cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar Thermal Electric Panel (STEP): Thermal and Energy Testing

The concept of combining both solar thermal and electric systems is not new yet the limited use and further development needed has been noted by both the Department of Energy in the U.S. [1] and the EU Coordination Action PV-Catapult in Europe [2]. These reports and the university’s solar house entry in the Department of Energy’s 2005 Solar Decathlon provided the opportunity for research and development of a hybrid roof system that combined both photovoltaics with a wet solar thermal system. The main goal of this research was to design and develop a hybrid roof system based on previous research. Once designed then build a prototype model for the purpose of performance analysis with the final stage being the implementation in the university’s solar house entry into the 2005 solar decathlon. This paper discusses the hybrid roof design and performance analysis. The design and development was initialized by a group of students and advisors from both the University of Missouri-Rolla and Crowder College with the intent to use the hybrid system as part of the solar houses in the upcoming solar decathlons. Previous research studies on hybrid roof systems have shown increased performance however the differences in the systems studied vary in their setups and use of materials. In the case of this study a series of copper tubes were integrated into a metal seam roof with an amorphous silicon panel encased in low iron glass. This experiment encompassed almost 160 square feet of hybrid Solar Thermal Electric Panel (STEP) system panels and performance data acquired was used for input to computer simulation software to optimize the system for application. Based on experimental tests the STEP system yielded overall efficiency of 50%. This is compared to a separate thermal and electric system with an estimated 26% for the same roof area. The glazed versus unglazed analysis yielded a glazed panel reducing the PV collection by 23% yet increasing the thermal collection by approximately 200%. In conclusion this paper will discuss experimental performance analysis on the STEP system thermal and overall outcomes.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Working Group 2 Summary: Experimental Results in Neutrino Scattering Physics

This paper summarizes the experimental results in neutrino scattering physics as presented in Working Group 2. A summary of the theoretical results is presented in [M. Sakuda, WG2 summary of theoretical results, these proceedings].
Separating the redundancy of voicing from nasality in American English.

This paper reports the results of a study designed to separate the voicing redundancy from nasality in American English and to determine their individual saliencies. Sixty-seven subjects judged the similarity of nonnasal pairs versus nasal pairs of CV and VC nonsense syllables on a 5-point magnitude-estimation task. The 80 stimuli were constructed to control and to demand subjects' cognitive strategies for coping with redundancy rather than experimental manipulation of the data. They were developed from the consonantal repertoire of / b d g m n η p t k / paired with the vowels / i a u /, totaling 72 pairs of dyads. Eight additional stimuli of similar structure, testing multifeature and identity contrasts, were included to monitor the validity of the experimental procedure. Results indicated that (a) speech redundancy can be circumvented cognitively, (b) nasality was more salient (different) than voicing, and (c) a recency effect was found. These findings are discussed in reference to existing data.
Siliceous Algal and Bacterial Stromatolites in Hot Spring and Geyser Effluents of Yellowstone National Park

Growing algal and bacterial stromatolites composed of nearly amorphous silica occur around hot springs and geysers in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Some Precambrian stromatolites may be bacterial rather than algal, which has important implications in atmospheric evolution, since bacterial photo-synthesis does not release oxygen. Conophyton stromatolites were thought to have become extinct at the end of the Precambrian, but are still growing in hot spring effluents.
I.—The Development of River Meanders

The paper by Dr. Callaway, “On a Cause of River Curves,” in the Geological Magazine for October, 1902, suggests comment for two reasons: first, because the cause that he brings forward seems of doubtful application; second, because the habitual entrance of branch streams at a certain part of the curves of main streams is satisfactorily explained by controls which seem to be of surer and more powerful application than the control which he advocates.In ascribing to a tributary the power to make a main stream bend in a definite manner towards the tributary, and thus determine the habitual entrance of tributaries on the convex side of the main stream's curves, Dr. Callaway argues that the detritus brought by the tributary will be deposited on the further side of the main stream and somewhat below the tributary's mouth. Various examples known to me of the deposits formed by side streams in the channels of main streams do not bear out this conclusion: the detritus is not deposited on the further side of the main stream, but as a delta at the mouth of the tributary or a little below it; and the main stream does not bend toward, but away from the tributary. The Rhine, the Colorado, and many other rivers that might be instanced, show abundant examples of this kind. Moreover, the assumption of an initially straight main river, as stated by Dr. Callaway, involves an extreme improbability. Rivers cannot be habitually straight in their initial stage, and the bends with which they begin are as a rule spontaneously exaggerated in their later development.
Reaction of Arylphosphines with Singlet Oxygen: Intra- vs Intermolecular Oxidation

