cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Red-pine conelet, cone and seed losses to insects and other factors in an open-grown plantation and a seed orchard

Abstract The temporal sequence and causes of seed and cone loss was investigated at a Pinus resinosa seed orchard and a widely-spaced planting of the same tree species. Damage was converted to seed loss for each of several designated intervals after flower emergence: 0–4 months, 4–11 months, 11–15 months, and within surviving cones ( sc ). The 0–4-month interval was the major period of loss in the seed orchard, and conelet abortion the major mortality factor. Cone-destroying insects, interval 11–15, were very damaging in 1985, when the cone crop was relatively small, but relatively unimportant in 1986. Empty seed in sc accounted for the second greatest overall seed loss. Seed-bugs were implicated in some seed damage using X-ray analysis. In the plantation the major seed loss occurred in sc . The major damaging agent was Cydia toreuta . Strobili and conelet mortalities were much lower at the plantation site than at the seed-orchard site. Cone survival was high in all three years studied.
The Kubie "solution": an idea before its time?

Interpreted in historical context, Kubie's 1948 proposal to move the professional aspects of clinical psychology training and the awarding of the doctorate into the medical-school environment was an attempt to remedy a critical shortage of psychotherapists while maintaining medical control over the professional practice of psychology. The proposal failed, in part, because medicine had no legitimate claim to either training or regulating clinical psychologists. A parallel was drawn between that post-war situation and the current one in which many psychological practitioners are pressing for prescribing privileges in regard to psychoactive drugs, and similarities and important differences are noted between the two conditions. The requirement that medicine be involved importantly in the psychopharmacologic training of psychologists poses an acute problem concerning the maintenance of professional independence. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 295–299, 2000.
Sulbactam plus Ampicillin: Interim Review of Efficacy and Safety for Therapeutic and Prophylactic Use

The efficacy and safety of sulbactam/ampicillin has been evaluated in 39 studies of therapeutic use and six studies of prophylaxis. Studies of therapy were conducted in 899 patients: 751 seriously ill, many of whom had multiple concurrent diseases, and 148 with gonorrhea. Overall clinical and bacteriologic success was achieved in 92% of assessable cases; 88% of 768 pathogens in these patients were eradicated. Of these pathogens, 43% were resistant to ampicillin; eradication rates of 91% and 85% were achieved in ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-sensitive organisms, respectively. In 388 patients who received prophylactic sulbactam/ampicillin, efficacy was similar to that of comparative agents and better than that of a placebo in preventing wound infections after appendiceal, biliary, upper-gastrointestinal, or gynecologic surgery. Adverse reactions were infrequent with the exception of injection-site pain, which occurred mainly after intramuscular injection and was reduced in incidence by concurrent administration of lidocaine.
Pharmacological-Induced Increase in the Functional Expression Of hERG Current

The human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene (hERG) K+ channel is linked to type 2 Long QT Syndrome (LQT2), and most LQT2 mutations decrease hERG current (IhERG). Since LQT2 follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, increasing the functional expression of WT-hERG may have therapeutic potential. The goal of this study was to identify ways to increase IhERG without altering gating. We tested the hypothesis that nocodazole (noc), an antimicrotubule agent, and cytochalasin D (cytoD), an antimicrofilament agent, would increase IhERG because they can alter the kinetics of protein trafficking to and from the membrane. We cultured HEK293 cells stably expressing WT-hERG in noc (20∈1/4M) or cytoD (5∈1/4M) for 18-22 hours and measured IhERG using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Using a holding potential of −80 mV, cells were pre-pulsed to 50 mV in 10 mV increments for 5 seconds, followed by a test-pulse to −50 mV for 5 seconds for control, noc, or cytoD treated cells. The peak IhERG measured during test-pulse was plotted as a function of the pre-pulse. The data were described using a Boltzmann equation to calculate the maximal current density (IMAX), midpoint potential for activation (V1/2), and the slope factor (k) for IhERG activation. Noc treatment did not alter any of these parameters. CytoD treatment increased IMAX (control=93±8 pA/pF, n=5; cytoD=156±15 pA/pF, n=7) but did not alter not V1/2 or k. CytoD also did not alter the voltage-dependent rates of IhERG deactivation (n=6, per group). These data suggest that the functional expression of WT-hERG is increased by inhibition of microfilaments but not microtubules. We conclude that targeting microfilaments and/or microfilament-dependent proteins may represent a novel strategy for increasing the functional expression of WT-hERG without altering IhERG function.
Cryoprotection of some rat heart enzymes

