cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central adaptation of complex pitch

The adaptation of a complex and pure‐tone pitch was examined, using an adaptation stimulus composed of components of low harmonic number and test stimuli composed of components of high harmonic number, in order to examine separately the effects of pure‐tone and complex pitch adaptation. The test stimulus either had the same fundamental as that of the adaptation stimulus, or it had a fundamental lower than that of the adaptation stimulus. Adaptation was measured using a pitch matching method. The adaptation and test stimuli were presented to one ear, and a pure‐tone matching stimulus was presented to the opposite ear. Adaptation generally shifted the complex pitch of the test stimulus to a lower pitch. The component pitches, on the other hand, did not change, or shifted upwards slightly. The downward complex pitch changes were consistent with the adaptation of a central complex pitch channel.
Congress, the Presidency, and U.S. Foreign Policy

Gibson, Martha L. Conflict Amid Consensus in American Trade Policy. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000. Pp. 213. $55.00 hardbound; $17.95 softbound. Henehan, Marie T. Foreign Policy ...
Keystone microbiome meeting 2012: a mountain top experience

The joint Keystone Symposia on ‘Innate Immunity and the Microbiome' took place in March 2012 in Keystone, Colorado. Gabriel Nunez (U. Michigan, USA) and Akiko Iwasaki (Yale U., USA) organized sessions focused on innate immune sensing of microbe and damage signals, whilst Andrew Gewirtz (Georgia State U., USA), Fergus Shanahan (National U. Ireland, Ireland) and Ruth Ley (Cornell U., USA) organized the microbiome-focused session. Joint and concurrent talks, and poster sessions between the groups, made for a sensational meeting with active exchange between participants. This meeting point is focused on the microbiome meeting talks and joint sessions.
Everettian Confirmation and Sleeping Beauty: Reply to Wilson

In Bradley ([2011b]), I offered an analysis of Sleeping Beauty and the Everettian interpretation of quantum mechanics (EQM). I argued that one can avoid a kind of easy confirmation of EQM by paying attention to observation selection effects, that halfers are right about Sleeping Beauty, and that thirders cannot avoid easy confirmation for the truth of EQM. Wilson ([forthcoming]) agrees with my analysis of observation selection effects in EQM, but goes on to, first, defend Elga’s ([2000]) thirder argument on Sleeping Beauty and, second, argue that the analogy I draw between Sleeping Beauty and EQM fails. I will argue that neither point succeeds.
Assessing fiscal space for health in Nepal

Nepal has seen impressive improvements in health outcomes and has done well both in its rate of progress and relative to its income level. Infant mortality has been declining over the past five decades to 38.6 per 1,000 live births in 2009. Similarly, maternal mortality has decreased to 380 per 100,000 live births in 2008. Life expectancy has been steadily increasing to 67 years in 2009. The rate of progress is better than those witnessed by neighboring countries. But challenges remain in addressing inequality, high and increasing out of pocket payments. Geographic and income-related inequalities in population health outcomes remain large and are increasing. For example, not only is the decline in infant mortality not uniform, some regions have seen an increase. The policy response to these challenges has been to expand free care services and pilot protection mechanism against the financial risk of ill health. There is growing demand to expand the package as well as the coverage of existing free essential health care to all Nepalese; to introduce new programs such as health insurance, and other similar initiatives This note identifies efficiency gains as the main potential source of additional fiscal space. The analysis presented herein indicates that improvement in health system efficiency i.e., getting more value for money is by far the most plausible option for realizing additional fiscal space for health in Nepal. As the note demonstrates, the prospects for additional resources for health from all other possible sources from conducive macroeconomic conditions, re-prioritization of health, external resources, and other health-sector specific sources is limited in Nepal. On the other hand, there are many indications of systemic inefficiencies in the health system of the country and the challenge would be to focus on identifying and implementing appropriate interventions to improve the situation and reduce waste. The note highlights some specific areas, such as those related to provider payments, drug procurement mechanisms, and hospital and district grant allocations whereby significant improvements in obtaining better value for money can be realized.
Spatial and Temporal Leaf Area Index Dynamics in a North Central Florida, USA Preserve

Abstract This study develops a methodology to analyze the landscape at an ordinal scale using leaf area index (LAI) calculated from remotely sensed imagery in a north central Florida Preserve by examining LAI temporal and spatial changes from 1972 to 1997. LAI dynamics are of particular importance to longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) / turkey oak (Quercus laevis) sandhill preservation as LAI values > 2.0 may indicate succession into southern mixed hardwood forests. Results show that LAI values increased greatly during this time. In particular, patches with LAI values between 2.0 and 2.99 increased by 563.85 ha, while patches with typical sandhill LAI values between 0.0 and 1.99 decreased by 902.68 ha indicating massive sandhill succession as LAI values between 2.0 and 2.99 indicate transitional vegetation. This trend was evident in core area statistics where areas with LAI values between 0.0 and 0.99 decreased 176.6 ha, areas with LAI values between 1.0 ‐ 1.99 decreased by 17.6 ha, and areas with LAI values...
An Integrated Cooling Water Intake System Enhancement Strategy

