cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Uses of Higher-Order Logic in Computational Linguistics

Consideration of the question of meaning in the framework of linguistics often requires an allusion to sets and other higher-order notions. The traditional approach to representing and reasoning about meaning in a computational setting has been to use knowledge representation systems that are either based on first-order logic or that use mechanisms whose formal justifications are to be provided after the fact. In this paper we shall consider the use of a higher-order logic for this task. We first present a version of definite clauses (positive Horn clauses) that is based on this logic. Predicate and function variables may occur in such clauses and the terms in the language are the typed λ-terms. Such term structures have a richness that may be exploited in representing meanings. We also describe a higher-order logic programming language, called λProlog, which represents programs as higher-order definite clauses and interprets them using a depth-first interpreter. A virtue of this language is that it is possible to write programs in it that integrate syntactic and semantic analyses into one computational paradigm. This is to be contrasted with the more common practice of using two entirely different computation paradigms, such as DCGs or ATNs for parsing and frames or semantic nets for semantic processing. We illustrate such an integration in this language by considering a simple example, and we claim that its use makes the task of providing formal justifications for the computations specified much more direct.
Virtualized games for teaching about distributed systems

Complex distributed systems are increasingly important in modern computer science, yet many undergraduate curricula do not give students the opportunity to develop the skill sets necessary to grapple with the complexity of such systems. We have developed and integrated into an undergraduate elective course on parallel and distributed computing a teaching tool that may help students develop these skill sets. The tool uses virtualization to ease the burden of resourcing and configuring complex systems for student study, and creates varied "firefighting" gaming scenarios in which students compete to keep the system up and running in the presence of multiple issues. Preliminary experience indicates that (1) students find the tool engaging and (2) it is a manageable way in which to give students a novel perspective on interaction with complex distributed systems.
Analgesic Use in Relation to Sex Hormone and Prolactin Concentrations in Premenopausal Women

Purpose Common analgesics (aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, and acetaminophen) may be associated with hormone-related cancers, possibly via effects on sex hormone and prolactin concentrations.
Connections: the marketing plan for the University of Arkansas College of Engineering

This is the second in a series of six companion papers that address the marketing of the College of Engineering at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA. While valuable as an independent resource, the content of this document should be considered within the context of all six papers. The creation of a permanent Marketing Team was the first step in the development of a marketing plan for the College of Engineering. The membership selection for this committee was critical in establishing the direction the college should take in positioning it as a "top 25" public institution in engineering. The Marketing Team established vision and mission statements, and began to develop a strategic plan that would connect the college outreach programs both internally and externally. This paper outlines the steps taken to pull together the programs the college currently had and develop new programs under a uniform direction.
Grounded spoken language acquisition: experiments in word learning

Language is grounded in sensory-motor experience. Grounding connects concepts to the physical world enabling humans to acquire and use words and sentences in context. Currently most machines which process language are not grounded. Instead, semantic representations are abstract, pre-specified, and have meaning only when interpreted by humans. We are interested in developing computational systems which represent words, utterances, and underlying concepts in terms of sensory-motor experiences leading to richer levels of machine understanding. A key element of this work is the development of effective architectures for processing multisensory data. Inspired by theories of infant cognition, we present a computational model which learns words from untranscribed acoustic and video input. Channels of input derived from different sensors are integrated in an information-theoretic framework. Acquired words are represented in terms of associations between acoustic and visual sensory experience. The model has been implemented in a real-time robotic system which performs interactive language learning and understanding. Successful learning has also been demonstrated using infant-directed speech and images.
Ladder polymers from tetraaminodiquinoxalpyrene

A new fused aromatic heterocyclic tetraamine 2,3,11,12-tetraaminodiquinoxal [2,3-e,2′,3′-1] pyrene has been prepared and polymerized with 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid and pyromellitic dianhydride. The resulting ladder polymers with inherent viscosities ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 dl/g in methanesulfonic acid exhibited thermal stabilities near 600°C in nitrogen and near 450°C in air.
Biphasic Restitution of Action Potential Duration and Complex Dynamics in Ventricular Myocardium

The purpose of this study was to determine whether biphasic restitution of action potential duration (APD) in ventricular muscle permits the development of complex dynamic behavior. Such behavior is expected because of the steep ascending slope of restitution and the presence of a maximum. Action potentials recorded from strips of epicardial muscle in which biphasic APD restitution occurred demonstrated a characteristic pattern of phase locking during progressive shortening of the pacing cycle length. 1:1 locking was replaced by irregular dynamics, which in turn was replaced by higher order periodic behavior (eg, 8:8 locking), then by 2:2 locking, and finally by 2:1 locking. Similar patterns of dynamic behavior were produced in a computer model by using a piecewise linear approximation of biphasic APD restitution. Features of APD restitution that were critical determinants of irregular dynamics included the slopes of the ascending and the nonmonotonic regions. These results suggest that rate-related alterations of APD and refractoriness may be affected significantly by small nonmonotonicities in APD restitution.
Magnetic resonance imaging of a percutaneously ligated left atrial appendage.

