cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Winding Layer Number and Slot/Pole Combination on AC Armature Losses of Synchronous Surface PM Machines Designed for Wide Constant-Power Speed Range Operation

This paper examines the impact of the winding layer number (single- and double-layer), and magnet type (sintered and bonded), as well as slot/pole combinations on AC stator losses in surface permanent magnet (SPM) synchronous machines equipped with fractional-slot concentrated windings that are designed for wide speed ranges of constant-power operation. It is shown that the use of bonded magnets instead of sintered magnets tends to increase the AC losses, while magnetic saturation of the tooth-tips tends to reduce these losses. The effect of terminal conditions, i.e. series and parallel connections, on AC losses is also investigated. The effect of leakage flux on AC losses is studied for the various slot/pole combinations within the same slot/pole/phase (spp) family as well as for different spp values, indicating that high numbers of stator poles tend to increase the AC losses. An AC loss index has been defined incorporating these effects to serve as a quick screening tool for the various slot/pole combinations under consideration.
State-centric programming for sensor-actuator network systems

Distributed embedded systems such as wireless sensor and actuator networks require new programming models and software tools to support the rapid design and prototyping of sensing and control applications. Unlike centralized platforms and Web-based distributed systems, these distributed sensor-actuator network (DSAN) systems are characterized by a massive number of potentially failing nodes, limited energy and bandwidth resources, and the need to rapidly respond to sensor input. We describe a state-centric, agent-based design methodology to mediate between a system developer's mental model of physical phenomena and the distributed execution of DSAN applications. Building on the ideas of data-centric networking, sensor databases, and proximity-based group formation, we introduce the notion of collaboration groups, which abstracts common patterns in application-specific communication and resource allocation. Using a distributed tracking application with sensor networks, we'll demonstrate how state-centric programming can raise the abstraction level for application developers.
Henoch-Sch√∂nlein purpura. Case report and review of the literature

The similarity in the skin manifestations in Henoch-Schonlein purpura as compared with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis complicates diagnosis. Therefore, analysis of hematologic studies, tissue histology, and immunofluorescence should be thoroughly reviewed.
Department Heads: The Most Underutilized Leadership Position

Literature and practice have shown ambiguity in the roles and responsibilities of department heads, yet it is a position that is vital to efficient school operations. This article describes a survey conducted of 200 department heads to determine job performance. Results show that the role is poorly defined and multifaceted, and most department heads lack adequate preparation. Suggestions for improvement are offered.
Somatostatin system: molecular mechanisms regulating anterior pituitary hormones

The somatostatin (SRIF) system, which includes the SRIF ligand and receptors, regulates anterior pituitary gland function, mainly inhibiting hormone secretion and to some extent pituitary tumor cell growth. SRIF-14 via its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors (subtypes 1-5) activates multiple cellular signaling pathways including adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK, ion channel-dependent pathways, and others. In addition, recent data have suggested SRIF-independent constitutive SRIF receptor activity responsible for GH and ACTH inhibition in vitro. This review summarizes current knowledge on ligand-dependent and independent SRIF receptor molecular and functional effects on hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
Outcome of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in New York City: The Pre-Hospital Arrest Survival Evaluation (PHASE) Study

Objective. —To determine survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City and to compare this with other urban, suburban, and rural areas. Design. —Observational cohort study. Setting. —New York City. Participants. —Consecutive out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occurring between October 1, 1990, and April 1, 1991. Intervention. —Trained paramedics performed immediate postarrest interviews with care providers, using a standardized questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures. —Entry criteria, elapsed time intervals, and nodal events conformed to Utstein recommendations. The single target end point was death or discharge home. Results. —Of 3243 consecutive cardiac arrests on which resuscitation was attempted, 2329 (72%) met entry criteria as primary cardiac events. Overall survival was 1.4% (99% confidence interval [CI], 0.9% to 2.3%). No patients were lost to follow-up. Survival from witnessed ventricular fibrillation was 5.3% (99% CI, 2.9% to 8.8%). Using survival from witnessed ventricular fibrillation for intersystem comparison, our survival rate was similar to that of Chicago, III (4.0%; 99% CI, 1.9% to 7.5%; P =.41), the only other large city on which data were available. However, it was significantly lower than that reported from midsized urban/suburban areas (33.0%; 99% CI, 30.4% to 35.6%; P P P =.41) but markedly lower than King County, Washington (36%; 99% CI, 28.6% to 43.8%; P Conclusions. —Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City was poor. This was partly attributable to lengthy elapsed time intervals at every step in the chain of survival. However, examination of survival among arrests occurring after emergency medical services arrival suggests that other features may predispose residents of large cities to higher cardiac arrest mortality than individuals living in more suburban or rural settings. Since half the US population resides in large metropolitan areas, this represents a public health problem of considerable magnitude. ( JAMA . 1994;271:678-683)
Poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate)-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes from surface-initiated ring-opening polymerizations of N-carboxylanhydride