The chemistry of singlet oxygen with all three isomers of tris(methoxyphenyl)phosphine has been studied. For the severely hindered ortho isomer, intramolecular rearrangement to form phenyl diphenyl phosphinate is preferred to formation of phosphine oxide at low concentration in aprotic solvents. In protic solvents, no intramolecular reactivity is observed. A detailed kinetic analyses has been undertaken. There is no physical quenching, regardless of solvent. Mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed.
The effects of Genkwadaphnin and Gnidilatidin on the growth of P-388, L-1210 leukemia and KB carcinoma cells in Vitro

Daphnane diterpene esters have previously been shown to have antineoplastic activity in vivo against the growth of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. These studies demonstrate cytotoxic activity of genkwadaphnin and gnidilatidin against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, L-1210 lymphoid leukemia and human KB carcinoma cell growth in vitro. At the ED50 values in the respective tumor lines DNA synthesis was preferentially suppressed in all three cell lines. RNA synthesis was essentially unaffected by the agents. Protein synthesis inhibition by the two agents demonstrated selectivity, e.g. in P-388 cells significant inhibition, in L-1210 cells marginal inhibition and in KB cells no inhibition was observed at these concentrations. Multiple sites in DNA synthesis were found to be inhibited by the daphnane diterpene esters. Two to three times the ED50 concentration in the respective tumor lines was required to observe suppression of DNA synthesis. Purine de novo synthesis appeared to be the major site of inhibition, with inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amido transferase activities being inhibited in all three tissue lines. Dihydrofolate reductase activity was inhibited, significant only in the P-388 and KB cells. The magnitude of the enzyme suppression by the agents varied with the tumor line. However, the degree of enzyme suppression was of sufficient magnitude to account for the observed purine and DNA synthesis inhibition by the daphnane diterpene esters.
Extrahepatic Metabolism by CYP2E1 in PBPK Modeling of Lipophilic Volatile Organic Chemicals: Impacts on Metabolic Parameter Estimation and Prediction of Dose Metrics

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly available for environmental chemicals and applied in risk assessments. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important pollutants in air, soil, and water. CYP2E1 metabolically activates many VOCs in animals and humans. Despite its presence in extrahepatic tissues, the metabolism by CYP2E1 is often described as restricted to the liver in PBPK models, unless target tissue dose metrics in extrahepatic tissues are needed for the model application, including risk assessment. The impact of accounting for extrahepatic metabolism by CYP2E1 on the estimation of metabolic parameters and the prediction of dose metrics was evaluated for three lipophilic VOCs: vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride. Metabolic parameters estimated from fitting gas uptake data with and without extrahepatic metabolism were similar. The impact of extrahepatic metabolism on PBPK predictions was evaluated using inhalation exposure scenarios relevant for animal toxicity studies and human risk assessment. Although small, the relative role of extrahepatic metabolism and the differences in the predicted dose metrics were greater at low exposure concentrations. The impact was species dependent and influenced by Km for CYP2E1. The current study indicates that inhalation modeling for several representative VOCs that are CYP2E1 substrates is not affected by the inclusion of extrahepatic metabolism, implying that liver-only metabolism may be a reasonable simplification for PBPK modeling of lipophilic VOCs. The PBPK predictions using this assumption can be applied confidently for risk assessment, but this conclusion should not necessarily be applied to VOCs that are metabolized by other enzymes.
Canonical Quantization and Gauge Invariant Anyon Operators in Chern-Simons Scalar Electrodynamics

Abstract Complex scalar fields minimally coupled to an abelian Chern-Simons gauge field are systematically quantized using Dirac′s method for constrained systems. Manifestly gauge invariant anyon operators are constructed following the line integral prescription of Schwinger. Stringent consistency conditions like the spin-statistics connection, Poincare invariance, and tree level vector current Ward identity are scrutinised. The effect of the addition of the Maxwell term to the lagrangian density on all the above results is examined. The gauge invariant anyon operators constructed in this case are shown not to exhibit any spin or statistics transmutation as one moves from shorter length scales to longer ones, where the residual coulomb interaction is effectively screened.
Nonresonant excess photon detachment of negative hydrogen ions

One-photon detachment and two-photon nonresonant excess photon detachment of electrons from the H{sup -} ion (outer-electron binding energy = 0.7542 eV) are observed with 1.165 eV laser pulses from a Nd:YAG laser (where YAG denotes yttrium aluminum garnet). A Penning ion source produces a pulsed 8 {mu}A, 35 keV H{sup -} beam that intersects a laser beam cylindrically focused down to a 17 {mu}m full width at half maximum waist in the ion beam direction, creating a high-intensity interaction region with peak intensities of up to 10{sup 11} W/cm{sup 2}. The interaction time is 7 ps. The detached electrons are detected by a time-of-flight apparatus enabling us to detect a very small two-photon signal in the presence of a very large signal from single photon detachments. By rotating the linear polarization angle, we study the angular distribution of the electrons for both one- and two-photon detachments. The spectra are modeled to determine the asymmetry parameters and one- and two-photon cross sections. We find {beta}{sub 2} to be 2.54+0.44/-0.60 and {beta}{sub 4} to be 2.29+0.07/-0.31, corresponding to a D state of 89+3/-12% of the S wave and D wave detachments for the two-photon results. The relative phase angle between the Smore » and D amplitudes is measured to be less than 59 degree sign . The measured cross sections are found to be consistent with theoretical predictions. The one-photon photodetachment cross section is measured to be (3.6{+-}1.7)x10{sup -17} cm{sup 2}. The two-photon photodetachment generalized cross section is (1.3{+-}0.5)x10{sup -48} cm{sup 4} sec, consistent with theoretical calculations of the cross section. The three-photon generalized cross section is less than 4.4x10{sup -79} cm{sup 6} sec{sup 2}. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.« less
Effects of dimethoate on honey bee foraging

