cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The School of the Americas: Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas

List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Prologue: The Teflon Assassin xiii Introduction: The Military, Political Violence, and Impunity 1 1. Georgia Not on Their Minds 23 2. De-Mining Humanitarianism 43 3. Foot Soldiers of the U.S. Empire 59 4. Pathways to Power 90 5. Strategic Alliances 110 6. Human Wrongs and Rights 137 7. Disordering the Andes 163 8. Targeting the " School of Assassins" 198 Conclusion: The School of the Americas 233 Notes 245 References Cited 259 Index 271
Optical recording: High-density information storage and retrieval

Optical recording systems capable of information storage and retrieval, using a highly focused laser beam as the recording and playback source, have been developed to a point where product introduction in the 1983-1985 time frame is highly probable. The product protentials range from low-data-rate (10-20 Mbits/s), single disk (1010to 1011bits), random-access electronic office filing cabinets (augmenting existing word processing units) to high-date-rate (hundreds of megabits per second), multidisk (1013bits on line "jukeboxes"), random-acess archival mass memories. This article presents the basic features of these optical disk data storage and retrieval systems with particular emphasis on the recording source and recording media.
Developmental and Biochemical Analysis of Chick Brain Tubulin Heterogeneity

Tubulin, isolated from brain tissue of chicks at different stages during late embryonic and early post-hatched development by ion-exchange chromatography and by in vitro microtubule reassembly, was analyzed by high-resolution isoelectric focusing and by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similar results were obtained with tubulins purified by the two methods. Sixteen isoelectric species of tubulin that differ in apparent net charge under denaturing conditions were detected by isoelectric focusing. By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the chick brain tubulins were resolved into at least seven forms of alpha and 10 forms of beta tubulin. The number and relative proportions of the multiple brain tubulins were modulated during development. Since there are only four alpha tubulin and four beta tubulin genes in chickens, posttranslational modification of the tubulins must play a prominent role in the heterogeneity. Analysis of isotubulin distributions through cycles of microtubule assembly and disassembly indicated that the tubulins differ very little, if at all, in their capacity to assemble into microtubules. Therefore, the chemical differences that distinguish the multiple tubulins have very little structural impact on the protein surface areas involved in microtubule formation. Partial fractionation of the multiple tubulins during ion-exchange chromatography was observed, suggesting that it may be possible to isolate individual native tubulin variants for biochemical studies.
Identifying salient sub-utterance emotion dynamics using flexible units and estimates of affective flow

Emotion recognition is the process of identifying the affective characteristics of an utterance given either static or dynamic descriptions of its signal content. This requires the use of units, windows over which the emotion variation is quantified. However, the appropriate time scale for these units is still an open question. Traditionally, emotion recognition systems have relied upon units of fixed length, whose variation is then modeled over time. This paper takes the view that emotion is expressed over units of variable length. In this paper, variable-length units are introduced and used to capture the local dynamics of emotion at the sub-utterance scale. The results demonstrate that subsets of these local dynamics are salient with respect to emotion class. These salient units provide insight into the natural variation in emotional speech and can be used in a classification framework to achieve performance comparable to the state-of-the-art. This hints at the existence of building blocks that may underlie natural human emotional communication.
POSSIBILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF T VIOLATION IN NUCLEON DECAY

Abstract It is argued that superunified theories suggest that T violation in nucleon decay might be less well hidden than it is in ordinary weak interactions. Some experimental probes for this possibility are suggested.
Accelerated ion-exchange chromatography of some biogenic amines.

Abstract There has been increasing evidence of the importance of biogenic amines, some of which function as transmitting agents for impulses in the central nervous system. This paper attempts to provide procedures for separation and subsequent quantitative analysis of these compounds in physiological fluids. Detection sensitivity and resolving power are sufficient to allow samples of these fluids to be analysed directly after removal of particulate matter and adjustment of acid concentration, thereby avoiding degradation of labile compounds by exposure to aerial oxygen or extremes of heat or pH. Those amines which have primary amino groups may be determined at concentrations of io −3 to io −6 M on a standard amino acid analyser with columns of a specific ion-exchange resin and buffers which are completely compatible with reproducible ninhydrin colorimetry. Some of the other biologically important amines which do not have primary amine functions, e.g. , catecholamines and indole derivatives, were monitored to even lower concentrations by continuous flow fluorimetry.
A novel reactor system for high throughput catalyst testing under realistic conditions

