cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Medical Management

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) occurs in three distinct nonfamilial forms. Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common (see Chaps. 5 and 6). Tertiary hyperparathyroidism [1–3], the subject of this chapter, is the least common (Table 11.1). Secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by a pathologic process outside the parathyroid glands (e.g., kidney failure, phosphate wasting, and so forth) is discussed fully in Chap. 7 and is referred to in the current chapter in the context of “refractory” secondary hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism shares many pathogenic, clinical, biochemical, radiological, and bone histological features of tertiary hyperparathyroidism, except that with the development of hypercalcemia the classification changes from secondary to tertiary hyperparathyroidism [4].
Ferric Chloride-Impregnated Silica Gel for Thin-Layer Chromatography of Steroids

Silica gel G is mixed with an aqueous solution of ferric chloride, and the resulting slurry spread onto glass plates. After spotting, development, and drying, the plates are sprayed with sulfuric acid. Cholesterol, ergosterol, and Δ5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one produce colored spots (pink-violet, greenish black, and pink-violet, respectively) without further treatment, but some other steroids require heating at 70 °C for full color development. Other colors generated are: estrone, orange; Δ4-androsten-3,17-dione, blue-green; androsterone, light brown; and 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, tan. After prolonged heating at 70 °C, 6-keto-cholestanol produces an orange-brown spot. Color reactions are more reproducible than they are when the ferric chloride is sprayed on the plate.
Is Coping with Life Stresses Enhanced by Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs

Prior studies by Holmes and Rahe (1) have demonstrated a relationship between the magnitude of life changes or crises and the time of occurence of various types of illnesses in several population samples (2). “Life crisis” is defined as a clustering of life changes whose individual scores total 150 or more life change units (LCU) in one year. These units reveal the life style of the individual and the events that involve him in social transactions pertaining to family, marriage, occupation, residence, education, religion, recreation, health and economics.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE EVOKED IN RATS BY SINGLE OR MULTIPLE INJECTIONS OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL.

SummaryUnilaterally nephrectomized rats on 1% NaCl drinking solution were given one, 2 or 3 subcutaneous injections of a 5% PVA solution. Hypertension subsequently developed in some, but not all of each group, higher doses resulting in greater incidence. In general larger quantities caused earlier onset of hypertension and higher levels of blood pressure. The lowest and intermediate doses caused less overall mortality, but hypertension tended to be earlier in onset and slightly more severe among those given the intermediate dose. Tissue examination almost 6 months after treatment revealed PVA in many organs, particularly in the kidneys. The efficacy of a single injection of PVA indicates that the procedure described constitutes a convenient method of inducing experimental hypertension in the rat.
Some results of substituting other nerves for the phrenic.

Summary and ConclusionsThe spinal accessory, the long thoracic and facial nerves were substituted for one phrenic nerve in cats and rats. All of these nerves will supply motor fibers to the diaphragm sufficient for it to serve as the only respiratory muscle. Lack of proper central connections prevents spontaneous use of this power in the animals tested.
On the Distribution of π Bonds in Cyclofusene

We present a type of coronafusene termed cyclofusene, in which each hexacycle shares exactly two nonadjacent edges with other hexacycles. Cyclofusene has exactly four configurations of π bonds such that each π bond belongs to the inner or outer boundary. In each of these configurations, the outer boundary has six more π bonds than the inner boundary. The number of shared π bonds in any mixed configuration is even. Let m be the number of shared π bonds in a mixed configuration for a cyclofusene with exactly k linear chains. Then m ≤ k. Furthermore, there exists a mixed configuration with exactly k shared π bonds.
Automatic Viaduct Detection Based on the Spatial Characters

An automatic method for viaduct detection with LiDAR data and remote sensing image is presented in the paper,according to spatial characters of urban complex viaduct.The flowchart and key technologies of the method are discussed in detail.The feasibility and performance of the suggested techniques are verified through experimental results with real data.
Analysis of surveillance in Baiyun District of Guangzhou City after Malaria being basically eliminated(2010-2014)

Objective To explore malaria surveillance measures and effects in the basically eliminated malaria area,and provide basis for the strategy of malaria control. Methods Etiology,serological and entomological methods were applied. Plasmodium was examined in blood from fever cases. Filter paper was used to collect blood for primary school students,IFAT was used to test antibody level,outdoor artificial lure nests and light trap were applied overnight to monitor the species and density of anopheles Results From2010 to 2013,19 958 blood samples of fever cases were examined,three plasmodium positive cases were found,all were imported Malaria antibody level test among 1 013 elementary students for two successive years were measured,with no positive cases found. Only one sinensis was seized in rural district in 2013,the dentisy of anopheles was kept at very low level. Conclusion The key measures for the control of malaria transmission were: to strengthen surveillance,early diagnosis and timely cure of the infection source.
Hand-foot-and-mouth Disease in Chengwu County in 2010

