cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural Orientation, Family Cohesion, and Family Support in Suicide Ideation and Depression among African American College Students

This study extends previous research by examining the role of communalism, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression in African American college students. Participants were 188 African American introductory psychology students (126 female, 61 male) from a historically black college. (1) Results showed that communalism, family cohesion, and family support were positively associated with each other. Higher levels of family cohesion and family support were associated with lower levels of suicide ideation and depression. Linear regression analyses showed a main effect for communalism and family support. Having strong communal values was positively related to suicide ideation and depression. Having strong family support was associated with fewer experiences of suicide ideation and depression. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that family support explained more variance in suicide ideation and depression than family cohesion. Implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed.
Region-specific Distribution of HIV-1 LTR C/EBP Site II Configurations in Demented and Non-demented Patients

We have previously demonstrated that the C/EBP site II consensus B (conB) variant was highly conserved in brainderived HIV-1 LTRs and that LTRs containing C/EBP site II 4C and 6G variants were only found in brain tissue of patients with HIV-1-associated dementia (HIVD). Therefore, the regional distribution of LTRs containing the conB, 4C, or 6G variant of patients with and without HIVD was examined. A statistically significant difference was found in the regional distribution of LTRs containing the C/EBP site II conB, 4C, or 6G variant in brain regions derived from patients with and without HIVD. LTRs containing a low affinity C/EBP site II 4C were shown to accumulate in the cerebellum, a site of little viral gene expression, and in conjunction with a conB site I exhibited the lowest basal LTR activity of any of the LTRs examined. LTRs containing a high affinity C/EBP site II 6G variant accumulated in the mid-frontal gyrus, a site of highly productive replication which correlates with the C/ EBP site II 6G variant with a conB site I exhibiting the highest basal LTR activity. In conclusion, distinct LTR populations with specific C/EBP site II configurations were found in different regions of the brain.
Artificial Intelligence—The Past Decade

Publisher Summary In this chapter, the developments of the past decade have been evaluated. Computer semantics for natural language analysis has emerged as a significant subfield of activity, and ideas on how syntax and semantics interact in an intimate way have resulted in an interesting language understanding system. Sophisticated and convenient programming languages, such as PLANNER, promise to aid greatly in problems of representation of knowledge and deduction. Central to this development is the insight that knowledge is really vacuous unless it is related to action, and thus knowledge should be represented as procedures. Automatic programming, which is really the development of very high-level programming languages, seems to be opening up as an area with potential for interesting and practical advances. The late 1960's saw the development of the Greenblatt program for chess, doing quite well in the middle game. Several other games have been programmed with varying degrees of success. In the study of learning systems, most useful progress has been made in structural learning, with emphasis on proper training sequences. Heuristic search has been studied mathematically and some interesting theorems have been discovered. Analysis of scenes containing polyhedra has become quite sophisticated over the years. Finally, the relevance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to cognitive psychology is becoming more and more apparent; in fact, as the science of intelligence, AI can be legitimately looked upon as falling squarely within the field of psychology. The material has been organized the in the following sections: Language Processing; Some Aspects of Representation, Inference, and Planning; Automatic Programming; Game Playing Programs; Some Learning Programs; Heuristic Search; Pattern Recognition and Scene Analysis; and Cognitive Psychology and AI.
Determination of Chloral Hydrate in Soft Gelatin Capsules by NMR

An accurate and specific procedure is described by which chloral hydrate is determined. Analysis of six synthetic mixtures showed that this method is accurate to ±1% with a standard deviation of 0.6. The analysis of commercial chloral hydrate capsules provides results that are within 1-2% by the NMR method, whereas the USP XVIII assay yields values that are, on the average, 6% higher than the labeled amount. It is felt that the high results obtained with the official procedure may be ascribed to the non specificity of the acid-base titration.
Efficacy of intra-arterial therapy in the elderly requires further study

We salute Dr Ghobrial and colleagues for their important contribution regarding the endovascular management of elderly ischemic stroke patients.1 Although this topic is relatively new to the literature, it is of critical importance to the field of intra-arterial therapy (IAT), given the increasing use of catheter based stroke therapies2 and the expanding population of elderly Americans who are at the highest risk for ischemic stroke. The authors conducted an extensive, retrospective, single center study using chart review that identified elderly patients (aged >75 years) that underwent IAT between 2006 and 2012. The minimum National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score used in this analysis was 8, and patients were selected using non-contrast between 2006 and 2009, and from 2009 onwards, additional CT angiography and CT perfusion studies were performed. The recanalization rate (TIMI 2–3) was 65%, with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurring in 6%. All cause mortality was 22%, with two deaths from intraoperative vessel rupture. The average discharge modified Rankin Scale …
Peripheral blood T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with lymphoma and acute leukemia.

