during cleavage is attributable entirely to new synthesis. Hybridization with [ 3 H]poly(U) in solution yielded a poly(A) content of 0.7 pg for the unfertilized egg and 0.83 pg for the 1-cell embryo. The poly(A) content dropped sharply, to 0.26 pg per embryo, by the late 2-cell stage and increased to 0.44 pg in 8- to 16-cell embryos and 1.42 pg in early blastocysts. Hybridization in situ gave a similar pattern and also revealed a heavy labeling of embryo nuclei from the 2-cell onward but very little, if any, labeling of the pronuclei of 1-cell embryos, suggesting an absence, or low level, of poly(A)+ RNA synthesis at the 1-cell but an active synthesis at the 2-cell and later stages. These findings and other available evidence (e.g., R. Bachvarova and V. De Leon, 1980, Develop. Biol. 74, 1–8) suggest that the mouse embryo inherits a large supply of maternal mRNA but that the bulk of this RNA is eliminated in the 2-cell embryo. In situ hybridization was used to study the relative concentration of poly(A) in ovarian oocytes. In growing oocytes, the cytoplasmic concentration of poly(A) remains about the same, suggesting that the accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA is proportional to oocyte growth. The poly(A) content declines about twofold between the time of completion of oocyte growth and fertilization. The germinal vesicle continues to be labeled up to the time of ovulation, raising the possibility that poly(A)+ RNA synthesis (and presumably turnover) occurs in fully grown oocytes.
SHELF‐LIFE EXTENSION OF RAW BROWN SHRIMP (PENAEUS AZTECUS) WITH POTASSIUM SORBATE IN ICES AND DIPS

The shelf-life of shrimp, as indexed by psychrotrophic bacterial counts, was extended approximately 1.0, 1.9, and 3.1 days using levels of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% potassium sorbate-containing ice, respectively. Shelf-life was extended an additional 0.5 to 2.5 days when a 3% potassium sorbate dip was administered prior to storage on modified ice. In all cases, potassium sorbate extended the lag phases of the spoilage bacteria.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the Incidence of Acute Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Adults

Background Declining serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D seen in the fall and winter as distance increases from the equator may be a factor in the seasonal increased prevalence of influenza and other viral infections. This study was done to determine if serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations correlated with the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections.
Metabolism of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC in human platelets in response to stimulation by thrombin.

Washed human platelets were incubated with radioactive 1-(/sup 3/H)alkyl-2-hydroxyglycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF) at 37 degrees C. (/sup 3/H)lyso-PAF was converted by platelets into (/sup 3/H)alkylacyl-GPC which was incorporated. Incorporation of radioactivity was time dependent and reached a maximum of 57 percent in one h. This formation and incorporation of (/sup 3/H)alkylacyl-GPC was inhibited (50%) by extracellular calcium (1.3 mM). Labeled platelets were treated for 5 min with either thrombin (2.5 U/ml) or saline solution. While there was no change in the saline control, thrombin induced a reduction in the content of (/sup 3/H)alkylacyl-GPC, accompanied by an increase in (3H)lyso-PAF presumably by stimulation of phospholipase A2. There was no apparent increase in radioactivity comigrating with PAF. This was probably due to the overwhelming dilution of the radioactive alkylacyl-GPC by the endogenous nonradioactive compound (ratio-1/3200). These studies suggest that human platelets can take up lyso-PAF and acylate it to alkylacyl-GPC which is susceptible to phospholipase A2 activity.
Stock market correlations between China and its emerging market neighbors

Abstract We examine interlinkages of stock return behavior for China and three emerging market neighbors from the Asia Pacific region from November 1993 to July 2008. Results are based on a VAR model. Impulse responses and vector decomposition of VAR are also utilized. Evidence suggests that the aggregate markets are mostly not interrelated. However, we observe relations between China and the other markets when foreign investor returns are specifically accounted for. In addition, a shock originating in China is significantly felt in the other equity markets. Stock market characteristics and macroeconomic conditions of these countries may help explain the observed relations.
NEW LOOKS AT NEGLECTED LEGUMES

