cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Waxy Oil Gel Breaking Mechanisms: Adhesive versus Cohesive Failure

Highly paraffinic (or waxy) crude oil can cause significant problems in subsea pipelines due to wax–oil gel blockage resulting from the precipitation of the wax components. Once blockage of the pipeline occurs and flow ceases, the pipeline flow cannot be restarted with the original steady state operating pressure but instead requires significantly higher pressures to restart the flow. In order to understand the wax–oil gel restarting phenomenon in the field pipelines, we have investigated the gel breaking mechanism at various temperatures and cooling rates using a model pipeline and also a controlled stress rheometer. This study has revealed that the controlled stress rheometer can successfully predict the required gel breaking pressure of a gelled pipeline when the cooling rate is low and breakage occurs between the gel and the pipe wall (adhesive failure). Furthermore, we have experimentally shown that there exists a delineation point between cohesive and adhesive failures when the gel strength is measu...
Seismic response of end-bearing single piles

A numerical study is presented of the dynamic response of end-bearing piles embedded in a number of idealized soil deposits and subjected to vertically propagating harmonic S-waves. Results, for both 'kinematic' and 'inertial' interaction, are offered in the form of dimensionless graphs and formulae covering a wide range of excitation frequencies and of crucial material and geometric parameters. Practical aspects of the evaluation of the influence of piles on the effective seismic excitation of a structure are discussed and a case history illustrates the usefulness of the presented results.
Exovagination of Newt Endoderm: Cell Affinities Altered by the Mesodermal Inducing Factor

Implantation of a highly purified mesodermal inducing factor in the blastocoel of early gastrulae results in the spreading of endoderm over the ectoderm. The effect can be explained by a change in cell affinities in the ectoderm, initiated by the mesodermal factor.
Reframing family-centred obesity prevention using the Family Ecological Model.

Objective According to the Family Ecological Model (FEM), parenting behaviours are shaped by the contexts in which families are embedded. In the present study, we utilize the FEM to guide a mixed-methods community assessment and summarize the results. Additionally, we discuss the utility of the FEM and outline possible improvements. Design Using a cross-sectional design, qualitative and quantitative methods were used to examine the ecologies of parents' cognitions and behaviours specific to children's diet, physical activity and screen-based behaviours. Results were mapped onto constructs outlined in the FEM. Setting The study took place in five Head Start centres in a small north-eastern city. The community assessment was part of a larger study to develop and evaluate a family-centred obesity prevention programme for low-income families. Subjects Participants included eighty-nine low-income parents/caregivers of children enrolled in Head Start. Results Parents reported a broad range of factors affecting their parenting cognitions and behaviours. Intrafamilial factors included educational and cultural backgrounds, family size and a lack of social support from partners. Organizational factors included staff stability at key organizations, a lack of service integration and differing school routines. Community factors included social connectedness to neighbours/friends, shared norms around parenting and the availability of safe public housing and play spaces. Policy- and media-related factors included requirements of public assistance programmes, back-to-work policies and children's exposure to food advertisements. Conclusions Based on these findings, the FEM was refined to create an evidence-based, temporally structured logic model to support and guide family-centred research in childhood obesity prevention.
Void formation by axial expansion of a gypsum-bonded investment.

Abstract The lengths of castings have been found to be dependent, in part, on the length of the ring lining material relative to the length of the casting ring. Five MOD inlay wax patterns were invested individually in open metal, in closed metal, and in plastic casting rings 35 mm or 42 mm long and 28 mm in diameter. The gingival walls of the wax patterns were placed either 8 mm or 15 mm from the uppermost ends of the rings. Specimens were broken in a mesiodistal direction, and the voids at the gingival walls were measured. The largest voids (139 μm) occurred in 42-mm-long plastic rings with the gingival walls 8 mm from the uppermost ends of the rings. The smallest voids (20 μm) occurred in the 35-mm-long closed metal rings. The boundaries between the investment and the voids were curved rather than accurately reflecting the straight gingival walls of the wax patterns.
Scheduling Parallel Real-Time Tasks on Multi-core Processors

Massively multi-core processors are rapidly gaining market share with major chip vendors offering an ever increasing number of cores per processor. From a programming perspective, the sequential programming model does not scale very well for such multi-core systems. Parallel programming models such as OpenMP present promising solutions for more effectively using multiple processor cores. In this paper, we study the problem of scheduling periodic real-time tasks on multiprocessors under the fork join structure used in OpenMP. We illustrate the theoretical best-case and worst-case periodic fork-join task sets from a processor utilization perspective. Based on our observations of these task sets, we provide a partitioned preemptive fixed-priority scheduling algorithm for periodic fork-join tasks. The proposed multiprocessor scheduling algorithm is shown to have a resource augmentation bound of 3.42, which implies that any task set that is feasible on m unit speed processors can be scheduled by the proposed algorithm on m processors that are 3:42 times faster.
Discovery of tissue-specific exons using comprehensive human exon microarrays

