cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Behaviour of Optical Coatings Subjected to Intense Laser Irradiation

Abstract Optical filters subjected to intense laser irradiation can experience changes in their optical properties due to nonlinearities in the optical constants of their materials. The origin of the nonlinearity can be due to the dependence of refractive index on temperature or electric field. A simulation of both cases has been developed and is presented here. The model is then applied to two particular designs, showing that reflecting components can be turned into transmitting devices if sufficient input power is used. The result is relevant to the case of high-energy laser mirrors and to rugate filters.
Legal issues in infection control. Legal comment, Part 2: Confidentiality: a legal cornerstone in infection control programs.

This is the second in a series of articles addressing legal issues in infection control. The first article (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1988: 9(3):127-129) discussed the basic elements of liability law as it relates to infection control in the hospital setting. This article will focus on confidentiality in the infection control process.Infection monitoring and control, as it occurs in most hospital settings, depends on ready access to relevant information, careful evaluation of the data, and appropriate communication of conclusions and recommendations. Equally obvious, however, is the risk associated with free-floating information of this significance. Infection control programs produce a multitude of documents that are of potential interest to outsiders such as fellow staff members, other health care institutions, and attorneys. Without specific attention to mechanisms for protecting its confidentiality, information gathered in the infection control process may well become available to some or all of those interested parties.
Unity in quantum theory

After a brief survey of arguments for a unitary particle theory of matter, offered by the writer in previous publications, the following new items are discussed. (1) The wave part of the dual aspect of matter, resting on the translation formula λ=h/p, is not covariant in the nonrelativistic domain. And relativistically, it is untenable not only on methodological grounds, but because it leads to obvious contradictions to elementary experience, e.g., in the equilibrium between a material oscillator and radiation. (2) The photon story as usually presented is rectified historically and factually. (3) The previous derivation by the writer of quantum mechanical theory from a nonquantal background is supplemented, in order to be conclusive, by the postulate that the general probability relation is to become the ordinary addition law in the average. (4) Quotations from the writings of prominant dualists, intended by the latter to support their ideology, disclose a fantastic disarray of pseudophilosophical standpoints which can be cleared up only by repudiating the alleged dual nature of matter and of light and by ceasing to constantly mix up the contrast between particles and fields with that between particles and waves, and by returning to a strictly unitary aspect.
Using data migration for heterogeneous databases

The authors propose an approach to execute transactions in heterogeneous distributed databases. Instead of using the traditional approach of executing global transaction by remotely accessing distributed data, they propose that transactions be executed locally, and data is dynamically migrated to the appropriate sites. Thus, they eliminate the need for global transactions. Since there are no global transactions, the problem of distributed commitment does not arise. This is an important issue related to database recovery that is often ignored by protocols for transaction processing in heterogeneous databases. A special protocol is executed for migrating data objects. They present a protocol for localizing the access of a data object. >
THE INTERTEMPORAL RELATION BETWEEN EXPECTED RETURNS AND RISK

Abstract This paper explores the time-series relation between expected returns and risk for a large cross section of industry and size/book-to-market portfolios. I use a bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model to estimate a portfolio's conditional covariance with the market and then test whether the conditional covariance predicts time–variation in the portfolio's expected return. Restricting the slope to be the same across assets, the risk-return coefficient is highly significant with a risk–aversion coefficient (slope) between one and five. The results are robust to different portfolio formations, alternative GARCH specifications, additional state variables, and small sample biases. When conditional covariances are replaced by conditional betas, the risk premium on beta is estimated to be in the range of 3% to 5% per annum and is statistically significant.
A poly to active region VLSI mask alignment test structure

Present day CMOS technologies require continuous evaluation of the technology in terms of optimizing the design rules. Electrical monitoring of mask alignment is one such evaluation tool. A VLSI test structure for monitoring the poly to active region mask misalignment is presented. The structure is designed based on 2-micron scalable CMOS (SCMOS) design rules. The issues related to sensitivity of the measurement, and some critical design considerations are discussed. >
Evidence for Direct Electron Transfer by a Gram-Positive Bacterium Isolated from a Microbial Fuel Cell†

Despite their importance in iron redox cycles and bioenergy production, the underlying physiological, genetic, and biochemical mechanisms of extracellular electron transfer by Gram-positive bacteria remain insufficiently understood. In this work, we investigated respiration by Thermincola potens strain JR, a Gram-positive isolate obtained from the anode surface of a microbial fuel cell, using insoluble electron acceptors. We found no evidence that soluble redox-active components were secreted into the surrounding medium on the basis of physiological experiments and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Confocal microscopy revealed highly stratified biofilms in which cells contacting the electrode surface were disproportionately viable relative to the rest of the biofilm. Furthermore, there was no correlation between biofilm thickness and power production, suggesting that cells in contact with the electrode were primarily responsible for current generation. These data, along with cryo-electron microscopy experiments, support contact-dependent electron transfer by T. potens strain JR from the cell membrane across the 37-nm cell envelope to the cell surface. Furthermore, we present physiological and genomic evidence that c-type cytochromes play a role in charge transfer across the Gram-positive bacterial cell envelope during metal reduction.
The polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine dinoflagellates.

