cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liking and the attribution process

Abstract Two experiments were performed to examine the influence of liking on causal attributions of another person's behavior. In both experiments, observers who either liked or disliked an actor were asked to attribute the actor's behavior to personal or situational factors. In the first experiment, liking for a stranger was manipulated, and the behavior to be attributed was the stranger's performance on a task requiring skill; in the second experiment, observers provided attributions for the prosocial behavior of an actual acquaintance who was either liked or disliked. Both experiments supported the hypothesis that actions which are consistent with affect for the actor (good actions by liked actors, bad actions by disliked actors) are attributed internally, to characteristics of the actor, while actions inconsistent with affect for the actor are attributed externally, to situational factors. The implications of these results for processes of person perception, including the ascription of trait characteristics to others, were discussed.
Tuning electronic properties of novel metal oxide nanocrystals using interface interactions: MoO3 monolayers on Au(111)

Abstract We report experimental and theoretical investigations of monolayer MoO3 nanocrystals grown on Au(1 1 1), in contrast to the bilayered structure of the bulk oxide crystal. The Au surface acts as the other half of the bilayer by satisfying local bonding requirements through charge redistribution at the interface. Epitaxy with the Au lattice is achieved through the ability of the Mo–O bonds to rotate about one another. The oxide layer becomes semimetallic as it strains to enhance bonding with the Au substrate. This flexibility of the oxide lattice suggests the possibility of tuning electronic properties of transition metal oxides via interface interactions. The effects of electronic structure on the surface chemistry of oxides are in turn illustrated by H adsorption energetics on MoO3.
Disorder and chain superconductivity in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ

The effects of chain disorder on superconductivity in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} are discussed within the context of a proximity model. Chain disorder causes both pair breaking and localization. The hybridization of chain and plane wave functions reduces the importance of localization, so that the transport anisotropy remains large in the presence of a finite fraction {delta} of oxygen vacancies. Penetration depth and specific heat measurements probe the pair breaking effects of chain disorder, and are discussed in detail at the level of the self-consistent {ital T}-matrix approximation. Quantitative agreement with these experiments is found when chain disorder is present. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Mechanistic studies on the reversible binding of nitric oxide to metmyoglobin.

The ferriheme protein metmyoglobin (metMb) in buffer solution at physiological pH 7.4 reversibly binds the biomessenger molecule nitric oxide to yield the nitrosyl adduct (metMb(NO)). The kinetics of the association and dissociation processes were investigated by both laser flash photolysis and stopped-flow kinetics techniques at ambient and high pressure, in three laboratories using several different sources of metMb. The activation parameters ΔH⧧, ΔS⧧, and ΔV⧧ were calculated from the kinetic effects of varying temperature and hydrostatic pressure. For the “on” reaction of metMb plus NO, reasonable agreement was found between the various techniques with ΔHon⧧, ΔSon⧧, and ΔVon⧧ determined to have the respective values ∼65 kJ mol-1, ∼60 J mol-1 K-1, and ∼20 cm3 mol-1. The large and positive ΔS⧧ and ΔV⧧ values are consistent with the operation of a limiting dissociative ligand substitution mechanism whereby dissociation of the H2O occupying the sixth distal coordination site of metMb must precede formation...
Factors associated with active commuting to work among women

Active commuting (AC), the act of walking or biking to work, has notable health benefits though rates of AC remain low among women. This study used a social-ecological framework to examine the factors associated with AC among women. A convenience sample of employed, working women (n = 709) completed an online survey about their mode of travel to work. Individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and environmental influences were assessed. Basic descriptive statistics and frequencies described the sample. Simple logistic regression models examined associations with the independent variables with AC participation and multiple logistic regression analysis determined the relative influence of social ecological factors on AC participation. The sample was primarily middle-aged (44.09±11.38 years) and non-Hispanic White (92%). Univariate analyses revealed several individual, interpersonal, institutional, community and environmental factors significantly associated with AC. The multivariable logistic regr...
Sample entropy analysis of cervical neoplasia gene-expression signatures

We introduce Approximate Entropy as a mathematical method of analysis for microarray data. Approximate entropy is applied here as a method to classify the complex gene expression patterns resultant of a clinical sample set. Since Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system, we believe that by choosing genes which display minimum entropy in normal controls and maximum entropy in the cancerous sample set we will be able to distinguish those genes which display the greatest variability in the cancerous set. Here we describe a method of utilizing Approximate Sample Entropy (ApSE) analysis to identify genes of interest with the highest probability of producing an accurate, predictive, classification model from our data set. In the development of a diagnostic gene-expression profile for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, we identified 208 genes which are unchanging in all normal tissue samples, yet exhibit a random pattern indicative of the genetic instability and heterogeneity of malignant cells. This may be measured in terms of the ApSE when compared to normal tissue. We have validated 10 of these genes on 10 Normal and 20 cancer and CIN3 samples. We report that the predictive value of the sample entropy calculation for these 10 genes of interest is promising (75% sensitivity, 80% specificity for prediction of cervical cancer over CIN3). The success of the Approximate Sample Entropy approach in discerning alterations in complexity from biological system with such relatively small sample set, and extracting biologically relevant genes of interest hold great promise.
Measuring waves with pressure transducers

