cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of light on seagrass photosynthesis, growth and depth distribution

Abstract The relationships between light regime, photosynthesis, growth and depth distribution of a temperate seagrass, Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), were investigated in a subtidal eelgrass meadow near Woods Hole, MA. The seasonal light patterns in which the quantum irradiance exceeded the light compensation point ( H comp ) and light saturation point ( H sat ) for eelgrass photosynthesis were determined. Along with photosynthesis and respiration rates, these patterns were used to predict carbon balances monthly throughout the year. Gross photosynthesis peaked in late-summer, but net photosynthesis peaked in spring (May), due to high respiration rates at summer temperatures. Predictions of net photosynthesis correlated with in situ growth rates at the study site and with reports from other locations. The maximum depth limit for eelgrass was related to the depth distribution of H comp , and a minimum annual average H comp (12.3 h) for survival was determined. Maximum depth limits for eelgrass were predicted for various light extinction coefficients and a relationship between Secchi disc depth and the maximum depth limit for survival was established. The Secchi disc depth averaged over the year approximates the light compensation depth for eelgrass. This relationship may be applicable to other sites and other seagrass species.
The legacies of labor recruitment: The guest worker and green card programs in the Federal Republic of Germany

Germany has repeatedly relied on temporary labor recruitment as a central means of negotiating the paradoxes of liberal industrial democracy. In order to examine the legacies of this practice, I pl...
A new native EcHsp31 structure suggests a key role of structural flexibility for chaperone function

Heat shock proteins and proteases play a crucial role in cell survival under conditions of environmental stress. The heat shock protein Hsp31, produced by gene hchA at elevated temperatures in Escherichia coli, is a homodimeric protein consisting of a large A domain and a smaller P domain connected by a linker. Two catalytic triads are present per dimer, with the Cys and His contributed by the A domain and an Asp by the P domain. A new crystal Form II confirms the dimer and catalytic triad arrangement seen in the earlier crystal Form I. In addition, several loops exhibit increased flexibility compared to the previous Hsp31 dimer structure. In particular, loops D2 and D3 are intriguing because their mobility leads to the exposure of a sizable hydrophobic patch made up by surface areas of both subunits near the dimer interface. The residues creating this hydrophobic surface are completely conserved in the Hsp31 family. At the same time, access to the catalytic triad is increased. These observations lead to the hypothesis for the functioning of Hsp31 wherein loops D2 and D3 play a key role: first, at elevated temperatures, by becoming mobile and uncovering a large hydrophobic area that helps in binding to client proteins, and second, by removing the client protein from the hydrophobic patch when the temperature decreases and the loops adopt their low-temperature positions at the Hsp31 surface. The proposed mode of action of flexible loops in the functioning of Hsp31 may be a general principle employed by other chaperones.
Seismogram Synthesis For Radially Multilayered Media Using the Generalized Reflection/transmission Coefficients Method

A new method based on generalized reflection and transmission coefficients is proposed to calculate the waves in radially multi-layered media. The method is used to simulate full waveform sonic logs in cemented and cased boreholes and crosswell seismic profiles in situations where we need to consider borehole effects. Our formulations are renormalized; therefore, they are more stable and efficient than previous methods for numerical computation. The new formulations are tested by comparing our numerical results with available previous work, which shows excellent agreement.
CO2 + O on Ag(110): Stoichiometry of Carbonate Formation, Reactivity of Carbonate with CO, and Reconstruction-Stabilized Chemisorption of CO2†

Surface carbonate species CO3(a) forms when exposing oxygen-covered Ag(110) surface to CO2. The stoichiometry of this reaction has been a subject of study for 20 years. Here, using a combined appro...
Neurointervention for the Peripheral Radiologist: Tips and Tricks

Interventional neuroradiology is a high-risk, high-yield field with small margins for catastrophic errors. A wider range of complex vascular disorders of the brain, spine, head, and neck are now treatable with new endovascular technology. This article describes new tools and techniques in this ever-expanding field.
Lithologic, Structural, and Topographic Influences on Snow-Avalanche Path Location, Eastern Glacier National Park, Montana

