cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ECLIPSE: Ensembles of Centroids Leveraging Iteratively Processed Spatial Eclipse Clustering

Clustering is an unsupervised technique for machine learning and data analysis. Different clustering methods such as centroid, connectivity, density, or distribution-based clustering have been applied as a step in many vision applications. Recently, face clustering has become an important task in the face recognition field, and evaluation benchmarks on the LFW and IJB-B datasets have been created. In this paper, we present the Ensembles of Centroids Leveraging Iteratively Processed Spatial Eclipse (ECLIPSE) clustering algorithm, where we combine the advantages of centroid, density, and connectivity-based clustering algorithms. We show that ECLIPSE can work with most kinds of distance measures such as Euclidean, Cosine, and Bray-Curtis distance. We present the Alignment-Free Facial Feature Extraction (AFFFE) network to extract deep features for the LFW and IJB-B datasets. Using these features, our experimental results show that ECLIPSE can estimate the true number of clusters better than related algorithms and delivers state-of-the-art clustering results, especially for large datasets. Using only the hint in the IJB-B protocol, AFFFE and ECLIPSE significantly advance the state of the art.
“My mom seems to have a dicho for everything!”: Family engagement in the college success of Latina/o students

In the past decade, we have seen a significant growth in Latina/o college enrollment. Rarely is Latino families' engagement in their children’s educational aspirations acknowledged for this increas...
Respiratory and Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise in Reptiles

An important aspect aspect of the reptilian response to exercise is a heavy reliance on anaerobic energy production to supplement aerobic metabolism during even modest activity. The aerobic and anaerobic capacities of reptiles, and the implication of these capacities for vigorous activity, have been recently discussed (Bennett and Dawson 1976; Bennett 1978, 1980).
Anisotropic particles at fluid-fluid interfaces (experiment)

Abstract Fluid interfaces are ubiquitous from formulating personal care products and medicine to being sites for catalysis in biofuel production. The dynamics of adsorption/desorption as well as mass transfer in and out of the plane make fluid interfaces unique microenvironments for self-assembly and stabilizing multiphasic fluid mixtures, like emulsions and foams. It has been long recognized that particles can attach strongly to fluid interfaces and stabilize emulsions and foams. In contrast to surfactant-stabilized emulsions, particle-stabilized Pickering emulsions show very limited exchange of particles from the interface to the bulk phase. The strong adsorption of particles to fluid interfaces results in Pickering emulsions and foams displaying extremely high stability and resistance against various destabilization mechanisms. Particles at fluid interfaces also undergo repulsive or attractive interactions with each other to create two-dimensional assemblies. Such particle assemblies at fluid interfaces can be transferred to solid surfaces to create new materials and structures. Deposition of aligned anisotropic particles such as nanowires from fluid interfaces has led to the manufacturing of interconnected and integrated field-effect transistors with high performance and scalability. Physical phenomena at fluid interfaces, which are chemically and physically anisotropic in nature, also can be harnessed through particles with similar chemical and/or geometric anisotropy.
Salmonella Induced Aortic Aneurysm, A Case Study

Salmonella are Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in warm-blooded animals and can cause disease in humans. Non-typhoidal Salmonellae are a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections are usually restricted to the gastrointestinal tract and spontaneously resolve but can cause develop into invasive infections like bacteremia. The clinical course of non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia may be affected by age, immunosuppression and other factors. Serious disease can result, especially in debilitated, elderly patients and neonates. This is a case study of a 76-year-old female who arrived in the emergency department of a large acute care hospital with fever, diarrhea, vomiting and signs of dehydration. Blood cultures were positive for Gram-negative rods identified as non-typhoidal Salmonella Group D and the patient was treated with antibiotic therapy. Low-grade fever continued, and, over a period of two weeks in the hospital, an abdominal aortic aneurysm developed and ruptured causing the patient’s death. The purpose of this case study is to alert medical professionals to the possibility of mycotic or infectious aortitis as a rare but life-threatening result of Salmonella bacteremia that can lead to aortic aneurysm. If not properly treated with a combination of intensive antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement, with aneurysm repair if necessary, it has a high rate of aortic rupture and death. In this case of Salmonella induced aortic aneurysm, the possibilty of aortic aneurysm was not anticipated, and when found, not treated surgically leading to aortic rupture and death of the patient.
Hermann (Hugh) Blaschko (1900-1993): His fundamental contributions to biochemical pharmacology and clinical medicine.

