cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Progress and issues in drug treatment courts.

The first drug treatment court began in Miami, Florida in 1989, in direct response to the backlog of court cases for drug possession and trafficking. By mid-2001, there were 700 operational drug treatment courts and 400 more in the planning stages in the United States. In addition to providing an overview of the growth and development of drug treatment courts in the United States, this special issue examines their development in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The primary focus is the evaluation research conducted to date, which identifies some of the critical unresolved issues facing drug treatment courts.
Carl Schorske's Theory and Practice

Book reviewed in this article: Thinking with History. Explorations in the Passage to Modernism, by Carl E. Schorske
Effects of Mosquito Ditching in North Carolina

Abstract Ditches, creeks, and adjacent estuarine waters of three coastal marshes located at North River and Jarrett Bay, Carteret County, North Carolina were studied between March 1971–March 1972. Irregularly flooded Juncus romerianus (Black Needle Rush) vegetation dominated the marshes. Winds influenced flooding and, during one hurricane, distribution of large vegetation mats on the marshes. Recording tide gauges at North River and Jarrett Bay, referenced to marsh surfaces, documented tidal flooding of the marshes. In a comparison study these recording tide gauges documented flooding of mosquito breeding sites in a manner never previously observed in North Carolina. Ditches produced large quantities of fishes and invertebrates as did creek and estuary habitats. Spot and blue crabs were most abundant and weighed the most at each site. Wind tides and hurricanes influenced flooding, salinities and vegetation fragments that transferred to the estuary. Irregularly flooded marshes, both ditched and unditched, ...
7.5.3 An Application of the CEaVa Method

In the complex world of developing requirements and eliciting user needs, engineers build billions of dollars of products that are wrong on delivery, because they solved the wrong problem. The problem statement does change, because the environment (i.e., schedule, technology, people, or politics) changes. The Continuous Early Validation (CEaVa) refinement method will stabilize the problem statement (i.e., critical requirements or KPPs), which will enhance the probability of building the right product. We will highlight the a $200 M cost savings from a multi-billion dollar Army Information Technology system case study that utilized the CEaVa method.
The Sensitivity of Black and White Americans to Nonverbal Cues of Prejudice

Summary This study tested the following hypothesis: Black American Ss will be more skillful than white American Ss at perceiving and correctly identifying intentional and unintentional visual cues related to prejudice transmitted by white Americans. Two interviewees who were high in prejudice and two who were low in prejudice were videotaped interacting with black and white interviewers. Eighty black and white male and female university students were selected to look at the videotapes, shown without sound, and to indicate on a five-point-scale their perceptions of the degree to which each of the four was prejudiced. Black Ss could differentiate the high from the low prejudiced interviewees with greater accuracy than could the white Ss. Ss' responses which indicated which parts of the body had been most influential and Ss' responses concerning clues to prejudice are also discussed.
Genetic Markers: Genes Involved in Thrombosis

This article summarizes the genetic markers of human venous and arterial thrombotic disorders. For venous thromboembolism, a factor V mutation (Arg 506-->Gln) has the highest risk, followed by protein C, S and antithrombin III gene defects. By contrast, these genetic defects are not associated significantly with arterial atherothrombotic disorders. Instead, a glycoprotein IIIa polymorphism (Pro33 versus Leu 33) has been reported to be associated with myocardial infarction. Fibrinogen Bbeta chain, factor VII, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene polymorphisms have been reported to influence the plasma levels of these factors and may indirectly be risk factors for arterial thrombotic disorders. Further studies will uncover additional genetic markers for thrombosis.
Recovering Classical Dynamics from Coupled Quantum Systems Through Continuous Measurement

We study the role of continuous measurement in the quantum to classical transition for a system with coupled internal ~spin! and external ~motional! degrees of freedom. Even when the measured motional degree of freedom can be treated classically, entanglement between spin and motion causes strong measurement back action on the quantum spin subsystem so that classical trajectories are not recovered in this mixed quantumclassical regime. The measurement can extract localized quantum trajectories that behave classically only when the internal action also becomes large relative to \.
Fournier Gangrene from a Thirty-Two-Centimeter Rectosigmoid Foreign Body

Abstract Background Medical and surgical problems associated with rectal foreign bodies are rare. Although most rectal foreign bodies can be removed without subsequent sequelae, they pose significant risk of infection. Objectives We report a patient with a 32-cm rectosigmoid foreign body and subsequent development of Fournier gangrene despite successful removal of the foreign body. Case Report A 63-year-old Caucasian man with past medical history of diabetes mellitus and depression presented with a chief complaint of “something stuck in my intestine.” He admitted that he placed a foreign body in the rectum. Abdominal X-ray study and computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis showed a conical-shaped 32-cm rectosigmoid foreign body. The foreign body was removed manually and follow-up colonoscopy was done. The patient's condition deteriorated in the first 2 days of hospital stay and he was diagnosed with Fournier gangrene. He required multiple surgeries and received broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage for mixed bacterial flora grown from deep tissue. Conclusion Rectal foreign bodies can cause Fournier gangrene. A close observation and follow-up is important after removal of rectal foreign bodies.
Hyobanche thinophila (Orobanchaceae), a new species from the Western Cape of South Africa

