cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animal Welfare Act

Initially the major emphasis of this legislation was to protect owners of cats and dogs from the theft of their animals, many of which were found to be sold for experimental purposes. The 1970 amendments broadened the coverage to include all species of animals, not just cats and dogs, and to include animals which are pets or are used for exhibition purposes. These amendments, as did the amendments of 1976, gave added emphasis to the recognition of the sale, purchase, transportation, housing, care, handling and treatment of animals used for research purposes, or as pets or for exhibitions, as a significantly large interstate commercial operation. There was a need to insure humane care and treatment of these animals.
Ulysses S. Grant

Was Grant naive and weak? He worked for the Fifteenth Amendment, pushed Congress to support civil rights and revise the Tenure-of-Office Act, winning on all. He reshaped the judiciary, used the veto vigorously and successfully, created the world’s first national park, won re-election in the biggest landslide between Jackson and Theodore Roosevelt, and prevented violence following the 1876 election. He sought a merit-based civil service, but Congress denied funding. He thwarted Jim Fisk and Jay Gould’s scheme to corner gold. Corruption existed, but has been exaggerated; much in fact predated his presidency. Reasonable people may disagree about Grant, but only by ignoring the record, or distorting it, could anyone argue that he was weak and naive, or that he weakened the presidency.
Prostate cancer progression and mortality: a review of diet and lifestyle factors.

Purpose To review and summarize evidence on the role of diet and lifestyle factors and prostate cancer progression, with a specific focus on habits after diagnosis and the risk of subsequent disease recurrence, progression, or death.
A novel negative expansion substrate material for athermalizing fiber Bragg gratings

/spl beta/-eucryptite solid solution glass-ceramic substrates have a negative thermal expansion ideally suited for athermalizing fiber Bragg gratings. Gratings with thermal variations of 0.0022 nm//spl deg/C from -40 to +85/spl deg/C are reported.
Intermittent parathyroid hormone administration attenuates endothelial dysfunction in old rats

We have demonstrated that intermittent parathyroid hormone administration can rescue age-related vascular dysfunction by improving endothelial-dependent dilation in the aorta of older rodents. This...
Atypical Facial Pain: a Comprehensive, Evidence-Based Review.

The purpose of this article is to focus on an excruciating disorder of the face, named atypical facial pain or persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP). It is considered an underdiagnosed condition with limited treatment options. Facial pain can be a debilitating disorder that affects patients’ quality of life. Up to 26% of the general population has suffered from facial pain at some point in their lives. It is important to highlight the different types of facial pain to be able to properly manage this condition accordingly. Newer interventional modalities such as pulsed radiofrequency ablation (PFR) of the sphenopalatine ganglion, peripheral nerve field stimulators (PNFS), and botulinum toxin injections have promising results. In summary, more prospective studies such as randomized controlled trials are necessary to explore the possibility of their more widespread use as viable procedures for the treatment of PIFP. In this review article, we describe the workup and diagnosis of PIFP and highlight recent literature regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of PIFP. PIFP is an excruciating disorder of the face often misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia (TN) However, unlike TN symptoms, the pain is persistent rather than intermittent, usually unilateral, and without autonomic signs or symptoms. When a clinician encounters a patient with neuropathic facial pain whose symptoms are incongruent with the more common etiologies, the diagnosis of atypical facial pain must be entertained. Treatment of PIFP is multidisciplinary. Unfortunately, few randomized controlled trials for the treatment of PIFP exist. However, there are a select number of pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and interventional treatment options that have proven to be moderately effective.
Laser processing of VO2 thin films for THz devices and metamaterials

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) undergoes a metal-insulator transition (MIT) at 68°C, at which point its electrical conductivity changes by several orders of magnitude. This extremely fast transition (Δt < 100 fs) can be induced thermally, mechanically, electrically, or optically. The combination of fast switching times and response to a broad range of external stimuli make VO2 an ideal material for a variety of novel devices and sensors. While the MIT in VO2 has been exploited for a variety of microwave/terahertz applications (i.e. tunable filters and modulators), very few devices exploiting the fast switching time of VO2 have been reported. The electrical properties of thin film VO2 (conductivity, carrier concentration, switching speed, etc.) are highly dependent on growth and post-processing conditions. The optimization of these conditions is therefore critical to the design and fabrication of VO2 devices. This paper will report the effects of various pulsed laser deposition (PLD) growth conditions on the metal-insulator transition in thin film VO2. In particular, we report the effect of PLD growth conditions on the stress/strain state of the VO2 layer, and the subsequent change in electrical properties. Finally, results from fabricated VO2 devices (THz emitters and THz modulators) will be presented.
Creatine kinase-MB subform levels were useful for early exclusion of MI

