cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extradural Spinal Cord/Cauda Equina Compression

Clinical signs and symptoms suggesting acute or subacute compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina constitute a medical emergency requiring urgent diagnosis in order to effect appropriate therapy for alleviating the pathologic process responsible for the compressive phenomenon. The purpose of MR imaging in such cases is to determine the level(s), degree, and, if possible, the type of disease process in order to assist in therapeutic planning gauged toward relieving the neurologic compression. This unit presents a basic protocol for conventional and fast spin echo imaging of spine for such cases. Two alternate protocols are presented for cases where it is necessary to distinguish between the spinal cord and the extradural tissue comprising this structure.
Effects of reward schedule changes on children's speech fluency.

Speech disfluency indices were obtained for 50 young normal-speaking males who told stories about 30 situational pictures under continuous and/or partial (random) reward conditions. Four groups of ten children each received 100% rewards for the first ten responses (Condition I) and either 100%, 75%, 50%, or 25% rewards for the last 20 responses (Condition II). A fifth group of ten children received 50% rewards for the first 20 responses (Condition I) and 100% rewards for the last ten responses (Condition II). The four groups having reward schedule changes tended to have lower proportions of vocal segregates and higher proportions of revisions in Condition II than in Condition I, whereas the group receiving 100% rewards in both Conditions showed only slight changes and in the opposite directions. Significant changes in total disfluency were not obtained. The three groups changed from continuous to partial reward tended to have higher disfluency indices for those responses following non-reward than for thos...
Radula-centric and odontophore-centric kinematic models of swallowing in Aplysia californica.

SUMMARY Two kinematic models of the radula/odontophore of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica were created to characterize the movement of structures inside the buccal mass during the feeding cycle in vivo . Both models produce a continuous range of three-dimensional shape changes in the radula/odontophore, but they are fundamentally different in construction. The radulacentric model treats the radular halves as rigid bodies that can pitch, yaw and roll relative to a fixed radular stalk, thus creating a three-dimensional shape. The odontophore-centric model creates a globally convex solid representation of the radula/odontophore directly, which then constrains the positions and shapes of internal structures. Both radula/odontophore models are placed into a pre-existing kinematic model of the I1/I3 and I2 muscles to generate three-dimensional representations of the entire buccal mass. High-temporal-resolution, mid-sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images of swallowing adults in vivo are used to provide non-invasive, artifact-free shape and position parameter inputs for the models. These images allow structures inside the buccal mass to be visualized directly, including the radula, radular stalk and lumen of the I1/I3 cavity. Both radula-centric and odontophore-centric models were able to reproduce two-dimensional, mid-sagittal radula/odontophore and buccal mass kinematics, but the odontophore-centric model9s predictions of I1/I3, I2 and I7 muscle dimensions more accurately matched data from MR-imaged adults and transilluminated juveniles.
Genes encoding the PR-4 protein wheatwin are developmentally regulated in wheat grains and respond to high temperatures during grainfill

Abstract Sequences encoding three wheatwins, including a novel protein not identified previously, were found among expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from grain from the US bread wheat Butte 86 and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect transcripts specific for two of the wheatwins in a variety of tissues. In the absence of pathogen challenge, wheatwin transcripts were detected in embryo, endosperm, whole grain, awns and glumes as well as in leaves, stems and roots. In both whole grain and endosperm, transcripts accumulated late in development and achieved the highest levels as grain reached maximum dry weight. When high temperature regimens (37/28 °C day/night) were imposed during grain development, the timing of transcript accumulation was compressed and maximum transcript levels were significantly higher than under a moderate 24/17 °C day/night regimen. Accumulation profiles for two wheatwin proteins identified in endosperm by 2-DE/MS were consistent with transcript profiles and flour from grain produced under high temperatures had greater amounts of the two proteins than flour from grain produced under moderate temperatures. The data confirm that wheatwin genes are developmentally regulated in the grain and suggest that wheatwin plays a role in the response of the developing grain to high temperatures in addition to its protective role against fungal pathogens. Enhanced expression of wheatwin genes in grain produced under high temperature conditions may have important implications for wheat flour quality and allergenic potential.
The isolation and characterization of actin from porcine brain

Abstract Highly purified porcine brain actin has been prepared by a procedure involving anion-exchange chromatography, polymerization-depolymerization, and gel filtration. Electrophoresis of purified brain actin on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate shows a single protein band corresponding to more than 95% of the applied protein and migrating with the relative mobility of skeletal muscle actin. The amino acid composition of brain actin is similar but not identical to that of rabbit skeletal muscle actin. Brain actin activates the low ionic strength Mg 2+ -ATPase of skeletal muscle myosin to the same extent that skeletal muscle actin potentiates the muscle ATPase. Although similar to its skeletal muscle counterpart, brain actin is distinctly different. Isoelectric focusing experiments indicate that brain actin consists of at least two species, each of which is more basic than the α-species of skeletal muscle actin. The polymerization of brain actin was followed by viscometry and sedimentation techniques as a function of protein concentration, temperature, and ionic conditions. The critical actin concentrations of both brain and skeletal muscle actins polymerized at low ionic strength in the presence of 2.0 m m MgCl 2 are similar and show little dependence upon temperature. When polymerized in the presence of 0. 1 m KCl, brain actin has a critical actin concentration that is higher and more dependent upon temperature than the corresponding critical concentration of skeletal muscle actin.
Melatonin's inhibitory effect on growth of ME-180 human cervical cancer cells is not related to intracellular glutathione concentrations