Peas and beans are traditional UK crops well suited to the British climate. Compared with cereals, legumes are capable of fixing nitrogen, and hence do not require nitrogen fertiliser. Despite this advantage, the annual UK production of peas and beans is only about 1 million tonnes compared with roughly 13 million and 10 million tonnes of wheat and barley respectively. Thus these eco‐friendly ‘low‐input’ legumes can almost be regarded as ‘alternative crops’. The greater exploitation of peas and beans in Britain has long been debated amongst farmers, seed companies, food manufacturers and politicians alike, but much inertia still exists.
A polysomnographic study of sleep disturbance in community elderly with self-reported environmental chemical odor intolerance

Subjective sleep complaints and food intolerances, especially to milk products, are frequent symptoms of individuals who also report intolerance for low-level odors of various environmental chemicals. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the objective nature of nocturnal sleep patterns during different diets, using polysomnography in community older adults with self-reported illness from chemical odors. Those high in chemical odor intolerance (n = 15) exhibited significantly lower sleep efficiency (p = .005) and lower rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep percent (p = .04), with a trend toward longer latency to REM sleep (p = .07), than did those low in chemical intolerance (n = 15), especially on dairy-containing as compared with nondairy (soy) diets. The arousal pattern of the chemical odor intolerant group differed from the polysomnographic features of major depression, classical organophosphate toxicity, and subjective insomnia without objective findings. The findings suggest that community elderly with moderate chemical odor intolerance and minimal sleep complaints exhibit objectively poorer sleep than do their normal peers. Individual differences in underlying brain function may help generate these observations. The data support the need for similar studies in clinical populations with chemical odor intolerance, such as multiple chemical sensitivity patients and perhaps certain veterans with "Persian Gulf Syndrome."
An evolution of antiparallel merging

It has been suggested (Crooker, 1979) that the geomagnetic field and the merge at the dayside magnetopause along lines formed by the loci of points where the fields are antiparallel. These antiparallel merging lines curve outward from the cusps, one in each hemisphere. Here a three-dimensional magnetopause model in which the antiparallel merging lines become chains of neutral points is described. The model is constructed by overlapping shielding currents of the geomagnetic field and the IMF in a layer of finite thickness. The global topology of the model explains the observed disappearance of flux-transfer events when the IMF turns northward and the dearth of flux-transfer events in the subsolar region.
Application of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility method as an indicator of bottom-water flow direction

Abstract A piston core from the southeast Indian Ocean, recovered from the margin of a boundary contour current has been used to apply the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) method to estimate current flow direction in sediment samples from an unoriented piston core. The AMS results are in good agreement with flow direction estimates determined independently and indicate that magnetic grain alignment is current-parallel. Comparison of the relative bottom-water velocity, inferred from AMS magnitudes, with paleoclimate, based on a published total faunal curve, indicates that bottom-water velocity in the contour current does not correlate with climate.
CONTROLLED TRIAL OF 'INTERVIR-A' IN HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION

Abstract `InterVir-A' (IVA), an agent with in-vitro anti herpes-simplex-virus (HSV) activity was compared with a placebo (PBO) in the treatment of recurrent perianal, orofacial, and genital HSV I and II infection in a randomised double-blind trial. Samples from lesions of 69 patients seen within 48 h of the onset of prodromal symptoms were sent for culture. Patients were asked to apply IVA or PBO ointment every 2 h for 24 h, and 4 times daily for the remainder of the attack, during which period (mean 7 days) they visited the clinic 4 times. No adverse reactions were reported. Crusting times were faster for the IVA than the PBO group (4·5 days versus 6·4 days), as were healing times (7·4 days versus 9·9 days). Complete symptom relief was obtained within 30-60 min of first use in the IVA group, compared with a mean of 4 days in the PBO population (p
Specificity among the Casuarinaceae in root nodulation byFrankia

