cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of the Analysis of the Draw-a-Scientist Test

Asking students to “draw a picture of a scientist” has been a popular method for those wishing to engage in Draw-A-Scientist Test research (Chambers, 1983; Chiang & Guo, 1996; Fung, 2002; Maoldomhnaigh & Hunt, 1988; Newton & Newton, 1992, 1998; Song, Pak, & Jang; 1992; She, 1998). While the majority of DAST research concentrated on students’ stereotypical images and their perceptions of scientists, the manner in which data derived from these studies have been analyzed has often been limited to such things as the reporting of frequencies and the computation of simple t-tests.
Essential science for understanding risks from radiation for airline passengers and crews

This commentary addresses the essential science and return-on-investment related to radiation risks for airline passengers and crews. The focus is on two recent NASA efforts to obtain data on radiation at and above commercial flight altitudes. Given that cosmic ray fluxes will likely be the highest since the dawn of the aviation age during the upcoming solar minimum, measuring high-altitude radiation dose and turning those data into useful information for aviation operators, schedulers, and frequent flyers will provide support for key decisions.
Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to BRAF V600E Inhibition in Colon Cancers Converge on RAF Dimerization and Are Sensitive to Its Inhibition

BRAF V600E colorectal cancers are insensitive to RAF inhibitor monotherapy due to feedback reactivation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Combined RAF and EGFR inhibition exerts a therapeutic effect, but resistance invariably develops through undefined mechanisms. In this study, we determined that colorectal cancer progression specimens invariably harbored lesions in elements of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. Genetic amplification of wild-type RAS was a recurrent mechanism of resistance in colorectal cancer patients that was not seen in similarly resistant melanomas. We show that wild-type RAS amplification increases receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent activation of RAS more potently in colorectal cancer than in melanoma and causes resistance only in the former. Currently approved RAF inhibitors inhibit RAF monomers but not dimers. All the drug-resistant lesions we identified activate BRAF V600E dimerization directly or by elevating RAS-GTP. Overall, our results show that mechanisms of resistance converge on formation of RAF dimers and that inhibiting EGFR and RAF dimers can effectively suppress ERK-driven growth of resistant colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6513-23. ©2017 AACR.
Feminism, Intersectionality and the Problem of Whiteness in Leisure and Sport Practices and Scholarship

This chapter draws upon black feminism and intersectional theory to challenge assumptions of whiteness that frequently travel within British and North American leisure, sport and gender scholarship. To achieve this goal, we critically situate and apply an intersectional framework to explore two highly mediated cases: the controversies surrounding Don Imus and the Rutgers University women’s basketball team and the SlutWalk protest movement. This chapter makes clear the persistent need to challenge the primacy of gender as always and already the most important social relation, as some feminists infer. Such a conceptualization is problematic as it reifies the power of whiteness within feminist sport and leisure scholarship and popular narratives, as well as within feminist organizing and activism more broadly.
Predictors of intra-aortic balloon pump hemodynamic failure in non-acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock.

Objectives To characterize patient profile and hemodynamic profile of those undergoing intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) for cardiogenic shock and define predictors of hemodynamic failure of IABP support. Background Clinical characteristics of IABP support in cardiogenic shock not related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain poorly characterized. Methods We retrospectively studied a cohort of 74 patients from 2010 to 2015 who underwent IABP insertion for cardiogenic shock complicating acute decompensated heart failure not due to AMI. Results In the overall cohort, which consisted primarily of patients with chronic systolic heart failure (89%), IABP significantly augmented cardiac index and lowered systemic vascular resistance (P Conclusion Despite hemodynamic improvements with IABP support, patients with non-AMI cardiogenic shock still suffer poor outcomes. Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and low LVPCI fared significantly worse. These patients may warrant closer observation or earlier consideration of more advanced hemodynamic support.
Quinone Binding and Herbicide Activity in the Acceptor Quinone Complex of Bacterial Reaction Centres

The electron acceptor function of bacterial reaction centres is carried out by two quinones, QAand QB, which function in series to provide a unique, two-electron gate that releases reducing equivalents only in pairs. In a series of flashes, the quinones undergo reduction and oxidation as follows [1]: $$ \begin{array}{l} Odd{\kern 1pt} flashes:\quad {Q_{A}}{Q_{B}}{Q_{A}}\overline {} {Q_{B}}{Q_{A}}{Q_{B}}\overline {} \left( {{H^{ + }}} \right)\;\left( {stable} \right) \\ Even\;flashes:\quad {Q_{A}}{Q_{B}}\overline {} \left( {{H^{ + }}} \right){Q_{A}}\overline {} {Q_{B}}\overline {} \left( {{H^{ + }}} \right){Q_{A}}{Q_{B}}{H_{2}}{Q_{A}}{Q_{B}} \\ \end{array} $$ (The photooxidized donor, P+, is rereduced after each flash, by a secondary donor — a c-type cytochrome, in vivo— and is omitted). A very similar electron acceptor activity is observed in PS II of plants and algae.
The Genus Thermus

