cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Productivity and organic carbon rain to the California margin seafloor: Modern and paleoceanographic perspectives

[1] We have developed a proxy measurement for the determination of organic carbon (Corg) oxidation rates (Cox) on the seafloor utilizing the δ13C values of two benthic foraminifera: Bolivina argentea, a near-surface dwelling species, and Buliminella tenuata, an infaunal species. The δ13C isotopic composition of these tests preserve a record of the Σ13CO2 pore water gradient, which is directly related to Cox. On the seafloor of Santa Monica Basin, Cox has fluctuated between 0.6 and 2.5 mmolC m−2 d−1 and generally increased from 1600 to 1980 AD. Between 1920 and 1970, Cox increased from 1 to 2 mmolC m−2 d−1 and then decreased into the 1980s. By adding Cox to a high-resolution record of Corg burial rate, we have derived the pattern of Corg rain to the seafloor, which fluctuated between 2.9 and 3.8 mmolC m−2 d−1 over the last 80 years. The ratio of Corg rain at 900 m to primary productivity is constant at 10 ± 1% over a 40% change in mean annual primary productivity. Sediments in Santa Monica Basin accumulate ∼50% of the Corg raining to the seafloor; however, there is a trend toward lower burial efficiency with higher productivity and rain rate.
Perspectives on Distance Technology in Leadership Education: Transfer, Meaning, and Change

While the use of distance technology has been touted as having the potential to reform leadership preparation, there is little to no research on students’ experiences or outcomes in educational leadership. The authors sought to understand, through a descriptive survey design, whether or not distance technology is a viable competitor to face-to-face instruction. The purpose of the study was to gain perspectives from students in leadership preparation programs as consumers of instructional distance technology and to understand perceptions of the impact of distance technology on transfer of knowledge to practice. Findings provide readers with insider knowledge from consumers who utilize distance technology and indicate that while students feel online course experiences have been equally successful as compared to face-to-face instruction, they do not find that online courses have an advantage over face-to-face instruction.
Behavioral intervention and family decision-making

Srinika Jayaratne, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor, School of Social Work, University of Oklahoma, Norman. This article is based on the author's doctoral dissertation submitted to the Departments of Social Work and Psy chology, University of Michigan, 1975. The author wishes to express his appre ciation to the members of his dis sertation committee: Eugene Burn stein, Richard Stuart, Irwin Epstein, James McConnell, and Tony Tripodi The subject of family dynamics has taken by a family to negotiate a deci received considerable attention in the sion. This concept has been discussed literature of abnormal psychology, in the literature on family functioning, and many investigators have pointed in which it has been used primarily to dysfunctional patterns of interacas a measure of efficiency and produc tion among family members as being tivity in the making of family deci symptomatic of a pathogenic, condisions.® tion within the family.1 Typically, Finally, talk time was defined as the these studies have only dealt with twoduration of speech (measured in sec parent families, have used only one onds) recorded for a given family point of measurement, and have paid member. It has been used as an index little heed to the effects of the passage of dominance and authority.7 of time or the impact of intervention.2 That patterns of interpersonal com Despite the data suggesting that intermunication can be changed through actional dysfunctioning is a central the use of reinforcement, modeling, theme in family maladjustment, it is and instruction has been amply dem surprising to note that only a handful onstrated by numerous investigators of studies have attempted to examine in experimental settings.8 Furthermore, the effects of intervention on relevant Parsons and Alexander as well as Stu interactional variables. art have demonstrated that the same
On the Nature of the Memory Mechanism of Gated-Thyristor Dynamic-RAM Cells

With the help of numerical simulations, we revisit the operation of dynamic thin-capacitively-coupled-thyristor RAM (TRAM) and field effect diode-RAM cells and clarify the memory mechanism. The resulting carrier profiles demonstrate that the recently advanced interpretation of the physical memory (i.e., store) mechanism, as the accumulation (“1”) or depletion (“0”) of holes in the $p$ -base (under the gate), is incorrect. Instead, it turns out that it is the presence (“0”) or absence (“1”) of deeply depleted regions within the TRAM structure, associated with the two $p$ - $n$ junctions on the sides of the $p$ -base that determines the stored state of the cell.
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials

Abstract Objective. This study undertook to determine if the presence of atrial fibrillation in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction was associated with increased mortality and, if so, whether the increase could be attributed to progressive heart failure or arrhythmic death. Background. Atrial fibrillation is a common condition in heart failure with the potential to impact hemodynamics and progression of left ventricular systolic dysfunction as well as the electrophysiologic substrate for arrhythmias. The available data do not conclusively define the effect of atrial fibrillation on prognosis in heart failure. Methods. A retrospective analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction Prevention and Treatment Trials was conducted that compared patients with atrial fibrillation to those in sinus rhythm at baseline for the risk of all-cause mortality, progressive pump-failure death and arrhythmic death. Results. The patients with atrial fibrillation at baseline, compared to those in sinus rhythm, had greater all-cause mortality (34% vs. 23%, p Conclusions. The presence of atrial fibrillation in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction is associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality, largely explained by an increased risk for pump-failure death. These data suggest that atrial fibrillation is associated with progression of left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
A very low-noise receiver for 80–120 GHz

