cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model for direct ejection of diatomic molecules by collisional sputtering

Abstract We present a simple collision model which describes the vibrational energy distributions and dissociation probability for diatomic molecules that are directly ejected by collisional sputtering. The results show that the probability that molecules survive sputtering without dissociation can be quite high (> 90%), and that monotonically decreasing vibrational distributions can often be expected, with a majority of the molecules in low vibrational levels (n = 0,1,2, 3). The model provides a collisional explanation for the observation of Boltzmann-like vibrational distributions for sputtered molecules. The calculations show that the use of impulsive collision models can reasonably account for the relative yield of sputtered molecules. However, in order to predict vibrational energy distributions which are qualitatively correct, it is necessary to go beyond the impulsive approximation by explicitly allowing for the finite duration of collisions.
The vaccinia virus A18R gene product is a DNA-dependent ATPase.

The predicted amino acid sequence of the vaccinia virus gene A18R shows significant homology to the human ERCC3 gene product, which is a member of the DEXH subfamily of the DNA and RNA helicase superfamily II and which plays a role in both RNA polymerase II transcription and nucleotide excision repair of DNA. The vaccinia virus A18R gene product is expressed throughout infection and is encapsidated in virions. Vaccinia virions containing mutant A18R gene product are defective in early viral transcription in vitro, and infection with A18R mutant virus results in aberrant viral transcription late during infection. Thus we hypothesize that the vaccinia virus A18R gene product is a helicase that plays a role in viral transcription and possibly DNA repair. As a first test of this hypothesis, we have affinity purified an amino-terminal polyhistidine-tagged A18R protein and shown that it has DNA-dependent ATPase activity. The A18R ATPase activity is stimulated by both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA and by RNA.DNA hybrids, but not by either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.
Fracture-surface analysis of dental ceramics

This study demonstrated that quantitative fractography can be used to study failed aluminous and glass-ceramic central porcelains. Fracture surfaces of DICOR and Vitadur-N core porcelain modulous-of-rupture bars were studied to identify fracture mirror features useful in (1) locating the source of fracture and (2) calculating the stress at fracture in clinically failed restorations. The morphology of fracture surfaces results from events related to the initiation and propagation of the crack front during failure. Modulus-of-rupture testing was performed in four-point bending. Fracture surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The mean fracture stress for the Vitadur-N porcelain was 94.7 +/- 12.4 MPa (13,730 psi); for DICOR the fracture stress was 55.4 +/- 10.6 MPa (8,030 psi). The standard quantitative fractography relationship between in mirror radius and ln fracture stress was followed for both materials. This quantitative fractography relationship was used to calculate the in vivo stress at failure in a clinically fractured DICOR molar crown. Five clinically failed DICOR crowns were seen to fail from the internal surface.
Distributed shared memory: experience with Munin

Distributed shared memory (DSM) is the provision in software of a shared memory programming model on a distributed memory machine [6]. We are exploring the use of DSM in a cluster-based computing environment of workstations and servers connected by a local internetwork.We have concentrated so far on using DSM to program compute-intensive tasks on networks of workstations. For these applications, DSM is a superior programming model compared to message passing, because it relieves the programmer from having to worry about data motion. Second, DSM allows applications written for shared memory machines to be ported with relative ease to distributed memory machines. Finally, DSM offers a natural paradigm for integrating both the locally shared memory and the globally distributed memory of anticipated future networks of shared memory multiprocessors. In particular, in such an environment, local interprocess communication is likely to dominate and therefore should be implemented in the most efficient form possible, i.e., by using the (hardware) shared memory available. It then follows that to achieve a single paradigm for both local and remote interprocess communication, DSM is the natural choice.
Use of combined sodium hydroxide and carbonate—bicarbonate eluents with various anion-exchange columns

Abstract Retention characteristics of various anion-exchange columns were studied, using combinations of sodium hydroxide and carbonate—bicarbonate as eluents. A Dionex 4000i unit was utilized for this work. Dionex AS4A and AS11 columns for determining inorganic anions were evaluated, both using suppressed conductivity detection. Also investigated were CarboPac PA1/AS6 columns, which are used with pulsed amperometric detection to separate saccharides. Eluent components were proportioned via the mixing capabilities of the gradient pumps.
An animal model for delirium.