Abstract Collection by honey bees of sucrose solutions treated with dimethoate continued uninterrupted until 2.9–3.9 μg/bee had been accumulated. This self-limiting dose was 20–25 times the oral LD50 for honey bees. Therefore a mean of 45 collection trips involving 1 ppm dimethoate or 11 trips involving 5 ppm was possible before foraging ceased. Losses in pollinator effectiveness and adult and larval mortality are likely to result from dimethoate contamination of nectar.
Gender Difference in Cocaine-Induced HPA Axis Activation

The study investigates the influence of gender on the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by cocaine and other monamine uptake inhibitors. Drug-induced secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) was used to pursue this question. Cocaine produced a dose-related rise in serum ACTH levels in both male and female rats, but the rise was significantly greater in females than in males. Females also showed enhanced HPA axis activation following administration of the dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909, the serotonin uptake inhibitor fluoxetine, and the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor desipramine. No gender difference in HPA axis activation was observed in a dose-response study of cocaine-induced HPA activation in 10 day old rats. Ovariectomy of females decreased the ACTH response to cocaine, but castration did not affect the response of males. To evaluate the role of the pituitary in this gender difference, ACTH levels were determined after corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) administration. Females showed greater ACTH responses to CRF than males. These studies demonstrate that female rats show exaggerated HPA responses to monoamine uptake inhibitors and that enhanced pituitary responsivity to CRF contributes to this gender difference.
Follow-up care of breast cancer survivors

Breast cancer survivors may have several medical and psychosocial concerns in follow-up care. Women with a history of breast cancer should be followed for local-regional recurrence or metastatic disease, as well as for the development of a second primary breast cancer in the contralateral breast. Regular follow-up visits can foster an ongoing patient-clinician relationship both to ensure adequate surveillance and so that symptoms of recurrence or complications of therapy will be reported by the patient and addressed promptly. There are multiple possible long-term complications that may arise following breast cancer treatment, many of which may be ameliorated with various therapies. Clinicians can also provide guidance and counseling as well as psychosocial support to patients regarding medical and psychosocial decisions that may be affected by their personal history of breast cancer.
The effects of commitment to future interaction in single plays of three games

The propensity to cooperate in single plays of three game structures (chicken, no conflict, and prisoner's dilemma) under two conditions of commitment to future interaction, using two experimental environments, was investigated. In addition, the effects of negative payoffs and the opportunity to maximize relative rather than absolute gain were examined. The results showed that committed subjects were more cooperative in all three structures than were uncommitted subjects. The propensity to cooperate was greatest for the no conflict structure, weakest for the prisoner's dilemma structure, and intermediate for the chicken structure. The largest difference between committed and uncommitted subjects in the propensity to cooperate was observed for the prisoner's dilemma structure. A comparison of these results with repeated play studies supports the use of single play studies of social interaction for analyzing the effects of social structure on behavior.
Involvement of calcium channels in short-term desensitization of muscarinic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract Incubation of mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) with Mn2+ resulted in a rapid and transient increase in cyclic GMP formation. This effect appears to be due to an increase in calcium influx because it did not occur in the absence of extracellular calcium or in the presence of verapamil, a calcium transport inhibitor. In addition, Mn2+ inhibited muscarinic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP responses. The ability of Mn2+ to increase cyclic GMP levels was markedly diminished in cells desensitized to the effects of carbamoylcholine, suggesting that this densensitization involves inactivation of calcium entry.
Registration of ‘Sabine’ Dallisgrass

‘Sabine’ dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) (Reg. No. CV-2, PI 655527) was released by the USDA-ARS, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, and Texas AgriLife Research on 2 Sept. 2008. Sabine is phenotypically and cytologically different from common dallisgrass because it is a different P. dilatatum biotype, called the Uruguayan biotype. Sabine is a single plant selection from an off-type plant that originated from the facultative apomictic accession PI 404826. It was selected because it usually produced more forage and was consistently more persistent under defoliation than common dallisgrass in multiyear forage evaluation plots in Louisiana and Texas. Its forage nutritive value is equivalent to that of common dallisgrass. Since common is the only dallisgrass biotype grown for forage throughout the southern United States, Sabine was released to provide livestock producers in the southeastern United States with a new, more productive, and more persistent dallisgrass option.
Validation study of the Ionosphere Forecast Model using the TOPEX total electron content measurements

