cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there a unique episome in EBV transformed B cells

We have examined the frequency of episome formation in resting B cells 36 hr after infection with Epstein-Barr virus. We have detected an average of 0.65 episomal genomes per cell (SD 0.17). We have used this information to predict the distribution of circularization events in B cell clones derived from such infections. We have observed that in 32 out of 33 cases (with one unresolved) the B cell clone has arisen as a consequence of a single circularization event. This result is highly statistically different from the predicted distribution. We suggest that there is an exclusion or selection mechanism operating that favors either the formation or retention of a single circular genome per cell early in infection.
Oxide-growth kinetics and fractal-like patterning across liquid gallium surfaces.

Gallium oxide initially forms fractal-like structures as it grows laterally across bounded clean surfaces of liquid gallium. The growing oxide film is no more than a few monolayers thick. During later growth, the oxide perimeter becomes rounded and uniform gaps develop between neighboring growth fronts. The measured fractal dimension of the oxide patterns increases from less than 1.6 to 2.0. In this experiment, the oxide is constrained to grow over liquid surfaces \ensuremath{\le}(80 \ensuremath{\mu}m${)}^{2}$. To good approximation, for fixed growth time, liquid temperature, and ambient oxygen pressure, the fractional oxide coverage is independent of the area enclosed by the original boundary. The liquid area decreases exponentially with time as it is blanketed by the oxide film. These results suggest that the oxidation is the result of an irreversible nonequilibrium diffusion aggregation process across the liquid surface, modified by the action of (undetected) impurities on the interface between the oxide and clean liquid. The change in oxide coverage is modeled as a function of time, liquid temperature, ambient oxygen pressure, and area of the original enclosing boundary. The data were acquired using imaging secondary-ion mass spectrometry, with a spatial resolution of 100 nm.
Light scattering characteristics of aerosols at ambient and as a function of relative humidity: Part II--A comparison of measured scattering and aerosol concentrations using statistical models.

ABSTRACT The eastern United States national parks experience some of the worst visibility conditions in the nation. To study these conditions, the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS) was undertaken to characterize the size-dependent composition, thermodynamic properties, and optical characteristics of the ambient atmospheric particles. It is a cooperative three-year study that is sponsored by the National Park Service and the Electric Power Research Institute and its member utilities. The field portion of the study was carried out from July 15 to August 25, 1995. The study design, instrumental configuration, and estimation of aerosol types from particle measurements is presented in a companion paper. In the companion paper, we compare measurements of scattering at ambient conditions and as functions of relative humidity to theoretical predictions of scattering. In this paper, we make similar comparisons, but using statistical techniques. Statistically derived specific scattering associated w...
Schooling as a job search process

Abstract This analysis introduces uncertainty into a schooling model. I show that because an individual has the opportunity to search for a job during his schooling process, uncertainty imparts an ‘option value’ to schooling and effects his decisions on schooling even if he is risk neutral.
A critical review of parent training research

This project was designed to review and evaluate parent training research conducted between 1975 and 1990 and, based on the results, suggest some directions for future research. One hundred forty-eight published studies were analyzed regarding the effectiveness of parent training as an intervention. Eighteen journals with behavioral psychology, clinical/counseling psychology, school psychology, and special education emphases were represented in the review. The reviewed studies were classified as group or case studies and were categorized in terms of theoretical orientation adopted and methodology employed. Case studies exhibited several methodological shortcomings, including limited social validation and treatment integrity data and an over-reliance on single, rather than multiple, outcome measures. Group studies also did not routinely collect treatment integrity information, and 50% of group parent training research did not employ control groups. Recommendations for future directions in parent training research are provided.
Comparison of the density and distribution of brain D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors in Buffalo vs. Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract In vitro autoradiography was used to compare the D-1 and D-2 receptor densities in brains from Buffalo (BUFF) and Fischer 344 (F344) rats. The latter strain has been proposed as a model for human attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). The radioligands [ 3 H]-SCH 23390 and [ 3 H]-sulpiride were used to selectively identify dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors, respectively. Certain forebrain structures from F344 rats have a higher density of D-2 receptors, but similar numbers of D-1 receptors compared to BUFF rats. Scatchard analysis of D-2 binding (in caudate-putamen) revealed a B max of 10.52 ± 1.62 fmol/mg tissue and K d of 12.72 ± 0.93 nM in F344 rats and 3.00 ± 0.57 and 3.87 ± 0.58 , respectively in BUFF rats ( n =3 ). These results support the hypothesis that high D-2 levels are correlated with certain behavioral traits, e.g., high levels of spontaneous activity. A similar increase in D-2 receptors may be responsible for some of the behavioral manifestations of ADDH in children.
Optimization Design of a Vibrating System with Two Motors