This study describes an animal model for delirium comparinig rats treated with either saline or atropine. The model was defined by recordings of cortical EEGs. maze performance, and behavioral observations. EEG slowing and increased amplitude, difficulty with attention and memory, sleep-wake cycle reversal, and changes in behavior (lack of focused direction, irritability, fluctuating levels of activity, excessive random sniffing) appeared consistent with signs and symptoms seen in human delirium. EEG abnormalities in atropine-treated rats returned to normal before cognitive deficits did. Motor activity monitoring did not Reveal diminished motor activity as a confounding variable in maze performance.
A new flow calorimeter using a eutectic molten salt as the temperature control medium

Abstract A new isothermal flow calorimeter for measuring heats of mixing of two fluid streams at high temperatures and pressures is described. The main advantages of the new calorimeter over earlier ones are simplification of the design making it easier to maintain the equipment, reduction of the temperature gradients so that baseline corrections are minimized, and ability to make reliable measurements above 350°C. Immersion of the reaction vessel and associated tubing in a eutectic salt bath and the use of a thermoelectric cooler made it possible to maintain the reaction zone at a constant temperature. Energy effects from 2.5 to 2000 mW can be measured to a precision of ±1.5% or ±0.5 mW, whichever is greater. The relatively high uncertainty is due to the difficulties of operating at temperatures and pressures near and above the critical point of water. The calorimeter was tested by measuring the heat of mixing of sodium chloride solutions and water at 300 (9.3 MPa), 350 (17.6 MPa), 370 (24.7 MPa), and 380°C (24.7 MPa). The results at 300 and 350°C were in good agreement with our earlier results [Thermochim. Acta 285 (1996) 11] and were within 10% of earlier results by Busey at al. [J. Chem. Thermodyn. 16 (1984) 343]. No data are available in the literature at 370 and 380°C. However, our results at these temperatures appear to be reasonable.
Data compression for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /NOAA/ weather satellite systems

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) receives high quality infrared weather images from each of its two geostationary weather satellites at an average data rate of 57 kilobits/second. These images are currently distributed to field stations over 3 kilohertz analog phone lines. The resulting loss in image quality renders the images unacceptable for proposed digital image processing. This paper documents the study leading to a current effort to implement a microprocessor-based universal noiseless coder/decoder to satisfy NOAA's requirements of high quality, good coverage and timely transmission of its infrared images.
Characterization of N6, O2′ -dimethyladenosine from nuclear RNA of Novikoff hepatoma

A modified nucleoside was isolated from low molecular weight nuclear RNA of Novikoff hepatoma, the nucleotide sequence of which was reported earlier. The structure of this novel nucleoside was shown to be N6, O2'-dimethyladenosine (m6Am) by mass spectrometry of its trimethylsilyl derivative and by comparison with the mass spectra of N6- and O-2' monmethyl model compounds. The complete characterization was carried out using 0.04 A260 units (2 microgram) of m6Am.
The Yang-Mills measure for S2

Abstract The Yang-Mills measure for gauge fields over the two-sphere is constructed using a conditioned white-noise process. Stochastic differential equations are used to study parallel translation under this measure. Expectation values of a broad class of Wilson loop configurations are computed explicitly and it is shown that these values are invariant under area-preserving diffeomorphisms of the sphere.
College Students with Disabilities: A Student Development Perspective.

Student developmental theory can provide a useful framework for understanding challenges students with disabilities may face, providing services, and creating a welcoming campus climate.
An information theoretic technique to design belief network based expert systems

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of constructing belief network based expert systems. We discuss a design tool that assists in the development of such expert systems by comparing alternative representations. The design tool uses information theoretic measures to compare alternative structures. Three important capabilities of the design tool are discussed: (i) evaluating alternative structures based on sample data; (ii) finding optimal networks with specified connectivity conditions; and (iii) eliminating weak dependencies from derived network structures. We have examined the performance of the design tool on many sets of simulated data, and show that the design tool can accurately recover the important dependencies across variables in a problem domain. We illustrate how this program can be used to design a belief network for evaluating the financial distress situation for banks.
Biomass Yield and Flower Production in Sunn Hemp: Effect of Cutting the Main Stem

ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at the Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, to determine the effects on plant morphology, biomass yield, and flower production. of cutting the main stem of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) plants at different heights. Seeds treated with cowpea (Vigua unguicalata)-type rhizobium were sown on 15 April 1999. The main stems were cut at 30, 60, and 90 cm above soil surface 100 days after seeding when the plants were about 1.5 m tall. Control plants were left uncut. Biomass that had been cut from plants was included in the total biomass yield. Seventy days following stem cutting, individual plants were evaluated for: plant height; main stem diameter; fresh and dry weights of roots, main stems, primary branches, secondary branches, leaves, open flowers, and unopened flowers. Leaf area and nutritional analyses of the plant parts were determined. Cutting the main stem at 30 and 60 cm above soil surface reduced total plant biomass, where...
920-46 A Prospective Clinical Risk Score for Predicting Morbidity After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

