cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving from Principles to Practice: Recommended Policy Changes to Promote Family-Centered Care

This paper emphasizes the value of family-centered care. Discussion highlights family-centered philosophies (e.g., Systems of Care [SOCs]) and practice models (i.e., wraparound) and identifies discrepancies between conceptualizations and actual practice. Data from multiple sources detail issues in fidelity to family-centered values and needs and risks experienced by siblings of children with severe emotional disturbance and their caregivers. This discussion provides a springboard for policy recommendations to strengthen family support programming and enhance family-centered care, from modifying funding streams such that systems extend their reach beyond children with full-blown, diagnosable problems (those meeting standards of “medical necessity), to supporting prevention and early intervention initiatives that address families as targets for intervention. Recommendations include ensuring that communities with SOC funding address the needs of families; broadening Medicaid rules and definitions; expanding the range of reimbursable activities and services; and increasing funding for evaluating family-centered care models and family support programming.
Myocardial relaxation IV: mechanical determinants of the time course of left ventricular pressure decline during isovolumic relaxation

Relaxation of isolated mammalian cardiac muscle is known to be influenced by loading conditions, but the mechanical determinants of relaxation velocity in the intact heart are not well defined. Accordingly, we measured the time constant (T) of left ventricular (LV) isovolumic pressure decline during descending and ascending thoracic aorta cross-clamp (single beat interventions) and during constriction of the descending and ascending thoracic aorta (5-min steady-state experiments). The single-beat interventions which acutely increase systolic pressure and length and decrease shortening resulted in a prolonged (increased) T. In steady-state interventions, descending aorta constriction produced an increase in T, while ascending aorta constriction produced a decrease in T. In these studies, the mean arterial pressure in the arch of the aorta increased in the descending constriction experiments and decreased in the ascending constriction experiments, and thus baroreceptor reflex activity may have been responsible for the observed differences. These studies confirm the dependency of LV relaxation on systolic pressure and suggest that other factors are superimposed on the load-dependency of relaxation in the intact heart.
Experimental Observation of Iteration in Engineering Design

This paper uses a laboratory experimental setting to make observations about the iteration process in engineering design. Iteration is an important and ubiquitous feature of engineering design. Previous research has constructed prescriptive mathematical models of the iteration process in an attempt to aid the design manager. In this paper, experimental observations are made about design iteration in a group setting, and those observations are compared with the existing models of the iteration process. Some correspondence with existing models is noted, although there are also significant differences. These differences could be used to improve the mathematical models of the iteration process.
The Ammonia Test for Predicting if Stored Eggs from Layers Fed Cottonseed Meal will have Discolored Yolks

Abstract Fresh eggs from layers fed cottonseed meal were used in two suggested procedures for predicting whether their yolks would discolor while being held in cold storage. Schaible et al. (1934) and others proposed a test in which yolks are held in an atmosphere of ammonia. Grau (1958) advocated the determination of “available gossypol units” (AGU) and reported that cottonseed meals with 0.3 or less AGU will not cause objectionable discolorations when fed at the 10 percent dietary level. Heywang (1957a, b) found that the ammonia test does not accurately predict the incidence of dark discolorations attributable to ingestion of cottonseed meal which may appear in stored eggs. However, the authors of this paper thought it desirable to obtain more information about the accuracy of the ammonia test in connection with their part of a collaborative study of the AGU method (Frampton and Piccolo, in press). Part of the data presented…
Association between rating of respiratory distress and vital signs, severity of illness, intubation, and mortality in acutely ill subjects.

BACKGROUND: When deciding whether mechanical ventilation is indicated, physicians integrate their findings on physical examination in a gestalt known as respiratory distress. Despite its importance, this gestalt is poorly understood. This study aims to describe the association between the rating of the severity of respiratory distress and vital signs, severity of illness, use of mechanical ventilation, and death. A prospective observational study with 1,134 consecutive subjects with uncertain triage evaluated by a critical care consult team was carried out in a public inner city teaching hospital. METHODS: After the initial evaluation of each patient, a critical care physician rated the level of respiratory distress. We recorded vital signs, diagnosis, and laboratory results and calculated the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. We recorded if mechanical ventilation was initiated by 72 h and if the patient died during the hospitalization. RESULTS: The most common diagnoses were respiratory illnesses. Higher distress levels were associated with higher breathing frequency (20, 22, 27, and 30 breaths/min, P < .001) and heart rate (96, 101, 109, and 116 beats/min, P < .001) and lower S pO2 (97, 95, 93, and 92%, P < .001). These variables explain only a small portion of the variance of distress. Distress correlated weakly with the APACHE II score (r 0.22, P .001). Blood pressure, temperature, Glasgow coma scale score, and laboratory data were unrelated to the levels of distress. However, higher levels of distress correlated with intubation rates (5, 13, 27, and 41%, P < .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for respiratory distress predicting intubation (0.72) was larger than that for breathing frequency (0.65). Distress was an independent predictor of intubation but not of death. CONCLUSIONS: A physician’s rating of respiratory distress is independently predictive of intubation in 72 h. Vital signs explain only a small proportion of variance in distress; the other
trust: a temporary human attachment facilitated by oxytocin

