cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy recency and risk of ovarian cancer.

Objective: A recent analysis suggested that ovarian cancer risk increased with time since last birth, possibly because of some aspect of pregnancy that affects the clearance of cells that have undergone malignant transformation. We analyzed data from four case–control studies pertaining to ovarian cancer risk in relation to age at first pregnancy, age at last pregnancy, and years since last pregnancy: 628 cases and 3432 neighborhood or population controls, ages 18–79, were included. >Methods: We used logistic regression to analyze associations between ovarian cancer risk, controlling for study, age (at diagnosis or corresponding reference age for controls), race, parity, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, family history of ovarian or breast cancer, and excluding women with a history of infertility. Results: An early age at first pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (odds ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval (1.1–1.8) for ages ≤19 compared to ≥25). Years since last pregnancy was also associated with increased ovarian cancer risk, with odds ratios of 1.4, 1.4, 1.8, and 2.1 for 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, and ≥25 years compared to 0–9 years (trend test p = 0.004), respectively. Conclusion: These observations support the results from the previous study, and raise additional questions about the role of pregnancy in the etiology of ovarian cancer.
Hands-on Station: Radiofrequency Electrosurgery in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This exercise in endoscopic application of energy will allow the user to understand the fundamentals of monopolar, bipolar, and argon plasma coagulation (APC) as they apply to flexible instrumentation, understand the unique depth of penetration of the various modalities, and reconstruct the simulation for education and “hands-on” learning.
Fatal pulmonary arterial dissection and sudden death as initial manifestation of primary pulmonary hypertension: a case report

We report a rare case of sudden death due to cardiac tamponade following intrapericardial rupture of a main pulmonary artery dissecting aneurysm. On pathology examination, the pulmonary artery showed an intimal tear in an arterial wall area with reduced thickness. However, no degenerative, inflammatory or necrotic processes were evident within the vessel wall. Hypertrophy of the wall of vasa vasorum in the adventitia of the pulmonary artery was found, as well as bilaterally diffuse myointimal arterial hyperplasia of the lung vasculature. According to these findings, we conclude that pulmonary artery rupture occurred in a patient with chronic unrecognized primary pulmonary hypertension.
Operations That Produce Numerical Counting Schemes

The primary goal of this chapter is to present a model of important steps in children’s construction of their numerical counting schemes because the basic hypothesis that guides our work is that children’s fraction schemes can emerge as accommodations in their numerical counting schemes. I consider a number sequence to be the recognition template of a numerical counting scheme; that is, its assimilating structure. This way of thinking of a number sequence was basic in the formulation of the reorganization hypothesis. A number sequence is a discrete numerical structure; it is a sequence of arithmetical unit items that contain records of counting acts. At all stages of construction, children use their number sequences to provide meaning for number words. A number word such as “twenty-one,” say, can refer to a sequence of arithmetical unit items from “one” up to and including “twenty one.” It is the operations that children can perform using their number sequences that distinguish among distinct stages of the number sequences. In what follows, I explain the operations that produce two prenumerical counting schemes as well as three distinctly different number sequences and, hence, three distinctly different numerical counting schemes. I also explain discrete structures that precede number sequences in development that I refer to as perceptual and figurative lots. These lot structures are produced by the operation of categorizing discrete items together, where categorizing is based on reprocessing sensory-motor items of experience using an operation called unitizing. In categorizing, when reprocessing is coordinated with re-presenting discrete items of experience, recursive unitizing emerges. Recursive unitizing is that operation which produces arithmetical units and numerical structures. I start by presenting an attentional model of unitizing and the different levels of units that this operation produces.
Protease inhibitors stimulate hematopoiesis and decrease apoptosis and ICE expression in CD34(+) cells.

Highly active retroviral therapy has been associated with a decline in the frequency of cytopenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This may result from lower hematologic toxicity of newer antiviral drugs and their increased efficacy against HIV-1. Protease inhibitors, in addition to their effects on HIV replication, appear to affect various cellular functions. Recently, it was reported that ritonavir inhibited caspase-1 expression in normal CD4+ cells. It was hypothesized that protease inhibitors may improve hematopoietic function owing to their direct effects on the bone marrow progenitor cells. When ritonavir was added to methylcellulose cultures of bone marrow cells from HIV-infected patients and normal controls, colony formation increased 2.4-fold (n = 5) in control cultures and 4-fold (n = 5) in cultures of cells from HIV-infected patients. In the presence of ritonavir, cultures of CD34+ cells showed markedly decreased apoptosis in comparison with untreated cultures (45% decrease in apoptotic cell number; n = 6). A synthetic inhibitor of caspase 1 (Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde [single-letter amino acid codes]), which inhibits activation of several caspases including CPP32 and interleukin 1β–converting enzyme (ICE or caspase 1), also decreased the rate of apoptosis and enhanced colony formation by progenitor cells derived from HIV-infected patients (3-fold; n = 5). In ritonavir-treated samples derived from HIV-infected individuals, the number of cells expressing ICE also decreased. In conclusion, HIV protease inhibitors may, by blocking the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, overcome inhibition of hematopoiesis seen in patients with HIV infection, an effect unrelated to their antiviral activity.
Assembly and activation of the intrinsic fibrinolytic pathway on the surface of human endothelial cells in culture

