cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of diet, gastrointestinal tract and bone in acid-base homeostasis

The static measurement of hydrogen ion activity in body fluids reflects complex interrelationships between a) the dynamic balance between the rates of addition of hydrogen ions to the fluids and their removal, and b) the physical state and composition of the fluid which alters the activity coefficient for H + The addition of hydrogen ions to body fluids results chiefly from metabolic processes whereby neutral precursors (ingested foods or tissue stores) are catabolized to yield acids as one end product of their metabolism.Almost all of the hydrogen ions which arise when such acids dissociate are immediately removed by reaction with extracellular and tissue buffers.This provides a temporary defense with finite limits.The acute addition of in excess of 15mEq of acid/kg of body weight is lethal.Ultimately, if as pertains in health, body composition is to be held constant, these hydrogen ions must be eliminated from the body and the buffer pairs restored to their normal concentrations and concentration ratios. Carbon dioxide constitutes one endogenously produced "acid" because it is, in part, hydrated in body fluids to yield H 2 CO 3 .No significant route for CO 2 elimination has been identified other than the lungs where reversal of the hydration process liberates CO 2 for diffusion into the alveolar spaces and disposal in the expired air.In health, rapid adjustments in pulmonary CO 2 elimination compensate for variations in tissue CO 2 production. The remaining "non-volatile" or "fixed" acids generated by metabolism are quantitatively excreted by the kidneys in health.Net renal acid excretion is accomplished by a) reclaiming all bicarbonate filtered across the glomeruli, b) actively transporting H + into the tubular urine where it titrates filtered buffer pairs (such as HPO 4 = /H 2 PO 4 – ) as well as an additional buffer facultatively produced within tubule cells (NH 3 →NH 4 + ). Recently, techniques have been devised to estimate the endogenous rates of production of fixed acids.These techniques are, of necessity, indirect, identifying end products of metabolism which, by biochemical reasoning, must have been associated with hydrogen ion production or consumption.The logic is similar to the use of nitrogen balance as an estimate of protein turnover.This technique has made it possible to examine whether the kidney always constitutes the sole route for the elimination of fixed acids from the body.Application of this approach to the study of spontaneous and experimentally induced metabolic acidoses has suggested that slow liberation of buffer anions from bone mineral, and perhaps alterations in the net absorption of "potential alkali" (salts of organic acids) by the gut are also of importance.This review considers these possibilities from the evidence of "acid balance" studies and other supporting data.
A systems approach to liaison psychiatry

Abstract The systems approach views hospital units as self contained social systems whose collective attitudes–often unconscious–affect the quality of health care delivery. Nurses, as the only permanent group within the social system, are the primary socializing agents. Group process interventions by the liaison psychiatrist in weekly nurses’ meetings can dramatically improve the entire unit's operation. The author presents five case vignettes to illustrate the effectiveness of such interventions.
Interrogating genomic and epigenomic data to understand prostate cancer

Abstract Major breakthroughs at the beginning of this century in high-throughput technologies have profoundly transformed biological research. Significant knowledge has been gained regarding our biological system and its disease such as malignant transformation. In this review, we summarize leading discoveries in prostate cancer research derived from the use of high-throughput approaches powered by microarrays and massively parallel next-generation sequencing (NGS). These include the seminal discovery of chromosomal translocations such as TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions as well as the identification of critical oncogenes exemplified by the polycomb group protein EZH2. We then demonstrate the power of interrogating genomic and epigenomic data in understanding the plethora of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. As an example, we review how androgen receptor (AR) binding events are mediated at multiple levels through protein–DNA interaction, histone and DNA modifications, as well as high-order chromatin structural changes.
Attachment level measurements with a constant force electronic probe

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the reproducibility of probing attachment level measurements using a newly developed constant force electronic probe. The probing force was preset at 25 g (probe diameter 0.4 mm) and was connected to a computer through a variable differential transformer. The measurements were performed on 10 patients with minimal signs of periodontal disease, using individually made acrylic stents. When the probe was in place and a foot switch depressed, the measurement was stored on the computer to the nearest 0.1 mm. The measurements were performed by one periodontist and one hygienist during one visit, and were then repeated by the same periodontist and another hygienist during a second visit. The results showed high correlations between the periodontist and the hygienist during one visit, between the two visits for the periodontist, and between the two hygienists at two different visits. The subject threshold for attachment loss was calculated according to Haffajee and co-workers, and was found to average 0.84 mm for the measurements performed by the periodontist and the hygienist during the same visit. For the periodontist during two separate visits and for the two different hygienists, the average threshold was 0.99 and 1.02 mm, respectively. Duplicate measurements were also performed by one periodontist at one visit on 10 patients with advanced periodontal disease. The average subject threshold for these patients was 0.60 mm. It may be concluded that with the constant force electronic probe, loss of attachment can be detected earlier than when conventional instruments are used.
Natural selection on age of maturity in shrimp