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been functionalized with poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) by ring-opening polymerizations of γ-benzyl-L-glutamic acid-based N-carboxylanhydrides (NCA-BLG) using amino-functionalized SWCNTs (SWCNT-NH2) as initiators. The SWCNT functionalization has been verified by FTIR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The FTIR study reveals that surface-attached PBLGs adopt random-coil conformations in contrast to the physically absorbed or bulk PBLGs, which exhibit α-helical conformations. Raman spectroscopic analysis reveals a significant alteration of the electronic structure of SWCNTs as a result of PBLG functionalization. The PBLG-functionalized SWCNTs (SWCNT-PBLG) exhibit enhanced solubility in DMF. Stable DMF solutions of SWCNT-PBLG/PBLG with a maximum SWCNTs concentration of 259 mg L−1 can be readily obtained. SWCNT-PBLG/PBLG solid composites have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide/small-angle X-ray scattering (W/SAXS), scanning electron microscopy, and polarized optical microscopy for their thermal or morphological properties. Microfibers containing SWCNT-PBLG and PBLG can also be prepared via electrospinning. WAXS characterization reveals that SWCNTs are evenly distributed among PBLG rods in solution and in the solid state where PBLGs form a short-range nematic phase interspersed with amorphous domains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2340–2350, 2010
Mdm2 and tumorigenesis: evolving theories and unsolved mysteries

Since the discovery of Mdm2, the contribution of this RING E3 ubiquitin ligase to the pathobiology of cancer has focused almost exclusively on its role as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. Under normal conditions, Mdm2 promotes the ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent degradation of p53. Levels of p53 are thus kept sufficiently low to allow for cell survival and cell cycle progression. In the context of such insults as DNA damage or ribosomal stress, however, the Mdm2-p53 interaction is disrupted and p53 is stabilized. The myriad intracellular outcomes of p53 activation together comprise a robust program of tumor suppression that is short-circuited in cancer. Over half of all human malignancies are known to have lost p53 expression or sustained p53 mutation, whereas many of the remaining tumors harbor other alterations in key mediators of p53 activity that include overexpression of Mdm2. Therapies targeting the interaction between Mdm2 and p53 represent a possible means of pharmacologically reactivating the p53 pathway in this latter setting. The degree of overlap across the biological consequences of either p53 loss or Mdm2 overexpression, however, has not been thoroughly explored. Indeed, a body of evidence for several p53-independent functions of Mdm2 suggests that disrupting the Mdm2-p53 interaction may fail to address the full spectrum of oncogenic effects specific to tumors that overexpress Mdm2.
Evidence-Based Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

The term translational research is typically used to refer both to "bench to bedside" research, in which preclinical research findings inform the development of novel therapeutics, and to the dissemination of new treatments to the community to encourage the use of the new health practices and treatments. Both definitions are germane to understanding the evidence base for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) today. This article offers (a) an overview of evidence-based treatments for PTSD, (b) a description of a translational model of PTSD, and (c) a discussion of common barriers to dissemination and implementation of the empirically validated treatments. Recent studies in the field are discussed with a focus on pharmacotherapies, psychotherapies, and combined treatments.
Self-Optimizing Target Control System

A "time-optimized" control system to drive meson targets into critical positions has been developed and used in the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS). A current drive coil reacts with the magnetic guide field to hold the target in any desired vertical position. This position is repeated each cycle regardless of operational changes of magnetic field, times of targeting, etc. This system achieves proper "bang-bang" acceleration and deceleration by learning and storing information regarding its behavior on previous cycles. At the end of its 20 ms optimized travel, a linear servo mode takes control to maintain the position reached. In the linear servo mode, programmed variations in target height may be made to compliment an experiment.
DICTIONARIES, DICTIONARY GRAMMARS AND DICTIONARY ENTRY PARSING

We identify two complementary processes in the conversion of machine-readable dictionaries into lexical databases: recovery of the dictionary stucture from the typographical markings which persist on the dictionary distribution tapes and embody the publishers' notational conventions; followed by making explicit all of the codified and ellided information packed into individual entries. We discuss notational conventions and tape formats, outline structural properties of dictionaries, observe a range of representational phenomena particularly relevant to dictionary parsing, and derive a set of minimal requirements for a dictionary grammar formalism. We present a general purpose dictionary entry parser which uses a formal notation designed to describe the structure of entries and performs a mapping from the flat character stream on the tape to a highly structured and fully instantiated representation of the dictionary. We demonstrate the power of the formalism by drawing examples from a range of dictionary sources which have been processed and converted into lexical databases.
Measuring the consumer satisfaction of class members of a law suit.

