cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrainment of oscillatory neural activity in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus

Oscillatory neural activity in the frequency range 7---12 Hz is observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the lightly anesthetized cat. This paper describes a series of experiments in which the interactions between ongoing oscillatory potentials and periodic photic and electrical stimuli are analyzed using frequency domain techniques. The principal results of these experiments are consistent with a model of the neural system as an entrainable oscillator in which ongoing oscillations are suppressed by stimulation at nearby frequencies, but coexist with stimulus frequencies farther away. The physiological interpretation of these results may be closely tied to the role of the LGN as a "gating" mechanism between retina and cortex.
Implementation of ISO 9000 or Ford’s Q1 Award: effects on organizational knowledge and application of TQM principles and quality tools

Compares three different groups of employees, within Ford Australia, to determine the extent to which TQM principles and quality tools are applied. By means of a survey instrument and a two‐tailed t‐test for independent samples, concludes that, while ISO 9000 is not a prescription for TQM, implementation increased the application of TQM principles and quality tools. A significantly greater increase was achieved by implementing Ford’s Q1 Award process resulting in the recommendation to implement Q1 in all Ford’s non‐manufacturing divisions.
Experimental Robustness Study of Positive Position Feedback Control for Active Vibration Suppression

Abstract : POSITIVE position feedback (PPF) control was introduced by Goh and Caughey in 1985 to control vibrations of large exible space structures. A PPF controller has several distinguished advantagesas compared to then widely used velocity feedbackcontrol laws. It is insensitive to spillover, where contributions from unmodeled modes affect the control of the modes of interest. As a second-order low-pass lter, a PPF controller rolls off quickly at high frequencies and is well suited to controlling the lower modes of a structure with well separated modes. Because of these advantages, PPF controller along with smart materials, in particular PZT (lead zirconatetitanate) type of piezoelectricmaterial, has been applied to many exible systems to achieve active damping. The design of a PPF controller requires the natural frequency of a structure. In practice, the structuralnatural frequencymay not be known exactlyor itmay varywith time.When the frequencyused in thePPF controller is different from that of the structure, the performance of the PPF control will adversely affected. Despite that PPF control is widely researched in literature, robustness study of PPF control when natural frequency is inexactly known is not reported. This motivates the authors to conduct experimental study of robustness of PPF control in active vibration suppression of a smart exible structure.
The Epidemiology of Drug Use during Pregnancy

It is posited that drug-taking behaviors related to pregnancy are socially conditioned patterns and are subject to reeducation. Drug-taking behaviors of pregnant women are reviewed. It is uniformly found that multiple drug agents are consumed by the average pregnant woman during the gestation period. The unique vulnerability of the fetus and the teratogenic potential of numerous drugs are discussed. Recommendations are offered for the judicious use of drugs during pregnancy.
Monte carlo modeling method for light transport in organic thin film light-emitting devices

Optical design of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) has been the focus of recent interest.
Quality Care Indicators and Staffing Levels in a Nursing Facility Subacute Unit

Objective To determine whether admissions to a subacute unit in a university-affiliated nursing facility received equivalent care on weekdays as opposed to on weekends with regard to certified nursing assistant (CNA) and licensed nurse staffing levels. Design/Setting A 6-month prospective analytical study conducted from January to July 2000. All subacute unit residents admitted to this unit were monitored for the presence of specific outcome measures that were correlated to CNA and licensed nurse staffing levels during the day shift. The setting was a 14-bed subacute unit within a 150-bed skilled nursing facility in Atlanta, GA. Primary Outcome Measures The quality care indicators used were measured by objective data obtained prospectively from the chart and medication administration record. The parameters monitored included medication errors, falls, presence of required daily nursing note and documentation of meals eaten. Each resident served as his or her own control for analyses conducted between Tuesdays and Thursdays (weekdays) as opposed to Saturdays and Sundays (weekends). Median staffing ratios compared the number of CNAs and licensed nurses on duty between weekdays with the number who were on duty on weekends during each resident's stay. Results From January until July 2000, a total of 31 residents (25 women, 6 men) were admitted to the subacute unit. Among these residents, the total of weekday and weekend 24-hour reviews was equal to 1,044 resident care days during this 6-month study. The age range of these residents was 65 to 104 years, with a mean age of 82.0 years. Median nurse staffing levels were lower on weekend than on weekday day shifts (3 vs. 4;P Conclusions There was a significant decrease in staffing levels for both nurses and CNAs during the day shift on weekends. Increased omission of required daily nursing notes, of meal documentation and increased falls appears to be associated with lower levels of weekend staffing. There were no significant differences in medication errors during this study. Whether the lapses in documentation actually resulted in a lower level of delivered care cannot be determined at this time.
Nonlinear control of an artificially stimulated muscle-skeleton-load system