Abstract We examine the roles of lithology, structure, and topography as determinants of the location and morphology of snow-avalanche paths in east-central Glacier National Park, Montana. Most models of avalanche path location emphsize topographic interactions with prevailing winds and ignore the role of geologic influences. Landsat Thematic Mapper digital data, covering the study area, were enhanced through a combination of directional and nondirectional spatial filters, principal components analysis, and channel ratioing to delineate the relationships between lithology, structure, topography, and avalanche-path location. We used GIS technology to examine these spatial relationships. Fieldwork confirmed the remote sensing and GIS interpretations. More than 50 percent of the snow-avalanche paths are located directly beneath a widespread diorite sill, and roughly 25 percent and 20 percent of the additional paths were associated with topographic couloirs (probably structurally controlled) and structural li...
Rocks of Northern Part of Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A petrographic study of rocks dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by the research vessel, Atlantis, in 1947 and 1948 shows that olivine basalt and basalt are the most common rock types of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Serpentinite, derived from peridotite, was obtained at four stations. A unique type of rock is composed of detrital serpentinite fragments in fossiliferous limestone.
On Oscillations of Solutions of Third-Order Dynamic Equation

We are proving the new oscillation theorems for the solutions of third-order linear nonautonomous differential equation with complex coefficients. In the case of real coefficients we derive the oscillation criterion that is invariant with respect to the adjoint transformation. Our main tool is a new version of Levinson's asymptotic theorem.
Attachment styles and sleep measures in a community-based sample of older adults.

Abstract Background Measures of attachment style are often used to appraise social and emotional health. In developmental literature, the concept of attachment is used to explain relationships between children and their adult caregivers. While both attachment styles and sleep patterns are conceived as developmentally organized systems, very few studies have explored the link between the two. The present study examined whether attachment styles and sleep measures are associated among older adults. Methods Relationships between attachment styles (i.e., secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissive) and subjective sleep measures were assessed utilizing data from 70 older participants (mean age: 68±6 years; Blacks: 59% and Whites: 41%) in a community-based study assessing subjective health characteristics. After obtaining informed consent, each participant provided demographic and socioeconomic data, as well as relevant medical and subjective data. Results Independent of participants' demographic and subjective factors, significant correlations were found between the preoccupied attachment dimension and sleep measures. Specifically, individuals scoring high on the preoccupied attachment dimension were more likely to report daytime napping ( r p =0.31, p r p =0.37, p Conclusions Important relations have been observed between specific attachment styles and subjective sleep factors in our data. Although only one-dimension (preoccupied) demonstrated statistical significance, a trend was observed, suggesting possible associations between the secure attachment style dimension and subjective sleep measures. Future studies are needed to broaden our understanding of the relationship between attachment styles and sleep patterns.
Effects of fenoxycarb exposure on complete larval development of the xanthid crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii.

Abstract Pest control agents, such as juvenile hormone analogues (JHA), have been developed to limit effects on non-target organisms that co-inhabit insect pest habitats. Rhithropanopeus harrisii , an estuarine xanthid crab, was used to observe the impacts of the JHA, fenoxycarb, on the pattern of complete larval development as well as survival of larvae and successful metamorphosis to first crab stage. Significant mortality occurred in the first of four zoeal stages (after 2–3 days of exposure) at the highest treatment of 240 μg fenoxycarb/l and in megalopae exposed to 48 μg fenoxycarb/l. The time required to metamorphose to the first crab stage was significantly increased for megalopae in all treatments ⩾48 μg/l. This delay in development was sufficient to significantly prolong the entire developmental period from zoea to crabs. Unexposed larvae developed to crabs in an average of 16 days; larvae exposed to ⩾48 μg/l required 19–20 days. Reduced survival and extended duration of developing larval stages in the life history of a benthic invertebrate may alter the population dynamics of these organisms in the estuary.
Policy Considerations for States Supporting Stem Cell Research: Evidence from a Survey of Stem Cell Scientists

This is a preprint of an Article accepted for publication in Public Administration Review © the American Society for Public Administration. The definitive version is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com.
Metabolic responses of the awake cerebral cortex to anoxia hypoxia spreading depression and epileptiform activity.

Abstract Using the time sharing fluoremeter/reflectometer the measurement of NADH fluorescence as well as the reflected light was obtained from the surface of the awake rat brain cortex. The light was transferred to and from the brain via a flexible light pipe (made of quartz fibers) connected to a cannula implanted permanently above the brain. Exposing the rat to pure nitrogen atmosphere increased the fluorescence (reduction of NADH) by32.3 ± 6.1 in comparison to the normoxic fluorescence level. During cortical spreading depression (SD) the NADH fluorescence decreased (oxidation of NADH) by17.3 ± 2.8%. Exposing the rat to nitrogen after SD was elicited blocked the oxidation cycle observed during SD. Exposing the awake rats to 10, 7.5 or 5% O2 did not block the response of the brain to spreading depression or to Metrazol applied locally to the cortex. Under hypoxic conditions the brain showed a typical response to SD, namely, an oxidation cycle of NADH except that the duration of the cycle was longer and the decrease in the NADH level was smaller. The EEG activity recovered to normal even under 5%. The same effect of hypoxia was found when Metrazol was applied and epileptic activity was developed.
Ferritin induction protects cortical astrocytes from heme-mediated oxidative injury

