cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rectal ultrasound with fine needle aspiration: an underutilized modality for delineating and diagnosing perirectal, presacral, and pelvic lesions

Background and study aims The merits of rectal ultrasound for rectal cancer staging are well documented. Conventional approaches to accessing perirectal and presacral lesions entail computed tomography guidance via a transgluteal approach or frank surgical exploration. We report on the safety and efficacy of performing rectal ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (RUS-FNA) for evaluating perirectal, presacral, and pelvic abnormalities. Patients and methods Patients who underwent RUS-FNA of perirectal, presacral, or pelvic lesions between August 2005 and September 2016 were identified using an institutional database. Subjects were all individuals treated at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. Patient demographics and imaging characteristics were noted. Procedural details included lesion size, location, echo appearance, and technical information. Patients were given antibiotics prior to FNA attempt and for 3 days after. Diagnostic yield, clinical utility, and complications were noted. Results Twenty-seven patients met criteria during the specified study time period. The cohort consisted of 12 males (44.4 %) and 15 females (55.5 %). RUS-FNA was diagnostic in 24 patients (88.8 %) and obviated the need for surgery in 14 patients (51.9 %). There were four complications (14.8 %): two perirectal and two presacral abscesses. Conclusion While the diagnostic yield of RUS-FNA is high and the potential to affect clinical decision-making is substantial, risk of complication is not negligible. RUS-FNA should only be performed if the result will substantially alter clinical management, and the decision to perform RUS-FNA should be made with close consultation between the endosonographer, surgeon, and/or medical or radiation oncologist.
Three individual difference constructs, one converging concept: adaptive problem solving in the human brain

The study of human individual differences has matured significantly, in the last decade or so owing, in part, to the notable advances in neuroimaging techniques. There are three major domains of inquiry within individual differences research: personality, creativity, and intelligence. Each has a discrete, testable definition (a new definition for intelligence is offered: rapid and accurate problem solving), and each has been associated with distinct brain regions and interactive networks. Here, we outline commonalities between these constructs, which appear to conform to two major axes: exploratory behavior and restraint. These axes, in turn, conform largely to two major brain networks dedicated to novelty generation (i.e. default mode network — DMN), and refinement of ideas (i.e. cognitive control network — CCN). Thus, human individual differences represent the expression of adaptive behaviors leading to exploratory and/or restrained action arising from brain structure and function.
Reducing Communication Overhead via CEO in Distributed Training

One of the main challenges in distributed training, especially in sensor networks, is the communication cost due to the transmission of the parameters of the model and synchronization across nodes, a.k.a. workers. We frame this problem as a central estimation officer (CEO) problem; starting from an initial guess for the model shared by all workers and the server, at each iteration of training, the workers refine the model parameters by training over their available dataset and send them to the server. The server merges the received information from the workers to get a better estimate of the optimum parameter of the model and sends it back to the workers. We propose using CEO framework to tackle the communication issue in distributed training. The proposed method consists of three major blocks: 1) dithered and nested quantization at the workers, 2) distributed source coding to incorporate the correlation among workers for further reduction in communication bit rate, and 3) decoding the data received from the workers and estimating the optimum parameters at the server. We have verified the effectiveness of our proposed approach via simulations. We have shown that our proposed method reduces the communication bit-rate compared to the other existing methods while it can achieve nearly the same convergence speed as of the baseline training (no quantization of the parameters) in our experiments.
Targeted transposition with Tn7 elements: safe sites, mobile plasmids, CRISPR/Cas and beyond

Transposon Tn7 is notable for the control it exercises over where transposition events are directed. One Tn7 integration pathways recognizes a highly conserved attachment (att) site in the chromosome, while a second pathway specifically recognizes mobile plasmids that facilitate transfer of the element to new hosts. In this review, I discuss newly discovered families of Tn7-like elements with different targeting pathways. Perhaps the most exciting examples are multiple instances where Tn7-like elements have repurposed CRISPR/Cas systems. In these cases, the CRISPR/Cas systems have lost their canonical defensive function to destroy incoming mobile elements; instead, the systems have been naturally adapted to use guide RNAs to specifically direct transposition into these mobile elements. The new families of Tn7-like elements also include a variety of novel att sites in bacterial chromosomes where genome islands can form. Interesting families have also been revealed where proteins described in the prototypic Tn7 element are fused or otherwise repurposed for the new dual activities. This expanded understanding of Tn7-like elements broadens our view of how genetic systems are repurposed and provides potentially exciting new tools for genome modification and genomics. Future opportunities and challenges to understanding the impact of the new families of Tn7-like elements are discussed.
Harmonic Analysis and Suppression Method of Train Network Side Based on Multiplex Control Strategy