The present article describes a study of consumer satisfaction in a group of class members who are part of a mental disability law reform suit. Consumer satisfaction was considered one aspect of compliance with this lawsuit. The class members have a primary diagnosis of intellectual disability, and in most cases, a secondary diagnosis of mental illness. Conducting consumer satisfaction studies among people with intellectual disabilities is often challenging because some of these consumers have difficulty articulating their needs and concerns. An interview schedule with simple quantitative and qualitative satisfaction questions was used. The present study investigated the satisfaction of a subgroup of these class members prior to and after having a court-supported service plan. The results reveal that these consumers became considerably more satisfied, and many of their specific satisfactions and dissatisfaction were identified. The results suggest that both quantitative and qualitative consumer responses can be helpful in determining compliance with court issues.
Testing variations of the GW approximation on strongly correlated transition metal oxides: hematite (α-Fe2O3) as a benchmark

Quantitative characterization of low-lying excited electronic states in materials is critical for the development of solar energy conversion materials. The many-body Green's function method known as the GW approximation (GWA) directly probes states corresponding to photoemission and inverse photoemission experiments, thereby determining the associated band structure. Several versions of the GW approximation with different levels of self-consistency exist in the field. While the GWA based on density functional theory (DFT) works well for conventional semiconductors, less is known about its reliability for strongly correlated semiconducting materials. Here we present a systematic study of the GWA using hematite (α-Fe2O3) as the benchmark material. We analyze its performance in terms of the calculated photoemission/inverse photoemission band gaps, densities of states, and dielectric functions. Overall, a non-self-consistent G0W0 using input from DFT+U theory produces physical observables in best agreement with experiments.
A compact multivariate histogram representation for query-driven visualization

As the size of data continues to increase, distribution-based methods become increasingly more important for data summarization and queries. To represent the distribution from a dataset without relying on a particular parametric model, histograms are widely used in many applications as it is simple to create and efficient to query. For multivariate scientific datasets, however, storing multivariate histograms in the form of multi-dimensional arrays is very expensive as the size of the histogram grows exponentially with the number of variables. In this paper, we present a compact structure to store multivariate histograms to reduce its huge space cost while supporting different kinds of histogram queries efficiently. A data space transformation is employed first to transform the large multi-dimensional array to a much smaller array. Dictionaries are constructed to encode this transformation. Then, the multivariate histogram is represented as a sequence of index and frequency pairs where the indices are represented as bitstrings computed from a space filling curve traversal of the transformed array. With this compact representation, the storage cost for the histograms is reduced. Based on our representation, we also present several common types of queries such as histogram marginalization, bin-merging and computation of conditional probability. We parallelize both the histogram computation and queries to improve its efficiency. We present several query-driven visualization applications to explore and analyze multivariate scientific datasets. Experimental results to study the performance of our framework in terms of scalability and space cost are also discussed.
Warming Up to Climate Change Litigation

The surprise in Massachusetts v. EPA was not that it was a close, hotly contested case. Rather, the surprise was the facility and ease with which the Court majority dispatched opposing arguments and redefined prior precedents. Not content to widen doctrines on the margins, Justice Stevens' majority opinion blazed a new path through the law of standing and unearthed newfound regulatory authority for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Under the Court's new interpretation, the Clean Air Act ("CAA" or "the Act") provides EPA with roving authority, if not responsibility, to regulate any substance capable of causing or contributing to environmental harm in the atmosphere. The federal government did much to facilitate this course, as the Environmental Protection Agency has been anything but a reluctant regulator, and as such the present administration was not the most compelling advocate for its own cause. Now that EPA has authority to regulate greenhouse gases, regulatory controls on motor vehicles are sure to follow, as will regulations on other emission sources. In time, however, Massachusetts v. EPA may come to stand for more than the simple proposition that Congress delegated authority to regulate greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. It may herald in a new era of state-sponsored litigation, environmental standing, and statutory interpretation - and yet still do little to cool down a warming planet.
New Product Development Teams and the Demand for Management Accounting Information in Manufacturing, Utilities, and the Service Industry

This paper provides exploratory empirical evidence on the use of and demand for new management accounting systems and techniques by members of new product development teams. Many companies have shifted from a single brand manager to cross-functional teams of managers in an effort to deal effectively with competition. The 126 managers surveyed, all members of new product development Teams, represented varying functional areas in manufacturing, utilities, and the service industry. There are three primary results. First new product development team members in utilities expressed significant demand for target cost and profit detail, while mangers representing other services demanded a broad range of new management accounting information. Second, new product development team members from manufacturing reported no significant demand for more information from new management accounting systems. Third, consistent with the call for change in management accounting, all respondents desired less traditional accounting information. Finally, this paper offers several suggestions for future research.
Isorenin in dog brain and other tissues.