Higher eukaryotes express a diverse population of messenger RNAs generated by alternative splicing. Large-scale methods for monitoring gene expression must adapt in order to accurately detect the transcript variation generated by this splicing. We have designed a high-density oligonucleotide microarray with probesets for more than one million annotated and predicted exons in the human genome. Using these arrays and a simple algorithm that normalizes exon signal to signal from the gene as a whole, we have identified tissue-specific exons from a panel of 16 different normal adult tissues. RT-PCR validation confirms approximately 86% of the predicted tissue-enriched probesets. Pair-wise comparisons between the tissues suggest that as many as 73% of detected genes are differentially alternatively spliced. We also demonstrate how an inclusive exon microarray can be used to discover novel alternative splicing events. As examples, 17 new tissue-specific exons from 11 genes were validated by RT-PCR and sequencing. In conjunction with a conceptually simple algorithm, comprehensive exon microarrays can detect tissue-specific alternative splicing events. Our data suggest significant expression outside of known exons and well annotated genes and a high frequency of alternative splicing events. In addition, we identified and validated a number of novel exons with tissue-specific splicing patterns. The tissue map data will likely serve as a valuable source of information on the regulation of alternative splicing.
Surface dynamics of fluidized beds and quality of fluidization

Solutions of linearized Navier-Stokes equations have been developed for the motion of arbitrary two-dimensional waves occurring at any interface between the emulsion phase of a fluidized bed and the particle-free, fluid phase. In all cases for which the bed particles are denser than the fluidizing fluid the solutions showed that the lower interface of a bed always is unstable and the upper, stable. The quality of fluidization is suggested to be related at least in part to the rate of growth of surface waves, this rate depending upon physical properties of the system and length of the disturbing wave.
Propagation analysis for thermal modeling

Propagation analysis was originally developed as a tool for the analysis of the transmission line matrix (TLM) numerical technique and its relationship to other numerical methods for heat-flow. It provides a useful alternative to the conventional frequency-domain methods for analyzing parabolic differential equations. This paper outlines the details of the technique and demonstrates the manner in which it provides information about attenuation and phase in what is essentially lossy wave propagation.
ECG criteria to identify epicardial ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

Background— ECG criteria identifying epicardial (EPI) origin for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in nonischemic cardiomyopathy have not been determined. Endocardial (ENDO) and EPI basal left ventricle fibrosis characterizes the VT substrate. Methods and Results— We assessed the QRS from 102 basal-superior/lateral EPI and 67 comparable ENDO pace maps in 14 patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Pace mapping focused on low bipolar voltage areas. Published morphology criteria: q wave in lead I (QWLI) and no q waves in inferior leads and interval criteria: pseudo-delta wave ≥34 ms, intrinsicoid deflection time ≥85 ms, shortest RS complex ≥121 ms, and maximum deflection index ≥0.55 were assessed for ability to identify EPI origin. Sixteen EPI and 8 ENDO of the 34 mapped VTs (71%) in the study population and 14 EPI and 7 ENDO VTs from an 11-patient validation cohort were localized to basal-superior/lateral left ventricle and corroborated pacing data. A QWL1 was seen in EPI but not ENDO pace maps (91% versus 4%; P <0.001), identified 14 of 16 EPI VTs (sensitivity, 88%), and was seen in 1 of 8 ENDO VTs (specificity, 88%). None of the remaining criteria achieved similar sensitivity without specificity <50%. We identified 4 criteria (q waves in inferior leads, pseudo-delta wave ≥75 ms, maximum deflection index ≥0.59, and QWL1) having ≥95% specificity and ≥20% sensitivity in identifying EPI/ENDO origin for pace maps. This 4-step algorithm identified the origin in 109 of 115 pace maps (95%), 21 of 24 VTs (88%) in the study population, and 19 of 21 VTs (90%) in validation cohort. Conclusions— Morphological ECG features that describe the initial QRS vector can help identify basal-superior/lateral EPI VTs in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Received February 22, 2009; accepted December 3, 2009.
Toward a grounded theory of self-regulation in mixed martial arts

