cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twinning in A-15 Compounds

Twinning modes in topologically close-packed A-15 compounds are examined from a geometrical viewpoint. The crystallographically possible twinning modes with a shear less than a certain maximum are tabulated along with the percentage of shuffles involved for each of the modes. Based on some simple criteria, two of the most likely modes for deformation twinning are discussed in detail. The shuffle parameters usually employed to determine the percentage of lattice shuffles for a given mode have not been found to be useful in these structures because the primitive unit cell typically contains more than one formula unit. One has to examine the distribution of atoms in detail in order to determine the percentage of shuffles involved.
Progress towards a resilient power grid infrastructure

This panel presentation gives an overview of the DOE/NSF/DHS TCIP Center which is addressing the challenge of how to design, build, and validate a cyber infrastructure for the next generation power grid that can survive malicious cyber attacks while providing continuous power delivery. TCIP's research plan is focused on securing the low-level devices, communications, and data systems that make up the power grid, to ensure trustworthy operation during normal conditions, cyber-attacks, and/or power emergencies. At the device level, new key functionality is being designed in hardware in order to detect attacks and failures and to restore proper system operation. Likewise, virtual machine technology is being developed and adapted for advanced power meters in order to permit new power use scenarios while preserving privacy. At the protocol level, new techniques are being developed to detect, react to, and recover from cyber attacks that occur while preserving integrity, availability, and real-time requirements. Further, lightweight authorization and authentication techniques are being developed that can react quickly in emergency situations. Simulation and evaluation techniques are employed to analyze real power grid scenarios and validate the effectiveness of the TCIP designs and implementations. TCIP has also developed interactive and open-ended applets for middle-school students, along with activity materials and teacher guides to facilitate the integration of research, education, and knowledge transfer by linking researchers, educators, and students. In addition to providing an overview of current TCIP research, this presentation will suggest challenges that remain, and future research that is needed to create the resilient power grid of the future.
Characterization ofL p (R n ) using Gabor frames

We characterize L p norms of functions on R n for 1 < p < 1 in terms of their Gabor coecients. Moreover, we use the Carleson-Hunt theorem to show that the Gabor expansions of L p functions converge to the functions almost everywhere and in L p for 1 < p < 1. In L 1 we prove an analogous result: the Gabor expansions converge to the functions almost everywhere and in L 1 in a certain Cesaro sense. Consequently, we are able to establish that a large class of Gabor families generate Banach frames for L p (R n ) when 1 p < 1. It is a well known fact that certain Gabor expansions form frames for the Hilbert spaceL 2 (R n ). In this paper we show that that these expansions also generate Banach frames for L p (R n ) when 1 p < 1. The case p = 1 must be handled separately using Cesaro-Fejer summability (instead of Dirichlet summability) of partial sums. We also establish that certain Gabor expansions of L p functions converge to the functions almost everywhere and in L p (R n ) for 1 p < 1, where the convergence is interpreted in the Cesaro sense when p = 1. Moreover, we obtain frame inequali- ties, that characterize the L p (R n ) norm of f (up to equivalence) in terms of certain sequence-space norms evaluated at the sequence of Gabor coecients
Female Suicide, Subjectivity and the State in Eighteenth‐Century China

This article examines the social and political significance of female suicide in Qing Dynasty China and its implications for women's agency, feminine subjectivity and the state's interpretation of violence. Tracing the development of state and elite interpretations of the propriety of women's suicides, it situates the discourse on female suicide in the context of state efforts to control the definition and enactment of moralised violence and pervasive rhetoric about women's incapacity for moral agency. Demonstrating the problematic ethical and judicial status of suicides committed in the wake of a violation of chastity, in particular, it argues that such suicides represented a distinctively female definition of moral order and the role of violence within it.
Salic Horizons in Soils of the USA

The taxonomic hierarchy and nationwide distribution of soils with a salic horizon were studied using the USA Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database to provide a more holistic view of the role of soil-forming factors in pedogenesis than from isolated case studies. Soils with a salic horizon occupied an area of 11 000 km 2 , i.e., 0.1% of land area in the contiguous USA. These soils occur narrowly in three great groups (Aquisalids, Haplosalids and Halaquepts), 11 subgroups, and 97 soil series. Soils with a salic horizon commonly had a mesic (50% of soil series) or thermic (19%) soil-temperature class, an aquic (89%) soil-moisture class, a mixed mineral class (79%), a calcareous (52%) reaction class, a superactive (59%) cation exchange activity class, and a fine (24% of soil series), fine-loamy (24% of soil series), or fine-silty (19% of soil series) particle-size class. Soils with a salic horizon were concentrated in the Basin and Range Province of western USA. The key pedogenic processes leading to the development of salic horizons were salinization, gleization, and calcification, with some evidence for argilluviation and silicification.
A non-invasive computer vision system for reliable eye tracking

