cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's Source Errors in Referential Communication.

Abstract As shown by children′s failure to make the say-mean distinction in referential communication, young children often confuse utterance information and referential knowledge gained from non-utterance sources. Five experiments examined the extent and nature of the referential source errors of 5- to 10-year old children. Children listened to short stories containing a referential utterance that was informative about the intended referent in a display, informative only in combination with information in the story context, or ambiguous. After each story, the children independently evaluated the sufficiency of the story information to identify the referent and whether the final utterance alone was the source of sufficient information. Children′s confusion of sources of information internal to a story was determined by examining source errors for the contextually informative utterances. In addition, Experiment 1 examined children′s confusion of story information and external referent information provided by the experimenter. The other experiments examined the roles of source similarity and memory access to verbatim information in referential reasoning and source memory. The results showed considerable source confusion by the younger children, which seemed attributable in part to memory variables. Developmental differences in source confusion may reflect the greater independence of reasoning and memory of older children.
Impurity Conduction at Low Concentrations

The conductivity of an $n$-type semiconductor has been calculated in the region of low-temperature $T$ and low impurity concentration ${n}_{D}$. The model is that of phonon-induced electron hopping from donor site to donor site where a fraction $K$ of the sites is vacant due to compensation. To first order in the electric field, the solution to the steady-state and current equations is shown to be equivalent to the solution of a linear resistance network. The network resistance is evaluated and the result shows that the $T$ dependence of the resistivity is $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{3}}{\mathrm{kT}})$. For small $K$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{3}=(\frac{{e}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}}){(\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}{n}_{D}}{3})}^{\frac{1}{3}}(1\ensuremath{-}1.35{K}^{\frac{1}{3}})$, where ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$ is the dielectric constant. At higher $K$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ attain a minimum near $K=0.5$. The dependence on ${n}_{D}$ is extracted; the agreement of the latter and of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{3}$ with experiment is satisfactory. The magnitude of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is in fair agreement with experiment. The influence of excited donor states on $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is discussed.
RNAstructure: web servers for RNA secondary structure prediction and analysis

RNAstructure is a software package for RNA secondary structure prediction and analysis. This contribution describes a new set of web servers to provide its functionality. The web server offers RNA secondary structure prediction, including free energy minimization, maximum expected accuracy structure prediction and pseudoknot prediction. Bimolecular secondary structure prediction is also provided. Additionally, the server can predict secondary structures conserved in either two homologs or more than two homologs. Folding free energy changes can be predicted for a given RNA structure using nearest neighbor rules. Secondary structures can be compared using circular plots or the scoring methods, sensitivity and positive predictive value. Additionally, structure drawings can be rendered as SVG, postscript, jpeg or pdf. The web server is freely available for public use at: http://rna.urmc.rochester.edu/RNAstructureWeb.
The Future of Operational Research is Past

After a brief discussion of the diagnoses of others of OR's ailments, a detailed examination is made of the impacts of academic OR on its practice. These impacts include the dispersion of OR in organizations, the displacement of OR workers, and the dissolution of its interdisciplinarity. Then the changes in OR's environment which should have evoked adaptive responses from it, but didn't, are considered. The increasing inappropriateness of OR's methodology is discussed by focusing on the deficiencies of its concept and practice of optimization, and its pursuit of objectivity. These deficiencies, it is argued, can only be overcome by a comprehensive reconceptualization of the field, its methodology, the way it is practised, and the way students are educated to practise it.
Surveillance: The "Digital Trail of Breadcrumbs"

Surveillance is an ordinary part of daily life. It’s commonplace, routine. If you talk to state security agents, they’ll tell you there are perhaps ten million spies in the world (approximately half of whom are Chinese)...
Foliar flavonoids of the North American members of Carex section Laxiflorae (Cyperaceae)

Abstract A total of 32 compounds were isolated from the leaves of 19 North American members of Carex section Laxiflorae . The flavonoid data indicate that these taxa comprise two distinct groups, one which produces flavonols, flavones and C- glycosyl flavones and one which produces flavones and C- glycosyl flavones only. The group that produces flavonols can be broken down into two subgroups on the basis of the presence or absence of luteolin 7-O- glycosides .
Modeling neuromuscular effects of ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) in computer simulations of gait.

