cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actin binding to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane isolated from Dictyosteliumdiscoideum

Summary Actin was dissociated from the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane from Dictyostelium discoideum . The cytoplasmic surface was selectively exposed by isolating the membrane by a new method using cationic beads. When purified actin was added back to the membrane the amount that bound was proportional to the actin concentration. Trypsinization of the cytoplasmic surface abolished binding while chymotrypsin was only partly effective. Far more F-actin bound to the membrane than G-actin and the binding was not inhibited by cytochalasin B. The results support the hypothesis that actin specifically interacts with unique proteins exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
The role of thiols and disulfides in platelet function

Disulfide bonds formed in newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells are important for protein structure and stability. Recent research, however, emphasizes a role for thiol-disulfide reactions with disulfide bond rearrangement as a dynamic process in cell and protein function, and in platelet function in particular. Protein disulfide isomerase was found on the platelet surface where it appears to play an important role in the platelet responses of aggregation and secretion, as well as activation of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, the alphaIIbbeta3 integrin. Additionally, sulfhydryl groups in alphaIIbbeta3 have been implicated in the activation of this integrin. Physiologic concentrations of reduced glutathione generate sulfhydryls in alphaIIbbeta3 and potentiate sulfhydryl-dependent reactions in alphaIIbbeta3. Sulfhydryl labeling in alphaIIbbeta3 is inhibited by phenylarsine oxide, a reagent that binds to vicinal thiols. As vicinal thiols are in equilibrium with disulfide bonds, they provide redox-sensitive sites in alphaIIbbeta3 able to respond to external or cytoplasmic reducing equivalents. Furthermore, protein disulfide isomerase and sulfhydryls are now implicated in platelet adhesion by a second platelet integrin, the alpha2beta1 collagen receptor. Most recently, extracellular sulfhydryls in the P2Y12 ADP receptor were found to be required for platelet activation by this receptor. We here provide an overview of this field with a focus on recent developments, and conclude with a working model.
Feasibility of using natural fishbone apatite as a substitute for hydroxyapatite in remediating aqueous heavy metals

Abstract Fishbone, a natural, apatite rich substance, was examined for suitability as a substitute for hydroxyapatite in the sequestering of aqueous divalent heavy metal ions. The fishbone exhibited lower metal removal capacity than pure hydroxyapatite, due primarily to its purity (∼70% apatite equivalent). In other ways the fishbone behaves in a similar manner as pure hydroxyapatite in the sequestration process. It was observed that it can remove all Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ to below detectable levels as measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption, and the rate of reaction with either Zn2+, Ni2+, or Pb2+ was also found to be similar to hydroxyapatite. Also, a two level, three variable full factorial design was performed for the Pb/apatite reaction and both apatites performed similarly. The main difference, besides capacity, was on exposure to high (2.4 mM) Pb concentrations. The fishbone removed less of the Pb2+ than capacity correction predicted.
Laser vs electrosurgery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A prospective randomized trial.

• While much of the clamor over the optimal instrument for dissection of the gallbladder from the liver bed has died, there remain no prospective comparative data concerning this issue. We undertook a prospective randomized trial comparing the contact neodymium:YAG laser with monopolar electrosurgical dissection in 100 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Electrosurgical dissection was performed with an "L" hook and spatula electrodes at 25 W coagulation current. Neodymium:YAG laser dissection was performed with a 1200-μm contact tip at 15 W continuous beam. Mean (±SD) gallbladder dissection time was 19.2±8.5 minutes with electrosurgery compared with 23.6±9.6 minutes with the laser. Estimated blood loss was significantly less in the electrosurgery-treated group. In six instances, laser malfunction or fiber fragmentation necessitated completing the dissection with electrosurgery. We conclude that electrosurgery appears to have significant advantages for dissection of the gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Arch Surg . 1993;128:233-236)
Studies on fractionated hyperthermia in experimental animal systems II. Response of murine tumors to two or more doses

Abstract The effect of multiple hyperthermia and the kinetics of thermal resistance were studied in experimental murine tumors. A spontaneous C3Hf mouse mammary carcinoma, MCa and a chemically-induced fibrosarcoma, FSa-I, were used. Assay methods include determination of the TCD50 i.e., the treatment time to yield a tumor control in half the treated animals and TG (tumor growth) time analysis, i.e., the time required for a tumor to reach a given size after first treatment. After equal dose fractions the TCD50 of MCa increased with increasing overall treatment time. This increase was most predominant when treatments were given with a time interval of one day. Isoeffect curves for the MCa were comparable to those for normal tissue damage (foot reaction), which was reported in the first part of this series of communications. The kinetics of thermal resistance in the MCa was compared with that in FSa-I since the fractionated hyperthermia for the FSa-I was reported to have resulted in an appreciable therapeutic gain. The magnitude of thermal resistance was far greater in the MCa than in the FSa-I, although the kinetics of thermal resistance was similar in both tumors; i.e., (a) the resistance reached a maximum in 24 hours after treatment and then decayed slowly, and (b) the development of thermal resistance increased with increasing initial dose. The thermal resistance in these tumors appeared to be greater than that in animal feet.
Hartmannella: Growth controlling substances in culture medium