Hemin is released from hemoglobin after CNS hemorrhage and may contribute to its cytotoxic effect. In a prior study, we demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 induction protected murine cortical astrocytes from hemoglobin toxicity. Since heme metabolism releases iron, this observation suggested that these cells are able to effectively sequester and detoxify free iron. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that astrocytes increased ferritin synthesis after exposure to heme-bound iron, and that this induction protected cells from subsequent exposure to toxic concentrations of hemin. Incubation with low micromolar concentrations of hemin, hemoglobin, or ferrous sulfate increased ferritin expression, as detected on immunoblots stained with a polyclonal antibody that was raised against horse spleen ferritin. Time course studies demonstrated an increase in ferritin levels within 2 h. Weak and scattered cellular staining was detected by immunohistochemistry in control, untreated cultures, while diffuse immunoreactivity was observed in cultures exposed to heme-bound iron. An enhanced ferritin band was detected on immunoblots from cultures that were treated with purified apoferritin, consistent with astrocytic ferritin uptake. Immunoreactivity after apoferritin treatment was not altered by concomitant treatment with cycloheximide. Pretreatment with apoferritin protected astrocytes from hemin toxicity in a concentration-dependent fashion between 1 and 4 mg/ml. At the highest concentration, cell death due to a 6-h exposure to 30 μM hemin was decreased by about 85%. A protective effect was also produced by induction of endogenous ferritin with nontoxic concentrations of ferrous sulfate, hemoglobin, or hemin. These results suggest that cortical astrocytes respond to exogenous heme-bound or free iron by rapidly increasing ferritin synthesis. The combined action of heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin may be a primary astrocytic defense against heme-mediated injury.
The Role of Long-Acting β-Agonists in the Management of Asthma: Analysis, Meta-Analysis, and More Analysis

The report by Salpeter and colleagues in this issue is a new entrant in the debate about long-acting β-agonists and asthma. The investigators found that use of long-acting β-agonists was associated...
CSF phenylacetic acid and hostility in paranoid schizophrenia

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of phenylacetic acid were significantly elevated in paranoid vs. nonparanoid schizophrenics. Further, phenylacetic acid concentrations were correlated with hostility. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that phenylethylamine, the proposed precursor of phenylacetic acid, plays a role in schizophrenia.
Design of rate control for wireless video telephony applications

We propose a design of a rate control algorithm for low-delay video transmission over wireless channels. Our objective is to meet delay constraints and to make sure that the decoder buffer does not overflow or underflow. We approach this problem analytically, by studying the leaky bucket model in the variable rate transmission scenario, and deriving sufficient conditions for meeting our objective. We then employ these conditions in the design of the rate control algorithm. We report results obtained by using this algorithm with an MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 encoder and LTE channel simulator as a test platform.
Temporal but not spatial environmental variation drives adaptive offspring sex allocation in a plural cooperative breeder.

Abstract: Cooperatively breeding birds have been used frequently to study sex allocation because the adaptive value of the sexes partly depends upon the costs and benefits for parents of receiving help. I examined patterns of directional sex allocation in relation to maternal condition (Trivers‐Willard hypothesis), territory quality (helper competition hypothesis), and the number of available helpers (helper repayment hypothesis) in the superb starling, Lamprotornis superbus, a plural cooperative breeder with helpers of both sexes. Superb starlings biased their offspring sex ratio in relation to prebreeding rainfall, which was correlated with maternal condition. Mothers produced relatively more female offspring in wetter years, when they were in better condition, and more male offspring in drier years, when they were in poorer condition. There was no relationship between offspring sex ratio and territory quality or the number of available helpers. Although helping was male biased, females had a greater va...
Triangles in squares

Introduction. In this note we determine precisely when a triangle fits in a square by finding necessary and sufficient conditions on the sides a, b, c, s for the triangle with sides a, b, c to fit into the square of side s. Our strategy is to find the side smin(T) of the smallest square Smin that contains the given triangle T; then T fits into a square S of side s precisely when s ≥ smin(T). Scaling solves the equivalent dual problem: Find the largest triangle similar to a given triangle that fits in a given square.
A computational model of ratio decidendi

This paper proposes a model ofratio decidendi as a justification structure consisting of a series of reasoning steps, some of which relate abstract predicates to other abstract predicates and some of which relate abstract predicates to specific facts. This model satisfies an important set of characteristics ofratio decidendi identified from the jurisprudential literature. In particular, the model shows how the theory under which a case is decided controls its precedential effect. By contrast, a purely exemplar-based model ofratio decidendi fails to account for the dependency of precedential effect on the theory of decision.
Headache Caused by a Single Lesion of Multiple Sclerosis in the Periaqueductal Gray Area

