cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FD-MMAC: Combating Multi-Channel Hidden and Exposed Terminals Using a Single Transceiver

We address the problem of improving the throughput and delay efficiency of distributed multi-channel MAC (MMAC) protocols. We design an MMAC protocol called FD-MMAC that exploits recent advances in full-duplex (FD) communications to coordinate channel access in a distributed manner. Compared with prior MMAC designs, the FD-MMAC protocol eliminates the use of in-band or out-of-band control channels for combat- ing the multi-channel hidden terminal problem, discovering the resident channel of destinations, and performing load balancing. Furthermore, FD-MMAC improves the spectral efficiency by enabling the operation of multi-channel exposed terminals. To achieve its goals, FD-MMAC integrates an advanced suite of PHY-layer techniques, including self interference suppression, error vector magnitude and received power measurements, and signal correlation techniques. We validate the proposed PHY-layer techniques on NI USRP devices. Further, we show via simulations that FD-MMAC achieves significantly higher throughput and lower delay compared with prior art.
Supercritical fluid removal of hydrocarbons adsorbed on wide pore zeolite catalysts

Abstract The effect of zeolite pore structure on coke removal by supercritical fluid regeneration (SFR) was studied on a series of wide-pore zeolites, including acidic Y, beta, and mordenite zeolites. Catalyst samples were deactivated under isobutane/butene reaction conditions and treated under flowing supercritical isobutane for 60 min. The chemical nature of the species remaining on the catalyst surface was analyzed by temperature-programmed oxidation, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Even though most adsorbed hydrocarbons were removed in some catalysts, DRIFTS spectra indicated that none of the catalysts was completely free of hydrocarbon deposits after SFR. Cyclic reaction/SFR experiments on USY and beta zeolites showed that neither catalyst recovered its initial performance, and also demonstrated a continuous decrease in activity. However, the decrease of activity between cycles was slower in the beta sample, probably due to hindered formation of unsaturated cyclic or polycyclic compounds.
Event-triggered projected Luenberger observer for linear systems under sparse sensor attacks

We consider the problem of designing a Luenberger-like observer for linear systems whose sensor measurements are corrupted by a malicious attacker. The attacker capabilities are limited in the sense that only a subset of all the sensors can be attacked although this subset is unknown. This leads to the problem of reconstructing the system state when the measurements are corrupted by sparse noise and we propose an observer that recursively updates the state estimate as new measurements become available. We show that by utilizing event-triggered techniques, the proposed observer is computationally more efficient than previously reported solutions to the secure state reconstruction problem.
Incidence of Listeria ssp. in Retail Meat Roasts

Interior muscle cores from 50 beef, 50 pork, and 10 lamb roasts, purchased at retail, were assayed for Listeria ssp., which was isolated from three beef roasts and three pork roasts, but not from lamb roasts. Five isolates of serotype la Listeria monocytogenes were obtained from the roasts, together with one strain each of Listeria innocua and Listeria welshimeri. Twice, L. monocytogenes was present at 10 CFU/ g; all other isolations of Listeria spp. required enrichment (<10 CFU/ g). The presence of listeriae in cores of whole-muscle meat roasts is probably not a result of environmental contamination, and may be due to antemortem exposure of the animal to Listeria.
Vienna-Type DMA of High Resolution and High Flow Rate

A variant of the Vienna DMA (Winklmayr et al. 1991; Reischl et al. 1997) with inner and outer electrode radii of 25 and 33 mm, and a conventional trumpet inlet diameter of 97 mm has been tested. It incorporates a reduced pressure drop sheath gas exhaust system that enables reaching flow rates approaching 4000 L/min. Several new additional flow features are included to delay the transition to turbulent conditions. A cylindrical geometry with a DMA length L of 97 mm (distance between the aerosol inlet and outlet slits) is seen to keep the flow laminar up to the highest Reynolds number achieved, though showing slight signs of flow quality deterioration at about Re = 20,000. An equally long DMA with an inner electrode shaped as a 5° cone caped by a spherical dome remains stable up to the highest Reynolds number achieved. It is expected to continue this trend to considerably higher flow rates. Both these long configurations exhibit line widths close to the ideal Brownian diffusion limit, reaching FWHH of 4% fo...
Monitoring Developmental Progress of Young Exceptional Children: the Curricular Efficiency Index (Cei)

Early intervention programs need to monitor not only child progress but also program effectiveness. Efforts in this evaluation area have repeatedly employed traditional norm-based developmental or cognitive measures in summative assessments. However, recent interest has encouraged the use of criterion-based measures as more sensitive monitors of a program's goals. Yet the absence of norm-based comparisons with these instruments limits their full application in early developmental programs. In view of this limitation, the Curricular Efficiency Index (CEI) is offered as a practical method for evaluating monthly the developmental gains of young handicapped children by comparing their progress with that of a comparable group of nonhandicapped peers in attaining developmental objectives of any commercially available developmental curriculum. Progress data on two groups of preschool children support the utility of the CEI concept as a method of monitoring progress and effectiveness within and between programs a...
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa With Total Parenteral Nutrition

Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest and ideas regarding refeeding in anorexia nervosa. Given the severe morbidity, a subpopulation that appears refractory to treatment, and the very high mortality in an otherwise healthy young population, research studies are needed to define optimal treatment regimens. The authors describe their experience with total parenteral nutrition in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
Dynamics of penta-hepta defects in hexagonal patterns

Abstract The bound state of two dislocations known as a penta-hepta defect (PHD) is a generic object in hexagonal patterns. Its motion provides an important mechanism of wavevector(s) selection. In this paper the structure and dynamics of penta-hepta defects in hexagonal patterns is studied in the framework of envelope equations. Analytical solution for phase field of moving PHD is found in the far field, which generalizes the static solution due to Pismen and Nepomnyashchy (1993). The mobility tensor of PHD is calculated using combined analytical and numerical approach. The results for the velocity of PHD climbing in slightly non-optimal hexagonal patterns are in good agreement with numerical simulations of amplitude equations. Interaction of penta-hepta defects in optimal hexagonal patterns is studied numerically.
Control of telomere growth by interactions of RAP1 with the most distal telomeric repeats

TELOMERES, the specialized DNA–protein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, are required for chromosomal stability and integrity1–3. Regulation of the overall length of the telomeric DNA repeat tract is likely to be a key requirement for its various biological roles. We have studied telomere length regulation in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, which has long (25 base pairs) homogeneous telomeric repeat units4 that make it highly suitable for telomere studies. In the related Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the DNA-sequence-specific duplex-binding protein RAP1 is a component of the telomeric complex5–9. Here we show that the phenotypic severity of previously described telomerase RNA (terl) mutations10 is directly proportional to the loss of RAP1 binding to mutated telomeric repeats. Using a carboxy-terminal-tail mutant of K. lactis RAP1, we also show that, unexpectedly, RAP1 interaction with the most terminal telomeric repeats is crucial for telomere length control.
Apathy and depression in subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Background: Apathy, a behavioral syndrome characterized by amotivation and diminished goal-oriented behavior, and depression are commonly reported in MCI and dementia. Both apathy and depression have been associated with functional decline in these populations. Additionally, apathy is an important predictor of conversion from MCI to dementia. This study sought to investigate the relationships among apathy, depression and functional ability in geriatric patients with subjective and objective memory difficulties before progression to dementia. Methods: Participants were patients (n 1⁄4 40; mean age 1⁄4 74 + 7.9) with subjective memory complaints who were referred for neuropsychological assessment. All patients were proficient in English. The neuropsychological test battery included objective cognitive measures, as well as a self-report measure of mood, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and two familyreport measures of behavior: the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). The FrSBe measures the frequency of behaviors associated with three frontal-behavioral domains: apathy (FrSBe-A), executive dysfunction (FrSBe-ED) and disinhibition (FrSBe-D). Participants were classified with Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI) if they performed within 1.5 standard deviations of the normative mean on objective cognitive measures. Participants were classified with Mild Cognitive Impairment-Amnestic (MCI-A) if they performed greater than 1.5 standard deviations below the normative mean on the delayed recall portion of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) or the Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R).Results: The GDS correlated significantly with the FrSBe Total Score (r 1⁄4 .455) and each dimension of the FrSBe; FrSBe-A (r 1⁄4 .369), FrSBe-ED (r 1⁄4 .416) and FrSBe-D (r 1⁄4 .411). The GDS also correlated significantly with the FAQ (r 1⁄4 .376). The FAQ correlated significantly with the FrSBe-A (r 1⁄4 .472), but not with the FrSBe-ED or the FrSBe-D. Conclusions: In this sample of geriatric patients with subjective memory complaints and some with Amnestic MCI, significant relationships were found among self-report of depression and family members’ ratings of frontal systems behavior and functional capabilities. Specifically, apathy and depression were associated with functional ability. P2-271 TRAJECTORY CHANGE OF GLOBAL COGNITIVE FUNCTION PRIOR TO DEMENTIA DIAGNOSIS
Chemico-osmotic efficiency of a geosynthetic clay liner

Chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficients, ω, are determined from measured differential pressures across specimens of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) containing granular bentonite in response to applied differences in potassium chloride (KCl) concentrations under no-flow conditions. The results show that the GCL acts as a semipermeable membrane with ω values at steady state, ωss, ranging from 0.08 to 0.69 for KCl concentration differences ranging from 0.0039 to 0.047 M. The chemico-osmotic efficiency of the GCL decreases with increasing porosity and increasing KCl concentration. The decrease in ωss with increasing porosity is consistent with an increase in pore size reflected by an increase in measured hydraulic conductivity. The decrease in ωss with increasing KCl concentration is consistent with compression of the diffuse double layers surrounding the clay particles, and is reflected by a time-dependent decrease in the induced differential pressure as well as an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of t...
Accuracy of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy after previous wide local excision in patients with primary melanoma

