cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-J-97: Quality Assurance of Deformable Image Registration Algorithms: How Realistic Should Phantoms Be?

Purpose: Deformable image registration (DIR) has widespread uses in radiotherapy for applications such as dose accumulation studies, multi-modality image fusion, and organ segmentation. The quality assurance (QA) of such algorithms, however, remains largely unimplemented. This work aims to determine how detailed a physical phantom needs to be to accurately perform QA of a DIR algorithm. Methods: Virtual prostate and head-and-neck phantoms, made from patient images, were used for this study. Both sets consist of an undeformed and deformed image pair. The images were processed to create additional image pairs with one through five homogeneous tissue levels using Otsu’s method. Realistic noise was then added to each image. The DIR algorithms from MIM and Velocity (Deformable Multipass) were applied to the original phantom images and the processed ones. The resulting deformations were then compared to the known warping. A higher number of tissue levels creates more contrast in an image and enables DIR algorithms to produce more accurate results. For this reason, error (distance between predicted and known deformation) is utilized as a metric to evaluate how many levels are required for a phantom to be a realistic patient proxy. Results: For the prostate image pairs, the mean error decreased frommore » 1–2 tissue levels and remained constant for 3+ levels. The mean error reduction was 39% and 26% for Velocity and MIM respectively. For head and neck, mean error fell similarly through 2 levels and flattened with total reduction of 16% and 49% for Velocity and MIM. For Velocity, 3+ levels produced comparable accuracy as the actual patient images, whereas MIM showed further accuracy improvement. Conclusion: The number of tissue levels needed to produce an accurate patient proxy depends on the algorithm. For Velocity, three levels were enough, whereas five was still insufficient for MIM.« less
The Effect of Chamber Geometry on Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion

The way in which combustion chamber geometry affects combustion in SI engines was studied using a quasi-dimensional cycle simulation. Calculations were performed to investigate the following questions: (i) the sensitivity of geometric effects on combustion to engine operating conditions; (ii) the differences in burn duration between ten chamber geometries and spark plug locations; and (iii) the relative merits of improved chamber design and amplified turbulence as means to reduce burn duration. The results from these studies are presented and discussed.
Abstract T P116: Increased Maintenance of Motor Gains Following a Novel Stroke Therapy

Introduction: Action observation therapy (AOT), a novel approach based on the physiology of the mirror neuron system, uses observation/imitation of movements to facilitate recovery from stroke. We previously showed that AOT confers significant improvement in motor performance. More importantly, these gains are maintained up to 1 year compared to a classic therapy, ND Bobath (NDBT) (Falcon et al 2013). In this study we sought to determine concomitant brain function associated with motor recovery after these therapies and with maintenance of motor gains. Methods: Seventeen stroke subjects received either AOT or NDBT for 2 hours/day for 4 weeks. Motor outcome measures and MRI (T1-weighted and fMRI during a bimanual motor task) were acquired pre-treatment (Pre-Tr), post-treatment (Post-Tr) and maintenance after 6-12 months (MiNT). MRI data was processed in AFNI using a general linear model. Network analysis assessing effective connectivity was done via structural equation models (SEM). MRI from 20 healthy controls was included. Results: 1. fMRI: Pre-Tr: Compared to controls, all stroke subjects showed increased activation, mainly in parietal and frontal regions. Post-Tr: Activation decreased in these regions in all stroke subjects. MiNT: Activation was further decreased in the AOT group, while the NDBT group showed increased activity reminiscent of Pre-Tr levels. 2. SEM: Pre-Tr: Both group networks involved nodes in parietal and frontal regions with strong connections in both hemispheres. Post-tr: The weight of connections in the non-dominant hemisphere after AOT decreased compared to Pre-Tr levels. After NDBT, it increased. MiNT: The weight of connections in the non-dominant hemisphere after AOT continued to decrease. Conclusions: Although decreased brain activation in both groups was associated with better motor performance Post-Tr, brain connectivity was discordant; effective connectivity decreased after AOT and increased after NDBT. This indicates differing mechanisms associated with stable (gains maintained) and poor (gains lost) recovery after AOT and NDBT respectively. These results may highlight relevant functional mechanisms for developing potential therapies.
The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: toward a system of cancer screening in the United States.

