cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strong activation of cyclooxygenase I and II catalytic activity by dietary bioflavonoids.

Cyclooxygenases (COXs) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. In the present study, we investigated several dietary bioflavonoids for their ability to modulate the catalytic activity of COX I and II in vitro and also in cultured cells. We found that some of them are the most powerful direct stimulators of the catalytic activity of COX I and II known to date, increasing the formation of prostaglandin products in vitro by up to 11-fold over the controls. This stimulatory effect of bioflavonoids is enzyme specific because none of them stimulates the catalytic activity of a number of lipooxygenases tested. Compared with phenol, a prototypical COX stimulator commonly used in vitro, the naturally occurring bioflavonoids are up to 29 times more efficacious in stimulating the COX activity. Additional studies using intact cells in culture showed that some of the dietary compounds that were active in the biochemical assays also activated the formation of PGE2 (a representative PG) when they were present at 0.01 to 1 μM concentrations. The stimulatory effect of dietary compounds on COX-mediated PG formation is far more potent in intact cells than in the in vitro assays. Mechanistically, bioflavonoids mainly acted to slow down the suicidal inactivation of the COX enzymes, but they did not appear to reactivate the inactivated enzymes. The finding of this study suggests that some of the bioflavonoids likely will serve as the naturally occurring cofactors for the COX enzymes in humans.
Systematic review of dietary interventions with college students: directions for future research and practice.

Abstract Objective To clarify directions for research and practice, research literature evaluating nutrition and dietary interventions in college and university settings was reviewed. Design Systematic search of database literature. Setting Postsecondary education. Participants Fourteen research articles evaluating randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental interventions targeting dietary outcomes. Main Outcome Measures Diet/nutrition intake, knowledge, motivation, self-efficacy, barriers, intentions, social support, self-regulation, outcome expectations, and sales. Analysis Systematic search of 936 articles and review of 14 articles meeting search criteria. Results Some in-person interventions (n = 6) show promise in improving students' dietary behaviors, although changes were minimal. The inclusion of self-regulation components, including self-monitoring and goal setting, may maximize outcomes. Dietary outcomes from online interventions (n = 5) were less promising overall, although they may be more effective with a subset of college students early in their readiness to change their eating habits. Environmental approaches (n = 3) may increase the sale of healthy food by serving as visual cues-to-action. Conclusions and Implications A number of intervention approaches show promise for improving college students' dietary habits. However, much of this research has methodological limitations, rendering it difficult to draw conclusions across studies and hindering dissemination efforts.
The prognostic effect of increased resting energy expenditure prior to treatment for lung cancer.

Abstract Objective : Increased resting energy expenditure (REE) is thought to confer a poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, no study has validated this hypothesis to date. This study's objective was to examine the prognostic significance of REE in NSCLC. Methods : Seventeen patients with NSCLC (stages IA–IIIB) underwent measurement of REE with indirect calorimetry before the initiation of cancer treatment. Similar measurements were performed in 17 control subjects, each of whom was matched to a cancer patient by age (±5 years), sex and body mass index (±3 kg/m 2 ). Patients were classified as hypermetabolic or hypometabolic based on a direct comparison of measured REE between cancer patients and their matched controls. After cancer treatment, these 17 patients were followed for evidence of metastatic disease for up to 32 months. Results : Six patients developed metastatic disease. The eight hypometabolic cancer patients had a significantly shorter mean disease-free survival compared to the nine hypermetabolic cancer patients: 19 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 12, 26) versus 29 months (95% CI 24, 34), respectively ( P P =0.20). Conclusions : These results suggest that hypermetabolism may predict a longer disease-free survival in NSCLC patients. This finding differs from the prevailing hypothesis that hypometabolic patients with NSCLC survive longer, and deserves further investigation.
Sourcerer: An infrastructure for large-scale collection and analysis of open-source code

A large amount of open source code is now available online, presenting a great potential resource for software developers. This has motivated software engineering researchers to develop tools and techniques to allow developers to reap the benefits of these billions of lines of source code. However, collecting and analyzing such a large quantity of source code presents a number of challenges. Although the current generation of open source code search engines provides access to the source code in an aggregated repository, they generally fail to take advantage of the rich structural information contained in the code they index. This makes them significantly less useful than Sourcerer for building state-of-the-art software engineering tools, as these tools often require access to both the structural and textual information available in source code. We have developed Sourcerer, an infrastructure for large-scale collection and analysis of open source code. By taking full advantage of the structural information extracted from source code in its repository, Sourcerer provides a foundation upon which state-of-the-art search engines and related tools can easily be built. We describe the Sourcerer infrastructure, present the applications that we have built on top of it, and discuss how existing tools could benefit from using Sourcerer.
Double-gloving and the incidence of perforations during specific oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures

The concerns of surgeons about effective means of barrier protection during surgery is increasing owing to concern about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are various oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures that require the use of sharp instruments, and the oral and maxillofacial surgeon may be at risk for contamination due to possible perforation of the surgical gloves when manipulating these instruments. This study evaluated the incidence of perforations when performing specific oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures when double-gloving barrier protection was used. It found an increased incidence of perforations when performing procedures that required the use of sharp instruments in comparison with those procedures that did not require the use of such instruments.
Using conditional inference forests to identify the factors affecting crash severity on arterial corridors

Abstract Introduction The study aims at identifying traffic/highway design/driver-vehicle information significantly related with fatal/severe crashes on urban arterials for different crash types. Since the data used in this study are observational (i.e., collected outside the purview of a designed experiment), an information discovery approach is adopted for this study. Method Random Forests, which are ensembles of individual trees grown by CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm, are applied in numerous applications for this purpose. Specifically, conditional inference forests have been implemented. In each tree of the conditional inference forest, splits are based on how good the association is. Chi-square test statistics are used to measure the association. Apart from identifying the variables that improve classification accuracy, the methodology also clearly identifies the variables that are neutral to accuracy, and also those that decrease it. Results The methodology is quite insightful in identifying the variables of interest in the database (e.g., alcohol/ drug use and higher posted speed limits contribute to severe crashes). Failure to use safety equipment by all passengers and presence of driver/passenger in the vulnerable age group (more than 55 years or less than 3 years) increased the severity of injuries given a crash had occurred. A new variable, ‘element’ has been used in this study, which assigns crashes to segments, intersections, or access points based on the information from site location, traffic control, and presence of signals. Impact The authors were able to identify roadway locations where severe crashes tend to occur. For example, segments and access points were found to be riskier for single vehicle crashes. Higher skid resistance and k-factor also contributed toward increased severity of injuries in crashes.
The interaction of CD2 with its LFA-3 ligand expressed by autologous erythrocytes results in enhancement of B cell responses

The addition of autologous erythrocytes to unfractionated human mononuclear cell cultures results in enhancement of B cell responses to antigens and mitogens. This costimulating effect of red cells is abrogated by their preincubation with anti-LFA-3 monoclonal antibody. Preincubation of mononuclear cells with anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (anti-Leu 5b, OKT11, used singly) has a down-regulating effect on B cell activation and no enhancement of B cell responses is seen when red cells are added to anti-CD2-treated cultures. These results demonstrate a functional effect on B cells of the interaction between the CD2 molecule on T lymphocytes and its natural ligand, LFA-3. The precise mechanism by which this costimulating effect on B lymphocytes takes place is unclear. The study of T cell populations and T cell activation markers shows that the addition of erythrocytes causes a small but reproducible increase in the number of cells expressing the IL-2 receptor and the addition of IL-2 enhances the response of mononuclear cells to antigenic stimulation in the presence of erythrocytes. However, the supernatants of mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen in the presence of autologous erythrocytes show decreased levels of IL-2, compared to supernatants of cells stimulated with pokeweed mitogen alone. The same supernatants show increased levels of interferon-gamma, but the addition of this lymphokine to cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen has no potentiating effect. It is possible that the effect of erythrocytes is mediated by other growth and/or differentiation factors, and additional studies will be required to clarify this point.
Glucosylations of pregn-5-ene-3β,20R-diol

The four possible monoglucosides of the pregn-5-ene-3 beta,20R-diol were synthesized along with a mixture of the four possible 3,20-diglucosides. The glucosides were characterized by HPLC and mass spectrometry.
Tissue compression analysis for magnetically anchored cautery dissector during single-site laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histological effects of dynamic abdominal wall compression using the magnetic anchoring and guidance system (MAGS) platform.
Total synthesis of prodigiosin

Abstract The total synthesis of prodigiosin ( 1 ), possessing the characteristic pyrrolylpyrromethene skeleton of a class of naturally-occurring polypyrroles, is detailed, The approach is based on the application of an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of dimethyl 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dicarboxylate in a 1,2,4,5-teirazine → 1,2-diazine → pyrrole strategy for preparation of prodigiosin pyrrole ring B and the subsequent implementation of an intramolecular palladium(Il)-promoted 2,2′-diaryl (2,2′-bipyrrole) coupling for construction of the prodigiosin 2,2′-bipyrrole AB ring system.
Adrenal response to repeated hemorrhage: Implications for studies of trauma

