cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active and Inactive Enhancers Cooperate to Exert Localized and Long-Range Control of Gene Regulation

V(D)J recombination relies on the presence of proximal enhancers that activate the antigen receptor (AgR) loci in a lineage- and stage-specific manner. Unexpectedly, we find that both active and inactive AgR enhancers cooperate to disseminate their effects in a localized and long-range manner. Here, we demonstrate the importance of short-range contacts between active enhancers that constitute an Igk super-enhancer in B cells. Deletion of one element reduces the interaction frequency between other enhancers in the hub, which compromises the transcriptional output of each component. Furthermore, we establish that, in T cells, long-range contact and cooperation between the inactive Igk enhancer MiEκ and the active Tcrb enhancer Eβ alters enrichment of CBFβ binding in a manner that impacts Tcrb recombination. These findings underline the complexities of enhancer regulation and point to a role for localized and long-range enhancer-sharing between active and inactive elements in lineage- and stage-specific control.
Perioperative microbiologic profile of the conjunctiva in photorefractive keratectomy.

Purpose Therapeutic soft contact lenses are used commonly as an adjunctive treatment after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) to decrease postoperative pain caused by the movement of lids over the corneal epithelial defect and to facilitate epithelial healing. We assessed the microbiological profile of the conjunctiva of patients undergoing PRK for myopia, before and after the concurrent use of a therapeutic soft contact lens, and compared the effect on ocular bacterial colonization of prophylactic administration of topical tobramycin 0.3% versus ofloxacin 0.3%. Methods Forty-three consecutive eyes from 37 patients underwent PRK for myopia or myopic astigmatism. Eyes were assigned randomly to prophylactic antibacterial treatment with either topical ofloxacin 0.3% or tobramycin 0.3%, applied prior to surgery and three times daily after surgery until therapeutic soft contact lens removal. Material from the conjunctival sac was obtained for bacteriologic cultures prior to surgery. Clinical evaluation of all eyes was conducted prospectively. Three days after PRK, the therapeutic soft contact lenses were removed and cultured. Cultures from the conjunctival sac were then repeated. Results No statistically significant differences were observed in culture positivity between the two groups of eyes, in spite of some positive preoperative and postoperative cultures. Only one out of 43 eyes (assigned to the ofloxacin group) developed a peripheral corneal infiltrate. The corneal infiltrate healed completely without sequelae using antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy. Conclusions The use of therapeutic soft contact lenses after PRK with either topical tobramycin 0.3% or ofloxacin 0.3% were well tolerated. However, perioperative positive conjunctival cultures were relatively frequent and prophylactic antibiotics should be used in the setting of an epithelial defect and therapeutic soft contact lens following PRK.
Effect of Angiotensin System Inhibitors on Survival in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Introduction Preclinical studies suggest that angiotensin system inhibitors (ASI) and bevacizumab improve tumor perfusion and chemotherapy efficacy. We performed a retrospective study to examine whether concomitant ASI use during carboplatin and paclitaxel (CP) without or with bevacizumab (CPB) was associated with improved overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced nonsquamous, non–small-cell lung cancer (NS-NSCLC). Patients and Methods In a retrospective cohort study, adult patients diagnosed with stage IIIB or IV NS-NSCLC between 2005 and 2011 were identified from tumor registries at 1 of 4 Kaiser Permanente regions. Survival differences between those who did and did not receive ASIs concomitant with chemotherapy (CP or CPB) were assessed using propensity score–matched proportional hazard models. OS was measured from the initiation of chemotherapy until death, disenrollment, or December 31, 2012. Results Of the 1465 CP and 348 CPB patients included, 273 (19%) and 78 (22%), respectively, received concomitant ASI. For CP patients with and without concomitant ASI exposure, median OS was 12.0 and 8.4 months, respectively (crude hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.84). For CPB patients, the comparable median OS was 14.9 and 11.9 months, respectively (crude HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.57-1.02). Using propensity score–matched cohorts, the HR for concomitant ASI use was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.61-0.88) for CP patients and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.51-1.21) for CPB patients. Conclusion Concomitant ASI receipt during CP or CPB therapy for NS-NSCLC was associated with improved survival, although the association was only statistically significant in the CP group.
Passive acoustic localization enhanced with tomography and acoustic thermometry in the ocean

Passive localization has application for assessing the spatial distributions of calling animals. Improved localization is demonstrated in the atmosphere when the sound speed and wind fields are simultaneously estimated from sounds recorded on eight microphones spread over a 30 m by 20 m region. Localization errors in the horizontal and vertical dimensions are 15 cm and 40 cm respectively, at two standard deviations. The accuracy degrades by a factor of three if the sound speed and wind fields are not estimated. Two other subjects are discussed. First, a Surface Suspended Acoustic Receiver (SSAR) is under development for studying climatic temperature changes in the ocean. The SSAR's theoretical range limit for detecting many marine mammal calls is about 100 km. Second, techniques are suggested for minimizing the possible impact of low‐frequency sounds from acoustic thermometry transmissions on the marine ecosystem. The simplest technique involves placing sound sources on autonomous moorings in nutrient dep...
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF SPEED RATIOS IN NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HIGHLY VISCOUS RUBBER MIXING IN A PARTIALLY FILLED CHAMBER