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth(HFMD) in Chengwu county in 2010,and provide scientific evidence for making intervention measures.Methods Data of HFMD epidemic in Chengwu county in 2010 was analyzed.Results A total of 1 303 cases of HFMD were reported in Chengwu county in 2010,including 8 severe cases.The incidence rate of HFMD were 203.97/105 for all,with 266.69/105 for males and 140.63/105 for females.The incidence of males was higher than of females(P0.01).In 1 303 cases,the incidence occoured during March to July accounted for 67.14% of the total,in other months accounted for 32.86%.Children under the age of 5 accounted for 98.38 %,95.99 % lived scatteredly,2.72% lived in preschools,1.29% were students.EV71 possitive samples accounted for 67.65% of the total,while CoxA16 possitive samples accounted for 29.41%.Conclusion The incidence of HFMD is high in Chengwu county.The surveillance should be strengthened,the prevention and control work should focus on scattered children and the children in preschools.
The microvascular architecture of the rat vagina revealed by image analysis of vascular corrosion casts

Background: Female sexual dysfunction is a common but poorly understood human condition. One of the aspects hindering progress in this area is the lack of appropriate animal models that can be used to study the complex factors involved in this sexual health problem. Recently, attention has focused on the probable role of vascular dynamics of the genital organs and their potential for impact on female sexuality. The objective of this study was to provide a better description of the vascular anatomy of the female rat vagina and external genital organs in an attempt to better develop this as an animal model to study female sexual dysfunction. Methods: Young female (nonestrous) virgin rats were anesthetized, the abdominal aorta was cannulated, and the distal vasculature was flushed and fixed in vivo for histological studies or for subsequent infusion with Mercox resin for vascular corrosion casting. Vascular corrosion casts of the external genitalia (vagina and vulva) were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fixed tissue specimens were also embedded and sectioned for histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Scanning electron microscopy imaging allowed a description of the vascular and microvascular system of the nonestrous female rat genitalia. Major feeding vessels were located laterally in the muscular and serosal layers of the vagina with a complex system of interanastomosing collaterals between these large lateral trunks. The sub-epithelial region of the vaginal wall contains a dense and rich network of capillaries that perfuse the epithelium. These data were corroborated by two- dimensional histochemistry and immunostaining for endothelial and smooth muscle cells on paraffin-embedded thin sections of the female vagina and vulva. Conclusion: This study provides the first detailed three-dimensional en bloc view of the macro- and microvascular anatomy of the female rat vagina and vulva. The findings suggest an active interaction between the microvasculature and the epithelial cells of the vaginal wall. This study will provide the basic anatomic groundwork for future experiments on perturbations of the vascular system of the rat female genitalia in response to hormonal stimuli and various disease states.
Burke and Paine on the Origins of British Imperialism in India

Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine are best known for their epic clash over the French Revolution. Indeed, at the popular level the battle played out between Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) and Paine’s Rights of Man (1791) has been christened “the birth of right and left.” My object in this essay is not to trouble this once elementary writ of common wisdom; to the contrary, since it assumes that Burke was in fact a conservative—something increasingly out of vogue among contemporary scholars—I agree with it at the most basic level. Rather, my aim is to argue that Burke and Paine’s theoretical antipathy extended well beyond rival interpretations of the French Revolution, to issues of the theoretical legitimacy and desirability of the British Empire, and British imperialism. In this regard, the essay focuses on the issues of empire and colonialism, which have been central to comparative political theory, as can be seen in this volume in the contributions of Katherine Gordy and Megan Thomas. The goal of this essay is to serve as a corrective to what I regard as the persistent—and growing—tendency to read Burke as some sort of anti-imperialist thinker. At the same time, I seek to recover Thomas Paine’s bona fides as a wholesale opponent of the British Empire, in an attempt to reorient scholarly discussion on these specific figures, and on the topic of the Enlightenment and empire more broadly. Like Thomas and Jennifer London, I wish to suggest that within any given tradition (in this case “the Enlightenment”), there are in fact multiple approaches to confronting “the Other,” and that these approaches often cut in very different directions. Furthermore, my argument is that Burke and Paine, who are often regarded as “canonical” thinkers in Western political thought, are in fact themselves engaged in an early form of “comparative political theory.” That is, the theoretical encounter with non-Western peoples is itself inseparable from and essential for understanding Burke and Paine’s own political theorizing. Since this is the case, engaging with what Burke and Paine have to say about India and North America illuminates understudied dimensions of both thinkers’ work.
EFFECT OF CALCIUM AND LANTHANUM IN MORPHINE ANALGESIA AND TOLERANCE