Factor XII has long been implicated in the intrinsic pathway of fibrinolysis, but the mechanism by which it triggers plasminogen activation and targets fibrinolysis has not been established. In the present study, the assembly and function of activated Factor XII (F.XIIa), prourokinase (pro-u-PA), high molecular weight kininogen (H-kininogen), and prekallikrein on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated. 125I-prekallikrein was shown to bind to HUVEC via receptor-bound H-kininogen in the presence of 50 microM ZnCl2. After the addition of F.XIIa, 78% of the 125I-prekallikrein initially bound to HUVEC was converted to 125I-kallikrein. However, only 6% of the HUVEC-bound 125I-pro-u-PA was thereby activated. This discrepancy was shown to be related to rapid dissociation (> 50% within 15 min) of prekallikrein/kallikrein, but not pro-u-PA, from HUVEC. Increasing the level of cell-bound kallikrein increased the portion of cell-bound pro-u-PA activated, indicating that their co-localization was important for this pathway. Finally, F.XIIa was shown to trigger plasminogen activation on HUVEC via this pathway. This assembly of reactants on the endothelium suggests a mechanism whereby local fibrinolysis may be triggered by blood coagulation.
Augmented venoarteriolar response with ageing is associated with morning blood pressure surge.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The venoarteriolar response (VAR) contributes substantially to the maintenance of orthostatic tolerance in humans. Despite its importance in haemodynamic homeostasis, the impact of ageing on the VAR remains understudied. What is the main finding and its importance? Older adults exhibit an augmented VAR in response to leg dependency. The age-related augmentation of the VAR might be linked with progressive increases of peripheral vascular resistance with ageing. We found a modest but significant correlation between the leg VAR and the morning blood pressure surge in older adults. Augmented leg VAR might contribute to the blood pressure elevation in the early morning. ABSTRACT The venoarteriolar response (VAR) is a non-adrenergic, non-baroreflex-mediated mechanism of vasoconstriction, which has been proposed to contribute ∼45% of the increase in total peripheral resistance during orthostasis. Despite its importance in human cardiovascular control during orthostatic stress, there is no information available regarding the impact of age and sex on the VAR or its role in diurnal blood pressure (BP) variation. We studied 33 (15 women) young (mean ± SD; 28 ± 4 years old) and 26 (12 women) older (71 ± 3 years old) healthy individuals. Brachial and femoral blood flow were measured using Doppler ultrasound. The percentage reduction in vascular conductance (blood flow/mean BP) during 4 min of limb dependency (35-40 cm below the heart level) was used to assess the VAR. The morning surge in BP was assessed using 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring. Peak VAR in the lower limb, but not in the upper limb, was significantly higher in the older than the younger adults (33 ± 4 versus 26 ± 6%, older versus young; P < 0.05). There was no sex difference in the VAR in either the young or the older group. A greater leg VAR was related to a greater morning surge in BP in older adults (r = -0.4, P = 0.02) but not in the young adults (r = -0.26, P = 0.1). Thus, advancing age enhances the VAR in the lower limb and is associated with the morning blood pressure surge in older adults. Sex does not affect this local axonal reflex in healthy humans.
Longitudinal Change in Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sexuality.

Abstract Purpose Research suggests that parents can be important sources of sex education for their children, but we know little about how this type of communication changes developmentally. Thus, the current study explored longitudinal change in child-, mother-, and father-reports of parent-child communication about sexuality, and how change might be associated with behaviors indicative of sexual risk. Methods The sample included 468 adolescents (52% female, 67% white) who participated every year from age 14 to 18, and their mother and father. Results Growth-curve analyses revealed relatively low and stable levels of parent-child communication from all three reporters, with some differences as a function of reporter and child gender. Results also suggested that initial levels and change in parent-child communication over time were associated with child-reports of safer sex at the final time point (age 21). Conclusions The discussion focuses on developmental approaches to parent-child sex communication and the need for future research.
Wetting and Drying of Soil: From Data to Understandable Models for Prediction