Endocrine responses to trauma are often inferred from responses seen after a single injury or elective surgery. However, major trauma frequently is followed by emergent surgery, necessitating evaluation of responses to repeated stimuli. We used sequential hemorrhage to study such responses. Splenectomized dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) were hemorrhaged 7.5 ml/kg, 2 days following adrenal vein cannulation. Secretion rates of cortisol and catecholamines were determined in timed adrenal samples by HPLC. The bled volume was reinfused after 1 hour; the procedure was repeated 24 hours later. A significant response in adrenal secretion of cortisol was seen following hemorrhage each day (p less than 0.001), but the response on day 2 was 40% greater (p less than 0.05). Secretion rates of epinephrine and of norepinephrine did not change after hemorrhage on day 1 (p greater than 0.20). However, each hormone showed a dramatic response on day 2 increasing to 14x control levels (p less than 0.005). There were no differences in any cardiovascular variable during control period or after hemorrhage on the 2 days. The results demonstrate dramatic potentiation of the response to a second insult that persists for at least 24 hours after the first, and suggest that the endocrine response to traumatic injury with emergent surgery cannot be evaluated by studying responses either to isolated insults or to elective surgery.
Designing a tubular matrix of oriented collagen fibrils for tissue engineering

A scaffold composed entirely of an extracellular matrix component, such as collagen, with cellular level control would be highly desirable for applications in tissue engineering. In this article we introduce a novel, straightforward flow processing technique that fabricates a small diameter tubular matrix constructed of anisotropic collagen fibrils. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the uniform alignment of the collagen fibrils and subsequent matrix-induced alignment of human fibroblasts. The uniform alignment of the fibroblasts along the collagen fibrils demonstrated the ability of the aligned fibrils to successfully dictate the directional growth of human fibroblasts through contact guidance. Various non-cytotoxic cross-linking techniques were also applied to the collagen conduit to enhance the mechanical properties. Tensile testing and burst pressure were the two measurements performed to characterize the mechanical integrity of the conduit. Mechanical characterization of the cross-linked collagen conduits identified 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride cross-linking as the most promising technique to reinforce the mechanical properties of native collagen. An oriented conduit of biocompatible material has been fabricated with decent mechanical strength and at a small diameter scale, which is especially applicable in engineering cardiovascular tissues and nerve grafts.
Are girls really becoming more delinquent? Testing the gender convergence hypothesis by race and ethnicity, 1976–2005

Historically, girls have been less delinquent than boys. However, increased justice system involvement among girls and current portrayals of girls in the popular media and press suggest that girls' delinquency, particularly their violence and drug use, is becoming more similar to that of boys. Are girls really becoming more delinquent? To date, this question remains unresolved. Girls' increased system involvement might reflect actual changes in their behavior or changes in justice system policies and practices. Given that girls of color are overrepresented in the justice system, efforts to rigorously examine the gender convergence hypothesis must consider the role of race/ethnicity in girls' delinquency. This study uses self-report data from a large, nationally representative sample of youth to investigate the extent to which the magnitude of gender differences in violence and substance use varies across racial/ethnic groups and explore whether these differences have decreased over time. We find little support for the gender convergence hypothesis, because, with a few exceptions, the data do not show increases in girls' violence or drug use. Furthermore, even when girls' violent behavior or drug use has increased, the magnitude of the increase is not substantial enough to account for the dramatic increases in girls' arrests for violence and drug abuse violations.
Comparison of Norwood Shunt Types: Do the Outcomes Differ 6 Years Later?

Background A modification to the Norwood procedure involving a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) shunt may improve early postoperative outcomes. Concerns remain about the effect of the right ventriculotomy required with this shunt on long-term ventricular function. Methods Between January 2000 and April 2005, 76 patients underwent the Norwood procedure, 35 with a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (mBTS) and 41 with a RV-PA shunt. Patients were monitored until death or September 1, 2009, with an average follow-up of 6.8 years. Cardiac catheterization, echocardiograms, perioperative Fontan courses, and need for cardiac transplantation were compared between groups. Results Cumulative survival was 63% (22 of 35) in the mBTS group vs 78% (32 of 41) in the RV-PA group (p = 0.14). Pre-Fontan echocardiography revealed poorer ventricular function in RV-PA patients (p = 0.03). Cardiac transplantation was required in 6 of 32 (19%) patients with a prior RV-PA shunt vs 1 of 23 (4%) in the mBTS group (p = 0.06). This results in an almost identical cumulative transplant-free survival between groups; 60% (21 of 35) in the mBTS group and 63% (26 of 41) in the RV-PA group (p = 0.95). Conclusions Neither shunt offers a clear survival advantage through an average follow-up of 6.8 years. The RV-PA shunt results in impaired late ventricular function that may result in an increased need for cardiac transplantation.
Cell biology: holding sisters for repair.