Cooling water intake problems come in many forms. These problems can include large schools of fish or jellyfish, seaweed, lake grass, sand, and silt buildup or carryover in the cooling water intake and screen house. Lower lake levels and higher average temperatures, zebra mussel infestation, and non-uniform flow rates between traveling water screen (TWS) bays and circulating water pump bays due to under-sized intake structures can also affect cooling water intake. Downstream of the cooling water intake, flow imbalances caused by entrained debris challenge heat exchanger designs and aging equipment. One Midwestern plant developed an integrated approach to improve the overall performance of the cooling water intake which will result in increased operating efficiency. For the subject plant, this paper will discuss specific modifications planned or undertaken and their benefits and limitations, flow modeling and design margin analyses completed and in process, anticipated reduction in debris carryover, impingement, and entrainment, and suggested further improvements. The majority of modifications undertaken or planned at the subject plant are generally intended to minimize debris carryover and to reduce problems associated with system blockages and heat exchanger tube fouling. Specific modifications to be discussed include: an acoustic fish deterrent system at the inlet tunnel entrance, replacement of the flow-through TWS’s with an industry first-of-a-kind design screen technology, screen wash, and debris transport and removal system modifications, service water system strainer basket modifications, service water system heat exchanger repairs and modifications, and installation of a sodium hypochlorite system.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Multidisciplinary attitudinal positions regarding clinical supervision: a cross-sectional study

Aim The aim of this study was to describe multidisciplinary attitudes towards/about Clinical Supervision. Background Clinical Supervision continues to be a matter of high interest for nurses and other health care disciplines. Despite the existence of a body of a substantive literature, gaps in our knowledge base remain. Design Data was collected using a form composed of 17 statements. A total sample of 74 participants completed the form and rank-ordered the statements. The sample was comprised of a mix of eight different disciplines: Registered Nurses (hospital based), Chiropodists, Occupational Therapists, Learning Disability Nurses, Registered Nurses (community based), Registered Mental Health Nurses, Health Visitors and Physiotherapists. Data were analyzed by descriptive and non-parametric statistics. Results The respondents’ agreement was high concerning the rankings of the item (11) ‘‘Confidentiality is assured and agreed’’. Almost all respondents ranked this item as the most important characteristic for group supervision. The respondents shared almost a total agreement concerning the item (17) ‘‘The supervisor should be a manager’’. This was ranked as the least important characteristic for group supervision. Conclusion The importance of having a clinical supervisory relationship that remains separate from administrative/managerial supervision and one where confidentiality is assured was highlighted by this study. Furthermore, the attitudes were not restricted to one professional or disciplinary group. The effective support system of clinical supervision should therefore not be diluted by awkward and unnecessary amalgamations with administrative/managerial supervision.
Fluvial Responses to Small Scale Climate Changes

Climate, either directly through its expression as temperature and precipitation or indirectly through its influence on vegetation is a major control on the type and intensity of the various geographic processes (Peltier 1950). Although it is traditional in most engineering practices to assume that climate fluctuates randomly about a stationary long-term mean condition, such an assumption is invalid for long-term scales such as, for example, in designing stable disposal sites for uranium mill tailings where time scales of 1000 years and longer are under concern. Changes of climate can be particularly significant to the long-term stability of a land surface because the recurrence intervals of natural events that control geomorphic processes have a strong dependency on the direct and indirect effects of climate. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate how climate influences the recurrence intervals of hydrologic events that control fluvial geomorphic processes, and to show that landform sensitivity to climate change varies significantly between various physical environments. Since Holocene (post-glacial) climates have deviated significantly from present-day climates, and geomorphic responses to Holocene climates are in many places preserved in sedimentary sequences and related landforms, the Holocene record serves as a useful index of potential future hydrogeomorphic responses to climate change.
Odds ratio estimation in Bernoulli smoothing spline analysis-of- variance models

SUMMARY Wahba and co-workers introduced the smoothing spline analysis-of-variance (SS ANOVA) method for data from exponential families. In this paper, we estimate the odds ratios based on an SS ANOVA model for binary data and construct Bayesian confidence intervals. We give a calculation using a real data set from the Wisconsin epidemiological study of diabetic retinopathy. We conduct simulations to evaluate the performance of these estimates and their Bayesian confidence intervals. Our simulations suggest that the odds ratio estimates are quite reasonable in general but may be biased towards 1 when comparing estimates at peaks with those in troughs. A bootstrap procedure is proposed to correct possible biases and it works very well in our simulation.
Imaging corneal pathology in a transgenic mouse model using nonlinear microscopy

