cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of automated knowledge-based Classification of Nursing Care Categories

An important aspect of a health care delivery system is nursing. The use of technology is a vital aspect for delivering an optimum and complete nursing care to individuals; and also for improving the quality and delivery mechanism of nursing care. The model proposed for Nursing Knowledge Management System is a novel knowledge-based decision support system for nurses to capture and manage nursing practice, and further, to monitor nursing care quality, as well as to test aspects of an electronic health record for recording and reporting nursing practice. As part of ongoing collaborative research of the nursing school and the department of computer science, a prototype toolset was developed to capture and manage nursing practice in order to improve the quality of care. This paper focuses on implementing a web based SOA based solution for Automated Classification for Nursing Care Categories, based on the knowledge gained from the prototype for nursing care practice.
The Thorny Road From Primary to Secondary Source: The Cult of Mumbo and the 1914 Sack of Kisii

For almost two decades, the cult of Mumbo or Mumboism has attracted the attention of historians and other social scientists interested in the colonial history of western Kenya. This has led to its recognition as an important protest response to colonial rule among the Gusii and Luo from the period just prior to World War I through the 1930s. Its importance has been magnified by ascribing to it responsibility for the looting of Kisii town, the administrative headquarters of what was then South Kavirondo district in southwestern Kenya. The Gusii people living near Kisii did indeed loot the town in September 1914 in the aftermath of the withdrawal of the British administration and a battle between an invading German force from German East Africa to the south and British troops, but the responsibility of the cult of Mumbo is at very best problematical. An examination of contemporary documentary and published primary sources shows that the cult of Mumbo or its teachings had nothing whatever to do with the looting and destruction of Kisii town, and offers a cautionary note on the use and abuse of colonial sources in Kenya history. Such a cautionary note is particularly highlighted by two recently published secondary works: Bill Freund's The Making of Contemporary Africa and E.S. Atieno-Odhiambo's chapter in volume VII of the UNESCO sponsored General History of Africa . In constructing their broad accounts, neither author had the opportunity to make extensive use of primary source material.
Editor’s Note on Part III

The second group of essays focuses on US-Indian encounters and interactions in the spaces created by forces of globalization — call centres, advertising, employment of Indian women in ‘American’ mu...
Urban design in Portland, Oregon, as policy and process: 1960–1989

Portland, Oregon in the 1980s has received high marks for its achievements in urban design. The incorporation of design into the urban planning process has followed three stages roughly coinciding with the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During the 1960s, design issues were raised piecemeal in response to specific projects and problems. During the 1970s, design goals were incorporated into general planning policies. In the 1980s, design considerations have become an accepted part of the regulatory planning system. These stages reflect the interaction of local political trends with changing national values and planning practices. The routinization of urban design follows the Weberian model of rationalization characteristic of modern institutions and demonstrates the positive role of planning bureaucracies in the shaping of contemporary cities.
Effects of cannabinoids on the activities of mouse brain lipases

Cannabinoids were found to augment phospholipase activities and modify lipid levels of mouse brain synaptosomes, myelin and mitochondria. Delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ1-THC) and several of its metabolites induced a dose-dependent (0.32–16 μM) stimulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity resulting in the increased release of free arachidonic acid from exogenous [1-14C]phosphatidylcholine (PC). The potencies of the cannabinoids in modulating PLA2 activity were approximately of the order: 7-OH-Δ1-THC > Δ1-THC > 7-oxo-Δ1-THC > Δ1-THC-7oic acid = 6α OH-Δ1-THC ≫ 6β-OH-Δ1-THC. The hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) by synaptosomal phospholipase C (PLC) was enhanced significantly by Δ1-THC and promoted diacylglyceride levels by greater than 100 percent compared to control values. In contrast, arachidonate was the major product resulting from phospholipase activities of a 20,000g pellet. Synaptosomal diacylglyceride lipase activity was inhibited by Δ1-THC. [1-14C]Arachidonic acid was readily incorporated into subcellular membrane phospholipids and after exposure to cannabinoids led to diminished phosphoglyceride levels and concomitant increases in released neutral lipid products. These data suggest that cannabinoids control phospholipid turnover and metabolism in mouse brain preparations by the activation of phospholipases and, through this mechanism, may exert some of their effects.
LIFE LISTS AND THE EDUCATION OF A GEOGRAPHER

(1991). LIFE LISTS AND THE EDUCATION OF A GEOGRAPHER. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 520-525.
A hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) link domain N-glycan is required for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in response to the uptake of hyaluronan but not heparin, dermatan sulfate, or acetylated low density lipoprotein (LDL).

