cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gold nanorod-mediated photothermolysis induces apoptosis of macrophages via damage of mitochondria.

Aims: Induction of apoptosis or necrosis in activated macrophages by gold nanorod-mediated photothermolysis is demonstrated and the mechanisms underlying the processes are investigated. Materials & methods: Gold nanorods were functionalized with cysteine-octaarginine peptides (R8-NRs). Uptake of R8-NRs by activated macrophages was monitored by two-photon luminescence imaging. The laser irradiation conditions were controlled to induce apoptosis or necrosis to R8-NR-internalized macrophages. Mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species overproduction during photothermolysis was investigated by confocal fluorescence microscopy and transmission-electron microscopy. Results: Activated macrophages efficiently uptake R8-NRs both in vitro and in live animals. Laser irradiation of internalized nanorods with controlled power density induces apoptosis of macrophages via intracellular perturbation and subsequent injury of mitochondria. Conclusions: Gold nanorod-mediated photothermolysis provides one promising way...
Ice core evidence for climate change in the Tropics: implications for our future

Reliable meteorological observations for climate reconstruction are limited or absent prior to A.D. 1850 for much of the Earth and particularly in both tropical South America and the Tibetan Plateau region of central Asia. Over 50% of the Earth’s surface lies between 303N and 303S and 75% of the world’s inhabitants live and conduct their activities in these tropical regions. Thus, much of the climatic activity of signi"cance to humanity, such as variations in the occurrence and intensity of the El Nin8 o-Southern Oscillation and monsoons, are largely con"ned to lower latitudes. Moreover, the variability of these tropical systems and particularly that of the tropical hydrological system in response to regional and global climate forcing are not well understood. Fortunately, ice core records are also available from selected high altitude, low and mid-latitude ice caps. The ice core studies described here were undertaken as part of a long-term program to acquire the global-scale, high-resolution climatic and environmental history essential for understanding more fully the linkages between the low and the high latitudes. Two ice core records, one covering the last full glacial cycle from the Guliya Ice Cap, China (353N; 6200 m asl) and one from HuascaraH n, Peru, which reveal signi"cant cooling during the Last Glacial Cycle Maximum (LGM &20,000 yr BP) are compared with preliminary data coming from the new Sajama, Bolivia (180 S, 6550 m asl) and the Dasuopu, Himalaya (China, 283N, 7200 m asl) cores. Lower d18O values (equivalent to cooling of &83C) contribute to the growing body of evidence that the tropical climate was cooler and more variable during the last glacial cycle and has renewed current interest in the tropical water vapor cycle. The new tropical ice core records raise additional questions about our understanding of the role of the tropics in global climate. Unfortunately, as a result of recent warming, all known tropical glaciers and ice caps are retreating and soon will no longer continue to preserve viable paleoclimatic records. The characteristics of the current warming will be examined and compared to earlier periods of climatic warming such as the transition form the last glacial into the current interglacial as well as other periods within the Holocene. It is important to distinguish natural variation in the climate system from the anthropogenic in#uences superimposed during the last century. These tropical ice cores o!er long-term perspectives of accumulation, temperature, atmospheric dust and ‘greenhousea gas concentrations against which recent variations may be assessed, with particular relevance for lower latitude regions where most people live. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Path model of reproductive disorders and performance, milk fever, mastitis, milk yield, and culling in Holstein cows.

Abstract Path analysis was used to model the direct and indirect relationships among age, previous lactation yield or estimated transmitting ability for milk, body weight, days dry, reproductive disorders, milk fever, mastitis, reproductive performance, current milk yield, and culling. Prospective data were from 784 primiparous and 2,066 multiparous Holstein lactations from 33 herds. Heifers that were older, of lighter weight, or who had lower estimated transmitting ability for milk had more problems, less milk, and poorer survival. Dystocia in heifers had several detrimental consequences including 2.9 to 4 times more retained placenta, metritis, and culling and +7.4 d more to first service. Cystic ovaries were associated directly with 376 kg greater milk yield and with a 16.5-d delay in first service. Failure to conceive at first service and mastitis increased risk of culling 5.2 to 10 times. In multiparous cows, milk fever increased risk of reproductive disorders by 1.6 to 4.2 times and indirectly contributed to poor breeding performance and increased culling. Risk of culling was increased 2.1 to 3.7 times directly by mastitis and dystocia and by poor breeding performance.
The Gram stain after more than a century

The Gram stain, the most important stain in microbiology, was described more than a century ago. Only within the past decade, however, has an understanding of its mechanism emerged. It now seems clear that the cell wall of Gram-positive microorganisms is responsible for retention of a crystal violet:iodine complex. In Gram-negative cells, the staining procedures damage the cell surface resulting in loss of dye complexes. Gram-positive microorganisms require a relatively thick cell wall, irrespective of composition, to retain the dye. Therefore, Gram-stainability is a function of the cell wall and is not related to chemistry of cell constituents. This review provides a chronology of the Gram stain and discusses its recently discovered mechanism.
Using standardised students in faculty development workshops to improve clinical teaching skills.

