cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-scale Capture C promoter interactions implicate effector genes at GWAS loci for bone mineral density.

Osteoporosis is a devastating disease with an essential genetic component. GWAS have discovered genetic signals robustly associated with bone mineral density (BMD), but not the precise localization of effector genes. Here, we carry out physical and direct variant to gene mapping in human mesenchymal progenitor cell-derived osteoblasts employing a massively parallel, high resolution Capture C based method in order to simultaneously characterize the genome-wide interactions of all human promoters. By intersecting our Capture C and ATAC-seq data, we observe consistent contacts between candidate causal variants and putative target gene promoters in open chromatin for ~ 17% of the 273 BMD loci investigated. Knockdown of two novel implicated genes, ING3 at ‘CPED1-WNT16’ and EPDR1 at ‘STARD3NL’, inhibits osteoblastogenesis, while promoting adipogenesis. This approach therefore aids target discovery in osteoporosis, here on the example of two relevant genes involved in the fate determination of mesenchymal progenitors, and can be applied to other common genetic diseases. GWAS have identified numerous genetic loci for bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. Here, the authors map these variants to putative target genes using ATAC-seq and Capture C of human osteoblasts and confirm ING3 and EPDR1 as BMD genes in in vitro osteoblast differentiation experiments.
Special Technique Considerations for Congenital Heart Disease Imaging

Given the varied imaging indications and often complex anatomy and physiology in patients with congenital heart disease, special techniques are often necessary to optimize the diagnostic information obtained. This chapter provides recommendations that can be utilized to optimize the diagnostic utility of cardiac CT in this patient population. Specifically, recommendations regarding the optimal imaging environment, sedation, venous access, injection protocols, scan triggering, sequence selection, interpretation, and reporting for patients with congenital heart disease are provided.
Extention of Inagaki General Weighted Operators and a New Fusion Rule Class of Proportional Redistribution on Intersection Masses

In this paper we extend Inagaki Weighted Operators Fusion Rule in information fusion by doing redistribution of not only the conflicting mass.
Does it work and does it last? Effects of social and drinking behavior on same- and next-day mood.

Abstract Both social and drinking behavior have the potential to modify mood. However, if social drinking enhances positive mood and reduces negative mood, as compared to non-drinking social behavior, then interventions to reinforce non-drinking via sober social activity are undermined. Using multilevel modeling analyses, we compared end-of-day mood on drinking days versus non-drinking days, and on days spent with other people as compared to days spent primarily alone. We evaluated the interaction between drinking/non-drinking and social/solitary behavior and assessed whether the effects of social and drinking behavior extended to mood the next day. Participants were 352 college students (53% female; 55% fraternity/sorority membership; mean age 19.7 years) who completed three automated telephone surveys each day during four 14-day intervals over 1 year. Drinking and being social were associated with higher end-of-day positive mood and significantly lower end-of-day negative mood. However, no positive enhancement or negative attenuation effects of alcohol were observed in interaction analyses. Alcohol provided no improvement in mood over-and-above being social at the end of the day or on the following day. However, drinking the previous day significantly reduced next-day positive mood, whereas being social significantly reduced next-day negative mood. These findings provide support for the reinforcing potential of interventions that increase rewarding social activity in the place of alcohol use.
Effect of Mold Geometry on Pore Size in Freeze-Cast Chitosan-Alginate Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Freeze-casting is a popular method to produce biomaterial scaffolds with highly porous structures. The pore structure of freeze-cast biomaterial scaffolds is influenced by processing parameters but has mostly been controlled experimentally. A mathematical model integrating Computational Fluid Dynamics with Population Balance Model was developed to predict average pore size (APS) of 3D porous chitosan-alginate scaffolds and to assess the influence of the geometrical parameters of mold on scaffold pore structure. The model predicted the crystallization pattern and APS for scaffolds cast in different diameter molds and filled to different heights. The predictions demonstrated that the temperature gradient and solidification pattern affect ice crystal nucleation and growth, subsequently influencing APS homogeneity. The predicted APS compared favorably with APS measurements from a corresponding experimental dataset, validating the model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the response of the APS to the three geometrical parameters of the mold: well radius; solution fill height; and spacing between wells. The pore size was most sensitive to the distance between the wells and least sensitive to solution height. This validated model demonstrates a method for optimizing the APS of freeze-cast biomaterial scaffolds that could be applied to other compositions or applications.
Investigating the role of atomization on flame stability of liquid fuels in an annular spray burner

