cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-Time Well Test Data Interpretation in the Presence of Skin Effect and Wellbore Storage

Short-time data are defined as data obtained before a conventional straight line is reached, during well testing (drawdown or buildup). Some of the factors that effect the short-time data are the effects of well-bore storage, perforations, partial penetration, and well stimulation, such as fracturing or acidizing. Although the effects of such factors are generally known, the duration and importance have not been clearly defined in all cases--particularly when these effects are combined in a well test. However, recent studies have revealed a great deal of potentially useful information concerning the analysis of short-time well test data. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the interpretation of short-time well test data through presentation of field examples. Factors to be considered include well-bore storage, well damage, and fractured wells. The log-log type-curve described shows clearly the presence of linear flow due to fracturing. It can be used to obtain quantitatively the information normally obtained from pressure buildup analyses and to identify the proper straight line in pseudoradial flow for a fractured well. (14 refs.)
A compensated multi-pole linear ion trap mercury frequency standard for ultra-stable timekeeping

The multi-pole linear ion trap frequency standard (LITS) being developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has demonstrated excellent short- and long-term stability. The technology has now demonstrated long-term field operation providing a new capability for timekeeping standards. Recently implemented enhancements have resulted in a record line Q of 5 times 1012 for a room temperature microwave atomic transition and a short-term fractional frequency stability of 5 times 10-14/tau1/2. A scheme for compensating the second order Doppler shift has led to a reduction of the combined sensitivity to the primary LITS systematic effects below 5 times 10-17 fractional frequency. Initial comparisons to JPL's cesium fountain clock show a systematic floor of less than 2 times 10-16. The compensated multi-pole LITS at JPL was operated continuously and unattended for a 9-mo period from October 2006 to July 2007. During that time it was used as the frequency reference for the JPL geodetic receiver known as JPLT, enabling comparisons to any clock used as a reference for an International GNSS Service (IGS) site. Comparisons with the laser-cooled primary frequency standards that reported to the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) over this period show a frequency deviation less than 2.7 times 10-17/day. In the capacity of a stand-alone ultra-stable flywheel, such a standard could be invaluable for long-term timekeeping applications in metrology labs while its methodology and robustness make it ideal for space applications as well.
Knockdown of αII spectrin in normal human cells by siRNA leads to chromosomal instability and decreased DNA interstrand cross-link repair

Nonerythroid α-spectrin (αIISp) is a structural protein involved in repair of DNA interstrand cross-links and is deficient in cells from patients with Fanconi anemia (FA), which are defective in ability to repair cross-links. In order to further demonstrate the importance of the role that αIISp plays in normal human cells and in the repair defect in FA, αIISp was knocked down in normal cells using siRNA. Depletion of αIISp in normal cells by siRNA resulted in chromosomal instability and cellular hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand cross-linking agents. An increased number of chromosomal aberrations were observed and, following treatment with a DNA interstrand cross-linking agent, mitomycin C, cells showed decreased cell growth and survival and decreased formation of damage-induced αIISp and XPF nuclear foci. Thus depletion of αIISp in normal cells leads to a number of defects observed in FA cells, such as chromosome instability and a deficiency in cross-link repair.
Ideal Forming Analysis for Random Fiber Preforms

In resin transfer molding, the manufacture of the fiber preform controls many aspects of part quality. These include defects such as wrinkling and tearing, as well as spatial variations in fiber volume fraction and permeability. We develop a mathematical model and numerical method for analyzing preforming of random fiber mats. The model uses an ideal forming theory, which maps a fiber sheet to the mold surface by minimizing the integral of a formability function over the mold surface. The scalar formability function depends on the local deformation, and exhibits large values under conditions that promote either tearing or wrinkling of the mat. The model is implemented as a finite element simulation for arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional preforms. Results include the shape of the initial fiber sheet, and values of the formability function and the principal stretch ratios over the mold surface. This information is used to predict the presence of defects in the preform. Example calculations are shown for an axisymmetric hat shape and for a box with a flange. The calculation requires a modest amount of input data and, rather than predict the exact result of the forming operation, it shows the best result that is possible. Thus, it is a useful tool in the early stages of part and mold design.
On achieving good operating points on an ROC plane using stochastic anomaly score prediction

ROC curves have historically been used to evaluate the accuracy of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). In this paper, we argue that a real-time IDS' input changes considerably over time and ROC curves generated using fixed, time-invariant classification thresholds do not characterize the best accuracy that an IDS can achieve. To address this problem, we propose a simple, generic and adaptive technique to achieve good ROC operating points for any given IDS. The proposed technique stochastically predicts the next anomaly score of an IDS and the anomaly classification threshold is then set as a function of the predicted score. We first perform statistical and information-theoretic analyses of network- and host-based IDSs' anomaly scores to reveal a consistent time correlation structure during benign activity periods. We model the observed correlation structure using Markov chains and then use this model to predict and adapt an IDS' classification threshold. The proposed adaptive thresholding module is incorporated into six prominent network- and host-based Anomaly Detection Systems (ADSs). These adaptive ADSs are evaluated on public and labeled attack datasets. We show that, while reducing the need for manual threshold configuration and having very low-complexity, adaptive thresholding enables the ADSs to achieve considerably higher accuracies on the ROC plane.
A brief report on hope in peace and war, and in good times and bad