Hermann (Hugh) Blaschko was a biochemical pharmacologist best known for discovering how adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine were synthesized, stored, and metaboli...
ORAL SYPHILIS: A REPORT OF TWO CASES AND A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THIS RE-EMERGING ENTITY

Objective Syphilis is a sexually transmitted, infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It can manifest clinically in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. While rare, oral syphilis cases are starting to re-emerge. Our objective is to report 2 additional cases of oral syphilis—one case of primary syphilis and 1 case of secondary syphilis—to highlight the need to consider this entity in the histopathologic differential diagnosis of nonspecific mucositis. Findings Both cases presented to outside oral surgeons in separate geographic regions. In case 1, a 25-year-old male presented with a six-week history of a 1.0 cm non-healing ulcer of the right lateral tongue. In case 2, a 28- year-old male presented with welt-like, slightly raised, red/white lesions of the lateral tongue, buccal mucosa, and hard and soft palates. The clinician reported no other lesions on the body and a negative STD test. An excisional biopsy was performed for case 1 and an incisional biopsy for case 2. Histopathologically, case 1 showed an ulcer with an underlying lichenoid lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with perivascular plasma cells. Case 2 showed epithelial spongiosis and prominent neutrophilic microabscesses with an underlying lichenoid lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Perivascular and perineural plasma cells were also present. Because of the perivascular plasma cells in both cases, Treponema immunohistochemistry was ordered, and it highlighted many spirochetal organisms in the epithelium and superficial lamina propria in both cases. Given their respective clinical presentations, case 1 was diagnosed as a chancre of primary syphilis, while case 2 was diagnosed as a mucous patch of secondary syphilis. Conclusion Due to the resurgence of oral syphilis cases, clinicians should be aware of the histopathologic features and order the appropriate ancillary studies in suspected cases. Proper histopathologic diagnosis is important to prevent the spread and further re-emergence of this treatable infection and avoid misdiagnosis as nonspecific mucositis.
Two-dimensional isotropic inertia-gravity wave turbulence

We present an idealized study of rotating stratified wave turbulence in a two-dimensional vertical slice model of the Boussinesq equations, focusing on the peculiar case of equal Coriolis and buoyancy frequencies. In this case the fully nonlinear fluid dynamics can be shown to be isotropic in the vertical plane, which allows the classical methods of isotropic turbulence to be applied. Contrary to ordinary two-dimensional turbulence, here a robust downscale flux of total energy is observed in numerical simulations that span the full parameter regime between Ozmidov and forcing scales. Notably, this robust downscale flux of the total energy does not hold separately for its various kinetic and potential components, which can exhibit both upscale and downscale fluxes, depending on the parameter regime. Using a suitable extension of the classical Karman–Howarth–Monin equation, exact expressions that link third-order structure functions and the spectral energy flux are derived and tested against numerical results. These expressions make obvious that even though the total energy is robustly transferred downscale, the third-order structure functions are sign indefinite, which illustrates that the sign and the form of measured third-order structure functions are both crucially important in determining the direction of the spectral energy transfer.
A Two-Step Model that Predicts α-Amylase Activity in Solvents with High and Low Dielectric Constants

α-Amylase is a metallo-enzyme that contains at least 1mol of calcium ion [1-4] per mole of protein..
Radiation Toxicology, Ionizing and Nonionizing

Radiation toxicology is a specialized area of toxicology that relates to characterizing radiation exposure of humans and evaluating the expected health consequences of the radiation exposure. This article provides a brief summary of the current knowledge of the biological effects (deleterious and beneficial) of ionizing radiation exposure of humans along with certain basic elements of radiation toxicology needed to understand the concepts and terminology that are associated with this discipline.
That-clauses and propositional anaphors

This paper argues that that-clauses do not reference propositions because they are not intersubstitutible with other expressions that do reference propositions. In particular, that-clauses are shown to not be intersubstitutible with propositional anaphors like so. The substitution failures are further argued to support a semantics on which that-clauses are predicates.
Computing the small-scale galaxy power spectrum and bispectrum in configuration space

We present a new class of estimators for computing small-scale power spectra and bispectra in configuration-space via weighted pair- and triple-counts, with no explicit use of Fourier transforms. Particle counts are truncated at $R_0\sim 100h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$ via a continuous window function, which has negligible effect on the measured power spectrum multipoles at small scales. This gives a power spectrum algorithm with complexity $\mathcal{O}(NnR_0^3)$ (or $\mathcal{O}(Nn^2R_0^6)$ for the bispectrum), measuring $N$ galaxies with number density $n$. Our estimators are corrected for the survey geometry and have neither self-count contributions nor discretization artifacts, making them ideal for high-$k$ analysis. Unlike conventional Fourier transform based approaches, our algorithm becomes more efficient on small scales (since a smaller $R_0$ may be used), thus we may efficiently estimate spectra across $k$-space by coupling this method with standard techniques. We demonstrate the utility of the publicly available power spectrum algorithm by applying it to BOSS DR12 simulations to compute the high-$k$ power spectrum and its covariance. In addition, we derive a theoretical rescaled-Gaussian covariance matrix, which incorporates the survey geometry and is found to be in good agreement with that from mocks. Computing configuration- and Fourier-space statistics in the same manner allows us to consider joint analyses, which can place stronger bounds on cosmological parameters; to this end we also discuss the cross-covariance between the two-point correlation function and the small-scale power spectrum.
Noninnocent Influence of Host β-NiOOH Redox Activity on Transition-Metal Dopants’ Efficacy as Active Sites in Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation

Catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation or the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are dominated by transition-metal (TM) complexes (homogeneous) and oxides (heterogeneous). For the latter class ...
Abstract WP461: Stop in the Name of Falls

Background and Purpose: One of OhioHealth’s strategic priorities includes improving patient safety by eliminating preventable patient harm. The Integrated Stroke Unit (ISU) at Riverside Methodist H...
Review of Mathematical Models of Vaccination for Preventing Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.