Abstract Rat heart muscle was spectrophotometrically assayed for succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity to determine the extent of cryoprotection afforded by DMSO-glycerol solutions. Activities of these two enzymes were greater in the frozen untreated heart than in the normal heart. It was also found that the cryoprotectant without freezing tended to increase the activity of succinic dehydrogenase while cytochrome oxidase activity decreased.
Affectionate Communication and Relational Characteristics in the Grandparent–Grandchild Relationship

The purpose of this study was to test Affection Exchange Theory (AET) in the grandparent–grandchild (GP-GC) relationship. Specifically, it was hypothesized that grandchildren's reports of received affection from their grandparents would be associated positively with the grandchildren's perceived GP-GC relational characteristics (i.e., trust, commitment, and control mutuality). To that end, 220 young adult grandchildren (i.e., 18–25 years old) completed a series of questionnaires in reference to their relationship with a specific grandparent. The results of multiple regression analyses largely supported the predictions. The findings obtained in this study bolster AET's utility in the context of GP-GC relationships and establish factorial and construct validity of the newly developed Grandchildren's Received Affection Scale.
A more lovingly made world

From a visit with his children to Makers' Fayre, in New York, the author considers the rise of maker culture and amateur labour in relation to consumption, capitalism and modernity, to provide an afterword to the collection on amateur economies.
Industry-Academia Interactions and the PSE&G Student Project Team Concept

One of the most professionally rewarding interactions for an experienced engineer is the coaching and counseling of undergraduate engineering students. All too often, however, the practicing engineer may not be able to find the time or managerial support for this kind of interaction, and an important learning experience for both industry and the students lies unexplored. This paper presents a case for increased industry-academic interactions and describes how Public Service Electric and Gas Company's (PSE&G) Studetn Project Team Concept interaction has provided benefits to both students and their academic institutions, and PSE&G's R&D Department.
Functional Characterization of α1-Adrenergic Receptors in Experimental Vein Grafts☆☆☆

Abstract Background. Studies on the pharmacology of the smooth muscle cells in vein bypass grafts suggest that the function of G-proteins and adrenergic receptors is altered. This study examines the α-adrenergic responsiveness of smooth muscle cells in vein bypass grafts as compared with those in the common carotid arteries and external jugular veins. Methods. New Zealand White rabbits received jugular vein interposition bypass grafts of the common carotid. Vessel segments of the vein bypass grafts harvested after 28 days, common carotid arteries, and external jugular veins were sectioned into 5-mm rings (four per vessel) for studies of isometric tension in response to phenylephrine (10 −10 to 10 −4 M) alone and in the presence of prazosin, an α 1 -adrenergic antagonist; WB4101 and 5-methylurapidil (5-MU), α 1A antagonists; chloroethylclonidine (CEC); an α 1B antagonist; or the G i/o G-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTx). Results. All vessels had prazosin-sensitive responses. The jugular veins appear to have functional α 1A receptors (WB4101 and 5-MU sensitive, CEC insensitive) which are associated with pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins. Carotid arteries appear to have atypical α 1 receptors (WB4101 and 5-MU insensitive, CEC insensitive) associated with pertussis toxin-insensitive G-proteins. Vein grafts appear to have functional α 1B receptors (WB4101 and 5-MU insensitive, CEC sensitive) which are associated with pertussis toxin-insensitive G-proteins. Conclusions. These results show that placement of a vein into the arterial circulation induces a change in α 1 -adrenergic receptor subtypes (α 1A to α 1B ) and in the G-protein coupling of the receptors (PTx sensitive to PTx insensitive), reflecting a signficant phenotypic change in smooth muscle cell signal transduction.
Distributed grasp synthesis for swarm manipulation with applications to autonomous tugboats

Assume a swarm of mobile robots is in the act of transporting a large object in the plane, by applying unilateral forces to the perimeter of that object. We address the question of where a new robot, joining the group, should establish contact with the object to maximally improve the manipulation capabilities of the swarm. Inspired by the literature on multi-fingered hands, we synthesize a grasp by incrementally optimizing a grasp quality function. We adapt the quality function in several important ways to accommodate the distributed nature of the swarm problem. We show that the objective function is quasi- concave, which has important implications for uniqueness and scalability of the solution; and present a solution methodology. We apply the resulting framework to the example of a large swarm of autonomous tug boats towing a barge, taken from our larger research program.
Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta

Abstract A case of thoracic aneurysm presenting some unusual features is reported. Previous to death the protruding aneurysmal tumor measured 70 cm. around its base and was elevated 11 cm. above the level of the sternum, illustrating the fact that aneurysms of the thoracic aorta may reach a size larger than is generally appreciated. Evidence is presented to whow that the aneurysm was present for more than seven years. Clinical and post-mortem examinations failed to reveal any point of rupture in the aneurysmal wall. The fact that this type of termination may occur in an aneurysm of unusual size and duration should be appreciated by the physician when considering prognosis.
Electronic packaging in the 1990s-a perspective from America

