cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heliostat Characterization at the Central Receiver Test Facility

The Central Receiver Test Facility (CRTF) operated for the Department of Energy by Sandia Laboratories in Albuquerque, NM was constructed for the purpose of evaluating solar central receiver design concepts. At this facility working experience with the CRTF heliostat field has been gained and an extensive heliostat evaluation capability has evolved. Valuable information has been gained at the CRTF that will help in the future design and specification of heliostats. This paper summarizes the work that led to the current state of heliostat evaluation capability and includes a description of the CRTF heliostat, measurements of environmental degradation of mirror reflectance, heliostat beam measurements with an instrumented sweeping bar, beam quality and tracking accuracy data obtained with the newly developed Beam Characterization System (BCS) and comparisons of measured beam data with the heliostat computer model HELIOS.
Children's use of contextual cues to resolve referential ambiguity: An application of Relevance Theory

Researchers interested in children's understanding of mind have claimed that the ability to ascribe beliefs and intentions is a late development, occurring well after children have learned to speak and comprehend the speech of others. On the other hand, there are convincing arguments to show that verbal communication requires the ability to attribute beliefs and intentions. Hence if one accepts the findings from research into children's understanding of mind, one should predict that young children will have severe difficulties in verbal communication. Conversely, if this prediction fails, this casts doubt on the claim that young children lack meta-representational skills. Using insights from Relevance Theory, an experiment was designed to test children's ability to recover a speaker's intended referent in situations in which the speaker's words underdetermine the referent. Results suggest that children's skills are comparable to those of untutored adults in similar situations. Thus this study indirectly casts doubt on the claim that young children lack meta-representational skills.
Testosterone Concentrations in Blood and Seminal Plasma of Turkeys Classified as High or Low Semen Producers

The interrelationships between concentrations of testosterone in blood plasma, seminal plasma (SP) of ductus (d.) deferens semen, and SP of the ejaculate of mature breeder turkeys were compared. The concentration of testosterone in blood plasma was greater than, and positively correlated with (r = .75, P less than .01), the concentration of testosterone in the ejaculate SP and d. deferens SP. Differences between concentrations of testosterone in blood plasma, ejaculate SP, and d. deferens SP were not significantly different for turkeys classified as high (ejaculate volume greater than .38 mL) or low (ejaculate volume less than .26 mL) volume semen producers. Concentrations of testosterone in blood plasma and SP were not correlated with ejaculate spermatozoal concentration, total number of spermatozoa, d. deferens semen volume, or testicular weights.
Distributed Switching Control to Achieve Almost Sure Safety for Leader-Follower Vehicular Networked Systems

Leader-follower formation control is a widely used distributed control strategy that requires systems to exchange their information over a wireless radio communication network to attain and maintain formations. These wireless networks are often subject to deep fades, where a severe drop in the quality of the communication link occurs. Such deep fades inevitably inject a great deal of stochastic uncertainties into the system, which significantly impact the system's performance and stability, and cause unexpected safety problems in applications like smart transportation systems. Assuming an exponentially bursty channel that varies as a function of the vehicular states, this paper proposes a distributed switching control scheme under which the local controller is reconfigured in response to the changes of channel state, to assure almost sure safety for a chain of leader-follower system. Here almost sure safety means that the likelihood of vehicular states entering a safe region asymptotically goes to one as time goes to infinity. Sufficient conditions are provided for each local vehicle to decide which controller is placed in the feedback loop to assure almost sure safety in the presence of deep fades. Simulation results of a chain of leader-follower formation are used to illustrate the findings.
Crucial Role of Endogenous Interleukin-10 Production in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Background—The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been detected in the plasma of patients with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. The aim of our study was to investigate the role o...
Mu opioid receptor mRNA in nucleus accumbens is elevated following dopamine receptor activation

We have previously demonstrated that continuous cocaine treatment for three days induces a marked but transient increase in mu opioid receptor (MOR) mRNA in nucleus accumbens (n. acc.); SCH 23390 and eticlopride, selective antagonists of D1- and D2-like dopamine (DA) receptors, respectively, blocked this cocaine-induced upregulation of MOR mRNA in n. acc. suggesting involvement of both subfamilies of DA receptors in the effect of cocaine (1,2). In the present study the ability of the selective DA D3 receptor antagonist, nafadotride (3,4), to prevent the cocaine-induced upregulation of MOR mRNA in n. acc. has been examined. Also, regulation of MOR mRNA following chronic administration of the DA agonists, SKF 38393, R(+)-6-Bromo-APB hydrobromide, or bromocriptine, has been studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 3 days with saline, cocaine, the DA receptor agonists or antagonistsdelivered by osmotic minipump. Expression of MOR mRNA in n. acc. was estimated by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays following reverse transcription. Nafadotride (1.0 mg/kg/day) prevented the cocaine-induced upregulation of MOR mRNA in n. acc. When administered alone, nafadotride did not change the expression of MOR mRNA. The levels of MOR mRNA were elevated in n. acc. after 3 days treatment with each of the DA agonists, SKF 38393 (4.0 mg/kg/day), R(+)-6-Bromo-APB hydrobromide (4.0 mg/kg/day), or bromocriptine (5.0 mg/kg/day). Thus, DA agonists mimick the effect of cocaine on the expression of MOR mRNA in n. acc. These data confirm the involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in the mediation of cocaine effects, indicate the comparability of actions of indirect and direct DA agonists, and point to the usefulness of cocaine as a tool to expose interaction between dopaminergic and opioid systems. The results suggest that activation of more than one type of DA receptor is required for the increased expression of MOR mRNA.
QUINO(1,2‐C)QUINAZOLINES. I. SYNTHESIS OF QUINO(1,2‐C)QUINAZOLINIUM DERIVATIVES AND THE RELATED INDAZOLO(2,3‐A)QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES AS ANALOGS OF THE ANTITUMOR BENZO(C)PHENANTHRIDINE ALKALOIDS