The human hyaluronan (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE; the 190-kDa C terminus of Stab2) is a major clearance receptor for multiple circulating ligands including HA, heparin (Hep), acetylated LDL (AcLDL), dermatan sulfate (DS), apoptotic debris, and chondroitin sulfate types A, C, D, and E. We previously found that HARE contains an N-glycan in the HA binding Link domain (at Asn2280), and cells expressing membrane-bound HARE(N2280A) bind and endocytose HA normally (Harris, E. N., Parry, S., Sutton-Smith, M., Pandey, M. S., Panico, M., Morris, H. R., Haslam, S. M., Dell, A., and Weigel, P. H. (2010) Glycobiology 20, 991–1001). Also, NF-κB-mediated signaling is activated by HARE-mediated endocytosis of HA, Hep, AcLDL, or DS but not by chondroitin sulfates (Pandey, M. S., and Weigel, P. H. (2014) J. Biol. Chem. 289, 1756–1767). Here we investigated the role of Link N-glycans in ligand uptake and NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling. HA·HARE-mediated ERK1/2 activation was HA size- dependent, as found for NF-κB activation. HARE(N2280A) cells internalized HA, Hep, AcLDL, and DS normally. No ERK1/2 activation occurred during HA endocytosis by HARE(N2280A) cells, but activation did occur with Hep. Dual-luciferase recorder assays showed that NF-κB-mediated gene expression occurred normally in HARE(N2280A) cells endocytosing Hep, AcLDL, or DS but did not occur with HA. Activation of NF-κB by endogenous degradation of IκB-α was observed for HARE(N2280A) cells endocytosing Hep, AcLDL, or DS but not HA. We conclude that a Link domain complex N-glycan is required specifically for HARE·HA-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB-mediated gene expression and that this initial activation mechanism is different from and independent of the initial mechanisms for HARE-mediated signaling in response to Hep, AcLDL, or DS uptake.
tau decay puzzle.

Directly measured {tau} decay branching ratios {ital B}({tau}{r arrow}{ital e}{nu}{bar {nu}}), {ital B}({tau}{r arrow}{mu}{nu}{bar {nu}}), {ital B}({tau}{r arrow}{nu}{sub {tau}}{pi}/{ital K}), and {ital B}({tau}{r arrow}{nu}{sub {tau}}{pi}{sup {minus}}{pi}{sup 0}) are compared with standard-model predictions parametrized in terms of the {tau} mass and lifetime. For current averages, {ital m}{sub {tau}}=1784.1{sub {minus}3.6}{sup +2.7} MeV and {tau}{sub {tau}}=3.04{plus minus}0.07{times}10{sup {minus}13} s, the experimental branching ratios are found to be systematically, smaller than theory, thereby suggesting that significant reductions in the {tau} lifetime or mass (perhaps both) are likely. If {tau}{sub {tau}} and {ital m}{sub {tau}} correct, a heavy fourth-generation neutrino with {ital m}{sub {nu}4}{approx gt}45.3 GeV and mixing sin{sup 2}{theta}{sub 34}{congruent}0.06 could be the source of the discrepancy.
Exposed subcutaneous vein graft in the calf: coverage by conversion to a deep anatomic position.

Infection or exposure of an arterial bypass graft can be one of the more difficult complications' of arterial reconstruetive surgery. With the recent popularity of the in situ technique for lower extremity bypass this places the graft in a very superficial position. Any breakdown in the skin or overlying tissue readily results in the exposure of the .arterialized saphenous vein. The goal of treatment of an exposed bypass graft· is to provi4e coverage preferably with well-vascularized muscle. Exposure of a subcutaneous vein graft in the calf presents a difficult management problem. The following case report describes a patient with an exposed in situ vein graft and its management by converting it from a superficial to a deep anatomic position.
Variability of silica surfaces as reaction media

Comparaison des proprietes des surfaces de 9 silices en tant que milieux reactionnels (adsorbants, catalyseurs, etc.)
Nuclear factor-κB is a critical mediator of stress-impaired neurogenesis and depressive behavior

Proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, have been implicated in the cellular and behavioral effects of stress and in mood disorders, although the downstream signaling pathways underlying these effects have not been determined. In the present study, we demonstrate a critical role for NF-κB signaling in the actions of IL-1β and stress. Stress inhibition of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, which has been implicated in the prodepressive effects of stress, is blocked by administration of an inhibitor of NF-κB. Further analysis reveals that stress activates NF-κB signaling and decreases proliferation of neural stem-like cells but not early neural progenitor cells in the adult hippocampus. We also find that depressive-like behaviors caused by exposure to chronic stress are mediated by NF-κB signaling. Together, these data identify NF-κB signaling as a critical mediator of the antineurogenic and behavioral actions of stress and suggest previously undescribed therapeutical targets for depression.
Femtosecond laser ablation of aluminum in vacuum and air at high laser intensity