trust is a temporary attachment between humans that pervades our daily lives. recent research has shown that the affiliative hormone oxytocin rises with a social signal of interpersonal trust and is associated with trustworthy behavior (the reciprocation of trust). this commentary reports these results and relates them to the target article's findings for variations in affiliative-related behaviors.
Comparative skeletochronological analysis of Kemp’s ridley ( Lepidochelys kempii ) and loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ) humeri and scleral ossicles

Skeletochronological analysis of Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtle humeri and scleral ossicles was conducted to (1) describe the characteristics of scleral ossicles in these species, (2) determine whether the scleral ossicles contain annually deposited skeletal growth marks and (3) evaluate the potential for skeletochronological analysis of ossicles to obtain age data for size classes and species of sea turtles whose humeri exhibit prohibitive amounts of growth mark resorption. Humeri, entire eyes, and/or individual scleral ossicles were collected from stranded, dead sea turtles that were found along the coasts of Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, and Texas, USA. Samples were taken from a total of 77 neritic, juvenile Kemp’s ridleys ranging from 21.1 to 56.8 cm straightline carapace length (SCL), as well as two Kemp’s ridley hatchlings. For loggerheads, samples were obtained from 65 neritic juvenile and adult turtles ranging from 44.7 to 103.6 cm SCL and ten hatchlings. Examination of the ossicles revealed the presence of marks similar in appearance to those found in humeri. The number of marks in the ossicles and humeri of individual juvenile Kemp’s ridleys for which both structures were collected (n = 55) was equivalent, strongly indicating that the marks are annual. However, in large juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles (n = 65), some significant resorption of early growth marks was observed, suggesting that although ossicles might be useful for skeletochronological analysis of small juveniles, they may not provide a reasonable alternative to humeri for obtaining age estimates for older loggerhead sea turtles.
Social media and the science of health behavior.

Social influences are a primary factor in the adoption of health behaviors.1,2 Compliance with diet and nutrition programs, adherence to preventive screening recommendations, and maintenance of exercise routines all can depend on having contact with friends and family who also engage in these behaviors. In addition to a great deal of literature on peer effects,3 recent studies of large network data sets have made important advances in our understanding of how social networks influence the collective dynamics of health behavior.4,5 Research has shown that social influences can affect collective health outcomes ranging from epidemic obesity to smoking behaviors, which have important consequences both for theoretical models of social epidemiology and for the practical design of interventions and treatment strategies.6,7 These findings have direct implications for research aimed at understanding how social influences on dieting, exercising, medication use, and getting screenings can impact behavior change affecting cardiovascular disease. The large number of health domains affected by recent research on the spread of behaviors has made social diffusion a topic of growing interest for an increasing variety of researchers and practitioners who are concerned with understanding the social dimensions of health. This article discusses the development of new methods that use social media to study these health dynamics. Although there is widespread theoretical and practical interest in understanding how social influences affect health-related behaviors, empirical studies of the social dynamics of health face important methodological challenges. Large observational studies of population health have faced the limitation that they are unable to address problems of causal identification.8,9 Extant studies have been able to show conclusively that health-related traits such as smoking5 and weight gain4 correlate with social ties in a network, yet the data do not provide a …
Arc-Discharge Evaporation of Silver-Plated Graphite Rods

In this work, several silver-plated graphite rods have been evaporated using the dc-arc discharge technique in the presence of helium quenching gas. The evaporated materials deposited on the cathode and the chamber walls were characterized. It was found that the inner core of the deposited materials contains no encapsulated silver but unusually long bundles of carbon nanotubes. In addition, the soot removed from the walls presents evidence for encapsulated nanocrystalline silver as well as low-mass fullerene cages.
Hypoxia reoxygenation-induced injury of cultured pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells.