When a DNA molecule breaks, its complementary copy can be used as a template for repair. A familiar protein complex is recruited to the damaged site, keeping it close to the undamaged copy.
Production and Composition of Onion Nectar and Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foraging Activity in Arizona

Nectar characteristics of six onion ( Allium cepa L.) cultivars were examined to assess the potential for preferential foraging by honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.). Mean nectar amounts for six cultivars ranged from 0.54 to 0.84 μl per floret per day. Onion cultivars differ in flowering potential, with cultivars varying from 176 to 359 flowers per umbel and 32 to 74 umbels per 30 onion plants. All cultivars examined contained highly concentrated nectar with total dissolved solids ranging from 52 to 65%. Onion nectar was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine qualitative sugar differences among onion cultivars. All cultivars were hexose-dominant, having sucrose ranges from 4.0 to 14.4% and nearly equal amounts of fructose and glucose. There were significant differences in sugar content between the onion cultivars. Nectar composition and honey bee visitation among the six test cultivars were compared. It was determined that honey bees foraged preferentially on some of the onion cultivars.
OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS

The goal of the current study was to optimize important process parameters for electrospinning polycaprolactone (PCL) for growing 3T3 fibroblasts. We hypothesized that the smallest obtainable fiber diameter would provide the best cell growth kinetics and we tested this hypothesis for three different process parameters: solution concentration, voltage and collector screen distance. Beaded structures were formed when using low concentration electrospinning solutions (8 wt% to 13 wt%), in which the viscosity ranged from 16.0 cP to 340.0 cP. In this concentration range, cell growth kinetics was impeded when using a high concentration of cells (8–10 × 105). Higher PCL concentration led to an increase in the average fiber diameter from 400 nm to 1600 nm when PCL solution concentration changed from 15 wt% to 20 wt%. Although, the mean values indicated that cell growth kinetics were higher at the lower end of the concentration (15% as opposed to 20%) and this correlated with lower average fiber diameter, the results in this range were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The average fiber diameter of scaffolds first decreased and then increased when electrospinning voltage was increased. The cell growth kinetics demonstrated that smaller average diameter PCL fiber scaffolds had higher growth kinetics than larger average diameter scaffolds with the best conditions obtained at 15 KV. By increasing the screen distance, the average fiber diameter decreased but had no significant impact on cell growth kinetics. In summary, the optimal parametric space for 3T3 fibroblast growth for our studies was electrospinning a 15 wt% PCL solution using 15 kV voltage and a 25 cm collector distance.
Local-density theory of band offsets in strained superlattices : (InAs)n/(InP)n (001)

Etude systematique par la methode d'onde plane amelioree des proprietes electroniques de ces superreseaux. On les choisit pour simuler deux conditions de contrainte differentes: (i) un mode autoporte (on ne supporte pas de support) et (ii) le superreseau depose epitaxialement sur un support d'InP. La contrainte ne semble pas affecter l'energie du maximum de la bande de valence. Determination de la discontinuite de bande. Bon accord avec les resultats experimentaux. Effets de la contrainte sur la discontinuite de bande
DELINEATION OF SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM SPILLS USING TERRAIN CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

ABSTRACT Terrain conductivity is a geophysical technique which, by inducing current into the ground, can measure the conductivity of subsurface soils and interstitial waters. Hydrocarbons are not conductive materials and, because the surrounding lithology behaves to a certain extent as a conductor, the presence of pooled hydrocarbons floating on groundwater can be determined by the use of a terrain conductivity survey. Two case histories are presented in which terrain conductivity measurements were used to determine the extent and thickness of subsurface hydrocarbon plumes.
Augmented lymphocyte expansion from solid tumors with engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement

Treatment of patients with adoptive T-cell therapy requires expansion of unique tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) cultures from single-cell suspensions processed from melanoma biopsies. Strategies which increase the expansion and reliability of TIL generation from tumor digests are necessary to improve access to TIL therapy. Previous studies have evaluated artificial antigen presenting cells for their antigen-specific and costimulatory properties. We investigated engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement (ECCE) consisting of K562 cells that express 4-1BBL in the absence of artificial antigen stimulation. ECCE accelerated TIL expansion and significantly improved TIL numbers (P=0.001) from single-cell melanoma suspensions. TIL generated with ECCE contain significantly more CD8CD62L and CD8CD27 T cells then comparable interleukin-2-expanded TIL and maintained antitumor reactivity. Moreover, ECCE improved TIL expansion from nonmelanoma-cell suspensions similar to that seen with melanoma tumors. These data demonstrate that the addition of ECCE to TIL production will enable the treatment of patients that are ineligible using current methods.
Leadership and levels of analysis: A state-of-the-science review

