cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Human Rights Issues Experienced by Psychiatric-Mental Health and Substance Abuse Registered Nurses

Abstract Background: The ethics and human rights issues experienced by psychiatric-mental health and substance-abuse registered nurses (P-MH and SA RNs) and how disturbed they are by the issues are not known. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of ethics and human rights issues experienced by P-MH and SA RNs and how disturbing the issues are to them. Study Design: Using Total Design Method, a survey of more than 8,000 RNs in six New England states was conducted. From the final sample size of 2,090 New England RN participants, responses from 162 participants who identified themselves as P-MH(n = 145) or SA (n = 17) RNs were further analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Protecting patients' rights and human dignity and providing nursing care with possible health risks to the RN were identified as the most frequently experienced ethics and human rights issues. Staffing patterns that limit patient access to nursing care and implementing managed care policies that threaten the quality of patient care were identified as the most disturbing issues. Forty-one percent of the RNs reported experiencing ethics and human rights issues daily or one to four times per week in their clinical practices. Conclusions: P-MH and SA RNs in New England encounter ethics and human rights issues in practice more frequently than all other RNs practicing in New England. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2003]. 9, 17-23.)
Measurement of Stress‐Optical Coefficient and Rate of Stress Release in Commercial Soda‐Lime Glasses

A method is described for measuring the stress-birefringence properties of soda-lime glasses in the range 23° to 650°C. Data on three glasses show that the stress-optical coefficient increases slowly with temperature, reaching a definite maximum in the range 570° to 590°C. The same apparatus was used to measure the rate of stress release in two of these glasses. Data obtained under thermal equilibrium conditions can be represented by equations that suggest that two or more concurrent mechanisms are involved in stress release in these glasses within the viscosity range log 12 to log 14.5 (a rapid one of 0.4 to 10 minutes in duration and a slow one of 2 to 60 minutes).
Screening ICs on the bare chip level: temporary packaging

Several different temporary packaging concepts for integrated circuits (ICs) for pretest at speed and burn-in are introduced. Temporary packaging is achieved using standard labor and equipment resources already employed in permanent packaging. Experiments were carried out to validate the pretest process, and results are presented for the various materials used in the pretest process. The preferred method for temporary packaging along with the selected materials used is presented. Temporary packaging of integrated circuits for pretest with reasonable yield is demonstrated as feasible. >
Optic neuropathy due to anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Purpose. To report a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of the central nervous system (CNS) producing an optic neuropathy. Methods. Observational case report. Results. A 29-year-old male presented with new onset headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a large enhancing parietal lobe mass. Ocular exam at that time was normal. Initial diagnoses included possible bacterial cerebritis and fungal abscess. Serial lumbar punctures showed increased white blood cells but cytology was negative. A brain biopsy was non-diagnostic. The patient then presented with a left optic neuropathy. Repeat MRI of the brain and orbits revealed infiltration of the clivus and left orbital apex including the optic nerve. The patient had elevated liver function studies and an abdominal ultrasound disclosed two hypoechoic lesions. Liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ALK-1 positive ALCL. The patient was treated with chemotherapy but expired seven months after the initial presentation. Conclusion....
The in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Oils

Abstract A reinvestigation and evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of oils (volatile, terpeneless, fixed, and infused) was carried out by using the filter paper disk method.The oils were tested against various pathogenic and nonpathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Real Time Vehicle Reidentification and Performance Measures on Signalized Arterials

An analytical model was developed and tested to estimate the travel times on signalized arterials in real-time based on data commonly provided by system loop detectors (flow and occupancy) and the signal settings (cycle length, green times and offsets). The model was extended to account for the effects of detector placement and queue spillovers. The results from model applications show that it accurately estimates travel times for a wide range of operating conditions. A vehicle re-identification methodology also was developed based on data from conventional loop detectors. Sample application indicates that it can be used to produce performance measures such as travel time variability and quality of signal progression
Sun protection practices and sun exposure among children with a parental history of melanoma.

Background: First-degree relatives of melanoma survivors have a substantially higher lifetime risk for melanoma than individuals with no family history. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the primary modifiable risk factor for the disease. Reducing UV exposure through sun protection may be particularly important for children with a parental history of melanoma. Nonetheless, limited prior research has investigated sun protection practices and sun exposure among these children. Methods: The California Cancer Registry was used to identify melanoma survivors eligible to participate in a survey to assess their children's sun protection practices and sun exposure. The survey was administered by mail, telephone, or web to Latino and non-Latino white melanoma survivors with at least one child (0–17 years; N = 324). Results: Sun exposure was high and the rate of sunburn was equivalent to or higher than estimates from average-risk populations. Use of sun protection was suboptimal. Latino children were less likely to wear sunscreen and hats and more likely to wear sunglasses, although these differences disappeared in adjusted analyses. Increasing age of the child was associated with lower sun protection and higher risk for sunburn, whereas higher objective risk for melanoma predicted improved sun protection and a higher risk for sunburns. Perception of high barriers to sun protection was the strongest modifiable correlate of sun protection. Conclusions: Interventions to improve sun protection and reduce sun exposure and sunburns in high-risk children are needed. Impact: Intervening in high-risk populations may help reduce the burden of melanoma in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(1); 169–77. ©2015 AACR .
Laboratory and field performance of an indoxacarb bait against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

