cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration with a Geriatric Pharmacist

The certified geriatric pharmacist is a valuable resource to practitioners in the field. The pharmacist has a keen view of the patient as a whole (not just from the medication silo) and can be a vital partner in selection of medications, alternative therapies, and titration of doses in renal and hepatic impairment. This chapter will review the role of the consultant on the interdisciplinary team in geriatrics as well as changes with the aging process that affect medication use and lastly adverse effects, polypharmacy, and medication monitoring that the pharmacist can assist primary care physicians.
How conceptual overlap and modality pairings affect task-switching and mixing costs

Manipulating the pairings of stimulus and response modalities has been shown to affect how response selection processes for distinct tasks interact. For example, Stephan and Koch (Psychol Res 75(6):491-498, 2011) found smaller performance costs when participants switched between visual-manual (VM) and auditory-vocal (AV) tasks (modality compatible; MC) compared to between visual-vocal (VV) and auditory-manual (AM) tasks (modality incompatible; MI). However, in the Stephan and Koch study, there was conceptual overlap between one set of stimuli and one set of responses. For the MC pair, these stimuli and responses belonged to the same task, whereas for the MI pair, they belonged to different tasks. To examine how conceptual overlap affected switch and mixing costs, we conducted two experiments. Experiment 1a was a near replication of Stephan and Koch in which conceptual overlap was present in the MC AV task. In contrast, Experiment 1b reduced conceptual overlap within the MC AV task and increased it in the MI VV task. In Experiment 1a, we replicated Stephan and Koch's findings: larger switch costs were observed for the MI pair; in Experiment 1b, we found numerically greater switch costs in the MC condition. In Experiment 2, we reduced conceptual overlap in both tasks and found no effect of modality compatibility on switch costs. However, mixing costs were primarily driven by modality compatibility, regardless of conceptual overlap. These results highlight the different roles that conceptual overlap and modality pairings have on switch and mixing costs.
Modelling humanity’s predicament

Technological innovations have allowed exponential growth in the human population and economy, but can it continue? A new model combining population, culture, and innovation projects possible futures for humanity.
Computational Modeling of the Nature and Role of Ga Species for Light Alkane Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by Ga/H-MFI

Ga-exchanged H-MFI zeolites are highly active for the dehydrogenation of light alkanes; however, both the nature of the active gallium species and the associated dehydrogenation mechanism have been difficult to establish. In this study, we examine the activity of Ga species in Ga/H-MFI by calculating the free energy landscapes on which all reactions occur. To this end, we use a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics model for all electronic structure calculations. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out with a range-corrected functional and a good representation of dispersive interactions. The molecular mechanics part of our approach captures the long-range effects of Coulombic and dispersive interactions due to atoms in the extended framework. The rate-determining TS (RDTS) is identified by analysis of the free energy landscape for each mechanism, using the energetic span model. Our analysis reveals that, for reduced Ga/H-MFI, univalent and divalent gallium hydrides, [GaH2]+ and [GaH]2+, res...
Socioeconomic and religious differentials in contraceptive uptake in western Ethiopia: a mixed-methods phenomenological study

Despite the large-scale investment in access to contraceptives, high population growth and unintended pregnancies are posing pressures in Ethiopia where the economy is incapable of holding overpopulation. The aim of this study was to assess and explore socioeconomic and religious differentials in contraceptive uptake. A mixed-methods phenomenological study was conducted in western Ethiopia, Oromia region. Data were collected through survey with 1352 mothers of reproductive age, interviews with 37 key informants, and 13 focus group discussions with family planning service providers, college instructors and mothers of reproductive age. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with contraceptives uptake and thematic analysis was used to interpret the qualitative data. Of mothers included, 68% lived in rural settings and 50% were unable to read and write. Religiously, 42% were Protestant Christian, 30% Orthodox Christian and 25% Muslim. Modern-contraceptives were available at healthcare facilities; however, all mothers have been influenced by religion not to use contraceptives. Muslims were 65% less likely to utilize modern-contraceptives as compared to Orthodox (aOR, .35, 95% CI, .21–.60). All mothers were well informed of any one of modern-contraceptive methods and knew a place to get the service, while their knowledge about contraceptive was limited and their contraceptive uptake was low. Though the Ethiopian government has so far improved access to contraceptives, utilization is lagging, mainly due to religious influences, limited contraceptives knowledge in the community, and low home-based contraceptive coverage. Societal attitudes and norms of the community towards modern-contraceptives need to be modified through innovative and culturally appropriate interventions. In countries like Ethiopia, where people’s religious devotion remains reasonably high, knowledge on natural-contraceptive methods is equally important to help religious people make an informed decision about family planning in accordance with their faith.
The Role of Biodiversity in Tropical Managed Ecosystems

Efforts to preserve biodiversity have been focused primarily on remaining areas of natural ecosystems, but only 5% of the terrestrial environment is unmanaged and uninhabited (Western and Pearl 1989), and only 3.2% is protected in national parks (Reid and Miller 1989), Of the 95% of the world’s land devoted to managed ecosystems, approximately 50% is in agriculture, 20% in commercial forestry, and 25% in human settlements, such as cities, towns, and villages (Western and Pearl 1989). Although the biodiversity of any particular managed ecosystem may be low, a large proportion of the total species of a region may live in such systems (Pimentel et al. 1992). The extent to which biodiversity and ecosystem processes are modified by management varies tremendously. These data suggest that more attention should be paid to understanding patterns of biodiversity in managed ecosystems and how species richness influences the functioning of those systems.
Effect of supplemental fish meal protein on site and extent of digestion in beef steers.