ABSTRACT Three-dimensional, transient, isothermal, and incompressible computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out for rubber mixing with two counter-rotating rotors in a partially filled chamber in order to assess the effect of different speed ratios. The three different speed ratios that are investigated include 1.0, 1.125, and 1.5. In addition to the solution of the incompressible continuity and momentum equations, a Eulerian multiphase model is employed to simulate two phases, rubber and air, and the volume of fluid (VOF) technique is used to calculate the free surface flow between the phases. The Bird–Carreau model is used to characterize the non-Newtonian highly viscous rubber. Massless particles are injected in the simulations to obtain data required for statistical calculations related to dispersive and distributive mixing characteristics. Specifically, joint probability density functions of mixing index and shear rate, and cumulative distribution functions of maximum shear stres...
Linear and Integer Linear Optimization

This is a textbook about linear and integer linear optimization. The major goal is to develop the theory of linear and integer linear optimization in a unified manner and then demonstrate how to use this theory to solve very large real world problems. No prior knowledge of these topics is assumed, although this text is written for a mathematically mature audience. Our target audience is upper level undergraduate students and graduate students in computer science, applied mathematics, industrial engineering and operations research/management science. Coursework in linear algebra and analysis is sufficient background. Researchers wishing to brush up on recent developments in large scale linear and integer linear optimization will also find this text useful.
Narrow Therapeutic Index Classification of Antiepileptic Drugs Using a Comprehensive Literature Search (P2.053)

Objective: To determine whether data obtained from the medical literature can be used to estimate the therapeutic index of 5 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate. Background: Narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drugs exhibit a very close margin between therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations, and small changes in drug exposure may result in serious therapeutic failures and/or adverse events. Having a small therapeutic window is one of the major criteria for NTI classification. NTI drugs may require more stringent regulatory oversight. Over 150 AEDs have been approved in the United States; how many of these may qualify as NTI drugs is unknown. Methods: We performed a literature search using PubMed and Embase to collect published safety, efficacy, and therapeutic monitoring data for 5 AEDs, and extracted all relevant information into a drug- and study-specific database. For each AED, we summarized: 1) type, severity, and incidence of toxicity-related adverse events and toxicity-associated range of drug doses/concentrations; and 2) effective versus toxic concentration and dose (therapeutic range). We defined therapeutic index as the ratio of the minimum toxic concentration to the minimum effective concentration. We considered a therapeutic index ≤2 as a criterion to classify the therapeutic index as narrow. Results: We reviewed a total of 810 full-text articles and extracted data from 163 articles. The available literature suggests that the therapeutic index of phenytoin is <2. The therapeutic indices of phenobarbital and valproate exceed 2. There was insufficient data to precisely quantify the therapeutic indices of carbamazepine and lamotrigine. Conclusions: Our approach offers a low-cost method of therapeutic index estimation for some drugs using existing data. Our results can serve as preliminary data for future trials and as guidance for FDA decision-making regarding NTI classification. Study supported by: NIH-3U01FD004858-01 Disclosure: Dr. Guptill has received personal compensation for activities with Jacobus Pharmaceuticals, Marinus, Momenta, Serimmune, and UCB Pharma, Inc for consulting services and from Grifols for educational activities. Dr. Guptill has received research support fro Dr. Greenberg has nothing to disclose. Dr. Melloni has received research support from Amgen, Inc., AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Hoffmann-La Roche. Dr. Wu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gonzalez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ku has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hill has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hornik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zheng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jiang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cohen-Wolkowiez has received personal compensation for activities with Cempra Pharmaceuticals Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Jacobus Pharmaceuticals, and Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals.
Information Seeking Upon Exposure to Risk Messages: Predictors, Outcomes, and Mediating Roles of Health Information Seeking:

Exposure to risk messages can motivate health information seeking, which can influence message acceptance or rejection. Theories of risk message design and effects (e.g., fear appeal models), howev...
Cardiac Arrest: Who Lives, Who Dies, and How? (P3.214)

