cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Precession and Critical Speeds of Two-Bearing Machines With Overhung Weight

A study has been made to analytically determine the angular precession and critical speeds of two-bearing machines with overhung weight. The gyroscopic moment (when rotating), rotatory inertia (when not rotating), and shear deformation (in each case) are considered. Rotor precession of all types and critical frequency of nonrotating shaft are analyzed and presented.
Solid dissolution with first-order chemical reaction

Influence de la reaction chimique sur la vitesse de dissolution d'une phase solide a un film tombant laminaire
Spotting Lemons in Platform Markets: A Conjoint Experiment on Signaling

This study addresses the understudied question of how content integrity for digital goods is signaled ex-ante in the absence of centralized oversight in self-organizing platforms. We build on signaling theory to theorize three classes of signals to explain how and why they influence platform user behavior. Experimental data from 380 users show that in the absence of centralized oversight in platforms a portfolio of signaling mechanisms is used to assess content integrity. Platform users differentially weigh platform, content, and contributor signals but simultaneously triangulate them to form holistic inferences about risk vis-a-vis benefit to spot potential “lemons” in a platform market. Implications for practice, especially for platform design, are also discussed.
Clinical Assessment of a Plastic Optical Fiber Stylet for Human Tracheal Intubation

Background: The authors compared the performance of a prototype intubation aid that incorporated plastic illumination and image guides into a stylet with fiberoptic bronchoscopy and direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation by novice users. Methods: In a randomized, nonblinded design, patients were assigned to direct laryngoscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, or imaging stylet intubation groups. The quality of laryngeal view and ease with which it was attained for each intubation was graded by the laryngoscopist. Time to intubation was measured in 1-min increments. A sore-throat severity grade was obtained after operation. Results: There were no differences in demographic, physical examination, or surgical course characteristics among the groups. The laryngoscope produced an adequate laryngeal view more easily than did the imaging stylet or bronchoscope (P 5 0.001) but caused the highest incidence of postoperative sore throat (P < 0.05). Although the time to intubation for direct laryngoscopy was shorter than for imaging stylet, which was shorter than fiberoptic bronchoscopy (P < 0.05), the quality of laryngeal view with the imaging stylet was inferior to both direct laryngoscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy techniques (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Novices using the imaging stylet produce fewer cases of sore throat (compared with direct laryngoscopy) and can intubate faster than when using a bronchoscope in anesthetized adult patients. The imaging stylet may be a useful aid for tracheal intubation, especially for those unable to maintain
Computational complexities and storage requirements of some Riccati equation solvers

The linear optimal control problem of an nth-order time-invariant dynamic system with a quadratic performance functional is usually solved by the Hamilton-Jacobi approach. This leads to the solution of the differential matrix Riccati equation with a terminal condition. The bulk of the computation for the optimal control problem is related to the solution of this equation. There are various algorithms in the literature for solving the matrix Riccati equation. However, computational complexities and storage requirements as a function of numbers of state variables, control variables, and sensors are not available for all these algorithms. In this work, the computational complexities and storage requirements for some of these algorithms are given. These expressions show the immensity of the computational requirements of the algorithms in solving the Riccati equation for large-order systems such as the control of highly flexible space structures. The expressions are also needed to compute the speedup and efficiency of any implementation of these algorithms on concurrent machines.
The interface of capillary electrophoresis with high performance Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for biomolecule characterization.

The interfacing of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and the factors which dictate obtainable performance (i.e., sensitivity, mass resolution, scan rate and duty cycle) are described. We demonstrate the current status of the technique with examples of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) with FTICR analyses of proteins and oligonucleotides, and describe current limitations on sensitivity and scan speed. The first on-line interfacing of capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) with FTICR is also demonstrated and shown to be effective for separating minor components of protein mixtures for on-line mass spectral analysis. Finally, the potential for greatly improved performance based upon recent advances in FTICR instrumentation and methods is briefly described.
Esmolol for the treatment of hypercyanotic spells in infants with tetralogy of Fallot

Etude de deux cas cliniques chez des nourrissons avec une tetralogie de Fallot. L'efficacite du traitement par le bloquant β-adrenergique esmolol pour les cardiopathies cyanogenes est demontree
Cues in computer-mediated communication: A corpus analysis

An analysis of five contemporary corpora examines the use of several different cues in four channels of computer-mediated communication. With an in-depth corpus analysis, we show that a wealth of cues is available in online communication, and that these cues are often matched with words that have particular functions and/or semantic meanings. Using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count text analysis software (Pennebaker et al., 2007), we found the two largest categories represented by cue-laden words involved affect and cognitive mechanisms, suggesting that cues are largely used to indicate emotion or to disambiguate a message. We argue that learning the meaning of these cues is central to learning how people communicate nonverbally while online.
1006 INFLUENZA B IN FAMILIES

