cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Striatal Recruitment During an Implicit Sequence Learning Task as Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Prior research has repeatedly implicated the striatum in implicit sequence learning; however, imaging findings have been inconclusive with respect to the sub-territories and laterality involved. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied brain activation profiles associated with performance of the serial reaction time task (SRT) in 10 normal right-handed males. Behavioral results indicate that significant implicit learning occurred, uncontaminated by significant explicit knowledge. Concatenated fMRI data from the entire cohort revealed significant right-lateralized activation in both the caudate and putamen. Analysis of fMRI data from individual subjects showed inter-individual variability as to the precise territories involved, including right as well as left caudate and putamen. Interestingly, all seven subjects who manifested robust learning effects exhibited significant activation within the putamen. Moreover, among those seven subjects, the magnitude of signal intensity change within the putamen correlated significantly with the magnitude of reaction time advantage achieved. These findings demonstrate right-sided striatal activation across subjects during implicit sequence learning, but also highlight interindividual variability with respect to the laterality and striatal subterritories involved. In particular, results from individual subjects suggest that, during the SRT, the reaction time advantage garnered via implicit sequence learning might be predominantly associated with activity within the putamen.
Speech recognition in a dialog system for patient health monitoring

We describe CARDIAC, a prototype for an intelligent conversational assistant that provides health monitoring for chronic heart failure patients. CARDIAC supports user initiative through its ability to understand natural language and connect it to intention recognition. The spoken language interface allows patients to interact with CARDIAC without special training. We present speech recognition results obtained during an evaluation with fourteen chronic heart failure patients.
Parasitic castration: host species preferences, size-selectivity and spatial heterogeneity.

This study investigates host-parasite population dynamics in a marine intertidal community of three barnacle host species (Balanus glandula, Chthamalus fissus andC. dalli). Our paper addresses the following questions: (1) Does prevalence (percentage parasitism) differ among the three host species? (2) What are the spatial and temporal population dynamics within the community? and (3) Does the parasite exhibit size-selective behaviour in any of the three host species? Significant differences in prevalence were found among the three host species; the parasitic castrator (Hemioniscus balani) most heavily infected the least abundant host. Parasitism occurred throughout the year and also showed significant spatial variation.H. balani showed size-selective parasitism inC. fissus, but not inC. dalli. Consequently, the population effects of parasitic castration inC. fissus depend both upon the host population size structure and the intensity of the parasite's size-selectivity.
Cairo to Cape: The Spread of Metallurgy through Eastern and Southern Africa

This article traces the beginnings of metallurgy in the eastern half of the African continent, focusing on three regions: (1) Egypt and Nubia; (2) the Great Lakes region of Central and East Africa; and (3) southern Africa. Metallurgy was not practiced much beyond the Nile valley until the first millennium BC, when copper, bronze and iron metallurgy began in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and iron metallurgy in the Great Lakes region. The expansion of agricultural societies carried iron metallurgy south, reaching its southern limit in South Africa by c. 300 cal AD. Copper was also smelted in southern Africa, but its use was restricted to pendants, bracelets, wire and other items of jewelry. In stark contrast to the metallurgical sequence in the Nile Valley, there was no production of tin, lead, gold or silver in central or southern Africa before these regions were linked to the Islamic world system after c. 800 AD.
Pelagic diatom populations in lentic freshwater microcosms

Three experiments, involving simultaneous monitoring of selected biological and chemical parameters in 50 l laboratory microcosms and the epilimnia of their parent reservoirs, were carried out from the autumn of 1978 to the winter of 1980. Experiments lasted 8-13 weeks, their aim being to ascertain degree of similarity between laboratory and field systems. Microcosm dynamics, specifically diatom dynamics, most closely paralleled that found in reservoirs during late spring and early summer, a time of thermal stratification. During winter months when thermal stratification was absent or less pronounced, microcosm diatom populations diverged significantly from reservoir populations within 24 days. It is inferred that microcosm design and operating conditions have a major bearing on microcosm usefulness for environmental assessment.
Detection Algorithms for the Nano Nose

The nano nose is an instrument with an array of nano sized optical sensors that produces digital patterns when exposed to radiation passing through a gaseous mixture. This paper outlines an algorithm using a combination of neural networks and partial least squares (PLS) regression, Kalman filter capable of processing these digital patterns and generate an output. This output would not only show the detection of the individual constituents in the gaseous mixture but also the prediction of their concentrations. The developed algorithm in the experiments conducted, has performed detection and prediction of quite low concentrations of constituent gases successfully with a prediction error of less than 10% in the presence of noise.
Stressed Out and Overcommitted! The Relationships Between Time Demands and Family Rules and Parents’ and Their Child’s Weight Status

