cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac MRI in evaluation and management of pediatric pericarditis

Abstract Background Evaluation of pediatric pericarditis depends on the physical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography. However, a multimodality imaging approach which includes cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been adopted in the adult population. The use of such an approach in the pediatric population has not been studied well. Objective The present study was intended to describe a single institution's experience with the use of cardiac MRI in the evaluation of pericarditis in the pediatric population. Study Design A retrospective review of patients who had a cardiac MRI before the age of 21 years, between 2005 and 2014, to evaluate for pericardial pathology including pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, recurrent pericarditis and pericardial effusion was performed. Patients were excluded if the cardiac MRI was done for evaluation of pathologies other than those related to the pericardium. Patients with predominant myocarditis were also excluded. The cardiac MRI and the echocardiograms were reviewed by a single blinded investigator. Results Twenty-one patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. The study population were predominantly male (81%) older adolescents (mean age: 17 ± 3 years). The major indications for cardiac MRI included evaluation of myocardial involvement in acute pericarditis, modulation of therapy in recurrent pericarditis and confirmation of constriction. Cardiac MRI was comparable to echocardiogram in detecting constrictive physiology and was useful in determining the presence of active pericardial inflammation. Systemic inflammatory diseases demonstrated higher values on quantification of late gadolinium enhancement. Conclusion We have reported on a relatively large series of pediatric patients with pericarditis evaluated by cardiac MRI. Cardiac MRI may be a useful adjunct to conventional imaging in selected pediatric patients with pericarditis.
Advancing School-Based Mental Health for Asian American Pacific Islander Youth

As the mental health needs of children, adolescents, and families continue to grow, so do appropriate settings to provide prevention, early intervention, and clinical treatment. The increase of cultural, ethnic, racial, and linguistic diversity of children and teenagers creates additional challenges as well as unique opportunities. In recent years, schools have come into sharper focus in part due to high-profile incidents including bullying, suicides, and student-on-student violence including the shootings at Columbine High School and the Virginia Tech massacre. Such incidents are not necessarily new. Violence is an everyday occurrence for some, especially in urban areas of poverty, blight, unemployment, and social fragmentation. What may be striking for many are the heightened levels of violence turned toward oneself or others.
A multi-sensor based occupancy estimation model for supporting demand driven HVAC operations

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is a major energy consumer in buildings, and implementing demand driven HVAC operations is a way to reduce HVAC related energy consumption. This relies on the availability of occupancy information, which determines peak/off-hour modes that impact cooling/heating loads of HVAC systems. This research proposes an occupancy estimation model that is built on a combination of non-intrusive sensors that can detect indoor temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, light, sound and motion. Sensor data is processed in real time using a radial basis function (RBF) neural network to estimate the number of occupants. Field tests carried out in two shared lab spaces for 20 consecutive days report an overall detection rate of 87.62% for self-estimation and 64.83% for cross-estimation. The results indicate the ability of the proposed system to monitor the occupancy information of multi-occupancy spaces in real time, supporting demand driven HVAC operations.
A Third of a Century of Paramagnetic Relaxation and Resonance

The reason that I have selected the title A third of a century of paramagnetic relaxation and resonance is, as most of you know, that Gorter made the first successful experiments on paramagnetic resonance and dispersion in 1936. As an alternative title I considered A third of a century of magnetic resonance and non-resonance, for paramagnetic relaxation is not usually considered a resonance phenomenon. On the other hand, a pure mathematician might argue that it is a special case of resonance in which the resonance frequency is zero. The important thing is that the dynamic paramagnetic susceptibility is different from the static one, and Gorter’s pioneer experiments verified that this was indeed the case. Fifteen years earlier, in 1921, Gregory Breit, while on a visiting fellowship at the University of Leiden, tried unsuccessfully to find a dependence of the magnetic susceptibility on frequency, as at about that time Lenz and Ehrenfest had predicted the existence of such an effect. No doubt most of you will say that the reason Breit could not detect any relaxation phenomena was that he was a theoretical physicist trying to do experimental work, but actually the explanation was poor, insensitive apparatus.
Exploration of Female Auto-racing Athletes' Satisfaction with Current Suits

The motorsports industry has exploded into a global phenomenon attracting both male and female fans and drivers. Both men and women compete in the same locations and on the same tracks. Different gender bodies perform differently. However, most professional organizations approved suits are unisex and made to fit the male body. Female drivers need "ready-to-wear" racing suits, which are made to fit the female form. The goal of this research is to determine if female drivers are satisfied with the current racing suits. A non-experimental cross sectional survey was built based on the Function Expression Aesthetic (FEA) consumer needs model. Total of 74 surveys were effective and the collected data was analyzed by SPSS. Results showed female race have better satisfaction to some what altered suits. Their satisfaction with current suits in Functional aspects, especially in comfort and fit satisfaction, significantly impacted their overall satisfaction, not like Expression and Aesthetic satisfaction.
Freezing Simulates Non-freezing Tile Automata