(1984). Isorenin in Dog Brain and Other Tissues. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. Part A: Theory and Practice: Vol. 6, No. 10-11, pp. 1795-1799.
Cultural Intelligence: New Models for Theory and Practice

Research shows that employees’ effectiveness in culturally diverse environments can affect a number of important outcomes for organizations. Given the importance of effectiveness and success in cul...
Understanding and treating the ethnically Asian client: a collectivist approach.

Abstract Asian clients represent a growing population of clients seeking professional assistance for a variety of social and emotional difficulties. Ethnically Asian clients often have a collective notion of “self” which is highly influenced by family and culture. Clinical work with Asian clients requires very different treatment strategies than those used in work with western clients whose notion of “self” is far more individualistic. The cultural issues at play in the development of a “Collective Self” are described in the article along with common crisis situations which often require the Asian client to seek treatment.
Optical and electrical detection of spin-polarized transport

Spin transport in lateral ferromagnet-semiconductor-ferromagnet devices is studied using magneto-optical Kerr microscopy and electrical transport. Spin polarization images are obtained near the source and drain. Spin accumulation at the drain is detected electrically.
Worldwide trends and developments in social security, 1985-87.

Abstract This article highlights major trends and developments in social security programs featured in the publication Social Security Programs Throughout the World, 1987. Certain developments observable in industrialized countries, especially in Europe--continuing high unemployment levels, particularly among the young; growing numbers of long-term unemployed; and aging populations--tend to create financial instability in social security programs. Thus, as program costs continue to rise, the emphasis on cost-effective use of social security funds becomes more pronounced. In the period under review, this concern is reflected in the widening interest in mandated private pension supplementation of social security, as well as in measures to encourage employment. In developing countries, a strengthening of programs for families and, in some instances, a lowering of the retirement age are noted, in addition to a general expansion in the benefit structure of the work-injury program.
Evaluation of food-relevant chemicals in the ToxCast high-throughput screening program.

Thousands of chemicals are directly added to or come in contact with food, many of which have undergone little to no toxicological evaluation. The landscape of the food-relevant chemical universe was evaluated using cheminformatics, and subsequently the bioactivity of food-relevant chemicals across the publicly available ToxCast highthroughput screening program was assessed. In total, 8659 food-relevant chemicals were compiled including direct food additives, food contact substances, and pesticides. Of these food-relevant chemicals, 4719 had curated structure definition files amenable to defining chemical fingerprints, which were used to cluster chemicals using a selforganizing map approach. Pesticides, and direct food additives clustered apart from one another with food contact substances generally in between, supporting that these categories not only reflect different uses but also distinct chemistries. Subsequently, 1530 food-relevant chemicals were identified in ToxCast comprising 616 direct food additives, 371 food contact substances, and 543 pesticides. Bioactivity across ToxCast was filtered for cytotoxicity to identify selective chemical effects. Initiating analyses from strictly chemical-based methodology or bioactivity/cytotoxicity-driven evaluation presents unbiased approaches for prioritizing chemicals. Although bioactivity in vitro is not necessarily predictive of adverse effects in vivo, these data provide insight into chemical properties and cellular targets through which foodrelevant chemicals elicit bioactivity.
Experimental study on influences of crude oil viscosity and injection time on polymer gel driving

Reservoir homogeneity model and inter layer heterogeneity model packed by natural oil-bearing sand are applied to simulate the offshore high-permeability loose sandstone reservoirs,based on which,physical simulation experiments are done to analyze the effect of Cr3+ cross-linked polymer gel driving at different crude oil viscosities and the influences of injection time on the effect.Experimental results indicate that the inter layer heterogeneity model could clearly reflect the heterogeneity of the reservoir and the Cr3+ cross-linked polymer could effectively block the high permeability zones or belts with improved fluid enter profiles and enlarged sweeping ranges.With the increment of crude oil viscosity and mobility ratio,the driving efficiency and recovery rate decrease.The injection time have certain influences on Cr3+ cross-linked polymer gel driving effect because the driving effect under the situation of 40% water cut is better than that of 98% water cut.
Analysis on Results of Urban and Rural Residential Drinking Water Monitoring in Taizhou City,2012