Abstract Ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) provide immediate changes to gait kinematics and alter EMG-recorded muscle activity during gait; yet our understanding of neuromuscular adaptations while using AFOs remains incomplete. To address this, we have developed a tunable AFO model to predict torque from ankle angle and velocity and to identify plausible changes in muscle excitation and function in a walking simulation. Using a dynamometer in passive mode, we isolated flexion/extension torque of three polypropylene spring leaf AFOs at 5°/s, 30°/s and 120°/s, from which a model of AFO torque as a function of deformation angle, velocity and size was derived with predictive ability of R 2 > 0.9. The model coefficients did not vary linearly with size, illustrating the need to test AFO deformation response individually. We applied the tuned models to simulations of normal healthy gait to isolate AFO-induced neuromuscular changes. Compared to the No-AFO condition, AFO results show decreased net tibialis anterior excitation. Our results also show that net soleus excitation is not diminished with an AFO although soleus-induced ankle accelerations were reduced. With a tunable AFO model applied to walking simulations, we can quantify the contributions of muscle and orthosis to net joint torque and predict changes in neuromuscular control during walking.
Correlates of having unprotected vaginal sex among detained adolescent females: an exploratory study of sexual factors

Background: Erotophilia motivations for engaging in sex and pleasure- related barriers to using condoms may all be important determinants of whether high-risk adolescent females have sex unprotected by a condom. This exploratory study identified associations between these factors and engaging in unprotected vaginal sex (UVS) among a sample of adolescent females recruited from short-term detention facilities in the USA. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 211 adolescent females (14-18 years of age) was conducted. Only those indicating they had sex within the past 2 months were included in the analysis. Adolescents were recruited within eight detention facilities. Measures were assessed using audio-computer assisted self-interviewing (A-CASI). Results: In race-adjusted analyses adolescents indicating greater pleasure-associated barriers to using condoms were more than 4.3 times more likely than those indicating fewer barriers to report having UVS in the past 2 months (AOR = 4.36; 95% CI = 2.15- 8.86). Similarly those scoring higher in erotophilia (compared with those scoring lower) were more than twice as likely to report UVS (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.04-4.24). Finally adolescents who had ever been pregnant were ~2.5 times more likely to report having recent UVS (AOR = 2.48; 95%CI = 1.1-5.34). With the exception of having five or more sex partners in the past 2 months (P = 0.08) none of the remaining correlates approached multivariate significance. Conclusions: Constructs such as erotophilia and pleasure-related barriers to condom use may be important correlates of UVS among this population of high-risk adolescents. (authors)
Atomoxetine hydrochloride for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Background: Atteention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs in ∼3% to 10% of the pediatric population. Most of the drugs typically used to treat ADHD are stimulants, which, because of their addictive properties and potential for abuse, are controlled substances. Although these drugs are the mainstay of treatment for ADHD, nearly one third of patients may not respond to or be able to tolerate them. Atomoxetine hydrochloride, a nonstimulant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ADHD, may provide an alternative to the use of stimulants. Objective: The goal of this review was to describe the chemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and efficacy and safety profiles of atomoxetine in pediatric and adult patients with ADHD, as well as relevant pharmacoeconomic considerations. Methods: Relevant publications were identified through a search of the English-language literature indexed on PreMEDLINE and MEDLINE (1966–May 2003) using the search terms atomoxetine, tomoxetine , and LY139603 . These terms were also applied to the Google search engine. All articles were reviewed for suitability for inclusion. The manufacturer of atomoxetine provided both published and unpublished data. Results: In the data reviewed, atomoxetine was more efficacious than placebo in patients with ADHD ( P P P
How reliable are ‘valid and reliable‘ pain scores in the pediatric clinical setting?

SUMMARY Over the past decade, growing clinician skepticism and inconsistent use of self-report pain scales have raised important questions regarding the clinical meaning and interpretation of pain scores. The appropriate use of pain scores at the bedside requires an understanding of what they may mean to the child who is providing them. This article summarizes the evidence regarding pain score meaning, showing that despite the established psychometric properties of pain scales, pain score numbers mean different things to different children, complicating the clinical interpretation. The evidence suggests that it is inappropriate to use standardized pain score thresholds for treatment or evaluation, and suggests an individualized approach to the interpretation and use of pain scores is needed.
Measurement of anisotropy in the thermal conductivity of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 films

This work measures both the out-of-plane and the inplane thermal conductivities of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) films in the amorphous (a), face-centered-cubic (c), and hexagonal close packed (h) phases using the 3ω method. The out-of-plane thermal conductivity, k z , is first measured from a wide heater. The data include 0.17 W/mK for a-GST, 0.55 W/mK and 1.01 W/mK for c-GST of annealing temperature 150 °C and 200 °C respectively, and 2.85 W/mK for h-GST. The GST film is rf-sputtered with film thickness nearly 600 nm to capture significant lateral spreading from a narrow heater. The measured out-of-plane thermal conductivity is used in the multi-layer heat diffusion equation to deduce the in-plane thermal conductivity, k r . The measurements from the varying heater width reveal that the anisotropy ratio (η = k r /k z ) to be 1 for amorphous GST and ∼0.6 for different forms of crystalline GST. Electrothermal simulation demonstrates that the thermal conductivity anisotropy possesses potential impact on the designs of novel phase change memory that are based on lateral structure.
Host Resistance to Infection by the Myxosporean Parasite Ceratomyxa shasta: A Review

