cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovering a meaning versus applying the keyword method: Effects on recall

The keyword method of learning new vocabulary was compared to learning new vocabulary when the meaning of the vocabulary items had to be inferred from a meaningful context (context method). The context method included preliminary instruction concerning techniques for how to infer meaning from verbal contexts. For the keyword method, the definitions provided were dictionarylike entries (rather than one-word definitions). The keyword method produced significantly greater definition recall than the context method when recall was cued with the vocabulary word, even when such recall was conditional on context subjects' correct discovery of the words' meanings. No significant differences between the keyword method and the context method were found for free recall of definitions or free recall of the vocabulary words. A postexperimental questionnaire revealed that some control and some context subjects spontaneously employed keyword-like strategies. Within each condition, subjects employing keyword-like strategies displayed higher cued recall than subjects who did not employ keyword-like strategies.
Family Violence in Chile Political and Legal Dimensions in a Period of Democratic Transition

Family violence has different cross-cultural and historical meanings. The meanings of family violence in Chile became the focus of public discourse among professionals and policy makers during the transition from a military dictatorship to a democratically elected government. This study analyzes how social scientists and clinical practitioners understood family violence in Chile during this historical period. This review includes exploratory, empirical, and qualitative research studies, as well as transcripts from the family violence legislation that was finally put into place in 1995. The author concurrently interviewed interdisciplinary teams of practitioners to uncover extant and changing family violence discourses. These in-depth interviews explored practitioners' personal, professional, and political ideas about family violence. This study contributes to the field with a contextual and historical analysis of domestic violence interventions in Chile and “decenters” the idea that one context-free metho...
Probabilistic Life Assessment Method of Low Cycle Fatigue for Power Plant Components

This study focuses on the probabilistic analysis method to the determination of low cycle fatigue life for power plant components. The analysis incorporates standard life assessment modeling techniques used in the determination analysis of the low cycle fatigue. The probabilistic life assessment is developed to increase the reliability of life assessment. A probabilistic life assessment procedure can provide the engineer with the probability of structural failure as a function of operating time given the uncertainties in the input data. The probabilistic life assessment involves some uncertainties, for example, initial crack size, aspect ratio, crack initiation time, crack location, structural geometry, material properties, and loading condition, and a triangle distribution function is used for random variable generation. The resulting information provides the engineer with an assessment of the probability of structural failure. This information can form the basis of inspection planning and retirement-for-cause decisions. This study forms basis of the probabilistic life assessment technique and will be extended to other damage mechanisms.
Peptide biosynthetic processing: distinguishing prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2

Abstract To determine whether manipulation of time, temperature and intragranular pH could be used to distinguish the actions of two subtilisin-related endoproteases, PC1 and PC2, in peptide biosynthesis, the biosynthetic processing of proneuropeptide Y (proNPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) was examined in pituitary cell lines. AtT-20 cells express PC1 and POMC endogenously; stably transfected AtT-20 lines expressing NPY or PC2 were studied. GH3 cells express PC2 endogenously; NPY-expressing GH3 transfectants were investigated. PC1 mediated rapid processing of NPY and POMC; PC1-dependent cleavages were relatively insensitive to 20°C blockade (which arrests secretory pathway transport at the trans-Golgi network) and do not require an acidic intracellular compartment (as in secretory granules). PC2 mediated much slower processing of proNPY and POMC which was totally blocked at 20°C and required an acidic intracellular compartment. Thus, kinetics, abolition of intracellular pH gradients, and incubation at reduced temperatures can be used to distinguish PC1 and PC2 actions in neuroendocrine cells.
Magnetic Surface States in Cadmium

Presented here are the first systematic measurements of the low-field (0-80-Oe) microwave surface impedance of cadmium. The surface impedance is dominated by transitions between magnetic surface states. The magnetic fields at which these transitions occur were measured as a function of the orientation of the magnetic field in the three principal crystal planes of cadmium. Five distinct series are presented and the ratios of the observed transition fields agree with the Prange-Nee theory. These series are assigned to points on the Fermi surface and the Fermi velocities on the third-band lens are presented.
Investigating Response Errors in Survey Data

This special issue of Sociological Methods & Research contributes to recent trends in studies that exploit the availability of multiple measures in sample surveys in order to detect the level and patterning to measurement errors. Articles in this volume focus on topics in one of (or some combination of) the three areas: (1) those that develop and test theoretical hypotheses regarding the behavior of measurement errors under specific conditions of measurement, (2) those that focus on the methodological problems encountered in the design of data collection permitting the estimation of measurement models, and (3) those that focus on the evaluation of existing models for detecting and quantifying the nature of measurement errors. The designs included in these investigations include those that incorporate follow-up probes, record-check studies, multitrait-multimethod designs, longitudinal designs, and latent class models for assessing measurement errors for categorical variables.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate Recognition by the FYVE Domain

