cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The IRE1α/XBP1s Pathway Is Essential for the Glucose Response and Protection of β Cells

Although glucose uniquely stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis in β cells, surprisingly little is known of the underlying mechanism(s). Here, we demonstrate that glucose activates the unfolded protein response transducer inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) to initiate X-box-binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA splicing in adult primary β cells. Using mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq), we show that unconventional Xbp1 mRNA splicing is required to increase and decrease the expression of several hundred mRNAs encoding functions that expand the protein secretory capacity for increased insulin production and protect from oxidative damage, respectively. At 2 wk after tamoxifen-mediated Ire1α deletion, mice develop hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, due to defective β cell function that was exacerbated upon feeding and glucose stimulation. Although previous reports suggest IRE1α degrades insulin mRNAs, Ire1α deletion did not alter insulin mRNA expression either in the presence or absence of glucose stimulation. Instead, β cell failure upon Ire1α deletion was primarily due to reduced proinsulin mRNA translation primarily because of defective glucose-stimulated induction of a dozen genes required for the signal recognition particle (SRP), SRP receptors, the translocon, the signal peptidase complex, and over 100 other genes with many other intracellular functions. In contrast, Ire1α deletion in β cells increased the expression of over 300 mRNAs encoding functions that cause inflammation and oxidative stress, yet only a few of these accumulated during high glucose. Antioxidant treatment significantly reduced glucose intolerance and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in mice with β cell-specific Ire1α deletion. The results demonstrate that glucose activates IRE1α-mediated Xbp1 splicing to expand the secretory capacity of the β cell for increased proinsulin synthesis and to limit oxidative stress that leads to β cell failure.
Successful surgical treatment of rare Aspergillus terreus prosthetic valve endocarditis complicated by intracranial and mesenteric artery mycotic aneurysms.

From the Department of Infectious Disease, Medicine Institute; the Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute; and the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. R.A.R.A. is currently at SheikhKhalifaMedical City,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication June 4, 2014; accepted for publication June 5, 2014; available ahead of print Aug 23, 2014. Address for reprints: G€osta B. Pettersson, MD, PhD, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk J4-1, Cleveland, OH 44195 (E-mail: petterg@ccf.org). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;148:e221-3 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2014 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.06.084
An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for tree-based data gathering in sensor networks

Summary A specific characteristic of sensor network applications is that the major traffic consists of data collection from various sensor source nodes to a sink via a unidirectional tree. In this paper, we propose DMAC, an energy efficient and low latency MAC that is designed and optimized for such data gathering trees in wireless sensor networks. We first show that previously proposed MAC protocols for sensor networks that utilize activation/sleep duty cycles suffer from a data forwarding interruption problem, whereby not all nodes on a multihop path to the sink can be notified of data delivery in progress, resulting in significant sleep delay. DMAC is designed to solve the interruption problem, by giving the active/sleep schedule of a node an offset that depends upon its depth on the tree. This scheme allows continuous packet forwarding because all nodes on the multihop path can be notified of the data delivery in progress. DMAC also adjusts node duty cycles adaptively according to the traffic load in the network by varying the number of active slots in an schedule interval. We further propose a data prediction mechanism and the use of more to send (MTS) packets in order to alleviate problems pertaining to channel contention and collisions. Our simulation results as well as experimental results with the Mote platform show that by exploiting the applicationspecific structure of data gathering trees in sensor networks, DMAC provides significant energy savings and latency reduction while ensuring high data reliability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RETINOIDS REGULATE STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION

Retinoids are ubiquitous signaling molecules that influence nearly every cell type, exert profound effects on development, and complement cancer chemotherapeutic regimens. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) and other active retinoids are generated from vitamin A (retinol), but key aspects of the signaling pathways required to produce active retinoids remain unclear. Retinoids generated by one cell type can affect nearby cells, so retinoids also function in intercellular communication. RA induces differentiation primarily by binding to RARs, transcription factors that associate with RXRs and bind RAREs in the nucleus. Binding of RA: (1) initiates changes in interactions of RAR/RXRs with co-repressor and co-activator proteins, activating transcription of primary target genes; (2) alters interactions with proteins that induce epigenetic changes; (3) induces transcription of genes encoding transcription factors and signaling proteins that further modify gene expression (e.g., FOX03A, Hoxa1, Sox9, TRAIL, UBE2D3); and (4) results in alterations in estrogen receptor α signaling. Proteins that bind at or near RAREs include Sin3a, N-CoR1, PRAME, Trim24, NRIP1, Ajuba, Zfp423, and MN1/TEL. Interactions among retinoids, RARs/RXRs, and these proteins explain in part the powerful effects of retinoids on stem cell differentiation. Studies of this retinol signaling cascade enhance our ability to understand and regulate stem cell differentiation for therapeutic and scientific purposes. In cancer chemotherapeutic regimens retinoids can promote tumor cell differentiation and/or induce proteins that sensitize tumors to drug combinations. Mechanistic studies of retinoid signaling continue to suggest novel drug targets and will improve therapeutic strategies for cancer and other diseases, such as immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Posterior interosseous nerve: An anatomic study of potential nerve grafts☆