In an effort to identify areas of high cost for coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery, we used logistic regression methods to predict patients at risk for postoperative morbidity. The predictive model was derived from 1567 consecutive isolated CAB cases performed between July 1, 1991 and December 31, 1992. The patients were categorized into 3 groups: Group 1 (N = 756,48%) no complications, Group 2 (N = 560, 36%) minor complications, and Group 3 (N = 251, 16%) major complications with extended stay and/or death. Estimated hospital costs were 3.5 times higher for Group 3 than Group 1, and 2 times higher for Group 2 than Group 1. The following patient factors were found to be significant independent predictors of morbidity, listed in decreasing order of importance: preoperative cardiogenic shock, emergency surgery, severe left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac laboratory induced cardiac collapse, increasing age, diabetes mellitus, high serum creatinine levels, peripheral vascular disease, cardiomegaly, female gender, reoperation, serum albumin levels of less than 4 mg/dl, low body mass index, history of congestive heart failure, atrial arrhythmia, cerebral vascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, anemia. and blood urea nitrogen levels greater than 29 mg/dl. A cumulative clinical risk score (CRS) was developed by assigning each factor a score of 1 to 7 based on the predictive power. The mean CRS for Groups 1, 2 and 3 were 1.5 ± 4.9, 5.3 ± 3.2 and 9.0 ± 4.5. respectively (p = 0.0001). The model was prospectively validated on 1235 CAB surgery patients from January 1. 1993 to April 30. 1994. Postoperative morbidity was stratified by CRS points as low (0–2). moderate (3–5), high (681 and extremely high (≥9). The validation group morbidity rates fell within the 95% confidence interval of the predicted rates in each category of risk. Preoperative patient variables can predict postoperative morbidity for CAB patients. Significant cost reduction can only be accomplished by reducing postoperative morbidity. The ability to predict morbidity risk provides data for improved patient selection and for development of targeted protocols to reduce specific complications.
Multifacet semipolar formation by controlling the groove depth via lateral sidewall epitaxy

We demonstrate InxGa1−xN/GaN light emitting diode structures with different sets of multifacet semipolar formation grown laterally on m-plane sidewalls formed by stripe patterning on preliminary grown c-plane GaN template. It was found that regrowth on shallow side walls within the GaN template resulted in a single semipolar (11¯01) facet, while deeper side walls led to multifacet semipolar formation. Very deep etching through the entire GaN template reaching the underlying sapphire substrates resulted in a combination of semipolar (11¯01) and nonpolar (11¯00) facets. The results indicate that the depth of the groove patterning can be used as a tool for controlling the set of semipolar facet formation. In addition, the growth rate in different crystallographic directions was studied and possible factors affecting the growth rates are discussed.
Effects of the Social Circumstances Surrounding the Rating Situation on Students' Evaluations of Faculty

Peer influence, found to be an important consideration in ratings, may be a function of informational needs.
Nicotine, caffeine, alcohol and schizotypy

Abstract Schizophrenics are known to be heavy smokers. It has also been reported that in a normal population smoking is associated with higher scores on scales of schizotypy. The present study investigated the use of nicotine as related to scores on a positive symptoms scale of schizotypy. 285 undergraduate students at Rutgers University completed the Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC) in addition to a questionnaire regarding smoking habits, caffeine and alcohol use. Results showed a relationship between schizotypy and the use nicotine, and also the use of caffeine and alcohol. Use of the stimulants caffeine and nicotine were associated with higher RISC scores, whereas low stimulant users (nonsmoking, low caffeine users) scored the lowest on the administered scale of schizotypy. The effects of both stimulants were not additive, as demonstrated by a significant interaction between nicotine and caffeine use. The use of alcohol, a CNS depressant, showed the opposite relationship, with increasing alcohol use associated with lower RISC scores. The relationship between schizotypy and increased use of stimulants and decreased use of depressants is discussed.
Changing concepts in management of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in children.

Abstract Survival with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of all sites has improved dramatically in recent years with the increased use of long-term, cyclic, multidrug chemotherapy. Protocols have been established and are currently being evaluated by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. The management of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the pelvic viscera, though, remains troublesome. somited surgical excision is rarely possible and high-dose radiotherapy to the bony pelvis may cause severe and disabling growth disorders. Yet, survival with these lesions is increasing as with rhabdomyosarcoma from all sites and is directly related to a well-planned and aggressive multidisciplinary program. We have seen 12 cases of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma within the last seventeen years at this institution. These cases will be reviewed in regard to varying modes of therapy and survival. Our current therapeutic approach, based on national and local experience, will be presented.
Colloquy on Generalization Meta-Analytic Techniques When Generalizing to Message Populations Is Not Possible

Jackson and Jacobs (1983) have argued that many of the findings in communication research could be specific to the particular messages used in a given study. As a solution, Jackson and Jacobs propose generalizing to message populations by treating messages as a random variable. This article argues that the Jackson and Jacobs solution is inappropriate for complex messages and that meta-analytic techniques represent an alternative that permits the detection of results that are specific to particular messages, researchers, or paradigms.
The Archean-Proterozoic transition: Evidence from the geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks of Guyana and Montana

