cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue Engineering of Bone

Bone is a dynamic, highly vascularized tissue with the unique capacity to heal and to remodel depending on line of stress (Buckwalter et al, 1995ab). It exhibits the unlikely combination of high compressive strength and tensile strength due to the composite of calcium phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite) and collagen, respectively (Yaszemski et al, 1996a). It is difficult to find materials to mimic such a complex system when filling bone defects. However, current research capitalizes on the dynamic properties of bone by providing a biodegradable scaffold to guide healing.
Hegel and the Foundations of Literary Theory

Do the various forms of literary theory - deconstruction, Marxism, new historicism, feminism, post-colonialism, and cultural/digital studies - have anything in common? If so, what are the fundamental principles of theory? What is its ideological orientation? Can it still be of use to us in understanding basic intellectual and ethical dilemmas of our time? These questions continue to perplex both students and teachers of literary theory. Habib finds the answers in theory's largely unacknowledged roots in the thought of German philosopher Hegel. Hegel's insights continue to frame the very terms of theory to this day. Habib explains Hegel's complex ideas and how they have percolated through the intellectual history of the last century. This book will interest teachers and students of literature, literary theory and the history of ideas, illuminating how our modern world came into being, and how we can better understand the salient issues of our own time.
The role of Notch signaling in kidney development and disease.

The kidney is the body’s filter, responsible for the removal of metabolic waste and the excretion or reabsorption of electrolytes to control blood composition and pH balance. The functional unit of this filter is the nephron, whose segmented architecture has been largely conserved in form and function throughout eukaryotic evolution. Not surprisingly, the core developmental pathways that regulate the formation of the nephron have also been conserved. In particular, the Notch signaling pathway functions in both primitive and advanced nephrons to pattern domains required for the kidney’s diverse functions. In this chapter, we will discuss the role that Notch plays in directing cell fate decisions during embryonic development of the pronephros and metanephros. We will go on to discuss the later role of Notch signaling as a cyst-suppressor and the consequences of aberrant or absent Notch activity in disease and cancer. The work discussed here highlights the fundamental importance of Notch during development and homeostasis of the kidney and underlies the need for mechanistic understanding of its role towards the treatment of human disease.
Abstract 4075: Role of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma initiation and progression

Introduction: Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation and progression is an urgent need to achieve more effective diagnosis and treatment to this deadly cancer. We have developed a flow cytometry-based, high resolution lineage tracing method and 3D culture system to study PDAC initiation and progression using normal human pancreatic cells. Methods: Normal human acinar cells or cells undergoing acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM, AD cells) are isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and cultured in 3D-culture system. Lentivirus carrying either YAP1-mCherry are transduced into acinar cells to study whether YAP1 is sufficient to induce ADM or is required during TGFβ-induced ADM. Lentivirus carrying either shYAP1-mCherry or shYAP1-Kras G12D -mCherry are transduced into AD cells to study whether YAP1 is required for AD cell proliferation and Kras-induced prolonged proliferation. ChIP-PCR and genome-wide ChIP-seq will be used to identify the mechanism through which YAP1 promotes PDAC development and progression. Lentivirus carrying inducible shYAP1 will be transduced into cancer producing, engineered AD cells and orthotopically transplanted into SCID mice to investigate whether inhibiting YAP1 could suppress PDAC progression. Results: We already found that TGFβ could induce ADM and oncogenic Kras could maintain the proliferation capacity of AD cells. Also, TGFβ induces YAP1 expression and TGFβ inhibitor blocks YAP1 induction during ADM process, and deleting YAP1 will suppress Kras-induced over-proliferation in AD cells, suggesting that YAP1 plays an important role in ADM, and is downstream of TGFβ as well as Kras signaling. Conclusion and significance: Successful completion of the project will give us a better understanding of how YAP1 functions in human PDAC initiation and progression. It will provide us opportunities to develop new methods for early detection and treatment of PDAC. Citation Format: Xue Yin, Jun Liu, Naoki Akanuma, Michael Nipper, Pei Wang. Role of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma initiation and progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4075.
Selection of weld-crack resistant stainless steels

Stainless steel alloys are used in a wide variety of applications that often involve welding. Depending on the specific alloy type and composition, these alloys can be susceptible to various forms of cracking during welding. This chapter provides an overview of the various types of stainless steels, descriptions of potential cracking mechanisms, and techniques for avoiding cracking.
Antibiotics for Writing Problems of Older Beginners

(1982). Antibiotics for Writing Problems of Older Beginners. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 15, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Theme: Focus on You, pp. 36-40.
The Bone Biopsy