Experimental indoxacarb powder and gel baits were evaluated in the laboratory, and a gel bait was evaluated in subsequent field studies against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In continuous exposure tests, LT50 values were 1.90 and 1.10 d for 0.25 and 1% indoxacarb powder baits, respectively. However, 0.25% indoxacarb gel bait had an LT50 value of 0.68 d, similar to a 0.05% abamectin gel bait formulated with the same bait base. There was no difference in toxicity between fresh and 7-d-old gel bait deposits. A pyrethroid-resistant strain of German cockroaches was significantly resistant to both abamectin and indoxacarb gel baits. Gel bait contained approximately 40% water, desiccated rapidly at 25-28 degrees C and 30-45% RH, but did not rehydrate when held at 56.7% RH for 3 d. Powder indoxacarb baits contained 95% at 14 d. Indoxacarb baits are toxic, relatively nonrepellent, and can significantly reduce German cockroach populations.
Updated Estimates of Mortality and Injury of Cetaceans in the Hawaii-Based Longline Fishery, 1994-2005

This report presents updated estimates of annual mortality and serious injury of cetaceans for the Hawaii-based longline fishery during 1994-2005, including information on set type and targeted fish species. The fishery has targeted primarily tunas and swordfish, although swordfish sets were prohibited north of the equator by Hawaii-based vessels between 2001 and early 2004. Observer coverage ranged from 3.6% to 5.5% during 1994-1999 and then increased to 22-34% during 2001-2005. Estimated fishing effort totaled 159,572 sets, including 122,864 sets targeting tunas, 13,160 sets targeting swordfish, and 23,548 sets targeting species other than swordfish using swordfish-style methods. Annual effort was roughly constant at about 12,000 sets through 2001 and then increased to over 18,000 sets through 2005. During 24,542 observed sets, 67 cetaceans were observed hooked or entangled. Seven of the observed cetaceans were dead (2 short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus, 2 false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, 1 pan-tropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata, 1 bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, and 1 Blainville’s beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris). The 60 other hookings and entanglements involved injuries of 18 false killer whales, 9 Risso’s dolphin, Grampus griseus, 5 short-finned pilot whales, 3 bottlenose dolphins, 2 spinner dolphins, Stenella longirostris, 3 humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, 1 sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, 1 short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, 1 Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni, 1 Blainville's beaked whale, and 16 unidentified cetaceans. One additional sperm whale was injured in an experimental longline set, but this set was not included in the estimation of fleet-wide mortality and serious injury. The severity of injuries sustained by cetaceans was evaluated based on observer descriptions of the nature of the interaction, using previously established guidelines. Interactions with insufficient information to make a
Understanding melanoma stem cells.

SUMMARY Tumors are incredibly diverse and contain many different subpopulations of cells. The cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation is responsible for many aspects of tumorigenesis and has been shown to play an important role in melanoma development, progression, drug resistance and metastasis. However, it is becoming clear that tumor cell populations are dynamic and can be influenced by many factors, such as signals from the tumor microenvironment and somatic evolution. This review will present the current understanding of CSCs and the challenges of identifying and characterizing this dynamic cell population. The known characteristics and functions of melanoma stem cells, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of these cells in melanoma, will be discussed.
Low temperature CO2 hydrogenation to alcohols and hydrocarbons over Mo2C supported metal catalysts

Abstract A series of M/Mo2C (M = Cu, Pd, Co and Fe) were synthesized and evaluated for CO2 hydrogenation at 135–200 °C in liquid 1,4-dioxane solvent. The Mo2C served as both a support and a co-catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation, exhibiting turnover frequencies of 0.6 × 10−4 and 20 × 10−4 s−1 at 135 and 200 °C, respectively. Methanol was the major product at 135 °C, while CH3OH, C2H5OH, and C2+ hydrocarbons were produced at 200 °C. The addition of Cu and Pd onto the high surface area Mo2C enhanced the production of CH3OH, while Co and Fe enhanced the production of C2+ hydrocarbons. Results for CO2, CO, and CH3OH hydrogenation experiments suggested that CO2 was the primary source for CH3OH while CO was the intermediate to hydrocarbons during CO2 hydrogenation. Characterization of the spent M/Mo2C catalysts revealed very little change in the surface and bulk chemistries and structures, indicating their stability in the liquid environment.
Mechanism of Degradation of Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Engine Oil