Background Several cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine candidates are under development. To reduce the burden of congenital CMV infection, potential strategies under consideration include vaccination of adult women, adolescent girls, and/or young children (both sexes). Methods We reviewed 5 studies that used infectious disease modeling to assess the potential impact of vaccination for preventing congenital CMV infection. All models assumed CMV vaccination would prevent primary infection and 2 models also assumed prevention of reinfections and reactivations. Results Despite differences in structure, assumptions, and population data, infant vaccination (both sexes) was the optimal strategy in all models, but in 1 model vaccinating seronegative women at 19-21 years of age was also optimal (for duration of vaccine protection ≥8 years). In 3 models, infant vaccination increased average age at primary infection as a result of decreased secondary transmission (herd immunity) combined with waning vaccine-induced immunity. This effect could increase the risk of congenital CMV infections in populations where primary CMV infection occurs early in childhood but could be minimized by administering a second dose of vaccine during adolescence. Conclusions Understanding vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity, and how these might vary depending on CMV serostatus and age at vaccination, will be key to defining CMV vaccination strategies.
Reframing Time Spent Alone: Reappraisal Buffers the Emotional Effects of Isolation.

Loneliness, a transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology, is an experience of perceived isolation only weakly linked to the amount of time spent alone. Although traditional loneliness interventions aim to increase social contact, targeting maladaptive cognition about time alone may be an effective way to reduce loneliness. We investigated whether a brief reappraisal manipulation enables individuals to experience their time alone more positively. We also tested the impact of trait loneliness, compulsive social media use, and trait reappraisal on experiences of time alone. College students and community members (N = 220) were randomly assigned to read a passage about the benefits of solitude (n = 74), the true prevalence of loneliness (n = 72), or a control topic (n = 74). Participants then sat alone for 10 min. Across conditions, positive and negative mood significantly decreased after sitting alone. Participants who read about the benefits of solitude experienced a smaller reduction in positive mood than those in the control condition. Participants who less frequently used reappraisal in their everyday lives benefited most from the manipulation. Our results provide preliminary evidence that reappraising time alone as solitude may boost resilience to the decrements in positive mood associated with time alone. Limitations, clinical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
How Affective Evaluation and Tourist Type Impact Event Marketing Outcomes: Field Studies in Experiential Marketing

Events and experiential marketing are a standard for many brands in practice, but they remain relatively underaddressed in the academic literature. While advertising and marketing scholarship has e...
Chiral tridentate bis(oxazol-2-ylimino) isoindoline-based pincer ligands: isolation and characterization via deligation from in situ prepared Cd-ligand complexes.

The first isolation and structural characterization of a series of chiral trinitrogen 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-ylimino)isoindoline-based pincer ligands are reported. Cadmium complexes, isolated as Cd(L2X)2 where L2X is the deprotonated form of L2XH = 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydro-4-(R)-phenyloxazol-2-ylimino)-isoindoline ((R,R)-5H) or 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydro-4-(S)-iso-propyloxazol-2-ylimino)isoindoline ((S,S)-6H) were prepared in situ via traditional or microwave-based techniques with the latter being more efficient but less able to be scaled up at this time. Ligands (R,R)-5H and (S,S)-6H were isolated via deligation from their respective cadmium complexes using a thiol-based ligand exchange protocol. The characterization of ligands and their respective cadmium complexes, in both the solid (X-ray crystallography) and solution (NMR spectroscopy) states are reported. Pd((S,S)-6)(OAc) is reported as a proof-of-concept of the ability to prepare 1 : 1 ligand to metal ratio complexes that are believed to be necessary as potential enantioselective catalysts.
From thermal conductive to thermal insulating: Effect of carbon vacancy content on lattice thermal conductivity of ZrCx

Abstract Lattice thermal conductivities of zirconium carbide (ZrCx, x = 1, 0.75 and 0.5) ceramics with different carbon vacancy concentrations were calculated using a combination of first-principles calculations and the Debye-Callaway model. The Gruneisen parameters, Debye temperatures, and phonon group velocities were deduced from phonon dispersions of ZrCx determined using first-principles calculations. In addition, the effects of average atomic mass, grain size, average atomic volume and Zr isotopes on the lattice thermal conductivities of ZrCx were analyzed using phonon scattering models. The lattice thermal conductivity decreased as temperature increased for ZrC, ZrC0.75 and ZrC0.5 (Zr2C), and decreased as carbon vacancy concentration increased. Intriguingly, ZrCx can be tailored from a thermal conducting material for ZrC with high lattice thermal conductivity to a thermal insulating material for ZrC0.5 with low lattice thermal conductivity. Thus, it opens a window to tune the thermal properties of ZrCx by controlling the carbon vacancy content.
Prediction of pressure drop in hexagonal wire-wrapped rod bundles using artificial neural network