Growth inhibiting thermolabile factor(s) accumulate in some of the axenic media during growth ofHartmannella cultures. The physiological effectiveness of the factors depends in a not understood way on the concentration of cells in culture. The factor may be active antigenically.
Linear Unsaturated Polyamides and Polyhydrazides

Abstract Polyhydrazides and polyamides were prepared from hydrazine, piperazine, or substituted piperazines and muconic or α,α′ -dimethylmuconic acid chlorides by interfacial and solution polymerization. Low-temperature solution polymerization was preferred for polyhydrazides, and the interfacial technique for the piperazides. Polymers of dimethylmuconic acid exhibited better properties than those of muconic acid, e.g., molecular weight, film strength, and solubility. Optical properties, such as transparency, color, refractive index, and birefringence, were also determined and compared to aromatic polyamides and hydrazides.
A modified high-resolution TEM for thermoelectric properties measurements of nanowires and nanotubes

Nanowires are interesting candidates for thermoelectric applications because of their potentially low thermal conductivity and high power factor. However, measurements at the single-wire level are challenging and tend to lack detailed information about the atomic-level structure of the sample and contacts. We are modifying a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) with integrated scanning tunneling microscope (STM) for in-situ measurements of the thermoelectric properties of individual nanowires and nanotubes. A slender hot-wire probe is used to make electrical and thermal contact to the free end of a nanowire or nanotube. The electrical conductance of the nanowire/nanotube can be measured with the usual STM mode of operation. The Seebeck coefficient can be extracted from the transient response to a step change in the joule heating of the hot-wire probe. The thermal conductance can be calculated from the temperature and heat leakage of the hot-wire probe. These measurements are combined with detailed HRTEM observations.
Covalent protein modification: the current landscape of residue-specific electrophiles

Functional amino acids that play critical roles in catalysis and regulation are known to display elevated nucleophilicity and can be selectively targeted for covalent modification by reactive electrophiles. Chemical-proteomic platforms, such as activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), exploit this reactivity by utilizing chemical probes to covalently modify active-site residues to inform on the functional state of enzymes within complex proteomes. These and other applications rely on the availability of a diverse array of electrophiles and detailed knowledge of the reactivity and amino-acid selectivity of these groups. Here, we survey the current landscape of electrophiles that covalently target various nucleophilic amino acids in proteins and highlight proteomic applications that have benefited from the unique properties of these electrophiles.
Moving beyond definitions: what student-generated models reveal about their understanding of covalent bonding and ionic bonding

Chemistry students encounter a variety of terms, definitions, and classification schemes that many instructors expect students to memorize and be able to use. This research investigated students' descriptions of ionic and covalent bonding beyond definitions in order to explore students' knowledge about chemical bonding. Using Johnstone's Multiple Levels of Representation framework, an interactive interview protocol was designed to explore secondary and first year university chemistry students' understandings of bonding. This paper reports findings from the first phase of the interview when students were asked to create models to depict and explain covalent and ionic bonding using art supplies. Analysis of the student generated models and their accompanying explanations revealed multiple misconceptions about covalent and ionic bonding even though students could recite definitions.
Umbilical cord agenesis in limb body wall defect

The term "Limb Body Wall Defect" (LBWD) refers to a variable group of congenital defects having in common abdomino- or thoraco-schisis and limb deficiency. Three general pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed for this disorder: amnion rupture, vascular disruption, and embryonic malformation. We hypothesize that there are subsets of "Limb Body Wall Defect," which have similar structural abnormalities and a common pathogenesis. We report on five cases of LBWD that were selected by using more restrictive criteria. An infant or fetus was included if it had abdominoschisis with a broad attachment of skin to amnion at the site of the abdominal wall defect, limb defects, and umbilical cord agenesis. Autopsy detected additional common structural defects. All had evisceration of the gastrointestinal structures into the extra-embryonic coelomic space with structural abnormalities of the intestines. All had scoliosis, thoracic deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia, and structural abnormalities of the cloaca and urogenital ridge. Four of five had meningomyelocele. Three had exstrophy of the cloaca. The four females all had ovarian agenesis and incomplete Mullerian fusion. None had normal development of the external genitalia. We propose that the pathogenesis was a primary malformation of body wall closure, with abnormal fusion of the amnion, which had occurred in the first month of development.
ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS AND INDICATORS IN EXPERT INTRAPARTAL NURSING DECISIONS