Abstract The loss in properties of fluorocarbon elastomers observed after aging of the polymer in engine oil is the result of interactions of some of the oil additives with elastomer. The degradation in mechanical properties of the elastomer is not due to any extensive dehydrofluorination reaction, but instead it is the result of increased crosslinking and hardening of the surface caused by these additives.
Deposit and Drift Losses from Aerial Ultra-Low-Volume and Emulsion Sprays in Arizona

Deposition and drift of the aerial application of fenvalerate at 0.11 kg (AI)/ha as 28 liters of emulsion per ha, and ultra-low-volume (ULV) at 2.3 and 3.5 liters of cotton seed oil carrier per ha, were compared for fan nozzles and Micronair rotary atomizers. Deposits were measured by glass plates or aluminum foil panels distributed across the treated areas, and from leaf samples collected in three levels of the cotton canopy. Drift was measured out to 800 m, using static collectors (aluminum foil panels) and high-volume air samples. In 1981, foliage and target deposits were much greater from 28 liters of emulsion per ha than 2.3 liters of oil. Drift measured from static collectors to 400 m indicated that ULV resulted in four times the drift of the emulsion. High-volume air samplers collected slightly greater drift from the emulsion than from the ULV application. In 1982 foliage, deposition at all three levels of cotton canopy was: 28 liters, emulsion > 2.3 liters, fan > 2.3 liters, rotary atomizer. Drift measured from static collectors and high-volume air samplers was: 2.3 liters, rotary atomizer> 28 liters, emulsion> 3.5 liters, fan ≃ 3.5 liters, rotary atomizer.
Radiosensitivity of Skin of New-Born Rats. III. Sensitivity at Different Temperatures.∗:

In a previous paper1 it has been reported that temperatures of 0-5°C during roentgen irradiation (1,300 r) decreased the amount of injury produced in the skin of new-born rats. In a second series of experiments2 this increased resistance of animals irradiated at 0-5°C was studied quantitatively for dosages ranging from 300 to 3000 roentgens. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the resistance would change quantitatively with increasing temperature.The animals were of the same strain used in the previous studies.† The temperature was controlled during the irradiation by placing the animals in a double walled box, constructed of transparent sheet plastic, containing water at the desired temperature. The temperature of the skin before and after the irradiation was determined by means of a thermocouple. Experiments indicated that the rectal temperature changed very rapidly to that of the skin at low and at high temperatures, but at room temperature the interior of the body was slightly w...
Military policies regarding homosexual behavior: an international survey.

The military attaches of 110 non-Communist embassies in Washington, DC, were surveyed from 1982-1984 regarding their countries' military policies about homosexuality. Of the 57 that responded, 37% reported policies excluding persons who engage in homosexual behavior from military service, 14% reported policies that accept homosexual and bisexual persons, and 49% reported having no policies about homosexual behavior. Cultural factors appear to be related to the military police.
Anharmonic properties in M g 2 X (X =C ,Si ,Ge ,Sn ,Pb ) from first-principles calculations

Thermal conductivity reduction is one of the potential routes to improve the performance of thermoelectric materials. However, detailed understanding of the thermal transport of many promising materials is still missing. In this paper, we employ electronic-structure calculations at the level of density functional theory to elucidate thermal transport properties of the $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}X$ ($X=\mathrm{C}$, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) family of compounds, which includes $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{Si}$, a material already identified as a potential thermoelectric. All these materials crystallize into the same antifluorite structure. Systematic trends in the anharmonic properties of these materials are presented and examined. Our calculations indicate that the reduction in the group velocity is the main driver of the thermal conductivity trend in these materials, as the phonon lifetimes in these compounds are very similar. We also examine the limits of the applicability of perturbation theory to study the effect of point defects on thermal transport and find that it is in good agreement with experiment in a wide range of scattering parameter values. The thermal conductivity of the recently synthesized $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{C}$ is computed and predicted to be 34 W/mK at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Preoperative Use of Methotrexate and the Risk of Early Postoperative Complications in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background Preoperative immunosuppressive use among patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis may lead to an increased risk of postoperative complications. There is limited information on the preoperative safety profile of methotrexate (MTX) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods A retrospective study of patients who underwent abdominal surgery for IBD between 1993 and 2012 was performed and records abstracted, including preoperative use of MTX, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, antitumor necrosis factor, and corticosteroids. Early postoperative complications, including death, septic, and nonseptic complications were identified. A meta-analysis was also performed on the use of preoperative MTX in patients with IBD or rheumatoid arthritis. Results A total of 180 patients with IBD underwent abdominal surgery. A total of 15 patients received MTX either monotherapy or in combination therapy. Total early postoperative complications were identified in 71 (39%) patients, specifically 5 patients on oral MTX. A total of 51 cases (28%) of septic complications and 20 (11%) nonseptic. No significant association between the use of MTX and early postoperative complications was found. The odds ratio (OR) of complications versus no complications associated with MTX was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.25-2.29) and with azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, OR 1.48 (95% CI, 0.77-2.84). The odds of a septic complication associated with MTX were 0.58 (95% CI, 0.09-3.73), and higher in azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, OR 3.97 (95% CI, 1.03-15.3). Our meta-analysis also did not reveal an increased risk of postoperative complications in IBD or rheumatoid arthritis on preoperative MTX (OR 0.62, 95% CI, 0.34-1.15). Conclusions Preoperative MTX use does not seem to be associated with early postoperative complications in IBD.
Mitochondrial H2O2 in Lung Antigen-Presenting Cells Blocks NF-κB Activation to Prevent Unwarranted Immune Activation.

