cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5150: Drosophila models of Ret fusions in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Ret fusion proteins, including PTC1 (CCDC6-RET) and PTC3 (NcoA4-RET), drive a subset of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas (PTC). There is currently no treatment for refractory, metastatic PTC, which results in 1500 deaths in the US each year. A challenge in identifying targeted therapies for Ret fusion driven cancers has been the lack of predictive models. We created transgenic, over-expression Drosophila models of PTC1 and PTC3, and found that they cause cancer phenotypes such as delamination, cell migration, and EMT. We conducted a genetic screen of the Drosophila kinome (252 alleles) and a drug screen of FDA approved cancer therapeutics (62 compounds) against flies expressing either PTC1 or PTC3. We found that PTC1 and PTC3, despite containing identical Ret kinase domains, have a different signaling output and are sensitive to different kinase inhibitors. Of the 19 kinases that were identified as hits from the PTC3 kinome screen, only 5 overlap with PTC1 hits. PTC3 is most sensitive to Ponatinib, where as PTC1 is most sensitive to Cabozantinib. These findings suggest that patients may greatly benefit from targeted treatment directed against the specific Ret fusion that they harbor. Citation Format: Sarah Levinson, Ross Cagan. Drosophila models of Ret fusions in papillary thyroid carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5150. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5150
Objectively-Measured Free-Living Physical Activity and Heart Rate Recovery

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of free-living, objectively-measured physical activity on treadmill-based heart rate recovery (HRR), a parameter known to associate with morbidity and mortality. Data was used from 2003 to 2004 NHANES. Physical activity was assessed via accelerometry, with HRR recovery assessed from a treadmill-based test. Heart rate recovery minute 1 (HRR1) and minute 2 (HRR2) were calculated. After adjustment, light and vigorous-intensity free-living physical activity, respectively, were associated with HRR1 (βadjusted = 0.69, 95% CI 0.22–1.14; βadjusted 1.94, 95% CI 0.01–3.9) and HRR2 (βadjusted = 0.99, 95% CI 0.35–1.62; βadjusted = 5.88, 95% CI 2.63–9.12). Moderate physical activity was not associated with HRR1 (βadjusted = 0.60, 95% CI −0.41 to 1.62), but was with HRR2 (βadjusted = 2.28, 95% CI 1.27–3.28). As free-living physical activity intensity increased, there was a greater association with HRR. This finding may provide mechanistic insight of previous research observations demonstrating intensity-specific effects of physical activity on various health outcomes.
A zigzag path through quantum crystallography

A brief discussion is given here of recollections related to development of quantum crystallography from a personal point of view of the author.
Comprehensive analysis of mobile genetic elements in the gut microbiome reveals a phylum-level niche-adaptive gene pool

Background: Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) drive extensive horizontal transfer in the gut microbiome. This transfer could benefit human health by conferring new metabolic capabilities to commensal microbes, or it could threaten human health by spreading antibiotic resistance genes to pathogens. Despite their biological importance and medical relevance, MGEs from the gut microbiome have not been systematically characterized. Results: We present a comprehensive analysis of MGEs in the gut microbiome using a novel method called Split Read Insertion Detection (SRID) that enables the identification of the exact mobilizable unit of MGEs. Leveraging the SRID method, we curated a database of 5600 putative MGEs encompassing seven MGE classes called ImmeDB (Intestinal microbiome mobile element database) (https://immedb.mit.edu/). We discovered that many MGEs carry genes that confer an adaptive advantage to the gut environment including gene families involved in antibiotic resistance, bile salt detoxification, mucus degradation, capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis, polysaccharide utilization, and sporulation. Our findings suggest that antibiotic resistance genes are more likely to be spread by conjugation than transduction. Additionally, our evidence supports that horizontal transfer of MGEs is extensive within phyla but rare across phyla. Finally, we found that gut MGEs are highly modular, as exemplified by the frequent exchange of integrases between integrative conjugative elements and prophages. Conclusions: Our systematic characterization of MGEs from the gut microbiome reveals a phylum level niche-adaptive gene pool. ImmeDB is a valuable resource for future fundamental and translational studies on the gut microbiome.
Examining the impact of experiential value on emotions, self-connective attachment, and brand loyalty in Korean family restaurants

This study examines how experiential value as perceived by customers of Korean family restaurants influences consumption emotions, self-connective attachment to the restaurant brand, and, ultimatel...
CONFORMATIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND VIBRONIC COUPLING IN THE BLUE COPPER-CONTAINING PROTEIN AZURIN