Objective: To determine what clinical parameters and indicators expert intrapartal nurses used to assess the severity of fetal stress. Design: A descriptive, qualitative study using tape-recorded interviews from verbal protocols during clinical problem solving. Setting: Labor and delivery units of two metropolitan hospitals in the northeastern United States. Participants: Eighteen nurses, designated as experts by nurse managers, with an average of 11.3 years of intrapartal experience. Results: The clinical assessment parameters identified by content analysis included duration of stress, fetal reserve status, reversibility of stress, and specific signs of stress. The clinical assessment parameters included whether the disturbing pattern was brief or prolonged, continuous or intermittent, and how rapidly the mother's labor was progressing. Indicators of fetal reserve status were maternal pregnancy health status, gestational age of the fetus, and biophysical indicators of fetal status. Reversibility of stress was assessed based on the precipitating factors involved and responsiveness of the fetus to resuscitation. Specific signs of stress included the characteristics of the fetal monitor strip changes, scalp sample results, and amniotic fluid color. Conclusions: Contextual features of clinical problems are key links in the decision-making processes of expert intrapartal nurses. Knowledge elicitation techniques can be used to identify these links.
Cutoff wavelength optimization for high-efficiency split spectrum photovoltaics

Split spectrum photovoltaics, where incident light is divided onto multiple cells on the basis of wavelength, are an exciting recent development in the solar energy field. This technology has the potential to exceed record conversion efficiencies by utilizing a large number of p-n junctions while mitigating the constraints that plague monolithic cells: lattice matching and current matching. Each cell in a split spectrum system can have a different lattice constant (allowing for more combinations of materials) and to have different operating currents (allowing for more combinations of band spacing). In this work, we examine a split spectrum system utilizing a single spectrum splitting device (a dichroic filter) to divide the solar spectrum onto two cells. Whereas many split spectrum designs use numerous filters to direct light onto single junction cells, in this system each cell is composed of multiple active junctions. Each cell is then tailored to absorb a portion of the solar spectrum. The combination of the two cells allows for four, five, or more active junctions while maintaining lattice and current matching conditions in each cell. A number of different cutoff frequencies for the dichroic filter are examined. Each cutoff frequency corresponds to its own combination of ideal band placements for both the shorter and longer wavelength cells. Materials corresponding to those band placements are examined to determine if any combinations can satisfy lattice matching parameters; designs which do are then simulated using TCAD Sentaurus.
Anatomical and functional evidence for a neural hypothalamic-testicular pathway that is independent of the pituitary.

Testosterone (T) secretion is classically considered to be under the primary control of pituitary LH, itself regulated by the hypothalamic peptide LH-releasing hormone. Secretagogues present in the general circulation and/or manufactured in the testis can also alter Leydig cell activity independently of the pituitary. Finally, spanchnic innervation regulates testicular LH receptors and blood flow. In the present work, we provide evidence that, in addition, there may be a neural braintesticular circuit that regulates T release function independently of LH release. We had recently reported that the intracerebroventricular injection of IL-1, corticotropinreleasing factor, or -adrenergic agonists significantly interfered with the T response to human chorionic gonadotropin through mechanisms that did not involve LH. Here, we show that the injection of the transganglionic retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus into the testes caused viral staining in the spinal cord, the brain stem, and the hypothalamus. This observation indicates the presence of a neural pathway between the central nervous system and the testis. We then demonstrated that spinal cord injury significantly interfered with this staining, thus supporting the hypothesis that the proposed circuit travels through the cord. Finally, we showed that spinal cord injury completely abolished the ability of intracerebroventricularly injected IL-1 or corticotropinreleasing factor to blunt the T response to human chorionic gonadotropin, which suggests that these two secretagogues act within the brain to stimulate a neural pathway that interferes with Leydig cell function independently of the pituitary. The hitherto unsuspected brain-testicular circuit that these experiments have uncovered may play a role in pathologies, so far unexplained, that are characterized by decreased T levels despite normal LH production. (Endocrinology 143: 4447– 4454, 2002)
Medium-Term Outcomes Following Endovascular Repair of Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with an Unfavourable Proximal Neck

The purpose of this study was to evaluate medium-term outcomes following endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR) with unfavourable neck anatomy using stent grafts with a 36 mm or larger proximal diameter. A retrospective review of 27 patients who underwent elective EVAR between 2006 and 2008 using a stent graft with a 36 mm or larger proximal diameter was carried out. All patients had computed tomography angiography (CTA) for procedure planning, and detailed assessment of the aneurysm neck was performed using a three-dimensional CTA workstation. Patients were followed up with CTA at 3 and 12 months and annual duplex thereafter. The median aneurysm diameter was 7 cm, and the median aneurysm neck diameter was 31 mm. Cook Zenith stent grafts were used in all patients, with a proximal diameter of 36 mm (n = 25) and 40 mm (n = 2). Primary and assisted primary technical success rates were 74 and 93 %, respectively. The follow-up period ranged from 62 to 84 months, with a median of 72 months. 15 patients died during follow-up. Two patients died from aortic rupture, and the remaining patients died from cardiac disease (n = 4), chest sepsis (n = 6), cancer (n = 2) and renal failure (n = 1). Complications included type I endoleak (n = 5), limb occlusion (n = 2), limb stenosis (n = 2), limb kinking (n = 1), dissection of an artery (n = 1), occlusion of a femorofemoral cross-over graft (n = 1) and poor attachment of a distal limb (n = 1). EVAR using stent grafts in the presence of an unfavourable neck has a high risk of complications. Medium-term survival in this group is low but mainly due to patient co-morbidities.
Perception of airflow obstruction in patients hospitalized for acute asthma