Abstract Chemical and isotopic compositions of ancient sedimentary rocks have in some cases provided evidence of first-order changes yin the composition and extent of continental crust, from the Archean to the Proterozoic. We reversed the typical sampling pattern, comparing metapelites and carbonates from Proterozoic greenstone belts with those from an Archean continental margin sequence, and found the reverse of the typical age-composition relations. Metapelites and volcaniclastic metagreywackes from the Early Proterozoic greenstone belts of northern Guyana resemble those of many Archean greenstone belts in REE, trace, and major element compositions (mean ratios: La Sm 5.0, La Th 5.1, Eu Eu ∗ 0.80, Th U 3.4; median K 2 O Na 2 O 0.8). Schists from an Archean continental marginal sequence in Montana have compositions like many post-Archean metapelites derived from continental sources (mean ratios: La Sm 6.8, La Th 2.7, Eu Eu ∗ 0.67, Th U 5.2; median K 2 O Na 2 O 1.7). Other Archean continental basin sediments also resemble their post-Archean counterparts, implying that upper continental crusts of these eras may not have differed significantly in these respects. However, temporal change may have occurred in upper crustal contents of Ni and Cr many Archean clastic metasedimentary rocks of both continental and greenstone belt provenance have contents of these compatible elements higher than in their post-Archean equivalents. Dolomitic limestone from a greenstone belt of northern Guyana has a very low 87 Sr 86 Sr ratio of 0.7007. Such low values may reflect the local influence of mantle-derived volcanic rocks during carbonate deposition, diagenesis, or metamorphism and they may not be reliable indicators of the evolution of Sr in seawater. Archean dolomitic marbles from the continental marginal sequence of Montana have 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of 0.7065 and higher, significantly more radiogenic than many accepted values for carbonates of Archean greenstone belts.
Effects of random geometric perturbations on slow wave devices

Summary form only given. Motivated by the current interest in THz source, where miniature circuits are usually required, we evaluate the effects of geometrical random errors introduced during the manufacturing processes on the circuit characteristics. One such study was given in a previous paper, where a pisection lumped element was used to model a periodic slow wave structure. In this paper, we extend the formulation of D. Dialetis and D. Chernin [IEEE Conference Record (1997)] to other geometries, such as the Smith-Purcell radiator or the traveling wave tube. A continuum model is used. Random perturbations are incorporated in the beam-circuit interaction in such a way that, for the traveling wave tube, the Pierce dispersion relation, together with the launching loss, are recovered for an ideal tube free of manufacturing errors. Our preliminary study shows that the effects on gain and efficiency depend not only on the magnitude of the manufacturing errors, but also on the random samples used to represent the axial distribution of these errors. An analytic theory, together with numerical results, will be presented
DPA resistance for light-weight implementations of cryptographic algorithms on FPGAs

Recent advances in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology are bound to make FPGAs a popular platform for battery powered devices. Many applications of such devices are mission critical and require the use of cryptographic algorithms to provide the desired security. However, Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks pose a sever threat against otherwise secure cryptographic implementations. Current techniques to defend against DPA attacks such as Dynamic Differential Logic (DDL) lead to an increase in area consumption of factor five or more. In this paper we show that moderate security against DPA attacks can be achieved for FPGAs using DDL resulting in an area increase of not much more than a factor two over standard FPGA implementations. Our design flow requires only FPGA design tools and some scripts.
Computing forward difference derivatives in engineering optimization

Abstract This paper presents experimental comparisons of several methods for approximating derivatives by finite differences. In particular, the method for choosing the forward difference interval is discussed. The focus is on the optimization of outputs of computer models ( e.g. circuit simulaiion, structural analysis), and so optimization on functions with as few as two digits of accuracy is considered. A new dynamic interval size adjustment is presented. The primary findings of the study were: (a) choosing a good initial interval size was more important than using the best optimization algorithm, and (b) a simple rule for dynamic readjustment of interval size was effective in improving convergence, particularly for function representations with low accuracy.
Using ERPs to dissociate recollection from familiarity in picture recognition.

Dual process theories posit that separate recollection and familiarity processes contribute to recognition memory. Previous research, testing recognition memory for words, indicates that event-related brain potentials (ERPs) can be used to dissociate recollection from familiarity. It has been hypothesized that the FN400 ERP old/new effect (300-500 ms) varies with stimulus familiarity, but the parietal ERP old/new effect (400-800 ms) varies with recollection. The results reported here are consistent with this hypothesis, extending it to the recognition of pictures when subjects had to discriminate between studied pictures, highly familiar lures (mirror-reversals of studied pictures), and new pictures. Furthermore, the parietal old/new effect showed significant recollection-related differences only for subjects with good behavioral discrimination between studied items and similar lures.
Cloning of the rat edg-1 immediate-early gene: expression pattern suggests diverse functions.