A nonlinear strategy for control of joint angle is proposed for a system consisting of an artificially stimulated muscle, controlling a joint, attached to a known load. This strategy is based on a nonlinear model of the muscle dynamics. The controller is obtained by inversion of this model. Preliminary experimental results show the feasibility of this control strategy. >
Projection Microfabrication of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

This article presents a micromanufacturing method for direct projection printing of threedimensional scaffolds for applications in the field of tissue engineering by using a digital micromirror-array device (DMD) in a layer-by-layer process. Multilayered scaffolds are microfabricated using curable materials through an ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization process. The prepatterned UV light is projected onto the photocurable polymer solution by creating the “photomask” design with a graphic software. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate is mixed with a small amount of dye 0.3 wt % to enhance the fabrication resolution of the scaffold. The DMD fabrication system is equipped with a purging mechanism to prevent the accumulation of oligomer, which could interfere with the feature resolution of previously polymerized layers. The surfaces of the predesigned multilayered scaffold are covalently conjugated with fibronectin for efficient cellular attachment. Our results show that murine marrow-derived progenitor cells successfully attached to fibronectin-modified scaffolds. DOI: 10.1115/1.2823079
Prepulsing of laser-produced plasmas for more efficient pumping of extreme-ultraviolet lasers

We have used a low-energy prepulse to enhance the soft-x-ray emission of laser-produced plasmas in a parameter range that has been used to pump photoionization lasers. We have prepulsed a laser-produced-plasma-pumped Xe iii 109-nm laser, which was pumped with an 80-ps 1064-nm pulse, and we observed a greater than tenfold increase in output.
The Scholar and the Policy-Maker

EVER since Plato advocated his ideal of a philosopher-king, the intellectual has sought to guide the destinies of state. Sometimes he has been openly explicit in articulating advice, as with Machiavelli. More often, however, the intellectual has abjured so crass a role. Instead, he has sought to influence through private persuasion or has rendered counsel indirectly through scholarly essays. Only in China did the dichotomy between scholar and statesman disappear some two thousand years ago with emergence of a political system that monopolized bureaucratic control in the hands of the literati, that infinitesimally small proportion of the population that could master the classical adages which comprised the examinations for entrance into government. Elsewhere the sword proved to be mightier than the pen, at least in determining affairs of state. In the United States, hostility toward and suspicion of intellectuals remained relatively steadfast through almost two hundred years of the republic, Professor Woodrow Wilson's election to the White House notwithstanding. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's academic advisers or "brain trust," pejoratively so called, were customarily caricatured in cartoons of the day as cross-eyed crackpots with professor's robes askew. Then, in i96i, President John F. Kennedy's inauguration opened up a "New Frontier" in government for a flow of distinguished scholars recruited from campuses and research centers across the country. Intellectuals proliferated throughout the Department of Defense, the Department of State, the National Security Council staff in the White House, and embassies abroad. Others played an inside role from the outside as private consultants or in close association with the Rand Corporation and similar institutions in the Washington and Boston area. Contracts for conferences and special studies burgeoned, spawning a new generation of advisers fresh from graduate school to counsel such luminaries as Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and Ambassador Maxwell Taylor. This phenomenon reached its apex in the American political system with the appointment of an esteemed Harvard scholar, McGeorge
Notes on Papuasian Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae): B. Jebbiana sp. nov. and B. josephstaalensis from the Muller Limestone of Southern New Guinea

Abstract. Barringtonia jebbiana is described from the Conservation International expedition to the previously unexplored Muller Range. The new tree is distinguished by its leptocaulous architecture, 1–2(-4)-flowered inflorescence, absence of staminodes, and a unique ecology. Distributional and taxonomic notes are also provided for the recently-described B. josephstaalensis, still poorly understood despite its unusual qualities.
Tuning zinc oxide/organic energy level alignment using mixed triethoxysilane monolayers

Interfacial energy level alignment influences several critical organic optoelectronic device characteristics including charge transfer barriers, turn-on voltage, and open circuit voltage (Voc). Introduction of dipolar molecular monolayers on metal oxide surfaces has allowed improvements in device performance as well as fundamental studies of energy level alignment in these devices. We demonstrate that dipolar mixed monolayers can be covalently bonded to zinc oxide (ZnO) through the triethoxysilane chemical attachment scheme, and that these monolayers tune the work function of the ZnO surface over 0.6 eV. We then employ mixed monolayer-treated ZnO surfaces as the electron-selective contact in inverted bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices to determine the correlation between the Voc and the work function of the contact. We find the relationship of −0.14 V eV−1 between the Voc and contact work function is consistent with current results and theories of contact influence on Voc.
Quantitative Association Between the in vitro Human Tumor Stem Cell Assay and Clinical Response to Cancer Chemotherapy

