cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Blanket Statements: Rethinking the History and Politics of American Social Class

In Joan C. Williams's White Working Class: Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America and Nancy Isenberg's White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America, the reader will find a nation riven by abiding class prejudice. Both have written explicitly with the goal of forcing readers to confront the deep, ugly, and ultimately destructive effects of elite snobbery towards working-class or impoverished white people. They both believe that educated readers tend to minimize or ignore how much class matters and has mattered in American history and to deny their own class biases; these books are meant to make that denial harder to sustain.
Ultrasound-Guided Biceps Tendon Sheath Injection: Spectrum of Preprocedure Appearances.

Objectives To determine the frequency of ultrasound (US) appearances of the extra-articular long head of the proximal biceps tendon in patients referred for US-guided biceps tendon sheath injections. Methods We reviewed our US-guided biceps tendon sheath injections between January 2015 and December 2017, noting the appearance of the biceps tendon and sheath, as well as the needle size used, and what was injected. Clinical electronic medical records were also reviewed to determine safety and patients' responses. Results A total of 300 US-guided biceps tendon sheath injections were performed for anterior shoulder pain. Preliminary US evaluations revealed that 129 of 300 (43%) patients had a normal US appearance of the biceps tendon; 110 (36.6%) had tendinosis; 13 (4.3%) had tenosynovitis; 31 (10.3%) had both tendinosis and tenosynovitis; 8 (2.7%) had a biceps tendon tear; and 9 (3%) had a history of a tenodesis. Of 81 patients who had pain relief after the injection, 41 had a normal tendon appearance on US, and 40 had an abnormal US appearance. Conclusions A large minority of patients with anterior shoulder pain clinically suspected to be due to the biceps tendon have a normal-appearing tendon and sheath. This should not dissuade the operator from performing the procedure.
Ethnic associations and politics in contemporary Malawi

ABSTRACTMalawi has recently seen a rise in the number and prominence of formal ethnic associations. What is the nature of these organizations and what effect will they have on politics? To answer t...
Feasibility of a Preoperative Anemia Protocol in a Large Integrated Health Care System.

Background Optimizing preoperative anemia is a required component of the Joint Commission Patient Blood Management Certification and an important component of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery. Objective To describe a preoperative anemia protocol developed and implemented at the Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center in California to facilitate preoperative identification and treatment of anemia. Methods The protocol included all operations at risk of causing substantial blood loss. It excluded emergent operations and those for which the patient had a normal last hemoglobin value within the prior 12 months unless newly developed anemia was suspected. Eligible patients were screened for laboratory evaluation, and those with anemia were treated for reversible causes. Consistency was ensured by physician, staff, and patient education, and by use of electronic health records. Administration of intravenous iron and erythropoietin and consultation with specialists were expedited as part of a management algorithm. Results Among 510 patients enrolled during 1 year, 442 (87%) received anemia screening laboratory tests. Half of those with laboratory results were eligible for further optimization: 207 had anemia and 21 had iron deficiency without anemia. Among the 228 patients eligible for optimization, 189 (83%) had anemia addressed preoperatively. Of 129 patients with iron deficiency anemia, 102 (79%) received intravenous iron preoperatively, with a mean preoperative increase in hemoglobin level by 0.98 g/dL (n = 79). Conclusion Integration of specialty services, optimization of technology, and consistency across practitioners were crucial for successful implementation and sustainability of a preoperative anemia protocol developed to expedite and enhance best practices.
Incorporating Research in the Undergraduate Experience at a Private Teaching-Centric Institution

This paper presents several case studies that demonstrate how undergraduate students at a teaching-centric institution can actively participate in research. We elaborate on three mechanisms to include students in research: independent study, technical electives, and senior design (capstone) project. Our examples in these mechanisms present techniques to keep students interested and motivated throughout a research project. These techniques also create possibilities for publication and creation of new research areas, both of which are vital to the faculty's and student's success. We elaborate on lessons learned with the aim to help faculty at teaching-centric institutions to effectively incorporate research in the undergraduate experience, while conducting an effective research program of their own.
Humility, pride, and Christian virtue theory / Humility and human flourishing: a study in analytic moral theology

While humility has long been viewed as the paradigmatic Christian virtue, moderns have given it as much censure as praise. For Hume, Nietzsche, feminists and others, the self-abnegation and denial ...
Living la Vida T-LoCoH: site fidelity of Florida ranched and wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) transmission period.