The discovery of the genus Thermus (Brock and Freeze, 1969) provided our first impetus for detailed studies on the physiology of thermophilic bacteria. Its discovery was one of the simpler things we did, because enrichment and culture were so easy. We used a synthetic salts medium which had been shown to be suitable for growth of hot spring algae, added relatively low concentrations of organic compounds, and incubated at 70° C. The latter is of most importance. Before we began our work, the standard temperature for isolating and growing thermophilic bacteria had been 55°C, a temperature that the food microbiologists had used since the time of Cameron and Esty (Farrell and Campbell, 1969). At this temperature, and with the usual media, all one generally gets in culture is Bacillus stearothermophilus, a widespread, soil-borne sporeformer. Although this organism is of considerable importance in spoilage of canned foods, it is hardly of much importance in natural thermal environments, despite the fact that it can be routinely isolated (Fields, 1970). Microscopically, one never sees organisms resembling B. stearothermophilus. This organism is gram-positive; if one does gram stains of natural material, one never sees anything gram-positive, although gram-negative bacteria abound.
Nanoscience and engineering: The next five years

The current and planned research in nanoscience and engineering will make possible a paradigm shift in nanoscale devices and structures.
A Statewide Model Detection and Prevention Program for Geriatric Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse: Increased Knowledge Among Service Providers

To facilitate the professional development of service providers, the Virginia project on geriatric alcohol abuse and alcoholism developed and used an informational booklet, brochure, and video in a “:train the trainer” model. A core group received extensive training, and then trained colleagues in their local communities. Knowledge gains were documented among both trainers and trainees. Follow-up interviews with agency personnel revealed substantial impact on a broad spectrum of service systems and improvements in interagency coordination. Results are discussed in terms of the educational needs of professional service providers regarding the unique aspects of alcoholism and alcohol abuse in the older population.
Indications for β-Blocker Prescriptions in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Objectives To better understand indications for β-blocker (BB) prescriptions among older adults hospitalized with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Design/setting Retrospective observational study of hospitalizations derived from the geographically diverse Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort. Participants We examined Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with an expert-adjudicated hospitalization for HFpEF (left ventricular ejection fraction = 50% or greater). Measurements Discharge medications and indications for BBs were abstracted from medical records. Results Of 306 hospitalizations for HFpEF, BBs were prescribed at discharge in 68%. Among hospitalizations resulting in BB prescriptions, 60% had a compelling indication for BB-44% had arrhythmias, and 29% had myocardial infarction (MI) history. Among the 40% with neither indication, 57% had coronary artery disease (CAD) without MI and 38% had hypertension alone (without arrhythmia, MI, or CAD), both clinical scenarios with little supportive evidence of benefit of BBs. Among hospitalizations resulting in BB prescription at discharge, 69% had geriatric conditions (functional limitation, cognitive impairment, hypoalbuminemia, or history of falls). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of geriatric conditions between hospitalizations of individuals with compelling indications for BBs and hospitalizations of individuals with noncompelling indications. Conclusions BBs are commonly prescribed following a hospitalization for HFpEF, even in the absence of compelling indications. This occurs even for hospitalizations of individuals with geriatric conditions, a subpopulation who may be at elevated risk for experiencing harm from BBs.
Pioneers in Social Work Practice with the Addictions, an Interview with Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner, Ph.D., M.S.W., Professor, New York University Silver School of Social Work

Marilyn Lewis:Dr. Straussner, thank you very much for participating in this final interview in JSWPA’s series: Pioneers in Social Work in the Addictions. First, let me ask you about your beginning ...
Deep learning for high-dimensional reliability analysis

Abstract High-dimensional reliability analysis remains a grand challenge since most of the existing methods suffer from the curse of dimensionality. This paper introduces a novel high-dimensional data abstraction (HDDA) framework for dimension reduction in reliability analysis. It first involves training of a failure-informed autoencoder network to reduce the dimensionality of the high-dimensional input space, aiming at creating a distinguishable failure surface in a low-dimensional latent space. Then a deep feedforward neural network is constructed to connect the high-dimensional input parameters with the low-dimensional latent variables. With the HDDA framework, the high-dimensional reliability can be estimated by capturing the limit state function in the latent space using Gaussian process regression. To manage the uncertainty due to lack of training data, a distance-based sampling strategy is developed for iteratively identifying critical training samples, which improves the accuracy of the high-dimensional reliability estimations. Three high-dimensional examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Impact of Rescheduling a Missed Hemodialysis Treatment on Clinical Outcomes

