cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 19 Human Guinea Pigs : Uncovering Principles for Ethical Research through a Personal Narrative

The reprinting of Kenneth Mellanby’s Human Guinea Pigs is an important contribution to understanding our past and interrogating our present (see Reverby 2012 on the use of historical events in research ethics to inform contemporary decisions). The volume invites us to consider human research practices in the United Kingdom in the early part of the twentieth century. Some of Mellanby’s claims and practices contrast sharply with contemporary research ethics expectations. Yet, the volume also reveals a scientist – Kenneth Mellanby – attuned to many of the ethical concerns typically associated with human research today. Mellanby shows an eagerness to conduct socially valuable, scientifically valid research while respecting and protecting the subjects/participants in his investigation, ensuring that the risks his research posed are appropriate relative to the benefits, and avoiding the unfair use of conscientious objectors. Mellanby’s text is particularly compelling in calling us to introspection because Human Guinea Pigs reads like a story. Thus, in addition to serving as an important window into the history of human research and inviting us to consider contemporary research practices, the volume serves as a reminder of the importance of narrative in bioethics.
Biological Network Visualization for Targeted Proteomics Based on Mean First-Passage Time in Semi-Lazy Random Walks.

Experimental data from protein microarrays or other targeted assays are often analyzed using network-based visualization and modeling approaches. Reference networks, such as a graph of known protein-protein interactions, can be used to place experimental data in the context of biological pathways, making the results more interpretable. The first step in network-based visualization and modeling involves mapping the measured experimental endpoints to network nodes, but in targeted assays many network nodes have no corresponding measured endpoints. This leads to a novel problem – given full network structure and a subset of vertices that correspond to measured protein endpoints, infer connectivity between those vertices. We solve the problem by defining a semi-lazy random walk in directed graphs, and quantifying the mean first-passage time for graph nodes. Using simulated and real networks and data, we show that the graph connectivity structure inferred by the proposed method has higher agreement with underlying biology than two alternative strategies.
Analyzing IDPs in Interactomes

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs) are commonly found in all proteomes analyzed so far. These proteins/regions are subject to numerous posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and alternative splicing, are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, and often facilitate protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Some of these proteins contain molecular recognition features (MoRFs), which are IDRs that bind to partner proteins and undergo disorder-to-order transitions. Although many IDPs/IDRs can fold upon binding, a large fraction of these proteins are known to maintain significant amounts of disorder in their bound states. Being well-recognized interaction specialists, IDPs/IDRs can participate in one-to-many and many-to-one interactions, where one IDP/IDR binds to multiple partners potentially gaining very different structures in the bound state, or where multiple unrelated IDPs/IDRs bind to one partner. As a result, IDPs frequently serve as hubs (i.e., proteins with many links) in complex PPI networks. The goal of this chapter is to describe computational and bioinformatics tools that can be used to look at the disorder status of proteins within a given PPI network and also to gain some knowledge on the disorder-based functionality of the members of this network. To this end, description is provided for some of the use of UniProt and DisProt databases, several databases generating PPI networks (BioGRID, IntAct, DIP, MINT, HPRD, APID, KEGG, and STRING), Composition profiler, some tools for the per-residue disorder predictions (PONDR® VLXT, PONDR® VL3, PONDR® VSL2, PONDR-FIT, and IUPred), binary disorder classifiers CH-plot and CDF-plot and their combined CH-CDF analysis, web-based tools for the visualization of disorder distribution in a query protein (D2P2 and MobiDB), as well as some tools for evaluation disorder-based functionality of proteins (ANCHOR, MoRFpred, DEPP, and ModPred).
Gastrostomy Button Placement in Infants With Cyanotic Versus Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease.

