cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity and Harmony: Neighbouring Relationships among Whites in Ethnically Diverse Neighbourhoods in Seattle:

Does ethnic heterogeneity in neighbourhoods create co-operative or conflict-oriented relationships among residents? Social theorists have long noted both the positive and negative aspects of heterogeneity, but the limited research on large samples of neighbourhoods documents ambiguous or weak effects. In this survey-based study of Seattle, it is found that ethnic heterogeneity is among the strongest community characteristics that negatively predict the degree to which Whites view neighbour relations as calm, trusting and helpful. In addition, it is found that Whites in heterogeneous neighbourhoods are somewhat less likely than other Whites to report that they would miss the neighbourhood if they moved away. However, the negative effects of heterogeneity should be interpreted cautiously. Residents of heterogeneous areas do not view their neighbour relationships as unacceptable on an absolute scale. Moreover, much of the tendency for Whites to have low sentimental ties in diverse neighbourhoods is found to ...
Learning to judge a book by its cover: Rapid acquisition of facial stereotypes

Abstract People are able to quickly and automatically evaluate faces on different traits, such as trustworthiness. There is a growing literature demonstrating that factors such as learning and experience play a role in shaping these judgments. In the current work, we assess the malleability of our trait evaluations by associating arbitrary facial features with trustworthy or untrustworthy behaviors. Across five studies, we demonstrate that this learning can impact trait evaluation and effectively form novel facial stereotypes, which exert effects on evaluations as strong as intrinsic facial trustworthiness. With only a brief training, participants' rapidly acquired novel facial stereotypes, which were activated automatically and early on in processing, and which biased participants' trust behavior and hiring decisions. These results suggest that our trait evaluations of faces are shaped by an implicit learning mechanism that abstracts the co-occurrence between facial features and trait-related behaviors, resulting in the creation of novel facial stereotypes.
Methods for estimating decoupling capacitance of nonswitching circuit blocks

Technology scaling and the push for ever increased performance has resulted in the rapid increase of integrated circuit power dissipation. We are already in the era of the 100 Watt IC (Diefendorff, 1999). This necessitates the detailed modeling and analysis of the on-chip power distribution for robustness and reliability (Chen and Ling, 1997). An important component of this model is the decoupling capacitance of the design which includes dedicated decoupling capacitors as well as the capacitance of non-switching circuits. This paper describes a technique for modeling the decoupling capacitance of circuits. An exact simulation-based method is outlined, and fast yet accurate analytical models are proposed.
Water Quality and Aquitard Permeability

Flow test on artificially sedimented illite-silt mixtures designed to simulate aquitard soils show that permeability changes accompanying changes in pore water dissolved salt concentration depend on the exchangable sodium percentage and the structural state of the clay. The dissolved salt concentration at which clay swelling causes permeability reductions and the concentration that causes clay dispersion both vary directly with exchangeable sodium percentage. Comparisons suggest that at equal exchangeable sodium percentages, flocculated-disaggregated illite particles swell more and disperse at slightly higher dissolved salt concentrations than when the particles have been previously aggregated into domains by drying. Permeability increases accompanying increases in dissolved salt concentrations are small. When the clay is not dispersed, permeability increases are proportional to the degree of clay swelling existing prior to the increase. Permeability increases in completely dispersed clays are inversely related to exchangeable sodium percentage. Subsequent replacement of seawater by freshwater recharge could result in more than an order of magnitude decrease in the permeability of aquitards.
EVIDENCE Library Records: Provide for Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure

The Act provides for the confidential nature of certain library circulation records and prohibits their disclosure except in certain limited cases. The records can be released only to library personnel with written consent of the user of the materials or upon a court order or subpoena. July 1, 1987
Subacute bacterial endocarditis in pregnancy

Abstract In reviewing the above case history, one is impressed by the fact that the culture from the cervix was reported positive for Streptococcus viridans . The cervix was bleeding, the swab contained mostly blood, so that this was really a blood culture. The uterine culture, taken four days postpartum, showed aerobic nonhemolytic streptococcus, but this did not cause greening blood agar plates and was not Streptococcus viridans . Moreover, the cord blood and placental blood were both negative. Following delivery, there was never any exacerbation of symptoms, and a blood culture eight days postpartum showed 200 colonies of Streptococcus viridans per cubic centimeter. Such findings strongly suggest that the bacteriology in subacute bacterial endocarditis is quite different from the organisms that usually inhabit the pelvic organs. This is also borne out by the clinical course of this patient.
Reduced effects of thyroid hormone on gene expression and metamorphosis in a paedomorphic plethodontid salamander.

