cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Message versus Perception during the Americanization of the Vietnam War

Between August 1964 and July 1965, America's direct military involvement in the Vietnam War grew dramatically. Before this period, the US involvement consisted of about 20,000 military advisors, em...
A Feeling Disputation

This, the latest volume in The Douglas Walton Encyclopedia of Argumentation—well, it's starting to look like that, anyway—is primarily concerned with four purported fallacies that involve an appeal to emotion: ad populum, ad misericordiam, ad baculum, and ad hominem. In very rough outline, the layout of the book is this. After some preliminary remarks about the four fallacies in the first chapter, and some remarks about the theoretical framework he will be working with in the second, Walton devotes a chapter apiece to each of the four in the order indicated above. A seventh chapter focuses on “borderline cases,” in which more than one of the so-called fallacies is involved, and an eighth summarizes and refines the findings of earlier chapters. As is obvious, The Place of Emotion is well organized; and, as would be a safe inference for anyone acquainted with any of Walton's work, it is written in a readily accessible and unpretentious style: a plain style, in the best sense of the term. Walton has something to say, and it's virtually impossible to miss it—and that independently of the fact that this book, like a number of his others, is somewhat repetitive. The Place of Emotion is one of those rare books that a specialist in a field would find of interest, but that could also be taught in an undergraduate course.
Approximate Linear Programming for Average Cost MDPs

We consider the linear programming approach to approximate dynamic programming with an average cost objective and a finite state space. Using a Lagrangian form of the linear program LP, the average cost error is shown to be a multiple of the best fit differential cost error. This result is analogous to previous error bounds for a discounted cost objective. Second, bounds are derived for average cost error and performance of the policy generated from the LP that involve the mixing time of the Markov decision process MDP under this policy or the optimal policy. These results improve on a previous performance bound involving mixing times.
A High-Density Scalable Twin Transistor RAM (TTRAM) With Verify Control for SOI Platform Memory IPs

Several high-density SOI memory technologies utilizing the body floating effects have been proposed. Conditions needed for SoC memory IPs for many kinds of applications are not only performance but also suitability for platform technologies. We had reported TTRAM (Twin Transistor RAM) and (Enhanced TTRAM) which are high-density capacitorless SOI-CMOS compatible memory IPs. A platform design methodology becomes the mainstream, providing QTAT and low-cost design. Now, we have upgraded the with application-required functions called scalable TTRAM. This memory IP can be applied to many kinds of applications using the verify control technique with compact actively body-bias controlled (ABC) sense amplifier, and the unique test mode functions have also been proposed for practical usage. The test chip of 4 Mbit macro fabricated with 90 nm standard SOI CMOS achieves performance of 263 MHz high-speed random access, 79 mW/4 Mb lower active power dissipation, 453 MHz data transfer of page/burst mode and lower stand-by current mode of 5 s data retention time. The scalable TTRAM can play the role of on-chip SoC memory IPs, for example, in consumer, mobile, and MPU/game applications.
Uptake kinetics and subcellular compartmentalization of cadmium in acclimated and unacclimated earthworms (Eisenia andrei).

Acclimation to cadmium (Cd) levels exceeding background concentrations may influence the ability of earthworms to accumulate Cd with minimum adverse effects. In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were acclimated by exposure to 20 mg/kg Cd (dry wt) in Webster soil for 28 d. A 224-d bioaccumulation test was subsequently conducted with both acclimated and unacclimated worms exposed in Webster soils spiked with 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg Cd (dry wt). Uptake kinetics and subcellular compartmentalization of Cd were examined. Results suggest that acclimated earthworms accumulated more Cd and required a longer time to reach steady state than unacclimated worms. Most of the Cd was present in the metallothionein (MT) fraction. Cadmium in the MT fraction increased approximately linearly with time and required a relatively longer time to reach steady state than Cd in cell debris and granule fractions, which quickly reached steady state. Cadmium in the cell debris fraction is considered potentially toxic, but low steady state concentrations observed in the present study would not suggest the potential for adverse effects. Future use of earthworms in ecological risk assessment should take into consideration pre-exposure histories of the test organisms. A prolonged test period may be required for a comprehensive understanding of Cd uptake kinetics and compartmentalization. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1568–1574. © 2010 SETAC
Intergenerational conflict and the political economy of higher education funding

Abstract We examine how a population's age distribution and a growing divide between the ethnic composition of older and young generations is likely to affect support for higher education funding. Using detailed survey data on voter preferences for higher education funding and precinct-level vote returns from locally-funded community college bond referenda in California, we find that older voters are significantly less supportive of higher education funding than younger voters and that support among older non-Hispanic white voters is particularly weak when those voters reside in a jurisdiction where the college-age population is more heavily Hispanic.
Enhancing genetic virtue