Pure cultured isolates ofFrankia made from root nodules of plant species from among three genera of the host family Casuarinaceae were used in inoculation trials of seedlings grown in water culture. A large number of host species among the genera Allocasuarina, Casuarina and Gymnostoma from Australia, Papua New Guinea and other South Pacific Islands were tested. The most widely infectiveFrankia strains were CcI3 and AllI1; theFrankia strains with the narrowest host range within the Casuarinaceae were CcI2 and GpI1. Intrafamily cross-inoculations were uncommon. The most broadly receptive host species wasG. papuanum. For many species ofAllocasuarina tested, no infection by anyFrankia available for testing could be observed.
The nonpareil R5(SixGe1−x)4 phases

Abstract The R5(SixGe1−x)4 materials have been known for over 30 years, but only in the last few years has their uniqueness become evident. Their exotic behaviors include a simultaneous first-order crystallographic–magnetic phase transition, the giant magnetocaloric effect, enhanced Curie temperature due to the existence of (Si,Ge)–(Si,Ge) bond pairs, and the absence of the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity below 10 K of ferrimagnetic Nd5Ge4, which orders at 55 K. These behaviors were observed in our studies of the phase relationships, crystallography, and the electrical, magnetic and thermal properties of the pseudo-binary 5:4 compounds with R=La, Nd, Gd, Dy and Lu.
Bowel obstruction and pseudo-obstruction.

Bowel obstruction results from mechanical interruption of the flow of intestinal contents, whereas pseudo-obstruction is characterized by dilation of the bowel in the absence of a causative anatomic lesion. The clinician evaluating the patient with one of these syndromes is faced with several challenges. First, bowel obstruction has to be differentiated from pseudoobstruction, because the two entities have completely different etiologies and pathophysiologic mechanisms, with resultant diverging approaches to management. When true obstruction is present, the next step is to determine the site and nature of the causative lesion; small bowel obstruction (SBO) is in general caused by benign lesions, in distinction to colonic obstruction, which is frequently caused by neoplasms. More importantly, the clinician needs to determine whether the obstruction is partial or complete, and whether or not intestinal ischemia has occurred. This is of major therapeutic relevance because it helps determine which patients should be managed surgically. When pseudo-obstruction is present, the chronicity of the process has to be determined: acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) can result in substantial morbidity and mortality if unrecognized, and treatment is primarily nonsurgical. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and congenital or acquired megacolon are completely separate disorders and are not further discussed. This article is divided into two sections: in the first, the diagnosis and therapy of SBO and large bowel obstruction (LBO) are discussed, with emphasis on specific situations where the gastroenterologist plays a major role in management. In the second, ACPO is reviewed, with an update on medical and endoscopic therapeutic options.
New investigations of the strewn field of Libyan desert glass and its petrography

Abstract Twenty-six specimens of Libyan Desert glass were collected from the westernmost area of Libyan Desert glass occurrence during a joint expedition, 30 May to 5 June, 1971, of The University of Libya and The University of Texas. The Oasis circular structure, a suspected astrobleme southwest of the glass site, was also visited. In the glass, included minerals are partially altered through shock and temperature effects; microprobe analysis confirms one of these minerals as zircon and indicates that another is the elbaite variety of tourmaline. Tourmaline of the elbaite variety and zircon were also identified in a thin section of an analyzed sample of high-silica (99.6%) Nubian Sandstone collected in the area of glass occurrence. This silica content is higher than that of any Libyan Desert glass yet examined. In a heavy mineral separation of this sandstone, the minerals cordierite; green, brown, and blue tourmaline; and minor amounts of staurolite, zircon, and kyanite were identified. It is concluded, from the mineral and chemical evidence, that Libyan Desert glass was derived from Nubian Sandstone. Whether there is any connection between the origin of Libyan Desert glass and the origin of the nearby impact structures is undetermined.
Description and initial simulation of a dynamic bidirectional air-surface exchange model for mercury in Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model