Abstract A series of experiments were initiated to study the influence of calcium on morphine action. The analgetic effect of morphine in non-tolerant and tolerant mice was found to be antagonized by intraventricular calcium and enhanced by the cation chelator EGTA. Elevation of brain bioamines by monoamine oxidase inhibition (pargyline) or reducing brain catecholamine by chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine) failed to alter the calcium effect. Enhancing calcium influx with the ionophore X537A also decreased morphine analgesia while inhibition of calcium binding to and movement across cell membrane by lanthanum greatly augmented morphine analgesia. Interestingly, lanthanum per se produced analgesia in both mice and rats and the action was inhibited by the narcotic antagonist, naloxone. Moreover, the analgetic sensitive sites in the CNS to lanthanum and morphine were both found to be in the periventricular and periaqueductal gray areas. Cross tolerance between lanthanum and morphine was noted and lanthanum attenuated the withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent mice. The development of tolerance to morphine was accompanied by an increased level of calcium in synaptosomes and a decrease in high affinity calcium binding to the synaptosomal plasma membrane fraction but not to the other membrane fractions studied. The effects suggest that chronic morphine treatment decreases the availability of calcium binding sites on the inner surface of the synaptosomal membrane.
Image Restoration Using A Norm Of Maximum Information

Image interpreters often express the desire to extract a "maximum of information" from a given picture. We have devised a new norm of restoration that, in fact, realizes this aim. The image data are forced to contain a maximum of information about the object, through variation of the object estimate. This maximum information (MI) norm restores the ideal object which, had it existed, would have maximized the throughput of information from object to image planes. Or, the object estimate achieves the "channel capacity" of the image-forming medium. The following simple model for image formation is used. The imaging system is regarded as a transducer of photon position, from x in the object plane to y in the image plane. Then the conditional probability p(y|x) is just s(y-x), the PSF for the imagery, plus an unknown noise probability law n(y) independent of x (signal) for those transitions to y that are due to noise. The average information per photon transition x → y may then be calculated, using the correspondence of probability law p(x) with the object and p(y) with the image. When the image law p(y) is constrained to equal the data, the only set of unknowns remaining is the object, which may be varied to maximize the information. Restorations by this method are compared with corresponding ones by maximum entropy and show some advantage over the latter.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Soluble soil aluminum alters the relative uptake of mineral nitrogen forms by six mature temperate broadleaf tree species: possible implications for watershed nitrate retention

Increased availability of monomeric aluminum (Al3+) in forest soils is an important adverse effect of acidic deposition that reduces root growth and inhibits nutrient uptake. There is evidence that Al3+ exposure interferes with NO3 − uptake. If true for overstory trees, the reduction in stand demand for NO3 − could increase NO3 − discharge in stream water. These effects may also differ between species that tolerate different levels of soil acidity. To examine these ideas, we measured changes in relative uptake of NO3 − and NH4 + by six tree species in situ under increased soil Al3+ using a 15N-labeling technique, and measured soluble soil Al levels in a separate whole-watershed acidification experiment in the Fernow Experimental Forest (WV). When exposed to added Al3+, the proportion of inorganic N acquired as NO3 − dropped 14% across species, but we did not detect a reduction in overall N uptake, nor did tree species differ in this response. In the long-term acidification experiment, we found that soluble soil Al was mostly in the free Al3+ form, and the concentration of Al3+ was ~65 μM higher (~250%) in the mineral soil of the acidified watershed vs. an untreated watershed. Thus, increased levels of soil Al3+ under acidic deposition cause a reduction in uptake of NO3 − by mature trees. When our 15N uptake results were applied to the watershed acidification experiment, they suggest that increased Al3+ exposure could reduce tree uptake of NO3 − by 7.73 kg N ha−1 year−1, and thus increase watershed NO3 − discharge.
Percutaneous Cryoablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Sinus Vein Involvement Based on Preprocedural Imaging

Abstract Purpose To assess feasibility, safety, and oncologic outcomes of cryoablation in treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with extension into adjacent renal sinus vein. Materials and Methods Review of an internally maintained renal ablation registry identified 7 patients (4 men and 3 women; median age 62 y; age range, 45–91 y) who underwent percutaneous cryoablation of RCC with imaging consistent with extension of tumor into an immediately adjacent renal sinus vein. Four of 7 (57%) patients had recurrent tumors following prior partial nephrectomy. Three of 7 patients (43%) had solitary kidneys. Results Median tumor size was 4.3 cm (range, 1.9–5.0 cm). Biopsy showed RCC in 6 of 7 patients. Technical success was achieved in 6 of 7 tumors (86%) There was a single Clavien grade 3 major complication. Median hospital stay was 1 night (range, 1–3 nights). Follow-up imaging performed in the 6 successfully treated patients at median 11 months (range, 2–101 months) showed no local tumor progression. In 2 patients with solitary kidneys, estimated glomerular filtration rate declined from 63 mL/min/1.73 m 2 to 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 67 mL/min/1.73 m 2 to 40 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at 101 months and 12 months following treatment, respectively. Estimated glomerular filtration rate remained > 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 in the remaining patients. Conclusions In this small select group of patients, percutaneous cryoablation afforded a safe and, based on early outcomes, effective means of providing local control of locally invasive RCC. Percutaneous cryoablation may obviate the need for nephrectomy in similar patients.
The Impact of Dopamine on Insulin Secretion in Healthy Controls.