Inhalation of environmental antigens such as allergens does not always induce inflammation in the respiratory tract. While antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells and macrophages, take up inhaled antigens, the cell-intrinsic molecular mechanisms that prevent an inflammatory response during this process, such as activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, are not well understood. Here, we show that the nuclear receptor PPARγ plays a critical role in blocking NF-κB activation in response to inhaled antigens to preserve immune tolerance. Tolerance induction promoted mitochondrial respiration, generation of H2O2, and suppression of NF-κB activation in WT, but not PPARγ-deficient, APCs. Forced restoration of H2O2 in PPARγ-deficient cells suppressed IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation. Conversely, scavenging reactive oxygen species from mitochondria promoted IκBα degradation with loss of regulatory and promotion of inflammatory T cell responses in vivo. Thus, communication between PPARγ and the mitochondria maintains immune quiescence in the airways.
Determination of crude protein in animal feeds, using block digestion followed by steam distillation: collaborative study

A method consisting of digesting animal feeds in a block digestor and determining ammonia by steam distillation followed by titration has been evaluated and compared with the official final action Kjeldahl method, 7.016. Fifteen laboratories analyzed 5 feed samples and lysine monohydrochloride. Statistical analysis showed that results from the 2 methods were comparable. The distillation technique has been adopted as official first action as an alternative technique for ammonia determination from the digest of the official final action block digestor method, 7.B11.
David Aaker. Aaker on Branding: 20 Principles that Drive Success. New York, NY: Morgan James Publishing (2014) pp. 208

Aaker on Branding provides a thorough and insightful overview of branding. This book equips the marketing channels professional with a valuable resource that blends theoretical and pragmatic princi...
ON THE LOGIC OF PREFERENCE AND CHOICE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some of the contributions made by the economists to the logic of preference and choice that appear worthy of the attention of philosophers. The term preference refers to certain features of a person's state of mind and the term choice refers to a person's overt act of a certain type. Preference is a potential choice. The chapter discusses the interpretation of the axiomatics of preference and choice in the economics of consumer demand. The problem is to find a theoretical framework for the analysis of consumers' expenditure. Such a framework should be formulated in terms of the data to which the theory is applied. In the case of consumer demand, these data are observations on the prices and quantities of various commodities. The main purpose of the theoretical framework is to translate propositions about preferences into propositions about prices and quantities. The theory refers mostly to a single individual even though the applications of ultimate interest are to the aggregate behavior of large groups of people.
Cost Benefit Analysis for Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Interventions: A Review of Best Practices and Existing Studies

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is underutilised in assessing Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) interventions, the protocols used are not always rigourous and the analytical framework is unclear. However, CBAs which follow best practices could be extremely beneficial and helpful to policy makers in establishing priorities for Eco-DRR interventions. A robust and systematic economic analytical approach might be useful, if not necessary, to justify large upfront investments and promote the implementation of this type of risk reduction intervention at an even broader scale. Identifying a common core of best practices for CBA applied to Eco-DRR would also increase comparability between studies, reproducibility of assessments, and facilitate much needed external review. The purpose of this chapter is to (i) outline the fundamental principles and best practices of rigourous cost-benefit analysis (CBA) applied to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and (Eco-DRR) interventions; (ii) review existing studies; and – based on this review of past work – (iii) outline the possible areas of improvement to strengthen future CBAs of Eco-DRR projects.
Radiosensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes at Various Temperatures and Cell Concentrations.