Characteristics of influenza B were studied in 37 families with 163 members through two outbreaks. By microneutralization, ≥90% of virus positive persons seroconverted if late followup sera were included. Infection rates for B/HK virus in 1977 and B/Singapore in 1980 were highest in school age children (50%, 38%), substantial in 0-4 yr olds (24%, 26%) and lowest in adults (13%, 13%). The rates were about double in each age group in the 14 families infected in 1977 and the 13 infected in 1980. Of 14 families with 1977 infection, only 3(21%) were infected in 1980 compared to 10(43%) of 23 families not infected in 1977. Infection rates for individuals, by age group, were also about double for those not infected in 1977. No infections were observed either year in the 25 persons with preexisting titers >16; the highest infection rate was 36% in those with titers ≤2. Most people with isolates had febrile URI/flu-like illness (69%), 15% had other significant illnesses, and 15% afebrile URI. Most seroconverters had afebrile URI (27%) or were well (39%). Only 1 reinfected child (age 12) shed virus and she had a febrile URI. Up to 4 others (ages 4-8 in 1980) had serological indications of reinfection, without culture verification, and no illness beyond afebrile URI was reported during the 1980 season. Thus, two variants of influenza B gave similar outbreaks in 1977 and 1980 but largely in different families and individuals. This suggests that B/HK infection in 1977 protected against B/Singapore in 1980.
Fed-batch two-phase production of alanine by a metabolically engineered Escherichia coli

DL-Alanine was produced from glucose in an Escherichia coli pfl pps poxB ldhA aceEF pTrc99A-alaD strain which lacked pyruvate-formate lyase, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) synthase, pyruvate oxidase, lactate dehydogenase, components of the pyruvate dehydogenase complex and over-produced alanine dehydrogenase (ALD). A two-phase process was developed with cell growth under aerobic conditions followed by alanine production under anaerobic conditions. Using the batch mode, cells grew to 5.3 g/l in 9 h with the accumulation of 6-10 g acetate/l, and under subsequent anaerobic conditions achieved 34 g alanine/l in 13 h with a yield of 0.86 g/g glucose. Using the fed-batch mode at micro = 0.15 h(-1), only about 1 g acetate/l formed in the 25 h required for the cells to reach 5.6 g/l, and 88 g alanine/l accumulated during the subsequent 23 h. This fed-batch process attained an alanine volumetric productivity of 4 g/lh during the production phase, and a yield that was essentially 1 g/g.
Grid and aerodynamic sensitivity analyses of airplane components

An algorithm is developed to obtain the grid sensitivity with respect to design parameters for aerodynamic optimization. The procedure is advocating a novel (geometrical) parameterization using spline functions such as NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) for defining the wing-section geometry. An interactive algebraic grid generation technique, known as Two-Boundary Grid Generation (TBGG) is employed to generate C-type grids around wing-sections. The grid sensitivity of the domain with respect to geometric design parameters has been obtained by direct differentiation of the grid equations. A hybrid approach is proposed for more geometrically complex configurations such as a wing or fuselage. The aerodynamic sensitivity coefficients are obtained by direct differentiation of the compressible two-dimensional thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. An optimization package has been introduced into the algorithm in order to optimize the wing-section surface. Results demonstrate a substantially improved design due to maximized lift/drag ratio of the wing-section.
P71. Stem cells and gene expression during hemichordate head regeneration

Hemichordate acorn worms grow a new head on the anterior wound surface when the body is transected. In Ptychodera flava, a blastema is evident by 3 days and a new full-sized, functional head differentiates on the cut stump by 12 days. The hemichordate nervous system provides the most ancestral extant example of the dorsal hollow brain, formed by neurulation, characteristic of chordates and humans. Only in hemichordates does such a nervous system regenerate significantly. Animals throughout the phylogenetic scale share similar developmental gene regulatory networks, and our work, along with that of others, supports the conclusion that the same gene regulatory networks occur in hemichordate and chordate neural differentiation. Examination of the regeneration process by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of sequences from Yamanaka pluripotency factors or “stem cell” genes, as defined by genes inducing pluripotency in mammalian somatic cells, and developmental organizer genes reveals a cascade of gene expression associated with the steps of regeneration. A subset of the stem cell genes produce the first WISH signals before a blastema is formed. The second set of stem cell genes begins to generate signal as the blastema is established and this signal persists in the blastema as organizer and early development gene signals appear as differentiation proceeds. These results suggest that activation of cells with regenerative capability involves the early expression of stem cell genes in the cells that will form the blastema. Signal from some stem cell genes continues as the expression of typical embryonic gene regulatory networks are activated for the differentiation of the tissues. In planarians, regeneration is based on mobilization of stem cells residing in the tissue of the animal to form a regeneration blastema. During regeneration of an amphibian limb, a blastema is also formed, apparently by dedifferentiation of tissue cells in the cut limb to stem cells which accumulate to establish the blastema. The nature of the cells and the tissue origin of the cells that participate in hemichordate blastema formation and head regeneration are being investigated. Supported by the PBRC Biomedical Fund UHF#12-209-04.
Bacterial expression and characterization of human pancreatic phospholipase A2