Abstract Objectives The purpose of the current study was to use a grounded theory methodology to better understand the psychological factors involved in training and competition in MMA. Design A grounded theory methodology underpinned by an interpretivist epistemology was utilized in the current study. Methods Nine MMA athletes participated in formal, recorded interviews with one athlete participating in two recorded interviews. Additionally, observations and field notes from the first author were collected over a one-year period, and aided data collection and analysis. In line with grounded theory methodology ( Weed, 2009 ), an iterative and constant comparison approach to data collection and analysis was employed until saturation was reached. Results Throughout data collection and analysis, self-regulation during a training camp emerged as integral to optimal performance. Motivation and ongoing evaluation aided fighters in their ability to self-regulate both external and internal factors related to training and performance. External factors associated with self-regulation consisted of the creation and maintenance of an ascetic routine through environmental regulation, social support, and structured amnesty. Internal factors associated with self-regulation consisted of deliberately induced pain and distress, which facilitated self-efficacy, and produced stress and fatigue. Conclusions Results of the current study advance the scientific literature in sport psychology by examining the role of self-regulation in the performance of MMA fighters. As the popularity of MMA continues to increase, future research should also examine the role of self-regulation in other aspects of MMA (e.g., injury rehabilitation, life balance).
Coronary arterial fistulas

A coronary arterial fistula is a connection between one or more of the coronary arteries and a cardiac chamber or great vessel. This is a rare defect and usually occurs in isolation. Its exact incidence is unknown. The majority of these fistulas are congenital in origin although they may occasionally be detected after cardiac surgery. They do not usually cause symptoms or complications in the first two decades, especially when small. After this age, the frequency of both symptoms and complications increases. Complications include 'steal' from the adjacent myocardium, thrombosis and embolism, cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation, rupture, endocarditis/endarteritis and arrhythmias. Thrombosis within the fistula is rare but may cause acute myocardial infarction, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. Spontaneous rupture of the aneurysmal fistula causing haemopericardium has also been reported. The main differential diagnosis is patent arterial duct, although other congenital arteriovenous shunts need to be excluded. Whilst two-dimensional echocardiography helps to differentiate between the different shunts, coronary angiography is the main diagnostic tool for the delineation of the anatomy. Surgery was the traditional method of treatment but nowadays catheter closure is recommended using a variety of closure devices, such as coils, or other devices. With the catheter technique, the results are excellent with infrequent complications.
Alteration of striatal glutamate release after glutamine synthetase inhibition.

: The effect of the glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), on glutamate levels in, and glutamate release from, rat striatal tissue was examined. Tissue levels of glutamate were unchanged 24 h after an intraventricular injection of MSO, but tissue glutamine levels were decreased 50%. Calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated glutamate release was diminished in tissue prisms from animals pretreated with MSO compared to controls. The decreased release of glutamate correlated over time with the inhibition of GS following an intraventricular injection of MSO. The maximum diminution of calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated glutamate release (50%) and the maximum inhibition of GS activity (51%) were observed 24 h after MSO. The addition of 0.5 mM glutamine to the perfusion medium completely reversed the effects of MSO pretreatment on calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated glutamate release. Since GS is localized in glial cells and the measured glutamate release is presumed to occur from neurons, the data support the contention that astroglial glutamine synthesis is an important contributor to normal neuronal neurotransmitter release.
Role of bone marrow cell trafficking in replenishing skeletal muscle SP and MP cell populations

The multipotent nature of skeletal muscle-derived side population cells is demonstrated by their myogenic and hematopoietic potential in vivo. However, whether muscle side population cells are derived from the bone marrow is unclear. To study the long-term contribution of the hematopoietic system to muscle side population, whole bone marrow cells from Ly5.1 males or from e-GFP transgenic male mice were transplanted into lethally irradiated Ly5.2 females. Long-term cell trafficking of donor bone marrow cells to muscle side population was monitored 17 times in a 34-week study. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses were used to detect Ly5.1 and GFP(+) donor cells, which were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization of the Y-chromosome. Analyses post-transplantation indicated that whereas cells of donor origin could be found in the muscle, donor bone marrow cells had contributed little to the muscle side population. Attempts to increase cell trafficking by induced muscle damage again confirmed that more than 90% of side population cells present in the muscle were derived from the host. These results demonstrate that muscle side population cells are not replenished by the bone marrow and suggest a non-hematopoietic origin for this cell population.
The basal area of posterior tooth crown components: The assessment of within tooth variations of premolars and molars

This paper presents the basic hypotheses and methods for describing the basal area, the projected relative plane surface areas of molar and premolar crown components. Basically these methods utilize definable anatomical landmarks which are projected from the occlusal surface of the posterior teeth to the occlusal plane. The relative plane surface area, a projection of the basal surface area, can be described by a series of vectors which outline each crown component as a polygon. The description of the dentition in this way is essential to a variety of experimental designs, i.e., the analysis of the range of variation of occulsion, the measuring and expression of shape and the description of the “within tooth” variations in size and position of each crown component.
How Students Design and Enact Physics Lessons: Five Immigrant Caribbean Youth and the Cultivation of Student Voice.