Abstract Atomization, vaporization, turbulent mixing, and the chemical kinetics of a liquid fuel impact the combustion efficiency, stability, and emissions within IC engines. When fuels with varying physical properties are used in the same fuel injection system, they can exhibit very different atomization, represented by droplet size (SMD) and spray droplet distribution (SDD), which can then potentially influence the flame stability. In the current paper, the effect of the atomization process on flame stability is investigated by using a single nozzle size with three different hydrocarbon fuels, i.e., n-heptane, n-dodecane, and toluene. This study also investigates the flame stability for the same fuels using a unique approach in which nozzle sizes are selectively varied for each fuel to control the atomization process and minimize differences in the spray characteristics. The results show that the atomization process plays a major role in the flame liftoff heights and blowout limits. n-Dodecane, which produces the largest droplets and exhibits the lowest volatility, experiences highest flame liftoff heights and the greatest resistance to flame blowout compared to the other tested fuels. When the atomization process is controlled, more similar liftoff heights and blowout limits for all fuels were observed. The differences in liftoff height was shown to be a result of two-phase (spray) flame speed (i.e., pre-vaporized fuel reactivity (SL), and time scales associated with droplet evaporation). Differences in blowout was shown to be largely tied to fuel volatility, droplet size (i.e., the liquid loading into the flame), and the heat of combustion.
Machine Learning Driven Throughput Optimization of Volume Diagnosis Methodology

Numerous areas of VLSI Design and Automation including test and diagnosis have already started benefiting from machine learning based approaches. In this paper, we focus on application of machine learning techniques in the context of Volume Diagnosis methodology which aims at improving the yield analysis and management process. Specifically, we apply machine learning to monitor and predict throughput bottlenecks in diagnosis process that impede the pace of yield analysis. In the proposed supervised machine learning technique, diagnosis features extracted from thousands of devices are used to train a random forest regression model and features causing greatest impact on run times are predicted. This technique has resulted in identifying a class of faults (labelled “hyperactive faults”) to be strongly correlated to diagnosis run time. Based on this finding, we propose improvements to volume diagnosis methodology to identify and mask hyperactive faults in advance from volume diagnosis process. Experimental results using proposed improvements on large industrial designs demonstrate up to ~8% reduction in volume diagnosis run time with no loss of accuracy and resolution.
The Future of Music Trademarks under Dastar

Trademarks on recordings are routinely used to ensure the accuracy of identifying information that music consumers may care about. Yet under the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2003 decision in Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., the federal trademark statute is not concerned with the source of intangible content such as music (or pictures, literature, etc.). The relevant statutory provision’s reference to “origin of . . . goods,” the Court held, extends only to physical products. Lower courts have tended to read this case expansively. The upshot of these readings is that physical objects, not intangible ones like expressive works, are the only goods whose source matters in trademark law. Though courts almost certainly don’t intend this result, their reasoning requires the conclusion that accuracy over expression’s source is something that trademark law can’t police. This chapter provides a descriptive account of the disruption that these cases would create for music trademarks if their legal reasoning were taken seriously. Dastar would prevent recording artists and labels from using trademark law to manage how they designate themselves as the source of their primary product: recorded music. Recordings are simply not a relevant good for which a mark could ever indicate legally cognizable source to begin with. The chapter concludes by arguing that false advertising claims should be available to musicians, labels, and publishers to do what trademark law cannot — prevent competitors from falsely attributing authorship either to themselves or to others — whenever such factual statements of authorship are material to consumers.
Competing AI: How does competition feedback affect machine learning?

This papers studies how competition affects machine learning (ML) predictors. As ML becomes more ubiquitous, it is often deployed by companies to compete over customers. For example, digital platforms like Yelp use ML to predict user preference and make recommendations. A service that is more often queried by users, perhaps because it more accurately anticipates user preferences, is also more likely to obtain additional user data (e.g. in the form of a Yelp review). Thus, competing predictors cause feedback loops whereby a predictor's performance impacts what training data it receives and biases its predictions over time. We introduce a flexible model of competing ML predictors that enables both rapid experimentation and theoretical tractability. We show with empirical and mathematical analysis that competition causes predictors to specialize for specific sub-populations at the cost of worse performance over the general population. We further analyze the impact of predictor specialization on the overall prediction quality experienced by users. We show that having too few or too many competing predictors in a market can hurt the overall prediction quality. Our theory is complemented by experiments on several real datasets using popular learning algorithms, such as neural networks and nearest neighbor methods.
Source range phylogenetic community structure can predict the outcome of avian introductions

Competing phylogenetic models have been proposed to explain the success of species introduced to other communities. Here, we present a study predicting the establishment success of birds introduced to Florida, Hawaii, and New Zealand using several alternative models, considering species9 phylogenetic relatedness to source and recipient range taxa, propagule pressure, and traits. We find consistent support for the predictive ability of source region phylogenetic structure. However, we find that the effects of recipient region phylogenetic structure vary in sign and magnitude depending on inclusion of source region phylogenetic structure, delineation of the recipient species pool, and the use of phylogenetic correction in the models. We argue that tests of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses including the both source and recipient community phylogenetic structure, as well as important covariates such as propagule pressure, are likely to be critical for identifying general phylogenetic patterns in introduction success, predicting future invasions, and for stimulating further exploration of the underlying mechanisms of invasibility.
Clinical chemistry measurements with commercially available test slides on a smartphone platform: Colorimetric determination of glucose and urea

