cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GABA interneurons are the cellular trigger for ketamine’s rapid antidepressant actions

A single subanesthetic dose of ketamine, an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, produces rapid and sustained antidepressant actions in depressed patients, addressing a major unmet need for the treatment of mood disorders. Ketamine produces a rapid increase in extracellular glutamate and synaptic formation in the prefrontal cortex, but the initial cellular trigger that initiates this increase and ketamine's behavioral actions has not been identified. To address this question, we used a combination of viral shRNA and conditional mutation to produce cell-specific knockdown or deletion of a key NMDAR subunit, GluN2B, implicated in the actions of ketamine. The results demonstrated that the antidepressant actions of ketamine were blocked by GluN2B-NMDAR knockdown on GABA (Gad1) interneurons, as well as subtypes expressing somatostatin (Sst) or parvalbumin (Pvalb), but not glutamate principle neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Further analysis of GABA subtypes showed that cell-specific knockdown or deletion of GluN2B in Sst interneurons blocked or occluded the antidepressant actions of ketamine and revealed sex-specific differences that are associated with excitatory postsynaptic currents on mPFC principle neurons. These findings demonstrate that GluN2B-NMDARs on GABA interneurons are the initial cellular trigger for the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and show sex-specific adaptive mechanisms to GluN2B modulation.
Can we measure practical wisdom

ABSTRACTWisdom, long a topic of interest to moral philosophers, is increasingly the focus of social science research. Philosophers have historically been concerned to develop a rationally defensibl...
Nutrition Education in Refugee Continuity Clinic

Although refugee immigrant populations arrive in the US with healthier cardiovascular risk profiles than the U.S. average, they trend towards obesity the longer they live here (Wieland, 2012). Children within the first three years of resettlement in the US are at particularly high risk for obesity (Heney, 2013; Roshania, 2008). This effect can be attributed to diminished levels of exercise and increased consumption of high-calorie foods (Heney, 2013; Rhodes), as well as culture-specific risk factors. Here we propose a nutrition education program as a preventative measure against obesity for refugee pediatric …
Power amplification via compliant layer interdigitation and dielectrophoretic structuring of PZT particle composites

The evolution of portable electronics has led to recent popularity of piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting, especially for devices deployed remotely or in vivo. The efficiency of piezoelectric generators harvesting energy from the human body is lacking due to off-resonance loading. Piezoelectric ceramics are expensive to manufacture and are dense, brittle, and difficult to use in high strain environments. Piezoelectric composites composed of ferroelectric particles distributed in a polymer matrix are desirable due to low cost and tunable properties. In this study, Compliant Layer Adaptive Composite Stacks (CLACS) made with thin piezoelectric composite layers structured by dielectrophoresis (DEP) were investigated to increase the energy harvesting efficiency at low frequency loading. To predict power generation capabilities, a theoretical model was developed by using established particle composite models in conjunction with a shear lag structural mechanics model for CLACS. Granular composite discs of lead zirconate titanate particles in an epoxy matrix were manufactured at a 50% volume fraction and structured by DEP, if applicable. CLACS were manufactured using composite discs and two compliant layer thicknesses. The stacks were electromechanically tested by varying load, frequency, and resistance. Experimental results showed a significant increase in power amplification with DEP structured discs and compliant layer interdigitation. In addition, the theoretical model accurately predicts power production for both 0–3 and 1–3 CLACS at low frequencies. DEP structured particle composite CLACS can provide a method of energy harvesting for devices in remote locations, especially in low frequency high strain environments.
Chapter 36 – Wolman Disease

Wolman disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive storage disorder caused by very low (or absent) lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to massive intracellular accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. WD represents the severe form of LAL deficiency in which patients present in early infancy with steatorrhea, chronic emesis, failure to thrive, and hepatosplenomegaly. Without treatment, affected individuals usually die during the first year of life. A moderate phenotype of LAL deficiency, known as cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), correlates with higher residual LAL activity relative to WD. Patients with CESD present later in life with hepatomegaly, hyperlipoproteinemia and premature atherosclerosis. Both WD and CESD are diagnosed by enzymatic assay in fibroblasts and lymphocytes, and confirmed by mutational analysis of the lipase A, lysosomal acid, cholesterol esterase (LIPA) gene. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation represents the only intervention capable of preventing hepatic failure and death in WD. Management of dyslipidemia and liver failure, on the other hand, constitute the mainstay therapy for CESD patients. Current efforts are directed towards reducing the complications associated with transplantation and towards novel therapeutic approaches such as enzyme replacement, gene transplant, and more effective lipid-lowering agents.
Effects of concentrated poultry operations and cropland manure application on antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli and nutrient pollution in Chesapeake Bay watersheds.

