cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microclimate-plant architectural interactions: Influence of leaf width on the mass and energy exchange of a soybean canopy

Baldocchi, D.D., Verma, S.B., Rosenberg, N.J., Blad, B.L. and Specht, J.E., 1985. Microclimate--plant architectural interactions: influence of leaf width on the mass and energy exchange of a soybean canopy. Agric. For. Meteorol., 35: 1--20. Two isolines of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill, cv. Clark) differing only in leaf width were studied to ascertain the effects of leaf width on the canopy microclimate and mass and energy exchanges. The study was performed during the 1981 growing season at Mead, Nebraska. Mass and energy exchanges were determined by means of micrometeorological techniques. Turbulent mixing was affected in a complex manner. Before full cover was achieved, turbulent mixing (expressed in terms of friction velocity, u. ) was slightly greater over the isoline with narrower leaves (denoted CLN). After full-cover was achieved, turbulent mixing was greater over the isoline with normal leaves (CN). Analysis of data indicated that greater u,values in the CN canopy were due to greater canopy density which caused greater bluff-body effects. Differences in leaf width did not affect the above-canopy radiation balance, but did affect the within-canopy profile of net radiation (Rn). Rn was greater deep inside the CLN isoline since this isoline established a canopy with less leaf area. This difference in the vertical profile of Rn affected the canopy microclimate and the partitioning of this radiation. Higher air temperatures, lower vapor pressures, lower latent heat exchange and greater sensible and soil heat flux were observed in the CLN canopy. Greater CO2 concentrations were also measured within the CLN canopy because warmer soil temperatures caused greater soil efflux of CO2. Also, less leaf area of that canopy prevented a stronger drawdown in [CO2 ]. Canopy CO2 exchange was greater over the CLN isoline when expressed on a leaf area basis, whereas no differences in CO2 exchange were observed between fluxes expressed on a ground area basis. The CO2--water flux ratio, an index of water use efficiency, was improved in the CLN crop because of its lower evapotranspiration rates.
Biosystematics of Blennosperma (Compositae)

Blennosperma is a taxonomically isolated genus of Helenieae (Compositae) with three distiinetive, allopatric species. Some of the biosystematic work on this genus has been presenited in a previous paper (Ornduff 1963). The present paper, which supplements the earlier one, emphasizes the systematics of the genus and discusses certaiil features of the ecology of the narrow endemic Blennospernca bakeri. Taxonomic Position of the Genus. Most taxonomists dealing with Blennospermsa have placed it in the tribe Helenieae of Compositae (Bentham 1873; Hoffmann 1889; Rydberg 1914; Keck 1959; Ferris 1960), although subtribal placement in the tribe has varied. Other authors have allied the genus with Senecioneae (DeCandolle 1838), Anthemideae (Remy 1849), and Heliantheae (Gray 1884). Many characters of the genus are somewhat anomalous in Helenieae. The monoecious heads have staminate disk florets and pistillate ray florets. In B. nanutr, there are apetalous pistillate florets intermixed with the petaliferous ray florets at the periphery of the heads. The highly modified styles of the staminate disk florets are undivided at maturity and serve mainly to eject the pollen mass by a pistoni effect during elongation (Fig. 6). The ligules of the ray florets are sessile on the ovaries. All florets are epappose. Some of these characters can be duplicated in a few genera of Helenieae, but many of them are rare or unknown in that tribe, and attest to the isolated and problematical taxonomic position of the genus. Its correct tribal placement awaits further study. A feature of unusual interest is that when the achenes of Blennosperma are moistened, numerous superficial papillae break open and emit pairs of tenuous filaments which imlbibe water, eventually swelling to form a thick colloidal mass over the surface of the achene. A similar phenomenon occurs in Crocidium, a genus usually placed in Senecioneae but also of douLbtful affinities (Ornduff et al. 1963).
Adaptive Feedrate Scheduling and Material Engagement Analysis for High Performance Machining

This paper presents a technique of feedrate scheduling by analyzing the material removal volume when a tool moves in linear, circular, or parametric curved motions. Tool motions of different types of endmilling cutters are considered in this study. By studying the relationship between the cutter geometry and the tool motion, the material removal rates of different cutters are analyzed. The adaptive feedrate scheduling can be determined to maintain a constant cutting load. The technique developed in this research can be used for tool path generation in CAD/CAM systems for 2.5D NC machining.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Emerging drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction adversely affects the lives of millions of men, and is the most commonly treated sexual disorder today. The erectile process has been extensively investigated, with major advances made in elucidating many of the complex molecular pathways involved. These advances have allowed researchers to design and study drug formulations that target various aspects of this complex process. The initial culmination of this research was the introduction of phosphodiesterase 5-inhibitors. While effective in many patients, they are not satisfactory for all afflicted men. As a result, researchers are developing novel drugs that target different molecular pathways.Areas covered: The paper will review these pathways, and the potential agents that target them. More specifically, first dopaminergic and melanocortin receptor agonists that act centrally will be covered. Then, the paper will examine the “second-generation” phosphodiesterase 5-inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclases, rho-kinase inh...
The Effects of Environmental Temperature on the Protein Requirements and Response to Energy in Slow and Fast Growing Chicks

