cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing the White Spaces

The journey between Social Studies and Social Education leads this traveler down a mysterious path with “white spaces” on the map that continuously needs to be examined. Like others, my exploration into the heart of Social Education has been fraught with twists and turns requiring me to occasionally realign my internal compass. Navigating this journey I have discovered that each traveler’s itinerary is an individualized process allowing for divergent teaching and learning opportunities. In this context, the “white spaces” are rough hewn educational landscapes that create exhilarating learning experiences that are well worth the effort in the end in spite of the difficulties one encounters when exploring the road that is “wanting wear” (Frost, 1920). Following are shared moments from my travel log, which highlight my attempt to defy the “well-trodden” Social Studies path to choose the “less traveled” toward Social Education (Frost, 1920).
Your Wish Is My Command; Convention and Context in Interpreting Indirect Requests.

Three experiments examined the roles of convention and context in understanding indirect requests. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that people use a variety of different convention of means in making requests and that these utterances differ in their conventionality depending on the context in which they are said. Experiment 3 indicated that people take less time to comprehend and make paraphrase judgments for conventional indirect requests in a conversational context than they do for nonconventional ones. Similarly, this experiment also showed an interaction between a sentence's conventionally and the context in which it is produced. Indirect requests from a particular category that were rated as being conventional given one context, took less time to process than similar requests, that had been rated as being nonconventional in a different situational context. These data highlight the importance of convention in linguistic processing and suggest that an indirect request is conventional only given a specific linguistic and situational context.
Low-lying states of FeO and FeO− by slow photoelectron spectroscopy

High-resolution anion photoelectron spectra of FeO− were acquired by slow electron velocity-map imaging of trapped and cooled ions. Ions were cooled to different temperatures by controlling the conditions in the trap, allowing us to disentangle contributions in the spectra from two different anion states. The spectra show that photodetachment of the two anion states accesses three low-lying neutral FeO states with one state in common, allowing us to derive term energies of all five states. The ground anion state is confirmed to be the X 4Δ state, and FeO is found to have an electron affinity of 1.4950 eV. We assign the anion a 6Σ+ state, and obtain a term energy of 0.117 eV. The A 5Σ+ and a 7Σ+ neutral states are reassigned, and have term energies of 0.258 and 0.616 eV, respectively, relative to the neutral X 5Δ4 ground state.
Fire responses to postglacial climate change and human impact in northern Patagonia (41–43°S)

Forest/steppe boundaries are among the most dynamic ecosystems on Earth and are highly vulnerable to changes in climate and land use. In this study we examine the postglacial history of the Patagonian forest/steppe ecotone (41–43°S) to better understand its sensitivity to past variations in climate, disturbance, and human activity before European colonization. We present regional trends in vegetation and biomass burning, as detected by generalized additive models fitted to seven pollen and charcoal records, and compare the results with other paleoenvironmental data, as well as archeological and ecological information to (i) estimate postglacial fire trends at regional scales, (ii) assess the evolution of climate–vegetation–fire linkages over the last 18,000 calibrated (cal) years B.P., and (iii) evaluate the role of humans in altering pre-European landscapes and fire regimes. Pollen and charcoal data indicate that biomass burning was relatively low during warm/dry steppe-dominated landscapes in the late glacial/Early Holocene transition and increased as more humid conditions favored forest development after ca. 10,000 cal years B.P. Postglacial fire activity was thus limited by fuel availability associated with sparse vegetation cover rather than by suitable climate conditions. In contrast to extensive burning by European settlers, variations in indigenous population densities were not associated with fluctuations in regional or watershed-scale fire occurrence, suggesting that climate–vegetation–fire linkages in northern Patagonia evolved with minimal or very localized human influences before European settlement.
Parallel and serial computing tools for testing single-locus and epistatic SNP effects of quantitative traits in genome-wide association studies.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers provide opportunities to detect epistatic SNPs associated with quantitative traits and to detect the exact mode of an epistasis effect. Computational difficulty is the main bottleneck for epistasis testing in large scale GWAS. The EPISNPmpi and EPISNP computer programs were developed for testing single-locus and epistatic SNP effects on quantitative traits in GWAS, including tests of three single-locus effects for each SNP (SNP genotypic effect, additive and dominance effects) and five epistasis effects for each pair of SNPs (two-locus interaction, additive × additive, additive × dominance, dominance × additive, and dominance × dominance) based on the extended Kempthorne model. EPISNPmpi is the parallel computing program for epistasis testing in large scale GWAS and achieved excellent scalability for large scale analysis and portability for various parallel computing platforms. EPISNP is the serial computing program based on the EPISNPmpi code for epistasis testing in small scale GWAS using commonly available operating systems and computer hardware. Three serial computing utility programs were developed for graphical viewing of test results and epistasis networks, and for estimating CPU time and disk space requirements. The EPISNPmpi parallel computing program provides an effective computing tool for epistasis testing in large scale GWAS, and the epiSNP serial computing programs are convenient tools for epistasis analysis in small scale GWAS using commonly available computer hardware.
Genetic consequences of postglacial range expansion in two codistributed rodents (genus Dipodomys) depend on ecology and genetic locus.