Manure from poultry operations is typically applied to nearby cropland and may affect nutrient loading and the spread of antibiotic resistance (ABR). We analyzed the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and the occurrence of ABR in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli isolates from streams draining 15 small (<19 km2) watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay with contrasting levels of concentrated poultry operations. Total nitrogen and nitrate plus nitrite concentrations increased with poultry barn density with concentrations two and three times higher, respectively, in watersheds with the highest poultry barn densities compared to those without poultry barns. Analysis of N and O isotopes in nitrate by mass spectrometry showed an increase in the proportion of 15N associated with an increase in barn density, suggesting that the nitrate associated with poultry barns originated from manure. Phosphorus concentrations were not correlated with barn density. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of putative E. coli isolates was conducted using the disk diffusion method for twelve clinically important antibiotics. Of the isolates tested, most were completely susceptible (67%); 33% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 24% were resistant to ampicillin, 13% were resistant to cefazolin, and 8% were multi-drug resistant. Resistance to three cephalosporin drugs was positively associated with an index of manure exposure estimated from poultry barn density and proportion of cropland in a watershed. The proportion of E. coli isolates resistant to cefoxitin, cefazolin, and ceftriaxone, broad-spectrum antibiotics important in human medicine, increased by 18.9%, 16.9%, and 6.2%, respectively, at the highest estimated level of manure exposure compared to watersheds without manure exposure. Our results suggest that comparisons of small watersheds could be used to identify geographic areas where remedial actions may be needed to reduce nutrient pollution and the public health risks of ABR bacteria.
The confusion between biological sex and gender and potential implications of misinterpretations

Abstract The concepts of sex and gender are frequently confused in conversation, documentation, and scientific literature even though they are not synonymous. With an expanding perspective of the complex natures of both sex and gender, this confusion is growing. However, these differences have significant implications when applied in the context of forensic and biological anthropology. In this chapter, we will define and discuss the biological concept of sex, how this differs from gender, and why they are not interchangeable. This is underpinned by the recognition that neither sex nor gender is binary, explained by examples of variation in sex and gender identity terminology. This chapter discusses variation, current media attention, the application of the term skeletal material, and considerations for medicolegal professionals as the relationship between sex and gender becomes more complex in modern society.
User Design and Functionality

Web-based tools which support interactive data visualizations and queries have become increasingly important within the environmental sciences (Vitolo et al. 2015). It is incumbent on the creators of these tools to think carefully about user experience and the visual presentation of data (Grainger et al. 2016). This chapter describes the development and current functionalities of the public-facing Energy Atlas website, from stakeholder engagement through the features available on the site today, demonstrating the extent to which the Atlas is a product of a public participatory GIS development process (Sieber 2006). The final section of this chapter examines the challenges of visualizing data with strict privacy aggregation protocols and the effects these rules have on data access.
The Relationship Between Chronic Cough and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux.

Summary Chronic cough is multifactorial in origin, may affect quality of life adversely, and often poses a diagnostic challenge for physicians. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is one common contributing factor for chronic cough, but the mechanism by which reflux causes cough remains unclear. Research investigating the relationship between chronic cough and LPR has focused largely on reflux from the perspective of gastroenterology, rather than otolaryngology. Objective The purpose of our study was to investigate the relationship between chronic cough and LPR by using the objective results of 24-hour pH impedance studies. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who presented to the voice center of the senior author (RTS) with a chief complaint of chronic cough and no previous diagnosis of reflux. Patient demographics, past medical history, laboratory data, and exam findings during the initial visit from 2015 to 2020 and at follow-up were analyzed. Results We identified 28 patients who presented with a chief complaint of chronic cough and who had not been diagnosed with or treated for reflux previously. Twenty-three had additional risk factors for chronic cough (asthma, chronic sinusitis, and bronchial schwannoma). All 28 had findings consistent with LPR upon exam. Treatment with reflux medications and lifestyle modification decreased the reflux finding score significantly from 11.39 to 9.21 (P= 0.005). Of all, 60.7% of patients reported subjective improvement in cough symptoms. The cough had improved in 50.0% and had resolved completely in 10.7%. Patients with VF paresis were less likely to report improvement in their cough. Further workup was performed for the 11 patients who had cough that did not resolve completely after reflux treatment. Detectable levels of antimycoplasma antibodies were found in nine patients, and antipertussis antibodies were found in two patients. Six patients followed up after a course of clarithromycin, three of whom had experienced improvement in their cough. Conclusions Our findings suggest that LPR may be a prevalent contributing or etiologic factor for chronic cough. The expected improvement after initiating reflux treatment is 60% at 3 months. Cough resolved completely in 10% of patients at 4 months. Nonresponders may have other contributing causes of cough, including esophageal dysmotility, mycoplasma, pertussis, and other contributors. Further studies are needed to confirm or refute these findings.
Storm Power Outage Prediction and Verification using NWP Models and Remote Sensing Data