Abstract In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was utilized to predict the friction factor for wire-wrapped rod assemblies. The 80 experimental data sets from UCTD correlations ( Chen et al., 2018 ) were used to train and validate the ANN models. Three ANN models were introduced for laminar, transition, and turbulence flow conditions, respectively. The flow regime was determined based on the Reynolds number and the pitch to diameter ratio. To estimate the friction factor, Reynolds number, and multiple design parameters such as the number of rods, the rod's diameter, the diameter of the wire, the lattice pitch, the edge pitch, and the wire's helical pitch were used from the 80 bundles dataset. Three-quarters of the total data was used for training, while the other quarter was used for validation. The Levenberg-Marquardt method with Gauss-Newton approximation for Hessian of the training cost function was applied for training. For validation of the models, the cross-validation method was adopted. The ANN models were composed of seven inputs, R1 neurons in the hidden layer, and a single-output (7-R1-1). The R1 was determined based on the minimum validation error principle. Training and validation were repeated 20 times using randomly shuffled data sets to estimate the ANN model's uncertainty and errors. The prediction of the trained models showed meaningfully low errors (0.00 % of Mean error, 6.59 % of standard deviation of error, 10.83 % of 90 % of confidence interval, and 6.58 % of Mean RMS of 80 bundles data) when they are compared with correlations suggested by previous studies (CTD, UCTD, CTS, UCTS, and REH).
The Effect of Export Activity on Domestic Prices: Evidence from India's Rice Sector

How does export activity affect prices in domestic consumer markets? To explore this questions, I exploit a natural experiment provided by India's rice export restrictions during 2007-2011. I first document that the binding restrictions had a considerable negative impact on producers. However, there is little evidence to suggest that the lower prices transmitted to consumers. To estimate the causal impact of export activity on domestic consumer prices, I use a difference-in-differences framework. I show that, following the imposition of export restrictions, Indian districts with higher exposure to export trade experienced a greater increase in prices paid by consumers in local markets. To measure the intensity of exposure to trade, I use a novel strategy exploiting spatial variation in districts' proximities to export trade routes along India's road network. The estimated price effects are substantial - prices increased by an additional 5 to 6.5 percent in districts exposed to export activity. Further, the impact of export activity on prices is most pronounced for higher-quality products. I illustrate that the presence of strong complementarities between exports and intra-national trade is the main mechanism driving my results. By exploiting synergies with export activity, intra-national trade encounters lower trade costs, which are then translated to lower prices faced by consumers in domestic markets. My findings suggest that promoting export activity could be a means to reduce intra-national trade barriers for large developing economies.
Damped accelerator structures for future linear e/sup +or-/ colliders

Preliminary work on accelerator structures for future teraelectronvolt linear colliders which use trains of e/sup +or-/ bunches to reach the required luminosity is described. These bunch trains, if not perfectly aligned with respect to the accelerator axis, induce transverse wakefield modes into the structure. Unless they are sufficiently damped, these modes cause cumulative beam deflections and emittance growth. The envisaged structures are disk-loaded waveguides in which the disks are slotted radially into quadrants. Wakefield energy is coupled via the slots and double-ridged waveguides into a lossy region which is external to the accelerator structure. The requirement is that the Q of the HEM/sub 11/ mode be reduced to a value of less than 30. The work done so far includes MAFIA code computations and low-power RF measurements to study the fields. >
A quad-issue out-of-order RISC CPU

A 64 b 4-way superscalar PA-RISC microprocessor system operating from 150-250 MHz combines full out-of-order execution with low-cycle time, to produce >360 specint and >550 specfp. Specialized latching and clock circuits and extensive use of dynamic logic enable high frequency operation. 3.8 M logic transistors are integrated on a 17.68/spl times/19.1 mm/sup 2/ die in 3.3 V 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS.
Thyroid Function in Critical Illness and Burn Injury

Abstract : The marked and protracted hypermetabolic and catabolic response in major burn and other severe traumatic injury has been appreciated for most of this century. This response includes elevated body temperature, high cardiac output, and decreased peripheral resistance, and resolves in survivors as the wounds heal over weeks to months. During this time before wound closure, a condition resembling thyrotoxicosis is thus present. Because of this and the long-standing speculation that stress is the etiology of hyperthyroidism, Oliver Cope et al recognized the importance of determining whether the post-burn hypermetabolic condition is a function of transient hyperthyroidism. They found that thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and serum protein bound iodine measurements were normal in burn patients and concluded that hyperthyroidism was not present and was not the mediator of the hypermetabolism. Later, others found a widely varying thyroidal RAIU in burn patients. However, in their patients with the most severe burns, a low RAIU clearly predominated during the 3 months after injury and ultimately resolved in survivors. RAIU measurements could have been influenced by a number of variables such as changing fluid and circulatory status, and thyroidal and renal iodide delivery, or iodine exposure or deprivation before or during the hospital course.
Flicker fusion thresholds in pregnancy.