Abstract The effect of various concentrations of melatonin on the growth of ME-180 human cervical cancer cells in vitro was examined. Melatonin at a concentration of 2 mM inhibited the growth of the cells after 48 h of melatonin treatment. At concentrations of 2 μM or 0.1 mM melatonin had no effect on cell proliferation. To determine whether the inhibitory effect of melatonin on the growth of the cervical cancer cells was linked to intracellular glutathione concentrations, experiments were performed in which intracellular glutathione levels were depressed by the addition of buthionine sulfoximine to the incubation medium 24 h before the addition of melatonin. The results show that 2 mM melatonin treatment still inhibits the growth of cells when glutathione levels are depressed by 95%. Even with depressed glutathione levels, 0.1 mM melatonin still had no effect on cell growth. Thus, melatonin's ability to inhibit ME-180 cervical cell growth in vitro may be independent of intracellular glutathione concentrations. It was also found that during one passage the intracellular glutathione levels of cervical cancer cells gradually decreases. When 4.5-day-old medium was replaced with new medium, intracellular glutathione levels partially recovered within 36 h. This suggests that the observed gradual reduction of cellular glutathione during incubation was a result of a reduction of some constituent in the medium after prolonged culture of the cells.
Positive conditioned suppression after shifts in CS duration and US probability

Rats were reinforced with a sucrose solution on a VI schedule for pressing a lever. Six CSs were presented during each session. CS duration was 2 min in two groups and 10 sec in the other two groups. The probability of a food-pellet US was.5 for one of the two groups with each CS duration and 1.0 for the other. After 16 sessions, CS duration was shifted to 10 sec and US probability was.5 for all subjects. The subjects for which preshift CS duration had been 10 sec showed positive conditioned suppression during postshift CSs. The subjects for which preshift CS duration was 2 min did not develop postshift positive conditioned suppression.
Characterization of L-[5-13C]-Proline Biosynthesis in Halophytic and Nonhalophytic Suspension Cultures by 13C NMR

Summary L-[5- 13 C]-Proline biosynthesis by the suspension cultures of two monocotyledonous halophytes ( Distichlis spicata L. and Spartina pectinata L.) and two nonhalophytes ( Petunia hybrida Vilm. and Panicum miliaceum L.) is described. Suspension cultures were transferred to medium containing 5mM L-[5- 13 C]- glutamic acid and 0, 130 or 380 mM NaCl for 24 h. 13 C-Glutamic acid was taken up at a rate of 14 to 112μmolg -1 24h -1 . 13 C-Label in the cells was found as L-[ 13 C-5]-proline as determined by 13 C NMR. In 380 mM NaCl, D. spicata contained the most 13 C-proline (8.1% of total proline) as compared with the other species (3.1 to 4.2%). 13 C-Proline increased in Petunia transferred to higher NaCl, while S. pectinata and P. miliaceum had more 13 C-proline (5.3 and 8.6%, respectively) on 130 mM NaCl than on 380 mM NaCl (3.7% and 3.1%, respectively). The proline biosynthetic enzymes of D. spicata may be better protected against inhibition by NaCl than those of the other species.
Array of planar plasmonic scatterers functioning as light concentrator

In this Letter, the concept of transmit array antenna enabling light concentration in the near-IR region is explored. As for the elements of the transmit array, concentric loop scatterers are chosen due to their design flexibility and potential for providing high phase variation by changing the dimensions of the loops. Periodic behaviors of the concentric loop elements are obtained by means of the finite-difference time-domain method. Using these results, a transmit array configuration is designed, and a focused beam at a desired distance is achieved. To model the electromagnetic fields of the finite array, the field equivalence principle and proper dyadic Green's functions are applied.
Routine Surveys for Gamma-Ray Background Characterization

In gamma-ray spectroscopy and imaging, the natural gamma-ray background can significantly reduce detection sensitivity, especially when the source is weak and the background varies substantially. This project aims to systematically measure and characterize the spatial and temporal variations of the background in order to assess their impact on detection sensitivity and specificity for homeland security applications. An extensive survey of typical backgrounds found in the San Francisco bay area was performed, and initial measurement results are presented here.
Holmium: YAG (lambda=2120nm) vs. thulium fiber (lambda=1908nm) laser for high-power vaporization of canine prostate tissue