The new species Hyobanche thinophila is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from H. sanguinea by the absence of glandular hairs on the interior surface of the corolla, and differences in the shape and color of the corolla and inflorescence. The interior surface of the H. thinophila corolla is glabrous except for a zone of long multicellular hairs at the level of stamen insertion. Hyobanche sanguinea lacks this character. The new species occurs in dune areas along the coast of Western Cape, South Africa.
Allergic Airway Inflammation Decreases Lung Bacterial Burden following Acute Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in a Neutrophil- and CCL8-Dependent Manner

The Th17 cytokines interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-17F, and IL-22 are critical for the lung immune response to a variety of bacterial pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae. Th2 cytokine expression in the airways is a characteristic feature of asthma and allergic airway inflammation. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 diminish ex vivo and in vivo IL-17A protein expression by Th17 cells. To determine the effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on IL-17-dependent lung immune responses to acute bacterial infection, we developed a combined model in which allergic airway inflammation and lung IL-4 and IL-13 expression were induced by ovalbumin sensitization and challenge prior to acute lung infection with K. pneumoniae. We hypothesized that preexisting allergic airway inflammation decreases lung IL-17A expression and airway neutrophil recruitment in response to acute K. pneumoniae infection and thereby increases the lung K. pneumoniae burden. As hypothesized, we found that allergic airway inflammation decreased the number of K. pneumoniae-induced airway neutrophils and lung IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 expression. Despite the marked reduction in postinfection airway neutrophilia and lung expression of Th17 cytokines, allergic airway inflammation significantly decreased the lung K. pneumoniae burden and postinfection mortality. We showed that the decreased lung K. pneumoniae burden was independent of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17A and partially dependent on IL-13 and STAT6. Additionally, we demonstrated that the decreased lung K. pneumoniae burden associated with allergic airway inflammation was both neutrophil and CCL8 dependent. These findings suggest a novel role for CCL8 in lung antibacterial immunity against K. pneumoniae and suggest new mechanisms of orchestrating lung antibacterial immunity.
Beneficial use of ganirelix in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) cycles in older women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Objective: Published data describing the use of GnRH antagonists in COH-IVF protocols has been limited to a population of infertile women #38 years of age. Hence, a study was designed to evaluate the role of ganirelix in COH-IVF protocols in women $38 years of age. Design: Retrospective study. Materials/Methods: Fifty-one patients $38 years of age enrolled in our fertility center from July to December 2000 to undergo COH-IVF using a GnRH antagonist (ganirelix) protocol. All patients met the following criteria for initiation of gonadotropin stimulation: cycle day 2 serum follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration ,13 mIU/ml and estradiol (E2) concentration between 20 and 60 pg/ml. A screening transvaginal ultrasound was performed to exclude the presence of follicles or any significant pathology. According to protocol, recombinant FSH (300 IU) and human menopausal gonadotropins (150 IU) were administered for the first 4 days. Thereafter, gonadotropin doses were adjusted according to ovarian response as determined by serial ultrasounds and E2 concentrations. A daily dose of ganirelix (0.25 mg SQ) was administered once the leading follicle had reached a diameter of 14 mm or when serum LH concentration exceeded 10 mIU/L. Human chorionic gonadotropin (10,000 IU IM) was given when at least 3 follicles had reached 18 mm in diameter. Oocyte retrieval followed 36 hours later. Transcervical embryo transfers were performed 72 hours (day 3) after retrieval. We evaluated cycle characteristics, stimulation response and clinical outcomes in this group of patients. Results: The mean age of patients was 41.0 6 1.9 years. The mean day 2 serum FSH, LH and E2 levels were 7.4 6 2.2 mIU/L, 3.3 6 1.8 mIU/L and 38.8 6 19.7 pg/mL, respectively. Seventy-one cycles were initiated, 10 (14%) were cancelled and 5 (7%) did not undergo embryo transfer. The average duration of gonadotropin stimulation was 9 6 2 days and the average number of days of treatment with ganirelix was 5 6 1. The mean peak E2 concentration was 1170 6 682 pg/mL. The mean number of oocytes retrieved was 6.4 6 3.9 with a fertilization rate of 75%. This procedure resulted in a median of 2 (range 0-10) 6-8 cell embryos per patient available for transfer on day 3. The mean number of total embryos transferred per patient was 2.7 6 1.3 resulting in an implantation rate of 6%. Clinical pregnancy rate was 10% (7/71) per initiated cycle and 12% (7/56) per embryo transfer. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first report describing the use of ganirelix in COH-IVF cycles for women $38 years of age. The stimulation response and clinical outcomes observed in this study were comparable to those reported from our center using a GnRH agonist protocol. This suggests that COH-IVF protocols with ganirelix can be used safely in this age group. In addition, these patients may also benefit from the convenience and cost reduction of shorter stimulation cycles. Supported by: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Channel-bed mobility response to extreme sediment loading at Mount Pinatubo

