cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isoleucine imbalance using selected mixtures of imbalancing amino acids in diets of the broiler chick

Three experiments were conducted to determine the isoleucine requirement of a broiler from the time of hatch to 16 d of age. Chicks in the experiments were fed an isoleucine-limiting diet composed of wheat and peanut meal as the primary protein sources; this diet was used to investigate various mixtures of amino acids as imbalancing agents for isoleucine. The isoleucine requirement for maximum weight gain and feed efficiency was determined on the basis of broken-line regression analysis to be 0.63 to 0.65% of the diet or 3.28 to 3.38% of dietary protein. A similar diet, marginally limiting in isoleucine, was used to investigate the response of chicks to the addition of various mixtures of amino acids to the diet. Chicks that received a 5% dietary addition of 11 amino acids consisting of equimolar concentrations of leucine, valine, histidine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, alanine, glycine, serine, and threonine had significantly lower weight gain and feed consumption and a higher feed conversion ratio than did chicks fed the basal diet. These adverse effects were only partly prevented by an isoleucine supplement. The large neutral amino acids, histidine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, accounted for most of the effect of the mixture. No effect of a mixture of leucine and valine or a mixture of the small neutral amino acids (alanine, glycine, serine, and threonine) at the same concentrations as those in the mixture of the 11 amino acids was observed. Lysine and arginine were the only two indispensable amino acids not present in the mixture of 11 amino acids. A subsequent experiment demonstrated that these amino acids did not become co-limiting with isoleucine when the diet was imbalanced with the amino acid mixture. These results indicate that an isoleucine imbalance in chicks is readily precipitated by excessive dietary concentrations of large neutral amino acids in diets that are otherwise marginally adequate in isoleucine.
A brief period of retrograde hyperthermic perfusion enhances myocardial protection from global ischemia: association with accumulation of Hsp 70 mRNA and protein.

The induction of heat shock proteins in the myocardium has been suggested as a possible intervention to allow for enhanced cardioprotection. We examined the cardioprotective effects of Hsp 70 induction in a clinically relevant model, in which a brief period of retrograde hyperthermic perfusion (42 °C) was applied for 15 min, only 5 min prior to global ischemia and reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart. Our results indicate that in retrograde hyperthermic perfused hearts (n=17) there was enhanced dP /dT, end diastolic pressure, and peak developed pressure during normo?thermic reperfusion following 15 min of global ischemia when compared to control hearts perfused at 37 °C (n=18). Northern analysis indicated Hsp 70 mRNA, in retrograde hyperthermic perfused hearts, was increased 9.0 ±0. /70-fold (P<0.001) by 30 min and 9.1 ±0.45-fold (P<0.001) by 60 min of normothermic reperfusion. Western analysis revealed that the Hsp, heat inducible 72 kD protein was increased 1.74 ±0.35-fold (P<0.001) by 30 min and 1.79 ±0.31-fold at 60 min of normothermic reperfusion when compared to no ischemia hearts. Our results demonstrate that the use of 15 min of retrograde hyperthermic perfusion, only 5 min prior to global ischemia and reperfusion, provide for enhanced myocardial funtional recovery. Enhanced myocardial functional recovery was associated with the accumulation of Hsp 70 mRNA and the Hsp 72 kD protein.
Depth of visual information processing.

The depth of visual information processing is identified with the longest randomly-generated binary-encoded spatial pattern whose partial repetitions can be detected. In contrast with the auditory detection of sequentially-presented constraints, the depth of perceptible visual encoding of spatially-presented constraints is sharply limited. Depths of about 35 were achieved for one-dimensional constraints; depths of perhaps 3 or 4 were achieved for two-dimensional constraints imposed in only one direction and depths of perhaps 2 for two-dimensional constraints imposed in two directions. With one-dimensional constraints, it is shown that the inferred depth of processing is partially determined by the number of pattern representations and by the spatial distance between successive representation for visual displays of fixed size.
Turbulent Natural Convection on Upward and Downward Facing Inclined Constant Heat Flux Surfaces

Local heat transfer data were obtained for turbulent natural convection on vertical and inclined upward and downward facing surfaces. The test surface consisted of a 1.83 m (6 ft) wide × 7.32 m (24 ft) high plate with a constant heat flux obtained by electrical resistive heating of a metal foil on the surface. The tests were conducted in air for modified Grashof numbers up to 1015 . Measurements were made of the local surface temperature for this constant heat flux condition, for the plate inclined at angles from 30 deg to the vertical (upward facing, unstable) through the vertical to 80 deg to the vertical (downward facing, stable). The results show the location of the transition to be a function of the plate angle. For the unstable case, the transition length decreases as the plate angle increases from the vertical while for the stable case the position of transition increases with the angle from the vertical. The laminar data for both orientations are correlated as: Nux = 0.55 (Grx*Pr)0.20 in which the gravity is the component along the surface, g cos θ. The turbulent natural convection data are correlated quite well by the relation: Nux = 0.17 (Grx*Pr)0.25 In the turbulent case the correlation is independent of angle for the unstable case, whereas for the stable case the data correlate best when the gravity is modified by cos2 θ, where θ is measured from the vertical. Thus, there is a significant influence of angle on the convective heat transfer for the stable turbulent region.
Cross talk between growth factors and viral and cellular factors alters neuronal signaling pathways: Implication for HIV-associated dementia

HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a serious neurological disorder affecting about 7% of people with AIDS. In the brain, HIV-1 infects a restricted number of cell types, being primarily present in macrophages and microglial cells, less abundant in astrocytes, and rarely seen in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Lack of a productive HIV-1 infection of neuronal cells suggests the presence of an indirect pathway by which the virus may determine the brain pathology and neuronal dysfunction seen in AIDS patients. Among the participants in this event, viral proteins including gp120 and Tat, along with host factors including cytokines, chemokines, and several signaling pathways have received considerable attention. In this article, we discuss the most recent concepts pertaining to the mechanisms of HIV-1-induced neuronal dysfunction by highlighting the interplay between signal transduction pathways activated by viral and host factors and their consequences in neuronal cell function.
Relationship between Psychological Androgyny and Self-Actualization Tendencies

Bem's Sex-role Inventory and the Personal Orientation Inventory were administered to 339 college men and 265 women to test Bern's hypothesis that a relationship would exist between androgyny and a measure of psychological adjustment. Analysis gave some support for the relationship between sex-role identity and self-actualizing tendencies for women but not for men.
PRESTORAGE MOISTURE CONTENT AFFECTS COLOR LOSS OF GROUND PAPRIKA (Capsicum annuum L.) UNDER STORAGE

Ground paprika samples from cultivars ‘B-18’; and ‘NuMex Sweet’; were adjusted to different prestorage moisture contents and stored under ambient temperature (19C–24C) and humidity (24–42%). Moisture content, water activity, extractable color, and surface color were determined before storage and then monthly for four months. Prestorage moisture contents equilibrated during storage. At the end of the storage period all samples had about 10% moisture content. Samples with 6% or 9% prestorage moisture content had 92% and 90% extractable color loss, respectively, for ‘B-18’; paprika and 84% and 83% color loss for ‘NuMex Sweet’; paprika, respectively. In contrast, samples stored at higher moisture contents had less color loss. Color loss after four months storage was 53% and 32% for ‘B-18’; and 51% and 30% for ‘NuMex Sweet’; at 15% and 18% prestorage moisture contents, respectively. Surface color was also affected by moisture content.
Why don't zebras have machine guns adaptation, selection, and constraints in evolutionary theory

In an influential paper, Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin (1979) contrasted selection-driven adaptation with phylogenetic, architectural, and developmental constraints as distinct causes of phenotypic evolution. In subsequent publications Gould (e.g., 1997a,b, 2002) has elaborated this distinction into one between a narrow "Darwinian Fundamentalist" emphasis on "external functionalist" processes, and a more inclusive "pluralist" emphasis on "internal structuralist" principles. Although theoretical integration of functionalist and structuralist explanations is the ultimate aim, natural selection and internal constraints are treated as distinct causes of evolutionary change. This distinction is now routinely taken for granted in the literature in evolutionary biology. I argue that this distinction is problematic because the effects attributed to non-selective constraints are more parsimoniously explained as the ordinary effects of selection itself. Although it may still be a useful shorthand to speak of phylogenetic, architectural, and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution, it is important to understand that such "constraints" do not constitute an alternative set of causes of evolutionary change. The result of this analysis is a clearer understanding of the relationship between adaptation, selection and constraints as explanatory concepts in evolutionary theory.
Comparison of SS-GIC and MHD-EMP-GIC effects on power systems

A comparative study of the effects of solar storm geomagnetically induced currents (SS-GIC) and nuclear detonation geomagnetically induced currents (magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse GIC or MHD-EMP-GIC) on the power system. The earth surface electric field of the MHD electromagnetic pulse is given to be of the order of 100 V/km, with a duration up to several minutes; and the electric field of the solar storms is of the order of 10 V/km, and lasts from several minutes to one hour. Both phenomena cause flow of almost direct current in the windings of power transformers through the grounding system. For long transmission lines, i.e. 300 miles or longer, this DC current offsets the 60 Hz AC and may saturate transformer cores, with secondary results such as high magnetization currents, increased harmonics, and concomitant effect on power system operation. The level of the transformer core saturation depends on the time constant of the saturation process, and on the duration and magnitude of the direct current through the transformer windings. Thus, although the solar storm electric field is much lower than MHD-EMP, the solar storm effects on the power system are greater due to their much longer duration. This paper presents a technique for the computation of the induced and/or transferred voltages and currents to an electric power system from geomagnetic disturbances. For this purpose, models of transmission lines which explicitly represent grounding, earth potential, and frequency dependent phenomena, and power transformers which explicitly represent nonlinear magnetization characteristics, are utilized. >
Perceptions and Congruence of Symptoms and Communication among Second-generation Cambodian Youth and Parents: A Matched-control Design