The effects of supplemental fish meal on site and extent of digestion were determined using four steers equipped with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas. Fish meal was included in diets to supply 0 (0FM), 25 (25FM), 50 (50FM), or 75 (75FM) g of N daily above the CP requirement of a 400-kg steer gaining 1.2 kg/d. Total tract starch digestibility tended to be greatest for 25FM (95%), lowest for 0FM (90%), and intermediate for 50FM (94%) and 75FM (92%). Total tract N digestibility was greatest for 25FM, lowest for 0FM, and intermediate for 50FM and 75FM (cubic, P .10) on starch digestibility in the small intestine. Starch digestibility in the small intestine was not related to N flow to the duodenum; however, starch digestibility increased .9 percentage units for each percentage unit increase in N digestibility (n = 16, P = .02). Fish meal supplementation tended to increase total tract starch digestibility by increasing ruminal, but not small intestinal, digestibility.
Human-Like Motion from Physiologically-Based Potential Energies

Generating coordinated natural motion in human-like robotic structures has proved to be a challenging task. Given that humans easily solve this problem, we propose a methodology to devise the underlying strategies of human movement and apply them for robotic control. We use this approach to examine how humans utilize their muscles while performing positioning tasks. This analysis suggests an effort potential that is shown to characterize human postural motion. By applying this methodology to other criteria, we seek to establish a basis of human motion characteristics.
Probabilistic evaluation of concrete freeze-thaw design guidance

A novel limit-state function using Powers’ models is developed to assess current freeze-thaw exposure categories and design criteria for concrete placements established by American, Canadian, and European standards organizations. Based upon performance assessments by standardized accelerated testing, the current specifications are shown to provide sufficient levels of reliability pending an appropriate mean air-void spacing factor. Sensitivity assessments of the model demonstrate that the spacing factor, saturation state, permeability, and freezing rate significantly influence the response of the air-entrained concrete. The model is validated with a large dataset derived from standard freeze-thaw tests, and an equation is developed to probabilistically design concrete for freeze-thaw resistance.
Supporting Big Data at the vehicular edge

The discussion of supporting Big Data at the vehicular edge will focus on a simple case of parked vehicles. A model will be created to evaluate processing Big Data using a datacenter comprising these parked vehicles. The model will simulate a datacenter implemented on the vehicles in the parking lot of a business that operates 24 h a day, 7 days a week. The employees of the business work in staggered 8-h shifts. This provides a pool of vehicles that can serve as the basis for a datacenter for the business. The vehicles in the parking lot are provided a standard power outlet for charging their vehicles in return for the use of their computing resources. The challenge of facing the implementation of the datacenter is to maintain high availability and reliability.
Initiation and Evolution of Early Onset Prostate Cancer.

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Gerhauser et al. analyze early-onset prostate cancers, showing roles for androgen receptor-driven rearrangements, an early APOBEC-driven mutational mechanism, and ESRP1 gene duplication. Through integration of whole-genome, transcriptome, and methylome data, they identify high-risk subgroups and develop an algorithm that may predict molecular evolution.
CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA—No. 4

My last paper dealt chiefly with Ottawa sawflies, and in the present article I venture to describe a few Western species which have been for some time in my collection, and which seen to be unnamed. Synoptic tables are added as an aid to collectors of these insects.
Using viscosity models to predict the properties of rejuvenated reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binders

The use of rejuvenators in mixes with high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content is becoming common practice. Rejuvenators are added to mixes containing RAP to reduce the stiffness of the RAP bi...
Hysteresis-free negative capacitance in the multi-domain scenario for logic applications

Ferroelectrics (FEs) are known to decompose into multidomain structures when combined with dielectric (DE) layers. According to current understanding, it is thought that under such conditions, ferroelectric negative capacitance (NC) cannot be stabilized, and the operation of the device would be hysteretic. Here, we report, for the first time, that with a tight control of non-uniformity of the dielectric such that the capacitance matching conditions are nominally achieved, a hysteresis-free negative capacitance can be achieved in a multi-domain FE-DE structure. We capture the inhomogeneous switching in the FE layer by a novel circuit centric modeling framework that incorporates a distribution of domains with different ferroelectric and dielectric parameters. We observe that, in a FE-DE system with no intermediate, metallic layer, as high as ~95% of the ferroelectric domains in can be stabilized in the NC state which allows for the hysteresis free operation. We further show that when an intermediate metallic layer is introduced, the system does not exhibit stabilized NC behavior under any situation. The results could pave the way for understanding the design framework of robust, steep negative capacitance FETs (NCFETs) with multi-domain ferroelectrics.
Study of the Coincidence Time Resolution of New Perovskite Bulk Crystals