SYNOPSIS. Eight photosynthetic and one heterotrophic, marine dinoflagellates were cultured axenically in chemically defined media and their fatty acids characterized. Palmitic, octadecatetraenoic and docosahexaenoic were the most typical fatty acids. Photosynthetic forms also contained the polyunsaturates icosapentaenoic acid and α-linolenic acid, the latter as a relatively minor component. The galactolipids of one photosynthetic species, Glenodinium sp., were isolated and their fatty acids analyzed. Octadecatetraenoic acid was the predominant fatty acid, particularly of the monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction. The relationship of these findings to the body of knowledge of the photosynthesis-associated lipids of eucaryotic microbes and to the ecology of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine food chains is discussed.
Sorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds by hectorite clays exchanged with aromatic organic cations

Adsorptive-type organoclays, where hydrocarbons adsorb directly to the siloxane surfaces, were studied to find new organic cations and to determine the parameters that produce effective sorbents. Organoclays were prepared from hectorite by cation exchange with small, aromatic organic cation salt solutions. Trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) chloride was obtained and iodide salts of commercially-unavailable aromatic cations were synthesized and used to prepare organoclays. An aqueous mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) consistent with the composition of unleaded gasoline was used in sorption isotherms to compare the sorptive properties of the organoclays. Only the TMPA, methylphenylpyridinium (MPPyr), and trimethylammonium indan (Indan) organoclays were effective BTEX sorbents. Organoclays prepared from methylpyridinium (MPyr), trimethylammonium biphenyl (Biphenyl), and trimethylammonium fluorene (Fluorene) were poor sorbents. The MPPyr and TMPA organoclays preferentially sorbed ethylbenzene, whereas the Indan organoclay preferentially sorbed benzene and toluene. Langmuir-type sorption isotherms for the TMPA, MPPyr, and Indan organoclays implied surface adsorption, whereas linear isotherms suggested that partitioning was the sorptive mechanism for the MPyr, Biphenyl, and Fluorene organoclays. Water hydrating the small MPyr cation and the larger bulk of the Biphenyl and Fluorene cations may have blocked BTEX access to the interlayer siloxane surfaces. Although the rather bulky MPPyr and Indan cations produced effective organoclays, compact size and low hydration are organic cation properties that typically yield effective adsorptive-type organoclays.
Defiant Retreat: The Relocation of Middle Schools to China’s Interior, 1937–1945

This study focuses on the migration of middle school students to the interior of China after the Japanese invaded in 1937. It argues that the Guomindang (GMD) central government was generally successful in handling the 500,000 displaced students, making substantial efforts to monitor, register, educate, and provide training for them, as well as establishing government-run “national middle schools” during the war. Meanwhile, the GMD also exerted a strong influence on course curriculum, instructing educators how to implement the Three People’s Principles and other party doctrines in classrooms. These processes expanded the state’s hand in secondary education and allowed the GMD to include refugee students and schools in its wartime narrative of progress, praising the students’ patriotic participation in defying the Japanese occupiers and their contribution to “national reconstruction” (jianguo). However, there were still many challenges. Refugee students, teachers, and principals forcibly converted Buddhist temples into schools and clashed with local monks, farmers, villagers, and even the GMD military. With schools merging and moving inland, relocation also provided opportunities for unscrupulous administrators and teachers to exploit the situation for themselves, as government reports reveal many cases of corruption in the wartime schools.
The cosmic distance scale and H 0 : Past, present, and future

Twenty years ago, there was disagreement at a level of a factor of two as regards the value of the expansion rate of the Universe. Ten years ago, a value that was good to 10% was established using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) , completing one of the primary missions that NASA designed and built the HST to undertake. Today, after confronting most of the systematic uncertainties listed at the end of the Key Project, we are looking at a value of the Hubble constant that is plausibly known to within 3%. In the near future, an independently determined value of H 0 good to 1% is desirable to constrain the extraction of other cosmological parameters from the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background in defining a concordance model of cosmology. We review recent progress and assess the future prospects for those tighter constraints on the Hubble constant, which were unimaginable just a decade ago.
Changing Approaches To Maize Preparation At Cerro Portezuelo

Analyses of grinding tools at Cerro Portezuelo provide an unusual opportunity to study changing subsistence priorities. Evidence in the Teotihuacan and Mezquital Valley indicates that established patterns of dependence on maize may have been interrupted during the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods. Grinding tool collections in both locations contain unusually high frequencies of closed-surface grinding tools (trough metates and mortars), which are less efficient for intensive maize grinding than the open-surface tools commonly used during both the Classic and Late Postclassic periods. While analyzing the Cerro Portezuelo grinding tool collection presents many problems because of imprecise chronology, this collection also contains an unusually high frequency of closed-surface tools that can be attributed to its Epiclassic and Early Postclassic inhabitants. Thus, Cerro Portezuelo contributes to a growing picture of subsistence after the collapse of Teotihuacan in which maize was deemphasized and may have been replaced by amaranth and other foods.
Functional synthesis using area and delay optimization

