cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 410: Elevated Jagged-1 and Notch-1 expression in high grade and metastatic prostate cancers.

Background: Emerging evidence has suggested that Notch signaling pathway may be involved in the development, progression and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, we investigated the expression levels of Jagged-1 and Notch-1 in human prostate tumors and their associations with prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Jagged-1 and Notch-1 was performed on tissue microarray (TMA) slides containing 286 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens with various prostatic disorders, including benign changes, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), low and high grade prostate cancers as well as metastatic prostate cancers. The expression levels of Jagged-1 and Notch-1 were reported as a final IHC score calculated as staining extent score (0-3) multiplied by intensity score (0-3); with a maximal score equal to 9. ANOVA and t-test were employed to analyze the difference of IHC scores among and between different pathologic categories Results: Jagged-1 cytoplasmic IHC scores in both metastatic PCa (5.92 ± 2.12, Mean ± SD) and high grade PCa (5.74 ± 2.45) were significantly higher than those in low grade PCa (3.55 ± 2.02, p = 9.02E-07 and 4.65E-08, respectively), in HGPIN (4.50 ± 2.34, p = 0.023 and 0.030, respectively), and in prostatic tissues with benign changes (3.39 ± 1.85, p = 7.96E-07 and 2.47E-07, respectively). In addition, Jagged-1 membranous IHC scores in both metastatic PCa (3.05 ± 3.52) and high grade PCa (2.41 ± 2.90) were also significantly higher than those in low grade PCa (0.71 ± 1.42, p = 1.48E-05 and 3.40E-06, respectively) and in prostatic tissues with benign changes (0.82 ± 1.28, p = 3.19E-04 and 0.001, respectively). Similarly, Notch-1 cytoplasmic IHC scores in both metastatic PCa (2.22 ± 2.11) and high grade PCa (1.10 ± 1.68) were significantly elevated when compared with the IHC scores observed in low grade PCa (0.51 ± 1.15, p = 3.63E-06 and 0.023, respectively) and in prostate tissues with benign changes (0.48 ± 1.01, p = 3.37E-06 and 0.017, respectively). Furthermore, significantly more highly expressed Jagged-1 in membrane was observed in Caucasians (vs. African Americans) and in positive surgical resection margin group (vs. negative surgical resection margin group). Conclusions: Our results provide strong evidence that dysregulation of Jagged 1-Notch1 signaling plays a role in PCa progression and metastasis and suggest that Jagged-1 and Notch-1 may be useful markers in distinguishing indolent and aggressive prostate cancers. Citation Format: He Zhu, Xinchun Zhou, Samantha Redfield, Jack Lewin, Lucio Miele. Elevated Jagged-1 and Notch-1 expression in high grade and metastatic prostate cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 410. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-410
Multibiometric systems

The latest research indicates using a combination of biometric avenues for human identification is more effective, and far more challenging.
Data gathering monitor system based on GSM network and CAN bus

This paper mainly describes a long-distance of the data gathering and monitor system based on GSM network and CAN bus,its main function is to control remote system by sending and receiving message.System uses C8051F040 build the CAN bus system SIM300 module added in the master node,so that remote wireless communication for the CAN bus system,master key data to facilitate monitoring personnel,improve the communication distance and flexibility of the system.The design of hardware and software of a intelligence node in distributed monitoring system have been discussed.Trials show that the method is real-time and data transmission is stable.The equipment is small and low-cost.This model is particularly suitable for the formation of a long-distance wireless data transmission network.
EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON RECORD OVER 571～ 476 kaBP FROM A STALAGMITE IN SHENNONGJIA

Three 230Th dating results and 236 oxygen isotope data of a 1.2-m-long stalagmite were collected from Shanbao Cave in Shennongjia of Hubei Province.Within the dating uncertainty,an astronomical tuning was applied to reconstruct an East Asian summer monsoon history from 571 to 476 kaBP.Our record spans four precessional cycles,with an average amplitude of 4,which suggests East Asian monsoon variability was still paced by insolation in this period.A similar pattern to the last deglacial was found during the transition of MIS 14/13.A series of millennial climate events were superposed on the precessional trend of East Asian summer monsoon,indicating an inherent frequency selfsustained in the global climate system,which may be an interaction of ocean,land and atmosphere.
Central hemodynamic monitoring in a woman with acute respiratory insufficiency after evacuation of a complete molar pregnancy. A case report.