The Hope Index is presented as a measure sensitive to significant cultural changes. In this set of case studies, hope was measured in 1988, the weekend of the Gulf ground invasion in 1991, and in the recession of 1992. Hope for peace increased the weekend of the invasion of Iraq during the Gulf War in comparison to hope measured in 1988. Hope for peace increased in college students, in their mothers, and in their fathers. Hope for increased national productivity increased during the 1992 recession, as well as during the Gulf invasion, but only for mothers and fathers. The increased hope and expectation of peace and increased hope and expectations for productivity are discussed in terms of a need theory of hope, the availability heuristic, and in terms of coping strategies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Furazan Energetics ADAAF and DOATF

The synthesis and structural characterization of bis[4-aminofurazanyl-3-azoxy]azofurazan (ADAAF) and 3,4:7,8:11,12:15,16-tetrafurazano-1,2,5,6,9,10,13,14-octaazacyclohexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octaene-1,10-dioxide (DOATF) are described. Explosive sensitivity properties of both materials were determined. The heat of formation of ADAAF was measured to be 300 kcal/mol and the detonation velocity and pressure of ADAAF were measured to be 7.88 km/s and 299 kbar, respectively, at 94% theoretical maximum density. We also investigated the burning rate characteristics of ADAAF.
Two types of induced familiarity in the matching of letter strings

Subjects received training with four-letter consonant strings in two different tasks over a 6-day training period. One was a paired associate learning task in which the letter strings were used as response elements, and the other was a simultaneous matching task in which subjects were required to judge whether or not pairs of the consonant strings were physically identical. In a test session in which subjects performed the matching task, stimuli from both paired associate and matching training tasks were matched more quickly than control strings that had not been seen previously. Further analyses suggested that the familiarity effect for paired associate stimuli resulted from more “holistic” processing than the familiarity effect for stimuli previously matched in training.
Petrologic indicators of preeruption magma dynamics

New phase-equilibria experiments on dacite from the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, allow calibration of a geobarometer for matrix glass at pressures of 160–220 MPa. Comparison with natural glass compositions suggests equilibration at lower water fugacity, \(\mathit{f}_{H_{2}O}\) , than inferred from Al-in-hornblende geobarometry. The disparity between geobarometric techniques may be explained by a decrease in \(\mathit{f}_{H_{2}O}\) and consequent crystallization several weeks before eruption—a time period too short for hornblende reequilibration. Reduced \(\mathit{f}_{H_{2}O}\) could have resulted from processes associated with basalt magma injection, including (1) late-stage magma ascent (under H 2 O-saturated conditions) or (2) influx of other volatiles (CO 2 , SO 2 ) into the dacite magma system.
Unique Contributions of Eye-Tracking Research to the Study of Learning with Graphics

Abstract The author examines the empirical, methodological, theoretical, and practical contributions of the six studies in this special issue on eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning. The design of learning environments involving graphics should be consistent with a research-based theory of how people learn and evidence-based principles of how to help people learn. Research using eye tracking offers a unique path to testing aspects of theories of multimedia learning, particularly concerning perceptual processing during learning. The studies reported in this special issue add to the evidence base on how people learn and think with graphics.
Flow-induced plastic collapse of stacked fuel plates

Abstract Flow-induced plastic collapse of stacked fuel plate assemblies was first noted in experimental nuclear reactors such as the Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Flux Reactor Assembly and the Engineering Test Reactor (ETR). The ETR assembly is a stack of 19 thin flat rectangular fuel plates separated by narrow channels through which a coolant flows to remove the heat generated by the nuclear fission of the fuel within the plates. The uranium alloyed plates have been noted to buckle laterally and plastically collapse at the system design coolant flow rate of 10.7 m/s, thus restricting the coolant flow through adjacent channels. In this paper a methodology and criterion are developed for predicting the plastic collapse of ETR fuel plates. The criterion is compared to some experimental results and the Miller critical velocity theory.
Ockham's Razor

Ockham's Razor is the philosophical principle that entities or assumptions should not be introduced unnecessarily. This is often interpreted as stating that one should seek the simplest explanation for a phenomenon. The purposes of this note are to introduce some of the different formulations of the Razor and the controversy surrounding it, to explore the use of Ockham's Razor as a scientific tool, and to draw connections with statistical inference, both frequentist and Bayesian. The note starts with a brief introduction to the life of William of Ockham, to whom the Razor is traditionally and popularly attributed. There is some controversy regarding the use of Ockham's Razor as an inferential tool; this seems to center on the meaning of ‘simple explanation’ and the issue is explored. Uses of the Razor in science, in statistical model selection, and in Bayesian inference are examined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Ultrafast energy transfer in light-harvesting chlorosomes from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum.