Abstract: Background Infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) may exhibit increased metabolic demands, and many will undergo placement of a gastrostomy to achieve adequate nutritional intake. There is a paucity of data, however, comparing the operative risks and overall complications of gastrostomy placement in cyanotic versus acyanotic infants with CHD. We hypothesized that patients with cyanotic CHD would have a higher rate of gastrostomy-associated complications than infants with acyanotic CHD. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent gastrostomy button placement after cardiac surgery for CHD between 2013 and 2018. Patients were stratified into cyanotic CHD and acyanotic CHD cohorts. Patient data were extracted from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database and merged with clinical data related to gastrostomy placement and complications from chart review. Unadjusted analyses were used to find covariates associated with cyanotic CHD and acyanotic CHD, using a t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous data, depending on normalcy, and χ 2 or Fisher's exact tests for categorical data depending on the distribution. Results There were 257 infants with CHD who underwent gastrostomy placement during the study period, of which 86 had cyanotic CHD. There were no significant differences in baseline weight or preoperative albumin levels between the two groups. Patients with cyanotic CHD had a lower incidence of comorbid syndromes (P = 0.0001), higher Society of Thoracic Surgeons–European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery scores (P Conclusions Patients with acyanotic CHD demonstrated a higher incidence of granulation tissue. We found no difference in gastrostomy-specific complication rates between the two groups, with the notable exception of granulation tissue formation. Based on this study, the diagnosis of cyanotic CHD does not increase the risk of gastrostomy-related complications.
Clinical Course of Cancer Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background Complications in cancer patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have not been examined. This analysis aimed to compare characteristics of COVID-19 patients with and without cancer and assess whether cancer is associated with COVID-19 morbidity or mortality. Methods COVID-19-positive patients with an inpatient or emergency encounter at the Mount Sinai Health System between March 1, 2020, and May 27, 2020, were included and compared across cancer status on demographics and clinical characteristics. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to model the associations of cancer with sepsis, venous thromboembolism, acute kidney injury, intensive care unit admission, and all-cause mortality. Results There were 5556 COVID-19-positive patients included, 421 (7.6%) with cancer (325 solid, 96 nonsolid). Those with cancer were statistically significantly older, more likely to be non-Hispanic Black and to be admitted to the hospital during their encounter, and had more comorbidities than noncancer COVID-19 patients. Cancer patients were statistically significantly more likely to develop sepsis (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06 to 1.61) and venous thromboembolism (ORadj = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.09); there was no statistically significant difference in acute kidney injury (ORadj = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.39), intensive care unit admissions (ORadj = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.80 to 1.34), or mortality (ORadj = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.29). Conclusions COVID-19 patients with cancer may have a higher risk for adverse outcomes. Although there was no statistically significant difference in mortality, COVID-19 patients with cancer have statistically significantly higher risk of thromboembolism and sepsis. Further research is warranted into the potential effects of cancer treatments on inflammatory and immune responses to COVID-19 and on the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in these patients.
Answering the Call for Title V Data: A Success Skills Intervention to Increase Retention at a Hispanic-Serving Institution

Research has yielded much evidence that investing in postsecondary interventions increases retention and success for Hispanic/Latinx undergraduates. This study examines one such intervention, funde...
A new multi-criteria convex quadratic programming model for credit analysis

Mathematical programming based methods have been applied to credit risk analysis and have proven to be powerful tools. One challenging issue in mathematical programming is the computation complexity in finding optimal solutions. To overcome this difficulty, this paper proposes a Multi-criteria Convex Quadratic Programming model (MCCQP). Instead of looking for the global optimal solution, the proposed model only needs to solve a set of linear equations. We test the model using three credit risk analysis datasets and compare MCCQP results with four well-known classification methods: LDA, Decision Tree, SVMLight, and LibSVM. The experimental results indicate that the proposed MCCQP model achieves as good as or even better classification accuracies than other methods.
Computational prediction of Ds transposon insertion sites in plants using DNA structural features

iii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 BIOLOGY OF AC/DS TRANSPOSON 1 DNA STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES 1 THESIS ORGANIZATION 2 REFERENCES 3 CHAPTER 2. DNAFVP: A PACKAGE FOR DNA FEATURE CALCULATION, VISUALIZATION AND VECTOR PREPARATION 5 ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 6 IMPLEMENTATION 7 DISCUSSION 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15 REFERENCES 15 FIGURES 18 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 20 CHAPTER 3. COMPUTATIONAL PREDICTION OF DS TRANSPOSON INSERTION SITES IN PLANTS USING DNA STRUCTURAL FEATURES ........ 48 ABSTRACT 48 INTRODUCTION 49 METHODS 50 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 54 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 60 REFERENCES 60 TABLES 62 FIGURES 66 SUPPLEMENTARY INFOMATION 68 CHAPTER 4 GENERAL CONCLUSION 79 REFERENCES 80 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 83
Stochastic Games with Average Cost Constraints

The paper introduces the model of undiscounted stochastic games augmented by side constraints on the levels of a player’s average costs. Several variants of this problem are suggested, and the special case of zero-sum games with constraints on one side is analyzed; under certain recurrence conditions, existence of the value and (non-stationary) optimal strategies are established.
Outlier removal in stereo reconstruction of orbital images

NASA has recently been building 3-dimensional models of the moon based on photos taken from orbiting satellites and the Apollo missions. One issue with the stereo reconstruction is the handling of "outliers", or areas with rapid and unexpected change in the data. Outliers may be introduced by issues such as shadows on the surface, areas with low amounts of surface detail, or flaws in the camera systems. These errors may result in elevation spikes which cause the model to differ significantly from accurate ground truth. We are seeking to remove outliers from reconstructions by using a pair of filters which target the characteristics of these outliers. The first filter will use edge detection to filter areas with low detail and the second filter will remove areas in the disparity map which differ too far from their surrounding neighbors.
The rate constant of the reaction OD+DNO3: Pressure dependence and kinetic isotope effect

