cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of bovine ovarian surface epithelium and stromal cells: identification of secreted proteins.

The majority of ovarian cancers are derived from a single layer of epithelial cells that covers the surface of the ovary termed the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). Ovarian surface stromal cells underlie the OSE and have a morphology distinct from that of the interstitial stromal cells between follicles. Because of the similarities between bovine and human ovarian physiology, and to allow an adequate supply of tissue and cells, bovine OSE and stromal cell cultures were established to investigate the cell biology of these cell types. Morphological analysis of bovine ovarian sections revealed that several layers of ovarian surface stromal cells can be identified and are structurally distinct from interstitial stromal cells. Both OSE and stromal cells can be isolated and cultured for weeks in the absence or presence of serum. The cell populations were found, through use of a keratin immunocytochemical stain for OSE, to be highly purified. To investigate the functional properties of the two cell types, radiolabeled secreted proteins were collected and electrophoretically analyzed. The radiolabeled secreted protein profiles of OSE and stromal cells were found to be distinct with a discrete number of secreted proteins. Major OSE secretory products were obtained from serum-free concentrated conditioned medium, electrophoretically separated, blotted, and sequenced. Two OSE secretory products of 28 kDa and 40 kDa were sequenced and found to match a sequence in the computerized database. The 28-kDa OSE protein was identified as a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, TIMP. The 40-kDa OSE protein was identified as the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-2 (IGFBP2). The TIMP may play a role in regulating the local proteolytic activity of the OSE, and IGFBP2 in regulating IGF-I actions on OSE. These proteins provide biochemical markers for OSE that can be used to further investigate the regulation of OSE function. The growth properties of cultured bovine OSE were also investigated. OSE proliferation was stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and was not influenced by keratinocyte or hepatocyte growth factors. Transforming growth factor-,s was found to inhibit the growth stimulatory actions of EGF on OSE. Concentrated serumfree stromal cell-conditioned medium was also found to influence OSE growth. Therefore, the ovarian surface stromal cells appear to produce factors that can regulate the growth of the OSE. Combined results indicate that a culture system has been established to investigate the biology of OSE and ovarian surface stromal cells. Two OSE secretory products were identified as TIMP and IGFBP2. Preliminary data are presented that the ovarian surface stromal cells can regulate OSE growth. This stromal-epithelial cell interaction may have an important role in the normal cell biology of the OSE and be involved in the transformation of this cell to form an ovarian cancer.
Cusp proton signatures and the interplanetary magnetic field

The variation of proton average energy with latitude in the cusp has been suggested as an indicator of the means of particle energy. If magnetic merging is the principal means of particle entry, the proton average energy should fall with increasing invariant latitude; if diffusion is the principal means of particle entry, the average energy should first fall and then briefly rise as a function of latitude, showing a 'V' signature. In addition, the cusp protons should occur on open field lines in the former and closed field lines in the latter case. Four hundred passes of the AE-D satellite were scanned for appropriate cusp passes during periods when IMP-J interplanetary or magnetosheath magnetic field data were available. Sixty passes fulfilled all criteria. Of these, roughly a third showed clear or likely merging-type energy dispersions; a third showed clear or likely V-type energy dispersions, and a third showed unclear or no energy dispersions. The results are strongly correlated with the IMF: the merging signatures were associated with southward IMF, and the V signatures were associated with northward IMF. Unclear or no dispersion cases were associated with unsteady or weakly northward IMF or with orbits unfavorable to observe the dispersion (perpendicularmore » to the convection direction). If one accepts the electron anisotropy boundary as an (imperfect) indicator of the last closed field line, then the cusp protons are typically on open field lines for southwest IMF and on closed field lines for northward IMF. In addition, the presence of > or =3-keV electrons in the cusp is strongly correlated with V dispersions and therefore with northward IMF.« less
Prenatal development of the composite occipito-atlanto-axial synovial joint cavity in the dog

In the dog, the synovial cavities of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints communicated to form a single large composite joint cavity. The prenatal development of this composite occipito-atlanto-axial joint cavity was studied by examining 26 serially sectioned dog embryos and fetuses that ranged in size from 19 to 68 mm crown-rump length, and were between 30 and 42 days of gestational age. In the composite occipito-atlanto-axial joint, trilaminar interzones developed at 19-22 mm (30-31 days), joint cavities opened at 27-32 mm (33-34 days), and the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial cavities first communicated at 48 mm (37 days).
Federated querying architecture for clinical & translational health IT

We present software architecture to federate data from multiple heterogeneous health informatics data sources owned by multiple organizations. The architecture builds upon state-of-the-art open-source Java and XML frameworks in innovative ways. It consists of (a) federated query engine, which manages federated queries and result set aggregation; and (b) data source facades, which translate the physical data models into a common model on-the-fly. System modules are connected via reusable Apache Camel integration routes and deployed to an OSGi enterprise service bus. A demonstration of the system using mock implementations is presented; we are currently working on integrating live data sources. Our system can be extended and integrated with existing SOA Healthcare and HL7 frameworks such as i2b2 and caGrid.
Flexible interaction model for complex interactions of multiple anesthetics.

