cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A priority-driven flow control mechanism for real-time traffic in multiprocessor networks

Real-time applications when mapped to distributed memory multiprocessors produce periodic messages with an associated deadline and priority. Real-time messages may be hard or soft deadline. Real-time extensions to wormhole routing (WR) with multiple virtual channels (VCs) and priority-based physical link arbitration and VC allocation have been proposed in the literature. With a fixed number of VCs/link, a message can face an unbounded priority inversion, rendering the global priority ineffective. In this paper, we propose a new flow control mechanism called Preemptive Pipelined Circuit Switching for Real-Time messages (PPCS-RT) to reduce the priority inversion problem. For the proposed model, with some architectural support, we present an off-line approach to compute delivery guarantees of hard deadline real-time messages. We also perform a comparison of real-time WR and PPCS-RT in terms of performance with soft deadline traffic. The overall miss ratio percentage is over 30 percent higher for WR than PPCS-RT with one VC/link at high traffic loads. Finally, we compare the architectural complexity of a PPCS-RT router and other real-time routers.
The influence of protected area outreach on conservation attitudes and resource use patterns: a case study from western Tanzania

This case study investigates the conservation attitudes of two ethnic groups, horticulturalist Pimbwe and agropastoralist Sukuma, living around Katavi National Park (KNP) in western Tanzania, East Africa. Specifically, interest in degazetting KNP was examined (as a reflection of attitude towards the Park) relative to type and extent of KNP outreach, wildlife-related problems, household wealth and residency status. Reported attitudes were then related to fuelwood extraction patterns. Attitudinal surveys showed that a lack of KNP outreach (i.e. village-level services and visits by KNP staff) and increased land wealth and shorter residency time were associated with increased interest in seeing KNP degazetted. However, after controlling for ethnicity only recognition of village-level Park services was still associated with positive attitudes towards KNP. People recognizing KNP services also demonstrated more ecologically sustainable wood extraction methods. These results suggest that while attitudinal studies seem to be a logical step towards making informed decisions about the effectiveness of protected area outreach, relating such outreach to behavioural changes in resource use through attitudinal assessment is a greater challenge, requiring a clear understanding of the relative influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors.
Joint source-channel coding and power adaptation for energy efficient wireless video communications ☆

Abstract We consider efficiently transmitting video over a hybrid wireless/wire-line network by optimally allocating resources across multiple protocol layers. Specifically, we present a framework of joint source-channel coding and power adaptation, where error resilient source coding, channel coding, and transmission power adaptation are jointly designed to optimize video quality given constraints on the total transmission energy and delay for each video frame. In particular, we consider the combination of two types of channel coding—inter-packet coding (at the transport layer) to provide protection against packet dropping in the wire-line network and intra-packet coding (at the link layer) to provide protection against bit errors in the wireless link. In both cases, we allow the coding rate to be adaptive to provide unequal error protection at both the packet and frame level. In addition to both types of channel coding, we also compensate for channel errors by adapting the transmission power used to send each packet. An efficient algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation and the method of alternating variables is proposed to solve the resulting optimization problem. Simulation results are shown to illustrate the advantages of joint optimization across multiple layers.
Efficient TCP connection failover in Web server clusters

Web clusters continue to be widely used by large enterprises and organizations to host online services. Providing services without interruption is critical to the revenue and perceived image of both hosts and content providers. Therefore, server node failure and recovery should be invisible to the clients. Most of the existing fault-tolerance schemes simply stop dispatching future client requests to the failed server. They do not recover those connections handled by the node at the time of failure, which makes the failure visible to some clients. Making the failure transparent requires both application-layer and transport-layer mechanisms. While atomic application-layer primary-backup failover schemes have been addressed at length in previous literature, a transport-layer scheme is necessary in order to make them invisible to the clients. We describe a transparent TCP connection failover mechanism. Besides transparency, our solution is also highly efficient, and does not need any dedicated hardware support.
Raf-induced MMP9 disrupts tissue architecture of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and is necessary for tumor growth in vivo

Organization into polarized three-dimensional structures defines whether epithelial cells are normal or malignant. In a model of morphogenesis, we show that inhibiting key signaling pathways in human breast cancer cells leads to "phenotypic reversion" of the malignant cells. Using architecture as an endpoint, we report that, in all cases, signaling through Raf/MEK/ERK disrupted tissue polarity via matrix metalloproteinase9 (MMP9) activity. Induction of Raf or activation of an engineered, functionally inducible MMP9 in nonmalignant cells led to loss of tissue polarity, and reinitiated proliferation. Conversely, inhibition of Raf or MMP9 with small molecule inhibitors or shRNAs restored the ability of cancer cells to form polarized quiescent structures. Silencing MMP9 expression also reduced tumor growth dramatically in a murine xenograft model. LC-MS/MS analysis comparing conditioned medium from nonmalignant cells with or without active MMP9 revealed laminin 111 (LM1) as an important target of MMP9. LM1 has been implicated in acinar morphogenesis; thus, its degradation by MMP9 provides a mechanism for loss of tissue polarity and reinitiation of growth associated with MMP9 activity. These findings underscore the importance of the dynamic reciprocity between the extracellular matrix integrity, tissue polarity, and Raf/MEK/ERK and MMP9 activities, providing an axis for either tissue homeostasis or malignant progression.
Vertical deformation of lacustrine shorelines along breached relay ramps, Catlow Valley fault, southeastern Oregon, USA