Abstract In this study, the ablation of aluminum by a near-infrared femtosecond laser pulse (800 nm, 100 fs) at different intensity is investigated by a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The ablation rates are compared between the cases in vacuum and in air over a wide range of laser power density. It has been reported before that at low ( 1014 W/cm2) in vacuum, which shows good agreement with the experimental data. This phenomenon is attributed to the change of dominant absorption mechanism from collisional to collisionless absorption. For the case in air, the ablation depth increases slowly with the laser intensity in the high intensity regime, and is much smaller than that in vacuum. It is revealed that this is due to the strong early plasma-laser interaction in air.
Transposon-based mutagenesis identifies short RIP1 as an activator of NFκB

We used a vector based on the Sleeping Beauty transposon to search for constitutive activators of NF-κB in cultured cells. Dominant mutations were produced by random insertion of a tetracycline-regulated promoter, which provided robust and exceptionally well-regulatedexpression of downstream genes. The ability to regulate the mutant phenotype was used to attribute the latter to the insertional event. In one such mutant, the promoter was inserted in the middle of the gene encoding receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1). The protein encoded by the hybrid transcript lacks the putative kinase domain of RIP1, but potently stimulates NF-κB, AP-1 and Ets-1 activity. Similarly to TNFα treatment, expression of the short RIP1 was toxic to cells that failed to up-regulate NF-κB. The effects of short RIP1 did not require endogenous RIP1 or cytokine treatment and coincided with reduced responsiveness to TNFα. Additional evidenceindicates that a similar short RIP1 could be produced naturally from the ripk1 locus....
Mechanism of ion-assisted etching of silicon by fluorine atoms

The mechanism for the anomalous increase in etch rate when an ion beam is coincident on a semiconductor surface with an etchant species, such as fluorine, is explored with the use soft X-ray photoemission. A Si(111) surface was exposed to a sufficient amount of XeF 2 to reach the steady state reaction regime, and photoemission spectra of the reaction layer remaining on the surface were collected. The surface was then treated to incremental doses of 500 eV argon ions, and photoemission spectra were collected after each dose. The results showed that the ion beam tended to drive a disproportionation reaction in which SiF 3 species were converted into SiF 2 plus SiF 4 . The SiF 4 molecules then desorbed from the surface as the major reaction product. Since it is this conversion of SiF 3 into products that is the rate limiting step in the reaction, the ion beam thus effects a kind of chemical sputtering, in which sufficient energy is added by the ion beam to induce a chemical reaction to occur.
Mechanisms driving recruitment variability in fish: comparisons between the Laurentian Great Lakes and marine systems

In his seminal work, Hjort (in Fluctuations in the great fisheries of Northern Europe. Conseil Parmanent International Pour L’ExplorationDe LaMar. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux, 20: 1–228, 1914) observed that fish population levels fluctuatedwidely, year-class strengthwas set early in life, and egg production by adults could not alone explain variability in year-class strength. These observations laid the foundation for hypotheses onmechanisms driving recruitment variability inmarine systems.More recently, researchers have sought to explain year-class strength of important fish in the Laurentian Great Lakes and some of the hypotheses developed for marine fisheries have been transferred to Great Lakes fish. We conducted a literature review to determine the applicability ofmarine recruitment hypotheses toGreat Lakes fish.We found that temperature, interspecific interactions, and spawner effects (abundance, age, and condition of adults) were the most important factors in explaining recruitment variability in Great Lakes fish, whereas relatively fewer studies identified bottom-up trophodynamic factors or hydrodynamic factors as important. Next, we compared recruitment between Great Lakes and Baltic Sea fish populations and found no statistical difference in factors driving recruitment between the two systems, indicating that recruitment hypotheses may often be transferable between Great Lakes and marine systems. Many recruitment hypotheses developed for marine fish have yet to be applied to Great Lakes fish. We suggest that future research on recruitment in the Great Lakes should focus on forecasting the effects of climate change and invasive species. Further, because the Great Lakes are smaller and more enclosed thanmarine systems, and have abundant fishery-independent data, they are excellent candidates for future hypothesis testing on recruitment in fish.
Social Representations and the Labeling of Non-Compliant Youths: The Case of Victorian and Edwardian Hooligans

In this study my goal is to identify the causes that explain certain labels' capacity to endure and to keep their discriminatory effectiveness over long periods of time, and even provoke moral panics. I will argue that although the labeling approach to deviance has been successful in showing the constructed nature of labels it has not been equally successful in explaining the reasons for the durability of some of its products. In my view this shortcoming can be overcome by the introduction of relevant historical content informing the everyday processes through which labels come into being and bring to bear influence in society. In this sense, the theory of social representations offers an important reference. The central argument I will be expounding in this article is twofold. First, a deviant label can be understood as a constituting symbolic theme, interacting with a wider constellation of themes concerning a social representation. Second, the resilience of a label will depend on the extent it stands i...
Sports and clean living: A useful myth?