Abstract THE protein requirement of the chick has received extensive investigation. Heuser (1941) reported that the diet should contain 20 percent protein during the first 4 weeks of life and that the protein level could be reduced by 2 percent for each succeeding 4 week period until a minimal level of 15 percent is reached. Slinger et al. (1952) obtained a growth response to 10 weeks of age with each increasing increment of protein from 17 to 26 percent. Several workers (Heywang et al., 1953; Shutze et al., 1958; Leong et al., 1959; Douglas and Harms, 1960) have reported the protein requirement of chicks under 10 weeks of age to be in excess of 20 percent. Adams et al. (1962) found the protein requirement for optimal growth of chicks from 4 to 8 weeks of age, maintained in environmental temperatures of 21°C. and 29°C, to be approximately 17 percent in both . . .
Defining ATR solutions using affine transformations on a union of subspaces model

The ability to recognize a target in an image is an important problem for machine vision, surveillance systems, and military weapons. There are many "solutions" to an automatic target recognition (ATR) problem proposed by practitioners. Often the definition of the problem leads to multiple solutions due to the incompleteness of the definition. Solutions are also made approximate due to resource limitations. Issues concerning "best" solution and solution performance are very open issues, since problem definitions and solutions are ill-defined. Indeed from information based physical measurement theory such as found in the Minimum Description Length (MDL) the exact solution is intractable1. Generating some clarity in defining problems on restricted sets seems an appropriate approach for improving this vagueness in ATR definitions and solutions. Given that a one to one relationship between a physical system and the MDL exists, then this uniqueness allows that a solution can be defined by its description and a norm assigned to that description. Moreover, the solution can be characterized by a set of metrics that are based on the algorithmic information of the physical measurements. The MDL, however, is not a constructive theory, but solutions can be defined by concise problem descriptions. This limits the scope of the problem and we will take this approach here. The paper will start with a definition of an ATR problem followed by our proposal of a descriptive solution using a union of subspaces model of images as described below based on Lu and Do2. This solution uses the concept of informative representations3 implicitly which we review briefly. Then we will present some metrics to be used to characterize the solution(s) which we will demonstrate by a simple example. In the discussions following the example we will suggest how this fits in the context of present and future work.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perineal one-stage pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease

Abstract Purpose: The airn of this study was to present the strategy of a one-stage repair of Hirschsprung's Disease (HD) performed via a transanal approach. Methods: Ten consecutive neonates and one toddler underwent transanal repair for biopsy-proven HD. A rectosigmoid transition zone was suggested by contrast enema in all patients. The mean age at operation for the neonates was 4 days. A mucosal dissection was begun 0.5 cm proximal to the dentate line. Once the correct plane was established, up to 15 cm of bowel can be resected without ligating vessels or performing a transabdominal dissection. The proximal extent of dissection was delineated by the presence of ganglion cells seen on frozen section analysis. Results: The mean operating time was 105 minutes. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. All children had the presence of ganglion cells confirmed postoperatively on permanent sections. The mean hospital stay was 2 days. All children averaged three to six bowel movements per day without oral or enema therapy. Conclusions: The perineal one-stage operative pull-through (POOP) procedure for Hirschsprung's disease is a quick and easy adaptation of a well-described technique of transanal mucosectomy. Long-term follow-up will be required to determine whether bowel function is better that that seen after traditional staged repairs.
Cardiovascular fitness and exercise as determinants of insulin resistance in postpubertal adolescent females.

In obese adolescents, body mass index (BMI) is a poor predictor of insulin resistance, and the potential role of diminished physical activity has not been quantitated. We measured possible determinants of sensitivity to insulin in 53 adolescent females with a BMI between the 10th and the 95th percentile. We hypothesized that across weight and fitness spectra, relative fat mass, rather than BMI, and cardiovascular fitness would be predictors of insulin resistance. We measured body composition by total-body dual x-ray absorptiometry. Self-reported weekly frequency of aerobic exercise for 1 h (RDE) was recorded, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by homeostasis model assessment index (HOMAIR) derived from fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. BMI was not related to HOMAIR (P = 0.20), RDE showed a marginal relationship (P = 0.049), whereas percent body fat and VO2max were significantly related to HOMAIR (P = 0.01 and 0.0008, respectively). In a multip...
Clinical experience with carinal resection