Abstract Recognition of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) is crucial for a broad range of cellular signaling and membrane trafficking events regulated by phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases. PtdIns(3)P binding by the FYVE domain of human early endosome autoantigen 1 (EEA1), a protein implicated in endosome fusion, involves two β hairpins and an α helix. Specific amino acids, including those of the FYVE domain's conserved RRHHCRQCGNIF motif, contact soluble and micelle-embedded lipid and provide specificity for PtdIns(3)P over PtdIns(5)P and PtdIns, as shown by heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Although the FYVE domain relies on a zinc-binding motif reminiscent of RING fingers, it is distinguished by novel structural features and its PtdIns(3)P-binding site.
Dynamic growth of anti-plane shear cracks in ideally plastic crystals

Abstract A near-tip asymptotic analysis is given for the stress and deformation field near the tip of crack propagating dynamically under anti-plane shear in an ideally plastic single crystal. A paricular class of orientations of the crack relative to the crystals is considered so that the yield is so simple diamond shape (relative to directions along perpendicular to the crack) in the plane of the anti-plane shear stresses. The near-tip solution is shown to consists of sectors which carry constant stresses, at yield levels, corresponding to adjacent vertices on the diamond-shaped yield locus, and which are joined along an elastic-plastic shock discontinuity. All plastic flow in the near-tip region occurs in the shock. Plastic strains and particle velocity are finite at the crack tip. The plastic strain is proportional to the elastic strain at onset of yielding and is inversely proportional to the elastic Mach number associated with the speed of crack growth.
Textures of sandstones and carbonate rocks in the world's deepest wells (in excess of 30,000 ft. or 9.1 km): Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma

Abstract Accelerated exploration in the deep Anadarko Basin has resulted in the need to understand the effects of deep burial at depths in excess of 30,000 ft. (9.1 km) on the textural characteristics of carbonate rocks and sandstones. The purpose of this study is to determine how deep burial affects the development of diagenetic textures in sandstones and carbonates. Textures found in carbonate rocks of the Hunton Group (Late Ordovician to Early Devonian) in the Lone Star Baden well, one of the world's deepest boreholes (9.16 km deep), and in basal sandstone sequences from the Simpson Group (Early to Middle Ordovician), from the Lone Star Bertha Rogers well, the world's deepest borehole (9.58 km deep), indicate that textures are not significantly different from diagenetic textures found in similar strata buried to shallower depths within the same basin. Mean vitrinite reflectance ( R O ) values from the Lone Star Bertha Rogers well were plotted versus depth as a means of developing a ranking parameter to characterize the thermal history of the deep Anadarko Basin. Temperatures of 200°C and higher had no apparent effect on the development of diagenetic textures or formation of new minerals, even though these temperatures approach those found in the zone of greenschist facies metamorphism. Diagenetic textures which developed formed in response to increases in stresses and strains that accompany deep burial. Textures related to the effects of strains in carbonate rocks of the Hunton Group include the development of various kinds of twinning, and the mechanical and multiple displacement along twin planes within single crystals, as well as cataclastic textures, such as granulation and mortar structure. Among sandstones of the Simpson Group only the development of concavo-convex and sutured boundaries and undulose extinction of quartz grains can be directly related to stresses and strains developed during deep burial. Mechanical adjustment occluded pores. Both limestones and standstones are tight.
The interaction of solar p-modes with a sunspot. II - Simple theoretical models

The interaction of solar p-modes with a sunspot magnetic flux tube is investigated theoretically by means of two simple models. An increase in horizontal wavelength between the nonmagnetic and magnetic regions, due to the different characteristic wave speeds in the two regions, explains the corresponding observed wavelength shift of powe in the umbral k-omega power spectrum. The variation of the transmission coefficient with wavenumber along the p-mode diagnostic curves, due to resonant transmission, is responsible for the observed selective filtering of the p-modes by the sunspot.
Quality of US primary care delivered by resident and staff physicians.

Background Few population-based data are available on the quality of outpatient care provided by resident physicians in the US.
The structure of the rat amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel gamma subunit gene and functional analysis of its promoter.