Source Citation Zimmerman J, Fromm R, Meyer D, et al. Diagnostic marker cooperative study for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1999 Apr 6;99:1671-7.
Effects of Reactive Ion Etching on Phonon-Electron Interactions in Inalas-Ingaas Modulation-Doped Field-Effect Transistor Structures Studied by Raman Scattering

Raman Scattering by coupled longitudinal optic phonons and two-dimensional electron gas electrons in In0.52Al0.48As-In0.53Ga0.47As δ-doped heterostructures provides a powerful probe of electronic properties in these In-based structures. The two highest frequency modes, of the three coupled electron-phonon modes expected in this system, were observed, with the highest frequency mode being identified for the first time in InGaAs-based systems. The large dispersion of this mode makes it a particularly sensitive probe for changes in such properties as carrier concentration and subband energy. For structures with higher carrier concentrations coupling of the longitudinal optic phonon to multiple electron intersubband transitions is resolved. These measurements are particularly useful for heavily-doped structures for which room-temperature Hall measurements cannot distinguish channel electrons from those in parallel conduction paths. In addition HBr-based reactive ion etching has been performed on these structures, and the effects have been correlated with etch time and bias voltage for structures with different cap layer thicknesses.
Community-based health needs assessment in Léogâne and Gressier, Haiti: six years post-earthquake

This article summarizes initial findings from a community-based health needs assessment designed to identify resources and gaps within the community and to prioritize community-identified health needs in Gressier and Leogâne, Haiti. From January to February of 2016, the University of Florida’s College of Public Health and Health Professions (the College) conducted a community-based health needs assessment in collaboration with local community members, medical care providers, and NGOs. Data were collected using mixed-methods and community-participatory research in the form of 18 key informant interviews and 12 focus groups, consisting of between 4 and 11 individuals each, for a total of approximately 60 participants across all focus groups combined. Analysis yielded three key domains including concerns, barriers, and solutions to health and health care. The findings of this study create an overview of community-identified needs, which will be used to drive the College’s agenda for future student work in the Gressier/Leogâne area of Haiti. Results also underscore the need to further investigate and understand the major health sub-domains.
Quantitative 3D subharmonic imaging for characterizing breast lesions

The ability to visualize breast lesion vascularity and quantify the vascular heterogeneity using contrast-enhanced 3-D nonlinear ultrasound imaging was investigated in a clinical population. Patients (n = 236) identified with breast lesions on mammography were scanned using power Doppler imaging, contrast-enhanced 3D HI, and 3D SHI on a modified Logiq 9 scanner (GE Healthcare). Time-intensity curve volumes were developed corresponding to ultrasound contrast agent flow in the lesions after being identified in 4DView (GE Medical Systems). Time-points corresponding to baseline, peak intensity and complete washout of contrast were identified to generate vascular heterogeneity plots of the lesion volume (in the center and periphery as well as the ratio of the two). Vascularity was observed with power Doppler imaging in 93 lesions (69 benign and 24 malignant). The 3D HI showed flow in 8 lesions (5 benign and 3 malignant), whereas 3D SHI visualized flow in 83 lesions (58 benign and 25 malignant). Parametric volumes, that contained a single parametric value for every voxel within the 3D volume, were generated based on perfusion (PER) and area under the curve (AUC). ROC analysis and reverse, step-wise logistical regression were used to assess diagnostic accuracy with biopsy results as the reference. Analysis of vascular heterogeneity in the 3D SHI volumes found benign lesions having a significant difference in vascularity between central and peripheral sections (1.8 ± 0.16 vs. 1.2 ± 0.09 dB, p = 0.0003, respectively), whereas malignant lesions showed no difference (1.7 ± 0.33 vs. 1.3 ± 0.21 dB, p = 0.23), indicative of more vascular coverage. Diagnostic accuracy (i.e., area under the ROC curve) for heterogeneity, PER and AUC ranged from 0.52 to 0.75. The best logistical regression model (heterogeneity ratio, PER central and AUC central) achieved an area of 0.88. In conclusion, 3D SHI is able to detect UCA flow in vascular breast masses. Evaluation of vascular heterogeneity and parametric maps suggests such quantitative parameters might aid in the characterization of breast lesions.
The Function of “Chat” Calls in Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos): Vocal Defense of Nestlings

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses communication in mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) through a lab experiment. In many species, begging calls may enhance adult feeding rates, and they are, therefore, considered adaptive for both adults and young. Although they aid in the development of young, begging calls may also increase predation on nestlings by enabling predators to locate the nests and prey on the young. Adult northern mockingbirds commonly produce a short call termed "the chat," which is uttered in a number of different contexts. During the breeding season (March through June), the chat calls of adult males increase after eggs hatch and while dependent young remain in the nest. This experiment examines the occurrence of adult chat calls and of nestling begging calls in the presence vs. the absence of a predator stimulus. Comparison of these conditions should determine whether the begging calls of mockingbird nestlings decrease in the presence of adult chats. If this is the case, the comparison provides evidence that the adult mockingbirds' chat calls function to silence the begging calls of their young when adults detect the presence of predators.
LGBTQ Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Emotions and Experiences in U.S. High Schools