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 38 patients with malignant lymphoma and 14 subjects with acute lymphatic leukemia were studied for relative distribution of thymus-derived (T-cells) and bone-marrow derived (B-cells). B-cells were identified using direct immunofluorescent enumeration of lymphocytes showing surface Ig, and T-cells were counted using indirect immunofluorescence and rabbit antihuman fetal thymocyte antisera. When absorbed with B-cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia, the latter antisera appeared to show θ-like or T-cell specificity. Patients with lymphoma showed a significant increase (P By contrast acute lymphatic leukemia was characterized by a significant increase in peripheral blood T-cells (P
Fine structure analyses of the Drosophila and Saccharomyces heat shock factor - heat shock element interactions

Heat shock genes are activated by the binding of the heat shock transcription factor (HSF) to heat shock elements (HSEs), consisting of arrays of the 5-bp unit NGAAN arranged as inverted repeats. Here, we have investigated the interaction of the 5-bp unit with HSFs of Drosophila and Saccharomyces. Mutations within the conserved, central trinucleotide GAA reduce the relative binding affinity of both HSFs. In addition, the base at position 1 (N1) also influences binding, with a strong preference for an A at this position. Methylation interference initially indicated that HSF contacts A1 in the minor groove, but interacts with the immediately adjacent base G2 in the major groove. Further characterization of this apparently abrupt minor to major groove transition by substitution of A1 with an inosine, shows that HSF contacts A1 in the major groove. We offer an explanation for this apparent contradiction and propose that HSF recognizes the HSE primarily through contacts within the major groove of the DNA helix. Finally, based on these observations and a re-evaluation of the base frequencies and criteria for consensus sequence assignment, we propose that the sequence AGAAN more accurately represents the consensus HSE motif.
Improved organic thin film transistor performance using chemically-modified gate dielectrics

We report on the use of silicon dioxide gate dielectric chemically-modified with vapor-deposited octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayers for improved organic thin film transistor (OTFT) performance. To date, silicon dioxide gate dielectric chemically-modified with OTS monolayers deposited from solvent solution have demonstrated the highest reported OTFT performance using the small-molecule organic semiconductor pentacene as the active layer. Vapor treatment is an attractive alternative, especially for polymeric substrates that may be degraded by solvent exposure. Using our OTS vapor treatment we have fabricated photolithographically defined pentacene OTFTs on flexible polymeric substrates with field-effect mobility greater than 1.5 cm2/V-s. We find the performance of pentacene as well as several other small-molecule organic active layer materials can be significantly improved using silicon dioxide gate dielectric chemically-modified with vacuum vapor prime OTS. Pentacene, naphthacene, Cu-phthalocyanine, and alpha-sexithienyl OTFTs fabricated on thermally oxidized silicon substrates with photolithographically defined bottom contacts typically show a factor of 2 to 5 improvement in field-effect mobility and reduced subthreshold slope when using silicon dioxide gate dielectric vacuum vapor treated with OTS compared to OTFTs on untreated gate dielectric.
Speech disturbances (cluttering) in mildly impaired males with the Martin-Bell/fragile X syndrome

The language characteristics of fra(X) males (n = 10) with an IQ greater than or equal to 70 were evaluated. Language testing demonstrated relatively stronger receptive vocabulary skills compared to weak auditory memory and processing skills. A characteristic speech and language disturbance, cluttering, was present in 9 of the 10 study patients. Their speech was characterized by a fast and fluctuating rate of speech, and repetitions of sounds, words or phrases. Other aspects of cluttering including attentional problems, hyperactivity, motor delays and reading difficulties are commonly seen in the fra(X) syndrome. Cluttering may be helpful in identifying the fra(X) syndrome in a male who is not retarded.
Computer-assisted stereotactic neurosurgery: Functional design and clinical applications

Tee-dimensional digital imaging ad computer-assisted treatment planning and interactive surgery has revolutionized the field of stereotactic neurosurgery. Many surgical procedures that were not practical before can now b performed safely ad conveniently. O system is used for biopsy and resection of tuors, vascular malformations, cyst aspirations, third ventricu-lostomies, interstitial irradiation as well as functional stereotactic procedures. This paper will describe the current functional design a well as it clinical applications.
Full-band quantum transport simulations of monolayer MoS 2 transistors: Possibility of negative differential resistance

We study the transport properties of deeply scaled monolayer MoS2 n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) using full-band ballistic non-equilibrium Green's function simulations with an atomistic tight-binding Hamiltonian obtained from density functional theory (DFT).
Linking spatial data from different sources: the effects of change of support