9,10-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,12,13-hexahydro-1-oxoquino[1,2-c]quinazolinium perchlorate, 1,2,3,4,13,24-hexahydro-1-oxo[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quino[1,2-c]quinazolinium perchlorate, 6-methyl-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxyquino-[1,2-c]quinazolinium perchlorate and 2,3-dimethoxy-13-methyl[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:6,7]quino[1,2-c]quinazolinium perchlorate were synthesized as analogs of the potent antitumor benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids nitidine and fagaronine. The related 2,3,8,9-tetramethoxyindazolo[2,3-a]quinoline and 2,3-dimethoxy[1,3]dioxolo-[4,5-g]indazolo[2,3-a]quinoline were also synthesized. Further, the novel formation of 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-ethylamino-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)quinoline via reductive alkylation with Raney nickel in refluxing ethanol is also reported.
Focal striatal abnormalities in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• A young man with obsessive-compulsive disorder is described who was found on magnetic resonance imaging to have unilateral left-sided abnormalities in the head of the caudate nucleus and putamen, and a discussion of the possible role of the striatum in obsessive-compulsive disorder is presented.
Incipient plasticity and deformation mechanisms in single-crystal Mg during spherical nanoindentation

Abstract Incipient plasticity in Mg single crystals was investigated using the pop-ins generated during spherical nanoindentation on (0 0 0 1), (1 0 −1 2) and (1 0 −1 0) surfaces. Representative deformed regions extracted from underneath indents by means of focused ion beam machining were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify the deformation mechanisms. Anisotropic elastic Hertzian contact theory was used to calculate indentation Schmid factors and the relevant resolved shear stresses at pop-in from the load–displacement curves. The pop-in statistics in conjunction with the TEM analysis showed that the most likely deformation mechanism responsible for pop-in is slip via 〈a〉 dislocations even in the case of indentation along the c-axis.
Pseudo‐Isotachophoresis Stacking: I. Investigating the Early Steps

Abstract Pseudo ITP (p‐ITP) is a simple method for concentration directly on the capillary, especially for samples containing high levels of salts or proteins. By moving the sample closer to the window after injection, we investigated the early steps of stacking without the influence of the separation step (the separation buffer). About one third of the capillary was filled with the sample in the presence of salts and acetonitrile. Salts such as chromate ions moved fast as leading ions, not as a sharp peak but as a wide wave; one side of it having a high ultra‐violet absorbency while the other side does not. The width of the wave is related to the salt concentration. Behind the salts, the anionic analytes moved rapidly forming sharp peak(s). As the concentration of the chromate ions are increased better stacking occurred. In the absence of salts or acetonitrile the wave did not form and the stacking was greatly diminished. Unexpectedly, the stacking was also accompanied by some separation, which was affec...
Death during adulthood in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer.

Background. Therapeutic advances have extended survival for most children and adolescents with cancer beyond 5 years from diagnosis. However, excess mortality continues beyond 5 years, and a significant portion results from causes other than the primary cancer. Risk factors for these deaths are not currently known. Thus, the authors studied mortality in a cohort of adult survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer to determine whether survivor characteristics were associated with increased relative risk of death from other causes. Methods. Using 3255 siblings as control subjects, the authors studied survival in a retrospective cohort study of 2319 adults who were at least 5-year survivors of cancer diagnosed before reaching 20 years of age and between 1945 and 1974 (the NCI Five Center Study). Follow-up occurred between 1980 and 1983 at a mean survivor age of 32 years (range, 21–55 years). Results. Between cohort entry and follow-up, 292 (13%) survivors and 50 (2%) controls died. One-third of the deaths in survivors were from causes other than the primary malignancy. Compared with control subjects, between ages 21 and 40 years, survivors had a more than threefold risk of death from other causes. The relative risk (RR) for death from other causes was greatest for survivors treated with radiation and alkylating agents (RR = 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0–12.4) and for those treated with radiation alone (RR = 3.8; 95% CI, 2.3–6.2; Cox regression analysis containing terms for treatment and cancer diagnosis). Conclusions. Adult survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer had a higher death rate than their siblings, even after removing the effect of primary cancer as the direct cause. Moreover, death from other causes was most strongly associated with increasing intensity of therapy, and this excess risk did not diminish with increasing age and duration of cancer survival. Because contemporary anticancer therapy is, in general, even more intensive than that received by the survivors described in this study, medical surveillance of cancer survivors is increasingly important to diagnose and treat potentially life-threatening complications that may occur decades after therapy has ceased. Cancer 1994; 73:3094–3102.
Changes in recording tape magnetization produced by stress

