cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmented Source Routing for Handling Link Failures in Software Defined Network

When a link fails in Software Defined Networks (SDN), the flows that use the failed link need to be rerouted over other paths. To achieve this rerouting task, researchers have proposed reactive and proactive recovery approaches. In reactive approach, upon failure, SDN controller computes new paths for the affected flows and installs them on demand. In proactive approach, the SDN controller pre-calculates backup paths and installs them on the switches in advance. While proactive approach minimizes packet loss and delay, it introduces a new problem, namely excessive usage of limited TCAM memory at SDN switches. In this paper, we consider two promising techniques (namely source routing and segment routing), and propose a new proactive technique called Segmented Source Routing (SSR). SSR uses source routing but in a segmented manner: one from the failure detecting node to an emergency node and one from emergency node to the destination. After addressing various challenges in placing emergency nodes and assigning emergency nodes to flows, our simulations shows that SSR maintains the same level of performance of pure source routing while significantly reducing the memory overhead, computation overhead, and the packet sizes as it shortens the source routes and avoids storing them at every node.
Graft-versus-host disease propagation depends on increased intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) that affects multiple organs. GVHD-associated intestinal damage can be separated into two distinct phases, initiation and propagation, which correspond to conditioning-induced damage and effector T cell activation and infiltration, respectively. Substantial evidence indicates that intestinal damage induced by pretransplant conditioning is a key driver of GVHD initiation. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of dysregulated intestinal permeability on the subsequent GVHD propagation phase. The initiation phase of GVHD was unchanged in mice lacking long MLCK (MLCK210), an established regulator of epithelial tight junction permeability. However, MLCK210-deficient mice were protected from sustained barrier loss and exhibited limited GVHD propagation, as indicated by reduced histopathology, fewer CD8+ effector T cells in the gut, and improved overall survival. Consistent with these findings, intestinal epithelial MLCK210 expression and enzymatic activity were similarly increased in human and mouse GVHD biopsies. Intestinal epithelial barrier loss mediated by MLCK210 is therefore a key driver of the GVHD propagation. These data suggest that inhibition of MLCK210-dependent barrier regulation may be an effective approach to limiting GVHD progression.
Implementing Active Learning Department Wide: A Course Community for a Culture Change

A course community (CC) was formed to facilitate the implementation of active-learning materials in the Introductory Statistics course at a large southeastern U.S. university. Instructors met every...
Algorithm of the night: Google’s DeepDream and (Dis)Harmonies of an eternal nocturnal

Jonathan Crary’s conception of 24/7 capitalism indicates eroding distinctions between night and day, a notion I extend towards distinctions between nocturnal dreaming and wakeful states as epitomized by a recent music video: Calista and the Crashroots’ “DeepDream”. This video uses Google’s DeepDream, a platform that leverages artificial intelligence algorithms to mutate visual forms into abstractions indicative of nocturnal dreamscapes. DeepDream’s algorithmic rendering extends this abstraction to night-time itself, a phenomenon in which the temporal distinctions of night and associated dreamscapes give way to an “eternal nocturnal” consistent with the logics of perpetuity in 24/7 capitalism. I argue for a consideration of this eternal nocturnal as derived from a “hypermodulation” of harmonies and disharmonies in “DeepDream”. The video harmonizes sonic forms and visual imagery, yet the algorithmic abstraction of its imagery entails a nocturnal dreamscape that is not a departure from waking life, but instead more readily at hand for waking life. In this way, nocturnal dreaming is at hand to obfuscate sleepless conditions of 24/7 capitalism and also at hand as a commodity that feeds back into the perpetual churn of 24/7 capitalism and algorithmic processing. As I ultimately argue, the disharmony between waking life and nocturnal dreaming is hypermodulated through the harmonies of sonic and visual forms, attuning sleepless denizens to the logics of 24/7 capitalism and manifesting an eternal nocturnal.
SURVEY PAPER: PROBLEMS OF LARGE-SCALE REFRIGERATION

On decrit les installations frigorifiques comprises entre 1,6 et 80°K, avec des apports de courant electrique allant de plusieurs centaines de kW a quelques MW. On neglige ainsi les installations frigorifiques miniatures et les appareils frigorifiques de laboratoire. Ces installations doivent convenir a une exploitation industrielle continue, ce qui signifie qu'il faut preter attention a l'entretien, ainsi qu'a l'installation de secours et a ses elements.
The Economic Legacy of Expulsion: Lessons from Postwar Czechoslovakia

This paper examines the long-run effects of forced migration on economic development in the origin economy, using Czechoslovakia's expulsion of 3 million Germans after WWII. For identification, I use the discontinuity in ethnic composition at the border of the "Sudetenland" region where Germans lived. Germans had similar characteristics to Czechs, bypassing factors driving effects in other cases of forced migration, such as differences in human capital. The expulsion produced persistent disparities in population density, sector composition, and educational attainment. I trace effects to a selective initial resettlement and capital extraction after the expulsion, causing urban decay and human capital decline
Interfacing Offshore Wind Farms with Onshore Utility Power Grids using MT-HVDC Link

