cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventive medicine physician satisfaction and its relation to practice characteristics.

Background Physicians specializing in general preventive medicine and public health manage programs, conduct research, and care for patients. This study examines their satisfaction overall and in five dimensions: contribution to people’s lives, respect from physicians in clinical practice, research opportunities, income, and time to pursue outside interests. Methods A survey of 1979-1989 graduates of preventive medicine residencies rated satisfaction on a five-point scale. Linear models were used to regress physician satisfaction against employer, hours worked, practice content, and other covariates. Results Respondents’ (n = 778) overall job satisfaction was high, with 44% very satisfied, 44% satisfied, 7% neutral, and 6% dissatisfied. Federal government physicians had the highest satisfaction overall and for research opportunities and time for outside interests. Independent, statistically significant (p Conclusions Physician satisfaction could be understood in relation to a number of practice characteristics including its content, hours worked, income, and employer. The results suggest ways to improve physician satisfaction, including balancing competing demands of practice and focusing the physicians’ responsibilities.
The psychological effects of rapid shifts in temporal referents.

Every day, thousands of travellers fly across many time zones arriving in new environments which are at a very different point in the daily routines of work and rest, sleep and wakefulness, and day and night. This rapid shift of temporal referents requires a change of psychological and physiological patterns so that the individual can accommodate to the new time schedule. This process of accomodation is frequently accompanied by malaises, including gastric distress, fitful sleep, irritability, fatigue, apathy, and mild depression. The occurrence of these symptoms highlights the close relationship that normally exists between an individual’s psychological and physiological rhythms and environmental schedules.
Computational Investigation of Environment Learning in Guidance and Navigation

This paper presents a computational framework for learning autonomous guidance behavior in unknown or partially known environments. The learning framework uses a receding horizon trajectory optimiz...
Reducing Employee Turnover Intention Through Servant Leadership in the Restaurant Context: A Mediation Study of Affective Organizational Commitment

ABSTRACTBuilding on a social exchange theory, our model explains how an employee’s perception of servant leadership affect frontline restaurant employees’ turnover intention. Data were collected from 213 frontline restaurant employees in United States. The structural equation modeling findings support our hypothesized model and indicate that affective organizational commitment fully mediated the relationship between the employee perception of servant leadership and turnover intention. This article includes discussions of the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings.
Migration of Primary and Memory Cd8 T Cells

Infection with viruses and bacteria generally results in robust induction of the innate immune response followed by the generation of an antigen-specific adaptive immune response comprised of CD4 and CD8 T cells and B cells. Thus, there are multiple cellular players in the induction of the response and although our knowledge has increased dramatically in recent years, there is much to learn regarding the complex interplay of the various cell types necessary in mounting a productive, and potentially protective, immune response. Long-term protection following infection or vaccination is mediated by memory T and B cells, as well as by circulating neutralizing antibody. The molecular and cellular requirements for generation and maintenance of immunological memory are largely unknown, although recent studies have begun to yield some intriguing clues in this area.
Successful Delivery in a Patient With Left Ventricular Assist Device and Unplanned Pregnancy.

We report the case of a woman supported by a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) who presented at 20 weeks of gestation and decided against recommendations to continue with her pregnancy. This was managed with well-developed plan for a multidisciplinary team approach. With close and regular follow-up and regular adjustment of the patient's medications and LVAD parameters, successful delivery and outcome for both the mother and the newborn were achieved.
Quetzacoatl's Bride—An Aztec Festival

(1934). Quetzacoatl's Bride—An Aztec Festival. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 34-62.
Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Both active and passive anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) immunotherapies have been reported to clear brain Aβ deposits in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These studies have also indicated that anti-Aβ immunotherapy not only reduces cerebral Aβ burden in the brain but also causes a reduction in cognitive decline. However, results in transgenic mice do not translate well in humans. AN1792 is a vaccine that is composed of preaggregated Aβ1-42 and QS21 as an adjuvant. This vaccine has been designed to generate a strong cell-mediated immune response. Clinical trials conducted using AN1792 have not only failed but also resulted in 6–8% cases of meningoencephalitis in patients with AD. Among passive immunotherapeutics, two phase 3 clinical trials in patients with mild to moderate AD with bapineuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed at the N-terminal sequence of Aβ, also gave disappointing results. Another antibody, solanezumab, directed at the midregion of Aβ has also failed in two phase 3 clinical trials in patients with mild to moderate AD. A third phase 3 study with solanezumab is ongoing in patients mildly affected with AD and has given encouraging results in this subgroup of patients. Second-generation active Aβ vaccines (ACC-001, CAD106, and Affitope AD02) and new passive anti-Aβ immunotherapies (gantenerumab and crenezumab) have also been tested. Unfortunately, results have been disappointing. So more studies are required on active and passive therapies for AD using different antibodies.
Instructional Communication Theory and Research: An Overview of Instructional Strategies as Instructional Communication Systems