Abstract Vertical deformation of pluvial lacustrine shorelines is attributed to slip along the Catlow Valley fault, a segmented Basin and Range style normal fault in southeastern Oregon, USA. The inner edges of shorelines are mapped along three breached relay ramps along the fault to examine the effect of fault linkage on the distribution of slip. Shoreline inner edges act as paleohorizontal datums so deviations in elevation from horizontal, outside of a 2 m error window, are taken to be indications of fault slip. The sites chosen represent a spectrum of linkage scenarios in that the throw on the linking fault compared to that on the main fault adjacent to the linking fault varies from site to site. Results show that the maturity of the linkage between segments (i.e. larger throw on the linking fault with respect to the main fault) does not control the spatial distribution of shoreline deformation. Patterns of shoreline deformation indicate that the outboard, linking, and/or smaller ramp faults have slipped since the shorelines formed. Observations indicate that displacement has not fully localized on the linking faults following complete linkage between segments.
Green-Energy Aware and Latency Aware User Associations in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Green communications has received much attention recently. For cellular networks, the base stations (BSs) account for more than 50 percent of the energy consumption of the networks. Therefore, reducing the power consumption of BSs is crucial to greening cellular networks. With the development of green energy technologies, BSs can be powered by green energy in order to reduce the on-grid power consumption, and subsequently reduce the carbon footprints. In this paper, we have proposed a distributed scheme to enable Green-energy Aware and Latency Aware (GALA) user-BS associations in heterogeneous cellular networks whose BSs are powered by both on-grid power and green energy. The GALA algorithm considers both the traffic delivery latency and the green energy generation rate in BSs for determining the user-BS association. We have proved that the GALA algorithm converges to the optimal solution which minimizes the summation of the weighted latency ratios of BSs. The simulation results show that the GALA algorithm enables the trade-off between the on-grid power consumption and the average traffic delivery latency, and saves a significant amount of on-grid power in heterogeneous cellular networks that are powered by both on-grid power and green energy.
Food Consumption of Hibernating and Nonhibernating Citellus Lateralis

Captive Citellus lateralis were maintained at 4° C and 20° C during the period of natural hibernation. Food intake was determined by recovery and analysis of scats. One gram of fecal material was found to represent 2.7 g of food (oven-dry) (rabbit checkers). Eight squirrels at 4° C hibernated from late October until late April and early May. They ate only when they aroused, about once every 10 to 14 days; during hibernation their mean daily food intake was 0.3 g, and their mean daily caloric intake 1 kcal (65% of which was absorbed), or 2 kcal per metabolic body size. Eight squirrels at 20° C were sluggish but not torpid. They ate daily, the mean daily intake being 8 to 11 g. The mean daily caloric intake per animal at 20° C varied from 16 to 23 kcal, or from 60 to 83 kcal per metabolic body size. An extended warm autumn could retard or prevent hibernation and consequently require this species to draw heavily on its body fat and food stores. It appears that hibernation in this species is a protection against the virtual impossibility of foraging on the ground in deep snow.
Attitudes regarding the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors and maintenance of relative dose intensity among gynecologic oncologists.

Objective: To assess the attitudes regarding the use of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and the maintenance of relative dose intensity (RDI) by gynecologic oncologists during the administration of chemotherapy to patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: A nationwide survey of 608 gynecologic oncologists was performed using a 19-point questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed the following domains: (1) demographic information, (2) patterns of CSF use during first-line and relapse chemotherapies for patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, and (3) use of CSFs to maintain RDI. Results: The response rate to the survey was 42% (n = 255). Eighty-six percent (220/255) of the respondents routinely administer chemotherapy. In the first-line setting, 67% of physicians who routinely administer chemotherapy preferred to use CSFs for secondary prophylaxis after a neutropenic complication, whereas only 2% would use CSFs for primary prophylaxis. In the recurrent disease setting, physicians were more likely to administer a regimen with minimal myelosuppression (74% reported "likely" or "very likely"), to dose delay or modify if neutropenic complications occur (78%), or to administer CSFs for secondary prophylaxis (85%) than to dose attenuate upon initiation of chemotherapy (49%) or to administer CSFs for primary prophylaxis (46%). Most physicians would administer CSFs to maintain RDI in both the first-line (75%) and palliative settings (62%), and 49% would strive to maintain a dose intensity of more than 85%. Conclusions: Most gynecologic oncologists use CSFs as secondary prophylaxis for neutropenic complications rather than as primary prophylaxis. Most gynecologic oncologists monitor RDI and use CSFs to maintain RDI in their patients with ovarian carcinoma.
CDKN2A LOSS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN INFILTRATING ASTROCYTOMAS BUT NOT OLIGODENDROGLIOMAS OR MIXED OLIGOASTROCYTOMAS