Objective methods have been developed to quantitate results of the in vitro human tumor stem cell assay, the degree of the association between the in vitro assay and clinical response as well as the likelihood of response. Methods considered to quantitate in vitro assay data included first-order kinetics of percent survival with drug concentration, minimal percent of tumor colony-forming unit survival at low drug concentrations, and area under the in vitro percent survival-drug concentration curve. Based upon experimental data, the percent tumor colony survival and the area under the curve (i.e., in vitro sensitivity indices) were concluded to better account than other methods for the commonly observed nonlinear shape of the in vitro curves. The two methods also yielded equivalent quantitative descriptions of the in vitro data. A logistic regression model was used for explicit quantitation of the relationship between the in vitro sensitivity index and predicted probability of clinical response. Very high association was observed between the predicted in vivo and actual clinical response for the cytotoxic drugs considered. Incorporation of other pharmacologic and patient prognostic factors into the quantitative methods is discussed and shown to improve their effectiveness.
The Thrifty Food Plan Is Not Thrifty When Labor Cost Is Considered

Recent research has shown that the typical Supplemental Food Assistance Program (SNAP) family falls short in meeting the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) nutritional guidelines that underlie the SNAP even when they typically have sufficient monetary resources to eat a healthful diet (i.e. to follow the TFP recommendations). However, the TFP does not consider labor cost. This study uses a basic labor economics technique to value labor in a home food production scenario that is required to reach the TFP nutrition and budget targets and calculates the total cost (inclusive of labor) associated with the TFP. This TFP consistent total cost is then compared, using several metrics, with the total cost associated with actual choices made by those families sharing the same profiles as current SNAP participants. Once labor is included, we find the TFP is not very thrifty and the mean household falls short of the TFP guidelines even with adequate monetary resources.
Mechanisms to reduce dehydration stress in larvae of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica.

The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is exposed to frequent periods of dehydration during its prolonged larval development in the cold and dry Antarctic environment. In this study, we determined the water requirements of the larvae and the mechanisms it exploits to reduce the stress of drying. Larvae lost water at an exceptionally high rate (410%/h) and tolerated losing a high portion (470%) of their water content. Larvae were unable to absorb water from subsaturated water vapor (p0.98 av) to replenish their water stores, thus this midge relies exclusively on the intake of liquid water to increase its pool of body water and maintain water balance. To reduce dehydration stress, the midge employed a variety of mechanisms. Behaviorally, the larvae suppressed water loss by clustering. In response to slow dehydration, glycerol concentration increased 2-fold and trehalose concentration increased 3-fold, responses that are known to decrease the rate of water loss and increase dehydration tolerance. No changes in the mass of cuticular lipids occurred in response to desiccation, but the observed shift to longer hydrocarbons likely contributes to reduced water loss as the larvae dehydrate. As the larvae dehydrated, their oxygen consumption rate dropped, resulting in a reduction of water loss by respiration. Lastly, one bout of slow dehydration also enhanced the larva’s ability to survive subsequent dehydration, suggesting that the larvae have the capacity for drought acclimation. Thus, these hydrophilic midge larvae prevent dehydration by multiple mechanisms that collectively reduce the water loss rate and increase dehydration tolerance. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fitting and Analyzing LES Using Multiple Trivariate Gaussians

AbstractAssumed-PDF methods for the parameterization of subgrid-scale processes in atmospheric models provide many benefits. Many currently used assumed-PDF schemes reconcile the high number of required PDF parameters with the relative paucity of input moments by employing simplifying assumptions that are difficult to test. This paper explores the possibility of constructing a trivariate double-Gaussian PDF from the first three orders of moments without simplifying assumptions and proves that no unique solution exists. In an effort to provide a path for future improvement of current assumed-PDF schemes, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian mixture models is used with LES output of shallow cumulus, stratocumulus, and deep convection cases to determine “best fit” PDFs using from one through four Gaussian clusters. The EM PDFs are evaluated using PDF-diagnosed higher-order moments, PDF-diagnosed cloud statistics, and the Akaike information criterion. It was found that two Gaussian cluster...
Morphology of uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The morphological character of uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films was investigated as a function of draw ratio. Dynamic mechanical, infrared, and crystallite-size measurements were made on the samples. In addition, selective degradation experiments and molecular weight determinations were employed. The dynamic mechanical measurements indicated a sharp decrease in irregular folds for draw ratios of 3.0 and higher, which also coincided with the essentially complete disappearence of regular folds (from the 988 cm−1 band in the infrared spectra) in unannealed samples. Infrared studies of drawn samples annealed under different conditions gave evidence in support of a structure in which the chains are stretched out. Apparent crystallite-size measurements showed a sudden increase in length of the crystals in the direction of the draw beyond a draw ratio of 3.0. Molecular weight measurements showed a large increase in average chain length in the residue after selective degradation of amorphous material and folds; undrawn and slightly drawn samples gave a much lower Mn. Based on these observations, it is postulated that for higher draw ratios and present drawing conditions, the crystals are of the straight chain type, somewhat similar to the fringed-micelle crystal concept.
On the onset of contact in early-type binaries