A new dual-polarized cryogenic Schottky barrier mixer receiver for radio astronomy applications is described. Between 85 and 120 GHz, the double sideband receiver temperature, including all contributions from the polarization diplexing system, telescope coupling optics and dewar window is less than 125°K in either channel. Novel features include a very broadband, fixed tuned mixer design and a compact, low-loss, linear polarization diplexing scheme.
What gamma-ray deexcitation lines reveal about solar-flares

Abstract Gamma-ray emission from solar flares reveals information about the nature of the accelerated particles and about the physical conditions of the medium through which the accelerated particles are transported. In this paper, we present the gamma-ray line-production and loop transport models used in our calculations of high-energy emission. We discuss the calculated interaction time history, the depth distribution, the interacting-particle angular distribution, and fluence ratios of the narrow gamma-ray lines. We show the relationship between the γ-ray observables and the parameters of the transport and line-production models. For illustration, we use calculations of 4.44 MeV 12C nuclear deexcitation line-production. Applications of the calculations to flare observations by both SMM and RHESSI are also presented.
Quantitative analysis by X-ray fluorescence using first principles for matrix correction

The quantitative interpretation of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data is often difficult because of matrix effects. The intensity of fluorescence measured for a given element is not only dependent on the element's concentration, but also on the mass absorption coefficients of the sample for the excitation and fluorescence radiation. Also, there are interelement effects in which high-energy fluorescence from heavier elements is absorbed by ligher elements, with a resulting enhancement of their fluorescence. Recent theoretical treatments of this problem have shown that X-ray fluorescence data can be corrected for these matrix effects by calculations based on first principles. Fundamental constants, available in atomic physics data tables, are the only parameters needed. It is not necessary to make empirical calibrations. In this paper we report the application of this correctional procedure to alloys and alumina-supported catalysts. We also discuss how it may be applied to other matrices. A description is given of a low-background spectrometer which uses monochromatic AgKα radiation for excitation. Matrix corrections by first principles can be easily applied to data from instruments of this type because fluorescence excitation cross-sections and mass absorption coefficients can be accurately defined for monochromatic radiation.
Developmental Origins of Functional Dyspepsia-Like Gastric Hypersensitivity in Rats

Background & Aims Gastric hypersensitivity (GHS) contributes to epigastric pain in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD); the etiology and cellular mechanisms of this dysfunction remain unknown. We investigated whether inflammatory insult to the colons of neonatal rats induced GHS in adult life. Methods We used cellular, molecular, and in vivo approaches to investigate the mechanisms of GHS in adult rats subjected to neonatal colonic insult by intraluminal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; controls received saline. Six to 8 weeks later, rats were evaluated for GHS and tissue was collected for molecular experiments. Results Inflammatory insult to the colon on post-natal day 10 caused an aberrant increase of corticosterone on post-natal day 15 and induced GHS in adult life. We called these FD-like rats . Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptors after neonatal insult blocked the induction of GHS in adult rats. The aberrant increase of plasma corticosterone in neonates increased the plasma concentration of norepinephrine, nerve growth factor in the gastric fundus muscularis externae, brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the thoracic dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord, and down-regulated K v 1.1 messenger RNA in thoracic dorsal root ganglia without affecting the expression of K v 1.4, Na v 1.8, TrpA1, TrpV1, or P2X3 in FD-like rats. Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptors during neonatal insult or the inhibition of adrenergic receptors, nerve growth factor, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor in FD-like rats suppressed GHS. The intrathecal administration of small interfering RNAs against K v 1.1 increased GHS in naive rats. Conclusions Inflammatory insult to the colons of rat pups leads to GHS in adult life. GHS is caused by altered expression of genes encoding neurotrophins and ion channels, and altered activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
STATES OF THE ORGANISM AS OBJECTS OF DISCRIMINATION AND PREFERENCE

SUMMARY Experimental criteria for determining whether an organism discriminates between a pair of discriminanda and prefers one of a pair of differential outcomes to the other were offered. These criteria were then applied to the problem of ascertaining an organism's discrimination among its own states and the preference values of such states for the organism. Illustrations from the literature strongly suggest that such an animal as the rat is capable of discriminating between its own states of hunger and thirst and even between two intensities of the state of hunger, and that the state of hunger as produced by hypothalamic electrical Stimulation is desired by the same animals. It was argued that, regardless of the species concerned, a theory of motivation is on a sounder basis if it treats the preference value of states of the organism as an experimental question than if, like “drive theory” it makes the almost certainly incorrect assumption that all motivational states are aversive.
Structure of discrete order statistics

