cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Second Harmonic Generation Imaging Microscopy of Fibrillar Tissues

This tutorial will cover the essentials of Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging microscopy of tissues. The SHG photophysics and required instrumentation will be discussed in detail. Current applications of the technology will also be summarized, with an emphasis on the potential in disease diagnostics including cancer and connective tissue disorders. Article not available.
Development of serum haptoglobins in man.

SummaryTo determine the time of appearance of the haptoglobin serum proteins in the developing human being, starch gel zone electrophoresis was performed on sera from 5 fetuses, 63 umbilical cord bloods, and 86 infants. Haptoglobins were absent in sera from the fetuses, but present in 10% of the umbilical cord bloods at birth, in 75% of the sera from infants up to 2 weeks old, and in 100% of the sera from the infants over 2 weeks of age.For cooperation and assistance in securing the cord and newborn bloods necessary for this study, we wish to thank Dr. Marion Erlandson and Dr. Margaret Hilgartner, Dept. of Pediatric Hematology, New York Hospital, Dr. Roy Bonsnes and Miss Dorothy Wendel, Central Laboratories of New York Hospital, and Dr. Wha Shim Han, Bellevue Hospital. We also wish to thank Dr. Bartholomeus Hoogstraten, Mt. Sinai Hospital, for obtaining the fetal bloods. Dr. German Castillo, Univ. of the Philippines, participated in the early phases of the study.
Grafted poly(1→4-β-glucan) strands on silica: a comparative study of surface reactivity as a function of grafting density.

Grafted poly(β-glucan) (β-glu) strands on the surface of silica are synthesized with varying degrees of grafting density, and display an amorphous-like environment via 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Thermal gravimetric analysis of these materials under oxidative conditions shows increased β-glu thermal stability with higher degrees of grafting density. The range of temperature stability between the most and least hydrogen-bound grafted β-glu strands spans 321 to 260 °C. This range is bound by the combustion temperature previously measured for crystalline and amorphous cellulose, with the former having greater oxidative stability, and is likely controlled by the extent of hydrogen bonding of a grafted β-glu strand with the underlying silica surface. When using these materials as reactants for glycosidic bond hydrolysis, the total number of reducing ends formed during reaction is quantified using a BCA colorimetric assay. Results demonstrate that the material with greatest interaction with silica surface sila...
Study on the simultaneous analysis of two-channel with single needle using QC8500 flow injection analyzer

Objective A measurement method with high sensitivity,good reproducibility and low detection limit is established by flow injection analyzer with single needle injection and two-channel simultaneous analysis.Methods Nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen as two simple methods modules,phenol and weak cyanide as two complex method modules were involved in the experiment in three different ways,multimode series,tee pre-parallel,tee post-parallel,using the analyzer for two-channel analysis at the same time.Results Multimode series method is suitable for the detection of simple methods module,while tee pre-parallel method is suitable for the detection of the complex method module.Both methods had good linearity and the detection limits were 0.011 mg / L and 0.010 mg / L for the former,0.0005 mg / L and 0.0003 mg / L for the latter.The relative standard deviations( RSD) of the former were 0.61% and 1.08%,those of the latter were 4.6% and 1.6%.Conclusion The methods are simple and can be applied to multi-channel analysis with single needle injection of flow injection analyzer at the same time.
Analysis of Risk Factors in Children Pneumonia with Measles

【Objective】To investigate the risk factors in children pneumonia with measles.【Methods】Multivariate non-conditional Logistic regression analysis was used to survey retrospectively the potential risk factors in 116 cases of pneumonia with measles in children in our hospital from January 2002 to June 2005,134 children with common measles served as controls in the corresponding period.【Results】Age,season,malnutrition,rickets,respiratory recent infection and congenital heart disease were the independent risk factors in children pneumoniae with measles.【Conclusion】In children,pneumoniae with measles are ralated to age,season,malnutrition,rickets,recent respiratory infection and congenital heart disease.
The Interaction of Same-Sex Marriage Access With Sexual Minority Identity on Mental Health and Subjective Wellbeing

Previous psychological and public health research has highlighted the impact of legal recognition of same-sex relationships on individual identity and mental health. Using a sample of U.S. sexual minority (N = 313) and heterosexual (N = 214) adults, participants completed a battery of mental health inventories prior to the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) examining identity revealed sexual minority participants living in states where same-sex marriage was banned experienced significantly higher levels of internalized homonegativity than sexual minority participants living in states where same-sex marriage was legal, even after controlling for state-level political climate. Mental health ANCOVAs revealed sexual minority participants residing in states without same-sex marriage experienced greater anxiety and lower subjective wellbeing compared to sexual minority participants residing in states with same-sex marriage and heterosexual participants residing in states with or without same-sex marriage. Implications for public policy and future research directions are discussed.
Could Cirrus Clouds Have Warmed Early Mars