Self-assembly is the process by which a system of particles randomly agitate and combine, through local interactions, to form larger complex structures. In this work, we fuse a particular well-studied generalization of tile assembly (the 2-Handed or Hierarchical Tile Assembly Model) with concepts from cellular automata such as states and state transitions characterized by neighboring states. This allows for a simplification of the concepts from active self-assembly, and gives us machinery to relate the disparate existing models. We show that this model, coined Tile Automata, is invariant with respect to freezing and non-freezing transition rules via a simulation theorem showing that any non-freezing tile automata system can be simulated by a freezing one. Freezing tile automata systems restrict state transitions such that each tile may visit a state only once, i.e., a tile may undergo only a finite number of transitions. We conjecture that this result can be used to show that the Signal-passing Tile Assembly Model is also invariant to this constraint via a series of simulation results between that model and the Tile Automata model. Further, we conjecture that this model can be used to consolidate the several oft-studied models of self-assembly wherein assemblies may break apart, such as the Signal-passing Tile Assembly Model, the negative-glue 2-Handed Tile Assembly Model, and the Size-Dependent Tile Assembly Model. Lastly, the Tile Automata model may prove useful in combining results in cellular automata with self-assembly.
An Investigation of Current and Emerging Standards to Support a Framework for Prognostics and Health Management in Automatic Test Systems

The complexity and widespread use of modern day electronics in today's weapon systems necessitates a robust state-of-the-art framework for the development and operation of automatic test systems (ATS). The Department of Defense (DOD) ATS Framework Working group is developing an information standards-based framework to support interoperability in modern ATS. The expectation is that such ATS will improve overall maintenance, availability, and safety of these weapon systems while also reducing the cost of ownership of the weapon systems and their support infrastructure. A key emerging aspect of this framework is prognostics and health management (PHM). PHM is a field of work concerned with the detection, assessment, and prediction of the health of a complex system. In this paper, we summarize the current state of the DOD ATS Framework and address the functional gaps related specifically to PHM. The intent is to use this as a starting point for defining a corresponding ATS Framework for PHM. To do this, we provide a mapping between the key elements of the current framework to the functional blocks of the Open Systems Architecture Condition Based Management (OSA-CBM) standard, identifying existing standards or standards under development, and providing recommendations for areas that need improvement.
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports in Schools: A Tutorial

Purpose Positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) provide a framework for behavioral expectations in school systems for children with and without disabilities. Speech-language pathologists who work in school settings should be familiar with this framework as part of their role in improving the outcomes for children. The purpose of this tutorial is to discuss PBIS and its use in school settings. Method The authors provide an overview of the PBIS framework and focus on its applicability in classroom-based settings. The process of implementing PBIS in classrooms and other settings such as speech-language therapy is discussed. Conclusions This tutorial provides speech-language pathologists with an overview of PBIS and may facilitate their understanding of how to implement PBIS in nonclassroom settings.
Impact of phagostimulants on effectiveness of OMRI‐listed insecticides used for control of spotted‐wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)

Spotted‐wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an invasive pest in the United States that causes considerable damage to fruit crops. It is responsible for many millions of dollars of revenue loss. The female D. suzukii has a heavily sclerotized ovipositor and can lay eggs in ripening or ripe fruit. The arrival of this invasive species has disrupted existing integrated pest management programmes, and growers rely on repeated insecticide applications to protect fruit. Organic growers have few chemical control options, and their reliance on spinosad increases the risk of developing insecticide resistance. We hypothesized that combining phagostimulants with insecticides would increase insecticide efficacy by prompting flies to spend more time in contact with residues. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sucrose and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as phagostimulants in combination with organic biopesticides against D. suzukii in blueberries. Adding sucrose with or without yeast did not improve insecticide efficacy in terms of adult fly mortality or fruit infestation. Spinosad was very effective in all experiments, and for this product, there is little room for improvement. The phagostimulants had no effect on residual activity of any insecticide. The addition of sucrose with or without yeast did not improve the effectiveness of organic insecticides for D. suzukii. Concentrations of these phagostimulants in our experiments (0.36%) may have been too low to elicit a response. Further research is recommended to test different types and concentrations of phagostimulants.
Is "Willful Blindness" the New "Recklessness" after Global-Tech?