Background:Minto et al. (Anesthesiology 2000) described a mathematical approach based on response surface methods for characterizing drug-drug interactions between several intravenous anesthetic drugs. To extend this effort, the authors developed a flexible interaction model based on the general Hil
Monte Carlo model of sputtering and other ejection processes within a regolith

The ejection of atoms and molecules from a surface due to a flux of energetic particles has been studied for a variety of target materials and radiation types. We simulate these processes within a porous regolith using a Monte Carlo model. In doing so we assume that the surfaces of regolith grains behave like the surfaces of laboratory samples, where the results of an ejection event have been found to depend upon the energetic-particle angle of incidence and intrinsic properties of the target material. Total sputtering yields, sputter-product exit-angle distributions, and energy distributions are calculated for application to Solar System objects with emphasis on sodium ejection from the lunar surface. We find that the regolith yield is typically less than that from a laboratory surface made of the same material and depends on the sticking probability. The sputter-product exit-angle distribution from a porous regolith is found to be little altered by variation of the primary sputtering parameters, with the exception of nearly specular sputtering. The regolith grain shape has little effect on the total sputtering yield. The results are in rough agreement with an earlier analytic model [Johnson, R.E., 1989. Application of laboratory data to the sputtering of a planetary regolith. Icarus 78, 206–210]. The experimental results of Hapke and Cassidy [1978. Is the Moon really as smooth as a billiard ball? Remarks concerning recent models of sputter-fractionation on the lunar surface. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5 (4), 297–300] require a strongly forward-directed sputtering process, which may apply to a silicate with a low sputtering yield but not to the sputtering of ices by heavy ions.
A comparison of suction and full-thickness rectal biopsy in children.

Abstract Background Rectal biopsy evaluation by an experienced pathologist is the gold standard in diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Although both suction rectal biopsy (SRB) and full-thickness (FTRB) rectal biopsy are performed, the ability for SRB to obtain adequate tissue in older children has been questioned. We hypothesized that SRB and FTRB yield tissue specimens of different size but are equally adequate for diagnosis. Methods Records of children who underwent rectal biopsy to evaluate for HD between January 2007 and July 2014 were reviewed. Volume, percent submucosa, and specimen adequacy were compared between biopsy techniques, and the effect of age on biopsy adequacy was assessed. Data were analyzed by mixed-effects models with covariate adjustment for age at biopsy and Fisher's exact test. Results Forty-seven children underwent a total of 58 biopsies, 45 SRB and 13 FTRB. Thirty-seven were performed before 12 mo of age, and 21 after 12 mo of age. Volume of SRB specimens was significantly smaller than FTRB across ages (14.8 ± 7.8 mm 3 versus 121.3 ± 13.8 mm 3 , P = 0.0001). Percent submucosa did not differ significantly between SRB and FTRB specimens across ages (63.8 ± 2.7% versus 66.5 ± 4.3%, P = 0.575). The number of inadequate biopsies was low and not significantly different across ages ( P = 0.345), or when comparing by biopsy method ( P = 0.689). All biopsies were clinically diagnostic. There were no complications. Conclusions Tissue specimens obtained by SRB are smaller than those obtained by FTRB, especially in older children. SRB and FTRB appear equivalent in their ability to provide adequate submucosa. Differences in cost and patient satisfaction between rectal biopsy techniques must be studied to further define the best overall technique.
Mass Regimes: Geometric Actuation of Thermal Behavior:

The Mass Regimes is a research project that investigates the effect of complex geometry on processes of passive heat distribution in thermal mass systems. In the context of systems thinking, this research intends to instrumentalize design principles that engage a wider range of design tactics for choreographing thermal gradients between buildings and their environment. Research for this project has brought about a deeper understanding of how specific geometric manipulations of surface area over the same mass (Figure 1) affect the rate of thermal transfer. Leveraging physical simulations of geometric populations, along with current computational and design tools, the project sheds light on performative trends that may enhance creative design explorations in the use of passive systems. Preliminary analysis of varied geometric populations suggest an exciting trend and the possibility for a more synthetic incorporation of morphology, one in which surface geometry can be passively utilized to generate effects ...
Additions to the taxonomy of New World Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole has its center of diversity in the New World, where over 600 species occur. In spite of recent revisonary work (Wilson 2003) new species continue to be discovered and understanding of geographic variation of named species continues to improve. In this report new species and taxonomic changes are proposed for the Central American fauna. The following new species are described: P. bigote, P. branstetteri, P. carinote, P. debilis, P. eowilsoni, P. epiphyta, P. fossimandibula, P. gymnoceras, P. janzeni, P. karolmorae, P. karolsetosa, P. lagunculinoda, P. leoncortesi, P. mesomontana, P. pararugiceps, P. phanigaster, P. picobarva, P. purpurea, P. rhinomontana, P. sebofila, P. sparsisculpta, P. synanthropica, and P. tenuicephala. The following new synonymy is proposed, with the senior synonym listed first and the junior synonym(s) in parentheses: P. angusticeps Wilson (= P. gradifera Wilson); P. arachnion Wilson (= P. iracunda Wilson); P. bilimeki Mayr (=P. rectiluma Wilson); P. boliviana Wilson (= P. mincana Wilson, P. scitula Wilson); P. boltoni Wilson (= P. humida Wilson); P. deceptrix Forel (=P. chiapasana Wilson, P. variceps Wilson); P. erratilis Wilson (= P. petersoni Wilson); P. exarata Emery (= P. grantae Forel); P. harrisonfordi Wilson (= P. prolixa Wilson, P. ruida Wilson, P. tenebra Wilson); P. laselva Wilson (=P. ebenina Wilson); P. mooreorum Wilson (= P. fariasana Wilson); P. nebulosa Wilson (= P. scabriventris Wilson); P. nitidicollis Emery (= P. sagana Wheeler); P. perpusilla Emery (= P. breviscapa Forel); P. pubiventris Mayr (= P. variegata Emery, P. indistincta Forel); P. radoszkowskii Mayr (= P. medialis Wilson); P. sculptior Forel (= P. tayrona Wilson); P. susannae Forel (= P. obscurior Forel and its synonym P. partita Mayr); P. texticeps Wilson (= P. perdiligens Wilson); P. vorax (Fabricius) (= P. cephalica F. Smith and its synonyms P. opaca Mayr, P. incrustata Forel, P. sarrita Forel, P. apterostigmoides Weber); P. walkeri Mann (= P. arietans Wilson, P. glyphoderma Wilson, P. triumbonata Wilson). Pheidole innupta Menozzi is removed from synonymy under P. alfaroi and revalidated.
Industrial Uses for Soybeans

Publisher Summary Industrial uses for soybeans comprise no more than 0.5% of the protein and 2.6% of the oil produced from soybeans grown in the United States. There are no current industrial uses for whole soybeans. There is one instance when soybeans were used for ship ballast, and powdered soybeans were patented as a floor covering. The economically viable industrial uses today are paper coatings and wood veneer adhesives, and alkyd resins, printing ink, and oleochemicals. Today, imminent growth of soybean usage in fuel, adhesives, plastics, and construction materials is predicted. Industrial uses for soybean protein include: wood adhesives, plastics, textile fibers, paper coatings, etc. Soybean oil is often regarded as being too viscous and reactive to atmospheric oxygen to be used as fuels, cosmetics, lubricants, and chemical additives, but not reactive enough for most paints and coatings applications. However, more stringent environmental standards, rising costs for competing petroleum-derived products, ability to tailor soybean oil for improved performance properties, and more cost effective chemical conversion processes are leading to increased attention on soybean oil as a feedstock for industrial products.
Perceptions of the Contribution of Femininity to the Performance of Traditionally Masculine Selling

The many women currently entering traditionally male sales forces have reportedly brought many strengths that impact upon their performance of the job (e.g., listening ability, service orientation, understanding others). These strengths are consistent with the female gender role which involves nurturing others and caring for the psycho-social needs of families. Feminine qualities such as sympathy, sensitivity to the needs of others, eagerness to soothe hurt feelings, and gentleness, are likely to have desirable behavioral correlates on the sales job. This paper, therefore, focuses on the feminine qualities of saleswomen. It examines the way sales managers believe they relate to effective performance in traditionally masculine types of selling.
Performance evaluation of a miniature plate Electrostatic Aerosol Analyzer (mini-plate EAA)

Abstract To enable the tempo-spatial distribution monitoring/measurement of ultrafine particles, a cost-effective and miniature plate Electrostatic Aerosol Analyzer (mini-plate EAA) has been designed and characterized in this study for the use in electrical-mobility-based aerosol sizers. The prototype consists of two metal plates, installed in parallel in an insulation block, to establish the zone for particle classification. To minimize the effect of side wall in the classification zone, the length of aerosol entrance slit opening is half of the width of the classification zone. The performance of the mini-plate EAA, i.e., its transmission efficiency and transfer function, were experimentally evaluated for particles with the sizes ranging from 20 to 120 nm. It is shown that the transmission efficiency of singly charged particles was nearly 100% in the sizes larger than 60 nm and was dependent on the aerosol-to-sheath flow rate ratio for particles with the sizes less than 60 nm when operated at the total flow rate of 3.0 lpm. The particle penetration curves as a function of applied voltages were obtained for various combinations of aerosol and sheath flow rates. A modified 2-D model was further proposed to better calculate the cutoff voltage at the 50% penetration. The experimental transfer functions of the mini-plate EAA under the conditions of various aerosol-to-sheath flow rate ratios and at 3.0 lpm sheath flow were given in this study.
Comparison of elastic and acoustic reverse-time migration on the synthetic elastic Marmousi-II OBC dataset