Background The incidence of hydatiform moles in the United States is approximately 1 in 1,200 pregnancies. Acute respiratory insufficiency is a known complication of molar pregnancies, occurring in 8-11%. While there have been numerous case reports and retrospective studies describing respiratory complications following evacuation of hydatiform moles, only a limited number of reports provide data from central hemodynamic monitoring in patients with this complication. Case A 16-year-old, Hispanic woman, gravida 1, para 0, presented to the emergency room at 13 weeks' gestational age by menstrual dating with complaints of vaginal bleeding for two days. The serum quantitative beta-hCG level was 1 x 10(6) mIU/mL, and a bedside sonogram was consistent with hydatiform mole. After informed consent was obtained, the patient underwent dilation and suction curettage. Approximately five minutes after evacuation of the uterus was begun, the patient developed pulmonary edema in the setting of oliguria. A pulmonary artery catheter was inserted to determine the etiology of the edema. The initial pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was > 18 mm Hg, consistent with hydrostatic pulmonary edema. Volume overload in association with a reduced colloid osmotic pressure to wedge pressure gradient was primarily responsible for the pulmonary edema in this patient. Conclusion The majority of case reports of pulmonary complications after evacuation of a hydatidiform mole were either presumed or documented to be due to trophoblastic pulmonary embolism. Thyrotoxicosis, fluid overload with dilutional anemia, preeclampsia, sepsis, hypoalbuminemia or a combination of these factors may be more common than trophoblastic embolization.
Renovascular Hypertension: Does the Renal Vein Renin Ratio Predict Operative Results?

AbstractRenal vein renin ratios from 56 hypertensive patients who were operated upon for unilateral stenosis of a main renal artery were compared to blood pressure response to a corrective operation. In patients with renal vein renin ratios greater than 2.0, the upper limits of normal for essential hypertension (95 per cent confidence limits), the cure/improvement rate approximated 90 per cent. However, in patients operated upon despite lesser ratios the cure/improvement rate was also high—33 per cent in our series and 57 per cent in collected reports from the literature. Thus, the test may be falsely negative in a high percentage of patients. Renal vein renin ratios would appear to be most useful in confirming but not necessarily in denying the functional significance of a renal artery stenosis.
Soft Crystals in Flatland: Unraveling Epitaxial Growth.

Thin film epitaxy typically invokes a superposition of a pair of rigid two-dimensional lattices with a well-defined orientation governed by some form of commensurism. A report by Meissner et al. in this issue of ACS Nano demonstrates that the organization of organic molecules on substrates may not be that simple, as static distortion waves involving miniscule shifts of atomic positions from substrate lattice points can lead to orientations of a molecular film that cannot be described by often used models. Herein, we provide some highlights of epitaxy, with a focus on configurations that reflect the delicate balance between intermolecular interactions within a molecular film and molecule–substrate interactions. Although geometric models for explaining and predicting epitaxial configurations can be used to guide synthesis of materials, their use must recognize energetic factors and the possibility of more complex, and possibly less predictable, interface structures.
Effects of Auditory Working Memory Tasks while Switching between Autonomous and Manual Driving

As the prevalence of autonomous vehicles onto the road increases, understanding the cognitive processes of the inevitably distracted driver is important. When engaged in a secondary task while driving, the driver’s limited supply of attentional resources is diminished, resulting in less attention available to process the unpredictable road ahead. While driving distracted causes performance to suffer across the board (Fitousi & Wenger, 2011), some individuals are more apt at multitasking than others due to a high working memory capacity (WMC). We evaluated the differences in braking reaction times (RT) according to individual difference in WMC, specifically while driving in an autonomous car simulation and engaged in a cognitively demanding task. Results showed an interaction between current level of cognitive load and an individual’s WMC where individuals who scored lower on a complex operation span task (OSPAN) experienced greater RTs compared to individuals who scored higher. Average RT during the auton...
The EU effect: does trade with the EU reduce CO2 emissions in the developing world?

ABSTRACTThe European Union (EU) is an important destination for developing country exports. Has the EU’s commitment to the Kyoto Protocol induced developing countries to reduce their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions? Our analyses of 136 developing countries from 1981 through 2007 suggests that: developing countries’ export dependence on the EU is associated with CO2 emission reductions post-Kyoto in relation to the pre-Kyoto time period; this also holds for SO2, which, while not covered under Kyoto, is linked with CO2 emission levels; this does not hold for PM10, a pollutant which is not covered under Kyoto and is not directly associated with CO2 emissions related to industrial activities; developing countries’ export dependence on non-EU developed countries and on the rest of the world is not associated with significant reductions in emissions between pre- and post-Kyoto for these pollutants . In sum, even in the absence of binding regulatory mandates, the EU appears to exert market leverage to project its...
Childhood Trauma and COMT Genotype Interact to Increase Hippocampal Activation in Resilient Individuals