With advancement in power electronics and recent trend of utilizing wind as a renewable resource, there is a push to integrate onshore AC utility grid and offshore wind farms through a Multi Terminal HVDC Link. Modular multilevel converter (MMC) being the most advanced technological development of the multilevel converter, especially in the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, is employed because of its high modularity, scalability, simple structure, higher levels of output voltage and common DC bus. With the addition of future Multi-Terminal HVDC (MT-HVDC) grids, issues related to stability and system interoperability have come to foreground. This paper investigates the effects of integrating off-shore wind farms to on-shore utility grids with HVDC links and verifies the advantages of employing Multi Terminal HVDC over point to point HVDC system via PSCAD/EMTDC.
Palliative Care and the Pregnant Surgical Patient: Epidemiology, Ethics, and Clinical Guidance

Obstetricians and general surgeons frequently navigate the challenges of providing surgical care that is mindful of the unique circumstances of pregnancy. Ensuring pregnant patients have high-quality surgical care is an ethical imperative. Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for surgical disease to ensure that surgical diagnoses are not missed or inadequately treated. A variety of imaging modalities are used in pregnancy. Surgical management includes laparoscopic and open approaches. Perioperative fetal monitoring should be the subject of multidisciplinary discussion. Symptomatic control in pregnancy should have the same goals as for nonpregnant patients. Enhanced recovery after surgery pathways frequently are appropriate.
Interactive Browser-Based Genomics Data Visualization Tools for Translational and Clinical Laboratory Applications.

Visualization-driven data exploration is a highly effective modality for interpreting and discovering insights from high-throughput genomics data sets; however, it is vastly underutilized in routine workflows in clinical and translation settings. We have developed three open-source, browser-based, interactive genomics data visualization widgets that can be used as intuitive stand-alone applications or integrated with existing web-based laboratory information solutions. The widgets were developed in JavaScript using the D3.js library. These widgets run in any modern web browser across desktop and mobile devices for easy accessibility but are designed for client-side data processing to address data privacy concerns. jsProteinMapper plots the location of a variant of interest relative to the protein domains and multiple variant databases, assisting with clinical interpretation of sequence variants. jsComut generates a highly interactive and customizable comutation plot for visual exploration of genomic data sets with clinicopathologic annotations to reveal unique molecular profiles and clinical correlates. jsCodonWheel is an interactive version of the ubiquitous circular codon–to–amino acid translation table, which lets users quickly map nucleotide changes onto resulting amino acid differences. These open-source visualization tools may improve some of the key laboratory workflows that involve the review of large-scale genomics data sets in a high-volume setting. The intuitive and responsive user interface, highly customizable visualizations, and easy integration with existing web-based laboratory software are significant highlights of these tools.
Resolution of Dissociated Ego States Relieves Flashback-Related Symptoms in Combat-Related PTSD: A Brief Mindfulness Based Intervention

ABSTRACTA novel understanding and therapeutic approach to the treatment of PTSD-related flashback triggers are described. Triggered responses are conceptualized as the result of latent dissociative...
Impact of AAO-HNS Guideline on Obtaining Polysomnography Prior to Tonsillectomy for Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing.

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of the 2011 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) guideline on practice patterns in obtaining preadenotonsillectomy (AT) polysomnography (...
HER2 Testing in Endometrial Serous Carcinoma: Time for Standardized Pathology Practice to Meet the Clinical Demand.

Context.— Endometrial serous carcinoma is an aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer with the highest rate of recurrence and mortality among all histotypes. A recent clinical trial showed prolonged progression-free survival in advanced-stage and recurrent human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive endometrial serous carcinoma when trastuzumab was added to the standard chemotherapy regimen. This targeted therapeutic approach was recently endorsed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical guidelines. There is a growing interest among clinicians to obtain HER2 testing in endometrial serous carcinoma, and pathologists need to be prepared to recognize the unique characteristics of HER2 protein expression and gene amplification in these tumors and apply specific HER2 scoring criteria. Objective.— To provide a historical overview of targeted HER2 therapy in endometrial serous carcinoma and to summarize key findings from recent studies on the specific features of HER2 protein expression and gene amplification relative to other tumor types. Endometrial carcinoma-specific HER2 testing criteria are proposed based on evidence in the existing literature. Data sources.— Sources comprise review of the literature and personal experience of the author. Conclusions.— HER2 protein overexpression and/or gene amplification is present in approximately 25% to 30% of endometrial serous carcinomas, providing an opportunity for targeted therapy. Pathologists play a key role in tumor HER2 testing and scoring to ensure appropriate patient selection and successful clinical outcome.
Blue Brain-Red Brain: The Biopsychology of Political Beliefs and Behavior

