cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localizing Environmental Federalism

Local environmental action has gained attention and importance in the face of inaction by the federal government and many states. By taking action when other levels of government are not, these local governments are fulfilling an important federalism function. Environmental federalism theory has long highlighted the potential for local governments to play this gap-filling function, and to fulfill other federalism values. To date, however, environmental federalism theory has not examined closely the legal basis for local governmental action, and the vulnerabilities that surround that local authority. In many states, local authority is easily, and often, preempted by the state. Given the importance of local environmental activity, the looming threat of removal of local ability to act is an important, and as-yet relatively unexamined, aspect of environmental federalism dynamics. This Article proposes a new framework—localized environmental federalism—for better acknowledging the role that local governments play in environmental federalism and environmental governance, and for thinking through the implications of the loss of local authority over the environment in the context of environmental federalism. Notably, this is a theory of localized, not localist, environmental federalism; the framework has no built-in preference for local authority over other actors. Instead, it endeavors to make clear the realities of local environmental governance and how that reality affects environmental federalism conversations. Localized environmental federalism takes as its starting point three central tenets: 1) local governments play a distinct role in environmental federalism; 2) environmental federalism values may be impacted by the vulnerability of local authority; and 3) because local authority varies by state in highly particularized ways, conversations about local environmental governance must become more particularized too. Using that framework for thinking through the role of local governments in environmental federalism, it becomes possible to have nuanced conversations about how, why, and when local actors may be well-suited for environmental action. In a time of pressing environmental concerns, that knowledge has never been more crucial.
Investigating Conflation of Sex and Gender Language in Student Writing About Genetics

Conflation of sex and gender is implicated in the development of essentialist thinking, which has been linked to the justification of systems of prejudice in modern society. This exploratory study presents findings from a person randomized control trial conducted with 460 students in 8th–10th grade that investigated the extent to which students conflate sex and gender in their writing about genetics. Students were randomly assigned to one of three short readings that either (1) explained the genetics of sex in plants; (2) explained the genetics of sex in humans; or (3) refuted neuro-genetic essentialism, offering instead a social explanation for why women receive fewer PhDs in science, technology, mathematics, and engineering than men. While previous findings from the authors suggest links between the condition students were assigned to and psychological indicators related to essentialist thinking, no work was done to investigate how students’ use of language might implicate cognitive conflation as a possible factor in understanding these results. In this study, student responses to a constructed response writing task given after the reading were analyzed to investigate the use of sex and gender language. Students in all three conditions used both sex and gender language. However, students in the refutational text condition tended to use sex and gender language deliberately in order to explain PhD attainment, while students in the traditional genetics conditions used the terms interchangeably, suggesting subconscious conflation. Students in the genetics of human sex condition were more likely to manifest this conflation than students in the genetics of plant sex condition. Implications for instruction are discussed.
Gender and the Third Wave of variation study

In the past thirty years, the study of sociolinguistic variation has moved its focus ‘inside’ the speaker – from macrosocial categories to local categories, to the personae that inhabit categories and to the stylistic practice in which personae entangle themselves in the social landscape. This latter stage has commonly been called the Third Wave and is indeed inspired by third wave feminism, as the focus has turned from the gender binary to the range of gendered personae. This article traces my participation in these developments, beginning with the Berkeley Women and Language Group conferences and unfolding in a student-run seminar at Stanford.
Tau K321/K353 pseudoacetylation within KXGS motifs regulates tau-microtubule interactions and inhibits aggregation.

Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia and a defining hallmark is the progressive brain deposition of tau aggregates. The insidious accumulation of brain tau inclusions is also involved in a group of neurodegenerative diseases termed frontotemporal dementias. In all of these disorders, tau aggregates are enriched in post-translational modifications including acetylation, which has recently been identified at multiple sites. While most evidence suggest that tau acetylation is detrimental and promotes tau aggregation, a few studies support that tau acetylation within the KXGS motif can be protective and inhibit tau aggregation. To model site-specific acetylation at K259, K290, K321, and K353, acetylmimetics were created by mutating lysine to glutamine residues, which approximates size and charge of acetylation. HEK293T cells were transfected to express wild type tau, tau pathogenic mutations (P301L and P301L/S320F) or tau acetylmimetics and assessed by cell-based assays for microtubule binding and tau aggregation. Acetylmimetics within the KXGS motif (K259Q, K290Q, K321Q, K353Q) leads to significant decreased tau–microtubule interactions. Acetylmimetics K321Q and K353Q within the context of the pathogenic P301L tau mutation strongly inhibited prion-like seeded aggregation. This protective effect was confirmed to decrease intrinsic aggregation of P301L/S320F tau double mutation. Surprisingly, K321Q and K353Q acetylmimetics altered the conformational structure of P301L/S320F tau to extensively impair Thioflavin S binding. Site-specific acetylation of tau at K321 and K353 could represent a natural protective mechanism against tau aggregation and could be a potential therapeutic target.
Touch screen gestures for web browsing tasks