This is the paper style requirement for the Chinese Control Conference. The writers of papers should and must provide normalized electronic documents in order for readers to search and read papers conveniently. In order to reduce the harmonics pollution by AC drive electric locomotive and EMU in traction power supply, this paper presents a side harmonic suppression method for train network based on multiple control strategy. Firstly, the structure and topology of multiplex control rectifier are introduced, then the influence of carrier modulation and carrier shift on train harmonic voltage and current is analyzed in detail. Finally, the validity of the harmonic analysis method and the effectiveness of the harmonic suppression method are verified by simulation and experiment.
Offline: Challenging Internet and Social Media Bans for Individuals on Supervision for Sex Offenses

Tens of thousands of people across the United States are subject to bans on their Internet and social media access due to sex offense convictions. This Article explains why, even for those on parole and probation, such bans are frequently over-broad, imposed on the wrong people, and are now ripe for challenge in light of the Supreme Court’s 8-0 decision in Packingham v. North Carolina. The first flaw with these bans is their mismatch between crime and condition. They are imposed on individuals whose criminal records have no relation to online predatory activity or manipulation of minors. The second flaw is their extreme over-breadth. Rather than merely proscribing speech with minors or access to certain online forums, they cordon off the Internet itself, ostracizing offenders to an offline society. While these flaws rendered Internet and social media bans constitutionally problematic before the Packingham decision, the Supreme Court’s imprimatur on free speech for individuals convicted of sex offenses could — and should — lead the way to future legal challenges of these bans.
HIDES: Hybrid Intrusion Detector for Energy Systems

The establishment of a resilient electric grid accompanied by a secure communications network is an ongoing battle as advanced persistent threats continue to exploit existing vulnerabilities in legacy supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) infrastructure. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) lack consistent performance because of the continuously evolving attack surface of SCADA systems. These shortcomings can be overcome by integrating logical system behavior, protocol-specific knowledge, and data-based learning to develop a comprehensive IDS solution. In this paper, we present a Hybrid Intrusion Detector for Energy Systems by integrating a network-based IDS, state-of-the-art machine learning-based IDS, and model-based IDS to detect unknown and stealthy cyberattacks targeting the SCADA networks. The proposed IDS uses synchrophasor measurements and cyber logs to learn patterns of different scenarios based on spatiotemporal behaviors of power systems. As a proof of concept, we implement and validate the proposed IDS by leveraging resources available at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Energy Systems Integration Facility test bed. Experimental results show promising performance in detecting cyberattacks while providing realtime visualization of power system measurements and cyber logs.
Dusty Atmospheric Rivers: Characteristics and Origins

AbstractAtmospheric Rivers (AR) are narrow bands of strong horizontal transport of water vapor in the mid-latitudes that can cause extreme precipitation, which contributes to beneficial water suppl...
Integrating finite-element-model and remote-sensing data into SWAT to estimate transit times of nitrate in groundwater

This study integrates a water-table estimator into the hydrologic model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to simulate transit times of nitrate in groundwater for Fish River basin in Alabama, USA. Three water-table estimators were developed using 3D finite-element-modeling data and spatiotemporally dynamic remotely sensed data. Initially, the study estimates spatiodynamic groundwater levels by coupling the spatial percolation from SWAT with a finite element model. The study then improved the spatial resolution of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) remote sensing data by the inverse distance weighted technique and generated the spatial groundwater levels. Next, empirical equations describing the relationship between the soil moisture and groundwater levels were obtained based on the SWAT-modeled groundwater levels and remotely sensed soil moisture contents. The results showed that the correlations of the groundwater levels between real stationed data and those obtained from the finite element method, GRACE approximations and the soil-moisture function were 0.691, 0.335 and 0.652 respectively. The spatiodynamic-groundwater-level estimates obtained from the best performing integrated model (SWAT and finite element model) were used to predict transit times of nitrate in groundwater with the aid of remotely sensed data. The result indicates that the transit time increases progressively from 1 year at 0.2-m depth of soil layer to 23 years at 0.80-m depth of soil layer in the Fish River basin. The transit times were positively related to the amount of spatially contributed nitrate in the groundwater that flows into river reaches in the basin.
Pulmonary vasculopathy in explanted lungs from patients with interstitial lung disease undergoing lung transplantation.