Among food-borne pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes is more radiation resistant than gram-negative bacteria of the genera Salmonella and Vibrio. This study was designed to determine if initial cell concentration and/or temperature at the time of irradiation influences the radiosensitivity of L. monocytogenes. Concentrations of 10 3 , 10 6 , and 10 9 CFU (colony-forming units)/ml of L. monocytogenes Scott A were suspended in tryptic soy broth and exposed to 0 to 5 kGy of gamma radiation (1.25 MeV) at 20, 4, and -80°C. Survivors were enumerated and irradiation D-values were calculated using regression analysis and total dose methods. A 10 3 CFU/ml population was destroyed with a <2 kGy dose. The irradiation D-value of 0.43 kGy when calculated by regression analysis for frozen (-80°C) cultures of 10 6 CFU/ml was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those (0.58 and 0.62 kGy) at 20° and 4°C, respectively. However, the -80°C D-value was not significantly different (0.61 kGy) when calculated by the total dose required to eliminate all recovery. At 10 9 CFU/ml, a D-value (calculated by both methods) of 0.42 kGy was obtained at both 4° and -80°C, which was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than 0.50 kGy for 20°C suspensions. The temperature of irradiation only influenced the radiosensitivity of L. monocytogenes at 10 9 CFU/ml.
Myocardial Induction of Type 3 Deiodinase in Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

Background: The thyroid hormone–inactivating enzyme type 3 deiodinase (D3) is induced during hypertrophic and ischemic cardiomyopathy, leading to a state of local cardiac hypothyroidism. Whether D3 induction occurs in dilated cardiomyopathy is unknown. Methods: This study characterized changes in cardiac D3 and thyroid hormone signaling in a transgenic model of progressive dilated cardiomyopathy (TG9 mice). Results: Cardiac D3 was dramatically induced 15-fold during the progression of dilated cardiomyopathy in TG9 mice. This D3 induction localized to cardiomyocytes and was associated with a decrease in myocardial thyroid hormone signaling. Conclusions: Cardiac D3 is induced in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy, indicating that D3 induction may be a general response to diverse forms of cardiomyopathy.
Higher leukocyte nadirs with lithium carbonate after chemotherapy.

Leukocytosis has been observed following lithium carbonate administration in manic-depressive disorders (Mayfield et al.; 1966; O’Connell et al., 1970; Murphy et al., 1971). The elevation of the white blood count is modest, reversible, independent of blood lithium concentration, and due to neutrophilia (Murphy et al., 1971; Shopsin et al., 1971; Watanabe et al., 1974; Bille et al., 1975; Perez-Cruet et al., 1978, Yassa et al., 1978). Lithium may stimulate adrenocortical activity (Platman and Fieve, 1968; Shopsin and Gershon, 1971). It enhances marrow proliferation, elevates neutrophil production and increases the granulocyte pool without affecting granulocyte function or inhibiting neutrophil migration into skin lesions (Tisman et al., 1973; Rossof and Coltman, 1976; Malloy et al., 1978; Rothstein et al., 1978; Shenkman et al., 1978; Stein et al., 1978; Cohen et al., 1979; Steinherz and Smithwick, 1979). The mechanism by which lithium exerts its effect in vivo is unclear; however, it stimulates the formation of granulocytic colonies in the agar culture system either by stimulating the synthesis of colony stimulating factor (Harker et al., 1977) or by enhancing the action of colony stimulating factor (Morley and Galbraith, 1978). Increase in leukocyte numbers has also been observed with lithium treatment in patients with neutropenia secondary to Felty’s syndrome or aplastic anemia, and in congenital and acquired neutropenia (Gupta et al., 1975; Gupta et al., 1976; Barrett et al., 1977; Blum et al., 1979; Chan et al., 1979; deAlarcon et al., 1979). Reports of improved counts after cancer chemotherapy in small trials (Tisman, 1974; Greco and Brereton, 1977; Charron et al., 1977; Catane et al., 1977; Stein et al., 1977; Tiefenbach et al., 1977; Steinherz et al., 1979a) prompted us to evaluate lithium carbonate after chemotherapy in a randomized, paired, prospective study (Steinherz et al., 1979b.).
Least-squares finite element analysis of flow of a generalized Newtonian fluid past a circular cylinder

ABSTRACTA mixed least-squares finite element model (LSFEM) with spectral/hp approximations is developed for the analysis of steady, two-dimensional flows of generalized Newtonian fluids obeying the Carreau–Yasuda constitutive model. The finite element model (FEM) is composed of velocity, pressure, and stress fields as independent variables (therefore, called a mixed model). FEMs based on least-squares formulations are considered an alternative variational setting to the conventional weak-form Galerkin models for the Navier–Stokes equations, and no compatibility conditions on the approximation spaces are needed for the velocity, pressure, and stress fields if the polynomial order (p) is sufficiently high (say, p > 3, as determined numerically). In addition, applying high-order spectral/hp approximation functions to the least-squares formulation avoids various forms of locking that often occur in low-order LSFEMs for incompressible viscous fluids, and accurate results can be obtained with exponential conver...
The Intellectual Strengths of Pluralism and Diversity