Abstract Absolute rate constants for the reaction OD+DNO 3 have been determined at 297 ± 2 K, using a pulsed laser photolysis-resonance absorption technique. The values (in cm 3 mol −1 s −1 ) obtained for DNO 3 alone and in the presence of 107 Torr sf 6 and at ± 3σ are (5.47 ± 0.75) × 10 9 and (8.51 ± 0.72) × 10 9 respectively. The results indicate a significant pressure dependence of the rate constant and a large kinetic isotope effect, k H / k D = 13.8.
HEPATIC CYTOCHROME P450 UBIQUITINATION: CONFORMATIONAL PHOSPHODEGRONS FOR E2/E3 RECOGNITION?

Hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integral cytochromes P450 (P450s) are monooxygenases engaged in the biotransformation and elimination of endo- as well as xenobiotics. Of the human liver P450s, CYP3A4 is the major and most dominant catalyst responsible for the biotransformation of over 50% of clinically prescribed drugs. CYP2E1 metabolizes smaller molecular weight compounds (EtOH), carcinogens, environmental toxins, and endobiotics, and is justly implicated in various toxigenic/pathogenic mechanisms of human disease. Both P450s are notorious for their potential to generate pathogenic reactive oxygen species (ROS) during futile oxidative cycling and/or oxidative uncoupling. Such ROS not only oxidatively damage the P450 catalytic cage, but on their escape into the cytosol, also the P450 outer surface and any surrounding cell organelles. Given their ER-monotopic topology coupled with this high potential to acquire oxidative lesions in their cytosolic (C) domain, not surprisingly these P450 proteins exhibit shorter lifespans and are excellent prototype substrates of ER-associated degradation ("ERAD-C") pathway. Indeed, we have shown that both CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 incur ERAD-C, during which they are first phosphorylated by protein kinases A and C, which greatly enhance/accelerate their ubiquitination by UBC7/gp78 and UbcH5a/CHIP/Hsp70/Hsp40 E2/E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Such P450 phosphorylation occurs on Ser/Thr residues within linear sequences as well as spatially clustered acidic (Asp/Glu) residues. We propose that such S/T phosphorylation within these clusters creates negatively charged patches or conformational phosphodegrons for interaction with positively charged E2/E3 domains. Such P450 S/T phosphorylation we posit serves as a molecular switch to turn on its ubiquitination and ERAD-C.
Is the monthly temperature climate of the United States becoming more extreme

A new data set of monthly temperatures, adjusted for detected inhomogeneities, was used to examine whether the monthly temperature climate of the U.S. has become more extreme. During the past two to three decades, there has been a shift toward more frequent very warm months, but less frequent very cold months. Thus, overall the monthly temperature climate has not become more extreme. Midtwentieth century including the 1930s was an earlier period of frequent very warm months, a result of very warm daytime temperatures, while nighttime temperatures were not unusual. Regionally, there is a lack of century-scale warming in the southeast U.S. annually and in parts of the central U.S. in the summer, characterized by lack of daytime warming while there has been nighttime warming. Compared to the earlier midcentury warm period, recent decades have been more (less) extreme in the summer (winter) in the west while Midwest summers have been less extreme.
Low temperature saturation of the channel conductivity in silicon inversion layers

Abstract The conductivity of silicon inversion layers in MOS structures has been measured in the temperature range 0.03 ≲ T ≳ 4.2 K at low carrier densities. The conductivity is activated but saturates at the lowest temperatures for both n- and p-channels. The saturation conductivity is found to increase with reverse substrate bias.
Coulometric assay of selected medicinals using an arseno‐amperometric end point detection technique

The coulometric generation of bromine as a titrant was used as a basis for investigation of a coulometric method of analysis of selected medicinals. It was found that the reaction between bromine and certain medicinal agents was too slow to permit the use of a conventional amperometric end point detection technique. A residual method combining a standardized arsenite solution with amperometry was found to give excellent results. Quinidine sulfate, quinine sulfate, resorcinol, sodium secobarbital, sulfanilamide, and sulfaguanidine all gave relative standard deviations of less than 2 per cent and relative errors of less than 0.5 per cent using the arsenoamperometric end point device. The method was applied to commercial dosage forms with good results. The precision and accuracy obtained indicate this method would be of value in routine analysis.
Fence methods for backcross experiments