In this manuscript, we discuss the importance of using accurate weather forecasts based on remote sensing observations for improving the accuracy of electric distribution grid power outage prediction. Weather variable accuracy is critical to limit the significant power outage modeling errors arising from the strong non-linearities in the relationships between hydrometeorological variables and power outages. We consolidate recent findings related to the most important variables for outage prediction, and to the propagation of their uncertainties in the University of Connecticut Outage Prediction Model (UConn-OPM). UConn-OPM is an operational machine learning-based framework predicting power outage in electric distribution networks. Combining remote sensing datasets with weather analysis used for OPM training, and post-storm verification, would directly contribute to improving the OPM prediction accuracy.
Study on the Proof of the Existence of Transfinite Cardinals Strictly Smaller than \(\aleph_\circ\) with an Ensuing Solution to the Twin Prime Conjecture

In this paper the author submits a proof using the Power Set relation for the existence of a transfinite cardinal strictly smaller than , the cardinality of the Naturals. Further, it can be established taking these arguments to their logical conclusion that even smaller transfinite cardinals exist. In addition, as a lemma using these new found and revolutionary concepts, the author conjectures that some outstanding unresolved problems in number theory can be brought to heel. Specifically, a proof of the twin prime conjecture is given.
Chronic fragmentation of the daily sleep-wake rhythm increases amyloid-beta levels and neuroinflammation in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Fragmentation of the daily sleep-wake rhythm with increased nighttime awakenings and more daytime naps is correlated with the risk of development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To explore whether a causal relationship underlies this correlation, the present study tested the hypothesis that chronic fragmentation of the daily sleep-wake rhythm stimulates brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels and neuroinflammation in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. Female 3xTg-AD mice were allowed to sleep undisturbed or were subjected to chronic sleep fragmentation consisting of four daily sessions of enforced wakefulness (one hour each) evenly distributed during the light phase, five days a week for four weeks. Piezoelectric sleep recording revealed that sleep fragmentation altered the daily sleep-wake rhythm to resemble the pattern observed in AD. Levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ40 and Aβ42) determined by ELISA were higher in hippocampal tissue collected from sleep-fragmented mice than from undisturbed controls. In contrast, hippocampal levels of tau and phospho-tau differed minimally between sleep fragmented and undisturbed control mice. Sleep fragmentation also stimulated neuroinflammation as shown by increased expression of markers of microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines measured by q-RT-PCR analysis of hippocampal samples. No significant effects of sleep fragmentation on Aβ, tau, or neuroinflammation were observed in the cerebral cortex. These studies support the concept that improving sleep consolidation in individuals at risk for AD may be beneficial for slowing the onset or progression of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
Las Cadenas que más nos Encadenan son las Cadenas que Hemos Roto: Plantation Systems, Capitalist Mentalities, and the Production of Space, Place, and Identity in Historical Archaeology

The modern era is distinguished by the increasing articulation of people and places within a globalizing world that is characterized by a capitalist world-economy that links the local and regional to the global within integrated world-system. Central to this system is a worldwide division of labor that organizes individuals and households into exploitative relationships within global commodity chains. Plantations, as some of the earliest capitalist enterprises, provide understanding and give meaning to the fundamental social changes associated with the expansion of a world-economy, including the processes of proletarianization responsible for the creation of semi-proletariat households and a heterogeneity of proletarianization essential to the maintenance of the capitalist system. Historical archaeologists are in a unique position to use the vantage point of archaeological alterity to present alternative perspectives that illuminate the workings of capitalism in our contemporary lives.
Opportunities and challenges of a world with negligible senescence

The development of anti-aging technologies could have dramatic implications for a world already challenged by population aging. We explore how the world might evolve given the development and deployment of technologies capable of nearly eliminating mortality and morbidity from most causes. We consider both the great benefits and some of the complex sociopolitical rebalancing resulting from such advances. We use the International Futures (IFs) long-term, multi-issue, global forecasting system in our analysis of the interactions among demographic changes, the related changes in health costs and government finances, shifts in labor force participation, resultant economic transformations, and the environmental sustainability of the dramatically-altered human demands that emerge. We find that the widespread deployment of anti-senescence technologies would cause populations to surge—making fertility rates an issue of tremendous social import—while a much larger, healthier, labor force would spur economic growth. But this is not a given; the cost of treating entire adult populations could prove unbearable to non-high-income economies without significant transfers within and across societies. In the absence of new transformative production technologies, life-pattern financing would require the virtual elimination of retirement and a major restructuring of government finances. Pressures on the environment would also greatly intensify.
Incidence and mechanisms of longitudinal stent deformation associated with Biomatrix, Resolute, Element, and Xience stents: Angiographic and case-by-case review of 1,800 PCIs.