Anatomic dissection of the posterior interosseous nerve in 26 cadaver forearms was performed to assess variability in location, diameter, and branching patterns of the nerve. The purpose of our study was to determine the anatomic reliability of the posterior interosseous nerve at the distal forearm level as a potential donor nerve graft for segmental digital nerve loss. The nerve was located in a separate fascicle sheath in the deep radial aspect at the fourth dorsal compartment in all specimens. It ranged from 1 to 5 mm in diameter with one to five fascicles present (15 of 26 specimens had a single fascicle). Ten additional specimens were dissected for assessment of potential length of nerve available for grafting, and this ranged from 5 to 10 cm. These nerves were believed to be of sufficient diameter for grafting of digital-level nerve injuries. There is minimal morbidity when a donor graft is obtained in the same limb as the recipient area, and there is no known donor deficit as a result of posterior interosseous nerve procurement at wrist level.
Electrophoretic Deposition of YSZ Particles on Non‐Conducting Porous NiO–YSZ Substrates for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

This paper reports a method of performing electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on non-conducting substrates overcoming the requirement of a conducting substrate through the use of porous substrates. The conductivity of the substrate is therefore no longer a limiting factor in the application of EPD. This method is applicable to the fabrication of thick or thin layers of ceramic or metal for various applications. As an example, thin and dense yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) layers have been deposited on a non-conducting NiO-YSZ substrate by EPD from a non-aqueous suspension. A solid oxide fuel cell constructed on these sintered bilayers exhibited power densities of 384 and 611 mW/cm 2 at 750° and 850°C, respectively.
Predicting software bugs using ARIMA model

The number of software products available in market is increasing rapidly. Many a time, multiple companies develop software products of similar functionalities. Thus the competition among those owning companies is becoming tougher every day. Moreover, there are many crucial programs whose results should be always accurate without fail. As a consequence of such challenges, tackling software bugs issues efficiently is an important and essential task for the owning software companies. Therefore, predicting bugs and finding ways to address these at the earliest has become an important factor for sustainability in the software market.This paper proposes software bug predication models using Autoregressive Moving Average Model (ARIMA) based on Box-Jenkins Methodology, which depends on Autoregressive models (AR) with Moving Average (MA). The inputs to our models are the information extracted from the past bug repositories. We have verified our models using datasets of Eclipse [16] and Mozilla [17].
Direct digital synthesis for enabling next generation RF systems

Technology advances in HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) circuit complexity and device performance are enabling a new generation of circuits for direct synthesis of waveforms in the microwave and sub-mm-wave regions. This improvement in performance will provide the core technology for a new generation of wideband digital systems to support a broad range of defense and commercial applications ranging from software radio, digital communications and advanced RF sensors. Recent results have produced circuits with demonstrated clock rate above 15 GHz with ultimate performance supporting clock rates in excess of 32 GHz.
Does a nerve‐sparing technique or potency affect continence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy?

OBJECTIVE To characterize the effect of preserving the neurovascular bundle (NVB) and of potency on urinary continence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy (ORRP). PATIENTS AND METHODS Between October 2000 to September 2005, 1110 consecutive continent men had ORRP by one surgeon. The University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index was self-administered at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after ORRP. Men were considered continent if they responded that they had total urinary control or had occasional urinary leakage. Men were considered potent if they engaged in sexual intercourse with or without the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors at least once in the month before or after ORRP. Of the 1110 men, 728 (66%) were potent and continent at baseline. Men undergoing adjuvant hormonal therapy, radiation therapy or chemotherapy were excluded. The potency status was evaluated in 610 men at 24 months after ORRP, and the number of NVBs preserved was recorded at the time of ORRP. RESULTS Of men who were potent at baseline and had bilateral vs unilateral nerve sparing, 96% and 99% were continent at 24 months, respectively (P = 0.50). Of the men who were potent and impotent at 24 months, 98% and 96% were continent at 24 months, respectively (P = 0.25). Continence did not depend on whether men regained potency or whether they had a bilateral or a unilateral nerve-sparing procedure. CONCLUSION Our observation that only 60% of men undergoing bilateral nerve-sparing ORRP regain potency suggests that the NVBs are often inadvertently injured, despite efforts to preserve them. We feel that potency status is the best indicator of the true extent of NVB preservation. That men undergoing bilateral vs unilateral nerve-sparing procedures, and that potent vs impotent men at 24 months have similar continence rates, provides compelling evidence that nerve-sparing is not associated with better continence. Based on these findings, NVBs should not be preserved in men with baseline erectile dysfunction, with the expectation of improving continence.
Americans' Views on Immigration Policy: Testing the Role of Threatened Group Interests