Model search strategies play an important role in finding simultaneous susceptibility genes that are associated with a trait. More particularly, model selection via the information criteria, such as the BIC with modifications, have received considerable attention in quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. However, such modifications often depend upon several factors, such as sample size, prior distribution, and the type of experiment, e.g., backcross, intercross. These changes make it difficult to generalize the methods to all cases. The fence method avoids such limitations with a unified approach, and hence can be used more broadly. In this paper, this method is studied in the case of backcross experiments throughout a series of simulation studies. The results are compared with those of the modified BIC method as well as some of the most popular shrinkage methods for model selection.
The Effect of a Multicomponent Professional Development Training on the Beliefs and Behaviors of Community Health Educators Concerning Food Irradiation

Beliefs have a significant effect on the health behaviors of individuals and educators; however, they can be difficult to change. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposing community health educators, specifically family and consumer sciences county extension educators, to a multicomponent professional development training on food irradiation could change their beliefs and behaviors. This study compared the food irradiation beliefs and educational programming of educators who participated in a professional development training with those who did not. Results indicated that the training significantly improved the food irradiation beliefs of participants. In addition, the number of participants who provided food irradiation education significantly improved compared with educators who had not attended the training. These results suggest that this type of professional development training format can significantly affect beliefs and could increase the amount of food irradiation information available to consumers through community health educators.
Illustrating the “virtual” in virtual schooling: Challenges and strategies for creating real tools to prepare virtual teachers

Virtual schooling, or the practice of offering K-12 courses via distance technologies, has rapidly increased in popularity since its beginning in 1994. Although effective interaction with and support for students in these environments requires a unique set of skills and experiences, teacher education programs currently place very little emphasis on teaching and facilitation competencies for virtual school education. This article reports on a federally-funded project to develop a model preparation program for virtual educators. After a brief review of project goals (identifying and building competencies, developing tools to support virtual teacher education, and scaffolding a national community of virtual school practice), the description focuses on the development and formative evaluation procedures and findings with a tool designed to give preservice students in introductory teacher education classes foundation concepts in effective virtual schooling practices. Also included are implications of evaluation findings and recommendations for further research and development.
The Character of a Landscape: Domestic Architecture and Community in Late Eighteenth-Century Berkeley Parish, Virginia

Following the instructions for the 1798 Federal Direct Tax, Waller Holladay, assistant assessor for Berkeley Parish, Virginia, evaluated 226 estates within his community. His accounts offer insight into not only the structures on the properties but also the people who built and lived in them. Dominated by wooden buildings and lacking any slave quarters, the estates of Berkeley Parish challenge previous portrayals of plantations and illustrate a variety of architectural choices. In doing so, they indicate cultural and social processes different from those associated with conventional interpretations. Rather than debunking these narratives, however, the material life of Berkeley Parish questions their primacy by suggesting a wider array of possibilities from which to consider status, women, and master-slave relations in early Virginia.
Respiratory changes in the euryhaline clam, Mulinialateralis (Say), over a range of temperature and salinity combinations

Abstract The combined effects of five temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 32 °C) and five salinities (10, 15, 20, 25, and 35%.) on respiratory metabolism in the euryhaline clam, Mulinia lateralis (Say), were determined from polarographic measurements of oxygen consumption. Although both the effects of temperature and salinity were statistically significant as well as their interaction effects, the effect of temperature was greater. Euryhalinity (previously ascribed to M. lateralis based only on its geographical distributions) was reflected physiologically by the few significant differences between respiration rates in various salinities at a given temperature. Significant differences were most often between rates in 20%. and the 10%. or 35%. extremes. Consistently highest rates in 20%. may reflect a salinity preferendum since this salinity was similar to long-term mean habitat salinity.
Microstructural Influences on the Development and Growth of Small Fatigue Cracks in the Near Threshold Regime

Orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) is being used to investigate the microstructural influence on small crack growth at the crack tip. Although grain and grain boundary orientations have been reported to influence small crack growth, the effect has been difficult to quantify. OIM uses electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to form a spatially resolved map of crystal orientation, providing information on intra- and inter-grain orientation relationships. Mini-extended compact tension (ECT) specimens were machined from an 1100 aluminum cold rolled sheet with a 45° angle, machined notch tip. The specimens were sized to fit into a Philips XL30/FEG SEM equipped with an EDAX/TSL EBSD/OIM system. Initial images were recorded prior to cycling of the mini-ECT specimen. Fatigue testing was conducted at constant amplitude loading in the near-threshold regime where small cracks are considered to be on the order of the corresponding grain size. The constant amplitude load testing was periodically interrupted to obtain EBSD images. The ability to map an area 800 × 1300 μm in front of the machined notch tip was demonstrated. This study determined that the plastic deformation, which occurs in a zone in front of the crack tip, did not degrade the EBSD image quality. Use of this technique provides the capability to characterize local crystal orientation during deformation processes such as fatigue crack growth.
Analysis of kinetics and concentration dependence of electron-capture detector