In a national survey of more than 19,000 U.S. high school students, we compared how LGBTQ youth and their non-LGBTQ peers felt at school and how they perceived social and academic experiences. We examined differences in emotions and school experiences across gender identities, sexual identities, and their intersections. LGBTQ adolescents reported significantly more frequent negative emotions and bullying, consistent with previous research. LGBTQ students also reported less frequent experiences of positive emotions at school and less frequent positive school experiences (i.e., positive peer and teacher relationships, subjective task value, and persistence support). Students who were both gender and sexual identity minority reported the most frequent negative and least frequent positive experiences at school, compared to students who were neither a gender or sexual identity minority. Analyses of the intersection of gender and sexual identity showed that heterosexual male students experienced more frequent positive emotions and school experiences, and fewer negative emotions and bullying, compared to all other groups. We discuss how these differences might be addressed through school interventions and future research.
A study on the effect of inter-electrode gap and pulse voltage on current density in electrochemical additive manufacturing

Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing—a novel non-thermal metal additive manufacturing process offers some advantages over traditional energy beam-based layered manufacturing processes, which have several inherent limitations such as thermal damages, residual stress, and part size restrictions. In this process, the principle of localized electrochemical deposition of metals is combined with the additive manufacturing procedure to manufacture metal parts at room temperature directly from computer-aided design files. The focus of research work presented in this paper is on the modeling of the current density produced in the electrochemical deposition system based on the Fick’s law of diffusion and electrode kinetics using the Butler–Volmer equation. The current densities involved in the micro-electrochemical additive manufacturing on nickel have been found to be several orders of magnitude higher than the standard electroplating studies, making it a very high overpotential deposition. The model developed in this work was used to study the effects of applied potential, pulse duty cycle, inter-electrode gap, and concentration on the current density and the transient diffusion layer thickness. The model predicted that lower inter-electrode gaps facilitated higher current density leading to faster deposition rates. The pulse voltage was found to produce higher current densities during the pulse-on time. The modeled current density values were validated with experimental results using the in-house-built electrochemical additive manufacturing setup.
Fractal Growth of Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared by Citrate-Gel Auto-Combustion Method

We report a tree fractal growth of ferrite nanoparticles prepared by Citrate-Gel Auto-Combustion method. We compared the growth pattern of CuFe2O4, Cr2FeO4, CdFe2O4, MgFe2O4, and Li2Fe3O5. The ferrite 3D growth was found to follow Family-Vicsek fractal growth in which the next added particle is looking for the best 3D orientation to minimize its surface free energy. The nanoparticles position in the sites of the growing tree forms a pattern that depends on the temperature, particle size, the orientation of the first seed particle and the particle to particle interaction forces. The results showed that the fractal arrangement is more preferred in the thermal growth of nanoparticles.
Design Benchmark with Predictive Technology Model

CMOS technology scaling is increasingly challenged by fundamental physics and manufacturing limits at the 22 nm node and beyond [1]. High-k/metal gate devices and strained silicon techniques help extend the lifetime of CMOS technology, but also complicate the fabrication process and increase the amount of variations. The situation is compounded by low power process, which has different device and design requirements from high performance process, and RC parasitics of scaled backend-of-the-line (BEOL) interconnect. During the pathway of scaling, process and design tradeoffs, such as those between power consumption and circuit performance, become much more complex, due to the issues in aggressively scaled CMOS technology and the implementation of new circuit design techniques. These challenges reduce the predictability of circuit performance and increase the development cycle for new products. In order to continue the design success with nanoscale CMOS, it requires an early comprehension of the technology impacts and adaptively making design decisions up front. Such a predictive capability helps identify potential issues, enables early design research, and guarantees the time to market. To accomplish this new design paradigm, it requires Predictive Technology Models (PTM) to assess performance trends, and to evaluate key modules before silicon is ready [2, 3].
Some Observations Indicating the Possibility of Longitudinal Charge-Carrier Flow in the Peripheral Nerves

The direct-current potentials measurable on the surface of amphibians have been shown to be organized into a complex dc “field” pattern, with a remarkable relationship to the underlying neural structures (Fig. 1). Further observations have led to the thesis that this dc field is generated within and distributed by elements of the central nervous system and that it constitutes a primitive type of data transmission and control system (Becker, 1960; Becker and Bachman, 1961a). The surface dc potentials of the human have been found to be similarly organized (Fig. 2) and to have similar control-system characteristics (Becker and Bachman, 1961b). Input parameters of the system have been found to be trauma and external electromagnetic force fields. System outputs are some measure of control over the propagated action potential activity of the neurons and some control over postembryonic growth processes.
Activity of Brain Serotonergic Neurons in Relation to Physiology and Behavior