One-step gestures such as a single swipe are preferred over multi-step gestures.The most common binding was object-centric.Most gestures used one finger, but five-finger gesture are used for larger devices.Gestures should reflect the desired action and be independent of the device size.Display animations should be consistent with gesture actions. Touch screens have many advantages over traditional desktop devices. In addition to their direct interaction and portability, they allow for a novel interaction method, hand gestures. Most research on touch screen gestures focuses on the technical constraints of the input and comparison of the input method to other techniques. Fewer studies have defined gestures for a specific task, which is the purpose of the present study. We defined natural gestures for common web browsing tasks, and added to the growing research in this area by examining differences between postures, screen sizes, and users' educational background. It was found that most gestures produced by users are made with the dominant hand, the index finger, and a single motion. There was no effect of device tilt or posture since most gestures were performed with one hand. Five fingered gestures were used more often on the tablet than on the phone. There were little differences between the psychology and engineering participants. Design implications and limitations are discussed.
Experimentation for the Maturation of Deep Space Cryogenic Refueling Technologies

This report describes the results of the "Experimentation for the Maturation of Deep Space Cryogenic Refueling Technology" study. This study identifies cryogenic fluid management technologies that require low-gravity flight experiments bring technology readiness levels to 5 to 6; examines many possible flight experiment options; and develops near-term low-cost flight experiment concepts to mature the core technologies. A total of 25 white papers were prepared by members of the project team in the course of this study. The full text of each white paper is included and 89 relevant references are cited. The team reviewed the white papers that provided information on new or active concepts of experiments to pursue and assessed them on the basis of technical need, cost, return on investment, and flight platform. Based on on this assessment the "Centaur Test Bed for Cryogenic Fluid Management" was rated the highest. "Computational Opportunities for Cryogenics for Cryogenic and Low-g Fluid Systems" was ranked second, based on its high scores in state of the art and return on investment, even though scores in cost and time were second to last. "Flight Development Test Objective Approach for In-space Propulsion Elements" was ranked third.
A Review of “The Experience of Return Migration: Caribbean Perspectives”

Immigration and emigration have been a way of life for many of the islands in the Caribbean for centuries. In the early European history of these islands immigration prevailed, some of it by choice...
Formic Hydrogenlyase and the Photoassimilation of Formate by a Strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris

A photosynthetic bacterium isolated by enrichment on media containing formate as major source of cell carbon was identified as a strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. It grew on a wide range of simple organic compounds including alcohols, fatty acids, and hydroxyacids, on a chemically defined medium with biotin and p-aminobenzoic acid as essential growth factors. The organism grew on formate or photoautotrophically with molecular hydrogen or thiosulfate only in the presence of yeast extract. Ability to photoassimilate formate could be shown only in organisms grown in the presence of formate. The organism contained an inducible formic hydrogenlyase consisting of a soluble formic dehydrogenase, a particulate hydrogenase, and one or more intermediate, but as yet unidentified, electron carriers. The formic hydrogenlyase could be reconstituted from a particulate hydrogenase and a partially purified soluble formic dehydrogenase. Some properties of the formic dehydrogenase and hydrogenase have been compared with that of the formic hydrogenlyase system.
Teaching the Proof Process: A Model for Discovery Learning.

A large gap usually exists between the type of thinking expected of students in the upper level undergraduate mathematics courses and that expected in the calculus sequence. Sometimes this gap is bridged with an Introduction to Proof course using a text such as Smith, Eggen, and St. Andre (1990) or Barnier and Feldman (1990). However, when no bridging course is available, we teachers of upper level courses must teach not only content but also how to do proofs. Over the years, one of my teaching responsibilities has been to introduce proof techniques to junior/senior mathe matics majors (including students seek ing secondary certification in mathemat ics) as they learn the content of the courses. Although students have had a casual acquaintance with proving theo rems, most have had nothing as all encompassing as what happens when they take a junior/senior level number theory, abstract algebra, geometry, or real analysis course. It is extremely difficult for undergradu ate students to acquire the ability of prov ing something to be true. Too often they examine the textbooks, read the proofs, and try to emulate them. But they are looking at the finished product and trying to create from scratch something that is
THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF MYRIOPHYLLUM (ANGIOSPERMAE, HALORAGACEAE)1,2