The X-band epr spectrum of azurin reflects a distribution in site geometry. There are differences in the shapes and relative heights of the bands of the low-field quartet of copper hyperfine lines, and the peaks are not equally separated. Realistic simulation of the experimental spectrum is achieved by summing spectra generated with spin Hamiltonian parameters calculated over a gaussian distribution in the tetrahedral angle of the lobes of the ground state wave function. The root mean square distribution in out-of-planarity angle can be used to estimate a force constant. Such a force constant enters into the vibronic activation of electron transfer by tunneling.
Cognitive-behavioral group psychotherapy for agoraphobia and panic disorder

Agoraphobia is a complex disorder characterized by substantial personal, social, and occupational disability. This paper presents a cognitive-behavioral model of group psychotherapy for agoraphobia treatment wherein group members are taught active coping skills to reduce anxiety and behavioral avoidance. Therapy occurs in the context of a supportive group, which aids in reducing the social isolation and alienation attendant on this severe anxiety disorder. The model of treatment is amenable to both time-limited and open-ended group therapy formats.
On a Certain Mixed Variational Theorem and on Laminated Elastic Shell Theory

We are concerned in this paper with the derivation of a two-dimensional system of shell equations by means of the direct methods of the calculus of variations, for an elastic layer the material of which is non-uniform in thickness direction. We have on earlier occasions considered this problem for transversely isotropic layers with uniform material properties in thickness direction, by means of the classical variational theorem for displacements [1], as well as by means of a variational theorem for displacements and stresses [3, 4].
Hemorrhagic infarction of hilar lymph nodes associated with combined heart-lung transplantation

The histologic changes in lymph nodes transplanted during combined heart-lung transplantation were examined. We studied at autopsy nine patients who had received a total of 10 heart-lung transplants. Hemorrhagic infarction of hilar nodes was found in eight of the 10 transplanted lungs. Pulmonary parenchymal pathologic changes associated with lymph node infarction included acute rejection (two cases), chronic rejection with bronchiolitis obliterans (two cases), and pneumonia (four cases). In one of the transplants without lymph node infarction there was chronic rejection with bronchiolitis obliterans and in another there was evidence of bronchopneumonia. The hemorrhagic lymph node infarction seen in the recipients of combined heart-lung transplant's may be directly attributable to the interruption of bronchial arteries and veins by the surgical procedure. At present the possible contribution of node infarction to postoperative morbidity or mortality is unknown.
Geometry-Aware Traffic Flow Analysis by Detection and Tracking

In the second Nvidia AI City Challenge hosted in 2018, the traffic flow analysis challenge proposes an interest task that requires participants to predict the speed of vehicles on road from various traffic camera videos. We propose a simple yet effective method combing both learning based detection and geometric calibration based estimation. We use a learning based method to detect and track vehicles, and use a geometry based camera calibration method to calculate the speed of those vehicles. We achieve a perfect detection rate of target vehicles and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.6674 in predicting the vehicle speed, which rank us the third place in the competition.
Planting position and shade enhance native seedling performance in forest restoration for an endangered malagasy plant

Abstract The critically endangered tree Schizolaena tampoketsana is confined to a few diminished and degraded forest fragments on the Malagasy highlands. This habitat is vulnerable to loss due to frequent fires in the surrounding grassland that threaten to spread into the forest. One of these fragments is the focus a conservation project and here the managers aim to conserve S. tampoketsana by restoring its forest habitat to its former extent as evidenced by remnant woody plants. To inform this activity the survival and early-stage growth of seedlings of four locally native tree species were compared under contrasting conditions of proximity to the remaining forest and shade. After 12 months, seedlings of three species (Baronia taratana, Eugenia pluricymosa, Uapaca densifolia) survived better and experienced improved growth in height in grassland close to the existing forest rather than distant from it, and two survived better with shade rather than unshaded. A number of mechanisms could explain these results including reduced exposure to desiccating sunlight and winds and better soil and greater water availability close to the forest. The seedlings of one species (Nuxia capitata) survived well under all conditions. This study suggests that reforestation in these dry highlands is most feasible adjacent to remnant forest fragments and in microhabitats that minimize water loss, though young plants of some tree species may be capable of surviving in harsher conditions.
An Optimization Approach to Epistasis Detection

Abstract Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the interaction of multiple genes affects a certain phenotype in addition to their individual additive effects. Similar epistatic effects are also ubiquitous in other application areas, such as gene-environment interactions, where a certain effect is triggered only when a particular combination of genes and environmental components is present. Epistasis detection has been recognized as a major challenge in the field of genetics. Previously proposed methods either focused on finding two-gene interactions using brute force enumeration or resorted to heuristic algorithms to search only a subset of the solution space. Herein we present an optimization approach that can identify the number of explanatory variables responsible for the epistasis as well as the exact combination of these variables. Results from simulation experiments using a soybean data set suggested that the proposed approach had a 95.5% chance of correctly detecting second-order to fifth-order epistases, which was a significant improvement over two alternative approaches in the literature.
pH-Rate profiles establish that polyketide synthase dehydratase domains utilize a single-base mechanism