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) seques- tration within the pulmonary microvasculature is known to occur in association with ischemia/reoxygenation (IIR). This sequestration is dependent on eicosanoids and reactive oxygen species. PMN sequestration within the lungs suggests that pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) may in part regulate the hR response. Simulating h/R, we examined the effect of hypoxia/reoxy- genation (H/R) on pulmonary MECs in vitro, with and without PMNs. Significant cellular injury, assessed by 51Cr release, occurred upon reoxygenation of MECs (P < .01). Addition of PMNs to the H/R-injured monolayers did not increase MEC injury. Reoxygenation of MECs also resulted in increased thromboxane (Tx) B2 production compared to controls (P < .01). Inhibition of Tx secretion by aspirin reduced H/R-induced PMN adhe- sion to MECs (P< .01). Furthermore, H/R-induced in- creases in PMN-MEC adhesion were prevented by al- lopurinol and superoxide dismutase (P < .0 1). These data suggest that the pulmonary response to H/R is mediated by MEC generation of reactive oxygen radical species and Tx, which promotes increased PMN adhesion. j Leukoc. Biol. 53: 490-497; 1993.
ISO 14001 in the United States: Good News on the Question of Hype versus Hope

In December of 2000, Environmental Practice published an article by Robin Shoal in which she concluded that ISO 14001's ability to reduce negative environmental impacts depended largely upon the st...
Bayesian semiparametric regression models for evaluating pathway effects on continuous and binary clinical outcomes

Many statistical methods for microarray data analysis consider one gene at a time, and they may miss subtle changes at the single gene level. This limitation may be overcome by considering a set of genes simultaneously where the gene sets are derived from prior biological knowledge. Limited work has been carried out in the regression setting to study the effects of clinical covariates and expression levels of genes in a pathway either on a continuous or on a binary clinical outcome. Hence, we propose a Bayesian approach for identifying pathways related to both types of outcomes. We compare our Bayesian approaches with a likelihood-based approach that was developed by relating a least squares kernel machine for nonparametric pathway effect with a restricted maximum likelihood for variance components. Unlike the likelihood-based approach, the Bayesian approach allows us to directly estimate all parameters and pathway effects. It can incorporate prior knowledge into Bayesian hierarchical model formulation and makes inference by using the posterior samples without asymptotic theory. We consider several kernels (Gaussian, polynomial, and neural network kernels) to characterize gene expression effects in a pathway on clinical outcomes. Our simulation results suggest that the Bayesian approach has more accurate coverage probability than the likelihood-based approach, and this is especially so when the sample size is small compared with the number of genes being studied in a pathway. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approaches through its applications to a type II diabetes mellitus data set. Our approaches can also be applied to other settings where a large number of strongly correlated predictors are present.
Deconstructing the diversity principle

This article presents an examination of the diversity principle in communications policy. Given the Federal Communication Commission's recent emphasis on diversity as a policy objective, diversity assessments must return to the forefront of communications policy analysis. To provide an analytical framework for such research, the diversity principle is broken into three distinct components (source, content, and exposure diversity), and multiple subcomponents. In the spirit of the FCC's empirical commitment to the diversity principle, this analysis focuses on diversity as a measurable concept, with potentially interacting dimensions and numerous means of assessment.
Determinism in the diversification of Hispaniolan trunk-ground anoles (Anolis cybotes species complex).

results to patterns observed at a deeper, macroevolutionary level. We tested whether evolution is a deterministic process with similar outcomes during different stages of the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards. Using a clade of terrestrial–scansorial lizards in the genus Anolis, we inferred the adaptive basis of spatial variation among contemporary populations and tested whether axes of phenotypic differentiation among them mirror known axes of diversification at deeper levels of the anole radiation. Nonparallel change associated with genetic divergence explains the vast majority of geographic variation. However, we found phenotypic variation to be adaptive as confirmed by convergence in populations occurring in similar habitats in different mountain ranges. Morphological diversification among populations recurs deterministically along two axes of diversification previously identified in the anole radiation, but the characters involved differ from those involved in adaptation at higher levels of anole phylogeny.
Estimating Daily and 24-Hour Net Radiation for All Sky Conditions through Remote Sensing and Climatic Data

AbstractNet radiation is a key variable in hydrological studies. However, measured net radiation data are rarely available and are often subject to error because of equipment calibration or failure. Additionally, point measurements of net radiation do not represent the diversity of the regional net radiation values, which are needed for many physical and biological processes such as climate monitoring and evapotranspiration mapping. The authors present a methodology to estimate daytime net radiation using a combination of remote sensing and climatic data. This paper expands on previous original research by extending the estimation of net radiation to 24 h under all sky conditions. The procedure estimates daytime and nighttime net radiation and combines the results to calculate the 24-h net radiation values. The methodology combines information from satellite and local weather stations to estimate net radiation values. The procedure can estimate net radiation under all sky conditions using measured or esti...
Aesthetic perceptions of green-tree retention harvests in vista views: The interaction of cut level, retention pattern and harvest shape