[1] As a part of the validation program in the Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurement (GAIM) project, a newly improved Ionosphere Forecast Model (IFM) was systematically validated by using a large database of TOPEX total electron content (TEC) measurements. The TOPEX data used for the validation are for the period from August 1992 to March 2003, and the total number of 18-s averaged data is close to 11 million. This model validation work covers a wide range of seasonal (winter, summer, and equinox) and solar (low-F10.7, median F10.7, and high-F10.7) conditions as well as all UT variations with the focus on nonstorm time TEC. The validation results indicate that the features of the spatial distribution of the IFM TEC are systematically consistent with those of the TOPEX TEC. The differences between the IFM TEC and the TOPEX TEC are within 20% for almost all locations and conditions. For many conditions, the differences are even below 10%.
NUCLEAR REACTION CROSS-SECTION THEORY

A summary of compound nucleus processes is given and a method, based on the compound nucleus model, is given for estimating the magnitude and energy dependence of nuclear cross sections. Expressions for the logarithmic derivative were derived, based on the two nuclear potentials: a strong interaction model (real square-well potential) and a square-well complex potential, Logarithmic derivatives of the optical-model potential were obtained by numerical integration of the radial wave equation into which was inserted the assumed potential form with suitable parameters. Methods for evaluating sigma /sub c/ first determining the transmission coefficients are discussed. The branching ratio of compound nucleus decay is considered for cases in which the statistical model for nuclear reactions is applicable. The probability of particle emission and the de- excitation by gamma emission in the compound nucleus are discussed. The branching ratio for gamma emission is shown to be given by the ratio of radiation width to total width., The radiative-rapture cross section in the resonance region is obtained by multiplying the branching ratio by the resonance compound- nucleus cross section. (C.J.G.)
Trichodina (Ciliata: Urceolariidae) of freshwater fishes of the Southeastern United States.

SYNOPSIS. Eight new species of Trichodina are described from freshwater fishes of the Southeastern U.S.: T. davisi from Roccus saxatilus (Walbaum), T. funduli from Fundulus notti (Agassiz), T. globosa from Etheostoma radiosum (Hubbs and Black), T. hoffmani from Etheostoma edwini (Hubbs and Cannon), T. hypsilepis from Notropis hypsilepis Suttkus and Raney, T. microdenticula from Dorosoma petenense (Gunther). T. noturi from Noturus leptacanthus Jordan, and T. salmincola from Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Nine species of Trichodina are redescribed: T. californica, T. discoidea, T. fultoni, T. pediculus, T. platyformis, T. reticulata, T. sp. (?T. nigra), T. tumefaciens, and T. vallata. The name T. pediculus is re-erected for the form that occurs on largemouth bass. Host fish were collected from 36 geographic locations in 10 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee). A total of 939 fish of 46 species was examined for trichodinid parasites. Two methods of impregnating formalin preserved specimens of Trichodina with silver are discussed. A key to the species of Trichodina reported from North American freshwater fishes is given.
Fluidized-bed nitridation of stainless steel powder

Abstract An attempt was made to produce high-nitrogen stainless steel powder, that can be consolidated into a solid compact with uniform, high-nitrogen concentration. The nitridation of 316L stainless steel powder of average particle size of 70 μn with a minimum fluidization velocity of 4.5 cms−1, was nitrided in a 55 mm I.D. fluidized-bed reactor at temperatures ranging from 550°C to 750°C using NH3/H2 gas mixtures. NH3 concentration and temperature had pronounced effects on the progress of nitridation while the effect of H2 was minor. Nitrogen contents reached as high as about 10% by mass, completely converting Cr and Fe into CrN and Fe4N, at temperatures below 600°C. Only Cr was nitrided to form CrN at 750°C, reaching a saturated level of 6% nitrogen by mass. A nitrided shell was always developed on the particle, resulting from the precipitation of CrN, that progressed inward.
Mass-spectrographic analysis of a porcine amelogenin identifies a single phosphorylated locus

The amelogenins of the extracellular matrix of developing dental enamel, comprise a family of tissue-specific proteins which are postulated to play a central role in the biomineralization of dental enamel [1]. The primary structures of amelogenins derived from cow, pig, human, mouse and rat have now been elucidated by the interpretation of cDNA sequences or by direct amino acid sequence determinations [2-6] demonstrating a high degree of sequence homology between species [1]. However, the nature of post-translational modification of these proteins is less clear. In particular, early reports of amelogenin phosphorylation [7-8] have proved to be difficult to confirm by direct chemical analyses [1]. Using mass spectrographic analysis, we recently [9], reported that the lower molecular weight (5-7 kDa) bovine and porcine amelogenin polypeptides (TRAP and LRAP) contained a single phospho-serine residue at position 16Ser and, since these polypeptides are derived by proteolytic processing from the higher molecular weight "parent" amelogenins (18-25 kDa), we concluded that these precursor molecules must also be phosphorylated, as has previously been suggested [10]. In contrast to these observations, an extensive amino acid sequencing study of porcine amelogenins has recently reported no evidence for such phosphorylation [1]. We now report that a new analysis of the major porcine ("20K") amelogenin provides positive evidence for porcine amelogenin phosphorylation.
Sensitivity of Quadratic Gaussian Matching to Interference