Compared to scintillator based PET detectors, semiconductor detectors tend to provide excellent energy and spatial resolution. However, due to the relatively slow charge carrier collection time limited by the carrier drift velocity, semiconductor based detectors have poor time resolution in the range of several nanoseconds or greater. Possibilities exist to collect prompt photons emitted from certain semiconductor materials in order to greatly improve the timing capability. In this work, we studied the prompt photon emission property and fast timing capability of two new perovskite semiconductor materials, CsPbCl 3 and CsPbBr 3 , and compared them with TlBr, which has been previously studied for its Cerenkov emission property. The coincidence time resolution (CTR) acquired between a 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 semiconductor sample crystal and a 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 reference LYSO crystal are 238 ± 16 ps, 468 ± 55 ps and 384 ± 31 ps for CsPbCl 3 , CsPbBr 3 , and TlBr respectively, when the LYSO crystal was only triggered on photoelectric events. When we lowered the trigger level and allowed the LYSO crystal to be triggered on all events including Compton scattering, we acquired CTR of 281 ± 17ps, 499 ± 77ps and 422 ± 46ps for CsPbCt 3 , CsPbBr 3 , and TlBr respectively. Combined with the easily scalable crystal growth process, relatively low cost, low toxicity, and high energy resolution (around 3.8% at 662keV), we conclude that CsPbCl 3 and CsPbBr3 could be exceptional next generation candidates as semiconductor PET detector materials.
Oral nitroglycerin solution for oesophageal food impaction: a prospective single-arm pilot study

Background Thirteen episodes of oesophageal food impaction (EFI) per 100 000 people present to a medical setting each year. Several pharmacological interventions meant to relieve such impactions have been explored; none have proven superior. Objectives Perform a single-arm feasibility study of oral nitroglycerin solution for EFI. Methods Twenty adult patients presenting to a single urban tertiary medical centre thought to have EFI were given up to three doses of 0.4 mg nitroglycerin solution orally and evaluated for resolution of symptoms, new symptoms and vital signs. Patients with intractable vomiting, haemodynamic instability, airway compromise, oesophageal perforation, coronary ischaemia or presentation delayed greater than 12 hours were excluded. Results 17 of 20 enrolled subjects received the intervention. The average duration of symptoms prior to intervention was 285 min (SD=187). Four subjects did not tolerate the intervention (inability to swallow or headache). Two of 17 (11.8%) subjects obtained temporally proximal symptom resolution: 11 min after the second dose, and 7 min after the third dose. Seven also received glucagon during their visit, with 0% temporally proximal symptom resolution. Fifteen underwent endoscopy, with food bolus identified in 12. One subject had brief and mild hypotension with spontaneous resolution. Two subjects developed a headache after nitroglycerin administration. The median length of stay for those who found relief without endoscopy was 195 min (range 129–261) vs 374 min (range 122–525) among those with endoscopy. Conclusion The observed rate of relief after oral nitroglycerin solution for EFI is disappointing but comparable to previous glucagon, benzodiazepines and effervescent beverage studies, and that of placebo. Oral nitroglycerin solution appears to be well tolerated among those able to swallow, although in our sample several subjects were unable to tolerate swallowing entirely.
Micromechanical Exploration of the Lade–Duncan Yield Surface by the Discrete Element Method

The Lade–Duncan yield surface has long been known to outperform other yield criteria (e.g., Mohr–Coulomb, Drucker–Prager) for predicting macro-scale failure in non-cohesive granular (pressure-dependent) materials. Such yield criteria are critical for a wide variety of civil and infrastructure engineering applications, including the design and analysis of foundations and retaining walls for architectural, highway, and railway support structures. The Lade–Duncan yield surface has been repeatedly validated, not only by numerous experimental studies, but also by three-dimensional discrete element method numerical simulations performed on mono- and poly-disperse assemblies of spheres. However, a fully satisfying micromechanical explanation for the empirically-motivated Lade–Duncan yield criterion has never been offered. In particular, the increase in the macro-scale friction angle $$\phi$$ relative to the Mohr–Coulomb yield surface that occurs as the Lode angle of deviatoric stress moves from simple compression toward simple extension on the $$\varPi$$ -plane in principal stress space, which is characteristic of the Lade–Duncan yield surface, has never been given a rigorous micromechanics-based explanation. In this paper, we attempt to fill this “gap”, by presenting a simple yet rigorous analysis of micro-scale inter-particle force-equilibrium, which, when combined with detailed 3D-DEM data obtained from simulations of cubical true-triaxial tests performed on mono- and poly-disperse spheres with a variety of micro-scale or inter-particle friction coefficients $$\mu$$ , provides a meaningful micromechanics-based explanation for the shape of the Lade–Duncan yield surface. In particular, we hypothesize that the Lade–Duncan yield criterion can be motivated directly from the continuum-mechanics-based spatially mobilized plane or Matsuoka–Nakai criterion in terms of the ratio of shear stress to normal stress on the spatially mobilized plane if the magnitude of the shear stress on the SMP is increased to account for deviations in the paths of sliding particles on the SMP.
The Case for Translanguaging in Black Immigrant Literacies