In 2009, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit changed the landscape for trademark parties involved in claims of fraud on the PTO. With the issuance of its decision in the case In re Bose, the Court neatly upped the ante for plaintiffs to show “knowledge” and “willful intent.” However, as the dust began to clear from the case, and follow-on litigation ensued, an open question remained. Exactly what level of “knowledge” is required to plead and prove these claims of fraud on the PTO? Is recklessness sufficient? Might there even be another possibility? A footnote in Bose suggested the Court did not “resolve this issue,” thereby leaving it for future courts to decide. This article provides a framework for courts to use in approaching that decision. It begins with an analogy from patent law. As explained, the Supreme Court appears to be increasingly aligning patent law with general jurisprudence. In 2011, in Global-Tech v. SEB, the Supreme Court furthered that pattern by applying “willful blindness,” a doctrine from criminal law, to one of “actively inducing infringement,” in patent law. As explored by this article, patent and trademark (and copyright) law share common historical and legal origins. Accordingly, it seems appropriate to cross-apply doctrines between them, including, possibly, the recently applied doctrine of “willful blindness” adopted by the Supreme Court. If the Supreme Court intends to align patent law with other areas such as criminal law, as shown in the Global-Tech case, this article considers how much moreso it would have us extend that logic in deciding matters in the historically related areas of patent and trademark law (as well as copyright). Indeed, both the Supreme Court and Congress have indicated that they see trademark law as being related to patent law. Federal courts have followed this reasoning in cross-applying doctrines between (the three areas of) intellectual property law. Accordingly, this article considers the meaning and viability of “willful blindness” for claims of fraud on the PTO, while also considering “recklessness” and higher levels of “knowledge” as a standard for scienter, providing courts with the background and the options.
Nutritional Copper Deficiency and Penicillamine Administration: Some Effects on Bone Collagen and Arterial Elastin Crosslinking

Nutritional copper deficiency effects marked changes in the crosslinking of collagen and elastin, presumably in relationship to copper’s role as a cofactor for lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase controls one of the initial steps in the crosslinking of elastin and collagen, i.e., the conversion of peptidyl lysine or hydroxylysine residues to peptidyl α-aminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde derivatives. Once lysine-derived aldehydic functions in collagen and elastin are formed, crosslinks occur via aldol and Schiff-base type condensations. A decrease in the degree of crosslinking results in changes in the biomechanical properties of both collagen- and elastin-rich tissues. Some of these changes are described with respect to chick bone and aorta. Likewise, penicillamine blocks crosslinking reactions. In this case, however, it is probably because of the formation of thiazolidine complexes between penicillamine aldehydic functions. The administration of penicillamine at different levels to young growing chicks allows the isolation of fibrous insoluble elastin varying in aldehyde content.
Beyond electrostatics: Antimicrobial peptide selectivity and the influence of cholesterol-mediated fluidity and lipid chain length on protegrin-1 activity

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising class of innate host defense molecules for next-generation antibiotics, as they uniquely target and permeabilize membranes of pathogens. This selectivity has been explained by the electrostatic attraction between these predominantly cationic peptides and the bacterial membrane, which is heavily populated with anionic lipids. However, AMP-resistant bacteria have non-electrostatic countermeasures that modulate membrane rigidity and thickness. We explore how variations in physical properties affect the membrane affinity and disruption process of protegrin-1 (PG-1) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes with altered lipid packing densities and thicknesses. From isothermal titration calorimetry and atomic force microscopy, our results showed that PG-1 could no longer insert into membranes of increasing cholesterol amounts nor into monounsaturated PC membranes of increasing thicknesses with similar fluidities. Prevention of PG-1's incorporation consequently made the membranes more resistant to peptide-induced structural transformations like pore formation. Our study provides evidence that AMP affinity and activity are strongly correlated with the fluidity and thickness of the membrane. A basic understanding of how physical mechanisms can regulate cell selectivity and resistance towards AMPs will aid in the development of new antimicrobial agents.
Justifying Revolution: Law, Virtue, and Violence in the American War of Independence

The American Revolution remains the central event in American history. Its contemporary historiography, beginning with Bernard Bailyn’s The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Belknap P...
New Directions for Axion Searches via Scattering at Reactor Neutrino Experiments.

Searches for pseudoscalar axionlike-particles (ALPs) typically rely on their decay in beam dumps or their conversion into photons in haloscopes and helioscopes. We point out a new experimental direction for ALP probes via their production by the intense gamma ray flux available from megawatt-scale nuclear reactors at neutrino experiments through Primakoff-like or Compton-like channels. Low-threshold detectors in close proximity to the core will have visibility to ALP decays and inverse Primakoff and Compton scattering, providing sensitivity to the ALP-photon and ALP-electron couplings. We find that the sensitivity to these couplings at the ongoing MINER and various other reactor based neutrino experiments, e.g., CONNIE, CONUS, $\ensuremath{\nu}$-cleus, etc., exceeds existing limits set by laboratory experiments and, for the ALP-electron coupling, we forecast the world's best laboratory-based constraints over a large portion of the sub-MeV ALP mass range.
Sport Management : Bottom Lines and Higher Callings?