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) causes increased morbidity and mortality in patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Classification schemes, while well-characterised for the vasculopathy of idiopathic PH, have been applied, unchallenged, to ILD-related PH. We evaluated pulmonary arterial histopathology in explanted human lung tissue from patients who were transplanted for advanced fibrotic ILD. Methods Lung explants from 38 adult patients who underwent lung transplantation were included. Patients were divided into three groups: none, mild/moderate and severe PH by mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) measured at pre lung transplantation right heart catheterisation (RHC). Grading of pulmonary vasculopathy according to Heath and Edwards scheme, and prelung transplantation evaluation data were compared between the groups. Results 38 patients with fibrotic ILDs were included, the majority (21) with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Of the 38 patients, 18 had severe PH, 13 had mild/moderate PH and 7 had no PH by RHC. 16 of 38 patients had severe pulmonary arterial vasculopathy including vascular occlusion with intimal fibrosis and/or plexiform lesions. There were no correlations between mPAP and lung diffusion with the severity of pulmonary arterial pathological grade (Spearman’s rho=0.14, p=0.34, rho=0.11, p=0.49, respectively). Conclusions Patients with end stage ILD had severe pulmonary arterial vasculopathy in their explanted lungs irrespective of the presence and/or severity of PH as measured by RHC. These findings suggest that advanced pulmonary arterial vasculopathy is common in patients with advanced fibrotic ILD and may develop prior to the clinical detection of PH by RHC.
Supporting mixed Real-Time workloads in multithreaded processors with segmented instruction caches

This chapter proposes the use of segmented instruction caches along with profile-driven code scheduling to provide flexible instruction delivery to real-time and nonreal-time threads running on the same multithreaded processor. This technique is particularly useful in network processors (NP) data processors, which are multithreaded yet inhibited by a fixed-size control store. The segmented instruction cache allows real-time programs to map into a private segment large enough to avoid misses while allowing nonreal-time programs to suffer misses, keeping all cache conflicts limited within individual segments. This removes program size restrictions on nonreal-time code without sacrificing guaranteed instruction delivery to real-time programs. Profiling is also used to explore a variety of program-specific segment sizing strategies. The proposed design is evaluated on a selection of programs running on both direct-mapped and set-associative segmented instruction caches. Several program-specific segment sizing strategies are evaluated. Code scheduling is an effective method for removing majority of the conflict misses, often reducing miss rates on a selection of programs by a range of 10 percent to 60 percent.
Histones in early embryogenesis. Developmental aspects of composition and synthesis.

Abstract Acid-soluble proteins were extracted from purified chromatin of eggs, gastrula embryos, and sperm of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. The results of disc electrophoresis and amino acid analysis indicate that embryo and sperm extracts resemble mammalian histones whereas acid-soluble proteins from chromatin of unfertilized eggs differ in several respects from mammalian histones. Histones change during development from egg to gastrula from a lysine-rich to a relatively arginine-rich form. Embryos developing in the presence of actinomycin incorporated 14C-valine into cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins at rates similar to those of control embryos during the first 13 hours of development. The specific activity of the cytoplasmic proteins and of nonchromosomal nuclear proteins was about one-fourth that of whole nuclear proteins. These results indicate that chromosomal proteins are the most rapidly synthesized cellular components in early embryogenesis. At least part of this synthesis depends on new mRNA transcribed after fertilization. The incorporation of valine into lysine-rich histones was inhibited by actinomycin, whereas its incorporation into arginine-rich histones was increased 3- to 4-fold by actinomycin. The synthesis of other histone fractions was unaffected by the drug. The facilitated production of certain histone fractions in the presence of actinomycin suggests that normal synthetic rates of embryogenic proteins are maintained in the absence of new mRNA by means of increased production of some proteins, while others are inhibited.
Abstract W P47: Developing an Acute Lesion Atlas from Patients with Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke

Background and purpose: Chronic lesion locations are associated with neurologic outcomes. However, voxel-based acute infarct maps have not been used to predict long-term deficits and outcomes. The combination of ischemic lesion volume and location may aid in acute outcome prediction models. We evaluated the feasibility of voxel-based lesion mapping in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: In a retrospective study of patients with suspected middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory strokes, we identified acute infarcts on the diffusion-weight imaging (DWI; b=1000) sequences and confirmed them on the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequences using a semi-qualitative approach. Only patients with all three sequences available were included in the study. We then manually created a lesion map for each patient. Lesions were overlaid on T1-weighted images and transformed to standardized stereotactic space. We overlaid the volumetric lesion masks from all patients to create a composite acute lesion atlas. Results: Among 164 patients, 5 (3.1%) patients had no clear acute lesion and 9 (5.5%) had technical problems with normalization or overlaying, leaving 150 (91.5%) patients for analysis (mean age 66.1 years; 52.0% male; 66.7% white; median NIHSS scale 4). A composite acute lesion atlas was developed (Figure) with regions of high overlap easily visible, suggesting high statistical power for acute lesion-outcome prediction modeling. Conclusion: Acute ischemic lesions can be reliably mapped and used to create aggregated infarct atlases. The considerable overlapping regions in stroke patients might provide sufficient power to detect highly correlated lesion-outcome relationships. The proposed technique may provide a time-sensitive method for identifying acute infarct location, predicting the course of recovery, and selecting patients for early interventions. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Encrypting ontological meta-model using elliptic curve cryptography with identity based encryption

The process of building applications using semantic web and the knowledge repositories has many challenges associated with it. One of them is that information security is still a major issue with protecting these knowledge repositories that helps in interaction, integration, and interoperability between computing devices and applications. We believe that Elliptic Curve Cryptography provides a convenient algorithm to solve this problem. In this paper, we combine the Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm with Identity Based Encryption for encrypting ontological meta-models built using semantic web technologies.
Occupational stress among obstetrician/gynecologists.

