cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphogenetic functions of extraembryonic membranes in insects

Morphogenetic functions of the amnioserosa, the serosa, the amnion, and the yolk sac are reviewed on the basis of recent studies in flies (Drosophila, Megaselia), beetles (Tribolium), and hemipteran bugs (Oncopeltus). Three hypotheses are presented. First, it is suggested that the amnioserosa of Drosophila and the dorsal amnion of other fly species function in a similar manner. Second, it is proposed that in many species with an amniotic cavity, the amnion determines the site of serosa rupture, which, through interactions between the serosa and the amnion, enables the embryo to break free from the amniotic cavity and to close its backside. Finally, it is concluded that the yolk sac is likely an important player in insect morphogenesis.
Understanding Visual Metaphors: What Graphic Novels Can Teach Lawyers About Visual Storytelling

During the 2008 presidential election, a powerful image circulated in the media: an illustration of presidential candidate Barack Obama as Superman. In the illustration, titled Time for a Change, Obama is dressed in a suit and tie and stands in the iconic pose of Clark Kent changing into Superman. He is ripping open his shirt to reveal a superhero costume underneath, but instead of an S for Superman, his costume features a large O for Obama. The image references both Obama's campaign slogan, "Change," and the changing-clothes/changing-identities moment in Superman comic books when the mild-mannered Clark Kent transforms into a superhero. This single image tells a resonant story about a seemingly ordinary man who has extraordinary abilities and it taps into our psychological desire for a hero or savior to help in troubled times. It also daringly addresses the subtext of race in the election by portraying the most American of superheroes, Superman, as a black man. This artwork, created by well-known comic book and graphic novel illustrator Alex Ross, is a visual metaphor. It is no coincidence that this powerful image is rooted in the world of graphic novels because graphic novels are replete with visual metaphors, and the genre itself is characterized by visual storytelling. Lawyers can learn a great deal from the visual storytelling in such images. Specifically, this Article suggests that lawyers can improve their visual literacy and become better visual storytellers by studying graphic novels.
Mixed adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium.

An analysis of 1,590 consecutive primary uterine neoplasms detected over a 30-year period revealed a progressive decrease in die frequency of squamous cell cancer of the uterine cervix associated with a progressive increase in the frequency of endometrial cancer. The increasing frequency of endometrial cancer was in large part due to the emergence of a neoplasm having malignant glandular and squamous components. The clinical and morphologic features of adenosquamous cancer of the endometrium are described, compared with the findings in other endometrial cancers, and correlated with the biologic nature of the neoplasm. Compared with endometrial adenocarcinoma, the adenosquamous cancers are more readily detected by cellular methods, occur at an older age, have a shorter symptomatic period, are associated with a less differentiated glandular component, are more advanced at time of detection, and have a poor 5-year survival (less than 20%).
Topical Nystatin for the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Candidiasis in ELBW Infants.

BACKGROUND Catheter-associated Candida bloodstream infections are a common and serious problem in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Several prophylactic regimens have been developed including oral administration of nonabsorbable antifungals and intravenous infusions. No reports to date have employed a topical regimen. PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of topical nystatin cream in preventing catheter-associated Candida sepsis. METHODS A retrospective descriptive design was used to determine the incidence of Candida sepsis in extremely low-birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g at birth) infants who were treated with topical nystatin cream for Candida bloodstream infection prophylaxis between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2010. The electronic medical records of study infants were reviewed to establish the incidence of Candida sepsis. RESULTS A total of 464 ELBW infants were admitted to the NICU during the study period. Three infants (0.65%) developed Candida sepsis. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE These data demonstrate that a topical nystatin cream protocol is associated with a very low rate of Candida sepsis in ELBW infants with central catheters. The use of this protocol may contribute to a decrease in the morbidity and mortality rate associated with catheter-associated Candida infections in ELBW infants. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Before generalizations can be made as to the safety and efficacy of this protocol as compared to enteral and parenteral prophylactic treatments and in other institutions, large multicenter randomized controlled trials are required.
Histopathology and immunohistologic demonstration of the distribution of Rickettsia typhi in fatal murine typhus

An 81-year-old woman had chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain. On day 3 she had hematuria and was treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. On day 5 she had a cough, hypotension, anemia, azotemia, and elevated hepatic enzyme levels. Her condition deteriorated with thrombocytopenia, anuria requiring dialysis, edema, and hypoalbuminemia. Treatment with chloramphenicol and doxycycline was started on day 10. By day 11, she was in hypotensive shock; on day 12 she had seizures and died. Murine typhus was diagnosed by demonstration of antibodies to Rickettsia typhi by indirect immunofluorescence. Necropsy revealed interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary edema, hyaline membranes, alveolar hemorrhages, petechiae and vasculitis in the central nervous system, interstitial myocarditis, multifocal interstitial nephritis and hemorrhages, splenomegaly, portal triaditis, and mucosal hemorrhages in urinary tract. Immunofluorescent R. typhi were demonstrated in the lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, and heart. This unusual death occurred in an elderly patient without rash who was treated too late with antirickettsial drugs.
Imaging biomarkers in ischemic stroke clinical trials: an opportunity for rigor.