Darwinian fitness with respect to the age of maturity (α) in stationary populations can be written as the product of two functions: pre-α survival times the Fisherian reproductive value of an age α (a just mature) individual. This reduces normalizing selection on α to the maximization of a simple product,a twodimensional problem (Charnov in press). I apply this products theorem to α in Pandalid shrimp and compare the results to previous analysis (Roff, 1986) of α in fish.
Source credibility, information favorability, and job offer acceptance

The impact of the favorability of information about a job and the source of information upon applicant perception of source credibility and upon job offer acceptance was examined. Results showed th...
High pressure synthesis of pyrochlore-type manganese vanadate and related compositions

Abstract Pyrochlore-type Mn2V2O7-II has been prepared at 1100°C under 70 kbar pressure in a sealed platinum container starting from thortveitite-type Mn2V2O7-I. X-ray diffraction pattern of Mn2V2O7-II was indexed as a face centered cubic cell (space group: Fd3m) with a o = 9.585 A . A pure phase could only be obtained by rapidly cooling the sample to room temperature from the reaction temperature. Solid solutions of the types MnCdV2O7 and Mn2V2−xSbxO7 with pyrochlore-related structure were also prepared at high pressures. Stabilization of pyrochlore-type Mn2V2O7-II is discussed in terms of ionic size considerations.
Identification of strain‐specific DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by representational difference analysis

A genomic subtraction method, the representational difference analysis (RDA), was tested for its use in identifying strain-specific DNA in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Subtraction of strain D7S with strain HK1651 yielded D7S-specific 2.3-kilobase (kb) islet-A and 5.3-kb islet-B. Islet-A contains a 1.5-kb region that is homologous to a region found in the A. actinomycetemcomitans plasmid pVT745. Islet-B contains a 2.1-kb homolog of vgr, a component of a DNA repeat element rhs. The distribution of these islets among A. actinomycetemcomitans strains was further examined by polymerase chain reaction. Islet-A was found in nine serotype a and two serotype b strains but was missing from 34 strains. Islet-B was found in one serotype a strain, four serotype d strains and two serotype e strains, but was missing from 34 strains.
Interpretation of low-energy feature in energy spectra measured from surfaces with low or negative electron affinity

The secondary electron distribution generated in wide bandgap material, such as diamond, is dominated by a high concentration of very low-energy electrons. Previous work has used the appearance of a low-energy feature in measured energy spectra to establish the presence of a negative electron affinity (NEA) at the emitting surface. In this letter, secondary electron emission spectroscopy is used to study the energy distribution of secondary electrons emitted from semiconductor surfaces having different electron affinities. We conclusively show that the emitted electron distribution depends strongly on the position of the vacuum level relative to the internal electron distribution. In fact, a low-energy peak is observed in energy spectra measured at GaN, diamond, and Si surfaces having a small but positive electron affinity, and the intensity and width of the peak increase steadily as the electron affinity decreases. Consequently, a low-energy structure in measured energy spectra is not sufficient evidence of a NEA.
A Theory of Length and Its Applications to the Calculus of Variations.

1. Variational Distance and Geometric Distance.—Let S be a limit class, i.e., a set for whose points convergence is defined. By a curve we mean a continuous mapping of a closed interval of real numbers into S. On the basis of the definition of convergence for points we can define convergence for sequences of curves.
Center of pressure calculations for a bent-axis vehicle

Bent-axis maneuvering vehicles provide a unique type of control for a variety of supersonic and hypersonic missions. Unfortunately, large hinge moments, incomplete pitching moment predictions, and a misunderstanding of corresponding center of pressure calculations have prevented their application. A procedure is presented for the efficient design of bent-axis vehicles given an adequate understanding of origins of pitching moment effects. In particular,sources of pitching moment contributions will be described including not only normal force, but inviscid axial force and viscous effects as well. Off-centerline center of pressure effects are first reviewed for symmetric hypersonic sphere-cone configurations. Next the effects of the bent-axis geometry are considered where axial force, acting on the deflected tail section, can generate significant pitching moment components. The unique relationship between hinge moments and pitching moments for the bent-axis class of vehicles is discussed. 15 refs.
Comparison of sequence changes of precore and core promoter regions in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with and without HBeAg clearance in lamivudine therapy