An array of data suggests that low-income, minority students are excluded from a high-quality physics education. The education literature proposes that cultivating student voice in classrooms helps youth feel a deeper, more meaningful connection with school. However, limited data exist in the physics education literature on how student voice is expressed. The purpose of this study was to use critical ethnography to explore how student voice developed in the context of a ninth-grade conceptual physics class. I developed case studies of five immigrant Caribbean youth from student, family and teacher interviews, participant observations and field notes. I relied on grounded theory as an analytic technique. Findings suggest that in expressing voice, youth designed lessons reflective of their identities, leveraged and enhanced their “epistemic” and “positional” authority (two new constructs I propose in this manuscript), and creatively utilized physics and school-sponsored resources. This information about how students express voice has implications for how they learn physics, how critical theory is connected with physics classroom practice, and how student identity, shared authority and youth agency develop in physics classrooms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 881–899, 2008
Spike timing dependent plasticity implements reinforcement learning

An explanatory model is developed to show how synaptic learning mechanisms modeled through spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) can result in longer term adaptations consistent with reinforcement learning models. In particular, the reinforcement learning model known as temporal difference (TD) learning has been used to model neuronal behavior in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of macaque monkey during reinforcement learning. While some research has observed, empirically, a connection between STDP and TD there is as yet no explanatory model directly connecting TD to STDP. Through analysis of the STDP rule, the connection between STDP and TD is explained. We further show that an STDP learning rule drives the spike probability of reward predicting neurons to a stable equilibrium. The equilibrium solution has an increasing slope where the steepness of the slope predicts the probability of the reward. This connection begins to shed light into more recent data gathered from VTA and OFC which are not well modeled by TD. We suggest that STDP provides the underlying mechanism for explaining reinforcement learning and other higher level perceptual and cognitive function.
Nitrogen Doped Polcrystalline 3C-Sic Films Deposited by LPCVD for MEMS Applications

This paper reports our latest results in developing and characterizing low-stress, heavily- nitrogen-doped polycrystalline 3C-silicon carbide (poly-SiC) films by low pressure chemical vapor deposition. Deposition pressure and NH3 gas concentration are used to control residual stress, stress gradient and conductivity at a deposition temperature of 900degC using SiH2O2 (100%) and C2H2 (5% in H2) as the Si and C precursors. The residual stress is tensile and increases from near zero to near a maximum of 250 MPa with increasing doping concentration; the resistivity decreases from 0.14 Omega-cm to 0.006 Omega-cm in the same doping concentration range. The average TCR decreases from -2050.3 ppm/degC to -1957.0 ppm/degC over approximately the same doping concentration range. The Young's modulus of the films is estimated at 330 GPa, assuming a Poisson's ration of 0.163 for poly-SiC.
Protecting cryptographic keys and computations via virtual secure coprocessing

Cryptographic processing is a critical component of secure networked computing systems. The protection offered by cryptographic processing, however, greatly depends on the methods employed to manage, store, and exercise a user's cryptographic keys. In general, software-only key management schemes contain numerous security weaknesses. Thus, many systems protect keys with distributed protocols or supplementary hardware devices, such as smart cards and cryptographic coprocessors. However, these key protection mechanisms suffer from combinations of user inconvenience, inflexibility, performance penalties, and high cost.In this paper, we propose architectural enhancements for general-purpose processors that protect core secrets by facilitating virtual secure coprocessing (VSCoP). We describe modest hardware modifications and a trusted software library that allow common computing devices to perform flexible, high-performance, and protected cryptographic computation. The hardware additions include a small key store in the processor, encryption engines at the cache-memory interface, a few new instructions, and minor hardware platform modifications. With these enhancements, users can store, transport, and employ their secret keys to safely complete cryptographic operations in the presence of insecure software. In addition, we provide a foundation with which users can more securely access their secret keys on any Internet-connected computing device (that supports VSCoP) without requiring auxiliary hardware such as smart cards.
Childhood Nervous System Tumours: An Assessment of Risk Associated with Paternal Occupations Involving Use, Repair or Manufacture of Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Parental occupational exposures to chemical carcinogens have been associated with malignancies in offspring. Recent studies have raised the issue that electromagnetic fields may play a role in carcinogenesis. We conducted a population-based case-control study testing for an association between the occurrence of a nervous system tumour in a child and paternal employment at the time of the child's birth in occupations involving potential exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields, primarily in the electrical and electronics industries. Birth certificate data, including parental occupation information, of 499 children who died in Texas from intracranial and spinal cord tumours were compared with 998 controls randomly selected from Texas livebirths. The odds ratio for paternal employment in industries involving potential electromagnetic field exposure was 1.6 (p less than 0.07). A risk of 3.5 (p less than 0.05) was detected for fathers who were electricians. The additional presence of chemical exposures in these diverse occupations and industries must also be considered.
Minimal backups of cryptographic protocol runs