It is well known that uncoded transmission of a memoryless Gaussian source over a memoryless additive white Gaussian noise channel results in optimal performance theoretically attainable. When there is additional interference in the channel, uncoded transmission is robust. It achieves the same sensitivity performance as optimal performance, measured using sensitivity results of Pinsker, Prelov, and Verdu.
Aesthetic experience and early language and literacy development

The present paper explores the connections between theory and research in language development and aesthetic education and their implications for early childhood classroom practice. The present paper posits that arts experiences make a unique and vital contribution to the child’s development of language and literacy, as well as to the sense of self as an active and engaged learner. Emphasizing the significance of personal agency in shaping and motivating language and literacy development, the paper highlights some critical features that link aesthetic experience and engagement with the arts to models of learning and teaching. The relationship between these features and the child’s early development of language and literacy, and the special contribution of aesthetic experience to these processes, are considered. Exemplars from classrooms that have effectively incorporated aesthetic experiences with visual arts, poetry and storytelling as integral to language and literacy learning are presented.
Chitosan selectively promotes adhesion of myoblasts over fibroblasts

Treatment of ventral hernias frequently makes use of synthetic and biological meshes, often resulting in scar tissue formation and incomplete muscle regeneration. Chitosan has been shown to promote a regenerative response than a fibrotic response. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of chitosan on myoblast and fibroblast adhesion and the underlying mechanisms. Primary myoblast cells, embryonic fibroblasts, and 1:1 coculture of both cell types were seeded on chitosan-coated and uncoated tissue culture plates. The number of attached cells was measured at 5, 24, 48, and 72 h after seeding. At 5 h after seeding, expression and structural organization of actin, integrin β3, and integrin β1 were analyzed. With chitosan, primary fibroblasts had 2.7 times smaller F-actin fraction, and more primary myoblasts with higher expression of integrin β3 were seen. Moreover, a higher ratio of myoblasts to fibroblasts was seen with chitosan, with a ratio higher than one at 48 and 72 h after seeding and greater than a twofold increase in ratio when compared with uncoated plates. A higher organization of actin and integrin β3 network around nucleus of myoblasts was observed with chitosan, whereas reorganization in actin and integrin β1 network was observed in fibroblasts. In conclusion, chitosan promotes myoblast adhesion with higher expression of integrin β3 and inhibits fibroblast adhesion with reorganization of actin and integrin β1 network. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1899–1906, 2015.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND DISSOCIATION BEHAVIOR OF α- AND β-LIPOVITELLIN IN ACID SOLVENTS

Solutions of α-lipovitellin in 1 M formic acid and 0.01 M hydrochloric acid had two sedimenting components of ca. 2.0 S and 4.6 S. Initially, acid solutions of β-lipovitellin contained only the 4.6 S component but, after about 4 days, the 2.0 S component was also present. Using freshly prepared solutions the molecular weight (M) of this 4.6 S component of β-lipovitellin was established as 3.9 × 105 by both light scattering and sedimentation and diffusion measurements. This component appears, therefore, to be the associated form of β-lipovitellin of 11 S and M = 4.0 × 105 in neutral solvents. The 2.0 S component must therefore be a dissociated subunit of comparable or smaller size than the subunit of 7 S and M = 2.0 × 105 in alkaline solvents. Evidently both lipovitellins dissociate in acid, as they do in alkaline solvents, but the solubility behavior and irreversible changes that occur in acid precluded a quantitative study.
Mutational Hotspots in the LAMB3 Gene in the Lethal (Herlitz) Type of Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa

The Herlitz type of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (H-JEB) is a severe blistering disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes, and laminin 5 has been implicated as the candidate gene/protein system for most patients with H-JEB. In this study, we have examined a cohort of 14 families with H-JEB for mutations in the LAMB3 gene. Premature termination codon mutations were delineated in both alleles of each proband in all pedigrees. Interestingly, two recurrent mutations, R42X and R635X, were noted in over 50% of the mutant LAMB3 alleles. These nonsense mutations occurred at CpG dinucleotide sequences, suggesting hypermutability of 5-methylcytosine to thymine. Additional evidence suggested that R42X and R635X represent mutational hotspots. First, the inheritance of R635X in a homozygous individual on two different genetic backgrounds was demonstrated by haplotype analysis. Furthermore, in one family, R42X was shown to be inherited on the maternal allele which lacked this mutation, suggesting that it arose as a result of maternal germline mutation. Elucidation of these two hotspot mutations will facilitate screening of additional JEB patients for the underlying mutations.
Diet and hormonal manipulation reveal cryptic genetic variation: implications for the evolution of novel feeding strategies