Black immigrant youth in the United States tend to be considered a new model minority because of the perception that they perform academically better than their African American peers. Yet, Black i...
Advancing a Human Rights Practice Approach in Field Education Settings with Justice-Involved Populations

In the USA, persons of color as well as those from economically marginalized communities are over-represented in prisons and jails. This over-representation suggests the violation of justice-involved individuals’ rights to equality under the law. Field placement settings with justice-involved populations present opportunities for students to employ human rights-based practice approaches. This article will present teaching strategies currently used in the Joint Master of Social Work Re-entry Field Education Unit to provide social work students with a greater understanding of human rights issues so they can effectively intervene with individuals and advance a human rights practice approach. These strategies aim to enhance the cognitive, affective, skills, and values domains of student learning as outlined by the Council on Social Work Education. These strategies include a reentry simulation to foster student affective awareness (i.e., empathy) and a human rights intervention planning tool to promote a “rights-based orientation” via a shift to clinician-advocate mindset.
Strength of Round Steel Columns

Recommendations are presented for the design of solid round columns made of any commercially available structural steel. These design formulas are based on experimental and analytical work that is ...
Longitudinal Weight Gain and Related Risk Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Adults in the US.

Cross-sectional analyses have shown increased obesogenic behaviors and a potential for weight gain during COVID-19 related peak-lockdown (March–May 2020), but longitudinal data are lacking. This study assessed longitudinal changes in body weight and lifestyle behaviors in the US adults during the pandemic. Methods: We used Qualtrics survey to collect self-reported data on body weight, dietary, physical activity, and psychological variables (n = 727) during the peak-lockdown (April/May) and at post-lockdown (September/October). Peak-lockdown weight data were categorized based on the magnitude of weight gained, maintained, or lost, and behavioral differences were examined between categories at two time points. Results: Body weight increased (+0.62 kg; p 5 lbs of body weight during the peak-lockdown, while 18.2% lost weight. Weight-gainers engaged in riskier dietary behaviors such as frequent ultra-processed food intake (p 5 lbs, 33% continued to gain weight after the lockdown eased, while 28% maintain higher body weight. In weight-gainers, takeout meal frequency increased, and high ultra-processed food intake and stress, and low craving control continued to persist after the lockdown eased. Conclusion: We show that the COVID-19 lockdown periods disrupted weight management among many Americans and that associated health effects are likely to persist.
New FEARS in the ADR Markets

In this paper we assess the effect of a high frequency investor sentiment measure, captured by aggregating search volume indices (SVI) for a set of economically negative and relevant search terms and its effect on returns of cross-listed securities indices. Similar to US stock returns, the ADR’s returns exhibit a negative reaction to increases in the search for negative economic terms such as ‘Recession’, ‘Crisis’ and ‘Bankruptcy’. This paper’s contribution is twofold; first we show the effect of US investors sentiment on ADR returns at the aggregate level and for a list of 30 countries. Second, we expand the literature that utilizes SVI-based data to reflect investor’s attitudes towards financial markets.
Case 65: A New Electronic Anesthetic Machine

You are working in a medium-sized hospital in Tunisia. Today, four new anesthesia machines have arrived and are being installed that evening. The machines are Aisys, Datex, Ohmeda anesthesia machine made by General Electric.
Experiments in autonomous navigation and control of multi-manipulator, free-flying space robots

This paper reviews work performed at the Stanford University Aerospace Robotics Laboratory (ARL) in developing and controlling a multimanipulator, free-flying space robot. The objective of this project was to create a laboratory version of a space robot capable of performing target tracking, acquisition, and manipulation. In particular, this paper focuses on the problems associated with capturing a free-floating object that is initially out of reach of the robot. A set of rules for generating an appropriate intercept trajectory is presented along with a controller architecture capable of carrying out the required actions. We conclude with a description of the physical hardware on which this approach was tested along with experimental data showing the successful capture of a spinning object.
Relación entre privación de sueño paradójico y autoestimulación eléctrica intracraneal en ratas

REM sleep deprivation induced byflower-pot technique (Jouvet's technique) was applied to naive male Wistar rats. Rates of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in media1 forebrain bundle were tested before and after deprivation. Generally, ZCSS was not affected by the treatment. These findings are discussed in relation to flower-pot technique effectiueness, ZCSS brain sites and unspecific effects of treatment.
Additions of substituted phenylthiyl radicals to substituted α-methylstyrenes : Ground state and transition state electronic effects