Both childhood trauma and a functional COMT genetic polymorphism have been associated with PTSD and depression; however, it is still unclear whether the two interact and how this interaction relates to long-term risk or resilience. Imaging and genotype data were collected on 73 highly traumatized women. DNA extracted from saliva was used to determine COMT genotype (Val/Val, n=38, Met carriers, n=35). Functional MRI data were collected during a Go/NoGo task to investigate the neurocircuitry underlying response inhibition. Self-report measures of adult and childhood trauma exposure, PTSD and depression symptom severity, and resilience were collected. Childhood trauma was found to interact with COMT genotype to impact inhibition-related hippocampal activation. In Met carriers, more childhood trauma was associated with decreased hippocampal activation, whereas in the Val/Val group childhood trauma was related to increased hippocampal activation. Second, hippocampal activation correlated negatively with PTSD and depression symptoms, and positively with trait resilience. Moreover, hippocampal activation mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and psychiatric risk or resilience in the Val/Val, but not in the Met-carrier group. These data reveal a potential mechanism by which childhood trauma and COMT genotype interact to increase risk for trauma-related psychopathology or resilience. Hippocampal recruitment during inhibition may improve the ability to use contextual information to guide behavior, thereby enhancing resilience in trauma-exposed individuals. This finding may contribute to early identification of individuals at risk, and suggests a mechanism that can be targeted in future studies aiming to prevent or limit negative outcomes.
Fabrication of Modularly Functionalizable Microcapsules Using Protein-Based Technologies.

Proteins are desirable building blocks to create self-assembled, spatially defined structures and interfaces on length-scales that are inaccessible by traditional methods. Here, we describe a novel approach to create functionalized monolayers using the proteins BslA and SpyCatcher/SpyTag. BslA is a bacterial hydrophobin whose amphiphilic character underlies its ability to assemble into a monolayer at both air/water and oil/water interfaces. We demonstrate that Bsa1A having the SpyTag peptide fused at the N- or C-terminus does not affect the formation of such monolayers. We establish the creation of stable oil-in-water microcapsules using BslA, and also show the fabrication of capsules outwardly displaying the reactive SpyTag peptide by fusing it to the C-terminus of BslA. Such capsules can be covalently labeled by reacting the surface-displayed SpyTag with SpyCatcher fused to any desired protein. We demonstrate this principle by labeling microcapsules using green fluorescent protein (GFP). All components ...
Activities of JNJ63623872 and oseltamivir against influenza A H1N1pdm and H3N2 virus infections in mice.

JNJ63623872 (formerly known as VX-787) is an inhibitor of influenza A virus polymerases through interaction with the viral PB2 subunit. This interaction blocks the cap-snatching activity of the virus that is essential for virus replication. Previously published work has documented antiviral activity of JNJ63623872 in cell culture and mouse infection studies. In this report, we extend the in vivo observations by comparing the efficacies of JNJ63623872 and oseltamivir in mice infected with influenza A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) viruses. Animals received JNJ63623872 or oseltamivir orally twice daily for 10 days starting 2 h pre-infection. JNJ63623872 (2, 6, and 20 mg/kg/day) and oseltamivir (20 mg/kg/day) completely prevented death in the H1N1pdm virus infection. Weight loss at nadir was only 12% in mice receiving 2 mg/kg/day of JNJ63623872 compared to 23% and 32%, respectively, in oseltamivir-treated (20 mg/kg/day) and placebo groups. Lung hemorrhage scores, lung weights, and lung virus titers on day 6 were reduced in a dose-responsive manner by JNJ63623872 treatments, whereas oseltamivir treatments were not as effective. JNJ63623872 was less active against H3N2 virus infection, with more body weight loss occurring and only 30% survival at the 2-mg/kg/day dose. Lung scores, lung weights, and H3N2 viral titers in lungs of mice were reduced less by JNJ63623872 treatments compared to the H1N1pdm infection. Nevertheless, the 20-mg/kg/day dose of JNJ63623872 was more effective than oseltamivir (20 mg/kg/day) in improving body weight and reducing the severity of lung infection. JNJ63623872 appears to be an important new drug candidate to treat influenza A H1N1pdm and H3N2 virus infections.
Vague Pictures as Vague Representations and Representing

In the previous chapters, the discussion of pictorial representation has aimed to motivate different roles and forms of categorization; they include the guiding role of IC–EC links to develop content. The purpose of the analysis of different practices has been to identify potential sites and conditions for the occurrence of pictorial fuzziness beyond the terms set by the linguistic standard. Pictorial fuzziness as indeterminacy or uncertainty can be characterized, to adopt the linguistic standard for vagueness, as the property of lacking discrimination between any possible determinate contents. These are dimensions of our linguistic and cognitive practices, challenging and informing categorization in all their applications. In this chapter I pursue further how different dimensions of representation accommodate the possibility of fuzziness in relation to the specific characterizations of vagueness V1(l)–V4(l) listed in Chap. 2. These criteria underdetermine their possible semantic content; their generality, I suggest, has consequences for the interpretation of pictures and their fuzziness. Again, my analysis keeps testing the limits of strict application of the standard of linguistic practices. In this chapter I introduce further elements of analysis with additional consequences for the case of images and, as I will note in subsequent chapters, for the interpretation of scientific approaches to pictorial fuzziness, especially fuzzy set formalism.
Addressing Social Injustice with Urban African American Young Men Through Hip-hop: Suggestions for School Counselors

