cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Night-Lights and Nearsightedness (a)

Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania were interested in whether exposure to light early in life might affect eye growth and lead to an increased risk of myopia (nearsightedness). Eyes grew rapidly after birth, but myopia usually did not develop until later in life and arose from excessive postnatal eye growth. They knew that the duration of daily light had been shown to increase eye growth in chicks and wondered whether the same might be true for humans. The results startled researchers and might explain the increase in myopia rates over the last two centuries. The B case gives the results of a follow-on study conducted by the Ohio State University. Excerpt UVA-QA-0842 Rev. Nov. 5, 2015 Night-Lights and Nearsightedness (A) Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania were interested in whether exposure to light early in life might affect eye growth and lead to an increased risk of myopia (nearsightedness). Eyes grew rapidly after birth, but myopia usually did not develop until later in life and arose from excessive postnatal eye growth. They knew that the duration of daily light had been shown to increase eye growth in chicks and wondered whether the same might be true for humans. In early 1998, the researchers asked parents of 479 children—from 2 to 16 years of age—who were outpatients in the university's ophthalmology clinic about their child's exposure to light before two years of age. The key question was: “Under which lighting conditions did your child sleep at night before the age of two?” The multiple-choice answers were: “room light,” “night-light,” and “darkness.” Because the children were all outpatients of the clinic, their current eyesight had already been evaluated, recorded, and summarized as either myopic or not myopic. The results startled the researchers. About half the children (232) slept with a night-light, and 34% of this group became myopic. The smallest group was composed of the 75 children who slept in room light; subsequently, 55% became myopic. The overall myopia rate for the group was a shade under 29%. The researchers wrote in the journal Nature, “The prevalence of myopia…during childhood was strongly associated with ambient light exposure during sleep at night in the first two years after birth.” . . .
Optimized high-throughput methods for quantifying iron biogeochemical dynamics in soil.

Abstract Iron (Fe) redox cycling and sorption/complexation reactions influence numerous soil biogeochemical processes, and the precise, rapid, and low-cost determination of reactive Fe pools is critical for understanding these dynamics. Colorimetric methods are often used to measure Fe, yet assay conditions vary widely among studies, and the robustness of these methods and their potential interferences remain poorly characterized. Here, we developed optimized ferrozine methods (modified from water and sediment protocols) to determine Fe concentrations in three common soil extractions: reduced (Fe(II)) and oxidized Fe (Fe(III)) in 0.5 M HCl (Fe HCl ), and Fe extracted by citrate-ascorbate (Fe ca ) and citrate-dithionite (Fe cd ). These methods were adapted for 96-well microplates by employing increased buffer concentrations and longer incubation times relative to published cuvette methods. Iron quantitation was sensitive to the final pH of the reaction mixture and duration of incubation period, factors that have varied widely in previous studies. We obtained consistent results with an assay pH near 7, half hour incubations for Fe HCl , and 1 h incubations for Fe ca and Fe cd . These ferrozine methods compared favorably with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) across a broad range of soils, including Oxisols, Mollisols, and Inceptisols with as much as 18% organic C. Iron determination in HCl extractions from 158 tropical forest soil samples with widely varying C content was not influenced by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or phenolics at lower Fe concentrations ( − 1 soil), and showed only minor effects ( − 1 in a cloud forest soil extract. These microplate-based ferrozine methods can be applied to quantify several reactive soil Fe phases with high precision and throughput, minimal interference, and low cost relative to ICP-OES.
Multidisciplinary Care of Invasive Bladder Cancer: Emerging Roles of Chemotherapy

Invasive bladder cancer is associated with a cure rate of only 50%, when all stages are considered. The pattern of relapse is dominated by systemic spread, with metastases occurring despite local control. In the past two decades, strategies of treatment have been predicated on the use of systemic chemotherapy before, during, or after locoregional management in an attempt to control occult systemic disease. More recently, molecular prediction has been applied to this clinical problem, with gene expression being studied as a prognostic and predictive marker. Of particular importance, p53 mutation and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor may predict the natural history and response to treatment.
The Assessment of Religiosity in Evangelical College Students and its Relationship to Prior Family Religious Involvement

The problems investigated in this paper are (a) the discovery of the relationships between the scales of religiosity developed by Glock and Stark (1970) and by Allport and Ross (1967), and (b) an e...
SERIAL CARDIAC FDG-PET IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC GUIDANCE OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS: A STANFORD EXPERIENCE

Cardiac FDG-PET is emerging as a frequently used imaging modality in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis; however, there is a scarcity of published data and no uniform consensus on using serial FDG-PET in guiding immunosuppressive therapy in this patient cohort. We studied consecutive patients
Genital rash (including warts and infestations)