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive, qualitative, narrative review of the leadership literature with an explicit focus on levels-of-analysis issues. Focusing on conceptual and empirical publications (books, book chapters, and journal articles) over the last 10 years in 17 areas of leadership research, we reviewed and coded 348 journal articles and book chapters for the degree of appropriate inclusion and use of levels of analysis in theory formulation, construct/variable measurement, data analytic techniques, and inference drawing. In general, while the literature on leadership is vast and growing, relatively few studies in any of the areas of leadership research have addressed levels-of-analysis issues appropriately in theory, measurement, data analysis, and inference drawing. Nevertheless, the findings reported are encouraging, as levels issues are still relatively new to the leadership field and some progress clearly has been made in the last decade. The implications of the current state-of-the-science for future research and the advancement of study in leadership are discussed.
Temperature dependence of CsI(Tl) gamma-ray scintillation decay time constants and emission spectrum

The gamma-ray excited, temperature dependent scintillation characteristics of CsI(Tl) are reported over the temperature range of -100 to +50 degree(s)C. The modified Bollinger-Thomas and shaped square wave methods were used to measure the rise and decay times. The emission spectra were measured using a monochromator and corrected for monochromator and photocathode spectral efficiency. The shaped square wave method was also used to determine the scintillation yield as was a current mode method. The thermoluminescence emissions of CsI(Tl) were measured using the same current mode method. At room temperature, CsI(Tl) was found to have two primary decay components with decay time constants of (tau) 1 equals 679 +/- 10 ns (63.7%) and (tau) 2 equals 3.34 +/- 0.14 microsecond(s) (36.1%) and to have emission bands at about 400 and 560 nm. The (tau) 1 luminescent state was observed to be populated by an exponential process with a resulting rise time constant of 19.6 +/- 1.9 ns at room temperature. An ultra-fast decay component with a 2 was too long to be resolved and (tau) 1 was determined to be 3.52 +/- 0.39 microsecond(s) , while the 400 nm emission band was not observed. At +50 degree(s)C the decay constants were found to be 628 ns (70%) and 2.63 microsecond(s) (30%) and both emission bands are present. Four different commercially available CsI(Tl) crystals were used. Minimal variations in the measured scintillation characteristics were observed among these four crystals. Thermoluminescence emissions were observed to have peak yields at -90, -65, -40, +20, and possibly -55 degree(s)C. The relative magnitudes and number of thermoluminescence peaks were found to vary from crystal to crystal.
Binarization and cleanup of handwritten text from carbon copy medical form images

This paper presents a methodology for separating handwritten foreground pixels, from background pixels, in carbon copied medical forms. Comparisons between prior and proposed techniques are illustrated. This study involves the analysis of the New York State (NYS) Department of Health (DoH) Pre-Hospital Care Report (PCR) [Western Regional Emergency Medical Services, Bureau of Emergency Medical Services, New York State (NYS) Department of Health (DoH), Prehospital Care Report v4.] which is a standard form used in New York by all Basic and Advanced Life Support pre-hospital health care professionals to document patient status in the emergency environment. The forms suffer from extreme carbon mesh noise, varying handwriting pressure sensitivity issues, and smudging which are further complicated by the writing environment. Extraction of handwriting from these medical forms is a vital step in automating emergency medical health surveillance systems.
Report On ‘The Sophomore Physical and Inorganic Courses’

In this workshop, Mark M. Banaszak-Holl and M. David Curtis took turns elaborating on the recent changes and evolution of The University of Michigan’s introductory inorganic chemistry course, in light of an initial switch to teaching organic chemistry as a first-year chemistry course. The resulting weaker background of second-year students in traditional chemistry, particularly in physical chemistry topics, was noted. This situation prompted the following changes: creating a new physical chemistry course for second-year students to make up for the deficiencies in physical chemistry and narrowing the syllabi topics in the following inorganic course. It was reported that the overall curriculum shift brought about a fundamental re-evaluation of how teaching is approached at U of M with respect to the role of the person of the instructor as a traditional ‘purveyor of facts’ or a ‘motivator of learners.’ The use of Internet/multimedia sources to streamline class organization and improve learning were presented, including a proposal to integrate an interactive online question-and-answer site for the inorganic course. Interaction with workshop participants focused somewhat on comparative aspects of these curricular changes to their respective educational institutions but most heavily on test making and grading styles. The major problems associated with the curricula shift at U of M appear to have been identified and addressed, and work is continuing on further fine tuning of the classes.
Subicular cells generate similar spatial firing patterns in two geometrically and visually distinctive environments : Comparison with hippocampal place cells