We report a severe acute headache that occurred in conjunction with a solitary fresh lesion of multiple sclerosis in the periaqueductal gray region of a 16-year-old girl. This unique natural event supports the recent proposition, based on observations of patients with implanted electrodes, that perturbations of the periaqueductal gray region can produce headache. It also suggests that headaches accompanying attacks of multiple sclerosis are due to disturbances in particular regions of the brain.
Value of Resistance Training for the Reduction of Sports Injuries

Many competitive and recreational athletes perform resistance training as a part of their conditioning programmes. Resistance training in addition to increasing muscular strength and hypertrophy may also aid in the prevention of injuries. Research indicates that resistance training promotes growth and/or increases in the strength of ligaments, tendons, tendon to bone and ligament to bone junction strength, joint cartilage and the connective tissue sheaths within muscle. Studies involving humans and animal models also demonstrate resistance training can cause increased bone mineral content and therefore may aid in prevention of skeletal injuries.
Approach to Curie-Weiss paramagnetism in the metallic perovskites La 1 − x Nd x CuO 3

A procedure for the preparation of the starting oxides has allowed phase-pure synthesis of the rhombohedral, metallic perovskite system ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{3}$ $(0l~xl~0.6)$ under 25 kbar oxygen pressure at $900--1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ It was not possible to exceed the $x=0.6$ limit with 65 kbar at $1600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ Measurement of the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{3}$-sublattice contribution to the paramagnetic susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{m}(T)$ was obtained for samples of different x by an appropriate subtraction of the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$-ion contribution as obtained from measurement of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{m}(T)$ for ${\mathrm{NdAlO}}_{3}.$ The data are qualitatively compatible with the Mott prediction for a mass-enhanced ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{m}(T)$ of a half-filled band that approaches the Mott-Hubbard transition from the itinerant-electron side. However, a model of strong-correlation fluctuations in a mass-enhanced Fermi liquid provides an alternative description of the data that is supported by transport measurements and a remarkable sensitivity of the susceptibility to small structural changes.
Stable isotopes in physiological ecology and food web research

Abstract Mention the word ‘isotopes' and most people will think of short-lived radioactive isotopes. Yet far more abundant than the radioactive forms and perhaps much more useful for ecological studies are the stable isotopes. Early interest in stable isotope analyses developed in the geological sciences, and their application in environmental biology has developed slowly until recently. Over the past few years, innovative applications of stable isotope analyses to studies of biological processes have been expanding rapidly, and there is every indication that stable isotope approaches will lead to major advances over the next decade in our understanding of physiological processes and fluxes through ecological systems. Studies of plant and animal physiological ecology and food webs will benefit greatly.
A new method for analysis of variance of the hydraulic and reactive attributes of aquifers as linked to hierarchical and multiscaled sedimentary architecture

This technical note presents a useful methodology for studying how the variance of hydraulic and/or reactive attributes of an aquifer are linked to the multiscaled and hierarchical sedimentary architecture of the aquifer. A new recursive equation is derived which quantitatively describes how the variance is related to sedimentary facies defined at all scales across an entire stratal hierarchy. As compared to prior published equations that emphasize differences in means among facies populations within a hierarchical level, it emphasizes differences across levels. Because of the hierarchical relationships among the terms of the equation, we find it to be useful for conducting a holistic analysis of the relative contributions to the variance arising from all facies types defined across all scales. The methodology is demonstrated using appropriate field data, and is shown to be useful in defining parsimonious classification systems.
Occult Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Its Relevance in Clinical Practice

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can persist in the liver, lymphoid (immune) cells, and serum of individuals long after an apparently complete therapy-induced or a spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C. This essential asymptomatic infection, called secondary occult HCV infection (OCI), usually occurs in anti-HCV antibody reactive individuals with normal liver function tests. This infection has been identified when the nucleic acid amplification assays of enhanced sensitivity were applied for the detection of HCV genome and its replication. In addition to the secondary OCI, a form of low-level HCV-RNA-positive infection of unknown etiology coinciding with moderately elevated serum liver enzymes and progressing in the absence of anti-HCV detectable by standard clinical assays has been reported. Because of its undefined origin, it can be termed cryptogenic OCI. In this review, the general characteristics of OCI, the ways of its detection and associated controversies, and the potential clinical implications of its existence will be concisely outlined.
Reflections on New England Nuclear (NEN)

Selected vignettes from the author's personal experience with technology and colleagues at New England Nuclear are related. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete Heart Block in Myocarditis-Recovery with a Pacemaker