Objective.This study aimed to determine the relationship between parent time demands and presence and enforcement of family rules and parent/child dyad weight status.Method.In dyads of one child/parent per family (N = 681 dyads) in Twin Cities, Minnesota, 2007-2008, height and weight were measured, and a survey of demographics, time demands, and family rules–related questions was taken. Parent/child dyads were classified into four healthy weight/overweight categories. Multivariate linear associations were analyzed with SAS, testing for interaction by work status and family composition (p < .10).Results.In adjusted models, lack of family rules and difficulty with rule enforcement were statistically lower in dyads in which the parent or child was healthy weight compared with dyads in which the parent and child were both overweight (difference in family rules scores = 0.49, p = .03; difference in rule enforcement scores = 1.09, p ≤ .01). Of parents who worked full-time, healthy weight dyads reported lower ti...
Enhancing security via provably trustworthy hardware intellectual property

We introduce a novel hardware intellectual property acquisition protocol, show how it can support the transfer of provably trustworthy modules between hardware IP producers and consumers, and discuss what it might mean for a device to be considered “secure.” Specifically, we demonstrate the applicability of previous work in the software field of Proof-Carrying Code (PCC) to the problem of hardware trust and use it to combat the threat of hardware IP-level Trojans. We outline a semantic model representing the constructs permissible in a Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and show how this model can be used to reason about the trustworthiness of circuits represented at the register-transfer level (RTL). A discussion of “security-related properties” reveals how rules for trustworthy operation might be established for a particular design without necessarily specifying exact functionality. We then examine a hypothetical scenario involving a consumer with certain security needs and show how our system could be employed to guarantee that these needs are met by a hardware IP vendor's code.
Determination of Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction in Patients with Prior Normal Manometry

Abstract Background: Assessment of sphincter of Oddi motility by manometry is limited to a finite time period, and the presence of a motor disorder that is intermittent may not be documented. This study evaluated the frequency of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in persistently symptomatic patients with previously normal sphincter of Oddi manometry studies. Methods: A total of 177 patients underwent ERCP for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and had a normal sphincter of Oddi manometry study (both biliary and pancreatic) over a 5-year period (1996-2001). All patients referred for a second ERCP with sphincter of Oddi manometry for evaluation of persistent symptoms were included in this study. Results: Of the 177 patients, 12 (mean age 37.6 years, range 19-59 years) met criteria for inclusion. The mean time interval between the first and second ERCP was 337 days (range 43-792 days). Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction was diagnosed at a second sphincter of Oddi manometry in 5 (42%) patients; 4 had pancreatic sphincter hypertension; one had elevation of both pancreatic and biliary sphincter pressures. All 5 patients underwent endoscopic sphincter ablation therapy; 4 were symptom-free on follow-up at, respectively, 26, 40, 48, and 72 months; one patient had persistent symptoms from pancreatic sphincter restenosis and required multiple endoscopic interventions. Five of the 12 (42%) patients with normal manometric studies were found to have pancreatographic changes of chronic pancreatitis; the two remaining patients had a normal ERCP and manometry. Conclusions: A single negative manometry study does not rule out sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Repeat ERCP with manometry may be warranted for patients with persistent symptoms in whom the clinical suspicion for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction remains high.
Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm in Childhood and Adolescence Case Report and Literature Review

A 15-year-old adolescent male with dissecting aortic aneurysm is presented. His young age, lack of predisposing factors, and fulminant course with rapid progression to death precluded a correct antemortem diagnosis. Review of the literature reveals that most instances of dissecting aortic aneurysm in childhood and adolescence are associated with predisposing conditions, es pecially congenital cardiovascular anomalies. The clinical picture is generally characteristic. Prompt evaluation and therapy may be lifesaving.
New Insights into the Role of Nuclear Factor-κB in Cell Growth Regulation

The nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of eukaryotic transcription factors plays an important role in the regulation of immune response, embryo and cell lineage development, cell apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, inflammation, and oncogenesis. A wide range of stimuli, including cytokines, mitogens, environmental particles, toxic metals, and viral or bacterial products, activate NF-κB, mostly through IκB kinase (IKK)-dependent phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of its inhibitor, the IκB family of proteins. Activated NF-κB translocates into the nucleus where it modulates the expression of a variety of genes, including those encoding cytokines, growth factors, acute phase response proteins, cell adhesion molecules, other transcription factors, and several cell apoptosis regulators. During the past few years, tremendous progress has been achieved in our understanding on how intracellular signaling pathways are transmitted in either a linear or a network manner leading to the activation of NF-κB and subsequent cell growth control. However, a detailed molecular mechanism of NF-κB regulating cell growth has yet to be determined. Elucidation of the relationships between NF-κB activation and cell growth will be important in developing new strategies for the treatment of various human diseases, such as chronic autoimmune disorder and cancer.
UNIVERSAL SCALING FOR DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED REACTIONS AMONG TRAPS