Background There is conflicting evidence regarding the incidence of longitudinal stent deformation (LSD) in contemporary practice. Methods and results To assess the incidence and mechanism of LSD across commonly used DES platforms, we performed a case-by-case review of 1,800 PCI cases involving 450 consecutive procedures using Biomatrix Flex, Resolute Integrity, Promus Element and Xience V stents respectively, between Jan 2009-December 2011. LSD was detected in a higher proportion with Promus Element [15 (3.1%)] compared to other platforms (Xience V [4(0.9%)], Biomatrix [3 (0.7%)], Resolute [3 (0.7%)];p=0.002). LSD was characterised as guide catheter / guide extension induced, or as impact from secondary devices such as post-dilatation balloons or IVUS catheters. The incidence of guide catheter/guide extension LSD was similar across platforms; (Promus Element [5 (1.1%)], Xience V [4 (0.9%)], Biomatrix [3(0.7%)], Resolute [3 (0.7%)]; p=0.85). Secondary device LSD occurred exclusively with Promus Element (9/450 cases [2%] (p<0.0001). Re-entering the deformed stent was more difficult in cases of secondary device LSD (6/9 compared to 0/12 treated cases; p<0.001). Univariate predictors of LSD were previous CABG, culprit vessel, ostial involvement and lesion tortuosity. Multivariate predictors of LSD were the Promus Element stent (OR 5.53 CI[1.54-19.85]), Guideliner use (OR 22.09 CI[4.73-103]), post-dilation balloons (OR 5.47 CI[1.31-22.81]) and number of stents deployed (OR 2.06 CI[1.45-2.9]. Conclusion LSD is more common than previously reported. LSD by a guide catheter / guide extension occurred equally with all platforms, however LSD associated with secondary devices only occurred with the Element stent. These findings have important implications regarding current and future stent designs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Empirics of Antitrust in Two-Sided Markets

Recent theoretical research on the implications of two-sided markets is gaining recognition for its implications in antitrust. However, the role of empirical analysis in antitrust cases for two-sided markets has been unexplored thus far. Empirical tools of economics are playing an increasingly large role in antitrust litigation. At the same time, there have been several recent attempts to bring empirical analysis to two-sided markets. To the extent that this empirical work on two-sided markets bares similarities to common empirical tools of antitrust, it can provide a template for how the empirics of antitrust cases will proceed in two-sided markets. This paper studies several issues in which empirical contributions can impact antitrust in the context of two-sided markets. For each issue, I discuss recent empirical research that exemplifies my point. The first issue I discuss is the implementation of market simulations. Market simulations have an important role in determining relevant markets and the price effects of horizontal coordination.
The artificial urinary sphincter

Since the first implantation of the artificial urinary sphincter in 1973, thousands of men, women, and children have regained urinary continence, thanks to Dr. Brantley Scott. With long-term data now available, the AUS has become widely used with satisfactory outcomes. Multiple large series have confirmed the AUS to be a durable treatment for sphincter deficiency patients even in patients with neurogenic bladder, radiation treatment, bladder neck contracture, failed slings or injectables, mixed urinary incontinence, or low detrusor pressures. More experience is needed to evaluate the AUS in men with incontinence following minimally invasive treatment of prostate cancer with more contemporary technologies such as brachytherapy, proton therapy, or high-intensity focused ultrasound.
The Extraterritorial Enforcement of Patent Rights

The chapter discusses the means that patent owners employ to achieve their enforcement goals in terms of the enforcement’s territorial impact; the means include centralization of litigation of multiple-country patents in a single court, litigating foreign patents in particular jurisdictions where the best prospects of actual enforcement exist, and stretching a protecting country’s patent law through the extraterritorial effects of the law and its application.
Victorian Religion: Faith and Life in Britain – By Julie Melnyk

This brief volume is published as part of the Victorian Life and Times series, which aims to provide “authoritative and dependable” studies of specific aspects of the “social history and material c...
Biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera. Evidence for a mechanism involving Cys-378 as the active site base

Biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera was inactivated with a mechanism-based inactivator, 3-pentynoyl-S-pantetheine-11-pivalate (3-pentynoyl-SPP) where K1 = 1.25 mM and kinact = 0.26 min-1, 2,3-pentadienoyl-SPP obtained from nonenzymatic rearrangement of 3-pentynoyl-SPP where K1 = 1.54 mM and kinact = 1.9 min-1 and an affinity labeling reagent, acryl-SPP. The results obtained with the alkynoyl and allenoyl inactivators are taken as evidence that thiolase from Z. ramigera is able to catalyze proton abstraction uncoupled from carbon-carbon bond formation. The inactivator, 3-pentynoyl-SPP and the affinity labeling reagent, acryl-SPP, trap the same active site cysteine residue, Cys-378. To assess if Cys-378 is the active site residue involved in deprotonation of the second molecule of acetyl-CoA, a Gly-378 mutant enzyme was studied. In the thiolysis direction the Gly-378 mutant was more than 50,000-fold slower than wild type and over 100,000-fold slower in the condensation direction. However, the mutant enzyme was still capable of forming the acetyl-enzyme intermediate and incorporated 0.81 equivalents of 14C-label after incubation with [14C]Ac-CoA for 60 min. The reversible exchange of 32P-label from [32P]CoASH into Ac-CoA, catalyzed by the Gly-378 mutant enzyme, proceeded with a Vmax (exchange) 8,000-fold less than the wild type enzyme but at least 10-fold faster than the overall condensation reaction. These data provide evidence that Cys-378 is the active site base.
Addressing Crucial Issues of the Twenty‐First Century: Conceptualizing Human Rights in Culturally Specific Contexts