Purpose We describe the use of standardised students (SSs) in interdisciplinary faculty development programmes to improve clinical teaching skills. Standardised students are actual health professions students who are trained to portray a prototypical teaching challenge consistently across many encounters with different faculty participants. Methods The faculty development programmes described focused on the skills of providing feedback and brief clinical teaching. At the beginning of each session, each participant was videotaped in encounters with 2 different SSs. Using microteaching (an instructional method in which learners view short segments of their own videotaped performance and discuss the tapes with a facilitator, consultant or other workshop participants), each group of participants and instructors reviewed the tapes and reflected on the encounters, providing immediate feedback to participants and modelling different approaches to the same teaching problem. The same process was repeated with more complicated scenarios after 2 weeks and again after 6 months offering reinforcement, further practice and more sophisticated development of the strategies learned. Participants completed post-session evaluations and a follow-up telephone survey. Results A total of 36 faculty members from the colleges of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and nursing participated in workshops in 2000–01. The workshops were rated as highly relevant to participants' teaching, and most participants reported that they had learned a great deal. Participants most appreciated reviewing the videotaped interactions, the feedback they received, the interactions with their colleagues, the interdisciplinary nature of the groups and the practical focus of the workshops. Conclusions Standardised students provide a high fidelity, low risk, simulated environment in which faculty can reflect on and experiment with new teaching behaviours. Such encounters can enhance the effectiveness and impact of faculty development programmes to improve clinical teaching skills.
Cervicobrachial involvement in diabetic radiculoplexopathy.

Diabetic radiculoplexopathy is commonly viewed as a condition affecting the lower extremities. However, other regions may also be affected and the presence of upper extremity involvement has rarely been emphasized. Our goal was to illustrate the clinical features of arm involvement in this condition. Of 60 patients with diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy, we identified 9 who also had upper extremity involvement. The study included 8 men and 1 woman, ranging in age from 36 to 71 years. Upper limb involvement developed simultaneously with the onset of lower limb disorder in 1 patient, preceded it by 2 months in another patient, and occurred between 3 weeks and 15 months later in the remaining 7. In 5 cases, arm involvement developed after symptoms in the legs began to improve. The upper extremity weakness affected the hands and forearms most severely. It was unilateral in 5 patients and bilateral but asymmetric in 4. Pain was often present, but it was not a prominent feature. In most patients, neurologic deficits in the arms improved spontaneously after 2-9 months. We conclude that diabetic radiculoplexopathy may involve the cervical region before, after, or simultaneously with the lumbosacral syndrome. The upper limb process is similar to that in the legs, with subacutely progressive weakness and pain followed by spontaneous recovery.
A radical change in counselor education and certification

The new Washington state certification plan for school counselors includes promising innovations. The plan calls for behaviorally stated performance standards related to client outcomes. Resulting programs for in-service as well as pre-service counselors are developed in a partnership among professional associations, school districts, and university counselor education personnel. Professional identity and involvement are encouraged through counselor self-assessment against specific performance criteria, individualized training and self-renewal programs, and lifelong professional development plans. A new role is developed of a counselor staff development specialist who functions as a school training consultant and counselor educator.
Humans Are People, Too: Nurturing an Appreciation for Nature in Communication Research

A growing literature illuminates the biological and evolutionary antecedents, consequences, and correlates of communication behavior. With few exceptions, however, the research is conducted outside of the communication discipline and remains unknown within the communication field. This essay offers illustrative literature reviews for several communicative behaviors and argues that the communication discipline should embrace, rather than ignore, the bio-evolutionary factors involved in human social behavior.
Increased retinal mtDNA damage in the CFH variant associated with age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness among the elderly in the developed world. Genetic analysis of AMD has identified 34 high-risk loci associated with AMD. The genes at these high risk loci belong to diverse biological pathways, suggesting different mechanisms leading to AMD pathogenesis. Thus, therapies targeting a single pathway for all AMD patients will likely not be universally effective. Recent evidence suggests defects in mitochondria (mt) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may constitute a key pathogenic event in some AMD patients. The purpose of this study is to determine if individuals with a specific genetic background have a greater propensity for mtDNA damage. We used human eyebank tissues from 76 donors with AMD and 42 age-matched controls to determine the extent of mtDNA damage in the RPE that was harvested from the macula using a long extension polymerase chain reaction assay. Genotype analyses were performed for ten common AMD-associated nuclear risk alleles (ARMS2, TNFRSF10A, CFH, C2, C3, APOE, CETP, LIPC, VEGF and COL10A1) and mtDNA haplogroups. Sufficient samples were available for genotype association with mtDNA damage for TNFRSF10A, CFH, CETP, VEGFA, and COL10A1. Our results show that AMD donors carrying the high risk allele for CFH (C) had significantly more mtDNA damage compared with donors having the wild-type genetic profile. The data from an additional 39 donors (12 controls and 27 AMD) genotyped for CFH alleles further supported these findings. Taken together, these studies provide the rationale for a more personalized approach for treating AMD by uncovering a significant correlation between the CFH high risk allele and accelerated mtDNA damage. Patients harboring this genetic risk factor may benefit from therapies that stabilize and protect the mt in the RPE.
Structural characterization of product ions of regulated veterinary drugs by electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Part 3: Anthelmintics and thyreostats.