Since the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, the specific sediment yields from watersheds draining its slopes have been the highest ever recorded. In spite of this overwhelming sediment load, rivers inundated by pyroclastic-flow deposits delivered almost half of the initial deposits to downslope alluvial and/or debris fans by 1996. Although most of this transport occurred by hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows (lahars), very high sediment transport rates also characterize low flow. Measured flow velocities and depths, channel properties, and the size of both mobile and stable clasts in the Sacobia and Pasig-Potrero Rivers indicate median bed-surface grain sizes of 2 to 8 mm, grain-size-independent dimensionless critical shear stresses ( τ*c) of 0.016 to 0.041 and Manning’s n values of 0.017 to 0.024, values well below those previously reported for steep mountain channels. The dramatic bed-surface fining, bed mobility, and selective transport in these extremely sediment-rich channels indicate that changes in grain size, τ*c values, and bed roughness can increase transport capacity in response to high sediment supply. Our observations also suggest viewing the apparently contradictory concepts of an equal threshold of bed mobility and grain-size‐dependent selective transport as end-member concepts that apply to channels with low (or intermittent) and high (or continuous) sediment supply, respectively.
Optical solder bumps: a modular approach to monolithic optoelectronic integration

The monolithic integration of compound semiconductor devices with silicon CMOS ICs is complicated by two major factors: the large thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between silicon and other semiconductors, and the large mismatch in wafer diameters between silicon and other semiconductors. Hence, most integration of compound semiconductors and silicon is done a chip at a time using long-established hybrid bump-bonding techniques. While these methods are able to begin to satisfy many immediate application needs, they do not enjoy the economic advantages of wafer-scale, batch processing found in true monolithic integration, nor to they offer the advantages of reduced parasitics, robustness of structure and density of integration that can be obtained from monolithic integration. This paper will present a philosophy for doing monolithic heterogeneous integration called the optical solder bump concept which strives to achieve all of the economic, structural and performance advantages of true monolithic integration and to do so in a modular fashion building upon commercial silicon integrated circuit processes.
Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan

Drawing on both historical and literary sources, examines life in the pleasure houses of Japan during the Edo period from the early 1600s to 1868. Among the topics are the origins, illegal competitors, the cost of a visit, the treatment of the courtesans, traditions and protocols, and Yoshiwara arts.
Kettle on a Slow Boil: Batavia's Threat Perceptions in the Indies' Outer Islands, 1870-1910

Around the turn of the 20th century, the colonial Dutch state grew increasingly concerned about what were perceived as threats to its authority. The article devotes particular attention to the so-called “Outer Islands”, and the forces that Batavia saw at work in this periphery that were considered dangerous enough to jeopardize imperial survival.
Statewide Hospital-Based Stroke Services in North Carolina Changes Over 10 Years

Background and Purpose— Statewide assessments of stroke prevention and treatment services were performed in North Carolina in 1998 and 2003. The 2003 survey found certain technologies, but not stroke-related programs, were more widely available. The survey was repeated in 2008 to determine whether there was an interval change in accessibility. Methods— A 2-page questionnaire was sent to each North Carolina hospital. Results were compared with the 1998 and 2003 surveys. Results— Complete responses were obtained from each of the state’s emergent stroke care hospitals. The proportions providing CT angiography and diffusion-weighted MRI increased between each period (each P<0.05); the use of care maps and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator protocols increased between 2003 and 2008 but not between 1998 and 2003. There were no changes in availability of MRI, MR angiography, catheter angiography, carotid ultrasound, transcranial Doppler, transthoracic echocardiography, or in the proportions of hospitals ha...
Letter to the Editor, re: article “Factors influencing women’s satisfaction with surgical abortion” by Tilles, Denny, Cansino and Creinin