This study examined the relationship between perception of communication and report of symptoms among second-generation Cambodian children and their parents using a matched-control design of clinic and community children. Children reported significantly higher symptoms than parents in both samples. Clinic parents reported more symptoms than community parents, but no differences were observed between children, and the mean level of child-reported symptoms was similar to past studies examining clinic populations. Parents reported better communication than children, and community respondents reported better communication than their clinic counterparts. Same-informant communication predicted symptom report. These data suggest that communication is a key factor in understanding symptoms in this group, provide evidence that child perception of communication is particularly important, and that the use of a matched control design might reveal high symptom levels in community samples that are otherwise undetected.
On the Role of Ozone in the Stability of Rossby Normal Modes

The role of ozone in the linear stability of Rossby normal modes is examined in a continuously stratified, extratropical baroclinic atmosphere. The flow is described by coupled equations for the quasi-geostraphic potential vorticity and ozone volume mixing ratio. A perturbation analysis is carried out under the assumption of weak diabatic heating, which is generated by Newtonian cooling and dynamics-ozone interaction. An expression for the propagation and growth characteristics is obtained analytically in terms of the vertically averaged wave activity, which depends explicitly on the wave spatial structure, photochemistry, and basic state distributions of wind, temperature, and ozone mixing ratio. Calculations show that stationary internal modes, whose amplitudes are largest in the stratosphre, are destabilized by dynamics-ozone interaction and Newtonian cooling, with e-folding times on the order of 20-40 days.
An inverse problem of finding a parameter in a semi-linear heat equation

We consider the following inverse problem of finding the pair (u, p) which satisfies the following: u1 = uxx + p(t)u + F(x, t, u, ux, p(t), 0 < x < 1, 0 < t ⩽ T; u(x,0) = u0(x), 0 < x < 1, ux(0, t) = f(t), ux(1, t) = g(t), 0 < t ⩽ T; and ∝01ψ(x,t) u(x, t)dx = E(t), 0 < t ⩽ T; where u0, f, g, F, ψ, and E are known functions. The existence, uniqueness, regularity, and the continuous dependence of the solution upon the data are demonstrated.
Shock capturing approximations to the compressible Euler equations with geometric structure and related equations

In this paper we analyze a shock capturing method, developed by Chen-Glimm [4], to construct approximate solutions of the transonic nozzle flow and the spherically symmetric flow for the compressible Euler equations and related equations. The \(L^\infty\)-stability, \(H^{-1}\)-compactness, and convergence of the approximate solutions are proved for any adiabatic exponent \(\gamma>1\) for the isentropic Euler equations. The corresponding global solutions are obtained for arbitrarily large \(L^\infty\) initial data.
Ricardian equivalence: long-run Leviathan

Abstract This paper presents a heterogenous overlapping-generations with-altruism model in which intergenerational discounting is stochastic. The model nests three popular macroeconomics models: those of Ramsey (Economic Journal, 38 (152) (1928) 543–559), Diamond (American Economic Review, 55 (1965) 1126–1150) and a variant of the Blanchard (Journal of Political Economy 93 (2) (1985) 223–247), Buiter (The Economic Journal 98 (391) (1988) 279–293), Weil (Journal of Public Economics 38 (2) (1989) 183–198) model. It is shown that, under a mild condition originally derived by Weil (Journal of Monetary Economics 19 (3) (1987) 377–391), the long-run capital intensity is robust to practically every popular theoretical criticism of the standard Ricardian model. These criticisms include the imperfect inheritability of time preference parameters (and hence finite horizons on the part of all households), myopia in the form of overly discounting the future, borrowing constraints, distortionary labor taxation, exchange/strategic bequest motives, common cultural constraints (egalitarian bequests and primogeniture), endogenous fertility and `joy of giving'. While precautionary saving can theoretically violate long-run neutrality, the asymptotic capital intensity is still bounded below by preference parameters. The overall conclusions are sharply at odds with those found in most articles dealing with the theoretical foundations of Ricardian equivalence.
Electron microscopic studies of transcriptional complexes released from vaccinia cores during RNA-synthesis in vitro: Methods for fractionation of transcriptional complexes

Abstract Election microscopic (EM) and biochemical methods were employed to study the transcriptional complexes present in detergent lysates of vaccinia virus cores actively synthesizing RNA in vitro. When processed and examined in the EM, 14 ‘transcriptional sites’ could be observed on full-length DNA templates. Fractionation of lysates by equilibrium density centrifugation in CsSO4, chromatography on hydroxyapatite columns or by sedimentation in sucrose gradients, allowed isolation of DNA templates associated with transcripts but these manipulations often resulted in fragmentation of the DNA template or promoted the release of transcripts from the template. It is suggested that RNA transcripts remain associated with the template in regions of supercoiling. These regions, in turn, may be maintained by DNA-protein interactions which are compromised as the transcriptional complexes are fractionated and purified.
Rate of change in abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter after endovascular repair.