[Objective]To understand urban and rural residential drinking water quality in Taizhou city,and provide supports for drinking water safety.[Methods]Water samples from all centralized water supply plants at county level and above were monitored in March,May,August,and October 2012,and 30% of the centralized water supply plants at village and town level were randomly selected to be monitored in May and August 2012.The water samples were collected and tested as well as evaluated following the related national standards(GB/T 5750-2006 GB 5749-2006).[Results]A total of 201 centralized water supply plants were enrolled,covering 4175887 residents that accounted for 71.2% of the city population.Altogether 1968 water samples were tested,in which 1256 samples were qualified,and the total qualified rate was 63.8%.The qualified rates of the large and small water supply plants were 89.4% and 43.2% respectively.The qualified rates were 95.9%,80.8%,and 40.8% for county-level plants,town-level plants,and village-level plants,respectively.The quarterly qualified rate of the county-level plants were 99.1%,99.2%,94.5%,and 91.9% for consecutive four quarters in a year respectively.The qualified rates of the village-and town-level centralized water supply units were 61% in the first half of the year and 47.7% in the second half of the year.Regarding the water treatment procedures,the qualified rates were 41.7% for the finished water samples and 75.4% for the tap water samples.The indices with lower qualified rate were microbial and disinfectant.The categories of the water supply plants using complete treatment were 65.2% in large size,7.7% in small size; 90.0% on county-level,56.8% on town-level,and only 7.8% on village-level.[Conclusion]The representative results show that the qualified rates of drinking water in the selected city are on the low side in general.The treatment techniques applied by the small and village-level water supply plants require to be improved,which is suggested by low qualified rates of various drinking water indices.
Trauma team size and task performance in adult trauma resuscitations

Abstract Background The initial evaluation of a trauma patient involves multiple personnel from various disciplines. Whereas this approach can expedite care, an increasing number of personnel can also create chaos and hinder efficiency. We sought to determine the optimal number of persons associated with an expedient primary survey. Methods Audio and/or video recordings of all consecutive adult trauma evaluations at a level 1 trauma center were reviewed for a 1-month period. A 20-task checklist was developed based on Advanced Trauma Life Support principles. The number of practitioners present (TeamN) and tasks completed at 2 and 5 min (Task2, Task5) were recorded. The association between TeamN, demographics, presence of attending surgeon, and team leader engagement and Task2/Task5 was measured the using chi square test and Spearman correlation. A multivariate regression model was developed. Results A total of 170 cases were reviewed, 44 of which were top-tier activations. Average TeamN was 6 ± 2 persons. Task2 and Task5 were significantly positively correlated with TeamN ( r = 0.34, P r = 0.22, P = 0.004, respectively) and leader engagement ( r = 0.27, P r = 0.16, P P = 0.005). We did not find a size that was negatively associated with task completion. Only assessment of breath sounds was negatively associated with increasing team size. Conclusions TeamN is significantly associated with efficiency of trauma evaluation. Studies evaluating reasons for this and the effect of maximal team size are needed to determine optimal trauma team staffing.
The tall and the short: Repainting the landscape about the growth effects of inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids.

Background Earlier 1-year growth studies that used older inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) formulations consistently showed that ICS, but not intranasal corticosteroids (INCS), produced a small ∼1 cm/y growth effect that appeared to be nonprogressive and noncumulative. Studies that lasted for >1 year showed that such treatment during childhood did not affect final adult height. Collectively, these studies led to the beliefs that (1) the small short-term effect on growth is unimportant, (2) there is no long-term harm, and (3) any small risk is easily outweighed by the benefit. This led to the cavalier use of ICS and INCS in children and approval of some INCS for over-the-counter sales for children as young as 2 years of age. Methods Literature search using Pub-Med. Results More recent studies, with improved scientific designs, have challenged and overturned the earlier beliefs. Moreover, some of the newer ICS formulations have negative, robust growth studies (designed per FDA guidance and detected no growth effect). Conclusions This review focused on the new evidence and how it will change the way that we use ICS and INCS in children with allergy and asthma in both clinical practice and research, with a renewed focus on safety. There also are significant implications for future iterations of asthma guidelines. The goal was to identify the proper amount of new concern about ICS and INCS, not to generate undue steroid "phobia."
The Integrated Audit Process

Section 404 of the SOX Act requires that the management ensure that a permanent and adequate system of internal control of processing and reporting financial statements exists within the entity. The PCAOB goes on to require that the external auditor performs two distinct audits for publicly-traded companies: (i) the audit of internal control over financial reporting, and (ii) the audit of financial statements. In these audits, the auditor may either issue separate reports on financial statements and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), or issue a combined report.
New Monoclonal Antibody Approved to Treat Multiple Myeloma.