A transgenic mouse model with a Clim [co-factor of LIM (a combination of first letters of Lin-11 (C. elegans), ISL1 (rat), and Mec-3 (C. elegans) gene names) domain proteins] gene partially blocked in the epithelial compartment of its tissues is used to establish the sensitivity of intrinsic reflectance nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) to stromal and cellular perturbations in the cornea. Our results indicate dysplasia in the squamous epithelium, irregular collagen arrays in the stroma, and a compromised posterior endothelium in the corneas of these mice. As suggested by biochemical data, the collagen alterations are likely due to collagen III synthesis and deposition during healing and remodeling of transgenic mice corneal stromas. All of the topographic features seen in NLOM images of normal and aberrant corneas are confirmed by coregistration with histological sections. In this work, we also use ratiometric redox fluorometry based on two-photon excited cellular fluorescence from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)(P)H and oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to study mitochondrial energy metabolism. Employing this method, we detect higher metabolic activity in the endothelial layer of cornea compared to an epithelial layer located further away from the metabolites. The combination of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF) with second harmonic generation (SHG) signals allows imaging to aid in understanding the relationship between alternation of specific genes and structural changes in cells and extracellular matrix.
Characterization of marrow granulocyte development: changes in response to inflammatory reactions.

Summary. Studies of marrow granulocyte differentiation require separation of precursors into populations of varying stages of maturity. This has been accomplished by isopycnic sedimentation of marrow cells in density gradients of Ficoll and Hypaque under conditions in which erythrocyte precursors are virtually eliminated and lymphocyte contamination is small. Immature cells have lower buoyant density and predominate in the top of the gradients and cells of increasing maturity are found as the density level of the gradient increases. Distinct differences were found between control marrows and those of animals with an intense inflammatory response. The inflammatory stimulus depleted the marrow of many mature granulocytes and the immature cell populations were shown to be enriched. Peritoneal exudate cells (mostly mature granulocytes) were shown to have altered buoyant density properties compared to mature granulocytes in marrow. Activity of alkaline phosphatase (a granule-associated enzyme) increased progressively as cells matured, while lactic dehydrogenase activity (a cytosol enzyme) remained stable. Protein synthesis in control and stimulated marrows showed two- to five-fold greater synthesis in immature cells compared to nearly mature marrow cells. Successful separation of varying stages of development in granulocytes permits varied studies of cell properties involved in the process of differentiation.
Privatisation and public enterprise reform in the Asia-Pacific region

Abstract The papers in this Policy Symposium were originally presented at a Workshop on Privatization and Public Enterprise Reform in Developing Countries, organized by the Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM), University of Manchester, and the Development and Project Planning Centre (DPPC), University of Bradford, in June 1996. The Workshop was a component of an ongoing research project on privatization in the Asia region, directed by Colin Kirkpatrick and Paul Cook, and funded by the British Academy. Financial support from the British Academy, IDPM and DPPC for the Workshop, is gratefully acknowledged.
Ameloblastoma with myofibroblasts: first report

A recurrent infiltrative ameloblastoma of the mandible with a predominantly "follicular pattern" of the epithelial component is studied. The stroma contains abundant myofibroblasts; these cells have been described in benign and malignant infiltrative processes. This raises the question of the relationship between the presence of myofibroblasts and the aggressive behavior of a neoplasm.
An integrated system for electrical systems applications using genetic algorithms

This paper describes the integrated utilization of a graphical user interface, simulation of a power system, the use of artificial intelligence techniques and the real-time data communication for the representation of the electrical operations and analysis of the system. The system is developed in MS-Windows/sup TM/ environment, which it makes its utilization and modification more flexible in future applications. For the system implementation genetic algorithms are used for optimization of electrical load flow, a supervisory software for representation, and dynamic data communication methods and a programmable logic controller for control of the simulation.
Neurobiology of estrogen status in deep craniofacial pain

Pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region often occurs with no overt signs of injury or inflammation. Although the etiology of TMJ-related pain may involve multiple factors, one likely risk factor is female gender or estrogen status. Evidence is reviewed from human and animal studies, supporting the proposition that estrogen status acts peripherally or centrally to influence TMJ nociceptive processing. A new model termed the "TMJ pain matrix" is proposed as critical for the initial integration of TMJ-related sensory signals in the lower brainstem that is both modified by estrogen status, and closely linked to endogenous pain and autonomic control pathways.
Seeing the Fisher Z-Transformation.