Rationale Previously, we have reported a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the identification and quantification of regulated veterinary drugs in food animals. The method uses three selected transition ions per analyte but structural characterization is also needed. This work is a continuation of two previous publications in which we propose structures of the selected transition ions of 130 veterinary drugs altogether. Methods In this work, 24 additional veterinary drugs were analyzed by infusion into a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive or negative mode. The TOF analyzer was calibrated to achieve low error mass accuracy in the MS and MS/MS modes. Also, the MS2 and MS3 spectra were obtained by using a Q-Trap mass spectrometer to further determine the possible pathways of ion formation. Results The low error mass spectrometry analysis allowed the elucidation of the ion formulae of selected transition ions for qualitative identification. The rational interpretation of data including a review of the published literature led to the proposed structures of the MS/MS product ions of 24 compounds covering two classes of regulated veterinary drugs (anthelmintics and thyreostats). In addition, the use of MS2 and MS3 experiments led to the establishment of fragmentation patterns. Conclusions The identification and quantification of veterinary drug residues is helpful information for regulatory monitoring programs in defense of regulatory enforcement actions. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Cavity-Enhanced Two-Photon Processes in Quantum Dots and Applications to Quantum Information Science

We present two-photon transition rate enhancement in quantum dots coupled to photonic crystal cavities. We show that cavity-assisted two-photon absorption and emission are efficient methods to coherently excite quantum dots and generate indistinguishable single photons.
Alterations in Response to Changing Body Temperature Following Artificial Fever and Chilling

SummaryAlteration of the temperature regulating mechanism of the fowl has been demonstrated by a lowered panting temperature threshold following a maintained reduction of body temperature (3 degrees for 2 hours). Maintenance of body temperature in a condition of hyperthermia for 1 to 2 hours previous to chilling does not result in a reciprocal change in the shivering threshold, rather, heat acts as a depressant and decreases the sensitivity of the shivering mechanism under these conditions. Reflex inhibition of panting with application of cold to the skin is demonstrated.
Do clinical experts rely on the Cochrane library

In part because of limited public access, Cochrane reviews are underused in the United States compared with other developed nations. To assess use of these reviews by opinion leaders, we examined citation of Cochrane reviews in the Clinical Expert Series of Obstetrics & Gynecology from inception through June of 2007. We reviewed all 54 articles for mention of Cochrane reviews, then searched for potentially relevant Cochrane reviews that the authors could have cited. Thirty-six of 54 Clinical Expert Series articles had one or more relevant Cochrane reviews published at least two calendar quarters before the Clinical Expert Series article. Of these 36 articles, 19 (53%) cited one or more Cochrane reviews. We identified 187 instances of relevant Cochrane reviews, of which 40 (21%) were cited in the Clinical Expert Series articles. No temporal trends were evident in citation of Cochrane reviews. Although about one half of Clinical Expert Series articles cited relevant Cochrane reviews, most eligible reviews were not referenced. Wider use of Cochrane reviews could strengthen the scientific basis of this popular series.
Measurement of Diffusive Transport at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces

We demonstrate a fiber-based optical technique for measuring the diffusive mass transport at liquid-liquid phase boundaries in miscible mixtures. The technique is non-invasive and permits continuous evaluation of spatially localized dynamics.
A Fast Fractional Bit-Plane Encoding and Efficient Architecture

JPEG2000 is a new image coding standard, based on the fractional bit-plane coding. The fractional bit-plane coding enables the code-stream more scalable and robust, but it increases encoding computation greatly. For fast encoding, the bit-plane and pass dual-parallel approach is presented in this paper, which reduces the encoding time significantly. And for decreasing circuit requirement for the parallel coding, a partial module-parallel architecture is proposed. The test results show that above technique is able to encode about one coefficient per clock-cycle, 15times existed techniques. And it needs merely 4.2K logic cells in FPGA device so it can be implemented with low cost integrated circuit.
The Use of Mobile Health Applications Among Youth and Young Adults Living with HIV: Focus Group Findings.