Abstract Objective: Pathologic processes that involve the carina pose a tremendous challenge to thoracic surgeons. Although techniques have been developed to allow primary resection and reconstruction, few institutions have accumulated sufficient experience to allow meaningful conclusions about the indications and the morbidity and mortality rates for this type of surgery. Methods: Since 1962, 135 patients have undergone 143 carinal resections (134 primary resection, 9 re-resection) at our institution. Indications for carinal resection included bronchogenic cancer (58 patients), other airway neoplasms (60 patients), and benign or inflammatory strictures (16 patients). Thirty-seven patients (28%) had a history of prior lung or airway surgery not involving the carina. Carinal resection without pulmonary resection was accomplished in 52 patients; 57 patients had carinal pneumonectomy (44 right, 13 left); 14 patients had carinal plus lobar resection, and 11 patients had carinal resection after pneumonectomy (9 left, 2 right). There were 15 different modes of reconstruction, based on the type and extent of resection. Techniques were used to reduce anastomotic tension. Results: The operative mortality rate in the 134 patients after primary carinal resection was 12.7%. Adult respiratory distress syndrome was responsible for 9 early deaths. Predominant predictors of operative death included postoperative mechanical ventilation ( P = .001), length of resected airway ( P = .03), and development of anastomotic complications ( P = .04). Mortality rates varied by the type of procedure and the indication for resection. Left carinal pneumonectomy was associated with a high operative mortality rate (31%). Complications were noted in 52 patients (39%), including atrial arrhythmias (20 patients) and pneumonia (11 patients). Anastomotic complications, both early and late, were seen in a total of 23 patients (17%) and resulted in death or surgical reintervention in 21 patients (91%). The operative mortality rate for carinal re-resection was 11.1%. Conclusions: Carinal resection with primary reconstruction may be accomplished with acceptable mortality rates, but the underlying pathologic process and chance for long-term survival must be carefully considered before the operation is recommended, especially in the case of left carinal pneumonectomy. Anastomotic complications exact a heavy toll on involved patients. Careful patient selection and meticulous anesthetic and surgical technique remain the key to minimizing morbidity and mortality rates. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:39-53)
HCI Techniques from idea to deployment: a case study for a dynamic learning environment

Ihis paper describes the plan and execution HCI techniques that were used in the iterative design and evaluation of a "Dynamic Learning Environment." This system is now operational for IBM software group employees and is being extended to other venues and audiences.
African American Rhetoric of Greeting During McKinley's 1896 Front Porch Campaign

African American speakers who participated in William McKinley's 1896 Front Porch campaign events used epideictic rhetoric to address the issues of racial equality. They praised McKinley but presented few arguments on policy matters. This rhetorical strategy helped them to advocate policies in a manner that would superficially appear to be ceremonial more than deliberative. Paradoxically, in doing so, the speakers advocated their views to ameliorate the injustices of the Jim Crow era, while adapting to the campaign's rituals.
Dynamic modeling of a three degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator

Transfer function models that can provide physical insight into the dynamic behavior of manipulators and establish a foundation for control system analysis and design are identified. Emphasis is directed toward increasing the computational efficiency of the manipulator dynamic equations of motion. A conceptual three-degrees-of-freedom manipulator, which represents state-of-the-art configurations, is designed and simulated on a digital computer. The Lagrangian formulation is applied to develop the complete dynamic equations of motion of the manipulator. The simulation model includes the dynamic interactions of the centrifugal, Coriolis, inertial, and gravitational generalized forces along with the kinematic coupling, and it can accommodate load variations. The simulation model is interfaced to the Steiglitz-McBride identification algorithm to extract, from the complete nonlinear model, simplified linear models that characterize the arm in various regions of the work space. The simplified linear models are second-order discrete-time (input-output) transfer functions.
Factors affecting vegetable stand establishment

Several factors can influence stand establishment in vegetable crop production. Environmental conditions such as soil physical characteristics, temperature and moisture, various cultural practices, and diseases may all be limiting factors in establishing maximum stands and achieving the highest possible yields. Measures taken to increase stands include soil improvements, implementing cultural practices, and use of chemical and biological seed treatments. Combining seed treatments and cultural/tillage practices to minimize environmental constraints can lead to maximum stands and yields in the production of high quality vegetable crops.
Growth of the great vessels in the normal human fetus and in the fetus with cardiac defects.