* Elotuzumab (Empliciti) is a new monoclonal antibody approved to treat multiple myeloma in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid) and dexamethasone. * Use is restricted to patients who have already received one to three drug therapies to treat the condition. * Elotuzumab commonly produces infusion reactions, and premedication is necessary. Patients may also develop second primary malignancies or hepatotoxicity. Response to the drug can be difficult to measure.
Telephone-based CBT reduced insomnia severity more than menopause education in menopausal women

Source Citation McCurry SM, Guthrie KA, Morin CM, et al. Telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms: a MsFLASH rand...
Regulation of Insulin Secretion and Islet Cell Function

The β cells of the islets of Langerhans are the only cells in the body that produce a ­meaningful quantity of insulin, a hormone that has evolved to be essential for life, exerting critical control over carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Islets are scattered throughout the pancreas; although they vary in size, they typically contain about 1,000 cells, of which approximately 70% are β cells. A human pancreas contains about one million islets, which comprise only about 2% of the mass of the pancreas. Insulin is released into the portal vein, which means the liver is exposed to particularly high concentrations of insulin.
Should big cities grow? Scenario-based cellular automata urban growth modeling and policy applications

The formation of ‘Urban Networks’ has become a wide-spread phenomenon around the world. In the study of metropolitan regions, there are competing or diverging views about management and control of environmental and land-use factors as well as about scales and arrangements of settlements. Especially in China, these matters alongside of regulatory aspects, infrastructure applications, and resource allocations, are important because of population concentrations and the overlapping of urban areas with other land resources. On the other hand, the increasing sophistication of models operating on iterative computational power and widely-available spatial information and analytical techniques make it possible to simulate and investigate the spatial distribution of urban territories at a regional scale. This research applies a scenario-based Cellular Automata model to a case study of the Changjiang Delta Region, which produces useful and predictive scenario-based projections within the region, using quantitative methods and baseline conditions that address issues of regional urban development. The contribution of the research includes the improvement of computer simulation of urban growth, the application of urban form and other indices to evaluate complex urban conditions, and a heightened understanding of the performance of an urban network in the Changjiang Delta Region composed of big, medium, and small-sized cities and towns.
Initial Session Duration and Mortality Among Incident Hemodialysis Patients

Background The association of dialysis session duration with mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis is unclear. We compared mortality rates of patients treated in dialysis facilities that used initial session durations of either ≥ 4 versus 3 hours for all incident patients. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Settings & Participants Patients with end-stage renal disease beginning maintenance hemodialysis therapy in January 2006 to December 2010 and followed up through December 2012, including 39,172 patients in 852 facilities who initiated treatment for ≥ 4 hours and 47,721 patients in 631 facilities who initiated treatment for 3 hours. Predictor Initial session duration of ≥ 4 hours versus 3 hours. Outcome 2- and 1-year mortality rates. Results Total numbers of deaths observed within 2 years after initiating dialysis therapy were 8,945 in the ≥ 4-hour group and 15,624 in the 3-hour group. The corresponding numbers of deaths observed within 1 year were 5,492 and 10,372, respectively. The 2-year adjusted HR in the ≥ 4-hour versus 3-hour group was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.73-0.86). The corresponding 1-year adjusted HR was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.70-0.84). Results were robust when analyses were restricted to specific subgroups of patients classified by age, sex, race, and select clinical characteristics. Limitations We did not observe hemodialysis duration in sessions subsequent to initiation. We only included patients treated in facilities with uniform session length (at initiation) for all their patients. Furthermore, we lacked information for dialysis dosage and patients' baseline residual kidney function. Conclusions Patients in facilities routinely initiating hemodialysis therapy for ≥ 4 hours may have substantially lower mortality as compared with patients in facilities initiating for only 3 hours of treatment.
Revision of the Greater Antilles genus Paratrikona Spaeth, 1923 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Dorynotini)

The Greater Antilles genus Paratrikona is revised. One new species is described from Cuba: Paratrikona blakeae Simoes new species. An updated identification key to the species of the genus and new distributional records are provided.
Resuscitation with Lyophilized Plasma Is Safe and Improves Neurological Recovery in a Long-Term Survival Model of Swine Subjected to Traumatic Brain Injury, Hemorrhagic Shock, and Polytrauma

