cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on Devinsky O, Lai G. Spirituality and religion in epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior 2008;12:636-643.

The more subjective the phenomenon, the less easily can science focus on its image. Spiritual and religious experiences are deeply personal and verbally inexpressible. The scientific effort to dissect and define them may miss or destroy their essence. Yet, spiritual and religious thoughts are phenomena of the mind and brain with physiologic and structural correlates. The presence of spiritual beliefs among all cultures strongly suggests that the human brain is programmed to experience and explain parts of existence in spiritual terms. Like language, spirituality develops in different forms in different cultures, yet the emotional–cognitive processes and underlying anatomy probably share many elements. The aphasias helped usher in modern neurology 150 years ago. Linguists and cognitive neuroscientists actively study normal language function. In contrast, priests and, occasionally, psychiatrists focus on spiritual–religious disorders, but “normal” spirituality and religious experiences rarely reach the fringes of science. (p. 637).
Multiobjective Pavement-Preservation Decision Making with Simulated Constraint Boundary Programming

An optimization model is designed to guide pavement agencies to make decisions under multicriteria decision circumstances. In this paper, a multiobjective optimization model is illustrated to enable pavement-management agencies to make network-level pavement-preservation decisions based on conflicting objectives, namely, minimizing costs and maximizing pavement smoothness. The optimization model is based on the Pareto optimal concept to simultaneously solve all types of concerns or constraints to obtain the optimum targets, in order to minimize costs and maximize benefits. The simulated constraint boundary method is suggested to find Pareto optimal solutions compared with the genetic algorithm method and a normalized technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions was illustrated to assist postoptimization decision making.
Results from the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System Supersonic Qualification Program

In 2010 the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission will deliver the most massive and scientifically capable rover to the surface of Mars. To deliver this payload, an aerodynamic decelerator is required to decelerate the entry vehicle from supersonic to subsonic speeds, in advance of propulsive descent and touchdown on Mars. The aerodynamic deceleration will be accomplished by a mortar-deployed 21.5-m Viking-type disk-gap-band parachute (DGB), and will be the largest extra-terrestrial decelerator in the history of space exploration [1]. The parachute will deploy at up to Mach 2.2 and 750 Pa, resulting in the highest load and speed experienced by a parachute on Mars. The MSL parachute extends the envelope of the existing heritage deployment space in terms of load, size and Mach number. This has created the challenge of leveraging the existing heritage supersonic- high-altitude database, implementing a ground-based qualification program, and quantifying known aerodynamic instabilities associated with supersonic operation in the Mach regime of the MSL deployment. To address these challenges MSL has embarked upon a physics-based modeling and validation program to explore the fundamental physics associated with DGB-parachute operation in supersonic flow. The functional dependence of parachute performance and stability on Mach number, Reynolds number, parachute size, entry-vehicle size and parachute to entry vehicle proximity, is under investigation. The quantitative understanding garnered from this analytical effort will be used to leverage the existing heritage database of the Viking Lander, Viking Balloon Launched Decelerator Test (BLDT), Mars Pathfinder (MPF) and Mars Exploration Rover (MER) programs for the larger scale, deployment conditions, and modern construction techniques of the MSL parachute system. The physics-based modeling and validation effort includes the development of a coupled fluid and structural solver, i.e. fluid-structure-interaction code, and supersonic wind-tunnel experiments with subscale representations of the flight configuration.
Activity in the Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and Cortex Generates Bilateral and Convergent Modulation of Pontine Gustatory Neurons

Evidence suggests that centrifugal modulation of brain stem gustatory cells might play a role in the elaboration of complex taste-guided behaviors like conditioned taste aversion and sodium appetit...
Colostrum as oral immune therapy to promote neonatal health

It is well known that the immune response is blunted and underdeveloped in the premature infant, but human milk supports the infant's growth, function, and effectiveness. Thus, own mother's colostrum (OMC) administered oropharyngeally has potential to deliver oral immune therapy (C-OIT) even before enteral feedings have begun. Colostrum interacts with lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx and gut. Colostrum as oral immune therapy is delivered by swabbing the cheeks in the first days of life. Little formal study has evaluated its effectiveness. However, small studies demonstrate that it is a practice that is safe, feasible, and well tolerated even by the smallest premature infants. Encouraging preliminary evidence supports the effect of C-OIT to reduce the time to full enteral feedings. Effects on other outcomes is unclear, in part because existing studies are underpowered to detect significant differences on outcomes like necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and death. Another limitation in the evidence base is that adherence to the intervention and the number of doses of colostrum infants received in the studies is not consistently made clear. More well-designed studies are needed to demonstrate the impact on neonatal complications and how C-OIT supports the infant's immune development. Quality improvement and time series reports of differences pre- and postimplementation of OMC given orally should minimally include statistics for adherence to the intervention and/or the number of doses an infant received as a covariate. Even so, OMC is an immune therapy that poses little risk yet offers likely cost-effective benefit for vulnerable infants.
Advance care planning in nursing homes and assisted living communities