The scenic beauty of timber harvests affects perceptions of the social acceptability of forest management. Aesthetic perceptions of green-tree retention options within harvests were investigated. Study scenes depicted close-up vista views of clear-cuts, an unharvested forest, and a full set of harvests that varied by amount and pattern of green-tree retention, and by landscape design. These attributes were tested to explain differences in scenic beauty estimates derived from 331 respondents. Higher scenic beauty was associated with increased dispersed green-tree retention levels. An important finding was that all levels of aggregated retention, with different amounts of clear-cut patches inside harvests, were perceived as ugly. Dispersed retention levels below about 25% are likely to produce various degrees of perceived ugliness. The design of harvest shapes to look more irregular, rather than geometric, only improved perceived scenic beauty slightly and only at very low retention levels.
Constraining Dark Energy with Type Ia Supernovae and Large-Scale Structure

Measurements of the distances to type Ia supernovae have produced strong evidence that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, implying the existence of a nearly uniform component of dark energy with negative pressure. We show that constraints to this mysterious component based upon large-scale structure nicely complement the SN Ia data, and that together they require ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{X}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{X}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{crit}}\ensuremath{\in}(0.6,0.7)$ and ${w\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}p}_{X}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{X}l\ensuremath{-}0.6$ ( $95%$ C.L.), for the favored flat Universe. Other cosmological data support this conclusion. The simplest explanation, a cosmological constant, is consistent with this, while some of the other possibilities are not.
New inclusion body in a rat renal cell

Background and Methods: In an effort to review ultrastructural features of cells in the kidney of a male rat, transmission electron microscopy was used to study ultrathin sections. Results: One light cell in a collecting tubule contained a 2.3-μm long linear array of electron-dense asymmetric structures in a granular zone of greater electron density than the general cytoplasm. This inclusion body could be interpreted to consist of a parallel array of 100–150-nm × 24-nm electron-dense rodlets, or a parallel array of 100–150-nm×67-nm tubules. The inclusion showed no association with any cell organelle. The origin, chemical nature, frequency of occurrence, and functional significance of this inclusion are unknown. Conclusions: Although this inclusion body somewhat resembles previously described inclusions or granules, the differences in dimensions, frequency, and relation to other cell structures suggest it is a new observation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance of diversity reception over fading channels with impulsive noise

We derive the performance of post-detection-combining (PDC) over Rayleigh fading channels with impulsive noise and compare it with maximum-ratio-combining (MRC). The bit error rates (BER) and simple upper and lower bounds are derived in closed form for the first time in the literature for these two techniques over impulsive noise channels. We show how the impulsive noise deteriorates the performance compared with Gaussian noise. PDC is shown to be more robust to impulsive noise than MRC, especially when the number of antennas is large. Simulation results corroborate our analysis.
Characterization and Signaling of the AT4 Receptor in Human Proximal Tubule Epithelial (HK-2) Cells

Abstract . 125 I-divalinal-angiotensin IV (metabolically resistant analog of angiotensin IV) was used as a receptor ligand to identify the expression and properties of the angiotensin AT 4 receptor in epithelial HK-2 cells (an immortalized cell line derived from adult human proximal tubules). Saturation binding isotherms revealed that HK-2 cells contain a saturable 125 I-divalinal-angiotensin IV binding site with an affinity of 3 nmol/L and a density of 508 fmol/mg protein. An analysis of ligand specificity showed that only angiotensin AT 4 receptor ligands (angiotensin IV and divalinal-angiotensin IV) competed with both a high- and low-affinity binding site. GTPγS and dithiothreitol did not affect 125 I-Ang IV or 125 I-divalinal-Ang IV binding, suggesting that the AT 4 receptor was not G-protein coupled and did not require sulfhydryl bonds for receptor affinity. Activation of the AT 4 receptor caused a complex concentration-dependent rise in [Ca 2+ ] i , an elevation in [Na + ] i , and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. These results suggest that human proximal tubule epithelial cells contain functional AT 4 receptors that are pharmacologically similar to the AT 4 receptor described in more distal segments of the nephron. Furthermore, the AT 4 receptor uses several intracellular signaling pathways to convey information.
Exploring Brain Connectivity with Two-Dimensional Neural Maps

We introduce two-dimensional neural maps for exploring connectivity in the brain. For this, we create standard streamtube models from diffusion-weighted brain imaging data sets along with neural paths hierarchically projected into the plane. These planar neural maps combine desirable properties of low-dimensional representations, such as visual clarity and ease of tract-of-interest selection, with the anatomical familiarity of 3D brain models and planar sectional views. We distribute this type of visualization both in a traditional stand-alone interactive application and as a novel, lightweight web-accessible system. The web interface integrates precomputed neural-path representations into a geographical digital-maps framework with associated labels, metrics, statistics, and linkouts. Anecdotal and quantitative comparisons of the present method with a recently proposed 2D point representation suggest that our representation is more intuitive and easier to use and learn. Similarly, users are faster and more accurate in selecting bundles using the 2D path representation than the 2D point representation. Finally, expert feedback on the web interface suggests that it can be useful for collaboration as well as quick exploration of data.
Overland dispersal and drought-escape behavior in a flightless aquatic insect, Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae)