As cryptographic protocols execute they accumulate information such as values and keys, and evidence of properties about this information. As execution proceeds, new information becomes relevant while some old information ceases to be of use. Identifying what information is necessary at each point in a protocol run is valuable for both analysis and deployment.We formalize this necessary information as the minimal backup of a protocol. We present an analysis that determines the minimal backup at each point in a protocol run. We show that this minimal backup has many uses: it serves as a foundation for job-migration and other kinds of fault-tolerance, and also assists protocol designers understand the structure of protocols and identify potential flaws.In a cryptographic context it is dangerous to reason informally. We have therefore formalized and verified this work using the Coq proof assistant. Additionally, Coq provides a certified implementation of our analysis. Concretely, our analysis and its implementation consume protocols written in a variant of the Cryptographic Protocol Programming Language, CPPL.
Comments on Evans & Schmalensee's 'The Industrial Organization of Markets with Two-Sided Platforms'

A freshman student in economics or a Nobel prize-winning macroeconomist who has lately stumbled across a journal or two in industrial organization economics may be somewhat perplexed or confused by many references to two-sided markets. Surely, is it not the case that all markets have two sides, namely buyers and sellers? Consequently, to the uninitiated, the concept of a two-sided market offers little, if any, additional analytical insight. Some of that confusion is perhaps dispelled by a more informative description, namely: markets with two-sided platforms. So for the rest of this paper, we shall forget about two-sided markets and speak of two-sided platforms (2SP) and of markets in which these 2SPs compete. Professors David Evans and Richard Schmalensee (hereinafter E&S), who have done more than most of the thinking about the economics of 2SPs and advocating the importance of the idea to other academics, lawyers, policymakers, and business people, offer a highly accessible survey of the state of play in their excellent contribution to this volume. It is important to recognize that, perhaps without knowing so, economists have studied 2SPs for quite some time (i.e., way before the term was invented) as have competition authorities and the courts. And, of course, business people, who generally are ahead of theoreticians in such matters, have also intuitively understood the specific pricing and marketing challenges that have to be solved in order to launch a 2SP and make it prosper. These challenges arise because (by definition) a 2SP links two (or more) distinct groups of consumers whose demands are interrelated in that each group confers (perhaps up to a point) a positive external benefit on the other. These effects are generally referred to as indirect network effects, in distinction to more standard network effects that realize themselves among the same customer group. When there are indirect network effects, a business strategy that stimulates demand on side A of the platform will, when properly implemented, stimulate demand on side B of the platform, which in turn creates a positive feedback to side A, and so on. Because of this interdependence, a 2SP entrepreneur must solve two problems: first, how to get both sides on board and second, how to structure prices to the two sides.
MONCTON: LE VIIIe SOMMET DE LA FRANCOPHONIE1

Moncton a accueilli du 3 au 5 septembre 1999 la VIIIe edition de la conference des chefs d'Etat et de gouvernement des pays ayant le francais en commun, plus connue sous le nom de Sommet de la Francophonie. Ce Sommet, qui a lieu tous les deux ans, a pour objectif d'etablir les grandes lignes de cooperation entre les pays membres de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), actuellement au nombre de 52. Dans cet article, l'A. presente les activites et les preparatifs du Sommet, decrit son deroulement, et fait le bilan de ses retombees sur la ville de Moncton, sur l'Acadie en general, ainsi que sur la presence de la langue et de la culture francophones a l'echelle du globe
Contributions of Stereoisomerism to Peak Shapes of Branched Paraffins in the High-Resolution Gas Chromatographic Analyses of Jet Propulsion Fuels

L'influence de la presence de stereoisomeres dans les paraffines ramifiees sur leurs chromatogrammes et l'allure des pics est etudiee sur des echantillons de reference purs a 99% et sur des echantillons de carbureacteurs. La forme anormale des pics et le profil gaussien des composes non resolus dont l'elution se produit au milieu du chromatogramme peuvent etre correles a la presence de stereoisomeres
Satellite-Based Climatologies Related to the Water Cycle

The subject of “climate change” has stirred much interest worldwide over the past several decades. If indeed a global warming is underway, its impact on the global population could be catastrophic if decision makers are unprepared. Trends in variables such as snow cover and precipitation (i.e., components of the water cycle) are climate change indicators as they are coupled with temperature change. Global measurements from environmental satellites are crucial in obtaining estimates of such components. These measurements compliment surface measurements (which are restricted to populated land areas) and are the only source of information over ocean. Various long term records of water vapor, snow cover and precipitation have been established through the use of many satellite sensors. Polar orbiting environmental satellites (POES) offer global coverage while geostationary orbiting environmental satellite (GOES) offer more frequent observations than the POES, but do not provide global coverage. The research community has developed blending schemes to take advantage of the best attributes of all of the available satellite measurements and combine them with high quality ground measurements. In this manner, the best possible time series of variables related to the water cycle can be generated and maintained, and used to monitor climate variations. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the utilization of satellite measurements, illustrate some of the global monitoring applications of the time series and discuss what the future will bring.
Quality Evaluation of Plain Film of High-kV Photography