The determination of the mean survival time τ (i.e., inverse reaction rate) associated with diffusion-controlled reactions among static traps is a problem of long-standing interest, dating back to the classical work of Smoluchkowski. For the broad class of model particulate- and digitized-based models considered here, we find a universal curve for the mean survival time τ for a wide range of porosities. The functional form of this universal scaling relation is motivated by rigorous bounds on τ and is expressible as a simple function of porosity, specific surface, and mean pore size.
Sphyranura euryceae (Monogenoidea: Polystomatoinea: Sphyranuridae) from the Grotto Salamander, Eurycea spelaea and Oklahoma Salamander, Eurycea tynerensis (Caudata: Plethodontidae), in Northeastern Oklahoma, U.S.A.

Abstract Seventy-four Oklahoma salamanders, Eurycea tynerensis, and 12 larval grotto salamanders, Eurycea spelaea, were collected from 4 stream sections of Sawmill Hollow Creek, Cherokee County, Oklahoma, and examined for monogenoids. Thirty-seven of 74 (50%) E. tynerensis were found to harbor Sphyranura euryceae. Fifteen of 25 (60%) of the E. tynerensis in the far-downstream section were infested by S. euryceae, 8 of 31 (26%) of the mid-downstream Oklahoma salamanders were infested, and 14 of 19 (78%) of the near-downstream E. tynerensis had the highest prevalence of S. euryceae. Analyses of variance with Fisher's least significant difference test of mean intensity of S. euryceae on E. tynerensis showed significant variation among groups. One of 2 (50%) E. spelaea from the near-downsteam section harbored S. euryceae; none of the 10 E. spelaea from the pond inlet were infested. We report the first population study of S. euryceae in E. tynerensis and a new host record for this monogenoidean in E. spelaea.
Sitagliptin for Type 2 diabetes: a 2015 update

Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, was the first in its class to receive approval from the US FDA in 2006 for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been evaluated in numerous clinical trials and has several attractive features as an antidiabetic agent, including a low risk for hypoglycemia, a neutral effect on weight, and an ability to be used in chronic kidney disease and more. This article provides an up-to-date discussion of the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of sitagliptin.
Therapeutic Approaches to Immunological Diseases

In the last century, a series of great discoveries has revolutionized medical inquiry and treatment. Our profession has entered a new epoch, approaching the body’s systems and interacting mechanisms no longer empirically but rather in the light of a progressing history that permits therapeutic considerations in terms of cells and molecules.
Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and the 1-Year Prevalence of Medical Problems in the National Comorbidity Survey.

In a population sample (N=5,877; ages 15 to 54), the authors found childhood sexual and physical abuse to be associated with the 1-year prevalence of serious health problems for both men and women. The authors also found that participants' psychiatric disorders partially mediated the effects of physical and sexual abuse on adult health. However, childhood abuse continued to independently influence health status after the authors controlled for psychiatric disorders. Contrary to expectations, individuals who experienced a combination of sexual and physical abuse did not have a higher frequency of health problems than those who experienced either type of abuse alone. Implications for these findings are discussed, including possible mechanisms that may account for the association between childhood abuse and adult health problems. Language: en
Common mechanism of pore opening shared by five different potassium channels.

A fundamental question associated with the function of ion channels is the conformational changes that allow for reversibly opening/occluding the pore through which the cations permeate. The recently elucidated crystal structures of potassium channels reveal similar structural motifs at their pore-forming regions, suggesting that they share a common gating mechanism. The validity of this hypothesis is explored by analyzing the collective dynamics of five known K+ channel structures. Normal-mode analysis using the Gaussian network model strikingly reveals that all five structures display the same intrinsic motions at their pore-forming region despite the differences in their sequences, structures, and activation mechanisms. Superposition of the most cooperative mode profiles shows that the identified common mechanism is a global corkscrew-like counterrotation of the extracellular and cytoplasmic (CP) regions, leading to the opening of the CP end of the pore. A second cooperative mode shared by all five K+ channels is the extension of the extracellular and/or CP ends via alternating anticorrelated fluctuations of pairs of diagonally opposite monomers. Residues acting as hinges/anchors in both modes are highly conserved across the members of the family of K+ channel proteins, consistent with their presently disclosed critical mechanical role in pore gating.
Generation of Musical Sounds, Complex Tones, and the Perception of Timbre