FosDH1 from module 1 of the fostriecin polyketide synthase (PKS) catalyzes the dehydration of a 3-hydroxybutyryl-SACP to the (E)-3-butenoyl-SACP. The steady-state kinetic parameters, kcat and kcat/Km, were determined over the pH range 3.0 to 9.2 for the FosDH1-catalyzed dehydration of the N-acetycsteamine thioester, 3-hydroxybutyryl-SNAC (3), to (E)-3-butenoyl-SNAC (4). The pH rate profiles for both log(kcat) and log(kcat/Km) each corresponded to a single pH-dependent ionization to give an active site general base, with a calculated pKa 6.1 ± 0.2 for kcat and pKa 5.7 ± 0.1 for kcat/Km. These results are inconsistent with the commonly suggested "two-base" (base-acid) mechanism for the dehydratases of PKS and fatty acid biosynthesis and support a simple one-base mechanism in which the universally conserved active site His residue acts as the base to deprotonate C-2 of the substrate, then redonates the proton to the C-3 hydroxyl group to promote C-O bond-cleavage and elimination of water. The carboxylate of the paired Asp or Glu residue is thought to bind and orient the hydroxyl group of the substrate in the stereoelectonically favored conformation.
on the relevance of cognitive neuroscience for community of inquiry

Community of inquiry is most often seen as a dialogical procedure for the cooperative development of reasonable approaches to knowledge and meaning. This reflects a deep commitment to normatively based reasoning that is pervasive in a wide range of approaches to critical thinking and argument, where the underlying theory of reasoning is logic driven, whether formal or informal. The commitment to normative reasoning is deeply historical reflecting the fundamental distinction between reason and emotion. Despite the deep roots of the distinction and its canonization in current educational thought, contemporary cognitive neuroscience presents a fundamental challenge to the viability of the distinction and thus to any effort that sees education for reasonable judgment to be based on the remediation of cognition in isolation from its roots in the emotions. Cognitive neuroscience looks at the deep connections between emotion and memory, information retrieval, and resistance to refutation. This conforms with earlier studies in experimental psychology, which showed resistance to changing beliefs in the face of evidence, including evidence based on personal experience. This paper will look at the recent research including speculations from neurological modeling that shows the depth of connection between, emotions, memory and reasoning. It will draw implications for dialogic thinking within a community of inquiry including systematic self-reflection as an essential aspect of critical thinking.
Oughts and the Reasonableness of Action

In this chapter we discuss the causal links between thinking that one ought to do an action A and what one thinks. There are two types of phenomena here: the connections between wants and oughts, and the internalization of normative systems. In both cases the causality or practicality of normative thinking is derivative from the practicality of practitional thinking. Normative thinking is, as we saw in Chapter 7, deeply involved with the reasonableness of actions.
Miscarriage among women in the United States Women's Interagency HIV Study, 1994–2017

Background Relatively little is known about the frequency and factors associated with miscarriage among women living with HIV. Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate factors associated with miscarriage among women enrolled in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. Study Design We conducted an analysis of longitudinal data collected from Oct. 1, 1994, to Sept. 30, 2017. Women who attended at least 2 Women’s Interagency HIV Study visits and reported pregnancy during follow-up were included. Miscarriage was defined as spontaneous loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation based on self-report assessed at biannual visits. We modeled the association between demographic, behavioral, and clinical covariates and miscarriage (vs live birth) for women overall and stratified by HIV status using mixed-model logistic regression. Results Similar proportions of women living with and without HIV experienced miscarriage (37% and 39%, respectively, P = .638). In adjusted analyses, smoking tobacco (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0), alcohol use (adjusted odds ratio, 4.0), and marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0) were associated with miscarriage. Among women living with HIV, low HIV viral load ( Conclusion We did not find an increased odds of miscarriage among women living with HIV compared with uninfected women; however, poorly controlled HIV infection was associated with increased miscarriage risk. Higher miscarriage risk among women exposed to tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana highlight potentially modifiable behaviors. Given previous concern about antiretroviral therapy and adverse pregnancy outcomes, the novel protective association between protease inhibitors compared with non–combination antiretroviral therapy and miscarriage in this study is reassuring.
Event-triggered Adaptive Distributed State Estimation by Using Active-Passive Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a novel event-triggered adaptive observer for each node in the heterogeneous sensor networks (HSNs) in order to estimate state vector of an unknown target or process by using the sensed output when the input to the target/ process is unknown. A subset of nodes in the HSN referred to as active nodes, can sense the target periodically, estimate the target state vector by using their adaptive observer and can communicate the estimated state vector of the target with the neighboring nodes including passive nodes only at event triggered instants. The adaptive observer parameters of active nodes are updated in a periodic fashion. A connected graph defines the local information exchange within the HSN. By using the criterion of collective observability, a novel distributed event-triggered adaptive estimation scheme is introduced where the nodes are allowed to have different sensor modalities. Using the Lyapunov analysis, uniform ultimate boundedness of the state estimation and the parameter estimation errors are demonstrated. Simulation results are included to validate the theoretical claims.
ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE Ia GLYCOPROTEIN MOLECULES