In the mid-1980s when there was a shift in public health priorities toward the prevention and control of chronic disease, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a screening program based on the core elements of surveillance, public and provider education, quality assurance, and national and local collaborations. With the Affordable Care Act providing coverage for millions of individuals, the CDC now has an opportunity to focus on recommended cancer screenings through an organized approach versus an opportunistic approach. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2617-9. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Graft Hydroureteronephrosis Secondary to Inguinal Hernia: A Report of Two Unusual Cases

Allograft hydroureteronephrosis caused by ipsilateral inguinal hernia occurs rarely. Its close proximity to the spermatic cord structures places the ureter at risk for herniation into the internal inguinal ring. Likewise, the ureter is also at risk for injury during inguinal herniorrhaphy. We present two cases where such events occurred in two separate patients. In both cases, the patients were managed with percutaneous nephrostomy tube decompression followed by definitive surgical repair. ARTICLE INFO
The High Altitude Student Platform (HASP) as a model multi-payload balloon platform

One of the primary advantages of balloon flights is that payloads can be exposed to a near-space environment for an extended period of time, recovered, revised and then flown again. Thus, instrument and satellite component designs can be tested and refined without the need for orbital launches. This not only reduces development costs but can also reduce the time necessary to increase the technology readiness level (TRL) of a particular component. Over the last several years, interest in developing miniaturized satellites, with low mass, power and telemetry requirements, has significantly increased. An inexpensive method for testing and validation of “nanosats” components, or full systems, would be to fly them on a balloon platform at 120,000 feet. These systems could be clustered onto a single balloon payload carrier that provides standardized power, telemetry and a physical interface for each experiment. Such an approach reduces the payload development overburden, so the investigator can focus exclusively on experiment, or subsystem, development and, consequently, can reduce experiment cost and improve turn-around time. Here we report on our experience with the High Altitude Student Platform (HASP), the first balloon carrier specifically designed with a standard interface to support up to 12 independent experiments per flight. Since 2006, HASP has flown nine times from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico and carried close to eighty (77) experiments to an altitude of ∼120,000 feet for an average duration of 14 hours at float. We will discuss the HASP system design, development and capabilities, the kinds of experiments that have flown on HASP, and the lessons-learned that are applicable to future multiple payload balloon platforms
"What's Best for Kids" vs. Teacher Unions: How Teach For America Blames Teacher Unions for the Problems of Urban Schools

This article examines the anti-union discourse that is prevalent within Teach For America (TFA) and explores how the experiences and insights of TFA outsiders to urban schools and communities become central in how discussions on urban education are framed. Not only are urban teachers and their unions seen as unknowledgeable and unable to comment on their experiences in urban schools (while TFAers have the monopoly on knowing "what's best for kids"), but teacher unions are actually blamed for the problems of urban schools and seen as the main obstacle to doing "what's best for kids." This article analyzes how TFA corps members and touted TFA alum, Michelle Rhee are able to corral the anti-union sentiment that is always lurking within an individualistic society, and which seems especially conspicuous within this neoliberal moment.
Perceived Burdensomeness and Suicide‐Related Behaviors in Clinical Samples: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Context The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide identifies perceived burdensomeness as a primary component of suicidal desire and a possible point of intervention for suicide prevention. A growing literature has explored the relationship between perceived burdensomeness and suicide-related behaviors. Objective The aim of this review is to integrate the evidence, identify critical gaps in the evidence-base, and explore implications for translation to prevention and intervention science. Methods Papers published that reported on the association between perceived burdensomeness and suicide-related behaviors were included. Results The literature indicates (a) significant cross-sectional associations between perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and (b) that perceived burdensomeness acts as either a moderator or a mediator of the association between risk and protective factors and suicide-related behaviors. Conclusion Research is needed to examine the longitudinal association between perceived burdensomeness and suicide-related behaviors, develop additional measurement approaches, generalize findings to other samples, and begin translating findings to prevention and intervention science.
The Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 immediate-early gene product transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by a mechanism which is enhancer independent.

Abstract The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early gene product, BRLF1, transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat. BRLF1-induced transactivation of HIV-1 promoter constructs is accompanied by an increase in plasmid mRNA and is reporter gene independent. Previously, BRLF1 transactivation of EBV promoters has been mapped to regions which function as enhancer elements. Deletional analysis demonstrates that BRLF1 transactivation of the HIV-1 promoter does not require the HIV-1 enhancer. Thus, the EBV BRLF1 gene product may transactivate by at least two different mechanisms, one mechanism involving certain enhancer elements and another mechanism which is enhancer independent.
Stochastic theory of molecular collisions. II. Application to atom–vibrotor collisions

In this work stochastic theory is applied to the treatment of atom–vibrotor collisions. This is an extension of a previous paper which described molecular collisions by a Pauli master equation or a Fokker–Planck equation. In this framework an energy conserving classical path model is explored, and methods for solving the equations numerically are discussed. The coefficients of the Fokker–Planck equation are shown to be expressible as simple functions of the interaction potential. Estimates of the computational labor are also discussed. Finally as a followup on the initial work, numerical solutions of the master equation for the collinear vibrational excitation problem of Secrest and Johnson are presented in an Appendix.
Mechanical response of cellular solids: Role of cellular topology and microstructural irregularity