The Genetic Virtue Project (GVP) is a proposed interdisciplinary effort between philosophers, psychologists and geneticists to discover and enhance human ethics using biotechnology genetic correlates of virtuous behavior. The empirical plausibility that virtues have biological correlates is based on the claims that (a) virtues are a subset of personality, specifically, personality traits conceived of as “enduring behaviors,” and (b) that there is ample evidence that personality traits have a genetic basis. The moral necessity to use the GVP for moral enhancement is based on the claims that we should eliminate evil (as understood generically, not religiously), as some evil is a function of human nature. The GVP is defended against several ethical and political criticisms.
A pulsatile hemodynamic evaluation of the commercially available bifurcated Y-graft Fontan modification and comparison with the lateral tunnel and extracardiac conduits

Abstract Objective Fontan completion, resulting in a total cavopulmonary connection, is accomplished using a lateral tunnel, extracardiac conduit, or bifurcated Y-graft. The use of Y-grafts is hypothesized to provide symmetric hepatic blood flow distribution to the lungs, a factor related to pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. The present study evaluates the hemodynamic performance of the largest commercially available Y-graft cohort to date, highlights 6 representative cases, and compares commercially available Y-graft performance with lateral tunnel/extracardiac conduit connections. Methods A total of 30 patients with commercially available Y-grafts and 30 patients with lateral tunnel/extracardiac conduits were analyzed. Total cavopulmonary connection anatomies and flow waveforms were reconstructed using cardiac magnetic resonance images and phase-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance. Computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed to quantify total cavopulmonary connection power loss, resistance, and hepatic flow distribution. Comparisons between graft types were investigated. Results Total cavopulmonary connection resistance was significantly higher for Y-grafts. Hepatic flow distribution was similar overall but showed discrepancies at extreme values with more unbalanced flow in the Y-graft cohort. Power loss was more sensitive to left pulmonary artery stenosis in the Y-graft cohort. Prediction of Y-graft hepatic flow distribution is multifactorial. Conclusions Commercially available Y-grafts do not inherently provide more balanced hepatic flow distribution than lateral tunnel/extracardiac conduit connections, which are more energetically favorable and less sensitive to pulmonary artery stenosis. Graft type should be considered on an individual basis because hemodynamic performance is based on a combination of factors, including pulmonary flow distribution, pulmonary artery stenosis, and superior vena cava positioning.
Endocrine Responses to the Stress of Critical Illness

The physiologic and psychologic stress of critical illness produces systemic endocrine responses that affect the body's ability to achieve and maintain homeostasis. Regardless of the nature of the stress or illness, specific hormonal changes occur in thyroid, adrenal, and posterior pituitary activity. This article describes the physiologic and pathophysiologic basis underlying endocrine responses to the stress of critical illness. The critical care nurse is challenged by the complexity of this patient and needs to be familiar with the endocrine responses to critical illness for assessment and clinical interventions to be meaningful.
Application of perceptual image coding and the neural network method in predicting the optimum Asphalt binder content of open-graded friction course mixtures

Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) designs open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures using a pie plate visual draindown method (FM 5-588). In this method, the optimum asphalt binder content (OBC) is determined based on visual assessment of the superficial asphalt binder draindown (SABD) distribution of three OGFC samples placed in pie plates with pre-determined asphalt binder contents (AC). In order to eliminate the human subjectivity involved in the current visual method, an automated method for quantifying the OBC of OGFC mixtures is developed using digital images of the pie plates and concepts of perceptual image coding and neural networks. Phase I involved the FM-5-588-based OBC testing of OGFC mixture designs consisting of a large set of samples prepared from a variety of granitic and oolitic limestone aggregate sources used by FDOT. Then the digital images of the pie plates containing samples of the above mixtures were acquired using an imaging setup customised by FDOT. The correlation be...
Effect of Verbal Praise and Reproof on Balance Board Performance of College Males and Females

The experiment tested the effect of verbal praise and reproof on performance on a balance board similar in principle to that described by Reynolds (1952). Eight female college students tested 48 college males and 48 college females and administered standard verbal comments of praise to one-half the Ss (randomly designated) and reproof to the remaining Ss. Each examiner tested 12 Ss on three separate occasions, and Ss performed six 30-sec. trials on each occasion. Four examiners tested male Ss, and four tested female Ss. The estimate of internal consistency for the mean of six trials for males was .91 and .94 for females. Ss were initially told that the testing was being done to establish norms, but the true purpose was made known on completion of the experiment. Analysis of covariance, computed by analysis of variance of residual gain scores, yielded no significant reinforcement (praise and reproof) effect. The mean of two nonreinforced trials was used in computing residual gain scores. There was a significant (# < .01) Reinforcement-by-Examiner interaction. Reproof administered by one personable and physically attractive examiner greatly improved performance, but reproof administered by another, who was not personable and was plain in appearance, decreased performance. Examiners had practiced a standard testing procedure prior to the experiment and minimized extraneous conversation with Ss during the experiment. There were no other observable differences of consequence among these two examiners and the six remaining examiners. The confounding of reinforcement with examiner appearance was unplanned. It is possible that the effect of praise and reproof is dependent on examiner characteristics and sociocultural gender factors. The significant Reinforcement-by-Examiner interaction emphasized the need for including an examiner factor in reinforcement studies. Hakstian and Brickner (1968) have reported an Investigator-by-Reinforcement interaction in a verbal-conditioning experiment. The absence of an examiner factor in other studies may, in part, explain apparently conflicting reports on effects of praise and reproof.
Flow around a High-Rise Building Model in Tornado-like Wind