Abstract We have explored the activity of brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurons in behaving cats exposed to a wide variety of behavioral and physiological conditions. In general, the activity of these neurons is strongly related to spontaneous changes in behavioral state (being highest in active waking and lowest during REM sleep). Across a wide variety of experimental manipulations, the activity of serotonergic neurons was relatively unchanged. This includes dramatic alterations in general physiology. However, one condition, motor activity, strongly affected neuronal activity. A general relationship obtains between level of tonic motor activity and serotonergic neuronal activity across all major groups of serotonergic neurons. Superimposed upon this in some neurons is an additional relationship where a further, often dramatic, activation is seen in association with repetitive, central pattern generator (CPG)-mediated behaviors. The exact nature of this relationship varies both with the specific serotonergic neuronal group and within a particular group. We hypothesize that the primary function of this increased serotonergic neuronal activity is to facilitate behavioral output by coordinating autonomic and neuroendocrine function in association with motor demand, and by a concomitant general suppression of afferent input from sensory processing channels.
Detection of Apoptosis in Human and Rat Ovarian Follicles

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether cells acquired from individual human preovulatory follicles undergo apoptosis (physiologic cell death) and, if so, to correlate the degree of apoptosis with characteristics of the follicles or the oocytes derived from the follicles. Methods We devised a sensitive nonradioactive method for detecting apoptotic DNA fragmentation in small numbers of cells derived from rat atretic follicles and follicular aspirates of patients undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Results Using this method, apoptotic DNA was detected in rat atretic follicles, with optimal detection at 10-100 ng. Furthermore, apoptotic DNA was detected in some, but not all individual human follicular aspirates from several patients, and was found in follicles that produced oocytes that fertilized and developed into embryos. Conclusion Apoptosis occurs in cells from human ovarian preovulatory follicles and may be a normal physiologic process of the follicle during luteinization.
Analysis of the Patient Information Quality and Readability on Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) on the Internet

Objective. Patients are increasingly using the Internet to inform themselves of health-related topics and procedures, including EGD. We analyzed the quality of information and readability of websites after a search on 3 different search engines. Methods. We used an assessment tool for website quality analysis that we developed in addition to using validated instruments for website quality, Global Quality Score (GQS) and Health on Net (HON) certification. The readability was assessed using Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade level (FKG). 30 results of each search terms ‘EGD’ and ‘Upper Endoscopy’ from Google and 15 each from Bing and Yahoo were analyzed. A total of 45 websites were included from 100 URLs after removing duplicates, video links, and journal articles. Results. Only 3 websites were found to have good quality and comprehensive and authentic information. These websites were https://www.healthline.com , https://www.uptodate.com , and https://www.emedicine.medscape.com . There were additional 13 sites with moderate quality of information. The mean Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (FRE) score was 46.92 (range 81.6-6.5). The mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade level (FKG) was 11th grade, with a range of 6th grade to 12th grade and above making them difficult to read. Conclusions. Our study shows that there are quite a few websites with moderate quality content. We recommend 3 comprehensive and authentic websites out of 45 URLs analyzed for information on Internet for EGD. In addition, the readability of the websites was consistently at a higher level than recommended by AMA at 11th grade level. In addition, we identified 3 websites with moderate quality content written at 8th grade and below readability level. We feel that gastroenterologists can help their patients better understand this procedure by directing them to these comprehensive websites.
Amplification of Mitochondrial Activity in the Healing Response Following Rotator Cuff Tendon Injury