Objectives To determine the prevalence and characteristics of advance care planning (ACP) among persons dying in long-term care (LTC) facilities, and to examine the relationship between respondent, facility, decedent, and family characteristics and ACP. Design After-death interviews of family members of decedents and facility liaisons where decedents received care. Setting Stratified sample of 164 residential care/assisted living facilities and nursing homes in Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, and North Carolina. Subjects Family members and facility liaisons who gave 446 and 1014 reports, respectively, on 1015 decedent residents. Measurements Reports of death/dying discussions, known treatment preferences, and reports and records of signed living wills (LW), health care powers of attorney (HCPOA), do-not-resuscitate orders, and do-not-hospitalize orders. Results Family respondents reported a higher prevalence, compared with facility reports, of HCPOAs (92% versus 49%) and LWs (84% versus 43%). In family reports, non-white race and no private insurance were significantly associated with lower prevalence of LWs and HCPOAs; additionally, residing in nursing homes (versus assisted living facilities) and in North Carolina were associated with lower prevalence of reported LWs. In facility reports, non-white race, unexpected death, and residing in North Carolina or Maryland were significantly associated with lower prevalence of LWs, whereas high Medicaid case mix, intact cognitive status, and high family involvement were associated with lower prevalence of HCPOAs. Concordance of family and facility reporting of HCPOAs was significantly greater in facilities with fewer than 120 beds. Conclusions The prevalence of ACP in LTC is much higher than previously described, and there is marked variation in characteristics associated with ACP, despite moderately high concordance, when reported by the facility or family caregivers.
Groupwork with sexually abused girls: Review of a pilot program

Abstract This paper discusses and evaluates a four week pilot group for sexually abused ten to twelve year old girls. The main benefits of running such groups are the uniqueness of groupwork in addressing childhood/adolescent developmental issues and also those issues specific to sexual abuse.
Storage technologies (Invited Paper)

Information storage in DASDs is a key part of a computer system. The worldwide revenue opportunity for DASD products is more than $50 billion. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand in capacity, performance, and cost-savings, rapid technological advances in magnetic recording have been carried out in laboratories around the world. The recent development for laptop and notepad PCs further demands the need for low power and smaller files. The technology trends in magnetic recording in terms of areal density, volumetric efficiency, and material advances based on published data are reviewed. Optical storage including read-only, write-once, and read/write drives becomes an emerging technology with a removability feature, which may complement magnetic recording DASDs. The recent advances in optical storage media and drives and their comparisons with magnetic recording technology are discussed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Help‐Seeking Processes Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

This paper suggests a conceptual framework for understanding the processes of help-seeking among survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). A cognitive theory from general literature on help-seeking in "stigmatizing" situations suggests three relevant processes or stages of seeking help in the IPV context: defining the problem, deciding to seek help, and selecting a source of support. Individual, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors that influence decision-making at each of these stages are discussed and illustrated with case examples.
Assessing root traits associated with root rot resistance in common bean

Abstract Detecting differences in root architecture and growth patterns among common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes may provide unique selection criteria for genetic resistance to Fusarium root rot. Genetic variation in root system architecture was quantified for 10 contrasting bean genotypes that represent four common bean classes (kidney, cranberry, black, and snap bean) under greenhouse conditions and under root rot disease pressure in the field. Genetic variation existed in root architecture among common bean classes and was highly significant under field conditions. Variation in root traits was minimal under environmentally controlled, greenhouse conditions. Results from the field evaluation suggest that a greater number of adventitious roots can contribute to root rot resistance, where the three most resistant genotypes accumulated large amounts of biomass in adventitious roots. In the field environment, total root system dry weight was correlated to fine (r=0.74, P
Ordered, adherent layers of nanofibers enabled by supramolecular interactions

Aligned nanofibrous substrates can be created by electrospinning, but methods for creating multilamellar structures of aligned fibers are limited. Here, apposed nanofibrous scaffolds with pendant β-cyclodextrin (CD) were adhered together by adamantane (Ad) modified hyaluronic acid, exploiting the guest–host interactions of CD and Ad for macroscopic assembly. Stable user-defined multi-layered scaffolds were formed for cell culture or tissue engineering.
Relationships of gender, family responsibility and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction

Psychological contract theory (Rousseau, 1995) suggests that women and those with family responsibilities may negotiate new psychological contracts that include family-responsive benefits such as flexible work hours. Relationships of gender, family responsibility, and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction were examined among 160 matched male and female managers in a cross-organizational study. Results revealed that women who perceived their organizations offered flexible work hours reported higher levels of organizational commitment and job satisfaction than women who did not. Also, flexible work hours were related to higher organizational commitment and job satisfaction for those having family responsibilities. Implications of these results for future research and organizational policy are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational network federations: a middleware architecture for network-based computing

Computational Network Federations (CNFs) enable an arbitrary set of heterogeneous hosts which are connected via any type of network to form dynamic virtual distributed systems that cooperate to execute an application, or serve as generalized application service platforms to end users. CNFs motivate a view of the Internet as a vast unified host: a repository of information, application services, and an omnipresent supercomputing resource regardless of the type of access device or access methodology. CNFs provide a powerful way of virtualizing generalized enterprise networks (or even the Internet), and an economic and resilient model for deploying enterprise applications, (such as CRM) and peer-2-peer services (e.g., chatrooms). This paper describes a middleware architecture that enables network-based computing, communications, and services through a unified, access, and platform-independent approach. CNFs borrow from the capabilities of grid computing and aim toward intelligent computational service networks that are ubiquitous, secure, and adaptive to user and access-method idiosyncrasies. CNFs encompass a set of abstractions and interfaces that provide: 1) a unified service-oriented view of the network to the user; 2) a homogeneous host abstraction to applications; and 3) a shared-memory abstraction to software developers. This paper outlines the architecture of CNFs and describes in more detail i-DVM, a distributed multithreaded meta-OS that forms the core of a CNF and implements the virtual machine abstraction and location transparency.
Peer-to-peer information retrieval using self-organizing semantic overlay networks

Content-based full-text search is a challenging problem in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems. Traditional approaches have either been centralized or use flooding to ensure accuracy of the results returned.In this paper, we present pSearch, a decentralized non-flooding P2P information retrieval system. pSearch distributes document indices through the P2P network based on document semantics generated by Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI). The search cost (in terms of different nodes searched and data transmitted) for a given query is thereby reduced, since the indices of semantically related documents are likely to be co located in the network.We also describe techniques that help distribute the indices more evenly across the nodes, and further reduce the number of nodes accessed using appropriate index distribution as well as using index samples and recently processed queries to guide the search.Experiments show that pSearch can achieve performance comparable to centralized information retrieval systems by searching only a small number of nodes. For a system with 128,000 nodes and 528,543 documents (from news, magazines, etc.), pSearch searches only 19 nodes and transmits only 95.5KB data during the search, whereas the top 15 documents returned by pSearch and LSI have a 91.7% intersection.
SAP97 Is Associated with the α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic Acid Receptor GluR1 Subunit

Rapid glutamatergic synaptic transmission is mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors and depends on their precise localization at postsynaptic membranes opposing the presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites. Postsynaptic localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors may be mediated by the synapse-associated proteins (SAPs) SAP90, SAP102, and chapsyn-110. SAPs contain three PDZ domains that can interact with the C termini of proteins such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits that carry a serine or threonine at the -2 position and a valine, isoleucine, or leucine at the very C terminus (position 0). We now show that SAP97, a SAP whose function at the synapse has been unclear, is associated with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors. AMPA receptors are probably tetramers and are formed by two or more of the four AMPA receptor subunits GluR1-4. GluR1 possesses a C-terminal consensus sequence for interactions with PDZ domains of SAPs. SAP97 was present in AMPA receptor complexes immunoprecipitated from detergent extracts of rat brain. After treatment of rat brain membrane fractions with the cross-linker dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) and solubilization with sodium dodecylsulfate, SAP97 was associated with GluR1 but not GluR2 or GluR3. In vitro experiments with recombinant proteins indicate that SAP97 specifically associates with the C terminus of GluR1 but not other AMPA receptor subunits. Our findings suggest that SAP97 may be involved in localizing AMPA receptors at postsynaptic sites through its interaction with the GluR1 subunit.
Workshops and benchmark problems to validate eddy current computer codes

In early 1985 it was suggested that the development and validation of 3-D eddy current codes would benefit from certain benchmark problems that could be used to validate the codes. A series of workshops was proposed in which the solution of problems by different methods and codes could be compared. A brief description is given of the workshop and the results obtained. >
Transition State Structure for ADP-Ribosylation of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 Catalyzed by Diphtheria Toxin