An experimental study was conducted to quantify the characteristics of flow structures around on a high-rise building model and resultant wind loads (both forces and moments) in tornado-like winds. In addition to measuring wind loads (both forces and moments) acting on the tested high-rise building model using a high-sensitivity load cell, a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to conduct detailed flow field measurements to reveal the evolution of the unsteady vortex and turbulent flow structures around the test model in tornado-like wind. The measurement results revealed clearly that the evolution of the wake vortex and turbulent flow structures around the test model as well as the resultant wind loads induced by tornado-like wind were significantly different from those in conventional straight-line wind. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the wind load measurement data to elucidate the underlying physics to gain insight into the flow-structure interactions between the tested high-rise building model and tornado-like vortex in order to provide more accurate prediction of wind damage potential to built environment with the ultimate goal of reducing life loss, injury casualty, and economic loss that results from tornados.
Analysis on Results of Rapid Slip Method with Traditional Ferment Method in Detection of Escherichia coli in Different Samples

Objective To analyze the consistency of testing Escherichia coli in different samples between traditional ferment method with rapid slip method. Methods Escherichia coli were tested in the same samples by using rapid slip method and traditional ferment method. The consistency and false-positive rate of the results were compared. Results The results of the two methods had 88.2% of the total coincidence in 5 kinds of samples (cakes and pastry 97.5%, freezing drink and food 82.5%, pot-stewed meat 66.7%, water 100%, and tableware 96.4%). The coincidence was influenced by different pollution degrees of freezing drink and food. The true-positive rate of slip method had only 51.2% in non-typical results and the distribution was different in different types of samples. Conclusions Test paper of rapid slip method must be developed and used according to corresponding types, and the judgment of non-typical results needs traditional method.
Assessment of Dementia: Screening for Cognitive Decline with Asian Clients

In this chapter we review the literature on cognitive decline and dementia in Asian elders with a specific focus on the Mini-Mental Status Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Hasegawa Dementia Scale Revised, the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument, the SEOL, and the Clinical Dementia Rating. In our review of the literature we found that (1) empirical studies on Asian elders in the USA are very limited; (2) the Asian culture is incredibly broad which makes assessment extraordinarily complex; (3) age, education, and literacy must be taken into account when screening for cognitive impairment or assessing for dementia; (4) each of the screening instruments reviewed can be used to assess for cognitive impairment with some cultural considerations and caveats; (5) level of acculturation and language preference should guide assessment practices; (6) screening for cognitive impairment should occur during routine visits; and (7) where cognitive impairment associated with dementia is suspected collateral contact should be made with reliable informants.
Some mathematical aspects of the GCMs

In this article we present the classical primitive equations of the atmosphere, of the ocean, and of the coupled atmosphere and ocean. We also summarize a number of results concerning the well-posedness of the associated boundary and initial value problems, and concerning the long time behavior of the solutions (attractors and dynamical systems points of views).
Molecular Imaging of Fibrin Deposition in Deep Vein Thrombosis Using Fibrin-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence

Objectives The goal of this study was to develop and validate a new fibrin-targeted imaging agent that enables high-resolution near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Background NIRF imaging of fibrin could enable highly sensitive and noninvasive molecular imaging of thrombosis syndromes in vivo. Methods A fibrin-targeted peptide was conjugated to a near-infrared fluorophore Cy7, termed FTP11-Cy7. The NIRF peptide is based on a fibrin-specific imaging agent that has completed Phase II clinical magnetic resonance imaging trials. In vitro binding of FTP11-Cy7 to human plasma clots was assessed by using fluorescence reflectance imaging. Next, FTP11-Cy7 was intravenously injected in mice with femoral DVT induced by topical 7.5% ferric chloride treatment. Intravital fluorescence microscopy and noninvasive fluorescence molecular tomography–computed tomography were performed in 32 mice with DVT, followed by histological analyses. Results In vitro human clot-binding analyses showed a 6-fold higher NIRF clot target-to-background ratio (TBR) of FTP11-Cy7 than free Cy7 (6.3 ± 0.34 vs. 1.2 ± 0.03; p 400% higher than control free Cy7. Binding of FTP11-Cy7 to thrombi was blocked by a 100-fold excess of unlabeled competitor peptide both in vitro and in vivo (p Conclusions The fibrin-targeted NIRF agent FTP11-Cy7 was shown to avidly and specifically bind human and murine thrombi, and enable sensitive, multimodal intravital and noninvasive NIRF molecular imaging detection of acute and subacute murine DVT in vivo.
Employment status and health outcomes among Brazilian adults.