The relationship between politics and biopsychology is complex. But first, an explanation of biopsychology itself is in order. As a biopsychologist I have frequently been asked to explain my speciality even to other psychologists. Biopsychology is all about the biology of behavior, human and animal. Biopsychologists are trained in the methodology of behavioral research and in biology but are psychologists not biologists. There are neurological underpinnings to behavior and these are being explored vigorously. Neuroscience is the study of the brain and nervous system in relation to function and behavior. Political science and neuroscience have been connecting for the last decade (Arciniegas & Anderson, 2017; Chawke & Kanai, 2016; Fowler & Schreiber, 2008; Haas, 2016; McDermott, 2009; Pedersen, Muftuler, & Larson, 2018). Biopsychology is part of that mix (Jost, Nam, Amodio, & Bavel, 2014; Kandler, Bleidorn, & Riemann, 2012; Marcus, 2013; Norris, Gollan, Berntson, & Cacioppo, 2010; Settle, Dawes, Loewen, & Panagopoulos, 2017).
The association between surgical duration and venous thromboembolism in outpatient surgery: A propensity score adjusted prospective cohort study.

Abstract Background Outpatient surgeries account for 60–70% of all procedures. Increased surgical duration has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTEs) after inpatient surgeries. In contrast, it is currently unknown if surgical duration increases the risk of VTEs for outpatient surgeries. Materials and methods The 2005 through 2016 NSQIP Participant Use Data Files were queried to extract all patients scheduled for outpatient surgery. A z-score for surgical duration was calculated for each procedure to allow for standardization across surgeries of expected shorter or longer duration. The primary outcome measured was incidence of VTEs within 30 days of surgery. Results A total of 3474 patients out of 1,863,523 (0.19%) had a VTE. After adjusting for confounding factors, the first and fifth quintiles compared to the middle quintile had odds ratios (ORs) of 0.75 (95% CI 0.68, 0.80) and 1.43 (95% CI, 1.35%–1.52%), respectively, P Conclusion Surgical duration is associated with the development of VTEs after outpatient surgery. While the overall incidence of VTE is low and does not require generalized prophylaxis, clinical practitioners should consider prophylaxis for patients undergoing outpatient surgery performed with excessive time compared to the average surgical procedure duration.
[No title available] - PubMed

A group of night nurses is looking at introducing self-rostering at a small community hospital. I would like to hear from any other organisations or staff using self-rostering, and how successful it has been. I am also interested in information about computer programmes that are designed to make self-rostering easier.
Clinical Stratification of Pregnant COVID-19 Patients based on Severity: A Single Academic Center Experience.

Objective This study aimed to describe baseline characteristics of a cohort of pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and determine if these correlate with disease severity and perinatal outcomes. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort trial conducted at the University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas. All pregnant women presented to our medical center, who were screened and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus, were included. We stratified our study population in three groups: asymptomatic, symptomatic not requiring oxygen therapy, and patients requiring oxygen support to maintain oxygen saturation >94%. Relevant population characteristics, laboratory data, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were abstracted. A p-value Results Between March and July 2020, 91 women tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 upon admission to our labor and delivery unit. Among these, 61.5% were asymptomatic, 34.1% were symptomatic, and 4.4% required oxygen support. Our population was mainly Hispanic (80.2%), multiparous (76.9%), obese (70.3%), and with a median age of 27 years. Median gestational age at symptom onset or diagnosis was 36 weeks. Significant differences were found between gestational age and disease severity. Maternal characteristics including age, body mass index (BMI), and presence of comorbid conditions did not appear to influence severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Significant laboratory findings associated with increasing disease severity included decreasing hemoglobin and white blood cell count, lymphopenia, and increasing levels of inflammatory markers including CRP, ferritin, and procalcitonin. Maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ among groups. No SARS-CoV-2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction testing in neonates of mothers with COVID-19. Conclusion Pregnant patients with COVID-19 infection are predominantly asymptomatic. Patients appear to be at increased risk for more severe infection requiring oxygen support later in pregnancy. Key Points
Biomedical Natural Language Processing

Biomedical Natural Language Processing is a comprehensive tour through the classic and current work in the field. It discusses all subjects from both a rule-based and a machine learning approach, and also describes each subject from the perspective of both biological science and clinical medicine. The intended audience is readers who already have a background in natural language processing, but a clear introduction makes it accessible to readers from the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, as well. The book is suitable as a reference, as well as a text for advanced courses in biomedical natural language processing and text mining.
From Survival Hike to a Walk in the Park: Training Guideposts to Lead the Way

SUMMARY Rene J. Erlandson discussed the basic characteristics of all training programs and the basic principles for designing and implementing a training program.
Visualization of RNA and RNA Interactions in Cells