The advanced packaging technologies that can be expected in the 1990s in high-performance systems are discussed in terms of chip connection, power distribution, heat removal, and thick- and thin-film wiring and package interconnections. The following topics are discussed in detail: (1) chip-level connection providing the required connections between the chip and the package; (2) power distribution to the chip and heat removal from the chip; (3) first-level packages providing all the necessary wiring, interconnections, and power distribution; (4) first-to-second level interconnections; and (5) second-level packages providing all the necessary wiring, connections, power distribution, and power supply connection. >
Relation of plasma oxytocin and prolactin concentrations to milk production in mothers of preterm infants: influence of stress.

Responses of oxytocin and PRL to mechanical breast pumping and the influence of physiological indicators of stress were measured at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postpartum to determine potential causes of inadequate milk production in 18 women with prematurely delivered, nonnursing (,1500 g) infants. Median milk production was similar to that reported in breastfeeding mothers, but a third of mothers were producing less than half as much by week 6. Plasma oxytocin was similar to that previously reported for breastfeeding mothers. The oxytocin area under the curve (AUC) for breast-pumping sessions (70 min) was correlated at each occasion (r 5 0.37, 0.58, and 0.55, respectively) with milk yield. Unlike reports of PRL levels in breastfeeding women, PRL AUC declined between weeks 2 and 6 weeks postpartum (P 5 0.03); significant increases in plasma PRL occurred in response to pumping at 2 and 4 weeks, but not at 6 weeks. Salivary amylase, a measure of a-adrenergic activity, was highly negatively correlated on each occasion with PRL AUC (r 52 0.58, 20.68, and 20.86, respectively), but not with oxytocin. Salivary cortisol was negatively correlated to a lesser degree. We hypothesize that deficiencies in preterm lactation are mediated in part upon stress-induced suppression of PRL secretion through an adrenergic mechanism. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 3661‐3668, 2000)
Response of pathogenic Vibrio species to high hydrostatic pressure.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802, Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 27562, Vibrio cholerae O:1 ATCC 14035, Vibrio cholerae non-O:1 ATCC 14547, Vibrio hollisae ATCC 33564, and Vibrio mimicus ATCC 33653 were treated with 200 to 300 MPa for 5 to 15 min at 25°C. High hydrostatic pressure inactivated all strains of pathogenic Vibrio without triggering a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state; however, cells already existing in a VBNC state appeared to possess greater pressure resistance.
INTERACTION OF SUBSTRATE AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY ON WOOD BIOFILM PROCESSES IN STREAMS

We examined the effect of decomposing leaf litter and dissolved inorganic nutrients on the heterotrophic biofilm of submerged wood in streams with and without leaves. Leaf litter was excluded from one headwater stream in August 1993 at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachian Mountains. We compared microbial processes on wood in the litter-excluded stream to a reference stream using microbial respiration, fungal biomass, and extracellular enzyme activity. Exclusion of leaf litter en- hanced microbial respiration and extracellular enzyme activity, and fungal biomass was seven times higher than in the reference stream. Nutrient-releasing substrates placed beneath wood veneers indicated colimitation by nitrogen and phosphorus on biofilms in the reference stream. Our conclusion is that, in the absence of nutrient immobilization by leaves, nutrients are more available for other heterotrophic processes. Nutrient limitation may have been responsible for low microbial respiration, fungal biomass, and extracellular enzyme activity on wood in the reference stream containing leaves. Our results suggest that competition for nutrients may regulate heterotrophic microbial processes in these streams.
The role of carbon dioxide in climate forcing from 1979 to 2004: introduction of the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index

High-precision measurements of CO2 ,C H4 ,N 2O, CFC-12, CFC-11 (major greenhouse gases) and 10 minor halogenated gases from a globally distributed network of air sampling sites are used to calculate changes in radiative climate forcing since the pre-industrial era (1750) for the period of measurement, 1979‐2004. The five major greenhouse gases account for about 97% of the direct radiative forcing by long-lived gases. The fraction of the sum of radiative forcings by all long-lived gases that is due to CO2 has grown from 60% to 63% over this time. Though the long-term increase in this sum is due primarily to increased anthropogenic emissions of these radiatively important gases, interannual variations in the growth rate of radiative forcing due to CO2 are large and likely related to natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and ENSO events. The annual value of the total global radiative forcing of the long-lived gases is used to define an Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI). The AGGI is normalized to 1990, the Kyoto Protocol baseline year.
Mitotic chromosome scaffold structure: New approaches to an old controversy