How does range expansion affect genetic diversity in species with different ecologies, and do different types of genetic markers lead to different conclusions? We addressed these questions by assessing the genetic consequences of postglacial range expansion using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing in two congeneric and codistributed rodents with different ecological characteristics: the desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti), a sand specialist, and the Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami), a substrate generalist. For each species, we compared genetic variation between populations that retained stable distributions throughout glacial periods and those inferred to have expanded since the last glacial maximum. Our results suggest that expanded populations of both species experienced a loss of private mtDNA haplotypes and differentiation among populations, as well as a loss of nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) private alleles and polymorphic loci. However, only D. deserti experienced a loss of nucleotide diversity (both mtDNA and nuclear) and nuclear heterozygosity. For all indices of diversity and differentiation that showed reduced values in the expanded areas, D. deserti populations experienced a greater degree of loss than did D. merriami populations. Additionally, patterns of loss in genetic diversity in expanded populations were substantially less extreme (by two orders of magnitude in some cases) for nuclear SNPs in both species compared to that observed for mitochondrial data. Our results demonstrate that ecological characteristics may play a role in determining genetic variation associated with range expansions, yet mtDNA diversity loss is not necessarily accompanied by a matched magnitude of loss in nuclear diversity.
THE RISE OF THE COFFEEHOUSE RECONSIDERED

This article offers a history of British seventeenth-century coffeehouse licensing which integrates an understanding of the micro-politics of coffeehouse regulation at the local level with an analysis of the high political debates about coffeehouses at the national level. The first section details the norms and practices of coffeehouse licensing and regulation by local magistrates at the county, city, and parish levels of government. The second section provides a detailed narrative of attempts by agents of the Restoration monarchy to regulate or indeed suppress the coffeehouses at the national level. The political survival of the new institution is attributed to the ways in which public house licensing both regulated and also legitimated the coffeehouse. The rise of the coffeehouse should not be understood as a simple triumph of a modern public sphere over absolutist state authority; it offers instead an example of the ways in which the early modern norms and practices of licensed privilege could frustrate the policy goals of the Restored monarchy.
Sex ratios in the two Germanies: a test of the economic stress hypothesis

BACKGROUND: Literature describing temporal variation in the secondary sex ratio among humans reports an association between population stressors and declines in the odds of male birth. Explanations of this phenomenon draw on reports that stressed females spontaneously abort male more than female fetuses, and that stressed males exhibit reduced sperm motility. This work has led to the argument that population stress induced by a declining economy reduces the human sex ratio. No direct test of this hypothesis appears in the literature. Here, a test is offered based on a comparison of the sex ratio in East and West Germany for the years 1946 to 1999. The theory suggests that the East German sex ratio should be lower in 1991, when East Germany’s economy collapsed, than expected from its own history and from the sex ratio in West Germany. METHODS: The hypothesis is tested using time-series modelling methods. RESULTS: The data support the hypothesis. The sex ratio in East Germany was at its lowest in 1991. CONCLUSION: This first direct test supports the hypothesis that economic decline reduces the human sex ratio.
Model-Driven, Assertion-Based Generation of Multimedia Weather Information

As gridded forecasts are becoming a common source of weather data, efforts are being made to automatically produce displays for various categories of decision makers such as emergency managers and road traffic officers. This paper proposes a new systematic approach to the generation of multimedia weather reports tailored to the specific needs of the user. The process consists of two steps : extraction of assertions from gridded datasets, and their presentation in the form of maps, charts, tables, and natural language text. The assertions organized by discourse relations relate weather elements to regions and periods of interest to the user. The usercan explore the situation in a hypermedia mode by descending from summary surveillance displays to more detailed exploratory ones. This approach provides a structure for a class of applications dealing with the dissemination of weather information and supports them with general methods of assertion extraction and media generation. The application-specific knowledge is localized in five orthogonal and easily maintained models : territory, time, parameters, phenomena, and events. A prototype system has demonstrated the viability of the concepts.
Elevated Nuclear and Cytoplasmic FTY720-Phosphate in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts Suggests the Potential for Multiple Mechanisms in FTY720-Induced Neural Tube Defects.

