cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Through the Labyrinth: The Truth About How Women Become Leaders

Despite real progress, women remain rare enough in elite positions of power that their presence still evokes a sense of wonder. In Through the Labyrinth, Alice Eagly and Linda Carli examine why women's paths to power remain difficult to traverse. First, Eagly and Carli prove that the glass ceiling is no longer a useful metaphor and offer seven reasons why. They propose the labyrinth as a better image and explain how to navigate through it. This important and practical book addresses such critical questions as: How far have women actually come as leaders? Do stereotypes and prejudices still limit women's opportunities? Do people resist women's leadership more than men's? And, do organisations create obstacles to women who would be leaders?This book's rich analysis is founded on scientific research from psychology, economics, sociology, political science, and management. The authors ground their conclusions in that research and invoke a wealth of engaging anecdotes and personal accounts to illustrate the practical principles that emerge. With excellent leadership in short supply, no group, organisation, or nation can afford to restrict women's access to leadership roles. This book evaluates whether such restrictions are present and, when they are, what we can do to eliminate them.
Life Coaching for Adult ADHD

This chapter explains life coaching for adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The field of personal and professional coaching is gaining recognition as a way to help individuals become more purposeful and proactive. Coaching is about developing a partnership that motivates the client to move forward in a deliberate and structured manner. Coaching for people with ADHD is becoming a powerful tool in the arsenal of ADHD treatment. It is about developing a partnership that motivates the client to move forward in a deliberate and structured manner. A large part of the client's motivation stems from the fact that it is the responsibility to forge a partnership with the coach. People with ADHD see a number of professionals focusing on a particular area of difficulty of the client. However, the coach focuses on the “what, how, and when.” What are they having difficulty with in their daily lives.
In vitro (Organ culture) studies of the toxicity of specific A-gliadin peptides in celiac disease

Specific peptides of known amino acid sequence were prepared from alpha-gliadin (A-gliadin) by cleavage of the protein with cyanogen bromide and chymotrypsin and purification of the resulting peptides. The three peptides derived from the cyanogen bromide cleavage spanned the complete sequence of A-gliadin (266 residues). Four peptides derived from chymotryptic digestion covered the N-terminal sequence through residue 68. These peptides were tested for toxicity in celiac disease by organ culture of biopsied small intestinal tissues taken from patients with active celiac disease. Enterocyte height was used as a measure of peptide effect on cultured tissues. Five of seven peptides tested significantly inhibited increase of enterocyte height in the cultures and were considered toxic on this basis. The largest common sequences among the toxic peptides were -pro-ser-gln-gln- and -gln-gln-gln-pro-; these sequences were absent from the nontoxic peptides. The relationship of these sequences to the damaging effect of gliadins on the small intestinal mucosa in celiac disease remains to be investigated.
Effects of Matrix Structure/Acidity on Ion Formation in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The involvement of ground and excited state proton transfer reactions in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) of bradykinin and bovine insulin is examined using a series of p-substituted aniline compounds as matrices. Semiempirical calculations of ground and excited state acidity of the p-substituted aniline and anilinium ions are presented. A linear correlation between log (analyte [A + H]{sup +} ion yield) and matrix acidity is obtained. The behavior of the seven p-substituted anilines is discussed in terms of the relationship between matrix compound structure, reactivity, and ability to act as a MALDI matrix. 44 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.
Predicting the impact of hemlock woolly adelgid on carbon dynamics of eastern United States forests

The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand) is an introduced insect pest that threatens to decimate eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) populations. In this study, we used the ecosystem demography model in conjunction with a stochastic model of HWA spread to predict the impact of HWA infestation on the current and future forest composition, structure, and carbon (C) dynamics in the eastern United States. The spread model predicted that on average the hemlock stands south and east of the Great Lakes would be infested by 2015, southern Michigan would be reached by 2020, and northeastern Minnesota by 2030. For the period 2000–2040, the ecosystem demography model predicted a mean reduction of 0.011 Pg C·year–1 (Pg C = 1015 g C), an 8% decrease, in the uptake of carbon from eastern United States forests as a result of HWA-caused mortality, followed by an increased uptake of 0.015 Pg C·year–1 (a 12% increase) in the period 2040–2100, as the area recovers from the loss of hemlock. Overal...
Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae inferred from 18S rDNA and rbcL sequence data.