A previously published model of a detached binary evolving into deep contact, under the assumption that both components fill the same equipotential surface, is tested for self-consistency. Hydrodynamic equations describing the flow between components at their interface indicate an enormous discrepancy in the magnitude and direction of the flow in the evolutionary calculation. This behavior strongly supports the view that binaries reaching contact in this way undergo a cyclic thermal instability as in many models of W Ursae Majoris systems, rather than overflowing an outer Lagrangian point.
Mass Media Use, Issue Knowledge and Political Involvement

RECENT studies report an increase in mass political sophistication, as indicated by attitudinal consistency and issue voting, not only among the well educated, but among the less educated and disinterested as well (e.g., Nie et al., 1976; Niemi and Weisberg, 1976).1 This finding, together with the observation that the influence of traditional political socialization agents has eroded (Jennings and Niemi, 1975), point to the mass media as important influences on voters as sources of information and as guides for affective and behavioral orientations. The hypothesized central role of the mass media in political socialization2 has spawned a number of recent studies reevaluating the effects of mass media use on the electorate (e.g., Chaffee, 1977; Kraus and Davis, 1976). Typically, recursive models are used, predicting that the direction of causality is from mass media use to political socialization. This report examines the relationships between mass media use and interpersonal discussion, and between issue knowledge and campaign
Intracellular mRNA Regulation with Self-Assembled Locked Nucleic Acid Polymer Nanoparticles

We present an untemplated, single-component antisense oligonucleotide delivery system capable of regulating mRNA abundance in live human cells. While most approaches to nucleic acid delivery rely on secondary carriers and complex multicomponent charge-neutralizing formulations, we demonstrate efficient delivery using a simple locked nucleic acid (LNA)-polymer conjugate that assembles into spherical micellar nanoparticles displaying a dense shell of nucleic acid at the surface. Cellular uptake of soft LNA nanoparticles occurs rapidly within minutes as evidenced by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Importantly, these LNA nanoparticles knockdown survivin mRNA, an established target for cancer therapy, in a sequence-specific fashion as analyzed by RT-PCR.
An experimental study of liquid-phase turbulent diffusion: Part I. Fluid mechanical data

Results from an investigation of the fully developed turbulent wake of a circular cylinder are presented. The study was conducted in the liquid phase, in the controlled flow field of a water tunnel. A technique was developed for measuring the intensity of turbulence in water. The decay of turbulence intensity downstream from a series of fine-mesh wire screens was measured and compared with aerodynamic decay laws. Profiles of the turbulence intensity in the cylinder wake were also obtained. This paper is Part I of a study of liquid phase turbulent mass transfer in the wake of a cylinder. The mass transfer results are reported in Part II.
Long range electromagnetic effects involving neutral systems and effective field theory

We analyze the electromagnetic scattering of massive particles with and without spin wherein one particle (or both) is electrically neutral. Using the techniques of effective field theory, we isolate the leading long distance effects, both classical and quantum mechanical. For spinless systems results are identical to those obtained earlier via more elaborate dispersive methods. However, we also find new results if either or both particles carry spin.
On Committee Decision Making: A Game Theoretical Approach

In this paper, we study the committee decision making process using game theory. By a committee, we mean any group of people who have to pick one option from a given set of alternatives. A well defined voting rule is specified by which the committee arrives at a decision. Each member has a preference relation on the set of all alternatives. A new solution concept called the one-core is introduced and studied. Intuitively, the one-core consists of all maximal for the proposer proposals which are undominated assuming that the player who makes the proposal does not cooperate in any effort to dominate the proposal. For games with non-emtpy cores, the one-core proposals are shown to be better than the core. For games with empty cores, the one-core proposals tend to be pessimistic, i.e., they indicate the security level of the players. This is because the stability requirements of the one-core are too strong for such games. A bargaining set modeled along the lines of the Aumann-Maschler bargaining set for characteristic function games is defined for committee games. Because of its relaxed stability requirements, the bargaining set indicates more reasonable proposals than the one-core. The existence of both the one-core and the bargaining set are studied and these concepts are compared with two other well known solution concepts-the core and the Condorcet solution.
Some comments on the mechanical response of elastomers undergoing scission and healing at elevated temperatures