In this manuscript, the author discusses how hip-hop and rap music can be used to as a tool for social justice advocacy to stimulate urban African American young men’s sociopolitical empowerment to combat educational barriers. The manuscript includes a historical examination of the environment in which hip-hop culture was conceived. The focus then shifts to how particular hip-hop artists’ lyrical content is germane to the social justice advocacy orientation mandate of 21st century professional school counselors working in urban settings. Finally, practical suggestions are be provided for how social justice oriented professional school counselors can apply this content when working directly with urban African American young men.
EARLY CHILDHOOD PREDICTORS OF LOW‐INCOME BOYS’ PATHWAYS TO ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE, AND EARLY ADULTHOOD

Guided by a bridging model of pathways leading to low-income boys' early starting and persistent trajectories of antisocial behavior, the current article reviews evidence supporting the model from early childhood through early adulthood. Using primarily a cohort of 310 low-income boys of families recruited from Women, Infants, and Children Nutrition Supplement centers in a large metropolitan area followed from infancy to early adulthood and a smaller cohort of boys and girls followed through early childhood, we provide evidence supporting the critical role of parenting, maternal depression, and other proximal family risk factors in early childhood that are prospectively linked to trajectories of parent-reported conduct problems in early and middle childhood, youth-reported antisocial behavior during adolescence and early adulthood, and court-reported violent offending in adolescence. The findings are discussed in terms of the need to identify at-risk boys in early childhood and methods and platforms for engaging families in healthcare settings not previously used to implement preventive mental health services.
The Role of Vitamin D in the Endocrinology Controlling Calcium Homeostasis

Vitamin D and its' metabolites are a crucial part of the endocrine system that controls whole body calcium homeostasis. The goal of this hormonal control is to regulate serum calcium levels so that they are maintained within a very narrow range. To achieve this goal, regulatory events occur in coordination at multiple tissues, e.g. the intestine, kidney, bone, and parathyroid gland. Production of the vitamin D endocrine hormone, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) is regulated by habitual dietary calcium intake and physiologic states like growth, aging, and the menopause. The molecular actions of 1,25(OH)2 D on calcium regulating target tissues are mediated predominantly by transcription controlled by the vitamin D receptor. A primary role for 1,25(OH)2 D during growth is to increase intestinal calcium absorption so that sufficient calcium is available for bone mineralization. However, vitamin D also has specific actions on kidney and bone.
Understanding the Risks and Harms of Management of Incidental Thyroid Nodules: A Review.

Importance Incidental thyroid nodules are defined as nodules originally detected in a patient with no thyroid-related clinical symptoms, examination findings, or suspected thyroid disease. Medical imaging for diseases in the neck, chest, and spine is a common source of incidental thyroid nodules. They are easily detected but poorly characterized. The next step is to decide whether the incidental thyroid nodule should be further evaluated with ultrasonography. Observations Indiscriminate workup of incidental thyroid nodules with ultrasonography is not cost-effective and is potentially harmful. Although the concern for malignant neoplasms drives workup, the risk for poor outcomes without evaluation is minimal. The rate of malignant tumors in patients with 1 or more thyroid nodules larger than 5 mm is only 1.6%, and most small thyroid cancers are indolent. Substantial evidence suggests that a reservoir of thyroid cancers does not progress, and workup after detection with imaging leads to epidemiologic overdiagnosis. Finally, a significant proportion of patients with benign nodules have cytologic results that are not definitive and require lobectomy. Evidence-based recommendations for incidental thyroid nodules detected at computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine studies, and extrathyroidal ultrasonography include selection criteria for nodule workup based on suspicious imaging findings, patient age, and nodule size. In the absence of clinical risk factors or suspicious imaging findings, workup with dedicated thyroid ultrasonography is only recommended for nodules at least 1.5 cm in patients 35 years or older and for nodules at least 1.0 cm in patients younger than 35 years. Conclusions and Relevance Only a few select incidental thyroid nodules require further evaluation with ultrasonography based on recommendations that aim to diagnose clinically significant thyroid cancers while reducing unnecessary workup and provide guidance for clinical practice.
Leveraging digital tools to build educative curricula for teachers: two promising approaches

Well-designed curriculum materials include educative components that help teachers effectively plan, implement, and adapt activities for diverse learners. Digital materials offer several affordances over print materials in the format, fit, and flexibility of the educative information provided to teachers, as well as the ability of the materials to track and follow-up on teacher behaviors. Drawing on current research and development projects, this paper describes two promising approaches that take advantage of these digital affordances to enhance the educative experience for teachers. The first approach, called the expansion approach, allows nearly limitless expansion of the amount, type, and nature of educative resources offered to teachers as they use a curriculum. The second approach, called the feedback approach, provides customized educative feedback based on teacher needs and behaviors while using a curriculum. These approaches have implications for future curriculum design and research.
Neurotransmission: peptide transmitters turn 36.