A 20-year-old man with antecedent upper respiratory tract infection was found to be in complete heart block. A transvenous pacemaker was successfully inserted. Subsequent viral studies and serum enzyme determinations supported the diagnosis of a Coxsackie B myocarditis. Six weeks after the onset of the illness, cardiac catheterization was performed, which revealed no hemodynamic abnormalities.
Clinical outcomes of ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the fate of the rectum, functional results and quality of life after ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in ulcerative colitis. Methods: Patients with ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis who underwent IRA from 1971 to 2006 were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty-two patients with an IRA were matched by age, sex and follow-up duration with 66 patients with an ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) and compared for functional outcomes and quality of life. Results: Eighty-six patients with an IRA were included. Median follow-up was 9 (range 1–36) years. Rectal dysplasia and cancer rates were 17 and 8 per cent respectively. The rectum was resected in 46 patients (53 per cent) because of refractory proctitis in 24, rectal dysplasia in 15 and rectal cancer in seven. The cumulative probability of having a functioning IRA at 10 and 20 years was 74 and 46 per cent respectively. Patients with an IRA had fewer bowel movements (P = 0·020) and less night-time seepage (P = 0·020) but increased urgency (P < 0·001) compared with patients with an IPAA, whereas quality of life was similar. Conclusion: In selected patients with ulcerative colitis IRA gives an acceptable quality of life and functional outcome that are comparable to those in patients with an IPAA. Owing to the risk of cancer, surveillance of the rectum is mandatory. Copyright © 2010 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric adiabatic pulses for NH selection.

Abstract Many types of NMR experiments demand the use of frequency-selective pulses to invert magnetization within discrete frequency limits. For certain experiments, only one side of the inversion band must be sharply demarcated, in which case this transition bandwidth can be narrowed when using an asymmetric adiabatic full passage. In the present study, a highly efficient asymmetric adiabatic full passage was created from a combination of two adiabatic half passages which used different modulation functions (HS 1 2 and tanh/tan). Each adiabatic half passage occupied a different amount of time in the total pulse and performed one-half of the inversion. On one side, HS 1 2 produced a sharp transition between inverted and noninverted states which was approximately 2.5 times narrower than the transition bandwidth afforded by a symmetric hyperbolic secant pulse of equal length. On the other side of the narrow transition band, the tanh/tan pulse achieved broadband inversion. These asymmetric pulses were applied to select NH groups immediately adjacent to the water signal in water-flip-back HSQC experiments using a double spin echo for the reverse INEPT step.
The effect of statistical fluctuations on the measurement of the total energy and multiplicity ofγ rays following deep-inelastic reactions

We discuss the effect of statistical fluctuations on the first and second moments of both the intrinsic rotational energy and the sum of spin magnitudes in deep-inelastic fragments, as extracted from measurements of the totalγ-ray energy and theγ-ray multiplicity, respectively. The calculations were done in the framework of a model that considers the thermal excitation of rotational modes in the intermediate dinuclear complex, accounting exactly for the correlations between the angular momenta generated in both nuclei.
Age‐Related Differences in Management of Heart Disease: A Study of Cardiac Medication Use in an Older Cohort

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested suboptimal use of cardiac medications for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) and atrial fibrillation (AF), especially among older people. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients older than 75 years are less likely than those aged 65 to 74 to be prescribed medications with evidence-based indications, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM), aspirin and/or β-blockers for those with a history of MI, and warfarin for chronic AF. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Twenty-nine hospitals, predominantly tertiary-care institutions. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 407 patients randomized to ventricular or dual-chamber pacing from February 26, 1993, to September 30, 1994, in the Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly (PASE) trial. MEASUREMENTS: A review of the patient's medical history and a physical exam at study enrollment, three follow-up timepoints, and a study closeout. RESULTS: Patients older than 75 years with LVD and/or DM were less likely to be prescribed ACE inhibitors (OR = .56 (0.31-1.00)); patients older than 75 with a history of MI were less likely to be taking aspirin (OR = .43 (0.19-.95)), and patients older than 75 with AF were less likely to be prescribed warfarin (OR = .18 (0.05-.61)). Patients older than 75 years of age with any or all of the conditions studied were less likely to be prescribed indicated medications than those ages 65 to 74 (OR = .35 (0.18-.70)), after controlling for between-group differences in comorbidity, gender, and number of noncardiac medications. CONCLUSION: Older age is a significant independent negative correlate of evidence-based cardiac medication use in this cohort. Causes for this finding need to be explored. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:145–150, 1999.
Sleep as a fundamental property of neuronal assemblies

