cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elbow Arthroscopy: The Future

Elbow arthroscopy has made great advances since the Andrews and Carson article in [1]. Early limited indications of diagnostic arthroscopy and removal of loose bodies have expanded to include debridement of conditions such as arthritis, synovitis, and epicondylitis. As surgeons have gained familiarity with the elbow joint, instrumentation and techniques have improved.
Nonideal theory, self-respect, and preimplantation genetic technologies

Abstract We suggest that a fuller understanding of the obligation to respect patient autonomy can be gained by recognizing patients as historically and socially situated agents whose values are developed, challenged and changed—rather than merely applied—regarding the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) or preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). We ground this discussion in empirical research on patients' experiences with PGD/PGS and conclude by suggesting that promoting patients' self-respect is a useful ethical standard for providers and practices to recognize.
INTRODUCTION: CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION

This chapter presents an overview of the saptiotemporal developments in cross cultural studies conducted for facial expressions of emotions. Classical Emotions View of facial expressions espoused that fundamental emotions correspond with genetically controlled prototype faces and derived chiefly from early cross-cultural comparative data of traditionally considered facial expressions of emotion. Well-published data on cross-cultural studies propelled the claims of universality of facial expressions. Margaret Mead and Bronislaw Malinowski both had challenged universality with counterintuitive findings about psychosexual development in non-Western cultures. Cultural relativism movement saw language as the determinant cognitive categories, and cultures would, therefore, be as different as their languages. Relativism extended to human facial expressions, which were considered linguistic and, by implication, just as culturally variable as language. Brown (1991) successfully overturned relativist dogma through his examination of relativism and the pro-universalism resurgence of the 1960s. Cross-cultural studies of human facial expressions were, thus, part of the counterreaction to the prevailing relativism. They were designed explicitly to provide evidence for universality, and, thus, their a priori limitations were not considered sufficiently.
SOME OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HYDRATED ELECTRON

The reactions involved in the generation and subsequent decay of hydrated and ammoniated electrons by ionizing radiations are discussed. From the optical and e.s.r. properties of these ions it is clear that they are but a variety of F-centre. Consequently the hydrated electron consists of an electron formed in a pre-existing cavity in low temperature ices but it is capable of creating its cavity in liquid water from its freezing point to its critical temperature. Finally, some electron density contours of these solvated electrons in their Is and 2p states are compared with the ground states of H, OH and H2O.
Size-Controlled Synthesis of Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by the Rapid Inductive Heating Method.

Inductive heating synthesis is an emerging technique with the potential to displace the hot-injection synthesis method to prepare colloidal particles very rapidly with a narrow size distribution, c...
Tunable millimeter wave photonic crystal for limiting high power pulses using weakly ionized steady state plasma

We present the transmission characteristics of pulsed 44 GHz millimeter waves (MMWs) through a plasma formed within a photonic crystal. Initially, a low density plasma ( n e = 0.3 × 10 18 m − 3 ) is sustained in a crystal vacancy defect using a continuous wave (cw) MMW power of 0.06 W. This weak plasma does not much attenuate wave transmission, but it does provide seed electrons such that dense plasma forms in response to incoming MMW pulses. The dense plasma formation limits the transmission of high power pulses through the photonic crystal. A high power pulse increases the plasma electron density and shifts the resonant frequency of the crystal vacancy in accordance with the plasma permittivity. A rapid decrease in the transmitted power is observed by following the time-evolution of the plasma. A numerical electromagnetic model estimates electron density and traces the time-evolution of the plasma during MMW pulsing. The plasma-filled photonic crystal is evaluated as a power limiter. As plasma properties are readily tunable, we observe an improved operational bandwidth for incoming pulse frequencies by controlling the cw power and gas pressure of the initial weak plasma.
Chapter 4, 1946-1950, Rawls: A Democratic Vision

This is a draft of the fourth chapter, covering 1946-1950, of an intellectual biography of John Rawls that is in progress. This is the period of Rawls's graduate study. The chapter focuses on Rawls's efforts to show logical positivists that a properly scientific and positivist approach to ethics did not terminate in non-cognitivism and was instead compatible with a empirical ethical rationalism. Earlier chapters already drafted cover Rawls's family background and childhood, his undergraduate study and writings, and his war time service. The next two chapters to follow this draft cover his post-doc years, 1950-53, during which time he settled on the project now known as "justice as fairness," and his time as an assistant professor at Cornell, 1953-58, during which he settled on the elements and outline of that project. The book's subsequent chapters will cover the rest of Rawls's life and the key aspects of his intellectual development over its full course.
A pilot study to evaluate micro-fragmented adipose tissue injection under ultrasound guidance for the treatment of refractory rotator cuff disease in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.