This article describes a 16-channel reactor system specifically designed for the high throughput study of supported heterogeneous catalysts under well controlled conditions. Each of the individual channels of the reactor has been designed to operate as an autonomous plug flow reactor without thermal or product cross-talk often associated with other reactors specifically designed for high throughput experimentation (HTE) studies. The flowrate difference between reactors was kept to a minimum through the use of orifices, and the temperature of each channel is continuously monitored. This level of control allows for the measurement of kinetically significant parameters in a high throughput manner. The system is also capable of studying transients occurring on the order of seconds, to further assist in kinetic analysis and understanding. Results are shown for the determination of reaction order during carbon monoxide oxidation over various supported metal catalysts measured under differential conversion.
Three-dimensional composite velocity solutions for subsonic/transonic flow

A composite velocity procedure for the three-dimensional reduced Navier-Stokes equations is developed. In the spirit of matched Asymptotic expansions, the velocity components are written as a combined multiplicative and additive composite of viscous-like velocities and pseudopotential or inviscid velocities. The solution procedure is then consistent with both asymptotic inviscid flow and boundary-layer theory. For transonic flow cases, the Enquist-Osher flux-biasing scheme developed for the full potential equation is used. A quasiconservation form of the governing equations is used used in the shock region to capture the correct rotational behaviour. This is combined with the standard nonconservation, non-entropy-generating form used in nonshock regions. The consistent strongly implicit procedure is coupled with plane relaxation to solve the discretised equations. The composite velocity procedure is applied to the solution of three-dimensional afterbody problems.
Transformation of malaria parasites by the spontaneous uptake and expression of DNA from human erythrocytes

The uptake and expression of extracellular DNA has been established as a mechanism for horizontal transfer of genes between bacterial species. Such transfer can support acquisition of advantageous elements, including determinants that affect the interactions between infectious organisms and their hosts. Here we show that erythrocyte-stage Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites spontaneously take up DNA from the host cell cytoplasm into their nuclei. We have exploited this finding to produce levels of reporter expression in P.falciparum that are substantially improved over those obtained by electroporation protocols currently used to transfect malaria parasites. Parasites were transformed to a drug-resistant state when placed into cell culture with erythrocytes containing a plasmid encoding the human dihydrofolate reductase sequence. The findings reported here suggest that the malaria genome may be continually exposed to exogenous DNA from residual nuclear material in host erythrocytes.
Analysis of thermal noise spike cancellation

Thermally induced voltage pulses have been reported by Gorter et al. in the output of magneto-resistive reading heads. To reduce this thermal noise, Gorter et al. added a second magnetoresistive element on the same substrate but with a large head-to-tape distance. The outputs of these two stripes are differentially amplified to reject common mode noise. A theoretical analysis is made of the heat flow in magnetoresistive heads due to frictional heat generated at the head/tape interface. This model predicts that the dual stripe geometry will be effective for thermal noise cancellation only for low tape velocity or low thermal noise frequency and/or high thermal diffusivity substrate/cover material for the magnetoresistive elements. This result is also expected to be qualitatively valid for thermal noise due to intermittent cooling by the tape of Joule heat generated in the magneto-resistive elements.
One size does not fit all: The oligomeric states of αB crystallin

Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) are a diverse family of molecular chaperones that delay protein aggregation through interactions with non-native and aggregate-prone protein states. This function has been shown to be important to cellular viability and sHSP function/dysfunction is implicated in many diseases, including Alzheimer's and Alexander disease. Though their gene products are small, many sHSPs assemble into a distribution of large oligomeric states that undergo dynamic subunit exchange. These inherent properties present significant experimental challenges for characterizing sHSP oligomers. Of the human sHSPs, αB crystallin is a paradigm example of sHSP oligomeric properties. Advances in our understanding of sHSP structure, oligomeric distribution, and dynamics have prompted the proposal of several models for the oligomeric states of αB. The aim of this review is to highlight characteristics of αB crystallin (αB) that are key to understanding its structure and function. The current state of knowledge, existing models, and outstanding questions that remain to be addressed are presented.
Selective transport of amino acids into the gas phase: driving forces for amino acid solubilization in gas-phase reverse micelles

We report a study on encapsulation of various amino acids into gas-phase sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (NaAOT) reverse micelles, using electrospray ionization guided-ion-beam tandem mass spectrometry. Collision-induced dissociation of mass-selected reverse micellar ions with Xe was performed to probe structures of gas-phase micellar assemblies, identify solute–surfactant interactions, and determine preferential incorporation sites of amino acids. Integration into gas-phase reverse micelles depends upon amino acid hydrophobicity and charge state. For examples, glycine and protonated amino acids (such as protonated tryptophan) are encapsulated within the micellar core via electrostatic interactions; while neutral tryptophan is adsorbed in the surfactant layer. As verified using model polar hydrophobic compounds, the hydrophobic effect and solute-interface hydrogen-bonding do not provide sufficient driving force needed for interfacial solubilization of neutral tryptophan. Neutral tryptophan, with a zwitterionic structure, is intercalated at the micellar interface between surfactant molecules through complementary effects of electrostatic interactions between tryptophan backbone and AOT polar heads, and hydrophobic interactions between tryptophan side chain and AOT alkyl tails. Protonation of tryptophan could significantly improve its incorporation capacity into gas-phase reverse micelles, and displace its incorporation site from the micellar interfacial zone to the core; protonation of glycine, on the other hand, has little effect on its encapsulation capacity. Another interesting observation is that amino acids of different isoelectric points could be selectively encapsulated into, and transported by, reverse micelles from solution to the gas phase, based upon their competition for protonation and subsequent encapsulation within the micellar core.
The Influence of Surgical Demonstrations During an Anatomy Course on the Perceptions of First-Year Medical Students Toward Surgeons and a Surgical Career