Abstract Genital rashes are commonly found in attendees at sexual health clinics. They can be caused by infections (including sexually transmitted infections), infestations and dermatoses, and can also be indicators of or worsened by other medical conditions. The diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance and can be supported by clinical signs elsewhere, especially in the case of genital dermatoses. There are also a number of normal variants seen in both men and women that should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Structural Interpretation of Fluorescence Spectra by Automated File Searching

By far the most important means that chemists use to decipher the chemical structures of unknown substances are various forms of spectrometry. The fundamental question addressed in this review is whether or not fluorescence spectra can also be “interpreted” in structural terms. To what extent is molecular identity revealed by accessible features of the excitation and emission spectra?
A Cultural Perspective on Family Theory and Therapy

Although family therapists' conceptualizations of culture include ethnicity, nationality, religion, generation, gender, class, and sexual orientation, this article focused on ethnicity and families in the United States. A review of the literature reveals that effective family therapy is both sensitive to the family's cultural heritage and attuned to the unique interactional patterns, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors of each family with whom the therapist works. Culturally sensitive family therapy attempts to transcend cultural barriers, while respecting the cultural identity and integrity of the individual family members, the family unit as a whole, and the therapist. As multiculturalism has become increasingly emphasized in the United States, family therapists are challenged to facilitate families' efforts to reconnect with their cultural heritage to preserve a sense of belonging and identity, while simultaneously helping them adapt to their evolving cultural context.
Antimicrobial properties of iron-binding proteins

Iron-binding proteins of the transferrin type occur widely in various biological fluids. Serum transferrins (serotransferrins) are necessary to transport iron into the immature red cells of the bone marrow for hemoglobin synthesis, and to accept iron from the reticuloendothelial system as the latter destroys senescent or damaged red cells and releases iron from hemoglobin. The discovery of the transferrins is, however, closely related to another property thereof, i.e., the inhibition of bacterial growth. Thus, in 1944, Schade and Caroline discovered that raw egg-white was bacteriostatic and that this activity could be abolished by the addition of iron to the egg-white (Schade and Caroline, 1944). Two years later it was shown that the antimicrobial substance present in the egg-whites was a transferrin-type protein called conalbumin (Alderton et al., 1946), which had been discovered half-a-century earlier by Osborne and Campbell (1900), who were totally unaware of either the antimicrobial or the iron-binding properties of the protein. Schade and Caroline (1946) also described the antimicrobial properties of serotransferrin, which could also be abolished by the addition of iron. It is today recognized that serotransferrin has a function in host-defense mechanisms in addition to its function as a mediator of iron-cell interactions.
Manifold assumptions in modeling radiation heat losses in turbulent nonpremixed combustion

Abstract Accurate predictions of heat losses in turbulent combustion are critical for accurate predictions of pollutant emissions such as nitrogen oxides and soot due to their extreme sensitivity to the underlying gas-phase temperature and composition. Reduced-order manifold approaches to modeling turbulent combustion require an additional enthalpy or enthalpy-like parameter to account for these heat losses. The particular focus of this work is radiation heat losses in turbulent nonpremixed combustion. A general and mathematically consistent two-dimensional reduced-order manifold model is developed that can account for arbitrary radiation heat losses in nonpremixed combustion. From this model, two further assumptions are made, considering the specific characteristics of radiation heat losses in turbulent nonpremixed combustion, resulting in two models. First, the radiation heat loss is presumed to be sufficiently weak as to prevent flame quenching. In this case, the two-dimensional manifold equation is shown to be reduced to a pseudo-unsteady one-dimensional manifold model. Second, the radiation heat loss is presumed to be much slower than the gas-phase chemistry governing the flame structure. In this case, the pseudo-unsteady one-dimensional manifold model is reduced to a quasi-steady one-dimensional manifold model. These two models are implemented within a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) context and applied to Sandia Flame D to determine whether or not these assumptions are physically correct. The results indicate that major species and temperature are relatively insensitive to these assumptions. However, results for nitrogen oxides indicate that the quasi-steady assumption is invalid and worsens with increasing downstream distance from the nozzle, with differences between the quasi-steady model and pseudo-unsteady model as large as the differences with an adiabatic model. Further analysis reveals that the chemical time scales rapidly slow with increasing downstream distance, and the assumption that the radiation heat losses are much slower than the chemistry breaks down.
Abstract 867: Blocking breast cancer metastasis by targeting HuR-FOXQ1 signaling axis