We read with great interest the manuscript entitled “Factors influencing women’s satisfaction with surgical abortion” by Dr. Tilles and colleagues [1]. However, Tilles et al. did not adequately situate their findings of 210 women in the context of our large study of the multiple determinants of 9000 women’s experiences of first-trimester aspiration abortion [2] as well as a companion thematic analysis of narrative responses from 5214 women [3] that further clarified multiple clinicand patient-level factors that impact women’s abortion experiences. Missing from Tilles and colleagues’ discussion is a reference to the results of our qualitative findings [2] that were grounded in our understanding that patient satisfaction is just one component of patient experience. Thematic analysis of over 5000 narrative responses elicited a wide range of personal experiences that went beyond the forced-choice query responses in Tilles’ postprocedure survey. Our findings showed that even women with high satisfaction ratings also face a range of experiences (e.g., stigma, shame, pain) that were not captured by survey questions and provide important information about clinically modifiable factors to improve patient experience. Since patient experience is now a federally required component of healthcare quality [3], the Tilles paper could have been strengthened by situating their results within a discussion of the abortion experience themes found in our study. Second, Tilles does not discuss the limitations of patient satisfaction measurement, which we addressed in both of our papers [2,3]. Patient satisfaction ratings alone have been determined to be an inadequate measure of patient care experience. This again is consistent with recommendations by federal agencies for assessing consumer healthcare quality [4]. Results from multiple studies of measuring patient experience have reported improved clinical outcomes when these experiences are positive. Additionally, linking women’s ratings of satisfaction of abortion care with national measures of patient care experience has the potential to normalize abortion care quality measures with other Contraception 93 (2016) 372–373
Fabrication of 2.5D Rock-Based Micromodels With High Resolution Features

Fabrication of 2.5D rock-based micromodels with high resolution features is presented using SU-8 multi-layer lithography and nickel electroforming for nickel molds. Processes associated with SU-8 were carefully optimized by the use of the vacuum contact, the use of UV filter, and controls of UV exposure doses and baking times. The use of SU-8 MicroSpray enabled the easy fabrication of multi-layers of SU-8, while exhibiting some total thickness variations. The thirteen layered SU-8 samples showed reliable patterning results for features at 10 and 25 μm resolutions, and minor pattern distortions of features at the 5 μm resolution. Flycutting method employed in multi-layer lithography of SU-8 yielded accurate total thickness control within ±1.5 μm and excellent pattern formation for all of 5, 10, and 25 μm features. Electroforming of nickel was optimized with electroplating bath composition and electroplating parameters such as current density to realize the high resolution nickel mold. The fabricated nickel molds from flycutting based SU-8 samples revealed the feasibility of manufacturing the minimum features down to 5 μm for thirteen layers without any pattern distortions. The replication-based micromolding method will allow for fabrication of micromodels in a variety of materials such as polymers and ceramics. The high resolution, 2.5D micromodels will be used for investigation of pore-scale fluid transport, which will aid in understanding the complicated fluidic phenomena occurring in the 3D reservoir rock.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Application of Field-bus Technology in Beneficiation Plant

The FF,Profibus-DP and Modbus applied in DCS in the world's largest beneficiation plant in Saudi were introduced.
Android voice recognition application with multi speaker feature

In this paper, we discuss two things. In the first part of the paper, we discuss the means of processing the speech signal using the Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients and the basics of voice characteristics. The problem of voice recognition was already implemented at the hardware level, but in this we propose a solution to the problem on the software end with a higher level of accuracy. Then in the second part, we will discuss the application developed on Android which is able to perform both single speaker and multi-speaker recognition. The multi-speaker feature enables the system to identify more than one person speaking by splitting the input into smaller blocks and treating each block as a single speaker identification problem. In the single speaker recognition case, the algorithm is able to correctly identify the individual 90.3% of the time. In the multi-speaker recognition case, up to 3 individuals are correctly identified roughly 86% of the time. The average identification time is 220ms across a database of 415 samples.
Evolutionary Approaches to Depression: Prospects and Limitations

Evolutionary psychiatry regards human minds as, to a significant extent, shaped by processes of natural selection and aims to explain why we are vulnerable to mental disorder. This chapter provides a short introduction to the field and explores two evolutionary approaches to depression, which is a commonly discussed condition in evolutionary psychiatry. After examining some of the advantages and challenges of these approaches, the chapter will conclude by indicating how evolutionary psychiatry can yield practical benefits in the form of clinical applications.
The effects of hybridization on divergent venom phenotypes: Characterization of venom from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus × Crotalus oreganus helleri hybrids.

Hybridization between divergent species can be analyzed to elucidate expression patterns of distinct parental characteristics, as well as to provide information about the extent of reproductive isolation between species. A known hybrid cross between two rattlesnakes with highly divergent venom phenotypes provided the opportunity to examine occurrence of parental venom characteristics in the F1 hybrids as well as ontogenetic shifts in the expression of these characters as the hybrids aged. Although venom phenotypes of adult rattlesnake venoms are known for many species, the effect of hybridization on phenotype inheritance is not well understood, and effects of hybridization on venom ontogeny have not yet been investigated. The current study investigates both phenomena resulting from the hybridization of a male snake with type I degradative venom, Crotalus oreganus helleri (Southern Pacific Rattlesnake), and a female snake with type II highly toxic venom, Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave Rattlesnake). SDS-PAGE, enzymology, Western blot and reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) were used to characterize the venom of the C. o. helleri male, the C. s. scutulatus female and their two hybrid offspring as they aged. In general, Crotalus o. helleri × C. s. scutulatus hybrid venoms appeared to exhibit overlapping parental venom profiles, and several different enzyme activity patterns. Both hybrids expressed C. o. helleri father-specific myotoxins as well as C. s. scutulatus mother-specific Mojave toxin. Snake venom metalloprotease activity displayed apparent sex-influenced expression patterns, while hybrid serine protease activities were intermediate to parental activities. The C. s. scutulatus × C. o. helleri hybrid male's venom profile provided the strongest evidence that type I and type II venom characteristics are expressed simultaneously in hybrid venoms, as this snake contained distinctive characteristics of both parental species. However, the possibility of sex-influenced development of metalloprotease activity, as seen in the ontogenetic shifts of the hybrid female, may influence the levels of expression of both type I and type II characteristics in hybrid venoms. Ultimately, the chronological analysis of this known hybrid system reveals the most distinct characteristics that can be used in determining successful hybridization between snakes that follow the type I-type II trend in rattlesnake venom composition, namely the presence of metalloprotease activity and Mojave toxin.
The Country of Origin: A Category-Based Process