Mitochondrial function following rotator cuff tendon injury (RCI) influences the tendon healing. We examined the mitochondrial morphology and function under hypoxia in the shoulder tendon tissue from surgically-induced tenotomy-RCI rat model and cultured swine tenocytes. The tendon tissue was collected post-injury on 3–5 (Group-A), 10–12 (Group-B), and 22–24 (Group-C), days and the corresponding contralateral tendons were used as control for each group. There was higher protein expression of citrate synthase (P < 0.0001) [10.22 MFI (mean fluorescent intensity)] and complex-1 (P = 0.0008) (7.86 MFI) in Group-A and Group-B that decreased in Group-C [(P = 0.0201) (5.78 MFI and (P = 0.7915) (2.32 MFI), respectively] compared to control tendons. The ratio of BAX:Bcl2 (Bcl2 associated x protein:B cell lymphoma 2) in RCI tendons increased by 50.5% (Group-A) and 68.4% (Group-B) and decreased by 25.8% (Group-C) compared to normoxic controls. Hypoxia increased β-tubulin expression (P = 0067) and reduced PGC1-α (P = 0412) expression in the isolated swine tenocytes with no effect on the protein expression of Complex-1 (P = 7409) and citrate synthase (P = 0.3290). Also, the hypoxic tenocytes exhibited about 4-fold increase in mitochondrial superoxide (P < 0.0001), altered morphology and mitochondrial pore integrity, and increase in mitochondrial density compared to normoxic controls. These findings suggest the critical role of mitochondria in the RCI healing response.
Safety and Efficacy of Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum in Peyronie's Disease Men With Ventral Curvatures.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) in men with ventral penile curvatures secondary to Peyronie's Disease (PD). Methods A prospective registry has been maintained of PD men undergoing CCH at our institution. Curvature assessments and subjective questioning were obtained at baseline and following 2 and 4 injection series. Clinicopathologic data were abstracted including history, exam, ultrasound, and end-point curvature assessments. Primary outcomes were adverse events (AE), and secondary outcomes included improvements in curvature by direction and subjective responses to questionnaires. Results A total of 228 patients undergoing CCH for PD (mean age 57.2 years, mean PD duration 24.3 months) were identified from March 2014 through March 2018. Baseline curvature directions were individually analyzed (total of 329 measures), including 83%, 50%, and 11% with some degree of dorsal, lateral, and ventral angulation. Mean primary and secondary (where applicable) curvatures were 52.9 and 11.4 degrees, respectively. Following treatment, ventral and lateral curvatures experienced greater relative improvements in curvature compared to dorsal (ventral 29.5 degrees [49%], lateral 11.4 [38%], dorsal 15.0 [25%], P Conclusion Men with ventral PD may be effectively treated with CCH with similar AEs compared to other directions. Ventral and lateral curvatures are more likely to experience significant improvements (50% or more) compared to dorsal.
Emergency department utilization among underserved African American older adults in South Los Angeles

Objectives: Using the Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, we explored social, behavioral, and health factors that are associated with emergency department (ED) utilization among underserved African American (AA) older adults in one of the most economically disadvantaged urban areas in South Los Angeles, California. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited a convenience sample of 609 non-institutionalized AA older adults (age ≥ 65 years) from South Los Angeles, California. Participants were interviewed for demographic factors, self-rated health, chronic medication conditions (CMCs), pain, depressive symptoms, access to care, and continuity of care. Outcomes included 1 or 2+ ED visits in the last 12 months. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Results: Almost 41% of participants were treated at an ED during the last 12 months. In all, 27% of participants attended an ED once and 14% two or more times. Half of those with 6+ chronic conditions reported being treated at an ED once; one quarter at least twice. Factors that predicted no ED visit were male gender (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.29-0.85), higher continuity of medical care (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.04-2.31), individuals with two CMCs or less (OR = 2.61 (1.03-6.59), second tertile of pain severity (OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.36-5.73). Factors that predicted only one ED visit were male gender (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.25-0.82), higher continuity of medical care (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.01-2.15) and second tertile of pain severity (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.13-5.19). Conclusions: This study documented that a lack of continuity of care for individuals with multiple chronic conditions leads to a higher rate of ED presentations. The results are significant given that ED visits may contribute to health disparities among AA older adults. Future research should examine whether case management decreases ED utilization among underserved AA older adults with multiple chronic conditions and/or severe pain. To explore the generalizability of these findings, the study should be repeated in other settings.
Principles of Regenerative Medicine of the Maxillomandibular Region

Surgical approaches to repair defects in the maxillomandibular region generally seek to restore function and esthetics to the greatest extent possible. The high visibility of the region coupled with the various complex functions of the craniofacial structures underscores the unique challenges presented to the reconstructive surgeon. While surgical techniques have advanced considerably over the years to enable transfer or rotation of vascularized tissues, limitations of tissue transfer techniques and persistent clinical needs motivate development of new regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies for maxillomandibular reconstruction. This chapter introduces basic principles of tissue transfer, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering in the context of maxillomandibular reconstruction and discusses key advantages and limitations associated with each approach. The fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine present exceptional potential to advance the options available to the reconstructive surgeon for maxillomandibular repair. Nevertheless, the clinical feasibility of these emerging approaches will require continued collaboration of a multidisciplinary team of professionals to appropriately balance the complexity of the approach with the regulatory and commercialization requirements to meet the urgent clinical need.
Genetic Risk Factors for Poor Cognitive Development in Children With Low Birth Weight.