Abstract The capacity of certain salmonids to resist infection and disease caused by the myxosporean Ceratomyxa shasta is well known. Observations of differential mortality among strains suggest that intraspecies differences in susceptibility developed as a result of selective pressure in waters where the parasite is enzootic. Research efforts have identified resistant strains for use in stocking programs and examined the heritability of the trait. This paper reviews the research on resistance of salmonids to C. shasta, the conclusions drawn from these studies, and how this information has been applied.
The First Ladies: An ERIC/ChESS Sample

TI he Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), spon sored by the U.S. Department of Education, is the largest and oldest education information system in the world. The ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education (ERIC/ ChESS) is one of sixteen subject-oriented clearinghouses that com pose the ERIC system. The heart of this system, the ERIC database of education-related literature, contains nearly one million citations with abstracts, drawn from a variety of disciplines. Citations to journal articles, teaching and curriculum guides, bibliographies, research reports, and conference papers are included. The ERIC database is available free in many large public and university libraries and on the Internet. The listings below are drawn from the ERIC database and include both teaching materials and general background information on the topic. The key to obtaining the full text of the materials cited below is the unique ERIC number assigned to each item in the database. Journal articles, denoted by "EJ" numbers (for example, EJ549890) can be copied at most academic libraries, borrowed through interlibrary loan, or purchased from article reprint services such as UnCover, UMI, and ISI. Research reports, conference papers, and other materials besides journal articles are denoted by "ED" numbers (for example, ED398110); paper or microfiche copies of most of these documents can be purchased from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS), 7420 Fullerton Road, Suite 110, Springfield, VA 22153-2852; (800) 443-3742; (703) 44
ACCURATE ANALYTICAL SELF-CONSISTENT FIELD FUNCTIONS FOR ATOMS. II. LOWEST CONFIGURATIONS OF THE NEUTRAL FIRST ROW ATOMS

Self-consistent field wavefunctions have been obtained for the ground states of the first row atoms and for the excited states belonging to the same configurations. They are the solution of the variational problem of finding the best orbitals for a given state, without any additional approximations except for those inherent in the expansion method.
Another Look at Classic Strain Theory: Poverty Status, Perceived Blocked Opportunity, and Gang Membership as Predictors of Adolescent Violent Behavior

An extensive amount of criminological research has focused on the relationship between the inability of adolescents to achieve financial success or middle-class status through legitimate channels and their subsequent involvement in delinquency. This genre of research is commonly recognized as structural-strain theory. As the efficacy of this theory has periodically been questioned, this study addresses some of the methodological and theoretical issues associated with structural-strain theory. Using a sample of 8,338 adolescents from a southern state, we use a structural equations model to test a hypothesized sequence ultimately leading to delinquent behavior. We believe that this method is more appropriate than more traditional methods (e.g., multiple regression) for investigating some of the linkages specified in previous strain models. Our results support structural-strain theory, though the hypothesized model has more predictive power among European American than African American youth. Explanations are given for these differential findings, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.
Attention to Form and Meaning Revisited

The present study revisited the issue of simultaneous attention to form and meaning from a methodological perspective that addressed several potential methodological issues of previous research in this strand of inquiry. Seventy-two second-semester-level participants were randomly assigned to one of five experimental groups, including a control, and requested to read a Spanish text and also circle one of four targeted forms (10 occurrences each) in the input. To measure comprehension, a 10-item multiple-choice test was administered immediately after the reading. Both qualitative (think-aloud protocols) and quantitative analyses were conducted to address the following research question: Does type of attentional condition have a differential effect on adult second language reading comprehension? The quantitative analysis revealed no significant difference in comprehension among all five groups. To explicate the findings, the quantitative and qualitative data and analyses are discussed with regard to the issues of modality, depth or level of processing, and research methodology.
X-ray destruction of dust along the line of sight to γ-ray bursts

We show that if all γ-ray bursts emit X-rays in a way similar to those observed by BeppoSAX, much of the extinction along the line of sight in the host galaxy of the burst can be destroyed. Two mechanisms are principally responsible for dust destruction: grain heating and grain charging. The latter, which can lead to electrostatic stresses greater than the tensile strength of the grains, is often the more important. Grains may regularly be destroyed at distances as large as ~100 pc. This dust destruction can permit us to see the UV/optical afterglow even when the burst is embedded deep within a highly obscured region. Because the destruction rate depends on grain composition and size, it may be possible to observe the amount and wavelength dependence of extinction change during the course of the burst and first few minutes of the afterglow. It may also be possible to detect interstellar absorption lines in the afterglow spectrum that would not exist but for the return of heavy elements to the gas phase.
Teacher Training and Teacher Optimism about the American Economic System