The dynamic model of vibrating system with two motors is established. Through dynamic analysis, the equations of frequency capture of the vibrating system and the conditions of implementing stable self-synchronous operation are obtained. Then the vibrating system is optimization designed based on the conditions of implementing stable self-synchronous operation. The simulation program with proper parameters of vibrating system is run, and the results show that the system is in a good synchronous state. Computer simulations demonstrate that the vibrating system realizes speed synchronization and phase synchronization. The results verify the effectiveness of the optimization design.
Root colonization of Lupinus latifolius Agardh. and Pinus contorta Dougl. by Phialocephala fortinii Wang & Wilcox

SUMMARY Root colonization patterns were studied after Phialocephala fortinii was inoculated on Lupinus latifolius (broad-leafed lupin), a nitrogen-fixing legume, and Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine). The fungus colonized epidermal and cortical cells in the root hair zone on ultimate pine roots, as well as cortical and epidermal cells of primary roots of both hosts. Fungal colonization was inter- and intracellular with sclerotia forming in cells of both hosts. Labyrinthine tissue, a type of fungal differentiation that occurs in the Hartig net of ectomycorrhizas, formed sporadically on pine roots. Similar colonization has been observed on conifers and many other plants, but this report is the first showing that a single fungus can form such structures on both pine and lupin.
Prognostic gene signatures for hepatocellular carcinoma: what are we measuring?

In this issue of Annals of Surgical Oncology, Lim and colleagues report on prognostic gene-expression signatures from tumor and non-tumor liver tissues from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who underwent surgical resection at a single institution in Korea (1). The signatures were developed from a set of patients with relatively early-stage diseases, and then evaluated in an independent validation cohort of patients with more advanced-stage diseases. The authors report that their gene signature derived from the tumor tissues and not their gene signature from the non-tumor tissue accurately predicted disease-free survival in the validation cohort. Their findings are consistent with previously published data suggesting that tumor-derived molecular information is more prognostic in advanced-stage HCC, whereas non-tumor liver-derived molecular information is more prognostic in earlier-stage HCC (2–4).
Image upsampling via imposed edge statistics

In this paper we propose a new method for upsampling images which is capable of generating sharp edges with reduced input-resolution grid-related artifacts. The method is based on a statistical edge dependency relating certain edge features of two different resolutions, which is generically exhibited by real-world images. While other solutions assume some form of smoothness, we rely on this distinctive edge dependency as our prior knowledge in order to increase image resolution. In addition to this relation we require that intensities are conserved; the output image must be identical to the input image when downsampled to the original resolution. Altogether the method consists of solving a constrained optimization problem, attempting to impose the correct edge relation and conserve local intensities with respect to the low-resolution input image. Results demonstrate the visual importance of having such edge features properly matched, and the method's capability to produce images in which sharp edges are successfully reconstructed.
Malignant paraganglioma of retroperitoneum. Light, electron microscopic and ultrasonographic study.

Abstract A malignant retroperitoneal nonchromaffin paraganglioma in a thirty-four-year-old man was studied by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the tumor cells displayed a tendency to surround granular, eosinophilic intercellular material and to form nests and pseudoacini. Ultrastructurally, the tumor was composed of moderately well-differentiated epithelial cells intermixed with sparse sustentacular cells. An organoid pattern, reminiscent of the functional anatomic unit of nonchromaffin paraganglia, was seen occasionally. Epithelial cells formed pseudoacini around dilated interstitial spaces and rosettes around cytoplasmic masses composed of interdigitating microvillous processes. These morphologic features are consistent with the neurocrestal origin of paragangliomas. The patient died ten months after presentation despite an initial favorable response to irradiation.
Coalitional Games for Transmitter Cooperation in MIMO Multiple Access Channels

Cooperation between nodes sharing a wireless channel is becoming increasingly necessary to achieve higher throughputs in a wireless network. The problem of determining the feasibility and stability of cooperation between rational nodes in a wireless network is of great importance in understanding cooperative behavior. This paper addresses the stability of the grand coalition of transmitters signaling over a multiple access channel using the framework of cooperative game theory. The external interference experienced by each TX is represented accurately by modeling the cooperation game between the TXs in partition form. Single user decoding and successive interference cancelling strategies are examined at the receiver. Transmitter cooperation is stable, if and only if the core of the game (the set of all divisions of grand coalition utility such that no coalition deviates) is nonempty. Determining the stability of cooperation is a co-NP-complete problem in general. For a single user decoding receiver, transmitter cooperation is shown to be stable at both high and low SNRs, while for an interference cancelling receiver with a fixed decoding order, cooperation is stable only at low SNRs and unstable at high SNR. When time sharing is allowed between decoding orders, it is shown using an approximate lower bound to the utility function that TX cooperation is also stable at high SNRs. Thus, this paper demonstrates that ideal zero cost TX cooperation over a MAC is stable and improves achievable rates for each individual user.
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in the rat anterior pituitary

The activation of cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinases has been implicated as an integral mechanism in stimulus-secretion coupling in the anterior pituitary. Therefore, we have investigated phosphorylation of endogenous protein substrates both in the presence and absence of cAMP in cell-free extracts of the rodent anterior pituitary. Specific phosphoprotein substrates in the rat anterior pituitary, which are phosphorylated by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro, were identified. Cyclic AMP potentiated the phosphorylation of proteins with apparent molecular weights of 85,000, 77,000, 63,000, 53,000, 39,000, and 33,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Proteins with apparent molecular weights of 124,000, 93,000, 48,000, and 43,000 were phosphorylated only in the presence of cAMP and not in the basal condition. The results highlight endogenous protein substrates that may potentially be involved in cAMP-dependent stimulus-secretion coupling in the anterior pituitary.
Chronic ethanol and neural C-AMP.