Wheelchair users with chronic shoulder pain have few options after conservative treatments fail. This pilot study’s purpose was to establish safety and treatment effects of micro-fragmented adipose...
Hi J. Powell: From Where the “NORM” of 2 Percent Inflation Target Come From?

This paper questions the Federal Reserve Chairman J. Powell on the 2% inflation target as “global norm.” We first survey works on monetary policy ranging from the 60’s Milton Friedman till recently Robert Lucas, and find no academic nor empirical support for the 2% optimal inflation rate. We then present our model to estimate the optimal inflation rate and show that there is a concave relationship between inflation and welfare gain, where the optimal inflation rate reached at 3%. Since optimal inflation rate at the annual level varies by market condition, our asset pricing model suggests inflation rate to be targeted between 4 and 6 years not annually. Finally, there is a welfare gain of 0.06% by raising the inflation target to 2.54% for the year 2020. Collectively, the answer of from where the 2% norm come from is from nowhere, because there should not be a “norm” as economics conditions varies each year and we should have long term target not annual.
Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine intentions in the United States: the role of psychosocial health constructs and demographic factors.

Background On December 21, 2020, a study was conducted to investigate a range of psychosocial health constructs and demographic variables potentially associated with intentions toward accepting or forgoing the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. Purpose The goal of the study was to identify predictors of forgoing COVID-19 vaccination at the time of the initial rollout. Methods A cross-sectional, representative online survey of 350 U.S. residents was conducted using the online crowdsourcing site Prolific to assess vaccine intentions, health attitudes, and demographic information. Variables examined included demographic factors and health constructs corresponding to each of the elements of the health belief model (perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, and cues to action), the theory of planned behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), attitudes toward vaccines in general, and trust in the COVID-19 vaccine approval process. Results After using hierarchical linear regression to control for demographics, the health constructs uniquely associated with the likelihood to forgo vaccination were perceived barriers, general attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine, subjective norms, and trust in the vaccine approval process. Significant demographic predictors of vaccine reluctance included being female, politically conservative, and more religious. Conclusions The current research identified three demographic factors and four health constructs uniquely associated with vaccine acceptance. These findings reveal that the constructs contained within the health belief model and theory of planned behavior can be used to predict COVID-19 vaccination intentions, and can be supplemented with an assessment of general vaccine attitudes and attitudes toward the vaccine approval process.
Quantifying circulating antibody activities against the emerging environmental pathogen, Streptococcus agalactiae, in wild captured bull sharks, spotted eagle rays, bottlenose dolphins, and loggerhead turtles

Abstract Global Streptococcus agalactiae and related pathogen infections are increasing, and place both wildlife species and humans at risk. Notably, Streptococcus agalactiae is now considered to be an emerging and zoonotic pathogen. Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated against bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and spotted eagle ray, Aetobatus narinari, IgM, and bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, IgG. Along with a previously generated mAb against loggerhead, Caretta caretta, IgY, these biological reagents were used to compare the sensitivity of relative antibody titers at sample dilutions of 1:200 in buffer to calculated antibody activities against whole cell Streptococcus agalactiae in wild captured individuals. Robust antibody responses were observed in each species, though some individuals differed significantly depending on whether viewed as relative antibody titers at sample dilutions of 1:200 or as antibody activities. The data from this study indicate that calculated antibody activities are more informative than relative antibody titers in determining antibody responses despite being more labor-intensive, expensive, and time consuming. This study provides several novel antibody reagents to the greater community of comparative immunologists, with a particular application to monitoring sentinel species for exposure to new emerging and zoonotic pathogens.
Auto-thresholding Edge Detector for bio-image processing

Canny Edge Detector has been widely used in biological related areas to detect edges of objects in an image. It has been recognized as an efficient edge detector, but the two thresholds that need to be provided by users remains an issue. In this paper, we develop an Auto-thresholding Edge Detector which applies k-means clustering algorithm for gradient intensity partitioning. The partitioned edge intensities are furthur utilized to compute high and low thresholds for the last step which is Hysteresis edge tracking. The Auto-thresholding Edge Detector solves the trial-and-error problem and doesn't require users to input thresholds. The thresholds are calculated statistically based on individual images and the performance is promising.
Self-association properties of monomeric insulin analogs under formulation conditions.

Purpose. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of two important excipients, zinc and m-cresol, on the self-association properties of a series of monomeric insulin analogs. In this way, the effects on formulation behavior of individual amino acid substitutions in the C-terminal region of the insulin B-chain could be compared.
Evaluation of the use of coconut to treat chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Background Chronic diarrhea can be challenging to manage in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) leading to ongoing diagnostics, medications, monitoring, and potential euthanasia. Coconut has been used as a dietary supplement for people with inflammatory bowel disease, with anecdotal reports of decreased diarrhea following the dietary addition. A dietary trial in rhesus macaques was initiated to evaluate the hypothesis that dietary coconut decreases symptoms of chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques. Methods Ten rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea were selected for the trial. Five of the subjects were fed coconut macaroons and five of the subjects were fed a sham cookie. Stool consistency was monitored daily for both groups. Results and conclusions Data of chi-squared analysis obtained from eight rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea showed that the use of coconut macaroons as a dietary supplement did not have a statistically significant effect on their diarrhea.
Analysis of old samples of Cannabis sativa L.

