cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-J-195: Dosimetric Consequences of Metal Prosthesis in Prostate 3D CRT by Using Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Method.

Purpose: To investigate dosimetric consequences of patient metal prosthesis in prostate radiotherapy, considering the body heterogeneity, metal artifacts, prostate daily displacements and target delineation. Methods: Three prostate patients with metal prosthesis were simulated with CTimages and 3D ultrasoundimages.Conformal RTtreatment plans were generated based on target volumes delineated on CTimages without artifact correction (PTVa). The patients' treatments were aided with an ultrasound(US) localization system for daily PTV setup correction. We retrospectively reevaluated the delineation of PTVs by 1) using simulation CTimages artifact‐corrected by using an algorithm developed by M. Bazalova et al (2007) (PTVc) and 2) using the 3D ultrasound simulation images as guide (PTVus). Daily setup corrections to the PTVs were incorporated to calculate composite delivered dose by using XVMC simulation on the patient phantom derived from the artifact‐corrected CTimages. DVHs and dose distributions for different PTVs were then compared with the reference treatment plans (XVMC‐calculated on the artifact‐degraded CTimages).Results: The PTVa volume was the largest, about 1.3% larger than artifact‐corrected PTVc and 5.2% larger than PTVus. Adapting artifact‐corrected CTimages can improve the DVH curves of PTVc and increase the D95% and V95% for PTVc by more than 5% while D50% and V50% for rectum and bladder are raised by up to 41.6%. DVH analysis on PTVa and PTVus shows a small difference in the changes of their DVH indices, less than 4% for the studied cases. Conclusions: The strike artifacts from metal prosthesis will increase the volume of PTVa, and affect the patient dose calculation. Original patient plan did not accurately predict the dose degradation. Artifact correction may be necessary for some cases having severe metal artifacts. Using USimages to help delineating PTV makes a negligible clinical significance.
A Spatial Cluster Analysis of Tractor Overturns in Kentucky from 1960 to 2002

Background Agricultural tractor overturns without rollover protective structures are the leading cause of farm fatalities in the United States. To our knowledge, no studies have incorporated the spatial scan statistic in identifying high-risk areas for tractor overturns. The aim of this study was to determine whether tractor overturns cluster in certain parts of Kentucky and identify factors associated with tractor overturns. Methods A spatial statistical analysis using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic was performed to identify county clusters at greatest risk for tractor overturns. A regression analysis was then performed to identify factors associated with tractor overturns. Results The spatial analysis revealed a cluster of higher than expected tractor overturns in four counties in northern Kentucky (RR = 2.55) and 10 counties in eastern Kentucky (RR = 1.97). Higher rates of tractor overturns were associated with steeper average percent slope of pasture land by county (p = 0.0002) and a greater percent of total tractors with less than 40 horsepower by county (p<0.0001). Conclusions This study reveals that geographic hotspots of tractor overturns exist in Kentucky and identifies factors associated with overturns. This study provides policymakers a guide to targeted county-level interventions (e.g., roll-over protective structures promotion interventions) with the intention of reducing tractor overturns in the highest risk counties in Kentucky.
Stochastic quantization and ergodic theorem for density of diffusions

For a given probability density function ρ(x) on ℝd, we construct a (non-stationary) diffusion process xt, starting at any point x in ℝd, such that \(\frac{1} {T} \)∫0Tδxt − x)dt converges to ρ(x) almost surely. The rate of this convergence is also investigated. To find this rate, we mainly use the Clark-Ocone formula from Malliavin calculus and the Girsanov transformation technique.
Sorption of trichloroethylene by organo-clays in the presence of humic substances

Abstract We examined trichloroethylene sorption by organo-clays [hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) and didodecyldimethylammonium (DDDMA) exchanged smectites (SWy-1 and SAz-1)] in aqueous solutions both in the presence and absence of humic substances (Aldrich humic acid and peat fulvic acid). The results indicated the uptake of humic substances by organo-clays and the effects of humic substances on trichloroethylene sorption by organo-clays were dependent on the type of organo-clay and humic substance. Selection of an appropriate combination of clay and organic cation can optimize the removal of trichloroethylene as well as humic substances from aqueous solutions by organo-clays. Organo-clays may be an alternative to activated carbon sorbents in some specific water treatment processes.
(-)-Phenserine attenuates soman-induced neuropathology.

Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents are deadly chemical weapons that pose an alarming threat to military and civilian populations. The irreversible inhibition of the critical cholinergic degradative enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by OP nerve agents leads to cholinergic crisis. Resulting excessive synaptic acetylcholine levels leads to status epilepticus that, in turn, results in brain damage. Current countermeasures are only modestly effective in protecting against OP-induced brain damage, supporting interest for evaluation of new ones. (-)-Phenserine is a reversible AChE inhibitor possessing neuroprotective and amyloid precursor protein lowering actions that reached Phase III clinical trials for Alzheimer's Disease where it exhibited a wide safety margin. This compound preferentially enters the CNS and has potential to impede soman binding to the active site of AChE to, thereby, serve in a protective capacity. Herein, we demonstrate that (-)-phenserine protects neurons against soman-induced neuronal cell death in rats when administered either as a pretreatment or post-treatment paradigm, improves motoric movement in soman-exposed animals and reduces mortality when given as a pretreatment. Gene expression analysis, undertaken to elucidate mechanism, showed that (-)-phenserine pretreatment increased select neuroprotective genes and reversed a Homer1expression elevation induced by soman exposure. These studies suggest that (-)-phenserine warrants further evaluation as an OP nerve agent protective strategy.
Complete sequence of the Drosophila nonmuscle myosin heavy-chain transcript: conserved sequences in the myosin tail and differential splicing in the 5' untranslated sequence.

Abstract We have sequenced a cDNA that encodes the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain from Drosophila melanogaster. An alternatively spliced exon at the 5' end generates two distinct heavy-chain transcripts: the longer transcripts inserts an additional start codon upstream of the primary translation start site and encodes a myosin heavy chain with a 45-residue extension at its amino terminus. The remainder of the coding sequence reveals extensive homology with other conventional myosins, especially metazoan nonmuscle and smooth muscle myosin isoforms. Comparisons among available myosin heavy-chain sequences establish that characteristic differences in sequence throughout the length of both the globular myosin head and extended rod-like tail readily distinguish nonmuscle and smooth muscle myosins from striated muscle isoforms and predict a basis for their functional diversity.
A Fresh Look at the Process of Arriving at a Clinical Prognosis Part 2: Colic

Abstract Generating an accurate prognosis in a horse with colic involves identifying and determining the severity of homeostatic derangements, particularly aberrations in cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and hemostatic functions. The basic questions to be answered are as follows: How sick is the horse?, How healthy was he to begin with?, and How well has he responded to treatment? Although laboratory data are very helpful in making such determinations, a thorough physical examination can suffice if necessary, particularly when repeated to obtain serial data. By reframing the serious colic case in terms of how the horse’s system is responding—or failing—as a whole in its attempts to restore homeostasis, we are better equipped to act preemptively or promptly enough to avert a fatal result and to ensure minimal short- and long-term complications.
The stability of steady and time-dependent plane Poiseuille flow

The linear stability of plane Poiseuille flow has been studied both for the steady flow and also for the case of a pressure gradient that is periodic in time. The disturbance streamfunction is expanded in a complete set of functions that satisfy the boundary conditions. The expansion is truncated after N terms, yielding a set of N linear first-order differential equations for the time dependence of the expansion coefficients.For the steady flow, calculations have been carried out for both symmetric and antisymmetric disturbances over a wide range of Reynolds numbers and disturbance wave-numbers. The neutral stability curve, curves of constant amplification and decay rate, and the eigenfunctions for a number of cases have been calculated. The eigenvalue spectrum has also been examined in some detail. The first N eigenvalues are obtained from the numerical calculations, and an asymptotic formula for the higher eigenvalues has been derived. For those values of the wave-number and Reynolds number for which calculations were carried out by L. H. Thomas, there is excellent agreement in both the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions with the results of Thomas.For the time-dependent flow, it was found, for small amplitudes of oscillation, that the modulation tended to stabilize the flow. If the flow was not completely stabilized then the growth rate of the disturbance was decreased. For a particular wave-number and Reynolds number there is an optimum amplitude and frequency of oscillation for which the degree of stabilization is a maximum. For a fixed amplitude and frequency of oscillation the wave-number of the disturbance and the Reynolds number has been varied and a neutral stability curve has been calculated. The neutral stability curve for the modulated flow shows a higher critical Reynolds number and a narrower band of unstable wave-numbers than that of the steady flow. The physical mechanism responsible for this stabiIization appears to be an interference between the shear wave generated by the modulation and the disturbance.For large amplitudes, the modulation destabilizes the flow. Growth rates of the modulated flow as much as an order of magnitude greater than that of the steady unmodulated flow have been found.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SURVIVAL OF LARVAL AND PUPAL STAGES OF THE BAGWORM, THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)