Abstract We have shown previously that fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and lyophilized plasma (LP) decrease brain lesion size and improve neurological recovery in a swine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS). In this study, we examine whether these findings can be validated in a clinically relevant model of severe TBI, HS, and polytrauma. Female Yorkshire swine were subjected to TBI (controlled cortical impact), hemorrhage (40% volume), grade III liver and splenic injuries, rib fracture, and rectus abdominis crush. The animals were maintained in a state of shock (mean arterial pressure 30–35 mm Hg) for 2 h, and then randomized to resuscitation with normal saline (NS), FFP, or LP (n = 5 swine/group). Animals were recovered and monitored for 30 d, during which time neurological recovery was assessed. Brain lesion sizes were measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on post-injury days (PID) three and 10. Animals were euthanized on PID 30. The severity of shock and response to resus...
High-Frequency Electromagnetic Induction Sensing of Nonmetallic Materials

We introduce a frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) instrument for detection and classification of objects with either high ( $\sigma > 10^{5}~\textrm {S/m}$ ) or intermediate ( $1 ) electrical conductivity. While high conductivity metallic targets exhibit a quadrature peak response for frequencies in a traditional EMI regime under 100 kHz, the response of intermediate conductivity objects manifests at higher frequencies, between 100 kHz and 15 MHz. Materials such as carbon fiber or conducting salt solutions exhibit conductivities in this intermediate range and are undetectable by traditional low-frequency EMI instruments. To detect these intermediate conductivity targets, we developed a high-frequency EMI (HFEMI) instrument with a frequency range extended to 15 MHz. The HFEMI instrument requires novel hardware considerations, coil design, and data processing schemes. Most importantly, the wire lengths of transmit and receive coils are shorter than those of traditional frequency EMI sensors, so that the phase on the transmit and receive coils is nearly constant. We present the hardware and software aspects of the HFEMI instrument along with preliminary data, demonstrating its ability to detect intermediate conductive objects.
Oxytocin by intranasal and intravenous routes reaches the cerebrospinal fluid in rhesus macaques: determination using a novel oxytocin assay

Oxytocin (OT) is a potential treatment for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. As OT is a peptide, delivery by the intranasal (IN) route is the preferred method in clinical studies. Although studies have shown increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) OT levels following IN administration, this does not unequivocably demonstrate that the peripherally administered OT is entering the CSF. For example, it has been suggested that peripheral delivery of OT could lead to central release of endogenous OT. It is also unknown whether the IN route provides for more efficient entry of the peptide into the CSF compared to the intravenous (IV) route, which requires blood–brain barrier penetration. To address these questions, we developed a sensitive and specific quantitative mass spectrometry assay that distinguishes labeled (d5-deuterated) from endogenous (d0) OT. We administered d5 OT (80 IU) to six nonhuman primates via IN and IV routes as well as IN saline as a control condition. We measured plasma and CSF concentrations of administered and endogenous OT before (t=0) and after (t=10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min) d5 OT dosing. We demonstrate CSF penetrance of d5, exogenous OT delivered by IN and IV administration. Peripheral administration of d5 OT did not lead to increased d0, endogenous OT in the CSF. This suggests that peripheral administration of OT does not lead to central release of endogenous OT. We also did not find that IN administration offered an advantage compared to IV administration with respect to achieving greater CSF concentrations of OT.
Bone invasion model of mouse mammary tumor; a model of tumor-stromal interaction in bone microenvironment in vivo

2911 Bone absorption plays an important role in bone metastasis formation of breast cancer and it requires tight communication among cancer and bone marrow stromal cell such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Thus, tumor stromal interaction at the tumor-bone interface (TB-interface) plays an important role in bone metastasis formation. We have established a bone invasion model of a mouse mammary tumor, featuring osteolytic and osteoblastic change, which has allow us to find out candidate genes relevant to tumor-stromal interaction at the TB-interface by comparing to non-interface lesions. In the present study, to determine the correlation between the aggressiveness of mammary tumor cells and formation of osteolytic lesions, 105 cells of 4T1 (mammary tumor cell line with high malignant potential), C166 (moderate malignant potential), C166M2 (lower malignant potential) were injected onto the skulls of syngeneic mice, respectively. Eighteen days after transplantation, all mice were killed. TB-interface of the transplanted site was examined in comparison with non-interface area. Growth of the transplanted tumors on the skull were correlated with the aggressiveness. However, regardless of tumor aggressiveness, strong bone resorption and intracranial penetration of tumor cells was observed at the TB-interface histologically in all mice. Moreover, small osteoblastic lesions were noticed at the marginal lesion of bone invasion. mRNA expression of TGF-β receptor 1 and IGF receptor at the TB-interface was ubiquitously up-regulated among the three mammary cell lines while other gene expression patterns such as parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP), receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK), RANK-ligand (RANKL), TGF-β and IGF were dissimilar. These results suggest that regardless of malignant potential, mammary tumor cells can grow in the bone microenvironment utilizing different mechanisms, and a limited number of factors are involved in the growth of mammary tumor cells in the bone microenvironment.
Strategies for Creating Equitable Urban Greenspace in Global Cities