This overview of instructional communication examines practice or application in educational environments. It is the third of a series of overviews in the three existing Yearbook volumes. The first...
Supplemental Retirement Savings Plans in the Public Sector: Participation and Contribution Decisions by School Personnel

Virtually all full-time state and local government employees are covered by a retirement plan, typically a defined benefit plan, in which they are required to participate. In addition, most school employees have the option of choosing to contribute to a voluntary retirement savings plan offered by their school district. Relative to private sector workers, public employees face an expanded choice of retirement savings plans. Federal tax policies allow state and local governments the opportunity to offer both 401(k) plans and 457 plans to their employees. In addition to these plans, public schools and certain other organizations can offer 403(b) plans to their employees. This paper examines the decision to participate in a voluntary savings plan and the level of contributions for those that enroll in at least one of the plans. The analysis begins by describing the savings options available to public school employees and how these plans differ. The findings indicate that the same economic and demographic factors that influence saving decisions by private workers also drive the decisions of school employees. The three savings plans offered to public employees have many similar characteristics; however, several differences in the plans imply that certain workers may prefer one plan type over the others. Probit and Tobit models of participation in any plan and total annual contributions are estimated. Finally, we estimate the determinants of the decision to choose any one or a combination of savings plans.
Contribution of 30-day readmissions to the increasing costs of care for the diabetic foot

Abstract Objective The inpatient cost of care for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) has been estimated to be $1.4 billion annually in the United States. We have previously demonstrated that the risk of 30-day unplanned readmission for patients with DFU is nearly 22%. Our aim was to quantify the cost of readmissions for patients admitted with DFU. Methods All patients presenting to our multidisciplinary diabetic limb preservation service from June 2012 to June 2016 were enrolled in a prospective database. Inpatient costs and net margins were calculated overall and for index admissions vs 30-day unplanned readmissions. Results A total of 249 admissions for 150 patients were included. Of these, 206 admissions were index admissions and 43 were 30-day readmissions. The most common reason for readmission was the foot wound (49%), followed by a bypass wound (14%), renal complications (9%), and other systemic complications. Surgical interventions during readmission were common (47%) and included both podiatric (37%) and vascular (23%). The wound healing outcomes were favorable, with 78% of all wounds achieving healing by 1 year. Limb salvage was 91% overall. The median hospital cost per admission was $20,111 (interquartile range, $12,589-$33,254) and did not differ between the index and readmissions ($22,165 vs $19,408; P = .46). However, the hospital net margins were lower after readmission ($3908 vs $1975; P = .02). The overall cost of care for patients requiring readmission was significantly greater than that for patients not readmitted ($79,315 vs $28,977; P Conclusions Readmissions for patients with DFU are common and associated with a substantial cost burden. The cost of readmission for patients with DFU was as high as the cost of the index admission but with lower hospital net margins. When extrapolated to national data, the 15% readmission cost burden we have reported would be equivalent to $210 million hospital costs annually. Focused efforts at preventing readmissions in this high-risk patient population are essential to reducing the overall costs of care associated with DFUs.
Effective Implementation in Practice: Integrating Public Policy and Management, by Jodi Sandfort and Stephanie Moulton

Practitioners and students perusing the literature on policy and program implementation might be excused for a certain degree of frustration. Research on the topic comes from an unruly set of disci...
Maintenance and Replacement

The problem of simultaneously determining the lifetime of an asset or an activity along with its management during that lifetime is an important problem in practice. The most typical example is the problem of optimal maintenance and replacement of a machine; see Rapp (1974) and Pierskalla and Voelker (1976) . Other examples occur in forest management, such as in Naslund (1969) , Clark (1976) , and Heaps (1984) , and in advertising copy management, such as in Pekelman and Sethi (1978) .
IS EARLY EXCELLENT ISOKINETIC AND FUNCTIONAL TESTING FOLLOWING ACL RECONSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS WITH OPEN-PHYSES PREDICTIVE OF SUBSEQUENT ACL DISRUPTION?:

Introduction:It is unknown whether functional and isokinetic testing at 6 months following ACL reconstruction in patients with open-physes correlates with longer term outcomes. The purpose of this ...
Stiff Substrates Enhance Endothelial Oxidative Stress in Response to Protein Kinase C Activation