Evolutionary change in the timing of developmental events (heterochrony) is likely a common mechanism that has produced tremendous morphological diversity across the tree of life (Gould, '77; Alberch et al., '79). Because the endocrine system can coordinate concomitant ontogenetic changes in disparate tissue systems, deviations in endocrine pathways can cause heterochronic shifts simultaneously across the whole organism. A classic example of a major heterochronic shift is the phenomenon of paedomorphosis in salamanders, whereby individuals forego metamorphosis and become reproductively mature in their larval form (Gould, '77; Duellman and Trueb, '86). Most of our knowledge about the genetic and endocrine mechanisms that ABSTRACT It has been over a century since Gudernatsch (1912, Wilhelm Roux Arch Entwickl Mech Org 35:457-483) demonstrated that mammalian thyroid gland extracts can stimulate tadpole metamorphosis. Despite the tremendous developmental diversity of amphibians, mechanisms of metamorphosis have mostly been studied in a few model systems. This limits our understandingoftheprocessesthatinfluencetheevolutionofdevelopmentalaberrations.Here we isolated thyroid hormone receptors alpha (TRa )andbeta(TR b) from Oklahoma salamanders (Eurycea tynerensis), which exhibit permanently aquatic (paedomorphic) or biphasic (metamorphic) developmental modes in different populations. We found that TRa and TRb were upregulated by thyroid hormone (T3) in tail tissues of larvae from metamorphic populations, but basal levels of TR expression and T3 responsiveness were reduced in larvae frompaedomorphicpopulations.Likewise,wefoundthatT3treatmentresultedincompleteloss of larval epibranchials in larvae from metamorphic populations, but little to no epibranchial remodeling occurred in larvae from paedomorphic populations over the same duration. This is the first study to directly demonstrate reduced gene expression and metamorphic responses to T3 in a paedomorphic plethodontid compared to metamorphic conspecifics, and the first salamander system to show differential expression of thyroid hormone receptors associated with alternative developmental patterns. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B:294-303, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. How to cite this article: Aran RP, Steffen MA, Martin SD, Lopez OI, Bonett RM. 2014. Reduced effects of thyroid hormone on gene expression and metamorphosis in a paedomorphic plethodontid salamander. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B:294-303. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B:294-303, 2014
Energy Optimization of High-Performance Circuits

As technology scales, energy consumption is becoming an important issue in high-performance VLSI microprocessor designs. Often the critical path of these microprocessors is in the datapath of arithmetic units, resulting in high energy consumption along the datapath. We propose an optimization method that can achieve energy saving versus delay-based optimization at equal performance. It reveals that the source of energy saving lays in the balance of delay and energy consumption among different stages of a circuit. The energy saving is significant, 30%(50%. The results are confirmed with simulation, using Fujitsu’s 0.11μm, 1.2V CMOS technology.
Medical Imaging Technology

Medical imaging is the component of the emerging discipline called imaging science and is concerned with the application of nonsurgical techniques to produce images of the organs and tissues inside the human body. The many technologies applied to produce medical images take advantage of the basic imaging principles of absorption, emission, and reflection of energy by tissues. The principal medical imaging modalities include endoscopy, x-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and nuclear imaging. These technologies have extended the frontiers of medicine into areas such as mapping brain function. Technological advances in computers, electronics, and magnetics have aided in the development of medical imaging. The theory and specialized equipment of each technique is presented. Application and safety issues are addressed. Keywords: Basic imaging principles; Endoscopy; X- ray imaging; Safety; Ultrasound imaging; Magnetic resonance imaging; Nuclear medicine; Radiopharmaceuticals
Autonomic reactivity and clinical severity in children with sickle cell disease.

Individual differences in autonomic nervous system reactivity have been studied in relation to physical and mental health outcomes, but rarely among children with chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among autonomic reactivity, clinical severity, family stressors, and mental health symptoms in children with homozygous sickle cell disease. Nineteen children with homozygous sickle cell disease participated in a cross-sectional study involving parent-completed measures, medical record reviews and laboratory-based measures of autonomic nervous system responses to social, cognitive, physical and emotional challenges. Autonomic reactivity was significantly associated with both clinical severity and externalizing behavior symptoms. Children with greater parasympathetic withdrawal during challenges compared to rest had significantly more severe disease (r=–0.45, p<0.05); greater sympathetic activation during challenges compared to rest was associated with more externalizing behavior symptoms (r=0.44, p<0.05). Children experiencing major family stressors had internalizing behavior symptoms but no difference in autonomic reactivity or clinical severity compared to children experiencing fewer family stressors. Individual differences in autonomic reactivity may offer a new, biologically plausible account for observed variation in painful episodes, other physical complications and behavioral symptoms among children with sickle cell disease.
The Monitoring of the Bearing Nodes with Excessive Radial Clearances Using the FAM-C and FDM-A Methods