Most biopsy procedures suffer from two disadvantages; the first is that they are invasive, with the possible consequences of pain, bleeding, and infection, while the second concerns the question of how representative the specimen is of the whole tissue. Both difficulties can be partially overcome; the first by the use of a careful surgical procedure in which the muscle is cut as little as possible, while the infection and bleeding are controlled by antibiotics and packing or hemostasis if necessary. The question of variation from site to site in the body can be answered in two ways; the first is to assume that in metabolic and systemic diseases all parts of the tissue will be affected, if not equally at least proportionally, while the other approach is to sample a reasonable number of different parts of the tissue to ascertain the correctness of the assumption. Since the majority of tissues are made up of component parts that differ in both structure and function (i.e., the kidney is made up of cortex and medulla, while bone can be separated into trabecular or spongy bone and cortical or compact bone) it is necessary to sample all component parts in the proportion in which they occur in the body to obtain a representative sample of the organ. Although it is obvious, of course, that if only part of the tissue is of interest, then only that part needs to be sampled.
Graphene-based plasma wave interconnects for on-chip communication in the terahertz band

As the communication complexity is exacerbated by dimensional scaling of on-chip components, it becomes important to investigate communication and transduction mechanisms that can deliver enhanced connectivity, while minimizing energy dissipated in communication. The communication bottleneck can be mitigated by using graphene-based plasmonic interconnects in high-performance systems. In this work, we use the phenomenon of Dyakonov-Shur (DS) instability in a quasi-ballistic GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) to electrically excite surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in graphene serving as the gate electrode of the HEMT. Information encoded in SPPs is guided along the graphene waveguide for low-energy on-chip data communication. We evaluate and compare the performance of plasmonic interconnects against electrical interconnects at scaled technology nodes.
Correlates of Body Mass Index in Moderate to Severe Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and potentially disabling gastrointestinal (GI) disorder that is subject to strong psychological influences particularly among more severe IBS patients. Little is known about the role of actionable lifestyle factors (e.g., obesity) that influence the trajectory of other chronic diseases. This study examined the associations between obesity and different aspects of illness experience among more severe IBS patients. We hypothesized that Body Mass Index (BMI) would positively correlate with worse health outcomes including more severe IBS symptoms, extraintestinal complaints, and emotional distress. At pretreatment baseline in a National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded behavioral trial, 448 Rome-diagnosed IBS patients (MAGE = 41; MBMI = 26, Female = 8%) were administered a test battery that included a variety of clinical (IBS symptom severity, fear of GI symptoms, BMI, etc.), and sociodemographic (e.g. age, etc.) variables. BMI was positively and significantly correlated with somatization (unexplained somatic complaints) but not IBS symptom severity or emotional distress. A series of moderated multiple regression analyses showed that the associations between BMI and somatization were moderated by the interaction between BMI and age, and fear of GI symptoms. Older patients with higher BMI reported higher levels of somatization and patients who were more fearful of GI symptoms were more likely to experience somatization if they also had a high BMI. These data highlight the relationship between lifestyle factors and extraintestinal symptoms among more severe IBS patients and the impact of both sociodemographic (age) and psychosocial (fear of GI symptoms) factors on this relationship.
Special Session: Process Skills in Computer Science

Process skills (also known as professional skills, lifelong learning skills, workplace skills, transferable skills, or soft skills) are an important aspect of computer science education. Learning objectives for computer science courses often include the development of process skills like critical thinking, problem solving, and teamwork, but many instructors struggle with how to encourage and measure the development of these skills. This special session will introduce detailed rubrics for assessing process skills in a manner that will model POGIL (Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning) facilitation techniques. Presenters will demonstrate how to use one set of these rubrics in an active learning classroom (i.e., POGIL) to provide students with feedback. The other set of rubrics assess process skills on student work and can be used with any classroom. Attendees will leave the session with a better understanding of key process skills in computer science, how to assess student interactions and student work for these skills, and how a POGIL classroom facilitates the development of critical thinking, information processing, and teamwork. This special session will appeal to any K-12 teacher or college instructor interested in developing students' process skills in a computer science class.
Informal empire and international law in Tunisia after the French Revolution

The French Revolution has often been described as the beginning of a new era of French imperialism, when France began nesting its imperial endeavours around the Mediterranean and recovering from th...
The State of Collapse