The effects of athletics upon participants' concern for physical health and community norms were investigated through a correlational analysis of sports participation and use of mood-altering drugs among high school seniors. Five hypotheses were tested: (1) the greater the number of sports participated in, the lower the rate of illegal substance use; (2) the greater the number of sports participated in, the lower the rate of alcohol use; (3) the greater the number of sports participated in, the lower the rate of cigarette use; (4) participation in out-of-school sports is associated with a greater diminishment of illegal substance use, alcohol use, and cigarette use than is participation in university sports or intramural sports; (5) the greater the number of sports participated in, the fewer the number of problems resulting from substance use. Only hypothesis 4 regarding diminished use of cigarettes was upheld but the correlations for hypothesis 4 are small, accounting for less than 3% of the variance. It is concluded that participation in all types of sports has very little effect on the use of mood-altering drugs. Athletics as a social institution, however, can continue to symbolize goodness, fun and fair play irrespective of the private behavior of the participants.
Drugs in the postgenomic era

Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 113: Pharmacogenomicsedited by W. Kalow et al.Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, 2001. (403pages)ISBN 0 8247 0544 0With the recent publication of the human genome sequence, there has been a sudden increase in publicly available resources for pharmacogenomics research. Although human variation in drug response has been described for over 50 years, the concept of individualized therapy and the field of pharmacogenomics are relatively new. Consequently, the recent addition of Pharmacogenomics to the Drugs and Pharmaceutical Sciences series provides a valuable reference point in a burgeoning field.The book contains 19 chapters and an experienced author list, with an equal mix of background and applied information. Early chapters cover the genetic polymorphisms important for receptors, transporters and metabolizing enzymes, as well as an informative history of the subject and the influence of ethnicity on drug response. Later chapters provide an overview of some of the data collection and analysis methods currently available.Overall, the background chapters are well presented and interesting, although the chapter on transporters lacks any substantial information on the recently described genetic variations in transporter genes. These variants are described briefly in other chapters. Other chapters manage to give a comprehensive overview of the available literature. For example, clear examples of interethnic variation in drug metabolizing enzymes are highlighted, giving readers an indication as to why pharmacogenomics is such an important field.Most of the chapters are current enough to be useful, including an overview of the genomic databases and related resources. Although it is impossible in such a rapidly growing field to be completely up-to-date, information on the multiple polymorphism databases now available would have been a valuable addition. Also, it seems unnecessary to provide individual chapters devoted to techniques such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), when more commonly employed techniques such as Real-Time PCR and microarrays are relegated to short paragraphs. In addition, more emphasis is placed on specialized genotyping techniques, such as mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF.This is not a book of ready-to-use protocols and is not designed to be a lab manual. What it will achieve is to give newcomers to the field a solid historical context and reference source, with pointers on how to make the best use of the techniques available. Overall, in such a rapidly expanding field, a comprehensive overview like this will make a valuable addition to both molecular biology and medical libraries.
A comparison of cold and acid activation of big renin and of inactive renin in normal plasma.

Normal human plasma contains “inactive renin,” whose ability to generate angiotensin I increases after exposure to pH 3.3. Big renin is a partially inactive enzyme of larger molecular weight, which is also activated at pH 3.3, and is found in plasma of patients with nephropathy, in plasma of pregnant women, and in amniotic fluid, but not in normal plasma. We have compared the effects of acid exposure and storage at 4 and −4 C on normal plasma and plasma containing big renin. The concentration of inactive renin in normal plasma was approximately equal to that of normal active renin, and its activity increased slowly on prolonged standing at −4 but not 4 C. In contrast, the activity of big renin increased by 50% as early as 1–3 days at 4 C and increased even more quickly at −4 C. Acid treatment of plasma containing big renin caused 4–10 times greater increase in active renin than similar treatment of normal plasma. During gel filtration, both cold-activated and previously acidified big renin coeluted with u...
Rat ovarian mast cells: Distribution and cyclic changes

Numerous tissue mast cells are present in the ovarian medulla and hilus and in the oviduct of rats. In the medulla, most of these mast cells are in the connective tissue of the stroma near blood and lymphatic vessels. During proestrus, many of the medullary mast cells totally degranulate and thus are not visible histochemically; they then regranulate during estrus. In contrast, the number of stainable mast cells in the ovarian hilus and oviduct does not change during the estrous cycle. Histofluorometric methods demonstrate that mast cells in the ovarian medulla and hilus, as well as the oviduct, contain histamine. In addition, the lining of small blood vessels in the ovarian medulla contains histamine. Thus, mast cell and blood vessel histamine secretion may play a role in ovarian function.
Effective plasma potentials for atomic processes in plasmas