Abstract Prolonged dietary Na + depletion and chronic administration of adrenal steroids increase steady-state mRNA levels of the γ subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (γENaC) in rat colon. This increase correlates with a marked increase in transepithelial Na + transport and is thought to occur via transcriptional regulation. To begin to evaluate these mechanisms in detail, we determined the organization of the rat γENaC gene. A rat genomic library was screened and overlapping lambda clones that together span the gene (∼36 kb) and contain at least 1 kb of 5′ flanking genomic DNA were isolated. As in the human gene, the rat γENaC gene contains 13 exons and a CpG island at the 5′ end of the gene. A single transcription start site was identified in rat kidney by nuclease protection assay defining a 5′ untranslated region of 126 nt. The translation initiation codon was identified within the second exon and the entire 3′ UTR (∼1 kb) was within the last exon. 800 bp of 5′ flanking sequence, as well as the 3.4 kb first intron, were sequenced and analyzed for transcriptional regulatory motifs. Analogous to the human γENaC gene [Thomas, C.P., Doggett, N.A., Fisher, R., Stokes J.B., 1996. Genomic organization and the 5′ flanking region of the gamma subunit of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26 062–26 066], two GC boxes were seen at −30 and −61 to the transcription start site. In addition, putative AP-1, AP-2, CRE, Sp1 and GATA-1 and GRE motifs were identified elsewhere in the 5′ flanking region or the first intron. Two mammalian-wide interspersed repeats and a rodent-specific B1 repeat were also identified within the first intron. Fragments containing the putative GRE motifs coupled to luciferase did not confer a glucocorticoid-stimulated response in two cell lines that contained a functional glucocorticoid receptor. However, a 76 nt rat γENaC 5′ flanking fragment (−76 to +68) directed expression of luciferase in the epithelial cell lines H441 and FRTL5, suggesting that this minimal region that contained both GC boxes was sufficient for promoter activity.
Bulky DNA Lesions Induced by Reactive Oxygen Species

The integrity of the human genome is frequently challenged by endogenous and exogenous agents, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute the major endogenous source of DNA damage. ROS-induced single nucleobase lesions have been extensively investigated; however, the formation and biological implications of bulky DNA lesions emanating from ROS exposure remain under-explored. The combination of synthetic organic chemistry and bioanalytical chemistry have led to the discovery of a group of bulky, oxidatively generated DNA lesions. In these lesions, a nucleobase, often a purine base, can be covalently bonded with the 5' carbon of the 2-deoxyribose of the same nucleoside or its neighboring pyrimidine base to give purine cyclonucleosides and nucleobase-nucleobase intrastrand cross-links, respectively. Biochemical studies demonstrated that these lesions could markedly block DNA replication and transcription and that these lesions are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. These bulky, oxidatively induced DNA lesions may contribute significantly to neurological disorders that are associated with deficiency in NER and the natural processes of aging.
Simplified Warfarin Dose-response Pharmacodynamic Models.

Warfarin is a frequently used oral anticoagulant for long-term prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events. Due to its narrow therapeutic range and large inter-individual dose–response variability, it is highly desirable to personalize warfarin dosing. However, the complexity of the conventional kinetic-pharmacodynamic (K-PD) models hampers the development of the personalized dose management. To avert this challenge, we propose simplified PD models for warfarin dose-INR response relationship, which is motivated by ideas from control theory. The simplified models were further applied to longitudinal data of 37 patients undergoing anticoagulation treatment using the standard two-stage approach and then compared with the conventional K-PD models. Data analysis shows that all models have a similar predictive ability, but the simplified models are most parsimonious.
Green fluorescent protein/beta-galactosidase double reporters for visualizing Drosophila gene expression patterns.

We characterized 120 novel yeast Ga14-targeted enhancer trap lines in Drosophila using upstream activating sequence (UAS) reporter plasmids incorporating newly constructed fusions of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Escherichia coli b-galactosidase genes. Direct comparisons of GFP epifluorescence and b-galactosidase staining revealed that both proteins function comparably to their uncon- jugated counterparts within a wide variety ofDrosophila tissues. Generally, both reporters accumulated in similar patterns within individual lines, but in some tissues, e.g., brain, GFP staining was more reliable than that of b-galactosidase, whereas in other tissues, most notably testes and ovaries, the converse was true. In cases of weak enhancers, we occasionally could detect b-galactosidase staining in the absence of discern- ible GFP fluorescence. This shortcoming of GFP can, in most cases, be alleviated by using the more efficient S65T GFP derivative. The GFP/b-gal reporter fusion protein facilitated monitoring several aspects of protein accumulation. In particular, the ability to visualize GFP fluorescence enhances recognition of global static and dynamic patterns in live animals, whereas b-galac- tosidase histochemistry affords sensitive high resolu- tion protein localization. We present a catalog of Ga14-expressing strains that will be useful for investigat- ing several aspects of Drosophila melanogaster cell and developmental biology. Dev. Genet. 20:338-347, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Immune reaction of tumor-bearing mice to Propionibacterium acnes and the antitumor effect of the bacteria

The relationship between immunological reaction to Propionibacterium acnes (PA) and the antitumor effect of the injected bacterium was investigated. The aim was to determine whether the strength of the immune reaction to the bacterium can be used to predict its antitumor effectiveness. C3Hf/Sed mice received SC injections (right thigh) of viable cells of a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. When the tumor grew to 5 mm, the hosts received 350 micrograms PA IV as the antitumor treatment. Cellular immunity (footpad test) to PA was assayed in one group of these mice 14 days later, and in the other anti-PA agglutinins were determined 28 days later. The PA injection cured 22 of 58 mice in the first, and 20 of 46 mice in the second group. Footpad reaction and agglutinin titers to PA in cured mice were not statistically different from those in mice eventually killed by the tumor. Therefore, the strength of the immune reaction to PA in tumor-bearing mice could not be used to predict the antitumor effectiveness of the bacterium.
Fish Species Distribution in Relation to Water Chemistry in Selected Maine Lakes

