cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
You See, the Ends Don’t Justify the Means: Visual Imagery and Moral Judgment

We conducted three experiments indicating that characteristically deontological judgments—here, disapproving of sacrificing one person for the greater good of others—are preferentially supported by visual imagery. Experiment 1 used two matched working memory tasks—one visual, one verbal—to identify individuals with relatively visual cognitive styles and individuals with relatively verbal cognitive styles. Individuals with more visual cognitive styles made more deontological judgments. Experiment 2 showed that visual interference, relative to verbal interference and no interference, decreases deontological judgment. Experiment 3 indicated that these effects are due to people's tendency to visualize the harmful means (sacrificing one person) more than the beneficial end (saving others). These results suggest a specific role for visual imagery in moral judgment: When people consider sacrificing someone as a means to an end, visual imagery preferentially supports the judgment that the ends do not justify the means. These results suggest an integration of the dual-process theory of moral judgment with construal-level theory.
Moesin Functions as a Lipopolysaccharide Receptor on Human Monocytes

Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), a glycolipid found in the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria, induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6 by monocytes/macrophages. The secretion of these biologically active compounds leads to multiple pathological conditions, such as septic shock. There is substantial evidence that chronic exposure to LPS mediates, at least in part, the tissue destruction associated with gram-negative infection. CD14, a 55-kDa protein, has been identified as an LPS receptor. In conjunction with a serum protein, LPS binding protein (LBP), LPS-CD14 interactions mediate many LPS functions in the inflammatory response. However, CD14 lacks a cytoplasmic domain, or any known signal transduction sequence motif, suggesting the existence of another cell surface domain capable of transducing signals. In this paper, we report a second, CD14-independent LPS binding site, which, based on biological activity, appears to be a functional LPS receptor. Cross-linking experiments were performed to identify LPS binding sites. Two molecules were identified: a 55-kDa protein (CD14) and a second, 78-kDa band. Sequencing of the 78-kDa protein by mass spectroscopic analysis revealed 100% homology with moesin (membrane-organizing extension spike protein). Antibody to CD14 induced partial blocking of the LPS response. However, antimoesin monoclonal antibody completely blocked the LPS-induced TNF-a response in human monocytes, without blocking CD14 binding of LPS. Irrelevant isotype controls had no effect. Additional experiments were performed to evaluate the specificity of the antimoesin blocking. Separate experiments evaluated antimoesin effects on monocyte chemotaxis, IL-1 production in response to IL-1 stimulation, and TNF-a secretion in response to Staphylococcus aureus stimulation. Antimoesin blocked only LPS-mediated events. The data suggest that moesin functions as an independent LPS receptor on human monocytes. The role of moesin in transduction of CD14-mediated signals is discussed.
A test of the deceptive mimicry hypothesis in song-sharing song sparrows

Deceptive mimicry is one of several hypotheses for the evolution of song copying in oscine songbirds. This hypothesis predicts that a floater or immigrant male that sings local song types may be perceived as a territory owner and benefit from the reduced aggression commonly observed between established neighbours (‘dear enemy’ effect). The present study employed a field playback experiment to test the short-term ability of mimics to deceive territorial male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia. A set of three nonshared song type stimuli was presented to individual focal birds from the territory boundary of an adjacent male: a song type recorded from this adjacent neighbour (Neighbour), and two from nonneighbouring males that were an unfamiliar song type (Stranger) and a song type in the neighbour’s repertoire (Mimic). The behavioural response to the Mimic was often as strong as, and sometimes stronger than, the response to the Stranger and was significantly more aggressive than to the Neighbour. Thus most birds accurately assessed the Mimic as a non-neighbouring invader. This study also revealed a significant negative correlation between the number of songs a subject shared with his neighbour and his aggressive response to the Neighbour stimulus. Song sharing is associated with reduced aggression between neighbours, but the mechanism is not deceptive mimicry. In this species with age-restricted learning, song sharing may serve as an indicator of a bird’s competitive strength and ability to establish and maintain a territory near his adult song tutors.  2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Scales of cultural influence: Malawian consumption of foreign media:

This article draws from qualitative and ethnographic work conducted in Malawi to interrogate anew questions of cultural influence by foreign media. Malawi presents a fascinating case for examining ...
Role of grain boundaries in magma migration and storage.