When mechanical forces are applied to single domain particles that are used in magnetic recording tapes, the resultant stress anisotropy energy alters the magnetized state, producing reversible and irreversible changes. We use four different experimental techniques to measure these changes and analyze the results in terms of the values for the saturation magnetostriction constants (λ s ) and the applied stress (σ x ). The reversible changes in magnetization (M x ) are roughly proportional to \lambda_{s}\sigma_{x} ; the greatest irreversible or loss component occurs when the product of σ x and λ s along the magnetizing axis ( x ) is negative, increasing when major easy axes make large angles with x .
Elevated Reward Region Responsivity Predicts Future Substance Use Onset But Not Overweight/Obesity Onset

Background We tested the hypotheses that adolescents who show elevated reward region responsivity are at increased risk for initial onset of overweight/obesity and substance use, which is important because there have been no such prospective tests of the reward surfeit model of these motivated behaviors. Methods One hundred sixty-two adolescents (mean age=15.3±1.06 years) with healthy weights (mean body mass index=20.8±1.90) completed functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms that assessed neural activation in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food and monetary reward; body fat and substance use were assessed at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Results Elevated caudate ( r = .31, p r = .28, p r =− .31, p Discussion Results show that hyper-responsivity of reward circuitry increases risk for future substance use onset, providing novel support for the reward surfeit model. Results also imply that even a limited substance use history was associated with reduced reward region responsivity, extending results from studies that compared substance-dependent individuals with healthy control subjects and suggesting that substance use downregulates reward circuitry. However, aberrant reward region responsivity did not predict initial unhealthy weight gain.
Mycophenolate mofetil for the induction and maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) inhibits purine synthesis by inhibiting inosine-5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Since 1995, it has been approved in the USA for the prevention of allograft rejection in solid organ transplant patients. In the last two decades, it has been frequently used as an immunosuppressive therapy for numerous autoimmune conditions including lupus nephritis. Management of lupus nephritis has been advanced by well-designed randomized clinical trials establishing MMF as a viable alternative to established therapies such as pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide in selected patients. This article outlines the pharmacologic properties of MMF and summarizes recent randomized clinical trials in lupus nephritis.
The Drosophila homeotic gene moira regulates expression of engrailed and HOM genes in imaginal tissues

moira is a member of the trithorax group of homeotic gene regulators in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that moira is required for the function of multiple homeotic genes of the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes (HOM genes) in most imaginal tissues and that the requirement for moira function is at the level of transcription. moira is also required for transcription of the engrailed segmentation gene in the imaginal wing disc. The abnormalities caused by the loss of moira function in germ cells suggests that at least one other target gene requires moira for normal oogenesis.
Shock-induced arrhythmogenesis is enhanced by 2,3-butanedione monoxime compared with cytochalasin D

Investigation of the mechanisms of arrhythmia genesis and maintenance has benefited from the use of optical mapping techniques that employ excitation-contraction uncouplers. We investigated the effects of the excitation-contraction uncouplers 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) and cytochalasin D (Cyto D) on the induction and maintenance of arrhythmia by electric shocks. Electrical activity was optically mapped from anterior epicardium of rabbit hearts (n = 9) during shocks (-100 V, 8 ms) applied from a ventricular lead at various phases of action potential duration (APD). Restitution curves were obtained using S1-S2 protocol and measurement of APD values at 70% of repolarization. Compared with Cyto D, BDM significantly shortened APD at 90% of repolarization, although no significant difference in dispersion of repolarization was observed. Wavelength was also shortened with BDM. In general, shock-induced arrhythmias with BDM and Cyto D were ventricular tachycardic in nature. With respect to shock-induced sustained arrhythmias, the vulnerable window was wider and the incidence was higher with BDM than with Cyto D. There was also a difference in the morphology of ventricular tachycardia (VT) between the two agents. The arrhythmias with BDM usually resembled monomorphic VT, especially those that lasted >30 s. In contrast, arrhythmias with Cyto D more resembled polymorphic VT. However, the average number of phase singularities increased under Cyto D vs. BDM, whereas no significant difference in the dominant frequency of shock-induced sustained arrhythmia was observed. BDM reduced the slope of the restitution curve compared with Cyto D, but duration of arrhythmia under BDM was significantly increased compared with Cyto D. In conclusion, BDM increased arrhythmia genesis and maintenance relative to Cyto D.
Boundary control of buck converters with constant-power loads

