cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The p21Waf1 pathway is involved in blocking leukemogenesis by the t(8;21) fusion protein AML1-ETO

The 8;21 translocation is a major contributor to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of the M2 classification occurring in approximately 40% of these cases. Multiple mouse models using this fusion protein demonstrate that AML1-ETO requires secondary mutagenic events to promote leukemogenesis. Here, we show that the negative cell cycle regulator p21(WAF1) gene is up-regulated by AML1-ETO at the protein, RNA, and promoter levels. Retroviral transduction and hematopoietic cell transplantation experiments with p21(WAF1)-deficient cells show that AML1-ETO is able to promote leukemogenesis in the absence of p21(WAF1). Thus, loss of p21(WAF1) facilitates AML1-ETO-induced leukemogenesis, suggesting that mutagenic events in the p21(WAF1) pathway to bypass the growth inhibitory effect from AML1-ETO-induced p21(WAF1) expression can be a significant factor in AML1-ETO-associated acute myeloid leukemia.
Anaerobic photocleavage of supercoiled DNA by a ruthenium(II) substituted fluorinated porphyrin

Abstract Two ruthenium substituted porphyrins differing only by the substitution of a mesopentafluorophenyl group show drastically different DNA photocleavage results. The incorporation of the pentafluorophenyl group provides greater photodynamic efficiency and in addition is capable of causing DNA cleavage in the absence of oxygen.
Randomized, Controlled Trial to Examine the Impact of Providing Yogurt to Women Enrolled in WIC

Abstract Objective Examine the impact of providing yogurt to women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Design Randomized, controlled intervention trial. Setting Two California WIC local agency sites. Participants 511 pregnant, breast-feeding, or postpartum women. Intervention Substitution of part of the WIC milk allowance with yogurt accompanied with educational materials. Main Outcome Measures Participants' consumption and attitudes regarding yogurt provision. Analysis Chi-square, Fisher exact, and Student t test to compare pre- versus post-intervention responses. Nonparametric Wilcoxon, chi-square, and t test to compare changes in response in intervention versus controls. Analysis of covariance models to test the influence of language preference on outcomes. Results Over 86% of women wanted to substitute some of their milk vouchers with yogurt. Among these, 62% reported preferring yogurt to milk. The majority (89%) redeemed the yogurt coupons. Compared to controls, intervention women reported a trend ( P = .09) toward an increase in yogurt intake of 1.0 fl oz/day while not decreasing other dairy consumption. Those in the intervention group with the lowest tertile of yogurt intake at baseline increased yogurt consumption by 2.8 fl oz/day ( P = .003) relative to controls with lowest intake. Conclusions Yogurt is likely to be a popular substitute for milk and could contribute to increased dairy intake among women if it were an option in WIC.
Collection Development and Shrinking Budgets

This article explores low-cost opportunities used at the Cleveland Clinic Alumni Library to maximize print and audiovisual collection development during times of tight budgets. The library started with three measurable strategies: soliciting institutional-authored/edited donations, soliciting new educational technology media from appropriate departments, and developing improved publisher negotiations. The cost savings were significant. Four additional strategies have also resulted in increased efficiencies and wonderful public relations between its department and other hospital departments.
A General N-Terminal Network Equivalent

Abstract A general procedure to obtain an N-terminal network equivalent is given. The equations associated with the equivalent, in the general case, consist of some specified voltage functions, some specified current functions and some equations relating voltage and current functions. The detailed form of these equations is given and it is proven that the coefficient matrix of the relation equations is nonsingular except for at most a finite number of points.
Using multiple‐mode models for fitting and predicting the rheological properties of polymeric melts. II. Single and double step‐strain flows

Several classes of multiple-mode rheological constitutive equations are examined for predicting the viscoelastic flow properties of a typical polymer melt in single and double step-strain flows. The phenomenological parameters appearing in these models have been obtained by the fitting of experimental data taken in small-amplitude oscillatory shear and steady shear flows. The performance of the models for predicting the experimental data in the step-strain experiments is examined in detail. Specifically, we examine whether or not mode coupling is necessary to describe the experimental behavior under step-strain flows. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the reversing double step-strain experiment is a very powerful tool for testing viscoelastic constitutive equations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Towards an ab initio determinition of all the parameters which appear in semi-empirical quantum chemical theories

Abstract The exact effective hamiltonian for the Pariser—Parr—Pople-like semi-empirical theories and their all valence electron generalizations is expressed in terms of the Sinanoǧlu-type cluster functions which appear in the exact open shell wavefunctions for the valence states of interest. All of the parameters which appear in the semi-empirical hamiltonians, as well as ones that are neglected, can be exactly expressed in terms of these cluster functions, and they are therefore directly amenable to calculation to the desired degree of accuracy by standard methods. As an example, an explicit recipe is presented for the evaluation of the resonance integrals. The non-uniqueness and the energy depedence of the exact parameters are discussed as well as the intepretation of the various contributions from different cluster functions. The approaches currently available for the calculation of these parameters are also considered.
PHOTOELASTIC DESIGN DATA FOR PRESSURE STRESSES IN SLOTTED ROCKET GRAINS

