cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Studies of Electron Deficient Titanacyclobutanes

Two 16 electron titanacyclobutanes of the formula Ti(C5H4R)2(μ2-CH2)2C(CH3)(i-C3H7) (R=H, CH3) have been prepared from the reaction of Ti(C5H5)2(μ2-CH2)(μ2-Cl)Al(CH3)2 or Ti(C5H4CH3)2(μ2-CH2)(μ2-Cl)Al(CH3)2 with H2C=C(CH3)(i-C3H7). Structural parameters, most notably lengthened C–C bonds in the titanacyclobutane ring, for both complexes reveal the expected presence of (C–C)→Ti agostic interactions. The complexes are isomorphous, crystallizing in the monoclinic space group Cc. For Ti(C5H5)2(μ2-CH2)2C(CH3)(i-C3H7), a = 11.3459(3) A, b = 16.2108(4) A, c = 8.1646(2) A, β = 105.5276(16)°, V = 1446.87(6)°, Dcalc = 1.268 at 150(1) K. For Ti(C5H4CH3)2(μ2-CH2)2C(CH3)(i-C3H7), a = 12.6591(2) A, b = 16.2795(4) A, c = 8.2462(2) A, β = 107.2421(14)°, V = 1623.04(6) A3, Dcalc = 1.245 at 150(1) K. Structural studies of two 16 electron titanacyclobutanes reveal lengthened C–C bonds in the four-membered ring, indicative of agostic (C–C)→Ti interactions, as found in related species.
Raman investigations of NH3 adsorption on TiO2, NB2O5, and Nb2O5/TiO2

A study has been carried out of the interactions of NH3 with TiO2, Nb2O5, and Nb2O5/TiO2. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the structure of the adsorbed NH3 and perturbations of species present at the surface of the adsorbent. On each oxide, NH3 adsorbs predominantly at Lewis acid sites. Hydrogen-bonding occurs between the adsorbed NH3 and OH groups present on the surface of TiO2. A small concentration of NH 4 + is observed, consistent with the relatively low concentration of Bronsted acid sites compared to Lewis acid sites on each of the samples investigated. Exposure of Nb2O5/TiO2 to NH3 at temperatures up to 500°C does not result in partial reduction of the supported niobia.
Belief networks, hidden Markov models, and Markov random fields: a unifying view

Abstract The use of graphs to represent independence structure in multivariate probability models has been pursued in a relatively independent fashion across a wide variety of research disciplines since the beginning of this century. This paper provides a brief overview of the current status of such research with particular attention to recent developments which have served to unify such seemingly disparate topics as probabilistic expert systems, statistical physics, image analysis, genetics, decoding of error-correcting codes, Kalman filters, and speech recognition with Markov models.
Novel acridine-based compounds that exhibit an anti-pancreatic cancer activity are catalytic inhibitors of human topoisomerase II

We have identified a small library of novel substituted 9-aminoacridine derivatives that inhibit cell proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis [Goodell, J.R. et al., 2008. J. Med. Chem. 51, 179-182.]. To further investigate their antiproliferative activities, we have assessed the antiproliferative activity of these acridine-based compounds against several pancreatic cancer cell lines. All four compounds used in this study inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro. In addition, we have employed a xenograft tumor model and found that these compounds also inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic cancer in vivo. In light of the potential importance of the anticancer activity of these acridine-based compounds, we have conducted a series of biochemical assays to determine the effect of these compounds on human topoisomerase II. Unlike amsacrine, these compounds do not poison topoisomerase II. Similar to amsacrine, however, these compounds intercalate into DNA in a way that they would alter the apparent topology of the DNA substrate. Thus, inhibition of the relaxation activity of topoisomerase II by these compounds has been reexamined using a DNA strand passage assay. We have found that these compounds, indeed, inhibit the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II. Thus, these novel acridine-based compounds with anti-pancreatic cancer activity are catalytic inhibitors, not poisons, of human topoisomerase II.
Effects of pH on feeding responses in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Abstract Phagostimulatory effects of pH values of sucrose on Rhagoletis pomonella adults were studied in the laboratory. Flies were standardized for age, diet and food deprivation. Two presentation schemes were employed. The first varied pH value (3.0–10.0) with sucrose concentration kept constant at 40%. The second varied both sucrose concentration (8%, 24% and 40%) and pH value (5.0–8.0). Fly feeding propensity was evaluated by observation of fly acceptance or rejection of sucrose and duration of feeding. When tested on red wooden spheres treated with 40% sucrose, fly feeding acceptance was significantly greater when pH ranged from 5.0 to 8.0, and duration of feeding was significantly longer at pH 6.0–7.0. At pH ≤4.0 or pH ≥8.0, feeding propensity was significantly reduced. Decrease in sucrose concentration significantly increased fly sensitivity to pH. Males were more responsive to varying pH than females. The sucrose pH shown to stimulate maximal feeding response was 6.4. Such information is relevant to formulation improvement of a coating mixture of sucrose and insecticide applied to red spheres as part of apple maggot fly control programs.
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry Channeling Study of Ion-Irradiated 6H-SiC