BACKGROUNDThere is a paucity of quantitative anatomic data regarding human great vessel development that could be useful as a reference for fetal echocardiographers who must distinguish abnormal from normal cardiac development at early stages.METHODS AND RESULTSTo determine normal growth patterns, we plotted the diameters of the aortic and pulmonary valves, ductus arteriosus, aortic isthmus, and descending aorta in 274 autopsy specimens from nonselected spontaneous abortuses of normal karyotype. There was a linear increase in the diameters of these structures within the developmental period studied (10-26 weeks). A relative narrowing of the aorta at the isthmus compared with the aortic valve and descending aorta probably indicates that the majority of fetal left heart output goes to the developing heart and brain. In contrast to previous studies of late gestation and neonatal animals, however, we found that the diameter of the aortic isthmus was larger than that of the ductus arteriosus, suggesting substa...
Frictional Dissipation—Blame It on the Rain

Frictional dissipation in a turbulent flow occurs when kinetic energy is transferred to smaller and smaller scales until it is eventually removed by molecular diffusion. In addition to this turbulent dissipation, kinetic energy in Earth's atmosphere is also removed in the shear zones surrounding falling raindrops and ice particles. On page 953 of this issue, Pauluis and Dias ( 1 ) provide the first observational estimate of the precipitation-induced dissipation and show that its magnitude is comparable to that of turbulent dissipation in air.
Passage of zona antibodies via placenta and milk following active immunization of female mice with porcine zonae pellucidae

Female mice heteroimmunized with heat-solubilized porcine zonae produced a significant antibody response to this immunogen as measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) but their fertility was unaffected and normal litters were delivered. Monitoring for anti-zonae pellucidae activity in the sera of offspring from such immunized mothers by RIA indicated that the zonae antibodies were transferred from mother to young via the placenta and milk. Such transferred antibodies cross-reacted with and bound to the zonae of female offspring as demonstrated by immunofluorescent techniques. These data are significant to the future consideration of use of specific zona antigens for development of a contraceptive vaccine.
TWO MODELS OF SPIRITUAL JOURNEY: YOGA AND CONFUCIUS

At first glance, to juxtapose the ascetical recommendations of Patanjali and Yoga next to the counsels of Confucius and the classical Chinese tradition seems improbable and even contradictory; indeed, each thrust contrasts very sharply with the other. India's Samkhya-Yoga tradition attests to an inward thrust, to a radical probing of what some have even described as the “frontiers of inner-space”. From the very dawn of history, Yogis have pioneered an interior exploration of the psyche and human spirit; ultimately these Yogis proclaim the hidden value of each person, a dimension they call “purusa”. The Sanskrit word purusa has been variously translated as “consciousness”, “spirit”, “light”, or simply as the authentic and genuine identity of the human being. Quite naturally then, the quest for realizing this purusa- identity became the preoccupation and all-consuming goal of the Yogis — even at the cost of an almost total disregard for the social order including the abandonment of such traditional values as our commonly accepted virtues of family, society, and social growth and development.
Magnetic Confinement Fusion

Fusion plasmas with reactorlike temperatures have been confined in magnetic-field configurations of the tokamak type. The measured rate of heat leakage from these plasmas is sufficiently small to be compatible with the requirements of a full-sized fusion power reactor. Improvements in other aspects of reactor performance are still needed, however, and the high cost of reactor- development steps has become an obstacle on the path to practical fusion power.
Using Online Auctions to Invigorate the Social Studies Curriculum

As social studies continues to be increasingly marginalized, educators find themselves looking for new ways to creatively and effectively bolster social studies content knowledge with less financial support. The author focuses on online auctions—a resource social studies teachers often neglect—and how they can enhance instruction. Many educators have used online auctions for purchasing items for their own consumption, but few have discovered the ways in which they can enhance classroom teaching. The author discusses some of the ways in which these sites may be used.
Gastric mucosal damage induced by lateral hypothalamic lesions in female rats: influence of age and ovariectomy.

Male rats given lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions exhibit an acute increase in gastric acid secretion and develop erosions of the glandular portion of the stomach within 24 h. Since this process has been examined predominately in male rats, the present experiments were devised to study the effects of LH lesions on the gastric mucosa of female rats. In Experiment 1,1-year-old Sprague—Dawley female rats given LH lesions exhibited erosions in the rumenal portion of the stomach, a pattern unlike that found in both young and old male rats. Although the glandular mucosa lacked evidence of gross defects, the mucosa appeared blanched and covered with a mucus-like secretion. Experiment 2 demonstrated that, like male rats, LH lesions produced gastric hypersecretion in 1-year-old females. The results of the first two experiments indicate that the dissimilar patterns of gastric mucosal injury between males and older females cannot be accounted for on the basis of differences in gastric acid secretion. Experiment 3 demonstrated that, unlike older females but like males, 4-month-old female rats given LH lesions developed gastric erosions in the glandular mucosa only. Additionally, ovariectomy had no significant effect in altering the extent of gastric pathology. Taken together, these results suggests that (1) age and gender are important variables in neurogenic gastric mucosal injury, (2) differences in the type of gastric ulceration cannot be accounted for by differences in acid secretion, (3) ovarian hormones do not appear to play a significant role in gastric ulceration following brain damage.
A molecular mechanics study of neutral molecule complexation with crown ethers