The preliminary photoelastic data of Ordahl and Williams for calculating the maximum stress in a family of slotted solid propellant rocket grains are amplified and improved in accuracy. The effect of changes in the shape of the inverse star point on the maximum stress at the star point also is investigated, and the experimental data are compared with Wilson's analytical results that used conformal mapping. Finally, an empirical formula covering the range of parameters tested is derived for possible use in integrated internal ballistics computations. The design data are useful in the elastic and viscoelastic stress analysis of free or case-bonded, internally or externally pressurized rocket grains.
International legal aspects of cryptography

Historically, the legal systems in different countries have had to adapt to the advances in technology. For instance, the appearance of automobiles as a popular means of transportation led in the last century to the creation of driving laws and traffic police; in the telecommunications field, telephone networks have made their way into local legislation, with implementations such as government security agencies able to perform surveillance activities through wiretapping of telephone communications. The phenomenal advance of computer technology and network communications, most clearly exemplified by the reach and popularity of the Internet today, is gradually finding its way within legal frameworks throughout the world. However, the constantly evolving environment and complex technical issues involved in this area make it a particularly hard subject to approach legally, requiring from lawmakers both expertise and up-to-date knowledge in order to legislate logically and usefully. In this context, cryptography is only one of numerous computer-based technologies in widespread use [1], but it is a mathematically intricate and often misunderstood area, and thus one of the most difficult to include in legal frameworks. Furthermore, attempts to regulate cryptography, most predominantly when some kind of limit or control is involved, have originated heated debates in recent times, and the delicate balance between national security and individual freedoms has proven to be extremely hard to achieve in this particular field.
Design of 2- and 3-terminal GaInP/GaAs concentrator cells for maximum yearly energy output

Two important factors in achieving maximum power output in a multi-junction concentrator solar cell are selecting optimal sub-cell band gaps and absorber layer thicknesses. This optimization is spectrum-dependent and does not guarantee maximum yearly energy delivery, as the distribution of spectral energy varies throughout the day and year. A simple, detailed-balance model may be used in this optimization, though detailed numerical models are ideal as the specifics of the cell structure can be incorporated. In this paper, a particular GaInP/GaAs tandem structure is optimized using ADEPT to show that maximum yearly energy delivery is achieved by optimizing under a mid-November spectrum.
Special Issue: Instructional Teacher Leadership in Action:

This special issue explores the work of instructional teacher leaders, often referred to as coaches. The proliferation of formal instructional teacher-leader roles has been motivated by education policy contexts that pressure school administrators and district leaders to identify effective ways to improve student achievement. This pressure became especially pronounced with the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001. One way to improve instructional practice is through the provision of high-quality professional development opportunities for teachers. Research indicates that effective professional development is instructionally focused, school embedded, ongoing, and supported by human and material resources (Cohen & Hill, 2001; Elmore & Burney, 1999; Hawley & Valli, 1999). Formal instructional teacher-leader roles provide one possible source of high-quality professional development. These teacher leaders serve as a resource for teachers: conducting workshops, coplanning, and modeling lessons, observing teaching and providing feedback, collecting and analyzing data, facilitating dialogue and reflective critique, and promoting shared practices among peers. The development of instructional teacher-leader roles has been a core component of recent education reform initiatives. Support for these positions comes from federal initiatives, including Reading First and the Math Science Partnership, private foundations such as the Small Schools Coaches Collaborative funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, large-scale comprehensive school reform models such as America’s Choice and Success for All, and professional organizations like the National Staff Development Council. As a result, formal teacher-leader roles have been evident in largescale school reform efforts as seen in New York, San Diego, Boston, and Chicago
A review of numerical simulation methods

Abstract I review numerical simulation techniques used in the study of problems in field theory.
Predistortion design of active filters to compensate for finite gain-bandwidth

The effects of finite operational amplifier gain-bandwidth have only been considered relatively recently. Previous work centred around calculation of the shift in polo positions—or, equivalently, the ω0 and Q—due to known amplifier characteristics. The presumption is that the ideal design values are known. This paper takes the inverse approach. Assuming that the desired values of ω0 and Q are known, along with the operational amplifier characteristics, it presents a procedure for deriving the ideal values of ω0 and Q which will result in a shift to the design values. The method is, therefore, one of pro-distortion. The technique involves polynomial coefficient matching and the solution of a set of non-linear equations. The technique is developed for both single and multiple amplifier circuits, and a number of examples of each are presented. The paper concludes with experimental results proving the efficacy of the method.
Expression of Rat Liver Adohcy Hydrolase in a Rhodobacter capsulatus ahcY Mutant Restores Pigment Formation and Photosynthetic Growth