![Figure][1] Michael Nusbaum discusses the impact of Lily Yeh Jan and Yuh Nung Jan's classic paper ‘Peptidergic transmission in sympathetic ganglia of the frog’, published in The Journal of Physiology in 1982. The ability of neurons to communicate via the regulated release of
Minority Veterans Are More Willing to Participate in Complex Studies Compared to Non-minorities

Minorities are an underrepresented population in clinical trials. A potential explanation for this underrepresentation could be lack of willingness to participate. The aim of our study was to evaluate willingness to participate in different hypothetical clinical research scenarios and to evaluate the role that predictors (e.g. health literacy) could have on the willingness of minorities to participate in clinical research studies. We conducted a mixed-methods study at the Miami VA Healthcare system and included primary care patients with hypertension. We measured willingness to participate as a survey of four clinical research scenarios that evaluated common study designs encountered in clinical research and that differed in degree of complexity. Our qualitative portion included comments about the scenarios. We included 123 patients with hypertension in our study. Of the entire sample, ninety-three patients were minorities. Seventy per cent of the minorities were willing to participate, compared to 60 per cent of the non-minorities. The odds ratio (OR) of willingness to participate in simple studies was 0.58; 95 per cent CI 0.18–1.88 p=0.37 and the OR of willingness to participate in complex studies was 5.8; 95 per cent CI 1.10–1.31 p=0.03. In complex studies, minorities with low health literacy cited obtaining benefits (47 per cent) as the most common reason to be willing to participate. Minorities who were not willing to participate, cited fear of unintended outcomes as the main reason. Minorities were more likely to be willing to participate in complex studies compared to non-minorities. Low health literacy and therapeutic misconception are important mediators when considering willingness to participate in clinical research.
Management Strategies for Noncardiac Surgery Following a Coronary Artery Event

Coronary artery event includes acute coronary syndrome (ACS), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Following such an event, risk of noncardiac surgery is increased. Of major concern is what can make this surgery safer? High functional capacity improves cardiovascular (CV) risk; at least 4.0 metabolic equivalents (METs) on stress test are favorable. Risk scores can suggest need for further evaluation. Coronary angiography prior to surgery usually is not indicated since revascularization shows disappointing CV risk reduction results. Due to high association of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with coronary artery disease (CAD), low ankle-brachial index (ABI) indicates increased CV risk. New perioperative beta blockade has shown disappointing benefit, but if ongoing should be continued. De novo perioperative beta blockade is for the highest CV risk patient undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery. Good evidence supports CV risk reduction from new or existing statin in the perioperative period, especially for the diabetic. Diabetics should also be on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) secondarily, during the perioperative period to decrease 30-day perioperative mortality. Optimal timing of elective noncardiac surgery following a coronary artery event appears to be 180 days with CV risk decreased by a statin and an ACEI or an ARB.
Effect of co-products of enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans, enzymes, and surfactant on oil recovery from integrated corn-soy fermentation

Abstract Integrated corn-soy fermentation, utilizing co-products of soybean enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) of soybeans in corn fermentation, has shown potential for enhancing bioethanol production compared to corn only fermentation. To maximize economic returns, oil may be recovered. In the present study, the effect of skim and insoluble fiber, and oil extraction aids on ethanol yield, oil partition, and oil recovery, and quality of Distillers Dried Grains (DDG) was investigated. Two fiber hydrolyzing enzymes (pectinase and cellulase), an acid protease (Fermgen®), and a surfactant (Tween 80) were evaluated. Addition of skim, mixture of skim and insoluble fiber, or Fermgen® to corn fermentation resulted in a ∼32 h decrease in fermentation time. Addition of soy co-products also resulted in ∼10–28% increase in oil partition in thin stillage with no additional enzyme or surfactant treatment. Addition of insoluble fiber alone resulted in ∼19% decrease in solids partition in thin stillage. Maximum free oil recovery, 22.5 ± 4.5%, was achieved from corn-insoluble fiber thin stillage with a combined treatment of enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, and Fermgen®) and surfactant (Tween 80). Maximum extractable oil recovery, 67 ± 3.2%, was achieved with the enzyme treatment alone. Corn-soy DDG has ∼11% higher protein, ∼2% lower fiber, and ∼2% lower fat contents compared to corn DDG. The fiber content was further reduced to ∼2% after enzyme treatment. This study demonstrates an efficient use of soy EAEP co-products and enzymes to maximize oil partition in thin stillage, and produce a high quality corn-soy DDG.
Network Traffic Modeling

The first six chapters of this book have given you, the reader, the basics of queueing theory and performance evaluation for computer networks and computer systems. However this is only a beginning. There are a plethora of techniques to model traffic and evaluate network performance. Overviews of these are given in section 7.2 (for continuous time models) and section 7.3 (for discrete time models). Solution methods for these models are discussed in section 7.4.
Materials Processing — A Perspective of The Field