Knowing what the user is attending to and what they are looking at is essential for creating attentive user interfaces. Towards this end, we are building a reliable, real-time, non-invasive eye tracker using computer vision. Our system can robustly locate and track eyes without any calibration, and estimate the user's focus of attention. We have built several higher-level processes on top of this tracking system and have done some user studies to test the viability of our approach.
The Integration of Black Residents in Suburban Neighborhoods: A Reexamination of the Contact Hypothesis

As blacks move into the suburbs, residential integration becomes relevant to sociological analysis. Previous research shows interracial contact in desegrated urban housing projects dispels racial animosity and aides integration. Racially mixed suburban neighborhoods, however, are unlike housing projects, so the contact hypothesis may not apply. This survey of white suburbanites indicates significant positive relationships between socioeconomic status, cosmopolitanism, and tolerance toward black neighbors. Furthermore, initial and subsequent attitudes of whites toward black neighbors are largely unaffected by contact. Theoretical concepts such as social class and cosmopolitanism, therefore, provide a meaningful frame of reference in explaining the integration of blacks in suburbs.
Augmentation of the amplitude of electrocardiographic QRS complexes immediately after hemodialysis: a study of 26 hemodialysis sessions of a single patient, aided by measurements of resistance, reactance, and impedance.

Abstract An increase in the amplitude of electrocardiogram QRS complexes (↑ QRS) with hemodialysis (HD) has been invariably documented, but the relationship with weight loss has varied, and other parameters (ie, hemoglobin, body electrical properties), which could be determinants of ↑ QRS, have not all been evaluated in the same patients. We investigated a patient immediately before and after 26 sessions of HD with measurements of a host of variables. Statistically significant correlations were found only between weight loss and net fluid removed (r = .72, P = .0005), and percentage change in the sums of QRS complexes of all 12-electrocardiogram leads and weight lost during HD (r = .41, P = .038). HD imparts a reproducible ↑ QRS, but variation in all the other intercorrelations can be attributed to the complexity of the procedure and its variable impact on many body parameters.
A program to test equality of two or more coefficients of variation

Two tests of the hypothesis that two or more samples are drawn from populations with equal coefficients of variation are reviewed, and their use is illustrated A program that performs the tests, written in QuickBASIC, is described.
Rules and counting behavior

Abstract Two different experiments were run to determine how college students learn to count in non-base10 number systems. Results indicate that subjects can and do acquire this ability inductively with the characteristics of this acquisition strongly determined by the formal properties of the system. In addition to knowing how to count, Ss who learned these systems subsequently were able to do novel tasks requiring manipulation of the new system. These results were interpreted to mean that successful non-base10 counting requires the adult S first to discover the pool of acceptable numerical elements and then to formulate a rule enabling him to produce the uniquely acceptable sequence of numbers required by the base system presently under consideration.
Atomic oxygen measurements in air and air/fuel nanosecond pulse discharges by two photon laser induced fluorescence

Abstract Xenon calibrated two photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF) is used to measure absolute atomic oxygen concentrations in air, methane–air, and ethylene–air non-equilibrium plasmas, as a function of time after initiation of a single 25 ns discharge pulse. Peak mole fraction in air at 60 torr is ∼0.5 × 10−4, with decay occurring on a time scale of ∼2 ms. Peak mole fraction in a stoichiometric methane–air mixture is found to be approximately equal to that in pure air, but the rate of decay is found to be faster by a factor of approximately two to three. In Φ = 0.5 ethylene–air, peak atomic oxygen concentration is reduced by a factor of approximately four, relative to air, and the rate of decay increased by approximately two orders of magnitude due to the greatly increased rate of reaction of atomic oxygen with ethylene, as compared to methane, at room temperature. Discharge kinetic modeling calculations, using both GRI Mech 3.0 and a more recent model of Wang et al., are shown to provide good overall agreement with all of the experimental data, as well as suggesting key processes of O atom generation and decay.
Antibody characteristics for a continuous response fiber optic immunosensor for theophylline

A self-contained fiber optic immunosensor was developed to measure continuously theophylline concentrations. The analytical signal was derived from the non-radiative energy transfer quench of fluorescence following binding of a fluorescence donor, B-phycoerythrin labeled theophylline, to an energy acceptor, Texas Red labeled antibody. Increases in free theophylline analyte concentrations resulted in a shift in antibody binding equilibrium between labeled and unlabeled theophylline that elicited a proportional increase in the fluorescence. The selection criteria for a monoclonal antibody as a molecular recognition element, and the optimization of labeling conditions to maximize the dynamic range and minimize sensor response time are described. Under one or more Texas Red labeling conditions, five antibody clones exhibited significant quenching when mixed with labeled analyte and also demonstrated 95% or greater reversible binding to labeled analyte. Two clones failed to exhibit fluorescence quenching when mixed with labeled analyte. The response time of the indicator chemistry system was dependent on the dissociation rate constant of the antibody. The equilibrium response time of intact sensors was limited by analyte diffusion across the containment membrane.
Raster-scan hidden surface algorithm techniques