Abstract Ethanol was administered chronically to Swiss albino mice via an inhalation chamber utilizing two models, the pyrazole model of Goldstein and the non-pyrazole model of Griffiths et al. C-AMP, adenylate cyclase, and phosphodiesterase levels were analyzed in pyrazole mice. C-AMP studies were repeated with the non-pyrazole model for comparison. Early transient depressions in C-AMP of statistical significance in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and pons-medulla were found with the pyrazole model. These were correlated with significantly elevated phosphodiesterase levels in the cerebellum and reduced adenylate cyclase levels at 24 hours in the pons-medulla. Enzymes in the cortex remained at control levels. With the non-pyrazole model, dependence developed more slowly, and statistically significant C-AMP depressions were seen at seven days in the cerebellum and seven and ten days in the pons-medulla. While C-AMP was depressed at three and seven days in the cortex, the depression did not reach statistical significance.
Applying systems engineering methodologies to the micro- and nanoscale realm

Micro scale and nano scale technology developments have the potential to revolutionize smart and small systems. The application of systems engineering methodologies that integrate standalone, small-scale technologies and interface them with macro technologies to build useful systems is critical to realizing the potential of these technologies. This paper covers the expanding knowledge base on systems engineering principles for micro and nano technology integration starting with a discussion of the drivers for applying a systems approach. Technology development on the micro and nano scale has transition from laboratory curiosity to the realization of products in the health, automotive, aerospace, communication, and numerous other arenas. This paper focuses on the maturity (or lack thereof) of the field of nanosystems which is emerging in a third generation having transitioned from completing active structures to creating systems. The emphasis of applying a systems approach focuses on successful technology development based on the lack of maturity of current nano scale systems. Therefore the discussion includes details relating to enabling roles such as product systems engineering and technology development. Classical roles such as acquisition systems engineering are not covered. The results are also targeted towards small-scale technology developers who need to take into account systems engineering processes such as requirements definition, verification, and validation interface management and risk management in the concept phase of technology development to maximize the likelihood of success, cost effective micro and nano technology to increase the capability of emerging deployed systems and long-term growth and profits.
Human experimentation and medical technology

The various forms of protection devised by society for human subjects are examined. These are government regulation, informed consent, review at the local institutional level, and legal protection (malpractice suits). The related issue of how to define research is discussed. >
Direct Interactions between HIF-1α and Mdm2 Modulate p53 Function

The p53 tumor suppressor is maintained at low levels in normal cells by Mdm2-mediated degradation and strongly stabilized in response to various types of stress including hypoxia. Although hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) has been implicated to be involved in p53 stabilization, the precise mechanism by which HIF-1 alpha regulates p53-mediated function remains unknown. Here, we found that HIF-1 alpha directly binds Mdm2 both in vitro and in vivo; in contrast, p53 fails to directly interact with HIF-1 alpha in vitro. Interestingly, Mdm2 expression can significantly enhance the in vivo association between p53 and HIF-1 alpha, indicating that Mdm2 may act as a bridge and mediate the indirect interaction between HIF-1 alpha and p53 in cells. Furthermore, HIF-1 alpha protects p53 degradation mediated by Mdm2, and leads to activation of p53-mediated transcription in cells. To elucidate the mechanism of HIF-1 alpha-mediated effect, we also found that HIF-1 alpha can significantly suppress Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination in vitro and blocks Mdm2-mediated nuclear export of p53. These results have significant implications regarding the molecular mechanism by which p53 is activated by HIF-1 alpha in response to hypoxia.
Chloroplast Biogenesis 87: Evidence of Resonance Excitation Energy Transfer Between Tetrapyrrole Intermediates of the Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Pathway and Chlorophyll a¶,†