We employ a continuous theory of two-phase flow to investigate the influence of grain boundary tension on distribution and migration of melts through a viscous matrix. The ‘disaggregation melt fraction’, the volume fraction of partial melt at which grain boundaries are completely wetted, is crucial in determining the total interfacial force per unit volume. In partially molten aggregates withsmalldihedralanglesandcontaininglessmeltthanthedisaggregationfraction,capillaryactionongrainboundariestendstoretain melt in tubules alongtriplegrain junctions.As a consequence, pulses ofbuoyantmagma decay during their ascent through the mantle. Stronginterfacialtensiononmatrixgrainboundariesalsoinfluencesthethicknessofaheavypartiallymoltenlayer.Inaggregateswith large dihedral angles, strong tension on grain–melt interfaces can give rise to self-separation of the melt from the matrix.
Physical Therapy and Health Outcomes in Patients With Spinal Impairments

Background and Purpose. Little is known concerning the effects of physical therapy on health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. This research examined the pattern of health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments and the relationship of outcomes to the physical therapy provided. Subjects. Data were obtained from 1,097 patients with spinal impairments who completed an episode of care in any of 68 physical therapy practices across the United States. Methods. Data were derived from the Focus on Therapeutic Outcomes database during 1993 and 1994. Multivariate analyses were used to determine which of the treatment variables, controlled for baseline health status and relevant patient characteristics, were related to outcomes. Results. Improvement occurred in nearly all health scales. Inclusion of endurance exercise was most consistently associated with better outcomes. Inclusion of heat or cold modalities was associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusion and Discussion. This study suggests that physical therapists take a broader view of patient-related goals and documentation of outcomes. It also provides evidence that the type of intervention is related to outcomes.
Resampling methods for input modeling

Stochastic simulation models are used to predict the behavior of real systems whose components have random variation. The simulation model generates artificial random quantities based on the nature of the random variation in the real system. Very often, the probability distributions occurring in the real system are unknown, and must be estimated using finite samples. This paper shows three methods for incorporating the error due to input distributions that are based on finite samples, when calculating confidence intervals for output parameters.
Functions for the cardiomyokine, MANF, in cardioprotection, hypertrophy and heart failure.

article i nfo We define cardiomyokines as heart-derived secreted proteins that affect cardiovascular function via autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms. The subject of this review is the cardiomyokine, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF). The expression of MANF is increased in the ischemic heart, in part, through activation of ER stress, a condition that drastically impairs the expression and secretion of most cardiomyokines. This novel function of MANF suggests that it may have important roles in the ER stressed, ischemic heart. Consistent with this are recent findings showing that MANF protects against ischemic damage, and that it is anti-hypertrophic. Accordingly, in light of its function as a potentially secreted cardiomyokine, MANF has translational potential as a novel therapy for ischemic heart disease. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure."
REVISIONS TO THE GENUS CRINITELLA (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)

Abstract Our studies of the Ephemeroptera family Ephemerellidae have revealed new synonyms and a new combination for species that have been placed in the genus Crinitella Allen and Edmunds. The type species, Crinitella coheri (Allen and Edmunds), is variable in color, and the shape of the left mandible is the same as that of C. permkami Wang and Sites, indicating that C. coheri (Allen and Edmunds) 1963 = C. permkami Wang and Sites, 1999, new synonymy. Drunella nasiri (Ali), new combination, was included in Crinitella previously. All other species previously included in Crinitella are synonyms of species in different genera, as follows: Cincticostella levanidovae (Tshernova) 1952 = Crinitella swatensis (Ali) 1971, new synonymy, and Torleya nepalica (Allen and Edmunds) 1963 = Crinitella wahensis (Ali) 1971, new synonymy.
Evaluation of a Personalized, Web-Based Decision Aid for Lung Cancer Screening.

Introduction Informed decision making has been highlighted as an important aspect of lung cancer screening programs. This study seeks to assess the efficacy of a web-based patient decision aid for lung cancer screening, www.shouldiscreen.com. Methods A before-and-after study (August through December 2014) was conducted where participants navigated a web-based decision aid that provided information about low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening. Using an established prediction model, the decision aid computed baseline lung cancer risk and an individual's chances of benefiting from, and risk of being harmed by, screening. Outcome measures included knowledge of lung cancer risk factors and lung cancer screening, decisional conflict, concordance, and acceptability of the decision aid. Data were collected from 60 participants who were current or former smokers, had no history of lung cancer, and had not received a chest computed tomographic scan in the previous year. Analysis took place in 2015. Results Knowledge increased after seeing the decision aid compared with before ( p p p n =49), contrary to those who were eligible ( n =11). Ninety-seven percent of the participants reported that the decision aid was likely useful for lung cancer screening decision making. Conclusions The web-based decision aid should be a helpful resource for individuals considering lung cancer screening, as well as for practitioners and health systems with lung cancer screening programs.
Collaborative Discourse, Engagement and Always-On Relational Agents