The phylogenetic relationships of some angiosperm families have remained enigmatic despite broad phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences. One example is the aquatic family Podostemaceae, the relationships of which have long been controversial because of major morphological modifications associated with their aquatic habit. Podostemaceae have variously been associated with Piperaceae, Nepenthaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rosaceae, Crassulaceae, and Saxifragaceae. Two recent analyses of rbcL sequences suggest a possible sister-group relationship of Podostemaceae to Crassulaceae (Saxifragales). However, the branch leading to Podostemaceae was long, and use of different outgroups resulted in alternative placements. We explored the phylogenetic relationships of Podostemaceae using 18S rDNA sequences and a combined rbcL + 18S rDNA matrix representing over 250 angiosperms. In analyses based on 18S rDNA data, Podostemaceae are not characterized by a long branch; the family consistently appears as part of a Malpighiales clade that also includes Malpighiaceae, Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Violaceae, Linaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Trigoniaceae, Humiriaceae, and Ochnaceae. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined 18S rDNA + rbcL data set (223 ingroup taxa) with basal angiosperms as the outgroup also suggest that Podostemaceae are part of a Malpighiales clade. These searches swapped to completion, and the shortest trees showed enhanced resolution and increased internal support compared to those based on 18S rDNA or rbcL alone. However, when Gnetales are used as the outgroup, Podostemaceae appear with members of the nitrogen fixing clade (e.g., Elaeagnaceae, Ulmaceae, Rhamnaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae). None of the relationships suggested here for Podostemaceae receives strong bootstrap support. Our analyses indicate that Podostemaceae are not closely allied with Crassulaceae or with other members of the Saxifragales clade; their closest relatives, although still uncertain, appear to lie elsewhere in the rosids.
CSR corpus development

The CSR (Connected Speech Recognition) corpus represents a new DARPA speech recognition technology development initiative to advance the state of the art in CSR. This corpus essentially supersedes the now old Resource Management (RM) corpus that has fueled DARPA speech recognition technology development for the past 5 years. The new CSR corpus supports research on major new problems including unlimited vocabulary, natural grammar, and spontaneous speech. This paper presents an overview of the CSR corpus, reviews the definition and development of the "CSR pilot corpus", and examines the dynamic challenge of extending the CSR corpus to meet future needs.
Molecular insights into human brain evolution

Rapidly advancing knowledge of genome structure and sequence enables new means for the analysis of specific DNA changes associated with the differences between the human brain and that of other mammals. Recent studies implicate evolutionary changes in messenger RNA and protein expression levels, as well as DNA changes that alter amino acid sequences. We can anticipate having a systematic catalogue of DNA changes in the lineage leading to humans, but an ongoing challenge will be relating these changes to the anatomical and functional differences between our brain and that of our ancient and more recent ancestors.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONVECTION-AIDED REMOVAL OF A CONTAMINANT FROM A CAVITY IN A SURFACE

Experiments are performed to determine the ability of an external flow to aid the removal of a diffusible contaminant from a rectangular cavity in a surface. The effect of cavity geometry (aspect ratio and width) and Peclet number are explored
Regulation of amelogenin gene expression during tooth development.

The amelogenins are the predominant matrix proteins in developing enamel and are crucial for proper enamel mineralization. Transgenic mice were constructed in order to identify the segment of the amelogenin gene required for specific expression in enamel organ cells. A 3.5 kb fragment of the bovine X-chromosomal amelogenin gene that includes a TATA box, the transcription initiation site, and 32 bp of exon 1 was linked to the βgalactosidase gene and injected into fertilized mouse eggs. Newborn transgene positive mice expressed βgalactosidase activity in developing teeth treated with the chromogenic substrate Xgal. Foci of ameloblasts were positive in newborn mice; stain intensity and number of positive ameloblasts increased in 1-day and 2-day postnatal mice. Some of the adjacent stratum intermedium cells also were positive in the later stages. Targeting of the transgene to the enamel organ was specific; the only other cells observed to be positive were macrophages, which have endogenous βgalactosidase activity. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonradioactive In Situ Hybridization in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Biotinylated DNA:DNA in situ hybridization was used for determining the presence of JC virus in brain tissues of 67 patients thought to have progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Sixty patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or other illnesses that decreased the cell-mediated immunity. Two patients had no underlying disease, and five others had chronic illnesses not typically associated with reduced cell-mediated immunity. In situ hybridization with biotinylated probe provides specificity and ease of interpretation. The presence of virus can be correlated at the single-cell level with attendant pathologic changes in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Not only archival tissue but also tiny fragments of brain biopsy material can be evaluated successfully. Quantifying the technique suggests that the nucleus of a cell labeling for JC virus DNA averages 1,000 copies of replicating genome. Identification of an infected cell is pathologically significant even when only a few such cells are present in a biopsy specimen. Biotinylated DNA or RNA probes are equally effective in identifying infected cells. In situ hybridization will likely continue to be a useful adjunctive procedure for the evaluation of brain tissue from patients suspected of having progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Content changes of several endogenous plant hormones in female-sterile Pinus tabulaeformis Carr