In the world after the Cold War, not only has the bipolar interstate system of world order dissolved, but in many places the state itself has collapsed. State collapse is a deeper phenomenon than mere rebellion, coup or riot. It refers to a situation where the structure, authority (legitimate power), law and political order have fallen apart and must be reconstituted in some form, old or new. On the other hand, it is not necessarily anarchy. Nor is it simply a byproduct of the rise of ethnic nationalism; it is the collapse of old orders, notably the state, that brings about the retreat to ethnic nationalism as the residual, viable identity, and not the reverse. Indeed, one hypothesis to be pursued is that when the state collapses, order and power (but not always legitimacy) falls down to local groups or is up for grabs. These ups and downs of power then vie with central attempts to reconstitute authority. For a period, the state itself as a legitimate, functioning order is gone.
Single cell RNA‐seq in the sea urchin embryo show marked cell‐type specificity in the Delta/Notch pathway

Sea urchin embryos are excellent for in vivo functional studies because of their transparency and tractability in manipulation. They are also favorites for pharmacological approaches since they develop in an aquatic environment and addition of test substances is straightforward. A concern in many pharmacological tests though is the potential for pleiotropic effects that confound the conclusions drawn from the results. Precise cellular interpretations are often not feasible because the impact of the perturbant is not known. Here we use single-cell mRNA (messenger RNA) sequencing as a metric of cell types in the embryo and to determine the selectivity of two commonly used inhibitors, one each for the Wnt and the Delta-Notch pathways, on these nascent cell types. We identified 11 distinct cell types based on mRNA profiling, and that the cell lineages affected by Wnt and Delta/Notch inhibition were distinct from each other. These data support specificity and distinct effects of these signaling pathways in the embryo and illuminate how these conserved pathways selectively regulate cell lineages at a single cell level. Overall, we conclude that single cell RNA-seq analysis in this embryo is revealing of the cell types present during development, of the changes in the gene regulatory network resulting from inhibition of various signaling pathways, and of the selectivity of these pathways in influencing developmental trajectories.
Negative Regulation of Eosinophil Production by Toll-Like Receptors

Abstract 1237 Eosinophilia is a common clinical problem associated with numerous disorders such as atopic diseases, parasitic infections, hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), and cancer. A marked decrease in circulating eosinophils, or eosinopenia, has long been associated with acute bacterial infections. Eosinopenia has been shown to be a sensitive and reliable marker for distinguishing between non-infectious and infection-associated sepsis in the intensive care unit setting. Eosinopenia with acute infection had been assumed to be secondary to the release of adrenal glucocorticoids in response to the stress of infection. However, animal studies performed in the 1970s demonstrated that inhibition of parasite-associated eosinophilia with acute bacterial infection was independent of adrenal stimulation; the investigator speculated that it was due to a direct effect on the eosinophil precursor. To date, the mechanism of infection-associated eosinopenia, and its potential for suppressing IL-5-mediated eosinophilia, has not been investigated. To study eosinophil development, we established an ex vivo liquid culture system in which we can follow the differentiation of murine eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors (EoPs) to mature functional effector eosinophils that express known eosinophil surface markers and granule proteins and respond to eosinophil-active chemoattractants. We demonstrate that murine eosinophil precursors express mRNA for six TLRs. Ligands for TLR2 heterodimers, TLR4 and TLR7, but not TLR3, inhibited eosinophil ex vivo growth by attenuating EoP proliferation in response to IL-5 stimulation. Exposure to heat-killed E. coli also resulted in diminished EoP proliferation. The developing eosinophils further responded to TLR activation with production of a subset of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha and CXCL10. Co-culturing of untreated EoPs with LPS-exposed EoPs resulted in reduced IL-5-mediated proliferation of the untreated EoPs, suggesting that EoPs secrete mediators in response to TLR activation that regulate their proliferation in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Neutralization of IFN-beta, but not IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma, partially protected developing eosinophils from the inhibitory effects of LPS. In vivo studies revealed that endotoxemia and bacteremia reduced numbers of EoPs in the bone marrow of wild-type mice. Further, LPS dose-dependently reduced hypereosinophilia in IL-5 transgenic mice, highlighting the potential therapeutic value of this approach even in an extreme IL-5-driven clinical state. Suppression of eosinophil production by TLR4 ligands is conserved between mice and humans as yield of eosinophils from human EoPs was reduced following LPS exposure. Taken together, these findings identify a mechanistic explanation for eosinopenia following bacterial infections and identify a novel therapeutic strategy for inhibiting eosinophil production and peripheral eosinophilia in eosinophil-associated diseases. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Computationally Inequivalent Summations and Their Parenthetic Forms.