When the temperature of an elastomer exceeds a critical value, there can be scission and recrosslinking of molecular chains and the formation of new molecular networks. These events are time and temperature dependent. When this happens in a deforming elastomer, there can be permanent set and modified mechanical properties. A constitutive theory has recently been proposed that accounts for these continuous changes in microstructure. Several analytical results are presented in this paper for materials that are described by this theory. First, several motions and associated temperature distributions are presented that are possible in every material described by the constitutive theory, independent of material properties. Second, when the temperature of an elastomer increases beyond the critical value and then decreases below it, scission and re-crosslinking stops and the resulting material exhibits modified elastic response. The constitutive equation for the modified elastic response is developed from the un...
The stability and breakdown of empire: European informal empire in China, the Ottoman Empire and Egypt:

Most theories of empire and international hierarchy have implicitly or explicitly posited disparities of power between the core and the periphery as a sufficient condition for the stability of imperial arrangements. While power is a necessary condition, it is not sufficient. Peripheral actors can resist despite power disparities, and such resistance can destabilize imperial institutions. Given this fact, the preferences and beliefs that motivate peripheral actors to seek either accommodation or to resist are of central importance for explaining empire and hierarchy. These preferences can be explained by analyzingthe complementarities between the imperial order and domestic political institutions in the periphery. This will be demonstrated through comparison of European informal empire in China, the Ottoman Empire and Egypt.
Connecting Two Worlds: Physical Models and Graph Models of Wireless Network Topologies

The way the network topology is modeled in a wireless network, primarily in ad hoc and sensor networks, has a fundamental influence on protocol design and efficiency. The frequently used graph models are simpler, and more amenable to analysis and protocol development. On the other hand, physical models represent the actual radio environment much more faithfully, albeit at the price of being far less supportive to network protocol development. We consider the potential future trend of resolving this conflict, via the integration of the two approaches. We present some results and challenges in exploring the connections between the two apparently very different classes of models.
Building Performance-Based Accountability With Limited Empirical Evidence: Performance Measurement for Public Health Preparedness

Efforts to respond to performance-based accountability mandates for public health emergency preparedness have been hindered by a weak evidence base linking preparedness activities with response outcomes. We describe an approach to measure development that was successfully implemented in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Emergency Preparedness Cooperative Agreement. The approach leverages insights from process mapping and experts to guide measure selection, and provides mechanisms for reducing performance-irrelevant variation in measurement data. Also, issues are identified that need to be addressed to advance the science of measurement in public health emergency preparedness.
Toward Finding an Optimal P2P Network Structure: A Stochastic Facility Location Allocation Approach

A stochastic model based on the Capacitated Facility Location Allocation problem is developed to find the optimal Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network structure. Given the locations of the peers and their demand distributions in a grid space, the model finds the optimal points in the space to place the main servers (brokers) that facilitate the communication between the peers by offering them indexing and searching services for all the files in the space. Although the place of each peer is fixed, they may not be online all the time. Therefore, the demand distribution for each agent is specified probabilistically and the corresponding model is solved stochastically.
A Repertoire of MicroRNAs Regulates Cancer Cell Starvation by Targeting Phospholipase D in a Feedback Loop That Operates Maximally in Cancer Cells

We report a negative feedback loop between the signaling protein phospholipase D (PLD), phosphatidic acid (PA), and a specific set of microRNAs (miRNAs) during nutrient starvation of breast cancer cells. We show that PLD expression is increased in four breast cancer cell lines and that hypoxia, cell overcrowding, and nutrient starvation for 3 to 6 h increase expression even further. However, after prolonged (>12-h) starvation, PLD levels return to basal or lower levels. The mechanism for this is as follows. First, during initial starvation, an elevated PA (the product of PLD enzymatic activity) activates mTOR and S6K, known to inhibit apoptosis, and enhances cell migration especially in post-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (post-EMT) cancer cells. Second, continued PA production in later starvation induces expression of PLD-targeting microRNA 203 (miR-203), miR-887, miR-3619-5p, and miR-182, which reduce PLD translation. We provide direct evidence for a feedback loop, whereby PLD induction upon starvation leads to PA, which induces expression of miRNAs, which in turn inhibits PLD2 translation. The physiological relevance for breast cancer cells is that as PA can activate cell invasion, then, due to the negative feedback, it can deprive mTOR and S6K of their natural activator. It can further prevent inhibition of apoptosis and allow cells to survive nutrient deprivation, which normal cells cannot do.
Colloidal Silica/Poly(Methacrylsiloxane) Nanocomposite Particles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Toners.