[Objective]To explore and study the ways to improve quality of plain film of high-kV photography.[Methods]In Hebei Province,77 units that held the occupational disease diagnosis qualifications issued by the provincial level health administrative departments and above were selected as study objects.Twenty anterior chest films of high-kV photography from each unit were sampled for quality evaluation by provincial experts.[Results]According to quality evaluation and classification of chest film of high-kV photography for pneumoconiosis diagnosis,the experts group evaluated 584 films as class one,occupying 37.92%;648 as class two,occupying 42.08%;225 as class three,occupying 14.61%;83 as class four,occupying 5.39%.[Conclusion]This film quality evaluation showed a lower proportion of class one films,a certain proportion of class three and class four films.The reasons for the low quality of film are mostly due to technician's lack of responsibility,except for unclear equipment and projection conditions.
Introduction: Discovery of Growth Hormone and Synthesis of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

The most famous likely growth hormone (GH)-deficient individual was Charles S. Stratton (born February 4, 1838), nicknamed General Tom Thumb by P.T. Barnum who discovered him at age of 10. He was born to parents of normal height who were first cousins. His birth weight was nine and a half pounds, and he grew steadily until age 18 months. Thereafter, he grew poorly and had delayed puberty, growing several inches in his late twenties; he achieved an adult height of only 3 ft 2 in. He married Lavinia Warren Bump (born October 31, 1842) on February 10, 1863, in a highly publicized affair. Ms. Bump had grown normally until age 1 year but then only slowly, until cessation of growth at age 10 years and achieving an adult height of 2 ft 8 in. Her parents were third cousins of normal height. Due to their proportionate short stature, normal birth length and weight, growth retardation starting late in the first year of life, normal intelligence, and normal sexual development, it is assumed that both Stratton and Bump had autosomal recessive growth hormone (GH) deficiency [1, 2].
Biocultural research in global mental health: mapping idioms of distress onto blood pressure in a population survey.

OBJECTIVES: Biocultural research remains a challenge in the field of global mental health. We sought to test associations between blood pressure and idioms of distress in a population survey. METHODS: We drew on a randomly selected sample of 991 adults (498 men, 493 women) in Afghanistan, for whom physiological and psychosocial data were systematically collected. Assessment of mental health (Self-Reported Questionnaire, Afghan Symptom Checklist) included conceptualizations of distress related to pressure (fishar), anxiety, and dysphoria, as well as dimensions of negative affect and aggression. We used principal component analysis to map survey responses to fishar, and multiple regressions to examine associations with systolic/diastolic blood pressure, controlling for age, body mass index, and wealth, and differentiating by gender, mental health, and medication. RESULTS: The Afghan sample averaged 129/80 mmHg, with 27.14% of hypertensive individuals. SBP showed inverse associations with reports of low fishar (β = -4.58, P CONCLUSIONS: Subjective reports of fishar map onto physiological blood pressure more robustly than other conceptualizations of mental distress related to anxiety, dysphoria, negative affect, or aggression. Our results point to the utility of mapping biological and cultural measures of stress and distress, advancing biopsychosocial understandings of wellbeing in global mental health surveys.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Corticosteroid Injection for Enthesopathy of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Origin.

Purpose The null hypothesis that there is no effect of corticosteroid injection on visual analog scale for pain in patients with enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (eECRB) origin 6 months after treatment was tested. Our secondary hypotheses were that there is no effect of corticosteroid injection on pain intensity at 1 and 3 months after treatment; that there is no effect of corticosteroid injection on grip strength at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment; and that there is no effect of corticosteroid injection on Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. Methods EMBASE, PubMed Publisher, MEDLINE, OvidSP, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central were searched for relevant studies. Studies were eligible if there was (1) a description of corticosteroid injection treatment for eECRB; (2) randomized placebo injection–controlled trials with at least 10 adults included with eECRB; (3) a full-text article available with data describing the mean differences between the corticosteroid and the control groups and the outcome measures used; and (4) follow-up of at least 1 month. In total, 7 randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of corticosteroid injection with a placebo injection on symptoms of eECRB were included in our meta-analysis. Results We found no difference in pain intensity 6 months after injection of corticosteroids or placebo. Pain intensity was slightly, but significantly, lower 1 month, but not 3 months, after steroid injection. There were no significant differences in grip strength or Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score at any time point. Conclusions This meta-analysis showed that there is no difference in pain intensity between corticosteroid injection and placebo 6 months after injection. We interpret the weight of evidence to date as suggesting that corticosteroid injections are neither meaningfully palliative nor disease modifying when used to treat eECRB. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic I.
Link Scheduling in Cooperative Communication with SINR-Based Interference