Rapid advance in additive manufacturing techniques promises that, in the near future, the fabrication of functional cellular structures will be achieved with desired cellular microstructures tailored to specific application in mind. In this perspective, it is essential to develop a detailed understanding of the relationship between mechanical response and cellular microstructure. The present study reports on the results of a series of computational experiments that explore the effect topology and microstructural irregularity (or non-periodicity) on overall mechanical response of cellular solids. Compressive response of various 2D topologies such as honeycombs, stochastic Voronoi foams as well as tetragonal and triangular lattice structures have been investigated as functions of quantitative irregularity parameters. The fundamental issues addressed are (i) uniqueness of mechanical response in irregular microstructures, and effects of (ii) specimen size, (iii) boundary morphology, (iv) cellular topology, and (v) microstructural irregularity on mechanical response.
Women's Liberation and Increases in Minor, Major, and Occupational Offenses

Previous studies have been unable to determine a satisfatory starting point for female emancipation in order to examine the proposition that this variable caused an increase in female criminality. This study uses arithmetic coordinate charts and polynomial regression to set 1967 and 1968 as years when changes in female emancipation, as measured by female labor force participation and divorce rates, should be followed by noticeable effects. The same procedures also show take-off points for the percentage female contribution to various criminal offenses occuring in close proximity and subsequent to exceptional changes in female emancipation and to the 1966 founding of the National Organization for Women. Contrary to the dominant position in the literature, increases in female involvement for the serious offenses of auto-theft and robbery, which may be attributed to women's liberation, are greater than increases in larceny-theft and fraud/embezzlement, which may be attributed to the same cause.
Etiology of right bundle-branch block pattern after surgical closure of ventricular-septal defects

Abstract An incidence of 60 per cent of postoperative RBBB in the ECG's and available VCG's of 26 patients with isolated muscular VSD repaired was noted after ventriculotomy. In the 38 patients with VSD's near the membranous septum who underwent repair via the tricuspid valve, the incidence of postoperative RBBB was 44 per cent. Results suggested that either ventriculotomy or injury to the right bundle near the VSD can cause RBBB after surgical closure of the defect. Changes in the initial 0.02 second electrovectorcardiographic forces in patients with postoperative RBBB were thought to result from central injury to the specialized conduction tissue supplying the interventricular septum. Peripheral RBBB, therefore, could be separated from central RBBB by the appearance of the initial electrovectorcardiographic forces. For detection of these changes in initial forces, both the ECG recorded at 50 mm. per second and the Frank VCG were useful.
An accurate millisecond timer for the Commodore 64 or 128

The use of the Commodore 64 or 128 as an accurate millisecond timer is discussed. BASIC and machine language programs are provided that allow the keyboard to be used as the response manipulandum. Modifications of the programs for use with a joystick or external switches are also discussed. The precision, flexibility, and low cost of these machines recommends their use as laboratory instruments.
Oxidation Kinetics of Antibiotics during Water Treatment with Potassium Permanganate

The ubiquitous occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environments raises concerns about potential adverse effects on aquatic ecology and human health, including the promotion of increased antibiotic resistance. This study examined the oxidation of three widely detected antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, and trimethoprim) by potassium permanganate [KMnO4; Mn(VII)]. Reaction kinetics were described by second-order rate laws, with apparent second-order rate constants (k2) at pH 7 and 25 °C in the order of 0.61 ± 0.02 M−1 s−1 (ciprofloxacin) < 1.6 ± 0.1 M−1 s−1 (trimethoprim) < 3.6 ± 0.1 M−1 s−1 (lincomycin). Arrhenius temperature dependence was observed with apparent activation energies (Ea) ranging from 49 kJ mol−1 (trimethoprim) to 68 kJ mol−1 (lincomycin). Rates of lincomycin and trimethoprim oxidation exhibited marked pH dependences, whereas pH had only a small effect on rates of ciprofloxacin oxidation. The effects of pH were quantitatively described by considering parallel reactions between KMnO4 a...
Phosphoinositides as spatial regulators of membrane traffic

Inositol phospholipids are a focus of renewed interest with the discovery of their unanticipated pivotal roles in membrane trafficking events. Reversible phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol generates spatially localized signals on membranes that recruit or activate proteins essential for cell membrane budding, fission and fusion. Recent advances have taken place in the characterization of lipid kinases and phosphoinositide-regulated effector proteins, and in the elucidation of phospholipase D mediated mechanisms involving ADP ribosylation factor and Rho family proteins. The roles played by phosphoinositides in aspects of secretory granule formation, fusion and endocytosis indicate the importance of phosphorylated lipids for neurotransmitter release.
Bayesian wavelet analysis of autoregressive fractionally integrated moving-average processes