The paper has been intended to present findings resulting from the monitoring of the bearing support elements with increased radial clearances with the FAM-C 1 and FDM-A 2 methods. The role the lubricant film plays in this type of the rolling-elements’ wear has been described. Discussed are symptoms, parameters, and hazards to the resonant state in bearing nodes, as well as capabilities of diagnosing them with the FAM-C and FDM-A methods. Hypotheses about subsequent stages of the wearing process in aircraft turbojet engine’s bearing support assemblies, including how the resonant state occurs, have been presented. The mechanism of the resonance in rolling-element bearings has been described, with particular attention paid to the effects of gyrostatic moments upon the bearing support elements, both in micro- and macro-scale. Theoretical analyses have been supplemented with findings resulting from the diagnostic work carried out by the Authors, and with data from the mechanical verification of engines in the course of the authorised dismantling thereof.
Frequency locking, quasiperiodicity, and chaos in extrinsic Ge

Cooled, extrinsic GE that is voltage biased to produce a spontaneous current oscillation exhibits frequency locking, quasiperiodicity, and chaos when driven with a sinusoidal voltage. The low-frequency current power spectrum at the transition from quasiperiodic to chaotic behavior agrees in detail, both in frequency and in amplitude, with the calculated universal spectrum of the circle map. The large dynamic range (g 70 dB) and the convenient frequency (10 kHz) of the spontaneous oscillation make this an excellent system for testing the predictions of theory.
On the importance of orientation in general base catalysis by carboxylate

The carboxylate group serves as a general-base catalyst in numerous chemical and enzymatic reactions. The importance of the direction in which the proton is transferred to the carboxylate is discussed. syn (on the same side of the CO bond as the forming CO) protonation is estimated to be 104-fold more favorable than anti protonation. To date, in the models studied where intramolecular reactions involve carboxylate, only anti protonation can occur. In these intramolecular models the catalytic efficiency of a carboxylate group may be underestimated due to this inability to achieve an optimal orientation for protonation; whereas for enzymatic reactions involving carboxylate side chains, structural studies support mechanisms involving syn protonation.
Water repellency by laboratory burning of four northern Rocky Mountain forest soils

Abstract Highly variable water repellent soil conditions have been reported after forest fires. We examined interactions among heating, soil water content and soil texture on water repellency. Undisturbed, 305 mm diameter cores were collected in the field from four soils commonly referred to as ash-cap, mixed ash-cap, no ash-cap and granitic soils. Three artificial burning treatments and a control (no heat) and two soil water contents were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Twenty water drops were placed on each soil layer starting at the surface and continuing at 10 mm intervals to a depth of 70 mm; and the times to infiltrate were recorded. The dry control treatment was more water repellent than the wet control treatment. The dry, low heat treatment was the most repellent, 10–20 mm below the soil surface with mean water drop penetration times greater than 60 s. Repellency decreased as the heating increased. In wet soils of the high heat treatment, a water repellent layer was generally detected 30–50 mm below the soil surface. Presumably, hydrophobic substances were translocated along the temperature gradient which cooled at depth (
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS BY A NETWORK PROTEOMICS APPROACH AND SUBCELLULAR PROTEIN PROFILING

We provide a systematic analysis of a biological system, the microbial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by directly profiling its gene products. This analysis combines high-throughput prot...
Allyl complexes of heavy group 13 elements: Structure and bonding in [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]3Ga

Abstract With the exception of triallylboron compounds, allyl derivatives of the group 13 elements are uncommon and none have been structurally authenticated. A substituted allyl complex of gallium, tris(1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)allyl)gallium, [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]3Ga, has been synthesized from the reaction of K[1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3] and GaCl3 in THF and characterized with X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. In the solid state, the complex displays σ-bound ligands in a trigonal planar arrangement around the metal, with an average Ga–C distance of 1.980(5) A. In solution at room temperature, the molecule is fluxional and the ligands appear as if symmetrically bound in a π-type fashion. The fluxionality is observed even at −75 °C. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the structure found in the solid state, with one allyl ligand antiparallel to the other two, is the lowest in energy, but an alternate arrangement with all three ligands parallel (C3 symmetry) is less than 3 kcal mol−1 higher in energy.
Diffusion induced grain boundary migration in AuCu and AuAg thin films