In the preceding two chapters the two principal tonal attributes pitch and loudness have been analyzed, mainly on the basis of pure, single-frequency tones. These are not, however, the tones that play an active role in music. Music is made up of complex tones, each one of which consists of a superposition of pure tones blended together in a certain relationship so as to appear to our ear as unanalyzed wholes. A third fundamental tonal attribute thus emerges: tone quality, or timbre, related to the kind of mixture of pure sounds, or harmonic components, in a complex tone (Section 1.2).
Localization of sound following binaural intensity imbalance

An experiment is reported on the effect of a 63 min. exposure to an intermittent 700 Hz tone dichotically presented with a 50 dB interaural intensity imbalance, on the localization function for a 1,000 Hz tone. While no absolute threshold shifts were noted for the 1,000 Hz tone, significant changes were observed in the localization function.
Assistive Technology, Universal Design, Universal Design for Learning: Improved Learning Opportunities

This article addresses the benefits that are likely to derive from shifting focus to developing and implementing a universally designed curriculum. It considers the goals for learning, the learning materials, the instructional methods, and the learning assessments. Benefits are expressed in terms of improved access, participation, and progress in the general education curriculum. Some of the forces that support Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and possible barriers are addressed, as well as appropriate uses of technology within educational learning environments. Assistive Technology (AT), Universal Design (UD) and UDL are briefly defined and pointers to additional resources are included.
Determining the Character of Section 357(c) Gain

Under section 351, a person transferring property to a controlled corporation generally recognizes no gain or loss on the transaction. An exception to tax-free treatment is contained in section 357(c), which generally provides that a transferor in a section 351 transaction recognizes gain to the extent that any liabilities assumed by the corporation on the transfer exceed the transferor's aggregate adjusted basis in the assets transferred. An issue under section 357(c) is whether the recognized gain should be capital gain or ordinary income. The statute suggests that the character of section 357(c) gain should be based on the character of the transferred assets, but this does not provide a clear answer when two or more assets of differing character are transferred to the corporation. The Treasury regulations prescribe a method for determining the character of section 357(c) gain that allocates the gain according to the relative fair market value of the transferred assets. However, a few U.S. Tax Court decisions have not followed this method, and several commentators have stated that the regulatory method is simply wrong; instead, these cases and commentators espouse an alternative method that determines the character of section 357(c) gain based on the relative amount of realized gain on the transferred assets. This article analyzes the section 357(c) character issue and determines which of the competing methods and underlying constructs is more appropriate in light of the relevant tax rules and principles, and in particular those relating to nonrecognition. The article offers different ways of conceptualizing transfers to corporations in connection with the assumption of liabilities, each of which supports one of the competing methods for determining the character of section 357(c) gain. The relative fair market value allocation method is supported by an aggregate asset construct that combines the tax attributes of the transferred assets; the relative realized gain allocation method is supported by a modified separate assets construct that generally treats the transaction as transfers of separate assets. The article then evaluates the constructs and resulting methods, and determines that the modified separate assets construct and resulting relative realized gain allocation method is the more appropriate manner for determining the character of section 357(c) gain.
Limited Oversight: Legislative Access to Intelligence Information in the United States and Canada

In theory, legislatures can perform critical oversight functions regarding all government agencies, including intelligence agencies. But governments have traditionally resisted giving legislatures access to the information they would need to provide effective oversight, and legislators have largely acquiesced to the executive’s tight control over intelligence information. That was the situation in the United States up until the mid-1970s, when news reports about the Central Intelligence Agency’s illegal activities against U.S. citizens led to the creation of two ad hoc Congressional committees to investigate those abuses and eventually to two permanent committees of intelligence oversight. While the Congressional committees do not have access to all intelligence information, Congressionally-created Inspectors General (IGs) in intelligence agencies have greater access and can serve indirectly as the eyes and ears of Congress in those agencies. The Canadian Parliament has not been energetic in its oversight of the three main agencies that perform intelligence functions. Parliamentary committees do not have direct access to intelligence information, and members of Parliament have not had access to classified information. On the other hand, Parliament did create independent review bodies for each of these intelligence agencies. Those review bodies have access to classified intelligence information and have been able to provide some oversight. The review bodies report their findings to a government minister, but their reports are generally scrubbed of classified information before being forwarded to Parliament. The oversight situation in Canada may be changing as the result of a recent scandal. Allegations regarding the Canadian military’s treatment of Afghan detainees led Parliament to create an ad hoc investigative committee, and Parliament ensured that this committee have access to classified information. Canada’s experience with this ad hoc parliamentary investigation of intelligence may lead to a similar but permanent approach.
Strain Specific Variation in Expression of Novel Mouse apo-SAA Isoforms