A 56-year-old man with a history of persistent and refractory atrial fibrillation (AF) presented with a cerebrovascular accident. Cardioversion was attempted previously, however his AF recurred. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done (panels A , B ) and …
Impact of vitamin B-12 deficiency during lactation on maternal and infant health.

Vitamin B-12 is a “cobalamin”, a term that describes structures with a corrin ring which has a central cobalt atom, phosphate, a base, and ribose. One of several groups can be attached to the cobalt: cyanide, forming vitamin B-12; 5’deoxyadenosine, forming 5’ deoxyadenosylcobalamin; or a methyl group, forming methylcobalamin. Methylcobalamin is a cofactor for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, and adenosylcobalamin is required for the conversion of methyl malonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. These cofactor functions explain why in vitamin B-12 deficiency there is elevated methylmalonic acid (MMA) in urine and serum, and plasma homocysteine (Hcy).
Development of an Aerodynamic Database for a Generic Hypersonic Air Vehicle

An overview of the aerodynami c characteristics, along with the process for developing an aerodynamic database for the Generic Hypersonic Vehicle (GH V), is presented in this paper. The experimental investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics for the blunt bo dy of the GHV has been used as the core of the simulation model . The gaps in the wind tunnel data have been filled using the best available CFD results. The CFD results are compared with the equivalent win d tunnel data for authenticity. The expressions for the aerodynamic f orces and the aerodynamic coeffic ients acting on the GHV are dev eloped. The aerodynamic database covers the range of flight Mach numbers, angles of attack, sideslip angles, a nd control surface deflections. The aerodynamic mo del is then used within the si mulation of the GHV. Nomenclature alt. = altitude, ft b = lateral -directional reference length, span, ft c = longitudinal reference length, mean aerodynamic chord, ft CD = total drag coefficient, n. d. CDa = drag increment coefficient for basic vehicle, n. d. CD-�a = drag increment coefficient for right elevon, n. d. CD-�e = drag increment coefficient for left elevon, n. d. CD-�r = drag increment coefficient for rudder, n. d. CL = total lift coefficient for basic vehicle, n . d. CLa = lift increment coefficient for basic vehicle, n. d. CL-�a = lift increment coefficient for right elevon, n. d. CL-�e = lift increment coefficient for left elevon, n. d. CL-�r = lift increment coefficient for rudder, n. d. CY = tota l side force, n. d. CY� = side force with sideslip derivative for basic vehicle, n. d. CY-�a = side force increment coefficient for right elevon, n. d. CY-�e = side force, increment coefficient for left elevon, n. d. CY-�r = side force, increment coefficient for rudder, n. d. Cl = total rolling moment coefficient, n. d.
Oxidant stress with hydrogen peroxide attenuates calcium paradox injury: role of protein kinase C and ATP-sensitive potassium channel