Bacterial protein toxins are the most powerful human poisons known, exhibiting an LD50 of 0.1−1 ng kg-1. A major subset of such toxins is the NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylating exotoxins, which include pertussis, cholera, and diphtheria toxin. Diphtheria toxin catalyzes the ADP ribosylation of the diphthamide residue of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). The transition state of ADP ribosylation catalyzed by diphtheria toxin has been characterized by measuring a family of kinetic isotope effects using 3H-, 14C-, and 15N-labeled NAD+ with purified yeast eEF-2. Isotope trapping experiments yield a commitment to catalysis of 0.24 at saturating eEF-2 concentrations, resulting in suppression of the intrinsic isotope effects. Following correction for the commitment factor, intrinsic primary kinetic isotope effects of 1.055 ± 0.003 and 1.022 ± 0.004 were observed for [1N‘-14C]- and [1N-15N]NAD+, respectively; the double primary isotope effect was 1.066 ± 0.004 for [1N‘-14C, 1N-15N]NAD+. Secondary kinetic isotop...
Occupational injuries among Boston bicycle messengers

BACKGROUND: Urban bicycle couriers may have a high incidence of injuries. Most messengers work as contractors and hence their injuries are not well documented. METHODS: To quantify injury rates and severity among urban bicycle couriers a convenience sample of 113 couriers in the city of Boston completed a two-page self-administered survey. RESULTS: Most working couriers have suffered at least one injury resulting either in days lost from work (70%) and in visits to a health-care professional or hospital (55%). The annual incidence rate for injuries resulting in days away from work was 47/100-bike couriers. Bone fractures accounted for the most days lost from work, followed by dislocations, sprains, and strains. Collisions and avoiding collisions with motor vehicles, including being "doored," and collisions with pedestrians accounted for the majority (66%) of events leading to injury. Twenty-four percent of messengers reported wearing a helmet on a regular basis, and 32% have health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Urban bicycle messengers are a poorly documented, largely unstudied workforce who suffer a very high rate of occupational injury.
The 26th Mile: Empathy and the Immigration Decisions of Justice Sotomayor

What role does judicial empathy play in assessing a judge's qualifications for the highest court in the land? While President Obama claimed it as the greatest of virtues, his critics condemned it as a disqualifying vice. During her confirmation hearings, Republican senators suggested that Justice Sotomayor's "wise Latina" comments and her decisions in a handful of cases were better indicators of her judicial philosophy than the large body of cases she had decided during her 17 years on the bench. This article examines a number of the published immigration decisions of Justice Sotomayor that shed light on her judicial philosophy. It uses a 2008 case to frame her current approach. It then looks at her decisions in several different areas, including asylum and refugee law, the immigration consequences of crimes, citizenship law, motions to reopen, and criminal prosecutions for immigration violations. Her immigration decisions demonstrate an evolution in her thought processes, as her analytical approach became more defined by the limits of the law than by its possibilities. They also demonstrate, however, a firm commitment to process. Finally, this article explores empathy as a judicial virtue, its place in Justice Sotomayor’s published immigration decisions, and its treatment during the confirmation process. It looks at statements by her critics that treated empathy as the antithesis of impartiality and at her response. Rather than embrace her earlier statements, she distanced herself from them and from President Obama's own remarks. Thus, the opportunity for a meaningful discussion of the role of empathy as a measure of judicial excellence and as one component of impartiality was lost. In the end, her published opinions became the best way to evaluate her judicial philosophy and accusations of judicial bias.
Modeling and prediction of session throughput of constant bit rate streams in wireless data networks

This paper presents an approach to modeling and prediction of session throughput of constant bit rate streams in wireless data networks. A stable traffic generator is used to generate smooth data streams that are transmitted across various types of wireless connections in real-world wireless data networks, including wireless LANs and wireless cellular WANs. The throughput values of the data streaming sessions are recorded. Based on the analysis of statistical properties of the collected data, linear time series analysis is used to models and predict the session throughput. Autoregressive (AR) models are selected from a number of linear time series models since they can be fit to data in deterministic amount of time. The performance of AR models for prediction is compared to simpler models for prediction is compared to simpler models such as MEAN and window mean (WM) models, and our study shows that successful models, such as AR and WM models, have similar performance in predicting the session throughput of wireless data networks. The main contribution of our research is that by statistical study, it shows that session throughputs in wireless data networks can be modeled and predicted to a useful degree from past values by using linear time series analysis such as AR and WM models.
Combined effects of night‐time temperature and allelochemicals on performance of a generalist insect herbivore