The authors present two algorithms that synthesize a netlist of register-transfer level (RTL) components from a functional description while minimizing hardware costs and delay. Functional synthesis is composed of two subtasks, functionality recognition and component mapping, which were incorporated in the functional synthesis algorithms tool (FSA). The two algorithms solve the component mapping problem and accomplish area and delay optimization. The experiments showed that in most cases the algorithms produced a design that was comparable to that of a human designer. It was also found that FSA improved the design quality by 18% in about half of the example runs. FSA was able to improve 66% of the example designs when using functionality recognition by a 42% improvement in design quality. >
Adaptation of Classical Tidal Harmonic Analysis to Nonstationary Tides, with Application to River Tides

One of the most challenging areas in tidal analysis is the study of nonstationary signals with a tidal component, as they confrontboth currentanalysis methods and dynamicalunderstanding. A new analysistool has been developed, NS_TIDE, adapted to the study of nonstationary signals, in this case, river tides. It builds the nonstationary forcing directly into the tidal basis functions. It is implemented by modification of T_TIDE; however, certain concepts, particularly the meaning of a constituent and the Rayleigh criterion, are redefined to account for the smearing effects on the tidal spectral lines by nontidal energy. An error estimation procedure is included that constructs a covariance matrix of the regression coefficients, based on either an uncorrelatedor a correlatednoise model. Theoutput of NS_TIDEconsistsof time seriesof subtidal waterlevels [mean water level (MWL)] and tidal properties (amplitudes and phases), expressed in terms of external forcing functions. The method was tested using records from a station on the Columbia River, 172 km from the ocean entrance, where the tides are strongly altered by river flow. NS_TIDE hindcast explains 96.4% of the signal variance with a root-mean-square error of 0.165 m obtained from 288 parameters, far better than traditional harmonic analysis (38.5%, 0.604 m, and 127 parameters). While keeping the benefits of harmonic analysis, its advantages compared to existing tidal analysis methods include its capacity to distinguish frequencies within tidal bands without losing resolution in the time domain or data at the endpoints of the time series.
Exogenous administration of lipids to steers alters aspects of the innate immune response to endotoxin challenge.

This study examined the effects of increasing energy availability from both dextrose and lipid treatments on the pro-inflammatory response to LPS in Holstein steers. Steers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: saline at 0.5 ml/kg body weight (Control) or 50% dextrose [0.5 ml/kg body weight (Dextrose) to mimic calm cattle’s response to LPS] administered immediately prior to LPS (0.5 µg/kg body weight at 0 h) or continuous lipid emulsion infusion from −1 to 6 h [Intralipid 20% (Baxter, Deerfield, IL USA); 0.5 ml/kg/hr (Lipid) to mimic temperamental cattle]. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were greater in Lipid compared with Control and Dextrose steers. A greater decrease in the change in rectal temperature, relative to baseline, was observed in response to LPS in Dextrose in comparison to control and Lipid steers. Cortisol was greater in Lipid than Dextrose and Control steers from −0.5 to 0 h, yet decreased from 0.5 to 5.5 h relative to LPS challenge. Concentrations of IL-6 wer...
Adaptive Enhancement Based On A Visual Model

The human visual system is capable of detecting and following the course of striated periodic patterns, even under adverse conditions of poor contrast and low signal-to-noise ratio. Sections of a striated pattern of subthreshold contrast may be detected easily if other parts of the same pattern have suprathreshold contrast. To simulate these capabilities of the visual system, an image processing algorithm was developed using basic "cells" that are well localized in both the space and spatial frequency domains. These band-limiting, orientation-sensitive "fan filters" are similar in their point spread functions to the two-dimensional Gabor functions commonly used to describe responses of visual cortical cells. These filters are used both to detect the orientation of the striated pattern in a small window and to enhance the image in that orientation. The search for local orientation is limited to a small range based on orientations found in neighboring, overlapping windows. The orientation of the maximally responding cell is used for the enhancement. Results of applying the adaptive directional enhancement to nerve fiber layer photographs, finger-prints, and seismic data are presented.
Mammographic density and hormone receptor expression in breast cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Abstract Background : It is unclear whether mammographic breast density, a strong risk factor for breast cancer, predicts subtypes of breast cancer defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) expression. Methods : In a nested case–control study, we compared the breast density of 667 controls and 607 breast cancer cases among women of Caucasian, Japanese, and Native Hawaiian ancestry in the Hawaii component of the Multiethnic Cohort Study. A reader blinded to disease status performed computer assisted density assessment on prediagnostic mammograms. Receptor status was obtained from the statewide Hawaii Tumor Registry. Tumors were classified into ER+PR+ ( n =341), ER−PR− ( n =50), ER+PR−/ER−PR+ ( n =64), and unstaged/unknown ( n =152). Mean percent density values were computed for women with more than one mammogram. Polytomous logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while adjusting for confounders. Results : Mean percent density was significantly greater for ER+PR+ but not for ER−PR− tumors compared to controls after adjusting for age: 37.3%, 28.9% versus 29.4%, respectively. The overall OR per 10% increase in percent density were similar for ER+PR+ and ER+PR−/ER−PR+ tumors: 1.26 (95% CI 1.17–1.36) and 1.23 (95% CI 1.07–1.42), respectively. However, percent density was not found to be a predictor for ER−PR− tumors (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.84–1.18). The results did not differ by ethnicity, nor by menopausal status, parity, or HRT use. Conclusions : Our findings indicate that within a multiethnic population, women with higher breast density have an increased risk for ER+PR+ but not ER−PR− tumors.
Fundamental studies of titanium oxide-Pt(1 0 0) interfaces II. Influence of oxidation and reduction reactions on the surface structure of TiO x films on Pt(1 0 0)

