cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EMPATHY, JUSTICE, AND JURISPRUDENCE

This paper uses a study of the opinions in a case recently decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., to explain the role of empathy in legal interpretation. I argue for two theses: (1) that empathy is essential to an interpretation of law if that interpretation is to serve the interests of justice and (2) that no interpretation of a law is sound if it ignores whether so interpreting the law serves the interests of justice.
Dissipation and resilience of elastomeric segmented copolymers under extreme strain rates

Abstract The high strain rate behavior of elastomeric segmented copolymers has received significant attention in recent years in connection with the design of polymeric composites for a myriad of engineering and military applications. The presence of thermodynamically immiscible phases of hard and soft domains in these copolymeric materials enables multiple energy storage and dissipation pathways which offer new avenues towards highly resilient yet dissipative protective systems. In this research, the extreme strain rate behavior of an exemplar polyurea is addressed in Taylor impact tests to quantify ultrafast deformation processes at strain rates over 10 5 /s which are incurred in ballistic and blast loading events. Numerical simulations of the high rate, inhomogeneous deformation incurred during Taylor impact tests are conducted using a recently proposed large deformation constitutive model implemented within nonlinear finite element simulations. The simulations show the predictive capability of the viscoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive model under extreme strain rate events and reveal the details of the evolution of the deformation and stress waves during impact loading. Additionally, the highly dissipative yet resilient features of polyurea under inhomogeneous deformation at extreme strain rates are elucidated in terms of energy dissipation and shape recovery by taking representative sets of constitutive models for rubbery and glassy polymers and their combinations. The remarkable ability of the polyurea to dissipate energy in a manner similar to a glassy thermoplastic yet exhibits the resilience of a rubbery material is shown in both the experiments and the models. This work reveals that the model of the two-phase structures of segmented copolymers is providing both dissipation and energy storage pathways under extreme deformation.
Resin flow through fiber beds during composite manufacturing processes. Part II: Numerical and experimental studies of newtonian flow through ideal and actual fiber beds

Proper description of the resin flow through fibrous media is an important input to the modeling of composite manufacturing processes. Based on our conclusions in a recent review of pertinent literature (see Part I, this issue), Newtonian flow through ideal cylinder arrangements has been analyzed and measured. The analytical and numerical solutions agreed well with both our own experimental observation and those of others. Experiments with actual carbon fiber beds revealed significant deviations from ideal bed behavior. These deviations include dependence of the permeability on the nature of the permeant and the applied pressure difference, both of which make questionable the use of the Blake-Kozeny-Carman (BKC) equation to describe flow in real carbon fiber beds. Experiments that simulate the autoclave process by featuring combined permeation and consolidation of fiber beds have yielded additional dependencies of the permeability on process characteristics, such as the consolidation load and the original resin-rich areas within the fiber beds.
Metanephric adenoma in an 8-year-old child: case report and review of the literature

Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a renal tumor that is rarely found in children. We present a case of MA that was incidentally discovered in an 8-year-old child on computed tomography. We also review the literature regarding this lesion in the pediatric population. There are certain imaging features of MA that may suggest the diagnosis preoperatively. Metanephric adenoma is often hyperechoic on sonography, hyperdense on noncontrast computed tomography scans, and of low signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images. Nephron sparring surgery has been performed in several cases. However, the distinction of MA from other metanephric lesions as well as from Wilms' tumor and papillary renal cell carcinoma may not be readily apparent at the time of surgery.
In situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of dendrimer-stabilized platinum nanoparticles adsorbed on alumina

The adsorption of PAMAM G4OH dendrimer and dendrimer-stabilized platinum nanoparticles onto alumina supports has been investigated using in situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR−IR) spectroscopy. The presence of dendrimers on the Al2O3 surface is indicated by the appearance of several characteristic vibrational bands. The positions and relative intensities of amide I and II bands suggest that dendrimer conformation is effected by the presence of the encapsulated platinum nanoparticle. Aqueous phase carbon monoxide adsorption onto supported encapsulated Pt nanoparticles results in the appearance of a prominent vibrational peak associated with terminally adsorbed CO. The adsorbed CO can be removed by purging the CO from the liquid with either dissolved O2 or N2. The mechanism for this removal is likely via a reaction of CO with adsorbed OH formed from water dissociation. Comparisons with a traditional supported 1% Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst indicate that the surrounded dendrimer does not hinder the adsorp...
Development of a new power supply system of distributed sensors of transmission lines

According to the characteristics of sending data on schedule of distributed sensor of transmission lines, a kind of uninterruptible power supply solution using a combination of independent solar power supply, battery and super capacitor hybrid energy storage is put forward in this paper. In this solution, the control strategy of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) that only sampling the input current is used to achieve maximum power point for solar modules, power converter is used with parallel mode to achieve the battery and super capacitor hybrid energy storage. The new power supply system has a higher energy density and power density. When distributed sensors communicating, at wide temperature range, the new power supply system can instantaneous output high power. At the same time, the solution can make the output current of the battery less volatile, prolong the life of the entire system and reduce the capacity and size of the entire power system, and improve power system stability.
Repeatability of equine health and management information obtained via a telephone questionnaire