Abstract Backgkround Rapidly increasing healthcare costs in economically advantaged countries are currently unsustainable, while in many developing nations, even 50-year-old technologies are too expensive to implement. New and unconventional technologies are being explored as solutions to this problem. In this study, we examined the use of a smartphone as the detection platform for 2 well-developed, relatively inexpensive, commercially available clinical chemistry assays as a model for rapid and inexpensive clinical diagnostic testing. Methods An Apple iPhone 4 camera phone equipped with a color analysis application (ColorAssist) was combined with Vitros® glucose and urea colorimetric assays. Color images of assay slides at various concentrations of glucose or urea were collected with the iPhone 4 and quantitated in three different spectral ranges (red/green/blue or RGB) using the ColorAssist app. When the diffuse reflectance data was converted into absorbance, it was possible to quantitate glucose or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) over their clinically important concentration ranges (30–515 mg/dl for glucose or 2–190 mg/dl for BUN), with good linearity (R2 = 0.9994 or 0.9996, respectively [n = 5]). Results Data collected using the iPhone 4 and canine serum samples were in agreement with results from the instrumental “gold standard” (Beckman Coulter AU480 Chemistry System) (R2 = 0.9966 and slope = 1.0001 for glucose; R2 = 0.9958 and slope = 0.9454 for BUN). Glucose determinations of serum samples made using this smartphone method were as accurate as or more accurate than a commercial colorimetric dry slide analyzer (Heska® Element DC Chemistry Analyzer, Loveland, CO) and 2 glucometers: ReliOn® Ultima (Abbott Diabetes Care Inc) and Presto® (AgaMatrix Inc.H). BUN determinations made using the smartphone approach were comparable in accuracy to the Heska instrument. Conclusion This demonstration shows that smartphones have the potential to be used as simple, effective colorimetric detectors for quantitative diagnostic tests, and may be applicable for both point-of-care applications in the developed world and field deployment in developing nations.
Control of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by Natural Killer Cells

In adult animals and in physiological conditions, hematopoiesis occurs only in the bone marrow and in lymphoid organs, and it is not observed in organs such as liver or spleen, sites of fetal hematopoiesis. Precursor cells committed to erythroid and myeloid hematopoietic lineages originate from pluripotent stem cells and, through several cycles of cell division, give rise to terminally differentiated cells.(1) The entire process of hematopoiesis is regulated by the equilibrium between the self-renewal capability of the stem cell and the commitment to differentiate along one or more hematopoietic lineages. The maintenance of this equilibrium underlies the hematopoietic homeostasis necessary for the continuous production of the different types of hematopoietic cells required in physiological conditions. The regulation of hematopoiesis is also sufficiently flexible to enable hematopoietic organs to respond effectively to pathological situations (e.g., during bleeding or infections) requiring a rapidly increased production of a particular blood cell type.
Preliminaries to the Circle Method and the Method of Modular Functions

We have presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 the contributions made by mathematicians, from antiquity until well into the 19th century, to the problem of representations of natural integers by sums of k = 2, 4, and 3 squares. Theorems were obtained that presented the number r k (n) of these representations as sums of divisor functions (for k = 2 and 4) or sums over Jacobi symbols (for k = 3). Next, in Chapters 8 and 9, we studied a method developed mainly by Jacobi, based on the use of theta functions, by which one obtains similar results, involving divisor functions, for an even number of squares. The method is entirely successful for k ≤ 8, while for k ≥ 10 the formulae contain, besides sums of divisor functions, also more complicated additional terms. Even for k ≤ 8, the cases k = 5 and k = 7 were bypassed. Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier (see Chapter 10), Eisenstein presented formulae depending (as in the case k = 3) on Jacobi symbols for r5(n) and formulae for r5(n) of a different type were proposed and proved by Stieltjes (1856–1894) (see [259], [260]), and by Hurwitz [118]. Eisenstein also stated formulae for r7(n), expressed, like those for r5(n) with the help of the Legendre-Jacobi symbol. Proofs of Eisenstein’s formulae were given by Smith [253, 254], who deduced them from his own, of a different appearance, and by Minkowski (1864–1909) (see [178]).
Increased cervical cancer risk associated with extended screening intervals after negative human papillomavirus test results: Bayesian risk estimates using the Pittsburgh Cervical Cancer Screening Model