Jane K. Cowan. Marie-Benedicte Dembour. and Richard A. Wilson. eds. Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ix. 258 pp.
The IMLS NLG program: fostering collaboration

Its National Leadership Grant (NLG) program is one of the many ways in which the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) supports the development of innovative new projects and services by the museum, library, and archival community in the USA. Over the course of the NLG program, collaboration has emerged as one of the several strategic approaches that engender success. Digital projects, which can be complex in execution and which often require a diverse range of skills and resources, benefit especially from collaborative approaches. The IMLS NLG program has encouraged a wide range of collaborations, across a diversity of organization types and at a diversity of levels.
Cardiac troponin I levels are normal or minimally elevated after transthoracic cardioversion.

Abstract Objectives. The present study was designed to assess the impact of direct current shocks on cardiac troponin I (cTnI), which has greater sensitivity and specificity than creatine kinase (CK) for the diagnosis of myocardial injury. Background. Transthoracic direct current shocks can cause myocardial injury. They also cause elevations of total CK and CK-MB fraction (CK-MB). Methods. We obtained measurements of cTnI total CK and CK-MB before and after elective cardioversions in 38 patients. Blood samples were drawn before and 8, 16, 24 and 48 h after cardioversion. Shock energy, current, impedance and number of shocks delivered were tabulated. Results. Patients received a mean (±SD) of 2.1 ± 1.2 shocks with a median cumulative energy of 300 J (range 50 to 1,580). Three patients had minimal elevations (1.5, 1.2 and 0.8 ng/ml, normal ≤0.6 ng/ml) of cTnI. Two of these patients had impaired left ventricular contractility by echocardiography. Thirty-five of the 38 patients had no elevations of cTnI. Sixty-two percent of patients had an increase in CK after cardioversion, but CK-MB was elevated to an abnormal level of 12.7 ng/ml (normal Conclusions. Cardiac troponin I levels are either normal or minimally elevated after elective direct current cardioversion, suggesting that subtle myocardial injury can be caused by direct current transthoracic shocks. However, substantial elevations of cTnI after cardioversion suggest the presence of myocardial injury from causes unrelated to the direct current shocks administered for cardioversion.
Being Both: An Integrated Model of Art Therapy and Alternative Art Education

This viewpoint proposes a model of art therapy integrated into an alternative art education program. Because of the pressure to meet educational standards, school systems may be less likely to support clinical programs that take students out of their classes. A blended model of art therapy and art education that utilizes effective strategies from both disciplines and provides students with a therapeutic process can support instruction, empower students, and produce art products the students can be proud to have created.
Communication-aware Heterogeneous Multiprocessor Mapping for Real-time Streaming Systems

Real-time streaming signal processing systems typically desire high throughput and low latency. Many such systems can be modeled as synchronous data flow graphs. In this paper, we address the problem of multi-objective mapping of SDF graphs onto heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms, where we account for the overhead of bus-based inter-processor communication. The primary contributions include (1) an integer linear programming (ILP) model that globally optimizes throughput, latency and cost; (2) low-complexity two-stage heuristics based on a combination of an evolutionary algorithm with an ILP to generate either a single sub-optimal mapping solution or a Pareto front for design space optimization. In our simulations, the proposed heuristic shows up to 12x run-time efficiency compared to the global ILP while maintaining a 10???6 optimality gap in throughput.
Importance of the Sting in the Evolution of Sociality in the Hymenoptera

We argue that the sting has minimal importance as a preadaptation facilitating the evolution of eusociality in the Hymenoptera. Rather, the origins of eusociality occurred in the context of small colonies occupying small nests. Subsequent increased colony size was accompanied by attraction of vertebrate predators and by the evolution of colony defense strategies, some of which involved the use of the sting. Furthermore, the sting is not an important factor contributing to the lack of male workers in the Hymenoptera.
Social Story™ Interventions for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis of single-subject research was conducted, examining the use of Social Stories™ and the role of a comprehensive set of moderator variables (intervention and participant characteristics) on intervention outcomes. While Social Stories had low to questionable overall effectiveness, they were more effective when addressing inappropriate behaviors than when teaching social skills. Social Stories also seemed to be associated with improved outcomes when used in general education settings and with target children as their own intervention agents. The role of other variables of interest, such as participants’ age, diagnosis, and skill development, the format of Social Stories, the length of the intervention, and the use of assessment (e.g., comprehension checks) also was explored.
Coupled electron-transfer and spin-exchange reactions of metal–bis[tris(pyrazolyl)methane] complexes