When experiencing resource competition or abrupt environmental change, animals often must transition rapidly from an ancestral diet to a novel, derived diet. Yet, little is known about the proximate mechanisms that mediate such rapid evolutionary transitions. Here, we investigated the role of diet-induced, cryptic genetic variation in facilitating the evolution of novel resource-use traits that are associated with a new feeding strategy—carnivory—in tadpoles of spadefoot toads (genus Spea). We specifically asked whether such variation in trophic morphology and fitness is present in Scaphiopus couchii, a species that serves as a proxy for ancestral Spea. We also asked whether corticosterone, a vertebrate hormone produced in response to environmental signals, mediates the expression of this variation. Specifically, we compared broad-sense heritabilities of tadpoles fed different diets or treated with exogenous corticosterone, and found that novel diets can expose cryptic genetic variation to selection, and that diet-induced hormones may play a role in revealing this variation. Our results therefore suggest that cryptic genetic variation may have enabled the evolutionary transition to carnivory in Spea tadpoles, and that such variation might generally facilitate rapid evolutionary transitions to novel diets.
Origin of the shallow groundwater system in the southern Voltaian Sedimentary Basin of Ghana: an isotopic approach

Abstract The development and management of groundwater resources require an ability to understand and identify the recharge source to the groundwater system. Stable and radioactive isotope data have been used to investigate the source of recharge and the age of the shallow groundwater system within the southern Voltaian Sedimentary Basin (SVSB) of Ghana as part of an on going groundwater development project. The tritium concentrations in the groundwater samples are very low and range from less than 1–7.2 T.U., while measured 14C content ranges from 43 to 108% modern carbon. The tritium concentration of rainfall ranges from less than 1–4 T.U. The δ18O values of groundwater samples range from −4.2 to −2.6‰ while the δD values range from −21 to −10‰. Stable isotopic data of the groundwater samples lie either on or close to the global meteoric water line (GMWL) on the δD–δ18O plot and indicate that the shallow groundwater in the area is derived from meteoric water that has undergone no significant degree of kinetic evaporation during recharge. No indication of paleo recharge can be inferred from the 18O and 2H composition of the groundwater. Current tritium concentration in the groundwater is generally low, however, it proved useful in the qualitative identification of modern recharge. Radiocarbon-deduced ages range from about 3200±350 years B.P. to modern and indicate young recharge to the shallow groundwater system.
Thermal noise in mechanical experiments

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is applied to the case of low-dissipation mechanical oscillators, whose losses are dominated by processes occurring inside the material of which the oscillators are made. In the common case of losses described by a complex spring constant with a constant imaginary part, the thermal noise displacement power spectrum is steeper by one power of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ than is predicted by a velocity-damping model. I construct models for the thermal noise spectra of systems with more than one mode of vibration, and evaluate a model of a specific design of pendulum suspension for the test masses in a gravitational-wave interferometer.
A suite of microplate reader-based colorimetric methods to quantify ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate and silicate concentrations for aquatic nutrient monitoring

A sensitive, accurate and rapid analysis of major nutrients in aquatic systems is essential for monitoring and maintaining healthy aquatic environments. In particular, monitoring ammonium (NH4+) concentrations is necessary for maintenance of many fish stocks, while accurate monitoring and regulation of ammonium, orthophosphate (PO43−), silicate (Si(OH)4) and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations are required for regulating algae production. Monitoring of wastewater streams is also required for many aquaculture, municipal and industrial wastewater facilities to comply with local, state or federal water quality effluent regulations. Traditional methods for quantifying these nutrient concentrations often require laborious techniques or expensive specialized equipment making these analyses difficult. Here we present four alternative microcolorimetric assays that are based on a standard 96-well microplate format and microplate reader that simplify the quantification of each of these nutrients. Each method uses small sample volumes (200 µL), has a detection limit ≤1 µM in freshwater and ≤2 µM in saltwater, precision of at least 8% and compares favorably with standard analytical procedures. Routine use of these techniques in the laboratory and at an aquaculture facility to monitor nutrient concentrations associated with microalgae growth demonstrates that they are rapid, accurate and highly reproducible among different users. These techniques offer an alternative to standard nutrient analyses and because they are based on the standard 96-well format, they significantly decrease the cost and time of processing while maintaining high precision and sensitivity.
Deposition Parameters for Sputter-Deposited Thin Film TiNi