Abstract Let X1:n≤X2:n≤·≤Xn:n denote the order statistics of a random sample of size n from a discrete distribution with at least three points in its support. Define the events Ak,m = {Xk:n = ak, Xk+1:n = ak + 1, …, Xm:n = am} for 1≤k≤m≤n. We obtain a representation for P(A i+1,j ⋎A l,i ) for 1≤l≤i i that are tied with ai.
Hadronic contribution to light-by-light scattering in g μ − 2

We comment on the theoretical uncertainties involved in estimating the hadronic effects on the light-by-light scattering contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, especially based on the analysis and results of Kinoshita, Ni[hacek z]ic, and Okamoto. From the point of view of an effective field theory and chiral perturbation theory, we suggest that the charged pion contribution may be better determined than has been appreciated. However, the neutral pion contribution needs greater theoretical insight before its magnitude can be reliably estimated.
Interaction of the Fibronectin COOH-Terminal Fib-2 Regions with Fibrin: Further Characterization and Localization of the Fib-2-Binding Sites†

Incorporation of fibronectin into fibrin clots is important for the formation of a provisional matrix that promotes cell adhesion and migration during wound healing. Previous studies revealed that this incorporation occurs through noncovalent interaction between two NH2-terminal Fib-1 regions of fibronectin (one on each chain) and the alphaC-regions of fibrin, and is further reinforced by factor XIIIa-mediated covalent cross-linking of fibronectin to the fibrin matrix. To clarify the role of another pair of fibrin-binding regions, Fib-2, located at the disulfide-linked COOH-terminal ends of fibronectin, we prepared by limited proteolysis a dimeric 140 kDa (Fib-2)2 fragment containing both Fib-2 regions and tested its interaction with recombinant fragments corresponding to the alphaC regions of fibrin(ogen). In both ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments 140 kDa (Fib-2)2 bound to the immobilized Aalpha221-610 alphaC-fragment. However, the affinity of binding was substantially lower than that for Fib-1. Ligand blotting and ELISA established that the Fib-2 binding site is located in the connector part of the alphaC region including residues Aalpha221-391. Analysis of the SPR-detected binding of fibronectin to the immobilized Aalpha221-610 alphaC-fragment revealed two types of fibronectin-binding sites, one with high affinity and another one with much lower affinity. Competition experiments revealed about 30% inhibition of the Fib-2 mediated binding by increasing concentrations of Fib-1 fragment suggesting partial overlap of the two sets of binding sites. Based on these results and our previous studies we propose a mechanism of interaction of fibronectin with fibrin in which both Fib-1 and Fib-2 play a role.
Melphalan concentration dependent plasma protein binding in healthy humans and rats

The binding of melphalan to plasma proteins from four healthy humans and from rats was measured by centrifugal ultrafiltration. Melphalan concentrations were determined by HPLC and by measuring 14C-melphalan activity. In whole blood, melphalan was distributed preferentially in plasma. However, a constant fraction, 37%, which was independent of the total melphalan concentration in whole blood, was present within the red blood cells. The binding of melphalan to plasma proteins from humans was less than that from rats. In both, however, the fraction bound was constant throughout the concentration range (0.1 to 9.0 µM) that is achieved during standard-dose melphalan therapy. Albumin was the primary binding protein. At concentrations equal to or in excess of 33 µM, which have been achieved during high-dose melphalan therapy, free plasma melphalan concentrations were no longer linearly related to total drug concentrations, and the plasma protein binding of melphalan in the human became concentration dependent. This occurred at concentrations of 70 µM in the rat. Scatchard analysis of the data indicated the presence of 2 groups of binding sites. Class I sites had 0.03 and 0.4 binding sites per albumin molecule in humans and rats, with respective association constants of 4.43 × 104M−1 and 1.92 × 104M−1. Class II sites had 5.18 and 2.60 binding sites per molecule, with repective association constants of 3.82 × 102M−1 and 2.01 × 102M−1.
Openness, profit opportunities and foreign banking

Abstract Using new data from the World Bank and OCC surveys, we show correlations across a wide range of countries between foreign banking and domestic economic, financial and bank regulatory conditions. Foreign banking tended to be more prevalent in countries that were more open to foreign ownership of their banks, more open to banks’ engaging in a wider range of financial activities and more open to international trade. Restrictions on foreign ownership of domestic banks that were in place in the late 1970s reduced the current extent of foreign banking. Foreign banking was negatively correlated with current restrictions on banks’ securities, insurance and real estate activities. Countries that had more international trade tended to have more foreign banking. Foreign banking was more pervasive in countries where banking was more profitable and where the domestically-owned banking sector was smaller relative to GDP.
Caring for the Uninsured and Underinsured