Abstract Coupled electron-transfer and spin-exchange reactions of metal(II)–bis[tris(pyrazolyl)methane] complexes, [M(tpm)2]2+, with M=Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni and tpm=HC(pz)3 or HC(3,5-Me2pz)3 are reported. Apparent heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants, (ks,h)app, for [M(tpm)2]2+ to [M(tpm)2]3+ oxidations are determined from the scan rate dependence of cyclic voltammetric peak potential separations, ΔEp. Consistent with the expectation that electron-transfer reactions that are accompanied by a change in spin-state are slower than those that are not, (ks,h)app for oxidation of high-spin (HS) {Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2}2+ to low-spin (LS) {Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2}3+ is 10 times smaller than the value for oxidation of predominantly LS {Fe[HC(pz)3]2}2+ to LS {Fe[HC(pz)3]2}3+. In addition, very small values of (ks,h)app are observed for the one-electron oxidations of HS {Co[HC(pz)3]2}2+ and HS {Mn[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2}2+. The electrochemical, magnetic, and spectroscopic properties of [M(tpm)2]2+ complexes are similar to those of the corresponding tris(pyrazolyl)borate (pzb−) complexes with the exception that, because of net charge considerations, the M(III/II) potential is ∼1 V more positive for [M(tpm)2]3+/2+ than for [M(pzb)2]+/0 couples. The stability of [M(tpm)2]2+ complexes in CH3CN and DMF solution is investigated by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. It is demonstrated that {Fe[HC(pz)3]2}2+ undergoes ligand dissociation in DMF.
042 Role of Erbb3 and Epidermal Growth Factor‐Like Ligands on Wound Healing

The role of the EGF superfamily of growth factors and their receptors during wound healing continues to unfold. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of overexpression of erbB3 in wound healing and whether topical application of its various ligands enhances repair. Partial thickness porcine wounds were transfected with recombinant adenoviral particles containing erbB3 receptor gene or a vehicle β-galactosidase gene (Lac Z). Highly similar ligands: Epidermal growth factor (EGF), Epiregulin (EPR), Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), Heregulin (HER) were topically applied to wounds boosted with erbB3 receptors. Enhanced wound healing parameters were assessed 5 days after initial treatment for reepithelization, dermal depth, macrophage infiltration, proliferating cells, angiogenesis, and apoptotic cells. Treatment with EPR and HB-EGF promoted greater resurfacing of the epidermal layer than EGF, HER, erbB3 only or vehicle treated wounds. Neodermal formation as measured by dermal or granulation depth was significantly different in the EPR and HB-EGF treated wounds compared to EGF, HER, erbB3 only or vehicle. Numerous hallmarks of enhanced wound maturity (fewer infiltrating macrophages, significant reductions in neovascularization, fibroblastic proliferation) were noted in EPR- and HB-EGF-treated wounds transfected with erbB3 as compared to vehicle controls. Only erbB3 wounds treated with these particular ligands showed significant increases in apoptotic cells. Our results indicate that wounds treated with this erbB3 receptor form supplied with topical application of EPR and HB-EGF exhibit synergistic and accelerating reparative effects on porcine partial thickness wounds as compared to vehicle. These in vivo findings suggest the complexity and evidence of synergism between the erbB receptor and its various ligands on wound healing. (This research work was funded by the NIH GM40437.)
THE ENDOCRINE EVALUATION OF THREE CHILDREN WITH VASOMOTOR FLUSHES FOLLOWING

SUMMARY Although vasomotor instability or hot flushes are a well-known occurrence in women with natural or artificially-induced menopause, they have not previously been described in children. We report three children in different stages of puberty who developed vasomotor instability following surgery involving the hypothalamic-pituitary region. One, a 16 7/12 year old female with Tanner III breast development, had low oestradiol levels both pre-and post-operatively, but developed vasomotor symptoms only in the post-operative period. The second, a 124/12 year old boy, was sexually mature and had normal male levels of testosterone and total oestrogen when he developed hot flushes post-operatively. The third case, a boy, was prepubertal at the time of craniopharyngioma resection. Our results support the conclusion that neither oestrogen deficiency nor gonadotrophin excess are absolute requirements for the development of hot flushes. It is possible that either pressure-related factors or actual manipulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary region result in biochemical changes which result in the development of post-operative vasomotor instability in these children.
Effect of hemodialysis on the metabolic clearance rate, plasma concentration and blood production rate of aldosterone in anephric man.

Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) has been found to increase in anephric patients in response to hemodialysis. To determine whether this increase in PAC resulted from an increase in aldosterone production rate (APR) or a decrease in metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone (MCR), sequential determinations of PAC and MCR were made in 5 anephric patients immediately before and 6 hr after the start of dialysis. In 4 patients, PAC increased from 10.8 ± 1.3 (mean ± SE) to 15.5 ± 0.7 ng/100 ml plasma in response to dialysis. Mean MCR was 1615 ± 40 I/day before dialysis and 1682 ± 40 I/day during dialysis and the calculated APR increased from 173.3 ± 18.9 μg/day prior to dialysis to 262.3 ± 16.8 μg/day during dialysis. The fifth patient arrived with a high PAC (22.9 ng/100 ml) and his PAC decreased during dialysis (8.8 ng/100 ml). The decrease in PAC correlated well with loss of plasma K from 7.4 mEq/1 to 3.6 mEq/1 during dialysis. MCR also fell from 2345 l/day to 2024 l/day. These data suggest that a change...
Detailed angiographic analysis of women with suspected ischemic chest pain (pilot phase data from the NHLBI-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation [WISE] study angiographic core laboratory)

Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a contemporary qualitative and quantitative analysis of coronary angiograms from a large series of women enrolled in the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study who had suspected ischemic chest pain. Previous studies have suggested that women with chest pain have a lower prevalence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with men. Detailed analyses of angiographic findings relative to risk factors and outcomes are not available. All coronary angiograms were reviewed in a central core laboratory. Quantitative measurement of percent stenosis was used to assess the presence and severity of disease. Of the 323 women enrolled in the pilot phase, 34% had no detectable, 23% had measurable but minimal, and 43% had significant (>50% diameter stenosis) CAD. Of those with significant CAD, most had multivessel disease. Features suggesting complex plaque were identified in
Recognition of faces and verbal labels

Three groups of subjects who viewed briefly exposed target portraits were instructed to expect a recognition test in 1 week; two of these groups were told to produce written verbal labels whenever possible in the study trial. A fourth group viewed portraits and made age judgments but were unaware of the impending recognition test. Both accuracy of recognition and recall of verbal labels were measured after a 1-week delay. Instructions affecting the way a portrait is labeled had a mild effect on recognition memory; recall data offers weak support for a verbal encoding hypothesis of face recognition, but one kind of instruction did elicit better recall than another.
Model testing for multivariate censored data

In the fields like Astronomy and Ecology, the need for proper statistical analysis of data that are censored is being increasingly recognized. Such data occur when, due to noise or other factors, instruments fail to detect low luminosities of celestial objects, or low concentrations of certain pollutants. For multivariate censored data sets there are very few distribution free methods available and researchers in the various fields often impose an assumption on the joint distribution, such as multivariate normality, and carry out parametric inferences. Under censoring, however, such parametric inferences are asymptotically wrong if the imposed assumption is incorrect. In this paper we propose a class of goodness-of-fit procedures for testing assumptions about the multivariate distribution under random censoring. The test procedures generalize Pearson's goodness-of-fit test in the sense that they are based on the concept of observed-minus-expected frequencies. The theory of the test statistic, however, differs from that for the classical Pearson test due to the accommodation of censored data.
Cholesterol is Critical for Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A Trafficking and Protein Stability

Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays a key role in regulating viral latency and EBV pathogenesis by functionally mimicking signals induced by the B cell receptor (BCR) altering normal B cell development. LMP2A specifically associates with Nedd4 family ubiquitin-protein ligases which downmodulate LMP2A activity by ubiquitinating LMP2A and LMP2A-associated protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Since specific ubiquitin tags provide an endocytic sorting signal for plasma membrane proteins which traffic to membrane vesicles, we examined LMP2A localization and trafficking. We found that LMP2A is secreted through exosomes, small endocytic membrane vesicles, as previously demonstrated for LMP1. Interestingly, the treatment of cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD), which depletes cholesterol from plasma membrane, dramatically increased LMP2A abundance and LMP2A exosome secretion. Cholesterol depletion also blocked LMP2A endocytosis resulting in the accumulation of LMP2A on plasma membrane. LMP2A phosphorylation and ubiquitination were blocked by cholesterol depletion. LMP2A in the exosomal fraction was ubiquitinated but not phosphorylated. These results indicate that cholesterol-dependent LMP2A trafficking determines the fate of LMP2A degradation.
Further Development of a Model for Predicting Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth in Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels

Analysis of fatigue crack growth data for low-alloy steel shows that the influence of cyclic frequency in simulated LWR environments can be interpreted as the superposition of a time-dependent, corrosion-assisted crack growth rate upon an increment predicted by a Paris law. The time-dependent component increases monotonically to a maximum of about 6 X 10/sup -5/ mm/s as stress cycling becomes more aggressive. A useful measure of aggressiveness is the average time rate of crack advance due to the Paris law component alone; i.e., A..delta..K/sup n/ x frequency. The result suggests that current ASME Code methods for flaw assessment are highly conservative in some regimes of stress and frequency, but there is a possibility of growth rates well above the ASME XI, Appendix A curves in a very low-frequency, high-stress regime. An upper bound to the time rate of corrosion-assisted crack growth in low-alloy steel is well supported by the data. The threshold conditions for the onset of this high rate are less well defined and require further investigation.
Basilar apex aneurysms: surgical results and perspectives from an initial experience.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that well-trained neurosurgeons can successfully treat patients with basilar apex aneurysms, to encourage young neurosurgeons in appropriate clinical environments to develop this expertise, and to describe a personal experience with an initial series. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 500 aneurysms treated surgically over 3.5 years, 57 aneurysms in 56 patients were located at the basilar apex, 47% of which were large or giant in size. RESULTS: Most aneurysms (77%) were treated by direct clipping through an orbitozygomatic-pterional transsylvian approach. The surgical mortality rate was 9%, and permanent neurological morbidity associated with treatment occurred in 5%. Good outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 5 or 4) were achieved in 84%. Good outcomes increased from 79% in the first half of the series to 90% in the second half, and the mortality rate decreased from 21 to 4%. CONCLUSION: Young neurosurgeons can acquire technical proficiency with basilar apex aneurysms while achieving optimal patient outcomes. Young neurosurgeons with the right training, talent, and temperament are needed to deal with those patients with basilar aneurysms who require surgery and with a possible shortage of basilar aneurysm surgeons in the future. The learning curve is characterized by increased temporary clipping, better perforator dissection, and more sophisticated permanent clipping technique. The path to proficiency can be as demanding mentally as it is technically.
SU-E-T-272: In-Vivo Proton Dose Reconstruction from PET Images