Marketing and managing events, acquiring sponsorships, selling advertisements, financing, and budgeting—all of these require the essential skill sets sport managers need to possess. Sport management faculty must help students understand sport beyond its economic incentives. Sport and human rights takes two forms: sport as a human right, and using sport to promote human rights. The term human rights can be daunting for a sport manager. Globalization has received significant attention from academics, policy makers, and practitioners in sport. According to Wong and Trumper, "globalization fundamentally transforms the relationship between 'place' of habitation and cultural practices, experiences, and identities". Sport and the environment have two facets: the impact of the environment on sport and the impact of sport on the environment. Sport incorporates technology in many ways. New training techniques push athletes past limits never thought attainable. High-tech materials are incorporated into equipment.
The Need for Cross-Cultural Communication Instruction in U.S. Business Communication Courses:

U.S. undergraduate business communication (BCOM) classes teach students workplace communication fundamentals, but may not build the cross-cultural communication (CCC) skills that learners will need...
Development and Validation of a Two-Stage Kinetic Sorption Model for Polymer and Surfactant Transport in Porous Media

Understanding the sorption processes is critical to the successful design and implementation of a variety of technologies in subsurface application. Most transport models assume minimal interactions between adsorbed species and, thus, are unable to accurately describe the formation of adsorbed bilayers. To address this limitation, a two-stage kinetic sorption model is developed and incorporated into a one-dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive transport simulator. The model is evaluated using data obtained from column experiments conducted with a representative polymer [gum arabic (GA)] and a nonionic surfactant [Witconol 2722 (WT)] under a range of experimental conditions. Model simulations demonstrate that the first-stage polymer/surfactant-surface sorption rate is at least 1 order of magnitude greater than the second-stage rate, associated with bilayer formation, indicating that the first-stage reaction is more favorable. The reversibility of the second-stage sorption process is found to be compound-specific, with irreversible sorption observed for GA and prolonged tailing observed for WT. This study demonstrates that the developed two-stage kinetic model is superior to a two-stage equilibrium-based model in its replication of two-leg breakthrough curves observed in core flood experiments; the normalized root-mean-square error between measurement and regressed model simulations was reduced by an average of 41% with the kinetic approach.
Impact of respiratory viral polymerase chain reaction testing on de-escalation of antibiotic therapy in children who require chronic positive pressure ventilation.

Background Children who require chronic positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) are frequently hospitalized with acute respiratory infections. Although respiratory viral testing is often performed, it is unclear how positive results impact antibiotic use. We sought to assess the impact of respiratory viral testing on antibiotic use in hospitalized children on CPPV. Methods This retrospective cohort study included hospitalized children on CPPV who had respiratory viral polymerase chain reaction (RVP) testing on admission. Primary exposure was a positive RVP result; primary outcome was antibiotic de-escalation, defined as discontinuation of antibiotics or narrowing of antimicrobial spectra. To determine the independent association of positive RVP and antibiotic de-escalation, a generalized linear mixed effect model was used to account for within patient clustering and confounders defined a priori (blood and respiratory cultures, leukocytosis, bandemia, chest radiograph findings, aspiration risk, and recent admission). Results A total of 200 admissions representing 118 patients were included. A viral pathogen was identified in 46.5% (93/200) of admissions; rhinovirus was most frequently identified (61.5% of positive RVPs). Antibiotic de-escalation occurred in 33% of admissions (35.5% of RVP-positive admissions vs 30.8% of RVP-negative admissions; P = .49). In adjusted analysis, there was no association between positive RVP and antibiotics de-escalation (adjusted OR: 0.86; 95% confidence interval: 0.32-2.26). Conclusion This single center cohort study suggests that respiratory viral testing may not impact antibiotic prescribing for hospitalized children on CPPV. There is need for improved stewardship of both diagnostic testing and antimicrobial use in this population.
Helicobacter monodelphidis sp. nov. and Helicobacter didelphidarum sp. nov., isolated from grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) with endemic cloacal prolapses.

In a search for potential causes of increased prolapse incidence in grey short-tailed opossum colonies, samples from the gastrointestinal tracts of 94 clinically normal opossums with rectal prolapses were screened for Helicobacter species by culture and PCR. Forty strains of two novel Helicobacter species which differed from the established Helicobacter taxa were isolated from opossums with and without prolapses. One of the Helicobacter species was spiral-shaped and urease-negative whereas the other Helicobacter strain had fusiform morphology with periplasmic fibres and was urease-positive. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that all the isolates had over 99 % sequence identity with each other, and were most closely related to Helicobacter canadensis. Strains from the two novel Helicobacter species were subjected to gyrB and hsp60 gene and whole genome sequence analyses. These two novel Helicobacter species formed separate phylogenetic clades, divergent from other known Helicobacter species. The bacteria were confirmed as novel Helicobacter species based on digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity analysis of their genomes, for which we propose the names Helicobacter monodelphidis sp. nov. with the type strain MIT 15-1451T (=LMG 29780T=NCTC 14189T) and Helicobacter didelphidarum sp. nov with type strain MIT 17-337T (=LMG 31024T=NCTC 14188T).
A Novel Chemical Engineering Laboratory Model at the University of Kansas