To determine the relationship between female sterility of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and plant hormones, content changes of several endogenous plant hormones in a female-sterile clone and a normal clone were analyzed during the key period of female gametophyte abortion in mutant clones. The change of ABA content showed a similar pattern between normal and mutant clones, but the ABA content of the mutant clone was always much higher than that of the normal clone. In the normal clone, the IAA content decreased significantly at the early stage of the period and reached its minimum during the first ten days of April and stabilized thereafter. The endogenous ZR levels increased sharply at the early stages and reached a maximum in the middle of April, then decreased dramatically. The IAA and ZR contents of the mutant clone did not change perceptively through the entire period. We conclude that the high levels of ABA and the deficit of IAA and ZR may be the reasons of female gametophyte abortion in the female-sterile clones of P. tabulaeformis.
Drug-Associated Disease: Cytochrome P450 Interactions

Critically ill patients generally are older, frequently have organ failure, and commonly receive multiple medications, all of which make them susceptible to adverse effects of drugs. Drug interactions are a common adverse effect, and many are predictable based on understanding the mechanisms that underlie drug interactions. This article identifies commonly used medications in critically ill patients and the associated drug interactions that may occur with emphasis on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
MICROBIOLOGY OF COMEDONES IN ACNE VULGARIS

Quantitative study of the microflora of 5 open and 5 closed comedones in each of 15 acne patients yielded anaerobic diphtheroids in 92 percent of lesions at a geometric mean density of 8.2 × 10 4 organisms per lesion. Open comedones (blackheads) contained higher numbers of yeasts and aerobic bacteria than closed ones (whiteheads). Study of individual comedones yields no more information than pooled samples. An association was found between severe acne and the incidence and density of Coryrnebacterium acnes group II.
Mycobacterium haemophilum as the Initial Presentation of a B-Cell Lymphoma in a Liver Transplant Patient

A 66-year-old woman presented with pustular lesions of her face, trunk, and limbs and an acute arthritis of the knees and elbows. She had a complex medical background and had been on immunosuppressants for three years after a liver transplant. Tissue samples from her skin lesions and synovial fluid showed acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacterium haemophilum, an atypical mycobacteria, was later grown on culture. During her treatment with combination antibiotic therapy, she developed a pronounced generalised lymphadenopathy. Histology showed features of a diffuse B-cell lymphoma, a posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD).
An examination of career indecision and application to dispositional authenticity

Authenticity has been viewed as a dimension related to life satisfaction, but we propose that authenticity is related to career outcomes. In this study, we examined the relation between authenticity and career indecision. Authenticity was assessed by the Authenticity Scale and it was found to be moderately related to different indices of career indecision in a sample of 537 undergraduate university students. Results are discussed in terms of their clinical and research implications and encourage a broader perspective in conceptualizing vocational concerns.
Referentialism and Predicativism About Proper Names

The debate over the semantics of proper names has, of late, heated up, focusing on the relative merits of referentialism and predicativism. Referentialists maintain that the semantic function of proper names is to designate individuals. They hold that a proper name, as it occurs in a sentence in a context of use, refers to a specific individual that is its referent and has just that individual as its semantic content, its contribution to the proposition expressed by the sentence. Furthermore, a proper name contributes its referent to the proposition expressed by virtue of mechanisms of direct reference to individuals, not by virtue of expressing properties. Predicativists embrace an opposing view according to which proper names are just a special kind of common noun. Their semantic function is to designate properties of individuals. A proper name, as it occurs in a sentence in a context of use, expresses a property, and that property is its contribution to the proposition expressed by the sentence. They admit of various types of restrictions—in exactly parallel fashion with other common nouns. It is reasonably uncontroversial to acknowledge that referentialism at least seems the more intuitively compelling theory. Pre-theoretically, proper names appear to be most commonly used simply to directly designate unique individuals. To
An algorithm to compute the probability of a run in binary fourth-order Markovian trials

In this paper we give an algorithm that may be used to compute the probability of the occurrence of a given number of consecutive successes (or failures) in binary trials that are dependent. The dependence structure is assumed to be Markovian of order four. The algorithm is applied to the analysis of start-up demonstration test data and to computing the probability of rainy periods in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The importance of choosing a correct model order and the usefulness of the algorithm for making this choice are illustrated.
On null controllability of linear systems with recurrent coefficients and constrained controls

Given a family of time-dependent linear control processes, we study conditions under which local null controllability implies global null controllability. This is done by employing methods of dynamical systems and the Sacker-Sell spectral theory. We show that the above implication holds “almost surely” for recurrent families provided the spectrum of the associated linear system is contained in (−∞,0].
Complexity architecture, phase space dynamics and problem-matched Green's functions

Abstract Analytic forward and inverse modeling of frequency and time domain wave interaction with complex environments, as well as processing of wave-generated data, is performed most effectively when the parameterizing basis functions are phenomenologically matched to the problem requirements. Alternative Green’s function (and thereby field) representations equip the modeler with options whose implications, both forward and inverse, are best explored in the configuration (space–time)-spectrum (wavenumber–frequency) phase space. Access to, and organization of, the phase space dynamics is examined here with emphasis on asymptotics which play a central role in phase space parameterization. Relevant concepts are reviewed and illustrated by simple examples assembled from previous publications.
Are maternal cortisol levels related to preterm birth