Abstract The objective of this study was to conduct focus groups with youth (18–29 years old) living with HIV (YLWH) to better understand preferences for mobile applications in general and to inform the design of a mobile health application aimed at improving retention and engagement in healthcare and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. We conducted four focus groups with YLWH to elicit the names and characteristics of applications that they commonly used, reasons they deleted applications, and the features of an ideal mobile health application. A diverse sample of youth (N = 17) with a mean age of 25 years, 88.2% male, and 29.4% African American participated in four focus groups. Positive attributes of applications included informative, simple, allowing for networking, timely updates, little overlap with other applications, unlimited access to entertainment, and with ongoing advancement. Participants identified several reasons for deleting applications, including engaging in excessive behaviors (e.g., s...
SPF 15: From the Top

One industry that has seen tremendous change in terms of competition and the need for knowledge assets is drug retailing. The boring old drugstore is a thing of the past as the prescription drug part of the business has taken flight. Drugstores were always somewhat unique in retail because of the presence of highly trained, licensed pharmacists. But change has occurred and even accelerated in recent years.
New evidence for the existence and internal structure of a thin layer of magma at mid-crustal depths near Socorro, New Mexico

The characteristics of a strong mid-crustal reflector in the Rio Grande rift southwest of Socorro, New Mexico, were studied using high-quality digital seismograms of microearthquakes. The data are from a tight cluster of hypocenters located almost directly beneath the recording station (Δ ∼ 2 km). Cross-correlation of the direct and reflected microearthquake S phases yields coefficients which are positive and large in absolute value (average = 0.79). Because these two phases leave the focal region 180° out of phase for this swarm, reflection must occur at a discontinuity where a 180° phase shift occurs. Waveforms for the P -wave reflections are not identical from event to event within the swarm. The character of the P reflection indicates a magma body with rapid lateral changes in internal structure. The spectral characteristics of the reflected P phase are suggestive of constructive interference. The near-normal incidence geometry of both the reflected and direct P phase implies an essentially common path through the upper crust and near surface Phanerozoic rocks for these two phases. The earthquakes examined in this study are quite small ( ML < 0); hence, the initial portion of the direct P phase may be used as the response function for the path through the upper crust during modeling of the reflected P phase. Synthetic seismograms, which include attenuation effects and interbed multiples, were calculated and compared to the observed waveforms. The results of modeling the stacked spectra of the PzP phase indicate a thin (∼70 m) layer of nonrigid, low-velocity material underlain by a second, thin (∼60 m) layer of slightly higher velocity material. This second layer may be an earlier, partially solidified intrusion or a crystalline mush at the base of a single magma chamber. The total thickness of the magma body is estimated to be < 150 m.
Anatomy and Function of the Direct and Indirect Striatal Pathways

The striatum is known as the input structure of the basal ganglia because it integrates prominent inputs from several regions of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and controls neuronal activities in the SNr and Gpi/entopeduncular nucleus, whose neurons project outside the basal ganglia to motor and premotor brain regions. The striatum exerts its actions on the basal ganglia output via two pathways known as the direct and indirect pathway. These two pathways are central to our current understanding of the functional organization of the basal ganglia. This chapter describes the experimental basis for the distinction between a direct and indirect pathway and the hypothesized functional roles of these two pathways.
Thermal properties of simulated Hanford waste glasses

The Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant will vitrify the mixed hazardous wastes generated from 45 years of plutonium production at the Hanford Site in Washington State. The molten glasses will be poured into stainless steel containers or canisters and subsequently cooled for storage and disposal. For appropriate facility design and operations to handle such highly energy-consuming processes, knowledge of the material properties is required. The thermal properties (heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity) of representative high-level and low-activity waste glasses were studied as functions of temperature in the range of 200°C-800°C (relevant to the cooling process). Simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermal gravimetry (DSC-TGA), Xe-flash diffusivity, pycnometry, and dilatometry were implemented. The study showed that simultaneous DSC-TGA would be a reliable method for obtaining the heat capacity of various glasses in the temperature range of interest. Accurate thermal properties from this study were shown to provide a more realistic guideline for capacity and time constraints of the heat removal process when compared to the original conservative design-basis engineering estimates. The estimates, though useful for design in the absence of measured physical properties, can now be supplanted and the measured thermal properties can be used in design verification activities.
Sex differences in healthcare expenditures among adults with diabetes: evidence from the medical expenditure panel survey, 2002–2011