The thorough understanding of photosynthetic membrane assembly requires a deeper knowledge of the coordination of chlorophyll (Chl) and thylakoid apoprotein biosynthesis. As a working model for future investigations, we have proposed three Chl-thylakoid apoprotein biosynthesis models, namely, a single-branched Chl biosynthetic pathway (SBP) single-location model, an SBP multilocation model and a multibranched Chl biosynthetic pathway (MBP) sublocation model. Rejection or validation of these models can be probed by determination of resonance excitation energy transfer between various tetrapyrrole intermediates of the Chl biosynthetic pathway and various thylakoid Chl-protein complexes. In this study we describe the detection of resonance energy transfer between protoporphyrin IX (Proto), Mg-Proto and its monomethyl ester (Mp(e)) and divinyl and monovinyl protochlorophyllide a (Pchlide a) and several Chl-protein complexes. Induction of various amounts of tetrapyrrole accumulation in green photoperiodically grown cucumber cotyledons and barley leaves was achieved by dark incubation of excised tissues with delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and various concentrations of 2,2'-dipyridyl for various periods of time. Controls were incubated in distilled water. After plastid isolation, treated and control plastids were diluted in buffered glycerol to the same Chl concentration. Excitation spectra were then recorded at 77 K at emission maxima of about 686, 694 and 738 nm. Resonance excitation energy transfer from Proto, Mp(e) and Pchlide a to Chl-protein complexes emitting at 686, 694 and 738 nm was observed by calculation of treated minus control difference excitation spectra. The occurrence of resonance excitation energy transfer between anabolic tetrapyrroles and Chl-protein complexes appeared as well-defined excitation bands with excitation maxima corresponding to those of Proto, Mp(e) and Pchlide a. Furthermore, it appeared that resonance excitation energy transfer from multiple short-wavelength, medium-wavelength and long-wavelength Proto, Mp(e) and Chlide a sites to various Chl-protein complexes took place. Because resonance excitation transfer from donors to acceptors cannot take place at distances larger than 100 A, it is proposed that the observed resonance excitation energy transfers are not compatible with the SBP single-location Chl biosynthesis thylakoid membrane biogenesis model. The latter assumes that a single-branched Chl biosynthetic pathway located in the center of a 450 x 130 A photosynthetic unit generates all of the Chl needed for the assembly of all Chl-protein complexes.
Microscopic model of the staebler-wronski effect

Abstract A model of the Staebler-Wronski effect is presented. Illumination results in the breaking of a weak SiSi bond. Subsequent diffusion of H to the site of this bond results in the formation of a SiHSi three centered bond (TCB) and a dangling bond (DB). Consideration of different charge states of the TCB and the DB make it possible to explain data on both doped and intrinsic a-Si:H.
Relationship Between Waterfowl and American Coot Abundance with Submersed Macrophytic Vegetation in Currituck Sound, North Carolina

Waterfowl and American coot data collected from aerial censusing on Currituck Sound were compared during three periods: before Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) colonization (1961–1965); during Eurasian watermilfoil infestation (1968–1977); and following the near absence of submersed macrophytic vegetation after Eurasian watermilfoil decline (1981–1990). Numbers of dabbling ducks (Anas rubripes, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Anas americana, Anas crecca), ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), and American coot (Fulica americana) were significantly different in Currituck Sound (p<0.05) in at least two of these periods and were highest during Eurasian watermilfoil infestation. These species also constituted higher percentages of the Atlantic Flyway counts during Eurasian watermilfoil infestation. than in periods before or after. Numbers of snow geese (Chen caerulescens), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), and canvasbacks (Aythya valisneria) were significantly different between periods; however, these birds exhibited a consistent decline from the early to the late period. This study suggests that submersed macrophytes, specifically Eurasian watermilfoil, support increased numbers of dabbling ducks, ring-necked ducks, and American coot.
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND FORAMINIFERAL PARAMETERS: NANTUCKET BAY, MASSACHUSETTS1

Sediments of Nantucket Bay, Massachusetts, are composed of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and shell debris. The mean diameter of most of the bay’s sediments is less than 500 µ but where the current energy of incoming tides is in excess of that of outgoing tides, shell debris accumulates, and mean diameters are 1,000 µ or more. Such zones are at the east end of the bay in the lee of Bass, Wyers, and Pocomo points. Coarse sediments with mean diameters greater than 1,000 µ are found on many of the beaches and in the channels connecting different parts of the bay. Fine sediments with mean diameters ranging from 250 < 8 µ occur in water deeper than 4 m. In some areas deeper than 5 m, the calcium carbonate content of fine sediments is 10% or more, due to large foraminiferal concentrations. In regions of coarse sediments, calcium carbonate content ranges from 5 to 15%, depending upon varying amounts of shell debris. Organic content is highest, 17% organic carbon, in sediments with mean diameters less than 32 µ. These areas are generally deeper than 5 m, corresponding with the zones of high foraminiferal population. Beaches and channels have organic contents that are extremely low. Foraminiferal facies present include an arenaceous beach fauna, porcelaneous forms on the sand flats, and hyaline species in water deeper than 2 m. Foraminiferal numbers are highest, 500 or more, in the latter areas, and decrease rapidly toward shore, where the numbers arc 5 or less. Abnormal foraminiferal tests may account for as much as 30% of foraminiferal samples from the west end of the bay. This feature may be due to changing water conditions or pollution.
The differential impact of p16INK4a or p19ARF deficiency on cell growth and tumorigenesis