Several populations of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth), were studied to determine the factors affecting survival of the larvae and pupae. Infestations were on Juniperus virginiana (juniper) and Thuja occidentalis (arborvitae). A normal complement of parasites, hyperparasites, and scavengers was recovered with four new records. The ichneumonid Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) accounted for most of the parasitism (75.9%). Females of this species were more often found in female hosts and males in male hosts. Although predation or larvae vacating bags were not directly observed, empty bags were found in each larval population beginning in mid-July and early August. The proportion of empty bags increased sharply from less than 10% to about 50% during a 3-week period but remained at this level for the rest of the season, suggesting that the bags were emptied during the first 3 weeks they were observed.
In-vivo Evaluation of Chronically Implanted Neural Microelectrode Arrays Modified with Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanotubes

The interface between neural prostheses and neural tissue plays a significant role in the long term performance of these devices. Conducting polymers have been used to modify the electrical properties of neural microelectrodes. The objective of this study was to evaluate recording chronic neural activity of neural microelectrodes that were modified with nanofibers-templated of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanotubes over seven week periods using impedance spectroscopy and signal-to-noise ratio measurements. PEDOT nanotubes-coated sites were found to have lower impedance and higher signal-to-noise ratio than control site.
Changing myelofibrosis's natural course at last.

In this issue of Blood , Passamonti et al provide evidence that therapy with ruxolitinib, a Janus activated kinase (JAK) 1/JAK2 inhibitor, modifies the natural history of primary myelofibrosis (MF).[1][1] ![Figure][2] Patient with advanced MF at the start of ruxolitinib therapy (A) April
An automaton model for scheduling constraints in synchronous machines

We present a finite-state model for scheduling constraints in digital system design. We define a two-level hierarchy of finite-state machines: a behavior FSM's input and output events are partially ordered in time; a register-transfer FSM is a traditional FSM whose inputs and outputs are totally ordered in time. Explicit modeling of scheduling constraints is useful for both high-level synthesis and verification-we can explicitly search the space of register-transfer FSM's which implement a desired schedule. State-based models for scheduling are particularly important in the design of control-dominated systems. This paper describes the BFSM I model, describes several important operations and algorithms on BFSM's and networks of communicating BFSM's, and illustrates the use of BFSM's in high-level synthesis. >
Emergent constraints on word-learning: a computational perspective

Abstract In learning the meanings of words, children are guided by a set of constraints that give privilege to some potential meanings over others. These word-learning constraints are sometimes viewed as part of a specifically linguistic endowment. However, several recent computational models suggest concretely how word-learning – constraints included – might emerge from more general aspects of cognition, such as associative learning, attention and rational inference. This article reviews these models, highlighting the link between general cognitive forces and the word-learning they subserve. Ultimately, these cognitive forces might leave their mark not just on language learning, but also on language itself: in constraining the space of possible meanings, they place limits on cross-linguistic semantic variation.
A novel optical bistable multiple-quantum-well phase modulator

The authors present a new type of optically bistable phase modulator utilizing a self electrooptic effect device (SEED) integrated with an electrooptic wavelength modulator. An electrically bistable SEED, operating on the principle of the quantum-confined Stark effect, controls the bias voltage across an electrooptic waveguide phase modulator to produce optical bistability. A control signal at 0.848 mu m, corresponding to the first electron to heavy hole exciton transition in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well is used to switch 1.152 mu m light propagating through a waveguide in a direction normal to the control beam. >
Icon-based visualization of large high-dimensional datasets

High dimensional data visualization is critical to data analysts since it gives a direct view of original data. We present a method to visualize large amount of high dimensional data. We divide dimensions of data into several groups. Then, we use one icon to represent each group, and associate visual properties of each icon with dimensions in each group. A high dimensional data record will be represented by multiple different types of icons located in the same position. Furthermore, we use summary icons to display local details of viewer's interests and the whole data set at meantime. We show its effectiveness and efficiency through a case study on a real large data set.
Observation of Broadband Time-Dependent Rabi Shifting in Microplasmas

Coherent broadband radiation in the form of Rabi sidebands is observed when a ps probe laser propagates through a weakly ionized, electronically excited microplasma generated in the focus of an intense pump beam. The sidebands arise from the interaction of the probe beam with pairs of excited states of a constituent neutral atom via the probe-induced Rabi oscillation. Sideband shifting of >90 meV from the probe carrier frequency results in an effective bandwidth of 200 meV. The sidebands are controlled by the intensity and temporal profile of the probe pulse; with amplitude and shift in agreement with the predictions of a time-dependent generalized Rabi cycling model.
Linguistic Uncertainty Calculations In Multi-Criteria Decision Making

Uncertainty in Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) arises due to the inability in synergistically combining effects of various attributes of the process. An expert is invariably needed to judge the approximate influence in decision making and a decision is often made by considering an aggregate of approximate influence of all attributes. An approach is proposed to model the process of decision making where approximate "influence" of an attribute along with its severity are specified in terms of fuzzy linguistic variables. An algorithm which uses fuzzy arithmetic to combine effects of various attributes is proposed along with a decision scheme based on fuzzy prototypes. The approach will be useful in situations where decision making involves a simultaneous consideration of many non-interactive attributes.
Energy Loss Mechanisms in a Bulk-Micromachined Tuning Fork Gyroscope