Background/Aims The aim of this study was to compare the serial sequence changes of precore and core promoter regions in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with and without HBeAg clearance in lamivudine treatment. Methods Precore and core promoter genes of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) were sequenced from five serial serum samples of 74 HBeAg-positive CHB patients received lamivudine for 9–12 months (34 complete responders and 40 non-responders). Results Before lamivudine therapy, stepwise logistic regression analysis disclosed that ALT level≥300 U/L, A1896 mutant, and log HBV DNA levels were the major determinants for complete response. In addition, Cox regression showed that age Conclusions T1762/A1764 mutation (not A1896) played an important role in lamivudine-induced HBeAg clearance. Moreover, T1773, C1802, G1803, T1846, A1850, and C1858 mutations might have significant correlation with HBeAg nonseroconversion.
Traffic Volumes and Respiratory Health Care Utilization Among Residents in Close Proximity to the Peace Bridge Before and After September 11, 2001

A recent study based on data over a 10-year period (1991-2000) showed a positive association between health care utilization and prevalence of asthma, and commercial traffic at a U.S.-Canada border crossing. We wanted to determine whether decreases in total traffic would also be associated with decreases in health care utilization for respiratory illnesses. Following September 11, 2001, there was a 50% drop in total traffic at the Peace Bridge border crossing point between Buffalo, New York and Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. To investigate the impact of such a traffic decline on health care utilization for respiratory illnesses, weekly respiratory admissions to Kaleida Health System, Western New York's largest health care provider were analyzed according to ICD9CM classification and compared with total weekly traffic volumes for 3-month periods in 2000 and 2001 (August, September, and October). The total number of patients admitted to hospital or seen in emergency departments for respiratory illnesses during the 3-month periods of both years was 5288. A 50% drop in total traffic following Labor Day and September 11, 2001, from week 4 to week 7 was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.031) when a one-way ANOVA was performed. Likewise, the drop in total respiratory cases approached statistical significance (p = 0.052) when a one-way ANOVA was conducted. The results suggest an association between decrease in traffic volumes with decrease in health care utilization for respiratory diseases. These results suggest that current levels of traffic may be impacting on the respiratory health of residents in the nearby community.
Effects of stress, age, season, and source colony on levels of octopamine, dopamine and serotonin in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) brain

Abstract The effects of environmental and genetic factors on levels of octopamine, dopamine and serotonin in brains from worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Exiting foragers were stressed by clamping their legs, which resulted in peak elevation of octopamine and serotonin after 10 min. Significant seasonal differences in levels of all three biogenic amines were found for bees sampled from an observation colony during the spring, summer and autumn of 1990. Levels of the amines were highest during June–September, corresponding to high levels of colony foraging activity. These differences may reflect seasonal changes in colony nutrition, population size, or brood-rearing activity. The levels of all three amines were significantly lower in the brains of newly emerged bees than in brains from randomly aged worker bees from the same colony. Since the total protein content in bee brains was not different for bees from these two groups, age-related differences were not related to brain growth. Significantly different levels of octopamine, dopamine and serotonin were detected among workers in colonies that contained unrelated queens.
A Challenge for Innovation&#8212;The Use of Semiconductor Devices in the Automotive Industry

Invention of the transistor in 1948 started a tremendous research and development program which is affecting the lives of all of us now and will continue to do so for many years to come.
Avian Chromosome Methodology

Abstract PRODUCTIVE research in cytogenetics depends upon a mastery of chromosome methodology which reveals the structure, activity or other facts about the chromosomes. The chromosomes may then be analyzed, photographed, counted, or whatever is necessary to give meaning to the work at hand. Avian cytogenetics is on the brink of becoming an exciting and productive field with profitable extensions into the cytotaxonomy of avian species, cell line genetics, and other research where the bird, the embryo or avian cells comprise the experimental material. Until recently the methods of handling chromosomes in birds left much to be desired in the quality of the preparations. The following—described methods for securing chromosome preparations are simple, consistent and reliable for both mitotic and meiotic materials. The mitotic metaphase configurations are suited for species karyotype, cell identification, and diagnosis of numerical chromosomal changes (trisomies, etc.). Meiotic material is useful in cytogenetics for recognition of structural …
PRML channel performance under the influence of medium noise in tape recording systems