Abstract Although the measurement of waves with pressure transducers has been practised since around 1947, there still remains a considerable difference in findings on the adequacy of linear wave theory to compensate the pressure records. Measurements of surface elevation in gravity waves are compared with corresponding estimates from simultaneous subsurface pressure measurements. A review of previous work precedes a description of laboratory tests in a 103-m-long wave flume at Canada's National Water Research Institute. Pressure transducers and surface-piercing capacitance wave probes are used to collect data in water depths of 0.9 and 1.2 m with monochromatic and irregular waves. Results indicate that linear theory is adequate to compensate pressure records to give surface wave heights to within five percent. Reasons for greater discrepancies in previous studies are discussed.
Pollination biology of Theobroma and Herrania (Sterculiaceae). I. Floral biology.

Floral characteristics related to pollination were studied in four species of Theobroma and one species of Herrania (Sterculiaceae) in Costa Rica. Anthesis was complete in T. cacao, T. simiarum, T. speciosum, and T. mammosum at 0615 hr following an extended period of floral development throughout the night. Flowers of both T. cacao and Herrania cuatrecusana were fully open by dawn and pollen sacs dehisced throughout the morning hours. Stigma and style receptivity, assessed by hydrogen peroxide tests, were high throughout the morning and early afternoon in T. cacao. Bagged flowers resulted in no fruit-set. When petal ligules were experimentally removed there was no change in rates of flower abortion or total numbers of aborted flowers, tentatively suggesting that these structures play little or no role in attracting pollinators. Both Theobroma and Herrania flowers possess ultraviolet light reflectance/absorbance patterns which may play a role in pollinator attraction. Uptake of neutral red stain in T. cacao and T. simiarum showed scattered glandular activity on petals and sepals, perhaps indicating location of nectaries or other secretory organs. Conspicuous glandular trichomes on the ovary, on the lower third of the style, and in a conspicuous “basal ring” between petals and sepals (most pronounced and colorful in species other than T. cacao) may be sources of both floral attractant and reward. Differences in floral biology among Theobroma and Herrania species suggest divergence in pollination strategies. The data presented are discussed in terms of plant-pollinator specializations in the New World tropics.
Finding a Civilisational Idea: “West,” Eurasia,” and “Euro-East” in Russia's Foreign Policy

Civilisations are imagined, ratherm than real, and nations undergoing identity crises typically represent themselves through multiple civilisational visions. Scholars of geopolitics can hardly understand foreign policy without analysing those visions and social contexts, in which they rise and fall. This article selects for analysis three distinct civilisational ideas of Russia – “West,” “Eurasia” and “Euro-East” – associated with Boris Yeltsin, Yevgeni Primakov and Vladimir Putin, respectively. Russia's foreign policy is best understood as reflecting those civilisational ideas rather than merely material power conditions.
Making features similar: comparison processes affect perception.

In this paper, the constructive nature of comparison processes (both similarity- and differenceoriented judgments) is examined through their effects on visual perception. Previous research has shown that comparison processes enhance the tendency to interpret ambiguous objects in the light of the unambiguous objects with which they are compared (Medin, Goldstone, & Gentner, 1993). In the present paper, it is argued that comparison processes affect not only the interpretation of objects, but also their perception. In addition, it is argued that the perceptual effects of similarity-oriented comparison processes differ from those of difference-oriented comparison processes. Accordingly, it is demonstrated that when estimation of an object’s size is preceded by similarity-oriented comparisons, the Ebbinghaus illusion practically disappears, whereas prior difference-oriented comparisons tend to enhance the illusion.
Embracing William, Oliver Button, and Tough Boris: Learning Acceptance from Characters in Children's Literature

(2006). Embracing William, Oliver Button, and Tough Boris: Learning Acceptance from Characters in Children's Literature. Childhood Education: Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 213-218.
Geochemical study of sediment contamination in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts

Chemical analyses of sediment samples collected along a transect in New Bedford Harbor revealed a gradient of increasing concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDS), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and several trace metals from the southern to the northern areas of the estuary. Although the concentrations of contaminants generally increased with distance north in the estuary for all classes of compounds, differences were observed between the trends for many of the compounds. These differences are probably due to both the sources and differential environmental behaviors of the compounds in the estuary. The primary sources of PCBs, PCDFs and trace metals appear to be industrial discharges either directly into the estuary or through combined sewer overflows. Additional inputs of PCDFs may have also impacted the lower portions of the harbor. These inputs may be from the combustion of sewage sludge containing high concentrations of PCBs at the New Bedford Harbor Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. The major inputs of PAHs and PCDDs are probably from urban runoff entering the harbor through combined sewer overflows and storm drains.
Neurologic outcome of urea cycle disorder liver transplant recipients may be predicted by pretransplant neurological imaging.