We use the synthetic elastic Marmousi-II ocean bottom cable (OBC) dataset to compare the results from elastic reverse-time migration (RTM) and acoustic RTM. We applied acoustic RTM to the pressure data and applied elastic RTM to the horizontal and vertical particle velocity data for simulated OBC data at the sea bottom. The results show clear improvement on the elastic P-wave RTM images compared to the acoustic RTM images.
Emotion and Narrative Structure in Young Children's Personal Accounts

AbstractWe propose that the definition of well-formedness in narrative production should be expanded to include different types of narrative genres. Furthermore, varia-tions in narrative genre may be related to the emotional tone of the narrative. Research on preschool children's personal narratives is reported, which indicates that young children employ different narrative structures when narrating experi-ences related to different emotional moods. In relating a happy experience, children often focused on recreating the mood of a particular moment in time; these stories contained relatively less dynamic action and were more often categorized as moment-in-time stories which achieved coherence through their richness of description and use of emotional evaluation. Stories about anger and fear more closely resembled traditional plotted stories in which dynamic actions rise to a climax or high point that is followed by falling action and resolution. However, when telling stories about a fearful experience children focused more on rising action and less on falling action than when they related stories about anger. Thus, the fear stories focused more on recreating a mood of suspense and impending danger whereas the anger stories focused more on conditions leading to anger, the expression of anger, and its consequences. Examples from adult writers are also discussed in terms of these narrative structures for talking about emotion. (Psychology)
Excretion of Amino Acids in Cystinuria

SummaryThe amino acid content of the urine of five cystinurics has been determined employing chromatography on columns of the ion exchange resin, Dowex-50. In every case the amount of arginine, lysine, ornithine, and cystine was found to be from 50 to 100 fold the normal level. The quantity of isoleucine was about twice the normal, whereas the taurine output was diminished to about 1/3 or less of normal. All other ninhydrin positive constituents were in the normal range. It is particularly striking that the relative molar excretion of ornithine, cystine, arginine, and lysine, which was found to be about 1:1:2:4, is quite similar from one subject to the next despite the haphazard nature of the case material and the absence of any dietary control. The results suggest the hypothesis that cystinuria involves an enzymatic defect which affects simultaneously at some site or sites (probably the kidney) some phase of the metabolism of arginine, lysine, ornithine, and the sulfur amino acids, and perhaps also isole...
Impact of Feeding by Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) on Red Clover Grown for Seed

Lygus hesperus Knight reduced seed set an average of 20% when five adult bugs fed 2 d on culms of red clover, Trifolium pratense L., in different stages of floral development. The dominant form of damage was shriveled seed pods approximately twice the size of reproductive parts of unpollinated florets. Bugs also produced shriveled seeds by feeding directly on seeds when the endosperm had a watery consistency. Despite the presence of many other suitable host plants, wintering females preferred dog fennel, Anthemis cotula L., for oviposition, based on field samples of first-generation nymphs collected on various hosts. First-generation adults that developed successfully on dog fennel produced a second generation on red clover that averaged 4.9 bugs per sweep in two study fields. A weed-control program is recommended for dog fennel both alongside and within red clover as part of a L. hesperus management program.
The Teaching of Elementary Statistics by the Conventional Classroom Method Versus the Method of Programmed Instruction

(1962). The Teaching of Elementary Statistics by the Conventional Classroom Method Versus the Method of Programmed Instruction. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 55, No. 9, pp. 417-420.
Search for the clue of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers in Dingxi City in 2007—2010

