cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of osmotic and oncodiuretic therapy on CT-brain density and intracranial pressure

This study was performed to determine the effects of osmotic and oncodiuretic therapy on CT-brain density (CT-BD) and on intracranial pressure (ICP) in normal monkeys. CT scans were obtained before therapy then hourly for six hours. ICP was measured before therapy and was continuously monitored thereafter. Four monkeys in group I received oncodiuretic therapy (furosemide-albumin) for the first five hours, then osmotic therapy (mannitol) was added for one hour. Four monkeys in group II received mannitol during the first hour of therapy, then oncodiuretic therapy was added for the remaining four hours. CT-BD was increased and ICP decreased one hour after mannitol but not after oncodiuretic therapy. CT-BD and ICP correlated inversely during osmotic therapy but not during oncodiuretic therapy. The effects of mannitol on CT-BD indicate that it lowers ICP by dehydrating normal brain. Oncodiuretic therapy did not reduce ICP nor consistently increase CT-BD in these six hour experiments on monkeys without cerebral oedema.
An empirical analysis of the corporate control, tax and incentive motivations for adopting leveraged employee stock ownership plans

This paper examines three motivations for leveraged ESOP adoption: as a takeover defense, as a mechanism for providing incentives to employees and as a vehicle for tax savings. ESOP adoption is more likely for companies with a higher predicted probability of takeover, but ESOP adopters have many characteristics that are different from takeover targets. Companies that adopt ESOPs can be distinguished from non-adopting companies based on characteristics associated with the tax and incentive effects of these plans. The size of the ESOP is shown to depend primarily on the tax and incentive characteristics.
Discharge characteristic of a non-aqueous electrolyte Li/O2 battery

Discharge characteristic of Li/O2 cells was studied using galvanostatic discharge, polarization, and ac-impedance techniques. Results show that the discharge performance of Li/O2 cells is determined mainly by the carbon air electrode, instead by the Li anode. A consecutive polarization experiment shows that impedance of the air electrode is progressively increased with polarization cycle number since the surfaces of the air electrode are gradually covered by discharge products, which prevents oxygen from diffusing to the reaction sites of carbon. Based on this observation, we proposed an electrolyte-catalyst “two-phase reaction zone” model for the catalytic reduction of oxygen in carbon air electrode. According to this model, the best case for electrolyte-filling is that the air electrode is completely wetted while still remaining sufficient pores for fast diffusion of gaseous oxygen. It is shown that an electrolyte-flooded cell suffers low specific capacity and poor power performance due to slow diffusion of the dissolved oxygen in liquid electrolyte. Therefore, the status of electrolyte-filling plays an essential role in determining the specific capacity and power capability of a Li/O2 cell. In addition, we found that at low discharge currents the Li/O2 cell showed two discharge voltage plateaus. The second voltage plateau is attributed to a continuous discharge of Li2O2 into Li2O, and this discharge shows high polarization due to the electrically isolating property of Li2O2.
Haemocyanin concentration of juvenile lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in relation to moulting cycle and feeding conditions

Groups of laboratory-reared, juvenile lobsters (Homarus gammarus, 40–50 g wet weight) were given different types of food (shrimp, mixed invertebrates and pellets, bivalves, starved) for a period of 22 wk. Haemocyanin concentration was measured weekly, moult stage and moultings noted. Haemocyanin concentration decreased rapidly in the starved group (from 0.8–0.6 to 0.2 mM). The group fed with bivalves showed a small decline with time, to 0.5–0.3 mM at the end of the period, indicating a deficient diet. The haemocyanin in the other groups did not change significantly during the experiment. Moultings decreased in frequency and the intermoult period was prolonged when the quality of food was decreased, and in the starved group moulting ceased completely after 1.5 months. Haemocyanin concentration was lowest immediately after moult and increased gradually through stages C and D. Lobsters that were starved or maintained on the bivalve diet did not reach the same premoult haemocyanin levels as those fed with shrimps and mixed food.
Processing of Composite Thin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Structures

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) structure is proposed in which a composite thin film cathode substrate supports a dense thin film electrolyte with a thickness of less than 1 μm. The cathode substrate has a graded porosity achieved through the partial sintering of a spin-coated CeO2 colloidal suspension. The resulting surface has a pore size and surface roughness which allowed a fully dense ZrO2:16%Y (YSZ) electrolyte to be spin-coated directly from a polymeric precursor without capillary forces removing the precursor from the surface of the porous substrate. Using this process, fuel cell structures were constructed with temperatures not exceeding 800°C. The porous CeO2 interlayer should allow for decreased ohmic losses, as well as decreased reactions between the YSZ and the cathode substrate. In addition, the nanocrystalline grain sizes should allow for increased catalytic activity on the cathode. Calculated ohmic losses indicated the resistance of the CeO2 interlayer limited the power of the structure, which was minimized by impregnating the porous layer with a mixed-conducting perovskite. The final structure shows significantly reduced ohmic losses as calculated at 400°C.
Image Based Modeling of Biotransport Through Complex Moving Geometries

One of the major challenges to realistically modeling biotransport phenomena in computational fluid dynamics simulations lies with the difficulty of accurately describing the tortuous geometries and motions exhibited by organs and organ systems. Descriptions must be created in a manner that is amenable to definition within some operative computational domain, while at the same time capturing the essence of what is desired to be understood.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Swainsonine inhibits macrophage receptor-mediated uptake and degradation of a mannosyl-oligosaccharide.