This study uses data from the 1994 General Social Survey to test the hypothesis drawn from group threat theory that Americans' perception of threatened group interests increases their opposition to policies benefiting immigrants. It extends previous studies in several ways: by addressing policy views toward undocumented immigrants as well as legal immigrants, by considering a broader range of group threats, and by distinguishing group threat from threat to self-interest. Findings show that Americans' perceptions of threats to their economic and cultural interests may exert appreciable influences on their policy preferences and that these influences are independent of self-interest, anti-immigrant prejudice, conservatism, and economic outlook. Implications are drawn for immigration policy reform and for the general applicability of group threat theory.
Disruption of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) and uncoupling protein (UCP) alters rates of foliar nitrate and carbon assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Under high light, the rates of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation can be influenced by reductant consumed by both foliar nitrate assimilation and mitochondrial alternative electron transport (mAET). Additionally, nitrate assimilation is dependent on reductant and carbon skeletons generated from both the chloroplast and mitochondria. However, it remains unclear how nitrate assimilation and mAET coordinate and contribute to photosynthesis. Here, hydroponically grown Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertional mutants for alternative oxidase (AOX1A) and uncoupling protein (UCP1) fed either NO3 (-) or NH4 (+) were used to determine (i) the response of NO3 (-) uptake and assimilation to the disruption of mAET, and (ii) the interaction of N source (NO3 (-) versus NH4 (+)) and mAET on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and electron transport. The results showed that foliar NO3 (-) assimilation was enhanced in both aox1a and ucp1 compared with the wild-type, suggesting that foliar NO3 (-) assimilation is probably driven by a decreased capacity of mAET and an increase in reductant within the cytosol. Wild-type plants had also higher rates of net CO2 assimilation (A net) and quantum yield of PSII (ϕPSII) under NO3 (-) feeding compared with NH4 (+) feeding. Additionally, under NO3 (-) feeding, A net and ϕPSII were decreased in aox1a and ucp1 compared with the wild type; however, under NH4 (+) they were not significantly different between genotypes. This indicates that NO3 (-) assimilation and mAET are both important to maintain optimal rates of photosynthesis, probably in regulating reductant accumulation and over-reduction of the chloroplastic electron transport chain. These results highlight the importance of mAET in partitioning energy between foliar nitrogen and carbon assimilation.
Toward An Integrated Behavioral Framework for Analyzing Terrorism: Individual Motivations to Group Dynamics

By building on a theoretical framework, which expands rational choice theory to include group-based motivations, this paper offers an integrated behavioral model for analyzing terrorism. This model is used to understand the life cycle of a terrorist group; their formation and demise and also their transformation from ideological groups to criminal gangs and vice versa. For understanding terrorism, it is not essential to offer a strict functional model of human motivations. However, in this article, I argue that if we must, we should expand the rational choice model to include the primordial human urge of belonging to a group.
MRI: From science to society

In this 2012 ISMRM Lauterbur Lecture, my goal is to challenge the members of the ISMRM to think critically about how we approach our research. From the perspective of a leader of an academic health sciences center, which is also a health care delivery system, I address three specific questions: Are we developing great technologies? Are we advancing scientific knowledge? Are we advancing human health? Specifically, with respect to increasing pressure in health care to improve patient outcomes and lower costs, I ask members to consider how we select the areas of research we focus on and whether we have sufficiently prioritized research that assesses the impact of our MR methods on patient outcomes. For imaging research to meet higher standards of evidence-based medicine, multicenter consortia should be developed, potentially under the auspices of the ISMRM, and priority should be given to developing investigators with expertise in health services research.
Integration of Single-Mode Photonic Crystal Clad Waveguides With Monolithically Constructed Ceramic Subsystems

The performance of millimeter-wave (mmW) and terahertz systems could be significantly enhanced by integration with low-loss all-ceramic monolithic subsystems. So far, little attention has been given to all-ceramic multi-component subsystems due to the difficulty and cost of fabrication. The emerging technology of ceramic stereolithography has been used to construct extremely complex passive mmW components, but a general method to integrate several components in a modular subsystem does not yet exist. This paper proposes the use of single-mode photonic crystal-clad waveguides and demonstrates their construction using ceramic stereolithography.
Urinary Tract Infection in Infants and Children