Two new techniques are presented for reducing the number of depth calculations in hidden surface elimination. Two new algorithms using the techniques are compared with three existing algorithms and it is shown by examples that the new techniques reduce the number of multiplications involved in the depth calculations. A technique for increasing the parallelism of operations is also presented. This allows the calculation to be done more rapidly in hardware and is particularly useful for generating line drawings rather than the usual TV raster scan images in the common raster-scan hidden surface algorithms.
An analysis of the Washington naval agreements and the economic provisions of arms control theory

During the Cold War, two contending hypotheses dominated theories concerning the economic impact of anus control. The first suggested that when certain prerequisites were fulfilled, arms control agreements served to promote lasting reduction in military spending. The second asserted that instead of promoting savings, arms control encouraged diversion of resources to more advanced and expensive weapons, thus driving defense spending higher. Through the examination of the impact of the Washington Naval Agreements on naval expenditure during the 1920s, this paper provides empirical evidence to support the latter of these competing hypotheses. The United States, Great Britain, and Japan all realized economic savings after signing the Washington Naval Agreements. However, these savings soon eroded as the powers developed more advanced weapons‐systems.
Climate confounds detection of chemical trends related to acid deposition in upper Midwest lakes in the USA

Between 1983-94, as acid deposition rates declined, SO 4 2- concentrations decreased in 18 of 28 lakes monitored by the upper Midwest LTM program. The expected recovery of ANC and pH was less common, however. Differences in climate may account for divergent trend patterns across the region. Only in Minnesota, where climatic shifts were less pronounced, did we observe a general pattern of increasing lake ANC and pH accompanying declines in SO 4 2- . In contrast, the widespread negative trends in lake SO 4 - in the upper Michigan lakes were generally not associated with recovery of ANC and pH, but with decreases in Ca+Mg. These cation decreases may be linked to decreased groundwater inputs during the drier climatic conditions characterizing the study period and decreases in Ca+Mg in atmospheric deposition. In many of the Wisconsin lakes, an overall decline in SO 4 2+ was precluded by SO 4 2+ increases during a 4-year drought midway through the study period. During the drought, declining lake water level and volume caused evaporative concentration of solutes, and may have decreased the areal extent of sulfate reduction. Despite controls on sulfur emissions across the region, recovery of pH and ANC has been hindered by climatic shifts and concurrent decreases in atmospheric deposition of cations.
Are back supports plus education more effective than education alone in promoting recovery from low back pain?: Results from a randomized clinical trial.

Study design Randomized clinical trial. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of a back support plus education versus education alone in promoting recovery from a work-related low back disorder (WR-LBD) while simultaneously considering personal, health, and occupational factors and the impact of occupational factors on recovery. Summary of background data No randomized studies of active industrial workers with low back disorders exist regarding the effectiveness of back supports plus education. Methods A total of 433 actively employed hourly union workers who had a recent diagnosis of a WR-LBD: 1) those who wore a specially designed back support plus received education on back health; and 2) those who received education on back health only. Demographic, health, medical, and occupational factors were obtained through interview or abstraction of computer files; individual ergonomic exposures were measured with a lumbar motion monitor. Outcomes evaluated over a 12-month period included: self-reported measures of back pain, back pain disability level, physical health, mental health, and administrative measures of recurrence, lost work time, and medical care utilization. Results There was no difference between the study groups with respect to mental or physical health, low back pain, back pain disability, neurogenic symptoms, lost work time, likelihood of recurrence of an episode of a back disorder, or other administrative measures of healthcare utilization or lost work time. However, significant decreases in low back pain, low back pain disability, neurogenic symptoms, and an increase in physical health were observed over the 12 months of observation in both study groups. The only occupational variable found to influence was plant group whereby service parts operations workers in the back support plus education group experienced a lower likelihood of WR-LBD recurrence. Conclusion Although there was no overall effect on self-reported recovery or administrative measures or lost work time between the study groups, a back support plus health education may have some value in preventing recurrent WR-LBD in industrial workers who work in psychosocial environments and perform manual material handling tasks similar to those found in parts distribution centers.
Role strain of clinical nursing faculty.