Relatively few phytochemical studies have been conducted on very old samples of Cannabis sativa L., particularly leaf and stem material [1–4]. At least one article [5] has shown that the fluid extract of marihuana is stable for as long as 40 years. A more recent article [6] reports on the stability of cannabinoids in stored plant material at different temperatures.
A novel vitamin C preparation enhances neurite formation and fibroblast adhesion and reduces xenobiotic-induced T-cell hyperactivation.

Background: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) has been shown to enhance neurite outgrowth, promote fibroblast adhesion during wound healing, and reduce xenobiotic-induced leukocyte hyperactivity and inflammatory damage. In this study, a comparison was made between Ester-C® and PureWay-C™ on these various cellular activities. Material/Methods: PC12 cells were stimulated to form neurites with nerve growth factor, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were seeded on fibronectin and H9 T-cells were stimulated to aggregate with the pyrethroid pesticide bifenthrin. The rate of neurite formation, fibroblast adhesion and T-cell homotypic aggregation was then measured in the absence and presence of various formulations of vitamin C including Ester-C® and Pureway-C™. Results: With Pureway-C™ treatment, 12% of PC12 cells extended neurites within one hour of treatment and 45% of the cells extended neurites by hour nine. With Ester-C ® , 0% and 15% extended neurites at one and nine hours, respectively. NIH-3T3 fibroblast adhesion to fibronectin was enhanced by 4.7-fold with a 30 minute Pureway-C™ treatment while Ester-C® increased fibroblast adhesion by only 1.5 fold. Further, Pureway-C™ reduced pesticide-mediated T-cell homotypic aggregation by 83% within 30 minutes of treatment while the reduction seen with Ester-C® was only 33%. Conclusions: These data confirm the previous observations that vitamin C supplementation can promote neurite outgrowth, increase fibroblast adhesion and reduce xenobiotic induce immunocytes aggregation. More importantly, these data show that PureWay-C™ has a faster and greater beneficial effect on these parameters when compared to other vitamin C formulations.
Effect of zafirlukast (accolate) on cellular mediators of inflammation: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings after segmental antigen challenge

The effect of zafirlukast (Z) to alter the inflammatory response to segmental antigen challenge (SAC) was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period, crossover trial in 11 allergic asthmatic patients. Patients with asthma and positive skin tests to antigen received 7 d of treatment with Z (20 mg twice daily) or placebo (P) during two trial periods 14 to 21 d apart. At steady state (Day 5), patients underwent SAC followed by BAL immediately after challenge and 48 h later. Purified alveolar macrophages were analyzed ex vivo for phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-driven superoxide release. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Forty-eight hours after SAC, Z therapy was associated with significantly reduced BAL lymphocytes and alcian blue-positive cells (presumably basophils) compared with P (p < 0.01), with a trend toward reduced numbers of alveolar macrophages (p = 0.06). PMA-driven superoxide release by purified alveolar macrophages was significantly reduced 48 h after SAC in the Z versus P arms (p < 0.05). Reduction of basophil influx, mediator release, and cellular activation may be important in attenuating the late phase of asthma. Collectively, the data suggest that zafirlukast therapy alters cellular infiltration and activation associated with antigen challenge.
Natural killer T cells mediate the protective effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice (IRM7P.478)

Active vitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) completely blocks the development of experimental autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular and immunobiological mechanisms underlying vitamin D’s anti-inflammatory properties are not fully understood. In the present study, we have employed a murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in order to determine the role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in vitamin D-mediated protection from EAE. WT mice or mice deficient in all NKT cells (CD1d -/- ) or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells (Jα18 -/- ) were fed control or 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (50 ng/day) supplemented diets. All mice fed control diet developed severe EAE. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment protected WT mice, but not CD1d -/- or Jα18 -/- mice, from developing EAE. Development and severity of EAE were associated with insufficient suppression of the MOG-specific IL-17 response by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment in CD1d -/- mice compared to WT mice. Activation of iNKT cells with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) or 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment did not protect IL-4 -/- mice from developing EAE. Furthermore, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment of splenocytes in vitro resulted in decreased α-GalCer-induced IL-17 and increased IL-4 production. These studies demonstrate that NKT cells are important mediators of vitamin D-induced protection from EAE in mice and NKT cell-derived IL-4 may be an important factor in providing this protection.
Spatial reconstruction by patients with hippocampal damage is dominated by relational memory errors