We report on a new class of materials for laser printer toner applications. These materials were prepared from methacrysilane-in-water emulsions stabilized with colloidal silica particles. In this elegant system, the colloidal silica particles reside at the water/oil interface helping to emulsify the oil droplet, self-organizing into a raspberry-like morphology. The emulsion formation is followed by free-radical polymerization, hydrophobic treatment, and drying steps. This one pot synthesis in water affords a hydrophobic material with a particle size in the range of 80 to 300 nm. The particle size could be fine-tuned by changing the oil-to-silica mass ratio or by using colloidal silica particles of different sizes. Results of material characterization by solid-state NMR, electron microscopy, and particle size measurements methods will be presented. Examples of possible extensions of the synthesis towards materials with methacrylsilane partially substituted with other methacrylates will be provided. Application of the new material in toners will be described as will the comparison of its performance with the incumbent material - hydrophobic colloidal silica.
How mobile devices are changing pharmacy practice

The first mobile devices to enter the market were the personal digital assistants (PDAs) of the late 1990s and early 2000s, and they ushered in the era of handheld computers. PDAs combined popular features of electronic tools (e.g., calculator) and computer apps applications (e.g., e-mail, calendar
Xanthene Dye Induced Toxicity in the Adult Face Fly, Musca autumnalis

Adult face flies exhibit a graded response to the toxicological effects of substituted xanthene dyes and visible light. Relative efficiencies decreased in the order: rose bengal>erythrosin B>phloxin B>eosin yellowish>tetrachlorofluorescein>fluorescein. Face flies are also susceptible to a light-independent toxic reaction caused by rose bengal. The efficiency of this reaction is similar to that observed in house flies and much higher than that observed in imported fire ants and boll weevils.
CLINICAL AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF EXERCISE CAPACITY FOLLOWING MITRAL VALVE SURGERY FOR MITRAL REGURGITATION

Mitral valve (MV) surgery for mitral regurgitation (MR) is the established treatment of primary MR. However, the persistent volume overload state with chronic regurgitation may lead to atrial and ventricular remodeling and secondary pulmonary hypertension. We sought to evaluate the association
Performance Evaluation of Anti-epidemic Efforts during 2 Weeks after Lushan Earthquake

Objective To assess the public health impacts and needs,to evaluate performance of anti-epidemic efforts after Lushan earthquake,so as to provide references for the following anti-epidemic work.Methods The day of earthquake occurrence was defined as the first day after earthquake.We collected information and data from the Sichuan Provincial Government,the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China,the Health Department of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention,and then we compared the situations of disaster,public health situation in stricken area,emergency response,resource deployment,etc.with those after Wenchuan earthquake in 2008,in order to evaluate the performance of anti-epidemic response during 2 weeks,clarify current situations and demands,and offer a proposal for the following work.Results Emergency response was conducted immediately after the Lushan earthquake.The counterpart assistance was considered at the beginning of team arrangement.The number and professional structure of rescue participants were planned according to needs.Three days after earthquake,anti-epidemic staff arrived at every involved county,town,and even village,which achieved full rescue coverage of locations and interventions.The staff helped reconstruct disease surveillance system,protect source of drinking water and environmental hygiene,etc.,which resulted in progressive achievement.Two weeks after the earthquake there were no outbreak and public health emergency event occurred in stricken area.Conclusion The anti-epidemic efforts after Lushan earthquake inherit and develop the lessons from Wenchuan earthquake in 2008.Emergency response is timely,orderly,scientific,and moderate.The deployment of policies,technologies and resources has already been completed during two weeks.Anti-epidemic efforts achieve preliminary results.We suggest that key issues of further work should be the implementation of policies,strategies and measures,such as health management at relocation sites,water and food hygiene,disease monitoring,prevention and control,mass vaccination,scientific disinfection,and health education,in order to improve long-efficacy mechanism and stabilize work performance.
Long-term epidemiological effect of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome vaccine in a large scale population

Objective To analyze and evaluate the long-term epidemiological effect of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) vaccine in a large scale population in Jinan County,Shandong Province,from 1995 to 2005.Methods The experimental epidemiological method was used to establish two groups(the vaccination group and the control group) and contrast the experimental epidemiological indexes,such as incidence density,protective rate and index of effectiveness between the two groups;The cumulative incidence density was calculated and the morbidity level and the protective effect of the HFRS vaccine were compared between the two groups at different vaccination times.Results The incidence density of the vaccination group was significantly lower than that of the control group(χ2=79.921 0,P0.05),the total protective rate was 92.61%(95% CI:87.09～98.13)and the effectiveness index was 13.54(95% CI: 6.41～28.57).Based on the vaccination time,the protective rate in the 1st to 11th year was respectively 100.00%, 95.56%,92.18%,92.09%,91.45%,92.05%,92.47%,92.52%,92.56%,92.59%,and 92.61%. Conclusion Using HFRS vaccine to prevent HFRS in a large scale population is effective,and it is unnecessary to considerboosting within at least 11 years after the primary three-doses immunization in a large scale population.
Postpartum Exercise and Lactation