The evidence assessing differences in medical costs between men and women with diabetes living in the United States is sparse; however, evidence suggests women generally have higher healthcare expenditures compared to men. Since little is known about these differences, the aim of this study was to assess differences in out-of-pocket (OOP) and total healthcare expenditures among adults with diabetes. Data were used from 20,442 adults (≥18 years of age) with diabetes from the 2002–2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Dependent variables were OOP and total direct expenditures for multiple health services (prescription, office-based, inpatient, outpatient, emergency, dental, home healthcare, and other services). The independent variable was sex. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and time. Sample demographics were summarized. Mean OOP and total direct expenditures for health services by sex status were analyzed. Regression models were performed to assess incremental costs of healthcare expenditures by sex among adults with diabetes. Fifty-six percent of the sample was composed of women. Unadjusted mean OOP costs were higher for women for prescriptions ($1177; 95% CI $1117–$1237 vs. $959; 95% CI $918–$1000; p $50 OOP for office-based visits (p $55 total expenditures for home healthcare (p = 0.041) compared to men after adjustments. Our findings show women with diabetes have higher OOP and total direct expenditures compared to men. Additional research is needed to investigate this disparity between men and women and to understand the associated drivers and clinical implications. Policy recommendations are warranted to minimize the higher burden of costs for women with diabetes.
A note on associated consistency and linear, symmetric values

In the context of cooperative games with transferable utility Hamiache (Int J Game Theory 30:279–289, 2001) utilized continuity, the inessential game property and associated consistency to axiomatize the well-known Shapley value (Ann Math Stud 28:307–317, 1953). The question then arises: “Do there exist linear, symmetric values other than the Shapley value that satisfy associated consistency?”. In this Note we give an affirmative answer to this question by showing that a linear, symmetric value satisfies associated consistency if and only if it is a linear combination of the Shapley value and the equal-division solution. In addition, we offer an explicit formula for generating all such solutions and show how the structure of the null space of the Shapley value contributes to its unique position in Hamiache’s result.
Ecology of the Sand Roller (Percopsis transmontana) In A Lower Snake River Reservoir, Washington

The Sand Roller (Percopsis transmontana), has not been abundant in the Snake River since it was first found in the system in the 1950s, but its population has apparently increased in recent years. As a result, we initiated a study to better understand its ecology in habitats of Lower Granite Reservoir. From November 2014 to October 2015, Sand Rollers were present along shorelines, with peak abundance being observed during spring months. Logistic regression analyses showed that Sand Rollers were more likely to be present in shoreline habitats at temperatures ≤18.4°C. Fish were found over a range of substrates, with the lowest odds of fish presence being associated with riprap, which is common in hydropower reservoirs. From length-frequency analysis, we suggest that Sand Roller spawning occurs primarily in May and early June. Assessment of Sand Roller diets found dipteran (chironomid) larvae and pupae were the most important prey consumed by all sizes of Sand Rollers, but Opossum Shrimp (Neomysis mercedis) were also prominent in diets of larger fish in shoreline and offshore habitats. At a time when the populations of so many native species are in decline, the increase of the Sand Roller population in the lower Snake River represents a positive, yet curious occurrence.
Practical Consequences, Institutional Competence, and the Kentucky Bond Case

On November 5, 2007, the Supreme Court will hear arguments in Department of Revenue of Ky. v. Davis. At issue is whether state income tax preferences for their own municipal bonds impermissibly discriminate against interstate commerce. This article makes two basic arguments as to why the Court should find such preferences constitutional. First, as a doctrinal matter, Davis is essentially indistinguishable from the Court's decision last term in United Haulers Assn., Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth. There, the Court held that laws that "favor the government," that "treat every private business. . . exactly the same," and that concern "a traditional government activity," "do not discriminate against interstate commerce for purposes of the Commerce Clause." State tax preferences for in-state municipal bonds meet all three of these criteria. Second, and more importantly, a decision by the Court in Davis to invalidate these tax preferences would force the 42 states that have enacted these preferences to endure billions of dollars in losses transitioning to a system where all municipal bonds are taxed equally. And these costs would all be attributable to the states' need to honor commitments that they made when they reasonably believed that the preferences were constitutional. Congress, however, could avoid these transition costs by crafting a remedy that applied purely prospectively to municipal bonds that have not yet been issued. Thus, even if interstate commerce would benefit from the states' equal taxation of municipal bonds, there are strong pragmatic reasons for the Court to stay its hand and ratify the status quo. As it has done in several other important state tax cases, the Court should recognize the superior institutional competence of Congress in sorting out the details of a complicated economic question with huge fiscal ramifications.
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF DILUTION REFRIGERATION. II.