Arterial stiffness, which increases with aging and hypertension, is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. While stiffer substrates are known to affect single endothelial cell morphology and migration, the effect of substrate stiffness on endothelial monolayer function is less understood. The objective of this study was to determine if substrate stiffness increased endothelial monolayer reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to protein kinase C (PKC) activation and if this oxidative stress then impacted adherens junction integrity. Porcine aortic endothelial cells were cultured on varied stiffness polyacrylamide gels and treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which stimulates PKC and ROS without increasing actinomyosin contractility. PMA-treated endothelial cells on stiffer substrates increased ROS and adherens junction loss without increased contractility. ROS scavengers abrogated PMA effects on cell-cell junctions, with a more profound effect in cells on stiffer substrates. Finally, endothelial cells in aortae from elastin haploinsufficient mice (Eln+/-), which were stiffer than aortae from wild-type mice, showed decreased VE-cadherin colocalization with peripheral actin following PMA treatment. These data suggest that oxidative stress may be enhanced in endothelial cells in stiffer vessels, which could contribute to the association between arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease.
Development Distribution? EU Aid for Formal Audiovisual Distribution and the Case of Africa’s First Video-on-Demand Platform:

This article examines the European Union’s support for formal distribution initiatives abroad, focusing on ACPCultures+, an economic development program that aims to grow the audiovisual industries...
Thrombocytopenia and Procedural Prophylaxis in the Era of Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists

Thrombocytopenia is common in patients with advanced liver disease. These patients frequently require invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in the setting of thrombocytopenia. A common platelet goal before such procedures is ≥50,000/μL, but target levels vary by provider and the procedure. Platelet transfusion has disadvantages, including safety and cost. No other short-term options for ameliorating thrombocytopenia before procedures were available until the thrombopoietin receptor agonists were recently approved. Avatrombopag and lusutrombopag can be used in certain patients with thrombocytopenia due to advanced liver disease undergoing elective invasive procedures; these new agents are highly effective in carefully selected patients, and real world data of safety and efficacy are awaited.
Malignant B Cell-Derived TGF-β Controls the Generation of TH1, TH17 and Treg Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).

Background: Our previous work has shown that malignant B cells induce the development of intratumoral T reg cells that inhibit the host anti-tumor response. In contrast to an increase in T reg cells, we found that the number of effector T helper cells (T H 1, T H 2 and T H 17) was low in B-cell NHL tumors, suggesting an imbalance between T reg and T H cells in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the mechanism(s) of this imbalance is important to the development of treatments to enhance host immunity and in previous work we have shown that signaling through CD70, CD80 and CD86 plays a role. Since soluble factors, particularly TGF-β, have an important role in directing T-cell differentiation, we evaluated in this study the role of TGF-β in the lymphoma microenvironment. Goal: To determine the effect of TGF-β on the generation of intratumoral T H 1, T H 17 and T reg cells in human B-cell NHL. Results: Human B-cell NHL specimens were obtained from consenting patients and were used for all experiments. Using an ELISA assay, we found that malignant B cells variably secrete TGF-β - median 100 pg/ml per million cells (range: undetectable −229 pg/ml, n=7). Using flow cytometry, we showed that addition of exogenous TGF-β enhanced the expression of Foxp3 + in activated CD4 + or CD4 + CD45RA + or CD4 + CD45RO + nodal T cells, suggesting that TGF-β promotes the generation of T reg cells in tumor microenvironment. In contrast, TGF-β suppressed expression of IFN-g in activated CD4 + T cells and inhibited the up-regulation of IL-12 and IL-23-induced IFN-γ expression in CD4 + cells, indicating that TGF-β suppresses the generation of T H 1 cells. TGF-β alone slightly inhibited IL-17 expression in CD4 + T cells; however, TGF-β, in the presence of IL-6 and IL-23, upregulated IL-17 expression in CD4 + T cells, suggesting proinflammatory cytokines are able to reverse the suppression induced by TGF-β. These results indicate that TGF-β plays an important role in the regulation of intratumoral T H 17 cell generation. In additional experiments, TGF-β was found to exert a suppressive effect on the proliferation of both CD4 + and CD8 + intratumoral T cells. However, treatment with TGF-β enhanced IL-2 production by intratumoral CD4 + T cells detected by intracellular staining of flow cytometry. Interruption of IL-2 signaling by anti-IL-2 Ab abolished the upregulation of TGF-β-mediated Foxp3 expression and enhanced the production of IL-17 in CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, treatment with anti-IL-2 Ab reversed the inhibition of NHL B cell-mediated T H 17 cell generation. Conclusion: These results suggest that TGF-β controls the generation of T H 1, T H 17 and T reg cells contributing to the imbalance of effector T H cells and inhibitory T reg cells in the tumor microenvironment of B-cell NHL through IL-2. Since malignant B-cells produce TGF-β, these results further support the important role of malignant B cells in the regulation of intratumoral T cell generation and the host immune response.
Comparative foraging ecology of north temperate ants: the role of worker size and cooperative foraging in prey selection