■ The presence of fever, in the setting of an appropriately collected urine specimen and positive urine culture, reasonably distinguishes between cystitis (lower tract) and pyelonephritis (upper tract) infections (moderate evidence).
A novel technique for removing Wolbachia infections from Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia often behave as reproductive parasites by manipulating host reproduction to enhance the vertical transmission of infections. Wolbachia infections in Aedes albopictus (Skuse) cause a reproductive manipulation known as cytoplasmic incompatibility, which can reduce brood hatch. Because field populations of Ae. albopictus are naturally infected, studies of Wolbachia-induced effects on Ae. albopictus reproduction and fitness require that Wolbachia be artificially removed. Although simple techniques for clearing Wolbachia infections from other host insects have been developed, removal of Wolbachia bacteria from Ae. albopictus is difficult. Here we describe an improved method for removing Wolbachia infections Ae. albopictus. This method differs from earlier techniques in that it relies upon the tetracycline treatment of adults instead of larvae. We demonstrate that tetracycline treatment of adult Ae. albopictus can predictably generate uninfected individuals, simplify the procedure required for Wolbachia removal, and reduce the level of inbreeding required to produce uninfected lines.
The Staphylococcal Toxins in Human Disease

The staphylococci are involved in many human illnesses and infections, including staphylococcal food poisoning, enterocolitis, pneumonia, sep-ticemia, osteomyelitis, diarrhea, empyema, scalded skin syndrome (SSS), toxic shock syndrome (TSS), boils, infected wounds, and infected incisions. However, most of these illnesses have not been associated with any particular product of the staphylococci, although the staphylococci produce many biologically active products: the enterotoxins (SE), exfoliatin or epidermolytic toxin (ET), toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), hemolysins, proteases, coagulases, nucleases, lipase, phosphatase, and others. Only food poisoning(1) and pseudomembranous enterocolitis (SE),(2) SSS (ET),(3) and TSS (TSST)(4,5) have been associated with particular staphylococcal toxins.
Delayed Posthypoxic Leukoencephalopathy: Improvement with Antioxidant Therapy.

Introduction: Delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy (DPHL) may result from a variety of hypoxic insults, including respiratory depression from an opiate overdose. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of DPHL remains uncertain. We describe a patient with a typical case of DPHL who responded clinically to antioxidant treatment. Methods: Clinical, serological, and radiographic investigations were undertaken in the evaluation of the patient. Results: A 63-year-old man developed altered mental status 10 days following recovery from an opiate overdose and aspiration pneumonia that required intubation. The clinical course and brain imaging were consistent with DPHL. Initiation of antioxidant therapy with vitamin E, vitamin C, B-complex vitamins, and coenzyme Q10 coincided with the prompt reversal of clinical deterioration. Conclusions: The potential therapeutic effect of antioxidants on DPHL needs to be explored in future cases. If this relationship indeed holds true, it would be consistent with the hypothesis that formation of reactive oxygen species during reperfusion plays a role in the pathophysiology of this disorder.
Circulating Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Predict Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Extent.

Background: Establishing the preoperative diagnosis and long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) remain challenging in some patients. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are tumor-induced cells mediating immune tolerance that are detectable in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. The authors previously developed a novel clinical assay to detect the phenotypes of two human MDSC subsets in peripheral blood, and hypothesize that higher MDSC levels measured by this assay correlate positively with both malignancy and worse patient outcomes. Methods: A prospective observational pilot study was performed of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for a solitary thyroid nodule. The presence of a thyroid nodule >1 cm was confirmed sonographically, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy performed prior to surgery in all cases. Peripheral blood collected preoperatively was analyzed using a novel flow cytometry–based immunoassay to detect and quantify two subsets of human MDSC. Circulating MDSC levels ...
Modeling of the Time-Dependent Wave Equation

The time dependent wave equation is first presented as formulated for solution for waves both in terms of potential functions and fields. The distinction between time-dependent and time-harmonic fields is made to introduce the two most common methods of computation the FDM and FEM. Finite difference techniques are normally more efficient for time dependent problems, therefore these are introduced here. The general scattering problem is formulated with applications to low and high frequency problems. Emphasis is on efficient solution methods (explicit formulations) and the FDTD method. Radiating boundary conditions are used in specific formulations. These include scattering from composites and lossy dielectrics as well as modeling of flaws and inclusions. Finite element methods are much more efficient for time-harmonic fields and will be discussed in detail in the following chapter. Here we merely mention that the method can be used in conjunction with the finite difference method.
Library graphic design best practices and approval processes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore graphic design best practices and approval processes used by librarians. Design/methodology/approach – This paper used an online, qualitative survey to collect data on librarians’ design processes and best practices. The responses were reviewed to determine categories and themes of librarians’ design processes and best practices to gain an understanding of the state of graphic design in libraries. Findings – The majority of the respondents reported that there were no formal guidelines, design committees or approval processes at their libraries. While some librarians were aware of and used graphic design best practices, many respondents were unsure of what constituted a best practice in graphic design. Research limitations/implications – The paper was exploratory and the respondents cannot be said to be representative of all librarians and, therefore, generalizations to all librarians are not possible. Practical implications – Findings may help librarians w...
Clinical limitations of in vitro testing of microorganism susceptibility