The effective treatment of major strokes due to major cerebral artery occlusion is a great opportunity for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology. These represent approximately one-third of all strokes and result in the most deaths and poor outcomes. The relevant physiology (occlusion site,
Investigations on disease and insect pests in crops cultivated in equipped conditions in Guangxi

Investigations showed that total 49 kinds of diseases and insects were found from vegetable crops cultivated in equipped conditions in Guangxi. Among them,three are bacterial diseases, twenty five are fungal diseases,six are virus diseases,three are nematode diseases, and twelve are insects damage. The most serious diseases and insects are downy mildew, powdery mildew ,latent blight, Phytophthora capsici ,anthracnose , fusarium wilt, fusarium root rot , gray mold, Sclerotium wilt, root knot nematode, whitefly, mite, thrips and American leaf miner.
Study on the Electromagnetic Environment Index of Double-Circuit Transmission Lines on the Same Tower in Xiluodu HVDC Project

The electromagnetic environment of double-circuit HVDC transmission line is more complex than that of the single-circuit one.According to the conductor parameters,which are of the 4×900 conductor,and the operation voltage of ±500 kV selected for Xiluodu HVDC project,this paper calculates the electromagnetic environment index of the line under the conditions of various pole-line arrangements on the same tower.The results show that the double-circuit transmission lines could meet the electromagnetic-limit-value requirement under each pole-line arrangement as the selected conductor has a cross section large enough.Therefore,the electromagnetic environmnet index is not a decisive factor for the pole-line arrangement of the project.
Effect of Vandetanib on Andes virus survival in the hamster model of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe disease caused by hantavirus infection of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells leading to microvascular leakage, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion and high case fatality. Previously, we demonstrated that Andes virus (ANDV) infection caused up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and concomitant downregulation of the cellular adhesion molecule VE-cadherin leading to increased permeability. Analyses of human HPS-patient sera have further demonstrated increased circulating levels of VEGF. Here we investigate the impact of a small molecule antagonist of the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) activation in vitro, and overall impact on survival in the Syrian hamster model of HPS.
Robotic approach to hepatobiliary surgery

Robot-assisted hepatobiliary surgery has been steadily growing in recent years. It represents an alternative to the open and laparoscopic approaches in selected patients. Endowristed instruments and enhanced visualization provide important advantages in terms of selective bleeding control, microsuturing, and dissection. Cholecystectomies and minor hepatectomies are being performed with comparable results to open and laparoscopic surgery. Even complex procedures, such as major and extended hepatectomies, can have excellent outcomes, in expert hands. The addition of indocyanine green fluorescence provides an additional advantage for recognition of the vascular and biliary anatomy. Future innovations will allow for expanding its use and indications. Robotic surgery has become a very important component of modern minimally invasive surgery and the development of new robotic technology will facilitate a broader adoption of this technique.
Extreme Weather and Climate: Workshop Report

Extreme events are the aspects of climate to which human society is most sensitive. Due to both their severity and their rarity, extreme events can challenge the capacity of physical, social, economic and political infrastructures, turning natural events into human disasters. Yet, because they are low frequency events, the science of extreme events is very challenging. Among the challenges is the difficulty of connecting extreme events to longer-term, large-scale variability and trends in the climate system, including anthropogenic climate change. How can we best quantify the risks posed by extreme weather events, both in the current climate and in the warmer and different climates to come? How can we better predict them? What can we do to reduce the harm done by such events? In response to these questions, the Initiative on Extreme Weather and Climate has been created at Columbia University in New York City (extreme weather.columbia.edu). This Initiative is a University-wide activity focused on understanding the risks to human life, property, infrastructure, communities, institutions, ecosystems, and landscapes from extreme weather events, both in the present and future climates, and on developing solutions to mitigate those risks. In May 2015,the Initiative held its first science workshop, entitled Extreme Weather and Climate: Hazards, Impacts, Actions. The purpose of the workshop was to define the scope of the Initiative and tremendously broad intellectual footprint of the topic indicated by the titles of the presentations (see Table 1). The intent of the workshop was to stimulate thought across disciplinary lines by juxtaposing talks whose subjects differed dramatically. Each session concluded with question and answer panel sessions. Approximately, 150 people were in attendance throughout the day. Below is a brief synopsis of each presentation. The synopses collectively reflect the variety and richness of the emerging extreme event research agenda.
Universal Point of Care Testing for Lynch Syndrome in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Purpose: Patients with Lynch syndrome are at risk for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We sought to identify the incidence and most reliable means of point of care screening for Lynch syndrome in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A total of 115 consecutive patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma without a history of Lynch syndrome were universally screened during followup from January 2013 through July 2016. We evaluated patient and family history using AMS (Amsterdam criteria) I and II, and tumor immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins and microsatellite instability. Patients who were positive for AMS I/II, microsatellite instability or immunohistochemistry were classified as potentially having Lynch syndrome and referred for clinical genetic analysis and counseling. Patients with known Lynch syndrome served as positive controls.Results: Of the 115 patients 16 (13.9%) screened positive for potential Lynch syndrome. Of these patients 7.0% met AMS II cr...
Two-dimensional heterostructures for energy storage

Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide slit-shaped ion diffusion channels that enable fast movement of lithium and other ions. However, electronic conductivity, the number of intercalation sites, and stability during extended cycling are also crucial for building high-performance energy storage devices. While individual 2D materials, such as graphene, show some of the required properties, none of them can offer all properties needed to maximize energy density, power density, and cycle life. Here we argue that stacking different 2D materials into heterostructured architectures opens an opportunity to construct electrodes that would combine the advantages of the individual building blocks while eliminating the associated shortcomings. We discuss characteristics of common 2D materials and provide examples of 2D heterostructured electrodes that showed new phenomena leading to superior electrochemical performance. We also consider electrode fabrication approaches and finally outline future steps to create 2D heterostructured electrodes that could greatly expand current energy storage technologies. Heterostructures with alternating layers of different 2D materials are finding increasing attention in energy applications. Pomerantseva and Gogotsi survey the opportunities and challenges of both developing the heterostructures and their implementation in energy storage devices.
Exploring the university partnership model for child welfare citizen review panels: A research brief

Abstract Child Welfare Citizen Review Panels (CRPs) are groups of citizen volunteers authorized by Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA; P.L. 104-235) to examine practices of public child welfare agencies. Increasingly, state CRP groups are engaging in university-community partnerships to assist in meeting CAPTA mandates. Despite this trend, there are no published studies that examine this practice. This research brief examines group differences between CRP members of university and non-university affiliated panels, respectively. Factors of interest included CRP Knowledge, Member Satisfaction, Member Engagement, Personal Influence, Perceived CRP Impact on Child Welfare System, CRP Member Dynamics, and Meeting Format. Results indicate that respondents perceived themselves to be no more knowledgeable or engaged in their panels and expressed no greater confidence in the potential impact of CRPs on the child welfare system, whether affiliated with a university or not. After a brief review of literature, this brief will explicate findings derived from this study and discuss salient implications and areas for future research.
John P. Craig, MD, MPH. Physician-Scientist, Educator, and Mentor. 1923–2016

John P. Craig (1923–2016) was an eminent physician-scientist, gifted educator, and greatly valued mentor. Born in West Liberty, Ohio on 29 November 1923, he attended Oberlin College, and received his medical degree from Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine. This was followed by an internship at Yale University Medical Center, and then service in the U.S. Army during the Korean War. He was a battalion surgeon, preventive medicine officer, and epidemiologist. While in Korea, he conducted important investigations of hemorrhagic fever among American troops. His observations led to the recognition of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, now called Korean hemorrhagic fever. He also identified a new Hanta virus. Craig received his Master of Public Health degree magna cum laude from the Harvard School of Public Health. He then worked with Nobel Laureate, Max Theiler, at the Rockefeller Foundation. Soon afterwards, he joined the faculty of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, where he established a new research laboratory. Over the years, his research focused on diphtheria infections and cholera. He became internationally respected for his work on cholera, and specifically on cholera toxin and its relationship to vascular permeability. He served for over 6 years as the Chair of the Cholera Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program, and in this position set the direction for future research. The author of over 100 articles published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, he also gave numerous presentations at national and international scientific meetings on a wide range of microbial diseases. Craig was highly regarded by colleagues and students as a superb teacher. He was a leader in initiating patient-oriented problem-solving (POPS) exercises for medical students. He also led curricular reform in the medical school in the 1990s whose purpose was to reduce lecture hours and expand time for small-group interactive sessions. Craig was designated Distinguished Teaching Professor by the State University of New York, and inducted as an Honorary Alumnus of the College of Medicine. The John P. Craig Award for Excellence in Microbiology and Immunology was established in 1993, and is annually presented to a graduating medical student. Following retirement to Tucson, Arizona, Craig devoted time to planning and teaching a tropical medicine course in Costa Rica that was co-sponsored by the University of Costa Rica Medical School and Louisiana State University. He was a member of the Board of Managers of the Wright Nature Center in Trinidad, and an active volunteer in the Herpetology Department of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson, Arizona. He also had a great interest in ornithology. John P. Craig passed away in Tucson, Arizona on 27 September 2016 in his ninety-third year. He was an eminent success as a research scientist as well as an outstanding educator and mentor. As a result, he had a lasting influence on the lives and careers of both students and colleagues.
Child Welfare Workers’ Perceptions of Supervisory Support:A Curvilinear Interaction of Work Experience and Educational Background