BACKGROUND. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) status is the most important prognostic factor with respect to the survival of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. However, lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsies (LM/SLNBs) performed in patients who have had a wide local excision (WLE) may not accurately reflect the pathologic status of the draining lymph node basins. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of LM/SLNB in patients who have had a previous WLE. METHODS. A single-institution database was examined to identify patients who had a WLE before LM/SLNB and patients who had a concomitant LM/SLNB. Primary clinicopathologic features (age, tumor thickness, and ulceration), SLN identification rate, SLN pathologic status, and the incidence and sites of recurrences were compared between patients with and without prior WLE. RESULTS. Of the 1395 patients identified, 104 had WLE before LM/SLNB. The mean preoperative WLE radial margin was 1.4 cm (median, 1.0 cm). LM/SLNB was successful in 103 of 104 (99%) patients. Age, tumor thickness, incidence of ulceration, and incidence of SLN positivity in the group with prior WLE were similar to those of the cohort of patients who had concomitant LM/SLNB and WLE (n = 1291). In 97 (93%) of the 104 prior-WLE patients, the surgical defects were closed by either primary closure or skin graft; 7 patients (7%) had rotational flaps. The median follow-up of these 104 patients was 51 months. Among the prior-WLE group, 19 patients (18%) had a positive SLNB; of these 19 patients, 4 (21%) had recurrences (3 distant failures and 1 local and distant failure). There were no lymph node recurrences—in a mapped or unmapped basin—in these 104 patients with a negative or positive SLNB. CONCLUSIONS. SLNs can be successfully identified and accurately reflect the status of the regional lymph node basin in carefully selected melanoma patients with a previous WLE. Prior WLE does not appear to adversely impact the ability to detect lymphatic metastases, although the utility of LM/SLNB in patients who have undergone extensive reconstruction of the primary excision site remains to be defined. Because more extensive surgery may be required to accomplish accurate lymph node staging in patients who have undergone prior WLE—including the possible removal of SLNs from additional lymph node basins and an additional surgical procedure—to minimize morbidity and cost, concomitant WLE and LM/SLNB is strongly preferred whenever possible. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Peripheral osmotic stimulation inhibits the brain's innate immune response to microdialysis of acidic perfusion fluid adjacent to supraoptic nucleus

During the brain's innate immune response microglia, astroglia and ependymal cells resolve/repair damaged tissue and control infection. Released interleukin-1β (IL-1β) reaching cerebroventricles stimulates circumventricular organs (CVOs; subfornical organ, SFO; organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, OVLT), the median preoptic nucleus (MePO), and magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. Hypertonic saline (HS) also activates these osmosensory CVOs and neuroendocrine systems, but, in contrast to IL-1β, inhibits the peripheral immune response. To examine whether the brain's innate immune response is attenuated by osmotic stimulation, sterile acidic perfusion fluid was microdialyzed (2 μl/min) in the SON area of conscious rats for 6 h with sterile HS (1.5 M NaCl) injected subcutaneously (15 ml/kg) at 5 h. Immunohistochemistry identified cytokine sources (IL-1β+; OX-42+ microglia) and targets (IL-1R+; inducible cyclooxygenase, COX-2+; c-Fos+) near the probe, in CVOs, MePO, ependymal cells, periventricular hypothalamus, SON, and PVN. Inserting the probe stimulated magnocellular neurons (c-Fos+; SON; PVN) via the MePO (c-Fos+), a response enhanced by HS. Microdialysis activated microglia (OX-42+; amoeboid/hypertrophied; IL-1β+) in the adjacent SON and bilaterally in perivascular areas of the PVN, periventricular hypothalamus and ependyma, coincident with c-Fos expression in ependymal cells and COX-2 in the vasculature. These microglial responses were attenuated by HS, coincident with activating parvocellular and magnocellular neuroendocrine systems and elevating circulating IL-1β, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Acidosis-induced cellular injury from microdialysis activated the brain's innate immune response by a mechanism inhibited by peripheral osmotic stimulation.
Organic-inorganic optical materials.

