cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crosslinking of collagen gels by transglutaminase

Collagen is commonly used as a tissue-engineering scaffold, yet its in vivo applications are limited by a deficiency in mechanical strength. The purpose of this work was to explore the utilization of a unique enzymatic crosslinking procedure aimed at improving the mechanical properties of collagen-based scaffold materials. Type I bovine collagen gel was crosslinked by transglutaminase, which selectively mediates the chemical reaction between glutamine and lysine residues on adjacent protein fibers, thus providing covalent amide bonds that serve to reinforce the three-dimensional matrix. The degree of crosslinking was verified by thermal analysis and amine group content. The denaturation temperature of crosslinked collagen reached a maximum of 66 +/- 1 degrees C. The chemical reaction was confirmed to be noncytotoxic with respect to bone marrow stromal cells acquired from New Zealand White rabbits. Tube-shaped cellular constructs fashioned from crosslinked collagen and bone marrow stromal cells were found to have burst pressures significantly higher than their noncrosslinked analogs (71 +/- 4 mmHg vs. 46 +/- 3 mmHg; p < 0.01). Thus, the transglutaminase mediated reaction served to successfully strengthen collagen gels while remaining benign toward cells.
Breathing Life into Oxygen

Canfield intertwines accounts of oxygen in Earth9s atmosphere through time and the means by which researchers have charted this history.
Discovering Dependencies via Algorithmic Mutual Information: A Case Study in DNA Sequence Comparisons

Algorithmic mutual information is a central concept in algorithmic information theory and may be measured as the difference between independent and joint minimal encoding lengths of objectss it is also a central concept in Chaitin's fascinating mathematical definition of life. We explore applicability of algorithmic mutual information as a tool for discovering dependencies in biology. In order to determine significance of discovered dependencies, we extend the newly proposed algorithmic significance method. The main theorem of the extended method states that d bits of algorithmic mutual information imply dependency at the significance level 2−d+O(1). We apply a heuristic version of the method to one of the main problems in DNA and protein sequence comparisons: the problem of deciding whether observed similarity between sequences should be explained by their relatedness or by the mere presence of some shared internal structure, e.g., shared internal repetitive patterns. We take advantage of the fact that mutual information factors out sequence similarity that is due to shared internal structure and thus enables discovery of truly related sequences. In addition to providing a general framework for sequence comparisons, we also propose an efficient way to compare sequences based on their subword composition that does not require any a priori assumptions about k-tuple length.
The epidemiology of endometrial and ovarian cancer.

The epidemiology of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer is closely entwined. Agespecific incidence curves and the international rates for both sites parallel each other, and histologic subtypes of cancer arising from the endometrium mirror types found in the ovary. Most of the personal factors that increase or decrease risk for one of these cancers act in the same direction for the other. For these reasons, this article considers the epidemiology of ovarian and endometrial cancer together, with the goal of providing a more unified perspective. The author does not address the epidemiology of cervical cancer in this article, though this is not for lack of importance. Worldwide cervical cancer is a greater source of morbidity and mortality than endometrial and ovarian cancer combined (Table 1). However, there are far fewer epidemiologic uncertainties related to cervical cancer, and the means of its prevention and early detection are in hand, if not yet fully implemented where they are most needed. TUMOR HETEROGENEITY AS IT MAY AFFECT EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS Before discussing the epidemiology of endometrial and ovarian cancer, it must be pointed out that neither of these cancers is homogeneous from a histopathologic standpoint. Cancer registries often include endometrial cancer under the broader category “cancers of the uterine corpus,” which includes sarcomas that arise from the endometrial stroma or from the smooth muscle of the uterus. Adenocarcinomas comprise the vast majority of cancers of the uterine corpus, and most epidemiologic studies are restricted to these. In turn, endometrial adenocarcinomas may be further subdivided, with endometrioid (or Type I) cancers accounting for majority, about 85%, and the remainder designated Type II and including adenosquamous, serous papillary, clear cell, and undifferentiated types, similar to those found in the ovary. 1,2
Offshore Application of a Novel Technology for Drilling Vertical Boreholes

A new concept for automatically drilling vertical boreholes was recently implemented by Elf Enterprise Caledonia called the vertical drilling system (VDS). The VDS was used to drill the 16-in. hole section of a North Sea exploration well. This was the first time this technology had been used offshore, drilling from a semisubmersible drilling unit. The VDS was shown to have an application in penetrating a drilling target that required a near-vertical wellbore. Technical functioning of the tool and field experience is reported along with performance comparisons to offset wells.
Rearrangement of cyclopropyl, substituted vinyl and alkyl groups to divalent carbon.