The plasma environmental effects on atomic reaction rates are formulated in terms of effective plasma potentials (EPP), which depend explicitly on the plasma densities and temperatures. The plasma effects include both the collisional transitions and field distortions of atomic states by plasma electrons and ions, and predominantly affect the high Rydberg states of excited atoms in plasmas. The EPP are obtained by averaging the atom-plasma interactions over the plasma density and velocity distribution, and designed to treat both the field distortion and collisional transition effects in a coherent and nonperturbative way. Different averaging procedures are adopted for plasma electrons and for plasma ions, depending on their characteristic relaxation times relative to the atomic processes. It departs significantly from the conventional pressure broadening theory, and also from the rate equations treatment. Evaluation of the plasma-potential corrected rates for the direct and resonant collision processes is discussed, and an analogy of the plasma effects to noisy laser-atom interactions is pointed out.
Detection of cone alpha transducin mRNA in human fetal cochlea : negative mutation analysis in Usher syndrome

Cone alpha transducin (GNAT2), known to be expressed in photoreceptors, was found to be transcribed in human fetal cochlea. Due to the unexpected finding of expression of this gene in the inner ear and the success of the candidate gene approach in identifying mutations for a variety of heritable disorders, we investigated the possible role of this gene in Usher syndrome type I and type II. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was used to screen the GNAT2 coding region, as well as splice donor and acceptor sites, for mutations in a total of 140 unrelated patients. Two nucleotide changes leading to two silent amino acid changes and one rare polymorphism were found. In view of these results and those of a previously published Southern blot analysis, it is unlikely that mutations in GNAT2 are a common gene abnormality in Usher syndrome type I or type II.
Micromechanical Model of a Collagen Based Tendon Surrogate: Development and Validation

In tendons and ligaments, collagen is organized hierarchically into nanoscale fibrils, microscale fibers and mesoscale fascicles. Force transfer across scales is complex and poorly understood, and macroscale strains are not representative of the microscale strains [1]. Since innervation, the vasculature, damage mechanisms and mechanotransduction occur at the microscale, understanding such multiscale interactions is of high importance. In this study, a physical model was used in combination with a computational model to isolate and study the mechanisms of force transfer between scales. The objectives of this study were to develop a collagen based tendon surrogate for use as a physical model and subject it to tensile loading, and to create and validate a 3D micromechanical finite element (FE) model of the surrogate.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Acculturation Predicts 7-Day Smoking Cessation Among Treatment-Seeking African-Americans in a Group Intervention

African-Americans suffer disproportionately from tobacco-associated morbidity and mortality. Considering the relationship between cultural variables and cessation may be important for reducing disparities. This study aimed to examine acculturation as a predictor of smoking cessation following a standard group intervention. Treatment-seeking smokers (N = 140) participated in a group intervention for cessation plus transdermal nicotine patch therapy and completed the African American Acculturation Scale—Revised at baseline. The primary outcome was self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence at the end-of-counseling and 3 and 6 months postintervention. Adjusted logistic regression analyses found that acculturation predicted end-of-counseling and 3-month 7-day point prevalence abstinence; traditional African-Americans (i.e., less acculturated) were less likely to quit smoking. Cultural superstitions, religious beliefs and practices, and interracial attitudes were predictive of smoking cessation. Acculturation was associated with cessation following a group-based intervention. Culturally specific adaptations to established interventions might improve outcomes for traditional smokers.
Privacy preserving electronic surveillance

Can protocols make privacy concerns no longer clash with security imperatives, by satisfying both? The former seems to preclude the widespread collection and sharing of data about individuals and their activities, whereas the latter (especially national security and law enforcement) seems to require it. This paper gives a step in the direction of satisfying both, by giving protocols that make the data-sharing about individuals and their actions conditional on these individuals being already on a list of known suspects, deadbeats, criminals, etc. More formally, if we call U the set of all identities, S the subset of U for which monitoring is authorized, Alice the monitoring agency (that alone knows S), Bob any of the data-collection entities, p e U the identity whose activity Bob has just observed, then the outcome of the protocol is that Alice learns the activity of p if and only if p e S, and Bob does not learn anything about the membership of p in S.
Advances in quality of life research among head and neck cancer patients.

Head and neck cancer often has a marked impact on multiple spheres of functioning. A rapidly expanding literature has examined the functional and psychosocial sequelae that patients experience over the trajectory of the disease. This review considers some of the salient developments in quality-of-life (QOL) research over the past decade. Selected findings are summarized regarding assessment of QOL in head and neck cancer, acute and long-term sequelae, clinical and psychosocial determinants, and intervention programs. Some of the advances and limitations of the database are examined, and recommendations are offered for further work in this area
A rare bone–leptomeningeal metastasis from an adrenal cortical carcinoma

We report a rare bone-leptomeningeal metastasis from an adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC). ACC is a rare malignancy and represents one of the most unusual sources of intracranial metastases (0-0.2%); the localization to the skull bone and meninges is uncommon. A 45-year-old man underwent surgery for a non-functioning ACC; 4 months later he developed a soft left frontal mass. The CT scans and MRI showed a large tumor with bone and leptomeningeal involvement. Despite chemotherapy, the lesion increased in volume, which led to local pain and right hemiparesis. Thus, the patient underwent excision of the mass; histopathological diagnosis confirmed that it was an ACC metastasis. The patient underwent standard radiation therapy after surgery. At post-operative follow-up, the patient was in a good neurological condition with no radiological evidence of a cranial recurrence; however, there was a voluminous abdominal regrowth of the primary tumor. To our knowledge, this is the second case of bone and leptomeningeal metastasis arising from an ACC. This patient report confirms the effectiveness of aggressive surgery for management of large intracranial metastases, particularly those that arise from primary tumors that are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In our opinion, surgery represents the most appropriate treatment for voluminous intracranial metastasis - even when there are no neurological signs.
Justice at the millennium, a decade later: a meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives.