Single-crystal 6H-SiC (α-SiC) wafers were irradiated with He + , C + and Si + ions to fluences ranging from 7.5 x 10 17 to 1 x 10 20 ions m -2 at various temperatures (160-870 K). Damage accumulation and subsequent defect annealing (up to 1170 K) have been studied using in situ 2.0 MeV He + Rutherford backscattering spectrometry combined with ion channeling (RBS/C) methods. The defect concentration at the damage peak is observed to increase sigmoidally with increasing ion fluence during irradiation at low temperatures The isochronal recovery of irradiation damage induced at low temperatures is observed to follow an exponential dependence on temperature. The relative disorder accumulated under 550 keV C + ion irradiation as a function of irradiation temperature exhibits a significant decrease between 300 K and 670 K. Irradiation with 550 keV Si + at 180 K to a fluence of 6.0 x 10 19 Si + m -2 produces an amorphous layer extending from the surface to a depth of 0.6 μm. The thickness of this amorphous layer decreases linearly with annealing temperature up to 870 K. At low ion fluences, the defects produced by He + irradiation at 160 K are more difficult to anneal at 300 K than those produced by Si + irradiation, which suggests that trapping of helium may inhibit recombination.
Propagation of temporal entanglement

The equations that govern the temporal evolution of two photons in the Schrodinger picture are derived, taking into account the effects of loss, group-velocity dispersion, temporal phase modulation, linear coupling among different optical modes, and four-wave mixing. Inspired by the formalism, we propose the concept of quantum temporal imaging, which uses dispersive elements and temporal phase modulators to manipulate the temporal correlation of two entangled photons. We also present the exact solution of a two-photon vector soliton, in order to demonstrate the ease of use and intuitiveness of the proposed formulation.
Opioid reward 'liking' and 'wanting' in the nucleus accumbens

Whether we 'like' and 'want' stimuli depends partially on opioid neurotransmission within the nucleus accumbens. But how are 'liking' and 'wanting' organized within this neural substrate? Do 'liking' and 'wanting' originate from the same nucleus accumbens subregions? Or are there specific localized sites for opioid enhancement of reward 'liking' and 'liking'? The present review aims to summarize recent advances in the identification of brain substrates for food 'liking' and 'wanting' with a focus on opioid hotspots in the nucleus accumbens. Our findings suggest that 'liking' and 'wanting' are anatomically dissociable: i) the nucleus accumbens contains a highly localized subregion corresponding to the rostro-dorsal quarter of the medial accumbens shell dedicated to hedonic processing; ii) by contrast, 'wanting' is widely distributed throughout the nucleus accumbens. As a specific mechanism of 'wanting', opioid neurotransmission within the nucleus accumbens might increase incentive salience attribution to conditioned cues that predict reward. These findings provide insight into the identity of the nucleus accumbens mechanism of 'liking' and 'wanting' and suggest that opioid circuits in much of the accumbens outside the 'liking' hotspot may stimulate food intake by a neurobehavioral mechanism that is separable from hedonic impact.
Performance in long-term memory tasks is augmented by a phosphorylated growth factor receptor fragment.

To elucidate the role of enhanced phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activity in memory, a synthetic phosphopeptide (TAT-YPMDM) containing the p85 regulatory subunit receptor-binding motif (YXXM) coupled to the cell transduction domain of HIV-TAT protein was employed. This phosphopeptide bound the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase, and was internalized by both granule and pyramidal neurons when injected into the hippocampus. Increased lipid kinase activity and enhanced phosphorylation of the PI3-kinase substrates Akt (protein kinase B) and ribosomal S6 kinase were associated with TAT-YPMDM administration. Bilateral infusion of the phosphopeptide into the dorsal hippocampus after training improved performance in three hippocampus-dependent memory tasks: contextual fear conditioning, trace fear conditioning, and the Morris water maze. Both the biochemical and behavioral effects of the TAT-YPMDM phosphopeptide could be blocked by wortmannin. No effect was observed when a nonphosphorylated peptide (TAT-YMDM), or a second, unrelated phosphopeptide (TAT-YPLDL) was utilized. In addition, infusion of the TAT-YPMDM phosphopeptide did not interfere with memory acquisition or 4 hr memory. In addition, pretesting administration did not affect the ability to recall a previously established long-term memory. These findings suggest that stimulation of PI3-kinase activity by phosphorylated receptor fragments containing the YMDM motif augments long-term memory. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intravesical oxybutynin chloride: Experience with 42 patients