This paper presents an analytical and experimental study of energy loss mechanisms in a bulk-micromachined tuning fork gyroscope. An exact solution to TED in such devices is obtained and its Debye peak is identified. Compared with its counterpart in a beam resonator of same dimensions, the Debye peak is shifted by a proof mass. For the current design and fabrication process, the measured data from four batches prove that TED is a dominant loss source. Batch-to-batch variation in the combination of support loss and surface loss indicates that surface loss is comparable to support loss.
Detecting and Correcting the Lies That Data Tell.

Because of the way in which data are typically analyzed and interpreted, they frequently lie to researchers, leading to conclusions that are not only false but more complex than the underlying real...
Environmental and management factors that influence drainage water P loads from Everglades Agricultural Area farms of South Florida

Environmental impacts from drainage water phosphorus (P) loads from Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) farms in South Florida led to the adoption of best management practices (BMPs). The BMPs have been very successful at reducing EAA farm drainage water P loads. However, analytical investigation into how environmental and management factors affect farm P loading may allow additional improvements in BMP performance. Sixteen variables that included cropping systems, water management, and farm specific constants were hypothesized to affect farm P loads. Data collected from ten farms between 1992 and 2002 were analyzed using Spearman correlation, Principal Component Analysis, and stepwise multivariate regression. Monthly farm P load on a unit area basis (UAL) showed stronger correlation with drainage unit area volume (UAV) than with flow weighted total P concentration (FWTP). The UAL was negatively correlated with irrigation demand and positively correlated with irrigation P concentration, rainfall, preceding month's rain, drainage pumping to rainfall ratio, and percent fallow plus flooded field acreage (PFFA). A positive correlation between soil depth and FWTP was significant. Stepwise regression analysis identified canal water level management, percent sugarcane acreage, PFFA, and irrigation water P concentration as explanatory variables that impact farm P loads; PCA revealed similar results. The study suggests that lower pumping to rainfall ratio and increased sugarcane acreage lead to lower farm P loads; that irrigation water P concentration impacts farm P loads; and that shallower soils export less P than deeper soils.
Inhibition of p38MAP kinase potentiates the JNK/SAPK pathway and AP-1 activity in monocytic but not in macrophage or granulocytic differentiation of HL60 cells

Monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25 D(3)) has been recently shown (Exp Cell Res 258, 425, 2000) to be enhanced by an exposure to SB203580 or to SB202190, specific inhibitors of p38MAP kinase, with concomitant up-regulation of the c-jun N terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. In the present study we inquired if this enhancement and the JNK up-regulation are limited to 1,25 D(3)-induced differentiation, or if they occur more generally in HL60 cell differentiation. We found that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-induced differentiation, and to a lesser extent tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced macrophage differentiation were also potentiated by the p38MAPK inhibitors, but that granulocytic differentiation in response to all-trans retinoic acid (RA) was not. The enhancement of differentiation by p38MAPK inhibitors was accompanied by an activation of the JNK MAPK pathway, as shown by the phosphorylation levels of these kinases and by AP-1 binding, but only in 1,25 D(3)-treated cells. This shows that an up-regulation of the JNK stress pathway during 1,25 D(3)-induced monocytic differentiation occurs selectively in this lineage of differentiation and is not necessary for the expression of the differentiated phenotype.
A Visual Model Weighted Cosine Transform for Image Compression and Quality Assessment

Utilizing a cosine transform in image compression has several recognized performance benefits, resulting in the ability to attain large compression ratios with small quality loss. Also, incorporation of a model of the human visual system into an image compression or quality assessment technique intuitively should (and has often proven to) improve performance. Clearly, then, it should prove highly beneficial to combine the image cosine transform with a visual model. In the past, combining these two has been hindered by a fundamental problem resulting from the scene alteration that is necessary for proper cosine transform utilization. A new analytical solution to this problem, taking the form of a straightforward multiplicative weighting function, is developed in this paper. This solution is readily applicable to image compression and quality assessment in conjunction with a visual model and the image cosine transform. In the development, relevant aspects of a human visual system model are discussed, and a refined version of the mean square error quality assessment measure is given which should increase this measure's utility.
Developmental myosin heavy chains in the adult human diaphragm: coexpression patterns and effect of COPD.