BACKGROUND: Infiltrating WHO grade II and III gliomas are devastating and difficult to treat neoplasms classified as astrocytoma (A2), oligodendroglioma (O2), oligoastrocytoma (OA2), or anaplastic astrocytoma (A3), oligodendroglioma (O3), and oligoastrocytoma (OA3). Anaplastic grade is critically dependent on the presence of mitoses (astrocytomas) or high mitotic activity (oligodendroglial tumors), with CDKN2A deletion considered the most common mechanism for associated cell cycle dysregulation. We therefore sought to determine if p16 loss by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or CDKN2A gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are associated with patient survival across histologic groupings after controlling for age, grade, and other molecular markers. METHODS: Adults (18 years of age) with infiltrating gliomas (grades II or III) were selected from the UCSF Adult Glioma Study (N = 157). The population consisted of 90 males (average age = 43.2) and 67 females (average age = 40.7). Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status (IDH1 and IDH2) was known for all cases. Histology and grade were as follows: 53 O2, 33 A2, 29 OA2, 20 O3, 15 A3, 7 OA3. CDKN2A FISH was performed using commercial probes and immunostains for p16 and MIB1 (Ki-67) were similarly performed using commercial antibodies. The end point for the analysis was overall survival, analyzed using Cox proportional hazards, stratified by tumor histology and with adjustment for sex, age, grade, and various tumor markers. A total of 61 events (deaths) were observed, and median follow-up time across all subjects was 6.4 years. RESULTS: After controlling for age, sex, and grade, CDKN2A deletion was associated with decreased survival in astrocytoma patients (P = 0.045; HR = 3.1; 95%CI = 1.03-9.2) but not in oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma patients (P = 0.57 and P = 0.67, respectively). A strong inverse association between IDH mutation and CDKN2A deletion was observed in astrocytomas, and the association of CDKN2A deletion with survival was attenuated after controlling for IDH status (P = 0.34). Interestingly, CDKN2A loss was observed in 83% of IDH wild-type versus 33% of IDH-mutant astrocytomas (P = 0.029). CDKN2A loss was only weakly associated with decreased p16 expression (p = 0.09), and the p16 labeling index (LI) was not associated with outcome. There was also no clear association between CDKN2A deletion and MIB1 LI (P = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: CDKN2A deletion by FISH is associated with shortened survival in astrocytoma patients, but not in patients with oligodendroglial tumors. The strong inverse association between IDH mutation and CDKN2A deletion suggests that CDKN2A status may have prognostic value in the clinical work-up of grade II and III astrocytoma patients. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
How Often Does Spindle Failure Occur in Compressive Osseointegration Endoprostheses for Oncologic Reconstruction

Compressive osseointegration is a promising modality for limb salvage in distal femoral oncologic tumors. However, few studies have explored short-term survival rates in a large patient cohort of distal femur compressive endoprostheses or highlighted the risk factors for spindle failures. We asked: (1) What is the frequency of compressive osseointegration spindle failure in distal femoral reconstructions? (2) What are the characteristics of rotational failure cases with distal femur compressive osseointegration endoprostheses? (3) What are the risk factors for mechanical and rotational failure of distal femur compressive osseointegration implantation? (4) What are other modalities of failure or causes of revision surgery, which affect patients undergoing distal femur compressive osseointegration implantation for oncologic reconstruction? Between 1996 and 2013, 127 distal femoral reconstructions with the Compress® prosthesis were performed in 121 patients. During that time, 116 Compress® prostheses were implanted for aggressive primary tumors of the distal femur and/or failure of previous oncologic reconstruction. This approach represented approximately 91% of the distal femoral reconstructions performed during that time. Of the patients with prostheses implanted, four patients (four of 116, 3%) had died, and 37 (37 of 116, 32%) were lost to followup before 24 months. The median followup was 84 months (range, 24–198 months), and 71 patients (66% of all patients) were seen within the last 3 years. A retrospective chart review was performed to determine failure modality as defined by radiographs, clinical history, and intraoperative findings. Risk factors including age, sex, BMI, resection length, and perioperative chemotherapy were analyzed to determine effect on spindle and rotational failure rates. Survival analysis was determined using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Differences in survival between groups were analyzed using the log rank test. Risk factors were determined using Cox proportional hazard modeling. Spindle survival at 5 and 10 years was 91% (95% CI, 82%–95%). Survival rates from rotational failure at 5 and 10 years were 92% (95% CI, 83%–96%); the majority of failures occurred within the first 2 years postoperatively and were the result of a twisting mechanism of injury. With the numbers available, none of the potential risk factors examined were associated with mechanical failure. The 5-year and 10-year all-cause revision-free survival rates were 57% (95% CI, 44%–67%) and 50% (95% CI, 36%–61%), respectively. Distal femur compressive osseointegration is a viable method for endoprosthetic reconstruction. Rotational failure is rare with the majority occurring early. No variables were found to correlate with increased risk of mechanical failure. More research is needed to evaluate methods of preventing mechanical and rotational failures in addition to other common causes of revision such as infection in these massive endoprosthetic reconstructions. Level IV, therapeutic study.
Investigation of anti-Stokes Raman processes at phonon-polariton resonances for phonon removal and laser cooling