Abstract Long memory processes are widely used in many scientific fields, such as economics, physics and engineering. In this paper we describe a wavelet-based Bayesian estimation procedure to estimate the parameters of a general Gaussian ARFIMA ( p , d , q ) , autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average model with unknown autoregressive and moving average parameters. We employ the decorrelation properties of the wavelet transforms to write a relatively simple Bayes model in the wavelet domain. We use an efficient recursive algorithm to compute the variances of the wavelet coefficients. These depend on the unknown characteristic parameters of the model. We use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and direct numerical integration for inference. Performances are evaluated on simulated data and on real data sets.
Clinical utility of integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in the clinical management and radiation treatment planning of locally advanced rectal cancer

Abstract Purpose The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in the staging and radiation treatment planning of locally advanced rectal cancer is ill defined. We studied the role of integrated PET/CT in the staging, radiation treatment planning, and use as an imaging biomarker in rectal cancer patients undergoing multimodality treatment. Methods and materials Thirty-four consecutive patients with T3-4N0-2M0-1 rectal adenocarcinoma underwent FDG-PET/CT scanning for staging and radiation treatment planning. Planned clinical management was compared before and after the addition of PET/CT information. Three radiation oncologists independently delineated CT-based gross tumor volumes (GTV CT ) using clinical information and CT imaging data, as well as gradient autosegmented PET/CT-based GTVs (GTV PETCT ). The mean GTV, interobserver concordance index (CCI), and proximal and distal margins were compared. The maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and dual-time point PET parameters were correlated with clinicopathologic endpoints. Results Clinical management was altered by PET/CT in 18% (n = 6) of patients with clinical upstaging in 6 patients and radiation treatment planning altered in 5 patients. Of the 30 evaluable preoperative patients, the mean GTV PETCT was significantly smaller than the mean GTV CT volumes: 88.1 versus 102.8 cc ( P = .03). PET/CT significantly increased interobserver CCI in contouring GTV compared with CT only-based contouring: 0.56 versus 0.38 ( P P = .04) and OS (100% vs 45%, P 33 cc). SUVmax and dual-time point PET parameters did not correlate with any endpoints. Conclusions FDG-PET/CT imaging impacts overall clinical management and is useful in the radiation treatment planning of rectal cancer patients by decreasing interobserver variability in contouring target boost volumes. Pretreatment MTV may provide useful prognostic information and requires further study.
ORAL PENICILLIN—A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MODES OF ADMINISTRATION

A comparison of penicillin excretion when equivalent quantities of the drug are given orally or parenterally indicates that approximately 60 per cent. urinary excretion occurs after parenteral administration, whereas 14 per cent. urinary excretion occurs following oral ingestion. That destruction by gastric acidity is not primarily responsible for this difference is indicated by the fact that administration of penicillin directly into the duodenum does not greatly alter the amount of penicillin excretion. Evidence indicating that the majority of orally administered penicillin is destroyed by the body proper is discussed.
Relationships among self-monitoring processes, memory, and depression

Hypotheses from self-control and cognitive distortion conceptions of depression were tested with 20 depressed and 20 nondepressed male psychiatric inpatients. Selective memory for negative events in depression was assessed by a test of memory for personally relevant adjectives. No differences were found. To assess selective attention to negative events in depression, subjects were asked to choose between negative and positive feedback alternatives. Depressed patients chose negative feedback more frequently. To assess negatively distorted self-monitoring, subjects tallied their own negative and positive interpersonal behaviors in a videotaped interaction. Depressed patients overestimated negative and underestimated positive behaviors, in comparison to nondepressed raters.
Wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin a binding during epithelial wound healing in the cornea

It has been hypothesized that there are differences between membrane-associated gly-coconjugates of wounded (migrating) epithelium and those of nonwounded (stationary) epithelium. To test this hypothesis, wheat germ agglutinin-ferritin (WGA-Fe) and concanavalin A-ferritin (Con A-Fe) binding to apical membranes of wounded and nonwounded rabbit corneal epithelia were compared. Epithelial abrasions of the superior half of the cornea were allowed to heal in vivo/ for six hours. Fixed corneas were then Incubated with lectin-ferritin and prepared for electron microscopy. Measurements (ferritin particles per linear um of membrane) of WGA-Fe Indicated that binding to leading cells (40.7 particles/um), to areas 20 to 35 cells behind the leading edge (46.5 particles/um) and to nonwounded epithelium (45.1 particles/um) from contra lateral eyes were not significantly different. A competitive inhibitor of WGA, 0.2M N-acetylglucosamine, however, blocked 94 percent of WGA binding on leading cells (2.3 particles/um), whi...
Crafting cultural resonance: Imaginative power in everyday journalism

To offer mythic appeal or ritual value, news must be framed not only to make certain facts and interpretations salient but also to resonate with what writers and readers take to be real and important matters of life. Paralleling salience as an effect of selectivity in fact-gathering and emphasis in news-writing, this study argues that resonance is an effect of those same practices when accomplished with eloquence. Continuing coverage of a particular news event provides the opportunity to study the recurring narrative structures and rhetorical strategies that just seemed to work in telling the story. That story, a poignant death and its aftermath, illustrates three resources for crafting resonance - all of which point to an ultimate source of resonance in the complexities of human desire.
Relationship of stress and activity to brain dopamine and homovanillic acid.