Introduction Questions have recently been raised about the acceptability of increased cervical cancer risk projected with the new guideline-recommended rescreening interval of 5 years after negative cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) cotest results. Additional data sources capable of evaluating cervical cancer risk over time are being sought. We employed the continuously updated Bayesian Pittsburgh Cervical Cancer Screening Model (PCCSM) to estimate invasive cancer risks for patients screened at extended screening intervals after negative HPV test results. Materials and methods The analyzed database included cervical screening data collected over 10 years (2005-2014) at Magee Womens Hospital with 976,624 liquid-based cytology (LBC) results, 285,351 companion high-risk US Food and Drug Administration–approved HPV test results from LBC vials, and 112,435 follow-up histopathologic results from surgical procedures with cervical tissue sampling. Histopathologic cervical cancer risk estimates for patients with prior double negative results with cervical LBC and from-the-vial HPV cotesting were computed using the PCCSM for women rescreened at intervals ranging from 1 to 9 years. Similar risks were computed for women with any negative HPV test result, not considering cytology results. Results Histopathologic invasive cervical cancer risk computed following LBC and HPV cotesting double negative results progressively increased with rescreening intervals of 1 to 9 years. Cervical cancer risks computed following any HPV-negative result, not considering cytology results, were consistently even higher at each comparable extended rescreening interval. Conclusions The PCCSM is a new data source that allows evaluation of cervical cancer risk over time. Cervical cancer risk is minimized with more frequent cytology and HPV cotesting.
Thoughts on Mda, Ndebele and Black South African Writing at the Millennium

It is a frequent complaint in South African literary circles that the West is not giving black African literature a chance, because of racial prejudice. Given the adoption of white anti-apartheid writers into the Western canon, the neglect of black writers, both antiand post-apartheid, is supposed to be a glaringly bigoted slight. As usual, claims about racism oversimplify. There are vast cultural differences that make black African authors?even the black authors
Lithium is an ineffective therapy for human cyclic hematopoiesis

Cyclic hematopoiesis is a rare disease in man in which severe neutropenia recurs at 21-day intervals with associated illness. Because lithium carbonate therapy has been shown to eliminate cyclic hematopoiesis in grey collie dogs, we examined the effects of lithium treatment on five patients with this disease. With lithium levels maintained between 0.5 and 1.0 meq/liter, these patients showed no change in the fluctuations of their neutrophil counts. We conclude that lithium carbonate is not a simple cure for human cyclic hematopoiesis.
On Application of Descriptor-Variable Theory to the Investigation of Optimal Control Problems of Linear Time-Delay Systems

Linear time-invariant time-delay control systems are approximated by time-invariant descriptor-variable systems. The approximating descriptor-variable systems do not contain any time-delay but they are controlled by a linear combination of the input vector and some of its derivatives. Necessary conditions are derived for existence of optimal controls; a "minimum energy" optimal control problem is investigated in some detail.
The Role of FBXO Subfamily of F-box Proteins in Tumorigenesis

The FBXL subfamily is composed of 22 members including the well-characterized FBXL1 (also known as Skp2) and FBXL2 to FBXL21, each containing an F-box motif and a C-terminal Leu-rich repeat (LRR) domain (Fig. 3.1). Intensive studies have revealed an oncogenic role for Skp2, but the potential roles of other FBXL subfamily members in tumorigenesis have just begun to be appreciated. In this chapter, we primarily focus on summarizing the recent genetic, pathological as well as the biochemical evidence pinpointing a possible tumor suppressor or oncogenic role for each of the FBXL subfamily member proteins. In the following paragraphs, we discuss current advances in three major categories, including the physiological (mouse modeling), pathological (human clinical cancer relevance), and biochemical evidence (updated ubiquitin substrates). These three experimental evidence categories will provide insights to facilitate our understanding for their roles in tumorigenesis (Table 3.4). As stated in previous chapters, given the fact that physiological evidence (mouse modeling results) is considered as the strongest supportive data to implicate any given F-box protein in tumorigenesis (Tables 3.2 and 3.3), we choose to summarize FBXL members with available mouse genetic models.
The Effects of Fire on Virgin Northern Mixed Grassland at Custer National Monument

Our second season of field work at the Battlefield ended in July, 1985. During this second season, we resampled the 25 study plots we established in 1984 (see Eighth Annual Report). In the wildfire of August, 1983, 20 of our study plots were burned (the experimental plots), and 5 were not (the control plots). The study plots are indicated in the sketch map, Figure 1. An excavation, approximately 1 m2, was made by the amateur archeologists visiting the site. No further incidents of this sort are anticipated for the duration of the study.
Sampling and recovery using multiquadrics

We survey recent results in the subject of interpolating bandlimited functions from their samples at both uniform and nonuniform sets via translates of a family of multiquadrics. Recovery of the original function is considered by means of a limiting process which changes a shape parameter associated with the multiquadric function. We also discuss some ways in which approximation rates can be found as well as extensions of the results to interpolation schemes which use other radial basis functions.
Liposomal ET-18-OCH3 Induces Cytochrome c-Mediated Apoptosis Independently of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) Signaling