Sputter deposition of TiNi has been problematic due to the extreme reactivity of titanium. There are several advantages in depositing TiNi with other metals, such as Ti and Cu, as the Shape Memory Effect properties can be changed selectively, including coring of the thin film. Simultaneous co-deposition of cored material using sputter deposition becomes technically difficult as this implies that the sample to target distance increases. In this paper, we discuss a relationship developed so that a basic base vacuum pressure can be found with target-sample distance and correlated with the observed phases for both Ti and TiNi samples. Practical limitations imposed by the vacuum system on both devices and device quality are discussed
Effect of Morphology on the Electrical Transport Properties of Polyaniline Films for Electronic Applications

Although it is well known that the oxidation state of polyaniline is an important characteristic, there are few reports of its influence on the development of morphology and electrical properties in fibers and films. In this work, differential scanning calorimentry is used in conjunction with measurements of temperature dependence of conductivity and thermoelectric power to elucidate the intimate relationship between structure and properties. By increasing the amount of chemical reduction of polyaniline solutions, films are prepared which exhibit a thermal transition between 300 and 385 °C, indicative of melting. Increasing the chemical reduction also increases the conductivity of iodine doped films. The most reduced film exhibited a semiconductor transport mechanism, while the other films could be modeled with a quasi-one dimensional variable range hopping mechanism. The temperature dependence of conductivity also showed increasing order for increasing reduction, consistent with the DSC results.
Sign of the refractive index in a gain medium with negative permittivity and permeability

We show how the sign of the refractive index in any medium may be derived using a rigorous analysis based on Einstein causality. In particular, we consider left-handed materials, i.e., media that have negative permittivities and permeabilities at the frequency of interest. We find that the consideration of gain in such media can give rise to a positive refractive index.
The Effect of “Good Time” Credit on Inmate Behavior A Quasi-Experiment

The elimination of a state “good time” policy allowed an examination of the effects of this policy on inmate behavior. Only inmates convicted of certain offenses were affected and the change was not retroactive, creating control groups not affected by the policy change. Data sources included misconduct reports (for relatively minor incidents), critical incident reports, and lists of inmates who participated in riots. Analyses of variance indicated that inmates not covered by the good time policy committed more misconducts and were more likely to participate in riots, but that main effects for time and type of offense accounted for these results. Critical incident data indicated a similar effect for type (but not time) of offense. These findings are discussed in terms of factors affecting inmate behavior and its measurement, prison management, and behavior theory.
The surgical management of carotid artery stenosis in patients with previous neck irradiation

Background A history of therapeutic irradiation to the neck complicates the management of carotid artery occlusive disease. Serious surgical concerns are raised regarding alternative incisions, difficult dissections, and adequate wound closure. Pathology may be typical atherosclerotic occlusive disease or radiation-induced arteritis. In order to establish guidelines for the treatment of these patients, we have reviewed our operative experience. Patients and methods A review of our operative experience over the past 15 years revealed 10 patients with a history of prior irradiation to the neck who underwent 14 carotid operations. Results The indications for radiation included laryngeal carcinoma and lymphoma. Five patients had undergone previous radical neck dissections, and four patients had permanent tracheostomies. The surgical indications were asymptomatic high-grade stenosis in 7 cases, transient ischemic attack in 4 cases, stroke in 2 cases, and a pseudo-aneurysm in 1 case. Conventional carotid endarterectomy with patch angioplasty was used in 10 of the 14 operations. In the remaining four operations, saphenous vein interposition grafting was utilized to replace the diseased segment of carotid artery secondary to a panarteritis. Wound closure required dermal grafting in two of five cases where surgery was performed ipsilateral to a prior radical neck dissection. One perioperative cerebral infarction occurred; there were no other neurologic or non-neurologic complications. All patients are doing well in one- to five-year follow-up, with serial postoperative duplex scans demonstrating no signs of recurrent stenosis. Conclusions Patients with a history of irradiation to the neck should be screened for the presence of carotid disease. Carotid occlusive disease should be treated surgically in these patients with the usual indications. Intraoperative surgical management is similar to that of non-irradiated patients. Concerns about difficulty in achieving an adequate endarterectomy plane and about problems with wound closure have generally been unfounded.
Pittsburgh Labor Market Adjustments In The 1980S: Who Gained and Who Lost?

This research describes the distribution of changes in labor market outcomes for individuals in a region disrupted by severe economic restructuring. We use data from western Pennsylvania to compare...
Diagnosis and management of high-risk and metastatic melanoma.