Abstract Diffusion induced grain boundary migration was studied by transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy in the gold-rich layer of thin film Au Cu and Au Ag diffusion couples possessing grain boundary structures of controlled geometry. When either copper or silver was diffused along the boundaries in the gold-rich layer at temperatures where lattice diffusion was essentially frozen out, the boundaries were induced to migrate leaving alloyed zones behind in their wakes. The structures and compositions of the alloyed zones and the kinetics of the migration under various conditions were studied in detail in a large number of [111] and [001] tilt boundaries in Au Cu couples and [111] tilt boundaries in Au Ag couples. The phenomenon was also studied more indirectly by Auger sputter depth profiling at random boundaries in Au Ag couples. A number of the results obtained in the work have been utilized by Balluffi and Cahn [ Acta metall. 29 , 493 (1981)] in the development of their proposed model for diffusion induced grain boundary migration in which the migration occurs by the climb of grain boundary dislocations and their associated steps as a result of an inequality in the boundary diffusivities of solute and solvent atoms. Additional aspects of the work are discussed.
The Effects of Salts on the Room-Temperature Fluorescence and Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Tetrols on Filter Paper and Filter Paper with Silicone

Abstract Several salts were investigated to enhance the room-temperature solid-matrix phosphorescence of the four stereoisomeric tetrols on filter paper. Thallium acetate was found to enhance the phosphorescence to the greatest extent, but it was necessary to prepare the thallium acetate in an acetic acid solution to achieve the maximum phosphorescence from the solid matrix. Also, thallium acetate essentially quenched the solid-matrix fluorescence of the tetrols. Without thallium acetate adsorbed on filter paper, strong room-temperature fluorescence signals were observed from the tetrols adsorbed on filter paper. With a new solid matrix, filter paper which contained silicone, no heavy-atom was needed to obtain strong phosphorescence from the adsorbed tetrols. In fact, the room-temperature fluorescence from the tetrols adsorbed on this type of filter paper was very strong. The room-temperature fluorescence gave a limit of detection in the sub-picogram range for one of the tetrols with the silicone treated ...
Synthesis of an open-framework allotrope of silicon

Silicon is ubiquitous in contemporary technology. The most stable form of silicon at ambient conditions takes on the structure of diamond (cF8, d-Si) and is an indirect bandgap semiconductor, which prevents it from being considered as a next-generation platform for semiconductor technologies. Here, we report the formation of a new orthorhombic allotrope of silicon, Si24, using a novel two-step synthesis methodology. First, a Na4Si24 precursor was synthesized at high pressure; second, sodium was removed from the precursor by a thermal 'degassing' process. The Cmcm structure of Si24, which has 24 Si atoms per unit cell (oC24), contains open channels along the crystallographic a-axis that are formed from six- and eight-membered sp(3) silicon rings. This new allotrope possesses a quasidirect bandgap near 1.3 eV. Our combined experimental/theoretical study expands the known allotropy for element fourteen and the unique high-pressure precursor synthesis methodology demonstrates the potential for new materials with desirable properties.
The development of skin sensory innervation patterns

Abstract During embryonic development, skin sensory innervation in the chick hindlimb is established in a precise and orderly fashion. From their earliest outgrowth, axons of each dorsal root ganglion (DRG) project through the limb via the correct pathways to establish their dermatome in the appropriate location. By making experimental manipulations in young embryos and mapping the resulting innervation patterns, we have begun to reveal some of the mechanisms involved. For example, when several DRG are eliminated, the axonal projections of intact DRG are shifted and the dermatomes are enlarged, suggesting that competition among axons is important in determining both the contribution of DRG to axonal pathways and the borders between dermatomes. Further, when the rostrocaudal order of DRG is reversed, skin sensory innervation patterns tend to mimic the motor projection patterns, implying that motor axons may guide the growth of sensory axons. However, neither of these mechanisms can accountfully for the precision with which skin sensory innervation patterns are established. Thus, it is likely that skin sensory neurons use multiple, redundant developmental cues in selecting their appropriate pathways and targets.
Robotic resection of choledochocele in an adult with intracorporeal hepaticojejunostomy and Roux-en-Y anastomosis: encouraging progress for robotic surgical treatment of biliary disease

Robotic surgery offers three-dimensional visualization and precision of movement that could be of great value to hepatobiliary surgeons. Previous reports of robotic choledochocele resections in adults have detailed extracorporeal jejunojejunostomies. We describe a total robotic excision of a choledochal cyst with hepaticojejunostomy and intracorporeal Roux-en-Y anastomosis. A 58-year-old woman underwent a robotic excision of a small choledochocele with hepaticojejunostomy and intracorporeal Roux-en-Y. Port placement was determined via collaborative surgical discussion and previously reported robotic right hepatectomies. Total operative time was 386 min and total robot working time was 330 min. The hepaticojejunostomy was performed using 5-0 PDS suture with parachute-style back wall and running front wall sutures. The jejunojejunostomy was a stapled anastomosis. Estimated blood loss was less than 100 mL. The patient was ambulating and tolerating oral intake on post-operative day 1, and was discharged home on post-operative day 2. Robotic resection of choledochal cyst with intracorporeal Roux-en-Y anastomosis is feasible, with advantages over open surgery such as superior visualization, precision, and post-operative patient recovery.
Anatomic and hemodynamic characteristics of the blood vessels feeding the cremaster skeletal muscle in the rat.