The common North Temperate open-field antsLasius neoniger, Formica schaufussi, Myrmica americana, andMonomorium minimum overlap temporally in foraging activity as well as in the sizes of arthropod prey in their diets. Arthropod prey were taken by both individual workers and cooperative worker groups, and species differed in the proportion of prey in the diet retrieved by each method. Although prey size was significantly correlated with worker size for individually retrieved prey, when cooperative foraging was considered worker size did not serve as a consistent predictor of prey choice. Contrasting social strategies of foraging and the evolution of worker body size differences are discussed.
Cover crop response to residual herbicides in peanut-cotton rotation

Cover crops can provide many benefits to peanut and cotton crops planted in rotation including suppressing weeds, conserving soil moisture after termination, increasing soil organic matter, and reducing soil erosion. However, herbicide carryover can affect cover crop establishment. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of 6 cover crops (daikon radish, cereal rye, oat, crimson clover, winter wheat, and common vetch) to 12 soil residual herbicides. A multiyear (2016–2018), multilocation study was conducted in Macon and Henry counties, Alabama. Herbicide treatments included S-metolachlor, acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, diclosulam, imazapic, chlorimuron-ethyl, bentazon plus acifluorfen, pyrithiobac-sodium, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, diuron, prometryn, and flumioxazin, each applied at 10% of the full-labeled rate. At 42 to 52 and 145 to 149 d after planting (DAP), cover crop plant heights and stand counts were evaluated, as was biomass at 145 to 149 DAP. Treatments varied from year to year but not locations. In 2016, significant stand reductions (P ≤ 0.10) of 36% to 43% in rye and 44% to 75% in wheat were observed at 48 to 52 DAP for S-metolachlor, acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, imazapic, and bentazon plus acifluorfen compared with nontreated plants. Vetch had stand reductions ranging from 14% to 80% for all treatments 50 DAP except for plants treated with prometryn. S-metolachlor, pyroxasulfone, and acetochlor reduced stands of rye, wheat, and vetch more than any other herbicides. In 2017, at 147 to 149 DAP, clover stands were reduced by 29% with diclosulam and by 38% with trifloxysulfuron-sodium. Similarly, radish stands were reduced by 64% with diclosulam treatment. No significant biomass reductions were observed for any cover crop species either year. Oat showed the most tolerance with no treatments reducing any growth parameters either year. Although initial injury and stunting may occur, biomass at termination of cover crops were not affected by herbicide residues evaluated in this study.Nomenclature: Acetochlor; acifluorfen; bentazon; chlorimuron-ethyl; diclosulam; diuron; flumioxazin; imazapic; prometryn; pyroxasulfone; pyrithiobac-sodium; S-metolachlor; trifloxysulfuron-sodium; cereal rye; Secale cereal L.; common vetch; Vicia villosa L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L.; daikon radish, Raphanus sativis L.; oat, Avena sativa L.; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L.; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Three-dimensional imaging through scattering media based on confocal diffuse tomography.

Optical imaging techniques, such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), are essential tools in remote sensing, robotic vision, and autonomous driving. However, the presence of scattering places fundamental limits on our ability to image through fog, rain, dust, or the atmosphere. Conventional approaches for imaging through scattering media operate at microscopic scales or require a priori knowledge of the target location for 3D imaging. We introduce a technique that co-designs single-photon avalanche diodes, ultra-fast pulsed lasers, and a new inverse method to capture 3D shape through scattering media. We demonstrate acquisition of shape and position for objects hidden behind a thick diffuser (≈6 transport mean free paths) at macroscopic scales. Our technique, confocal diffuse tomography, may be of considerable value to the aforementioned applications. Techniques for imaging through scattering media are generally invasive, operate at microscopic scales or require a priori information. Here, the authors overcome these limitations by introducing confocal diffuse tomography, which captures the 3D shape of objects hidden behind scattering media.
SpArcFiRe: SCALABLE AUTOMATED DETECTION OF SPIRAL GALAXY ARM SEGMENTS

Given an approximately centered image of a spiral galaxy, we describe an entirely automated method that finds, centers, and sizes the galaxy (possibly masking nearby stars and other objects if necessary in order to isolate the galaxy itself) and then automatically extracts structural information about the spiral arms. For each arm segment found, we list the pixels in that segment, allowing image analysis on a per-arm-segment basis. We also perform a least-squares fit of a logarithmic spiral arc to the pixels in that segment, giving per-arc parameters, such as the pitch angle, arm segment length, location, etc. The algorithm takes about one minute per galaxies, and can easily be scaled using parallelism. We have run it on all ~644,000 Sloan objects that are larger than 40 pixels across and classified as "galaxies." We find a very good correlation between our quantitative description of a spiral structure and the qualitative description provided by Galaxy Zoo humans. Our objective, quantitative measures of structure demonstrate the difficulty in defining exactly what constitutes a spiral "arm," leading us to prefer the term "arm segment." We find that pitch angle often varies significantly segment-to-segment in a single spiral galaxy, making it difficult to define the pitch angle for a single galaxy. We demonstrate how our new database of arm segments can be queried to find galaxies satisfying specific quantitative visual criteria. For example, even though our code does not explicitly find rings, a good surrogate is to look for galaxies having one long, low-pitch-angle arm—which is how our code views ring galaxies. SpArcFiRe is available at http://sparcfire.ics.uci.edu.
(Re)sounding pedagogy: a themed issue on critical communication pedagogies of/for/in sound