Abstract To evaluate the efficacy of intravesical oxybutynin chloride, 42 patients who were incontinent secondary to uninhibited detrusor contractions and had failed oral anticholinergic therapy were begun on intravesical oxybutynin chloride. Indications for intravesical therapy were detrusor hyperreflexia (N = 20), detrusor instability (N = 19), and bowel/bladder overactivity after augmentation cystoplasty (N = 3). A 5-mg tablet dissolved in 30 cc of sterile water was instilled into the bladder two to three times daily via clean self Intermittent catheterization. With a mean follow-up of 18.4 months, no patient reported side effects as a result of the intravesical therapy. Nine patients (21 %) dropped out of the study due to inability to tolerate the catheterization or difficulty retaining the solution in the bladder. Eighteen of the 33 patients (55 % ) who followed the protocol experienced elimination or significant improvement of their incontinence. The results of the current study confirm the safety and usefulness of intravesical oxybutynin in treating uninhibited detrusor contractions in a difficult patient population.
Biocompatibility of Bacterial Cellulose Based Biomaterials

Some bacteria can synthesize cellulose when they are cultivated under adequate conditions. These bacteria produce a mat of cellulose on the top of the culture medium, which is formed by a three-dimensional coherent network of pure cellulose nanofibers. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been widely used in different fields, such as the paper industry, electronics and tissue engineering due to its remarkable mechanical properties, conformability and porosity. Nanocomposites based on BC have received much attention, because of the possibility of combining the good properties of BC with other materials for specific applications. BC nanocomposites can be processed either in a static or an agitated medium. The fabrication of BC nanocomposites in static media can be carried out while keeping the original mat structure obtained after the synthesis to form the final nanocomposite or by altering the culture media with other components. The present article reviews the issue of biocompatibility of BC and BC nanocomposites. Biomedical aspects, such as surface modification for improving cell adhesion, in vitro and in vivo studies are given along with details concerning the physics of network formation and the changes that occur in the cellulose networks due to the presence of a second phase. The relevance of biocompatibility studies for the development of BC-based materials in bone, skin and cardiovascular tissue engineering is also discussed.
Cocrystallization of adamantane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid and 4,4′-bipyridine

The cocrystallization of adamantane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (adc) and 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bpy) yields a unique 1:1 cocrystal, C(12)H(16)O(4).C(10)H(8)N(2), in the C2/c space group, with half of each molecule in the asymmetric unit. The mid-point of the central C-C bond of the 4,4'-bpy molecule rests on a center of inversion, while the adc molecule straddles a twofold rotation axis that passes through two of the adamantyl C atoms. The constituents of this cocrystal are joined by hydrogen bonds, the stronger of which are O-H...N hydrogen bonds [O...N = 2.6801 (17) A] and the weaker of which are C-H...O hydrogen bonds [C...O = 3.367 (2) A]. Alternate adc and 4,4'-bpy molecules engage in these hydrogen bonds to form zigzag chains. In turn, these chains are linked through pi-pi interactions along the c axis to generate two-dimensional layers. These layers are neatly packed into a stable crystalline three-dimensional form via weak C-H...O hydrogen bonds [C...O = 3.2744 (19) A] and van der Waals attractions.
Biochemical and histochemical alterations following acute soman intoxication in the rat.

Abstract Rats injected with a nonlethal acute dose (100 μg/kg, sc) of soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) exhibited signs of anticholinesterase toxicity beginning at 5–15 min with increasing severity and lasting for 4–6 hr. Generalized tremors and seizure activity indicated comparatively greater involvement of the central cholinergic system than peripheral neuromuscular effects. During peak toxicity, all the brain regions tested showed more than 95% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The cortex area was maximally affected (99% inhibition). Among skeletal muscles, soleus AChE was most severely affected (94%) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) the least (72%). Inhibition of EDL AChE occurred at a much slower rate than in brain and other muscles. Significant recovery of AChE activity was seen by 48–72 hr after soman treatment in both brain and skeletal muscles. By Day 7, recovery was virtually complete in skeletal muscles but not in brain, although significant recovery had occurred by this time. Muscle fiber necrosis developed within 6 hr in the soleus and diaphragm, while no necrotic fibers were found in the EDL. The 16 S AChE molecular form showed the fastest recovery of the AChE isozymes in all three muscles. Full recovery was seen after 7 days in soleus and was increased to greater than control activity in diaphragm and EDL. The inhibition pattern of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was similar to that described for AChE activity, but the recovery was comparatively faster. Carboxylesterase activity in plasma was decreased to less than 10% of control within 1 hr and recovered to 53% of control within 24 hr. No significant inhibition was seen in hepatic carboxylesterase activity. It can be concluded that soman-induced acute toxicity is directly related to the rate and degree of AChE inhibition. A significant amount of soman binds to non-AChE enzymes with serine sites such as BuChE and carboxylesterases.
An analysis of assembly

This paper concerns the problem of assembling composite objects. We study the problem on two fronts; Firstly we consider the complexity of deciding the existence of an assembly sequence and show that this is PSPACE-hard in general. Secondly we define a new measure of complexity, one that attempts to measure the minimum number of hands required to assemble a given composite. We analyze various classes of composite objects with respect to this measure.
Determination of large crystal structures by combined x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy

Abstract Mixed-layer hexagonal ferrites, with c dimensions over 1000A, pose formidable x-ray diffraction crystal structure problems. Direct, unique solutions are possible via fine etch steps on electron micrographs of replicated basal faces. Etch structure shows M (11.6A) and Y (14.5A) stacking elements in MYx steps or as individual M and Y increments. Indicated stacking models give 00.l structure factors in good agreement with data from x-ray diffraction. Solutions are obtained for the four most complex hexagonal ferrites. M4Y33 has over 103 stacking permutations, c = 1577. A , and is the largest inorganic structure yet determined.
Alkaline-reductive cleavage of ovine submaxillary mucin

Abstract Alkaline-reductive cleavage of ovine submaxillary mucin released 80% of the sialic acid from the mucin. Seventy-six percent of the released sialic acid was recovered linked to 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactitol in a compound which was shown to be O -( N -acetylneuraminyl)-(2→6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactitol by elementary analysis, quantitative sugar analysis, periodate oxidation, and Smith degradation. Isolation of this compound was achieved by chromatography on carbon and diethylaminoethyl Sephadex A-25.
Microcalcification detection using fuzzy logic and scale space approaches

Abstract Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of women mortality in the world. Since the causes are unknown, breast cancer cannot be prevented. It is difficult for radiologists to provide both accurate and uniform evaluation over the enormous number of mammograms generated in widespread screening. Computer-aided mammography diagnosis is an important and challenging task. Microcalcifications and masses are the early signs of breast carcinomas and their detection is one of the key issues for breast cancer control. In this study, a novel approach to microcalcification detection based on fuzzy logic and scale space techniques is presented. First, we employ fuzzy entropy principal and fuzzy set theory to fuzzify the images. Then, we enhance the fuzzified image. Finally, scale-space and Laplacian-of-Gaussian filter techniques are used to detect the sizes and locations of microcalcifications. A free-response operating characteristic curve is used to evaluate the performance. The major advantage of the proposed method is its ability to detect microcalcifications even in the mammograms of very dense breasts. A data set of 40 mammograms (Nijmegen database) containing 105 clusters of microcalcifications is studied. Experimental results demonstrate that the microcalcifications can be accurately and efficiently detected using the proposed approach. It can produce lower false positives and false negatives than the existing methods.
Evidence for a new type of metal-semiconductor interaction on GaSb

The formation of Au-semiconductor Schottky barriers is studied using soft-x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The Au-GaSb interface is highly nonstoichiometric due to selective removal of Sb. This nonstoichiometry results in acceptorlike states which pin the Fermi level at the interface and determine the Schottky barrier height.
Photogrammetric verification of fiber optic shape sensors on flexible aerospace structures

Multi-core fiber (MCF) optic shape sensing offers the possibility of providing in-flight shape measurements of highly flexible aerospace structures and control surfaces for such purposes as gust load alleviation, flutter suppression, general flight control and structural health monitoring. Photogrammetric measurements of surface mounted MCF shape sensing cable can be used to quantify the MCF installation path and verify measurement methods.
An Automatic Brine Shrimp Feeder

(1971). An Automatic Brine Shrimp Feeder. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 118-119.
Multivariable analysis of anesthetic factors associated with time to extubation in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that prolong the time to extubation in dogs. Anesthetic records of 900 dogs at a university teaching hospital were searched. Multiple linear regression was used to compare independent predictors (patient demographics, anesthetic and intraoperative variables) with the dependent variable (time to extubation). Induction with propofol (P < 0.025) was associated with a shorter time to extubation, while premedication with acepromazine (P = 0.000) was associated with a longer time to extubation. Time to extubation was increased by 0.311 minutes for every kilogram increase in body weight (P = 0.000), 5.924 minutes for every 1 °C loss in body temperature (P = 0.0000), and by 0.096 minutes for every 1 minute increase in anesthetic duration (P = 0.000). Anesthetic variables, which can be manipulated by the anesthetist, include choice of premedication and induction drugs, hypothermia, and duration of anesthesia.
Immaturity and Enhanced Susceptibility to Acute Hemodynamic Pulmonary Edema

The hypothesis that the immature lung is more susceptible than the mature lung to the development of acute pulmonary edema (PE), was tested by determining the transmural hydrostatic pressure in excess of whole blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP) necessary to produce PE in pups and adult dogs. Ten pups and ten adults were anesthetized with pentobarbital, parpalyzed with succinylcholine, and artifically ventilated. Transmural pulmonary artery wedge pressure (TPAWP) (as a reflection of vascular filtration pressure) was monitored continuously and whole blood COP intermittently. A balloon catheter in the thoracicaorta was inflated to produce an elevation of TPAWP in relation to COP that was maintained for 30 min by infusion of isosmotic dog blood to maintain a constant differential pressure (TPAWP-COP). Lungs were then removed and thed degree of PE assessed by gross microscopic appearance and determination of water content. Interstitial edema first appeared with thw following range odf values: Gross edema formed at higher differentiak pressures. Thus the pups developed minimal PE at lower TPAWP than would have been expected from their T.P. and COP. The data do not permit a choice of the several factors that might explain this finding. Similar susceptibility of the human fetus and newborn in relation to the adult would favor the development of PE during the perinatal period and might thus play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary problems of the newborn.
A preliminary investigation of local tomography for megavoltage CT imaging.