To the Editor. — San Francisco, Calif, is currently "home" to an estimated 6000 to 10 000 people with no place of their own to live and sleep. Currently available medical resources are not adequate to meet the needs of these people, due to financial or geographic barriers. Even with an existing network of public clinics and health care visits in homeless shelters, many go without needed care. In 1988, the San Francisco Department of Health and San Francisco Medical Society embarked on a partnership aimed at filling this gap. An arrangement was made whereby the Department of Public Health would provide liability coverage for any physician or other health care provider who volunteered his or her services for the city's homeless program, and the local medical school would provide teaching credit to clinical faculty members who provided care while supervising medical residents. The next step has been to recruit
Comparisons of Analytical Crack Closure Models and Experimental Results Under Flight Spectrum Loading

Spectrum FCG data were generated with corner cracks at center holes for three contrasting spectrum types and two aluminum alloys, 2124-T851 and 7475-T7351. Existing strip-yield crack closure models for FCG analysis under spectrum loading were evaluated in comparison to conventional FCG models and enhanced as needed. Spectrum editing methods based on closure behavior were developed to reduce both computational and experimental time. FASTRAN was modified to address apparent differences in closure behavior between the surface and bore tips for compression-dominated spectra. Strip yield models successfully predicted FCG lives for contrasting spectra with a common constraint factor, unlike conventional models.
The influence of glycogen level on hepatic glucose efflux in the anesthetized rat

This study was initiated to study the effect of a number of physiological conditions on the flux of metabolites across the liver. It was observed that there was a rather high rate of hepatic glycogen depletion in the anesthetized rat and this preparation was used to investigate the relationship between the rate of hepatic glycogenolysis and the level of glycogen in the liver. To produce a range of liver glycogen levels, rats were either ad libitum fed or 8- or 24-hr fasted. In addition, half of each group was anesthetized for either 10 or 70 min. Glucose flux across the liver was determined by measuring blood flow and glucose concentrations in the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic vein. The rate of glycogen depletion and glucose efflux were greatest in the ad libitum fed animals and lowest in the 24-hr fasted rats. In all three groups glucose efflux was lower after 70 min of anesthesia than after 10 min. The results of this study demonstrate that anesthesia causes a rather high rate of hepatic glycogenolysis and the rate of glycogenolysis is decreased as the liver glycogen level is lowered.
Immunoregulatory T Cell Subsets in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: The Influence of Homosexuality

The purposes of this study were 2-fold: (i) To enumerate peripheral immunoregulatory T cell subsets in untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and (ii) to examine the relationship between disturbances in the balance of lymphocyte subsets with liver disease and the presence of homosexuality. Circulating T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated by monoclonal antibodies to the following cell antigens: OKT3 (total T cells), OKT4 (helper/inducer T cells), and OKT8 (suppressor/cytotoxic T cells). The following groups of subjects were examined: (i) 16 heterosexuals with HBV-associated chronic active hepatitis (CAHB); (ii) 10 heterosexual, healthy HBsAg carriers, and (iii) 16 male homosexuals with CAHB. Controls included 51 healthy heterosexuals and 12 healthy, noninfected male homosexuals. We were able to demonstrate that heterosexuals with CAHB had T4/T8 ratios which did not differ from those of noninfected heterosexuals. Both healthy carriers and healthy homosexuals, however, exhibited significantly lower T4/T8 ratios than did noninfected heterosexuals (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01, respectively). In addition, homosexuals with CAHB had lower (1.5 +/- 0.1) T4/T8 ratios than did heterosexuals with CAHB (2.0 +/- 0.2). A possible mechanism for these findings is discussed. The data indicate that the presence of homosexuality may be an important factor to consider when evaluating immunoregulatory subsets in CAHB.
Transforming culture and identity: transnational adoptive families and heritage language learning

This study examines the narratives of four white, English-speaking American mothers who have been learning Korean, the birth language of their adopted children, at community Korean schools. By drawing on in-depth interviews and employing narrative analysis, this study explores the mothers’ motivations for studying Korean, experiences at the community schools, and strategies for promoting Korean at home. The narratives show that the mothers viewed learning Korean as a: (1) requirement for a positive racial identity; (2) burden that parents should bear with children; and (3) way to connect with birth/foster families. These discourses help the mothers to construct their positions as parents of transnational adoptees and reveal the ideological processes at play in heritage language learning for these families. They show the mothers’ beliefs in not only promoting cultural identification for the child but also reinterpreting their own racial and cultural identities. The mothers’ accounts also showed that they n...
Effects of aliasing on the fidelity of a two dimensional array of foci generated with a kinoform

This paper investigates, through simulation and experiment, the behavior of two dimensional foci arrays generated via phase-only holography where an iterative algorithm was used to produce the kinoforms. Specifically, we studied how aliasing of the signal on a spatial light modulator affects the quality of the foci array as the density and size of the array are varied. This study provides a reference for applications where it is important to understand how the fidelity and overall quality of the foci array changes as the number of foci increases and as the spacing between foci decreases.
Rupestris stem pitting associated virus-1 consists of a family of sequence variants.