Mammalian pancreatic phospholipases A2 (PLA2) have recently been implicated in cell surface receptor-mediated inflammation. As a first step toward understanding how human pancreatic PLA2 (hp-PLA2) interacts with membranes and other biological targets including cell-surface receptors, we constructed its bacterial expression vector which can be used for the mutagenesis and protein over-expression. The expression vector (pSH-hp) was constructed using a synthetic hp-PLA2 gene whose transcription is controlled by T7 promoter. hp-PLA2 was expressed as a mature protein in high concentration in Escherichia coli cells and formed inclusion body. The solubilization of inclusion body protein followed by the refolding and purification produced ca. 5 mg of pure protein from one liter of growth medium. Kinetic studies of recombinant human, bovine and porcine pancreatic PLA2s using polymerized mixed liposomes and micelles as substrates showed that despite their highly homologous structures these mammalian pancreatic PLA2s have distinct phospholipid head group specificity and different activity toward various lipid substrates.
Changes in the particulate subcellular component of hepatic thyroxine-5'-monodeiodinase in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats.

T4-5'-monodeiodination was studied in fractions of liver homogenates from rats made hyperthyroid by injections of T4 (10 μg/100 g BW-day, for 5 days), rats made hypothyroid by thyroidectomy, and euthyroid rats. In the presence of 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), reaction rates in the whole homogenates (H), 2,000 × g supernatants (Si), and 2,000–160,000 × g pellets (P2) were significantly greater than those in preparations without DTT. In H, Si, and P2 from hyperthyroid rats, reaction rates were approximately 3.5 times the rates in the corresponding fractions from euthyroid rats (P < 0.005 or less). DTT-stimulated reaction rates were reduced in H, Si, and P2 from hypothyroid rats to about 30% of the rates in these fractions from euthyroid rats (P < 0.005 or less). Increasing the T4 concentration from 1.3 to 9.1 μM in incubations of Si without DTT resulted in a progressive increase in the absolute rate of T4-5'-monodeiodination in all three treatment groups, but there was no change in the relative rates in Si fro...
Resetting the balance: from despair to self-determination

Purpose – A case study approach to highlight the use of cognitive neurological rehabilitation in the therapeutic management of two service users who have a diagnosis of learning disability and who have exhibited the extremes of aggressive and challenging behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to explore the remarkable progress made by two service users for whom services seemed to be at a loss as to how to meet all but there basic needs. Their journeys from hopelessness to optimism and recovery are both attributable to the cognitive neurological rehabilitation model and how staff and service users worked together to gradually regain control. Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach highlighting the value of training, team working and a therapeutic model and the impact this has made on service users who, in the past, where labelled as highly disruptive and potentially untreatable. Findings – That the cognitive neurological approach is effective in managing service users who have certain cognitiv...
Induction of dominant lethal mutations by alkylating agents in male mice.

Abstract Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) induced a high frequency of dominant lethal mutations in mouse spermatozoa of vas and epididymis, testicular sperm, and late spermatids, and a low frequency in early spermatids. In an equimolar dosage, MMS is about 4 times more effective than EMS in inducing dominant lethal mutations in these cell stages. Neither N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) nor 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-ethyl-2-chloroethyl)amino propylamino]acridine dihydrochloride (ICR-170) induced dominant lethal mutations in spermatozoa of vas and epididymis, testicular sperm, or spermatids. These results are in good agreement with the expected effect of the chemicals based on work with microorganisms.
Reduction of carob moth in ‘Deglet Noor’ dates using a bunch cleaning tool

Abstract Abscised date fruit, Phoenix dactylifera, become developmental sites for various insect pests when they are trapped in tight date bunches. We developed a ‘Deglet Noor’ date bunch cleaning tool that, with minimal investment in time and labor, can remove abscised fruit from the bunch. We field tested the cleaning tool at five plots in four Southern California date gardens during the 2004 growing season and four field plots at four date gardens during the 2005 growing season. Over a 5 week sampling interval, after using the date cleaning tool a single time, we found a 53–93% reduction in the number of abscised fruit and a corresponding 52–91% reduction in the number of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, infested fruit compared to the non-treated area in 2004. In 2005, we found a reduction in abscised fruit that ranged from 73% to 94% and a 67% to 99% reduction in carob moth infested fruit. We provide a list of all materials and instructions to properly construct and use the cleaning tool.
Energies and lifetimes of atomic Rydberg states near metal surfaces

The energy shifts and broadenings of atomic Rydberg states have been calculated as a function of distance from a metal surface using the complex scaling technique. The results of this calculation show a relatively complicated distance dependence of the energy shifts and broadenings of the levels near the surface. Some of the orbitals hybridize with each other, resulting in states with wave functions that differ strongly in their orientation with respect to the surface. The widths of the states oriented toward the metal are found to be many orders of magnitude broader than the states oriented toward the vacuum. The widths of some states exhibit a nonexponential dependence on atom-surface separation. It is shown that for an accurate description of the interaction of Rydberg atoms with metal surfaces it is important to employ a realistic surface potential. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Modelling opportunity capture: a framework for port growth