Abstract The presence of the ancient valley networks on Mars indicates that the climate at 3.8 Ga was warm enough to allow substantial liquid water to flow on the martian surface for extended periods of time. However, the mechanism for producing this warming continues to be debated. One hypothesis is that Mars could have been kept warm by global cirrus cloud decks in a CO 2 H 2 O atmosphere containing at least 0.25 bar of CO 2 (Urata and Toon, 2013). Initial warming from some other process, e.g., impacts, would be required to make this model work. Those results were generated using the CAM 3-D global climate model. Here, we use a single-column radioactive-convective climate model to further investigate the cirrus cloud warming hypothesis. Our calculations indicate that cirrus cloud decks could have produced global mean surface temperatures above freezing, but only if cirrus cloud cover approaches ∼75 – 100% and if other cloud properties (e.g., height, optical depth, particle size) are chosen favorably. However, at more realistic cirrus cloud fractions, or if cloud parameters are not optimal, cirrus clouds do not provide the necessary warming, suggesting that other greenhouse mechanisms are needed.
The role of teachers’ comments during book reading in children's vocabulary growth

ABSTRACTThis study described the commenting practices of Head Start teachers, and the relationship of comments to the expressive and receptive vocabulary growth of children with below-the-mean language ability across one year of preschool. Participants included 52 Head Start teachers, and 489 children (247 early intervention candidates and 242 Head Start typical). Descriptive analyses reveal that teachers used informative comments that gave or explained information more frequently than comments that responded to children's utterances, and that these comments contained more conceptually focused content than vocabulary or skills content. Responsive and conceptually focused comments were significantly related to the children's receptive vocabulary growth, and were moderated by children's initial language ability indicating the presence of the Matthew Effect. These findings underscore the importance of integrating instructional comments into book reading sessions, and the need to differentiate instruction bas...
Augmented reality based mass casualty incident training system

In this paper we introduce the first augmented reality based training system for Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI). Our system enables the trainees to train in the physical environment while the disaster related objects and events such as victims, fire, tornadoes are digitally overlaid in the Smartphone camera view using Augmented Reality (AR). Using this system the trainees can experience the real physical environment while saving the cost of setting up disaster related objects and events. We view that this AR based training will not replace MCI live training in real physical environments with physical disaster related objects and events but will facilitate more frequent training sessions at lower cost. Moreover, this system is more affordable than virtual reality based environments due to the high cost of designing virtual environments. In addition, this system provides the trainees a more realistic experience than virtual reality based training since the trainees train in the physical environment.
Elucidating the Effects of Fluoro and Nitro Substituents on Halogen Bond Driven Assemblies of Pyridyl-Capped π-Conjugated Molecules

Among recent advances toward efficient semiconducting materials, rational design guidelines have emerged focusing on the synergy between various intermolecular interactions to improve the solid-state order of π-conjugated molecules in organic electronic devices. Herein, we focus our attention on halogen bonding (XB) interactions and the crucial role of electron withdrawing substituents (e.g., nitro and fluoro) toward influencing solid-state properties via secondary interactions. Employing iodoethynyl benzene derivatives (F2BAI and (NO2)2BAI) and thiophene/furan-based building blocks equipped with pyridyl groups as self-assembling domains (PyrTF and PyrT2), co-crystals driven by XB and π-stacking interactions were formed and studied. Spectroscopic and thermal analysis of 1:1 mixtures provide initial evidence of co-crystallization. X-ray crystallography affords the inherent solid-state packing motifs within each assembly. Computational studies support experimental observations, revealing the dominant intera...
A Literature Review and Research Agenda for Understanding and Addressing Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety

Background This paper builds on the research agenda accompanying the university transportation center (UTC) proposal to create the Center for Research on Safe Walking, Active Living, and Cycling (CROSWALC), with a specific focus on the needs of pedestrians and bicyclists including the young, the elderly, and the disabled. Methods As part of a collaborative effort over Spring 2016 to create a University Transportation Center focused solely on pedestrian and bicycle safety, this paper presents a research agenda from researchers spanning engineering, planning, behavior and law enforcement. This paper represents collaboration between colleagues from San Diego State University, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC) at the University of California-Berkeley, University of Tennessee, and CSU SLO. This paper also represents feedback and validation from several events at the January 2017 Transportation Research Board conference in Washington DC. Results The resulting research agenda is designed to help both researchers and professionals build a detailed understanding of active travel safety issues and devise innovative yet practical solutions to these issues. The paper focuses on describing key research questions in four related topic areas ( Behavior and Exposure ; Safety Data and Modeling ; Planning, Design and Engineering ; and Innovation and Technology ) all organized under two overarching dimensions designed to help policymakers and practitioners 1) understand the safety problem ( Building Problem Understanding ), and 2) help them devise effective solutions to the safety problem ( Problem Solving ). (For this conference submission we chose the “Additional, specific topic areas” track, as our research agenda combines the two main tracks of the conference related to Problem Understanding and Problem Solving. ) Conclusions The purpose of this paper is to help shape global priorities around safety for pedestrians and cyclists and to guide funding toward improved understanding and targeted solutions for these vulnerable travelers. This paper is motivated and informed by peer-reviewed literature, and draws from the authors’ collective experiences in pedestrian and bicycle safety analysis and problem solving. The four areas presented here are comprehensive and would resonate with most academics and professionals working to both understand pedestrian and bicycle safety issues, and then develop effective solutions. Understanding, promoting, and accommodating walking and cycling is perhaps one of the most critical components of the long-term sustainability, equity, and health of our world’s communities.
Operative Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans: Progression to Osteoarthritis and Arthroplasty in a Population Based Cohort

Objectives:Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a disorder of subchondral bone that causes adverse effects on the overlying cartilage and commonly affects the knee. The purpose of this study is to (1...
Male and Female Fertility in Taiwan: Trends and Transitions, 1975–2004

This chapter shifts the research focus to a specific locale, namely, Taiwan. This region is chosen because it has detailed male fertility data readily available. The chapter starts the analysis by longitudinally examining male TFRs and ASFRs as compared to those of females during the past few decades. Findings of this chapter echo the results shown in Chapter 4 that studies male and female fertility patterns in 43 countries and places. Several new findings also emerge based on examining the case of Taiwan, which will be discussed in a great detail in this chapter. When investigating the age-specific fertility differentials by sex, the chapter takes educational attainments into consideration. It discusses how education serves as a factor to differentiate male and female fertility. The final part of the analysis in this chapter moves to an examination of male and female fertility in 23 subregions of Taiwan in 2002. Theoretical frameworks explaining female fertility reduction are applied to account for male fertility changes in the 23 subregions. Results show that current fertility theories do not explain male fertility as well as they account for female fertility. It suggests that research exploring determinants of male fertility is warranted.
Familie und Familienforschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft

In dem Beitrag werden der aktuelle Forschungsstand, die Desiderate und die spezifischen Moglichkeiten/Fragestellungen einer dezidiert erziehungswissenschaftlichen Familienforschung dargestellt.
A molecular and clinico-pathological model for predicting abiraterone acetate/prednisone (AA/P) efficacy in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

5056 Background: There are no known markers for predicting AA/P efficacy in chemo-naive mCRPC stage. We explored a model for predicting the 12-week efficacy outcome after initiation of AA/P in a pr...
Primary vs. Representative Government

The newer institutional formsof democracy—the referendum in its various forms, the initiative, proportional representation, the recall, popular election of United States senators, direct primaries for the nomination of candidates—all indicate the growing self-consciousness of the masses and the demand for a more direct participation in government than the pure representative system allows. Secretary Root's recent declaration that the whole civilized world is swinging away from its old governmental moorings and entrusting the fate of its civilization to the capacity of the popular mass to govern is a statement the truth of which needs no proof for its establishment. Still others whose opinions are entitled to consideration are telling us that the representative system after a century of existence under a very extended suffrage has failed to satisfy the expectations of its early promoters and is likely to make way in its turn for the more direct action of the people on the most important questions of government. Certain it is that the character of representative government is undergoing fundamental changes not only through the operation of the forms of democracy mentioned above, but also through the new conception of the relation of the representative to his constituency. The earlier conception attributed to the representative full independence of judgment and action, the right to interpret the common need and the common consciousness free from duress either upon his intellect or his conscience. Edmund Burke expressed the old view when he declared that the representative owed his constituent both industry and judgment and when he sacrified those to the opinion of the constituent, he betrayed rather than served him. But the new view regards the representative in a very different light. He is no longer free to interpret and register the popular will as his conscience and better judgment dictate, but the general consciousness is interpreted for him and he is expected to obey the popular mandate.
Optimization of dry cask loadings for used nuclear fuel management strategies