In addition to apo-SAA 1 (pI 6.45) and apoSAA 2 (pI 6.3), three novel minor apo-SAA isoforms (pI 6.15, 6.0 and 5.9) have been identified by isoelectric focusing analysis of plasma from lipopolysaccharide treated BALB/c mice and other haplotype A strains. SJL/J mice (SAA gene family haplotype B), previously thought to be defective in SAA2 expression, were found to produce apo-SAA 2 as a minor isoform and the novel pI 5.9 isoform as the second quantitatively major apo-SAA species. The results suggest that the novel apo-SAA isoforms are products of genes distinct from, but closely related to, SAAl and SAA2, and that the haplotype specificity of quantitative expression of the individual SAA genes reflects genomic differences in the control regions of the genes.
Variable Findings for Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Propofol versus Dexmedetomidine

ObjectiveTo compare VOTE classification findings (velum, oropharyngeal-lateral walls, tongue base, and epiglottis) for drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using 2 sedation protocols.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingSingle tertiary institution.SubjectsPatients with OSA who underwent DISE.MethodsA total of 216 patients underwent DISE between November 23, 2011, and May 1, 2015. DISE findings based on VOTE classification were compared between patients receiving the propofol- and dexmedetomidine-based sedation protocols.ResultsPatients with OSA (N = 216; age, 44.3 ± 11.7 years; body mass index, 27.9 ± 4.8 kg/m2) underwent DISE with intravenous administration of propofol (n = 52) or dexmedetomidine (n = 164). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in baseline apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, Mallampati score, tonsil size, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, peripheral oxygen saturation nadir, age, sex...
The successive approximation register ADC: a versatile building block for ultra-low- power to ultra-high-speed applications

Over the past decade, the successive approximation register (SAR) architecture has played a significant role in advancing the state of the art in analog-to-digital conversion. One of the primary reasons for this is that modern SAR ADCs thrive on MOS switches and latches, which strongly benefit from technology scaling. Building on this observation, this article compares the strengths and limitations of SAR ADCs against those of competing topologies and projects and related performance bounds. In this context, we also discuss application-specific considerations, specifically for ultra-low power and ultra-high speed (time-interleaved) application scenarios.
Electrospun Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Based Copolymer Blends: Evolution of Fiber Internal Structures.

This study reports the structural transition of electrospun poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly[(propylmethacryl-heptaisobutyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane)-co-(methyl meth-acrylate)] (POSS-MMA) blends, from PCL-rich fibers, to bicontinuous PCL core/POSS-MMA shell fibers, to POSS-MMA-rich fibers with a discontinuous PCL inner phase. A ternary phase diagram depicting the electrospinnability of PCL/POSS-MMA solutions is constructed by evaluating the morphological features of fibers electrospun from solutions with various concentrations and PCL/POSS-MMA blend ratios. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry are further used to characterize the electrospun PCL/POSS-MMA hybrid fibers. These physicochemical characterization results are thoroughly discussed to understand the internal structures of the hybrid fibers, which are directly correlated to the phase separation behavior of the electrospun solutions. The current study provides further insight into the complex phase behavior of POSS-copolymer-based systems, which hold great potential for a broad spectrum of biomedical applications.
Infrared Image Segmentation Method Based on 2D Maximum Between-cluster Variance and Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, 2D MBV algorithm is applied to infrared image segmentation in order to improve the effect of it. Also, genetic algorithm is combined with 2D MBV to make the calculation faster by it's capacity of searching the best answer. The experiment results show that the performance of this method is quite good, this method is practicable.
Resilience of coastal wetlands to extreme hydrologic events in Apalachicola Bay

Extreme hydrologic events such as hurricanes and droughts continuously threaten wetlands which provide key ecosystem services in coastal areas. The recovery time for vegetation after impact from these extreme events can be highly variable depending on the hazard type and intensity. Apalachicola Bay in Florida is home to a rich variety of saltwater and freshwater wetlands and is subject to a wide range of hydrologic hazards. Using spatiotemporal changes in Landsat-based empirical vegetation indices, we investigate the impact of hurricane and drought on both freshwater and saltwater wetlands from year 2000 to 2015 in Apalachicola Bay. Our results indicate that saltwater wetlands are more resilient than freshwater wetlands and suggest that in response to hurricanes, the coastal wetlands took almost a year to recover, while recovery following a drought period was observed after only a month.
The Three Ds — Disinflation, Deflation, and Depression