Molecular mechanics methods are applied to the study of neutral molecule complexation with crown ethers. Protocols for the development of parameters necessary to describe these molecule-molecule interactions are presented. Application of these methods to the study of 1:1 and 2:1 (guest:host) complexation between acetonitrile (1), nitromethane (2), malononitrile (3) and dimethylsulfone (4) reveals positive cooperativity in formation of the 2:1 complexes in isolation.
Using variability to guide dimensional weighting: Associative mechanisms in early word learning

At 14 months, children appear to struggle to apply their fairly well-developed speech perception abilities to learning similar sounding words (e.g., bih ⁄dih; Stager & Werker, 1997). However, variability in nonphonetic aspects of the training stimuli seems to aid word learning at this age. Extant theories of early word learning cannot account for this benefit of variability. We offer a simple explanation for this range of effects based on associative learning. Simulations suggest that if infants encode both noncontrastive information (e.g., cues to speaker voice) and meaningful linguistic cues (e.g., place of articulation or voicing), then associative learning mechanisms predict these variability effects in early word learning. Crucially, this means that despite the importance of task variables in predicting performance, this body of work shows that phonological categories are still developing at this age, and that the structure of noninformative cues has critical influences on word learning abilities.
Dilation and plasticization of polystyrene by carbon dioxide

We have used an optical interference technique to measure the dilation of polystyrene films in the presence of carbon dioxide or helium at pressures up to 20 atm. Dilation isotherms (plots of dilation versus gas pressure at constant temperature) were obtained for three samples of polystyrene which had widely differing molecular weights. The dilation isotherms have the same general shape as sorption isotherms, which means that all of the sorbed gas molecules contribute to volume dilation and non can be thought of as occupying molecular-sized voids in the polymer. Using sorption results from the literature we show that the partial molar volume of CO2 at 35°C is about 39 cm3 mol−1 and appears to be independent of polystyrene molecular weight. For a polystyrene sample with Mn = 3600, the partial molar volume of sorbed CO2 increases to 44 and 50 cm3 mol−1 at 45 and 55°C, respectively. The sorption of CO2 in polystyrene is shown to depress the glass transition temperature of the mixture, consistent with theoretical predictions. The shape of the dilation and sorption isotherms are consistent with the depression of the glass transition temperature.
The Influence of Relationship Context on Relationship-Specific Contraceptive Behavior Among Youth

Contraceptive behavior by an individual varies both across and within relationships, and the nature and characteristics of relationships can influence use and the type of method used. This study utilizes the retrospective sexual relationship histories of young adults available in the most recent wave (2001-2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to explore relationship-specific contraceptive method choice. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling is used to estimate the effects of both relationship-level and individual-level characteristics on the type of contraceptive method used at last sex. Four mutually exclusive categories for method use were constructed: condom only, hormonal method only, dual method (condom plus hormonal method), and no method. A number of relationship characteristics are significantly associated with contraceptive use even when controlling for individual characteristics. Moreover, the effects of relationship characteristics differ depending on the type of method examined. Significant between-individual variation in the type of contraceptive method used remains. Not only are the characteristics of the individuals forming the relationships of importance in determining contraceptive practices, but so too are the unique features of the relationship itself. Further investigation of other aspects of the relational context is warranted.
Bcl6 Expressing Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells Are Fate Committed Early and Have the Capacity To Form Memory

Follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of differentiated CD4 T cells uniquely specialized for B cell help. In this study, we examined Tfh cell fate commitment, including distinguishing features of Tfh versus Th1 proliferation and survival. Using cell transfer approaches at early time points after an acute viral infection, we demonstrate that early Tfh cells and Th1 cells are already strongly cell fate committed by day 3. Nevertheless, Tfh cell proliferation was tightly regulated in a TCR-dependent manner. The Tfh cells still depend on extrinsic cell fate cues from B cells in their physiological in vivo environment. Unexpectedly, we found that Tfh cells share a number of phenotypic parallels with memory precursor CD8 T cells, including selective upregulation of IL-7Rα and a collection of coregulated genes. As a consequence, the early Tfh cells can progress to robustly form memory cells. These data support the hypothesis that CD4 and CD8 T cells share core aspects of a memory cell precursor gene expression program involving Bcl6, and a strong relationship exists between Tfh cells and memory CD4 T cell development.
Right ventricular dysfunction following continuous flow left ventriccular assist device placement in 51 patients: predicators and outcomes