Summary Rat pulmonary macrophages were incubated in the presence of a radiolabeled mannosyl-oligosaccharide obtained from ovalbumin. Receptor-mediated endocytosis and degradation of this ligand by the cells was followed in the presence or absence of swainsonine, an inhibitor of α-mannosidases. The results indicated that at higher concentrations (> l μ/ml) of swainsonine, both the internalization and degradation of the radiolabeled ligand were inhibited. At a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml of swainsonine, only the degradation was inhibited while the uptake was unaltered. The degradation of the oligosaccharide was blocked due to the inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase. However, the inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase was reversible upon withdrawal of swainsonine.
The Colours of Mother-o'-Pearl

HAD Mr. C. E. Benham given his address when writing to you on this subject (NATURE, vol. lii. p. 619), I should merely have taken the liberty of sending to him direct a copy of a paper entitled, “Prof. Blake and Shell-growth in Cephalopoda” (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. i. pp. 421–427, June 1888), in which similar arguments to those of Mr. Benham were adduced. Now, however, perhaps you will permit me to refer Mr. Benham to Dr. W. B. Carpenter's report on shell-structure (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1844, P. 11). As for the text-book writers, who usually support their explanation of the iridescence of mother-o'-pearl by reference to the theory of Brewster, they may be recommended to study his original paper (Phil. Trans., 1814, p. 397), when they will see that such a reading of it is both incorrect and incomplete.
Concurrent diagnoses of Hodgkin lymphoma and biclonal myeloma in the bone marrow

The diagnoses of Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma have rarely been made simultaneously in the same patient. We present a case of an 82-year-old man who rapidly developed pancytopenia and liver failure with coagulopathy. Serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation revealed an unequivocal immunoglobulin Gkappa and immunoglobulin Glambda biclonal gammopathy. Bone marrow biopsy showed involvement by classic Hodgkin lymphoma with an inflammatory background including 49% mature plasma cells. Unfortunately, the patient died 14 days after admission. To our knowledge, a case of concurrent Hodgkin lymphoma and biclonal multiple myeloma has not previously been reported. Detection of severe bone marrow plasmacytosis in the background of Hodgkin lymphoma should alert the pathologist to the possibility of collision with a plasma cell neoplasm, warranting a complete diagnostic workup.
A new dental approach for reducing food intake.

Objective: A behavioral recommendation for weight loss is reduction of size of bites of food. This “proof of concept” study tested the efficacy of a new, patented, dental approach, the DDS System, for reducing food intake. This removable tool is inserted into the upper palate of the mouth, reducing the size of the oral cavity, thereby potentially reducing bite size. Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty-two adults (18 to 65 years) with BMI between 27 and 40 were randomly assigned to the control or experimental conditions. Participants ate all meals and stayed between meals at a research center. Day 1 served as baseline for both groups. On Day 2, experimental participants utilized the tool during meals. Changes in subjective ratings of hunger and satiety were measured using visual analog scales before and after each meal. Results: Food intake difference scores were calculated for each participant (Day 2 − Day 1). Analysis of covariance on difference scores, using baseline as a covariate, showed that the experimental group ate significantly less (p < 0.05) on the second day (M = −659.2 kcal/d) compared with the control group (M = −125.9 kcal/d). Analysis of covariance, with ratings on Day 1 as a covariate, revealed that the experimental and control group did not differ on visual analog scale difference scores (premeal − postmeal) from Day 1 to Day 2. Discussion: These findings suggest that use of this tool during meals significantly reduced food intake. This reduction of food intake was not associated with changes in ratings of hunger or satiety.
From the outside in: Lessons in Learning beyond the School Walls.