A survey was conducted of 226 clinical faculty from associate (ADN) and baccalaureate (BSN) degree programs in the Midwest. The purpose of the research was to examine role strain among clinical nursing faculty. Although clinical faculty experienced overall a low degree of role strain, they reported role overload and conflict. BSN faculty had more interrole conflict (t = 2.57, df = 215, P = .01) and role ambiguity (t = 2.37, df = 215, P = .01) than ADN faculty. Faculty with doctorates teaching clinical courses had higher role strain scores than other faculty. Teachers at the sophomore level reported the most role strain compared with teaching other levels of students. As expected, full-time faculty had significantly more role strain and demands on them compared with part-time clinical faculty. Findings from the research provide a framework for faculty orientation and development programs and highlight the importance of learning how to balance the demands and responsibilities of clinical teaching.
A communication course for a linguistically diverse student population.

Objectives. To establish an elective course designed to improve oral communication skills of students whose first or best language or dialect is not North American English. Design. A course that co...
New Cell Sources for T Cell Engineering and Adoptive Immunotherapy

The promising clinical results obtained with engineered T cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy, call for further advancements to facilitate and broaden their applicability. One potentially beneficial innovation is to exploit new T cell sources that reduce the need for autologous cell manufacturing and enable cell transfer across histocompatibility barriers. Here we review emerging T cell engineering approaches that utilize alternative T cell sources, which include virus-specific or T cell receptor-less allogeneic T cells, expanded lymphoid progenitors, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T lymphocytes. The latter offer the prospect for true off-the-shelf, genetically enhanced, histocompatible cell therapy products.
Theoretical predictions of novel potassium chloride phases under pressure

Evolutionary structure searches predict two hitherto unknown phases of KCl that are the most stable in the pressure regime of 200–600 GPa. I41/amd-KCl, which has the lowest enthalpy between ∼200–350 GPa, can be thought of as being composed of two three-connected nets. This structure can be compared with that of the Cs-IV electride (Cs+e−): the potassium ions assume the positions of the cesium ions, and the chloride ions are found roughly in the regions of the valence electrons. Above ∼350 GPa a Pnma phase, which is isotypic with phases of CsH and CsI that are stable under pressure, becomes preferred. Just as in Pnma-CsI, the atoms in Pnma-KCl assume an hcp-like lattice; these alkali halides resemble the high-pressure structures of the isoelectronic noble gas solids Xe and Ar, respectively. The equation of state of KCl is extended to 600 GPa, enabling the use of this alkali halide as a pressure guage in ultra-high pressure static compression experiments. KCl is predicted to remain insulating to at least 420 GPa.
Cellular systems—II. stability of compartmental systems

Abstract In this work, by employing the concept of vector Lyapunov functions, and the theory of differential inequalities, the stability analysis of compartmental systems is initiated in a systematic and unified way. Furthermore, an attempt is made to formulate and partially resolve the “complexity vs. stability” problem in open compartmental systems. The recent stability results obtained for open chemical systems are applied to open compartmental systems in a natural way. As a byproduct of our analysis, we obtain an estimate for washout functions. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the stability analysis of compartmental systems provides a common conceptual framework for innumerable, apparently unrelated systems in biological, medical, and physical sciences.
Performing Africa in New Orleans

In the 1979 New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival program, the New Orleans Museum of Art took out a twopage advertisement in the form of a quiz to promote a new sculpture exhibit. On the first page, it poses a challenge to festival goers: “The New Orleans Museum of Art wants to help you find out just how much you really know about art. Can you identify the origin of the objects?” (Fig. 1). Pieces of ancient art are on display, seemingly from different cultures and time periods. The choices are: “A. Ancient Egypt, B. Ancient Rome, C. Renaissance Italy, E. Ancient Nubia, and F. Ancient Greece (Correct Answers on page 56).” Turn the page to the answer key (Fig. 2), and the solution is deliberately provocative:
Expectancy bias for disgust and emotional responding in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract The present study examines the relation between disgust and contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (OCD) in an analog sample. The results showed that disgust sensitivity is significantly correlated with contamination-related OCD. Participants high in contamination OCD (HOCD) generally report significantly more disgust than low contamination-related OCD (LOCD) participants. We also examined if differential disgust UCS expectancies exists in contamination OCD using a thought experiment. Participants estimated the probability that fear, disgust, and neutral stimuli (conditioned stimuli) would be followed by a fear, disgust, or neutral facial expression (unconditioned stimuli) in the thought experiment. Although no significant differences were found between the two groups on expectancies for disgust outcomes to be associated with disgust-relevant stimuli, HOCD participants showed a marginal bias towards overestimating the occurrence of disgust outcomes to be associated with fear...
Repressors of reprogramming