Abstract The anatomic arrangement, pressure distribution, and resting vascular tone of the feed arteries located upstream from the rat cremaster microcirculation were determined to characterize the sites of the vascular resistance in this macrovessel segment of the cremaster circulation. The cremaster microcirculation and its feeding arteries were studied using an intravital video microscopy system. Vascular diameters and pressures were measured with an image shearing monitor and servo-null micropipet system, respectively. The central arteriole of the cremaster muscle was found to be a distal segment of the external spermatic artery which branched from the pudic-epigastric artery that in turn arose from the common iliac artery. Together the length of these vessels, from the aorta to the cremaster muscle, was 37 mm and they accounted for 42% of the total pressure drop across the cremaster vascular network. The largest pressure drop (31 mm Hg) upstream from the cremaster occurred across the external spermatic artery which was also the longest (17.7 mm) feed vessel. Topical application of adenosine (1 × 10−3M) significantly dilated the pudicepigastric artery and the external spermatic artery, indicating that these vessels had significant tone. In summary, our data indicate that the large fraction of network vascular resistance located in the feed vessels upstream from the cremaster is the result of both architectural features and vascular tone.
Consumer intentions to use a service category

Even though service marketers are interested in influencing customer choice at the service provider level (i.e. the service brand level), the decision to patronize a particular service firm seldom occurs until after the customer decides to use a service provider in the first place. Ultimately, this initial “make‐or‐buy” purchase decision – the decision to use a service category – restrains customer decisions at the service provider (brand) level. To enhance our understanding of customers’ service category decisions, a double cross‐validation approach was employed to investigate the applicability of a service category choice model which we adapted from Howard’s work on consumer decision making. Our model, which was tested with two different service categories, was supported.
Syntactic complexity does not necessarily make sentences harder to understand

Researchers studying language comprehension have assumed that, all else being equal, more complex sentence constructions will take longer to process. However, results from experiments, such as the one presented in this paper, which use reading rates as the dependent measure suggest that it is the interaction of specific types of deep structure representations with their surface structure forms that accounts for fluctuations in readers' on-line processing of various sentence types. In particular, those sentences in which the deep structure direct object immediately precedes the verb in the surface structure sequence are easier for comprehenders to process. These data support a dual, parallel processing model of sentence comprehension in which lexical and morphological/relational information are processed independently.
Risk of discontinuation of atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Abstract Objectives To compare discontinuation rates of atypical antipsychotic agents in patients with schizophrenia. Method Adult Maryland Medicaid patients with schizophrenia were categorized based on initial atypical antipsychotic drug received: aripiprazole ( n = 446); olanzapine ( n = 1705); quetiapine ( n = 1467); risperidone ( n = 1580); and ziprasidone ( n = 700). Discontinuation was measured using refill patterns, allowing 14-day gaps between refill dates. Using olanzapine as the reference drug, the hazard of discontinuation within the first year of follow-up was compared across atypicals using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographic and clinical covariates. Sensitivity analysis tested the robustness of results by using different definitions of the index date. Results At one-year follow-up, most patients discontinued their antipsychotic medication (90.4% adjusted mean discontinuation). The hazard ratio (HR) for discontinuing therapy in patients starting treatment on aripiprazole, risperidone, or ziprasidone was not significantly different from olanzapine [HR 1.047, 0.973 and 0.990, respectively]. Quetiapine was associated with significantly higher hazard of discontinuation [HR 1.130] than olanzapine. Covariates associated with significantly lower discontinuation were being male [HR 0.899], older age [HR 0.997] and being on concurrent medication when initiating therapy [HR 0.225]; having a previous hospitalization was associated with significantly higher discontinuation hazard [HR 1.276]. Results were robust in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions Discontinuation rates were high at one-year follow-up and did not differ significantly for patients on aripiprazole, olanzapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone. The higher hazard of discontinuation associated with quetiapine when compared to olanzapine is consistent with that observed in Phase I of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE).
Potential causes and consequences of decreased body size in field populations of Coccinella novemnotata.