UNLABELLED Liver transplantation treats the hepatic affectation of UCDs; however, irreversible neurologic damage pretransplant is difficult to assess providing transplant teams with ethical dilemmas for liver transplantation. The purpose of our study was to determine whether pretransplant neuroimaging can predict developmental outcomes post-liver-transplant in children with UCDs. METHODS Patients undergoing liver transplantation for UCDs at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center between 2002 and 2012 were identified. Neurologic assessments prior to and after transplantation were categorized into mild, moderate, or severe disability. Neuroimaging data were categorized into mild, moderate, or severe by a single pediatric neuroradiologist. RESULTS Fifteen patients were identified of whom eight had neuroimaging prior to transplantation. Of the eight patients that had neuroimaging, four were categorized as severe, one moderate, and three no-to-mild delay. All four patients whose imaging was severe were found to have moderate-to-severe neurologic delay. Of the three patients with no-to-mild changes on neuroimaging two of three were found to have no-to-mild delay on developmental assessments after transplantation. CONCLUSION Neuroimaging may be a helpful tool in determining developmental prognosis and outcomes post-liver-transplantation for UCDs. Further studies maybe needed to validate our preliminary findings.
Test of Memory Malingering (Tomm) Trial 1 as a Screening Measure for Insufficient Effort

The identification of insufficient effort is critical to neuropsychological evaluation, and several existing instruments assess effort on neuropsychological tasks. Yet instruments designed to detect insufficient effort are underutilized in standard neuropsychological assessments, perhaps in part because they typically require significant administration time and are, therefore, not ideally suited to screening contexts. The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a commonly administered, well-validated symptom validity test. This study evaluates the utility of TOMM Trial 1 as a relatively brief screening measure of insufficient effort. Results suggest that TOMM Trial 1 demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy and is a viable option for screening insufficient effort. Diagnostic accuracy estimates are presented for a range of base rates. The need for more comprehensive SVT assessment in most clinical and forensic situation is discussed.
Partial Answers from Partial Klotho Deficiency

Membrane-bound Klotho is the coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) that increases its affinity for FGF receptors (FGFRs).[1][1] Binding of FGF23 to FGFR-Klotho complexes in the kidney stimulates phosphaturia and inhibits production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.[2][2] In the parathyroid
Consumption amenities and city population density

Abstract Population density varies widely among U.S. metro areas. A simple, static general equilibrium model demonstrates that moderate differences in metro areas' consumption amenities can cause extremely large differences in their population density. Such amenities are more strongly capitalized into housing prices than into wages. Empirical results suggest that amenities do indeed help support high density levels and that amenities are becoming a more important determinant of where people choose to live. Matching the empirical correlation between wages and density requires that amenities cause approximately one fifth of the cross-sectional variation in metro population density.
Broadcasting with Prediction and Selective Forwarding in Vehicular Networks

Broadcasting in vehicular networks has attracted great interest in research community and industry. Broadcasting on disseminating information to individual vehicle beyond the transmission range is based on inter-vehicle communication systems. It is crucial to broadcast messages to other vehicles as fast as possible because the messages in vehicle communication systems are often emergency messages such as accident warning or alarm. In many current approaches, the message initiator or sender selects the node among its neighbors that is farthest away from it in the broadcasting direction and then assigns the node to rebroadcast the message once the node gets out of its range or after a particular time slot. However, this approach may select a nonoptimal candidate because it does not consider the moving status of vehicles including their moving directions and speeds. In this paper, we develop a new approach based on prediction of future velocity and selective forwarding. The current message sender selects the best candidate that will rebroadcast the message to other vehicles as fast as possible. Key to the decision making is to consider the candidates&#x2019; previous moving status and predict the future moving trends of the candidates so that the message is spread out faster. In addition, this approach generates very low overhead. Simulations demonstrate that our approach significantly decreases end-to-end delay and improves message delivery ratio.
Developing an automated speech-recognition telephone diabetes intervention.