Cells in both the hippocampus and the subiculum show location related firing patterns, so that the momentary firing rate of a cell is related to the spatial location of a freely moving rat as it navigates in an environment. Since the subiculum receives a strong anatomical projection from the hippocampus, it seems possible that the subicular cell spatial patterns are simply driven by the spatial signals from hippocampal place cells. Data presented here, however, suggest that the two areas code space in fundamentally different ways. Here, spatial firing patterns of individual hippocampal and subicular cells were studied as rats navigated in two different environments. The two chambers were a cylinder and a square, of equal area. For some rats the two chambers were painted to have similar visual stimulus characteristics, while for others, the two were very different. The subicular cells showed very similar firing patterns in the two chambers, regardless of whether they were visually similar or different. In contrast, as predicted based on the findings of earlier studies, hippocampal place cells showed different patterns in the two (again, regardless of their visual similarity). These results suggest that the subicular cells have the ability to transfer a single, abstract spatial representation from one environment to another. This pattern is stretched to fit within the boundaries of the current environment. Thus, the subicular cells seem to provide a generic representation of the geometric relationships between different locations in an environment. It seems possible that this representation may contribute to some navigational abilities exhibited by animals, such as dead reckoning, and novel route generation in unfamiliar environments. In contrast, it appears that hippocampal place cells provide a spatial representation which is unique for each environment and which is strongly influenced by the exact details and overall context of the situation.
Deliberate real-time mood regulation in adulthood: The importance of age, fixation and attentional functioning

While previous research has linked executive attention to emotion regulation, the current study investigated the role of attentional alerting (i.e., efficient use of external warning cues) on younger (N=39) and older (N=44) adults' use of gaze to regulate their mood in real time. Participants viewed highly arousing unpleasant images while reporting their mood and were instructed to deliberately manage how they felt and to minimise the effect of those stimuli on their mood. Fixations toward the most negative areas of the images were recorded with eye tracking. We examined whether looking less at the most negative regions, compared to each individual's own tendency, was a beneficial mood regulatory strategy and how it interacted with age and alerting ability. High alerting older adults, who rely more on external cues to guide their attention, experienced a smaller decline in mood over time by activating a less-negative-looking approach (compared to their own average tendency), effectively looking away from the most negative areas of the images. More negative gaze patterns predicted better mood for younger adults, though this effect decreased over time. Alerting did not moderate gaze-mood links in younger adults. Successful mood regulation may thus depend on particular combinations of age, fixation, and attention.
Systematically defining single-gene determinants of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy reveals specific biomarkers.

Purpose: We sought to systematically define determinants of the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy to elucidate predictive biomarkers for breast cancer. Experimental Design: An unbiased systematic analysis was performed in multiple independent datasets to define genes predictive of complete pathologic response (pCR) following treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These genes were interrogated across estrogen receptor (ER)–positive and ER-negative breast cancer and those in common across three different treatment regimens were analyzed for optimal predictive power. Subsequent validation was performed on independent cohorts by gene expression and IHC analyses. Results: Genes that were highly associated with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer were readily defined using a computational method ranking individual genes by their respective ROC. Such predictive genes of the response to taxane-associated therapies were strongly enriched for cell-cycle control processes in both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer and correlated with pCR. However, other genes that were specifically associated with residual disease were also identified under other treatment conditions. Using the intersection between treatment groups, nine genes were identified that harbored strong predictive power in multiple contexts and validation cohort. In particular, the nuclear oncogene DEK was strongly associated with pCR, whereas the cell surface protein BCAM was strongly associated with residual disease. By IHC staining, these markers exhibited potent predictive power that remained significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Systematic computational approaches can define key genes that will be able to predict the response to chemotherapy across multiple treatment modalities yielding a small collection of biomarkers that can be readily deployed by IHC analyses. Clin Cancer Res; 20(18); 4837–48. ©2014 AACR .
Artificial Neural Network Approach to Estimating Stiffness Behavior of Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Accurately predicting the stiffness of asphalt pavements is difficult due to the complex behavior of materials under various loading, pavement structure, and environmental conditions. This study explores the utilization of the artificial neural network (ANN) in predicting the stiffness behavior of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). A total of 296 asphalt mixture beams were constructed from two different rubber types (ambient and cryogenic), two different RAP sources, and four rubber contents (0, 5, 10, and 15%). All samples were tested at two different testing temperatures of 5 and 20°C. The regression statistical method was used to predict the stiffness behavior of these mixtures via the 7 input variables covering the material engineering properties of the asphalt beams. In addition, the data were organized into 5 independent variables and one dependent variable (the stiffness values of the modified mixture beams) in ANN models. Results showed the ANN techniques to be more effective in predicting the fatigue life of the modified mixture than traditional regression-based prediction models.
Dislocation nucleation from bicrystal interfaces and grain boundary ledges: Relationship to nanocrystalline deformation