Analysis of the data published by Lohammar indicates that Myriophykm alternifbrum occurs in moderately acid, neutral, or slightly alkaline waters. Both Myriophyllum qkatum and Myriophyllum verticillatum extend into waters having higher calcium contents than appear to be tolerated by M. alterniflorum. MyrzbphyZZum verticillatum tends to occur in waters having a lower pH than many inhabited by M. spicatum. The difference is highly significant and may be correlated with M. spicatum being able, and M. verticilkztum not being able, to use the bicarbonate ion as a source of carbon in photosynthesis. In northern Sweden, in a region the lakes of which did not contain M. verticillatum, the softwater part of its niche may be occupied by M. spicutum. Examination of various other genera containing two or more species fails to show any other clear-cut cases of pH limitation in the alkaline waters studied by Lohammar; usually the more calciphil species seem to require and thrive at high calcium concentrations. soft water low pH may be limiting. It is however possible that in very
IRAS STATISTICS ON MAIN SEQUENCE STELLAR IR EXCESSES AND MODELS OF CIRCUMSTELLAR PARTICLE CLOUDS

IRAS coadded-survey data of volume-limited samples of main sequence stars have been examined for evidence of excess far-IR flux. Of 134 systems, 25 (19%) show significant excesses at 25, 60, or 100 µm that may be due to emission from clouds of orbiting particles. The fraction with excess more luminous than 2×10−5L* is about 15%, roughly independent of spectral type. Several of the stars with excess appear to be older than 2×l09 yrs, implying that the particle cloud phenomenon is not solely a feature of young objects.
Calculations of electrostatic energies in proteins: the energetics of ionized groups in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

The importance of including different energy contributions in calculations of electrostatic energies in proteins is examined by calculating the intrinsic pKa values of the acidic groups of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. It appears that such calculations provide a powerful and revealing test; the relevant solvation energies of the ionized acids are of the order of -70 kcal/mol (1 cal = 4.184 J), and microscopic calculations that do not attempt to simulate the complete protein dielectric effect (including the surrounding solvent) can underestimate the solvation energy by as much as 50 kcal/mol. Reproducing correctly, by the same set of parameters, the solvation energies of ionized acids in different sites of a protein cannot be accomplished by including only part of the key energy contributions. The problems associated with macroscopic calculations are also considered and illustrated by the specific case of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. A promising approach is shown to be provided by a refinement of the previously developed Protein Dipoles Langevin Dipoles model. This model seems to represent consistently the microscopic dielectric of the protein and the surrounding water molecules. The model overcomes the problems associated with the macroscopic models (by treating explicitly the solvent molecules) and avoids the convergence problems associated with all-atom solvent models (by treating the average solvent polarization rather than averaging the actual polarization energy). This paper describes in detail the actual implementation of the model and examines its performance in evaluating intrinsic pKa values. Preliminary microscopic considerations of charge-charge interactions are presented.
Component-based software development approach: new opportunities and challenges

The rapidly growing demand for rapid and cost-effective development of large-scale, complex and highly maintainable software systems has introduced a major challenge for the software community. The new trend is to adopt the component-based software development approach to overcome the challenge. The component-based software development approach is based on the concept of developing software systems by selecting building blocks of a new system from off-the-shelf components and assembling the selected components within an approximate software architecture. Consequently, the component-based software development approach has great potential for reducing development time and cost. To build a component-based software system, an organization may select from off-the-shelf components developed by internal or external sources. The development of component-based software systems involves new major activities such as evaluation, selection, customization and integration of off-the-shelf components; and evaluation, selection and creation of software architectures. The focus of the paper is on the key aspects of the component-based software development approach and new opportunities and challenges associated with the approach. The paper describes the new major activities in the component-based systems life cycle, and discusses technical and nontechnical issues that need to be resolved for widespread adoption of this approach. The paper also presents several directions for future research in this area.
Dead or alive? Autofluorescence distinguishes heat-fixed from viable cells.

Purpose: A proof-of-concept study to evaluate a new autofluorescence method to differentiate necrotic thermally fixed cells from viable tissue following thermal ablation.Methods: A conductive interstitial thermal therapy (CITT) device was used to ablate swine mammary tissue and rabbit VX-2 carcinomas in vivo. The ablated regions and 10-mm margins were resected 24 h following treatment, embedded in HistOmer® and sectioned at 3 mm. The fresh sections were evaluated for gross viability with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, 1 h post-resection. Representative non-viable and viable areas were then processed and embedded into paraffin, and sectioned at 5 µm. Standard H&E staining and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry were compared against autofluorescence intensity, at 488-nm wavelength, for cellular viability.Results: Heat-fixed cells in non-viable regions exhibit increased autofluorescence intensity compared to viable tissue (area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve...
Directional gene silencing induced by a complex subtelomeric satellite from Drosophila.