We summarize our past, present and future research related to human-robot dialogue, starting with its foundations in collaborative discourse theory, continuing to our current research on recognizing and generating engagement, and concluding with an outline of new work we are beginning on the modeling of long-term relationships between humans and robots. This paper is a summary of our past, present and future research related to human-robot dialogue. In the first section below, we describe the main elements of collaborative discourse theory and the architecture of a collaborative interaction manager, which serve as the foundation of all of our later work. In the second section, we discuss current work on engagement, which underlies and supports collaboration and dialogue. Finally, in the third section, we outline new research we are beginning, which focuses on robots (and other agents) that are “always on” and therefore need to build long-term relationships with humans in their environment. More details on each of these topics can be obtained by referring to the cited publications.
Amrinone prevents muscle protein wasting during chronic sepsis

The time course for the effects of sepsis on rates of protein synthesis, RNA contents, and translational efficiencies was measured in mixed muscles of rat hindlimb perfused in vitro 3, 5, and 10 days after induction of sepsis. Furthermore, the effect of daily injections of amrinone (5 mg.kg-1.day-1) on muscle protein synthesis was investigated. On day 3 of sepsis, decreased rates of protein synthesis in muscle from untreated septic animals or septic rats treated with amrinone resulted from a reduced food intake. When food intake became normalized to control after 5 days, rates of protein synthesis in untreated septic rats remained depressed. Treatment of septic animals with amrinone for 5 days prevented the sepsis-induced inhibition of protein synthesis by abolishing the inhibition of peptide-chain initiation and restoring translational efficiency to control values. In contrast, amrinone treatment of control rats for 5 days did not cause an accretion of muscle protein or augment protein synthesis. Ten days after induction of sepsis, there were no differences in rates of protein synthesis, RNA content, or translational efficiency in septic animals compared with control or amrinone-treated septic rats. Thus, amrinone prevented the sepsis-induced abnormalities in skeletal muscle protein synthesis.
ACCION Poverty Outreach Findings & Analysis, Apoyo Integral, El Salvador

This report evaluates the poverty levels of microfinance clients at Apoyo Integral in El Salvador relative to national and international poverty lines. The study also describes certain client characteristics and how they vary with poverty level. Finally, the authors describe the tool they developed for Apoyo Integral to monitor the poverty distribution of clients on a regular basis, using data collected during the credit evaluation process.
Keynote speaker 1: Global harmonization of cryptographic standards

Cryptography is a necessary technology used to provide Internet security and privacy. The global nature of the Internet means that any cryptographic protocols to be used must be agreed globally. Standardisation allows this to be achieved and also provides an important link between theoretically well founded cryptographic schemes and practical cryptographic solutions. Different countries will have their own preferred protocols and so this is not just a matter of picking a single cryptographic protocol for each given task. There needs to be a process of harmonisation by which an agreed standard is defined. In this talk, we discuss how this is achieved by using examples from the ISO organisation and the Trusted Computing Group.
GaAs – on – Si Epitaxy: Results for Coverage of ∼ 1 Monolayer

Core level spectroscopy measurements have been made on Si substrates with coverages of around one monolayer of As, Ga and GaAs. The interfaces were formed on on-axis Si(100) and Si(111) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Results are also presented for an arsenic monolayer on a single-domain Si(100) surface prepared by cutting the crystal off-axis by 4 degrees. The strong bonding between As monolayers and the surface of the substrate causes the GaAs to begin to form islands at average coverages of less than one monolayer. The surface between the islands is found to be terminated by a single atomic layer of As. Use of a Ga predeposition technique shows evidence of reducing the tendancy towards island formation.
Temporal variability of microenvironmental time budgets in Maryland

Information on human time-activity patterns is often required to interpret environmental exposure data fully and to implement exposure assessment models. Data on short-term time-activity patterns for individuals, such as 1-day measurements, are relatively abundant. The reliability of such data for use in chronic exposure (e.g., 1 or more years) assessments performed for evaluation of health risks is not well understood. As part of the NHEXAS-Maryland investigation, daily time budget data for seven microenvironments were collected from 80 people during as many as six 1-week Cycles over a 12-month period. The data were summarized and analyzed statistically by sampling Cycle, day of week, and individual to characterize long-term average microenvironmental time budgets and to identify their determinants. Median times spent in transit, indoors at home, outside at home, indoors at work or school, outdoors at work or school, indoors at other locations, and outdoors at other locations were found to vary significantly, although not substantively in many cases, by time of year (i.e., Cycle), by day of week, and by individuals. Time budgets for most of the microenvironments also exhibited significant variability by gender, age group, education level, annual household income, and work status. The results indicate that short-term (e.g., 1-day) measures of microenvironmental time budgets for individuals are unlikely to be representative of their long-term patterns. Thus, health risk or epidemiological assessments performed for a population mean or specific quantile may be relatively insensitive to when time budget data were collected. However, the accuracy of such assessments performed for individuals is likely to be greatly improved by collection of time budget data from numerous points in time.
Hibernation of Chinch Bugs in Sudan Grass