Hippocampal damage causes profound yet circumscribed memory impairment across diverse stimulus types and testing formats. Here, within a single test format involving a single class of stimuli, we identified different performance errors to better characterize the specifics of the underlying deficit. The task involved study and reconstruction of object arrays across brief retention intervals. The most striking feature of patients’ with hippocampal damage performance was that they tended to reverse the relative positions of item pairs within arrays of any size, effectively “swapping” pairs of objects. These “swap errors” were the primary error type in amnesia, almost never occurred in healthy comparison participants, and actually contributed to poor performance on more traditional metrics (such as distance between studied and reconstructed location). Patients made swap errors even in trials involving only a single pair of objects. The selectivity and severity of this particular deficit creates serious challenges for theories of memory and hippocampus.
Preservation of electroencephalographic organization in patients with impaired consciousness and imaging-based evidence of command-following

Objective Standard clinical characterization of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) relies on observation of motor output and may therefore lead to the misdiagnosis of vegetative state or minimally conscious state in patients with preserved cognition. We used conventional electroencephalographic (EEG) measures to assess a cohort of DOC patients with and without functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based evidence of command-following, and correlated the findings with standard clinical behavioral evaluation and brain metabolic activity. Methods We enrolled 44 patients with severe brain injury. Behavioral diagnosis was established using standardized clinical assessments. Long-term EEG recordings were analyzed to determine wakeful background organization and presence of elements of sleep architecture. A subset of patients had fMRI testing of command-following using motor imagery paradigms (26 patients) and resting brain metabolism measurement using 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (31 patients). Results All 4 patients with fMRI evidence of covert command-following consistently demonstrated well-organized EEG background during wakefulness, spindling activity during sleep, and relative preservation of cortical metabolic activity. In the entire cohort, EEG organization and overall brain metabolism showed no significant association with bedside behavioral testing, except in a few cases when EEG was severely abnormal. Interpretation These findings suggest that conventional EEG is a simple strategy that complements behavioral and imaging characterization of DOC patients. Preservation of specific EEG features may be used to assess the likelihood of unrecognized cognitive abilities in severely brain-injured patients with very limited or no motor responses. Ann Neurol 2014;76:869–879
Aristotle on the Homonymy of Being

The topic of homonymy, especially the variety of homonymy that has gone under the title, "focal meaning," is of fundamental importance to large portions of Aristotle's work - not to mention its central place in the ongoing controversies between Aristotle and Plato. It is quite astonishing, therefore, that the topic should have gone so long without a book-length treatment. And it is all the more gratifying that the new book on homonymy by Christopher Shields should be so comprehensive, and of such uniformly high quality.1 Everyone who cares about Aristotle will be in his debt. Shields 's book falls into two parts. In the first, he is concerned to lay out the basic structure of Aristotle's views about homonymy; in the second part, we are led through the various applications of the idea, to the analysis of friendship, for example, the homonymy of the body, the account of goodness and, not least, the homonymy of being. Shields's book brings out well how the topic of homonymy weaves in and out of the fabric of Aristotle's thinking in a variety of areas. I will resist the temptation to follow Shields through these various subject-matters, and instead take up essentially two topics. First, (I), the basic outline of Aristotle's notion of homonymy, more or less independently of its different applications (here, I follow Shields's example in the first half of his book). Thereafter, I discuss a single application: the homonymy of being (this is the subject of Shields's last and longest chapter). Here, I will be interested (II) in how homonymy relates to the theory of the categories; and (HI) in the application of homonymy to the analysis of substance in the Metaphysics.
A Chlorophyll Time Series for Narragansett Bay: Assessment of the Potential Effect of Tidal Phase on Measurement

An 18-yr chlorophyll time series for Narragansett Bay based on weekly samples collected without regard to tidal phase revealed a long-term decrease in mean annual levels. The potential influence of neglecting tidal phase in the sampling strategy on measured chlorophyll and its apparent long-term decrease is evaluated. A two year data set (1995-1996) is used as a proxy for the 1973-1990 time series together with an observed relationship between continuous measurements of in situ chlorophyll fluorescence and accompanying tidal phase. The deviations in chlorophyll from long-term means relative to deviations from mean low water at the time of sample collection are also analyzed, as is the potential influence of tidally-induced advective increases or dilution on measured chlorophyll levels. The analyses, which compare the magnitude and trends in tidally adjusted and directly measured chlorophyll, indicate that semi-diurnal intratidal variations in chlorophyll had little apparent effect on the long-term and seasonal patterns and trends deduced from the chlorophyll measurements. Neither tidal advection of the chlorophyll gradient, nor bloom magnitude appear to compromise application of the model. The 18-yr decline in annual mean chlorophyll observed between 1973-1990 in Narragansett Bay is considered to be a bonafide portrayal of actual events, and not an artifact of failure to consider tidal phase in the weekly sampling strategy. The results also suggest that intratidal variability in chlorophyll does not seriously confound its meaningful measurement and usefulness as a representative index of phytoplankton abundance at the permanent monitoring station established for Narragansett Bay. Nonetheless, there is need to refine and to incorporate temporal sampling strategies more closely attuned to the tempo of growth, grazing, and nutrient recycling which accompany estuarine phytoplankton dynamics.
A Comparative Study of the Retardation of Budding and Cellular Inactivation by Ultraviolet Radiation in Polyploid Saccharomyces with Special Reference to Photoreactivation

