cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of temperature on acid-base balance and ventilation of the marine iguana.

Marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, held for 12-18 h at 16, 24 and 35 degrees C exhibited an arterial pH change of -0.001 delta pH/delta degree C. The arterial pH changed by -0.004 delta pH/delta degree C between 16 and 24 degrees C and by -0.015 delta pH/delta degree C between 24 and 35 degrees C. When the animals were allowed to cool to 16 degrees C and remarm to 35 degrees C after 12-18 h at 35 degrees C, the pH change was -0.015 delta pH/delta degree C. Arterial pH measured during warming to 35 degrees C after 12-18 h at 16 degrees C was relatively constant at around pH approximately equal to 7.60 returning slowly toward the 35 degrees C equilibrijm pH approximately equal to 7.44. An increase in VE/MCO2 (L . mmol-1) is seen with decline in equilibrium body temperature from 0.79 at 35 degrees C to 1.66 at 16 degrees C. The ventilatory response is associated with a fall in PaCO2 (24 Torr, 35 degrees C; Torr, 16 degrees C). Arterial CO2 content and [HCO3-] remain relatively constant. The observed arterial pH-body temperature relationshi is similar to other reptiles; however, thermal history appears to influence the relationship. Marine iguanas probably experience only brief periods of time at body temperature as low as 18 degrees C.
A Hybrid Symbolic/Connectionist Model for Noun Phrase Understanding

This paper describes a hybrid model which integrates symbolic and connectionist techniques for the analysis of noun phrases. Our model consists of three levels: (1) a distributed connectionist level, (2) a localist connectionist level, and (3) a symbolic level. While most current systems in natural language processing use techniques from only one of these three levels, our model takes advantage of the virtues of all three processing paradigms. The distributed connectionist level provides a learned semantic memory model. The localist connectionist level integrates semantic and syntactic constraints. The symbolic level is responsible for restricted syntactic analysis and concept extraction. We conclude that a hybrid model is potentially stronger than models that rely on only one processing paradigm.
Moths and Mothers: Mina Loy's “Parturition”

On the cusp of the First World War, thirty-two year old British poet and artist Mina Loy (1882–1966) was living in Italy, a mother of two children, separated from her husband but unable to procure ...
Evaluation of [18F]Nifene biodistribution and dosimetry based on whole-body PET imaging of mice.

Introduction [18F]Nifene is a novel radiotracer specific to the nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2 receptor class. In preparation for using this tracer in humans we have performed whole-body PET studies in mice to evaluate the in vivo biodistribution and dosimetry of [18F]Nifene.
Global Context of the Galileo-E6 Observations of Jupiter's White Ovals☆

Galileo Solid State Imaging (SSI) data taken during the E6 orbit on February 19, 1997 offer a brief, high-resolution glimpse of Jupiter's White Ovals. These data can be used to infer relative cloud heights and systematic rotations over a small area of latitude and longitude (approximately 20° by 30°) around the White Ovals. To fully understand the behavior of these cloud systems, however, a longer time span of global data is necessary. In this paper, we utilize ground-based Voyager and Hubble Space Telescope data to interpret the Galileo images. We find that the White Ovals' translation rates have slowed from 0.39 deg day−1during the Voyager era to 0.13 deg day−1in 1996 and they, along with three smaller anticyclonic systems, have coalesced into a system of alternating cyclonic and anticyclonic systems that has not been observed before. The largest of the ovals, BC, is now impeding the eastward motion of the system, causing more rapidly translating anticyclonic cells to catch the system and increase the westward extension of the equally spaced features. Rotational velocities for BC and a small anticyclonic system at 42°S have also been measured and peak at 120 m sec−1for both systems, comparable to the Mitchellet al. (J. Geophys. Res.86,8751–8757) measurements of BC and the Great Red Spot (GRS) from Voyager data. The motion of individual features and of the whole system in the ambient wind flow is discussed.
The TCRα Locus Control Region Specifies Thymic, But Not Peripheral, Patterns of TCRα Gene Expression

The molecular mechanisms ensuring the ordered expression of TCR genes are critical for proper T cell development. The mouse TCR alpha-chain gene locus contains a cis-acting locus control region (LCR) that has been shown to direct integration site-independent, lymphoid organ-specific expression of transgenes in vivo. However, the fine cell type specificity and developmental timing of TCRalpha LCR activity are both still unknown. To address these questions, we established a transgenic reporter model of TCRalpha LCR function that allows for analysis of LCR activity in individual cells by the use of flow cytometry. In this study we report the activation of TCRalpha LCR activity at the CD4-CD8-CD25-CD44- stage of thymocyte development that coincides with the onset of endogenous TCRalpha gene rearrangement and expression. Surprisingly, TCRalpha LCR activity appears to decrease in peripheral T cells where TCRalpha mRNA is normally up-regulated. Furthermore, LCR-linked transgene activity is evident in gammadelta T cells and B cells. These data show that the LCR has all the elements required to reliably reproduce a developmentally correct TCRalpha-like expression pattern during thymic development and unexpectedly indicate that separate gene regulatory mechanisms are acting on the TCRalpha gene in peripheral T cells to ensure its high level and fine cell type-specific expression.
CLOCKSPEED-BASED STRATEGIES FOR SUPPLY CHAIN DESIGN1