Coccinella novemnotata, the nine-spotted lady beetle, was historically one of the most common lady beetles across the US and southern Canada. In the 1980s it became extremely rare and has remained rare. In 2008 adult C. novemnotata were collected from field populations in Oregon and South Dakota and initial observations suggested that these individuals seemed smaller than the mean size of the species historically. These observations led to a series of experiments to determine if there had been significant decrease in size and if any decrease found was due to a genetic change or to environmental factors. In the first of these studies we quantified the size of C. novemnotata collected in the field and the size of Coccinella septempunctata, a congeneric introduced species that was collected in the same habitats and has been implicated as a cause for C. novemnotata decline. The size of these field-collected individuals of both species was compared with the size of historical specimens and individuals reared in the laboratory. Field-collected C. novemnotata adults were significantly (20%) smaller than specimens bred in captivity and specimens from collections. To determine if prey limitation alone could yield the range of sizes observed we reared larvae across a range of prey availability. There was a significant effect of prey availability and adult sizes across treatments bracketed the range we found in the field. Low fed larvae are significantly smaller than high fed larvae. While these results do not definitively point to any single explanation for the decline of this species they are consistent with expectations for competition between C. novemnotata and C. septempunctata.
A Theory of Low Eccentricity Earth Satellite Motion

Earth satellite motion is considered from the point of view of periodic orbits and Floquet theory in the Earth’s zonal potential field. Periodic orbits in the zonal potential are nearly circular, except near the critical inclination. The local linear solution near the periodic orbit includes two degenerate modes that locally mirror the global invariance to time and nodal rotation, at least in the zonal potential. Since the Earth’s oblateness is included in the periodic orbit, perturbations generally begin at one part in 105, not one part in 103. Perturbations to the periodic orbit are calculated for sectoral and tesseral potential terms, for air drag, and for third body effects. The one free oscillatory mode of the periodic orbit is the eccentricity / argument of perigee analogues, and this can be extended past the first order in small quantities. There results a compact, purely numerical set of algorithms that may rival numerical integration in their accuracy, but have the usual “general perturbations” advantage of calculation directly at the time of interest, without having to perform a long propagation.
Conversational silence, coercion, equality: the role of language in influencing who gets identified as abused

Various methods of ascertaining self-reported exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) in health care and research settings have been evaluated to identify women who interpret themselves as abused for clinical and research intervention. However, few interpretive frameworks have been proposed to explain factors that may influence the success of this ascertainment process, including the contribution of language in facilitating women's interpretations of situations as abusive across social, cultural and historical contexts. This omission is substantial, given that IPV is context-specific, involving interaction between individuals of diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds and their sociocultural environment. In the first part of this paper, we outline hermeneutics, one interpretive theoretical tradition to describe approaches to interpreting IPV. Hermeneutics is a linguistic philosophy that focuses on questions of how people understand spoken language, written text, and themselves through language across sociocultural environments. Hermeneutics acknowledges conditions and situations that facilitate opportunities for broad shared understanding and vocabularies about violence between communities, professionals and abused women, which in turn may reduce harm to women and negotiate action women may want to take in response to situations they interpret as abusive. In the second and third parts of the paper, we compare and contrast the strengths and limitations of three common approaches for asking women about IPV in health care and research settings, and outline a multi-dimensional IPV ascertainment tool that incorporates the three asking approaches to facilitate professionals bringing broad definitions of and vocabularies about abuse to encounters with women. This paper provides health care researchers, clinicians and policy makers with a framework for understanding the potential influence of language on women's interpretations of IPV, including the role of community and professional conversational silence, coercion and equality in influencing women's interpretations. We look at the influence of language about intimate partner violence in the United States on women's interpretations of abuse, although the basic constructs presented here could be applied in other countries and settings.
Evaluation of synergy between carbovir and 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine for inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Abstract 3'-Azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine and carbovir [racemic and (-) enantiomer] were evaluated individually and in combination for antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and cytotoxicity in vitro. The combination of these drugs synergistically inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in C3 and Jurkat cells and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although the same combination also produced synergistic cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Transferring Skills, Transferring Students: A Call To Academic Libraries

The growing number of transfer students on college and university campuses presents a challenge to academic libraries. For years, these libraries have taught students information literacy skills to enhance their abilities to locate, evaluate, and use information in order to be successful students as well as lifelong learners. At many libraries, both direct from high school and transfer students are taught these skills together, without the recognition that either of them has special or diverse needs. Several studies over the years have concluded that the information needs of transfer students differed from those of their native counterparts and stress the importance for separate instruction. A recent survey of some Ohio academic libraries by the authors revealed that the vast majority of these libraries do not provide separate instruction for transfer students. This article, therefore, calls for a dialogue among librarians to continue to discuss this topic and consider developing instructional programs to...
Assume-guarantee testing

Verification techniques for component-based systems should ideally be able to predict properties of the assembled system through analysis of individual components before assembly. This work introduces such a modular technique in the context of testing. Assume-guarantee testing relies on the (automated) decomposition of key system-level requirements into local component requirements at design time. Developers can verify the local requirements by checking components in isolation; failed checks may indicate violations of system requirements, while valid traces from different components compose via the assume-guarantee proof rule to potentially provide system coverage. These local requirements also form the foundation of a technique for efficient predictive testing of assembled systems: given a correct system run, this technique can predict violations by alternative system runs without constructing those runs. We discuss the application of our approach to testing a multi-threaded NASA application, where we treat threads as components.
Spectral representations of solutions of linear elliptic equations on exterior regions