The amount and type of economic-education training teachers receive have predictable effects on the teachers' optimism about the future of the American economic system.
Metabonomic Evaluation of Melamine-Induced Acute Renal Toxicity in Rats

The recent outbreak of renal failure in infants in China has been determined to be caused by melamine (Mel) and derivatives adulterated in the food. A metabonomic study was performed to evaluate the global biochemical alteration triggered by Mel ingestion in parallel with the acute renal toxicity in rats. Mel at 600, 300, and 100 mg/kg, cyanuric acid (Cya) at 100 mg/kg, and mixture of Mel and Cya (50 mg/kg each) were administered in five groups of Wistar rats, respectively, via oral gavage for 15 days. Urinary metabonomic profiles indicated that Mel perturbed urinary metabolism in a dose-dependent manner, with high-dose group showing the most significant impact. Metabonomic variations also suggest that the toxicity of low-dose (50 mg/kg) Mel was greatly elevated by the presence of Cya (at 50 mg/kg), which was able to induce a significant metabolic alteration to a level equivalent to that of 600 mg/kg Mel. Histological examination and serum biochemical analysis also indicated that the low-dose Mel−Cya mixt...
Separate and concomitant use of lamotrigine, lithium, and divalproex in bipolar disorders

Expert consensus emphasizes the need for better recognition and accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Current research on lithium, divalproex, and lamotrigine provides new insight into the effective management of this illness. Advances in identifying the mechanism of action of mood stabilization has focused on signaling pathways within the cell that are associated with neurotrophic effects. Clinical research has led to confirmatory evidence of the efficacy of lithium in all phases of bipolar disorder, with the greatest effects seen in the treatment and prevention of mania. Compared to divalproex, lithium also has been found to have greater efficacy in the prevention of suicide. Lamotrigine has emerged as a first line treatment for bipolar depression, which is an area of weakness for other mood stabilizers. Oral loading of divalproex leads to rapid stabilization of mania without imposing a greater adverse effect burden than conventional dosing. Because no agent is universally effective in all phases of the illness, combination therapy with two or more agents often is the best option.
Small Interfering RNA Inhibition of Andes Virus Replication

Andes virus (ANDV) is the most common causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas, and is the only hantavirus associated with human-to-human transmission. Case fatality rates of ANDV-induced HPS are approximately 40%. There are currently no effective vaccines or antivirals against ANDV. Since HPS severity correlates with viral load, we tested small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against ANDV genes as a potential antiviral strategy. We designed pools of 4 siRNAs targeting each of the ANDV genome segments (S, M, and L), and tested their efficacy in reducing viral replication in vitro. The siRNA pool targeting the S segment reduced viral transcription and replication in Vero-E6 cells more efficiently than those targeting the M and L segments. In contrast, siRNAs targeting the S, M, or L segment were similar in their ability to reduce viral replication in human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Importantly, these siRNAs inhibit ANDV replication even if given after infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that siRNAs targeting the ANDV genome efficiently inhibit ANDV replication, and show promise as a strategy for developing therapeutics against ANDV infection.
An Evaluation of Approximate Confidence Interval Estimation Methods for Lognormal Means

Approximate confidence limits for EX, where X is lognormal (μ, σ2), are compared with corresponding exact limits obtained by an optimal method, for various sample sizes and values of the usual sufficient statistic. The approximatemethods examinedare “transformation methods” in which a confidence interval for E(log X) is transformed so as to approximately cover EX, and “direct methods” based on approximate distributions for estimates of EX or of some function of EX. The degree of agreement with the exact method, for the approximate methods examined, appears to be best when 2, the usual unbiased estimate of the variance of log X, is small and the number of degrees of freedom for 2 is large. As 2 increases, however, this agreement becomes less satisfactory, to the extent that, with one exception, the approximate methods examined appear to be of little use unless 2 is small, even for large samples. The exception, a direct method based on an estimate of log (EX), appears to be suitable as a computationally sim...
First imaging Fourier-transform spectral measurements of detonation in an internal combustion engine

The Telops Hyper-Cam midwave (InSb 1.5-5.5μm) imaging Fourier-transformspectrometer (IFTS) observed repeated detonations in an ethanol-powered internal combustion (IC) engine. The IC engine is aMegatech Corporation MEG 150 with a 1in. bore, 4in. stroke, and a compression ratio of 3 : 1. The IC combustion cylinder is made from sapphire permitting observation in the visible and infrared. From a distance of 3m, the IFTS imaged the combustion cylinder on a 64×32 pixel array with each pixel covering a 0.1×0.1cm2 area. More than 14,000 interferograms were collected at a rate of 16Hz. The maximum optical path difference of the interferograms was 0.017cm corresponding to an unapodized spectral resolution of 36cm-1. Engine speed was varied between 600-1200RPM to de-correlate the observation time scale from the occurrence of detonations. A method is devised to process the ensemble of interferograms which takes advantage of the DC component so that the time history of the combustion spectrum can be recovered at each pixel location. Preliminary results of this analysis will be presented.
Debeaking of Caged Layers