1. The curves representing the retardation of budding of ultraviolet in Saccharomyces are sigmoid for diploid, triploid, and tetraploid cells and exponential for haploid cells. When the curves are interpreted in terms of the multi target hypothesis, a one to one correspondence can be shown between the number of chromosome sets and the number of radio-sensitive sites per cell.2. The rates of logarithmic inhibition of budding increase linearly with increasing polyploidy.3. The retardation of budding by ultraviolet is photoreversible. However, photorecovery does not proceed in accordance with the dose reduction principle. After photoreactivation, cells of the entire polyploid series yield exponential inhibition of budding curves whose slopes vary independently of the number of chromosome sets per cell.4. Survival curves for all members of the polyploid series are sigmoid. Target values show a non unitary increase with polyploidy though the rates of logarithmic inactivation are independent of the number of chromosome sets per cell. Inactivation rates are related closely, however, to the slopes of the curves for inhibition of budding which are obtained after photoreactivation.5. Photoreactivation of inactivated cells obeys the dose reduction principle. The same proportion of damage is repaired per unit of visible light in all cells of the polyploid series.6. The depression of budding activity by ultraviolet reflects damage scored upon both genetic and non genetic cellular components. The non genetic damage is related closely to the damage effecting cellular inactivation.
Functional Consequence of Substitutions at Residue 171 in Human Galactose-1-phosphate Uridylyltransferase *

Impairment of the human enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (hGALT) results in the potentially lethal disorder classic galactosemia. Although a variety of naturally occurring mutations have been identified in patient alleles, few have been well characterized. We have explored the functional significance of a common patient mutation, F171S, using a strategy of conservative substitution at the defined residue followed by expression of the wild-type and, alternatively, substituted proteins in a null-background strain of yeast. As expected from patient studies, the F171S-hGALT protein demonstrated
Query evaluation in deductive databases with alternating fixpoint semantics

First-order formulas allow natural descriptions of queries and rules. Van Gelder's alternating fixpoint semantics extends the well-founded semantics of normal logic programs to general logic programs with arbitrary first-order formulas in rule bodies. However, an implementation of general logic programs through the standard translation into normal logic programs does not preserve the alternating fixpoint semantics. This paper presents a direct method for goal-oriented query evaluation of general logic programs. Every general logic program is first transformed into a normal form where the body of each rule is either an existential conjunction of literals or a universal disjunction of literals. Techniques of memoing and loop checking are incorporated so that termination and polynomial-time data complexity are guaranteed for deductive databases (or function-free programs). Results of the soundness and search space completeness are established.
QUANTIZED VORTEX RINGS IN SUPERFLUID HELIUM

Evidence is presented to show that charged particles in superfluid helium at low temperatures can be accelerated to create freely moving charge-carrying vortex rings in the liquid. The circulation of these vortex rings can be determined by measuring their energy and velocity; it is found to be equal to one quantum $\frac{h}{m}$, where $h$ is Planck's constant and $m$ is the mass of a helium atom. The core radius of the vortex is approximately 1 \AA{}. The dynamical properties of such a vortex ring moving under the influence of external forces can be described by a dispersion relation $E\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ connecting its energy $E$ and momentum $p$; it can also be understood in detail in terms of the hydrodynamic Magnus force. Experiments are described which verify the essential validity of this dynamical analysis. Vortex rings can interact with various quasiparticles in the liquid, i.e., with rotons, phonons, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ impurities. The scattering of these quasiparticles by vortex rings can be investigated by experiments designed to study the temperature dependence of the rate of energy loss of such rings moving through the liquid. In this way it is possible to measure the effective momentum-transfer cross sections for scattering of the various quasiparticles by vortex lines. The cross section thus deduced is 9.5 \AA{} for scattering of rotons and 18.3 \AA{} for scattering of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ atoms. The experiments yield only scant information about scattering of phonons, but are not inconsistent with the magnitude of the phonon scattering cross section expected on theoretical grounds.
50.1: Invited Paper: Display Power‐Performance Optimization Technologies Integrated in Notebook Graphics Controller