Soil moisture is critical to agriculture, ecology, and certain natural disasters. Existing soil moisture models often fail to predict soil moisture accurately for time periods greater than a few hours. To tackle this problem, we introduce in this paper two novel models, the Naive Accumulative Representation (NAR) and the Additive Exponential Accumulative Representation (AEAR). The parameters in these models reflect hydrological redistribution processes of gravity and suction. We validate our models using soil moisture and rainfall time series data collected from a steep gradient post-wildfire site in Southern California. Data analysis is challenging, since rapid landscape change in steep, burned hillslopes is typically observed in response to even small to moderate rain events. We found that the AEAR model fits the data well for three distinct soil textures at different depths below the ground surface (at 5cm, 15cm, and 30cm). Similar strong results are demonstrated in controlled soil moisture experiments. Our recommended AEAR model has been validated as effective and useful by earth scientists, giving better forecasts than existing models for time horizons of 10 to 24 hours.
Reproductive history and overweight in Guatemalan women

Having children has been associated with maternal depletion in poor societies and obesity in developed countries, a conclusion reached using national survey data with limited indicators. We examine...
Why Does Hierarchy (Sometimes) Work So Well in Reinforcement Learning

Hierarchical reinforcement learning has demonstrated significant success at solving difficult reinforcement learning (RL) tasks. Previous works have motivated the use of hierarchy by appealing to a number of intuitive benefits, including learning over temporally extended transitions, exploring over temporally extended periods, and training and exploring in a more semantically meaningful action space, among others. However, in fully observed, Markovian settings, it is not immediately clear why hierarchical RL should provide benefits over standard "shallow" RL architectures. In this work, we isolate and evaluate the claimed benefits of hierarchical RL on a suite of tasks encompassing locomotion, navigation, and manipulation. Surprisingly, we find that most of the observed benefits of hierarchy can be attributed to improved exploration, as opposed to easier policy learning or imposed hierarchical structures. Given this insight, we present exploration techniques inspired by hierarchy that achieve performance competitive with hierarchical RL while at the same time being much simpler to use and implement.
Reducing Blood Loss by Changing to Small Volume Tubes for Laboratory Testing

Abstract Objective To reduce diagnostic blood loss by using small volume tubes for routine laboratory testing throughout the hospital, as blood loss from laboratory testing can be substantial for patients and may lead to hospital-acquired anemia. Patients and Methods Diagnostic blood loss was evaluated in hospitalized patients between April 1, 2017, and June 1, 2018. The preintervention, during intervention, and postintervention mean diagnostic blood loss per hospitalized patient was compared across the floors and for each type of tube for hematology, basic metabolic panel, and coagulation tests. Mean hemoglobin levels, blood transfusions per hospitalized patient, and percent redraws were also compared. Results The total volume of blood drawn for all the 3 tests decreased across each implementation phase; however, only patients admitted to the transplant and critical care (T/CC) units had increased hemoglobin levels. In addition, there was a significant reduction in transfusions across implementation phases. The incidence risk ratio for transfusion reduced even more in patients admitted to the T/CC units. Finally, there was no significant difference in the overall percent redraws across all the units. Conclusion The use of small volume tubes in exchange for standard sized tubes markedly decreased diagnostic blood loss by 25.7% in all the units and 22.9% in the T/CC units. Also, the number of transfusions decreased across units, with the greatest decrease in the T/CC units. An increase in mean hemoglobin levels was observed specifically in patients admitted to the T/CC units, with no corresponding change in percent redraws across all the units.
Work-family spillover and depression: Are there racial differences among employed women?

Abstract The intersection of work and family life can be a source of burden (negative) and a source of growth (positive). Negative work-to-family and family-to-work spillover have been linked to poor mental health, while positive work-to-family and family-to-work spillover have been linked to improved health outcomes. Less is known about these relationships in racial subgroups. Louisiana, USA, has a large proportion of African Americans, providing a unique population in which to study these relationships. The objectives of this study were to examine, among a sample of women in southern Louisiana in 2017, levels of work-family spillover by race and how the relationship between work-family spillover and depressive symptoms varies by race. 284 employed women (61% White, 39% Black) met eligibility criteria and participated in a survey to collect information on work-family spillover (positive and negative) and depressive symptoms. White women experienced higher levels of both kinds of negative spillover (work-to-family and family-to-work) as well as higher levels of positive work-to-family spillover compared to Black women. There were no differences between White and Black women with respect to positive family-to-work spillover. Higher levels of negative work-to-family spillover were related to greater depressive symptoms among both Blacks and Whites. But higher levels of negative family-to-work spillover were related to higher levels of depressive symptoms among Black women only. A protective relationship from positive family-to-work spillover for depressive symptoms was observed among White women only. This study fills an important gap in the literature on racial differences in the relationship between work-family spillover and depression.
The Effect of Audit Burden on Subsequent Tax Evasion