Abstract Chemical reactions of titanium-oxide ultrathin films on Pt(1 0 0) and associated changes in the surface structure have been studied by STM (scanning tunneling microscopy), LEED (low energy electron diffraction), AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) and TPD (temperature programmed desorption). Such reactions and changes have important consequences for understanding and modeling of catalysis of related systems and the oxide structures formed have an additional significance in their subsequent use as masks or templates on Pt(1 0 0) in studies relevant to nanotechnology. In a previous paper [Matsumoto et al., Surf. Sci., submitted] we characterized a monolayer-oxide film exhibiting a (3 × 5) structure on Pt(1 0 0) as due to Ti2O3. Herein, we characterize changes that occur in this film during subsequent oxidation and reduction reactions, and propose models for the structures of TiOx films that are formed. O3 (ozone) or NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) oxidation of the (3 × 5)-Ti2O3 film at 600 K and subsequent annealing to 700–950 K in vacuum produced disordered oxide regions and domains of a (4 × 13) structure that we attribute to a TiO2 film with a square –Ti–O– net. This film is transformed further after annealing at 1000–1100 K to (3 × 5)-Ti2O3 domains and domains exhibiting a (2√2 × 2√2)R45° structure that we attribute to a Ti5O8 film. Additional heating of this film to 1200 K forms primarily a (3 × 5)-Ti2O3 oxide film. Three dimensional clusters of TiO2 are also produced by these oxidation and annealing procedures. Initial oxidation of a “flat” (3 × 5) oxide film at 600 K reconstructs this surface to form a multilayer, porous oxide film, and more extensive oxidation eventually forms a much less porous oxide film with pyramidal oxide crystallites. Oxidation of the (3 × 5) structure using NO (nitric oxide) differs from that above in that the (4 × 13) structure was not observed, but oxidation does produce the (2√2 × 2√2)R45° structure due to dissociation of NO at Pt sites. The titanium oxide films on Pt(1 0 0) described above block adsorption of CO at Pt sites at temperatures above 210 K, and also these surfaces do not oxidize CO. Exposure to a stronger reducing agent, HCOOH (formic acid), leads to molecular formic acid desorption at 371 K from a thick titanium oxide film containing (3 × 5) domains without a trace of surface reduction. However, formic acid exposures at low temperatures followed by heating in TPD reduce the (4 × 13) oxide structure, which is inert to reduction by CO, to form (3 × 5) and (2√2 × 2√2)R45° domains. Formic acid is also desorbed molecularly from clean Pt(1 0 0) at 330 K.
Management of Soft-Tissue Injuries in Distal Radius Fractures

Distal radius fractures account for approximately 15% of all fractures in adults, and are the most common fractures seen in the emergency department. Soft-tissue injuries associated with distal radius fractures may influence strategies for the acute management of the fracture, but also may be a source of persisting pain and/or disability despite fracture healing. This article describes soft-tissue injuries and considerations for treatment associated with distal radius fractures, including injuries to the skin, tendon and muscle, ligaments, the triangular fibrocartilage complex, neurovascular structures, and related conditions such as compartment syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome.
Using embedded objects for yield monitoring

In this article, we describe the use of embedded objects, such as scan chains and RAMs, for yield learning and as defect monitors. We discuss why these objects are suitable for yield learning, and what needs to be done to use them as such. We close with a number of examples, showing the use of embedded chains to improve yield.
Isomap Tracking with Particle Filtering