Abstract Levels of dopamine in the brain tend to remain stable when rodents are stressed. However, these constant values do not reflect the dynamic state. It could be shown that the metabolism of dopamine is accelerated by a variety of behaviors. Emotionally disturbing experiences, either when they are accompanied by augmented activity or when they are unassociated with it, will increase the metabolism of dopamine. In turn an increase in activity in the absence of stress will accelerate the metabolism of dopamine. It was concluded that both activity and emotionality are associated with an activation of dopamine neurones.
Mixed Exact-Approximate Position Synthesis of Planar Mechanisms

A new approach to the synthesis of planar linkage mechanisms with fuzzy constraints is proposed, Design methods for two exact positions and an unlimited number of approximate positions are presented. The use of approximate specifications allows the designer to represent design objectives more realistically. A precision position synthesis approach is used to generate a three-dimensional solution space of dyads satisfying all exact and approximate constraints. The three-dimensional solution space is reduced to a two-dimensional ground-pivot map. Computer implementation of the proposed methodologies would allow designers with little or no knowledge of the synthesis techniques to interactively explore maps of solutions for four-bar motion generation.
Fabrication of 3D photonic crystals with embedded defects

We propose a process for the fabrication of defects, such as waveguides and resonators, embedded in a three-dimensional photonic crystal. The method is both efficient and flexible. It allows for arbitrary placement of defects within a high quality photonic crystal lattice of arbitrary symmetry, and achieves that in a minimum number of steps. Our approach relies on the exploitation of particular advantages of different types of lithography. Accordingly, we use ultraviolet interferometric (holographic) lithography to define the three-dimensional lattice of the photonic crystal in a thick layer of photoresist. This method is extremely efficient, requiring only a few nanosecond-long pulses of a high power UV laser to expose areas as large as several square centimeters. In order to pattern waveguides and cavities, we use electron beam lithography. Here we take advantage of a finite penetration depth of electrons in the material. How deep an area is exposed is determined by the voltage accelerating the electrons striking the resist layer. Thus, the height of the patterned waveguides can be precisely controlled. The procedure depends on the existence of resists sensitive to both ultraviolet radiation and electron beam, such as SU8 as well as AZ5200.
Biological activity of compounds isolated from air condensates and frass of the bark beetle, Ips confusus☆

Abstract The terpene alcohols, 2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-4-ol (ipsenol), 2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-4-ol (ipsdienol), and cis-verbenol were isolated from cold-trap condensates of volatiles from male-infesred pinon pine logs and from male-produced frass. Ipsenol, alone and in combination with ipsdienol and cis-verbenol, attracted males and females in the laboratory olfactometer. However, only the three compound mixture was active in the field, and did not duplicate the attractant activity of male beetles boring in pinon pine.
Prey selection by resident common bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida

Prey selection was investigated in wild, resident common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, during the summer months in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA. Stomach content analyses of 15 dolphins with extensive sighting histories and well-documented distributions were used to determine prey use. Prey availability was assessed by purse seine surveys. We compared the relative abundances of prey available to estimates of prey use at closely matching spatial and temporal scales. G-tests determined that dolphins in this study significantly selected for prey at the species, family, and soniferous/non-soniferous prey levels (G adj = 753.98–1,775.93, df = 1–21, p ≤ 0.01). While comprising only 6.3% of the total available prey, soniferous fishes accounted for 51.9% of the total prey consumed. Manly’s standardized forage ratios and 95% Bonferroni confidence intervals determined significant positive selection for soniferous prey and against non-soniferous prey (βS = 0.9461 vs. βNS = 0.0539). Dolphins selected against Gerridae, Clupeidae, and Sparidae (β ≤ 0.0014), as well as against all the species within those families (β ≤ 0.0190). It is likely that passive listening for soniferous prey provides an ecological or energetic advantage to cetaceans utilizing this specific foraging technique.
Ferrimagnetic Behavior of Multiple Phases and Solvates of (meso-Tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphinato)manganese(III) Tetracyanoethenide, [MnTClPP]+[TCNE]•-. Enhancement of Magnetic Coupling by Thermal Annealing

(meso-Tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphinato)manganese(III) tetracyanoethenide, [MnTClPP][TCNE], has been prepared and structurally characterized as the toluene and dichloromethane disolvates, and the magnetic and thermal properties of these solvates, as well as their corresponding desolvates, have been determined.
Pères Fatales: Character and Style in Postmodern Neo-Noir

Traditional definitions of film noir dispute whether it is a genre, a cycle of films, or a stylistic aesthetic. From the 1940s to the present, noir films have continued to be released at a rate of ...
p-Algebras of Arbitrary Exponents.