In this proceedings article, we summarize our recent results on the feasibility studies made on Raman oscillation, frequency upconversion, and Raman amplification which are achievable in a second-order nonlinear medium at the phonon-polariton resonance. By beating two optical fields, a second-order nonlinear polarization is generated inside the medium. Such a polarization induces a spatially-uniform non-propagating electric field at the beat frequency, which in turn mixes with the input optical field at the lower frequency to generate or amplify the anti-Stokes optical field. Raman oscillation can be efficiently reached for the co-propagating configuration. In comparison, efficient frequency upconversion and large amplifications can be achieved for the counter-propagating configuration. These Raman processes can be used to effectively remove transverse-optical phonons before decaying to lower-frequency phonons, perhaps reach thresholds for laser cooling, and significantly enhance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. The counter-propagating configuration offers advantages for amplifying extremely weak signals, efficient phonon removal, and laser cooling.
Use of Biologic Grafts in Surgery

The ultimate advance in technologies in surgery is tissue engineering (TE), which aims to create and substitute failing or severely injured organs, by replacing them both anatomically and functionally as close as possible or entirely substituting the healthy organ. However, this is not without major issues such as scientific, technical, logistical, and ethical. On particular product of TE is biologic mesh that has been used for the last 20 years, in particular in reconstruction of complicated major, abdominal wall defects, that has become the new surgical disease. Management of these patients has brought up a new dilemma, which is the question of how to reconstruct these major defects. Most of us use native abdominal wall whenever it can be used. However evidence suggests that synthetic or biologic mesh needs to be added to major ventral hernias repair (>3 cm). Use of biologic or prosthetic mesh is the current graft option. Since, by definition, patients with entero-cutaneous fistulas (ECFs), entero-atmospheric fistulas (EAFs), and/or stomas have contaminated wounds, synthetic mesh is to be avoided if all possible, as it is associated with high rates of wound infection (often necessitating removal of infected mesh for source control of infection) and with other complications (such as newly created fistulas). Most recently, biologic mesh has become standard in high-risk patients with contaminated and dirty-infected wounds. However, while biologic mesh is the most common tissue engineered that is being used in the field of surgery at this moment, level I evidence is needed on indication, and long-term outcomes. In this chapter we review current evidence of use of biologic mesh in major abdominal wall defects as well as other indications.
Computational Transcript Analysis and Language Disorders

The errors and omissions found in aphasic language production are a rich source of information about how language is processed in the brain. However, in order to fully exploit this type of data, we need a consistent methodology for elicitation, recording, transcription, and analysis. One such framework is provided by tools developed for the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) Project. This paper examines those tools in the light of the development of research methodology from the precomputer period into the current period of connectivity and exploratory reality. Although these tools were originally developed for the analysis of language acquisition data, they can be readily adapted to the study of language disorders.
Cardiac Atrophy and Remodeling