Previous studies have shown that tape medium noise is dominated by surface roughness. Here, we use error rate analysis to evaluate the effects of surface roughness as well as particle size distributions in a partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML) channel. We use: 1) a modified self-consistent model, incorporating a log-normal particle size distribution and a random packing of the particles to simulate the recording process and 2) a predeveloped error rate model to evaluate the system performance with fixed head/medium combinations. Surface roughness is introduced as a varying random head/tape spacing during both the recording and the playback processes. The impact of mean particle length, roughness variance, and roughness correlation length on system performance is examined for a partial response (PR4) channel. A surface roughness variance changing from 5 to 10 nm yields, at 200 kfci with a particle length of 60 nm, a change of error rate from 10/sup -10/ to 10/sup -5/. Because of the finite head read track width, roughness with shorter correlation lengths can be cross-track-averaged more readily and yields better system performance. We also found that larger particle size media have higher DC noise but lower roughness-induced transition noise. The shorter-particle-size media give better system performance, and the advantage increases with reducing roughness variance.
Pathological heterogeneity of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions delineated by ubiquitin immunohistochemistry and novel monoclonal antibodies.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U) is a common neuropathological subtype of frontotemporal dementia. Although this subtype of frontotemporal dementia is defined by the presence of ubiquitin-positive but tau- and α-synuclein-negative inclusions, it is unclear whether all cases of FTLD-U have the same underlying pathogenesis. Examination of tissue sections from FTLD-U brains stained with anti-ubiquitin antibodies revealed heterogeneity in the morphological characteristics of pathological inclusions among subsets of cases. Three types of FTLD-U were delineated based on morphology and distribution of ubiquitin-positive inclusions. To address the hypothesis that FTLD-U is pathologically heterogeneous, novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated by immunization of mice with high molecular mass (Mr > 250 kd) insoluble material prepared by biochemical fractionation of FTLD-U brains. Novel mAbs were identified that immunolabeled all of the ubiquitin-positive inclusions in one subset of FTLD-U cases, whereas other mAbs stained the ubiquitin-positive inclusions in a second subset of cases. These novel mAbs did not stain inclusions in other neurodegenerative disorders, including tauopathies and α-synucleinopathies. Therefore, ubiquitin immunohistochemistry and the immunostaining properties of the novel mAbs generated here suggest that FTLD-U is pathologically he-terogeneous. Identification of the disease proteins recognized by these mAbs will further advance understanding of molecular substrates of FTLD-U neurodegenerative pathways.
Compression of Oriented Nylon Parallel to Fiber Axis

A method was developed for preparing small specimens of oriented nylon 6-10 bristle suitable for the measurement of the behavior in compression parallel to the direction of orientation. The stress-strain curve in compression differed markedly from the tensile curve, being sharply bent toward the elongation axis. At room temperature, the stress reached a maximum of 0.45 g/den at about 10% strain, and at 100°C this maximum was reduced to 0.18 g/den at 6% strain. Con trary to the indications of the stress-strain curves, the elastic recoveries from up to 20% strain in compression and tension were quite similar. At 100°C, however, the elastic recovery in compression was greatly reduced, strains above about 5% being unrecoverable. The rate of stress relaxation in tension and compression were compared. Both the tensile and compression relationships must be known to predict bending behavior. An example analyzed indicates that, in a bend of radius of curvature 10 times that of the fiber, the maximum strain in comp...
“Sex Hormones” in Secondary School Biology Textbooks

This study explores the extent to which the term “sex hormone” is used in science textbooks, and whether the use of the term “sex hormone” is associated with pre-empirical concepts of sex dualism, in particular the misconceptions that these so-called “sex hormones” are sex specific and restricted to sex-related physiological functioning. We found that: (1) all the texts employed the term “sex hormone”; (2) in all texts estrogen is characterized as restricted to females and testosterone is characterized as restricted to males; and (3) in all texts testosterone and estrogen are discussed as exclusively involved in sex-related physiological roles. We conclude that (1) contemporary science textbooks preserve sex-dualistic models of steroid hormones (one sex, one “sex hormone”) that were rejected by medical science in the early 20th century and (2) use of the term “sex hormone” is associated with misconceptions regarding the presence and functions of steroid hormones in male and female bodies.
Cambrian and Ordovician Oil Potential of Illinois Basin: ABSTRACT

More than half of the sedimentary rocks of the Illinois basin are of Cambrian and Ordovician ages. Within the area of the basin where younger Paleozoic rocks already have produced about 2.9 billion barrels of oil, these older sediments still remain virtually unexplored. Three holes have tested the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician rocks within the productive region. The Galena (Trenton) near the top of the Ordovician is productive on the western and northeastern flanks of the basin, but has been tested by less than one well per thousand square miles in the deep part of the basin and on the southern flank. Cambrian and Ordovician rocks probably are more than 6,000 feet thick in much of the deep part of the basin. They thicken and become finer-grained and darker basinward, indicating that a basin structure was present during early Paleozoic time. The rocks appear to be entirely marine; they contain brines whose salinity is more than 10 per cent. Dolomite, sandstone, shale, and limestone are present in that order of abundance. Indications of hydrocarbons in these beds on the basin flanks have been slight. Sparse seismic data in the basin and drilling in neighboring provinces indicate that structures beneath the pre-Middle Ordovician unconformity are complex and correspond only in part to those in the younger rocks. Drilling depths of 6,000-14,000 feet, which would be required to test these older rocks, are not great by modern standards. End_of_Article - Last_Page 636------------
The hospital as a factor in assessing the occurrence of Coxsackie viruses in various illness groups. I. Children from the outpatient department and various hospital wards.

