cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Net energy value of ammoniated wheat straw.

Eight steers (327 kg average) were fed diets containing either nontreated or anhydrous NH3-treated wheat straw in a two-period crossover design. Intake and digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude protein were measured by total collection. Energy losses in urine and methane were determined. Heat production was determined by indirect respiration calorimetry on steers fed both diets and after they were fasted. Ammoniation of the straw raised its N content from .49 to 1.59% (P less than .001). Dry matter (DM) intake was increased (P less than .01) by the process from 1.0 to 1.3% of body weight. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter and energy, as well as those for fiber, were increased (P less than .001) by four percentage units or more. Crude protein digestibility, however, was depressed (P less than .001) from 67.8% to 53.5% by ammoniation. Urinary energy as a percentage of gross energy intake (GEI) was reduced (P less than .05) by NH3 treatment from 4.10 to 3.74%. Methane energy was not different (P greater than .10). Metabolizable energy was improved (P less than .001) by ammoniation, increasing from 45.2 to 50.0% of GEI. Daily heat production was higher (P less than .01) for steers consuming the ammoniated straw diet, increasing from 113.7 to 125.3 kcal/wt.75), and was due to higher metabolizable energy intake (MEI) since partial efficiency of MEI used for maintenance did not differ (P greater than .10) between diets. The higher net energy value of the ammoniated wheat straw diet (1.45 vs 1.26 kcal/g DM) was due mainly to decreased fecal loss and a slight decline in urinary loss.
The Concept of Buoyancy and Its Application to Deep Moist Convection

The origins of the buoyancy force and the vertical perturbation pressure gradient force are reviewed. A discussion of parcel theory and its limitations follows. The quantitative determination of updraft velocity from environmental soundings is complicated by factors such as environmental heterogeneity, hydrometeor loading, freezing, entrainment, and vertical perturbation pressure gradients.
Automatic classification of communication logs into implementation stages via text analysis

To improve the quality, quantity, and speed of implementation, careful monitoring of the implementation process is required. However, some health organizations have such limited capacity to collect, organize, and synthesize information relevant to its decision to implement an evidence-based program, the preparation steps necessary for successful program adoption, the fidelity of program delivery, and the sustainment of this program over time. When a large health system implements an evidence-based program across multiple sites, a trained intermediary or broker may provide such monitoring and feedback, but this task is labor intensive and not easily scaled up for large numbers of sites. We present a novel approach to producing an automated system of monitoring implementation stage entrances and exits based on a computational analysis of communication log notes generated by implementation brokers. Potentially discriminating keywords are identified using the definitions of the stages and experts’ coding of a portion of the log notes. A machine learning algorithm produces a decision rule to classify remaining, unclassified log notes. We applied this procedure to log notes in the implementation trial of multidimensional treatment foster care in the California 40-county implementation trial (CAL-40) project, using the stages of implementation completion (SIC) measure. We found that a semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization method accurately identified most stage transitions. Another computational model was built for determining the start and the end of each stage. This automated system demonstrated feasibility in this proof of concept challenge. We provide suggestions on how such a system can be used to improve the speed, quality, quantity, and sustainment of implementation. The innovative methods presented here are not intended to replace the expertise and judgement of an expert rater already in place. Rather, these can be used when human monitoring and feedback is too expensive to use or maintain. These methods rely on digitized text that already exists or can be collected with minimal to no intrusiveness and can signal when additional attention or remediation is required during implementation. Thus, resources can be allocated according to need rather than universally applied, or worse, not applied at all due to their cost.
Percutaneous Thermal Ablation for Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Initial Experience with Ten Tumors in Nine Patients

Abstract Purpose To evaluate outcomes in a small cohort of patients with local or disseminated small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) who received percutaneous thermal ablation therapy. Materials and Methods Ten biopsy-proven SCLC tumors in 9 consecutive patients (5 men, 4 women; average age, 73.8 y ± 12.4) were retrospectively evaluated. Average tumor sizes were 1.8 cm ± 0.5 and 2.6 cm ± 1.2 among patients with local and disseminated disease, respectively. Microwave and radiofrequency ablation were each used for 5 tumors. None of the patients with local SCLC received adjuvant therapy following thermal ablation. Median follow-up duration was 16 months (range, 2–48 mo). Median and 1-year overall survival (OS) were compared for patients in the local and disseminated disease groups. Results Median and 1-year OS were better among patients treated for local SCLC compared with disseminated disease (47.0 vs 5.5 mo and 3 [100%] vs 2 [40%], respectively). Pneumothorax occurred in 5 patients (55.6%), and 3 patients received successful outpatient thoracostomy tube placement. No patients were hospitalized, and there were no major complications. Conclusions This preliminary analysis suggests favorable outcomes in selected patients with local SCLC who undergo percutaneous thermal ablation without adjuvant therapy.
Thickness dependent third-harmonic generation in few-layer black phosphorus

We observe third-harmonic generation in black phosphorus and find that χ(3) is strongly dependent on both the number of layers and incident polarization. We also use the third-harmonic signal to measure the pulse width of our ultrafast laser.
BCR/ABL Post-Translationally Enhances hnRNP E2 Expression and Translation-Inhibitory Function through the Activation of ERK1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases.