The increasing diversity of biological pathways in which RNA molecules play a role requires different approaches to RNA studies. Among other methods, RNA studies on a single-cell level offer the unique possibility not only to measure transcription kinetics but also to obtain information on time- and space-determined RNA dynamics. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in the development of new methods allowing RNA studies on the level of single cells. These methods, and the results obtained, are discussed in this chapter. Keywords: fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH); proximity ligation assay (PLA); molecular beacons (MBs); aptamers; protein complementation
Using resonance Raman cross-section data to estimate the spin state populations of Cytochromes P450

The cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are heme proteins responsible for the oxidation of xenobiotics and pharmaceuticals and the biosynthesis of essential steroid products. In all cases, substrate binding initiates the enzymatic cycle, converting ferric low spin (LS) to high-spin (HS), with the efficiency of the conversion varying widely for different substrates, so documentation of this conversion for a given substrate is an important objective. Resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy can effectively yield distinctive frequencies for the ν3 "spin state marker" bands. Here, employing a reference cytochrome P450 (CYP101), the intensities of the ν3 modes (ILS) and (IHS) relative to an internal standard (sodium sulfate) yield relative populations for the two spin states; i.e., a value of 1.24 was determined for the ratio of the relative cross sections for the ν3 modes. Use of this value was then shown to permit a reliable calculation of relative populations of the two spin states from rR spectra of several other Cytochromes P450. The importance of this work is that, using this information, it is now possible to conveniently document by rR the spin state population without conducting separate experiments requiring different analytical methods, instrumentation and additional sample.
A Review of Robin Behn's "The Red Hour"

THE LONG SENTENCES of these poems wind their way down the page, trying to find out where they are going, trying to put where they have been behind them, trying to bury the dead they still embrace. One of these ghosts, perhaps the most insistent, occupies the opening poem. "Ten Years After Your Deliberate Drowning" is the first of eight, in this collection of thirty-four poems, in which suicide figures. It begins, "Since then, I work at night," and later says, "Days I don't come with flowers, // please think of these white petals. ..." A decade after his death, she still, many days, brings flowers of remembrance to his grave; yet she still works nights to forget him. At night, at "the red, bad-news hour," when the work of the day is done and the unoccupied mind is most susceptible to assault from without and within, she works?as a kind of self-defense. This young woman, the nameless "I" who inhabits many of these poems, has been scarred by what she has survived: an alcoholic father the very thought of whom she and her sister years ago drowned out with their hymn singing ("Those Unitarian Sundays"); a mother who became phys ically abusive following that father's death ("Five O'Clock In Your Childhood"); the madness of D., to whom "its face?it had a face" appeared in a vision ("The Summons"); the subsequent suicide of D. ("Our Mutual Friend In Heaven"); the earlier death?by suicide??of the nerdy bassoonist she and others in the high school chamber group ousted from their quintet ("The Bassoonist"); the apparition of her now-grown-up child who died?abortion? miscarriage??before birth ("Vision Near Ice"). . . . Clearly an imagination of disaster, a survivor whose wounds have not yet healed, speaks to us in The Red Hour. "Slow Movement In G," inscribed "For H.," typifies Behn's integration of several of these elements?the long (twenty lines, in this instance) opening sentence feeling its way toward whatever truth its downward journey reveals, the insistent ghost from the past, the half-healed survivor,
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibits Cell Proliferation through a p53-Dependent Mechanism: Effects on the Expression of G1-Restriction Points in Breast and Colon Cancer Cells

Previous reports have documented the antiproliferative properties of a mixture of conjugated isomers (CLA) of linoleic acid [LA (18:2)]. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of CLA action on cell cycle progression in breast and colon cancer cells. Treatment with CLA inhibited cell proliferation in breast cancer MCF-7 cells containing wild-type p53 (p53(+/+)). At cytostatic concentrations, CLA elicited cell cycle arrest in G1 and induced the accumulation of the tumor suppressors p53, p27 and p21 protein. Conversely, CLA reduced the expression of factors required for G1 to S-phase transition including cyclins D1 and E, and hyperphoshorylated retinoblastoma Rb protein. In contrast, the overexpression of mutant p53 (175Arg to His) in MFC-7 cells prevented the CLA-dependent accumulation of p21 and the reduction of cyclin E levels suggesting that the expression of wild-type p53 is required for CLA-mediated activation of the G1 restriction point. To further elucidate the role of p53, the effects of CLA in colon cancer HCT116 cells (p53(+/+)) and p53-deficient (p53(-/-)) HCT116 cells (HCTKO) were examined. The treatment of HCT116 cells with CLA increased the levels of p53, p21, p27 and hypophosphorylated (pRb) protein and reduced the expression of cyclin E, whereas these effects were not seen in p53-deficient HCTKO cells. The t10,c12-CLA isomer was more effective than c9,t11-CLA in inhibiting cell proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and enhancing the accumulation of p53 and pRb. We conclude that the antiproliferative properties of CLA appear to be a function, at least in part, of the relative content of specific isomers and their ability to elicit a p53 response that leads to the accumulation of pRb and cell growth arrest.
Coordinating Numeric and Linear Units: Elementary Students’ Strategies for Locating Whole Numbers on the Number Line