Direct studies comparing different lasers for treatment of BPH are lacking. This preliminary study compares continuous-wave (CW) vs. pulsed prostate tissue vaporization for the Thulium fiber laser and Holmium:YAG laser, both operating near the 1940 nm water absorption peak in tissue. A 50-W Thulium fiber laser (λ= 1908 nm) delivered CW laser radiation through a 600-μm silica fiber in non-contact mode with a 5-mm-diameter spot at the tissue surface. A Holmium:YAG laser (λ= 2120 nm) operated with an energy of 2 J, pulse rate of 25 Hz, and average power of 50 W, and delivered pulsed laser radiation through a 600-μm silica fiber with a 5-mm-diameter laser spot to achieve similar irradiances at the tissue surface. Tissue vaporization was performed in air with the prostate kept hydrated in saline. Tissue vaporization efficiency of both lasers was compared (n = 10 canine prostates for each laser group). Mean vaporization efficiency measured 5.30 ± 0.48 kJ/g vs. 4.13 ± 0.46 kJ/g for Thulium fiber and Holmium lasers (P < 0.05). Tissue vaporization rates measured 0.57 ± 0.05 g/min vs. 0.73 ± 0.07 g/min (P < 0.05). The Holmium:YAG laser vaporizes prostate tissue at a higher rate than the Thulium fiber laser, for the same average power delivered to the tissue. Both the Thulium fiber laser and Holmium:YAG lasers are capable of vaporizing prostate tissue at a rate > 1 g/min if operated at the high powers (100-W) typically used in the clinic.
Treatment of juvenile periodontitis patients by control of infection and inflammation. Four case reports.

Four patients, ages 14–17, who demonstrated characteristics of juvenile periodontitis, underwent antibiotic and surgical therapy to control microbial etiologic factors. No occlusal equilibration or bone grafting techniques were employed. Subsequent to treatment, all four patients demonstrated decreased pocket depths and mobility on teeth associated with vertical osseous defects. Osseous repair was evident on postoperative radiographs. Reentry procedures, on one patient, confirmed that osseous repair had occurred in 2- to 3-wall, 3-wall, hemi-circumferential and furcal defects. If infection and inflammation are controlled, it appears that the potential for osseous repair in juvenile periodontitis patients is greater than has been thought.
Differential Agonist Regulation of the Human κ‐Opioid Receptor

Opiates are potent analgesics used clinically in the treatment of pain. A significant drawback to the chronic use and clinical effectiveness of opiates is the development of tolerance. To investigate the cellular mechanisms of tolerance, the cloned human kappa-opioid receptor was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, and the effects of opioid agonist treatment were examined. The receptor-expressing cells showed specific high-affinity membrane binding for a kappa-selective opioid, 3H-labeled (+)-(5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidiny l)-1-oxaspiro [4,5] dec-8-yl] benzeneacetamide ([3H]U69,593), and a nonselective opioid antagonist, [3H]diprenorphine. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin or guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) reduced [3H]69,593 binding, indicating that the human K receptor coupled to G proteins of the Gi or Go families in HEK 293 cells. The receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was abolished by pertussis toxin pretreatment and was blocked by a kappa-selective antagonist, norbinaltorphimine. A 3-h pretreatment with a kappa-selective agonist, (+/-)-trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide (U50,488), caused receptor down-regulation, whereas no receptor down-regulation was found after levorphanol pretreatment. U50,488 or dynorphin A(1-17) pretreatments (3 h) desensitized the ability of U50,488 or dynorphin A(1-17) to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation, as evidenced by a decrease in functional potency. Also, U50,488 pretreatment desensitized the ability of levorphanol to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. In contrast, pretreatment of cells with either levorphanol or a potent nonselective opioid, etorphine, resulted in no apparent receptor desensitization. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the human kappa receptor is differentially regulated by selective and nonselective opioid agonists, with selective agonists able to desensitize the receptor.
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation for the XYZ Mesons

Many of theXY Z mesons discovered in the last decade can be identied as bound states in BornOppenheimer (B-O) potentials for a heavy quark and antiquark. They include quarkonium hybrids, which are bound states in excited avor-singlet B-O potentials, and quarkonium tetraquarks, which are bound states in avor-nonsinglet B-O potentials. We present simple parameterizations of the deepest avor-singlet B-O potentials. We infer the deepest avor-nonsinglet B-O potentials from lattice QCD calculations of static adjoint mesons. Selection rules for hadronic transitions are used to identifyXY Z mesons that are candidates for ground-state energy levels in the B-O potentials for charmonium hybrids and tetraquarks. The energies of the lowest-energy charmonium hybrids are predicted by using the results of lattice QCD calculations to calculate the energy splittings between the ground states of dierent B-O potentials and using the Schroedinger equation to determine the
Meeting the Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis Needs for Advanced Gas Reactor Systems