Objective: Dopamine is very commonly used in the critical care setting and impacts glucose homeostasis. In some studies, it is noted to increase insulin resistance or decrease insulin secretion. The role of insulin secretion in response to dopamine is incompletely understood. Methods: Eight individuals underwent a hyperglycemic clamp with a dopamine infusion, and eight controls underwent hyperglycemic clamp alone. Insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, cortisol, and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were measured at various time points. An index of insulin sensitivity (M/I) was calculated. Statistical comparison between the control and treatment arm was done using repeated measures ANOVA. The data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Paired t -test was used to compare pre- and post-dopamine infusion time points in the study individuals only. Data was considered to be statistically significant at P Results: On assessing the treatment group before and during dopamine infusion, insulin and C-peptide concentrations were higher at the time of the infusion ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.003, respectively). The index of insulin sensitivity was not statistically different. There was a significant decrease in insulin ( P = 0.002), C-peptide ( P = 0.005), and NE ( P P = 0.02). Conclusion: In this study, dopamine infusion did not adversely impact insulin secretion.
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality

Freud’s Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Interpretation of Dreams (1900), and Studies on Hysteria (Breuer & Freud, 1893–1895) are publications in which he set down his discovery that forbidden sexual longings were somehow transformed into neurotic symptoms. Although Freud’s theorizing in Three Essays emphasized the primacy of instincts, the outcome of this work has been to focus attention on the primacy of human emotional—specifically, affectional-social—bonds as governors of human behavior.
Die neuen Antiepileptika in der Epilepsiebehandlung von Patienten mit geistiger Behinderung

Geistig behinderte Patienten leiden haufig an schweren therapieresistenten Epilepsien. Um zu klaren, ob diese Patienten von der Zulassung von 8 neuen Antiepileptika innerhalb der letzten 10 Jahre profitieren konnten, wurde die Literatur uber den Einsatz der neuen Medikamente bei dieser Patientengruppe ebenso ausgewertet wie 4 eigene Studien an Heimbewohnern des Epilepsiezentrums Bethel. Dadurch ergibt sich nach gegenwartigem Kenntnisstand folgendes Bild: Vigabatrin und Felbamat kommen wegen ihrer spezifischen Risiken nur ausnahmsweise fur einen Therapieversuch in Betracht. Topiramat ist zwar auch bei Problemepilepsien hoch wirksam, jedoch ist die Rate z. T. schwerer zentralnervoser Nebenwirkungen bei dieser Patientengruppe erhoht, sodass es nur nach sorgfaltiger Nutzen-Risiko-Abwagung eingesetzt werden sollte. Uber Tiagabin liegen nur sehr wenige Informationen vor. Lamotrigin ist das bei dieser Klientel am besten untersuchte neue Antiepileptikum. Gelegentlich kommen Anfallsexazerbation und unerwunschte psychotrope Wirkungen wie Unruhe, Aggressivitat oder selten Psychosen vor. Insgesamt jedoch eignet es sich wegen der sehr guten Wirksamkeit bei fokalen und generalisierten Epilepsien einschlieslich dem Lennox-Gastaut-Syndrom, der fehlenden kognitiven Beeintrachtigung und haufiger erwunschter psychotroper Effekte besonders gut fur den Einsatz bei Patienten mit Intelligenzminderung. Gabapentin ist nur bei fokalen Epilepsien indiziert; bei sehr therapieresistenten Anfallsleiden ist es weniger wirksam. Oxcarbazepin zeichnet sich wie bei nicht behinderten Patienten v. a. durch pharmakokinetische Vorteile gegenuber Carbamazepin aus. Die Evidenz bez. Levetiracetam ist noch begrenzt, jedoch zeichnet sich gute Wirksamkeit v. a. bei fokalen Epilepsien ab. Geistige Behinderung ist moglicherweise ein Risikofaktor fur paradoxe anfallsfordernde Wirkung und fur seltene Auslosung von Aggressivitat und Psychosen.
Rehabilitation of Swallowing Disorders Due to Stroke

Swallowing disorders are common, potentially serious sequelae of stroke. The pathophysiology of swallowing impairments is highly complex, so evaluation and treatment must be individualized. A videofiuorographic swallowing study is essential for establishing the circumstances for safe and efficient swallowing. Therapeutic feeding is the mainstay of treatment.
Theory and Practice – Methods for the Study of High P/T Deformation and Rheology

