cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oceanographic analysis of orbital photographs of the upper gulf of California

Abstract Examination of forty-one black and white and color photographs of the upper portion of the Gulf of California obtained during the Gemini and Apollo space missions revealed that hyperaltitude photography of the sea surface can be applied effectively to oceanographic research. Study of the photographic transparencies was made by means of a binocular microscope equipped with a “zoom” lens which provided X 30 magnification. A light source placed beneath the microscope stage and directed upwards was used to acquire optimum views. Using this technique a surprising variety of oceanographic phenomena and processes were recognized and delineated which permitted the preparation of a map depicting oceanographic features of the northern Gulf. Among the more important findings of the investigation are: 1. (1) the circulation system of the Gulf is controlled by its elongate north-south configuration, and bends in the Sonoran shoreline produce a series of turbulent eddies 3–5 km in diameter; 2. (2) well-formed, counter-clockwise moving turbulent eddies extend along the Baja coast from the Colorado estuary to Isla de la Guarda, and a major eddy, tens of kilometres in diameter and flowing counter-clockwise, is centered in the vicinity of 30° 45'N latitude; 3. (3) turbidity can be observed in Gulf waters and extends further south and is of greater magnitude on the west side of the Gulf than on the east; 4. (4) plankton blooms are visible in waters south of Guaymas and a scum line attributed to biological activity was noted south of Tiburon Island; 5. (5) cloud lines are evident on the orbital photographs and may be used to delineate both the extent of sea breeze systems as well as the demarcation of water masses of different temperatures; 6. (6) sea-surface state may be determined from the photographs by means of tone and texture changes which are responses to areas of rough and calm water; 7. (7) slicks are present on the imagery of the Gulf and they may be utilized to determine wind direction and to acquire some concept of the magnitude of the wind; 8. (8) shallow-water bed forms of the near-shore area and especially the intertidal zone can be identified on the photography; and 9. (9) probable standing waves near Isla Tiburon were recognized which are attributed to either the effects of local current circulation or strong north-south movement of water in the Gulf of California.
Cassation of Criminal Cases from Moscow Province Courts and Tribunals, 1921–1928

Although students of the Soviet period have long been fascinated with criminality, few works have studied courts and common criminals on the basis of trial records, especially during the nep. Aside from scholarly treatments of show trials, the reasoning behind judicial decisions and criminal pleas has been left to the imagination of Sovietologists. This gap is addressed by examining case files involving the primary form of appeal available to Soviet convicts: cassation. After detailing the evolution of Soviet cassation from its origins in the French Revolution and contextualizing its place in the Soviet justice system, this article embarks on a close reading of convicts’ pleas, prosecutors’ reports, and judges’ written decisions in cassational cases. Cassational appeals are examined to determine how different seats of power within the judiciary sparred over verdicts. Judicial decisions of cassational cases are cross-referenced with legal codes and legislation to determine how Soviet judges applied the law, particularly when considering the social backgrounds of appellants. From the outlook of criminals themselves, the wording of their appeals is analyzed to determine how they understood the law, Soviet society, and what they thought they needed to say to gain redemption. Ultimately, this paper explores how individuals brought before courts understood Soviet power and justice through the lens of criminal appeals during the infancy of the Soviet Union.
Pigment epithelium-derived factor expression prolongs survival and enhances the cytotoxicity of low-dose chemotherapy in castration-refractory prostate cancer

There is currently no cure for advanced castration-refractory prostate cancer (CRPC) despite the recent approval of several new therapeutic agents. We report here the anti-tumor effect of the angio-inhibitory pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in the metastatic LNCaP-derivative CRPC CL1 model and explore PEDF anti-neoplasic efficacy in combination with low-dose chemotherapy. Androgen-sensitive LNCaP and CRPC PC3 cell lines were examined as comparison. Using a retroviral expression system, we showed that PEDF limited the proliferation of all prostatic cell lines tested; an effect attributed to interleukin 8 (IL8)-CXCR1/IL8RA inhibition. PEDF also reduced the number and size of 3D tumor spheroids in vitro, but only induced cell differentiation in CRPC spheroids. Similarly, PEDF inhibited the migration of CRPC cells suggesting both anti-proliferative and anti-migratory functions. In vivo, PEDF decreased by 85% and 65% the growth of subcutaneous (s.c.) PC3 and CL1 tumors, respectively. In the CL1 orthotopic model, tumor intake with lethal metastases was found in all animals; nevertheless, PEDF prolonged the median survival of tumor-bearing mice (95% confidence interval: 53±0.001 to 57±1 days). Accordingly, PEDF delayed the emergence of skeletal-related event in intra-tibial xenografts. Next, we evaluated low-dose docetaxel (DTX; 5, 1, 0.5 mg/kg) or cyclophosphamide (CTX; 10–20 mg/kg) on established s.c. PC3 tumors that conditionally express PEDF anti-tumoral epitope/NT3. Although NT3–DTX-5 mg/kg combination was inefficient, NT3–DTX-1 mg/kg and -0.5 mg/kg inhibited by 95% and 87.8%, respectively, tumor growth compared with control and induced tumor stasis. Both NT3–CTX combinations were advantageous. Inversely, PEDF–DTX-5 mg/kg and PEDF–CTX-10 mg/kg delayed the most CL1 tumor growth (15, 11 and 5 days for PEDF–DTX-5 mg/kg, PEDF–CTX-10 mg/kg and single treatments, respectively) with elevated apoptosis and serum thrombospondin-1 as possible mechanism and marker, respectively. As well, both PEDF–CTX-10 mg/kg and PEDF–DTX-5 mg/kg prolonged significantly the survival of tumor-bearing mice compared with single treatments. Metastases were reduced in PEDF–DTX-5 mg/kg compared with other treatments, suggesting that PEDF–DTX delayed metastases formation. Our results advocate that PEDF/low-dose chemotherapy may represent a new therapeutic alternative for CRPC.
Compact Similarity Joins