Abstract Two independent pump-probe techniques were used to study the antenna energy transfer kinetics of intact chlorosomes from the green bacterium Chlorobium tepidum with femtosecond resolution. The isotropic kinetics revealed by one-color experiments in the BChl c antenna were inhomogeneous with respect to wavelength. Multiexponential analyses of the photobleaching/stimulated emission (PB/SE) decay profiles typically yielded (apart from a ≈10 fs component that may stem from the initial coherent oscillation) components with lifetimes 1–2 ps and several tens of ps. The largest amplitudes for the latter component occur at 810 nm, the longest wavelength studied. Analyses of most two-color pump-probe profiles with the probe wavelength red-shifted from the pump wavelength yielded no PB/SE rise components. PB/SE components with ≈ 1 ps risetime were found in 790 → 810 and 790 → 820 nm profiles, in which the probe wavelength is situated well into the BChl a absorption region. A 760 → 740 nm uphill two-color experiment yielded a PB/SE component with 4–6 ps risetime. Broadband absorption difference spectra of chlorosomes excited at 720 nm (in the blue edge of the 746 nm BChl c Q y band) exhibit ≈15 nm red-shifting of the PB/SE peak wavelength during the first several hundred fs. Analogous spectra excited at 760 nm (at the red edge) show little dynamic spectral shifting. Our results suggest that inhomogeneous broadening and spectral equilibration play a larger role in the early BChl c antenna kinetics in chlorosomes from C. tepidum than in those from C. aurantiacus , a system studied previously. As in C. aurantiacus , the initial one-color anisotropies r (0) for most BChl c wavelengths are close t0 0.4. The corresponding residual anisotropies r (∞) are typically 0.19–0.25, which is much lower than found in C. aurantiacus (>/0.35); the transition moment organization is appreciably less collinear in the BChl c antenna of C. tepidum . However, the final one-color anisotropies at 789 and 801 nm are ≈ 0 and 0.09 respectively, and the final anisotropy in the 780 → 800 nm experiment is ≈ –0.1. These facts indicate that the BChl a transition moments themselves exhibit some order, and are directed at an angle >54.7° on the average from the BChl c moments. The one-color profiles exhibit coherent oscillations at most wavelengths, including 800 nm; Fourier analyses of these oscillations frequently yield components with frequencies 70–80 and 130–140 cm −1 .
Compound and serial grammars

Two new classes of generative grammars are defined. The first class, the compound grammars, consists of grammars in which the initial symbol is replaced by the language generated by another grammar. The other class, the serial grammars, consists of sequences of compound grammars. The generative power of compound and serial grammars consisting of finite-state grammars is investigated.
Reversible displacement of chemisorbed n-alkanethiol molecules on Au(111) surface : an atomic force microscopy study

Atomic force microscopy has been used to study the structure and the stability of CH[sub 3](CH[sub 2])[sub 9]SH and CH[sub 3](CH[sub 2])[sub 17]SH molecules self-assembled on a Au(111) surface as a function of the load applied by the tip. Atomic resolution images taken during a loading and unloading cycle have revealed two sudden transitions corresponding to changes of the periodicity from a ([radical] 3 x [radical] 3)R30[degrees] (due to thiol layers) to a (1 x 1) due to Au(111), and back to the ([radical] 3 x [radical] 3)R30[degrees] of thiol layers. These results represent the first observation that under high load, self-assembled n-alkanethiol molecules on Au(111) can be reversibly displaced on the substrate surface by a sharp tip during the scan. 16 refs., 3 figs.
Prism adaptation of reaching is dependent on the type of visual feedback of hand and target position

The present study demonstrated that the magnitude of after-effect due to wedge prisms depends on the form of the visual feedback used to represent hand and target position in fast, targeted, transverse reaches. Trained human subjects made reaches with and without prisms in three visuomotor representations (VR): (1) the subject's actual hand and targets (Direct), (2) a real-time video broadcast of hand and targets (Video), or (3) abstract, computer-generated targets and a cursor representing hand position (Cursor). A significant after-effect occurred in each VR. However, the magnitude of the after-effect was significantly different among VRs: the magnitude was greatest in Direct, smaller in Video and smallest in Cursor. A significant after-effect (carryover) also occurred when a subject prism-adapted reaches in one VR and then removed the prisms and made initial reaches in another VR. Our data showed that when reaches were prism-adapted in Direct and then prisms were removed, there was a large carryover to initial reaches in Video or Cursor (D-->V and D-->C). In contrast, when prisms were worn in Video and removed for reaches in Direct (V-->D), there was a significantly smaller carryover than from both D-->V and D-->C. Finally, when prisms were worn in Cursor and removed for reaches in Direct (C-->D), there was very little detectable carryover. Our results suggest that adaptation is context-dependent and that the magnitude of carryover is dependent on the VR in which adaptation occurred. Interpretations of adaptations made in abstract training and experimental conditions may be greatly affected by this finding.
Commensal bacteria and epithelial cross talk in the developing intestine