Taxpayers who are audited can incur both monetary and nonmonetary costs unrelated to their chosen level of compliance. We refer to these costs of being audited as “audit burden” and examine the effect of audit burden on subsequent compliance decisions. Importantly, audit burden does not include the costs related to any evasion discovered by an audit (e.g., penalties, unpaid taxes, or interest), but are the monetary and nonmonetary costs borne by compliers and evaders alike who are audited. Motivated by theory on cost-loss framing, we predict individuals who were initially noncompliant (compliant) on an audited return will subsequently increase (decrease) compliance. We test our hypotheses experimentally using real US taxpayers recruited from the Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) platform. Consistent with our hypotheses, results from our primary experiment suggest burdensome audits are beneficial in reducing noncompliance but also result in greater noncompliance from individuals who were initially compliant. Follow-up experiments rule out alternative explanations and find: (1) our results are robust to alternative specifications of audit burden, (2) apologies may mitigate the unintentional negative effect of audit burden on compliers, and (3) monetary rewards demonstrate no mitigating effect. These results extend the literature on cost-loss framing, which previously focused on voluntary expenditures, by identifying the influence of framing compulsory expenditures. Practical implications to the IRS and other tax enforcement agencies are also discussed.
16x Multisite, High Current and High Power density Test Solution for Power Protection Device

TPS2595x family is the integrated FET hot-swap devices (eFuses) for front end power protection and management. This 5A eFuse enables high power integration at system level by small package size of 2mm x 2mm Quad-Flat-NoLead (QFN) package. Final test poses multiple challenges at this package size and current when it comes to the reliability and longevity at production test. TPS2595x family requires high current (5A) production test on the ultra-small PAD of $250\mu \mathrm{m}^{*}300\mu \mathrm{m}$ . And the need of kelvin tests reduces the touch down area further to $ for each socket-pin. Also the target was 50% or more reduction in test cost. It required doubling of multisite from 8x to 16x with same tester configuration. This test cost target added to more challenges like sharing of high-current resources at tester, real estate area issues on PCB and high power density near device under test (DUT) area on the strip handler. In this paper we will be discussing how these challenges are solved without any compromise in test quality & coverage and still achieving lower test cost.
Source Localization and Room Mapping Using Information Derived from Independent Component Analysis

Convolutive independent component analysis (ICA) algorithms, which have proven capable at separating convolutively mixed signals, can also provide information about the geometry of the setting. This geometry includes source location information and wall locations (room shape). From the multi-input/multi-output impulse responses learned from convolutive ICA, peaks indicating direct path or reflection delays are extracted. The location of sensors (or sources) is obtained using hyperbolic geometry based on direct path time delays. Delays from reflected paths learned from the impulses responses correspond geometrically to ellipses that are tangent at the reflecting point. Ellipse tangent directions are clustered to determine wall locations. Following a summary of the method, experiments are presented on actual room measurements.
Calculation of an optimized telescope apodizer for Terrestrial Planet Finder coronagraphic telescope

One of two approaches to implementing NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder is to build a space telescope that utilizes the techniques of coronagraphy and apodization to suppress diffraction and image exo-planets. We present a method for calculation of a telescope's apodizer which suppresses the side lobes of the image of a star so as to optimally detect an Earth-like planet. Given the shape of a telescope's aperture and given a search region for a detector, we solve an integral equation to determine an amplitude modulation (an apodizer) which suppresses the star's energy in the focal plane search region. The method is quite general and yields as special cases the product apodizer reported by Nisenson and Papaliolios (2001) and the Prolate spheroidal apodizer of Kasdin et al (2002), and Aime et al (2002). We show computer simulations of the apodizers and the corresponding point spread functions for various aperture-detector configurations.
Design of a high performance VLSI processor

Current VLSI fabrication technology makes it possible to design a 32-bit CPU on a single chip. However, to achieve high performance from that processor, the architecture and implementation must be carefully designed and tuned. The MIPS processor incorporates some new architectural ideas into a single-chip, nMOS implementation. Processor performance is obtained by the careful integration of the software (e.g., compilers), the architecture, and the hardware implementation. This integrated view also simplifies the design, making it practical to implement the processor at a university.
System Simulation and the Sensitivity of Self-Stabilization

We argue that the important property of self-stabilization is, in principle, unstable across system classes. In particular, we show that, for a wide variety of system classes, there is no simulation that “preserves” or “enforces” self-stabilization.
OXIDATIVE ASSIMILATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF GLUCOSE IN BACILLUS CEREUS