The telomeric regions in Drosophila cause transcriptional silencing of integrated transgenes. A complex satellite has recently been identified in the subterminal region of the left arm of chromosome 2 that is a good candidate for the source of the observed telomeric silencing, because genetically marked transposable elements that have inserted into this subtelomeric array show repression and variegation of the reporter gene. We asked whether this satellite can also cause transcriptional repression in ectopic chromosomal positions by placing it upstream of a mini-white reporter gene in P element constructs used for germ line transformation. The transgenes are shielded from external influences at the integration site using SU(HW) binding sites at either end. It was found that the satellite represses transcription of the reporter gene in an orientation dependent and an array length dependent manner. The satellite does not, however, induce variegation under the conditions used. The repressed transgenes do not respond to typical modifiers of centromeric position effect variegation, such as Su(var)2055, Su(var)2–11, Su(var)3–11, and Su(var)3–61, or to the addition of a Y chromosome. However, as with the original variegating telomeric insertion, suppression in the transgenes is relieved by Su(z)25, suggesting that suppression induced by the subtelomeric satellite retains aspects of telomeric silencing in ectopic positions.
Vibrations of circular orthotropic plates in affine space

The vibration of an initially compressed plate having a circular geometry and orthotropy is examined in an affine space. The classical linear plate theory and Hamilton's principle are employed. The equations of motion of the plate are particularly simple in the chosen affine space, permitting a free-vibration study of the entire spectrum of composite materials with polar orthotropy. Approximate but very accurate standing-wave-type mode shapes are used in solving the essentially double eigenvalue problem to determine the effects of midplane forces on the vibration frequencies of the plate. The results indicate that the affine-space frequency increases with increasing stiffness ratio but decreases with increasing midplane compression. It is also discovered that, contrary to the trends observed for rectangular geometry and orthotropy by Oyibo (1981), Brunelle (1982), and Brunelle and Oyibo (1983), the affine-space frequency increases with increasing generalized Poisson's ratio.
Influence of glycerol concentration and freezing rate on post-thaw motility of bovine spermatozoa in Continental straws.

Semen from each of six bulls was used to study the effects of percent glycerol and rate of freezing on spermatozoa extended in egg yolk-sodium citrate extender and packaged in .25-ml Continental straws. Treatments were arranged factorially and included 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11% (volume/volume) glycerol; freezing rates (time from 5 to -130 C) of 1, 2, 3.5, 7, 12, or 20 min; and post-thaw incubation times of 0 and 2 h at 38 C. Post-thaw motility was similar for spermatozoa frozen in 2 to 20 min, and all means were greater than for spermatozoa frozen in 1 min. Post-thaw motility of spermatozoa frozen in 7% glycerol did not differ from that with 5 to 9% but was superior to that with 10 or 11% glycerol. Although glycerol and freezing rate interacted, 7% glycerol provided survival equal to or greater than that with the other percents of glycerol, regardless of freezing rate.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, and can be further classified as nonsquamous carcinoma (including adenocarcinoma, which accounts for 40 % of NSCLCs) and squamous NSCLC, which makes up 30 % of NSCLC cases. The emergence of inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptors, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) in the last decade has resulted in steady improvement in clinical outcomes for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. However, improvements in the survival of patients with squamous NSCLC have remained elusive, presenting an urgent need for understanding and investigating therapeutically relevant molecular targets, specifically in squamous NSCLC. Although anti-VEGF therapy has been studied in squamous NSCLC, progress has been slow, in part due to issues related to pulmonary hemorrhage. In addition to these safety concerns, several phase III trials that initially included patients with squamous NSCLC failed to demonstrate improved overall survival (primary endpoint) with the addition of antiangiogenic therapy to chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone. Angiogenesis is an established hallmark of tumor progression and metastasis, and the role of VEGF signaling in angiogenesis is well established. However, some studies suggest that, while inhibiting VEGF signaling may be beneficial, prolonged exposure to VEGF/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors may allow tumor cells to utilize alternative angiogenic mechanisms and become resistant. As a result, agents that target multiple angiogenic pathways simultaneously are also under evaluation. This review focuses on current and investigational antiangiogenic targets in squamous NSCLC, including VEGF/VEGFRs, fibroblast growth factor receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptors, and angiopoietin. Additionally, clinical trials investigating VEGF- and multi-targeted antiangiogenic therapies are discussed.
Evaluating computerized business simulators for objective learning validity

The theory for validating computerized business simulators proposed in this article is based on several premises derived from the research literature. Unique to the theory is the use of a hypothesis test and a methodology to describe the behavior of a simulator from the perspective of the student. THE EXECUTIVE GAME is validated to demonstrate the methodology of the theory. THE EXECUTIVE GAME is shown to be unstable, but it is suitable for the development of forecasting skills using exponential smoothing models. It is also shown that the proposed validation methodology reveals much more about the behavior of a simulator than existing validation methods. The theory should help simulation users choose simulators that closely match the learning goals of the courses in which computerized business simulators are used.
Intrathymic and extrathymic tolerance in bone marrow chimeras