The ‘bangs’ involve a currency reform — usually after the economy has been hyperinflating at rates of 600 or 800 percent a year (Box 10.1). The production and import of currency notes becomes a major growth industry. The experience from many countries suggests that once the price level triples in a year, the ‘point of no return’ has been passed, and the inflation rate will continue to accelerate until there is a currency reform — the old money is thrown out and a new money is introduced.
Survival in lymph node-negative gastric cancer: the Western experience

Lymph node status is the strongest prognostic indicator for survival after gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) (1). However, for patients who undergo resection and are deemed to be ‘node-negative’ based on pathologic exam, the relevant prognostic indicators and guidelines for adjuvant therapy remain unclear. Our group has recently published the long-term survival results of a large, multi-institutional database of North American patients undergoing gastrectomy for GAC, of which 317 patients were lymph node-negative (2). To date, it is the largest published series of a Western experience with node-negative GAC. The median follow-up time was significant at 68 months, and the overall recurrence rate was 17%. We evaluated endpoints of time to recurrence and overall survival (OS). Our data showed that greater depth of tumor invasion (indicated by T-stage) was independently significant in predicting shorter time to recurrence in a competing risks regression model whereas OS was negatively impacted by higher tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion, signet ring histology, and having less than 15 nodes examined.
Graphical and analytical methods for stalling of engine generator set

Natural gas based distributed energy resources (DERs) are likely to be favored by electric utilities in the near future because of the newly found shale deposit resources. Reciprocating engine based generator sets are a leading class of energy conversion equipment from the low kW upto 100s of kW ratings. Standalone engine generator sets with isochronous governors are susceptible to stalling when they are loaded beyond 80% of the rated engine capacity. This paper presents graphical and analytical methods to determine the stalling conditions of an engine generator set. Analytical methods are developed from the first principles of electromagnetic energy conversion to establish the conditions for the synchronous generator to reach equilibrium in steady state. Active power-speed characteristics including the engine fuel map is employed together with the electrical load torque characteristics. Stalling prevention by applying an underfrequency load relief (V/Hz) scheme is also discussed.
How Behavioural Biases Affect Finance Professionals

Financial and investment professionals along with their clients reveal a wide array of psychological biases that can result in flawed judgments and decisions. Understanding these biases is important for these professionals to ensure their clients are receiving the best advice and information. The authors describe some common behavioral biases among financial planners, financial advisors, portfolio managers, financial analysts, and institutional investors. The article draws on some themes from the authors’ book Financial Behavior – Players, Services, Products, and Markets published by Oxford University Press in 2017.
Mitochondria control acute and chronic responses to hypoxia

There are numerous mechanisms by which mammals respond to hypoxia. These include acute changes in pulmonary arterial tone due to smooth muscle cell contraction, acute increases in respiration triggered by the carotid body chemosensory cells, and chronic changes such as induction of red blood cell proliferation and angiogenesis by hypoxia inducible factor targets erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor, respectively. Mitochondria account for the majority of oxygen consumption in the cell and have recently been appreciated to serve as signaling organelles required for the initiation or propagation of numerous homeostatic mechanisms. Mitochondria can influence cell signaling by production of reactive oxygen species and metabolites. Here we review recent evidence that mitochondrial signals can imitate acute and chronic hypoxia responses.
Envisioning the Digital Humanities in Richard Powers' Fiction: Technology, the Self, and the Encyclopedic Impulse

This paper will examine the presentation of digital humanities (DH) in the fiction of Richard Powers, who has consistently explored the intersection of technology and the humanities in his fiction. I will engage several theoretical questions in the current debates around DH. Specifically, several of Powers' novels have envisioned actual implementations of digital humanities projects whether in creating an artificially intelligent algorithmic 'reading machine' in Galatea 2.2, who is trained to read fiction and pass a comprehensive exam for a Master's Program in English; models of canonical art works (such as Matisse's paintings) and interactive architectural models in Plowing the Dark (specifically a model of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul); and even accurate portrayals of social networking-in sections of Generosity and in a short story "Enquire Within upon Everything," a short piece that anchors a recent collection of DH essays in Switching Codes (2011). In many of Powers' works, the author juxtaposes individuals who are caught in their own inner subjective worlds juxtaposed against an 'unlimited' database, what I will call the 'encyclopedic impulse.' Powers' celebration of the 'encyclopedic impulse' in his fiction marks his work as an important touchstone for conceptualizing certain ideas and current debates within digital humanities. Besides an argumentative essay, this essay includes several visualizations and word frequency charts analyzing encyclopedic novels.
Novel cylindrical cross-flow hollow fiber membrane module for direct contact membrane distillation-based desalination