To assess the pattern of temperature influencing the effect of allelochemicals on growth of insect herbivores and to examine the potential effect of warmer nights due to global warming, we examined the simultaneous effects of allelochemicals and warmer night-time temperatures on an insect herbivore (Spodoptera exigua; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Dietary chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine levels reflected those occurring naturally in the leaves of tomato, a hostplant of this herbivore. We compared the effects of four thermal regimes having a daytime temperature of 26 °C, with the night-time temperature increased from 14 to 26 °C by increments of 4 °C. The effect of a particular allelochemical on developmental rate was similar among the four thermal regimes. Chlorogenic acid and tomatine each reduced final larval weight, but there was no effect of night-time temperature. In contrast, rutin had no effect on final weight, whereas final weight declined with increasing night-time temperature. Night-time temperature did not influence amount eaten. Larvae ate less when chlorogenic acid or tomatine was in the diet. For each allelochemical, there were no allelochemical by thermal regime interactions. In addition, we compared the effects of allelochemicals and the thermal regime of 26:14 °C and constant 20 °C, which was the average temperature of the 26:14 °C regime. Developmental rate was lower at the constant 20 °C regime, chlorogenic acid and tomatine each depressed developmental rate, and there were no allelochemical by thermal regime interactions. Thus, regardless of the specific allelochemical or amount, the pattern of response at the fluctuating regime was similar to that at the constant temperature. In contrast, comparison of the thermal regime of 26:22 °C and constant 24 °C, which was the average temperature of the 26:22 °C regime, showed several allelochemical by thermal regime interactions. At the 26:22 °C regime, developmental rate was disproportionatly higher at the maximal rutin concentration compared to that at constant 24 °C. At the constant 24 °C, final larval mass was disproportionately lower at the moderate tomatine concentration compared to that at the 26:22 °C regime. Because these results differ from that of other studies examining another species, it appears that the response to incremental changes in night-time temperature will reflect the allelochemicals and insect species tested. The contrast between the constant 24 °C and 26:22 °C regimes indicates that even small fluctuations (±2 °C ) in temperature over 24 h can yield differences in the response to an allelochemical.
Wave-based teleoperation with prediction

Wave variables based on passivity and scattering theory provide a good tool for establishing bilateral teleoperation in the presence of a constant time delay. Recently, these techniques have been extended to be used for a varying time delay, as in the case of Internet-based teleoperation. Although stability is guaranteed for virtually any time delay, performance rapidly degrades for larger delays. In this paper, a predictor derived from a modified Smith predictor along with a Kalman estimator and an energy regulator is used to enhance the performance of a wave-based teleoperator in the presence of a constant delay. Also, the current wave transformation equations are extended to a more general case (better suited for systems with multiple degrees of freedom).
Hydrogen location in stages of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction: time-of-flight neutron structure of d-xylose isomerase with bound d-xylulose†

The time-of-flight neutron Laue technique has been used to determine the location of hydrogen atoms in the enzyme D-xylose isomerase (XI). The neutron structure of crystalline XI with bound product, D-xylulose, shows, unexpectedly, that O5 of D-xylulose is not protonated but is hydrogen-bonded to doubly protonated His54. Also, Lys289, which is neutral in native XI, is protonated (positively charged), while the catalytic water in native XI has become activated to a hydroxyl anion which is in close proximity to C1 and C2, the molecular site of isomerization of xylose. These findings impact our understanding of the reaction mechanism.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Stimulates Dendritic Growth in Primary Somatosensory Cortex

The temporal and spatial distributions of several growth factors suggest roles in the regulation of neuronal differentiation in the neocortex. Among such growth factors, the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) are of particular interest because they are available to neurons from multiple sources under independent control. IGF-I is produced by many neurons throughout the brain and also by cells in the cerebral vasculature. IGF-II is found at high levels in the CSF, and both IGF-I and IGF-II cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus, the IGFs may act as both paracrine and endocrine regulators of neuronal development. As an initial step toward understanding the influence of IGFs in the developing cerebral cortex, the present study examined the effects of IGF-I and of the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on the dendritic complexity of layer 2 pyramidal neurons. The results demonstrate that IGF-I increased the branching and total extent of both apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal cells in organotypic slices of rat primary somatosensory cortex. BDNF and NT-3 also enhanced dendritic development, but the two neurotrophins increased the extent of only basal, not apical, dendrites and promoted greater elongation than was seen after IGF-I treatment. These results provide direct evidence that IGF-I can regulate the dendritic elaboration of cortical neurons and indicate that endogenous IGFs may influence dendritic differentiation and the formation of cortical connections. In addition, IGF-dependent regulation of dendritic structure may represent a link between age-related declines in IGFs and cognitive deficits seen in senescence.
Generalized Probabilistic Matrix Factorizations for Collaborative Filtering

Probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF) methods have shown great promise in collaborative filtering. In this paper, we consider several variants and generalizations of PMF framework inspired by three broad questions: Are the prior distributions used in existing PMF models suitable, or can one get better predictive performance with different priors? Are there suitable extensions to leverage side information? Are there benefits to taking into account row and column biases? We develop new families of PMF models to address these questions along with efficient approximate inference algorithms for learning and prediction. Through extensive experiments on movie recommendation datasets, we illustrate that simpler models directly capturing correlations among latent factors can outperform existing PMF models, side information can benefit prediction accuracy, and accounting for row/column biases leads to improvements in predictive performance.
International Perspective-View of the Concept of Diversity in Other Countries