Abstract The repeatability of equine health and management data obtained via a telephone survey of 60 horse owners and trainers was evaluated by using a test-retest method. One month following completion of the initial telephone questionnaire, the owners and trainers were asked to complete a retest questionnaire which contained a subset of 31 questions from the original survey. The second (retest) questionnaire collected information concerning the same time period as the first interview, i.e. the 4 week period prior to the original admission date of the horse. Measures of agreement were calculated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for continuous variables and the Kappa statistic for categorical variables. Overall, measures of agreement were very favorable, ranging from good to excellent for nearly all questions examined. The results of this study indicate that repeatable information concerning equine health and management data can be obtained via a telephone interview and that a telephone questionnaire is a feasible method for obtaining information from horse owners and trainers.
P-1456 - Neurobiologic correlates between sexual activity and women's mood

Introduction Vagino-cervical stimulation and orgasm may influence mood since sexual intercourse and orgasm physiologically stimulate the vagal nerve and increase the secretion of oxytocin. Objective To explain physiopathologic correlations between sexual intercourse and orgasm from one part and women's mood from another part. Methods A review of the literature published via MedLine is done without any restrictions, using the terms “vagino-cervical stimulation” or “orgasm” in association with “affect” or “mood” or “stress”. Results Vagal nerve bypasses the spinal cord in its course to the brain and constitute the afferent pathway stimulating orgasm. Vagal nerve stimulation is an adjunctive long-term treatment of chronic or recurrent depression. Epilepsy patients who have received vagal nerve stimulation have shown improvement in depressive symptoms. Vagal nerve stimulation may activate the release of oxytocin, noradrenalin and serotonin via the stimulation of the tractus solitaris. Vagino-cervical stimulation releases oxytocin into plasma via the Ferguson reflex. Oxytocin's origin is predominantly in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that project axons into the posterior pituitary, where they release oxytocin into the systemic circulation in response to vagino-cervical stimulation and orgasm. Studies of brain imaging indicate increased activation at women's orgasm in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray of the midbrain, hippocampus, and the cerebellum. There has been at least one clinical trial showing that daily intranasal oxytocin led to improvements in depressive symptoms and reactivity to stressful life events. Conclusion Orgasm and vagino-cervical stimulation affects mood level in women.
Internationalization and Faculty-Led Service Learning.

This chapter examines faculty-led study-abroad programs as a strategy for increasing the breadth and depth of internationalization in community college education and uses the case study of Madison Area Technical College to examine the role of comprehensive internationalization in community college education.
Predictive modeling of lung cancer recurrence using alternative splicing events versus differential expression data

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Biomarker discovery has become increasingly important for the effective diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of the disease. The analysis of differential gene expression data has been the primary method for biomarker discovery. Our research demonstrates that alternative splicing events (ASE) can be another source of data for predictive model creation by identifying putative biomarkers that are complementary to those found from traditional gene expression. RNASeq data from 21 patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma, a non-small cell lung carcinoma (11 of which relapsed) were analyzed. After quantifying splice variants and gene expression with a bioinformatics pipeline, we were able to create predictive models, using orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) that recognize two clinical phenotypes (disease free and relapse); thus distinguishing between more indolent and aggressive disease. Hierarchical clustering of samples pre and post predictive model feature selection showed that clustering based on ASE was more indicative of the relapse phenotype. A novel hybrid multiple objective genetic algorithm combining alternative splicing events with gene expression was used for discriminate feature selection. A post-processing examination of the putative biomarkers found by the genetic algorithm and ranked correlation tests demonstrate that the analysis of alternative splicing events provide complementary and non-redundant predictive power by identifying biologically relevant patterns that do not result in differential gene expression.
Rare earth abundances in the standard granite G-1 and standard diabase W-1

Abstract The lanthanide elements (except Gd and Er) have been determined in the standard granite G-1 and standard diabase W-1 by neutron activation and a chemical procedure consisting of pre-irradiation separation of the rare earth group and post-irradiation column chromatography of individual lanthanides using bis(2-ethylhexyl)orthophosphoric acid. The logarithm of abundance, normalized to the corresponding abundance in chondrite meteorites, decreases linearly with Z, for G-1 from 57 La to 66 Dy by an abundance ratio of 35 and for W-1 from 57 La to 71 Lu by a ratio of 3.0. Relative to the trend of normalized abundances for the other lanthanides, Eu is singularly low by a factor of 0.7 in G-l but is normal in W-1.
Phase Relations of Rhythmic Neuronal Firing in the Supramammillary Nucleus and Mammillary Body to the Hippocampal Theta Activity in Urethane Anesthetized Rats