Similarity joins have attracted significant interest, with applications in geographical information systems, astronomy, marketing analyzes, and anomaly detection. However, all the past algorithms, although highly fine-tuned, suffer an output explosion if the query range is even moderately large relative to the local data density. Under such circumstances, the response time and the search effort are both almost quadratic in the database size, which is often prohibitive. We solve this problem by providing two algorithms that find a compact representation of the similarity join result, while retaining all the information in the standard join. Our algorithms have the following characteristics: (a) they are at least as fast as the standard similarity join algorithm, and typically much faster, (b) they generate significantly smaller output, (c) they provably lose no information, (d) they scale well to large data sets, and (e) they can be applied to any of the standard tree data structures. Experiments on real and realistic point-sets show that our algorithms are up to several orders of magnitude faster.
Stress-induced frequency shifts of degenerate thickness-shear modes in rotated Y-cut quartz resonators

We study stress-induced frequency shifts in a rotated Y-cut quartz resonator (θ = 23.7°) with degenerate fundamental thickness-shear modes when the biasing stress is not present. Using the recently derived perturbation procedure for degenerate frequencies in crystal resonators, we show that when a planar stress system is applied, the degenerate frequency splits into two. This phenomenon is expected to be typical for degenerate frequencies in crystal resonators and may be responsible in part for the jump discontinuities in frequency temperature curves and other frequency jump phenomena.
Framing Wicked Problems For Enterprise-Spanning Innovation

Organizations engaged in enterprise systems change must increasingly cope with the liminality between the IT systems change and the organizational and process changes required to effect change that will meet the needs of diverse stakeholder groups. This can be achieved in two ways: by employing boundary spanners to manage adaptation to new systems, or by employing a change approach that integrates the co-design of business processes and IT systems. The latter approach is highly risky, as it involves distributed cognition. It is extremely difficult to ensure that members of a change management group are on the same page, as each individual sees the page differently. We have little understanding of how to achieve a shared understanding of change outcomes. This paper presents a longitudinal, grounded theory study that proposes how enterprise and boundary-spanning co-design works in practice. It presents a theoretical model to inform future change initiatives.
395 HUMAN FETAL AND NEONATAL INSULIN RESPONSE TO MATERNAL HYPERGLYCEMIA AT CESAREAN SECTION (C/S)

The neonatal insulin response to glucose pertubation may be blunted in the normal infant due to a stable glucose milieu in utero. We hypothesized that fetal hyperinsulinemia might be a major factor in subsequent glucose control. We evaluated fetal hyperglycemia following induced maternal hyperglycemia at C/S. Subjects included 16 non-diabetic mothers who had a repeat elective C/S under spinal anesthesia at 39.9±0.2 wks (M±SEM). All received a bolus (757±42ml) of Ringers Lactate (RL) (n=7) or RL 5% Dextrose (n=9) for 20.6±0.8 min. prior to delivery to prevent hypotension. Blood was sampled prior to infusion (MAT I) and at delivery (MAT II) and from infants via the umbilical vein (UV)and artery (UA) and for 4 hours after birth All mothers and infants receiving glucose had marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia at delivery. Neonatal hyperinsulinemia subsided rapidly as plasma glucose concentration fell. No infant developed hypoglycemia after 30 min., probably related to counter-regulatory mechanisms in the newborn. We conclude that the normal term infant can respond to an exogenous glucose load with immediate elevation of plasma insulin concentration.
Automated Detection Of Microburst Windshear For Terminal Doppler Weather Radar