Abstract The relative carbenic migratory abilities of cyclopropyl, β,β-dimenthylvinyl, methyl, ethyl and isopropyl group have been determined.
Prediction of viscosities of liquid mixtures by a group contribution method

Abstract A group contribution method for mixture viscosity predictions, requiring only pure component viscosities, is presented. It is based on the Eyring viscosity model for pure components. For mixtures, the free energy of activation for the rate process is considered to be equal to the molar average of the free energies of activation of the pure components, plus an excess free energy of activation. The latter is taken to be related to the excess Gibbs free energy of mixing. Using the UNIFAC model for excess Gibbs free energy of mixing and the group interaction parameters from regression of experimental viscosity data, predictions with good accuracy were obtained. Interaction parameters were obtained from regression using viscosity data of more than 80 binary systems, containing water, hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, ketones, aromatics and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Reversal of dysfunction in postischemic stunned myocardium by epinephrine and postextrasystolic potentiation

After brief coronary occlusions, myocardium may become "stunned," exhibiting prolonged depression of function despite the absence of necrosis. Because of the accompanying decline in adenosine triphosphate and adenine nucleotide precursors, a deficiency of energy supply has been proposed as the basis for postischemic dysfunction. This study examined whether sufficient functional and metabolic reserve exists in stunned myocardium to sustain a prolonged, maximal inotropic response to epinephrine and postextrasystolic potentiation. In 11 open chest dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 5 minutes, followed by 10 minutes of reflow, repeated 12 times, with a final 1 hour recovery period. Regional myocardial function was measured using pairs of ultrasonic dimension crystals implanted in ischemic and nonischemic zones. During repetitive reflows a progressive decrease in mean systolic segment shortening occurred: baseline 21.8%, 1st reflow 15.2%, 12th reflow 4.3%, 1 hour recovery 7.9%. Intravenous epinephrine, titrated to produce a maximal inotropic response, caused segment shortening to increase to 21.6% after 10 minutes and to 24.8 % after 1 hour of infusion, despite a 20 mm Hg increase in systolic pressure. The same dose of epinephrine given before ischemia increased segment shortening to 30.5%. In six of the dogs, postextrasystolic potentiation before ischemia increased segment shortening from 21.8 to 31.1%, and after 1 hour of recovery from ischemia, from 7.9 to 24.8%. Lesser increases in segment shortening were also seen in nonischemic segments. The results indicate that stunned myocardium possesses considerable functional reserve. Deficient energy stores are therefore not likely to be the basis for depressed function seen at rest in stunned myocardium.
Factors associated with cytomegalovirus excretion in hospitalized children

Hospital employees, especially pregnant women, have expressed concern over exposure to patients excreting cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, the vast majority of CMV excreters are asymptomatic and are not identified while hospitalized. As part of a 2-year, longitudinal study of nosocomial transmission of CMV in a children's hospital, the prevalence rates of CMV excretion by patients in different areas of the hospital were determined. The average prevalence rates were neonatal intensive care unit, 5.7%; intermediate care nurseries, 4%; premature nursery, 6.3%; normal newborn nursery, 3%; hematology-oncology, 3.7%; pediatric intensive care unit, 3.6%; general pediatric ward, 6%; and a chronic care unit, 16%. During this 2-year study, 315 patients admitted to the chronic care unit were investigated to determine which clinical factors might help predict children likely to excrete CMV. With the use of multiple logistic regression analysis of variables, prior excretion of CMV, multiple hospital admissions, female sex, and Hispanic ethnic background were correlated with excretion. Although not identified as significant factors, a history of premature, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and positive results of CMV serologic studies were more commonly associated with excretion. CMV excretion occurred in all areas within a children's hospital, and certain factors were associated with excretion, but it is unlikely that this information could adequately identify "safe" patients or safe areas within a hospital. This study reinforces the need to follow proper precautions with all patients.
A Randomized Trial of Radical Cystectomy Versus Radical Cystectomy Plus Cisplatin, Vinblastine and Methotrexate Chemotherapy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

AbstractPurpose: Standard treatment for muscle invasive transitional cell cancer of the bladder is radical cystectomy. Despite careful staging, the majority of cancers with regional lymph node involvement and/or invasion to adjacent organs eventually recur. We investigated the benefit of chemotherapy with cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine (CMV) after radical cystectomy.Materials and Methods: A prospective trial was done in which patients were randomized after cystectomy to receive either 4 cycles of CMV chemotherapy or observation. At relapse, patients were treated with standard CMV chemotherapy for metastatic disease at our institution.Results: Of 55 patients who entered this trial 1 was ineligible and in 4 it is too soon to be evaluated. Of the 50 evaluable patients 25 were randomized to receive adjuvant CMV chemotherapy and 25 were observed. In the CMV arm 12 (48 percent) and in the observation arm 5 (25 percent) never had recurrence. With a median followup of 62 months and no patient with less t...
Hierarchical Control of Bridge-of-Bridge Multilevel Power Converters