Structures in the caudal diencephalon including the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, the supramammillary nucleus (SUM) and the nuclei of the mammillary body (MB) occupy a strategic position in the crossroads of ascending and descending traffic between the brainstem and the limbic forebrain (septum/hippocampus). In this study we analyzed the phase relations of rhythmically discharging SUM/MB cells to hippocampal theta rhythm in urethane anesthetized rats with a dual aim of separating different functional types of SUM and MB neurons and characterizing their coupling to septohippocampal theta oscillators. We found that rhythmically firing neurons in the SUM/MB represent a functionally heterogenous population of cells that are coupled with forebrain theta oscillators at different preferred phases. Based on their phase relations to hippocampal theta four groups of rhythmic SUM/MB cells were identified. Neurons of the first and second groups fired out-of-phase relative to each other and synchronously with the positive (8 degrees +/- 7) or negative peaks (-177 degrees +/- 7) of theta field activity in the hippocampus, recorded above the CA1 pyramidal layer. Cells of the other two groups, also forming out-of-phase counter-parts, fired on the rising (97 degrees +/- 9) or falling segments (-97 degrees +/- 6) of CA1 theta waves. The peaks in the phase distribution histogram were well separated, and the empty zones between them were wider (40-70 degrees) than those comprising the phase data for different groups. The variations of phase values for individual neurons, when tested during several theta epochs, did not exceed the range of a single group. Theta field potentials were also recorded in the SUM/MB and were advanced by one quarter of the cycle (79 degrees +/- 9, range 56-99 degrees) relative to CA1 theta oscillations. The present results indicate that, similar to other theta-generating structures, rhythmically firing neurons can be classified on the basis of their phase relations in the SUM/MB as well. Different classes of SUM/MB neurons might play different roles in generating and/or transmitting theta rhythmic activity of the limbic system.
A new inhalation exposure system for the determination of inhaled doses in laboratory rats

A new inhalation exposure system has been developed which allows the determination of inhaled doses of vapors and gases by laboratory rats. The system consists of saran bags connected to head-only exposure cylinders via one-way valves. One bag serves as the source of contaminant and another receives expired air. The exposure cylinders also serve as whole body plethysmographs. Up to three rats can be exposed concurrently to the same concentration of test material. The construction of the system and its use for inhalation exposures to a direct-acting radiolabeled carcinogen are described.
Recent advances in protoplast culture of horticultural crops: Ornamental trees and shrubs

Abstract Major advances in the achievement of complete protoplast systems for deciduous angiosperm trees and shrubs have occurred in the last 3 years. At least 12 different species of woody trees and shrubs representing 6 different families have now been regenerated to plants from protoplasts. More importantly, two-thirds of these examples utilized non-seedling source plants, thus allowing the application of protoplast-based techniques to mature, highly selected genotypes. In general, two strategies for the development of complete protoplast systems were utilized: (1) the isolation of leaf protoplasts from in vitro shoot cultures with subsequent shoot regeneration via organogenesis, often from nodular callus; (2) isolation of protoplasts from embryonic tissue sources (cotyledons or embryogenic cultures) with subsequent shoot regeneration via somatic embryogenesis. The actual utilization of these protoplast techniques for genetic improvement or other research objectives has not yet occurred.
Basis selection for SOS programs via facial reduction and polyhedral approximations

We develop a monomial basis selection procedure for sum-of-squares (SOS) programs based on facial reduction. Using linear programming and polyhedral approximations, the proposed technique finds a face of the SOS cone containing the feasible set of a given SOS program. The identified face in turn identifies a set of monomials that can be used to convert the SOS program into a semidefinite program (SDP). The technique can be viewed as a generalization of standard parsing algorithms for monomial basis selection. As we illustrate with examples, the proposed method can lead to smaller SDPs that are simpler to solve.
Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use Among People with Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders

Abstract Objectives: The validity of self-reports of drug use from individuals who abuse substances has been questioned. Results from studies examining the accuracy of such self-reports have been mixed, indicating the need for closer examinations of the factors associated with concordance between self-reported drug use and results of urine screens. Methods: As part of a larger study examining the effectiveness of interventions for people with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders, we examined the agreement between self-report and urine screens for recent drug use. Results: Overall, the concordance between self-report and results from urine screens was high (80-84% agreement overall and 75–79% for the subset where the urine screen indicated recent drug use). Estimates for the likelihood of use of marijuana and cocaine within the past 30 days were 15% and 32%, respectively, based on urine screens, 25% and 35% based on self-report, and 28% and 43% based on information from both sources combi...
To boldly and safely go: Biostatistics in space