Abstract The kinetic model for electron capture has been solved rigorously by numerical integration so that changes in positive ion concentration can be taken into account. In this initial study, rate constants and mode of positive ion removal simulates electron capture using a tritium source in a parallel plate configuration. The numerical analysis can be applied to other geometries and sources of electrons. The results show a different concentration dependence which results from the change in positive ion concentration. The response is a function of the kinetic mechanism.
Ramp-wave initiation of granular explosives

Abstract Initiation processes in granular explosives have been investigated experimentally by observing the propagation and growth of finite-rise-time compression waves. In this study “ramp” waves having a rise-time of either 0.3 μs or 0.8 μs were transmitted into the explosive PBX-9404, resulting in initial waves having a peak axial stress of 5.1 GPa. Velocity interferometry (VISAR) was used to measure particle velocity histories after the initial wave had propagated through explosive samples having different thicknesses. For comparison, similar measurements were made for the case of shock loading to the same peak axial stress. The velocity records indicate that processes for local hot-spot generation and ignition are strongly inhibited by the finite rates of compression. As the ramp waves propagate they steepen into shocks, with little evidence of chemical energy release prior to shock formation. The waveforms recorded during this nonreactive period provide information on the mechanical properties of the granular material. After shock formation the release of chemical energy results in wave growth toward detonation, although the transition to detonation is delayed considerably compared to the case of initial shock loading. Comparisons of velocity histories from the different loading conditions indicate that chemical energy is being released throughout the compressed explosive, rather than only near the shock front.
Pathogenesis and Early Management of Non–ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

NSTE ACS is a clinically significant problem. Endothelial dysfunction triggered by traditional cardiovascular risk factors (and perhaps by other as yet unidentified risks) in the susceptible host leads to the formation and development of atherosclerotic plaque. Inflammatory mediators and mechanical stresses contribute to plaque rupture by disrupting the protective fibrous cap. In about 25% of patients who have ACS, typically those who are younger, female, or smokers, plaque erosion seems to be the main underlying pathologic mechanism. Endothelial alteration, inflammation,or exposure of the lipid core results in the release of TF, vWF, and PAF. The release of these factors leads to platelet activation and aggregation as well as to the formation of a fibrin clot, resulting in arterial thrombosis that occludes the vessel. A variety of factors, including circulating catecholamines, LDL levels, blood glucose levels, and systemic thrombogenic factors, can affect the extent and stability of the thrombus, thereby determining whether the occlusion is complete and fixed, labile and nonocclusive (NSTE ACS),or clinically silent resulting in a mural thrombus and plaque growth. The acute treatment of NSTEACS is directed at interrupting the prothrombotic environment surrounding the ruptured plaque; thus, antiplatelet agents such as aspirin, clopidogrel, and glycoprotein IIb/IIla receptor antagonists,as well as anticoagulants such as heparin, are the mainstays of early therapy.
Toward a Psychosocial Theory of Military and Economic Violence in the Era of Globalization

A theory of the roots of violent conflict in the global era focuses upon a pattern of intervention by the United States, its allies, and proxy forces. It emphasizes a dominant set of beliefs and powerful networks in a position to apply them. The networks protect and extend their concentrations of wealth using violence or the threat of violence to produce compliant governments, to identify enemies, to mobilize consent, and to minimize the perceived costs of such activity. U.S. government agencies and large global corporations are central to this effort. Illustrations are provided by descriptions of military actions in Venezuela, East Timor, and Iraq. Implications for research include the value of using network analysis to identify centers of combined corporate and governmental power and the value of combining the study of belief systems with studies identifying such centers of power.
On the diffusion current in semiconductors

The correct form of the diffusion component of current in semiconductors is derived using a perturbation solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. The mobile particles are assumed to obey quantum statistics and the relaxation time is considered to be a function of position.
EFFECTS OF SERUM FROM MINIMAL CHANGE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (MCNS) PATIENTS ON LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION

EFFECTS OF SERUM FROM MINIMAL CHANGE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (MCNS) PATIENTS ON LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION
How can we measure the impact of pollutants on respiratory function in very young children? Methodological aspects

There is increasing evidence that air pollution particularly affects infants and small preschool children. However, detecting air pollution effects on lung function in small children is technically difficult and requires non-invasive methods that can assess lung function and inflammatory markers in larger cohorts. This review discusses the principles, usefulness and shortcomings of various lung function techniques used to detect pollution effects in small children. The majority of these techniques have been used to detect effects of the dominant indoor pollutant, tobacco exposure. However there is increasing evidence that non-invasive lung function techniques can also detect the effects of outdoor air pollution.
The electronic structure of aryl thiol esters