We describe the use of an intriguing class of materials, termed polycerams, for applications in integrated optics. Polycerams are ceramic-polymer hybrid materials that are synthesized by wet-chemical methods. As films they can be deposited in single-step operations with thicknesses from 5 microm, and their refractive indices and Abbe numbers can be varied over a wide range. Polycerams synthesized as planar waveguides exhibit optical attenuations as low as <0.15 dB/cm, and they can be patterned by embossing. These materials exhibit exceptional optical properties that are due to combination of organic and inorganic constituents at the molecular level.
Interesting magnetic behavior of Fe:Al disordered alloys

Abstract The low temperature magnetic properties of FeAl alloys, near equiatomic composition, are a matter of contention from both theoretical perspectives and experimental measurements. There does not seem to be any consensus regarding these. In an attempt to find the source of contradictory behavior, we made a detailed study by both bulk magnetization and local probe by Mossbauer effect on a well characterized sample. It was interesting to find that while the former showed distinct magnetic phases, the local probe failed to resolve any magnetization on Fe atom down to very low temperature. This contradictory behavior suggested non-local moment formation in the system.
Determinants of Information and Communication Technology Adoption in Municipalities

Local governments use various technologies to enhance responsiveness to citizens’ demands and to improve efficiency. However, the determinants for technology adoption may vary by the type of technology used. We separately examine the adoption of two different types of information and communication technologies (ICTs): intranet, which increases efficiencies within an organization, and e-services, which aim to increase efficiencies for the public and government agencies. Using 2012 data collected from a national random survey of the managers in 500 municipal governments with populations ranging from 25,000 to 250,000, we find that organizational centralization, work routineness, and personnel constraints are related to the adoption of both intranet and e-services, but that these relationships are mediated by an organization’s risk-taking culture. We also find that external stakeholder influence is positively related to ICT use. Governmental stakeholder influence is related to intranet adoption, and non-gove...
History, Subjectivity, and the Study of Buddhism

Roger Corless has written a sometimes delightful, often thought-provoking, and ultimately exasperating book. Much of the information contained here has not been included in any previous introductory textbook on Buddhism, and the refreshing style, ample use of charts and diagrams, and abundant concrete examples of abstruse philosophical points combine to produce a product that seems, at first glance, both novel and useful. Yet a careful reading reveals countless errors of fact and interpretation, and the conclusion of the authors of this review is that the book is likely to leave the reader (in particular, the undergraduate reader for whom it is intended) with a substantial number of serious misconceptions. The author's intention, as set forth in his introduction (xvii-xxi), is to write an introductory book on Buddhism from an intra-Buddhist perspective. Specifically, he begins with an attack on the use of history as an explanatory framework for the study of Buddhism: "It is my conten-
Atmospheric circulation is reflected in precipitation isotope gradients over the conterminous United States

[1] The stable isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) composition of meteoric precipitation integrates information on the history of water fluxes to, from, and between air masses as they traverse the continents. The development of new methods relating isotopic data to water cycle processes will increase our ability to understand this system and its response to natural and anthropogenic forcing. Here we present an analysis of 2 years (1992–1993) of precipitation isotope data from 73 sites across the conterminous United States. We focus on patterns in the spatial precipitation isotope gradients (rate and direction of isotopic change in space), a metric which we suggest reflects two factors: (1) variation in the balance of rainout and land-surface recycling for air masses moving across the continent and (2) the spatial juxtaposition of air masses carrying moisture of differing origin and rainout history (e.g., Pacific versus Gulf of Mexico moisture). We demonstrate that the position of zones of particularly high precipitation isotope slopes correspond to the time-averaged position of air mass boundaries and to regions where prevailing moisture transport trajectories interact with orographic barriers. Differences in the location of high-slope zones between winter and summer seasons and between the same seasons in 1992 and 1993 can be related to differences in circulation and weather patterns. These results suggest new opportunities for the interpretation of precipitation, vapor, and paleoclimate water isotope data in the context of regional climate dynamics through spatial analysis.
The molecular charge distribution, the hydration shell, and the unique properties of liquid water

The most essential features of a water molecule that give rise to its unique properties are examined using computer simulations of different water models. The charge distribution of a water molecule characterized by molecular multipoles is quantitatively linked to the liquid properties of water via order parameters for the degree (S2) and symmetry (ΔS2) of the tetrahedral arrangement of the nearest neighbors, or “hydration shell.” ΔS2 also appears to determine the long-range tetrahedral network and interfacial structure. From the correlations, some models are shown to be unable to reproduce certain properties due to the limitations of the model itself rather than the parameterization, which indicates that they are lacking essential molecular features. Moreover, since these properties depend not only on S2 but also on ΔS2, the long-range structure in these models may be incorrect. Based on the molecular features found in the models that are best able to reproduce liquid properties, the most essential featu...
Synthesis and evaluation of duocarmycin SA analogs incorporating the methyl 1,2,8,8a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]oxazolo[2,3-e]indol-4-one-6-carboxylate (COI) alkylation subunit

The design, synthesis and evaluation of methyl 1,2,8,8a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]oxazolo[2,3-e]indol-4-one-6-carboxylate (COI) derivatives are detailed representing analogs of duocarmycin SA containing an oxazole replacement for the fused pyrrole found in the alkylation subunit.
Abstract 3309: T cell lymphoblastic leukemia in survivin TCR transgenic mice.