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the evidence related to the relationship between maternal cortisol levels and preterm birth. Data Sources A search of Medline, PubMed, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature was conducted using the keywords preterm birth, preterm delivery, premature birth, and cortisol. Study Selection Fifteen studies published in English were selected based on the inclusion criteria. There were no limitations on the dates of publication. Data Extraction The data extracted were related to the gestational age at collection of biological samples, time of day at collection, and differences in cortisol levels between preterm and full-term groups. Data Synthesis The majority of the studies suggested that maternal cortisol levels are related to preterm birth. Women with higher levels of cortisol had higher risk of having a preterm birth. Conclusions Researchers can use the findings of this review to develop future studies that examine the relationship between cortisol levels and preterm birth. Health care providers need to assess pregnant women's stress levels more closely and provide appropriate referrals and treatment to ensure that any actions that may possibly lower stress are being taken to reduce the likelihood of preterm birth.
Existence of Net Electric Charges on Stars

PROF. V. A. BAILEY has recently proposed1 an equation relating the electric charge on a star to the Newtonian gravitational constant and to the mass of the star. This equation has the form : where Q is the electrostatic charge, β is a dimensionless constant of approximately 0.03 for the Sun, G is the gravitational constant, and M is the mass of the star. For the Sun, Q turns out to be 1.5 × 1028 e.s.u. I wish to point out that equation (1) is closely related to a similar equation which I have obtained for the gravitational fields in the interior of fundamental particles (electrons and protons) by applying the Weyl theory of gauge invariance to the Einstein–Ricci curvature tensor.
An RNA Complex of the HIV-1 A-Loop and tRNALys,3 Is Stabilized by Nucleoside Modifications

The HIV transcription initiation complex involves a putative interaction between the primer tRNA anticodon and a conserved A-rich loop in the HIV genome. Surface plasmon resonance was used to demonstrate that the hypermodified nucleosides in the tRNA anticodon stem loop (ASL) stabilize RNA−RNA interactions in a model for the anticodon/A-loop complex. tRNA ASL hairpins with the modifications of Escherchia coli tRNALys and human tRNALys,3 each form stable complexes. Partially modified tRNA ASLs bind the A-loop hairpin with lesser affinity, and it was found that the modifications of the bacterial and mammalian tRNAs make distinct contributions toward stabilizing the RNA complex. One model for the anticodon/A-loop RNA complex that is consistent with the known modification effects on tRNA structure and function is that of complementary tRNAs, as seen for the published crystal structure of tRNAAsp.
Mechanisms of inflammatory response syndrome in sepsis

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis are accompanied by a complex, unbalanced and often fatal activation of the immune and inflammatory systems. Although the mechanisms are not yet completely explored, a variety of infectious and non-infectious conditions can lead to hyperactive inflammatory responses at the onset of sepsis, followed by immunoparalysis, compromised immune function and defective innate immune responses at a later stage.
Editor-in-Chief's Introduction

This special issue showcases six remarkable and resourceful case study articles. Each article presents prescribed practices that have led to community college successes across the United States. Th...
Bilateral renal cell carcinoma withmetastasis to thyroid

A case of bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinomas with metastases to the regional lymph nodes and later to the thyroid gland was treated with aggressive surgical extirpation and adjuvant gamma interferon. The patient continues to have an excellent performance status sixteen months after initial diagnosis despite a large tumor burden at presentation.
Balancing polarization aberrations in crossed fold mirrors.

The polarization aberrations of a fold mirror can be compensated by orienting a second fold mirror’s p-polarization with the first mirror’s s-polarization. This crossed-mirror configuration compensates the polarization for a single angle to zero and leaves a linear variation of diattenuation and retardance for a spherical wavefront. Two sets of crossed fold mirrors when properly oriented compensate the remaining linear variation and leave a much reduced quadratic variation in a large compensated field of view.
Chromosomes of lemuriformes. VI. Comparative karyology ofLemur fulvus: A g-banded karyotype ofLemur fulvus mayottensis (Schlegel 1866)