General concepts in evaluating the clinical importance of discrepancies between in vitro susceptibility tests of microorganisms and in vivo results are reviewed, and four problematic antibacterial-bacterial combinations are discussed. The three most common in vitro testing systems--agar disk diffusion, agar dilution, and broth dilution--are designed to detect the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antimicrobial agent. However, agar and broth systems cannot include all of the biologic variables found within the human body. Factors affecting the reliability of in vitro testing systems include the limitations in interpreting MIC data, because in vitro test conditions cannot duplicate the host environment; the variability of testing media (e.g., acidic versus alkaline, differences in cation content); and the limiting effect of protein binding on an antimicrobial agent. In vitro testing systems do not consider the pharmacokinetics of the antimicrobial agent or the postantibiotic effect, whereby microbial growth is suppressed even when the antibiotic concentration falls below the MIC. The variability in drug distribution to infection sites within the body is also not considered. The following antimicrobial agent-bacterial combinations present specific problems to the clinician: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Group D enterococcus, cephalosporins and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, aminoglycosides and Staph. aureus, and aminoglycosides and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite the limitations of currently available systems, in vitro testing of the susceptibility of microorganisms can be an invaluable tool in selecting antimicrobial therapy when it is used in conjunction with data regarding the clinical course of the infected patient.
Interactions among catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype, parenting, and sex predict children's internalizing symptoms and inhibitory control: Evidence for differential susceptibility.

We used sex, observed parenting quality at 18 months, and three variants of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (Val 158 Met [rs4680], intron1 [rs737865], and3 0 -untranslatedregion[rs165599])topredictmothers’reportsofinhibitoryandattentional control(assessedat 42,54,72,and84months)andinternalizing symptoms (assessed at 24, 30, 42, 48, and 54 months) in a sample of 146 children (79 male). Although the pattern for all three variants was very similar, Val 158 Met explained more variance in both outcomes than did intron1, the 3 0 -untranslated region, or a haplotype that combined all three catechol-Omethyltransferase variants. In separate models, there were significant three-way interactions among each of the variants, parenting, and sex, predicting the intercepts of inhibitory control and internalizing symptoms. Results suggested that Val 158 Met indexes plasticity, although this effect was moderated by sex. Parentingwaspositivelyassociatedwithinhibitorycontrolformethionine–methionineboysandforvaline–valine/valine–methioninegirls,andwas negatively associated with internalizing symptoms for methionine–methionine boys. Using the “regions of significance” technique, genetic differences in inhibitory control were found for children exposed to high-quality parenting, whereas genetic differences in internalizing were found for children exposed to low-quality parenting. These findings provide evidence in support of testing for differential susceptibility across multiple outcomes.
Alloying of Al3Ti With Mn and Cr to Form Cubic L12 Phases

Based on studies of several binary trialuminides, it has been concluded that those with the L1 2 structure offer the best prospects for developing useful mechanical properties. Further, evaluation of a series of cubic ternary alloys produced by alloying Al 3 Ti with fourth period transition elements from Cr to Cu has shown that the mechanical properties and lattice parameters of the cubic alloys vary in a consistent manner with the location of the ternary alloying element in the periodic table. These structure/property relationships have been interpreted in terms of the number of d-shell electrons available for bonding. The Cr- and Mn-modified alloys have been shown to be the most attractive in terms of hightemperature structural applications. Finally, the work has resulted in a suggested mechanism for the D0 22 to Ll 2 transformation on alloying.
Comparative characterization of choleraphages by serologic, pH stability and thermal stability methods

provide an acceptable means of distinguishing the degree of relatedness among viruses of the same type in that structural details common to different antigenic molecules can be detected. Differences between viruses can also be studied by thermal inactivation experiments. The rates of reaction determined by thermal inactivation techniques have been used to calculate certain thermodynamic data, for example, free energy, enthalpy, and entropy values. The pH stability of Vibrio cholerae phages may be of particular interest, since the growth of V. cholerae cells occurs over a rather broad range of pH values. Within the bacteriophage group considered herein, Mukerjee [1] reported the characterization of his 4 V. cholerae typing phages by the use of neutralization tests. Some information on the thermal inactivation of choleraphages is also available from the work of Mukerjee [2]. The present study compares virulent and temperate V. cholerae and El Tor vibrio bacteriophages as to thermal stability, pH stability, and serological relatedness.
Cysteine is the general base that serves in catalysis by isocitrate lyase and in mechanism-based inhibition by 3-nitropropionate.