Objective: We tested the hypotheses that low concentration of H2O2 attenuates the Ca2+ paradox (Ca2+ PD) injury, and that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and/or ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) are involved in the protective effects of H2O2. Methods: Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to the Ca2+PD (10 min of Ca2+ depletion followed by 10 min of Ca2+ repletion). Functional and biochemical effects of H2O2 and other interventions on the cell injury induced by the Ca2+ PD were assessed. Results: In the Ca2+ PD hearts pretreated with 20 μmol/l H2O2, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and coronary flow were significantly preserved. Furthermore, peak lactate dehydrogenase release was significantly decreased and ATP contents were more preserved, compared with non-treated Ca2+ PD hearts. H2O2-treated hearts also showed remarkable preservation of cell structure. Addition of a specific PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine during H2O2 treatment completely abolished the beneficial effects of H2O2 on the Ca2+ PD. Similarly, an activator of PKC, Phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate mimicked the protection by H2O2. Furthermore, pretreatment with a KATP opener, cromakalim also provided protection similar to H2O2 against the Ca2+ PD injury. However, a specific KATP inhibitor, glibenclamide was not able to completely block the effects of H2O2. Conclusions: These findings suggest that pretreatment with low concentration of H2O2 provides significant protection against the lethal injury of Ca2+ PD in rat hearts. PKC-mediated signaling pathways appear to play a crucial role in the protection against the Ca2+ PD injury.
ADULT LEARNING IN THE QUEER NATION: A FOUCAULDIAN ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Adult education for social change can occur within social movements, and the fight for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered and Queer (LGBTQ) rights has included educational strategies designed to challenge heterosexist and homophobic systems of power. This article explores how the Queer Nation movement of the early 1990s deployed a Foucauldian (1976/1990) reading of power-relations to create educational interventions that allowed relatively small numbers of activists to affect powerful social change. By analyzing how power functioned within American society, queer activists designed specific interventions, which, while often humorous, sarcastic, and lighthearted, were nonetheless effective in disrupting prejudices because they demonstrated the absurdity of heterosexist beliefs. In making the theoretical move from object of hatred to subject who resists oppression, activists in the Queer Nation movement changed American culture and contributed to the social and legal gains made by LGBTQ people over the next two decades. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) people are one group that has faced profound legal and social discrimination and exclusion in the United States. This oppression is based upon the politics of disgust and contagion (Eskridge, 2008) and homophobic discourse that positions heterosexuality as the “central gender and sexual category in the generation of power, authority, and social domination” (Hill, 1996, p. 275). As LGBT people we have adopted “a trajectory of active and passive resistance to the dominant group’s attempts to colonise their lifeworlds” (Hill, 1996, p. 256); we have resisted by answering questions about group identity and our place in society. We created the queer, “taking back” a term historically used to denigrate us and adding a “Q” to the LGBT acronym. When asked who we are, some of us now say that we are queer. The term “queer” is intentionally ambiguous. It has been “employed as an umbrella term for the indeterminate array of identities and differences that characterize persons in relation to sex, sexuality, gender, desire and expression” (Grace & Hill, 2004, p. 167). But the word can be used both as a single signifier for the entire LGBT movement and as a signifier for some inherent indeterminacy. When a person refuses to be positioned within the heterosexual/homosexual binary but maintains “identities [that] are always multiple, fluid, mobile, contingent, unstable (labile), and fragmented” (Hill, 2006, p. 4), that person is properly understood as queer. Today the term has become accepted in some academic discourse and has been expanded to encompass an entire theoretical perspective, Queer Theory (Dilley, 1999; Sullivan, 2003). In adult
Animal-Eyeball vs. Road-Sign Retroreflectors

The retroreflective characteristics of ex-vitro cow and deer eyeballs were compared to those of man-made materials used in road signs and bicycle-style reflectors. Reflected intensities were measured using a goniometer that consists of a green He-Ne laser as the light source, and a photomultiplier tube as the detector. It was found that the best quality road-sign reflector, made from a 200-micron-scale, close-packed array of corner cubes, is approximately six times more efficient than a cow eyeball at returning light in the direction of the incoming beam. Less expensive man-made retroreflectors, utilizing 35-micron glass beads (as in mailbox decals) or millimeter-scale arrays of corner cubes (bicycle-style reflectors) are, however, less efficient than the cow eye. The high quality of animal eyeball optics is evidenced by their extremely tight angular spread (full width half maximum congruent with 1 degrees) of retroreflected intensity about the incident path. Moreover, as the reflector itself is rotated relative to the incident beam, the eyeballs preserve their efficiency of retroreflection better than the man-made materials. Interference-diffraction patterns were observed in the retroreflected beams from the small-scale corner cubes, but were not observed in eyeball retroreflection. Language: en
Dynamic prioritization of database queries

Enterprise database systems handle a variety of diverse query workloads that are of different importance to the business. For example, periodic reporting queries are usually mission critical whereas ad-hoc queries by analysts tend to be less crucial. It is desirable to enable database administrators to express (and modify) the importance of queries at a simple and intuitive level. The mechanism used to enforce these priorities must be robust, adaptive and efficient.
Are Validity and Reliability "Relevant" in Qualitative Evaluation Research?.

Interest in and use of qualitative methodological strategies in evaluating research have increased considerably in the last few years. Many of the recent evaluation frameworks or models are entirely or partly oriented toward use of qualitative methods. A number of methodological issues and concerns have been raised, including the appropriateness of validity and reliability estimation for the measurement strategies employed in qualitative evaluations becoming more common in health and other fields. In this article, the views of prominent qualitative methodologists on this topic are briefly summarized; a case is made for the relevance of validity and reliability estimation; definitions of validity and reliability for qualitative measurement are presented; and appropriate estimation techniques are suggested. It is hoped that discussions such as this will promote increased attention to validity and reliability concerns in qualitative evaluations and thus help improve the quality of those evaluations.
Theoretical electrical conductivity of hydrogen-bonded benzamide-derived molecules and single DNA bases