Objectives: To describe the manner of survival and death following cardiac arrest (CA). Background: Withdrawal of life sustaining therapy (WLST) accounts for over 50[percnt] of deaths following CA, but circumstances and decision-making processes vary greatly and have not been well described. Methods: Patients (n=385) treated for CA in Columbia University ICUs between 2008-2015 were identified. Based on documented goals of care (GOC) discussions, patients were retrospectively categorized as: 1)Survival due to family wishes despite poor prognostication, 2)Survival due to physician/family agreement, 3)Survival after early recovery without documented discussions, 4)Survival despite WLST, 5)WLST due to advanced directives (AD), 6)WLST while medically unstable, 7)WLST while stable, 8)Death after care was capped/DNR, 9)Death despite full support, 10)Brain death. Cerebral performance category (CPC) was documented at discharge and 1 year. Results: There were 118(31[percnt]) survivors and 267(69[percnt]) deaths. Survival was most common after early recovery without documented discussions (57[percnt],n=67), then survival due to family wishes despite poor prognostication (20[percnt],n=24), survival with physician/family agreement (17[percnt],n=20) and survival despite WLST (6[percnt],n=6). Among survivors due to family wishes, 92[percnt] had CPC 3-4 at discharge, while 8[percnt] had CPC 1-2. At 1 year, 50[percnt] died, 42[percnt] were CPC 3-4 and 8[percnt] remained CPC 1-2. Among nonsurvivors, WLST while medically unstable was most common with 31[percnt](n=83), followed by death after care was capped/DNR (24[percnt],n=65), WLST while medically stable (17[percnt],n=45), death despite full support (13[percnt],n=34), brain death (12[percnt],n=31) and WLST due to AD (3[percnt],n=8). Conclusions: Most survivors due to family wishes despite poor prognostication die or have poor outcomes at 1 year. However, a small number achieve favorable recovery at discharge and 1 year, suggesting that current prognostication may miss some patients with potential for recovery. Among nonsurvivors, high rates of “death once care is capped/DNR” and “WLST while medically unstable” suggest an overestimation of deaths attributed to true WLST. Disclosure: Dr. Matthews has nothing to disclose. Dr. Magid-Bernstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ashley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alex has nothing to disclose. Dr. Falo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Park has nothing to disclose. Dr. Claassen has received personal compensation for activities with the JSMF Foundation, Actelion, and SAGE Pharmaceutical. Dr. Agarwal has nothing to disclose.
Preclinical Evaluation of CBP/β-catenin Inhibition as a New Strategy for Drug Resistant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Despite advances in chemotherapeutic treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 20% of children relapse with high death rates, so that new treatment modalities are needed. Recent studies have demonstrated that survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family proteins, is upregulated in ALL of relapsed patients but not in drug-sensitive ALL. The expression of survivin depends on the formation of a complex between β-catenin and its co-activator CBP. Selective suppression of CBP/β-catenin signaling using the novel small-molecule inhibitor ICG-001 offers the opportunity to sensitize leukemia cells to conventional treatment. We hypothesize that inhibition of CBP/β-catenin signaling by combining ICG-001 with conventional therapy represents a promising therapeutic principle to eradicate drug resistant ALL. To test this hypothesis, we used a NOD/SCID xenograft model engrafted with drug-resistant human pre-B ALL leukemia cells (1x10 6 cells/mouse) to first model the outcome of the patient in vivo. When human CD45 engraftment of 1% was detected by flow cytometry on day 26 post-leukemia-injection, VDL (Vincristine, Dexamethasone, L-Asparaginase) (n=7) or with saline as control (n=7) was administered for 4 weeks intraperitoneally (i.p.). Without treatment, all mice died between days 31–38 post-treatment with a median survival time (MST) of 36 days. In contrast, one animal of the VDL group died at day 14 post-treatment, the remaining 6 mice between days 67–77 post-treatment (MST=70 days, p 6 cells/mouse). Leukemic animals were treated i.p. with a combination of VDL and ICG-001 (25mg/kg/d) (n=3) or with VDL only as a control (n=2). The animals in the control group died on day 18 and 62 post-treatment (MST=40). In marked contrast, the animals treated with a combination of VDL+ICG-001 died on day 71, 72, 77 post-treatment (MST =72 days, p
Similarities between human and animal spatial memory: Item and order information

Human subjects, sitting at the center of a circle of eight lights, were tested on analogues of radial-maze item-recognition (Roberts & Smythe, 1979) and order-recognition (Kesner & Novak, 1982) tasks. Subjects in the item-recognition condition saw a list of seven lights, and then the nonlist (eighth) light was tested against the first, fourth, or seventh light from the list. The subjects were required to point toward the nonlist light. Subjects in the order-recognition condition saw a series of eight lights, followed by a test of the first and second, fourth and fifth, or seventh and eighth serial positions. They were asked to point toward the light with the earlier serial position. Subjects’ item-recognition serial-position curves exhibited a recency effect with a 0-sec retention interval (Experiments 1 and 2), and were U-shaped (Experiment 1) or flat (Experiment 2) with a 30-sec retention interval. Subjects’ order-recognition serial-position curves were U-shaped at both retention intervals. Subjects’ reported mnemonics were, generally, unrelated to their choice accuracy. The results suggest analogous memory processes in animals and humans.
Effect of Stacking Sequence on Delamination Toughness and Delamination Growth Behavior in Composite End-Notched Flexure Specimens