An examination of 604 bunches of Sudan grass ( Sorghum vulgare sudanensis ), taken from various types of fields and covering a period of four years, showed a maximum of 540 bugs ( Blissus leucopterus ) in a single clump, with an average of 21.1 live bugs per bunch. The counts also showed that Sudan grass, although not as suitable as the native bunch grass, serves as efficient hibernating quarters for the chinch bug. The tall uncut bunches, or bunches not pastured too closely, which had a dense growth of leaves at the base, furnished the most suitable overwintering quarters for the bugs.
Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles in Rations for High-Producing Hens

Abstract SLOAN (1940) reported that a special distillers dried grains with solubles (solvent extracted) fed in combination with meat scraps and soybean meal could satisfactorily contribute one-fourth of the protein in a chick starting ration. When fed at a 30 percent level as the only protein supplement, growth was unsatisfactory. Sloan (1941) extended these findings and found that distillers dried grains with solubles could be substituted on a weight for weight basis for dried skim milk as a source of riboflavin. In this latter study he concluded that this material could comprise 12 to 15 percent of the total crude protein in rations for growing chicks and laying hens. D’Ercole et al., 1939; Shea et al., 1941; Dickens et al., 1941; Parkhurst et al., 1942, 1945; and Nelson et al., 1944; confirmed and extended the observations of Sloan. These workers showed that distillers dried grains with solubles was a source of …
One-sided significance tests for generalized linear models under dichotomous response.

SUMMARY Dichotomous response models are common in many experimental settings. Often, concomitant explanatory variables are recorded, and a generalized linear model, such as a logit model, is fit. In some cases, interest in specific model parameters is directed only at one-sided departures from some null effect. In these cases, procedures can be developed for testing the null effect against a one-sided alternative. These include Bonferroni-type adjustments of univariate Wald tests, and likelihood ratio tests that employ inequality-constrained multivariate theory. This paper examines such tests of significance. Monte Carlo evaluations are undertaken to examine the small-sample properties of the various procedures. The procedures are seen to perform fairly well, generally achieving their nominal sizes at total sample sizes near 100 experimental units. Extensions to the problem of one-sided tests against a control or standard are also considered.
VSC_HVDC transmission system optimal control based on fault components compensation

To improve the ability of VSC_HVDC's passing through faults and supporting AC system voltage quickly when AC fault occurs,this paper firstly analyzes the transient characteristic of VSC_HVDC system during AC grid fault.And then the corresponding optimal control strategies of VSC_HVDC based on fault components are proposed.They are as follows:the double-sequence inner loop current controller,which controls positive and negative sequence components independently,can eliminate power fluctuation caused by AC grid asymmetric faults;the outer loop active power controller based on DC voltage overriding compensation can suppress the great fluctuation of DC voltage;according to the reactive property of fault current during AC grid fault,the outer loop reactive power controller increases reactive current into the AC system to provide quick voltage support.The simulation results from the simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC prove that the proposed controller can validly get rid of the second harmonic of DC system,suppress the swift change of DC voltage,and improve AC voltage stability.
Path tracking control of a mobile robot using fuzzy logic

Recently, the study and development of the mobile robot is considered as a very important issue for many researchers. This is because the wide range of mobile robot applications in real life. One of the most important mobile robot tasks is the control of its navigation in tracking its predefined path. This also need a good capability in avoiding any static or dynamic obstacles that the mobile robot face in its route until reaching its destination. The difficulty in finding a good mathematical model for tShe mobile robot used in this research "Robotino® from Festo company" made the decision to use fuzzy logic to design a controller capable to introduce a safe Robotino® navigation. Fuzzy logic controller needs information about Robotino® features and behavior in order to build its rule base which are inspired from human experience in such application. These rules can be easily programmed to bring out an efficient controller. Sugeno algorithm is implemented which the experiments results validated its efficiency. Fuzzy logic controller with 153-fuzzy rule is used for controlling the Robotino® path tracking issue, while another fuzzy logic controller with 27-fuzzy rule is applied for the Robotino® obstacle avoidance feature. Matlab is used as a tool to implement the two proposed fuzzy controllers. Many realtime experiments have been conducted in the Faculty of Engineering research laboratory at Philadelphia University. Results reflect the good abilities of the proposed controllers.
Framing Elite Consensus, Ideology and Theory & A Classcrits Response