An image analysis method is presented for use in detecting strong windshear events, called microbursts, in Doppler weather radar images. This technique has been developed for use in a completely automated surveil-lance system being procured by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the protection of airport terminal areas. The detection system must distill the rapidly evolving radar imagery into brief textual warning messages in real time, with high reliability.
Generalized Gaussian quadrature rules on arbitrary polygons

In this paper, we present a numerical algorithm based on group theory and numerical optimization to compute efficient quadrature rules for integration of bivariate polynomials over arbitrary polygons. These quadratures have desirable properties such as positivity of weights and interiority of nodes and can readily be used as software libraries where numerical integration within planar polygons is required. We have used this algorithm for the construction of symmetric and non-symmetric quadrature rules over convex and concave polygons. While in the case of symmetric quadratures our results are comparable to available rules, the proposed algorithm has the advantage of being flexible enough so that it can be applied to arbitrary planar regions for the integration of generalized classes of functions. To demonstrate the efficiency of the new quadrature rules, we have tested them for the integration of rational polygonal shape functions over a regular hexagon. For a relative error of 10−8 in the computation of stiffness matrix entries, one needs at least 198 evaluation points when the region is partitioned, whereas 85 points suffice with our quadrature rule. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Rift Valley fever in rhesus macaques

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa and has the potential to cause epidemic disease in receptive areas world-wide. In this study, a RVF viral isolate from the 1977 Egyptian epidemic (ZH-501) inoculated intravenously into rhesus macaques caused a benign viremic infection in most, but resulted in the hemorrhagic fever syndrome in 20 per cent (3 of 15). Serious disease of this type has not previously been observed in nonhuman primates inoculated with RVF virus and may be a consequence of the viral strain used or the route of inoculation. Severe disease was accompanied by extensive liver necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. We also attempted to prevent RVF by passive transfer of serum from vaccinated rhesus monkeys (plaque-reduction neutralization test titer 1:2,560). As little as 0.025 ml/kg prevented the development of viremia in naive rhesus monkeys after subcutaneous inoculation of virus. The monkey model should be helpful in understanding the pathogenesis and prevention of human RVF.
Selection and Adaptation in the Human Genome

An enduring goal of evolutionary biology is to understand how natural selection has shaped patterns of polymorphism and divergence within and between species and to map the genetic basis of adaptations. The rapid maturation of next-generation sequencing technology has generated a deluge of genomics data from nonhuman primates, extinct hominins, and diverse human populations. These emerging genome data sets have simultaneously broadened our understanding of human evolution and sharply defined existing gaps in knowledge about the mechanistic basis of evolutionary change. In this review, we summarize recent insights into how natural selection has influenced the human genome across different timescales. Although the path to a more comprehensive understanding of selection and adaptation in humans remains arduous, some general insights are beginning to emerge, such as the importance of adaptive regulatory evolution, the absence of pervasive classic selective sweeps, and the potential roles that selection from s...
An Atomic‐Level Strategy for Unraveling Gold Nanocatalysis from the Perspective of Aun(SR)m Nanoclusters

An atomic-level strategy is devised to gain insight into the origin of nanogold catalysis by using atomically monodisperse Au(n)(SR)(m) nanoclusters as well-defined catalysts for styrene oxidation. The Au(n)(SR)(m) nanoclusters are emerging as a new class of gold nanocatalyst to overcome the polydispersity of conventional nanoparticle catalysts. The unique atom-packing structure and electronic properties of Au(n)(SR)(m) nanoclusters (<2 nm) are rationalized to be responsible for their extraordinary catalytic activity observed in styrene oxidation. An interesting finding is that quantum size effects of Au(n)(SR)(m) nanoclusters, rather than the higher specific surface area, play a major role in gold-catalyzed selective oxidation of styrene. For example, Au(25)(SR)(18) nanoclusters (≈1 nm) are found to be particularly efficient in activating O(2), which is a key step in styrene oxidation, and hence, the ultrasmall Au(25) catalyst exhibits higher activity than do larger sizes. This atomic-level strategy has allowed us to obtain an important insight into some fundamental aspects of nanogold catalysis in styrene oxidation. The ultrasmall yet robust Au(n)(SR)(m) nanoclusters are particularly promising for studying the mechanistic aspects of nanogold catalysis and for future design of better catalysts with high activity and selectivity for certain chemical processes.
Damped vibration of a string

The bounded solution of the unsteady Stokes equations is obtained for the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid about a circular cylinder which undergoes a linear translation starting from rest. A drag formula which consists of the known added-mass term and an additional term arising from the presence of viscosity is obtained. The drag obtained is applied locally in a study of damped vibration of a string. It is shown that the usual theory based on the quasi-steady drag formula overestimates considerably the period and the decay rate of damped vibration of a string in a viscous fluid.
EFFECT OF DRIVER'S AGE ON NIGHTTIME LEGIBILITY OF HIGHWAY SIGNS