In this modern era of genome sequencing and structural genomics, the fundamental question of how chromatin folds into mitotic chromosomes remains a mystery. In higher eukaryotic cells, mitotic chromosome condensation leads to an ≈10,000- to 20,000-fold compaction, as defined by the ratio of the DNA length to metaphase chromosome length (1). Compaction is achieved through at least three levels of chromatin folding (2). The first two, the coiling of DNA around the histone octamer to form nucleosomes, and the folding of regularly spaced nucleosomes into ≈30 nm “higher order” chromatin fibers, together account for only a ≈40:1 compaction ratio. This leaves the majority of mitotic chromosome compaction, ≈500-fold, the result of poorly characterized large-scale chromatin folding above the level of 30 nm chromatin fibers. Nearly all textbooks feature the radial loop model of mitotic chromosome condensation, derived from experiments largely conducted 15–25 years ago. By a neat trick of high-salt or polyanion-driven protein extraction under conditions preserving remnants of mitotic chromosome structure, the difficult issue of higher order and large-scale chromatin folding was effectively bypassed. Striking images of extended DNA “halos” surrounding a linear protein core, roughly the shape of the native chromosome, led to a simple model in which a central protein “scaffold” constrained DNA into a set of loops, ≈50 kb in length. Yet the radial loop model has remained highly controversial. This controversy derives in large part from key assumptions that are difficult to address experimentally but implicit in the interpretation of the original experiments. Two recently published experimental approaches effectively reevaluate these questions of interpretation by testing predictions, rather than assumptions, of the radial loop model. In the first (3, 4), the in vivo dynamics of the scaffold protein topoisomerase 2 were examined by using a GFP protein. In the second, published in a recent …
THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY OF ISOSPIN BALLS

We have reported elsewhere1 that nontopological solitons are predicted by a class of chiral models which incorporate the scale anomaly. These solitons exist for all values of isospin which exceed a critical value IC. They often resemble large uniform spherical lumps of matter for large isospin just as the Q balls of Coleman. In this paper, we describe the properties of these solitons in detail and also discuss their phenomenology.
Detecting sensor and insulin infusion set anomalies in an artificial pancreas

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps and continuous glucose monitors enable individuals with type 1 diabetes to achieve tighter blood glucose control, and are critical components in a closed-loop artificial pancreas. Insulin infusion sets can fail and CGM sensor signals can suffer from a variety of anomalies. In this paper algorithms are developed to detect infusion set failures and sensor signal anomalies; both in-patient and out-patient studies are presented. A threshold-based method, based on high glucose concentrations, is shown to be adequate to detect infusion set failures. Pressure-induced sensor attenuation (PISA), which can occur when a subject rolls over and puts pressure on their sensor, is a particularly challenging problem. An algorithm based on non-physiological rates-of-change, coupled with a maximum attenuation time window, is developed to detect and compensate for PISAs. These algorithms can be used either in advisory mode for current open-loop technology, as well as an additional safety/fault detection layer as part of a fully closed-loop artificial pancreas.
High-resolution characterization of formants in vowel-consonant transitions

Two data-selective techniques that facilitate formant tracking with greater temporal resolution are presented: a time-varying autoregressive (AR) model and a short window AR model. They are used to analyze the regions of voicing immediately preceding closure in vowel-consonant transitions. Results on real speech data show that these methods detect the rapid change in the formants prior to closure better than standard linear predictive coding methods; hence, they provide important cues as to the nature of the stop. When these cues are used in conjunction with the commonly used ones from the burst, far more accurate labeling of the stops should result. >
The Central Role of Turbulence in Thermonuclear-Powered Supernovae

Observations using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) as \standard candles" revealed that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating and led to the discovery of dark energy. Understanding dark energy ranks among the most compelling problems in physical science. Most scientists in the eld believe that using Type Ia supernovae to determine the properties of dark energy will require a better understanding of these explosions. Turbulence plays a central role in Type Ia supernovae: buoyancy-driven turbulent nuclear combustion determines how much nuclear energy is released prior to initiation of the detonation wave that completely incinerates the progenitor white dwarf star, producing a violent explosion. However, this key physical process in Type I supernovae is not fully understood. We have carried out extensive verication simulations of buoyancy-driven turbulent nuclear combustion to better understand it, and inform subgrid models of it that can be used in whole-star simulations of Type Ia supernovae. We describe the results of these simulations. We also describe whole-star simulations we have done of current models of Type Ia supernovae. These simulations show that the gravitationally conned detonation (GCD) explosion mechanism can account for the full range of observed luminosities of Type Ia supernovae. They also show that buoyancy-driven turbulent nuclear combustion leaves behind compositional structures that are a signature of the explosion mechanism. Finally, we report the initial results of a comprehensive, systematic program we have initiated to validate current models of Type Ia supernovae using high-quality observational data.
Dynamic Routing Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks

With the decrease in the cost and in the size of computing devices, wireless sensor networks (WSNET) have the potential of being composed by an extremely large number of nodes offering multiple services. Such networks have the capability of executing multiple tasks concurrently by allocating simply a fraction of their resources. Alternatively, many smaller wireless networks may collaborate to execute a larger, unforeseen application. In both cases a routing scheme other than the prevailing one may improve the efficiency of the task or the application being executed, reducing the energy consumption in the network. We posit that to fully tap into the potential of such networks a new routing infrastructure is needed, one that allows switching between different routing schemes dynamically as required by the applications being deployed, the conditions of the network as a whole and the existing locality information. We show in this paper how dynamic routing scheme selection can be achieved when sensor networks are overlaid with a virtual attribute based cluster hierarchy. We present analytical results for our scheme and show the expected improvement that can be achieved.
Calorie-sweetened beverages and fructose: what have we learned 10 years later.

Summary What is already known about this subject Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Fructose from sugar (sucrose) is just as bad as from HFCS. Soft Drink consumption related to risk of obesity, diabetes, and CVD in adults and children. What this study adds Non-alcoholic fatty liver increased by consuming fructose in containing beverages. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, fruit drinks and probably fruit juice may mimic metabolic syndrome. Reducing intake of calorically sweetened beverages slows weight gain. Background Sugar-sweetened drinks and the fructose they provide are associated with several health problems. Methods Data from the Nielsen Homescan and product content were analysed for sweetener type using the Gladson Nutrition Database. Meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials were used to evaluate outcomes of beverage and fructose intake. Results Over 70% of all foods contain some amounts of added sugar, and consumption of soft drinks has increased fivefold since 1950. Meta-analyses suggest that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is related to the risk of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adults and in children. Drinking two sugar-sweetened beverages per day for 6 months induced features of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Randomized, controlled trials in children and adults lasting from 6 months to 2 years have shown that lowering the intake of soft drinks reduced weight gain. Genetic factors influence the weight gain when drinking soft drinks. Conclusion Consumption of calorie-sweetened beverages and the fructose they contain has continued to increase and may play a role in the epidemic of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease. Reducing intake of soft drinks is associated with less weight gain and metabolic improvement as well.
The Theoretical Foundations of Professional Development in Special Education: Is Sociocultural Theory Enough?

The purpose of this article is to consider the relevance and contributions of sociocultural theory and multicultural and critical pedagogies to professional development in special education. To this end, a brief review of the major tenets of sociocultural theory is presented. The position taken in this article is that an adequate and a sufficient theoretical framework for professional development in special education must explicitly and directly address the issues of power, discrimination, and relative status that, we argue, underlie many dilemmas of application of practice. Vignettes illustrating such dilemmas, with reference to the 1998 Council for Exceptional Children professional standards, are presented. Multicultural pedagogy and critical theory are suggested as potentially complementary and important additions to sociocultural theory, as applied to the professional development of special educators.
Comic Relief: Using Political Cartoons in the Classroom

Political cartoons are an excellent classroom tool to build students’ critical thinking skills, to generate lively classroom discussions, and to get students excited about politics. Cartoons should be treated as serious commentary on political affairs. Interpreting a cartoon requires that the viewer be familiar with current issues and debates, savvy about the cultural context, and capable of analytical judgments. This technique capitalizes on the visual learning style of many students and interjects an added interactive dimension to classroom discussions. This article discusses some of the challenges of using cartoons in the classroom, including where to locate them. The text is accompanied by several representative cartoons.
Quantitative Ecology and the Woodland Ecosystem Concept

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on the fundamental unity of ecosystem physiology for describing all aspects and complexity of woodland ecology. The essentially dynamic nature of woodland ecosystems is masked by the impression of stability and permanence engendered by the longevity of trees. Yet, woodland ecosystems are characterized by a mass seasonal transfer of organic matter, energy, water and chemical elements, the seasonal magnitudes of that change greatly as the trees mature, and are replaced by trees of different species. The chapter discusses the concept and dynamics of forest ecosystem, organic matter dynamics, energy dynamics, woodland water circulation, circulation of chemical elements of woodland ecosystems. A better knowledge of woodland ecosystem dynamics is needed as woodlands, by virtue of their size and mass transfer of material, possess certain unique attributes enabling them to serve as models for fundamental studies into the interplay of climate, soil and vegetation. Although the problems to be solved in woodland ecology are so varied and immense, they present ecologists with both a challenge and a means of demonstrating the practical application of their subject for the welfare of man.
Group Influences on Client-Worker Interaction