A Unit Operations Laboratory (UOL) is fundamental to undergraduate chemical engineering education. This article discusses a new course structure for the University of Kansas UOL and details for three new experiments covering the fundamentals of vapor-liquid equilibrium, fluid mechanics, and kinetics. Students apply knowledge from these courses as well as learn about safety, statistical data analysis, ASPEN Plus™ modeling, oral communication, report writing, referencing and comparing results with literature, leadership, ethics, and (most importantly) time-management.
A Critical Race Analysis of University Acts of Racial "Redress": The Limited Potential of Racial Symbols.

More historically White institutions of higher education are compelled to respond, in some way, to increased activism and awareness of continued legacies of racism and racial crises on campuses. Th...
A Single Passive Gate-Driver for Series-Connected Power Devices in DC Circuit Breaker Applications

This letter proposes a novel single passive gate driver solution based on passive devices to control series-connected power semiconductor devices for dc circuit breaker (DCCB) applications. The transient suppression devices (e.g., metal oxide varistors) are utilized to achieve natural voltage balancing among the series devices, while providing the discharge path of the gate capacitor of the upper devices. The proposed method is very simple, cost effective and more compact compared with conventional voltage balancing method-based DCCBs. Besides, gate voltage oscillation during the voltage recovery process is mitigated by the addition of an extra gate capacitor. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of proposed method.
Statistical Significance, p -Values, and the Reporting of Uncertainty

The use of statistical significance and p-values has become a matter of substantial controversy in various fields using statistical methods. This has gone as far as some journals banning the use of indicators for statistical significance, or even any reports of p-values, and, in one case, any mention of confidence intervals. I discuss three of the issues that have led to these often-heated debates. First, I argue that in many cases, p-values and indicators of statistical significance do not answer the questions of primary interest. Such questions typically involve making (recommendations on) decisions under uncertainty. In that case, point estimates and measures of uncertainty in the form of confidence intervals or even better, Bayesian intervals, are often more informative summary statistics. In fact, in that case, the presence or absence of statistical significance is essentially irrelevant, and including them in the discussion may confuse the matter at hand. Second, I argue that there are also cases where testing null hypotheses is a natural goal and where p-values are reasonable and appropriate summary statistics. I conclude that banning them in general is counterproductive. Third, I discuss that the overemphasis in empirical work on statistical significance has led to abuse of p-values in the form of p-hacking and publication bias. The use of pre-analysis plans and replication studies, in combination with lowering the emphasis on statistical significance may help address these problems.
A usable home: A qualitative investigation of the relationship between home usability and community participation for people with disabilities.

Abstract Background People with mobility disabilities frequently have unmet needs in their home environment, which can lead to difficulties completing daily living activities. Therefore, it is important that homes are not just accessible, but rather useable, meaning that the home complements an individual's functional, social, and psychological needs. Although previous research has shown the importance of home usability for people with mobility disabilities on health outcomes, this research explores the relationship between home usability and community participation both inside and outside the home. Objective The objective of this study was to understand the perception of people with mobility disabilities on the relationship between community participation and home usability. Method Twelve participants completed in-person semi-structured interviews to answer questions related to home usability and community participation. A content analysis was used to identify emergent themes. Results Results indicate that personal, social, and environment factors influence home usability and one's ability to participate in the community. Conclusion Home usability is a complex concept that is intertwined with a person's ability to participate in their community. Useable homes can facilitate community participation, both inside and outside the home. In fact, home usability is a critical component of community participation, as homes are not only located in the community but are sites from which people access community. Further research is needed to understand the significance of this interaction and the impact of changing home usability on one's ability to participate in the community.
Angiotensin II Receptor Assays

This unit describes the use of an isolated rabbit thoracic aorta preparation for determining the nature, potency, and selectivity of antagonists to the agonism of angiotensin II at AT1 receptors by measuring their effects on the tension of the tissue.
A fully polynomial-time approximation scheme for feasibility analysis in static-priority systems with bounded relative deadlines

Current feasibility tests for the static-priority scheduling of periodic task systems run in pseudo-polynomial time. We present a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for feasibility analysis in static-priority systems where each task's relative deadline is constrained to be at most its period. This test is an approximation with respect to the amount of processor capacity that must be "sacrificed" for the test to become exact. We show that an arbitrary level of accuracy, e, may be chosen for the approximation scheme, and present a run-time bound that is polynomial in terms of e and the number of tasks, n.
INCREASING INDEPENDENCE AMONG CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH AUTISM USING A BRIEF EMBEDDED TEACHING STRATEGY