Two investigations of fifth graders’ strategies for locating whole numbers on number lines revealed patterns in students’ coordination of numeric and linear units. In Study 1, we investigated the effects of context on students’ placements of three numbers on an open number line. For one group (n = 24), the line was presented in a thematic context as a “race course,” and, for a second group (n = 24), the line was presented as a conventional number line. Most students in both groups placed consecutive whole numbers at appropriate linear distances, but the thematic context group was more likely to place nonconsecutive whole numbers at appropriate linear distances. In Study 2 (n = 24), students placed numbers on lines marked with two numbers. Most students placed a third number appropriately when the marked numbers were consecutive whole numbers, but not when the labeled numbers were nonconsecutive whole numbers. The findings reveal fifth graders’ conceptual difficulties in coordinating numeric and linear uni...
On the Impedance of a Vertical Half-Wave Antenna Above an Earth of Finite Conductivity

The complex impedance of a vertical half-wave antenna located any distance above an earth of given conductivity and dielectric constant is calculated by the “induced electromotive force” method. Based on the assumption k 0 ≪ |k| (where k 0 and k are the wave numbers for the atmosphere and earthy respectively), the results are applicable down to about 10 meters for any earth except a very dry soil. The calculation is based on the Sommerfeld-von Hoerschlemann expression for the field of a dipole above a half space of arbitrary electrical character. After splitting the total impedance into three parts, Z = Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 , the component Z 1 is shown to be the self-impedance of the antenna, Z 2 the mutual impedance between the antenna and its perfect image, and Z 3 an impedance component due to the finite conductivity of the earth. Z 3 is found to be proportional to two factors, one of which depends on the conductivity and dielectric coefficient of the earth and the wavelength and the other of which depends only on the ratio h/λ, where h = antenna height and λ = wavelength. Z 3 is put in a form suitable for the computation of any given case and curves are shown for four typical examples. For λ > 10 meters and all except very dry soil, the effect of the finite conductivity is quite small and the assumption, often made, of a perfectly reflecting earth thus is justified for a large number of cases. The impedance is, except for very short waves or exceedingly dry soil, substantially that obtained for a perfectly conducting earth. A principle of similitude is stated, in which two antennas over the same kind of earth and having equal values of h/λ have identical impedances.
The Band Spectrum of Boron Monoxide

IN two recent letters to NATURE (May 24 and 31) Mr. W. Jevons has questioned the adequacy of my evidence as to the oxide origin of a band spectrum which he had previously ascribed to boron nitride.1 In his second letter he reports that these bands are absent from the spectrum of the discharge through a mixture of BCl3 and O2, although the ordinary boric oxide bands are present. This he considers convincing evidence against BO as the emitter of the bands in question. In view, however, of evidence outlined below, a full account of which will appear probably in the Physical Review, there seems little room for doubt that the bands are really due to BO and not to BN. The other oxide bands may then be ascribed, as in the past, and in accordance with their complex character, to B2O3.
Comparison of Nd:phosphate glass, Yb:YAG and Yb:S-FAP laser beamlines for laser inertial fusion energy (LIFE) [Invited]

We present the results of performance modeling of diode-pumped solid state laser beamlines designed for use in Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) power plants. Our modeling quantifies the efficiency increases that can be obtained by increasing peak diode power and reducing pump-pulse duration, to reduce decay losses. At the same efficiency, beamlines that use laser slabs of Yb:YAG or Yb:S-FAP require lower diode power than beamlines that use laser slabs of Nd:phosphate glass, since Yb:YAG and Yb:S-FAP have longer storage lifetimes. Beamlines using Yb:YAG attain their highest efficiency at a temperature of about 200K. Beamlines using Nd:phosphate glass or Yb:S-FAP attain high efficiency at or near room temperature.
Temperature dependence of Johnson noise

Abstract Johnson noise is usually considered to measure the absolute, thermodynamic temperature. A careful analysis of data on copper to 1.7 mK suggests that a kinetic temperature T o coth T o / T is measured, where T o = 1.98 mK, and so reflects a zero-point energy.
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 and retinoic acid accelerate in vivo bone formation, osteoclast recruitment, and bone turnover.