We examined the possible effects of acidity on the number of fish species in 22 lakes in Maine, ranging in pH from 4.4 to 7.0 (mean values). We caught no fish in three lakes with pH <5.0, but collected 1 to 9 species in the remaining 19 lakes (pH 5.4 to 7.0). Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) were ubiquitous, but no common shiners (Notropis cornutus) or creek chubs (Semotilus atromaculatus) were collected from lakes with pH below 6.0 and 5.9, respectively. The fishless lakes differed from the others primarily in water chemistry variables related to acidity, i. e., pH, A1, and concentration of divalent cations. Among lakes that contained fish, the factors related to the number of species collected were lake surface area and maximum depth, which may be related to habitat quantity and diversity. Cluster analysis identified two distinct fish species groups — depauperate and cyprinid-sucker — but multiple comparison analysis failed to relate any measured chemical or physical variable to these two groups, probably because water chemistry was suitable for reproduction by these species.
Design and Synthesis of bis-carbamate Analogs of Cyclic bis-(3′-5′)-Diguanylic Acid (c-di-GMP) and the Acyclic Dimer PGPG

The bacterial second messenger cyclic bis-(3'-5')-diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) regulates diverse Gram-negative bacterial virulence functions. The pathways that control, or are controlled by, c-di-GMP suggest that c-di-GMP signaling systems may encompass potential drug targets. It is presently undetermined, however, whether up- or down-modulation of c-di-GMP signaling would be the desired therapeutic state. We addressed potential drug target validation by synthesizing nonhydrolysable carbamate analogs of both the cyclic dinucleotide and the acyclic (seco) dinucleotide. A molecular docking simulation of the carbamate isostere suggests that this analog is capable of assuming the correct conformation and pose at a c-di-GMP binding site.
Major kaolin processing developments

Abstract The kaolin industry has shown a phenomenal growth record from 1930 to the present and there is no indication that this growth will not continue. Innovative and efficient process developments enabled the kaolin industry to wet process over 5,000,000 tons in 1978 in Georgia and over 3,000,000 tons in the Cornwall district of southwestern England. These two regions supply the major tonnage of paper coating clays for the world's paper industry. The more important process developments are listed as follows: (1) development of chemicals for dispersion and flocculation; (2) continuous blungers to slurry the kaolin at the mine; (3) (continuous degritting by rake classifiers and hydrocyclones; (4) transport of kaolin slurry through pipelines from mine to plant; (5) continuous centrifuges for particle separation into coarse, medium, and fine sizes (6) chemical leaching of iron to improve brightness and color, (7) dewatering to high solids by: (a) continuous rotary vacuum filters; (b) automated plate and frame filter presses; (c) tube presses; (d) high speed contrifuges; (8) spray drying to low moisture and spherical shape to permit bulk hopper car shipments; (9) flotation to remove iron and titanium impurities to improve brightness and whiteness; (10) slurry clay shipments at 70 percent solids in tank cars; (11) high gradient magnetic separation to improve brightness and whiteness and to utilize marginal deposits; (12) delamination to utilize course kaolin stacks to make an improved product; (13) pugging and working the kaolin to improve viscosity; (14) a new development — dewatering to 80 to 85 percent solids using electrophoresis. Each of these developments is described and the future need to develop an efficient process to significantly lower the viscosity of high viscosity kaolins is discussed.
Spectroscopic considerations and the exchange non-locality in nucleon-nucleus scattering☆

Abstract A mixed density expansion of the off-diagonal density matrix is introduced to study the spectroscopic content of the non-local knockout exchange amplitude for nucleon-nucleus scattering. This expansion provides a clear basis for discussing specific consequences of non-local amplitudes in hadronic reaction processes. Additionally, it provides a means to develop approximations to simplify the treatment of these amplitudes.
Abstract B4: Development of a short peptide with antitumor activity