Abstract The heart experiences constantly changing demands that require morphological and functional alterations to maintain adequate cardiovascular perfusion. Upon exposure to pathological stimuli, the heart responds by dramatically inducing biochemical signaling and gene expression that alter cardiomyocyte cell size, maximize or change the source of energy substrates, and increase cardiac output. Cardiac remodeling, whether through anabolic or catabolic processes, initially improves or maintains cardiac function. However, with sustained cardiac stress, cellular processes mediating cell survival, metabolism, and the maintenance of normal cardiac architecture begin to fail. Cardiac atrophy is a unique form of catabolic remodeling generally caused by a physiological response to chronically reduced cardiac workload or to complex inflammatory disease milieus, such as those associated with cancer or viral infection. In each case, cardiomyocyte atrophy promotes reduced myocardial mass with preservation of wall-to-chamber dimensions aimed at normalizing wall stress. Although much is known about the anabolic processes responsible for hypertrophic cardiac remodeling, less is known about atrophy and regression induced by ventricular unloading. Interest in these processes increased dramatically when it was observed that the hearts of patients who received left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) exhibited ‘reverse remodeling’. Elucidation of the mechanisms mediating reversal of molecular and morphological features of heart failure through reduced workload represents a promising therapeutic prospect. It has been demonstrated that a reduction in hypertrophy, which has been shown to predispose patients to heart failure, may preserve heart function; however, it has also been suggested that initially, hypertrophy helps preserve cardiac function. Therefore, the strategy of blocking hypertrophy has not been universally successful mainly due to the dysregulation of the anabolic and catabolic processes in the cardiomyocyte that can result in additional cardiac dysfunction. By examining the balance between protein synthesis and degradation in catabolic cardiac remodeling, we will explore the mechanisms by which protein degradation is favored in animal models of hemodynamic unloading as well as in specific physiological settings that induce this effect.
Educating the West in the use of magnifying narrow-band imaging for colorectal tumors.

Sano and colleagues have successfully highlighted the current advances in the utilisation of NBI magnifying endoscopic classification of colorectal tumours. As a gastroenterologist and educationalist I wanted to promote discussion regarding how best to educate learners in this regard. Evidence highlights time and again that the rate of competency gain among learners in any form of diagnostic endoscopy varies with little understanding as to why this may be the case. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Arming the Canon: Reviving the Foundation of International Relations through Games

This paper attempts to add a layer of conceptual clarity to the study of simulations and games in international relations by classifying simulations and games according to their unit of analysis and the number of sources they attempt to incorporate. We present this classification and note the advantages and disadvantages of such a model with particular attention paid to the potential misuses of topic-based and multi-source games. We introduce a new unit of analysis, the question- or problem-based approach, and offer a new game to illustrate the potential benefits of such an approach. Ultimately we conclude that a large part of the answer to whether or not simulations are effective in advancing learning may depends on how a particular game is framed and executed.
A peer-influence perspective on compulsive social networking site use: Trait mindfulness as a double-edged sword

There is an increasing concern regarding the emergence of harmful compulsive use patterns among some social networking sites (SNSs) users. Although SNSs are efficient social interaction tools, there is a dearth of research that seeks to understand peer-influence determinants of compulsive SNS use. This study attempts to bridge this gap and tests a model that accounts for the effects of peer-influence mechanisms on compulsive SNS use. Because mindfulness is important for the observation of and cognitive deliberation regarding peer influences, the model also accounts for possible moderating effects of mindfulness. To test this model we conducted a two-wave survey of 155 SNS users from the US. Findings based on hierarchical regression models show that while observed increase in peer SNS use augments compulsive SNS use, social pressure self-efficacy reduces it. Trait mindfulness was found to accentuate these influences and serve as a double-edged sword: it strengthened the inhibiting effect of social pressure self-efficacy on compulsive SNS use, but increased the positive effect of observed peer use increase on compulsive SNS use. Moreover, about 11% of our sample met presumed rudimentary clinical compulsiveness screening criteria. Logistic regression showed that the likelihood of meeting these criteria is reduced with increases in SNS experience and social pressure self-efficacy. These findings can serve as a basis for the development of interventions that target such factors.
Methadone Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes: An Overview

Opioid abuse and addiction remain a serious social and health problem, especially with the dramatic increase in the use of prescription opioids. This chapter begins with an overview of the neural mechanisms underlying opioid reward, tolerance, dependence, and addiction, followed by a review of the history of the discovery of methadone pharmacotherapy. The author then reviews the rationale for methadone treatment, and the use and misuse of methadone in the treatment of pain and opioid addiction. Research shows that opioids predominantly target brain gamma-butyric acid, dopamine, and norepinepherine neurons, causing a series of enduring neuroadaptive changes that result in opioid dependence and addiction. Methadone treatment was discovered from unexpected clinical observations 50 years ago. Since then, methadone has been shown to be safe and effective in reducing illicit opiate use and in relieving craving and withdrawal syndromes. Therefore, it has been widely used in opioid detoxification and maintenance treatment. Future major challenges include how to deliver the methadone or other agonist therapies to more patients and how to control misuse and overdose of methadone and/or other prescription opioids.
The Relationship Between Collective Efficacy and Teachers’ Social Networks in Urban Middle Schools:

Collective efficacy, a group’s belief in its capabilities to reach a goal, is an important organizational property repeatedly linked with student achievement. However, little scholarship specifies the antecedents of collective efficacy. To fill this gap, this study examines a potential predictor of collective efficacy: teachers’ social networks. The authors employ social network and regression analysis to explore the relationship between network density, network centralization, and collective efficacy in 20 middle school mathematics departments in two large, urban districts across 3 years. Collective efficacy had a significant relationship with density, but not centralization, when controlling for school demographics. The findings underscore the importance of network density to school improvement reforms. Policymakers need to consider policies that support the building of a dense network, which could increase collective efficacy and, ultimately, student achievement.
Ability to Categorize Food Predicts Hypothetical Food Choices in Head Start Preschoolers.