Objective: Our objective was to assess occupational stress in obstetrician/gynecologists using a standardized, validated tool. Methods: The Osipow Occupational Stress Inventory, which measures occupational stress (occupational roles questionnaire [ORQ]), psychological strain (personal strain questionnaire), and coping resources (personal resources questionnaire), was distributed to 277 obstetrician/gynecologists in Houston. The X 2 or Fisher's exact test was used where appropriate. Results: Sixty-nine surveys were analyzed. Median T scores for all subscales were within the normal range. Abnormal scores were recorded by 22 physicians (31%) on at least one subscale of the ORQ, by 5 physicians (7%) on at least one subscale of the personal strain questionnaire, and by 6 physicians (9%) on at least one subscale of the personal resources questionnaire (P < 0.05). Abnormal scores occurred more frequently in the ORQ domain. Generalists had significantly more abnormal scores than did subspecialists (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Occupational stress is common among obstetrician/gynecologists. This appears to be balanced by good coping skills.
Mitogen and growth factor-induced activation of a STAT-like molecule in channel catfish lymphoid cells

This article describes the identification of a putative STAT molecule in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), the first report of such a molecule in a ‘lower’ vertebrate. A monoclonal antibody against human STAT6 recognizes an ∼100 kDa molecule that becomes activated and translocates to the nucleus upon both growth factor and mitogen stimulation of catfish leukocytes. This presumed catfish STAT binds the mammalian interferon-γ activation site; IRF, interferon response factor; EMSA, electromobility shift assay. activation site, a known motif of mammalian STAT binding, as shown by electromobility shift assays. Purification of the proteins present in these DNA complexes confirms that the catfish reactive molecule binds to the interferon-γ activation site sequence. These results suggest that STAT molecules have been highly conserved in vertebrate evolution.
The Conformation of Substrates during Hydrolysis at the Active Site of Chymotrypsin

Abstract The quasi axial methyl d-hydrocoumarilate compares favorably with methyl N-acetyl-l-phenylalaninate as a substrate for chymotrypsin in contrast to the planar methyl coumarilate and methyl indene-2-carboxylate and the quasi axial methyl indane-2-carboxylate, which are either not substrates or very poor substrates. These results lead to the conclusion that methyl d-dihydroisocarbostyril-3-carboxylate and methyl d-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin-3-carboxylate are in the axial conformation during hydrolysis by chymotrypsin, and that typical open chain substrates, such as methyl N-acetyl-l-phenylalaninate, must assume a conformation at the active site somewhat similar to that of these sterically restricted cyclic analogues. It is further proposed that a hydrogen bond donor (in addition to the hydrophobic binding site) at the active center of chymotrypsin influences the orientation of substrates and site-specific irreversible inhibitors.
Myths of the Archaic State: WHEN COMPLEXITY WAS SIMPLIFIED

A state evolves from agriculture to paradox. e. m. cioran In the early history of the first cities, states, and civilizations, differentiated social groups became recombined in cities. These cities were nodal points of pilgrimages, exchange, storage and redistribution, and centers for defense and warfare. In these cities, along with their associated and restructured countrysides, new identities as citizens were created but did not entirely supplant existing identities as members of economic, kin, and ethnic groups. Certain aspects of identity were also forged with citizens in other cities who shared a common, if created, heritage, and these were maintained and reproduced over time. In the earliest cities, new rituals and ceremonies connected rulers with citizens and the gods. These displayed and justified the supremacy and legitimacy of kings and reaffirmed command over the social order. The social roles and practices of citizens were routinized within the urban layout of monumental constructions, streets and pathways, walls and courtyards. The built environment itself demonstrated the superior access to knowledge and planning held by rulers, ostensibly on behalf of all. Statecraft in the earliest cities involved providing an order to the present, which the rulers relentlessly proclaimed in literature and in a created landscape that overlay the unruliness of a society composed of many groups, each with its own interests and orientations. Archaeologists commonly use the shorthand “complex society” to describe a society that encompasses numerous social groups and institutions of centralization.
Making the case: an actor-network approach to rhetoric in agricultural development