It has been demonstrated that metastatic tumors establish bone marrow (BM)-derived pre-metastatic niches in distant organs that serve as permissive hubs for supporting future metastases. It is not known, conversely, whether tumors that lack metastatic potential fail to establish such niches, or generate niches which inhibit metastasis. Here, we show that metastasis-incompetent tumors are also capable of generating BM-derived niches at distant sites. However, by secreting prosaposin (psap) these tumors systemically stimulate expression of an antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin1 (Tsp-1) in myeloid progenitor cells in the niche, converting them into metastasis-inhibitory cells. We found that Tsp-1-inducing activity of psap was contained in a short (<10 amino acid) peptide. Importantly this peptide suppressed metastatic outgrowth, which was rescued by genetic ablation of Tsp-1 in the BM. These results provide mechanistic insights into why certain tumors are deficient in metastatic potential, and unexpectedly implicate recruited Gr1+ myeloid progenitor cells as the main source of Tsp-1 in the metastatic lung. Clinically, psap expression was significantly decreased in skeletal metastases in prostate cancer patients, suggesting that the psap peptide may be a potential therapeutic agent against metastatic cancer. Citation Format: Suming Wang, Raul Catena, Vivek Mittal, Randolph S. Watnick. Development of a short peptide with antitumor activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B4.
Absolute quantification of aldehyde oxidase protein in human liver using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The function of the enzyme human aldehyde oxidase (AOX1) is uncertain; however, recent studies have implicated significant biochemical involvement in humans. AOX1 has also rapidly become an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. Until now, quantitation of AOX1 in complex matrices such as tissue has not been achieved. Herein, we developed and employed a trypsin digest and subsequent liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis to determine absolute amounts of AOX1 in human liver. E. coli expressed human purified AOX1 was used to validate the linearity, sensitivity, and selectivity of the method. Overall, the method is highly efficient and sensitive for determination of AOX1 in cytosolic liver fractions. Using this method, we observed substantial batch-to-batch variation in AOX1 content (21–40 pmol AOX1/mg total protein) between various pooled human liver cytosol preparations. We also observed interbatch variation in Vmax (3.3–4.9 nmol min–1 mg–1) and a modest correlation between enzyme concentratio...
Vertical drift chambers for the Hall A high-resolution spectrometers at Jefferson Lab

The High Resolution Spectrometers in Hall A at Jefferson Laboratory have been instrumented with state-of-the-art Vertical Drift Chambers designed and constructed by the Nuclear Interactions Group at MITLNS in conjunction with the Physics Division at Jefferson Lab. These chambers rely on a unique, high cell-density design made possible by the absence of field-shaping wires. Each chamber has an inert per-plane resolution for 5-cell cosmic ray track of 145 mu-m FWHM when operated on the bench at -4.8 kV with argon-isobutane gas, and 225 mu-m FWHM for 5-cell electron tracks when operated in the High Resolution Spectrometer detector stack at -4.0 kV with argon-ethane gas. The design and construction facilities wire placement and replacement to 50 mu-m, very low dark current, and no crosswalk. The detectors have been in almost continuous use since April 1996, providing reliable, high-resolution charged-particles tracking data for the hall A physics program.
Managing Collections in an Automated Network Environment

The goals of cooperation and collection management in academic libraries may sometimes seem mutually exclusive. Individual institutional objectives may compete and conflict with the objectives of networking partners. The political and financial forces driving a college affect its librarians' commitments to cooperative resource sharing. Today's librarians face problems analagous to those of counselors in social service organizations. A mental health agency's counselors have obligations to society, to their profession, to clients, and to the specific agency unit where they practice (comparable in a university setting to the library). Further, they have ethical ties to a larger parent organization (which would be comparable in the academic library model to the university or college itself).
Nonlinear Theory of Gravity Waves: Momentum Deposition, Generalized Rayleigh Friction, and Diffusion

Abstract A nonlinear theory of internal gravity waves is extended to slowly varying mean winds u0. This theory determines the wave amplitudes, enhanced diffusion and momentum deposition, for a broad spectrum of waves as well as for a single wave. It is shown that the momentum deposition is not constant with altitude, even above the altitude where a wave saturates (breaks). The deposition is seen to decrease as a critical level is approached. The rate of decrease varies with spectral width. In general, the behavior of saturated waves near a critical level is shown to differ greatly from that of linearly growing waves. It is then proven that the momentum deposition is always related to the diffusion coefficient in a very simple and general way. Hence, knowledge of one implies knowledge of the other. Both quantities vary with altitude in nearly the same way. A feature of the theoretical momentum deposition is that it sometimes behaves like Rayleigh friction and sometimes not. It is referred to as “generalize...
Constitutive androstane receptor mediates the induction of drug metabolism in mouse models of type 1 diabetes.

Untreated type 1 diabetes increases hepatic drug metabolism in both human patients and rodent models. We used knockout mice to test the role of the nuclear xenobiotic receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR) in this process. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in increased expression of drug metabolizing cytochrome P450s and also increased the clearance of the cytochrome P450 substrate zoxazolamine. This induction was completely absent in Car−/− mice, but was not affected by the loss of PXR. Among the many effects of diabetes on the liver, we identified bile acid elevation and activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase as potential CAR-activating stimuli. Expression of the CAR coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α was also increased in mouse models of type 1 diabetes. Conclusion: The CAR-dependent induction of drug metabolism in newly diagnosed or poorly managed type 1 diabetes has the potential for significant impact on the efficacy or toxicity of therapeutic agents. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Asymptotics of rearranged trigonometric and Walsh-Fourier coefficients of smooth functions