Floating-point addition on a finite-precision machine is not associative, so not all mathematically equivalent summations are computationally equivalent. Making this assumption can lead to numerical error in computations. Proper ordering and parenthesizing is a low-overhead way of mitigating such error in a floating point summation. Ordered and parenthesized summations fall into equivalence classes. We describe these classes, and the parenthetic forms summations in these classes take. We provide summation-related interpretations for sequences known in other contexts, and give new recursive and closed formulas for sequences not previously related to summation. We also introduce a data structure that facilitates understanding of these objects, and use it to consider certain forms of summation used by default in widely used computer languages. Finally, we relate this data structure to other mathematical constructs from the fields of mathematical analysis and algorithmic analysis.
COVID-19-Associated Hyperactive Intensive Care Unit Delirium With Proposed Pathophysiology and Treatment: A Case Report.

Abstract There have been increasing reports of neuropsychiatric presentations and symptoms of COVID-19, more commonly seen in severely ill patients. Delirium, which is highly prevalent in general intensive care unit (ICU) populations, is expected to be frequent and prominent in COVID-19 patients hospitalized with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in ICU. In this case report with associated review, we present a case of a critically ill patient with COVID-19 managed in ICU for ARDS. Psychiatry was consulted for management of her hyperactive delirium, likely complicated by environmental factors inherent in management of COVID-19 patients as well as the use of multiple sedatives. Patient was successfully managed by psychiatry with a combination of high-dose melatonin, suvorexant, guanfacine, intravenous haloperidol, and intravenous valproic acid. In addition to case presentation, we discuss a proposed delirium pathophysiology in COVID-19 associated delirium and a systematized approach to evaluation and management of such patients.
Disease Relapse After Drug-Free Remission in Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid.

Purpose To quantitate the risk of relapse of ocular and extraocular disease among patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) who had undergone drug-free remission. Design Retrospective, comparative, interventional case series. Methods There were 167 patients with biopsy-proven MMP who were seen at the Wilmer Eye Institute between November 1984 and December 2019. Among the 167 patients, 119 patients had ocular involvement and 103 of those patients received systemic treatment for MMP. The main outcome measures were the incidence of ocular remission, incidence rate of disease relapse after remission, and risk factors for disease relapse. Results Over a median follow-up time of 7 years, 74 of 103 treated patients (71.8%) experienced drug-free remission (incidence rate = 0.28/person-year [PY], 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22–0.35/PY). Most patients (80/103, 77.7%) received cyclophosphamide therapy. Thirteen of the 74 patients (17.6%) had disease relapse after remission: 4 with ocular disease only, 4 with extraocular disease only, and 5 with both. The rate relapse of ocular MMP was 0.020/PY (95% CI 0.009–0.038/PY), and the rate of relapse of MMP at any site (ocular or extraocular site) was 0.029/PY (95% CI 0.015–0.050/PY). The use of cyclophosphamide was associated with a greater chance of remission (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.84, P Conclusions Rates of relapse of MMP after drug-free remission are low but not zero; therefore, monitoring of patients remains necessary. Relapses were not observed among those patients treated with rituximab who had remission; however, follow-up duration in those patients was shorter than the whole MMP cohort and the sample size was small.
Broad-Band Imaging of a Large Sample of Irregular Galaxies

We present the results of UBV imaging of a large sample of irregular galaxies: 94 Im systems, 24 Blue Compact Dwarfs (BCDs), and 18 Sm galaxies. We also include JHK imaging of 41 of these galaxies. The sample spans a large range in galactic parameters. Ellipse fit axial ratios, inclinations, and position angles are derived, integrated photometry and azimuthally-averaged surface photometry profiles are determined, and exponential fits give the central surface brightnesses, scale lengths, and isophotal and half-power radii. These data are used to address the shapes of Im galaxies, look for clues to past interactions in large-scale peculiarities, examine the nature and consequences of bars, study color gradients and large-scale color variations, and compare the exponential disk profiles of the young and old stellar components. For example, color gradients exhibit a great variety and not all passbands are correlated. Bars are associated with higher star formation rates. Many irregulars show a double exponential radial light profile that is steeper in the outer parts, and these are reproduced by a new model of star formation that is discussed in a companion paper. Some galaxies, primarily BCDs, have double exponentials that are steeper (and bluer) in the inner parts, presumably from centralized star formation. Im-types have thicker, less-prominent dust layers than spiral galaxies because of their lower average surface densities and midplane extinctions.
Communication in Transactive Memory Systems: A Review and Multidimensional Network Perspective:

The comprehensive review synthesizes 64 empirical studies on communication and transactive memory systems (TMS). The results reveal that (a) a TMS forms through communication about expertise; (b) a...
Madelung’s Deformity