Abstract Objective: Untreated abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) enlarge at a mean rate of 3.9 mm/y with great individual variability. We sought to determine the effect of endovascular repair on the rate of change in aneurysm size. Methods: There were 110 patients who underwent endovascular AAA repair at Stanford University Medical Center and who were followed up for 1 to 30 months (mean, 10 months) with serial contrast-infused helical computed tomography (CT). Maximal aneurysm diameter was determined using two independent methods: (1) measured manually, from cross-sectional computed tomography (XSCT) angiograms and (2) calculated from quantitative three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT) data as orthonormal diameter. Results: Maximal cross-sectional aneurysm diameter measured by hand (XSCT) and calculated as orthonormal values (3DCT) correlated closely ( r = 0.915; P P P Conclusions: The rate of decrease in aneurysm size (annualized 3.4-4.1 mm/y) after endovascular repair of AAA approximates the reported expansion rate in untreated aneurysms. However, individual aneurysm behavior is unpredictable, and the presence of an endoleak is unreliable in predicting changes in diameter. New onset endoleaks are associated with an enlargement rate greater than that of untreated aneurysms. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:108-15.)
Physical Chemistry of Carbonates in Oceans: ABSTRACT

The common carbonate minerals found in oceanic sediments are aragonite and high and low magnesium varieties of calcite. A large proportion of deep seawater is undersaturated with respect to all three. This conclusion is based on laboratory studies of the effects of temperature and pressure on carbonate equilibria in seawater combined with shipboard measurements of water properties as well as upon actual measurements of dissolution rates of calcium carbonate samples held at various depth. Undersaturation is caused by biologic production of CO2 at shallower depths and by the effect of increased pressure at greater depths on the solubility of CaCO3. The so-called "compensation depth" below which CaCO3 disappears from deep sea sediments does n t represent simply a downward change from supersaturated to undersaturated water. This is proved by the presence of undersaturated water above the compensation depth and by the fact that the compensation depth may be thousands of meters below the depth where CaCO3 begins to disappear from the sediments; i.e., there is a zone of disappearance and not a single sharply defined depth. The rate of dissolution of CaCO3 in undersaturated seawater is slowed by dissolved Mg and by dissolved organic matter and this helps account for the lack of dissolution where it is expected to occur. Surface seawater, in contrast to deep water, is generally supersaturated with respect to both calcite and aragonite. However, inorganic precipitation rarely occurs due to the inhibiting effects of Mg++ and organic matter as dissolved species and as surface coatings on mineral grains. End_of_Article - Last_Page 331------------
Historical Method in Marketing Research with New Evidence on Long-Term Market Share Stability

Abstract Several researchers have advocated historical or longitudinal approaches to study marketing phenomena. Although some have applied this approach, more often it has been overlooked or denigrated. The author argues that historical method is capable of producing scientific knowledge that is currently useful, rather than simply a remembrance of the past. The author presents a complete description of the historical method, so researchers can use this article as a guide when applying this method. The value of the method is illustrated by examining the prevailing finding in the marketing literature that market shares are stable over time. Although this finding is considered an empirical generalization, an analysis of more than 650 brands in 100 categories raises doubts about the longevity of market share stability.
Effect of sampling density and design on estimation of streambed attributes

Summary Underlying questions that are central to field studies of the groundwater–surface water interaction are the extent of error in means and spatial distributions of streambed attributes such as groundwater seepage rate or solute flux, and the relation of this error to the number and location of point measurements. To investigate these questions, spatially intensive point measurements of five streambed attributes were made in two 63-m long stream reaches in the North Carolina Coastal Plain: hydraulic conductivity ( K ), hydraulic head gradient between groundwater and stream water ( J ), nitrate concentration in streambed groundwater ( C ), and groundwater seepage ( v = KJ ) and nitrate flux ( f = vC ) through the streambed. In all, 10 datasets (2 reaches, 5 attributes), each with 54 closely-spaced point values, were created (540-point values in all). For each dataset, subsets of 8- to 40-point values were selected from the 54 available to evaluate the effects of sampling density (the number of point values per reach, or per m 2 of streambed) and sampling design (the relative number of point values from the right side, left side, and center of the channel) on the mean and the spatial field of the streambed attribute. Specifically, we evaluated the following as a function of sampling density and sampling design: (1) the likelihood of error in the reach-average value of each streambed attribute, (2) the average magnitude of error and distribution of error in the reach-average value of each attribute, (3) the magnitude of error in the prediction of point values of each attribute, and (4) the geometry of interpolated surfaces of two attributes ( K and f ). In all cases, “error” in a value or interpolated surface based on a subset of points was taken as a deviation from the corresponding result based on the full dataset of 54 points. The probability ( p ) that error did not occur increased with sampling density for each sampling design and attribute in both reaches, though the effect of “diminishing returns” was evident for sampling densities greater than ∼24 points per reach (roughly 0.05–0.06 points per m 2 of streambed). Relative to sampling density, sampling design had little effect on values of p . Average error in streambed attributes was generally small (⩽10%) and less than the 95% confidence limits about the reach-average values of the attributes. The ability to estimate unknown point values by interpolation among other point values was poor using both 12- and 36-point subsets, though results suggest the 24 additional known point values (in going from 12 to 36) were helpful in one case in which there was some degree of autocorrelation between the additional known values and the values to be predicted in the interpolation. Visual inspection of 130 contour maps showed that those based on 36-point values were far more realistic in appearance than those based on 12-point values (where the standard for “realistic” appearance was the contour maps based on the full datasets of 54-point values).
Self-Realization and the Priority of Fair Equality of Opportunity

