cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antigone, Interrupted: Mourning, membership, and the politics of exception: plotting Creon's conspiracy with democracy

[I]n a curious way, to focus upon the disobedient and the process of disobedience is to accept the perspective of the established order. It is a concession that it is the [wo]man who appeals beyond law that is in need of explanation. Robert Cover The task that remains to me then is to outline an authentically conflictual reading of tragedy, one that upholds both poles at the same time, the politics that prescribes forgetting and the mourning that regenerates memory. Nicole Loraux Politics is not made up of power relationships; it is made up of relationships between worlds. Jacques Ranciere Turning now from Part I's focus on the politics of lamentation to look in detail in Part II at the politics of lamentation, I begin by setting Sophocles’ Antigone in the context of fifth-century burial politics in Athens. Approaching the play in this context we find not a mortalist humanist Antigone but rather a partisan political actor. I read Antigone's burial of her brother, Polynices, (but also other actions of hers) as a performance of elite objections to the classical city's emergent democracy. Creon, on this reading, represents not sovereignty or the rule of law run amok, or not just that, but also and more pointedly a different elite tactic: he conspires with the new democracy and adopts many of its causes as his own. He is one of “the newer breed of elites who,” Mark Griffith argues, “are willing to work within the democratic system and to shape their own claims and choices to conform with what is ‘good for the city’” (2010: 123).
Genetics of heterochromatin in Drosophila and maize

Over the years there has been a continuing interest in heterochromatin. Brown (1966) divided heterochromatin into two types, the facultative and constitutive heterochromatin. Both are late-labeling with 3H-thymidine in the cell cycle. Facultative heterochromatin is a developmental imprint like the late-labe ling X chromosomes. In modern terms, constitutive heterochromatin is defined as the highly repeated DNAs usually made up of short repeats of the same or similar base sequences. This paper will cover our present knowledge concerning some of the highly repeated DNAs in maize and Drosophila. This new cytogenetic data will deal with their functions in early development.
Successful facial artery pseudoaneurysm coiling and pedicle preservation following free tissue transfer

Patients undergoing free tissue reconstruction are at risk for development of an anastomotic pseudoaneurysm, which may present as delayed neck hemorrhage or a pulsatile neck mass. Diagnosis may be achieved by noninvasive imaging, angiography, and exploration. Management strategies for head and neck pseudoaneurysms have included open vessel ligation, open direct vessel repair, endovascular parent vessel embolization, and, most recently, endovascular pseudoaneurysm embolization. In patients with anastomotic pseudoaneurysms where adequate flap inosculation is doubted, endovascular pseudoaneurysm embolization with pedicle preservation may be an appropriate primary treatment approach. We discuss the successful endovascular coiling of an external carotid artery branch anastomotic pseudoaneurysm in a patient one month after free tissue reconstruction of a total laryngopharyngectomy and partial glossectomy defect.
Coherent artifact suppression in line-field reflection confocal microscopy using a low spatial coherence light source

Line-field reflection confocal microscopy (LF-RCM) has the potential to add a dimension of parallelization to traditional confocal microscopy while reducing the need for two-axis beam scanning. LF-RCM systems often employ light sources with a high degree of spatial coherence. This high degree of spatial coherence potentially leads to unwanted coherent artifact in the setting of nontrivial sample scattering. Here, we (a) confirm that a coherent artifact is a nontrivial problem in LF-RCM when using spatially coherent light, and (b) demonstrate that such a coherent artifact can be mitigated through the use of reduced spatial coherence line-field sources. We demonstrate coherent noise suppression in a full-pupil line-field confocal microscope using a large number of mutually incoherent emitters from a vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) array. The coherent noise from a highly scattering sample is significantly suppressed by the use of this synthesized reduced spatial coherence light source compared to a fully coherent light source. Lastly, with scattering samples, the axial confocality of line-field confocal microscopy is compromised independent of the source spatial coherence, as demonstrated by our experimental result. Our results highlight the importance of spatial coherence engineering in parallelized reflection confocal microscopy.
Subtilisin BPN'. V. Isolation and sequence of chymotryptic peptides.