A field investigation of the effect of driver's age on nighttime legibility of highway signs was performed. Subjects of two age groups (under 25 and over 61 years of age) participated. The results indicate that legibility distances for the older subjects were 65 to 77% of those for the younger subjects with equal high-luminance visual acuity. This finding implies that older drivers are likely to have less distance (and thus less time) in which to act on the information transmitted by highway signs. Consequently, it is argued that (1) legibility standards for highway signs should not be based exclusively on data obtained from young observers and (2) standard (high-luminance) acuity tests have questionable relevance to nighttime visual performance.
A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data

Passerine birds comprise over half of avian diversity, but have proved difficult to classify. Despite a long history of work on this group, no comprehensive hypothesis of passerine family–level relationships was available until recent analyses of DNA–DNA hybridization data. Unfortunately, given the value of such a hypothesis in comparative studies of passerine ecology and behaviour, the DNA–hybridization results have not been well tested using independent data and analytical approaches. Therefore, we analysed nucleotide sequence variation at the nuclear RAG–1 and c– mos genes from 69 passerine taxa, including representatives of most currently recognized families. In contradiction to previous DNA–hybridization studies, our analyses suggest paraphyly of suboscine passerines because the suboscine New Zealand wren Acanthisitta was found to be sister to all other passerines. Additionally, we reconstructed the parvorder Corvida as a basal paraphyletic grade within the oscine passerines. Finally, we found strong evidence that several family–level taxa are misplaced in the hybridization results, including the Alaudidae, Irenidae, and Melanocharitidae. The hypothesis of relationships we present here suggests that the oscine passerines arose on the Australian continental plate while it was isolated by oceanic barriers and that a major northern radiation of oscines (i.e. the parvorder Passerida) originated subsequent to dispersal from the south.
Automorphisms of models of bounded arithmetic

We establish the following model theoretic characterization of the fragment I¢0+Exp+B§1 of Peano arithmetic in terms of fixed points of automorphisms of models of bounded arithmetic (the fragment I¢0 of Peano arithmetic with induction limited to ¢0-formulae).
Huang's Response

Beamish and Delios write an eminently reasonable review. I agree that the environment for private sector has improved. Selling China describes some of these developments (pp. 202-204) and predicts that the overall role of FDI will decline, which is exacdy what happened. The FDI/domestic private investment ratio has fallen. This decline is the other side of the mirror as the rising ratio: suppressing the domestic private sector, everything else being equal, can raise this ratio; supporting it can reduce this ratio. There are no logical or empirical inconsistencies. I believe that I overstated the ideological rigidity of the Chinese state and that I was vague in specifying the ideological constraints. In the 1990s, the ideology was of an industrial policy kind, rather than Communism.
Life or death decisions in the corpus luteum.

Contents The corpus luteum (CL) is an ephemeral endocrine organ. During its lifespan, it undergoes a period of extremely rapid growth that involves hypertrophy, proliferation and differentiation of the steroidogenic cells, as well as extensive angiogenesis. The growth phase is followed by a period in which remodelling of the tissue ceases, but it engages in unparalleled production of steroids, resulting in extraordinarily high metabolic activity within the tissue. It is during this stage that a critical juncture occurs. In the non-fertile cycle, uterine release of prostaglandin (PG)F2α initiates a cascade of events that result in rapid loss of steroidogenesis and destruction of the luteal tissue. Alternatively, if a viable embryo is present, signals are produced that result in rescue of the CL. This review article summarizes the major concepts related to the fate of the CL, with particular focus on recent insights into the mechanisms associated with the ability of PGF2α to bring about complete luteolysis. It has become clear that the achievement of luteolysis depends on repeated exposure to PGF2α and involves coordinated actions of heterogeneous cell types within the CL. Together, these components of the process bring about not only the loss in progesterone production, but also the rapid demise of the structure itself.
Optimal trade-offs in distribution protection design

The number, type and location of the protective devices on a distribution feeder have a direct effect on the system reliability. In earlier work, a technique was developed to design a protective system in order to minimize the SAIFI index. This paper extends earlier results by using a goal programming approach to achieve compromises among various engineering objectives. The design goals are: (1) to minimize the SAIFI and ASIFI indices by identifying types and locations of protective devices; and (2) to achieve a reasonable trade-off between a decrease in the SAIFI index and an increase in MAIFI index by identifying where a fuse saving scheme should be applied. Numerical examples highlight the approach.
Synthetic-aperture sonar imaging with a multiple-element receiver array