An amino acid alignment of fourteen S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolases shows that sequences from six photosynthetic species and one species possibly derived from algae have an internal 36 to 41 amino acid sequence that is not present in hydrolase sequences from seven non-photosynthetic species. In the photosynthetic eubacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus, the StLB1 strain has a disrupted hydrolase gene, and hydrolase activity is not detectable. Photopigment synthesis and photosynthetic growth are significantly reduced in the StLB1 strain. Introduction of rat hydrolase cDNA into the StLB1 strain restored hydrolase activity, photopigment synthesis and photosynthetic growth. The results show that the 36 amino acid sequence of Rhodobacter capsulatus S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase does not have a photosynthesis specific function.
Response of plasma renin activity to hypotension and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in the turtle

We examined the physiological role of the renin-angiotensin system in response to hemorrhagic and pharmacologic hypotension in the freshwater turtle,Pseudemys scripta elegans. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma electrolytes were determined for 1 h prior to and 5 h after hemorrhage or vasodilator administration. With hemorrhage (23% blood volume) BP significantly decreased from 26.7 mm Hg to 17.4 mm Hg (P<0.01) within the first hour after hemorrhage and remained below control levels (P<0.05) until reinfusion of the shed blood at 5 h. HR increased within one hour (21 to 31 beats/min,P<0.01) and then slowly fell towards control levels. PRA also increased initially (2.5 to 6.5 ng/ml·h at 1 h,P<0.05). Infusion of the converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20881 (0.5 mg/kg·h) during hemorrhage prolonged the hypotension, further elevated PRA and blunted the HR increase. The vasodilators diazoxide and papaverine produced the same degree of hypotension as hemorrhage. Diazoxide (4.5 mg/kg) decreased BP from 24.9 to 14.5 mm Hg (P<0.01) and increased PRA with no change in HR. Papaverine (10 mg/kg) produced a similar fall in BP (25.4 to 12.3 mm Hg,P<0.01) with no PRA change and a transient fall in HR. The data suggests that the renin angiotensin system plays a role in the maintenance of BP in the turtle in response to acute hypotension, but this role may be considerably less than observed in other animals, including mammals.
Acquired Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducent Cranial Nerve Palsies in Pediatric Patients

Between January 1966 and December 1988, 160 pediatric patients (age range, 0 to 17 years) were seen at the Mayo Clinic with an acquired oculomotor (35 patients), trochlear (19 patients), abducent (88 patients), or multiple (18 patients) cranial nerve palsy. The clinical findings in the 160 pediatric patients were compared with the results obtained in other reviews of cranial nerve palsies in the pediatric age group and with the adult Mayo Clinic patients with acquired cranial nerve palsies. Trauma was the most common reason for an acquired cranial nerve palsy in our pediatric group. The percentage of patients with an acquired cranial nerve palsy resulting from trauma was significantly greater in the pediatric group (42.5%) than in adults (15.4%) (P
Calcium and Al interactions and soybean growth in nutrient solutions

Abstract The effects of Ca and Al on shoot dry mass and total root length of two cultivars of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were evaluated in a nutrient solution culture experiment. The experiment consisted of a factorial design comprising varying levels of Ca (ranging from 50 to 2500 μM), and Al (ranging from 0 to 588 μM). Relatively poor correlations were observed between measured plant growth parameters and individual monomeric Al species, this being ascribed to the interactive effect of Ca and Al. However, highly significant coefficients of determination were found where both Al and Ca activities were considered simultaneously. The best fit of the data was obtained when plant response was plotted against Calcium Aluminum Balance (CAB = [2log(Ca2+)] ‐ [3log(Al3+) + 2log(AlOH2+) + log(Al(OH)2 +)]). Increasing Al levels in solution significantly depressed Ca, Mg, P and Mn concentrations in the shoots over all Ca treatments. There was no relationship observed between shoot concentration Al and the acti...
HERBIVORE EFFECTS ON PHYTOPLANKTON SUCCESSION IN A EUTROPHIC LAKE

Herbivory can potentially affect the speed and direction of plant succession by favoring the development of a community dominated by grazing-resistant species. This idea was tested experimentally by examining the effects of the planktonic herbivore, Daph- nia, on phytoplankton succession in a naturally eutrophic lake. Phytoplankton succession was characterized by two major transitions in community structure. Algal dominance shifted from small diatoms and chlorophytes during the spring bloom to cryptophyte flagellates during the clear-water phase. After the clear-water phase, dominance shifted to filamentous blue-greens (cyanobacteria). Algal species positions in the successional se- quence were repeatable from year to year, despite interannual shifts in the timing of species' peak abundances associated with a drastic change in the food web. In addition, evidence is presented to suggest that Daphnia-induced changes in water clarity may have fostered increases in epilimnetic mixing, which, in turn, may have stimulated brief blooms of large- celled algae after clear-water periods. Daphnia manipulation in large enclosures, and whole-lake observations before and after a fish kill, showed that intense grazing promoted the transition from edible, spring-bloom species to similarly edible, cryptophyte flagellates. In contrast, Daphnia grazing retarded further succession to grazing-resistant, filamentous blue-greens. Thus, the effects of her- bivory on algal succession were not predictable from the relative susceptibilities of these algal species to grazing mortality. These results underscore the importance of indirect effects in the herbivore-plant interactions of planktonic communities. The observation that a single species of herbivore had opposite effects during two successional transitions implies that caution should be exercised when extrapolating grazer effects beyond the time scale of an experiment.
Acute appendicitis in children under six years.