Purpose: To reconstruct the delivered dose distribution in proton therapy from proton beam induced PET signals using deconvolution methods. Methods: Previous verification strategies in proton therapy compared measured PET signals with estimated PET signals created by a convolution of the planned dose distribution with a specific filter function. We now use this filter function to reconstruct the delivered dose distribution from the PET signals by developing suitable de‐convolution methods. Since deconvolution is an ill‐posed inverse problem, regularization is required to obtain a stable solution and to cope with noise found in measured PET signals. The basic filtering approach is developed for homogeneous media and additional procedures are necessary to generalize the PET estimation to inhomogeneous media. We use this generalization formalism in our deconvolution approach to allow a dose reconstruction from measured patient PET data. In addition, the PET image formation includes a convolution with a system response function which has to be removed in an additional deconvolution. To evaluate our reconstruction method, we detect the edge of the distal fall‐off region in the reconstructed dose and compare it with its nominal/planned position. Results: Various simulations demonstrate the potential and robustness of the dose reconstruction. The detection of the distal fall‐off region shows an average accuracy of 2 mm even for strongly degraded measured PET signals. In addition, we use the deconvolution approach to successfully reconstruct the dose distribution from measured PET data for a head and neck patient. Conclusions: This work indicates the potential of dose reconstruction in proton therapy from measured PET signals. The proposed method is able to correctly reconstruct a dose distribution and to cope with noise in the PET images. The shape of the reconstructed dose distribution of a head and neck patient is in good agreement with the treatment planning dose.
The Analysis of Housing Consumption

This paper reveals generating mechanism and reasons of housing consumption by analyzing potential demand and the effective demand. Based on defect analysis of house price-to-income ratio and factors of influencing housing affordability, this paper puts forward the establishing method and process of resident housing affordability index. Finally, in order to keep the housing prices in a reasonable range and active the consumption of the urban residents, the corresponding measures and suggestions are put forward based on present residents housing affordability.
Evaluation of wine grapes for suitability in juice production.

Chemical and sensory analyses were designed to evaluate 14 traditional wine grapes grown in Arkansas as to their suitability for varietal grape juice. Six were classified as red or pink grapes: Chancellor, Cabernet Sauvignon, Villard noir, Gewurztraminer (pink when heated), Cynthiana, and Noble, and seven were white grapes: Aurore, Cayuga, Carlos, Chardonnay, Seyval, Vidal, Verdelet and White Riesling. Concord (red) and Niagara (white), traditional juice grapes, were also included in the study. All were processed by immediately pressing, heat processing at 60°C, heat processing at 80°C, and 24 h skin contact following pressing. Juices were evaluated 1 month after processing and again after 5 months storage at 37°C. The preferred treatments for white grape juices were the immediately pressing treatment of Niagara and Aurore and the 24-h skin contact treatment of Niagara, Verdelet and Vidal. Only the flavor of Verdelet and Aurore were ranked as high as the Niagara by a trained sensory panel. Generally, a nonheat treatment was ranked highest for flavor of the red juices, with the exception of Gewurztraminer, a pink juice when heated. Except for Villard noir, all of the red juices were ranked as good or better than Concord. White cultivars were closely ranked for color, with Vidal and Chardonnay being ranked lowest after storage. Heat treatments were generally ranked higher than nonheat treatments in color for the red and pink juices. Chemical analyses of the juices indicated that all cultivars were harvested within an acceptable pH range.
Dialogue and democracy, community and capacity: Lessons for conflict resolution education from Montessori, Dewey, and Freire

Teachers and trainers of conflict resolution are heirs—if often unwitting ones—to a rich legacy in education; not just any education, but a tradition of furthering democracy within learning environments and throughout society. Whether in an elementary school classroom or graduate school seminar, a prison cafeteria or church basement, a corporate boardroom or community center gymnasium, conflict resolution education continues this tradition.