Indigenous intestinal microbes have co-evolved with the intestinal immune system to form a symbiotic ecosystem. In the postnatal period, intestinal microbes provide the developing gut with stimuli that are necessary for healthy maturation of the intestinal immune system. Cross talk between the host and commensal microbes is an essential component of gut homeostasis mechanisms also in later life. During recent years, innovative research has shed light on the molecular mechanisms of these interactions.
High Resolution Micro Arthrography of Hard and Soft Tissues in a Murine Model

Summary Objective Recent developments on high resolution micro computed tomography (μCT) allow imaging of soft tissues in small animal joints. Nevertheless, μCT images cannot distinguish soft tissues from synovial fluid due to their similar mass density, limiting the 3D assessment of soft tissues volume and thickness. This study aimed to evaluate a lead chromate contrast agent for μCΤ arthrography of rat knee joints ex vivo . Design Intact tibiofemoral rat joints were injected with the contrast agent at different concentrations and imaged using a μCT at 2.7 μm isotropic voxel size. Cartilage thickness was measured using an automated procedure, validated against histological measurements, and analyzed as a function of μCT image resolution. Changes in hard and soft tissues were also analyzed in tibiofemoral joints 4 weeks after surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Results The contrast agent diffused well throughout the whole knee cavity without penetrating the tissues, therefore providing high contrast at the boundaries between soft tissues and synovial fluid space. Thickness analysis of cartilage demonstrated a high similarity between histology and μ-arthrography approaches ( R 2 = 0.90). Four weeks after surgical DMM, the development of osteophytes (Oph) and cartilage ulcerations was recognizable with μCT, as well as a slight increase in trabecular bone porosity, and decrease in trabecular thickness. Conclusions A lead chromate-based contrast agent allowed discriminating the synovial fluid from soft tissues of intact knee joints, and thus made possible both qualitative and quantitative assessment of hard and soft tissues in both intact and DMM tibiofemoral joints using high resolution μCT.
Tracheal submucosal gland development in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta: ultrastructure and histochemistry.

The submucosal glands are thought to be the primary source of the mucus overlying the primate trachea and conducting airways. This study characterizes the development of submucosal glands in the trachea of the rhesus monkey. Tracheas from 46 age-dated fetal, 8 postnatal and 3 adult rhesus were fixed in glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde and slices processed for electron microscopy. The earliest (70 days gestational age (DGA)) indication of gland development was the projection of a group of closely packed electron lucent cells with few organelles and small pockets of glycogen into the submucosa. This configuration was observed up to 110 DGA. In fetuses younger than 87 DGA it was present almost exclusively over cartilaginous areas. Between 80 and 140 DGA, a cylinder of electron lucent cells projected into the submucosal connective tissue perpendicular to the surface. In fetuses younger than 100 DGA, it was restricted to cartilaginous areas. By 90 DGA, some glycogen containing cells in proximal regions contained apical cored granules. By 106 DGA, cells in proximal areas contained apical electron lucent granules. More distal cells had abundant GER and electron dense granules. The most distal cells resembled the undifferentiated cells at younger ages. Ciliated cells were present in the most proximal portions of glands at 120 DGA. This glandular organization was found in older animals, including adults, with the following changes: (1) abundance of proximal cells with electron lucent granules increased; (2) abundance of distal cells with electron dense granules increased; and (3) abundance of distal cells with abundant glycogen and few organelles decreased. We conclude that submucosal gland development in the rhesus monkey: (1) is primarily a prenatal process; (2) occurs first over cartilage; (3) continues into the postnatal period; and (4) involves secretory cell maturation in a proximal to distal sequence with mucous cells differentiating before serous cells.
NPR1 in Plant Defense: It's Not over 'til It's Turned over

NPR1 is a key transcriptional coregulator in plant defense responses. In this issue, Spoel et al. (2009) demonstrate that proteasome-mediated degradation of NPR1 in the nucleus promotes efficient expression of defense response genes following infection and prevents spurious activation of defensive responses in the absence of infection.
The US challenge of European firms: globalisation, architecture, admiration and perceived innovativeness

During the past decade there has been a revolution in firm management, which greatly affected the relative international competitiveness of European, American, and Japanese firms. This paper examines this revolution in terms of the process of firm globalisation, their utilisation of information technology, firm architecture, and innovation as it evolved during the past decade across the Atlantic and the Pacific, and how firms in the leading economies have participated in and have been affected by this revolution.
Reader Design for Bit Patterned Media Recording at 10 Tb/in $^{2}$ Density