ELL-12, a liposome formulation of the ether-lipid 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3), is a nonmyelosuppressive antiproliferative agent that is more effective and less toxic than the ether lipid itself in tumor model systems. We found that ELL-12 induced apoptosis in Jurkat, H9, and U-937 cells that was preceded by activation of executioner caspases. In addition, ELL-12 triggered release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm before caspase-9 activation. Apoptosis, activation of caspases, and cytochromec release were blocked by Bcl-xL overexpression in Jurkat T cells, suggesting a critical role for mitochondria in ELL-12–triggered cell death. Furthermore, ELL-12 had no effect on expression of CD95 ligand, and inhibition of the Fas signaling pathway with antagonistic anti-CD95 antibody did not affect apoptosis induced by ELL-12. Hence, ELL-12 could be a promising adjunct for the treatment of tumors in addition to myelosuppressive chemotherapeutic drugs and/or those that use the CD95-ligand/receptor system to trigger apoptosis.
Behavioral health in multiracial adolescents: the role of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to determine whether adolescents who self-identify as multiracial have more adverse health behaviors than their monoracial counterparts, and (2) to examine whether the health behaviors of adolescents who are multiracial and Hispanic are more similar to those who identify as monoracial Hispanic or those who are multiracial and non-Hispanic. METHODS: Secondary analyses of data in a subsample from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey of 3,704 (27.2%) adolescents who identified as Hispanic/Latino only, multiracial Hispanic, or multiracial non-Hispanic were conducted. Regression analyses were conducted using SUDAAN for the complex sampling to test for differences in health behaviors (i.e., smoking, exercise, substance abuse, and suicide risk) among the three ethnicity/race groups. RESULTS: Each health behavior scale yielded significant between-group differences according to ethnic/racial identity: Hispanic/Latino adolescents scored significantly lower than both multiracial groups on the measure of cigarette smoking, lower than multiracial Hispanic adolescents on the substance abuse scale, and lower than multiracial non-Hispanic adolescents on the measure of exercise. The multiracial Hispanic group was also at marginally increased risk for suicide compared to the Hispanic/Latino group. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that multiracial Hispanic adolescents have more behavioral health problems than monoracial Hispanic adolescents. The second hypothesis--that multiracial Hispanic adolescents are more similar to multiracial non-Hispanic adolescents--was also supported. The implications of these findings for the classification of Hispanic adolescents in terms of ethnicity and race in relation to health behaviors are discussed.
Nonlinear dynamics of micro impact oscillators in high frequency MEMS switch application

In this paper, we propose a piecewise nonlinear model for the first time to understand the impact dynamics of micro-oscillator applications including MEMS switches and tapping-mode atomic-force-microscopy (AFM). Specifically, we consider the case when the deformation is large and the tapping happens in the nonlinear frequency response region. In-plane switches and cantilevers with out-of-plane motion, made from single crystal silicon with simple geometry are used for modeling and testing. Both softening and hardening effects are considered. A laser-scanning-vibrometer system is used for quantifying motion. Numerical analysis shows that the nonlinearity not only shifts the bifurcation area, but also changes the bandwidth of the tapping event. The comparison between the experimental results and the simulation results demonstrates the validity of the piecewise nonlinear model we propose.
Precise machining of disk shapes from thick metal substrates by femtosecond laser ablation

Femtosecond-pulsed lasers have proven to be versatile for machining of microscale features in a variety of materials with minimal residual stress and heat-affected zone. However, machining of components from 200-μm-thick metal substrates by femtosecond laser ablation requires repetitive scanning of the laser beam focus along multiple adjacent paths numerous times to completely remove the part. In this study, optimization of multi-pass ablation parameters for efficient cutting and optimum final shape accuracy of disks of Stellite, aluminum, and stainless steel was investigated. The ablation depth of Stellite was measured with different pulse energies and groove widths, and 200 μm of diameter and thickness of Stellite disk were machined. The tapered cross-section of the disk was observed and increased pulse energy as the laser beam approached the bottom of the sample helped to minimize the taper angle of the sides of the disk. Moreover, the comparison of ablation depth in Stellite, aluminum, and stainless steel were conducted with various pulse energies and groove widths.
Clustering with Constraints: Feasibility Issues and the k-Means Algorithm.