Impaired differentiation is a common feature of many hematological malignancies including blast crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML-BC). We previously reported that expression of the RNA binding protein hnRNP E2 is enhanced in CML-BC patient samples by the activity of BCR/ABL oncogenic kinase which uses hnRNP E2 to suppress translation of C/EBP alpha, the main regulator or granulocytic differentiation. Here we show that hnRNP E2 protein but not mRNA expression correlates with BCR/ABL levels in mouse 32Dcl3 myeloid progenitor cell clones expressing different levels of p210 BCR/ABL, and in the BCR/ABL-inducible TonB.210 cell line. Furthermore, exposure of 32D-BCR/ABL cells to imatinib or to the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG, which induces BCR/ABL proteasome-dependent degradation, results in downregulation of hnRNP E2 protein levels. Mechanistically, it appears that increased hnRNP E2 expression depends on BCR/ABL-induced post-translational modifications that increase hnRNP E2 protein stability and prevent its proteasome-dependent degradation. Indeed, we have evidence that hnRNP E2 is associated with PRMT5 arginine-methyltransferase and undergoes phosphorylation in K562 cells. Accordingly, inhibition of the mitogen activated ERK1/2 kinases by PD098059 and U0126 reduces hnRNP E2 levels and, in turn, hnRNP E2 binding to the C-rich element contained in the uORF of c/ebp alpha mRNA. Thus, activation of MAPK might be required for the hnRNP E2-dependent suppression of myeloid maturation in CML-BC.
Parallel Implementation of the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Its Application for Earth Science Data Analysis

To efficiently perform multiscale analysis of high-resolution, global, multiple-dimensional datasets, the authors have deployed the parallel ensemble empirical mode decomposition (PEEMD) package by implementing three-level parallelism into the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EMD), achieving a scaled performance of 5,000 cores. In this study, they discuss the implementation of the PEEMD and its application for the analysis of Earth science data, including the solution of the Lorenz model, an idealized terrain-induced flow, and Hurricane Sandy.
Variability in eddy sandbar dynamics during two decades of controlled flooding of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon

Abstract Sandbars are iconic features of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, U.S.A. Following completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, sediment deficit conditions caused erosion of eddy sandbars throughout much of the 360 km study reach downstream from the dam. Controlled floods in 1996, 2004, and 2008 demonstrated that sand on the channel bed could be redistributed to higher elevations, and that floods timed to follow tributary sediment inputs would increase suspended sand concentrations during floods. Since 2012, a new management protocol has resulted in four controlled floods timed to follow large inputs of sand from a major tributary. Monitoring of 44 downstream eddy sandbars, initiated in 1990, shows that each controlled flood deposited significant amounts of sand and increased the size of subaerial sandbars. However, the magnitude of sandbar deposition varied from eddy to eddy, even over relatively short distances where main-stem suspended sediment concentrations were similar. Here, we characterize spatial and temporal trends in sandbar volume and site-scale (i.e., individual eddy) sediment storage as a function of flow, channel, and vegetation characteristics that reflect the reach-scale (i.e., kilometer-scale) hydraulic environment. We grouped the long-term monitoring sites based on geomorphic setting and used a principal component analysis (PCA) to correlate differences in sandbar behavior to changes in reach-scale geomorphic metrics. Sites in narrow reaches are less-vegetated, stage changes markedly with discharge, sandbars tend to remain dynamic, and sand storage change dominantly occurs in the eddy compared to the main channel. In wider reaches, where stage-change during floods may be half that of narrow sites, sandbars are more likely to be stabilized by vegetation, and floods tend to aggrade the vegetated sandbar surfaces. In these locations, deposition during controlled floods is more akin to floodplain sedimentation, and the elevation of sandbar surfaces increases with successive floods. Because many sandbars are intermediate to the end members described above, high-elevation bar surfaces stabilized by vegetation often have a more dynamic unvegetated sandbar on the channel-ward margin that aggrades and erodes in response to controlled flood cycles. Ultimately, controlled floods have been effective at increasing averaged sandbar volumes, and, while bar deposition during floods decreases through time where vegetation has stabilized sandbars, future controlled floods are likely to continue to result in deposition in a majority of the river corridor.
Politics of presence: women’s safety and respectability at night in Mumbai, India

AbstractThis article focuses on women’s mobility in urban public space in Mumbai, India while working night shifts in outsourced call centres. The outsourced call centre industry is heralded as the...
The freedom of the deconstructed postmodern subject

Poststructuralists have tried to deconstruct the subject, that is, demonstrate that it is constituted by the system of cultural and linguistic relations in which it is found. The result is that just at the moment when self-actualization seems for the first time to be politically possible for many hitherto marginalized subjects, they, and subjects more generally, appear to have been denatured – reduced to the cultural systems which are the condition of their possibility and consequently deprived of the freedom which is clearly necessary for any form of self-actualization. This paper, while acknowledging that subjects are indeed culturally and linguistically constituted, argues on the basis of a holistic, emergent property hypothesis that structure or form can generate content that nevertheless transcends the structure or form that constitutes it. On this view the subject is irreducibly transcendent to the system of relations from within which it arises, and the deconstructed subject thus remains capable of free choice and self-actualization.
Contraceptive use by Palestine refugee mothers of young children attending UNRWA clinics: a cross-sectional follow-up study.