A major problem facing regional ports which are adjacent or ‘in the shadow’ of capital city ports is how to define effective strategies for growth in the face of significant economic and competitive penalty from their metropolitan neighbours. This paper uses a market opportunity capture perspective to define effective growth strategies for regional ports. This view argues that a regional port which has developed in the shadow of a metropolitan port can grow if it has the ability to capture valuable opportunities over time. The paper offers a conceptual framework for understanding opportunity capture and identifies empirically the determinants of opportunity capture in regional ports using discrete choice modelling. Discrete choice modelling is an approach that departs significantly from more traditional methods and offers the most effective framework for modelling executive judgement at the strategic level. The results of the modelling indicate that market access, perceived benefits (economic and non-econ...
Cross-Cultural Comparisons on Psychosemantics of Icons and Graphics

Abstract This study is to report a cross-cultural comparison on perceptions of icons and graphics and their relationships. Data were ratings of 10 icons and 10 graphics against 21 bipolar semantic differential scales from 325 college students in three countries, Mexico. Columbia, and Japan. Cross-cultural factor analyses resulted in the identification of four semantic (three affective and one denotative) features, three icon factors, and three graphic factors. Indigenous cultural means of these iconic and graphic factors were computed and used to probe cross-cultural similarities and differences in perceptions. Psychosemantics of icon factors wm further predicted by graphic factors through canonical correlation. This study concludes the importance of implicit cultural meanings of nonverbal figures in intercultural communications. The implications of this study are also discussed.
Schistosoma mansoni: Resistance to an infection with cercariae induced by the transfer of live adult worms to the rat

Abstract Partial resistance to an infection by cercariae of S. mansoni was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by the surgical transfer into a mesenteric vein of live adult worms, recovered from infected mice by portal perfusion. A biological index, correlating with resistance, was sought in order to be used as a guide for developing an immunization protocol. Concurrent induction of peripheral eosinophilia and anti-worm antibodies in recipients of live worms correlated with induction of resistance to a subsequent cercarial infection. This response characteristic may provide a useful, preliminary index for screening worm antigen preparations intended for use in protective immunization protocols.
The constitutive nature of bacterial cellulases

Abstract A cellulase capable of hydrolyzing both cellulose and soluble cellulose derivatives has been found in cultures of Clostridium thermocellum grown on cellulose, cellobiose, xylose, or a hemicellulose. A similar enzyme is produced by members of the genus Cellulomonas when grown on cellulose, cellobiose, glucose, starch, mannitol, and glycerol. These enzymes were found to be constitutive rather than adaptive, as had formerly been believed.
CD36 deletion improves recovery from spinal cord injury.

CD36 is a pleiotropic receptor involved in several pathophysiological conditions, including cerebral ischemia, neurovascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis, and recent reports implicate its involvement in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR). We hypothesized that CD36 signaling contributes to the inflammation and microvascular dysfunction following spinal cord injury. Following contusive injury, CD36(-/-) mice demonstrated improved hindlimb functional recovery and greater white matter sparing than CD36(+/+) mice. CD36(-/-) mice exhibited a reduced macrophage, but not neutrophil, infiltration into the injury epicenter. Fewer infiltrating macrophages were either apoptotic or positive for the ERSR marker, phospho-ATF4. CD36(-/-) mice also exhibited significant improvements in injury heterodomain vascularity and function. These microvessels accumulated less of the oxidized lipid product 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (4HNE) and exhibited a reduced ERSR, as detected by vascular phospho-ATF4, CHOP and CHAC-1 expression. In cultured primary endothelial cells, deletion of CD36 diminished 4HNE-induced phospho-ATF4 and CHOP expression. A reduction in phospho-eIF2α and subsequent increase in KDEL-positive, ER-localized proteins suggest that 4HNE-CD36 signaling facilitates the detection of misfolded proteins upstream of eIF2α phosphorylation, ultimately leading to CHOP-induced apoptosis. We conclude that CD36 deletion modestly, but significantly, improves functional recovery from spinal cord injury by enhancing vascular function and reducing macrophage infiltration. These phenotypes may, in part, stem from reduced ER stress-induced cell death within endothelial and macrophage cells following injury.
A New Finite Element Approach for Prediction of Aerothermal Loads: Progress in Inviscid Flow Computations

Recent progress in the development of finite element methodology for the prediction of aerothermal loads is described. Two dimensional, inviscid computations are presented, but emphasis is placed on development of an approach extendable to three dimensional viscous flows. Research progress is described for: (1) utilization of a commerically available program to construct flow solution domains and display computational results, (2) development of an explicit Taylor-Galerkin solution algorithm, (3) closed form evaluation of finite element matrices, (4) vector computer programming strategies, and (5) validation of solutions. Two test problems of interest to NASA Langley aerothermal research are studied. Comparisons of finite element solutions for Mach 6 flow with other solution methods and experimental data validate fundamental capabilities of the approach for analyzing high speed inviscid compressible flows.
Complete amino acid sequence of the type II isozyme of rat hexokinase, deduced from the cloned cDNA: comparison with a hexokinase from novikoff ascites tumor.