The aim of this study was to reveal the threats that schoolchildren see when using the Internet. The questions raised in the study were the following: 1) what things found online are school-age children interested in? 2) how do schoolchildren perceive the threats of the Internet? 3) what reactions of these children do online threats provoke? The focus group method was applied to combine the quantitative and the qualitative approaches in the study. Typical case sampling was applied, and the total number of participants was 117 (12 group interviews). The adolescents found that the exchange and listening/viewing of audio and video material was what attracted them to the Internet the most. Other common interests were the gathering of information and the improvement of knowledge, social networks, games, online trade, erotic content and pornography. The schoolchildren thought that the most common threat was letters from strangers received via email, Skype, Facebook and other online sources. The attitudes to letters from strangers were twofold: positive for they might broaden the circle of acquaintances, and negative because they might contain possible threats. Common events were the obtrusion of undesirable sites or blackmail. Accidental entry to unpleasant sites was not seen as a common case, yet the evaluation was unequivocally negative. Other occurrences that the schoolchildren stated they experienced while being online were quarrels between adolescents, intrusion into mailboxes, chats, websites or personal webpages, dissemination of information about the schoolchild, pretending to be another schoolchild and manipulation of the schoolchild’s name/nickname. The schoolchildren stated that they could already recognize sexual harassment and did not consider it to be a very significant phenomenon. Parents’ education is an important preventive measure against their children’s online victimization. It is important for parents to know the threats, to share experience on how they manage to protect their children from online threats and to be able to recognize potential and actual harm to their children from their behaviour. Reflection and discussion are the measures that should be developed the most in order to improve children’s psychological and social resilience. Priority should be given to the development of the pedagogues’ and adolescents’ ability to analyse sensitive topics (those that are traditionally seen as taboo and thus are not mentioned or discussed) together. Since boys’ and girls’ online interests differ, the differentiation of discussion groups or debate according to gender and age is likely to be highly effective.
Assessing Systematic Bias in Museum Collections: A Case Study of Spindle Whorls

Archaeologists often overlook museum collections for research purposes due to concerns about the representativeness of the artifacts in the collection. Such concerns can be addressed by comparing non-scientifically produced collections to collections of known standing, such as those from more modern projects, using the same exploratory data analysis and basic statistical methods that archaeologists use to compare sets of artifacts in other situations. As a case study, this article compares spindle whorls recovered during the 2007 excavations at the Aztec site of Calixtlahuaca with two museum collections of whorls attributed to the site. A variety of metric and non-metric traits were recorded for each item in the three collections and were compared using Kolmogrov-Smirnov, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. Both museum collections show a bias toward more elaborately decorated pieces, but with varying side effects on other attributes of analytical interest.
The visual pigments of crabs. I: Spectral characteristics

1. The visual pigments of 27 species of crabs from a variety of habitats were investigated by microspectrophotometry of the isolated rhabdomeric photoreceptors. The rhodopsins ranged inλmax from 473 to 515 nm (Tables 1 and 2). No evidence was found for the presence of more than a single rhodopsin in retinular cells 1–7. 2. All rhodopsins produced thermally stable metarhodopsins on irradiation with long-wavelength light. The metarhodopsins of hermit crabs (Anomura: section Paguridea) all absorbed hypsochromically to their rhodopsins. Brachyuran metarhodopsins. with the exception of that ofCancer irroratus, absorbed at the same spectral position as the rhodopsin or bathochromically to it. 3. The absorption spectra of all rhodopsins but one could be fit closely by the Dartnall nomogram. Since prior studies have located only retinal in the eyes of crabs, retinal may serve universally as a chromophore in crab visual pigments
SURVIVAL ANALYSIS WITH UNCERTAIN ENDPOINTS

SUMMARY In some survival analysis applications, the endpoint of interest has a degree of uncertainty associated with it. These events are typically classified by the investigator or by an endpoint committee as true or false according to some decision rule, and the analysis proceeds using only the true endpoints. This procedure has two drawbacks: The cutpoint for the decision rule is somewhat arbitrary, and the information contained in the level of certainty is lost. This paper introduces a modification of the Cox regression model that allows all potential endpoints to be included in the analysis along with the level of certainty of each. Simulation results show this procedure to considerably increase the power of the standard procedure in a wide range of situations.
Ventilation of neck breathers undergoing a diagnostic procedure or surgery.