Background Little is known about the perception of airflow obstruction in patients hospitalized for acute asthma. Objectives To evaluate patient perception of airflow obstruction at hospital discharge and at a 2-week follow-up visit and to determine whether symptom control and/or severity of airflow obstruction identified patients at risk for acute asthma after discharge. Methods In a prospective cohort study of inner-city adults hospitalized for acute asthma from April 1, 2001, through October 31, 2002, symptom control (Asthma Control Questionnaire) and airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV 1 ] percentage predicted) were evaluated at discharge and 2 weeks after discharge. We evaluated perception of airflow obstruction (symptom control vs FEV 1 percentage predicted) and perception of change in airflow obstruction (change in symptom control vs percentage change in FEV 1 ) between the 2 visits. Acute asthma after discharge was defined as an emergency department visit or hospitalization for asthma within 90 days of discharge. Results In fifty-one participants, symptom control was not significantly associated with airflow obstruction at hospital discharge ( P = .30), indicating poor perception of airflow obstruction. Among the 41 participants (80.4% of those enrolled) who completed the follow-up visit, change in symptom control was not significantly associated with change in airflow obstruction ( P = .20), indicating poor perception of change in airflow obstruction. Greater airflow obstruction at follow-up ( P = .02) and a smaller improvement in airflow obstruction ( P = .03), but not symptom control, were associated with a higher risk of acute asthma after discharge. Conclusions Patients hospitalized for acute asthma have poor perception of airflow obstruction and change in airflow obstruction. Objective measurements of lung function should guide treatment decisions after discharge in this population.
An examination of time-use among adults diagnosed with severe mental illnesses using daily interviews.

OBJECTIVE The authors examined clinical, demographic and programmatic predictors of average time-use during weekdays and weekends. METHODS Mental health consumers (N = 22) participating in day treatment (DT) and assertive community treatment (ACT) programs first completed measures of symptoms and substance use, and then completed daily interviews on time-use for up to 20 days. RESULTS Consumers who were participating in DT, as opposed to ACT, spent more weekday time in productive activity, but only when treatment was considered productive activity. DT participants also reported more weekend productive time-use. Clinical and demographic variables did not predict productive time-use, with the exception of negative symptoms (which predicted less) and African-American ethnicity (which predicted more). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Findings are consistent with previous studies indicating that many mental health consumers spend considerable amounts of time involved in sleep and passive leisure. However, structural factors, rather than symptoms, may be the greatest determinants of productive time-use. Rehabilitation interventions may need to be tailored to increase such opportunities for productive time-use.
An atlas of 10–50ke V solar flare X-rays and tentative atlas of solar proton events observed by the OGO-I and OGO-III ionization chambers

Atlas of energetic solar flare X rays and tentative atlas of proton events observed by OGO-1 and OGO-3 ionization chambers
Intracellular melanization of the larvae of Dirofilaria immitis in the Malpighian tubules of the mosquito, Aedes sollicitans

Abstract Frequent melanization of larvae of the nematode Dirofilaria immitis parasitizing the Malpighian tubules of the mosquito, Aedes sollicitans, has been observed. Melanized and nonmelanized larvae in the Malpighian tubules were examined using light and electron microscopy. The results indicate that the pattern of melanin deposition and the ultrastructural characteristics of the pigment around the worms are identical to that observed on nematodes which have undergone humoral melanization in other dipteran insects. In the Malpighian tubules, no contact between the intracellular melanized nematodes and the hemolymph or hemocytes was observed. The results suggest that the Malpighian tubules of this species of mosquito are capable of inducing a melanotic response to invading nematode parasites. It is proposed that this is an example of “humoral” melanization at an intracellular site.
Control of Nonapoptotic Developmental Cell Death in Caenorhabditis elegans by a Polyglutamine-Repeat Protein