A benzamide molecule is used as a “reader” molecule to form hydrogen bonds with five single DNA bases, i.e., four normal single DNA bases A,T,C,G and one for 5methylC. The whole molecule is then attached to the gold surface so that a meta-molecule junction is formed. We calculate the transmission function and conductance for the five metal–molecule systems, with the implementation of density functional theory-based non-equilibrium Green function method. Our results show that each DNA base exhibits a unique conductance and most of them are on the pS level. The distinguishable conductance of each DNA base provides a way for the fast sequencing of DNA. We also investigate the dependence of conductivity of such a metal–molecule system on the hydrogen bond length between the “reader” molecule and DNA base, which shows that conductance follows an exponential decay as the hydrogen bond length increases, i.e., the conductivity is highly sensitive to the change in hydrogen bond length.
Behavioral and Linguistic Preliminaries

We now begin our task of establishing a technical usage for “statement”. The endeavor would be worthless unless it covered a broad range of real cases; it will become evident in Chapter 2 that it does. To start, I make a “categorization” and adduce a trio of comparisons.
Application of Correlation Filters for Iris Recognition

Excellent recognition accuracies have been reported when using iris images, particularly when high-quality iris images can be acquired. The best-known strategy for matching iris images requires segmenting the iris from the background, converting the segmented iris image from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, using Gabor wavelets to obtain a binary code to represent that iris, and using the Hamming distances between such binary representations to determine whether two iris images match or do not match. However, some of the component operations may not work well when the iris images are of poor quality, perhaps as a result of the long distance between the camera and the subject. One approach to matching images with appearance variations is the use of correlation filters (CF). In this chapter, we discuss the use of CFs for iris recognition. CFs exhibit important benefits such as shift-invariance and graceful degradation and have proven worthy of consideration in other pattern recognition applications such as automatic target recognition. In this chapter, we will discuss the basics of CF design and show how CFs can be used for iris segmentation and matching.
Macrophage pinocytosis: the removal and resynthesis of a cell surface factor

SummaryMacrophages exposed to chymotrypsin, trypsin, or pronase failed to ingest aggregated albumin or ferritin in vitro. Treatment with neuraminidase, RNase, albumin, or DFP-chymotrypsin had no apparent effect on macrophage pinocytosis. When cells treated with active chymotrypsin were subsequently maintained in culture, they recovered their ability to ingest protein. This recovery was inhibited by partial inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide. Since chymotrypsin itself is not ingested, the results are interpreted to indicate the removal or inactivation of a surface factor required for pinocytosis that is generated by the cell.
Motivation in Construction: A Review

The contribution of the reviewed literature to our knowledge of the motivation of construction workers is minimal. It must be concluded that the work examined is the state of knowledge of construction worker motivation, that it is conceptually and theoretically lacking, and that the empirical work suffers from sever theoretical flaws. Because of the importance of this area to the construction industry and, subsequently to the American public, it is imperative that a rigorous program be undertaken to increase our knowledge. The first step in any research is to develop a conceptual and theoretical model.
Defining rules of CD8(+) T cell expansion against pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium antigens in sporozoite-immunized mice.

Whole Plasmodium sporozoites serve as both experimental tools and potentially as deployable vaccines in the fight against malaria infection. Live sporozoites infect hepatocytes and induce a diverse repertoire of CD8+ T cell responses, some of which are capable of killing Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes. Previous studies in Plasmodium yoelii-immunized BALB/c mice showed that some CD8+ T cell responses expanded with repeated parasite exposure, whereas other responses did not. Here, similar outcomes were observed using known Plasmodium berghei epitopes in C57BL/6 mice. With the exception of the response to PbTRAP, IFNγ-producing T cell responses to most studied antigens, such as PbGAP50, failed to re-expand in mice immunized with two doses of irradiated P. berghei sporozoites. In an effort to boost secondary CD8+ T cell responses, heterologous cross-species immunizations were performed. Alignment of P. yoelii 17XNL and P. berghei ANKA proteins revealed that >60 % of the amino acids in syntenic orthologous proteins are continuously homologous in fragments ≥8-amino acids long, suggesting that cross-species immunization could potentially trigger responses to a large number of common Class I epitopes. Heterologous immunization resulted in a larger liver burden than homologous immunization. Amongst seven tested antigen-specific responses, only CSP- and TRAP-specific CD8+ T cell responses were expanded by secondary homologous sporozoite immunization and only those to the L3 ribosomal protein and S20 could be re-expanded by heterologous immunization. In general, heterologous late-arresting, genetically attenuated sporozoites were better at secondarily expanding L3-specific responses than were irradiated sporozoites. GAP50 and several other antigens shared between P. berghei and P. yoelii induced a large number of IFNγ-positive T cells during primary immunization, yet these responses could not be re-expanded by either homologous or heterologous secondary immunization. These studies highlight how responses to different sporozoite antigens can markedly differ in recall following repeated sporozoite vaccinations. Cross-species immunization broadens the secondary response to sporozoites and may represent a novel strategy for candidate antigen discovery.
QUANTITATIVE TEXTURE ANALYSIS FOR LOW SYMMETRY POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS WITH OVERLAPPING DIFFRACTION PEAKS