Abstract Background UNRWA introduced family planning services in 1994 as an integral part of its expanded maternal and child health-care programme. The main objective of UNRWA's family planning programme is to promote the health of mothers, children, and their families. The aim of this follow-up study was to assess contraceptive practices in the target population 5 years after the 2010 follow-up study and to identify future programme needs. Methods This cross-sectional survey was a done by trained nurses from June 1 to Dec 31, 2015. Participants were Palestinian refugee mothers who attended Well Baby Clinics at all UNRWA health centres with their youngest child (aged 2 months to 5 years). A sample size of 10 478 participants was calculated on the basis of contraceptive use in 2010, using Epi Info sample size calculation. Women were interviewed, and retrospective data from health records were used as supplementary data. We did a multiple logistic regression to test if maternal age and parity predicted contraceptive use. We used the χ 2 test to analyse the relation between previous contraceptive use and birth interval, birth weight, and gestational age. All participants provided verbal informed consent. The study was approved by the ethical committee in the UNRWA Health Department. Findings Data were obtained from 9860 mothers (mean age 29·8 years [range 29·4–30·1]). 5849 (59%) women were using modern contraceptives at the time of the survey, 1745 (18%) were using traditional methods, and 2265 (23%) were not using any contraceptive method. The most common modern contraceptive was an intrauterine device (2186 [37%] women), and UNRWA was the main provider for 4827 (83%) women using modern contraceptives. The most common reasons for not using contraceptives were a wish to have a child (873 [22%] women), pregnancy (747 [19%]), and a husband's opposition (775 [20%]). Using women with less than three pregnancies as the reference category, use of contraceptives was most likely in women with three to six pregnancies (adjusted odds ratio 1·58, 95% 1·43–1·73; p 2 =23·88; p Interpretation It is encouraging that mothers seeking modern contraceptives rely on UNRWA to provide family planning services. We found that mothers with higher parity are more likely to use modern contraceptives that comply with UNRWA recommendations. As expected, modern contraceptives lead to better birth spacing. However, mothers above 35 years of age are not more likely to use modern contraceptives, and these mothers might be at higher risk for negative maternal and infant health outcomes. UNRWA family planning services could focus more on counselling this group of mothers. Funding None.
An analysis of queues with delayed information and time-varying arrival rates

Understanding how delayed information impacts queueing systems is an important area of research. However, much of the current literature neglects one important feature of many queueing systems, namely non-stationary arrivals. Non-stationary arrivals model the fact that customers tend to access services during certain times of the day and not at a constant rate. In this paper, we analyze two two-dimensional deterministic fluid models that incorporate customer choice behavior based on delayed queue length information with time-varying arrivals. In the first model, customers receive queue length information that is delayed by a constant $$\Delta $$ . In the second model, customers receive information about the queue length through a moving average of the queue length where the moving average window is $$\Delta $$ . We analyze the impact of a time-varying arrival rate and show using asymptotic analysis that the time-varying arrival rate does not impact the critical delay unless the frequency of the time-varying arrival rate is twice that of the critical delay. When the frequency of the arrival rate is twice that of the critical delay, then the stability is enlarged by a wedge that is determined by the model parameters. As a result, this problem allows us to combine the theory of nonlinear dynamics, parametric excitation, delays, and time-varying queues together to provide insight into the impact of information on queueing systems.
Wave-Mean Flow Interaction

We have been considering the dynamics of waves in this course and have remarked several times on the linearization restriction we have normally placed on the dynamics to make progress, and we have skirted rather completely the role of nonlinearity on the dynamics of the waves themselves. It is a difficult subject.
Appropriate Uses of Hybrid Systems

While the techniques of connectionism and symbolic AI have been applied to many problems individually, there are far fewer systems which attempt to combine these techniques. This paper presents a possible set of factors one might use to determine when such hybrid approaches are appropriate. These factors include characteristics of the problem as well as the intended uses of the system. SCALIR, a hybrid system for retrieving legal documents, is presented, and is used to illustrate the motivating factors. Problems unique to hybrid systems are discussed, and possible solutions are given.
Editorial for Weed Science, Volume 61