Abstract Objective To investigate whether preschoolers are able to identify and categorize foods, and whether their ability to classify food as healthy predicts their hypothetical food choice. Design Structured interviews and body measurements with preschoolers, and teacher reports of classroom performance. Setting Six Head Start centers in a large southeastern region. Participants A total of 235 preschoolers (mean age [SD], 4.73 [0.63] years; 45.4% girls). Intervention(s) Teachers implemented a nutrition education intervention across the 2014–2015 school year in which children were taught to identify and categorize food as sometimes (ie, unhealthy) and anytime (ie, healthy). Main Outcome Measures Preschooler responses to a hypothetical snack naming, classifying, and selection scenario. Analysis Hierarchical regression analyses to examine predictors of child hypothetical food selection. Results While controlling for child characteristics and cognitive functioning, preschoolers who were better at categorizing food as healthy or unhealthy were more likely to say they would choose the healthy food. Low-contrast food pairs in which food had to be classified based on multiple dimensions were outside the cognitive abilities of the preschoolers. Conclusions and Implications Nutrition interventions may be more effective in helping children make healthy food choices if developmental limitations in preschoolers' abilities to categorize food is addressed in their curriculum. Classification of food into evaluative categories is challenging for this age group. Categorizing on multiple dimensions is difficult, and dichotomous labeling of food as good or bad is not always accurate in directing children toward making food choices. Future research could evaluate further preschoolers' developmental potential for food categorization and nutrition decision making and consider factors that influence healthy food choices at both snack and mealtime.
Predicting long-run citation counts for articles in top economics journals

We examine the relative strength of short-term citation counts, bibliometric measures such as journal impact factors, and journal rankings in terms of predicting long-run citations. Using a set of articles published in sixty of the highest reputation economics journals in 1994, we find that citations received over fairly short windows (between 1 and 2 years after publication) are much stronger predictors of long-run citation counts compared with journal impact factors or other journal rankings. Our results are robust to a series of robustness checks. These findings suggest department heads and tenure and promotion committees should place greater weight on short-term citations as opposed to article placement when making personnel decisions.
Optimizing chemo-scheduling based on tumor growth rates

We review the classic tumor growth and regression laws of Skipper and Schable based on fixed exponential growth assumptions, and Norton and Simon's law based on a Gompertzian growth assumption. We then discuss ways to optimize chemotherapeutic scheduling using a Moran process evolutionary game-theory model of tumor growth that incorporates more general dynamical and evolutionary features of tumor cell kinetics. Using this model, and employing the quantitative notion of Shannon entropy which assigns high values to low-dose metronomic (LDM) therapies, and low values to maximum tolerated dose (MTD) therapies, we show that low-dose metronomic strategies can outperform maximum tolerated dose strategies, particularly for faster growing tumors. The general concept of designing different chemotherapeutic strategies for tumors with different growth characteristics is discussed.
Performance assessment of damaged bridge bents after the Loma Prieta earthquake

Following the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, a large number of damaged and undamaged structural concrete bridge structures had to be assessed and evaluated for seismic repair and retrofit. The lack of consistent assessment and evaluation models prompted the formulation of the outlined procedures in a first attempt to develop a comprehensive basis for the seismic assessment and retrofit of existing bridge structures. The presented principles are currently being developed at UCSD into consistent assessment design models in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation.
Rescue of cone function in cone-only Nphp5 knockout mouse model with Leber congenital amaurosis phenotype.