Since 1915, statisticians have been applying Fisher'sZ-transformation to Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. We offer new geometric interpretations of this transformation.
Implementing and running a fracture liaison service: An integrated clinical service providing a comprehensive bone health assessment at the point of fracture management

Summary The importance of screening adults who have fragility, atraumatic or low impact fractures for underlying osteoporosis has been highlighted in recent British Orthopaedic Association Guidelines and by The American Orthopaedic Association's ‘Own the Bone' initiative. Fracture Liaison Services are an efficient way of managing patient screening in a population at high risk of osteoporosis. How a service might be devised, constructed and run in an acute Orthopaedic Unit is illustrated by reference to our own experience, in a UK Hospital serving a population of 320,000 and informed from our own audit data. We discuss the way that varying patient screening thresholds can be considered to focus resources and aim to provide information for those planning a Fracture Liaison Service within an Orthopaedic Unit. We also emphasise the existence of previously-undiagnosed occult conditions (in addition to osteoporosis) in patients
Influence of the adrenal glands on DNA synthesis in normal and compensating kidneys.

The role of the adrenal glands in controlling the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in normal and compensating kidneys of rats given saline drinking fluid was studied using tritiated-thymidine and radioautography. Adrenalectomy alone increased significantly the labeling indices of the renal cortex and medulla of otherwise intact rats. Two days following unilatral nephrectomy of rats with intact adrenal glands, the number of labeled nuclei in the remaining kidney increased by factors of about 4 and 2.5 in the cortex and the medulla, respectively. Adrenalectomy moderately decreased the hyperplastic response of the cortex of the remaining kidney, but increased still further the labeling index of the medulla. By five days after unilateral nephrectomy of rats with intact adrenal glands, neither the cortex nor the medulla of the remaining kidney exhibited a marked hyperplastic response. In adrenalectomized animals, also, unilateral nephrectomy caused only slight increases in the labeling indices of the cortex and the medulla of the remaining kidney.
The erythrocythaemic effects of androgen.

Summary. Pharmacological doses of androgens increased the total red-cell mass as well as the plasma volume in fifteen elderly normal male subjects. The changes in peripheral erythropoietic measurements are related to total red-cell mass increments rather than alterations of the plasma volume.
Abnormal cell-intrinsic and network excitability in the neocortex of serotonin-deficient Pet-1 knockout mice

Neurons originating from the raphe nuclei of the brain stem are the exclusive source of serotonin (5-HT) to the cortex. Their serotonergic phenotype is specified by the transcriptional regulator Pet-1, which is also necessary for maintaining their neurotransmitter identity across development. Transgenic mice in which Pet-1 is genetically ablated (Pet-1(-/-)) show a dramatic reduction (∼80%) in forebrain 5-HT levels, yet no investigations have been carried out to assess the impact of such severe 5-HT depletion on the function of target cortical neurons. Using whole cell patch-clamp methods, two-dimensional (2D) multielectrode arrays (MEAs), 3D morphological neuronal reconstructions, and animal behavior, we investigated the impact of 5-HT depletion on cortical cell-intrinsic and network excitability. We found significant changes in several parameters of cell-intrinsic excitability in cortical pyramidal cells (PCs) as well as an increase in spontaneous synaptic excitation through 5-HT3 receptors. These changes are associated with increased local network excitability and oscillatory activity in a 5-HT2 receptor-dependent manner, consistent with previously reported hypersensitivity of cortical 5-HT2 receptors. PC morphology was also altered, with a significant reduction in dendritic complexity that may possibly act as a compensatory mechanism for increased excitability. Consistent with this interpretation, when we carried out experiments with convulsant-induced seizures to asses cortical excitability in vivo, we observed no significant differences in seizure parameters between wild-type and Pet-1(-/-) mice. Moreover, MEA recordings of propagating field potentials showed diminished propagation of activity across the cortical sheath. Together these findings reveal novel functional changes in neuronal and cortical excitability in mice lacking Pet-1.
Short-range horizontal disruption by verbenone in attraction of mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to pheromone-baited funnel traps in stands of lodgepole pine

Verbenone interrupted the attraction of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to baited multiple-funnel traps at a distance of or = 4 m from traps with verbenone wcre not significantly lower than catches in control traps. These results are consistent with the short-range phenomenon of "switching" exhibited by mountain pine beetle in the formation of a spot infestation in stands of lodgepole pine. Keywords: Dendroctonus ponderosae; Coleoptera; Scolytidae; verbenone; antiaggregation pheromone; multiple funnel trap
Finding common task‐related regions in fMRI data from multiple subjects by periodogram clustering and clustering ensemble