This paper discusses a framework for strategic supply chain design that rests on an assortment of conceptual approaches. These approaches include benchmarking fast-evolving industries to posit principles of supply chain dynamics and integrating supply chain design into the concurrent processes of product and manufacturing system design. These approaches yield insights into sourcing strategy as well as implementation of concurrent engineering.
Impact of Southern California anthropogenic emissions on ozone pollution in the mountain states: Model analysis and observational evidence from space

[1] The impact of Southern California (SoCal) anthropogenic emissions on ozone (O3) in the mountain states in May 2010 is studied using the Sulfur Transport and Deposition Model. We identified two to six major transport events from SoCal to different subregions in the mountain states, with transport times of 0–2 days indicated by trajectories, time-lag correlations, and forward/adjoint sensitivities. Based on forward sensitivity analysis, the contributions from SoCal anthropogenic emissions to the monthly mean daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) surface O3 in the mountain states decrease with distance from SoCal, and they range from 0.6) to strong (>0.8) positive correlations with the modeled total surface MDA8 O3. For the most strongly affected states of Arizona and New Mexico, these contributions have median values of ~3, ~2, ~5, and ~15 ppbv when the total surface MDA8 O3 exceeded thresholds of 60, 65, 70, and 75 ppbv, respectively. Surface MDA8 O3 values in SoCal show strong nonlinear responses to varied magnitudes of perturbation (e.g., ±50% and 100%) in SoCal anthropogenic emissions and weak nonlinear responses in the mountain states. Case studies show that different scales of transport (e.g., trans-Pacific, stratospheric intrusions, and interstate) can be dynamically and chemically coupled and simultaneously affect O3 in the mountain states when the meteorological conditions are favorable. During some of these strong transport periods, the contributions of SoCal anthropogenic emissions to hourly O3 in the mountain states can exceed 20 ppbv, close to the magnitude during a summer event reported by Langford et al. (2010). Satellite observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer and the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere multispectral retrievals qualitatively demonstrate large and interstate scales of transport, respectively. Suggestions are made for future satellite missions to measure O3 with improved spatial coverage, temporal frequency, and near-surface sensitivity to provide better observational constraints on interstate pollution transport studies.
Risk–benefit assessment in medical research—critical review and open questions

One of the central ethical requirements for medical research is that the risks to individual research participants should not be excessive. Despite widespread endorsement of this requirement, how it should be implemented remains controversial. This paper critically reviews the four existing approaches to evaluating the risks and benefits of medical research. It argues that the ‘net risks test’ is superior to ‘component analysis’, the ‘agreement principle’, and the ‘integrative approach’ and ends by highlighting several important questions that remain to be addressed.
Metamorphic petrology of the Negaunee Iron Formation, Marquette District, northern Michigan; mineralogy, metamorphic reactions, and phase equilibria

Progressive regional metamorphism of the Negaunee Iron Formation in the Marquette district from chlorite to sillimanite grade has resulted in the development of three metamorphic zones and two subzones. The diagnostic zone assemblages are, in order of increasing grade: 1, siderite + quartz + or - ankerite + or - minnesotaite + or - stilpnomelane + or - magnetite; 2, grunerite + or - quartz + or - ankerite + or - magnetite and grunerite + or - siderite + or - ankerite + or - magnetite; 3a, grunerite + or - garnet + or - quartz + or - magnetite and grunerite + or - Ca amphibole + or - quartz + or - calcite + or - magnetite; 3b, grunerite + or - olivine + or - clinopyroxene + or - quartz + or - calcite + or - magnetite and grunerite + or - Ca amphibole + or - olivine + or - magnetite. The grunerite, garnet, and Ca amphibole, and olivine and clinopyroxene isograds define the boundaries between the respective zones and subzones. Temperature estimates are approximately 300 degrees C for zone 1 and approximately 600 degrees C for subzone 3b. Pressure is estimated at between 200 to 300 MPa. Microprobe analyses of coexisting minerals indicate general attainment of exchange equilibrium and a strong localized influence of bulk composition on mineral chemistry.Theoretical analysis of phase relations on isobaric T-X (sub CO 2 ) diagrams leads to the following conclusions:1. Throughout zone 1, minnesotaitc-bearing assemblages are diagnostic of low X (sub CO 2 ) values, stilpnomelane-bearing assemblages represent low to medium values, and chlorite-bearing assemblages represent medium to high X (sub CO 2 ) values. Juxtaposition of these three assemblages at one locality indicates that fluid phase compositional gradients most likely existed.2. Throughout zone 3, actinolite-, hornblende-, and garnet-bearing assemblages reflect similar low to high X (sub CO 2 ) values. The continued juxtaposition of these various assemblages suggests the continued presence of fluid-phase compositional gradients into the highest grade metamorphic zones.3. Metamorphic reactions caused substantial, localized CO 2 enrichment in the coexisting fluid phase. A diversity of T-X (sub CO 2 ) paths was followed, typically differing on the scale of individual mesobands.
PBS: A virtual grid architecture for gradient-based active querying in sensor networks

