cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermonomer electron transfer in the bc1 complex dimer is controlled by the energized state and by impaired electron transfer between low and high potential hemes

Abstract The cytochrome bc1 complex (commonly called Complex III) is the central enzyme of respiratory and photosynthetic electron transfer chains. X-ray structures have revealed the bc1 complex to be a dimer, and show that the distance between low potential (bL) and high potential (bH) hemes, is similar to the distance between low potential hemes in different monomers. This suggests that electron transfer between monomers should occur at the level of the bL hemes. Here, we show that although the rate constant for bL → bL electron transfer is substantial, it is slow compared to the forward rate from bL to bH, and the intermonomer transfer only occurs after equilibration within the first monomer. The effective rate of intermonomer transfer is about 2-orders of magnitude slower than the direct intermonomer electron transfer.
Microorganisms associated with the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae☆

Abstract Microorganisms were isolated from samplings of Tetranychus urticae from a green-house bean culture. Twenty-five isolations were made over the period of 1 year; 4 organisms were found consistently, with a 5th isolated only occasionally. All bacteria occurring internally were also found externally. More than 30 generations of germ-free mites were reared on bean seedlings in the environment of an isolator with no apparent ill effects. Six common antibiotic materials were incorporated in a synthetic diet and fed to developing mite adults; none of the materials produced harmful effects when fed at 1000 ppm. Overall conclusions reached were that the microorganisms found in association with T. urticae are not essential to its well-being.
Alkylation: a beneficial pretreatment for coal liquefaction

Abstract Several coals were alkylated employing isopropyl and methyl halides under Friedel-Crafts conditions. These alkylated coals, and corresponding untreated coals, were processed (liquefied) with tetralin in batch autoclaves (tubing bombs) at 700 K, 130 min residence time, and 10 MPa (1500 psi) hydrogen pressure. Conversion to cyclohexane-soluble liquids was found to be 10–21 percent higher (on an alkyl-group-free basis) for the alkylated coals than for untreated coals. These results are explained on the premise that alkylation beneficially disrupts the coal structure sufficiently to allow improved contacting between coal and tetralin.
On the convexity of some divergence measures based on entropy functions

Three measures of divergence between vectors in a convex set of a n -dimensional real vector space are defined in terms of certain types of entropy functions, and their convexity property is studied. Among other results, a classification of the entropies of degree \alpha is obtained by the convexity of these measures. These results have applications in information theory and biological studies.
ACCURACY OF LINEAR SPECTRAL ESTIMATES OF BAND‐LIMITED SIGNALS

. We consider the problem of estimating the spectrum of a band-limited signal perturbed by additive white noise. Sharp bounds on the mean square errors of linear spectral estimates are computed and expressed as functions of time-bandwidth products and signal-to-noise power ratios.
Privatization, Marketization, and Deprivation: Interpreting the Homeownership Paradox in Postreform Urban China:

The paper examines the nature of the housing predicaments faced by China's urban poor since the advent of pro-ownership housing marketization in the 1990s. It is argued that housing deprivation in today's urban China is a complex problem which is difficult to disentangle based solely on the material outcomes of housing distribution and housing inequalities. Therefore, an integrative framework is proposed to examine the issue from the perspective of structure–agency interaction. Statistical methods are employed to identify the concrete market and nonmarket factors which constrain the housing decisions of Nanjing's poor families, based on census and household-survey data. Qualitative interviews are then utilized to help reconstruct and interpret different storylines of homeownership transition under the identified constraints. Findings suggest that the ownership-based housing model has been promoted among the poor in exploitative ways, which has resulted in profound deprivation—for both poor owners and nono...
ARMS RACES TO WAR: TESTING SOME EMPIRICAL LINKAGES*

This article investigates the impact that arms races have on the probability of major power rivals going to war. Twenty-two enduring rivalries in the years 1816-1980 are the focus of investigation. Military buildups were found to exercise little direct impact on the escalation of militarized disputes to war. They were critical, however, in affecting the relative capabilities of the contending nations. Parity was the escalatory condition for rivalries in the nineteenth century, while preponderance precipitated war in the twentieth century. Arms races and unilateral buildups were dangerous when they caused a shift to each century's escalatory distribution of capabilities or inhibited a shift away from that distribution. The escalatory capability distributions were virtual necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for war. Rivalries experienced war under these conditions only after a series of militarized disputes had occurred between the contending nations, the site of contention was contiguous to one of the rivals, and the defense burden of the target nation of the dispute was high. Implications for the current U.S.U.S.S.R. rivalry are discussed.
Political implications of Chinese tourism policy.