The application of synthetic aperture techniques in sonar imaging of the ocean floor has been limited by sonar platform instability. The authors present a robust algorithm for motion estimation and compensation to perform synthetic aperture image formation. First, the algorithm uses the acoustic returns from a receiver array to form a complex-valued physical-aperture image for each transmit burst. Perturbations of the sonar platform velocity or attitude manifest themselves as registration errors and phase errors between successive images. The registration errors are estimated by cross-correlation-based techniques, and the images are aligned spatially. The phase errors are then removed. Finally, after phase correction, the registered images are coherently superimposed to form a high-resolution synthetic aperture sonar image. Results of experiments at sea with a prototype synthetic aperture sonar system are presented. A small point reflector on a sandy bottom at 70 m range was imaged using a 400 wavelength physical aperture and the synthetic aperture technique to compare the performance in detecting small targets near the maximum operating range of the sonar. The synthetic aperture image exhibits superior cross-range resolution and higher signal-to-noise ratio compared with the conventional techniques. >
Full-speed testing of A/D converters

Improved computer-aided analog-to-digital converter (ADC) characterization methods based on the code density test and spectral analysis using the fast Fourier transform are described. The code density test produces a histogram of the digital output codes of an ADC sampling a known input. The code density can be interpreted to compute the differential and integral nonlinearities, gain error, offset error, and internal noise. Conversion-rate and frequency-dependent behavior can also be measured.
Predictors of Workplace Accommodations for Employees With Mobility-Related Disabilities:

Our understanding of reasonable accommodations in the workplace is incomplete. Frequently, research on disability either neglects issues of accommodation or examines the receipt of any accommodation, without specifying type. However, people with disabilities need specific accommodations, not any accommodation. This article uses comprehensive models to test the predictors of four types of accommodations received by employees with mobility-related disabilities. Overall, the results show that different factors predicted receipt of different types of accommodations. Furthermore, factors that facilitate or constrain an employer's capacity to make particular accommodations were more powerful predictors than an individual's need for accommodation or socioeconomic status.
STRUCTURE OF THE INSECT HEAD AS REVEALED BY THE EN PROTEIN PATTERN IN DEVELOPING EMBRYOS

The structure of the insect head has long been a topic of enjoyable yet endless debate among entomologists. More recently geneticists and molecular biologists trying to better understand the structure of the head of the Dipteran Drosophila melanogaster have joined the discourse extrapolating from what they have learned about Drosophila to insects in general. Here we present the results of an investigation into the structure of the insect head as revealed by the distribution of engrailed related protein (Engrailed) in the insect orders Diptera, Siphonaptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera. The results of this comparative embryology in conjunction with genetic experiments on Drosophila melanogaster lead us to conclude: (1) The insect head is composed of six Engrailed accumulating segments, four postoral and two preoral. The potential seventh and eighth segments (clypeus or labrum) do not accumulate Engrailed. (2) The structure known as the dorsal ridge is not specific to the Diptera but is homologous to structures found in other insect orders. (3) A part of this structure is a single segment-like entity composed of labial and maxillary segment derivatives which produce the most anterior cuticle capable of taking a dorsal fate. The segments anterior to the maxillary segment produce only ventral structures. (4) As in Drosophila, the process of segmentation of the insect head is fundamentally different from the process of segmentation in the trunk. (5) The pattern of Engrailed accumulation and its presumed role in the specification and development of head segments appears to be highly conserved while its role in other pattern formation events and tissue-specific expression is variable. An overview of the pattern of Engrailed accumulation in developing insect embryos provides a basis for discussion of the generality of the parasegment and the evolution of Engrailed patterns.
The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary vessels.

Abstract In capillaries white blood cells tend to flow with a lower velocity than red blood cells. This is due to the larger volume of the white cells and their spherical shape as compared to that of the red cells with their biconcave disk shape, as well as to the smaller deformation of the white cell during flow in narrow blood vessels. As a result, red blood cells often accumulate upstream of a white cell in a capillary with a single file of cells, whereas downstream of the white cell a red cell depleted region is formed. When the white cell enters a postcapillary vessel with increased diameter, the following red cells will pass the slower white cell and thereby displace it away from the vessel axis toward the wall. Then interaction between the white cell and the endothelium leads to adhesion, and the white cell starts rolling along the endothelium. We have investigated the detailed flow field in these small vessels with a large-scale hydrodynamic model of a capillary and a postcapillary vessel based on geometric and kinematic similarity. The capillary is simulated by a straight or divergent rigid axisymmetric tube, and white cells are simulated by spheres, red cells by flexible disks, and plasma by a Newtonian fluid. The experiments show that, under the proper circumstances, hydrodynamic collision of a disk and a sphere in a narrow tube results in the disks passing the sphere, leading to the displacement of the sphere toward the tube wall. The model reproduces qualitatively the in vivo flow field, and the results indicate that the attachment of white blood cells in postcapillaries is augmented as a result of hydrodynamic interaction with red cells.
Activity of OPT-80, a Novel Macrocycle, Compared with Those of Eight Other Agents against Selected Anaerobic Species