Abstract Direct contact membrane distillation-based desalination is attractive especially for high salt concentrations. We recently developed successfully a hollow-fiber membrane (HFM) based rectangular module with hot brine in cross-flow over the HFMs and obtained high and stable water flux under demanding scaling conditions. This module design with a low surface area/device volume is inadequate for larger-scale plants. A novel cylindrical cross-flow module containing high-flux composite hydrophobic HFMs is described for membrane surface areas, 0.15 and 0.6 m 2 , using porous fluorosiloxane-coated porous polypropylene hollow fibers. This simple and easily-scalable module design packs four times membrane surface area/unit equipment volume compared to earlier design. Distilled water production rates from 1 wt% saline feed was studied over brine temperatures of 60–91 °C. A model developed to describe the observed water production rates in dead-end feed introduction configuration appears to describe observed water production rates well. Model predictions were explored for a range of HFM lengths and larger HFM ID to compare with those from rectangular modules with shorter HFMs.
How shall we transfuse Hippolyta

The US Department of Defense recently made the decision to open direct ground combat roles to women. Blood product transfusion is an essential component of the US Military guidelines for tactical combat casualty care and damage control resuscitation, but blood transfusion carries with it the specific side effect of alloimmunization-a uniquely significant side effect for young women who may desire subsequent pregnancies. Presently to be considered are the changes that may need to be made to blood transfusion in the setting of battlefield medicine to optimally care for combat-injured women, as a majority of the existing data regarding the risks of transfusion in the trauma setting involve predominantly men. This article delves into the possibility of a new cohort of women at risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, the need for women's health professionals to appropriately counsel women considering serving in direct ground combat roles about this specific risk, and the appropriate steps that should be considered to provide these women optimal medical care.
Inpatient Outcomes for Gastrointestinal Bleeding Associated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

GOALS The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of inpatient outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) related to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND With all-cause mortality increasing in patients undergoing PCIs, outcomes for GIB associated with PCI may be adversely impacted. STUDY Using the National Inpatient Sample (2007 to 2012), we performed a nested case-control study assessing inpatient outcomes including incidence and mortality for PCI-related GIB hospitalizations. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine significant predictors for GIB incidence and mortality. RESULTS A total of 9332 (1.2%) of PCI hospitalizations were complicated by GIB with the age-adjusted incidence rate increasing 13% from 2007 (11.3 GIB per 1000 PCI) to 2012 (12.8). Patients ≥75 years of age experienced the steepest incline in GIB incidence, which increased 31% during the study period. Compared with non-GIB patients, mean length of stay (9.4 d vs. 3.3 d) and median cost of care ($29,236 vs. $17,913) was significantly higher. Significant demographic risk factors for GIB included older age and comorbid risk factors included gastritis or duodenitis, and Helicobacter pylori infection.In total, 1044 (11%) of GIB patients died during hospitalization with the GIB mortality rate increasing 30% from 2007 (95 deaths per 1000 GIB) to 2012 (123). Older age had the strongest association with inpatient mortality. CONCLUSIONS Inpatient incidence and mortality for PCI-related GIB has been increasing particularly with a large increase in incidence among older patients. A multidisciplinary approach focused on risk-stratifying patients may improve preventable causes of GIB.
Congenital Heart Disease: Cyanotic Lesions with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow

with increased pulmonary vascular markings may have truncus arteriosus or total anomalous pulmonary venous return. During the hyperoxia test (also called an oxygen challenge test), an arterial blood gas measurement is obtained from the right radial artery while the neonate is breathing room air, and a second blood gas value is obtained after the patient breathes for 10 min at 100% inspired oxygen. The PaO2 is often between 25 and 40 mm Hg on room air. In 100% FiO2, the PaO2 will usually rise to >80 mm Hg in patients with pulmonary disease (provided that signifi cant pulmonary artery hypertension is not present) but remain unchanged or only increase slightly in most neonates with cyanotic heart disease. The PaCO2 is typically mildly decreased in newborns with cardiac disease and mildly elevated in those with pulmonary disease. Note that the hyperoxia test cannot be used in isolation to exclude critical congenital heart disease, as some neonates with left-sided obstructive lesions may have a PaO2 >60 mm Hg in any extremity or a PaO2 >150 mm Hg in the right arm. If the aforementioned screening tests are suggestive of critical congenital heart disease, an echocardiogram should be obtained in a timely fashion. If pediatric cardiology consultation is readily available, and severe cyanosis (SaO2 80%) and the echocardiogram reveals anatomy that does not likely require prompt surgical or transcatheter intervention (e.g., some neonates with tetralogy of Fallot), then observation without PGE1 is warranted. However, if pediatric cardiology consultation and echocardiography are not readily available, a prolonged transport is anticipated, or the neonate is profoundly cyanotic, then PGE1 should be administered without delay. If it is unclear from the initial postnatal echocardiogram whether early intervention is needed, then it is preferable to withhold PGE1 and monitor the neonate’s systemic oxygenation as the ductus arteriosus closes. This strategy avoids exposing some neonates to the side effects of PGE1 and also allows for timely identifi cation of neonates with cyanotic congenital heart diseases who do not have ductal-dependent pulmonary blood fl ow and can have surgical or transcatheter intervention deferred.
The Impact of Dodd–Frank on True Interest Cost of Municipal Bonds: Evidence From California