Abstract DEBEAKING research has amply supported the use of milder forms of debeaking. Removing one-half of the upper or both mandibles just prior to or during egg production has not significantly affected egg production (Morgan, 1957; Bray et al., 1960; Noles et al., 1962). Debeaking one-half of the upper beak has, however, been reported to significantly reduce body weight (Bray et al., 1960) and feed wastage (Bauermann, 1959). Noles et al. (1962) found that feed efficiency was significantly affected by block debeaking one-half, but the effects were completely reversed from one year’s trial to the next; it significantly reduced mortality in one trial but not in the other. Debeaking two-thirds of the upper beak and one-third of the lower beak at 8 weeks of age significantly retarded age at sexual maturity, reduced body weight gains and decreased feed consumption for the first 20 weeks of lay but had no effect on…
Pneumosinus dilatans: A sign of intracranial meningioma

BACKGROUND Pneumosinus dilatans affecting the sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses has been reported in association with spheno-orbital meningiomas and is believed by some authors be a sign of an adjacent meningioma. METHODS We report the case of a 57-year-old man who developed progressive neurologic signs and symptoms consistent with a frontal lobe lesion. Neuroimaging studies revealed a large partially cystic mass at the base of the anterior cranial fossa that appeared to be invading the left frontal lobe and that was associated with pneumosinus dilatans of the adjacent left frontal sinus. RESULTS Although the appearance of the mass by neuroimaging was thought to be most consistent with a malignant glioma, the lesion was found at craniotomy to be a benign meningothelial meningioma. CONCLUSIONS Many previous cases of progressive optic neuropathy associated with pneumosinus dilatans affecting the sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses have been found to be caused by adjacent optic nerve sheath meningiomas. This case provides further evidence that pneumosinus dilatans is a sign of intracranial meningioma.
The management of an autistic burns patient. A case for ventilation

Autism has been defined as a developmental disability characterised by impairment in social interaction and communication with others, and by preference for repetitive stereotyped behaviours [1]. Although ventilatory support has been suggested in the management of the autistic child with flame burns [2] the complications have not been highlighted. We present a case highlighting the pros and cons of such a management strategy.
Large moduli multipliers for signal processing

The residue number system has been recently shown to be a viable signal processing media. However, it does possess limitations. One of the most serious is overflow prevention through magnitude scaling. One method of overcoming this defect is to increase the dynamic range of the numbering system. To this end a new high-speed large moduli multiplier has been developed. The multiplier is the result of combining the quartersquared algorithm with recent breakthroughs in device technology. As a result, equivalent 18-bit full precision products can be obtained at a pipelined rate of 28.5 \times 103 multiplies per second.
Coughing-induced stress cardiomyopathy†

Stress cardiomyopathy is described as acute myocardial infarction provoked by a stressful event with evidence of a significant focal wall motion but with little or no significant coronary artery disease. In this case report, a particularly bad bout of coughing resulted in chest pressure, troponin release, and evidence of antero-apical dyskinesis despite angiographic normal coronary arteries. The patient made a full recovery of function after an uncomplicated hospital stay. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reengineering the software acquisition process using developer off-the-shelf systems (DOTSS)

2 approaches to software development, namely, extensive use of commercial practices and reuse of software, are considered. Both a Secretary of Defense Memorandum and a Defense Science Board report have reinforced the former. In the latter area, the DoD and the NIST, as well as others, have emphasized the development of software components that will ultimately serve as building blocks for the software developer. In this paper, we introduce a reengineered software acquisition process called Developer Off-The-Shelf Systems (DOTSS) in which entire systems are reused. This process has the potential for software acquisition process reform with extensive savings in both time and cost. Leverage is gained by taking advantage of sunk investments as well as proven software development architectures and successes.
A Physical Description of Paul

When Paul is placed in his Greek context, it is generally his thought, vocabulary, and literary style that receive attention. This is to a degree at least also true when attention is given to the early church's interpretation of his letters. Greek influence can also be perceived in early Christian reflections on the physical appearance of Paul. Less well known to most students of early Christianity than the literary evidence are the artistic representations of Paul, but the curious literary portrait of Paul in the Acts of Paul and Thecla, which in some respects agrees with early Christian paintings, is well known. There, Onesiphorus sees Paul as “a man small of stature, with a bald head and crooked legs, in a good state of body, with eyebrows meeting and nose somewhat hooked, full of friendliness; for now he appeared like a man, and now he had the face of an angel.”
Modeling the association between sexual maturation, transmissible risk, and peer relationships during childhood and adolescence on development of substance use disorder in young adulthood.