A description of a G-banded karyotype for Lemur fulvus mayottensiscompletes a sampling of the differentially stained karyotypes of all recognized Lemur fulvussubspecies. The karyotype of two Lemur fulvus mayottensis (one male, one female) contains two pairs of submetacentric autosomes, 27 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric sex chromosomes (2N = 60, N.F. = 64. The karyotype cannot be distinguished from the G-banded karyotypes of Lemur fulvus fulvus, L. f. rufus, L. f. albifrons,or L. f. sanfordi;thus a single G-banded karyotype with a diploid number of 60 characterizes these subspecies. The karyotypes of L. f. collarisand L. f. albocollarisare not like those of other L. fulvussubspecies. They contain a number of biarmed chromosomes derived from a 2N = 60 karyotype via Robertsonian centric fusion of acrocentrics, but retain the N.F. of 64. L. f. collarishas diploid numbers of 52, 51, and 50, with hybridization occurring in wild populations. L. f. albocollaris ischaracterized by 2N =48. Matings of the two subspecies with L. fulvus2N = 60 in captivity regularly produce offspring which are fertile; thus Robertsonian centric fusions per se do not appear to be sufficient to lead to reproductive isolation of sibling populations. Karyotypic studies thus far offer no solution to the question of the relationship between L. f. collaris-albocollarisand any of the living L. fulvus2N = 60 subspecies, but we assume that L. f. collarisand L. f. albocollarisshare a common ancestry because they have two pairs of biarmed fusion products in common. Biarmed chromosomes derived from subsequent fusions involving different acrocentrics (one homologous, the other nonhomologous) serve to distinguish between the collaris-albocollariskaryotypes. The resulting monobrachial homology of one or more biarmed chromosomes may effectively function as a reproductive isolating mechanism, since hybrids between the two should experience difficulties in the synopsis of homologous elements in meiotic prophase.
The effect of pregnancy and delivery on the function and ultrastructure of the rat bladder and urethra.

Objective To examine the effect of pregnancy and delivery on the function and ultrastructure of the bladder and urethra in rats. Material and methods The study comprised six virgin and 18 pregnant rats; both groups underwent cystometry (at the 19th day of gestation, and 2 days and 6 weeks after parturition). Tissues from the bladder and urethra were collected for electron microscopy, western blotting and immunostaining for caveolin-1 and caveolin-3. Results The bladder capacity was greater and the modified leak-point pressures lower in pregnant and 2-day postpartum rats than in virgin and 6-week postpartum rats. The residual volume was significantly higher in the pregnant group. Electron microscopy showed more sarcolemmal caveolae in the smooth muscle cells of both the bladder and urethra of virgin rats than in the other groups. Lipid droplets and subsarcolemmal mitochondria accumulated in pregnant and 2-day postpartum rats. Caveolin-1 protein was detected in the cytoplasmic membrane of urethra and bladder smooth muscle cells. Caveolin-3 was detected in the membrane of striated muscle in the intrinsic sphincter. Western blotting showed increased caveolin-1 protein expression in the bladder and urethra of 2-day postpartum rats; in contrast, levels of caveolin-1 were lower in pregnant rats than in virgin and 6-week postpartum rats. Conclusions During pregnancy there was a significant decrease in sarcolemmal caveolae and caveolin-1 in the smooth muscle cells of the rat bladder and urethra. The changes in caveolae and the membrane protein caveolin may play a role in the functional changes associated with pregnancy and after delivery.
A LIQUID ARGON OR XENON DETECTOR TO OBSERVE A NEUTRINO MAGNETIC MOMENT OF μν~10−11μB

We describe the current situation in the search for a finite magnetic moment. Solar neutrino experiments can be interpreted in terms of a neutrino magnetic moment of ~10−10−10−11μB. Other astrophysical constraints are very model-dependent. We then describe a technique to detect a magnetic moment using neutrinos from a reactor or low energy neutrino facility and a cryogenic electron drift detector with a mass in the range of 1–5 tons. Background estimates are also given for an experimental search. We estimate that a neutrino magnetic moment down to 4×10−11μB can be searched for with this technique. We consider both argon and xeuon to be suitable detector components.
Preoptic projections to Barringon's nucleus and the pericoerulear region: Architecture and terminal organization

The medial preoptic area (MPO), a sexually dimorphic region, plays a pivotal role in neuroendocrine function and reproductive behavior. We recently reported that MPO projects heavily to the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). We also noted that MPO projects to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Here we identified the cells of origin of the MPOtegmental projection and delineated the terminal organization of MPO projections to Barrington's nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), and the rostromedial pericoerulear region (pLCrm). Correlative cyto- and chemoarchitectonic studies were done to define better the nuclear groups of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Retrograde tracing revealed that MPO neurons projecting to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum are preferentially distributed in distinct subregions of MPO, including the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Anterograde tracing with wheat germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin demonstrated considerable target specificity in projections from MPO to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Barrington's nucleus receives a dense focal input along its entire rostrocaudal axis. In addition, pLCrm is heavily targeted by MPO inputs; pLCrm contains a concentrated plexus of extranuclear dendrites of LC neurons. The lateral dorsal tegmental (LDT) nucleus and LC proper receive only sparse input from MPO. MPO projections to Barrington's nucleus could regulate micturition reflexes during reproductive behavior. The MPOpLCrm projection could influence noradrenergic LC neurons in relation to reproductive and/or gonadal steroid function. Given the strong established connections from olfactory structures to MPO, it is possible that the MPOLC pathway provides an anatomical substrate for olfactory modulation of arousal. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of Bismuth-207 at Eniwetok Atoll