BACKGROUND Employment is a key determinant of health disparity. We examined gender-specific relationships between employment status and health outcomes among Brazilian adults. METHODS Nationally representative data (n=463 223) came from the 2003 and 2008 Brazilian National Household Surveys. Logistic regressions were performed to estimate gender-specific associations between employment status and health outcomes. RESULTS Compared with employed counterparts, the odds of depression were higher among unemployed men (AOR 2.04; 95% CI 1.80-2.32) and women (AOR 1.60; 95% CI 1.49-1.72). Economically inactive men were more likely to report depression than their employed counterparts (AOR 3.33; 95% CI 3.08-3.59), whereas the effect was smaller for economically inactive women (AOR 2.24; 95% CI 1.19-1.29). Compared with their employed counterparts, the odds of functional limitation were higher among economically inactive men (AOR 6.61; 95% CI 5.90-7.41) and women (AOR 1.95; 95% CI 1.83-2.08). The odds of very poor or poor self-rated health were higher among economically inactive men (AOR 4.58; 95% CI 4.28-4.90) and women (AOR 1.53; 95% CI 1.44-1.62) than among employed counterparts. Unemployed men were more likely to report poor health compared with those employed (AOR 1.26; 95% CI 1.09-1.46); whereas no difference in very poor or poor self-rated health was found between employed and unemployed women. CONCLUSIONS Employment was associated with better health outcomes among Brazilian adults. Policies should also facilitate access to preventive services and adequate treatment to those inactive or unemployed.
Plasma Leptin Levels and Risk of Incident Cancer: Results from the Dallas Heart Study.

Purpose Leptin dysregulation has been postulated to affect cancer risk through its effects on obesity and inflammation. Epidemiological data evaluating this relationship are conflicting and studies in non-white cohorts is lacking. Therefore, we examined the association of leptin with the risk of incident cancer in the multiethnic Dallas Heart Study (DHS). Methods Participants enrolled in the DHS without prevalent cancer and with baseline leptin measurements were included. Incident cancer cases were identified through a systematic linkage of the DHS and the Texas Cancer Registry. Leptin was evaluated both as a continuous variable and in sex-specific quartiles. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed to examine the association between leptin levels with incident cancer after adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking status, alcohol use, family history of malignancy, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus and C-reactive protein. Results Among 2,919 participants (median age 44 years; 54% women; 70% nonwhite; median BMI 29.4 kg/m2), 190 (6.5%) developed cancer after median follow- up of 12 years. Median leptin levels were 12.9 (interquartile range [IQR] 5.8–29.5) ng/ml in the incident cancer group vs. 12.3 (IQR 5.4–26.4) ng/ml those without an incident cancer (p = 0.34). Leptin was not associated with cancer incidence in multivariable analysis (unit standard deviation increase in log-transformed leptin, hazard ratio 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.16; p = 0.60). No association was observed in analyses stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, diabetes, or obesity status. Conclusions In this study of a predominantly minority population, no association between premorbid leptin levels and cancer incidence was demonstrated. Despite preclinical rationale and positive findings in other studies, this association may not replicate across all racial/ethnic populations.
The Current Limits of Calorie Labeling and the Potential for Population Health Impact

AbstractBy mid-2018, federal policy will require chain restaurants with more than 20 U.S. locations to include calorie information on their menus. Despite high expectations that this policy would encourage healthier eating, most studies of local policies to mandate calorie labels have demonstrated little impact on consumer choice. In this article, the authors adapt Burton and Kees’s (2012) conceptual framework for eating behavior change to better understand the limited impact of these policies thus far. Using two surveys of fast-food consumers in Philadelphia, the authors estimate the percentage who might reasonably be expected to respond to calorie labels given the requirements of the Burton and Kees model. They find that as few as 8% of fast-food consumers meet all the model’s requirements and, therefore, would be expected to change their eating behavior as a result of calorie information. The authors use the model and findings to consider how calorie-labeling policy could be improved for greater impact.
Outlook and Future Directions