Simulation of some fluid phenomena associated with Generation IV reactors requires the capability of modeling mixing in two- or three-dimensional flow. At the same time, the flow condition of interest is often transient and depends upon boundary conditions dictated by the system behavior as a whole. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an ideal tool for simulating mixing and three-dimensional flow in system components, whereas a system analysis tool is ideal for modeling the entire system. This paper presents the reasoning which has led to coupled CFD and systems analysis code software to analyze the behavior of advanced reactor fluid system behavior. In addition, the kinds of scenarios where this capability is important are identified. The important role of a coupled CFD/systems analysis code tool in the overall calculation scheme for a Very High Temperature Reactor is described. The manner in which coupled systems analysis and CFD codes will be used to evaluate the mixing behavior in a plenum for transient boundary conditions is described. The calculation methodology forms the basis for future coupled calculations that will examine the behavior of such systems at a spectrum of conditions, including transient accident conditions, that define the operational and accident envelope of the subject system. The methodology and analysis techniques demonstrated herein are a key technology that in part forms the backbone of the advanced techniques employed in the evaluation of advanced designs and their operational characteristics for the Generation IV advanced reactor systems.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Retrofitting suburbia through second units: lessons from the Phoenix region

Planners are encouraging suburban homeowners to build second units to enable housing affordability, walkability, and aging in place. Yet, little is known about the viability of this approach for different types of suburbs. Based on planner interviews and zoning ordinance reviews in the Phoenix region, this article constructs a typology for identifying suburbs potentially amenable to using second units as a tool. Barriers that limit rezoning to allow for second units across the types include restrictive site requirements and fear of rental units. Arguments for aging in place may be more influential than those for housing affordability in leading suburbs in Phoenix and elsewhere to liberalize their regulations.
Breast relapse following primary radiation therapy for early breast cancer. I. Classification, frequency and salvage.

Primary radiation therapy has become an accepted alternative to mastectomy for patients with early breast cancer. In order to improve the results of this treatment, we performed an analysis of failure on 366 clinical Stage I or II invasive breast carcinomas treated with primary radiation therapy. With a median follow-up of 52 months, there have been 30 recurrences in the treated breast, for a 5 year actuarial local recurrence rate of 9%. The recurrence rate was much higher for patients having less-than-excisional biopsy than for those undergoing excisional biopsy (35% vs. 7%, p < 0.0001). Failures in the treated breast have been categorized as: true recurrence (TR), directly at the site of the primary; marginal miss (MM), at the edge of the boosted volume; and elsewhere in the breast (E). For patients having excisional biopsy, the actuarial probability of a true recurrence at 5 years was 4%. The risk of a true recurrence was related to the dose given to the primary site with rare true recurrences seen with doses greater than 6000 rad. The probability of a marginal miss at 5 years was 4%, and was not related to the dose or volume of the boost used. The probability of a recurrence elsewhere in the breast at 5 years was 1%. In patients treated with excisional biopsy and a total primary dose over 6000 rad, the probability of a local recurrence at 5 years was 4 and 10% for clinical Stage I and II patients respectively. These results indicate that primary radiation therapy provides a high likelihood of local tumor control and our analysis of failure suggests methods for decreasing each type of local recurrence.
Observations on the cause of oligohydramnios in prolonged pregnancy

There is increasing evidence that implicates reduced amnionic fluid volume as a major determinant of fetal risk in prolonged pregnancy. We sought to determine whether reduced fetal urine production might be associated with oligohydramnios in pregnancies that reach 42 weeks or more. Ultrasonographic measurements of the fetal bladder were obtained every 2 to 5 minutes for 1 hour in 38 gestations verified to be at least 42 weeks. Oligohydramnios was present in eight of the prolonged pregnancies. Similar measurements were performed in 15 normal pregnancies delivered by elective repeat cesarean section between 38 and 40 weeks' gestation. Hourly fetal urine production rates were calculated with sequential bladder volume measurements. The result of this investigation suggest that diminished fetal urine production is associated with oligohydramnios in prolonged pregnancy. The mechanism by which fetal urine production is reduced in prolonged pregnancy remains unknown. A likely possibility is reduced fetal swallowing because of already diminished amnionic fluid volume, the latter a result of placental senescence.
An iterative solution of the two-dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering problem

A new method, based on an iterative procedure, for solving the two-dimensional inverse scattering problem is presented. This method employs an equivalent Neumann series solution in each iteration step. The purpose of the algorithm is to provide a general method to solve the two-dimensional imaging problem when the Born and the Rytov approximations break down. Numerical simulations were calculated for several cases where the conditions for the first order Born approximation were not satisfied. The results show that in both high and low frequency cases, good reconstructed profiles and smoothed versions of the original profiles can be obtained for smoothly varying permittivity profiles (lossless) and discontinuous profiles (lossless), respectively. A limited number of measurements around the object at a single frequency with four to eight plane incident waves from different directions are used. The method proposed in this article could easily be applied to the three-dimensional inverse scattering problem, if computational resources are available.
DIVERSITY AND IMPLICATIONS OF SOYBEAN STEM NITROGEN CONCENTRATION