Major discontinuities exist between the way learning is conceptualized in schools and the way learning happens outside school. The author challenges educators to engage in a serious conversation about methods for mending the mismatch.
Single superconducting thin film devices for applications in high T/sub c/ materials circuits

The authors investigated several different devices based on regions of weak superconductivity and multiple parallel links in thin films. Devices were fabricated with Nb and YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ films. Hysteretic symmetric and asymmetric I-V (current-voltage) curves have been observed. Flux flow was indicated. Device switching properties and the dependence of the flux-flow signature in the I-V curve on applied magnetic field were explored. Contrary to vortex flow devices based on Josephson junctions, the devices described here do not possess a tunnelling barrier and are made of only a single superconducting layer. Hence they should be applicable to electronic circuits based on high-T/sub c/ superconducting materials without the need for tunnel junctions. >
High purity fluoropolymer materials: Trace element content and leaching

Abstract Many problems in analytical chemistry are shared by the high purity crystal growth community since both are greatly concerned with the effects of impurities either upon an analysis or upon a device. Fluoropolymers are widely used today in applications where inertness or high purity or both are needed. The behavior of these polymers in high purity solvent systems has been investigated by several analytical techniques. Both the resin from which finished parts are made as well as blow molded bottles have been evaluated to determine cationic impurities in both the resin and in leachates.
Capnography Application in Acute and Critical Care

The use of capnography has expanded over recent years. Currently, capnography is used in a variety of acute care settings. This article describes what capnography is and how it is used. The normal and abnormal capnogram or waveforms are described to assist in identifying various clinical situations.
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis with Recurrent Embolic Events as Manifestation of Ovarian Neoplasm

We describe the case of a 43-year-old woman with transient ischemic neurologic deficits and recurrent systemic and pulmonary emboli in whom infectious work-up and extensive thrombophilic evaluation were unremarkable. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) established the diagnosis of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). This is a rare condition often associated with hypercoagulable states or advanced malignancy such as adenocarcinomas, characterized by cardiac vegetations along valvular coaptation lines without destruction of leaflets. In our patient, we diagnosed an ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma, a malignant disorder that has been rarely reported in association with NBTE. This case illustrates that NBTE can present as an atypical manifestation of malignancy and must be distinguished from infective endocarditis which implies a different therapeutic strategy. When confronted with findings of NBTE without a clear etiology, an occult neoplasm must be excluded. Anticoagulant therapy is the mainstay of treatment. However, cardiac vegetations may require surgical intervention in rare instances.
Sent Simulating Simon Simulating Scientists

Abstract The paper consists of a reflexive exercise in which Herbert Simon's views concerning science are applied to his own research. It argues that what connected his ventures into so many different disciplinary domains was a search for complex, hierarchical systems. In the process, the paper establishes a close connection between Simon's insights and his focus on simulation. Instead of simulating Simon on a computer, though, it simulates Simon on paper. This exercise is then contrasted with Simon's own attempts to simulate science. This comparison leads to a reflexive evaluation of Simon's simulations.
Specific incorporation of 5-fluorocytidine into Escherichia coli RNA

RNAs isolated from Escherichia coli B grown in the presence of 5-fluorouracil have high levels of the analog replacing uridine and uridine-derived modified nucleosides. Cytidine has also been shown to be replaced in these RNAs by 5-fluorocytidine, a metabolic product of 5-fluorouracil, but to a considerably lesser extent. When 5-fluorocytidine is added to cultured of E. coli B little 5-fluorocytidine (0.20 mol%) is incorporated into cellular RNAs because of the active cytosine/cytidine deaminase activities. Addition of the cytidine deaminase inhibitor tetrahydrouridine (70 micrograms/ml) increases 5-fluorocytidine incorporation to about 3 mol% in tRNAs, but does not eliminate 5-fluorouridine incorporation. E. coli mutants lacking cytosine/cytidine deaminase activities are able to more than double the extent of 5-fluorocytidine incorporation into their transfer and ribosomal RNAs, replacing cytidine with no detectable 5-fluorouridine incorporation. Levels of 5-methyluridine, pseudouridine and dihydrouridine in tRNAs are not affected. These fluorocytidine-containing tRNAs show amino acid-accepting activities similar to control tRNAs. Fluorocytidine was found to be quite susceptible to deamination under alkaline conditions. Its conversion to primarily 5-fluorouridine follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with a half-life of 10 h in 0.3 M KOH at 37 degrees C. This instability in alkali probably explains why 5-fluorocytidine was not found earlier in RNAs isolated from cells treated with 5-fluorouridine, since most early RNA hydrolyses were carried out in alkali. It may also explain the mild mutagenic properties observed in some systems following 5-fluorouridine treatment. Initial 19F-NMR measurements in fluorocytidine-containing tRNAs indicate that this modified tRNA may be useful in future structural studies of tRNAs and in probing tRNA-protein complexes.
Human laminin-5 and laminin-10 mediated gene expression of prostate carcinoma cells.