Multilevel converters are among the members of the family of power-converter topologies for realizing higher power levels and better waveform quality. In addition to the established topologies of neutral-point-clamped three-level and cascaded H-bridge converters, novel topologies that offer attractive features, such as ease of modularity and functionality, continue to be introduced. Among these, the bridge-of-bridge multilevel converters have the potential for realizing multimegawatt systems with ease. This paper is aimed at presenting a systematic approach to developing their dynamic and steady-state models, leading to a hierarchical-control approach that is intuitive to realize and versatile in application. This paper presents the dynamic and steady-state models and computer simulations that demonstrate the approach in dc-1φ/ac and 3φ/ac- 3φ/ac power-conversion applications. An experimental validation of the models using a dc-1φ/ac asymmetrical-half-bridge converter is presented.
Lymphocytes utilise sialylated surface molecules to accumulate in developing lesions of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The accumulation of desialylated radiolabelled normal spleen cells and non-neuroantigen specific CD4 T-lymphocytes was measured in the lumbosacral spinal cord of Lewis rats with autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with myelin basic protein in Freund's adjuvant. The labelled cells were preincubated with sialidase and thoroughly washed prior to intravenous injection into rats exhibiting early clinical signs of EAE. Four hours later, the rats were killed and blood and spinal cord samples were radioassayed. Compared with untreated cells, desialylation markedly reduced the accumulation of both normal spleen cells and memory T-lymphocytes in the spinal cord, despite similar levels of cells being present in the blood. In another experiment, the accumulation of desialylated, macrophage-depleted spleen lymphocytes was measured during the onset, recovery and short-term “relapse” phases of acute EAE. Again, compared with controls the accumulation of desialylated lymphocytes was always significantly less, desp...
The Nature of Vermiculite in Adirondack Soils and Till

The clay and bulk mineralogy of soil and till from 26 Adirondack watersheds was studied. The materials consist typically of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, mica, vermiculite, and kaolinite. Talc, smectite, halloysite, and hornblende are present in some samples. The clay fraction of the soils is composed predominantly of vermiculite, likely derived from the transformation of a mica precursor, and kaolinite. The soil vermiculite commonly contains hydroxy-Al interlayers which are especially prevalent in the B-horizon samples. Despite significant variation in the type of bedrock and the composition of heavy mineral assemblages in these watersheds, the clay mineralogy is remarkably uniform. This finding supports earlier suggestions that the occurrence of vermiculite in soils is more dependent on climate than on the nature of the parent material.
Electron transfer within self-assembling cyclic tetramers using chlorophyll-based donor-acceptor building blocks

The synthesis and photoinduced charge transfer properties of a series of Chl-based donor–acceptor triad building blocks that self-assemble into cyclic tetramers are reported. Chlorophyll a was converted into zinc methyl 3-ethylpyrochlorophyllide a (Chl) and then further modified at its 20-position to covalently attach a pyromellitimide (PI) acceptor bearing a pyridine ligand and one or two naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) secondary electron acceptors to give Chl–PI–NDI and Chl–PI–NDI2. The pyridine ligand within each ambident triad enables intermolecular Chl metal–ligand coordination in dry toluene, which results in the formation of cyclic tetramers in solution, as determined using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering at a synchrotron source. Femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of the monomers in toluene–1% pyridine and the cyclic tetramers in toluene shows that the selective photoexcitation of Chl results in intramolecular electron transfer from 1*Chl to PI to form ...
Examination of the Transtheoretical Model in Current Smokers

Although the transtheoretical model of behavior change has frequently been used as a basisfor smoking-cessation programs, in very few studies have the study variables been linked with the theoretical concepts. This study used a convenience sample of 79 current smokers to determine the relationships among the stages of change and the processes of change. Logistic regressions were used in order to determine whether certain processes were related to specific stages and whether specific processes were related to movement among the stages. Participants in the precontemplation stage and the preparation stage were found to rely on specific processes, whereas those in the contemplation stage did not.
The presence of F3-F2a1 dimers and F1 oligomers in chromatin.

Abstract The oligomeric structure of histones in nuclei and chromatin has been studied by crosslinking nuclei and chromatin with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. Crosslinked histones were detected as new high molecular weight components on SDS gels, and the protomers of the crosslinked histones were identified by their characteristic 125 I-fingerprints. The results show that a considerable portion of histones F3 and F2a1 exist in nuclei and chromatin as an F3-F2a1 dimer. Evidence is presented that histone F1 probably exists in chromatin as large oligomers.
Digestive constraints on an aquatic carnivore: effects of feeding frequency and prey composition on harbor seals.