Isocitrate lyase (ICL) catalyzes the reversible cleavage of isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. It is the first committed step in the glyoxylate cycle used by some organisms, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, where it has been shown to be essential for cell survival during chronic infection. The pH–rate and pD–rate profiles measured in the direction of isocitrate synthesis revealed solvent kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of 1.7 ± 0.4 for D2OV and 0.56 ± 0.07 for D2O(V/Ksuccinate). Whereas the D2OV is consistent with partially rate-limiting proton transfer during formation of the hydroxyl group of isocitrate, the large inverse D2O(V/Ksuccinate) indicates that substantially different kinetic parameters exist when the enzyme is saturated with succinate. Inhibition by 3-nitropropionate (3-NP), a succinate analogue, was found to proceed through an unusual double slow-onset process featuring formation of a complex with a Ki of 3.3 ± 0.2 μM during the first minute, followed by formation of a final compl...
Dynamic and temperature dependent response of physical vapor deposited Se in freely standing nanometric thin films

Here, we report results from an investigation of nano-scale size or confinement effects on the glass transition and viscoelastic properties of physical vapor deposited selenium films. The viscoelastic response of freely standing Se films was determined using a biaxial membrane inflation or bubble inflation method [P. A. O’Connell and G. B. McKenna, Science 307, 1760-1763 (2005)] on films having thicknesses from 60 to 267 nm and over temperatures ranging from Tg, macroscopic − 15 °C to Tg, macroscopic + 21 °C. Time-temperature superposition and time-thickness superposition were found to hold for the films in the segmental dispersion. The responses are compared with macroscopic creep and recoverable creep compliance data for selenium [K. M. Bernatz et al., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 307, 790-801 (2002)]. The time-temperature shift factors for the thin films show weaker temperature dependence than seen in the macroscopic behavior, being near to Arrhenius-like in their temperature dependence. Furthermore, the Se films exhibit a “rubbery-like” stiffening that increases as film thickness decreases similar to prior observations [P. A. O’Connell et al., Macromolecules 45(5), 2453-2459 (2012)] for organic polymers. In spite of the differences from the macroscopic behavior in the temperature dependence of the viscoelastic response, virtually no change in Tg as determined from the thickness dependence of the retardation time defining Tg was observed in the bubble inflation creep experiments to thicknesses as small as 60 nm. We also find that the observed rubbery stiffening is consistent with the postulate of K. L. Ngai et al. [J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 51(3), 214-224 (2013)] that it should correlate with the change of the macroscopic segmental relaxation.
Management of Upper Airway Obstruction

The tongue is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction, a situation seen most often in patients who are comatose or who have suffered cardiopulmonary arrest. Other common causes of upper airway obstruction include edema of the oropharynx and larynx, trauma, foreign body, and infection. The management of the patient with upper airway obstruction depends upon the cause of the obstruction, the training and skills of the rescuer, and the availability of adjuncts necessary to perform advanced airway techniques. In most cases, merely positioning the patient or performing one of the three maneuvers designed to elevate the tongue will open the airway of the comatose patient or the victim of cardiac arrest. In patients with suspected foreign body obstruction, abdominal or chest compression should be performed immediately, with digital extraction of the foreign body reserved for those in whom these maneuvers are unsuccessful. Most patients with obstruction secondary to edema, trauma, or infection can be managed initially with orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation. Intubation should be attempted prior to surgical management of the airway in most cases of upper airway obstruction. Occasionally, however, cricothyroidotomy or tracheostomy is necessary to establish an airway. The choice of technique depends primarily on the experience and skills of the rescuing physician or paramedic. In most cases, cricothyroidotomy is technically more simple and more easily performed than tracheotomy, especially for the physician who has not been trained in surgery or otolaryngology and for the nonphysician rescuer. No matter what the method employed in establishing an airway in a patient with upper airway obstruction, it must be performed quickly and a source of ventilation provided for the patient once the airway has been secured.
E-022 wall mechanical properties and hemodynamics of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

Purpose To investigate the relationship between the intra-aneurysmal hemodynamic conditions and the mechanical properties of the wall in human aneurysms. Methods A total of six unruptured aneurysms were analyzed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were constructed from pre-operative 3D rotational angiography images. The aneurysms were clipped and the domes were resected and mechanically tested to failure with a uniaxial testing system under multi-photon microspopy. Linear regression analysis was performed to explore possible correlations between hemodynamic quantities and the failure strain and stiffness of the wall. Results The failure strain was negatively correlated to aneurysm inflow rate (p = 0.025) and mean velocity (p = 0.042). It was also negatively correlated to mean wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index and measures of the complexity and instability of the flow, however these trends did not reach statistical significance. The wall stiffness was positively correlated to inflow rate (p = 0.056), mean velocity (p = 0.04) flow instability (p = 0.02), flow complexity (p = 0.055), wall shear stress (p = 0.017) and oscillatory shear index (p = 0.021). Conclusions Larger flow activity within intracranial aneurysms characterized by larger inflow rates, mean velocity, more complex and unstable flow structures, higher wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index seem to be associated with weaker and stiffer aneurysm walls. Disclosures C. Putman: None. J. Cebral: 1; C; NIH #R21 NS080031. X. Duan: 1; C; NIH #R21 NS080031. B. Chung: 1; C; NIH #R21 NS080031. K. Aziz: None. A. Robertson: 1; C; NIH #R21 NS080031.
Capitalist Finance and the Pricing of Capital Assets