Abstract To address the evolving needs of dry storage, this research developed a new methodology to identify loading configurations that minimize the number of casks, their heat load, and the time at which they meet transportation requirements. The dry cask loading problem was formulated as an adaptable problem, accommodating site and cask limits in broadly-defined constraints. A new method was developed to address its complexities, embedding greedy randomized adaptive search procedures (GRASP) in a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm. It was named the GRASP-enabled adaptive multiobjective memetic algorithm with partial clustering (GAMMA-PC). GAMMA-PC was demonstrated through integration with the unified database from the Used Fuel Systems group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to optimize simulated loading configurations for Vermont Yankee. Its performance was evaluated through comparisons to test solutions representing the oldest and coldest loading strategy. GAMMA-PC produced diverse solutions that dominated the testing set. The improvement was concentrated in the average heat load, and the third objective function was shown to be sensitive to individual assembly characteristics. This research contributes one of the first in-depth studies of the dry cask loading problem. It expands the current treatment of assembly selection over longer timeframes and meets user-defined requirements. Future work should focus on refining the objective functions. With its adaptable structure, GAMMA-PC is a promising new method for this task.
Distinctions in heterotrophic and autotrophic-based metabolism as recorded in the hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of normal alkanes

The hydrogen isotope values of n-alkanes (δ2Hn-alkane) reflect a plant's water source and water relations, while the carbon isotope values (δ13Cn-alkane) relate to a plant's carbon metabolism and response to environmental conditions. However, the isotopic dynamics of the transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic metabolism during foliar development on δ2Hn-alkane and δ13Cn-alkane remain unclear. Here, we monitored δ2Hn-alkane and δ13Cn-alkane across a growing season from Betula occidentalis, Populus angustifolia, and Acer negundo. In addition, we compiled δ2H values of atmospheric vapor, leaf water, xylem water, and stream water as well as δ13C values of bulk leaf tissue (δ13Cbulk). We found δ2Hn-alkane and δ13Cn-alkane varied with leaf development and indicated that the majority of wax development occurred during the initial growing season. The patterns in δ2Hn-alkane were broadly consistent between species and with previous studies; however, each species had a unique final δ2Hn-alkane value. The δ13Cbulk for all species demonstrated a characteristic 13C-enrichment during the initial growing season, followed by 13C-depletion, while δ13Cn-alkane did not exhibit a consistent trend between the species. These δ13C data suggested a decoupling of the isotopic inputs between n-alkanes and photosynthetic leaf tissue. When coupled with δ2Hn-alkane, these data suggested that the precursor compounds utilized in initial production of n-alkanes might be variable and possibly indicated that the stored precursors used for initial leaf tissue and wax production originated from different sources. Nonetheless, these data indicated that the isotopic signatures of n-alkanes relate to a mixture of precursors, but only during a distinct period of leaf ontogeny.
Demonstration of Signature-Based Safeguards for Pyroprocessing as Applied to Electrorefining and the Ingot Casting Process

Signature-based safeguards (SBS) is currently being investigated to assist traditional nuclear material accountancy in tracking special nuclear material (SNM) within a fuel cycle facility. SBS involves the identification and detection of signatures from process monitoring data for off-normal operation scenarios that involve the loss or improper movement of SNM. To determine possible realistic signatures, the electrorefiner (ER) process is modeled using the code Enhanced REFIN with Anodic Deposition (ERAD), and the JCC-31 Neutron Coincidence Counter, a nondestructive assay detector, is simulated using MCNPx-POLIMI. The ERAD model is used to determine the elemental composition of the ER cathode deposit, while the MCNPx model is developed to determine the single and double count rates expected for this deposition using ft8 tallies. For the determination of signatures, changes were made in the ER model for current density and diffusion layer thickness. The signatures in terms of both modeled ER and detector o...
Non-narcotic Anesthetic Options for the Patient in Recovery from Substance Abuse

While there is extensive literature regarding anesthesia for the actively addicted patient, there remains very little to guide the perioperative management of the patient in recovery. Developing a better understanding of the unique needs of the patient presenting for surgery who is in recovery from chemical dependency is essential for those involved in the perioperative care of such patients. Some of the issues that arise in this population are similar to those that confound the management of the chronic pain patient, such as tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and withdrawal. In addition, many patients in recovery are maintained on methadone and buprenorphine, which can further complicate their perioperative management. This chapter will discuss pain management strategies involving alternatives to opiates, recommendations for safe use of opiates and other “triggering” agents, and relapse prevention. For the purpose of this discussion, the term “addict” will include persons addicted to alcohol.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in well-differentiated (WD) small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumor (SI-NET) patients (Pts) with mesenteric tumor deposits (MTDs).