Low birth weight is an ongoing public health problem with severe consequences for those affected, including early morbidity and mortality and elevated risk for lifelong deficits in cognitive functi...
Selective Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to HCOOH by a Cationic Rh2(II,II) Complex

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 by cis-H,T-[Rh2(mhp)2(L)2][BF4]2, where mhp– = the deprotonated 6-methyl-2-hydroxypyridine anion and L = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen; Rh2-phen) and dipyrido[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline (dpq; Rh2-dpq2), was investigated. The cis-H,T-[Rh2(mhp)2(L)2]2+ architecture is composed of two electron-rich mhp– bridging ligands, two electron-accepting diimine chelating ligands, L, and the redox-active Rh2(II,II) bimetallic core. Rh2-phen2 and Rh2-dpq2 display metal-centered Rh2II,II/II,I reduction waves at −0.36 and −0.29 V vs Ag/AgCl, followed by a reduction event localized on the phen and dpq ligands at −1.15 V and −1.07 vs Ag/AgCl, respectively, in CH3CN under N2. A second metal-centered reduction is observed at −1.70 and −1.52 V vs Ag/AgCl in Rh2-phen2 and Rh2-dpq2, respectively. Under a CO2 atmosphere and 3 M H2O as the proton source, both complexes display catalytic currents near the third reduction couple. Although both Rh2-phen2 and Rh2-dpq2 possess comparable electronic stru...
A comparison of difficult intubation documentation practices with existing guidelines in the advent of video laryngoscopy

Abstract Study objective To assess whether anesthesia providers' interpretations of a difficult intubation are consistent with current guidelines and explore possible explanations for any observed discrepancy including video laryngoscopy usage. Design A retrospective data analysis of tracheal intubation records from the electronic health record of a large healthcare system in the United States from January to June 2018. Setting General anesthesia encounters that involved a tracheal intubation in the operating rooms and non-operating room areas, including procedural areas, medical/surgical floors, and intensive care units. Patients Records for 30,072 adult patients (33,142 cases) were identified for analysis. Patient age ranged from 18 to 100 and ASA physical status from I to V. Interventions None. Measurements The magnitude and direction of disagreement regarding intubation difficulty was estimated by examining anesthesiologist documentation vs. the American Society of Anesthesiologists guideline definitions. Any explanations for disagreement provided by clinicians were also analyzed. Furthermore, the association between video laryngoscopy and odds of disagreement was assessed. Main results While documentation of intubation difficulty in over 95% of records was consistent with current definitions, disagreement occurred in 1.6% of cases using the number of attempts definition (N = 31,964) and in 4.6% of cases using the Cormack-Lehane grade definition (N = 25,407). Some of the most frequently identified explanations clinicians gave in these cases of disagreement included the use of video laryngoscopy (used to explain documented difficult and easy intubations), clinician experience level, and the use of airway assist devices. Video laryngoscopy use was associated with greater odds of disagreement between anesthesiologist documentation and guideline definitions. Conclusions A review of electronic anesthesia records suggests that clinicians inconsistently interpret and document difficult intubations in light of current guideline definitions and that video laryngoscopy usage appears to be associated, albeit not necessarily independently, with a greater discrepancy between anesthesiologist documentation and guideline definitions.
Measuring Recommendation Explanation Quality: The Conflicting Goals of Explanations

Explanations have a large effect on how people respond to recommendations. However, there are many possible intentions a system may have in generating explanations for a given recommendation -from increasing transparency, to enabling a faster decision, to persuading the recipient. As a good explanation for one goal may not be good for others, we address the questions of (1) how to robustly measure if an explanation meets a given goal and (2) how the different goals interact with each other. Specifically, this paper presents a first proposal of how to measure the quality of explanations along seven common goal dimensions catalogued in the literature. We find that the seven goals are not independent, but rather exhibit strong structure. Proposing two novel explanation evaluation designs, we identify challenges in evaluation, and provide more efficient measurement approaches of explanation quality.
Creativity Framed: Definitional Descriptions, Theories, and the 4-Cs

Creativity and culture within educational settings constitute changing domains of knowledge reflected in new terminology and creative constructs. The context-setting question for this chapter is, What definitions and theories advance knowledge, practice, and action that potentially allow creativity under constraint to be recovered and fostered with pedagogic guidance? Foregrounding the definitions of salient concepts is an explanation of the Four C Model of Creativity and its popularity in the literature and role in the present inquiry. (Methods used for finding topical literature are covered in Chap. 4 and the case study chapters following it.) Definitions of specialized terms, operationalized in relation to the inquiry that unfolds in this book, are discussed, complete with context and source citation. Accountability, creative economy, creativity, dynamic creativity, glocal(ity), Hidden-c, culture, social justice, and the Four C Model of Creativity are key concepts for which definitional descriptions are presented. As conceived for the longitudinal glocal study, each construct plays a role in revealing (or concealing) facets of dynamic creativity within regulatory, accountability-bound policy cultures.
Catherine & Diderot: the empress, the philosopher, and the fate of the Enlightenment: by Robert Zaretsky, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2019, 258 pp., $27.95