Constant-power (CP) loads alter the conventional dynamic analysis of dc-dc converters. This paper examines boundary control strategies for dc-dc buck converters subject to constant-power loads. Boundary control addresses global system behavior and avoids the limitations of linearization. Converter dynamics is analyzed in both switching states and the various operating regions of switch interaction with a first-order switching surface (boundary) are identified. Sufficient conditions for large-signal stability of the closed loop system are established. It is also shown that in this application, instability as well as system-stalling, which we term the invariant-set problem, may still occur in reflective mode. Design considerations are included and recommendations are given. The theoretical analysis is verified by simulations and experimental results.
On the kinetic theory of the extracellular signal transduction in native cells: I. Hormone–receptor interaction

The hormone-receptor interaction is reconsidered and a minimal kinetic theory for the signal transduction in native cells is proposed. The basic equation for the time evolution of the concentration of the hormone-receptor complex is obtained. It is shown, that the hormone-receptor interaction is regulated by a cycle of G protein, i.e. kinetic parameters associated with the G protein cycle enter this equation. The existence of exponential and oscillatory regimes in kinetics of the G protein cycle, and hormone-receptor interactions are predicted. Experimental kinetic curves for agonist binding are computer-simulated, and numerical values for various kinetic and equilibrium parameters are obtained.
Strategies for ending relationships: Two studies

Two studies were undertaken to determine situational factors which affect how persons choose to terminate relationships. In Study One, 123 college students indicated the likelihood that each of 35 termination strategies would be used to end hypothetical relationships which varied on closeness and intentions for the future relationship. The 35 strategies were reduced to a more parsimonious set of four strategy clusters: Withdrawal/Avoidance, Manipulation, Positive Tone strategies, and Open Confrontation strategies. A MANOVA analysis found significance only for the relationship closeness variable, attributable largely to differences in Withdrawal/Avoidance strategy use. In Study Two, 124 college respondents indicated the likelihood of strategy use for hypothetical relationships which varied on attributions of cause for the relationship demise and perceptions of the other's relationship intentions. The four‐factor solution of Study One was replicated in Study Two. A MANOVA analysis found significance only fo...
Macroevolution of plant defense strategies

Theories of plant defense expression are typically based on the concepts of tradeoffs among traits and of phylogenetic conservatism within clades. Here, I review recent developments in phylogenetic approaches to understanding the evolution of plant defense strategies and plant–herbivore coevolutionary interactions. I focus particularly on multivariate defense against insect herbivores, which is the simultaneous deployment of multiple traits, often arranged as convergently evolved defense syndromes. Answering many of the outstanding questions in the biology of plant defense will require generating broad hypotheses that can be explicitly tested by using comparative approaches and interpreting phylogenetic patterns. The comparative approach has wide-spread potential to reinvigorate tests of classic hypotheses about the evolution of interspecific interactions.
Diffusion of humic acid in dilute aqueous solution

Aqueous-diffusion coefficients of macromolecules of natural and synthetic origin in dilute solution (10–20 mg/liter) were estimated by measuring external mass transfer coefficients in a short fixed-bed activated-carbon column. The macromolecular material of natural origin was a commercial humic acid (HA) which had been separated by ultrafiltration into five size fractions in the nominal molecular weight (MW) range 500 to 100,000. The synthetic macromolecules were polymers of known composition, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) obtained in fractions with narrow molecular weight distributions in the ranges 200 to 40,000 and 1,800 to 60,000, respectively. The diffusivities of all of the polymers decreased with increasing molecular weight, but the dependence was weaker for HA (DL ∞ MW−0.2) than for PEO and PSS (DL ∞ MW−0.5); the anomalous behavior of HA was interpreted to be an artifact of the MW determination by ultrafiltration. The diffusivity of HA increased by a factor of 10 as the ionic strength was increased from 10−3 to 1.0 M, and increased by a factor of 3 as pH was decreased from 10 to 5 at low ionic strength; these changes were attributed to coiling of HA molecules. Similar evidence of coiling was observed with PSS but not with PEO, in both diffusivity and ultrafiltration experiments, in accord with expectations for charged and uncharged macromolecules. The effects of temperature and mixtures of HA fractions on diffusivity were also investigated.
Arthroscopy of the elbow