Objective We previously have demonstrated the educational benefits of surgical demonstrations to first-year medical students. The aim of this current study was to analyze the influence of these demonstrations on the perceptions of students toward surgeons and a possible career in surgery. Methods A faculty member from the Department of Surgery provided an instruction on pancreatic malignancies and management to first-year medical students during their gross anatomy course. After this instruction, using a lightly embalmed cadaver, the clinically relevant anatomy was detailed and a pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed on the cadaver. Immediately after the demonstration, a brief survey was conducted to obtain feedback from the students about the experience. Results A total of 170 students over 2 years returned the survey for a response rate of 69%. The demonstration provided 77% of students with a favorable impression of surgeons, and 90% of the students felt that this exposure gave them an understanding of the knowledge, skills, and qualities needed to become a surgeon. Additionally, 57% of respondents stated that watching the demonstration increased the likelihood of them pursuing a surgical career. For the 67% of students who were considering a surgery career, the demonstration reinforced their interest; however, for the students who were not interested in surgery, the demonstration did not alter their opinion. Conclusion The results of this study showed that surgical demonstrations to first-year medical students can influence their perceptions favorably about surgeons and a surgical career. This interaction provided students with information and motivation to pursue a career in surgery and also may counteract any negative stereotypes of the field that first-year students may have had.
Polymicrobial bacterial or fungal infections: incidence, spectrum of infection, risk factors, and clinical outcomes from a large hematopoietic stem cell transplant center.

Background Infections cause significant morbidity and mortality for patients who undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Cancer patients who develop polymicrobial infection (PI) are at increased risk for poor clinical outcomes, yet very limited data have been published within the HSCT setting. Methods An observational study of 901 stem cell transplant recipients was conducted at Northwestern Memorial Hospital to identify the incidence, risk factors and outcomes for HSCT recipients who develop infection(s) with multiple bacterial or fungal organisms. Results Among 901 HSCT recipients reviewed (675 autografts and 226 allografts), 237 patients (27%) had microbiologically documented microorganisms isolated, including 179 patients (76%) with monomicrobial infection and 59 patients (24%) with multiple microorganisms, of which 34 (14%) were classified as PI, and 25 (10%) as multiple distinct episodes of infection. Conclusion The results show co-infection with multiple organisms during HSCT is relatively rare; however, these patients are at an increased risk for the development of acute graft-versus-host disease, delayed engraftment, and overall mortality.
Skull Base Chordomas

Skull base chordomas are rare midline malignancies of clival origin that represent one of the most challenging skull base tumors to treat, given their location, invasiveness, potential extension around vital neurovascular structures, and high recurrence rate. Total tumor resection is the mainstay of treatment. The combination of surgery and postoperative irradiation appears to provide the best outcome.
Sem1p and Ubp6p orchestrate telomeric silencing by modulating histone H2B ubiquitination and H3 acetylation

Histone covalent modifications and 26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis modulate many regulatory events in eukaryotes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin mediates transcriptional silencing at telomeres, HM loci and rDNA array. Here, we show that proteasome-associated Sem1p and its interacting partner, Ubp6p (a deubiquitinating enzyme), are essential to maintain telomeric silencing. Simultaneous deletion of SEM1 and UBP6 induces dramatic silencing defect accompanied by significantly increased level of ubiquitinated-histone H2B and markedly reduced levels of acetylated-lysine 14 and 23 on histone H3 at the telomeres. Further, the loss of Sem1p and Ubp6p triggers relocation of silencing factors (e.g. Sir proteins) from telomere to HM loci and rDNA array. Such relocation of silencing factors enhances gene silencing at HM loci and rDNA array, but diminishes telomeric silencing. Interestingly, both Sem1p and Ubp6p participate in the proteolytic function of the proteasome. However, we find that the telomeric silencing is not influenced by proteolysis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Sem1p and Ubp6p maintain telomeric heterochromatin structure (and hence silencing) through modulation of histone covalent modifications and association of silencing factors independently of the proteolytic function of the proteasome, thus offering a new regulatory mechanism of telomeric silencing.
Decreased sodium ion absorption across nasal epithelium of very premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