As most of treatment options do not work very well for metastatic cancer. Patients with metastatic cancer have a greatly lower survival rate compared with patients with local cancer. Metastasis remains a life-threat to cancer patients and an unmet medical need. The RBP Hu antigen R (HuR) is overexpressed in virtually all malignancies tested, including breast cancer. Cytoplasmic HuR accumulation correlates with high-grade malignancy, poor distant disease-free survival and serves as a prognostic factor for poor clinical outcome in breast cancer. HuR promotes tumorigenesis by promoting mRNA stability and translation of proteins implicated in proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. We found that silencing of HuR inhibited cell invasion in vitro in breast cancer. Using RIP-seq (ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation-sequencing), a transcription factor FOXQ1, which is recently revealed to implicate in breast cancer invasion and metastasis processes, is found to be a direct HuR target. Furthermore, exogenous introduction of FOXQ1 can rescue cell invasive ability inhibited by HuR knockout. Taken together, HuR-FOXQ1 signaling axis is a potential target for blocking breast cancer metastasis. RNA-binding proteins had previously been considered “undruggable” due to lack of a well-defined binding pocket for target RNAs. Using high throughput screening followed by structure-based rational design and lead optimization, we have identified small molecules that inhibit HuR-mRNA interaction at nM to sub-µM potency. Our lead compound, KH-3, potently inhibits breast cancer cell growth and decreases cell invasion in vitro similar to HuR knockout, as well as increasing the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. FOXQ1 overexpression abolishes the effect of KH-3 on blocking metastasis in breast cancer cells, demonstrating that the HuR inhibitor KH-3 inhibits cell metastasis by blocking FOXQ1 function. Moreover, KH-3 treatment disrupts HuR-FOXQ1 interaction in RNP-IP and FOXQ1 3′-UTR luciferase reporter assays. In vivo efficacy studies show that KH-3 not only exhibits potent antitumor efficacy in orthotopic xenograft models of breast cancer, but also efficiently blocks lung metastasis in experimental metastatic cancer model. In conclusion, we identified a potent and specific small molecule disrupter of HuR-FOXQ1 interaction for potential novel anti-metastatic therapy of breast cancer with HuR overexpression. Citation Format: Xiaoqing Wu, Gulhumay Gardashova, Lan Lan, Yu Zhan, Jiajun Liu, Dan A. Dixon, Jeffrey Aube, Danny R. Welch, Liang Xu. Blocking breast cancer metastasis by targeting HuR-FOXQ1 signaling axis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 867.
Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers

Tens of millions of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long-term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
A geothermobarometric investigation of garnet peridotites in the Western Gneiss Region of Norway

In the Western Gneiss Region of Norway are found numerous peridotite lenses which have been extensively recrystallized under amphibolite fades conditions during the Caledonian Orogeny. However, evidence for an earlier Caledonian high-pressure metamorphism has been recorded by abundant eclogite and granulite relicts within gneiss and by the presence of at least ten garnet perioditite bodies preserved within chlorite peridotites. Two garnet-bearing ultramafic assemblages have been recognized: olivine-orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-garnet and olivine-ortho-pyroxene-pargasitic-amphibole-garnet. Except for olivine, minerals in the garnet peridotites are compositionally zoned, with relatively uniform cores and compositional gradients generally confined to the outer 200 micrometers, or less, of grains. The most common zoning patterns at grain margins are an increase in Fe/Mg in garnet, an increase in Al2O3 in orthopyroxene, and a decrease in Na2O and Al2O3 in clinopyroxene, although there are exceptions to these patterns at two localities. These zoning patterns have developed mainly in response to cooling and decompression of the garnet peridotites. Application of geothermometers and barometers to the garnet peridotites has yielded temperatures of 770–860° C and pressures of 30–43 kb for cores of grains and consistently lower temperatures and pressures for rims, except for peridotites on Oteroy, where there is an apparent temperature increase from cores to rims. The petrologic and geothermobarometric evidence for most of the investigated garnet peridotites is compatible with their tectonic emplacement from the upper mantle into thickened continental crust during Caledonian collision of the Baltic and Greenland plates.
Optical Absorption in Amorphous Semiconductors: The Independent Band Model and its Experimental Basis

A major source of information on the electronic properties of amorphous semiconductors is experimental data on the optical properties close to the absorption edge. An important theoretical tool in interpreting this data is a simple physical model for the optical absorption which was introduced about twenty years ago.1 This model which can be described as the “independent band model”2 assumes that the amorphous semiconductor has no positional order but that its valence and conduction band wave functions are linear functions of Bloch functions of a corresponding “virtual” crystal. Based on these assumptions, a simple formula for the magnitude and spectral dependence of the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant (ɛ2(E)) can be derived which depends on the optical matrix element of the “virtual” crystal and the density of states of the amorphous semiconductor. This formula has been used to define an optical gap, as well as to derive the energy dependence of the conduction and valence band density of states.3 Despite its wide spread use, the assumptions of the independent band model have yet to be critically examined. For example, there have been relatively few attempts to relate the matrix element of this model to those of the corresponding “virtual” crystal.4 Indeed there have been few attempts to identify the “virtual” crystal at all! Furthermore, while the model has been often used to predict the spectral dependence of ɛ2 from models for the density of states, the magnitude of ɛ2 has been relatively ignored until recently.5
Rapidly progressive global cerebral atrophy in the setting of anti-LGI1 encephalitis