Madelung’s deformity is an uncommon congenital wrist condition characterized by premature closure of the volar-ulnar aspect of the distal radius physis, volar carpal subluxation, and distal ulna prominence. It is classified as a malformation of the radio-ulnar axis involving the entire upper limb, according to the Oberg-Manske-Tonkin Classification. It accounts for less than 2% of congenital upper extremity differences. Madelung’s deformity is most commonly idiopathic, but a Madelung-like deformity may result from trauma, infection, multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE), and Ollier’s disease. Additionally, it is associated with skeletal dysplasias involving mutations of the short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene. Madelung’s deformity predominantly affects females and becomes clinically apparent during adolescence. Affected individuals may present with wrist pain, restricted range of motion of the wrist and forearm, decreased grip strength, and function difficulties, as well as aesthetic concerns. Several surgical options have been described for children with Madelung’s deformity, depending on their age and degree of deformity, and include physiolysis, soft tissue release, and osteotomies, with promising outcomes.
Allocation and Uncertainty in the Age of Superfund: A Critique of the Redistribution of CERCLA Liability

The federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), the Superfund law, forces a massive reallocation of private wealth. According to congressional testimony, the fair allocation of clean-up costs among responsible parties at waste sites is among the most difficult problems in the administration of the nation's hazardous waste laws. The difficulty is rooted in the fact that hundreds of billions of dollars are at stake. With 36,000 hazardous waste sites identified and awaiting federal evaluation and response, the overall national clean-up bill will be in the trillions of dollars. The absence of definitive guidance from Congress spurred federal courts to invent from whole cloth disparate theories of allocation. In allocating liability under CERCLA, courts have resorted to two state uniform tort statutes: the Uniform Contribution Among Tort-feasors Act (UCATA) and the Uniform Comparative Fault Act (UCFA). These theories cause radically different outcomes for the tens of thousands of businesses and persons caught in the Superfund net. Often, the plaintiff PRPs themselves fail to recognize the differences between suing under section 107 and suing under section 113 of CERCLA. This is the first article in the nation to provide a comprehensive study of the approaches that courts have taken in allocating liability for the cleanup of CERCLA sites. Most of these approaches do not give attention to the existence of the distinction between the liability imposed under section 107 and that imposed under section 113. In some cases, courts have gone so far as actually to convert section 107 claims into less advantageous section 113 actions. This article will start continuing coverage of this evolving trillion dollar liability allocation by Professor Ferrey over the next decades (see his later articles).
Hierarchical Reasoning about Faults in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems using Temporal Causal Diagrams

fault management systems that observe the state of the system, decide if there is an anomaly and then take automated actions to isolate faults. For example, in electrical networks relays and breaks isolate faults in order to arrest failure propagation and protect the healthy parts of the system. However, due to the limited situational awareness and hidden failures the protection devices themselves, through their operation (or mis-operation) may cause overloading and the disconnection of parts of an otherwise healthy system. Additionally, often there can be faults in the management system itself leading to situations where it is difficult to isolate failures. Our work presented in this paper is geared towards solution of this problem by describing the formalism of Temporal Causal Diagrams (TCD-s) that augment the failure models for the physical systems with discrete time models of protection elements, accounting for the complex interactions between the protection devices and the physical plants. We use the case study of the standard Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9 bus system to describe four different fault scenarios and illustrate how our approach can help isolate these failures. Though, we use power networks as exemplars in this paper our approach can be applied to other distributed cyberphysical systems, for example water networks.
Editor's comments for special edition on fascial plane blocks.

Dear colleagues It is with great pleasure that we can bring to you this special edition of Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine on fascial plane blocks. In recent years, there has been intense growth and interest in performing fascial plane blocks. Fascial plane blocks are actually not a new concept
Why the New Administration Should Bury the New Madison Approach

The “New Madison” approach sounds so promising. Old but new. Updating the classics for the modern era. What could be bad? In a word: everything. The intersection of patent and antitrust law has a long pedigree. For decades, antitrust’s role in patent-based activity has been acknowledged. Patent licenses are subject to antitrust scrutiny. “Pay for delay” settlements are not entitled to antitrust immunity. And activity in the context of standard setting organizations could conceivably violate antitrust law. That history has recently come under attack. Between 2017 and 2020, the head of the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division, Makan Delrahim, introduced a radical framework — the “New Madison” approach — that extricated patent-based conduct from antitrust scrutiny. Such a gambit diverged from the longstanding bipartisan approach that had recognized antitrust’s role in policing standards-based conduct. This essay introduces standards and then addresses five tenets of Delrahim’s approach. For each, it presents the argument and then discusses its flaws.
Channel Organization: A Misused Pedagogical Concept

This paper addresses the problems arising from the misadaption of organization theory concepts to channels of distribution. The pedagogical problems are specifically adressed. The paper concludes with a call for a redefinition of channels of distribution.
GSK3β Interactions with Amyloid Genes: An Autopsy Verification and Extension.

Glyocogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through the phosphorylation of tau. Recent work has suggested that GSK3β also plays a role in the amyloid pathway of AD through genetic interactions with APP and APBB2 on in vivo measures of amyloid. This project extends the previously identified genotype interactions to an autopsy measure of amyloid, while also testing the same interactions leveraging gene expression data quantified in the prefrontal cortex. 797 participants (251 cognitively normal, 196 mild cognitive impairment, and 350 Alzheimer’s disease) were drawn from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. A mean score of amyloid load was calculated across eight brain regions, gene expression levels from frozen sections of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were quantified using RNA amplification, and expression signals were generated using Beadstudio. Three SNPs previously identified in genetic interactions were genotyped using the Illumina 1M genotyping chip. Covariates included age, sex, education, and diagnosis. We were able to evaluate 2 of the 3 previously identified interactions, of which the interaction between GSK3β (rs334543) and APBB2 (rs2585590) was found in this autopsy sample (p = 0.04). We observed a comparable interaction between GSK3β and APBB2 when comparing the highest tertile of gene expression to the lowest tertile, t(1) = −2.03, p = 0.043. These results provide additional evidence of a genetic interaction between GSK3β and APBB2 and further suggest that GSK3β is involved in the pathophysiology of both of the primary neuropathologies of Alzheimer’s disease.
Covariates of age-0 walleye Sander vitreus fall recruitment from stocked populations in six midwestern reservoirs

Abstract Walleye Sander vitreus are native to central North American freshwater habitats. Introductions within and outside their native range have occurred in all of the lower 48 states. These stockings have occurred due to the increasing popularity of this species, leading to the demand surpassing the supply. Despite the popularity of this species for anglers, and extensive research on the distribution, life history, population dynamics, culture, and stocking strategies, there is disparate information on first year survival of stocked populations. The objective of this study was to test for associations between biotic and abiotic variables for recruitment of age-0 fish in the fall. We tested for the influence of the number of stocking events, moronid stocking density, spring/summer warming rate, and spring/summer maximum discharge on electrofishing catch rates in the fall of age-0 walleye. We used a hierarchical generalized linear model with the Poisson distribution to evaluate these relationships. Parameters of the model were estimated using Bayesian inference. Our model suggested the number of stocking events, moronid stocking density, and maximum discharge/rainfall were the most important factors influencing walleye recruitment. Fall catch rates of age-0 walleye were positively related to stocking events, negatively related to moronid stocking density, and negatively related to maximum discharge/rainfall. However, these relationships were not concordant across all reservoirs. Further, variability we observed across reservoirs support the conclusion that walleye populations must be managed at individual reservoirs. This study will assist managers locally and regionally to determine stocking strategies for walleye to improve recruitment in midwestern reservoirs.
‘Don't be Mute!’

ABSTRACTPolish immigrants arrived in the United States familiar with the culture of public letter-writing to the press, in which they participated through the periodicals for peasants circulating in the Polish countryside at the turn of the twentieth century. The article analyses public letters published in over thirty Polish-language newspapers printed in the United States between 1880s and 1960s, and demonstrates that the editors used them to support important functions of the ethnic press: creation of a national as well as diasporic immigrant community; formation of readers' networks loyal to particular newspapers; and adoption of personal service journalism, which guided the immigrants in their adaptation in the new country. The immigrants who arrived in subsequent decades continued the practice of letter-writing to the press, strengthening and expanding it to include the entire Polish Diaspora.
Infinite Dimensional Optimization and Control Theory

Part I. Finite Dimensional Control Problems: 1. Calculus of variations and control theory 2. Optimal control problems without target conditions 3. Abstract minimization problems: the minimum principle for the time optimal problem 4. Abstract minimization problems: the minimum principle for general optimal control problems Part II. Infinite Dimensional Control Problems: 5. Differential equations in Banach spaces and semigroup theory 6. Abstract minimization problems in Hilbert spaces: applications to hyperbolic control systems 7. Abstract minimization problems in Banach spaces: abstract parabolic linear and semilinear equations 8. Interpolation and domains of fractional powers 9. Linear control systems 10. Optimal control problems with state constraints 11. Optimal control problems with state constraints: The abstract parabolic case Part III. Relaxed Controls: 12. Spaces of relaxed controls: topology and measure theory 13. Relaxed controls in finite dimensional systems: existence theory 14. Relaxed controls in infinite dimensional spaces: existence theory.
Expert opinion in risk analysis: the NUREG-1150 methodology