Abstract We report an observation of overland dispersal in a flightless aquatic insect during a period of drought-induced stream-drying. We observed an adult giant water bug, Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), crawling at 4.6 m/min along a dry stream channel in the Galiuro Mountains, Arizona. We tracked the individual for 130 m and estimate that it moved 240 m from the nearest remaining aquatic habitat. Additionally, we conducted behavioral experiments that confirm that A. herberti can use drying as a cue to initiate movement.
Tax Savings on Repatriations of Foreign Earnings Under the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004

We estimate the incremental tax savings from the 85% deduction for cash dividends from permanently reinvested earnings under the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. Using 2,196 corporations that report foreign assets or foreign sales in 2002, we find that 282 corporations both report an amount of permanently reinvested earnings and have a foreign tax rate of less than 35 percent. Without AJCA 2004, these 282 firms would have paid an estimated incremental U.S. tax of $46 billion on repatriation. Under AJCA 2004, these firms would save $39 billion, resulting in incremental tax of $7 billion on immediate repatriation.
Examining How and Why Children in My Transitional Kindergarten Classroom Engage in Pretend Gunplay.

This self-study of pretend gunplay in my Transitional Kindergarten (TK) classroom was designed to guide me in not only improving my practice within the classroom, but also informing the development of sound classroom policies related to pretend gun-and-weapons play that balance children's developmental needs with my commitment to peace and conflict resolution. The participants in this study include 17 children in my TK classroom in Northern California, but the focus is on 8 students. Data for this study were collected through brief student interviews, audio-recorded classroom discussions, videotaped play, observations, and photographs, which were then analyzed through first and second cycle coding and grouped into significant patterns and common themes. This study allowed me to recognize the different types of pretend gunplay in my classroom, the types of play that induce conflict versus cooperative play, and the specific social needs of my students that are being met through their pretend gunplay. These ...
Mastering Pharmacogenomics: A Nurse's Handbook for Success

In Mastering Pharmacogenomics: A Nurse's Handbook for Success, the authors present a basic review of pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, and the nurse's evolving role. The book targets nursing stud...
Compartmental analysis and glomerular filtration in chick embryos

We have developed microtechniques that allow the determination of compartmental fluid distribution and glomerular filtration rate in chick embryos during three significant developmental periods: phase 1, the developmental period when the mesonephros alone is functioning; phase 2, periods of simultaneous meso/metanephric kidney function; and phase 3, the period during late development when the metanephros completely replaces the degenerated mesonephros. Water content of tissues is greater in younger embryos (89.4 +/- 0.2%, day 10) compared with older animals (78.3 +/- 0.5%, day 18). Although all major tissue components show an absolute increase in mass during this period, the embryo proper increases at five times the rate of the extraembryonic tissues. Glomerular filtration rate increases during development from 0.61 +/- 0.08 ml/h at day 10 to 2.31 +/- 0.11 ml/h at day 18. Glomerular filtration rate scales to body mass with an allometric exponent identical to adult birds only if total tissue mass (embryo + membranes) is considered. Our data suggest that significant errors in allometry will be encountered when scaling measurements are made on embryonic or fetal amniotes without taking into consideration the extraembryonic tissues.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Alkylsilane Monolayers on Silica Nanoasperities: Impact of Surface Curvature on Monolayer Structure and Pathways for Energy Dissipation in Tribological Contacts

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylsilanes have been considered as wear reducing layers in tribological applications, particularly to reduce stiction and wear in microelectromechanical system...
The Gulf oil spill.

The 2010 Gulf Oil spill was an occupational, environmental, and community health disaster. This review summarizes the contaminants of concern, toxicologic consequences for humans and the ecosystem, lessons for worker safety, and mental health consequences in the community.
Looking at Birds in Different Ways

In my last column, I wrote about the relationship between birds and dinosaurs. In exploring this topic I learned a lot about extinct birds, which, in turn, made me think about those birds that are so much easier to find: the birds of the present day. There is a great deal of research being done on these creatures, and that’s what I want to write about in this column. I also want to look at some studies of birds that might not be considered scientific and yet say a lot about these creatures and our relationship with them. Much of the biological research on birds can be divided into two categories: those that use birds to explore general biological issues and those that seek to answer specific questions about bird biology. An example of the former is a 35-year study of greater prairie chickens in Illinois (Westemeier et al. 1998). While prairie chicken populations had remained relatively large and widespread in Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri and Nebraska, there was a steep decline in the Illinois population as habitats were lost; by the early 1990s there were fewer than 50 birds left. At the same time, there was a decline in the breeding success of the remaining birds in Illinois: less egg fertility and hatching success. This decline was correlated with a reduction in genetic variation when this population was
Fifty Years after the Passage of Title VII: Is it Time for the Government to Use the Bully Pulpit to Enact a Status-Blind Harassment Statute?