Rationale & Objective Among patients treated with in-center hemodialysis (HD), missed treatments are associated with higher subsequent rates of hospitalization and other adverse outcomes compared with attending treatment. The objective of this study was to determine whether and to what degree attending a rescheduled treatment on the day following a missed treatment ameliorates these risks. Study Design Retrospective, observational. Setting & Participants Included patients were those who were, as of any of 12 index dates during 2014, adult Medicare beneficiaries treated with in-center HD (vintage≥90 days) on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday schedule. Exposure Treatment attendance on the index date and the subsequent day. Outcomes Hospital admissions, emergency department visits, mortality, blood pressure, and anemia measures, considered during the 7- and 30-day periods following exposure. Analytical Approach In parallel analyses, patients who missed or rescheduled treatment were each matched (1:5) to patients who attended treatment on the index date on the basis of index day of week and propensity score. Within the matched cohorts, outcomes were compared across exposures using repeated-measures generalized linear models. Results Compared with attending treatment (N=19,260), a missed treatment (N=3,852) was associated with a 2.09-fold higher rate of hospitalization in the subsequent 7 days; a rescheduled treatment (N=2,128) was associated with a 1.68-fold higher rate of hospitalization than attending (N=10,640). Compared with attending treatment, hospitalization rates were 1.39- and 1.28-fold higher among patients who missed and rescheduled treatment, respectively, during the 30-day outcome period. Emergency department visits followed a similar pattern of associations as hospitalization. No statistically significant associations were observed with respect to mortality for either missed or rescheduled treatments compared with attending treatment. Limitations Possible influence of unmeasured confounding; unknown generalizability to patients with non-Medicare insurance. Conclusions Attending a rescheduled in-center HD treatment attenuates but does not fully mitigate the adverse effects of a missed treatment.
Evaluation of the Biodistribution of Serinolamide-Derivatized C 60 Fullerene

Carbon nanoparticles have consistently been of great interest in medicine. However, there are currently no clinical materials based on carbon nanoparticles, due to inconsistent biodistribution and excretion data. In this work, we have synthesized a novel C60 derivative with a metal chelating agent (1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid; NOTA) covalently bound to the C60 cage and radiolabeled with copper-64 (t1/2 = 12.7 h). Biodistribution of the material was assessed in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET). Bingel-Hirsch chemistry was employed to functionalize the fullerene cage with highly water-soluble serinolamide groups allowing this new C60 conjugate to clear quickly from mice almost exclusively through the kidneys. Comparing the present results to the larger context of reports of biocompatible fullerene derivatives, this work offers an important evaluation of the in vivo biodistribution, using experimental evidence to establish functionalization guidelines for future C60-based biomedical platforms.
The global threat of race in the decomposition of struggle

Many of the struggles that emerged in the wake of the 2008 global economic crisis eventually experienced decomposition in the face of multiple internal and external threats. While movement composit...
Learning pose variations within shape population by constrained mixtures of factor analyzers

Mining and learning the shape variability of underlying population has benefited the applications including parametric shape modeling, 3D animation, and image segmentation. The current statistical shape modeling method works well on learning unstructured shape variations without obvious pose changes (relative rotations of the body parts). Studying the pose variations within a shape population involves segmenting the shapes into different articulated parts and learning the transformations of the segmented parts. This paper formulates the pose learning problem as mixtures of factor analyzers. The segmentation is obtained by components posterior probabilities and the rotations in pose variations are learned by the factor loading matrices. To guarantee that the factor loading matrices are composed by rotation matrices, constraints are imposed and the corresponding closed form optimal solution is derived. Based on the proposed method, the pose variations are automatically learned from the given shape populations. The method is applied in motion animation where new poses are generated by interpolating the existing poses in the training set. The obtained results are smooth and realistic.
Spreading Dynamics of Water Droplets on a Completely Wetting Surface

The spreading of water droplets of varying sizes on a completely wetting surface where the kinetics of spreading are controlled by hydrogen bonding between substrate and water molecules is modeled ...
Factors Influencing Indonesia’s Cashew Export Volume

Cashews contribute significantly to the Indonesian economy because it is one of the exporting countries. However, volume of exports tends to fluctuate, so it is necessary to identify the influencing factors. This study aims to analyze volume of Indonesian cashew exports and its determinants. Time series data for 8 variables during 1985–2016 were analyzed descriptively by multiple regression models. The results again show fluctuations in export volume and value over 1985–2016 period. Lowest export volume occurred in 1989, but its value was in 1985. Highest export volume and value occurred in 2015. National cashew export volume depends on the domestic cashew price, exchange rate and income per capita. Peanuts and coffee have a complementary relationship with cashews, while sugar has a substitution relationship with this commodity. Cashews are an inferior goods .
Cooperative Interbranch Federalism: Certification of State-Law Questions by Federal Agencies