Receiving sedation while undergoing a diagnostic procedure or general anesthesia for surgery is challenging for neck breathers including laryngectomees. Unfortunately, most medical personnel including nurses, medical technicians, surgeons, and anesthesiologists caring for laryngectomees before, duri
Imaging of murine embryonic cardiovascular development using optical coherence tomography(Conference Presentation)

We have demonstrated the capability of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) system to image full development of mouse embryonic cardiovascular system. Monitoring morphological changes of mouse embryonic heart occurred in different embryonic stages helps identify structural or functional cardiac anomalies and understand how these anomalies lead to congenital heart diseases (CHD) present at birth. In this study, mouse embryo hearts ranging from E9.5 to E15.5 were prepared and imaged in vitro. A customized spectral domain OCT system was used for imaging, with a central wavelength of 1310nm, spectral bandwidth of ~100nm and imaging speed of 47kHz A-scans/s. Axial resolution of this system was 8.3µm in air, and transverse resolution was 6.2 µm with 5X objective. Key features of mouse embryonic cardiovascular development such as vasculature remodeling into circulatory system, separation of atria and ventricles and emergence of valves could be clearly seen in three-dimensional OCT images. Optical clearing was applied to overcome the penetration limit of OCT system. With high resolution, fast imaging speed, 3D imaging capability, OCT proves to be a promising biomedical imaging modality for developmental biology studies, rivaling histology and micro-CT.
Target Attraction Based Ant Colony for Dynamic Path Planning of Rescue Robot

The road condition of city is unknown,complex and changing,so in post earthquake robot rescue,how to find the shortest path quickly to save more wounded persons becomes a hot issue.A target attraction based ant colony for dynamic path planning was proposed to find the shortest path in the post earthquake environment to reduce the rescue time.And the global information of city traffic map was adopted to establish target attraction function,which guided the ants for path searching in the complex dynamic environment,to improve the probability of selecting the closer path to the target point,and reduce the probability of selecting the non-shortest path.Comparing with MMAS algorithm through simulation,the proposed TAAC algorithm was verified to have a good dynamic performance and could converge to the shortest path quickly.
Understanding Journalism as Newswork: How It Changes, and How It Remains the Same

For a media profession so central to society’s sense of self, it is of crucial importance to understand the influences of changing labour conditions, professional cultures, and the appropriation of technologies on the nature of work in journalism. In this paper, the various strands of international research on the changing nature of journalism as a profession are synthesized, using media logic as developed by Altheide and Snow (1979 and 1991) and updated by Dahlgren (1996) as a conceptual framework. A theoretical key to understanding and explaining journalism as a profession is furthermore to focus on the complexities of concurrent disruptive developments affecting its performance from the distinct perspective of its practitioners – for without them, there is no news.
Putting a Song on Top of It: Expression and Identity on the San Carlos Apache Reservation

As in many Native American communities, people on the San Carlos Apache reservation in southeastern Arizona have for centuries been exposed to contradictory pressures. One set of expectations is about conversion and modernization spiritual, linguistic, cultural, technological. Another is about steadfast perseverance in the face of this cultural onslaught. Within this contradictory context lies the question of what validates a sense of Apache identity. For many people on the San Carlos reservation, both the traditional calls of the Mountain Spirits and the hard edge of a country, rock, or reggae song can evoke the feeling of being Apache. Using insights gained from both linguistic and musical practices in the community as well as from his own experience playing in an Apache country band David Samuels explores the complex expressive lives of these people to offer new ways of thinking about cultural identity. Samuels analyzes how people on the reservation make productive use of popular culture forms to create and transform contemporary expressions of Apache cultural identity. As Samuels learned, some popular songs such as those by Bob Marley are reminiscent of history and bring about an alignment of past and present for the Apache listener. Thinking about Geronimo, for instance, might mean one thing, but "putting a song on top of it" results in a richer meaning. He also proposes that the concept of the pun, as both a cultural practice and a means of analysis, helps us understand the ways in which San Carlos Apaches are able to make cultural symbols point in multiple directions at once. Through these punning, layered expressions, people on the reservation express identities that resonate with the complicated social and political history of the Apache community. This richly detailed study challenges essentialist notions of Native American tribal and ethnic identity by revealing the turbulent complexity of everyday life on the reservation. Samuels's work is a multifaceted exploration of the complexities of sound, of language, and of the process of constructing and articulating identity in the twenty-first century.
Settling the complexity of Leontief and PLC exchange markets under exact and approximate equilibria