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a brief embedded teaching procedure, involving least-to-most prompting for two paraprofessional staff in order to increase independent responses of two children diagnosed with autism in an inclusive setting. Training was given using a behavioral skills training approach, involving instructions, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback. A multiple-baseline design across behaviors was used to evaluate the effects of the embedded teaching procedure. Maintenance of training effects was evaluated two weeks, following the end of the study. After training of the brief embedded prompting procedure and during following up probes, both students showed increased independence in each skill that staff were trained to teach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The epidemiology of depression ☆ ☆☆: An update on sex differences in rates

Data from the New Haven, CT, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, site of the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, a multi-site collaborative community survey of psychiatric disorders is presented. The 6-month prevalence rates based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) interview and the DSM-III found that major depression was more frequent in women than men (2.4:1). The sex ratios for bipolar disorder were about equal. The sex ratios for major depression were fairly consistent at different time periods retrospectively assessed. There appeared to be a birth cohort effect with cohort's born after 1936 having an earlier age of onset and higher rates of major depression but not a change in sex ratios. These findings must be considered in light of the methodologic limitations of retrospective recall.
Astrophysical Opacities and Moment Methods in the Interpretation of Spectral Observation in Atomic Spectra

The calculation of astrophysical opacities involves an understanding of atomic and electronic processes. For the most part these processes are well known. While the fundamentals are well known the practical matter of obtaining cross sections and spectral information is a difficult and time-consuming task. The most important physical processes which need to be considered for opacity calculations are given in Table 1.
Transitions in Tunisia and Egypt - What Does the Future Hold?

In January 2011 protesters in Tunisia forced out long-time dictator Ben Ali. Egypt’s Mubarak was soon to follow. In this paper I outline the transitions of both states - looking specifically at elites, institutions, and civil society. I discuss democratization literature in the context of both states and their likely futures. I conclude that the most significant difference between Tunisia and Egypt are elites - and that such a difference is sufficient to present differing predictions. Tunisia has a better chance of democratization than Egypt because her elites have formed consensus around both democracy and secular governance, whereas Egypt’s have yet to do so and show little promise of such consensus in the near future.
Work capacity during 30 days of bed rest with isotonic and isokinetic exercise training.

The purpose was to test the hypothesis that twice daily, short-term, variable intensity isotonic and intermittent high-intensity isokinetic leg exercise would maintain peak O2 uptake (VO2) and muscular strength and endurance, respectively, at or near ambulatory control levels during 30 days of -6 degrees head-down bed rest (BR) deconditioning. Nineteen men (aged 32-42 yr) were divided into no exercise control (peak VO2 once/wk, n = 5), isokinetic (Lido ergometer, n = 7), and isotonic (Quinton ergometer, n = 7) groups. Exercise training was conducted in the supine position for two 30-min periods/day for 5 days/wk. Isotonic training was at 60-90% of peak VO2, and isokinetic training (knee flexion-extension) was at 100 degrees/s. Mean (+/- SE) changes (P less than 0.05) in peak VO2 (ml.m-1.kg-1) from ambulatory control to BR day 28 were 44 +/- 4 to 36 +/- 3, -18.2% (3.27-2.60 l/m) for no exercise, 39 +/- 4 to 40 +/- 3, +2.6% (3.13-3.14 l/min) for isotonic, and 44 +/- 3 to 40 +/- 2, -9.1% (3.24-2.90 l/min) for isokinetic. There were no significant changes in any groups in leg peak torque (right knee flexion or extension), leg mean total work, arm total peak torque, or arm mean total work. Mean energy costs for the isotonic and isokinetic exercise training were 446 kcal/h (18.8 +/- 1.6 ml.min-1.kg-1) and 214 kcal/h (8.9 +/- 0.5 ml.m-1.kg-1), respectively. Thus near-peak, variable intensity, isotonic leg exercise maintains peak VO2 during 30 days of BR, while this peak, intermittent, isokinetic leg exercise protocol does not.
Male Savannah Sparrows Provide Less Parental Care with Increasing Paternity Loss

Abstract Male parental care can significantly affect fledging success and, therefore, is a strong target of both natural and sexual selection. However, for songbird species that exhibit extra-pair paternity, males may reduce parental care based on how much paternity they have lost in a brood. We studied Passerculus sandwichensis (Savannah Sparrow) male parental care relative to the proportion of extra-pair young in the nest, to see if males adjusted care in response to increasing loss of paternity. Males brought less food (mass) with increasing rates of extra-pair paternity, although male provisioning did not influence fledging success. These results contrast with a previously published study of an island population of this species, where males provided more parental care with increased loss of paternity. We hypothesize that high rates of annual survival in this mainland population, where males have a greater potential for reproduction in future years, may explain this difference in behavior.
Cantilever beam tests in an ice cover: Influence of plate effects at the root