Though intensive research efforts have been devoted to the study of the link scheduling problem in wireless networks, no previous work has discussed this problem for cooperative communication networks, in which receivers are allowed to combine messages from different senders to combat transmission errors. In this paper, we study the link scheduling problem in wireless cooperative communication networks, in which receivers are allowed to combine copies of a message to combat fading. We formulate two problems named cooperative link scheduling problem (CLS) and one-shot cooperative link scheduling problem (OCLS). The first problem aims to find a schedule of links that uses the minimum number of time slots to inform all the receivers. The second problem aims to find a set of links that can inform the maximum number of receivers in one time slot. As a solution, we propose an algorithm for both CLS and OCLS with g(K) approximation ratio, where g(K) is so called diversity of key links. In addition, we propose a greedy algorithm with O(1) approximation ratio for OCLS when the number of links for each receiver is upper bounded by a constant. Simulation results indicate that our cooperative link scheduling approaches outperform non-cooperative ones.
3D analytical mathematical models of random star-shape particles via a combination of X-ray computed microtomography and spherical harmonic analysis

Abstract To compute any physical quantity for a random particle, one needs to know the mathematical shape of the particle. For regular particles like spheres and ellipsoids, the mathematics are straightforward. For random particles, with realistic shapes, mathematically characterizing the shape had not been generally done. But since about the year 2002, a method has been developed that combines X-ray computed tomography and spherical harmonic analysis to give analytical, differentiable mathematical functions for the three-dimensional shape of star-shape particles, which are a wide class of particles covering most industrial particles of interest, ranging from micrometer scale to millimeter scale particles. This review article describes how this is done, in some detail, and then gives examples of applications of this method, including a contact function that is suitable for these random shape particles. The purpose of this article is to make these ideas widely available for the general powder researcher who knows that particle shape is important to his/her applications, and especially for those researchers who are just starting out in their particle science and technology careers.
Involvement of Infralimbic Prefrontal Cortex but not Lateral Habenula in Dopamine Attenuation After Chronic Mild Stress.

Emerging evidence supports a role for dopamine in major depressive disorder (MDD). We recently reported fewer spontaneously active ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons (ie, reduced dopamine neuron population activity) in the chronic mild stress (CMS) rodent model of MDD. In this study, we examined the role of two brain regions that have been implicated in MDD in humans, the infralimbic prefrontal cortex (ILPFC)—that is, rodent homolog of Brodmann area 25 (BA25), and the lateral habenula (LHb) in the CMS-induced attenuation of dopamine neuron activity. The impact of activating the ILPFC or LHb was evaluated using single-unit extracellular recordings of identified VTA dopamine neurons. The involvement of each region in dopamine neuron attenuation following 5–7 weeks of CMS was then evaluated by selective inactivation. Activation of either ILPFC or LHb in normal rats potently suppressed dopamine neuron population activity, but in unique patterns. ILPFC activation selectively inhibited dopamine neurons in medial VTA, which were most impacted by CMS. Conversely, LHb activation selectively inhibited dopamine neurons in lateral VTA, which were unaffected by CMS. Moreover, only ILPFC inactivation restored dopamine neuron population activity to normal levels following CMS; LHb inactivation had no restorative effect. These data suggest that, in the CMS model of MDD, the ILPFC is the primary driver of diminished dopamine neuron responses. These findings support a neural substrate for ILPFC/BA25 linking affective and motivational circuitry dysfunction in MDD.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters, sediments, and unionid mussels: relation to road crossings and implications for chronic mussel exposure

Transportation infrastructure is a prominent feature across all landscape types, and road crossings over streams are a source of pollutant influx, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) associated with vehicle oils and fuel combustion. Freshwater mussels (Unionoida) are vulnerable to pollutants entering streams because of their sessile benthic lifestyle and their filter- and deposit-feeding exposure routes. We assessed the effect of road crossings on PAH concentrations in mussels, sediment, and water via passive sampling devices (PSDs) at 20 sites in the upper Neuse River basin of North Carolina, and investigated the utility of PSDs for estimating PAH concentrations in mussels. Road crossings significantly increased Total PAH in downstream reaches compared to upstream for all compartments sampled (P < 0.01). Total PAH in mussels were correlated with those in PSDs both upstream and downstream of road crossings (P ≤ 0.01), and PSDs provided a reliable prediction equation for mussel tissue concentrations of Total PAH (r 2 = 0.90). Overall, PAH contributions from crossings to streams in a single, relatively rural watershed are substantial and statistically significant, suggesting that the cumulative PAH influx within an entire river basin may be considerable and exert adverse effects over a chronic lifetime exposure for mussels, especially as their contributions may amplify downstream.
Has the paradigm changed away from lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)? Anatomic segmentectomy: Surgery’s answer to image-guided ablation/radiation therapy for the small peripheral lung lesion.