194Background: Although WD SI-NETs are typically biologically indolent, they tend to metastasize. PC is a dreaded regional metastatic complication in pts with SI-NETs and contributes to significant...
Single-neuron perturbations reveal feature-specific competition in V1.

The computations performed by local neural populations, such as a cortical layer, are typically inferred from anatomical connectivity and observations of neural activity. Here we describe a method—influence mapping—that uses single-neuron perturbations to directly measure how cortical neurons reshape sensory representations. In layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1), we use two-photon optogenetics to trigger action potentials in a targeted neuron and calcium imaging to measure the effect on spiking in neighbouring neurons in awake mice viewing visual stimuli. Excitatory neurons on average suppressed other neurons and had a centre–surround influence profile over anatomical space. A neuron’s influence on its neighbour depended on their similarity in activity. Notably, neurons suppressed activity in similarly tuned neurons more than in dissimilarly tuned neurons. In addition, photostimulation reduced the population response, specifically to the targeted neuron’s preferred stimulus, by around 2%. Therefore, V1 layer 2/3 performed feature competition, in which a like-suppresses-like motif reduces redundancy in population activity and may assist with inference of the features that underlie sensory input. We anticipate that influence mapping can be extended to investigate computations in other neural populations. A combination of optogenetics and calcium imaging at the single-neuron level provides evidence for feature-specific competition among neurons in primary visual cortex.
Rapid method towards proteomic analysis of dried blood spots by MALDI mass spectrometry.

Abstract Neonatal dried blood spots (DBS) are routinely utilized in the clinical setting as a diagnostic tool for various genetic disorders and infectious diseases. DBS allow for minimally invasive, small volume blood collection and are stored at room temperature. Neonatal whole blood and serum samples can be important in determining genetic risk factors and predicting infantile disease; however, at the present time, limited methods exist for rapidly analyzing DBS samples for their proteomic profile, years after samples have been collected. A novel method is presented for the extraction and analysis of target proteins and peptides from neonatal DBS using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Extraction parameters were optimized to achieve ideal signal intensity and resolution to obtain protein identifications. Samples were extracted from filter paper with 0.1% TFA in H2O for 72 h. The extract was subjected to enzymatic digestion, spotted on an ITO-coated glass slide, and washed in order to remove salts. Analysis of extracted blood spots from ten newborns was completed. Similarities and differences in the proteomic profile of the washed extracts are presented, herein, to verify the viability of this method for analysis of dated DBS samples. This method allows for analysis of DBS samples years after collection and can be utilized to correlate diseases or disorders manifesting later in life with potential risk factors presenting in the proteomic profile of the DBS collected at time of birth.
Derivation of enteric neuron lineages from human pluripotent stem cells.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) represents a vast network of neuronal and glial cell types that develops entirely from migratory neural crest (NC) progenitor cells. Considerable improvements in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NC induction and regional specification have recently led to the development of a robust method to re-create the process in vitro using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Directing the fate of hPSCs toward the enteric NC (ENC) results in an accessible and scalable in vitro model of ENS development. The application of hPSC-derived enteric neural lineages provides a powerful platform for ENS-related disease modeling and drug discovery. Here we present a detailed protocol for the induction of a regionally specific NC intermediate that occurs over the course of a 15-d interval and is an effective source for the in vitro derivation of functional enteric neurons (ENs) from hPSCs. Additionally, we introduce a new and improved protocol that we have developed to optimize the protocol for future applications in regenerative medicine, in which components of undefined activity have been replaced with fully defined culture conditions. This protocol provides access to a broad range of human ENS lineages within a 30-d period. Human pluripotent stem cells are differentiated first into enteric neural crest cells and then into functional enteric neurons using a defined culture system.
Design and Performance of Mixes for Use as Ultrathin Overlay

AbstractFriction loss is one of the most critical issues faced by agencies responsible for maintaining and preserving pavement structures. Various methods are used for surface treatments, including...
Tabular Solution of Open Channel Flow Equations

Presentation and explanation of table by which cubic equations which arise in open channel flow problems may be solved without tiresome trial and error method usually necessary; use is limited to rectangular channels.
Initiation and Assessment of Timekeeping Roles During In-Hospital Cardiac Arrests to Track Rhythm Checks and Epinephrine Dosing