Abstract The edg-1 immediate-early gene encodes a G-protein-coupled receptor homolog implicated in endothelial cell differentiation. We report the cloning of the rat edg-1 gene. Our Northern analyses indicate that edg-1 is much more widely expressed than previously thought, edg-1 mRNA was found in many organs at several stages of development with relatively high levels present in adult brain, edg-1 transcripts were also detected in several cell lines. Expression of edg-1 mRNA in the PC 12 cell model of neuronal differentiation was unaffected by agents that cause PC 12 cells to differentiate or proliferate. Therefore, edg-1 may play a cell-type-specific role in differentiation and also participate in neuro-transmission.
QSM approach to molecular relaxation phenomena: Beyond exponential decay

Abstract The quantum-statistical-mechanical (QSM) approach to molecular relaxation phenomena is extended to the consideration of non-exponential decay and the incorporation of external disturbances. Microscopic models, both quantal and classical, can be substituted into the final results to study the temporal evolution of multi-state systems.
Beyond government intervention: drug companies and bioethics.

(2002). Beyond Government Intervention: Drug Companies and Bioethics. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 42-43.
EM-Fold: De Novo Folding of α-Helical Proteins Guided by Intermediate-Resolution Electron Microscopy Density Maps

In medium-resolution (7-10 A) cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) density maps, alpha helices can be identified as density rods whereas beta-strand or loop regions are not as easily discerned. We are proposing a computational protein structure prediction algorithm "EM-Fold" that resolves the density rod connectivity ambiguity by placing predicted alpha helices into the density rods and adding missing backbone coordinates in loop regions. In a benchmark of 11 mainly alpha-helical proteins of known structure a native-like model is identified in eight cases (rmsd 3.9-7.9 A). The three failures can be attributed to inaccuracies in the secondary structure prediction step that precedes EM-Fold. EM-Fold has been applied to the approximately 6 A resolution cryo-EM density map of protein IIIa from human adenovirus. We report the first topological model for the alpha-helical 400 residue N-terminal region of protein IIIa. EM-Fold also has the potential to interpret medium-resolution density maps in X-ray crystallography.
Gene expression analysis of the ovary of hybrid females of Xenopus laevis and X. muelleri

Interspecific hybrids of frogs of the genus Xenopus result in sterile hybrid males and fertile hybrid females. Previous work has demonstrated a dramatic asymmetrical pattern of misexpression in hybrid males compared to the two parental species with relatively few genes misexpressed in comparisons of hybrids and the maternal species (X. laevis) and dramatically more genes misexpressed in hybrids compared to the paternal species (X. muelleri). In this work, we examine the gene expression pattern in hybrid females of X. laevis × X. muelleri to determine if this asymmetrical pattern of expression also occurs in hybrid females. We find a similar pattern of asymmetry in expression compared to males in that there were more genes differentially expressed between hybrids and X. muelleri compared to hybrids and X. laevis. We also found a dramatic increase in the number of misexpressed genes with hybrid females having about 20 times more genes misexpressed in ovaries compared to testes of hybrid males and therefore the match between phenotype and expression pattern is not supported. We discuss these intriguing findings in the context of reproductive isolation and suggest that divergence in female expression may be involved in sterility of hybrid males due to the inherent sensitivity of spermatogenesis as defined by the faster male evolution hypothesis for Haldane's rule.
Ternary rare-earth selenides with the U3ScS6 structure type: synthesis, characterization, and some magnetic properties of Ln3TSe6 (Ln = Sm, Gd; T = In, Cr) and Tb3CrSe6.

The new compounds Ln3TSe6 (Ln = Sm, Gd; T = In, Cr) and Tb3CrSe6 have been synthesized by the solid-state reactions of the elements at 850 °C. A KBr flux was used to promote crystal growth. These isostructural compounds crystallize with the U3ScS6 structure type. The crystal structure is built from LnSe7 pseudo-octahedra or LnSe8 bicapped trigonal prisms and TSe6 octahedra. Magnetic measurements show that Sm3TSe6 (T = In, Cr) and Tb3CrSe6 are paramagnetic down to 5 K whereas Gd3CrSe6 undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at 10 K. Crystal data: orthorhombic, Pnnm, Z = 4, T = −120 °C, (compound, a (A), b (A), c (A))Sm3InSe6, 14.177(3), 17.352(4), 4.0625(8); Gd3InSe6, 14.071(3), 17.286(4), 4.0202(8); Sm3CrSe6, 14.032(3), 16.782(3), 3.9841(8); Gd3CrSe6, 13.938(3), 16.780(3), 3.9559(8); Tb3CrSe6, 13.885(3), 16.672(3), 3.9215(8).
Evaluation of inbreeding depression in Holstein cattle using whole-genome SNP markers and alternative measures of genomic inbreeding