Results are presented from an experimental investigation of the effects of stacking sequence on the delamination toughness and delamination growth behavior exhibited by laminated composite end-notched flexure (ENF) test specimens. Delamination growth is studied at interfaces defined by 0°/0°, +15%-15°, + 15°/+15°, +30°/-30°, and +30°/+30° plies in a typical graphite/epoxy. A previously developed "ENF test design procedure" is used to aid in the determination of specimen stacking sequences and test geometries, such that delamination growth occurs at the interface of interest, yet the contributions to the energy release rate from residual thermal stresses, geometric nonlinearities, local Mode II concentrations at the specimen's free edges, and local Mode III effects are minimized. Critical strain energy release rates are obtained from the load-deflection test data by both a classical plate theory-based data reduction technique and by a compliance calibration procedure and the results compared. It is shown that compliance calibration is the only completely reliable means of reducing the data from either unidirectional or multidirectional ENF tests. It is also shown that the proposed ENF test design procedure reduces or eliminates the propensity for subcritical delamination growth at the free edges of an ENF specimen. For specimens that are not precracked, there is no significant effect of interfacial ply orientation on G I l c for the material and relative angles studied.
Severe migratory granulomatous reactions to silicone gel in 3 patients

In humans implanted with silicone gel breast prostheses, a mild foreign body response results in the formation of a collagenous capsule around the prosthesis. Although many such patients may show evidence of a microscopic granulomatous foreign body reaction upon examination of capsular material at explantation of a prosthesis, it is unusual to have large, palpable granulomas, even in the presence of rupture or leakage. Rare patients have had severe local inflammation and complications resulting from silicone migration to the axilla, arm, or abdominal wall. We describe 3 patients who had deforming granulomas after implant rupture, along with other consequences of silicone gel migrating down the upper extremity. Silicone gel, once it leaves the implant, is not biologically inert and in some persons can elicit profound pathologic responses.
Combining gaze and demographic feature descriptors for autism classification

People with autism suffer from social challenges and communication difficulties, which may prevent them from leading a fruitful and enjoyable life. It is imperative to diagnose and start treatments for autism as early as possible and, in order to do so, accurate methods of identifying the disorder are vital. We propose a novel method for classifying autism through the use of eye gaze and demographic feature descriptors that include a subject's age and gender. We construct feature descriptors that incorporate the subject's age and gender, as well as features based on eye gaze data. Using eye gaze information from the National Database for Autism Research, we tested our constructed feature descriptors on three different classifiers; random regression forests, C4.5 decision tree, and PART. Our proposed method for classifying autism resulted in a top classification rate of 96.2%.
Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine protects against endothelial cell barrier dysfunction in acute lung injury

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that facilitates the continuous recycling of intracellular components (organelles and proteins) and provides an alternative source of energ...
Patient and Aneurysm Characteristics Predicting Prolonged Length of Stay After Elective Open AAA Repair in the Endovascular Era.

Introduction:Open aortic aneurysm repair (AAA) repair can be resource intensive and associated with a prolonged length of stay (LOS). We sought to examine patient and aneurysm predictors of prolonged LOS to better identify those at risk in the preoperative setting.Methods:Patient data were obtained from the targeted AAA American College of Surgery National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2012 to 2014 of patients undergoing open AAA repair. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of prolonged postoperative LOS defined as greater than 10 days (75th percentile).Results:There were 1172 open AAA repairs identified. The majority (54%) of patients were older than 70 years and male (74%). Surgical approach was transperitoneal (70.9%) and retroperitoneal (29.1%). Aneurysms were 51.4% infrarenal, 33% juxtarenal, 5.7% pararenal, 7.4% suprarenal, and 2.5% type IV thoracoabdominal. Mean and median LOS were 9.1 ± 7.4 and 7 (0-72) days, respectively. Independently associated...
Development of a Clinical Risk Assessment Tool for 6-Week Postpartum Visit Nonadherence.