While a brief introduction to the FDM process was provided in Sect. 1.4, a more detailed overview of the components, kinematics, and figures of merit of different types of 3D printers is warranted. In general, a 3D printer must include: (i) a platform on which the object is to be built, (ii) a means of additive delivery of material in a controlled manner, and (iii) accurate and precise control of positioning in at least 3 axes. These requirements can be addressed by several approaches with trade-offs in cost and performance.
Assessing Cardiovascular Risk and Testing in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes confers approximately twofold-increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Early risk stratification of these patients may help reduce cardiovascular events. This review discusses the state of the art of risk factors, biomarkers, and subclinical disease parameters potentially useful in cardiovascular risk assessment in type 2 diabetes. Scientific progress in the past decade has identified a spectrum of risk in diabetic individuals rather than categorizing diabetes as a coronary heart disease equivalent as previously done. Recent data on emerging biomarkers and diagnostic imaging, along with traditional risk factors, provide evidence to help inform individualized cardiovascular risk assessment. Comprehensive assessment of traditional risk factors, biomarkers, complications of diabetes, and subclinical atherosclerosis may help classify diabetic individuals as low, intermediate, or high risk for determining the intensity of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy. Further research may lead to a comprehensive pathway for cardiovascular disease risk assessment in diabetic patients.
De novo assembly of microbial genomes from human gut metagenomes using barcoded short read sequences

Shotgun short-read sequencing methods facilitate study of the genomic content and strain-level architecture of complex microbial communities. However, existing methodologies do not capture structural differences between closely related co-occurring strains such as those arising from horizontal gene transfer and insertion sequence mobilization. Recent techniques that partition large DNA molecules, then barcode short fragments derived from them, produce short-read sequences containing long-range information. Here, we present a novel application of these short-read barcoding techniques to metagenomic samples, as well as Athena, an assembler that uses these barcodes to produce improved metagenomic assemblies. We apply our approach to longitudinal samples from the gut microbiome of a patient with a hematological malignancy. This patient underwent an intensive regimen of multiple antibiotics, chemotherapeutics and immunosuppressants, resulting in profound disruption of the microbial gut community and eventual domination by Bacteroides caccae. We significantly improve draft completeness over conventional techniques, uncover strains of B. caccae differing in the positions of transposon integration, and find the abundance of individual strains to fluctuate widely over the course of treatment. In addition, we perform RNA sequencing to investigate relative transcription of genes in B. caccae, and find overexpression of antibiotic resistance genes in our de novo assembled draft genome of B. caccae coinciding with both antibiotic administration and the appearance of proximal transposons harboring a putative bacterial promoter region. Our approach produces overall improvements in contiguity of metagenomic assembly and enables assembly of whole classes of genomic elements inaccessible to existing short-read approaches.
Exploring Asian Indian and Pakistani views about cancer and participation in cancer genetics research: toward the development of a community genetics intervention

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality among the three million Asian Indian/Pakistanis (AIPs) in the USA. AIPs have traditionally been underrepresented in cancer-related research, although reasons remain largely unexplored. We sought to understand AIP's awareness and perceptions of cancer to improve their participation in risk assessment and cancer genetics research. Four focus groups, stratified by gender and birthplace (US-born vs. foreign-born), were held at an AIP cultural center. Discussions focused on knowledge and awareness of cancer risk; how AIP culture influences cancer perceptions; access to health care services for cancer screening, diagnosis, or treatment; and willingness to or experiences with participating in cancer genetics research. Sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and content analyzed using NVivo®11 for dominant themes. Thirty-two AIP adults participated in a focus group. Information on family cancer history is challenging to obtain due to the desire for privacy, cancer stigma, and loss of medical records. Interest in genetic testing for cancer risk was mixed: some were in favor of knowing their personal risk, yet many noted that future generations in their family would benefit more by knowing their risk. Participants felt that the AIP community has largely been overlooked in recruitment efforts for research studies. Recommendations for improving recruitment efforts included partnering with community events and festivities, posting culturally and linguistically relevant recruitment materials, and focusing on population-wide health improvement. Understanding the culture and perceptions of AIPs, separate from Asian Americans at large, will allow for more tailored approaches for including this population in cancer genetics research.
Design and validation of a tissue bath 3-D printed with PLA for optically mapping suspended whole heart preparations

This article details three-dimensional printable equipment for use in suspended whole heart optical mapping experiments. This equipment is less expensive than conventional manufactured equipment as...
Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Agents for Patients With Brain Tumors

Abstract The advent of nanotechnology has offered the development of promising new weapons against various cancers, including malignant brain tumors. From the bioengineering point of view, nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit many properties which enhance their suitability as therapeutic agents. A wide variety of NPs have been created, with ingenious strategies for binding and destroying cancer cells, including glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. This chapter discusses basic bioengineering principles, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of NPs, as related to neuro-oncology. Critical issues such as NP delivery into brain tissue (across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or by convection-enhanced delivery), toxicity, and binding to tumor cells in vivo, are beginning to be addressed. If the BBB is intact, NPs may be transported across it by means of adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, or receptor-mediated transcytosis. Experimental studies of NPs should be standardized, in order to facilitate rational comparison of their therapeutic potential. There is a pressing need for more clinical trials aimed at evaluating the safety and efficacy of this form of therapy, which holds great potential for patients with malignant brain tumors.
[38-OR]: Sexual dimorphism in the effect of inflammation on trophoblast function with preeclampsia