In this Introduction, the Guest Editors situate this themed issue on (Re)Sounding Pedagogy within ongoing communication research interrogating voice, argumentation, race, and power. We also offer a...
The aging DNA methylome reveals environment-by-aging interactions in a model teleost

Abstract The rate at which individuals age underlies variation in life history and attendant health and disease trajectories. Age specific patterning of the DNA methylome (“epigenetic aging”) is strongly correlated with chronological age in humans and can be modeled to produce epigenetic age predictors. However, epigenetic age estimates vary among individuals of the same age, and this mismatch is correlated to the onset of age-related disease and all-cause mortality. Yet, the origins of epigenetic-to-chronological age discordance are not resolved. In an effort to develop a tractable model in which environmental drivers of epigenetic aging can be assessed, we investigate the relationship between aging and DNA methylation in a small teleost, medaka (Oryzias latipes). We find that age-associated DNA methylation patterning occurs broadly across the genome, with the majority of age-related changes occurring during early life. By modeling the stereotypical nature of age-associated DNA methylation dynamics, we built an epigenetic clock, which predicts chronological age with a mean error of 29.1 days (~4% of average lifespan). Characterization of clock loci suggests that aspects of epigenetic aging are functionally similar across vertebrates. To understand how environmental factors interact with epigenetic aging, we exposed medaka to four doses of ionizing radiation for seven weeks, hypothesizing that exposure to such an environmental stressor would accelerate epigenetic aging. While the epigenetic clock was not significantly affected, radiation exposure accelerated and decelerated patterns of normal epigenetic aging, with radiation-induced epigenetic alterations enriched at loci that become hypermethylated with age. Together, our findings advance ongoing research attempting to elucidate the functional role of DNA methylation in integrating environmental factors into the rate of biological aging.
Resistance or reinforcement? A critical discourse analysis of racism and anti-Blackness in public administration scholarship

This article identifies the ways that White supremacy manifests throughout the field of public administration in its research and scholarship. Through a critical discourse analysis of symposia over...
Export Take-Offs and Acceleration: Unpacking Cross-Sector Linkages in the Evolution of Comparative Advantage

The transition into non-traditional export activities attracts important policy and academic attention. Using international trade data, we explore how alternative linkages relate to the take-off and acceleration of export industries. Concretely, we run a horse-race among alternative Marshallian linkages across sectors: input-output relations, technology and labor. Technology has a predictive power depending on the specification used. We consistently find, however, that export take-offs are more likely to occur in sectors that are upstream to already competitive export industries. Our findings, which are mostly driven by developing economies, are consistent with Albert Hirschman’s 60-years old view that the forces behind upstream linkages fueled the growth of new competitive industries in the developing world.
Firebrand Generation Rates at the Source for Trees and a Shrub

Source terms of the number of firebrands released as trees/shrubs torch are essential for helping to more accurately implement detailed physics-based models of wildfire propagation, particularly when torching occurs. A key challenge in estimating these source terms is the difficulty in measuring firebrand generation rates from the source. Typical studies have reported generation characteristics (firebrands/m2), but enumeration of the total number of firebrands released has remained elusive. Recently, a fire-resistant fabric was successfully employed to quantify “hot” firebrands (i.e., can potentially lead to further fire spread) generated during tree-scale burns. In this paper, a total of 71 tree/shrubs were burned to quantify hot firebrand production statistics for Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and sagebrush. A network of 65 fire-resistant fabric stations were deployed during the burns to measure the “hot” firebrands that are released. These stations are placed strategically at several radii and angles in the prominent wind direction. Using the number of firebrands determined from the fabric, a first-order extrapolation method was developed and evaluated to estimate the source terms (i.e., total number of hot firebrands released). Variation in the firebrand production with the height of the trees and for three species is reported. The total number of hot firebrands produced typically increased with the height of the tree/shrub burned as expected. The specific hot firebrand production (firebrands produced per kg dry mass burned) is exponentially dependent on the moisture content of the tree and had an inconclusive correlation with the height of the trees. Overall, for trees of comparable moisture content, sagebrush produced higher specific hot firebrands when compared to ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir species.
A Theory of Prejudice and Why it Persists (or to Whom is Obama Still Black