A new algorithm of quantitative texture analysis(QTA), i. e. modified maximum entropy method(MMEM), is proposed and applied to the determination of textures in polycrystalline samples of lower crystal symmery with overlapping diffraction peaks. By introducing directly maximum entropy principle into the least square equations of pole figure inversion, the least square errors between measured and recalculated pole figures, and the optimum of maximum texture entropy may be simultaneously satisfied. Thus, the maximum entropy principle is applied to the entire processes of QTA in frame of harmonic method(HV). The simulated results of ideal fiber texture show that the precise texture vector for the materials with smooth or sharp textures will be obtained by the MMEM from the less number of pole figures.
Post 9-11 in kenya.

A Peace Corps physician working in Africa relates the impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on Americans and others in Africa. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Optimizing the Detection of Circulating Markers to Aid in Early Lung Cancer Detection

Improving early detection of lung cancer is critical to improving lung cancer survival. Studies have shown that computerized tomography (CT) screening can reduce mortality from lung cancer, but this involves risks of radiation exposure and can identify non-cancer lung nodules that lead to unnecessary interventions for some. There is a critical need to develop alternative, less invasive methods to identify patients who have early-stage lung cancer. The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a promising area of research, but current technology is limited by a low yield of CTCs. Alternate studies are investigating circulating nucleic acids and proteins as possible tumor markers. It is critical to develop innovative methods for early lung cancer detection that may include CTCs or other markers that are low-risk and low-cost, yet specific and sensitive, to facilitate improved survival by diagnosing the disease when it is surgically curable.
A study of adaptive coding and modulation over free space optical link using OCTL data

In this paper we utilized the downlink channel data captured at the Optical Communication Test Laboratory (OCTL) in support of the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD) to evaluate the potential performance gain of using adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) scheme to increase data volume while mitigating weather impairment. The study assumed that the estimated signal and noise photon counts statistics generated by concurrent processing of the downlink signal is available in real time to drive a closed-loop control of the code rate and the PPM order of the downlink. Downlink data from two representative passes were used. Pass no. 12, which occurred on October 29, 2013 and lasted 24 minutes and 15 second, recorded several link outages due to thin cloud and cloud interruption and is used to calibrate the symbol error constraint for the adaptive modulation algorithm. Pass no. 20, which was 19 minutes and 16 seconds long and occurred on November 18, 2013, operated over very clear sky and large sun-earth-probe (SEP) angle (approx. 170 degrees) and provided a representative sample of a clean optical channel. This study ignores constraints such as peak and average power limitations and processing overhead. Impacts of delay in the control loop are not addressed in this study, therefore any performance enhancement indicated by this study is only applicable to a short propagation delay environment. For deep space environment, further analysis will be required to determine the benefit of ACM.
A Quasi-Axiomatic Solipsistic System

In developing our solipsistic system we will use a quasi-axiomatic approach. For reasons that will shortly be appreciated we cannot use a fully axiomatic method, but it will be helpful to go as far in this direction as possible. The axiomatic method gives us the considerable advantages of increased clarity, rigor, and elegance, but the main reason for using the method here is that it allows us to see more clearly what it is that we are doing while we are doing it. The most prominent use of the axiomatic method in philosophy was that of Spinoza, but Spinoza’s system lacks rigor and many of the theorems do not really follow from the axioms by methods of deduction. Further, the kind of method he had in mind was that of Euclid and we here want to use the modern axiomatic method. We will therefore begin with a brief discussion of changes in the axiomatic method which have taken place in modern times.
Implementation of a mentoring component embedded within an early childhood scholarship programme

ABSTRACTThis study examined the implementation of a pilot mentoring component as part of a college scholarship programme for child care teachers. The purpose of the mentoring programme was to encourage the application of course material in the student’s classroom. Programme documents, interviews, surveys, and field observations were used to compare the actual mentoring implementation to the design. The pilot programme took place in a Midwestern state, with 3 mentors representing three rural community colleges working with 40 child care providers. Stakeholder perspectives were reported and descriptive output data revealed the variances in the implementation of this mentoring initiative. Lessons learned from this study are shared to inform future child care and educator mentoring initiatives.
Frauenmystik und Ordensreform im 15. Jahrhundert