A 47-year-old man presented with complaints of breakthrough seizures, psychiatric and behavioural changes and catatonic features. MRI of the brain showed mild cerebral and right hippocampal atrophy, while the electroencephalogram showed intermittent right temporal slowing. With a presumed diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis, he was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and methylprednisolone, which significantly improved the symptoms. Serological testing later was positive for antileucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 antibody. Two months after the initial presentation, patient had a relapse of the symptoms without any further episodes of seizures. Repeat MRI of the brain showed a significant rapidly progressive diffuse cortical atrophy and hippocampal atrophy, more prominent on the right side along with hydrocephalus ex vacuo when compared with the initial MRI. He is currently on monthly IVIG therapy. At 4 months follow-up from the second imagining study, the patient had persistent MRI findings.
Mind-Body Group for Teacher Stress: A Trauma-Informed Intervention Program.

ABSTRACTThe issue of teacher stress is prominent and pervasive in today’s educational climate. Teacher stress stems from multiple sources, and one more recently articulated source for teacher stres...
Domestic Violence Legislation in Greece: Analysis of Penal Mediation

This article presents an analysis of the penal mediation clause within Greece’s domestic violence legislation (Law 3500/2006) in the context of contemporary criminal justice theories. An overview o...
The context of chest beating and hand clapping in wild western gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla )

Loud auditory gestures that are produced by repetitively percussing body parts are rare in primate repertoires and have been mostly observed in captive settings. Gorillas produce two of the most conspicuous long-range signals of this type: chest beating and hand clapping. Here we present the first systematic analysis of chest beating (n = 63) and hand clapping (n = 88) in wild western gorillas to assess the behavioral contexts in which they emerged, the flexibility of their use, and the age–sex classes that produced them. Data were collected at the Mondika Research Center, Republic of Congo, from a habituated gorilla group during two separate collection periods (June–August 2007; May 2009–June 2010). Our results show that both signals are highly context specific, with chest beating used only during display and/or play and hand clapping used only during vigilance and/or play. Age–sex classes differed in their use and production of these signals in that immature individuals used both signals only when playing, the male only used chest beating when displaying and never hand clapped, and adult females used both signals flexibly in two contexts instead of one. This study confirms previous anecdotal accounts of loud auditory gestures in western gorillas and adds crucial information on their flexibility across age categories. While chest beating has been described in both gorilla species, hand clapping as a way to communicate potential danger is unique to western gorillas. Further studies should focus on determining the variations in frequency and use across geographically distant populations.
Understanding Americans’ Perceptions of Nuclear Weapons Risk and Subsequent Behavior

Since the end of the Cold War, widespread discourse about nuclear weapons risk has disappeared, resulting in a lack of awareness of nuclear threats among U.S. citizens. Yet recent events have made nuclear weapons risk salient again, and some experts believe the risk of nuclear attack is higher today than it was during the height of the Cold War. Across two surveys of more than 1,500 American citizens, we demonstrate that most individuals do not think about nuclear weapons risk or the possibility of nuclear attack. We find evidence that age and media usage are important individual characteristics that affect perceptions of nuclear risk, apathy about the topic, as well as related behavioral intentions and actions. These types of relationships warrant greater scholarly attention, as improved understanding has implications for policy makers, the emergency management community, and directly for citizens.
Toxicity of Metformin and Hypoglycemic Therapies

Metformin along with other antidiabetic medications provide benefit to patients in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but caution is advised in certain scenarios to avoid toxicity in kidney disease. Renal dosing, monitoring of kidney function, and evaluating the risk of developing serious side effects are warranted with some agents. The available literature with regard to incidence of adverse events and toxicity of hypoglycemic therapies is reviewed.
Using digital health technology to support prevention and management of chronic disease among adolescents