Recent work has looked at extending the k-Means algorithm to incorporate background information in the form of instance level must-link and cannot-link constraints. We introduce two ways of specifying additional background information in the form of δ and constraints that operate on all instances but which can be interpreted as conjunctions or disjunctions of instance level constraints and hence are easy to implement. We present complexity results for the feasibility of clustering under each type of constraint individually and several types together. A key finding is that determining whether there is a feasible solution satisfying all constraints is, in general, NP-complete. Thus, an iterative algorithm such as k-Means should not try to find a feasible partitioning at each iteration. This motivates our derivation of a new version of the k-Means algorithm that minimizes the constrained vector quantization error but at each iteration does not attempt to satisfy all constraints. Using standard UCI datasets, we find that using constraints improves accuracy as others have reported, but we also show that our algorithm reduces the number of iterations until convergence. Finally, we illustrate these benefits and our new constraint types on a complex real world object identification problem using the infra-red detector on an Aibo robot.
Intracellular mechanisms underlying prostaglandin F2α-stimulated phasic myometrial contractions

These studies sought to test the hypothesis that prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)-stimulated phasic myometrial contractions are characterized by the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-signaling pathway...
Distributed aerial Reconnaissance Ad-hoc networking protocol

This paper presents a set of protocol standards that can be used to implement a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) to provide distributed Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance efforts with low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles. By leveraging existing networking standards founding the B.A.T.M.A.N ad-hoc protocol, along with best-practice security protocols found in the IPSec security standard, we demonstrate the suitability of our new protocol stack as an effective communications network within a mesh network of mobile aircraft, showcasing efficient throughput and reliability in our embedded systems test platform.
Psychosocial Adjustment and Educational Outcome in Adolescents with a Childhood Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective To conduct a retrospective follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and educational outcome in adolescents with a childhood diagnosis of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and a group of clinical controls. Method Groups included male and female subjects aged 14 to 18 years at time of follow-up with childhood diagnosis of ADD (cases; n =48) versus other neurodevelopmental disorders (clinical controls; n =37). Cases were also subdivided based on the presence of conduct disorder (CD) at follow-up. All groups were compared on measures of academic performance, self-esteem, behavior, alcohol and substance use, and adaptive functioning. Results Cases had significantly lower academic performance and poorer social, emotional, and adaptive functioning than clinical controls. Cases with CD had significantly lower academic performance, greater externalizing behaviors and emotional difficulties, and lower adaptive functioning than cases without CD. Cases with CD fared worse than clinical controls on self-report measures of behavior, socialization skills, and alcohol and substance use. Conclusions These academic and psychosocial problems in adolescents with a childhood diagnosis of ADD suggest potential long-term ramifications for vocational and psychological functioning into adulthood. In addition, the presence of CD in some of these cases during adolescence appears to further increase the risk for maladaptive outcome.
Separation of lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl derivative of amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography

Abstract The effectiveness of laryl chloride (Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride) as a reagent for labeling free amino groups of amino acids, peptides and proteins has been demonstrated. Laryl amino acids are bright red compounds which absorb light with a maximum at a wavelength of 560 nm and emit light with a maximum at a wavelength of 595 nm. On thin-layer plates, fluorescence is about 125 times more sensitive than visual observation of the colored spots and it was possible to observe laryl amino acids in amounts as low as 400 fmol, about half the amount which is needed for dansyl amino acids. The colorimetric thin-layer methods are as sensitive as the dabsyl chloride method and do not require development with hydrochloric acid fumes. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the separation of the laryl amino acids and the usefulness of the technique was demonstrated on small peptides.
A sub-grid model for localisation in metals under high-rate loading: formulations and preliminary results

A sub-grid model (or two-component element), which incorporates a thin localisation band within a continuum element, has been developed for strain localisation problems. The model has been implemented in a three-dimensional, explicit analysis code (EPIC). Formulations and some preliminary numerical results of a single element under shear and of a three-dimensional analysis of a plate are presented.
Molecular biology of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels.

I. Introduction II. How Are KATP Channels Defined? III. How Do KATP Channels Affect the Membrane Potential of Pancreatic β-Cells? IV. KATP Channel Subunits A. The KIR family of inwardly rectifying K+ channels B. Sulfonylurea receptors V. Reconstitution of KATP Channel Activity from SUR1 and KIR6.2 A. The question of “promiscuous coupling” of SUR1 with other inward rectifiers VI. KATP Channel Structure A. KIR6.2 forms the pore of a KATP channel B. SUR1 and KIR6.x are physically associated C. Coexpression with KIR6.2 affects the maturation of SUR1 D. Complex glycosylated SUR1 and KIR6.2 assemble a large multimer E. A 1:1 stoichiometry of SUR to KIR is both necessary and sufficient to make KATP channels F. Other KIR channels are tetramers G. The stoichiometry of active β-cell KATP channels is (SUR1/KIR6.2)4 VII. Regulation of KATP Channel Activity A. How do ATP and ADP exert their effects on KATP channels? B. Where are the nucleotide binding sites located? C. C-terminally truncated KIR6.2 channels show abnor...
Epidermal growth factor-interactions with cellular receptors