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] shoot nitrogen (N) traits are important for seed production and may hold potential for improving seed yield and quality. Field experiments were established to survey shoot N traits in i) plant introductions, ii) a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, and iii) modern cultivars. A wide range of N concentrations was observed at beginning seed fill for leaves, petioles, and stems and at maturity for stems. Significant genotypic variations in stem N traits were found in modern cultivars and the RIL population. Molecular marker analysis identified multiple loci associated with stem N concentration. Significant relationships between various tissue N traits and seed yield and quality were also observed. These results illustrate the importance of N dynamics in vegetative tissues for soybean yield and seed composition. The observed variation in N traits indicates that selecting for vegetative N traits could potentially increase yield and improve seed quality.
Über Halogenotitanate(IV)

Es wird die Darstellung der Tetraathylammoniumsalze mit den Anionen [TiBrCl5]2−,[TiBr5Cl]2−,[TiCl4Br · CH3CN]−, [TiBr4Cl · CH3CN]−, [TiBr5 · CH3CN]− und TiF beschrieben. Reaktionsmechanismen werden diskutiert. Das zuletzt genannte Pentafluorotitanat(IV) ist offensichtlich uber Fluorbrucken polymer aufgebaut. Gemischte Chlorofluorotitanate wurden nicht erhalten. Es werden Vergleiche angestellt zum Verhalten von gemischten Halogenokomplexen mit Ubergangselementen (Nb(V), Ta(V)) und Hauptgruppenelementen (Sn(IV), Pb(IV), Sb(V)). The preparation of tetraethylammonium slats with following anions is described: [TiBrCl5]2−,[TiBr5Cl]2−,[TiCl4Br · CH3CN]−, [TiBr4Cl · CH3CN]−, [TiBr5 · CH3CN]− und TiF. The reaction mechanisms is discussed. TiF forms fluorine-bridges giving a polymeric anion. Chlorofluorotitanates(IV) could not be prepared. Mixed halide complexes of Ti(IV), Nb(V) and Ta(V) are compared with analogous complexes of Sn(IV), Pb(IV) and Sb(V).
Current Treatment of Unresectable Lung Cancer

The treatment of choice for most cases of non-small-cell lung cancer is surgical resection; however, which patients with stage IIIA disease are surgical candidates is debatable. For many patients with stage IIIA or IIIB disease, the preferred modality is thoracic radiotherapy. In several randomized prospective trials, the addition of chemotherapy to thoracic radiotherapy produced a significant but clinically small survival advantage over radiotherapy alone. For patients with stage IV lung cancer, no curative treatment or "standard therapy" is available. Accordingly, many patients are offered investigational agents in phase I or II clinical trials. Small-cell lung cancer has a 60 to 90% rate of initial response to available chemotherapeutic agents. Patients with limited disease are generally given combination chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy, approximately 50% of whom have a complete clinical remission. Patients with extensive disease (spread beyond one radiation port) also have a high rate of initial response to chemotherapy, but only 20 to 40% have a complete remission and few survive for 5 years. New agents are being tested in previously untreated patients with extensive small-cell lung cancer. Promising new chemotherapeutic agents for lung cancer are being studied in clinical trials. Currently, only 1% of patients with lung cancer in the United States are enrolled in prospective clinical trials. Primary-care physicians are urged to encourage their patients to consider participation in approved prospective clinical trials at reputable medical centers, in an effort to discover new, effective agents with novel mechanisms of action. Information about such studies is available through Physician Desk Query (PDQ) or the cancer hotline (1-800-4-CANCER).
Concentration and excretion of contrast agents during oral cholecystography as measured by computed tomography in dogs.

Nine healthy mongrel dogs were given 2 consecutive doses of 1 of 3 cholecystographic contrast agents (iopanoic acid, sodium ipodate, and sodium tyropanoate), followed by daily computed tomograms (CT) and abdominal radiographs in a randomized crossover study in order to determine: (a) the maximum time for excretion of the contrast material from the gallbladder, (b) the maximum time for elimination of contrast material from the blood, and (c) the correlation between the density of the gallbladder on CT and the actual concentration of iodine in the gallbladder bile. In all 9 animals gallbladder opacification disappeared on CT within 4 days after administration of the contrast material. Plain abdominal radiographs did not show gallbladder opacification after 2 1/2 days. Daily blood iodine measurements showed that all of the contrast material was cleared from the blood within 7 days after administration. In 7 dogs CT imaging of the gallbladder was followed by percutaneous aspiration of bile from the gallbladder using CT guidance. There was a direct linear correlation between the actual concentration of iodine in the bile and the density of the gallbladder on CT (r=0.925). This suggests that CT measurements can be used to determine the concentration of contrast agents in the gallbladder during oral cholecystography.
Work in progress — Synthesizing design, engineering, and entrepreneurship through a mobile application development course

We describe our experiences in designing and delivering a course that blends together design, engineering, and entrepreneurship through the use of mobile devices. The significance of this work is in advocating for and demonstrating the motivational and educational benefits of using a mobile platform, and describing how to utilize the mobile marketplace to provide an authentic, real-world experience across these three domains.
Sunscreen use among collegiate athletes