DURING March 18–30, 1961, 308 samples of soil, water, algae, land plants, plankton, fish and invertebrates were collected at Eniwetok Atoll for assay of radioactivity. Two of the samples, taken from the bottom of the lagoon, contained a γ-emitting isotope not previously reported at the Eniwetok Test Site. One sample, which consisted primarily of radiolarians, foraminiferans, and small sand grains, was collected in a plankton net placed under the outflow of a salt water supply system for marine aquaria in which the intake pipe was located on the bottom of the lagoon near Eniwetok Island. The other sample was a specimen of a brown alga, Dictyota divaricata Lamouroux, collected in three feet of water in the lagoon off Glenn Island on the west side of the atoll.
Use of the TurboSiP © software to predict the long-term reliability of solder joints on photovoltaic systems

The TurboSiP© software predicts the thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) of commonly used solder joints. The input parameters are package materials, interconnection design, solder alloy (Sn-Pb or Pb-free), and the environment. This computational tool was used to predict the TMF lifetime of (a) collector circuit solder joints used in photovoltaic solar panel systems as well as (b) 1206 chip capacitor and (c) 14 I/O SOIC package solder joints on the printed circuit boards of the inverter module. All interconnections were analyzed as having the eutectic Sn-Pb solder. A service temperature cycle was defined from data logger parameters. Accelerated aging test conditions were also evaluated in the software. The TurboSiP© predicted lifetimes for the collector circuit as well as convention component solder joints that were more-than-adequate to meet the customer's requirements.
The Evidence-Based Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis

The authors conducted a MEDLINE search from January 1,1990, to July 1, 2004, using the medical subject headings“venous thrombosis” or “thrombophlebitis,” “ﬁbrin” or“ﬁbrinogen degradation products” and “predictive value oftests” and the key words: “DVT,” “D-dimer,” “diagnosis,”“sensitivity,” “speciﬁcity,” “clinical probability,” “clinicalmodel,” or “decision rule.” This search was supplemented byreviewing the reference lists of those articles selected forinclusion, review articles retrieved, and review of 4,200 articlesin the authors’ own institutional reference library.
Dosage compensation in drosophila: Sequence-specific initiation and sequence-independent spreading of MSL complex to the active genes on the male X chromosome

For the dosage compensation to occur, genes on the single male X chromosomes in Drosophila must be selectively bound and acetylated by the ribonucleoprotein complex called MSL complex. It remained unknown how such exquisite specificity is achieved, and whether specific DNA sequences were involved. In the present work we demonstrate that it is transcription of the gene on the X chromosome that is important for MSL targeting, irrespective of gene origin and DNA sequence.
Stellar evolutionary models from the zero-age main sequence to the first thermal pulse

Detailed numerical tabulations of 32 stellar evolutionary sequences extending from either the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) or the zero-age horizontal branch (ZAHB), and through to the occurrence of thermal pulses on the asymptotic giant branch, are presented. The models span a range of 1-3 M ○. (except for one 4 M ○. and one 5 M ○. model) and cover metallicities of Z = 0.02, 0.01, 0.006, 0.003, and 0.001, each with Y = 0.20 and 0.30. These models can be used for various stellar population studies, and as a comparison between rival calculations with different input physics.
Cataract surgery in anticoagulated patients.

Abstract A prospective study was performed on 31 patients having planned extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. The patients were considered to be anticoagulated because of the medications, they were taking. The patients were instructed to continue their usual medications throughout the perioperative period including the day of surgery. All patients had routine narcoleptic sedation and retrobulbar anesthesia. The surgical technique was altered to use an inferior corneal traction suture and a single planed clear corneal incision. No intraoperative or postoperative anterior chamber bleeding was seen. The observed complications were increased awareness of corneal sutures, increased endothelial cell loss, delayed visual rehabilitation from with-the-rule astigmatism, and transient corneal edema. All patients achieved 20/40 or better visual acuity without corneal edema by three months post-surgery.
The Audit Committee Oversight Process

Audit committees are increasingly responsible for the quality of financial reporting and oversight of the audit processes in U.S. public companies (e.g.. Blue Ribbon Committee [BRC] 1999; New York Stock Exchange [NYSE] 2004; SarbanesOxley Act [SOX] 2002), but as noted in the quote above, it is often challenging to provide effective oversight, especially in large, complex organizations. The intense focus on greater audit committee responsibility has led to a number of studies on audit committee performance (for reviews of the academic literature on audit committees, see Cohen, Krishnamoorthy, and Wright 2004; DeZoort, Hermanson, Archambeault, and Reed 2002; and Turley and Zaman 2004). Much of this
Low-Dose Dopexamine's Effect on Lung and Gut Function after CPB in a Sheep Model