Abstract Young people with chronic disease are asked to remember the things needed for self-management, such as refilling prescriptions, taking medicines and going to healthcare appointments, during a time when schedules are busy and demanding. School providers can play a critical role in supporting adolescents with chronic disease, from the assessment of symptoms to encouraging adherence to communicating between families and primary care or specialty healthcare providers. In this chapter, we will briefly describe the use of electronic health record systems and online patient portal technologies to promote the health of populations and individuals with chronic disease. We will then introduce a case of an adolescent with type 1 diabetes to illustrate how apps and wearable technology may be used to support disease self-management. We will also outline potential opportunities for digital health technology to adapt to better fulfill these functions and provide tips for healthcare and school providers.
Factors associated with long-term survival in patients with stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Objective Occurrence of a stroke within 30 days following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is an uncommon, but often devastating, complication. This study aimed to identify factors associated with long-term survival (beyond 30 days) in patients with stroke after CABG. Methods De-identified patients' records from the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program database were used to identify risk factors and perioperative complications associated with survival for up to 20 years in patients with post-CABG stroke. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used for analyzing survival. Results The median survival time for patients with stroke (n = 1422) was 6.7 years. The mortality rate for these patients was highest in the first year post-CABG and was significantly elevated compared with non-stroke patients. Survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years for stroke versus non-stroke patients were 79% vs. 96%, 58% vs. 83%, and 36% vs. 63%, respectively. High preoperative serum creatinine levels, postoperative occurrence of renal failure, prolonged ventilation, coma, and reoperation for bleeding were important predictors of 1-year mortality of patients with post-CABG stroke. Conclusions Veterans with post-CABG stroke have a considerably higher risk for mortality during the first year compared with patients without stroke.
Level structure of /sup 175/Yb and /sup 177/Yb via the /sup 174,176/Yb(d,p) /sup 175,177/Yb and /sup 176/Yb(d,t)/sup 175/Yb reactions

We studied $^{175}\mathrm{Yb}$ with the $^{176}\mathrm{Yb}$ ($d$,$t$) and $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$ ($d$,$p$) reactions and $^{177}\mathrm{Yb}$ with the $^{176}\mathrm{Yb}$ ($d$,$p$) reaction. We report 129 levels below 2550 keV in $^{175}\mathrm{Yb}$, 63 of which are previously unreported and 71 levels below 2700 keV in $^{177}\mathrm{Yb}$, 19 of which are new. We identified a few of these levels as possibly assigned to the wrong isotope because of isotopic contamination of the targets. The adopted 1104- and 1167-keV states in $^{177}\mathrm{Yb}$ are among these identifications. We took angular distributions on all three reactions and compared the data to distorted-wave Born-approximation theory to extract $l$ values. The ($d$,$t$) distributions yield a few cases of anomalously shaped distributions, especially in the case of the 603.3-keV state in $^{175}\mathrm{Yb}$. The distribution data contradict a few tentative assignments and we can make several new $l$ assignments. Extensions of the proposed band structures of these nuclei suggest possible placements and spin assignments for a few additional states. We also show how the revised level schemes can be used to interpret data already in the literature.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$ ($d$,$p$), $^{176}\mathrm{Yb}$($d$,$t$), $^{176}\mathrm{Yb}$($d$,$p$), $E(d)=14$ MeV; measured excitation energies, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(p,\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(t,\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\theta}=16\ensuremath{-}120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, $^{175}\mathrm{Yb}$ and $^{177}\mathrm{Yb}$ deduced $l$, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $S$; enriched targets, DWBA analysis, magnetic spectrograph.
Late phase completed clinical trials investigating bromocriptine mesylate quick release as treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Bromocriptine mesylate quick release (QR) is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and is the only oral, primarily centrally acting drug that can be used for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes. ...
Sepsis and the Microbiome: A Vicious Cycle.

Although sepsis has been characterized as a dysregulated immune response to an ongoing or suspected infection, the role of the microbiome as a key influencer of the septic response is emerging. The unavoidable disruption of the microbiome while treating sepsis with antibiotics can itself result in immune system dysregulation, further exacerbating the course and outcome of sepsis. Alterations in the gut microbiome as a result of sepsis and its treatment have been implicated in the organ dysfunction typical of sepsis across a wide variety of tissues including the lung, kidney and brain. A number of microbiota directed interventions are currently under investigation in the setting of sepsis including fecal transplant, the administration of dietary fiber in enteral feeding products and the use of antibiotic scavengers that are directed at attenuating the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota while allowing them to concentrate at the primary sites of infection. Taken together, the emerging role of the gut microbiome in sepsis touches various elements of the pathophysiology of sepsis and its treatment, and provides yet another reason to consider the judicious use of antibiotics via antibiotic stewardship programs.
The 100 most cited articles in the diagnosis and management of peripheral artery disease.