A reader design for reading back at very high density is proposed for bit patterned media recording (BPMR). The idea is a rotated sense head, so that the shields are aligned down-track, combined with oversampled signal processing to regain the lost down-track resolution. Simulation results show that the proposed reader has more than 20 dB gain compared with a normally oriented head array for reading back at 10 Tbit/in2. The tradeoff between oversampling and increased target length is examined. Island jitters are found to be non-Gaussian distributed. The performance of the new design is investigated for various bit patterns, island jitter and head noise.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE INDUCIBILITY OF FOS-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN PRIMARY EMBRYONIC SPINAL CORD CULTURES

Abstract The immediate early gene (IEG) transcription factor c-fos coordinates changes in the pattern of long term gene expression and, therefore, it may be involved in mediating epigenetic control during neurodevelopment. We used pharmacological treatments mimicking various environmental and intracellular signals and assessed the inducibility of fos-like immunoreactivity (LIR) at various stages of neurodifferentiation in a primary embryonic spinal cord culture system by immunohistochemistry. Constitutive fos LIR exclusively found in neurons, was driven by the onset and extent of spontaneous electrical activity, as it was blockable by tetrodotoxin (TTX) at all developmental stages. Phorbol myristate 13 acetate (PMA) increased the number of fos-LIR cells equally effectively at all stages, but the predominant cellular localization of fos-LIR changed through ontogeny. The effect of veratridine, kainate and serum-derived factors in significantly inducing fos-LIR was restricted to the earliest developmental stage (4 days in vitro; DIV) investigated; whereas forskolin, the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin and NMDA failed to induce fos-LIR at this stage, but increased the number of fos-LIR neurons at later stages. Dihydropyridine agonists of the voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) raised the number of fos-LIR neurons and also prevented TTX-mediated down-regulation; whereas antagonists markedly reduced fos-LIR at all ages. Either type of NMDA antagonists (AP5 and MK801) and the GABAA agonist muscimol significantly reduced fos-LIR at all ages. These findings demonstrate that the inducibility of fos-LIR is substantially different in embryonic neurons than in adult ones and that inducibility by various first and second messengers is dependent on the developmental stage.
Wrench Fault Tectonics: ABSTRACT

Relations among basin formation, sedimentation, and uplift in response to wrench faulting are well documented, especially in California, and together with rock and clay model laboratory studies, the California examples provide considerable insight to the mechanics of wrench fault tectonics in both space and time. Wrench faults are produced in both pure and simple shear deformation, but it is the unique nature of strain in simple shear which leads to the characteristic en echelon arrangement of related folds and faults, structures which constitute the principal traps for hydrocarbons along wrench faults in many parts of the world. Coalescing and rotated fractures combine within the length of the fault zone to form a braided arrangement of faults around lozenge-shaped, uplifted, and downdropped blocks. Whether an uplift or basin develops depends on the bending geometry of the fault segments and the sense of slip across the wrench fault zone itself. Adjacent highlands along such tectonically active zones may shed great volumes of generally coarse sediment into these equally tectonically active basins, and such basins are typified by unusually thick sequences of coarse clastic sediments stacked in a shingled or Venetian-blind-like arrangement. The structure along the edges of the uplifted blocks may be complicated in detail, involving the geometrical interplay of steeply and gently inclined strata together with variable components of dip and strike separation on faults of diverse attitudes. It is along these complicated fault block margins, however, where favorable traps for hydrocarbons can be anticipated and have yet to be explored in many areas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1683------------
The role of biofeedback and relaxation therapy in arterial occlusive disease

Eleven patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease and intermittent claudication were treated with biofeedback-relaxation therapy in an attempt to increase walking time by improving peripheral blood flow. Criteria for admission to the study included (1) participation in an exercise program without improvement in symptoms (2) a maximal treadmill walking time (MWT) of 8 min. The improved MWT was associated with a fall in resting (P < 0.05) and exercise (P < 0.01) arm systolic blood pressure. Both the exercise ankle blood pressure (P < 0.05) and exercise ankle/arm blood pressure ratio (P < 0.01) increased significantly following biofeedback therapy, suggesting a reduction in resistance around the site of occlusion. Our findings indicate that biofeedback training may be an effective nonoperative treatment for selected patients with arterial occlusive disease and intermittent claudication.
Quantitative flow cytometric and clonogenic evaluation of glass bead affinity fractionation of antibody-labeled murine bone marrow