Development policies are based on claims about how development takes place. Underlying any prescriptive policy is a theory – implicit or explicit – about how societies “progress” towards greater food security, higher incomes and standards of living, and about how best to organize the productive resources of society in order to achieve that progress. While the policies being promoted by the major actors (in this case, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank) at a given point in time can be seen as the dominant development model, these models do come in and out of favor. This raises the question: If the major actors possess the definitive knowledge about how development takes place, and about how to craft the most effective policies to promote it, then what explains the change in the dominant development models over time?
Relative bioavailability of copper in a copper-lysine complex or copper sulfate for ruminants as affected by feeding regimen

Abstract An experiment was conducted with 40 crossbred wether lambs to compare the relative bioavailability of Cu from a Cu-lysine complex with that from Cu sulfate under two feeding regimens. Liver biopsy samples were collected by a laparotomy technique and lambs were given 12 days to recover and adapt to individual pens. Lambs were fed either a control basal diet (9.8 mg kg −1 Cu dry matter (DM) basis) or basal supplemented with 180 mg kg −1 Cu as either reagent grade CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O or a feed-grade Cu-lysine complex. There were 12 lambs fed control diet and 14 lambs fed each Cu-supplemented diet. Half of the lambs given each diet were fed 1.0 kg of their respective diet once daily at 08:00 h. The remaining half were fed 1.0 kg in equal portions (166 g) six times during a 24 h period at 04:00 h, 08:00 h, 12:00 h, 16:00 h, 20:00 h and 24:00 h. Lambs were fed experimental diets for 10 days, then killed and livers removed for Cu analysis. Lambs fed once daily accumulated more ( P P > 0.10). Based on multiple linear regression slope ratio of log 10 transformed final liver Cu concentration on total intake of Cu (mg day −1 ) with the initial liver biopsy Cu concentration as a covariate, bioavailability of Cu from Cu-lysine relative to Cu sulfate was 93.4% ( P > 0.05) for combined feeding regimens.
Diphenylhydantoin teratogenicity in rats.

Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) was found to be teratogenic in Sprague-Dawley (Simonsen) rats. The rat is less susceptible than the mouse to the teratogenic actions of DPH, but DPH-induced in utero deaths and inhibition of fetal growth are similar in both species. Single ip injections of DPH into time-dated (mating equals day 0) pregnant rats produced statistically significant (P < 0.05) increases in in utero deaths. A dose-effect relationship was seen following treatment on gestational days 8, 9, 11 and 12. The lowest degree of in utero mortality was seen after treatment on days 7, 10 and 13 resulting in a biphasic mortality curve. Fetal rat body weights were significantly reduced in a dose-related manner by treatment on days 7 throught 15. Single injections of DPH produced significant incidences of hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis. A significant incidence of cleft palate was produced by administration of 150 mg/kg of DPH on gestational days 10 throught 15. Other anomalies were hydrocephalus, hydronephrosis, peritoneal hemorrhage and renal hemorrhage. The effect of DPH on fetal mouse and rat long bone length was similar; fetal long bones of the appendicular skeleton were shortened in a day- and dose-dependent fashion.
Seeking the user interface

User interface design and coding can be complex and messy. We describe a system that uses code search to simplify and automate the generation of such code. We start with a simple sketch of the desired interface along with a set of keywords describing the application context. We then use existing code search engines to find results based on the keywords. We look for potential Java-based user interface solutions within those results and apply a series of code transformations to the solutions to generate derivative solutions, aiming to get solutions that constitute only the user interface and that will compile and run. We run the resultant solutions and compare the generated interfaces to the user's sketches. Finally, we let programmers interact with the matched solutions and return the running code for the solutions they choose. The system can be used not only for generating initial user interface code for an application, but also for exploring alternative interfaces and for looking at the user interfaces in a code repository.
Recycling Titanocene Dichloride from the Petasis Methylenation Reaction

A simple method for recycling the titanium species used in the Petasis methylenation reaction is described. Treatment of the titanocene oxide byproduct with chlorotrimethylsilane and pyridine allows regeneration, recovery, and successful reuse of titanocene dichloride in amounts corresponding to nearly 90% of the dimethyltitanocene reagent initially employed.
New developments in the production and use of stereoselective antibodies

This article describes the production of stereoselective antibodies using both classical immunological and modern molecular biological techniques. Stereoselective antibodies against α-hydroxy acids were raised in rabbits and mice and compared with previously produced anti-α-amino acid antibodies. It was found that both types of antibodies combine stereoselectivity with class-specificity. Sequence analyses revealed that antibodies with opposing stereoselectivities can be formed during the affinity maturation process from a common progenitor or independently using nonhomologous binding sites. For the first time, phage display was employed to obtain stereoselective antibody fragments. The versatility of stereoselective antibodies as chiral selectors was demonstrated by applying them in several immunosensors and in chiral chromatography. A simple, membrane-based optical sensor allowed detection of enantiomeric impurities at the 1/2,000 level (99.9% ee). Silica-based antibody chiral stationary phases could be used for enantiomer separation of aliphatic amino acids in standard-sized columns, while miniaturized columns allowed interfacing with an MS-detector. Chirality 17:S9–S18, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetorheological Fluid Behavior Under Constant Shear Rates and High Magnetic Fields Over Long Time Periods