Parent-->F1 bone marrow (BM) chimeras provide a useful model for studying self tolerance induction. When prepared with supralethal irradiation (1300 cGy) and conditioned with anti-T cell antibodies, parent-->F1 BM chimeras are devoid of host BM-derived cells; host H-2 expression is apparent in both the intrathymic and extrathymic environments but is limited to non BM-derived cells. When parent-->F1 chimeras are injected with T cells from normal parental strain mice, the expression of host H-2 antigens on nonprofessional APC might be expected to induce tolerance through induction of clonal anergy. In practice, this does not occur. Instead, a small proportion of the injected T cells is induced to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. Tolerance is not seen. Similarly, tolerance is not apparent when thymectomized parent-->F1 chimeras are given parental strain thymus grafts. These findings suggest that the expression of host H-2 antigens in the post-thymic environment of chimeras is not intrinsically tolerogenic for mature T cells or recent thymic emigrants. Interestingly, post-thymic tolerance does occur when parental strain T cells differentiate in the endogenous thymus of chimeras. Thus, when mature CD8+ cells are prepared from thymus vs lymph nodes (LN) of parent-->F1 chimeras, tolerance to host class I antigens is more marked in LN than thymus; this applies to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors, generated by limiting dilution analysis. It would appear therefore that many of the host-reactive CTL precursors generated in the thymus of chimeras undergo tolerance induction (deletion or irreversible inactivation) in the post-thymic environment. We suggest that such tolerance is a reflection of a covert form of tolerance induced in the thymus: intrathymic contact with host antigens on thymic epithelial cells (TEC) in chimeras does not delete typical CTL precursors, but these cells are rendered "semi-tolerant". When cultured in vitro in the presence of lymphokines, the cells are able to recover and differentiate into CTL. In vivo, however, the cells recognize antigen in the periphery in the relative absence of lymphokines and the cells die. Although host class I expression on TEC in chimeras deletes only a small proportion of CTL precursors, contact with TEC induces strong tolerance of CD8+ cells in terms of helper-independent proliferative responses in vitro and induction of lethal graft-versus-host disease in vivo. We postulate that these latter responses are controlled by high-affinity T cells, whereas typical CTL generated in LDA are predominantly low-affinity cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain.

Purpose of reviewNeuropathic pain accounts for 25–50% of pain clinic visits with an estimated prevalence of 4 million. Neuropathic pain is often difficult to diagnose and treat with few pharmacologic options currently available. This review summarizes the latest research on the pathophysiology, diag
Volumetric imaging of microcirculations in human retina and choroids in vivo by optical micro-angiography

A new noninvasive optical angiography, optical micro-angiography (OMAG), is recently developed. Three-dimensional flow image has been performed with Optical Angiography. The bulk motion artifacts caused by the bulk motion movement were eliminated by compensating phase varieties with Doppler shift due to the bulk motion. This method enhanced the quality of flow image greatly and has the capability of resolving three dimensional (3-D) distribution of dynamic blood perfusion at the capillary level within microcirculatory beds in vivo. The imaging contrast of blood perfusion is based on the endogenous light scattering from the moving blood cells biological tissue; thus no exogenous contrasting agents are necessary. In this paper, we presented the application of this method to visualize the 3D vasculature of ocular vessels for in vivo human retinal imaging. Depth-resolved volumetric views of the retina and choroid vasculatures are also obtained by 1) segmenting the retina and choroid layers from the OCT micro-structure images to produce two masks, 2) apply the resulted two masks onto the 3D flow image to result en-face projection views of the blood vessel networks in retina and choroid. We compare the results with those from Doppler OCT and optical coherence angiography, and show that OMAG delivers superior imaging performance.
An Application of the Finite Element Method to EHD Lubrication

This paper is the literary property of the American Society of Lubrication Engineers. The Press may summarize freely from this manuscript after presentation, citing source; however, publication of material constituting more than 20 percent of the manuscript shall be construed as a violation of the Society's rights and subject to appropriate legal action. Manuscripts not to be published by the Society will be released in writing for publication by other sources. Statements and opinions advanced in papers are understood to be individual expressions of the author(s) and not those of the American Society of Lubrication Engineers. A design solution of the isothermal EHD problem for rollers is developed, in which the elasticity relationships are introduced using the Finite Element Method. An iterative technique is used to obtain the simultaneous solutions of the two-dimensional Reynolds Equation with the elasticity equations, for a lubricant modeled by an exponential pressure viscosity relationship. The problem...
Investigation of the energy-weighted lateral spread of superfamilies and Centauro events

We used an analitycal method to investigate the energy-weighted lateral spread of hadronic cascades initiated by one single nucleon in the atmosphere. We obtained good results for the cosmic-ray superfamilies Halina and P3′-C5-505, detected by the Pamir Collaboration, and the superfamily Big-event, detected by the SYS Collaboration at Mt. Chacaltaya. The same method is applied successfully to the exotic events Centauro VI and VII.
Mechanism of inferior electrocardiographic ST-segment depression during acute anterior myocardial infarction in a baboon model.