Objectives Obesity and preeclampsia are associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress in the placenta. With preeclampsia greater inflammation, hypoxia and apoptosis were found in placentas of male vs female placentas. We find increased miR-210 expression, and associated decreased placental mitochondrial function with severe preeclampsia. We investigated if the inflammatory transcription factors HIF1 α and NF κ B regulate placental miR-210 expression in a sexually dimorphic manner. Methods Placentas were collected at term (C section, no labor) from healthy lean women ( n = 6 each sex) and trophoblast cultures prepared. Trophoblasts were treated with TNF α (10 ng/ml, 2 h) and expression of miR-210, HIF1 α , NF κ B and mitochondrial function measured. Results TNF α treatment significantly increased placental NF κ B p65 expression in both sexes but NF κ B1 (p50) only in female placentas. This was accompanied by significantly increased binding of NF κ B1 to the miR-10 promoter and increased miR-210 expression only in female placentas. Correspondingly significantly decreased expression of the miR-210 mitochondrial target proteins iron sulfur cluster assembly proteins and NADH dehydrogenase 1 α subcomplex 4 was found in the female placentas treated with TNF α together with a significant reduction in mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of NF κ B1 by siRNA abolished the effect of TNF α on miR-210 expression and mitochondrial respiration in the female placenta. Conclusions We find sexual dimorphism in the effect of inflammation on placental miR-210 expression perhaps mediated by the NF κ B1 pathway. This may link placental inflammation in preeclampsia to decreased mitochondrial function in pregnancies with a female fetus. Disclosures L. Myatt: None. C. Guo: None. S. Muralimanoharan: None. A. Maloyan: None.
Social networks and the geography of entrepreneurship

Social relationships play at least three important roles in entrepreneurship. They help to determine who sees entrepreneurship as an available and desirable career path. Entrepreneurs use their contacts to raise funds for and to recruit employees and partners to their ventures. Social relationships also influence where and when entrepreneurs want to spend their leisure time. Because of these factors, entrepreneurs tend to found their firms in the places that they live (and in the industries in which they have been employed). That, in turn, implies that industries will tend to become and remain concentrated in a small number of places, even when firms do not benefit from this clustering.
Multi-Physics Modeling for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles with In-Wheel Electric Motors

This paper discusses multi-domain and multi-physics modeling of in-wheel electric vehicles using ANSYS Simplorer and ANSYS Maxwell. The study includes component level modeling of the vehicle, brakes, wheels, battery, traction motor, inverter, solar panels and boost converter. The traction motor used is an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine. In order to accommodate both the large time constants of the mechanical system and the high switching frequency power electronics, average models of the inverter and boost converter are considered. Simulation examples are provided for the University of Kentucky Gato Del Sol V car.
Where the skies are not Cl/aʊ/dy all day: A pilot study of /aʊ/ production of speakers in rural Kansas

This study examines cross-generational /aʊ/ production in rural, female speakers from Dickinson County, Kansas. Acoustic analysis of nuclei and glides were BARK normalized for cross-speaker, cross-generational comparison. This study finds older and younger speakers show similar nucleus advancement and glide direction. This study examines cross-generational /aʊ/ production in rural, female speakers from Dickinson County, Kansas. Acoustic analysis of nuclei and glides were BARK normalized for cross-speaker, cross-generational comparison. This study finds older and younger speakers show similar nucleus advancement and glide direction.
Self-Reinforced Optical Stability Formed by Unseeded Four-Wave Mixing with two Pump Beams in Atomic Vapor

We demonstrate unseeded multimode four-wave mixing wherein each created photon is correlated to exactly two others, resulting in an “optimal” four-mode output. The generated beams are spatially separated, readily allowing for use in quantum communications. © 2019 The Author(s)
An Interactive Map-based System for Visually Exploring and Cleaning GPS Traces

It is a fact that there are tons of GPS traces generated every minute by the millions of in-road vehicles over the world. Naturally, those traces contain imprecise readings, and most of the time they include noise and outliers. Therefore, there is a real need for a tool to allow users, companies, and researchers to get a deep insight into those raw traces and discover potential knowledge out of it. This knowledge would uncover the quality level of the GPS traces and, indeed, the quality level of the underlying map. It would also help discover interesting facts about the surrounding environment such as the type and height of buildings, the landscape cover, the weather conditions, and the nature of businesses and activities. This demo presents a system that allows users to interactively explore their collected GPS traces. Users can visually inspect the precision of their raw GPS traces, and snap these traces to the underlying road network map. Furthermore, users have the ability to clean their traces by applying various types of spatio-temporal filters. Users can perform noise analysis and produce statistics over regions of interest on the map. Last but not least, the system gives suggestions or guesses on the surrounding environment by comparing the perceived noise patterns to a database of pre-stored noise patterns. For the demo purpose, the system is initially populated with a rich data set of trajectories generated from the Microsoft shuttle service around the Greater Area of Seattle.
Hispanics/Latinos in the Bronx Have Improved Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Compared with Non-Hispanic Whites.