In prostate cancer progression, the basal lamina switches from predominantly laminin-5 to laminin-10. DU-145 prostate cancer cells were treated with either soluble laminin-5 (20 ng/ml) or laminin-10 (1 µg/ml) for 6, 24, and 48 hr. Total RNA was harvested for a 7,500 human cDNA microarray. Hybridizations were carried out in accordance with a 10 sample analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical model. One thousand one hundred sixteen genes had measurable expression 2 standard deviations above background and 50% of spots for any given sample for all hybridizations were positive. Expression values of significantly varying genes were clustered and a list of 408 genes (P < 0.05) with a 1.5 or greater fold change in at least one time point were chosen for further analysis. Seventy eight changed in a time-dependent manner with laminin-10 treatment, 85 changed with laminin-5, and 13 showed changes with both treatments. The 408 genes that passed a paired t-test in at least one time-dependent category were further analyzed using Pathway Miner. One of the largest gene association networks involved signal transduction in the growth factor-MAP kinase pathways. EGFR was validated by real-time PCR and laminin-10 mediated cell adhesion activated EGFR in DU-145 cells. Both laminins appear to be important signal transducers in prostate cancer. Prostate 66: 1381–1390, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extremum seeking control for soft landing of an electromechanical valve actuator

Many electromagnetic actuators suffer from high velocity impacts. One such actuator is the electromechanical valve actuator, recently receiving attention for enabling variable valve timing in internal combustion engines. Impacts experienced by the actuator are excessively loud and create unnecessary wear. This paper presents an extremum seeking controller designed to reduce the magnitude of these impacts. Based on a measure of the sound intensity at impact, the controller tunes a nonlinear feedback to achieve impact velocities of less than 0.1m/s while maintaining transition times of less than 4.0ms. The control strategy is implemented with an eddy current sensor, to measure the valve position, and a microphone.
Strain burst phenomena in the necking of a sheet that deforms by non-associated plastic flow

In non-close-packed crystalline lattices, e.g. bcc metals and intermetallics, the stress-state dependence of the Peierls barrier for the motion of a screw dislocation violates Schmid's law and leads to non-associated plastic flow in single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates (Bassani 1994 Adv. Appl. Mech. 30 191–258, Bassani et al 2001 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 319–321 97–101). Plasticity models based upon distinct yield and flow functions are proposed to describe polycrystalline behaviour and specialized to the case of isotropic response. Studies of sheet necking using both a Marciniak–Kuczynski analysis and finite elements predict that non-associated flow has a significant effect on the evolution of inhomogenieties in the sheet. For nearly rate-insensitive response, intermittent bursts of strain arise as a consequence of non-associated flow, particularly for deformations near the plane-strain state. These strain bursts, which are due to instantaneously unstable deformation behaviour, are observed to be sensitive to mesh refinement in the case of a purely local constitutive description. Strain-gradient effects are introduced, which significantly improves convergence.
Good and bad aspects of traps for neutral particles

Abstract We exhibit a configuration of magnetic fiedls which has a field minimum at its center and is therefore suitable for trapping paramagnetic neutral atoms or molecules. The trap has a large field component along the ẑ axis and is therefore conducive to high resolution spectroscopy. We propose an RF-laser cooling cycle which appears to be capable of attaining ultimate temperatures of ∼ 10-6K. Limits to the attainable resolution due to this temperature are discussed. In order to label the properties of traps for neutral particles as “good” or “bad” it is necessary to have some value system. Mine is that good properties enhance the utility of these traps for studies of properties of the trapped atoms: precise spectroscopy of their levels, collision studies using a dense cold target, and possibly the “solid state” physics of their mutual interaction at high density. (From the contrasting perspective of interesting and/or challenging physics relating to slow atoms, the labels good and bad may well be reversed!)
Heterotopic ossification following a major traumatic event.

d t a A 36-year-old man involved in a high-speed motorcycle crash sustained multiple severe injuries, including facial fractures, splenic laceration, mesenteric and bowel injuries, bladder rupture, pelvic fracture, and multiple long bone fractures, as well as pericardial tamponade. During his initial hospitalization, he experienced several complications, including abdominal compartment syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, ultimately requiring approximately 3 months of mechanical ventilation. These injuries kept him completely immobile for many months. Four months after hospitalization, he was diagnosed with heterotopic ossification (HO) of the knees, shoulders, and pelvis (Figs 1-3). Heterotopic ossification is a process wherein bone is formed in normally noncalcified soft tissues around a joint. While the exact mechanism for this anomalous development of bone is unknown, multiple theories exist and include the following: (1) the transformation (perhaps by an unknown hormonal agent) of mesenchymal cells in the soft tissue into osteoblastic cells, which then produce lamellar bone; (2) formation of lamellar bone by the process of active remodeling with normally differentiated osteoblasts and osteoclasts that have migrated away from true bone tissue; and (3) fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a rare inherited disease. In any case, the result of the heterotopic bone production can produce clinically relevant symptoms, including significantly decreased range of motion and pain about the affected joint. When symptoms, such as
Inelastic Analysis of Transverse Deflection of Plates by the Boundary Element Method

A numerical scheme for time-dependent inelastic analysis of transverse deflection of plates of arbitrary shape by the boundary element method is presented. The governing differential equation is the inhomogeneous biharmonic equation for the rate of small transverse deflection. This complicated boundary value problem for an arbitrarily shaped plate is solved by using a novel combination of the boundary element method and finite element methodology. The number of unknowns, however, depends upon the boundary discretization and is therefore less than in a finite element model. A combined creep-plasticity constitutive theory with state variables is used to model material behavior. The computer code developed can solve problems for an arbitrarily shaped plate with clamped or simply supported boundary conditions and an arbitrary loading history. Some illustrative numerical results for clamped and simply supported rectangular and triangular plates, under various loading histories, are presented and discussed.
Neurospora from natural populations: a global study.