Abstract The radical addition of substituted thiophenols to α-methylstyrene and substituted α-methylstyrenes has been investigated at 70°. Relative reactivities of pairs of thiophenols competing with individual alkenes can be utilized to obtain Hammett correlations. The interplay of substituent effects in alkene and thiyl radical leads to examples of non-linear rho values. Rationales for this behavior will be offered in terms of variable contributions from ground state and transition state electronic factors as well as in terms of possible mechanistic changes.
On seeding equatorial spread F during solstices

[1] Interpretation of the morphology of equatorial spread F (ESF) is usually given in terms of factors that modulate the growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. That interpretation is, however, incomplete because only one means for growth-rate enhancement has been included; that is, the strength of the post-sunset rise of the F layer could become enhanced, when the solar terminator aligns with geomagnetic field lines. Maxima in ESF occurrence observed near equinoxes seem accountable by this means, but maxima observed near solstices require another source of enhancement. Seasonal migration and latitudinal alignment of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) with the magnetic dip equator is suggested as the missing source, and shown able to fill that void.
Elements of the theory of topological groups

In this chapter we initiate the program described at the beginning of Chapter One: namely, we define and study the structure of topological groups. Certain refined results in structure theory must be postponed to Chapter Five, where the powerful analytical tool of representation theory will have been made available. It seems appropriate to do at the outset what can be done with one’s bare hands, so to say; and this we will now do. Section 10 contains the description of a few special topological groups which are important for later use; the remainder of the chapter deals with structural properties of one or another class of topological groups.
Expression Profile of FcγRIIb on Leukocytes and Its Dysregulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

FcgammaRIIb (CD32B, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 604590), an IgG FcR with a tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, plays a critical role in the balance of tolerance and autoimmunity in murine models. However, the high degree of homology between FcgammaRIIb and FcgammaRIIa in humans and the lack of specific Abs to differentiate them have hampered study of the normal expression profile of FcgammaRIIb and its potential dysregulation in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Using our newly developed anti-FcgammaRIIb mAb 4F5 which does not react with FcgammaRIIa, we found that FcgammaRIIb is expressed on the cell surface of circulating B lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), and at very low levels on plasmacytoid DCs from some donors. Normal donors with the less frequent 2B.4 promoter haplotype have higher FcgammaRIIb expression on monocytes, neutrophils, and myeloid DCs similar to that reported for B lymphocytes, indicating that FcgammaRIIb expression on both myeloid and lymphoid cells is regulated by the naturally occurring regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FCGR2B promoter. FcgammaRIIb expression in normal controls is up-regulated on memory B lymphocytes compared with naive B lymphocytes. In contrast, in active SLE, FcgammaRIIb is significantly down-regulated on both memory and plasma B lymphocytes compared with naive and memory/plasma B lymphocytes from normals. Similar down-regulation of FcgammaRIIb on myeloid-lineage cells in SLE was not seen. Our studies demonstrate the constitutive regulation of FcgammaRIIb by natural gene polymorphisms and the acquired dysregulation in SLE autoimmunity, which may identify opportunities for using this receptor as a therapeutic target.
Mid-infrared optical frequency combs based on difference frequency generation for dual-comb spectroscopy

Dual optical frequency combs at 2.8–3.4 μm with powers >210 mW were produced with femtosecond fiber-lasers and difference frequency generation. Interferograms between the combs have been demonstrated as a step towards mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy.
Ironing-out mechanisms of neuronal injury under hypoxic-ischemic conditions and potential role of iron chelators as neuroprotective agents.

Iron is the most abundant transition metal in the brain, where it functions as an important cofactor in a host of vital metabolic processes and plays an absolutely essential role in cell viability. Free iron is also very toxic when present in high concentrations, thus placing this essential metal at the core of neurotoxic injury in a number of neurological disorders. The pivotal role of iron in cellular homeostasis, including its latent toxicity, necessitates a tight regulation of iron metabolism. Oxygen and iron appear to play an important role in iron homeostasis. They appear to exert their homeostatic role by modulating the proteins involved in a complex interplay between iron sensing, transport, and storage. These key regulatory proteins include ferritin (intracellular storage), transferrin (extracellular transport), transferrin receptor, and iron regulatory protein (sensor of intracellular iron concentration). The interplay of iron and oxygen is most intriguing in the setting of stroke, where hypoxia...
Socioeconomic influences on coronary heart disease in black populations

It is likely that socioeconomic factors exert important influences on coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality for U.S. blacks. Careful and comprehensive studies are needed to clarify the pathways through which low socioeconomic status exerts its influence on susceptibility to CHD. In addition, policy-oriented research is needed to clarify to what extent reduced access to medical care contributes to excessive CHD mortality in black Americans.
Direct versus Indirect Measures of Utilities