Every physical event diffuses its effect geographically, which results in perceivable information gradient within the proximity of the phenomenon. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for on-demand query processing that exploits this diffusion property to form a virtual grid-based querying architecture, probe-before-spray (PBS), for wireless sensor networks. PBS effectively divides the sensor field on-demand based on the query type and parameters in addition to the gradient spread. Also, it combines gradient routing and in-network processing for efficient and scalable querying in sensor networks. Based on PBS, we design new algorithms to process basic aggregate queries - count, sum, average, max and min, and combined queries. Through analysis, we analyze the worst-case overhead to process these queries using PBS. Also, using extensive simulations, we demonstrate that PBS helps to reduce search overhead significantly (over 30%) to process such queries while attaining accuracy over 99%.
Bad Biocitizens?: Latinos and the US "Obesity Epidemic"

For years now, the United States has faced an "obesity epidemic" that, according to the dominant narrative, is harming the nation by worsening the health burden, raising health costs, and undermining productivity. Much of the responsibility is laid at the foot of Blacks and Latinos, who have higher levels of obesity. Latinos have provoked particular concern because of their rising numbers. Michelle Obama's Let's Move! Campaign is now targeting Latinos. Like the national anti-obesity campaign, it locates the problem in ignorance and calls on the Latino community to "own" the issue and take personal responsibility by embracing healthier beliefs and behaviors. In this article, we argue that this dominant approach to obesity is misguided and damaging because it ignores the political-economic sources of Latino obesity and the political-moral dynamics of biocitizenship in which the issue is playing out. Drawing on two sets of ethnographic data on Latino immigrants and United States-born Latinos in southern Cali...
Design and Use of Multiplexed Chemostat Arrays

Chemostats are continuous culture systems in which cells are grown in a tightly controlled, chemically constant environment where culture density is constrained by limiting specific nutrients.1,2 Data from chemostats are highly reproducible for the measurement of quantitative phenotypes as they provide a constant growth rate and environment at steady state. For these reasons, chemostats have become useful tools for fine-scale characterization of physiology through analysis of gene expression3-6 and other characteristics of cultures at steady-state equilibrium.7 Long-term experiments in chemostats can highlight specific trajectories that microbial populations adopt during adaptive evolution in a controlled environment. In fact, chemostats have been used for experimental evolution since their invention.8 A common result in evolution experiments is for each biological replicate to acquire a unique repertoire of mutations.9-13 This diversity suggests that there is much left to be discovered by performing evolution experiments with far greater throughput. We present here the design and operation of a relatively simple, low cost array of miniature chemostats—or ministats—and validate their use in determination of physiology and in evolution experiments with yeast. This approach entails growth of tens of chemostats run off a single multiplexed peristaltic pump. The cultures are maintained at a 20 ml working volume, which is practical for a variety of applications. It is our hope that increasing throughput, decreasing expense, and providing detailed building and operation instructions may also motivate research and industrial application of this design as a general platform for functionally characterizing large numbers of strains, species, and growth parameters, as well as genetic or drug libraries.
The role for policy in common pool groundwater use

We consider a model of intertemporal common pool groundwater use with substitutable irrigation technology and declining yields from groundwater stocks where pumping cost/stock externalities arise from the usual common property problem. We contrast competitive and optimal allocations and examine the role of substitutable irrigation capital vis-a-vis the effectuation of efficient methods as well as levels of resource use. A case study involving groundwater use in New Mexico illustrates the procedures and considers the efficacy of some simple policy options regarding the amelioration of inefficiencies.
Construction of a new C)H)O ternary diagram for diamond deposition from the vapor phase

A new C)H)O ternary diagram is presented based on radical species composition showing the regions for diamond deposition, non-diamond deposition, and no deposition from the vapor phase. This construction is based on the steady-state computations of gas-phase and gas-surface chemistry from the data points presented in the C)H)O ternary diagram based on feed gas . . composition by Bachmann et al. P.K. Bachmann, D. Leers, H. Lydtin. Diamond Relat. Mater. 1 1991 1 . The analysis of the computational results indicates that the radical species composition does distinguish the three regions and helps explain the contradicting experimental data points using non-typical gas mixtures. The analysis also shows that the revised diagram based on . radical species composition works only when carbon monoxide CO is treated as a non-participating species. The effects of temperature, pressure and flow rates on this new ternary diagram are also detailed. Q 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Functional Shape Variation in the Cercopithecine Masticatory Complex