How can humans live and work in space? Ask one of NASA's biostatisticians. With the International Space Station, the prospect of a return to the moon and – who knows?– perhaps a manned voyage to Mars, ever-longer space missions must be planned for. Robert Ploutz-Snyder describes some of NASA's work to reduce the risk to astronauts.
Computer-aided design of structures using LISP

Abstract An experimental knowledge-based expert system, called SSPG. is presented for design of stiffened steel plate girders, using the LISP programming language. Employing previously acquired knowledge of the optimum span-to-web depth ratios, SSPG is capable of yielding a “practical” minimum weight design without performing a costly formal optimization. This research indicates the effectiveness of the LISP language for computer-aided design of structures where not only subjective knowledge and heuristics are needed but also substantial numerical computations are involved.
A conceptual framework for thinking about risk assessment and case management in child protective service

The present paper presents a broad conceptual framework for examining methodological issues in risk assessment in child protective service work. The following issues are discussed: standards for determination of risk; types of data collected; sources of information; types of possible errors; incremental validity issues; cultural context of decision making; assessment of problem origins; selection of outcome goals and implementation strategies; and treatment monitoring and case closure decisions. Risk assessment procedures vary on a number of dimensions, and the task of comparing one procedure to another is quite complex. Clearly, techniques cannot be considered from one vantage point and must take into account the general purpose of the assessment, the specific types of decisions that are to be made, and for whom, by whom, and within what context the data is to be gathered and used.
Integrated color management: the key to color control in electronic imaging and graphic systems

The continuing evolution of color in both established and new electronic imaging and graphics markets plus the parallel growth of user expectation resulting in the demand for WYSIWYG color across devices points directly to the need for a unified color management approach that addresses the complex and multi-level requirements of system implementors, application and hardware vendors, as well as users. Such a system should provide extensible, device- and computing platform-independent access to state of the art color functionality. The principal elements of such an integrated system are discussed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Selenomethionine Inhibits IL-1β Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) Expression in Primary Human Chondrocytes

Summary Objective Several lines of evidence show that selenium (Se) has potential protective effects in osteoarthritis (OA), however the exact mechanism is still unclear. As interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one of the key proinflammatory cytokines contributing to the progression in OA, we investigated the effect of Se in neutralizing the inflammatory effects of IL-1β on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production, and the signaling pathways involved. Methods Isolated primary human chondrocytes were pretreated with selenomethionine (SeMet) (0.5μM SeMet) for 24h then co-treated without or with IL-1β (10pg/ml or 50pg/ml) for another 24h followed by RNA isolation. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) was determined by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Culture media concentrations of NO and PGE 2 were determined by nitrite (NO 2 − ) assay and immunoassay respectively. For analysis of cell signaling pathways, chondrocytes were pretreated with SeMet then stimulated with IL-1β for 0–45min. The activity of IL-1β signaling pathways was determined by Western blot screening of phosphorylation states of signal transduction proteins. Results SeMet inhibited chondrocyte gene expression of IL-1β induced iNOS (31–54%, P =0.031) and COX2 (50–65%, P =0.031) with corresponding reductions in both NO (19–47%, P =0.031) and PGE 2 (24–32%, P =0.031) production. Pretreatment with SeMet attenuated IL-1β induced activation of p38 MAPK (39%, P =0.039) but not the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) or nuclear factor κB (NFκB). Conclusions This study elucidates one potential protective mechanism of Se, namely through the alteration of cell signaling and downstream transcription of pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1β.
Qudratic regulatory theory for analytic non-linear systems with additive controls

Abstract Quadratic regulator problems over finite and infinite time intervals are solved for non-linear systems which are analytic in the state and linear in the control. The solution approach is based on using a formal power series expansion method for solving a non-linear Hamiltonian system. The technique of Carleman linearization facilitates the approach. The unique solution to the non-linear optimal regulator problem is obtained in terms of a convergent power series which satisfies the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation of dynamic programming. The realization of the optimal regulator is investigated and sufficient conditions are derived from the optimal regulator using the technique of Carleman linearization. Several examples are given to illustrate the theory.
The astrophysics of cool white dwarfs

Old, cool white dwarfs convey valuable information about the early history of our Galaxy. They have been used to determine the age of the Galactic disk, several open clusters and a globular cluster. We review the current understanding of the physics of cool white dwarfs, including their mass distribution, chemical evolution, and cooling. We also examine the role of white dwarfs as tracers of various stellar populations, both in terms of observational searches and theoretical models.
Acid-Base Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Estuarine Waters of Georgia, USA

The contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to alkalinity in estuarine waters and its relationship to CO2 chemistry has not received much previous attention. In this paper, we present some of the first organic alkalinity measurements in the context of estuarine mixing, focusing on three rivers in the Southeastern US. The simple model presented here illustrates that the organic contribution to alkalinity in estuarine waters is largely controlled by the dramatic pH change in the early stage of the mixing. As mixing progresses, organic alkalinity becomes nearly conservative with respect to salinity change. Although no DOM removal during estuarine mixing was detected here, this work provides an alternative approach to evaluate the issues of colloid and small particle formation and coagulation during mixing. This paper demonstrates that a large fraction of the proton binding sites of humic substances is either completely protonated or deprotonated during the estuarine mixing processes and, therefore, that these sites contribute neither to alkalinity nor to proton transfer reactions. One class of chargeable sites may be adequate to model the acid-base properties of humic substances during the mixing process.
A comparison study of linear reconstruction techniques for diffuse optical tomographic imaging of absorption coefficient

We compare, through simulations, the performance of four linear algorithms for diffuse optical tomographic reconstruction of the three-dimensional distribution of absorption coefficient within a highly scattering medium using the diffuse photon density wave approximation. The simulation geometry consisted of a coplanar array of sources and detectors at the boundary of a half-space medium. The forward solution matrix is both underdetermined, because we estimate many more absorption coefficient voxels than we have measurements, and ill-conditioned, due to the ill-posedness of the inverse problem. We compare two algebraic techniques, ART and SIRT, and two subspace techniques, the truncated SVD and CG algorithms. We compare three-dimensional reconstructions with two-dimensional reconstructions which assume all inhomogeneities are confined to a known horizontal slab, and we consider two 'object-based' error metrics in addition to mean square reconstruction error. We include a comparison using simulated data generated using a different FDFD method with the same inversion algorithms to indicate how our conclusions are affected in a somewhat more realistic scenario. Our results show that the subspace techniques are superior to the algebraic techniques in localization of inhomogeneities and estimation of their amplitude, that two-dimensional reconstructions are sensitive to underestimation of the object depth, and that an error measure based on a location parameter can be a useful complement to mean squared error.
Ethnic differences in cancer mortality trends in the US, 1950-1992.

Objective. To describe long-term mortality trends by ethnicity, sex, and age for selected cancers and to assess the effect of age-adjustment using different standard populations on rate ratios and rate differences comparing black to white cancer mortality. Design. Mortality rates for selected cancers were obtained from published reports of the Vital Statistics of the United States (1950-1992). All ethnic- and sex-specific cancer rates were directly age-adjusted to the total 1970 US standard population and to a subset of the 1970 US standard population 40 years and older. Results. Over a 42-year period, lung cancer mortality increased in all population subgroups. Colorectal cancer mortality declined in whites, but increased in blacks. Prostate cancer mortality increased slightly in white men, but dramatically increased in black men. Breast cancer mortality stabilized in white women, but increased markedly in black women. Uterine cancer mortality declined for both ethnicities, while ovarian cancer mortality...
Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay in Mammalian Cells Involves Decapping, Deadenylating, and Exonucleolytic Activities

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a mechanism by which cells recognize and degrade mRNAs that prematurely terminate translation. To date, the polarity and enzymology of NMD in mammalian cells is unknown. We show here that downregulating the Dcp2 decapping protein or the PM/Scl100 component of the exosome (1) significantly increases the abundance of steady-state nonsense-containing but not nonsense-free mRNAs, and (2) significantly slows the decay rate of transiently induced nonsense-containing but not nonsense-free mRNA. Downregulating poly(A) ribonuclease (PARN) also increases the abundance of nonsense-containing mRNAs. Furthermore, NMD factors Upf1, Upf2, and Upf3X coimmunopurify with the decapping enzyme Dcp2, the putative 5'-->3' exonuclease Rat1, the proven 5'-->3' exonuclease Xrn1, exosomal components PM/Scl100, Rrp4, and Rrp41, and PARN. From these and other data, we conclude that NMD in mammalian cells degrades mRNAs from both 5' and 3' ends by recruiting decapping and 5'-->3' exonuclease activities as well as deadenylating and 3'-->5' exonuclease activities.
Kinematic formulas for finite vector spaces

Abstract We derive q-analogues of some fundamental theorems of convex geometry, including Helly's theorem, the principal kinematic formula, and Hadwiger's characterization theorem for invariant valuations.
Effects of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus on Yield and Yield Components of Drilled Winter Wheat

Yield reduction in eight soft red winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) in response to barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) infection was evaluated in drilled plots. The experiment was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at the Crop Sciences Research and Education Center of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cultivars Caldwell, Cardinal, Clark, Howell, IL 87-2834, Tyler, and Pioneer brands 2548 and 2555 were selected for the study based on root system size, yield potential, and adaptation to local growing conditions. Plots were planted with a six-row drill to approximate conditions in growers' fields. A split-plot treatment design was used, with treatments as whole plots, and cultivars as subplots. The three treatments were BYDV-inoculated, natural BYDV infection, and a control (sprayed with Cygon to control naturally occurring aphids). Significant yield reductions in inoculated plots indicated the potential for severe yield loss due to BYDV infection under drilled conditions. The component of yield most severely affected by virus infection was number of kernels per spike. Kernel weight was affected but to a lesser extent than kernels per spike. Tiller number was generally not altered by infection but was positively correlated with yield in infected plots. Since kernels per spike and kernel weight were reduced by BYDV infection, it may be possible to select for tolerant genotypes by identifying lines in which these parameters are least affected by BYD disease pressure.
The role of weight stigmatization in cumulative risk for binge eating