A nationwide Environmental Public Health Tracking program is being created to monitor environmental impacts on human health. This, and many other efforts to relate environmental and health outcomes, depend largely on the synthesis of existing data sets; little new data are being generated for this purpose. More often than not, the data available for such synthesis have been collected for different geographic or spatial units, and any set of these units may be different from the one of interest. In this paper, we compare and contrast two approaches that can be used within a Geographic Information System to link spatial data from different sources. The first approach works with centroids of areal units and is commonly used in environmental health analyses. The second approach honors the spatial support (size, shape and orientation) of the data. Using traditional regression models and a spatially-varying coefficient regression model, we show that different linkage methods can lead to different inference. We describe key ideas pertaining to the support of spatial data that are often ignored in many analyses of environmental health data and present a general analytical approach to change-of-support problems.
Tuning current rectification across molecular junctions

We demonstrate the ability to tune the current rectification in metal-molecule-metal junctions through control of the interaction strength of one of the two metal-molecule contacts. Current-voltage characteristics of thiolate bound molecular wires with a nitro or pyridine termination show that the extent of current rectification in a molecular junction correlates well with the extent of coupling between the chemical linker and metal electrode.
Tracing Lineage in Multi-version Scientific Databases

The critical need for better tracing of lineage in scientific databases is well known. It is clear that performance is not an issue for most domain scientists - rather the functionality is more important. In this paper, we highlight the importance of maintaining multiple versions of data and tracing fine-grained lineage in support of these needs. We study alternatives for managing versions, and propose a model for the example application of protein annotations. We present query rewriting algorithms for SPJ and ASP J queries that piggy-back lineage computation with query evaluation. Our models are implemented using PostgreSQL and tested using a large, real dataset from Uniprot. We establish the validity of the approach in enabling relevant queries and study the space and time overheads. While these overheads can be high in some cases, the real gain for scientists is the novel functionality that can allow them to ascertain reliability of derived data, and foster data-driven research. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that can handle these types of queries for lineage tracing.
The limits of peacemaking: India and the Vietnam War, 1962–67

(2002). The limits of peacemaking: India and the Vietnam War, 1962–67. India Review: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 39-72.
Maintenance Mishaps and Mending in Deployments of the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC).

The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) add an element of authentication to the DNS, which is a foundational component of the Internet. However, the maintenance of a DNSSEC deployment is more complex than that of its insecure counterpart. This paper discusses some specific misconfigurations that impact DNSSEC deployments, analyzes their prevalence via an extended survey of production DNS zones implementing DNSSEC, and assesses the maintenance and corrective actions. Our survey indicated that more than one-half of the zones analyzed were affected by misconfigurations. Also, the survey revealed a significant number of repeat occurrences and average correction times of up to two weeks. This paper summarizes the survey findings and suggests approaches for improving the quality of DNSSEC deployments.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF DUAL-CONSTRAINT JOB SHOPS

This paper describes the results of a simulation study to examine the effects of different organizational structures on the performance of a dual-constraint job shop production system. A hypothetical shop in which machines and workers are constraining resources is the setting of the study. The shop consists of divisions comprised of work centers which, in turn, contain machines to which workers are assigned. There are fewer workers than machines. Variations in organizational structure are achieved by different allocations of a fixed number of work centers to the divisions. Each structure is studied for three levels of labor flexibility. Mean flow-time, flow-time variance, and worker transfers between divisions and work centers are used as performance measures.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of zinc bis[(alkyl)(trimethylsilyl)amide] compounds.

A series of 21 secondary (alkyl)(trimethylsilyl)amines HNR(TMS) [R = n-propyl (1), i-propyl (2), n-butyl (3), i-butyl (4), s-butyl (5), tert-butyl (6), c-pentyl (7), n-pentyl (8), i-pentyl (9), 1-m...
Feminist health care in a hostile environment: a case study of the Womancare Health Center.

SUMMARY This article presents a case study of the Womancare Health Center in order to illustrate the development of and challenges to the feminist health movement in the United States. Specific attention is placed on the legislative, fiscal, and direct actions by the New Right against this organization. Analysis focuses on the means through which Womancare survived. The repercussions of constant intimidation and harassment for women's health programs and for health care policy overall are discussed.
dissatisfaction Encodes a Tailless-like Nuclear Receptor Expressed in a Subset of CNS Neurons Controlling Drosophila Sexual Behavior