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a pathogen vectored by Culicoides midges that causes significant economic loss in the cervid farming industry and affects wild deer as well. Despite this, its ecology is poorly understood. Studying movement and space use by ruminant hosts during the transmission season may elucidate EHDV ecology by identifying behaviors that can increase exposure risk. Here we compared home ranges (HRs) and site fidelity metrics within HRs using the T-LoCoH R package and GPS data from collared deer. Here, we tested whether white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) roaming within a high-fenced, private deer farm (ranched) and native deer from nearby state-managed properties (wild) exhibited differences in home range (HR) size and usage during the 2016 and 2017 EHDV seasons. We captured male and female individuals in both years and derived seasonal HRs for both sexes and both groups for each year. HRs were calculated using a time-scale distance approach in T-LoCoH. We then derived revisitation and duration of visit metrics and compared between years, sexes, and ranched and wild deer. We found that ranched deer of both sexes tended to have smaller activity spaces (95% HR) and revisited sites within their HR more often but stayed for shorter periods than wild deer. However, core area (25% HR) sizes did not significantly differ between these groups. The contrast in our findings between wild and ranched deer suggest that home range usage, rather than size, in addition to differences in population density, likely drive differences in disease exposure during the transmission period.
Parallelized path-based search for constraint satisfaction in autonomous cognitive agents

Cognitive agents are typically utilized in autonomous systems for automated decision making. With the widespread use of autonomous systems in complex environments, the need for real-time cognitive agents is essential. Cognitive agents are more capable when they are able to process larger amounts of information to make more informed and intelligent decisions. The solution search space for cognitive agents increases exponentially with large volumes of varied data. In this paper, we present the parallelization of the knowledge-mining component of a cognitive agent that can be programmed to reason like humans. This study examined a novel high-performance path-based forward checking algorithm on 128 compute nodes at the Ohio Supercomputing Center (768 cores) to achieve a speedup of over 200 times compared to a serial implementation of our algorithm. The serial implementation is around 10–25 times faster than a conventional Java-based constraint solver at generating the first solution.
Probing Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of γ-Secretase in Alzheimer's Disease

The membrane-embedded γ-secretase complex carries out hydrolysis within the lipid bilayer in proteolyzing nearly 150 different membrane protein substrates. Among these substrates, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been the most studied, as generation of aggregation-prone amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in APP and in presenilin, the catalytic component of γ-secretase, cause familial AD, strong evidence for a pathogenic role of Aβ. Substrate-based chemical probes-synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics-have been critical to unraveling the complexity of γ-secretase, and small drug-like inhibitors and modulators of γ-secretase activity have been essential for exploring the potential of the protease as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Such chemical probes and therapeutic prototypes will be reviewed here, with concluding commentary on the future directions in the study of this biologically important protease complex and the translation of basic findings into therapeutics.
Beyond the Affordable Care Act's Premium Tax Credit: Ensuring Access to Safety Net Programs

The United States took a gigantic step toward universal health care with the passage of the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”). Under the ACA, nearly everyone is required to have coverage, and correspondingly, no one can be turned away. To ease the financial burden of the individual mandate, the ACA subsidizes coverage for lower-income people. The primary subsidy is a refundable tax credit called the Premium Tax Credit, first available in 2014.To claim the credit, a person must file a tax return — but not just any return. The ACA requires married individuals to file jointly. For many, this is problematic if not downright dangerous. The tax code currently has some exceptions that allow married individuals to be treated as single, but those exceptions do not reach all people for whom filing jointly is dangerous or difficult. In recognition of this reality, the IRS published temporary regulations implementing an exception to the joint filing requirement for certain victims of domestic abuse or spousal abandonment.This article urges the IRS to expand the exception to other categories of individuals who face serious hurdles to filing jointly, such as long-separated spouses. Couples in long-term separations tend to be low-income racial and ethnic minorities with children, exactly the target population for the Premium Tax Credit. This article makes concrete suggestions for reforms that would better protect vulnerable populations and lead to more equitable results.Looking beyond the Premium Tax Credit, this article outlines other tax benefits that are lost when not filing jointly. The Premium Tax Credit is but one example of a more systemic problem. For example, the Earned Income Tax Credit, the single largest federal cash assistance program, is lost to a married taxpayer without a joint return. This article looks critically at why the tax code repeatedly requires joint filing to claim tax benefits and argues that the Premium Tax Credit exception should be extended to apply to other tax benefits. If we are truly concerned that a domestic violence victim cannot (or should not) file jointly with an abuser, then we should enable the victim to receive all the tax benefits that are so critical to our anti-poverty efforts.
Rapid Entrapment of Phenazine Ethosulfate within a Polyelectrolyte Complex on Electrodes for Efficient NAD + Regeneration in Mediated NAD + -Dependent Bioelectrocatalysis.