FTY720 (fingolimod) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug to treat relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. FTY720 treatment in pregnant inbred LM/Bc mice results in approximately 60% of embryos having a neural tube defect (NTD). Sphingosine kinases (Sphk1, Sphk2) phosphorylate FTY720 in vivo to form the bioactive metabolite FTY720-1-phosphate (FTY720-P). Cytoplasmic FTY720-P is an agonist for 4 of the 5 sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (S1P1, 3-5) and can also act as a functional antagonist of S1P1, whereas FTY720-P generated in the nucleus inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs), leading to increased histone acetylation. This study demonstrates that treatment of LM/Bc mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with FTY720 results in a significant accumulation of FTY720-P in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Elevated nuclear FTY720-P is associated with decreased HDAC activity and increased histone acetylation at H3K18 and H3K23 in LM/Bc MEFs. Treatment of LM/Bc MEFs with FTY720 and a selective Sphk2 inhibitor, ABC294640, significantly reduces the amount of FTY720-P that accumulates in the nucleus. The data provide insight into the relative amounts of FTY720-P generated in the nuclear versus cytoplasmic subcellular compartments after FTY720 treatment and the specific Sphk isoforms involved. The results of this study suggest that FTY720-induced NTDs may involve multiple mechanisms, including: (1) sustained and/or altered S1P receptor activation and signaling by FTY720-P produced in the cytoplasm and (2) HDAC inhibition and histone hyperacetylation by FTY720-P generated in the nucleus that could lead to epigenetic changes in gene regulation.
Trauma Spectrum Disorders

Exposure to trauma and pathological responses are influenced by genotype. Despite the inherent difficulties of studying the genetics of trauma-related disorders, the field has exhibited remarkable advances. Identification of polymorphisms in critical genes that influence neurotransmitter systems involved in the stress response is rapidly progressing and will elucidate the nature of gene-by-environment interactions that determine whether an individual develops a disorder in response to trauma. This chapter provides an overview of the status of genetic research on trauma spectrum disorders and discusses clinical implications.
Recovery of polyclonal immunoglobulin serum levels to normal levels after autologous stem cell transplantation predicts disease free survival in patients with multiple myeloma

10088 Background: The ability of the immune system to recover its components after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is known to predict survival in patients with different types of neopl...
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents after a Hurricane

A school-based study conducted in 1990, 1 year after Hurricane Hugo, investigated the frequency and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 1,264 adolescents aged 11-17 years residing in selected South Carolina communities. Data were collected via a 174-item self-administered questionnaire that included a PTSD symptom scale. A computer algorithm that applied decision rules of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised to the symptoms reported was used to assign a diagnosis of PTSD and to designate the number of individuals who met the reexperiencing (20%), avoidance (9%), and arousal (18%) criteria. Rates of PTSD were lowest in black males (1.5%) and higher, but similar, in the remaining groups (3.8-6.2%). Results from a multivariable logistic model indicated that exposure to the hurricane (odds ratio (OR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.13-1.41), experiencing other violent traumatic events (OR = 2.46, 95% confidence interval 1.75-3.44), being white (OR = 2.03, 95% confidence interval 1.12-3.69) and being female (OR = 2.17, 95% confidence interval 1.15-4.10) were significant correlates of PTSD.
The Influence of Technological Components of Work Upon Management Control

The article addresses the closeness of supervision and its impact on the predictability of subordinate's work demands and rule-usage. The author posits two theories: that the more unpredictable the...
Gist and Generalization in Young and Older Adults’ Causal Learning

Objectives To investigate age differences in gist-based causal learning. Method Young and older adults learned to predict whether eating foods from each of 6 categories was or was not followed by sickness. Experience with the categories was varied by presenting 5 exemplars of a category in only one of 2 training phases (small categories) or by presenting 5 exemplars of a category in the first phase and an additional 5 exemplars in the second phase (large categories). Trained and novel exemplars from all categories appeared in subsequent causal judgment and recognition tests. Results There were no age differences in causal judgments for old exemplars or in generalization of causal associations to novel exemplars. For both groups, causal generalization was more successful and recognition was less successful for exemplars from large categories. There was no age difference in recognition for large categories, but older adults performed more poorly than young adults for small categories. Discussion Older adults resemble young adults in their ability to induce unseen category features from presented exemplars, acquire causal associations for these gist representations, and generalize this knowledge to new exemplars. However, they continue to rely on these gist-based representations for memory discrimination, whereas young adults use both category and individuating features of cues.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computational Modeling