Sleep is vital to cognitive performance, productivity, health and well-being. Earlier theories of sleep presumed that it occurred at the level of the whole organism and that it was governed by central control mechanisms. However, evidence now indicates that sleep might be regulated at a more local level in the brain: it seems to be a fundamental property of neuronal networks and is dependent on prior activity in each network. Such local-network sleep might be initiated by metabolically driven changes in the production of sleep-regulatory substances. We discuss a mathematical model which illustrates that the sleep-like states of individual cortical columns can be synchronized through humoral and electrical connections, and that whole-organism sleep occurs as an emergent property of local-network interactions.
Dimerization of Plasmodium vivax DBP is induced upon receptor binding and drives recognition of DARC

Plasmodium parasites use Duffy-binding proteins (DBPs) to invade erythrocyte precursor cells via binding to host protein DARC. Now this interaction is examined by structural and functional work on Plasmodium vivax DBP, revealing that it binds to DARC as a dimer and providing insights into host protective responses and immune evasion by the parasite.
Parallels of Craniofacial Maldevelopment in Down Syndrome and Ts65Dn Mice

Mouse genetic models can be used to dissect molecular mechanisms that result in human disease. This approach requires detec- tion and demonstration of compelling parallels between phenotypes in mouse and human. Ts65Dn mice are at dosage imbalance for many of the same genes duplicated in trisomy 21 or Down syndrome (DS), the most common live-born hu- man aneuploidy. Analysis of the craniofacial skeleton of Ts65Dn mice using three-dimensional morphometric methods demonstrates an abso- lute correspondence between Ts65Dn and DS craniofacial dysmorphology, a distinctive and completely penetrant DS phenotype. The genes at dosage imbalance in Ts65Dn are localized to a small region of mouse chromosome 16 and, by comparative mapping, to the corresponding re- gion of human Chromosome 21, providing inde- pendent experimental data supporting the con- tribution of genes in this region to this characteristic DS phenotype. This analysis estab- lishes precise parallels in human and mouse skull phenotypes resulting from dosage imbal- ance for the same genes, revealing strong conser- vation of the evolved developmental genetic program that underlies mammalian skull mor- phology and validating the use of this mouse model in the analysis of this important DS phe- notype. This evolutionary conservation further establishes the mouse as a valid model for a wide range of syndromes producing craniofacial maldevelopment. Dev Dyn 2000;217:137-145. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predictive modeling of electromechanical impedance spectroscopy for composite materials

The advancement of composite materials in aircraft structures has led to an increased need for effective structural health monitoring technologies that are able to detect and assess damage present in composite structures. The study presented in this article is interested in understanding self-sensing piezoelectric wafer sensors to conduct electromechanical impe- dance spectroscopy in glass fiber reinforced polymer composite to perform structural health monitoring. For this objec- tive, multi-physics-based finite element method is used to model the electromechanical behavior of a free piezoelectric wafer active sensor and its interaction with the host structure on which it is bonded. The multi-physics-based modeling permits the input and output variables to be expressed directly in electric terms, while the two-way electromechanical conversion is done internally in the multi-physics-based finite element method formulation. The impedance responses are also studied in conditions when the sensor bonding layer is subject to degradation and when the sensor itself is sub- jected to breakage, respectively. To reach the goal of using the electromechanical impedance spectroscopy approach to detect damage, several damage models are generated on simplified orthotropic structure and laminated glass fiber rein- forced polymer structures. The effects of the modeling are carefully studied through experimental validation. A good match has been observed for low and high frequencies.
Nucleic acids and polynucleotides

The conformation of native double helical DNA is well-known, but it is possible that small regions occur within native DNA, undetectable by X-ray diffraction methods, which have different conformations. Model structures are the synthetic deoxypolynucleotides of defined sequence. Under the conditions used, DNA, poly d(A-T) • poly d(A-T), and poly d(T-G) • poly d(C-A) can all give similar X-ray diffraction patterns, whereas poly dA • poly dT, poly dI • poly dC, poly dG • poly dC, and poly d(T-C) • poly d(G-A) clearly differ from DNA. This led to the tentative hypothesis that those DNA's in which all purines are in one strand and all pyrimidines in the other differ in structure from those (such as native DNA) in which purines and pyrimidines alternate or are irregular. We now find that poly d(I-C) • poly d(I-C) does not fit the hypothesis and is a most unusual structure, having seven or eight base pairs per turn. Both molecular model building and circular dichroism studies suggest that it is a left-handed helix. A number of purified tRNA's have been crystallized. We have obtained, from unfractionated tRNA, crystalline “powder” X-ray diffraction patterns showing rings and spots to about 20 A resolution. It is not clear whether cocrystallization has occurred, or whether there is fractional crystallization, though preliminary evidence favors the latter. Determination of the structure of crystalline tRNA has many features in common with protein crystallography, but there are a number of distinct differences.
Convective stability of gravity-modulated doubly cross-diffusive fluid layers

