cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progressive Apraxia of Speech and Primary Progressive Aphasias

Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a motor disorder that occurs as a result of impairment in the planning or programming of movements for speech production. It is typically associated with cerebrovascular events, although it can also occur in the context of neurodegeneration where its importance has typically been deemphasized to “just a component of a presenting syndrome.” Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is such a syndrome in which AOS coexists with other linguistic deficits, typically agrammatic aphasia. Recently, however, AOS has been demonstrated to occur in a pure or isolated form, known as primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS), reaffirming the importance of neurodegenerative AOS. Furthermore, anatomic and pathologic associations differ between AOS-dominant syndromes and PPA variants. Understanding the relationship between AOS-dominant variants, including PPAOS and PPA, and their relationship to movement disorders including corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy, is important and will be the focus of this chapter.
Engagement Learning: Expanding Visual Knowledge by Engaging Online Participants

Most artificial intelligence (AI) systems to date have focused entirely on performance, and rarely if at all on their social interactions with people and how to balance the AIs' goals against their human collaborators'. Learning quickly from interactions with people poses both social challenges and is unresolved technically. In this paper, we introduce engagement learning: a training approach that learns to trade off what the AI needs---the knowledge value of a label to the AI---against what people are interested to engage with---the engagement value of the label. We realize our goal with ELIA (Engagement Learning Interaction Agent), a conversational AI agent who's goal is to learn new facts about the visual world by asking engaging questions of people about the photos they upload to social media. Our current deployment of ELIA on Instagram receives a response rate of 26%.
Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - How I Changed My Practice—Perioperative Bridging Anticoagulation

Perioperative management of patients receiving systemic anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation or flutter can be challenging. This commentary discusses why clinicians should reconsider the need to...
High-throughput mechanotransduction in Drosophila embryos with mesofluidics

Developing embryos create complexity by expressing genes to coordinate movement which generates mechanical force. An emerging theory is that mechanical force can also serve as an input signal to regulate developmental gene expression. Experimental methods to apply mechanical stimulation to whole embryos have been limited, mainly to aspiration, indentation, or moving a coverslip; these approaches stimulate only a few embryos at a time and require manual alignment. A powerful approach for automation is microfluidic devices, which can precisely manipulate hundreds of samples. However, using microfluidics to apply mechanical stimulation has been limited to small cellular systems, with fewer applications for larger scale whole embryos. We developed a mesofluidic device that applies the precision and automation of microfluidics to the Drosophila embryo: high-throughput automatic alignment, immobilization, compression, real-time imaging, and recovery of hundreds of live embryos. We then use twist:eGFP embryos to show that the mechanical induction of twist depends on the dose and duration of compression. This device allows us to quantify responses to compression, map the distribution of ectopic twist, and measure embryo stiffness. For building mesofluidic devices, we describe modifications on ultra-thick photolithography, derive an analytical model that predicts the deflection of sidewalls, and discuss parametric calibration. This "mesomechanics" approach combines the high-throughput automation and precision of microfluidics with the biological relevance of live embryos to examine mechanotransduction. These analytical models facilitate the design of future devices to process multicellular organisms such as larvae, organoids, and mesoscale tissue samples.
Generation and Evolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

A solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is generated on the anode of lithium-ion batteries during the first few charging cycles. The SEI provides a passivation layer on the anode surface, which inhibits further electrolyte decomposition and affords the long calendar life required for many applications. However, the SEI remains poorly understood. Recent investigations of the structure of the initial SEI, along with changes which occur to the SEI upon aging, have been conducted. The investigations provide significant new insight into the structure and evolution of the anode SEI. The initial reduction products of ethylene carbonate (EC) are lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC) and ethylene. However, the instability of LEDC generates an intricate mixture of compounds, which greatly complicates the composition of the SEI. Mechanisms for the generation of the complicated mixture of products are presented along with the differences in the SEI structure in the presence of electrolyte additives.
Do We Need to Understand the World to Know It? Knowledge in a Big Data World

In both practice and academia, the incredible access to data is creating a marked disruption. The perfect storm of massive amounts of digital data, sophisticated analytical tools and cheap, scalabl...
Fear-of-intimacy in the interpersonal process model: An investigation in two parts:

The interpersonal process model (IPM) suggests that closeness develops in relationships when two people reciprocally engage in vulnerable self-disclosure, respond to each other, and perceive each o...
Naturally-Occurring Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma in Dogs, a Unique Model to Drive Advances in Managing Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer in Humans