We hypothesized that increased feeding frequency in captive harbor seals would increase nutrient loads and thus reduce retention time and the digestive efficiency of natural prey. We measured daily feed intake and excretion during 6 feeding trials and fed herring (49% lipid), pollock (22% lipid) or an equal mix of each diet over 24 months. Animals were accustomed to feeding at either high or low frequency. Body mass and intake did not vary with season. Although mean retention times were similar between diets and feeding frequencies, solute and particulate digesta markers separated at high feeding frequency. Consistent dry matter digestibility resulted in greater gut fill from pollock than from herring. Digestible energy intakes from pollock were approximately 25% greater than from either herring or the mixed diet. Lipid digestibility of herring declined from 90% to 50% when lipid intake exceeded 60 g kg−0.75 day−1. Our hypothesis of a trade-off between intake and digestion was not supported for protein but was supported for lipid. Results of this study imply that a flexible digestive system for harbor seals can compensate for ingesting prey of lower energy density by increasing gut fill and enhancing protein and lipid assimilation, to sustain digestible energy intake.
(Re)creating our Worlds with Words: A Sociohistorical Perspective of Face-to-Face Interaction

L'A. donne un apercu de la notion de pratiques et de ressources interactives et examine la maniere dont la participation linguistique dans la pratique interactive est conditionnee = par l'usage passe de ces ressources, = et par les identites sociales. Elle considere ensuite la signification socio-historique que cette perspective a dans l'apprentissage d'une langue etrangere. Elle discute egalement quelques implications pour la recherche en L2 et en pedagogie de l'interaction face a face
Study of Silicon Incorporation in GaAs Movpe Layers Grown With Tertiarybutylarsine

MOVPE growth experiments have been used to evaluate the role of gas phase and surface chemistry in the silicon doping of GaAs films grown using SiH4 and Si2H6 dopant sources and tertiarybutylarsine (t-C4H9AsH2 or TBAs) as the Group V source. The use of TBAs with SiH4 results in a greater Si doping efficiency and weaker dependence on growth temperature than is typically observed with AsH3. Gas phase pyrolysis studies combined with reactor residence time experiments indicate that heterogeneous chemistry is responsible for this enhanced Si doping process. TBAs has much less of an effect on Si incorporation from Si2H6, a doping process controlled by homogeneous Si2H6 chemistry. Increased Si doping from Si2H6 with TBAs can be attributed to contributions from the enhanced doping efficiency of SiH4, a product of Si2H6 decomposition. The influence of TBAs on SiH4 doping chemistry was found to improve the doping uniformity of GaAs films grown in our reactor, from +/-12% for films grown with AsH3to +/-5% for TBAs-based material.
Origins of Labor Policy in the Russian Coal and Steel Industry, 1874–1900

In the southern Russian coal and steel region between 1874 and 1900, labor policy was outlined by the Russian managers of predominantly foreign firms through the Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers. This policy was shaped by chronic labor shortage, by the strained relations between industry and local government, and by managers' sensitivity to their position as spokesmen for foreign interests. The posture southern managers developed was that of welfare capitalism. Considerable expenditure on wages and welfare, however, did not establish labor peace.
Theology as Entertainment: Oral Debate in American Religion

Le XIXe siecle americain a vu se developper dans le protestantisme des grands debats religieux publiques qui attiraient des foules parfois venues de loin. C'etait une tradition que le christianisme avait vehiculee depuis ses origines et que l'on retrouve en Amerique des le XVIIe siecle, autour de themes tels que le bapteme, conversion et sanctification, l'universalite du salut et la verite de la revelation biblique. Les foules qui etaient quelquefois considerables pouvaient demeurer sur place plusieurs jours, et les lieux des debats etaient choisis en consequence. Elles manifestaient leurs sympathies souvent dans le desordre et se comportaient parfois en juges. Ainsi, si la plupart des participants prenaient ces debats au serieux, l'ambiance generale tres vivante semblait apporter un divertissement a ces populations qui n'en avaient pas beaucoup.
The effectiveness of position-and composition-specific gap costs for protein similarity searches

Motivation: The flexibility in gap cost enjoyed by hidden Markov models (HMMs) is expected to afford them better retrieval accuracy than position-specific scoring matrices (PSSMs). We attempt to quantify the effect of more general gap parameters by separately examining the influence of position-and composition-specific gap scores, as well as by comparing the retrieval accuracy of the PSSMs constructed using an iterative procedure to that of the HMMs provided by Pfam and SUPERFAMILY, curated ensembles of multiple alignments. Results: We found that position-specific gap penalties have an advantage over uniform gap costs. We did not explore optimizing distinct uniform gap costs for each query. For Pfam, PSSMs iteratively constructed from seeds based on HMM consensus sequences perform equivalently to HMMs that were adjusted to have constant gap transition probabilities, albeit with much greater variance. We observed no effect of composition-specific gap costs on retrieval performance. These results suggest possible improvements to the PSI-BLAST protein database search program. Availability: The scripts for performing evaluations are available upon request from the authors. Contact: yyu@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Using ``Annotator Rationales'' to Improve Machine Learning for Text Categorization