Abstract This paper describes spectral representations and approximations of solutions of second order, self-adjoint, linear elliptic boundary value problems on exterior regions U in R N , for N ≥ 2 . Inhomogeneous Dirichlet, Robin and Neumann boundary conditions are treated. Some new trace results are proved and used to provide spectral characterizations of the boundary traces of functions in H 1 ( U ) . Orthonormal bases of these Hilbert spaces are derived using a theory of Steklov eigenproblems. The Steklov eigenfunctions of a regularized Laplace operator on the exterior of a ball are explicitly determined when N = 2 , 3 .
Remembering the Paternos

Joe and Sue Paterno deserved better in the wake of the Jerry Sandusky sex scandal. The author, who holds a PhD from Penn State’s Speech Communication department, specifies why.
Multisensor Fusion Using Fuzzy Logic for an Integrated Smart Health Monitoring System

This paper presents a generic model for an integrated smart health monitoring system for infrastructures using multisensor fusion and condition assessment sheets. Though various techniques for health monitoring have been discussed extensively in the literature, little attention has been given to obtain high quality data from the measurement and sensing system by using an intrinsic knowledge base. The method proposed in this paper uses measurement data from different types of sensors with different resolutions and fuses it together based on the confidence in them derived from information not typically used in traditional data fusion methods. Examples of such information are operating temperature, frequency range, fatigue cycles, etc. These are fed as additional inputs to a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that has predefined membership functions for each of these variables. The outputs of the FIS are weights that are assigned to the different sensor measurement data that reflect the confidence in the sensor’s behavior and performance. A modular approach is adopted for the data fusion system. It allows adding or deleting a sensor, along with its fuzzy logic controller (FLC), anytime without affecting the entire data fusion system. The time history of problems and solutions taken to correct them are stored as a condition assessment sheet (CAS) that shows the health of each sensor and the entire measurement system at a glance. This work finds applications in the health management of civil infrastructures, power plants, airplanes and rocket/shuttle test facilities.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A URL shortener for mobile web consumption

We present hp2.me, a URL shortener service for improving the mobile web consumption experience. Unlike other such services, given a short URL, hp2.me returns an image rendered from the salient regions of a web page. This approach to displaying web content improves mobile web reading experience through reduced latency and improved clarity. It is faster to load a few large image files over a cellular data network than many small files, and limited mobile screen real estate can be better utilized to display relevant content. The hp2.me service is currently in external beta, and we present results to illustrate the advantages of this technique.
The internal ocellus of Manduca sexta: Electroretinogram and spectral sensitivity

Abstract The electroretinogram and spectral sensitivity of the internal ocelli of tobacco hornworm moths ( Manduca sexta ) were examined using extracellular electrophysiological techniques. The internal ocelli produce a cornea negative waveform when stimulated by light. Two spectral mechanisms (360 nm and 520 nm) were discerned on the basis of (1) different waveform characteristics at u.v. and visible wavelengths, (2) presence of two peaks in spectral sensitivity curves, and (3) selective adaptation by u.v. and visible wavelength stimuli. The ocelli are more sensitive to 520 nm than that to 360 nm light stimuli.
Cancer: What's luck got to do with it?

Recent press reports would have you believe that cancer develops randomly, and healthy living makes little difference. But that is a gross misinterpretation of a recent scientific paper, as Joseph E. Lucas and Guillermo Sapiro explain
Cleavage of the rat intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor by an endogenous protease to a form with defective DNA binding

In this report we describe a form of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor which no longer binds to DNA. The defective form of the receptor was produced by the action of an endogenous protease. Rat intestinal receptors, obtained by a two-step procedure of a low salt homogenization followed by extraction of the chromatin pellet with high salt, fail to bind to DNA-cellulose. Inclusion of various serine protease inhibitors during the preparation protects against the loss of DNA binding. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients indicates that the defective receptor is measurably smaller than the native receptor and is unable to aggregate normally under low salt conditions. The size difference, as determined by gel chromatography, is approximately 9,000 Da (56,000 for the protected receptor, 47,000 for the cleaved form). The elution from DEAE-cellulose indicates that the overall charge of both intact and cleaved receptor forms is very similar. Cell fractionation and mixing experiments suggest the enzyme may be located in the lysosomal compartment, organelles which are susceptible to breakage during the extraction procedure. The results demonstrate that an endogenous enzyme preferentially cleaves the 1,25(OH)2D3 DNA binding site resulting in a receptor with altered characteristics. Such an enzymatic activity has not been previously described for the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor from other tissues or species. Since rat intestine is a classically studied target organ, these findings have additional relevance in receptor purification or other studies to characterize the receptor.
Force sensing syringe as a teaching tool for injection