The nineteenth-century view of a static Earth evolved to the twentieth-century model of a convecting planet expressed as plate tectonics through the realization that rocks can deform plastically. Here we explore a portion of the frontier research in the study of the plastic properties of minerals at the conditions of the Earth’s interior. Quantitative measurements at mantle pressures and temperatures have been limited by the inability to measure stress and strain at these conditions as the sample is steadily deformed. Synchrotron probes are now used to define both stress and strain as a function of time by directly measuring these variables in the sample. High-pressure deformation equipment have evolved to meet the challenge of providing a steady-state deformation environment at extreme conditions. Not only is the average force per unit area defined, but the stress state in many subpopulations of the polycrystalline aggregates is also measured. From these new insights, the fashion in which polycrystals support the stress field is being defined. The effect of pressure on the flow laws is being explored, often with surprising results. In addition, phases that are not stable at low pressure are now candidate samples for these rheological experiments.
General methodology for inferring failure-spreading dynamics in networks

A generic modeling framework to infer the failure-spreading process based on failure times of individual nodes is proposed and tested in four simulation studies: one for cascading failures in interdependent power and transportation networks, one for influenza epidemics, one benchmark test case for congestion cascade in a transportation network, and one benchmark test case for cascading power outages. Four general failure-spreading mechanisms-external, temporal, spatial, and functional-are quantified to capture what drives the spreading of failures. With the failure time of each node given, the proposed methodology demonstrates remarkable capability of inferring the underlying general failure-spreading mechanisms and accurately reconstructing the failure-spreading process in all four simulation studies. The analysis of the two benchmark test cases also reveals the robustness of the proposed methodology: It is shown that a failure-spreading process embedded by specific failure-spreading mechanisms such as flow redistribution can be captured with low uncertainty by our model. The proposed methodology thereby presents a promising channel for providing a generally applicable framework for modeling, understanding, and controlling failure spreading in a variety of systems.
Ion quantification in liposomal drug products using high performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A simple, straightforward analytical method based on liquid chromatography has been optimized to quantify total, internal, and external ions in drug-loaded liposomal products. The quantification of ammonium and sulfate ions in Doxil is detailed; although, the methodology has been extrapolated to quantitate a variety of ions, including calcium, acetate, and others in several different liposomal formulations. Total ion concentrations were measured after disruption of the liposome via lyophilization, to liberate all components. External ion concentrations were made following membrane centrifugation, without disruption of the liposome structure, where the permeate fraction was analyzed for external ion quantities. The internal ion fraction was derived from mass balance of the total and external ion measurements. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with different separation columns, and coupled to a charged aerosol detector, was employed for all ion quantifications. The analytical measurements were confirmed using simple stoichiometry based on the drug crystallization of doxorubicin within the liposome interior. The method presented herein is quick, highly accurate, and has significantly improved lower limits of detection and quantification over other traditional methods. As more follow-on versions of Doxil are being developed, this facile approach to ion quantitation can be used to help establish compositional similarity to the reference listed drug.
Area-efficient K-Nearest Neighbor Design using Stochastic Computing

Among various machine learning techniques, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) has been widely exploited for many artificial intelligence applications. However, due to the intensive use of multiplications during its computing procedure, KNN algorithm is typically computation-intensive and thereby posing severe challenge for its efficiency in hardware performance in terms of area and power consumption. To address this challenge, this paper proposes to design an area-efficient low-power stochastic KNN hardware accelerator. By leveraging stochastic computing (SC) technique, the basic computation components of KNN classifier are replaced by simple stochastic logic circuits such as XNOR and MUX gate. Moreover, we propose a low-cost architecture for binary-to-stochastic (B-to-S) interface and develop an Approximate Parallel Accumulator (APA) for stochastic-to-binary (S-to-B) module, which can further improve the hardware performance for the stochastic design. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed stochastic KNN design achieves higher area efficiency and lower power consumption as compared to the non-stochastic design. Also, it remains high task accuracy with negligible performance loss.
The Artist Nomad: Soviet Dissident Artists in the West

When Ronald Reagan infamously declared the Soviet Union to be the “Evil Empire” in 1983, he was playing upon a fundamental axiom of Cold War politics: that the world can be neatly divided between the First World of Capitalism and the Second World of Communism. Equating this divide with that of good and evil only served to strengthen the notion that the two sides were mutually exclusive. Personal politics were an extension of this perspective. One was either a Capitalist or a Communist—to reject one was equivalent to embracing the other. This paper examines the art of dissident artists such as Alexander Kosolapov, Leonid Sokov, and Ilya Kabakov; artists from the Soviet Union who were exiled to the West during the Cold War. It seeks to better understand why these artists’ rebellion against the Soviet system did not translate into an embrace of Western culture upon arrival in America. The roots of their critical artistic approach are interpreted through the prism of ideological nomadism which reveals their art to be deeply ambivalent. These artworks are analyzed as a disruption to the binary understanding of the Cold War and Post-Soviet eras by their embrace of a liminal position in the overlap between the capitalist and communist cultural milieus.
Nitrogen deposition sources and patterns in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem determined from ion exchange resin collectors, lichens, and isotopes.