Abstract The 917-residue amino acid sequence of the Type II isozyme of rat hexokinase has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA. The sequences of 197 nucleotides in the 5′ untranslated region and 687 bases of the 3′ untranslated region have also been determined. A region of overlap between two discrete cDNA clones was confirmed by isolation and sequencing of a genomic DNA clone that spanned the region. Within this region, the 634-nucleotide coding sequence was divided into three exons, each of 150–250 nucleotides; these results suggest that the gene encoding Type II hexokinase is likely to be quite complex. There is extensive similarity between the sequences of the N- and C-terminal halves of the Type II isozyme, as previously seen with the Type I and III isozymes; this is consistent with the view that these enzymes evolved by a process of gene duplication and fusion. A cDNA encoding the entire C-terminal half of a hexokinase from Novikoff ascites tumor cells was also isolated and found to be identical to a cDNA encoding the corresponding region of the Type II isozyme of skeletal muscle. Northern analysis indicated that a single mRNA, approx 5200 nucleotides in length, encoded both the skeletal muscle and the tumor enzymes. These results do not support previous speculation that the hexokinase isozymes of normal tissue are distinct from those of tumors, and suggest the possibility that post-translational modifications of a single protein species might account for apparent differences between the isozymes of normal and tumor tissues.
Broadband wide-angle polarization converter

A novel polarization converter using reflective metallic gratings and broadband polarization beam splitter is developed. This device converts an unpolarized light to linear polarization with over 85% efficiency.
Treatment of chronic drunk drivers: A four-year follow-up of the turning point project

The Turning Point project in Cincinnati, Ohio is designed to treat chronic drunk drivers. This article compares the postrelease success rates of Turning Point clients and others who have been at risk for over four years. It appears that the success differential initially observed when clients had been at risk one year has been sustained.
Two cases of thallium poisoning.

Summary Two cases of thallium poisoning in children after the ingestion of rat poison are described. In such cases, treatment with cystine or dried yeast is worthy of trial.
Characterization of the Structural Gene Promoter of Aedes aegypti Densovirus

Aedes aegypti densonucleosis virus (AeDNV) has two promoters that have been shown to be active by reporter gene expression analysis (B. N. Afanasiev, Y. V. Koslov, J. O. Carlson, and B. J. Beaty, Exp. Parasitol. 79:322-339, 1994). Northern blot analysis of cells infected with AeDNV revealed two transcripts 1,200 and 3,500 nucleotides in length that are assumed to express the structural protein (VP) gene and nonstructural protein genes, respectively. Primer extension was used to map the transcriptional start site of the structural protein gene. Surprisingly, the structural protein gene transcript began at an initiator consensus sequence, CAGT, 60 nucleotides upstream from the map unit 61 TATAA sequence previously thought to define the promoter. Constructs with the beta-galactosidase gene fused to the structural protein gene were used to determine elements necessary for promoter function. Deletion or mutation of the initiator sequence, CAGT, reduced protein expression by 93%, whereas mutation of the TATAA sequence at map unit 61 had little effect. An additional open reading frame was observed upstream of the structural protein gene that can express beta-galactosidase at a low level (20% of that of VP fusions). Expression of the AeDNV structural protein gene was shown to be stimulated by the major nonstructural protein NS1 (Afanasiev et al., Exp. parasitol., 1994). To determine the sequences required for transactivation, expression of structural protein gene-beta-galactosidase gene fusion constructs differing in AeDNV genome content was measured with and without NS1. The presence of NS1 led to an 8- to 10-fold increase in expression when either genomic end was present, compared to a 2-fold increase with a construct lacking the genomic ends. An even higher (37-fold) increase in expression occurred with both genomic ends present; however, this was in part due to template replication as shown by Southern blot analysis. These data indicate the location and importance of various elements necessary for efficient protein expression and transactivation from the structural protein gene promoter of AeDNV.
Comparing the value of Southern Oscillation Index-based climate forecast methods for Canadian and US wheat producers

Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) based forecasting methods are compared to determine which method is more valuable to Canadian and US wheat producers. Using decision theory approach to valuing information, the more commonly used three-phase method of El Nino, La Nina, and other is compared to a five-phase system. Because of differences in growing season and yearly SOI classification schemes, two different three-phase methods are used. The five-phase system is based on the level and rate of change of the SOI over a 2 month period. Phases are consistently negative, consistently positive, rapidly falling, rapidly rising, and near zero. As expected, results vary by the method used. Winter wheat producers in Illinois place no value on either of the SOI-based forecasting systems. Producers at seven of the 13 sites prefer the five-phase method over either of the three-phase method (spring wheat producers in Manitoba, Alberta, North Dakota and South Dakota, along with winter wheat producers in Oklahoma, Texas, and Washington). The value of the five-phase approach is up to 70 times more valuable than the three-phase approach. Producers growing spring wheat in Saskatchewan and Montana, along with winter wheat producers in Ohio and Kansas value the three-phase approach more than the five-phase. In this case, the value of the three-phase system is up to two times more valuable than the five-phase system. Depending on expected price and region, the values of the SOI-based forecasts range from 0 to 22% of the value of perfect forecasts. In both absolute and percentage of perfect forecasts, producers in Oklahoma, Texas, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and South Dakota value either system more than producers in the remaining regions. Economic value and distributional aspects of the value of climate forecasts have implications for producers, policy makers, and meteorologists. Finally, the results clearly suggest all producers will not prefer one forecast type. Forecasts need to be tailored to specific regions.
Pressures of Crystallization of Icelandic Magmas