This study draws on a developmental model of supervision to examine the effects of work experience and educational background on supervisory support perceived by child welfare workers. This study s...
Preclinical evaluation of avermectins as novel therapeutic agents for alcohol use disorders

The deleterious effects of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) on human health have been documented worldwide. The enormous socioeconomic burden coupled with lack of efficacious pharmacotherapies underlies the need for improved treatment strategies. At present, there is a growing body of preclinical evidence that demonstrates the potential of avermectins [ivermectin (IVM), selamectin (SEL), abamectin (ABM), and moxidectin (MOX)] in treatment of AUDs. Avermectins are derived by fermentation of soil micro-organism, Streptomyces avermitilis, and have been extensively used for treatment of parasitic infections. From the mechanistic standpoint, avermectins are positive modulators of purinergic P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs). P2X4Rs belong to P2X superfamily of cation-permeable ion channels gated by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). Building evidence has implicated a role for P2X4Rs in regulation of ethanol intake and that ethanol can inhibit ATP-gated currents in P2X4Rs. Investigations using recombinant cell models and animal models of alcohol drinking have reported that IVM, ABM, and MOX, but not SEL, were able to antagonize the inhibitory effects of ethanol on P2X4Rs in vitro and reduce ethanol intake in vivo. Furthermore, IVM was shown to reduce ethanol consumption via P2X4R potentiation in vivo, supporting the involvement of P2X4Rs in IVM’s anti-alcohol effects and that P2X4Rs can be used as a platform for developing novel anti-alcohol compounds. Taken together, these findings support the utility of avermectins as a novel class of drug candidates for treatment of AUDs.
Liposomal bupivacaine mixture has similar pain relief and significantly fewer complications at less cost compared with indwelling interscalene catheter in total elbow arthroplasty.

Background Postoperative pain control, short-term and long-term narcotic consumption, complication rates, and costs of indwelling interscalene catheter (ISC) were compared with a liposomal bupivacaine (LBC) mixture in patients undergoing primary total elbow arthroplasty. Methods Forty-four consecutive patients were identified, the first 28 with an ISC and the later 16 with intraoperative LBC injection that also included ketorolac and 0.5% bupivacaine. Medical records were reviewed for visual analog scale scores for pain, oral morphine equivalent (OME) use, complications, and facility charges. Results Average visual analog scale scores at 24 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks were not significantly different. Mean OME use was significantly greater in the LBC group at 24 hours but less at 12 weeks, although this difference was not statistically significant. Twelve anesthetic-related complications occurred in the ISC group (1 major and 11 minor); 10 patients (36%) had at least 1 complication. The major complication was respiratory failure requiring emergent tracheostomy. Minor complications included leaking pump/catheters, catheters inadvertently pulled out early, global hand paresthesias, forearm paresthesias, and pain at the catheter site. There were no anesthetic-related complications in the LBC group. The average charge for the LBC mixture was $327.10; charges for ISC, including equipment and anesthesia fees, were $1472.42. Conclusions An LBC mixture provides similar pain relief with fewer complications at a lower cost than indwelling ISC after total elbow arthroplasty. Although the OME use in the LBC group was almost double that of the ISC group at 24 hours, there was no difference at later time points.
The sedimentation potential and the boycott effect

The sedimentation potential or the Dorn effect occurs when heavy particles fall in a liquid. An electrode near the bottom of the vessel acquires a potential difference with respect to another identical electrode placed near the upper surface of the solution. The Boycott phenomenon enhances the sedimentation in inclined vessels. In this investigation, fixed erythrocytes at 2-3% concentration were studied. The shapes include discs, oblate spheroids, spheres and spindles. From the sedimentation potentials, the zeta potentials were calculated and compared with those determined by laser Doppler velocity. By using a technique of reduced variables, it is shown that all of the data could be placed on a single curve, combining particle flexibility, shape, concentration and angle of inclination.
Joint spectrum allocation and energy harvesting optimization in green powered heterogeneous cognitive radio networks