Objective and study design: Successful adaptation to air breathing at birth depends on rapid absorption of fetal lung liquid that is mediated by activation of amiloride-sensitive sodium ion channels. To test the relationship between respiratory epithelial Na + transport and development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), we measured nasal transepithelial potential difference (PD) in 31 very premature (≤30 weeks of gestation) newborn infants. Infants were retrospectively assigned to RDS (22 infants) and non-RDS (9 infants) groups on the basis of clinical and chest x-ray criteria. Results: Maximal nasal epithelial PD increased with birth weight (−1.2 mV/100 gm) and was lower in infants with RDS (−16.5 ± 0.6 mV) than in those without RDS (−22.0 ± 1.3 mV). Infants without RDS had PD values similar to normal fullterm infants. Amiloride inhibition of PD, an index of Na + absorption,, was significantly lower, within the first 24 hours of life, in infants in whom RDS developed (3.8 ± 0.2 mV; 29.5% ± 0.8% inhibition) than in those without RDS (6.1 ± 0.6 mV; 38.6% ± 0.5% inhibition). Maximal and amiloride-sensitive PD returned to normal during the recovery phase of RDS. Conclusions: We conclude that Na + absorption across nasal epithelium increases with increasing birth weight and that impairment of Na + absorption across the respiratory epithelia of very premature infants may contribute to the pathogenesis of RDS.
VISUALIZING RESEARCH DIGITAL LIBRARIES WITH OPEN STANDARDS

Large scale research Digital Libraries (DLs) have a large array of potentially useful metadata. Yet, many popular DLs do not provide a convenient way to navigate the metadata or to visualize classification schema in the user session. For example, in the broad world of Management Information Systems (MIS) research, a high-level overview of MIS topics and their interrelationships would be useful to navigate a MIS DL before zooming in on a specific article. To address this obstacle, this paper describes a prototype, the Technical Report Visualizer System (TRV), which uses a wide variety of open standards to expose DL classification metadata in the navigation interface. The system captures MIS article metadata from the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) compliant arXiv e-Print archive at Cornell University. The OAI Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) is used to collect the topic metadata; the articles’ Association for Computing Machinery’s (ACM) Computing Classification System codes. We display the topic metadata in a Java hyperbolic tree and make use of XML conceptual product and implementation product standards and specifications, such as the Dublin Core and BiblioML bibliographic metadata sets, XML Topic Maps, Xalan and Xerces, to link user navigation activity to the
Aflatoxin Exposure in Human Populations: Measurements and Relationship to Cancer

(1988). Aflatoxin Exposure in Human Populations: Measurements and Relationship to Cancer. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 113-145.
Net evolutionary trajectories of body shape evolution within a microgeographic radiation of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Following deglaciation of the Cook Inlet region of Alaska approximately 16 000 years ago, anadromous threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) rapidly colonized emerging lakes and rivers forming resident, freshwater populations. Although the precise body shape of the ancestral marine population is unknown, marine sticklebacks sampled from both Pacific and Atlantic sites present remarkably little body shape variation among populations, which suggests that the morphology of any of the marine populations could be used to represent the ancestral phenotype. To infer the net evolutionary trajectories of body shape change in the Cook Inlet radiation, derived body shapes of lacustrine samples were compared to the presumptive, primitive body shape, represented by the mean shape of two anadromous samples from Cook Inlet. In general, some derived body shape traits are shared by all freshwater populations but many traits evolved in opposite directions. The principal axes of shape variation among freshwater sample means were computed using Principal Components Analysis. The strong correlation between the direction of the principal component axes and lake habitat variables suggest that populations evolved toward selection peaks that are biased along the component axes due to biotic and abiotic features of the lakes.
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: not just in brain.

the report from Fu et al., one of the current articles in focus (Ref [7][1], see [page L1203][2] in this issue), shows the presence and functional activity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) in neonatal hamster lung. NEB are small groups of pulmonary
Specific Covalent Labeling of Recombinant Protein Molecules Inside Live Cells

Recombinant proteins containing four cysteines at the i , i + 1, i + 4, and i + 5 positions of an α helix were fluorescently labeled in living cells by extracellular administration of 4′,5′-bis(1,3,2-dithioarsolan-2-yl)fluorescein. This designed small ligand is membrane-permeant and nonfluorescent until it binds with high affinity and specificity to the tetracysteine domain. Such in situ labeling adds much less mass than does green fluorescent protein and offers greater versatility in attachment sites as well as potential spectroscopic and chemical properties. This system provides a recipe for slightly modifying a target protein so that it can be singled out from the many other proteins inside live cells and fluorescently stained by small nonfluorescent dye molecules added from outside the cells.
An expectational view of consumer spending prospects