Although a flurry of meta-analyses summarized the justice literature at the turn of the millennium, interest in the topic has surged in the decade since. In particular, the past decade has witnessed the rise of social exchange theory as the dominant lens for examining reactions to justice, and the emergence of affect as a complementary lens for understanding such reactions. The purpose of this meta-analytic review was to test direct, mediating, and moderating hypotheses that were inspired by those 2 perspectives, to gauge their adequacy as theoretical guides for justice research. Drawing on a review of 493 independent samples, our findings revealed a number of insights that were not included in prior meta-analyses. With respect to social exchange theory, our results revealed that the significant relationships between justice and both task performance and citizenship behavior were mediated by indicators of social exchange quality (trust, organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, and leader‐member exchange), though such mediation was not apparent for counterproductive behavior. The strength of those relationships did not vary according to whether the focus of the justice matched the target of the performance behavior, contrary to popular assumptions in the literature, or according to whether justice was referenced to a specific event or a more general entity. With respect to affect, our results showed that justice‐performance relationships were mediated by positive and negative affect, with the relevant affect dimension varying across justice and performance variables. Our discussion of these findings focuses on the merit in integrating the social exchange and affect lenses in future research.
Nanoparticle tracers in calcium carbonate porous media

Tracers are perhaps the most direct way of diagnosing subsurface fluid flow pathways for ground water decontamination and for natural gas and oil production. Nanoparticle tracers could be particularly effective because they do not diffuse away from the fractures or channels where flow occurs and thus take much less time to travel between two points. In combination with a chemical tracer they can measure the degree of flow concentration. A prerequisite for tracer applications is that the particles are not retained in the porous media as the result of aggregation or sticking to mineral surfaces. By screening eight nanoparticles (3–100 nm in diameter) for retention when passed through calcium carbonate packed laboratory columns in artificial oil field brine solutions of variable ionic strength we show that the nanoparticles with the least retention are 3 nm in diameter, nearly uncharged, and decorated with highly hydrophilic polymeric ligands. The details of these column experiments and the tri-modal distribution of zeta potential of the calcite sand particles in the brine used in our tests suggests that parts of the calcite surface have positive zeta potential and the retention of negatively charged nanoparticles occurs at these sites. Only neutral nanoparticles are immune to at least some retention.
Role of interleukin 12 in hypercholesterolemia-induced inflammation.

We have previously shown that T lymphocytes and interferon-γ are involved in hypercholesterolemia-induced leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium. This study assessed the contribution of interle...
Quiescent hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide degassing from Mount Baker, Washington

Volcanic H2S emission rate data are scant despite their importance in understanding magma degassing. We present results from direct airborne plume measurements of H2S and CO2 on a 21-orbit survey at eleven different altitudes around Mount Baker volcano in September 2000 utilizing instrumentation mounted in a light aircraft. Measured emission rates of H2S and CO2 were 5.5 td−1 and 187 td−1 respectively. Maximum concentrations of H2S and CO2 encountered within the 4-km-wide plume were 75 ppb and 2 ppm respectively. Utilizing the H2S signal as a marker for the plume allows the corresponding CO2 signal to be more easily and accurately distinguished from ambient CO2 background. This technique is sensitive enough for monitoring weakly degassing volcanoes in a pre-eruptive condition when scrubbing by hydrothermal fluid or aquifers might mask the presence of more acid magmatic gases such as SO2.
Target mass effects in deep-inelastic scattering on the deuteron

Abstract We calculate the effects of the target mass on deep-inelastic electron scattering on targets of spin one such as the deuteron, focusing on the novel structure functions that enter. It is important to understand these effects given the recent Hermes measurements of the b 1 ( x , Q 2 ) structure function of the deuteron. We also derive the spin-one analogues of the Wandzura–Wilczek relations and discuss possible calculations in lattice QCD.
Genetic loci contributing to age-related hippocampal lesions in mice.