Summary What is the concept of diversity and how is il interpreted throughout the world? The purpose of this article is to articulate the concept of diversity in other nations. Four countries, Australia. Canada. China and the United Kingdom, were reviewed for this article. These nations provide a representation of what is occurring throughout the world. Further research will he needed to focus on other countries or continents, The concept of diversity has evolved through time and will continue to encompass a nation's history, economy, political and educational systems. Only time will tell if the concept of diversity can be accepted by individuals and organizations, and be regarded as a part of a nation's norm.
Framework of vehicle–bridge–wind dynamic analysis

This paper presents a framework of dynamic analysis of coupled three-dimensional vehicle-bridge system under strong winds. A general formulation of this system is introduced to simulate a series of vehicles consisting of different numbers and different types of vehicles running on bridges under hurricane-induced strong winds. Each vehicle is modeled as a combination of several rigid bodies, axle mass blocks, springs, and dampers, considering wind and road roughness loads. With this vehicle-bridge model, coupled dynamic analysis of vehicles running on bridges is conducted with a numerical example. Effects of driving speeds on the dynamic performance of the vehicles as well as the bridge are discussed. It is found that the driving speeds mainly affect the vehicle's vertical relative response while they have insignificant effect on the rolling response of vehicles. Vehicle's absolute response is dominated by the bridge response when wind speed is high, while it is dominated by road roughness when the wind speed is low. Detailed accident analysis of vehicles on bridges under strong winds will be reported in an accompanying paper.
Comparison of Two Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Compounds to Experimentally Protect Growing Barrows from Aflatoxicosis

Two formulations of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS-1 and HSCAS-3), anti- caking agents for mixed feed, were added to the diets of growing barrows and were evaluated for their potential to diminish the clinical signs of aflatoxicosis . The experimental design consisted of 8 barrows (2 replicates of 4 each/treatment) assigned to 1 of the following 6 treatment diets (total of 48): 1) 0 g of HSCAS-1 or HSCAS-3 and 0 mg of aflatoxin (AF)/kg of feed (control); 2) 5 g HSCAS-l/kg of feed; 3) 5 g HSCAS-3/kg of feed; 4) 3 mg AF/kg of feed; 5) 3 mg AF plus 5 g HSCAS-l/kg of feed; or 6) 3 mg AF plus 5 g HSCAS-3/kg of feed. Barrows were maintained in indoor concrete-floored pens, with feed and water -available for 28 days (from 8 to 12 weeks of age). Barrows were observed twice daily and weighed weekly, and blood samples were collected at day 28 for hematologic, immunologic, and serum biochemical measurements. At the termination of the study, barrows were euthanized and necropsied. Barrow body weight gains were diminished, compared to those of controls, by consumption of AF alone and both of the AF plus HSCAS diets; however, the AF plus HSCAS-1 and AF plus HSCAS-3 barrow body weight gains were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) than those of the AF- alone barrows, No toxic responses or performance differences were noticed for barrows consuming either of the HSCAS-alone diets. Serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, calcium, cho- lesterol, albumin, triglycerides, and urea nitrogen were altered in barrows of the AF-alone treatment. The use of HSCAS prevented most but not all of the AF-induced changes in biochemical values. Immunologic mea- surements that were adversely affected by AF included mitogen-induced lymphoblastogenesis and peritoneal macrophage activity and function. The addition of HSCAS to AF-contaminat ed diets protected barrows from some of these toxic changes. Although immunologic measurements in the AF plus HSCAS groups were signif- icantly different than those of the AF-alone group, values were still not equivalent to those of controls. These findings suggest that HSCAS-1 and HSCAS-3 are equal in their ability to protect against the toxicity of AF. Although these compounds may offer a novel approach to the preventive management of aflatoxicosis in livestock and poultry, HSCAS is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of animal diets for prevention of mycotoxicosis .
Circulation of concentrated one-day-old platelets in vivo.