A hippocampal model is utilized to simulate activation in humans detected using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During a picture encoding task, fMRI measurements demonstrate increased signal intensity changes in the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus during sequential presentation of novel pictures, as compared to activation levels during repeated presentation of a single picture. In the hippocampal model, sequential presentation of novel patterns activates separate populations of neurons in the dentate gyrus, region CA3 and region CA 1. In contrast, repeated presentation of a single pattern activates the same subpopulation of neurons. In a model of region CA3, repeated activation of the same subpopulation results in decreased activity due to activation of a calcium-dependent potassium current. These results suggest that the changes in fMRI signal intensity during the presentation of novel vs. repeating pictures may be related to neuronal adaptation mediated by calcium-dependent potassium currents in hippocampal neurons.
Expanding the Script Analytic Approach Using Victim Narratives: Learning About Robberies of Taxi Drivers from the Drivers Themselves

Driving a taxicab can be a difficult and dangerous job. Understanding the types of potential crime situations drivers face and the strategies they use to try to prevent or mitigate these potential harms is important. Robbery, one of these potential crimes, can have serious consequences for taxi drivers, including injuries, enhanced fear of crime, time off work, and loss of the stolen property. This chapter looks at taxi driver robbery and attempted robbery victimization among drivers operating in Cardiff, Wales, using the script analytic approach. Three main types of scripts are discussed here: (1) traditional offender crime scripts, (2) potential-victim scripts, and (3) actual-victim scripts. These “interpersonal scripts” were built from information provided by taxi drivers and include drivers’ reactions to offenders’ actions during the unfolding of these incidents—referred to here as “crimes-in-action.” These reactive tactics by drivers are discussed in terms of their potential for limiting loss of property and driver injury. Comments from the taxi driver victims on their reactions and other crime prevention measures are also examined.
Prevalence and predictors of depression among general surgery residents

Abstract Background Recent resident suicides have highlighted the need to address depression among medical trainees. This study sought to identify the prevalence and predictors of depression among surgical residents. Methods Surgical residents at a single institution were surveyed. Depression and personal traits were assessed using validated measures; participant demographics were also obtained. Results 73 residents completed the survey (response rate 63%). 36% met criteria for at least mild depression, of which 20% met criteria for moderate to severe depression. In multivariate linear regression analyses controlling for demographic factors, trait emotional intelligence alone was a significant inverse predictor of depression (β = −0.60, p Conclusions Depression is prevalent among general surgery residents. Identifying protective factors and at-risk populations may allow for effective initiatives to be developed to address depression, and optimize the mental health of trainees.
Salience Network Connectivity Modulates Skin Conductance Responses in Predicting Arousal Experience.

Individual differences in arousal experience have been linked to differences in resting-state salience network connectivity strength. In this study, we investigated how adding task-related skin con...
Identification of program signatures from cloud computing system telemetry data

Malicious cloud computing activity can take many forms, including running unauthorized programs in a virtual environment. Detection of these malicious activities while preserving the privacy of the user is an important research challenge. Prior work has shown the potential viability of using cloud service billing metrics as a mechanism for proxy identification of malicious programs. Previously this novel detection method has been evaluated in a synthetic and isolated computational environment.
Teacher Interpretations of MoneySKILL

While much scholarship concerns the efforts to teach children and youth about personal finances, much less, if any, research concerns efforts of practicing teachers to evaluate and interpret financial curricula for schools. This paper conveys the results of a research study that interpreted teachers’ responses the high school modules associated with the Moneyskill® online education program. A convenience sample of teachers enrolled in a graduate level diversity course as a large teacher education institution in the Midwest completed assigned MoneySKILL modules and participated in group online reflections. Participants in the study interpreted the content as appropriate and relevant. They also viewed the instruction as being well written and digestible; however, they considered delivery inefficient in the sense of its limited engagement of the students and questioned the applicability of content to students of all socio-economic contexts.
Occupy the government: Analyzing presidential and congressional discursive response to movement repression

Abstract I examine the role of Occupy Wall Street in shifting presidential and congressional discourse on economic fairness and inequality. Using data from 4646 presidential speeches and 1256 congressional records from 2009 to 2015, I test different mechanisms, including repression, media coverage, public opinion, and presidential agenda-setting by applying a novel combination of web scraping, natural language processing, and time series models. I suggest that movement success can be measured in its ability to shape discursive opportunity structures, and I argue that the role of the president should be at the forefront of social movements research. Ultimately, I demonstrate (1) that the repression of Occupy protesters not only predicts media coverage but also increases discursive opportunities through President Obama and Congress, (2) that media coverage of Occupy predicts presidential discourse, (3) that the president's rhetorical shift increases congressional response, and (4) that this change persists after the movement faltered.
Individuals with greater science literacy and education have more polarized beliefs on controversial science topics