Abstract 1. 1. A brief review of pertinent physiology in flicker phenomena is presented. 2. 2. The results of a study of 118 gravid women and 465 flicker fusion tests are presented and analyzed. 3. 3. A false-positive result is noted in 14 per cent and a false-negative in 3.3 per cent. 4. 4. That single tests are inconclusive is stressed. 5. 5. Further study is urged and expansion of application of the method suggested.
Reirradiation of recurrent medulloblastoma: Does clinical benefit outweigh risk for toxicity?

BACKGROUND Patients with recurrent medulloblastoma (MB) have a dismal prognosis. There has been a reluctance to use radiation in the salvage therapy regimens for these patients because of concerns about toxicity and unknown efficacy. Comparing survival outcomes and toxicities in relapsed patients treated with and without radiation may help to define its role. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted that included 38 patients with recurrent MB treated with similar risk-adapted therapy at initial diagnosis; reirradiation was a component of salvage therapy in 14. Overall survival (OS) and toxicity were evaluated according to the use of radiation, prior risk stratification, and other factors. RESULTS For relapsed standard-risk patients, the use of additional irradiation resulted in a statistically significant improvement in OS from initial diagnosis (P = .036), with 5- and 10-year OS rates of 55% ± 14% and 33% ± 16% versus 46% ± 14% and 0% for reirradiated patients versus others, respectively. Similar improvement was observed in high-risk patients (P = .003). There was an association between the use of additional irradiation and an increased rate of necrosis as determined by neuroimaging (P = .0468). CONCLUSIONS The use of irradiation as a component of salvage therapy for relapsed MB may prolong survival. The benefit appears to be greatest for relapsed standard-risk patients. Cancer 2014;120:3731–3737. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Uncertainty and Climate Change Assessments

Clear and quantitative discussion of uncertainties is critical for public policy making on climate change. The recently completed report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessed the uncertainty in its findings and forecasts. The uncertainty assessment process of the IPCC should be improved in the future by using a consistent approach to quantifying uncertainty, focusing the quantification on the few key results most important for policy making. The uncertainty quantification procedure should be fully documented, and if expert judgment is used, a specific list of the experts consulted should be included.
Utilization of heterologous alphavirus junction sequences as promoters by Sindbis virus.

We used Sindbis virus, an alphavirus, as a model to study the evolution of the recognition of viral cis-acting sequences. During the life cycle of alphaviruses, a full-length minus-strand RNA is made and serves as a template for both genomic RNA replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription. Transcription initiates at an internal promoter site, the junction sequence, to produce a subgenomic mRNA. The junction sequences of alphaviruses are highly conserved, but they do contain a number of base differences. These could have been essentially neutral mutations during evolution, such that any of the contemporary sequences can be recognized efficiently by any of the alphaviruses. Alternately, the changes could have resulted in significant functional divergence, such that the contemporary viruses can no longer recognize heterologous junction sequences as promoters. To distinguish between these possibilities, we constructed Sindbis virus derivatives with two subgenomic mRNA promoters. One is the wild-type Sindbis virus promoter used for expression of the structural proteins. The other is either the minimal Sindbis virus promoter or the corresponding junction sequences from other alphaviruses, which are placed upstream of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. RNA analyses were used to determine the relative promoter strengths of the various junction sequences. The results showed that all but two were recognized as promoters by Sindbis virus. CAT enzyme assays were used to measure the accumulation of CAT protein made from mRNAs transcribed by using the heterologous junction sequences as promoters. Most of the viruses expressed amounts of CAT enzyme within 10-fold of each other. The two viruses with junction sequences that were not recognized as promoters did not give significant CAT expression. We conclude that, with respect to Sindbis virus, the junction sequences are functionally conserved; i.e., most of the contemporary nucleotide differences in the junction sequences are neutral or near-neutral mutations. The functional conservation suggests that neither the cis-acting sequence nor the cognate binding site of the transcription factor can change independently. This type of coupled evolution between cis-acting sequences and their cognate viral protein binding sites may be a general phenomenon. For example, it explains the ubiquitous presence of conserved cis-acting sequences in each of the families of RNA viruses. There are implications of this hypothesis for the design of antiviral drugs.
Sharing the small moments: Ephemeral social interaction on Snapchat.