The study of cranial shape variation is central to physical anthropology, and the prevalence of cranial allometry in cercopithecine monkeys (Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821) has made them favorite subjects for investigating links between cranial development, function, and form (Anton, 1996; Bouvier, 1986a; Hylander, 1979, 1985; Leigh et al., 2003; Lucas, 1981, 1982; Ravosa, 1990; Ravosa and Profant, 2000; Ravosa and Shea, 1994; Shea, 1992; Vinyard and Ravosa, 1998). By distinguishing shape differences due primarily to body size from those with specific functional or phylogenetic significance (Gould, 1975; Shea, 1983a, 1985), such studies both elucidate modern primate adaptations and improve interpretations of cranial shape variation in the primate fossil record. The cercopithecine tribe Papionini (Table 1)—a monophyletic taxon comprising macaques (genus Macaca), mangabeys (Cercocebus and Lophocebus), mandrills and drills (Mandrillus), and baboons (Papio and Theropithecus) (Delson, 1975a, b; Hill, 1974; Kuhn, 1967; Strasser and
Structure and dynamics of the native HIV-1 Env trimer

HIV-1/AIDS remains one of the worst pandemics in human history. Despite tremendous efforts, no effective vaccine has been found. Recent reports give new insights into the structure and dynamics of the HIV-1 Env trimer and renew hopes that a better understanding of Env will translate into new vaccine candidates and more-effective antiretroviral therapies.
Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescents Exposed to Domestic Violence and Physical Abuse

The relationship between abuse and psychiatric diagnoses was investigated in two groups of physically abused adolescents, 57 living in homes with interparental violence and 32 in homes without such violence, and in 96 nonabused adolescents living in nonviolent homes. Adolescents in the first group were found to be at greater risk for depression, separation anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder than were those in the second group. Adolescents in the first group also appeared more vulnerable to anxiety and depression.
Progressive retinal degeneration in ranch mink.

Retinal degeneration was prevalent in a large group of sapphire and pastel mink (Mustela vison) kept for studies on slow viral diseases. Nearly 78% of those two to eight years old were affected. The retinopathy was equally common in both sexes but more frequent in sapphires (85%) than in pastels (63%), and it was severe more often in sapphires than in pastels. By light microscopy, the primary change appeared to be progressive degeneration of fully developed photoreceptors, beginning in their outer segments. In many mink, including some younger ones, the rods and cones and outer nuclear layer had disappeared from all but the far periphery of the fundus. The inner retinal layers were spared until late in the disease, and the pigment epithelium remained essentially unchanged. The cause of the retinopathy was not established. It may represent an abiotrophy in which the structural integrity of the photoreceptors began to wane in many mink after they reached two years of age. Apart from reducing visual acuity, the retinopathy has implications for the photoperiodic control of fur growth and reproduction in this highly light-sensitive carnivore. Primary degeneration of the retina in animals may occur in diverse ways: it may result from nutritional defi~iency~.~ or from exposure to toxic chemical substance^'^ or to excessive visible light34948; it may be determined geneti~ally~*~~~ ~~; or it may accompany ag- ing.34 Sometimes its cause is unknown, or at least ~ncertain.~, '5,553 Accordingly, its pathogenesis and natural history are varied. Regardless of the mechanism by which it arises, endstage light microscopic appear- ances of the retina are similar.54 This similarity often poses a dilemma for veterinary pathologists attempting to determine the cause and histogenesis of naturally occurring retinopathies. Such is the case with the retinal degeneration I found prevalent in a large group of ranch mink (Mustela vison) kept for studies on slow viral diseases. Although the cause of this retinopathy was not established, its main features are described here to document its occurrence in an animal whose ophthalmic lesions seldom have been rep~rted.'~*~~*~ ~
SP-QPSK: a new modulation technique for satellite and land-mobile digital broadcasting

A new modulation technique, SP-QPSK (sinusoidal shaped pi /4-QPSK), suitable for land-mobile and satellite digital-broadcasting systems applications is introduced. In digital data and/or sound broadcasting systems, which may have a relatively low bit-rate transmission requirement, the residual phase noise introduced by the Doppler shift of moving vehicles presents a high bit-error floor in coherently demodulated systems. The overall performance of noncoherent systems is frequently superior in a mobile radio environment. In addition, to satisfy the high-power and spectral-efficiency requirements of emerging digital-broadcast systems, nonlinear saturated amplifiers may become essential subsystems. The performance of the new generation of SP-QPSK systems is investigated experimentally and by computer simulations. Digital signal processing implementation techniques have been used in the experimental prototype design. The authors demonstrate that nonlinearly amplified SP-QPSK has a 10-dB-lower out-of-band radiated power than conventional QPSK and it is suitable for differential and discriminator detection. >
Optimization of transmitter and receiver filters for digital communication systems using mean field annealing