We propose an innovative and practically relevant clustering method to find common task-related brain regions among different subjects who respond to the same set of stimuli. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series data, we first cluster the voxels within each subject on a voxel by voxel basis. To extract signals out of noisy data, we estimate a new periodogram at each voxel using multi-tapering and low-rank spline smoothing and then use the periodogram as the main feature for clustering. We apply a divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm to the estimated periodograms within a single subject and identify the task-related region as the cluster of voxels that have periodograms with a peak frequency matching that of the stimulus sequence. Finally, we apply a machine learning technique called clustering ensemble to find common task-related regions across different subjects. The efficacy of the proposed approach is illustrated via a simulation study and a real fMRI data set. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integer Programming Models for Sales Territory Alignment to Maximize Profit

A recent article described a mathematical programming model and heuristic solution procedure to realign sales territories. This report presents two linear integer programming models for sales terri...
Inverse Heat Conduction in a Finite Slab with Measured Back Surface Temperature and Heat Flux

In High-Energy Laser (HEL) heating of target, the temperature and heat flux at the heated surface is not directly measurable, but can be estimated by solving an inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) based on measured temperature or/and heat flux at the accessible (back) surface. In this study, the one-dimensional (1-D) IHCP in a finite slab is solved by the conjugate gradient method (CGM) using measured temperature and heat flux at the accessible (back) surface. Simulated measurement data are generated by solving a direct problem where the front surface of the slab is subjected to high intensity periodic heating. Two cases are simulated and compared, with the temperature or heat flux at the heated front surface chosen as the unknown function to be recovered. The results showed that the latter choice, i.e., choosing back surface heat flux as the unknown function, can give better estimation accuracy in the IHCP solution. The front surface temperature can be computed with a high precision as a byproduct of the IHCP algorithm. The robustness of this IHCP formulation is tested by different measurement errors and frequencies of the input periodic heating flux.
Phase Distribution of 14C-Labeled Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Systems Containing Model Solids: Peat

Understanding the phase distribution of nanoparticles between soils or sediments and water is a critical factor in determining their fate in environmental systems. As such, we examined the interactions of 14C-labeled multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in aqueous systems with peat as a model solid organic material. MWNTs that had been treated with strong oxidative acids possessed negative charges on their surfaces and were relatively stable in deionized water. In the absence of peat, MWNTs aggregated when the concentration of sodium cations was above 4.0 mM or at a solution pH of 4.0. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from peat effectively stabilized MWNTs in solution by making the suspended nanotubes less sensitive to changes in sodium concentration or solution pH. Direct sorption interactions between MWNTs and solid peat were not observed in the absence of sodium cations, whereas they became apparent when the ionic strength was sufficiently high to reduce electrostatic repulsion between peat and MWNTs.
Motivational Context Modulates Prediction Error Response in Schizophrenia

Background Recent findings demonstrate that patients with schizophrenia are worse at learning to predict rewards than losses, suggesting that motivational context modulates learning in this disease. However, these findings derive from studies in patients treated with antipsychotic medications, D2 receptor antagonists that may interfere with the neural systems that underlie motivation and learning. Thus, it remains unknown how motivational context affects learning in schizophrenia, separate from the effects of medication. Methods To examine the impact of motivational context on learning in schizophrenia, we tested 16 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 23 matched controls on a probabilistic learning task while they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under 2 conditions: one in which they pursued rewards, and one in which they avoided losses. Computational models were used to derive trial-by-trial prediction error responses to feedback. Results Patients performed worse than controls on the learning task overall, but there were no behavioral effects of condition. FMRI revealed an attenuated prediction error response in patients in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and medial temporal lobe when learning to predict rewards, but not when learning to avoid losses. Conclusions Patients with schizophrenia showed differences in learning-related brain activity when learning to predict rewards, but not when learning to avoid losses. Together with prior work, these results suggest that motivational deficits related to learning in schizophrenia are characteristic of the disease and not solely a result of antipsychotic treatment.
A High Association of Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses with Carcinomas of the Female Urethra: Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Analysis of Multiple Histological Types

AbstractUsing polymerase chain reaction with type-specific human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 primers, and general primers screening for 9 other genotypes, we analyzed archival surgical specimens of urethral carcinoma from 18 women (17 with invasive cancer and 1 with carcinoma in situ). Human papillomavirus was detected in invasive urethral carcinoma specimens from 10 of 17 women (59%) and in the patient with carcinoma in situ. Human papillomavirus type 16 was found in 8 patients with invasive carcinoma (47%) and 1 with carcinoma in situ, and general primer polymerase chain reaction demonstrated human papillomavirus that could not be typed in 2 patients (12%). Type 16 was detected in metastases from 4 patients; complete concordance for the presence of human papillomavirus in primary and metastatic disease was noted. Eight of 10 women with squamous cell carcinoma and both with transitional cell carcinoma harbored human papillomavirus; 5 women with undifferentiated carcinoma or adenocarcinoma were all nega...
Kinetics of atropine and Diamox inhibition of histamine-stimulated gastric secretion.