In a study of children who were hospitalized or were attending a hospital outpatient department: 1) One of seven different Group A Coxsackie viruses was isolated from 9.1 per cent of 620 children. 2) The virus was recovered from 9.5 per cent in the outpatient department, 6.7 per cent in patients hospitalized less than 5 days and 10.3 per cent in patients hospitalized for 5 days or more. 3) The strains of virus were essentially those which have been found in patients with herpangina. 4) In 10 instances, the virus was isolated after the patient had been in the hospital for 10 days and had had at least 2 "negative" tests previously. 5) If patients with herpangina are excluded, no significant correlation between type of illness and virus isolation can be drawn from this study. These data are considered further to reemphasize the fact that many Group A Coxsackie viruses are prevalent during the summer, and to support the hypothesis that some patients acquire these viruses while they are in the hospital at a rate similar to that observed in the general community from which the patients come.
The Role of Aldosterone in Pulmonary Venous Hypertension

1demonstrating an association between the metabolic syndrome and the existence of pulmonary venous hypertension. Recent research has also demonstrated an association between serum aldosterone, a known cause of left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling, and the metabolic syndrome. 2 - 4 Thus, it is possible that increased circulating aldosterone might be independently associated with the risk for pulmonary venous hypertension. Do the authors have data examining aldosterone or renin activity in their subjects?
The advancing field of cell-based therapy: insights and lessons from clinical trials.

Stem cell therapy aimed at restoring organ function, notably myocardial repair and regeneration postmyocardial infarction (MI), is one of the most exciting and promising frontiers of medical research. While new pharmacotherapies and advances in interventional cardiology have significantly reduced
Memory Self-Efficacy Predicts Responsiveness to Inductive Reasoning Training in Older Adults

This article is free to read on the publishers website Objectives In the current study, we assessed the relationship between memory self-efficacy at pretest and responsiveness to inductive reasoning training in a sample of older adults. Methods Participants completed a measure of self-efficacy assessing beliefs about memory capacity. Participants were then randomly assigned to a waitlist control group or an inductive reasoning training intervention. Latent change score models were used to examine the moderators of change in inductive reasoning. Results Inductive reasoning showed clear improvements in the training group compared with the control. Within the training group, initial memory capacity beliefs significantly predicted change in inductive reasoning such that those with higher levels of capacity beliefs showed greater responsiveness to the intervention. Further analyses revealed that self-efficacy had effects on how trainees allocated time to the training materials over the course of the intervention. Discussion Results indicate that self-referential beliefs about cognitive potential may be an important factor contributing to plasticity in adulthood.
Severe Pseudomembranous Colitis After Moxifloxacin Use: A Case Series

OBJECTIVETo describe the illnesses of 4 patients who developed severe pseudomembranous colitis after receiving moxifloxacin.CASE SUMMARYFour patients received moxifloxacin for pulmonary infections prior to developing positive Clostridium difficile toxin assays; all 4 later died from complications associated with C. difficile–associated disease (CDAD). Three patients developed CDAD while outpatients, although all of them had recent hospitalizations and their disease was presumed to be hospital related. All patients presented with diffuse abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea. The patients were all treated surgically with total abdominal colectomies and medically with metronidazole.DISCUSSIONRecent reports have highlighted the connection between fluoroquinolones and CDAD, in contrast to historical studies and assumptions. Evidence in the literature about differences in the propensity of various fluoroquinolones to cause CDAD is conflicting. The Naranjo probability scale revealed a probable relationship betwee...
Knowledge Seeking and Location Choice of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States

To what extent do firms go abroad to access technology available in other locations? This paper examines whether and when state technical capabilities attract foreign investment in manufacturing from 1987-1993. We find that on average state R--D intensity does not attract foreign direct investment. Most investing firms are in lower-tech industries and locate in low R--D intensity states, suggesting little interest in state technical capabilities. In contrast, we find that firms in research-intensive industries are more likely to locate in states with high R--D intensity. Foreign firms in the pharmaceutical industry value state R--D intensity the most, at a level twice that of firms in the semiconductor industry, and four times that of electronics firms. Interestingly, not only firms from technically lagging nations, but also some firms from technically leading nations are attracted to R--D intensive states. This suggests that beyond catching up, firms use knowledge-seeking investments also to source technical diversity.
L’intimité familiale : quêtes et limites de l’engagement envers le proche