Abstract To a purely inseparable Galois field extension C over A we associate a certain differential polynomial ring D. We show that all central simple A-algebras that contain C as a maximal commutative subalgebra can be obtained from D by factoring out certain ideals determined by Witt vectors.
Effect of dinitrophenol on lens of chick embryo.

Summary1) Injections of 1-25 μg of DNP into chicken eggs, prior to incubation resulted in embryonic mortality after 3 days incubation, but did not produce lens changes. 2) Injections of 25-200 μg of DNP after 5 days incubation did not produce lenticular changes. 3) Cataracts were produced in embryos and hatched chicks from eggs injected with 200-500 μg of DNP after 8 days incubation. The size of cataract was roughly the same in hatched chicks as in embryos from the 500 μg group. 4) Injection of 750 μg of DNP after 15 days incubation produced an opacity evident after 20 hours. However, the opacity apparently regressed since the eyes of chicks hatched from this group appeared to be normal.
International trends in inclusive education: the continuing challenge to teach each one and everyone

Inclusion began in the United States and Europe as a special education initiative on behalf of students with disabilities as early as the 1980s. Now, more than two decades later, schools in these countries are changing as educators, parents, politicians and communities try to prepare for the new challenges and promises of the twenty‐first century. Advances in technology, the global economy and politics, changes in what “counts” as knowledge, and the skills and abilities demanded by the businesses and industries of the future all combine to render obsolete much of what schools have been up until now. The new educational conversation centers on how to design schools and student learning for a future that many educators find nearly impossible to even imagine. How students with disabilities and special education continue to fit into this future is the ongoing challenge of inclusion. While much progress has been made, trends point to some troubling results especially for minority students, and students with so...
The Role of Affect in Rational (Attributional) Approaches to Human Motivation

For a number of years I have been attempting to develop a general theory of human motivation in which cognitions, particularly causal attributions, play a central role (Weiner, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1980). A great deal of space would be required to document all of the virtues and all of the shortcomings of this conceptual approach. Considering only the weaknesses (which I try not to do too often), in my mind what is most lacking is a systematic statement about the place of emotions given such a rational approach to human behavior. Bruner (1956) once accused George Kelly's personal construct theory of not being able to explain "religious men in their most religious moments" (Pg. 356). Such a goal is far beyond my aspirations, but I believe it is necessary to consider emotional life more closely and to ask how affect can be better incorporated within attribution theory and how causal beliefs and feelings are interrelated. It is already possible to begin to outline some of the roles of affect within an attributional perspective. In this paper I will document: (1) that emotions are responses to particular attributions; (2) that emotions, rather than causal ascriptions, are motivators of action; and (3) that affects can function as cues guiding self-perception. I also will argue that taking affect into account yields a different interpretation of successful achievement-change programs. In addition, an underlying theme throughout the entire paper concerns a continuing attempt on my part to clarify the differences between the two main perceived causes of success and failure, namely, ability and effort.
Intrinsic viscosity calculated by computer

A computer program has been devised for routine use which processes raw data such as polymer sample weight, moisture content, solution volume, and viscometer flow times to calculate a least-squares-derived intrinsic viscosity. In addition to eliminating errors inherent in graphic solutions and freeing technicians from tedious calculation, the computer output provides the 95% confidence interval of the intrinsic viscosity.
Benefit from Testosterone and Hydrocortisone on Coronary Atherogenesis in Cockerels on a Low Protein Atherogenic Diet

In the presence of high fat and high cholesterol in the diet, growing cockerels showed more marked hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis when their protein intake was low. Testosterone counteracted both the increased hypercholesterolemic and the enhanced atherogenic effects of a low protein diet. Hydrocortisone markedly aggravated the hypercholesterolemia in these cockerels but offered significant protection against coronary atherogenesis when associated with a low protein intake. When the dietary protein level is adequate neither testosterone nor hydrocortisone lowered coronary atherogenesis, despite modification of plasma cholesterol levels. Protein level in the diet must be considered in evaluating hormonal atherogenic effects.
Surface-confined alloy formation in immiscible systems.