This paper is an extension of, and complementary to, an earlier paper by Wheatley, Vilches, and Abel. Some important fundamental questions which lead to degradation in the performance of a dilution refrigerator are considered: namely, convection on the dilute side and superfluid on the concentrated side. Experimental results are presented for a film suppressing still used in conjunction with a continuous-heat exchanger (several designs are considered) and a variable number (0–6) of step-heat exchangers of a copper-foil type with a high surface-area-to-viscous-impedance ratio. The first quantitative measurements of viscous heating on the dilute side are presented as well as measurements of thermal resistance on the dilute and concentrated side. Finally, the properties of the refrigerator under external heat load are considered.
Quantifying chromosomal copy number alterations in breast ductal carcinoma in situ: A deep learning based approach

Genomic instability, as measured by chromosomal copy number alterations (CNAs), is associated with progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma (IBC), and is, therefore, a potential prognostic marker. In this work, we develop a novel image analysis pipeline that utilizes a cascade of biologically salient deep learning models to identify malignant epithelial cells and quantify CNAs. Our automatic approach measures CNAs with a high degree of agreement with those observed by human examiners and performs multiple times faster. It greatly increases the number of cells measured, compared to conventional clinical approaches, and allows for rigorous statistical analysis of specimens. This makes the approach suitable for clinical utility and large-scale studies, not only for breast cancer but also for other types of diseases.
Urinary tract obstruction and infection in the neonate.

Congenital urinary tract obstruction accounts for up to 20% of end-stage renal disease cases in children. Signs suggestive of urinary obstruction in the newborn may include an abdominal mass, hypertension, oligoanuria/polyuria, urosepsis, and normal anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. The combination of renal ultrasound, diuretic renal scans, and voiding cystoure- throgram are the main diagnostic modalities in infants with hydronephrosis. Obstruction complicated by infection is life threatening and requires prompt intervention. Any newborn with a urinary tract infection, regardless of sex, should be presumed to have urinary obstruction or reflux until proved otherwise.
E-workcell: a virtual reality web-based decision support system for assembly line planning

This paper is devoted to an example of the advantages of intranet applications of e-technology. We describe a new multimedia decision support interface that exploits web-enabled database information to provide an interactive planning tool for the automotive assembly line. Specifically, we integrate a web-based client server architecture, a Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) interface, analytical modeling, and simulation. The system is designed to facilitate collaboration between the different functions that participate in the assembly line planning process.
Calcitonin receptors on cultured human lymphocytes.

SUMMARY Established human lymphoid cell lines bound calcitonin with high affinity. Calcitonin binding was detectable on both B cell and T cell lines derived from patients with a spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders. These cell lines had marked differences in binding capacity per cell even when adjusted for differences in surface area. The binding was linearly related to cell density and showed a complex temperature dependency. Steady state kinetic analysis suggested a single class of high affinity receptors with an apparent association constant of 4 x lOlo MP. Competitive binding studies with calcitonin analogs revealed an order of Ki values similar to those previously obtained using plasma membranes from known calcitonin target tissues. Human calcitonin, as found previously with renal or skeletal membranes from the rat, competed only weakly for the lymphocyte receptors confirming that the human analog has evolved into a weak or unstable form, or both.
The effect of water level management on the soils and vegetation of two coastal Louisiana marshes

Wetland degradation and loss is the result of a combination of natural causes and anthropogenic activities and is a serious problem in coastal Louisiana, where approximately 80% of the total US coastal wetland loss since the 1930's has occurred. One method currently used to address this wetland loss problem is structural marsh management, which is the use of levees and water control structures to control hydroperiod. The effects of structural marsh management on two managed marshes in Southern Louisiana (Unit 4 of the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge and the Fina LaTerre Mitigation Bank) were evaluated by comparing the soils and the dominant emergent marsh vegetation (Spartina patens) of the two managed marshes with those of two nearby unmanaged marshes. Soil redox potential, water depth, interstitial water sulfide concentration, salinity, NH4-N and elemental concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Zn were measured four times during 1989 which was a drawdown year. Net and total CO2 exchange rate, primary productivity, leaf area, stem density, and live, dead and total aboveground biomass were also measured. The managed marsh at Rockefeller had lower water levels, significantly less reduced surface and 15 cm deep soils and significantly lower interstitial sulfide concentrations and salinity levels. Na, K, Mg and Ca concentrations reflected the same pattern as salinity. Live aboveground biomass, primary productivity and leaf area were 3–4 times greater in the managed marsh. This indicates that marsh management improved soil conditions and provided an environment favorable to more vigorous plant growth. The management scheme at Fina LaTerre was also successful at maintaining lower water levels than in the adjacent unmanaged area. However, surface soils were more reduced and interstitial salinity higher, on average, in the managed marsh indicating generally poorer water circulation. Primary productivity was 50% less and stem density, leaf area, net CO2 and total CO2 exchange rates were significantly lower in the managed marsh, compared to the nearby reference marsh. Conditions in the managed marsh indicate that the management scheme was not successful at improving soil conditions when compared to those in the adjacent unmanaged marsh. This study indicates that structural marsh management is not the universal answer to problems faced by Louisiana's coastal wetlands, but may be of value in specific situations.
Improving Text Search on Hybrid Data