Hispanics/Latinos are a growing yet understudied population in the United States (US). Despite lower socioeconomic status, Hispanics/Latinos tend to have similar or better health outcomes than Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). This phenomenon has not been conclusively studied for lung cancer. Using a cohort of patients at Montefiore Medical Center (MMC) in the Bronx, NY, we examined factors related to lung cancer survival by race/ethnicity with an emphasis on Hispanics/Latinos. Subjects were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 2004 and 2017. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from MMC’s clinical systems and tumor-related information from MMC/Einstein’s Cancer Registry. Survival was assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic factors including smoking. Factors related to survival within each major racial/ethnic group were examined. Hispanics/Latinos experienced decreased risk of death relative to NHWs [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.57–0.86] overall and by sex (males: HR = 0.78, 95%CI 0.59–1.03, females: HR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.44–0.86). Decreased risk among Hispanics/Latinos relative to NHWs was evident in never-smokers (HR = 0.55, 95%CI 0.29–1.01), ever-smokers (HR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.57–0.90), younger subjects (HR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.54–0.99), and older subjects (HR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.53–0.97). Surgery was associated with improved survival in Hispanics/Latinos (HR = 0.60, 95%CI 0.43–0.85), and smoking with worse survival (HR = 1.56, 95%CI 1.02–2.39). Survival did not differ between Non-Hispanic Blacks and NHWs. In a poor urban community, Hispanics/Latinos experience improved survival from NSCLC compared to NHWs, which is not entirely explained by smoking. Future research should investigate the drivers of this benefit and differences in survival by Hispanic/Latino origin.
OGTT Glucose Response Curves, Insulin Sensitivity, and β-Cell Function in RISE: Comparison Between Youth and Adults at Randomization and in Response to Interventions to Preserve β-Cell Function.

OBJECTIVE We examined the glucose response curves (biphasic [BPh], monophasic [MPh], incessant increase [IIn]) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and their relationship to insulin sensitivity (IS) and β-cell function (βCF) in youth versus adults with impaired glucose tolerance or recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal evaluation of participants in the RISE study randomized to metformin alone for 12 months or glargine for 3 months followed by metformin for 9 months. At baseline/randomization, OGTTs (85 youth, 353 adults) were categorized as BPh, MPh, or IIn. The relationship of the glucose response curves to hyperglycemic clamp–measured IS and βCF at baseline and the change in glucose response curves 12 months after randomization were assessed. RESULTS At randomization, the prevalence of the BPh curve was significantly higher in youth than adults (18.8% vs. 8.2%), with no differences in MPh or IIn. IS did not differ across glucose response curves in youth or adults. However, irrespective of curve type, youth had lower IS than adults (P CONCLUSIONS Despite a twofold higher prevalence of the more favorable BPh curve in youth at randomization, RISE interventions did not result in beneficial changes in glucose response curves in youth compared with adults. Moreover, the typical β-cell hypersecretion in youth was not present in the IIn curve, emphasizing the severity of β-cell dysfunction in youth with this least favorable glucose response curve.
Comparing and Discussing Multiple Strategies: An Approach to Improving Algebra Instruction

Productive learning of algebra is supported when students reflect on multiple strategies, compare them and discuss the rationale behind and relative merits of particular strategies. Comparison and ...
Lacrimal gland botulinum toxin injection for epiphora management.

Epiphora remains an often difficult to manage ocular complaint for ophthalmologists in all subspecialties. This review seeks to examine the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin injection for mana...
Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Minoritized Youth

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impacts of racism and discrimination on developing minoritized youth are increasingly shown as having the potential to create long-lasting adverse outcomes on children's developmental trajectories. RECENT FINDINGS From the quality of the schools they attend, to the level and amount of toxicants in the air they breathe, to equitable access to health care, and within interpersonal relationships and experiences with their peers, multiple forms of racism, systemic/structural, interpersonal/personally mediated, and internalized shape the health status of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPoC) youth. Accordingly, it is exceedingly important to use a developmental lens to distinguish the various outcomes these multiple forms of racism have on the health of minoritized youth. Critically, the time is now for rapid identification of these harms in all of the mediums and spaces in which they present followed by prevention and intervention strategies that are effective in equitably ensuring the healthy development for all of America's children.
Coupling Microstructure Outputs of Process Models to Ultrasonic Inspectability Predictions