Although Americans generally hold science in high regard and respect its findings, for some contested issues, such as the existence of anthropogenic climate change, public opinion is polarized along religious and political lines. We ask whether individuals with more general education and greater science knowledge, measured in terms of science education and science literacy, display more (or less) polarized beliefs on several such issues. We report secondary analyses of a nationally representative dataset (the General Social Survey), examining the predictors of beliefs regarding six potentially controversial issues. We find that beliefs are correlated with both political and religious identity for stem cell research, the Big Bang, and human evolution, and with political identity alone on climate change. Individuals with greater education, science education, and science literacy display more polarized beliefs on these issues. We find little evidence of political or religious polarization regarding nanotechnology and genetically modified foods. On all six topics, people who trust the scientific enterprise more are also more likely to accept its findings. We discuss the causal mechanisms that might underlie the correlation between education and identity-based polarization.
Isolation of Stage- and Cell-Specific Genes from Fungi

In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the ability to manipulate the genomes of Ascomycetous fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans, because of the development of DNA-mediated transformation systems for these organisms [1,2,3,4,5,6]. It is now possible to clone specific fungal genes by direct complementation of mutations in yeast or Aspergillus. Fungal genes that have been cloned by complementation or by other procedures can be mutated in vitro by using recombinant DNA technology and returned to their normal genomic locations (reviewed by Botstein and Davis [7] and Struhl [8]). Thus, it is possible to determine the biological and biochemical consequences of introducing specific, pre-selected alterations into fungal genomes. For example, portions of genes or neighbouring DNA sequences can be removed or replaced to determine if they are required for regulated gene transcription. Genes can be deleted by site-directed mutation to assess the effects of their loss. Similarly, genes can be manipulated to cause over-expression or expression in an inappropriate cell type to ascertain how such deregulation affects cellular functions. Many other strategies can be adopted in attempts to understand better gene structure, regulation and function.
Direct Computation of Aerodynamic Noise

In his pioneering work Lighthill formulated the problem of predicting the noise radiated by an unsteady flow in terms of an acoustic analogy. However, in order to predict the far-field noise the acoustic source terms of such acoustic analogies must be known accurately. Such detailed information is usually not available and empirical models of the acoustic sources are utilized to arrive at an empirical prediction of the far-field noise. Recent advances in direct and large eddy simulations of turbulent flows provide an alternative to this empiricism. The far-field noise can be obtained from first principles by using the ‘exact’ source terms from DNS/LES in an acoustic analogy. Developing the methods to make this possible and studying the nature of particular flow processes responsible for the most intense noise are the principal objectives of the research underway at Stanford.
Pareto distribution of firm size and knowledge spillover process as a network

The firm size distribution is considered as Pareto distribution. In the present paper, we show that the Pareto distribution of firm size results from the spillover network model which was introduced in Konno (2010).
Composite Higgs models with a hidden sector

We discuss the phenomenology of composite Higgs models that naturally produce a Standard Model-like Higgs boson with a mass of 126 GeV. The effective theory below the compositeness scale is weakly coupled in these models, and the Goldstone sector acts as a portal between the third generation of quarks and a hidden gauge sector. The addition of hidden-sector fermions gives rise to a calculable effective scalar potential with a naturally light scalar resonance. The generic prediction of these theories is the existence of additional pseudo-Nambu Goldstone bosons with electroweak-scale cross sections and masses. In this paper we analyze the collider signatures for some simple concrete realizations of this framework. We find that despite the existence of additional weakly and strongly coupled particles that are kinematically within reach of current experiments, the generic signatures are difficult to resolve at the LHC, and could remain well hidden in the absence of an ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ Higgs factory such as the CEPC or a surface detector such as MATHUSLA.
Contact Reliability of Pt- and TiN-Coated Microswitches in Different Environments

Ohmic micro- and nanoswitches are of interest for a wide variety of applications including phased array radars and as low power complements to transistors [1–4]. The ohmic switches prevent any leakage current when the device is in the OFF state by forming an air gap that separates the electrical contacts. The subthreshold swing can also be effectively reduced to less than 1 mV/decade [5], which can further reduce the power consumption. Ohmic nanoswitches can potentially operate at ∼20 mV and will consume up to ∼106 times less power than MOSFETs. However, the commercialization of these mechanical switches has been hindered due to a number of reliability issues, especially on switch contacts.
Siemers David J. The Myth of Coequal Branches: Restoring the Constitution’s Separation of Functions: Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2018. 227 pages. $40 (hardcover).