Utilities may be measured directly by questionnaire or indirectly through the statistical analysis of choices individuals make among profiles of jobs or products. In the present research, 211 undergraduate students directly rated the importance to themselves of 10 factors such as location and starting salary thought to be relevant to students seeking their first full-time jobs. Participants also rated 32 hypothetical job profiles, from which indirect measures of job factor utilities were calculated. Finally, participants rated and ranked four additional job profiles. The present research suggested that both measures of utilities may predict job-choice behavior better than either measure used alone.
Industrial innovation and firm performance: A re-conceptualization and exploratory structural equation analysis☆

Abstract Successful new products are essential to the financial viability of many firms, with more than half of most firms' sales resulting from products introduced in the past decade. But despite much research attempting to relate industrial innovation and firm performance, a cohesive theory has yet to emerge. We use structural equation models to assess the simultaneous impact of market structure, firm size and diversification on industrial innovation and firm performance. We measure innovative output by both the number and the nature of resulting new products. In a sample of forty firms in the industrial chemicals industry, we found that (a) innovativeness results in better firm performance; (b) intermediate levels of market concentration result in more innovativeness and better performance than more extreme levels; (c) smaller firms are more innovative and perform better than larger firms, and (d) less diversified firms perform better than highly diversified firms.
Uncovering mental processes with factorial experiments

Abstract The analysis of reaction time (RT) additivity and interactions via factorial manipulation is a widely used and potentially powerful tool for elucidating mental processing; however, current implementation is limited by the scope of systems for which predictions are available, as well as statistical weakness. Predictions for an expanded set of system dimensions (serial/parallel, independent/dependent, and selective/nonselective influence) are given. The theorems are not limited to particular families of distributions. Statistical considerations are examined in the context of an exemplary nonadditive parallel system which adequately fits “additive” data but will only be rejected as additive when power is increased beyond the traditional criteria.
Effect of exposure route on potency of carcinogens.

Abstract To compare the effectiveness of different exposure routes for the induction of cancer in experimental animals, the estimated dose associated with a 25% additional risk of cancer (RRD25) was calculated using a group of carcinogenic agents for which both inhalation and oral ingestion cancer bioassays were available. Comparisons were made of 14 agents in rats and 9 in mice. Seven of the nine compared in mice were also compared in rats. Among rats, 8 of 14 agents were more effective via the oral route, while 7 of 9 were more effective via the oral route in mice. The variation in RRD25 values with route, however, was less than 10-fold for all the agents tested in mice and for 11 of 14 tested in rats. An overall difference in potency with route could not be detected statistically. In rats, differences in potency greater than 10-fold were found for asbestos, vinyl chloride, and hydrazine. In the case of asbestos, the agent was in the form of relatively insoluble particulate matter. The greater potency via inhalation is likely due to longer residence time of the particles in the deep lung than in the gut, allowing for a greater degree of particle dissolution with an accompanying increase in bioavailability. Vinyl chloride was generally tested by inhalation at doses high enough to saturate activation pathways, resulting in underestimates of low-dose potency. Many of the smaller potency differences with route, as well as those for hydrazine, were considered likely to be the result of variability in the design and/or quality of studies. It was concluded that, if the design and conduct of the experiments were adequate, if agents in the form of relatively insoluble particulate matter are eliminated, and if corrections are made to account for incomplete activation, then large errors during route extrapolation are unlikely to occur.
Fluoridation and mortality due to heart disease

STANDARDISED death rates in the US, due to ischaemic heart disease stopped increasing and began to decrease during the period in which large numbers of cities began fluoridating their water supplies but no notice has been taken of this effect. Gordon and Thom1 note that deaths attributable to ischaemic heart disease had been increasing until about 1960. By 1968, a clear decrease had begun, and continued until their last observations in 1972. They felt that this decrease (7.3%) could be partially explained on the basis of less severe influenza epidemics, which are thought to increase the mortality rates due to heart disease in the winter months. However, artificial fluoridation was started in 1952, and by 1969 had covered 74 million people2. Therefore, the possibility exists that fluoridation might be involved in the declining rates. Ideally, this would be checked by comparing the rates for ischaemic heart disease between fluoridated and non-fluoridated populations. The largest political units in which the distinction between fluoridated and non-fluoridated populations is clear-cut are cities; unfortunately, ischaemic heart disease is not tabulated separately for cities in the Vital Statistics publication. Ischaemic heart disease is an important part of the category ‘all heart disease’, and those data are readily available. We report here on changes in the more inclusive category (all heart disease) and fluoridation status, which support the possibility that fluoridation is associated with the decreasing rates.
Microsurgical anatomy of the dorsal thoracic rootlets and dorsal root entry zones

Background For successful DREZ (dorsal root entry zone) surgery, optimal neuroanatomical orientation and precise microsurgical dissection are required. Although cervical, lumbar, and sacral spinal segments have been studied in detail, such information is not available for thoracic segments. The objective of this anatomical study is to comprehensively illustrate the microanatomical features of the thoracic DREZs and their variations.
Utility of clinical characteristics in identifying depression in geriatric ED patients.