The dissatisfaction (dsf) gene is necessary for appropriate sexual behavior and sex-specific neural development in both sexes. dsf males are bisexual and mate poorly, while mutant females resist male courtship and fail to lay eggs. Males and females have sex-specific neural abnormalities. We have cloned dsf and rescued both behavioral and neural phenotypes. dsf encodes a nuclear receptor closely related to the vertebrate Tailless proteins and is expressed in both sexes in an extremely limited set of neurons in regions of the brain potentially involved in sexual behavior. Expression of a female transformer cDNA under the control of a dsf enhancer in males leads to dsf-like bisexual behavior.
Comparisons of mixing in chaotic and turbulent flows

Results are presented from an experimental investigation comparing geometric scaling properties created by the mixing of dynamically passive tracers in chaotic flows with those resulting at the small scales of fully developed turbulent flows, The low Reynolds number, two-dimensional, time-periodic, closed flow between eccentric rotating cylinders is taken as the archetypal chaotic flow. The turbulent flow for comparison is the high Reynolds number, three-dimensional, unsteady, open flow in the self-similar far field of a steady axisymmetric jet. For each flow, the concentration field ~(x, t) resulting from the mixing of a conserved scalar quantity is used to measure scaling properties of the support seL on which the corresponding scalar energy dissipation rate field (ReSc)-IV~ • V~(x, t) is concentrated. The distributions of dissipation layer separations obtained for both flows are found to be identical. Contrary to central limit arguments for multiplicative quantities, the ensemble-averaged distributions in both flows have a -3 power law scaling for all but the smallest separations; classical log-normal scaling for multiplicative processes is found only in regions having undergone extensive stretching and folding. A statistical assessment of the fractal scaling properties based on one-dimensional intersections with the dissipation support set demonstrates that the chaotic flow at this stage of development approaches a global fractal dimension only in these same regions. Unlike previous studies of the fractal scaling of scalar isosurfaces in turbulent flows, the results for the turbulent flow presented here show no strong evidence for global fractal scaling in the dissipation support set.
MATRICES SIMILAR ON A ZARISKI-OPEN SET,

Abstract : Theorems due to Wasow and Ostrowski concerning the similarity of matrices whose elements are holomorphic functions are generalized to the case of matrices whose elements lie in an arbitrary commutative integral domain. The chief tool for this generalization is the Zariski topology. The integral domain consisting of certain functions on a topological space is an interesting special case. (Author)
Dual role of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) as a positive regulator of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-induced differentiation and cell cycle arrest of AML cells and as a mediator of vitamin D resistance

Recent clinical trials aimed at improved treatment of AML by administration of vitamin D derivatives showed unremarkable results, suggesting development of vitamin D resistance in patients' AML blasts. Since mechanisms of vitamin D resistance are not clear, we studied 40AF cells, a subline of HL60 cells that can proliferate in the presence of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D). We found that mRNA and protein levels of HPK1, an upstream MAP4 kinase, are dramatically increased in 40AF cells, and HPK1 protein is further increased when the 1,25D resistance of 40AF cells is partially reversed by the addition of carnosic acid and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 (DCS cocktail). Knockdown of HPK1 reduces 1,25D/DCS-induced differentiation of both 1,25D-sensitive HL60 and U937 cells and 1,25D-resistant 40AF cells, but the effect of HPK1 knockdown on differentiation-associated G1 arrest is more apparent in the resistant than the sensitive cells. To explain why 40AF and the intrinsically vitamin D-resistant KG-1a cells can proliferate in the presence of vitamin D, we found that the cleaved HPK1 fragment (HPK1-C) level is high in 40AF and KG-1a cells, but when differentiation is induced by DCS, HPK1-C decreases, while full-length (FL)-HPK1 increases. Accordingly, inhibition of proteolysis with the pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh reduced HPK1 cleavage and enhanced DCS-induced differentiation of 40AF cells. The results indicate that FL-HPK1 is a positive regulator of vitamin D-induced differentiation in AML cells, but the cleaved HPK1 fragment inhibits differentiation. Thus, high HPK1 cleavage activity contributes to vitamin D resistance, and HPK1 has a dual role in AML cell differentiation.
A Mars Spacecraft Photographic System

This paper discusses the engineering and scientific aspects of a spacecraft television system designed to perform preliminary topographic reconnaissance of portions of the surface of Mars. The system consists of a single camera, shutter system with a specially developed slow-scan vidicon. Engineering mechanization is discussed in terms of the mission constraints and desired scientific results. Test and calibration techniques are described and typical system performance capabilities illustrated.
A plea for modesty

From time to time a movement arises that promises to save the world, or at least to make it vastly better. The extraordinary achievements of digital computing make it a locus of such movements today. Yet we should be wary; when movements fail they provoke backlash that rejects the more limited gains that they might have afforded. Today "computational thinking" has a considerable following, and I would like to discuss some problems with its discourse. It is too often presented in terms that could be interpreted as arrogant or that are overstated. Its descriptions too often lack appropriate examples, and perhaps as a result, it gets misunderstood in casual writing.
Structural consequences of metallothionein dimerization: solution structure of the isolated Cd4-alpha-domain and comparison with the holoprotein dimer.