Abstract Over the past century, atmospheric nitrogen deposition (Ndep) has increased across the western United States due to agricultural and urban development, resulting in degraded ecosystem quality. Regional patterns of Ndep are often estimated by coupling direct measurements from large-scale monitoring networks and atmospheric chemistry models, but such efforts can be problematic in the western US because of complex terrain and sparse sampling. This study aimed not only to understand Ndep patterns in mountainous ecosystems but also to investigate whether isotope values of lichens and throughfall deposition can be used to determine Ndep sources, and serve as an additional tool in ecosystem health assessments. We measured Ndep amounts and δ15N in montane conifer forests of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem using canopy throughfall and bulk monitors and lichens. In addition, we examined patterns of C:N ratios in lichens as a possible indicator of lichen physiological condition. The isotopic signature of δ15N of Ndep helps to discern emission sources, because δ15N of NOx from combustion tends to be high (−5 to +25‰) while NHx from agricultural sources tends to be comparatively low (−40 to −10‰). Summertime Ndep increased with elevation and ranged from 0.26 to 1.66 kg ha−1. Ndep was higher than expected in remote areas. The δ15N values of lichens were typically −15.3 to −10‰ suggesting agriculture as a primary emission source of deposition. Lichen %N, δ15N and C:N ratios can provide important information about Ndep sources and patterns over small spatial scales in complex terrain.
Anterior fall-recovery training applied to individuals with chronic stroke

Abstract Background To study the effects of the initial stepping limb on anterior fall-recovery performance and kinematics, as well as to determine the benefits of fall-recovery training on those outcomes in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods Single-group intervention of 15 individuals with chronic stroke who performed up to six sessions of fall-recovery training. Each session consisted of two progressions of treadmill-induced perturbations to induce anterior falls from a standing position. Progressions focused on initial steps with the paretic or non-paretic limb. Fall-recovery performance (the highest disturbance level achieved and the proportion of successful recoveries), as well as step and trunk kinematics were compared between the initial stepping limbs on the first session. Limb-specific outcomes were also compared between the first and last training sessions. Findings There were no between-limb differences in fall-recovery performance in the first session. With training, participants successfully recovered from a higher proportion of falls (p's = 0.01, Cohen's d's > 0.7) and progressed to larger perturbation magnitudes (p's 0.5). Initial steps with the paretic limb were wider and shorter relative to the center of mass (p's 0.5). With training, initial paretic-limb steps became longer relative to the CoM (p = 0.03, d = 0.7). Trunk forward rotation was reduced when first stepping with the non-paretic limb (p = 0.03, d = 0.6). Interpretation The initial stepping limb affects relevant step kinematics during anterior fall recovery. Fall-recovery training improved performance and select kinematic outcomes in individuals with chronic stroke.
Gestational Age, Perinatal Characteristics, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Birth Cohort Study.

Objective To determine how gestational age relates to research-identified autism spectrum disorder (ASD-R) in the context of perinatal risk factors. Study design This is a population-based cohort study using the 1994-2000 Olmsted County Birth Cohort. Children included were born and remained in Olmsted County after age 3 years. ASD-R status was determined from signs and symptoms abstracted from medical and educational records. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to identify associations between perinatal characteristics and ASD-R. Results The incidence of preterm birth ( Conclusions The increased risk of ASD-R among children born preterm relative to children born full term was attenuated by infant and maternal characteristics.
Response to: ‘Posterior quadratus lumborum block in the combat environment’ by Dhanjal et al

To the Editor, We applaud Dhanjal et al for the letter on the use of the relatively novel quadratus lumborum block in the combat environment.[1][1] The delicate balance of providing effective analgesia in patients who are at high risk for coagulopathy, venous thromboembolic events, delirium,
Community-based participatory research in diabetes prevention programs

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine how community-based diabetes prevention programs utilized the concept and contents of the Community Based Participatory Research approach. Methods: Keyword search in PubMed and Scopus electronic databases from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019, was conducted to search and extract peer-reviewed articles that included words “Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)” and “diabetes mellitus” in the title, abstract or in the main article. The initial search yielded 1122 articles. After the final screening, a total of 67 articles were extracted for review. Results: Findings suggested that an advisory board was used by most diabetes studies, especially for planning and reviewing the study protocol. However, they were not included in the data analysis and study result dissemination process. Furthermore, the majority of the studies that used CBPR were conducted in North America. Conclusion: Partnership approach to research on community-based diabetes programs that equitably involves community members and researchers can benefit communities. This approach should also be widely adopted globally.
Methylene Blue for Refractory Shock in Children: A Systematic Review and Survey Practice Analysis.