The problem of tracking involves challenges like in-plane and out-of-plane rotations, scaling, variations in ambient light and occlusions. In this paper we look at the problem of tracking a person's head and also estimating its pose in each frame. Robust tracking can be achieved by reducing the dimensionality of high-dimensional training data and using the recovered low-dimensional structure to estimate the state of an object at every time-step with recursive Bayesian filtering. Isometric feature mapping, also known as Isomap, provides an unsupervised framework to find the true degrees of freedom in high-dimensional input data like a person's head with varying poses. After the data has been reduced to lower dimensions a particle filter can be used to track and at the same time approximate the pose of a person's head in any image sequence. Isomap tracking with particle filtering is capable of handling rapid translation and out-of-plane rotation of a person's head with a relatively small amount of training data. The performance of the tracker is demonstrated on an image sequence with a person's head undergoing translation and out-of-plane rotation.
Identification of antigen-presenting dendritic cells in mouse aorta and cardiac valves

Presumptive dendritic cells (DCs) bearing the CD11c integrin and other markers have previously been identified in normal mouse and human aorta. We used CD11c promoter–enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) transgenic mice to visualize aortic DCs and study their antigen-presenting capacity. Stellate EYFP+ cells were readily identified in the aorta and could be double labeled with antibodies to CD11c and antigen-presenting major histocompatability complex (MHC) II products. The DCs proved to be particularly abundant in the cardiac valves and aortic sinus. In all aortic locations, the CD11c+ cells localized to the subintimal space with occasional processes probing the vascular lumen. Aortic DCs expressed little CD40 but expressed low levels of CD1d, CD80, and CD86. In studies of antigen presentation, DCs selected on the basis of EYFP expression or binding of anti-CD11c antibody were as effective as DCs similarly selected from the spleen. In particular, the aortic DCs could cross-present two different protein antigens on MHC class I to CD8+ TCR transgenic T cells. In addition, after intravenous injection, aortic DCs could capture anti-CD11c antibody and cross-present ovalbumin to T cells. These results indicate that bona fide DCs are a constituent of the normal aorta and cardiac valves.
Information-based learning by agents in unbounded state spaces

The idea that animals might use information-driven planning to explore an unknown environment and build an internal model of it has been proposed for quite some time. Recent work has demonstrated that agents using this principle can efficiently learn models of probabilistic environments with discrete, bounded state spaces. However, animals and robots are commonly confronted with unbounded environments. To address this more challenging situation, we study information-based learning strategies of agents in unbounded state spaces using non-parametric Bayesian models. Specifically, we demonstrate that the Chinese Restaurant Process (CRP) model is able to solve this problem and that an Empirical Bayes version is able to efficiently explore bounded and unbounded worlds by relying on little prior information.
Work-Competitive Scheduling on Task Dependency Graphs

A fundamental problem in distributed computing is the task of cooperatively executing a given set of t tasks by p asynchronous processors where the communication medium is dynamic and subject to failures. Also known as do-all, this problem been studied extensively in various distributed settings. In [2], the authors consider a partitionable network scenario and analyze the competitive performance of a randomized scheduling algorithm for the case where the tasks to be completed are independent of each other. In this paper, we study a natural extension of this problem where the tasks have dependencies among them. We present a simple randomized algorithm for p processors cooperating to perform t known tasks where the dependencies between them are defined by a k-partite task dependency graph and additionally these processors are subject to a dynamic communication medium. By virtue of the problem setting, we pursue competitive analysis where the performance of our algorithm is measured against that of the omni...
Rethinking the Academic Narrative on Judicial Deference in Student Speech Cases

Most scholars view Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District as the high-water mark of student-speech protection, and the Court's two subsequent decisions, Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser and Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, as a considerable retreat from this mark. In the same vein, the nascent scholarly literature on Morse v. Frederick (the "Bong Hits" case) has viewed the decision as the latest step in the Court's retreat. In particular, scholars have criticised Bong Hits' requirement that courts defer to educators' reasonable determinations of what speech constitutes advocacy of illegal drug use. Many scholars have argued that this deference is a departure from the heightened judicial scrutiny that the Tinker "substantial disruption" test ostensibly requires. By contrast, this Note argues that Tinker, while employing strongly speech-protective rhetoric, nonetheless requires that courts defer to educators' reasonable determinations of what speech may cause a substantial disruption and actually provides only very modest protection for student speech. By the same token, comparing the Tinker standard to that of Fraser and Kuhlmeier reveals that it gives no less deference to educators, and little more protection to student speech. The analysis of the three standards is supported by a comprehensive review of lower court decisions from 1969-2007 applying Tinker, Fraser, and Kuhlmeier. As a consequence of misconstruing Tinker, Fraser, and Kuhlmeier, scholars have failed to address why Bong Hits' requirement of deference to educators' reasonable judgments is any less acceptable than Tinker's. This Note attempts to provide this explanation. Deferring to educators' reasonable decisions under Tinker recognizes the difficulty inherent in predicting the potential consequences of speech, without eliminating the limited protection provided by Tinker's required showing of potential disruption. By contrast, Bong Hits does not require any showing of potential harm, but only a demonstration that speech reasonably could constitute advocacy of illegal drug use. The sole protection Bong Hits provides is in maintaining the line between advocacy and non-advocacy, yet deferring to the reasonable judgments of educators on this question blurs the line considerably, thereby largely eliminating protection for student speech. To illuminate the importance of the doctrinal difference between the Tinker and Bong Hits tests, the Note analogizes to two paradigmatic First Amendment standards developed in the courts' subversive advocacy jurisprudence -- Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes' "clear and present danger" and Judge Learned Hand's "express advocacy" tests -- and concludes by demonstrating that the special policy considerations that apply to children and the school environment do not justify departing from the principles underlying these two tests.
Using Communication Technology to Enhance Interprofessional Education Simulations