This short paper, really a thought piece, builds upon the examination begun in the Foreword of the ClassCrits VI Symposium which sought to outline a ClassCrits critique of neoclassical economic principles. It argues that neoliberal practices, theory and ideology, built on the scaffold of neoclassical economic ideas, frame an elite consensus that makes elites feel good but which are ethically, intellectually, and structurally problematic for the social well-being of most Americans. It does so, in part, by chronicling a number of recent practices of large corporations, including for example, the practice of inversion. Again, this paper takes as its specific target neoclassical economic theory and outlines in plain language a tentative ClassCrits response to it. Part I of this paper discusses the relationship between neoliberalism and neoclassical economic theory, suggesting they present feel-good ideas for elites that potentially inform their consensus. Part II examines a number of business practices that make visible the current elite consensus. It does so by chronicling the recent behavior and practices of large corporations on issues such as regulation, taxes, wages, production, job creation, outsourcing and government largess. Part III summarizes, in stylized fashion, neoclassical economic theory on how the market works; a story which, I believe, under-girds neoliberal practice and much of the described behavior of business elites. This part then takes a stab at outlining, in plain language, a basic ClassCrits response to this story. Part IV tests some of these ideas against the changes in airline travel as recently chronicled in a popular New Yorker piece by Tim Wu, in an effort to stimulate critical thinking and challenges to these hegemonic economic ideas (and practices) by examining them through everyday experience.
Comments on valid (and invalid?) commentaries

I extend my thanks to the editors for the opportunity to comment on the commentaries in this special issue. In this short reaction, I focus on comments that were raised in reaction to my article (S...
Source characterization of volatile organic compounds in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area during spring and summer 2015

Hourly measurements of 46 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory in Erie, CO, were collected over 16 weeks in spring and summer 2015. Average VOC reactivity (1.2 s−1 in spring and 2.4 s−1 in summer) was lower than most other U.S. urban sites. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified five VOC factors in the spring, corresponding to sources from (1) long-lived oil and natural gas (ONG-long lived), (2) short-lived oil and natural gas (ONG-short lived), (3) traffic, (4) background, and (5) secondary chemical production. In the summer, an additional biogenic factor was dominated by isoprene. While ONG-related VOCs were the single largest contributor (40–60%) to the calculated VOC reactivity with hydroxyl radicals (OH) throughout the morning in both spring and summer, the biogenic factor substantially enhanced afternoon and evening (2–10 P.M. local time) VOC reactivity (average of 21%; maxima of 49% of VOC reactivity) during summertime. These results contrast with a previous summer 2012 campaign which showed that biogenics contributed only 8% of VOC reactivity on average. The interannual differences suggest that the role of biogenic VOCs in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area (NFRMA) varies with environmental conditions such as drought stress. Overall, the NFRMA was more strongly influenced by ONG sources of VOCs than other urban and suburban regions in the U.S.
Bits and bytes: the future of radiology lies in informatics and information technology

Advances in informatics and information technology are sure to alter the practice of medical imaging and image-guided therapies substantially over the next decade. Each element of the imaging continuum will be affected by substantial increases in computing capacity coincident with the seamless integration of digital technology into our society at large. This article focuses primarily on areas where this IT transformation is likely to have a profound effect on the practice of radiology. • Clinical decision support ensures consistent and appropriate resource utilization. • Big data enables correlation of health information across multiple domains. • Data mining advances the quality of medical decision-making. • Business analytics allow radiologists to maximize the benefits of imaging resources.
Effect of oxygen-to-metal flux ratio on incorporation of metal species into quaternary BeMgZnO grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Owing to its large bandgap covering the UV region of the optical spectrum, the quaternary BeMgZnO is of interest, particularly the collective effect Be and Mg fluxes on the solid composition. Incorporation of Be, Mg, and Zn in the wurtzite BeMgZnO quaternary alloy was found to depend strongly on the reactive-oxygen to metal flux ratio during growth by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy under metal-rich conditions. For a given set of metal fluxes, reducing the VI/II (oxygen to metal flux) ratio from 1.0 to 0.6 increased the bandgap from 4.0 eV to 4.5 eV and decreased the c lattice parameter from 5.08 A to 5.02 A. The corresponding change in composition from Be 0.07 Mg 0.21 Zn 0.72 O to Be 0.10 Mg 0.34 Zn 0.56 O was consistent with a systematic reduction in the Zn incorporation coefficient from 0.23 to 0.12, while those of Be and Mg remained at ∼1. This behavior was explained by the substantially lower formation enthalpies of wurtzite BeO and MgO, −5.98 eV and −5.64 eV, respectively, compared to that of ZnO, −3.26 eV, determined using first principles calculations, as well as the high equilibrium vapor pressure of Zn, which results in re-evaporation of excessive Zn from the growing surface, details of which are the topic of this manuscript.
The Aberdeen Experiment