When an unresolved state-law question arises in federal court, the court may certify it to the relevant state court. The practice of certification from one court to another has been widely adopted and has been touted as "help[ing] build a cooperative judicial federalism." This article proposes that states promote cooperative interbranch federalism by allowing federal agencies to certify unresolved state-law questions to state courts. It draws on Delaware's recent expansion of potential certifying entities to the Securities and Exchange Commission to argue that this innovation should be extended to other states and other federal agencies. Certification from federal agencies to state courts promotes cooperative interbranch federalism by preserving state control over certain primary conduct and allocating decisionmaking according to institutional expertise, allowing an agency that is expert in a specialized federal statutory and regulatory scheme to certify questions to a court that is expert in state law. Because the proposed certification procedure is interbranch as well as interjurisdictional, its effect depends on the type of activity in which the agency is engaged: adjudication, rulemaking, or informal action. Federal agency certification has the potential to speed resolution of state-law questions when a federal agency acts as an adjudicator and would add another tool for informed rulemaking. The article concludes that the need for certification is particularly acute, however, when the agency is engaged in informal actions in which no recourse may otherwise be had for interpretations of state law that ultimately the state may reject.
Some spectral properties of the non-backtracking matrix of a graph

Abstract We investigate the spectrum of the non-backtracking matrix of a graph. In particular, we show how to obtain eigenvectors of the non-backtracking matrix in terms of eigenvectors of a smaller matrix. In doing so, we create a block diagonal decomposition of the non-backtracking matrix, more clearly expressing its eigenvalues. Furthermore, we find an expression for the eigenvalues of the non-backtracking matrix in terms of eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix, and use this to upper-bound the spectral radius of the non-backtracking matrix, and to give a lower bound on the spectrum. Specifically, an upper-bound on the spectral radius is found in terms of the number of nodes and edges of the graph. We also investigate properties of a graph that can be determined by the spectrum. Specifically, we prove that the number of components, the number of degree 1 vertices, and whether or not the graph is bipartite are all determined by the spectrum of the non-backtracking matrix.
Development of Corona-virus-disease-19 Vaccines

The year 2020 opened with news of an epidemic of pneumonia caused by a new coronavirus similar to the SARS coronavirus in Wuhan, China, and subsequently caused a worldwide pandemic. In Japan, the first infected person was found in January, and later, more than 700 passengers and crew members of the Diamond Princess, a large cruise ship that called at Yokohama port, were found to be infected, and the ship was forced to respond to the outbreak. The causative virus was quickly identified as a beta coronavirus similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus of 2003 and was named SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was named COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2, like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, infects the epithelial cells of the lungs and causes viral pneumonia. As of March 7, 2021, more than 116 million people have been infected and more than 2.5 million people have died worldwide. As a result of the global pandemic, regional blockades have been imposed around the world, and the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents has become an urgent necessity in order to restore normal social activities. In this review, the experience of the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is described.
Molecular Basis of Articular Disk Biomechanics: Fluid Flow and Water Content in the Temporomandibular Disk as Related to Distribution of Sulfur

The temporomandibular articular disk was used to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between the sulfur concentration and the amount of water held in the tissue, and an inverse relationship between sulfur concentration and the rate of fluid flow from the disk during compressive loading. Elemental concentrations were measured for sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, phosphorus and calcium in each area of the disk by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. X-ray microanalysis showed high sulfur content coincident with histochemical localization of glycosaminoglycans. Further analysis of the elemental content revealed a strong correlation between sulfur and K+, suggesting that the predominate counterion on fixed sulfates is a K+ rather than Na+. The resistance to fluid flow was measured by determining the cumulative grams of water forced from the tissue at multiple intervals during centrifugal loading. Values were expressed as grams water per gram dry mass and then plotted against time. Multiple regression analysis of sulfur content and water content values revealed a significant inverse, rather than a positive correlation between sulfur content and both the initial water content and the water content following centrifugal loading. Potassium content also had a strong negative correlation with water content. Curve analysis of flow rates revealed that there were two water compartments, an inner, more tightly held water compartment with a slower flow rate, and an outer compartment with a flow rate 2 to 3 times faster than that of
Chapter 6 The deployment of police, fire, and emergency medical units

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the deployment of police, fire, and emergency medical units. The emergency services research can be divided into six areas: (1) relationship between measures of effectiveness and system performance; (2) number of units needed in a region; (3) deterministic location models; (4) probabilistic location, districting and dispatching models; (5) staffing and scheduling; and (6) emergency service mergers. The chapter describes the characteristics of fire, police, and emergency medical problems. The pitfalls of traditional approaches to these problems are discussed. Deterministic location models assume that the nearest unit to a call for service is always available. In contrast to determining the number of units needed in a region, selecting particular locations or districts is more difficult since the responsibilities and behavior of individual units must be considered. The chapter also describes the models and the direction of future work.
A common maturation pathway for small nucleolar RNAs.