In our real life, there is much hybrid data which contains not only unstructured data but also structured data. In general, the majority techniques of text search on hybrid data are only focused on unstructured data (text) ignoring the structured data. So this may lead a bad ranking of the searching results. In this paper, we describe a new method about improving text search using structured data. Our contributions are summarized as follows: (i) We build the uniform problem model; (ii) Ours is the first approach adopting the mutual information of feature words to qualify the relevance (similarity) between two texts; and (iii) We utilize several rules to consider the structured data to improve text search and build our approach. Finally, experimental results show the relevance function and our approach guarantees the search results with high recall, top-k precision, Mean Average Precision and good search performance, respectively.
Chronic painless recording of intra-arterial blood pressure in unanesthetized dogs

A method for measuring intra-arterial blood pressure in unanesthetized dogs for as long as 12 months through the implantation of polyvinyl catheters in the abdominal aorta is described. Direct intra-aortic pressures ranged from 135 to 204 mm Hg for systolic blood pressures and 57 to 123 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressures over periods ranging from 8 to 12 months. This method provides a means for following blood pressure for a long period with minimal disturbance in the behavior of the animal. This also makes possible an additional cardiovascular measurement in the studies of the cardiac conditional reflexes.
In Silico Prediction of the Absorption and Disposition of Cefadroxil in Humans using an Intestinal Permeability Method Scaled from Humanized PepT1 Mice

It is difficult to predict the pharmacokinetics and plasma concentration-time profiles of new chemical entities in humans based on animal data. Some pharmacokinetic parameters, such as clearance and volume of distribution, can be scaled allometrically from rodents, mammals, and nonhuman primates with good success. However, it is far more challenging to predict the oral pharmacokinetics of experimental drug candidates. In the present study, we used in situ estimates of intestinal permeability, obtained in silico and from rat, wild-type (WT), and humanized PepT1 (huPepT1) mice, to predict the systemic exposure of cefadroxil, an orally administered model compound, under a variety of conditions. Using the GastroPlus simulation software program (Simulations Plus, Lancaster, CA), we found that the Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration of cefadroxil were better predicted using intestinal permeability estimates (both segmental and jejunal) from huPepT1 than from WT mice, and that intestinal permeabilities based on in silico and rat estimates gave worse predictions. We also observed that accurate predictions were possible for cefadroxil during oral dose escalation (i.e., 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg cefadroxil), a drug-drug interaction study (i.e., 5 mg/kg oral cefadroxil plus 45 mg/kg oral cephalexin), and an oral multiple dose study [i.e., 500 mg (6.7 mg/kg) cefadroxil every 6 hours]. Finally, the greatest amount of cefadroxil was absorbed in duodenal and jejunal segments of the small intestine after a 5 mg/kg oral dose. Thus, by combining a humanized mouse model and in silico software, the present study offers a novel strategy for better translating preclinical pharmacokinetic data to oral drug exposure during first-in-human studies.
Abstract TP268: Utilization and Appropriateness of Emergency Medical Services Air Transport in Acute Ischemic Stroke Care

Introduction: Although air (helicopter) transfer is largely accepted as improving outcomes in time sensitive conditions including acute ischemic stroke (AIS), inappropriate triage of these patients...
Clinical Yield of Routine Chest Radiography after Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis.

Rationale and Objectives To evaluate the clinical yield of routine chest radiography in identifying pneumothorax warranting chest tube decompression in patients undergoing ultrasound-guided thoracentesis. Materials and Methods All adult patients without pre-existing pneumothorax who underwent ultrasound-guided thoracentesis by a radiologist within a four-hospital large metropolitan academic health system over a 10-year period were identified. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic report information were obtained. Chest radiographic reports were assessed for the presence of pneumothorax and, if positive, manual image and chart review were performed. Results Of 2541 consecutive ultrasound-guided thoracentesis procedures, 12 were excluded due to pre-existing pneumothorax, yielding 2529 cases. Mean patient age was 67.7 years; 54.5% were male. Overall, 89 procedures (3.5%) resulted in a postprocedural pneumothorax. Of those, only six (6.7%) had documented changes in patient symptoms. Chest tubes were placed in 15, representing 16.9% (15/89) of cases with postprocedural pneumothoraces and 0.59% (15/2,529) of all procedures. Of these 15, 5 (33.3%) had symptomatic pneumothoraces, most commonly shortness of breath. Conclusion Following ultrasound-guided thoracentesis, the incidence of pneumothorax requiring chest tube decompression is only 1 in 170. Of the 1 in 30 patients who develop a pneumothorax, only 1 in 6 require a chest tube. This information can inform procedural consent discussions as well as future guidelines about the necessity of routine postprocedural chest radiography.
Red-Hot Reactance: Color Cues Moderate the Freedom Threatening Characteristics of Health PSAs.

