cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropies of adsorption in heterogeneous catalytic reactions

Langmuir-Hinshelwood (or Hougen-Watson) rate expressions are frequently used to correlate kinetic data. The equilibrium adsorption constants contained in these equations can be utilized to abstract values for standard enthalpies and entropies of adsorption. By using limiting, model cases to describe dissociative, dual-site adsorption, we have shown that the values obtained for ΔSa0 must conform to certain rules in order to have any physical meaning and thereby support the proposed reaction model. Rules proposed earlier by Boudart, Mears, and Vannice for nondissociative adsorption have also been found to be applicable to dissociative adsorption.
Importance of facial expression in facial nerve rehabilitation.

Purpose of reviewThis review discusses contemporary evidence for the importance of facial expression to human beings. Strategies for management of patients with facial nerve dysfunction are discussed.Recent findingsThe purpose of facial expression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective has become
Recovering latent information in treebanks

Many recent statistical parsers rely on a preprocessing step which uses hand-written, corpus-specific rules to augment the training data with extra information. For example, head-finding rules are used to augment node labels with lexical heads. In this paper, we provide machinery to reduce the amount of human effort needed to adapt existing models to new corpora: first, we propose a flexible notation for specifying these rules that would allow them to be shared by different models; second, we report on an experiment to see whether we can use Expectation-Maximization to automatically fine-tune a set of hand-written rules to a particular corpus.
On the convex hull of random points in a polytope

The convex hull of n points drawn independently from a uniform distribution on the interior of a d-dimensional polytope is investigated. It is shown that the expected number of vertices is O(logdn) for any polytope, the expected number of vertices is Q(logd-' n) for any simple polytope, and the expected number of facets is O(logd' n) for any simple polytope. An algorithm is presented for constructing the convex hull of such sets of points in linear average time. EXTREME POINTS; GEOMETRIC PROBABILITY; AVERAGE-CASE ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS
Occupation Measures of Singularly Perturbed Markov Chains with Absorbing States

This paper develops asymptotic properties of singularly perturbed Markov chains with inclusion of absorbing states. It focuses on both unscaled and scaled occupation measures. Under mild conditions, a mean-square estimate is obtained. By averaging the fast components, we obtain an aggregated process. Although the aggregated process itself may be non-Markovian, its weak limit is a Markov chain with much smaller state space. Moreover, a suitably scaled sequence consisting of a component of scaled occupation measures and a component of the aggregated process is shown to converge to a pair of processes with a switching diffusion component.
Adolescent Swimmers: Breathing Complaints and Prescription Asthma Medication Use and Misuse

This study investigated the incidence of asthma and breathing difficulties in a sample of 103 competitive adolescent swimmers. In addition, the use and potential misuse of common asthma medications as well as other prescription medication was examined. Data indicated that adolescent female swimmers experienced exercise-related breathing difficulties more frequently than male swimmers. Older swimmers not only swam more often and for greater yardage than younger swimmers, they also participated in more structured competitions than did younger swimmers. Breathing difficulty was positively correlated with increased practice demands (number and length of practice) and stopping practice early due to breathing difficulties. Age-related patterns in seeking and stealing medication from peers was also evident, and this risky health behavior was inversely related to swimming participation. Data are discussed in relation to implications for pediatric psychologists and pediatric health care providers.
Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse

The prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase isoform 2, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), is induced at high levels in migratory and other responding cells by pro-inflammatory stimuli. COX-2 is generally considered to be a mediator of inflammation. Its isoform, COX-1, is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is thought to mediate "housekeeping" functions. These two enzymes are therapeutic targets of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To investigate further the different physiologic roles of these isoforms, we have used homologous recombination to disrupt the mouse gene encoding COX-2 (Ptgs2). Mice lacking COX-2 have normal inflammatory responses to treatments with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate or with arachidonic acid. However, they develop severe nephropathy and are susceptible to peritonitis.
Static and Dynamic Representations of Motion

Can static cues provide information about motion? The present research compared three types of displays that showed the motion of a weather system — two static displays (lines only and lines ending in arrows) and an animated display. In Experiment 1, participants received trials in which all three displays were presented and they selected the static display that best provided the motion information in the animated display. Participants selected the static arrow display on 67% of the trials. In Experiment 2, participants received trials with one display at a time, in which they used the display to answer questions concerning the motion of the weather system. Performance with the arrow (response time and accuracy) was better than with the static line and was comparable to the animated display. These results show that static cues can be interpreted in terms of motion.
Origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk: Diagnosis by two-dimensional echocardiography

Abstract Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (RCA) from the pulmonary trunk (PT) is rare. Fewer than 20 cases have been reported. 1 Most have been incidental findings at autopsy or during surgery for other reasons. 2–4 Rarely, diagnosis has been made by angiography. 5,6 We report here a patient with the RCA from the PT, diagnosed by 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo).
Determining the Accuracy of Self-Report Versus Informant-Report Using the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale

Objective: The present research examined the validity of self-report versus informant-report in relation to a performance-based indicator of adult ADHD. Method: Archival data from 118 participants ...
Uptake and release of phosphorus from overland flow in a stream environment.