The efforts of the materials community can be characterized as the study of the relationship of processing, structure, properties and performance, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. Added, in parentheses, are quantities of importance when these ideas are applied to ultrasonic NDE. It would be highly desirable if one could start from models of processes such as rolling, casting and extrusion; predict the microstructural features produced, such as grain size or shape, texture (preferred grain orientation), or the two-point correlation of elastic constants (to be discussed later); predict the resulting ultrasonic properties such as velocity v, attenuation a and backscattering coefficient η; and ultimately determine the inspectability of the part. Such a capability would allow NDE to be considered explicitly during the selection of material processing procedures.
Infectious Diseases Testing

Molecular methods have been applied widely for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Beginning with solution hybridization in the early 1990s, multiple methods for nucleic acid hybridization and amplification have been introduced into the laboratory for the identification and characterization of microbial pathogens. This unit contains examples of several basic approaches for microbial detection or characterization in the laboratory. Methods in this chapter include automated nucleic acid extraction, direct detection of microbial pathogens, and characterization of pathogens by DNA sequencing or typing. Any of these methods could be customized for the characterization of bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. Keywords: automated DNA extraction; end-point PCR; real-time PCR; pyrosequencing; real-time DNA sequencing; rep-PCR
Quantization Error and Accuracy-Performance Tradeoffs for Embedded Data Mining Workloads

Data mining is the process of automatically finding implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful information from large volumes of data. Embedded systems are increasingly used for sophisticated data mining algorithms to make intelligent decisions while storing and analyzing data. Since data mining applications are designed and implemented considering the resources available on a conventional computing platform, their performance degrades when executed on an embedded system. In this paper, we analyze the bottlenecks faced in implementing these algorithms in an embedded environment and explore their portability to the embedded systems domain. Particularly, we analyze the floating point computation in these applications and convert them into fixed point operations. Our results reveal that the execution time of five representative applications can be reduced by as much as 11.5× and 5.2× on average, without a significant impact on accuracy.
Clonal groups of Salmonella typhimurium in New York State.

The epidemiology of 278 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from 1973 to 1981 from animals in New York State was studied by using four "fingerprinting" techniques, bacteriophage type (B.R. Callow, J. Hyg. 57:346-359, 1959), biotype (J. P. Duguid, E. S. Anderson, G. A. Alfredsson, R. Barker, and D. C. Old, J. Med. Microbiol. 8:149-166, 1975), plasmid profile, and antibiogram. Phage type with biotype was the most useful marker for distinguishing clonal groups of S. typhimurium. Four clones of S. typhimurium predominated, i.e., phage type/biotypes U275/26, 49/26, 10/3, and 2/3. U275/26 and 49/26 were commonly found until 1976, but clones 10/3 and 2/3 were predominant after 1976. Comparison of results with data from Canada suggested a dissemination of strains of S. typhimurium between Canada and New York. Cattle were a common source of phage type 49, as has been observed in other countries.
Supporting the Software Development Process with Attributed NLC Graph Grammars

An important research problem in software engineering is to find appropriate formalisms and tools to support the software development process. Efforts to build program development support tools have developed schemes that employ an internal data structure based on trees. Trees are inherently limited and also create long path lengths along which semantic information is forced to flow. We propose ANLC graph grammars as a formalism which can be used to generate tools based on graphs rather than tree structures. This paper defines ANLC grammars, illustrates the use of the formalism with an example and discusses the advantages of the use of graphs rather than trees in building program development tools.
Human chorionic gonadotropin and skin homograft survival.

Abstract Rejection of skin homografts in immature mice was delayed from an average of 11.3 days to an average of 13.3 days by the daily intraperitoneal injection of 200 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotropin. Possible relationship to the problem of pregnancy as a homograft is discussed.
Planning Joint Vietnam Ocean Circulation Studies

Abstract : The overall goals are to: 1) Contribute to the study of coastal and open ocean current systems in sparsely sampled regions such us the South China Sea (SCS), using a Lagrangian approach; 2) Make significant improvement of observational tools that have wide strategic and operational NAVY application; 3) Foster partnership with Vietnamese scientists. We intend to make new Lagrangian and Eulerian observations to measure the seasonal circulation 1) in the coastal waters of Vietnam and 2) in the SCS at times and locations where only sparse direct current observations exist today. These data will also be used to test and improve hydrodynamic circulation models of the SCS and its coastal waters. Raise interest amongst Vietnamese scientists on Lagrangian circulation studies through multiple visits to Vietnam. The goals of the visits are to support ONR activities, to present our scientific results based on the analysis of drifter data in the region and to offer a practical demonstration of drifter technology.