The diisopropylphosphoryl-derivative of subtilisin BPN' was denatured and digested with chymotrypsin. The peptides were separated initially on Dowex 1-X2 or Dowex 50-X2 and further purified by various methods. A total of 36 pure peptides was isolated and the sequences were partially or fully determined. These peptides provided many useful overlaps of peptides previously isolated from the tryptic digest. In addition, new peptides were isolated as well as others which confirmed sequences established from the tryptic digest. The sequence of the first 104 residues from the amino terminus is given.
Bridge to durable left ventricular assist device for refractory cardiogenic shock.

Abstract Objective The role of short-term mechanical circulatory support has increased in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. However, limited data exist on the outcomes of a bridge to a durable left ventricular assist device strategy using short-term mechanical circulatory support. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 382 patients who underwent continuous-flow left ventricular assist device insertion between 2004 and 2014. Of these, 45 (12%) were bridged with short-term mechanical circulatory support devices for refractory cardiogenic shock. We analyzed early and midterm outcomes in this bridged cohort. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed to evaluate the predictor of overall death in the entire cohort. Results The mean age of the bridged cohort was 53 ± 10 years, and 87% were male. The types of initial support included percutaneous devices in 24 patients (53%) and external continuous-flow ventricular assist device in 21 patients (47%). The median duration of short-term mechanical circulatory support was 14.0 (interquartile range, 7.5-29.5) days. The short-term mechanical circulatory support significantly improved end-organ function and hemodynamics. After conversion to durable left ventricular assist device insertion, in-hospital mortality was 18%. The incidence of right ventricular assist device use was high at 27%. The overall survival was 70% and 62% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Cox multivariate hazard analysis in the entire cohort demonstrated that the use of a postoperative right ventricular assist device was a significant predictor of overall death (hazard ratio, 4.04; P P = .937). Conclusions Short-term mechanical circulatory support can optimize patients in refractory cardiogenic shock and serve as a bridge to implantation of a durable left ventricular assist device. However, the early mortality rate after durable left ventricular assist device implantation is high because of unrecognized right ventricular failure.
The anthelmintic praziquantel is a human serotoninergic G-protein-coupled receptor ligand.

Schistosomiasis is a debilitating tropical disease caused by infection with parasitic blood flukes. Approximately 260 million people are infected worldwide, underscoring the clinical and socioeconomic impact of this chronic infection. Schistosomiasis is treated with the drug praziquantel (PZQ), which has proved the therapeutic mainstay for over three decades of clinical use. However, the molecular target(s) of PZQ remain undefined. Here we identify a molecular target for the antischistosomal eutomer — (R)-PZQ — which functions as a partial agonist of the human serotoninergic 5HT2B receptor. (R)-PZQ modulation of serotoninergic signaling occurs over a concentration range sufficient to regulate vascular tone of the mesenteric blood vessels where the adult parasites reside within their host. These data establish (R)-PZQ as a G-protein-coupled receptor ligand and suggest that the efficacy of this clinically important anthelmintic is supported by a broad, cross species polypharmacology with PZQ modulating signaling events in both host and parasite. Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with the flatworm Schistosoma, and praziquantel is the drug of choice for its treatment. Here, Chan and colleagues identify praziquantel as a ligand for the human serotoninergic 5-HT2B G-protein-coupled receptor, and reveal a function for praziquantel as a regulator of vascular tone in treated hosts.
Phonon optimized interatomic potential for aluminum

We address the problem of generating a phonon optimized interatomic potential (POP) for aluminum. The POP methodology, which has already been shown to work for semiconductors such as silicon and germanium, uses an evolutionary strategy based on a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the free parameters in an empirical interatomic potential (EIP). For aluminum, we used the Vashishta functional form. The training data set was generated ab initio, consisting of forces, energy vs. volume, stresses, and harmonic and cubic force constants obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Existing potentials for aluminum, such as the embedded atom method (EAM) and charge-optimized many-body (COMB3) potential, show larger errors when the EIP forces are compared with those predicted by DFT, and thus they are not particularly well suited for reproducing phonon properties. Using a comprehensive Vashishta functional form, which involves short and long-ranged interactions, as well as three-body terms, we were ...
Galinstan liquid metal breakup and droplet formation in a shock-induced cross-flow