The materials activities of the past few decades have helped to crystallize two concepts that are important in considering the future. One of them is the total materials cycle; the other is the field of materials science and engineering. A third, yet to be fully crystallized is materials processing. The latter can be viewed as the transition steps linking the five stages of the materials cycle, as well as, that part of materials science and engineering that links basic research to the solution of practical problems.
The Shoulder, Elbow, and Forearm in Apert Syndrome

Clinical and radiographic follow-up study of the elbow and shoulder in 19 children and adults with Apert syndrome demonstrates that these two joints are affected to varying degrees. Shoulder motion is never normal and may be quite restricted, with the progression of growth abnormalities of the proximal humerus and accompanying glenoid dysplasia. Limitation of abduction is secondary to an impingement of an overgrown greater tuberosity upon the acromion. Clinically, these children appear to have anterior subluxations. Elbow motion is limited in a much smaller percentage of patients and was not a significant problem unless elbow fusion occurred. A radiocapitellar dysplasia was associated with a mean 30-degree extension loss in 7 of 19 patients. Two patients had no elbow motion.
Textbook News Values: Stable Concepts, Changing Choices:

This article examines the historical contingency of news values as evidenced in journalism historiography and more than a century of journalism reporting and writing textbooks dating to 1894. Textb...
Stochastic Gradient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Methods with Recursive Variance Reduction

Stochastic Gradient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (SGHMC) algorithms have received increasing attention in both theory and practice. In this paper, we propose a Stochastic Recursive Variance-Reduced gradient HMC (SRVR-HMC) algorithm. It makes use of a semi-stochastic gradient estimator that recursively accumulates the gradient information to reduce the variance of the stochastic gradient. We provide a convergence analysis of SRVR-HMC for sampling from a class of non-log-concave distributions and show that SRVR-HMC converges faster than all existing HMC-type algorithms based on underdamped Langevin dynamics. Thorough experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets validate our theory and demonstrate the superiority of SRVR-HMC.
Pathologizing the Jíbaro: Mental and Social Health in Puerto Rico's Oso Blanco (1930s to 1950s)

The jibaro—the emblematic figure of Puerto Rico—has long been at the center of the archipelago's political and professional discussions. Building on the work of scholars who have traced the jibaro's history, this article complicates the tension between the politically nationalistic definition of humble jibaros working in the countryside and scientific observations of jibaros within the confines of the criminal-legal system. By the mid twentieth century, mainstream understandings of jibaros were increasingly fashioned by psychiatry, social science, and social work, all of which connected jibaros to other rural identities. These projections of the jibaro powerfully materialized in Puerto Rico's premier biosocial laboratory, the Insular Penitentiary at Rio Piedras (popularly known as Oso Blanco). An analysis of the work of penitentiary psychiatrists and social health professionals with prison inmates reveals a more complex, troubling image of redeemable Puerto Rican men with rural roots and sensibilities than the idyllic representations of jibaros circulating at the time suggest. Oso Blanco health practitioners pathologized the jibaro to identify and mend his perceived psychosocial shortcomings, and to diminish any defiance he harbored. In so doing, they reinforced the notion that jibaros were racialized living artifacts central to colonial-populist designs and constituency-building.
Elevated Cardiac Troponin T in Patients with Lupus Myositis Presenting with Noncardiac Chest Pain

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with chest pain pose a unique diagnostic challenge, with causes ranging from cardiopulmonary disease to esophageal disorders and musculoskeletal chest wall pain. The most common biomarkers for myocardial injury are cardiac troponin T and I (cTnT and cTnI) due to their high sensitivity for the early detection of myocardial infarction. In the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, cTnT is commonly elevated, and this reflects skeletal muscle breakdown rather than myocardial damage. Similar observations have not been reported in SLE myositis to date. We present two cases of patients with SLE and associated myositis who presented with chest pain and elevated cTnT. Both patients had a normal cTnI, transthoracic echocardiogram, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, likely indicating noncardiac chest pain. Clinicians should be aware that the specificity of cTnT might be lower in SLE myositis and that cTnI elevation may be more specific in detecting myocardial insult.
The Socially Mobile Female in Victorian and Neo-Victorian Mysteries

Nolan analyses detective agency and the meaning of social mobility for Victorian women within and beyond the confines of the domestic setting through the tropes of birthright, charity and marriage. She uses texts on gender, etiquette and feminism to compare portrayals of women’s social mobility from actual Victorian mysteries, such as those from Charles Dickens’s Bleak House (1852–53), Arthur Conan Doyle’s “A Scandal in Bohemia” (1891) and Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent (1906) with those in Anne Perry’s William Monk series (1990–) and C.S. Harris’ Sebastian St. Cyr series (2005–). She argues that perceptions of marriage have had the greatest impact on the representation of Victorian women in contemporary historical detective fiction: the female characters created today resist their spatial confinement and are granted more agency than their historical counterparts.
An Implementation of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for Odor Source Localization