Abstract Objective Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a highly prevalent disease that places major lifestyle limitations and mortality risk on affected individuals. As the understanding of the disease has grown in the medical community, it is unknown which literature has made the greatest impact on the knowledge of PAD. We performed a bibliometric analysis using the number of citations as an indication of impact to analyze the top 100 most influential articles on PAD management. Methods A retrospective search of the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY) database for English-only publications was conducted in November 2020. We identified initial references from the database using the search terms “Peripheral Arterial Disease,” “Peripheral Vascular Disease,” “Claudication,” “Critical Limb Ischemia,” “Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia,” “Rest Pain,” “Ischemic Ulcer,” “Toe Gangrene,” “Ankle Brachial Index,” and “Leg Ischemia” in Web of Science Core Collections. Articles were ranked based on the number of citations and then analyzed based on citation count and average number of citations per year. Additional metrics included the overall average number of publications per year, the journals, journal discipline, author (including degree and gender), institution, country, topic area, and the level of evidence. Results The most popular articles were published between 1959 and 2017, with 46,716 citations in total (average 27.26 citations/y). The most popular article had 2225 citations in total and was Rutherford's “Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: Revised version.” Peak years of citations were 2016, 2014, and 2018 (2753, 2674, and 2639 citations, respectively). Top journals for the most cited publications were Circulation, Journal of Vascular Surgery, and the Lancet with 21, 13, and 7 articles, respectively. A majority of articles originated from the United States (58 articles), followed by the United Kingdom (15 articles) and Germany (13 articles). Major topic areas of interest and trends in the progressive understanding of PAD were noted. Top areas of focus included surgical interventions (29%), therapeutic angiogenesis (15%), epidemiological studies in PAD (14%), and diagnosis and evaluation (13%). In the top cited literature, 48% (14/29) of surgical articles investigated endovascular interventions for PAD. Conclusions Overall, PAD research has evolved from basic epidemiological studies to advanced management with continued investigation toward future, improved treatments for PAD.
Detailed Reanalysis of 500 Breast Cancers With Equivocal HER2 Immunohistochemistry and Borderline ERBB2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Results.

Objectives We investigated the impact of our laboratory's reflex testing process for resolving ERBB2 (HER2) status on breast cancer samples that require additional workup after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), per guideline recommendations published in 2018 by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the College of American Pathologists (CAP). Methods In total, 500 breast cancer specimens with ERBB2 FISH results in groups 2 through 4 (all reported as immunohistochemistry [IHC] equivocal [2+] at external laboratories) were resubmitted for IHC testing in our laboratory. Per the ASCO/CAP guideline, FISH was rescored when internal IHC was also equivocal (2+), targeted to tumor areas demonstrating more intense IHC staining, if observed. Results Reflex IHC/FISH testing changed the final reported ERBB2 status in 185 of 500 (37.0%) samples. Result changes included discordant IHC (n = 4 score 0, n = 132 score 1+, and n = 16 score 3+) and discordant FISH (n = 33). Numerical differences in FISH scores were comparable for targeted vs nontargeted FISH rescoring (P = .086 for ERBB2 copy number; P = .49 for ERBB2 ratio). Two cases showed larger differences in FISH scores, suggesting heterogeneity. Conclusions Retesting of breast cancer samples with equivocal IHC frequently changes IHC results, but targeted reanalysis of borderline FISH results rarely identifies significant differences in ERBB2 copy number or ratio.
Fight or flight: The role of context on biased intergroup shooting behaviors.

Work using the First-Person Shooter task (FPST, also referred to as the "Police Officers Dilemma") shows that cultural stereotypes play an integral role in influencing decisions to engage in shooting behaviors during a mock shooter simulation. Knowledge of the Black-violent stereotype typically leads White participants to have a quicker response to "shoot" armed Black target and falsely shoot unarmed Black targets, compared with White targets. Because this task constrains response options to shoot or not shoot, it is unclear what role structural and environmental factors may play in modulating biased shooting behaviors. In this study, participants played a variation of the FPST in which they made speeded shoot/flee decisions in response to armed and unarmed targets. In this variation, participants could "flee" in half of the trials regardless of whether the target was armed. Additionally, participants were primed with instructions that mirrored Stand Your Ground (SYG) law, traditional self-defense laws, or a set of control instructions. Across three studies, participants displayed racially biased behavior only on trials in which they were not allowed to flee from armed targets. In Study 3, EEG was recorded during the task to assess activation of an inhibitory brain network, which differentiated between Black and White targets. Decreased activation of this inhibitory network was associated with increased racial biased behavioral responses for those in the SYG condition. These studies highlight the ability for structural and environmental factors to exacerbate race-based disparities in the use of aggressive force as they pertain to the FPST. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Evaluation by polymerase chain reaction assay of persistent shedding of pathogenic leptospires in the urine of dogs with leptospirosis.