Abstract C57BL/6J mice develop genetically determined age-related hippocampal granular deposits that have some similarities to lesions seen in the brains of human patients with τ protein related neurodegenerative disorders (“tauopathies”). We sought to identify the genetic loci responsible for these in an F2 intercross of inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Hippocampal lesions were shown to be PAS positive, H and E negative, and immunoreactive for τ protein and α synuclein, but not to Aβ 1-40 or Aβ 1-42, or for ubiquitin. These were quantitated by histomorphometry, and QTL analysis revealed a locus on chromosome 7 with a lod score of 6.5 as well as two suggestive loci on chromosome 10. The genomic data indicate that the genetic basis is complex, but with one locus playing a major role in lesion formation. These lesions may represent a useful model for investigating dysregulation of τ protein in the hippocampus.
Function and Ultrastructure of the Neuromuscular Junction in Post‐Polio Syndrome

We performed a detailed morphological and electrophysiological analysis of the neuromuscular junction in muscle biopsies from 10 patients with post-polio syndrome (PPS). This was done to clarify the basis for the apparent neuromuscular transmission impairment in PPS. In six patients, intracellular microelectrode recordings demonstrated either reduction of amplitudes of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) or decreased quantal content or both. In one patient, reduction of quantal content was only present with prolonged or high-frequency nerve stimulation. In three patients no significant abnormalities were found by the intracellular microelectrode studies. Histologically, atrophy of individual muscle fibers were present in 6 out of the 10 biopsies, but grouped atrophy was not seen. Fiber type grouping suggesting reinnervation was seen in 8 out of the 10 muscle biopsies. Fragmentation and dispersion of the end plate was present in three patients. In two of these patients dispersion of the end plate was associated with an apparent increase of the quantal content. Electron microscopy revealed either normal neuromuscular junctions or small axon termini apposed to normal postsynaptic folds. In summary, variable degrees and different types of failure of neuromuscular transmission were seen in association with histological signs of reinnervation in the muscle biopsies of affected patients. Functional and structural abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction, although very common, were not invariably present and, therefore, they do not appear to be a necessary condition to define the post-poliomyelitic syndrome.
Exploring racial differences in the obesity gender gap

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether the gender gap in obesity prevalence is greater among U.S. blacks than whites in a study designed to account for racial differences in socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Methods We estimated age-adjusted, race-stratified gender gaps in obesity (% female obese − % male obese, defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 ) in the National Health Interview Survey 2003 and the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities—Southwest Baltimore 2003 study (EHDIC-SWB). EHDIC-SWB is a population-based survey of 1381 adults living in two urban, low-income, racially integrated census tracts with no race difference in income. Results In the National Health Interview Survey, the obesity gender gap was larger in blacks than whites as follows: 7.7 percentage points (ppts; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4–11.9) in blacks versus −1.5 ppts (95% CI: −2.8 to −0.2) in whites. In EHDIC-SWB, the gender gap was similarly large for blacks and whites as follows: 15.3 ppts (95% CI: 8.6–22.0) in blacks versus 14.0 ppts (95% CI: 7.1–20.9) in whites. Conclusions In a racially integrated, low-income urban community, gender gaps in obesity prevalence were similar for blacks and whites.
Effects of Controlled Ambient Aeration on Rice Quality During On-Farm Storage

ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza sativa L., ‘Cypress’) quality is highly dependent on its handling; hence, new storage treatments must be analyzed for their impact on rice quality. Rough rice from the 2000 season was harvested, dried, and stored in six farm-scale bins. Three of the bins were aerated with a thermostatically activated controller, and three were aerated under traditional methods. Rice was sampled periodically over 12 weeks, and quality parameters were analyzed. The effects of bin sample position (spatial), bin sample depth, aeration treatment, and storage duration were investigated for their impact on rice quality factors: moisture content, head rice yield, pasting properties, and water absorption. For both aeration treatments at most sampling durations, rice sampled from the center of the bins had significantly lower head rice yield than that sampled from the north and south areas. Overall, moisture contents were not significantly affected by sampling position, although, in some specific sampling time ...
Ocular Surface Sealants and Adhesives

Tissue adhesives, both synthetic and biologic, have a long history of use in ophthalmology. Cyanoacrylate-based glues have traditionally been the most widely used glues for various purposes. They have been specially useful for treating corneal perforations and have had significantly improved long-term outcomes. More recently, fibrin-based glues have gained a major role as a suture substitute for attaching biologic tissues and as surface sealants. The literature supports expanded use of fibrin glue in this fashion. Other new agents, such as polyethyelene glycols, have been underutilized and hold promise, especially as surface protectants. Numerous other glues are being developed and show promise as ocular surface sealants and protective membranes. Advances in knowledge about tissue adhesives are leading to more effective and efficient ophthalmic care.
Agglomeration effects and performance: a test of the Texas lodging industry

While competition decreases rents for firms, the presence of competitors may create benefits. Competitors that agglomerate, that are physically proximate, may create externalities—production efficiencies or heightened demand that increases rents. When such externalities exist, then who gains from and who contributes to them? We examine how other competitors' traits affect performance in Texas's lodging industry. In rural markets, we find that chain hotels and larger hotels contribute to positive externalities. While expecting those hotels similar to the establishments creating these externalities to gain, we find the opposite. Independent hotels and smaller hotels gain the most. Interestingly, some establishments are harmed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of half-reentrant SRF cavities for heavy ion linacs.