Abstract Clifton, C. E. (Standford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.). Oxidative assimilation and distribution of glucose in Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 83:66–69. 1962—Exogenous C14-labeled glucose is taken up rapidly by washed cells of Bacillus cereus and apparently enters a metabolic pool soluble in cold 5% trichloroacetic acid. From this pool the label passes rapidly into other cellular fractions, primarily materials soluble and insoluble in hot 5% trichloroacetic acid, which may constitute endogenous reserves of the cells. There is a marked lag in the liberation of C14-labeled CO2; little or no lag is observed in the slightly enhanced rate of oxygen consumption noted in the presence of exogenous glucose. Assimilation, in part at least, appears to be at the expense of cellular reserves which appear to be replenished or replaced by the assimilated substrate.
Electroluminescence in divergent field

Charge carriers with high mobility can only be studied in dielectrics within microscopic dimensions, since the power dissipation would cause thermal runaway for a macroscopic geometry. As a complement to the direct "charge injection" measurement with a guarded needle electrode system, electroluminescence from a semicon needle was monitored to study the space charge formation and dynamics in dielectrics, especially at the interface. Under bipolar excitation, the threshold for luminescence is the same within experimental error as the charge injection threshold determined using a guarded needle because of the alternative bipolar injection in each half cycle. Under half rectified ac condition, almost no light is emitted before twice the threshold voltage for ac condition is reached. The experimental results can be explained through the polarity reversal during the unipolar pulse shot, which is in accordance with the Finite Element Method simulation. This study is also useful for electroluminescence model differentiation.
Vaccinia virus DNA polymerase. In vitro analysis of parameters affecting processivity.

The polymerization and proofreading activities of the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase reside within a 116-kDa catalytic polypeptide. We report here an investigation of the intrinsic processivity of this enzyme on both natural and homopolymeric DNA templates. Inclusion of the Escherichia coli helix destabilizing protein allowed the viral enzyme, which lacks strand displacement activity, to utilize a singly primed M13 DNA template. In the presence of either 10 mM MgCl2 or 1 mM MgCl2 + 40 mM NaCl, synthesis was achieved in a highly distributive manner. RFII formation required a significant excess of enzyme, and or = 2000 nt were added per binding event. These studies suggest that the catalytic polypeptide of the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase will require accessory protein(s) to form a stable enzyme-template interaction and direct processive DNA synthesis under isotonic conditions in vivo.
Low-dose 17-β-estradiol cream for vaginal atrophy in a cohort without prolapse: Serum levels and vaginal response including tissue biomarkers associated with tissue remodeling.

Abstract Objectives Describe the effect of 50 mcg vaginal 17-β-estradiol (E2) cream on vaginal maturation, serum estrogen levels, atrophic symptoms, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and tissue remodeling in postmenopausal women without prolapse. Methods Seventeen women, 65 years or older, applied intravaginal E2 cream nightly for eight weeks, then twice weekly for eight weeks. Vaginal biopsies, serial blood draws, and atrophic symptoms were obtained at baseline, eight, and sixteen weeks. Changes in atrophic symptoms, vaginal maturation indices (VMI), and serum E2 were measured. Immunohistochemical staining characterized levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and thrombospondin (TSP). Results Serum E2 levels (pg/ml) were unchanged from baseline (mean (SD)) 7.7 (3.3) to eight 9.7 (5.7) and sixteen 8.7 (5.8) (p = 0.24) weeks. VMI (mean (SD)) improved from baseline 34.2 (18.3) to eight 56.7 (13.1) and sixteen 54.5 (11.3) (p Discussion Vaginal E2 improved atrophic symptoms and VMI without elevating serum E2. Tissue remodeling biomarkers did not change.
Association Between Adiposity and Left Ventricular Mass in Children With Hypertension

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is prevalent among hypertensive children; however, blood pressure (BP) does not predict its presence. The authors conducted a 1-year prospective cohort study to examine the hypothesis that obesity-related risk factors are associated with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in hypertensive children, and the association between adiposity and LVMI is mediated by BP-dependent and -independent pathways. A total of 49 hypertensive children were enrolled: 51% were overweight/obese and 41% had LVH at baseline. Children overweight/obese at baseline and follow-up had a greater LVMI increase than those of healthy weight at each visit: mean change of 6.4 g/m(2.7) vs 0.95 g/m(2.7) . Baseline body mass index z score was independently associated with LVMI change (β=4.08, 1.54-6.61; P=.002). Only pulse pressure and serum aldosterone partially mediated this relationship. Hypertensive youth manifest multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors that worsen over time despite treatment. Of these, adiposity is most associated with LVH and increasing LVMI.
DIRECT MAIL CAMPAIGNS