Toward the end of Barack Obama’s presidency, Utah’s Republican Senator Mike Lee launched what he billed as the Article One Project, with the aim of restoring Congress to its rightful place as the “...
Connecting Organic Chemistry Concepts with Real-World Contexts by Creating Infographics

Infographics are increasingly used to communicate complex topics to the public. By coupling visually appealing graphics with compelling narratives, infographics can both engage and inform the audie...
Good to see you again: Capture and recapture method on mobile devices to estimate occupancy profiles

Occupancy based controls can save 20-50% of the energy use in buildings. Thus, various data acquisition techniques to gather occupancy information have been developed. Recent developments focus on utilizing the pervasiveness of occupants' mobile devices with enabled networking capability, i.e., WiFi and Bluetooth (BT) to infer building occupancy. The challenge with this approach is that there is still an unknown number of people with deactivated networking functions on their mobile devices. In this paper, we propose an occupancy estimator based on BT signals, that uses the capture and recapture (CRC) technique. In ecology, CRC is an established method for estimating an animal population size. We examine the viability of using CRC in conjunction with BT devices to infer building occupancy density profiles. Our simulation results show that the CRC estimator calculates accurate occupancy profiles under certain circumstances (i.e., BT ratio > 0.3). With the results, we propose recommendations for experimental studies.
Congregate Shelter Characteristics and Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2

Abstract Background Individuals experiencing homelessness residing in congregate shelters have increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in congregate shelters is high, but shelter characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission are currently unknown. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter cohort study across five congregate shelters in Rhode Island. We tested people 18 years of age and older staying in Rhode Island congregate shelters in April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey instrument was designed and implemented based on an a priori sample size. All consented participants reported basic demographics, recent travel, duration of time at the shelter, any symptomatology, and had their temperature and pulse oximetry measured. Each participant was tested for COVID-19 using nasopharyngeal swabbing. Shelter characteristics about location, occupancy, resident length of stay, and COVID-19 mitigation strategies were collected through structured phone questionnaire with shelter staff. Results A total of 302 individuals were screened and 299 participated across five homeless shelters. The median age was 47.9 (range 18-85) and 20% were female. Of the 299 participants, 35 (11.7%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2; rates varied among shelters, ranging from 0% to 35%. Among the participants in the study, 5% had a new cough, 4% shortness of breath, and 3% reported loss of taste or smell. Symptom prevalence did not vary significantly between positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 groups. Regular symptom screening was not associated with lower infection rates. Shelters with higher rates of positivity were in more densely populated areas, cared for a more transient populations, and instituted fewer social distancing practices for sleeping arrangements or mealtimes. Conclusions and Relevance Residents of congregate shelters are at increased risk for asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2. To reduce transmission and enable continuation of low-threshold shelter services, there is a need for universal testing, implementation of infection control and physical distancing measures within congregate shelters, and expansion of non-congregate supportive housing.
Comments on the 20th Anniversary of NeoReviews

In his introduction, “Anniversaries, ” Alistair G.S. Philip, the editor of NeoReviews until 2017, reminisces about the 1960s to 1990s, highlighting various advances that long ago became a part of the scientific and professional sediment in our field. However, all of these recollections preceded the inception of the all online journal, NeoReviews , one of the first of its kind. At the journal’s 10th birthday, Alistair assembled a collection of “seminal contributions” in neonatal-perinatal medicine that had been published in NeoReviews , (1) which were then subsequently published in a book, Milestones in Neonatal/Perinatal Medicine . (2) Moreover, Alistair’s masterful and judiciously thorough recounting of the history of our field of neonatology was published in 2005, entitled “ The Evolution of Neonatology. ” (3) In this commentary, we wish to acknowledge Alistair’s dedication in informing his readership about the scientific and clinical advances in neonatology. Here, we offer our own perspective on what has transpired over the last 20 years of NeoReview’s life, but with an eye toward the future. As Alistair has pointed out, the subfield of newborn medicine evolved within general pediatrics sometime in the late 1940s and 1950s, an unusual, but remarkable, legacy from Martin A. Couney and Pierre-Constant Budin and their “incubator babies” sideshows at amusement parks, world fairs, and exhibitions. (4) The term “ neonatology ” itself, however, was not introduced until 1960 by Alexander Schaffer (5) in close timing with the advent of intensive care nurseries, which were more than just special facilities for preterm infants. The original research defining the nascent field focused on thermoregulation, nutrition, and growth of a neonate, quickly distinguishing neonatology from general pediatrics because of the unique requirements of the newborn, especially the preterm infant. As survival of preterm infants increased over subsequent decades, advances in cardiorespiratory support and …
Mesh-Current Method