Background This prospective study investigated pubertal timing and transmissible risk in relation to affiliation with deviant peers on the development of substance use disorder (SUD). Method Participants were boys (N = 500) ascertained through proband fathers with (N = 250), and without (N = 250) DSM-III-R lifetime diagnosis of SUD who were prospectively tracked from age 10–12 to 22. Transmissible liability index (TLI), Tanner stage, peer delinquency, and substance use were measured at ages 10–12 and 16. SUD diagnosis during early adulthood was determined. Results Structural equation modeling revealed two pathways in which transmissible risk and sexual maturation influenced development of SUD. In the first pathway, transmissible risk was correlated with and prospectively predicted affiliation with deviant peers and substance use presaging SUD. In the second pathway, advanced sexual maturation positively predicted affiliation with deviant peers and substance use, which in turn predicted SUD. However, transmissible risk was not associated with pubertal development. Conclusion These findings indicate that advanced sexual maturation and transmissible risk constitute unrelated facets of SUD liability; however, both factors bias development toward SUD via affiliation with deviant peers. Scientific Significance Youth with advanced sexual maturation and/or transmissible risk for SUD are at higher risk for developing SUD. Additional research is needed to determine if addressing these risk factors will contribute to advancements in SUD prevention. (Am J Addict 2013;22:474–480)
A low-cost GPS/inertial attitude heading reference system (AHRS) for general aviation applications

An inexpensive Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) for general aviation applications is developed by fusing low cost ($20-$1000) automotive grade inertial sensors with GPS. The inertial sensor suit consists of three orthogonally mounted solid state rate gyros. GPS is used for attitude determination in a triple antenna ultra short baseline configuration. A complementary filter is used to combine the information from the inertial sensors with the attitude information derived from GPS. The inertial sensors provide attitude information at a sufficiently high bandwidth to drive an inexpensive glass-cockpit type display for pilot-in-the-loop control. The low bandwidth GPS attitude is used to calibrate the rate gyro biases on-line. Data collected during laboratory testing is used to construct error models for the inertial sensors. Analysis based on these models shows that the system can coast through momentary GPS outages lasting 2 minutes with attitude errors less than 6 degrees. Actual performance observed during ground and flight tests with GPS off was found to be substantially better than that predicted by manufacturer supplied specification sheets. Based on this, it is concluded that off-line calibration combined with GPS based in-flight calibration can dramatically improve the performance of inexpensive automotive grade inertial sensors. Data collected from flight tests indicate that some of the automotive grade inertial sensors (180 deg/hr) can perform near the low end of tactical grade (10 deg/hr) sensors for short periods of time after being calibrated on-line by GPS.
Channel reduction in massive array parallel MRI

This paper presents a method to explore the flexibility of channel reduction in k-domain parallel imaging with massive arrays to improve the computation efficiency. MCMLI and GRAPPA are k-domain reconstruction methods that use a neighborhood of PE columns, FE line(s) and all channels in the interpolation kernels. For massive array which contains a large number of element coils computation cost can be a significant problem. In this paper, channel selection and reduction is performed according to the correlation between channel images for individual channel reconstructions. Simulation results show that the proposed channel reduction algorithm can achieve similar or improved reconstruction quality with significantly reduced computation for massive arrays with localized sensitivity.
Primary cardiac fibrosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a Labrador Retriever.

A 6–year-old, neutered male Labrador Retriever was diagnosed with congestive heart failure, and an echocardiogram revealed a large mass inside the pericardial sac associated with the left ventricle. At necropsy, the dog had marked ascites, mild hydrothorax, marked hydropericardium, and an 11.0 X 7.0 X 6.0 cm, tan and red, firm, well-demarcated mass attached to the left ventricular free wall. The mass was diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma based on the morphologic appearance and supportive immunohistochemical staining. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a primary fibrosarcoma involving the left ventricular free wall myocardium, epicardium, and pericardium with a pulmonary metastasis in a dog.
Ekbom Syndrome: The Challenge of “Invisible Bug” Infestations

Ekbom Syndrome is synonymous with delusory parasitosis, a belief that one's body is infested by invisible bugs. Persons suffering from this syndrome often claim to feel dermal sensations and to visualize the bugs, although no one else can see them. Ekbom Syndrome is a delusional condition; it is intractable and cannot be corrected by argument or evidence. Ekbom Syndrome sufferers exhibit a range of predictable behaviors in their attempts to eliminate their infestations, including seeking identifications and treatment from physicians and entomologists. Frequently they also experience comorbid psychological conditions. Because this is a delusional affliction, successful treatment typically requires neuroleptic medications, necessitating intervention by medical professionals.
Why Arbitrate? Substantive versus Procedural Theories of Private Judging