A technique for finding transmitter and receiver filters for a wide class of digital communication systems which minimize the bit-error rate (BER) is presented. The technique uses Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the BER and mean field annealing (MFA) to optimize the pulse shapes. Modeling of the link can be as complex as simulation will allow, while MFA is resistant to the statistical variation in the BER estimate from the simulation. Initially, the MFA technique was applied to a binary symmetric channel in a nonsimulation environment, and an approximate analysis of the behavior of MFA for this problem was performed. In a more complex example, MFA was coupled with Monte Carlo simulation techniques to find near-optimal transmit and receive filters for a satellite communications link, taking 6 CPU hours on a DECstation 3100. The BER of the link was found to be as much as three orders of magnitude lower when using the MFA-constructed optimal filters than when using filters from other comparison results. For this example, the pulse shapes obtained using MFA exhibit a low BER even as the parameter controlling the nonlinearity of the satellite-link model is varied over a wide range, thus showing the solution is robust. >
Proto-Oncogenes and Cardiac Hypertrophy

Generalized or focal myocardial hypenrophy is a component of most types of cardiac disease. Abnormalities of this growth process, which include in­ adequate, idiopathic, and pathological hypertrophy, have great clinical sig­ nificance. Postnatal heart enlargement is produced largely by increased size of striated muscle cells (hypertrophy) and increased number of the other cell types in the heart (hyperplasia) (96). Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy appears to be a heterogeneous process qualitatively, as well as quantitatively, as deduced by selective expression of muscle genes in different forms of hypertrophy (35, 36, 65, 68). The specific signals that initiate and maintain different types of myocyte hypertrophy, the intracellular mechanisms that transduce these sig­ nals, and the reason(s) for the postnatal failure of myocyte hyperplasia have resisted elucidation. Two recent technical advances provide the foundation to begin to resolve these issues: (a) the development of new model systems, particularly those employing isolated or cultured myocytes; and (b) the application to these and other models of new techniques in cell and molecular biology. A major tenet of this chapter is that work with proto-oncogenes provides a useful paradigm for application of these technical advances to the study of myocyte growth. The paradigm visualizes cell growth regulation in terms of a limited number of critical regulatory proteins, comprising growth factors and their receptors, intracellular transducers, and proteins that directly
Waveguide ring resonators with gain at the quantum limit

An expression for the quantum-limited frequency resolution of active waveguide ring resonator spectrometers is derived, and a 1.6 cm diameter, diode-pumped, active waveguide, ring resonator is demonstrated in a neodymium-doped glass with finesse of 250.
Optimal Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Allocation for Minimum Life Cycle Cost, Petroleum Consumption, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology has the potential to help address economic, environmental, and national security concerns in the United States by reducing operating cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and petroleum consumption from the transportation sector. However, the net effects of PHEVs depend critically on vehicle design, battery technology, and charging frequency. To examine these implications, we develop an integrated optimization model utilizing vehicle physics simulation, battery degradation data, and U.S. driving data to determine optimal vehicle design and allocation of vehicles to drivers for minimum life cycle cost, GHG emissions, and petroleum consumption. We find that, while PHEVs with large battery capacity minimize petroleum consumption, a mix of PHEVs sized for 25–40 miles of electric travel produces the greatest reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions. At today’s average US energy prices, battery pack cost must fall below $460/kWh (below $300/kWh for a 10% discount rate) for PHEVs to be cost competitive with ordinary hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Carbon allowance prices have marginal impact on optimal design or allocation of PHEVs even at $100/tonne. We find that the maximum battery swing should be utilized to achieve minimum life cycle cost, GHGs, and petroleum consumption. Increased swing enables greater all-electric range (AER) to be achieved with smaller battery packs, improving cost competitiveness of PHEVs. Hence, existing policies that subsidize battery cost for PHEVs would likely be better tied to AER, rather than total battery capacity.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The paradox and promise of small group communication revisited

Too many scholars continue to use an inappropriate and barren approach to the social scientific study of small group communication. This essay describes the variable analytic approach, indicates why it ought to be discredited, and suggests some better ways of doing research.
Police, Equity, and Child Health

* Abbreviation: PTSD — : posttraumatic stress disorder From Oakland and Ferguson, to Cleveland and Baltimore, cities across the country mourn young African-Americans whose tragic deaths, following contentious encounters with police, illustrate the violent exchange that can erupt between law enforcement and people of color. Because police are vital pillars of community safety, these events raise important questions about how they influence the life course of children of color. Despite public concern for how police impact black lives, few publications in the medical literature contextualize police behavior within a clinical framework. Those that do, rarely explore the extent to which police treatment functions as a social determinant of health, with unique implications for children.1 These implications provide pediatricians an opportunity to examine and address how police exposure affects child and adolescent health. Police exposure begins in neighborhoods, where police discretion determines who is suspicious and sets the latitude with which the law is enforced. That latitude varies based on public policy, institutional culture, and budget pressures. When subject to explicit and implicit racial bias, this structures how police engage communities. For example, from 2002 to 2013, policies permitted New York City police to “stop-and-frisk” pedestrians if the officer had reasonable suspicion the pedestrians committed or were about to commit a crime. Of the ∼5 million stops, almost 9 in 10 were innocent. And though blacks and Hispanics … Address correspondence to Rhea W. Boyd, MD, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Department of Pediatric Urgent Care, 795 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, CA 94301. E-mail: rheaboydmd{at}gmail.com
Kinetics of Intermetallic Formation in Free Standing Cu/Mg Multilayer Thin Films