This updated version of the popular FMC Aberdeen case (UVA-OB-0385) describes the unique history and management of a startup plant, now owned by BAE Systems, that manufactures guided-missile canisters for the U.S. Navy. Management is minimized; most of the work is done by self-directed work teams. Suitable for courses or modules on organizational behavior, self-directed work-teams, manufacturing, organization design, high-performance workplaces, management, and leadership, the case reviews the plant's history, philosophy, recruiting methods, evaluation procedure, reward mechanism, career development, and information systems. Excerpt UVA-OB-0998 March 24, 2010 THE ABERDEEN EXPERIMENT The phone rang yet again, but Sarah Mann, general manager of the BAE Systems plant in Aberdeen, South Dakota, was ready. Experience told her what the question would be: Had the “Aberdeen experiment,” begun by Bob Lancaster when the plant was built, undergone any changes over the past quarter century? From the beginning, Lancaster's design and management of the plant, which produced missile launch canisters for the U.S. Navy, were unusual—and successful. The plant, built in 1985 as part of FMC Corporation (FMC), had been acquired in 2005 by BAE Systems, Europe's second-largest defense contractor. The plant had evolved significantly since its inception, and Mann had learned that observers wanted to know: Was the innovative design still working in 2010? Had history validated Lancaster's initiative? For this call and those that would follow, she was ready with her notes. Sarah Mann's Inheritance . . .
Increasing the use of patient decision aids in orthopaedic care: results of a quality improvement project

Objective To integrate patient decision aid (DA) delivery to promote shared decision-making and provide more patient-centred care within an orthopaedic surgery department for treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis, lumbar herniated disc and lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods Different strategies were used across three distinct phases to promote DA delivery. First, we used a quality improvement bonus to generate awareness and interest in the DAs among specialists. Second, we adapted the electronic referral management system to enable DA orders at referral to a specialist. Third, we engaged clinic staff and specialists to design workflows that promoted DA delivery. We tracked the number of patients who received a DA, who ordered the DA, and collected usage data from a subset of patients. Our target was to reach 60% of patients with DAs. Results In phase 1, 28% (43/155) of spine patients and 37% (114/308) of hip/knee patients received a DA. In phase 2, 54% (64/118) of spine referrals and 58% (189/324) of hip/knee referrals included a request to send a patient a DA. In phase 3, 56% (90/162) of spine patients and 69% (213/307) of hip/knee patients received a DA, significantly more than in phase 1 (P Conclusion DA implementation into clinic workflow is possible and facilitated by engagement of the entire care team and the support of health information technology.
Effect of Build Angle on Surface Properties of Nickel Superalloys Processed by Selective Laser Melting

Aerospace, automotive, and medical industries use selective laser melting (SLM) to produce complex parts through solidifying successive layers of powder. This additive manufacturing technique has many advantages, but one of the biggest challenges facing this process is the resulting surface quality of the as-built parts. The purpose of this research was to study the surface properties of Inconel 718 alloys fabricated by SLM. The effect of build angle on the surface properties of as-built parts was investigated. Two sets of sample geometries including cube and rectangular artifacts were considered in the study. It was found that, for angles between 15° and 75°, theoretical calculations based on the “stair-step” effect were consistent with the experimental results. Downskin surfaces showed higher average roughness values compared to the upskin surfaces. No significant difference was found between the average roughness values measured from cube and rectangular test artifacts.
Transcriptomic analyses reveal tissue-specific selection on genes related to apoptotic processes in the subterranean rodent, Ctenomys sociabilis

Specialization for a subterranean existence is expected to impact multiple aspects of an organism's biology, including behavior, physiology, and genomic structure. While the phenotypic correlates of life underground have been extensively characterized, the genetic bases for these traits are not well understood, due in part to the challenges of generating large, multi-locus data sets using traditional DNA sequencing strategies. To begin exploring the genomic architecture of adaptation to a subterranean existence, we generated high-quality de novo transcriptome assemblies for 8 different tissue types (hippocampus, hypothalamus, kidney, liver, spleen, ovary, testis, skin) obtained from the colonial tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sociabilis), a group-living species of subterranean rodent that is endemic to southwestern Argentina. From these transcriptomes, we identified genes that are evolving more rapidly in the C. sociabilis lineage compared to other subterranean species of rodents. These comparisons suggest that genes associated with immune response, cell-cycle regulation, and heavy metal detoxification have been subject to positive selection in C. sociabilis. Comparisons of transcripts from different tissues suggest that the spleen and liver - organs involved in immune function and detoxification - may be particularly important sites for these adaptations, thereby underscoring the importance of including multiple tissue types in analyses of transcriptomic variation. In addition to providing an important resource for future genomic studies of C. sociabilis, our analyses generate new insights into the genomic architecture of functionally significant phenotypic traits in free-living mammals.
Justice and Power