Mounting genetic evidence suggests that each product of the Ink4a/Arf locus, p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF), possesses tumor-suppressor activity (Kamijo et al., 1997; Krimpenfort et al., 2001; Sharpless et al., 2001a). We report the generation and characterization of a p19(ARF)-specific knockout allele (p19(ARF)-/-) and direct comparison with mice and derivative cells deficient for p16(INK4a), both p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF), and p53. Like Ink4a/Arf-/- murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), p19(ARF)-/- MEFs were highly susceptible to oncogenic transformation, exhibited enhanced subcloning efficiency at low density, and resisted both RAS- and culture-induced growth arrest. In contrast, the biological profile of p16(INK4a)-/- MEFs in these assays more closely resembled that of wild-type cells. In vivo, however, both p19(ARF)-/- and p16(INK4a)-/- animals were significantly more tumor prone than wild-type animals, but each less so than p53-/- or Ink4a/Arf-/- animals, and with differing tumor spectra. These data confirm the predominant role of p19(ARF) over p16(INK4a) in cell culture-based assays of MEFs, yet also underscore the importance of the analysis of tumor suppressors across many cell types within the organism. The cancer-prone conditions of mice singly deficient for either p16(INK4a) or p19(ARF) agree with data derived from human cancer genetics, and reinforce the view that both gene products play significant and nonredundant roles in suppressing malignant transformation in vivo.
Femoropopliteal Bypass Grafts Utilizing Autogenous Veins

The results of 157 consecutive autogenous saphenous vein bypass grafts followed for periods up to eight and a half years are presented. The operations were performed on 145 patients with the following indications: (1) intermittent claudication (41%); (2) rest pain (25%); (3) gangrene (34%). The early patency rate in patients with intermittent claudication was 83%, and of these 83% remained patent; with rest pain, 74% and of these 86% remained patent; with gangrene, 63% and of these 76% remained patent. The success rate was highest in (1) nondiabetic patients; (2) extremities with two or three patent vessels at the level of the popliteal trifurcation; (3) extremities in which short grafts were used, whether or not the reconstruction crossed the knee joint. Angiograms on 29 patent grafts and 12 thrombosed grafts revealed: (1) absence of atheromatous changes in the grafts; (2) absence of aneurysmal dilatation in the body of the graft; (3) an equal incidence of progression of original disease in patent grafts and in late thrombosed grafts. Autogenous venous bypass grafts function well in the arterial system for prolonged periods. The results continue to support the superiority of vein grafts over both thromboendarterectomies and synthetic-tube bypass grafts in the treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease.
Widely divergent transcriptional patterns between SLE patients of different ancestral backgrounds in sorted immune cell populations

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease of uncertain etiology. Patients from different ancestral backgrounds demonstrate differences in clinical manifestations and autoantibody profiles. We examined genome-wide transcriptional patterns in major immune cell subsets across different ancestral backgrounds. Peripheral blood was collected from African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) SLE patients and controls. CD4 T-cells, CD8 T-cells, monocytes, and B cells were purified by flow sorting, and each cell subset from each subject was run on a genome-wide expression array. Cases were compared to controls of the same ancestral background. The overlap in differentially expressed gene (DEG) lists between different cell types from the same ancestral background was modest (
Eigenvalues, almost periodic functions, and the derivative of an integral

NOTES Edited by William Adkins Eigenvalues, Almost Periodic Functions, and the Derivative of an Integral Mark Finkelstein and Robert Whitley In [4], examples are given of functions g(x), bounded and continuous on (0, l], for which the indefinite integral g(t) dt is not differentiable from the right at zero. The purpose of this note is to show that such examples arise in a natural way and that the class of such examples is quite large. First, to see how such examples can come up, consider the operator l; Hf(x) = - I x 1x f (t) dt. A result due to Hardy [S, Equation 9.9.1 ], (7, Exercise 8.14] asserts that His a bounded linear operator on the Banach space LP[O, 1] for p > I with norm less than or equal to p/(p - 1). Actually Hardy gives the result for LP[O, oo), but it is somewhat simpler to work with LP[O, I]. Considering the function f(x) = x 0 (a real), which is in U[O, 1] when a > - 1/ p, computing Hf (x) , and letting a -4 - 1/ p shows that Hardy's bound for the norm of H is sharp and also shows that H is unbounded on L 1 (0, 1 ]. The case p = oo is a limiting case in which the norm of H is one. In working with the function f(x) = x 0 of the preceding paragraph, it will not have escaped the reader's notice that this function is an eigenfunction for H with eigenvalue 1/(1 +a). A basic operator theory question is: What are the eigenvalues of H? If A. is a nonzero eigenvalue with associated eigenvector f, then 11x f(t) dt x = A.f(x) , where equality holds almost everywhere. But equation (1) shows that f is absolutely continuous on (0, I], and ( 1) can be taken to hold not just almost everywhere but for all x in (0, l]. That is, a continuous f satisfying (l) for all x in (0, 1] can be chosen from the equivalence class of functions in LP[O, 1] that satisfy (1) almost everywhere. It is legitimate to differentiate equation (1) and, by rearranging, to get A.xj'(x) +(A. - l)f(x) = 0, which is an Euler differential equation [2, chap. 4, sec. 2] on (0, 1]. A priori (2) also holds only almost everywhere, but on solving for f' we see, as earlier, that a continuous representative from the equivalence class of f' can be chosen so that (2) holds for all x in (0, l]. It bas solutions of the form f(x) = xf3, where f3 =a+ ib, with f in LP [0, L] if a > -1 / p > - 1. The associated eigenvalue is A. = 1 / (1 + {3). It is immediate from (1) that the eigenfunction f is continuous at 0 (from the right, since f has domain [0, 1]) if and only if F (x) = f (t) dt is differentiable (from the right) at zero, and this occurs exactly when a > 0. l; August-September 2005] NOTES
Transition probabilities in Nd:GGG☆