Many women who are breastfeeding also want to participate in exercise, but have concerns about the safety of their newborn. The following chapter reviews issues related to postpartum exercise and lactation. The goals of the chapter are to help clinicians understand the benefits of exercise, examine the impact of postpartum exercise on breastfeeding, and provide practical recommendations for exercise during the postpartum period in women who are breastfeeding.
The diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta by angiocardiography: Report of a case

Abstract A case of dissecting aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is presented. A definitive diagnosis was made by angiocardiography and was later confirmed at operation.
NO EVIDENCE OF INFECTION OR EXPOSURE TO HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZAS IN PERIDOMESTIC WILDLIFE ON AN AFFECTED POULTRY FACILITY

Abstract We evaluated the potential transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wildlife species in three settings in association with an outbreak at a poultry facility: 1) small birds and small mammals on a poultry facility that was affected with highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) in April 2015; 2) small birds and small mammals on a nearby poultry facility that was unaffected by HPAIV; and 3) small birds, small mammals, and waterfowl in a nearby natural area. We live-captured small birds and small mammals and collected samples from hunter-harvested waterfowl to test for active viral shedding and evidence of exposure (serum antibody) to AIV and the H5N2 HPAIV that affected the poultry facility. We detected no evidence of shedding or specific antibody to AIV in small mammals and small birds 5 mo after depopulation of the poultry. We detected viral shedding and exposure to AIV in waterfowl and estimated approximately 15% viral shedding and 60% antibody prevalence. In waterfowl, we did not detect shedding or...
Stroop-Like Interference in a Match-to-Sample Task: Further Evidence for Semantic Competition?

Abstract Two explanations have emerged to account for the interference of word reading on color naming observed in the canonical Stroop task. Semantic competition suggests that interference results from competing semantic processes associated with the word and color dimensions of the stimulus. Response competition suggests that interference results from competition in articulating the word versus the color dimension. Recently, Sturz et al. (2013) attempted to reproduce a Stroop-like phenomenon within the context of a delayed match-to-sample (DMTS) task. Importantly, this task format provided an opportunity to isolate semantic versus response competition, through the manipulation of the congruence of the bi-dimensional samples’ font color and word meaning and the relatedness of the foil to the irrelevant sample dimension. Findings indicated that incongruent samples produced Stroop-like interference, regardless of whether the foil was related with the irrelevant sample dimension or not, which was interpreted as support for semantic competition within the DMTS task. The present experiments further examine Stroop-like interference in the MTS task by manipulating the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). In Experiment 1, we presented the Stroop sample and response options sequentially, but without a retention interval, and in Experiment 2, we presented the sample and response options simultaneously. The results indicated increased reaction times on incongruent trials, independent of whether or not the foil was related to the irrelevant sample dimension. An asymmetrical Stroop-like pattern of interference, where the sample word interfered with color matching but not the reverse, was only observed in Experiment 2. Collectively, these results suggest that empirical and theoretical findings obtained in the traditional Stroop task may generalize to the DMTS task.
Bleeding Problems in Extremely Low Birth Weight Neonates: Quick (and Wintrobe) Thinking Needed

Bleeding complications occur all too commonly among extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates. Although sometimes the bleeding is minimal and transient, some hemorrhages are life-altering or life-ending events. Compared with term neonates, ELBW neonates typically have lower platelet counts, reduced platelet function (when measured with in vitro testing), and prolonged coagulation times. These laboratory findings have led to attempts to “correct” the “immature” hemostatic systems of ELBW neonates by prophylactically transfusing adult donor platelets and/or adult plasma to nonbleeding neonates in the hope of reducing their bleeding risk. Although well-meaning and consistent with laboratory normal values, this approach has been ineffectual. In this review, we seek to teach basic philosophies used by 2 pioneers of hematology, Drs Quick and Wintrobe. We apply their principles to the population of ELBW infants. We also review practical steps that neonatologists can take to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic problems, particularly intracranial hemorrhages, that occur in ELBW neonates.
Topochemical Aspects of Iron Ore Reduction

The gaseous reduction of dense iron ore is a topochemical process in which reduction takes place at distinct interfaces between solid phases or layers. Under normal conditions, these interfaces remain parallel to the exterior surface of the ore body as they move inward. Certain conditions, such as cracking, high porosity, impurities, entrapped residual oxides, may cause departures from normal topochemical behavior.
Phonological, visual and temporal processing in adults with and without reading disability