Over one‐third of philanthropic giving in the United States comes as a result of direct mail, which is why direct mail campaigns are such an important funding source for libraries of all types.
Continuum mechanics studies of plastic instabilities

The continuum mechanics framevork for analyzing necking and shear band instabilities is discussed. The predicted onset of instability depends sensitively on the material’s constitutive characterization, not only through properties, such as strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity, that can be measured in proportional loading tests, but also through the material’s response to a change in loading path. A specific problem is discussed that illustrates the influence of the curvature of flow potential surfaces even when a softening mechanism plays a major role in precipitating localization.
Pink Bollworm: Mating, Reproduction, and Longevity of Laboratory Reared and Native Strains

Females of 2 laboratory-reared strains of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), (Lep.: Gelechiidae) mated more frequently in the laboratory than native females from Puerto Rico, from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, or from Phoenix, AZ. Females of the laboratory-reared strains were equally receptive to mating with males of laboratory-reared or native strains.
Inhibition of DNA synthesis in hamster cheek pouch tissue in organ culture by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and a homologous extract.

Abstract Hamster cheek pouch tissue cultured with 10 −4 M dibutyryl cyclic AMP exhibits inhibition of the rate of DNA synthesis. When tissue is cultured with dibutyryl for different time periods throughout the 18 hours of incubation, the effect on the rate of DNA synthesis is very similar. A combination of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and an epithelial cell extract from hamster cheek pouch tissue containing a natural epithelial chalone, appears to have an additive effect on the inhibition of the DNA synthesis rate.
Volkov Solutions, Gauge-Poincaré Transformations, and Plane-Wave Decoupling

A solution is found for the vector-particle equation with Yang-Mills coupling to an electromagnetic plane-wave potential. The local gauge and Poincar\'e transformation structure of such generalized Volkov solutions of single-particle equations (spin \ensuremath{\le}1) leads to a decoupling theorem for the scattering of a system of particles immersed in an external plane wave.
Addiction: a drug-induced disorder of memory reconsolidation

Persistent maladaptive memories that maintain drug seeking and are resistant to extinction are a hallmark of addiction. As such, disruption of memory reconsolidation after retrieval has received attention for its therapeutic potential. Unrestrained reconsolidation may have the opposite effect, leading to reiterative and cumulative strengthening of memory over long periods of time. Here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying reconsolidation of appetitive and drug-rewarded memories, and discuss how these findings contribute to our understanding of the nature of this process. Finally, we suggest that drug-induced alterations to signal transduction might lead to dysregulation of reconsolidation, causing enhancements of drug-related memory after retrieval, and significantly contribute to the compulsive drug seeking that is a core component of addiction.
Agnostic Learning versus Prior Knowledge in the Design of Kernel Machines

The optimal model parameters of a kernel machine are typically given by the solution of a convex optimisation problem with a single global optimum. Obtaining the best possible performance is therefore largely a matter of the design of a good kernel for the problem at hand, exploiting any underlying structure and optimisation of the regularisation and kernel parameters, i.e. model selection. Fortunately, analytic bounds on, or approximations to, the leave-one-out cross-validation error are often available, providing an efficient and generally reliable means to guide model selection. However, the degree to which the incorporation of prior knowledge improves performance over that which can be obtained using "standard" kernels with automated model selection (i.e. agnostic learning), is an open question. In this paper, we compare approaches using example solutions for all of the benchmark tasks on both tracks of the IJCNN-2007 Agnostic Learning versus Prior Knowledge Challenge.
Review of electron microscopic evidence favouring vesicle exocytosis as the structural basis for quantal release during synaptic transmission

Article de synthese a propos de la contribution de la microscopie electronique a l'examen du role du phenomene d'exocytose de vesicules synaptiques dans la liberation de neurotransmetteurs, notamment au niveau de la jonction neuromusculaire de la grenouille et du homard
Surface alterations in transformed epithelial and fibroblastic cells in culture: a disturbance of membrane degradation versus biosynthesis?