Abstract A combination of experimental data and the CNDO/2-SCF-MO method are used to evaluate the importance of d-orbitals to the electronic structure of aryl thiol esters. The thioester group is calculated to withdraw electron density through σ and 2p π -3d π bonding and donate by p π -p π bonding. Electron donating substituents para to the thiol ester group cause the latter group to accept electron density regardless of d-orbital participation.
A classification for gas to aerosol conversions

Abstract The physical nature of any gas-to-aerosol conversion can be helpfully classified into one of five types of molecular aggregation for the final aerosol formation preceded by one of nine processes for the formation of the final gas molecules that aggregate into the aerosol. Twenty-eight conversions are so classified.
Asymptotic Properties of Classification Rules Based on Wilcoxon-Type Statistics

Abstract Suppose training samples are available from two location parameter populations. Nonparametric classification rules based on Wilcoxon-type statistics are defined. The efficiencies of the nonparametric rules relative to the “optimal” estimated parametric rules are then investigated by using asymptotic expansions of the probabilities of misclassification.
The role of conceptual knowledge in API usability

While many studies have investigated the challenges that developers face in finding and using API documentation, few have considered the role of developers' conceptual knowledge in these tasks. We designed a study in which developers were asked to explore the feasibility of two requirements concerning networking protocols and application platforms that most participants were unfamiliar with, observing the effect that a lack of conceptual knowledge had on their use of documentation. Our results show that without conceptual knowledge, developers struggled to formulate effective queries and to evaluate the relevance or meaning of content they found. Our results suggest that API documentation should not only include detailed examples of API use, but also thorough introductions to the concepts, standards, and ideas manifested in an API's data structures and functionality.
Air Sacs in the Turkey

ABSTRACT ONLY one specific study on the respiratory system of the turkey has been found. This consisted of two papers published in 1953 by Cover. Cover reviewed the observations of previous investigators on the chicken. He pointed out that in general all reports agree on the number of air sacs in the chicken (4 paired and 1 single) but they often have been named differently. Disagreement centers around the cervical or thoraco-cervical and the posterior thoracic air sacs. Cover (1953b) observed in the turkey that “the paired posterior thoracic and thoraco-cervical as well as the single anterior thoracic air sacs are combined into a single large compartment, the aggregate sac, which communicates with the air passageways of the lung at its anterior ventral border. There are two unions, one with a ventral bronchus and another with an area of several parabronchi. The combined sacs have the same location and visceral relations . . .
The Cost-effectiveness of Lung Transplantation: A Pilot Study

Objective Lung transplantation is one of the fastest-growing solid organ transplant procedures in the world, yet its cost-effectiveness is unknown. We compared the costs and outcomes of the first 25 patients who received lung transplants at the University of Washington with 24 patients currently on the lung transplant waiting list. Design Inpatient and outpatient charges were obtained from the hospital billing service and home health agencies. Quality-adjusted life year scores (QALYs) were computed from the following: (1) utility scores obtained through standard gamble interviews, and (2) published survival data from an international lung transplant registry and from studies of patients on lung transplant waiting lists. Results Transplantation charges averaged $164,989 (median, $152,071). Average monthly charges posttransplant were $11,917 in year 1 and $4,525 thereafter, vs $3,395 for waiting-list patients. Posttransplant utility scores were significantly higher than waiting-list scores (0.80 vs 0.68; p 0.05), although quality-adjusted life expectancy did improve significantly. After converting charges to costs, the incremental cost per QALY gained for posttransplant compared with waiting-list patients was $176,817. Conclusions Lung transplantation is very expensive, although it can substantially improve quality of life. Two-thirds of care costs are incurred after transplantation. The principal barriers to cost-effectiveness at present are the high cost of postrecovery care and marginal gains in life expectancy compared with conservative care.
Fusidic acid is an effective treatment against Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes in vitro, but not in mice

Fusidic acid is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria by preventing the release of translation elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has an orthologue of bacterial EF-G that can complement bacteria and is necessary for parasite virulence. Fusidic acid has been shown to be effective in tissue culture against the related pathogen Plasmodium falciparum, and current drug treatments against T. gondii are limited. We therefore investigated the therapeutic value of fusidic acid for T. gondii and found that the drug was effective in tissue culture, but not in a mouse model of infection. To determine whether this trend would occur in another intracellular pathogen that elicits a T helper 1-type immune response, we tested the efficacy of fusidic acid for the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Similar to its effects on T. gondii, fusidic acid inhibits the growth of L. monocytogenes in vitro, but not in mice. These findings highlight the necessity of in vivo follow-up studies to validate in vitro drug investigations.
The structure of nigericin.