In 1765, in a spectacular gesture of intellectual patronage, the Russian Czarina Catherine the Great purchased the Paris library of the writer Denis Diderot for a large sum of money. Furthermore, s...
Initiation of a Robotic Program in Spinal Surgery: Experience at a Three-Site Medical Center

Abstract Objective To highlight the early experience of implementing a robotic spine surgery program at a three-site medical center, evaluating the impact of increasing experience on the operative time and number of procedures performed. Patients and Methods A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing robotic screw placement between September 4, 2018, and October 16, 2019, was conducted. Baseline characteristics as well as intraoperative and post-operative outcomes were obtained. Results For a total of 77 patients, the mean age (SD) was 55.7 years (11.5) and 49.4% (n=38) were female. A total of 402 screws were placed (384 pedicle screws, 18 cortical screws) using robotic guidance with a median of two operative levels (interquartile range [IQR], 1 to 2). Median (IQR) estimated blood loss was 100 mL (50 to 200 mL) and the median (IQR) operative time was 224 minutes (193 to 307 minutes). With accrual of surgical experience, operative time declined significantly (R=-0.39; P Conclusion Early experience at our institution using a spinal robot has demonstrated no requirement for postoperative screw revisions and no complications related to screw malposition. The increased operative times were reduced as the frequency of procedures increased. Moreover, procedural times diminished over a short period with a weekly increasing number of procedures.
Raucous feminisms in neoliberal times: disruptive potential and the language of unruliness on Broad City

There is no shortage of media representations that reinforce the neoliberal order, emphasise individual freedom and self-regulation and downplay structural inequities and systemic oppression. The current paper analyses an alternative representation that works to dismantle the dominant social order. I interrogate the disruptive potential of the ‘unruly woman’ on Broad City by exploring two discursive themes that present robust alternatives to a neoliberal feminist agenda: transgressive representations of female sexuality and desire and the visibility and normalisation of ‘unfeminine’ behaviours. Multimodal critical discourse analysis reveals how these themes highlight the tension between women’s will to act freely and the structural binds that keep groups oppressed beyond any freedom individuals may enjoy. As white women, Ilana and Abbi’s racial privilege is central in scaffolding their gendered freedom; however, self-reflexive critiques and inclusion of diverse, non-tokenised representations show a path forward towards a collective and liberatory intersectional feminism.
Performances of automated digital imaging of Gram-stained slides with on-screen reading against manual microscopy

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of the automated digital imaging of Gram-stained slides against manual microscopy. Four hundred forty-three identified Gram-stained slides were included in this study. When both methods agreed, we considered the results as correct, and no further examination was carried out. Whenever the methods gave discrepant results, we reviewed the digital images and the glass slides by manual microscopy to avoid incorrectly read smears. The final result was a consensus of multiple independent reader interpretations. Among the 443 slides analyzed in this study, 101 (22.8%) showed discrepant results between the compared methods. The rates of discrepant results according to the specimen types were 5.7% (9/157) for positive blood cultures, 42% (60/142) for respiratory tract specimens, and 22% (32/144) for sterile site specimens. After a subsequent review of the discrepant slides, the final rate of discrepancies dropped to 7.0% (31/443). The overall agreement between the compared methods and the culture results reached 78% (345/443) and 79% (349/443) for manual microscopy and automated digital imaging, respectively. According to culture results, the specificity for automated digital imaging and manual microscopy were 90.8% and 87.7% respectively. In contrast, sensitivity was 84.1% for the two compared methods. The discrepant results were mostly encountered with microorganism morphologies of rare occurrence. The results reported in this study emphasize that on-screen reading is challenging, since the recognition of morphologies on-screen can appear different as compared to routine manual microscopy. Monitoring of Gram stain errors, which is facilitated by automated digital imaging, remains crucial for the quality control of reported Gram stain results.
Discrete Maximum principle of a high order finite difference scheme for a generalized Allen-Cahn equation.

We consider solving a generalized Allen-Cahn equation coupled with a passive convection for a given incompressible velocity field. The numerical scheme consists of the first order accurate stabilized implicit explicit time discretization and a fourth order accurate finite difference scheme, which is obtained from the finite difference formulation of the $Q^2$ spectral element method. We prove that the discrete maximum principle holds under suitable mesh size and time step constraints. The same result also applies to construct a bound-preserving scheme for any passive convection with an incompressible velocity field.
Strong light-matter interaction effects on molecular ensembles

Despite the potential paradigm breaking capability of microcavities to control chemical processes, the extent to which photonic devices change properties of molecular materials is still unclear, in part due to challenges in modeling hybrid light-matter excitations delocalized over many length scales. We overcome these challenges for a photonic wire under strong coupling with a molecular ensemble. Our simulations provide a detailed picture of the effect of photonic wires on spectral and transport properties of a disordered molecular material. We find stronger changes to the probed molecular observables when the cavity is redshifted relative to the molecules and energetic disorder is weak. These trends are expected to hold also in higher-dimensional cavities, but are not captured with theories that only include a single cavity-mode. Therefore, our results raise important issues for future experiments and model building focused on unraveling new ways to manipulate chemistry with optical cavities.
A New Proof of the Asymptotic Diffusion Limit of the SN Neutron Transport Equation

It has been well known that the analytic neutron transport solution tends to the analytic solution of a diffusion problem for optically thick systems with small absorption and source. The standard ...
Amniotic fluid PAH clearance test. A preliminary report.