Abstract This study is an examination of the political objectives and probable consequences of the decision to open the People's Republic of China to mass tourism. Through personal interviews and other reports, this article traces the organizational and political dimensions of the abrupt reversal of nearly three decades of restricted and selective foreign access. The author found several anomalies: more “market” oriented cost structure than in most non- socialist developing nations; a hierarchy of tourist classes in a supposedly classless society; liberalization in tourism itineraries along with a freezing of contacts between tourist and Chinese. The article concludes that while China has reaped few tangible political benefits and has incurred some new political vulnerability with its new tourism policy, Chinese tourism has avoided many of the social and economic costs associated with tourism development elsewhere.
Acute ischemia of inner layers of ventricular wall

Abstract Regional blood flow in heart muscle was studied by adding a dye to coronary blood. The pericardium was closed. Coronary and aortic pressures varied independently and were controlled. When the left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) was intentionally elevated above 25 mm. Hg, and when the coronary arterial pressure was reduced below 70 mm. Hg at the same time, extensive sheets of heart muscle remained unstained by the marker dye, indicating that the inner layers of the left ventricular wall had been deprived of their supply of blood while the heart was beating. Ischemia of the inner layers must be explained by an excess of local intramyocardial pressure over local coronary pressure, that persists even in diastole. Ischemia of the inner layers may explain the “descending limb” of the systolic pressure-volume diagram, which is regularly observed in beating ventricles but not in heart muscle strips. Ischemia of the inner layers of ventricular wall can initiate vicious cycles that cause sudden death in persons with coronary stenosis. Ischemia of the inner layers is a cause of irreversible cardiac damage that can terminate life suddenly, without leaving obvious traces that can be detected at autopsy.
Independent sympathetic vasoconstrictor innervation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters.

Arteriovenous extraction of rubidium-86 was continuously recorded in isolated dog's gracilis muscle or cat's gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles perfused with blood at constant flow. Perfusion pressure was also recorded. Two experiments are described which support the hypothesis of Bucherl and Schwab (1952) that from the central nervous system there is a separate nervous control of arteriolar and precapillary smooth muscles.
Identification of phenols of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by conversion into their methyl ethers.

Abstract The compound 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a powerful chemical carcinogen, undergoes enzymatic oxidation to a variety of metabolites. Phenols, the monohydroxylated derivatives of DMBA, are an electrophilic species capable of binding covalently with DNA. Although phenols may play a role in carcinogenesis, little information is available regarding these metabolites, many of which are chemically unstable and elusive to quantitative analysis. In this study, a method is described for the methylation of phenolic products to their chemically stable methyl ether derivatives. Application of this procedure toin vitro incubations of DMBA with rat liver microsomes resulted in the isolation and identification of 4-hydroxy DMBA, 8-hydroxy DMBA and 3-hydroxy DMBA.
MR angiography of the portal and hepatic venous systems: preliminary experience with echoplanar imaging.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of echoplanar MR angiography to depict the major hepatic and portal venous structures.Echoplanar and conventional MR angiographic examinations were performed in 10 subjects (seven healthy volunteers, three patients with focal hepatic lesions). A gradient-recalled echo (GRE) time-of-flight technique (125/10 [TR/TE], 90 degrees flip angle) was used for echoplanar angiography. Eight complete single-excitation images were acquired at each level in 1.5 sec and then collapsed into a single maximal intensity projection. Conventional time-of-flight MR angiography (34/13, 30 degrees flip angle) also was performed. The vascular anatomy from the right atrium to the splenic vein was imaged (6-mm contiguous levels) in three 10.5-sec breath-holds with echoplanar imaging, as compared with seven 11.5-sec breath-holds with conventional MR angiography. Echoplanar and conventional images were compared quantitatively and qualitatively.Echoplanar imaging was 61% faster tha...
Emerging technologies and their impact on system design

In this tutorial, we present an overview of two emerging technologies: 3D integration and new non-volatile memory technologies. We describe the fundamentals and current status of each technology, introduce the advantages of the technologies, and discuss the design challenges inherent in adoption of the technologies for future low power and high performance design.
Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions

This study attempts to clarify the relationships between public school uniforms and some of their intended results: student self-worth and student and staff perceptions of gang presence and school climate. The instruments used in the study included a questionnaire on gang presence and identity, the National Association of School Principals Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments, and the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children. Participants consisted of 415 urban public middle school students and 83 teachers. Findings indicate that, although perceptions did not vary for students across uniform policy, teachers from schools with uniform policies perceived lower levels of gang presence. Although the effect size was small, students from schools without uniforms reported higher self-perception scores than students from schools with uniform policies. Student and teacher perceptions of school climate did not vary across uniform policy.
Left behind: widening disparities for males and females in US county life expectancy, 1985–2010