Background College athletes participating in outdoor sports are a population with extensive exposure to ultraviolet radiation during the peak hours of the day. These relatively young athletes could represent a group with alterable habits. Objective We sought to assess the level of sunscreen use in college athletes who are at high risk for ultraviolet radiation exposure. Methods An anonymous survey was administered to NCAA soccer and cross-country teams at 4 universities. Answers were analyzed for proportions of sunscreen use and associations among various host variables. Results Of the surveyed athletes, 85% reported no sunscreen use in the previous 7 days and only 6% reported sunscreen use at least 3 of the previous 7 days. Limitations The subject population is limited to one geographic area and includes athletes from only two sports. Conclusions These results identify a need for improved primary prevention of ultraviolet damage among the more than 250,000 NCAA athletes participating in outdoor sports. A preventive program involving education, provision of readily available sunscreen, and coach participation is needed to target these individuals.
DEFECTIVE CHYLOMICRON REMNANT CLEARANCE IN PATIENTS WITH FAMILIAL DYSBETAL IPOPROTEINEMIA

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia results in part from a genetic defect in apolipoprotein E (apoE) which prevents normal binding of chylomicron remnants to a specific hepatic apoE receptor. We have developed a technique for measuring the consequent abnormality in chylomicron remnant clearance in these patients. Oral administration of retinol and Lipomul permits the labelling of nascent chylomicrons with retinyl palmitate (RP). RP is measured by high pressure liquid chromatography in plasma and in isolated lipoprotein fractions from 10-12 hourly blood samples. Clearance of chylomicron remnants (T½) is calculated from the rate of disappearance of RP from chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins. The method was found to be safe and without side effects in 45 adults. Chylomicron remnant T½ was 1.5±0.5 hours in 7 people with normal fasting lipids. There was no change in low density lipoprotein RP; no RP was found in high density lipoprotein; no exchange of RP between lipoproteins was found. Five patients with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia were studied, including a teenage boy homozygous for the apoE 2 genetic variant (apoE 2/2) with severe type III hyperlipoproteinemia, generalized pruritic tuberoeruptive xanthoma and xanthoma striata palmaris. All patients failed to clear RP during the test, consistent with the failure of hepatic upake of chylomicron remnants carrying this apoE variant.
Encouraging attacker retreat through defender cooperation

This paper is motivated by a desire to develop analytic formulations for adversarial interactions between an attacker and a defensive team. We analyze a multi-stage, two-player game in which one player represents an attacker with superior dynamic characteristics and the other player represents a team consisting of a mobile, high-value target and N protective agents. At the start of the game, the attacker must decide whether to engage the target or retreat. The defending team must then decide whether to maximize or minimize the attacker's cost in response. These decisions are referred to as the players' intent. After each side has selected an intent, a differential pursuit-evasion game is played in which the value represents the integral cost to the attacker. Within the differential game, the terminal conditions and the players' optimal control strategies are dictated by the previous intent selections. We obtain the optimal intent strategies in terms of the differential game values and relevant bonus and penalty values. We solve the differential games by developing the optimality conditions for the equilibrium control strategies. We show that for certain conditions, the defenders should cooperate with the attacker so that retreat becomes the most attractive option; thereby, fulfilling the defensive goal of protecting the high-value target.
Multisubband electron mobility in asymmetric GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well structures

Abstract The effect of structural asymmetry on multisubband electron mobility is studied by considering a barrier delta doped GaAs/Al x Ga 1 − x As quantum well structure. The subband wave functions and energy levels are obtained by adopting selfconsistent solution of the coupled Schrodinger and Poisson’s equations. We consider scatterings due to ionized impurities, interface roughness and alloy disorder. The screening of the scattering potentials is obtained by adopting static dielectric response function formalism. We show that the interplay of different scattering mechanisms on low temperature electron mobility yields interesting results through intersubband interaction. Further, we show that asymmetry in structure parameters, such as, doping concentrations and spacer widths, influence in enhancing the mobility considerably.
793-6 Local Delivery of Nitrosated Albumin to Stenosed and Damaged Coronary Arteries Inhibits Platelet Deposition and Thrombosis

The ideal agent to inhibit interactions between platelets and damaged arterial walls, such as after angioplasty or atherectomy, should be potent locally but not cause systemic bleeding. We have previously shown that nitrosated albumin (NO-SA) given IV inhibits circulating platelets, abolishes cyclic flow reductions (CFR's), due to acute platelet thrombus formation (APTF) in mechanically stenosed coronary arteries (MSCA) with severe medial damage in dogs. Seven anesthetized dogs were prepared with MSCA in both the circumflex and the LAD branches, and CFR's occurred in both arteries. A Wolinsky perforated balloon catheter was placed in the stenosed circumflex (n = 5) or in the stenosed LAD (n = 2), when CFR's were occurring, and 3 ml of 200 μM/ml SA-NO was injected at 3 atmospheres for 30 seconds. When flow was restored, the CFR's were abolished in six dogs and decreased significantly in size and frequency in the seventh. However, the CFR's in the untreated stenosed artery continued unchanged. There was no change in blood pressure from the application of SA-NO. Balloon inflations with saline for the same time and pressure had no effect on the CFR's. The protective effect lasted for one hour when the experiment was terminated. Ex vivo platelet aggregation studies done before and 30 minutes after the SA-NO treatment showed no changes. Since the CFR's continued in the untreated artery and ex vivo platelet aggregation did not change, we conclude that the SA-NO had a local protective effect with no systemic platelet inhibition. Early and late failure of angioplasty is thought to be due, in part, to immediate platelet deposition on the fresh medial injury causing thrombosis and release of growth factors for intimal hyperplasia. Coating the acutely damaged arterial wall after angioplasty with SA-NO, may diminish platelet deposition and the presence of NO molecules may inhibit smooth muscle mediated elastic recoil at the angioplasty site, thus reducing the incidence of restenosis.
Fluctuation Enhancement and Reduction in Sheared Polymer Solutions