We propose a new framework for supervised machine learning. Our goal is to learn from smaller amounts of supervised training data, by collecting a richer kind of training data: annotations with “rationales.” When annotating an example, the human teacher will also highlight evidence supporting this annotation—thereby teaching the machine learner why the example belongs to the category. We provide some rationale-annotated data and present a learning method that exploits the rationales during training to boost performance significantly on a sample task, namely sentiment classification of movie reviews. We hypothesize that in some situations, providing rationales is a more fruitful use of an annotator’s time than annotating more examples.
Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the upfront systemic therapy for advanced prostate cancer. ADT is administered medically or through surgical castration, and it suppresses serum testosterone levels. Furthermore, ADT may be given alone or in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist. Adverse effects include hot flashes, sexual dysfunction, increased risk of fracture, metabolic syndrome and increased risk of cardiovascular events. The timing of administration of early versus late ADT is still contentious and under active debate. Intermittent ADT may be an alternative to continuous testosterone depletion; although intermittent therapy decreases adverse effects, the comparative efficacy of each is still under active study. The study of germline genetic determinants in response to ADT is in its early phase. However, these studies have the potential to allow for patient selection for the type and timing of ADT.
Drift reliability optimization in VLSI circuit design

A generalized formulation of drift reliability optimization, is presented. It is shown that the new generalized formulation is not only reasonable, but it can easily be implemented in the existing circuit optimization environment. An example of the VLSI circuit design is presented, in which the degradation due to hot electron effects is considered, and a significant increase of the circuit lifetime is achieved. >
Relationship of Individual Worker Mass and Population Decline in a Formosan Subterranean Termite Colony (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Current knowledge of the developmental cycle of subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) colonies is primarily based on observations of colonies maintained in laboratory containers. Because-laboratory-reared colonies never attain the population size of field colonies, little is known of the mature or declining phases of colony growth. In a unique long-term study we report 16 yr of observations on the estimated population size and wet mass of individual termites collected from a Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki field colony in Hawaii. During this period, the mean wet body mass of individual foraging workers more than doubled, from 6 mg, while the estimated colony foraging population declined exponentially. The size of the colony foraging population ( y ) was negatively related to individual worker body mass ( x ) by a power equation of the form y = 37.136 x 2.109. These data support the conclusion that older or less vigorous C. formosanus colonies contain workers that are larger in body mass than younger colonies, although other genetic and environmental variables also may influence observed variation in individual mass among termite colonies. Given a baseline estimate of colony foraging population, the subsequent proportional decrease in the population of this C. formosanus colony ( y ) could be predicted from the proportional increase in individual wet mass ( x ), as expressed by y = 36.402 x 0.169.
Relationships Between Information Sources and Farmers' Conservation Perceptions and Behavior

Abstract Traditionally the primary sources of information used by farmers in the decision to adopt new practices were, in descending order of importance, (1) other farmers, (2) local agricultural product dealers, and (3) local government agencies. Mass media sources were relatively unimportant. Six hundred southwestern Iowa farmers were interviewed to determine their sources of conservation information. The top three sources named were (1) farm magazines, (2) other farmers, and (3) the Soil Conservation Service. The two sources of information most consistently related to awareness of erosion problems and use of conservation practices were the Soil Conservation Service and magazines. The importance of magazines provides useful implications for soil conservation programs.
Extending EHR Access to Patients

153 Giving patients electronic access to their EHR and secure E-messaging via a patient EHR has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. With easier access to more information, patients can participate more effectively in their care. (Mr. Novak could have been notified in Pakistan that he needed another shot.) Both patients and practices can create more efficient ways of working together (for example, with prescription renewals requested by the patient one evening and processed by the patient’s practice the next morning). These information services can support healthcare of a quality and efficiency that is not possible without it. This chapter will provide pointers on how to begin. Why Extend Access?
Trace Metal Acquisition by Marine Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton with Contrasting Trophic Strategies

Heterotrophic bacteria in the SAR11 and Roseobacter lineages shape the marine carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur cycles, yet they do so having adopted divergent ecological strategies. Currently, it is unknown whether these globally significant groups partition into specific niches with respect to micronutrients (e.g., trace metals) and how that may affect marine trace metal cycling. Here, we used comparative genomics to identify diverse iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc uptake capabilities in SAR11 and Roseobacter genomes and uncover surprising unevenness within and between lineages. The strongest predictors for the extent of the metal uptake gene content are the total number of transporters per genome, genome size, total metal transporters, and GC content, but numerous exceptions exist in both groups. Taken together, our results suggest that SAR11 have strongly minimized their trace metal uptake versatility, with high-affinity zinc uptake being a unique exception. The larger Roseobacter genomes have greater trace metal uptake versatility on average, but they also appear to have greater plasticity, resulting in phylogenetically similar genomes having largely different capabilities. Ultimately, phylogeny is predictive of the diversity and extent of 20 to 33% of all metal uptake systems, suggesting that specialization in metal utilization mostly occurred independently from overall lineage diversification in both SAR11 and Roseobacter. We interpret these results as reflecting relatively recent trace metal niche partitioning in both lineages, suggesting that concentrations and chemical forms of metals in the marine environment are important factors shaping the gene content of marine heterotrophic Alphaproteobacteria of the SAR11 and Roseobacter lineages.
Finite Element Modeling of Plain Weave Fabric from an Un-Woven Initial Yarn Configuration