Elements which are immiscible in the bulk have been found to form stable two-dimensional mixtures at the free surface. Here we show that such surface-confined mixing is expected quite generally in systems which are dominated by the atomic size mismatch. Mismatch renders the elements immiscible in the bulk, and confines the minority species to the surface, while inhibiting it from segregating within the surface layer. However, a large interface energy will cause clustering within the surface layer. This strain-dominated scenario is consistent with a variety of experimental observations.
High Interest in a Long-Acting Injectable Formulation of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in NYC: A P18 Cohort Substudy

Objective In the context of continued high rates of condomless anal intercourse and HIV-1 infection, young men who have sex with men (YMSM) need additional effective and desirable HIV prevention tools. This study reports on the willingness of a racially-ethnically diverse cohort of YMSM to use a new biomedical prevention approach, a long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis (LAI-PrEP) agent. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted between June-August 2013 recruited participants from an ongoing cohort study of YMSM in NYC. Participants included 197 YMSM, of whom 72.6% (n = 143) identified as men of color. Two outcomes were measured through computer-assisted self-interviews: 1) willingness to use long-acting injectable PrEP and 2) preference for route of administration of PrEP. In addition, concerns about perceived impacts of PrEP on health and risk behavior, access to health services, and stigma were investigated. Results Over 80% (n = 159/197, p<0.001) of participants stated they would be willing to use LAI-PrEP. With regards to preference for mode of delivery 79.2% (n = 156/197, p<0.001) stated they would prefer an injection administered every three months over a daily pill or neither one. Conclusions This study is the first to explore acceptability of LAI-PrEP in the US. A significant majority of participants expressed willingness to use LAI and the majority preferred LAI-PrEP. LAI-PrEP holds great promise in that it could circumvent the adherence challenges associated with daily dosing, especially if nested within appropriate psycho-behavioral support. Medical providers whose patients include YMSM at high risk for HIV infection should note the positive attitudes toward PrEP, and specifically LAI-PrEP.
Modern human origins in Australasia: Replacement or evolution?

The controversies surrounding the origins of modern humans have spawned two competing hypotheses, namely Replacement and Multiregional Evolution. The first suggests that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, as late as 140 ka, and subsequently inhabited the balance of the Old World. Conversely, the second hypothesis posits that modern humans evolved principally from local populations of archaic hominids indigenous to the major regions of the Old World. The hominid mandibular remains (ca. 1 Ma) from Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia, were studied in order to test these hypotheses. Non-metric comparisons were performed between these fossils and aboriginal H. sapiens from Africa and Australia. The Replacement model would be supported by a unique Afro-Australian grouping while Multiregional Evolution would be suggested by a Sangiran-Australasian group which would exclude the modern Africans. These data support the Multiregional Evolution hypothesis in that a plurality (eight) of the seventeen non-metric features link Sangiran to modern Australians, while only three exclusively group the humans from Africa and Australia. These results are suggestive of morphological continuity, which implies the presence of a genetic continuum in Australasia dating back at least one million years.
Venous tumor thrombus from a pelvic osteosarcoma

We present a case of pelvic osteosarcoma in an 18-year-old woman with a tumor thrombus in the left iliac vein, extending to the inferior vena cava. Tumor thrombus has been rarely described with osteosarcoma, with only 14 cases in the literature.
Taphonomic observations on eastern Australian Cretaceous sauropods

Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian) sauropod body fossils are known from the Eromanga Basin of central Queensland and Surat Basin of northern New South Wales/southeastern Queensland. Most bones are uncrushed and undistorted. Associated components of the caudal and forelimb skeleton are dominant in current collections and probably derived from more complete skeletons now lost to erosion, or yet to be exposed. Dorsal and cervical vertebrae have rarely been reported and no cranial material has yet been found. None of the Australian sauropod remains shows evidence of predation or scavenging, but at least two specimens of Wintonotitan wattsi were intimately associated with plant macrofossils allowing limited inference of their postmortem environments.
The deconcentration theoretical perspective as an explanation for recent changes in the West German migration system.

Abstract A general redistribution of the West German population down the metropolitan size hierarchy occurred during the first half of the 1980s, and was not the result of (a net) out-migration from old industrial areas in the coal mining and iron and steel regions. Explanations for this changing migration system correspond with the principles of deconcentration theory. A spatial deconcentration of manufacturing and service sector employment during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s allowed family-aged migrants to actualize their preferences for living in lower-density and small urban areas, and as a result a regional deconcentration of population became evident in the 1980s.
Comments on “Is It Time To Retire the Hybrid Atomic Orbital?”