The effects of increased pedigree inbreeding in dairy cattle populations have been well documented and result in a negative impact on profitability. Recent advances in genotyping technology have allowed researchers to move beyond pedigree analysis and study inbreeding at a molecular level. In this study, 5,853 animals were genotyped for 54,001 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP); 2,913 cows had phenotypic records including a single lactation for milk yield (from either lactation 1, 2, 3, or 4), reproductive performance, and linear type conformation. After removing SNP with poor call rates, low minor allele frequencies, and departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 33,025 SNP remained for analyses. Three measures of genomic inbreeding were evaluated: percent homozygosity (FPH), inbreeding calculated from runs of homozygosity (FROH), and inbreeding derived from a genomic relationship matrix (FGRM). Average FPH was 60.5±1.1%, average FROH was 3.8±2.1%, and average FGRM was 20.8±2.3%, where animals with larger values for each of the genomic inbreeding indices were considered more inbred. Decreases in total milk yield to 205d postpartum of 53, 20, and 47kg per 1% increase in FPH, FROH, and FGRM, respectively, were observed. Increases in days open per 1% increase in FPH (1.76 d), FROH (1.72 d), and FGRM (1.06 d) were also noted, as well as increases in maternal calving difficulty (0.09, 0.03, and 0.04 on a 5-point scale for FPH, FROH, and FGRM, respectively). Several linear type traits, such as strength (-0.40, -0.11, and -0.19), rear legs rear view (-0.35, -0.16, and -0.14), front teat placement (0.35, 0.25, 0.18), and teat length (-0.24, -0.14, and -0.13) were also affected by increases in FPH, FROH, and FGRM, respectively. Overall, increases in each measure of genomic inbreeding in this study were associated with negative effects on production and reproductive ability in dairy cows.
Body geometry of patients who had recurrent attacks of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Abstract Aetiologic commonalities among several disease processes and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) suggested the comparative study of the physical constitutions of ANUG-susceptible patients and healthy controls. Using standard anthropometric equations, descriptors of physical constitution were estimated from the measured heights ( H ) and weights ( W ) of 59 male college students who had recurrent attacks of ANUG and 51 healthy controls. Although the ANUG patients were comparatively larger men, averaging 0.5 in. greater H and 7.0 lb greater W than controls, their mean body surface area ( SA ) per unit of weight was estimated to be 0.703 in 2 /lb less than controls. Thus, for the range of weights included in this study, ANUG patients possessed from 77 to 155 in 2 less SA than controls of like weights. This relative SA insufficiency observed for ANUG patients, coupled with the finding of a significant negative correlation between the ratio of SA/W and digital temperature, is proposed as partially explanatory of previously reported thermoregulatory abnormalities and chronic elevation of digital temperatures associated with ANUG remission.
Thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator following cardiac surgery in children.

Three children with major intracardiac or vascular thrombosis following cardiac operations were treated with intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. The first patient, aged 10 yr, developed a left atrial thrombus following replacement of the mitral valve with a Bjork-Shiley prosthesis. The second patient, aged 16 months, had a right atrial thrombus following a modified Fontan procedure for tricuspid atresia. Both were successfully treated with a short course of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. The third patient, aged 19 months, developed the Budd-Chiari syndrome with occlusion of the inferior caval vein following a modified Fontan operation for double inlet left ventricle. Even though near-complete thrombolysis and recanalization of the inferior caval vein was achieved with three courses of tissue plasminogen activator on successive days, she died with failure of multiple organs. In all cases, the diagnosis was established by cross-sectional and Doppler echocardiography, and the response to therapy was monitored using the same technique. Thrombolytic therapy with systemic tissue-type plasminogen activator was safe and effective in the postoperative period, with no major haemorrhagic complications.
Lack of insight and conceptions of “mental illness” in schizophrenia, assessed in the third person through case vignettes

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia lack insight into their illness because cognitive deficits prevent them from applying an internal schema of mental illness to themselves. The study examines the ability of subjects to “insightfully” classify a series of short, fictional vignettes from a third‐person perspective. Method: Investigators wrote 20 one‐ to three‐sentence stories, 11 illustrating subtypes of psychotic symptoms, 3 illustrating non‐psychotic psychiatric diagnoses, 3 indicating medical problems, and 3 no illness. The investigators read these stories to a sample of inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and a random community sample control group, and asked if subjects considered the person in each story to be mentally ill. Results: Subjects and controls were able to make accurate, fine distinctions among medical illness, no illness, and psychiatric illness categories. Conclusions: Patients did not demonstrate a deficit in the co...
Models of coupled population oscillators using 1-D maps

Coupled population oscillators are investigated with the use of coupled logistic maps. Two forms of coupling are employed, reproductive and density. Three biologically distinct situations are investigated: populations independently oscillating in a two point cycle, populations independently chaotic, and populations independently approach a stable point. Both entrained and phase reversed patterns are observed along with complicated forms of chaos as the coupling parameters are varied.
Salinity-mediated carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of the euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas

The euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas, is a relatively strong osmotic and ionic regulator, being able to maintain its hemolymph osmolality as much as 300 mOsm higher than that in the medium when the crab is acclimated to low salinity. It makes the transition from osmoconformity to osmoregulation at a critical salinity of 26 ppt, and new acclimated concentrations of hemolymph osmotic and ionic constituents are reached within 12 h after transfer to low salinity. One of the central features of this transition is an 8-fold induction of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the gills. This induction occurs primarily in the cytoplasmic pool of CA in the posterior, ion-transporting gills, although the membrane-associated fraction of CA also shows some induction in response to low salinity. Inhibition of branchial CA activity with acetazolamide (Az) has no effect in crabs acclimated to 32 ppt but causes a depression in hemolymph osmotic and ionic concentrations in crabs acclimated to 10 ppt. The salinity-sensitive nature of the cytoplasmic CA pool and the sensitivity of hemolymph osmotic/ionic regulation to Az confirm the enzyme's role in ion transport and regulation in this species. CA induction is a result of gene activation, as evidenced by an increase in CA mRNA at 24 h after transfer to low salinity and an increase in protein-specific CA activity immediately following at 48 h post-transfer. CA gene expression appears to be under inhibitory control by an as-yet unidentified repressor substance found in the major endocrine complex of the crab, the eyestalk.
Authoritarianism and overt aggression.

High authoritarians gave higher levels of shock than low authoritarians to a trainee confederate of the experimenter when they served as trainers in a Buss-type learning experiment. There was, however, no interaction between scores on a modified F Scale and race of target for the 71 white students. The results, along with earlier findings, provide evidence of generality for authoritarian aggression.
Er:YAG Laser Modification of Root Canal Dentine: Influence of Pulse Duration, Repetitive Irradiation and Water Spray

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of varying parameters of Er:YAG laser irradiation with and without water spray cooling on root canal dentine in vitro. After horizontally removing tooth crowns from extracted human teeth, roots were axially sectioned into thin slices, exposing the root canal surface. An Er:YAG laser delivered 10-30 J/cm(2) into a 0.4-mm diameter laser spot on the root canal surface. Single pulses of different lengths (80-280 micro s) were applied with and without water spray cooling/irrigation, and sequences of three pulses at a repetition rate of 30 Hz were applied at selected pulse parameters. The irradiated samples were investigated using both confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At most irradiation conditions, the root canal dentine surface was ablated. Three-dimensional images from CLSM revealed that the cavity walls were not smooth. Depths of the cavities revealed significant differences between the cavities. No debris was observed at the surface of cavities at any irradiation condition. Strong melting and recrystallisation, or unusually flat surfaces with open dentinal tubules were obtained with sequences of three pulses without water cooling. CLSM is an effective tool for investigation of laser effects on root canal dentine. By varying the irradiation conditions, the Er:YAG laser can induce different modifications of root canal surface, which may be very interesting for root canal preparation.
Precipitation hardening of Ni-12.19 at.% Al alloy single crystals

Abstract Single crystal specimens of a Ni-12.19 at.% Al alloy were aged for various times at 625°C and mechanically tested in compression at 77, 191, 297 and 373°K. After subtracting the contribution of solid-solution strengthening from the measured values of the CRSS, the incremental increase in the CRSS, Δτ, due to the γ′ precipitates was analyzed according to the theory of order strengthening. The quantitative agreement between the experimentally determined and theoretically calculated values was excellent, agreeing to within 15 per cent over the range of average γ′ particle sizes, 〈a〉 2 , where Δτ is proportional to ( 〈a〉 2 ) 1 2 . Calculations of other possible hardening mechanisms show that the contributions from interface creation and elastic constant differences are very small in this Ni-Al alloy. However, the contribution of coherency hardening in this alloy is calculated to be roughly equivalent in magnitude to that due to order strengthening, and very strongly temperature dependent. Since the measured values of Δτ were nearly temperature independent, we conclude that the contribution of coherency hardening is negligible.
Energy transfer in rare earth doped Y3Al5O12 at very high temperatures

Abstract Phonon assisted energy transfer from the 2 F 5/2 state of Yb 3+ to the 7 F 0 state of Tb 3+ in Y 3 Al 5 O 12 has been investigated up to 1850 K. Together with prior data from the literature, the results suggest that the temperature dependence of the energy transfer probability over the entire range is well described by the electron coupling to phonon modes at the two ends of the spectrum only. Additionally, it is found that the electron–phonon coupling parameter for the lowest energy phonons is an order of magnitude larger than that for those with the highest energy.
Photo-assisted homoepitaxial growth of ZnS by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract A novel thin film growth technique, photo-assisted homoepitaxy of ZnS usingmolecular beam epitaxy (MBE), has been carried out with elemental zinc (Zn) and elemental sulphur (S) as source materials. The crystallinity of ZnS was greatly improved by irradiation with 350 nm monochromated ultraviolet light from a xenon lamp. The growth rate was about 0.6 μm/h at 260°C. The crystal quality was characterized by RHEED patterns, surface photographs and photoluminescence spectra. Finally, the irradiation intensity dependence and the growth mechanism were discussed.
Brief announcement: self-assembly as graph grammar as distributed system

