cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compression optical coherence elastography for micro-scale embryonic tissues (Conference Presentation)

The study of the mechanical properties of embryonic tissues has become an area of increasing need as more relationships between structure and function are discovered. However, there are no appropriate tools currently available to study mechanical properties of soft, millimeter-scale structures. Here, we present work on a micro-scale compression optical coherence elastography (C-OCE) system which can make quantitative measurements of the mechanical properties of small biological tissues. Inspired by "sensor" C-OCE, in which a hydrogel is laid over the sample of interest to calibrate the deformation, here we fully embed a small sample in hydrogel, then apply compressive or tensile force. Meanwhile, a phase-stable optical coherence tomography (OCT) system images the sample. Nanometer-scale displacements are extracted from the phase signal and used to generate a cross-sectional strain map. The strain map is then interpreted to provide information about the absolute mechanical properties of the sample at micron-level resolution. To date, we have demonstrated sensitivity to 20 kPa differences in Young's modulus in soft gelatin phantoms. Additionally, we have used this method to measure the mechanical properties of de-lamination of endocardial cushions as they develop into cardiac valves in quail embryos. Further work will include 3D property characterizations, use of finite element modeling to calculate absolute mechanical properties of complex structures, and deeper investigation into the role of mechanics during valvulogenesis and other developmental processes.
Optimal Control of Markov Chains

Add costs and decisions to a Markov chain and you have a Markov decision chain (MDC), the subject of this chapter. Roughly speaking, the problem is how to control a Markov chain to achieve an economic objective. Control is exercised by taking a sequence of actions, each of which may depend on the currently observed state and may influence both the immediate cost and the next state transition.
Comparative Studies of Amphibian Cytoplasmic Virus Strains Isolated from the Leopard Frog, Bullfrog, and Newt

Alone among all the species of reptiles and amphibians, the leopard frog (Ranapipicns) has been the object of intensive virological investigations. The study of Ranapipiens, prompted by the frequent occurrence of inclusion-bearing kidney tumors in this species (1, 2), has already yielded at least two types of amphibian virus (3–6).
Model-based architecture for high autonomy systems

This paper presents the principles for design of autonomous systems whose behavior is based on models that support the various tasks that must be performed. We propose a model-based architecture aimed at reducing the computational demands required to integrate high level symbolic models with low level dynamic models. Model construction methods are illustrated to outfit such an architecture with the models needed to meet assigned objectives.
Guidance Document a Critique of Pharmacokinetics and Biological Monitoring

The purpose of this discussion is to critique the OECD Guidance Document entitled: “The Conduct of Field Studies to Evaluate the Exposure of Operators, Workers and Bystanders to Pesticides” with respect to pharmacokinetics and biological monitoring.
A Biopsychosocial Perspective on the Assessment and Treatment of Chronic Pain in Older Adults

Pain is commonly understood to be a normal sensation triggered in the nervous system as an alert to the possibility of injury and the need for rest and recuperation. In this instance, the experience of acute pain is adaptive and can be considered an expected consequence of illness, injury, or surgery, which most often resolves with healing. However, the experience of chronic pain is an entirely different matter. Pain signals keep firing in the nervous system for weeks, months, and even years beyond the expected period of healing or resolution of the source of pain. Often it is the case that the experience of chronic pain is not reliably associated with an underlying pathology or disease severity. Therefore, chronic pain does not appear to serve an instrumental role in protecting the sufferer or in otherwise promoting adaptation and adjustment.
Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions and prediction of later problems

Abstract Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a common and impairing disorder characterized by angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness. These symptom domains are related to and predict attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and mood and anxiety problems. ODD often begins early during preschool, is relatively stable, and exhibits irritability as a core feature. ODD is also associated with other disruptive behavior disorders and other problems such as problems with peers, toilet training problems, and problems with independent sleep. There is substantial heterogeneity in ODD, including a callous/unemotional pathway and a reactive mood/aggression pathway. Yet, accurate characterization of the disorder is important for early assessment and treatment.
Three-Dimensional Angles of Confluence of Cortical Bridging Veins and the Superior Sagittal Sinus on MR Venography: Does Drainage of Adjacent Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Alter this Spatial Configuration?

Few neuroimaging anatomic studies to date have investigated in detail the point of entry of cortical bridging veins (CBVs) into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Although we know that most CBVs join the SSS at an acute angle opposite to the direction of SSS blood flow, the three-dimensional (3-D) spatial configuration of these venous confluences has not been studied previously. This anatomical information would be pertinent to several clinically applicable scenarios, such as in planning intracranial surgical approaches that preserve bridging veins; studying anatomical factors in the pathophysiology of SSS thrombosis; and when planning endovascular microcatheterization of pial veins to retrogradely embolize brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We used the concept of Euclidean planes in 3-D space to calculate the arccosine of these CBV-SSS angles of confluence. To test the hypothesis that pial AVM draining veins may not be any more acutely angled or difficult to microcatheterize at the SSS than for normal CBVs, we measured 70 angles of confluence on magnetic resonance venography images of 11 normal, and nine AVM patients. There was no statistical difference between normal and AVM patients in the CBV-SSS angles projected in 3-D space (56.2° [SD = 22.4°], and 46.2° [SD = 22.3°], respectively; P > 0.05). Hence, participation of CBVs in drainage of pial AVMs should not confer any added difficulty to their microcatheterization across the SSS, when compared to the acute angles found in normal individuals. This has useful implications for potential choices of strategies requiring endovascular transvenous retrograde approaches to treat AVMs. Clin. Anat. 33:293-299, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental and theoretical study of the restrained shrinkage cracking of early age well cement

Abstract The shrinkage cracking occurring in oil & gas well cement material is a major factor that reduces the cement sheath integrity and impairs the durability of an underground well. Shrinkage mainly takes place in the early hydration period of the cement, and the resulting restrained shrinkage cracking can form a leaking network for oil & gas or carbon dioxide stored in an underground reservoir. It is thus important to understand the early age behavior of well cement and the leaking pathway formation in the well. This study describes the application of the digital image correlation (DIC) method as a tool to measure the strain development and crack distributions of well cement in the lab during early phase changes. A theoretical model is presented to calculate the stress distribution built up in the cement sheath during early ages of well cement hydration, which helps to interpret the experimental observations and determine the major factors influencing the cracking sequences. This study presents the whole hydration – drying shrinkage – and cracking mechanism of early age well cement under restrained ring conditions experimentally and theoretically. The results offer useful insights on the key material and geometric parameters which control the fracture of a well cementing structure.
3D-Printed Electroactive Hydraulic Valves for Use in Soft Robotic Applications

Soft robotics promises developments in the research areas of safety, bio-mimicry, manipulation, human-robot interaction, and alternative locomotion techniques. The research presented here is directed towards developing an improved, low-cost, and open-source method for soft robotic control using electrorheological fluids in compact, 3D-printed electroactive hydraulic valves. We construct high-pressure electrorheological valves and deformable actuators using only commercially available materials and accessible fabrication methods. The printed valves were characterized with industrial-grade electrorheological fluid (RheOil 3.0), but the design is generalizable to other electrorheological fluids. Valve performance was shown to be an improvement over comparable work with demonstrated higher yield pressures at lower voltages (up to 230 kPa), larger flow rates (up to 15 ml/min) and lower response times (1 to 3 seconds, depending on design). The resulting valve and actuator systems enable future novel applications of electrorheological fluid-based control and hydraulics in soft robotics and other disciplines.
Machine Learning Conservation Laws from Trajectories.

We present AI Poincare, a machine learning algorithm for autodiscovering conserved quantities using trajectory data from unknown dynamical systems. We test it on five Hamiltonian systems, including the gravitational three-body problem, and find that it discovers not only all exactly conserved quantities, but also periodic orbits, phase transitions, and breakdown timescales for approximate conservation laws.
Abstract PS18-49: A transcriptome approach to reveal CTDP1 knockdown induced G1 cell cycle arrest in triple negative breast cancer cells

CTDP1 (C-terminal domain phosphatase 1) is the only phosphatase domain with a BRCT-domain and known to be associated with transcription and mitosis in eukaryotic systems. Our previous research showed that CTDP1 participates in the DNA damage response by mediating interstrand DNA repair through the Fanconi anemia pathway. This study also revealed that CTDP1 is an essential gene in breast cancer cell lines but not in normal breast derived epithelial MCF10A cells. This project aims to identify the changes in transcripts, kinases and interactors leading to the cell death induced by CTDP1 knockdown in the triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Since RNA Pol II is one of the major targets of CTDP1 phosphatase activity, we initially hypothesized that the cellular changes were mediated by transcriptional regulation. The global transcriptomic profiling of shCTDP1 MDA-MB-231 cells detected more than 29000 gene products, where 1000 and 616 genes were found consistently up- and down-regulated, respectively. The downregulation of cell cycle-associated genes CCNA2, TOP2A and POLA1 in the MDA-MB-231 cells were confirmed with q-RT-PCR. While the upregulated genes did not show enrichment in the Reactome pathway database, the downregulated genes were significantly associated with DNA damage response, mitosis and transcription, which is consistent with the known functions of CTDP1. The transcription factor binding motifs analysis with iRegulon reveals that the E2F1 transcription activity decreased as CTDP1 was knocked down in MDA-MB-231. The subsequent cell cycle analysis supports this prediction and showed G1 arrest as CTDP1 is knocked down in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453, but not in MCF10A. A kinase array analysis was also conducted to further identify kinases activated or deactivated as CTDP1 is knocked down. A nested network analysis of the predicted transcription factors, kinases and CTDP1 interactors is used to identify potential pathways contributing to cell death of the triple-negative breast cancer cells upon loss of CTDP1 expression. Citation Format: Henry Chun Hin Law, Nicholas Woods. A transcriptome approach to reveal CTDP1 knockdown induced G1 cell cycle arrest in triple negative breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS18-49.
Using the theory of constraints to create a paradigm shift in organisation performance at a large primary care provider practice

Healthcare is in crisis with increasing patients’ needs, rising medical technology investment, increasing expenses, and patients’ inability to pay. To address this crisis, a new, simple, effective,...
Inpatient Immunization With HPV Vaccine: A Qualitative Study With Postpartum Women.

Abstract Introduction Rates of immunization with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among adolescent and young adult females remain suboptimal. There is a continued need to focus on catch-up immunization. Some hospitals in the United States have implemented inpatient postpartum HPV immunization programs (IPP-HPV) as part of a strategy to improve rates of catch-up immunization. Patients’ perspectives are critical to facilitating broad adoption of IPP-HPV. The objectives of this study were to understand the experiences and perspectives of postpartum women recommended to receive HPV vaccine before hospital discharge and to identify facilitators of and barriers to program implementation. Methods We conducted in-depth semistructured interviews with postpartum women eligible for IPP-HPV. We used purposive sampling to ensure representation across race, ethnicity, and language. Interviews were analyzed using an iterative thematic approach. Results The median age of participants (n = 24) was 22 years (range, 15–26 years), and six had declined the inpatient dose of HPV vaccine. Overall, women viewed IPP-HPV favorably. Facilitators of program implementation included viewing HPV vaccine as prevention, normalization of the vaccine, convenience of IPP-HPV, and the experience of a patient-centered approach. Barriers included the peripartum environment and associated stress, vaccine hesitancy, and a lack of both awareness of and knowledge about HPV vaccine. Conclusions IPP-HPV immunization is a strategy well-received by women for improving rates of catch-up immunization. The implementation of such programs may be optimized by increasing awareness that the vaccine is available and recommended for postpartum women, and by using a patient-centered approach that is sensitive to the needs of postpartum patients.
The Fiscal Impacts of Alternative Land Uses: An Empirical Investigation of Cost of Community Services Studies

Current knowledge of the fiscal impacts of alternative land uses comes largely from cost of community services (CCS) case studies, the results of which are viewed skeptically in the literature because of numerous methodological concerns. In order to begin to fill the gap in our understanding of these impacts, we provide the first empirical estimates of the relationship between a complete accounting of community fiscal measures and the full distribution of acres of land uses in the jurisdiction. We find evidence in support of the broad conclusions of CCS studies: a shift from agricultural to residential land is associated with a deficit, whereas a shift to commercial land is correlated with a surplus. We provide insights into which revenue/expenditure and land use subcategories are responsible for these results.
Postpartum and addiction recovery of women in opioid use disorder treatment: A qualitative study.

Postpartum is a highly vulnerable time for women with opioid use disorder (OUD). Our primary objective was to identify patient and provider reported aspects of the pregnancy to postpartum transitio...
Underwater vs Conventional Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Large Sessile or Flat Colorectal Polyps: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

Background & Aims Conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (CEMR) with submucosal injection is the current standard for the resection of large, nonmalignant colorectal polyps. We investigated whether underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) is superior to CEMR for large (20–40mm) sessile or flat colorectal polyps. Methods In this prospective randomized controlled study, patients with sessile or flat colorectal polyps between 20 and 40 mm in size were randomly assigned to UEMR or CEMR. The primary outcome was the recurrence rate after 6 months. Secondary outcomes included en bloc and R0 resection rates, number of resected pieces, procedure time, and adverse events. Results En bloc resection rates were 33.3% in the UEMR group and 18.4% in the CEMR group (P = .045); R0 resection rates were 32.1% and 15.8% for UEMR vs CEMR, respectively (P = .025). UEMR was performed with significantly fewer pieces compared to CEMR (2 pieces: 45.5% UEMR vs 17.7% CEMR; P = .001). The overall recurrence rate did not differ between both groups (P = .253); however, subgroup analysis showed a significant difference in favor of UEMR for lesions of >30 mm to ≤40 mm in size (P = .031). The resection time was significantly shorter in the UEMR group (8 vs 14 minutes; P Conclusions UEMR is superior to CEMR regarding en bloc resection, R0 resection, and procedure time for large colorectal lesions and shows significantly lower recurrence rates for lesions >30 mm to ≤40 mm in size. UEMR should be considered for the endoscopic resection of large colorectal polyps.
Virtual Teams Rethink Creativity: A New Theory Using Asynchronous Communications.

A new theory, Asynchronous Creativity Theory (ACT), and a new model, the Media-Cognitive-Social Model of Creativity, are both proposed. The model takes a cross-disciplinary look at the effects of communication media capabilities on the traditional social and cognitive factors affecting creativity. The focus of the theory is on teams which use primarily asynchronous electronic communication media. Feedback is less immediate and interactions carry less language and social cues than face-to-face communications, but recent research suggests that the ultimate effects of these “losses” may serve to induce creativity. Additional features of asynchronicity – higher parallelism, rehearsability, and reprocessability – appear to enhance creativity. The net effect of the interplay of media, cognitive, and social influences is that virtual teams using asynchronous media may have greater potential for creativity than synchronous face-to-face teams. Organizational impacts could include improved innovation, cost reduction, and reshaping the structure and nature of work in organizations.
Current Status of Time-Lapse Microscopy for Embryo Selection

One of the major barriers of in vitro fertilization (IVF) over the past three decades has been in decreasing the rate of multiple pregnancies. Multiple approaches have been taken in an attempt achieve better embryo selection, including time-lapse microscopy (TLM). This technology allows for the evaluation of embryo morphology in more detail than conventional observation at static time points, as well as for the definition of embryo morphokinetics (i.e., the precise timing of specific morphologic occurrences). So far, over 20 morphokinetic markers have been identified with the use of TLM; however, most of these markers have not been thoroughly validated in prospective or randomized controlled studies. Furthermore, inconsistencies in definitions make it difficult to compare various studies and draw sound conclusions. Because of these limitations, we do not think we are currently in a position to weigh the true benefit of using TLM for embryo selection, and until sufficient high-quality evidence exists, we believe that TLM should continue to be considered experimental and subject to institutional review and approval.
Hydatidiform mole—A pathologico-clinical correlation of 200 cases

Abstract In view of the proved curability, all grades of chorionic malignancy except chorioncarcinoma, regardless of how the latter is treated, it seems reasonable to adopt a conservative attitude regarding the pathologico-clinical approach to the problem of hydatidiform moles. An adequate pathologic examination of molar tissue and curettings, done at the time of operation , is valuable but not of absolute diagnostic or prognostic significance. The more malignant the mole appears morphologically, the more likely the patient is to develop some form of chrioma. Therefore, the clinician should be apprehensive regarding clinical malignancy in proportion to the degree of apparent pathologic malignancy. Such clinical malignancy (except in some chorioncarcinomas) is usually indicated by subinvolution of the uterus and bleeding, which indicates the need for a repeat curettage and probable hysterectomy. Chorionic gonadotropic hormone tests are of little or equivocal value during the period when treatable clinical malignancies are first developing, i.e., on an average thirty-five days after the expulsion of the mole. By thus adopting a conservative attitude of "scientific apprehensive expectancy" (courtesy of Dr. F. C. Irving) many uteri will be saved that are now needlessly removed without adding appreciably—if any—to the death rate from chorionic malignancy.
TCC transdiagnóstica para los trastornos de ansiedad: Eficacia, aceptabilidad, y otros aspectos

Interest in transdiagnostic approaches to the cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) ofemotional disorders has been increasing over the past decade. The purpose of this paper was toreview the rationale behind transdiagnostic treatment models, describe one such group-based treatmentprotocol in detail, and report on the building evidence base to date. The evidence suggests thattransdiagnostic CBT for anxiety is associated with symptom improvement, performs better thanwaitlist controls, is associated with improvements in comorbid disorders, and performs equivalentlyto established diagnosis-specific treatments. Transdiagnostic protocols are also associatedwith good client satisfaction, high levels of therapeutic alliance and group cohesion, and positivetreatment perceptions during and following treatment. Limitations and directions for future researchare discussed.
The Motion of Bomb Debris Following the Starfish Test

Theoretical computations are presented which identify some of the more important processes affecting the debris expansion following the Starfish explosion. A MHD shock wave is formed, through which the moving debris and air plasma is coupled to stationary plasma. The major component of the stationary plasma is produced by the explosion through ionization of neutral air by X rays and by collisions. The detailed behavior of a model MHD shock system with collisional effects is studied by means of a Lagrangian Computer program, and the computed results are compared with photographic data. The data and computations are in good qualitative agreement as to the behavior of the downward and east-west expansion. The upward expansion is slowed partly by the processes mentioned, but it is ultimately stopped and reversed through the action of conduction currents flowing in the F1 layer in a region connected to the moving plasma by way of the field lines.
Identifying Undervalued Stocks: A Case-Study of Saudi Stock Market

The value-oriented approach is based on long-term investing and the objective is to identify those stocks that are undervalued relative to the market or their industry group with the assumption that the market will eventually recognize the value of the stock, and the price will rise. The approach involves computing a number of valuation measures of a company and comparing them with that of industry and/or stock market norms. The purpose of this article is to illustrate a simple and easy method to identify undervalued stocks in Saudi Stock Market to enable the investors for making well informed and conscious investment decisions. The article briefly reviews commonly used stock valuation measures prescribed in finance literature and illustrates the application of PEG ratio as one of the better valuation measures to identify undervalued stocks in the context of Saudi stock market which has witnessed much volatility during the past 12 months due to high speculation that led to overvaluation and subsequent correction of the market.
Organoboranes : XIII. The mercuration of vinylboranes. A convenient stereospecific procedure for the conversion of acetylenes into vinylmercury salts via hydroboration-mercuration

Abstract Vinylboranes derived from terminal and internal acetylenes via hydroboration with dicyclohexylborane undergo an instantaneous reaction with mercuric acetate at 0° to give the corresponding vinylmercury acetates. Treatment with aqueous sodium chloride provides a convenient stereospecific synthesis of vinylmercury chlorides. This reaction is accompanied by a “side reaction” leading to cyclohexyl olefins and elemental mercury. The extent of this “side reaction” is apparently determined by the steric requirements of the vinylborane. Greater than 85% isolated yields of isomerically pure trans-vinylmercury chlorides can be obtained from terminal acetylenes. The yields of isomerically pure cis-vinylmercury chlorides from internal acetylenes are somewhat lower.
In vitro cardiac tissue models: Current status and future prospects

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Achieving the next phase of potential treatment strategies and better prognostic tools will require a concerted effort from interdisciplinary fields. Biomaterials-based cardiac tissue models are revolutionizing the area of preclinical research and translational applications. The goal of in vitro cardiac tissue modeling is to create physiological functional models of the human myocardium, which is a difficult task due to the complex structure and function of the human heart. This review describes the advances made in area of in vitro cardiac models using biomaterials and bioinspired platforms. The field has progressed extensively in the past decade, and we envision its applications in the areas of drug screening, disease modeling, and precision medicine.
Continuum remodeling revisited : deformation rate driven functional adaptation using a hypoelastic constitutive law.

Recent research effort in bone remodeling has been directed toward describing interstitial fluid flow in the lacuno-canalicular system and its potential as a cellular stimulus. Regardless of the precise contents of the mechanotransduction “black box”, it seems clear that the fluid flow on which the remodeling is predicated cannot occur under static loading conditions. In an attempt to help continuum remodeling simulations catch up with cellular and subcellular research, this paper presents a simple, strain rate driven remodeling algorithm for density allocation and principal material direction rotations. An explicit finite element code was written and deployed on a supercomputer which discretizes the remodeling process and uses an objective hypoelastic constitutive law to simulate trabecular realignment. Results indicate that a target strain rate for this dynamic approach is |D * | = 1.7% per second which seems reasonable when compared to observed strain rates. Simulations indicate that a morpho-mechanically realistic three-dimensional bone can be synthesized by applying a few dynamic loads at the envelope of common daily physiological rates, even with no static loading component.
Topic Sensitivity: Implications for Web-Based Surveys

Use of Web surveys by academic and practitioner researchers in Marketing is increasing rapidly. This is largely due to the advantages that Web surveys have in terms of speed, cost, and efficiency of data collection over other modes of data collection. In addition, Web survey programs offer researchers a wide variety of design options that can reduce sources of respondent error that are typically high in other self-administered methods, such as acquiescence, extreme responding, and social desirability Miller (2006).
Corrections for the geometric distortion of the tube detectors on SANS instruments at ORNL

Abstract The small-angle neutron scattering instruments at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory׳s High Flux Isotope Reactor recently upgraded the area detectors from the large, single volume crossed-wire detectors originally installed to staggered arrays of linear position-sensitive detectors (LPSDs). The specific geometry of the LPSD array requires that approaches to data reduction traditionally employed be modified. Here, two methods for correcting the geometric distortion produced by the LPSD array are presented and compared. The first method applies a correction derived from a detector sensitivity measurement performed using the same configuration as the samples are measured. In the second method, a solid angle correction is derived that can be applied to data collected in any instrument configuration during the data reduction process in conjunction with a detector sensitivity measurement collected at a sufficiently long camera length where the geometric distortions are negligible. Both methods produce consistent results and yield a maximum deviation of corrected data from isotropic scattering samples of less than 5% for scattering angles up to a maximum of 35°. The results are broadly applicable to any SANS instrument employing LPSD array detectors, which will be increasingly common as instruments having higher incident flux are constructed at various neutron scattering facilities around the world.
Anorectic effects of circulating cytokines: role of the vascular blood-brain barrier

Abstract Communication between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues is mediated in part by the ability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to transport peptides and regulatory proteins. Many cytokines with effects on appetite, including interleukins 1α, 1β, and 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, are transported across the BBB. Cytokines also can interact with the luminal surface of the brain endothelial cells, which constitute the BBB, to induce brain endothelial cells to release appetite-affecting substances into brain interstitial fluid. Leptin, a 16-kDa protein that binds to a cytokine receptor, is produced by fat cells and transported across the BBB by a saturable system to exert its anorectic effects. Transporter performance for appetite-related peptides and regulatory proteins can be altered by disease and under conditions associated with anorexia or obesity, a striking example being leptin transport in obesity. In mice with obesity of maturity, leptin transport is reduced by about two-thirds, showing that obesity involves a dysfunction of the BBB. That altered transport across the BBB of other substances related to feeding also might result in obesity or anorexia is a possibility that deserves investigation.
Categorization of two-dimensional and three-dimensional stimuli by 18-month-old infants.

Abstract In two experiments, 18-month-old infants’ categorization of 3D replicas and 2D photographs of the same animals and vehicles were compared to explore infants’ flexibility in categorization across different object representations. Using a sequential touching procedure, infants completed one superordinate and two basic-level categorization tasks with 3D replicas, 2D cut out photographs, or 2D images on photo cubes (“2D cubes”). For superordinate sets, 3D replicas elicited longer mean run lengths than 2D cut outs, and 3D replicas elicited equivalent mean run lengths as 2D cubes. For basic-level sets, infants categorized high-contrast animal sets when presented with 3D replicas, but they failed to categorize any of the 2D photograph sets. Categorization processes appear to differ for 3D and 2D stimuli, and infants’ discovery of object properties over time while manipulating objects may facilitate categorization, as least at the superordinate level. These findings are discussed in the context of infants’ representation abilities and the integration of perception and action.
Escherichia coli quinolinate synthetase does indeed harbor a [4Fe-4S] cluster

Quinolinic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide-containing redox cofactors. The ultimate step in the formation of quinolinic acid in prokaryotes is the condensation of iminosuccinate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is catalyzed by the product of the nadA gene in Escherichia coli. A combination of UV-vis, Mossbauer, and EPR spectroscopies, along with analytical methods for the determination of iron and sulfide, demonstrates for the first time that anaerobically purified quinolinate synthetase (NadA) from E. coli contains one [4Fe-4S] cluster per polypeptide. The protein is active, catalyzing the formation of quinolinic acid with a Vmax [ET]-1 of 0.01 s-1.
Three-dimensional color power imaging of the fetal hepatic circulation

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the use of three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography to identify vascular congenital anomalies of fetal portosystemic and umbilical venous systems. Study design In a prospective study, the hepatic and umbilical venous systems were examined in 390 fetuses with two-dimensional ultrasonography, color, and spectral Doppler imaging. Fetuses suspected to have anomalies of the portal system and ductus venosus were additionally examined with three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography. Results Vascular anomalies were identified in 8 fetuses (absent ductus venosus, n = 4; direct connection between the umbilical vein and the right atrium, n = 2; and direct connection between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, n = 2) out of the 310 in which the venous system could be adequately imaged (prevalence = 2.6%). Three-dimensional power Doppler imaging showed the course of the umbilical vein, its relationship to the portosystemic circulation, and whether a ductus venosus was present. Conclusion Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography can be used to image normal fetal hepatic and portal circulation, as well as identify anomalies of the fetal portosystemic and umbilical venous systems.
Wearing our own clothes: Librarians as faculty

Abstract The debate over faculty status for librarians continues, but for librarians already on the tenure track, philosophy matters less than the practical matter of achieving tenure. Librarians need to understand the functions and circumtances of non-librarian faculty so that librarianship and individual accomplishments can be described in terms that teaching faculty understand.
Extensible authentication protocols for IEEE standards 802.11 and 802.16

In this paper, the challenges involved in authentication over wireless networks including wireless LANs, IEEE 802.11, and WIMAX, IEEE 802.16 are described. Both IEEE 802.11i and 802.16e support EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) for authentication, but do not specify the EAP method required for authentication. This paper examines four different categories of EAP methods: legacy methods such as EAP-MD5 and CHAP, certificate-based authentication methods such as EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, and PEAP; password-based authentication methods, such as EAP-LEAP and EAP-FAST; and strong password-based authentication methods such as EAP-SPEKE. The EAP methods are examined with respect to their vulnerabilities as well as their convenience of utilization. The legacy methods do not meet the criteria established by RFC 4017 to be used for wireless communication. The conclusion is that although certificate-based authentication methods such as EAP-TLS which is specifically mentioned in 802.16e have the strongest security, these methods are not very convenient to use. Password-based authentication methods, on the other hand, are very convenient to use, but provide the least amount of security. The strong password-based authentication methods may be a good alternative to certificate-based authentication, providing a strong level of security while being convenient to use as well as providing authentication of the user as well as the device.
Use of AHR-5850 and AHR-6293 to distinguish the effect of anti-platelet aggregating drug properties from the effect of anti-inflammatory properties on an in Vivo model of platelet aggregation

Platelet aggregates are induced in arterioles on the cerebral surface by exposing the vessels to appropriately filtered light from a mercury lamp in the presence of an intraluminal fluorescent dye acting as a target for the radiant energy. The aggregates are inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of AHR-5850, but not by AHR-6293. Both drugs are potent antiinflammatory agents, AHR-6293 being more potent than AHR-5850. Both drugs inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro , but the 6293 is a much weaker inhibitor than 5850. In view of their relative potencies as anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregating agents, it appears that it is the anti-aggregating properties of 5850 which are responsible for its effect in our in vivo model, and that potent anti-inflammatory properties alone cannot account for the inhibition of platelet aggregation which we observed. The data support our earlier hypothesis that agents like aspirin and indomethacin inhibit platelet aggregation in this model because of their effect on the platelet, rather than by any anti-inflammatory protective action on the vessel wall.
On the tensor product of permutation modules

Let G be a finite permutation group and F a finite field. Let X denote the permutation module of G over F and consider X@ X. Throughout this paper all tensor products are over the field F. If we take a family of G submodules of X and consider the tensor products of these submodules and all their possible sums, we get a list of some obvious submodules of X @ X. However, it is clear that a list obtained in this manner from a given family of submodules of X: for example: from a particular composition series, is not in general the full lattice of submodules of X@ X. In this paper we give sufficient conditions under which the lattice of submodules of X@ X can be obtained in this manner. Examples of families of permutation groups satisfying our conditions are given. The complete characterisation of permutation groups whose permutation module X is such that the complete lattice of submodules of X @ X is obtained from a given chain of submodules of X by tensoring and forming all possible sums is difficult. Similar questions could be raised for exterior and symmetric powers ofX. The motivation behind this problem came from [ 11, where the classification of transitive permutation groups of degree p’, p a prime, is considered. We wanted in that connection the complete lattice of the submodules of the permutation module of the group S,) S,. We show here how this is done in a more general situation. Now let G be a finite permutation group of degree n and assume that F is a finite field of characteristic p such that p divides n. Denote the permutation module of G over F by X. Choose an F basis of X as (6, ,..., a,). This set is permuted under the action of G. The socle (also the trace.) of X is the one-
Legal, Ethical, and Professional Issues to Consider When Communicating via the Internet: A Suggested Response Model and Policy

Abstract Providing nutrition information via the Internet enables dietetics professionals to expand their practices, markets, and networks, but also presents new legal, ethical, and professional issues. Based on her experiences responding to unsolicited questions through a Spanish-language nutrition Web site, this author presents issues related to electronic communication, a process for formulating responses, and makes suggestions for a policy. The issues include the global nature of cyberspace; cultural variations in Spanish-language food terms and models, credentialing, licensure, and scope of practice; presentation of credentials; the inquirer's knowledge and information sources; the nature of the cyberspace relationship; and protection of the client and the professional. These issues have created a need for an electronic communication policy and some components of such a policy are identified, including the nature of electronic nutrition, distinguishing between public and client-specific communication, question-and-answer formats, opening and closing caveats, and recording processes. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:1428–1432 .
A critical analysis of excretory products as sex controlling agents in cladocera.

Conditions seem to exist under which the sex of the young to be produced by a Cladoceran mother is not determined by the animal's immediate environment. In such mothers a sex determining mechanism appears to have been inherited, and such mothers have been called "Sex Fast".Laboratory stock cultures of Cladocera not infrequently pass through periods of depression. While in such periods the mothers are for the most part "Sex Fast". Whether this can be termed sex control by inherent sexual cycles is questionable.The contention that many factors in the external environment of Cladocera may under suitable conditions act as sex controlling factors has been conclusively proven by numerous investigators. For the most part these are factors which affect the mother's metabolism, presumably accelerating or retarding the mother's development, acceleration being associated with female production, retardation with male production.Food, temperature and excretory substances are the external environmental factors most often associated with sex control in Cladocera. The evidence supporting the role of food and temperature in this reaction appears to be adequate but further experimental evidence supporting excretory substances in the control of sex is needed before a specific role in sex control in Cladocera can be assigned to this factor.
Aphasia rehabilitation: psychosocial and ethical considerations.

Abstract Few aphasiologists deny that the presence of aphasia, except in its mildest forms, has a profound negative impact on the individual. Yet the literature reflects little research and sporadic, generally unsustained interest in the psychosocial sequelae of aphasia. In clinical practice, this aspect of aphasia is often acknowledged but not addressed or managed. Some historical realities relating to models and systems of healthcare, the emergence of a high-tech society, functional communication as a frame of reference, aphasia as a disability, aphasia and the family, and contemporary ethical-moral dilemmas in aphasia rehabilitation are discussed.
Separation and quantitation of perbenzoylated glucocerebroside and galactocerebroside by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Perbenzoylated gluco- and galactocerebrosides were separated and quantitated with a modification of existing HPLC methodology. A linear gradient of 0.9–18.4% dioxane in hexane was used to separate the derivatives on a pellicular silica column heated to 65°C. The elevated temperature was the major modification that permitted the separation. This system was compared to a previously reported silica column/isopropanol in hexane system.
An Examination of Opinions Toward Marijuana Policies Among High School Seniors in the United States

AbstractSupport for marijuana (cannabis) legalization is increasing in the US, and state-level marijuana policies are rapidly changing. Research is needed to examine correlates of opinions toward legalization among adolescents approaching adulthood as they are at high risk for use. Data were examined from a national representative sample of high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study (years 2007-2011; N = 11,594) to delineate correlates of opinions toward legalization. A third of students felt marijuana should be entirely legal and 28.5% felt it should be treated as a minor violation; 48.0% felt that if legal to sell it should be sold to adults only, and 10.4% felt it should be sold to anyone. Females, conservatives, religious students, and those with friends who disapprove of marijuana use tended to be at lower odds for supporting legalization, and Black, liberal, and urban students were at higher odds for supporting more liberal policies. Recent and frequent marijuana use strongly increased o...
Promoting Career Information Seeking Behaviors in College Students.

Abstract This study was concerned with the effects of group reinforcement counseling on the frequency of career information-seeking behaviors for 94 theoretically grouped college freshmen and sophomore males. Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) was used to identify consistent-inconsistent vocational patterns and Crites' Vocational Inventory (VDI) was used to identify vocational maturity-immaturity. Predictions about behavioral change were made for each theoretical conception. Three counseling sessions each 1.5 hr long were utilized. Pre-, post-, and post-post measures of cognitive and active information seeking behaviors outside of the treatment sessions were taken. Group reinforcement counseling and vocational consistency were significantly related to behavioral change over the 6 weeks of this investigation. Unanticipated results regarding the tested dimensions and behavior change are reported and discussed.
A Gnotobiotic Transgenic Mouse Model for Studying Interactions between Small Intestinal Enterocytes and Intraepithelial Lymphocytes

The mouse intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous renewal throughout life. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) represent a significant fraction of this epithelium and play an important role in intestinal mucosal barrier function. We have generated a germ-free transgenic mouse model to examine the effects of a genetically engineered proliferative abnormality in the principal epithelial cell lineage (enterocytes) on IEL census and on IEL-enterocytic cross-talk. SV40 large T antigen (TAgWt) or a mutant derivative (TAgK107/8) that does not bind pRB was expressed in small intestinal villus enterocytes under the control of elements from the intestinal fatty acid binding protein gene (Fabpi). Quantitative immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses of conventionally raised and germ-free FVB/NFabpi-TAgWt,Fabpi-TAgK107/8, and nontransgenic mice disclosed that forced reentry of enterocytes into the cell cycle is accompanied by an influx of thymically educated αβ T cell receptor (TCR)+ CD4+ and αβ TCR+CD8αβ+ IELs and a decrease in intestinally derived γδ TCR+ CD8αα IELs. Real time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR studies of jejunal villus epithelium recovered from germ-free transgenic and normal mice by laser capture microdissection and γδ TCR+ jejunal IELs purified by flow cytometry disclosed that the proliferative abnormality is accompanied by decreased expression of enterocytic interleukin-7 as well as IEL interleukin-7Rα and transforming growth factor β3. The analysis also revealed that normal villus epithelium expresses Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3), a known regulator of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and neuronal cell survival, and its ligand (Flt3L). Epithelial expression of this receptor and its ligand is reduced by the proliferative abnormality, whereas IEL expression of Flt3L remains constant. Together, these findings demonstrate that changes in the proliferative status of the intestinal epithelium affects maturation of γδ TCR+ IELs and produces an influx of αβ TCR+ IELs even in the absence of a microflora.