A technique of diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the elbow is presented, and the normal intraarticular anatomy as viewed from the anterolateral, anteromedial, and posterolateral portals is described. A preliminary study of 12 patients who underwent surgical arthroscopy of the elbow demonstrated that removal of loose bodies produced the best objective and subjective results. Less satisfactory results were obtained when procedures such as capitellum and radial head chondroplasties were performed. Using a preoperative and postoperative point accumulation rating system for four objective and four subjective criteria, the following results were noted. Before surgery 50% of the patients objectively rated their elbows as satisfactory (excellent or good), whereas postoperative ratings increased to 83%. Subjectively, 17% rated their elbows as satisfactory before surgery, improving to 58% satisfactory ratings postoperatively. The only complication was a transient median nerve palsy caused by the extracapsular extravasation of a local anesthetic. From this preliminary study, it was concluded that attention to detail is essential in performing a safe, reproducible arthroscopic examination of the elbow, that arthroscopy of the elbow is an effective diagnostic procedure, and that operative elbow arthroscopy is effective in the treatment of certain elbow disorders.
V. Amygdalina : Folk Medicine, Analysis, and Potential Application for Cancer Treatment.

Folk medicine (FM) is practiced by people without access to conventional medical services; it usually involves the use of natural remedies such as herbs or vegetable substances. Before the use of pharmaceutical drugs, and surgical procedures, these healing methods were used, and are still in use today. It is estimated that twenty five percent of all therapeutic drugs trace their origins to plants, and almost two-thirds of the people of the world rely on their healing powers. One hundred years ago, health care in the U.S. was provided by a highly competitive medical sect, and quite infrequently, folk medicine practitioners were patronized. However, FM usage in the U.S. has increased drastically during the past decade. National surveys of adults (18 years of age or older) show that one in three adults use unconventional therapies or Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the U.S. The rate of CAM usage is more than eighty percent among cancer patients. Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is well known for its medicinal importance. Fractionation of the VA extracts with solvents of varying polarities, by silica gels analyses, UV Spectrophotometer, HPLC, TLC and NMR techniques have yielded some biologically-active fractions.
The influence of water vapour in air on the friction behaviour of pure metals during fretting

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of water vapour content in air on the frictional behaviour during fretting of pure metals: iron, aluminium, copper, silver, chromium, titanium and nickel. The fretting experiments were carried out under various humidity levels, ranging from dry air to 50% relative humidity at 23°C. During the experiment the frictional force between fretting surfaces was measured. Pure metals, except iron, were found to have a maximum value of the coefficient of friction during the steady-fretting stage ( μ s ) at a specific humidity (RH max ). Iron showed a rapid decrease in μ s with increasing humidity at RH max . Each pure metal also exhibited maximum fretting wear at RH max . The value of μ s at RH max for each metal was strongly related to the heat of formation of the lower metal oxide, indicating that the adhesive contact area was larger at RH max for the fretting of metals with less chemical activity. At high humidity levels water vapour generally reduced the coefficient of friction, μ s .
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF HYPOGENITALISM AND UNDESCENDED TESTES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRODUCTION OF PREMATURE PUBERTY1

Last year we reported observations on the treatment of undescended testes with an anterior pituitary-like principle.2 We were able to produce descent in only 19 per cent of the cases, in contrast to an average of 70 per cent of successful results of other workers. However, we did observe that this material, by stimulating genital growth, seemed to make operative procedures less difficult, and therefore appeared to be valuable preceding surgery, whether it produced descent or not. These observations have now been extended and confirmed. Our incidence of successful results has remained about the same, being now 22 per cent instead of 19 per cent. However, an important development has taken place. Premature puberty has been produced in young boys by the prolonged administration of this material. This marked stimulation of genital growth has led to the application of the APL principle to the treatment of hypogenitalism in the male with very satisfactory results.
Attaching Titania Nanoparticles onto Shortened Carbon Nanotubes by Electrostatic Attraction

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be electronically conducting or semiconducting, and they are lightweight and have high stability. TiO 2 has been studied for applications in optics, microelectronics, and photocatalysis. Hybrid CNTs/TiO 2 shows unique photocatalytic and electrical properties for enhanced performances as solar cell electrode, sensors, and catalysts. This study is focused on shortening multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) and attaching TiO 2 nanoparticles onto MWCNTs by electrostatic attraction. A mechanical and chemical hybrid method is used to tailor CNT length. Opposite ζ-potentials are achieved for CNT and TiO 2 nanoparticle suspensions under the same pH. TiO 2 nanoparticles are attached onto CNTs for surface modification by electrostatic attraction.
Differential effects of phenoxy herbicides on light-dependent 14CO2 fixation in isolated cells of C3 and C4 plants