Reconstruction of craniofacial defects presents a substantial biomedical burden, and requires complex surgery. Interestingly, children after age 2 years and adults are unable to heal large skull de...
Non-Grotthuss proton diffusion mechanism in tungsten oxide dihydrate from first-principles calculations

Fast proton conduction mechanism is of key importance for achieving high performance in fuel cell membranes, batteries, supercapacitors, and electrochromic materials. Enhanced proton diffusion is often observed in hydrated materials where it is thought to occur via the famous Grotthuss mechanism through pathways formed by structural water. Using first-principles density-functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that proton diffusion in tungsten oxide dihydrate (WO3·2H2O), a known good proton conductor, takes place within the layers of corner-sharing WO6 octahedra without direct involvement of structural water. The calculated proton migration barrier in WO3·2H2O (0.42 eV) is in good agreement with the experimental value inferred from the temperature dependence of conductivity (0.36 eV). The preferred proton diffusion path in WO3·2H2O is essentially the same as in γ-WO3, and we find an activation energy of 0.35 eV for the latter, which agrees well with the experimental values. In contrast to the small intercalation voltages calculated for WO3 and WO3·2H2O, we find that proton absorption in the monohydrate WO3·H2O is energetically highly favorable, corresponding to voltages in excess of 1 eV in the dilute limit. However, strong proton–proton repulsion limits the equilibrium H content at zero voltage. We find a fast one-dimensional diffusion channel in WO3·H2O with an activation energy of only 0.07 eV at dilute proton concentrations, but much higher barriers are expected at near-equilibrium concentrations due to strong repulsive interactions with other protons. Our results illustrate that low proton diffusion barriers and low insertion voltages both contribute to fast proton transport in bulk WO3·2H2O and γ-WO3.
Central and peripheral molecular targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy.

Obesity has emerged as one of the principal worldwide health concerns of the modern era, and there exists a tremendous unmet clinical need for safe and effective therapies to combat this global pandemic. The prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, has focused the attention of those in drug discovery and development on generating effective modalities for the treatment and prevention of obesity. Early efforts in the field of obesity pharmacotherapy centered on the development of agents with indeterminate mechanisms of action. This led to treatment paradigms characterized by significant off-target effects. In the past two decades, new insights have been made into the physiologic regulation of energy balance and the subordinate central and peripheral circuits coordinating appetite, metabolism, and lipogenesis. These studies have revealed previously unrecognized molecular targets for controlling appetite and managing weight from which has emerged a new wave of targeted pharmacotherapies to prevent and control obesity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010) 87 6, 652–662. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.57
Growth Rate and Relocation Movements of Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) Nestlings in Relation to Age

Abstract Relocation by dependent young is a survival strategy that occurs among a wide range of taxa. The Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) lays its eggs on bare substrate and, once hatched, nestlings may relocate to new sites daily. We located and monitored eight Common Nighthawk nests in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, quantified inter-use-site distances in relation to nestling age, and calculated a nestling growth rate curve. Common Nighthawk nestlings grow in a nearly linear fashion. Nestlings moved up to 48 m in a single day and larger, older nestlings tended to move greater distances between daily use-sites.
Effect of Xanthobacter, isolated and characterized from rice roots, on growth of wetland rice

With an autotrophic, N-free medium, Xanthobacter populations were isolated from the roots of wetland rice grown under field conditions. Xanthobacter populations ranged from 3.2×104 to 5.1×105 colony-forming units (cfu) g-1 of root and averaged 47-fold higher on the root or rhizoplane than in the neighbouring nonrhizosphere. Characterization studies indicated dissimilarities in carbon utilization and motility among the isolated Xanthobacter strains and other recognized Xanthobacter species. Under gnotobiotic conditions, the population of one isolate, Xanthobacter sp. JW-KR1, increased from 105 to 107 cfu plant-1 1 d after inoculation when a rice plant was present, but declined to numbers below the limit of detection (<104 cfu assembly-1) after 3 d in the absence of a plant. Scanning electron microscopy revealed Xanthobacter as pleomorphic forms on the rhizoplane. To assess the effect of Xanthobacter on plant growth, rice plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in plant assemblies containing sand and half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with and without nitrogen. Plants were either inoculated with 105 cfu Xanthobacter g-1 of sand or left uninoculated. After 40 d, plants without nitrogen showed no significant differences in top or root dry weight, plant height, root length, or number of tillers or leaves, whether the plants were inoculated or uninoculated. However, when nitrogen was added, inoculated plants had a significantly larger top dry weight (15%) and number of leaves (19%) than uninoculated plants. Under conditions of added and no added nitrogen, acetylene reduction assays showed Xanthobacter sp. JW-KR1 produced <0.1 (below detection limit) and 7 nmol C2H4 plant-1 h-1, respectively. Under the conditions studied, the results suggest that both Xanthobacter and wetland rice derive some benefits from their association.
The Subclavian Steal Syndrome

he subclavian steal syndrome is characterized by cerebral ischemic attacks caused by reversal of blood flow through the verteT bral artery consequent to arterial obstruction proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery (Fig. 1). While not a separate disease entity, the subclavian steal syndrome relates cerebral ischemia to a remote vascular lesion which is surgically correctable and more frequent than was anticipated.
QUEST: A model of question answering☆