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to study the temperatures, kinetics and phase formation mechanisms in Cu/Mg multilayer thin films. When the Cu:Mg layer thickness ratio was 1:4, CuMg2 was the only phase that formed. Cu/Mg films with a layer thickness ratio of 1:1 first form CuMg2 at 215°C with an activation energy of 1.0 ± 0.04 eV and then Cu2Mg at 380°C with an activation energy of 0.73 ± 0.04 eV. The temperatures at which the two phases form decrease as the layer thicknesses decrease due to the shorter reaction times needed in thinner films. The constant scan rate DSC data from films with a layer thickness ratio of 1:1 show three exothermic peaks. The first peak is extremely sharp and results from the formation of isolated nuclei of CuMg2 at the Cu/Mg interface. The formation of CuMg2 is thus shown to be nucleation controlled. The second peak is a growth peak due to the heat released during the growth of CuMg2. The third peak corresponds to the formation and growth of Cu2Mg.
Nature of Man and Spirit of Place

Little has been written on the nature of man and spirit j of place, the interaction of people within institu ions of higher learning. This paper will seek to describe the nature of man as a continuum, the interrelationships with the spirit of place, and the significance of this for col leges and universities. Knowles and Saxberg assert that in political state, laboratory, field, business, or an educational institution, the quality of human relations reflects first of all its mem bers ' and particularly its leaders' views of the essential character of humanity itself. Also, it makes a great deal of difference in systems of social control whether those involved tend to view man, in general, as good or evil, and whether the underlying human value which predom inates is readily perceived in the elements of social con trol which characterizes a relationship or an organi zation.1 Ortega Y Gasset has described the relationship that exists between the institutions of higher learning and society. "Society needs judges, doctors, engineers, and the university is therefore prepared to furnish profes sional training. But before this, and more than this, soci ety needs to be assured that the capacity is developed also for the profession of governing. In every society some one governs, a group or a class, few people or many, 'governing' meaning not so much the legal exercise of authority as a diffuse pressure, or influence, exerted upon the body politic' It is of the first importance that power be in harmony with the height of their times."2 Pullias describes two groups of teachers: one group the common stereotype of school teacher, lonely, puni tive, insecure, opinionated, and defensive, the other group the teacher at his best, kindly, stimulating, inquiring, ma ture, thoughtful, confident, sincere, and creative. Every student of the psychology of personality would like to know the major causes for the difference between these two groups.3 Differences in personalities within an organization other than teachers have a bearing upon the organiza tional structure and decision making, particularly to busi ness operations of colleges and universities. Pullias describes "spirit of place" as that quality of an institution dedicated to higher learning which as a whole is greater than and different from any single part that makes it up, a form of gestalt. It is more than the intellectual, sociological, spiritual, and physical aspects of the teaching-learning process; it is a living organism.4 Corson describes spirit of place as that which sets the boundaries within which participants may define or re define the institution's reasons for existence and its activ
Noise Suppression By Beam Migration With Local Dip Filtering

We have developed a technique that incorporates local dip filtering into beam migration in order to remove coherent noise by differentiating the reflection dip angles of signal from noise. With the estimated upper and lower bounds of the reflection dip angles of the signal (or noise) in a target zone, the method is able to remove the noise (or signal) out of these bounds, so that only signal (or noise) within the bounds is preserved in the target zone. The migrated section, with local dip filtering in the target zone, is subsequently merged with the whole migration section with proper tapers.
Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 38-2009 - a 16-year-old boy with paroxysmal headaches and visual changes.

A boy was first seen in the pediatric neurology clinic at 16 years of age because of paroxysmal headaches and visual changes. Physical and neurologic examinations were normal, and imaging studies showed no intracranial abnormalities. Headaches persisted despite a variety of therapies and during the next 4 years were associated with transient weakness, loss of consciousness, obtundation, and back pain. Intermittent optic-disk edema was noted. When the patient was 21 years old, lumbar puncture revealed an opening pressure of 25 cm of water; several hours later, symptoms of cauda equina syndrome developed. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
Demonstration and mode of action of an inhibitor for activated Hageman factor (factor XIIa) of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway from Schistosoma mansoni

An anticoagulant activity from adult Schistosoma mansoni whole worm homogenate is described. The inhibitor appears to be specific for the contact activation step of the intrinsic pathway. Experiments with both human and mouse plasmas have defined the specificity of the inhibitor as follows: (1) It lengthens the partial thromboplastin time of normal plasma. (2) It has no effect on the prothombin time and Russell's viper venom time of normal plasma. (3) Preactivation of normal plasma by a contact activator such as Celite eliminates essentially all inhibitory activity. (4) The inhibitor appears to be heat stable and can be precipitated by centrifugation above 27,000 g. (5) The inhibitor has no effect on the activation of factor XII by Celite. (6) The activation of factor XI by factor XIIa, however, is inhibited by the schistosomal inhibitor. The above data are consistent with the view that S. mansoni adults possess an anticoagulant that is capable of specifically inhibiting the conversion of factor XI to factor XIa by factor XIIa.
Stresses in Beams