For a 2π-periodic function f ϵ Lp[0, 2π] (1 ⩽ p ⩽ 2) there exists A(p) > 0 such that \tf∗(n) ⩽ n−1 + 1pω(n−1; p; f), where \tf∗ is the nonincreasing rearrangement of the moduli of the sequence of Fourier coefficients {¦\tf(n)¦}. This inequality accounts for virtually all “absolute convergence” theorems expressible in terms of Lebesgue or Lorentz sequence spaces. A similar inequality, with the (smaller) dyadic modulus of continuity holds for Walsh-Fourier coefficients. These inequalities lead to extensions, for both trigonometric and Walsh-Fourier series of, the Wiener-Lozinski theorems, characterizing continuous functions of bounded p-variation (p < 2) in terms of the moduli of their Fourier coefficients. In turn these imply seemingly new estimates for the rate of convergence of Fourier series of functions in Lip(p−1, p) which have slowly varying moduli of continuity.
A diffusion-based cyclic particle extractor

A cyclic particle extractor based on particle diffusion is presented. The extraction realized by the device features simplicity, programmability, and low cost. Although conventional particle separation based on diffusion can be spontaneously realized without any active inputs, the extraction efficiency decreases as the size difference between particles decreases or if the diffusion length is insufficient. In this article, a primary extraction procedure including four operational steps is proposed to facilitate the process. By simply repeating the procedure, the separation scheme is additive, and increased efficiency is observed with each additional cycle. A mixture of 0.5- and 3-μm polystyrene particles was separated in up to 10 extraction cycles. Using a 2.5-Hz phase frequency, the average flow velocity was 2.5 mm/s. An unequal volume ratio of the sample stream to extraction stream (45:55) created a barrier region to help minimize unwanted (large) particles from entering the extraction stream. The initial concentration of the extracted small particles was 7.5% after 2 cycles, but jumped up to 38% after 10 cycles.
Phylogenetic analysis of pbp genes in treponemes

Background: β-Lactamases are the main cause of bacterial resistance to penicillin, cephalosporins, and related β-lactam compounds. The presence of the novel penicillin-binding protein (pbp) Tp47 in Treponema pallidum has been reported to be a well-known mechanism for turnover of b-lactam antibiotics. Although, T. pallidum remains sensitive to penicillin, clinically significant resistance to macrolides has emerged in many developing countries. The genome sequence of T. pallidum has shown the presence of genes encoding pbp , but there are no current reports of the presence of mobile plasmids. Methods : The phylogenetic analysis is used to study the diversity of chromosomal pbp genes and its relatedness to Tp47 in Treponema species. Results : In our study, genes encoding penicillin-binding proteins that showed significant similarity to each other appeared in separate clusters. Conclusion : Tp47 showed no substantial similarity to other β-lactamases in treponemes. The relatedness of Treponema denticola to other treponemes, including T. pallidum, and the reported presence of natural mobile antibiotic determinants highlight the importance of investigating the diversity of pbp genes in Treponema species. This will lead to a greater understanding of its potential to develop additional antibiotic resistance via horizontal gene transfer that could seriously compromise the treatment and control of syphilis. Keywords : Treponema pallidum; penicillin-binding proteins (pbp); Tp47 (Published: 15 January 2013) Citation: Infection Ecology and Epidemiology 2013, 3 : 18636 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v3i0.18636
Post-blood meal analysis of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) haemolymph for the presence of bovine immunoglobulin G

Abstract Pooled haemolymph samples collected from adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans , following a blood meal, were analyzed for the presence of bovine immunoglobulin G. Western-blot analysis, utilizing anti-sera specific for bovine immunoglobulin G, with a demonstrated sensitivity of 1 ng/fly, failed to detect immunoglobulin G in the haemolymph. This finding does not rule out the possibility that subdetectable, but still biologically active, levels of immunoglobulin G enter the haemolymph. However, based on our estimates of the size of a blood meal and the amount of immunoglobulin G in bovine blood, we calculate that if it passes the gut wall into the haemocoel it is much less than 1% of the amount ingested. In contrast, small amounts of bovine serum albumin, a protein larger than immunoglobulin G subunits and fab or fc fragments, does pass into the haemolymph at detectable levels. This research has important implications from the standpoint of induced immunity to bloodsucking flies.
On bounds for primary creep in symmetric pressure vessels

Abstract The field equations governing primary creep in spherical and incompressible cylindrical pressure vessels subject to a non-decreasing internal pressure are reduced to a single equation in the effective stress. The effects of elastic strains are included. Using this equation, bounds and monotonicity properties are established for the effective stress at any point in the body at any time. It is also shown that these results imply upper and lower bounds for the displacement. These bounds are stated explicitly for the displacement of the outer surface of the vessel.
An absorption based miniature heat pump system for electronics cooling