Over the past two decades, the designs of redox polymers have become critical to the field of mediated bioelectrocatalysis and are used in commercial glucose biosensors, as well as other bioelectrochemical applications (e.g., energy harvesting). These polymers are specifically used to immobilize redox mediators on electrode surfaces, allowing for self-exchange-based conduction of electrons from enzymes far from the electrode to the electrode surface. However, the synthesis of redox polymers is challenging and results in large batch-to-batch variability. Herein, we report a rapid entrapment of mediators for NAD+-dependent bioelectrocatalysis within reverse ionically condensed polyelectrolytes. A high ionic strength aqueous solution of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, composed of cationic polyguanidinium (PG) chloride and anionic sodium hexametaphosphate (P6), undergoes phase inversion into a solid microporous polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) when introduced into a low ionic strength aqueous solution. The ionic strength-triggered phase inversion of PGP6 solutions was investigated as a means to entrap mediators on the surface of electrodes for mediated bioelectrocatalysis. Compared to the traditional cross-linked immobilizations using redox polymers, this phase inversion takes place within seconds and requires up to 60 min for complete stabilization. In this work, redox mediator phenazine ethosulfate (PES) was entrapped within PGP6 on electrode surfaces for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent bioelectrocatalysis. In the bulk solution, NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase enzymes catalyze the oxidation of the substrate while reducing NAD to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The resulting NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ by the entrapped PES that gets reduced on the electrode, completing the NAD+-regeneration-based bioelectrocatalysis. To show the use of these new materials in an application, biofuel cells were evaluated using four different anodic enzyme systems (alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate hydrogenase, glycerol dehydrogenase, and glucose dehydrogenase).
Hot head-out water immersion does not acutely alter dynamic cerebral autoregulation or cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia

Recurring hot head-out water immersion (HOWI) enhances peripheral vascular function and cerebral blood velocity during non-immersion conditions. However, it is unknown if an acute bout of hot HOWI ...
Effects of Permanent and Temporary Edges on Pinus clausa (sand pine) Architecture and Stand Conditions

Effects of permanent (i.e., maintained) and temporary edges with north- and south-facing exposures were studied in sand pine (Pinus clausa var. clausa) scrub, an open-canopied forest type in Ocala ...
Database Creation, Visualization, and Statistical Learning for Polymer Li + -Electrolyte Design

Author(s): Schauser, Nicole S; Kliegle, Gabrielle A; Cooke, Piper; Segalman, Rachel A; Seshadri, Ram
Differentiation of natural killer cells from induced pluripotent stem cells under defined, serum- and feeder-free conditions.

Abstract Background aims Traditionally, natural killer (NK) cells are sourced from the peripheral blood of donors―a laborious and highly donor-specific process. Processes for generating NK cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have demonstrated that it is possible to successfully generate renewable alloreactive NK cells that are not only functional in vivo but can also be genetically engineered for enhanced function. However, poor standardization and cumbersome differentiation procedures suggest that further improvements in the control of the differentiation process are necessary. Methods Here the authors evaluated the potential of differentiating NK cells from centrally authenticated iPSCs under entirely chemically defined and serum-free conditions as well as their immunotherapeutic potential, after expansion in feeder-free media, against solid tumors targets. To address limitations of current differentiation approaches, the authors did not utilize feeder or stromal cell layers, TrypLE adaptation or peripheral blood during the differentiation process. The authors also evaluated the feasibility of utilizing centrally authenticated iPSC lines, thus circumventing protocol- and donor-induced variability associated with reprogramming approaches, and characterized these iPSC-NK cells in terms of cytotoxicity, cytokine production and degranulation potential against solid tumor cell lines and patient-derived targets. Results Differentiation of iPSCs generated NK cells that were predominantly CD56+/CD16+/CD3− and expressed NK activation markers NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46 and DNAM-1. These iPSC-NK cells mediated effector functions, including cytotoxicity, degranulation and IFN-γ production, in response to solid tumor targets, including patient-derived cancer cells, and could be cryopreserved and expanded in culture. Conclusions The ability to produce NK cells under defined conditions and the functional responses elicited by these iPSC-NK cells suggest that they could represent promising effectors in clinical adoptive transfer settings as a renewable source of donor-independent NK cells for immunotherapy of solid tumors.
Which Patient Do I Attend to First? Night-float Simulation to Assess Surgical Intern's Clinical Prioritization Skills.