[1] Emissions of elemental mercury (Hg0) from natural processes are estimated to be as large as or larger than anthropogenic emissions and thus represent a critical process which must be accurately described in the modeling of the transport and fate of mercury. Recent ecosystem-scale measurements indicate that a fraction of recently deposited mercury is recycled back into the atmosphere quickly, and that an atmospheric compensation point exists at background ambient concentrations. Modeled Hg0 emissions from natural sources are typically uncoupled from dry deposition estimates and unconstrained by air-biosphere gradient processes. A module has been developed for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to parameterize concentration-dependent processes of bidirectional mercury exchange. The Hg0 air-surface exchange was modeled as a function of a dynamic compensation point. The compensation point is modeled as a function of sources and sinks of Hg0 in vegetation and soil media using partitioning coefficients. A box model simulation was run for five months and a CMAQ simulation with bidirectional (BIDI) and without bidirectional (BASE) mercury exchange was run for the month of July 2002. The BASE case modeling scenario estimated that 8.5% of the total mercury (Hg0 + Hg2 + PHg) deposited to terrestrial systems and 47.8% of the total mercury deposition to aquatic systems was re-emitted as Hg0, while the re-emission ratios were 70.4% and 52.5% in the base case. The BIDI case was in better agreement with recent estimates of mercury cycling using stable isotopic mass balance experiments.
Same-different judgments of foveal and parafoveal letter pairs by older adults.

Older adults (mean age: 67.9 years) judged whether two adjacent letters, presented either 0.5° (foveal or near condition) or 2.0° (parafoveal or far condition) from fixation, were identical or different. The method was identical to that used previously with young adults (Krueger, 1985). The older (and presumably noisier) adults were slower and less accurate in general, and, consistent with the internal-noise principle, they surpassed the young adults by showing a large, 48-msec fast-same effect and a large, 6% preponderance of false-different responses (i.e., errors onsame trials) over false-same ones. With parafoveal presentation, the fast-same effect, but not the preponderance of false-different responses, increased greatly for the older adults, apparently due to an inability to perceive differing features (Eriksen, O’Hara, & Eriksen s, 1982, missing-feature principle), owing to their more constricted visual fields (Cerella, 1985a). The fast-same effect was larger in the left visual field (right hemisphere) for young adults, but larger in the right visual field (left hemisphere) for older adults.
High temperature trypsinolysis of human IgA: Isolation of the Fcα fragment☆

Abstract The Fcα fragment of IgA1 and IgA2 was prepared by high temperature (60°C) trypsinolysis (HTT) in the presence of 1·0 M NaCl. Porcine trypsin was used in place of bovine trypsin due to its greater stability at low concentrations of Ca++ at elevated temperatures. This was necessary due to the tendency of IgA to aggregate at elevated temperatures in the presence of divalent cations. Yields of Fcα fragment varied with each IgA protein studied. The time of hydrolysis and the addition of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to the incubation mixture were found to influence final yields and hence the optimal conditions had to be determined for each sample. The Fcα occurred as higher polymer, dimer and monomer. The mol. wt of the monomer Fcα devoid of J chain was 58,000 which in 4 M guanidine fell to 29,000. From the size of the fragment it was determined that cleavage occurred near the end of the CH1 domain or the beginning of the hinge region. In addition to release of Fcα fragment, HTT was often accompanied by the destruction of the Fab fragment either completely or in part depending on the protein and also liberation of the covalently bound albumin and α1 antitrypsin.
Applications Of Digital Processing To Calibrated Infrared Imagery