Abstract Fibroblasts which were transformed with oncogenic DNA or RNA viruses as well as by chemicals or spontaneously have, with very few exceptions, been shown to possess increased agglutinabilities with various plant agglutinins. This surface membrane alteration is now shown to hold true also for transformed epithelial cells and for tumors of epithelial origin as monitored by wheat germ agglutinin, Concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, Ricinus communis and Great Northern bean (GNB) agglutinin. An agglutinin from lentils did the opposite. It permitted the agglutination of normal liver cells but not that of hepatoma cells which led to the suggestion that some membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids may possibly be turned inside out while others are turned outside in (during the transformation process. Inhibition of protein synthesis in normal cells brought about the agglutinable membrane state in non-growing or resting cells but not in actively growing cells. Since this agglutinability could be inhibited by protease inhibitors and since proteolytic enzymes could bring about the agglutinable membrane state in growing normal cells, it was suggested that growing cells have as active a biosynthesis of membrane proteins as do non growing cells but that non-growing cells are actively catabolizing their membranes with proteases, much more so than non growing, stationary cells.
The Role of Agency in Distributed Cognitive Systems

In previous publications I have argued that much scientific activity should be thought of as involving the operation of distributed cognitive systems. Since these contributions to the cognitive study of science appear in venues not necessarily frequented by philosophers of science, I begin with a brief introduction to the notion of a distributed cognitive system. I then describe what I take to be an exemplary case of a scientific distributed cognitive system, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). I do not here reargue the case for conceiving of systems like the HST as distributed cognitive systems. Rather, I examine a question that arises once one has adopted the perspective of distributed cognitive systems, namely, the role of agency in a distributed cognitive system. Here I argue, contrary to several advocates of distributed cognitive systems, that we should regard the human components of distributed cognitive systems as the only sources of agency within such systems. In particular, we should not extend not...
Orbital dynamics about a slowly rotating asteroid

[1] We analyze orbital stability of satellites (moonlet, spacecraft) near a slowly rotating axisymmetric asteroid. Using simple point mass models as a guide, we discover an unstable region near the equatorial plane of an indented asteroid. The existence of stable/unstable regions is confirmed numerically for a realistic “peanut” model asteroid. The stable region is found to survive small asteroidal rotation about an axis of maximum moment of inertia. A simple semi-empirical formula is found for the orbital tilt angle as a function of asteroid rotation speed. Implications for motion about realistic asteroids are discussed.
Effects of Non-Ionizing Radiation on Expansion of Disks From Leaves of Dark-Grown Bean Plants.

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Reduction, Stability, Instability and Bifurcation in Rotationally Symmetric Hamiltonian Systems

We give an explicit description of the reduced energy momentum method for determining nonlinear stability ors steadny rotating equilibrium states of Hamiltonian systems having finitely many degrees of freedom. The block-diagonalization method of Marsden et al (1989) is reviewed and illustrated by application to the heavy ton and two discrete mass-spring systems having four and six degrees of freedom respectively. We are particularly interested in cases where the stability test is inconclusive and one must examine the linearized equations of motion. Making use of the sparse structure of suitably transformed matrices, we give explicit formulae from which coefficients in the characteristic polynomial of the related eigenproblem. can be found. This permits us to give rather complete analyses of specific examples, which we also illustrate by numerical simulation. Our most interesting finding is that in both examples for which the amended potential is indefinite of index two, but the linearized analysis indicat...
Bayesian Inference and Prediction for Mean and Variance Shifts in Autoregressive Time Series

Abstract This article is concerned with statistical inference and prediction of mean and variance changes in an autoregressive time series. We first extend the analysis of random mean-shift models to random variance-shift models. We then consider a method for predicting when a shift is about to occur. This involves appending to the autoregressive model a probit model for the probability that a shift occurs given a chosen set of explanatory variables. The basic computational tool we use in the proposed analysis is the Gibbs sampler. For illustration, we apply the analysis to several examples.
School psychology in the new millennium: Legal influences and ethical issues

This article presents a scenario describing federal education policy initiatives in the year 2008. The scenario depicts one image of the future and serves as a framework for discussion of legal influences and ethical issues school psychologists may encounter in the years ahead. In addition, it is anticipated that advances in technology and science will result in ethical and legal challenges for the profession, and those challenges are also discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Induction of heme oxygenase in mammalian cells by mineral fibers: distinctive effect of reactive oxygen species

Exponentially growing human-hamster hybrid [AL] cells treated with a 40 micrograms/ml (8 micrograms/cm2) dose of UICC standard reference chrysotile fibers induced heme oxygenase (HO) protein with a maximum expression level at 8 h post-treatment. While the constitutive HO expression was detectable in non-treated AL cells, the protein level was increased approximately 4.5-fold in fiber-treated cells. The induction was dose-dependent at fiber concentration between 2.5 micrograms/ml (0.5 microgram/cm2) and 40 micrograms/ml (8 micrograms/cm2) with the induced HO concentrated mostly in the cytoplasm as shown by immunostaining. Several other types of mineral fibers examined including crocidolites, tremolites, and erionites also induced HO synthesis with varying degree of efficiency. In general, chrysotile and crocidolite were more efficient inducers of HO than tremolite and erionite when compared at fiber doses that resulted in approximately 50% survival (LD50) level. The effects of antioxidant enzymes on HO induction were examined by concurrent treatment of fiber-exposed cultures with SOD and catalase. Although addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase inhibited HO induction in a dose-dependent manner, they offered no protection on fiber-mediated clonogenic toxicity in the same population of treated cells. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by asbestos fibers play an essential role in the induction of HO and that different mineral fibers, when applied at equitoxic doses, often result in different oxidative stress status as determined by the induction of HO proteins.
A Neural Network Architecture For Rapid Model Indexing In Computer Vision Systems