Abstract The most common condition in children which requires intra-abdominal surgery is acute appendicitis. 1 With each passing decade the mortality and morbidity of appendicitis has decreased with improvement in diagnotic acumen, safer anesthesia, advances in surgical technic, better pre- and postoperative care, and probably most important the introduction of antibiotics in the 1940's. At the Charity Hospital in New Orleans from 1953 to 1963, in 737 patients under the age of 12 years, Brickman and Leon 2 found a mortality of 0.81 per cent in acute appendicitis. From 1950 to 1960, in 1987 children operated upon for acute appendicitis at the Children's Hospital of Cincinnati 3 the mortality rate was 0.35 per cent. In 1358 cases reviewed by Longino et al. 1 covering the years 1924 to 1957 at the Boston Children's Hospital, there was a 0.07 per cent mortality rate. Despite this progressive decrease in mortality at major medical centers, 284 children died of appendicitis in the United States in 1955. 4 Of these children 102 were less than 5 years old. It is the purpose of this paper to review the experience at the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in managing appendicitis in children under 6 years, to appraise these methods in terms of mortality and morbidity, and to elucidate the principles of management which contribute to accurate diagnosis and successful treatment.
Finger localization and the prediction of reading disability.

Summary Tests of finger localization, letter naming, design copying, and receptive vocabulary were given to 100 kindergarten children. When the children had reached the end of first grade, their achievement in reading and arithmetic was related to these test performances. Poor readers had scores lower than goad readers on all kindergarten measures, with their finger localization and letter naming performances being particularly poor. Finger localization scores correlated significantly with both reading and arithmetic achievement. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that the significance of finger localization as a predictor of reading and arithmetic achievement results from the ability of finger localization performance to reflect not simply one specific skill, but rather a number of important cognitive abilities.
Identification of the I(pi) = 10(+) Yrast rotational state in 24Mg.

Spins and parities of high spin states above the particle-binding threshold in ${}^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ were determined with a basis expansion technique using triple and quadruple angular correlations between $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. The first unambiguous identification of a ${10}^{+}$ state is reported. Located at 19.2(1) MeV, this state decays predominantly by $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission, although a candidate $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-decay branch with a 5.927 MeV transition connecting this ${10}^{+}$ level to the rotational ${8}^{+}$ state at 13.2 MeV was identified as well. The corresponding $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ branching ratio is $7(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$.
Child Development and the PITS: Simple Questions, Complex Answers, and Developmental Theory

The enormous popular interest in the field of child development makes it incumbent upon developmental scientists to convey with care the complexity of development lest oversimplified popular accounts gain credibility. Recent attempted models of development do include the range of variables and complexities that need to be accommodated in accounting for development. A model is presented here that incorporates many of the elements of recent models but elaborates on the role of experience in relation to the constitutional, cultural, economic, and social factors that contribute to advantages and disadvantages in children's development. The importance of accommodating data from prior theoretical perspectives and the importance of the contributions from neuroimaging studies are discussed as they are critical for successful theory building in the field of child development.
Depositional environments and taphonomy of the bone-bearing beds of the Lower Cretaceous Kuwajima Formation, Tetori Group, Japan

Thebone-bearing beds of the Lower Cretaceous Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group) are described. Three facies of bone-bearing beds (Facies I: carbonaceous sandstones; Facies II: dark grey fine-grained silty sandstones; Facies III: dark greenish-grey mudstones) are present in inter-channel deposits that originated on a floodplain. The grain size of the sediments, and plant and molluscan fossils occurring in each bone-bearing bed, indicate that Facies I was deposited in a peat marsh, Facies II in a shallow lake, and Facies III in a vegetated swamp. Isolated small bones and teeth are the most abundant vertebrate fossils. Common elements in Facies II are aquatic vertebrates such as fishes and turtles. Facies III is characterized by the occurrence of terrestrial lizards, tritylodontid synapsids and mammals. Vertebrate fossil assemblages in Facies II and III are not mixed with each other even though they both represent parautochthonous assemblages. In contrast, Facies I is allochthonous, and is composed mostly of reworked sediments from Facies II. Depositional environments of the bone-bearing beds are strongly correlated with the composition of their fossil assemblages, indicating that different facies preserve the original faunal differences that existed between the shallow lake and vegetated swamp environments.
Asymmetric synthesis of aminochromanes via intramolecular indium-mediated allylation of chiral hydrazones.