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been the focal point of ever increasing interest and scrutiny as they hold the promise of personalized regenerative medicine. However, creation of iPSCs is an inefficient process that requires forced expression of potentially oncogenic proteins. In order to unlock the full potential of iPSCs, both for basic and clinical research, we must broaden our search for more reliable ways of inducing pluripotency in somatic cells. This review surveys an area of reprogramming that does not receive as much focus, barriers to reprogramming, in the hope of stimulating new ideas and approaches towards developing safer and more efficient methods of reprogramming. Better methods of iPSC creation will allow for more reliable disease modeling, better basic research into the pluripotent state and safer iPSCs that can be used in a clinical setting.
Prediction of excretion of manure and nitrogen by Holstein dairy cattle

A compilation of N balance data (n = 1801) was partitioned into four groups to define the mean excretion of manure and N and to develop empirical equations to estimate these excretions from Holstein herds. Mean excretion of manure for cows that averaged 29 kg/d of milk production was 3 kg/d per 1000 kg of body weight (BW) more than the value for dairy cows reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers; N excretion was 0.09 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW higher than the value reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Mean excretion of manure and N for cows that averaged 14 kg/d of milk production and that for nonlactating cows were substantially lower than the values reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Growing and replacement cattle excreted 10 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW more manure and 0.11 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW more N than was reported by the American Society for Agricultural Engineers for beef cattle. Estimation of manure and N excretion was more accurate than mean values when using regression equations that included variables for milk production, concentration of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in the diet, BW, days in milk, and days of pregnancy. Equations that contained intake variables did not significantly affect predictions of manure and N excretion, and the use of such equations is discouraged unless dry matter intake is measured and not estimated. Accurate estimates of excreta output could improve the planning of storage and handling systems for manure and the calculation of nutrient balances on dairy farms.
Perception and Production of Prosody by Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Speakers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show difficulties in suprasegmental aspects of speech production, or prosody, those aspects of speech that accompany words and sentences and create what is commonly called ‘‘tone of voice.’’ However, little is known about the perception of prosody, or about the specific aspects of prosodic production that result in the perception of ‘‘oddness.’’ The present study examined the perception and production of a range of specific prosodic elements in an experimental protocol involving natural speech among speakers with ASD between 14 and 21 years of age, in comparison with a typical control group. Results revealed ceiling effects limiting interpretation of findings for some aspects of prosody. However, there were significant between-group differences in aspects of stress perception and production. The implications of these findings for understanding prosodic deficits is speakers with autism spectrum disorders, and for future research in this area, are discussed.
Magnetic resonance angiography: Today and tomorrow

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has enjoyed enthusiastic success at many research institutions where it is now routinely used in place of invasive x-ray angiography (XRA) for a variety of applications. While the physical principles of MRA are well understood, there is still plenty of opportunity for growth in the coming years. Recent improvements in instrumentation have permitted more rapid acquisition and manipulation of larger data sets. Instruments in the future are sure to continue this trend as computer hardware becomes more capable and less expensive. New clinical applications will also expand the utility of MRA beyond its current use. MRA is already being used in peripheral vessels and it appears to have great potential in the abdomen. Research into MRA methods for coronary vessel imaging is also beginning to show intriguing results. In addition, preliminary research results suggest that interventional MRA may one day become a reality.
Structures of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 bound to small molecule inhibitors: implications for substrate specificity

Falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 are critical hemoglobinases of Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent human malaria parasite. We have determined the 2.9 A crystal structure of falcipain-2 in complex with the epoxysuccinate E64 and the 2.5 A crystal structure of falcipain-3 in complex with the aldehyde leupeptin. These complexes represent the first crystal structures of plasmodial cysteine proteases with small molecule inhibitors and the first reported crystal structure of falcipain-3. Our structural analyses indicate that the relative shape and flexibility of the S2 pocket are affected by a number of discrete amino acid substitutions. The cumulative effect of subtle differences, including those at “gatekeeper” positions, may explain the observed kinetic differences between these two closely related enzymes.
Bond Properties of Micro-Fibers in Cementitious Matrix

Using a new technique for pullout test of microfibers, the interfacial bond properties of two carbon fibers having a diameter of 10 µm and 46 µm were tested and compared with those of high modulus polyethylene and steel fibers having a diameter of 42 µm and 18 µm, respectively. The fibers were embedded in cement matrices of different water to binder ratio and silica-fume content. By studying the complete pullout load-pullout displacement curve and by using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), it was found that the bond mechanism is mainly of friction for the fine and smooth carbon and polyethylene fibers. For the large carbon fiber and steel fiber, mechanical anchorage is the main bond mechanism.
Risk factors associated with deep surgical site infections after primary total knee arthroplasty: an analysis of 56,216 knees.