Background The United States spends more than any other country on health care. The poor relative performance of the US compared to other high-income countries has attracted attention and raised questions about the performance of the US health system. An important dimension to poor national performance is the large disparities in life expectancy.
Are affect and perceived stress detrimental or beneficial to job seekers? The role of learning goal orientation in job search self-regulation

Although job seekers have variability in affect and perceived stress during their job search, little is known about whether and how such within-person variability is related to job search intensity. We integrated learning goal orientation (LGO) with control theory to theorize that affect and perceived stress provide signals about job search progress that are interpreted differently depending on job seekers’ LGO. Specifically, higher LGO would lead to more adaptive responses to increased affect and perceived stress. Results from job seekers with 4 waves of panel data supported our hypotheses. For job seekers higher in LGO, perceived stress was more strongly positively related to subsequent job search intensity than for job seekers lower in LGO. Additionally, job seekers higher in LGO maintained their job search intensity following increased positive affect, whereas those lower in LGO decreased it. Such results suggest control theory can be extended by including between-subjects differences in LGO.
Robust static resource allocation of DAGs in a heterogeneous multicore system

In this study, we consider an environment composed of a heterogeneous cluster of multicore-based machines used to analyze satellite data. The workload involves large data sets and is subject to a deadline constraint. Multiple applications, each represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG), are allocated to a dedicated heterogeneous distributed computing system. Each vertex in the DAG represents a task that needs to be executed and task execution times vary substantially across machines. The goal of this research is to assign the tasks in applications to a heterogeneous multicore-based parallel system in such a way that all applications complete before a common deadline, and their completion times are robust against uncertainties in execution times. We define a measure that quantifies robustness in this environment. We design, compare, and evaluate five static resource allocation heuristics that attempt to maximize robustness. We consider six different scenarios with different ratios of computation versus communication, and loose and tight deadlines.
Carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopy. It was not always easy

The development of carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy is presented from a historical perspective. The problems that were associated with instrumental limitations are reviewed, as are experimental techniques used to circumvent or minimize them. Sweeping, instrument maintenance, probe modifications, proton decoupling, and time averaging are among the topics of discussion.
Elucidating energy disposal pathways following excitation of the symmetric OH stretching band in formic acid dimer

We present time dependent energy distributions following the initial excitation of the symmetric OH stretching band in formic acid dimer. Both a simplified single minimum model and full model are employed. We interpret the results of the wavepacket propagation through a definition of divisions of states which allow for a clear description of energy flow between the primitive OH, dimer and bath degrees of freedom (DOF). Evidence for anharmonic coupling between the dimer and primitive OH modes are seen. We further examine the bath and show that 2:1 Fermi resonances represent the predominant energy disposal pathways.
Investigation of Texture and Stress in Undoped Polysilicon Films

Undoped LPCVD polysilicon films deposited on thermal oxide and prepared under various process conditions have been investigated for their texture and stress characteristics. Pole figures measured by X-ray diffraction in reflection geometry were used to determine the orientation. distribution function which provides a quantitative description of the texture. Stresses were determined using wafer curvature measurements. Both texture and stress show substantial variation with deposition condition. Textures typically exhibit axial symmetry and appear to be correlated with the sign and magnitude of the stress. Under certain deposition conditions, the stress varies considerably along the tube, with the stress in the wafers at the upstream end being tensile and at the downstream end being compressive.
Testing beyond EPA: TDF methodology solutions matrix

Accurate detection and fast resolution of device measurement is one of the most intriguing test challenges now and in the foreseeable future. This is especially true for those devices with input/output (IO) speeds and electrical characteristics which exceed the automatic test equipment (ATE) edge placement accuracy (EPA) and/or overall tester accuracy (OTA). The tester derating factor (TDF) methodology described in this paper is an evolving solutions matrix being used by the Intel Chipset Engineering Group to turn this challenge into a competitive advantage. This paper describes how the TDF matrix can help engineers take full advantage of existing equipment, including testing devices beyond the vendor specified/published EPA/OTA, and suggests ways for the ATE vendors to partner with users to enable this capability on existing/future testers.
Optimal drug combinations and minimal hitting sets