Objective. To determine the impact of simulations using an alternative method of communication on students’ satisfaction, attitudes, confidence, and performance related to interprofessional communication.Design. One hundred sixty-three pharmacy students participated in a required applications-based capstone course. Students were randomly assigned to one of three interprofessional education (IPE) simulations with other health professions students using communication methods such as telephone, e-mail, and video conferencing.Assessment. Pharmacy students completed a validated survey instrument, Attitude Toward Healthcare Teams Scale (ATHCTS) prior to and after course participation. Significant positive changes occurred for 5 out of 20 items. Written reflection papers and student satisfaction surveys completed after participation showed positive themes and satisfaction. Course instructors evaluated student performance using rubrics for formative feedback.Conclusion. Implementation of IPE simulations using var...
IRON OVERLOAD CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A PATIENT REFERRED FOR MANAGEMENT OF PRESUMED ANTHRACYCLINE CARDIOMYOPATHY

Anthracycline chemotherapy, though well tolerated, can lead to heart failure (HF). However, a presumptive diagnosis of anthracycline cardiomyopathy (AC) should not be made without consideration of other etiologies. Iron overload cardiomyopathy (IOC) is a not so uncommon cause of heart failure in
Health Literacy in Nursing: Providing Person-Centered Care by Terri Ann Parnell

Health literacy is a serious stumbling block to effective patient care; in fact, the AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality) recommends regarding it as a universal precaution, advising cl...
Paramagnetic Intermediates of (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Synthase (GcpE/IspG) under Steady-State and Pre-Steady-State Conditions

(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (GcpE/IspG) converts 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) in the penultimate step of the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprene biosynthesis. MEcPP is a cyclic compound and the reaction involves the opening of the ring and removal of the C3 hydroxyl group consuming a total of two electrons. The enzyme contains a single [4Fe-4S] cluster in its active site. Several paramagnetic species are observed in steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic studies. The first signal detected is from a transient species that displays a rhombic electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal with gxyz = 2.000, 2.019, and 2.087 (FeSA). A second set of EPR signals (FeSB) accumulated during the reaction. Labeling studies with 57Fe showed that all species observed are iron−sulfur-based. 31P-ENDOR measurements on the FeSA species showed a weak 31P coupling which is in line with binding of ...
Correlation of cylinder pressure–based engine noise metrics to measured microphone data:

Peak pressure rise rate, ringing intensity, and combustion noise analysis are typically cited measures of the noise generated by combustion in an internal combustion engine. In this publication, pe...
Distinguishing disruptive mood dysregulation disorder from pediatric bipolar disorder

This article outlines diagnostic criteria and features of the newly established diagnosis disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), and discusses how this disorder differs from bipolar disorder in childhood. The chronic, severe, nonepisodic irritability seen in patients with DMDD contrasts with the characteristic episodic mood swing symptoms of bipolar disorder. Differentiating between the two diagnoses is important in regard to prognostic and treatment considerations, as children with DMDD are more likely to develop a mood disorder later in life rather than to develop classic bipolar disorder. Research is needed to establish clear treatment guidelines for DMDD.
INTRASPINAL TUMORS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN; REVIEW OF 115 CASES.

In a series of 115 cases of intraspinal tumor in infants and children the initial diagnosis was erroneous in seven of 10 cases. The most common erroneous diagnoses were poliomyelitis and musculoskeletal deformities. Symptoms and signs which were noted frequently were pain, motor weakness, muscle spasm, change in bladder or bowel habits, musculoskeletal deformity, and sensory abnormalities. The authors emphasize findings which should direct attention to the possibility of intraspinal tumor in an infant or child and roentgenographic and laboratory studies which should be made to establish the correct diagnosis.
Autism-specific maternal anti-fetal brain autoantibodies are associated with metabolic conditions.