This is a summary report on samples of conidiating Neurospora species collected over three decades, in many regions around the world, primarily from burned vegetation. The genus is ubiquitous in humid tropical and subtropical regions, but populations differ from region to region with regard to which species are present. The entire collection, >4600 cultures from 735 sites, is listed by geographical origin and species. Over 600 cultures from 78 sites have been added since the most recent report. Stocks have been deposited at the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. New cultures were crossed to testers for species identification; evident mixed cultures were separated into pure strains, which were identified individually. New techniques and special testers were used to analyze cultures previously listed without species identification. The discussion summarizes what has been learned about species and natural populations, describes laboratory investigations that have employed wild strains, and makes suggestions for future work.
Attitudes of older adults regarding disclosure of complementary therapy use to physicians.

Many older adults use complementary therapies in health self-management but do not disclose this use to their physicians. This paper examines factors affecting disclosure of complementary therapy use, and it considers ethnic and gender differences in disclosure. It is based on a systematic qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews conducted with 62 African American and White adults aged 65 and older. Twenty-three of the 39 older adults who acknowledge using complementary therapies disclose this to their physicians. Themes leading to disclosure are believing that physicians are supportive and the importance of sharing information. Themes for not disclosing complementary therapy use include physicians’ negative views, complementary therapy use affecting physicians’ incomes, and the need to protect cultural knowledge. African American women were least likely to disclose use. Disclosure by elders to their physicians is a complex decision process. Medical encounters, including decisions regarding information to disclose, are embedded in broader social structures.
Dermatosparaxis in a Himalayan Cat: II. Ultrastructural Studies of Dermal Collagen

Dermatosparaxis is a connective tissue disease, primarily of sheep and cattle, that results from deficient activity of the NH2-terminal procollagen peptidase. It is characterized by fragile, loose skin that is easily torn with minor trauma. We have identified a cat with a defect in this procollagen peptidase which affects only a small proportion of the collagen molecules; the majority of the collagen is processed normally. Nonetheless, as seen by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, this population of aberrant collagen molecules significantly alters the structure of individual collagen fibrils, the assembly of fibrils into fiber bundles and the integration of fiber bundles into a normal, woven network in the reticular dermis of skin. Although the clinical findings are less severe than those in sheep and cattle where the enzymatic defect is more complete, the ultrastructural abnormalities are marked and demonstrate that a minority of abnormal collagen molecules can have a major effect on the structure and function of connective tissues.
Polymerase resistance to polymerase chain reaction inhibitors in bone

Amplification of DNA from aged or degraded skeletal remains can be a challenging task, in part due to naturally occurring inhibitors of the polymerase chain reaction. PCR inhibitors may act by inactivating a polymerase itself, or compete with or bind other reaction components, although various polymerases may be differentially susceptible to such insult. In this study, ten thermostable polymerases from six bacterial species were examined for their ability to amplify DNA in the presence of bone-derived or individual PCR inhibitors. Two polymerases, one from Thermus aquaticus and one from Thermus thermophilus, showed lower susceptibility to inhibition from bone, while polymerases from Thermus flavus were highly susceptible. Addition of bovine serum albumin improved the activity of most of the enzymes. Taken together, the results indicate that thermostable DNA polymerases have different susceptibility to bone-derived PCR inhibitors, and that those most often used in forensic laboratories may not be optimal when working with DNA from skeletal remains.
Chinese Immigrant Families and Bilingualism Among Young Children

Thirty-five children (17 boys and 18 girls, 4 to 8 years old) in 2-parent Chinese immigrant families had attended English-speaking facilities for 35.0 months (boys) and 32.9 months (girls), respectively. They were tested at home with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised (PPVT-R) and the Mandarin version of PPVT-R. No gender differences were found. Maternal English PPVT-R vocabulary (M = 112.9) correlated positively with child PPVT-R scores (r = . 35, p = . 04). The longer the children attended English-only educational facilities, the higher were their English PPVT-R scores (r = .327, p = .059), even when controlling for maternal scores. Children (n = 12) who had spent about 2 years (22 to 26 months) in English-speaking educational facilities had English PPVT-R standardized scores (M = 94.8, range = 71–110) close to the average (M = 100) score of English monolinguals. Chinese receptive language scores increased during the preschool years and were normative with monolingual Chinese children until abo...
Can the Elimination of Lactose from Formula Improve Feeding Tolerance in Premature Infants? |[bull]| 1015