Abstract The flexural behaviour of ice covers is often determined by in situ cantilever beam tests. Finite element analysis of such test geometries was used to investigate the influence of the elastic connection between the beam and the ice cover. Where beam lengths were short, i.e., less than ten times the ice thickness, the finite element analysis showed that deflection and moment distribution differ substantially from that predicted, assuming a clamped cantilever beam. Results of full-scale experiments performed on beams of various lengths and widths confirmed that the finite element solution best describes the measured deflections.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of pantoprazole for daytime sleepiness in GERD and obstructive sleep disordered breathing.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of pantoprazole therapy for daytime somnolence, psychomotor vigilance, and quality of life in patients with mild-moderate obstructive sleep disordered breathing (OSDB) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.METHODS: Sixty patients with daytime sleepiness, mildmoderate OSDB and GERD were randomly assigned a 2-week treatment with pantoprazole 40 mg or placebo followed by a 2-week washout period and crossover respectively to 2-week treatment with placebo or pantoprazole. Outcomes included Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS), sleep-related quality-of-life (FOSQ), and reaction time.RESULTS: With pantoprazole, patients reported statistically significantly greater improvement of overall reflux symptoms (P = 0.0003) and in ESS (P = 0.04). A significant improvement was noted in FOSQ for both treatments with a trend toward greater improvement with pantoprazole (P = 0.058). No improvement in reaction times ...
Conceptual issues in the reunion of development and evolution

Recently a growing number of biologists have begun to consider the causal role that processes of embryonic development may play in evolution. This constitutes a reunion of these phenomena which had been linked in the nineteenth century through Haeckel's ‘biogenetic law’. This reunion may result in a new subdiscipline of biology, if there is a set of unique concepts and methods which tie the various research approaches together. Such concepts as bauplan, canalization, and developmental constraint, may serve in such a capacity. The methods employed must combine comparative and experimental analyses, with special attention paid to the range of variation in developmental events within each taxon. These concepts and methods are also applicable to the problem of how development evolved, thus the ‘evolution of development’ may also be considered part of the reunion. The reunion is discussed in terms of the potential participation of various schools of thought found in the current literature.
Ideal gas thermodynamic properties of benzenediols: Pyrocatechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone

Abstract The vibrational fundamentals have been selected using the available literature data. −271.96, −274.89 and −261.71 kJ mole −1 are selected for the enthalpies of formation (g, 298.15 K) for pyrocatechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone, respectively. The ideal gas thermodynamic properties are obtained assuming one, three and two rotational isomers for 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-benzenediol, respectively.
Angular momentum and the mass function of galaxies seeded by cosmic strings.

In the standard gravitational instability picture with cosmic strings, galaxies acquire angular momentum through tidal torquing by neighboring accretion sites. Given the quadrupole moment induced by loop peculiar velocities, we estimate the resulting angular momentum of large galaxies in the low-density field. In models with cold dark matter (CDM) we show that this source of angular momentum is sufficient to be compatible with observation, though for hot dark matter we uncover apparent difficulties, in the absence of other mechanisms. We also examine the mass function of field galaxies. In the CDM cosmic-string model, substantial evolution due to the merging of objects leads to a significant decrease in the slope of the initial mass function by the present time.
Newer advances in sprue.

Abstract 1. 1. Primary sprue is a syndrome characterized by impaired absorption of the intestinal cells probably on a nutritional basis; this disorder is as a rule reversible by specific therapy. Secondary sprue is an irreversible syndrome caused by morbid processes involving the intestinal wall or the tributary lymph nodes. 2. 2. Clinical differentiation of primary and secondary sprue is possible on the basis of (a) duration of symptoms, (b) presence of characteristic oral and lingual lesions, (c) typical hematologic changes, and (d) response to therapy. Gastrointestinal manifestations, as well as analyses of blood, duodenal contents, and feces, are similar in both groups. 3. 3. Sore mouth with acute glossitis with a history of bulky, tan-colored stools (steatorrhea) should arouse the suspicion of the physician or dentist as to the possibility of sprue. 4. 4. The pathologic changes in the intestinal villi, in the muscularis mucosae, and in the mesenteric glands encountered in both types of sprue were discussed.
A simplified method of epididymal sperm aspiration.