We investigate the problem of reconstructing a two-dimensional (2-D) cross-sectional image of a tumor volume from a set of truncated MV projections that are produced by radiation therapytreatment beams. Our proposed approach is conceptually distinct from previously investigated approaches in that it utilizes a noniterative local tomographyreconstruction algorithm. A local tomographyreconstruction algorithm is implemented and systematically investigated using several sets of simulated and experimental MV projection data. We demonstrate that the conventional (nonlocal) filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm cannot, in general, accurately reconstruct the edges and boundaries of low-contrast features from truncated MV projection data. We demonstrate that the local tomography algorithm is not adversely affected by projection truncation and can reconstruct accurately the boundaries of low-contrast structures within the region of interest from truncated MV projections.
A bouncemeter for measuring resilience

A device has been constructed which gives a convenient and reproducible measure of the resilience of elastic materials including thermoplastic elastomers as well as conventional crosslinked rubber. A steel ball strikes the surface of the firmly anchored sample at an angle of 45°. The horizontal distance traveled (the bounce distance), is recorded by having the ball make a mark in a shallow bed of fine gravel. In the common Lupke and Bashore devices, the rebound of a metal element usually is estimated while the element is still in motion. It is shown that the bounce distance B is proportional to the square root of the Bashore or Lupke rebound. All resilience tests are sensitive to the thickness of the sample used. However, tests with various rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers confirm that the square root relationship holds reasonably well for samples that are 1.27 cm thick over the range of 10 to 85% Bashore rebound. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1787–1793, 1997
The Force Balance of the Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation

The Southern Ocean (SO) limb of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is characterized by three vertically stacked cells, each with a transport of about 10 Sv (Sv ≡ 10^6 m^3 s^(−1)). The buoyancy transport in the SO is dominated by the upper and middle MOC cells, with the middle cell accounting for most of the buoyancy transport across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. A Southern Ocean state estimate for the years 2005 and 2006 with 1/6° resolution is used to determine the forces balancing this MOC. Diagnosing the zonal momentum budget in density space allows an exact determination of the adiabatic and diapycnal components balancing the thickness-weighted (residual) meridional transport. It is found that, to lowest order, the transport consists of an eddy component, a directly wind-driven component, and a component in balance with mean pressure gradients. Nonvanishing time-mean pressure gradients arise because isopycnal layers intersect topography or the surface in a circumpolar integral, leading to a largely geostrophic MOC even in the latitude band of Drake Passage. It is the geostrophic water mass transport in the surface layer where isopycnals outcrop that accomplishes the poleward buoyancy transport.
Deworming and Development: Asking the Right Questions, Asking the Questions Right

Two billion people are infected with intestinal worms [1]. In many areas, the majority of schoolchildren are infected, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has called for school-based mass deworming. The key area for debate is not whether deworming medicine works—in fact, the medical literature finds that treatment is highly effective [2], and thus the standard of care calls for treating any patient known to harbor an infection. As the authors of the Cochrane systematic review point out, a critical issue in evaluating current soil-transmitted helminth policies is whether the benefits of deworming exceed the costs or whether it would be more prudent to use the money for other purposes [3]. While in general we think the Cochrane approach is very valuable, we argue below that many of the underlying studies of deworming suffer from three critical methodological problems: treatment externalities in dynamic infection systems, inadequate measurement of cognitive outcomes and school attendance, and sample attrition. We then argue that the currently available evidence from studies that address these issues is consistent with the consensus view expressed by other reviews and by policymakers that deworming is a very cost-effective way to increase school participation and has a high benefit to cost ratio.
Storable N-phenylcarbamate palladacycles for rapid functionalization of an alkyne-encoded protein

Here we report the synthesis of storable N-phenylcarbamate palladacycles that showed robust reactivity in the cross-coupling reaction with an alkyne-encoded protein with a second-order rate constant approaching 19 770 ± 930 M−1 s−1.
The role of arbitrarily primed PCR in identifying the source of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease.

An outbreak of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease (LD) occurred in Providence, R.I., in fall 1993. To find the outbreak source, exposures of 17 case patients were compared to those of 33 matched controls. Case patients were more likely than controls to have visited a section of downtown (area A) during the 2 weeks before illness (11 [65%] versus 9 [27%]; matched odds ratio, 6.5; P = 0.01). Water samples were cultured from 27 aerosol-producing devices within area A. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates underwent monoclonal antibody (MAb) subtyping and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR). All four L. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates available from case patients who visited area A had identical MAb and AP-PCR patterns. Among 14 environmental isolates, 5 had MAb patterns that matched the case patient isolates, but only 1 had a matching AP-PCR pattern. This investigation implicates a cooling tower in area A as the outbreak source and illustrates the usefulness of AP-PCR for identifying sources of LD outbreaks.
Phylogeography and species limits in the green woodpecker complex (Aves: Picidae): multiple Pleistocene refugia and range expansion across Europe and the Near East

