cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nightside electron precipitation at Mars: Geographic variability and dependence on solar wind conditions

[1] Electron precipitation is usually the dominant source of energy input to the nightside Martian atmosphere, with consequences for ionospheric densities, chemistry, electrodynamics, communications, and navigation. We examine downward-traveling superthermal electron flux on the Martian nightside from May 1999 to November 2006 at 400 km altitude and 2 A.M. local time. Electron precipitation is geographically organized by crustal magnetic field strength and elevation angle, with higher fluxes occurring in regions of weak and/or primarily vertical crustal fields, while stronger and more horizontal fields retard electron access to the atmosphere. We investigate how these crustal field-organized precipitation patterns vary with proxies for solar wind (SW) pressure and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. Generally, higher precipitating fluxes accompany higher SW pressures. Specifically, we identify four characteristic spectral behaviors: (1) “stable” regions where fluxes increase mildly with SW pressure, (2) “high-flux” regions where accelerated (peaked) spectra are more common and where fluxes below ~500 eV are largely independent of SW pressure, (3) permanent plasma voids, and (4) intermittent plasma voids where fluxes depend strongly on SW pressure. The locations, sizes, shapes, and absence/existence of these plasma voids vary significantly with solar wind pressure proxy and moderately with IMF proxy direction; average precipitating fluxes are 40% lower in strong crustal field regions and 15% lower globally for approximately southwest proxy directions compared with approximately northeast directions. This variation of the strength and geographic pattern of the shielding effect of Mars' crustal fields exemplifies the complex interaction between those fields and the solar wind.
Generation, modulation and reception of orthogonally polarized signals

The radiating electromagnetic field of a dipole antenna is considered. By allowing the dipole to rotate about its midpoint, one can construct an entire set of signal polarizations wherein distinct members of the set are mutually orthogonal. It is shown how these signals can be modulated and demodulated to convey information. These ideas are then generalized, and both balanced, as well as unbalanced quadrapole modulations are defined. Methods of receiver synchronization to such signals are described, as well as their potential application to multiple access and anti-jam communications.
The ‘Culture’ Versus ‘Economic Development’ Dichotomy in Indian Country

American Indian communities are the poorest in the United States. They suffer from poverty, unemployment, and inadequate housing rates not seen elsewhere in the U.S. Yet any discussion of economic development in Indian Country is always conditioned and constrained by concerns about possible damage to historic cultural aspects arising from business development and capitalism. In fact, "capitalism" is almost a swear word to many Indians. This issue is approached from a novel angle in these two chapters excerpted from a book that is still being written. Chapter two lays out new ideas about the free-market entrepreneurship and private business and property rights that Native American cultures developed and protected over centuries. Chapter nine discusses the possible cultural changes that can arise from reservation economic development, whether they will be beneficial or negative, and whether tribal governments and communities have a choice not to pursue development and basic prosperity.
GABA-opioid interactions in the globus pallidus: [D-Ala2]-Met-enkephalinamide attenuates potassium-evoked GABA release after nigrostriatal lesion.

The motor signs of Parkinson's disease have been partly attributed to an overinhibition of the external globus pallidus (GP) that results from hyperactivity of striatopallidal GABA/enkephalinergic neurons. The goals of this study were to measure basal levels of extracellular fluid GABA in the GP of normal cats, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated parkinsonian cats and cats spontaneously recovered from MPTP-induced parkinsonism, and to examine the effects of opioid receptor activation on potassium (K+)-evoked GABA release in the GP in these animals. Basal GP GABA levels were increased 75% from normal in parkinsonian animals 1 week after MPTP administration and returned to control levels in recovered animals 6 weeks afterMPTP administration. No significant differences were observed in K+-evoked GABA release across conditions. The opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide (DALA) significantly attenuated K+-evoked GABA release in the GP of MPTP-treated symptomatic and recovered cats, but had no significant effect on GABA release in normal animals. These data show that basal GP GABA levels are elevated coincident with expression of parkinsonian signs and return to normal in animals that have functionally compensated for a nigrostriatal lesion. DALA-induced inhibition of pallidal GABA release after a dopamine-depleting lesion, suggests that enkephalin may attenuate GABA release in the GP specifically after striatal dopamine loss.
Long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study of chemotherapy plus dasatinib for the initial treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND The long-term efficacy of a combination of chemotherapy and dasatinib in patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is not well established. METHODS Patients received dasatinib with 8 cycles of alternating hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone and high-dose cytarabine and methotrexate. Patients in complete remission (CR) continued maintenance dasatinib, vincristine, and prednisone for 2 years, which was followed by dasatinib indefinitely. Patients eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) received it during their first CR. RESULTS Seventy-two patients with a median age of 55 years (range, 21-80 years) were treated; 69 (96%) achieved CR. Among them, 57 (83%) achieved cytogenetic CR after 1 cycle, and 64 (93%) achieved a major molecular response at a median of 4 weeks (range, 2-38 weeks). Sixty-five patients (94%) were negative for minimal residual disease assessed by flow cytometry at a median of 3 weeks (range, 2-37 weeks). Dasatinib-related grade 3 and 4 adverse events included bleeding, pleural/pericardial effusions, and elevated transaminases. With a median follow-up of 67 months (range, 33-97 months), 33 patients (46%) were alive, and 30 (43%) were in CR; 12 underwent allogeneic SCT. Thirty-nine patients died (3 at induction, 19 after relapse, 7 after SCT performed during first CR, and 10 during CR). The median disease-free survival and overall survival were 31 (range, 0.3-97 months) and 47 months (range, 0.2-97 months), respectively. Seven relapsed patients had BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations, including 4 with T315I. CONCLUSIONS A combination of chemotherapy with dasatinib is effective in achieving long-term remission for patients with newly diagnosed Ph + ALL. Cancer 2015;121:4158–4164. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Reply to Aksentijevic: It is a matter of what is countable and how neurons learn

Aksentijevic (1) raises issues with our recent report (2) that bear further clarification because they reflect some fundamental confusion about the nature of random sequences. First, it is essential to distinguish statistics for individual elements (i.e., patterns of length one) vs. statistics for patterns consisting of more than one element (i.e., higher order patterns). Aksentijevic’s comments reflect some confusion between these two. The independent Bernoulli process only guarantees that the statistics for patterns of length one are fully random in the usual sense (e.g., independent and identically distributed), where the mean time and waiting time are indeed equal. Once one starts looking at higher order patterns, different statistical structures can, and do, emerge. For example, in a sequence of length three, pattern HH can happen twice but pattern HT cannot. No “assumption of self-correction” is required here. Different waiting times, clustering, or spreading of pattern occurrences are simply consequences intrinsic to the patterns’ composition (3, 4). Although somewhat difficult to comprehend precisely, we hope it is recognized that we did not fudge our random sequences to create structures where none actually exist. These differences are mathematical facts that are readily observed and replicable by anyone.
Studies of mitochondrial energy systems during embryogenesis in the rat.

Abstract Mitochondria isolated from rat embryos of Day 11 to Day 14 of gestation showed an equal capacity to carry out oxidative phosphorylation with P:O ratios of approximately 3 for pyruvate-malate and 2 for succinate as substrates. Activities of succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, and mitochondrial ATPase remained at nearly constant levels in the preparations during this period of gestation, but DPNH oxidase activity increased over 2-fold. The increase in DPNH oxidase activity could be prematurely induced at Day 11 of gestation of the embryos by prior treatment of the pregnant rats with an atmosphere containing 85% oxygen and 0.4% CO2, but no changes in the growth and development of the treated embryos were found by gross examination.
Analysis of fast neutron‐generated mutants at the Arabidopsis thaliana HY4 locus

Ionizing radiation is expected to produce mutants with deletions or other chromosomal rearrangements. These mutants are useful for a variety of purposes, such as creating null alleles and cloning genes whose existence is known only from their mutant phenotype; however, only a few mutations generated by ionizing radiation have been characterized at the molecular level in Arabidopsis thaliana. Twenty fast neutron-generated alleles of the Arabidopsis HY4 locus, which encodes a blue light receptor, CRY1, were isolated and characterized. Nine of the mutant alleles displayed normal genetic behavior. The other 11 mutant alleles were poorly transmitted through the male gametophyte and were lethal in homozygous plants. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that alleles of the first group generally contain small or moderate-sized deletions at HY4, while alleles of the second group contain large deletions at this locus. These results demonstrate that fast neutrons can produce a range of deletions at a single locus in Arabidopsis. Many of these deletions would be suitable for cloning by genomic subtraction or representational difference analysis. The results also suggest the presence of an essential locus adjacent to HY4.
Ocular motor signs in an infant with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type Ia.

Abstract PURPOSE: To document the evolution of ocular motor abnormalities in an infant with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome. METHODS: Case report. An infant with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a underwent magnetic resonance imaging and infrared eye movement recording. RESULTS: A 10-month-old male with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type Ia had rapid horizontal oscillations of the eyes when startled or awakened from sleep. Clinical examination confirmed this finding and disclosed congenital ocular motor apraxia with a reduced vestibulo-ocular reflex. Infrared eye movement recording showed ocular flutter and square wave jerks superimposed on a horizontal pendular nystagmus. Magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse cerebellar hypoplasia. CONCLUSION: Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type Ia can be associated with multiple cerebellar eye signs including ocular flutter, square-wave jerks, and congenital ocular motor apraxia.
Methodological Approach: American College of Chest Physicians Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery

Atrial fibrillation remains a common and challenging problem following cardiac surgery. The American College of Chest Physicians, through the Health and Science Policy Committee, established a panel to develop a set of clinical practice guidelines for the management or prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation or flutter in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The panel based its guidelines on a systematic review of the literature that included a computerized search of PubMed and CENTRAL, the Cochrane Collaboration database, as well as a search of selected journals and references in key articles. Studies were eligible for review if they were controlled trials. Paired reviewers assessed the quality of each eligible study and extracted relevant data. The resulting data were assembled into evidence tables organized by key management questions. The panel derived recommendations that were based on this review of evidence and were formulated according to the ACCP protocol for grading evidence and strength of recommendations.
The Fox River Risk Assessment Teaching Tool

ABSTRACT In 1999 and 2000, two environmental consulting companies independently prepared risk assessments of the Lower Fox River waste site in Wisconsin. Because the two assessments produced somewhat different risk characterizations, the Association for Environmental Health & Sciences was asked by the site's Potentially Responsible Party to form a peer review panel to critique and compare the two assessments. The panel found interesting differences between the two risk assessments and recommended that their observations, together with the two risk assessments, be made available as a Teaching Tool for persons interested in conducting human and ecological risk assessments. An accompanying CD contains these and other materials useful for teaching purposes.
Reservoir Simulations of Synthetic Rain Floods for the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins

In response to the destructive floods of 1983, 1986, 1995, and 1997, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Reclamation Board of the State of California are partnering a study to investigate flood damage reduction and ecosystem restoration opportunities in the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins, California. This paper continues presentation of Comprehensive Study methods and details the construction and application of basin-wide reservoir models in support of ongoing system analyses. Discussion emphasizes model development, simulation results with a focus on headwater and major terminal reservoirs, and potential improvements to the flood damage reduction system. Conclusions are drawn regarding the influence of reservoirs in flood hydrology, use of HEC-5 software in flood analyses, and the role of this effort in the Comprehensive Study.
Layout Decomposition and Legalization for Double-Patterning Technology

The use of multiple-patterning (MP) optical lithography for sub-20 nm technologies has inevitably become slow to adopt the next generation of lithography systems. The biggest technical challenge of MP is failure to reach a manufacturable layout-coloring solution, especially in dense layouts. This paper offers a post layout solution for the removal of conflicts, i.e., patterns that cannot be assigned to different masks without violating spacing rules. The proposed method essentially consists of three steps: 1) layout coloring; 2) exposure layers; 3) geometric rules definition; and 4) layout legalization using compaction and MP rules as constraints. The method is general and can be used for different MP technologies, including lithography-etch, lithography-etch double-patterning (DP), triple patterning/MP (i.e., multiple litho-etch steps), and self-aligned DP (SADP). For demonstration purposes, we apply the proposed method in this paper to remove conflicts in DP. We offer an O(n) layout-coloring heuristic algorithm for DP, which is up to 80× faster than the integer linear program-based approach. The conflict-removal problem is formulated as a linear program, which permits an extremely fast runtime (less than 1 min in real time for macro layouts). The method was tested on standard cells and macro layouts from a commercial 22-nm library designed without any MP awareness. For many cells, the method removes all conflicts without any area increase. For some complex cells and macros, the method still removes all conflicts but with a modest 6% average increase in area.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: my way

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. A serum monoclonal IgM protein is required to establish this diagnosis. The clinical features patients develop include normochromic normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and signs of hyperviscosity. The International Staging System for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia divides patients prognostically based on age, hemoglobin, platelet count, IgM level, and β(2) microglobulin. Some patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia have a smoldering form and can be observed without intervention. Active agents in the treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia include rituximab, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, bortezomib, lenalidomide, bendamustine, everolimus, and alemtuzumab. The current preferred Mayo Clinic non-study treatment is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. The median survival associated with this disease is now over 10 years.
Building Skills for Civic Engagement: Children as Agents of Neighborhood Change

ABSTRACT This study examines civic engagement and social development in children (N = 73) from public housing neighborhoods. Much of the research on civic engagement and social development focuses on youths and college students and the influence of participation in community service. This study addresses younger children in the process of social development and acquiring the seeds for civic engagement. Participants (X age = 9.25 years) learned to observe, photograph, and assess neighborhood strengths and challenges. They engaged in democratic processes to compile findings and present them to community members. Results indicate statistically significant changes in civic engagement and social development. Qualitative findings expand on these quantitative results. Implications for community practice and research are discussed.
Equilibrium Economics and Business-Cycle Theory

I. Formulation of the question. A brief historical survey, 381. — II. Recent discussion in Germany: Lederer, Loewe, Carrel, 386. — III. In what sense the equilibrium theory is valid, 392. — IV. The element of time differences: Rosenstein-Rodan, further elaboration, 401. — V. Time differences and the cumulation of random changes, 408. — VI. Summary, 412.
The dynamics of Uranus' satellites

Current knowledge of the dynamics of Uranus' satellites is reviewed in support of preliminary planning for a mission to that planet. The determination of past and present orbital and rotational behavior is discussed. Improved understanding in this area is important not only for its own sake, but also for the implications with regard to the structure of the planet and to the general dynamical history of the solar system. A program of earth-based observations over the next few years would permit most effective use of a Uranus probe.
Avian metapneumovirus phosphoprotein targeted RNA interference silences the expression of viral proteins and inhibits virus replication

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the major causes of serious respiratory infections of poultry and leads to considerable economic losses to food animal production worldwide. Here, we show that double stranded short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules corresponding to aMPV phosphoprotein (P) gene silence P RNA and protein expression. These siRNAs broadly reduced the expression of other viral proteins in addition to P, but did not have a discernable effect on cellular protein expression. The exposure of cells to P-specific siRNAs also led to inhibition of virus replication as evidenced by marked reduction in the progeny virion titers. Taken together, the findings suggest that exogenous P silencing siRNAs can inhibit aMPV replication with potential implications in the design of novel siRNA based prophylactics.
Comparative rates of oxidation of isomeric linolenic acids and their esters

1. The maximum velocities of oxygen absorption as measured by the Warburg-Barcroft respirometer at 40° and expressed as mols 02/mol substance/100 minutes was found for a series of octadecatrienoic acids and their esters to be as follows:alpha-eleostearic acid, 2.68;beta-eleostearic acid, 1.02; pseudo-eleostearic acid, 0.64; methyl pseudo-eleostearate, 0.42; alpha-linolenic acid, 0.52; ethyl linolenate, 0.24. 2. The data showed the effect of spatial configuration as well as type of unsaturation and functional grouping on the oxidation reaction. 3. The apparently pure fatty compounds were found to have induction periods, pointing to the autocatalytic nature of the oxidation reaction.
Repertoire matching between neighbouring song sparrows

A male song sparrow,Melospiza melodia, has a song repertoire of about eight or nine distinct song types, and he typically shares several of these song types with each of his several neighbours. In the prevailing theoretical view, the song types in a bird's repertoire are interchangeable and multiple song types exist primarily to provide diversity. The present study was designed to test a contrary hypothesis concerning one particular context, counter-singing between neighbours. Specifically, the hypothesis was tested that song sparrows reply to the songs of particular neighbours with particular songs from their repertoire: they select a song type they share with that neighbour (‘repertoire matching’). In a field experiment, neighbour song was played to the subject from just inside the neighbour's territory. Subjects responded with a song shared with that neighbour in 87.5% of trials (chance expectation for this sample is 42%). In control trials, where stranger song was presented from the same location, subjects responded with songs shared with the neighbour at that location in only 17% of the trials. It is suggested that ‘repertoire matching’ may be one advantage of a song learning strategy that produces song sharing between neighbours.
Numerical analysis of the vibroacoustic properties of plates with embedded grids of acoustic black holes.

The concept of an Acoustic Black Hole (ABH) has been developed and exploited as an approach for passively attenuating structural vibration. The basic principle of the ABH relies on proper tailoring of the structure geometrical properties in order to produce a gradual reduction of the flexural wave speed, theoretically approaching zero. For practical systems the idealized “zero” wave speed condition cannot be achieved so the structural areas of low wave speed are treated with surface damping layers to allow the ABH to approach the idealized dissipation level. In this work, an investigation was conducted to assess the effects that distributions of ABHs embedded in plate-like structures have on both vibration and structure radiated sound, focusing on characterizing and improving low frequency performance. Finite Element and Boundary Element models were used to assess the vibration response and radiated sound power performance of several plate configurations, comparing baseline uniform plates with embedded periodic ABH designs. The computed modal loss factors showed the importance of the ABH unit cell low order modes in the overall vibration reduction effectiveness of the embedded ABH plates at low frequencies where the free plate bending wavelengths are longer than the scale of the ABH.
MMPI Profile Subtypes of Nonincarcerated Child Molesters A Cross-Validation Study

Sexual offenders against children are known to be a heterogeneous population with respect to psychological and behavioral characteristics. To subdivide child molesters into homogeneous subgroups, Duthie and McIvor cluster-analyzed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of nonincarcerated child molesters. They identified eight subgroups of offenders which varied in psychopathology and demographic characteristics. Because their 1990 study was an initial step toward the development of a classification system, cross-validation was needed to support Duthie and McIvor's conclusions. In the present study, the same clustering procedure was employed to analyze the MMPIs of 113 child molesters similar to Duthie and McIvor's sample in demography and circumstances of evaluation. Six of the eight clusters reported by Duthie and McIvor were cross-validated. In addition, subgroups were differentiated along dimensions of sexual deviance. Implications for the utility of the Duthie and McIvor clust...
Isotope effects in the EPR spectrum of a tin-vacancy pair in silicon

Abstract The S = 1 EPR spectrum for a tin-vacancy pair in silicon reveals easily detected isotope shifts in the fine structure splitting D for the various nuclear isotopes of tin ( σD / D = + 1.0 × 10 −4 per unit mass) as well as well as those for the six near neighbor silicon atoms ( σD / D = −0.67 × 10 −4 per unit mass). These are attributed to the different vibrational amplitudes vs isotopic mass.
Quantitative Analysis of Alkylacyl, Alkenylacyl, and Diacyl Types of Diglycerides Obtained from Glycerophospholipids

Abstract The 1-alkyl-2-acyl, 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl, and 1,2-diacyl-snglycerol moieties of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids were converted to the dinitrobenzoyl derivatives. These compounds were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and quantitated by their absorbance at 235 nm. Peak areas were proportional to the amount injected. Separations were optimal for the derivatives from 5 to 30 nmol of the glycerophospholipids. The compositions of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids from rat brain and of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids from human platelets agreed well with previous results obtained with much longer procedures.
Loading effects of self-biased magnetic films on patch antennas with substrate/superstrate sandwich structure

From materials perspective, it has been challenging to achieve relative permeability mr . 1i n self- biased antenna substrates at gigahertz frequencies. In this study, self-biased microwave NiCo ferrite films were deposited with a low-temperature spin spray deposition process. Novel antenna designs with self-biased NiCo- ferrite films were investigated at 2.1 GHz. These magnetic antennas with several micrometers thick ferrite films show an enhanced antenna performance over the unloaded patch antenna. With ferrite loading of the alumina substrate, the resonant frequency shows a down shift of 30 - 50 MHz. The radiation efficiency is increased from 41% for the non-magnetic antenna to 76% for the ferrite films loaded antenna, together with an antenna gain enhancement greater than 1 dB over the non-magnetic antenna. The combination of these self-biased ferrite films and alumina substrates can lead to miniature antennas with enhanced performance at gigahertz frequencies.
Nonperturbative dynamical-group approach to the quadratic Zeeman effect.

In this paper we consider the quadratic Zeeman effect from the point of view of scaling variational method based on the SO(4,2) dynamical group of the point Coulomb problem. In this formulation, the tilting angle is treated as a variational parameter. We scale a linear combination of the SO(4,2) basis states, solving numerically for the eigenvalues by diagonalization of the resulting matrix representation of the effective Hamiltonian. The SO(4,2) formulation has the advantage that the basis states form a complete set without the inclusion of continuum states, and furthermore, all matrix elements are calculated algebraically. The method is shown to be valid for field strengths at least as high as ${10}^{10}$ G and possibly up to ${10}^{12}$ G.
Déterminants génétiques de la discopathie dégénérative. Prédisposition familiale et estimation de l'héritabilité

Resume Objectifs Passer en revue les connaissances actuelles sur l’heritabilite de la discopathie degenerative (DD). La DD joue un role dans la pathogenie des lombalgies et des radiculopathies lombaires aigues. L’âge et les facteurs mecaniques etaient autrefois consideres comme les principaux facteurs etiologiques, alors que l’intervention de facteurs genetiques est maintenant jugee predominante. Il etait donc important de passer en revue les etudes des determinants genetiques de la DD. Nous decrirons d’abord les arguments en faveur du caractere familial de la DD, ainsi que les estimations de la part hereditaire de la maladie, avant d’aborder le role de genes particuliers. Methodes Etude descriptive des donnees de la litterature medicale en anglais. Resultats et conclusions L’existence d’une predisposition familiale est demontree. L’heritabilite varie de 34 a 61 % selon le niveau rachidien concerne. Les analyses de segregation sont en faveur d’un mode de transmission complexe faisant intervenir de nombreux facteurs et de nombreux genes.
Does Nonsurgical Treatment Improve Longitudinal Outcomes of Lateral Epicondylitis Over No Treatment? A Meta-analysis

Background Lateral epicondylitis is a painful tendinopathy for which several nonsurgical treatment strategies are used. Superiority of these nonsurgical treatments over nontreatment has not been definitively established.
SITUATION AWARENESS: PROCEED WITH CAUTION

Situation awareness (SA) is a relatively new concept that has captured the imagination of the human factors community. This new concept is considered in the light of Benton J. Underwood's discussio...
Human, Cow and Rabbit Native Fibrin Powders as Anticoagulants

THE anticoagulant action of fibrin-coated surfaces on native blood and plasma has been demonstrated recently1,2. Since the fibrin-coating process is quite laborious3, we tested the anti-coagulant effect of a fibrin surface by simply placing native plasma in contact with fibrin powder. It was realized that the contact of native plasma with surfaces foreign to blood known to initiate coagulation, such as glass, would have to be counteracted by a large enough fibrin surface. In a preceding investigation by Copley and Cliffton4 so-called fraction I fibrin powder, prepared from a Cohn fraction I of bovine plasma by the addition of thrombin, was found to have an anti-coagulant action similar to that observed in glass tubes coated with bovine fraction I fibrin. Since the bovine fibrinogen (Armour) contains 40–50 per cent sodium citrate, it was not clear whether the latter was responsible for the anticoagulant effect of the fraction I fibrin powder. Therefore, work has been done on native plasma fibrin powder, prepared from native plasma without the addition of anticoagulants or coagulants.
Risk adjustment in stroke research

Abstract There is a growing, national interest in measuring health care quality that has increased the role of outcomes research in this country. The ability to compare patient outcomes is an essential component of assessing treatment success, within and outside clinical research. Variations in patient characteristics can affect outcomes and, therefore, the interpretation of efficacy of care. In clinical and research settings, risk adjustment has become an important component of allowing the comparison of outcomes despite patient heterogeneity. A summary of risk adjustment methods and its usefulness in stroke research is discussed.
Water waves: eigenvalue placement by linear feedback

This paper considers the effect of linear feedback control on the eigenvalues of a system of small-amplitude waves on a fluid surface. When such waves are controlled by a vibrating wall, the system has the form w = A 0 w + 〈f, w〉b, where the evolution operator A 0 is unbounded and skew-adjoint with compact resolvent on a Hilbert space H, the fixed vector b∊H reflects the design of the controlling wall (and is subject to a mild smoothness condition) and f∊H is to be chosen as a control function. The kth eigenvalue of A 0 is λ k = ik 1/2 + O(k−3/2), k = ±1, ±2,[tdot] with corresponding eigenvector φ k . If 〈 f , φ k 〉 is denoted by bk , then the main result of this paper is: let {η k } be any sequence of complex numbers for which (η k 7minus; λ k )/bk is square summable. Then there exists a unique control f∊H for which {η k } is precisely the set of eigenvalues of the closed-loop operator A 0( ·) + 〈f, · 〉b, and the corresponding eigenfunctions form a basis for H. For skew-adjoint systems of the same form w...
Surfaces modified with nanometer-thick silver-impregnated polymeric films that kill bacteria but support growth of mammalian cells

Abstract Silver is widely used as a biocidal agent in ointments and wound dressings. However, it has also been associated with tissue toxicity and impaired healing. In vitro characterization has also revealed that typical loadings of silver employed in ointments and dressings (∼100 μg/cm2) lead to cytotoxicity. In this paper, we report the results of an initial study that sought to determine if localization of carefully controlled loadings of silver nanoparticles within molecularly thin films immobilized on surfaces can lead to antimicrobial activity without inducing cytotoxicity. Polymeric thin films of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were prepared by layer-by-layer deposition and loaded with ∼0.4 μg/cm2 to ∼23.6 μg/cm2 of silver nanoparticles. Bacterial killing efficiencies of the silver-loaded films were investigated against Staphylococcus epidermidis, a gram-positive bacterium, and it was determined that as little as ∼0.4 μg/cm2 of silver in the polymeric films caused a reduction of 6 log10 CFU/mL (99.9999%) bacteria in suspensions incubated in contact with the films (water-borne assays). Significantly, whereas the antibacterial films containing high loadings of silver were found to be toxic to a murine fibroblast cell line (NIH-3T3), the polymeric films containing ∼0.4 μg/cm2 of silver were not toxic and allowed attachment, and growth of the mammalian cells. Thus, the results of this study go beyond prior reports by identifying silver-impregnated, polymeric thin films that are compatible with in vitro mammalian cell culture yet exhibit antibacterial activity. These results support the hypothesis that localization of carefully controlled loadings of silver nanoparticles within molecularly thin polymeric films can lead to antimicrobial activity without cytotoxicity. More broadly, this strategy of modifying surfaces with minimal loadings of bioactive molecules indicates the basis of approaches that may permit management of microbial burden in wound beds without impairment of wound healing.
Dynamics and mechanism of p130Cas localization to focal adhesions

The docking protein p130Cas is a major Src substrate involved in integrin signaling and mechanotransduction. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas in focal adhesions (FAs) has been linked to enhanced cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival. However, the mechanism of p130Cas targeting to FAs is uncertain, and dynamic aspects of its localization have not been explored. Using live cell microscopy, we show that fluorophore-tagged p130Cas is a component of FAs throughout the FA assembly and disassembly stages, although it resides transiently in FAs with a high mobile fraction. Deletion of either the N-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domain or the Cas-family C-terminal homology (CCH) domain significantly impaired p130Cas FA localization, and deletion of both domains resulted in full exclusion. Focal adhesion kinase was implicated in the FA targeting function of the p130Cas SH3 domain. Consistent with their roles in FA targeting, both the SH3 and CCH domains were found necessary for p130Cas to fully undergo tyrosine phosphorylation and promote cell migration. By revealing the capacity of p130Cas to function in FAs throughout their lifetime, clarifying FA targeting mechanism, and demonstrating the functional importance of the highly conserved CCH domain, our results advance the understanding of an important aspect of integrin signaling.
Studies on the mechanism by which tyrosine raises urinary catecholamines.

Abstract The source of urinary catecholamines and the mechanisms by which tyrosine administration raises these compounds were investigated in rats. Adrenalectomy blocked the tyrosine-induced rise in urinary epinephrine but not dopamine or norepinephrine. Following chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the tyrosine-induced increased in urinary norepiphine was diminished, but epinephrine and dopamine responses were unaffected. Cardiac norepinephrine, which is normally unchanged following tyrosine administration, became significantly elevated in 6-OHDA-pretreated animals. At the doses used in this study, tyrosine had no effect on the uptake or metabolic clearance of circulating catecholamines. We conclude that tyrosine augments the synthesis of the three catecholamines in sympathoadrenal cells by increasing the extent to which tyrosine hydroxylase is saturated with its amino acid substrate. Moreover, the effects of tyrosine on peripheral catecholamine synthesis may be enhanced under conditions of increased sympathetic activity.
Preservice and Inservice Teachers' Perceptions of Appropriateness of Teacher Self-Disclosure.

Abstract This study investigated preservice and inservice teachers' perceptions of appropriateness of teacher self-disclosure. A sample of 180 preservice teachers and 135 preK-12 teachers participated in the study. Results showed statistically significant differences between the groups of teachers in their perceptions of appropriateness of teacher self-disclosure in the three dimensions: Uncommon Topics, Uncommon Purposes, and Consideration of Students. No significant differences were found in the two dimensions: Common Topics and Common Purposes. This study makes an excellent contribution to the theoretical framework of the study of teacher self-disclosure and also provides implications for teaching and teacher education.
Monitoring and Optimization of Silicon Surface Quality

The authors have used contactless photoconductance decay measurements to monitor cleaning processes, surface contamination, and surface roughness. Changes in surface chemistry are evidenced by a degradation (increase) in the surface recombination velocity (decrease in measured decay time). The authors have applied the tool to monitor cleaning effectiveness, surface cleanliness, and roughness during cell processing. Iodine in methanol achieves a superior passivation of Si than H in 48% HF. The measured minority carrier lifetime in this solution is higher than in 48% HF. The authors illustrate that I-terminated silicon surfaces are more stable than H-terminated surfaces. They confirm that deionized water is responsible for the roughening of silicon surfaces. They show that NH{sub 4}F is a superior alternate clean to dilute HF.
TV publicity outlets: A preliminary investigation

Television's worthiness as a source of information about contemporary culture has been evaluated time and time again by researchers. Yet systematic analysis of the nature and social role of information and interview programs is virtually non-existent, even though public relations practitioners have long utilized these programs as important publicity outlets. In this article, Joseph Turow and Ceritta Park describe their survey of “i & i” programming, noting that this broadcasting category represents “a rich lode” of opportunities for public relations firms seeking an appropriate means of communicating their clients' points of view.
Expanding horizons in head and neck expansion

Tissue expansion is a simple concept, but to master it requires patience and experience. This article focuses on tissue expansion in the head and neck. Concepts of proper insertion technique, implant choices, and flap design are reviewed. In addition, guidelines for tissue expander complications are discussed.
Entrepreneurial strategies and radical innovation: A punctuated disequilibrium approach

Current models of organizational development, particularly the punctuated equilibrium model, explore how industry conditions and trends shape the evolution of firms or business units within that industry over time. From this perspective, firms evolve from entrepreneurial strategies, informal structure and radical innovation towards increasingly competitive strategies stressing a focus on efficiency through formalized structures, tight managerial control systems and incremental innovation (Abernathy & Clark, 1985; Moore & Tushman, 1982; Tushman & Romanelli, 1985) as the industry matures. As a result, periods of radical product innovation are perceived as a short-lived phenomenon or as a temporary aberration from more normative patterns of stability during periods of industrial discontinuity and chaos. However, this description of an environmental-strategy fit is functional primarily for large organizations in relatively stable industries. Research on strategic fit in environments characterized by high degrees of demand uncertainty and technological instability reveals that some organizations consistently choose alternative strategies based on a focus on creativity and innovation. This paper examines how the punctuated equilibrium model can be adapted to describe these environments characterized by high uncertainty, and to explain how certain firms proactively pursue strategies, structures, and managerial styles consistent with ongoing radical innovation across developmental stages as a viable source of competitive advantage. The paper concludes by exploring how strategy theory can be integrated with the punctuated disequilibrium model to account for this unexpected range of strategic variation.
Age and Growth of Vermilion Snapper from the Southeastern United States

Abstract A comprehensive aging study of vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens, was conducted, using 1,465 otoliths collected between 1991 and 1995 from the commercial and headboat fisheries from North Carolina through the Florida Keys. An additional 19 otoliths came from fishery-independent samples from the South Atlantic Bight for fish smaller than 254 mm total length (TL), which is the legal size limit. Marginal increment analysis revealed that rings on the otoliths were deposited annually. This observation is further substantiated by the increasing modal radius of each age ring corresponding to the increasing modal size of the fish at age. Observed ages ranged from age 1 (202 mm mean TL) to age 14 (535 mm TL). The largest fish was 600 mm TL and was estimated to be age 13. The weight–length relationship was described by the equation: W = 9.55 × 10−9(L)3.04, where W = whole weight in kilograms and L = total length in millimeters. The von Bertalanffy equation was estimated using the inverse, weighted...
Non-H-2-associated genetic regulation of cytotoxic responses to hapten-modified syngeneic cells. Effect on the magnitude of secondary response and helper T cell generation after in vivo priming.

The present study investigates the role of non-H-2 genes in controlling generation of the H-2-restricted, T cell-mediated cytotoxic response against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic cells (TNP-self). Spleen cells from C3H/He (H-2k) or B10.BR (H-2k) normal mice or from mice primed to TNP in vivo by skin painting with trinitro-chlorobenzene were used (a) for in vitro sensitization to TNP-self and (b) as a source of radioresistant helper cells for augmenting the TNP-self cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response generated by normal syngeneic spleen cells. Although spleen cells from unprimed mice from these two strains exhibited a comparable CTL response in a primary culture, a strong difference was observed in a secondary CTL response after in vivo priming. CTL activities generated in the secondary culture were much stronger in C3H/He than in B10.BR strains. This difference in the magnitude of secondary CTL responses was paralleled by generation of strong and weak helper cell activity in C3H/He and B10.BR, respectively. No detectable difference was observed between the two H-2k strains in the lysability of target cells and ability of stimulating cells to activate the primed unirradiated cells and radioresistant helper cells. This genetic difference detected in the H-2k haplotype was also demonstrated in the H-2b haplotype, by using C3H.SW and C57BL/10 mice which bear non-H-2 background genes corresponding to C3H/He and B10.BR mice, respectively. These results indicate the existence of a control mechanism influenced by non-H-2 genes, in addition to the established H-2-linked gene control.
Referential consistency as a a criterion of meaning

L'A. propose un critere satisfaisant de signification: celui de "consistance referentielle". L'A. commence par rappeler brievement l'echec des principaux criteres de signification (Hume, Schlick, Carnap...) avant d'exposer le sien de maniere semi-formelle, sous la forme d'une meta-logique de la reference.
Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solidification in Two-roll Melt Drag Thin Strip Casting of Steel

A two-dimensional finite element model has been developed to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification in two-roll melt drag thin strip casting of steel. The two equation k–e model is used to incorporate the turbulence in fluid flow. The effect of solidification of liquid metal on the viscosity of melt is also considered. The release of latent heat of fusion at the solid–liquid interface was not considered explicitly, but the specific heat was increased appropriately to account for the released latent heat. The roller velocity, meltroll heat transfer coefficient and melt superheat are identified as important process variables, and their effect on the thickness of cast strip is predicted.
Linear and Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of an Exhaust Manifold With Included Bellows

The aim of this paper is to examine the utility of nonlinear analysis for structural response to thermal and mechanical loads, for a structure containing alternating regions of high and low stiffness as a result of inclusion of bellow sections. Utility is measured by comparison of results of linear and nonlinear analyses. The specific example used is that of an exhaust manifold for a large diesel engine. The paper discusses modeling of geometric and material nonlinearity, and makes recommendations in regard to which nonlinear effects are thought to be significant, based on the linear/nonlinear comparisons. The paper also contains general comments on the finite element modeling of structures containing bellows.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Social facilitation effects resulting from locus of control using human and computer experimenters

Abstract The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that people with an internal locus of control (Rotter, 1966) will perform equally well in a paired associate verbal learning task regardless of whether the trials are administered by a computer or human experimenter, while people with an external locus of control will perform better when learning trials are administered by a human experimenter. A computer and a human experimenter were used to test 60 subjects who had been divided into either internal or external locus of control groups in a one-trial-to-learn paired associate task. An analysis of variance confirmed the study's hypothesis, revealing a significant interaction between subjects' locus of control and their performance in the two testing conditions. Implications for the use of the computer in psychological research are discussed.