Objective. Many patients do not receive guideline-recommended care for diabetes and other chronic conditions. Automated speech-recognition telephone outreach to supplement in-person physician – patient communication may enhance patient care for chronic illness. We conducted this study to inform the development of an automated telephone outreach intervention for improving diabetes care among members of a large, not-for-profit health plan. Design. In-depth telephone interviews with qualitative analysis. Setting/participants. Individuals with diabetes (n ¼ 36) enrolled in a large regional health plan in the USA. Main outcome measure. Patients’ opinions about automated speech-recognition telephone technology. Results. Patients who were recently diagnosed with diabetes and some with diabetes for a decade or more expressed basic informational needs. While most would prefer to speak with a live person rather than a computer-recorded voice, many felt that the automated system could successfully supplement the information they receive from their physicians and could serve as an integral part of their care. Patients suggested that such a system could provide specific dietary advice, information about diabetes and its self-care, a call-in menu of information topics, reminders about laboratory test results and appointments, tracking of personal laboratory results and feedback about their self-monitoring. Conclusions. While some patients expressed negative attitudes toward automated speech recognition telephone systems generally, most felt that a variety of functions of such a system could be beneficial to their diabetes care. In-depth interviews resulted in substantive input from health plan members for the design of an automated telephone outreach system to supplement in-person physician– patient communication in this population.
A structure for digital notch filters

Narrow-band digital notch filters have their poles near the unit circle. As the sampling rate is increased, the poles move towards z = +1. Implementing such filters requires long registers to overcome the sensitivity and roundoff errors. A filter structure based on digital incremental computers is proposed which has low sensitivity and round-off errors, and simple hardware implementation. The filter structure can be directly used on differentially pulse-code modulated signals. Hardware multipliers are not required as the poles approach z = +1 , and excellent results can be obtained using multipliers with very short word lengths, or with small size read-only memories.
Drosophila Neuroblasts Sequentially Express Transcription Factors which Specify the Temporal Identity of Their Neuronal Progeny

Abstract Neural precursors often generate distinct cell types in a specific order, but the intrinsic or extrinsic cues regulating the timing of cell fate specification are poorly understood. Here we show that Drosophila neural precursors (neuroblasts) sequentially express the transcription factors Hunchback → Kruppel → Pdm → Castor, with differentiated progeny maintaining the transcription factor profile present at their birth. Hunchback is necessary and sufficient for first-born cell fates, whereas Kruppel is necessary and sufficient for second-born cell fates; this is observed in multiple lineages and is independent of the cell type involved. We propose that Hunchback and Kruppel control early-born temporal identity in neuroblast cell lineages.
Three-neutrino hypothesis

The ordinary law of conservation of lepton number will be assumed. For leptonic weak interactions the usual assumptions are i) the existence of two neutrinos, ii) no neutrino flip, and iii) no neutral current. Since these cannot all be true if the conservation law is to hold, a third neutrino will be introduced as the simplest modification of i). This neutrino is the one from K-μ decay. Under the three-neutrino hypothesis, the discrepancy between the ratioGv/Gμ and unity (whereGv is the vector coupling constant for β-decay andGμ is the μ-decay coupling constant) will be explained in a manner consistent with the small branching ratio in the leptonic decay of hyperons. It will be shown that the hypothesis is relatively easy to prove or disprove by experiments on high-energy neutrino reactions, if about 50% or more of the neutrinos are obtained from K-μ decay.
The Corporate Sustainability Dimensions of Service-Oriented Information Technology

There is an increasing appreciation by information technology practitioners and researchers of the emerging discipline of sustainable IT. This is motivated by a growing awareness and concern about IT's impact on the environment. Sustainable IT has been generally defined to encompass strategies that lead to the more efficient use of computing resources while maintaining or increasing overall information system performance. The initial stage of sustainable IT development, often called "Green IT," has focused on reducing energy costs, primarily in data centers. Although green IT solutions have been mostly product-oriented and internal to the IT function, sustainable IT's potential as a service to the organization and to society is much larger. As IT's role and potential impact on corporate sustainability becomes better defined, expectations for specific IT performance outcomes in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) domain will increase. To fully understand the opportunities and responsibilities facing IT departments as they embrace sustainable IT, a better understanding of CSR as it might apply to the development of future IT services is needed. The purpose of this paper is to define the CSR dimensions that impact IT, review the current state of sustainable IT, and review the sustainable IT initiatives of IT companies that are viewed as leaders in CSR as they plan for the future of sustainable IT.
Derivation of natural stimulus feature set using a data-driven model

A formal approach for deciphering the information contained within nerve cell ensemble activity patterns is presented. Approximations of each nerve cell's coding scheme is derived by quantizing its neural responses into a small reproduction set, and minimizing an information-based distortion function. During an experiment, the sensory stimulus world presented to the animal is modified to contain a richer set of relevant features, as those features are discovered. A dictionary of equivalence classes is derived, in which classes of stimulus features correspond to classes of spike-pattern code words. We have tested the approach on a simple insect sensory system.
Influence of high growth rate on GaAs-based solar cells grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Single-junction GaAs-based solar cell structures are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition system at the growth rates of 14 µm/hr and 56 µm/hr. The X-ray diffraction study reveals that the crystal quality of the structures with varying the growth rates is comparable. From the external quantum efficiency spectra, it is observed that different behaviors exist in the short wavelengths ( 500 nm) as the growth rate increases. The short-circuit current densities of the standard and fast grown cells are comparable. However, the open-circuit voltage of the fast grown cell is lower by above 40 mV as a result of the reduced minority carrier lifetime in the base layer, which is estimated by PC1D simulation.
Returns to Scale Models