Mobile computing and communication technologies are undergoing exciting and rapid advancements. This paper reviews the key attributes of notebook display-subsystem in the era of “personal-internet on-the-go” and the associated challenges and opportunities, then presents a set of technologies integrated in graphics controllers from Intel that significantly enhance the notebook display power-performance metrics.
The place of social intelligence in a taxonomy of cognitive abilities

Abstract Studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the place of social intelligence in a taxonomy of cognitive abilities. An investigation is described in which measures of social behaviors obtained from interviews were related to a wide variety of cognitive variables. Significant relations were rare. It is suggested that the question to be posed is not the simple one of the place of social intelligence in the cognitive domain but rather one of the relationships of the elements of two large taxonomic systems. A Taxonomy of social intelligence would provide a set of definitions procedures that would improve efforts to replicate and build on previous research. More important would be the heuristic value of a structural representation of “social intelligence” based on theoretical relationships involving environmental, physiological, and genetic as well as psychological factors. Development of a taxonomy of situations would facilitate the study of interactions involving performance and environmental conditions.
Total and excess properties of nonideal ternary fluid mixtures via isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics simulation: size and energy parameter effects

Abstract We report isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics simulation results for total and excess properties of 162 ternary mixtures of Lennard-Jones fluids. Simulations were performed at energy and size parameter ratios in the range ( 1 ≤ ϵ CC ϵ AA ≤ 2 ; 1 ≤ σ CC σ AA ≤ 2 ). In these mixtures, the component A consists of the smallest atoms, while the component C consists of the biggest atoms. The energy and size parameter ratios of the component B lie in the range ( 1 ≤ ϵ BB ϵ AA ≤ 1.75 ; 1 ≤ σ BB σ AA ≤ 1.75 ). Results are reported for mixture density, residual internal energy, excess enthalpy and excess volume of 120 equimolar mixtures and 42 nonequimolar mixtures at 5 different thermodynamic conditions: ( kT ϵ AA = 1 , Pσ AA 3 ϵ AA = 0.5 ); ( kT ϵ AA = 1.5 , Pσ AA 3 ϵ AA = 1.5 ); ( kT ϵ AA = 2 , Pσ AA 3 ϵ AA = 1.2 ); ( kT ϵ AA = 2 , Pσ AA 3 ϵ AA = 2.5 ) and ( kT ϵ AA = 3 , Pσ AA 3 ϵ AA = 2.5 ). Some of these simulation results are used to test the accuracy of the recently developed statistical mechanical perturbation theory and van der Waals one-fluid theory of ternary mixtures. Perturbation theory is very successful in describing simulation results of highly nonideal mixtures, while van der Waals one-fluid theory can describe moderately nonideal mixtures only.
A Role for Sperm Surface Protein Disulfide Isomerase Activity in Gamete Fusion: Evidence for the Participation of ERp57

In mammals, sperm-egg interaction is based on molecular events either unique to gametes or also present in somatic cells. In gamete fusion, it is unknown which features are gamete specific and which are shared with other systems. Conformational changes mediated by thiol-disulfide exchange are involved in the activation of some virus membrane fusion proteins. Here we asked whether that mechanism is also operative in sperm-egg fusion. Different inhibitors of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) activity were able to inhibit sperm-egg fusion in vitro. While pretreatment of oocytes had no effect, pretreatment of sperm reduced their fusion ability. Some members of the PDI family were detected on the sperm head, and use of specific antibodies and substrates suggested that the oxidoreductase ERp57 has a role in gamete fusion. The results support the idea that thiol-disulfide exchange is a mechanism that may act in gamete fusion to produce conformational changes in fusion-active proteins.
Bleaching of membrane-bound merocyanine 540 in conjunction with free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation.

Abstract The lipophilic dye merocyanine 540 (MC540) can photosensitize potentially lethal cell membrane damage as well as its own degradation (bleaching). Photobleaching in a test membrane, the human erythrocyte ghost has been examined. White light irradiation of MC540-sensitized ghosts resulted in lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) formation, low-level thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactivity, and dye bleaching (A568 decay). When the reaction was carried out in the presence of ascorbate (AH−), and added Fe3+, there was a large enhancement of TBA reactivity (indicative of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation) and concomitant increase in the rate of photobleaching. Rapid bleaching also occured when MC540 was incubated in the dark with ghosts that had been photoperoxidized with another dye (a phthalocyanine) and then exposed to AH−. The extent of bleaching in this system was found to be proportional to the starting level of LOOH. Like the wave of free radical lipid peroxidation that accompanied it, dye bleaching in AH−-treated, preperoxidized ghosts was stimulated by supplemental Fe3+, inhibited by desferrioxamine or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), but unaffected by catalase or superoxide dismutase. From this and related evidence, we deduce that: (1) in the absence of Fe 3+ AH − , photoperoxidation and photobleaching occur independently and are non radical, singlet oxygen-mediated processes; and (2) in the presence of Fe 3+ AH − , 1-electron reduction of photogenerated LOOHs results in a surge of lipid peroxidation that amplifies dye loss via free radical processes. MC540 bleaching might be exploited as a relatively simple and sensitive indicator of lipid autoxidation in isolated membranes and cells.
Violence, Nonviolence and the Temple Incident in John 2:13-15