ABSTRACTEphemeral social media, platforms that display shared content for a limited period of time, have become a prominent component of the social ecosystem. We draw on experience sampling data collected over two weeks (Study 1; N = 154) and in-depth interview data from a subsample of participants (Study 2; N = 28) to understand college students’ social and emotional experiences on Snapchat, a popular ephemeral mobile platform. Our quantitative data demonstrated that Snapchat interactions were perceived as more enjoyable – and associated with more positive mood – than other communication technologies. However, Snapchat interactions were also associated with lower social support than other channels. Our qualitative data highlighted aspects of Snapchat use that may facilitate positive affect (but not social support), including sharing mundane experiences with close ties and reduced self-presentational concerns. In addition, users compared Snapchat to face-to-face interaction and reported attending to Snapc...
Intramolecular and intermolecular N-H...C5H5- hydrogen bonding in magnesocene adducts of alkylamines. Implications for chemical vapor deposition using cyclopentadienyl source compounds

Magnesocene adducts of alkylamines were prepared and characterized. Treatment of 3-amino-2,4-dimethylpentane, isopropylamine, tert-butylamine, benzylamine, or N-isopropylbenzylamine with magnesocene at ambient temperature in toluene afforded the amine adducts Cp2Mg(NH2CH(CH(CH3)2)2) (91%), Cp2Mg(NH2iPr) (80%), Cp2Mg(NH2tBu) (67%), Cp2Mg(NH2CH2Ph) (80%), and Cp2Mg(NH(CH(CH3)2)(CH2C6H5)) (91%). These adducts are stable at ambient temperature, and Cp2Mg(NH2CH(CH(CH3)2)2) can be sublimed at 60 degrees C/0.05 Torr without any evidence for reversion to magnesocene. The solid-state structure of Cp2Mg(NH2CH(CH(CH3)2)2) contains eta5- and eta2-cyclopentadienyl ligands, and the hydrogen atoms on the coordinated amine nitrogen atom participate in intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding to the eta2-cyclopentadienyl ligand. The observed hydrogen bonding is relevant to the path by which cyclopentadiene is eliminated from metal cyclopentadienyl CVD source compounds during film growth employing acidic element hydrides as co-reactants.
Limitations of a Variance Approximation

A common approximation for the variance of a function of two random variables is obtained via a series expansion. It is shown that for some cases the error in the approximation is quite large. This approximation is sometimes used to compare the relative merits of two alternate systems. The comparison might be erroneous if the system differences are comparable to the approximation errors.
Reducing postischemic reperfusion damage in neonates using a terminal warm substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic reperfusate.

Abstract Background . In adult cardiac operations, a warm cardioplegic reperfusate ("hot shot") before removing the aortic cross-clamp improves postbypass myocardial function and metabolic recovery. This modality, however, is rarely used in infants, despite the fact that postbypass cardiac dysfunction remains problematic, especially in cyanotic ("stressed") patients. Methods . To produce stress, 15 neonatal piglets underwent 60 minutes of ventilator hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen, 8% to 10%). All piglets then received similar protection with multidose cold blood cardioplegic solution during 70 minutes of arrest and were separated into three groups to examine the role of a warm reperfusate as well as possible augmentation by aspartate and glutamate enrichment. In 5 piglets (group 1), the cross-clamp was simply removed; in 5 (group 2), an unsupplemented warm blood cardioplegic reperfusate was given; and in 5 (group 3), the warm reperfusate was enriched with aspartate and glutamate. Myocardial function was assessed using pressure-volume loops and expressed as a percentage of control. Results . Compared with hearts receiving reperfusion with unmodified blood (group 1), a warm unsupplemented cardioplegic reperfusate (group 2) slightly improved systolic contractility (end-systolic elastance, 41% versus 50%; p p p p p p p p Conclusions . A warm cardioplegic reperfusate helps reduce the reperfusion injury, resulting in improved myocardial function and metabolic recovery in hypoxic (stressed) neonatal hearts, and this effect is maximized if the reperfusate is enriched with aspartate and glutamate, which completely preserves myocardial function.
Controlling shear band behavior in metallic glasses through microstructural design

Plastic deformation in metallic glasses is governed by the initiation and propagation of shear bands. The successful use of bulk metallic glasses in structural applications will depend on controlling these processes to improve ductility and toughness. In Zr–Cu–Ni–Al metallic glasses, the addition of Ta can influence the structure of the material and hence the shear band behavior in two ways. At low Ta contents (<4 at.%), the material is amorphous but has enhanced order over length scales of 5–15 A Higher levels of Ta result in the precipitation of bcc Ta-rich solid solution particles in a metallic glass matrix. Under uniaxial compression, both of these materials show greater apparent plastic strain to failure than the glass without Ta. This appears to be the result of the influence of the structure on the initiation and propagation of shear bands in the amorphous matrix.
Up-regulation of nuclear IGF-I receptor by short term exposure of stilbene estrogen, diethylstilbestrol