Optimal use of a calibrated infrared imaging radiometer for target signature studies requires rapid analysis and reduction of the output imagery. A minicomputer based digital image processing system is described. Operations such as level slicing, integration of radiant intensities, and image addition are performed digitally in an interactive manner with the system user. An application of this system for the production of simulated infrared targets is presented. The simulated targets consist of transparencies or masks which are back illuminated by an infrared source. A technique somewhat similar to a halftone process is used to encode the pixel intensities onto the masks. The illumination system design and mask fabrication process are described.
Corrective advertising information processing by teenagers

In this study teenagers' understanding of corrective advertisements was measured at three levels: beliefs, attitudes and behavioural intentions. The results support the use of beliefs rather than attitudes or behavioural intentions to detect deception.
Structure–activity relationship studies of thalidomide analogs with a taxol-like mode of action

Abstract Anti-microtubule agents such as paclitaxel and docetaxel have played an important role in the treatment of cancer for many years. Recently, a small molecule that has a taxol-like mode of action (5HPP-33) was reported. Herein, the detailed structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of 5HPP-33 analogs that are substituted at the isoindole and phenyl rings are described. Bulky substitutions (such as di-isopropyl groups) on the phenyl ring result in the isoindole and phenyl rings being perpendicular to each other. It was found that this conformation is critical for anti-microtubule activity. These studies have provided valuable information, which will be helpful in the design of more potent analogs.
Attitudes toward Suicide and Conservatism: A Comparison of Chinese and United States Samples:

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire and the Conservatism Scale were administered to two samples of respondents: seventy-three mainland Chinese adults and seventy-three United States adults of comparable age, gender, and socioeconomic level. The results indicated significant mean differences on all eight SOQ scales and on Conservatism. Chinese mean scores reflected higher agreement on the SOQ scales of mental illness, cry for help, and aggression, and higher disagreement on the right to die, religion, impulsivity, normality, and moral evil scales. Chinese scored in the more conservative direction, but in both samples the pattern of correlations between conservatism and SOQ scales was highly similar.
Measurement Bias in Price Indexes for Capital Goods

The official U.S. price deflators for investment goods continue to be based on defective methodology, despite frequent criticism in recent years. This paper contributes new price information, which is combined with the empirical results from other studies to yield a revised investment deflator for the 1954–1963 period which (a) rises much more slowly than the official index and (b) declines relative to a revised price index for consumption expenditures.
Marital Quality and Personal Well‐Being: A Meta‐Analysis

This study examines the association between marital quality and personal well-being using meta-analytic techniques. Effects from 93 studies were analyzed. The average weighted effect size r was .37 for cross-sectional and .25 for longitudinal effects. Results indicate that several variables moderate the association between marital quality and personal well-being, including gender, participants’ marital duration, source of measurement, data collection year, and dependent variable. These results suggest that longitudinal effects are more likely to be uncovered when using standard measurement and that future research should use samples homogenous in marital length. The longitudinal finding that the strength of the association is stronger when personal well-being is treated as the dependent variable supports previous theorizing.
Practical determination of gas densities from the speed of sound using square-well potentials

The relationships between the first three density virial coefficients (B, C, and D) and the first four acoustic virial coefficients (β a ,γ a ,δ a ande a are rederived and a published error relatingD toδ a is corrected. We observe that even it thenth and higher-density virial coefficients of a hypothetical gas are identifically zero, thenth and higher acoustic virial coefficients are not zero; they depend on the temperature derivatives of the 1st through (n-1)th density virial coefficients. Thus, two density virial coefficients may suffice for a fit to acoustic data with a cubic pressure dependence. These results are exploited by extending the pressure range of fits to preciously published speed-of-sound data without either introducing additional parameters or degrading the fits. We deduce gas densities from fits to speed-of-sound data with acoustic virial coefficients having the temperature dependencies calculated from square-well potentials. The estimated densities differ from independent measurements be a few tenths of a percent in an important range of conditions, These estimates require nop p T data whatsoever.
Design and implementation of a query processor for a trusted distributed data base management system