The green woodpecker complex consists of the green woodpecker (Picus viridis), distributed from Western Europe to the Caucasus and Iran, and the related LeVaillant's woodpecker (P. vaillantii), distributed in north-western Africa from central Morocco to Tunisia. Much of the habitat of green woodpeckers in Central and Northern Europe was covered by ice, tundra, steppe or other unsuitable habitat during the Pleistocene; consequently, they must have come to occupy most of their current range during the past 20 000 years. We used complete mitochondrial ND2 sequences from populations throughout the range to investigate the genetic structure and evolutionary history of this complex. Three well-differentiated clades, corresponding to three biogeographical regions, were recovered; 89% of the total genetic variance was distributed among these three regions. The populations in North Africa were sister to those of Europe and, within Europe, Iberia was sister to the rest of Europe and the Near East. This suggests that the post-glacial colonization of most of Europe occurred from a refuge east of Iberia, probably in Italy or the Balkans; there was no substantial divergence among these regions. In addition, a population sample from Iran was genetically distinct from those of Western Europe, indicating a history of genetic isolation and an additional Pleistocene refuge east of the well-known Balkan refugia and south of the Caucasus. Within Europe, northern populations were less genetically variable than southern ones, consistent with recent colonization. There was significant isolation-by-distance across Europe, indicating restricted gene flow; this was particularly apparent between western populations and those of the Caucasus and Iran. We recognize four species in the complex. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104, 710–723.
Mitral Annular Dynamics in Myxomatous Valve Disease New Insights With Real-Time 3-Dimensional Echocardiography

Background— Mitral annulus is a complex structure of poorly understood physiology. Full-volume real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography offers a unique opportunity to completely image and quantify mitral annulus size and motion. Methods and Results— Real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of the mitral valve was acquired in 32 patients with myxomatous valve disease (MVD) and moderate to severe regurgitation, 15 normal control subjects, and 10 patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation of identical body surface area. Mitral annular dimensions (circumference, area, anteroposterior and intercommissural diameters, height, and ratio of height to intercommissural diameter ratio, which appraises annular saddle-shape depth) were measured throughout the cardiac cycle with dedicated quantification software. Compared with direct surgical measurement, 3-dimensional anterior annular dimension provided reliable measurements (mean difference, 0.1±0.1 mm; P=0.73; 95% confidence interval,...
Yeast Proteins Related to the p40/Laminin Receptor Precursor Are Required for 20S Ribosomal RNA Processing and the Maturation of 40S Ribosomal Subunits

Numerous studies have linked the overexpression of the Mr 37,000 laminin receptor precursor (37-LRP) to tumor cell growth and proliferation. The role of this protein in carcinogenesis is generally considered in the context of its putative role as a precursor for the Mr 67,000 high-affinity laminin receptor. Recent studies have shown that 37-LRP, also termed p40, is a component of the small ribosomal subunit indicating that it may be a multifunctional protein. The p40/37-LRP protein is highly conserved phylogenetically, and closely related proteins have been identified in species as evolutionarily distant as humans and the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast homologues of p40/37-LRP are encoded by a duplicated pair of genes, RPS0A and RPS0B. The Rps0 proteins are essential components of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Previous results have shown that cells disrupted in either of the RPS0 genes have a reduction in growth rate and reduced amounts of 40S ribosomal subunits relative to wild-type cells. Here, we show that the Rps0 proteins are required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA, a late step in the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Immature subunits that are depleted of Rps0 protein that contain the 20S rRNA precursor are preferentially excluded from polysomes, which indicates that their activity in protein synthesis is dramatically reduced relative to mature 40S ribosomal subunits. These data demonstrate that the assembly of Rps0 proteins into immature 40S subunits and the subsequent processing of 20S rRNA represent critical steps in defining the translational capacity of yeast cells. If the function of these yeast proteins is representative of other members of the p40/37-LRP family of proteins, then the role of these proteins as key components of the protein synthetic machinery should also be considered as a basis for the linkage between the their overexpression and tumor cell growth and proliferation.
Impact on Creatinine Renal Clearance by the Interplay of Multiple Renal Transporters: A Case Study with INCB039110