There is a curious omission of the topic “power” in much of the research on equity and distributive justice. Homans (1976), in his commentary on the 1976 Berkowitz and Walster volume, Equity Theory: Toward a General Theory of Social Interaction, writes: “the authors of these papers have little to say about the relationship between equity and power” (p. 242). More recently, Greenberg and Cohen (1982) make the same judgment concerning a different set of articles, concluding “the structure of power among individuals in the situation has received less explicit attention” (p. 449). They further argue that an analysis of power “seems crucial for an understanding of how normative constraints are expressed in overt action” (p. 449). If an investigation of the structure of power is essential for understanding justice behavior on the part of individuals, it is even more critical when the level of analysis shifts from interpersonal relations to intergroup relations.
Emerging Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global health problem due to its increasing incidence and high lethality [1]. In fact, HCC is the third most common cause of cancer deaths and the leading complication in patients with cirrhosis [2]. The rising incidence poses challenges to the clinician since the majority of patients present with advanced disease when they are no longer candidates for a definitive cure. Further, the coexistence of cirrhosis and HCC adds two competing causes of death, each one critical to consider since both influence management. Unfortunately, only 5–37% of HCC patients are actually eligible for curative treatments with orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) or surgical resection [3, 4]. When curative treatments are no longer options due to advanced-stage disease, the treatment options are limited. However, we have had some recent advances in the treatment of unresectable HCC with the advent of novel locoregional and targeted systemic therapy [5–7]. The clinical success of the oral multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, showing a survival benefit in the management of advanced HCC, has opened the floodgates of research in the field of molecular-targeted therapies for HCC. These recent advances in treatment, along with surveillance programs, will lead to improved overall survival for our patients with HCC [8]. In this chapter, we review the major recent advancements and emerging therapies being evaluated for the treatment of HCC.
The extent of adaptive wild introgression in crops

The study of crop evolution has focused primarily on the process of initial domestication. Post-domestication adaptation during the expansion of crops from their centers of origin has received considerably less attention. Recent research has revealed that, in at least some instances, crops have received introgression from their wild relatives that has facilitated adaptation to novel conditions encountered during expansion. Such adaptive introgression could have an important impact on the basic study of domestication, affecting estimates of several evolutionary processes of interest (e.g. the strength of the domestication bottleneck, the timing of domestication, the targets of selection during domestication). Identification of haplotypes introgressed from the wild may also help in the identification of alleles that are beneficial under particular environmental conditions. Here we review mounting evidence for substantial adaptive wild introgression in several crops and consider the implications of such gene flow to our understanding of crop histories.
Diffusion of enrofloxacin to pregnancy fluids and effects on fetal cartilage after intravenous administration to late pregnant mares

Background In selective cases, enrofloxacin may be an alternative antibacterial agent to treat unresponsive infections in pregnant mares. Supratherapeutic doses of enrofloxacin are toxic to adult horses and also to newborn foals, however, it is unknown if enrofloxacin crosses the equine placenta or if it is toxic to the fetus. Objectives To assess the diffusion of enrofloxacin and its metabolite to fetal fluids and its effects on fetal cartilage when administered to pregnant mares. Study design In vivo and terminal controlled experiment. Methods Healthy mares at 260 days of gestation were allocated into three groups: untreated (n = 3), therapeutic treatment (5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, i.v., n = 7) or supratherapeutic treatment (10 mg/kg, i.v., n = 6) for 11 days. Fetal fluids were collected on days 1, 5 and 11 of treatment. Premature delivery was induced on day 11 with oxytocin and fetal fluids and plasma were collected during delivery. Plasma and fetal fluid enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fetal articular cartilage was examined macroscopically and histologically for lesions. Results Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reached the minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogens in all fluids. Ciprofloxacin did not increase with the double enrofloxacin dose in maternal plasma, but allantoic fluid showed a 10-fold increase relative to fetal trough plasma concentrations. Administration of enrofloxacin at recommended doses did not result in cartilaginous lesions in fetuses. Main limitations Only one time point in gestation was evaluated and mares treated in the study were healthy at the time of treatment. It remains to be determined if enrofloxacin shows toxicity at other stages of pregnancy, after a longer duration of treatment, or once the foals are delivered and articular surfaces are weightbearing. Conclusions Short-term administration of enrofloxacin to late gestation mares resulted in detectable enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in fetal fluids and did not result in macroscopic or microscopic lesions in the fetus. While further research is needed to address long-term foal outcomes, enrofloxacin may be useful for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
NOVEL ALPHA-ACTININ 2 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY AND HYPERTROPHY IN HUMAN CARDIAC TISSUE AND IPSC-DERIVED CARDIOMYOCYTES