Sam Schweber is both a physicist and an historian of science, with his major appointment in a physics department (Brandeis), but with a close relationship with a history of science department (Harvard). He has done important research both in physics and in history of science, and in the latter field he has worked not only on the history of physics, but also on the history of biology, ethical problems in science and other topics. This heterogeneity in his life causes me to ask questions about diversity in the field of the history of science in general, especially in the United States. The field of the history of science in the United States has become rather large. The membership directory of the History of Science Society that lies on my desk contains about 2700 listings, to be sure many of whom are not full-time historians of science and quite a few of whom are not located in the United States. Nonetheless, in the span of less than two generations the number of historians of science in the United States has grown from a tiny band to a very large crowd. Almost all large universities in the country and many colleges, now have an historian of science – often two or more – somewhere on its campus. One of the striking characteristics of the field is the diversity of the organizational affiliations of its members. Some, like Sam Schweber, have their primary tie to a science department. Others can be found in history departments, philosophy departments, sociology departments, national laboratories and institutes, medical schools, research organizations, congressional offices, libraries, museums, governmental agencies, professional societies and industries and industrial organizations. Even if one looks only at those academic institutions which grant doctoral degrees in the field, a remarkable diversity can be found. Some people connect this “disorder” to the relative youth of the field and assume that as the history of science becomes increasingly professionalized the institutional affiliations of its members will become increasingly focused, perhaps primarily on history departments and more specialized departments of the history of science. I would like to defend the view that the heterogeneity of the organizational bases of the members of the field is actually one of its great strengths, enriching its products. Perhaps one reason that I hold this opinion is that I am very familiar with the organization of the field in Russia, where one institute of the Academy of Sciences, with its several affiliates, dominates the field. But I also know that in continental Europe the heterogeneity of the field is less strongly expressed than it is in the United States.
Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement

A robust scientific literature has established the negative psychological effects of solitary confinement. The empirical findings are supported by a theoretical framework that underscores the importance of social contact to psychological as well as physical well-being. In essence, human beings have a basic need to establish and maintain connections to others and the deprivation of opportunities to do so has a range of deleterious consequences. These scientific conclusions, as well as concerns about the high cost and lack of any demonstrated penological purpose that solitary confinement reliably serves, have led to an emerging consensus among correctional as well as professional, mental health, legal, and human rights organizations to drastically limit the practice.
Differences in Predictions for Survival and Expectations for Goals of Care between Physicians and Family Surrogate Decision Makers of Chronically Critically Ill Adults

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and concordance between physicians (MDs) and family surrogate decision makers (FSDMs) in predicting 3 month post-hospital patient mortality and concordance in identifying patient goals of care. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 3 intensive care units (ICUs). Two-hundred and sixty-four FSDMs and 54 attending MDs of patients who had resided in the ICU for >3 days were enrolled in the study. Expectation for mortality was measured dichotomously and goals of care were measured using a continuous visual analog scale. A value of 50 represented equal weight placed on goals of survival and QOL. Both MDs and FSDMs had mortality predictions that were lower than actual mortality. For MDs and FSDMs, their mortality predictions were most accurate at study enrollment. Discordance between MD and FSDM goals of care ranged from 36.4% at enrollment to 55.4% 15 days later (p=0.003). Our findings of optimistic prognosis for survival are consistent with the work of others. Our high rate of discordance regarding goals of care provided support for the need to establish standard processes to assure that values of patients and families are solicited and incorporated into treatment discussions for long-stay ICU patients.
Examining the Global Impact of Local/Regional Air Pollution: The Role of Global Chemical Transport Models

The environmental impact of chemically reactive air pollutants on both local air quality (smog) and the regional ecosystem (acid rain) is well established. The chemical and meteorological models used to study these problems are well known to most at this conference. On a larger scale are the potential impacts of air pollution on the global environment, both direct (air quality, sulfur and nitrogen budgets) and indirect (atmospheric reactivity, climate). Pollution sources of SO2, NOx and CO form a major component of the respective global budgets (e.g. Logan et al., 1981; Logan, 1983). Moreover, NOx concentrations, in both the polluted cities and the remote troposphere, play the dominant role in tropospheric ozone production (e.g. Isaksen, 1988), and indirectly control the oxidative power of the troposphere, i.e. its ability to cleanse itself of greenhouse gases such as methane. Gaseous sulfur levels over the ocean may have a major impact, via CCN levels, on global cloudiness and climate (Charlson et al., 1988).
Dopamine Depletors and Movement Disorders

Dopamine depletors are pharmacologic agents that decrease the amount of dopamine available for synaptic release via vesicular monoamine uptake inhibition or tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition. Alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, reserpine, and tetrabenazine are three well-known examples. Tetrabenazine is effective in the treatment of chorea and tardive dyskinesia.
Simple, Reducible Venn Diagrams on Five Curves and Hamiltonian Cycles

Recently, using graph theory, we developed procedures for the construction of Venn diagrams. Utilizing these procedures with some new methods introduced here, we determine the number of simple, reducible spherical Venn diagrams of five sets. In so doing, we obtain examples of Venn diagrams which yield answers to several problems and conjectures of Grunbaum. Among others, we construct a simple, reducible Venn diagram with five congruent ellipses. We show that this diagram is unique on the sphere and produces two different plane diagrams. This corrects some erroneous statements that started with John Venn more than a century ago in 1880 and have been repeated frequently by others ever since.
The assay and regulation of prolactin in humans.