The Dodd–Frank Act of 2010 amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and introduced new registration requirements and regulatory standards applicable to municipal financial advisors. The reform is intended to address some of the problems observed with the conduct of some municipal advisors, including the issuance of financial advice without adequate training or qualifications, and to help municipal debt issuers to raise capital more efficiently. This article explores potential implications of the policy for municipal borrowers. After reviewing the main policy provisions and discussing theoretical outcomes, it empirically tests the null hypothesis of no policy effect on the cost of municipal borrowing in California. The results suggest a significant decrease in true interest cost after the reform. The policy effect is more pronounced on negotiated debt. Thus, the federal regulation of municipal financial intermediaries may have helped to improve the average quality of advice in the market and lower the cost of borrowing.
Do dissonant ad visuals cause consumers to discount prescription drug side effects

AbstractIn most video-based advertising, visuals reinforce the ads’ verbal messages. This use of redundant images, however, is often not the case in television commercials for prescription drugs. T...
An Introductory Examination of Speech Disfluencies in Spanish–English Bilingual Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter During Narratives

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the frequency and type of speech disfluencies (stuttering-like and nonstuttering-like) in bilingual Spanish–English (SE) children who stutter (CWS) t...
Photosynthesis, growth, and water use of Hydrangea paniculata ‘Silver Dollar’ using a physiological-based or a substrate physical properties-based irrigation schedule and a biochar substrate amendment

Developing management practices that make more efficient use of irrigation is important for improving the sustainability of nursery crop production. Integrating refined irrigation scheduling with a substrate amendment like biochar can improve irrigation efficiency. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of biochar and need-based irrigation scheduling on gas exchange, plant water relations, and biomass gain of container-grown Hydrangea paniculata ‘Silver Dollar’ with the goal of reducing water use and maintaining or shortening production cycles. Containers were filled with pine bark and amended with either 10% or 25% by volume of hardwood biochar. Plants were automatically irrigated by one of the three irrigation schedules. The irrigation schedules were conventional irrigation, delivering 1.8 cm of water in one event each day, and two on-demand, need-based irrigation schedules. The first was based on the moisture characteristic curve for each of the three substrates developed via the evaporative method. The second was a plant physiology-based irrigation scheduling regime built on the relationship between photosynthesis and substrate moisture content. Scheduling irrigation using a plant physiology or substrate physical properties basis, in combination with biochar, reduced the water requirement for ‘Silver Dollar’ hydrangea without any negative effect on plant dry weight by maintaining sufficient plant water status and gas exchange even just prior to irrigation. Automated irrigation systems coupled with a plant physiology or substrate-based actuation and a water retentive substrate amendment have the potential to reduce nursery crops water use.
A record of diatom preservation from the AND-1B drillcore: The significance of taphofacies on diatom preservation

Abstract The processes affecting diatom dissolution and upper water column silica recycling are understood in modern environments. However, few studies have been undertaken to understand which processes have the greatest impact on diatom preservation in sedimentary archives. Furthermore, variability in diatom dissolution in the upper water column of past oceans is rarely quantified. Here we present a record of diatom dissolution, a proxy for upper water column silica recycling, from the Pliocene of the Ross Sea. Dissolution was quantified utilizing diatoms from the AND-1B core. These data were related to previously published diatom proxies of sea surface conditions. Diatoms were found to be better preserved in intervals dominated by sea ice diatoms than intervals dominated by cosmopolitan open ocean diatoms. However, preservation was not constant in the interval dominated by cosmopolitan diatoms, implying another taphonomic control. An antiphase relationship was found between diatom-inferred water temperature and dissolution; dissolution is less during cold intervals. A weaker positive correlation was found between diatom accumulation and preservation; dissolution is lower during periods of high diatom accumulation. The relationship between diatom accumulation and preservation reflects pore water saturation; individual diatoms contributes less silica to pore water saturation. However, increased growth rate is expected to result in thinner frustules and increased dissolution. These two opposing factors explain the weakness of the observed correlation. Interestingly, these results are different from those found in other Southern Ocean sediment cores. Comparative analysis highlights the importance of taphofacies on diatom preservation in understanding diatom dissolution data.