There is a great need to improve the outlook for people facing urinary bladder cancer, especially for patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma (InvUC) which is lethal in 50% of cases. Improved outcomes for patients with InvUC could come from advances on several fronts including emerging immunotherapies, targeted therapies, and new drug combinations; selection of patients most likely to respond to a given treatment based on molecular subtypes, immune signatures, and other characteristics; and prevention, early detection, and early intervention. Progress on all of these fronts will require clinically relevant animal models for translational research. The animal model(s) should possess key features that drive success or failure of cancer drugs in humans including tumor heterogeneity, genetic-epigenetic crosstalk, immune cell responsiveness, invasive and metastatic behavior, and molecular subtypes (e.g., luminal, basal). Experimental animal models, while essential in bladder cancer research, do not possess these collective features to accurately predict outcomes in humans. These key features, however, are present in naturally-occurring InvUC in pet dogs. Canine InvUC closely mimics muscle-invasive bladder cancer in humans in cellular and molecular features, molecular subtypes, immune response patterns, biological behavior (sites and frequency of metastasis), and response to therapy. Thus, dogs can offer a highly relevant animal model to complement other models in research for new therapies for bladder cancer. Clinical treatment trials in pet dogs with InvUC are considered a win-win-win scenario; the individual dog benefits from effective treatment, the results are expected to help other dogs, and the findings are expected to translate to better treatment outcomes in humans. In addition, the high breed-associated risk for InvUC in dogs (e.g., 20-fold increased risk in Scottish Terriers) offers an unparalleled opportunity to test new strategies in primary prevention, early detection, and early intervention. This review will provide an overview of canine InvUC, summarize the similarities (and differences) between canine and human InvUC, and provide evidence for the expanding value of this canine model in bladder cancer research.
Extreme heat episodes and risk of preterm birth in California, 2005-2013.

Abstract Background Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Identifying potentially modifiable triggers toward the end of gestation, such as extreme heat, can improve understanding of the role of acute stress on early deliveries and inform warning systems. In this study we examined the association between extreme heat, variously defined during the last week of gestation, and risk of preterm birth among mothers in California. Methods We created a population-based cohort comprised of 1,967,300 mothers who had live, singleton births in California, from May through September 2005–2013. Daily temperature data estimated at the maternal zip code of residence was used to create 12 definitions of extreme heat with varying relative temperatures (75th, 90th, 95th, and 98th percentiles) and durations (at least 2, 3, or 4 consecutive days). We estimated risk of preterm birth ( Results Approximately 7% of the cohort had a preterm birth. For all definitions of extreme heat, the risk of preterm birth was consistently higher among mothers who experienced an extreme heat episode during their last week of gestation. Hazard ratios ranged from 1.008 (95% CI: 0.997, 1.021) to 1.128 (95% CI: 1.052, 1.210), with increasing associations as the relative temperature and duration of extreme heat episode increased. Conclusion This study adds to the previous literature by considering multiple definitions of extreme heat and applying a time-to-event framework. Findings suggest that acute exposure to extreme heat during the last week of gestation may trigger an earlier delivery. Implementing heat warning systems targeted toward pregnant women may improve birth outcomes.
Relating the strength of graphene/metal composites to the graphene orientation and position

Abstract This letter presents new insight on the underlying strengthening mechanisms that take place during deformation of iron-graphene (Fe/Gr) composites. Molecular dynamics revealed that the Gr orientation dictated the dislocation evolution during compression, revealing three possible dislocation-Gr interaction mechanisms: transmission, reflection and gliding. A new numerical materials design was therefore proposed of a lamellae Fe-Gr structure with a short graphene sheet inserted in Fe, whose orientation resulted in reflection. Decreasing the distance between the long and short Gr-sheets resulted in the stronger composites. This method can be used for predicting the properties of graphene reinforced composites based on the Gr structure.
Persons in Procurement 4.0

Persons are absolutely fundamental to procurement 4.0, as in most other organizational activities. Industry 4.0 can be seen as an attempt to reduce the workforce. It presents a viable way to make human work more lucrative, more effective, and more efficient. Consistent with this view, training 4.0 is fundamental both for the new generations of workers but also in supporting the work of innovation in the existing workforce and management. So, this chapter focuses on training 4.0.
Emotion network density is a potential clinical marker for anxiety and depression: Comparison of ecological momentary assessment and daily diary

OBJECTIVES Using two intensive longitudinal data sets with different timescales (90 minutes, daily), we examined emotion network density, a metric of emotional inflexibility, as a predictor of clinical-level anxiety and depression. DESIGN Mobile-based intensive longitudinal assessments. METHODS 119 participants (61 anxious and depressed, 58 healthy controls) completed ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to rate a variety of negative (NE) and positive emotions (PE) 9 times per day for 8 days using a mobile phone application. 169 participants (97 anxious and depressed and 72 healthy controls) completed an online daily diary on their NE and PE for 50 days. Multilevel vector autoregressive models were run to compute NE and PE network densities in each data set. RESULTS In the EMA data set, both NE and PE network densities significantly predicted participants' diagnostic status above and beyond demographics and the mean and standard deviation of NE and PE. Greater NE network density and lower PE network density were associated with anxiety and depression diagnoses. In the daily diary data set, NE and PE network densities did not significantly predict the diagnostic status. CONCLUSIONS Greater inflexibility of NE and lower inflexibility of PE, indexed by emotion network density, are potential clinical markers of anxiety and depressive disorders when assessed at intra-daily levels as opposed to daily levels. Considering emotion network density, as well as the mean level and variability of emotions in daily life, may contribute to diagnostic prediction of anxiety and depressive disorders. PRACTITIONER POINTS Emotion network density, or the degree to which prior emotions predict and influence current emotions, indicates an inflexible or change-resistant emotion system. Emotional inflexibility or change resistance over a few hours, but not daily, may characterize anxiety and depressive disorders. Inflexible negative emotion systems are associated with anxiety and depressive disorders, whereas inflexible positive emotion systems may indicate psychological health. Considering emotional inflexibility within days may provide additional information beyond demographics and mean level and variability of emotions in daily life for detecting anxiety and depressive disorders. ​.
New High Efficiency Deep UV Raman Spectrometer for Standoff Detection

UV resonance Raman spectroscopy is uniquely suitable for standoff measurements due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. When excitation wavelength falls within an electronic transition of a molecule, Raman band intensities associated with the chromophore vibrations are significantly enhanced. This resonance Raman Effect, as well as negligible fluorescence interference in the deep UV, enable the detection and investigation of enhanced species at trace concentrations at a distance. We developed a state-of-the-art, high-efficiency standoff deep UV Raman spectrometer. This spectrometer is based on a custom deep UV F/8 Cassegrain telescope with a 200 mm primary mirror. This telescope is equipped with an electric secondary focus operating from infinity to 3 m distance. The UV Raman spectrograph utilizes high-efficiency deep UV transmission grating and custom Rayleigh rejection filter. As an excitation source for Raman measurements, we utilized a recently developed 228 nm compact solid state deep UV laser. The 228 nm resonance excitation enhances the Raman intensities of vibrations of NOx groups, peptide bonds, aromatic amino acid side chains, and DNA/RNA nucleotides. We used this novel spectrometer for detection of NOx-based explosive materials at trace concentrations at a stand-off distance.
Pseudomma heardi, a New Peracarid (Crustacea: Mysidacea) from Continental Shelf Waters Off Mississippi

Pseudomma heardi n. sp. is described and illustrated. Specimens were obtained from plankton samples taken in 18 to 60 meters depth in offshore waters of Mississippi. This new species can be distinguished from other species of Pseudomma by the presence of 16 to 21 serrations on the anterior and lateral margins of the ocular plate, strong lateral spine of antennal scale which extends well beyona apex of scale and 4 to 6 spines on lateral margins of telson.
RF and optical packaging in telecommunications and other applications

This chapter will review many packaging techniques as they relate to RF and optical MEMS devices. The author will try to point out the specific MEMS-related issues and, where they exist, possible solutions to MEMS packaging problems. The discussion of RF MEMS packaging begins with a brief look at a typical RF system architecture and by reviewing the basic materials and techniques used in RF packaging. It then examines areas that are unique to RF MEMS such as: wafer level encapsulation, construction of transmission lines using typical micromachining techniques, and intrachip (device to device) interconnect. The discussion of optical MEMS packaging begins with a brief look at a typical electro-optic system architecture. Basic techniques used in optical device packaging are reviewed, as well as areas that are specifically related to optical MEMS, including: MEMS-based fibre alignment, component assembly and alignment, flip-chip transfer, and other novel techniques. Included in the text are some commercial examples of MEMS packaging. The final section examines the need for computer simulation to support the complex job of co-designing a MEMS component and its package.
Tribute board and platform test methodology: intel's next generation test and validation methodology for platforms

Abstract Built-in self-test (BIST) has been historically silicon-centric in its application. This paper offers an overview of Intel’s next-generation platform test methodology, TRIBuTETM. TRIBuTETM is an Intel-coined acronym for Three-Reuseable-Integrated-Bist-u-TEchnologies. The TRIBuTETM approach targets the replacement of today’s standard platform testing process and exploits BIST in a novel way.... comprehensive board and platform testing.
Harvest of Dissent: Agrarianism in Nineteenth-Century New York

Review of: "Harvest of Dissent: Agrarianism in Nineteenth-Century New York," by Thomas Summerhill.
Swallowable fluorometric capsule for wireless triage of gastrointestinal bleeding

Real-time detection of gastrointestinal bleeding remains a major challenge because there does not yet exist a minimally invasive technology that can both i) monitor for blood from an active hemorrhage and ii) uniquely distinguish it from blood left over from an inactive hemorrhage. Such a device would be an important tool for clinical triage. One promising solution, which we have proposed previously, is to inject a fluorescent dye into the blood stream and to use it as a distinctive marker of active bleeding by monitoring leakage into the gastrointestinal tract with a wireless fluorometer. This paper reports, for the first time to our knowledge, the development of a swallowable, wireless capsule with a built-in fluorometer capable of detecting fluorescein in blood, and intended for monitoring gastrointestinal bleeding in the stomach. The embedded, compact fluorometer uses pinholes to define a microliter sensing volume and to eliminate bulky optical components. The proof-of-concept capsule integrates optics, low-noise analog sensing electronics, a microcontroller, battery, and low power Zigbee radio, all into a cylindrical package measuring 11 mm × 27 mm and weighing 10 g. Bench-top experiments demonstrate wireless fluorometry with a limit-of-detection of 20 nM aqueous fluorescein. This device represents a major step towards a technology that would enable simple, rapid detection of active gastrointestinal bleeding, a capability that would save precious time and resources and, ultimately, reduce complications in patients.
Prolonged Suppression of Plasma LH Levels in Male Rats after a Single Injection of an LH-RH Agonist in Poly(DL-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Microcapsules

The authors have examined the effects of a subcutaneous injection of the LH-RH agonist D-Trp6-LH-RH formulated in biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules on plasma levels of D-Trp6LH-RH, LH, and PRL in adult, gonadectomized male rats. Immunoreactive D-Trp6-LH-RH was detectable in the plasma of these animals at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after injection. LH concentrations were greatly reduced 1 week after administering the D-Trp6-LH-RH microcapsule, continued to decrease during the following week, and remained suppressed until the end of the study, 6 weeks after the injection. Plasma PRL levels appeared elevated 1 to 2 weeks after the injection and suppressed thereafter, but these effects were significant only in animals rendered hyperprolactinemic by transplantation of an isologous pituitary under the renal capsule. These results demonstrate that an LH-RH agonist formulated in biodegradable microcapsules and administered as a subcutaneous injection can exert marked biologic effects in rats for at least 6 weeks. These findings also suggest that prolonged exposure to an LH-RH agonist may first produce stimulation, followed by an inhibition of PRL release from both in situ and ectopic pituitaries.
Effects of a 1-wk spaceflight on morphological and mechanical properties of growing bone

The morphological and mechanical responses of tibia and humerus were assessed in growing male rats after a 1-wk spaceflight aboard NASA Spacelab 3. In contrast to flights of longer duration, changes in middiaphysial cross-sectional morphology were minimal. Inhibition of longitudinal growth was not found in the tibia but was apparent in the humerus. The normal age-related increase in tibial middiaphysial density was not observed in the flight animals. Three-point bending tests indicated that a 1-wk spaceflight impeded the maturation of bone strength and stiffness, with the effects more pronounced in the tibia than in the humerus. Material property alterations in bone thus overshadowed morphological factors in determining the bone's mechanical response. It is likely that deprivation of normal weight-bearing loads was a major factor contributing to the observed changes, but endocrine and other local factors must also be considered.
Performance analysis of robotic kitting systems

Abstract Robotic kitting and presenting parts in the from of a kit to an assembly robot can provide significant flexibility, control, expandability, and productivity in both the part stores and final assembly operations. The problem of selecting the proper design of a robotic kitting configuration based on desired performance criteria is discussed. Several models of recommended robotic kitting configurations were developed and then analyzed using a robot cell simulator, SINDECS-R, and a robot motion time program, RTM. Each of these models was evaluated for a variety of typical operating conditions and compared based on performance in order to provide guidance for designers. The most favorable robotic kitting design as found in this analysis is the miniload on-board robot/automated storage-retrieval kitting system.
Evidence for water-filled cracks in earthquake source regions

[1] We identify lowered Vp/Vs ratios near earthquake source regions in southern California using observations from a seismic tomography model and high-resolution local Vp/Vs estimates using waveform cross-correlation data from within similar event clusters. The median tomographic Vp/Vs ratio is 1.716 ± 0.008 at all the relocated crustal earthquake locations, compared to the background median value of 1.729 ± 0.007 for the tomography model, although the error estimates overlap slightly. The median in situ Vp/Vs ratio of 1.673 ± 0.022 within the similar event clusters suggests that tomographic studies are overestimating Vp/Vs at source regions. Interpretation of Vp/Vs anomalies is complicated by the scatter in values obtained for individual clusters and in comparisons to absolute Vp and Vs velocities in the tomography model. However, the low Vp/Vs ratios measured for the seismicity clusters are hard to explain with known rocks and suggest the presence of water-filled cracks with several percent porosity in earthquake source regions in southern California, which likely has an effect on faulting and earthquake activity.
Aortic obstructions in infants and children: Surgery for simple aortic coarctation

Summary It is clear that patient age at operation is an important predictor of long-term survival and the presence of hypertension. 41,42 Cononary artery disease is the most common cause of late deaths. 42 These patients have associated cardiovascular anomalies that require long-term follow-up, and some need further surgical intervention. 42 No single technique is universally applicable in infants. Coarctation in children can usually be repaired by end-to-end anastomosis. To offer the best procedure for each patient, surgeons should have experience with a variety of techniques.
The use of γ -alumina-polymerized furfuryl alcohol resin binders in the fabrication of graphite

Abstract Two kinds of γ-alumina-polymerized furfuryl alcohol resins were synthesized and examined as graphite binder materials. Prior to their use, the resins were characterized according to viscosity and molecular size distribution. Investigation by gas chromatography showed that, relative to acid-polymerized resins, the γ-alumina-polymerized furfuryl alcohol resins contain large amounts of products that will not polymerize further. Extruded graphite rods were manufactured from both the γ-alumina-polymerized resins and from comparable acid-polymerized resins. The graphites fabricated with the γ-alumina-polymerized resins are shown to have generally poorer physical properties than those made with acid-polymerized resins of similar viscosities. Evidence is presented to show that not only must molecular size distribution be considered when evaluating the suitability of furfuryl alcohol resins as graphite binder materials, but also of importance is the capability of the low-molecular-weight resin components to further polymerize during heat-treatment.
Correlation theory of stationary electromagnetic fields. Part IV — Second order conservation laws

By imitating well-known techniques to obtain the energyequation in Maxwell’s theory, eight independent higher order conservation laws are found for the various second order correlation functions associated with stationary random electromagnetic fields. Two further conservation laws are deduced which involve the physically so significant energy coherence tensor and the flow coherence tensor.
Libraries and Financial Literacy Programs

In recent years, financial literacy has surfaced as a topic of discussion on many fronts and is the focus of this special issue. This introduction sets the foundation for the variety of articles aw...
THE PUZZLE OF HOUSING PRIVATIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE

This paper focuses on the part of the housing sector proving most difficult to reform in Eastern Europe-State-owned rentals—which typically constitute about 20 percent on the housing stock overall and half of the units in the largest cities. The paper argues that two objectives must be pursued simultaneously: (1) selling units at or near market prices to tenants or other households willing to purchase them; and (2) integrating the remaining state-owned rentals with the nascent but expanding rental market. The six elements of a strategy for achieving these objectives are described.
AGENT-BASED COMMUNICATION FOR DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT USING JINI TECHNOLOGIES

Agent communication has developed widely over the past decade for various types of multiple agent environments. Originally, most of this research surrounded simulation systems and inference systems. Subsequently, agents are expected to adapt to, dynamically create, and understand evolving conversation policies. This concept of agent communication is not completely necessary in some domains. One such domain is that of distributed workflow management with implications into Electronic Commerce. In this domain, agents are "middle-agents" that represent the distributed components that implement each individual workflow step. By representing the component-based services of each step, multiple distributed agents can essentially manage a workflow or supply chain that spans several online businesses (B2B). The WARP (Workflow-Automation through Agent-Based Reflective Processes) architecture is a multi-agent architecture developed to support distributed workflow management environments where distributed components are used to implement each of the workflow steps This paper describes an object-oriented workflow ontology for this distributed workflow management domain. There is also a software engineering process for integrating new component-based services into this ontology. Furthermore, the interaction protocol and supporting implementation based on the Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) are presented. This agent communication architecture is implemented using Sun MicroSystems' Java and Jini technologies.
Mass-Profile Monitoring in Trace Analysis: Identification of Polychlorodibenzothiophenes in Crab Tissues Collected from the Newark/Raritan Bay system.

Tetra- and pentachlorodibenzothiophenes (TCDT and PsCDT) and the sulfur analogues of tetra- and pentachlorodibenzofurans (TCDF and PsCDF) were identified along with polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in tissues of crabs collected from the Newark/Raritan Bay system. The use of mass-profile monitoring of selected ions in capillary gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) resulted in a preliminary identification of an isomer of TCDT and of PsCDT. Confirmation for this identification was accomplished by high-resolution peak matching and by acquiring a full spectrum by GC/MS. The accurate masses of three molecular ions, the full electron ionization (EI) mass spectrum, and the chromatographic retention time are all consistent with those of a 2,4,6,8-TCDT standard
A new species of Congosorex from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, with significant biogeographical implications

A new species of Congosorex is described. The new species occurs in Tanzania and is larger in external characteristics than the other two known species in the genus, with the longer tail being especially distinctive. The skull of the new species is wider, on average, than other Congosorex, but intermediate in greatest length. Previously undocumented characteristics that differentiate Congosorex from Myosorex are described. The presence of Congosorex in the Eastern Arc Mountains supports the theory that these mountains are refuges of ancient lineages of organisms with ties to the Guineo-Congolian region of Africa and that there was once a continuous swath of forest connecting these two areas.
Intrinsic n -type versus p -type doping asymmetry and the defect physics of ZnO

ZnO typifies a class of materials that can be doped via native defects in only one way: either n type or p type. We explain this asymmetry in ZnO via a study of its intrinsic defect physics, including ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{\mathrm{O}},$ ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{i},$ ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}},$ ${\mathrm{O}}_{i},$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ and n-type impurity dopants, Al and F. We find that ZnO is n type at Zn-rich conditions. This is because (i) the Zn interstitial, ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{i},$ is a shallow donor, supplying electrons; (ii) its formation enthalpy is low for both Zn-rich and O-rich conditions, so this defect is abundant; and (iii) the native defects that could compensate the n-type doping effect of ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{i}$ (interstitial O, ${\mathrm{O}}_{i},$ and Zn vacancy, ${V}_{\mathrm{Zn}}),$ have high formation enthalpies for Zn-rich conditions, so these ``electron killers'' are not abundant. We find that ZnO cannot be doped p type via native defects $({\mathrm{O}}_{i},{V}_{\mathrm{Zn}})$ despite the fact that they are shallow (i.e., supplying holes at room temperature). This is because at both Zn-rich and O-rich conditions, the defects that could compensate p-type doping ${(V}_{\mathrm{O}}{,\mathrm{}\mathrm{Zn}}_{i},{\mathrm{Zn}}_{\mathrm{O}})$ have low formation enthalpies so these ``hole killers'' form readily. Furthermore, we identify electron-hole radiative recombination at the ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ center as the source of the green luminescence. In contrast, a large structural relaxation of the same center upon double hole capture leads to slow electron-hole recombination (either radiative or nonradiative) responsible for the slow decay of photoconductivity.
Derivation and uniqueness of vacuum solutions of conformally covariant coupled nonlinear field equations

Abstract We derive the solutions of conformally covariant coupled Dirac and scalar fields including a nonlinear fermion self-coupling term for which the conformally covariant (not the canonical, nor the symmetric) energy-momentum tensor θ μν vanishes. This “vacuum” state is degenerate.
Cultured Chondrocytes Produce Injectable Tissue-Engineered Cartilage in Hydrogel Polymer

The purpose of this study was to determine if chondrocytes cultured through several subcultures at very low plating density would produce new cartilage matrix after being reimplanted in vivo with or without a hydrogel polymer scaffold. Chondrocytes were initially plated in low-density monolayer culture, grown to confluence, and passaged four times. After each passage cells were suspended in purified porcine fibrinogen and injected into the subcutaneous space of nude mice while simultaneously polymerizing with thrombin to reach a final concentration of 40 million cells/cc. Controls were made by injecting fresh, uncultured cells with fibrin polymer and by injecting the cultured cells in saline (without polymer). All samples were harvested at 6 weeks. When injected in polymer, both fresh cells and cells that had undergone only one passage in culture produced cartilaginous nodules. Cultured cells did not produce cartilage, regardless of length of time spent in culture, when injected without polymer. Cartilage was also not recovered from samples with cells kept in culture for longer than one passage, even when provided with a polymer matrix. All samples harvested were subjected to histological analysis and assayed for total DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and type II collagen. There was histological evidence of cartilage in the groups that used fresh cells and cultured cells suspended in fibrin polymer that only underwent one passage. No other group contained areas that would be consistent with cartilage histologically. All experimental samples had a higher percent of DNA than native swine cartilage, and there was no statistical difference between the DNA content of the groups containing cultured or fresh cells in fibrin polymer. Whereas the GAG content of native cartilage was 8.39% of dry weight and fresh cells in fibrin polymer was 12.85%, cultured cells in fibrin polymer never exceded the 2.48% noted from first passage cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that porcine chondrocytes that have been cultured in monolayer for one passage will produce cartilage in vivo when suspended in fibrin polymer.
Nonimaging optics heating up Mongolia's harsh winter

One of the world’s oldest civilizations – with the worst air pollution and the coldest capital city – will employ cutting-edge technology from the newest UC campus starting in February. Professor Roland Winston, who leads the UC Merced-based UC Solar Institute, just returned from a trip to Ulaanbaatar (UB), Mongolia’s capital. He met with the owner of Mongolia National University (MNU), a 15-yearold institution with about 9,000 students, to discuss installing a solar-thermal unit on one of the campus buildings to generate 3 kilowatts of steam heat for a portion of the campus
A survey study of critical success factors in agile software projects

While software is so important for all facets of the modern world, software development itself is not a perfect process. Agile software engineering methods have recently emerged as a new and different way of developing software as compared to the traditional methodologies. However, their success has mostly been anecdotal, and research in this subject is still scant in the academic circles. This research study was a survey study on the critical success factors of Agile software development projects using quantitative approach. Based on existing literature, a preliminary list of potential critical success factors of Agile projects were identified and compiled. Subsequently, reliability analysis and factor analysis were conducted to consolidate this preliminary list into a final set of 12 possible critical success factors for each of the four project success categories - Quality, Scope, Time, and Cost. A survey was conducted among Agile professionals, gathering survey data from 109 Agile projects from 25 countries across the world. Multiple regression techniques were used, both at the full regression model and at the optimized regression model via the stepwise screening procedure. The results revealed that only 10 out of 48 hypotheses were supported, identifying three critical success factors for Agile software development projects: (a) Delivery Strategy, (b) Agile Software Engineering Techniques, and (c) Team Capability. Limitations of the study are discussed together with interpretations for practitioners. To ensure success of their projects, managers are urged to focus on choosing a high-caliber team, practicing Agile engineering techniques and following Agile-style delivery strategy.
Ultrastructure of the primary spectacle and cornea of the sea lamprey

Ultrastructural features of the primary spectacle and cornea of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are described. The epithelial cells of the spectacle contain two distinct areas of cytoplasm. The stroma of the spectacle consists of 40 collagen lamellae interconnected by sutural fibers. These sutural fibers appear to prevent the stroma of excised spectacles from swelling in deionized water. Stromal cells lie between the collagen lamellae. A monolayer of flat cells and its basement membrane cover the posterior surface of the spectacle. A thin mucoid tissue which separates the spectacle from the cornea contains fibrillar and amorphous substances. The cornea consists of regularly arranged collagen lamellae enclosed by monolayers of flat cells and their basement membranes. The endoplasmic reticulum of the cells in the anterior monolayer of the cornea is highly developed. Terminal bars were not observed between the membranes of the cells in the three monolayers.
Model of Integrating Humanitarian Development into Engineering Education

Entering the first half of the 21st century, the engineering profession must embrace a new mission statement—to contribute to the building of a more sustainable, stable, and equitable world. In particular, the engineering profession needs to train a new generation of engineers who can better meet the challenges of the developing world and address the needs of the most destitute people on our planet. This paper presents a model of integrating humanitarian development into engineering education based on our experience with Engineers Without Borders-U.S.A. and the development of the Engineering for Developing Communities program at the University of Colorado at Boulder over the past eight years. We also review some like-minded programs in U.S. universities and discuss how such programs can be integrated into engineering education.
Isolation of bedsoniae from the joints of patients with Reiter's syndrome.

SummaryStudies in 16 patients with Reiter's syndrome, consisting of arthritis, urethritis and/or conjunctivitis, suggest that bedsoniae (psittacosis-lymphogranuloma vene-reum-trachoma group of micr...
Authority, acceptance, ability and performance‐based budgeting reforms

Performance‐based budgeting (PBB) is a prominent reform around the world, and has been in prominence in the USA for over a decade now. Evidence presented in this article suggests, however, that the reform is commonly implemented in a limited fashion. This raises the questions, “Why do few states adopt PBB meaningfully?” and “What needs to be done to ensure meaningful adoption?”. In addressing these questions with reference to case studies of state performance‐based budgeting, this article suggests that a three‐factor model is useful in thinking about PBB implementation. In this model authority, acceptance and ability intersect to determine the “reform space” a government has for PBB. In most governments this reform space seems rather constrained.
Biomechanical limits to ecological performance: mollusc-crushing by the Caribbean hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Labridae)

Functional limitations on feeding ability were investigated in the mollusc-crushing Caribbean hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Labridae). Two constraints were proposed to limit the maximum size prey L. maximus can eat: pharyngeal jaw gape and crushing force. These factors yield diflferent quantitative expectations for the relationship between fish size and maximum prey size. Their relative importance for predation on a frequently consumed gastropod (Cerithium litteratum) was investigated in laboratory performance tests designed to determine the largest snails fish could eat. Cerithium predation was found to be force limited rather than gape limited. The importance of this functional constraint in determining the largest Cerithium consumed by wild fish was examined by comparing hogfish feeding capability, as determined by the performance tests, to the maximum size snails found in the stomach contents of field-collected fish. Crushing ability appears to limit Cerithium predation in natural fish populations. The utility of performance testing for determining the functional and ecological importance of morphology is discussed.
PITUITARY HORMONES AS NEUROTROPHIC SIGNALS : UPDATE ON HYPOTHALAMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN GENETIC MODELS OF ALTERED FEEDBACK

Studies of mutant mice that are growth hormone (GH)- and prolactin (PRL)-deficient have provided evidence that these pituitary hormones have trophic, as well as dynamic, feedback effects on the hypothalamic neurons that regulate GH and PRL secretion (1). This review examines further evidence, from those animals and from recent transgenic models, for GH and PRL effects on neuronal differentiation. Characterization of the Ames dwarf (Prop-1 ) mutation and discovery of other genes important to pituitary differentiation reveal an expression sequence of transcription factors, Hesx1 (Rpx) to P-Lim to Prop-1 to Pit-1, that heralds influence on hypothalamic differentiation. Occasional expression of GH and PRL in the Ames dwarf pituitary may result from the "partial loss of function" nature of the Ames Prop-1 mutation. In transgenic mice with moderately or extremely elevated GH levels, neurons that regulate GH exhibit respective maximum and minimum expression and cell number in inhibitory somatostatin (SRIH) and in stimulatory GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). The phenomenon is inverted in GH-lacking dwarfs, and patterns of SRIH underexpression and GHRH overexpression are established early in postnatal development. The differentiation of PRL-inhibiting dopaminergic (DA) neurons is supported not only by PRL, but by human GH, which is lactogenic in rodents. Transgenic mice with peripherally expressed hGH have increased numbers of DA neurons, as opposed to the decreased DA population in PRL-deficient dwarf mice. Rats engineered to express hGH in GHRH neurons do not show this increase, whereas spontaneously GH-deficient dwarf rats show increased DA neuron number. These findings may be explained by feedback on neurons that co-express GHRH and DA. Current studies suggest that Snell (Pit-1 ) dwarf mice show a more severe and earlier DA neuron deficiency than Ames dwarfs, and that PRL feedback must occur prior to 20 days of postnatal age to maintain the DA neuronal phenotype. Insights into the mechanisms of GH and PRL effects on hypophysiotropic neurons include receptor localization on identified neuronal phenotypes, including intermediate neurons that mediate dynamic feedback, and elucidation of signal transduction pathways for GH and PRL in peripheral cell types. New transgenic models of altered GH, PRL, or receptor expression offer further study of neurotrophic effects.
Proposed system of terminology for preparations of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

During the past few years there has been a considerable amount of confusion with respect to the terminology used for adrenocorticotropins (ACTH) isolated from the pituitary glands of various species. In this paper ( 1 ) a unified system of nomenclature for these hormones is proposed. It is hoped that this system will furnish readily and at a glance, from the terminology itself, pertinent information about the source of the particular preparation as well as the chemical formula of any active degraded product derived from the natural hormone.
Negative fuse network

Standard regularization theory combines least squares methods with smoothness constraints, whichleads to quadratic variational functionals with a unique, global minimum (Horn and Schunck [2];Hildreth[3}; Pogglo, Torre and Koch[4}; Poggio, Voorhees and Yuille, [5]; Grimson[6]). Thesequadratic functionals can be mapped onto linear resistive networks, such that the stationary voltagedistribution, corresponding to the state of least power dissipation, is equivalent to the solution ofthe variational functional (Horn[7}; Poggio and Koch, [8]). Data is provided through the correctchoice of data-dependent voltage sources and resistors at each node. Much research has gone intoextending these quadratic variational functionals to allow for discontinuities. Geman and Geman[9]first introduced a class of stochastic algorithms, based on Markov random fields, that explicitlyencode the absence or presence of discontinuities by means of binary variables. Their approach wasextended and modified by numerous researchers to account for discontinuities in depth, texture,
Cellular automata can generate fractals

Abstract Let L be the transition rule of a cellular automaton which is linear modulo 2. Associated to L there is defined a compact subspace of Euclidean space related to the behavior of L under iteration. It is seen that this subspace can have fractional Hausdorff dimension.
Nonlinear temporal dynamics of a strongly coupled quantum-dot-cavity system

We theoretically analyze the temporal dynamics of strongly coupled quantum-dot--cavity system driven by a resonant laser pulse and observe the signature of Rabi oscillation in the time-resolved response of the system (i.e., in the numerically calculated cavity output). We derive simplified linear and nonlinear semiclassical models that approximate well the system's behavior in the limits of high- and low-power driving pulses and describe the role of quantum coherence in the exact dynamics of the system. Finally, we also present time-resolved transmission measurements showing the dynamics of a quantum-dot--cavity system in the presence of a short laser pulse.
Lasing of pyrromethene 597 in 2D holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals: influence of columnar conformation

Holographic photopolymerization, such as used to form holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs), has the advantage of combining the desirable processing properties of polymers with a periodic distribution of an electrically tunable medium (LC). Herein we describe laser oscillations resulting from distributed feedback in fieldmodulated, 2-D H-PDLC photonic crystals. Compared to results of lasing from pyrromethene 597 in 1-D H-PDLCs, the linewidth of the laser action decreases by at least a factor of four and the lasing wavelength is electrically tunable over 5 nm. The 2-D H-PDLCs consist of LC columns within a polymer matrix that were created by interference of four writing beams on the sample cell. Two configurations were studied; one comprising a reflection grating orthogonal to a transmission grating (in-plane) and the other from two orthogonal transmission gratings (out-of-plane). Given that the lattice spacing was the same for both samples, the lasing wavelengths were similar; however the polarization dependence on lasing threshold varied by a factor of three for the in-plane configuration and electrical switching resulted in bimodal lasing. The out-of-plane geometry showed no polarization dependence on lasing threshold and the lasing blue-shifted with applied electric field.