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a powerful weapon against harassment, discrimination, and retaliation. In addition to reaching direct or tangible employment actions involving hiring, termination, promotion, and demotion, it can also protect employees subjected to a hostile working environment — created by unwelcome conduct on the basis of race, gender, color, religion, or national origin that is sufficiently severe or pervasive. There are times, however, when Title VII, because of its jurisdictional and definitional limits, cannot protect an employee who feels trapped in an abusive workplace. Further, Title VII does not apply to employees who are not members of the protected classes mentioned above or those who work for employers with too few employees to be covered by the law. This Article proposes some solutions to one of the gaps in current Title VII jurisprudence.
MR imaging of the prostate

There is no set protocol for imaging prostate cancer, and a selection of a particular modality (TRUS, CT or MRI) often depends on the equipment and local expertise available. None of the imaging modality is perfect and a judicious combination provides the best results. MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging are powerful new tools for the local anatomic and metabolic evaluation of prostate cancer. MRI/MRSI offers new insights into the assessment of tumor location, volume, and aggressiveness and improve staging. The techniques are novel; indications and effectiveness continue to be defined; examination is expensive and the potential role of these studies still evolving. However, with increasing patient demand for minimally invasive and patient specific treatment, it is likely that the prostate MRI and MRSI will become the recognized modality of choice for loco-regional imaging evaluation of prostate cancer.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate metabolism in human genital skin.

Genital skin samples were obtained from normal women and men to determine the extent of conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and other androgen metabolites and to assess sulfatase activity. The skin samples were minced and incubated with 3 H-DHEA or 3 H-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( 3 H-DHEAS) in medium for 1hour at 37°C. The following metabolites of DHEA were isolated after extraction and chromatography: 5-androstene-3 β ,17 β -diol (Δ 5 -diol), 5 α -androstane-3,17-dione (5 α -Δ 4 A), testosterone, DHT, androsterone (A), and 5 α -androstane-3 α ,17 β -diol. Although the conversion of DHEA to all the metabolites was low, the conversions were higher in men than in women. In women, conversions of DHEA to Δ 5 -diol and androstenedione (Δ 4 A) were highest, followed by conversions of DHEA to DHT and 5 α -Δ 4 A, whereas in men the formation of Δ 4 A and 5 α -Δ 4 A was highest, followed by Δ 5 -diol and A. There was a significant conversion of DHEAS to DHEA in both women and men, although the sulfatase activity was approximately six times higher in men. We conclude that despite the low conversion of DHEA to DHT, significant androgenecity may result from pathological levels of DHEAS.
Using Clinical Focus Guidelines to Emphasize Processes of Learning

Clinical focus guidelines provide a written, explicit statement about what is to be learned, what specific activities will help to bring about the learning, and what evaluation will be conducted. The thrust of guidelines is on processes that will be applicable throughout students' practice of nursing in whatever setting they choose. All actors in the educational process--student, preceptors, and faculty--have the same expectations when clinical learning is clarified through the use of clinical focus guidelines.
CONTEMPORARY HORMONAL MANAGEMENT OF ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER

The traditional definition of "advanced" prostate cancer includes only patients with widespread osteoblastic or soft-tissue metastases (clinical or pathologic stage T any N any M1; or stage D2). Current evidence indicates that this definition should be broadened. Because many patients with T3 disease or local lymph node metastases progress to distant metastases, the concept of advanced prostate cancer should also include stages C and D1 (T3, T4, and any T N1). Furthermore, based on pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, many men treated for clinically localized disease will progress rapidly and, depending on their age and general health, should be included in the advanced-disease category. Also, using prognostic marker modeling with PSA, tumor grade, and other factors, recurrences can be predicted even earlier in many cases. This may be particularly significant in light of recent clinical data indicating that early androgen ablation therapy delays disease progression and improves survival in patients with advanced (M0 or M1) disease. The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists have become the preferred method of androgen ablation in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Use of an LHRH agonist, alone or combined with an antiandrogen, is more acceptable to many patients than orchiectomy and lacks the potential cardiotoxicity associated with estrogens. Combined hormonal therapy remains controversial but may provide a modest survival benefit, especially in men with minimal metastatic disease. Intermittent hormonal therapy has great appeal, particularly because of the potentially deleterious effects of long-term hormonal therapy; however, its efficacy has yet to be proven.
Reliability of Trained Dogs to Alert to Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.