Health care managers can seek alternative evaluations to assess which components of their organization are contributing to the inefficiency of their organization, such as the size of their operation, poor organizational factors, flow processes, or other related factors. For example, a small hospital, in certain instances, may appear less efficient compared to larger ones, and this may be due to its scale size. On the other hand, the reverse can be seen as well, due to diseconomies of scale, which occur when larger hospitals may be operating inefficiently due to other reasons, such as poor management or a lack of strategic focus.
Food Security Status and Barriers to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Two Economically Deprived Communities of Oakland, California, 2013–2014

Author(s): Mook, Kim; Laraia, Barbara A; Oddo, Vanessa M; Jones-Smith, Jessica C | Abstract: IntroductionFood security status may moderate how people perceive barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption. This study aimed to 1) describe the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and microbarriers and mezzobarriers to consumption, and 2) test whether these associations differ by food security status.MethodsWe surveyed adults (n = 531) living in 2 economically deprived communities in Oakland, California, in 2013 and 2014. Multivariate linear regression assessed associations between microbarriers (taste, cost, busyness) and mezzobarriers (produce selection, quality, and purchase ease) and fruit and vegetable consumption, derived from a 26-item dietary screener. Interactions were tested by food security status.ResultsRespondents consumed a mean 2.4 (standard deviation, 1.5) servings of fruits and vegetables daily; 39% of the sample was food insecure. Being too busy to prepare healthy foods was associated with reduced fruit and vegetable consumption (β(busyness) = -0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.52 to -0.28) among all respondents. Food security moderated the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and taste, cost, and perceived ease of purchase of healthy foods. Among the food secure, disliking healthy food taste (β(taste) = -0.38; 95% CI, -0.60 to -0.15) and cost (β(cost) = -0.29; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.15) concerns were associated with lower consumptions of fruits and vegetables. Mezzobarriers were not significantly associated with consumption in either group.ConclusionPerceived time constraints influenced fruit and vegetable consumption. Taste and cost influenced fruit and vegetable consumption among the food secure and may need to be considered when interpreting analyses that describe dietary intake and designing diet-related interventions.
Multitaper Smoothed Minimum Statistics Noise Power Estimation

Speech communication devices and digital hearing aids must perform in the presence of high levels of ambient noise. Speech enhancement is a denoising process where Wiener-like filters are developed that require the estimation of the background noise spectrum from an additive combination of speech and noise. To follow statistical variations over time, the processes must be performed over short and overlapping frames of data resulting in time varying filters and spectra. We propose a novel algorithm to track the noise power of each frequency bin as it evolves over time. The proposed method uses an adaptation of the multitaper autoregressive spectral estimate. The resulting spectral components are smooth, low bias, and low variance and show superior tracking of the time-variation of the spectra.
Intel Acquires Altera: How Will the World of FPGAs be Affected?

Intel's purchase of Altera is very likely to be the biggest single event in FPGA history and, therefore, have a profound impact on the FPGA world. This panel intends to explore the business and research opportunities that are potentially enabled and potentially squashed by the acquisition. Questions that will be explored by the panel include: What will be the impact on FPGA applications? Clearly, there is the potential of much tighter integration of CPU and FPGA, but what applications and usage models does that really enable?What will be the impact on FPGA business?What will be the impact on the FPGA research community?
Evaluation of Boys Town In-Home Family Services with Families Referred by Child Welfare.

This study evaluated the Boys Town In-Home Family Services model with families referred by child welfare for issues related to maltreatment. Participants were 135 parents (mean age = 32.15 years, SD = 9.13) who completed intake and discharge assessments. The target child ranged in age from one month to 17 years (M = 4.54, SD = 4.38). We had a high-risk sample (e.g., 57% and 41% of parents reported being victims of physical and sexual abuse, respectively; 24% of parents reported attempting suicide in their lifetimes). The intervention was implemented with a degree of fidelity consistent with model standards. Reduced levels of perceived stressors were found for several domains of functioning with the largest effects observed for family safety, parental capabilities, and environmental factors. Results serve as an important step in building the evidence base of a widely disseminated intervention.
How Economic Development Shapes Household Structure and the Age of Leaving Home and Household Formation: Evidence from 67 Countries’ ‘Big Microdata’

The question of whether household structure converges with economic growth and urbanization. The question of whether household structure converges with economic growth and urbanization has been long discussed, but comparative empirical evidence is scant. This paper takes advantage of newly available ‘big microdata’ to evaluate the relationship between economic growth, urbanization, household structure, the age at which individuals leave their parents’ home, and the age at which they form their own household, for almost 70 countries at multiple points in time. To do this, I adapt two measures from demographic research on marriage; the indirect median age and the singulate mean age. I then run cross-section and time series models to examine the correlation to GDP per capita and the urbanization rate. Some findings confirm conventional hypotheses; there is a nearly linear relationship between GDP per capita, the headship rate, share of households that consist of one person, and the share of households made up an extended family. However, the relationship between economic development and the age of leaving home and household formation is not linear; rather, it is a negative quadratic. People leave home and form their own household latest in middle-income countries. Two proposed explanations for this are increasing returns to human capital and changes in the relative cost of housing.
Bayesian supervised learning and state estimation in a model of the cerebellum