The lexical priority of fair equality of opportunity in John Rawls’s justice as fairness, which has been sharply criticized by Larry Alexander and Richard Arneson among others, is left almost entirely undefended in Rawls’s works. I argue here that this priority rule can be successfully defended against its critics despite Rawls’s own doubts about it. Using the few textual clues he provides, I speculatively reconstruct his defense of this rule, showing that it can be grounded on our interest in self-realization through work. This reconstructed defense makes liberal use of concepts already present in A Theory of Justice, including the Aristotelian Principle (which motivates the achievement of increasing virtuosity) and the Humboldtian concept of social union (which provides the context for the development of such virtuosity). I also show that this commitment to self-realization, far from violating the priority of right in Rawls’s theory, stems directly from his underlying commitment to autonomy, which is the very foundation of the moral law in his doctrine of right. The reconstituted defense of this priority rule not only strengthens the case for justice as fairness but also has important and controversial implications for public policy.
The application of infrared spectroscopy to the study of atmospheric rust systems—I. Standard spectra and illustrative applications to identify rust phases in natural atmospheric corrosion products

Abstract Oxides and oxyhydroxides of iron, found in rust samples, yield distinct infrared absorption patterns which can be used in the identification of rust phases present. Standard IR absorption spectra of several forms of oxyhydroxides and oxides of iron are given, data compiled in tables and salient features that can be used in phase identification are discussed. Representative spectra of different types of rust samples from weathering steel bridge spans in Louisiana and from one 2500 year old iron axe are analysed and discussions of their characteristic features are included. Sharp peaks in well crystallized samples become broad, and progressively weaker, in samples lacking crystallinity. The technique can be used efficiently to determine the nature of phase changes that occur upon heating or otherwise treating rust specimens.
Who Seeks Cita Con El Doctor? Twelve Years of Spanish-Language Radio Program Targeting U.S. Latinos

Purpose. Spanish-dominant Latinos make up 13% of the U.S. population, and this group is poorer and faces multiple threats to health compared with the general population. Additionally, Spanish speakers face challenges accessing health information that is often not available in Spanish. This study provides a descriptive epidemiology of a unique, low-cost health information source: the longest-running U.S.-based Spanish-language call-in radio health education program. Method. From the universe of all calls 1999 to 2011, stratified random sampling yielded 1,237 analyzed calls, which were manually coded for caller sex, age, proxy status, and health concern. Descriptive statistics were used to examine basic demographics of callers and call topics overall and by sex and proxy caller status. Results. Among all calls, the top three call-generating health topics were specific symptoms/conditions, sexual/reproductive health, and gastrointestinal concerns. The top nine topics were consistent among women, men, and pro...
Crustal movement investigations

During the past 4 years the program of repeating geodetic surveys for the purpose of monitoring horizontal and vertical crustal movement was continued in the United States. New surveys were also accomplished in several areas along the San Andreas fault system, where observational data from previous surveys had shown a systematic rate of fault creep.
Jakob Wassermann, anti‐Semitism and German Politics

Anti-Semitism pursued and preoccupied Wassermann from his childhood to the end of his life. When the author died, on New Year's Day 1934, the Nazis had been in power for less than a year. But their racial politics had already inflicted incalculable damage upon his literary career. Characterizations of anti-Semitism and the Jewish experience can, of course, be traced throughout Wassermann's extensive novelistic oeuvre. However, it is in his (now) neglected essayistic writings that his abiding concern with this problem receives its most poignant and personal expression. This study surveys the novelist's always moving, sometimes controversial, accounts of the Jewish dilemma from the early “Das Los der Juden'’(1904) to Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude (1921) and other (later) texts. In most of the essays the writer derives his conclusions from an interfusion of personal experience, events of past history and contemporary politics. Over the years his pessimism increased, but his commitment to justice never flagged (“In memoriam Walther Rathenau,'’“Rassenantagonismus,’“Der Jude in der Kunst,’“Selbstschau am Ende des sechsten Jahrzehnts.”) There is a final irony. During 1933 (the last year of Wassermann's life) a bizarre concatenation of political circumstances managed to produce a rift between the (by then) world-renowned Jewish novelist and his Jewish publishing house, S. Fischer, whose founder and guiding light, Samuel Fischer, had been the author's lifelong friend.
A generalized nonparametric ANOVA program (Version 2)