QUEST is a computer model of question answering that simulates answers that adults produce when they answer open-class questions (e.g., why, how, what-if) and clued-class questions (e.g., is X true or false?). QUEST has four major procedural components: (1) question interpretation, (2) identification of relevant information sources, (3) prasmatics, and (4) convergence mechanisms. The procedures operate on information sources which are represented as conceptual graph structures. These structures contain goal/plan hierarchies, causal networks, taxonomic hierarchies, spatial region hierarchies, and other forms of knowledge. This article describes how knowledge is represented by QUEST's conceptual graph structures and how the procedural mechanisms operate on the knowledge structures during question atmwering. The primary focus is on convergence mechanisms, which identify the small subset of nodes in the information sources that serve as relevant answers to a particular question. An important convergence mechanism is the arc search procedures, which identify legal emswer~ to the question by pursuing particular paths of arcs in each information source. We have developed a computer model of human question answering, called QUEST. QUEST simulates tile answers that people produce when they answer different types of questions, such as why, how, when, where, what-if, and yes/no verification questions. When QUEST answers a particular question, the model identifies relevant information sources and taps information within each source. Each information source is a package of world knowledge that is organized in the form of a "conceptual graph structure" containing nodes and relational arcs. The question answering (Q/A) procedures operate on these structures systematically, pursuing some paths of ares, but not others, depending on the question category. The success of QUEST in simulating human question answering depends critically on an appropriate organization of world knowledge structures as well as an appropriate specification of the Q/A procedures that operate on the structures. The computational foundations of QUEST were inspired by models of question answering in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics (1-8). In these models, text and world knowledge are
Discrete binning: correspondence limit consistent analysis of classical probabilities using faux angular momenta and multi-polar harmonic moments to give ‘quantum-like’ probabilities

This paper develops discrete binning (DB) for Ni slices for classical probability functions for an arbitrary number of classical continuous variables, xi , where 0 ≤ xi ≤ 1 or −1 ≤ xi ≤ 1. Faux angular momenta, ji , are introduced where 2ji + 1 = Ni , and the discrete probabilities for the various |jimi ⟩ are calculated with a generalisation of the theory of Anderson and Aquilanti. Discrete probabilities are calculated from Legendre moments of the classical intensities with Clebsch–Gordan moments. The mi may represent vibrational quanta, rotational angular momenta, or discrete values of the impact parameter, scattering angles and other variables. DB directly yields probabilities for different mi , but in the correspondence limit (large ji ) the discrete probabilities correspond to classical probabilities, I({x m i }), at known discrete values {x m i }. DB probabilities sum to unity, but some may be negative. Since the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients appropriate for this work are actually Gram (discrete ...
Thermal stability of nanotwinned and nanocrystalline microstructures produced by cryogenic shear deformation

Nanotwinned microstructures are of significant interest due to their high strength and enhanced thermal stability, attributed to the presence of a dense network of coherent twin interfaces. Propensity for twinning during deformation is known to increase at low temperature and/or high-strain-rate. In this study, we use high-strain-rate (~103 s−1) shear deformation in cutting over a range of strains (γ ~1–5) and temperatures (cryogenic to ambient) to engineer a variety of microstructures in three face-centred cubic (FCC) metals – copper, brass and aluminium. The microstructures include nanocrystalline-equiaxed and densely (nano) twinned types of controllable domain size. The effects of low-temperature deformation and stacking fault energy on the resulting microstructure, hardening, stored energy and associated recrystallization kinetics are established. For copper, the nanotwinned microstructures are found to be thermally more stable and stronger than the equiaxed counterparts comprised of random high-angle...
SU‐FF‐T‐216: Comparison of a 2D and 3D Array of Diodes for IMRT QA

Purpose: To compare the IMRT QA pass/fail rates of a 2D diode array system MapCHECK™ and a cylindrical 3D diode array system Delta4™, and to investigate the benefit of DVH‐based IMRT QA. Methods and Materials: Eight treatment plans totaling 62 IMRT fields were measured using both MapCHECK and Delta4. The data were compared to the treatment planning data using Gamma analysis. Passing criteria was defined as 95% of measured points had to have a gamma value ⩽1.0 using a distance to agreement of 4mm, a 5% dose window, and a 10% dose threshold. Structures, including GTV and organs at risk (OAR), and dose volume histograms (DVHs) were exported from the treatment planning system to Delta4 for comparison to measured DVHs. Results: QA with Delta4 used an average of 466 detector points per field. Using gamma analysis, 60/62 (96.8%) IMRT fields passed with an average of 98.9% of detector points within a gamma value ⩽1.0 when measured on the Delta4. QA with MapCHECK used an average of 88 detector points per field. Application of the same gamma analysis resulted in 14/62 (22.6%) IMRT fields passing with an average of 91.3% of detector points with a gamma value ⩽1.0 as measured by MapCHECK. Further analysis of IMRT fields that failed using MapCHECK QA, indicated that the measured data was within 1–2% of the treatment plan. Planned GTV DVHs corresponded with the Delta4 measured GTV DVHs, however measured OAR DVHs differed from their planned DVHs. Conclusions: This study suggests that QA results acquired with Delta4 correspond more accurately to the actual treatment plan as compared to MapCHECK. Incorporating Delta4 into routine QA will decrease the overall QA analysis time. The increased pass rate with Delta4 may result from the increased amount of detectors per treatment field.
Hierarchical Unbiased Group-wise Registration for Atlas Construction and Population Comparison