Objective To investigate the tuberculosis(TB) prevalence status of migrant workers and further strengthen control measures in prevention pulmonary tuberculosis among these people.Methods Making full use of time during the Spring Festival when most of the migrant workers reunited with their families,it was carried out an investigation and registration among the people who had some suspicious symptoms of pulmonary TB such as cough,had sputum for more than three weeks,a free charge of examination was provided to them by CDC organizations in counties and districts,and a free charge of anti-TB treatment was provided to the patients diagnosed as suffered from pulmonary TB too.Results More than 1.02 million migrant workers were investigated in 2007-2010,among them the people who had suspicious symptoms of tuberculosis accounted for 2.56% and 346 cases were diagnosed as active pulmonary TB.108 cases of them were in smear-positive and 238 were in new smear-negative.The ratio of male patients to female patients was 2.15∶1.The majority of them were youth and people aged in between 20 and 39 years,accounted for 73.99%.The registration annual rates of smear-positive and active pulmonary tuberculosis were 33.92/100 000 and 10.59/100 000,respectively.The ratio of smear-positive was 31.21%,of which 95.37% was new smear-positive.Conclusion Migrant workers are the high-risk group prone to be infected for TB.It should strengthen the prevention and treatment of pulmonary TB among them,and take advantage in the Spring Festival and search for the clue on pulmonary TB,which is an effective and active way to find out pulmonary TB cases.
Behavior of hollow FRP–concrete–steel columns under static cyclic axial compressive loading

Abstract This paper presents the behavior of hollow fiber reinforced polymer–concrete–steel (HC-FCS) columns under axial compressive loading. The typical HC-FCS column consists of a concrete shell sandwiched between an outer fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and an inner steel tube. The inner steel and outer FRP tubes provide continuous confinement for the concrete shell; hence, the concrete shell achieves a significantly higher strain, strength, and ductility compared to the unconfined concrete in conventional columns. The HC-FCS column represents a compact engineering system; the steel and FRP tubes act together as stay-in-place formworks. The effect of the fiber orientation and the steel tube diameter-to-thickness ratio (Di/ts) on the compressive behavior of HC-FCS columns was investigated. Ten HC-FCS cylinders with different steel tube Di/ts ratios and three concrete-filled fiber tubes (CFFTs) were manufactured and tested under static cyclic axial compressive loading in addition to three empty steel tubes. The behavior of the HC-FCS columns was complicated and related mainly to the stiffness of the FRP and steel tubes, which controlled the direction of the concrete dilation under axial load. HC-FCS columns with FRP tubes made with fibers oriented at ±45° showed low axial compressive strengths and high ultimate strains. HC-FCS columns with wet lay-up FRP tubes that had ±45° and 0° (hybrid FRP) exhibited high axial strengths and strains. The failure of the HC-FCS columns with hybrid FRP tubes consisted of two stages. The first stage was the rupture of the unidirectional FRP tube (outer tube), and the second stage was the reorientation of the oriented FRP tube exhibiting high axial strains.
Break the Resistance to Fuel Metabolism: A Long Journey with Bright Future

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by systemic insulin resistance that impairs the ability of insulin to regulate fuel (such as glucose and fat) metabolism. This syndrome has become a global epidemic problem with estimates of prevalence ranging from 20 to 40% in different populations and has been recognized as a powerful risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Thus, effectively fighting this disastrous health problem is a matter of utmost urgency. To fulfill this mission, our journal, Journal of Metabolic Syndrome, started its long journey in early 2012. Since then, we have set up the scope to publish the most exciting original research articles and reviews on metabolic syndrome with the purpose to facilitate the research and teaching and to provide reference for this field. So far, we have made a great progress and have successfully published 5 volumes with 18 regular issues plus additional special issues. The valuable information from these published articles has become the important resource for researchers and clinicians to fight and eventually to conquer this syndrome.
High-Resolution Population Grids for the Entire Conterminous United States

To have a more complete awareness of the global environment and how it changes, remotely sensed data pertaining to the physical aspects of the environment need to be complemented by broad-scale demographic data having high spatial resolution. Although such data are available for many parts of the world, there are none available for the United States. Here we report on our ongoing project to develop high-resolution (30–90 m/cell) population/demographic grids for the entire conterminous United States and to bring them into the public domain. Two different, dasymetric modeling-based approaches to disaggregation of block-level census data into a fine grid are described, and resulting maps are compared to existing resources. We also show how to utilize these methods to obtain racial diversity grids for the entire conterminous United States. Our nationwide grids of population and racial diversity can be explored using the online application SocScape at http://sil.uc.edu.
Lateral Spread Displacement and Bridge Foundation Case Histories from the 1991 Magnitude 7.6 Earthquake near Limón, Costa Rica

AbstractThis paper presents four liquefaction and pile response case histories associated with highway bridges from the April 22, 1991 7.6 magnitude (M) earthquake near Limon, Costa Rica that were ...
Personality’s Role in Shaping Civic Aptitude

In the final chapter the author evaluates the results reported previously in relation to personality’s effect on the ability of individuals to understand and engage in politics in a manner consistent with the demands placed upon them as democratic citizens. In addition to summing up the empirical results, the author also discusses where our political system can go from here. Calls for more and better education will continue to have little effect on the average citizen’s overall political knowledge and interest because much of the cause of their apathy is outside of conscious thought. Personality is but one factor found in the hidden depths of the unconscious mind influencing political behavior. Thus, the author takes the baton from Achen and Bartels (Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016) and presents his ideas on how the electoral process should be altered in order to accommodate the way our individual minds really work.
Origin, distribution and differentiation of IgA-producing cells.