Premature infants may be intolerant to lactose-containing formulas due to inadequate production of lactase that persists until about 36 weeks gestational age. We hypothesized that a low lactose (< 5% lactose) premature infant formula would ameliorate feeding intolerance in premature infants. We randomized 306 admissions to the NICU who were < 1800 gms and< 36 weeks to receive Enfamil Premature Formula (EPF) 24 kcal/oz or a specially prepared low lactose study formula (LL EPF) which was comparable to EPF 24 except for the replacement of lactose with maltose. All infants were on the same protocol for advancement of feeds. Caretakers were blind to study assignment. We have complete data for 252 study infants, 69 of whom received some human milk. We report data for the 183 infants who received EPF (n=93) or LL EPF (n=90) only. The mean duration of study enrollment was 1 month (31.3 days). Groups were comparable for birth weight (1180 vs. 1150 g), gestational age (30.3 vs. 30.0 wk), and day of first feed (7.0 vs. 7.1). Data are mean(S.D.).
The Mechanism of Activation at Catalytic Surfaces

A considerable body of experimental evidence is now available with reference to the properties of the catalytic surface, showing that such a surface is not uniformly active and that chemical reactions occur over portions of the surface which may vary in extent from a very small fraction of the surface to the whole area. A theory which takes account of these facts was recently put forward by the writer and has received a very favourable acceptance by workers in this field. For reactions in which only a relatively small fraction of the surface is catalytically active, the activity is associated with occasional groups of atoms fixed in metastable positions associated with high energy and chemical unsaturation relative to the atoms in the regular lattice of the catalyst granule. This concept, however, of the catalyst surface, satisfactory though it be, does not answer what, in the last analysis, must be the central problem of the studyof contact catalysis, namely, the nature of the activation induced in the reactants, by association with these activating centres of the surface. It is this problem which has called forth, in the recent literature, vague and ill-defined possibilities which lack any experimental foundation. A series of recent experimental investigations, carried out in the Princeton Laboratories, provide, however, a very concrete picture as to the nature of the activation process in several different examples. It is the object of the present communication to summarise these researches and point out the conclusions to which they logically lead. Hinshelwood and Pritchard, in considering this problem, believed that adsorption of the reactant might increase as often as it decreased the stability of the adsorbed molecule. They see in excessive momentum of parts of the adsorbed molecule a possible cause of chemical change. Norrish writes of a change of configuration or distortion of the molecule consequent on an association with a polar catalyst. His observation that such a change must occur with the absorption of energy needs further qualification when it is remembered that the absorption process is often accompanied by the liberation of large amounts of heat energy. Bodenstein refers to the deformation of adsorbed molecules. Rideal uses the same expression in a recent series of lectures. Constable is more specific. He speaks of a distortion of the OH group in an adsorbed alcohol molecule and of a straining of the adsorbed molecule by the electrostatic and electromagnetic fields of force of the atoms which constitute the centres of activity of the surface. He believes that there must be a limit to the distortion of the adsorbed molecule produced by the centres of activity of a particular substance, though he is not specific as to what that limit may be.
Drug-associated changes in amino acid residues in Gag p2, p7NC, and p6Gag/p6Pol in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) display a dominant effect on replicative fitness and drug response

Regions of HIV-1 gag between p2 and p6Gag/p6Pol, in addition to protease (PR), develop genetic diversity in HIV-1 infected individuals who fail to suppress virus replication by combination protease inhibitor (PI) therapy. To elucidate functional consequences for viral replication and PI susceptibility by changes in Gag that evolve in vivo during PI therapy, a panel of recombinant viruses was constructed. Residues in Gag p2/p7NC cleavage site and p7NC, combined with residues in the flap of PR, defined novel fitness determinants that restored replicative capacity to the posttherapy virus. Multiple determinants in Gag have a dominant effect on PR phenotype and increase susceptibility to inhibitors of drug-resistant or drug-sensitive PR genes. Gag determinants of drug sensitivity and replication alter the fitness landscape of the virus, and viral replicative capacity can be independent of drug sensitivity. The functional linkage between Gag and PR provides targets for novel therapeutics to inhibit drug-resistant viruses.
Mesozoic plate motions in the eastern central North Atlantic