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide hormone isolated from both man and mouse. EGF promotes the growth of epidermis in animals and of many cell types in culture. It has been possible to trace its binding, internalization and degradation in responsive cells and to begin to understand the molecular events associated with the mitogenic activity of this hormone.
Neutrino-matter interactions in the context of core-collapse supernovae

Abstract Neutrino processes determine the viability of the neutrino-driven mechanism of core-collapse supernova explosions. Here, I list and discuss some of the various neutrino scattering, absorption, and production processes that collectively determine the outcome of core collapse, the creation of neutron stars, the ejection of the stellar mantle, and the cooling of protoneutron stars. These are the essential inputs into the radiation/hydrodynamics codes with which astrophysicists simulate the supernova phenomenon. Hence, understanding these processes is a crucial prerequisite to the further advancement of supernova theory.
Free boundary regularity for the Poisson kernel below the continuous threshold

The purpose of this note is to announce the proof of the conjecture stated by the authors in [KT1]. In [KT2] we show that the “weak” regularity of the Poisson kernel of a domain fully determines the geometry of its boundary. Namely, we show that if Ω is a δ-Reifenberg flat chord arc domain for δ> 0 small enough, and the logarithm of the Poisson kernel has vanishing mean oscillation, then the unit normal vector to the boundary also has vanishing mean oscillation. Jerison (see [J]) introduced the end point problem in higher dimensions, but treated it under more restrictive assumptions, namely that the boundary is given locally as a Lipschitz graph, and the normal derivative data is continuous as opposed to having vanishing mean oscillation. His paper is based on the work of Jerison-Kenig [JK2] and first points out the connection with the work of Alt and Caffarelli [AC]. There is an error in Lemma 4 of Jerison’s paper. Nevertheless in our previous work (see [KT1]) we made considerable use of the ideas in [J]. In the present work we bypass this approach. It is interesting to compare our results with those of Pommerenke [P] and those of Alt and Caffarelli [AC]. In all cases the oscillation of the logarithm of the Poisson kernel, kA, controls the geometry of the boundary and the oscillation of the unit normal.
Network Modeling Of The Modulation Response For Buried Heterostructure Injection Lasers

This paper describes the electro-optic and modulation characteristics of GaInAsP/InP buried heterostructure injection lasers. A network model for the laser is derived from analytic solutions to the rate equations that govern its dynamic response. Parasitic elements introduced during device packaging are identified and incorporated into a circuit model for the laser package. The circuit model is used in conjunction with SPICE to simulate the effect of transmitter circuitry on their modulation characteristics at high frequencies.
Zooplankton Grazing during Dinoflagel-late Blooms in a Cape Cod Embayment, with Observations of Predation upon Tin-tinnids by Copepods

. The patterns and rates of feeding by the copepod Acartia hudsonica and larvae of the polychaete Polydora sp. were investigated during the spring in an estuarine embayment. These dominant macrozooplankters fed upon the natural particulate assemblages (predominantly dino-flagellates) spiked with the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis. G. tamarensis was ingested by both zooplankters, as was Heterocapsa triquetra, the most abundant alternative food item. Ingestion rates generally increased as dinoflagellate concentrations increased, resulting in a relatively constant (and low) filtration rate for each grazer. Dinophysis acuminata, another dominant dinoflagellate, was essentially ungrazed. Thus, the zooplankters did not ingest one dinoflagellate and consumed others in proportion to their availability but at low rates. Based on these low rates and the small number of A. hudsonica observed during the spring, we infer minima! grazing impact on a 1980 G. tamarensis bloom. In contrast, the impact of polychaete larvae may have been substantial, since their extreme numerical abundance more than compensated for low filtration rates. In one instance, the tintinnid Eutintinnus pectinis was accidentally included in a grazing experiment. Our ingestion data demonstrate that A. hudsonica, when presented with a combination of tintinnids and several species of phytoplankton (G. tamarensis and D. acuminata) ingested the tintinnids at high rates, in proportion to their high abundance. Since the nanoflagellate Chroomonas amphioxea was found within the loricae of many of the surviving tintinnids, this also provided a qualitative demonstration of the often-hypothesized nanoplankton to tintinnid to copepod link in a marine food chain.
Statistical Modeling of Animal Bioassay Data with Variable Dosing Regimens: Example—Vinyl Chloride

We consider animal bioassay experiments with variable dosing regimens in which groups of animals are dosed beginning at different ages and for varying durations. Two response models are discussed and then applied to data from an experiment on vinyl chloride exposure of F-344 rats, B6C3F1 and Swiss CD-1 mice, and Syrian Golden hamsters. The multistage model of Armitage and Doll, as extended by Whittemore, Day and Brown, and Crump and Howe, is used to estimate the dose effect on the ordered stages of tumor development. The data for all endpoints and species/strains examined consistently indicate a predominant effect on the first stage, suggesting that vinyl chloride is primarily a tumor initiator. This is consistent with evidence from two-stage experiments on this chemical. The second response model, new to this article, adjusts for survival nonparametrically. It is used to test for an age difference in susceptibility, to evaluate alternative exposure durations, and to compare the effectiveness of alternative dosing regimens for detecting carcinogenicity.
Nucleoside diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylases in mast cell tumors