A technique for modeling the tensile behavior and initial shape forming (weaving) process is presented in this paper. This technique uses FEA methods to model straight yarns as they are woven around each other. Tensile forces may be applied in subsequent load steps to predict the mechanics and strength of the fabric. This approach features innovative boundary conditions taking advantage of multiple levels of symmetry, thus allowing the model to be run using standard, unmodified FEA packages. As the model simulates the forming/weaving process it only requires data about the geometry and material properties of the yarns. This allows for fast characterization of hypothetical fabrics with no need for physical experimentation.
Cholestasis of Pregnancy and during Ethinyl Estradiol Administration in the Human and Rat

Cholestasis of pregnancy may be subdivided into two syndromes, pruritus gravidarum and the idiopathic cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy, which represent varying degrees of severity of a common disorder. These syndromes were first differentiated from other causes of itching and jaundice during pregnancy by Svanborg, Thorling, Arfwedson and others (1-5). These syndromes tend to occur in the third trimester of pregnancy. Pruritus gravidarum and the idiopathic cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy tend to occur in the third trimester of pregnancy, although symptoms may appear as early as the first trimester, and are usually characterized by symptoms of generalized pruritus, mild anorexia, nausea and occasional vomiting. In the more severe form, jaundice then appears. The liver may become slightly enlarged and tender, and liver function tests reflect cholestasis, with elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, 5′-nucleotidase, conjugated bilirubin and bromsulphthalein retention, with minimal evidence of hepatocellular necrosis. The major pathological lesion, as seen in the liver biopsy, is intrahepatic cholestasis with centrilobular bile staining of liver cells and canalicular bile plugs, possibly accompanied by minimal parenchymal cell necrosis in areas of bile stasis, but without inflammatory cells or proliferation of mesenchymal cells (see Figure 1).
Primary Recrystallization Texture in Rolled (Fe81Ga19)99B1 Sheet

The recrystallization texture in a rolled polycrystalline (Fe81Ga19)99B1 alloy sheet was investigated using X-ray and EBSD (Electron backscattering diffraction) methods. The η fiber (//RD) with dominant Goss ({110}) component was successfully obtained through sheet thickness after primary recrystallization. Goss remains the dominant texture component during further grain growth. The development of Goss can be attributed to the specific rolling induced favorable shear band morphology and deformation texture. The results provide a prospective route for the efficient recrystallization texture optimization and economical production of Fe-Ga sheets.
Implications of Physical Literacy for Research and Practice: A Commentary

Physical literacy is a term that has increasingly gained popularity in recent years. A variety of individuals and organizations have promoted the use of the term internationally, and a variety of claims have been made for the benefits of using the term. A historical overview allows the reader to consider physical literacy as one of many terms that have gained popularity in the field and describes divergent views as well as areas of agreement concerning the term physical literacy. Three North American institutional approaches to physical literacy are discussed. Other issues are also discussed, including assessment and other literacy types (e.g., health, sports). The article is designed to provoke thought among professionals and representatives of institutions concerning physical literacy.
Assessing CPA resistance of AES with different fault tolerance mechanisms

Countermeasures for Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to thwart side-channel attack and fault attack are typically investigated in a separate fashion. There is lack of thorough investigation on how one countermeasure specifically for one attack affects the efficiency of another attack. In this work, we consider three different fault detection (FD) methods - double modular redundancy (DMR), inverse function (inverse), and even parity check code (parity). We perform FPGA-based systematic analysis to investigate the impact of FD schemes on the correlation power analysis (CPA) resistance of a complete AES implementation. Moreover, the power model used in the existing work is Hamming weight rather than the powerful Hamming distance one. Our experimental results show that, in some scenarios, the use of fault detection mechanisms in AES improves the resistance against CPA. For instance, applying a parity FD to the AES's S-Box makes it harder to retrieve the key than the case without any FD protection.
Local Time-frequency Transform And Its Application to Ground-roll Noise Attenuation

We present a novel time-frequency transform, which aims at depicting the nonstationary character of seismic data. The proposed transform uses a Fourier basis to match the target signal under the regularized least-squares norm and provides an invertible time-frequency representation, which makes our method suitable for analyzing nonstationary data. The proposed method can provide more flexible resolution than the S transform, indicating its potential for applications such as seismic ground-roll noise attenuation.
Pitfalls in the sonographic evaluation of adnexal masses.