A stability analysis is undertaken to theoretically study the effects of gravity modulation and cross-diffusion on the onset of convection in horizontally unbounded doubly diffusive fluid layers. We investigate the stability of doubly stratified incompressible Boussinesq fluid layers with stress-free and rigid boundaries when the stratification is either imposed or induced by Soret separation. The stability criteria are established by way of Floquet multipliers of the amplitude equations. The topology of neutral curves and stability boundaries exhibits features not found in modulated singly diffusive or unmodulated multiply diffusive fluid layers. A striking feature in gravity-modulated doubly cross-diffusive layers is the existence of bifurcating neutral curves with double minima, one of which corresponds to a quasi-periodic asymptotically stable branch and the other to a subharmonic neutral solution. As a consequence, a temporally and spatially quasi-periodic bifurcation from the basic state is possible, in which case there are two incommensurate critical wavenumbers at two incommensurate onset frequencies at the same Rayleigh number. In some instances, the minimum of the subharmonic branch is more sensitive to small parameter variations than that of the quasi-periodic branch, thus affecting the stability criteria in a way that differs substantially from that of unmodulated layers.
Having a mind of one's own and holding the other in mind:Commentary on paper by Peter Fonagy and Mary Target

(1998). Having a mind of one's own and holding the other in mind:Commentary on paper by Peter Fonagy and Mary Target. Psychoanalytic Dialogues: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 115-148.
Does distance affect utilization of substance abuse and mental health services in the presence of transportation services

Long travel times have been identified as a significant barrier to accessing mental health and other critical services. This study examines whether distance to treatment was a barrier to receiving outpatient mental health and substance abuse care for HIV-positive persons when transportation was provided. Data from a cohort of HIV-positive persons who participated in a year-long substance abuse and mental health treatment programme were examined longitudinally. Transportation, which included buses, taxis, and mileage reimbursement for private transportation, was provided free of charge for participants who needed this assistance. Nearly three-quarters (74%) of participants utilized the transportation services. No statistically significant differences in retention in, or utilization of, the mental health and substance abuse treatment programme were identified by distance to the treatment site. This analysis demonstrated that increased distance to care did not decrease utilization of the treatment programme when transportation was provided to the client when necessary. These results provide preliminary evidence that distance to substance abuse and mental health services need not be a barrier to care for HIV-positive individuals when transportation is provided. Such options may need to be considered when trying to treat geographically dispersed individuals so that efficiencies in treatment can be attained.
Increased Dietary Calcium Lowers Blood Pressure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

The effect of increased dietary calcium on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats was investigated by feeding lab chow fortified with calcium carbonate (2.5% calcium, hCa) beginning at 4 wk of age. A control SH group was fed regular lab chow (1.2% calcium, rCa). Two groups of age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated in parallel. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly until the age of 18 wk using a tail cuff method. The hCa diet significantly attenuated the time course of hypertension in SH rats even though both SH groups eventually developed hypertension. The hCa also lowered BP in WKYs, but to a lesser extent. Urine output (24-hr volumes) was not affected by hCa, but in both SH and WKY groups fed the hCa diet, the excretion of Na+, K+ and Ca++ was markedly elevated at 11, 15, and 19 wk of age. Urine osmolality was also elevated. Plasma Na+, Ca++ and osmolality were not significantly altered by the diet in either SH or WKY rats; plasma potassium was significantly lower in the SH group fed the hCa diet than in the group given rCa. The hCa diet did not significantly affect the body or heart, kidney, adrenal, or thymus weights. The results suggest that hCa diet may attenuate genetic hypertension by inducing an osmotic diuresis.
A prospective, open-label treatment trial to compare the effect of IFNβ-1a (Avonex®), IFNβ-1b (Betaseron®), and glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) on the relapse rate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results after 18 months of therapy:

We previously reported results of a 12 month prospective, non-randomized, open-label treatment trial of immunomodulatory therapy in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We now report the results after 18 months of follow-up. Our primary objective was to compare the effect of INFβ-1a (Avonex®), IFNβ-1b (Betaseron®), and Glatiramer Acetate (GA, Copaxone®) to no treatment on the relapse rate in patients with RRMS. One hundred and fifty-six consecutive patients with clinically definite RRMS with a Kurtzke scale (EDSS) score of 4 or less were followed for 18 months. Prior 2-year relapse history and available chart information was carefully reviewed at the time of enrollment. Thirty-three of 156 elected no treatment at enrollment; 40 elected IFNβ-1a, 41 IFNβ-1b, and 42 chose GA. There were no statistically significant differences among the four groups at enrollment. After 18 months of treatment, 122 patients remained in their original treatment group. Compared to the untreated group (1.0...
A multifunctional enzyme adds to its repertoire