Agar dilution MIC was used to compare activities of OPT-80, linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, imipenem, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 350 gram-positive and -negative anaerobes. OPT-80 was active against gram-positive strains only, especially Clostridium spp. (85 strains tested, including 21 strains of C. difficile), with MICs ranging between </=0.016 and 0.25 microg/ml.
Who Benefits From Supported Employment: A Meta-analytic Study

Aims: This meta-analysis sought to identify which subgroups of clients with severe mental illness (SMI) benefited from evidence-based supported employment. Methods: We used meta-analysis to pool the samples from 4 randomized controlled trials comparing the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model of supported employment to well-regarded vocational approaches using stepwise models and brokered services. Meta-analysis was used to determine the magnitude of effects for IPS/control group differences within specific client subgroups (defined by 2 work history, 7 sociodemographic, and 8 clinical variables) on 3 competitive employment outcomes (obtaining a job, total weeks worked, and job tenure). Results: The findings strongly favored IPS, with large effect sizes across all outcomes: 0.96 for job acquisition, 0.79 for total weeks worked, and 0.74 for job tenure. Overall, 90 (77%) of the 117 effect sizes calculated for the 39 subgroups exceeded 0.70, and all 117 favored IPS. Conclusions: IPS produces better competitive employment outcomes for persons with SMI than alternative vocational programs regardless of background demographic, clinical, and employment characteristics.
Characteristics of Ekman boundary layer instabilities

In a laboratory study, the class of instabilities of the laminar Ekman layer called type II (or class A) are found to have the spectral characteristics of narrow-band noise (Q ∼ 5). The unperturbed laminar profile resembles very closely the ideal Ekman solution. The frequency of the spectral peak varies with the Reynolds number as predicted theoretically by Lilly (1966), but the measured frequencies are only 60% of the predicted value. The critical Reynolds number for this instability is found to be 56·7, in good agreement with Lilly's analysis. The measured boundary layer profile of the magnitude of the spectral peak has the behaviour predicted by Lilly. A sudden onset of turbulence is found at a Reynolds number of 148.
The Effect of Indomethacin, 6-Hydroxydopamine, Saralasin, and Hemorrhage on Renal Hemodynamics

This report describes the response of the renal circulation to prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension and reinfusion of blood, and to the effect of a variety of drugs (saralasin, indomethacin, and 6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OH-DA). Plastic microspheres were used to measure blood flow perfusing the entire kidney and also the outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla of the kidney. Cardiac output was determined with a Doppler flow probe, and total and regional flows were calculated. Redistribution of blood flow from outer cortex to inner cortex and medulla occurred during hemorrhage and after administration of saralasin and 6-hydroxy-dopamine, while indomethacin did not alter intrarenal flow distribution. Total renal flow increased after reinfusion of blood and saralasin, but decreased after indomethacin. It did not change after 6-hydroxydopamine. The results demonstrate that changes in total and intrarenal flow occur independently and are probably due to different mechanisms.
Δ4-3-KETOPREGNENE-20α-OL AND Δ4-3-KETOPREGNENE-20β-OL, TWO NATURALLY OCCURRING METABOLITES OF PROGESTERONE. ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY AND CONCENTRATION IN HUMAN TISSUES

1. Δ4-3-Ketopregnene-20α-ol and Δ4-3-ketopiegnene-20β-ol have been isolated from human ripe follicles, corpora lutea, placentae and fat tissue. 2. Both compounds are metabolites of progesterone. 3. Both compounds have progestational activity by Hooker-Forbes and Clauberg tests and are therefore to be regarded as gestagens. 4. The relative concentrations of both compounds in the placenta in the second to the tenth month of pregnancy and in the ovary during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy have been quantitatively determined and compared to progesterone levels in these tissues. 5. Neither progesterone nor the Δ4-3-ketopregnene-20-ol fraction could be found in either uterine muscle or mucosa within the limits of the method used. 6. A compound was found in placental blood which is probably identical with Δ4-3-ketopregnene-20-ol.
The application of digital signal processing to acoustic pyrometry

This paper describes digital signal processing methods that are being applied to acoustic pyrometry. The hostile environment and high background noise encountered in the furnace volume of large utility, recovery and waste-to-energy boilers requires the application of robust signal processing methods in order to extract the flight times of acoustic waves passing through the combustion zone. Multipath acoustic methods are also used to develop isothermal maps in near "real time" for the analysis and control of the combustion process.
Measurement of VUV induced surface conduction in dielectrics using synchrotron radiation

In a plasma processing chamber, the combination of VUV (vacuum ultra-violet) flux and electric fields (either due to plasma non-uniformity or electron shading) across structures on a wafer can induce photoconduction currents in insulating dielectrics. These currents can either flow through the bulk of the dielectrics or along the surface. In this paper we report the results of our experiments on studying VUV induced surface currents. These currents, if they are large enough, would modify surface charging and hence are important to understanding, predicting and controlling plasma charging damage.
Silicon Surface-Barrier Nuclear Particle Spectrometer