Abstract We aim at maximizing the sum rate of secondary users (SUs) in OFDM-based Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio (CR) Networks using RF energy harvesting. Assuming SUs operate in a time switching fashion, each time slot is partitioned into three non-overlapping parts devoted for energy harvesting, spectrum sensing and data transmission. The general problem of joint resource allocation and structure optimization is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming task which is NP-hard and intractable. Thus, we propose to tackle it by decomposing it into two subproblems. We first propose a sub-channel allocation scheme to approximately satisfy SUs’ rate requirements and remove the integer constraints. For the second step, we prove that the general optimization problem is reduced to a convex optimization task. Considering the trade-off among fractions of each time slot, we focus on optimizing the time slot structures of SUs that maximize the total throughput while guaranteeing the rate requirements of both real-time and non-real-time SUs. Since the reduced optimization problem does not have a simple closed-form solution, we thus propose a near optimal closed-form solution by utilizing Lambert-W function. We also exploit iterative gradient method based on Lagrangian dual decomposition to achieve near optimal solutions. Simulation results are presented to validate the optimality of the proposed schemes.
Exposure to Community Violence and Self-harm in California: A Multilevel, Population-based, Case-Control Study.

Background Self-harm is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Exposure to community violence is an important and potentially modifiable feature of the social environment that may affect self-harm, but studies to date are limited in the samples and outcomes examined. Methods We conducted a population-based, nested case-control study. Cases were all deaths and hospital visits due to self-harm in California, 2006-2013. We frequency-matched California resident population-based controls from the American Community Survey to cases on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and year of survey/injury. We assessed past-year community violence using deaths and hospital visits due to interpersonal violence in the community of residence. We estimated risk difference parameters that were defined to avoid extrapolation and to capture associations between changes in the distribution of community violence and the population-level risk of self-harm. Results After adjustment for confounders, setting past-year community violence to the lowest monthly levels observed within each community over the study period was associated with a 30.1 (95% confidence interval = 29.6, 30.5) per 100,000 persons per year lower risk of nonfatal self-harm but no difference in the risk of fatal self-harm. Associations for a parameter corresponding to a hypothetical violence prevention intervention targeting high-violence communities indicated a 5% decrease in nonfatal self-harm at the population level. In sensitivity analyses, results were robust. Conclusions This study strengthens evidence on the relationship between community violence and self-harm. Future research should investigate reasons for differential associations by age and gender and whether community violence prevention programs have meaningful impacts on self-harm.
It's My News Too! Online Journalism and Discriminatory Access to the Congressional Press Gallery

Since March 2007, dozens of newspapers have gone out of business entirely, and still others, like the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Capital Times, and the Christian Science Monitor have moved to the internet to stay afloat. Since 1990, a quarter of all American newspaper jobs have disappeared. Despite its three hundred year existence, the American newspaper is being devastated in the span of a decade. Meanwhile, the internet is becoming the go-to source for news, information, weather, movie reviews, and classified advertisements. Congress and the courts can no longer afford to relegate internet journalism to a second-class news medium. In Consumers Union v. Periodical Correspondence Association, the question arose as to the constitutionality of certain rules governing the issuance of press credentials to the congressional press galleries. In that case, based on separation of powers concerns, the court avoided the issue with the political question doctrine. Since then, many courts have taken a similar path when faced with the exclusion of a journalist from an established press facility. Given the switch from traditional print media to websites and Kindles, the question of who has access to the news becomes extremely important. This article will address several issues relating to the freedom of access to the Periodical Press Gallery. The first part of the article will briefly describe the history of the press and the history of congressional reporting leading up to the passage of the Periodical Press Gallery Rules. Part two of the article will describe the rules that govern admission to the Periodical Press Gallery as they exist today. Part three will describe the nature of the right afforded to journalists to access government buildings which have already been opened up to the press. Cases within this section challenge the denial of access to the White House, the Periodical Press Galley, and the Guantanamo Bay detention facility. Discussion in this section will reveal how the D.C. Circuit Court has used the political question doctrine to avoid deciding these press gallery cases on their merits, while taking a deferential approach to denials from other established press pools. Because I believe that Consumers Union was wrongly decided, the final section will address how the courts should decide cases which stem from a denial of admission to the galleries. If the courts still refuse to decide these cases on nonjusticiability grounds, I will argue why Congress should unilaterally refine its rules to cabin the discretion of the Executive Committee and permit more online journalists to enter the Periodical Press Gallery. This section will describe how the current Press Gallery Rules act as an unconstitutional obstacle to the First Amendment rights of online journalists, as well as a Fifth Amendment violation of Due Process. Lastly, I will detail a few substantive amendments to the existing Rules which would provide for a fairer review of an online-journalist’s application.
CRATE: a superfluid helium dewar for a small explorer (SMEX) satellite