The NMR determination of the structure of Cd7-metallothionein was done previously using a relatively large protein concentration that favors dimer formation. The reactivity of the protein is also affected under this condition. To examine the influence of protein concentration on metallothionein conformation, the isolated Cd4-α-domain was prepared from rabbit metallothionein-2 (MT 2), and its three-dimensional structure was determined by heteronuclear, 1H-111Cd, and homonuclear, 1H-1H NMR, correlation experiments. The three-dimensional structure was refined using distance and angle constraints derived from these two-dimensional NMR data sets and a distance geometry/simulated annealing protocol. The backbone superposition of the α-domain from rabbit holoprotein Cd7-MT 2 and the isolated rabbit Cd4-α was measured at a RMSD of 2.0 A. Nevertheless, the conformations of the two Cd-thiolate clusters were distinctly different at two of the cadmium centers. In addition, solvent access to the sulfhydryl ligands of ...
Insulin Resistance/Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, Essential Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease

In 1966, Welborn et al. (1) studied 19 nondiabetic patients with essential hypertension and demonstrated that these individuals had significantly higher plasma insulin concentrations compared with a normotensive control group. Although these observations suggested that the prevalence of resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal would be increased in patients with essential hypertension, it wasn’t until approximately 20 yr later that several research groups demonstrated that this was the case (2–7). Although the relationship between insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and essential hypertension has been extensively studied in the past 15 yr, questions continue to be raised as to the nature of the link between these variables. Indeed, there is not even consensus as to whether or not there is a physiological relationship between insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure regulation. Another issue, and perhaps of greater clinical relevance, is whether the insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia that is frequently present in patients with essential hypertension plays any role in the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in this clinical syndrome. The goals of this review are to address both of these issues. To begin with, the evidence in support of a role for insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension will be summarized. In addition, an argument will be made that insulin resistance and its manifestations play major roles in the development of CVD in patients with essential hypertension. In both instances, only experimental evidence obtained in human beings will be considered. Finally, although it remains an issue of major scientific importance, a discussion of the possible mechanistic links between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia will not be addressed.
Chirality and Handedness

Chirality and handedness are concepts that apply to the structure of molecules. Chirality is defined by the lack of certain features of symmetry, which lead to an object not being superimposable on its mirror image. Handedness is a different phenomenon relating to the ability to classify chiral objects into right-handed and left-handed objects. All handed objects are chiral, but not all chiral objects are handed. In 1968 through 1970, Ruch and coworkers developed a theory of chirality that provided a mathematical basis for the handedness of chiral objects. Handed chiral objects are considered to be analogous to shoes, which are readily classified into right and left shoes regardless of the size, material, style, or other attributes of the shoes in question. Nonhanded chiral objects are considered to be analogous to potatoes, which have no symmetry because of their irregular patterns of "bumps" and "eyes," thereby meeting the lack of symmetry requirements for chirality. There is, however, no unambiguous way to classify a set of potatoes into "left" and "right" potatoes. In the case of molecules, a tetrahedron with four different substituents such as an asymmetric carbon atom in organic chemistry can readily be classified into right and left tetrahedra, as is typical for organic molecules in biological systems. An octahedral molecule with six different substituents, however, exhibits nonhanded chirality. For this reason, the fact that the key building block of natural products is a tetrahedral carbon atom rather than an octahedral atom of some type may be a critical factor in the handedness of many molecules found in biological structures.
Lithium-induced changes in sodium-lithium countertransport.

Abstract The effect of chronic lithium (Li + ) administration on Li + Na + countertransport across the erythrocyte membrane has been studied in manic patients commencing Li + therapy. While Li + influx and Li + leak efflux remained unchanged, Li + countertransport efflux was inhibited by about 50 percent. This inhibition was detectable within 1–4 days and was maximal in 4–7 days. The kinetics basis of the inhibition involved a 3-fold increase in the Michaelis-Menten parameter K m , without change in the parameter V max . In contrast, the kinetic basis of the genetically determined interindividual variation in countertransport described previously [B. E. Ehrlich and J. M. Diamond, J. memb. Biol. 52 , 187 (1980)] involves changes in V max but not in K m . We conclude that the effect on countertransport does not depend on changes in intracellular Na + concentration, intracellular choline concentration, or pH; it may depend on a change in the countertransport protein.
Research Spotlight: Using satellite data to estimate the North Atlantic Ocean circulation