As many companies move towards internationalization and trade barriers disappear, international marketing research becomes more important Early research investigated what kind of product images (i.e. stereotypes) consumers (primarily North American) held toward various products from different countries (Cattin et al. 1982; Nagashima 1970; Narayana 1981). The majority of the studies indicated that consumers revealed source-country-related biases towards products imported from foreign countries in general. However, the main focus of the early COO studies investigating the images of the COO was on the effect.
Comparative Analysis of African Nations: On the Uses and Limitations of Cross-National Data

A detailed account of comparative methodology or cross-national research in the social sciences is not possible here, although such a work is needed.1 It is important, however, to indicate the purposes of cross-national research and the possibilities and limitations of such research in Africa. The discussion here is designed primarily to speak to professional social scientists and “Africanists,” some of whom may be either dubious of the value of comparative research using aggregate data on macro-social entities such as countries, or skeptical of the validity of quantitative, comparative analysis.
Diffuse Field Estimation with Asynchronous Sensor Networks

Sensor networks provide a convenient way of estimating diffuse fields, but deployment issues and inaccurate clock synchronization may introduce randomness in their behavior. Recently, asynchronous sensor networks (ASN) comprising uncoordinated and randomly placed nodes, have been shown to sustain quasi-stable communication. In order to conserve energy, it is desirable to reduce the number of samples to a minimum. The theory of compressive sensing offers methods of recovering sparse signals from a small set of random measurements. We show that the random space-time sampling in an ASN provides the additional advantage of satisfying the properties required for compressive sensing.
Effects of ocean grid resolution on tropical cyclone-induced upper ocean responses using a global ocean general circulation model

Tropical cyclones (TCs) have the potential to influence regional and global climate through interactions with the upper ocean. Here we present results from a suite of ocean-only model experiments featuring the Community Earth System Model, in which we analyze the effect of tropical cyclone wind forcing on the global ocean using three different horizontal ocean grid resolutions (3˚, 1˚, and 0.1˚). The ocean simulations are forced with identical atmospheric inputs from the Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference Experiments version 2 (COREv2) normal year forcing conditions, featuring global blended TC winds from a fully-coupled CESM simulation with a 25 km atmosphere [Small et al., 2014]. The simulated TC climatology shows good agreement with observational estimates of annual TC statistics, including annual frequency, intensity distributions, and geographic distributions. Each ocean simulation is comprised of a 5-year spin up with COREv2 normal year forcing, followed by 18 months with blended TC winds. In addition, we conduct corresponding control simulations for each grid resolution configuration without blended TC winds. We find that ocean horizontal and vertical grid resolutions affect TC-induced heat and momentum fluxes, post-storm cold wake features, and ocean subsurface temperature profiles. The responses are amplified for smaller grid spacing. Moreover, analyses show that the annually accumulated TC-induced ocean heat uptake is also sensitive to ocean grid resolution, which may have important implications for modeled ocean heat budgets and variability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
In Vitro Coculture Models to Study Vessel Formation and Function

The vasculature is one of the first organ systems to develop and provides a means of distributing nutrients and oxygen, as well as removing waste products in the developing embryo. Hence, blood vessel formation is vital to the establishment and maintenance of all tissues of the body. The primitive vascular network is formed almost entirely from mesoderm during vasculo genesis, which begins with the differentiation of angioblasts into tubelike endothelial structures (Doetschman et al., 1985; Coffin and Poole, 1988; Noden, 1989).
The Effect of Innovation Characteristics on Cloud Computing Diffusion

ABSTRACTIn recent years, cloud computing has become a popular computing architecture in IT industry. Although information systems research has identified cloud computing as an important driver for cost saving and agility, there is little work that examines the implication of different innovation characteristics on cloud solution quality and eventual cloud diffusion. This research investigates the relationship between several innovation characteristics and the rate of diffusion on cloud computing within the industry. A blended approach is adopted, wherein the decision to adopt is modeled through agent-based simulation, and the characteristics of the innovation are varied through the use of genetic algorithms. Results indicate that the blended approach yields good results under a variety of innovation diffusion scenarios.
Highly Efficient and Anomalous Charge Transfer in van der Waals Trilayer Semiconductors.

Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, allow the fabrication of multilayer structures without lattice matching restriction. A central issue in developing such artificial materials is to understand and control the interlayer electron transfer process, which plays a key role in harnessing their emergent properties. Recent photoluminescence and transient absorption measurements revealed that the electron transfer in heterobilayers occurs on ultrafast time scales. However, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding on how this process can be so efficient at van der Waals interfaces. Here we show evidence suggesting the coherent nature of such interlayer electron transfer. In a trilayer of MoS2–WS2–MoSe2, electrons excited in MoSe2 transfer to MoS2 in about one picosecond. Surprisingly, these electrons do not populate the middle WS2 layer during this process. Calculations showed the coherent nature of the charge transfer and reproduced the measured e...
Effects of diet-induced weight loss on the cardiometabolic markers in obese African American and white women with prediabetes

Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects of a 6 month diet-induced weight loss (DIWL) on glucose homeostasis, cardiometabolic variables, and high density lipoproteins (HDL) associated functionality paraoxonase1 (PON1) enzyme in overweight/obese African American (AA) and White American (WA) women, with prediabetes. Methods: We recruited 108 obese women (67 AA and 41 WA) with prediabetes hemoglobin A 1 C (HbA 1 C; 5.7-6.4%). Metabolic studies, fasting cardiometabolic markers (lipids/lipoproteins, inflammatory markers), and PON1 were performed at 0, 3, and 6 months. Insulin sensitivity (Si), glucose effectiveness (Sg), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), and disposition index (DI) were obtained (Bergman's Minmod). The DIWL program consists of approximately 1200 kcal/day for 6 months. Results: The mean body mass index was greater in AA than WA (38 ± 8 vs. 34 ± 8 kg/m 2 ). DIWL resulted in a mean 7.5% and 10.3% (8kg vs. 10.3 kg) weight loss in AA versus WA. Mean fasting and 2 h serum glucose, insulin, and c-peptide levels decreased significantly during 3 and 6 versus 0 month. The mean Si, Sg, AIRg, and DI did not improve in either AA or WA. DIWL had no significant effect on the cardiometabolic markers or PON1 in the present study. Conclusions: We found ethnic differences in the magnitude of the weight loss. However, modest weight loss had no impact on the glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular markers, and HDL functionality in prediabetic AA and WA women.
Structure and Taxonomic Significance of Leaf Veinlets of the Rutaceae. II. Medicosma Hook. F. and Fundersia R. Br.

The veinlet termini in several species of Medicosma Hook.f. and Flindersia R. Br. possess varied types of idioblasts : Brachytracheoids, Sclerotracheoids and terminal sclereids. In the light of details on the veinlet syndrome the group relationship among them have been examined. It is considered that varied types of idioblasts are due to different levels of specialisation. Taxonomic implications of veinlet elements are discussed.
A multi-scale high-resolution analysis of global sea surface temperature

Abstract The Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) sea surface temperature (SST) analysis presents daily SST estimates on a global 0.01° ×0.01° grid. The current version (Version 4.1, http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/GHGMR-4FJ04 ) features the 1-km resolution MODIS retrievals, which are fused with AVHRR GAC, microwave, and in-situ SST data by applying internal correction for relative biases among the data sets. Only the night-time (dusk to dawn locally) satellite SST retrievals are used to estimate the foundation SST. The MUR SST values agree with the GHRSST Multi-Product Ensemble (GMPE) SST field to 0.36°C on average, except in summer-time Arctic region where the existing SST analysis products are known to disagree with each other. The feature resolution of the MUR SST analysis is an order of magnitude higher than most existing analysis products. The Multi-Resolution Variational Analysis (MRVA) method allows the MUR analysis to use multiple synoptic time scales, including a 5-day data window used for reconstruction of mesoscale features and data windows of only few hours for the smaller scale features. Reconstruction of fast evolving small scale features and interpolation over persistent large data voids can be achieved simultaneously by the use of multiple synoptic windows in the multi-scale setting. The MRVA method is also a “mesh-less” interpolation procedure that avoids truncation of the geolocation data during gridding and binning of satellite samples. Future improvements of the MUR SST analysis will include ingestion of day-time MODIS retrievals as well as more recent high-resolution SST retrievals from VIIRS.
Surgical upgrade rate of breast atypia to malignancy: An academic center's experience and validation of a predictive model.

Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are commonly seen on breast core needle biopsy (CNB). Many institutions recommend excision of these lesions to exclude malignancy. A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who had ADH, ALH, or LCIS on breast CNB from 1/1/08 to 12/31/10 who subsequently had surgical excision of the biopsy site. Study objectives included determining upgrade to malignancy at surgical excision, identification of predictors of upgrade, and validation of a recently published predictive model. Clinical and demographic factors, pathology, characteristics of the biopsy procedure and visible residual lesion were recorded. T test and chi-squared test were used to identify predictors. Classification tree was used to predict upgrade. 151 patients had mean age of 53 years. The mean maximum lesion size on imaging was 11 mm. The primary atypia was ADH in 63.6%, ALH in 27.8%, and LCIS in 8.6%. 16.6% of patients had upgrade to malignancy, with 72% DCIS and 28% invasive carcinoma. Risk factors for upgrade included maximum lesion size (P = .002) and radiographic presence of residual lesion (P = .001). A predictive model based on these factors had sensitivity 78%, specificity 80% and AUC = 0.88. Validating a published nomogram with our data produced accuracy figures (AUC = 0.65) within published CI of 0.63-0.82. In CNB specimens containing ADH, ALH, or LCIS, initial lesion size and presence of residual lesion are predictors of upgrade to malignancy. A validated model may be helpful in developing patient management strategies.
Impact of Contingent Employment Trajectory on Standard Employees' Attitude and Firm Performance

Scholars argue that organizations choose to use contingent workers based on two opposite reasons: to cut costs and replace standard employees with inexpensive contingent workforce vs. to increase w...
Promoting healthy food preferences from the start: a narrative review of food preference learning from the prenatal period through early childhood

Summary The palatable, energy-dense foods that characterize modern environments can promote unhealthy eating habits, along with humans' predispositions to accept sweet tastes and reject those that are sour or bitter. Yet food preferences are malleable, and examining food preference learning during early life can highlight ways to promote acceptance of healthier foods. This narrative review describes research from the past 10 years focused on food preference learning from the prenatal period through early childhood (ages 2–5 years). Exposure to a variety of healthy foods from the start, including during the prenatal period, early milk-feeding and the introduction to complementary foods and beverages, can support subsequent acceptance of those foods. Yet development is plastic, and healthier food preferences can still be promoted after infancy. In early childhood, research supports starting with the simplest strategies, such as repeated exposure and modelling, reserving other strategies for use when needed to motivate the initial tasting necessary for repeated exposure effects to begin. This review can help caregivers and practitioners to promote the development of healthy food preferences early in life. Specific implementation recommendations, the role of individual differences and next steps for research in this area are also discussed.
Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Acute Allograft Rejection

The “gold-standard” for detection of allograft rejection is the right ventricularendomyocardial biopsy, sampled on a regular basis particularly during the first yearafter transplantation. Individual patients routinely have more than 10 biopsies in thefirst year alone. Endomyocardial biopsies are expensive, time-consuming and not 100% sensitive since sampling error may occur. These limitations have createda need for developing an inexpensive, non-invasive methods to assess the entireallograft for rejection and to follow its response to therapy
Using Deception to Shield Cyberspace Sensors

The U.S. President’s Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative calls for the deployment of sensors to help protect federal enterprise networks. Because of the reported cyber intrusions into America’s electric power grid and other utilities, there is the possibility that sensors could also be positioned in key privately-owned infrastructure assets and the associated cyberspace. Sensors provide situational awareness of adversary operations, but acting directly on the collected information can reveal key sensor attributes such as modality, location, range, sensitivity and credibility. The challenge is to preserve the secrecy of sensors and their attributes while providing defenders with the freedom to respond to the adversary’s operations.
Data Monitoring in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study #981: Conflicting Interim Results

In 1989, the NIH sponsored AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) mounted a large prospective randomized trial (known as ACTG 981) to compare fluconazole (200 mg daily) with clotrimazole lozenges (10mg, five times daily) for prevention of invasive fungal infections in patients with advanced HIV disease. At the fourth DSMB review of the study in November 1992, the patients on fluconazole had a significantly lower risk of invasive, serious and superficial fungal infections, but a higher mortality rate than the patients on clotrimazole. The DSMB recommended keeping the study open in spite of the fact that a boundary had been crossed for the primary endpoint. The final analysis of this study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, reported that the trial gave evidence of the superiority of fluconazole in preventing the most serious fungal infections, but did not show an advantage in reducing overall mortality, thus vindicating the recommendations of the DSMB to keep the trial open until the planned follow-up had been completed. This paper is a review of the DSMB process for this study, and how the Board dealt with the challenges of interpretation of apparently contradictory evidence on treatment efficacy.
Timing of physical therapy consultation on 1-year healthcare utilization and costs in patients seeking care for neck pain: a retrospective cohort