Abstract We have shown that precursors of U3, U8 and U14 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are not exported to the cytoplasm after injection into Xenopus oocyte nuclei but are selectively retained and matured in the nucleus, where they function in pre-rRNA processing. Our results demonstrate that Box D, a conserved sequence element found in these and most other snoRNAs, plays a key role in their nuclear retention, 5' cap hypermethylation and stability. Retention of U3 and U8 RNAs in the nucleus is saturable and relies on one or more common factors. Hypermethylation of the 5' caps of U3 RNA occurs efficiently in oocyte nuclear extracts lacking nucleoli, suggesting that precursor snoRNAs are matured in the nucleoplasm before they are localized to the nucleolus. Surprisingly, m7G-capped precursors of spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) such as pre-U1 and U2, can be hypermethylated in nuclei if the RNAs are complexed with Sm proteins. This raises the possibility that a single nuclear hypermethylase activity may act on both nucleolar and spliceosomal snRNPs.
AFC media magnetometry

Summary form only given. The use of an anti-ferromagnetically coupled (AFC) structure has become a technique to stabilize conventional longitudinal media, which has the promises to extend the "superparamagnetic limit" of longitudinal media design. The AFC media structure tested consisted of a thick top magnetic layer, a Ru layer for anti-ferromagnetic coupling, and a thin bottom-stabilizing layer. Close inspection of the minor loop yielded the layers' exchange field, which was defined as the shift of the center of the minor loop. Time dependent H/sub cr/ tests on the coupled structure with both top magnetic and bottom stabilizing layers were performed to determine overall thermal stability. Time dependent H/sub cr/ tests of the bottom layer were performed to determine the available stability from the bottom layer alone.
ANTECEDENTS AND IMPACT OF INTERNET USAGE INTENTION AND BELIEF: A CONTINGENCY APPROACH AND A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL

With the Internet technology’s rapid proliferation throughout organizations and organizations’ great pressure to maximize the benefits from their investments in information technology, the studying of antecedents determining the Internet usage behavioral intention and Internet usage effectiveness become very important research issue. Our research studies the antecedents of Internet usage behavioral intention and Internet usage satisfaction and the impact to Internet usage effectiveness in American workspace by using a contingency approach. We use social pressure, organizational support, and Internet playfulness as the antecedents of Internet usage behavioral intention and Internet usage satisfaction. We argue that Internet self-efficacy, gender, age and voluntariness play the moderator roles in the complicated and seemingly mixed relationships between subjective norm and Internet usage behavioral intention and between subjective norm and Internet usage satisfaction. We also argue that Internet self-efficacy plays the moderator role in the relationships between Internet playfulness and Internet usage behavioral intention and between Internet playfulness and Internet usage satisfaction. A survey was administered to MBA students at the north-east sector of the United States and a structural equation model is applied to model the simultaneous relationships among the multiple independent and dependent constructs.
The optimality of A

This paper examines the computational optimality of A*, in the sense of never expanding a node that could be skipped by some other algorithm having access to the same heuristic information that A* uses. We define four optimality types, and consider three classes of algorithms and four domains of problem instances relative to which computational performances are appraised. For each class-domain combination, we then identify the strongest type of optimality that exists and the algorithm achieving it. Our main results relate to the class of algorithms which, like A*, return optimal solutions (i.e., admissible) when all cost estimates are optimistic (i.e., h≤h*). On this class we show that A* is not optimal and that no optimal algorithm exists, but if we confine the performance tests to cases where the estimates are also consistent, then A* is indeed optimal. Additionally, we show that A* is optimal over a subset of the latter class containing all best-first algorithms that are guided by path-dependent evaluation functions.
The Joy of Combining Librarianship and Motherhood

Abstract While there is a rich literature about how academic faculty manage to balance work and family life, there is a surprising paucity of research centered on academic librarianship and motherhood. In this phenomenological study based on interviews, the lived experiences of 21 librarians who are also mothers of young children are explored. Six themes focused on the benefits and rewards of combining librarianship and motherhood emerge.
Three‐dimensional finite difference time domain modeling of the diurnal and seasonal variations in Schumann resonance parameters

[1] The diurnal and seasonal variations of Schumann resonances (SR) have been reported in a number of experiments. In this paper, a three-dimensional FDTD model of the Earth-ionosphere cavity with a day-night asymmetric conductivity profile is employed to study the diurnal and seasonal variability of the power and frequency of the first Schumann resonance (SR) mode. Comparison of the FDTD results and recent experimental measurements shows a clear modulation in the SR power related to the local ionospheric height and global lightning activity. It is found that SR frequencies are not only a function of the local time but also are controlled by the global lightning activity changing with universal time.
Control of space structure thermal deformation: an overview