Serum creatinine is commonly used as a marker of renal function, but increases in serum creatinine might not represent changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). INCB039110 (2-(3-(4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-day]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-(1-(3-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)isonicotinoyl)piperidin-4-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acetonitrile) is an inhibitor of the Janus kinases (JAKs) with selectivity for JAK1. In a phase 1 study, a modest and reversible increase in serum creatinine was observed after treatment with INCB039110. However, a dedicated renal function study with INCB039110, assessed by iohexol plasma clearance, conducted in healthy volunteers indicated no change in GFR. In vitro studies were therefore conducted to investigate the interaction of INCB039110 with five transporters that are likely involved in the renal clearance of creatinine. Cell systems expressing individual or multiple transporters were used, including a novel quintuple-transporter model OAT2/OCT2/OCT3/MATE1/MATE2-K. INCB039110 potently inhibited OCT2-mediated uptake of creatinine as well as MATE1-/MATE2-K-mediated efflux of creatinine. Given the interactions of INCB039110 with multiple transporters affecting creatinine uptake and efflux, an integrated system expressing all five transporters was sought; in that system, INCB039110 caused a dose-dependent decrease in transcellular transport of creatinine with weaker net inhibition compared with the effects on individual transporters. In summary, a molecular mechanism for the increase in serum creatinine by INCB039110 has been established. These studies also underline the limitations of using serum creatinine as a marker of renal function.
Shuffle Relations for Function Field Multizeta Values

Despite the failure of naive analogs of the sum shuffle or the integral shuffle relations, we prove the existence of ‘shuffle’ relations for the multizeta values (for a general A, with a rational place at infinity) introduced [T04] by the author in the function field context. This makes the Fp-span of the multizeta values into an algebra. We effectively determine and prove all the Fp-coefficients identities (but not the Fp(t)-coefficients identities). 0. Introduction Multizeta values introduced and studied originally by Euler have been pursued recently again with renewed interest because of their emergence in studies in mathematics and mathematical physics connecting diverse viewpoints. See eg. introduction to [T09b] and references there. This paper is sequel to [T09b]. The author defined and studied two types of multizeta [T04, Sec 5.10] for function fields, one complex valued (generalizing the Artin-Weil zeta function) and the other with values in Laurent series ring over finite fields (generalizing the Carlitz zeta values). (For general background on function field arithmetic, we refer to [G96, T04]. ) For the Fq[t] case, the first type was completely evaluated in [T04] (see [M06] for more detailed study in the higher genus case). For the second type, the failure of sum and integral shuffle identities was noted, but different combinatorially involved identities were established or conjectured in [T04, T09b] as well as in the Masters thesis work [L09, L?] of Jose Alejandro Lara Rodriguez done at the University of Arizona. Also, period interpretation for these multizeta values was given in [AT09] in terms of explicit iterated extensions of the Carlitz-Tate t-motives. In contrast to the classical division between the convergent versus the divergent (normalized) values, all the values are convergent in our case. In place of the sum or the integral shuffle relations, we have different kinds of relations: the shuffle type relations with Fp-coefficients and the relations with Fp(t)-coefficients. (Classically, of course, there is no such distinction, the rational number field being the prime field in that case). In this paper, we show the existence of shuffle type relations proving that the product of multizeta values can also be expressed as a sum of some multizeta values, so that the Fp-span of all multizeta values is an algebra. While [T09b, L09, L?] conjectured and proved many such interesting relations (in the special case A = Fq[t]), which are combinatorially quite involved to describe unlike the classical case, here we prove the existence directly (for general A, defined below) rather than proving those conjectures. Date: October 16, 2009. The author was supported by NSA grant H98230-08-1-0049.
COMPONENTS OF GUINEA PIG COMPLEMENT. II. SEPARATION OF SERUM FRACTIONS ESSENTIAL FOR IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS.

The elution characteristics from DEAE cellulose are presented for four components of guinea pig serum, which are capable of interacting sequentially with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and the first, fourth, and second components of complement (EAC'1,4,2) to cause immune hemolysis, and information is given regarding some of the properties of these components, termed C'3c, C'3b, C'3a, and C'3d. All can react in the presence of ethylene-diaminetetraacetate, and are non-dialyzable. C'3c is quite stable at 56°C, but is rapidly inactivated at low pH or by contact with hydrazine or ammonium hydroxide. C'3b is moderately heat-stable, quite susceptible to low pH, and less readily destroyed by hydrazine. C'3a is very heat-labile, but relatively stable at low pH, while C'3d is heat-labile, sensitive to low pH, and insensitive to bydrazine. EAC'1,4,2 reacts with C'3c to form EAC'1,4,2,3c, which reacts then with C'3b to give the intermediate, EAC'1,4,2,3cb. The following reaction with C'3a yields EAC'1,4,2,3cba, which reacts finally with C'3d to give EAC'1,4, 2,3cbad (E*). The first and last reactions proceed moderately well at 0°C, but more rapidly at 30–37°C. The reaction with C'3b is almost completely inhibited at 0°C, while that involving C'3a proceeds almost as rapidly at 0°C as at higher temperatures. EAC'1,4,2,3cba cells have an increased fragility as compared with the other intermediate forms. Depletion studies with purified fractions and appropriate intermediate complexes showed a high degree of depletion of C'3c, somewhat less of C'3b, and little or no depletion of C'3a from the fluid phase. Examination of a beta1C globulin prepared from fresh human serum revealed high C'3c and C'3b activity, and very little C'3a or C'3d.
Addressing the Challenges of Language Choice in the Implementation of Mother-Tongue Based Bilingual Education in South Sudan.