Gold silicon surface-barrier counters which give good resolution at room temperature have been made. Counters from 150 ohm-cm material have given 15-kev (~1/4 per cent) resolution for Cm244 (5.801 mev) and Am241 (5.477 mev) alpha particles. A large-area 1-cm2 counter has given 0.7 per cent resolution for Po210 (5.30 mev) alpha particles. The detector has resolved alpha particle groups which previously had been unresolved with Frisch-grid pulse-ion chambers.
Accurate estimation of defect-related yield loss in reconfigurable VLSI circuits

A general methodology for accurate estimation of defect-related yield loss in reconfigurable VLSI circuits is presented. Yield for replicated cells in the reconfigurable circuitry is estimated based upon a calculation of layout sensitivity to manufacturing defects of varying sizes. The important concept addressed is the need for separate estimation of reconfigurable and nonreconfigurable components of a replicated cell's critical area (CA) for accurate yield estimation. Two examples-a 256 kb SRAM and reconfigurable 32*32 port 32 b crossbar switch-are presented to illustrate the essential characteristics of the proposed yield estimation method. >
Long-term responses in soil solution and stream-water chemistry at Hubbard Brook after experimental addition of wollastonite

Environmental context Calcium silicate was added to a forest watershed in New Hampshire, USA, to accelerate its recovery from acid rain. The acid–base status of soil and stream quality improved over the 12-year study, with the most pronounced response in the upper elevation and the upper soil of the watershed. A total of 95% of the added calcium and 87% of the added silica were retained in the watershed over the study period. Abstract In October 1999, 3450kgha–1 of wollastonite (CaSiO3) was applied to Watershed 1 at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA, with the objective of restoring calcium that had been depleted from soil-exchange sites by chronic inputs of acid deposition. After the treatment, the concentrations and fluxes of calcium and dissolved silica significantly increased in both soil solution and stream water throughout Watershed 1, as did the acid-neutralising capacity. The concentrations and fluxes of inorganic monomeric aluminium significantly decreased. The treatment improved the acid–base status and decreased the potential for aluminium toxicity in stream water, especially in the lower reaches of the watershed. Approximately 4.7% of the added calcium and 17% of the added silica from the wollastonite treatment was exported from Watershed 1 in stream water by the end of 2010. Meanwhile, ~1825mmolm–2 of the added calcium and 2125mmolm–2 of the added silica were either transported to lower mineral soil horizons – as particulate wollastonite, or as dissolved solutes (calcium 77.6mmolm–2; silica 592.2mmolm–2), thus contributing to increases in soil pools – or were taken up by vegetation and incorporated into internal calcium and silica cycles of the watershed ecosystem. This experimental wollastonite addition was an effective tool for mitigating the acidification of the ecosystem and restoring the calcium status and forest health of this base-poor watershed.
An Iron Cage or the Final Stage? Intensive Product R&D and the Evolution of the Israeli Software Industry

The Israeli software industry has been an indisputable success since the 1990s. This paper micro-analyzes the industry and compares its unique historical development pattern with those of other emerging countries. It explains: (1) the rise of the industry as a part of the development of the entire IT industry in Israel; (2) the reasons behind the industry's ability to conduct and focus on intensive RD and (3) the industry's capability to become an integral part of the American financial and IT industrial sector. It argues that the state played a critical role in the development of the industry, that the state is one of the main reasons why the industry has focused almost entirely on product R&D activities and one of the reasons why the Israeli IT industry in general has developed a competitive advantage in R&D. In addition, it has been the state's policy that propelled the industry to its intimate relationship with the American financial sector. It further argues that this development model has also led to the industry's main weakness from a national policy point of view.
Barium and calcium block Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies Kurstaki delta-endotoxin inhibition of potassium current across isolated midgut of larval Manduca sexta

Ba2+ and Ca2+ prevent and reverse the Btk delta-endotoxin inhibition of the short-circuit current in isolated lepidopteran midgut. These findings support the K+ pump-leak steady-state model for midgut K+ homeostasis and the K+ channel mechanism of Bt toxin action. They provide a new tool with which to study the interactions between Bt toxin and midgut cell membranes.
Morphological analysis of the Lake Lahontan shoreline and Beachfront fault scarps, Pershing County, Nevada