ABSTRACT: The general structures of the carbohydrate and protein portions of the Ia glycoprotein antigens were examined. The carbohydrate portion of Ia antigens is highly similar to that from H-2 antigens. Both sets of antigens have a 3,250 dalton carbohydrate chain which contains mannose, galactose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. Both H-2 and Ia antigens contain variable amounts of sialic acid but the sialic acid composition is independent of antigenic specificity. The protein portions of a number of Ia antigen molecules were examined by comparative ion exchange chromatography of tryptic peptides. In these studies there appeared to be a correlation between sharing of tryptic peptides and sharing of serological specificities. All of these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the protein portion of the 25,000--35,000 dalton Ia glycoprotein molecules determines their allo-antigenic reactivity. In support of this hypothesis, the precipitation of the 25,000–35,000 dalton Ia molecules by alloantisera was not inhibited by the addition of unlabeled monosaccharides.
Supporting Student Research in Kazakhstan

ABSTRACTUniversity students often struggle to find, use, and cite research effectively. Using interviews with faculty, students, and librarians in Kazakhstan’s capital city (n = 21), this study exp...
The state of nutrition in medical education in the United States.

Despite the significant impact diet has on health, there is minimal nutrition training for medical students. This review summarizes published nutrition learning experiences in US medical schools and makes recommendations accordingly. Of 902 articles, 29 met inclusion criteria, describing 30 learning experiences. Nutrition learning experiences were described as integrated curricula or courses (n = 10, 33%), sessions (n = 17, 57%), or electives (n = 3, 10%). There was heterogeneity in the teaching and assessment methods utilized. The most common was lecture (n = 21, 70%), often assessed through pre- and/or postsurveys (n = 19, 79%). Six studies (26%) provided experience outcomes through objective measures, such as exam or standardized patient experience scores, after the nutrition learning experience. This review revealed sparse and inconsistent data on nutrition learning experiences. However, based on the extant literature, medical schools should build formal nutrition objectives, identify faculty and physician leadership in nutrition education, utilize preexisting resources, and create nutrition learning experiences that can be applied to clinical practice.
Patient-reported outcomes after cryoballoon ablation are equivalent between moderate sedation and general anesthesia.

INTRODUCTION Moderate sedation (MS) during cryoballoon ablation (CBA) avoids risks of general anesthesia (GA) and improves electrophysiology (EP) lab throughput. However, one barrier to the use of MS is the potential for patient discomfort. The objective of this study was to compare patient-reported outcome measures following CBA for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF) under MS and GA. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive patients undergoing a first CBA for pAF under GA or MS were prospectively enrolled. The sedation method was assigned based on patient and provider preference, and perceived airway risk. The primary outcomes were quality of recovery (measured using a validated 40 question survey; QoR-40) and likelihood to recommend (LTR) the procedure and sedation method (measured by Likert scale). Secondary outcomes were acute pulmonary vein (PV) isolation rate, procedure, fluoroscopy and ablation times, and complication rates. Forty-seven GA and 53 MS patients were included. The mean age was 64.9 ± 9.4 years and mean CHA2 DS2 -VASc score was 2.0 ± 1.4. QoR-40 scores were 184.6 ± 16.4 for GA and 187.6 ± 10.2 for MS (P = .28). LTR responses were similar between groups. Mean procedure times were 148.2 ± 56.0 minutes for GA and 129.4 ± 31.4 minutes for MS (P = .038). Fluoroscopy and ablation times were similar between groups. A total of 100% (409/409) of PVs were acutely isolated. One hemopericardium occurred in the MS group requiring pericardiocentesis. CONCLUSION MS for CBA offers an alternative to GA that is safe and well-tolerated by patients with comparable success rates and improved EP lab throughput.
Genetics of Equine Endocrine and Metabolic Disease

A role for a genetic contribution to equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and pars pituitary intermedia dysfunction (PPID) has been hypothesized. Heritability estimates of EMS biochemical measurements were consistent with moderately to highly heritable traits. Further, genome-wide association analyses have identified hundreds of regions of the genome contributing to EMS and candidate variants have been identified. The genetics of PPID has not yet been proven. Continued research for the specific genetic risk factors for both EMS and PPID is crucial for gaining a better understanding of the pathophysiology of both conditions and allowing development of genetic tests.
Assessment of Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity During the 2017-2018 California Wildfire Seasons.