Abstract A 1500 km long segment of a fracture zone exhibiting continuity of trend and offset with the Atlantis fracture zone (30°N) was mapped with bathymetric, seismic reflection, and magnetic profiles between the outer continental shelf and the abyssal hills off northwest Africa. The fracture zone segment occurs in crust of Mesozoic age dated tentatively by the identification of remanent magnetic anomalies. Lithospheric plate motions in a frame of reference fixed with respect to Africa are deduced along the fracture zone. During the Early and Middle Jurassic (⩽ 180 to > 155 my) the plate motion was east-west described by a rotation of 10° about a pole located at 36° ± 2°N, 17.5 ± 1°W with respect to Africa. The location of this pole indicates that the opening of the Atlantic between North America and Africa was independent of the opening between North America and Europe with an intervening plate boundary in the position of the present Azores-Gibraltar ridge. The rotation changed to northwest-southeast during the Late Jurassic (> 155 to about 150 my), when the azimuth to the pole of plate rotation jumped about 20° of arc eastward from the azimuth to the prior pole. The northwest-southeast relative rotation continued during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (about 150 to about 100 my). The azimuth to the rotational pole appears to have migrated progressively westward toward the Cenozoic pole.
Growth of type II strained layer superlattice, bulk InAs and GaSb materials for minority lifetime characterization

Abstract We have examined the growth of strained layer superlattice (SLS) structures for the purpose of characterizing and improving the minority carrier lifetime. Structures with different SL periods but with same absorption wavelength were first studied. Despite a doubling of the number of interfaces per thickness unit, no significant change was seen in the carrier lifetime. This observation points away from the interfaces as the location of lifetime limiting defect centers. To gain further insights into the spatial location of the defect centers, a series of binary InAs and GaSb layers grown with different substrate temperatures, were studied. We found that higher growth temperatures were beneficial for both binaries, although the improvement for GaSb was less than that of InAs. The substrate temperature was also varied in SLS structures and characterized with high-resolution x-ray diffraction. By using the peak width from the SLS zero-order diffraction as a figure of merit, we found a shallow growth window of ∼±20° around an optimum temperature of 440 °C. Outside this temperature window the material quality deteriorated very rapidly. Unfortunately, the substrate temperatures that would provide an improvement in the binary lifetimes fall mainly above the SLS growth window, thus limiting this parameter as a means of improving lifetimes in the SLS. A model that qualitatively relates bulk and SLS lifetimes through native defects is proposed and strategies for improving the lifetimes are discussed.
Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance in the United States; however, previous imaging studies have not detected altered brain structure in marijuana users compared to non-users. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate possible differences in brain tissue composition in a group of 11 heavy marijuana users and a group of 8 non-users. All participants were male. Statistical comparisons were made at the voxel level on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images to determine differences in gray matter and white matter tissue density. Compared to non-users, marijuana users had lower gray matter density in a cluster of voxels in the right parahippocampal gyrus (P = 0.0001), and greater density bilaterally near the precentral gyrus and the right thalamus (P < 0.04). Marijuana users also had lower white matter density in the left parietal lobe (P = 0.03), and higher density around the parahippocampal and fusiform gyri on the left side compared to non-users (P < 0.002). Longer duration of marijuana use (in years) was significantly correlated with higher white matter tissue density in the left precentral gyrus (P = 0.045). Our preliminary results suggest evidence of possible structural differences in the brain of heavy marijuana users, and localize regions for further investigation of the effects of marijuana in the brain.
Experience with memory management in open Linda systems

Coordination systems, in particular Linda, have established themselves as important tools for developing applications for open systems such as the Internet. This paper shows how to tackle a forgotten, yet crucial problem in open coordination systems: memory management. As with any system which intends to be of wide use, coordination systems have to address the problems of memory exhaustion since memory is a finite resource. This paper first explores the separation between coordination and computation in order to make it clear that the problem of memory exhaustion in coordination systems cannot be solved using garbage collection schemes implemented at the computation language — a garbage collection scheme must exist in the coordination environment as well. As Linda is arguably the most successful coordination system, this paper will focus on the Linda-like family of systems. By showing how the problem can be tackled in Linda it is expected that a solution for other coordination system could be implemented by adapting the method described.
Amylin and leptin activate overlapping signalling pathways in an additive manner in mouse GT1-7 hypothalamic, C2C12 muscle and AML12 liver cell lines

Aims/hypothesis It has been suggested that amylin amplifies leptin’s effects and affects energy homeostasis synergistically with leptin in animals and humans. However, no previous study has reported on amylin and leptin signalling in hypothalamic, muscle and liver cells.
The onset of orientational crystallization in poly(ethylene terephthalate) during low temperature drawing

It is well known that crystallization can be induced in amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by orientation below the isotropic crystallization temperature. The magnitude of the strain necessary for crystallization varies inversely with molecular weight because of relaxation. However, lower molecular weight PET might be expected to, crystallize at a lower extent of molecular orientation, since the crystallization rate also varies inversely with molecular weight. Chain conformations were measured during low temperature drawing of PET of various molecular weights. The molecular configuration associated with strain induced crystallization was found to be independent of chain length. The onset of orientational crystallization was associated with a particular conformation, and this critical trans/gauche ratio was equivalent for PETs of various molecular weights. The drawing behavior is thus in accord with theory concerning the transition of flexible chain polymes from isotropy to an ordered state. This result is congruent with previous studies suggesting the presence of extended chain crystallinity in amorphous PET after low temperature drawing.
A novel approach for image fusion based on Markov Random Fields