Anti-black prejudice affects how citizens evaluate black candidates. Can continued contact with such candidates change prejudice’s role in subsequent evaluations? Scholars disagree. To clarify when continued contact reduces evaluative prejudice, I integrate psychological insights into a formal model. I find that widely-cited factors such as exposure frequency and motivation to avoid appearing prejudiced are not sufficient to reduce evaluative prejudice. Instead, citizens must associate negative personal consequences with their prejudice. Even then, prejudice’s role in subsequent evaluations declines only if a citizen’s goals, context, and beliefs about the future combine to make them rethink prejudiced beliefs. This result implies that past empirical studies about prejudice reach different conclusions because only some supply the necessary conditions. The result also explains how contextual variations can cause huge evaluative differences to emerge amongst similarly prejudiced people. In sum, I find that prejudice change is possible, but only for certain people in special circumstances.
Uptake of neuraminidase- or heat-treated human chorionic gonadotropin by the ovary

Abstract The reason for the discrepancy between biologic and immunologic estimates of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) treated with neuraminidase or heat is not well understood. After intravenous injection of labeled HCG (HCG- 125 I) into the adult rat, radioactivity in the ovary was considerably high at 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 hours. Most of the radioactivity was shown immunologically to be HCG. The treatment of HCG with neuraminidase at 37° C. for 2 hours or heat at 100° C. for 15 minutes did not appreciably change the immunologic activity of the hormone. Following administration of the neuraminidase- or heat-treated HCG- 125 I, radioactivity in the plasma and ovary as well as the radioactivity ratio of the ovary to plasma was markedly lower than that after injection of untreated HCG- 125 I during the observed period. At 0.5 hour, radioactivity ratio of the kidney to plasma after injection of treated HCG- 125 I was higher as compared to that after injection of untreated HCG- 125 I. These results suggest that the treated HCG is rapidly removed from circulation through the kidney. The rapid excretion and thus shortening of half-life of treated HCG may be a cause for the low uptake in the ovary and its low biologic activity.
Thermodynamics of the UPt 3 superconducting phase diagram

In this paper we present a thermodynamic analysis of the ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ superconducting phase diagram in the H-T plane. The analysis relates the specific-heat jumps to the slopes of the four phase-transition lines. The existing data are found to be in good mutual agreement, and consistent with the assumption that the inner phase-transition line at low field, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}$, is second order for both H^\ensuremath{\perp}c^ and H^?c^. For H^\ensuremath{\perp}c^, the inner phase-transition line at higher field, ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{FL}}$, is first order albeit with a small latent heat. For H^?c^, it can be second order.
Photocathode behavior during high current running in the Cornell energy recovery linac photoinjector

The Cornell University energy recovery linac (ERL) photoinjector has recently demonstrated operation at 20 mA for approximately 8 hours, utilizing a multialkali photocathode deposited on a Si substrate. We describe the recipe for photocathode deposition, and will detail the parameters of the run. Post-run analysis of the photocathode indicates the presence of significant damage to the substrate, perhaps due to ion back-bombardment from the residual beam line gas. While the exact cause of the substrate damage remains unknown, we describe multiple surface characterization techniques (x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy) used to study the interesting morphological and crystallographic features of the photocathode surface after its use for high current beam production. Finally, we present a simple model of crystal damage due to ion back-bombardment, which agrees qualitatively with the distribution of damage on the substrate surface.
Band-gap engineering in Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin films grown from (In,Ga)/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ precursors

A three-stage process starting with the deposition of (In,Ga)/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ precursor films has been successful in the fabrication of graded band-gap Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin films. In this work we examine (1) the reaction of Cu+Se with (In,Ga)/sub 2/Se/sub 3/, which leads to a spontaneous grading in the Ga content as a function of depth through the film, and (2) modification of the Ga content in the surface region of the film through a final deposition of In+Ga+Se. We show how band-gap grading can be enhanced by the formation of nonuniform precursors, how counterdiffusion limits the degree of grading possible in the surface region, and how the Cu/sub x/Se secondary phase acts to homogenize the film composition.
Investigating Downtime and Troubleshooting in Computer-Controlled Production Systems

Some manufacturers, who have invested in sophisticated computer- controlled production equipment, are finding that the technologies do not perform as well as initially expected. While these new automated systems hold the potential for a company to regain a competitive edge by increasing product quality, decreasing production costs, and increasing flexibility, users of such systems are finding that the new production processes are difficult to keep operating. Downtime is a major problem and is expensive in terms of repair costs and lost revenue. The first issue addressed in this study is the extent to which downtime, in general, and maintainability, in particular, is a problem in computer-controlled production systems. We addressed this issue by analyzing failure data in a computer-controlled production process in the automobile industry. This analysis indicates that downtime is a problem and that problems with maintainability are a major contributing factor to the large amounts of downtime. The second issue addressed is the relative contributions of different kinds of failures to downtime and maintainability problems. Addressing this issue can help guide the focus of efforts to reduce downtime. Anecdotal evidence suggests that difficulty in troubleshooting failures via the computerized process controllers is driving the maintainability problems. Analysis of the same failure data mentioned above supports this evidence. The last issue raised is the question of what can be done to design a system of computer-controlled machines so that the system is more maintainable. We propose an experimental design to address this issue. The experiment focuses on two factors which we hypothesize contribute to troubleshooting difficulty and which are also design variables under the control of system designers. These two factors are complexity of the process control logic in the computerized process controllers in the system design and hierarchical arrangement of display pages in the design of the user interfaces.
TechSat 21: formation design, control, and simulation