In the present study we report the novel findings that IGF-I receptors are present in the nucleus based on the evidence from binding assay, detection of receptors by affinity labeling and Western blotting, and localization by immunofluorescence. The level of nuclear IGF-I receptors (nIGF-IRs) almost doubled in stilbene estrogen (diethylstilbestrol, DES) treated hamster kidneys compared to the controls. The binding constants Kd and Bmax of nIGF-IR of controls, 22.1 nM and 6.6 nmol/mg protein, respectively, were changed in response to DES treatment to 5.3 nM and 16.3 nmol/mg protein (P < 0.001), respectively. The enhanced level of IGF-IR in DES-treated nuclei was confirmed by both affinity labeling and Western blotting. These data suggest that IGFs may exert their biological effect through the IGF-I receptor present in the nucleus. Whether the up-regulation of nIGF-IR by exposure to a carcinogenic dose of DES may be a factor in the induction of renal cancer in Syrian hamsters, is not clear.
Structuring a College Alcohol Prevention Program on the Low Level of Response to Alcohol Model: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND: New approaches are needed to bolster the modest effects of campus drinking prevention programs. However, more definitive research on new paradigms is very expensive, and in the current economic climate, progress can be made by evaluating smaller pilot studies. This study describes one such approach. METHODS: A sample of 18-year-old or older, healthy, drinking freshmen at our university was assigned to 2 groups stratified to be similar on demography, drinking histories, and their level of response (LR) to alcohol. In the spring quarter of the school year, the 32 subjects in each of 2 groups viewed four 45-minute Internet-based videotapes as part of 4 prevention sessions. All 8 modules were based on the same techniques and general content, but the 4 videos for the first group were structured around the validated model of how a low LR affects heavy drinking (the low level of response-based [LRB] Group), with partial mediation by heavier drinking peers, positive alcohol expectancies, and drinking to cope with stress. Videos for the state-of-the-art (SOTA) comparison group did not place the similar prevention messages into the low LR framework. Changes in drinking were evaluated at 3 times: before Module 1, before Module 4, and 1 month after Module 4. RESULTS: Usual and maximum drinks per occasion decreased over time for both high and low LR subjects in both LRB and SOTA groups. As predicted, the low LR students showed greater decreases in the LRB Group, while high LR students showed greater decreases in the more generic SOTA Group. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that tailoring prevention efforts to address specific predisposing factors, such as a low LR, may be associated with beneficial effects on drinking quantity. We hope that these data will encourage additional efforts to validate the low LR-based prevention paradigm and test other interventions that are targeted toward predisposing phenotypes such as impulsivity and negative affect. Language: en
Theoretical models of interstellar shocks. I - Radiative transfer and UV precursors

Theoretical models of interstellar radiative shocks are constructed, with special attention to the transfer of ionizing radiation. These models are 'self-consistent' in the sense that the emergent ionizing radiation (the UV precursor) is coupled with the ionization state of H, He, and the metals in the preshock gas. For shock velocities of at least 110 km/s the shocks generate sufficient UV radiation for complete preionization of H and He, the latter to He(+). At lower velocities the preionization can be much smaller, with important consequences for the cooling function, the shock structure, and the emission. For models with shock velocities of 40 to 130 km/s the intensities of the strongest emission lines in the UV, optical, and infrared are tabulated, as well as postshock column densities of metal ions potentially observable by UV absorption spectroscopy. Possible applications to supernova remnants and high-velocity interstellar gas are assessed.
A rational insurance coverage policy for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression

Although most health insurance plans do not cover repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of major depression, coverage is increasing, with approval often granted on a case-by-case basis. Accordingly, it is important for physicians who are advocating for coverage on behalf of their patients to provide cogent arguments based on published data. Most patients presenting for rTMS have medication resistance that is beyond the Food and Drug Administration-approved indication of one failed but adequate trial of an antidepressant medication. However, recent naturalistic studies lend support to the proposition that rTMS is efficacious for more medication-resistant patients.
David Souter: A Clerk's View

Many former Supreme Court clerks describe their clerkship as the best job of their lives. David Souter's former clerks do too, though with what I believe is a greater than normal frequency. (As a former Souter clerk I confess to partiality.) But while Souter resembles other Justices in the devoted affection he inspires, he was in many other ways a very unusual presence at the Supreme Court.
The effects of density gradients on the convective amplification of upper hybrid waves in the magnetosphere

Intense (at least 10 mV/m) electrostatic plasma waves have been detected near the upper hybrid frequency between + or -50 deg MLAT during recent GEOS-1 crossings. Wave growth rate and convective amplification calculations were carried out in order to explain the occurrence of intense upper hybrid (IUH) events over such a wide range of latitudes. The effects of wave refractions were taken into account in the convective amplification calculations. Specific results are presented for the upper hybrid wave growth of an IUH event occurring at 10 deg MLAT. It is shown that a density gradient may be necessary to explain the observed amplification at 10 deg MLAT. At the equator, however, the long scale length of the magnetic field gradient enables large amplitudes to be attained without a density gradient. The results of a UH ray tracing analysis are discussed within the framework of current theories concerning magnetospheric continuum radiation.
Relativistic dynamics of electrons in intense laser fields

Following a brief review of the analytic solution for the relativistic motion of a single electron in a pulse of very strong plane-wave radiation, numerical simulations are presented that probe the effects of space-charge forces and spatial inhomogeneity of the radiation upon the one-electron dynamics. The nonlinearities introduced by relativistic effects can lead to irregular dynamics. For pulses with a smoothly varying temporal envelope the behavior of electrons that are ionized during the pulse can be very different from that of ambient electrons. The calculations support the use of short-pulsed lasers to produce high-energy electrons and incoherent x rays, but reveal possible difficulties in the formation of cold overionized plasmas suitable for recombination lasers.
Sample size for monitoring of toxic chemical sites.