BACKGROUND Persistent leptospiruria in naturally infected dogs occurs despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of persistent leptospiruria in naturally infected dogs and the association of persistent leptospiruria with different antibiotic treatments. ANIMALS Thirty-two dogs of varying age and breed diagnosed with leptospirosis via urine polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). METHODS A prospective observational study of dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis was undertaken to determine the frequency of persistent leptospiruria as determined by PCR. Clinical presentation of leptospirosis, antibiotic treatment, serum creatinine concentration, and outcome were recorded. RESULTS Fifteen of 32 dogs had a negative urine PCR on the first submission in the study, 5 of 15 received only an aminopenicillin. The remaining 17 dogs had a negative urine PCR on the second (n = 6 dogs), third (n = 5), fourth (n = 5), and eighth (n = 1) submissions. Acute kidney injury was reported in 32/32 dogs. Two of 32 dogs developed chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Persistent leptospiruria is common despite treatment with antibiotics frequently recommended for treatment. Follow-up urine PCR to confirm clearance of the organism is recommended in all dogs. In dogs with persistent leptospiruria, chronic kidney disease can develop after acute kidney injury.
Closed Form Solutions in Asset Pricing

This survey summarizes the famous closed form solutions to asset pricing models in both discrete and continuous time. This note considers many different stochastic processes for consumption growth: log-normal, Markov Chain, jumps (disasters), AR-1, AR-p, GBM, OU, Ito with jumps. Many different types of preferences are also studied: Risk Neutral, CRRA, Habit, Epstein-Zin.
Organometallic derivatives of the transition elements: IV. Ferrocenes via the reaction of iron atoms with alkynes☆

Abstract Iron atoms react with disubstituted alkynes to produce iron complexes and alkyne oligomers. The oligomers are cyclic trimers and/or cyclic tetramers of the starting alkynes. Structural characterization of iron complexes shows an unusual rearrangement to substituted ferrocenes.
MR-based attenuation correction for whole-body PET-MR

260 Objectives In order to assess the potential and quantify the performance of tissue-class segmentation for whole-body (WB) MR-based attenuation correction (AC), we applied 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-class segmentation directly on CT (CT-based) to obtain the ideal attenuation maps in 23 WB PET-CT patient scans. We then applied the same methods to a MR (MR-based) for 1 patient. We computed the PET bias images. Methods Tissues were classified into 6 classes: air, lung, fat, soft-tissue, low-density (LD) bone, and high-density (HD)bone. Approaches classifying air, lung, other (3C); air, lung, fat, other (4C-F); air, lung, bone, other (4C-B); air, lung, fat, soft-tissue, bone (5C); air, lung, fat, soft-tissue, LD bone, HD bone (6C); were considered. For the CT-based study, we applied multiple thresholds to the CT for segmentation and obtained the pseudo-CTs. For 1 patient, a MR was acquired with Dixon sequence and registered to the CT. Fat was identified by applying a threshold on the fat images. Other tissue classes were identified using the in-phase MR images. We applied k-mean within a mask, which encloses all the bones, to identify the bones. We reconstructed PET using the clinical protocol. PET bias images were computed using the PET, which was reconstructed with the original CT, as reference. Results High positive and negative biases were observed in the fat and the bone regions, respectively, with 3C. High negative bias in almost all the bone regions was associated with 4C-F while high positive bias in the fat regions was associated with 4C-B. High negative bias was observed in HD bone regions exclusively for 5C while small bias ( Conclusions Our CT-based study shows that achieving accurate (bias
"El asalto de Mastrique": Lope de Vega y la "communitas" militar

In addition to commemorating a historical ephemerides, Lope de Vega’s El asalto de Mastrique exalts war as an activity that promotes feelings of national cohesion and fosters among soldiers something close to what the anthropologist Victor Turner calls communitas . In my article I study several aspects of this comedia-Lope’s debts with his main source; the interaction at various levels of “high” and “low” elements; Alejandro Farnesio heroic characterization. My main goal is to explore how Lope sees in the military communitas depicted in the play an image of the alleged virtues of the Spanish nation.
Zoospore germination in the water mold. Blastocladiella emersonii. I. Measurement of germination and sequence of subcellular morphological changes.