The satellite cluster approach to space missions requires science and technology advances in several key areas. Among these challenges is understanding the dynamics of satellites in close proximity to each other so that a formation can be intelligently designed, controlled, and simulated. An overview of on-going research in this area under the TechSat 21 program along with preliminary findings is provided. Included in this overview is the recent progress made in the design of formations including designs for circular formations, projected circular formations, and J/sub 2/ invariant formations. Strategies for formation control are presented as well as the baseline design for the TechSat 21 propulsion system. Fuel expenditure is estimated for various formations using different control strategies. The TechSat 21 mission requires relative position knowledge between satellites to the millimeter level while the radar is transmitting and receiving; concepts for meeting this requirement are also presented. In order to facilitate mission planning and gain confidence in mission success, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is building an end to end simulation testbed for the TechSat 21 mission. An overview of the testbed design and functionality is provided. Focus is centered on the dynamics and control module of the testbed. The dynamics and control module utilizes high fidelity orbit propagation as the basis of the simulation of the formation dynamics. Through this simulation control algorithms, relative navigation techniques, and the effects of errors in initial conditions and control forces are investigated.
A Cryptographically Sound Dolev-Yao Style Security Proof of the Otway-Rees Protocol

We present the first cryptographically sound security proof of the well-known Otway-Rees protocol. More precisely, we show that the protocol is secure against arbitrary active attacks including concurrent protocol runs if it is implemented using provably secure cryptographic primitives. Although we achieve security under cryptographic definitions, our proof does not have to deal with probabilistic aspects of cryptography and is hence in the scope of current proof tools. The reason is that we exploit a recently proposed ideal cryptographic library, which has a provably secure cryptographic implementation. Together with composition and preservation theorems of the underlying model, this allows us to perform the actual proof effort in a deterministic setting corresponding to a slightly extended Dolev-Yao model. Besides establishing the cryptographic security of the Otway-Rees protocol, our result also exemplifies the potential of this cryptographic library. We hope that it paves the way for cryptographically sound verification of security protocols by means of formal proof tools.
Appropriateness of expectorated sputum cultures in the hospital setting

We assessed whether expectorated sputum samples are ordered according to national guidelines and the impact of culture results on patient management. Overall, guidelines for ordering sputum samples were followed for 23% (18/78) of patients. Results affected treatment in 18% (14/79) of cases. Reducing inappropriate sputum cultures may have significant economic savings in the hospital system.
The role of caspases in methotrexate-induced gastrointestinal toxicity

Abstract Background. Enterocolitis is the major toxicity of methotrexate-based cancer chemotherapy, which limits its clinical applications. Methotrexate induces gut mucosal apoptosis in vivo; however, little is known about the molecular mechanism involved. The effectors of apoptosis include the caspase family of proteases, which are selectively activated in a stimulus-specific and tissue-specific fashion. The aims of this study were (1) to establish an in vitro model of methotrexate-induced gut apoptosis and (2) to determine the role of caspases in methotrexate-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Methods. Rat intestinal epithelial cells (RIE-1) were treated with methotrexate in the absence or presence of ZVAD-fluoromethyl ketone, a general caspase inhibitor. Apoptosis was quantified by means of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation assays and Hoechst nuclear staining. Caspase activation was measured with the use of fluorogenic substrates. Results. Methotrexate induced apoptosis and decreased cell number in RIE-1 cells. DNA fragmentation was preceded by the sequential activation of caspases 9, 2, and 3, whereas caspases 1 and 8 remained inactive. ZVAD-fluoromethyl ketone inhibited methotrexate-induced caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and nuclear condensation. Conclusions. These results indicate that methotrexate activates specific caspases and induces apoptosis in RIE-1 cells. Furthermore, caspases may play an important role in methotrexate-induced apoptosis in RIE-1 cells and may be potential therapeutic targets to attenuate methotrexate-induced enterocolitis. (Surgery 2001;859-65.)
The Quantity of Cause‐of‐injury Information Documented on the Medical Record: An Appeal for Injury Prevention