Rupestris stem pitting (RSP) seems to be one of the most widespread virus diseases of grapevines. A virus, designated as rupestris stem pitting associated virus-1 (RSPaV-1), is consistently associated with, and likely to be the causative agent of RSP. Sequence analyses of cDNA clones derived from several RSP-affected grapevines suggested that a family of sequence variants of RSPaV-1 was associated with RSP. The genome structure of the sequence variants is identical to that of RSPaV-1 in that they had five open reading frames (ORF) and sequence identities ranging from 75 to 93% in nucleotide sequence and from 80 to 99% in amino acid sequence. ORF5 (coat protein) and the carboxyl-terminal portion of ORF1 (replicase) appeared to be the most conserved regions. The coat proteins of the sequence variants exhibited highly similar antigenic indices, suggesting serological relatedness among them. The cDNA clones obtained through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from RSP-infected grapevines were heterogeneous in nt sequence with identities of 77–99% relative to RSPaV-1. Furthermore, a number of sequence variants were identified in several grapevines infected with RSP. Baselines for defining RSPaV-1 and possible mechanisms accounting for infection of grapevines with multiple sequence variants of RSPaV-1 are proposed. Findings from this study should have practical applications toward understanding the etiology of RSP and developing reliable assays to rapidly detect the disease.
SCT89: a computer code for atomic and molecular scattering from clean and adsorbate covered surfaces

Abstract We present the first version of SCT89, a general user-friendly program for performing molecular dynamics simulations of processes on metal surfaces. Incorporation of the recently developed MD/MC-CEM potential energy surface allows us to consistently treat systems containing up to four chemically distinct types of atoms. Techniques to efficiently calculate the interatomic forces from this complicated potential function are discussed in detail. Features such as interactively prompting for input parameters and creating its own input files provide a simplified user interface. The scope of problems which can be treated with SCT89 include the scattering of atoms and diatomic molecules from clean and adsorbate covered surfaces, diatomic adsorption/dissociation dynamics, and adsorbate overlayer dynamics. SCT89 provides performance in the 50 to 60 MFLOPS range on a Cray Y-MP and also performs well on the new generation of mini-supercomputers.
Evaluation of the potential developmental toxicity of cyclododecatriene (CDDT).

AbstractThe potential maternal and developmental toxicity of cyclododecatriene (CDDT) was assessed in rats. Groups of 22 time-mated female Crl:CD® (SD) BR rats were exposed by inhalation (whole-body, 6 h/day) to either 0 (control), 10, 25, or 67 ppm CDDT over days 6–20 of gestation (days 6–20 G); the day of copulation plug detection was designated day 0 G. The dams were euthanized on day 21 G, and their abdominal and thoracic viscera were examined grossly. The fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations. Evidence of maternal toxicity was seen at 25 and 67 ppm. There were compound-related reductions in maternal body weight and food consumption parameters as well as increased occurrences of wet and stained fur at these exposure levels. Developmental toxicity evident as reduced mean fetal weight and delayed skeletal ossification was seen only at 67 ppm. There was no evidence of either maternal or developmental toxicity at 10 ppm. Thus, the no-observed-effect lev...
A two‐dose epidural morphine regimen in cesarean section patients: pharmacokinetic profile

The maternal pharmacokinetics, metabolism of, and possible neonatal transmission of epidural morphine in cesarean section patients were investigated. Maternal plasma, breast milk, and maternal and neonatal urine concentrations of unconjugated and conjugated (UM and CM) morphine were measured in patients given two 5-mg doses of epidural morphine for post-cesarean section analgesia. The first dose was administered after delivery and the second dose 24 h later. Maternal venous blood samples (n = 10) were collected at times 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after each dose, and maternal urine was collected for three consecutive 24-h periods (n = 30). Maternal breast milk (n = 30), and neonatal urine samples (n = 20) were also collected. Serum, urine, and breast milk UM and CM levels were measured using radioimmunoassay. Pharmacokinetic values were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. The results were expressed as mean ± 1 s.e. mean and analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the paired t-test. Maternal serum UM remained 40–50% higher, and CM 50–100% higher in the first hour following dose 2 than the respective values after dose 1 (P < 0.05). Values for AUC, AUMC, Tl/2, and MRT increased 28%, 83%, 35% and 36%, respectively, with the second dose (P < 0.05), while CI decreased 19% (P < 0.05) with no significant difference in Vss. Total urinary excretion of morphine decreased significantly from 1.98 ± 0.15 mg on day 1 to 1.6 ± 0.2 mg and 0.19 ± 0.002 mg on days 2 and 3, respectively (P < 0.01). Breast milk and neonatal urine contained negligible amounts of morphine, signifying minimal neonatal transfer.
Hydrogen adsorption on (110) tungsten at 30 k: an atom-probe field-ion microscope study