Using time-resolved small-angle light scattering, we present the first experimental evidence that a semidilute polymer solution successively subjected to a high-strain-rate shear flow followed by a low-strain-rate shear flow displays concentration fluctuation enhancement and fluctuation reduction (Maxwell effect), respectively. During the Maxwell fluctuation reduction, the flow-induced intermediate scattering peaks present in the structure factor at high strain rates are eliminated and the scattering patterns rotate toward a direction at 90° with the flow direction.
Does a histidine-rich protein from Plasmodium lophurae have a function in merozoite penetration?

SYNOPSIS. Autoradiography was used to localize the distribution of l-[3H]histidine incorporated in vitro by developing segmenters of Plasmodium lophurae. Under conditions used for the visualization of high specific activity loci, radioactivity appeared associated mainly with the histidine-rich protein of cytoplasmic granules as well as with rhoptries and micronemes of merozoites. The isolated histidine-rich protein caused agglutination of erythrocytes and increased their osmotic fragility. Based on the observed evidence suggesting the presence of this histidine-rich protein in the polar organelles of merozoites and its reactivity with erythrocyte membranes, the hypothesis that such a protein may have a function in the penetration of merozoites is proposed.
Formation of the Micropyle in Tilapia mossambica Peters and Stigmatogobius javanicus (Blkr.)

The formation of the micropyle in Tilapia mossambica and Stigmatogobius javanicus, two fresh water teleosts is described. In T. mossambica the micropyle is formed by a single modified follicular cell, while in S. javanicus it is formed by a cellular mass derived from the follicle.
The Instructional Decisions of Preservice Teachers during a Reading Practicum

Shefelbine and Hollingsworth studied the instructional decisions of 14 under graduate elementary education stu dents during a reading practicum. Deci sion making was evaluated across seven areas of reading: diagnosis, planning, lesson balance, text placement, type of reading practice, word recognition in struction, and developing background knowledge. The authors specifically sought (a) to identify what kinds of deci sions are potentially troublesome for be ginning teachers and (b) to explain why these difficulties might occur. The re sults indicated that decisions about diag nosis, planning, lesson balance, and word recognition instruction were dif ficult for the higher performing teachers. Lower performing teachers, on the other hand, were more likely to have trouble across all seven areas. Possible explana tions for these patterns included the con tent and complexity of each decision area, teachers' overall knowledge of reading content, and concerns about management and instructional routines. Implicat...
Micro air bubble manipulation by electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD): transporting, splitting, merging and eliminating of bubbles.

This paper describes various manipulations of micro air bubbles using electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD): transporting, splitting, merging and eliminating. First, in order to understand the response of bubbles to EWOD, the contact angle modulation is measured in a capped air bubble and confirmed to be in good agreement with the Lippmann–Young equation until saturation. Based on the contact angle measurement, testing devices for the bubble manipulations are designed and fabricated. Sequential activations of patterned electrodes generate continuous bubble transportations. Bubble splitting is successfully realized by activating a single electrode positioned in the middle of bubble base. However, it is found that there are criteria that make splitting possible only in certain conditions. For successful splitting, smaller channel gap, larger bubble size, wider splitting electrode and/or larger contact angle changes by EWOD are preferred. These criteria are verified by a series of experiments as well as a static analysis. Bubble merging is achieved by moving bubbles towards each other in two different channel configurations: (1) channel I, where bubbles are in contact with the bottom channel plate only, and (2) channel II, where bubbles in contact with the top as well as bottom channel plates. Furthermore, eliminating a bubble to the ambient air is accomplished. All the bubble manipulation techniques may provide a versatile integrated platform not only to manipulate micro objects by utilizing micro bubbles as micro carriers, but also to enable a discrete bubble-based gas analysis system.
A linear programming model to manage the maintenance backlog

One of the keys to a successful maintenance program in a large manufacturing industry is the ability to complete repairs in a timely fashion. A poor maintenance program impacts productivity, costs, customer satisfaction, and worker esteem. Since a substantial portion of maintenance labor-hours are assigned to non-routine work orders, it is important to process these orders promptly and effectively. A linear programming model has been developed to cost-effectively allocate labor crews to different prioritized work orders. The linear programming model gives consideration to different craft areas, such as electrical, mason, and so on, as well as to the prioritization of work orders. Also, the use of overtime work and the assignment of a special allocable projects crew is considered. The model formulation is continually updated and rerun as new work orders enter the system, old orders are completed, and the time horizon changes for the pending work orders. An example of the model is presented as applied to an aluminum smelting plant, where the model is being run successfully on a weekly basis.
On the secular variations of the elements of satellite orbits