The Spallation Neutron Source (Oak Ridge), the proposed 8 GeV Proton Driver (Fermilab), and the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator use multi-cell elliptical SRF cavities to provide much of the accelerating voltage. This makes the elliptical cavity segment the most expensive part of the linac. A new type of accelerating structure called a half-reentrant elliptical cavity can potentially improve upon existing elliptical designs by reducing the cryogenic load by as much as 40% for the same accelerating gradient. Alternatively, with the same peak surface magnetic field as traditional elliptical cavities, it is anticipated that half-reentrant designs could operate at up to 25% higher accelerating gradient. With a half-reentrant shape, liquids can drain easily during chemical etching and high pressure rinsing, which allows standard multi-cell processing techniques to be used. In this paper, electromagnetic designs are presented for three half-reentrant cell shapes suitable for an ion or proton linac (beta = 0.47, 0.61 and 0.81, frequency = 805 MHz or 1.3 GHz). The mechanical designs for single-cell prototypes have also been completed.
Olmec Origins and Transpacific Diffusion: Reply to Meggers

Discussion de la these de Betty J. Meggers (AA 77: 1-27, 1975) selon laquelle la civilisation Olmeque serait due a l'apport, vers 1200 av. J.-C., a travers le Pacifique, de la civilisation Chang. L'A. estime cette these comme tres fragile.
Complement activation fragment C5a receptors, CD88 and C5L2, are associated with neurofibrillary pathology

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative dementia characterized by the decline of cognition and the presence of neuropathological changes including neuronal loss, neurofibrillary pathology and extracellular senile plaques. A neuroinflammatory process is also triggered and complement activation has been hypothesized to have a relevant role in this local inflammatory response. C5a, a proinflammatory anaphylatoxin generated after complement activation, exerts its chemotactic and inflammatory functions through the CD88 receptor while the more recently discovered C5L2 receptor has been postulated to have an anti-inflammatory role. Previously, we reported that a CD88 specific antagonist (PMX205) decreased the pathology and improved cognition in transgenic models of AD suggesting that C5a/C5aR interaction has an important role in the progression of the disease. Methods: The present study characterizes the expression of the two receptors for C5a in human brain with confirmed post mortem diagnosis of vascular dementia (VD) or AD as well as age matched controls by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis using several antibodies against different epitopes of the human receptors. Results: The CD88 and C5L2 antibodies revealed increased expression of both receptors in AD samples as compared to age-matched controls or VD brain tissue by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, using multiple antibodies and distinct cohorts of brain tissue. Immunostaining showed that both the C5L2 and CD88 antibodies similarly labeled abundant neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads and dystrophic neurites associated with plaques in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of AD cases. In contrast, little or no neuronal staining, tangles or dystrophic neurites associated with plaques were observed in control or VD brains. CD88 and C5L2 receptors are associated with both early (AT8) and mature (PHF1) neurofibrillary tangles and can be found either independently or colocalized with each other. Conclusions: The observed association of CD88 and C5L2 with neurofibrillary pathology suggests a common altered pathway of degradation.
MICE: a prototype MPI implementation in Converse environment

The paper describes MICE, a prototype implementation of MPI on the Converse interoperable parallel programming environment. It is based on MPICH, a public-domain implementation of MPI and uses the Abstract Device Interface (ADI) which has been retargeted on top of Converse. MICE makes use of message-managers and allows use of thread-objects to let MPI modules co-exist with other types of computations and communication (such as a library computation in Charm++ or asynchronous computations in multipol) within a single application. It also makes it possible to interoperate PVM (in a restricted form) and MPI modules. Thread-objects make it possible to build multi-threaded MPI programs. This MPI implementation demonstrates that it is possible to provide interoperability without any significant performance degradation.
Biological monitoring and tropical biodiversity in marine environments: a critique with recommendations, and comments on the use of amphipods as bioindicators

Preoccupations with regulatory and legal liability issues in marine environmental monitoring have led to programmes based on reductionist models that use nonbiological parameters which are indirect measures of biotic condition. The ability to assess the effectiveness of current monitoring programmes to protect the marine environment at regional and national scales does not currently exist. Current monitoring programmes rarely serve the function for which they were intended: an accurate and sensitive source of information from which conditions and trends can be defined and recognized, and management decisions made. In addition, the natural variability of systems is problematic and must be documented in order to distinguish natural from anthropogenic changes in environmental conditions. Owing to their ecological importance, numerical abundance, and sensitivity to a variety of toxicants and pollutants, amphipod crustaceans have long been known as sensitive environmental indicators. However, application and u...