The development of an absorption based miniature heat pump system is motivated by the need for removal of increasing rates of heat from high performance electronic chips such as microprocessors. The goal of the present study is to keep the chip temperature near ambient temperature, while removing 100 W of heat load. Water/LiBr pair is used as the working fluid. A novel dual micro-channel array evaporator is adopted, which reduces both the mass flux through each micro-channel, as well as the channel length, thus reducing the pressure drop. Micro-channel arrays for the desorber and condenser are placed in intimate communication with each other using a hydrophobic membrane. This acts as a common interface between the desorber and the condenser to separate the water vapor from LiBr solution. The escaped water vapor is immediately cooled and condensed at the condenser side. For direct air cooling of condenser and absorber, offset strip fin arrays are used. The performance of the components and the entire system is numerically evaluated and discussed.
User Evaluation of the Fitness-to-Drive Screening Measure

ABSTRACTAims: The Fitness-to-Drive Screening Measure (FTDS) enables a proxy rater, such as a family member, to identify at-risk older drivers. This study addressed user evaluation of the web-based FTDS including the keyform (summary page) and recommendations. Methods: Eight participants reviewed the refined web-based measure, and rated the clarity, usefulness, understandability, and meaningfulness of the FTDS. We captured participants’ comments on the FTDS along with visual analog scale (VAS) ratings. Results: Overall, participants positively rated the FTDS as user-friendly, useful, and acceptable; an evaluation supported by the VAS rating (mean = 9.13, SD ± 1.10). Conclusions: Future research will include monitoring end-user satisfaction via an anonymous on-line survey.
On the Importance of Early Arthritis Centers

There are more than 100 different types of arthritis. However, even in the information age, many patients with joint pain are unaware that more than one type (or maybe a few) exists. As a result, many patients who believe that they have a benign form of arthritis will instead be suffering with a systemic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriatic arthritis, diseases that, if not treated properly, can cause irreparable joint destruction and disability. It is now clear that to achieve the best possible outcome, patients with inflammatory arthritis must be identified and treated early in their course [1]. Because primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons are stationed at the first and second lines in the evaluation of most patients with joint pain, they are central players in not only identifying patients who potentially have early inflammatory arthritis but also in triaging them to rheumatologists or, more recently, to specific centers the focus of which is rapid diagnosis and intervention.
Log-normal paradox in atmospheric scintillations*

In a previous paper, we have derived a simplified equation for the irradiance scintillations of an optical wave propagating in the turbulent atmosphere, based on the assumption that the amplitude fluctuations follow a log-normal probability distribution. We have now solved this equation numerically and find that the equation does not correctly predict the experimental results, or even give consistent answers. These solutions definitely prove that either the probability distribution cannot be log-normal or that some other approximation used in deriving the equations must be inappropriate. After a careful investigation of the latter possibility, we are convinced that the theory predicts the probability distribution cannot be exactly log-normal. This presents the interesting paradox that the measurements of most workers appear to be in agreement with a log-normal probability distribution, even in the saturation region, whereas the theory appears to show that this cannot be completely correct. This result poses some rather interesting questions for both the theoreticians and the experimentalists.
Behavioral response to hydrostatic pressure in larvae of two species of xanthid crabs

Responses of pelagic larvae of two species of xanthid crabs to manipulations of hydrostatic pressure were examined and compared. One species, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould), is a temperate estuarine species, while the other, Leptodius floridanus (Gibbes), inhabits shallow water and reefs in tropical and subtropical regions. All zoeal stages of R. harrisii detected pressure stimuli presented in increments as small as 0.025 atm. Both Stage I and II zoeae of L. floridanus responded to pressure stimuli presented in increments of 0.1 atm. Stage I responded when pressure was changed by the smallest increment tested, 0.025 atm, but Stage II did not. L. floridanus zoeal Stages III and IV, however, did not change vertical position relative to control larvae when subjected to pressure stimuli. The capacity of R. harrisii zoeae to respond to changes in hydrostatic pressure may be related to their retention in the estuarine environment. In L. floridanus, a non-estuarine species, the pressure response is important only in the first zoeal stage and may function promarily in dispersal.
Timing Effects of Deep Tillage on Penetration Resistance and Wheat and Soybean Yield

In many southeastern Coastal Plain soils, subsoil pans have strengths that restrict root growth. To reduce strengths, soils are deep tilled annually, and perhaps biannually for double cropping. We evaluated the effect of deep tillage in fall, in spring, or at both times on strength of a Goldsboro loamy sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Kandiudult) and on the yield of wheat (L.) and drilled soybean [ (L.) Merr.] in a double-cropped system. Treatments consisted of all combinations of surface tillage (disked and not disked) and deep tillage (no deep tillage, paratillage before wheat planting, before soybean planting, and before both) in four replicates. Soil strengths, measured as cone indices, showed that disked, non-deep-tilled treatments resulted in a pan at the 20- to 30-cm depth, generally associated with an E horizon. In more recently and more frequently deep-tilled treatments, mean profile cone indices were 0.31 to 0.36 MPa lower than treatments not deep tilled or deep tilled for the previous growing season. If soil was deep tilled only once a year, it was 0.26 MPa softer when tilled only in spring than when tilled only in fall. Deep tillage at the beginning of either season reduced soil cone indices and improved wheat and soybean yields over other treatments. Deep tillage at the beginning of both seasons maintained the softest soil. For every megapascal decrease in mean profile cone index, wheat yields increased 1.5 to 1.7 Mg ha and soybean yields increased 1.1 to 1.8 Mg ha
Inter-Rater, Intra-Rater, and Inter-Machine Reliability of Quantitative Ultrasound Measurements of the Patellar Tendon