Previous research supports a positive association between weight stigmatization experiences and binge eating. However, the extent to which weight stigmatization accounts for binge eating in the context of other risk factors requires further investigation. Using a cumulative risk model, we examine previously studied risk factors (environmental stress, psychological functioning, negative coping, body dissatisfaction) as well as weight stigmatization as predictors of binge eating bariatric patients and undergraduate students. Results show a unique contribution of weight stigmatization. Analyses by sample indicated that this was only the case for the undergraduate student sample. Results support weight stigmatization as a meaningful predictor of binge eating and highlight the need for further work investigating how these experiences work to promote eating pathology.
Mitigating driver distraction with retrospective and concurrent feedback.

OBJECTIVES: An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of retrospective and combined retrospective and concurrent feedback on driver performance and engagement in distracting activities. BACKGROUND: A previous study conducted by the authors showed that concurrent (or real time) feedback can help drivers better modulate their distracting activities. However, research also shows that concurrent feedback can pose additional distractions due to the limited time and resources available during driving. Retrospective feedback, which is presented at the end of a trip (i.e., post-drive), can include additional information on safety critical situations during a trip and help the driver learn safe driving habits. METHOD: A driving simulator study was conducted with 48 participants and 3 conditions: retrospective feedback, combined feedback (both retrospective and concurrent), and no feedback (baseline case). RESULTS: The feedback conditions (retrospective and combined) resulted in faster response to lead vehicle braking events as depicted by shorter accelerator release times. Moreover, combined feedback also resulted in longer glances to the road. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that both feedback types have potential to improve immediate driving performance and driver engagement in distractions. APPLICATION: Combined feedback holds the most promise for mitigating the effects of distraction from in-vehicle information systems. Keywords: Driver distraction Language: en
Resonance enhancement of the vibrations of cytochrome -a3 and its conformation in oxidized cytochrome oxidase.

Summary Resonance enhancement of high and low frequency vibrational modes of oxidized cytochrome a 3 in several cytochrome oxidase species have been observed when flowing samples and excitation frequencies of 413.1 nm and 406.7 nm were used. The data are interpreted by excitation profile arguments which incorporate optical parameters from the spectra of cytochromes a and a 3 deduced by Vanneste ( Biochemistry 5 , 838–848 (1966)). The carbonyl of oxidized cytochrome a 3 is conjugated with the heme a π-electron system independent of both its iron spin state and the redox state of cytochrome a . This contrasts with the behavior of cytochrome a and of reduced cytochrome a 3 . Mechanistic implications of these conformational differences are briefly considered.
Pacemaker implantation in children: a 21-year experience.

Forty-one children, 20 hoys and 21 girls, aged 11 days to 19 years (mean 9.9 years) at initial pacemaker implant, were followed 1 to 248 months (mean 90 months). Ten (mean age 8.2 years) were implanted between 1966 and 1972 (Group I), 14 (mean age 9.9 years) between 1973 and 1980 (Group 11) and 17 (mean age 10.9 years) from 1981 through April 1988 (Group 111). Arrhythmias were congenital complete heart block in 19, postoperative heart block in 15, acquired heart block in 3, sick sinus syndrome in 3, and bradycardia-induced ventricular fibrillation in 1. Twenty-eight of 41 children had a transvenous implant: 40% of Group I, 71% of Group 11 and 82% of Group III. Thirteen were cephalic, four subclavian and 11 jugular. Generator site was pectoral in 19, abdominal in 12, intrathoracic in one, and retromammary in nine of 12 girls aged 10 years or more at implant. In Groups 1,11 and 111, 5, 14 and 6 had VOO or WI units; 5, 0 and 8 dual chamber (VAT, VDD and DDD) pacemakers; 0, 0 and 1 AAI; and 0, 0 and 2 rate-modulated (WIR) units at initial implant. The average interval between pacer-related hospitalizations in Groups I, II and III was 20, 42, and 39 months. Complications included infection in six, hemothorax in one, and impending pacemaker erosion in one. Six patients died, one of pacer infection, four from primary cardiac disease, and one suddenly without apparent reason. Follow-up continues in 31: 14 are employed full-time, three are homemakers, eight are full-time students, and six are active pre-schoolers. Four women have had normal children. We conclude: (1) children with implanted pacemakers can have a normal lifestyle, with prognosis based on underlying cardiac disease; (2) elective epicardial electrodes are now rarely needed; (3) implantation via the cephalic vein is feasible and complication-free; (4) retromammary implant is technically easy and cosmetic; (5) dual chamber and rate-modulated pacemakers can be utilized effectively.(PACE, Vol. 11 November Part II 1988)
Development of bovine ivf oocytes cultured in medium supplemented with a nitric oxide scavenger or inhibitor in a co-culture system