Survivin has been considered a potential tumor antigen due to high expression in most cancers and limited expression in normal tissues. To explore whether survivin reactive TCRs mediate antitumor effects in mice, we generated TCR transgenic (Tg) mice with specificity for the H-2b restricted immunodominant epitope of survivin. Survivin reactive T cells were CD8+ and mediated immune reactivity toward survivin peptide pulsed targets. Some antitumor reactivity was observed, but it was not potent, and the survivin TCR Tg+ cells did not mediate objective tumor regression of survivin bearing tumors. Surprisingly, spontaneous T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) was observed beginning at 4-6 months of age in Tg+Rag+/- and Tg+Rag-/- mice. By one year of age, all survivin Tg+ mice succumbed to T-cell ALL. The leukemic cells were CD3+, survivin TCR+, and CD8+ or CD4-/CD8-Occurrence in 3 founders suggests that the transgene itself, rather than insertional mutagenesis, is causative. Given that survivin is expressed in the thymus, we postulated that the TCR-Tg serves as an oncogene via recognition of survivin peptides, which expands early thymic progenitors. In support of this, premalignant survivin TCR Tg+ thymi show expanded CD4-CD8-CD44-CD25- thymocytes and increased BrdU incorporation and leukemia incidence was significantly diminished TCR-Tg+β2m-/- mice. Subsequent to expansion of early thymic progenitors in response to TCR triggering, survivin TCR Tg+ cells acquire NOTCH mutations and upregulate CD25, implicating NOTCH signaling as a 2nd hit in this oncogenic process. At least one NOTCH1 mutation was found in all leukemias, with PEST (8/8), 5’ deletions (19/25) and heterodimerization mutations observed. T-ALL with NOTCH mutations was also observed at reduced frequencies, in TCR Tg mice with specificity to WT1 and gp100. We conclude that genetic engineering aimed at endowing hematopoietic or T lymphoid progenitors with the capacity to recognize tumor antigens expressed in the thymus could pose a risk for neoplasia, independent of insertional mutagenesis. Citation Format: Yongzhi Cui, Masahiro Onozawa, Haiying Qin, Terry Fry, Peter Aplan, Crystal L. Mackall. T cell lymphoblastic leukemia in survivin TCR transgenic mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3309. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3309 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
The four equals: Analyzing Spinoza's idea of equality

Spinoza's defense of political democracy has long been celebrated. And Spinoza's effort to apply the geometric method to philosophy is well known. But no one, to my knowledge, has examined Spinoza's treatment of equality, which cuts across both his metaphysics and political theory 1 Analysis of Spinoza's use of equality 2 reveals that it plays four distinct roles in his philosophy. The sum of its four functions, however, is greater than the parts, for equality operates throughout by way of analogy to provide coherence to Spinoza's world view.
Rethinking burgeoning political consciousness: student activists, the Class of '99 and political intent in Sierra Leone

This article uses interviews with former student activists in Sierra Leone to explore what ideals motivate students to participate in political action. In Sierra Leone, students used the military as a cover for their own democratic programme, initially by encouraging a coup that they wanted to partake in, later by joining the officer corps themselves. I challenge the notion that student interactions with the urban lumpenproletariat and ‘militariat’ serve as evidence for their desire to cloak a lack of ideals in popular violence; rather I argue that coalitions are built as needs must to push a particular agenda, whether or not the agenda is known to all participants. In this case, that agenda was to ensure that an idealistic intelligentsia had economic and political futures that they had been denied under a paternalistic dictatorship. In essence student activism was elitist, not popular.
A Corona Discharge Method of Producing Shrink-Resistant Wool and Mohair Part II: Effects of Temperature, Chlorine Gas, and Moisture

The felting shrinkage resistance imparted to wool by an air-corona field increases to a maximum near 100°C, decreases to a minimum at about 115-120°C, and then increases at higher temperatures. At 100°C and 415 Hz, the shrinkage resistance increases to a maximum at about 17.5 kV, then decreases rapidly. Ozone is believed not responsible for the shrinkage resistance because corona cells operating at about 90°C or higher generate little ozone.Chlorine gas in the air-corona field markedly increases the rate at . which wool is made shrink-resistant. An air/chlorine volume ratio of about 14/1 gives excellent results. If either nitrogen or oxygen, instead of air, is mixed with chlorine, only about half as much shrinkage resistance is achieved. A contribution of oxides of nitrogen to shrink resistance is suggested. Treatment effectiveness of an air-chlorine corona field is increased by adding hydrated salts to the wool or by the presence of water or HCI in the gas. Under conditions which produce satisfactory shr...
Theoretical Analysis of Weld Pool Behavior in the Pulsed Current GTAW Process

A general three-dimensional, closed-form welding heat-flow solution, which is capable of analyzing thermal behavior of the weldment in its transient state and/or under time-dependent power change during welding, is presented. The analytical model utilizes the finite heat source theory with a Gaussian distribution and also considers the effects of finite plate thickness. The numerical values of the solution are calculated using the computational schemes on a minicomputer. In this paper the welding parameters of the pulsed current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) were studied using the solution. Two sets of pulsation parameters were analyzed and their sensitivity to the heat input control were evaluated.
Keyword and image-based retrieval of mathematical expressions