Abstract We will determine if clinical characteristics can be useful in identifying depression in geriatric Emergency Department (ED) patients. We have provided a cross-sectional observational study of geriatric patients presenting to an urban university-affiliated public hospital. A brief self-rated depression scale (SRDS) was used to identify depression. Clinical characteristics, examined retrospectively, included chief complaint, chronic illnesses, mode and time of arrival and discharge disposition. Relative prevalence of depression was calculated for these clinical characteristics. 70 (27%; 95% Cl, 22% to 32%) of 259 patients were found to be depressed by the SRDS. Patients with nonspecific chief complaints were more commonly depressed than patients with system-specific chief complaints, but not significantly (relative prevalence 1.6; 95% Cl, 1.0 to 2.4; p=0.19). The relative prevalence of depression also did not vary significantly when analyzed by specific chronic illness ( P = 0.42) except cardiac disease (1.6;95% Cl, 1.1 to 2.4), PM or night arrival (1.3; 95% Cl, 0.8 to 2.0; p=0.17), ambulance use (1.1; 95% Cl, 0.7 to 1.7; p=0.88), or need for medical admission (1.0; 95% Cl, 0.7 to 1.5;p = 0.97). Depression is common in geriatric ED patients. Clinical characteristics fail to identify elderly ED patients who are likely to be depressed. Use of a brief SRDS can aid in recognition of depression in this group.
Variational and perturbative descriptions of highly vibrationally excited molecules

Abstract Two theoretical approaches to the calculation of the highly excited vibrational states are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of coordinates, and the ramification this choice has on the quality of the ensuing calculations. The essential ingredients of variational calculations are highlighted via four illustrative calculations. The standard approach of using a product basis of harmonic oscillators based on a rectilinear normal mode framework is discussed using the work of Maessen and Wolfsberg. The improvements to this basis are presented within the context of the calculation of Romanowski et al. in which a self-consistent-field basis is employed. Bond-angle coordinates and the advantages they provide are demonstrated. This discussion focuses on the efficient algorithms which Carter and Handy developed for evaluating eigenvalues and eigenvectors of tri- and tetra-atomic molecules. For yet larger amplitude motion, associated with ‘floppy’ molecules, the combination of Jacobi coor...
A Fuse-Blow Scheme

A fuse-blow philosophy has been adopted by some utilities in an effort to decrease the number of momentary average interruption frequency index (MAIFI) seen by their customers. This practice has the inherent drawback that, by converting a temporary fault (e.g., lightning and animals) into a sustained interruption, they are in effect decreasing the reliability of their system [i.e., system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) will increase]. This article addresses the impact of a fuse-blow philosophy on long lines commonly found in rural electric utilities as well as shorter lines that are ubiquitous in more urban areas. It also assesses the differences in the impact of these schemes in terms of both power quality (momentaries) and reliability issues. Detailed analysis of the impact on the utility system is presented and discussed.
Magnetic structure of erbium.

We present a synchrotron x-ray scattering study of the magnetic phases of erbium. In addition to the magnetic scattering located at the fundamental wave vector tau/sub m/ we also observe scattering from magnetoelastically induced charge modulations at the fundamental wave vector, at twice the fundamental, and at positions split symmetrically about the fundamental. As the temperature is lowered below 52 K the charge and magnetic scattering display a sequence of lock-in transitions to rational wave vectors. A spin-slip description of the magnetic structure is presented which explains the wave vectors of the additional charge scattering.
A General Strategy for Synthesizing Cubeoctameric Silsesquioxanes Containing Polymerizable Functional Groups

A general method has been developed for the preparation of silsesquioxanes with potentially polymerizable p,p′-disubstituted diphenylmethyl groups attached to one vertex of the “T” framework, including [Cy7−Si8O12(CH2)4CH(C6H4OH)2] ( 9a ), [Cy7Si8O12(CH2)10CH-(C6H4OH)2] ( 9b ), [Cy7Si8O12(CH2)4CH(C6H4NH2)2] ( 10a ), [CY7Si8O12(CH2)10CH(C6H4NH2)2] ( 10b ), Cy7Si8O12(CH2)4CH(C6H4NH2)2] ( 14 ). The reaction of [Cy7Si8O12CH2CH2CH2CO2CH3] ( 2 ) with BrMgC6H4OCH2Ph ( 6a ) affords an interesting disilanol derived from the hydrolytic cleavage of one Si-O-Si linkage in a completely condensed Ts framework.
The Formation Of C6H4Cl+ From 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Studied By Picosecond Multiphoton Mass Spectrometry

The formation of the C6H4Cl+ ion from 1,4-dichlorobenzene is studied by two-color picosecond laser mass spectrometry. The ion current of C6H4C1 is recorded as a function of delay time between 266 nm and 532 nm picosecond laser pulses. Also the 532 nm power dependence of this frpment is obtained. Complex delay time and intensity dependence is observed for the C6H4C1 fragment. The competition of fragmentation with ionization is discussed.
Orthogonal Main-Effect Plans Permitting Estimation of All Two-Factor Interactions for the 2n3m Factorial Series of Designs