The early advances in animal prolactin physiology outlined by Dr. Turner were not paralleled at that time by any corresponding advances in the study of human prolactin. The reasons for this were twofold: first, there was no clear indication until a few years ago that human beings possessed a prolactin which was definitely distinct from growth hormone. Human growth hormone and primate growth hormone have intrinsic prolactin activity, unlike non-primate growth hormones, and early efforts to isolate a separate human prolactin were unsuccessful. The second problem was that the existing prolactin bioassays at that time were too insensitive to be applied successfully to the study of prolactin in human blood.
Handling, Storage, and Installation

This chapter will teach you how to optimize the three most important aspects of how to actually implement ionomers in any professional setting. The chapter begins with instructions on how to handle ionomers that require special handling skills, specifically Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids (PFSAs) . It continues with a discussion of the cutting and handling of Films Pretreatment of membranes and how to maximize its benefits is outlined in detail. Installation is also outlined in an easy to understand manner.
Section 230’s Challenge to Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

In Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, lawmakers thought they were devising a safe harbor for online providers engaged in self-regulation. The goal was to encourage platforms to “clean up” offensive material online. Yet Section 230’s immunity has been stretched far beyond that purpose to immunize platforms that solicit or deliberately host illegality. As Olivier Sylvain’s thoughtful essay shows, it has been invoked to shield from liability platforms whose architectural choices lead ineluctably to illegal discrimination. Section 230’s immunity provision has secured important breathing space for innovative new ways to work, speak, and engage with the world. But the law’s overbroad interpretation has been costly to expression and equality, especially for members of traditionally subordinated groups. This response piece highlights Sylvain’s important normative contributions to the debate over Section 230. It provides some practical reinforcements for his reading of Section 230. Our central disagreement centers on the way forward. Congress should revise Section 230’s safe harbor to apply only to platforms that take reasonable steps to address unlawful activity. I end with thoughts about why it is time for platforms to pair their power with responsibility.
1% topical pimecrolimus cream for the prevention of rash associated with the use of the EGFR antagonist cetuximab.

e17037 Background: Acneform rash is associated with cetuximab, can be treatment limiting and has been shown to correlate with tumor response. The rash is thought to have an inflammatory component t...
Analytical Comparison of Core Competencies across Civil Engineering Positions within New England Department of Transportation Agencies

As many within the current transportation workforce approach retirement and the industry transitions into the 21st century, there are two notable challenges: 1) the incredible wealth of institution...
12.06 – Monocytes

Bone marrow-derived monocytes are important constituents of the innate immune system. In both humans and rodents, monocyte subsets have been identified that play distinct roles during homeostatic and inflammatory states. Notable functional differences are observed in monocyte subsets in response to signals generated in the local microenvironment demonstrating the plastic nature of these cells. Herein, we review recent findings on the phenotype of monocytes subsets, their functions, and their differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to injury and infection.
Flow-induced alterations of ultrasonic signatures and fracture aperture under constant state of stress in a single-fractured rock

ABSTRACTFluid-fracture surface interaction, caused by different mechanisms, is one of the underlying reasons for permeability reduction over long period of time in different georesources, such as d...
Results from a natural experiment: initial neighbourhood investments do not change objectively-assessed physical activity, psychological distress or perceptions of the neighbourhood