OBJECTIVE Night-float rotations require general surgery interns to prioritize multiple competing patients’ needs efficiently and accurately. Research is lacking on whether these skills can be taught and to what degree the prioritizations taught match overall attending surgeon expectations. DESIGN A night-float situation was developed to simulate the experience of surgical interns responding to multiple patients’ needs. Participants were instructed to rank order 10 patient paper-case scenarios with a variety of clinical urgencies. After completing their first ranking, the interns participated in a faculty-facilitated peer discussion (intervention) and were then instructed to re-rank their priorities. Their performance was compared pre- and post-intervention, and to the ranking of 16 surgery faculty attendings. SETTING Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA. PARTICIPANTS Post-graduate year (PGY) 1 surgical residents. RESULTS Two classes of general surgery interns (n = 25) completed the prioritization training simulation in the middle of their internship year, one class in 2018 and one in 2020. Agreement between interns regarding patient prioritization ranking increased after the facilitated peer discussion (pre-intervention mean standard deviation = 1.8 versus 0.9 post-intervention; p = 0.03). In the post-intervention mean rank, four cases moved by one position (p CONCLUSION A faculty-led facilitated discussion appears to increase clinical prioritization consistency among surgical interns and better align their prioritizations with expectations of local attending surgeons.
Building research capacity through an academic community of practice: a design case study

Abstract Purpose The study's purpose was to examine the faculty-driven organization's design and development that supports faculty research needs, track the emergence of the community of practice (CoP) and provide greater insight into continued organizational design iterations. Design/methodology/approach In this longitudinal design case study, the authors employed different methods to collect and analyze archival, quantitative, and qualitative data to capture the phenomenon's complexity. Findings The findings challenge the assumption that only formal organizational structures and top-down management approaches stimulate research and build research capacity in universities and propose a new sustainable and agile informal organizational structure and strategies to respond to faculty members' various research needs. Research limitations/implications Future research is needed to investigate the tension between the individual researchers' and organizational needs, formal and informal organizational structures in universities, and create a culture that would stimulate research. Practical implications Some of the recommended strategies and activities already have been implemented by the Research Consortium Committee (RCC), and faculty engagement in the RCC initiatives has increased. The practical implications are not limited to a College of Education (COE) context. The findings and the developed strategies could apply to many universities and colleges that desire to support their researchers. The research development officers, university administration, and policymakers can consider the results of the present study to develop a comprehensive framework for research capacity and infrastructure building from not only organizational but individual perspectives. Originality/value This study provides one of the rare empirical investigations of the design, development, and evolution of researchers' needs-driven informal organization in higher education (HE) setting.
Superconductinglike response in a driven gapped bosonic system

We propose a mechanism for the photoinduced superconductinglike response recently reported in cuprates and other strongly correlated materials. This mechanism relies on quantum-fluctuating bosons consisting of electron pairs. With periodic drive, the electron pairs and vacancies of pairs form a coherent nonequilibrium condensate, different from conventional superconductors, yet showing a superconductinglike response in some regime even with dissipation. Unlike the case of driven fermionic bands, which results in the familiar Floquet bands with hybridization gaps, for driven bosons the ``gap'' opens up in the momentum direction, resulting in a resonant region in momentum space where the eigenvalues are complex. We give a simple physical argument for why this picture leads to a ``perfect conductor'' which exhibits superconductinglike frequency-dependent conductivity but no Meissner response. While our model is quite general, in the case of cuprates, a quantum-fluctuating pair density wave in the pseudogap region may serve as the origin of the quantum-fluctuating electron pairs.
Researching Digital Sociality: Using WhatsApp to Study Educational Change

Digital technologies have become deeply implicated in and constitutive of contemporary social life. They are reshaping who we are and how we associate with one another, and are profoundly reconfiguring social relations, processes, and practices in a host of social spheres, particularly education. With Covid-19 further entrenching this implication and accelerating those changes, we are forced to rethink what research is and how it is done. This article presents a step towards researching a changing sociality using social media. Drawing on fieldwork on the digital transformation of Egyptian education, it argues that and showcases how WhatsApp can be systematically used as a qualitative data collection instrument to examine educational change. This article also situates WhatsApp research within digital ethnographic traditions, unpacks emergent methodological challenges and ethical quandaries, and presents potential ways to manage them. In so doing, it problematizes extant methodological categories (such as participation), entrenched dichotomies (such as private/public space), and epistemological questions (such as research temporality). Using a unique case from the Global South at an exceptional time of (educational) change, this article can help researchers as they think about their questions, design their research, conduct their fieldwork, and maneuver an elusive digital landscape. It informs broader methodological discussions within digital sociology and anthropology (of education), digital ethnography, and social media research. It also informs research in other domains like healthcare, geographies beyond the Global South, and platforms with similar affordances like Telegram.
PTK6 mediates intestinal endothelial barrier dysfunction in response to TNFα (695.1)

A key event in the progression of systemic inflammation resulting from severe trauma or shock involves hyperpermeability of the intestinal endothelium. The signaling events leading to increased end...
Offender-Victim Relationships in Criminal Homicide Followed by Offender's Suicide, North Carolina, 1972–1977