Abstract The spectral absorption intensities of Nd:GGG have been measured and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters have been derived. These are used to calculate the radiative properties of Nd:GGG with emphasis on laser applications.
RNA polymerase II from wheat germ contains tightly bound zinc.

Abstract Atomic absorption studies indicate that the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from wheat germ contains about 7 tightly bound zinc atoms per enzyme molecule. This value has been repeatedly obtained with a number of enzyme preparations subjected to varying conditions of purification and dialysis. However, prolonged dialysis of the enzyme with the metal chelator o -phenanthroline results in the loss of enzyme activity and extraction of the bound zinc. Other metals including copper, cobalt, manganese, magnesium, chromium, nickel and iron were not present in significant amounts.
Asynchronous analysis of parallel dynamic programming algorithms

We examine a very simple asynchronous model of parallel computation that assumes the time to compute a task is random, following some probability distribution. The goal of this model is to capture the effects of unpredictable delays on processors, due to communication delays or cache misses, for example. Using techniques from queueing theory and occupancy problems, we use this model to analyze two parallel dynamic programming algorithms. We show that this model is simple to analyze and correctly predicts which algorithm will perform better in practice. The algorithms we consider are a pipeline algorithm, where each processor i computes in order the entries of rows i, i+p, and so on, where p is the number of processors; and a diagonal algorithm, where entries along each diagonal extending from the left to the top of the table are computed in turn. It is likely that the techniques used here can be useful in the analysis of other algorithms that use barriers or pipelining techniques.
Disparities in Unmet Need for Care Coordination: The National Survey of Children's Health

OBJECTIVE: To determine (1) the proportion of parents who report a need for and receipt of effective care coordination for their child, (2) whether unmet care coordination needs differ by children with special health care needs (CSHCN) status and sociodemographic characteristics, and (3) whether having a personal provider or family-centered care mitigates disparities. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of the 2007 National Survey for Children’s Health, a nationally representative survey of 91 642 parents. Outcome measures were parent report of need for and lack of effective care coordination. We also examined the effect of parent report of having a personal provider and family-centered care. We conducted weighted bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Forty-one percent of parents reported that their child needed care coordination. Among those who needed care coordination, 31% did not receive effective coordination. CSHCN (41%) were more likely than children without special health care needs (26%; P P CONCLUSIONS: A considerable proportion of parents reported their child needed more care coordination than they received. This was especially true for parents of CSHCN and parents of black and Latino children. Interventions that enhance family-centered care might particularly contribute to reducing racial/ethnic disparities.
World War I intelligence testing and the development of psychology.

The participation of psychologists in World War I, especially through the mental testing of the Army, brought national publicity and recognition to the struggling young discipline. But while the war had contributed significantly to psychology, the practical contributions of psychologists to the fighting efficiency of the Army, as well as the scientific results emerging from the mountain of test data, turn out on closer examination to be rather equivocal.
A Miniature Spiral Diversity Antenna System With High Overall Gain Coverage and Low SAR

A miniature spiral diversity antenna system operating at 1.85 GHz is proposed. Two 10 times 6.25 mm antennas were placed at two corners of a printed circuit board at a height of 7 mm from the ground plane. Each antenna achieves nearly 7% bandwidth within 6 dB return loss. The mutual coupling between the two antennas is less than 10 dB. The proposed diversity antenna scheme exhibits high overall gain performance in all three principal planes compared to a single antenna solution. Computed specific absorption rate (SAR) data against a specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) phantom and a hand model show that the diversity antenna system induces low SAR compared to a single antenna.
THE INTERVIEWER AS HYPOTHESIS TESTER: THE EFFECTS OF IMPRESSIONS OF AN APPLICANT ON INTERVIEWER QUESTIONING STRATEGY