A large body of experimental data relating to the ontogeny of cells capable of IgA synthesis has been obtained in diverse species over the past few years. In the aggregate, this information suggests that the initial development and distribution of IgA-bearing lymphocytes is relatively thymus- and antigen-independent, whereas normal maturation of B lymphocytes into IgA-secreting plasma cells depends both on antigen stimulation and T cell help. After examining some of the features of these distinct developmental stages of the IgA class of B cells, and their relationship to other classes of B cells, we will raise for discussion the theory that most IgA cells in the intestinal lamina propria are seeded from gut-associated lymphoepithelial tissues (GALT, i.e., Peyer’s patches and the appendix) as a result of selection and stimulation by intestinal antigens which enter the lymphoid follicles via specialized follicle-associated epithelial cells.
Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas and Water Intensity of Cellulosic Biofuel Production Using Cholinium Lysinate Ionic Liquid Pretreatment

Cellulosic biofuels present an opportunity to meet a significant fraction of liquid transportation fuel demand with renewable, low-carbon alternatives. Certain ionic liquids (ILs) have proven effective at facilitating hydrolysis of lignocellulose to produce fermentable sugars with high yields. Although their negligible vapor pressure and low flammability make ILs attractive solvents at the point of use, their life-cycle environmental impacts have not been investigated in the context of cellulosic biorefineries. This study provides the first life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) and water use inventory for biofuels produced using IL pretreatment. We explore two corn stover-to-ethanol process configurations: the conventional water-wash (WW) route and the more recently developed integrated high gravity (iHG) route, which eliminates washing steps after pretreatment. Our results are based on the use of a representative IL, cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]). We find that the WW process results in unacceptably high GHG e...
Membrane Allostery and Unique Hydrophobic Sites Promote Enzyme Substrate Specificity

We demonstrate that lipidomics coupled with molecular dynamics reveal unique phospholipase A2 specificity toward membrane phospholipid substrates. We discovered unexpected headgroup and acyl-chain specificity for three major human phospholipases A2. The differences between each enzyme's specificity, coupled with molecular dynamics-based structural and binding studies, revealed unique binding sites and interfacial surface binding moieties for each enzyme that explain the observed specificity at a hitherto inaccessible structural level. Surprisingly, we discovered that a unique hydrophobic binding site for the cleaved fatty acid dominates each enzyme's specificity rather than its catalytic residues and polar headgroup binding site. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the optimal phospholipid binding mode leading to a detailed understanding of the preference of cytosolic phospholipase A2 for cleavage of proinflammatory arachidonic acid, calcium-independent phospholipase A2, which is involved in membrane remodeling for cleavage of linoleic acid and for antibacterial secreted phospholipase A2 favoring linoleic acid, saturated fatty acids, and phosphatidylglycerol.
Error Consistency in Acquired Apraxia of Speech With Aphasia: Effects of the Analysis Unit

Purpose Diagnostic recommendations for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) have been contradictory concerning whether speech sound errors are consistent or variable. Studies have reported divergent fi...
The persuasive efficacy of real versus salient hazard scenarios in motivating citizen-level hazard preparedness

Abstract Despite projections that both the frequency and magnitude of natural and man-made hazards are expected to grow, U.S. government sponsored research continues to show that American citizens remain unprepared or underprepared for such events. Recently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control launched a campaign framing citizen-level preparedness in the context of a zombie apocalypse. Using the Heuristic-Systematic model (HSM), this research measured several theoretically relevant cognitive and attitudinal constructs to examine the persuasive efficacy of the zombie message as compared to a similar one addressing a real, salient natural hazard. Results show that the salient threat message was more effective in promoting positive attitudes, cognitive processing, and behavioral intentions to prepare. Those who read about either a hurricane, tornado, or earthquake, were more likely to report more positive preparedness attitudes, increased preparedness knowledge, and increased behavioral intentions and enhanced risk perception. The results support the conclusion that preparedness messages tailored to locally salient threats facilitate systematic processing, and beneficial persuasive outcomes. Practitioners can use these findings to modify existing preparedness campaigns to bolster preparedness related attitudes, cognitions and behavioral intentions. Implications for communication theory and practice are discussed.
Precedent and Legal Analogy