AbstractSonographic evaluation of adnexal masses is subject to a variety of potential pitfalls that can lead to diagnostic overcalls and undercalls. Familiarity with the pitfalls associated with sonographic findings related to normal ovarian physiology, hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, endometriomas, cyst
Strip Thinning and Spacing Increases Tree Growth of Young Black Spruce

Two different thinning methods were applied to three 6- or 7-yr-old black spruce stands in northern Minnesota which were measured after 20 yr. Overall, thinning improved the growing conditions for crop trees. Strip thinning with a 0.6 m leave strip and three widths of cleared strips (1.5 m, 2.1 m, and 2.7 m), andToacing to 1.5 m, 2.1 m, and 2.7 m resulted in reduced numbers of crop trees, but with larger diameters and, in the spacing thinned plots, greater heights. Because of these contradicting trends, stand volume was unaffected by thinning. Crop tree growth was not affected by the width of the cleared strip, but the distances between the leave trees in the square spacing were positively related to the increased growth response after thinning. The study is still too young to evaluate the economic feasibility of both thinning treatments, but shorter rotations or substantially increased volume seem possible by early thinnings of black spruce. North. J. Appl. For. 13(2):68-72.
Redescription and Taxonomic Status of Entonyssus Rileyi Ewing, 1924 (Dermanyssidae: Entonyssinae), A Lung Mite from the Western Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake, Crotalus Atrox, in Texas

Entonyssus rileyi Ewing was recovered from the lung of Crotalus atrox in South Texas. This species is redescribed and the systematics of E. rileyi and related species are discussed. Entonyssus ewingi Hubbard is considered to be a junior synonym of E. rileyi .
Management Education for the Year 2000

The thesis of the article is that as we move into the 1980s and 1990s, current practices in management education will be increasingly strained by the evolving social realities. Management education must either undergo radical revision, or it will become increasingly irrelevant for professional future managers.
Effects of Aversive Noise on Human Self-Control for Positive Reinforcement

Humans pressed two buttons for points that were exchangeable for money. Pressing one of the buttons, the impulsive choice, produced 2 points over 4 sec. Pressing the other button, the self-controlled choice, produced 10 points over 4 sec after a delay of 16 sec. In Experiment 1,12 subjects made 30 choices while the computer produced aversive noise and 12 subjects made 30 choices in the absence of noise. A wait period occurred after Trials 15 and 30 which prevented impulsive choices from reducing the length of the experiment. Subjects who were exposed to the noise made fewer self-control choices than those who were not exposed. Experiment 2 was a within-subject replication of Experiment 1, in which subjects made 30 choices in the presence of noise and 30 choices in the absence of noise counterbalanced across subjects. Subjects who first made choices in the absence of noise developed strong self-control preference and maintained that preference in the presence of noise. Self-control was attenuated for subjects who first made choices during noise and showed little, if any, increase in self-control preference when choices were made in the absence of noise. The results parallel those found in “learned helplessness” studies. The results suggest that contextual considerations, beyond traditional stimulus control issues need to be taken into consideration for a more complete understanding of human behaviors such as “self-control.” Practical implications are discussed.
Lindblad decoherence in atomic clocks

It is shown how possible corrections to ordinary quantum mechanics described by the Lindblad equation might be detected by exploiting the great precision of atomic clocks.
Using “big data” to improve health care services and research

The growth of large databases of health information has accelerated substantially as computers are able to store and process these data with increasing efficiency. Analysis of this growing cache of data has the potential to aid health care providers, improve cost and efficiency, and inform public health policies, yet caution must be exercised in the interpretation of results. Large databases cannot be assumed to be representative of the population from which they are derived simply due to their size, and as with all research, sampling and data quality issues must be carefully considered throughout the research process. This article discusses advances in large database availability and research, including new avenues that the data have opened, as
Same-Day Discharge Compared with Inpatient Hospitalization Following Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Background:Discharge from the hospital on the day of (same-day) hip and knee arthroplasties has become more common; however, to our knowledge, few studies have compared morbidity between same-day and inpatient surgical procedures. The aims of this study were to compare matched cohorts of patients wh
6 – GUIDED WAVES