In cardiac and skeletal muscle, alpha-actinins are critical cytoskeletal proteins that anchor actin filaments within the sarcomere. Mutations in ACTN2 have been associated with cardiac abnormalities, including arrhythmias, hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies. However, the mechanisms behind how
The Metabolism and Function of Red Cells with Inherited Defects

In essence a red cell comprises three interacting components: a concentrated solution of hemoglobin, an intracellular metabolic apparatus, and a limiting membrane. Primary defects of genetic origin have been recognized in each of these cell systems with increasing frequency. The metabolic pathways of the red cell serve to maintain its hemoglobin and its membrane in a state of optimal function. Therefore, primary metabolic disorders such as glycolytic enzyme defects transmit their pathologic effects through alterations in the membrane, in hemoglobin or in both at once. Membrane lesions may result from defects anywhere within this system and are clinically manifest as hemolytic anemias. The molecular nature of the primary membrane disorders of the red cell and the exact mechanisms by which defects in glycolytic metabolism affect membrane function remain incompletely understood. The importance of hemoglobin precipitation in the genesis of membrane lesions has recently been elucidated and will be described subsequently. In most of these disorders the spleen, although not necessarily the terminal site for red cell destruction may modify the circulating red cells and affects cell survival to a variable degree.
Inexpensive endoscope activities

Students preparing to enter medical fields are required to take physics. To increase their interest in physics, a low-cost classroom medical activity is presented introducing them to the basics of endoscopic visualization and navigation. Incorporated in the activity are basic surgical techniques such as resection with single or multiple operators. Students also learn to appreciate the importance of physics since the endoscope works on the principle of total internal reflection. The tasks involve two pick-up tools with retractable claws available at hardware stores and an inexpensive endoscope with Bluetooth that sends video to student smartphones.
Critical Dialogues for Emerging Research Agendas in Science Education

The chapters in this book focus on the intersections of science, knowledge, literacy, and writing in educational contexts. These authors apply multiple perspectives to propose a research agenda for science education. While the topics, analytic domains, and approaches to research vary, there are some common understandings and a variety of assumptions that can be examined through reflection and dialogue. A common theme is that scientific literacy involves language use, in its many forms, and that engaging in discourse processes entails participation in a community with the associated norms, expectations, genre conventions, and ways of being as defined by the actions of its members. Thus, learning to describe, argue, or write involves reading the given situation to make decisions about how to slot into a set of cultural practices of some epistemic community. The cultural practices of science are interpreted, translated, reformulated, and manifested in schools and other educational settings. To the extent that writing and literacy involve knowledge, the role of epistemic practices becomes central to such activities (Kelly, 2008).
Trophic‐specific responses to migration in empirical metacommunities

The metacommunity, as it evolved from Levins's metapopulation, provides a framework to consider the spatial organization of species interactions. A defining feature of metapopulations and metacommunities is that organisms (populations or communities) are connected via migration. An important result from Levins's metapopulation work – that increasing migration lowers regional extinction probability – is often incorporated into conceptions of metacommunities; however, this may not hold true for multiple interacting metapopulations (i.e. metacommunities). We report results from a metacommunity field experiment conducted with a tropical terrestrial leaf litter macro‐arthropod community. We show that migration induces regional extinctions of predators without significantly changing the predator community composition. For non‐predators we found no evidence of regional extinctions, but a significant change in community composition. Our result corroborates the findings of a prior similar metacommunity experiment with a temperate forest leaf litter community. The concordance between these experiments, even with vastly different communities, highlights the importance of considering trophic and non‐trophic community structure to understand metacommunity dynamics, and suggests a potential connection between migration rates and trophic‐specific responses in ecological communities.
Derivation of LIF-Independent Embryonic Stem Cells Using Inducible OCT4 Expression

Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of preimplantation stage embryos, are capable of self-renewing indefinitely in the presence of the external signal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), activation of Wnt signaling through inhibition of GSK3, and inhibition of MAP kinase/ERK kinase signaling. The OCT4 transcription factor is expressed highly in pluripotent cells and is a central transcriptional regulator of the pluripotent state. Here, we describe a protocol to culture ES cells in LIF-independent and serum-free media using an inducible OCT4 (iOCT4) ES cell model system. This protocol is sufficient to sustain ES cell self-renewal in vitro in defined conditions in the absence of external signals. LIF-independent iOCT4 ES cells are fully capable of differentiating following deactivation of the inducible OCT4 transgene.
Standard strategies for diagnosis and treatment of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson diseaseAuthor Responds

As always, I found the Practice Across Borders article on diagnosis and treatment of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease (PD) a fascinating read, and found myself asking: Why this difference in practice across borders?1 Like many diseases in neurology, the diagnosis of idiopathic PD remains a clinical one and in spite of the MRIs, DaTscans, and I123-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy scans available today, this has remained unchanged from the days of James …