Identifying effective drug combinations that significantly improve over single agents is a challenging problem. Pairwise combinations already represent a huge screening effort. Beyond two drug combinations the task seems unfeasible. In this work we introduce a method to uncover drug combinations with a putative effective response when presented to a heterogeneous population of malignant agents (strains), such as cancer cell lines or viruses. Using data quantifying the effect of single drugs over several individual strains, we search for minimal drug combinations that successfully target all strains. We show that the latter problem can be mapped to a minimal hitting set problem in mathematics. We illustrate this approach using data for the NCI60 panel of tumor derived cell lines, uncovering 14 anticancer drug combinations. The drug-response graph and the associated minimal hitting set method can be used to uncover effective drug combinations in anticancer drug screens and drug development programs targeting heterogeneous populations of infectious agents such as HIV.
Reformulation of XML Queries and Constraints

We state and solve the query reformulation problem for XML publishing in a general setting that allows mixed (XML and relational) storage for the proprietary data and exploits redundancies (materialized views, indexes and caches) to enhance performance. The correspondence between published and proprietary schemas is specified by views in both directions, and the same algorithm performs rewriting-with-views, composition-with-views, or the combined effect of both, unifying the Global-As-View and Local-As-View approaches to data integration. We prove a completeness theorem which guarantees that under certain conditions, our algorithm will find a minimal reformulation if one exists. Moreover, we identify conditions when this algorithm achieves optimal complexity bounds. We solve the reformulation problem for constraints by exploiting a reduction to the problem of query reformulation.
When physics and biology meet: the nanoscale case

As an illustration of the complexities involved in connecting physics and molecular biology at the nanoscale, in this paper I discuss two case studies from nanoscience. The first examines the use of a biological structure (DNA) to build nanostructures in a controlled way. The second discusses the attempt to build a single molecular wire, and then decide whether such a wire is indeed conducting. After presenting the central features of each case study, I examine the role played in them by microscopic imaging, the different styles of reasoning involved, and the various theoretical, methodological, and axiological differences. I conclude by arguing that, except for the probe microscopes that are used, there is very little in common between the two cases. At the nanoscale, physics and molecular biology seem to meet in a non-unified way.
Perinatal outcome. Similarity and predictive value of antepartum and intrapartum assessment scales

This study evaluated five risk-screening scales containing antepartum and intrapartum subscales. Two issues were addressed: (1) whether one scale is as good as another in screening obstetric patients for perinatal risk, and (2) whether intrapartum scores are more important predictors of perinatal outcome than are antepartum scores. Four of the five scales produced fairly similar total scores, but the overall value of these scores in predicting perinatal outcome was not as good as that shown by scores derived from the least similar scale. The major differences between scales were due to the specific antepartum items they contained. In general, the antepartum scores were found to influence the prediction of infant outcome more strongly, and intrapartum scores were more predictive of maternal outcome.
Type II Secretion-Dependent Degradative and Cytotoxic Activities Mediated by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Serine Proteases StmPr1 and StmPr2

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that primarily causes pneumonia and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. We recently reported that S. maltophilia strain K279a encodes the Xps type II secretion system and that Xps promotes rounding, actin rearrangement, detachment, and death in the human lung epithelial cell line A549. Here, we show that Xps-dependent cell rounding and detachment occur with multiple human and murine cell lines and that serine protease inhibitors block Xps-mediated rounding and detachment of A549 cells. Using genetic analysis, we determined that the serine proteases StmPr1 and StmPr2, which were confirmed to be Xps substrates, are predominantly responsible for secreted proteolytic activities exhibited by strain K279a, as well as the morphological and cytotoxic effects on A549 cells. Supernatants from strain K279a also promoted the degradation of type I collagen, fibrinogen, and fibronectin in a predominantly Xps- and protease-dependent manner, although some Xps-independent degradation of fibrinogen was observed. Finally, Xps, and predominantly StmPr1, degraded interleukin 8 (IL-8) secreted by A549 cells during coculture with strain K279a. Our findings indicate that while StmPr1 and StmPr2 are predominantly responsible for A549 cell rounding, extracellular matrix protein degradation, and IL-8 degradation, additional Xps substrates also contribute to these activities. Altogether, our data provide new insight into the virulence potential of the S. maltophilia Xps type II secretion system and its StmPr1 and StmPr2 substrates.
Spouses' attempts to regulate day-to-day dietary adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective To investigate daily dietary adherence and diabetes-specific distress among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a function of spouses' diet-related support and diet-related control (persuasion and pressure) and whether these daily processes differ among couples who do and do not appraise responsibility for managing T2DM as shared. Methods End-of-day diaries were completed by 126 couples in which one partner had T2DM (patient) and the other did not (spouse). Using electronic diary methods, each partner independently recorded data for 24 consecutive days (patients recorded their day's dietary adherence and diabetes-specific distress; spouses recorded their day's involvement in patients' dietary management). To assess dietary adherence, patients reported the extent to which they followed dietary recommendations that day with items from the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure. To assess diabetes-specific distress, patients reported the extent to which they worried about diabetes that day using items from the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale. Results Multilevel modeling revealed that, relative to the prior day, spouses' diet-related support was associated with increases in patients' adherence whereas diet-related persuasion and pressure were associated with decreases in adherence; spouses' pressure was associated with increases in patients' diabetes-specific distress. When partners appraised responsibility for managing T2DM as shared, support was associated with decreases in diabetes-specific distress; pressure was associated with decreases in adherence. Conclusions Our findings offer insight into partners' day-to-day disease-related interactions and identify those that are likely to be beneficial versus detrimental for patients' physical and psychological health.
Analysis on Hepatic Function of 874 Radiation Professionals in Guangxi