Death is a vital developmental cell fate. In Caenorhabditis elegans, programmed death of the linker cell, which leads gonadal elongation, proceeds independently of caspases and apoptotic effectors. To identify genes promoting linker-cell death, we performed a genome-wide RNA interference screen. We show that linker-cell death requires the gene pqn-41, encoding an endogenous polyglutamine-repeat protein. pqn-41 functions cell-autonomously and is expressed at the onset of linker-cell death. pqn-41 expression is controlled by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase SEK-1, which functions in parallel to the zinc-finger protein LIN-29 to promote cellular demise. Linker-cell death is morphologically similar to cell death associated with normal vertebrate development and polyglutamine-induced neurodegeneration. Our results may therefore provide molecular inroads to understanding nonapoptotic cell death in metazoan development and disease.
Breaking the silence about domestic violence: Communication for development in northwestern Ghana

Domestic violence is not only a reality in Northwestern Ghana, it is also a threat to development. As the people of Ghana and Northwestern Ghana, particularly, struggle to overcome poverty and economic deprivation, there should be no stone left unturned that stands in the way of development. As this paper will contend, domestic violence is a serious threat to development for a number of reasons and has to be eliminated in order to give all people, especially women, the opportunity to contribute their quota to development in Northwestern Ghana. One way to eliminate domestic violence is to break ties with the fear of some harmful traditions of Dagaaba society by speaking out and seeking the necessary help. This paper will use development communication theory to analyze the phenomenon of domestic violence in Ghana and expound on the thesis that communicating to break the silence about domestic violence is essential for development in Northwestern Ghana. Keywords : Domestic violence, Development, Communication, Ghana, Dagaaba Gender and Behaviour. Vol. 4 (2) 2006: pp. 782-796
Adsorption model of HF on wood chips in a packed-bed reactor

Abstract The adsorption process of HF on wood chips in a packed-bed reactor was studied. Two adsorption rate limiting mechanisms exist for this process, namely HF supply control and intrinsic adsorption control. In the initial period of this process, the adsorption rate is determined by the HF supply rate; after the initial period, the adsorption rate is determined by the intrinsic adsorption rate. Consequently, the HF loading profile for this adsorption process includes two distinct parts: an initial linear part and a following non-linear part, corresponding to the two different rate limiting mechanisms. This conceptual model of HF adsorption in the packed-bed reactor was supported by experimental observations from a bench-scale, packed-bed reactor. Based on this conceptual model, a mathematical model was developed to predict the HF loading for a given adsorption time under given operating conditions. To demonstrate its application, the mathematical model was used to analyze the effect of the heat dissipation rate of the reactor on the adsorption process.
The evolving conception and management challenges of malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

BACKGROUNDMalignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is a rare and aggressive tumor. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has been reported as an effective treatment, although most cases were published before advances in cytopathologic techniques led to reclassification of many tumors.OBJECTIVETo evaluate a co
Determination of radii of satellites and asteroids from radiometry and photometry.

Visual photometry, which measures reflected solar radiation, can be combined with infrared radiometry, which measures absorbed and reradiated solar energy, to determine the albedo and hence the radius of small solar system objects. Equations and graphical solutions for radius and albedo are presented for cases where the object is at opposition, in equilibrium with the insolation, and has unit values for phase integral and infrared emissivities. Each of these assumptions is then discussed, and expressions are given for the dependence of the derived parameters on the assumptions. The Galilean satellites, whose radii are well known, provide a calibration of this technique. Applications are then discussed to Saturn's satellites Iapetus and Rhea and to asteroids (1) Ceres, (4) Vesta, and (324) Bamberga. It is shown that the technique is not subject to major systematic errors and that it is possible to derive radii, particularly for dark objects, with uncertainties of less than 10%.
Ontogeny of amino acid transport system A in rat placenta

Abstract Amino acid transport System A has previously been demonstrated in apical membranes derived from rat placenta, as well as in apical and basal membranes derived from human placenta. We have studied Na + -dependent α-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB) transport in apical and basal predominant membrane fractions prepared from 14 and 20 day gestation rat placenta. Marker enzyme recoveries did not differ significantly between age groups. Markers for intracellular organelles were also found to be comparable. Na + -dependent MeAIB transport was not sensitive to freezing and could be found in all membrane components tested. Kinetic parameters were studied- K m =852 ± 215 μm, V max =718 ± 126 pmol/5 sec/mg protein-20 day apical; K m =748 ± 269 μ m , V max =610 ± 176 pmol/5 sec/mg protein—20 day basal-predominant; K m 614 ± 261 μ m , V max =123 ± 45 pmol/5 sec/mg protein—14 day apical. Kinetic parameters could not be determined in the 14 day gestation basal-predominant fraction because of the small amount of uptake present. We conclude that System A like activity is found in both apical and basal predominant membrane fractions derived from rat placenta, and that this activity increases over the last one third of gestation.
A fossil scorpion Tityus geratus new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Dominican Amber

A fossil scorpion, Tityus geratus (Scorpioncs: Buthidae) n. sp., is described from Dominican amber. This is the third described amber Tityus sp. and the third Dominican amber scorpion. On the basis of the amber finds and available knowledge on the present distribution of Tityus spp. in the Antilles, the vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography can be evoked to best explain the present distribution of this genus.
Race, Criminal Justice Contact, and Adult Position in the Social Stratification System