Background: Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction following implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a serious condition and is associated with increased mortality. Methods: The aim of the study is to investigate the significance of pre-existing RV dysfunction, tricuspid valve (TV) insufficiency, and the severity of septal deviation following LVAD implantation on RV dysfunction, as well as the outcome and short-term complications in 51 patients from June 2006 to August 2010. Student t test was used to compare the data and estimate the p value. Results: Mean age was 55.1 ± 13, with a male to female ratio of 3.25. The 30-day mortality was 13.7% (7/51 patients), and the overall mortality was 23.5% (12/51 patients). Meanwhile, 21 patients (21/51; 41.2%) have undergone orthotopic heart transplantation. The mean time of support was 314.5±235 days with a median of 240 days at the time of closing this study. Echocardiographic evaluation of RV function pre- and post-implantation of an LVAD demonstrated septal deviation towards the left ventricle in immediate postoperative phase, which correlated with acute RV dysfunction (p=0.002). Preoperative RV dysfunction was a significant predictor of postoperative right heart dysfunction following implantation of an LVAD (p=0.001). Conclusion: Preoperative RV dysfunction is a predictor of RV failure in LVAD patients. The adjustment of septal deviation through gradual increase of the LVAD flow can prevent the acute RV dysfunction following LVAD placement.
The message changes belief and the rest is theory: the "1% or less" milk campaign and reasoned action.

Abstract Background. Theory-based approaches to public health interventions are useful for designing, implementing, and evaluating research. This paper describes and presents data to support the theoretical force behind the “1% or less” nutrition intervention studies. Methods. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), high-fat (whole and 2%) milk users were targeted. Supermarket milk sale data were collected, and randomly selected intervention and comparison community residents were surveyed via telephone to assess milk use. TRA constructs were used in the surveys that were conducted immediately before and after a 6-week mass media campaign. Campaign messages were aimed at changing behavioral rather than normative beliefs. Results. We found significant and predicted changes in intervention participants on intention, attitude, and behavioral beliefs, but not subjective norm outcomes. A path model showed support that TRA variables mediated significant changes in self-reported milk use. Conclusions. The analysis further validates the TRAs and supports a template using both the Principle of Compatibility and TRA to aid development and implementation of messages for effective behavior change field interventions.
Differences in sensitivity of biological functions mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor activation with respect to endogenous and exogenous ligands.

Despite constitutive expression of autocrine transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) in growth factor-independent colon carcinoma cells, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) is not saturated and can be further activated by exogenous EGFr ligand. Given that the activation of EGFr by exogenous growth factor has no further effect on DNA synthesis, the question arises as to what function this additional EGFr activation might have. We report that EGF induces integrin α2 expression, integrin-mediated adhesion, and micromotility of HCT116 cells. The stimulatory effect of ligand on these biological functions is abrogated by treatment with AG1478- and EGFr-blocking monoclonal antibody. This provides evidence that the biological responses are EGFr-mediated and EGFr is located upstream of integrin α2 expression. Therefore, although exogenous EGF has no effect on DNA synthesis beyond that induced by autocrine TGF-α (at subsaturating levels of EGFr occupation) exogenous growth factor does induce integrin α2 expression, cell adhesion, and micromotion. An important finding revealed by this study is the documentation of biological responses of EGFr-mediated functions, including DNA synthesis, cell adhesion, and micromotion, which differ in sensitivity with respect to different degrees of EGFr activation at the basal state and in response to exogenous ligand.
Effects of cooling rate on the microstructure and tensile behavior of a Sn-3.5wt.%Ag solder

The tensile behavior and microstructure of bulk, Sn-3.5Ag solders as a function of cooling rate were studied. Cooling rate is an important processing parameter that affects the microstructure of the solder and, therefore, significantly influences mechanical behavior. Controlled cooling rates were obtained by cooling specimens in different media: water, air, and furnace. Cooling rate significantly affected secondary dendrite-arm size and spacing of the Sn-rich phase, as well as the aspect ratio of Ag3Sn. The Sn-rich dendrite-arm size and spacing were smaller for water-cooled specimens than for air-cooled specimens. Furnace cooling yielded a nearly eutectic microstructure because the cooling rate approached equilibrium cooling. The morphology of Ag3Sn also changed from spherical, at a fast cooling rate, to a needlelike morphology for slower cooling. The changes in the microstructure induced by the cooling rate significantly affected the mechanical behavior of the solder. Yield strength was found to increase with increasing cooling rate, although ultimate tensile strength and strain-to-failure seemed unaffected by cooling rate. Cooling rate did not seem to affect Young’s modulus, although a clear coorelation between modulus and porosity was obtained. The mechanical behavior was correlated with the observed microstructure, and fractographic analysis was employed to elucidate the underlying damage mechanisms.
High thermoelectric figure of merit in heavy hole dominated PbTe

Thermoelectric transport properties of p-type PbTe:Na, with high hole concentrations of approximately 1020 cm−3, are reinvestigated from room temperature to 750 K. The greatly enhanced Seebeck coefficient at these doping levels can be understood by the presence of a sharp increase in the density of states around the Fermi level. As a result, the thermoelectric figure of merit, zT, reaches ∼1.4 at 750 K. The influence of these heavy hole carriers may contribute to a similarly high zT observed in related p-type PbTe-based systems such as Tl-doped PbTe and nanostructured composite materials.
Phase boundaries as agents of structural change in macromolecules