The primary goal of this study was to comparethree theoretical accounts of readingdisability (RD) by simultaneously studyingphonological, visual, and temporal processingskills. Adults with and without RD werecompared on measures of phonological processingwith the Auditory Analysis Test (AAT) and theWoodcock Reading Mastery Test (WRMT-R) WordAttack subtest. Visual processing was assessedwith the Useful Field of View test (UFOV®)and the Frequency Doubling Technology Perimeter(FDT). The Repetition Test was used toevaluate temporal processing skills. Adultswith RD evidenced poorer phonological andtemporal processing skills than did adultswithout RD, but no significant differencesbetween the groups were found in visualprocessing. Future research is needed toclarify the relations among phonological,visual, and temporal skills and the roles theyplay in RD. The trajectory and co-existence ofdeficits throughout development, as well as howspecifically such impairments affect reading,warrant further investigation.
The Attributable Burden of Clostridium difficile Infection to Long-Term Care Facilities Stay: A Clinical Study

Background Advanced age, history of hospitalization, and antibiotic consumption are associated with the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) represent a setting where CDI has been increasingly reported. We aimed to estimate the actual attributable burden of CDI to LTCF stay and determine the characteristics of the disease epidemiology in this setting. Design IRB-approved retrospective cohort study. Setting LTCF and community. Participants One thousand seven hundred and sixty-one patients. Measurements/Results The prevalence of CDI among LTCF residents was 22.4%, whereas the prevalence of CDI among community residents was 6.7% (P < .001). The prevalence of CDI among LTCF residents was significantly higher in both the 18–64 (P < .001) and the ≥65 age groups (P < .010). Measures of hospital exposure and antibiotic consumption between LTCF and community residents prior to CDI diagnosis were non-significant. A strict matching (1:2) between LTCF and community residents adjusting for age, total number of hospital admissions and antibiotic consumption showed that the odds of CDI for an LTCF resident were 6.89 times larger than the odds for a community resident (OR = 6.89, 95%, 4.67–10.17). For an LTCF resident with CDI, the odds of manifesting severe disease were 3.25 times larger than the odds for a community resident with CDI (OR = 3.25, 95%, 1.81–5.86). LTCF residents were more frequently hospitalized (P = .002) required longer hospital stays for their CDI management (P = .03) and had more recurrent CDI cases than community residents (P = .04). Conclusions Our study highlights the increased burden of CDI among LTCF residents independently of age, antibiotic, and hospitalization background. Severe CDI disease and recurrences are more frequent in LTCFs.
Loyal rebels? A test of the normative conflict model of constructive deviance

Summary Constructive deviance is a voluntary behavior that violates organizational rules but is conducted with honorable intentions to benefit the organization or its stakeholders. Despite emerging interest in this behavior, the antecedents of constructive deviance remain unclear, with particular ambiguity concerning the relationship between organizational identity and constructive deviance. In this article, we address this ambiguity with the normative conflict model, which posits that organizational identity drives constructive deviance in the workplace only when people perceive normative conflict with organizational rules. In Studies 1a and 1b, we develop and validate a measure of normative conflict. In Study 2, we conduct a preliminary test of the model with employed students and find that identity is positively related to constructive deviance only when normative conflict is high. In Study 3, we replicate and extend the model to show that the moderating effect of normative conflict is mediated by experienced psychological discomfort and that organizational identity is positively related to constructive deviance among working adults only when discomfort is high. In total, our findings demonstrate the utility of the normative conflict model for explaining when constructive deviance is mostly likely to occur in the workplace.
Off-Campus Residence as a Risk Factor for Heavy Drinking Among College Students.

ABSTRACTBackground: College student alcohol use is a public health problem. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine associations between residence and drinking behaviors among college students. We hypothesized that living off-campus independently or with peers would be associated with riskier drinking than living on-campus, and living with parents would be associated with less risky drinking than living on-campus. Methods: We analyzed data from two separate studies conducted at two four-year universities in the Northeast. Study 1 examined data from 1286 students (57% female) attending a private university. In Study 2, analyses were replicated and extended with 2408 students (67% female) from a public university. We conducted regression analyses that controlled for age, race, gender, and class year to determine the unique association of residence on typical and peak drinking, frequency of heavy drinking, and alcohol-related consequences. Results: In both samples, students living off-campus without...
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometric Analysis

Flow cytometry plays an indispensible role in the diagnosis and subclassification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using a multiparametric approach, flow cytometry immunophenotyping has the advantage of efficiency with high sensitivity. This article reviews the general gating strategy, antibody panels for routine analysis, and additional markers for lineage assignment in the subclassification of AML. Also discussed are diagnostic immunophenotypic features of hard-to-classify entities considered within the differential diagnosis of AML. Finally, briefly presented are the principles underlying the use of flow cytometry for minimal residual disease detection.