Recent theoretical developments in the life-course perspective have focused on the effects of criminal justice contact on many stratification outcomes. Using data from a large sample of males convicted in the U.S. federal court system, we investigate the effects of criminal justice contact, race, family background, educational attainment, and age on an important stratification outcome: average monthly income. We also explore how the timing of criminal justice contact in the life course affects this outcome. Results indicate that contact with the criminal justice system, especially when it occurs early in life, is a major life event that has a deleterious effect on individuals' subsequent income level. However, the effects of criminal justice contact appear to be both age-graded and more pronounced early in life for whites than for blacks.
Development of a Lean Burn Methane Number Measurement Technique for Alternative Gaseous Fuel Evaluation

A wide range of fuels are used in industrial gas fueled engines. Fuels include well-head gas, pipeline natural gas, producer gas, coal gas, digester gas, landfill gas, and liquefied petroleum gas. Many industrial gas fueled engines operate at high power density and at ultra-lean air-fuel ratios for low NOx emissions. Engines operate in a narrow air-fuel ratio band between misfire and knock limits. To utilize this wide range of fuels effectively it is important to understand knock properties. Methane number determination for natural gas blends is traditionally performed with research engines at stoichiometric conditions where the onset of knock is identified through subjective audible indication. The objective of this paper is to develop a process to determine knock onset through direct indication from pressure transducer data at lean operating conditions characteristic of lean-burn industrial gas engines. Validation of the method is provided with methane number determination and comparison of pipeline natural gas.A Waukesha F2 Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine is modified to incorporate piezoelectric pressure transducers at the cylinder head and conversion from natural aspiration to boosted intake and variable exhaust back pressures (to simulate turbocharger operation). The new pressure sensors enable Fast Fourier Transform calculation of pressure data to calculate amplitude at characteristic knock frequency.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Historical patterns of residential and commercial energy uses

Abstract This paper reviews trends in residential energy use and commercial energy use for the 1950–1975 period. Historical data on energy use by type of fuel—electricity, gas, oil, other—are presented for both sectors. These energy use data are compared with data on the determinants of energy use for each sector: population, per capita income, fuel prices, economic output from the service sectors, commercial building floorspace. These historical data show marked differences between the 1950–1972 and 1972–1975 periods. From 1950 to 1972, energy use in both sectors grew steadily and rapidly. Since 1972, however, energy use growth has been almost static and unstable. The data show, in a general way, the influence of changes in fuel prices and economic activity on energy use.
Non-enzymic incorporation of amines into proteolipid protein.

—Proteolipid protein binds biogenic amines irreversibly. The bound amines can be recovered as the original compounds and as complexes with polypeptide after proteolysis or acid hydrolysis. The properties of the protein-bound tryptamine are consistent with the concept that the amine is covalently linked by its primary amine group. Mescaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine also bind irreversibly to proteolipid protein. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and mescaline bind similarly to other proteins (casein, ovalbumin, serum albumin and a serum protein mixture), but proteolipid binds the amines to a greater extent.
New evidence for 5f covalency in actinocenes determined from carbon K-edge XAS and electronic structure theory

Evidence for metal–carbon orbital mixing in thorocene and uranocene was determined from DFT calculations and carbon K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) collected with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM). Both the experimental and computational results showed that the 5f orbitals engaged in significant δ-type mixing with the C8H82− ligands, which increased as the 5f orbitals dropped in energy on moving from Th4+ to U4+. The first experimental evidence for extensive ϕ-orbital interactions has been provided by the C K-edge XAS analysis of thorocene; however, ϕ-type covalency in uranocene was negligible. The results highlighted two contrasting trends in orbital mixing from one pair of highly symmetric molecules, and showed that covalency does not increase uniformly for different molecular orbital interactions with later actinides.
Outcome measures in facial plastic surgery: patient-reported and clinical efficacy measures.

Objective To survey the existing literature to identify, summarize, and evaluate procedure- and condition-specific outcome measures for use in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Methods A review of the English-language literature was performed to identify outcomes instruments specific for targeted facial plastic surgery interventions and conditions. A search was performed using MEDLINE (1950 to September 2007), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health) (1982 to September 2007), and PsychINFO (1806 to September 2007). Outcomes instruments were categorized as patient-reported or clinical efficacy measures (observer-reported or objective measures). Instruments were then categorized to include relevant details on the intervention, degree of validation, and subsequent use. Results Sixty-eight distinct instruments were identified (23 patient-reported, 35 observer-reported, and 10 objective measures), with some overlap among categories. Most patient-reported measures (76%) and half observer-reported instruments (51%) were developed in the past 10 years. The rigor of validation varied widely among measures, with formal validation being most common among the patient-reported outcome measures. Conclusions Validated outcomes measures are present for many common facial plastic surgery conditions and have become more prevalent during the past decade, especially for patient-reported outcomes. Challenges remain in harmonizing patient-reported, observer-based, and other objective measures to produce standardized clinically meaningful outcome measures.
Poles for networks of Markov queues

A method for calculating the throughput of queuing network models is introduced. This method uses the concepts of poles in the complex plane to evaluate system performance and characterizes the system bottleneck as a certain extreme pole. This method allows the analyst to treat linear systems, controls, and some queuing networks with the common methodology of complex variable analysis. >
Electron microscopic appearance of dentin after decalcification and recalcification in vitro.