Risk analysis of nuclear power generation often requires the use of expert opinion to provide probabilistic inputs where other sources of information are unavailable or are not cost effective. In t...
Observations of diffractive interstellar scintillation phenomena

Recent observations of radio source angular broadening and pulsar dynamic spectra are reviewed, with the goal of determining the spectrum of the interstellar density irregularities and the sources which generate the turbulence. Measurements of angular broadening and certain aspects of pulsar dynamic spectra favor ‘‘quasi‐Kolmogoroff’’ density spectra, which are power law with an index less than four. However, pulsar dynamic spectra frequently display phenomena such as drifting bands or quasi‐periodic structures which seem to require spectra with more power at long wavenumbers than can be supplied by quasi‐Kolmogoroff spectra. The resolution of this seemingly contradictory situation is not obvious at the present time. Observations of angular broadening of extragalactic sources and spectral corrugation of pulsars show that the intensity of turbulence in the interstellar medium must be highly spatially inhomogeneous. The paper concludes with suggestions for future observations.
Cell and Molecular Biology of Nucleolar Assembly and Disassembly

Nucleoli disassemble in prophase of the metazoan mitotic cycle, and they begin their reassembly (nucleologenesis) in late anaphase?early telophase. Nucleolar disassembly and reassembly were obvious to the early cytologists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and although this has lead to a plethora of literature describing these events, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating nucleolar assembly and disassembly has expanded immensely just within the last 10-15 years. We briefly survey the findings of nineteenth-century cytologists on nucleolar assembly and disassembly, followed by the work of Heitz and McClintock on nucleolar organizers. A primer review of nucleolar structure and functions precedes detailed descriptions of modern molecular and microscopic studies of nucleolar assembly and disassembly. Nucleologenesis is concurrent with the reinitiation of rDNA transcription in telophase. The perichromosomal sheath, prenucleolar bodies, and nucleolar-derived foci serve as repositories for nucleolar processing components used in the previous interphase. Disassembly of the perichromosomal sheath along with the dynamic movements and compositional changes of the prenucleolar bodies and nucleolus-derived foci coincide with reactivation of rDNA synthesis within the chromosomal nucleolar organizers during telophase. Nucleologenesis is considered in various model organisms to provide breadth to our understanding. Nucleolar disassembly occurs at the onset of mitosis primarily as a result of the mitosis-specific phosphorylation of Pol I transcription factors and processing components. Although we have learned much regarding nucleolar assembly and disassembly, many questions still remain, and these questions are as vibrant for us today as early questions were for nineteenth- and early twentieth-century cytologists.
Quantifying Memory CD8 T Cells Reveals Regionalization of Immunosurveillance

Memory CD8 T cells protect against intracellular pathogens by scanning host cell surfaces; thus, infection detection rates depend on memory cell number and distribution. Population analyses rely on cell isolation from whole organs, and interpretation is predicated on presumptions of near complete cell recovery. Paradigmatically, memory is parsed into central, effector, and resident subsets, ostensibly defined by immunosurveillance patterns but in practice identified by phenotypic markers. Because isolation methods ultimately inform models of memory T cell differentiation, protection, and vaccine translation, we tested their validity via parabiosis and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of a mouse memory CD8 T cell population. We report three major findings: lymphocyte isolation fails to recover most cells and biases against certain subsets, residents greatly outnumber recirculating cells within non-lymphoid tissues, and memory subset homing to inflammation does not conform to previously hypothesized migration patterns. These results indicate that most host cells are surveyed for reinfection by segregated residents rather than by recirculating cells that migrate throughout the blood and body.
Generation and structure of Rossby vortices in rotating fluids.

The formation of zonal flows and vortices in the generalized Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation is studied. We focus on the regime when the size of structures is comparable to or larger than the deformation (Rossby) radius. Numerical simulations show the formation of anticyclonic vortices in unstable shear flows and ringlike vortices with quiescent cores and vorticity concentrated in a ring. Physical mechanisms that lead to these phenomena and their relevance to turbulence in planetary atmospheres are discussed.
Culture and Globalization

How should we define culture and globalization? How does each affect the other? And what are our shortcomings in understanding the heterogeneous outcomes for cultural production and expression in a globalizing world? This essay begins with foundational understandings among sociologists, political economists, and anthropologists regarding the facets of globalization and the way that it is shaped by and in turn shapes local cultures. The essay turns to the widely varied, disjointed attempts to explain the phenomenon and then offers suggestions for advancing studies of culture in the context of globalization. Keywords: culture; globalization; culture industry; authenticity; global disjunctures; cultural wealth
X-ray magnetic resonance fusion modality may reduce radiation exposure and contrast dose in diagnostic cardiac catheterization of congenital heart disease