Abstract While the path of the economy clearly depends on a lot more than the behavior of consumers, the latter is surely one of the key influences on the former. After all, consumer spending counts for about two-thirds of the total (more if consumer investments in owner-occupied housing are included), and postwar business cycle movements in the U.S. have typically been foreshadowed by significant changes in consumer spending, particularly for automobiles and houses. Thus, whether the economy will be proceeding along at reasonably satisfactory growth rates, sliding into recession, or accelerating into renewed expansion will be heavily influenced by what consumers do.
SU-E-T-645: Treatment of Multiple Brain Metastases Using Stereotactic Radiosurgery with Single-Isocenter Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy: Comparison with Conventional Dynamic Conformal Arc and Static Beam Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: To investigate the treatment of multiple brain metastases using stereotactic radiosurgery with single‐isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) compared with conventional multi‐isocenter dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) and three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT). Methods: Seventeen patients with 2 to 5 brain metastatic lesions were studied. The number of patients with 5, 4, 3, and 2 lesions were 4, 5, 4, and 4, respectively. For patients treated with DCAT/3D‐CRT plans, VMAT plans were retrospectively generated, and vice versa. Single‐isocenter set up was employed in VMAT plans while the number of isocenters was proportional to the number of lesions in DCAT/3D‐CRT plans. The DCAT/3D‐CRT and VMAT plans were generated using iPlan® RT Dose Version 4.1.1 (BrainLAB, Germany) and Eclipse™ Version 8.6 (Varian, USA) treatment planning system, respectively. All plans were designed to be delivered on Novalis Tx™ system (Varian, USA and BrainLAB, Germany), in which the accelerator equipped with a high definition multileaf collimator (HDMLC). Results: Conformity index for VMAT plans were equivalent to or better than that for DCAT/3D‐CRT plans. While VMAT and DCAT/3D‐CRT plans were similar in target coverage, quality of coverage for VMAT plans was better. However, the volume receiving 5Gy was 46% larger for VMAT plans. In addition, the distance from individual lesion to the VMAT isocenter has no impact on VMAT plans. Compared with DCAT/3D‐CRT plans, the mean monitor units (MU) decreased by 42% and the estimated treatment time decreased by 49% for VMAT plans. Conclusions: This work suggests that single‐isocenter VMAT is promising for stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of multiple brain metastases. Single‐isocenter VMAT is able to achieve comparable conformity, target coverage and quality of coverage with significantly superior delivery efficiency.
Effect of GLP-2 on mucosal morphology and SGLT1 expression in tissue-engineered neointestine

Using tissue-engineering techniques, we have developed a neointestine that regenerates the structural and dynamic features of native small intestine. In this study, we tested neointestinal responsi...
The Effects of Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of Grapevine (Vitis Spp.) ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Lacrosse’

In vitro propagation of grapevine was studied by using axillary buds of the promising grapevine cultivars, ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Lacrosse’. The medium (MS and NN) and cytokinin treatments (BA, TDZ, and 2iP) in combination with IBA were found to differently affect the success of micropropagation of these cultivars. For both cultivars, MS medium was superior to NN medium for leaf and shoot formation from axillary buds. The best shoot and leaf formation was obtained with 2iP at 12.3μM and 24.6μM and BA at 8.88μM in MS medium for ‘Marechal Foch’. However, 2iP at 24.6μM in either medium, 2iP at 12.3μM in NN medium and BA at 8.88μM in MS medium showed the best performance for ‘Lacrosse’. For root formation, with the exception of 2iP, all cytokinins exhibited inhibitory effects on root development for both cultivars. In general, ‘Marechal Foch’ seemed more amenable to propagation in vitro than ‘Lacrosse’.
Age and β‐adrenergic receptor sensitivity to S(−)‐ and R,S(±)‐propranolol in humans

The relationship between age and β-adrenergic receptor sensitivity to the pharmacologically active S(−) enantiomer and the racemic mixture of propranolol was evaluated in 46 healthy male subjects (age range, 24 to 89 years). The in vivo apparent dissociation constants for S(−)- and R,S(±)-propranolol were determined on the basis of the unbound steady-state plasma concentration of each and the dose of isoproterenol needed to increase the heart rate of the subjects by 25 beats/min in the absence (I25) and then in the presence of a continuous propranolol infusion. The I25 was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.700, p < 0.05). The apparent dissociation constant for S(−)- and R,S(±)-propranolol demonstrated a significant, although weak, increase with advancing age (r = 0.403 and r = 0.396, respectively; p < 0.05). Although these findings confirm those of other studies, β-receptor sensitivity to propranolol was only modestly decreased with age in this study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1992) 51, 549–554; doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.61
A Climate for Abduction, a Climate for Redemption: The Politics of Inclusion during and after the Armenian Genocide