Recent findings in the impression formation literature suggest that individuals seek evidence to confirm initial hypotheses, or preconceptions, which they form about other people prior to interaction, and that seeking confirmatory evidence makes it likely that a hypothesis will be confirmed (Snyder and Swann, 1978). Snyder and Swann suggest that the employment interview is one context in which this process can be expected to operate. Four studies are reported which examine the generalizability of these findings to the employment interview. Consistent use of confirmatory hypothesis testing strategies was not found when experienced interviewers, rather than college students, were used as subjects, nor when the study was set specifically in an employment interview setting, nor when hypotheses about characteristics other than those examined by Snyder and Swann were studied.
New Methods for Tables of School Life, with Applications to U.S. Data from Recent School Years

Abstract Using current and retrospective school-enrollment data from October Current Population Surveys (CPS's) together with demographic accounts for the U.S. civilian noninstitutional population, this study specifies new methods for the estimation of school-life tables. The new methods combine multistate (increment—decrement) methods for those ages for which CPS data on enrollment flows are available together with prevalence-rate methods for other ages for which CPS data are available on enrollment stocks alone. Applying an algorithm to construct tables of school life for the 1969–1970, 1974–1975, 1979–1980, and 1984–1985 school years, it is found that, between the ages of 14 and 34, most sex-, race-, and school-year-specific groups have an average of 1.5 to 2.0 exits per person, from enrolled to not enrolled in school. These exits are interspersed by an average of .5 to 1.0 exits per person, from not enrolled to enrolled in school. Since prevalence-rate life-table methods arbitrarily constrain individu...
A note on the negative automaintenance procedure

Some experiments have reported that illumination of a response key prior to grain presentation to hungry pigeons establishes high levels of pecking on the lighted key despite a negative correlation between pecks and presentation of grain. Initial attempts to employ this “negative automaintenance” procedure resulted in very low levels of pecking, but pecking developed and was maintained at a high level in all pigeons when the chamber illumination, the trial length, and the intertribal interval were adjusted.
Experimental studies of the neutron and proton electromagnetic structure functions

We have carried out an experimental study of the neutron and proton deep-inelastic electromagnetic structure functions. The structure functions were extracted from electron-proton and electron-deuteron differential cross sections measured in three experiments spanning the angles 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 19\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. We report primarily on the large-angle (15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) measurements. Neutron cross sections were extracted from the deuteron data using an impulse approximation. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the nucleon is composed of pointlike constituents. The variation of the cross section with angle suggests that the hypothetical constituents have spin \textonehalf{}. The data for $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}}$, the ratio of the neutron and proton differential cross sections, are in the range 0.25 to 1.0, and are within the limits imposed by the quark model. Detailed studies of the structure functions were made for a range of the scaling variable $\ensuremath{\omega}$ from $\ensuremath{\omega}=1.3$ to $\ensuremath{\omega}=10.0$, and for a range of invariant four-momentum transfer ${Q}^{2}$ from 1.0 to 20.0 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. These studies indicate that the structure functions approximately scale in the variable $\ensuremath{\omega}$, although significant deviations from scaling in $\ensuremath{\omega}$ are apparent in the region $1.3l\ensuremath{\omega}l3.3$. These deviations from scaling are in the same direction and of similar magnitude for both neutron and proton. The interpretation of the data in terms of various theoretical models is discussed.
Pragmatic design of gated-diode FinFET DRAMs

Scaling bulk CMOS SRAM technology for on-chip caches beyond the 22nm node is questionable, on account of high leakage power consumption, performance degradation, and instability due to process variations. Recently, two/three transistor one gated-diode (2T/3T1D) DRAMs were proposed as alternatives to address the SRAM variability problem, with an emphasis on high-activity embedded cache applications. They are highly competitive with an SRAM in terms of performance, while having a smaller power and area footprint at lower technology nodes. The current evolutionary trend in transistor structures is toward an era of multi-gate devices, which makes it necessary to identify design issues and advantages of gated-diode DRAMs implemented in a multi-gate technology. In this work, we address gated-diode DRAM design in FinFET technology using mixed-mode 2D-device simulations. We revisit the model of internal voltage gain in bulk gated-diodes and extend it to provide quantitative insight into designing Fin gated-diodes, i.e., gated-diodes in FinFET technology. To this effect, we propose FinFET variants of the bulk gated-diode configuration and identify parameters that are critical to enhancing the retention time and read current in 2T/3T1D FinFET DRAMs. Additionally, we show the superiority of 2T1D FinFET DRAM over 6T FinFET SRAM having pass-gate feedback (6T PGFB) and 2T1D bulk DRAM under the effect of variations using a quasi-Monte Carlo method implemented in FinE, an environment we have developed for double-gate circuit design that integrates Sentaurus TCAD from Synopsys with the Spice3-UFDG double-gate compact model from University of Florida under a single framework. Finally, we present a new tunable threshold gated-diode FinFET amplifier which uses an n-type gated-diode for voltage-boosting, along with a p-type gated-diode for zero-suppression.
Genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures for insect pest management and increased crop yields