L’engagement dans une vie familiale permet d’acceder a une economie morale des echanges favorable, a priori, a des formes specifiques de reconnaissance. Temoignages reciproques de trajectoires biographiques et d’aspirations futures, accueils d’une plainte, aveux pudiques d’une faiblesse : ces promesses d’hospitalite faites aux singularites conferent a l’intimite domestique une place significative dans l’existence des personnes. Mais qui dit promesse dit probabilite : l’intimite domestique connait aussi ses limites et ses contraintes. Ces insuffisances du monde prive nous rappellent que l’intimite a partie liee au public, a l’acces aux ressources qui permettent d’asseoir une dignite et de partager une intimite sans l’inconfort de l’equivoque.
Geophysical constraints on the water content of the lunar mantle and its implications for the origin of the Moon

Abstract Although the Moon was considered to be “dry”, recent measurements of hydrogen content in some of the lunar samples showed a substantial amount of water comparable to the water content in the Earthʼs asthenosphere. However, the interpretation of these observations in terms of the distribution of water in the lunar interior is difficult because the composition of these rocks reflects a complicated history involving melting and crystallization. In this study, I analyze geophysically inferred properties to obtain constraints on the distribution of water (and temperature) in the lunar interior. The electrical conductivity inferred from electromagnetic induction observations and the geodetically or geophysically inferred Q are interpreted in terms of laboratory data and the theoretical models on the influence of water (hydrogen) on these properties. Both electrical conductivity and Q are controlled by defect-related processes that are sensitive to the water (hydrogen) content and temperature but less sensitive to the major element chemistry. After a correction for the influence of the major element chemistry constrained by geophysical observations and geochemical considerations, I estimate the temperature–water content combinations that are consistent with the geophysically inferred electrical conductivity and Q. I conclude that the lunar interior is cooler than Earth (at the same depth) but the water content of the lunar mantle is similar to that of Earthʼs asthenosphere. A possible model is presented to explain the not-so-dry Moon where a small degree of water loss during the Moon formation is attributed to the role of liquid phases that play an important role in the Moon-forming environment.
Toward a consensus on radiobiology teaching to radiation oncology residents

Abstract Dynlacht, J. R., Dewhirst, M. W., Hall, E. J., Rosenstein, B. S. and Zeman, E. M. Toward a Consensus on Radiobiology Teaching to Radiation Oncology Residents. Radiat. Res. 157, 599–606 (2002). There are approximately 82 radiation oncology residency programs in the United States, which provide training opportunities for about 400 residents. All accredited radiation oncology residency programs must have at least one basic scientist on the faculty, and it is these individuals who often assume, wholly or in part, the responsibility of teaching radiation and cancer biology to radiation oncology residents in preparation for the American College of Radiology (ACR) In-Training Examination in Radiation Oncology and the American Board of Radiology (ABR) written examinations. In response to a perceived lack of uniformity in radiation and cancer biology curricula currently being taught to residents and a perceived lack of guidance for instructors in formulating course content for this population, a special s...
Partial and latent ignorability in missing-data problems

SUMMARY When an assumption of missing at random is untenable, it becomes necessary to model missingdata indicators, which carry information about the parameters of the complete-data population. Within a given application, however, researchers may believe that some aspects of missingness are ignorable but others are not. We argue that there are two different ways to formalize the notion that only part of the missingness is ignorable. These approaches correspond to assumptions that we call partially missing at random and latently missing at random. We explain these concepts and apply them in a latent-class analysis of survey questions with item nonresponse.
The effect of cardiovascular credentialed pharmacists on process measures and outcomes in myocardial infarction and heart failure.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if institutions with inpatient cardiovascular credentialed pharmacists exhibit improved quality measures for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart failure (HF) care compared with institutions without inpatient cardiovascular credentialed pharmacists. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional, matched case-control study. Hospitals with at least one Added Qualification in Cardiology (AQCV) inpatient pharmacist were included in the case group. Each case group hospital was matched to hospitals without an AQCV pharmacist by region, number of cardiovascular discharges, and teaching hospital designation in a 1:3 ratio (case:control). The 34 AQCV hospitals were matched to 102 non-AQCV hospitals. The proportions of discharges meeting HF and AMI process of care measures and 30-day outcomes (readmission and mortality) for each hospital were determined from public data and compared between the case and control groups. RESULTS Hospitals with AQCV pharmacists performed better on process of care measures than hospitals without AQCV pharmacists (odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.25–1.58, p<0.0001, p<0.001 for heterogeneity), which was mainly driven by the aspirin on discharge for AMI and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker on discharge for HF measures. No differences were observed between the groups for either readmission or mortality at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS Hospitals that used inpatient AQCV pharmacists performed better on process of care measures than hospitals that do not use inpatient AQCV pharmacists. However, improvements in process of care performance measures observed in AQCV hospitals did not translate into improved
Browpexy Through the Upper Lid (BUL): A New Technique of Lifting the Brow With a Standard Blepharoplasty Incision