In this paper, we investigate the viability of implementing machine learning (ML) algorithms to solve the odor source localization (OSL) problem. The primary objective is to obtain an ML model that guides and navigates a mobile robot to find an odor source without explicating searching algorithms. To achieve this goal, the model of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is employed to generate the olfactory-based navigation strategy. To train the ANFIS model, multiple training data sets are acquired by applying two traditional olfactory-based navigation methods, namely moth-inspired and Bayesian-inference methods, in hundreds of simulated OSL tests with different environments. After training with the hybrid-learning algorithm, the ANFIS model is validated in multiple OSL tests with varying searching conditions. Experiment results show that the ANFIS model can imitate other olfactory-based navigation methods and correctly locate the odor source. Besides, by training it with the fused training data set, the ANFIS model is better than two traditional navigation methods in terms of the averaged searching time.
Development of a novel method to detect clothing level and facial skin temperature for controlling HVAC systems

Abstract People spend most of their time indoors, and thus it is important to provide occupants with a comfortable indoor thermal environment. However, inappropriate thermostat temperature settings in offices make occupants less comfortable. This study developed a new control strategy for HVAC systems that adjusts the thermostat setpoint according to clothing level and mean facial skin temperature. An image-classification model was trained on the basis of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the clothing level of occupants, which was then used to calculate a comfortable air temperature. This investigation used a long-wave infrared (LWIR) camera with a face-detection program to obtain occupants’ mean facial skin temperature. This study performed experimental tests to correlate mean facial skin temperature with thermal sensation votes. The mean facial skin temperature was then used to develop a control strategy for an HVAC system in a single-occupant office. With the use of the control strategy, 91% of the subjects tested in this investigation felt thermally neutral in the office.
Neurological manifestations of thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes in adult patients

The objective of this study was to compare the frequency and severity of neurologic manifestations in adult patients diagnosed with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and atypical HUS (aHUS). This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients diagnosed with TTP, HUS and atypical HUS hospitalized at a tertiary center between January 2004 and October 2016. A total of 42 TTP, 16 HUS and 20 aHUS episodes were reviewed to collect clinical, laboratory and radiographic data, as well as information regarding long-term functional outcome. Neurologic symptoms are more common in patients with TTP and HUS as compared to aHUS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Encephalopathy occurred in 29 TTP (69%) and 11 HUS (68%) episodes. Focal deficits were only observed in patients with TTP (n = 8 [19%]). Seizures were most commonly seen in HUS patients (n = 8 [50%]). Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) was the most common neuroimaging finding in these syndromes; ischemic infarcts and hemorrhages occurred uncommonly. There was no correlation between presence of neurologic symptoms or neuroimaging abnormalities and poor outcome. Patients with TTP and HUS appear to have a similar spectrum of neurologic manifestations, whereas neurologic involvement is less common in aHUS. PRES is the most common imaging abnormality, and may present atypically. Despite presence of neurologic symptoms or neuroimaging abnormalities, patients with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) tend to have favorable long-term outcomes.
Optic neuritis

Patients with signs and symptoms consistent with acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis should undergo evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and orbits to determine whether or not they are at high risk for the development of clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). The presence of two or more white matter lesions (3 mm or larger in diameter, at least one lesion periventricular or ovoid) suggests high risk for CDMS, and should prompt immediate treatment as follows: Intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate (1 g intravenously [IV] per day for 3 days) followed by oral prednisone (1 mg/kg per day for 11 days) with a 4-day taper (20 mg on day 1, 10 mg on days 2 and 4). Interferon beta 1-a, which has been demonstrated to significantly reduce the 3-year probability of the development of CDMS and the development of clinically silent MRI lesions in high-risk patients with acute optic neuritis, should be considered following IV methylprednisolone treatment (30 mg intramuscularly [IM] weekly).
Extended effects of an aggressive spring-time anthelmintic treatment on Haemonchus contortus in sheep from a North America cold winter climate