In preliminary experiments we noted developmental (i.e., embryonic and neonatal) myosin heavy chains (MHCs) in the diaphragms of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesized that this finding represented new fiber formation secondary to injury associated with the mechanical stress of COPD or previously undescribed MHCs in the human diaphragm. To distinguish between these possibilities, we analyzed diaphragmatic biopsies obtained from 9 patients with severe COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 21 ± 2% predicted, residual volume = 283 ± 22% predicted) and 10 age-matched controls. First, using immunocytochemistry with specific monoclonal antibodies, we noted that control diaphragms had greater proportions of fibers expressing embryonic (50 ± 2 vs. 28 ± 3%, P < 0.0001) and neonatal (52 ± 2 vs. 32 ± 3%, P < 0.001) MHCs than COPD diaphragms. Second, SDS-PAGE demonstrated that these developmental MHCs represented only a very small fraction of the diaphragmatic MHC content. Third, the RT-PCR demonstrated mRNA coding for embryonic and neonatal MHCs in COPD and control diaphragms. Last, COPD and control diaphragms exhibited normal histology on light microscopy. We conclude that the presence of developmental MHC isoforms does not indicate new fiber formation in diaphragms of patients with severe COPD. Although these results represent the first systematic description of embryonic and neonatal MHCs in normal adult human diaphragms, their function remains to be elucidated.
Surgical strategies and technical methodologies in optimal management of craniopharyngioma and masses affecting the third ventricular chamber.

Management of craniopharyngiomas and masses affecting the third ventricular chamber represents one of the most challenging problems confronting contemporary neurological surgeons. Given the devastating sequelae of surgical complications involved in approaches to the deep cerebral midline, surgical management requires a combination of sophisticated imaging, diagnostic pathology and surgical technique including ventricular microsurgery and stereotaxy and its attendant refinements. Surgical and nonsurgical management is based upon the structural presentation of these masses as defined by detailed imaging studies. Operative objectives include histological definition, maximally feasible excision, cerebral spinal fluid diversion and relief of neurologic deficits created by masses affecting the third venticular chamber.
Llewellyn's Dueling Canons, One to Seven: A Critique

In 1950 the redoubtable Karl N. Llewellyn launched the most famous of all attacks on canons of construction, a list of twenty eight pairs of anons having opposite effect: "Remarks on the Theory of Appellate Decision and the Rules or Canons About How Statutes Are to Be Construed," 3 VANDERBILT L.REV. 395 (1950). This was and has been widely considered by statutory interpretation theorists to be devastating to the legitimacy of canons. But there has been no detailed examination of the validity or contrariety of Llewellyn's pairings. We should not accept Llewellyn's list as a devastating deconstruction just because of its rhetorical impact. It is like adopting a theory in chemistry on the basis of an extraordinary experiment that nobody ever even tried to replicate. My working hypothesis is that Llewellyn's pairings are not really devastating to canons. The conditions for the proper use of each of the superficially contrary members of a pair, and the justifications for their use, might adequately deflate the dramatic effect of the prima facie contrariety. This paper reports my results for Llewellyn's first seven pairs.
A better maximization procedure for online distributed constraint optimization

Many message passing algorithms on graphical models include maximization operations on sums of local node function and message values from neighbors. In recent work by McAuly et al, faster maximization computation was achieved in a static environment by offline presorting of the values of local functions. However, this efficiency is only guaranteed in special cases when constraint nodes receive messages involving fewer variables than the local function. In this paper, we generalize the approach to be applicable to more general settings where offline presorting of constraint functions is not realistic and messages may involve as many variables as the constraint function. We further improve the approach in two ways, first by creating different value sets with sum values from the previous cycle and the changes in message values from the current cycle, and second by conditionally applying the technique based on a correlation measure. These new approaches with no preprocesing step obtain the expected computational complexity with an exponent of 1.5 of the possible values per node except the initial cycle which requires 2. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in a distributed optimization problem involving the coordination and scheduling of radars.
Gallium-nitride-based light-emitting diodes

The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Nagoya University, Japan, and Shuji Nakamura of University of California, Santa Barbara, USA for their pioneering work on blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on Gallium Nitride (GaN). Here, we provide a perspective of solid-state LEDs that are currently revolutionizing our world through energy-efficient lighting.
Short term memory function in a model of the olfactory system