Two new methods for retrieving mathematical expressions using conventional keyword search and expression images are presented. An expression-level TF-IDF (term frequency-inverse document frequency) approach is used for keyword search, where queries and indexed expressions are represented by keywords taken from LATEX strings. TF-IDF is computed at the level of individual expressions rather than documents to increase the precision of matching. The second retrieval technique is a form of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). Expressions are segmented into connected components, and then components in the query expression and each expression in the collection are matched using contour and density features, aspect ratios, and relative positions. In an experiment using ten randomly sampled queries from a corpus of over 22,000 expressions, precision-at-k (k = 20) for the keyword-based approach was higher (keyword: μ = 84.0, σ = 19.0, imagebased: μ = 32.0, σ = 30.7), but for a few of the queries better results were obtained using a combination of the two techniques.
Feasibility of Transoral Robotic-Assisted High Resolution Microendoscopic Imaging of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Transoral robotic-assisted oncologic surgery of the head and neck offers promising functional results. Nonetheless, the efficacy of oncologic surgery remains critically dependent on obtaining negative margins. We aimed to integrate a miniaturized high-resolution fiber-optic microendoscope (HRME), which provides real-time histological assessment, with the da Vinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). Methods Three patients undergoing transoral robotic surgery (TORS) were prospectively enrolled in this study. Optical imaging of the oropharynx was performed intraoperatively with the robotic-assisted HRME. Results All patients underwent the procedure successfully with no complications. The HRME was successfully integrated with the da Vinci robotic system. Several sites of the oropharynx and associated malignancy were imaged, which correlated with the standard histopathological analysis. Conclusion Transoral robotic-assisted HRME imaging of the oropharynx is a safe and technically feasible approach, providing a real-time histological assessment and may serve as a valuable aid in oncologic surgery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E99–E102, 2015
Influence of Airway Pressures on Edema in the Isolated Dog's Lung

The left lower lobe of anesthetized, heparinized dogs was excised, weighed, and cannulated. Another lobe of the same dog was excised for control purposes. The cannulated lobe was perfused by a system of adjustable reservoirs which was fed with fresh blood from a donor dog. The perfused lobe was mounted on an electronic balance so that weight changes could be recorded together with the pressures in the inflow and outflow conduits and in the bronchus. When the per fusion pressures were varied within normal limits, the weight of the lobes reached stable plateaus. Abnormally high perfusion pressures caused a continuous, steady increase in lobe weight, which was evident from the slope of the weight registration. Blood holdup in the lobe was measured by comparing the hemoglobin content of the control lobe with that of the experimental specimen taken at the end of an experiment. Blood holdup accounted for only about 10 per cent of the weight increase of edematous lobes. Initial observations were made in collapse...
Benefits of antithrombotic therapy after infrainguinal bypass grafting: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Purpose We performed a meta-analysis to ascertain the benefits of antithrombotic therapy for maintaining the patency of vascular grafts following lower extremity bypass operations. Methods We identified articles using MEDLINE and hand searches of relevant journals for randomized clinical trials that compared the use of antithrombotic therapy with control or placebo therapy. Random-effects (DerSimonian and Laird) analyses were used to determine the risk of graft occlusion following lower extremity bypass operations. We also assessed the odds of secondary outcomes, such as myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, all-cause mortality, and bleeding. Results Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria of a randomized trial of antithrombotic therapy for the patency of vascular grafts; six were excluded because the analyses involved repeat surgeries or lacked a control group. Of the 10 studies included in the final analysis, seven compared antiplatelet agents with placebo or control, and three compared anticoagulant agents with placebo or control. The 10 studies were homogeneous in spite of differing durations of follow-up. The odds of graft occlusion in the treated group was half that in the placebo or control group. The odds ratio was 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32 to 0.66) for the 10 studies that reported outcomes at 12 months or longer, 0.50 (95% CI: 0.29 to 0.87) in the five studies with 12-month rates; and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.39 to 0.88) at 24 months. Conclusion Antithrombotic therapy decreases the risk of graft occlusion after a vascular operation by about 50% at 12 months and is still protective at 24 months after the operation.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PANIC DISORDER AND GENERALIZED ANXIETY IN PRIMARY CARE

Anxiety is one of the common yet underdiagnosed mental health problems of Americans; as many as 20% of people seeking primary care have symptoms of treatable anxiety disorders. Untreated anxiety increases costly visits to urgent care. Clinicians need to screen for anxiety among patients at risk who have physical symptoms such as shortness of breath, nervousness, gastrointestinal upset, palpitations, muscle aches, tension, and insomnia. Other diagnostic clues include restlessness, nervousness, phobias, trembling, fatigue, and shaking. Onset typically occurs in the 20s but may occur at any age. Symptoms of two anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder, are discussed. A combination of treatments including antidepressant and anxiolytic medications, behavioral treatments, education (e.g., self-management, relaxation), and counseling (e.g., coping strategies) have high success rates; psychiatric consultations or referrals are useful.
Artificial neural network for pulmonary nodule detection: preliminary human observer comparison