The use of ultrasound (US) to perform quantitative measurements of musculoskeletal tissues requires accurate and reliable measurements between investigators and ultrasound machines. The objective of this study was to evaluate inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of patellar tendon measurements between providers with different levels of US experience and inter-machine reliability of US machines. Sixteen subjects without a history of knee pain were evaluated with US examinations of the patellar tendon. Each tendon was scanned independently by two investigators using two different ultrasound machines. Tendon length and cross-sectional area (CSA) were obtained, and examiners were blinded to each other's results. Tendon length was measured using a validated system involving surface markers and calipers, and CSA was measured using each machine's measuring software. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to determine reliability of measurements between observers, where ICC > 0.75 was considered good and ICC > 0.9 was considered excellent. Inter-rater reliability between sonographers was excellent and revealed an ICC of 0.90 to 0.92 for patellar tendon CSA and an ICC of 0.96 for tendon length. ICC for intra-rater reliability of tendon CSA was also generally excellent, with ICC between 0.87 and 0.96. Inter-machine reliability was excellent, with ICC of 0.91-0.98 for tendon CSA and 0.96-0.98 for tendon length. Bland-Altman plots were constructed to measure validity and demonstrated a mean difference between sonographers of 0.03 mm(2) for CSA measurements and 0.2 mm for tendon length. Using well-defined scanning protocols, a novice and an experienced musculoskeletal sonographer attained high levels of inter-rater agreement, with similarly excellent results for intra-rater and inter-machine reliability. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report inter-machine reliability in the setting of quantitative musculoskeletal ultrasound.
Olivocochlear suppression of outer hair cells in vivo: evidence for combined action of BK and SK2 channels throughout the cochlea.

Cholinergic inhibition of cochlear hair cells via olivocochlear (OC)-efferent feedback is mediated by Ca2+ entry through α9-/α10-nicotinic receptors, but the nature of the K+ channels activated by ...
Highly bendable high-mobility graphene field effect transistors with multi-finger embedded gates on flexible substrates

A highly bendable, high mobility graphene field-effect transistor with embedded-gate structure is fabricated on commercial polyimide films. Multi-finger configuration consisting of 10 and 18 fingers is used to increase the current drivability. Bendability measurements for the device show that it is fully functional at the bending radius of down to 1.3mm. The shift in the dirac point is less than 0.6V, which is the result from the high uniformity of the grown graphene films and the simplified process minimizing the exposure of graphene to chemicals and the risk of chemical contamination. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride is used as a capping layer to prevent contamination of the device from environments and provides robust protection over exposure to liquids.
Infrared and Raman Studies of Arsenic Compounds

It was found that water solutions of arsenic oxide contain the compounds As4O6 · XH2O and As(OH)3. The acid OAsOH is not present in these solutions. The presence of alkali halide in arsenic oxide solutions results in the formation of an ortho arsenite. Oxyarsenic halides and AsCl4− are not present in solutions of AsCl3. The stability of these ions is questioned.
Angiogenic process in bacillary angiomatosis.

Eight cases of cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemistry with a panel of antibodies specific for endothelial and histiocytic markers. Light microscopy showed an inflammatory reaction with florid neovascularization and clusters of Warthin-Starry-positive bacilli. In addition, solid areas of spindle cells were also present that in some cases mimicked Kaposi's sarcoma or other sarcomas. The investigation focused primarily on the spindle cell areas and the angiogenic process present in bacillary angiomatosis. By immunohistochemistry the lesions, including the spindle cell areas, expressed all endothelial markers used; CD34, factor VIII—related antigen, and Ulex europaeus 1 were the most consistent in intensity, however. In those areas the other endothelial markers, BNH9 and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, were weak and not always uniform. The macrophage/monocyte markers used were α1-antitrypsin, lysosom...
Neutrophil serine proteases: specific regulators of inflammation

Neutrophils are essential for host defence against invading pathogens. They engulf and degrade microorganisms using an array of weapons that include reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial peptides, and proteases such as cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. As discussed in this Review, the generation of mice deficient in these proteases has established a role for these enzymes as intracellular microbicidal agents. However, I focus mainly on emerging data indicating that, after release, these proteases also contribute to the extracellular killing of microorganisms, and regulate non-infectious inflammatory processes by activating specific receptors and modulating the levels of cytokines.