The risks of industrial pollutants are well documented,1 but few studies have examined the public health consequences of climate change–related events such as wildfires. The health benefits of physical activity and harms of sedentary behavior are well established.2,3 Although air pollution has been associated with self-reported reductions in physical activity, such ascertainment may be prone to recall bias.4,5 Accelerometer-based trackers have become increasingly used to estimate physical activity and can accurately measure step counts.6
Foveated Non-line-of-sight Imaging

Existing non-line-of-sight imaging techniques suffer from a tradeoff between field of view and spatial resolution. We propose an imaging system that tackles this tradeoff by efficiently combining information from transient imaging and correlography subsystems.
Effects of Domain Dynamics on Wellbeing

This chapter discusses the effects of dynamics among life domains that play an important role in wellbeing and positive mental health. I first discuss the research literature on the effects of domain satisfaction on wellbeing. Then I describe seven popular life domain theories of wellbeing. These are: bottom-up spillover theory, horizontal spillover theory, segmentation theory, compensation theory, balance theory, detraction theory, and role conflict theory. These theories provide an overarching understanding of the psychology of domain-specific wellbeing (work wellbeing, family wellbeing, social wellbeing, etc.).
812 Erythema nodosum-like toxicity in an immunotherapy treated patient is accompanied by oligoclonal memory activated CD4 T cells

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used to treat advanced malignancy but can be associated with immune related adverse events (irAE). Here we present a case report of a rare dermatologic toxicity occurring in a melanoma patient with isolated brain metastasis. After surgical resection, the patient was treated with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) combination therapy followed by single agent nivolumab with ongoing, excellent response. During nivolumab, the patient developed an erythema nodosum (EN)-like irAE. The condition resolved after potassium iodine treatment and nivolumab therapy was resumed. To understand the pathogenesis of this irAE, we examined samples from this patient9s blood, brain metastasis and tissue biopsy of the EN toxicity. Methods RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on the patient9s brain metastasis and site of irAE were performed. We also performed RNA sequencing on 3 non-ICI EN patients. RNA in situ hybridization (RNAish) for CD4, CD8 and granzyme B, and the most abundant TCR identified was conducted on the patient9s site of toxicity. Single cell RNA/TCR sequencing was carried out on the patient9s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at baseline, 3 weeks after ipilimumab and nivolumab combination therapy, during EN toxicity and after resolution. Results RNAish showed that the most abundant TCR (20% of total TCR sequencing reads at the site of toxicity) colocalized with CD4 at the site of toxicity. According to CIBERSORT deconvolution, the site of toxicity had high memory activated CD4 T cells and low M2 macrophage infiltration, which is different from the brain metastasis and non-ICI-induced EN cases. Compared to non-ICI EN, the EN skin biopsy was also enriched for interferon response and inflammation related genes. In the peripheral blood, cytotoxic CD8 T cells clonally expanded during EN toxicity, accompanied by a decrease in naive/memory CD4 T cells. The TCR repertoire in the site of toxicity did not overlap with that in the tumor or PBMC. Conclusions We found oligoclonal memory activated CD4 T cells are enriched at the site of toxicity, suggesting their association with EN toxicity. The unique TCR repertoire, gene expression profile and immune cell composition at the site of toxicity could indicate that the EN toxicity is distinct from the anti-tumor immunity and analogous non-ICI autoimmunity. Future work will focus on determining the antigen for this irAE and determining its relevancy to other skin toxicities and EN autoimmune conditions. Ethics Approval IRB 100178 and 161485 Consent Approval under IRB 100178
Structuring Light by Concentric-Ring Patterned Magnetic Metamaterial Cavities

Ultracompact and tunable beam converters pose a significant potential for modern optical technologies ranging from classical and quantum communication to optical manipulation. Here we design and demonstrate concentric-ring patterned structures of magnetic metamaterial cavities capable of tailoring both polarization and phase of light by converting circularly polarized light into a vector beam with an orbital angular momentum. We experimentally illustrate the realization of both radially and azimuthally polarized vortex beams using such concentric-ring patterned magnetic metamaterials. These results contribute to the advanced complex light manipulation with optical metamaterials, making it one step closer to realizing the simultaneous control of polarization and orbital angular momentum of light on a chip.
Understanding the Divorce Cycle: Why Divorce Begets Divorce