Abstract 1. I. Mast cell tumors were shown to contain uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UTP:α- d -glucose- i -phosphate uridylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.9) and guanosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (GTP:α- d -glucose- i -phosphate guanylyltransferase). The two activities were separated from each other by ammonium sulfate fractionation and are thus distinct enzymes. 2. 2. The GDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase fraction was purified further on DEAE-cellulose and some of its properties were studied. The enzyme was shown to catalyze the synthesis of GDP-glucose from d -glucose- i -phosphate and GTP. Other nucleoside triphosphates did not yield nucleoside diphosphate glucose when incubated with this enzyme preparation. 3. 3. The enzyme also catalyzed, to a lesser degree, the formation of guanosine diphosphate mannose from GTP and d -mannose- i -phosphate. Mannose i -phosphate also had an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of GDP-glucose. 4. 4. Fibrosarcomas and umbilical cord do not contain any detectable amount of GDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase although they do have UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity.
Aristotle's Analysis of Friendship: Function and Analogy, Resemblance, and Focal Meaning

Both the Nicomachean Ethics and the Eudemian Ethics discuss friendship (philia) in detail and both recognize several kinds of friendship: the association of morally good men, the association of pleasure seekers and the association of men seeking their own advantage. Furthermore, both ethical treatises are quite clear that this difference in kind is not to be explained in terms of simple, unmitigated equivocity. Friendships are not like capes which may be quite unrelated items such as garments and points of land extending into the sea. But how are the several kinds of friendship related? The Eudemian Ethics answers this question by introducing the focal analysis of pros hen equivocals whose application to being is familiar to students of the Metaphysics. What the Nicomachean Ethics does is not immediately clear. Many scholars, both ancient and modern, have seen focal analysis in the Nicomachean discussion.' This seems to me a mistake which merits correction. For properly understood the Nicomachean treatment of friendship is a complex and sophisticated analysis of considerable independent interest. Two distinct modes of analysis are discernible, yet neither is a focal analysis. In Section
The activity of Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Muscidae) in laboratory experiments

SYNOPSIS An account is given of the effect of temperature and humidity on the activity of Glossina morsitans.
Bursa of fabricius as site of origin of germinal centre cells.

GERMINAL centres consist of proliferating lymphoid blast cells arising in follicular areas of lymphoid tissue in response to antigen injection1. These centres have been implicated as sites of origin of memory cells for the secondary immune response2–4 with specificity for the antigen which induced their formation5.
Renal transplantation: basic concepts and evolution of therapy.

Within the last 5 years, dramatic changes in the area of renal transplantation have occurred. There have been shifts in the dominant types of rejection, and in the types and utilization of immunosuppressants. Hyperacute rejection is now rarely seen, and acute cellular rejection within the first 6 to 12 months has been reduced to about 10%. However, humoral/antibody-mediated rejection has become a more prevalent problem. In the area of immunosuppressants, the ability to reduce acute cellular rejection to about 10% has been achieved through more judicious use of calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tacrolimus), increased use of mycophenolate mofetil, and the recent introduction of sirolimus (rapamycin). The polyclonal antibody (antithymocyte globulin), as well as monoclonal antibodies directed against the alpha chain of CD25 (daclizumab and basilixamab), have added substantially to the improved success of renal allografts. Because of numerous serious toxicities from glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors, particularly cyclosporine, new studies are utilizing calcineurin-free and/or glucocorticoid avoidance or rapid elimination protocols often in combination with a monoclonal antibody and sirolimus. New immunosuppressants such as FTY720 and Campath-1 are also under study. In addition to its use in treating patients with low-level donor-specific antibody before transplantation in order to avoid hyperacute rejection, apheresis is utilized in various combination protocols after transplantation in the management of humoral/antibody-mediated rejection, in the treatment of hemolytic uremia syndrome that sometimes occurs with calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus, as well as in the treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis that has a major risk of recurrence in renal transplants.
EFFECT OF HETEROCYCLIC AMINE ADDITIVES ON THE ABSORPTION RATES OF CARBONYL SULFIDE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN AQUEOUS METHYLDIETHANOLAMINE SOLUTIONS

Absorption rates of carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide into aqueous methyldiethanolamine solutions with and without heterocyclic amine additives were measured in a stirred cell apparatus. All of the heterocyclic amine additives catalyzed COS absorption more strongly than that for CO2. In instances in which absorption rates were improved by the additives, those with the lowest pKb's were the most effective, although steric factors also apparently influence reaction kinetics.