If we assume no higher order interactions for the 2n3m factorial series of designs, then relaxing the restrictions concerning equal frequency for the factors and complete orthogonality for each estimate permits considerable savings in the number of runs required to estimate all the main effects and two-factor interactions. Three construction techniques are discussed which yield designs providing orthogonal estimates of all the main effects and allowing estimation of all the two-factor interactions. These techniques are: (i) collapsing of factors in symmetrical fractionated 3m–p designs, (ii) conjoining fractionated designs, and (iii) combinations of (i) and (ii). Collapsing factors in a design either maintains or increases the resolution of the original design, but does not decrease it. Plans are presented for certain values of (n, m) as examples of the construction techniques. Systematic methods of analysis are also discussed.
VLA observations of NGC 247: identification of compact radio sources including three candidate UD H II regions

A high resolution, Very Large Array continuum survey of NGC 247 was undertaken in order to identify compact thermal and nonthermal radio sources, such as supernova remnants (SNRs) and H II regions. NGC 247 was observed at two frequencies, 20 cm and 6 cm, in order to calculate the spectral index, and the survey resulted in the identification of 19 compact radio sources. Using the spectral index to discriminate between source types, we identify two candidate SNRs and one H II region. Three of the radio sources have inverted spectra, indicative of ultradense H II (UD H II) regions, the short-lived, dense cores where massive stars form. Four of the sources are thermal in origin, but were not detected at 20 cm, so they could be H II regions or UD H II regions. The rest of the sources are nonthermal or undetermined. We compare the radio images with Hα, V band, and infrared archive images to look for correspondences that confirm that the sources reside in NGC 247 and are not background sources. We find that over two-thirds of the radio sources have counterparts in the Hα or V band images and are associated with NGC 247. The mostmore » luminous radio source in NGC 247 is a candidate SNR, and if confirmed as an SNR, it would be a very luminous extragalactic SNR. The H II regions and UD H II regions are calculated to have ionizing luminosities of between 4-10 × 10{sup 50} s{sup –1}; each individual source would require between 41-100 O7.5V stars to produce the corresponding ionizing luminosity. The ionizing luminosity of the UD H II regions indicates that these UD H II regions represent the lower luminosity population of the known UD H II regions and thus, they may represent a more typical population of UD H II regions that can be found and studied in the nearby galaxies as opposed to more extreme examples that have been found previously.« less
A computational and comparative study of two controllable dissembling polymer networks

Previously, our work reported the experimental details of the thermally controlled decrosslinking behaviour of a polymer network comprised of 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate-isophorone diisocyanate polypropylene oxide 725-isophorone diisocyanate-2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate (t-BAEM-IPDI-PPO725-IPDI-t-BAEM). Such systems are of interest because they introduce rework capabilities into a polymeric material. In this study, computational methods were used to study the disassembly process. Heats of reaction data were determined from simulations of the decrosslinking reactions. These data were then compared to the experimental data and a predictive model developed to estimate the decrosslinking temperature of the polymer network when exposed to a particular severing agent. This system was then compared to another thermally decrosslinking system 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate-isophorone diisocyanate-2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate (t-BAEM-IPDI-t-BAEM), which is the shorter chain analogue of t-BAEM-IPDI-PPO725-IPDI-t-BAEM. The introduction of the polymer chain into the disassembling crosslinker was found to lower the disassembly temperature when exposed to the same degradation conditions.
The stress-buffering effects of a brief dyadic interaction before an acute stressor.

Although previous studies have confirmed that affectionate interaction can reduce the effects of stress, whether or not this effect is due more to habituation or the accumulation of affection remai...
Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, “Coon Songs,” and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz

Lynn Abbott and Doug Seroff, Jackson, MI: University Press of Mississippi, 2007, ISBN 978-1578069019, 461 pp, $75.00 (hardback) In a book filled with photographs—many smudged and time-blemished—one...
Shot Development in Meltblown Webs

Various shot observations were obtained from meltblown webs by using simple measurement techniques that cannot be disputed easily. Some of these measurements produced unexpected and interesting results, which indicate that shot development is more complicated than was previously thought. Three basic models for shot development are proposed and reviewed qualitatively in terms of their ability to explain tbe experimental results. The most difficult challenge of these models is to explain how the location and speed of the web collector significantly influence shot availability in webs.
Field triage score (FTS) in battlefield casualties: validation of a novel triage technique in a combat environment

BACKGROUND: By the principles of Tactical Combat Casualty Care, battlefield casualties are preferentially triaged on the basis of pulse character and mental status. A weak or absent palpable pulse correlates with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 100 mm Hg. Furthermore, the motor component of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS-M) has been shown to correlate with outcomes. In a previous study, the authors developed a simple triage tool, the field triage score (FTS), on the basis of pulse character and GCS-M status, which provided a quick and effective means of predicting injury survival in the civilian trauma environment. The purpose of this analysis was to validate the predictive utility of the FTS in the battlefield trauma environment.