Purpose Recessive mutations in the human IQCB1/NPHP5 gene are associated with Senior-Loken syndrome (SLS), a ciliopathy presenting with nephronophthisis and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Nphp5-knockout mice develop LCA without nephronophthisis. Mutant rods rapidly degenerate while mutant cones survive for months. The purpose of this study was to reinitiate cone ciliogenesis in a Nphp5 -/-; Nrl -/- mouse with viral expression of full-length NPHP5 and rescue function. Methods Nphp5 -/- mice were mated with Nrl -/- mice to generate Nphp5-/-; Nrl-/- double-knockouts. Nphp5-/-; Nrl-/- mice and Nphp5+/-; Nrl-/- controls were phenotyped with confocal microscopy from postnatal day 10 (P10) until 6 months of age. Nphp5-/-; Nrl-/- mice and Nphp5+/-; Nrl-/- controls were injected at P15 with self-complementary adenoassociated virus 8 (Y733F) (AAV8(Y733F)) expressing GRK1-FL-cNPHP5. Expression of mutant NPHP5 was verified with confocal microscopy and electroretinography (ERG). Results In the Nphp5 -/- and cone-only Nphp5 -/-; Nrl -/- mice, cone outer segments did not form, but mutant cones continued to express cone pigments in the inner segments without obvious signs of cone cell death. The mutant cone outer nuclear layer (ONL) and the inner segments were stable for more than 6 months in the cone-only Nphp5 -/-; Nrl -/- retinas. Viral expression of NPHP5 initiated after eye opening showed that connecting cilia and RP1-positive axonemes were formed. Furthermore, cone pigments and other cone outer segment proteins (cone transducin and cone PDE6) were present in the nascent mutant cone outer segments, and rescued mutant cones exhibited a significant photopic b-wave (30% of Nphp5 +/-; Nrl -/- controls). Conclusions Nphp5-/-; Nrl-/- cones persistently express cone pigments in the inner segments without obvious degeneration, providing an extended duration interval for viral gene expression. Viral expression of full-length NPHP5 initiates ciliogenesis between P15 and P60, and mutant cones are, in part, functional, encouraging future retina gene replacement therapy.
Localization and interactions in topological and nontopological bands in two dimensions

A two-dimensional electron gas in a high magnetic field displays macroscopically degenerate Landau levels, which can be split into Hofstadter subbands by means of a weak periodic potential. By carefully engineering such a potential, one can precisely tune the number, bandwidths, band gaps, and Chern character of these subbands. This allows a detailed study of the interplay of disorder, interaction, and topology in two-dimensional systems. We first explore the physics of disorder and single-particle localization in subbands derived from the lowest Landau level, that nevertheless may have a topological nature different from that of the entire lowest Landau level. By projecting the Hamiltonian onto subbands of interest, we systematically explore the localization properties of single-particle eigenstates in the presence of quenched disorder. We then introduce electron-electron interactions and investigate the fate of many-body localization in subbands of varying topological character.
Effects of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid on certain light-induced reactions and on ATPase activity of isolated chromatophores from Rhodospirillumrubrum☆

Abstract The effects of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (cAMP) on a number of reactions catalyzed by isolated chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum were examined and compared with those produced by adenosine 5′-monophosphoric acid (AMP). Photophosphorylation and dark ATPase are inhibited about 50% by 10 mM cAMP, while 10 mM AMP has no inhibitory effect. NAD photoreduction and energy-linked transhydrogenation are more strongly inhibited by cAMP than by AMP, thus demonstrating a marked inhibitory effect of a naturally occuring nucleotide on energy-linked reactions in isolated chromatophores. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase can be demonstrated as a soluble enzyme which is not associated with the chromatophore fraction.
Effects of Social Relations on Mortality in the Context of Grandparenting

Issues of health and well-being have received considerable attention as a way to help grandparent caregivers. There is growing evidence that grandparenting is beneficial to grandparent caregivers’ health, yet acting as grandparent caregiver also is detrimental to health and social relations when a grandparent provides an extensive level of care to grandchildren. The extent to which grandparent caregiving benefits or harms the health of a grandparent is still unknown; mortality specifically has not been systematically studied. Moreover, although altruistic behaviors towards others have been shown to have beneficial effects on caregivers’ health in general, there is little information regarding social relations of grandparent caregivers and their impact on mortality. This study aims to investigate the roles of different aspects of social relations among community-dwelling older adults, examining whether aspects of social relations, including social networks, received functional support aid, and perceived support quality mediate the association between grandparent caregiving and mortality. The data were drawn from the 2008 and 2014 Health and Retirement Study (N=1,196). Results of survival analyses indicate that custodial and co-parenting grandparents had higher all-cause mortality risks relative to occasional babysitting grandparents over the subsequent 6-year observation period; however, for the custodial grandparents, the associations were not significant after health, health behaviors, and depressive symptoms were added into the model. Latent class analyses were conducted to identify the social network typology with seven indicators of interpersonal relationships and activities. Results from the latent class analysis identified four clusters: diverse, friend-focused, family-focused, and restricted/ non-friends. Specifically, family-focused network was significantly associated with increased mortality risks among grandparents. Custodial grandparents received more functional support but perceived less positive support, which further enhanced the negative associations between custodial grandparenting status and increased mortality risk. This study suggests that community-based support to strengthen social networks may be beneficial to older grandparents and that improved positive relationship quality matters for older adults’ well-being.
Putting Fractions Together.