Iceland lies astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and was created by seafloor spreading that began about 55 Ma. The crust is anomalously thick (� 20^40 km), indicating higher melt productivity in the underlying mantle compared with normal ridge segments as a result of the presence of a mantle plume or upwelling centered beneath the northwestern edge of the Vatnajo« kull ice sheet. Seismic and volcanic activity is concentrated in � 50 km wide neovolcanic or rift zones, which mark the subaerial Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in three flank zones. Geodetic and geophysical studies provide evidence for magma chambers located over a range of depths (1� 5^21km) in the crust, with shallow magma chambers beneath some volcanic centers (Katla, Grimsvo« tn, Eyjafjallajo« kull), and both shallow and deep chambers beneath others (e.g. Krafla and Askja). We have compiled analyses of basalt glass with geochemical characteristics indicating crystallization of ol^plag^cpx from 28 volcanic centers in the Western, Northern and Eastern rift zones as well as from the Southern Flank Zone. Pressures of crystallization were calculated for these glasses, and confirm that Icelandic magmas crystallize over a wide range of pressures (0� 001 to � 1 GPa), equivalent to depths of 0^35 km. This range partly reflects crystallization of melts en route to the surface, probably in dikes and conduits, after they leave intracrustal chambers. We find no evidence for a shallow chamber beneath Katla, which probably indicates that the shallow chamber identified in other studies contains silica-rich magma rather than basalt. There is reasonably good correlation between the depths of deep chambers (417 km) and geophysical estimates of Moho depth, indicating that magma ponds at the crust^mantle boundary. Shallow chambers (57� 1km) are located in the upper crust, and probably form at a level of neutral buoyancy. There are also discrete chambers at intermediate depths (� 11km beneath the rift zones), and there is strong evidence for cooling and crystallizing magma bodies or pockets throughout the middle and lower crust that might resemble a crystal mush. The results suggest that the middle and lower crust is relatively hot and porous. It is suggested that crustal accretion occurs over a range of depths similar to those in recent models for accretionary processes at mid-ocean ridges. The presence of multiple stacked chambers and hot, porous crust suggests that magma evolution is complex and involves polybaric crystallization, magma mixing, and assimilation.
Left‐eigenstate completely renormalized equation‐of‐motion coupled‐cluster methods: Review of key concepts, extension to excited states of open‐shell systems, and comparison with electron‐attached and ionized approaches

The recently proposed left-eigenstate completely renormalized (CR) coupled-cluster (CC) method with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples, termed CR-CC(2,3) Piecuch and Wloch, J Chem Phys, 2005, 123, 224105; Piecuch et al. Chem Phys Lett, 2006, 418, 467 and the companion CR-EOMCC(2,3) methodology, which has been previously applied to singlet excited states of closed-shell molecular systems Wloch et al. Mol Phys, 2006, 104, 2149 and in which relatively inexpensive noniterative corrections due to triple excitations derived from the biorthogonal method of moments of CC equations (MMCC) are added to the CC singles and doubles (CCSD) or equation-of-motion (EOM) CCSD energies, have been extended to excited states of open-shell species. The resulting highly efficient computer codes for the open-shell CR-EOMCC(2,3) approach exploiting the recursively generated intermediates and fast matrix multiplication routines have been developed and interfaced with the GAMESS package, enabling CR-EOMCC(2,3) calculations for singlet as well as nonsinglet ground and excited states of closed- and open-shell systems using the restricted Hartree–Fock or restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock references. A number of important mathematical and algorithmic details related to formal aspects and computer implementation of the CR-EOMCC(2,3) method have been discussed, in addition to overviewing the key concepts behind the CR-EOMCC(2,3) and biorthogonal MMCC methodologies for ground and excited states, and the numerical results involving low-lying states of the CH, CNC, C2N, N3, and NCO species, including states dominated by two-electron transitions, have been presented. The results of the CR-EOMCC(2,3) calculations have been compared with other CC/EOMCC approaches, including the EOMCCSD and EOMCC singles, doubles, and triples methods, and their full and active-space valence counterparts based on the electron-attached and ionized EOMCC methodologies, and the predecessor of CR-EOMCC(2,3) termed CR-EOMCCSD(T) Kowalski and Piecuch, J Chem Phys, 2004, 120, 1715. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Methylnaltrexone Potentiates the Anti-Angiogenic Effects of mTOR Inhibitors

Background Recent cancer therapies include drugs that target both tumor growth and angiogenesis including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. Since mTOR inhibitor therapy is associated with significant side effects, we examined potential agents that can reduce the therapeutic dose.
Self-Regulation of Driving by Older Persons

SUMMARYPhysiological and neurological changes associated with aging can have a significant impact on driving ability. This study explored adaptation strategies used by older drivers to maintain independence in driving. Data was collected through a survey administered to 30 older drivers living in northern Florida. Subjects reported using self-regulation strategies including avoidance of specific driving situations, altering the time-of-day in which they drove, not driving in certain weather conditions, avoiding major highways and interstates, reducing their speed of driving, and reducing the amount of time they spent driving. This study supports previous research on elder driving and provides further evidence that many older drivers alter their driving habits and patterns so that they can continue to drive safely.
Characterization of the oral absorption of several aminopenicillins: determination of intrinsic membrane absorption parameters in the rat intestine in situ.