Abstract We present a simple technique of epididymal sperm aspiration that uses inexpensive and readily available materials. Men undergoing epididymal reconstruction with vasoepididymostomy or autogenous sperm reservoir had sperm aspiration for cryopreservation. Mean total and total motile sperm per aspirate recovered from 25 men have been 25.1 ± 4.8 × 10 6 and 4.0 ± 1.4 × 10 6 , respectively. Two ongoing pregnancies have been achieved with intracytoplasmic sperm injection using thawed epididymal sperm. Sperm aspiration and cryopreservation maximize a couple's fertility potential with a single procedure and provide a viable fertility alternative to a second surgical procedure in the event of a primary reconstructive failure.
Truth-functionality and referential opacity

(c) and (d); and if both (c) and (d) are false, the falsity of (3.) follows even without the assumption of (1) and (2). But this means that, given (1) and (2), and given Chisholm's analysis of (3), (3) cannot possibly be true. Now to say that if (1) and (2) are true, then (3) must be false is certainly to offer a way of not inferring (5) from (1)-(4), but this can scarcely constitute a solution to the problem of Leibniz's Law in belief contexts. For one of the main problems is just that (1), (2), and (3) all seem to be true together.
The ultrastructure of Pyrsonympha and its associated microorganisms.

The termite gut flagellates are of interest because of their unusual motile organelles, their ability to digest cellulose, and their symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes inhabiting the insect gut. This report provides a detailed ultrastructural description of Pyrsonympha from the hind-gut of Reticulitermes flavipes. The motile axostyle is composed of 2,000–4,000 microtubules connected by cross-bridges. At its anterior end, the axostyle is associated with a “primary row” of microtubules which is associated with a fibrous network. The “primary row” is embedded in a large mass of amorphous, electron-dense material occupying the furthest anterior end of the cell. The basal bodies of the eight flagella are also embedded in this presumptive microtubule-organizing center. The flagella are associated with the cell surface throughout their length. Isolation and reactivation of the axostyle has demonstrated that although ATP dependent motility is inherent in the structure of the axostyle, its proper control may be mediated by the attachment of the axostyle to structures at the anterior end of the cell. Pyrsonympha lacks morphologically distinguishable mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cell surface is covered by unique, previously underscribed, tubular specializations. Symbiotic microorganisms are observed associated with the cell surface and within the cytoplasm. Wood particles are taken up from the gut fluid by large phagocytic vacuoles formed at the posterior end of the cell. Even during the process of breakdown, the wood is always enclosed within the membrane of the phagocytic vacuole. The Pyrsonympha from Reticulitermes flavipes are not attached to the lining of the hind-gut and do not contain an attachment organelle, unlike the Pyrsonympha from other species of Reticulitermes.
Sleep-related periodic headache and imipramine.

Six adult patients, 4 women and 2 men, afflicted with chronic, severe, periodic, sleep-related headaches experienced a sustained, significant reduction in the frequency and severity of attacks. These patients had been relatively refractory to routine analgesics and ergot derivative therapy.
Polarization Dependence of Two-Photon Absorption in Solids

The polarization dependence of the rate of two-photon absorption has been calculated for all 32 crystallographic point groups. The method used by Inoue and Toyozawa to compute the polarization dependence of transitions from a ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{1}$ (identity representation) ground state to an excited state of symmetry ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ (any single-valued representation) is extended to include all allowed two-photon transitions between pairs of states, each transforming according to any representation of the point group, including the double-valued representations. The results, presented in tabular form, are applicable to the analysis of transitions at point defects, and of band-to-band and exciton transitions at the center of the Brillouin zone.
Synaptic learning models of map separation in the hippocampus

Abstract When rats trained to forage in one environment are exposed to a second, highly similar environment, their hippocampal place code exhibits a partial remapping in the new environment that becomes more complete with repeated exposures (Shapiro, Tanila, Eichenbaum, Hippocampus 7 (6) (1997) 624–642, Bostock, Muller, Kubie, Hippocampus 1 (2) (1991) 193–206). If the perforant path projection to CA3 functions as a pattern completion mechanism, and the DG projection via the mossy fibers performs pattern separation (O'Reilly, McClelland, Hippocampal conjunctive encoding, storage, and recall: avoiding a trade-off, Hippocampus 4 (6) (1994) 661–682), then partial remapping can be understood as the combined effect of these two projections. We investigated learning rules that could be responsible for the gradual separation of two maps, and found that, while simple Hebbian learning and Hebbian covariance learning would not produce the separation effect, BCM learning was one rule that would.
Heat transfer between a rotating cylinder and a moist granular bed

Abstract A model is developed which describes the heat transfer process between the rotating wall of a desorber and an adjacent bed of wet, granular solids. A heat-balance integral method is used. This solution includes the effects of water evaporation near the wall and a thermal contact resistance between the wall and the first layer of particles. The model allows for water evaporation before the bulk bed temperature reaches the saturation temperature of the water. Experimentally measured evaporation rates compare favorably to those predicted by the model. In particular, the water evaporation that occurs before the bulk bed temperature reaches the water saturation temperature is predicted.