Objective The 6-week postpartum visit (6WPP) is integral in addressing postpartum medical concerns. Failure to attend this routine visit is a measure of suboptimal care. This study aims to identify patients at risk of 6WPP nonadherence by developing a novel point-based risk scoring system. Methods In this retrospective case–control study (n = 587), a randomly selected subgroup, that is, the “test” group (n = 303), was used to develop the model. The remaining patients were used as an independent “validation” group (n = 284) to assess the model performance. Results Five factors were found to correlate with 6WPP nonadherence. Positive correlations include: Medicaid health insurance (odds ratio [OR]: 2.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38–4.15); prenatal care initiated at ≥ 14 weeks' gestation (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.11–2.96); and maternal age Conclusion This risk assessment tool relies on routinely collected data, making its implementation simple. Applying it in the clinical setting allows for early, targeted intervention aimed at minimizing 6WPP nonadherence.
Hyperacute Monocyte Gene Response Patterns Are Associated With Lower Extremity Vein Bypass Graft Failure

Background: Despite being the definitive treatment for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease, vein bypass grafts fail in half of all cases. Early repair mechanisms after implantation, governed largely by the immune environment, contribute significantly to long-term outcomes. The current study investigates the early response patterns of circulating monocytes as a determinant of graft outcome. Methods: In 48 patients undergoing infrainguinal vein bypass grafting, the transcriptomes of circulating monocytes were analyzed preoperatively and at 1, 7, and 28 days post-operation. Results: Dynamic clustering algorithms identified 50 independent gene response patterns. Three clusters (64 genes) were differentially expressed, with a hyperacute response pattern defining those patients with failed versus patent grafts 12 months post-operation. A second independent data set, comprised of 96 patients subjected to major trauma, confirmed the value of these 64 genes in predicting an uncomplicated versus complicated recovery. Causal network analysis identified 8 upstream elements that regulate these mediator genes, and Bayesian analysis with a priori knowledge of the biological interactions was integrated to create a functional network describing the relationships among the regulatory elements and downstream mediator genes. Linear models predicted the removal of either STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) or MYD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88) to shift mediator gene expression levels toward those seen in successful grafts. Conclusions: A novel combination of dynamic gene clustering, linear models, and Bayesian network analysis has identified a core set of regulatory genes whose manipulations could migrate vein grafts toward a more favorable remodeling phenotype.
Modulation of halotropic growth in rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) by flavonoids and light

Abstract Halotropism is a form of adaptive directional growth in which roots grow away from areas of high salt concentrations. Halotropism is thought to function in cooperation with the more well-understood mechanisms of ion exclusion and sequestration to mediate salt tolerance. Halotropic growth is dependent upon precisely regulated changes in auxin transport and metabolism. As both of these processes have been demonstrated to be modulated by flavonoid accumulation, it is likely that flavonoids serve a regulatory role in halotropism. The objectives of this study were first to determine if the flavonoid hyper-accumulating turfgrass species rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) exhibits halotropism, and, second, to investigate the impact of light-induced flavonoid accumulations on root halotropic bending responses. Results showed that rough bluegrass grown in an agar system under white light exhibits halotropic root growth when treated with salt gradients created by concentrations of NaCl greater than 300 mM. In the dark or with red light treatment, rough bluegrass did not exhibit halotropism, but when treated with blue light, halotropic growth was enhanced compared to white light treatment. Metabolomic analysis showed that flavonoids only accumulated in roots at levels above the limit of detection when plants were exposed to blue or white light. Altogether, results showed that rough bluegrass exhibits halotropism that correlates with light-induced accumulations of flavonoids.
Theoretical Studies of Cyclodextrins and Their Inclusion Complexes

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of a-D-glucose units joined by oα(1,4) linkages [1]. The most common forms are a-cyclodextrin (6 glucose units), βcyclodextrin (7 glucose units), and γ-cyclodextrin (8 glucose units). These toroidal molecules are most often presented as round, truncated cones, with the side containing the primary hydroxyls forming the narrow “base” of the cup, as shown in Figure 1.
Order of the PP-HFP transition in solid 3 He

New measurements of the melting pressure of solid3He Pm(T,B) have been made through the paramagnetic phase-to-high field phase transition. Temperatures were determined with Pt NMR and the3He melting pressure in zero field measured in a second cell. In a field of 0.405 T, we find a change in entropy through the HFP-PP transition of ΔS/Rln2=0.13 over a temperature interval of only about 4 µK. Thus, we conclude that the transition is first-order at low fields. The entropy discontinuity decreases with field and the transition region broadens, with the transition possibly becoming second-order above a tricritical point near 0.6 T.
An Interactionist Model of Language Development

Few domains within the social and behavioral sciences can match the study of language development in theoretical richness, in breadth and inventiveness of research approaches, and in the liveliness of debates among its students. However, these characteristics of a flourishing interdisciplinary field have arisen only recently.
Country of Origin, Country of Production, and Country of Assembly

As is discussed at the beginning of this book, regardless of whether consumers belong to an individualistic society or a collectivistic society, they are influenced by cognitive and affective forces. Furthermore, they receive information about products and services through personal or interpersonal activity. As a result of these influences individuals have certain preferences regarding existing products and services. These preferences are in the form of a series of priorities. These priorities are related to actual products, the brands by which they are identified, the companies that produce them, and the countries where they are actually produced, not necessarily in that order. In Chap. 6, an attempt is made to identify three concepts: country of origin (COO), country of production (COP), and country of assembly (COA). These three concepts play a critical role in influencing consumers’ priority systems throughout the world.
Tele-transitions of care. A 12-month, parallel-group, superiority randomized controlled trial protocol, evaluating the use of telehealth versus standard transitions of care in the prevention of avoidable hospital readmissions.