Markov random field (MRF) model is a powerful tool to model image characteristics accurately and has been successfully applied to a large number of image processing applications. This paper investigates the problem of image fusion based on MRF models. A fusion algorithm under the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion is developed under this model. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the improvement of fusion performance by our algorithm.
Noncoding Sequences Near Duplicated Genes Evolve Rapidly

Gene expression divergence and chromosomal rearrangements have been put forward as major contributors to phenotypic differences between closely related species. It has also been established that duplicated genes show enhanced rates of positive selection in their amino acid sequences. If functional divergence is largely due to changes in gene expression, it follows that regulatory sequences in duplicated loci should also evolve rapidly. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) on all noncoding loci within 5 kb of every transcript in the human genome and identified sequences with increased substitution rates in the human lineage since divergence from Old World Monkeys. The fraction of rapidly evolving loci is significantly higher nearby genes that duplicated in the common ancestor of humans and chimps compared with nonduplicated genes. We also conducted a genome-wide scan for nucleotide substitutions predicted to affect transcription factor binding. Rates of binding site divergence are elevated in noncoding sequences of duplicated loci with accelerated substitution rates. Many of the genes associated with these fast-evolving genomic elements belong to functional categories identified in previous studies of positive selection on amino acid sequences. In addition, we find enrichment for accelerated evolution nearby genes involved in establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, processes that differ significantly between humans and monkeys. Our findings support the hypothesis that adaptive evolution of the regulation of duplicated genes has played a significant role in human evolution.
Random Multiple-Access Communication and Group Testing

We study the application of group testing to the design of efficient algorithms for random multiple-access communication systems. Both direct transmission and reservation systems are considered for various types of channel feedback. We propose and analyze algorithms based on conventional and generalized group testing techniques. The proposed algorithms outperform TDMA and algorithms based on binary tree search and possess certain optimality properties.
Microelectronic engineering education for emerging technologies

The Department of Microelectronic Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology received NSF Department Level Reform (DLR) planning and implementation grants in 2003–04 and 2005–10, respectively. The primary mission of these efforts was to evaluate and develop educational initiatives towards nanotechnology aligned with recommendations from the institution of National Nanotechnology Initiatives published by the US Government in 2000. The Department proposed to take this opportunity further and guide its curriculum toward new frontiers in nanotechnology and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMs). Advances in semiconductor technology have resulted in micro/nanofabrication techniques being employed in MEMs, chemical & bio sensors, and in energy harvesting devices and systems. The technology has evolved through aggressive process control and scalability characterized by Moore's Law. The result has been emergence of a multifunctional “More than Moore” regime that is increasingly multidisciplinary in nature. Under this effort, new courses and curricula in Microelectronics and Nanofabrication providing access to state-of-the art semiconductor fabrication facilities to students from different science and engineering programs have been formulated.
Bupropion for Blau syndrome.

Abstract Blau syndrome (BS) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease characterized by granulomas and arthritis. The gene mutated in BS was recently found to be CARD15. Mutations in this gene also occur in about 20% of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), though with different mutations than in the Crohn’s patients. We are not aware of any cure or specific treatment for BS. We have found that bupropion is effective for CD, and we now suggest that bupropion be considered for treatment of BS.
Uncured ELK as a chemical mechanical planarization stop layer in Cu/XLK interconnect

A novel approach of copper CMP stop layer using uncured extreme low-K was demonstrated to improve the within-wafer Rs uniformity on Cu/extra low-k (XLK) interconnect. This CMP stop layer could be converted into a low dielectric constant film by removing porogen with post CMP treatment, hence its impact on overall's film capacitance is minimized.
Managerial Strategies and Behavior in Networks: A Model with Evidence from U.S. Public Education *

This manuscript provides the first systematic test of a formal theory of managing government programs in a network context (see O’Toole and Meier 1999). Using data from several hundred school districts in Texas, we create a measure of network management that reflects the time school superintendents interact with several sets of significant actors in the environment. We find that network management is not only related to overall organizationalit has positive impacts even in the presence of a lagged dependent variable. Further, management appears to interact with other organizational resources in a nonlinear manner to further augment organizational performance. Although public school networks are not as complicated or as populated as those of many other public organizations, the findings suggest how management might matter in these other networks.
Approximate representations and pointwise bounds for solutions of a class of non-linear boundary value problems

Abstract This article establishes an approximation in the implicit form (within the limits of error) of solutions of [ L + M (e)] x = ρ (t, x) satisfying the limiting conditions x (2k) (0) = x (2 k +1) (τ) = 0, k = 0,1,…, n −1, L being a linear differential operator of degree equal to 2 n with constant coefficients and M (e) a differential operator of an inferior order enabling the absorption terms and the coefficients to vary slowly. f(t,x) is continuous in the sense of Lipschitz, not negative, monotonous, increasing in x and of the saturation type.