M ost people will be able to provide a ready answer if asked why divorce has negative effects on children: “Kids need fathers” is one likely response. But the absence or presence of a male role model is not what matters most, it seems. Divorce often subjects children to potentially harmful conflict. Moreover, one- and two-parent families have very different economic circumstances, live in different kinds of neighborhoods, and provide children with different home environments. Which of these factors is responsible for the divorce cycle? In this chapter I discuss the theories that have been offered to account for the negative effects of parental divorce on offspring well-being. This will aid in the interpretation of findings presented in subsequent chapters, as well as facilitate an understanding of how divorce research has evolved over time. Ultimately I will show that the divorce cycle primarily can be attributed to the lessons children learn about marital commitment – not to parental conflict or to the absence of male role models. Genetic and demographic differences between people from divorced and intact families play smaller parts in explaining the transmission of divorce between generations. Two enduring legacies have guided thinking about how divorce affects children. The first involves the intuitive assumption that male role models are indispensable to children's development. The second has much to do with the liberalization of social-scientific thought in the 1960s and 1970s, which led many researchers to blame troubled families on racism and poverty, rather than on the psychological dynamics of divorce.
A wearable system that learns a kinematic model and finds structure in everyday manipulation by using absolute orientation sensors and a camera

This thesis presents Duo, the first wearable system to autonomously learn a kinematic, model of the wearer via body-mounted absolute orientation sensors and a head-mounted camera. With Duo, we demonstrate the significant benefits of endowing a wearable system with the ability to sense the kinematic configuration of the wearer's body. We also show that a kinematic model can be autonomously estimated offline from less than an hour of recorded video and orientation data from a wearer performing unconstrained, unscripted, household activities within a real, unaltered, home environment. We demonstrate that our system for autonomously estimating this kinematic model places very few constraints on the wearer's body, the placement of the sensors, and the appearance of the hand, which, for example, allows it to automatically discover a left-handed kinematic model for a left-handed wearer, and to automatically compensate for distinct camera mounts, and sensor configurations. Furthermore, we show that this learned kinematic model efficiently and robustly predicts the location of the dominant hand within video from the head-mounted camera even in situations where vision-based hand detectors would be likely to fail. Additionally, we show ways in which the learned kinematic model can facilitate highly efficient processing of large databases of first person experience. Finally, we show that the kinematic model can efficiently direct visual processing so as to acquire a large number of high quality segments of the wearer's hand and the manipulated objects. Within the course of justifying these claims, we present methods for estimating global image motion, segmenting foreground motion, segmenting manipulation events, finding and representing significant hand postures, segmenting visual regions, and detecting visual points of interest with associated shape descriptors. We also describe our architecture and user-level application for machine augmented annotation and browsing of first person video and absolute orientations. Additionally, we present a real-time application in which the human and wearable cooperate through tightly integrated behaviors coordinated by the wearable's kinematic perception, and together acquire high-quality visual segments of manipulable objects that interest the wearable. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
T Cell Depletion by Cytotoxic Elimination

This unit describes the complete removal of T cells from lymphocyte preparations based on the presence of the glycoprotein Thy-1 on the cell surface of T lymphocytes. As in UNIT 3.3, cytotoxic elimination is employed; however, Thy-1-specific antibodies are used rather than MHC class II-specific antibodies so that T cells are eliminated rather than B cells and accessory cells. Murine T cells can be further fractionated into subpopulations based on their expression of cell differentiation markers CD4 (Leu3, L3T4, T4) and CD8 (Leu2, Lyt2,3). A protocol in this unit describes removal of T cell subsets by cytotoxic elimination using CD-specific antibodies. An alternate but technically more demanding method of enriching T cell subsets is the panning procedure described in UNIT 3.5.
Behavior of endogenous tumor-associated macrophages assessed in vivo using a functionalized nanoparticle.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) invade the tumor stroma in many cancers, yet their role is incompletely understood. To visualize and better understand these critical cells in tumor progression, we screened a portfolio of rationally selected, injectable agents to image endogenous TAMs ubiquitously in three different cancer models (colon carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and soft tissue sarcoma). AMTA680, a functionally derivatized magneto-fluorescent nanoparticle, labeled a subset of myeloid cells with an “M2” macrophage phenotype, whereas other neighboring cells, including tumor cells and a variety of other leukocytes, remained unlabeled. We further show that AMTA680-labeled endogenous TAMs are not altered and can be tracked noninvasively at different resolutions and using various imaging modalities, e.g., fluorescence molecular tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and multiphoton and confocal intravital microscopy. Quantitative assessment of TAM distribution and activity in vivo identified that these cells cluster in delimited foci within tumors, show relatively low motility, and extend cytoplasmic protrusions for prolonged physical interactions with neighboring tumor cells. Noninvasive imaging can also be used to monitor TAM-depleting regimen quantitatively. Thus, AMTA680 or related cell-targeting agents represent appropriate injectable vehicles for in vivo analysis of the tumor microenvironment.
Gender Issues in Family Therapy and Couples Counseling

Although this is a handbook on “gender,” and a chapter on “gender issues,” we believe it is important to focus on feminism. Feminism is a conceptual framework that subsumes gender because it focuses on gendered differences in power and privilege. Scholars who focus on gender often limit their discussion to gender differences in behaviors and ignore differences in power and privilege.
Confronting the Evolution Education Abyss.