7577 Background: Lobectomy has been the “gold standard” for stage I NSCLC management. Image guided ablation/radiation therapy approaches are now being touted as alternatives to surgery despite conc...
Visioning the Future: Scenarios Modeling of the Florida Coastal Everglades.

In this paper, we provide screening-level analysis of plausible Everglades ecosystem response by 2060 to sea level rise (0.50 m) interacting with macroclimate change (1.5 °C warming, 7% increase in evapotranspiration, and rainfall that either increases or decreases by 10%). We used these climate scenarios as input to the Ecological Landscape Model to simulate changes to seven interactive hydro-ecological metrics. Mangrove forest and other marine influences migrated up to 15 km inland in both scenarios, delineated by the saltwater front. Freshwater habitat area decreased by 25–30% under our two climate change scenarios and was largely replaced by mangroves and, in the increased rainfall scenario, open water as well. Significant mangroves drowned along northern Florida Bay in both climate change scenarios due to sea level rise. Increased rainfall of 10% provided significant benefits to the spatial and temporal salinity regime within the marine-influenced zone, providing a more gradual and natural adjustment for at-risk flora and fauna. However, increased rainfall also increased the risk of open water, due to water depths that inhibited mangrove establishment and reduced peat accumulation rates. We infer that ecological effects related to sea level rise may occur in the extreme front-edge of saltwater intrusion, that topography will control the incursion of this zone as sea level rises, and that differences in freshwater availability will have ecologically significant effects on ecosystem resilience through the temporal and spatial pattern of salinity changes.
Judgments of the Dark Triad based on Facebook profiles

Abstract This study investigates observer accuracy for the Dark Triad (DT) traits – narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism – based on Facebook profiles. In a round-robin design, 145 individuals in 34 groups provided DT self-ratings and rated their group members on these traits based on Facebook profiles. Social Relations Model analyses revealed significant observer accuracy for narcissism, but not for psychopathy or Machiavellianism. Variance component estimates suggested that unique perceiver-target relationships account for a majority of variance in ratings of the DT. Finally, Brunswik lens model analyses suggested that, for narcissism and psychopathy, there is a moderate association between the cues observers utilize in making judgments of the DT traits and the cues that correspond to targets’ personality.
Quantum dot growth on (111) and (110) surfaces using tensile-strained self-assembly

The self-assembly of epitaxial quantum dots on (001) surfaces, driven by compressive strain, is a widely used tool in semiconductor optoelectronics. In contrast, the growth of quantum dots on (111) and (110) surfaces has historically been a significant challenge. In most cases the strain relaxes rapidly via dislocation nucleation and glide before quantum dots can form. In this paper, we discuss a method for the reliable and controllable self-assembly of quantum dots on both (111) and (110) surfaces, where tensile strain is now the driving force. By showing that tensile-strained self-assembly is applicable to several material systems, we demonstrate the versatility of this technique. We believe that tensile-strained self-assembly represents a powerful tool for heterogeneous materials integration, and nanomaterial development, with future promise for band engineering and quantum optics applications.
New Algorithm to Enable Construction and Display of 3D Structures from Scanning Probe Microscopy Images Acquired Layer-by-Layer

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), is widely known for high-resolution imaging of surface structures and nanolithography in two dimensions (2D), providing important physical insights into surface science and material science. This work reports a new algorithm to enable construction and display of layer-by-layer 3D structures from SPM images. The algorithm enables alignment of SPM images acquired during layer-by-layer deposition and removal of redundant features and faithfully constructs the deposited 3D structures. The display uses a “see-through” strategy to enable the structure of each layer to be visible. The results demonstrate high spatial accuracy as well as algorithm versatility; users can set parameters for reconstruction and display as per image quality and research needs. To the best of our knowledge, this method represents the first report to enable SPM technology for 3D imaging construction and display. The detailed algorithm is provided to facilitate usage...
A microfeature-based scheme for modelling semantics

One fundamental problem of natural language processing is word sense disambiguation. Solving this problem involves the integration of multiple knowledge sources: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. Recent work has shown how this problem can be modelled as a constraint satisfaction process between competing syntactic and semantic structures. We have defined and implemented a "locally-distributed" microfeature based model called MIBS, that uses a distributed short-term memory (STM) composed of microfeatures to represent the underlying sentence semantics. This work represents an improvement over previous work, as it provides a natural language understanding system a means to dynamically determine the current context and adjust its relationship with the sentences that follow. Here, the meaning of a word is represented not as a symbol in some semantic net, but as a collection of smaller features. The values of the microfeatures in STM vary dynamically as the sentence is processed, reflecting the system's "settling" in on the sentence's meaning. In addition they represent an automatic context mechanism that helps the system to disambiguate the sentences that follow.