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations are used to evaluate the primary interface dislocation sources and to estimate both the free enthalpy of activation and the critical emission stress associated with the interfacial dislocation emission mechanism. Simulations are performed on copper to study tensile failure of a planar Σ5 {2 1 0} 53.1° interface and an interface with the same misorientation that contains a ledge. Simulations reveal that grain boundary ledges are more favorable as dislocation sources than planar regions of the interface and that their role is not limited to that of simple dislocation donors. The parameters extracted from the simulations are utilized in a two-phase composite mesoscopic model for nanocrystalline deformation that includes the effects of both dislocation emission and dislocation absorption mechanisms. A self-consistent approach based on the Eshelby solution for grains as ellipsoidal inclusions is augmented by introduction of stress concentration in the constitutive law of the matrix phase to account for more realistic grain boundary effects. Model simulations suggest that stress concentration is required in the standard continuum theory to activate the coupled grain boundary dislocation emission and absorption mechanisms when activation energy of the dislocation source is determined from atomistic calculation on grain boundaries without consideration of impurities or other extrinsic defects.
Incidence of adverse events after uterosacral colpopexy for uterovaginal and posthysterectomy vault prolapse

Objective We sought to describe perioperative and postoperative adverse events associated with uterosacral colpopexy, to describe the rate of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse (POP) associated with uterosacral colpopexy, and to determine whether surgeon technique and suture choice are associated with these rates. Study Design This was a retrospective chart review of women who underwent uterosacral colpopexy for POP from January 2006 through December 2011 at a single tertiary care center. The electronic medical record was queried for demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative data. Strict definitions were used for all clinically relevant adverse events. Recurrent POP was defined as the following: symptomatic vaginal bulge, prolapse to or beyond the hymen, or any retreatment for POP. Results In all, 983 subjects met study inclusion criteria. The overall adverse event rate was 31.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.2–38.6), which included 20.3% (95% CI, 17.9–23.6) of subjects with postoperative urinary tract infections. Of all adverse events, 3.4% were attributed to a preexisting medical condition, while all other events were ascribed to the surgical intervention. Vaginal hysterectomy, age, and operative time were not significantly associated with any adverse event. The intraoperative bladder injury rate was 1% (95% CI, 0.6–1.9) and there were no intraoperative ureteral injuries; 4.5% (95% CI, 3.4–6.0) of cases were complicated by ureteral kinking requiring suture removal. The rates of pulmonary and cardiac complications were 2.3% (95% CI, 1.6–3.5) and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.4–1.6); and the rates of postoperative ileus and small bowel obstruction were 0.1% (95% CI, 0.02–0.6) and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.4–1.6). The composite recurrent POP rate was 14.4% (95% CI, 12.4–16.8): 10.6% (95% CI, 8.8–12.7) of patients experienced vaginal bulge symptoms, 11% (95% CI, 9.2–13.1) presented with prolapse to or beyond the hymen, and 3.4% (95% CI, 2.4–4.7) required retreatment. Number and type of suture used were not associated with a higher rate of recurrence. Of the subjects who required unilateral removal of sutures to resolve ureteral kinking, 63.6% did not undergo suture replacement; this was not associated with a higher rate of POP recurrence. Conclusion Perioperative and postoperative complication rates associated with severe morbidity after uterosacral colpopexy appear to be low. Uterosacral colpopexy remains a safe option for the treatment of vaginal vault prolapse.
The bear and the pussycat

A Shield In Space? Technology, Politics, and the Strategic Defense Initiative . Sanford Lakoff and Herbert F. York. University of California Press: 1989. Pp.409. $35.
Rotor speed dependent sedimentation of circular and linear DNA

The sedimentation rate of large, linear DNA molecules has been shown to be rotor speed dependent (Rubenstein and Leighton, Biophys. Chem. 1 (1974)). In this communication we report the first studies designed to measure the rotor speed effect with a homogenous, linear viral DNA larger than bacteriophage T2 DNA. We also report the first studies using a homogenous, circular episomal DNA of known molecular weight. For this circular DNA a small rotor speed effect, previously unsuspected, was discovered.
Apparent distance between profiles of faces with dynamic properties that represent interpersonal relationships