Abstract The molecular structure and the cation binding of nigericin, an antibiotic affecting ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria, has been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The molecule is found to be similar to monensin, another antibiotic of similar properties.
Authoritarian or democratic: the uncertain future of Iran

(1999). Authoritarian or democratic: the uncertain future of Iran. Iranian Studies: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 313-331.
Microstructure and field mapping of AlInN-based heterostructures and devices

The microstructure, composition and electrostatic fields of near-lattice-matched Al1-xInxN/AlN/GaN heterostructures and devices have been characterized using a variety of electron microscopy techniques. A thin parastic Ga-rich layer was often observed immediately above the AlN spacer and was attributed to GaN nucleation during specimen cooling. Mapping of electrostatic potential profiles across a GaN/Al0.85In0.15N/AlN/ GaN heterostructure using off-axis electron holography showed polarization-induced fields of 7.5MV/cm within the AlN layer, and 2.2MV/cm within the Ga-rich layer. A two-dimensional electron gas with a density of ∼9.8×1012 cm–2 was observed in the underlying GaN layer located very close to the AlN/GaN interface. Contact inclusions were observed extending into the AlInN and GaN layers along mixed-type threading dislocations under the source and drain regions of HFET devices. The density and size of the contact inclusions was determined by the annealing temperature (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nucleon anapole moment and parity-violating ep scattering

Parity-violating (PV) interactions among quarks in the nucleon induce a PV $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{NN}$ coupling, or anapole moment (AM). We compute electroweak gauge-independent contributions to the AM through $\mathcal{O}(1/{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2})$ in chiral perturbation theory. We estimate short-distance PV effects using resonance saturation. The AM contributions to PV electron-proton scattering slightly enhance the axial vector radiative corrections, ${R}_{A}^{p},$ over the scale implied by the standard model when weak quark-quark interactions are neglected. We estimate the theoretical uncertainty associated with the AM contributions to ${R}_{A}^{p}$ to be large, and discuss the implications for the interpretation PV of $\mathrm{ep}$ scattering.
“Storming and norming”: Exploring the value of group development models in addressing conflict in communal writing assessment

Abstract Composition assessment scholars have exhibited uneasiness with the language of norming grounded in distaste for the psychometric assumption that achievement of consensus in a communal assessment setting is desirable even at the cost of individual pedagogical values. Responding to the problems of a reliability defined by homogenous agreement, compositionists have moved to reframe validity as a reflective measure of local context, often relying on hermeneutic approaches that foreground expression of difference as criteria for success, not failure. Such approaches, while serving the goals of assessment as reflective practice, foster a tension between conflict and consensus that is arguably unproductive for assessments that may benefit, in various ways, from the achievement of agreement. The present study, drawing from group development models, reframes conflict and consensus in dynamic integration. Reader training experiences in two large-scale portfolio assessments at one institution provide evidence that assessment practitioners may benefit, theoretically and pragmatically, from an approach to conflict and consensus neither hierarchical nor mutually exclusive.
Correlation functions in the prethermalized regime after a quantum quench of a spin chain

Results are presented for a two-point correlation function of a spin chain after a quantum quench for an intermediate time regime where inelastic effects are weak. A Callan-Symanzik-like equation for the correlation function is explicitly constructed which is used to show the appearance of three distinct scaling regimes. One is for spatial separations within a light cone, the second is for spatial separations on the light cone, and the third is for spatial separations outside the light cone. In these three regimes, the correlation function is found to decay with power laws with nonequilibrium exponents that differ from those in equilibrium, as well as from those obtained from quenches in a quadratic Luttinger liquid theory. A detailed discussion is presented on how the existence of scaling depends on the properties of the initial state before the quench.
The dental polymer implant concept

lh e replacement of man’s wornout or depleted parts with human or animai tissues or synthetic materials has been in man’s mind and imagination for centurks. In the early 1900’s, Alexis Carrel1 transplanted every major organ in animals. His famous two-headed dog was proof that transplant failures were not the result of surgical or technical difficulties. The built-in immune mechanism, a specificity that permits the prevention oi certain diseases by vaccination, also acts to prevent the success of transplants, and immunologic rejection results. This is a fundamental biologic reaction and was adequately demonstrated by the outstanding research of Medawar’ on rabbit skin transplants. He demonstrated that there was an immunization of the animal with the first graft and subsequent accelerated rejection of the second graft. It wab now clear that homologous and heterologous transplants failed due to an immunologic response. Transplant failures result from the ability of the host to identif) another tissue as containing a foreign protein and to be able to reject this tissue through the development of specific antibodies. Lymphocytes are instrumental in this phenomenon, since they are responsible for the elaboration of antibody. To overcome this, scientists have tried to control the immune response bysuppressing the bone marrow by the use of radiation. globulins, immunosuppressivt drugs, and cortisone-type drugs. All these methods seriously endanger the life of the transplant recipient. placing him in a delicate balance between immunologic rejection and death from uncontrollable infection, since one of the body’s major defensive mechanisms a,%ainst pathogenic microorganisms has been removed.
Gross total resection improves overall survival in children with choroid plexus carcinoma

Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a rare, malignant, primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. While previous reports have shown benefits of aggressive surgery, very few large-scale studies have focused exclu- sively on the pediatric population, for whom the risks of aggressive surgery must be weighed carefully against the benefits. We performed a comprehensive systematic review of pediatric CPCs to test the effects of gross total resection (GTR) on overall survival (OS) and progression-free sur- vival (PFS). A Pubmed search was performed to identify children with CPC who underwent surgical resection. Only disaggregated clinical cases in which extent of resection was confirmed by CT or MRI were included for analysis. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression survival analyses were performed to determine the effects of extent of resection on OS and PFS. Disaggregated clinical data from a total of 102 pediatric CPC patients (age B18 years) with known extent of resection and overall survival were analyzed. GTR was significantly associated with better OS by Kaplan-Meier analysis (logrank p \ 0.001). Multivar- iate Cox regression analysis adjusting for age, gender, tumor location (supratentorial vs. infratentorial), and type of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiation, and com- bined therapy), showed that GTR independently increased OS (p = 0.006). While GTR also improved PFS on Kap- lan-Meier analysis (p = 0.027), the effect did not meet our criteria for significance in our multivariate Cox model (p = 0.120). GTR improved OS of pediatric CPC and is recommended if it can be safely performed.
Effects of 2β-propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane (PTT) on the self-administration of cocaine, heroin, and cocaine/heroin combinations in rats

Abstract Pharmacotherapies utilizing long-acting agonists and mixed function agonists–antagonists have been successful in the treatment of opiate addiction but no comparable treatment exists for cocaine abuse. Long-acting tropane analogues have been synthesized that could be candidates for such pharmacotherapies. 2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane (PTT) is one such compound that is a relatively selective dopamine (DA) transporter blocker that has a significantly longer duration of action than cocaine. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of PTT on the intravenous self-administration of cocaine, heroin, or cocaine/heroin combinations. Groups of rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, heroin, or cocaine/heroin combinations using a within session dosing procedure in which three doses were available each session. PTT pretreatment reduced cocaine and cocaine/heroin combinations intake in a dose-dependent manner while having only minor effects on heroin intake. These results suggest that the neurobiological substrates of cocaine and heroin self-administration are different, and that these cocaine/heroin combinations may function more like cocaine alone, even when the dose of heroin in the mixture will function independently as a reinforcer. These results further support the potential use of long-acting dopamine reuptake inhibitors as pharmacotherapeutic adjuncts to a comprehensive treatment program for cocaine and cocaine/heroin abuse.
Optimal road pricing for air pollution control

Existence of substantial (external) social costs of automobile travel can result in a suboptimal allocation of transportation resources. 1 One possible way of ameliorating the problem involves assessing each highway user a charge commensurate with the social costs he inflicts on others. This paper considers the problem of establishing the appropriate (social) charges or tolls to be levied.: Although several writers have considered the social cost problem in connection with the congestion pricing of automobile travel (cf. Mantell [2], Mohring [4], Strotz [5], Zettel and Carll [9], Vickrey [6], and Walters [7, 8]), virtually no substantive light has been shed on the pollution pricing problem. In all of the previous works on congestion, some form of marginal cost pricing has been considered. And, in at least one case (Walters [8]), the welfare implications of such schemes have been examined. Kneese [1] has suggested that a model useful for calculating optimal pollution charges might indeed resemble the above congestion cost models. This is the general approach followed in this paper. In particular, a pollution model based on a marginal cost pricing concept is developed that builds on (and then conveniently discards) the Waiters model for congestion.
Effects of anabolic steroids on liver cell ultrastructure in sheep.

Castrated mal e shee p wer e sham impl a n ted or impl a nt ed wit h estra dio l. tre n bo­ lon e ace ta te or tre n bo lo ne ace ta te in combina tion with estrad iol. and sla ugh tere d afte r 56 days. Ultras truc t ural and mo rp hometric examinatio n of t he live rs of ste ro id -t rea ted sheep showed a n in crease in t he vo lume density of the ce ll occupied by rough endoplasmic ret icu lum and micro bod ies. In four of the eight sheep treated wit h trenbolone acetate. either alone or in com bina tion wit h estrad io l. enl arged mitoc hondria wit h crystalli ne inclusions were seen . The increase in hepatic rough endoplasmic reticul u m may be o f benefit to the shee p whereas the mitoch o nd ria l c ha nges afte r anabolic ste roid use indicate a ce llular lesion of u n kno wn significance for hea lth .