This chapter provides guidance in reasoning from precedent and by legal analogy as practiced in a common law context. The goal is to bring jurisprudential theories and descriptive accounts of precedent and legal analogy, philosophical accounts of practical reasoning in terms of argument schemes and critical questions, and computational models of analogical legal reasoning together in a way that should be instructive for law students, but also has practical ramifications for the fields of AI and Law and of Jurisprudence. More specifically, the goal is to identify good patterns of argument associated with precedent and legal analogy and to distill them into argument schema that students, practitioners, and those who develop computational models of legal reasoning can implement. This chapter surveys jurisprudential accounts of the constraints that “following precedent” imposes on a court’s discretion, and formal and descriptive accounts of the kinds of legal arguments one may use to convince a court to follow a precedent, or analogy, or not to do so. Finally, this chapter addresses how to represent these patterns of reasoning in terms of argument schemes that have been offered by AI and Law researchers and briefly addresses application of the schemes in statutory reasoning.
Designing Plants To Meet Feedstock Needs

Species suitable for providing biomass feedstocks are described together with the essential traits needed in such feedstocks. These traits include those that are essential for successful sustainable production in the field and for their use in conversion into biofuels and co-products. Features of plant breeding are summarized together with the evidence from corn and other crops that substantial gains can be made by breeding using existing methods. The new methods based on molecular genetics that will gradually come to dominate breeding of energy crops are then outlined. These include complete genome sequencing to describe the genetic variation available and the genetic basis of key traits. The use of molecular polymorphic markers to help enable and accelerate selection of improved crops using marker assisted breeding, association breeding and genomic selection is summarized. Finally, opportunities that come from the use of trangenes are outlined, covering both yield-based traits and the biosynthesis of novel chemicals.
Economic Costs and Consequences of War

In analyzing the cost of war, it is convenient to classify or partition costs in two ways. First, a distinction should be made between whether the cost and consequences are internal or external, that is, whether they are borne directly by the participants or by the wider international community, respectively. This distinction is similar to the one made in economics between private and social costs. If the decisions to go to war are based on the calculus of whether the private benefits outweigh the private cost of going to war, then many wars could be prevented if the parties involved internalized the higher social cost imposed by their actions. Once this distinction is emphasized, the importance of developing institutions which provide the proper incentives or mechanisms to account for these external effects becomes evident. Another useful classification is between the direct and indirect effects or consequences arising from war. Direct effects will involve those immediately arising during and after the war and generally are restricted to the economic effects from casualties, displacement of populations, and destruction of infrastructure and other types of physical capital. The indirect effects are much more subtle and will persist into the future as, for example, famine, disease, and the changes in the political and civil society that can occur as a consequence of the event. Since institutions are important to economic activity, these events have profound effects on the economy. Finally, we may also make a distinction between a static and dynamic analysis of the consequences of war. Table 1 presents an example of the categorization scheme.
CDHR3 extracellular domains EC1-3 mediate rhinovirus C interaction with cells and as recombinant derivatives, are inhibitory to virus infection.

Viruses in the rhinovirus C species (RV-C) are more likely to cause severe wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations in children than related isolates of the RV-A or RV-B. The RV-C capsid is structurally distinct from other rhinoviruses and does not bind ICAM-1 or LDL receptors. The RV-C receptor is instead, human cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3), a protein unique to the airway epithelium. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330, encoding C529Y) in CDHR3 regulates the display density of CDHR3 on cell surfaces and is among the strongest known genetic correlates for childhood virus-induced asthma susceptibility. CDHR3 immunoprecipitations from transfected or transduced cell lysates were used to characterize the RV-C interaction requirements. The C529 and Y529 variations in extracellular repeat domain 5 (EC5), bound equivalently to virus. Glycosylase treatment followed by mass spectrometry mapped 3 extracellular N-linked modification sites, and further detected surface-dependent, α2–6 sialyation unique to the Y529 format. None of these modifications were required for RV-C recognition, but removal or even dilution of structurally stabilizing calcium ions from the EC junctions irreversibly abrogated virus binding. CDHR3 deletions expressed in HeLa cells or as bacterial recombinant proteins, mapped the amino-terminal EC1 unit as the required virus contact. Derivatives containing the EC1 domain, could not only recapitulate virus:receptor interactions in vitro, but also directly inhibit RV-C infection of susceptible cells for several virus genotypes (C02, C15, C41, and C45). We propose that all RV-C use the same EC1 landing pad, interacting with putative EC3-mediated multimerization formats of CDHR3.
The Melting Pot as a God-Term

The melting pot metaphor, which imagines the United States as a cultural and social force of assimilation, has maintained a stronghold in the ideologies surrounding immigration since the metaphor emerged at the turn of the twentieth century. However, it is important to realize that the melting pot metaphor frames immigration according to certain ideologies and identities, a rhetorical function that bears real consequences for immigrants in the United States. In this paper, I use Kenneth Burke’s theory of god-terms to position the melting pot metaphor as a god-term that disguises the challenges, issues, and discriminations many immigrants endure in the United States. After describing how three interpretations of the melting pot metaphor perpetuate alternative perspectives on immigration, I advocate that individuals question, examine, and seek out meaning from the melting pot metaphor each time it is written or spoken in order to gain a greater capacity for listening and understanding in contemporary immigration discourses.
Lab-based and diagnosis-based chronic kidney disease recognition and staging concordance