Background:We examined the reliability of trained dogs to alert to hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes.Methods:Patients with type 1 diabetes who currently used diabetes alert dogs participated in this exploratory study. Subjects reported satisfaction, perceived dog glucose sensing ability and reasons for obtaining a trained dog. Reliability of dog alerts was assessed using capillary blood glucose (CBG) and blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as comparators in 8 subjects (age 4-48). Hypoglycemia was defined as CBG or CGM <70 mg/dL.Results:Dog users were very satisfied (8.9/10 on a Likert-type scale) and largely confident (7.9/10) in their dog’s ability to detect hypoglycemia. Detection of hypoglycemia was the primary reason for obtaining a trained dog. During hypoglycemia, spontaneous dog alerts occurred at a rate 3.2 (2.0-5.2, 95% CI) times higher than during euglycemia (70-179 mg/dL). Dogs provided timely alerts in 36% (sensitivity) of all hypoglycemia events (n = 45). Due to inappro...
Analytical Expressions of the Stability and Bifurcation Boundaries for General Spread Mooring Systems

Spread mooring systems (SMS) are labeled as general when they are not restricted by conditions of symmetry. The six necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of general SMS are derived analytically. The boundaries where static and dynamic loss of stability occur also are derived in terms of the system eigenvalues, thus providing analytical means for defining the morphogenesis that occurs when a bifurcation boundary is crossed. The equations derived in this paper provide analytical expressions of elementary singularities and routes to chaos for general mooring system configurations. Catastrophe sets are generated first by the derived expressions and then numerically using nonlinear dynamics and codimension-one and -two bifurcation theory; agreement is excellent. The mathematical model consists of the nonlinear, third-order maneuvering equations without memory of the horizontal plane, slow-motion dynamics--surge, sway, and yaw-of a vessel moored to several terminals. Mooring lines can be modeled by synthetic nylon ropes, chains, or steel cables. External excitation consists of time-independent current, wind, and mean wave drift forces. The analytical expressions derived in this paper apply to nylon ropes and current excitation. Expressions for other combinations of lines and excitation can be derived.
BDNF gene delivery within and beyond templated agarose multi-channel guidance scaffolds enhances peripheral nerve regeneration.

Objective We combined implantation of multi-channel templated agarose scaffolds with growth factor gene delivery to examine whether this combinatorial treatment can enhance peripheral axonal regeneration through long sciatic nerve gaps. Approach 15 mm long scaffolds were templated into highly organized, strictly linear channels, mimicking the linear organization of natural nerves into fascicles of related function. Scaffolds were filled with syngeneic bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) secreting the growth factor brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and lentiviral vectors expressing BDNF were injected into the sciatic nerve segment distal to the scaffold implantation site. Main results Twelve weeks after injury, scaffolds supported highly linear regeneration of host axons across the 15 mm lesion gap. The incorporation of BDNF-secreting cells into scaffolds significantly increased axonal regeneration, and additional injection of viral vectors expressing BDNF into the distal segment of the transected nerve significantly enhanced axonal regeneration beyond the lesion. Significance Combinatorial treatment with multichannel bioengineered scaffolds and distal growth factor delivery significantly improves peripheral nerve repair, rivaling the gold standard of autografts.
ANALYSES OF VECTOR MAGNETOGRAMS IN FLARE-PRODUCTIVE ACTIVE REGIONS

This paper reviews studies of the relationship between the evolution of vector magnetic fields and the occurrence of major solar flares. Most of the data were obtained by the video magnetograph systems at Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) and Huairou Solar Observatory (HSO). Due to the favorable weather and seeing conditions at both stations, high-resolution vector magnetograph sequences of many active regions that produced major flares during last solar maximum (1989–1993) have been recorded. We have analyzed several sequences of magnetograms to study the evolution of vector magnetic fields of flare productive active regions. The studies have focused on the following three aspects: (1) processes which build up magnetic shear in active regions; (2) the pre-flare magnetic structure of active regions; and (3) changes of magnetic shear immediately preceding and following major flares. We obtained the following results based on above studies: (1) Emerging flux regions (EFRs) play very important roles in the production of complicated photospheric flow patterns, magnetic shear and flares. (2) Although the majority of flares prefer to occur in magnetically sheared regions, many flares occurred in regions without strong photospheric magnetic shear. (3) We found that photospheric magnetic shear increased after all the 6 X-class flares studied by us. We want to emphasize that this discovery is not contradictory to the energy conservation principle, because a flare is a three-dimensional process, and the photosphere only provides a two-dimensional boundary condition. This argument is supported by the fact that if two initial ribbons of a flare are widely separated (which may correspond to a higher-altitude flare), the correlation of the flare with strong magnetic shear is weak; if the two ribbons of a flare are close (which may correspond to a lower-altitude flare), its correlation with the strong shear is strong. (4) We have analyzed 18 additional M-class flares observed by HSO in 1989 and 1990. No detectable shear change was found for all the cases. It is likely that only the most energetic flares can affect the photospheric magnetic topology.
Monitoring of the oxygen pressure in the blood of live animals using the oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence.

The oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence has proven a powerful method for measuring oxygen pressure in biological samples (see for examples Vanderkooi et al, 1987; Wilson et al, 1988, Rumsey et al, 1988; Robiolio et al, 1989). The method has a rapid response time (msec) and can accurately measure oxygen pressure throughout the physiologically important range (760 Torr down to 10-2 Torr). One of it’s most promising applications is to measure the oxygen pressure in the tissue of living animals (Wilson et al, this book). Addition of the phosphorescent probes to the blood, for example, allows measurement of the phosphorescence by non invasive optical techniques, thereby making possible direct calculation of the oxygen pressure in the observed area as the changes occur. In order to most effectively utilize this new tool it is necessary to develop both an instrument capable of making the measurements and a thorough understanding of the behavior of the phosphorescence in this environment. One important aspect of that environment is the presence of a continuum of oxygen pressures in the field of observation, ranging from the arteriols to the veinous drainage vessels. Thus the phosphorescence decay curve is expected to be a summation of many decay curves of unequal initial values.
The Effectiveness of Substance Abuse Treatment in Reducing Violent Behavior

The use of alcohol and other drugs has long been associated with violence. Yet relatively little is known about the effect of treatment on specific violent behaviors. This study examines violent behaviors in the National TreatmentImprovement Evaluation Study (NTIES), and assesses the extent to which treatment appears to reduce violence for each measured behavior. It also examines these reductions by gender, treatment modality, and whether the client wasa victim of violence in addition to being a perpetrator. The results indicate large reductions in violence among clients actively violent during the pretreatment period, with virtually no increase in violence among clients not actively violent during that same period, irrespective of gender, modality, or victimization status. On their face, the results strongly suggest that substance abuse treatment is effective in reducing violent behavior. Alternative explanations areproposed and assessed, followed by implications for policy, practice, and future research.
Reverters from PD-MCI to cognitively intact are at risk for future cognitive impairment: Analysis of the PPMI cohort.

Abstract Introduction Past studies have shown that a large portion of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) will revert to a cognitively intact (CI) status in the future. Aging studies have shown that individuals who revert from MCI to CI are at increased risk for reconverting to MCI or dementia in the future. The current study examined if individuals who revert from PD-mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) to CI will be at increased risk for future PD-MCI and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Method The study utilized data from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). The sample included 364 newly diagnosed PD participants who were followed annually for up to 4 years. Based on the first and second assessments, we identified individuals who were CI at each assessment (CI-Stable) and individuals who were PD-MCI at baseline but then reverted to CI (Reversion). Analyses examined if participants in the Reversion group were at greater risk, relative to the CI-Stable group, for cognitive impairment at future assessments. Results Participants in the Reversion group were at greater risk for future cognitive impairment (PD-MCI or PDD) at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th annual follow-up, relative to the CI-Stable group. The Reversion group continued to be at increased risk for future cognitive impairment when adjusting for age, gender, education, depressive symptoms, and motor severity. Conclusion A large proportion of individuals with PD-MCI will not show evidence of cognitive impairment within a year. However, these “reverters” continue to be at risk for future development of cognitive impairment.
Funding for Gun Violence Research Is Key to the Health and Safety of the Nation.

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' views about the potential impact that funding for firearm (gun) violence research might have on the health and safety of America as of 2018, and it mentions how more than 500,000 U.S. civilians were killed by firearms over the past two decades. Mass shootings and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's annual budget are examined, along with the American Dickey Amendment involving gun control and research financing.
Development of an Automatic Filament Disappearance Detection System

This paper presents an efficient and automatic method for detecting filament disappearances. This method was applied to the Big Bear Solar Observatory's (BBSO) full-disk Hα images. The initial step is to detect the filaments in the solar image, then determine if they are growing, stable or disappearing. If a disappearing filament is found, the solar community can be automatically alerted in near real time. This system is proven to be accurate and fast. In addition, three statistical studies of the appearance and disappearance of all filaments in 1999 are presented.
Mechanics of Slides

The purpose of stability analysis is to determine the factor of safety of a potential failure surface. The factor of safety is defined as a ratio between the resisting force and the driving force, both applied along the failure surface. When the driving force due to weight is equal to the resisting force due to shear strength, the factor of safety is equal to 1 and failure is imminent. Figure 2.1 shows several types of failure surfaces.