The absorption mechanism of several penicillins was characterized using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion in the rat. The intrinsic membrane parameters were determined using a modified boundary layer model (fitted value +/- S.E.): Jmax* = 11.78 +/- 1.88 mM, Km = 15.80 +/- 2.92 mM, Pm* = 0, Pc* = 0.75 +/- 0.04 for ampicillin; Jmax* = 0.044 +/- 0.018 mM, Km = 0.058 +/- 0.026 mM, Pm* = 0.558 +/- 0.051, Pc* = 0.757 +/- 0.088 for amoxicillin; and Jmax* = 16.30 +/- 3.40 mM, Km = 14.00 +/- 3.30 mM, Pm* = 0, Pc* = 1.14 +/- 0.05 for cyclacillin. All of the aminopenicillins studied demonstrated saturable absorption kinetics as indicated by their concentration-dependent wall permeabilities. Inhibition studies were performed to confirm the existence of a nonpassive absorption mechanism. The intrinsic wall permeability (Pw*) of 0.01 mM ampicillin was significantly lowered by 1 mM amoxicillin and the Pw* of 0.01 mM amoxicillin was reduced by 2 mM cephradine consistent with competitive inhibition.
Binding of a fluorescence reporter and a ligand to an odorant-binding protein of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), also named pheromone-binding proteins when the odorant is a pheromone, are essential for insect olfaction. They solubilize odorants that reach the port of entry of the olfactory system, the pore tubules in antennae and other olfactory appendages. Then, OBPs transport these hydrophobic compounds through an aqueous sensillar lymph to receptors embedded on dendritic membranes of olfactory receptor neurons. Structures of OBPs from mosquito species have shed new light on the mechanism of transport, although there is considerable debate on how they deliver odorant to receptors. An OBP from the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, binds the hydrophobic moiety of a mosquito oviposition pheromone (MOP) on the edge of its binding cavity. Likewise, it has been demonstrated that the orthologous protein from the malaria mosquito binds the insect repellent DEET on a similar edge of its binding pocket. A high school research project was aimed at testing whether the orthologous protein from the yellow fever mosquito, AaegOBP1, binds DEET and other insect repellents, and MOP was used as a positive control. Binding assays using the fluorescence reporter N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine (NPN) were inconclusive. However, titration of NPN fluorescence emission in AaegOBP1 solution with MOP led to unexpected and intriguing results. Quenching was observed in the initial phase of titration, but addition of higher doses of MOP led to a stepwise increase in fluorescence emission coupled with a blue shift, which can be explained at least in part by formation of MOP micelles to house stray NPN molecules.
Radiation-enhanced diffusion in Cu3Au: Effects of long-range order

Abstract Direct measurements of thermal and radiation-enhanced diffusion were performed above and below the ordering temperature on a metal having the L12 structure, specifically Cu3Au, for the first time. Ni and Pd impurity tracers were employed to simulate the diffusion of Cu and Au respectively. Apparent activation enthalpies were obtained for these two tracers above and below the ordering temperature. Both diffusion coefficients were found to decrease significantly on ordering, by factors of two and four for thermal and radiation-enhanced diffusion respectively. The results indicate that the contribution of interstitial atoms to the radiation-enhanced diffusion of Ni and Pd may be negligible.
1,3,2‐Dioxaborinane, 2‐[2‐(Bromomethyl)‐phenyl]‐; 1,3,2‐Dioxaborinane, 2‐[2‐(Bromomethyl)phenyl]‐5,5‐dimethyl‐