This paper presents a preliminary overview of the issues relevant to the use of active structures technology for the control of thermal deformations in space structures. Space structures often have extreme dimensional stability requirements, and are exposed to a severe thermal environment in orbit. This environment causes temperature fluctuations and distributions that can lead to unacceptable structural deformations. The orbital environment, its thermal effects on structures, and the resulting deformations are reviewed with examples. It is shown that use of ultra-low coefficient of thermal expansion composites can reduce deformations to low levels, but the deformations that do occur are very difficult to predict. This motivates the addition of active structures technology to actively sense and counteract these deformations. It is found that this is practical with current technology under some circumstances. Problems that must be overcome in sensing and mechanical coupling are also reviewed, as are linkages between thermal and structural dynamic problems.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LOCALIZATION OF MACROMOLECULES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI : I. DNA and Proteins

If thin sections of Escherichia coli, labeled uniformly with tritium, are radioautographed calculations, based on the distribution of section sizes show that the number of H3 decays per section should be very close to a Poisson distribution. We might, therefore, expect that the distribution of radioautographic grain counts among random cross-sections should follow a Poisson distribution. It can then be inferred that a deviation from a Poisson indicates a high concentration of label in a preferred region. This region can then be identified by analysis of serial section and comparison with electron micrographs. Sections of cells labeled with leucine-H3 gave a Poisson distribution of grain counts, and it was concluded that proteins were distributed fairly uniformly throughout the cell. The situation was not changed if labeled cells were placed in chloramphenicol or if very short pulses of label were used. When Escherichia coli is grown in presence of chloramphenicol a major morphological change concerns the nuclear region: it becomes more regular in outline, nearly spherical, and occupies a smaller proportion of the cell length. The previously described association between DNA labeled with thymidine-H3 and the nuclear region was confirmed by showing that the distribution of the label in the cell followed exactly the morphological changes of the nuclear region. It was also shown that the concentration of DNA in the nuclear region was at least 45 times higher than that of the cytoplasm. Several morphological features of cells grown in chloramphenicol and examined in the electron microscope are discussed.
Large-Scale Atmospheric Response to the 1964–65 Pacific Equatorial Warming

Abstract Time series of surface winds and sea surface temperatures at Canton Island, covering the period 1962–67, are interpreted to show that the major changes in the temperature of the large central and eastern equatorial Pacific area are caused by the varying strength of the easterly winds and inherent variation in upwelling. The feedback effects of the ocean temperature variations upon the atmosphere are illustrated by a comparison of the average November 1964 sounding with that of November 1965. In the cold ocean case (1964) the atmosphere has a pronounced stable layer between 900 and 800 mb, preventing convection and rainfall, and in the warm ocean case (1965) the heat supply from the ocean eliminates the atmospheric stability and activates heavy rainfall. The resulting vertical thermal expansion of the tropical troposphere from 1964 to 1965 is demonstrated by 200-mb topographic maps showing the emergence of two new anticyclonic centers symmetrically straddling the equator at the longitude of the ma...
On-wafer characterization of millimeter-wave antennas for wireless applications

This paper demonstrates a deembedding technique and a direct on-substrate measurement technique for fast and inexpensive characterization of miniature antennas for wireless applications at millimeter-wave frequencies. The technique is demonstrated by measurements on a tapered slot antenna (TSA). The measured results at Ka-band frequencies include input impedance, mutual coupling between two TSA's, and absolute gain of TSA.
Dynamic Programming Framework for Wind Power Maximization

Abstract The contribution of this paper is the formulation of the wind farm power maximization problem as a multi-stage dynamic programming problem. This formulation is made possible by introducing a state-space model to describe the evolution of the wind velocity profile as a function of the free-stream wind velocity and the wind turbine control variables. This state-space model is coupled with a multi-stage utility function that quantifies the power to be maximized. The benefits of this approach include: a simple algorithm to determine the turbine optimal controls, as a feedback function of the wind farm state, and a rigorous, yet simple, method to calculate the limit of performance for wind farm power maximization. A one-dimensional cascade of wind turbines is used to illustrate the approach. Also given is an analytical expression for the maximum power that can be extracted from the one-dimensional cascade, which parallels the well-known Betz limit for a single turbine.
THE THEOLOGY OF TAWFIQ AL‐HAKIM: AN EXPOSITION WITH EXAMPLES

Fortement critiquees, attaquees et accusees de monisme, d'humanisme et d'occidentalisme, les idees de Tawfiq al-Hakim (1898-1987), tres originales, sont presentees dans des extraits de ses oeuvres. Cet egyptien, homme de theâtre, a ecrit : " The four Soliloquies ", " Fil' l-Waqt al-Da'i " (Le temps passe), " Equilibrium and Islam ", " Faust ", et un " Oedipe roi "...
Foraminiferal ecology and marine geology