In a computational model of the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex, we show how the self-organized representation of olfactory stimuli, in the form of activated subsets of pyramidal cells, spreads from rostral to caudal olfactory cortex with increasing stimulus familiarity. In this framework, we propose a mechanism for the performance of olfactory delayed match-to-sample function, based on short-term synaptic changes during stimulus presentation.
Multi-organ rxchange: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Kidney exchange, where candidates with organ failure trade incompatible but willing donors, is a lifesaving alternative to the deceased donor waitlist, which has inadequate supply to meet demand. While fielded kidney exchanges see huge benefit from altruistic kidney donors (who give an organ without a paired needy candidate), a significantly higher medical risk to the donor deters similar altruism with livers. In this paper, we begin by proposing the idea of liver exchange, and show on demographically accurate data that vetted kidney exchange algorithms can be adapted to clear such an exchange at the nationwide level. We then explore crossorgan donation where kidneys and livers can be bartered for each other. We show theoretically that this multiorgan exchange provides linearly more transplants than running separate kidney and liver exchanges; this linear gain is a product of altruistic kidney donors creating chains that thread through the liver pool. We support this result experimentally on demographically accurate multi-organ exchanges. We conclude with thoughts regarding the fielding of a nationwide liver or joint liverkidney exchange from a legal and computational point of view.
First-principles Modelling of the IAT-driven Anomalous Resistivity in Hollow Cathode Discharges I: Theory

Self-consistent expressions are derived for the impact of ion acoustic turbulence (IAT) on the fluid properties of electrons and ions in the plume of a hollow cathode. This instability is believed to have a dominant role in the plasmadynamics in this region. The random phase approximation is applied to the perturbed Boltzmann equation to determine the effective drag and heating of the plasma species induced by the IAT. These driving terms are then incorporated into momentum and energy fluid equations for the ions and electrons. A fluid-like relation governing the evolution of the total IAT wave energy density is also presented. The physical significance of the IAT-based terms is discussed in the context of energy and momentum conservation, and a path forward is outlined for implementing the effects of IAT in the fluid-based model in Part II.
Majoron Models and Solar Neutrino Oscillations

This talk focuses on some of the work that has been done in the last year or so on the possibility that spontaneous breaking of lepton number may provide realistic scenarios for a natural solution of the puzzling solar neutrino problem [1]. The data collected by R. DAVIS’ 37 Cl detector [2], in some twenty years of operation, seems indeed to indicate a substantial depletion of the 8 B electron neutrinos coming from the sun, with respect to the Standard Solar Model (SSM) expectations. A recent reanalysis [3] of the predicted solar neutrino flux within the SSM gives, for 37 Cl detectors, a capture rate ranging between 6 and 9 Solar Neutrino Units (1 SNU ≡ 10-36 capture/atom.sec), whereas the averaged rate measured in the Homestake mine experiment is 2.1 ± 0.4 SNU [1]. The existence of a deficit in the 8 B solar neutrino flux has been very recently confirmed by the Kamiokande II collaboration which sets an upper bound on the neutrino flux equivalent to about 50% of the SSM prediction [4].
Parental perceptions of body weight in toddlers and preschool children.

ID: 86 Parental Perceptions of Body Weight in Toddlers and Preschool Children Author Information: Authors List: Presenting Author: Dawn Garrett Presenting Author: Dawn M. Garrett Address: 410 Gary Ave Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101 United States Ph: 270-745-3800 Fax: 270-745-3392 Email: dawn.garrett@wku.edu Institution: Western Kentucky University Abstract InformationInformation Presentation Preference: SNRS Podium Presentation Willing To Submit Poster? Yes Abstract Categories: Interest Group: Parent-Child Thematic Areas: Child & Adolescent Health Introduction: Approximately 20% of US toddlers and preschoolers are overweight. Examining parental perceptions of child body weight is crucial because successful prevention and treatment of childhood overweight has been linked to parental awareness and involvement in treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that parents often have incorrect perceptions of their child's body weight, little is known about factors that may be associated with these perceptions. Specific aims of the study included: 1) describing parental perceptions of healthy/unhealthy body weight in young children, 2) examining the association between parental perceptions of body weight for their toddler or preschool child and level of parental efficacy and health literacy, 3) examining the association between parental perception of the child's body weight and concern regarding the child's weight, and 4) examining the associations between parental efficacy and health literacy and concern for child body weight. Method(s): Participants for this descriptivecorrelational study were solicited at a private pediatrician's office and a public health department. A power analysis was conducted to determine the sample size needed to achieve acceptable correlations at p<.05. Participants completed four surveys and answered two open-ended questions. Quantitative analyses included descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analyses. Answers to the open-ended questions were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Over 40% of children (age 2-5 years) in the study were already at risk for overweight or overweight. A statistically significant relationship was found between the accuracy of parental perception of child body weight and level of parental health literacy. Parents with higher health literacy scores were more likely to have accurate perceptions of their child's body weight. Content analysis revealed that parents rely on many subjective cues to determine the appropriateness of child body weight rather than provider advice and counseling. Discussion: Providers need to understand how parents peceive/misperceive body weight in young children and adapt interventions accordingly. Research Completed : Yes Abstract History: NA Financial Disclosure: Have a financial arrangement or affiliation with commercial companies whose products may be mentioned in this material?
AppMap: exploring user interface visualizations