Approximately 23% of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) produce specific patterns of autoantibodies to fetal brain proteins that have been detected in only 1% of mothers of typically developing children. The biological mechanisms underlying the development of ASD-specific maternal autoantibodies are poorly understood. We sought to determine whether ASD-specific maternal autoantibodies identified postnatally were associated with metabolic conditions (MCs) during gestation. Participants were 227 mothers of 2–5 year old children with confirmed ASD, enrolled in CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risk from Genetics and the Environment) between January 2003 and April 2008, and from whom blood samples were collected and analyzed for anti-fetal brain autoantibodies (Ab+). MCs included diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and prepregnancy obesity or overweight, ascertained from medical records or structured telephone interviews. Log-linear regression models were performed to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on robust standard errors. Fifty-six (25%) mothers were Ab+. Ab+ prevalence was higher among mothers with diabetes, hypertensive disorders, or overweight compared to healthy mothers, but differences were not statistically significant. In a subset of 145 mothers whose children exhibited severe ASD (31 Ab+), those diagnosed with type 2 or gestational diabetes were 2.7-fold more likely to be Ab+ (95% CI 1.1, 6.6), controlling for delivery payer and smoking. Gestational diabetes specifically was associated with a 3.2-fold increased Ab+ prevalence (95% CI 1.2, 8.6). In this exploratory study, mothers whose children had severe ASD and who experienced diabetes were more likely to have anti-fetal brain autoantibodies 2–5 years later. Autism Res 2017, 10: 89–98. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opponent Process Theory Can Help Explain Some Effects of Resilience

We read the focal article by Britt, Shen, Sinclair, Grossman, and Klieger ( 2016 ) with special interest. About 10 years ago, we were asked to write a chapter on hardiness (Beehr & Bowling, 2005 ), and in doing so we had many observations about hardiness that were similar to Britt et al.’s observations about resilience. Our chapter was most closely aligned with the “capacity” concept of resilience, but we think that both the “capacity” approach and the “demonstration” approach to resilience have merit.
In Search of Coproduction: Smart Services as Reciprocal Activities

Service coproductions are reciprocal activities with no sharp boundary between providers and recipients; instead, all participants collaborate to enact the service. User participation is validated by recognition instead of extrinsic economic exchange. Mobility and context awareness can be crucial for successful coproductions.
Kinetic isotope effects reveal early transition state of protein lysine methyltransferase SET8

Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) catalyze the methylation of protein substrates, and their dysregulation has been linked to many diseases, including cancer. Accumulated evidence suggests that the reaction path of PKMT-catalyzed methylation consists of the formation of a cofactor(cosubstrate)–PKMT–substrate complex, lysine deprotonation through dynamic water channels, and a nucleophilic substitution (SN2) transition state for transmethylation. However, the molecular characters of the proposed process remain to be elucidated experimentally. Here we developed a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) method and corresponding mathematic matrix to determine precisely the ratios of isotopically methylated peptides. This approach may be generally applicable for examining the kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of posttranslational modifying enzymes. Protein lysine methyltransferase SET8 is the sole PKMT to monomethylate histone 4 lysine 20 (H4K20) and its function has been implicated in normal cell cycle progression and cancer metastasis. We therefore implemented the MS-based method to measure KIEs and binding isotope effects (BIEs) of the cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) for SET8-catalyzed H4K20 monomethylation. A primary intrinsic 13C KIE of 1.04, an inverse intrinsic α-secondary CD3 KIE of 0.90, and a small but statistically significant inverse CD3 BIE of 0.96, in combination with computational modeling, revealed that SET8-catalyzed methylation proceeds through an early, asymmetrical SN2 transition state with the C-N and C-S distances of 2.35–2.40 A and 2.00–2.05 A, respectively. This transition state is further supported by the KIEs, BIEs, and steady-state kinetics with the SAM analog Se-adenosyl-l-selenomethionine (SeAM) as a cofactor surrogate. The distinct transition states between protein methyltransferases present the opportunity to design selective transition-state analog inhibitors.
Diruthenium−Tin Complexes from the Reaction of Ph2SnH2 with Ru(CO)5 and Their Reactions with Bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)platinum

Ph2SnH2 reacts with 2 equiv of Ru(CO)5 to give the compound [Ru(CO)4H]2(μ-SnPh2) (1) in 57% yield by loss of CO from each molecule of Ru(CO)5 and by an oxidative addition of an Sn−H bond to each ruthenium atom. When compound 1 was irradiated with visible radiation, the compound Ru2(CO)8(μ-SnPh2) (2) was obtained by loss of hydrogen. A mechanism involving loss of CO followed by loss of H2 and readdition of CO is supported by isotopic labeling studies. Compound 1 reacts with Pt(PBut3)2 to yield the new trimetallic compound Ru2(CO)7(μ-SnPh2)(μ-H)2(μ-PtPBut3) (3). Compound 3 contains a Pt(CO)(PBut3) group bridging the Ru−Ru bond and two bridging hydrido ligands. Compound 2 reacts with Pt(PBut3)2 to yield the two products PtRu2(CO)8)(PBut3)(μ-SnPh2) (4; 78% yield) and Pt2Ru2(CO)8(PBut3)2(μ-SnPh2) (5; 15% yield) by the addition of one and two Pt(PBut3) groups to the metal−metal bonds of 2. The first Pt(PBut3) addition occurs at the Ru−Ru bond to form 4. The second Pt(PBut3) addition occurs at one of the Ru−Sn b...
Genetic and familial predisposition to rotator cuff disease: a systematic review