Cells were isolated from the developing leaves of Ipomoea aquatica and Digitaria sanguinalis. The effects of phenoxy alkanoic acid herbicides on light-dependent 14CO2 fixation and oxygen evolution in these leaf cells were studied. (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4,5-T and 2,4-D) caused a 20% stimulation of 14CO2 fixation at 0.8 × 10−5M and an inhibition at 1 × 10−4M in I. aquatica leaf cells. Temperature seemed to have a marked influence on such action. No effect or very little effect was observed in the leaf cells of D. sanguinalis. The nonactive (2,4,6-Trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,6-T) caused a similar stimulation of CO2 fixation as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T at low concentrations in I. aquatica leaf cells, but no inhibition was observed at high concentration. Increase of hight intensity increased the rate of CO2 fixation in both control and 2,4,6-T-treated cells; however, the percentage of stimulation remained the same. At stimulatory concentration, all three compounds did not cause any stimulation in either photosystem I and II or photosystem II-mediated oxygen evolution. At higher concentrations, the differential effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on the light-induced CO2 fixation and photosystem II-mediated oxygen evolution in the I. aquatica leaf cells and D. sanguinalis mesophyll (ms) cells may be attributed in part to their selective action against dicotyledonous plants.
Physician Knowledge of and Attitudes toward the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

ObjectiveTo assess otolaryngology physician knowledge of and attitudes toward the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and compare the association of bias toward the PPACA with knowle...
Race For Exclusion

this attachment to inherited names appears much stronger as soon as we consider realities of a less material order. That is because the transformation in such cases almost always takes place too slowly to be perceptible to the very men affected by them. They feel no need to change the label, because the change of content escapes them.
Motor and tactile-perceptual deficits in brain-damaged children.

35 brain-damaged and normal Ss were matched in pairs. They were compared on motor strength, motor speed, psychomotor skill and tactile-perceptual function including finger localization, finger-tip number writing, and form recognition for preferred and non-preferred hands. Methods of inference utilized include: level of performance, pathognomic sign and performance of the preferred vs non-preferred hands. Brain-damaged children consistently performed more poorly than control children. Motor-performance measures showed greater deficits than did tests of tactile-perception. Each method of inference (level, sign, preferred vs non-preferred hand) was validated by the results. Combined use of these methods provided complementary information concerning differences in brain-damaged and normal children.
Photochemical activation of metalloporphyrin carbene complexes

Abstract While the photochemistry of simple metalloporphyrin complexes has been explored to some extent, the photoactivation of multiple-bonded axial ligands coordinated to metalloporphyrins has not been previously examined. We report here the photochemistry of several iron porphyrin carbene and vinylidene complexes. Irradiation of these complexes with visible light cleaves the iron=carbon double bond and produces a four coordinate iron(II) porphyrin and a free carbene, which can be trapped in high yield with a variety of alkenes. This photochemistry is unique among organo transition metal complexes of carbenes or alkylidenes. For these metalloporphyrin carbene complexes, the presence of the porphyrin ring alters the photoreactivity of the metal-carbon bond. This is probably due to the mixing between the π * orbitals of the porphyrin ring and the iron—carbon orbitals, which is also responsible for the hypso-type spectrum (i.e. blue-shifted) seen in these complexes. Hypso spectra are a common trait in other photodissociative porphyrin complexes, most notably CO complexes.
Diversity within Natural Populations of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

We evaluated genetic and phenotypic diversity within natural populations of the alphavirus, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus. RNA fingerprinting revealed that most populations within infected hosts (unpassaged isolates) contained a consensus genotype along with minority genotypes differing in one to three T1-resistant oligonucleotides. Mutation frequencies appeared to be similar to those reported for other RNA viruses, suggesting that the slow rate of EEE virus evolution is not limited by fidelity of genome replication. Within a given year, genetic diversity was generally greater among geographically distant isolates than among those from the same transmission focus, suggesting that dispersal among EEE viruses in North America is not complete annually. Two of three bird isolates from Maryland and New York contained relatively distantly related genotypes, differing in 15-19 oligonucleotides. A 1985 mosquito isolate from Maryland contained stable, small plaque variants which comprised the majority of that population. These small plaque variants differed by up to eight T1-resistant oligonucleotides when compared with their large plaque counterparts. Temperature sensitive virus was not detected in six unpassaged mosquito isolates from Maryland and New York.
Multi-class SVM optimization using MCE training with application to topic identification

This paper presents a minimum classification error (MCE) training approach for improving the accuracy of multi-class support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. We have applied this approach to topic identification (topic ID) for human-human telephone conversations from the Fisher corpus using ASR lattice output. The new approach yields improved performance over the traditional techniques for training multi-class SVM classifiers on this task.
Heterogeneity of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.

There is extensive plasticity in the T-cell response to antigen. Helper CD4(+) T cells, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, the progression from naive to effector and memory T cells, and differentiation into Th1, Tc1, Th2 and Tc2 subsets have long been recognized. More recently it has become apparent that T-cell populations display additional diversity in terms of phenotype, anatomical distribution and effector function.
Tumours of heterotopic salivary tissue in the upper cervical region in children

Heterotopic salivary tumours in the upper neck are rare. Three children, one with mucoepidermoid carcinoma and two with pleomorphic adenoma in ectopic cervical sites are presented. Local complete excision was successful in the patients with pleomorphic adenoma. More extensive surgery was undertaken for the mucoepidermoid carcinoma. All three patients remain disease free at 3-6 years follow-up. Oncogenesis of heterotopic salivary tissue entrapped in an upper cervical lymph node during embryogenesis is a possible etiological mechanism. In a patient with a cervical malignant salivary tumour, a careful search should be made to find a primary tumour. In the event of a negative search, this should be considered the primary tumour and treated appropriately.
Use of unstructured parent narratives to evaluate medical student competencies in communication and professionalism.