[Objective] To explore the effects of ionizing radiation and other factors on hepatic function of radiation professionals.[Methods]A total of 874 radiation professionals participating in the 2010-2011 annual physical examination of Guangxi were selected as the exposure group.Another 300 healthy individuals without exposure to radiation from the same physical examination were elected as the control group.Liver function indices of the two groups were detected.Single factor analysis and multi-factor analysis were adopted to analyze the data.[Results]The differences in the abnormal rates of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),cholinesterase(CHE),total protein(TP),albumin(ALB),total bilirubin(TBIL),and direct bilirubin(DBIL) between the control group and the exposure group were of statistical significance(P0.05).The abnormal rates of DBIL,GGT,ALB in the radiation professionals of different service length were statistically different(P0.01).The levels of glutamyl transferase(GGT),ALT,AST,ALP,TBIL,and CHE for male radiation professionals were all higher than those for the female in the same group(P0.001).The level of DBIL in smokers was higher than in nonsmokers(P0.01).The DBIL level decreased with the increase of age(P0.01); in contrast,the CHE level increased with the increase of age(P0.01).The GGT level was positively correlated with radiation service length(r=0.109,P=0.001),and the TP level was negatively correlated with radiation service length(r=-0.128,P=0.000).[Conclusion]Abnormal hepatic function is found in radiation professionals with high possibility,especially those with long-term radiation exposure history,and it is closely related to radiation service length.Smoking,gender,and age also have a certain effects on liver function.
The impact of core-shell nanotube structures on fracture in ceramic nanocomposites

Abstract Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be used to create ceramic nanocomposites with improved fracture toughness. In the present work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was employed to deposit thin oxide layers on MWCNTs. These core-shell structures were then used to create nanocomposites by using a polymer derived ceramic (PDC) to produce the matrix. Variations in both the initial MWCNT structure and the oxide layers led to substantial differences in fiber-pullout behavior. Single tube pullout tests also showed that the oxide coatings led to stronger bonding with the ceramic matrix. With high defect density MWCNTs, this led to shorter pull-out lengths which is consistent with the conventional understanding of fracture in ceramic matrix composites. However, with low defect density MWCNTs longer pullout lengths were observed with the oxide layers. To interpret the different trends that were observed, we believe that the ALD coatings should not be viewed simply as a means of altering the interfacial properties. Instead, the coated MWCNTs should be viewed as more complex core-shell fibers where both interface and internal properties can be controlled with the ALD layers.
Modern Greek Self-taught: First Step to a National Library

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a national problem: the urgent need for self-instructional materials in many of the world's languages. There exists an urgent national need for self-instructional materials in many of the world's languages. A national library or repository of such materials must be established. The chapter presents a project that used Modern Greek as a demonstration language and fulfilled several of the necessary conditions to the establishment of such a library. Three kinds of competence are required to program a foreign language. One is that of the teacher–programmer, the second competence is that of the applied linguist, and the third is that of the native speaker. A project must be brought into existence that will devote itself, with all due speed, to producing a library of self-instructional programs in many of the world's languages. The magnitude of the task urges that it begin without delay.
Antipsychotics Worsen Symptoms in Patients with Delirium Who Receive Palliative Care.