The asymmetric intramolecular indium-mediated cyclization reaction delivers chromanes with excellent diastereoselectivity (68−91% yield, dr >99:1). The reaction was efficient for aryl substrates with both electron-withdrawing and -donating groups. Carboxylic acid additives were found to be necessary for optimal reaction.
Experimental viral arthritis induced with herpes simplex

A chronic erosive arthritis was produced in rabbits by a single intraarticular injection of herpes simplex virus. Three months after injection, a moderate or severe arthritis was present in the injected knees of all 10 animals; mild or moderate changes were present in 9 of the contralateral (noninjected) knee joints. The histologic changes resemble those of human rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, under certain circumstances, a single exposure to herpes simplex virus appears to provoke chronic arthritis.
Genomic Potential of Marinobacter aquaeolei, a Biogeochemical “Opportunitroph”

The genus of Marinobacter is one of the most ubiquitous in the global oceans and assumed to significantly impact various biogeochemical cycles. The genome structure and content of Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 was analyzed and compared with those from other organisms with diverse adaptive strategies. Here, we report the many “opportunitrophic” genetic characteristics and strategies that M. aquaeolei has adopted to promote survival under various environmental conditions. Genome analysis revealed its metabolic potential to utilize oxygen and nitrate as terminal electron acceptors, iron as an electron donor, and urea, phosphonate, and various hydrocarbons as alternative N, P, and C sources, respectively. Miscellaneous sensory and defense mechanisms, apparently acquired via horizontal gene transfer, are involved in the perception of environmental fluctuations and antibiotic, phage, toxin, and heavy metal resistance, enabling survival under adverse conditions, such as oil-polluted water. Multiple putative integrases, transposases, and plasmids appear to have introduced additional metabolic potential, such as phosphonate degradation. The genomic potential of M. aquaeolei and its similarity to other opportunitrophs are consistent with its cosmopolitan occurrence in diverse environments and highly variable lifestyles.
Measurements of refractive-index dispersion in gases with a two-wavelength one-path interferometer

A novel two-wavelength one-path nonlinear interferometer is used to measure refractive-index dispersion for a number of molecular gases. Δn3ω is measured directly, where Δn3ω = n3ω − nω with ω = 2πc/694 nm. Δn2ω was measured for these gases previously. For CH4, the results are consistent with conventional refractive-index data from the literature; for CHF3, CH3F, CF4, and SF6, these results improve refractive-index data for wavelengths shorter than 400 nm; and, for CH2F2, these results provide the only data on dispersion available to our knowledge.
Celecoxib-induced cholestatic liver failure requiring orthotopic liver transplantation

Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are widely used due to their efficacy and good safety profile. However, recent case reports have described varying degrees of liver injuries associated with the use of COX-2 inhibitors. We report the case of a patient who developed acute cholestatic hepatitis progressing to hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation, following a 3-d course of celecoxib for treatment of generalized muscle aches and pains. The clinical presentation, the laboratory data, as well as the liver histopathology were supportive of the putative diagnosis of drug induced liver injury.
The probability of seizures during EEG monitoring in critically ill adults

Abstract Objective To characterize the risk for seizures over time in relation to EEG findings in hospitalized adults undergoing continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG). Methods Retrospective analysis of cEEG data and medical records from 625 consecutive adult inpatients monitored at a tertiary medical center. Using survival analysis methods, we estimated the time-dependent probability that a seizure will occur within the next 72-h, if no seizure has occurred yet, as a function of EEG abnormalities detected so far. Results Seizures occurred in 27% (168/625). The first seizure occurred early ( Conclusions Seizure risk in acute neurological illness decays rapidly, at a rate dependent on abnormalities detected early during monitoring. This study demonstrates that substantial risk stratification is possible based on early EEG abnormalities. Significance These findings have implications for patient-specific determination of the required duration of cEEG monitoring in hospitalized patients.
Ca2+ activation of heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: role of the F0/F1-ATPase

Ca(2+) has been postulated as a cytosolic second messenger in the regulation of cardiac oxidative phosphorylation. This hypothesis draws support from the well-known effects of Ca(2+) on muscle activity, which is stimulated in parallel with the Ca(2+)-sensitive dehydrogenases (CaDH). The effects of Ca(2+) on oxidative phosphorylation were further investigated in isolated porcine heart mitochondria at the level of metabolic driving force (NADH or Deltapsi) and ATP production rates (flow). The resulting force-flow (F-F) relationships permitted the analysis of Ca(2+) effects on several putative control points within oxidative phosphorylation, simultaneously. The F-F relationships resulting from additions of carbon substrates alone provided a model of pure CaDH activation. Comparing this curve with variable Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]) effects revealed an approximate twofold higher ATP production rate than could be explained by a simple increase in NADH or Deltapsi via CaDH activation. The half-maximal effect of Ca(2+ )at state 3 was 157 nM and was completely inhibited by ruthenium red (1 microM), indicating matrix dependence of the Ca(2+) effect. Arsenate was used as a probe to differentiate between F(0)/F(1)-ATPase and adenylate translocase activity by a futile recycling of ADP-arsenate within the matrix, catalyzed by the F(0)/F(1)-ATPase. Ca(2+) increased the ADP arsenylation rate more than twofold, suggesting a direct effect on the F(0)/F(1)-ATPase. These results suggest that Ca(2+) activates cardiac aerobic respiration at the level of both the CaDH and F(0)/F(1)-ATPase. This type of parallel control of both intermediary metabolism and ATP synthesis may provide a mechanism of altering ATP production rates with minimal changes in the high-energy intermediates as observed in vivo.
Classroom Management and the Librarian.