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies and a glass bead affinity fractionation technique were used to selectively deplete subpopulations of murine bone marrow cells. Flow cytometric analyses permitted quantitative measurement of subpopulation depletion and characterization (light scatter and fluorescence intensity) of both the eluted and bound cell subpopulations. Mouse bone marrow cells were labeled with selected monoclonal rat anti-mouse antibodies directed against cell surface antigens and were eluted through a glass bead column coated with goat anti-rat immunoglobulin. Unlabeled cells passed through the column, whereas cells labelled with the antibody were selectively retained. Column operating conditions for optimal depletion of labeled cells were determined. With specific column conditions, 97% of the antibody positive cells were retained on the column. In addition, clonogenic assays on cells sorted from unfractionated and column fractionated preparations provided estimates of the fraction of granulocyte macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) in the different cell subpopulations. The enrichment of CFU-GM achieved in the eluted cell populations was dependent upon the antibody used for cell labeling and ranged from four- to six-fold. Since large numbers of cells can be processed rapidly, this technique, in combination with antibodies specific for non-clonogenic cells, is particularly suitable when preparations enriched in colony-forming progenitors are required.
Effects of X-irradiation on the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides to the house fly

Abstract Dosage-mortality tests for 29 selected organophosphate insecticides were conducted on male and female control and X-irradiated house flies, Musca domestica L. Twenty of the insecticides exhibited no significant toxicity change in irradiated flies. X-irradiation induced significantly increased or decreased toxicities for nine of the insecticides tested. Five insecticides were significantly less toxic to irradiated males than to irradiated females. Electrophoretic analysis of control and X-irradiated male and female fly homogenates showed no qualitative differences in the banding patterns for general proteins, α-naphthyl esterases, and alkaline phosphatases; however, the possibility of quantitative differences in some bands is not excluded. X-ray-altered genome sites and microsomal induction by X-irradiation are discussed. Although speculative, microsomal induction appears to be responsible for the toxicity changes observed.
Clinician Experiences of Managed Mental Health Care: A Rereading of the Threat

The threat mental health professionals perceive in managed care, as indicated by their writings on the subject, is re-examined in light of evidence from an ethnographic study. Fieldwork focusing on clinician experiences of managed care was carried out at an urban community mental health center. Existing explanations of "the threat"--the possibility of deprofessionalization and the potential for deterioration in the quality of care--proved inadequate to account for the power it wielded at this site, perhaps because its full impact had yet to be felt at the time of data collection. A "rereading" suggests the meaning of managed care for this group of clinicians lies in the prospect of being gradually, unknowingly, and unwillingly reprofessionalized from critics into proponents simply by virtue of continuing to practice in a managed care context, and in losing a moral vision of good mental health treatment in the process.
Present status of induction treatment in stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer: a review

Background: Surgical exploration in mediastinoscopy proven N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unrewarding. Theoretical concepts suggest a beneficial role for preoperative induction treatment. The solidity of the therapeutic results with this approach in the currently available data is examined. Methods: Literature on induction therapy followed by surgical exploration, consisting of randomized reports and phase II reports meeting some essential criteria, are reviewed. Results: Of the twenty-four analyzed phase II studies, thirteen lack adequate surgical staging. Stratification for various important prognostic factors in N2 disease is missing in many instances. Results with induction with a cisplatinum dose of less than 80 mg/m 2 seem to be inferior. The use of mitomycin-C in patients scheduled for lung resection or irradiation deserves caution. No evident difference in efficacy between induction chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy is suggested, but toxicity and mortality appear to be somewhat higher with chemo-radiotherapy. Pathological complete response is mainly found after an at least partial clinical response. Effect on survival in non-controlled phase II studies and small randomized reports is encouraging. Conclusions: the role of chemotherapy induction in improving the long-term survival of N2 NSCLC is promising, but needs to be confirmed by large multi-center randomized data. Adequate surgical staging and attention to important prognostic fadtors in N2 disease should minimize the numerous institution based differences interfering in the currently available non-controlled studies.
Phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum pertenue by Hamster Macrophages on Membrane Filters

The role of the macrophage in destruction of virulent treponemes is disputed. A major obstacle has been the inability to demonstrate quantitative phagocytosis of treponemes by macrophages. Treponema pallidum pertenue was attached to polycarbonate filters for assessment of treponemal phagocytosis by macrophages. The disappearance of treponemes due to phagocytosis was measured by enumeration with immunofluorescence. Resident and lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages were found to phagocytize treponemes equally well. The phagocytosis of killed treponemes by macrophages was enhanced by opsonization with immune serum. Macrophages successfully phagocytized Staphylococcus aureus organisms when they were incubated on filters under identical conditions. Treatment of macrophages with cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of phagocytosis, prevented the disappearance of treponemes and phagocytosis of S. aureus. In addition, fluorescent treponemal debris was observed only inside macrophages cultured with treponemes. These results demonstrate that macrophages can phagocytize pathogenic treponemes on polycarbonate filters.
Are Racial Identities of Multiracials Stable? Changing Self-Identification Among Single and Multiple Race Individuals