OBJECTIVES Shock refractory to fluid and catecholamine therapy has significant morbidity and mortality in children. The use of methylene blue to treat refractory shock in children is not well described. We aim to collect and summarize the literature and define physicians' practice patterns regarding the use of methylene blue to treat shock in children. DESIGN We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane for studies involving the use of methylene blue for catecholamine-refractory shock from database inception to 2019. Collected studies were analyzed qualitatively. To describe practice patterns of methylene blue use, we electronically distributed a survey to U.S.-based pediatric critical care physicians. We assessed physician knowledge and experience with methylene blue. Survey responses were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. SETTING Pediatric critical and cardiac care units. PATIENTS OR SUBJECTS Patients less than or equal to 25 years old with refractory shock treated with methylene blue. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS One-thousand two-hundred ninety-three abstracts met search criteria, 139 articles underwent full-text review, and 24 studies were included. Studies investigated refractory shock induced by a variety of etiologies and found that methylene blue was generally safe and increased mean arterial blood pressure. There is overall lack of studies, low number of study patients, and low quality of studies identified. Our survey had a 22.5% response rate, representing 125 institutions. Similar proportions of physicians reported using (40%) or never even considering (43%) methylene blue for shock. The most common reasons for not using methylene blue were unfamiliarity with this drug, its proper dosing, and lack of evidentiary support. CONCLUSIONS Methylene blue appears safe and may benefit children with refractory shock. There is a stark divide in familiarity and practice patterns regarding its use among physicians. Studies to formally assess safety and efficacy of methylene blue in treating pediatric shock are warranted.
Specialty-Based Variability in Diagnosing and Managing Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Abstract Objective To quantify differences in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) between cardiologists and noncardiologists, who often diagnose and manage HFpEF. Methods Cardiologists and noncardiologists (internal medicine, medicine/pediatrics, family medicine, geriatrics) were anonymously surveyed between January 16, 2018, and March 2, 2018, regarding practices related to diagnosing and managing HFpEF at the University of Michigan and Weill Cornell Medical Center. Response data were compared using χ2 analysis. Results Of 1010 physicians surveyed, 211 completed a significant portion of the survey: 32 cardiologists and 179 noncardiologists. Most noncardiologists were unaware of HFpEF diagnostic guidelines and commonly used left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and natriuretic peptides to diagnose HFpEF. Noncardiologists (32.3%, n=52) were less likely than cardiologists (64.5%, n=20) to prescribe an aldosterone antagonist for HFpEF (P=.001). Both groups reported similar use of β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and exercise programs. Noncardiologists were more likely to refer patients with HFrEF to cardiology (63.1%, n=111) compared with patients with HFpEF (33.5%, n=59; P Conclusion Cardiologists and noncardiologists vary significantly in their HFpEF diagnosis and treatment practices. As diagnostic criteria continue to be evaluated for HFpEF, dissemination of these guidelines to noncardiologists, with an emphasis on the morbidity and mortality associated with HFpEF, is imperative.
Prevention and control of tuberculosis with AIDS in Shiyan City from 2007 to 2011

结核病是艾滋病患者最常见的机会性感染疾病,研究显示约三分之一的艾滋病患者死于结核病[1].2007-2011年湖北省十堰市在房县和竹山县开展结核病合并艾滋病防治项目,现将结果报告如下.对象与方法一、对象2007-2011年间,十堰市房县和竹山县累计登记肺结核病患者3 969例(男性2 817例,女性1 152例),累计登记HIV感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)735例,可随访404例(男性343例,女性61例).数据来源于当地结核病和HIV/AIDS的报表和考核资料等. 关键词：HIV;结核;预防;治疗
Co-simulation Based Electric Vehicle Drive for a Variable Flux Machine

This paper presents a co-simulation platform for an electric vehicle motor drive system for a Variable Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (VF-PMSM). A pair of software tools: JMAG, which allows computing the electromagnetic behavior and MATLAB, which allows the dynamic simulation of the control circuit and power converters are coupled to develop a VF-PMSM drive. Then, the co-simulation results are compared with conventional simulation (dq-mathematical model) and experimental results. The co-simulation gives higher fidelity results since it includes magnetic saturation (inductance nonlinearities) and machine geometry (torque ripple) effects, unlike conventional simulation approach.
Lower extremity prism adaptation in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Abstract Background Emerging research has proposed a growing reliance on visual processing during motor performance in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Reconstructed individuals display increased activation of visual processing areas during task execution and exhibit dramatic performance decrements when vision is completely removed, however the effect of visual information manipulation on performance remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine how manipulation of visual information changes performance in persons with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods Twenty-one persons with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and 21 matched healthy adults reached to a target with the toe of the involved limb 50 times while wearing prism goggles that vertically shifted their visual field. Toe kinematics were collected to quantify endpoint error and reaching behavior. Findings Statistical analyses failed to detect significant differences, evidencing both groups performed similarly with respect to endpoint error, movement duration, peak and maximum endpoint velocities, and initial direction error. Interpretation When provided inaccurate information via a visual field perturbation, both groups demonstrated comparable adaptation and post-adaptation behavior. These results suggest this sample of persons with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are able to effectively integrate information across sensory systems as well as non-injured individuals.
Minimally Invasive Intramedullary Screw Versus Plate Fixation for Proximal Phalanx Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