As librarians take on more instructional responsibilities, the need for classroom management skills becomes vital. Unfortunately, classroom management skills are not taught in library school and therefore, many librarians are forced to learn how to manage a classroom on the job. Different classroom settings such as one-shot instruction sessions and for-credit courses require different management techniques. Also, individuals are often more comfortable with certain strategies compared to other strategies for managing a classroom. With different course settings and personalities of instructors the need to learn classroom management strategies must be recognized for its importance in successful classes taught by librarians.
Evolution of petal identity

Petals appear in many angiosperm taxa, yet when and how these attractive organs originated remains unclear. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphological data suggest that petals have evolved multiple times during the radiation of the angiosperms. Based on the diversity of petal morphologies, it is likely that the developmental programmes specifying petal identity are distinct in different lineages. On the other hand, molecular genetic analyses have suggested that the specification of petal identity in different lineages utilizes similar genetic pathways. Together, these observations indicate that the evolution of petals has relied on the repeated recruitment of a suite of interacting developmental control genes, albeit in different ways in different lineages. These observations suggest that this gene regulatory network represents a 'deep homology' in plant evolution. A major challenge is to understand how this ancestral developmental pathway has been redeployed in different angiosperm lineages, and how changes in the workings of this pathway have led to the myriad shapes, colours, and sizes of petals.
Concept based query of digital library objects

Research in digital libraries has many applications in the field of biomedical information. Our current research into the areas of concept extraction, indexing and searching in digital libraries has led to novel applications in information retrieval and indexing. We present an overview of our work and discuss future applications in biomedicine.
Obesity and Its Role in Poly cystic Ovary Syndrome

To examine the mechanism by which obesity influences ovulation, 55 patients with oligo- or anovulation were studied. Parameters measured in serum were sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG), testosterone (T), PRL, LH, FSH, and estradiol (E2). The women were divided into 2 groups: an obese group (group 1), greater than 145% of ideal body weight, and a normal weight group, less than 120% ideal body weight. SSBG was measured by saturation analysis T, LH, FSH, PRL, and E2 were measured by RIA. SSBG group 1 levels were 7.14 ng dihydrotestosterone bound/ml compared to 14.7 ng dihydrotestosterone bound/ml in group 2 (P less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in FSH, T, or E2. The correlation of body weight vs. SSBG in all patients was r = -0.62. In these 2 groups, the SSBG was significantly lower in the obese patients compared to that in the normal weight patients, independent of T or E2 levels. SSBG correlated negatively with body weight, suggesting that obesity has an influence on SSBG levels independent of hormonal status. When SSBG is lowered, there may be an increase in free T which, by inhibiting follicular maturation, may begin the sequence of events seen in polycystic ovary syndrome.
The Patient–Consumer–Advocate Nexus

The 2006 availability of Merck's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, Gardasil, in the United States provides an opportunity to examine the pharmaceutical company's creation of patient awareness for one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and its related cancer. In spite of the ubiquity of gynecological screening, prior to the vaccine's dissemination, most U.S. women were not familiar with either the infection or its association with cancer. Merck's role in encouraging a patient advocacy community mimics existing breast cancer patient advocacy culture in the United States while also demonstrating marked popular culture differences between the two women's health concerns and their respective advocacy groups. This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork with an HPV/cervical cancer advocacy organization to demonstrate how the group and its members engaged in an activism of awareness that disavows larger political aims.
"We Don't Do Public Libraries Like We Used to": Attitudes to Public Library Buildings in the UK at the Start of the 21st Century.