In 2004, Klavins et al. introduced the use of graph grammars to describe--and to program--systems of self-assembly. It turns out that these graph grammars can be embedded in a graph rewriting characterization of distributed systems that was proposed by Degano and Montanari over twenty years ago. By applying techniques obtained from this observation, we prove a generalized version of Soloveichik and Winfree's theorem on local determinism. We also obtain a canonical method to simulate asynchronous constant-size-message-passing models of distributed computing with systems of self-assembly.
Test of models for the sequence of UV-induced mutations in mammalians cells

Abstract We have used mathematical modeling and statistical analysis to examine the correlation between UV-induced DNA damage and resulting base-substitution mutations in mammalian cells. The frequency and site specificity of UV-induced photoproducts in the supF gene of the pZ189 shuttle vector plasmid were compared with the frequency and site specificity of base-substitution mutations induced upon passage of the UV-irradiated vector in monkey cells. The hypothesis that the observed mutational spectrum is due to a preferential insertion of adenosine opposite UV photoproducts in the DNA template was found to best explain the mutational data. Models in which it was postulated that only (6—4) photoproducts, and not cyclobutane dimers, are mutagenic, or that the relative frequency of photoproduct formation does not influence mutation frequencies, fit the data much less well. This analysis demonstrates that molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis in mammalian cells can be deduced from mutational data obtained with a shuttle vector system.
Polymers for information storage systems III. Crosslinked structure of polydimethacrylates

Abstract Polymers of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate were produced by photopolymerization using the photoinitiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone. These polymerization reactions and the resulting materials were examined as to their feasibility for production of laser video discs using the 2p process. The volume shrinkage during polymerization, swelling characteristics, molecular weight between crosslinks and the glass transition temperature of the polymeric networks were determined and compared with the characteristics of polymers presently used in laser video disc production. The networks produced by the polymerization of these monomers were highly crosslinked with glass transition temperatures greater than 200°C. They swelled little in any of four solvents used with a maximum volume fraction of the solvent at equilibrium lower than 10%.
Coherency strains in the elastic free energy

Abstract A semi-discrete model for the elastic free energy of systems with coherent composition fluctuation has been developed. It applies to systems of orthorhombic and higher symmetry. The treatment is carried through the continuous theory of elasticity and hence involves the elastic constants which makes it readily applicable to any system. Moreover, the distortions may assume isotropic as well as anisotropic form in this model. The total strain may be isotropic but the (stress-free) coherency strain and subsequently the elastic strain tensors will in general be anisotropic. This results in the anisotropic kinetics of the mechanism of the spinodal decomposition. This treatment can be applied to study strain-dependent physical properties through a Green's function method and the mathematical formalism presented here. It is currently being applied to study the effect of the coherency strains on the structure of compositionally modulated systems of various symmetries. Calculations of the biaxial elastic modulus of these modulated systems as well as application of the present development to spinodal decomposition in systems with orthorhombic, tetragonal and hexagonal symmetry will be presented in a future report.
A note on control space properties of cooperative games

This note deals with the clarification of various items in Ref. 1. Additional results concerning control space properties of cooperative games are also presented.
Effects of pregnanolone alone and in combination with other positive GABAA modulators on complex behavior in rats.

Although positive modulators of γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors generally produce similar behavioral effects, regardless of which modulatory site on the GABAA receptor complex mediates these effects, some differences have been observed between the effects of neuroactive steroids and those of other positive GABAA modulators. The current study was designed to compare the behavioral effects of a neuroactive steroid to those of other positive GABAA modulators. Rats responded under a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of response chains, with responding maintained under a second-order fixed-ratio 2 schedule of food presentation. Pregnanolone, flunitrazepam, pentobarbital and ketamine, an antagonist at NMDA receptors, dose-dependently decreased response rates and increased the percentage of errors in both components of the multiple schedule. Although the rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects of pregnanolone, pentobarbital and ketamine were quantitatively similar to each other, flunitrazepam was less effective in decreasing response rates and more effective in increasing errors than the other three drugs. A dose of 3.2 mg/kg pregnanolone potentiated the effects of flunitrazepam and pentobarbital, producing 2- to 3-fold shifts to the left in the dose-effect curves. In contrast, pregnanolone did not alter the ketamine dose-effect curves. The disruptive effects of the neuroactive steroid pregnanolone are qualitatively similar to those of other positive GABAA modulators as well as ketamine; however, the potentiation of the effects of flunitrazepam and pentobarbital, and not ketamine, emphasizes the importance of GABAA receptors in the behavioral effects of pregnanolone.