Abstract Introduction Comprehensive transitions of care, reduce dangerous hospital readmissions. Telehealth offers promise, however few guidelines aid clinicians in introducing it in a feasible way while addressing the needs of a multi-comorbid population. Physician adoptability remains a significant barrier to the use of Telehealth due to data overload, concerns for disruptive workflows and uncertain practices. The methods proposed aid clinicians in implementing Telehealth training and research with limited resources to reach patients who need clinical surveillance most. This study introduces a new workflow for addressing tele-transitions of care, using risk stratification, remote patient monitoring, and patient-centered virtual visits. We propose a new communication tool which facilitates adoption. We take a clinically meaningful approach in assessing avoidable hospital readmissions, which can lead to further quality improvements and improved patient care. Methods This study design is a parallel-group, superiority, randomized controlled trial in which 180 patients are enrolled in the standard of care or Telehealth arms and evaluated for 30-days post hospitalization. The Telehealth group receives daily vitals surveillance with a "teledoc", a senior resident physician, who performs weekly virtual visits. The endpoint is 30-day hospital readmission. Patient data is collected on hospital utilization, patient self-management, physician and patient experience. Discussion Our protocol introduces a novel study design with existing clinical trainees, to provide comprehensive tele-transitions of care to reduce avoidable readmissions.
Eyewitness Science and the Legal System

For more than four decades, I have been studying the malleable nature of human memory. For most of this time period, I have also played a role as a consultant or expert in many legal cases that hin...
Women in Modern Terrorism: From Liberation to Global Jihad in the Islamic State

While terrorism scholars and practitioners widely accept that there is no single, universal profile of a terrorist, their analyses of those who engage in terrorism, political violence, or crimes of...
Efficient Access to Multifunctional Trifluoromethyl Alcohols Through Base‐Free Catalytic Asymmetric C—Bond Formation with Terminal Ynamides.

The first catalytic enantioselective addition of terminal ynamides to trifluoromethyl ketones is developed.
Race Based Statutes at Play with Cannabis: Cultivating a Process for Weeding Out the Competition

The ongoing battle between federal and state cannabis laws have created a perplexing realm of ambiguity for legislatures tasked with establishing drug policy. In the midst of this intricate conflict lies another issue that is wreaking havoc throughout the legalized cannabis marketplace. With federal and state governments failing to administer concrete guidance by virtue of lacking to establish policies which govern concurrently and in a harmonious manner, laws have been enforced on both the federal and state levels, that are negatively impacting various minority groups and their potential to capitalize on the multibillion-dollar cannabis industry. This article will examine the arguments for, and against, current and proposed legislation that impacts licensure for minority groups trying to enter the legalized cannabis marketplace. Particularly, this article will address the primary obstacles that most negatively affect minorities and the specific role that each barrier has played in preventing minority entrepreneurs from becoming business owners and seizing the opportunity to cash in on this new lucratively flourishing agricultural business that is taking the nation by storm. While not much research has been conducted on the topic of minority business owners obtaining licenses to operate in the legalized cannabis market, the primary goal of this article is to stimulate dialogue and encourage further research into the impact that legalizing cannabis is having on minority business owners trying to establish themselves as legitimate participants in this up-and-coming industry.
Physical vapor transport of ZnSe--modeling studies: current status and future course

Bulk growth of wide band gap II-VI semiconductors by physical vapor transport (PVT) has been developed and refined over the past several years at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Results from a modeling study of PVT crystal growth of ZnSe are reported in this paper. The PVT process is numerically investigate using a 2D formulation of the governing equations and associated boundary conditions. Both the incompressible Boussinesq approximation and a compressible model are tested to determine the influence of gravity on the process and to discern the differences between the two approaches. The influence of a residual gas in included in the models. The results show that both the incompressible and compressible approximations provide comparable results and the presence of a residual gas tends to measurably reduce the mass flux in the system. Detailed flow, thermal and concentration profiles are provided. The simulations show that the Stefan flux dominates the system flow field and the subtle gravitational effects can be gauged by subtracting this flux from the calculations. Shear flows, due to solutal buoyancy, of the order of 50 micron/s for the horizontal growth orientation and 10 micron/s for the vertical orientation are predicted. Whether these flows can fully account for the observed gravity related growth morphological effects and inhomogeneous solute and dopant distributions is a matter of conjecture. A template for future modeling efforts in this area is suggested which incorporates a mathematical approach to the tracking of the growth front based on energy of formation concepts.
Investigation of the effect of substrate morphology on MDCK cell mechanical behavior using atomic force microscopy