Objective Medical education programs across the country are now required to conduct meaningful assessments of trainees' competencies, although uniform standards for conducting these evaluations have yet to be established. In 1999, the Indiana University School of Medicine introduced a comprehensive competency-based undergraduate curriculum. The overall goal of the curriculum is to make medical students' day-to-day experiences of training a source of learning about professionalism, communication, and aspects of medicine beyond factual knowledge. We sought to examine free-text comments by parents of pediatric inpatients as substrate for competency evaluation and feedback for third-year students on their pediatrics rotation. Methods The study was conducted from June 2001 to February 2004. Parents of hospitalized children completed a short medical student evaluation form that included 2 questions inviting free-text response. We used narrative analysis, a qualitative research technique, to describe both the content and meaning of the parents' responses. Results We collected 573 evaluations with narrative comments about 412 students. The most common aspect of medical student performance commented on by parents related to communication (53.8%). The next most common narrative comment was some form of affirmation of the student as a health care professional (26.0%). Other themes included establishing context for the comment, perceptions of the health care system, criticizing medical student performance, perceptions of the role of medical students, physical approach to the patient, expression of humility by the student, holistic approach to the patient, physical appearance of the student, superlative description of student, and advocating for the patient. Multiple themes were identified in 232 narrative comments (40.4%). Examples of each theme are provided. Conclusions Family members of pediatric inpatients are a valuable source of information about medical student performance in at least 2 of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competency areas (Communication and Professionalism). Themes identified in this study could be used to inform the design of a comprehensive 360-degree student evaluation strategy.
Evaluating and planning of a component in the criminal justice system

Abstract To evaluate the performance of a component of a large system and to plan the allocation of resources to this component requires that the role of this component within the entire organization be described. To be useful, this description of the complete system should reveal the constraints imposed upon the component in operationally useful terms. A simple method is developed and applied to the specific example of evaluating and planning the budget for the forensic science component in the criminal justice system. Data, illustrating service demands and service capabilities, have been presented for the City of Philadelphia to demonstrate the ready feasibility of the approach.
Lattice rotation in a deformed ice crystal : a study by chemical etching and replication

Abstract A high strain zone in a deformed ice crystal is investigated with a ‘two-step’ etching and replicating technique. A thin solid film was obtained, representing a mould of the ice surface investigated. This mould, or replica, sampled a full 90 ° lattice rotation, which is monitored with the shape of sublimation pits. The replica also recorded the development of dislocation etch pits on faces of the sublimation pits corresponding to the basal and prismatic lattice surfaces of the material.
Diuresis increases ascitic fluid opsonic activity in patients who survive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Patients with low protein ascites and deficient ascitic fluid opsonic activity have been shown to be unusually predisposed to development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Survivors of spontaneous peritonitis frequently develop recurrent infection. Diuresis has been shown to increase the ascitic fluid opsonic activity of patients who have never had spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Patients with adequate opsonic activity are protected from ascitic fluid infection. Theoretically, the subset of patients who develop spontaneous peritonitis may have such severe liver disease that (i) their ascites is refractory to diuretic therapy or (ii) their ascitic fluid opsonic activity does not increase in response to diuresis. In this study, opsonic activity and concentrations of total protein and complement components were measured in the ascitic fluid of 11 patients who were hospitalized with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and who responded to oral diuretics. The mean values of all of these parameters were found to increase significantly comparing the end-of-diuresis samples to the specimens that were diagnostic of ascitic fluid infection. Patients who survive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis are able to increase their ascitic fluid total protein and opsonic activity in response to diuresis. This increase in endogenous antimicrobial activity may help prevent recurrence of ascitic fluid infection.
Port-a-cath-related thrombosis and postthrombotic syndrome in pediatric oncology patients.