For hospitalized patients with acute delirium and symptoms of distress who are receiving palliative care, the use of risperidone (Risperdal) or haloperidol at conservative oral doses worsens symptoms and may shorten overall survival.
Introductory whistle is sufficient for early song recognition by golden-crowned sparrow nestlings

Many songbird species have a predisposition to learn conspecific songs, suggesting song learning may be guided by an innate auditory template. Evidence for such a template includes preferential response to conspecific song in early life, even before song learning begins. A prime example of an innate cue for selective song learning is the introductory whistle of white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys. The songs of its sister species, the golden-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia atricapilla, also contain an introductory whistle, which differs in structure from that of white-crowned sparrows. Here we tested the ability of nestling golden-crowned sparrows in a sympatric population to discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific songs based on introductory whistles alone, prior to the onset of song learning. Golden-crowned sparrow nestlings responded with more chirps to playbacks of conspecific whistles than to heterospecific (white-crowned sparrow) whistles, and they responded similarly to full conspecific songs and conspecific whistles alone. We suggest that the introductory whistle alone is sufficient for song recognition in the golden-crowned sparrow. We discuss similarities and differences in the role of the introductory whistle between these sister taxa, and how this divergent song phrase may share a role in species recognition in both sister species. Identifying the cues underlying song recognition prior to song learning could be key to understanding the evolution of behavioural isolation between closely related songbird species.
Practical guidance for using multiple data sources in systematic reviews and meta-analyses (with examples from the MUDS study)

Data for individual trials included in systematic reviews may be available in multiple sources. For example, a single trial might be reported in 2 journal articles and 3 conference abstracts. Because of differences across sources, source selection can influence the results of systematic reviews. We used our experience in the Multiple Data Sources in Systematic Reviews (MUDS) study, and evidence from previous studies, to develop practical guidance for using multiple data sources in systematic reviews. We recommend the following: (1) Specify which sources you will use. Before beginning a systematic review, consider which sources are likely to contain the most useful data. Try to identify all relevant reports and to extract information from the most reliable sources. (2) Link individual trials with multiple sources. Write to authors to determine which sources are likely related to the same trials. Use a modified Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flowchart to document both the selection of trials and the selection of sources. (3) Follow a prespecified protocol for extracting trial characteristics from multiple sources. Identify differences among sources, and contact study authors to resolve differences if possible. (4) Prespecify outcomes and results to examine in the review and meta-analysis. In your protocol, describe how you will handle multiple outcomes within each domain of interest. Look for outcomes using all eligible sources. (5) Identify which data sources were included in the review. Consider whether the results might have been influenced by data sources used. (6) To reduce bias, and to reduce research waste, share the data used in your review.
Basic Research in Industry: Appraisal and Forecast

(1963). Basic Research in Industry: Appraisal and Forecast. Research Management: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 5-14.
Generational Evolution in Complex Engineered Systems

Systems need to evolve to what is required and needed functionally. Looking at how each generation of a system changes as an evolutionary process, one can see correlations with the natural evolution process. Using nature as a guide, biological models may be a means to assess an engineered system and propose anticipatory changes (evolutions) to a current system to create the next generation. This idea of systems generational evolution may provide insight into the design process of multigenerational systems to be more adaptable to changing technology. Fundamental areas of research for support in this topic are biological evolutionary mathematical models and system of systems classification.
A cluster randomized controlled trial for child and parent weight management: Children and parents randomized to the intervention group have correlated changes in adiposity

Studies have suggested that obesity is linked within families and that successful interventions involve both the parent and child with obesity. However little information exists regarding similarities in adiposity and weight loss between the parent and child, especially in low socio-economic ethnically diverse households. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the changes from baseline over time in adiposity, weight, health behaviors, and self-efficacy in children (n = 184) and parents (n = 184) participating in an 18-month weight loss program. Within the intervention group only and for each post-baseline time point, Pearson correlation coefficients were computed for children’s changes (from baseline) in adiposity, weight, health behaviors, and self-efficacy, with their parents’ corresponding changes from baseline, to determine how strongly the dyads were correlated. At the completion of 18 months, the intervention group parents demonstrated strong positive correlations between parent and child change in waist circumference (r = 0.409, p < 0.001), triceps (r = 0.332, p < 0.001), and subscapular (r = 0.292, p = 0.002) skinfolds. There were no significant correlations between weight, health behaviors, eating, and exercise self-efficacy. The results suggest that in the Southern United States low-income parents and their children with obesity are strongly correlated. NCT01378806 Retrospectively Registered on June 22, 2011.
Safety and efficacy of lumen-apposing metal stents with and without simultaneous double-pigtail plastic stents for draining pancreatic pseudocyst