The temple incident has been a popular episode in Jesus' ministry from which Christians since Augustine have drawn to justify Christian violence ranging from punishing schismatics and heretics to justifying war and the death penalty. However, another tradition of reading this passage nonviolently began well before Augustine. Whether contextualizing the passage in a narrative reading so that it would have spiritual meaning or seeing the Greek grammar as disallowing that Jesus hit people with the whip, these nonviolent strategies effectively undercut any notion that Jesus' action could provide a model for Christian violence. A close reading of the Greek text, I believe, supports these nonviolent strategies for reading the text, which simply denies based on Greek grammar that Jesus used his whip on any person.
Comparison of 3-D display formats for CAD applications

Two experiments were performed to rank different types of display formats common to CAD applications in terms of geometric information conveyed and perceived realism of objects. Display types tested were: wireframe, wireframe with hidden lines removed (HLR), shaded solid, orthogonal multiview, stereoscopic wireframe, stereoscopic HLR, and stereoscopic shaded solid. The results of the geometric information experiment indicated that the orthogonal multiview display was judged inferior to both the nonstereo and stereo pictorial displays and that the stereo displays were judged superior to the nonstereo displays in providing geometric information to the subject. Individual preferences among subjects, however, varied widely. The results of the realism experiment indicated that the flat shaded stereo, HLR stereo, and the flat shaded display types were judged to be equivalent and most realistic. The wireframe stereo, HLR, and wireframe displays were judged to be equivalent and less realistic. The orthogonal views display was judged to be the least realistic.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Leveraging News and Advertising to Introduce New Brands on the Web

ABSTRACTPrevious studies using the integrated marketing communications framework have examined the increased effectiveness of combining either multiple media or different tactics when promoting a brand. This study considers integrating advertising and publicity to promote an unknown brand on the Internet. Experiment results indicate that when exposure to advertising combines with exposure to objective news about a new brand, effectiveness increases in terms of both brand attitudes and behavioral intentions. For sequencing exposures for technical brands, the news-then-advertising condition offers more effectiveness than the reverse sequence. When introducing non-technical brands on the Web though, using advertising first is more effective in terms of brand attitudes.
Outcome regimes of binary raindrop collisions

Abstract This study delineates the physical conditions that are responsible for the occurrence of main outcome regimes (i.e., bounce, coalescence, and breakup) for binary drop collisions with a precipitation microphysics perspective. Physical considerations based on the collision kinetic energy and the surface energies of the colliding drops lead to the development of a theoretical regime diagram for the drop/raindrop collision outcomes in the We–p plane (We — Weber number, p — raindrop diameter ratio). This theoretical regime diagram is supported by laboratory experimental observations of drop collisions using high-speed imaging. Results of this fundamental study bring in new insights into the quantitative understanding of drop dynamics, applications of which extend beyond precipitation microphysics. In particular, results of this drop collision study are expected to give impetus to the physics-based dynamic modeling of the drop size distributions that is essential for various typical modern engineering applications, including numerical modeling of evolution of raindrop size distribution in rain shaft.
Intertemporal price discovery by market makers: Active versus passive learning

Abstract This paper demonstrates that market makers have the ability and incentive to facilitate price discovery in securities markets. Market makers can expedite the process of intertemporal price formation by setting prices to induce statistically more informative order flow. Such actions constitute an investment in the production of information. Under certain conditions, market makers can recoup the cost of this investment by making better pricing decisions in the future with more precise information. These conditions are analyzed in a general model and several examples that illustrate the complex nature of price discovery are presented.
On Justifying Pediatric Research Without the Prospect of Clinical Benefit

Conducting pediatric research lacking clinical benefit to the subjects is sometimes essential to test clinical interventions for children (Institute of Medicine [IOM] 2004; Wendler 2010). Attempts ...
K-Series Centrifuges II. Performance of the K-II Rotor