Although the quality, performance and future of public library services in the UK is a matter of debate, there is little doubt that in recent years, despite claims relating to the emergence of a cyber-society, interest in library buildings and the library as ‘place’ has been intense, almost matching that seen during the Carnegie era of mass public library building in the early 20th century. Tapping into this renewed enthusiasm for the library built form, this article analyses evidence collected by the Mass-Observation Archive (MOA) in response to a request for written commentary on public library buildings, an investigation commissioned by the author. The MOA contains evidence, stretching back to the 1930s, of the British public’s daily lives and attitudes. The Archive’s data-collection method takes the form of essay-style contributions, varying from a few sentences to thousands of words, submitted from anonymous volunteer correspondents. A total of 180 essays (from 121 women and 59 men) were received, an...
China's Growth and Poverty Reduction : Trends between 1990 and 1999

The authors investigate recent rends in poverty, and inequality in China, decomposing data on poverty reduction to see who has benefited most from China's economic growth. They find that, by several measures, poverty declined significantly in the 1990s, across a wide range of poverty lines, except that a slight slowdown in China's export, and economic growth in 1997-99 might have hurt the poor. There was a slight increase in the poverty headcount between 1997 and 1999, using lower poverty lines, and a worsening of the poverty gap index. Average per capita consumption declined for farmers, especially those living in poor regions such as Gans, Heilongjiang, Sanxi, and Xinjiang. It is unclear whether this decline was attributable to Asia's economic crisis. Economic growth contributed significantly to poverty reduction, but rising inequality worsened both rural, and urban income distributions - except during the Asian crisis, when the distribution remained relatively stable. The poor benefited far less than the rich from economic growth. Income growth reached, or exceeded the average growth rate only for the richest twenty percent of the population. The authors then examine the relationship between human capital, growth, and poverty. They find that the accumulation of human capital had slowed, and that there is a huge regional disparity in human capital stock. And the distribution of education is becoming increasingly skewed. China must address this problem if it is to succeed in attacking poverty, and inequality.
Elections in Autocratic Regimes

We propose a mechanism explaining how elections may legitimize autocratic government even if they are undeniably not free and not fair. We advocate the concept of elections as a mechanism to manipulate public beliefs about the true popularity of an autocratic government. Instead of being meaningless rituals, elections in repressive regimes serve as mechanisms for optimal revelation of information regarding the strength of the regime. We determine equilibrium levels of repression used in electoral autocracies and show how these levels depend on the beliefs that actors hold regarding the popularity of an autocratic regime. We derive a number of empirical implications of the model and test one of them with the data on elections in sub-Saharan Africa.
Numerical Structural Optimization via a Relaxed Formulation

The basic problem of structural optimization is to choose the shape or composition of a structure so as to optimize some feature of its elastic behavior. The use of a relaxed formulation involving composite materials puts the theory on asound mathematical basis. It also leads to better designs than the traditional formulation, because the relaxed formulation has fewer local minima. These lectures explain the relaxed viewpoint as it applies to shape optimization of two-dimensional structures for minimum compliance in plane stress. They draw heavily from recent joint work with G. Allaire.
Correlation of Body Size of Moths Captured by Light Trap with Nine Environmental Variables

A single light trap in southern Georgia, USA, operated 29 times for two consecutive days over a 13-month period, captured almost 12,000 moths in six body length categories. Increasing size of moths was related to decreasing number of individuals captured. The smallest moths were the most frequently captured from late spring to early fall, and the least frequently captured at other times of the year. The smallest size (<6 mm) showed capture values widely divergent through time, whereas the intermediate category (11–15 mm and 16–20 mm) size values were the least divergent through time, suggesting that the smallest sized moths were the group most affected by environmental variables. The largest size categories, 21–25 mm and 26–30 mm, represented less than four percent of the total captures and were most frequently captured during the coldest temperatures and during rain. Environmental conditions the six days prior to trap operation were not consistently similar to those conditions prevailing during trap operation and in some cases did affect trap captures. Maximum temperature during trap operation was the best single explanatory variable for the occurrence of all captured moths, whereas minimum temperatures during trap operation was the best explanatory variable for the smallest size class, and rain prior to trap operation was the best single explanatory variable for the intermediate size classes.
The role of reproductive hormones in epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis

Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises ∼85% of all ovarian cancer cases. Despite acceptance regarding the influence of reproductive hormones on ovarian cancer risk and considerable advances in the understanding of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis on a molecular level, complete understanding of the biologic processes underlying malignant transformation of ovarian surface epithelium is lacking. Various hypotheses have been proposed over the past several decades to explain the etiology of the disease. The role of reproductive hormones in epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis remains a key topic of research. Primary questions in the field of ovarian cancer biology center on its developmental cell of origin, the positive and negative effects of each class of hormones on ovarian cancer initiation and progression, and the role of the immune system in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. The development of the female reproductive tract is dictated by the hormonal milieu during embryogenesis. Intensive research efforts have revealed that ovarian cancer is a heterogenous disease that may develop from multiple extra-ovarian tissues, including both Mullerian (fallopian tubes, endometrium) and non-Mullerian structures (gastrointestinal tissue), contributing to its heterogeneity and distinct histologic subtypes. The mechanism underlying ovarian localization, however, remains unclear. Here, we discuss the role of reproductive hormones in influencing the immune system and tipping the balance against or in favor of developing ovarian cancer. We comment on animal models that are critical for experimentally validating existing hypotheses in key areas of endocrine research and useful for preclinical drug development. Finally, we address emerging therapeutic trends directed against ovarian cancer.
Kaposi sarcoma: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.