The last decade has seen an explosion of research on the topic of Bayesian inference in neural systems. The cerebral cortex is now widely believed to form predictive internals models of the environment. But what does this mean for the cerebellum, which has historically been attributed just this function? And what might Bayesian inference mean in the cerebellar context? I present a cerebellar model unifying the Bayesian framework with classical cerebellar theories of supervised learning, state estimation, and control theory. This model builds on the dominant supervised learning theory of cerebellar function, which traces to the pioneering work of Marr. This model is extended to account for Bayesian optimal updating of the uncertainties inherent in probabilistic inference. Further, the model is capable of learning about states with little to no supervised input. It also provides theoretical explanation for a wide range of phenomenology observed of the circuit -- most importantly unsupervised synaptic plasticity upstream of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The connectionist architecture of this model is closely based on that of the cerebellum. In the input stage, unsupervised learning in the cerebellar granular layer is seen as essential for subsequent supervised learning in the Purkinje layer. Based on Golgi cell feedback, the granular layer learns to encode supervised learning covariances in a manner akin to the kernel learning of Gaussian processes. This circuit then predicts and filters mossy fiber input, conveying only select signals downstream for supervised learning. This granular representation is further influenced by a global serotonergic signal conveyed by Lugaro cells. In the cerebellar molecular layer, inhibitory interneurons then provide higher-order corrections to these estimates. Finally, learning in the cerebellar nuclei is seen as a parallel, simpler, regression model, allowing for faster, courser adjustments, corrected in time by the cerebellar cortical circuit.
Οικονομική κρίση και πολιτικό σύστημα: Οι βραχυχρόνιες και μακροχρόνιες πολιτικές επιπτώσεις της κρίσης και της οικονομικής προσαρμογής

Το άρθρο eξeτάζeι στην eλληνική πeρίπτωση υποθέσeις eργασίας που έχουν διατυπωθeί στη σχeτική βιβλιογραφία για τις βραχυχρόνιeς και μακροχρόνιeς πολιτικές συνέπeιeς της κρίσης και των eφαρμοζόμeνων πολιτικών (λιτότητα συν μeταρρυθμίσeις). Από μακροχρόνια άποψη, το άρθρο eπικeντρώνeται στην άνοδο του πολιτικού eξτρeμισμού σe πeριόδους κρίσης και στη δυνατότητα απώλeιας της eμπιστοσύνης στους δημοκρατικούς θeσμούς. σκιαγραφούνται eν συντομία η πορeία της κρίσης, οι eφαρμοζόμeνeς πολιτικές και κάποια σημάδια eντeινόμeνου eξτρeμισμού, και συμπeραίνeται ότι, αντίθeτα μe κάποιους φόβους και ιστορικές eμπeιρίeς, οι δημοκρατικοί θeσμοί της χώρας αποδeίχθηκαν σταθeροί και ικανοί να αντιμeτωπίσουν την πρόκληση του πολιτικού eξτρeμισμού. Από βραχυχρόνια σκοπιά όμως, διαπιστώνονται σημαντικές ανακατατάξeις στο κομματικό τοπίο: πολλοί ψηφοφόροι eπέρριψαν eυθύνeς στα κόμματα που κυβέρνησαν και τα τιμώρησαν μe την ψήφο τους· αναδeίχθηκαν νέα κόμματα· η κρίση και η λιτότητα λeιτούργησαν ως καταλύτeς για την eκδήλωση φυγόκeντρων δυνάμeων και στις δύο παρατάξeις –την κeντροδeξιά και την κeντροαριστeρά. Έχeι δe eνδιαφέρον ότι τις μeγαλύτeρeς απώλeιeς υπέστη το ΠΑΣΟΚ που τώρα προσπαθeί να eπιβιώσeι. Eπίσης οι μeτακινήσeις των ψηφοφόρων συνέβησαν κατά κύριο λόγο eντός των δύο μeγάλων παρατάξeων (ήταν δηλαδή eνδοπαραταξιακές) πράγμα που δeίχνeι την eπίμονη σημασία αξιών, ιδeών και της παραταξιακής νομιμοφροσύνης στους ψηφοφόρους. Τέλος ο κατακeρματισμός του κομματικού τοπίου eπέβαλe τη μeτάβαση σe συμμαχικές κυβeρνήσeις. Θα δούμe αν αυτές θα αποδeιχθούν πιο σταθeρές και ικανές να eφαρμόσουν συνeκτικές πολιτικές –πράγμα που eίναι δυσκολότeρο στην Eλλάδα σe σύγκριση μe άλλeς πeριπτώσeις λόγω των χαρακτηριστικών μη eμπιστοσύνης της eλληνικής κοινωνίας.
Nutritional Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Short Bowel Syndrome

Gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and short bowel syndrome (SBS), impact the nutritional status of the patient. Crohn’s disease, a specific form of IBD, may result in SBS if surgical intervention is necessary. Both conditions put patients at risk for malabsorption, macro- and micronutrient deficiencies, and impaired quality of life. Nutrition therapy often includes parenteral and/or enteral supplementation to ensure adequate nutrients are provided. The nutritional goals of IBD and SBS are similar: to restore nutrition status, to promote growth in pediatric patients or maintenance in adult patients, and to achieve independence from parenteral and enteral nutrition. Additional therapeutic objectives of nutrition therapy include lessening inflammation through strategic food choices for IBD and stimulating adaptation of the residual intestinal tissue with certain nutrients in SBS. The prognosis of IBD and SBS is greatly improved with optimal nutrition therapy.
Buried extraordinary optical transmission

Metallic films with subwavelength apertures integrated into a semiconductor exhibit broadband enhancement of light coupling into the semiconductor (compared to an unstructured surface) while providing near uniform electrical contact for potential integration into optoelectronic devices.
Connected placement of disaster shelters in modern cities

This paper is motivated by the fact that modern cities are surprisingly vulnerable to large-scale emergencies, such as the recent terrorist attacks on Paris that resulted in the death of 130 people. Disaster shelters are one of the most effective methods to handle large-scale emergencies. Hence, this paper establishes disaster shelters with bounded costs. The objective is to minimize the total establishment costs of disaster shelters under three constraints. The first constraint is a distance constraint, which requires that people must be assigned to disaster shelters within a certain range. The second constraint is a capacity constraint, which requires that disaster shelters must have the capacity to hold incoming people. The third constraint is a connection constraint, which requires that disaster shelters should be connected to avoid being isolated. Two bounded algorithms are proposed to efficiently establish disaster shelters. Real data-driven experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Catholicism's Militant Pioneers to North America: The Seventeenth Century Jesuits of New France

It is a romantic image endemic to the American psyche. Men possessed of an almost superhuman will to fulfill their mission. Superbly trained and motivated, physically and mentally prepared to overcome any obstacle and pay any price, including the "ultimate price" to accomplish the seemingly impossible. For a good many Americans that image is clothed in military uniform or pioneer buckskin. Outmanned and outgunned, they fight to the bitter end. But perhaps the members of the first such organization in Euro-American history were not soldiers or embattled Indian fighters at all. Yet, given the military background and early pretensions of their founder it is not surprising that they approached their mission in a military fashion. Not warriors, in fact unarmed, these men were Roman Catholic priests, members of the elite Society of Jesus, the Jesuits of New France.
Zirconium/Nickel-Mediated One-Pot Ketone Synthesis

A zirconium/nickel-mediated one-pot synthesis of ketones is reported. In the presence of Zn or Mn, Cp2 ZrCl2 was found to dramatically accelerate the coupling and suppress side product formation via an I→SPy displacement at the same time. Unlike Zn/Pd- and Fe/Cu-mediated one-pot ketone syntheses, the new method is effective for nucleophiles bearing OR or equivalent functional groups at the α-position. A mechanism comprising a nickel catalytic cycle, a zirconium catalytic cycle, and Zr→Ni transmetalation is proposed, and Cp2 ZrCl2 and/or low-valent Zr species are suggested to play crucial dual roles.
A Conserved Splicing Silencer Dynamically Regulates O-GlcNAc Transferase Intron Retention and O-GlcNAc Homeostasis.

Summary Modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins with O-GlcNAc regulates a wide variety of cellular processes and has been linked to human diseases. The enzymes O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) add and remove O-GlcNAc, but the mechanisms regulating their expression remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that retention of the fourth intron of OGT is regulated in response to O-GlcNAc levels. We further define a conserved intronic splicing silencer (ISS) that is necessary for OGT intron retention. Deletion of the ISS in colon cancer cells leads to increases in OGT, but O-GlcNAc homeostasis is maintained by concomitant increases in OGA protein. However, the ISS-deleted cells are hypersensitive to OGA inhibition in culture and in soft agar. Moreover, growth of xenograft tumors from ISS-deleted cells is compromised in mice treated with an OGA inhibitor. Thus, ISS-mediated regulation of OGT intron retention is a key component in OGT expression and maintaining O-GlcNAc homeostasis.
Solution-Processed Doping of Trilayer WSe2 with Redox-Active Molecules

The development of processes to controllably dope two-dimensional semiconductors is critical to achieving next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this study, n- and p-doping of highly uniform large-area trilayer WSe2 is achieved by treatment with solutions of molecular reductants and oxidants. The sign and extent of doping can be conveniently controlled by the redox potential of the (metal−)organic molecules, the concentration of dopant solutions, and the treatment time. Threshold voltage shifts, the direction of which depends on whether a p- or n-dopant is used, and tunable channel current are observed in doped WSe2 field-effect transistors. Detailed physical characterization including photoemission (ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy provides fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanism. The origin of the doping is the electron-transfer reactions between molecular dopants and 2D semiconductors and results in a sh...
A New Subtype of Chronic Daily Headache Presenting in Older Women.

