cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid state reaction of titanium and (0001) α-SiC☆

Abstract The kinetics and products of the solid state reaction of titanium thin films and (0001) α-SiC were investigated in the temperature range 844–1073 K using X-ray diffractometry and Auger electron spectroscopy. Reaction couples were prepared by the electron beam evaporation of titanium films 350 nm thick onto polished and argon-sputtered Lely-grown SiC platelets. The couples were isothermally annealed at temperatures between 844 and 1073 K at pressures of not greater than 4 x10-7 Pa. The interfacial reaction released carbon and silicon which interdiffused with the titanium layer and formed TiC; titanium silicides were not observed as reaction products. The quantity x of silicon released in the interfacial reaction was fitted to the parabolic growth law dx dt = k x , and the temperature dependence of the rate constant was determined as k = 0.065 cm 2 s -1 exp ( -262.7 kJ mol -1 RT ) . This rate constant is consistent with data previously reported at temperatures between 923 and 1255 K, and it enables accurate predictions of the extent of interfacial reactions in thin film Ti-single-crystal SiC couples to be calculated for temperatures as low as 840 K and for reaction layers less than 0.5 μm thick.
Deficits in GABAB receptor system in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a postmortem study

Postmortem and genetic studies have clearly demonstrated changes in GABA(B) receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia. Moreover, a number of recent studies have stressed the importance of cerebellar dysfunction in these same disorders. In the current study, we examined protein levels of the two GABA(B) receptor subunits GABBR1 and GABBR2 in lateral cerebella from a well-characterized cohort of subjects with schizophrenia (n=15), bipolar disorder (n=14), major depression (n=13) and healthy controls (n=12). We found significant reductions in protein for both GABBR1 and GABBR2 in lateral cerebella from subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression when compared with controls. These results provide further evidence of GABAergic dysfunction in these three disorders as well as identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Properties of two high strength, high temperature, high conductivity copper-base alloys

Abstract The properties of two high strength, high temperature, high conductivity ingot-based copper alloys were examined in detail. These are the Cu-0.06wt.% Mg-0.63wt.% Cr-0.13wt.% Zr (MZC) and the Cu-4.94wt.% Ni-2.40wt.% Ti materials produced as wrought ingot-based alloys. Tensile tests at 293 K and stress rupture tests at 673 K were performed. An oxide-dispersed CuZrCr alloy produced from fine atomized powders has the same stress rupture properties at 673 K as the fully heat-treated wrought MZC alloy, and both are stronger than the wrought CuNiTi alloy. The effects of short-time (1 h) annealing to 1223 K were examined with the interesting observation that the CuNiTi alloy, after loss of hardness due to overaging in the temperature interval 673–1073 K, rehardens on heating above 1073 K and then cooling, by a resolution and aging process. Combining water quenching from the temperature range 1138–1223 K with re-aging at 848–873 K permitted recovery of the original fully heat-treated room temperature strength and hardness properties to full strength and hardness. For the MZC alloy, re-solutioning for 1 h at 1223 K plus aging at 748 K resulted in only a partial recovery of strength. The maximum electrical conductivity values were measured at 42.1 mΩ −1 mm −2 (72.5% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) and 28.6 mΩ −1 mm −2 (49% IACS) for the MZC and CuNiTi alloys respectively in their fully recrystallized states.
Optimizing gene transfer to conventional outflow cells in living mouse eyes.

Abstract The mouse eye has physiological and genetic advantages to study conventional outflow function. However, its small size and shallow anterior chamber presents technical challenges to efficient intracameral delivery of genetic material to conventional outflow cells. The goal of this study was to optimize methods to overcome this technical hurdle, without damaging ocular structures or compromising outflow function. Gene targeting was monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy after transduction of adenovirus encoding green fluorescent protein driven by a CMV promoter. Guided by a micromanipulator and stereomicroscope, virus was delivered intracamerally to anesthetized mice by bolus injection using a 33 gauge needle attached to Hamilton syringe or infusion with glass micropipette connected to syringe pump. The total number of particles introduced remained constant, while volume of injected virus solution (3–10 μl) was varied for each method and time of infusion (3–40 min) tested. Outflow facility and intraocular pressure were monitored invasively using established techniques. Unlike bolus injections or slow infusions, introduction of virus intracamerally during rapid infusions (3 min) at any volume tested preferentially targeted trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal cells, with minimal transduction of neighboring cells. While infusions resulted in transient intraocular pressure spikes (commensurate with volume infused, Δ40–70 mmHg), eyes typically recovered within 60 min. Transduced eyes displayed normal outflow facility and tissue morphology 3–6 days after infusions. Taken together, fast infusion of virus solution in small volumes intracamerally is a novel and effective method to selectively deliver agents to conventional outflow cells in living mice.
Spatial memory during progressive disorientation

Human spatial representations of object locations in a room-sized environment were probed for evidence that the object locations were encoded relative not just to the observer (egocentrically) but also to each other (allocentrically). Participants learned the locations of 4 objects and then were blindfolded and either (a) underwent a succession of 70° and 200° whole-body rotations or (b) were fully disoriented and then underwent a similar sequence of 70° and 200° rotations. After each rotation, participants pointed to the objects without vision. Analyses of the pointing errors suggest that as participants lost orientation, represented object directions generally “drifted” off of their true directions as an ensemble, not in random, unrelated directions. This is interpreted as evidence that object-to-object (allocentric) relationships play a large part in the human spatial updating system. However, there was also some evidence that represented object directions occasionally drifted off of their true directions independently of one another, suggesting a lack of allocentric influence. Implications regarding the interplay of egocentric and allocentric information are considered.
Structural Damage Detection Using Changes in Natural Frequencies: Theory and Applications

A vibration-based method that uses changes in natural frequencies of a structure to detect damage has advantages over conventional nondestructive tests in detecting various types of damage, including loosening of bolted joints, using minimum measurement data. Two major challenges associated with applications of the vibration-based damage detection method to engineering structures are addressed: accurate modeling of structures and the development of a robust inverse algorithm to detect damage, which are defined as the forward and inverse problems, respectively. To resolve the forward problem, new physics-based finite element modeling techniques are developed for fillets in thin-walled beams and for bolted joints, so that complex structures can be accurately modeled with a reasonable model size. To resolve the inverse problem, a logistical function transformation is introduced to convert the constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained one, and a robust iterative algorithm using a trust-region method, called the Levenberg-Marquardt method, is developed to accurately detect the locations and extent of damage. The new methodology can ensure global convergence of the iterative algorithm in solving under-determined system equations and deal with damage detection problems with relatively large modeling error and measurement noise. The vibration-based damage detection method is applied to various structures including lightning masts, a space frame structure and one of its components, and a pipeline. The exact locations and extent of damage can be detected in the numerical simulation where there is no modeling error and measurement noise. The locations and extent of damage can be successfully detected in experimental damage detection.
Effect of Modified Atmospheres on Proteolysis and Fermentation of Ensiled Alfalfa

Abstract Two studies evaluated the proteolysis of alfalfa that was ensiled in laboratory silos under different modified atmospheres. In the first study, fourth-cutting alfalfa was ensiled at 25% dry matter (DM) for 28 d. The forage treatments were a modified atmosphere of 3% O 2 :20% CO 2 :77% N 2 , or formic acid (6 ml/kg of fresh weight); an untreated control was used for comparison. Proteolysis was assessed from the concentrations of NH 3 N, free amino acid (AA) N, and nonprotein N (NPN). Peptide N was estimated as the difference between total NPN and the sum of NH 3 N plus free AA N. Higher silage pH and lower concentrations of total organic acids suggested that the modified atmosphere reduced forage fermentation. The modified atmosphere was effective in reducing proteolysis to a level similar to that achieved with formic acid. Alfalfa ensiled under the modified atmosphere had more peptide N than did alfalfa ensiled with formic acid, which may be advantageous. In the second study, alfalfa was ensiled at 20 and 28% DM as an untreated control or treated with N 2 gas or a modified atmosphere composed of 3% O 2 :15% CO 2 :82% N 2 . The NH 3 N concentrations were higher in alfalfa ensiled at 28% DM under N 2 gas or the modified atmosphere. Concentrations of free AA N were lower at the higher DM percentage for all treatments. Concentrations of NPN were reduced 7.0% for low DM ensiled under N 2 , 7.0% for high DM ensiled under N 2 , 23.4% for low DM ensiled under a modified atmosphere, and 25.7% for high DM ensiled under a modified atmosphere. Modified atmospheres reduced the rate and extent of NPN formation in alfalfa silage.
LIVE PARAINFLUENZA TYPE 3 VACCINE IN CHILDREN

Clinical trials in young children of viral respiratory vaccines provide a model for determining viral and host factors in the control of primary infection. An attenuated parainfluenza 3 (para 3) vaccine was given intranasally (104-5 TCID50/dose) to 16 children ages 13 to 35 months-with 5 additional placebo inoculated controls studied for transmission and intercurrent illness. Prior natural para 3, as judged by prevaccination serum antibody, completely inhibited vaccine virus shedding and only 1/7 sero-positive children had an antibody rise. In contrast, 7/9 sero-negative children shed virus for up to 11 days after inoculation. All seronegatives had serum antibody responses by CF, HAI or plaque-neutralization tests. No nasal antibody responses were observed in 9 children (4 of whom had a serum antibody rise) tested. Mild afebrile respiratory illness was observed at the time of peak virus shedding, 8-9 days post inoculation, suggesting illness was a function of virus replication. Thus, multiple laboratory passages (4 in monkey kidney, 75 in eggs) did not sufficiently attenuate para 3 for seronegative children. In spite of symptomatic shedding in vaccinees no transmission to controls was observed. The duration of para 3 vaccine shedding in seronegatives was uniform with a mean of 9.4 days. This is similiar to shedding by seronegatives of attenuated respiratory syncytial virus, 10 days, and influenza, 8.6 days; and suggests a common host mechanism for terminating primary respiratory viral infection.
Adaptation of the Twomey Algorithm to the Inversion of Cascade Impactor Data

The Twomey nonlinear iterative algorithm for inverting aerosol size distribution data has been adapted for use with the Berner cascade impactor. Key factors affecting the performance of the algorithm have been identified. A procedure producing accurate inversions without artifacts includes establishing a set of continuous and smooth kernel functions based on measurements of the impactor cutoff characteristics, using modified weighting functions, placing constraints on the first-guess distribution, treating zero values and the ends of the distribution, and setting stopping criteria based on experimental errors. This general approach should be useful in solving inversion problems for other cascade impactors. The routine was extensively tested with numerically created test distributions and a large data base of ambient aerosol samples. An extended version of the program separates the inverted size distribution into a spectrum of lognormal distributions. Lognormal parameters from 44 ambient nitrate size distr...
Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis

Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) has the potential to explain a large group of common metabolic and cardiovascular disorders [e.g., obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, hypercoagulability] which are all in themselves cardiovascular risk factors. This contribution firstly reviews the convincing evidence from glucose-clamp studies that all of these conditions are characterised by the presence of combined insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, and secondly examines the relationships of the components of this syndrome to coronary artery disease and to the rational choice of antihypertensive therapy.
Topology of Neutral Hydrogen within the Small Magellanic Cloud

In this paper, genus statistics have been applied to an H I column density map of the Small Magellanic Cloud in order to study its topology. To learn how topology changes with the scale of the system, we provide topology studies for column density maps at varying resolutions. To evaluate the statistical error of the genus, we randomly reassign the phases of the Fourier modes while keeping the amplitudes. We find that at the smallest scales studied (40 pc ≤ λ ≤ 80 pc), the genus shift is negative in all regions, implying a clump topology. At the larger scales (110 pc ≤ λ ≤ 250 pc), the topology shift is detected to be negative (a "meatball" topology) in four cases and positive (a "swiss cheese" topology) in two cases. In four regions, there is no statistically significant topology shift at large scales.
Polarons and conformons

Abstract An adequate theoretical explanation of the semiconductive properties of biological substances has been lacking for a long time. The electrical conductivity of some of these substances show (i) high values, inexplicable on the basis of usual semiconductor theories and (ii) compensation rule behavior. This paper provides a semiquantitative theory for these problems in terms of an entropic advantage the activated charge carrier states may have with respect to the ground state, thus, leading to high activated carrier densities. It is also shown that this entropy can be proportional to part of the activation energy, and this provides a compensation rule. The ideas expressed in this paper are related to those recently advanced by Volkenstein (1972) for somewhat different purposes.
Astigmatic single photon emission computed tomography imaging with a displaced center of rotation.

A filtered backprojection algorithm is developed for single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)imaging with an astigmatic collimator having a displaced center of rotation. The astigmatic collimator has two perpendicular focal lines, one that is parallel to the axis of rotation of the gamma camera and one that is perpendicular to this axis. Using SPECT simulations of projection data from a hot rod phantom and point source arrays, it is found that a lack of incorporation of the mechanical shift in the reconstruction algorithm causes errors and artifacts in reconstructedSPECTimages. The collimator and acquisition parameters in the astigmatic reconstruction formula, which include focal lengths, radius of rotation, and mechanical shifts, are often partly unknown and can be determined using the projections of a point source at various projection angles. The accurate determination of these parameters by a least squares fitting technique using projection data from numerically simulated SPECT acquisitions is studied. These studies show that the accuracy of parameter determination is improved as the distance between the point source and the axis of rotation of the gamma camera is increased. The focal length to the focal line perpendicular to the axis of rotation is determined more accurately than the focal length to the focal line parallel to this axis.
A handheld fluorescence molecular tomography system for intraoperative optical imaging of tumor margins

Purpose: Accurate identification of tumor margins presents a major challenge in the surgical treatment of human cancers. Inability of complete removal of tumor lesions after surgery causes local recurrence and increases the incidence of developing tumor metastasis. It is clear that novel approaches that allow defining tumor margins intraoperatively for removal of small tumor lesions in the surgical cavity is critical for improving prognosis of cancer patients. To facilitate image-guided surgery using targeted optical imaging probes, we have developed a reflection-mode fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) system with a handheld probe that is able to provide three-dimensional tumor margin information. Methods: The imaging method and system were validated using both simulated and phantom experiments. We further examined the accuracy of the handheld FMT system in an orthotopic mouse mammary tumor model following systemic delivery of near-infrared (NIR) dye-labeled and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor targeted magnet iron oxide nanoparticles. Results: Our results show that when the targets are located within 5 mm beneath the surface of the media, fluorescent images can be reliably detected and reconstructed with an average positional error of 0.5 mm laterally and 1.5 mm axially. For in vivo imaging in the mouse tumor model, the location and size of the tumor detected by FMT correlated well with that measured by the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Conclusions: Our system can three-dimensionally image targets located at a depth of up to 7 mm. The in vivo results suggest that in combination with targeted optical imaging probes, this handheld FMT system can be potentially used as an intraoperative tool for the detection of tumor margins and for image-guided surgery.
Trajectory-based heating analysis for the European Space Agency/Rosetta Earth Return Vehicle

A coupled, trajectory-based flowfield and material thermal-response analysis is presented for the European Space Agency proposed Rosetta comet nucleus sample return vehicle. The probe returns to earth along a hyperbolic trajectory with an entry velocity of 16.5 km/s and requires an ablative heat shield on the forebody. Combined radiative and convective ablating flowfield analyses were performed for the significant heating portion of the shallow ballistic entry trajectory. Both quasisteady ablation and fully transient analyses were performed for a heat shield composed of carbon-phenolic ablative material. Quasisteady analysis was performed using the two-dimensional axisymmetric codes RASLE and BLIMPK. Transient computational results were obtained from the one-dimensional ablation/conduction code CMA. Results are presented for heating, temperature, and ablation rate distributions over the probe forebody for various trajectory points. Comparison of transient and quasisteady results indicates that, for the heating pulse encountered by this probe, the quasisteady approach is conservative from the standpoint of predicted surface recession.
Liquid-like Raman scattering by superionic materials

Abstract The Raman spectrum of a superionic conductor, α-AgI, is compared with the spectra of the melt of AgC l and AgBr, in order to determine the responsible Raman processes. We conclude that because of the strong anharmonicity and high translational disorder in superionic conductors, spectra analyses based on the concept of harmonic lattice are unsuitable. A dynamical picture of ions similar to that of liquids appears to be more useful than the phonon concepts.
Questions from our readers: commentary on "lamaze in the 21st century".

In response to Lamaze International's latest position paper, “Lamaze in the 21st Century,” the author discusses the concept of normal birth and identifies the need for an advocacy effort in support of normal birth as the standard procedure.
Tense and agreement in the speech of children with specific language impairment: patterns of generalization through intervention.

Thirty-one children with specific language impairment participated in 48 intervention sessions designed to assist them in the use of 3rd-person singular - s or auxiliary is/are/was. Gains in the use of these target forms were significantly greater than gains on developmentally comparable morphemes serving as control forms. Untreated verb forms that mark both tense and agreement showed greater change during the intervention period than did past - ed. The findings suggest that by gaining skill in the use of morphemes that mark both tense and agreement, the children were able to identify and acquire other morphemes in the language that mark both of these features. This increase in sensitivity did not appear to apply to forms in the language that express tense only.
Abstract 5738: Expression profiling of microRNA and mRNA on hepatic inflammation in high-fat induced murine model

The inflammation has been identified as a risk factor for cancer and even as a means to prognose/diagnoses cancer at the inception of the inflammatory process. Therefore, it is necessary to discover novel molecules that might play a critical role in the regulation of inflammation, which can be the target of anti-inflammation. Recent reports indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) have a significant role in the mechanism of inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize of miRNA in the regulation of inflammatory responses of high-fat induced inflammation mouse model. In this study, we established a mouse model of high-fat-diet-induced inflammation to gain understanding on the biological functions deregulated by aberrant gene expression based on miRNA and mRNA expression profiling analysis. And then we looked for direct miRNA targets by performing pair-wise correlation coefficient analysis on expression levels of mRNAs and by comparing these results with predicted miRNA targets from TargetScan5.1. We used quantitative PCR technology to evaluate the expression of miRNAs and mRNA on liver tissue. Inflammatory foci were observed over 6 months after high-fat induced inflammation mouse. In cDNA microarray analysis, total 2287 genes were differentially expressed between high-fat induced inflammatory group and normal group. Among those genes, the genes related-metabolic pathway were up-regulated at 3 months while those related inflammatory response were up-regulated at late stage of over 6 months in high-fat induced inflammation mouse model. Furthermore, we identified 15 new miRNAs in high-fat induced inflammation model by bioinformatics analysis and further confirmed their expression by stem-loop RT-PCR. GO analysis indicated that many of the identified miRNA targets may function in high-fat induced inflammation model. For three miRNAs (miR-34a, miR-21 and miR-1224), correlated genes were concordant with predicted targets. A gene set enrichment analysis on these genes demonstrated significant enrichment in biological processes related to lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation. This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression in high-fat induced inflammation model. We identified a distinct profile of miRNAs of which expression differed between inflammation and normal, making these miRNAs candidate markers. Supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2011-0014620). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5738. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5738
A comparison of beta-galactosidase specific activities in strains of Streptococcus thermophilus.

Six Streptococcus thermophilus strains were examined for growth, acid production, and beta-galactosidase activity per milligram protein (specific activity), so that strain comparisons could be made. A wide range in activity was observed. Activity depended on growth time in M17 broth and, for most strains, continued to increase after cells had reached stationary phase. Maximum activity was at 16 h and ranged from 0 to 58 units/mg protein. Strain ST exhibited no beta-galactosidase activity but had trace phospho-beta-galactosidase activity (.8 units/mg protein after 2 h of growth). Strains 3641 and TS2B exhibited slower growth rates and lower beta-galactosidase activities in milk as compared to M17 broth. Further, strain 3641 exhibited 10 times the activity of strain TS2B (2.86 vs. .24 units) after 4 h of growth in milk.
Spontaneous cell death in the chorion laeve.

The granulosa cells of the dominant follicle grow, differentiate, and die in a roughly predictable amount of time. Because the simultaneous death of this population of cells results in menstruation, one may say that the life span of this population of cells &#x0026;#x0026;#x0026;#x0026;#x201C;times” the menstrual cycle. Metamorphosis in amphibians and morphogenesis in several vertebrates are other examples of developmental milestones that are “timed” by the life span of specific cell populations. In all these examples, cell death is associated with a specific histology, apoptosis. Apoptosis characterizes the cell death that produces the progressive disappearance of the trophoblast in the chorion laeve as term is approached. Therefore, the histology of trophoblastic death in the near-term chorion laeve corresponds to that of populations of cells with life spans that “time” developmental events. The trophoblastic cell population of the chorion laeve is prematurely destroyed by infiltrating maternal leukocytes in cases of chorioamnionitis.
The spectra of bright chromospheric eruptions from λ3300 to λ11500

Ordinarily when we view the upper atmosphere of the Sun, or chromosphere, with the spectrohelioscope, there is no feature on the disk so conspicuous that it immediately attracts our attention to the exclusion of everything else. But if we watch the Sun for several hours, or days, or weeks with the spectrohelioscope, we are apt to be startled by the sudden appearance of an intensely brilliant cloud over a group of spots. Within ten minutes or even less, the cloud may become ten to twenty times brighter than its surroundings. Then it begins to fade, and fifteen minutes or an hour later will have vanished completely, leaving the region apparently the same as it was in the beginning.
Cocaine-induced Fos expression is detectable in the frontal cortex and striatum of rats under isoflurane but not α-chloralose anesthesia: implications for FMRI

The ability of intravenous cocaine to induce Fos protein expression in anesthetized rats was tested. Two anesthetic regimens commonly used for in vivo FMRI of animals, i.v. alpha-chloralose and gaseous isoflurane, were studied in separate cohorts. The first experiment included three groups that received the following treatments: saline i.v. and no anesthetic; 2 mg/kg cocaine i.v. and no anesthetic; and 2mg/kg cocaine i.v. under 36 mg/kg/h alpha-chloralose anesthesia. The second experiment had a factorial design of four groups that were either nonanesthetized or isoflurane-treated and were either given saline or cocaine (2 mg/kg, i.v.). Anesthetized rats were maintained for 2 h under 2.5-3.5% isoflurane anesthesia, while nonanesthetized rats were kept in an alternative environment for the same time period. Rats were given 2 mg/kg cocaine or saline i.v., 30 min into the test session. Rats were perfused and their brains were processed for Fos immunohistochemistry 90 min after the i.v. treatment. In both experiments, the frontal cortex and striatum of the cocaine-treated nonanesthetized rats expressed Fos in greater amounts than the saline-treated nonanesthetized rats, as expected. The alpha-chloralose treatment prevented cocaine-induced Fos expression across all eight subregions of the striatum and frontal cortex that were examined. In contrast, isoflurane only partially attenuated Fos expression in the orbital and Cg2 subregions of frontal cortex. These results suggest a strong advantage for using isoflurane, as opposed to alpha-chloralose, when studying anesthetized rats for in vivo effects of psychostimulants.
Nanomechanical properties of commercial float glass

The float process produces flat glass with a tin-rich surface due to contact with the molten metal bath. The incorporation of tin into the glass network is expected to modify the mechanical properties of the surface and the relative durability of the two sides of the material. In this work nanoindentation was used to evaluate the elastic modulus and hardness of a 2 mm thick commercial float glass. The near-surface elastic modulus (depths < 400 nm) of both sides of the glass was elevated by up to 10%, and could not be attributed solely to the presence of tin. However, slight differences in hardness (<10%) between the air and tin sides of the float glass were observed. These results suggest that tin may alter the flow properties of the glass, but the elastic modulus changes are masked by other structural and chemical differences between the air and tin sides of the float glass.
NMR chemical shifts of dilute 1H in inorganic solids

Abstract Dilute 1 H magic angle spinning NMR has been used to obtain 1 H isotropic chemical shifts of solid inorganic species including H 2 O, OH − , H 3 O + . Ab initio calculations (6-31G and 6-31G ** basis sets) were carried out for comparison.
Network coding for routability improvement in VLSI

With the standard approach for establishing multicast connections over a network, network nodes are utilized to forward and duplicate the packets received over the incoming links. Recently, there has been a significant interest in a novel paradigm of network coding. Network coding generalizes the traditional routing approach by allowing the network nodes to generate new packets by performing algebraic operations on packets received over the incoming links. It has been shown that network coding can increase the throughput of multicast communication. In this paper, we explore the benefits of network coding for improving the routing characteristics of VLSI designs. We demonstrate that when data has to be routed across the IC, it is often beneficial to perform network coding. Initial results demonstrate that network coding can result in a healthy reduction in wire length, wire area, interconnect power as well as the active area associated with the interconnects. This comes at a small delay penalty.
Fighting Urban Scourges

Through her histories of efforts to control urban pests, Biehler develops the notion of "ecologies of social injustice."
Surface Properties, Efficacy and Biological Responses to Biomaterials

Biological responses to synthetic materials used for the construction of surgical implants often determine device longevities. Over the past two decades, individuals from basic and applied disciplines have attempted to better understand the phenomena associated with biomaterial to tissue interfaces and to better control the surface and bulk properties of the synthetic substances for each area of device applications. Surface properties of metals, polymers, ceramics and composites are reviewed and where possible, correlated with tissue responses. Specific examples of solid and porous titanium and cobalt base alloys are presented to demonstrate the importance of surface and bulk properties with respect to biocompatibility.
Erratum: Phase 1 study of concurrent sunitinib and image‐guided radiotherapy followed by maintenance sunitinib for patients with oligometastases

BACKGROUND: To determine the safety and maximum-tolerated dose of concurrent sunitinib and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) followed by maintenance sunitinib in oligometastastic patients. METHODS: Eligible patients had 1 to 5 sites of metastatic cancer measuring ≤6 cm. The most common treatment sites were bone, liver, and lung. Patients were treated with concurrent sunitinib (Day 1 through Day 28) and IGRT (40-50 Gy in 10 fractions starting on Day 8) followed by maintenance sunitinib (50 mg daily, 4 weeks on/2 weeks off starting on Day 43). The starting dose was sunitinib 25 mg and IGRT 40 Gy. Doses were escalated in a ping-pong design with incremental increases in either sunitinib or IGRT. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with 36 metastatic lesions were enrolled, with a median follow-up of 10 months. No dose limiting toxicities (DLT) were noted at dose levels 1 or 2 (SU 37.5 mg/RT 40 Gy). One of 10 patients at dose level 3 (SU 37.5 mg/RT 50 Gy) and 2 of 5 patients at dose level 4 (SU 50 mg/RT 50 Gy) experienced DLTs comprising grade 4 myelosuppression and grade 3 nausea. At last follow-up, 8 patients are alive without evidence of progression. The 1-year local, progression-free, and overall survival were 85%, 44%, and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of SU (25 to 37.5 mg) to IGRT is tolerable in patients with oligometastases, without potentiation of RT toxicity. On the basis of promising antitumor responses observed with this novel combination, a multi-institutional phase 2 trial using SU 37.5 mg/RT 50 Gy is ongoing. Cancer 2009; 115:3571–80. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of RNA in isolated mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The mitochondrial genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for tRNAs and rRNAs used in mitochondrial protein synthesis. In addition, mRNAs for some respiratory enzyme components are also gene products of yeast mitochondrial DNA. To begin studies on the transcription of this genome, we have analyzed RNA synthesis in isolated mitochondria from both wild-type and petite strains of yeast and find that discrete RNA species are labeled by incorporation of radioactive precursors. Some of these RNAs correspond to abundant and fully processed RNAs while others appear to be unprocessed precursor RNAs. These findings suggest that this system can be used to study the synthesis of specific RNAs in vitro and to provide substrates for the dissection of RNA processing events in yeast mitochondrial extracts.
A Revised Conceptual Model of the Tropical Marine Boundary Layer. Part I: Statistical Characterization of the Variability Inherent in the Wintertime Trade Wind Regime over the Western Tropical Atlantic

AbstractThis paper investigates wintertime tropical marine boundary layer (TMBL) statistical characteristics over the western North Atlantic using the complete set of island-launched soundings from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. The soundings are subdivided into undisturbed and disturbed classifications using two discriminators: 1) dates chosen by Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud System Studies (GCSS) investigators to construct the mean RICO sounding and 2) daily average rain rates.A wide range of relative humidity (RH) values was observed between the surface and 8.0 km. At 2.0 km, half the RH values were within 56%–89%; at 4.0 km, half were within 13%–61%. The rain-rate method of separating disturbed and undisturbed soundings appears more meaningful than the GCSS method. The median RH for disturbed conditions using the rain-rate method showed moister conditions from the surface to 8.0 km, with maximum RH differences of 30%–40%. Moist air generally extended hig...
Methods for measurement of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism

The measurement of dynamic fluxes of lipids (biosynthesis, oxidation, and intermediary metabolism) poses difficult challenges. Two fundamental advances have been made recently for measuring the biosynthesis of lipids, namely mass isotopomer distribution analysis and labeled water incorporation. These techniques have resolved the central methodologic problem in biosynthesis by establishing the true precursor isotope enrichment. Mass isotopomer distribution analysis also permits uncontaminated pulse-chase decay curves and intracellular precursor fluxes to be measured. In contrast, the isotopic measurement of lipid oxidation rates remains unreliable because of the wide variability in the recovery of labeled carbon dioxide.
Scanning electron microscope images of basidiospores of Xerula (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales)

Structure and ornamentation of basidiospore walls in Xerula (inclusive of Dactylosporina) are illustrated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Oudemansiella spores are not depicted, but all sections of Xerula are represented by 17 taxa. Spore wall sculpturing cannot be used as an infrageneric diagnostic character, nor to separate Oudemansiella and Rhizomarasmius from Xerula. Xerula caulovillosa is proposed as a new species, and Xerula radicata f. marginata as a new combination.
The Lavrentiev Phenomenon in Nonlinear Elasticity

In 1985 J.M. Ball and V.J. Mizel raised the question of whether there exist nonlinearly elastic materials possessing a physically natural stored energy density, i.e., one which is independent of an observer’s coordinate frame (objective) and is invariant under the group of orthogonal linear transformations of space (isotropic), as well as physically reasonable boundary value problems for such materials such that the infimum of the total stored energy for those continuous deformations of the material meeting the boundary condition (admissible deformations) which belong to a Sobolev space W1,p2 for some p 2 >1 is strictly greater than its infimum for those admissible continuous deformations belonging to some Sobolev space W1,p1, p1<p2, despite the density of W1,p2 in W1p1. The question was motivated by M. Lavrentiev’s demonstration in 1926 of the presence of such a gap for a 1-dimensional variational boundary value problem on a bounded interval whose smooth integrand satisfied the conditions of Tonelli’s existence theorem (as well as the development of improved versions in the 1980’s). The present article describes a positive response to the question raised in 1985. Namely, we provide examples of nonlinearly elastic materials in 2-dimensions and physically reasonable boundary value problems for these materials in which a positive gap exists between the infimum of the total stored energy over admissible continuous deformations belonging to a Sobolev space W1p2 and its infimum over admissible continuous deformations belonging to a Sobolev space W1p1, with p1<p2. The physical and computational significance of such results is also discussed.
Experience using the CQI model in health care management

This article describes practical applications of the Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) concept applied to management of the Information Services Departments of a health care institution. The article is valuable for two reasons: (1) it is valuable as a successful application of CQI in an award-winning information services division of an award-winning health care institution, and (2) since the work of the information services function is so complex, has major interdependencies with many other functions throughout the entire organization, and is driven by fast-paced change, successful use in that function can be a model for other major functions of the hospital.
Globalization Versus Regionalization: And the Winner Is…

ABSTRACT This study attempts to assess the forces of globalization versus the forces of regionalization on a macro level, rather than the usual micro (firm and industry) one. In order to find out which syndrome (globalization or regionalization) does prevail, this study estimates the effects of both syndromes on economic welfare and their causes, respectively, by borrowing from two theories: the new growth and the gravity. Within this context, globalization is represented by the proxy extra-regional trade (or trade by individual blocs to the rest of the world), whereas regionalization is measured by the proxy intra-trade (or trade within individual blocs). It examines a comprehensive sample of all 32 registered blocs. Findings reveal that, in terms of economic impact, regionalization wins over globalization in affecting regional economic welfare at a ratio of 3 to 2. Additional results show that 28 blocs have a statistically significant and positive impact on regionalization, whereas 19 blocs have a signi...
On the outskirts of form: cosmopoetics in the shadow of NAFTA1

In Alejandro Gonzales Inarritu’s 2006 film, Babel, the historical geography of globalization is presented through a series of interlinked stories about a crisis of communication among widely dispersed individuals.3 A Japanese businessman gives a rifle to a Moroccan herdsman who has served as the former’s guide on a hunting expedition in northern Africa. The herdsman gives the gun to his two sons so that they can ward off jackals that are preying on their herd of goats. While engaging in target practice, one of the boys shoots at a bus carrying tourists, striking an American woman, Susan (Cate Blanchett) and causing her husband, Richard (Brad Pitt), to staunch the bleeding while attempting frantically to contact the American embassy for medical aid in a remote mountain village. Once Susan is helicoptered to a hospital, Richard phones his undocumented Mexican nanny back home in San Diego and asks her to take care of their children for a few more days. The nanny, Amelia (Adriana Barraza), had planned on returning to Tijuana to witness her son’s wedding. Lacking any alternative childcare, she takes the two American children with her across the border. After the wedding, she returns late at night with her nephew, and when the border guards become inquisitive about the presence of two American children in the back seat, the inebriated nephew guns the car across the border, leaving Amelia and the children in the California desert.
Merging data converters and DSPs for mixed-signal processors

The use of sigma-delta conversion to produce high resolution without using analog components such as the precise resistors in an A/D (analog/digital) or a D/A (digital/analog) converter is reported. The use of sigma-delta technology solved the problem arising from the noise levels injected into the silicon substrate during digital switching (which limited the integration of both analog and digital circuitry on one VLSI chip) and allowed the implementation of the ADSP-21MSP50, the first mixed-signal processor. The basic elements of the converter are described, and its advantages and drawbacks as well as the implications for expanded DSP applications are examined. Included in the discussion are sampling and quantization noise, modulator design, frequency-domain analysis of the modulator, the use of digital filtering to minimize shaped-quantization noise, and the higher level of integration possible with this approach. >
Effects of ischemia and coronary reperfusion on myocardial digoxin uptake

The effects of coronary reperfusion on the uptake of digoxin by ischemic myocardium were studied in 17 open chest dogs undergoing anterior wall infarction produced by snaring confluent branches of the left coronary arterial system. Epicardial electrograms delineated ischemic, border and nonischemic zones. The hearts were reperfused by snare release after 1, 2 and 6 hours of occlusion. After 15 minutes of reperfusion, 1.0 mg of tritiated digoxin (3H-digoxin) was given intravenously, and 2 hours later the hearts were excised and endocardial and epfcardial samples from each zone were analyzed for 3H-digoxin concentration. In another group of eight dogs regional myocardial blood flow was assessed utilizing 15 μ of radio-labeled microspheres administered during occlusion and reperfusion. In five dogs with 1 hour of coronary occlusion and subsequent reperfusion, 3H-digoxin uptake was comparable in endocardial and epicardial layers of all three zones. In six dogs undergoing reperfusion after 2 hours of occlusion, mean 3H-digoxin concentration was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced from the mean nonischemic concentration, by 54 percent in endocardial and 35 percent in epicardial layers of the ischemic zone. Border zone endocardial and epicardial 3H-digoxin uptake was reduced by 21 percent and 16 percent, respectively (P < 0.05). In six dogs undergoing reperfusion after 6 hours of occlusion, 3H-digoxin uptake in the ischemic zone was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by 85 percent in endocardial and 60 percent in epicardial layers from the concentration in the nonischemic zone. Border zone uptake was decreased by 54 percent in endocardial and 36 percent in epicardial regions (P < 0.01). These alterations of in vivo digoxin binding could not be explained by impaired reflow of blood to ischemic myocardium. We conclude that coronary reperfusion after 2 to 6 hours of occlusion is associated with a marked reduction in myocardial digoxin uptake, which is more pronounced in subendocardial than in subepicardial regions of ischemic tissue.
A reconfigurable mostly-digital ΔΣ ADC with a worst-case FOM of 160dB

A 0.075mm2 65nm CMOS VCO-based ΔΣ modulator ADC that operates from a single 0.9–1.2V supply is presented. Its sample-rate, ƒ s , is tunable from 1.3–2.4GHz over which the SNDR spans 70–75dB, the bandwidth spans 5–37.5MHz, and the minimum SNDR + 10log(bandwidth/power dissipation) figure of merit (FOM) is 160dB.
Representation, structure and agency: Divorce in the French Soudan during the early twentieth century.

ON 5 October I905, Bala Bari of Gassin village went before the tribunal de province of Segu seeking a divorce from her husband, Tiemoko Boare of Koila. Both Baia Bari and Tiemoko Boare were Muslims. Baia Bari claimed that Tiemoko Boare had mistreated her and that she was prepared to return the bridewealth. In addition, Baia Bari sought the return of 27,000 cowries she claimed Tiemoko Boare had taken from her, although she did not present any 'proof'. Tiemoko Boare agreed to the divorce but denied having taken the money. The court pronounced the divorce and called for Tiemoko Boar6 to recover the bridewealth he and his kin had provided to Baia Bari's kin. The court dismissed Baia Bari's claim for the return of 27,000 cowries, because she had failed to produce evidence of the alleged 'loan'. Neither Baia Bari nor Tiemoko Boare appealed the court's verdict.1 How Baia Bari came to bring suit for divorce against her husband for mistreatment and how the provincial court, presided over by the leading African notables of Segu, saw fit to intervene in the domestic affairs of the Boare household is the subject of this article. The data provided in the 'Register of Civil and Commercial Judgements Rendered by the Provincial Court of Segu during the Third Quarter of I 905 ' are not detailed enough for us to 'hear' Baia Bari's complaints about marital mistreatment. Nor does the register tell us anything about how the members of the court understood the evidence of mistreatment, which they accepted, and Baia Bari's claim for the return of 27,000 cowries, which they rejected. Despite the sparse annotation of this case, Bala Bari's legal action raises at least two questions. First, from where did the provincial court 'receive' the authority to intervene in the domestic affairs of the Boare household? Second, why did Baia Bari turn to the provincial court to seek the dissolution of her marriage ?2