An analysis of 90 cases of criminal homicide followed by suicide in North Carolina, 1972 to 1977. Homicidal victim-offender relationships were investigated in regard to age, sex, race and whether victim and offender were member of the same family, friends, acquaintances, or strangers. These results were compared with victim-offender relationships in 994 criminal homicide cases in North Carolina in which offenders did not commit suicide. Married white males over 30 years were much more involved in homicide-suicide than they were in homicide alone. In these homicide-suicide cases, the victim was usually the spouse. Except for marital status, characteristics of homicide offenders who killed themselves resembled those of suicide-only individuals much more than those of homicide-only offenders. In the homicide-suicide cases, the killing of someone in close relationship to the offender, often a wife, appeared to be part of the evolving process of suicide. This clearly has implications for intervention into marital strife and also for immediate treatment of homicide offenders who kill spouses and other family members.
Thermal Stress Prediction in AA5182 Rectangular Ingots

In DC casting of aluminum alloys, thermal strains can cause cracks during and after solidification and rejection of the ingot. Previous numerical models have simulated strain and stress in rounds, but less attention has been paid to slabs. To study residual stresses as a function of rectangular ingot aspect ratio and absolute ingot size, a 3D finite element model is used with simplified dynamic thermal boundary conditions. In industrial practice, a wiper is sometimes placed below the mold to isolate the lower part of ingot from cooling water, and that effect is also simulated. Stresses throughout the process start-up are predicted; the surface is first under tension, and later in compression, while the center has the opposite history. Results indicate decreasing stress magnitudes with the addition of a wiper. Also, placing the wiper closer to the mold will further reduce the residual tension in ingot center, but, if the wiper is too close, the ingot surface temperature will rebound and the surface may begin to remelt. A height limit of wiper position is determined to prevent the surface remelting. Larger ingots and slabs with larger aspect ratios are found out to have a higher overall tension level.
Spread-Spectrum Signal Communication Over a Fading Channel: a Simulation Study

The propagation characteristics of a time-varying dispersive channel for a spread-spectrum (SS) signal is studied using a block diagram simulation technique developed around a TDC-316 (ECIL) computer. Measurements of the crosscorrelation properties of pseudo-noise sequences (PNS) of various lengths propagated through the simulated medium are carried out. The communication capability of the medium is established by transmission of pulse signals, biphase modulating the PNS, through the simulated fading medium. The reproduced signal is in very good agreement with the signal transmitted over a time invariant path with a fixed delay.
A deductive approach towards controller synthesis

This paper proposes a deductive approach towards controller synthesis. The system to be controlled and the environment are modeled as phase transition systems and the specification of the entire system is expressed by a hybrid temporal logic formula. Verification rules are used to determine whether the system in conjunction with a control strategy meets the specification. The control strategy is refined until it meets the given specification.
Identification of critical residues in loop E in the 5-HT3ASR binding site.

Background The serotonin type 3 receptor (5-HT3R) is a member of a superfamily of ligand gated ion channels. All members of this family share a large degree of sequence homology and presumably significant structural similarity. A large number of studies have explored the structure-function relationships of members of this family, particularly the nicotinic and GABA receptors. This information can be utilized to gain additional insights into specific structural and functional features of other receptors in this family.
Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh

The Sundarbans are one of the most significant mangrove forests in Asia. Due to both lack of information and lack of capacity to conduct conservation planning in response to climate change, an essential component of future conservation work in the region will be to develop strong climate-sensitive indicators of conservation requirements. One of these can be freshwater dolphin populations, which integrate climate-related changes from the mountains to the sea and can thus inform adaptive resource management. Considering both the vital importance of the Sundarbans mangrove forest for sustaining livelihoods and biodiversity, as well as the region’s extreme vulnerability to climate change, freshwater dolphin ecology offers a way forward to prioritize aquatic conservation activities in the region.
Non-fatal work-related traumatic brain injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments, 1998–2007

Purpose Little is known about work-related traumatic brain injuries (WRTBI). This study describes non-fatal WRTBIs treated in US emergency departments (ED) from 1998 through 2007. Methods Non-fatal WRTBIs were identified from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS-Work) using the diagnoses of concussion, internal organ injury to the head and skull fracture. WRTBI rates and rate ratios were calculated, and the trend in rates was assessed. Results An estimated 586 600 (95% CI=±150 000) WRTBIs were reported during the 10-year period at a rate of 4.3 (CI=±1.1) per 10 000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers (1 FTE=2000 h per year). From 1998 through 2007, the rate of WRTBIs increased at an average of 0.21 per 10 000 FTE per year (p Conclusions Non-fatal WRTBIs are one of the most serious workplace injuries among ED-treated work-related injuries. Non-fatal WRTBIs are much more likely to result in hospitalisation compared with other types of injuries. The upward trend of WRTBI rates from 1998 through 2007 underscore the need for more directed effective prevention methods to reduce WRTBI injuries.
Background reduction in x-ray fluorescence spectra using polarization