Abstract Adsorption of hydrogen on [110] oriented tungsten specimens has been studied via field desorption in an atom-probe field-ion microscope. Adsorption was studied on surfaces prepared by field evaporation. Typically, hydrogen field desorption events were exhausted after seven tungsten (110) planes had been field evaporated. Exposures were controlled by applying a potential to the specimen which was sufficient to field ionize hydrogen gas molecules approaching the specimen and which thereby prevented additional hydrogen from being adsorbed. An adsorption model which invokes sticking at step sites but not at plane sites is proposed to explain the coverage data.
Analysis of tissue injury by burning: comparison of in situ and skin flap models

Abstract The transient temperature field created in skin during a surface burn is modeled using the finite element technique. The two physical systems which are simulated are in situ tissue and an experimental skin flap chamber which is implemented for burn studies. Local cumulative injury in the tissue is calculated using an Arrhenius type injury model. The analysis shows that the burn experiments conducted in the skin flap chamber at temperatures up to 70°C will produce thermal histories which are negligibly different from those for in situ tissue for insult durations of less than 15 s.
Practical points in theassessment of the patient with pulmonary disease

The second in a series on perioperative assessment, this article focuses onthe patient with preexisting pulmonary disease. For each disease presented, defining characteristics will be provided, including the cause and treatment. Most importantly, implications for nurses who care for these patients in a perioperative setting will also be provided.
Geographic Determinants of Rural Land Covers and the Agricultural Margin in the Central United States

Abstract Geographic research on the Corn Belt and other regional landscapes of the central U.S. has not to date identified quantitatively the climatic, edaphic, topographic, and economic characteristics that determine rural land cover, and that therefore govern land cover change. Using the USDA/NASS Cropland Data Layer, this study identifies these characteristics by employing Multivariable Fractional Polynomials within a logistic regression framework. It maps the suitability distribution for corn, soybeans, spring and winter wheat, cotton, grassland, and forest, which collectively dominate the central U.S., at a 56 m resolution across 16 central U.S. states. The non-linear logistic regression models are successful in identifying determinants of land cover with relative operating characteristic (ROC) scores that range from 0.769 for soybeans to 0.888 for forest, with a combined corn/soybean model achieving an ROC of 0.871. For corn and soybean models, when prior land cover of a pixel is added, predictability and ROC scores increase substantially (0.07–0.10), indicating a strong temporal dependency in land cover dynamics due to crop rotation. This process also aids in the delineation of fields from pixels. When neighboring land covers are added to the models, ROC scores improve only slightly (0.014–0.019), however, indicating a weak spatial dependency or contagious diffusion mechanism. By including annual crop prices within the logit models, economically marginal cropland that comes into crop production only when prices are high is identified in a spatially-explicit manner. This capacity informs analyses of policies that affect crop prices (e.g., subsidies for crops or biofuels, changes in global supply and demand), by identifying the consequent changes in land use patterns – changes that modify the economic and environmental performance of the landscape.
A dispersion-free trajectory correction technique for linear colliders☆

Abstract In this paper, we describe a new trajectory correction technique for high energy linear accelerators. Current correction techniques force the beam trajectory to follow misalignments of the beam position monitors (BPMs). Since the particle bunch has a finite energy spread and particles with different energies are deflected differently, this causes “chromatic” dilution of the transverse beam emittance. The algorithm which we describe in this paper reduces the chromatic dilution by minimizing the energy dependence of the trajectory. To test the method we compare the effectiveness of our algorithm with a standard correction technique in simulations of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) linear accelerator and a design linac for a Next Linear Collider (NLC). While the simulations do not indicate that chromatic dilutions are a serious problem in the SLC linac, they would be debilitating in a future linear collider because of the very small beam sizes required to achieve the necessary luminosity. For example, in simulations of the NLC we have found that with typical alignment tolerances the beam size increased substantially after correcting the trajectory with a standard correction algorithm. In contrast, after correcting with our technique, the dilution was negligible. We feel that this technique will prove essential for future linear colliders.
Prolactin may play a role in stimulating the equine ovry during the spring reproductive transition

Summary Plasma prolactin and follicular development increased significantly between the 2nd and 5th weeks of March. During this time, follicular diameters were highly correlated with plasma prolactin (r=.323, dr=64, p=.008). There was no significant rise in LH during the experimental period (lst week in Jan to the 5th week of March). Plasma prolactin was increased by blocking dopamine receptors (fluphenazine decanoate, 178.6 µg/kg, im, once every 21 days) or by a single injection of ovine prolactin (200 mg/mare, iv) given during the 1st week in January. Fluphenazine accelerated follicular growth when compared to control mares but did not result in early ovulation. Exogenous ovine prolactin caused growth of ovulatory size follicles within 3 days in 3 out of 5 treated mares. One of these mares went on to ovulate 9 weeks following injection of prolactin. The remaining 2 mares continued to produce waves of follicular growth and rcgression until they ovulated, coincident with the control group. The present studies suggest that when endogenous prolactin secretion is increased during anestrus either by dopamine receptor blockade or by administering exogenous prolactin, typical transitional follicular growth commences.
Using Reinforcer Pairing and Fading to Increase the Milk Consumption of a Preschool Child