Uncertainty most directly affects the performance of a capitalist economy by affecting the financial structure, as exemplified by the interrelated portfolios of the various units. By its very nature, a portfolio, which consists of assets owned or controlled and liabilities put out to achieve this ownership and control, involves the existence of decision units in a present position which reflects current and past views about the prospects of particular units, as well as of the economy. Keynes discusses how financial relations affect demand in Book Four of The General Theory, “The Inducement to Invest.” Unfortunately, his discussion of finance and portfolios, and how they relate to the pricing of capital assets and the pace of investment, is muddled. This is so partly because he chose to suppress the price of capital assets in his statement of his liquidity-preference function. Instead of explicitly introducing both the price of capital assets and the terms on money loans in his discussion of portfolios, he phrased his argument in terms of interest rates. Furthermore, in a key discussion of the determination of the relative price of different capital and financial assets, Keynes retrogressed from the cyclical perspective dominant in the rest of the book to an equilibrium-growth perspective. As a result of these flaws, the full power of his reasoning was obscured and lost to the interpretive work that followed.
The care of patients with cardiovascular disease: Pharmacists role

The field of pharmacy and the role of pharmacists have expanded remarkably within the past thirty years. Clinical pharmacists' postgraduate educational training has prepared them to be competent in patient-centered care and pharmacy operational services that can be applied to any practice setting including specialized fields of clinical pharmacy such as infectious diseases and anticoagulation. Studies have also revealed the impact of clinical pharmacists on medication error reduction within the pediatric and adult critical care units, improved nutritional status in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, and reduced readmission rates of patients with heart failure. Highlights of selected literature showcase the role clinical pharmacists' play within the multidisciplinary team and its significant impact on both clinical and economical outcomes.
Protective factors within the family, and their role in fostering resiliency in African American adolescents

Violence has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, with African American males residing in urban areas bearing the brunt of this epidemic. The violence permeating our society emanates from a variety of societal ills, including poverty, racism, substance abuse and exposure to violence. Traditionally, methods of research on adolescent violence have focused on an identification of associated risk factors. The majority of African American adolescents living in communities with widespread and chronic violence grow up to be law-abiding citizens. The reason for this may be due to resiliency within these adolescents. Resiliency has been defined as the ability to experience adverse circumstances and successfully overcome them. Resiliency is enhanced through three mechanisms identified as protective factors: individual characteristics/traits; familial traits; and extrafamilial relationships. The risks faced may be altered, and even ameliorated, through the presence of these protective factors. The purpose of this paper is to identify protective factors within the family that foster resiliency. Protective factors within the family may be categorized as having three broad characteristics: caring and support, high expectations, and encouragement of participation and involvement for the adolescent. Language: en
Drug and Gene Delivery Materials and Devices

The emergence of nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery research. Nanocarriers manufactured from diverse polymers exhibit unique properties that enable the delivery of complex therapeutic agents. Utilization of novel biocompatible polymers and devices requires a comprehensive understanding of both biochemical and physiological barriers and is primarily focused on improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity. The chapter focuses on the application of nanocarriers in the delivery of bioactive molecules with emphasis on gene delivery. The chapter provides a detailed summary of recent Food and Drug Administration–approved and commercialized nanopharmaceuticals and gene therapy products. Furthermore, the chapter describes recent innovations and patent disclosures in nanotherapeutics for drug and gene delivery.
Risk Preferences and the Perceived Value of a Risk Profile