Weed Science continues to be one of the premier journals in the discipline and in the agronomic sciences. The Editorial Board and the staff strive to improve the efficiency of the publication process and improve the scope of the journal. Weed Science is seeking to publish more reviews and symposium articles. This past year, a special issue on herbicide resistance was published. In the near future, Weed Science will have another special edition on research methods in weed science. For the 12 months preceding September 1, 2012, 210 manuscripts were submitted to Weed Science compared to 198 in the previous twelve-month period. Of these manuscripts, 47% were accepted compared to 58% the previous year. The time from submission to first decision was 54 d this past yr compared to 58 d for the previous yr and the time from submission to final decision was 89 d. As a comparison, the time from submission to first decision for Weed Research was 77d in 2011 and the time from submission to final decision was 168 d. Table 1 shows the Impact Factor for Weed Science and other related journals for 2010 and aggregated over the past five years. For the year preceding September 1, 2012, the journal depended on 335 reviews of whom 123 were unique. The fact that Weed Science reviewers were from 36 countries underscores the international reach of the journal. The excellent reputation of the journal would not be possible without the cutting edge research submitted by authors and the diligent work of the editorial board and the hundreds of referred reviews that are submitted annually. I wish to thank the members of the editorial board and reviewers for 2012.
Iridium complexes containing nitro-derivatized isoquinoline ligands for photonic applications

Organometallic iridium(III) complexes have seen widespread use over the past two decades, particularly as phosphorescent dopants in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their large spin-orbit coupling and metal-toligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states. Interest in the non-linear optical (NLO) applications of these materials has increased recently with reports of both two-photon absorption (2PA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA). A family of materials of the form [IrIII(NO2piq)2(acac)] were synthesized and characterized, where acac is acetylacetonate and NO2piq is a nitrophenylisoquinoline ligand. In order to assess structure-property relationships for the photophysics of these complexes, the placement of the nitro group was altered on the phenyl ring. Systematic control over the maxima of the absorption and photoluminescence bands attributed to the MLCT excited states was achieved through the ligand variation. The photophysical properties of this family of materials are discussed in detail and include their linear absorption spectra, photoluminescence measurements at 298 and 77K, excited state lifetimes, and CIE color chromaticity coordinates.
Elevated CK-MB Does Not Reliably Indicate Myocardial Injury During Intravenous Terbutaline Therapy for the Treatment of Status Asthmaticus† 186

Elevated CK-MB Does Not Reliably Indicate Myocardial Injury During Intravenous Terbutaline Therapy for the Treatment of Status Asthmaticus† 186
EPIMORPHISMS IN DISCRIMINATOR VARIETIES

This chapter discusses epimorphisms in discriminator varieties. Epimorphism are onto maps in certain discriminator varieties. It presents a theorem in which V is a discriminator variety such that the class V s of all simple members of V has the amalgamation property ( AP ) and the property ( ES ) that all epimorphisms are onto maps. Then, V satisfies ES . Strong amalgamation property (SAP) holds in every discriminator variety V for which V s has AP and ES . An algebra is called homogeneous if each proper inner automorphism of extends to an automorphism of . A residually finite variety V generated by finitely many independent demi-primal algebras has ES and SAP. A variety generated by a demi-primal algebra has ES and SAP.
Influence of Critical Care Transport Ventilator Management on ICU Care and Opportunities for Improvement

Objective Critical care transport of mechanically ventilated patients is a time pressured, task saturated endeavor. High tidal volumes during prehospital management are associated with increased rates of ventilator-associated lung injury and complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Introducing an initial lung-protective ventilation strategy has been shown to influence the future delivery of protective ventilation settings. We aimed to characterize the ventilator management during critical care transport and the association between transport and intensive care unit (ICU) tidal volume management. Methods We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 383 mechanically ventilated adult patients transported to a single rural academic medical center by a hospital based critical care transport program between January 2018 and April 2019. Results 81% of the patients were transported from an emergency department. The mean patient contact time was 77.0 minutes (SD ±27.1). The mean tidal volume prior to ICU handoff was 7.5 ml/kg predicted body weight (PBW) (SD ±1.3). 31% (n=120) of patients received a high tidal volume > 8 ml/kg PBW during transport. Transport tidal volume, adjusted for PBW, strongly influenced initial ICU tidal volume (Pearson r=0.7). If a patient received high tidal volumes during transport, they were more than 3 times as likely to receive high tidal volumes in the ICU (RR 3.3, 95%CI 2.6-4.4). After 6 hours, patients were still twice as likely to be receiving high tidal volumes (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.1). Overall in-hospital mortality for the cohort was 35% (n=132). Conclusion Exposure to high tidal volumes during critical care transport is strongly associated with high tidal volume ventilation in the ICU. We have identified opportunities for improving care of mechanically ventilated patients during critical care transport. Application of lung protective strategies has the potential to positively influence patient management and outcomes beyond the transport window.
Ethos and Interaction in The Elder Scrolls Online

This research examines chatlogs from the first two weeks of The Elders Scrolls Online, a massively multiplayer online roleplaying game, analyzing the posts via statistical methods that demonstrate that grammatical correctness and message length relate to both the response rate of queries and the perceived ethos of respondents. Rhetorical style, reflected in message length and grammatical correctness, appears to play a role in the relative responsiveness to queries. Guild recruitment messages represented the most formal entries in our dataset, and requests for assistance were proportionally more grammatically correct than answers to those queries. Our findings suggest that players read the rhetorical situation of requesting information as distinct from various other types of interactions they might have in chat; also, measures of grammar and word count, when compared against a message’s topic, demonstrate critical awareness of audience and purpose, particularly when engaging in a highly persuasive rhetorical task.
Molecular cancer cell responses to solid compressive stress and interstitial fluid pressure.

Alterations to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment are a hallmark of cancer. Elevated mechanical stresses exist in many solid tumors and elicit responses from cancer cells. Uncontrolled growth in confined environments gives rise to elevated solid compressive stress on cancer cells. Recruitment of leaky blood vessels and an absence of functioning lymphatic vessels causes a rise in the interstitial fluid pressure. Here we review the role of the cancer cell cytoskeleton and the nucleus in mediating both the initial and adaptive cancer cell response to these two types of mechanical stresses. We review how these mechanical stresses alter cancer cell functions such as proliferation, apoptosis and migration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Passive plasma membrane transporters play a critical role in perception of carbon availability in yeast

Recently, our lab found that the canonical glucose/galactose regulation pathway in yeast makes the decision to metabolize galactose based on the ratio of glucose to galactose concentrations in the external medium. This led to the question of where and how the ratio-sensing is achieved. Here, we consider the possibilities of an intracellular, extracellular, or membrane bound ratio sensing mechanisms. We show that hexose transporters in the plasma membrane are mainly responsible for glucose/galactose ratio-sensing in yeast. Further, while the glucose sensors Gpr1, Snf3, and Rgt2 are not required for ratio sensing, they help modulate the ratio sensing phenotype by regulating the expression of individual transporters in different environments. Our study provides an example of an unexpected, but potentially widespread, mechanism for making essential decisions.
Terminal Amino Acids in Peptides and Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on terminal amino acids in peptides and proteins. Adequate study of terminal amino acids might provide useful tools for characterizing some of the chemical differences underlying biological specificities. It would in general be especially desirable to have an added index of difference or similarity between protein molecules that could be used more precisely than amino acid composition. The ideal solution to this problem would involve removal of terminal amino acids from a peptide of any length, one at a time, without alteration of the remaining peptide. The terminal amino acid approach offers the promise of providing a chemical means of testing some of the hypotheses of peptide arrangement in proteins. The two features of protein structure that have been definitely established are the constituent amino acid residues and the recurrent peptide linkage. Proteolytic enzymes that split off terminal amino acids should be ideally adaptable for purposes of identification. The value of an individual method for the identification of a terminal amino acid depends upon the purpose to which it is to be put and the type of material to be studied. Most of the methods reviewed should be adequate for identifying dipeptides. In the establishment of amino acid sequence in the natural dipeptides anserine and carnosine and in the natural tripeptide glutathione the trinitrotoluene condensation proved of key value for all three peptides. The study of terminal amino acids alone, in protein, would appear to have a working basis in procedures already developed. To unravel the amino acid sequence of the peptides and the proteins, the terminal amino acid seems to be a logical point at which to begin.
Acquired specific hypersensitivity to simple chemicals

Abstract 1.1. Additional experiments are presented confirming the fact that patients with irritation of the lips due to lipstick (lipstick cheilitis) are often allergically sensitive to the commercial dyes used in these cosmetics. 2.2. Additional experiments are presented confirming the fact that "purification" of a commercial brand of tetrabromfluorescein abolished, or materially reduced, its capacity to elicit allergic reactions when applied as patch tests. 3.3. Experiments are presented demonstrating that the purification method employed, i.e., repeated crystallization of a soluble salt from alcohol, did not destroy the reaction-eliciting factors, but that the reaction-eliciting ingredients were removed by the purification processes. 4.4. It is shown that the reaction-eliciting ingredients are present in different proportions in the commercial dye and in the 5 residues removed by the 5 successive steps of purification. It is suggested that this finding may perhaps lead to the identification of the agent or agents or combinations responsible for the patch test reactions. 5.5. Experiments are presented indicating that the purification of commercial lithol red and of commercial dibromfluorescein reduced also their capacity to produce allergic reactions when applied as patch tests. This finding suggests that the demonstrated role of impurities, in being in some way responsible for allergic patch test reactions, may have more general applications and implications. 6.6. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed, and it is emphasized that further laboratory and clinical studies will be necessary to ascertain both the clinical and commercial applications of the present results and their wider theoretical significance.
Final states with a visible $$\bar K$$ 0 in K − d interactions at 3.4 GeV/c

K−d interactions at 3.4 GeV/c have been investigated for the neutron target and coherent deuteron reactions in which a \(\bar K\)0-meson is produced. The cross-sections, effective masses, and angular distributions are presented. The dominant feature for all final states is the significant production of the K*(890). The spin-density matrices of the K*(890) and Δ(1238) for the \(\bar K\)0π−n final state indicate that a vector-meson exchange is an important mechanism.
Sound and Ultrasound

Sound plays two important roles in medicine and biology: animals hear sound and thereby sense what is happening in their environment, and physicians use high-frequency sound waves called ultrasound to image structures inside the body. We first derive the wave equation governing the propagation of sound, and then discuss the many properties of waves including frequency, wavelength, the speed of sound, the acoustic impedance, the intensity, and attenuation measured by the decibel scale. We review the anatomy of the ear and describe how hearing occurs. We then analyze how physicians use ultrasound imaging for medical diagnosis, including piezoelectric transducers, pulse echo techniques, and Doppler imaging.
Growth of Salmonella on sprouting alfalfa seeds as affected by the inoculum size, native microbial load and Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79.

Aims: To investigate the growth of salmonellae on sprouting alfalfa seeds as affected by the inoculum size, microbial load and Pseudomonas fluorescens 2–79. Methods and Results: Alfalfa seeds pre-inoculated with ≤101–103 CFU g−1 of salmonellae and with or without Ps. fluorescens 2–79 were sprouted in glass jars and the population of salmonellae were determined daily for up to 6 days. The population of salmonellae on germinating seeds reached the maximum 2–3 days after sprouting when total bacterial count reached the maximum (109 CFU g−1). The population of salmonellae on sprouting seeds not treated with Ps. fluorescens 2–79 showed a net increase of 3–4 log units. However, the population of salmonellae on alfalfa seeds treated with Ps. fluorescens 2–79 showed a net increase of only 1–2 log units. Disinfection of seeds with calcium hypochlorite enhanced the growth of salmonellae. Conclusions: Treatment of seeds with Ps. fluorescens 2–79 reduced the growth of salmonellae by 2–3 log units. Significance and Impact of the Study: The potential of Ps. fluorescens 2–79 as a biological agent for use in control of salmonellae on sprouting seeds was demonstrated and warrants further investigation.
Stability in Celestial Mechanics

Fundamental ideas of stability, emphasizing applications to celestial mechanics and to dynamics are reviewed. The over-all applicability of stability unifies several fields of sciences, nevertheless, the selection of the appropriate definitions, conditions and disturbances to a variety of problems requires careful evaluation. In this paper several general ideas of stability research are discussed after establishing a few basic concepts. The lectures concentrate on the future stability research along the lines of qualitative and quantitative concepts and measures, emphasizing non-integrable dynamical systems which are intimately connected with celestial mechanics.
Pyrgoma kuri Hoek, 1913: a case study in morphology and systematics of a symbiotic coral barnacle (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha)

The systematics of pyrgomatids, stemming from the early 1800’s, has traditionally been based on the number of plates making up the wall (six, four or one) and specializations in the opercular plates. A recent study of the related bryozobiines focused attention on detailed structural modifications of the basis, which we now find also applies to some highly derived pyrgomatids and an archaeobalanine. Reexamination of the Indonesian coral barnacle Pyrgoma kuri Hoek, 1913 has revealed previously unknown morphological features, including separable opercular plates, a true tergal spur, and a basis lined with ladder to arch-like calcareous structures covering “atrial passageways”. Thus, the present study expands our knowledge of such specializations and our understanding of the evolution and relationships of the derived pyrgomatids as well as the archaeobalanines and bryozobiines. The complex modifications of the basis found in these three groups evidently function as an avenue for chemical mediation of growth between the barnacle and its host. Although monophyly of the archaeobalanines and bryozobiines based on such structures is possible, there is no obvious connection between them and the few derived pyrgomatids in which these features occur. There is apparently a propensity toward such modifications in archaeobalanids resulting in parallel evolution in association with distinctly different hosts (e.g., sponges, corals and bryozoans).
Coherent acoustic phonons in InGaN multiple quantum wells

Summary form only given. Coherent bulk and zone folded longitudinal acoustic phonons were generated in InGaN MQWs using impulsive optical techniques. It was observed that the frequency of the oscillations was changed by the changing quantum well period. The bulk phonon transport in the MQW region and reflection from the surface were measured.
Will Pigs Fly Before Ceramics Do

Abstract : The objective of the IDA study was to assess the feasibility of using current technology ceramic rotating components in an advanced turbofan engine core, to determine the associated risks of doing so, and to identify and recommend materials development activities which would best address those risks. Both monolithic and ceramic matrix composites (CMC) materials were considered, and the study also took into consideration the use of ceramics in adjoining static components. The scope of this study included fact-finding discussions with knowledgeable personnel from the Military Services, NASA, FAA, DOE, U.S. aeropropulsion and power turbine companies, advanced (ceramic) materials companies, and universities on advanced turbine engine cycle concepts, manufacturing processes, and the current general state of acceptance of ceramics in turbine engines. An IDA-developed technology maturation assessment methodology was applied to the ceramics data where appropriate.
Structural Differences in Electronically Mediated Ultimatum Negotiations: How Negotiation Role and Awareness of Alternatives Influence Customer Outcomes

Bargaining activities now often take place electronically. Many travel-related exchanges occur through discount intermediaries such as Priceline and Hotwire, who offer customers opportunities to acquire travel-related items at reduced cost; in return customers give up prior knowledge regarding what hotel or airline will provide them service. We examine the bidding behavior and subjective reactions of customers who experience different intermediary structures, and different numbers of alternatives. Subjects participated in an electronic simulation to purchase a hotel room for a future trip. The task structure varied: Subjects were either in the role of offerer (providing a specific price for the hotel, which the intermediary then accepted or rejected) or acceptor (receiving a specific price for the hotel from the intermediary, which the subject then accepted or rejected). In addition, the intermediary provided them with one or three potential hotels from which to choose. Our results call into question some of the assumptions inherent in the ultimatum bargaining literature, such as the belief that participants prefer to be in the role of offerer, as in our context we find that participants prefer to be in the role of the acceptor. We discuss this and other findings related to our manipulations and to characteristics of the participants (such as self-efficacy and uncertainty avoidance).
Increased low density lipoprotein and increased likelihood of positive prostate biopsy in black americans.

Purpose: Differences in prostate cancer incidence, grade and stage at diagnosis, and survival in black vs nonblack men are well documented. Recent studies indicate that lipids may have a role in oncogenesis, including that of prostate cancer. We investigated the relationship between circulating lipids in black and nonblack patients, and newly diagnosed prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The study population included consecutive patients who underwent prostate biopsy for increased prostate specific antigen and/or abnormal digital rectal examination at Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Age, race, prostate specific antigen, prostate volume, body mass index, family history, high and low density lipoprotein, triglyceride and cholesterol lowering medications were included in data analysis.Results: A total of 1,775 men with complete information were included in data analysis. A total of 521 black and 451 white men had positive biopsies. Using 100 mg/dl or less as the referent the adjusted OR reflectin...
Theory of a lossless nonlinear Fabry-Perot interferometer

A Fabry-Perot interferometer filled with a medium whose refractive index depends upon intensity has a multiple-valued transmission-vs-intensity characteristic. When the incident light is circularly polarized, and the nonlinearity is only cubic in the fields, Maxwell's equations may be solved exactly for the plane-parallel resonator field in terms of elliptic functions. An accurate approximate analysis is given for more general cases, including resonators with spherical mirrors and finite beams, where self-focusing is important. The theory is developed to yield design information for operation as an optical switch, "transistor," and power limiter.
Oxidative stress resistance in Porphyromonas gingivalis

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a black-pigmented, Gram-negative anaerobe, is an important etiologic agent of periodontal disease. The harsh inflammatory condition of the periodontal pocket implies that this organism has properties that will facilitate its ability to respond and adapt to oxidative stress. Because the stress response in the pathogen is a major determinant of its virulence, a comprehensive understanding of its oxidative stress resistance strategy is vital. We discuss multiple mechanisms and systems that clearly work in synergy to defend and protect P. gingivalis against oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The involvement of multiple hypothetical proteins and/or proteins of unknown function in this process may imply other unique mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
Ethical Ambiguities in Participatory Action Research With Unauthorized Migrants

There is increased recognition of the importance of well-designed scholarship on how immigration status and policies impact migrants in the United States, including those who are unauthorized. Some researchers have looked to community-based and participatory methods to develop trust, place migrants’ voices at the forefront, and engage collaboratively in using research as a tool for social change. This article reviews three ethical ambiguities that emerged in the process of a series of participatory action research (PAR) projects with migrants in the United States, many of whom were unauthorized. Specifically, three themes are discussed: (a) the tension between the human desire to respond to injustices, and the challenges of doing so in ways that recognize one’s privilege and power as an outsider and supports the migrants’ agency and autonomy; (b) the complex definition, explanation, and dimensions of “risk”; and (c) the complexity of using a methodology (PAR) that prioritizes participants’ collective iden...
DNA adduction by phenol, hydroquinone, or benzoquinone in vitro but not in vivo: nuclease P1-enhanced 32P-postlabeling of adducts as labeled nucleoside bisphosphates, dinucleotides and nucleoside monophosphates.