Background: Deep surgical site infection following total knee arthroplasty is a devastating complication. Patient and surgical risk factors for this complication have not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with deep surgical site infection following total knee arthroplasty in a large U.S. integrated health-care system. Methods: A retrospective review of a prospectively followed cohort of primary total knee arthroplasties recorded in a total joint replacement registry from 2001 to 2009 was conducted. Records were screened for deep surgical site infection with use of a validated algorithm, and the results were adjudicated by chart review. Patient factors, surgical factors, and surgeon and hospital characteristics were identified with use of the total joint replacement registry. Cox regression models were used to assess risk factors associated with deep surgical site infection. Results: A total of 56,216 total knee arthroplasties were identified; 63.0% were done in women, the average age of the patients was 67.4 years (standard deviation [SD] = 9.6), and the average body mass index (BMI) was 32 kg/m2 (SD = 6). The incidence of deep surgical site infection was 0.72% (404/56,216). In a fully adjusted model, patient factors associated with deep surgical site infection included a BMI of ≥35 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.47), diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.28), male sex (HR = 1.89), an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of ≥3 (HR = 1.65), a diagnosis of osteonecrosis (HR = 3.65), and a diagnosis of posttraumatic arthritis (HR = 3.23). Hispanic race was protective (HR = 0.69). Protective surgical factors included use of antibiotic irrigation (HR = 0.67), a bilateral procedure (HR = 0.51), and a lower annual hospital volume (HR = 0.33). Surgical risk factors included quadriceps-release exposure (HR = 4.76) and the use of antibiotic-laden cement (HR = 1.53). In a subanalysis, operative time was a risk factor, with a 9% increased risk per fifteen-minute increment. Conclusions: Use of a comprehensive infection surveillance system, combined with a total joint replacement registry, identified patient and surgical factors associated with infection following total knee arthroplasty in a large sample. High-risk patients should be counseled, and modifiable clinical conditions should be optimized. Use of antibiotic irrigation should be encouraged, but antibiotic-laden cement may not be useful. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Cross-border health care utilization among the Hispanic population in the United States: implications for closing the health care access gap

Objectives. To examine predictors of health care service utilization in Mexico or any other country in Latin America among the US Hispanic population. Methods. This study used data from the 2007 Pew Hispanic Healthcare Survey, a nationally representative survey of 4013 Hispanic adults. Using the Behavioral Model of Health Service Use (BMHSU) model, we examined three levels of predictive factors: (1) predisposing characteristics (e.g., language proficiency), (2) enabling resources (e.g., health insurance status), and (3) need (e.g., self-perceived health status). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict odds of seeking health care services in Mexico or any other country in Latin America. Results. As hypothesized, lack of continuous health insurance coverage, perceived lack of quality health care, and low English proficiency increased the likelihood of seeking health care in Mexico or any other Latin American country among US Hispanic adults. Self-reported health status and usual ...
Cyclic AMP and fluconazole resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in the stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that cAMP is required for resistance to fluconazole in S. cerevisiae. In addition, activation of Ras2, a regulator of cAMP generation, results in some protection from fluconazole toxicity in a fashion independent of the efflux transporter Pdr5p.
Elephant behaviour and conservation: social relationships, the effects of poaching, and genetic tools for management

Genetic tools are increasingly valuable for understanding the behaviour, evolution, and conservation of social species. In African elephants, for instance, genetic data provide basic information on the population genetic causes and consequences of social behaviour, and how human activities alter elephants’ social and genetic structures. As such, African elephants provide a useful case study to understand the relationships between social behaviour and population genetic structure in a conservation framework. Here, we review three areas where genetic methods have made important contributions to elephant behavioural ecology and conservation: (1) understanding kin-based relationships in females and the effects of poaching on the adaptive value of elephant relationships, (2) understanding patterns of paternity in elephants and how poaching can alter these patterns, and (3) conservation genetic tools to census elusive populations, track ivory, and understand the behavioural ecology of crop-raiding. By comparing studies from populations that have experienced a range of poaching intensities, we find that human activities have a large effect on elephant behaviour and genetic structure. Poaching disrupts kin-based association patterns, decreases the quality of elephant social relationships, and increases male reproductive skew, with important consequences for population health and the maintenance of genetic diversity. In addition, we find that genetic tools to census populations or gather forensic information are almost always more accurate than non-genetic alternatives. These results contribute to a growing understanding of poaching on animal behaviour, and how genetic tools can be used to understand and conserve social species.
DSEF-1 is a member of the hnRNP H family of RNA-binding proteins and stimulates pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation in vitro