Our first result shows membership in PPAD for the problem of computing approximate equilibria for an Arrow-Debreu exchange market for piecewise-linear concave (PLC) utility functions. As a corollary we also obtain membership in PPAD for Leontief utility functions. This settles an open question of Vazirani and Yannakakis (2011). Next we show FIXP-hardness of computing equilibria in Arrow-Debreu exchange markets under Leontief utility functions, and Arrow-Debreu markets under linear utility functions and Leontief production sets, thereby settling these open questions of Vazirani and Yannakakis (2011). As corollaries, we obtain FIXP-hardness for PLC utilities and for Arrow-Debreu markets under linear utility functions and polyhedral production sets. In all cases, as required under FIXP, the set of instances mapped onto will admit equilibria, i.e., will be "yes" instances. If all instances are under consideration, then in all cases we prove that the problem of deciding if a given instance admits an equilibrium is ETR-complete, where ETR is the class Existential Theory of Reals. As a consequence of the results stated above, and the fact that membership in FIXP has been established for PLC utilities, the entire computational difficulty of Arrow-Debreu markets under PLC utility functions lies in the Leontief utility subcase. This is perhaps the most unexpected aspect of our result, since Leontief utilities are meant for the case that goods are perfect complements, whereas PLC utilities are very general, capturing not only the cases when goods are complements and substitutes, but also arbitrary combinations of these and much more. Finally, we give a polynomial time algorithm for finding an equilibrium in Arrow-Debreu exchange markets under Leontief utility functions provided the number of agents is a constant. This settles part of an open problem of Devanur and Kannan (2008).
The Impact of In-Scanner Head Motion on Structural Connectivity Derived from Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Multiple studies have shown that data quality is a critical confound in the construction of brain networks derived from functional MRI. This problem is particularly relevant for studies of human brain development where important variables (such as participant age) are correlated with data quality. Nevertheless, the impact of head motion on estimates of structural connectivity derived from diffusion tractography methods remains poorly characterized. Here, we evaluated the impact of in-scanner head motion on structural connectivity using a sample of 949 participants (ages 8-23 years old) who passed a rigorous quality assessment protocol for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) acquired as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Structural brain networks were constructed for each participant using both deterministic and probabilistic tractography. We hypothesized that subtle variation in head motion would systematically bias estimates of structural connectivity and confound developmental inference, as observed in previous studies of functional connectivity. Even following quality assurance and retrospective correction for head motion, eddy currents, and field distortions, in-scanner head motion significantly impacted the strength of structural connectivity in a consistency- and length-dependent manner. Specifically, increased head motion was associated with reduced estimates of structural connectivity for high-consistency network edges, which included both short- and long-range connections. In contrast, motion inflated estimates of structural connectivity for low-consistency network edges that were primarily shorter-range. Finally, we demonstrate that age-related differences in head motion can both inflate and obscure developmental inferences on structural connectivity. Taken together, these data delineate the systematic impact of head motion on structural connectivity, and provide a critical context for identifying motion-related confounds in studies of structural brain network development.
Wind Loads for National Airlines Hangar in Miami

A wind tunnel test was conducted which provides a rational basis upon which the design of the cantilever portion of the hangar roof and the roof covering can be based. The test results also show that the results of structures of simple shapes can be translated to more complex structures.
The Supreme Court cleans the air: legal and scientific standards for argument in Massachusetts v. EPA

The different argument norms that govern scientific and legal argument spheres present a series of challenges when scientific arguments are subject to adjudication in legal contexts. As these argum...
Class 3 dental treatment time.

ABSTRACT Objective: Dental emergencies take soldiers away from their assigned duties. The objective of this project was to determine the average clinical treatment time needed to correct nondeployable dental conditions using actual treatment times noted in an electronic scheduler. Methods: The Fort Hood Class Three Intercept Clinic forwarded their daily treatment logs to the Dental Command for each week from November 1, 2002 through February 13, 2003. Clinical treatment times and types of services provided for dental fitness category (DFC) 3 conditions were tracked with the Corporate Dental Application scheduler. Results: The project identified 398 DFC 3 soldiers who were scheduled to receive treatment at the Fort Hood Class Three Intercept Clinic between November 1, 2002 and February 13, 2003. Twenty-three of those soldiers did not receive treatment; therefore, the total sample size was 375. On average, it required 2.2 hours of clinical dental treatment time to make a DFC 3 soldier dentally deployable. C...
The Alcohol and Other Drugs Education Program for Social Work Faculty: A Model for Immersion Training.

This article presents the Alcohol and Other Drugs Education Program (ADEP) as a model for faculty training in evidence-based alcohol and other drug (AOD) identification and treatment. We make the c...
Text Reading Supports in Social Studies Content Instruction and Their Relationship to Student Knowledge Acquisition

We examined social studies teachers’ use of text and supports for reading text during their instruction as well as how their practices related to students’ content acquisition. A total of 37 social...
An Alternative Analysis of Noise Folding in Fractional-N Synthesizers

A new method of analyzing the effect of charge pump mismatches upon the phase noise of ∑Δ fractional-N synthesizers is proposed. This approach produces a simple, universal relationship between the mismatch and the ratio of the noise floor to the peak of the quantization noise spectrum. Simulations confirm that the ratio is relatively independent of other synthesizer parameters such as the ∑Δ modulator order, the shape of the spectrum, and the maximum phase excursion at the feedback divider output.