Platelet concentrates of rat and human origin were stored at 22 C or at 4 C for up to 24 hours without additives. Transfusion of these concentrates into thrombocytopenic recipients demonstrated that: (1) storage of rat or human platelets at 4 C for up to 24 hours did not affect their recovery in vivo; (2) storage at 22 C resulted in a marked reduction in the viability of rat platelets but only a slight reduction in the viability of human platelets as adjudged by these criteria; (3) at 24 hours posttransfusion, the residual increment of platelets stored at 22 C was significantly higher than that of platelets stored at 4 C. The pH of the concentrates (rat and human) stored at 4 C remained slightly alkaline while the pH of those stored at 22 C., especially rat platelets, was significantly reduced. The deleterious effects of storage of platelets at 4 C are well known. These effects, however, do not preclude their usefulness when a limited objective of arresting or preventing hemorrhage for short periods is pursued. When daily platelet transfusions are feasible, platelets stored for 24 hours at 4 C in the absence of fresh material are adequate for clinical use.
Dynamic Properties of Spectrally Selective Reactively Sputtered Metal Oxides

Thin films of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) were deposited by reactive sputtering of pure transition metal targets in Argon-Oxygen gas mixture at elevated substrate temperature for efficient energy consumption. The atomic composition and thickness of the TMO films was determined by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS). Optical transmittance and reflectance spectrum of the films on quartz substrate was measured with thin film measuring system at room temperature and slightly elevated temperature. The surface morphology and structure of the TMO films was determined with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).
Relation Between Maternal Characteristics and Child Behavior Ratings implications for Interpreting Behavior Checklists

The present study examined the extent to which mothers' ratings of their psychological distress, marital adjustment, and negative life events were related to maternal ratings of child behavior problems. Data were collected from mothers of 110 children (ages 2 to 12 years) who were referred to a pediatric clinic for a variety of common behavioral concerns. Maternal psychological distress and marital adjustment were significantly correlated with mothers' ratings on a child behavior checklist. Maternal psychological distress also accounted for a significant amount of the variance in maternal child behavior ratings over and above that accounted for by fathers' ratings of the same behaviors. Given that maternal characteristics co-vary significantly with reports of child behavior problems, pediatricians should interpret findings derived from child behavior rating scales within the overall family context.
Contrasting approaches of corporate and association meeting planners: how the hospitality industry should approach them differently

Using survey data, this paper examines the different goals and constraints facing corporate and association meeting planners (AMPs). It next shows how these differences produce 11 different concerns and behaviours. For instance, increased pressure for ethical behaviour and financial transparency has forced corporate meeting planners to focus attention on reducing meeting costs and to choose easily accessible and convenient properties for meetings. On the other hand, associations focus on the interests of their members and strive to comport with group norms, and therefore plan enjoyable family-friendly meetings, often at relaxed and upscale locations. This paper outlines seven different ways in which the hospitality industry should approach corporate and AMPs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The treatment of atrophic gastritis with liver extract: a note recording equivocal results.

Summary Twelve patients having atrophic gastritis without pernicious anemia were treated for three to six months with weekly injections of 40 units of liver extract. Gastroscopic observations indicated that the gastric mucosa was unchanged in nine and slightly improved in three. No significant alteration in the secretory capacity of the stomach was noted.
La Raza Book Reviews

This collection of four book reviews examines how issues like crime, politics, genetic technology, and Supreme Court cases impact the lives of Latinos and other minority communities.
DSP Systems Using Three-Dimensional Integration Technology

As three-dimensional (3D) integration technology is quickly maturing and steadily entering mainstream markets, it has begun to attract exploding interest from integrated circuit and system designers. This chapter discusses and demonstrates the exciting opportunities and potentials for digital signal processing (DSP) circuit and system designers to exploit 3D integration technology. In particular, this chapter advocates a 3D logic-DRAM integration paradigm and addresses the use of 3D logic-memory integration in both programmable digital signal processors and application-specific digital signal processing circuits. To further demonstrate the potential, this chapter presents case studies on applying 3D logic-DRAM integration to clustered VLIW (very long instruction word) digital signal processors and application-specific video encoders. Since DSP systems using 3D integration technology is still in its research infancy, by presenting some first discussions and results, the aim of this chapter is to motivate greater future efforts from DSP system research community to explore this new and rewarding research area.
Through a Post-September 11 Looking Glass: Assessing the Roles of Federal Tax Laws and Tax Policies Applicable to Global Philanthropy by Private Foundations and their Donors

The September 11 catastrophes have presented America with an opportunity to analyze both our nation's continued vulnerabilities and the many factors that contributed to widespread anti-American sentiments abroad that culminated in heinous acts by radical extremists. Thus, the tragedies should catapult this country into a heightened appreciation of the many compelling reasons to enhance economic development abroad while promoting social stewardship globally, both for the inherent worthiness of their good as well as for the improvement of this country's image abroad. Crucial to these invaluable goals, and as one foreign policy ingredient, our government should develop a global philanthropic policy that encourages greater financial participation by America's citizens, corporations, and nonprofit organizations. To promote global philanthropy today, international considerations must become central in the design of our tax laws and tax policy. The government's lawmakers and policy-makers must understand the impact that their design has on our donors, on global philanthropic vehicles, and, consequently, on the types of decisions that the boards of trustees, program officers, and legal counsel of those philanthropic vehicles must make. Congress and the administration must analyze the federal tax structures under which global philanthropy operates and, because of the importance.
High Temperature Calorimetric Study of Mixing, Phase Separation, and Crystallization in Silicate Glasses