This chapter will explore the mesh-current method to solve for currents through a circuit. The mesh-current method is to set up KVL equations and to solve for mesh currents.
Between Researchers and Practitioners: Possibilities and Challenges for Applied Conversation Analysis

Over the last quarter of a century, conversation analysis (CA) has steadily gained recognition in applied linguistics, as a rigorous, empirical approach to the study of social interaction of various kinds, including classroom discourse. However, it is questionable to what extent the findings of these CA studies have been effectively communicated to a broader audience and have made significant and sustainable impacts on language education. The current chapter reviews the studies featured in this edited volume by focusing on the issue of researcher-practitioner interface. It identifies common themes explored in these studies—CA for reflection on pedagogical practices and CA for reconsideration of objects of teaching and assessment, and discusses areas of consideration for bridging the gap between researchers and practitioners.
Location Choice in Minority Group Suburbanization: The Case of Metropolitan Chicago

This paper is a study of suburbanization of African-Americans and Hispanics in metropolitan Chicago. There are at least three different types of suburbs; satellite cities with their own employment bases, spillover suburbs adjacent to the central city, and newer commuter suburbs attractive to middle-class households. The study includes data on five satellite cities and 109 spillover and other of suburbs in Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties in metropolitan Chicago. African-American suburbanization was concentrated in spillover suburbs and the suburbs of southern Cook County – locations that already had substantial African-American populations. However, nearly all of the suburbs had an increase in African-American population. The suburbanization of Hispanics reflects the much larger growth of this group. From 1990 to 2010 the satellite cities and the suburbs generally more than doubled in their percentages of Hispanic population. Suburbs with lower income levels in 1990 tended to attract more Hispanics.
Barriers and Facilitators to Enrollment and Retention in the National Diabetes Prevention Program: Perspectives of Women and Clinicians Within a Health System.

Background: More than 10% of US adults are living with type 2 diabetes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) in 2010 in...
Deep learning-based synthetic CT generation for MR-only radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients with 0.35T MRI linear accelerator.

Purpose To develop a deep learning model to generate synthetic CT for MR-only radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients treated with 0.35 T MRI linear accelerator. Materials and methods A U-NET convolutional neural network was developed to translate 0.35 T TRUFI MRI into electron density map using a novel cost function equalizing the contribution of various tissue types including fat, muscle, bone, and background air in training. The impact of training time, dataset size, image standardization, and data augmentation approaches was also quantified. Mean absolute error (MAE) between synthetic and planning CTs was calculated to measure the goodness of the model. Results With 20 patients in training, our U-NET model has the potential to generate synthetic CT with a MAE of about 29.68 ± 4.41, 16.34 ± 2.67, 23.36 ± 2.85, and 105.90 ± 22.80 HU over the entire body, fat, muscle, and bone tissues, respectively. As expected, we found that the number of patients used for training and MAE are nonlinearly correlated. Data augmentation and our proposed loss function were effective to improve MAE by ~9% and ~18% in bony voxels, respectively. Increasing the training time and image standardization did not improve the accuracy of the model. Conclusion A U-NET model has been developed and tested numerically to generate synthetic CT from 0.35T TRUFI MRI for MR-only radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients. Dosimetric evaluation using a large and independent dataset warrants the validity of the proposed model and the actual number of patients needed for the safe usage of the model in routine clinical workflow.
O'Hagan, 10b-5, Relationships and Duties

Analysis of Rule 10b5-2 and the development of the misappropriation theory of insider or outsider trading via the Supreme Court O'Hagan decision.
The Word is Mightier than the Label: Learning without Pointillistic Labels using Data Programming.

Most advanced supervised Machine Learning (ML) models rely on vast amounts of point-by-point labelled training examples. Hand-labelling vast amounts of data may be tedious, expensive, and error-prone. Recently, some studies have explored the use of diverse sources of weak supervision to produce competitive end model classifiers. In this paper, we survey recent work on weak supervision, and in particular, we investigate the Data Programming (DP) framework. Taking a set of potentially noisy heuristics as input, DP assigns denoised probabilistic labels to each data point in a dataset using a probabilistic graphical model of heuristics. We analyze the math fundamentals behind DP and demonstrate the power of it by applying it on two real-world text classification tasks. Furthermore, we compare DP with pointillistic active and semi-supervised learning techniques traditionally applied in data-sparse settings.
Libertine Fashion: Sexual Freedom, Rebellion, and Style

Libertine Fashion profiles various ‘libertines’ who have used fashion and display to challenge the orthodoxies of sexuality and gender in (mostly) Great Britain and France from the seventeenth cent...
Proposal for Standard Explanation in Mediation