This article discusses recent evolution education literature and highlights key themes and perspectives recognized in the scientific community but only minimally exposed within either the science classroom or the science education research agenda. Examples include: macroevolution, expressed as the history of life on earth; the microbial dominance of most of earth time as a learning tool and theme organizer; sym-biogenesis and frequently accompanying horizontal gene transfer; Lamarck and the roles of others traditionally ridiculed in evolution study; and new views of fundamental evolution topics such as speciation. Several recommendations are given to address these important omissions within the science educator community.
Quantum Rabi model for N-state atoms.

A tractable $N$-state Rabi Hamiltonian is introduced by extending the parity symmetry of the two-state model. The single-mode case provides a few-parameter description of a novel class of periodic systems, predicting that the ground state of certain four-state atom-cavity systems will undergo parity change at strong-coupling. A group-theoretical treatment provides physical insight into dynamics and a modified rotating wave approximation obtains accurate analytical energies. The dissipative case can be applied to study excitation energy transfer in molecular rings or chains.
An electrostatic deformable model for medical image segmentation.

Abstract A new deformable model, the charged fluid model (CFM), that uses the simulation of charged elements was used to segment medical images. Poisson’s equation was used to guide the evolution of the CFM in two steps. In the first step, the elements of the charged fluid were distributed along the propagating interface until electrostatic equilibrium was achieved. In the second step, the propagating front of the charged fluid was deformed in response to the image gradient. The CFM provided sub-pixel precision, required only one parameter setting, and required no prior knowledge of the anatomy of the segmented object. The characteristics of the CFM were compared to existing deformable models using CT and MR images. The results indicate that the CFM is a promising approach for the segmentation of anatomic structures in a wide variety of medical images across different modalities.
Experimental-theoretical correlation on the containment of explosions in closed cylindrical vessels

Abstract Approximate containment design formulas are developed for prediction of the maximum wall deformation of a cylindrical vessel due to detonation of a centrally located bare spherical high-explosive charge. Vessel wall response due to both the initial impulse loading and the long-term pressure build-up is considered. Formulas, which incorporate a rigid-plastic material model including strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity, are written in terms of elementary functions suitable for containment design calculations. Wall response predictions compare favorably with the results of a limited experimental program performed on mild steel containment vessels closed with massive end caps.
The value of Peasant labour power in a prolonged transition to capitalism

Like peasant populations in many areas of the world, the Aymara of southern Peru have been subjected to a variety of social, political and economic pressures that have radically altered relations of production and exchange. However, in spite of being altered, precapitalist social relations persist in juxtaposition with increased participation in the expanding capitalist economy. By comparing the average return to labour power in subsistence production with the return associated with participation in the capitalist economy, this article highlights some of the relationships that exist between capitalist and pre‐capitalist production, and seeks to offer a partial explanation for an arrested transition to capitalism.
Wind‐enhanced escape with application to terrestrial helium

We derive a simple expression for the escape flux which takes into account horizontal winds at the exobase. The escape flux is shown to increase with the wind velocity and becomes much larger than the Jeans escape flux for velocities approaching the thermal velocity. This model is applied to terrestrial He-4, where we determine the conditions required for wind-enhanced escape to contribute to the overall He-4 budget. For completeness, we also derive an expression for the escape flux when only a vertical wind is present at the exobase.
Urine Scent Marking (USM): A Novel Test for Depressive-Like Behavior and a Predictor of Stress Resiliency in Mice

Decreased interest in pleasurable stimuli including social withdrawal and reduced libido are some of the key symptomatic criteria for major depression, and thus assays that measure social and sexual behavior in rodents may be highly appropriate for modeling depressive states. Here we present a novel approach for validating rodent models of depression by assessing male urine scent marking (USM) made in consequence to a spot of urine from a proestrous female. USM is an ethologically important form of sexual communication expressed by males to attract females. The expression of this behavior is highly sensitive and adaptive to environmental cues and social status. We hypothesized that male USM behavior offers a naturalistic measure of social motivation that can be used to evaluate hedonic behaviors relevant to the study of mood disorders. We demonstrated that 1) adult male mice displayed a strong preference for marking proestrous female urine with a high degree of specificity, 2) exposure to chronic social defeat profoundly decreased USM whereas exposure to environmental enrichment increased USM, 3) the standard antidepressant fluoxetine reversed declines in USM induced by social defeat, 4) USM behavior closely correlated with other hedonic measures, and 5) USM scores in non-stressed mice predicted behavioral outcomes after defeat exposure such that mice displaying high preference for marking female urine prior to social defeat showed behavioral resiliency after social defeat. The findings indicate that the USM test is a sensitive, validated measure of psychosocial stress effects that has high predictive value for examination of stress resiliency and vulnerability and their neurobiological substrates.
Associations of Adequate Intake of Calcium with Diet, Beverage Consumption, and Demographic Characteristics among Children and Adolescents