This paper examines why parties agree to arbitrate. Or, more specifically, it examines whether parties agree to arbitrate for procedural reasons or for substantive reasons. Procedural reasons focus on how the arbitral process differs from the litigation process: it may be faster, cheaper, or avoid "hometown justice," for example. Substantive reasons focus on the rules of decision in arbitration versus litigation: parties may want a decision maker who applies more formalistic rules than courts would apply or rules (such as transnational law) that are separate from national laws, for example. Of course, parties can agree to arbitrate for both procedural and substantive reasons, and some reasons are difficult to classify as either procedural or substantive. But subject to those important limitations, the available empirical evidence suggests that procedural reasons tend to be more important (for many, although not all, types of contracts) than substantive reasons in explaining why parties agree to arbitrate. One exception is that in some U.S. consumer contracts, businesses use arbitration clauses to reduce the risk of class relief, a reason that might be classified as either substantive or procedural.
Using Self-Organizing Maps to Investigate Extreme Climate Events: An Application to Wintertime Precipitation in the Balkans

Abstract This paper examines some of the physical mechanisms and remote linkages associated with extreme wintertime precipitation in the Balkans. The analysis is assessed on daily timescales to determine the role of the circulation and atmospheric moisture on extreme events, and also at intraseasonal and interannual timescales to find possible linkages with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) patterns. A nonlinear classification known as the self-organizing map (SOM) is employed to obtain the climate modes and anomalies that dominated during the 1980–93 period. An artificial neural network (ANN) is also used to derive daily precipitation at gridpoint scale and at local scale in Bucharest, Romania. Of the predictors used, 500–1000-hPa thickness, 700-hPa geopotential heights, and 700-hPa moisture are the most important controls of daily precipitation. These results are substantiated with the climate states from the SOM classification, which show strong meridional flow over c...
Application of a Pulsed Waveform to a Target: Pulsed Reactive Sputtering

With the general description of the response of the plasma to a pulsed waveform offered in Chapter 6, specific applications of a pulsed waveform will now be considered. This chapter focuses on the application of a pulsed waveform to a target used for sputter deposition, while Chapter 8 will discuss the application of a pulsed waveform for pulsed biasing of a substrate during film growth.
Teaching Information Technology to a non-Technical Audience: A Graduate Course on IT for the Historical Profession

The graduate program in History at William Paterson University explicitly promotes itself as emphasizing information technology. HIST501: Information Technology for the Historical Profession, a course required of all entering graduate students, serves as a foundation for the IT literacy the program seeks to foster. Teaching HIST501 has proved challenging, however, due to the diverse interests and backgrounds of our students and a lack of integration with the broader graduate program. By structur ing the course around an historical project—research, composition, and presentation of a thesis proposal— students immediately realize the relevance of IT to their research and teaching. Students learn IT applications and tools by using them to advance their proposal. By devoting class time to discussion of techniques for solving problems, while students learn the details of particular software packages on their own or through individual tutoring, a wide range of skill levels can be accommodated.
5-Bromo-1H-indole-2,3-dione

The title compound, C8H4BrNO2, has a single, almost planar, planar mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit, with the non-H atoms having a mean deviation from planarity of 0.024 A. In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into [001] C(4) chains. C—H⋯O inter­actions form [0-11] chains. These interactions combine to generate sheets along (100). No π–π inter­actions are observed in the structure.
Corticosteroidogenesis and the Response to Stress in the Developing Fetal Rabbit

AbstractThis study examined the in vitro synthesis and secretion of corticosteroids by the adrenal glands of fetal rabbits on Days 21, 24, 27, and 30 of gestation and in the neonate, as well as in ...
Infrared Laser-Induced Heterogeneous Reactions: Fluence-dependent Branching Ratios in 2-Propanol with CuO