This chapter will deal with an important class of waves that have widespread applications in structural health monitoring (SHM)—the class of guided waves . Guided waves are especially important for structural health monitoring because they can travel at large distances in structures with only little energy loss. Thus, they enable the SHM of large areas from a single location. Guided waves have the important property that they remain confined inside the walls of a thin-wall structure, and hence can travel over large distances. In addition, guided waves can also travel inside curved walls. These properties make them well suited for the ultrasonic inspection of aircraft, missiles, pressure vessels. oil tanks, pipelines, etc.
Chapter 14 – Identifying Paleoenvironmental Change Across South and North America Using High-Resolution Seismic Stratigraphy in Lakes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses high-resolution seismic profiling in lakes coupled with targeted coring that provides powerful tools for the comparative analysis of environmental change along the Pole-Equator-Pole: Americas (PEP 1) transect. Mapping seismic unconformities in Lake Titicaca, Lake Mascardi, Laguna Cari-Laufquen Grande, Laguna Miscanti, Great Salt Lake, and Yellowstone Lake builds the acoustic stratigraphic framework to interpret the history of lacustrine sedimentation, and choose optimal coring sites for multiproxy sediment studies. Most of these seismic unconformities are associated with past lake-level changes. Lake Mascardi exemplifies a proglacial lake sequence. Seismic, and coring evidence indicates two major phases of environmental change coinciding with the late glacial/Holocene transition, and a lower amplitude change within the mid- Holocene sequence. Lake Titicaca, and Laguna Cari-Laufquen Grande illustrates the acoustic character of relatively closed basins without direct glacial overprints. Laguna Miscanti describes acoustic layering in a small, groundwater-fed saline lake, and distinctive evidence for mid-Holocene desiccation phase. Great Salt Lake acoustic stratigraphy documents a cold playa to deep Lake Bonneville evolution, followed by drastic drawdown to variable Holocene depths from near desiccation to modern levels. Profiles document neotectonic faulting. Yellowstone Lake illustrates acoustic signatures in a large caldera. Results for these lacustrine basins of different origins, and latitudes show that paleoclimate patterns lead to characteristic acoustic packages. Lakes commonly have sediment sequences with high-impedance contrasts, and acoustic boundaries are equivalent to lithological changes related to environmental dynamics. A feature that stands out is a distinctive shift in seismic facies in each system corresponding to glacial/Holocene transition.
Determination of phenolic disinfectant agents in commercial formulations by liquid chromatography

Using liquid chromatography (LC), a convenient and versatile method was developed for the assay of disinfectant products containing the commonly used phenolic agents, alone or in combination, including phenol, 2-phenylphenol, 4-t-amylphenol, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol (PCMX), 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol, and triclosan. The procedure involves a simple dilution or dissolution of the product aliquot or portion followed by membrane filtration and LC. The method was applied to 19 different products representing 17 manufacturers and containing from one to 4 phenolic agents. Chromatography was performed using a Zorbax SB-C18 column, acetonitrile-0.05M KH2PO4 (55 + 45, v/v) pH 3.00, as mobile phase and UV detection at 280 nm. The intralaboratory precision of the product assays ranged form 0.34-5.35% (n = 5) and recoveries via fortification varied from 96.1-103.8%. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) and detection (LOD) ranged from 5.58 x 10(-5) to 2.50 x 10(-4) mg/mL and from 1.76 x 10(-5) to 0.67 x 10(-4) mg/mL, respectively, for the 6 analytes. The response for all analytes was observed to be linear for at least a 50-fold range in concentration (0.001-0.05 mg/mL). The proposed method provides an efficient means for the isolation and quantitation of these phenolic compounds.
The ``R's of School Reform'' and the Politics of Reforming or Replacing Public Schools

Pressures to reform or replace public schools have flowed from a variety of social trends interacting with a growing perception that the schools are performing poorly or are inadequate for the demands of the new global economy they now face. Since the 1980s, many reforms have been attempted, but with little evidence of real improvement, especially in the education of poor and disadvantaged children. As a result, support is growing, at the very least in elite circles, for more radical reforms that would dramatically alter or even privatize public education. Public educators increasingly recognize the threats they face, but have trouble seizing upon the opportunities these threats present because they challenge fundamental aspects of the paradigm and ideology of public education to which they are wedded. This paper focuses on competing views of the policy problems and possible solutions public educators face in this situation, with particular reference to the experience of school reform efforts in the United States.
Defining Mindfulness for the Moment

In the preceding chapters, we have described both the broader discourse of the meditative and contemplative traditions and the specific discourse of the mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). In the long journey from the nineteenth century Romantic and Transcendentalist discoveries of Asian religious texts and practices to the current flowering of the empirically supported MBIs, a variety of streams of this discourse have been active. At times, one stream has predominated; at other times another has drawn the most attention and found the most utility.
Behavioral Theories of Anxiety Disorders

In 1917, Watson and Morgan theorized that Pavlov’s (1927) conditioning paradigm could account for much emotional behavior in humans. In subsequent studies Watson and Rayner (1920) and Jones (1924) supported the classical conditioning interpretation of human fear behavior. These efforts provided the first conceptual foundation for that part of behavior therapy concerned with anxiety and the neuroses (e.g., Wolpe, 1958). Hence the Pavlovian model of conditioned emotionality became part of the early behavioral orthodoxy.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Optimal Medical Therapy in Stable Coronary Artery Disease A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Background—The role of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the management of stable coronary artery disease remains controversial. Given advancements in medical therapies and stent technology over the last decade, we sought to evaluate whether PCI, when added to medical therapy, improves outcomes when compared with medical therapy alone. Methods and Results—We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases, until January 2012, for randomized clinical trials comparing revascularization with PCI to optimal medical therapy (OMT) in patients with stable coronary artery disease. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes included cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, subsequent revascularization, and freedom from angina. Primary analyses were based on longest available follow-up with secondary analyses stratified by trial duration, with short-term (≤1 year), intermediate (1–5 years), and long-term (≥5 years) time...