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we estimate the determinants and direction of change in individual racial identification among multiracial and monoracial adolescents as they transition to young adulthood. We find that while many multiracials subsequently identify as monoracials, sizable numbers of monoracials also subsequently become multiracials. Native American-whites appear to have the least stable identification. We find strong support that socioeconomic status, gender, and physical appearance shape the direction of change for multiracials, and that black biracials are especially compelled to identify as monoracial blacks.
The Nutritive Value of Keratins.: II. Powdered Swine Hoofs in Poultry Rations

Abstract PREVIOUS reports have shown that keratin proteins can be rendered digestible by grinding to a fine powder. The proteins of powdered wool (Routh, 1942a) and feathers (Routh, 1942b) were found to be available to young growing rats. It has been demonstrated at this laboratory (Wagner and Elvehjem, 1942) that by grinding swine hoofs to a fine powder the digestibility in vivo is greatly increased. Powdered hoofs were readily utilized as a source of protein by rats and chicks and were found to be more adequate for the nutrition of chicks than purified casein; an improved rate of growth and more complete feathering was observed in those groups receiving diets in which the casein was replaced by powdered hoofs. These results together with the high protein content of the material (14.5 percent nitrogen) suggested further experiments dealing with the use of powdered swine hoofs in practical poultry rations. MATERIALS AND METHODS
On the Origin and Significance of Pyrite Spheres in Devonian Black Shales of North America

ABSTRACT Devonian black shales deposited on the North American craton contain abundant Tasmanites cysts that are typically preserved as flattened circular discs on bedding planes. Work by the present authors shows that cysts can be preserved as pyrite-infill casts that are expressed as sand-size whole and geopetal half-spheres of pyrite. At the bases of thin black shale layers these occur in situ at many stratigraphic levels in the distal prodelta facies of the Catskill Delta complex of New York, as well as in laterally equivalent black shales in Tennessee and Kentucky. Reworked pyrite casts, usually dominated by whole spheres, form lenticular lag accumulations and hydraulic placers, together with plant debris and phosphatic particles (bone debris, conodonts). An earlier model for the formation of pyrite spheres in gas bubbles is rejected in favor of formation within uncompressed Tasmanites cysts. Direct observation of cyst cuticle in association with pyrite spheres suggests that localized bacterial sulfate reduction in Tasmanites interior voids led to formation of localized pyrite deposition, in a manner similar to that described from certain ammonoid chamber settings. Cyst fill commenced with formation of framboidal pyrite, followed by later diagenetic pyrite cementation between framboids. These fills show geopetal features and appear to have formed within the redox zone below the sediment-water interface. Although described here from the Upper Devonian, comparable pyrite textures are also known from Proterozoic, Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian sediments. They probably occur throughout the sedimentary record, and in mudstone successions they may prove to be an important source of sand-size grains in areas far removed from the basin margins. As such they may be important for detection of erosive events and strong bottom currents, and provide valuable information about the depositional history of mudstone successions.
Utilization of palliative care consultation service by surgical services.

Background: Palliative medicine was recognized as a unique medical specialty in 2006. Since that time, the number of hospital-based palliative care services has increased dramatically. It is unclear how palliative care consultation services (PCCS) are utilized by surgical services. The purpose of this study was to examine utilization of PCCS by surgical services compared to medical services at the University of New Mexico. Methods: A database of palliative care consultations performed at University of New Mexico Hospital between 2009 and 2013 was queried to identify consultations requested by surgical vs. medical services. Demographic, clinical, and outcome variables were compared. Results: A total of 521 consultations were analyzed: 441 (85%) consultations from medical and 80 (15%) consultations from surgical services. Surgical patients were older than medical patients and more likely to be in an intensive care unit (ICU) at the time of consultation. There was no difference between referring services in indication for palliative care consultation or time from hospital admission to consultation. Surgical patients were more likely to die in the hospital compared to medical patients. Among patients discharged from the hospital alive, there was no difference between the groups in discharge disposition. More patients in both groups had a change from full code to do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status following palliative care consultation. Conclusions: Referrals for palliative care consultations are much less common from surgical than medical services. Characteristics of surgical patients suggest that palliative care consultations are reserved for older patients, critically ill patients, and those more likely to be at end-of-life. Our findings suggest the possible need for increased palliative care consultations among less critically ill patients and/or those with an improved prospect of recovery.
Toxicity of Tannic Acid and its Metabolites for Chickens

Abstract THE growth depressing properties of sorghum for chicks were attributed to tannins (Chang and Fuller, 1964). Chestnut, quercyl, wattle bark and quebracho tannins depressed growth when fed to chicks at a 1% level, and tannic acid2 was toxic even at a dietary level of 0.5% (Vohra et al., 1966). Grape seed tannin was growth depressing for rats at a 5% level in the diet (Joslyn and Glick, 1969). Fuller et al. (1967) partially alleviated the tannic acid3 -induced growth depression by supplementing the diet with methionine hydroxy analog (MHA), choline and arginine. However, Vohra et al. (1966), failed to confirm this result. Potter et al. (1968) identified gallic acid, pyrogallol, 4-0-methyl gallic acid and pyrocatechol as the metabolic end products of tannic acid in the chicken. Joslyn and Glick (1969) recorded a higher growth depressing effect for gallic acid than tannic acid in rats at 4 and 6 percent levels…
LIBOR Market Models with Stochastic Basis