The present study replicates and extends previous research on the treatment of food selectivity by implementing pairing and fading procedures to increase a child's milk consumption during regularly scheduled preschool meals. The treatment involved mixing a small amount of chocolate syrup into a glass of milk and gradually eliminating the chocolate. The procedure and data collection were implemented by preschool teachers and resulted in increased milk drinking at school, which was maintained at home.
Theory of resonance-radiation pressure

A general theory of the motion of a two-level atom in a resonant or near-resonant electromagnetic wave of arbitrary amplitude and phase, including effects of radiative relaxation due to interaction with the quantized vacuum field, is developed from first principles. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of quantum-mechanical fluctuations of the radiation force and on the associated diffusion of atomic momentum due to spontaneous and induced absorption and emission processes. Analytic results and numerical examples are presented for (1) the lower bound on the temperature achievable by radiation cooling in a standing wave tuned below resonance, (2) the heating rate in a strong resonant standing wave, (3) the maximum confinement time for an atom in a Gaussian radiation trap, (4) the deflection and spreading of an atomic beam transversely illuminated by a strong resonant running wave, and (5) the transverse cooling of an atomic beam by a strong running wave tuned below resonance.
Ingestion rate: An empirical model for aquatic deposit feeders and detritivores.

Published ingestion rates of total dry material (inorganic and organic) by benthic invertebrate deposit feeders and detritivores feeding at 15°C could be explained almost entirely by organic content of the ingested material and body size; the relation was consistent for 19 species from 3 phyla. Since ingestion rate of total dry material varied inversely with the organic content of the food, organic matter ingestion (C) was essentially a function of body size (W): [Formula: see text] where C is mg day-1 and W is mg dry weight. These animals may maintain a rate of intake of organic matter which is independent of the organic content of the food source by: (1) Actively adjusting their feeding rates according to some perception of food "quality", and/or (2) Adapting their feeding rates to different environments on an evolutionary time scale.
HYDROXYL RADICAL DESORPTION IN CATALYTIC COMBUSTION

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence is used to measure OH radical desorption from Pt foils in oxidation of H 2 CH 4 , C 3 H 6 and NH 3 with O 2 at partial pressures of ≈ 0.1 Torr and surface temperatures between 1000 and 1600 K. The peak OH production ratios are approximately 12:8:3:1 for these fuels. The maximum OH production occurs in excess O 2 except for CH 4 where the lower sticking coefficient of CH 4 produces a maximum near the stoichiometric composition. The variation between fuels is interpreted in terms of different sticking coefficients of the fuels, competition of adsorbed C or N with H for oxygen, and possibly by double abstraction reactions which do not produce an OH surface intermediate. Ammonia produced much less OH than the other fuels, and this appears to indicate mechanisms in which OH is not a significant intermediate.
Effects of NQO1 deficiency on levels of cyclopurines and other oxidative DNA lesions in liver and kidney of young mice.

I-compounds are bulky indigenous DNA adducts that can be detected by 32P-postlabeling. A subgroup, termed type II I-compounds, represents DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress. Several major type II I-compounds have been identified as dinucleotides containing 3′-terminal 8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cA). Levels of type II I-compounds depend on the pro-oxidant status of the cell. For example, enhanced formation of such oxidative DNA lesions in newborn rodents appears to be a consequence of incomplete development of neonatal antioxidant defense systems. We tested the hypothesis that young mice deficient in NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), an antioxidant enzyme catalyzing the detoxification of quinones and their derivatives, show increased formation of these oxidative DNA lesions. Type II I-compound levels were determined by 32P-postlabeling in liver and kidney DNA of untreated male wild-type or NQO1-null C57BL/6 mice of different ages. NQO1 catalytic activities and contents were measured by spectrophotometric and Western blotting techniques, respectively. Elevated oxidative adduct levels including those containing cA were detected in NQO1-null compared to wild-type mice at 10, 30 and 90 days in liver and at 30 and 90 days in kidney DNA. Furthermore, there were statistically significant inverse relationships between type II I-compound levels and NQO1 activities in wild-type mice up to 30 days of age. Taken together, the results suggest that NQO1 plays an important role in attenuating endogenous oxidative DNA damage in vivo. Our results show also that type II I-compounds represent useful and sensitive biomarkers with utility in studies of oxidative DNA damage and its consequences. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Further observations on the behaviour of ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux towards proctolin in barnacle muscle fibres