DSEF-1 protein selectively binds to a G-rich auxiliary sequence element which influences the efficiency of processing of the SV40 late polyadenylation signal. We have obtained cDNA clones of DSEF-1 using sequence information from tryptic peptides isolated from DSEF-1 protein purified from HeLa cells. DSEF-1 protein contains three RNA-binding motifs and is a member of the hnRNP H family of RNA-binding proteins. Recombinant DSEF-1 protein stimulated the efficiency of cleavage and polyadenylation in an AAUAAA-dependent manner in in vitro reconstitution assays. DSEF-1 protein was shown to be able to interact with several poly(A) signals that lacked a G-rich binding site using a less stringent, low ionic strength gel band shift assay. Recombinant DSEF-1 protein specifically stimulated the processing of all of the poly(A) signals tested that contained a high affinity G-rich or low affinity binding site. DSEF-1 specifically increased the level of cross-linking of the 64 kDa protein of CstF to polyadenylation substrate RNAs. These observations suggest that DSEF-1 is an auxiliary factor that assists in the assembly of the general 3'-end processing factors onto the core elements of the polyadenylation signal.
Inverse Jahn-Teller transition in bimetallic oxalates.

Because of the competition between the spin-orbit coupling and the Jahn-Teller (JT) energies in Fe(II)Fe(III) bimetallic oxalates, we theoretically predict that an undistorted phase with ${C}_{3}$ symmetry about each Fe site may be recovered at low temperatures. Both lower and upper JT transitions bracketing the ferrimagnetic transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ are predicted for compounds that exhibit magnetic compensation. Comparisons with recent measurements and first-principles calculations provide strong evidence for the inverse JT transition below ${T}_{c}$.
ASSESSING THE STRATEGIC EVOLUTION OF U. S. LOW COST AIRLINES IN THE POST - 9/11 ENVIRONMENT

It has been suggested in the literature that low-cost airlines have, in varying degrees, departed from the original low-cost model introduced by Southwest Airlines. This study provides a multi-year analysis in the post-9/11 time period, for the years 2004-2009, of the demonstrated strategic positioning choices of U. S. low-cost airlines. The sample utilized is restricted to U. S. low-cost carriers so as not to conflate operating environments. Furthermore, a quantitative methodology is employed to measure effectively these choices and to facilitate inter-airline comparisons. Airlines, as part of their strategic planning process, articulate positions with regard to cost leadership, product differentiation, and growth. Decisions implemented are dynamic and inter-temporal in nature. Managers thus need a multi-period methodology to evaluate the implementation of strategic positions. One such approach is the strategic analysis of operating income utilized in this study.
Is modified gravity required by observations? An empirical consistency test of dark energy models

We apply the technique of parameter splitting to existing cosmological data sets, to check for a generic failure of dark energy models. Given a dark energy parameter, such as the energy density ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ or equation of state $w$, we split it into two meta-parameters with one controlling geometrical distances, and the other controlling the growth of structure. Observational data spanning Type Ia Supernovae, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), galaxy clustering, and weak gravitational lensing statistics are fit without requiring the two meta-parameters to be equal. This technique checks for inconsistency between different data sets, as well as for internal inconsistency within any one data set (e.g., CMB or lensing statistics) that is sensitive to both geometry and growth. We find that the cosmological constant model is consistent with current data. Theories of modified gravity generally predict a relation between growth and geometry that is different from that of general relativity. Parameter splitting can be viewed as a crude way to parametrize the space of such theories. Our analysis of current data already appears to put sharp limits on these theories: assuming a flat universe, current data constrain the difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}={\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}(\mathrm{geom})\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}(\mathrm{grow})$ to be $\ensuremath{-}{0.0044}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0057\ensuremath{-}0.0119}^{+0.0058+0.0108}$ (68% and 95% C.L. respectively); allowing the equation of state $w$ to vary, the difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}w=w(\mathrm{geom})\ensuremath{-}w(\mathrm{grow})$ is constrained to be ${0.37}_{\ensuremath{-}0.36\ensuremath{-}0.53}^{+0.37+1.09}$. Interestingly, the region $w(\mathrm{grow})gw(\mathrm{geom})$, which should be generically favored by theories that slow structure formation relative to general relativity, is quite restricted by data already. We find $w(\mathrm{grow})l\ensuremath{-}0.80$ at $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$. As an example, the best-fit flat Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati model approximated by our parametrization lies beyond the $3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ contour for constraints from all the data sets.
Optogenetic pacing in Drosophila melanogaster