Distributed systems are vital for the efficient processing required in military and commercial applications. For many of these applications, it is especially important that the distributed data base management systems (DDBMS) operate in a secure manner. For example, the DDBMS should allow users, who are cleared at different security levels access to the data base at different levels of data sensitivity without compromising security. A DDBMS with multilevel user/datahandling capability is called a trusted distributed data base management system (TDDBMS). This article focuses on query processing in a TDDBMS. It describes the security issues, algorithms for query processing, and design and implementation of a query processor prototype for a TDDBMS.
Anthropocentrism and deep ecology

(1993). Anthropocentrism and deep ecology. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 463-475.
Geneticists' views on science policy formation and public outreach.

Though much research about the public’s views of scientists, genetic research and its moral, ethical, and social implications exists, little has been done to investigate how scientists view their own role(s) in public discussions and policy formation related to genetic research and technologies. We interviewed 20 academic geneticists in the United States about their perceptions of the roles they and others (e.g., professional societies, the public, ethicists, and elected officials) do and should play in the formation of science policy, the communication of science to the public, and the public discussions of moral and ethical issues raised by scientific advances. The participants in our study thought that scientists should be more actively involved in public outreach and science policy formation, but frequently they felt illequipped and unsupported by their peers and institutions to pursue these activities. Furthermore, many were skeptical of or did not trust elected officials—who they consider uninformed about the issues and too driven by political agendas—to formulate sound science policy. They do, however, have faith in the ability of scientific societies to influence policy effectively, and some thought that societies should play a larger role, both in science policy and as a liaison between scientists and the public. Finally, participants offered suggestions for increasing the involvement and influence of scientists in science-policy formation and public discourse. 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Separation and analysis of sulfate, phosphate and other oxyanions as their tert.-Butyldimethylsilyl derivatives by gas—liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

The tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of the oxyanions carbonate, sulfite, sulfate, selenite, selenate, molybdenate, borate, phosphite, phosphate, vanadate, arsenite, arsenate and pyrophosphate were prepared by reacting the free acid and the ammonium salt form of the oxyanions with N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide in N,N-dimethylformamide. All derivatives were amenable to gas chromatographic analysis and, except for molybdenate, were stable for over a week at room temperature and over six months at 4°C. Each tert.-butyldimethylsilylated oxyanion produced an easily interpretable mass spectrum dominated by a unique M — 57 fragment ion.
Electrical characteristics of narrow bipolar events

[1] Narrow bipolar events (NBE) are the electromagnetic signature of a distinct class of impulsive and energetic intra-cloud discharge that occurs in some thunderstorms. NBE are characterized by strong VHF RF emissions and bipolar waveforms when observed by broadband field-change antennas at large distances. These discharges may occur in isolation or precede and perhaps initiate conventional intra-cloud flashes. When observed at close range, NBE waveforms exhibit electrostatic field changes in addition to the bipolar radiation field change. At extremely close range, the induction and electrostatic fields dominate in our measurements. Using close-range observations in conjunction with the radiation-field measurements, I calculate that on average, an NBE transfers 0.3 C of charge over a distance of 3.2 km and that the discharge wave front propagates at a speed equal to one-half the speed of light.
A Critical Comparison of Available Methods for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Micro- Amounts of Copper in Textiles

A survey has been made of methods available for the spectrophotometric determina tion of copper in fabrics treated with copper-containing fungicides. Seven of the most promising copper reagents were compared on the basis of sensitivity, simplicity of pro cedure, and specificity for copper in the presence of the metallic oxides used to render fabrics resistant to fire, ultraviolet light, and water. Methods employing rubeanic acid and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate offered the best combination of desirable character istics.These methods proved to be as precise as the electrolytic method described in current federal specifications. These methods were also successfully tested against commercially treated fabrics obtained through actual Army procurements.Since only 3-5 mg of fabric are required for each determination, these spectrophoto metric methods offer a means of determining the evenness of application of the fungicide on the fabric. The analysis of commercial fabrics treated with copper 8-quinolinolate and...
Parts per billion detection of uranium with a porphyrinoid-containing nanoparticle and in vivo photoacoustic imaging