Abstract With the diffusion-equation representation of landform evolution providing reference calculations, quantitative comparisons between profiles of the high stand of Lake Lahontan presented here and profiles of the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps analyzed elsewhere reveal that the two sets of scarps are nearly identical morphologically. When care is exercised in the selection of profiles, the Lahontan high-stand scarps are remarkably reproducible from one profile to the next, highly suggestive evidence that the processes that have shaped and changed the shape of these landforms are correspondingly regular. Slope-angle differences of only 2° are both discernible and interpretable features of these late Quaternary landforms cut in weakly consolidated alluvium. At a level of uncertainty of no more than 50 per cent, the mass diffusivity ( κ ) of the Lahontan high stand is the same as the Lake Bonneville shoreline κ , 1.1 GKG (1 GKG = 1 m 2 /ka). This result suggests that much can be learned about the ages of late Quaternary fault scarps cut in weakly consolidated alluvium throughout the Basin and Range Province from their morphology alone. The Beachfront fault scarps, themselves truncated by Lake Lahontan in our study area, are morphologically only slightly older (15 to 18 ka BP) than the Lahontan high stand (∼12 ka BP).
On a Vanishing Product in the Integral Group Ring

(1981). On a Vanishing Product in the Integral Group Ring. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 195-196.
The pragmatic variable: Toward a procedural interpretation

Labov defined the linguistic variable as “a class of variants which are ordered along a continuous dimension and whose position is determined by an independent linguistic or extralinguistic variable” (1966:15). A precondition for identifying surface forms as variants of a single variable is semantic, or truth-conditional, equivalence. This requirement proves hard to apply beyond (morpho)phonology, and was subsequently relaxed into one of functional equivalence. The focus of this article is pragmatic variation and how we should interpret functional equivalence to account for this. It is proposed that the variants of a pragmatic variable share a common procedural meaning, defined as a set of instructions guiding the inferential phase of utterance interpretation. Recasting the core meaning of pragmatic variables in procedural terms allows us to co-examine alternating forms that may express different referential meanings, remaining true to the spirit of Labov's proposal, who saw linguistic variables as socially motivated clusterings of forms. (Pragmatic variation, functional equivalence, procedural meaning, Relevance Theory)*
Pelvic Incidence in Patients with Hip Osteoarthritis.

Background: Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of pain and disability that results in considerable social and medical costs. Mechanics such as posture, alignment and orientation of the hips and the spinal column and the relationship between these factors have been implicated in the development of both hip and spine pathologies. This study aims to test the hypothesis if pelvic incidence varies in patients with and without osteoarthritis. We assessed the relationship between spinopelvic alignment as measured by pelvic incidence (PI) and the presence of hip OA. Methods: We collected supine pelvis CT scans of 1,012 consecutive patients not known to have hip OA. Our first group consisted of 95 patients with moderate to severe hip OA as per radiology reports. The second group included 87 patients with no evidence of hip OA. Power analysis revealed the need for 77 patients per group to find a mean difference in PI of 5o or less between both groups. Two trained physicians independently measured the PI to account for inter-observer reliability. Results: Patients with moderate to severe hip OA had a mean PI of 56.5o±12.8o. The mean PI for patients without hip OA was 57.2o±7.5o. An independent samples t-test revealed no significant difference between the PI values of the two groups. Spearman’s correlation coefficient of 0.754 demonstrated a high inter-observer reliability. Conclusion: There was no difference in PI angle of hip OA patients and "healthy" patients. Our measurements of patients without OA were almost identical to the reported normal PI values in the literature. It appears that hip OA is not associated with PI angle, refuting the hypothesis made in previous studies, stating that elevated PI contributes to the future development of hip arthritis. CT scan seems to be a reliable and accurate way of assessing pelvic incidence.
Two-dimensional anisotropic N -vector models

Two-dimensional anisotropic $N$-vector models are discussed in three contexts. (i) A comprehensive approach to the description of phase transitions in two-dimensional physical systems is outlined. It involves the identification of discrete models for critical phenomena in two-dimensional systems (such as adsorbed thin films) and their investigation by symmetry, duality, and Migdal renormalization-group methods. The identification is based on the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson Hamiltonian concept and universality arguments. (ii) Relations among anisotropic continuous-spin Hamiltonians and discrete models are established by the Hubbard transformation and the Migdal renormalization-group transformation. Discrete models are conjectured to be equivalent to $N$-component continuous-spin models with local anisotropies. For example, it is shown that the Migdal recursion relations map the continuous-spin, cubic Heisenberg Hamiltonian onto the discrete cubic model. (iii) Many of the anisotropic $N$-vector Hamiltonians can be associated with discrete models that have the form of a generalized Potts model. Such a model, termed (${N}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, ${N}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$) model, is defined in terms of two interacting Potts-like variables associated with each lattice site, and is analyzed by duality and renormalization-group methods. The (${N}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, ${N}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$) Hamiltonian provides a unified description for large classes of discrete models. The concepts are exemplified by a detailed discussion of the two-dimensional Heisenberg model with cubic anisotropy, which has applications to the magnetic $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase transition in overlayers of molecular oxygen on graphite. New experiments for the study of this system are also discussed.