The problem of determining sample size for environmental monitoring and assessment is considered. Hypothesis testing is discussed in general terms and in terms of monitoring toxic chemical sites. Competing risks of misclassification of sites are examined within the framework of statistics. Alpha and beta, the probability of making Type I and Type II errors, respectively, are illustrated in the context of environmental monitoring.
Usefulness of stress gated technetium-99m single photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging for the prediction of cardiac death in patients with moderate to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and suspected coronary artery disease.

Although stress gated technetium-99m single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is useful in differentiating ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy, its prognostic usefulness in this patient population is not well understood. Consecutive unique patients with suspected coronary artery disease who, for clinical indications, underwent technetium-99m rest and stress MPI demonstrating ejection fractions ≤40% by gated SPECT imaging were retrospectively identified. In addition to prescan variables, previously defined cutoffs for gated SPECT parameters using visual and standard 17-segment semiquantitative scoring were applied and related to the occurrence of cardiac death up to 5 years after MPI. Of the 475 patients fulfilling criteria for study inclusion, follow-up was complete in 444 (93%) over 3.7 ± 1.6 years. Of 393 patients without subsequent early (≤60 days) coronary revascularization, cardiac death occurred in 64 (16%). The summed stress score, an MPI measure of the extent and severity of coronary artery disease that also accounts for the ischemic burden, was the gated SPECT parameter most related to cardiac death with Kaplan-Meier 5-year cardiac death–free survival of 85.6% and 67.3% in patients with summed stress scores ≤8 and >8, respectively (p 8 independently contributed to cardiac death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.20, 95% confidence interval 1.34 to 3.61), and its addition to the model significantly increased the global chi-square value over prescan variables (from 32.46 to 41.67, p = 0.002). In conclusion, stress MPI data from gated technetium-99m SPECT scans are useful for the prediction of cardiac death in patients with moderate to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction in whom there is suspicion of underlying coronary artery disease.
POSTN/TGFBI-associated stromal signature predicts poor prognosis in serous epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective To identify molecular prognosticators and therapeutic targets for high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) using genetic analyses driven by biologic features of EOC pathogenesis. Methods Ovarian tissue samples (n=172; 122 serous EOCs, 30 other EOCs, 20 normal/benign) collected prospectively from sequential patients undergoing gynecologic surgery were analyzed using RNA expression microarrays. Samples were classified based on expression of genes with potential relevance in ovarian cancer. Gene sets were defined using Rosetta Similarity Search Tool (ROAST) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Gene copy number variations were identified by array comparative genomic hybridization. Results No distinct subgroups of EOC could be identified by unsupervised clustering, however, analyses based on genes correlated with periostin ( POSTN ) and estrogen receptor-alpha ( ESR1 ) yielded distinct subgroups. When 95 high-grade serous EOCs were grouped by genes based on ANOVA comparing ESR1/WT1 and POSTN/TGFBI samples, overall survival (OS) was significantly shorter for 43 patients with tumors expressing genes associated with POSTN/TGFBI compared to 52 patients with tumors expressing genes associated with ESR1/WT1 (median 30 versus 49months, respectively; P =0.022). Several targets with therapeutic potential were identified within each subgroup. BRCA germline mutations were more frequent in the ESR1/WT1 subgroup. Proliferation-associated genes and TP53 status (mutated or wild-type) did not correlate with survival. Findings were validated using independent ovarian cancer datasets. Conclusions Two distinct molecular subgroups of high-grade serous EOCs based on POSTN/TGFBI and ESR1/WT1 expressions were identified with significantly different OS. Specific differentially expressed genes between these subgroups provide potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.
Grothendieck rings for certain categories of quasihomomorphisms of torsion free modules over Dedekind domains

In this paper we consider the Krull-Schmidt-Grothendieck ring K(Q) for certain full subcategories Q of the category of quasihomomorphisms of finite rank torsion free modules over a Dedekind domain W. More specifically, we will be concerned with modules G such that W’ @ G is a Butler W’-module for some suitable finite integral extension W’ of W. We will usually also ‘assume that the typeset of W’ @ G consists of idempotent types. Let K = K(@‘) and let N = nil rad K. By a strongly indecomposable domain in Q, we mean a W-algebra D which is a commutative integral domain and such that the underlying W-module of D is strongly indecomposable and belongs to Q. If D is such a domain and G is any torsion free W-module, we let D-rank G = rank, Hom(G, D). We set P, = {[Cl [H] E K ] D-rank G = D-rank H}. We let E be the subring of K generated by all [D] such that D is a strongly indecomposable domain in 5F. Consider the following four properties: