cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research article: life history and host range of Prochoerodes onustaria, an unsuitable classical biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree

ABSTRACTThe life history and host range of the South American defoliator Prochoerodes onustaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) were examined to determine its suitability as a classical biological control agent of the invasive weed Brazilian Peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia, in the U.S.A. Larvae were collected feeding on S. terebinthifolia in Brazil and were colonised and tested in quarantine. Life history observations indicated that 54% (n = 63) of larvae reared on S. terebinthifolia leaves survived to adulthood and 65% of adults (n = 34) required five instars. Development time from eclosion to adult did not differ by sex: males required 42.9 ± 1.1 days and females required 41.1 ± 0.9 days. No-choice host range tests were conducted on 11 species in two families (Anacardiaceae and Sapindaceae), including U.S.A. native, commercial, and ornamental species. Larvae completed development on all species, although survival differed significantly among them. Larvae fed Anacardium occidentale, Cotinus coggygria, Dod...
The Demographic Dividend: A Potential Surplus Generated by a Demographic Transition

The Demographic Dividend (DD) is currently one of the most scrutinized issues in the field of development studies. The key question is whether sub-Saharan Africa is going to experience a DD in the near future. Some forecast an imminent DD and focus on what should be done by the sub-Saharan African countries to reap its maximum benefits. Others are less optimistic, and focus on what should be done to ensure that a DD could effectively happen. However, in both cases, most authors do not take time to explain what the DD is. And when they do, they define the DD by its formative process, but fail to explain what the DD is made of. In this chapter, we first attempt to provide a detailed and exhaustive definition of the DD, knowing that this “phenomenon” is economic by nature but generated by a demographic process, i.e., a demographic transition. In the second part, we discuss the probability that a DD will occur in sub-Saharan Africa in the near future. Our findings show that the window of opportunity is not ready to open up in two of the three sub-Saharan regions of this study. Unless these regions implement several drastic changes in the near future, the sub-Saharan African DD will never have the size, and therefore the impact, of its East Asian equivalent.
Development of on-orbit predictions for the middeck active control experiment

Abstract The modeling and control design issues associated with a change in the operating environment are discussed for the Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE): a Shuttle program scheduled for flight on STS-67, January 1995. MACE has been designed to investigate the extent to which the on-orbit behavior of flexible spacecraft can be predicted and controlled using analysis and ground testing. A refined finite element model is used to predict the on-orbit structural dynamics, and several techniques for developing on-orbit error models are discussed. Preliminary closed-loop results predict a 25 dB performance improvement using current error models extrapolated from previous experiments.
Path-following control of small fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems with H∞ type performance

Abstract The focus of this paper is on the design of path-following controllers for a small fixed-wing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) using the H ∞ robust control framework. The robust controllers are synthesized based on a lumped path-following and UAS dynamics formulation, effectively combining the six degree-of-freedom aircraft dynamics with the established parallel transport frame virtual vehicle dynamics. Two path-following controllers with a conventional cascaded architecture consisting of an outer guidance loop and an inner stabilization loop are also considered as points of reference. The robustness and performance of these controllers are tested in a rigorous MATLAB simulation environment that includes steady winds, turbulence, measurement noise, and time delays. Finally, flight experiments are conducted on a small fixed-wing UAS platform, and the controllers are compared in terms of tracking performance, control effort, and ease of implementation.
Sex differences in associations of cardio-ankle vascular index with left ventricular function and geometry

The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a measure of global arterial stiffness. We hypothesized that CAVI is associated with left ventricular (LV) function and geometry in individuals without structural heart disease. We measured CAVI in 600 participants (mean age 60.3±14.6 years, 54% men) without history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease who were referred for transthoracic echocardiography. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of CAVI with LV function (peak mitral annular systolic s' and early diastolic velocity e') and structure (LV mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT)). Older age, male sex, lower body mass index, history of hypertension, diabetes and chronic kidney disease were each associated with a higher CAVI (adjusted R2 = 0.56, all p 0.1 in men). In conclusion, a higher CAVI, a measure of global arterial stiffness, is associated with worse LV systolic function, worse diastolic relaxation, and greater LV RWT in both men and women, and with LVMI in women.
A review of Stenocolus scutellaris LeConte, 1853 (Coleoptera: Eulichadidae), with notes on distribution, morphology and life history

The life cycle of Stenocolus scutellaris includes oviposition in summer, larval growth and overwintering for at least two years, pupation in late spring and adult emergence in summer. the larval food mainly includes FPOM, shredded wood, algal filaments and associated debris; adults do not feed. The geographic distribution is in California's Central Valley counties, in the Sacramento/San Joaquin River systems. Various parts of the morphology of the egg, larva, pupa and adult are described and illustrated. The larval “gills” are shown to be osmoregulatory structures, not respiratory structures.
Beating swords into croziers: warrior bishops in the kingdom of Castile, c.1158–1214

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the prevalence of armsbearing bishops in the kingdom of Castile during the reign of Alfonso VIII (r.1158–1214). It suggests that recent work by scholars whose research focuses on regions such as England, France and the Holy Roman Empire needs to be contextualised within a much broader survey of the phenomenon. To achieve that goal, this paper examines the evidence of armsbearing bishops in the frontier kingdom of Castile, and demonstrates the ways in which the frameworks established by some scholars need to be adjusted to fit the larger medieval reality experienced across Latin Christendom.
Surfactant Copolymer Annealing of Chemically Permeabilized Cell Membranes

Structural breakdown of the cell membrane is a primary mediator in trauma-induced tissue necrosis. When membrane disruption exceeds intrinsic membrane sealing processes, biocompatible multi-block amphiphilic copolymer surfactants such as Poloxamer 188 (P188) have been found to be effective in catalyze or augment sealing. Although in living cells copolymer-induced sealing of membrane defects has been detected by changes in membrane transport properties, it has not been directly imaged. In this project, we used Atomic force microscopy (AFM) to directly image saponin permeabilized and poloxamer-sealed plasma membranes of monolayer-cultured MDCK and 3T3 fibroblasts. AFM image analysis resulted in the density and diameter ranges for membrane indentations per 5 × 5 μm area. For control, saponin lysed, and P188 treatment of saponin-lysed membranes, the supra-threshold indentation density was 3.6 ± 2.8, 13.8 ± 6.7, and 4.9 ± 3.3/cell, respectively. These results indicated that P188 catalyzed reduction in size of AFM indentations which correlated with increase cell survival. This evidence confirms that biocompatible surfactant P188 augments natural cell membrane sealing capability when intrinsic processes are incapable alone. The fundamental purpose of this study was to compare the topography of living mammalian cell membranes before and after detergent disruption using direct atomic force microscope (AFM) measurement membrane surface topography. Because increased roughness was observed, as reflected in greater depth and diameter of AFM tip indentations, the effect of Poloxamer 188 (P188, ~ 9 kDa) on the membrane was investigated. P188 is a copolymer surfactant that is known to seal disrupted pure lipid bilayer membranes. We observed that P188 reduced the roughness disrupted cell membranes consistent with defect sealing. The pure hydrophilic (10 kDa) neutral polyethylene glycol did not induce sealing. Future investigation will focus on optimizing the molecular design of block copolymer surfactants to maximize their membrane sealing efficacy. The optimal structure or membrane sealing is likely to be cell phenotype specific.
Cray Performance Analysis Tools

The basic purpose of application performance tools, are to help the user identify whether or not their application is running efficiently on the computing resources available. However, the increasing system software and architecture complexity, as well as the scale of the current and future high end supercomputers, bring a new set of challenges to today’s performance tools. In order to be able to achieve high performance on these peta-scale computing systems, users need a new infrastructure for performance analysis that can handle the challenges associated with heterogeneous architectures with multiple levels of parallelism, hundreds of thousands of computing elements, and novel programming paradigms. In this paper we present the Cray Performance Analysis Tools, which is set on an evolutionary path to address the application performance analysis challenges associated with these massive computing systems.
Segnali comuni, sintomi e risposte psicologiche alla crisi (emotive, cognitive e comportamentali)

Quando si trova a confronto con una minaccia, sia essa alla salute fisica o all’equilibrio emotivo, il sistema di difesa del nostro corpo reagisce, mettendo in pratica quello che Cannon (1915) chiamo la risposta di “lotta o fuga”. La risposta fisiologica allo stress e/o alla crisi e data dal battito accelerato del cuore nel torace, dall’irrigidimento dei muscoli, dal respiro piu veloce, dall’accentuata attivazione di ogni senso. La risposta di “lotta o fuga” allo stress e una reazione a catena di processi biologici che funzionano per aiutare la sopravvivenza dell’individuo. Questi processi sono stati presenti durante tutta l’evoluzione del genere umano e sono responsabili della sopravvivenza della specie. Quando viene avvertito il pericolo, una piccola parte del cervello chiamata ipotalamo stimola un allarme chimico. Il sistema nervoso simpatico risponde rilasciando un’ondata di ormoni dello stress tra cui adrenalina, norepinefrina, e cortisolo; gli ormoni dello stress corrono attraverso il flusso sanguigno, rendendoci pronti a scappare da una situazione pericolosa o a prepararci per la battaglia (Aguilera e Messick, 1982; Burgess e Roberts, 2005).
Neuromuscular excitability changes in the vastus medialis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose: Quadriceps weakness following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is prevalent despite intensive rehabilitation. Diminished neuromuscular excitability is one potential factor that may limit muscular recovery following injury or surgery. The H-reflex provides a measure of alpha motorneuron (neuromuscular) excitability in the sensory-motor pathway of the respective muscle and nerve. To date the vastus medialis (VM) and soleus (SOL) H-reflexes have been examined primarily in control subjects with induced knee joint effusion. This prospective, randomized clinical trial evaluated the affect of ACLR, utilizing hamsting (HS) or bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft, on VM and SOL H-reflex latency and amplitude in twenty subjects. Methods: Preoperatively bilateral VM and SOL H-reflex tests were conducted. VM and SOL H-reflexes were subsequently conducted on the involved lower extremity at 1 and 3 months post surgery. At each test session subjects completed visual analog scales and knee girth was measured. Results: The VM H-reflex amplitude increased in the HS group at 3 months compared to 1-month post surgery (p<.05 ). Significant changes over time were also noted in the visual analog pain and functional scales and the mid-patella girth. Conclusions: The increased VM H-reflex amplitude at 3 months following HS autograft ACLR demonstrates an increase in VM neuromuscular excitability. Increased VM neuromuscular excitability was not evident in patients following BTB reconstruction. The increased neuromuscular excitability, observed only in the HS group, warrants consideration when selecting graft type for patients with extensive preoperative quadriceps dysfunction.
Exploring stable, sub-ambient temperatures in mechanochemistry via a diverse set of enantioselective reactions

Recently developed capabilities for performing mechanochemistry below ambient temperatures offer an opportunity for strengthening the fundamental understanding of energetics in mechanochemical systems. We continue exploring these fundamentals by applying a unique reactor modification to reactions both new and old in mechanochemical literature, looking back in one case to explain observations made more than ten years ago. Our investigation includes proline-catalyzed aldol reactions; enantioselective multicomponent reactions between an aldehyde, an amine and an alkyne; and Diels Alder reactions. Results indicate that the new system allows for independent control of temperature and frequency effects, which are often conflated and can make interpretation challenging or impossible. Implications for the field of mechanochemistry are broad, and they are especially pertinent with respect to reactor and experimental design for both mechanochemical kinetic studies and reaction discovery. Furthermore, we introduce the term “mixability coefficient,” which describes the ease of interparticle mixing, which will dictate the relative frequency dependence of the reaction rate.
Caring for the Undocumented: A View From the Safety Net.

I have spent all of my 30-plus-year career as a family physician in safety-net settings. For the past 25 years, I have seen patients, worked as a residency educator and administrator, been Chief of...
Building analytics and monitoring-based commissioning: industry practice, costs, and savings

As building energy and system-level monitoring becomes more common, facility teams are faced with an overwhelming amount of data. This data does not typically lead to insights, corrective actions, and energy savings unless it is stored, organized, analyzed, and prioritized in automated ways. The Smart Energy Analytics Campaign is a public-private sector partnership program focused on supporting commercially available energy management and information systems (EMIS) technology use and monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx) practices. MBCx is an ongoing commissioning process with focus on analyzing large amounts of data on a continuous basis. EMIS tools are used in the MBCx process to organize, present, visualize, and analyze the data. With campaign data from over 400 million square feet (sq. ft.) of installed space, this paper presents the results achieved by owners that are implementing EMIS, along with associated technology costs. The study’s EMIS users that reported savings achieved the median cost savings of $0.19/sq. ft. and 7% annually, with savings shown to increase over time. For 35 portfolio owners, the median base cost to install an EMIS was $0.03/sq. ft., with an annual recurring software cost of $0.02/sq. ft. and an estimated annual labor cost of $0.03/sq. ft. Two types of EMIS systems—energy information systems and fault detection and diagnostic systems—are defined in the body of the paper. Of the two, we find that fault detection and diagnostic systems have both higher savings and higher costs. The paper offers a characterization of EMIS products, MBCx services, and trends in the industry.
Pseudouridine synthase 7 impacts Candida albicans rRNA processing and morphological plasticity

RNA can be modified in over 100 distinct ways, and these modifications are critical for function. Pseudouridine synthases catalyse pseudouridylation, one of the most prevalent RNA modifications. Pseudouridine synthase 7 modifies a variety of substrates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae including tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and mRNA, but the substrates for other budding yeast Pus7 homologues are not known. We used CRISPR-mediated genome editing to disrupt Candida albicans PUS7 and find absence leads to defects in rRNA processing and a decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, C. albicans Pus7 absence causes temperature sensitivity, defects in filamentation, altered sensitivity to antifungal drugs, and decreased virulence in a wax moth model. In addition, we find C. albicans Pus7 modifies tRNA residues, but does not modify a number of other S. cerevisiae Pus7 substrates. Our data suggests C. albicans Pus7 is important for fungal vigour and may play distinct biological roles than those ascribed to S. cerevisiae Pus7.
Price Prediction of Cryptocurrency: An Empirical Study.

Cryptocurrency has high volatility in market price since its inception. Existing works have explored different models to predict cryptocurrency prices. However, the accuracy is not satisfactory. In this paper, we conduct empirical study on the price forecasting. Firstly, we quantify the entropy and the conditional entropy of cryptocurrencies and stocks, respectively, and find that cryptocurrencies are more difficult to predict than stocks. Secondly, we evaluate various perspectives, including Twitter volume, Twitter sentiment and CNN-LSTM price prediction. Empirical results demonstrated the randomness in price validity, thus no single method is robust enough for cryptocurrency price prediction.
The Ethics of Photojournalism in the Digital Age: by Miguel F. Santos Silva and Scott A. Eldridge II, Milton Park, UK, Routledge, 2020, 162 pp., $41.20 (pbk), ISBN-13: 978-1138586307

The digitization of photography compels practitioners and scholars to rethink stale analog-photography based ethics. In The Ethics of Photojournalism in the Digital Age, Miguel F. Santos Silva and ...
Artificial Intelligence in Food Industry

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that deals with intelligent machines. AI algorithms, such as machine learning and deep learning, are most commonly used to make intelligent predictions. The application of AI in the food and beverage industry is already transforming the way we think about food production, food manufacturing, food processing, food quality, food delivery, and food consumption. This paper provides an introduction on the applications of AI in food and beverage industry
"If I Could Turn Back Time": Female and Male Reflections on Their Initial Experience of Coitus

Using a mixed methods approach this study compared young people’s reflections on their initial experience of coitus, exploring similarities and differences from a gender perspective, with regard to a reported desire to change, or not change, any aspect of the event. The sample population was comprised of 318 university students in the northeastern region of the United States (women n = 200, men n = 118). Thematic analysis was used to evaluate the open-ended question, “If you could go back in time to your first sexual intercourse, would you want to change anything? If so, what would you change and why?” Responses were subsequently transformed into quantitative measures for additional analyses. T-tests or chi-square tests were conducted to evaluate gender differences. Notable findings included a majority of both males (66.95%) and females (54.00%) reporting they would not want to change anything about their first coital experience. Among respondents who reported a desired change the three primary desired change themes were partner (15.72%), age (8.18%), and location (5.03%), although the percentages differed by gender. Qualitative responses to the most frequently reported desired change categories are presented to contextualize the quantitative data. The novelty of understanding what young people would change about their first sexual intercourse provides important contextual information to the research on the feelings experienced at first coitus.
Clinical Trials, Potential Mechanisms, and Adverse Effects of Arnica as an Adjunct Medication for Pain Management

Arnica has traditionally been used in treating numerous medical conditions, including inflammation and pain. This review aims to summarize the results of studies testing Arnica products for pain management under different conditions, including post-operation, arthritis, low back pain, and other types of musculoskeletal pain. Based on data from clinical trials, Arnica extract or gel/cream containing Arnica extract shows promising effects for pain relief. These medical benefits of Arnica may be attributed to its chemical components, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, and other biological activities. In conclusion, Arnica could be an adjunct therapeutical approach for acute and chronic pain management.
Texts and the self in the twelfth century

Texts and the Self in the Twelfth Century analyses key twelfth-century Latin and vernacular texts which articulate a subjective, often autobiographical, stance. The contention is that the self forged in medieval literature could not have come into existence without both the gap between Latinity and the vernacular and a shift in perspective towards a visual and spatial orientation. This results in a self which is not an agent that will act on the outside world like the Renaissance self, but, rather, one which inhabits a potential, middle ground, or 'space of agency', explained here partly in terms of object-relations theory.
Differential regulation of T cell responses and disease severity by mycoplasma and its superantigen in autoimmune diabetic mouse (BA15P.228)

Infection has been extensively documented as a serious problem causing high mortality and morbidity in diabetic populations. M. arthritidis produces a potent superantigen (SAg) MAM, which has been shown to be at least partially responsible for the septic shock induced in certain susceptible mouse strains. In the present study, we have investigated how diabetic immune cells respond to the M. arthritidis and MAM SAg. By using two well-defined animal models of diabetes, STZ and NOD mice, we found that STZ mice infected with M. arthritidis developped severe lethal toxicity and the immune cells predominantly produces pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-1β, chemokines CCR2/4 and Tbx21, a Th1-related transcription factor; while MAM-activated T cells from NOD mice display a mixture of Th1 and Th17 profiles which are associated with the elevated levels of ICOS molecule and a unique transcription factor LSF (tcfcp2). Since ERK, a signaling protein of MAPK family, is reported to be responsible for the phosphorylation of LSF in T cell activation, thus we propose a novel ERK-LSF-ICOS signaling cascade that is required for the Th1/Th17 development in NOD mice in response to MAM. Our findings further suggest that the inhibition of these molecules might be potentially therapeutic in the alleviation of mortality and morbidity in diabetic individuals with severe infections.
Foliar biofertilizer applied in cover fertilization in the production of lettuce cv. Veronica

El uso de biofertilizantespor via foliar puede ser utilizado como abono suplementario aplicado en el suelo y en la correccionmas rapida de posibles deficiencias. Debido a este hecho, esta practica ha sido cada vez mas utilizada por los agricultores en los cultivos de especies horticolas, especialmente las de hojas tiernas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeno de las plantas de lechuga (cv. Veronica) en respuesta a la dosis de bio-fertilizante aplicados a diferentes concentraciones en las hojas. El experimento se llevo a cabo en el diseno de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones y cada parcela constaba de 64 plantas. Los tratamientos consistieron en bio-fertilizante foliar aplicado en solucion a concentraciones: 0%, 10%, 20% y 30% de los bio-fertilizantes. Las caracteristicas evaluadas fueron: diametro de la cabeza (DCAB), numero de hojas (NF), altura de planta (ALT) y masa fresca total de la parte aerea (MFTPA). No hubo efecto de las concentraciones de bio-fertilizantes en el DCAB. NF, ALT y MFTPA fueron alterados por las concentraciones de bio-fertilizantes, destacando la concentracion del 20% que favorecio la expresion de estas caracteristicas.
Autistic Behavior in Young Boys with Fragile X Syndrome.

A sample of 57 boys with fragile X syndrome (fraX) between the ages of 24 and 133 months was rated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) to assess the extent to which autism and autistic features were evident in a young population. Fourteen subjects (approximately 25% of the sample) scored above the cutoff for autism, suggesting a relatively high incidence of autistic behavior. All but 2 of these 14 were in the mildly or moderately autistic range, however, and only a few items received severe ratings, suggesting that severe autism is relatively rare in fraX, at least during the early years. The CARS resulted in a continuum of autistic ratings in the fraX population, but no particular items on the CARS contributed disproportionately to autism ratings. A visual comparison of ratings on an autistic, non-fraX sample revealed similar profiles of ratings, suggesting that differentiating fraX and autism on the basis of CARS ratings is not likely. Within the fraX group, chronological age and socioeconomic status did not correlate with CARS ratings, but severity of delay was strongly related, such that more severely delayed children scored higher (more autistic) on the CARS.
Out-of-pocket health care costs among older Americans.

Objectives. Despite Medicare, elderly persons are exposed to substantial out-of-pocket health care cost burdens. As Medicare reform proposals are considered, it is important to determine the current size, distribution, and burden of these expenditures. Methods. Data from the 1995 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey were used to analyze out-of-pocket expenditures and their burden in relation to income; the proportion of total health care expenditures paid out-of-pocket; and the role of pharmacy, hospital, physician, and other services in overall out-of-pocket spending. Results. Expenditures averaged 19.0% of income, for full-year Medicare beneficiaries alive during all of 1995. In bivariate analyses, higher-burden subgroups included those in poor health (28.5% of income), older than age 85 (22.4%), and with income in the lowest quintile (31.5%, despite Medicaid coverage for some). Those relying on fee-for-service Medicare only (23.0%) or with self-purchased supplemental insurance (25.5%) experienced more burden than those with employer-sponsored coverage or in HMDs. In multivariate analyses, functional impairment, number of medical conditions, self-perceived health and privately-purchased supplemental coverage were each associated with higher out-of-pocket burden, while HMO participation was associated with lower burden. Out-of-pocket expenditures averaged 15.2% of total health care expenditures with the proportion highest (22.6%) for those with no supplemental coverage. More than half of out-of-pocket payments for health care services were for prescription drugs and dental services. Discussion. Out-of-pocket cost burdens fall most heavily on those with chronic health conditions and without employersubsidized supplemental coverage or Medicaid. Impact of Medicare reform proposals on these subgroups needs to be carefully evaluated.
Evolution of anthozoan polyp retraction mechanisms: convergent functional morphology and evolutionary allometry of the marginal musculature in order Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia)

Retraction is among the most important basic behaviors of anthozoan Cnidaria polyps and is achieved through the coordinated contraction of at least six different muscle groups. Across the Anthozoa, these muscles range from unrecognizable atrophies to massive hypertrophies, producing a wide diversity of retraction abilities and functional morphologies. The marginal musculature is often the single largest component of the retraction mechanism and is composed of a diversity of muscular, attachment, and structural features. Although the arrangements of these features have defined the higher taxonomy of Zoanthidea for more than 100 years, a decade of inferring phylogenies from nucleotide sequences has demonstrated fundamental misconceptions of their evolution. Here we expand the diversity of known marginal muscle forms from two to at least ten basic states and reconstruct the evolution of its functional morphology across the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny available. We demonstrate that the evolution of these forms follows a series of transitions that are much more complex than previously hypothesized and converge on similar forms multiple times. Evolution of the marginal musculature and its attachment and support structures are partially scaled according to variation in polyp and muscle size, but also vary through evolutionary allometry. Although the retraction mechanisms are diverse and their evolutionary histories complex, their morphologies are largely reflective of the evolutionary relationships among Zoanthidea higher taxa and may offer a key feature for integrative systematics. The convergence on similar forms across multiple linages of Zoanthidea mirrors the evolution of the marginal musculature in another anthozoan order (Actiniaria). The marginal musculature varies through evolutionary allometry of functional morphologies in response to requirements for additional force and resistance, and the specific ecological and symbiotic functions of individual taxa.
WHEN HAWKS GIVE RISE TO DOVES: THE EVOLUTION AND TRANSITION OF ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES

The question of how altruism can evolve despite its local disadvantage to selfishness has produced a wealth of theoretical and empirical research capturing the attention of scientists across disciplines for decades. One feature that has remained consistent through this outpouring of knowledge has been that researchers have looked to the altruists themselves for mechanisms by which altruism can curtail selfishness. An alternative perspective may be that just as altruists want to limit selfishness in the population, so may the selfish individuals themselves. These alternative perspectives have been most evident in the fairly recent development of enforcement strategies. Punishment can effectively limit selfishness in the population, but it is not free. Thus, when punishment evolves among altruists, the double costs of exploitation from cheaters and punishment make the evolution of punishment problematic. Here we show that punishment can more readily invade selfish populations when associated with selfishness, whereas altruistic punishers cannot. Thereafter, the establishment of altruism because of enforcement by selfish punishers provides the ideal invasion conditions for altruistic punishment, effectively creating a transition of punishment from selfishness to altruistic. Thus, from chaotic beginnings, a little hypocrisy may go a long way in the evolution and maintenance of altruism.
Lung cancer risk and vitamin A consumption in New Mexico.

The association between dietary intake of vitamin A and lung cancer risk was examined in a population-based, case-control study of 447 patients and 759 control subjects in New Mexico. A food freque...
Discrete shocks for difference approximations to systems of conservation laws

The existence of weak discrete shocks for a wide class of difference approximations to systems of conservation laws is proved. The difference schemes have to be conservative, kth order accurate, and, roughly speaking, (k + 1)th order dissipative, where k = 1 or 3. The proof makes use of the central manifold theorem for an implicit map and of the fact that the stable and unstable manifolds of the differential flow y^(^k^) = y^2 - 1 for k = 3 intersect transversally.
THE EFFECT OF SEROTONIN AND SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS ON EXTERNAL PANCREATIC SECRETION IN DOGS.

Summary Suppression of external pancreatic secretion in dogs was produced by exogenous serotonin (serotonin creatinine sulfate) despite constant secretin stimulation and despite vagotomy or atropine. Attempts to modify this response, and attempts to modify the similar response to intraduodenal hypertonic feedings, by pretreatment with a number of serotonin antagonists were unsuccessful. Possible mechanisms involved in these pancreatic responses are discussed.
Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus: A threat in the modern neonatal intensive care unit

Nosocomial Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Threat in the Modern Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Clinical Comparative Study of Cardiopulmonary Bypass with Nikkiso and BioMedicus Centrifugal Pumps

The Nikkiso centrifugal pump was evaluated in elective adult open heard surgery in comparison with the BioMedicus pump. Ten patients using the Nikkiso pump (Group N), and 10 patients using the BioMedicus pump (Group B) were examined for (or to determine) hemato-biologic parameters and patient outcome data as well as pump controllability. During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), both pumps maintained systemic perfusion satisfactorily without any mechanical adverse event. Rotation speed of the Nikkiso centrifugal pump (3,580 ± 100 rpm) was significantly higher than that of the BioMedicus pump (3,170 ± 100 rpm; p < 0.05) whereas changes in free plasma hemoglobin, platelet count, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels showed no significant differences between the two groups. Urine output in Group N for 30 min after the initiation of CPB (7.10 ± 1.50 ml/kg/h) was significantly higher than that in Group B (3.23 ± 0.46 ml/kg/h; p < 0.05). Patient outcome data were similar in both groups, such as duration of intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, postoperative intubation time, amount of postoperative bleeding, and amount of blood transfused. These equivalent results with the BioMedicus pump suggested that the Nikkiso pump can be used in open heart surgery as a reliable and atraumatic CPB pump.
The effects of thiopental sodium on fentanyl-induced muscle rigidity in a human model

Abstract Study Objective: To describe a safe human model in which to study the treatment of fentanyl-induced muscle rigidity and report on the of ficacy of thiopental sodium for this purpose. Design: Randomized, observer-blinded comparison of regimens. Setting: Inpatient surgery at a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Patients: Thirty patients scheduled for elective surgery in whom the administration of high-dose fentanyl was felt to be appropriate and who experienced severe muscle rigidity in the chest, abdomen, and upper extremities after the fentanyl was administered. Interventions: One arm was isolated from circulation with a blood pressure (BP) cuff inflated to 100 mmHg above systolic blood pressure (SBP), after which fentanyl 25 to 50 μg/kg was administered intravenously (IV) at a rate of 1 mg/min in the contralateral arm. If severe muscle rigidity became apparent in three muscle groups (the chest, abdomen, and arms), patients were either (1) observed for 3.5 minutes without further intervention, (2) given thiopental sodium 1.5 mg/kg IV, followed 120 seconds later by succinylcholine 1 mg/kg IV, or (3) given succinylcholine 1 mg/kg IV, followed 120 seconds later by thiopental sodium 1.5 mg/kg IV. Measurements and Main Results: A single observer, blinded to the technique, evaluated and recorded the degree of muscle rigidity present in the chest wall, abdomen, and upper extremities (one isolated from the circulation by a tourniquet) 90 seconds and 3.5 minutes after the onset of muscle rigidity in the control group and 90 seconds after the administration of either thiopental sodium or succinylcholine in the two experimental groups. The observer was the same individual in all instances. The muscle rigidity associated with the administration of high-dose fentanyl was clinically attenuated by the administration of thiopental sodium, especially in the extremities. Succinylcholine was more effective than thiopental sodium in producing muscle flaccidity in all muscle groups not isolated by a tourniquet. In no case did the muscle rigidity compromise our ability to oxygenate the patient adequately. Conclusions: Thiopental sodium does blunt the degree of muscle rigidity induced by high-dose fentanyl, though not as effectively as does succinylcholine. One can safely isolate an extremity prior to the administration of high-close fentanyl and a muscle relaxant, intubate the trachea, and ventilate a patient, while retaining the ability to study the effect of centrally acting drugs on fentanyl-induced rigidity in the isolated extremity.
Reactions to Gifts as Indicators of Personality-Behavior Traits in the Elderly

Presentation of a token of appreciation to elderly respondents was used as an opportunity to test some hypotheses in regard to the dynamics of giving and receiving. Specific gift-situation reactions which seemed relevant to ego strength, dependency and retentiveness were used to predict scores on more traditional measures of these personality-behavior traits. Two populations of elderly men and women were studied. All were residents of public housing facilities. Correlations of gift-behavior ratings with criterion data collected nine months later confirm that the style in which a gift is received discloses basic personality functions. The findings suggest that the growing necessity to pay or otherwise reciprocate for data may provide opportunity for additional hypothesis testing.
Synthesis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using the Suzuki-coupling

An improved synthesis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) utilizing a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction (Suzuki-coupling) is described. The coupling of (chlorinated) aryl boronic acids 1-3 with bromochlorobenzenes 4 using the standard conditions of the Suzuki-coupling gave the desired PCB congeners 5-7 in good to excellent yields. The self-coupling product of the aryl boronic acids is the major impurity of this reaction. 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl derivatives such as 10 can be synthesized by coupling of an aryl boronic acid with the corresponding bromochloroaniline 8. The approach offers the advantage of high selectivity and good yields compared to conventional methods such as the Cadogan reaction and allows the use of less toxic starting materials.
Photoconductivity in InSb-GaSb and InAs-GaAs alloys∗

Abstract Photoconductivity was observed in the alloy systems (InGaAs) and (InGaSb). A uniform variation of the intrinsic threshold was observed. Impurity levels in these mixed cystals also exhibit a change with composition. The variations of the extrinsic photo response of InGaAs:Cr with composition exhibits a linear dependence up to 58% InAs. An extrapolation to pure InAs predicts a deep trap, 0.1 eV above the valence band. Spectral response measurements on InAs doped simultaneously with chromium and zinc substantiated this prediction. In addition, zinc was observed to produce an acceptor level, 0.03 eV above the valence band in InAs.
SEXUAL COUNTERTRANSFERENCE PROBLEMS WITH A PSYCHOTIC CHILD.

Although there is no doubt that many countertransference problems arise in the course of psychotherapeutic work with children, the literature is virtually silent on the subject. This is not so hard to understand; countertransference is difficult to discuss perhaps because it deals with such highly personal material. My own interest in the subject was prompted by the difficulties encountered during the treatment of a nearly mute fourteen-year-old inpatient girl who had been considered a childhood schizophrenic since the age of three.
Vibration Localization in Rotating Shafts, Part 2: Experiment

This paper presents an experimental study of vibration localization in single-span, flexible, rotating shafts. It was shown in a companion paper (Part I) that a noncircular cross-section of the rotating shaft, leading to dissimilar lateral moments of inertia, can introduce disorder. Internal coupling between the principal directions of vibration is provided by the rotational speed through the gyroscopic moments. It is experimentally demonstrated here that directional vibration localization can occur for appropriate combinations of disorder and coupling. The steady state response, due to mass unbalance, ofa simply supported rotating shaft is considered. It is shown that disorder and gyroscopic coupling lead to directional vibration localization; i.e., larger vibration amplitudes in one of the two orthogonal principal directions of the shaft cross section.
Power conversion efficiency of semiconductor injection lasers and laser arrays in CW operation

In many applications it is important to optimize the power conversion efficiency of semiconductor lasers and laser arrays. A method for calculating this efficiency which takes into account temperature effects is described, and some calculated results are presented and discussed. It is found that under certain conditions, a small increase in the thermal resistance of the device can result in a large reduction of its efficiency. Temperature effects are important in high-power semiconductor lasers, and in particular in laser arrays, where low thermal resistance heat sinking may be crucial to the device operation.
Abstract 3010: The role of NF-kappaB in mammary tumor initiation

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Nuclear factor kappa B signaling is accepted as a major component of pro-survival signaling within breast cancer cells. However, less is known about how NF-kappaB could contribute to breast tumor initiation. Inflammatory signaling can be activated within the breast by such common factors as obesity, involution following lactation, aging, and psychological stress. Thus, understanding how activated NF-kappaB could lead to the initiation of breast tumors would provide opportunities to develop prevention strategies. We generated a doxycycline-inducible mouse model to study the effects of constitutively active IKK2 on ductal morphogenesis. In this model, Tet-o-cIKK2 mice are crossed with MMTV-rtTA transgenics to target inducible expression specifically to the mammary epithelium. Expression of cIKK2 in transplanted mammary tissue results in enlarged terminal end-buds, increased lateral branching, and intraductal hyperplasia. Transgene induction for only 3 days in a 6 week old female induces filling of ductal lumens, hypercellularity and loss of strict basal/luminal structure. Quantitative PCR of mammary tissue reveals up-regulated markers of macrophage infiltration such as CCL2 and F4/80 and markers of inflammation including Cox-2, TNF-alpha, and CXCL1. Interestingly, constitutive IKK2 activation also results in a decrease in hormone receptor levels (ERα and PR). Immunofluorescent staining shows that activation of classical NF-kappaB increases nuclear p65, as expected. However, nuclear p52 is also increased in transgene positive cells, suggesting that a subset of the effects resulting from activation of classical NF-kappaB are mediated by cross talk with the alternative pathway. Taken together, we find that activation of NF-kappaB in mammary epithelium is sufficient to induce hyperplastic growth and loss of ductal structure. Ongoing studies seek to define what additional factors, such as the right hormonal context, will cause the lesions to progress to malignancy. Citation Format: Whitney Barham, Oleg Tikhomirov, Lianyi Chen, Ryan Ortega, Halina Onishko, Linda Connelly, Fiona E. Yull. The role of NF-kappaB in mammary tumor initiation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3010. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3010
Impacting Factors and Cumulative Impacts by Midcentury on Wetlands in the Louisiana Coastal Area

Abstract Natural and anthropogenic impacting factors simultaneously cause wetland loss in the Louisiana coastal area. Ongoing natural processes are integrated with anthropogenic impacting factors to rationalize the contribution of each impact type within a total system. From baseline conditions of today, two natural processes account for approximately 85% of the estimated cumulative land loss by 2050: (1) subsidence by sediment compaction and tectonism that is driven by the weight of the Mississippi Delta's sedimentary pile and (2) absolute sea-level rise. Hurricanes are sudden natural processes that act as impact accelerators. After the Mississippi River became hydrologically isolated from the delta it built, anthropogenic impacts coinciding with the ramp up to peak oil production in the Louisiana coastal area caused many direct impacts, such as the construction of access canals and pipelines, but indirect impacts are largely symptomatic of natural delta platform submergence. Formation extraction is the ...
A survey evaluating the training of anesthesiology residents in office-based anesthesia.

Study Objective: To determine the current status and future plans of residency programs to train residents in office-based anesthesiology (OBA), which is rapidly emerging as an important specialty within the field of anesthesiology. Design: Survey questionnaire. Setting: University hospital. Measurements: A 14-question survey was sent to the 134 listed members of the Society of Academic Anesthesia Chairs/Association of Anesthesiology Program Directors to elicit the current status of educational endeavors and clinical exposure of anesthesiology residents to this type of practice. Main Results: There were 95 respondents (72%). Fifteen (15.8%) academic anesthesiology programs provide OBA services in the community and two (2.1%) of the academic programs provide clinical exposure to their residents. Conclusions: Residents are receiving minimal, if any, exposure to OBA during their training.
The diagnosis and management of bacterial pneumonias in infants and children

The majority of pediatric pneumonias are viral in origin, but a bacterial source always must be considered in the differential diagnosis because antibiotic administration may be crucial to the patient's management. There is no gold standard for differentiating between pediatric bacterial and viral pneumonias, but signs and symptoms from the clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and appearance of the chest radiograph can be used to help make the distinction. The most important factors governing which antibiotics to choose when treating a child with bacterial pneumonia are the child's age and whether any underlying illnesses are present. Surgical intervention may be needed in addition to antibiotic therapy if complications develop.
Antibody Status of Mice and Response of their Litters to Parotid Tumour Virus (Polyoma Virus)

IN earlier work there was observed a tendency for pleomorphic tumours of the parotid gland to appear only in certain litters of C3H mice that had received inoculations of preparations from leukaemia tissues1. This ‘litter effect’ was also observed in tests with a more active preparation of tumour-inducing material propagated in a continuously passaged tissue culture line of a murine leukaemia, P-388D 1 2.