Few studies have assessed objectively measured physical activity (PA), active transportation, psychological distress and neighborhood perceptions among residents of a neighborhood before and after substantial improvements in its physical environment. Also, most research-to-date has employed study designs subject to neighborhood selection, which may introduce bias in reported findings. We built upon a previously enrolled cohort of households from two low-income predominantly African American Pittsburgh neighborhoods, matched on socio-demographic composition including race/ethnicity, income and education. One of the two neighborhoods received substantial neighborhood investments over the course of this study including, but not limited to public housing development and greenspace/landscaping. We implemented a natural experiment using matched intervention and control neighborhoods and conducted pre-post assessments among the cohort. Our comprehensive assessments included accelerometry-based PA, active transportation, psychological distress and perceptions of the neighborhood, with assessments conducted both prior to and following the neighborhood changes. In 2013, we collected data from 1003 neighborhood participants and in 2016, we re-interviewed 676 of those participants. We conducted an intent to treat analysis, with a difference-in-difference estimator using attrition weighting to account for nonresponse between 2013 and 2016. In addition, we derived an individual-level indicator of exposure to neighbourhood investment and estimated effect of exposure to investment on the same set of outcomes using covariate-adjusted models. We observed no statistically significant differences in activity, psychological distress, satisfaction with one’s neighborhood as a place to live or any of the other measures we observed prior to and after the neighborhood investments between the intervention and control neighborhoods or those exposed vs not exposed to investments. Using this rigorous study design, we observed no significant changes in the intervention neighborhood above and beyond secular trends present in the control neighborhood. Although neighborhood investment may have other benefits, we failed to see improvement in PA, psychological distress or related outcomes in the low-income African American neighborhoods in our study. This may be an indication that improvements in the physical environment may not directly translate into improvements in residents’ physical activity or health outcomes without additional individual-level interventions. It is also possible that these investments were not dramatic enough to spur change within the three year period. Additional studies employing similar design with other cohorts in other settings are needed to confirm these results. Trial Registration is not applicable since we did not prospectively assign individuals to a health-related intervention.
First principles molecular dynamics simulation of a task-specific ionic liquid based on silver-olefin complex: atomistic insights into a separation process.

First principles molecular dynamics based on density functional theory is applied to a hypothetical ionic liquid whose cations and anions are silver-ethylene complex [Ag(C2H4)2+] and tetrafluoroborate [BF4−], respectively. This ionic liquid represents a group of task-specific silver complex-based ionic liquids synthesized recently. Molecular dynamics simulations at two temperatures are performed for five picoseconds. Events of association, dissociation, exchange, and recombination of ethylene with silver cation are found. A mechanism of ethylene transfer similar to the Grotthus type of proton transfer in water is identified, where a silver cation accepts one ethylene molecule and donates another to a neighboring silver cation. This mechanism may contribute to fast transport of olefins through ionic liquid membranes based on silver complexes for olefin/paraffin separation.
New Approach and Test Facility for High-Field Accelerator Magnets R&D

This paper presents a new approach for developing and demonstrating high field magnet technology based on a magnet and test facility developed specifically for it. The traditional approach for carrying out high field magnet R&D has been building a new magnet to demonstrate a new design, new material or new technology. However, building a high field magnet is time consuming and expensive. To overcome this limitation, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) built and successfully tested a 10 T Nb3Sn dipole DCC017 with large enough open or clear space (31 mm wide and 338 mm high) so that a pair of racetrack coils could be inserted into this opening without disassembling the magnet. The motivation behind this design was to facilitate a magnet R&D program where the new coils (with a large range in width and height accommodated) would reside in a high field region in direct contact with the existing coils (just as other magnet coils) and thus become an integral part of the magnet. We summarize the approach, the magnet, the test facility, past experiences, current and future test plans and planned upgrade. The magnet facility is now available to service the needs of the wider community for testing cable and insert coils in a background field of up to 10 T.
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation: Undergraduate Labs on a New Paradigm for Intracellular Organization

ABSTRACT Recent work has shown that the intracellular environment is organized not only through membrane-bound organelles but also through fluid droplets that emerge through liquid–liquid phase sep...
Recovery and reuse of acid digested amine/epoxy-based composite matrices

Abstract Chemical recycling of thermoset composites has been focused largely on recovering high-value carbon fibers with property retention, while recovery and reuse of decomposed polymer matrix residues is generally overlooked, despite the fact that matrix recycling constitutes an essential component of a sustainable approach to the overall problem. Our previous study demonstrated that oxidative acid digestion can be deployed effectively to recover near-virgin quality carbon fibers from amine-cured epoxy composites. In the present study, we investigate the viability of recovery and reuse of the decomposed amine/epoxy residue after acid digestion of the matrix, effectively closing the recycling loop. We find that polymer matrix residues recovered from acid digestion solutions via neutralization and precipitation contain molecular components of the epoxies in which aromatic regions are preserved. The recovered matrix residues are blended into virgin resin formulations and two approaches are evaluate for potential reuse. Approach I utilizes the matrix residue as an accelerator for a virgin anhydride/epoxy formulation that contains no accelerator and thus cannot be self-catalyzed. We discover that adding matrix residue produces catalytic effects on the curing reaction. In general, anhydride/epoxy samples blended and cured with recovered matrix residues are homogenous and exhibit thermal and mechanical properties comparable to specimens cured with a commercial accelerator. Approach II deployed the matrix residue as a filler for virgin anhydride-based epoxies with a commercial accelerator to produce blended formulations. In such cases, blended formulations yielded acceptable retention of thermal and mechanical properties, provided the fraction of matrix residue added did not exceed 10 wt%.