Objectives Compliance to advanced cardiac life support algorithm is low and associated with worse outcomes from in-hospital cardiac arrests. This study aims to improve algorithm compliance by delegation of two separate code team members for timing rhythm check and epinephrine administration in accordance to the advanced cardiac life support algorithm. Design Prospective intervention with historical controls. Setting Single academic medical center. Patients Patients who suffered in-hospital cardiac arrest during study period were considered for inclusion. Patients in which the advanced cardiac life support algorithm or new timekeeper roles were not used were excluded. Interventions Two existing code team members were delegated to time epinephrine and rhythm checks. Measurements and Main Results Primary endpoint was deviations from the 2-minute rhythm check or 3- to 5-minute epinephrine administration. Each deviation outside allotted time intervals was counted as one deviation. However, instances in which multiple intervals passed were counted as multiple deviations. Algorithm adherence was analyzed before and after intervention. Secondary endpoints included return of spontaneous circulation rate, time until first dose of epinephrine, and anonymous survey data. Thirteen pre intervention in-hospital cardiac arrests were compared with 13 in-hospital cardiac arrests post. Prior to intervention, the median deviation per in-hospital cardiac arrest was 5 (interquartile range, 3-7) versus 1 post (interquartile range 0-1; p = 0.0003). The median time until first dose of epinephrine was administered pre intervention was 5 minutes (interquartile range, 0-4) versus post intervention median of 0 (interquartile range, 0-0; p = 0.02). Pre-intervention return of spontaneous circulation rate was 46.1% versus 69.2% post. Surveys demonstrated advanced cardiac life support providers felt time keeping roles made it easier to track epinephrine administration and rhythm checks and improved team communication. Conclusions Two separate timekeeper roles during in-hospital cardiac arrests improved algorithm compliance, code team function, and was favored by code team members. Timekeeper roles may be associated with improved rates of return of spontaneous circulation and less time until the first dose of epinephrine was administered. This study is limited by small sample size and single-center design.
Driving under the influence of Alcohol: Findings from the NSDUH, 2002-2017.

Abstract Purpose Based on a nationally representative adult sample, the present study examined the prevalence and trends of driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol in the United States from 2002 to 2017. Methods Using data from the 2002–2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the prevalence of DUI of alcohol in 2012–2017 were estimated to test for changes in trend and to identify populations at elevated risks of alcohol-involved driving. Results Since 2002, the prevalence of DUI of alcohol has gradually decreased from a high of 15.1% in 2002–2004 to 11.8% in 2012–2014 and 8.5% in 2016–2017, indicating percent decreases by 21.6% and 43.7%, respectively. While decreasing trends were observed across all major sociodemographic and criminal justice subgroups (except older adults), men, young adults, Whites, and those with higher household income continued to be associated with greater risks of alcohol-involved driving. Nevertheless, DUI arrests continued to increase among women, narrowing the gender gap. Discussion Despite the decreased alcohol-involved driving over the past decade, there remains worrisome levels among young adult males. This underscores the need for alcohol policies and public awareness campaigns targeting young adult males. Moreover, further research is needed to elucidate the potential differences in the populations who reported driving under any influence of alcohol and who were involved in fatal crashes.
Nutrient Status of San Francisco Bay and Its Management Implications

Nutrient enrichment has degraded many of the world’s estuaries by amplifying algal production, leading to hypoxia/anoxia, loss of vascular plants and fish/shellfish habitat, and expansion of harmful blooms (HABs). Policies to protect coastal waters from the effects of nutrient enrichment require information to determine if a water body is impaired by nutrients and if regulatory actions are required. We compiled information to inform these decisions for San Francisco Bay (SFB), an urban estuary where the best path toward nutrient management is not yet clear. Our results show that SFB has high nutrient loadings, primarily from municipal wastewater; there is potential for high algal production, but that production is not fully realized; and SFB is not impaired by hypoxia or recurrent HABs. However, our assessment includes reasons for concern: nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations higher than those in other estuaries impaired by nutrient pollution, chronic presences of multiple algal toxins, a recent increase of primary production, and projected future hydroclimatic conditions that could increase the magnitude and frequency of algal blooms. Policymakers thus face the challenge of determining the appropriate protective policy for SFB. We identify three crucial next steps for meeting this challenge: (1) new research to determine if algal toxins can be reduced through nutrient management, (2) establish management goals as numeric targets, and (3) determine the magnitude of nutrient load reduction required to meet those targets. Our case study illustrates how scientific information can be acquired and communicated to inform policymakers about the status of nutrient pollution, its risks, and strategies for minimizing those risks.
Vote blocs and clientelism

This article is part of a Book Forum review of Shandana Khan Mohmand’s book Crafty Oligarchs, Savvy Voters (2019). The Book Forum consists of individual commentaries on this text by three intereste...
Rotator cuff tear degeneration and the role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors

The high prevalence of rotator cuff tears poses challenges to individual patients and the healthcare system at large. This orthopedic injury is complicated further by high rates of retear after surgical repair. Outcomes following repair are highly dependent upon the quality of the injured rotator cuff muscles, and it is, therefore, crucial that the pathophysiology of rotator cuff degeneration continues to be explored. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors, a major population of resident muscle stem cells, have emerged as the main source of intramuscular fibrosis and fatty infiltration, both of which are key features of rotator cuff muscle degeneration. Improvements to rotator cuff repair outcomes will likely require addressing the muscle pathology produced by these cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the current rotator cuff degeneration assessment tools, the effects of poor muscle quality on patient outcomes, the role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors in mediating muscle pathology, and how these cells could be leveraged for potential therapeutics to augment current rotator cuff surgical and rehabilitative strategies.
The Short-Range Movement of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Rate of Spread of Feeding Injury Among Strawberry Plants.

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood infest strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, Rosaceae) fields from nearby crop fields and surrounding vegetation and cause injury to plants by feeding on young leaf tissues. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the short-range movement of S. dorsalis to assess the risk of an early S. dorsalis population to spread to adjacent plants. In a greenhouse, 25 potted strawberry plants were arranged in two concentric rows around a central plant, where plants in inner rows were 20 cm, and those in the outer rows were 40 cm from the central plant. In the field, 20 strawberry plants were arranged in two beds (90 cm apart), ten in each bed, and five plants in each row, with plants 30 cm apart. White sticky cards were placed at 60–120 cm from the central plant. Fifty S. dorsalis adults were released on a centrally located plant, and the numbers of S. dorsalis adults and larvae and feeding injury were recorded for 9–17 d on adjacent plants and sticky cards. Results showed that significantly more S. dorsalis adults and larvae remained on the initially infested plant compared to adjacent plants, although few adults were found up to 120 cm on sticky cards.The rate of spread of feeding injury was low with slight bronzing injury (<10% injury) on adjacent plants by 14–17 d. Since most S. dorsalis remained on initially infested plants for at least 2 wk, it is feasible to delay management actions and ‘rescue’ plants around a plant with minor injury symptoms.
The Democratic and Republican Governors Associations and the Nationalization of American Party Politics, 1961–1968

This article examines the origins and early activities of the Democratic and Republican Governors Associations (DGA and RGA, respectively) from the RGA's initial founding in 1961 through the 1968 national nominating conventions. I argue that the formations of these organizations were key moments in the transition from a decentralized to a more integrated and nationally programmatic party system. The DGA and RGA represent gubernatorial concern for and engagement in the development of national party programs and the national party organizations. Governors formed these groups because of the increasing importance of national government programs on the affairs of state governments and the recognition on the part of governors that national partisan politics was having critical effects on electoral outcomes at the state level, through the reputations of the national parties. To varying extents, the governors used these organizations to promote the national parties and contributed to national party-building efforts and the development of national party brands.
Cortical responses to vagus nerve stimulation are modulated by ongoing oscillatory activity associated with different brain states in non-human primates

Abstract Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is tested as therapy for several brain disorders and as a means to modulate brain plasticity. Cortical effects of VNS, manifesting as vagal-evoked potentials (VEPs), are thought to arise from activation of ascending cholinergic and noradrenergic systems. However, it is unknown whether those effects are dependent on oscillatory brain activity underling different brain states. In 2 freely behaving macaque monkeys, we delivered trains of left cervical VNS, at different pulsing frequencies (5-300 Hz), while recording local field potentials (LFP) from sites in contralateral prefrontal, sensorimotor and parietal cortical areas, continuously over 11-16 hours. Different brain states were inferred from oscillatory components of LFPs and the presence of overt movement: active awake, resting awake, REM sleep and NREM sleep. VNS elicited VEPs comprising early ( 250 ms) components in all sampled cortical areas. The magnitude of only the intermediate and late components was modulated by brain state and pulsing frequency. These findings have implications for the role of ongoing brain activity in shaping cortical responses to peripheral stimuli, for the modulation of vagal interoceptive signaling by cortical states, and for the calibration of VNS therapies.
Interconnections between the oral and gut microbiomes: Reversal of microbial dysbiosis and the balance between systemic health and disease