Living cells sense and respond to their extracellular environment. Their contact guidance is affected by the underlying substrate morphology. Previous studies of the effect of the substrate pattern on the mechanical behavior of living cells were only limited to the quantification of the cellular elasticity. However, how the length and time scales of the cellular mechanical properties are affected by the patterned substrates are yet to be studied. In this study, the effect of the substrate morphology on the biomechanical behavior of living cells was thoroughly investigated using indentation-based atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the cellular biomechanical behavior was affected by the substrate morphology significantly. The elasticity and viscosity of the cells on the patterned Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates were much lower compared to those of the ones cultured on flat PDMS. The poroelastic diffusion coefficient of the cells was higher on the patterned PDMS substrates, specifically on the substrate with 2D pitches. In addition, fluorescence images showed that the substrate topography directly affects the cell cytoskeleton morphology. Together, the results suggested that cell mechanical behavior and morphology can be controlled using substrates with properly designed topography.
The past, present, and future of the biopsychosocial model: A review of The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease: New philosophical and scientific developments by Derek Bolton and Grant Gillett

Abstract Health psychology is a growing field generating exciting advances in theory, research, and applications that significantly improve the lives of individuals, shape the medical profession, and inform global public policy. For over 40 years, the field has been guided by the biopsychosocial model (Engel, 1977), an interdisciplinary and multifaceted model that posits the interrelations among the biological, psychological, and socio-environmental influences on health and disease. The theoretical implications and empirical research that it has generated have been vast. In The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease: New philosophical and scientific developments, Derek Bolton and Grant Gillett (2019) present a summary of four decades of scholarship. They conclude that the model has fallen short clinically, scientifically, and philosophically. Although their book is timely, well-written, thought-provoking, and designed to highlight weaknesses that could drive science and practice forward, their criticisms are not fully convincing and are open to debate. The contributions this book could make may be to challenge a new generation of scholars and scientists to demonstrate that the biopsychosocial model is more relevant than ever, especially as areas such as social genomics, psychoneuroimmunology, health disparities, and global health become more important. Despite interesting philosophical challenges presented by Bolton and Gillett, theory, research, and practice focused on health, disability, illness, and wellness should remain grounded in the biopsychosocial model.
VENTRICULAR ECTOPY WITH MULTIPLE MORPHOLOGIES

Ventricular ectopy is commonly seen in clinical practice and while most patients remain asymptomatic, some experience a variety of clinical manifestations from palpitations to cardiac arrest. A 65 year old male with a history of hypertension presents for evaluation of recurrent palpitations.
Modeling of the Inclusion and Accessibility Observatory (OBIA) for children, adolescents and young people with disabilities in the Amazonian communities

This document presents the proposed model of the Observatory of Inclusion and Accessibility (OBIA) as a mean of inclusion and accessibility for children, adolescents and youths with disabilities in Amazonian communities. The proposal was developed under the principles of Knowledge Management, using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The applied methodology identified which modes of knowledge conversion of the SECI Model are present in the interactions carried out between the actors with the OBIA system and how these interactions contribute to the generation and dissemination of new knowledge in the observatory. OBIA aims to contribute to the development of new observatories in different areas and social desires to promote the inclusion and accessibility in the Amazon region.
Challenges of diagnosing pediatric hypertension using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) measures mean arterial pressure (MAP) then extrapolates systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) values. Pediatric guidelines recommend using calculated systolic and diastolic BP rather than measured MAP for diagnosis of ambulatory hypertension (HTN). The 95th percentile BP that defines ambulatory HTN is higher in some children than thresholds used to define ambulatory HTN in adults. This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent 24-h ABPM. The level of agreement in ambulatory HTN diagnosis using MAP vs. systolic/diastolic BP was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Similar analysis was done to assess agreement in HTN diagnosis using adult vs. pediatric criteria for males taller than 165 cm. A total of 263 ABPM studies were included. There was good agreement for diagnosis of HTN using MAP or systolic/diastolic BP (k = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.67–0.83). However, there was disagreement between the methods in 12% (n = 31) of subjects. Similarly, there was good agreement (k = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.56–0.85) between pediatric and adult criteria for HTN diagnosis. Nineteen patients were found to be hypertensive (9 using MAP criteria, 10 using adult criteria) who would not have met ambulatory HTN criteria using current pediatric guidelines. Inclusion of MAP along with systolic and diastolic BP in ABPM analysis alongside using adult criteria for diagnosing HTN in male children ≥ 165 cm may improve accuracy of pediatric HTN diagnosis and reduce false negative rate. Larger studies are needed to assess the clinical validity of these results.
Moving from Face-to-Face to Remote Instruction in a Higher Education Institution during a Pandemic: Multiple Case Studies