It is shown that a simple and rigorous theory of the perturbations of the orbits of close earth satellites can be constructed which is valid for all values of orbital eccentricity less than unity. A vector treatment is used which leads naturally to a description of the orbital geometry in terms of the angular momentum, the direction of perigee, and the eccentricity, from which other elements may be obtained without difficulty. The method is applied briefly to the first-order effects of the earth's oblateness, and in more detail to the effects of atmospheric resistance. Certain integrals occurring in the theory of atmospheric resistance are evaluated as asymptotic series whose first two terms are sufficient for determining the perturbations to high accuracy. The motion of a close satellite of the earth departs from that of a Keplerian elliptical orbit primarily as the result of perturbing forces caused by the oblateness of the earth and the presence of the earth's atmosphere. There are also secondary perturbing forces caused by the gravitational attractions of the sun and the moon, and by solar radiation pressure, but these are small compared with the primary perturbations, except possibly in the case of low-density balloon satellites for which radiation pressures may be important, provided that the satellite does not move too far away from the earth. These perturbing forces are sufficiently small compared with the central gravitational field to allow the use of series-expansion or iteration methods for the calculation of the perturbed motions, and, further, for most satellites launched to date, the orbital eccentricities have been small enough to allow the theoretical predictions of the motions to be based on series expansions in powers of the eccentricity. The resulting analysis has usually been somewhat complicated, and it is the purpose of the present paper to show that a simplified and rigorous theory of these motions can be developed which does not depend upon the eccentricity being small. The method depends on the possibility of choosing a mean Keplerian orbit whose elements vary slowly with time, the actual orbital motion being oscillatory about this mean orbit, with period approximately equal to the orbital period. The applications in this paper are limited to the determination of the first-order variations of the mean orbit that are caused by the earth's oblateness and atmospheric resistance, but the actual motion is not difficult to obtain. The extension to second-order perturbations is easy in principle, but the algebra is much heavier than that for the first-order solution. For conciseness, the analysis is in vector form, and this leads naturally to a somewhat unconventional description of the orbital geometry in terms of the angular momentum, the direction of perigee, and the eccentricity as elements, from which the more usual sets of elements can be obtained without difficulty. The expressions found for the rates of change of the angular momentum and of the direction of [ 130 ]
Lubrication Mechanism of Hip Joint Replacement Prostheses

A laboratory study has been made of the lubrication and friction characteristics of a plastic on metal (Charnley-Muller) and a metal on metal (McKee-Farrar) total hip joint replacement prostheses. The results show the effect of lubricant, speed, and load on the performance of the joints. Under a 560 lb load the coefficient of friction of the plastic to metal joint was lower than that of the metal to metal at speeds up to the equivalent of fast walking. Bovine serum and synovial fluid, as well as human serum albumin were found to be good lubricants of both types of prostheses. The frictional force produced by the metal on metal prosthesis increased linearly with load, in both the dry and lubricated states. This was not the case with the plastic to metal joint. The results show that at low physiological loads the effort required to articulate the prostheses are comparable while at higher loads the friction force of the metal to plastic is significantly lower. Friction readings taken with no lubricant indicate the serious damage which would result in the human body if a metal to metal prosthesis became devoid of liquid. The load and speed behavior of the prostheses require different interpretation of the data than presently postulated.
On the mechanism of hemolytic plaque inhibition

Abstract Equations are presented which and can be used to describe the inhibition of γG plaques by hapten. Two types of experimental situations are considered. In the first the Red Blood Cell epitope density is large enough so that intramolecular reaction is favorable, and the reaction with antibody is considered irreversible during the time of the experiment. In the second case the epitopes are considered to be sparsely distributed so that only univalent attachment is possible. Since antibody site epitope interaction occurs rapidly ( ⪆1 sec ) on the time scale of diffusion, local equilibrium is assumed to apply in this case. We show that these models lead to different types of inhibition results. In the first instance a differential plot of the inhibition curve will reflect the affinity distribution as is often assumed. The reason involves the fact that only the interaction between antibody and free hapten is controlled by affinity, the interaction between antibody and Red Blood Cell (RBC) being irreversible. Consequently the interaction with RBC cannot effect the shape of the inhibition curve. In the second model, however, the interaction with RBC bound hapten and free hapten are both controlled by affinity. The model predicts that at a fixed secretion rate inhibition occurs abruptly, In this case, therefore, the breadth of the inhibition curve reflects the spread in the secretion rate distribution.
Going for the Burn: Medical Preparedness in Early Cold War America

This article looks at the context of research in treating burns at the dawn of the atomic age. Funded by the Army and other defense agencies, burn research increased as concerns over an atomic attack on an American city intensified. Language: en