We extend the LIBOR market model to accommodate the new market practice of using different forward and discount curves in the pricing of interest-rate derivatives. Our extension is based on modeling the joint evolution of forward rates belonging to the discount curve and corresponding spreads with FRA rates. We start by considering general stochastic-volatility dynamics and show how to address both the caplet and swaption pricing problems in general. We then consider specific examples, including a model for the simultaneous evolution of different rate and spread tenors. We conclude the article with an example of calibration to real market data. A reduced version of this article can be downloaded at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1583081
Managerial Ownership And Dividend Policy In The U.S. Banking Industry

This paper examines a sample of U.S. Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) to determine if there is a relationship between managerial equity ownership (insider holdings) and the level of dividends paid out by the BHC. Given the findings of prior research, the analysis is performed using Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression with three equations. The three dependent variables are DIVPAY (dividend payout), DEBT (total liabilities over total consolidated assets) and INSIDER (percentage of common stock held by officers and directors). This study finds that insider holdings has a non-linear relation with dividend payout. Initially, there is a significant negative relation between the level of insider holdings and the level of dividends paid. However, higher levels of insider holdings show a positive relation with the level of dividends paid.
Superresolution Imaging of Chemical Synapses in the Brain

SUMMARY Determination of the molecular architecture of synapses requires nanoscopic image resolution and specific molecular recognition, a task that has so far defied many conventional imaging approaches. Here, we present a superresolution fluorescence imaging method to visualize the molecular architecture of synapses in the brain. Using multicolor, three-dimensional stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, the distributions of synaptic proteins can be measured with nanometer precision. Furthermore, the wide-field, volumetric imaging method enables high-throughput, quantitative analysis of a large number of synapses from different brain regions. To demonstrate the capabilities of this approach, we have determined the organization of ten protein components of the presynaptic active zone and the postsynaptic density. Variations in synapse morphology, neurotransmitter receptor composition, and receptor distribution were observed both among synapses and across different brain regions. Combination with optogenetics further allowed molecular events associated with synaptic plasticity to be resolved at the singlesynapse level.
Coupled-Bunch Beam Breakup due to Resistive-Wall Wake

has periodically unfilled gaps. The results of the section V is compared to the results of the preceding sections. The conclusion we draw from the comparison is that the asymptotic resistive-wall coupled-bunch bbu is a locally averaged current problem. In Section VI we go back to the problem where each bucket is symmetrically filled. The difference between this section and the section IV is that here we treat the case where initially the transverse position of every bunch is offset by the same amount – injection error. By comparing the results of Section VI with those of Section IV, we observe “Screen Effects” for the injection error case.
Fatigue investigation of lap shear solder joints using resistance spectroscopy

The electrical resistance of lap shear (60%Sn-40%Pb) solder joints has been measured while the specimens were undergoing cyclic fatigue testing. The resistance measuring system had a noise level of less than one nano-ohm. An FFT analyzer was used to transform the time varying resistance to the frequency domain. Measurements were made of the average resistance (zero frequency amplitude), amplitude of the resistance change at the mechanical drive frequency, and the amplitudes of the resistance change at the second and third harmonics of the drive frequency. The average resistance and resistance amplitude at the drive frequency exhibited a systematic behavior as the specimens were cycled toward failure. Initially the average resistance increased, followed by a much stronger decrease, and lastly increased markedly as the specimen fractured. The decreasing resistance portion of this signature which occurs prior to mechanical failure (i.e. crack propagation) can be used to detect failure in solder joints much sooner than present techniques. >
Somatic Mutations Are Frequent and Increase with Age in Human Kidney Epithelial Cells

We have used a primary cloning assay to determine the frequency of 6-thioguanine (TG)-resistant tubular epithelial cells in kidney tissue from 72 human donors ranging in age from 2 to 94 years. The frequency of TG-resistant mutants ranged from approximately 5 x 10(-5) for donors in the first decade of life to approximately 2.5 x 10(-4) for donors in the eighth and later decades of life. Two different statistical analyses indicated that this increase in mutant frequency is exponential with age. We also observed a 2-fold higher TG-resistant mutant frequency in nephrectomy kidneys containing a coincident renal carcinoma. DNA sequence analyses revealed HPRT gene mutations in each of 14 TG-resistant mutants from seven unrelated donors. Thirteen of these 14 mutants resulted from independent mutational events. These results suggest that somatic mutations are common in renal--and perhaps in other human--epithelia, and thus could play an important role in the genesis of age-associated disease.