Abstract Objective: To describe a new subtype of chronic daily headache in women of a specific age group. Methods: Case series. Results: Eight patients were included in the presented case series. The average age of onset of this distinct headache condition is 57 years. All patients were either perimenopausal or in menopause when the headaches started. The syndrome is marked by bilateral head pain that starts daily from onset and is typically at its most severe intensity the first thing in the morning before arising or when in the supine position. Immediate worsening in Trendelenburg appears to be an almost diagnostic test for the syndrome and occurred in all patients. The majority of the patients had a history of episodic migraine, but the migraines were either very well controlled or had ceased by the time the new headache arose. The bulk of the patients (6/8) were either overweight or obese, although two patients were of normal body mass index (BMI). Neuroimaging showed no abnormalities. All patients re...
Research, Regulatory and Clinical Decision-Making: The Importance of Scientific Integrity

• There have been growing concerns about the reliability and validity of the underlying research that supports regulatory and clinical decision-making
Cell cycle repression and DNA repair defects follow constricted migration

Cancer cell invasion into tissue or narrow capillaries often elongates the nucleus and sometimes damages it, but cell cycle effects are unknown and highly relevant to tumorigenesis. Here, nuclear rupture and DNA breaks caused by constricted migration are quantified in different phases of cell cycle--which is effectively repressed. Cancer lines with varying levels of contact inhibition and lamina proteins exhibit diverse frequencies of nuclear lamina rupture after migration, with pre-rupture dilation of gene-edited RFP-Lamin-B1 preceding DNA repair factor leakage in pressure-controlled distension. Post-migration rupture indeed associates with mis-localized DNA repair factors and increased DNA breaks as quantified by pan-nucleoplasmic foci of γH2AX, with foci counts always suppressed in late cell cycle. When contact-inhibited cells migrate through large pores into sparse microenvironments, cells re-enter cell cycle consistent with release from contact inhibition. In contrast, constricting pores effectively delay re-entry, but the excess DNA damage nonetheless exceeds any cell cycle dependence. Partial depletion of topoisomerase does not strongly affect cell cycle or the excess DNA damage, consistent with weak dependencies on replication stress. Constricted migration thus impacts cell cycle as well as DNA damage.
Human Donor Milk or Formula: A Qualitative Study of Maternal Perspectives on Supplementation

Abstract Background: Breastfeeding is fundamental to maternal and child health and is the most cost-effective intervention to reduce child mortality. Pasteurized human donor milk (HDM) is increasingly provided for term newborns requiring temporary supplementation. Few studies examine maternal perspectives on supplementation of term newborns. Materials and Methods: We conducted semistructured in-person interviews with mothers of term newborns (n = 24) during postpartum hospitalization. Mothers were asked whether they had chosen or would choose to supplement with HDM versus infant formula, if medically indicated, and why. Data were gathered to saturation and analyzed inductively by consensus. Emerging semantic themes were compared between mothers who chose or would choose HDM and those who chose or would choose infant formula. Results: Most mothers had concerns about HDM, including uncertainty regarding screening and substances passed through HDM. Experiences with prior children influenced decision-making. ...
Managing Soils to Achieve Greater Water Use Efficiency

Water use efficiency (WUE) represents a given level of biomass or grain yield per unit of water used by the crop. With increasing concern about the availability of water resources in both irrigated and rainfed agriculture, there is renewed interest in trying to develop an understanding of how WUE can be improved and how farming systems can be modified to be more efficient in water use. This review and synthesis of the literature is directed toward understanding the role of soil management practices for WUE. Soil management practices affect the processes of evapotranspiration by modifying the available energy, the available water in the soil profile, or the exchange rate between the soil and the atmosphere. Plant management practices, e.g., the addition of N and P, have an indirect effect on water use through the physiological efficiency of the plant. A survey of the literature reveals a large variation in measured WUE across a range of climates, crops, and soil management practices. It is possible to increase WUE by 25 to 40% through soil management practices that involve tillage. Overall, precipitation use efficiency can be enhanced through adoption of more intensive cropping systems in semiarid environments and increased plant populations in more temperate and humid environments. Modifying nutrient management practices can increase WUE by 15 to 25%. Water use efficiency can be increased through proper management, and field-scale experiences show that these changes positively affect crop yield.