This article explores a forcible, wartime transfer of women and minors from one ethnic group to another, and its partial reversal after the war. I analyze the historical conditions that enabled the original transfer, and then the circumstances that shaped the reverse transfer. The setting is Istanbul during and immediately after World War I, and the protagonists are various influential agents connected to the Ottoman Turkish state and to the Armenian Patriarchate. The absence and subsequent involvement of European Great Powers determines the broader, shifting context. The narrative follows the bodies of women and children, who were the subjects of the protagonists' discourses and the objects of their policies. This is the first in-depth study to connect these two processes involved: the wartime integration of Armenian women and children into Muslim settings, and postwar Armenian attempts to rescue, reintegrate, and redistribute them. I explain why and how the Armenian vorpahavak (gathering of orphans and widows) worked as it did, and situate it comparatively with similar events. I highlight its uniqueness, and the theoretical possibilities that it offers toward understanding why and how women, children, and reproduction matter to collectivities in crisis.
Factors influencing the reliability of the Social Behavior Chart

Summary A series of 40 psychiatric patients were observed by two independent raters and by the regular nursing staff, recording their findings on the Social Behavior Chart. The reliability of this instrument was determined, and as in previous studies it was found to provide useful profiles of behavior and psychopathology for therapeutic and research purposes. The age, diagnosis and prominent behavioral features of the patients, as well as certain factors in the raters themselves, appeared to influence the reliability of the profiles.
Register binding based power management for high-level synthesis of control-flow intensive behaviors

A circuit or circuit component that does not contain any spurious switching activity, i.e., activity that is not required by its specified functionality, is called perfectly power managed (PPM). We present a general sufficient condition for register binding to ensure that a given set of functional units is PPM. This condition not only applies to data-flow intensive (DFI) behaviors but also to control-flow intensive (CFI) behaviors. It leads to a straightforward power-managed (PM) register binding algorithm. The proposed algorithm is independent of the functional unit binding and scheduling algorithms. Hence, it can be easily incorporated into existing high-level synthesis systems. For the benchmarks we experimented with, an average 45.9% power reduction was achieved by our method at the cost of 7.7% average area overhead, compared to power-optimized register-transfer level (RTL) circuits which did not use PM register binding.
Changes in Cellular Heat and/or Radiation Sensitivity Observed at Various Times after Trypsinization and Plating

(1979). Changes in Cellular Heat and/or Radiation Sensitivity Observed at Various Times after Trypsinization and Plating. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 193-197.
Using Median Regression to Obtain Adjusted Estimates of Central Tendency for Skewed Laboratory and Epidemiologic Data

Background: Laboratory studies often involve analyses of highly skewed data for which means are not an adequate measure of central tendency because they are sensitive to outliers. Attempts to transform skewed data to symmetry are not always successful, and medians are better measures of central tendency for such skewed distributions. When medians are compared across groups, confounding can be an issue, so there is a need for adjusted medians. Methods: We illustrate the use of quantile regression to obtain adjusted medians. The method is illustrated by use of skewed nutrient data obtained from black and white men attending a prostate cancer screening. For 3 nutrients, saturated fats, caffeine, and vitamin K, we obtained medians adjusted by age, body mass index, and calories for men in each race group. Results: Quantile regression, linear regression, and log-normal regression produced substantially different adjusted estimates of central tendency for saturated fats, caffeine, and vitamin K. Conclusions: Our method was useful for analysis of skewed and other nonnormally distributed continuous outcome data and for calculation of adjusted medians.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Deficiency Is Associated With Impaired Gestational Weight Gain and Fetal Growth Restriction

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system that influences the relative expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7). Although ACE2 expression increases in normal pregnancy, the impact of ACE2 deficiency in pregnancy has not been elucidated. We determined the influence of ACE2 deficiency on circulating and tissue renin-angiotensin system components, fetal and maternal growth characteristics, and maternal hemodynamics (mean blood pressure and cardiac output) at day 18 of gestation. Gestational body weight gain was lower in the ACE2 knockout (KO) versus C57BL/6 (wild-type) mice (30.3±4.7 versus 38.2±1.0 g; P<0.001). Fetal weight (0.94±0.1 versus 1.24±0.01 g; P<0.01) and length (19.6±0.2 versus 22.2±0.2 mm; P<0.001) were less in KO. Mean blood pressure was significantly reduced in C57BL/6 with pregnancy; it was elevated (P<0.05) in the KO virgin and pregnant mice, and this was associated with an increased cardiac output in both C57BL/6 and KO pregnant mice (P<0.05). Plasma Ang-(1-7) was reduced in pregnant KO mice (P<0.05). Placenta Ang II levels were higher in KO mice (52.9±6.0 versus 22.0±3.3 fmol/mg of protein; P<0.001). Renal Ang II levels were greater in KO virgin mice (30.0±1.7 versus 23.7±1.1 fmol/mg of protein; P<0.001). There was no change in the Ang-(1-7) levels in the KO placenta and virgin kidney. These results suggest that ACE2 deficiency and associated elevated placenta Ang II levels impact pregnancy by impairing gestational weight gain and restricting fetal growth.
Role of Local Immunoglobulin E Specific for Alternaria alternata in the Pathogenesis of Nasal Polyposis