The program discussed in this paper is designed to (1) compute various nonparametric ANOVA statistics (Cochran, 1950; Friedman, 1937; Kruskal & Wallis, 1952), (2) compare the value of a given statistic with the chi-square values required for significance at the .05 and .01 levels, (3) perform a priori or post hoc trend analyses (Ferguson, 1965, 1971; Marascuilo & McSweeney, 1967), and (4) carry out post hoc multiple comparisons (Dunn, 1964; Rosenthal & Ferguson, 1965; Nemenyi, Note 1). Input. The job deck consists of some subset of the following cards (depending upon the analyses requested by the user: problem card, contrast matrix format card, contrast matrix card(s), levels format card, levels card(s), data format card, sample size card(s), data deck, and last card. The problem card indicates the nonparametric ANOVA test desired, the number of samples (or experimental conditions), and the specific a priori or post hoc analyses to be performed. If post hoc comparisons (other than all pairwise comparisons) are desired, the contrast matrix format card is an F-type variable format card that indicates the location of the coefficients for the comparisons on the subsequent contrast matrix card(s). Similarly, if a post hoc trend analysis is desired, the levels format card (for unequal intervals) is an F-type variable format card that indicates the location of the level magnitudes on the accompanying levels card(s); for equal intervals, the levels format card and levels card(s) are omitted. The data format card is an F-type variable format card that indicates the location of the raw scores (or ranks) on the data cards. It is followed by a card (or cards) indicating the size(s) of the sample(s). The arrangement of the data deck varies according to the specific nonparametric ANOVA that is to be performed. Specifically, for the Kruskal-Wallis test, the data are punched by sample with the data for each sample beginning on a new card. However, for the Friedman test and the Cochran test, the data are punched by subject (or group of matched subjects) with the data for each subject (or group of matched subjects) beginning on a new card. Finally, if the user wishes to terminate the program, the last card must have the word FINISH punched in columns 1-6. On the other hand, if the user wishes to analyze another set of data, the last card is a blank card and the job deck is arranged sequentially (as described
Genetic influence on literacy constructs in kindergarten and first grade: evidence from a diverse twin sample.

Historically, twin research on reading has been conducted on older children and the generalizability of results across racial/ethnic/socioeconomic groups is unclear. To address these gaps, early literacy skills were examined among 1,401 twin pairs in kindergarten and 1,285 twin pairs in first grade (ages 5–7). A multi-group analysis was conducted separately for subsamples defined by neighborhood income while controlling for race/ethnicity within each grade. Substantial additive genetic and shared environmental effects were found for early literacy skills measured in kindergarten. In first grade, variance in early reading was associated with large additive genetic effects for middle and high neighborhood income twins, but shared environmental influence was substantial for low neighborhood income twins. Results suggest that the etiological architecture of some early literacy skills may differ across economic contexts.
Average case analysis when merging two ordered lists of different length

A derivation for the expected number of comparisons when merging two ordered lists is given, where the sizes of the individual lists are unknown but the size of the merged list is known. Other applications where this result can be applied are also mentioned, most notably the LUPSort algorithm of Merritt and Nauck[4].
Bound states of two surface phonons at a crystal surface with an adsorbed monolayer

Abstract We obtain the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the Green's function describing the propagation of two surface phonons interacting via cubic and quartic anharmonicity. We solve that equation by keeping only the latter contribution to its kernel. The two-dimensional nature of the problem is reflected in the existence of a bound state of two high-frequency surface phonons associated with the presence of an overlayer of light atoms, for all values of the coupling strength. This is illustrated with the detailed solution of a simple model.
Direct Numerical Simulation of pulsed jets-in-crossflow