A recent contribution to this Journal advocates the retirement of hybrid atomic orbitals based on premises such as “significant experimental evidence and theoretical ... indicate that hybrid orbita...
Electron scattering from quasi one-electron targets: experimental observables vs. theoretical scattering amplitudes

Abstract A program is presented to calculate various experimental observables as bilinear products of scattering amplitudes for impact excitation of (quasi) one-electron atoms by a spin polarized electron beam. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how experimental data for a minimum set of observables can be “inverted” to extract the scattering amplitudes. A successful and unique inversion of such data corresponds to a “complete experiment”.
Mortality benefit of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after cardiac events in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Hypothesis/IntroductionThe risks and benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after cardiac events are unknown. We sought to determine the independent effect of ACE inhibitors (ACE-I) on long-term mortality in ESRD patients after cardiac events.Materials and methodsWe analysed a prospective coronary care unit registry and identified 527 ESRD patients, 368 with complete data on medications prescribed, over eight years at a single, tertiary centre.ResultsThe overall mean age was 64.4 13.8 years with 54.9% men, and 59.2% African-American. A total of 143/386 (37.0%) were prescribed ACE-I during the hospital stay for cardiac reasons, including congestive heart failure (CHF) 52.8% and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) 47.2%. There were no significant differences in the rates of hypotension or arrhythmias in those who were treated with ACE-I versus those who were not. Survival analysis over three years, adjusted for known confounders, demonstrated a ...
MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES IN RHESUS MONKEYS ELICITED BY RESERPINE ADMINISTERED ON SELECTED DAYS OF THE CYCLE1

Female rhesus monkeys were treated with reserpine during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, in varying dosages and patterns of administration. One mg. per kg. of body weight given on three successive days, tended to prolong the menstrual cycles, especially when injections were begun on day 6 or before. When reserpine was given on days 2 to 7, 1 mg. per kg. perday prolonged all cycles. Half this dose prolonged 60% of the cycles. The larger dose given from days 7 to 12 prolonged only 25% of the cycles. The larger dose prolonged all cycleswhen the drugwas given from days 2 to 12, but 0.2 mg. per kg. prolonged only about 16% ofthe cycles. Some monkeys were more susceptible to reserpine than others. As judged by the criteriaof (a) a decrease in the amount of sedimentation observed in vaginal lavages, (b)a reduction in the number of cornified cells and (c) an increase in the number of leucocytes in vaginal smears, reserpine gives evidence of causing a temporary suppression of circulating estrogen.
Oxidative formation of lactic acid by a fungus

Abstract Experimental evidence has been presented for an aerobic biosynthesis of lactate from a C2-precursor. The data indicate that the C4-dicarboxylic acids function as intermediates; oxygen is essential. The aerobic process occurs concomitantly with glycolytic lactate synthesis and accounts for the extra lactate yield under vigorously aerobic conditions. A scheme is presented which accounts for the observed facts and it is evident that the oxidative synthesis of lactate in reality involves an oxidative synthesis of pyruvate. This latter synthesis is discussed from the point of view of its importance to autotrophic organisms, which must of necessity synthesize the important intermediate, pyruvate, from carbon fragments consisting of two carbons or less.
Freedom, barriers to entry, entrepreneurship, and economic progress

While entrepreneurs benefit from unrestricted free entry into markets, they have a time-inconsistent incentive to lobby for government entry restrictions once they become successful. Bad political institutions yield to these demands, and growing barriers are placed on domestic and international competition. Good institutions do not, and this effort is instead channeled toward further wealth creation. We find that productive entrepreneurship depends on both the freedom to succeed and discipline of failure that free markets provide. Trade barriers result in fewer combinations of goods and inputs attempted, and less productive entrepreneurial resource use. We also provide evidence on the value of business failure.
The Euclidean travelling salesman problem is NP-complete

Abstract The Travelling Salesman Problem is shown to be NP-Complete even if its instances are restricted to be realizable by sets of points on the Euclidean plane.
The long-run interdependence of bank-health, investment-oriented bank loans, and economic performance: A time-series analysis☆

Abstract This paper attempts to answer three questions related to credit-view theory. First, does the banking sector affect the real sector, or, in practical terms, does a contraction in bank loan availability result in real and negative effects on economic performance? Second, does the real sector affect the banking sector, or do banks tighten loan availability in response to an anticipated economic downturn? Finally, do both sectors affect each other? Results in this paper provide affirmative answers to all three of the above questions, and answers to these questions would be relevant and useful to policymakers.
Prevalence of anxiety disorders in a clinic-based sample of pediatric asthma patients.

Psychosocial variables may affect the clinical course of childhood asthma. In this study, 37 children with asthma were assessed for DSM-III-R anxiety disorders with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and intra-familial stress with the Index of Family Relations. When compared with a healthy control group, the asthma group had significantly more total anxiety disorders, past school problems, past psychiatric illnesses, and intrafamilial stress. There was also more family history of emotional problems in the asthma group. The implications of these findings for clinical management of this population are discussed.
Algebraic theory of dimensional analysis

An algorithm has been developed to calculate a complete optimized set of dimensionless products of the variables associated with a physical phenomenon from any complete set of dimensionless products. The algorithm is nonexhaustive and is readily adaptable for a digital computer. Illustrative examples are also given.