Die immense Verbreitung volkssprachlicher geistlicher Literatur im 15. Jahrhundert war ein Phanomen, das letztlich so gut wie ausschlieslich auf die fast alle Orden erfassenden Reformbewegungen zuruckging.1 Die uberlieferten Handschriften monastischer Provenienz stammen fast ausnahmslos aus Klostern, in denen Reformen durchgefuhrt oder zumindest nachhaltig gefordert wurden, wahend sich ein Interesse an Literatur in nichtobservanten Konventen kaum nachweisen last. Fragt man also nach den entscheidenden Orten fur literarische Interessenbildung im 15. Jahrhundert, so sind diese fur die religiose Literatur die observanten Frauenkloster, vor allem die des Predigerordens, und einige Mannerkloster, in denen der Status des Laienbruders im Rahmen der Reformbewegung eine Aufwertung erfahren hatte, sowie die nie eine Erneuerung benotigenden Kartausen. Das den Laien zur Verfugung stehende breite Angebot an religiosem Schrifttum kam wiederum aus den Bibliotheken dieser Kloster. Hier konnten sich Laien Werke besorgen, die aus verschiedenen Landschaften des Reichs uber ein von den Reformbewegungen geknupftes Netzwerk zusammengetragen wurden.
Buckling characteristics of nanocrystalline nano-beams

The buckling and the postbuckling characteristics of nanocrystalline nano-beams with/without surface stress residuals are investigated. A hybrid model is proposed where a non-classical beam model is incorporated with a size-dependent micromechanical model. The micromechanical model has the merit of accounting for the beam material structure effects, i.e. the grain size and the grain boundary effects. To account for the beam size effects, the couple stress theory is implemented where some measures are added to capture the grain rigid rotation effects. The proposed hybrid model is harnessed to derive the governing equations of a nano-beam subjected to an axial compressive load accounting for the mid-plane stretching according to von-Karman kinematics and the surface stress residuals. Analytical solutions for the prebuckling and postbuckling configurations and natural frequencies as functions of the applied compressive axial load are derived. The effects of the beam material structure and the beam size on the beam’s prebuckling characteristics and the postbuckling configurations and natural frequencies are studied. The obtained results reveal that both the size and the material structure of nanobeams have great impacts on their buckling characteristics.
When Friend Becomes Abuser: Evidence of Friend Abuse in Facebook

We show through 2 user studies (n = 80), that a high number of participants have at least 1 Facebook friend whom they believe is likely to abuse their posted photos or status updates, or post offensive, false or malicious content, or with whom they never interact in Facebook and in real life. Our results reveal the importance of developing tools that automatically detect and defend against friend abuse in social networks.
Severe Plantar Warts in an Immunocompromised Patient.

A 25-year-old woman who had undergone orthotopic heart transplantation presented with a 4-year history of severe warts on both her feet. After debulking surgery, these lesions gradually disappeared during treatment with cidofovir.
The Gig Economy and Information Infrastructure: The Case of the Digital Nomad Community

Ongoing discussions of the gig economy have focused on the critical aspect of digital mediation, and in particular the role of applications and platforms such as Uber or TaskRabbit. We extend this discussion by considering more decentralized contexts of gig economy, in which individuals do not rely on a single dominant, central intermediary, but rather exercise a higher degree of agency in arranging and aligning multiple digital platforms to support relevant work practices.We employ the concept of information infrastructure to describe the emergent configuration of heterogeneous digital platforms leveraged by digital nomads as a community of location-independent, remote workers. Using both forum analysis and in-depth interviews, we examine how the digital nomad community dynamically brings together and negotiates digital mediation in the form of an information infrastructure.
Failures of Warrant Transmission: The Role of Presupposition

In this paper, I examine Crispin Wright’s most recent attempt to introduce a diagnostic tool for predicting failures of warrant transmission, the so-called ‘Revised Template’. I show that the Revised Template does not, in fact, generate the predictions about warrant transmission failure that Wright thinks it does. I argue that the failure lies, in large part, with the definition of the technical notion ‘presupposition’ which the Revised Template deploys. Through a consideration of Wright’s own ‘general motivation’ for the Revised Template, I extract an alternative characterization of ‘presupposition’ and use this to fuel a diagnostic tool for predicting failures of warrant transmission which, I believe, is both more faithful to Wright’s own general motivating remarks and more successful in predicting failures of warrant transmission than the Revised Template.
Remediation of potentially acidified Hanford wastes using tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide extraction chromatographic materials

Abstract As the Hanford site undergoes remediation, significant economies could be realized if aluminum and chromium are kept from High Level Waste glass produced at the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant (WTP). An acidic scrub of the Hanford sludge could enhance Al removal, although such treatment could lead to the mobilization of transuranic elements. If mobilization were minor, a chromatographic secondary cleanup of the acidic waste stream may be preferred to allow preconcentration of radionuclides prior to processing through the Hanford WTP. This study examines tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide coated resins as a chromatographic means for the removal of transuranics from a secondary waste stream. Metal uptake kinetics and mechanisms for transuranics and a simulant transuranic (europium) with the developed resin are characterized in both batch and column operation modes. Results indicate up to 99% of the radioactive material present from an acidic sludge leach may be recovered using extraction chromatography providing an effective avenue for high aluminum content tank pre-treatment.
Film Cooling Discharge Coefficient Measurments in a Turbulated Passage With Internal Cross Flow