In recent years there has been a growing interest within NASA to design and fly spacecraft and instruments that are smaller, cheaper, and faster to design, develop and implement. The impetus is a desire to offer more opportunities for the scientific community to conduct astrophysics and space physics research, and to minimize the time between project proposal and fruition. The development time for orbiting observatories has increased steadily over the years to the point where the total mission lifetime may extend to decades (for observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope or the Advanced X-Ray Astronomy Facility). Even “smaller” observatories can take many years to complete. For example, the Cosmic Background Explorer, or COBE, took sixteen years between the original proposal in 1973 and the successful launch in 1989. The Small Explorer (SMEX) Program at NASA is pursuing one approach to significantly shorten the orbiting observatory development cycle, and to reduce spacecraft costs in the process. One SMEX satellite was launched in July 1992, the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX). Two others are currently in advanced stages of fabrication and testing.
Characterizing the pyroelectric coefficient for macro-fiber composites

In this work, the pyroelectric coefficient for macro fiber composites (MFCs) was characterized by first modeling the secondary pyroelectric coefficient using material properties of MFCs, and then experimentally computing the total pyroelectric coefficient using two separate thermal chambers. The computed total secondary pyroelectric coefficient was 29.88 μC m−2 K−1. The primary pyroelectric coefficient will be higher due to the primary effect having a more dominate influence in ferroelectric materials. The sum of the primary and secondary effects is the total pyroelectric coefficient. The MFC was tested in thermal chambers at NASA Langley and at University of Michigan where the temperature was ramped to 70 °C, as well as thermally cycled between 40 °C and 100 °C. The P2 MFC type yielded a higher pyroelectric coefficient than the P1 type at about −343 versus −82 μC m−2 K−1. The higher the pyroelectric coefficient is, the more energy it produces for given temperature fluctuations with time. This leads to future work in energy harvesting using the pyroelectric effect and further advancing potential novel applications using MFCs.
Brief Computer-Based Information Processing Measures are Linked to White Matter Integrity in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) is a demyelinating disorder with unique clinical challenges. A brief computer-administered cognitive screening battery measuring processing speed (Cogstate) and the Brief International Cognitive Assessment in MS (BICAMS) detect cognitive impairment in POMS. The neuroanatomic correlates of these deficits are incompletely understood. The purpose of this study is to define the neuroanatomic underpinnings of deficits identified with cognitive screening batteries in POMS. METHODS Participants with POMS and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were screened with Cogstate and BICAMS. Diffusion tensor imaging assessed region-wise and tractography-based fractional anisotropy (FA). RESULTS The POMS (n = 15) and HC (n = 21) groups were matched on age (mean ages 17.9 ± 3.2 vs. 17.8 ± 3.3 years, respectively) and on an estimate of general intellectual functioning. The Cogstate composite revealed significant slowing in POMS relative to HCs (P = .004), but the BICAMS composite did not significantly distinguish the groups (P = .10). The Cogstate composite showed moderate-to-strong correlations with regional FA (r = -.67 to -.82) and significantly associated with uncinate fasciculus FA following multiple comparisons correction (P = .002) in POMS. However, the BICAMS composite measure showed only weak-to-moderate correlations with FA in POMS (r = -.19 to -.57), with none surviving multiple comparisons correction. CONCLUSIONS Computer-administered measures of cognitive processing are particularly sensitive in POMS and are closely linked to white matter FA.
Point‐of‐care renal ultrasound: Interpret with care

Renal vascular malformations may mimic hydronephrosis on gray-scale ultrasound and can be easily differentiated using color doppler imaging. Non-radiology physicians performing point-of-care renal ultrasound should be aware of this finding to avoid mismanagement.
A role for the Salmonella Type III Secretion System 1 in bacterial adaptation to the cytosol of epithelial cells

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. Following invasion of epithelial cells, Salmonella survives and replicates within two distinct intracellular niches. While all of the bacteria are initially taken up into a membrane bound vacuole, the Salmonella-containing vacuole or SCV, a significant proportion of them promptly escape into the cytosol. Cytosolic Salmonella replicates more rapidly compared to the vacuolar population, although the reasons for this are not well understood. SipA, a multi-function effector protein, has been shown to affect intracellular replication and is secreted by cytosolic Salmonella via the invasion-associated Type III Secretion System 1 (T3SS1). Here, we have used a multipronged microscopy approach to show that SipA does not affect bacterial replication rates per se, but rather mediates intra-cytosolic survival and/or initiation of replication following bacterial egress from the SCV. Altogether, our findings reveal an important role for SipA in the early survival of cytosolic Salmonella.
GPR56 Drives Colorectal Tumor Growth and Promotes Drug Resistance through Upregulation of MDR1 Expression via a RhoA-Mediated Mechanism