Several glass forming systems have been studied by in situ scanning calorimetry and by solution calorimetry in Molten 2PbO.B 2 O 3 at 973 K. In systems which show macroscopic glass-glass phase separation on annealing, namely K 2 O-La 2 O 3 -SiO 2 and Li 2 O-SiO 2 , the enthalpies of solution of optically clear quenched glasses and milky annealed glasses are almost identical. This behavior, coupled with a linear variation of heat of solution with composition along joins which have a large change in overall degree of polymerization, support the contention from spectroscopy that short range clustering dominates even in nominally single phase Materials, with exsolution observed as the initially present heterogeneous regions grow in size. Alkali titanosilicate melts show C p anomalies consistent with breakdown of alkali titanate complexes or changes in Ti coordination. Calorimetry is a sensitive quantitative probe of crystallization as a function of time in both ceramic and geologic systems.
Frontendauslegung für den passiven Fußgängerschutz

Die Fahrzeugsicherheit ist ein Schwerpunkt der aktuellen Fahrzeugentwicklung. Die Auslegung der Karosserie und Anbauteile hinsichtlich spezieller Crash-Szenarien wie Front-, Seiten- oder Heckcrash ist in dem Fahrzeug-Entwicklungsprozess etabliert. Gesetze regeln diese Anforderungen eindeutig. Die Leistungsfahigkeit der Fahrzeuge wird zusatzlich von Verbraucherorganisationen uberpruft und bewertet. Volkswagen befasst sich seit Jahrzehnten intensiv mit der Fahrzeugsicherheit und hat sich in diesem Bereich zu einem der marktfuhrenden Hersteller entwickelt.
Optimal Storage Sizing using Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization for Intra-Hourly Dispatch

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources into the electric power grid, a heightened amount of attention is being given to the topic of energy storage, a popular solution to account for the variability of these sources. Energy storage systems (ESS) can also be beneficial for load-levelling and peak-shaving, as well as reducing the ramping of generators. However, the optimal energy and power ratings for these devices is not immediately obvious. In this paper, the energy capacity and power rating of the ESS is optimized using two-stage stochastic optimization. In order to capture the wind and load variations in the different days throughout the year, it is advantageous to use a large number of scenarios. Optimizing generator outputs and storage decisions at the intra-hour level with a high number of scenarios will result in a very large optimization problem, and thus scenario reduction is employed. A relationship between the variance of the system price for each scenario and the optimal storage size determined for that scenario is shown. The correlation between these parameters allows for a natural clustering of similar scenarios. Scenario reduction is performed by exploiting this relationship in conjunction with centroid-linkage clustering, and stochastic optimization with the reduced number of scenarios is used to determine the optimal ESS size.
Developing Effective Marketing Strategies for Europe Now and in the Future

Since United Europe is a very large market, it provides new challenges as well as opportunities to American firms. It is necessary to predict certain behaviors after 1992 and evaluate the opportunities they may create. Based on market conditions, a series of four key strategies are discussed which are likely to help American firms succeed in Europe now as well as in the future.
Formation of Insulating Oxide Films with Hydrolysis Reactions of Alkoxide Precursors in Supercritical Fluid CO2: Chemistry, Morphology, Characterization and Film Thickness

Insulating silicon dioxide (SiO2) films can be produced by hydrolysis of metal alkoxide tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of an acid catalyst in supercritical fluid CO2 (sc-CO2). In this study, SiO2 films are formed on different substrates using TEOS as a source of silicon, and acetic acid (HAc) as a catalyst. Water required for the hydrolysis reaction is from in situ generation of esterification and condensation reactions involving HAc and the alcohol produced. The acid catalyzed deposition reaction actually starts at room temperature but produces decent films in sc-CO2 at moderately high temperatures (e.g. 50 °C). Supercritical fluid CO2 is known to have near zero surface tension and provides an ideal medium for fabrication of SiO2 films. Formation of SiO2 films via hydrolysis reaction in sc-CO2 is more rapid compared to the traditional hydrolysis reaction at room temperature. In general, metal alkoxide hydrolysis reactions carried out in a closed sc-CO2 system is not affected by moisture in air compared with traditional open-air hydrolysis systems. Using sc-CO2 as a reaction medium can eliminate undesirable organic solvents utilized in traditional alkoxide hydrolysis reactions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron diffraction (ED) measurements demonstrated that the SiO2 films produced are amorphous. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy show elemental compositions of the films formed on the substrate surfaces to be SiO2. Film thickness formation by controlling the amount of the catalyst is discussed.