Objective: To determine how much information about the cause of injury (available at the time of ED treatment) is documented on the medical record. This information is used by medical records coders to assign e-codes. Methods: Quantitative “stages of information” were defined: stage 1 = the maximum amount of information available from the patient, as collected by a trained research assistant; stage 2 = the amount of information obtained by the care provider during the patient interview; and stage 3 = the amount of information the care provider documented in the medical record. Comparisons were made between the three stages; subgroup analyses compared amounts of information loss between the stages for levels of care provider and cause-of-injury information categories. Results: Information was obtained from 109 patients. Only 46% of the cause-of-injury information available during the ED visit was recorded on the medical record. Incomplete history taking (obtaining 68% of the available information) and failure to document (writing 67% of the information obtained during the patient interview) contributed equally to the loss of information. The most information was obtained about who had received the injury (72%) and the least amount of information was in the category of where the injury had occurred (14%). Attending physicians collected the most information (74%) but documented significantly less (65%) than did physician assistants (70%) or medical students (81%). Medical students collected the least (65%) but documented the most, resulting in the students' medical records' being the most complete (52%) for cause-of-injury information. Conclusions: Emergency providers obtain significantly less cause-of-injury information than is available from the patient. Also, these providers' handwritten medical records contain significantly less cause-of-injury information than was obtained during the patient interview.
Competitive procurement contracting when risk-preferences are uncertain

Abstract This paper focuses on the design of optimal procurement contracts within a competitive bidding environment assuming (i) the buyer and contractors are uncertain about the final cost, (ii) the contractors have private information about the cost and their attitudes toward risk and (iii) the buyer and winning contractor observe the final cost when the good is delivered. Examples of the optimal profit schedule and selection process are presented demonstrating (i) how such contracting procedures are designed and (ii) how the buyer's beliefs about the contractors' characteristics can affect the optimal contracting procedure. The approach suggested is a practical and viable approach to contracting where the risks and costs of projects are great.
Constitution of Fireclays at High Temperatures: II, Mineralogical Composition

Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of quenched specimens, supplemented by HF solution and X-ray fluorescence, was used to determine the mineralogical composition of three refractory clays after heating at 1150° to 1500°C. The three clays represent a range of purity found in high and superduty fireclay refractories: an impure plastic clay, a flint fireclay, and a kaolin. The results show the percentages of mullite, cristobalite, quartz, and liquid. The quantity and composition of the liquid phase were estimated by difference. Iron and titanium oxide impurities in the mullite decreased with increased firing temperatures.
Clay Nanotube/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Bone Cement Composites with Sustained Antibiotic Release

Orthopedic-grade PMMA bone cement, admixed with prophylactic antibiotics, is widely used in hip and knee replacement surgery. There is a critical need to improve its structural integrity and to control antibiotic release. In this study, clay nanotubes are loaded with the antibiotic gentamicin sulfate and the cement is doped with 5–8 wt% nanotubes. The halloysite nanotubes isolate the drug from the cement monomers and serve as nanocontainers for sustained release of the antibiotic. Gentamicin-loaded clay nanotubes admixed in PMMA cement provide sustained release up to 300– 400 h and with enhanced release at cement cracks. The PMMA/halloysite/gentamicin composite tensile strength does not deteriorate as compared with pure cement and its adhesion to bone is significantly increased.
Are Nucleation Kinetics of Protein Crystals Similar to Those of Liquid Droplets

We have studied the nucleation of crystals of a model protein from aqueous solutions using a novel technique that allows direct determinations of homogeneous nucleation rates. At a constant temperature of 12.6 °C we varied the thermodynamic supersaturation by changing the concentrations of protein and precipitant. We found a broken dependence of the homogeneous nucleation rate on supersaturation that is beyond the predictions of the classical nucleation theory. The nucleation theorem allows us to relate this to discrete changes of the size of the crystal nuclei with increasing supersaturation as (10 or 11) → (4 or 5) → (1 or 2). Furthermore, we observe that the existence of a second liquid phase at high protein concentrations strongly affects crystal nucleation kinetics: (i) Crystal nucleation rates are lower than expected in the phase region of liquid−liquid demixing. (ii) In the immediate proximity of this region, nucleation rates vary by factors of up to 2 in identical experiments. Since for this regi...
Human genetic approaches to diseases of lymphocyte activation

Our laboratory focuses on the study of the molecular regulation of T lymphocyte homeostasis, particularly as it relates to immunological tolerance, apoptosis, and autoimmune diseases. Through intense molecular research on the regulation of lymphocyte fate, the Fas receptor and other tumor necrosis factor receptors as well as their ligands have emerged as key regulators of T lymphocyte apoptosis. We are studying genetic abnormalities of this death pathway, particularly in the context of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and other non-ALPS conditions affecting lymphocyte homeostasis. These studies have led to further investigations of the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, the molecular basis for programed cell death and viral cytopathicity, mechanisms of autoimmunity, and the regulation of mature T-cell tolerance. Our investigations promise to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation of immune response and contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and treatment methods for autoimmune diseases.