ADP-ribosyl cyclases are a family of multifunctional enzymes that appear to be expressed ubiquitously in eukaryotic systems (reviewed in refs. 1 and 2). These enzymes are known to metabolize NAD+ and produce at least three molecules that have been demonstrated to be involved in calcium signaling. These enzymes are named for their ability to convert NAD+ to cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a signaling molecule that has been shown to mobilize calcium from intracellular stores by means of a ryanodine receptor/calcium channeldependent system (reviewed in refs. 3 and 4). In addition to cADPR, ADP-ribosyl cyclases have been shown to produce ADP-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate (NAADP) (1, 2, 5). These molecules are also involved in regulating calcium signaling: ADPR has been shown to regulate plasma membrane LTRPC2 calcium channels in mammalian cells (6), and NAADP induces calcium mobilization from intracellular stores in several systems (7). In mammalian systems, the ectoenzymes CD38 and CD157 appear to be the major enzymes with ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity (2), although a non-CD38/CD157 ADP-ribosyl cyclase has been detected recently in brains from CD38 knockout mice (8). The work of Basile et al. (9) in a recent issue of PNAS demonstrates that, in addition to producing cADPR, ADPR, and NAADP, ADP-ribosyl cyclases can also generate three adenine dinucleotides (9). Interestingly, these adenine dinucleotides are shown to exist naturally and to have biological activity (9). These findings have several important implications, including expanding the signaling capabilities of the ADP-ribosyl cyclase …
`I want to go back to the text': Response strategies on the reading subtest of the new TOEFL®

This study describes the reading and test-taking strategies that test takers used on the `Reading' section of the LanguEdge Courseware (2002) materials developed to familiarize prospective responde...
Intimate Partner Violence Within Church Communities of African Ancestry

This chapter will explore the experiences of Christian women of African ancestry with domestic violence. These women represent diverse groups and cultures. The authors identify diversity among the women and share how religion intersects with these diverse perspectives. Ways in which culture and religion intersect for women of African ancestry are illuminated, along with exploring perceptions of clergy that engage this population of women. The chapter ends with recommendations on how to improve programs and practices to better serve this diverse population of women as it relates to domestic violence and other forms of violence experienced.
Deciphering the Social Structure of Marbled Murrelets from Behavioral Observations at Sea

Abstract We surveyed Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) daily from small boats in Auke Bay and Fritz Cove, Alaska, from May through August 1992 and 1993. Differences in numbers of juveniles and in the timing of their presence in the study area between the two years indicated that breeding phenology was late and productivity was low in 1992 compared to 1993. This difference was consistent with variability in the physical environment. Of 99 fish identified in the bills of fish-holding adult murrelets, 81 (82%) were Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus). Counts of fish-holding adult murrelets were significantly higher in the evening than at any other time of day. Time of day had no significant effects on counts of fledglings, indicating that juveniles were moving into and out of the study area during the day. Murrelets were predominantly found in groups of two or more, even during incubation, suggesting that murrelets incur an appreciable benefit, such as increased foraging efficiency, from for...
Arena Size, Hole Density, and Capture of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Grain Probe Traps

The relationship of size of test arena, number of holes in a grain probe trap body and capture of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), was determined in simulated field tests conducted in an outdoor screen enclosure exposed to natural temperature fluctuations. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) probe bodies were attached to electronic sensor heads, and insect captures were recorded electronically using an electronic grain probe insect counter (EGPIC) system. In comparisons among PVC probe trap bodies with 60, 132, 252, and 492 holes, tested at 18 insects per kilogram in 4.5, 17, and 40 kg of soft wheat in cylindrical arenas (10.2, 20.3, and 30.5 cm in diameter, respectively), number of holes in the probe trap body had no effect on insect capture, but percentage of insects recovered was indirectly related to size of the test arena. Periodicity of insect capture was determined using the time-stamp data that were recorded by the EGPIC system. Circadian rhythm was observed in the periodicity of the capture that corresponded to foraging activity peaks documented for sawtoothed grain beetles, with activity peaks occurring early in the scotophase. There were shifts in times of peak activity among the different test arena sizes that corresponded to differences in temperature in the grain mass. Increases in both temperature and contact between insects and grain probe in the smallest arenas resulted in higher capture of sawtoothed grain beetles. This research documents additional important factors when evaluating capture of sawtoothed grain beetles in grain probe traps.