Background Rotator cuff disease is a common disorder leading to shoulder pain and loss of function. Its etiology in atraumatic cases is uncertain and is likely to extend beyond repetitive microtrauma or overuse. Our objective was to determine whether there is a genetic or familial predisposition to rotator cuff disease. Methods A literature search of PubMed and Embase databases identified 251 citations. After review of the titles, abstracts, and full articles, 7 met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Four studies assessed familial predisposition to rotator cuff disease. One of these demonstrated that siblings of an individual with a rotator cuff tear were more likely to develop a full-thickness tear and more likely to be symptomatic. A 5-year follow-up showed that the relative risks were increased for the siblings to have a full-thickness tear, for a tear to progress in size, and for being symptomatic. Another study demonstrated that a significantly higher number of individuals with tears had family members with a history of tears or surgery than those without tears did. The other 3 studies investigated whether a genetic predisposition to rotator cuff disease exists and found significant association of haplotypes in DEFB1 , FGFR1 , FGF3 , ESRRB , and FGF10 and 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within SAP30BP and SASH1 . Conclusion Prior studies provide preliminary evidence for genetic and familial predisposition to rotator cuff disease. However, there is a lack of large genome-wide studies that can provide more definitive information and guide early detection of individuals at risk, prophylactic rehabilitation, and potential gene therapies and regenerative medicine interventions.
Status of the Development of Flash Ironmaking Technology

The Flash Ironmaking Technology being developed at the University of Utah is aimed at producing iron directly from iron oxide concentrate. In this technology, the concentrate is reduced by H2 and CO gas mixtures formed from the partial oxidation of natural gas in a flash reactor. Natural gas represents an economically and environmentally superior reductant/fuel for the flash ironmaking. The rate equations for the reduction kinetics by H2, CO and H2 + CO gas mixtures were determined in the temperature range 1150–1600 °C. These rate equations were applied to experimental results from a laboratory flash reactor using Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD simulation. A new mini-pilot reactor, which is capable of operating at 1150–1550 °C with a concentrate feeding rate of 2–5 kg/h, has been installed. Commissioning of the reactor with an emphasis on preheating of the reactor, production of reducing gas mixtures and the feeding and collection of iron ore concentrate and product particles has been completed.
Flexible Si BiCMOS on plastic substrates

In this work, we have demonstrated flexible BiCMOS devices on transferable single crystalline Si nanomembrane (Si NM), including n-channel and p-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (NMOS & PMOS FETs) and NPN bipolar transistors (BJTs). All types of devices that were successfully integrated into Si NM demonstrated excellent DC and radio-frequency (RF) characteristics and performed a stable transconductance and a current gain under the bending condition. Overall, Si NM based flexible BiCMOS devices offer great promises for high-performance and multi-functional future flexible applications. Moreover, a flexible BiCMOS process we proposed has a good compatibility with commercial microfabrication technology and thus it is easy to adapt to industrial usage.
Hypercalcemia in Lung Cancer due to Simultaneously Elevated PTHrP and Ectopic Calcitriol Production: First Case Report

Calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia has been reported in malignant lymphomas and granulomatous diseases but not in lung carcinoma. We describe a patient with squamous cell lung carcinoma with hypercalcemia and elevated calcitriol levels. A 60-year-old Caucasian male patient with stage IIIB squamous cell lung cancer developed hypercalcemia at 14.8 mg/dL two years after receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy where labs showed a serum intact PTH: 7 pg/mL, PTHrP: 30 pmol/L, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol): 76 pg/mL, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: <4 ng/mL. Calcitriol levels were elevated despite undetectable 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. There are no reported lung cancer cases with elevated calcitriol as an etiology of hypercalcemia. We believe that the elevated calcitriol levels in this case were due to a PTHrP-independent mechanism, possibly from either ectopic production of calcitriol in tumor cells or from increased activity of 1-alpha hydroxylase in the same cells. The patient died before the effects of prednisone therapy could be assessed. Studies are needed to investigate the cellular source of calcitriol and its role in hypercalcemia in patients with lung cancer.
Case report: primary acinar cell carcinoma of the liver treated with multimodality therapy

We describe a case of primary acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) originating in the liver in a 54-year-old female, diagnosed following persistent abnormal elevated liver function. Imaging revealed two masses, one dominant lesion in the right hepatic lobe and another in segment IVA. A right hepatectomy was performed to remove the larger lesion, while the mass in segment IVA was unresectable due to its proximity to the left hepatic vein. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for trypsin and chymotrypsin. Postoperatively the patient underwent hepatic arterial embolization of the other unresectable lesion followed by FOLFOX chemotherapy. At 20 months from diagnosis the patient is currently under observation with a decreasing necrotic mass and no other disease evident. Based on histology, immunohistochemistry and radiological findings a diagnosis of primary ACC of the liver was made. Genomic assessment of somatic mutations within the patient's tumor was also performed through next generation sequencing and findings were consistent with an acinar malignancy. This case highlights a rare tumor subtype treated with a combination of therapeutic modalities through a multidisciplinary approach.