Abstract X-ray fluorescence spectra are observed by exciting a sample with both polarized and unpolarized radiation. A significant reduction in the magnitude of the scattering peaks and background results from the use of polarization.
Up In Smoke: Rebuilding After an IT Disaster

On July 3, 2002, fire destroyed a facility that served as both office and computer server room for a College of Business located in the United States. The fire also caused significant smoke damage to the office building where the computer facility was located. The monetary costs of the disaster were over $4 million. This case, written from the point of view of the chairperson of the College Technology Committee, discusses the issues faced by the college as they resumed operations and planned for rebuilding their information technology operations. The almost-total destruction of the collegeâ€™s server assets offered a unique opportunity to rethink the IT architecture for the college. The reader is challenged to learn from the experiences discussed in the case to develop an IT architecture for the college that will meet operational requirements and take into account the potential threats to the system.
Time dependent solution of a pollution problem

In a previous paper the use of the Hadamard product was introduced for the study of a steady-state air-pollution problem. In the present paper it is solved in the time dependent case. The solution of the partial differential equation leads to rather unusual integrations.
Design considerations and test results of an evanescent switch-attenuator.

An implementation technique of an evanescent switch using a cylindrical piezoelectric driver material is discussed. The driver has provisions for fine alignment of the prisms. The selection criteria for the choice of the prism material are evaluated in detail. The measured insertion loss was 10% ± 2%, and these are a 4000: 1 extinction ratio at 10.6 μm between the ON and OFF positions of the switch. The curve showing attenuation vs voltage applied across the piezoelectric driver indicates a large dynamic range for the device as a variable attenuator.
Enhancement of radiotherapy by hyperthermia-regulated gene therapy.

Abstract Purpose: Interleukin 12 (IL-12) has shown strong antitumoral effects in numerous pre-clinical studies and appears to act synergistically with radiation in murine tumors. The major impediment to its clinical use has been its systemic toxicity. While using intratumorally injected viral gene therapy vectors encoding IL-12 reduces systemic side effects substantially, elevated systemic transgene levels are still observed because adenovirus can reach the circulation. Further restricting IL-12 expression in the tumor is therefore desirable in a combined radiation and adenovirus mediated cancer gene therapy regimen. Methods and Materials: Hyperthermia-regulated gene therapy was tested in a nonimmunogenic B16.F10 melanoma line that is syngeneic with C57BL/6 mice. For hyperthermic gene therapy, an adenoviral vector coding for IL-12 under the control of the promoter of the human heat shock protein 70B (hsp70B) was used. One week after transplantation (at a 5–7 mm diameter), tumors were irradiated with 3 × 11 Gy (mo-we-fri). Adenovirus was injected at 3 × 10 8 pfu/tumor 24 h before the last radiation fraction or 3 days afterwards. Hyperthermia was performed 24 h later at 42.5°C. Growth delay to reaching 3 times initial tumor volume was chosen as the biologic endpoint. IL-12 levels in tumor and serum were determined by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Results: Adenovirus mediated intratumoral expression of IL-12 under the control of a heat inducible promoter in combination with hyperthermia is almost as effective as that under the control of a constitutive cytomegaly virus (CMV) promoter while systemic transgene levels are substantially reduced with the heat inducible promoter. The response to radiotherapy is improved considerably when combined with heat inducible gene therapy without apparent systemic toxicity. When used as a single dose, applying IL-12 gene therapy after completion of radiotherapy appears to be beneficial. Conclusions: Hyperthermia-regulated gene therapy in combination with radiation is feasible and therapeutically effective in murine tumors with no apparent systemic toxicity.
Attractant effect of female preputial gland extracts on the male rat

Abstract (1) Female rat preputial glands contained volatile ether soluble substances, which were attractive to male rats. (2) Male rats preferred the odor of preputial glands from intact females or from ovariectomized females treated with estrogen and progesterone to the odor of gland extracts from ovariectomized females. (3) Extraction of attractive components with different solvents revealed biological activity which was connected with relatively nonpolar, volatile lipid substances. Fatty acids were excluded as active components. (4) The volatile lipids were partially analyzed by gas chromatography and the active compounds were found in a specific fraction.
Split-Liver Transplantation: A Comparison of Ex Vivo and In Situ Techniques