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often under-recognized and poorly documented via diagnoses, but the extent of under-recognition is not well understood among Medicare beneficiaries. The current study used claims-based diagnosis and lab data to examine patient factors associated with clinically recognized CKD and CKD stage concordance between claims- and lab-based sources in a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries. In a cohort of fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries with CKD based on 2011 labs, we examined the proportion with clinically recognized CKD via diagnoses and factors associated with clinical recognition in logistic regression. In the subset of beneficiaries with CKD stage identified from both labs and diagnoses, we examined concordance in CKD stage from both sources, and factors independently associated with CKD stage concordance in logistic regression. Among the subset of 206,036 beneficiaries with lab-based CKD, only 11.8% (n = 24,286) had clinically recognized CKD via diagnoses. Clinical recognition was more likely for beneficiaries who had higher CKD stages, were non-elderly, were Hispanic or non-Hispanic Black, lived in core metropolitan areas, had multiple chronic conditions or outpatient visits in 2010, or saw a nephrologist. In the subset of 18,749 beneficiaries with CKD stage identified from both labs and diagnoses, 70.0% had concordant CKD stage, which was more likely if beneficiaries were older adults, male, lived in micropolitan areas instead of non-core areas, or saw a nephrologist. There is significant under-diagnosis of CKD in Medicare FFS beneficiaries, which can be addressed with the availability of lab results.
Chapter 24.3 The Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database

The Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database (BMCD) is described. The database is available at http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4 and currently contains 14 372 entries with crystallization information for proteins, protein–protein complexes, nucleic acids, nucleic acid–nucleic acid complexes, protein–nucleic acid complexes and viruses. The information in the BMCD is applicable for the general study of protein crystallization, for reproducing crystals previously reported in the literature and for designing strategies to crystallize new macromolecules. Methods for utilizing the BMCD are presented, including examples of crystallization-strategy development. Keywords: Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database; crystallization
Accounting for Design Activism: On the Positionality and Politics of Designerly Intervention

We use two cases of design activism to examine designers' forms of positionality—or, the relations that enter into the formation of design interventions and the ways that a designer's situation aff...
The employee experience: how employees make meaning of employee engagement

This study sought to understand the lived experiences of employees by taking a co-creational approach to examine how employees make meaning of employee engagement. Phenomenological interviews (n = ...
Dural Marginal Zone Lymphoma in a Patient With a Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Primary dural marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) are exceptionally rare, with fewer than 100 cases reported to date. While the association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and lymphoma is well established, it is unclear if this association extends to all anatomic sites. Here we report a case of dural MZL in a 61-year-old woman with an HCV infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a dural MZL associated with an HCV infection in an immunocompetent patient and was successfully treated with radiotherapy and rituximab. As such, future cases of primary MZL found in the dura should prompt consideration of co-infection with microbials such as HCV and upfront treatment with anti-virals should be considered. World J Oncol. 2020;11(3):122-125 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1285
Desire, liturgy, andthe joint construction of narrativein a teacher preparation program

Abstract Treating narrative as a social practice has enabled examination of the identity work accomplished through interactive story construction within various communities, including teacher preparation programs. Largely unaddressed in this literature is the presence of desire – the sense of longing conveyed through expressed wants, wishes, and hopes – and how it works in and through narrative practice. Following James K. A. Smith (2009) , I posit that some stories may be liturgical in their conscripting of tellers and listeners into narratives that shape their identities and direct their desires. To explore this empirically, I examined desire in the joint construction of a professional identity narrative – teacher as lifelong learner – within an urban teacher residency. My analysis suggests that program leaders’ expressed desires of and for the novice teachers established the leaders’ authority and worked to conscript novices into the narrative. However, novices were actively negotiating the narrative and the desirability of the professional identity.
Fostering International Engineering Education Research Collaborations: On the Need to Think Beyond the Workshop Format

We report results from three international engineering education workshops held in Australia, the Netherlands and the UK in 2009. In order to foster international engineering education research collaborations and community building, the authors organised workshops on e-learning, gender and diversity, and problem/project-based learning. We begin by reviewing literature on successful research collaborations. Background information about the workshops and how they were planned is then presented, followed by a review and evaluation of participant feedback and project outcomes. We conclude by discussing implications and recommendations for those interested in planning, funding or attending similar events in the future, such as the need to explore a wider range of strategies for developing and sustaining international collaborations, including but not limited to the traditional workshop format.