Models of objects stored in memory have been shown to be useful for guiding the processing of computer vision systems. A major consideration in such systems, however, is how stored models are initially accessed and indexed by the system. As the number of stored models increases, the time required to search memory for the correct model becomes high. Parallel distributed, connectionist, neural networks' have been shown to have appealing content addressable memory properties. This paper discusses an architecture for efficient storage and reference of model memories stored as stable patterns of activity in a parallel, distributed, connectionist, neural network. The emergent properties of content addressability and resistance to noise are exploited to perform indexing of the appropriate object centered model from image centered primitives. The system consists of three network modules each of which represent information relative to a different frame of reference. The model memory network is a large state space vector where fields in the vector correspond to ordered component objects and relative, object based spatial relationships between the component objects. The component assertion network represents evidence about the existence of object primitives in the input image. It establishes local frames of reference for object primitives relative to the image based frame of reference. The spatial relationship constraint network is an intermediate representation which enables the association between the object based and the image based frames of reference. This intermediate level represents information about possible object orderings and establishes relative spatial relationships from the image based information in the component assertion network below. It is also constrained by the lawful object orderings in the model memory network above. The system design is consistent with current psychological theories of recognition by component. It also seems to support Marr's notions of hierarchical indexing. (i.e. the specificity, adjunct, and parent indices) It supports the notion that multiple canonical views of an object may have to be stored in memory to enable its efficient identification. The use of variable fields in the state space vectors appears to keep the number of required nodes in the network down to a tractable number while imposing a semantic value on different areas of the state space. This semantic imposition supports an interface between the analogical aspects of neural networks and the propositional paradigms of symbolic processing.
CCR7 impairs hematopoiesis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation increasing susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is limited by patient susceptibility to opportunistic infections. One of the most devastating infections after HSCT is invasive aspergillosis (IA), a life-threatening disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus . Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitor cells (MPCs) has been shown to mediate protection against IA, but little is known about the factors that regulate HSC and MPC cell expansion after transplantation. Herein, we investigated the role of CCR7 in a murine model of IA after combined HSC and MPC transplantation into lethally irradiated wild-type (WT) mice. Nonirradiated CCR7−/− mice had expanded populations of HSCs in the bone marrow and spleen, compared with WT mice. Irradiated WT mice reconstituted with CCR7−/− HSCs and MPCs had increased survival, decreased fungal burden, and enhanced myeloid leukocyte numbers during IA, compared with WT controls. In addition, WT mice reconstituted with WT HSCs and MPCs and treated with anti-CCR7 exhibited accelerated myeloid cell expansion similar to that observed in CCR7−/−→WT chimeras. Thus, removal of the inhibitory effects of CCR7 through genetic alteration or ligand immunoneutralization enhanced myeloid reconstitution, thereby accelerating fungal clearance in a murine model of IA.
TGF-beta, neuronal stem cells and glioblastoma.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling leads to a number of biological end points involving cell growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Typically, the cellular effect accompanies an induction of mesodermal cell fate and inhibition of neural cell differentiation. However, during pathological conditions, these defined effects of TGF-β can be reversed; for example, the growth-inhibitory effect is replaced with its tumor promoting ability. A multitude of factors and cross-signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in modulating the dual effects of TGF-β. In this review, we focus on the potential role of TGF-β signal transduction during development of neural progenitor cells and its relation to glioblastoma development from neural stem cells.
Calcium supplementation and processing variable effects on orange juice quality

Untreated, pectinesterase treated, low pulp, and pectinase treated orange juices were fortified to 20% RDA of calcium with calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate/lactate (75/25). Neither calcium supplement adversely affected flavor, cloud density, settling pulp, or viscosity in untreated, low pulp, or pectinase treated juices. PME exposed orange juice held 4 hr before pasteurization and calcium supplementation had less cloudy density, increased viscosity and more settling pulp. Calcium carbonate fortified PME exposed and pectinase treated juices had lower flavor scores, while calcium phosphate suspensions caused slightly lower color scores of all juices.