Chemical tools that can report radioactive isotopes would be of interest to the defense community. Here we report ∼250 nm polymeric nanoparticles containing porphyrinoid macrocycles with and without pre-complexed depleted uranium and demonstrate that the latter species may be detected easily and with high sensitivity via photoacoustic imaging. The porphyrinoid macrocycles used in the present study are non-aromatic in the absence of the uranyl cation, but aromatic after cation complexation. We solubilized both the freebase and metalated forms of the macrocycles in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and found a peak in the photoacoustic spectrum at 910 nm excitation in the case of the uranyl complex. The signal was stable for at least 15 minutes and allowed detection of uranium concentrations down to 6.2 ppb (5.7 nM) in vitro and 0.57 ppm (19 fCi; 0.52 μM) in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a nanoparticle that detects an actinide cation via photoacoustic imaging.
The international zoo community and computer‐mediated communication

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a fast and efficient way to exchange information with remote colleagues. Personal computers, with modems and telephone lines, can be used to send and receive messages, to access library catalogues and to trace details and locations of publications. Co-operation and collaboration between professionals in the international zoo community could ensure the success of many conservation initiatives and the use of CMC will facilitate this process.
SCProcessor Builder: A Tool to Create and Simulate Processors in SystemC

This paper presents the SCProcessor Builder that consists on a toolset that enables the modeling and simulation of different processor architecture and behavior. The models are designed using XML language and state machines for the structural and behavior parts respectively. The proposed tool converts the models to SystemC in order to simulate the execution of programs on modeled processors.
CHANGES IN ALPHA FREQUENCY WITH CHANGE IN THYROID HORMONE LEVEL.

Abstract Several autocorrelograms of resting EEG were obtained on eleven hyper- and six hypothyroid patients as their level of hormone changed. Alpha frequency correlated positively with both PBI (0.60) and BMR (0.73). Change in alpha correlated with change in PBI (0.83) and change in BMR (0.85). Alpha frequency and thyroid indices remained positively correlated throughout the range of thyroid function.
Curium sesquioxide Cm2O3

Curium sesquioxide was prepared by hydrogen reduction of curium dioxide at temperatures between 700 and 1055°C. In addition to the reported cubic and hexagonal forms, monoclinic Cm2O3 (B-type) was found at temperatures higher than 800°C. The unit cell dimensions are a0 = 14·282 ± 0·008 A, b0 = 3·652 ± 0·003 A, c0 = 8·900 ± 0·005 A, β = 100·31 ± 0·05°. Monoclinic 244Cm2O3 is remarkably stable towards self-irradiation.
The ability of actinic light to modify the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Heterogeneity and/or photocooperativity?

The focus of this paper is on the established observation that the bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photocycle responds to the level of actinic light by altering the proportions of two forms of the M intermediate. The first form of M, called M-fast or MF, decays to the O intermediate. In contrast, the second form of M, called M-slow or MS, decays directly to the ground state, and its decay rate is slower than that of MF, Any proposed scheme for the BR photocycle must account for this light-dependent phenomenon. Several papers have attempted to explain the observation on the basis of photocooperativity, or on the basis of heterogeneous populations. In this paper, we test previously proposed cooperative models with experimental data, and find those models to be inadequate. We show that two new models, one purely cooperative, the other purely heterogeneous, can both fit the data, hence such modelling will not resolve the mechanism Taking into account the demonstration of heterogeneity, the trimer structure of BR, and certain experimental evidence in favor of cooperativity, it appears likely that both heterogeneity and cooperativity are involved in the adaptation of the BR photocycle to different levels of actinic light.