1. A further study has been made of the stimulatory action of proctolin on the ouabain-insensitive Na+ efflux in single muscle fibres from the barnacle, Balanus nubilus. 2. (i) Strontium (Sr2+) behaves as a substitute for external Ca2+. In this case, however, the response to proctolin fails to decay. (ii) Injection of Sr2+ stimulates the ouabain-insensitive Na+ efflux. This effect is mimicked by injecting Ca2+. 3. Depolarization of the fibre membrane with 30 and 100 mM-external K+ augments the response to proctolin. 4. Pre-injection of GTP or Gpp(NH)p (sodium 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate) prevents the response to proctolin from completely decaying. 5. Pre-injection of guanine nucleotides in conjunction with membrane depolarization stops the response to proctolin from decaying. 6. Measurements of Em before and during treatment with proctolin indicate a prompt but small and reversible fall in the membrane potential. 7. (i) The aequorin response of fibres pre-treated with ouabain to proctolin is monophasic or multiphasic, and concentration dependent, the minimal effective concentration being in the nanomolar range. (ii) The duration of these signals is usually less than 5 min; this is about half the time it takes for the stimulated Na+ efflux to reach a maximum. (iii) The aequorin response to proctolin occurs quite often in fibres suspended in nominally Ca2(+)-free artificial sea water. (iv) Sudden graded elevations in external K+ following complete decay of the aequorin response to proctolin are rapidly followed by stepwise transitory increments in light emission. (v) The aequorin response to 100 mM-external K+ is frequently a triplet. 8. (i) Together, these results are in line with the view that the action of proctolin on the ouabain-insensitive Na+ efflux is the result of a temporary fall in internal pCa and that its point of action is the Ca2+ channel, where a putative G protein in the presence of GTP or Gpp(NH)p is able to maintain constancy of the hormonal effect. (ii). They strengthen the argument that the barnacle muscle fibre as a preparation is especially suitable for studies of this kind.
Rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and displacement field from GPS-observed coseismic offsets for tsunami warning

Rapid assessment of the tsunamigenic potential of an earthquake as well as a prediction of the likely propagation pattern of the tsunami support reliable tsunami early warning. Availability of the coseismic surface displacements with low latency can support the assessment of the tsunamigenic potential of an earthquake and improve predictions of the propagation pattern of the tsunami. We use a fingerprint methodology for the rapid determination of the static co-seismic displacement field and an unbiased magnitude estimate from GNSS displacements. The fingerprint methodology requires a priori knowledge of the faults potentially involved in a rupture. The known faults are parametrized with standard elements and for each element so-called fingerprint functions are computed for unit strike and dip slips. After an event, the model space of all reasonable fault-element combinations is searched for the element-slip combination best fitting the observed displacements, which provides the best estimate of the earthquake displacement field and magnitude. Here we describe the fingerprint methodology and discuss the limitations of the current system.
Local physiological changes during photodynamic therapy

Background and Objective: Herein an overview is provided of the causes, consequences, and significance of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-mediated effects on tumor oxygenation and blood flow during illumination. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Techniques particularly valuable to this research have included tissue oxygen tension measurement by the Eppendorf pO2 Histograph; spatial quantification of hypoxia by EF3 and EF5; and tissue oxygenation/blood flow monitoring by diffuse reflectance/correlation spectroscopy. Results: Severe hypoxia was measured in vivo during PDT and is shown to be a consequence of photochemical oxygen consumption and/or compromised vascular perfusion. Oxygen depletion can be controlled by treatment regimen, occurs in a spatially-definable pattern, and is therapylimiting. PDT-induced changes in tumor oxygenation during illumination are correlated with outcome. In PDTtreated tissues, blood flow also is determined by treatment regimen and correlates with treatment response. Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy creates distinct, measurable changes in tumor oxygen and blood flow during illumination. These physiological changes may ultimately affect treatment efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:494–499, 2006. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pedagogies of Absence: Education beyond an Ethos of Standardization.

(2009). Issues in Education: Pedagogies of Absence: Education beyond an Ethos of Standardization. Childhood Education: Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 250-252.
Computational approach to the quantum Zeno effect: Position measurements

We present computational results of quantum-mechanical sequential measurements of a single dynamical variable (position) in a barrier penetration system. Our model is based on a well-rounded twominima potential with a particle initially located on one side of the barrier. First we allow the particle wave function to propagate without further disturbance and calculate its barrier penetration time, then we perform measurements of the particle's position and contrast the barrier penetration time T with the results for the undisturbed system. The time-dependent Schrodinger equation for the problem was solved using fast-Fourier-transform techniques. The barrier penetration time was found to depend on (1) the type of measurement made, (2) the strength of the interaction of the system with the meter, (3) the rate at which the measurements were performed, and (4) the precision of the meter (which in our model is related to the width of the meter s wave function). We find no evidence in support of the Zeno effect. However, by using a caricature of quantum mechanics we can obtain results similar to the Zeno effect.