Learning fractions is a critical step in children’s mathematical development. However, many children struggle with learning fractions, especially fraction arithmetic. In this article, we propose a general framework for integrating understanding of individual fractions and fraction arithmetic, and we use the framework to generate interventions intended to improve understanding of both individual fractions and fraction addition. The framework, Putting Fractions Together (PFT), emphasizes that both individual fractions and sums of fractions are composed of unit fractions and can be represented by concatenating them (putting them together). To illustrate, both “3/9” and “2/9 + 1/9” can be represented by concatenating three 1/9s; similarly, 2/9 + 1/8 can be represented by concatenating two 1/9s and one 1/8. Interventions based on the PFT framework were tested in 2 experiments with fourth, fifth, and sixth grade children. The interventions led to improved performance on number line estimation and magnitude comparison tasks involving individual fractions and sums of fractions with equal and unequal denominators. Especially large improvements were observed on relatively difficult unequal-denominator fraction sum problems. The findings suggest that viewing individual nonunit fractions and sums of fractions as concatenations of unit fractions provides a sound conceptual foundation for improving children’s knowledge of both. We discuss implications of the research for teaching and learning fractions, children’s numerical development, and mathematics education in general. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Classifying Simplicial Dissections of Convex Polyhedra with Symmetry

A convex polyhedron is the convex hull of a finite set of points in \({\mathbb R}^3.\) A triangulation of a convex polyhedron is a decomposition into a finite number of 3-simplices such that any two intersect in a common face or are disjoint. A simplicial dissection is a decomposition into a finite number of 3-simplices such that no two share an interior point. We present an algorithm to classify the simplicial dissections of a regular polyhedron under the symmetry group of the prolyhedron.
The Relationship of Diet Quality with Proportion of Daily Energy Contributed by Sandwiches Varies by Age over Adulthood in Racially and Socioeconomically Diverse Adults.

Sandwiches are considered a staple in diets of United States adults. Previous research with Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study participants revealed that 16% consume a sandwich dietary pattern providing with 44% of their daily energy. Yet, little is known about the effect of sandwiches on diet quality over time. The study objectives were to determine the relationship of energy contributed by sandwiches to diet quality in this socioeconomically and racially diverse sample categorized by age ( 0-20%, >20%) measured concurrently at each visit. Diet quality of older men with income 0-20% and >20% energy from sandwiches compared to young women with incomes >125% poverty who were non-reporters of sandwiches (β ± SE: 10.93 ± 5.27, p = 0.01; 13.11 ± 4.96, p = 0.01, respectively). The three most common sandwich types reported, in descending order, were cold cuts, beef, and poultry.
Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia has a high risk of recurrence and progression to invasive vulvar cancer

Objectives: Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) is implicated as a precursor to HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (SCCV). It has a variable clinical course that has not yet been fully characterized. Data on the clinical and histopathologic features of dVIN, risk of recurrence and progression to SCCV is limited. Our objective was to describe the natural history of dVIN and evaluate predictors of recurrence and disease progression to carcinoma in a cohort of women with histologically confirmed disease. Methods: Under an IRB-approved protocol, we retrospectively identified 27 patients with biopsy-proven dVIN from 2011 to 2020. Cases were independently reviewed by 2 gynecologic pathologists. Demographics, histopathologic features including immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for p16, p53, ER/PR and GATA 3 and clinical course were abstracted. Patients were followed with semi-annual exams and biopsies at the discretion of their gynecologic provider. Results: Median age of the cohort was 70 years (range 43-91). Median follow-up time was 4 months (range 1-21). All women were Caucasian. The majority of women had concurrent lichen sclerosus (LS) adjacent to dVIN (81%). No specific primary treatment (topical versus surgical excision) was superior in preventing recurrence or progression to SCCV. 67% of women had recurrent dVIN at a median of 8 months from the initial diagnosis. 10 women had SCCV during the study period: 4 (15%) at primary diagnosis adjacent to dVIN, and 6 (22%) progressed to SCCV. Median time to progression was 34 months (range 1-120). P53 mutation (including p53 overexpression or p53 null) was associated with progression to SCCV (p Download : Download high-res image (134KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: dVIN has a potentially agressive clinical course with a high risk of recurrence and progression to SCCV, despite treatment. Coexisting LS can challenge accurate histologic interpretation mandating a thorough evaluation to exclude coexisting SCCV. Close surveillance with a low threshold for biopsies in women with dVIN is warranted given that 22% progressed to cancer. In this cohort of patients, there were no clear clinical predictors of recurrence or progression to cancer based upon traditional risk factors for lower gentical tract dysplasia. GATA 3 IHC staining may be a useful marker to identify and triage patients with the highest risk of recurrence or progression to SCCV to more intense surveillance.