A single-layer artificial neural network was developed to detect synthetic pulmonary nodules of approximately the same size in patient chest radiographs. The identical detection task was given to human observers with varying degrees of radiological training (board-certified radiologists, residents, and a medical student). The network and human observers were presented five patient radiographs each with 12 marked locations. The human observers estimated the probability that a nodule was present at each of these locations. The network evaluated the same locations for the presence of a nodule. Using Reciever Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, we found that the performance of the artificial neural network was comparable to that of human observer. The areas under the curve for the neural network and human observers were 0.93 and 0.92, repectively.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bifurcation points in the planar problem of three bodies

An essential parameter in the planar problem of three bodies is the product of the square of the angular momentum and of the total energy (c 2 H). The role of this parameter, which may be called abifurcation parameter, in establishing regions of possible motions has been shown by Marchal and Saari (1975) and Zare (1976a). There exist critical values of this parameter below which exchange between bodies cannot occur. These critical values may be calledbifurcation points. This paper gives an analytical criterion to obtain these bifurcation points for any given masses of the participating bodies.
Enhancing market value of milk by adding cultures.

Abstract Fluid milk and several dairy products are an excellent medium to generate an array of products that fit into the current consumer demand for health-driven foods. Several technologies associated with culture addition, fermentation, or both are available for creating an assortment of flavors and textures in milk products. It appears that accentuating the positive attributes of inherent milk constituents, incorporating health-promoting cultures, and offering a variety of flavors and textures to the consumer could enhance milk consumption. Recent advances in probiotic research show much promise in new product development of functional foods based on milk. Several scientifically sound clinical studies have verified some of the anecdotal reports of the past. Among the reported beneficial effects of consuming certain strains of cultures, or their metabolites, or both are enhanced immune response, balancing of colonic microbiota, vaccine adjuvant effect, reduction of fecal enzymes implicated in cancer initiation, treatment of diarrhea associated with travel, antibiotic therapy, control of rotavirus and Clostridium difficile , control of ulcers related to Helicobacter pylori , reduction of serum cholesterol, antagonism against food-borne pathogens and tooth decay organisms, and amelioration of lactose malabsorption symptoms. The mode of action in most cases seems to involve modulation of ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract of the host. Several strains belonging to genera Enterococcus, Lactobacillus , and Bifidobacterium , which have desirable clinical benefits, are now available. They are being incorporated in yogurts, dairy snacks, breakfast foods, drinks, refrigerated desserts, cheeses, spreads, frozen desserts, and unfermented sweet cultured milk.
Screening, Prevention, and Treatment of Congenital Cytomegalovirus

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of permanent disability in children. The main source of maternal infection is from contact with young children. Primary maternal infection is diagnosed with demonstration of seroconversion or a positive CMV IgM in combination with a low-avidity CMV IgG. Fetal infection may be diagnosed with amniotic fluid polymerase chain reaction and culture. CMV-specific hyperimmune globulin has shown promise as a possible means to prevent congenital infection; large randomized trials are ongoing. To date, the only effective means of prevention is through reducing exposure to the virus. Rates of maternal infection may be reduced through education regarding sources of infection and improved hygiene.
Heterogeneity of erythropoietin-dependent erythrocytosis: case report in a child and synopsis of primary erythrocytosis syndromes.

Summary To investigate the pathogenesis of polycythaemia in a child with isolated, primary erythrocytosis, we measured serum erythropoietin activity and in vitro erythroid progenitor cell responsiveness to erythropoietin. Unstimulated erythropoietin activity was markedly elevated (1.8 IU/ml), and isovolaemic phlebotomy induced a four-fold increment above this level. In contrast to findings in our index case with this syndrome, normal erythroid colony growth patterns were present in patient marrow cultures. The primary mechanism of polycythaemia in this individual is similar to that reported in the index case: an inappropriately elevated regulatory set point for erythropoietin production. Since an additional defect of progenitor cell hypersensitivity to erythropoietin is not always present, we conclude that abnormalities at single or multiple sites of the erythropoietic regulatory axis may occur in primary erythropoietin-dependent erythrocytosis.
Degrees of Similarity in Knowledge Transfer

In analogical problem solving individuals infer an abstract solution schema from the source and apply it to the target. The schema is composed by the relevant elements which can be matched onto the target. It is assumed that stories sharing a high number of elements are perceived as more similar than stories having a lower number of common elements. An analysis carried out by means of a Kohonen map supported this assumption: the pattern of similarities represented by the Kohonen map corresponded to the similarity judgements produced by human subjects.
The Garifuna Journey