The human microbiota represents a complex array of microbial species that influence the balance between the health and pathology of their surrounding environment. These microorganisms impart important biological benefits to their host, such as immune regulation and resistance to pathogen colonization. Dysbiosis of microbial communities in the gut and mouth precede many oral and systemic diseases such as cancer, autoimmune-related conditions, and inflammatory states, and can involve the breakdown of innate barriers, immune dysregulation, pro-inflammatory signaling, and molecular mimicry. Emerging evidence suggests that periodontitis-associated pathogens can translocate to distant sites to elicit severe local and systemic pathologies, which necessitates research into future therapies. Fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics represent current modes of treatment to reverse microbial dysbiosis through the introduction of health-related bacterial species and substrates. Furthermore, the emerging field of precision medicine has been shown to be an effective method in modulating host immune response through targeting molecular biomarkers and inflammatory mediators. Although connections between the human microbiome, immune system, and systemic disease are becoming more apparent, the complex interplay and future innovations in treatment modalities will become elucidated through continued research and cross-disciplinary collaboration.
Genetics of Mitral Valve Disease

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common disorder, with a prevalence of 2–3% in the general population. It is the most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation requiring surgery, making the underlying etiology of this condition of significant interest. As a familial pattern is observed in up to half of cases, much work has sought to determine the underlying heritable components that may contribute to this condition. In this chapter, we focus on the genetics of mitral valve prolapse, providing a broad outline of the loci known to be associated with syndromic and non-syndromic forms of MVP, a historical perspective of how some of these loci came to be identified, and a discussion of how these findings have led to novel frameworks for our understanding of at least subsets of patients with this condition. Elucidating the genetic underpinnings of MVP will further our understanding of the biological basis of this disease, and may allow earlier detection of asymptomatic individuals and prediction of disease progression.
Local Institutions, Poverty and Household Welfare in Bolivia

The authors empirically estimate the impact of social capital on household welfare in Bolivia--where they found 67 different types of local associations. They focus on household memberships in local associations as being especially relevant to daily decisions that affect household welfare and consumption. On average, households belong to 1.4 groups and associations: 62 percent belong to agrarian syndicates, 16 percent to production groups, 13 percent to social service groups, and 10 percent to education and health groups. Smaller numbers belong to religious and government groups. Agrarian syndicates, created by government decree in 1952, are now viewed mainly as community-initiated institutions to manage conmunal resources. They have been registered as legal entities to work closely with municipalities to represent the interests and priorities of local people in municipal decisionmaking. The effects of social capital operate through (at least) three mechanisms: sharing of information among association members; the reduction of opportunistic behavior; and better collective decisionmaking. The effect of social capital on household welfare was found to be 2.5 times that of human capital. Increasing the average educational endowment of each adult in the household by one year (about a 2.5-percent increase) would increase per capita household spending 4.2 percent; a similar increase in the social capital endowment would increase spending 9 to 10.5 percent. They measured social capital along six dimensions: density of memberships, internal heterogeneity of associations (by gender, age, education, religion, etc.), meeting attendance, active participation in decisionmaking, payment of dues (in cash and in kind), and community orientation. The strongest effect came from number of memberships. Active membership in an agrarian syndicate is associated with an average 11.5 percent increase in household spending. Membership in another local association is associated with a 5.3-percent higher spending level. Empirical results partly confirm the hypothesis that social capital provides long-term benefits such as better access to credit and a higher level of trust in the community as a source of assistance in case of need.
Effects of Surface Ozone and Climate on Historical (1980–2015) Crop Yields in the United States: Implication for Mid-21st Century Projection

Surface level ozone pollution imposes significant crop yield damages. However, the quantification has mainly involved chamber experiments, which may not be representative of results in farm fields. Additionally, the relative impacts of ozone under future climate change and their possible interactions remain poorly understood. Here we attempt to empirically fill this gap using historical county-level crop yield, ozone, and climate data in the United States. We explore ozone impacts on corn, soybeans, spring wheat, winter wheat, barley, cotton, peanuts, rice, sorghum, and sunflowers. We also incorporate a variety of climatic variables to investigate potential ozone-climate interactions. The results shed light on future yield consequences of ozone and climate change individually and jointly under a projected climate scenario. Our findings indicate significant negative impacts of ozone exposure for eight of the ten crops we examined, excepting barley and winter wheat. Meanwhile, corn exhibits to be more sensitive to ozone than soybeans. These results differ from those found under chamber experiments. We also find rising temperatures tend to worsen ozone damages while water supplies mitigate that. We find that the average annual historical damages from ozone reached $6.03 billion (in 2015 U.S. dollar) from 1980 to 2015. Finally, our results suggest that the damages caused by climate change-induced ozone elevation are much smaller than the damages caused by the direct effects of climate change itself.