Objectives To identify treatment modalities and corresponding nursing implications for the high-risk and metastatic melanoma patient. Data Sources Textbooks, research articles, and professional experience. Conclusions Recent advances in the field of melanoma include identification of prognostic factors, refinement of surgical techniques, and identification of effective adjuvant therapy. Novel therapies are currently under investigation. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses play a vital role in the treatment of melanoma patients through education regarding their disease and treatment options, patient identification for clinical trials, and intensive monitoring and management for treatment-related side effects.
Joint estimation of gene conversion rates and mean conversion tract lengths from population SNP data

Motivation: Two known types of meiotic recombination are crossovers and gene conversions. Although they leave behind different footprints in the genome, it is a challenging task to tease apart their relative contributions to the observed genetic variation. In particular, for a given population SNP dataset, the joint estimation of the crossover rate, the gene conversion rate and the mean conversion tract length is widely viewed as a very difficult problem. Results: In this article, we devise a likelihood-based method using an interleaved hidden Markov model (HMM) that can jointly estimate the aforementioned three parameters fundamental to recombination. Our method significantly improves upon a recently proposed method based on a factorial HMM. We show that modeling overlapping gene conversions is crucial for improving the joint estimation of the gene conversion rate and the mean conversion tract length. We test the performance of our method on simulated data. We then apply our method to analyze real biological data from the telomere of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, and show that the ratio of the gene conversion rate to the crossover rate for the region may not be nearly as high as previously claimed. Availability: A software implementation of the algorithms discussed in this article is available at http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~yss/software.html. Contact: yss@eecs.berkeley.edu
Kisses of Death in the Graduate School Application Process

A survey of psychology graduate admissions committee chairs revealed 5 categories of mistakes applicants make that diminish their probability of acceptance. We discuss 3 strategies that psychology departments can use to decrease the likelihood that students will commit these mistakes in their graduate school applications and provide suggestions that will help students avoid these mistakes. The ideal student, seen through the eyes of graduate faculty, is gifted and creative, very bright and extremely motivated to learn, perfectly suited to the program, eager to actively pursue the lines of inquiry valued by the faculty, pleasant, responsible, and devoid of serious personal problems.
Methods of direction-of-arrival

The direction-of-arrival (DOA) problem is of interdisciplinary interest, and a number of algorithms have been developed for its solution. These include beamforming, maximum-likelihood, least squares error modeling, and signal and noise subspace methods. A unifying development of these algorithms is presented. >
Gate-controlled guiding of electrons in graphene.

Gate control of positive and negative carriers in graphene is used to guide current in a manner analogous to the guiding of light by an optical fibre.
Pro: Veno-veno bypass should routinely be used during liver transplantation.

m t o o e i w i a p c ENO-VENO BYPASS (VVB) is widely used in liver transplantation to maintain hemodynamic stability during urgery by diverting blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) nd the portal circulation back to the right heart.1 In addition, it as the additional benefits of decompressing the portal circuation, reducing the congestion in the lower extremities and planchnic circulation and allowing for more stability after pening of the cross-clamps to the graft; it also helps to aintain normothermia and can be used to regulate the blood olume and potassium in these patients. The complication rate, ase of placement, and time needed to place the cannulas are educed if used routinely on all patients. The routine use of VVB appears to vary across institutions.2 lthough some centers never use the technique at all and all urgery is performed by using a piggyback technique and no omplete clamping of the IVC, many use VVB in selected ases; others use the technique on all cases routinely, the xception being small pediatric patients. In centers in which the VB circuit is used selectively, the decision is based on surical technique (piggyback or standard) and the patient’s conition.3 Selection of these patients may be difficult to predict, lthough it is widely accepted as helpful in patients with ulminant hepatic failure, volume overload, or severe portal ypertension. Some centers decide on the use of VVB intraopratively by observing if the patient will hemodynamically olerate the clamping of the IVC.4 This approach means that the urgery would have to stop at that point to allow the placement f the VVB return cannula and allow the perfusionist to set up he pump, which adds additional time and inconvenience to the ntire team. The piggyback technique is becoming widely used for orhotopic liver transplantation and avoids the need to clamp the ntire IVC5; however, there is partial obstruction to flow in the
Fragmented red blood cells automated measurement is a useful parameter to exclude schistocytes on the blood film

Summary Introduction: The diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) or disorders that may mimic their features remains difficult. Mechanical hemolytic anemia with the detection of shistocytes on the blood smear is a cornerstone finding to assess the diagnosis, but microscopic evaluation of shistocytes is still problematic with wide interobserver variations. Some of the latest generation automated blood cell counters (ABCC) propose an original quantitative approach of fragmented red cells (FRC), aiming to be equivalent to the microscopic count. This parameter has been poorly evaluated. Methods: To assess the predictive value (PV) of this test, we conducted studies comparing automated and microscopic counts of FRC/schistocytes, based on the analysis of thousands samples in four university hospitals and using the 2 ABCC currently available (Siemens ADVIA series, Sysmex XE-2100). Results: Reference range for FRC was <0.3% for the ADVIA and <0.5% for the XE-2100. The presence of FRC below a threshold determined at 1% (ADVIA and XE-2100) had a negative PV close to 100% to exclude the presence of schistocyte on the blood smear, but in relationship with a poor PV value. Conclusions: Our study validated the utility of the immediately available FRC parameter on ABCC to exclude schistocytes and the diagnosis of TMA.