[1] By redistributing heat and freshwater around the planet, ocean currents play a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate. Accurate knowledge of the subtle regional variations in Earth's gravity field is fundamental to the measurement of ocean currents, but the challenge of mapping Earth's gravity in sufficient detail has previously limited scientists' ability to reliably determine the ocean's time-mean circulation. To address this problem, in October 2009 the European Space Agency launched the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite with the aim of mapping Earth's gravity field with unprecedented spatial resolution. Bingham et al. present an initial assessment of the performance of GOCE by using the first data from the satellite to estimate the time-mean circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean. This basin is particularly interesting because it contains the Gulf Stream, the world's strongest current and a key component of the global overturning circulation, which carries heat from the equator to high northerly latitudes. The scientists show that with just 2 months of observations, the GOCE estimate of the North Atlantic circulation is superior to that obtained from 8 years of data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. In many places, the current speeds estimated from the GOCE data compare well with those obtained from in situ observations, providing strong validation of the GOCE mission design. Accumulation of data as the mission progresses could lead to a more accurate and detailed map of the ocean's currents. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045633, 2011)
Peritoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution after laparoscopic-assisted splenectomy significantly decreases port-tumor recurrence in a murine model.

PURPOSE: The development of port-wound tumor recurrences has raised questions regarding the safety of laparoscopic methods for the resection of malignancies. The cause and the incidence of abdominal-wall tumor recurrences remain unknown. It is also not clear how to avoid or lower the incidence of port-tumor recurrences. The purpose of the current study was to determine the impact of abdominal irrigation with povidone-iodine on the port-wound tumor incidence in a murine model. METHODS: A splenic tumor model was used for this study. To establish splenic tumors, female BALB/c mice (N=48) were given subcapsular splenic injections of a 0.1 ml suspension containing 105 C-26 colon adenocarcinoma cellsvia a left-flank incision at the initial procedure. Seven days later, the animals with isolated splenic tumors (100 percent) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) control, 2) saline irrigation (saline), or 3) povidone-iodine irrigation. All animals underwent laparoscopic mobilization of the spleen using a three-port technique, intra-abdominal crushing of the tumor, followed by an extracorporeal splenectomyvia a subcostal incision. No irrigation was performed for control group animals. In the saline irrigation group, the subcostal incision was closed and pneumoperitoneum was reestablished. The abdominal cavity was irrigated with 5 ml of normal saline for 60 seconds before instrument removal. In the povidone-iodine irrigation group, similar abdominal irrigation was performed, using 0.25 percent povidone-iodine. Attempts were made to recover completely the irrigation for both irrigation groups. Seven days after the splenectomy, animals were killed and inspected for abdominal-wall tumor implants. RESULTS: There were significantly more animals with at least one port-tumor recurrence in the control group than in the povidone-iodine group (P=0.007). Although not statistically significant, the number of animals with port-wound tumors was higher in the saline group than in the povidone-iodine group (P<0.08). There was no significant difference between the saline group and the control group. When each port site was considered independently, the incidence of port-wound tumors (number of ports with tumors per total number of ports) was significantly lower in the povidone-iodine group than in both the control (P=0.00001) and saline groups (P=0.03). The incidence of port-wound tumors was also significantly lower in the saline group compared with the control group incidence (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal irrigation with dilute povidone-iodine solution significantly reduced the number of animals with port-tumor recurrences. Abdominal irrigation with saline was also effective in reducing the incidence of port-wound tumor formation when each port was considered separately. However, povidone-iodine irrigation was much more effective than saline irrigation in preventing port-wound tumor formation.
On uniformity within NC 1

In order to study circuit complexity classes within NC1 in a uniform setting, we need a uniformity condition which is more restrictive than those in common use. Two such conditions, stricter than NC1 uniformity, have appeared in recent research: Immerman's families of circuits defined by first-order formulas and a uniformity corresponding to Buss' deterministic log-time reductions. We show that these two notions are equivalent, leading to a natural notion of uniformity for low-level circuit complexity classes. We show that recent results on the structure of NC1 still hold true in this very uniform setting. Finally, we investigate a parallel notion of uniformity, still more restrictive, based on the regular languages. Here we give characterizations of subclasses of the regular languages based on their logical expressibility, extending recent work of Straubing, Therien, and Thomas. A preliminary version of this work appeared in “Structure of Complexity Theory: Third Annual Conference” pp. 47–59, IEEE Comput. Soc., Washington, DC, 1988.
Complications of combined radical hysterectomy—Postoperative radiation therapy in women with early stage cervical cancer