Abstract Knowledge of foraminiferal ecology is largely based on natural distributions. Distinctive benthonic faunas characterize the following: marine marshes, upper lagoons, lower lagoons, barrier sand islands, the nearshore turbulent zone, inner continental shelf, outer continental shelf, upper continental slope, lower continental slope and deep sea. Sizes of living benthonic populations (standing crop) are summarized for various environments; these are an indication of the total organic production. Very large standing crops occur off rivers, in hypersaline lagoons and in areas of coastal upwelling. Large standing crops of Foraminifera have few species and specimens of small size. Use of living-total ratios of Foraminifera as a measure of rate of sediment deposition has indicated little modern deposition in many continental shelf areas. Planktonic Foraminifera characterize different offshore, oceanic water masses and can be used to identify such water masses. One of the most important problems for future study is quantitative measurement of features of marine environments which affect distributions of organisms. This should be supplemented by ecological laboratory experiments based on the results. Study of marine marshes is another important area for investigation. Some data are presented to show the importance of measuring population variability as an index of the relative variation within natural environments. Other promising areas of investigation are productivity of benthonic Foraminifera, re-investigation of depth assemblages, effect of low oxygen content on populations, depth of mixing of sediments, and concentration of trace elements in tests of Foraminifera and its effect on the geochemistry of the sediments.
Fluoride levels in Texas groundwater

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compile, map, and evaluate regional patterns of fluoride concentrations in Texas groundwater. County‐median fluoride levels were calculated from nearly 7,000 wells distributed among 237 Texas counties. Four regions having high fluoride levels were identified. These regions occupy parts of west, southwest, north‐central, and south Texas. At least 50 percent of the fluoride observations in each of five Texas counties exceeded the primary drinking water standard of 4.0 mg/L. All of those counties are located in northwest Texas. Statewide, 25 counties had a median fluoride level above the secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L. Several factors contribute to elevated fluoride levels in Texas aquifers, including seepage from nearby saline formations, sparse recharge and dilution, and native mineral constituents of the aquifers. Results of this study suggest that: (1) regional geology influences fluoride concentrations in Texas, (2) statewide, the pattern is not random, (3) fluo...
Increased coordination via sulfur donor action in cyclic pentaoxyphosphoranes and the parent cyclic phosphite. Influence of pentafluorophenoxy ligands

The pentafluorophenoxy ligand was introduced into the new cyclic pentaoxyphosphoranes S[(t-Bu)MeC(6)H(2)O](2)P(OC(6)F(5))(O(2)C(6)Cl(4)) (1), S[(t-Bu)MeC(6)H(2)O](2)P(OC(6)F(5))(O(2)C(14)H(8)) (2), and S[(t-Bu)MeC(6)H(2)O](2)P(OC(6)F(5))(3) (3). X-ray analysis revealed hexacoordinate structures formed by sulfur donor action present as a bridging atom in flexible eight-membered rings for 1-3. X-ray analysis showed that sulfur coordination also occurred with the same type of ring system as part of the phosphite S[(t-Bu)MeC(6)H(2)O](2)P(OC(6)F(5)) (4) to give a pseudo-trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. The pentafluorophenoxy ligand present in the oxyphosphoranes 1-3 as well as in the phosphite 4 acts comparably to a chlorine atom in its ability to enhance phosphorus electrophilicity as measured by the degree of P-S coordination and geometrical displacement toward a more highly coordinated state. The phosphite 4 has a P-S donor distance of 2.876(2) A, considerably longer than the range of P-S distances from 2.366(3) to 2.495(2) A obtained for the pentaoxyphosphoranes 1-3. These data express quantitatively the relative electrophilicity of phosphorus as a function of coordination number and substituent composition.
Abstract 1200: BP1 regulates ERα activity in MCF-7 cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Introduction. BP1 is a member of the homeobox gene family of transcription factors. Our recent studies have shown that BP1 may play a role in breast cancer cell survival, aggressiveness and metastasis. BP1 protein (pBP1) is expressed in 80% of invasive ductal breast tumors, and is associated with estrogen receptor negativity – 100% of ERα negative (hereafter called ER-) tumors expressed BP1, while 73% of ER positive (ER+) tumors expressed BP1; this difference was statistically significant (p=0.03). Initially most tumors are hormone dependent and are sensitive to antiestrogens. Over time, many tumors progress to hormone-independence. One possible mechanism by which this might occur is reduction of ER protein. Here we present data indicating that high BP1 expression decreases ER protein levels in ER+ cells grown in the absence of serum. Since it is not currently understood what factors may cause ER+ cells to become more ER negative, it is important to determine the role of BP1 in reducing ER protein levels. Results. Our data suggest that MCF-7 ER+ cells engineered to overexpress BP1, when grown in the absence of serum, exhibit decreased ER protein compared with control cells containing an empty vector and grown under the same conditions. This is not a transcriptional effect since there was no change in ER mRNA levels in the presence of high levels of BP1. There was also a decrease in ER immunostaining in cells overexpressing BP1 grown without serum. Decreased ER protein levels correlated with decreased expression of pS2, a known downstream target of ER, demonstrating that there is less functional ER protein in cells overexpressing BP1 when grown in the absence of serum. We speculate that regulation of ER levels by BP1 is post-translational. Several pathways that control ER protein stability are being evaluated in cells grown with or without serum. Phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473, the site that is known to phosphorylate and stabilize ER protein, is being investigated to determine whether BP1 regulates phospho Akt levels. MAPK signaling can result in activation of ER in the absence of estrogen, but we did not see any evidence that BP1 is involved in the MAPK pathway. p300 is known to acetylate and stabilize ER protein; experiments are underway to determine whether BP1 directly regulates p300 expression since there are two potential BP1 binding sites in the p300 gene. Conclusions. We hypothesize that BP1 overexpression leads to reduced ER protein in ER positive cells. This could result in decreased sensitivity to antiestrogens in those cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1200. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1200
Coulomb Field Effects on the Decay of Bound Polarized Muons