Controversy exists concerning the mechanism of electrocardiographic (ECG) ST-segment depression in leads remote from an area of acute myocardial infarction. Thus, 13 baboons were studied during ligation of the distal third of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The morphologic pattern of the ECG limb leads in the supine baboons resembled that of an asthenic human and did not change when the chest was opened. The visually apparent infarct area of the distal anterior wall was confirmed by epicardial ECG mapping 30 minutes after ligation, and by tissue creatine kinase and histologic study at 24 hours. All 13 baboons had ST depression in leads III and aVF of 0.1 to 1.2 mV at 30 minutes, and 11 of 13 had similar changes in lead II. Also, all 13 baboons had ST elevation in lead aVL (n = 10) or aVR (n = 11), suggesting that the ST vector from the infarct area was directed away from the inferior leads. In no baboon did inferoposterior wall ventricular epicardial mapping show evidence of myocardial ischemia, and mean creatine kinase content from the infarct sites was markedly lower than that from posteroinferior sites (12.7 ± 2.8 vs 20.6 ± 2.1 IU/mg protein, p
Molecular crystals with dimensionally controlled hydrogen-bonded nanostructures

Molecular crystals constructed by hydrogen bonding can be viewed as having nanostructural elements consisting of ordered, supramolecular hydrogen-bonded networks. These networks, whose dimensionali...
M100907, a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and a potential antipsychotic drug, facilitates N-methyl-D-aspartate—receptor mediated neurotransmission in the rat medial prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro

The technique of intracellular recording was used to examine the effect of M100907 (formerly MDL 100907), a highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and a potential antipsychotic drug (APD), on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated responses in pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex in in vitro brain slice preparations. Bath administration of M100907, but not its inactive stereoisomer M100009, produced a 350% to 550% increase of NMDA-induced responses in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 14 nmol/L, reminiscent of the action of clozapine. M100907 did not alter AMPA responses. Moreover, M100907 significantly increased the amplitude and duration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials and currents evoked by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor. We have generated several lines of evidence indicating that M100907 enhances glutamate receptor-mediated neurotransmission in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex by facilitating NMDA-induced release of excitatory amino acids. The robust potentiation of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission may explain, at least partly, the potential antipsychotic action of this compound. Furthermore, if M100907 proves to be an effective APD and if our findings can be extended to other atypical APDs, which are known to possess a relatively high affinity to 5-HT2A receptors, they may account for the purported efficacy of atypical APDs in alleviating some negative symptoms such as cognitive and executive functions.
Self-Esteem Moderates the Response to Forgiveness Instructions Among Women with a History of Victimization

Abstract The present study examined whether self-esteem would moderate women’s affect after being exposed to brief instructional interventions tapping into two dimensions of forgiveness: an interpersonal dimension focusing on forgiving the offender, and an intrapersonal dimension focusing on letting go of one’s negative affect toward the offender. The positive and negative affect of 79 women with a history of victimization was assessed after they listened to instructions for either granting forgiveness, letting go of their negative affect, or relaxation (control). Results indicated differential effects of the instructions on emotions directed toward themselves versus toward the offender. Women had more negative emotions about themselves when they received the granting forgiveness instructions, but they had greater positive emotions toward their offenders. Women’s responses were moderated by self-esteem in that there was no differential effect of the instructions among women low in self-esteem, but women high in self-esteem had a relatively positive response to the letting-go instructions and a generally negative reaction to the traditional forgiveness instructions.
Low-temperature deposition of titanium nitride films from dialkylhydrazine-based precursors

Abstract The deposition of titanium nitride films from single-source precursors bearing alkylhydrazine-derived ligands is reported. The complex [Ti2Cl4(NN(CH3)2)2(NH2N(CH3)2)2] sublimes at 140–150°C (0.1 mmHg) and affords titanium nitride films in a chemical vapor deposition reactor at substrate temperatures of ⩾400°C. By contrast, structurally related single-source precursors containing alkylamine- or ammonia-derived ligands deposit titanium (IV) nitride chloride films at 400°C in the same reactor, and only afford titanium nitride films at ⩾475°C. The hydrazide(1−) complex [TiCl2(N(CH3)N(CH3)2)2] sublimes at 130°C (0.1 mmHg) and affords titanium nitride films at 600°C. At substrate temperatures of ⩽550°C, poorly adherent blue-colored coatings were obtained. The atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition reaction of titanium tetrachloride and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine affords titanium nitride films at >500°C, but gives titanium (IV) nitride chloride films at ⩽500°C. Characterization of the films obtained from the depositions is described. The results demonstrate that ligands derived from 1,1-dialkylhydrazines can be powerful reducing sources for high valent early transition metals, depending on the ligand coordination mode, and can lead to a significant reduction in deposition temperatures compared to traditional nitrogen sources in cases where a high valent metal source compound must be reduced to a lower oxidation state.
Antihypertensive treatment in patients with peripheral vascular disease.