Fifty patients with cervical cancer were treated with radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy followed by postoperative radiation therapy for high risk factors (nodal metastases, lymphvascular space invasion, close or involved margins) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center from 1969 to 1984. Fifteen (30%) of the patients treated had serious complications, 8 (16%) requiring an operation, and 1 (2%) dying as a result of treatment-related problems. This combined modality approach is associated with significant complications.
Measuring tissue optical properties in vivo using reflectance-mode confocal microscopy and OCT

The ability to separately measure the scattering coefficient (μs [cm-1]) and the anisotropy (g) is difficult, especially when measuring an in vivo site that can not be excised for bench-top measurements. The scattering properties (μs and g) can characterize the ultrastructure of a biological tissue (nuclear size, mitochondra, cytoskeletion, collagen fibers, density of membranes) without needing an added contrast agent. This report describes the use of reflectance-mode confocal scanning laser microscopy (rCSLM) to measure optical properties. rCSLM is the same as optical coherence tomography (OCT) when the OCT is conducted in focus-tracking mode. The experimental measurement involves translating the depth of focus, zf, of an objective lens, down into a tissue. As depth z increases, the reflected signal R decreases due to attenuation by the tissue scattering (and absorption, μa). The experimental data behaves as a simple exponential, R(z) = ρ exp(-μzf) where ρ is the local reflectivity (dimensionless) and μ [cm-1] is an attenuation coefficient. The relationship between (ρ,μ) and (μs,g) is: μ = (μs a(g) + μa) 2 G(g,NA) ρ = μs Lf b(g,NA) where a(g) is a factor that drops from 1 to 0 as g increases from 0 to 1 (determined by Monte Carlo simulations) allowing photons to reach the focus despite scattering, G is a geometry factor describing the average photon pathlength that depends on the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens and the anisotropy (g), Lf is the axial extent of the focus, and b(g,NA) is the fraction of scattered light that backscatters into the lens for detection.
Bone marrow necrosis associated with a Mucor infection

Abstract Peripheral blood cytopenia due to documented marrow necrosis is an unusual occurrence. This report describes a diabetic patient who presented with profound anemia and thrombocytopenia. Extensive bone marrow necrosis was demonstrated. He had a large renal cyst that contained hyphae later identified as Mucor species. It is postulated that the marrow necrosis was a direct or indirect result of Mucor infection. The phenomenon of bone marrow necrosis is reviewed.
Asymmetric spectral broadening of modulated electrostatic ion‐cyclotron waves

Modulated, current-driven, electrostatic ion-cyclotron (CDEIC) waves are shown to exhibit amplitude and frequency modulation, spectral broadening, and time-averaged frequency pulling. The observed spectral broadening is asymmetric and sensitively dependent on the driving frequency. Qualitative features of the experimental data are reproduced by the forced van der Pol equation and are explainable using processes associated with driven self oscillations. These results may be relevant to ionospheric modification experiments involving the controlled modulation of the natural electrojet. 31 refs., 4 figs.
Training corporate managers to adopt a more autonomy‐supportive motivating style toward employees: an intervention study

Management style is treated in a variety of ways across the training and development literature. Yet few studies have tested the training-based malleability of management style in a for-profit, authentic work context. The present research tested whether or not training intervention would help managers adopt a more autonomy-supportive motivating style toward employees and whether or not the employees of these managers would, in turn, show greater autonomous motivation and workplace engagement. Using an intervention-based experimental design, 25 managers from a Fortune 500 company received training consistent with self-determination theory on how to support the autonomy of the 169 employees they supervised. Five weeks after the managers in the experimental group participated in the training, they displayed a significantly more autonomy-supportive managerial style than did nontrained managers in a control group. Further, the employees they supervised showed, 5 weeks later, significantly more autonomous motivation and greater workplace engagement than did employees supervised by control-group managers. We discuss the malleability of managers' motivating styles, the benefits to employees when managers become more autonomy supportive, and recommendations for future training interventions and research.
ATP inhibits smooth muscle Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels.

There has been much recent interest in the roles played by smooth-muscle K + channels in protecting cells against ischemic and anoxic insults and in therapeutic vaso- and bronchodilation (Buckingham 1990; Longmore & Weston 1990). A K + channel, which is uniquely sensitive to cytoplasmic ATP (K ATP ), has been identified as a likely candidate for mediating these important functions (Standen et al . 1989). We now show, by using electrophysiological techniques in three different types of smooth muscle, that a large-conductance voltage and Ca 2+ -sensitive channel, otherwise indistinguishable from the large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel (BK channel), is also sensitive to cytoplasmic ATP and cromakalim. ATP, in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the probability of channel opening (P 0 ) of rabbit aortic, rabbit tracheal and pig coronary artery BK channels with a K 1 of 0.2–0.6mM. Cromakalim, 10 μM, partially reversed the ATP induced inhibition and increased P 0 . Our observations raise the possibility that the ubiquitous BK channel may play a role during pathophysiological events.
Influence of velocity spread on cyclotron masers driven by spatiotemporally gyrating electron beams