Sixty-four subjects (32 male and 32 female) adjusted two luminous profiles of faces in a dark room, to a standard distance of 12 in. (30 cm) between them. The profile pairs were systematically varied in four ways: (1) facing each other and “smiling”; (2) facing each other and “angry”; (3) back to back and “smiling”; and (4) back to back and “angry.” Orientation and emotion had significant effects on adjustment to the standard distance between profiles: mean adjustment was smaller for face-to-face than for back-to-back orientation, and adjustment was smaller for representations with positive, as opposed to negative, emotion. Thus, evidence is available that directional dynamics in pictorial (face-profile) representations of interpersonal relationships have significant effects on perceived distance.
A fully planar p-n-p heterojunction bipolar transistor

The fabrication of fully planar p-i-n heterojunction bipolar transistors is reported. The devices were constructed using ion implantation into AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Incremental current gains of 100 have been observed for transistors with 22 mu m*4 mu m emitters, No emitter size effects was observed. >
Trends and cycles in non-stationary panel models

This paper utilises Bayesian approach to extract latent common trends and cycles of non-stationary panel data. I develop a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to explore the highly dimensional posterior distribution of the panel model. Numerical simulation shows that the Bayesian approach based on this algorithm is effective at both estimating the elements of regression coefficients and error variance matrix and extracting latent components. To illustrate the potential of the approach, the study applies the method to investigate quarterly metropolitan housing prices and daily dot-com stock prices. The empirical results show the stronger the long-run growth the higher the cyclical volatility.
Cultural Context and Development of Partnership

A university-public school partnership analysis reveals how the cultural context associated with existing institutions can both facilitate and impede the emergence of a new culture those institutions attempt to create and often involves entire cultural reforms and organizational conversion.
The Foxo and the hound: chasing the in vivo regulation of T cell populations during infection

T cell expansion and contraction during the immune response to pathogens are regulated by a wide variety of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors. A new study identifies a role for CTLA-4 signaling and activation of the Foxo3 transcription factor in modulating T cell populations.
Hund's-rule effects in the f 1 -f 2 Anderson impurity model: Renormalization of Hund's-rule Coulomb interactions down to low energies

We examine the problem of an Anderson impurity model where the lowest configurations are f${\mathrm{}}^{1}$ and f${\mathrm{}}^{2}$, with a Hund's-rule splitting (corresponding to Hunds first rule) present. We calculate (using the 1/N expansion) the single-particle spectrum in the limit of large ferromagnetic triplet-singlet splitting, and find the spectrum to be mostly equivalent to that of a zero Hund's-rule splitting model with reduced hybridization. At low energies, however, additional features arise on a scale given by the Kondo temperature. The results illustrate how the effects of a strong Hund's-rule interaction are renormalized down to low energies, and help understand how a heavy fermion band structure can be resilient against Hund's-rule couplings. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Metal diffusion in polymers

The diffusive properties of copper, nickel, titanium and chromium have been studied in three polyimides and a fluoropolymer using both sputter-deposited surface film and shallow ion-implant sources. No measurable diffusion was found for either chromium or titanium, but diffusion constants and their thermal activation energies are presented for copper and nickel in each polymer. All the copper and nickel systems exhibit the clustering effects previously reported, and both atomic and cluster diffusion data are cited where possible. The metallic diffusion profiles from the surface films typically display three components: an initial subsurface distribution (which is actually due to the penetration of the surface by low energy ions during sputter-deposition), a shallow cluster distribution which contains the bulk of the diffusing material, and a deeper dilute atomic distribution. >
Prediction of new materials and properties of solids

The total-energy pseudopotential method is described, and some applications are presented with emphasis on the predictive nature of the approach. For several applications, silicon is used as a prototype material, and the successful predictions related to structure and superconductivity at high pressure are discussed.
Sympathetic response during cardiopulmonary bypass: mild versus moderate hypothermia.

Objective To determine the sympathetic response during cardiopulmonary bypass at mild (34[degree sign]C) and moderate (28[degree sign]C) hypothermia. Design A randomized study. Setting Tertiary university hospital. Patients Adults undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Plasma norepinephrine, eplnephrine, and neuropeptide Y concentrations were measured. Moderate, but not mild, hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass evoked a significant sympathetic response with increases in plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y concentrations. A significantly higher incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was also observed in the moderate hypothermic compared with the mild hypothermic group. Conclusions Our results indicate that the degree of hypothermia significantly influences the sympathetic response during cardiopulmonary bypass. The higher incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in the moderate hypothermic group suggests that the enhanced sympathetic response might be one contributing factor in the development of atrial fibrillation. (Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1990-1993)
A note on the surface waves produced by Hertzian impact

Abstract The surface waves produced by Hertzian impact were calculated by considering the variation of the normal stress and the area of contact with respect to time. The predicted pulse shapes at four different distances from the centre of the contact area were found to be in reasonable agreement with those determined experimentally.