A 44-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of fever, chills and non-bloody diarrhoea. He had a history of HIV infection and was non-compliant with antiretroviral therapy (ART). He was diagnosed with cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma (KS) 3 months earlier and received one course of paclitaxel chemotherapy with subsequent regression of his malignant skin lesions. Physical examination was significant for fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea. Laboratory work up revealed anaemia (haemoglobin 7.6 g/dL, mean corepuscular volume 77.4 fL), thrombocytopaenia (platelets 33 k/mm3) and elevated …
Managing the Sundarbans region: opportunities for mutual gain by India and Bangladesh

The Sundarbans is managed separately by India and Bangladesh, but from ecological and socioeconomic perspectives the region is a single unit. Results from household surveys in each of the countries as well as the literature demonstrate the region's unity. Mutual advantages could flow from closer binational cooperation in managing the Sundarbans in several areas, such as disaster management systems, forest management to improve relationships with forest-dependent communities, and conservation of the Bengal tiger. Such collaboration has started, but government-to-government progress has been slow. Fruitful results have been obtained recently by civil society organisations with support from international aid organisations.
Spectra FRET: A Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Method in Live Cells

The technique of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has been extensively used in optical microscopy for the study of bio-molecular interactions. As most transient and weak intermolecular interactions only occur in intact cells under physiological conditions, it is essential to be able to record FRET from live cells. This chapter introduces a new spectra FRET approach that has recently been developed and tested. It provides the spatial resolution for separation of membrane and intracellular signals. Its spectrum-based procedure is easy to carry out and is powerful in separating donor and acceptor emissions as well as detecting the presence of other background light. Moreover, spectra FRET allows for a fine correction for common contaminations in FRET experiments, such as cross-talk and bleed-through, therefore contributing to the reduction of errors in FRET analysis.
Study on the Back-to-Back HVDC Project inYunnan Northwest Area

Lots of small hydropower stations gather in the northwest of Yunnan province,where are far from Yunnan main power grid in electric distance,therefore dynamic stability in this area is serious.In this paper,the feasibility of HVDV back-to-back project applied to Western Yunnan Power Grid is studied.Based on the existing problems of Western Yunnan Power Grid,Jianchuan HVDC back-to-back scheme is presented.And several aspects are analyzed including dynamic stability,delivery capabilities of western Yunnan hydropower,impact on power grid if Jianchuan HVDC back-to-back faulted,and investment recovery period.The results show that the Jianchuan HVDC back-to-back scheme behaves good technological economy,and thus brings up new trains of thought for the Yunnan Power Grid's transmission programming.
Influence of placenta polypeptide on the immune index of children with viral encephalitis

Objective To observe the effect of placenta polypeptide on the immune index of children with viral encephalitis.Methods 60 cases of viral encephalitis were randomly divided into two groups, with 30 cases in each group. Both the two groups were given the antiviral and symptomatic treatment, and the observation group was added with placenta polypeptide treatment. Peripheral blood T cell subsets(CD3+, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8), and the immunity level in red cell and the red blood cells, including RBC-C3bR, RBC-ICR, FEER changes before and after treatment of the two groups were compared. Results After treatment the level of CD8 of the observation group was lower than which in control group [(20.25±4.25)% vs(27.55±5.62)%]; the levels of CD3+, CD4 and specific value of CD4/CD8 of the observation group [(46.81±4.52)%,(38.37±2.82)%,(1.89±0.21)] were higher than those in control group [(42.30±5.06)%,(32.05±3.45)%,(1.16±0.31)], the differences of two groups were statistically significant(P 0.05). The RBC-C3bR, RBC-ICR, FEER, red cell electrophoresis index, erythrocyte aggregation index, erythrocyte rigidity index of the control group and the observation group after treatment were both improved, and the observation group was more obviously [(12.93 ± 0.81),(6.29 ± 1.51),(50.45 ± 3.34),(5.75 ± 1.03),(8.07 ± 1.05),(4.86 ± 0.39)] than the control group [(10.06 ± 0.72),(8.93 ± 1.76),(43.85 ± 2.93),(7.53 ± 1.20),(10.52 ± 1.22),(6.53 ±0.60)], the differences of two groups were statistically significant(P 0.05). Conclusion The placenta polypeptide can obviously improve the cellular immune function of children with viral encephalitis.
Uncertainty Evaluation for Acesulfame Potassium in Beverages Determined by HPLC Method

Objective The uncertainty of Acesulfame Potassium in beverages was measured by HPLC method.Methods Finding the factors which impacts the uncertainty evaluation in determination process,and the compenents of the uncertainty were evaluated an combined.Results The measurement uncertainty of Acesulfame Potassium in beverages by HPLC is 0.036g/kg.Conclusion The idea can be usde for reference in uncertainty evaluation of HPLC method.