Abstract Background/Purpose: The expanding applicability of liver transplantation as treatment for end-stage liver disease has fostered a disproportionate increase in liver transplant candidates in the face of an unchanging pool of donor organs. This has resulted in disparities in pretransplant waiting times and deaths. The splitting of a liver allograft allows for the transplantation of 2 recipients, usually an adult and a child, thus providing a means to expand the cadaveric donor pool. Methods: The authors present their results on the performance of an ex vivo (back table) split and in situ (in a hemodynamically stable cadaveric donor) split to evaluate safety, applicability, and effectiveness. Between November 1989 through April 1998, 54 split-liver transplant recipient operations were performed (24 pediatric and 30 adult). Thirty donors were procured: the ex vivo splitting yielded 25 grafts from 13 donors (donor age, 24.6 ± 11 years), and the in-situ technique yielded 29 grafts from 17 donors (mean donor age of 25.5 ± 10.4 years). Five donors involved interinstitutional sharing for which the left side of the graft was kept at the host hospital and the right side grafts were utilized at our center. Results: Overall 1-year patient survival was 85%, with a graft survival of 72%. Patient survival was similar with ex vivo (74%) as compared with the in situ splitting group (96%; P =.06), as was graft survival in ex vivo (61%) versus in situ (81%) splitting ( P =.15). The pediatric population benefited most from the in situ technique, with a 1-year patient survival rate of 100% with the in situ technique versus the ex vivo technique survival rate of 64% at 1 year ( P =.02). The 1-year graft survival comparing these 2 techniques was 83% for the in situ group versus 45% for the ex vivo group. Analysis of the program evolution of split-liver transplantation suggested a time-dependent learning curve, which was applicable to surgical splitting technique, implantation, and recipient selection. Conclusions: The principle of splitting livers from cadaveric donors is fundamentally sound and technically feasible. The authors' outcomes analysis using 2 different procurement techniques suggests that the in situ technique is clinically efficacious, can be used alternatively with the ex vivo technique, and is comparable to whole-liver allograft transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 35:283-290. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Constructive‐development Theory as a Framework for Assessment in Higher Education

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relevance of constructive‐developmental models, particularly Kegan's (1994) recent application and expansion of his earlier theory, to higher education's over‐arching aims for student learning and development. We describe why and how such theories might effectively be used to frame assessments, thus serving the goal of enhancing quality. We also explore ethical concerns associated with using development theory as a basis for educational assessment.
Growing Up Young The Relationship Between Childhood Stress and Coping With Early Puberty

This article presents findings from a study of the role of prior childhood adversity in the pubertal narratives of 16 African-American and White girls, defining adversity as the experience of stressful circumstances (e.g., abandonment, abuse) or psychological states (e.g., depression) that influence the experience of later life events, relationships, and self-perception. A majority of the girls reported such adversity, explaining that it either trivialized the problems typically ascribed to early puberty or demanded early maturity, particularly adult female roles, which consequently affected their adjustment to early pubescence. The author discusses the implications of childhood adversity for the salience of early puberty, examining the ways these identity features intersect to blur the staging of girls' development by producing multiple crossings into adulthood.
Cost Share Adjustment Processes for Cooperative Group Decisions About Shared Goods: A Design Approach

For group decision about shared goods, the nature of the shared good and how its cost is to be shared among group members must be determined. Complexity arises from heterogeneity in preferences and endowments and nonlinear cost. To facilitate group decision, this paper proposes special type of group decision support system, a cost share adjustment process (CSAP), in which cost shares are adjusted iteratively via algorithmic rules until unanimity is reached, ideally producing a socially optimal, cost feasible, and fair outcome. In contrast to public good literature, our designs apply for situations of nonlinear cost, with economies of scale and fixed costs. In response to impossibility theorems, a design approach is developed: design elements for CSAPs include message space, cost allocation and adjustment rules, controllers, and incentive rules, with many possibilities for specifying a process. Simulation and economic experiment are employed to compare alternative designs, in particular highlighting the incentive effects of message space. As simulation and experiment both indicate, complicated cost allocation rules for incentive purposes may impede locating group agreement. Instead, economic experiments show that unanimity Approval Voting can mitigate the effects of strategic behavior.
SELECTIVE NEUTRALIZATION OF THE FOLLICLESTIMULATING ACTION OF GONADOTROPIC PREPARATIONS BY ANTIGONADOTROPIC SERA1

NUMEROUS INVESTIGATORS HAVE SHOWN that antigonadotropic substances can be produced inanimals injected for long periods of time with gonadotropic extracts. The reader is referred to a review paper by Collip, Selye and Thorn son (1) for a discussion of the literature on this subject. The only attempts to produce an antisubstance specific for one component of the gonadotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland was made by Rowlands (2,3,). He reported the selective neutral ization of the luteinizing hormone (LH) of beef pituitary gland by antisera developed in rabbitswhich had been injected repeatedly with beef pituitary extracts. These an tisera, however, evidently contained some antifollicle stimulating hormone action (anti-FSH). The data he presented showedthat upon administration of quantities of the serum sufficient to prevent luteinization therewas asmall increase in the weight of the ovaries of immature female rats receiving both antiserumand horse pituitary extract, indicating that inhibition of ...
Analysis of Osteocalcin Expression in Transgenic Mice Reveals a Species Difference in Vitamin D Regulation of Mouse and Human Osteocalcin Genes