In traditional graphical user interfaces, the majority of UI elements are hidden to the user in the default view, as application designers and users desire more space for their application data. We explore the benefits of dedicating additional screen space for presenting an alternative visualization of an application's user interface. Some potential benefits are to assist users in examining complex software, understanding the extent of an application's capabilities, and exploring the available features. We propose user interface visualizations, alternative representations of an application's interface augmented with usage information. We introduce a design space for UI visualizations and describe some initial prototypes and insights based on this design space. We then present AppMap, our new design, which displays the entire function set of AutoCAD and allows the user to interactively explore the visualization which is augmented with visual overlays displaying analytical data about the functions and their relations. In our initial studies, users welcomed this new presentation of functionality, and the unique information that it presents.
A Procedure for Assessing the Completeness of the Q-Matrices of Cognitively Diagnostic Tests.

The Q-matrix of a cognitively diagnostic test is said to be complete if it allows for the identification of all possible proficiency classes among examinees. Completeness of the Q-matrix is therefore a key requirement for any cognitively diagnostic test. However, completeness of the Q-matrix is often difficult to establish, especially, for tests with a large number of items involving multiple attributes. As an additional complication, completeness is not an intrinsic property of the Q-matrix, but can only be assessed in reference to a specific cognitive diagnosis model (CDM) supposed to underly the data—that is, the Q-matrix of a given test can be complete for one model but incomplete for another. In this article, a method is presented for assessing whether a given Q-matrix is complete for a given CDM. The proposed procedure relies on the theoretical framework of general CDMs and is therefore legitimate for CDMs that can be reparameterized as a general CDM.
Logit Regression for Bounded Responses

In this chapter we introduce logit regression which accommodates responses that are limited or bounded above and below. For example, the likelihood of trying a new product can neither be negative nor greater than 100%. Market share is similarly limited to the range between 0 and 100%. Indicator 0–1 responses, such as “tried the product or not” and “voted Republican,” reflect probabilities, such as the probability of trying a new product, the probability of winning a game, or the probability of voting Republican. In each of these cases, dependent response must be rescaled, acknowledging these boundaries. The odds ratio rescales probabilities or shares to a corresponding unbounded measure. The logit, or natural logarithm of an odds ratio, rescales responses, producing an S shaped pattern, which reflects greater response among “fence sitters” with probabilities or shares that are mid range.
Predictive factors and outcomes for ibrutinib therapy in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma-a "real world" study.

Ibrutinib has demonstrated significant activity in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in clinical trials. However, the impact of hematopoietic cell transplantation on the outcomes of ibrutinib and the predictive factors for ibrutinib response has not been well studied. Hence, we conducted a multicenter retrospective study of MCL patients who received ibrutinib to (1) determine the overall response rate (ORR), duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of ibrutinib in routine clinical practice, (2) examine characteristics predictive of response to ibrutinib therapy, and (3) describe the outcomes of patients failing ibrutinib. Ninety-seven patients met the eligibility criteria. Overall response rate and median DOR to ibrutinib were 65% and 17 months, respectively. Only lack of primary refractory disease was predictive of ibrutinib response on multivariate analysis. Twenty-nine patients received postibrutinib therapies, with an ORR of 48% and a median DOR of 3 months. The median OS and PFS for the entire group (n = 97) was 22 and 15 months, respectively. On multivariate analysis, ibrutinib response, low MCL international prognostic index, and absence of primary refractory disease were predictors of better PFS, while ibrutinib response and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤1 were predictors of better OS. The median OS postibrutinib failure was 2.5 months. Our results confirm the high ORR and DOR of ibrutinib in MCL and that prior hematopoietic cell transplantation does not negatively influence ibrutinib outcomes. Survival following ibrutinib failure is poor with no specific subsequent therapy showing superior activity in this setting. As a result, for select (transplant eligible) patients, allogeneic transplant should be strongly considered soon after ibrutinib response is documented to provide durable responses.
Geological storage of captured carbon dioxide as a large-scale carbon mitigation option

Carbon capture and storage, or CCS, involves capture of CO2 emissions from power plants and other large stationary sources and subsequent injection of the captured CO2 into deep geological formations. This is the only technology currently available that allows continued use of fossil fuels while simultaneously reducing emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. Although the subsurface injection and subsequent migration of large amounts of CO2 involve a number of challenges, many decades of research in the earth sciences, focused on fluid movement in porous rocks, provides a strong foundation on which to analyze the system. These analyses indicate that environmental risks associated with large CO2 injections appear to be manageable.
Impact of Political Identity and Past Crisis Experience on Water Attitudes