Abstract Bovine IVF oocytes were cultured in modified bovine embryo culture medium (mBECM) supplemented with either a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, hemoglobin (Hb, 1 μg/mL) and/or a NO synthesis inhibitor, Lω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1 or 1000 nM) in a cumulusgranulosa cell co-culture system. In Experiment 1, a total of 1,675 cumulus-oocytes complexes was collected for 7 mo and cultured to the blastocyst stage in mBECM with or without Hb after IVM and IVF. There were significant (P
A microcalorimetric estimation of the surface acidity of NiSO4·xH2O and catalytically active Al2O3

Abstract The relative surface acidity of several alumina powders with a variety of specific surface areas has been measured by a microcalorimetric technique. The alumina surfaces studied here are those for which the catalytic activity for alcohol dehydration has been measured. The technique used was to measure the heats of immersion (ΔHi) in pyridine and 2,6-dimethyl pyridine. A maximum in ΔHi for both liquids was observed as a function of a particle size corresponding to a maximum in the catalytic activity. The technique was also applied to NiSO4·xH2O samples, and the results were compared to other surface acidity measurements for these samples.
Development and deployment of a stable tow body

Abstract With the introduction of improved underwater transducers, there is a need for a stable tow body for oceanographic measurements. This paper summarizes the development of a 260 kg, 1.83×1.06×0.81 m tow body. It covers the performance requirements, the tow body design and manufacture as well as its tow trials off of Biloxi, Mississippi aboard the R.V. Tommy Munro.
Primary endometrial B-Cell lymphoma: Rare etiology of abnormal uterine bleeding and potential nonsurgical therapy

Abstract We present a case of primary endometrial B-cell lymphoma, pathologically confirmed. The patient is a 68-year-old female with postmenopausal bleeding. Ultrasound revealed endometrial thickening and was followed up with endometrial biopsy. F18-FDG PET, performed for staging, demonstrated abnormally increased radiotracer uptake isolated to the endometrium. The patient was treated with chemotherapy (R-CHOP) and external-beam radiation. Endometrial activity was resolved on post-treatment followup F18-FDG PET. Primary endometrial lymphoid neoplasms are extremely rare (approximately 2% of extranodal lymphoid neoplasms); even rarer is primary B-cell lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a successful treatment of endometrial lymphoma using external-beam radiation and chemotherapy in a patient who did not receive hysterectomy.
Monitoring the effects of anti-angiogenesis on the radiation sensitivity of pancreatic cancer xenografts using dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography

Purpose To image the intratumor vascular physiological status of pancreatic tumors xenografts and their response to anti-angiogenic therapy using dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT), and to identify parameters of vascular physiology associated with tumor x-ray sensitivity after anti-angiogenic therapy. Methods and Materials Nude mice bearing human BxPC-3 pancreatic tumor xenografts were treated with 5 Gy of radiation therapy (RT), either a low dose (40 mg/kg) or a high dose (150 mg/kg) of DC101, the anti-VEGF receptor-2 anti-angiogenesis antibody, or with combination of low or high dose DC101 and 5 Gy RT (DC101- plus -RT). DCE-CT scans were longitudinally acquired over a 3-week period post-DC101 treatment. Parametric maps of tumor perfusion and fractional plasma volume (F p ) were calculated and their averaged values and histogram distributions evaluated and compared to controls, from which a more homogeneous physiological window was observed 1-week post-DC101. Mice receiving a combination of DC101- plus -RT(5 Gy) were imaged baseline before receiving DC101 and 1 week after DC101 (before RT). Changes in perfusion and F p were compared with alternation in tumor growth delay for RT and DC101- plus -RT (5 Gy)-treated tumors. Results Pretreatment with low or high doses of DC101 before RT significantly delayed tumor growth by an average 7.9 days compared to RT alone ( P ≤ .01). The increase in tumor growth delay for the DC101- plus -RT-treated tumors was strongly associated with changes in tumor perfusion (Δ P >−15%) compared to RT treated tumors alone ( P =.01). In addition, further analysis revealed a trend linking the tumor's increased growth delay to its tumor volume-to-DC101 dose ratio. Conclusions DCE-CT is capable of monitoring changes in intratumor physiological parameter of tumor perfusion in response to anti-angiogenic therapy of a pancreatic human tumor xenograft that was associated with enhanced radiation response.
NASA'a Next-Generation Space Telescope visiting a time when galaxies were young