ABSTRACTThis study investigated whether color cues in health PSAs affect people’s experience of psychological reactance to health recommendations. By integrating psychological reactance theory and ...
Tobacco Cessation in the Community

ABSTRACT Tobacco smoking is the most intensively investigated environmental cause of cancer. Smokes came out of cigarettes, bidis, hookahs etc. contains nicotine and other chemical compounds which are proved as dangerous carcinogens. Cancer causation by tobacco smoke is not attributable to any one chemical compounds but to an overall effect of the complex mixture of chemicals in smoke. Using tobacco, active smokers can get affected to lung and cancers in other organs such as larynx, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, kidney and bladder. Non–smokers who are exposed to environmental tobacco either by family members or workplace are also equally at the risk of having lung, laryngeal cancers, other respiratory diseases and even breast cancer. This study aims to find out the tobacco use in the community and to stop usage. This was a population awareness study during period from September 2007 to 2012 in Mandarihaat village, Jalpaiguri district of North Bengal by the community medicine dept of NCRI. A population of 5000 people, in the age group between 6–45 years, was randomly interviewed following a structured questionnaire. We attended the village and did the awareness every three months. In our first visit, we have seen that 70% of the population was tobacco users, either by way of smoking (40%) or chewing (30%). We did a thorough awareness program and explained the different hazards of smoking for cancer and heart diseases. In the next visit, we advised them to quit smoking. Again after 3 months, we noticed that about 25% (875) of the tobacco users quit tobacco use. Thereafter, we screened the population every 6 months and continued our awareness program. At the end of 4 years, only 5% people continued the habit of tobacco. We advised them to use nicotine tablets 4mg three times daily. At the end of 5 years, the entire smoking population except 0.05% (p value Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Selinexor for advanced hematologic malignancies

Recent measures to classify novel molecular targets with therapeutic potential across multiple hematologic tumors have identified the eukaryotic nuclear exporter, exportin 1 (XPO1), as a promising candidate. Molecular agents termed 'Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export' (SINEs) have been developed to selectively inhibit the essential regulatory functions of XPO1 in the eukaryotic cell and have been extensively studied in pre-clinical and clinical tumor models. Recently, selinexor (XPOVIO™), a first-in-class oral SINE molecule, was granted accelerated approval by the United States FDA for penta-refractory multiple myeloma. To establish a complete profile of this emerging drug candidate, this article reviews evidence collected from recent clinical studies against both solid and liquid tumors, describing selinexor as a promising new anti-cancer pharmaceutic against late-stage and highly aggressive tumors. With management of well-defined and predictable adverse effects, selinexor can be a life-saving therapeutic option in cancer patients with few alternatives.
Design for Living

Not so long ago I was questioned by a colleague about the term “BlOmechanics.” Why not simply “mechanics?” Is this not just as meaningful and a good deal less pretentious? The answer is NO. The laws of living things have a most intriguing way of manipulating the laws of physics. So, if we want to look to biological structures for models from which to develop future mechanical systems, we have first to be quite clear about the uniqueness of the biological device. Thus the purpose of this chapter is twofold: first, to explore principles in the design of living things and, second, to expose implementation of these principles for particular biological purposes.
Can the U.S. Constitution Accommodate a Right to a Stable Climate? (Yes, it Can.)

Much scholarship about the climate crisis commences with the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse entering stage right, making the case for action (and causes of action) in the face of catastrophe. Hurricanes and fires of unprecedented force. Planet-wide water and food scarcity. Social and political unrest. Enough said, literally. Suffice to say that an unstable climate makes everything harder: work, school, food, water, shelter, travel, relationships, protecting and promoting the rule of law, social justice, equality and dignity. How do we justify shifting so much suffering to our children, to future generations? But to whom and to where can legal educators, practitioners and problem solvers turn? How about the U.S. Constitution? How about the courts? Do they lend a voice, a hand? Well, they can. Three reasons. First, the Constitution is relevant to the protection of people’s lives and liberties – a position that should be beyond cavil after 231 years of our constitutional experiment. Second, the Constitution’s protection is not abrogated simply because the threat to life and liberty comes from decades of governmental action contributing to climate change. The Constitution does not have a climate change, or even an environmental, exception. And, third, the federal judiciary is the body that, in our constitutional system, is best suited to hold accountable government actors when they imperil the constitutional rights of the people. This article argues simply that Kelsey Juliana’s claim is legitimate and that the federal judiciary should be available to hear it. Following an overview of Juliana v. U.S., this article assesses these points before pivoting back to the 9th Circuit’s application of them in Juliana (currently awaiting disposition of a petition for review en banc). In sum, we conclude that the federal judiciary should not shirk constitutional responsibilities to hear cases invoking a right to a stable climate.