Direct Numerical Simulations of a jet with a passive scalar injected vertically into a crossflow (velocity ratio = 6) is performed at a jet Reynolds number of 5000. The role of sinusoidal forcing of the jet on the dynamics of the flow structures, and on the jet trajectory and jet spreading is examined. Sinusoidal excitations selected are at non-dimensional frequencies of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6. For the unforced jet, shear-layer vortices on the leading edge of the jet have a preferred mode frequency of around 0.35. With forcing, the dominant frequency in the near field of the jet is the forcing frequency, but further downstream, vortex interactions/mergings lead to the growth of the subharmonic modes. For a forcing frequency of 0.2, the jet bifurcates in the vertical plane; at a forcing frequency of 0.4, the jet trifurcates into three jet-streams in the vertical plane; and, at a forcing frequency of 0.6, the jet bifurcates in the horizontal plane. The largest vertical penetration is at a forcing frequency of 0.4, while the largest horizontal spreading occurs at a non-dimensional forcing frequency of 0.6. Wake vortices, with a U-loop structure, are seen for all cases except at a forcing frequency of 0.6, where they are completely suppressed. The U-loop structure is asymmetric for the unforced and 0.2 forcing frequency case, and is consistent with the earlier experimental observations for unpulsed jets-in-crossflow. Through particle visualizations, a mechanism for the development of the wake vortices is presented in the paper. Mean statistics on isosurface contours are also presented, and asymmetry in the mean counter-rotating kidney pair vortex structures are also seen for the unforced and 0.2 forcing cases. The results of this study indicate the potential of using external forcing as a potential control strategy for controlling the jet penetration and mixing with the crossflow in either the vertical plane or the horizontal plane.
Hepatolenticular degeneration: The comparative effectiveness of D-penicillamine, potassium sulfide, and diethyldithiocarbamate as decoppering agents†

Copper balance studies were performed on three patients with hepatolenticular degeneration to assess the relative values of D-penicillamine, of potassium sulfide, and of diethyldithiocarbamate therapy. The first produced a pronounced negative balance, whereas the latter two were essentially ineffective.
Association of patient-provider communication domains with lung cancer treatment

Background Patient–physician communication is critical for helping patients understand and complete the complex steps needed to diagnose stage and treat lung cancer. We assessed which domains of patient–physician communication about lung cancer and its treatment are associated with receipt of disease-directed, stage-appropriate treatment. Methods Patients with recently diagnosed lung cancer were recruited from four medical centers in New York City from 2008 to 2011. Participants were surveyed about discussions with physicians regarding treatment, symptoms, and needs. Multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to assess which communication factors were associated with disease treatment. Results Of the 352 participants, 191 (54%) received disease-directed, stage-appropriate treatment. Unadjusted associations between communication items and treatment found that participants who felt that their physicians explained the risks and disadvantages of lung cancer treatment ( p p = 0.02), discussed goals of treatment ( p p = 0.04) were more likely to undergo treatment. Three communication domains were identified: treatment information, physician support, and patient symptoms/needs. After adjusting for known determinants of lung cancer treatment, increased treatment information was associated with higher probability of cancer-directed treatment ( p = 0.003). Other communication domains (physician support or patient symptoms/needs) were not independent predictors of treatment ( p > 0.05 for both comparisons). Conclusion These data suggest that treatment information is particularly important for increasing the probability of cancer-directed therapy among lung cancer patients. Clinicians should ensure that they clearly discuss treatment goals and options with patients while maintaining empathy, supporting patient needs, and addressing symptoms.
The Larch/Smalltalk interface specification language

Object-oriented programming languages, such as Smalltalk, help to build reusable program modules. The reuse of program modules requires adequate documentation—formal or informal. Larch/Smalltalk is a formal specification language for specifying such reusable Smalltalk modules. Larch/Smalltalk firmly separates specification from implementation. In Larch/Smalltalk the unit of specification is an abstract data type, which is an abstraction of the behavior produced by one or more Smalltalk classes, A type can be a subtype of other types, which allows types to be organized based on specified behavior, and also allows for inheritance of their specifications. Larch/Smalltalk specifications are developed using specification tools integrated in the Smalltalk programming environment.
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Metal Nanoclustersilica Composites Formed by Implantation of Sb in High Purity Silica

The linear and nonlinear optical properties of a series of Sb nanometer dimension metal colloids in silica were measured. The colloids were fabricated by the implantation of Sb in silica with nominal doses of 3, 6 and 9x10{sup 16} ions/cm{sup 2} at 320 keV. The linear optical response was measured from 200 to 900 nm. The nonlinear optical properties were measured using the z-scan technique at wavelengths of 596 and 617 nm. The results are compared to linear and nonlinear properties of a sample implanted with 6x10{sup 16} Ag ions/cm{sup 2}. Both absorption and the nonlinear index of refraction increase with increasing volume fraction for the Sb implanted samples. The lower linear absorption and comparable nonlinear index of refraction for the Sb colloid-glass composites may be better for devices than composites using metal colloids that have a surface plasmon resonance. 12 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Effect of intermittent activity on broiler production parameters