Objective To investigate Port-A-Cath (PAC)-related thrombosis and postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) in children with cancer. Study design The study population was a consecutive cohort of children diagnosed with cancer and a PAC implanted at diagnosis. Children were evaluated for the presence of PAC-related thrombosis by magnetic resonance venography and the presence of congenital prothrombotic risk factors and PTS. Results A total of 114 children (median age, 6.04 years) were included. Of these children, 48 (42%) were treated for solid tumors and 66 (58%) were treated for hematopoietic tumors, including 38 for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. At the time of magnetic resonance venography, 42 children (37%) had the PAC still in place, and 72 (63%) had the PAC removed. Overall, PACs were in place for a total of 324.92 PAC-years. PAC-related thrombosis was detected in 45 children (39.5%) with a current or previous PAC. Of these, 21 (47%) had a solid tumor, 14 (31%) had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 10 (22%) had another hematopoietic tumor. Younger age at diagnosis, female sex, duration of PAC use, and left-side PAC placement were independently associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, whereas asparaginase therapy and the presence of inherited prothrombotic risk factors were not. Mild PTS (ie, presence of prominent collateral vessels in the skin) was present in 5.6% of the children. Conclusion PAC-related thrombosis is common in pediatric oncology patients. In some children, thrombotic complications can lead to the development of PTS.
Alignment and homology of male terminalia in Curculionoidea and other Coleoptera

Male genitalia and associated internal sclerotised plates have been long recognised in beetle taxonomy, but their relative position in the connecting membrane and the genital membrane folding patterns have never been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the structure of the genital chamber in weevils (Curculionoidea) and other Coleoptera has been investigated in detail, focusing primarily on the alignment of the 9th abdominal segment and true genital plates. Three basic types of genital alignment are recognised based on the orientation of sclerotised plates and membrane folding: (1) a primitive eucinetid type (both 9th segment and tegmen non-inverted); (2) a derived phytophagan type (both 9th segment and tegmen inverted) and (3) a cucujid type (9th segment non-inverted, tegmen inverted). A different origin is here postulated for the parameroid plate in Curculionoidea, Chrysomeloidea and a part of the Cucujoidea (from the fold of the membrane linking tergite 9 with the tegmen) and for the true parameres in the remaining Coleoptera (from the fold of the membrane linking the tegmen with the aedeagus); hence these alignment types are considered non-homologous. The superfamily Cucujoidea was found to be heterogeneous with regard to genital alignment and considered polyphyletic. The proctiger and the paraprocts of the beetles are interpreted as belonging to the 9th abdominal segment and no extrategminal plates of the 10th segment were found in Coleoptera. Arguments for and against a hypothetical homology of beetle genitalia with abdominal segments 10 and 11 are discussed.
Irreversible inactivation of human red cell ATPase activity by tetracaine.

Abstract Red cell NaK- and Ca-ATPase activities are irreversibly inactivated when membranes are exposed to tetracaine under appropriate conditions. NaK-ATPase was inactivated upon exposure of membranes to tetracaine at 20° in the absence of ligands. Ca-ATPase was stable at this temperature, but inactivation could be demonstrated at 47°. The rate of inactivation of both enzymes increased with tetracaine concentration over a similar range. Inactivation also increased with pH, suggesting a correlation between the non-ionized form of the local anesthetic and inactivation of both enzymes. All ligands of NaK-ATPase with the exception of ATP afforded marked protection against inactivation by tetracaine. The degree of protection was a hyperbolic function of ligand concentration in the exposure medium. The concentration of each ligand required for half-maximal protection ( K 0.5 ) was approximately 1mM. These results demonstrate that the binding of some ligands to NaK-ATPase stabilizes that enzyme in conformational states which are resistant to attack by tetracaine. Ca-ATPase was more resistant to inactivation by tetracaines, and ligand effects were not evident.
Hepatitis-associated antigen: A possible relationship to premature delivery

quate flow of drug to the spinal cerebrospinal fluid in the absence of repeated lumbar punctures, Our studies suggest that the optimal distribution of a drug in an unobstructed cerebrospinal fluid system may be achieved when intraventricular administration is followed by repeated lumbar punctures. O n the basis of our experience we feel that further evaluation should be made of the role of aggressive intraventricular therapy for meningitis due to gram-negative bacilli, especially when the infecting organism has relatively high resistance to antibiotics and the drug of choice enters the cerebrospinal fluid poorly after parenteral administration.
A numerical study of capillary stability in a circular cylindrical container with a concave spheroidal bottom

The paper describes a theoretical investigation of the stability under gravitational and surface forces of a liquid in a circular cylindrical container with a concave spheroidal bottom for the case in which the volume of the liquid is sufficiently small so that the bottom is not covered completely. The gravitational field is assumed to be directed along the symmetry axis of the container, and for a specific container shape the critical Bond number is calculated as a function of liquid volume for contact angles of gamma = 0, 1, 2, and 4 deg. For gamma = 0 deg, some critical equilibrium configurations and corresponding perturbation modes are presented.
Linking the NIH Strategic Plan to the Research Agenda for Social Workers in Health and Aging

Although social work has a long and distinctive tradition of practice-relevant research aimed at enhancing the health and well-being of older adults, the profession has been underrepresented among the ranks of academic researchers and the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) scientific endeavors. In this article, the inherent capacities of social workers to generate and disseminate empirical health-related knowledge are discussed and recent developments in social work's geriatric research infrastructure are described. Emerging domains for advancing the profession's contribution to practice-relevant geriatric research on the federal level are identified and the next steps toward advancing the field's research agenda are posed.