A line of transgenic mice expressing a human osteocalcin genomic fragment (hOClocus) and a murine MC3T3-E1 cell line containing a stably integrated human osteocalcin promoter construct have been developed to characterize the osteogenic and hormonal regulation of human osteocalcin in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used these models to demonstrate a species difference in the regulation of the mouse and human osteocalcin genes by vitamin D. Repeated administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to mice carrying the hOClocus transgene resulted in striking increases in serum human osteocalcin, whereas serum mouse osteocalcin levels were unchanged after 24 h and only modestly increased 48 h after the second dose of hormone. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased human calvarial mRNA expression by 1.8-fold and slightly decreased mouse osteocalcin mRNA levels by approximately 1.2-fold. Furthermore, treatment of primary calvarial osteoblasts from these mice with 1,25(OH)2D3 increased human osteocalcin production but inhibited mouse osteocalcin protein accumulation. To investigate further the mechanism for the apparent species difference in vitamin D3 induction of mouse and human osteocalcin, we examined the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 in an MC3T3-E1 cell line (MC4) containing a stably integrated 3900 bp osteocalcin promoter-luciferase construct. Treatment of MC4 cells with ascorbic acid resulted in parallel increases of the endogenous mouse osteocalcin protein and luciferase reporter activity over a 12-day period. Continuous exposure of MC4 cells to 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in time-and dose-dependent increases in the activity of the phOC3900 luciferase construct. By contrast, the hormone had no effect on mouse osteocalcin protein concentrations and inhibited its induction by ascorbic acid. However, when cells were treated acutely with 1,25(OH)2D3 at later times during growth in ascorbic acid, the induction of mouse osteocalcin protein was only partially inhibited. In conclusion, our results indicate that common osteogenic signals regulate both mouse and human osteocalcin gene expression, but the mouse gene is resistant to induction by vitamin D. This species difference in vitamin D regulation of osteocalcin appears to result from the failure of 1,25(OH)2D3 to transcriptionally activate the mouse osteocalcin gene.
What do we think life is? A simple illustration and its consequences

The conundrum of finding a ‘definition’ for life can be side-stepped by asking how people actually identify examples of life, and using this as the basis for life detection strategies. I illustrate how astrobiologists actually select things that are living from things that are not living with a simple exercise, and use this as the starting point to develop four characteristics that underlie their decisions: highly distinctive structure (physical or chemical), dynamic behaviour (physical or chemical), multiple instances of life forming a ‘natural group’ and that the structural and dynamic characteristics of the group are independent of the details of the substrate on which life is growing. I show that these all derive the role of a code in the dynamic maintenance and propagation of life. I argue that evolution is neither a useful nor a practical way of identifying life. I conclude with some specific ways that these general categories of the observable properties of life can be detected.
A distributed IMM fusion algorithm for multi-platform tracking

Abstract In this paper, a distributed interacting multiple model (DIMM) fusion algorithm for multi-platform tracking is developed. Locally, each platform contains its own independent tracking subsystem, using an IMM estimation algorithm. Globally, equivalent platform models and an equivalent global model are constructed so that a global multiple model fusion algorithm can be carried out. Compared with an existing benchmark DIMM fusion algorithm, the new algorithm needs less communication and less computation. Computer simulations show that the algorithm has a very good performance.
Diversified Mentoring Relationships in Organizations: A Power Perspective

A power perspective is used to examine the linkage between diversity and mentorship in work organizations. Sociological perspectives on power and minority group relations are used to develop and operationalize the construct of diversified mentoring relationships in organizations. The article examines behavioral and perceptual processes underlying diversified mentoring relationships and explores the relationship between diversified mentoring relationships and other work relationships. The consequences associated with diversified and homogeneous relationships are examined using a dyadic approach. The article closes by offering research propositions and discussing several implications.
An SAS Program for Pairwise Comparisons among Variances

Levy devised a large-sample statistical technique that makes it possible to apply Tukey's method of multiple comparisons to statistics other than the sample mean. In the present article, an SAS program is described for constructing pairwise comparisons among the variances of k independent samples, which is based on Levy's procedure. The method is illustrated with an example from marine biology. This computer program can accommodate equal or unequal sample sizes for up to k = 10 samples and has available non directional family wise alpha rates of .10, .05, .01, and .001.