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine various factors associated with total calcium intake and percent adequate intake (% AI) of calcium by children and adolescents, with respect to age, gender, race/ethnicity, and diet and beverage choices.Design: Data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 1994–96, 98 were used in the analyses. Age groupings (2–3, 4–8, 9–13, and 14–18 year olds) were based on the National Academy of Sciences recommendations for AI of calcium—500, 800, 1,300, and 1,300 mg calcium per day, respectively.Results: Consumption of milk products was strongly and positively associated with calcium intake. Consumption of carbonated soft drinks and other non-dairy beverages was also positively associated with calcium intake, but this association was very weak. Beverage choices of African-American children and adolescents are significantly different than white and Hispanic children and adolescents. For example, African-American adole...
Establishment and Characterization of a Breast Cell Strain Containing a BRCA1 185delAG Mutation

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to examine whether cells containing the heterozygous form of a BRCA1 185delAG mutation would exhibit abnormal growth or an altered response to DNA damage. Methods. A primary culture of human mammary epithelial cells (90P) was obtained from the nontumor breast tissue of a 35-year-old patient who had undergone a mastectomy for removal of a breast tumor. These cells were immortalized (90PE6E7) following retroviral infection with HPV-16 viral E6 / E7. genes. Both the 90P cell strain and the cell line were characterized for their ability to grow in culture, form colonies in soft agar, and produce tumors in athymic nude mice compared to normal breast epithelial cells containing wild-type BRCA1. 90P cells were also analyzed for cellular response to gamma radiation and H 2 O 2 . Results. These cells were confirmed to contain a frameshift mutation, 185delAG, of the BRCA1 gene. Despite being heterozygous for wild-type BRCA1, the 220-kDa full-size BRCA1 protein was abundantly expressed. 90P and 90PE6E7 cells grew at a similar rate and were anchorage dependent. 90PE6E7 also failed to form tumors in athymic nude mice. Finally, 90P cells exhibited a survival response similar to that of normal mammary epithelial cells to radiation damage and exposure to oxidative stress. Conclusion. To our knowledge the 90P cells and the 90PE6E7 cells are the first characterized, non-tumor-derived breast epithelial cells that are heterozygous for the BRCA1 germline mutation 185delAG. Our conclusion is that these BRCA1 mutant cells appear to have growth and stress response characteristics similar to those of normal human breast cells, which is consistent with the hypothesis that loss of heterozygosity must occur to impair putative BRCA1 function.
With onions and tears: a multidimensional analysis of a counter-ritual.

“Family rituals” and “family myths” are useful concepts for understanding some of the behavior of disturbed families and hence for planning therapeutic interventions. A case of a family of a schizophrenic patient is described in which a “counter-ritual” involving onion-peeling to induce tearing was invented. The intervention addressed the family's inappropriate laughter and denial of sadness and seemed to lead to therapeutic gains for the identified patient and the family. This counter-ritual, as an indirect affect-inducing experience, is analyzed from a variety of perspectives and a partial parallel is drawn to an Iranian cultural ritual. A suggestion is made that more light may be shed on the mechanisms and structures of myths and rituals in families by drawing on studies of myths and rituals in ethnography. “Counter-ritual” is offered as a general concept for a type of active family intervention that involves inventing and employing rituals antithetical to pathological ones engaged in by some families.
CYTOPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF DNA IN ARACHIS L. SECT. ARACHIS (LEGUMINOSAE)

The 2C amounts of DNA for 12 taxa of the section Arachis iom. nud. of the genus Arachis L. were determined using cytophotometric techniques. The diploid taxa ranged from 4.92 to 5.98 pg of DNA per cell. The species of the diploid series Annuae Krap. & Greg. nom. nud. averaged ca. 1 pg less DNA per cell than the taxa of the diploid series Perennes Krap. & Greg. nom. nud. No significant differences were found between taxa within these two series. The tetraploid taxa ranged from 10.36 to 11.35 pg of DNA per cell. Within the tetraploid series Amphiploides Krap. & Greg. nom. nud. differences were found between A. monticola Krap. & Rig. and A. hypogaea L. The two subspecies of A. hypogaea, ssp. hypogaea and ssp. fastigiata Waldron, were found to differ significantly in their 2C amounts of DNA. The implications of the cytophotometric data on the chromosomal evolution of this section are discussed.
The international information and library review

This special issue of The International Information and Library Review (IILR) features six articles selected from papers submitted to the 2007 American Society for Information Science and Technolog...