The influence of the Coulomb field on the decay of a polarized muon from the $K$ shell of a $\ensuremath{\mu}$ atom is considered. Analytical results valid to order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3}{Z}^{3}$ are presented for the total decay rate and for the electron angular distribution. Formulas valid to order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{Z}^{2}$ are given for the energy spectrum of the emitted electron.
Clostridium difficile outbreaks: prevention and treatment strategies.

The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have increased dramatically over the past decade. Its treatment, however, has largely remained the same with the exception of oral vancomycin use as a first-line agent in severe disease. From 1999 to 2004, 20,642 deaths were attributed to CDI in the United States, almost 7 times the rate of all other intestinal infections combined. Worldwide, several major CDI outbreaks have occurred, and many of these were associated with the NAP1 strain. This ‘epidemic’ strain has contributed to the rising incidence and mortality of CDI. The purpose of this article is to review the current management, treatment, infection control, and prevention strategies that are needed to combat this increasingly morbid disease.
A note on a Lagrangian formulation for motion about the collinear points

A Lagrangian formulation for the three-dimensional motion of a satellite in the vicinity of the collinear points of the circular-restricted problem is reconsidered. It is shown that the influence of the primaries can be expressed in the form of two third-body disturbing functions. By use of this approach, the equations for the Lagrangian and for the motion itself are readily developed into highly compact expressions. All orders of the non-linear developments are shown to be easily obtainable using well-known recursive relationships. The resulting forms for these equations are well suited for use in the initial phase of canonical or non-canonical investigations.
An Auxiliary Method to Reduce Potential Adverse Impacts of Projected Land Developments: Subwatershed Prioritization

An index based method is developed that ranks the subwatersheds of a watershed based on their relative impacts on watershed response to anticipated land developments, and then applied to an urbanizing watershed in Eastern Pennsylvania. Simulations with a semi-distributed hydrologic model show that computed low- and high-flow frequencies at the main outlet increase significantly with the projected landscape changes in the watershed. The developed index is utilized to prioritize areas in the urbanizing watershed based on their contributions to alterations in the magnitude of selected flow characteristics at two spatial resolutions. The low-flow measure, 7Q10, rankings are shown to mimic the spatial trend of groundwater recharge rates, whereas average annual maximum daily flow, \( \overline{Q}_{AMAX} \), and average monthly median of daily flows, \( \overline{Q}_{MMED} \), rankings are influenced by both recharge and proximity to watershed outlet. Results indicate that, especially with the higher resolution, areas having quicker responses are not necessarily the more critical areas for high-flow scenarios. Subwatershed rankings are shown to vary slightly with the location of water quality/quantity criteria enforcement. It is also found that rankings of subwatersheds upstream from the site of interest, which could be the main outlet or any interior point in the watershed, may be influenced by the time scale of the hydrologic processes.
Rate of ethylene hydrogenation on Ni1-xCux catalysts-effect of magnetic ordering

The rate of ethylene hydrogenation has been measured as a function of temperature for a series of Ni1-xCux powder catalysts ( 20 < Tc < 150°C). For each alloy the reaction rises rapidly as Tc is approached. The experimental data have been fit using a model which assumes ethylene to be adsorbed on the alloy surface in two alternative configurations that differ in reactivity, and which attributes variations in reaction rate to changes in the relative populations of these two forms. Below Tc, the more reactive form has the higher total free energy (and therefore the lower equilibrium population) because it has the larger surface magnetic free energy due to interaction with the alloy. Above Tc, where there is no magnetic interaction, the more reactive form has the lower total free energy. Consequently its relative population and the reaction rate are increased.