Objective.The lung injury regularly associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be linked to gut mucosal dysfunction occurring as the result of mucosal ischemia associated with nonpulsatile CPB. To examine this possibility we postulated that the weak-β2 agonist dopexamine would improve gut mucosal blood flow, thereby decreasing gut and lung dysfunction seen after CPB in sheep. Methods.Anesthetized sheep had 2 h of hypothermic (24°C), nonpulsatile CPB, and 60 min of cold, blood cardioplegic arrest. After warming they were separated from CPB for 2 h of reperfusion. Before and during CPB, dopexamine at 2 μg/kg/min (n= 7) or saline (n= 7) were infused in a blinded fashion. Hemodynamic parameters were measured. Biatrial thromboxane B2levels were obtained. Mesenteric arterial flow (QSMA), mucosal flow (Qmuc), FD-4 clearance (ClFD-4), and tonometric pHiwere measured at baseline and 30-min intervals on, and after, CPB. Results.After CPB, similar reductions in MAP were seen (P< 0.05 vs. baseline), but heart rate and the mean pulmonary vascular resistance were significantly increased in the dopexamine animals (P< 0.05 vs. placebo). Plasma thromboxane was similarly increased in both groups after CPB (P< 0.05 vs. baseline), returning to baseline 1 h after CPB. TheQsmawas not altered, but a statistically significant decrease inQmucand pHioccurred in both groups (P< 0.05 vs. baseline). In both groups FD-4 clearance reached a peak 30 min after CPB (P< 0.05; dopexamine vs. baseline). After 2 h neither of these changes returned to control levels. Conclusions.In this ovine model, gut mucosal ischemia and increased permeability occur with hypothermic CPB, but dopexamine administration during CPB, compared to placebo, neither ameliorates these intestinal derangements nor reduces post-CPB lung pathophysiology.
A prospective study of the factors influencing entry to alcohol and drug treatment.

Much is known about factors related to entering alcohol and drug treatment, but most research comprises cross-sectional “snapshots” in time. It is not known whether the reasons for entering treatment endure when problem drinkers are studied over time. This study contrasts characteristics predicting treatment entry in a cross-sectional analysis at baseline with a longitudinal perspective at 1- and 3-year follow-up interviews. Sociodemographic characteristics were less important in the longitudinal analysis. In contrast to the social consequences important at the baseline interview, physiologic symptoms of alcohol dependence and interventions by medical professionals were prominent at later interview points. The findings have implications for interventions by health professionals, both for the development of early interventions targeting individuals to treatment and for a continuing care service model.
Reaction-induced excitations of clusters

Abstract The energies released from the exothermic reactions of small neutral and cationic Na n and Mg n clusters with halogen and sulphur atoms are calculated self-consistently using the density functional theory. The excess energies are found to vary over a wide range and are strongly dependent on cluster size and composition. These energies are sufficient to promote the clusters to an electronic excited state making them potential candidates for new sources of lasers.
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SHOCKED LEAD

Hydrodynamic experiments often require optical observation of shocked surfaces. However, phenomena that alter surface appearance can obscure the interpretation of data. We have extended our studies of material ejection to include more complicated shock structures. In addition, we have used both thin foils and an imposed atmosphere as ways of sampling the surface in search for nonhomogeneous behavior. Quantitative measures of mass ejection were obtained using x-ray transmission analysis, and high-speed photography provided qualitative data. Results indicate that the amount of mass ejected is a function of shock structure. Many heterogeneous effects are observed that are presumed to be related to surface preparation, partial melting, and spall.
Synthesis of siloxane stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography

A comparison is made between dichlorosilanes and cyclic siloxanes as starting materials in the synthesis of stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography (CGC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Siloxanes containing one or more of the side groups methyl, vinyl, phenyl, and cyanoethyl in various ratios were synthesized and compared. These phases were characterized by chromatographic (gel permeation, GPC), spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR, 29Si NMR), and thermal (DSC) methods. Coated fused silica columns were evaluated with respect to polarity, crosslinkability with several free-radical initiators, and thermal stability. A new liquid phase, 7% cyanoethyl, 7% phenyl, 1% vinyl methyl polysiloxane is shown to be more polar than OV-1701, more temperature stable, easily crosslinked and suitable for use in supercritical fluid chromatography.
DNA CANCER VACCINES : A GENE GUN APPROACH

A wide variety of approaches, all using gene transfer, have been tested experimentally as alternative means to vaccinate against cancer, either prophylactically or therapeutically. These include both ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer to tumour and/or non-tumour cells, using both viral and non-viral vectors. The transferred DNA has varied widely as well, including genomic or cDNA encoding tumour-associated or oncofoetal antigens, cytokines, histocompatibility molecules, and costimulatory molecules. Several of these approaches have been applied in human clinical trials. This review summarizes those approaches, then compares and evaluates various methods using cytokine DNA in conjunction with autologous tumour cells, with particular emphasis on particle-mediated gene transfer via a gene gun. Finally, prospects and needs for further development are discussed.
Online resources for news about toxicology and other environmental topics.