Background and Aims Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) are used to perform necrosectomy in walled-off necrosis (WON). Although necrosectomy is not required for pancreatic pseudocyst (PP), an increasing number of PPs are also being drained with LAMSs in view of their ease of deployment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of using LAMSs to drain PPs. Methods At 1 tertiary center from January 2014 to May 2016, all consecutive patients with PPs were drained by LAMSs, and the data were retrospectively reviewed. After observing cyst-cavity infection in patients enrolled initially (group I), 10F double-pigtail stents (DPSs) were placed across LAMSs in the subsequent patients (group II). Data on technical success, PP resolution, adverse events, and reintervention rates were collected. Results Forty-seven patients with PPs (mean size, 9.5 ± 4.0 cm) were enrolled (group I, 24; group II, 23). There was 1 perforation at deployment (technical success, 98%). In the remaining 46 patients, resolution of the PP was observed in 44 patients (96%). Four patients (17%) in group I presented with PP infection requiring reinterventions. Food material was observed in the cyst cavity. None of the patients in group II had PP infection (relative risk, .84; 95% confidence interval, .71-1.0; P = .054). Conclusions Similar to WON, LAMSs are also effective in endoscopic drainage of PPs. However, there was a trend toward higher PP infection with LAMSs, and placing a DPS across the LAMS minimized this risk.
The linear approximation to the transonic small disturbance equation

The small perturbation equations governing transonic potential flow over slender bodies are well established. Owing to their non- linearity, however, exact analytical treatment is possible only in a few special cases.
Limitations of Physical Examination in the Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer screening by physical examination can contribute to the detection of smaller breast cancers. There are, however, multiple limitations to breast cancer screening with physical examination techniques that include variations in the skill and experience of the examiner, variations in the definition of outline and in the texture of the cancer, variations in the texture of the normal surrounding breast tissue, and biologic variations in the threshold size of a cancer before distant metastases occur.
Applying Human-Centered Design to the Development of an Asthma Essentials Kit for School-Aged Children and Their Parents.

Abstract This study aimed to design and test an asthma essentials kit to support parent–child shared asthma management. Fourteen children (age range = 7–11 years) with asthma and their parents participated in this study. Development of the asthma essentials kit involved a generative phase, focused on understanding and designing to meet user needs, and an evaluative phase, which entailed narrowing, evaluating, and refining the asthma essentials kit. As is typical in human-centered design, analysis was iterative throughout the design process such that findings informed each subsequent phase. The final asthma essentials kit concepts collectively addressed the three user-identified priorities: roles and responsibilities, desire for normalcy, and shared asthma management. Concept prototypes included a to-go bag, cue card, wearable device, and mobile health application. Usability and acceptability testing showed that the asthma essentials kit prototypes were highly useful, acceptable, and easy to navigate. Human-centered design holds promise in developing interventions to meet user needs.
An NVM Carol: Visions of NVM Past, Present, and Future

Around 2010, we observed significant research activity around the development of non-volatile memory technologies. Shortly thereafter, other research communities began considering the implications of non-volatile memory on system design, from storage systems to data management solutions to entire systems. Finally, in July 2015, Intel and Micron Technology announced 3D XPoint. It's now 2018; Intel is shipping its technology in SSD packages, but we've not yet seen the widespread availability of byte-addressable non-volatile memory that resides on the memory bus. We can view non-volatile memory technology and its impact on systems through an historical lens revealing it as the convergence of several past research trends starting with the concept of single-level store, encompassing the 1980s excitement around bubble memory, building upon persistent object systems, and leveraging recent work in transactional memory. We present this historical context, recalling past ideas that seem particularly relevant and potentially applicable and highlighting aspects that are novel.
Termination-dependent edge states of MBE-grown WSe 2

Using migration enhanced molecular beam epitaxy, we synthesize single- and bilayer ${\mathrm{WSe}}_{2}$ on epitaxial graphene/SiC(0001) and investigate the electronic properties of their edges with different terminations using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S). Density functional theory calculations predict edge states at both Se and W edges, whose position and spatial distribution depend on how the edges are terminated. STS reveals that whether edge states at the nominal W edge are detectable depends on the number and spatial distribution of additional Se, whereas edge states on the Se edge are always detectable. Our findings indicate that edge termination plays an important role on edge states, and modification of the edge is a viable means to tailor the electronic properties of ${\mathrm{WSe}}_{2}$ nanostructures.
15.4 A 52% Peak-Efficiency >1W Isolated Power Transfer System Using Fully Integrated Magnetic-Core Transformer