This paper presents a new magnetorheological (MR) cell design along with a study of the magnetic field, shear rate, and time/shear strain influences on the properties and behavior of a MR fluid tested for long periods of time. The MR cell was designed to adapt a commercially available rheometer to measure the rheological properties of the fluid. Overall characteristics of the designed MR cell output capability are provided. Constant shear rate tests, two hours in duration, have been performed at shear rates between 0.1 1/s and 200 1/s under magnetic field intensities up to 0.4 T. The rheological measurements indicated that over time the fluid's shear stress magnitude decreases until it reaches a steady state. The time required to reach the steady state depends on both the magnetic field strength and the shear rate. The higher the field and the smaller the shear rate the shorter the time for the steady state to be reached.
The transition from injection to non-injection drug use: long-term outcomes among heroin and cocaine users in New York City

Aims To characterize heroin and cocaine users in New York City who have changed from injection to non-injection drug administration and to identify factors associated with long-term non-injection use. Design Two cross-sectional studies of heroin and cocaine users in New York City. Settings and participants New admissions were recruited at drug abuse treatment programs (2000–04) and respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit drug users from the community (2004). Both injecting and non-injecting drug users participated in each study. ‘Former injectors’ were defined operationally as people who had used heroin and/or cocaine in the 6 months prior to the interview and who had injected illicit drugs in the past, but whose most recent injection was more than 6 months before the study interview. ‘Current’ injectors were defined as people who had injected heroin and/or cocaine in the 6 months prior to the interview. Measurements A structured interview on drug use history was administered, and a serum sample was collected and tested for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Findings A total of 104 former injectors was recruited for the drug abuse treatment program study, and 229 current injectors were recruited for the community recruitment study; 160 former injectors and 1731 current injectors were recruited from the drug abuse treatment study. Compared with the current injectors, former injectors were older and more likely to be African American. The former injectors reported long intervals since their most recent injection, a mean of 8 years in the drug abuse treatment program study and a mean of 12 years in the community recruitment study. The most common reasons for stopping injection drug use included concerns about health, social stigmatization and self-image, and preference for intranasal use as a route of drug administration. The results were highly consistent across the two studies. Conclusions The transition from injection to non-injection use appears to be relatively stable behavior change for many former injectors, who report a decade or more without injecting. Developing a greater understanding of the transition from injection to stable non-injection drug use may provide insights into the natural histories of drug use and addiction.
Implicit Theories of Personality and Attributions of Hostile Intent: A Meta-Analysis, an Experiment, and a Longitudinal Intervention

Past research has shown that hostile schemas and adverse experiences predict the hostile attributional bias. This research proposes that seemingly nonhostile beliefs (implicit theories about the malleability of personality) may also play a role in shaping it. Study 1 meta-analytically summarized 11 original tests of this hypothesis (N = 1,659), and showed that among diverse adolescents aged 13–16 a fixed or entity theory about personality traits predicted greater hostile attributional biases, which mediated an effect on aggressive desires. Study 2 experimentally changed adolescents' implicit theories toward a malleable or incremental view and showed a reduction in hostile intent attributions. Study 3 delivered an incremental theory intervention that reduced hostile intent attributions and aggressive desires over an 8-month period.
Role of Temperature and Moisture in the Production and Maturation of Gibberella zeae Perithecia.

ABSTRACT Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is the most common pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Ascospores released from the perithecia of G. zeae are a major source of inoculum for FHB. The influence of temperature and moisture on perithecial production and development was evaluated by monitoring autoclaved inoculated cornstalk sections in controlled environments. Perithecial development was assessed at all combinations of five temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, and 28°C) and four moisture levels with means (range) -0.45 (-0.18, -1.16), -1.30 (-0.81, -1.68), -2.36 (-1.34, -3.53) and -4.02 (-2.39, -5.88) MPa. Moisture levels of -0.45 and -1.30 MPa and temperatures from 16 to 24°C promoted perithecial production and development. Temperatures of 12 and 28°C and moisture levels of -2.36 and -4.02 MPa either slowed or limited perithecial production and development. The water potential of -1.30 MPa had mature perithecia after 10 days at 20°C, but not until after 15 days for 24...
An evaluation of the physiological affects of anticipation, activity arousal and recovery in sprinting Greyhounds