(1,3,2-Dioxaborinane, 2-[2-(bromomethyl)phenyl]-) [174900-86-8] C10H12BBrO2 (MW 254.92) InChI = 1S/C10H12BBrO2/c12-8-9-4-1-2-5-10(9)11-13-6-3-7-14-11/h1-2,4-5H,3,6-8H2 InChIKey = WMKRKJLHGIYASB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,3,2-Dioxaborinane, 2-[2-(bromomethyl)phenyl]-5,5-dimethyl-) [166821-88-1] C12H16BBrO2 (MW 282.97) InChI = 1S/C12H16BBrO2/c1-12(2)8-15-13(16-9-12)11-6-4-3-5-10(11)7-14/h3-6H,7-9H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = KPXRRKYYMYMEKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alternate Names: [174900-86-8]: 1,3-dioxa-2-(2-bromomethylphenyl)borinane, 2-(2-bromobenzyl)-1,3-dioxaborinane; [166821-88-1]: 2-[2-(bromomethyl)phenyl]-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane, 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diyl[o-(bromomethyl)phenyl]borate. Solubility: soluble in common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: [174900-86-8]: slightly yellow oil; [166821-88-1]: colorless liquid. Preparative Methods: [1749900-86-8]: bromination of o-methylphenylboronic acid with NBS in anhydrous carbon tetrachloride in 55% yield, followed by esterification with 1,3-propanediol in toluene at reflux in 94% yield (eq 1).1 (1) [166821-88-1]: 2,2-Dimethylpropane-1,3-diyl o-tolylboronate 4 was prepared in 88% yield by heating 2,4,6-o-tolyl-boroxin 3 and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol in toluene at reflux with azeotropic removal of water (Dean–Stark). Subsequent bromination with NBS in anhydrous carbon tetrachloride gave reagent 2 in 95% yield (eq 2).2 (2) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store in a tightly closed container. Stable at ambient temperature and under normal pressures, but easily converted to free boronic acid upon exposure to moisture or water.
Mechanism of IFN-β-Mediated Inhibition of IL-8 Gene Expression in Astroglioma Cells

IL-8 is a chemokine that recruits migrating neutrophils and leukocytes to areas of inflammation. In noninflamed tissue, IL-8 expression is low but can be rapidly induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Typically, inflammation and transient IL-8 expression are beneficial. However, some diseases are characterized by excessive inflammation and high levels of IL-8. Previous studies have shown that IFN-β can inhibit the expression of IL-8, although the mechanism is unknown. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we define the IL-8 transcriptional program in the absence or presence of inducing stimuli and/or inhibition by IFN-β. In the absence of stimuli, the IL-8 promoter is acetylated but negatively regulated by corepressor proteins. Upon PMA stimulation, the levels of these corepressors are reduced and the promoter is rapidly bound and activated by transcription factors, including NF-κB p65, C/EBPβ, and c-Fos. In addition, RNA polymerase II is recruited to the IL-8 promoter to initiate transcription. However, in the presence of both PMA and IFN-β, there are diminished levels of histone acetylation, reduced levels of transcription factors such as NF-κB p65 and RNA polymerase II, and an increased presence of corepressor proteins such as histone deacetylases 1 and 3 and silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors. IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 and MCP-1 genes, also regulated by NF-κB, are unaffected by IFN-β, and IFN-β does not prevent the activation, nuclear migration, or binding of NF-κB p65 to the κB element of the IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 promoter. As such, these data show that the inhibitory effects of IFN-β are specific to the IL-8 promoter.
Population‐based study of hospital costs for hospitalizations of infants, children, and adults with a congenital heart defect, Arkansas 2006 to 2011

Background Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are common birth defects and are associated with high hospital costs. The objectives of this study were to assess hospitalization costs, across the lifespan, of patients with CHDs in Arkansas. Methods Data from the 2006 to 2011 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Arkansas State Inpatient Databases were used. We included hospitalizations of patients whose admission occurred between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2011, and included a principal or secondary CHD ICD-9-CM diagnosis code (745.0–747.49, except 747.0 and 745.5 for preterm infants). Hospitalizations were excluded if they involved out-of-state residents, normal newborn births, or if missing data included age at admission, state of residence, or hospital charges. Children were defined as those < 18 years-old at time of admission. Results Between 2006 and 2011, there were 2,242,484 inpatient hospitalizations in Arkansas. There were 9071 (0.4%) hospitalizations with a CHD, including 5,158 hospitalizations of children (2.2% of hospitalizations among children) and 3,913 hospitalizations of adults (0.2% of hospitalizations of adults). Hospital costs for these CHD hospitalizations totaled $355,543,696. The average annual cost of CHD hospitalizations in Arkansas was $59,257,283 during this time period. Infants accounted for 72% of all CHD-related hospital costs; total costs of CHD hospitalizations for children were almost five times those of hospitalization costs for adults with CHD. Conclusion Hospitalizations with CHDs account for a disproportionate share of hospital costs in Arkansas. Hospitalizations of children with CHD accounted for a higher proportion of total hospitalizations than did hospitalizations of adults with CHD. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:814–820, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A quantitative evaluation of interrupt handling capabilities in Ada

Projects considering the use of Ada for embedded weapon systems have performance as their primary concern. Despite the genuine interest throughout industry to commit to Ada for reasons of portability and maintainability, the language is still viewed with reservations when being considered for use in applications with high interrupt throughput or tasking requirements. There is increased demand from users for quantitative data on Ada's ability to handle deadlines in realtime. Such data can be used as the basis for language and processor selections. This paper presents a summary of interrupt handling capabilities and quantitative interrupt benchmark measurements for three popular Ada compilers targeted to the Intel 80386 microprocessor.
Decoding the Disciplines: A Model for Helping Students Learn Disciplinary Ways of Thinking.

Using the Decoding the Disciplines model, faculty who are deeply ingrained in their disciplinary research answer a series of questions to understand how students think and learn in their field. The cross-disciplinary nature of the process clarifies the thinking for each discipline.