The heterogeneous decomposition of 2-propanol vapor in the presence of CuO solid can be induced by irradiation with a pulsed CO2 laser. The reaction produces both propene and acetone. In contrast, the homogeneous multiphoton-induced decomposition of 2-propanol vapor yields only propene. The branching ratio ([hydrocarbon]/[acetone]) in the heterogeneous experiments has been examined as a function of laser pulse energy. While the yield of acetone increases monotonically with increasing fluence, yields of hydrocarbon show two distinctly different regimes of fluence dependence. Reactions have been run with both d8 and h8 2-propanol and on 1:1 mixtures. Neither reaction channel shows significant isotopic selectivity over a range of experimental conditions. This data will be discussed in light of a model that involves energy deposition in the solid, followed by either heterogeneous reaction of adsorbed material or energy transfer and subsequent multiphoton excitation of the alcohol vapor.
Abstract 4073: Proteasomal degradation of JunD is required for TGF-β induced inhibition of proliferation in prostate cancer cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibits proliferation of prostate epithelial cells. However, prostate cancer cells in advanced stages become resistant to TGF-β effects on proliferation. In this study, we have investigated the role of AP-1 family of transcription factors, specifically the Jun family members (c-Jun, JunB and JunD) in TGF-β1 effects on prostate cancer cell proliferation. Basal expression of individual Jun family members was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in four prostate cell lines: RWPE1, LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells. Jun levels were also examined in response to TGF-β1. c-Jun was expressed in all cell lines and its expression was up-regulated by TGF-β1. Levels of JunB were higher in normal cells compared to those in cancer cells and TGF-β1caused an increase in JunB levels. JunD levels were higher in all cell lines; TGF-β1 had differential effects on JunD protein levels. While it caused a significant decrease in JunD levels in RWPE-1 and DU145 cells, it did not affect JunD levels in PC3 cells. These differential effects on JunD levels correlated with differential effects of TGF-β on cell proliferation. Individual Jun family members were overexpressed in DU145 cells and effects on cell proliferation were determined. Over-expression of c-Jun and JunB decreased proliferation rate in DU145 cells; however, overexpression of JunD increased proliferation in these cells. Interestingly, cells over-expressing JunD still succumb to inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 after six to eight days of incubation. Furthermore, silencing JunD by siRNA decreased proliferation in both DU145 and PC3 cells. To determine the molecular mechanism of TGF-β-induced down-regulation of JunD, we pretreated cells over-expressing JunD with a proteosomal inhibitor, MG132. Pretreatment of MG132 blocked the degradation of JunD in in DU145 cells over-expressing JunD. In conclusion, our studies show that specific Jun family exerts differential effects on proliferation in prostate cancer cells in response to TGF-β1. While c-Jun and Jun B mediate the inhibitory effects of TGF-β1 on proliferation, JunD counteracts these effects. TGF-β1 causes inhibition in proliferation by degrading JunD via proteasomal degradation. Acknowledgements: These studies were supported by the NIH/NIMHD/RCMI grant #G12MD007590, NIH/NIMHD #5P20MD002285, and DOD grant # W8I-08-1-0077. Citation Format: Ana C. Millena, BaoHan T. Vo, Nicole Strong, Lindsey Walker, Yang Cao, Natalya Klueva, Curt Pfarr, Shafiq Khan. Proteasomal degradation of JunD is required for TGF-β induced inhibition of proliferation in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4073. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4073
Slope Stability Issues After M w 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake

The Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake was one among the most devastating earthquakes in recent history. Compared to other historical earthquakes in East Japan, the damages to fill slopes, dams and hillsides by this earthquake were comparatively less. However, the landslides our team (team deployed by the ASCE Geo-institute) observed were very significant in both nature and size, and the resulting death toll and damage were high. BACKGROUND
Effect of Certain Yohimbine Derivatives upon Arterial Strips

Summary1. The hydrochloride salts of yohimbine derivatives (ethyl, allyl-amine, allyl, butyl, phenyl and diethylaminoethyl) in the dosage used, 1-500,000 to 1-50,000, do not seem to directly affect the arterial muscle strip whether it is in a contracted or relaxed state. 2. A predetermined, consistently constricting dose of epinephrine HC1, 1-1,000,000, or ephedrine, 1-25,000, administered after yohimbine derivatives is inhibited in its action. 3. This inhibitory action of the yohimbine radicle on epinephrine can be obviated by previously sensitizing the arterial strip to epinephrine by addition of cocaine. 4. Musculo-tropic agents such as histamine, 1-1,000,000, barium chloride, 1-1,000, and sodium nitrite, 1-1,000, are not modified in their actions by yohimbine derivatives. 5. These new yohimbine derivatives are antisympatheticomimetic agents.
Gastric Retention in Peptic Ulcer Disease A Reappraisal

The saline load test is a popular method to demonstrate gastric retention. This technique, however, does not permit evaluation of volumes contributed by gastric secretion. We have studied 11 normal subjects and 7 patients with pyloric outlet obstruction using a dyedilution technique. We measured simultaneously rates of water secretion, fractional emptying rates, total intragastric volumes, and the fractions of gastric volume contributed by gastric secretion both during fasting and following a 250-ml water load. Total intragastric volume was significantly increased in patients with outlet obstruction compared to normal subjects both during fasting and following the water load (P<0.01). This increase resulted from significantly increased water secretion (P<0.01) combined with significantly decreased gastric emptying (P<0.01). Thus, gastric retention produced in patients with outlet obstruction by delayed emptying appears to be magnified by gastric hypersecretion of water. These data in no way invalidate the use of the saline load test in the diagnosis of gastric retention states, but help define the role of gastric secretion in the residual volumes measured following the load.