Hirschowitz, B. I., Hutchison, G. A. & Sachs, G. Kinetics of atropine and diamox inhibition of histamine-stimulated gastric secretion. Scand. J. Gastroent. 1973, 8, 555-559.Values for Vmax and Km w...
Evaluating the invariance of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure across foreign-born, second-generation and later-generation college students in the United States.

OBJECTIVES Past research has established that the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) exhibits measurement invariance across diverse ethnic groups. However, relatively little research has evaluated whether this measure is invariant across generational status. Thus, the present study evaluates the invariance of the MEIM across foreign-born, second-generation, and later-generation respondents. METHOD A large, ethnically diverse sample of college students completed the MEIM as part of an online survey (N = 9,107; 72.8% women; mean age = 20.31 years; SD = 3.38). RESULTS There is evidence of configural and metric invariance, but there is little evidence of scalar invariance across generational status groups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the MEIM has an equivalent factor structure across generation groups, indicating it is appropriate to compare the magnitude of associations between the MEIM and other variables across foreign-born, second-generation, and later-generation individuals. However, the lack of scalar invariance suggests that mean-level differences across generational status should be interpreted with caution. (PsycINFO Database Record
New York City and Social Mediated Governance

This chapter introduces NYC’s recent digital technological goals and objectives to become the world’s premier “digital city” and a global model for open government, as first outlined within their Road Map for the Digital City. I then provide some discussion of the relevant distinct, historical, political, and economic contexts out of which NYC’s digital technological initiatives arise. I explore a number of major features of the city’s digital programing: the city’s project to provide free Internet access and the acquisition of the .nyc TLD; NYC’s use of social media, smartphone applications, and alert notification services; the city’s recent passing of the Open Data Bill and its public open data platform; and NYC’s use of aggregated data to inform urban policy decisions. Despite NYC’s claims that their use of digital technologies enhance and support open government and provide greater opportunities for democratic engagement, for instance, many of their digital technological programs give greater, mediating, communicative power to government and corporate partners than residents, which in turn threaten open democracy and an accessible public Internet commons. The city’s use of social media, smartphone applications, and alert systems, furthermore, is all articulated as democratizing and protective forces; however, these claims become complicated by not only the city’s role in the administration and regulation of people’s everyday lives, the existence of regimes of knowledge and intelligibility about residents’ daily practices, and the training of the social body through mechanisms of biopower but also the use of residents as user–producer laborers, the collection of data (knowledge) through crowdsourcing, and neoliberal interests. NYC’s use of the metaphor of a “healthy civic society,” I argue, becomes an ideological narrative that obscures the city’s use of many of its digital technologies as tools of governmentality, as they function to construct, maintain, and control productive social bodies, while becoming also examples of contemporary neoliberal techniques of power—or neoliberal governmentality, in which the government crowdsources responsibility for the city’s overall civic health to its population.
Proceedings of the 2007 international symposium on Physical design

On behalf of the organizing committee for the 2007 International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD), we would like to extend a warm welcome. This is the 11th year of ISPD; from rather humble beginnings as the ACM/SIGDA Physical Design Workshops held intermittently during 1987-1996, the event has evolved into the most competitive forum for the research area. The research community for physical design is not big, but the problems addressed are large. Over the years, many groundbreaking ideas have appeared first at ISPD. The recent interest in benchmarking and open competitions also has roots in ISPD. In earlier years, the perception outside our community was that physical design was simply the shuffling of rectangles to create masks. While the placement of rectangles is certainly a part of our work, modern physical design is much more complex and penetrating. Variability introduced by manufacturing, interconnect delay, and heat dissipation are all tied to the physical layout of a circuit. The papers included in these proceedings reveal many aspects of the physical design problem; as technology marches forwards, physical design tools will have to deal with more and more complex issues. This year's call for papers attracted over 65 submissions of which 22 were accepted. The focus of ISPD attracts only papers that are on topic, so the accepted papers represent the best of the best. In addition to the technical presentations, we have keynote and invited talks that should be of broad interest. We are particularly pleased to have a keynote from IBM's Jim Kahle, Chief Architect of the Cell processor. The general consensus of the VLSI community is that further performance increases from clock scaling are unlikely; power delivery and heat removal are simply too expensive. Parallel computation appears to be the only economical way to improve performance, and the Cell processor is helping to lead the way. The symposium also features a panel discussion by leading experts on "Rules vs. Tools -- What's the right way to address IC manufacturing complexity?" for 45nm and below. It also features special sessions and invited talks on statistical/physical design for manufacturability and the future interconnects. In the prior two years, ISPD has held a placement contest, featuring large benchmarks derived from industrial designs. There are at least a dozen groups around the world who are actively working on placement; this year, the newest results for these benchmarks will be posted. A new contest for global routing is being introduced this year; like the placement contest, we expect a large turnout and fierce competition. The goal of both the placement and routing contests is to set clear objectives for research, and to be able to accurately compare different approaches. While perhaps not as widely known as World Cup Soccer, those involved are just as passionate. The papers from the symposium are available on the ACM Digital Library; slides from most talks for this and prior years are available on the ISPD web site: http://www.ispd.cc.
The Association of Physical Activity and Academic Behavior: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND In this systematic review, we assessed the existing research describing the effects of physical activity (PA) on academic behavior, with a special focus on the effectiveness of the treatments applied, study designs, outcome measures, and results. METHODS We obtained data from various journal search engines and 218 journal articles were downloaded that were relevant to PA and academic performance topics. The abstracts of all the articles were independently peer reviewed to assess whether they met the inclusion criteria for further analysis. The literature search was ongoing. Of the reviewed articles, 9 were chosen on the topic of PA effects on academic behavior. Each article was analyzed and summarized using a standard summary template. RESULTS Overall, PA interventions commonly found positive effects on academic behavior, with few exceptions. There were additional unique findings regarding differences in outcome measures and PA treatments. CONCLUSIONS The findings from these studies are significant and support the implementation or continuation of PA in schools to improve academic behavior and associated performance. More research needs to be conducted using the effective aspects of the treatments from this review with consistent outcome measures.
Incipient failure detection: A particle filtering approach with application to actuator systems