The stresses on a beam’s cross section give rise to the axial force, shear force, and bending moment discussed in Chap. 5. The axial force P is exerted by a uniform distribution of normal stress. A distribution of normal stress that exerts a couple causes the bending moment M, and the shear force V is exerted by a distribution of shear stress. The distributions of stress associated with the bending moment and shear force are derived and discussed in this chapter. They are described in terms of a Cartesian coordinate system oriented with its origin at the centroid of the beam’s cross section, the x axis extending to the right along the beam’s axis, and the y axis upward. The beam’s cross section is assumed to be symmetric about the y axis. Analysis of the normal stress due to bending begins by considering a beam subjected to couples M at the ends. From the geometry of deformation and the stress–strain relations, the normal stress distribution is determined to be described by the linear equation σx = − Ey/ρ, where ρ is the radius of curvature of the beam’s axis. By applying equilibrium, it is shown that the radius of curvature is related to the bending moment by 1/ρ = M/EI, where I is the moment of inertia of the beam’s cross section about the z axis. As a result, the distribution of normal stress due to the bending moment is given by σx = − My/I. Examples of the determination of the stress distributions in beams with different cross section and types of loading are presented, followed by a discussion of issues in beam design. Composite beams, consisting of bonded beams of different materials, are analyzed, followed by beams consisting of elastic–perfectly plastic material. The coverage of the normal stress distribution closes with a discussion of beams having cross sections that are not symmetric about the y axis. To analyze the distribution of shear stress on a beam’s cross section, an equation called the shear formula is derived. Consider a horizontal line across the cross section at a height y′. Denote its length by b. Let A′ be the part of the beam’s cross-sectional area above y′, and let the height of the centroid of A′ be denoted by \( {\overline{y}}^{\prime }. \) Define \( Q={\overline{y}}^{\prime }{A}^{\prime }. \) Then the shear formula τav = VQ/bI gives the average value of the shear stress across the width of the horizontal line. Applications of the shear formula are presented, including built-up beams consisting of prismatic beams of the same material that are connected along their lengths and beams having thin-walled cross sections.
Frequency and risks associated with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after pediatric solid organ transplantation: a single-center retrospective review.

Background Morbidity and mortality related to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has increased, but epidemiology and risk factors within pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are uncertain. Methods A retrospective cohort study of SOT recipients age ≤18 years at transplantation from 2010 to 2013 was performed. Patients with CDI were compared with matched CDI-negative controls with diarrhea. Results Of 202 patients, the majority were male (58%) and Caucasian (77%). Kidney (42%) was the most common organ transplanted, followed by liver (38%), heart (17%), and multivisceral/intestine (3%). Age ranged from 3 weeks to 18 years (median 4.7 years, mean 6.6; interquartile range [IQR] 1.5–11.2). In 104 SOT recipients, at least 1 unformed stool was tested; 25 patients were positive for CDI. Most testing occurred by 60 days post transplant (mean 164, median 57, IQR 14–227). First negative tests occurred concurrently (mean 153, median 54, IQR 13–214) to the 25 patients with CDI (mean 199, median 65, IQR 32–238). In univariable analyses, age, gender, ethnicity, obesity, and calcineurin inhibitor choice were not associated with CDI. Liver recipients were more likely to have CDI (18.4% liver, 4.7% kidney, 8.8% heart, P < 0.01). Twenty CDI patients were matched to 35 controls. In multivariable analyses, neither recent hospitalization nor antibiotic duration or intensity was associated with CDI. Acid-blockade appeared protective (risk ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.78). Conclusions CDI occurs in 12% of pediatric SOT recipients, but 24% of those tested with diarrhea were positive. In patients with diarrhea, prior hospitalization and antibiotic duration or intensity were not associated with CDI.
Baptists and Boundaries: Lessons from Baptist Material Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the West Texas Baptist Project, which was initiated in the fall of 1977 and has continued to the present. The goal has been the study of the relationship between behavior and modern material culture on the one hand, and variables of socioeconomic class and ethnicity on the other. In contrast to archaeological studies that have concentrated on the investigation of symbol systems or world view of extinct societies, this project attempts to assess the variability of behavior and material culture expressions within one religious denomination. A major focus is the examination of the ties between material culture in churches and the ethnic composition of the church. The Baptist denomination was selected for study for several reasons. Within the Baptist religion can be found representatives of every socioeconomic class and the major ethnic groups in Texas—black, white, and Mexican–American. Baptists were among the first Anglo-American pioneers in Texas, and the growth and history of the Baptists in Texas are often regarded as representative of the growth of Protestant Christianity in Texas, in general.
Supercritical Water Oxidation – Wastewaters and Sludges