ABSTRACT A novel hierarchical unbiased group-wise registration is de veloped to robustly transform each individual image towards a common space for atlas based analysis. This hierarchical group-wise registration approach consists of two main components, (1) data clustering to group similar images together and (2) unbiased group-wise registration to generate a mean image for each cluster. The mean images generated in the lower hierarchical level are regarded as the input images for the higher hierarchy. In the higher hierarchical level, these input images will be further clustered and then registered by using the same two components mentioned. This hierarchical bottom-up clustering and within-cluster group-wise registration is repeated until a final mean image for the whole population is formed. This final mean image represents the common space for all the su bjects to be warped to in order for th e atlas based analysis. Each individual image at the bottom of the constructed hierarchy is transformed towards the root node through concatenating all the intermediate displacement fields. In orde r to evaluate the performance of the prop osed hierarchical registration in atlas based statistical analysis, comparisons were made with the conventional group-wise registration in detecting simulated brain atrophy as well as fractional anisotropy differences between neonates and 1-year-olds. In both cases, the proposed approach demonstrated improved sensitiv ity (higher t-scores) than the conventional unbiased registration approach. Keywords: Hierarchical registration, Unbiased registration, Group-wise registration
Commentary on “The Black Struggle”: Metaphors of Depression

The famous actor Rod Steiger died in 2002. He suffered severe depressive episodes throughout much of his life. His depression was related to major losses: a childhood of poverty, an ambivalent relationship with his virtually absent mother, and being out on his own in his early youth. But somehow in the midst of these experiences and abiding memories of hardship, Steiger persevered to the point of achieving a prominent acting career. Shortly before he died, he told an interviewer that losses had become a pervasive memorial representation in his mind. He said that nature shows no mercy in what is going to be a memory. It is just natural to feel and cognize, sometimes unconsciously, about major loss. Yet Steiger also had a motto that he displayed on his California license plate: “Just keep on going.” I was interested in Jim Maddux’s offer to Rick Snyder and myself to write this commentary on Schoeneman, Scheneman, and Stallings’ thoughtful content analysis of Styron’s influential memoir Darkness Visible because I think we learn a lot about ourselves and the worst and best of human life by hearing the stories of people who talk/write openly about their major losses. I have argued that a psychology of loss would be a useful subarea of contemporary psychology (e.g., Harvey & Miller, 1998). The argument is that losses are a central part of life, and we can learn from them and give back to others based on our experiences in dealing with losses. To me, this case has both an empirical base and an applied one (e.g., there is a value in teaching about loss in psychology curricula, Harvey & Hofmann, 2002, as well as in therapy). In teaching about loss over the past decade, I have been taught many lessons by my students about how natural and potentially devastating depression is in our lives. One powerful tenet of studying loss is that people who are sensitive to issues of living in their own and others’ lives will suffer degrees of deJournal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2004, pp. 352-353
A new processing scheme from algae suspension to collected lipid using sand filtration and ozonation

Abstract Algae-derived biofuels are increasingly seen as an alternative source of energy with potential to supplement the world's ever increasing demand. A great challenge exists today in energy input and costs to procure algal lipid from a cultivated suspension, which generally requires steps such as concentration, filtration, dewatering, grinding, and solvent extraction. Using well practiced sand filtration and ozonation processes, we sought to reduce processing steps and streamline the operations in one vessel. The specific Chlorococcum aquaticum suspension was acidified to pH 3.3 to promote agglomeration prior to biomass collection by sand filtration. The algae-loaded filter bed was drained of free water and added with methanol and ozonated for 2 min to rupture the cell membrane to accelerate release of cellular contents. The methanol solution containing the dissolved lipid product was collected by draining, while the filter bed was regenerated by further ozonation when needed. The results showed 95% collection of the algal biomass from the suspension and a 16% yield of lipid from the algae, as well as restoration of filtration velocity of the sand bed via ozonation. GCMS identification of the extract showed primary products in the forms of long-chain largely saturated hydrocarbons of 16 to 20 carbons. The new technique streamlines individual steps in the procurement of algal lipid from the suspension that is potentially an improvement over existing energy-intensive methods.