The background, simulation and experimental evaluation of an anomaly detector for Brushless DC motor winding faults is described in this paper in the context of an aircraft Electro-Mechanical Actuator (EMA) application. Results acquired from an internal Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) study identified turn-to-turn winding faults as the primary mechanism, or mode, of failure. Physics-of-failure mechanisms used to develop a model for the identified fault are provided. Then, an experimental test procedure was devised and executed to validate the model. Additionally, a diagnostic feature, identified by the fault model and derived using Hilbert transform theory, was validated using the system model and experimental data for several fault dimensions. Next, a feature extraction routine preprocesses monitoring parameters and passes the resulting features to a particle filter. The particle filter, based on Bayesian estimation theory, allows for representation and management of uncertainty in a computationally efficient manner. The resulting anomaly detection routine declares a fault only when a specified confidence level is reached at a given false alarm rate. Finally, the real-time performance of the anomaly detector is evaluated using LabVIEW.
Field-Current Identities and Intermediate Bosons

The observed total weak-interaction current ${{\mathcal{I}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{wk}}(x)$ and the observed total electromagnetic current ${{\mathcal{I}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(x)$ are assumed to be, respectively, the same local operators, apart from constant multiplicative factors, as the hypothetical charged intermediate boson field ${W}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)$ and the corresponding neutral intermediate boson field ${{W}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{0}(x)$. The field algebra satisfied by these current operators is discussed. It is shown that, neglecting higher-order weak-interaction effects, one can obtain finite higher-order electromagnetic corrections for the known hadrons and leptons, such as the electromagnetic mass shifts of $p$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $e$, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, etc., and the radiative corrections to the weak decays of these particles.
Optical characterization of random anti-reflecting subwavelength surface structures on binary gratings

Random anti-reflecting subwavelength surface structures on optical components have been proven to enhance transmission by reducing Fresnel reflection losses. These structures have a broadband anti-reflective effect, high angle-of-incidence tolerance, and polarization insensitivity, which makes their performance comparable to more complex multilayered anti-reflective coatings. Conformal anti-reflective multilayered thin-film coatings on grating structures have coverage issues, especially in deep grooves of gratings, thereby impacting the diffractive characteristics of the gratings. We fabricated the random anti-reflective structures on preexisting fused silica binary gratings, using a reactive ion etching process, and compared the prior and postimplementation optical properties of the gratings. We observed that fabrication of random anti-reflective subwavelength surface structures on existing binary gratings retained the diffractive performance of the original gratings, such as the angle of diffraction and intensity balance of the orders, while reducing Fresnel reflection. Transmission and reflection data of the non-evanescent diffracted orders were collected at normal and Bragg incidence, for both incident polarizations, S (TE) and P (TM). The measurements were taken using a selectable multi-wavelength He-Ne laser working at 543nm, 594nm, 604nm, 612nm and 633nm. The reflected intensity of the η0 and η+1 orders at 1st Bragg angle of incidence were suppressed to 0.5% -1.0% for the rARSS fused silica grating, from the original 3% - 8% for the planar fused silica gratings, at all test wavelengths. Our results indicate that modification of existing binary gratings with added rARSS is possible without adverse effects on the grating performance.
The Neuroscience of Blame and Punishment