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, our institution, like others in higher education, suspended face- to-face classes and offered remote learning as an alternative. We report five cases of undergraduate and graduate courses that transitioned from a face-to-face to a remote mode. Each case will provide a detailed description of how the course was moved to an online mode, how the course was managed, the instructors’ previous experience in online teaching, their self-reflection on the process of transitioning to remote learning and their recommendations for a more successful experience in a similar potential scenario in the future. Further, we report the students’ perspectives based on their responses to an online survey. The combined results of the cases reported in this study reflect the resilience on both sides. A sudden shutdown of the university along with disease- related fears caused anxiety both for the students and instructors regardless of previous experience in online education. However, having online material pre-pandemic, possessing the technical skills, and previous online teaching or learning experience as well as having the infrastructure in place, facilitated the smooth navigation of the courses. The mode of delivery of the course (synchronous, asynchronous or blended) did not have an effect on students’ satisfaction.
Pharmacological Treatments for Tinnitus.

To the Editor The Clinical Update on tinnitus by Dr Piccirillo and colleagues1 described the marked heterogeneity of this disorder associated with a number of different conditions, such as acoustic trauma, hearing loss, and emotional stressors. This heterogeneity may be the reason that successful treatment is frequently elusive. The authors reviewed only nonpharmacological approaches to treating tinnitus, such as psychoeducation, tinnitus retraining, and behavioral therapies. Although these treatments are effective for some patients, they are ineffective or partially effective for many. Thus, the need for alternative or additive treatments to nonpharmacological approaches should have been included in the review.
Gene Drives, Species, and Compassion for Individuals in Conservation Biology

A new movement in conservation biology called ‘compassionate conservation’ questions the traditional hierarchy of moral values in conservation. Compassionate conservationists search for ‘win-win’ s...
Leonardo da Vinci on Wear

Abstract Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was a visionary engineer, scientist, and polymath of the Renaissance era who performed numerous experiments in tribology, including experiments on wear. As discussed by Prof. Dowson, due to the delayed discovery of several caches of his notebook pages (particularly the Codex Madrid I) recognition of Leonardo's immense contributions to the field of tribology was delayed and continues to unfold. Leonardo's illustrations and investigations clearly describe studies and patterns of wear, particularly for loaded shafts and bushings. In this work, we present an attempt to faithfully recreate Leonardo's observations of wear using bushing and shaft systems made from olive wood. Our experiments, performed roughly 500 years after Leonardo's, reproduced his findings and demonstrated shape evolutions during operation as a result of wear. Leonardo's elegant demonstration of a 2-dimensional bushing-and-shaft system in which the shaft is turning inside of the bushing, showed wear to both components and resulted in a tear-dropped shape as the shaft was consumed. Our experiment, which took over 260 days to complete generated a similar tear-drop shape with an acute angle within 5° of the angle in Leonardo's original drawing. This undertaking also revealed the extensive duration of time over which experiments, and mechanisms operated in Leonardo's laboratory and adds to our understanding of the laboratory environment: a dynamic, active, and busy laboratory in motion, with numerous ongoing experiments and moving mechanical assemblies at work. As Prof. Dowson recognized, Leonardo da Vinci was clearly curious and passionate about tribology, as the Codex Madrid I contains thousands of illustrations of tribological components and experiments in friction, wear, and lubrication.
Androgen Receptor Modulators: The Impact of Environment and Lifestyle Choices on Reproduction

Abstract Androgen receptors (ARs) are DNA-binding transcription factors that interact with androgens and play an essential part in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tracts as well as male sexual characteristics. AR modulators are chemicals and biomolecules that negatively alter the activity of AR via competitive antagonism or by interfering with the production and binding of androgens to AR, thereby harming male reproduction. Many environmental factors and lifestyle choices have AR modulating activities. The list of these agents includes agricultural and industrial chemicals, pharmacological drugs such as steroids and chemotherapeutic agents, biological conditions such as hyperthermia, chronic infection and aging, and social factors such as alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. More research studies are being conducted, especially with in vivo rodent models, to elucidate the exact roles of AR in reproduction and the molecular mechanism of AR modulation in reproductive health.
Recreationist willingness to pay for aquatic invasive species management

We estimated willingness to pay for local aquatic invasive species lake management in the form of a daily lake access fee by conducting summer lake surveys in Minnesota, USA. Similar pairs of lakes with differing infestations of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, and starry stonewort, Nitellopsis obtuse, were used as study sites to infer how being at an infested lake vs. being at an uninfested lake and different local species would impact responses. We also examined recreationists’ visit motivation, and aquatic invasive species perceived risk, knowledge, and awareness of problem. We estimated mean willingness to pay about nine to ten dollars per day, which did not differ significantly by lake. Additionally, perceived risk, awareness of problem, and visit motivation were significant in predicting willingness to pay, which could have important ramifications for aquatic invasive species management.