Abstract This study was designed to separate the physically induced effects of activity from the psychologically induced effects of anticipation of activity. The purpose of this study was to determine if a psychological experience (i.e., activity anticipation) would cause a significant physiological reaction in athletic and working dogs. Physiological reaction to a psychological experience was determined by measuring physiological parameters (rectal temperature, pulse and respiration, TPR) of Greyhounds who were watching or running in a desired event comprised of intense work of short duration. The study was a cross-over design; twelve Greyhounds were split into two groups of six. On Day 1, a group of dogs chased a lure for 50m (i.e., Run Group), while other dogs watched (i.e., Watch Group) the Run Group dogs chase the lure. On Day 2, the previous day's Watch Group became the Run Group and the previous day's Run Group became the Watch Group. This procedure was repeated daily until each dog completed two running trials and two watching trials. Physiological parameters were obtained during resting, pre-exercise, post-exercise and 30min post-exercise. For all dogs of either group the anticipation of activity was associated with an increase in rectal temperature and heart rate from resting to pre-exercise. For the Watch Group, pre-exercise, post-exercise, and recovery heart rates were all significantly increased when compared to observations taken at rest ( P P =0.0002, and P =0.0210). For the Watch Group, pre-exercise, post-exercise, and recovery respiratory rates were not significantly different than observations taken at rest ( P =0.614, P =0.190, and P =0.0676). For both Watch and Run Groups, pre-exercise, post-exercise, and recovery rectal temperatures were significantly increased when compared to resting observations ( P P =0.475). This study demonstrated that both activity and anticipation of activity had significant effects on the vital signs of dogs bred and trained to perform a selected activity. Of the TPR measurements, heart rate was most associated with anticipation of activity. Respiratory rates appeared to be largely dependent on activity and therefore did not provide a sufficient marker for anticipation of activity. Of the three TPR measurements, rectal temperature demonstrated the least variation.
A Quantitative Test of the Waller-Hartree Theory of X-Ray Scattering Applied to the Diffuse Scattering from Crystals

The effect of the extra term in the incoherent part of the scattered radiation due to the operation of the Pauli exclusion principle is calculated for neon. It is shown that the inclusion of this term gives considerably better agreement with experimental results for NaF; it is further pointed out that it is probably only in the case of the diffuse scattering from crystals that the effect of this term can be detected experimentally.
Micromorphological and selected physical properties of a moldboard-plowed soil with and without residue cover

Abstract Changes in micromorphology and the following physical properties, air permeability, bulk density, volumetric moisture content and air-filled porosity, of bare (NR) and residue-covered (RM) soil surfaces (75 mm) that had been tilled with a moldboard plow were examined. Sampling was conducted during the growing season (May–September) and following application of artificial rain, equivalent to a 50-year storm. The soil was a Udalf formed in loess (76% silt; 21.5% clay in surface) overlying bedrock, and had a low surface organic-carbon content (1.42–1.76%). Results showed that residue cover provided an effective barrier against early-season surface sealing. Porosity (>40-μm equivalent diameter) following rainfall simulation was much higher in the upper 15 mm of the RM surface (22.8%) than in the NR surface (7.7%). Large planar pores (> 1000 μm) in the RM subtreatment accounted for much of the difference and this was associated with a much higher air permeability in the RM subtreatment (186.6 μ 2 ) than in the NR subtreatment (45.1 μ 2 ). However, with a decline in residue cover during the growing season the protective effect of residue diminished. Internal slaking and associated consolidation was prominent in both subtreatments at all sampling times and was characterized by fabrics indicating marked disaggregation and particle sorting. The most extreme example of this type of particle reorganization occurred in a RM replicate from the rainfall-simulation experiment. The replicate was underlain by a zone compacted by wheel traffic. A major drough period occurred during July, and samples taken from both subtreatments at the end of the month immediately after a 38-mm rain were sealed and internally consolidated. The RM subtreatment showed some evidence of reaggregation by the beginning of September. This may have been associated with a net increase in its subsurface residue content and an increase in soil moisture content during August. The observed differences in surface-sealing characteristics among subtreatments were manifested in significant differences in air permeability. The other physical measurements were less sensitive to these short distance changes in pore geometry.
The development ideal in higher education: The experience of Kenya and Tanzania