Phosphorus runoff from agricultural fields has been linked to freshwater eutrophication. However, edge-of-field P losses can be modified by benthic sediments during stream flow by physiochemical processes associated with Al, Fe, and Ca, and by biological assimilation. We investigated fluvial P when exposed to stream-bed sediments (top 3 cm) collected from seven sites representing forested and agricultural areas (pasture and cultivated), in a mixed-land-use watershed. Sediment was placed in a 10-m-long, 0.2-m-wide fluvarium to a 3-cm depth and water was recirculated over the sediment at 2 L s -1 and 5% slope. When overland flow (4 mg dissolved reactive phosphorus [DRP] and 9 mg total phosphorus [TP] L -1 ) from manured soils was first recirculated, P uptake was assodated with Al and Fe hydrous oxides for sediments from forested areas (pH 5.2-5.4) and by Ca for sediments from agricultural areas (pH 6.5-7.2). A large increase (up to 200%) in readily available P NH 4 Cl fraction was noted. After 24 h, DRP concentration in channel flow was related to sediment solution P concentration at which no net sorption or desorption of P occurs (EPC 9 ) (r 2 = 0.77), indicating quasi-equilibrium. When fresh water (approximately 0.005 mg P L -1 ; mean base flow DRP at seven sites) was recirculated over the sediments for 24 h, P release kinetics followed an exponential function. Microbial biomass P accounted for 34 to 43% of sediment P uptake from manure-rich overland flow. Although abiotic sediment processes played a dominant role in determining P uptake, biotic process are dearly important and both should be considered along with the location and management of landscape inputs for remedial strategies to be effective.
Antioxidant activity of 3-dehydroshikimic acid in liposomes, emulsions, and bulk oil.

The antioxidant activity of 3-dehydroshikimic acid (DHS), an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, was evaluated in three assay systems: bulk oil (lard), liposomes, and a 10% corn oil-in-water emulsion. Upon initiation of peroxidation in the liposome or emulsion systems, DHS exhibited weak antioxidant activity. In contrast, DHS displayed strong antioxidant activity in lard, suppressing peroxidation with activity comparable to that of tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, and gallic acid and superior to that of α-tocopherol. Two major DHS oxidation products, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectral analysis of lard extracts; both compounds are effective antioxidants in the bulk oil system. In the liposome system, DHS remained intact throughout the assay period. A small amount of gallic acid was observed in extracts of the emulsion; however, protocatechuic acid was not detected. A mechanism to explain the different activities of DHS in t...
Statistical bounds for the effective thermal conductivity of microsphere and fibrous insulation

The present work consists of an analytical investigation of the effective thermal conductivity of microsphere and fi- brous insulation media. Because of the statistical nature of random packing patterns of microspheres and fibers, there ex- ists a range of effective thermal conductivities for any given solid fraction of the microsphere or fibrous insulation medium. An analysis that applies two standard variational principles to some model media simulating the microsphere and fibrous insulation has been carried out to determine the statistical upper and lower bounds of the effective thermal conductivity. The physical models composed of cells with different packing configurations in case of microspheres and special fiber-matrix arrangements in case of fibrous insulation significantly sim- plify the evaluation of the statistical bounds. In general, the pertinent parameters for determining the effective con- ductivity are thermal conductivities of the constituent phases, the volume fraction, and a constant that is a function of the cell geometry. Furthermore, contemplating the empirical re- sults that particular types of packings occur more than others in the microsphere case, a computer simulation imparting this effect into determining the effective bounds has been devised. The present microsphere results are in excellent agreement with the previous analytical work using a regular-cell approach. Nomenclature
Recent Recommendations and Current Controversies in Sport Nutrition

Adequate nutrition is absolutely essential for optimal training and performance of the athlete. Unfortunately many athletes lack sufficient nutrition knowledge to guide proper food choices. Similar...
Dispersion-Compensation Techniques for the PSTD Algorithm

In this paper, simple modifications to the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm that offer dispersion compensation are presented. In a homogeneous lossless medium, the compensation offers an exact solution for one-dimensional (1D) propagation. For 2D and 3D propagation, the proposed method can compensate dispersion for a central frequency in any direction. The techniques are then extended to inhomogeneous materials containing piecewise constant electromagnetic properties and are shown to offer dispersion compensation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 357–361, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20304
Addressing Gender Equity in Nonfaculty Salaries.

While over one hundred studies have been conducted at both the institutional and national levels to determine if male and female faculty receive different levels of pay, there are very few published studies that have addressed similar gender equity concerns for other groups of academic employees. This research illustrates ways in which gender equity studies can be performed on noninstructional employees such as operating staff (OS) and professional/administrative staff (PAS) in higher education. The article addresses the selection of variables for inclusion in the multiple regression model, the alternative approaches for measuring the unexplained wage gap, and the methods that could be utilized for adjusting women's salaries when inequities are found to exist. To illustrate these concepts, data on the operating and professional/administrative staff at one institution are analyzed. It is found that experience and market differences account for about eighty percent of the pay difference between male and female professional/administrative staff and half of the pay difference for operating staff, and that the cost of adjusting women's salaries varies significantly across methods.
Concern About Crime and Confidence in the Police Reassurance or Accountability

This article examines the relationship between confidence in the police and concern about crime. A large body of research on opinions about police treats confidence in the police as a dependent variable that is influenced by assessments of neighborhood conditions. These studies argue that people hold police accountable for local crime, disorder, and fear. Another large body of literature on public perceptions of crime treats concern about crime as a dependent variable that is influenced by confidence in the police. This research stresses the reassurance effects of policing. Taken as a whole, these studies thus assume contradictory causal orderings of these two correlated factors. It is also possible that the relationship between the two is instead reciprocal, with confidence and concern affecting each other, but this possibility has never been tested. This article addresses this central theoretical ambiguity in research on public perceptions, using panel data and structural modeling to identify the most p...
Enhanced star formation and infrared emission in the centers of galaxies.

The IR properties of galaxies with star-formation-dominated central IR luminosity are discussed, summarizing the results of recent observational investigations. Consideration is given to the constituents of star-forming galaxies (dust in emission, photoionized gas, and shock-heated gas), the IR morphology (IR luminosity and young stars and NIR mapping to see beyond dust), the relationship between IR and radio emission, M82 as a typical object, and the implications of the observations for theoretical models of star formation. It is concluded that star formation in these galaxies will exhaust the available gas supply in much less than a Hubble time. Diagrams, graphs, sample images, and tables of numerical data are provided.
Use of N immobilization to tighten the N cycle in conventional agroecosystems

Soils in conventional agroecosystems are purposely held in a nitrogen (N)-saturated state to maximize crop yields. Planting winter annual cover crops when fields are usually fallow has been proposed to ameliorate N losses from soils. In this study we introduced winter annual cover crops into an N rate study with plots fertilized at 0, 34, 67, 101, 134, 168, and 202 kg N/ha in maize (Zea mays L.) to determine how winter annual cover crops affect yields, N2O and NO3- fluxes, and N pools. At the six-leaf stage and during flowering, incorporation of cover crop into soil resulted in a 30% reduction in maize biomass. Three weeks after fertilization, KCl-extractable soil mineral N was 75-87% lower in covercropped soils than in no-cover soils, indicating that N had been immobilized in the covercropped soils. At physiological maturity, there was no difference between cover and no-cover treatments in crop yield, which was maximized at 9 Mg/ha in 2006 and 7 Mg/ha in 2007. Where N rates exceed crop requirements, cover crop incorporation may reduce N exports as NO3- and N2O. Tighter N cycling in conventional agroecosystems could be fostered by matching N rates to the amount of N removed with grain and using N immobilization to retain N and support yields. If N immobilization is viewed as a means for efficient fertilizer N use rather than a process that decreases crop productivity, growers might be more willing to adopt cover-cropping practices.
The Clinical Significance of Retrobulbar and Optic Neuritis

Retrobulbar and optic neuritis are manifestations of some systemic condition and should therefore be recognized by the internist, pediatrician, obstetrician, neurologist, and others, as well as by the ophthalmologist. A painstaking history of the disease should be elicited to uncover the hidden etiology. Even then there are cases to which no definite etiology can be assigned. The writer does not find that nasal accessory sinuses or teeth are often the cause. From the Section on Ophthalmology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Read before the 112th annual meeting of the State Medical Society at Kalamazoo, September 13-15, 1932.
Health beliefs and intention to get immunized for HIV

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of health beliefs to intention to accept human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccination. Methods: Respondents were 81 female and 44 male college students who completed self-administered questionnaires. Questionnaires included items assessing intention to get vaccinated for HIV and the following health beliefs: perceived susceptibility to HIV infection, severity of AIDS, benefits of HIV immunization, pragmatic obstacles to vaccination, conditional nonmembership in a risk group, fear of the vaccine, and fear of needles. Results: Nearly 30% of the subjects were uncertain about or opposed to getting immunized for HIV. Susceptibility, severity, pragmatic obstacles, conditional non-membership in a risk group, and fear of the vaccine were significantly correlated with intent to get vaccinated. Fear of needles, gender, and race were not associated with intent to get an HIV vaccine. Multiple regression analysis identified susceptibility, benefits, pragmatic obstacles, nonmembership in a risk group, and fear of the vaccine as significant independent predictors of intent to vaccinate. Conclusions: These preliminary survey findings demonstrate that intention to accept HIV immunization is not universal and that health beliefs may influence HIV vaccine acceptance. They suggest that it may be important to consider the effects of psychological factors in future research on HIV vaccine acceptance and in the ultimate implementation of HIV immunization programs.
Utilization of anion-exchange chromatography and monoclonal antibodies to characterize multiple pilus types on a uropathogenic Escherichia coli O6 isolate.

Abstract Multiple pilus types from a uropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli O6, strain 6260, were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), high-pressure liquid chromatography, binding assays, and erythrocyte adsorption. In addition, monoclonal antibodies were raised against purified pili of E. coli 6260 and used for immunological characterization. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified pili showed at least three different subunits with molecular weights of 15,700, 17,800, and 19,300. SDS-PAGE analysis of four protein peaks from anion-exchange chromatography of intact pili showed polypeptides with molecular weights of 19,300 (fraction 1), 15,700 (fraction 2), and 17,800 and 15,700 (both fractions 3 and 4). Erythrocyte adsorption of the whole-pilus preparation removed the 17,800-molecular-weight subunit (17.8K subunit) and reduced the 15.7K subunit. Pili from an isogenic hemagglutination-negative variant of E. coli 6260, showing only the 15.7K and 19.3K subunits by SDS-PAGE, lacked the 17.8K subunit of fractions 3 and 4 present in the parent high-pressure liquid chromatography profile. Our data suggest that two of the pilus subunits, the 15.7K and 17.8K subunits, mediate mannose-resistant agglutination of human erythrocytes. Pili in fractions 1 and 2 from the parent strain bound specifically to mannose residues, while pili in fraction 4 bound to P-coated horse erythrocytes; no receptor specificity was identified for pili in fraction 3. Immunological analysis by the immunoblot technique showed that monoclonal antibody 11-2 reacted with the 19.3K subunit, monoclonal antibodies 34-3 and 73-3 reacted with the 15.7K subunit, and monoclonal antibodies 81-1, 82-1, and 91-1 reacted with polymers of subunits retained in the stacking gel. Intact pili precipitated by any of the six monoclonal antibodies showed two polypeptides by SDS-PAGE: 15.7K and 19.3K polypeptides for monoclonal antibody 11-2, and 15.7K and 17.8K polypeptides for monoclonal antibodies 34-3, 73-3, 81-1, 82-1, and 91-1. The cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies with purified pili from other E. coli strains was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Monoclonal antibody 11-2 showed no significant cross-reactivity with heterogeneous pili. In contrast, the other monoclonal antibodies showed equivalent or greater reactivity with P pili from heterologous strains as compared with reactivity with E. coli 6260 pili.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Spatial organization of dual-species bacterial aggregates on leaf surfaces.

The spatial organization of cells within bacterial aggregates on leaf surfaces was determined for pair-wise mixtures of three different bacterial species commonly found on leaves, Pseudomonas syringae, Pantoea agglomerans, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Cells were coinoculated onto bean plants and allowed to grow under moist conditions, and the resulting aggregates were examined in situ by epifluorescence microscopy. Each bacterial strain could be localized because it expressed either the green or the cyan fluorescent protein constitutively, and the viability of individual cells was assessed by propidium iodide staining. Each pair of bacterial strains that was coinoculated onto leaves formed mixed aggregates. The degree of segregation of cells in mixed aggregates differed between the different coinoculated pairs of strains and was higher in mixtures of P. fluorescens A506 and P. agglomerans 299R and mixtures of P. syringae B728a and P. agglomerans 299R than in mixtures of two isogenic strains of P. agglomerans 299R. The fractions of the total cell population that were dead in mixed and monospecific aggregates of a gfp-marked strain of P. agglomerans 299R and a cfp-marked strain of P. agglomerans 299R, or of P. fluorescens A506 and P. agglomerans 299R, were similar. However, the proportion of dead cells in mixed aggregates of P. syringae B728a and P. agglomerans 299R was significantly higher (13.2% ± 8.2%) than that in monospecific aggregates of these two strains (1.6% ± 0.7%), and it increased over time. While dead cells in such mixed aggregates were preferentially found at the interface between clusters of cells of these strains, cells of these two strains located at the interface did not exhibit equal probabilities of mortality. After 9 days of incubation, about 77% of the P. agglomerans 299R cells located at the interface were dead, while only about 24% of the P. syringae B728a cells were dead. The relevance of our results to understanding bacterial interactions on leaf surfaces and the implications for biological control of pathogenic and other deleterious microorganisms is discussed.
Molecular Signature of Nitroso-Redox Balance in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathies.

Background Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the most common types of cardiomyopathy. It has been proposed that an increase in oxidative stress in heart failure leads to a decrease in nitric oxide signaling, leading to impaired nitroso–redox signaling. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the occurrence of protein S‐nitrosylation (SNO) and oxidation in biopsies from explanted dilated cardiomyopathy and nonfailing donor male and female human hearts. Methods and Results Redox‐based resin‐assisted capture for oxidation and SNO proteomic analysis was used to measure protein oxidation and SNO, respectively. In addition, 2‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis using maleimide sulfhydryl‐reactive fluors was used to identify the SNO proteins. Protein oxidation increased in dilated cardiomyopathy biopsies in comparison with those from healthy donors. Interestingly, we did not find a consistent decrease in SNO in failing hearts; we found that some proteins showed an increase in SNO and others showed a decrease, and there were sex‐specific differences in the response. We found 10 proteins with a significant decrease in SNO and 4 proteins with an increase in SNO in failing female hearts. Comparing nonfailing and failing male hearts, we found 9 proteins with a significant decrease and 12 proteins with a significant increase. We also found an increase in S‐glutathionylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in failing female versus male hearts, suggesting an increase in uncoupled nitric oxide synthase in female hearts. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of nitroso–redox signaling in both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting a potential target to treat heart failure.
Who Is the Church

: Although the question of survival is on the mind of most mainline congregations in the United States, the real crisis facing the churches is one of identity. After briefly reviewing three theological paradigms for the church (Word-event, communion, and missio dei), I propose that the question of the church's identity is best answered by returning to the “story of the church,” which properly “starts with the Spirit,” and by reclaiming a concept of the church as a Spirit-breathed people who are called and sent.
High Frequency of and Factors Associated with Thyroid Hormone Over-Replacement and Under-Replacement in Men and Women Aged 65 and Over

Context: Thyroid hormone use is common in older populations, but the frequency of over- or under-replacement is debated. Objective: We sought to describe the frequency of and factors associated with thyroid hormone over- or under-replacement in a population of older men and women. Design: Participants were 3678 U.S. community dwelling individuals aged 65 yr or older enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study who had thyroid function tests in 1989–1990. Thyroid hormone users (n = 339) were identified and classified into low TSH ( 4.5 mU/liter). Results: Of the 339 thyroid hormone users, 41% had a low TSH, 16% had a high TSH, and 43% were in the euthyroid range. In multivariable analyses, lower weight (P < 0.001) was independently associated with low TSH status. For every 10 kg lower weight, the likelihood of having low TSH increased by 65% [odd ratio (OR) 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–2.07]. Those with renal insufficiency were less li...
A Novel IFN Regulatory Factor 3-Dependent Pathway Activated by Trypanosomes Triggers IFN-β in Macrophages and Fibroblasts

Innate immune recognition of intracellular pathogens involves both extracellular and cytosolic surveillance mechanisms. The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi triggers a robust type I IFN response in both immune and nonimmune cell types. In this study, we report that signaling through TBK1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 is required for T. cruzi-mediated expression of IFN-β. The TLR adaptors MyD88 and TRIF, as well as TLR4 and TLR3, were found to be dispensable, demonstrating that T. cruzi induces IFN-β expression in a TLR-independent manner. The potential role for cytosolic dsRNA sensing pathways acting through RIG-I and MDA5 was ruled out because T. cruzi was shown to trigger robust expression of IFN-β in macrophages lacking the MAVS/IPS1/VISA/CARDif adaptor protein. The failure of T. cruzi to activate HEK293-IFN-β-luciferase cells, which are highly sensitive to cytosolic triggers of IFN-β expression including Listeria, Sendai virus, and transfected dsRNA and dsDNA, further indicates that the parasite does not engage currently recognized cytosolic surveillance pathways. Together, these findings identify the existence of a novel TLR-independent pathogen-sensing mechanism in immune and nonimmune cells that converges on TBK1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 for activation of IFN-β gene expression.
Sucrose vs. maltose taste discrimination by rats depends on the input of the seventh cranial nerve

Although rats treat the taste of sucrose and maltose as perceptually similar, they nonetheless appear to be able to distinguish between the two sugars, as suggested from prior work examining the cross-generalization of conditioned taste aversions. This study explictly tested whether rats could behaviorally discriminate sucrose from maltose and examined the relative importance of the gustatory input of the seventh and ninth cranial nerves in maintaining such performance. Water-restricted rats were presurgically trained in a conditioned avoidance task to suppress licking to sucrose or maltose and to maintain licking to the other sugar. Concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 M) was varied to make intensity an irrelevant cue. Stimuli were randomly presented in 5-s trials during 50-min sessions. Bilateral transection of the chorda tympani nerve (CT) or the glossopharyngeal nerve or sham surgery did not disrupt discrimination performance. In contrast, combined transection of the CT and greater superficial petrosal nerve, which collectively removes the taste input of the seventh cranial nerve, caused severe impairments in sugar discriminability. In these rats, performance was more disturbed at the lower concentrations. These findings confirm that rats can discriminate sucrose from maltose and that this capability relies heavily on the taste input of the seventh cranial nerve. Although the input of the ninth cranial nerve is unnecessary, it may help sustain partial competence in this task, especially at high concentrations, in the combined absence of the CT and greater superficial petrosal nerve.
Effects of Copper Ion on Oxygen Uptake by Planktonic Cyprids of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite niveus.∗

SummaryOxygen uptake by planktonic cyprids of Balanus amphitrite niveus was elevated by addition of 0.5, 1, and 5 mg of copper ion per liter of sea water. Concentrations from 10 to 500 mg/1 progressively depress oxygen absorption. Analysis of individual patterns relates increased oxygen consumption to increased motor activity and energy cost of active transport.
Quantitative distribution of an esterase among cytoplasmic components of mouse liver cells.

SummaryThe esterase in the cytoplasm of mouse liver cells was found to be localized predominantly in the microsome fraction which contained an average of 47% of the enzyme in the whole tissue and 63% of that in the entire cytoplasm. Other cell fractions, the nuclear material, the large cytoplasmic granules, and the supernate from the microsome separation contained an average of 17%, 17%, and 14%, respectively, of the enzyme in the whole tissue. Enzyme activity per fig of N was greatest in the microsomes which contained a concentration that was 4.2 times that of the whole tissue. In the other particulate fractions, the nuclear material, the large cytoplasmic granules, and the supernate from the microsome separation, the enzyme concentration was found to be 0.6, 1.6, and 0.3 times, respectively, that of the whole tissue. The “lipoprotein” fraction of the microsomes displayed about 3 times the enzyme concentration found in the “nu-eleoprotein” fraction. Summation of the enzyme content of the substituent frac...
Fatigue Life Estimation in Complex Geometries and Loadings

Components with complex geometries and loading conditions frequently serve under cyclic loadings. This situation makes the evaluation of fatigue life in mechanical parts a fundamental issue. Particularly, for notched geometries and loadings involving plasticity, the cyclic stress and strain fields should be determined using finite elements models. The difficulties are increased since the constitutive equations of material under cyclic plasticity employed in the finite element codes is still an active research field and simplifications must be assumed always. In this paper a comprehensive study of strain-life method for fatigue estimation is presented. In addition, the difficulties found to establish a reliable methodology are enumerated.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Assessment of Matrix Metalloproteinases by Gelatin Zymography

Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases responsible for remodeling of the extracellular matrix and have been identified as critical contributors to breast cancer progression. Gelatin zymography is a valuable tool which allows the analysis of MMP expression. In this approach, enzymes are resolved electrophoretically on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel copolymerized with the substrate for the MMP of interest. Post electrophoresis, the enzymes are refolded in order for proteolysis of the incorporated substrate to occur. This assay yields valuable information about MMP isoforms or changes in activation and can be used to analyze the role of MMPs in normal versus pathological conditions.
Investigación sobre Celdas Solares de Película Delgada Orgánica en la Universidad de Stanford

La serie de 2 articulos que llevan como titulo “Organic Thin-Film Solar Cell Research Conducted at Stanford University”, es una traduccion autorizada por sus autores:Gary C. Bjorklund, y Thomas M. Baer, en Stanford Photonics Research Center.Esta serie se encuentra publicada en PHOTONICS SPECTRA, de noviembre de 2007, volumen 41-11 y diciembre de 2007 , volumen 41-12, respectivamente. Los autores plantean la urgente necesidad de colectivizar sus hallazgos con el fin de permitir el conocimiento de los mismos, de modo que esto pueda llegar a ser un incentivo para quienes investigan y pretendan utilizar energias renovables, reducir la contaminacion ambiental y contribuir a la disminucion de emisiones perjudiciales al ambiente, por el uso implacable de productos contaminantes. Entornos publica los dos articulos integrados en la presente edicion, como parte I y parte II.
Development and Application Prospects of High-oil Maize

The development of high-oil maize breeding,the nutrition value of high-oil maize and its application in cultivation and light industry are summarized.
Cortisol Correlates with Severity of Illness and Poorly Reflects Adrenal Function in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Objective To test the association between random cortisol and severity of illness in a "real-world" application of current guidelines. Study design We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Children with ARDS and vasopressor-dependent shock were identified and random cortisol levels before potential hydrocortisone initiation recorded. The cohort was dichotomized to cortisol Results Of 357 children with ARDS, 155 (15 nonsurvivors; 10%) had vasopressors initiated with cortisol drawn before possible hydrocortisone use. Patients with cortisol P Conclusions In children with ARDS with vasopressor-dependent shock, low cortisol correlated with lower severity of illness. Random cortisol was a poor method of diagnosing adrenal insufficiency, and a strategy of hydrocortisone replacement for cortisol
A Critical Analysis of Mansfield's Canonical 1994 Survey

It would be hard to overestimate the influence of Edwin Mansfield's 1994 empirical study for the International Finance Corporation of American business executives' attitudes toward low levels of intellectual property protection in developing nations. His paper is ubiquitously cited for the proposition that if developing countries raise their level of intellectual property protection (especially patents), they will attract foreign investment and technology transfer. I take a skeptical new look at this canonical work and conclude that the developing world should be very suspicious of the persistent claim that Mansfield's landmark survey of corporate decision makers supports a maximalist implementation and enforcement strategy across all areas of intellectual property. It has been cited too frequently and read too seldom.
Investigation of Intradomain Motions of a Y-Family DNA Polymerase during Substrate Binding and Catalysis

DNA polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis through a stepwise kinetic mechanism that begins with binding to DNA, followed by selection, binding, and incorporation of a nucleotide into an elongating primer. It is hypothesized that subtle active site adjustments in a polymerase to align reactive moieties limit the rate of correct nucleotide incorporation. DNA damage can impede this process for many DNA polymerases, causing replication fork stalling, genetic mutations, and potentially cell death. However, specialized Y-family DNA polymerases are structurally evolved to efficiently bypass DNA damage in vivo, albeit at the expense of replication fidelity. Dpo4, a model Y-family polymerase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, has been well-studied kinetically, structurally, and computationally, which yielded a mechanistic understanding of how the Y-family DNA polymerases achieve their unique catalytic properties. We previously employed a real-time Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique to characterize the glob...
Transient drift dominated bipolar conduction with recombination

A drift-dominated conduction model is often used in conduction analysis where the velocities of charge carriers are proportional to the local electric field through their mobilities, and in turn the electric field is related to the charge densities of the carriers through Gauss's law. Recent work for unipolar ion conduction has obtained generalized solutions for the transient time and spatial responses of the electric field and space charge distributions and for the terminal voltage-current characteristics for any initial and boundary conditions and for any type of terminal excitation or constraint.1–3
The Impact of Histological Subtypes on Outcome in Patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma Treated with or without Autologous Stem Cell Transplant.

Abstract Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) accounts for 7% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, with median overall survival in most series of 3–4 years. MCL has been classified into three histological subtypes which include diffuse MCL, nodular MCL, and blastic MCL. A relatively small number of studies have examined the prognostic importance of histology in MCL. The aim of this study was to determine if the progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates in mantle cell lymphoma differ among histological subtypes. A total of 102 patients with MCL, treated by the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group between January 1986 and June 2006, with a median age of 60 years (range 32–89 years) were available for study. Patients were treated with HyperCVAD or a CHOP like regimen with or without rituximab and autologous hematopoetic stem cell transplant (ASCT). All cases were confirmed using cyclin D1 staining. Regardless of treatment, our study failed to show a significant difference in PFS (p=0.26) or OS (P=0.06) among histological subtypes. There was a trend for better survival in patients with nodular MCL. However, in patients receiving ASCT, there was a significantly higher PFS (P=0.0001) and OS (p=0.0005) compared to patients not receiving ASCT. The 3 year PFS for patients receiving HyperCVAD followed by ASCT was 64% compared to the 3 year PFS for HyperCVAD alone of 0 (p=0.008). In conclusion, we failed to show association between histological subtypes of MCL with outcomes regardless of treatment. However, the use of ASCT improved survival.
Characteristics of Ivabradine-Sensitive Currents in Mouse Sinoatrial Node Myocytes

Cardiac pacemaking is driven by spontaneous action potentials (APs) in sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs). The funny current (If) is thought play a role in the generation of pacemaker activity in SAMs, but the degree to which it contributes is incompletely understood. In this study, we used AP clamp experiments and the If blocker, ivabradine, to investigate the role of If in pacemaking. Spontaneous APs were recorded from acutely-isolated SAMs from mice, and ∼10 s of the AP recording was incorporated into a voltage clamp command. This AP clamp protocol elicited both inward and outward ivabradine-sensitive currents in SAMs. If was defined as the ivabradine-sensitive current remaining in the presence of a pharmacological cocktail of sodium, calcium and potassium channel blockers. Measurable inward ivabradine-sensitive current was evident during diastole in 57% of all cells and was generally larger in cells with the most negative diastolic voltages. Although we found that 30 μM ivabradine also blocked both L- and T-type calcium currents in SAMs, the majority of the ivabradine-sensitive inward current in the AP clamp experiments appeared to be If because control experiments showed that the drug cocktail blocked ∼85% of the calcium currents. Ivabradine also blocked a substantial outward current during the AP upstroke and repolarization phases. This outward ivabradine-sensitive current likely includes a contribution of If, which results from its relatively slow deactivation. However some of the outward ivabradine-sensitive current may also reflect off-target block of potassium currents by ivabradine. We are currently assaying the contribution of potassium currents to the outward ivabradine-sensitive current. Our results suggest that If is active not only during diastole, but also throughout the AP upstroke and repolarization phases of the mouse SAM AP.
An Intersectional Analysis of Latin@ College Women's Counter-stories in Mathematics

In this article, the author discusses the intersectionality of mathematics experiences for two Latin@ college women pursuing mathematics-intensive STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) majors at a large, predominantly White university. The author employs intersectionality and poststructural theories to explore and make meaning of their experiences in relation to discourses of mathematics ability and pursuits of STEM higher education. A cross-case analysis of two Latin@ college women's counter-stories details the development of success-oriented beliefs and strategies in navigating the discourses that they encountered institutionally and interpersonally in their mathematics experiences. Implications are raised for P--16 mathematics and STEM education to broaden equitable learning opportunities for Latin@ women and other marginalized groups' construction of positive mathematics identities at intersections of gender and other social identities
Mycotoxin Biotransformation by Native and Commercial Enzymes: Present and Future Perspectives

Worldwide mycotoxins contamination has a significant impact on animal and human health, and leads to economic losses accounted for billions of dollars annually. Since the application of pre- and post- harvest strategies, including chemical or physical removal, are not sufficiently effective, biological transformation is considered the most promising yet challenging approach to reduce mycotoxins accumulation. Although several microorganisms were reported to degrade mycotoxins, only a few enzymes have been identified, purified and characterized for this activity. This review focuses on the biotransformation of mycotoxins performed with purified enzymes isolated from bacteria, fungi and plants, whose activity was validated in in vitro and in vivo assays, including patented ones and commercial preparations. Furthermore, we will present some applications for detoxifying enzymes in food, feed, biogas and biofuel industries, describing their limitation and potentialities.
Reply to Engelthaler and Meyer, "Furthering the Continental Drift Speciation Hypothesis in the Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species Complexes".

We thank and compliment Engelthaler and Meyer for their letter ([1][1]), which provides new information extending our hypothesis that continental drift was a major influence in driving speciation within the Cryptococcus species complexes ([2][2]). Their map superimposing the four major current
Survey of nulliparous parturients' attitudes regarding timing of epidural analgesia initiation.

Abstract Study objective At our hospital, although >90% of nulliparous parturients eventually choose epidural analgesia for labor, many delay its initiation, experiencing considerable pain in the interim. This survey probed parturients' views about the timing of initiation of epidural labor analgesia. Design Single-center, nonrandomized quantitative survey. Setting Labor and delivery suite in a large tertiary academic medical center. Patients Two hundred laboring nulliparous women admitted to the labor and delivery suite. Interventions: After their pain was relieved, parturients completed a questionnaire regarding their decision to request labor epidural analgesia. Measurements A variety of factors regarding epidural use were assessed including the influence of painful contractions and of childbirth education class attendance on the decision to request epidural analgesia, and parturients' perception of the timing of epidural initiation on the progress and outcome of labor. Main results Analysis revealed that the desire of parturients to use epidural analgesia was increased from 27.9% before the onset of painful contractions to 48.2% after ( p p =0.04). The most common views affecting decision-making were that epidural analgesia should not be administered "too early" (67.5%), and that it would slow labor (68.5%). Both of these views were more likely to be held if the parturient had attended a childbirth class, OR=2.0 (95%CI:1.1–3.8; p =0.03) and OR=2.0 (95% CI: 1.1 to 3.7; p =0.03), respectively. Conclusions We found that nulliparous parturients have misconceptions about epidurals, which are not supported by evidence-based medicine. Moreover, we found that attendance at childbirth education classes was associated with believing these misconceptions.
Spatial dependence of the super-exchange interactions for transition-metal trimers in graphene

This study examines the magnetic interactions between spatially variable manganese and chromium trimers substituted into a graphene superlattice. Using density functional theory, we calculate the electronic band structure and magnetic populations for the determination of the electronic and magnetic properties of the system. To explore the super-exchange coupling between the transition-metal atoms, we establish the magnetic ground states through a comparison of multiple magnetic and spatial configurations. Through an analysis of the electronic and magnetic properties, we conclude that the presence of transition-metal atoms can induce a distinct magnetic moment in the surrounding carbon atoms as well as produce a Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida-like super-exchange coupling. It is hoped that these simulations can lead to the realization of spintronic applications in graphene through electronic control of the magnetic clusters.