Gas turbine blades utilize internal geometry such as turbulator ribs for improved cooling. In some designs it may be desirable to benefit from the internal cooling enhancement of ribs as well as external film cooling. An experimental study has been performed to investigate the effect of turbulator rib placement on film hole discharge coefficient. In the study, a square passage having a hydraulic diameter of 1.27 cm is used to feed a single angled film jet. The film hole angle to the surface is 30 deg and the hole length-to-diameter ratio is 4. Turbulators were placed in one of three positions: upstream of film hole inlet, downstream of film hole inlet, and with the film hole inlet centered between turbulators. For each case 90 deg turbulators with a passage blockage of 15 percent and a pitch to height ratio of 10 were used. Tests were run varying film hole-to-crossflow orientation as 30, 90, and 180 deg, pressure ratio from 1.02 to 1.8, and channel crossflow velocity from Mach 0 to 0.3. Film hole flow is captured in a static plenum with no external crossflow. Experimental results of film discharge coefficients for the turbulated cases and for a baseline smooth passage are presented. Alignment of the film hole entry with respect to the turbulator is shown to have a substantial effect on the resulting discharge coefficients. Depending on the relative alignment and flow direction discharge coefficients can be increased or decreased 5-20 percent from the nonturbulated case, and in the worst instance experience a decrease of as much as 50 percent.
The Parafinite and Self-Positioning

In this chapter, I begin with the prehistory of the Kantian parafinite or indefinitely large in the thought of Galileo and Leibniz before continuing the discussion of self-positioning in Kant’s First Critique in Chap. 1. Next I extend the Kantian notion of self-positioning to what I call second-order self-positioning in Kant’s Second Critique and then compare the demands of theoretical and practical rationality in Kant’s late Opus Postumum so far as self-positioning is concerned. The chapter ends with a discussion of symbolism in Kant and Blumenberg, here understood as what I call higher-order self-positioning.
Beaten Up on Twitter? Exploring Fake News and Satirical Responses During the Black Panther Movie Event

The use of user-generated online satire, itself a form of fake news, may be one strategy used to highlight and shame fake news stories and promoters. Here, we begin to explore the differences between non-satire and satire fake posts by looking at Twitter data related to false stories of racially-motivated attacks during the Black Panther movie opening. Overall, we found that very few fake tweets of either type had high levels of replies or retweets. We found some evidence that the satire responses were supported and shared to a greater extent than the original non-satire tweets, which leaves open the possibility that satire may have been helpful in calling out the fake attack posts. We also found some evidence that the satire responses fooled some users into believing them to be real stories.
The Leray-Deconvolution Regularization

In LES one solves a system whose solution is an approximation to local spacial averages of the NSE. In regularization modeling one solves a system similar to the NSE which has better qualitative properties for numerical simulation than the underlying NSE.
It Always Seems Impossible Until It Is Done

KrISTeN represents any hypothetical young woman who plans her career in a demanding field such as Chemistry and carries out her motherhood at the same time.
Spatiotemporal diversification of projectile point types in western North America over 13,000 years

Abstract North America was initially colonized by humans during the late Pleistocene, and over the course of the Holocene material culture diversified as local populations adapted to regional environments. However, to date, while anthropologists and archaeologists have long been interested in diversity, little is known of the process of diversification over space and time. Here, we focus on the diversification of the archaeological record of western North America over 13,000 years. By compiling time series of projectile point types and their spatial distribution, we quantify the empirical record of diversification in this region. Our results show that projectile point diversity increases exponentially over time, consistent with a simple evolutionary branching process. The spatial extent of projectile points decreases exponentially over time at a similar rate. Therefore, the evolutionary diversification of projectile point types in western North America is a fractal-like space-filling process, likely reflecting increasingly localized adaptations to regional environments and a consequent reduction in the spatial extent of cultural networks.
Resolving Age-Related Differences in Working Memory: Equating Perception and Attention Makes Older Adults Remember as Well as Younger Adults.