Abstract We model long rod-like molecules, such as DNA and coiled-coil proteins, as one-dimensional continua with a multi-well stored energy function. These molecules suffer a structural change in response to large forces, characterized by highly typical force-extension behavior. We assume that the structural change proceeds via a moving folded/unfolded interface, or phase boundary, that represents a jump in strain and is governed by the Abeyaratne–Knowles theory of phase transitions. We solve the governing equations using a finite difference method with moving nodes to represent phase boundaries. Our model can reproduce the experimental observations on the overstretching transition in DNA and coiled-coils and makes predictions for the speed at which the interface moves. We employ different types of kinetic relations to describe the mobility of the interface and show that this leads to different classes of experimentally observed force-extension curves. We make connections with several existing theories, experiments and simulation studies, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the phase transitions-based approach in a biological setting.
Automatic feature extraction for multiview 3D face recognition

Current 2D face recognition systems encounter difficulties in recognizing faces with large pose variations. Utilizing the pose-invariant features of 3D face data has the potential to handle multiview face matching. A feature extractor based on the directional maximum is proposed to estimate the nose tip location and the pose angle simultaneously. A nose profile model represented by subspaces is used to select the best candidates for the nose tip. Assisted by a statistical feature location model, a multimodal scheme is presented to extract eye and mouth corners. Using the automatic feature extractor, a fully automatic 3D face recognition system is developed. The system is evaluated on two databases, the MSU database (300 multiview test scans from 100 subjects) and the UND database (953 near frontal scans from 277 subjects). The automatic system provides recognition accuracy that is comparable to the accuracy of a system with manually labeled feature points.
Speed versus Efficiency in Microbial Growth and the Role of Parallel Pathways

Many microorganisms have sets of parallel pathways for ATP production in respiration and for ATP utilization in glutamate synthesis. The alternatives differ in efficiency of ATP production and utilization. The choice among these parallel pathways has been hypothesized to control the speed and efficiency of growth. Thus, the organism should be able to alleviate (or exaggerate) deficiency in one pathway by deleting another. I show here that in Escherichia coli the effect of lack of the glutamate-synthesizing enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase on glucose-limited growth is altered predictably by ndh, cyo, and cyd mutations affecting parallel pathways leading to ATP synthesis in respiration.
Eretmocerus Rui N. Sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), an exotic natural enemy of Bemisia ( Tabaci Group) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) released in Florida

Eretmocerus rui n. sp. imported from Hong Kong and released against Bemisia (tabaci group) in Florida is described. This thelytokous species was recovered after release, but it is unknown if it is established in Florida.
The management of software engineering part I: principles of software engineering

Software engineering may be defined as the systematic design and development of software products and the management of the software process. Software engineering has as one of its primary objectives the production of programs that meet specifications, and are demonstrably accurate, produced on time, and within budget. This paper in five parts discusses the principles and practices used by the IBM Federal Systems Division for the design, development, and management of software. The general principles of software engineering are set forth in Part I, in which the author relates software engineering to the whole field of the system development process-system engineering, hardware engineering, software engineering, and system integration. Presented briefly are overviews of the major aspects of software engineering--design, development, and management.
Focusing field probe data to image near-field scatterers in three dimensions

Much research has been done recently on the interpretation of measured field probe data in order to locate and quantify error sources present in an antenna range. The author examines an alternative method of analyzing those data by applying spherical phase offsets to focus the field probe data to near-field distances. This technique yields the correct (x,y,z) coordinates of multiple scattering sources deliberately introduced into the simulated data. Data from multiple cuts at arbitrary theta angles are combined to form the three-dimensional image. The author presents an algorithm that takes advantage of symmetries in the polar coordinate system commonly used in field probing to speed the calculations significantly. >
A study of personal information management strategies for online faculty

The literature suggests that personal information management is a serious challenge for many computer users. Online faculty are especially challenged because of the large number of electronic files necessitated by teaching online. Those who have experience in this environment may offer valuable insights regarding information management challenges and practices. Faculty who teach online courses as part of the WISE (Web-based Information Science Education) Consortium responded to a survey that questioned the ways they manage email, computer desktop, Web-based information and learning management systems. The authors concluded that “filter failure” rather than information overload is the key issue in information management. The study concludes with a list of recommendations for faculty to manage their personal information.
Bending theory for multilayer orthotropic sandwich plates.