With stories of regional diminishing water resources and tainted municipal water supplies consistently populating the news, a nationwide survey was conducted to gauge overall concern and attitudes toward water scarcity and water pollution, as well as scientists and scientific information regarding water crises. Of particular interest was the question of how political ideology and past experience with scarcity and/or pollution impact pro-water attitudes and intention to exhibit positive water behaviors. Multivariate analyses of data suggest that Liberals are more concerned about water scarcity and pollution and more likely to conserve and combat pollution than their Conservative counterparts. People who have experienced a past water crisis are also more concerned and act more favorably toward water than those without crises experience. The interaction between political ideology and water crises experience is such that Conservatives with experience display more water concern than do Conservatives without experience. Liberals, regardless of experience, exhibit water concern and favorable action. Results offer direction to policy makers, water resource managers, and strategic communicators regarding how constituent audiences can be segmented.
Gender Gap is a Trade Trap: The Road Ahead for International Development

Abstract. The paper provides an outline of effective gender parity policy in South Asia with a special reference to Pakistan. The need of gender parity as an economic goal is identified by linking gender empowerment as a need to create better trade policy framework. This may provide strong public sector commitment towards bringing and implementing such laws that focus on more female participation in formal schooling as well as skill development. Keywords. Micro education, Trade, Gender empowerment, International development. JEL. G20, G21, G24.
CAUSES AND IMPACT OF PREMATURE INTERRUPTION OF DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE CANCER

Premature dual antiplatelet therapy interruption (DAPTi) is a challenging problem in patients with hematologic malignancies after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The epidemiology and impact of DAPTi in these patients is not known. 64 patients with active hematologic malignancy at Memorial
Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of Bone

Benign tumors of bone include a wide diversity of lesions of various origins, with osseous and cartilaginous lesions being the most common. A number of tumor-like lesions, including secondary aneurysmal bone cysts, unicameral bone cysts, and intraosseous ganglions are considered reactive, that is, nonneoplastic in nature. Some of these entities may have identical histological features and are separated largely on clinical and radiological rounds (i.e., nonossifying fibroma and benign fibrous histiocytoma). Other lesions may have indistinguishable radiological characteristics but occur in different patient populations and exhibit distinct histomorphologic features (i.e., chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor of bone). Thus, correlation of the clinical, radiological, and pathological features of the lesion is required to reach the correct diagnosis for any bone tumor.
Single-Subject Research: Basic Designs for Research in Special Education.

In recent years, single-subject research, in which the investigator is interested in analyzing the effects of independent variables on particular individuals, has developed as an alternative to gro...
Chapter 4 The neurospora plasma membrane proton pump

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mechanism of membrane transport catalyzed by the proton-translocating ATPase from the plasma membrane of Neurospora crassa, which is an archetype of the so-called P-type ATPase family of ion-translocating ATPases. The crystals of H + -ATPase are useful for structural studies, and on developing an effective H + -ATPase expression system with which to define key amino acid residues by site-directed mutagenesis. The chapter traces the experimental history of the ATPase. Salient features of the H + -ATPase molecule are also discussed. The isolated plasma membranes define the hydrolytic moiety of the H + -ATPase as a polypeptide with a molecular mass of about 100 kDa with its catalytic mechanism proceeding by way of an aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate. The structure of the H + -ATPase molecule is probed by a variety of techniques. An accurate estimation of the secondary structure composition of the ATPase by circular dichroism is made possible by the unique, largely lipid- and detergent-free nature of the purified hexameric ATPase preparation.
An Antagonistic Relation Between Wound Contraction and Regeneration

Scar formation appears to be a derivative to wound contraction, resulting, as it does from synthesis of collagen fibers, in the tensile field generated during wound contraction. It appears, therefore, that spontaneous repair in adults results primarily from the contraction process rather than scar formation.
Total drug quantification in prodrugs using an automated elemental analyzer

Polymeric prodrugs have become an increasingly popular strategy for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Therefore, identifying a robust method for quantification of the API in these prodrug products is a key part of the drug development process. Current drug quantification methods include hydrolysis followed by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based molecular weight determination, and mass spectrometry. These methods tend to be time-consuming and often require challenging method development. Here, we present a comparative study highlighting the automated elemental analyzer as a facile approach to drug quantification in this up-and-coming class of therapeutics. A polymeric prodrug using poly(L-lysine succinylated) (PLS) and the drug lamivudine (LAM) was prepared and analyzed using the elemental analyzer in comparison to the traditional approaches of hydrolysis followed by RP-HPLC and SEC using multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detection. The elemental analysis approach showed excellent agreement with the conventional methods but proved much less laborious, highlighting this as a rapid and sensitive analytical method for the quantitative determination of drug loading in polymeric prodrug products.