A stability analysis is made of an electron beam, propagating along and gyrating about a uniform magnetic field, for the case of a spatiotemporal equilibrium distribution in the phase angle of the transverse electron momentum component. A Lorentzian distribution exists in the axial momentum, whereas the magnitude of the transverse momentum is definite. The analysis is carried out by applying Lorentz transformations to previously derived integral equations (relating field amplitudes) for nongyrotropic equilibrium distributions that include a distribution in momentum. For small axial momentum spreads, these integral equations are approximated by algebraic equations. These equations relate field amplitudes for frequencies and wavenumbers that different by complex values. A dispersion relation is obtained. The range of validity of this dispersion relation is the subject of current research.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A dynamic programming implemented resource competition game theoretic model

Resource competition is commonly occurred in animal populations and studied intensively by researchers. Previous studies have applied game theoretic model by finding Nash equilibrium to investigate this phenomenon. However computation of the Nash equilibrium requires an understanding of the payoff matrix that allocates the rewards received by players when they adopt each of the strategies in the game. In our study we present a dynamic programming implemented framework to compute 2 × 2 intraspecific finite resource allocation game's payoff matrix explicitly. We assume that two distinct types of individuals, aggressive and non-aggressive, are in the population. Then we divide the entire animal development period into three different stages: initialization, quasilinear growth and termination. Each stage for each type of players is specified with their own development coefficient, which determines how resource consumption could convert into strength as reward. Each player has equal and finite resource at the beginning of their development and fights against other players in the population to maximize its own potential reward. Based on these assumptions it is reasonable to use backward induction dynamic programming to compute payoff matrix. We present numerical examples for three different types of aggressive individuals and compute the payoff matrices correspondingly. Then we use the derived payoff matrices to determine the Nash equilibrium and Evolutionary Stable Strategy. Our research provide a framework for future quantitative studies on animal resource competition problems and could be expanded to n-players interspecific stochastic asymmetric resource allocation problem by changing some settings of dynamic programming formulation.
Adolescent Purpose Development: Exploring Empathy, Discovering Roles, Shifting Priorities, and Creating Pathways

The development of youth purpose was explored in a qualitative, cross-sequential study. Interviews about life goals and reasons for pursuing them were conducted with 146 adolescents from four age groups (6th grade, 9th grade, 12th grade, and college sophomores or juniors). Participants completed the interview twice in 2 years. Each cohort focused on different aspects of purpose: middle school youth desired to be empathic; high school youth focused on finding a role to engage their purpose; high school graduates focused on re-evaluating their priorities through transitions; and college students focused on developing pathways to support their purpose. These phases were impacted by several factors, including transitions, identity formation processes, and external supports and influences.
Cognitive and Affective Changes After Cataract Surgery in an Elderly Population

The authors report on a sample of 108 subjects over 60 years old who underwent cataract surgery and were assessed for cognitive and affective changes before surgery and at 1 week, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Cataract surgery did not predispose to significant cognitive deterioration in the perioperative period nor during the first postoperative year. However, objective vision changes, the subjective measure of adjustment to the effects of surgery, and a high depression score before surgery were significant predictors of depression at the end of the study year.
Periodic fibrillar material in membrane-bound bodies in notochordal epithelium of the early chick embryo.

Two distinct types of intracellular membrane-bound dense bodies are present in the chick notochordal epithelium beginning at about Hamburger-Hamilton state 17. The two types of bodies are similar in size, shape, and limiting membrane but may be distinguished on the basis of their contents. The first type (type I) contains a homogeneous, dense, slightly filamentous central core. A similar core is seen in the second type (type II) but embedded in the central matrix of these bodies is a clearly recognizable, though extremely variable, fibrillar material. These fibrils may be small, unstriated and closely resemble the microfibrils seen in the surrounding notochord sheath. Other larger, more mature fibrils exhibit a distinct collagenlike periodicity with major periods that average 500–550 . The possibility that the notochordal epithelium may possess the capacity for the production of connective tissue proteins is discussed in the light of recent investigations which have shown that several cell types exhibit a previously unrecognized fiber-forming activity.
Visual Literacy and Science Communication

Images of science are evident throughout the media, with new technologies playing an important role in allowing the creation of science representation by communication practitioners, scientists, and the public. The role of visual literacy as a key ingredient in the effective communication of science among expert and lay audiences is explored, and a framework for addressing visual literacy is suggested. Visual literacy is defined in this context as a holistic construct that includes visual thinking, visual learning, and visual communication.