During the 1970s African universities were subject to powerful external expectations about what their role in national development ought to be. These stressed the need for universities to serve national policy and public welfare in direct, immediate and practical ways. The varied response of the Fast African universities provides sonic instructive experience about the potential and limits of a meaningful role for African universities in the 1980s. Although several of the chosen university innovations, especially at Dar es Salaam, were significant in their own right, they have not yet demonstrated a comprehensive or convincing model for emulation on the continent. An explanation for this mixed record suggests that the developmental expectations were partly premature and inflated and partly misconceived. In the first place, for most of the 1970s the universities were preoccupied with the internal task of institution-building and were in no position to expand their social responsibilities into an effective extension role. Secondly, the East African experience suggests that universities are not the most appropriate institutions for providing practical leadership in development projects or in policy-making which goes beyond pedagogic purposes. Thirdly, the varied experience of the three universities of Makerere, Dar es Salaam and Nairobi has shown the extent to which the character of the political regime circumscribes the assertion of an autonomous role. Finally, the public emphasis upon an external contribution to development has distracted attention from the real internal achievement of the universities during the 1970s which was to build up an indigenous teaching and research capacity. The challenge of the 1980s is to convince their governments and national populations that their contribution to national development lies not in the extent to which they can conform to certain material and intellectual prescriptions, but in their ability to demonstrate that above all the process of development requires the kind of trained minds and thinking society that universities are uniquely equipped to promote.
A proposed high-power, low-noise transverse beam wave amplifier

A new mode of transverse beam-wave interaction is described. Both the coupled-mode method and electron dynamic approach are used to analyze the interaction. Conditions required for the existence of the interaction as well as the gain expression are obtained. Extremely low noise and high power capabilities are anticipated from this interaction.
Bax in Murine Thymus Is a Soluble Monomeric Protein That Displays Differential Detergent-induced Conformations

Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax are members of the Bcl-2 family that play important roles in apoptosis regulation. These proteins are believed to be membrane-bound and to regulate apoptosis through formation of homo- and heterodimers. However, we recently found by subcellular fractionation that whereas Bcl-2 is predominantly a membrane protein as previously reported, Bax and a significant fraction of Bcl-XL are soluble in thymocyte and splenocyte extracts. In addition, we have demonstrated that the ability of Bax to form dimers appears to be a detergent-induced phenomenon that coincides with a detergent-induced conformational change. We have further investigated the tertiary and quaternary states of Bax in the presence of various detergents. Detergents such as Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 readily enable Bax hetero- and homodimerization. However, other detergents such as polydocanol, W-1, octyl glucoside, dodecyl maltoside, Tween 20, and sodium cholate allow varying degrees of Bax hetero- and homodimerization. Detergents such as 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid (Chaps) and Brij 35 allow neither hetero- nor homodimer formation. Immunoprecipitation analysis with the conformation-sensitive antibody uBax 6A7 revealed that whereas Triton X-100 readily exposes the N-terminal Bax epitope (amino acid 13–19), only limited exposure of the epitope occurs in Triton X-114, polydocanol, dodecyl maltoside, and sodium cholate, and no exposure of this epitope was observed in W-1, Chaps, octyl glucoside, Tween 20, and Brij 35. Moreover, we could not detect any proteins associated with the cytosolic form of Bax based on immunopurification of this protein. Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chromatography analysis of the cytosolic Bax indicated that this protein is monomeric and displays an apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa. Induction of apo-ptosis which causes the insertion of the soluble form of Bax into membranes did not result in appreciable Bax/Bcl-XL, Bax/Bcl-2 or Bax/Bax dimer formation as determined by cross-linking studies. Further analysis of Bax after apoptosis induction by immunoprecipitation in the presence of Chaps also revealed no significant heterodimer formation. In conclusion, Bax displays several distinct states in different detergents that expose defined regions of the protein. In addition, these results suggest that mechanisms other than the simple dimerization among members of the Bcl-2 family may be required for the regulation of apoptosis.
Zero-Sequence Current Distribution Along Transmission Lines

The zero-sequence current distribution among ground wires and the ground-return path of overhead transmission lines is subject to change in the vicinity of a ground fault and the feeding point. This paper introduces the concepts used in connection with the end-effect phenomena of transmission lines and describes the necessity for solving the end-effect current distribution. After dealing with the influential factors and basic assumptions, it describes a new calculation method which can be extended to develop generalized equations. The procedures to be followed in the case of ground faults supplied from either one or both sides are detailed. A summary of field tests is also included. The deviations between the measured and the computed values are found to be less than 15 percent. Several cases were studied to investigate the effect of factors, such as ground-wire material, tower-footing resistance, soil resistivity, and distance between feeding point and fault.
Are Student Evaluations of Teaching Valid? Evidence From an Analytical Business Core Course

Abstract In this study, the authors examined the relationship between student achievement (as measured by student grade earned in Intermediate Accounting I) and student evaluations (as measured by the mean class evaluation of the student's instructor in Introductory Accounting II). Controlling for ability with three variables–student grade in Introductory Accounting II, student grade point average, and student ACT score–the authors found a statistically significant negative relationship between student evaluations and student achievement. Thus, this research strengthens some faculty members' concern that widespread and significant application of student teacher evaluations in faculty performance evaluation may be partially responsible for the interrelated phenomena of grade inflation and content debasement.