Abstract Anthelmintic-resistant haemonchosis is a growing problem even among sheep located in winter climates lethal to the free-living third-stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus. As survival in cold climates is entirely dependent on tissue-dwelling fourth-stage larvae (L4s), an effective winter or spring-time anthelmintic treatment can significantly collapse H. contortus populations in cold winter regions. This extended collapse would be useful for maximizing population-replacement strategies designed to reverse anthelmintic resistance if the imported susceptible worms become well established before the collapsed resistant population rebounds. This study evaluated the extended effects of an aggressive anthelmintic treatment with moxidectin, albendazole, and levamisole given during the first spring lambing season (2014) and a levamisole treatment given the following spring on adult ewes from the USA Northern Plains naturally infected with a population of H. contortus showing moderate levels of anthelmintic resistance. The size of the trichostrongyle populations was measured via fecal egg counts (FECs) performed pre- and post-treatment, then bimonthly during the first grazing season, and then yearly during the next three years. Prior to treatment, H. contortus was identified in 97.8% of the PCR-tested fecal samples; Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. were found in 26.7% and 50.0% of the tested samples respectively. Pre- and 2-week post-treatment FECs showed a 99.99% reduction to 0.16 eggs per gram (EPG). Ewes showing less than 1.0 EPG (N = 248) were grazed 2-3 times through eight paddocks from June 30 to November 4, 2014. Bi-monthly FECs showed very low egg output until ten weeks on paddocks which increased steadily and peaked on the sixteenth week at 42.1 EPG (1.15% of the pretreatment mean). During the following year, mean FEC was 66.1 and 5.1 EPG for the spring and fall, respectively which increased by 16.88-fold to 1116.0 EPG by spring 2016 and remained high in 2017. PCR analysis showed that H. contortus remained the predominant species throughout the study, but T. circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. prevalence increased by the study’s end. This extended population collapse would greatly maximize population-replacement strategies designed to reverse anthelmintic resistance.
RABIES IN A VACCINATED WOLF-DOG HYBRID

In March 1993, an 11-month-old neutered male wolf-dog hybrid with a 5-day history of progressive neurologic signs was determined to have rabies. The animal was currently vaccinated for rabies with a USDA-approved canine rabies vaccine. One month prior to becoming ill, the animal was observed carrying a dead skunk in its enclosure in a rabies-endemic foothills region of northern California. The diagnosis was made by direct fluorescent antibody testing and confirmed by use of polymerase chain reaction methods when attempts to isolate rabies virus failed. Seven people required rabies postexposure prophylactic treatment. No rabies vaccine is currently licensed for use in wild animals or in wild-domestic animal hybrids in the United States. A documented case of rabies in a wolf-dog hybrid vaccinated with a USDA-approved canine rabies vaccine underscores the public safety issues faced by veterinarians caring for wild-domestic animal hybrids.
Bosonisation of the complex-boson realisations of W ∞

Abstract We bosonise the complex-boson realisations of the W ∞ and W 1+∞ algebras. We obtain nonlinear realisations of W ∞ and W 1+∞ in terms of a pair of fermions and a real scalar. By further bosonising the fermions, we then obtain realisations of W ∞ in terms of two scalars. Keeping the most non-linear terms in the scalars only, we arrive at two-scalar realisations of classical w ∞ .
Alan Turing, animal spots, and algorithms

This paper describes a teaching module based on a chemical process originally proposed by Alan Turing for the formation of animal stripes and spots. A model of this process requires the solution of systems of algebraic equations by the common algorithm known as Gaussian elimination. However, these systems are highly susceptible to large round-off error without partial pivoting. The purpose of this one-week module is to give students in an algorithms course an interdisciplinary project for which the chosen computational algorithm must handle round off error and the resulting program must take significant time to reach an approximate solution. Experimental runs of the final computational algorithm yield coat patterns found in zebras, raccoons, and snakes.
Who wants to redistribute? Russia's tunnel effect in the 1990's

Attitudes toward redistribution of wealth in Russia tend to reflect expectations of future mobility, in both directions. Few Russians expected rising living standards in the 1990s, and most expected a decline in living standards, so there was strong demand for redistribution, even among those currently well off but fearful of the future. It seems natural to expect the rich to oppose policies to redistribute income from the rich to the poor, and the poor to favor such policies. But this may be too simple a model, say Ravallion and Lokshin. Expectations of future welfare may come into play. Well-off people on a downward trajectory may well favor such policies and poor people on a rising trajectory may not. This resistance of upwardly mobile poor people to lasting redistribution is analogous to Hirshman's tunnel effect, as applied to traffic stuck on a congested two-lane road in a tunnel: People's spirits lift when traffic starts moving again; but when another lane starts moving and theirs doesn't, they might grow furious and want to correct things by crossing the double line separating the two lanes. Using Russia in the 1990s as the setting, Ravallion and Lokshin analyze why some people favor governmental redistribution and others do not and whether there is a tunnel effect. They find that: ° Some 72 percent of the 7,000 adults surveyed in October 1996 favor government action to reduce incomes of the rich. But the other 28 percent were not only the currently rich. ° About 85 percent of those in the poorest consumption decile favor redistribution. But among those who expect their welfare to decline, support for redistribution is high, even among the currently rich. There is little support for redistribution among the well-off who expect to become even better off. Resistance is greatest among those on a rising consumption path who expect it to continue. ° Women tend to favor redistribution more than men. ° Those who favor redistribution include people who voted communist and people who are vulnerable: the old, women, poorly educated adults, people who live in rural areas, people who expect to lose their jobs, and people who do not think the government cares about them. This paper - a product Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the political economy of redistributive policies. Martin Ravallion may be contacted at mravallion@worldbank.org.