Galvanic isolation is becoming increasingly important in a wide field of applications to guarantee human safety or better reliability in harsh industrial environments. The transfer of both data and power across an isolation barrier is often an essential requisite in these applications. While data transmission with galvanic isolation has been achieved through traditional optocouplers, capacitive coupling, or integrated transformers, transferring power across the isolation barrier presents several challenges regarding the size and the performance. Some of the state-of-the-art devices adopt post-processed micro-transformers [1], which use $6 \mu \mathrm {m}$-thick plated Au for both the primary and secondary windings. The operating frequency of the integrated transformers is $\sim 180$ MHz to achieve optimal quality factor of $\sim 10$, thus the switching power loss reduces the efficiency below 35%. At such a high frequency, the radiated emissions are a big concern for end users, especially for automotive and medical applications. In this work, a fully integrated isolated power transfer system is demonstrated using an integrated transformer with magnetic core. It represents a major improvement due to higher quality factor and lower operation frequency as a result of magnetic core integration on silicon.
Switch-reference in the Ye shes rgyas pa'i mdo

This paper seeks to contribute to understanding of the dynamics of reference relation and subordination in Tibetan grammar. As a way of shedding light on this complex topic, it examines a translated sūtra, the Ye shes rgyas pa'i mdo, which contains numerous stories relating interactions and conversations between a variety of characters. A close reading of several representative passages of this text reveals some of the systematic structures of subordination. Despite not being outlined as a principle in traditional Tibetan grammars, subordination is seen here to be clearly reinforced by, and at times entirely encoded in, the use of the converb –nas to express coreference, and in the verbal noun and converb structures –pa dang and -pa las to connote cross-reference. The paper thus aims to show how attention to the functioning of subordinating structures serves the reader in the interpretation of complex passages where such structures at times provide the only key to the attribution of agency.
Marriage and the Law in the Age of Khubilai Khan: Cases from the Yuan dianzhang

The successors of Chinggis Khan confronted the great challenge in China of governing a multiethnic empire composed of peoples from different ethnic backgrounds that had distinct and sometimes confl...
Il piccolo garibaldino and Le medaglie di Bidoni: Gender and Nationalism Performed Across Genres in Early Italian Cinema

ABSTRACTThis article looks at two films produced by Cines in the years preceding the First World War, Il piccolo garibaldino (1909) and Le medaglie di Bidoni (1912), in order to highlight particula...
An intensity modulation based fiber-optic loop sensor for high sensitivity temperature measurement

Abstract The possibility of conducting high resolution temperature measurements using a power modulation based fiber-optic loop sensor (FOLS) is studied in this work. FOLS is an intensity modulation based sensor that is relatively inexpensive and easier to operate than frequency modulation based sensors. A sensing element is designed for temperature sensing while protecting FOLS from direct heat and possible thermal degradation over time. The resonance peaks present in the transmitted intensity signal are used to conduct high resolution temperature measurements. The measured temperature is found to closely match with the thermocouple measurements with an average difference of 2.53%. Also, the measurements are found to be repeatable. Theoretical and finite element results closely match with the experimental results by using FOLS along with designed actuator and present the possibility of developing the sensing elements for measuring temperature in the desired range and for use in a diverse range of environments.
Three-Dimensional Printed Models for Lateral Skull Base Surgical Training: Anatomy and Simulation of the Transtemporal Approaches.

BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) printing holds great potential for lateral skull base surgical training; however, studies evaluating the use of 3D-printed models for simulating transtemporal approaches are lacking. OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a 3D-printed model that accurately represents the anatomic relationships, surgical corridor, and surgical working angles achieved with increasingly aggressive temporal bone resection in lateral skull base approaches. METHODS Cadaveric temporal bones underwent thin-slice computerized tomography, and key anatomic landmarks were segmented using 3D imaging software. Corresponding 3D-printed temporal bone models were created, and 4 stages of increasingly aggressive transtemporal approaches were performed (40 total approaches). The surgical exposure and working corridor were analyzed quantitatively, and measures of face validity, content validity, and construct validity in a cohort of 14 participants were assessed. RESULTS Stereotactic measurements of the surgical angle of approach to the mid-clivus, residual bone angle, and 3D-scanned infill volume demonstrated comparable changes in both the 3D temporal bone models and cadaveric specimens based on the increasing stages of transtemporal approaches (PANOVA <.003, <.007, and <.007, respectively), indicating accurate representation of the surgical corridor and working angles in the 3D-printed models. Participant assessment revealed high face validity, content validity, and construct validity. CONCLUSION The 3D-printed temporal bone models highlighting key anatomic structures accurately simulated 4 sequential stages of transtemporal approaches with high face validity, content validity, and construct validity. This strategy may provide a useful educational resource for temporal bone anatomy and training in lateral skull base approaches.