BACKGROUND Some specific treatment goals are indicated for patients with hypertension complicated by peripheral vascular disease. OBJECTIVE To review the available information about treating hypertension in patients with atherosclerosis or aneurysms of the aorta or peripheral arteries. SUMMARY Patients with peripheral vascular disease and hypertension should be treated according to the general guidelines for all patients with hypertension. However, specific treatment goals include improvement or stabilization of intermittent claudication and associated conditions such as coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. The ideal therapy for most of these conditions is nonpharmacologic: achievement of ideal body weight, a diet low in cholesterol, saturated fat, and salt, and a regular exercise program will improve blood pressure control, lipid values, blood glucose control, insulin sensitivity, symptoms of intermittent claudication, and long-term survival. Patients who smoke should stop. Patients with aneurysms should receive beta blockers. CONCLUSIONS Antihypertensive therapy in patients with peripheral vascular disease should be part of a general program of risk-factor reduction.
Calculation of electron impact ionization co-efficient in β-Ga2O3

Monoclinic β-Ga 2 O 3 field effect transistors (FETs) have been recently explored for power electronics application [1, 2] due to its large bandgap, and the availability of native substrates. Quantitative impact ionization coefficient (α) values are required to accurately predict the achievable breakdown voltages in these devices. Here, we first report the theoretical calculation of the electron impact ionization co-efficient in β-Ga 2 O 3 by numerically evaluating the electron distribution function at high electric fields using Baraff's method [3]. We have included acoustic deformation potential (ADP) scattering, impurity scattering (IS), polar optical phonon (POP) scattering, and impact ionization (II) scattering in our calculations. Non-polar optical phonons are found to have negligible effects. Cheynoweth exponential fit of the impact ionization coefficient is extracted that can be used in device simulators to optimize the device design for high breakdown voltages.
Gifts for intertwining with modern nature

Can we design tools and toys that encourage interaction with and intimate knowledge of the every day world? Inspired by Froebel's Gifts, we created a set of meta-manipulatives or "Modern Nature Gifts,"to help people explore their own local environments. Each gift comes out of the box "incomplete" and must be combined with some element of the environment to become meaningful. Like a magnifying glass, they are only interesting when applied to our world. However, the Modern Nature Gifts go one step beyond a magnifying glass because they directly suggest that you build and express yourself using your local landscape. You might see people engaged in activities like jumping up and down to draw a picture, hula-hooping to create music, or exploring a park to find unique sounds for a musical composition. We briefly cover fourrecent works and show how they exemplify Modern Nature Gifts: GlowDoodle, Drawdio, MmmTsss, and Twinkle.
Synthesis of prosody using multi-level unit sequences

Generating meaningful and natural sounding prosody is a central challenge in textto-speech synthesis (TTS). In traditional synthesis, the challenge consists of how to generate natural target prosodic contours and how to impose these contours on recorded speech without causing audible distortions. In unit selection synthesis, the challenge is the sheer size of the speech corpus that is needed to cover all combinations of phone sequences and prosodic contexts that can occur in a given language. This paper describes new methods that are being explored, based on the principle of superpositional prosody transplant. Both methods are based on the following procedure. In a recorded, prosodically and phonemically labeled corpus, the log pitch contours are additively decomposed into component curves according to a prosodic hierarchy, typically phrase curves (corresponding to phrases), accent curves (corresponding to feet), and segmental perturbation (or residuals) curves. During synthesis, the corpus is searched for multiple unit sequences: A unit sequence that covers the target phoneme string, and one or more unit sequences that cover the prosodic labels at a given phonological level (e.g., the foot or phrase) and are constrained by being matched to the phone match sequence in terms of the phonetic classes of the phonemes (or in terms of higher level entities, such as the number of feet and their sizes measured in syllables). The methods dier in terms of the level of detail of these constraints. A superpositional prosody transplant procedure generates a target pitch contour by extracting and recombining component curves from these sequences, and imposing this contour on the sequence that matches the phone string using standard speech modification methods. This process minimizes prosodic modification artifacts, optimizes the naturalness of the target pitch contour, yet avoids the combinatorial explosion of standard unit selection synthesis.
A Study of Current Density Limits Due to Saturation in Thin Film Magnetic Inductors for On-Chip Power Conversion