. Cross-sections of bovine incisor root dentin, 0.2 mm thick, were decalcified by ethylenediaminetetracetate at pH 7.4. After 2-day immersion in recalcifying solution (3.75 mM Ca, 1.67 mM P, 22 mM CO3, 155–160 mM NaCl, pH 7.2, and 28°C) the previously decalcified dentin contained 32 % of the calcium phosphate of natural adult bovine dentin. Electron micrographs showed the deposition of minerals in the previously decalcified dentin matrix after immersion in the recalcifying solution. The matrix near the cemental surface appeared recalcified. Globular appearing mineral deposits occurred in the uncalcified matrix. The mineral deposits in the intertubular matrix apparently indicate sites of nucleation.
A single trapped strontium ion: a first step towards an improved frequency standard

Summary form only given. Current progress at the National Research Council of Canada toward a practical frequency standard based on a single trapped strontium ion is discussed. It is pointed out that a single Sr/sup +/ ion is an excellent compromise for a first-generation single-ion frequency standard. Its transition rate, 2.7/s, is fast enough for good data to be obtained in moderate experimental periods. yet slow enough to allow an unsophisticated microcomputer programmed in BASIC to keep up with it and slow enough that the natural linewidth. 0.4 Hz in 445 THz, permits a precision exceeding that of cesium standards. The experimental design is described in some details. >
The Occurrence of a Pellagra-Like Syndrome in Chicks

Abstract This laboratory has been attempting to obtain further information concerning the cause of a peculiar paralysis1, 2 of nutritional origin involving the legs and feet of chicks. In continuing the study of this paralysis it was decided to purify the casein used not only to obtain a more uniform product in respect to growth-promoting characteristics but also to determine whether this might not be a means of increasing the amount of paralysis. Commercial casein was therefore extracted with 0.2 per cent acetic-acid solution for 6 days. This acetic-acid solution was changed twice every 24 hours. On the seventh day the casein was washed four times with tap water and finally dried over a steam radiator under a stream of air. It was also decided to study egg albumin, Merck’s impalpable powder, with the thought that this material might be deficient in the anti-paralytic factor, although reported rich in vitamin G3. . . .
CRIMINAL CHARGE OR PROBATION VIOLATION? PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH IN CRIMINAL COURT PROCESSING*

Feeney et al. (1983) observe that arrests not resulting in convictions may nonetheless receive substantial punishment through reliance on alternative, less formal, means of imposing sanctions. Utilizing a sample of 1427 domestic violence cases supplemented by interviews with prosecutors, we analyze this phenomenon. We conclude that the majority of cases disposed by such means originate as new criminal charges, which are then rejected or dismissed in favor of resolution through use of the prosecutor's power to initiate probation violation hearings. In almost all instances, these cases result in a jail or prison sentence, underlining that outcomes such as “rejection” and “dismissal” are not synonymous with case termination. Failure to appreciate this distinction can lead to serious measurement error.
Multilayer High-Gradient Insulators

Multilayer High-Gradient Insulators are vacuum insulating structures composed of thin, alternating layers of dielectric and metal. They are currently being developed for application to high-current accelerators and related pulsed power systems. This paper describes some of the High-Gradient Insulator research currently being conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
The exhibition catalog as source of artists' primary documents

Exhibition catalogs and related ‘ephemera’ frequently include statements by artists which can be regarded as primary documents. Artists’ statements which are included in catalogs of group exhibitions tend to be relatively difficult to access and so are easily overlooked, while statements included in ephemeral publications associated with group exhibitions are virtually irretrievable even when such material is retained by libraries. Some help is available from published bibliographies and online databases; more thorough cataloging procedures are also available.
Modeling microwave emissions of erg surfaces in the Sahara desert