Background Radiation exposure in the pediatric population may increase the risk of future malignancy. Children with congenital heart disease who often undergo repeated catheterizations are at risk. One possible strategy to reduce radiation is to use X-ray Magnetic Resonance Fusion (XMRF) to facilitate cardiac catheterization. Methods Catheterization data of patients who underwent diagnostic XMRF procedures between January 1, 2009 and February 1, 2012 were reviewed. Cases were matched 1:1 to contemporary controls who did not undergo XMRF based on weight and diagnosis and were compared in radiation exposure, contrast dose, and procedural and anesthesia times. Results Forty-four matched pairs were included. Baseline demographics were similar in both groups. Patients in the XMRF group had lower indices of radiation exposure measured by fluoroscopy time (14 vs. 16.4 vs. P = 0.047), dose-area product from fluoroscopy (513.2 vs. 589.1 µGy·m2, P = 0.042), total dose-area product (625.8 vs. 995.2 µGy·m2, P = 0.027), and total air kerma dose (94.5 vs. 153.8 mGy, P = 0.017). There was also a significant reduction in contrast dose (2 vs. 3.3 cc/kg, P <0.001). Procedural time tended to be shorter in the XMRF group but anesthesia time was significantly longer. Conclusion Select diagnostic cardiac catheterization cases that utilized XMRF used less radiation and contrast than similar cases where XMRF was not used. Future work is needed to determine whether similar benefits can be extended to other types of diagnostic and complex interventional procedures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The reproducibility of the postcoital test: a prospective study.

Objective: To determine the reproducibility of the postcoital test among trained observers. Methods: Twenty-eight infertile patients presenting to the Brigham and Women's Hospital over a 1-year period were recruited for the study. After a standardized collection of specimens for the postcoital test, four fellowship-trained reproductive endocrinologists evaluated six postcoital test characteristics and gave their overall impression of the test. Each observer was blinded to the patients' identities and clinical histories as well as to the ratings of the other observers. The six characteristics included an assessment of the cervical mucus by ferning, cellularity, spinnbarkeit, and consistency, and of sperm by total count per high power field and percent motility. Scoring was adapted from World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for semen-cervical mucus interaction. Statistical analysis included the kappa statistic to determine agreement among observers for postcoital test characteristics and the Mantel-Haenszel test to determine the association between overall impression and the other test characteristics. Results: Agreement among the four observers was best for sperm number and motility (39% of cases) and worst for cellularity, spinnbarkeit, and overall test impression (11, 14, and 14% of cases, respectively). The kappa statistic ranged from a low of 0.13 for cellularity, demonstrating poor reliability (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.23), to a high of 0.51 for sperm number, demonstrating fair reliability (95% CI 0.41–0.60). Only sperm number and percent motility were significantly associated with the overall impression (P Conclusions: In a blinded study, the characteristics of the postcoital test were found to have poor to fair reproducibility among trained observers using a standardized WHO scoring system. The observers' overall impressions of test quality correlated with sperm number and motility only. We question the validity of the postcoital test as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of infertility.
In-Situ X-Ray Diffraction Studies On Lithium- Ion Battery Cathodes

LiNi{sub 0.8}Co{sub 0.2}O{sub 2} and LiNiO{sub 2} have been characterized in-situ XRD. LiNi{sub 0.8}Co{sub 0.2}O{sub 2} does not undergo a monoclinic phase transformation but remains a hexagonal lattice throughout the entire charging cycle. It is hypothesized that Co-doping may help stabilize the hexagonal structure.
Critical current density changes in irradiated Nb3Sn

Abstract Soll recently modeled changes in the current-carrying capacity of superconducting Nb3Sn after irradiation. As the dose increases, the critical current density (Jc) generally increases, reaches a maximum, and decreases. The model relates the maximum Jc for different types of irradiations to the integrated damage energy (ED) that the irradiating particles transfer to the lattice. Earlier, Soll et al. related cirtical-temperature (Tc) decreases in irradiated Nb3Sn to Ed, which appears more reasonable since Tc is a measure of disorder (or replacements) accompanying defect production, and the final defect configuration (or displacements) are less important. The annealing temperature for the disorder (~700°C) exceeds any of the irradiation temperatures (TIRR); therefore, TIRR is unimportant in the Tc experiments. However, different defect structures exhibit considerably different flux pinning and the Jc model does not consider different spatial variations of the defects during production or migration and agglomeration of the defects during high-TIRR experiments, both of which affect flux pinning. The lack of the model to take into account the physics of the damage is the subject of this paper. Arguments are presented why the defect configurations should be considered, and recently published data is presented that conflict with the conclusions of this damage-energy model.