Increasing attention, globally, is being paid to the creation of “green” urban space as a strategy for mitigating and adapting to climate change—as cities account for more than 70 percent of green­house gas emissions. While cities are major con­tributors to climate change, they can also be pri­mary drivers in the direction of positive change, since they hold authority over key climate-related policies, such as those concerning land use zoning and industrial emissions. In that light, as many cities take up the task of developing green urban infrastructure—including promoting and support­ing urban food systems—it is critical to understand how to enact these changes equitably, so that all urban residents benefit from sustainability initia­tives. Because cities will be most affected by food supply and distribution problems caused by climate change, their support of robust, diverse, and sus­tainable urban food production can be of major significance in an era of climate uncertainty. Just Green Enough: Urban Development and Environmental Gentrification provides an important intervention by offering actors involved in miti­gating urban climate change a guidebook of strate­gies for equitable green development. It speaks broadly about the topic of urban greening, primar­ily focusing on issues caused by environmental hazards in the built environment. Several chapters touch specifically on urban food production and distribution. While many of the tactics offered for equitable development are geared toward those focused on environmental remediation, urban plan­ners, activists, and community members working specifically in urban food systems will find the strategies easily applicable to their own work.
Synthetic Cannabinoid-Associated Coagulopathy: Case Report.

Abstract Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) were developed in the 1980s for the use in studies on the human endo-cannabinoid receptor system. They have since become popular drugs of abuse and have been advertised as natural, safe and promising “legal highs”. The use of SC is increasing worldwide despite documented potential for dependence and harmful effects on health. SC use has been associated with severe adverse events identified through emergency room visits or poison control calls, including seizures, acute kidney injury, cardiotoxicity and deaths. This case report describes a patient with Synthetic Cannabinoid-Associated Coagulopathy related to the use of SC contaminated by “superwarfarin” brodifacoum (BDF), a highly lethal rodenticide. Poisoning with BDF in humans manifest several days after ingestion and results in severe bleeding diathesis that may occur even many months from exposure and may be fatale if untreated as BDF is 100-fold more potent than warfarin. SC use presents a major public health concern and the medical community ought to be aware of the different potential contaminants combined with these synthetic substances, as well as the extent and severity of their clinical effects, which can be unpredictable.
Toward objective quality assurance in cervical cytopathology. Correlation of cytopathologic diagnoses with detection of high-risk human papillomavirus types.

Using The Bethesda System, five pathologists independently diagnosed 200 smears that originally had been classified as “atypical,” and the results were correlated with concurrent detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by Southern analysis and by polymerase chain reaction amplification. The smears were reclassified as benign reactive changes (negative), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, or squamous intraepithelial lesion (S1L). Exact five-way cytologic agreement was achieved in only 29% of smears, and no slide was diagnosed as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance by all reviewers. The detection of high-risk types of HPV correlated strongly with the likelihood of a diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesion. High-risk HPV types were detected in approximately 60% of smears reclassified as squamous intraepithelial lesion compared with 30% of those reclasssified as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and 10% of negative smears ( P < .001). Every smear unanimously diagnosed by the panel as squamous intraepithelial lesion was associated with detectable HPV DNA, mainly of high-risk types. Low-risk HPV DNA types were found with similar frequency in all diagnostic categories assigned by the reviewers. Based on the consistent relation between high-risk HPV detection and diagnoses according to the Bethesda System, the authors conclude that HPV testing may have an important role in quality assurance in cervical cytopathology.
Aircraft and Space Atmospheric Measurements Using Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)

The study of the atmosphere has expanded greatly in the past decade due to concern about global climate change and air quality health effects. The natural atmospheric chemistry is complex but with anthropogenic emissions released into the atmosphere, the resulting complexity makes modeling very difficult. Chemical reactions generally increase with temperature and thus a warming climate may change the weather and climate in unpredictable ways. Also with increased regulations regarding air quality emissions, more attention is being directed toward atmospheric species measurements to assess the impact of specific emission regulations. As a result of these concerns, lidar has become a very valuable tool to directly measure the number density of specific atmospheric species as a function of altitude. This article will review the use of differential absorption lidar (DIAL) in current aircraft based missions and the potential for use of DIAL in orbiting spacecraft
Rabies in Iowa

Iowa has one of the highest rates of rabies outbreaks in the country and there is very little the state legislature can do about it. To deal with rabies effectively, the state would have to get to the source of the major portion of rabies cases in Iowa - the skunk.