Background Browpexy returns the brow to an anatomical, aesthetically-appealing location on the upper face. Recently, browlifting techniques have evolved from aggressive, open approaches toward less invasive, limited-incision techniques. Browpexy through the upper lid (BUL), an innovative technique based on earlier practices, anchors the underlying brow soft tissue to the bone, allowing for stabilization. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed concomitantly with an upper eyelid blepharoplasty through the same access incision. Objective The authors evaluate the efficacy of BUL in patients with ptotic eyebrows requiring stabilization and/or elevation and in patients with prominent brow fat pads. Methods The charts of 21 patients who were treated with BUL by the senior author (HMS) between February 2007 and October 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Results The age range of the 21 patients in this study was 54 to 70 years. Twelve patients were men; nine were women. Each patient presented with complaints of tired-appearing or "weighed-down" upper eyelids. All patients were uniformly happy with their postoperative aesthetic results. There were no major immediate or long-term complications (including, but not limited to, uneven postoperative brow position, loss of suspension, frontal nerve injury, hematoma, infection, or wound dehiscence). No patients required reoperation for recurrent brow ptosis or upper lid deformity. Conclusions BUL is ideal for patients with ptotic eyebrows who need brow stabilization and/or elevation, as well as for patients with prominent brow fat pads who require stabilization. BUL achieves excellent results through a standard upper eyelid blepharoplasty incision, and allows the surgeon to perform a concomitant upper eyelid blepharoplasty and browpexy without a traditional coronal, scalp, or forehead incision.
Causes of increased panicle spikelet sterility in rice

The established different yield of rice varieties is largely determined by the proportion of sterile spikelets in panicles. The high magnitude of sterility in a number of genotypes is related to the low content of nonstructural carbohydrates in panicle tissues at the meiotic stage as a result of the increased use of plastic substances of shoots for the formation of more massive stems. The quantitative parameters of these traits can be used in breeding for productivity of rice varieties.
An Integrated Approach to Thermal Analysis of Pharmaceutical Solids

A three-tiered experiment for undergraduate Instrumental Analysis students is presented in which students characterize the solid-state thermal behavior of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (acetaminophen) and excipient (α-lactose hydrate) using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermal microscopy. Students are required to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis, incorporating data from the three thermal analysis techniques to successfully interpret melting, decomposition, and dehydration thermal transitions. Students use thermal analysis software to determine transition temperatures and enthalpies of transitions, and use stoichiometric calculations to calculate the water of hydration.
Colloquium 1 Commentary on Politis

This paper examines the interpretation of eros in Plato’s Symposium developed by Vasilis Politis in his paper, “The Volatility of Eros.” The paper first argues that some of the central claims made by Politis are untenable. It then suggests that there is, nevertheless, an important distinction that Politis points to between the way in which eros is directed specifically at beauty and the way in which desires for the good are directed specifically at goodness. An attempt is made to put this distinction on a new footing incorporating some recent work on Plato’s moral psychology.
Engaging with Complexity: Exploring the Terrain of Leadership for Sustainability

Navigating the challenges of the twenty-first century will require differentiated approaches to leadership that are well suited for engaging with complex systems, defined in part by their dynamic, nonlinear, and unpredictable nature. The learning activity described in this chapter is based on an essential question: What skills, mindsets, and dispositions might help leaders address increasingly complex challenges to support a healthier and more sustainable future? The central activity involves a process for hosting a large group dialogue and harvesting the group’s collective wisdom. It draws on a variety of conceptual frameworks and the collective experience of the students to avoid singular answers or predetermined solutions. After completing the activity, students should be able to (1) identify unique characteristics of complex systems and complex social–ecological challenges, (2) examine mindsets and behavioral patterns that may limit their ability to effectively address challenges in complex systems, (3) identify areas of inquiry related to leadership for sustainability that merit further exploration, and (4) reflect on how to apply their newfound understanding about complex systems to improve their own leadership skills for engaging with complex sustainability challenges.
Functional Extensibility: Making the World Safe for VLSI