Objective/Hypothesis: The role of fungal pathogens in the etiology of nasal polyposis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a correlation between the presence of Alternaria-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies, eosinophilic inflammation, and the development of nasal polyps. Study Design: Prospective study. Methods: Serum and nasal tissue homogenates from 21 patients with manifestations of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps were compared with specimens from 13 chronic sinusitis patients without polyps and 8 healthy controls. The Phadia ImmunoCAP and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to quantify levels of total IgE and Alternaria-specific (IgE, IgG, and IgA) antibodies. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and tryptase levels were measured in tissue homogenates, whereas the inflammatory response was evaluated using tissue eosinophil counts in tissue samples. Results: Serum analysis revealed no difference in the levels of total IgE and Alternaria-specific IgE, IgG, and IgA antibodies between the study groups. In contrast, the levels of Alternaria-specific IgE in tissue with polyps were significantly higher than in nonpolyp tissue. Increases in total tissue IgE paralleled increased levels of Alternaria-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps as compared with control groups. A positive correlation was found between Alternaria-specific IgE and ECP in tissue. Increased mean levels of ECP corresponded to increased eosinophil counts in the group of patients with polyps. Conclusions:Alternaria-specific IgE and eosinophilic inflammation in nasal tissue correlates with the incidence of nasal polyps irrespective of specific IgE antibodies in serum. Together, the correlation between the local immune responses and the eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyps suggests a possible role of Alternaria in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis.
Grasshopper Damage on Short-Grass Rangeland of the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona

Over a 3-year period there was great variation in vegetative ground cover, and stands of perennial grass were more uniform and stable than those of annual grass or forbs. Blue grama and alfilaria were dominant, and perennial grasses were the most valuable and dependable forage plants. Important grasshoppers were the migratory grasshopper ( Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker)) Aulocara elliotti (Thos.), and M. cuneatus (Gurney). All the species fed on a wide variety of grasses and forbs, but bilituratus and cunealus showed a greater preference for forbs than did elliotti. Grasshopper populations ranged from 9 to 27 per square yard. Average damage was 23% to perennial grass, 26% to forbs, and 30% to annual grass. Total damage and unit-area damage per grasshopper were greatest in July, and unit-area damage per grasshopper was greater to annual grass and forbs than to perennial grass. Damage to perennial grass was greatest where the vegetation was sparse and the grasshopper population high, while the highest unit-area damage per grasshopper occurred where the vegetation was sparse and the grasshopper population moderate to light. The perennial grass ground cover was highest where elliotti was dominant.
Alternative Pathways for the Repair of RAG-Induced DNA Breaks

RAG1 and RAG2 cleave DNA to generate blunt signal ends and hairpin coding ends at antigen receptor loci in lymphoid cells. During V(D)J recombination, repair of these RAG-generated double-strand breaks (DSBs) by the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway contributes substantially to the antigen receptor diversity necessary for immune system function, although recent evidence also supports the ability of RAG-generated breaks to undergo homology-directed repair (HDR). We have determined that RAG-generated chromosomal breaks can be repaired by pathways other than NHEJ in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, although repair by these pathways occurs at a significantly lower frequency than NHEJ. HDR frequency was estimated to be ≥40-fold lower than NHEJ frequency for both coding end and signal end reporters. Repair by single-strand annealing was estimated to occur at a comparable or lower frequency than HDR. As expected, V(D)J recombination was substantially impaired in cells deficient for the NHEJ components Ku70, XRCC4, and DNA-PKcs. Concomitant with decreased NHEJ, RAG-induced HDR was increased in each of the mutants, including cells lacking DNA-PKcs, which has been implicated in hairpin opening. HDR was increased to the largest extent in Ku70−/− cells, implicating the Ku70/80 DNA end-binding protein in regulating pathway choice. Thus, RAG-generated DSBs are typically repaired by the NHEJ pathway in ES cells, but in the absence of NHEJ components, a substantial fraction of breaks can be efficiently channeled into alternative pathways in these cells.
Visual saliency and spike timing in the ventral visual pathway.

Abstract Visual saliency is a fundamental yet hard to define property of objects or locations in the visual world. In a context where objects and their representations compete to dominate our perception, saliency can be thought of as the “juice” that makes objects win the race. It is often assumed that saliency is extracted and represented in an explicit saliency map, which serves to determine the location of spatial attention at any given time. It is then by drawing attention to a salient object that it can be recognized or categorized. I argue against this classical view that visual “bottom-up” saliency automatically recruits the attentional system prior to object recognition. A number of visual processing tasks are clearly performed too fast for such a costly strategy to be employed. Rather, visual attention could simply act by biasing a saliency-based object recognition system. Under natural conditions of stimulation, saliency can be represented implicitly throughout the ventral visual pathway, independent of any explicit saliency map. At any given level, the most activated cells of the neural population simply represent the most salient locations. The notion of saliency itself grows increasingly complex throughout the system, mostly based on luminance contrast until information reaches visual cortex, gradually incorporating information about features such as orientation or color in primary visual cortex and early extrastriate areas, and finally the identity and behavioral relevance of objects in temporal cortex and beyond. Under these conditions the object that dominates perception, i.e. the object yielding the strongest (or the first) selective neural response, is by definition the one whose features are most “salient”––without the need for any external saliency map. In addition, I suggest that such an implicit representation of saliency can be best encoded in the relative times of the first spikes fired in a given neuronal population. In accordance with our subjective experience that saliency and attention do not modify the appearance of objects, the feed-forward propagation of this first spike wave could serve to trigger saliency-based object recognition outside the realm of awareness, while conscious perceptions could be mediated by the remaining discharges of longer neuronal spike trains.
The Transmigration of Rights: Women, Movement and the Grassroots in Latin American and Caribbean Communities

In order to better understand both the global and local contours and impact of transnationalism as a political and cultural force this article suggests the need for an exploration of shifting gender roles and expectations as they are becoming manifest in situated arenas. The awkwardness of transposing an international rights discourse into local communities and settings deeply infused with tradition or onto grassroots nationalist movements that work to resist foreign impositions is a widely recognized concern. At the same time the influence of diaspora populations is seen to leaven and situate global discourse for local movements in a sending country and translates more local interests into global concerns in important and effective ways. Transnational feminist discourse now often concerns itself with the different strategies employed by diasporas the strategic uses of global discourse and the meaningful efforts to resist it. Through illustrations drawn from a study of women refugees in El Salvador the Haitian democracy movement and a rural Brazilian womens organization this article links the experience of transmigration to womens mobilizing efforts and the proliferation of rights discourses. (authors)
Shock-wave ignition of liquid fuel drops

Combustion processes and ignition criteria in shock wave ignition of liquid fuel drop in oxidizing atmosphere
Inside-out, outside-in, and inside–outside-in: G protein signaling in integrin-mediated cell adhesion, spreading, and retraction

The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors mediates bi-directional signaling: 'inside-out' signaling activates the ligand binding function of integrins and 'outside-in' signaling mediates cellular responses induced by ligand binding to integrins leading to cell spreading, retraction, migration, and proliferation. Integrin signaling requires both heterotrimeric G proteins and monomeric small G proteins. This review focuses on recent development in the roles of G proteins in integrin outside-in signaling. The finding of direct interaction between the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gα13 and integrin β subunits reveals a new mechanism for integrin signaling, and also uncovers a crosstalk between the signaling pathways initiated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and integrins. This crosstalk, which may be referred to as 'inside-outside-in' signaling, dynamically regulates contractility and greatly promotes integrin outside-in signaling.
EVOLUTIONARY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

PERSONALITY COMPRISES PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 The Fundamental Situational Error . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 461 Problem-Specificity of Psychological Mechanisms 461 The Sociobiological Fallacy .... . . . .... . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..... . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . 463 Behavioral Strategies, Tactics, and Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . 463 EVOLUTIONARY FOUNDATIONS OF PERSONALITy . . . . ... .... . 464 Adaptive Problems and Their Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Human Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Goal-Directed Tactics and Strategies as Units of Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 468 Personality as the Adaptive Landscape: The Five-Factor Model 471 Explaining the Origins of Individual Diff erences . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Interim Summary. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 476 CLARIFYING CORE CONTROVERSIES IN PERSONALITY PSy CHOLOGy .. . .... 477 An Evolutionary Resolution of the Personality Consistency Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 An Evolutionary Perspective on Interactionism . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . ...... 479 Context, Situation, and Environment 481 Emotions, Desires, Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Culture and Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 483 CONCLUSION........ . . .... . 484
Positive solutions for a fractional boundary value problem

We obtain a new upper estimate for the Green’s function associated with a higher order fractional boundary value problem. As an application of this result, criteria for the existence of positive solutions of the problem are then established.