The instrumented syringe discussed in this paper is a continuation of work performed in an effort to create a tool to help train individuals in proper injection procedure and technique. A syringe mountable inertial measurement unit (IMU) was actualized to collect acceleration, orientation, and position data during an intramuscular injection (IM). The collected data makes it possible to perform graphical and statistical analysis, in an effort to provide users with valuable information and feedback on performance. Thus, helping individuals acquire the necessary skillset and expertise required in performing a successful intramuscular injection. Continuing with the assumption that individuals using the instrumented syringe had a limited technical background, the setup was design to be as user friendly as possible. This includes the creation and utilization of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to help individuals perform all the necessary analysis and calculations.
The interaction of cytokinin with other signals

Cytokinins are important signalling molecules in plants, and recent studies have begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying their biosynthesis and response pathways. However, from the time of their discovery, it has been clear that cytokinins interact with other signals to regulate plant growth and development. Herein the interaction of cytokinin with three other signals: light, ethylene, and auxin is discussed. The interaction between light and cytokinin signalling, highlighted by recent analysis of cytokinin signalling mutants is reviewed. A discussion of another aspect of cytokinin cross-talk, its induction of ethylene biosynthesis in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings, and recent studies that have begun to elucidate the mechanism underlying this regulation is also presented. Finally, there is a brief review of the interaction of auxin and cytokinin, and present novel expression profiling data of Arabidopsis seedlings treated with combinations of these two hormones, which provide insight into this interaction.
Construction of multivariate compactly supported orthonormal wavelets

We propose a constructive method to find compactly supported orthonormal wavelets for any given compactly supported scaling function φ in the multivariate setting. For simplicity, we start with a standard dilation matrix 2I2×2 in the bivariate setting and show how to construct compactly supported functions ψ1,. . .,ψn with n>3 such that {2kψj(2kx−l,2ky−m), k,l,m∈Z, j=1,. . .,n} is an orthonormal basis for L2(ℝ2). Here, n is dependent on the size of the support of φ. With parallel processes in modern computer, it is possible to use these orthonormal wavelets for applications. Furthermore, the constructive method can be extended to construct compactly supported multi-wavelets for any given compactly supported orthonormal multi-scaling vector. Finally, we mention that the constructions can be generalized to the multivariate setting.
Influence of Patient Preferences and Local Health System Characteristics on the Place of Death

OBJECTIVE: To examine the degree to which variation in place of death is explained by differences in the characteristics of patients, including preferences for dying at home, and by differences in the characteristics of local health systems. DESIGN: We drew on a clinically rich database to carry out a prospective study using data from the observational phase of the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT component). We used administrative databases for the Medicare program to carry out a national cross-sectional analysis of Medicare enrollees place of death (Medicare component). SETTING: Five teaching hospitals (SUPPORT); All U.S. Hospital Referral Regions (Medicare). STUDY POPULATIONS: Patients dying after the enrollment hospitalization in the observational phase of SUPPORT for whom place of death and preferences were known. Medicare beneficiaries who died in 1992 or 1993. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Place of death (hospital vs non-hospital). RESULTS: In SUPPORT, most patients expressed a preference for dying at home, yet most died in the hospital. The percent of SUPPORT patients dying in-hospital varied by greater than 2-fold across the five SUPPORT sites (29 to 66%). For Medicare beneficiaries, the percent dying in-hospital varied from 23 to 54% across U.S. Hospital Referral Regions (HRRs). In SUPPORT, variations in place of death across site were not explained by sociodemographic or clinical characteristics or patient preferences. Patient level (SUPPORT) and national cross-sectional (Medicare) multivariate models gave consistent results. The risk of in-hospital death was increased for residents of regions with greater hospital bed availability and use; the risk of in-hospital death was decreased in regions with greater nursing home and hospice availability and use. Measures of hospital bed availability and use were the most powerful predictors of place of death across HRRs. CONCLUSIONS: Whether people die in the hospital or not is powerfully influenced by characteristics of the local health system but not by patient preferences or other patient characteristics. These findings may explain the failure of the SUPPORT intervention to alter care patterns for seriously ill and dying patients. Reforming the care of dying patients may require modification of local resource availability and provider routines.
Penguin diagram in supersymmetric theories

We have studied the penguin diagram in supersymmetric $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{C}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ theories. It is found that the new penguin diagram introduced by supersymmetry has a structure similar to the usual penguin diagram. Its contribution, though comparable in the case of exact supersymmetry, is shown to be small when supersymmetry is broken.