Building on my article, Courts Should Make Mediations Good Samaritans Not Frankensteins, this concise article proposes a method to increase the substantial benefits of court-connected mediation while reducing the risks of coercion. If courts require parties to mediate – especially if parties pay market rates for mediation – courts have a responsibility for designing mediation policies so that parties get as good service as reasonably possible. This article proposes that courts require that standard explanations be provided to parties about the mediation process and their rights in mediation, and it offers model language that can be adapted to particular circumstances. The language and process for administering the explanation should be developed through a dispute system design process designed to improve preparation for mediation. This article identifies potential obstacles to effective implementation of this strategy. With sufficient commitment, courts, lawyers, and mediators can optimize parties’ experiences of court-connected mediation and reduce their risks.
Learnability Models and Vapnik-Chervonenkis Combinatorics

This paper surveys several models of learnability proposed and investigated by computational learning theorists during the past few years. Computational learning theory is the study of learning as seen from a computational complexity point of view. In addition to the usual space and time complexity, computational learning theory studies the sample complexity, the number of examples seen by the learner. (In a statistical setting, this is known as the sample size.) This paper will cover those models of learnability where ideas from Vapnik-Chervonenkis combinatorics have had the greatest impact. There are a few short proofs to give a flavor of some of the ideas involved, but most of the proofs are too long to be included here. The focus is on giving an idea of the variety of models and the relationships between them. For more complete surveys of computational learning theory see (1988), (1990), (1991), (1992), or the proceedings of the annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory published by Morgan Kaufmann. Some attempt has been made to keep the notation consistent within this paper, which means that it will be inconsistent with a large subset of the references.
The Economics of Art and Culture: Growth of the arts sector

Because the arts industry is crucial to our self-image, we are naturally curious not only about its size, but also about its rate of growth. If it is growing rapidly, we are likely to think better of the state of our society than if it is growing slowly or not at all. We begin this chapter by tracing the growth of the live performing arts in the United States since 1929, with special attention to the impact of technological innovation. We then examine recent trends in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe. In this context, the principal forms of the live performing arts – theater, symphony, opera, and dance – can readily be analyzed in common. Growth of activity in the fine arts and the growth of art museums is taken up separately in Chapters 9 and 10. Although we may all agree that the arts are more than “mere entertainment,” they are a form of entertainment, nevertheless, and must compete with its other forms in the budgets of interested consumers. The historical perspective adopted in this chapter allows us not only to measure the arts' long-run growth, but also to see how they have fared in competition with other kinds of recreation, and especially with other forms of spectator entertainment. In addition, it shows us how well the live arts have stood up against the endless flow of technological innovations, from talking pictures through television to the compact disc and the videocassette recorder, that have transformed the nonlive entertainment industry over the same span of years.
Selective and Reversible Sorption of Target Anions by Ligand Exchange

Polymeric sorbents, which can selectively remove target contaminants and be regenerated efficiently, are highly desirable for large-scale commercial applications. In this regard, selective sorption of contaminating inorganic and organic anions such as, selenites, arsenates, cyanides, phthalates, oxalates and others from the background of competing sulfate and chloride ions is a challenging separation problem yet to be resolved. Using copper-loaded specialty chelating polymers and a novel regeneration technique, we have been successful in overcoming commonly encountered difficulties.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a lifesaving art and science applied as a curative treatment modality for patients with selected malignant and nonmalignant diseases, predominately of the hematopoietic system. The treatment and possible cure of certain malignant diseases depend upon, to a variable degree, the delivery of doses of chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy that both exceed the tolerance of bone marrow and provide profound cytoreduction of the underlying disease (usually a malignancy). Infusion of these hematopoietic cells avoids potentially fatal irreversible marrow aplasia. Formerly referred to as bone marrow transplantation, high-dose chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by infusion of hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells allows full lymphohematopoietic reconstitution. Further, in the case of infusion of cells that are obtained from another person, these cells exert an “allogeneic cellular effect” and can eliminate residual malignant cells. HCT also may be used to correct immunodeficiency disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS), bone marrow failure states such as severe aplastic anemia, and congenital enzyme deficiencies and to treat, if not cure, various autoimmune diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and other conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
VisFlowCluster-IP: Connectivity-Based Visual Clustering of Network Hosts

With the increasing number of hostile network attacks, anomaly detection for network security has become an urgent task. As there have not been highly effective solutions for automatic intrusion detection, especially for detecting newly emerging attacks, network traffic visualization has become a promising technique for assisting network administrators to monitor network traffic and detect abnormal behaviors.