The carcinogenicity of benzene has been considered to be in part mediated by its chemically reactive metabolic product benzoquinone (BQ), which is formed from the intermediary metabolites phenol and hydroquinone (HQ). We have evaluated the DNA-binding capability of these chemicals in vitro and in vivo by postlabeling. Treatment of rat Zymbal glands in culture with phenol and HQ or direct reaction of BQ with DNA produced DNA adducts, which were detectable by the nuclease P1-enhanced 32P-postlabeling assay as 5'-32P-labeled 3',5'-bisphosphate products. The enhancement of sensitivity in this assay is based on the previous finding that nuclease P1 hydrolyzes the phosphate attached to the 3' side of normal nucleotides but not the corresponding phosphate of most aromatic/bulky adducted nucleotides. Also based on this hydrolytic property of nuclease P1, we developed an additional sensitive procedure that permitted the detection of DNA lesions as 5'-32P-labeled products of dinucleotides, pXpN, or of nucleoside monophosphates, pX, where X and N indicate an adducted nucleoside and a normal nucleoside respectively. In the latter assay, adducted DNA was first digested with nuclease P1 and acid phosphatase to yield XpN and N. The latter were then 32P-labeled to yield [5'-32P] pXpN or 32P-labeled and treated with venom phosphodiesterase to obtain [5'-32P]pX. After optimization of enzymatic conditions, the modified nuclease P1 assay yielded adduct recoveries similar to those obtained by the bisphosphate assay for in vitro phenol-, HQ- and BQ-DNA adducts. Neither of the nuclease P1-enhanced postlabeling procedures showed exposure-specific adducts in vivo in the bone marrow, Zymbal gland, liver and spleen of female Sprague-Dawley rats at 24 h after the last of four single, daily p.o. doses of 75 mg/kg phenol or 150 mg/kg phenol/HQ (1:1). Our results show that phenol, HQ and BQ produce adducts in vitro, but corresponding adducts are not detected in vivo with phenol and phenol/HQ, even when measured by the standard and modified nuclease P1 postlabeling methods capable of detecting 1 adduct in 10(9-10) DNA bases.
Flat Pseudo-Reimannian manifolds with a nilpotent transitive group of isometries

Flat pseudo-Riemannian manifolds with a nilpotent transitive group of isometries are shown to be complete. Also flat pseudo-Riemannian homogeneous manifolds with non-trivial holonomy are shown to contain a complete geodesic.
Semi-supervised learning to rank with preference regularization

We propose a semi-supervised learning to rank algorithm. It learns from both labeled data (pairwise preferences or absolute labels) and unlabeled data. The data can consist of multiple groups of items (such as queries), some of which may contain only unlabeled items. We introduce a preference regularizer favoring that similar items are similar in preference to each other. The regularizer captures manifold structure in the data, and we also propose a rank-sensitive version designed for top-heavy retrieval metrics including NDCG and mean average precision.The regularizer is employed in SSLambdaRank, a semi-supervised version of LambdaRank. This algorithm directly optimizes popular retrieval metrics and improves retrieval accuracy over LambdaRank, a state-of-the-art ranker that was used as part of the winner of the Yahoo! Learning to Rank challenge 2010. The algorithm runs in linear time in the number of queries, and can work with huge datasets.
Explaining national environmental performance: approaches, evidence, and implications

Since environmental problems rose to prominence in the last third of the twentieth century, they have been a major area of policy for national governments. A large body of research has explored the explanations for different levels of environmental policy performance among countries. This article begins with a discussion of approaches to measuring national performance before reviewing and assessing four categories of explanations in the literature, which may be summarized in four questions: (1) What are the relationships between economic growth and environmental protection? (2) Do democratic regimes have advantages over more authoritarian ones in adopting effective policies and reducing harm? (3) Do such institutional characteristics as pluralism or neo-corporatism and federalism affect a nation’s ability to deal with environmental problems? (4) Are there institutional or societal capacities or relationships within or among nations that may explain policy success? By adopting a broad perspective on the literature on national environmental performance, the article is able to explore and compare the principal findings of these categories of research and assess the relationships among them.
Distributed tries for load balancing in peer-to-peer systems

In structured peer-to-peer (p2p) systems, distributed hash tables (DHTs) often partition the ID space into disjoint intervals with each interval assigned to the corresponding node. While nodes join and leave dynamically, one of the hard challenges posed by DHTs is load balancing across the ID space. Tries are known to be a viable data structure such that a balanced trie implies balanced intervals in the ID space. We establish a distributed trie as a deployable overlay network that connects the IDs of participating nodes. We propose a decentralized, efficient, and low-cost algorithm that balances ID intervals in DHTs using the trie. Our scheme allows a node to join or leave the system at a low cost, R + Θ(log log n), where R denotes the message routing cost in DHTs and n is the number of nodes. Compared to the prior ID assignment schemes that require R + Θ(log n) at best for the same operations, our new algorithm reduces the additional cost incurred to maintain the ID space balanced by a factor of Θ(log n/log log n). In our analysis and experiments, we show that the ID space is indeed well-balanced such that the ratio between the largest interval and the smallest is at most 8 with high probability. Finally, we discuss applications of the distributed trie to item load balancing and the multiple choice paradigm.