Abstract The zoospore of Blastocladiella emersonii contains a highly ordered array of intracellular organelles. Germination of the zoospore is accompanied by a series of abrupt changes in this array. Procedures have been developed whereby the progress of germination can be measured in cell populations. Zoospores are obtained after growth in a defined nutrient medium followed by zoospore formation in buffered CaCl2. The population is allowed to germinate in a defined inorganic salts medium. Three quantal phenotypes are distinguished: zoospore, round cell, and germling. Virtually every zoospore transforms to a round cell and then to a germling. Under the simple set of conditions adopted as standard, the sequence is rapid and population synchrony is such that nearly complete separations of the three phenotypes can be effected by sampling germinating populations at appropriate times. The beginning population is 100% zoospores; round cells begin to appear after about 5 minutes and constitute 50% and greater than 90% of the population at about 12.5 and 20 minutes, respectively; germlings begin to appear between 17 and 20 minutes and constitute 50% and greater than 90% of the population at about 30 and 40 minutes, respectively. Two different conditions of assay have been developed: in one, germination occurs in stationary liquid culture (dish assay); in the other, germination occurs in stirred liquid culture (spinner flask assay). In the dish assay, only zoospores remain suspendable; round cells and germlings adhere firmly to the dish surface. In the spinner flask assay, all cells remain in suspension. The two assays yield population kinetics of germination that are in close agreement. Moreover, with either assay, germination kinetics are highly reproducible, and performance in either assay constitutes a heritably stable trait. By utilizing the electron microscope and other techniques in conjunction with the population assays of germination, the order of subcellular events accompanying germination has been partially characterized. Early events of round cell formation include: retraction of the flagellar axoneme, appearance of localized channels from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane, construction of the initial cell wall, acquisition of cellular adhesiveness, and acquisition of resistance to lytic agents. Later events include breakdown of the nuclear cap and release of ribosomes from it into the cytoplasm, and branching or fragmentation of the single mitochondrion. Finally, germling formation is accompanied by the formation of a germ tube. We propose and discuss the hypothesis that these subcellular events are the result of local membrane alterations requiring rearrangements of preexisting structures.
Isolation and characterization of a generalized transducing bacteriophage for Acinetobacter.

A series of bacteriophages which grow in various strains of Acinetobacter have been isolated. One of these, phage P78, which forms turbid plaques on Acinetobacter strain 78 is specific for this particular host and fails to attack 389 other independently isolated strains of Acinetobacter . Phage P78 appears to be a temperate phage which lysogenizes its host. Various agents such as N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine, diethyl sulfate, mitomycin C, and ultraviolet light are effective inducers of the lysogen. Phage lysates of wild-type cells are capable of transducing auxotrophs of strain 78 to prototrophy at frequencies ranging from 0.3 × 10 −7 to 34 × 10 −7 per plaque-forming unit adsorbed. To date, no linkage has been detected between any of the markers studied in two-factor crosses. Donor phage grown in one particular mutant, strain 78 ( arg-1 ), has been shown to give rise to significantly higher transduction frequencies than when phage is grown on wild-type or other auxotrophic strains. Phage P78 is rapidly adsorbed to its bacterial host and has a latent period of 25 min, and infection results in a burst size of approximately 50. Some of the physical properties of phage P78 and its DNA are described. Images
Comparative Study and Accommodation of Biodiesel in Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles Coupled with Aftertreatment Systems

Biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel, which can be used in diesel-electric hybrid vehicles to potentially bring one kind of clean vehicle on the road. However, the fuel property variation can cause impacts to the powertrain and aftertreatment systems. In this paper, biodiesel's influence on post-injection effects is studied. Experimental results are obtained to demonstrate the differences between diesel and biodiesel, and to build up fuel-dependent maps of engine torque, temperature, and emissions. Utilizing those maps, an aftertreatment warm-up approach compatible with both fuels is developed by strategically enabling double post injections. Finally, a supervisory controller based on model predictive control method is designed to optimize and balance the tradeoff between hybrid vehicle fuel economy and tailpipe emissions. Simulations are conducted for both fuels with or without the proposed control strategy. The validation results show that for both fuels, the controller can significantly reduce tailpipe emissions by successfully regulating the catalyst temperature to the desired range sacrificing fuel economy. And for biodiesel, additional fuel cost is required in order to realize the tradeoff.
Communication with Queen Honey Bees by Substrate Sound

A caged queen honey bee, installed in an observation hive which already contained a virgin queen, piped in response to artificial piping which was played to it through the substrate. The experiments which followed this observation provide the first direct quantitative evidence that sound, at least in the range of 600 to 2000 cycles per second, is perceived by honey bees and that information is transmitted through sound from one bee to another.
Quality Controls for Profiler Measurements of Winds and RASS Temperatures

Abstract A new method for estimating winds and radio acoustic sounding system temperatures from radar Doppler measurements for the new NOAA wind profilers is described. This method emphasizes the quality of 6-min measurements prior to the computation of hourly averages. Compared with the older method currently being used, this new method provides measurements exhibiting better consistency and more complete coverage over height and time. Furthermore, it corrects aliased measurements.