Abstract Normal pregnant women and an abnormal group with diabetes, hypertension, and pre-eclampsia (conditions commonly associated with placental insufficiency) were studied by injecting para-aminohippurate (PAH) into the amniotic fluid. Maternal urinary output of PAH was determined over a 6 hour period and in some cases the disappearance of PAH from the amniotic fluid was measured directly. Apparent amniotic fluid clearance and per cent recovery of PAH in maternal urine were calculated. Results revealed that both amniotic fluid PAH clearance and per cent recovery of PAH in urine were decreased in pre-eclampsia, hypertension, and progestational diabetes. Decreased clearances and per cent urinary recoveries of PAH in these conditions may be related to decreased uterine and/or placental blood flow or increased myometrial tone and may correlate with fetal disease in utero.
No Parent Left Behind: Strengthening Ties Between Educators and African American Parents/Guardians

This study used regression analyses to identify variables predicting the six most frequently cited problems that concerned 129 African-American parents and guardians of children who were primarily enrolled in urban schools. The findings indicate that in order to increase African-American parents' and guardians' satisfaction with the public school system, the racial climate in schools must be improved; unfair disciplinary practices must be eradicated; and curricula and instructional practices must be reformed specifically in areas that result in the strengthening of African-American students' math and reading-comprehension skills.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation of microsatellite loci from the endangered plant Sibara filifolia (Brassicaceae)

Sibara filifolia (Brassicaceae) is a federally endangered annual herb found on two of the California Channel Islands. Previous studies based on allozymes revealed little genetic variability on San Clemente Island. Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from individuals on San Clemente Island. We found low levels of allelic variation (mean N(A) = 2.3), with seven loci exhibiting significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.01) and 10 pairs of loci exhibiting significant linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.01). Most of the observed variability (mean H(O) = 0.003) occurred among populations or in rare homozygous individuals.
Characterization of spectral transitions with applications to acoustic sub-word segmentation and automatic speech recognition

A mathematical model has been developed for tracking spectral transitions within the spectral envelope of a speech signal. This technique incorporates linguistic knowledge into a mathematical framework to determine time-varying acoustic-phonetic features and describe formant transitions. The proposed model is quite robust and is capable of extracting not only rapid spectral movement, but also smoother spectral transitions that occur in vowel and sonorant sequences. This basic approach has been previously used to extract steady-state acoustic-phonetic features across spectrally homogeneous regions and to perform speaker dependent recognition in which quite successful results were attained in clean as well as noisy speech. It has now been augmented to capture the dynamics of spectral acoustic-phonetic features. >
Children and household utility: Evidence from kids flying the coop

Using consumption and wealth data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this paper explores the impact of children leaving home on household consumption. We find that households maintain their household-level consumption, despite the fact that the number of individuals in the household has decreased, increasing per-capita consumption. Further, we find no evidence of increases in total net wealth, or any of its components, after children leave the household. These findings suggest that households do not dramatically change their savings or consumption patterns when their children fly the coop. Those households who are already behind in their retirement preparations will remain at risk of entering retirement with insufficient wealth to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living.
Bacillus subtilis neutral protease: III. Exchange properties of zinc and preparation of some metal derivatives

Abstract The Bacillus subtilis neutral protease is inhibited by an excess of Hg ++ , Cd ++ , Pb ++ , and Ni ++ . Co ++ , Mn ++ , and Fe ++ do not inhibit in the same concentration range. The zinc in the native enzyme can be replaced by Hg ++ , Cd ++ , Pb ++ , and 65 Zn ++ . Conditions for preparing highly purified preparations of the first four metal derivatives are described. There is a direct replacement of one mole of metal for one mole of zinc except for the Hg-derivatives, which bind 2 moles of metal. These derivatives hydrolyzed hippuryl- l -leucinamide at about the same rate, except possibly for the Pb and Cd derivatives, but hydrolyzed casein at different rates. These experiments do not elucidate the role of the metal ions but indicate that a variety of metal ions can replace the zinc in the native enzyme. The metal binding site appears to be different from that reported for carbonic anhydrase or carboxypeptidase, since the Cu derivative is colorless in the case of neutral protease.