With the discovery of galaxies that existed when the universe was very young, of planets not in our own solar system, and with the tantalizing evidence that he conditions for life may have existed within our solar system on planets or moons outside of the earth system, the pat year has seen an explosion of interest in astronomy. In particular, a new era of exploration and understanding seems imminent, where the connection between the existence for the conditions of life will be connected to the origin of galaxies, stars and planets within the Universe. Who knows where this quest for knowledge will take us.
Nested realities and human consciousness: The paradoxical expression of evolutionary process

Abstract I find in the currents of intellectual activity in the physical and life sciences and several other fields the emergence of an organizational principle which links the evolution of human consciousness with evolution in general. This principle, “the nesting of reality,” and the allied principle of self‐organization express a characteristically paradoxical interdependence of levels in the architecture of complexity. The nesting principle is most immediately accessible to observation in our manner of constructing expressions in natural language. I both express and illustrate the principle by reflexively constituting the essay itself. I maintain that our growing ability to consciously track the necessarily reflexive and fundamentally paradoxical element in natural language practice is the gateway to observing the nesting principle at work in other domains. I believe that this reflexive methodology illuminates the principle as mapping an isomorphic relationship between the bounded‐ness of human though...
Characterization of a diferrous terminal hydride mechanistically relevant to the Fe-only hydrogenases.

Reduction of diferrous dithiolato complexes with hydride donor reagents affords the first example of the previously elusive terminal diferrous hydride, [Fe2(edt)(μ-CO)(H)(CO)(PMe3)4]PF6 (edt = S2C2H4). Crystallographic characterization shows that this model contains an asymmetrical semi-bridging CO trans to a terminal hydrido, as indicated in the Hred state in the D. desulfuricans enzyme. The model reacts with protons to yield H2 and rearranges via an intramolecular process to the isomeric μ-hydrido isomer, which is unreactive toward protons.
Regulation of androgen and vitamin D receptors by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human prostate epithelial and stromal cells

ABSTRACTPurpose: The mechanisms of the interaction between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 D) and androgens, and their respective receptors in their action on the prostate are not completely understood. We examined the interplay of 1,25 D and androgens on the epithelial and stromal cells of the prostate.Materials and Methods: The human neonatal prostatic epithelial cell line 267B-1 (BRFF, Inc., Ijamsville, Maryland) and primary cultures of human prostate stromal cells were treated with medium containing 5 or 10 μM 1,25 D or ethanol (control) in the presence or absence of 10 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri). Protein levels of androgen receptor (AR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were determined by immunoblot analysis of whole cell extracts. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays were used to determine AR and VDR DNA binding activities.Results: The VDR protein level of 267B-1 cells was increased in the presence of 1,25 D (with the maximum effects seen at 24 hours) regardles...
Influence of a Central Tryptophan and of Cholesterol on the Properties of Defined Transmembrane Helical Peptides

GWALP23 (acetyl-GGALW5LALALALALALALW19LAGA-amide) provides a favorable host framework for investigations of the influence of guest amino acids, for example a third, centrally located, Trp residue, within the hydrophobic core of a well characterized transmembrane helix. It is crucial to note that the orientation and rotation of GWALP23 are sensitive to single-residue replacements, in part because the membrane-spanning helix exhibits only limited dynamic averaging of solid-state NMR observables such as the 2H quadrupolar splitting (Biophys. J. 101, 2939). We introduced a Trp residue into position 12 or 13 of GWALP23 (replacing either L12 or A13) and incorporated specific 2H-Ala labels within the helical core sequence. Solid-state 2H NMR spectra of GWALP23-W12 reveal that the peptide remains helical and retains a dominant preferred tilted transmembrane orientation with only a low extent of dynamic averaging, comparable to GWALP23 itself. Indeed, the tilt and dynamics of GWALP23-W12 are quite similar to the values observed for GWALP23 in DMPC bilayer membranes. We have analyzed the dynamics of the peptide helices using a modified Gaussian treatment as well as a semi-static treatment. The results indicate that a central Trp residue at position 12 does not appreciably perturb the properties of bilayer-spanning GWALP23. (By contrast, Arg-12 or Lys-12, when charged, induces multi-state behavior for GWALP23 in bilayer membranes [PNAS 110, 1692].) Additionally, we are investigating the influence of cholesterol upon the properties of membrane-spanning GWALP23, GWALP23-W12 and GWALP23-K12.
White‐collar crime: A due diligence issue in India

India is one of the most attractive targets for mergers and acquisitions (M&As), second only to China. But it is also one of the riskiest locations for that kind of investment. One part of that risk is white-collar crime (WCC), which continues to grow worldwide at an incredible rate. It is a plague that affects all countries-and India is no exception. But how pervasive is WCC in India? What forms does it take? And what due diligence measures must U.S. companies take if they want to do business there? © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.