Saturation in thin film coupled magnetic inductors was measured as a function of dc current in both windings. A simple mathematical model was created to approximate the inductor saturation level in the presence of the two currents. The model was compared both to FEM calculations of saturation in a linear model and to the experimental findings. Using the mathematical model, an expression for the maximum dc current and maximum flux levels in the yokes was derived for a two phase coupled buck converter, as a function of coupling.
Abstract: molecular imaging of vascular receptors: implications in the design of anti-angiogenic therapeutics

Molecular Imaging of Vascular Receptors: Implications in the Design of Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutics Mark Bednarski, M.D., Ph.D. Stanford University, Department of Radiology This talk describes the synthesis and application of a new class of molecular imaging agents designed to detect changes in the vascular endothelium during angiogenesis and inflammation. Changes in the vascular endothelium play a crucial role in clinically important disease processes such as tumor growth, metastasis, peripheral vascular disease, heart disease, and inflammation. Efforts to understand changes in the endothelium during these diseases have led to the characterization of specific endothelial markers including the cell surface integrins. We have synthesized self-assembled polydiacetylene nanoparticles that can incorporate multivalent ligands and proteins on their surfaces for targeting the integrins and metal chelates for imaging studies. These nanoparticles have been used to image the upregulation of ICAM1 in a mouse multiple sclerosis model and the avP3 integrin associated with tumor angiogenesis and growth factor therapy using both gamma imaging and MRI. Also, methods to control vascular permeability and induce vascular proliferation using gene therapy have been developed and investigated using these imaging agents. Finally, these materials serve as a platform to develop receptor-targeted molecular brachiotherapy for tumor angiogenesis. We conclude that MRI combined with the power of molecular imaging agents directed toward the cell surface integrhs can be used to observe changes in the endothelium during inflammation and vasculogenesis and direct anti-angiogenic therapy.
Long-term outcomes after revision neural decompression and fusion for same-level recurrent lumbar stenosis: defining the effectiveness of surgery.

Study design Single-cohort study of patients undergoing revision neural decompression and fusion for same-level recurrent lumbar stenosis. Objective To assess the long-term outcomes of revision surgery using validated patient-reported outcomes measures. Summary of background data Recurrent lumbar stenosis may occur after lumbar spine surgery, leading to significant discomfort and radicular pain. Although numerous studies have reported clinical outcomes after primary lumbar surgery, there remains a paucity of data on the outcomes after revision surgery for recurrent same-level stenosis. Methods Fifty-three patients undergoing revision neural decompression and instrumented fusion for same-level recurrent stenosis-associated back and leg pain were included in this study. Baseline and 2-year visual analog scale for leg pain (LP-VAS), visual analog scale for low back pain (BP-VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Zung self-reported depression score (ZDS), time to narcotic independence, time to return to work, health-state utility [EuroQol (EQ-5D)], and physical and mental quality of life [SF-12 physical and mental component scores (PCS and MCS)] were assessed. Results Mean±SD duration of time between index surgery and revision surgery was 4.00±4.19 years. A significant improvement from baseline was observed in BP-VAS (9.28±1.01 vs. 5.00±2.94, P=0.001), LP-VAS (9.55±0.93 vs. 3.45±2.95, P=0.001), and ODI (36.02±6.01 vs. 21.75±12.08, P=0.001). Mean±SD SF-12 PCS (7.17±11.22, P=0.001), SF-12 MCS (12.57±13.03, P=0.001), ZDS (12.37±16.80, P=0.001), and EQ-5D (0.42±0.34, P=0.001) were also significantly improved. The mean cumulative 2-year gain in health-utility state was 0.84 QALY. Median (interquartile range) duration of postoperative narcotic use was 6 (1.4-12.2) months and time of missed work was 6 (4.0-10.0) months. Conclusions Our study suggests that revision neural decompression and instrumented fusion for recurrent same-level stenosis provides significant improvement in all patient-assessed outcome metrics and should be offered as a viable treatment option.
Autosomal recessive vitreoretinopathy and encephaloceles

We conducted a ten-year follow-up of an unusual pedigree with an autosomal recessive vitreoretinal degeneration, severe myopia, and congenital encephalocele. All five affected members (four girls and one boy) also had early, recurrent bilateral retinal detachments. Color vision testing disclosed an acquired tritan dyschromatopsia and electroretinography showed subnormal photopic and scotopic amplitudes, delayed b-wave implicit times and 30-Hz flicker-phase relations, and absent scotopic b-wave oscillations.
Thermal testing of coated materials for limiters and protective plates in tokamak fusion test reactors

Abstract As the input power to tokamaks has increased in each generation of machines, the need for careful selection of the material to be used as the primary heat sink has become more acute. The impurity control part of the tokamak fusion test reactor flexibility modification program has supported research to control impurities through proper material selection. Testing of selected coatings and claddings is being carried out to determine suitable candidates. At this point in the study the most interesting material choices are a TiC coating on Poco graphite and a vanadium cladding on copper.