Environmental contaminants can be eliminated through the use of SCWO techniques. A comprehensive supercritical oxidation (SCWO) research laboratory, including bench and pilot-scale facilities has been developed. High temperature and pressure systems slightly less than and greater than supercritical water conditions can be used for the efficient destruction of waste biological treatment plant sludges, acetic acid, 2-nitro phenol, 2,4-dimethyl phenol, phenol, and 2,4-dinitro toluene. Above 400 °C, near complete destruction of sludge and transformation compounds such as acetic acid can be achieved with relatively short residence times. Ammonia and acetic acid are transformation products in the SCWO of biological treatment plant sludges. Acetic acid produced from the oxidation of sludge is oxidized rapidly at supercritical temperatures, 400 °C to 450 °C.
A Critical BCL6-Related Feedback Loop Explains the Unusual Biological Features of Germinal Center B-Cells and Their Malignant Transformation into B-Cell Lymphomas.

The BCL6 (B-Cell-Lymphoma-6) transcriptional repressor is a critical oncogene in B-cell lymphomas and is required for establishment of germinal centers (GCs) by normal B-cells. However, the mechanisms by which BCL6 licenses GC formation and lymphomagenesis remain unknown. To characterize this mechanism we identified BCL6 target genes through several methods. Most notable among these was ATR, a master DNA damage response mediator. We showed that primary BCL6-expressing GC centroblasts purified from human tonsils do not express ATR, do not activate downstream targets of ATR (Chk1) and exhibit an overall attenuated DNA damage checkpoint response (as shown in COMET assays, H2AX phosphorylation assays, and other methods). ATR expression, the activation of ChK1, and the DNA damage phenotype were fully rescued by BCL6 loss of function (induced by shRNA or by a specific BCL6 inhibitor that we designed). BCL6 expressing DLBCL cell lines exhibited the same BCL6-dependent DNA damage response phenotype. This could be attributed almost entirely to ATR since ectopic expression of ATR could restore DNA damage sensing even in the presence of BCL6. Reciprocally, loss of ATR in BCL6 depleted B-cells could completely prevent them from restoring their damage response pathways. These effects are independent of p53, which in contrast to ATR is expressed in primary centroblasts and in many primary DLBCL cases. Gain of function experiments with BCL6 in isolated human tonsilar naive B-cells could induce this same damage phenotype in an ATR dependent/p53 independent manner. Most remarkably, we discovered that CD40 signaling, which occurs once centroblasts mature into centrocytes in the GC light zone, rescues ATR from BCL6 mediated repression by signaling to the BCL6 repression complex through NFKB. This causes the SMRT and N-CoR corepressors to be released from BCL6 repressor complexes associated with the ATR promoter, induces ATR expression, its downstream target ChK1 activation and restores DNA damage sensing. As a consequence, B-cells that have undergone extensive damage (as a by-product of antibody affinity maturation and intense proliferation) can now undergo apoptosis, while those with lower level damage undergo cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and further differentiation. We thus described a molecular feedback loop through which BCL6 mediates GC formation by directly repressing ATR and inducing a DNA damage checkpoint deficient phenotype, and through which subsequent CD40 signaling rescues this phenotype by disrupting the BCL6 repression complex. We showed that sustained BCL6 expression leads to DNA misrepair and genomic instability in primary B cells consistent with its role in lymphomagenesis. Reciprocally, therapeutic targeting of BCL6 synergized with chemotherapy and radiation to kill DLBCL cells (by restoring DNA damage checkpoints) and would thus be expected to improve therapeutic outcomes of DLBCL patients.
Algorithms for Automatically Pointing Ultrasound Imaging Catheters

A system for automatically pointing ultrasound (US) imaging catheters will enable clinicians to monitor anatomical structures and track instruments during interventional procedures. Off-the-shelf US catheters provide high-quality US images from within the patient. While this method of imaging has been proven to be effective for guiding many interventional treatments, significant training is required to overcome the difficulty in manually steering the imager to point at desired structures. Our system uses closed-form four degree-of-freedom (DOF) kinematic solutions to automatically position the US catheter and point the imager. Algorithms for steering and imager pointing were developed for a range of useful diagnostic and interventional motions. The system was validated on a robotic test bed by steering the catheter within a water environment containing phantom objects. While the system described here was designed for pointing US catheters, these algorithms are applicable to accurate 4-DOF steering and orientation control of any long thin tendon-driven tool with single or bidirectional bending.
Tuning Chromosomal Instability to Optimize Tumor Fitness

Low rates of chromosomal instability (CIN) are weakly tumor promoting, whereas high rates of CIN cause cell death and tumor suppression. In this context, Sansregret and colleagues show that one mechanism to restrain excessive CIN in tumor cells and increase fitness is through mutations in the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome. This serves to delay mitotic progression and decrease the rate of chromosome missegregation. Cancer Discov; 7(2); 134-6. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Sansregret et al., p. 218.