Patients seek care from physical therapists for neck pain but it is unclear what the association of the timing of physical therapy (PT) consultation is on 1-year healthcare utilization and costs. The purpose of this study was to compare the 1-year healthcare utilization and costs between three PT timing groups: patients who consulted a physical therapist (PT) for neck pain within 14 days (early PT consultation), between 15 and 90 days (delayed PT consultation) or between 91 and 364 days (late PT consultation). A retrospective cohort of 308 patients (69.2% female, ages 48.7[±14.5] years) were categorized into PT timing groups. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each group. In adjusted regression models, 1-year healthcare utilization of injections, imaging, opioids and costs were compared between groups. Compared to early PT consultation, the odds of receiving an opioid prescription (aOR = 2.79, 95%CI: 1.35–5.79), spinal injection (aOR = 4.36, 95%CI:2.26–8.45), undergoing an MRI (aOR = 4.68, 95%CI:2.25–9.74), X-ray (aOR = 2.97, 95%CI:1.61–5.47) or CT scan (aOR = 3.36, 95%CI: 1.14–9.97) were increased in patients in the late PT consultation group. Similar increases in risk were found in the delayed group (except CT and Opioids). Compared to the early PT consultation group, mean costs were $2172 ($557, $3786) higher in the late PT contact group and $1063 (95%CI: $ 138 - $1988) higher in the delayed PT consultation group. There was an association with the timing of physical therapy consultation on healthcare utilization and costs, where later consultation was associated with increases costs and healthcare utilization. This study examined the association of timing of physical therapy consultation on costs and healthcare utilization, but not the association of increased access to physical therapy consultation. Therefore, the findings warrant further investigation to explore the effects of increased access to physical therapy consultation on healthcare utilization and costs in a prospective study.
Opioid prescription patterns and use among patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Opioid-related deaths in the United States have increased 200% since 2000, in part due to prescription diversion from patients who had a surgical procedure. The purpose of this study was to characterize provider prescription patterns and assess patient-reported opioid use after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS Patients who underwent ESS between May 2017 and May 2018 were included. Opioid prescription, operative details, and postoperative opioid use data were extracted. The Massachusetts Prescription Awareness Tool (MassPAT) was queried to determine if patients filled their prescription. RESULTS One hundred fifty-five patients were included. Nearly all patients received an opioid prescription (94.8%). An average of 15.6 tablets was prescribed per patient. Among 116 patients with MassPAT data, 91.4% filled their prescription. Among 67 patients who reported the number of tablets they had used at the time of first follow-up appointment, 73.1% reported taking no opioids. Mean number of tablets prescribed was significantly greater among patients who underwent primary versus revision surgery (16.5 vs. 13.5, P = .0111) and those who had splints placed (21.5 vs. 15.1, P = .0037). Predictors of opioid use included concurrent turbinate reduction (58.3% vs. 14.3%, P < .0001) and concurrent septoplasty (45.5% vs. 21.6%, P = .039). CONCLUSIONS Nearly all patients who underwent ESS were prescribed an opioid, and nearly all patients filled their prescription. However, the vast majority of patients did not require any opioid medication for postoperative pain control. As the opioid epidemic continues to persist, these findings have immediate relevance to current prescribing patterns and pain management practices. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 129:1046-1052, 2019.
Utility of novel serum biomarkers to predict subclinical atherosclerosis: A sub-analysis of the EISNER study.

Abstract Background and aims Certain novel biomarkers may predict atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events; however, data on their relationship to coronary atherosclerosis and its progression as measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning is lacking. We evaluated the association between novel biomarkers and presence or progression of CAC. Methods The EISNER study was a prospective trial of patients without known ASCVD. Data on CAC and several biomarkers (hs-CRP, LTβR, osteopontin [OPN], RAGE, TNFR1α and TROY) were available at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Biomarkers were standardized and summed for a composite score. CAC progression was defined by the square-root (CACSQRT) method and rapid (top decile) progression. Adjusted regression models created a final prediction model for baseline CAC and CAC progression. Results 1207 subjects (mean age 58.4 ± 8 years, 53% male) were evaluated; 621 had a baseline CAC >0, in whom 323 progressed by CACSQRT, and 121 rapidly progressed. Baseline CAC was associated only with OPN (p = 0.03), TROY (p = 0.0058) and TNFR1α (p = 0.0039) in unadjusted analyses. In adjusted analyses, only OPN was independently related to CAC progression using CACSQRT (p = 0.04). Conclusions OPN identifies progression of atherosclerosis in persons free of ASCVD at baseline and may be a useful predictive tool to guide ASCVD prevention management.
A HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY OF ACCOUNTING HISTORIANS: 1999–2013

This paper, the third in a series covering the history of The Academy since its founding in l973, recounts and details the leadership, publications, activities and events of the period 1999 through 2013 from the viewpoint of individuals who have served as officers and/or trustees of The Academy. The earlier histories of The Academy appeared in this journal in December 1989 (1973–1988) and in December 1998 (1989–1998) and provide a similar profile of the organization for those periods, with a summary evaluation as part of the conclusion. The Academy celebrated its fortieth anniversary in 2013. Two of the three coauthors of this study were also coauthors of the previous study. Edward N. Coffman, a continuing coauthor, passed away after completion of the manuscript but before its publication.