The greatly improved access to VLSI technology , now available to non-specialists , has sparked considerable interest in the design of special function architectures (SFAs) that exploit its unique characteristics and advantages. For example, many of SFA’s take the form of pipelines or arrays in order to capitalize on the economies of replication that come with VLSI. Application of these VLSI SFA’s has reflected current research interests in areas such as pattern recognition , image analysis , data base retrieval, interactive graphics, and speech processing.
Nutritional Control of Chronological Aging and Heterochromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Calorie restriction extends life span in organisms as diverse as yeast and mammals through incompletely understood mechanisms.The role of NAD+-dependent deacetylases known as Sirtuins in this process, particularly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is controversial. We measured chronological life span of wild-type and sir2Δ strains over a higher glucose range than typically used for studying yeast calorie restriction. sir2Δ extended life span in high glucose complete minimal medium and had little effect in low glucose medium, revealing a partial role for Sir2 in the calorie-restriction response under these conditions. Experiments performed on cells grown in rich medium with a newly developed genetic strategy revealed that sir2Δ shortened life span in low glucose while having little effect in high glucose, again revealing a partial role for Sir2 In complete minimal media, Sir2 shortened life span as glucose levels increased; whereas in rich media, Sir2 extended life span as glucose levels decreased. Using a genetic strategy to measure the strength of gene silencing at HML, we determined increasing glucose stabilized Sir2-based silencing during growth on complete minimal media. Conversely, increasing glucose destabilized Sir-based silencing during growth on rich media, specifically during late cell divisions. In rich medium, silencing was far less stable in high glucose than in low glucose during stationary phase. Therefore, Sir2 was involved in a response to nutrient cues including glucose that regulates chronological aging, possibly through Sir2-dependent modification of chromatin or deacetylation of a nonhistone protein.
Kategorien, Funktoren und natürliche Transformationen

Wir beschreiben Kategorien zunachst ohne Verwendung einer Mengenlehre direkt mit Hilfe von Axiomen und sprechen dabei von “Metakategorien”. Wir beginnen mit dem einfacheren Begriff eines (Meta-)Graphen.
Skeletal development of the hand and wrist: digital bone age companion-a suitable alternative to the Greulich and Pyle atlas for bone age assessment?

Purpose To assess reader performance and subjective workflow experience when reporting bone age studies with a digital bone age reference as compared to the Greulich and Pyle atlas (G&P). We hypothesized that pediatric radiologists would achieve equivalent results with each method while digital workflow would improve speed, experience, and reporting quality.
FGFR gene amplification and response to endocrine therapy in metastatic hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer.

1013Background: Amplification in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) genes occurs in 10% of breast cancers, is associated with poor prognosis, and appears to drive resistance to endocrine therapies in vitro. However, the role of FGFR in modulating the clinical response to endocrine therapies is unclear, and could have important implications given that FGFR is a potential therapeutic target. This study aims to evaluate the association between FGFR amplification and clinical response to endocrine therapy in HR+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Methods: Primary or metastatic tumor specimens from patients with HR+/HER2 negative MBC underwent dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the FGFR1 locus on chromosome 8p. FISH ratios of ≥2 were considered positive for gene amplification (FGFR+). Time to progression (TTP) on first line endocrine therapy was evaluated in FGFR+ versus wild type (WT) patients using actuarial analysis. Results: Between 2012 and 2016, we identified 95 patients with HR+ ...
Sorption of Fluorotelomer Sulfonates, Fluorotelomer Sulfonamido Betaines, and a Fluorotelomer Sulfonamido Amine in National Foam Aqueous Film-Forming Foam to Soil.

During fire-fighter training, equipment testing, and emergency responses with aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), milligrams per liter concentrations of anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) enter the environment. Because the behavior of zwitterionic and cationic PFASs in the subsurface is unknown, batch sorption experiments were conducted using National Foam AFFF, which contains anionic fluorotelomer sulfonates (FtSs), zwitterionic fluorotelomer sulfonamido betaines (FtSaBs), and cationic 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamido amine (FtSaAm). Sorption of the FtSs, FtSaBs, and 6:2 FtSaAm to six soils with varying organic carbon, effective cation-exchange capacity, and anion-exchange capacity was evaluated to determine sorption mechanisms. Due to the poor recovery of the FtSaBs and 6:2 FtSaAm with published PFAS soil extraction methods, a new soil extraction method was developed to achieve good (90–100%) recoveries. The 6:2 FtSaAm was depleted from the aqueous phase in all ...
ESPN and the Hostile Media Effect

Recent layoffs at sports media giant Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) have caused some commentators to question whether the network’s forays into social and political commentary ...
A Social Work Approach to Policy: Implications for Population Health

The substantial disparities in health and poorer outcomes in the United States relative to peer nations suggest the need to refocus health policy. Through direct contact with the most vulnerable segments of the population, social workers have developed an approach to policy that recognizes the importance of the social environment, the value of social relationships, and the significance of value-driven policymaking. This approach could be used to reorient health, health care, and social policies. Accordingly, social workers can be allies to public health professionals in efforts to eliminate disparities and improve population health.
Let Us Never Blame a Contract Breaker

Holmes famously proposed a "no fault" theory of contract law: a contract is an option to perform or pay, and a "breach" is therefore not a wrongful act, but merely triggers the duty to pay liquidated or other damages. I elaborate the Holmesian theory, arguing that fault terminology in contract law, such as "good faith" should be given pragmatic economic interpretations, rather than be conceived of in moral terms. I further argue that contract doctrines should normally be alterable only on the basis of empirical investigations.