The Garifuna Journey. 1998. 47 minutes, color. video by Andrea E. Leland and Kathy L. Berger. For more information contact Leland/Berger Productions, 1200 Judson, Evanston, IL 60202.
The Baker Cave bison remains: Bison diminution and Late Holocene subsistence on the Snake River Plain, southern Idaho

The Baker Cave Bison Remains: Bison Diminution and Late Holocene Subsistence on the Snake River Plain, Southern Idaho
Diachronic Ceramic Evidence and its Social Implications in the Chikinchel Region, Northeast Yucatan, Mexico

In this paper I present new, surface-collected ceramic data from the previously little-known Chikinchel region in northeast Yucatan. My goals are twofold: first, to expand the utility of surface-collected materials by suggesting a technological approach (paste analysis) to classify small or eroded sherds; and second, to place Chikinchel into the larger spatial and temporal framework of the northern Maya lowlands. The ceramic analyses presented here span the Late Formative through Spanish Colonial periods. Diachronic changes in the regional distributions of the different wares that compose the Chikinchel ceramic inventory are demonstrated and discussed in terms of larger processes occurring across the peninsula.
Integrated Economic and Climate Projections for Impact Assessment

We designed scenarios for impact assessment that explicitly address policy choices and uncertainty in climate response. Economic projections and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions for the “no climate policy” scenario and two stabilization scenarios: at 4.5 W/m2 and 3.7 W/m2 by 2100 are provided. They can be used for a broader climate impact assessment for the US and other regions, with the goal of making it possible to provide a more consistent picture of climate impacts, and how those impacts depend on uncertainty in climate system response and policy choices. The long-term risks, beyond 2050, of climate change can be strongly influenced by policy choices. In the nearer term, the climate we will observe is hard to influence with policy, and what we actually see will be strongly influenced by natural variability and the earth system response to existing greenhouse gases. In the end, the nature of the system is that a strong effect of policy, especially directed toward long-lived GHGs, will lag by 30 to 40 years its implementation.
Prey and Habitat Influences the Movement of Clapper Rails in Northern Gulf Coast Estuaries

Abstract. Loss and modification of tidal marsh habitat has contributed to the decline of marsh bird species. For many marsh birds that inhabit tidal ecosystems, little information exists on habitat use, particularly in relation to movement and response to prey availability. In this study, radio-telemetry was used to investigate home range size, movement patterns and response of Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris) to prey availability within tidal marshes in coastal Mississippi. Mean fixed kernel 95% home range for breeding Clapper Rails was 1.37 ha ± SE 0.27 (N = 10 birds) with a 50% core use area 0.32 ha ± SE 0.07 (N = 10 birds), which are estimates similar to those obtained throughout this species' range. The extent of Clapper Rail movements during the incubation period was negatively correlated with density of fiddler crab burrows within 50 m of nest sites. Clapper Rails' use of marsh edge decreased relative to tidal height. Use of this habitat type may have been further restricted during the first few...
Generation of Pax2-Cre mice by modification of a Pax2 bacterial artificial chromosome

The Pax2 gene is expressed in the developing otocyst, kidney, and midbrain-hindbrain boundary. We generated Pax2-Cre transgenic lines by modification of a Pax2 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). In one Pax2-Cre line, Cre mRNA starts to be expressed in the otic placode at the late presomite stage. R26R reporter mouse analysis revealed that the Cre expression is sufficient to delete the loxP-flanked sequences in most of the cells in the inner ear. Reporter-positive cells are also detected in other Pax2-expressing tissues such as midbrain, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and kidney, suggesting that these cells are the descendants of Pax2-expressing cells in these tissues and that Pax2-Cre transgenic mice can delete genes efficiently in these tissues.
Introduction to Embedded Systems: Using ANSI C and the Arduino Development Environment

Many electrical and computer engineering projects involve some kind of embedded system in which a microcontroller sits at the center as the primary source of control. The recently-developed Arduino development platform includes an inexpensive hardware development board hosting an eight-bit ATMEL ATmega-family processor and a Java-based software-development environment. These features allow an embedded systems beginner the ability to focus their attention on learning how to write embedded software instead of wasting time overcoming the engineering CAD tools learning curve. The goal of this text is to introduce fundamental methods for creating embedded software in general, with a focus on ANSI C. The Arduino development platform provides a great means for accomplishing this task. As such, this work presents embedded software development using 100% ANSI C for the Arduino's ATmega328P processor. We deviate from using the Arduino-specific Wiring libraries in an attempt to provide the most general embedded methods. In this way, the reader will acquire essential knowledge necessary for work on future projects involving other processors. Particular attention is paid to the notorious issue of using C pointers in order to gain direct access to microprocessor registers, which ultimately allow control over all peripheral interfacing. Table of Contents: Introduction / ANSI C / Introduction to Arduino / Embedded Debugging / ATmega328P Architecture / General-Purpose Input/Output / Timer Ports / Analog Input Ports / Interrupt Processing / Serial Communications / Assembly Language / Non-volatile Memory