In the last five years, a great deal has been learned about how human brains address the social problem of punishing wrongdoers. Although it is far too early to be confident that these insights will shed any practical light on criminal law or procedure, patterns are emerging that suggest a framework that someday could have significant legal and social consequences. In this chapter, we first survey the behavioural and theoretical evidence supporting the proposition that the willingness to blame then punish norm-violators is an evolved human trait. Then we sample the recent neuroscience literature on normative punishment, and follow that with a presentation of our neuropsychological model of blame and third-party punishment. We finish with a discussion of the potential implications a confirmed model might have for law and policy.
ANIMAL WELFARE PERCEPTIONS OF THE U.S. PUBLIC AND COW-CALF PRODUCERS

The U.S. livestock industry is increasingly faced with pressure to adjust practices in response to societal concerns—specifically related to farm animal welfare. Using best-worst scaling, we determine which practices the U.S. public and cow-calf producers view as the most effective and most practical practices to improve beef cattle welfare. Latent class models are used to understand heterogeneity within and across the public and producers. Fresh, clean feed and water was viewed by most groups as both effective and practical. Furthermore, castrate with pain control and dehorn with pain control were seen as the least effective and practical practices.
Science and Technology, Anthropology of

The anthropology of science and technology is an expanding arena of inquiry and intervention that critically examines the cultural boundary that sets science and technology off from the lives and experience of people. Most research in this arena draws on ethnographic fieldwork to make visible the significance and force of this boundary,as well as meanings and experiences that cut across it or otherwise get hidden. Key categories of projects include juxtaposing shared systems of cultural meaning, following flows of metaphors back and forth across the boundary, and retheorizing or relocating the boundary itself in ways that reconnect science and technology to people. While advancing understanding of howpeople position sciences and technology in both specialized and everyday worlds, the anthropology of science and technology alsocalls attention to cultural possibilities whose realization might help expand participation in decision making about science and technology.
Reliable Identification of Residual Donors in High Purity Epitaxial Gallium Arsenide by Transmutation Doping

Neutron transmutation doping of n-type Gallium Arsenide is not new but it has recently proved to be essential for the identification of residual donor contaminants in high-purity n-GaAs. The hydrogen-like donors lead, silicon, selenium, tin, tellurium, sulfur, germanium and carbon can be observed seperately at low temperature because each bound donor electron has a different ionization energy. Transmutation doping with slow neutrons provided the first unquestionable identification of selenium and germanium which now permits unknown specimens of n-GaAs to be examined for the presence of these elements.
The mobilizing and demobilizing effects of political TV ads: A midterm election study

Abstract Does exposure to political TV ads affect voter turnout? And does the effect depend on whether the ads are positive or negative? Comparing areas that in 2014 were accidentally exposed to intense political advertising to areas that were not, we find that exposure to political commercials stimulates the electorate when the volume of negative ads is equivalent to the volume of positive ads. As the volume of negative ads increases, however, the effect of exposure on turnout significantly decreases and even reverses in sign. This research helps reconcile important debates in the literature, as it is the first aggregate-level study to find evidence consistent with the separate mobilizing and demobilizing effects of political advertising identified in laboratory experiments.
Introduction — Heterogeneity of the Cellular Immune Response

Our task this afternoon is to examine the relevance of non-lymphoid cells in immune reactions. Relevant non-lymphoid cells include at least the following: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, reticular cells, and the endothelial cells of the microvasculature.
Gender-Typed Personality Qualities and African American Youth’s School Functioning

Numerous studies document sex differences in African American girls’ and boys’ academic achievement and motivation, but little is known about how the enactment of gender, such as in the forms of gendered behaviors, attitudes, or personal-social qualities, is related to school functioning. To advance understanding of African American adolescents’ academic experiences, this study examined the longitudinal linkages between stereotypically feminine (i.e., expressive) and stereotypically masculine (i.e., instrumental) personality characteristics and school adjustment. The moderating effects of youth’s ethnic identity and school racial composition also were tested. Participants were 352 African American youth (50.1% girls; mean age at Time 1 = 12.04 years; SD= 2.03) who participated in annual home interviews. Net of biological sex, expressive traits (kind, sensitive) were positively related to school self-esteem and school bonding for both girls and boys, but youth with higher levels of instrumentality (independent, competitive) exhibited sharper declines in academic achievement across adolescence. School racial composition moderated the effects of instrumentality at the between-person level, such that instrumentality was positively related to school self-esteem only for youth who attended schools with fewer African American students. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gendered personality traits, rather than biological sex alone, into theoretical accounts of African American youth’s school functioning.