Drug resistance continues to be a major obstacle of effective therapy for colorectal cancer, leading to tumor relapse or treatment failure. Cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells are a subpopulation of tumor cells which retain the capacity for self-renewal and are suggested to be implicated in drug resistance. LGR5 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and marks CSCs that drive tumor growth and metastasis. LGR5(+) CSCs cells were shown to interconvert with more drug-resistant LGR5(-) cancer cells, and treatment with LGR5-targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) eliminated LGR5(+) tumors, yet a fraction of LGR5(-) tumors eventually recurred. Therefore, it is important to identify mechanisms associated with CSC plasticity and drug resistance in order to develop curative therapies. Here, we show that loss of LGR5 in colon cancer cells enhanced resistance to irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil and increased expression of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR56. GPR56 expression was significantly higher in primary colon tumors versus matched normal tissues and correlated with poor survival outcome. GPR56 enhanced drug resistance through upregulation of MDR1 levels via a RhoA-mediated signaling mechanism. Loss of GPR56 led to suppression of tumor growth and increased sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy and monomethyl auristatin E-linked anti-LGR5 ADCs, by reducing MDR1 levels. These findings suggest that upregulation of GPR56 may be a mechanism associated with CSC plasticity by which LGR5(-) cancer cells acquire a more drug-resistant phenotype. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that targeting GPR56 may provide a new strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer and combatting drug resistance.
Ethical Dance Pedagogy

Teaching dance in the university raises political and ethical questions regarding the process of cultural transmission. Framed by pedagogical theories of Benedictus de Spinoza, Paolo Friere, and He...
Famotidine Use is Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ABSTRACT Background and Aims The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread mortality and mortality. Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. This study tested whether famotidine use is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 initially hospitalized to a non-intensive care setting. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted among consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection from February 25 to April 13, 2020 at a single medical center. The primary exposure was famotidine, received within 24 hours of hospital admission. The primary outcome was intubation or death. Propensity score matching was used to balance the baseline characteristics of patients who did and did not use famotidine. Results 1,620 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were identified including 84 (5.1%) who received famotidine within 24 hours of hospital admission. 340 (21%) patients met the study composite outcome of death or intubation. Use of famotidine was associated with reduced risk for death or intubation (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.85) and also with reduced risk for death alone (aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.80). After balancing baseline patient characteristics using propensity score matching, these relationships were unchanged (HR for famotidine and death or intubation: 0.43, 95% CI 0.21-0.88). Proton pump inhibitors, which also suppress gastric acid, were not associated with reduced risk for death or intubation. Conclusion Famotidine use is associated with reduced risk of intubation or death in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to determine whether famotidine therapy improves outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Anxiety disorders and healthcare utilization: A systematic review.

Abstract Anxiety disorders and related traits have become increasingly relevant to the study of physical health and health behaviors over the years. One important health behavior is healthcare utilization, and both over- and under-use have important implications within both personal and public health domains. Anxiety disorders are associated with reassurance-seeking, avoidance behaviors, and other characteristics and traits that may impact patterns of healthcare utilization. The current paper reviews the literature on the known associations between anxiety disorders and healthcare utilization, including studies (N = 70) that examined the association of healthcare utilization with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and agoraphobia, dental and blood-injection-injury phobias, and illness anxiety disorder/health anxiety. Overall, the majority of the studies reviewed indicate that anxiety disorders and health anxiety are associated with increased healthcare utilization across multiple care settings. In addition, there is preliminary but limited evidence that, in some cases, anxiety can be associated with delayed, irregular, or inconsistent use of healthcare services. More work is needed to fine-tune our understanding of the impact of anxiety disorders in healthcare settings.
Two replication fork remodeling pathways generate nuclease substrates for distinct fork protection factors

Fork reversal is a common response to replication stress, but it generates a DNA end that is susceptible to degradation. Many fork protection factors block degradation, but how they work remains unclear. Here, we find that 53BP1 protects forks from DNA2-mediated degradation in a cell type–specific manner. Fork protection by 53BP1 reduces S-phase DNA damage and hypersensitivity to replication stress. Unlike BRCA2, FANCD2, and ABRO1 that protect reversed forks generated by SMARCAL1, ZRANB3, and HLTF, 53BP1 protects forks remodeled by FBH1. This property is shared by the fork protection factors FANCA, FANCC, FANCG, BOD1L, and VHL. RAD51 is required to generate the resection substrate in all cases. Unexpectedly, BRCA2 is also required for fork degradation in the FBH1 pathway or when RAD51 activity is partially compromised. We conclude that there are multiple fork protection mechanisms that operate downstream of at least two RAD51-dependent fork remodeling pathways.
Cultural Considerations in the Diagnosis and Classification of Depression: The Hispanic Perspective