Summary Performance of the K-II continuous-sample-flow-with-banding zonalcentrifuge rotor was evaluated using sucrose gradients and polystyrene latex beads having a mean diameter of 0.091 μ and a banding density of 1.049 gm/cm3 in sucrose at 20°C. Narrower particle zones were recovered with static unloading as compared with dynamic unloading. With the former, the average band width at half-height was 64 ml in the total volume of 3600 cm3, corresponding, to a width of 0.24 mm in the rotor. Multiple reorientations of the gradient produced only a small loss of resolution. Measurements of gradient decay and sucrose loss during continuous flow indicate that gradients suitable for influenza virus recovery may be retained in the rotor for 10 hr, while 200 liters of fluid passes through the rotor. The particle capture efficiency of the rotor is slightly less than predicted by the Berman theory.
The phenomenon of dysautonomia and mitral valve prolapse

In recent years research has shown that subsets of patients with mitral valve prolapse also have associated autonomic or neuroendocrine dysfunction that can result in a number of related symptoms, including fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, dizziness, headache, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal disturbances, cold extremities, and panic attacks. These patients have been classified as having mitral valve prolapse syndrome. This article discusses the pathogenesis and management of mitral valve prolapse syndrome and serves to make clinicians aware of newer developments in the study of autonomic function and dysfunction.
Reflection Spectroscopy Analysis Of Surfaces And Thin Films

Internal and external reflection spectra of surfaces and surface layers show detailed structure caused by impurities. Various coatings on semiconducting surfaces have been examined for absorbing impurities and the offending species have been identified, located, and quantified. The impurity species are identified by com-parison with known absorption signatures, and their location in the film structure decided by comparing measurements made with varying angle of incidence and polarization. A causal transformation has been devel-oped that allows the calculation of the complex refractive index from the reflection spectrum of a single unknown layer in a known multilayer stack. If the bulk absorption coefficients are assumed for the impurities, then the amount of the species can be determined, within the accuracy of the model assumed. Water and hydro-carbon impurities typically are found at the surface or at other interface regions in monolayer or greater amounts for the production quality films measured. Water impurity concentrations as high as 5-107 have been observed in ThF4 films deposited on ZnSe or Ag mirrors. These spectroscopic measurements are non-destructive and can be used to single out individual chemical species in situ. The techniques have been found to give accurate results for various multiphase systems without restrictions as to number of phases. These techniques emphasize use of continuous spectra as opposed to several point data, and make liberal use of adjustable parameters such as angle of incidence and polarization.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An evolutionary comparison of plant histones.

Abstract Histones were extracted from chromatin of the following: a moss (Polytrichum juniperinum); the primitive vascular plants Psilotum nudum and Equisetum arvense; a fern (Polypodium vulgare); the gymnosperms fir (Abies concolor), yew (Taxus canadensis) and Gingko biloba; the dicotyledonous angiosperms tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and maple (Acer saccharinum); and the monocotyledonous angiosperms corn (Zea mays) and lily (Lilium longiflorum). The histones were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared to standard histones of pea (Pisum sativum) and cow (Bos taurus). All species have histones of the exact electrophoretic mobility of histones F2a1 and F3 of cow and pea. All species have histones of low electrophoretic mobility assumed to be F1 histones. None of the plant histones displayed electrophoretic mobility between F3 and F2a1 while animal histone fractions F2b and F2a2 do migrate to this position. No animal histone fraction was found to migrate between F3 and F1 while a major plant fraction, designated “F2b-like” was found to migrate to this position in all plant species studied except for the moss and Psilotum. A band of similar mobility was strikingly absent from the histones of these two species.
The Dynamics of Protein Hydration Water: A Quantitative Comparison of Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Neutron-scattering Experiments

We present results from an extensive molecular dynamics simulation study of water hydrating the protein Ribonuclease A, at a series of temperatures in cluster, crystal, and powder environments. The dynamics of protein hydration water appear to be very similar in crystal and powder environments at moderate to high hydration levels. Thus, we contend that experiments performed on powder samples are appropriate for discussing hydration water dynamics in native protein environments. Our analysis reveals that simulations performed on cluster models consisting of proteins surrounded by a finite water shell with free boundaries are not appropriate for the study of the solvent dynamics. Detailed comparison to available x-ray diffraction and inelastic neutron-scattering data shows that current generation force fields are capable of accurately reproducing the structural and dynamical observables. On the time scale of tens of picoseconds, at room temperature and high hydration, significant water translational diffusion and rotational motion occur. At low hydration, the water molecules are translationally confined but display appreciable rotational motion. Below the protein dynamical transition temperature, both translational and rotational motions of the water molecules are essentially arrested. Taken together, these results suggest that water translational motion is necessary for the structural relaxation that permits anharmonic and diffusive motions in proteins. Furthermore, it appears that the exchange of protein-water hydrogen bonds by water rotational/librational motion is not sufficient to permit protein structural relaxation. Rather, the complete exchange of protein-bound water molecules by translational displacement seems to be required.