Objectives Older adults show clear deficits in working memory functioning. Here, we investigate the often-reported decline in focus switching, that is, the ability to shift items from the focus of attention into working memory, and back. Specifically, we examined whether equating subjects on early processing (perception and attention) might ameliorate the deficit. Method We examined 1-Back and 2-Back performance in younger and older adults, with line segments of different orientation as the stimuli. Stimuli were calibrated depending on each individual's 75% threshold for 1-Back performance. Subjects made match/mismatch judgments. Results After the calibration on 1-Back performance, no age-related differences were found on either accuracy or sensitivity in the 2-Back task. Additionally, when investigating focus-switch trials versus non-focus-switch trials in a random-order 2-Back task, older adults were more efficient at switching the focus of attention than younger adults. Discussion These results provide evidence for the view that age-related limitations in focus switching in working memory are caused (at least in part) by changes in early processing (perception and attention), suggesting that (at least some of the) age-related differences in working memory functioning may be due to shifts in trade-off between early processing and memory-related processing.
Structural Characterization of a Synthetic Tandem-Domain Bacterial Microcompartment Shell Protein Capable of Forming Icosahedral Shell Assemblies

Bacterial microcompartments are subcellular compartments found in many prokaryotes; they consist of a protein shell that encapsulates enzymes that perform a variety of functions. The shell protects the cell from potentially toxic intermediates and colocalizes enzymes for higher efficiency. Accordingly, it is of considerable interest for biotechnological applications. We have previously structurally characterized an intact 40 nm shell comprising three different types of proteins. One of those proteins, BMC-H, forms a cyclic hexamer; here we have engineered a synthetic protein that consists of a tandem duplication of BMC-H connected by a short linker. The synthetic protein forms cyclic trimers that self-assemble to form a smaller (25 nm) icosahedral shell with gaps at the pentamer positions. When coexpressed in vivo with the pentamer fused to an affinity tag we can purify complete icosahedral shells. This engineered shell protein constitutes a minimal shell system to study permeability; reducing symmetry from 6- to 3-fold will allow for finer control of the pore environment. We have determined a crystal structure of this shell to guide rational engineering of this microcompartment shell for biotechnological applications.
Spontaneous polyploids and antimutators compete during the evolution of mutator cells

Heterozygous mutations affecting DNA polymerase (Pol) exonuclease domains and homozygous inactivation of mismatch repair (MMR) each generate mutator phenotypes capable of driving tumorigenesis. Cancers with both defects exhibit an explosive increase in mutation burden that appears to reach a threshold, consistent with selection acting against further mutation accumulation. In haploid yeast, simultaneous defects in polymerase proofreading and MMR select for antimutator mutants that suppress the mutator phenotype. We report here that spontaneous polyploids also escape this error-induced extinction and routinely out-compete antimutators in evolved haploid cultures. We performed similar experiments to explore how diploid yeast adapt to the mutator phenotype. We first evolved cells with homozygous mutations affecting proofreading and MMR, which we anticipated would favor tetraploid emergence. While tetraploids arose with a low frequency, in most cultures, a single antimutator clone rose to prominence carrying biallelic mutations affecting the polymerase mutator alleles. Variation in mutation rate between subclones from the same culture suggests there exists continued selection pressure for additional antimutator alleles. We then evolved diploid yeast modeling MMR-deficient cancers with the most common heterozygous exonuclease domain mutation (POLE-P286R). Although these cells grew robustly, within 120 generations, all subclones carried truncating or nonsynonymous mutations in the POLE-P286R homologous allele (pol2-P301R) that suppressed the mutator phenotype as much as 100-fold. Independent adaptive events in the same culture were common. Our findings suggest that analogous tumor cell populations may adapt to the threat of extinction by polyclonal mutations that neutralize the POLE mutator allele and preserve intra-tumoral genetic diversity for future adaptation.
Quantum Interference and Substantial Property Tuning in Conjugated Z-ortho-Regio-Resistive Organic (ZORRO) Junctions

Coherence is a significant factor in nanoscale electronic insulator technology and necessitates an understanding of the structure–property relationship between constructive and destructive quantum ...
Data for HIPEC in Colorectal Cancer (T4 Lesions and Metastases)

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a common progression of colorectal cancer with poor prognosis for many patients. Though the advent of modern chemotherapy and biologic treatments has resulted in improved survival for patients with advanced colorectal cancer, patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis have shown worse response to systemic chemotherapy and improvement in their overall and disease-free survival lags behind those with liver and lung metastases. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for colorectal cancer represent an important regional approach adjuvant therapy. Though few randomized studies exist, case report and case-control studies continue to demonstrate better than expected survival in select patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer when compared to historical controls. Though morbidity and mortality of cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for advanced colorectal cancer remain high, it is within a range established for other interventions for advanced cancers and has been shown to improve with increased surgeon and institution experience. Though HIPEC was initially introduced for the management of established peritoneal carcinomatosis, ongoing research into adjuvant HIPEC at the time of curative surgery in patients with locally advanced tumors and HIPEC paired with planned “second-look” surgery in high-risk patients with advanced minimally metastatic disease suggests HIPEC may have an expanded role in the management of advanced colorectal cancer.