Sand seas (ergs) of the Sahara are the most dynamic parts of the desert. Aeolian erosion, transportation, and deposition continue to reshape the surface of the ergs. The large-scale features (dunes) of these bedforms reflect the characteristics of the sand and the long-term wind. Radiometric emissions from the ergs have strong dependence on the surface geometry. We model the erg surface as composed of tilted rough facets. Each facet is characterized by a tilt distribution dependent upon the surface roughness of the facet. The radiometric temperature (T/sub b/) of ergs is then the weighted sum of the T/sub b/ from all the facets. We use dual-polarization T/sub b/ measurements at 19 and 37 GHz from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager to analyze the radiometric response of erg surfaces and compare them to the model results. The azimuth angle (/spl phi/) modulation of T/sub b/ is caused by the surface geometrical characteristics. It is found that longitudinal and transverse dune fields are differentiable based on their polarization difference (/spl Delta/T/sub b/) /spl phi/-modulation, which reflects type and orientation of dune facets. /spl Delta/T/sub b/ measurements at 19 and 37 GHz provide consistent results. The magnitude of /spl Delta/T/sub b/ at 37 GHz is lower than at 19 GHz due to higher attenuation. The analysis of /spl Delta/T/sub b/ over dry sand provides a unique insight into radiometric emission over ergs.
The plasma kallikrein–kinin system: its evolution from contact activation

The plasma kallikrein-kinin system consists of the proteins factor XII (FXII), prekallikrein (PK), and high molecular weight kininogen. It was first recognized as a surface-activated coagulation system that is activated when blood or plasma interacts with artificial surfaces. Although surface-activated contact activation occurs in vivo in the case of tissue destruction or a developing thrombus, the physiologic basis for the activation and function of this system has not been delineated. New investigations indicate that there is a proteolytic pathway on cells for PK activation independent of FXII. This pathway for PK with subsequent FXII activation indicates physiologic activities. These activities include blood pressure regulation and modulation of thrombosis risk independently of hemostasis. Furthermore, they include regulation of endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis through a cellular-based, outside-in signaling system. The present characterizations of this system, which incorrectly had been thought to initiate coagulation, represent an evolution of understanding in this field.
Early Growth Response-1 Is Required for CD154 Transcription

CD154 (CD40 ligand) expression on CD4 T cells is normally tightly controlled, but abnormal or dysregulated expression of CD154 has been well documented in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Beyond regulation by NFAT proteins, little is known about the transcriptional activation of the CD154 promoter. We identified a species-conserved purine-rich sequence located adjacent to the CD154 transcriptional promoter proximal NFAT site, which binds early growth response (Egr) transcription factors. Gel shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that Egr-1, Egr-3, and NFAT1 present in primary human CD4 T cells are capable of binding this combinatorial site in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Multimerization of this NFAT/Egr sequence in the context of a reporter gene demonstrates this sequence is transcriptionally active upon T cell activation in primary human CD4 T cells. Overexpression of Egr-1, but not Egr-3, is capable of augmenting transcription of this reporter gene as well as that of an intact CD154 promoter. Conversely, overexpression of small interfering RNA specific for Egr-1 in primary human CD4 T cells inhibits CD154 expression. Similarly, upon activation, CD154 message is notably decreased in splenic CD4 T cells from Egr-1-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. Our data demonstrate that Egr-1 is required for CD154 transcription in primary CD4 T cells. This has implications for selective targeting of Egr family members to control abnormal expression of CD154 in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Mitochondrial Delivery Is Essential for Synaptic Potentiation

Mitochondria, as portable generators that power synaptic function, regulate the ATP supply and calcium homeostasis in the neuron. As molecular interactions within the synapses before and after the potentiation are beginning to be elucidated, the deciding moment during the tetanic stimulation that gives rise to the strengthening of the synapse remains a mystery. Here, I recorded electrically from an intact Drosophila nervous system, while simultaneously using time-lapse confocal microscopy to visualize mitochondria labeled with green fluorescent protein. I show that tetanic stimulation triggers a fast delivery of mitochondria to the synapse, which facilitates synaptic potentiation. Rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I, suppresses mitochondrial transport and abolishes the potentiation of the synapse. Expression of neurofibromin, which improves mitochondrial ATP synthesis in the neuron, enhances the movements of mitochondria to the synapse and promotes post-tetanic potentiation. These findings provide unprecedented evidence that the mitochondrial delivery to the synapse is critical for cellular learning.
Liapunov stability analysis of spinning flexible spacecraft.

In this section the results of a recent study reported in Ref. 19 are briefly reviewed. The objective of the paper is a set of stability criteria for a spacecraft characterized as a rigid body having attached a flexible appendage idealized as a collection of elastically interconnected particles. The appendage is permitted in the paper to be configured in a general fashion, but the special case of the planar appendage shown in Fig. 16 is adopted in order to obtain explicit closed form stability criteria without the aid of computer simulation. The well Down stability procedures offered by Liapunov’s direct (second) method are invoked in the paper. Among the many theorems on stability and instability of the class developed by Liapunov two have direct relevance to the development. Described in detail by Pringle, [20] the theorems of interest are par aphrased below.
On the representation matrices of the spin permutation group

A method for the determination of the representation matrices of the spin permutation group (symmetric group) is presented.