MBA students are taught to use the expected monetary value (EV) to evaluate risky opportunities. The reaction of individuals to risk, however, is far more complex. In fact, individuals are rarely found to be consistently risk neutral, risk averse, or risk seeking. They can be all these things, depending on whether the probabilities are small or large or the outcomes are gains or losses. The purpose of this note is to introduce a behavioral model that modifies EV and does a better job of predicting the perceived value of a risk profile. The model builds on the distinction between probabilities and decision weights, as well as the notions of framing and loss aversion, as put forward by prospect theory.Supplements to the note include a video and an Excel spreadsheet to aid student understanding. Excerpt UVA-QA-0858 Rev. Nov. 26, 2018 Risk Preferences and the Perceived Value of a Risk Profile MBA students are taught to be risk neutral and use expected monetary value (EV) to evaluate risky opportunities. The reaction of individuals to risk, however, is far more complex. In fact, individuals are rarely found to be consistently risk neutral, risk averse, or risk seeking. They can be all these things, depending on whether the probabilities are small or large and on whether the outcomes are gains or losses. The purpose of this note is to introduce a behavioral model that modifies EV and does a better job of predicting how individuals evaluate a risk profile. The model builds on the distinction between probabilities and decision weights, as well as the notions of framing and loss aversion, as put forward by prospect theory. To set the stage, we begin by noting that many important risks involve small probabilities and multiple sources. These include risks of accidents, health risks, and risks of being the victim of a fraud or a crime. Table 1 collects some of the odds listed in Larry Laudan's classic, The Book of Risks: Fascinating Facts About the Chances We Take Every Day, based on the U.S. population: Table 1. Laudan's risks and odds. . . .
Haemorrhage following transoral robotic surgery.

Background To report our experience of postoperative haemorrhage in patients following transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Methods Data were collected on patients having TORS. Postoperative haemorrhage within 30 days was graded using the Mayo Clinic grading system. Results Transoral robotic surgery operations were performed on 122 patients. There were 23 bleeding events classified as minor to severe following 19 operations (16%). Haemorrhage requiring a return to the operating room occurred after 7 operations (6%). The odds of an emergent haemorrhage were 5.19 times greater in patients who had a staged neck dissection after TORS (P = .05). The odds of a postoperative bleeding event were 2.6 times greater in patients receiving a larger resection (P = .107). There were no haemorrhage events in the 36 patients who received a synchronous neck dissection with transcervical ligation of the external carotid artery. Conclusions Surgical intervention for TORS haemorrhage occurred in 6% patients. No haemorrhage occurred in patients who had ligation of the external carotid artery.
Foliar Application of Auxin for Rooting Stem Cuttings of Selected Ornamental Crops

Abstract Research was conducted to determine whether a foliar spray application of the commercial root-promoting formulation Dip 'N Grow® [10,000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 5,000 ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid] or the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) would be as effective as a basal quick-dip for rooting stem cuttings of selected ornamentals. Cuttings of Chrysanthemum pacficum sprayed with Dip 'N Grow® at 50 + 25 ppm IBA + NAA or K-IBA at 0 to 50 ppm showed generally similar root development measures compared to a basal quick-dip; an exception was 10 ppm K-IBA which produced greater total root length. Cuttings of Forsythia x intermedia ‘Lynwood Gold’ typically did not differ in root development under the two application methods, but cuttings sprayed with Dip 'N Grow® at 0 + 0 to 10 + 5 ppm IBA + NAA exhibited greater shoot growth 80 days after sticking (insertion into the rooting substrate) than cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip. Root and shoot development measures were similar or lower for cut...
A Loopless Algorithm for Generation of Basic Minimal Interval Orders

Erhlich introduced the concept of generating combinatorial structures in constant time per generated item. Such algorithms are called “loopless” and have been described for many objects. Myers introduced the idea of a basic minimal interval order. This paper presents a loopless algorithm for generating basic minimal interval orders.
Propagation of Intense Beams through Neutral Gas

When an intense relativistic electron beam is injected into neutral gas the beam transport may be characterized as either unneutralized beam propagation (Chapter 3), or transport through a plasma (Chapter 4), depending upon how rapidly the beam can ionize the gas thereby creating a space charge and / or current-neutralizing background. Because of the several parameters which determine the gas ionization rate, a quantitative analysis of beam transport through neutral gas in the general case is very difficult.
Enhanced HCO3 secretion by distal tubule contributes to NaCl-induced correction of chronic alkalosis.

Free-flow micropuncture studies show depressed net HCO3 reabsorption in the surface distal tubule of rats undergoing correction of chronic metabolic alkalosis induced by NaCl infusion. The present studies used in vivo microperfusion of the rat distal tubule to investigate whether the described reduction in net HCO3 reabsorption was due to decreased luminal H+ secretion or to increased HCO3 secretion. Animals with correcting alkalosis had higher HCO3 secretion in this nephron segment than did animals with maintained alkalosis regardless of whether the perfusing solution was initially Cl free (-27.6 vs. -16.6 pmol.mm-1.min-1, P < 0.01) or contained 40 mM Cl (-31.5 vs. -23.0 pmol.mm-1.min-1, P < 0.01); H+ secretion was not different between animals with correcting and maintained alkalosis. Animals without alkalosis (control) demonstrated no differences in H+ or HCO3 secretion in response to NaCl infusion. These studies demonstrate that enhanced HCO3 secretion mediates the depressed net HCO3 reabsorption observed in the distal tubule of rats undergoing NaCl-induced correction of chronic metabolic alkalosis.