Since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (South Sudan) has been working towards the implementation of a Language and Education Policy in which the mother tongue of the learner is to be used as a medium of instruction for the first three years of primary education. However, with over 63 Southern Sudanese indigenous communities listed in the Interim Constitution, over 50 living languages listed in the Ethnologue and with no recent language survey or assessment done, there are many challenges in terms of language choices for education. The Department of National Languages within the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology has addressed some of these challenges through the running of a series of workshops entitled, “Principles, Practice and Planning for Multilingual Education”. This article presents a participatory planning process as well as some of the resulting principles of language choice for implementation of the language policy.
Young Children's Preference for Mental State versus Behavioral Descriptions of Human Action

Young children have traditionally been conceived of as little behaviorists who focus on the external and lack knowledge of internal states. In contrast, some recent research suggests that they do have a fundamentally correct understanding of mental life. Children may often focus on the external, not because they are unaware of the internal but because in test situations the external has been more cognitively available to them. Our studies asked whether 3-year-olds prefer to describe human action in behavioral terms when a mental state description is made equally available and salient. 3-year-olds were presented with 3 differently colored photocopies of the same picture. The first copy was described with reference to the mental state of the person in the picture, and the second copy was described with reference to the person's behavior, or vice versa. Then the third copy was presented, and the child was asked to tell a puppet about this picture--effectively, to choose between the mental state description and the behavioral description. In each of 2 studies, 20 3-year-olds made 12 such choices. In both studies, children tended to choose mentalistic descriptions significantly more often than behavioral ones, even when there was better pictorial support for the behavioral ones. These findings suggest that, given equally available options, young children may prefer to describe people in terms of their mental states rather than their behaviors.
Further Evidence on Chemical Factors Affecting the Migratory Movements of Fishes, Especially the Salmon

A total of forty-one tank experiments were run to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide tension and migratory movements in salmonids. Results of the experiments indicate that the fishes can respond to very slight carbon dioxide gradients. The implication of the results is that CO/sub 2/ tension gradients can function as a dominant factor in migratory movements in these fishes. 7 references, 3 figures.
Real-time optimization of Viola -Jones face detection for mobile platforms

Face detection algorithms based on the Viola-Jones object detection approach is widely adopted in digital camera products. Due to the computational complexity of these algorithms, often a hardware coprocessor is used for their real-time operation. This paper discusses how to achieve real-time software-based implementation of these algorithms on mobile devices that have relatively limited processing and memory capabilities. Various optimization techniques are discussed and an example implementation outcome on an actual mobile platform is presented.
Introducing the Advanced Technology Executive Forum

The IEEE Computer Society will launch the Advanced Technology Executive Forum, an executive circle of high-profile and committed leaders from the computing industry, when the founding members hold their inaugural meeting in May 2008.
The Practice Value of Experiential Legal Education: An Examination of Enrollment Patterns, Course Intensity, and Career Relevance

How will law schools meet the challenge of expanding their education in lawyering skills as demanded from critics and now required by the ABA? This article examines the details of the experiential coursework (clinic, field placement, and skills courses) of 2,142 attorneys. It reveals that experiential courses have not been comparably pursued or valued by former law students as they headed to careers in different settings and types of law practice. Public interest lawyers took many of these types of courses, at intensive levels, and valued them highly. In marked contrast, corporate lawyers in large firms took far fewer. When they did enroll in such courses, they too found the courses delivered good value to their preparation for practice, but at distinctly lower levels. The analyses provide three valuable takeaways relevant to most, if not all, law schools — i) all lawyers, whatever their practice, give high value marks to experiential learning courses that had certain intensity characteristics (e.g., level of student responsibility, time-on-task, multiple experiential learning courses); ii) career relevance is fundamental to understand how well the learning value of experiential learning coursework endures and supports graduates’ early practice; and iii) schools should acknowledge that students with certain profiles have systematically dodged experiential learning courses. If schools want to avoid malcontents in the classroom, they should address experiential learning course intensity and career relevance as they plan to meet the ABA’s new standards requirements for experiential education.
HEREDITARY HEMOLYTIC DISEASE SECONDARY TO GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY: REPORT OF THREE CASES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ATP METABOLISM.

1. Three cases of hereditary hemolytic disease secondary to G-6-PD deficiency are described. Two of the cases were first cousins of Scotch-Irish-English descent and the mode of inheritance was believed to be sex-linked. The third case was of Turkish origin; no family studies were availale. 2. The mothers, who were heterozygous for G-6-PD deficiency, showed only minimal expression of the defect, which was manifested by a slightly decreased red cell survival in both mothers and an abnormal methemoglobin reduction test in one of them. 3. All three cases showed a more pronounced fall in erythrocyte ATP after incubation with phenylhydrazine than that observed in primaquine-sensitive Negroes whose red cells were less deficient in G-6-PD. 4. It is suggested that the inability of the G-6-PD-deficient erythrocyte to maintain adequate levels of ATP may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic process.