It was a sunny weekend afternoon in Atlanta. Dressed in a T-shirt and blue-jeans I was cutting the grass and enjoying the exercise. Suddenly, the lawn mower got stuck, and I did the most naive (or stupid) thing one can imagine: without turning the engine off, I put my hand under the blades attempting to clear the path. A sharp pain only meant that in an instant, two fingernails had been ‘‘erased,’’ and one finger severely fractured. My wife took me to the Emory Hospital ER (I was professor and vice-chair of psychiatry at the time). The radiology technician took a look at the X-rays of my hand. Then he looked at me –brown, sweaty, dusty, with a bloodied hand wrapped in gauze: ‘‘Sorry man,’’ he said ‘‘you’ll have to change your line of work, no more cutting the grass, get a safer job. Perhaps you can learn to make hamburgers or tortillas at McDonald’s.’’ I had decided to be a psychiatrist early inmy high school years.When I was 11, my father gaveme, a book on psychology, written by the greatest LatinAmerican psychiatrist of all time, HonorioDelgado, as a birthday gift. Delgado was born in Arequipa, my hometown in Peru, a city known for its rebellious adherence to reason, justice, and freedom, and for its love of knowledge and poetry. He had introduced psychoanalysis in the Spanish-speaking world, trained in Germany with Schneider and Conrad, followed Kraepelin and Jaspers’ nosological and phenomenological thinking; he was a neurobiologist and a humanist, a scientist and a philosopher, a Renaissance man—my first intellectual hero. I pursued my studies at the Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), in Lima, graduating in 1966. The following year, I came to Johns Hopkins as a fellow in psychosomatic medicine, completed my residency training in psychiatry, then another fellowship in clinical psychopharmacology. After also earning a master of public health degree at Hopkins, I returned to Lima in 1972, and worked at UPCH and in private practice for the next eight years. This
A Comprehensive Solution to the Biofouling Problem for the Endangered Florida Manatee and Other Species

Biofouling is the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, arthropods, or mollusks on a surface, such as a ship’s hull, when it is in contact with water for a period of time. Biofouling and its traditional remedies pose serious environmental consequences, including 1) the transportation of nonindigenous aquatic species that can outcompete native species for space and resources, thereby reducing biodiversity and threatening the viability of fisheries or aquaculture, 2) the harmful accumulation of zinc- or copper-based toxins, and 3) the increase in weight, decrease in flexibility and mobility, and topical damage of marine mammals hosting biofouling organisms. There are a number of existing legal mechanisms that address biofouling under international law. However, due to the complexity of biofouling, this Article posits that existing mechanisms are inadequate for comprehensively regulating the problem, leaving aquatic species susceptible to numerous negative effects from biofouling. To address these inadequacies, we recommend biofouling also be mitigated under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). First, we consider the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) as a case study species, and suggest that Florida’s Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) areas develop a Safe Harbor umbrella agreement under section 10 of the ESA to create a new generation of ecological harbors that are safe from the dangers of biofouling. The agreement would include a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) that incorporates a combination of behavioral and infrastructural biofouling mitigation techniques to be applied regionally across estuary, freshwater, and saltwater ecosystems. Second, we suggest that both public and private owners of existing, proposed, and expanding marina developments be encouraged to voluntarily sign Safe Harbor Agreements under the RC&D areas’ umbrella agreement to avoid owners having to navigate the long and strenuous process of obtaining individual HCPs. The comprehensive biofouling management strategy proposed as a model here would require RC&D areas to carry out a range of biofouling best management practices that would protect species and the habitats on which they depend from the adverse effects of biofouling.
Brain Iron Imaging Markers in the Presence of White Matter Hyperintensities

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between pathological brain iron deposition and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), via Monte Carlo simulations of magnetic susceptibility imaging and a novel imaging marker called the Expected Iron Coefficient (EIC). Methods: A synthetic pathological model of a different number of impenetrable spheres at random locations was employed to represent pathological iron deposition. The diffusion process was simulated with a Monte Carlo method with adjustable parameters to manipulate sphere size, distribution, and extracellular properties. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was performed in a clinical dataset to study CSVD to derive and evaluate QSM, R2*, the iron microenvironment coefficient (IMC), and EIC in the presence of WMHs. Results: The simulations show that QSM signals increase in the presence of increased tissue iron, confirming that the EIC increases with pathology. Clinical results demonstrate that while QSM, R2*, and the IMC do not show differences in brain iron, the EIC does in the context of CSVD. Conclusion: The EIC is more sensitive to subtle changes in brain iron deposition caused by pathology, even when QSM, R2*, and the IMC do not.