Abstract The use of intermittent lighting in broiler production has been shown to result in spurts of activity that appear to reduce lameness. Because intermittent lighting is difficult to achieve in curtain-sided houses, the objective of this study was to determine whether simple equipment used to increase activity in broilers would improve production variables. At 1 d of age, 840 male broiler chicks were placed in 24 floor pens. The four treatments (six replicates of 35 chicks each) were as follows: 1) Control-standard feeders, 2) Ramps and Toys-birds had to climb a slight incline ramp to reach feeder and had a hanging mobile, 3) Ramps only, and 4) Toys only-standard feeders. Two trials were conducted. Weekly group weights and feed consumption were recorded. Mortality was recorded daily. At 6 wk of age, birds were bled, euthanatized, weighted, and scored for ascites and tibial dyschondroplasia (TD), and relative heart, liver, and spleen weights were obtained. Blood samples were analyzed for blood gases, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and clinical chemistries were performed. In Trial 1, during Weeks 2, 3, and 4, treatments with ramps had significantly heavier average bird weight and significantly lower feed:gain ratios. In Trial 2, treatments with ramps had no difference in average BW; however, these groups consumed less feed, resulting in significantly lower feed:gain ratios. Cumulative mortality was decreased by ramp treatment in Trial 2. Toys decreased the incidence and severity of TD in Trial 2. In general, organ weights, blood gases, hematologies, and clinical chemistries were not affected by treatments. However, birds in treatments with ramps had significantly lower serum calcium and smaller hearts in Trial 1, and significantly lower serum cholesterol and smaller hearts in Trial 2.
Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics During Follow-Up Are an Unreliable Trigger for Intervention in a Prostate Cancer Surveillance Program

Purpose To assess the predictive ability of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) and doubling time (PSADT) for biopsy progression and adverse pathology at prostatectomy among men with low-risk prostate cancer enrolled on an active-surveillance program. Methods We evaluated 290 men who met criteria for active surveillance (ie, PSA density 0.15 ng/mL/cm 3 and Gleason score 6 with no pattern 4, involving 2 cores with cancer, and 50% involvement of any core by cancer) with two or more serial PSA measurements after diagnosis from 1994 to 2008. Follow-up included twice-yearly digital rectal exam and PSA measurements and yearly surveillance biopsy. Treatment was recommended for biopsy progression (ie, Gleason score 7, or 2 positive cores, or 50% core involvement). Sensitivity and specificity of postdiagnostic PSAV and PSADT were explored by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results Overall, 188 (65%) men remained on active surveillance, and 102 (35%) developed biopsy progression at a median follow-up of 2.9 years. PSADT was not significantly associated with subsequent adverse biopsy findings (P .83), and PSAV was marginally significant (P .06). No PSAV or PSADT cut point had both high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve, 0.61 and 0.59, respectively) for biopsy progression. In those who eventually underwent radical prostatectomy, PSAV (P .79) and PSADT (P .87) were not associated with the presence of unfavorable surgical pathology. Conclusion Postdiagnostic PSA kinetics do not reliably predict adverse pathology and should not be used to replace annual surveillance biopsy for monitoring men on active surveillance. J Clin Oncol 28:2810-2816. © 2010 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
A physically-derived large-signal nonquasi-static MOSFET model for computer aided device and circuit simulation PART-I MOSFETs and CMOS inverters

This paper presents a large-signal nonquasi-static model for the transient analysis of MOSFET devices and circuits. The nonquasi-static model is based on MOSFET device physics as opposed to empirical methodologies and is valid in all three regions of device operation: weak, moderate, and strong inversion. The nonquasi-static model is implemented within a CAD software package that provides for the numerical simulation of both individual MOSFET devices and CMOS logic circuits. The CAD software calculates the transient terminal currents and voltages of individual MOSFET devices while providing voltage transfer curves and switching speeds for the CMOS logic circuits. Results are compared with those obtained from SPICE Level 3 and SPICE Level 7 (BSIM 3.1) for a wide range of device geometries and circuit loading conditions. Good agreement has been achieved.
Radical hysterectomy and tailored postoperative radiation therapy in the management of bulky stage 1B cervical cancer

Ninety-two patients with Stage 1B cervical cancers having a diameter equal to or greater than 4.0 cm were treated with radical surgery. Thirty-two patients received postoperative radiotherapy because of operative findings suggestive of high risk of pelvic recurrence. All 32 irradiated patients were treated with a standard pelvic field. Four patients also received paranortic radiotherapy, and ten received intravaginal brachytherapy. Postoperative complications were seen in five patients (two nonirradiated, three irradiated). Projected 5-year survival is 79% (71% 5-year survival in irradiated patients, and 83% 5-year survival in nonirradiated patients). Preoperative evaluation of tumor volume was not found to reliably predict histologic high risk factors such as depth of stromal invasion, risk of lymph node metastases, or presence of extracervical/uterine involvement. A primary surgical approach in this group of patients with large-diameter Stage IB cervical cancers allows definition of those patients who might benefit from a combined surgical and radiotherapeutic approach to treatment based on findings at operation.
Preoperative diagnosis and surgical correction of supravalvular mitral stenosis and ventricular septal defect.

A child with supravalvular mitral stenosis plus ventricular septal defect is reported in whom the correct diagnosis was suspected clinically, confirmed by cardiac catheterization, and successfully ...