Abstract Technology has revolutionized researchers’ ability to find and retrieve news stories and press releases. Thanks to electronic library systems and telecommunications — notably the Internet–computer users in seconds can sift through millions of articles to locate mainstream articles about toxicology and other environmental topics. But that does not mean it is easy to find what one is looking for. There is a confusing array of databases and services that archive news articles and press releases: (1) some are free; others cost thousands of dollars a year to access, (2) some include hundreds of newspaper and magazine titles; others cover only one publication, (3) some contain archives going back decades; others have just the latest news, (4) some offer only journalistically balanced reports from mainstream news sources; others mix news with opinions and advocacy and include reports from obscure or biased sources. This article explores ways to find news online — particularly news about toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health and the environment in general. The article covers web sites devoted to environmental news; sites and search engines for general-interest news; newspaper archives; commercial information services; press release distribution services and archives; and other resources and strategies for finding articles in the popular press about toxicology and the environment.
Power-saving algorithms in electricity usage - comparison between the power saving algorithms and machine learning techniques

In this paper, we propose a collaborative comparison between the online/offline algorithms for energy demand power saving purposes. Based on the Gaia Power model, resource-buffering algorithms are considered a practical peak-shaving model to effectively minimize the excessive power request. Although the algorithmic infrastructure is focused on a battery, this energy demand power saving problem is analogous to traditional demand and supply problem. In light of the similarity, we implement various machine-learning techniques, including Multiple-Layer Perceptron(MLP), Radial Basis Functions(RBF), Recurrent Neural Networks(RNN) to the identical peak-shaving model problem. In addition, the traditional naive forecasting model and linear regression will also be discussed. Our findings suggest that the neural networks not only show faster demand smoothing in power saving algorithms, but being a nature of online algorithms is also theoretically and statistically more efficient than resource buffering algorithm and DCEC technology.
Developmental regulation of the rat insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene

Abstract We have investigated the developmental regulation of the rat insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor gene in various tissues using a sensitive and specific solution hybridization/RNase protection assay. For this purpose we characterized rat IGF-I receptor cDNAs that were cloned from a simian virus 40-transformed rat granulosa cell cDNA library. The specific cDNA clone used in these studies encoded the putative signal peptide and the first 53 amino acids of the alpha subunit and was approximately 94% homologous to its human counterpart. IGF-I receptor gene expression was studied during the perinatal period and at various intervals until early adulthood. Overall, steady-state IGF-I receptor mRNA levels decreased dramatically during postnatal development; however, the extent of the decrease differed among the various tissues studied. In contrast to receptor mRNA levels, IGF-I mRNA levels increased in some of the same tissues. The molecular mechanisms underlying this apparent divergent transcriptional control of the IGF-I and IGF-I receptor genes warrant further study.
Rh(O)D immune globulin products for prevention of alloimmunization during pregnancy.

Purpose The pharmacologic properties of Rhesus (Rh) immune globulin (RhIG) and clinical data on its effectiveness in preventing Rh-antigen alloimmunization in pregnant women are reviewed. Summary RhIG is a human plasma derivative that targets red blood cells (RBCs) positive for RhO antigen (also called D antigen). In the United States and other countries, the widespread use of RhIG has markedly reduced the occurrence of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), a devastating condition caused by D-antigen sensitization of a pregnant woman via exposure to fetal RBCs (usually during detachment of the placenta in labor) that results in a maternal immune response leading to severe hemolysis in the fetus. Routine administration of RhIG at 26–30 weeks’ gestation and again within 72 hours of delivery has been shown to be highly effective in preventing maternal Rh alloimmunization, with very low rates of D-antigen sensitization (in the range of 0–2.2%) reported in multiple studies of at-risk women. The four RhIG products currently available in the United States have common clinical indications but differ in certain attributes. Pharmacists can play an important role in guiding other clinicians on the rationale for the use of RhIG, important differences between products, and appropriate timing of RhIG therapy. Conclusion Routine administration of RhIG to women at risk for Rh alloimmunization is clinically effective and has made HDFN a rare clinical event. The available RhIG products are not the same and should be carefully reviewed to ensure that they are administered safely.
Monetary Policy, Monetary Areas, and Financial Development with Electronic Money

Electronic money (e-money), as a network good, could become an important form of currency in the future. Such a development could affect monetary policy effectiveness. If an increased use of e-money substantially limits the demand for central bank reserves, this limitation would require changes in the central bank operational target and a closer coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. Also, the optimal size of monetary unions would be different. However, the current level of e-money use does not seem to pose a threat to the stability of the financial system. Thus, central banks can successfully implement the objectives of monetary policy.