Purpose To compare the maximum interfragmentary displacement of short oblique proximal phalanx (P1) fractures fixed with an intramedullary headless compression screw (IMHCS) versus a plate-and-screws construct in a cadaveric model that generates finger motion via the flexor and extensor tendons of the fingers. Methods We created a 30° oblique cut in 24 P1s of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers for 3 matched pairs of cadaveric hands. Twelve fractures were stabilized with an IMHCS using an antegrade, dorsal articular margin technique at the P1 base. The 12 matched-pair P1 fractures were stabilized with a radially placed 2.0-mm plate with 2 bicortical nonlocking screws on each side of the fracture. Hands were mounted to a frame allowing a computer-controlled, motor-driven, linear actuator powered movement of fingers via the flexor and extensor tendons. All fingers underwent 2,000 full-flexion and extension cycles. Maximum interfragmentary displacement was continuously measured using a differential variable reluctance transducer. Results The observed mean displacement differences between IMHCS and plate-and-screws fixation was not statistically significant throughout all time points during the 2,000 cycles. A 2 one-sided test procedure for paired samples confirmed statistical equivalence in fracture displacement between fixation methods at the final 2,000-cycle time point. Conclusions The IMHCS provided biomechanical stability equivalent to plate-and-screws for short oblique P1 fractures at the 2,000-cycle mark in this cadaveric model. Clinical relevance Short oblique P1 fracture fixation with an IMHCS may provide adequate stability to withstand immediate postoperative active range of motion therapy.
Ecological stress, amygdala reactivity, and internalizing symptoms in preadolescence: Is parenting a buffer?

Abstract Ecological stress during adolescent development may increase the sensitivity to negative emotional processes that can contribute to the onset and progression of internalizing behaviors during preadolescence. Although a small number of studies have considered the link among the relations between ecological stress, amygdala reactivity, and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence, these studies have largely been small, cross-sectional, and often do not consider unique roles of parenting or sex. In the current study, we evaluated the interrelations between ecological stress, amygdala reactivity, subsequent internalizing symptoms, and the moderating roles of parenting and sex among 9- and 10-year-old preadolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study ®. A subset of participants who met a priori quality control criteria for bilateral amygdala activation during the EN-back faces versus places contrast (N = 7,385; Mean Age = 120 months, SD = 7.52; 49.5% Female) were included in the study. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to create a latent variable of ecological stress, and multiple structural equation models were tested to evaluate the association among baseline ecological stress and internalizing symptoms one year later, the mediating role of amygdala reactivity, and moderating effects of parental acceptance and sex. The results revealed a significant association between ecological stress and subsequent internalizing symptoms, which was greater in males than females. There was no association between amygdala reactivity during the Faces versus Places contrast and ecological stress or subsequent internalizing symptoms, and no mediating role of amygdala or moderating effect of parental acceptance on the association between ecological stress and internalizing symptoms. An alternative mediation model was tested which revealed that there was a small mediating effect of parental acceptance on the association between ecological stress and internalizing symptoms, demonstrating lower internalizing symptoms among preadolescents one year later. Given the lack of association in brain function, ecological stress and internalizing symptoms in preadolescents in this registered report, effects from comparable small studies should be reconsidered in larger samples.
Habits and attitudes about eating and self-weighing among adults who are recovered, recovering, or partially recovered from eating disorders: an open-ended survey study.

The purpose of this study was to add experiential data from individuals with lived experiences of eating disorder recovery to the existing literature, regarding daily habits and attitudes toward eating and self-weighing. An anonymous open-ended online survey was completed by 32 adults. One was excluded due to current eating disordered behaviors. Remaining participants were divided into three self-identified groups: Recovered from an eating disorder, Recovering from an eating disorder, and Partially Recovered from an eating disorder. Results showed the Recovered group reported more years of recovery than the other two groups, named “recovered” as part of their identity, practiced intuitive or regular eating instead of a prescribed meal plan, and held negative attitudes about self-weighing. The Recovering group reported, “I will always be recovering,” and either followed prescribed meal plans or weighed themselves and did not expect to change those behaviors. The Partially Recovered group did not see themselves as recovered, but aspired to become recovered, and if they followed a prescribed meal plan or self-weighed, then they expected to change these behaviors in the future. There is a difference in years of recovery, meal planning, and scale attitudes, among people who self-identify in the recovery categories of Recovered, Recovering, and Partially Recovered. These results can (1) help providers better serve clients with eating disorders; (2) help researchers better understand individuals who have suffered from eating disorders and are in the recovery process; and (3) offer guidance and hope for those in recovery. Level IV, Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies. (NB: Dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence).
Space Development Grid Portal

This viewgraph presentation provides information on the development of a portal to provide secure and distributed grid computing for Payload Operations Integrated Center and Mission Control Center ground services.