The governing equations on bending of multilayered orthotropic (both core and facings) sandwich plates are developed through the use of variational methods. The plate is assumed to consist of j facings and (j — 1) cores, having different thicknesses and possessing different orthotropic elastic properties. In-plane stresses in the cores are neglected as is the variation of stresses across the facings. The developed theory is an extension of that given in Ref. 7. Nomenclature a, b = length of rectangular plate in the x- and y-directions, respectively Dxz, Dyz — transverse shear rigidities of plate DXj Dy = bending rigidities of plate in x- and ^-directions, respectively DXy = twisting rigidity of plate Eix, Eiy = Young's moduli of the ith facing in the x- and ^/-directions, respectively Gixz, Giyz = shear moduli of the ith core hi = thickness of the ith core Lr(r = 1-8) = Lagrange multipliers MX, My, MXy = stress couples per unit length of plate NX, Ny, NXy = normal and in-plane shear stress resultants per unit length of plate pz = load function per unit area applied normal to the plate QX) Qy = transverse shear forces per unit length of plate
The Role of Temperament in Understanding Couples’ Personality Preferences:

This article is an experiential exploration of basic temperament that couples can take. The four typologies of Artisans, Guardians, Idealists, and Rationals, as defined by Keirsey, are described. After completing a checklist of representative descriptive adjectives, couples compare scores and reflect on specific situations that typify their own preferred style. Implications/applications for the relationship, such as mutual respect and appreciation of different styles, conclude the article.
Integrity of nanostructured partially stabilized zirconia after plasma spray processing

Nanostructured partially stabilized zirconia powders with different particle size distributions were plasma sprayed under a range of thermal spray parameters. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to analyze the nanostructured powder feedstocks and coatings. These results demonstrated that a feedstock with a broad particle size distribution maintained some of its nanostructure during spraying; whereas a feedstock with a narrow particle size distribution lost a major proportion of its nanostructure character. The apparent success in spraying nanostructured particles can be explained by employing the SEM and XRD analyses.
Effect of hyperthermia on the lactic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid content in tumour

The effects of hyperthermia on the content of lactic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid in the SCK mammary carcinoma and the leg muscle of A/J mice were studied. The contents of lactic acid in the SCK tumour before heating was 9.32 μmol/g, and the content of β-hydroxybutyric acid was only 0 013 μmol/g. The lactic acid content in the tumour increased to 17.5 μmol/g at 0 h after heating at 41.5deg;C for 30 min and then decreased to the control level 3 h later. When heated at 43.5deg;C for 30 min, the lactic acid content in the tumour increased to 24 μmol/g at the end of heating and remained elevated for 24h. The content of β-hydroxybutyric acid increased continuously reaching 0.45 μmol/g at 5 h after heating at 43.5deg;C for 30 min, and then declined thereafter. The contents of lactic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid in the muscle also increased after heating, but these increases were far less than those observed in the tumours. The absolute amount of lactic acid in the heated tumours was rar greater than that of...
Metabolomics Reveals Unexpected Responses to Oral Glucose

In this issue of Diabetes , Ho et al. (1) present the largest metabolomic study to date of oral glucose challenges in humans at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Their observations of unexpected metabolic responses demonstrate the value of metabolomics as a tool for discovery in diabetes research. T2DM is widespread in developed countries, and its prevalence continues to grow. Associated morbidity and mortality are substantial, as is the economic burden imposed on society (2). Early interventions that modify diet, increase activity level, and reduce excess body weight, sometimes combined with drug therapy, are effective in preventing progression of prediabetes to T2DM (3,4). The risk of developing T2DM is currently evaluated using such traditional clinical parameters as family history and fasting plasma glucose. In the decade since the human genome was first sequenced, rapid development of the “omics” sciences and their enabling analytic technologies has fostered a search for genes, proteins, and metabolites that will strengthen existing models that predict T2DM risk (5). Diabetes is characterized by derangements in the processing of metabolic fuels. Metabolomics, in which one makes simultaneous measurements of many small metabolites, holds promise for uncovering early biomarkers of risk that can help to guide timely interventions and perhaps aid in the exploration of underlying biochemical mechanisms, as well (6). Recent longitudinal metabolomic studies have found …
Wafer fusion: materials issues and device results

A large number of novel devices have been recently demonstrated using wafer fusion to integrate materials with different lattice constants. In many cases, devices created using this technique have shown dramatic improvements over those which maintain a single lattice constant. We present device results and characterizations of the fused interface between several groups of materials.
The International Impact of the Euro and its Implications for Transition Countries

The introduction of the euro promises to be one of the great events in modern history. It will certainly be an event comparable to the breakdown of the Bretton Woods arrangements in the early 1970s when the anchored dollar standard broke down and drifted into a dollar standard and then flexible exchange rates. But its significance lies even deeper. The collapse of the Bretton Woods arrangements did not change the power configuration of the system. Both before and after the breakdown, the dollar was far and away the dominant currency. By contrast, the introduction of the euro will challenge the status of the dollar and alter the power configuration of the system. For this reason the introduction of the euro is the most important development in the international monetary system since the dollar replaced the pound sterling as the dominant international currency after the outbreak of World War I.1