Summary 1. In modern crop production, each plant is often nearly genetically identical to its neighbours, allowing insect pests and pathogens to move easily from plant to plant and decimate crop fields. The associational resistance and enemies hypotheses predict that increasing plant diversity in agricultural fields will reduce pest abundance and damage. Ample research has supported these hypotheses by demonstrating that increased plant species diversity can improve insect pest management via bottom–up and top–down mechanisms. In spite of this support, diversification strategies that might contribute to improved pest control and yield have not been widely adopted owing to logistical and financial constraints. 2. Basic and applied research is increasingly demonstrating the value of intraspecific genetic diversity for improving ecosystem stability and function. Thus, a more practical way of diversifying crop fields may be to increase plant genotypic diversity by planting cultivar mixtures. Our objective is to review the literature documenting the benefits of genotypic diversity for natural and agricultural ecosystems and synthesize the evidence in support of intraspecific diversity as a viable pest management strategy for insect pests of field crops. We found strong support for wide-ranging benefits of genotypic diversity that improved plant fitness and productivity in natural and applied settings. 3. Multiple lines of evidence converge to support the potential of intraspecific variation to contribute to improve insect pest control. However, very little work has sought to develop empirical support or viable implementation practices in agricultural systems. Thus, implementation of this practice is limited. 4. Synthesis and applications. Intraspecific plant diversity can improve plant fitness via bottom–up and top–down effects on pest populations and niche partitioning. Further research is required to refine implementation practices and demonstrate value in terms of reduced pesticide use and increased yield. Growers can implement intraspecific crop diversity with minimal financial investment or changes in production practices. As the benefits of biodiversity for yield stability are increasingly recognized, intraspecific diversity is poised to become a prominent and sustainable management tactic.
The Primacy of Economics versus the Primacy of Politics: Understanding the Ideological Dynamics of the Twentieth Century

The current economic crisis has once again bought debates about capitalism and globalization to the forefront of the political agenda. Until very recently almost everyone seemed to be convinced that the world was at the dawn of a new era. Yet, the issue at the heart of globalization debates—whether political forces can dominate economic ones or must bow before them—is not new at all. I show that many of the great ideological and political battles of the last century were fought over precisely this ground, and argue that because we have forgotten or misunderstood these earlier debates our current discourse is thin and impoverished. To understand where we are and where we are going, we have to first step back and look closely at where we have been.
Learning Sub-Word Units for Open Vocabulary Speech Recognition

Large vocabulary speech recognition systems fail to recognize words beyond their vocabulary, many of which are information rich terms, like named entities or foreign words. Hybrid word/sub-word systems solve this problem by adding sub-word units to large vocabulary word based systems; new words can then be represented by combinations of sub-word units. Previous work heuristically created the sub-word lexicon from phonetic representations of text using simple statistics to select common phone sequences. We propose a probabilistic model to learn the subword lexicon optimized for a given task. We consider the task of out of vocabulary (OOV) word detection, which relies on output from a hybrid model. A hybrid model with our learned sub-word lexicon reduces error by 6.3% and 7.6% (absolute) at a 5% false alarm rate on an English Broadcast News and MIT Lectures task respectively.
Promises and challenges of live-attenuated intranasal influenza vaccines across the age spectrum: a review

Despite the availability of inactivated influenza vaccines, influenza continues to cause considerable mortality in the elderly, and morbidity in all age groups. Cold-adapted, live-attenuated, intranasally administered influenza vaccines, first developed in the 1960s, have been tested in more than 10,000 volunteers and have been shown to be safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic. Recent trials suggest that efficacy in children may be superior to that of inactivated vaccines, and efficacy in healthy adults may be similar to that of inactivated vaccines, although there are limited data comparing the two vaccines directly. Advantages of the live-attenuated vaccines include acceptability, ease of administration, and the potential for mass immunization. The possibility of substantially higher vaccination rates across all age groups brings promise for the development of herd immunity and greatly improved control of influenza in the future.
Using Zero-One Variables with Time Series Data in Regression Equations

ERO-ONE variablesl are being used with increasing frequency by economists in regression analysis. The purpose of this paper is to review some problems related to the use of these variables.2 Emphasis is placed on applications with quarterly time series observations. Three problem areas are discussed: (1) determining the appropriate circumstances for the use of such variables, (2) the mechanics of use, and (3) the interpretation of results.
The Five Factor Personality Model in Children With ASD During Middle Childhood

This study reports data comparing Five Factor Model (FFM) facets with the Inventory of Children’s Individual Differences–Short Form (ICID-S) in children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during middle childhood with same-age typically developing children. Two (ASD vs. Typical) × 2 (Sex) age-controlled MANCOVAs were performed: (a) ASD versus a contemporaneous comparison group and (b) ASD versus a norming data subset. Significant gender interactions are reported for the Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Extraversion facets. Most FFM facets in the ASD group were reliable, and group differences in both analyses were consistent with the broader ASD literature. Contemporary and normative analyses resulted in very similar significant differences and effect sizes.