Electrical stimulation is currently the gold standard for cardiac pacing. However, it is invasive and nonspecific for cardiac tissues. We recently developed a noninvasive cardiac pacing technique using optogenetic tools, which are widely used in neuroscience. Optogenetic pacing of the heart provides high spatial and temporal precisions, is specific for cardiac tissues, avoids artifacts associated with electrical stimulation, and therefore promises to be a powerful tool in basic cardiac research. We demonstrated optogenetic control of heart rhythm in a well-established model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. We developed transgenic flies expressing a light-gated cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), specifically in their hearts and demonstrated successful optogenetic pacing of ChR2-expressing Drosophila at different developmental stages, including the larva, pupa, and adult stages. A high-speed and ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy imaging system that is capable of providing images at a rate of 130 frames/s with axial and transverse resolutions of 1.5 and 3.9 μm, respectively, was used to noninvasively monitor Drosophila cardiac function and its response to pacing stimulation. The development of a noninvasive integrated optical pacing and imaging system provides a novel platform for performing research studies in developmental cardiology.
Molecular Bases of Neuronal Individuality

Monoclonal antibody analysis has been particularly welcome for studies of the nervous system. The number of cell types, their delicate and often extensive processes, their dense interconnections, and the inability of mature cells to divide in vitro make it particularly difficult to obtain separated subpopulations for conventional immunization or antibody purification. Thus, the possibility of obtaining cell-type-specific antibodies by cloning the immune response to a mixed population is especially attractive.
Purification and Properties of Dopamine β-Hydroxylase from Human Pheochromocytoma

Dopamine β-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.17.1) was isolated as a pure protein from a human pheochromocytoma. The tumor enzyme has chemical and physical properties similar to those of the enzyme isolated from bovine adrenal medulla. Both enzymes are glycoproteins and have similar amino acid compositions. Both enzymes have subunit molecular weights of 75,000-77,000 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by equilibrium centrifugation in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride after reduction and carboxymethylation. Equilibrium centrifugation in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride in the absence of reducing agents gives subunit molecular weights of about 150,000 for both enzymes. Studies of the native enzyme obtained from the human tumor show that, in contrast to the bovine enzyme, human dopamine β-hydroxylase has an unusual tendency to dissociate and aggregate; however, its behavior on Sephadex G-200 suggests a molecular weight of 300,000, the same as that of the bovine enzyme.
A technique for inducing B-cell ablation in chickens by in ovo injection of cyclophosphamide.

SUMMARY. The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment in ovo on avian B and T cells was studied. CY was injected in ovo on the 16th, 17th, and 18th days of incubation. Blood samples were collected periodically from CY-treated and nontreated birds after hatch and were used to measure blood lymphocyte responses to the T-cell and B-cell mitogens, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis was used to determine the presence of B and T cells in peripheral blood, and birds were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigen at 3 wk of age and booster vaccinated at 5 wk of age. CY treatment reduced hatchability by 35%-40%, increased mortality by 3%-5% within the first 2 wk of life, and induced a significant retardation in body weight gains. At 2 wk of age, approximately 50% of CY-treated birds were devoid of B-cell mitogenic responsiveness while demonstrating significant T-cell mitogenic responsiveness. However, Bcell responses were observed at 4 and 6 wk from a small percentage of birds that were originally T-cell responsive and B-cell nonresponsive at 2 wk of age. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed that CY-treated birds had significantly less B cells (or were devoid of B cells) than the corresponding nontreated control birds. However, no significant difference in the T-cell percentage was observed between CY-treated and nontreated birds. CY-treated birds did not produce detectable antibodies specific for NDV during the first and second weeks postvaccination, as demonstrated by hemagglutination inhibition assay. However, antibodies were detected in some CY-treated birds 10 days postbooster. Those antibody-positive birds were found to be the same birds that had subsequently responded to the LPS mitogen on the blastogenesis microassay. This study indicates the importance of monitoring the B- and T-cell responses in CY-treated birds to identify those birds in which B-cell regeneration may have occurred.
Management of impacted dilacerated maxillary incisor with strategic positioning of a straightwire appliance.

AIM To describe the orthodontic management of root dilaceration of an impacted maxillary tooth following trauma to its deciduous predecessors, to show the clinical management of root dilaceration of a maxillary central incisor and describe how the dilacerated tooth was successfully moved into alignment in a young patient with a proper multidisciplinary approach, using the simple and effective straightwire technique. CASE REPORT After surgical exposure and orthodontic traction, the impacted dilacerated tooth was brought to alignment in the arch. The patient's chewing and speech function, and aesthetics were restored. The radiograph shows that the root is finally straight and relatively well developed. This approach avoids extraction and prosthetic rehabilitation of the dilacerated tooth.
Is sustainable competitive advantage an advantage for stock investors

Abstract Investing in stocks of companies with sustainable competitive advantage, the moat, does not earn higher raw returns. These companies tend to be larger, financially stronger, and have lower book-to-market ratios (growth stocks). After controlling for size, book-to-market ratio and other risk factors, sustainable competitive advantages is a positive factor affecting cross-section of stock returns. Firms with sustainable competitive advantage also seem to be shielded from mean reversion of higher profitability better than non-wide moat firms.