Abstract Liquid metal breakup processes are important for understanding a variety of physical phenomena including metal powder formation, thermal spray coatings, fragmentation in explosive detonations and metalized propellant combustion. Since the breakup behaviors of liquid metals are not well studied, we experimentally investigate the roles of higher density and fast elastic surface oxide formation on breakup morphology and droplet characteristics. This work compares the column breakup of water with Galinstan, a room-temperature eutectic liquid metal alloy of gallium, indium and tin. A shock tube is used to generate a step change in convective velocity and back-lit imaging is used to classify morphologies for Weber numbers up to 250. Digital in-line holography (DIH) is then used to quantitatively capture droplet size, velocity and three-dimensional position information. Differences in geometry between canonical spherical drops and the liquid columns utilized in this paper are likely responsible for observations of earlier transition Weber numbers and uni-modal droplet volume distributions. Scaling laws indicate that Galinstan and water share similar droplet size-velocity trends and root-normal volume probability distributions. However, measurements indicate that Galinstan breakup occurs earlier in non-dimensional time and produces more non-spherical droplets due to fast oxide formation.
Integrating diverse reasoning methods in the BB1 blackboard control architecture

The BB1 blackboard control architecture has been proposed to enable systems to integrate diverse reasoning methods to control their own actions. Previous work has shown BB1's ability to integrate hierarchical planning and opportunistic focusing. We show how it can integrate goal-directed reasoning as well and demonstrate these capabilities in the PROTEAN system. We also compare BB1 with alternative control architectures.
Reproductive Value and Behavioral Strategies: Coming of Age in Monkeys and Horses

Growing up in animal societies is not an easy task. Apart from the obvious hardships imposed by predators and the physical elements, each juvenile must contend with a complex social environment in which other juveniles and their parents attempt to increase their inclusive fitness at its expense. Since an individual’s success or failure early in life will have dramatic consequences on its later reproductive success, this competition should be intense. The form it takes should be varied as youngsters of different ages, sizes, past experiences and physiological conditions should manifest different competitive abilities, and probably even different proximate “goals.” Nevertheless, understanding why particular juveniles manifest particular patterns of development is far from obvious. The aim of this chapter is to examine how features of the social environment affect the activities of juveniles and their kin. It is easy to envisage juveniles adjusting their behavior so that it increases their chances of success in a particular environment. But kin should also adjust the behavior of their juvenile relatives for two reasons. First, juveniles represent the vehicles by which related adults can augment their own inclusive fitness. And second, juveniles are often less able than their adult relatives and thus are easily manipulated.
Role of bioerosion in taphonomy: effect of predatory drillholes on preservation of mollusc shells

Although bioerosion is recognized as causing significant destruction of hard substrates, few studies have assessed loss of hard substrates by taphonomic bias against shells with predatory borings (the trace fossil Oichnus). Results of point-load compression experiments suggest preferential loss of Oichnus-bearing shells; however, studies of drilling predation often assume lack of taphonomic bias against drilled shells.This project tested the hypothesis that taphonomic processes preferentially destroyed shells with predatory borings for the Miocene Choptank Formation of Maryland and the Plio-Pleistocene Caloosahatchee Formation of Florida. If bias against drilled shells occurred, drilled shells should be more pristine than undrilled shells because they do not survive exposure, and shells should break through drillholes.
Packet-data anomaly detection in PMU-based state estimator using convolutional neural network

Abstract With more phasor measurement units (PMU) being deployed by utilities for reliable monitoring of power systems, there grows an increasing risk of vulnerability to various cyber-attacks. This paper is concerned with a class of false data injection attacks (FDIA) which aim to modify PMU measurements resulting in incorrect state estimation solutions. We extract multi-variate time-series signals from PMU data packets aggregated in phasor data concentrators (PDC) corresponding to different events such as line faults and trips, generation and load fluctuations, shunt disconnections and FDIA prior to every cycle of state estimation (SE). A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) data filter with Nesterov Adam gradient descent and categorical cross entropy loss is proposed to validate the PMU data. This filter extracts inter time-series relationships to classify different power system events by comparing the temporal structure of PMU packet data. The performance of the filter is then compared with (a) deep learning algorithms such as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and (b) traditional classifiers such as SVM and ensemble methods. It is seen that the proposed CNN-based filter results in higher classification accuracies among all classifiers. This makes the CNN classifier suitable to serve as an independent data filter to identify falsified data streams targeted to alter SE. In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed filter, a hybrid state estimator (HSE) has been used in this study which obtains measurements from both PMU and traditional meters. All simulations are carried out on IEEE-30 bus and IEEE-118 bus systems.
Bacillus Calmette-guerin Immunotherapy of Superficial Bladder Cancer

Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in a randomized prospective study to compare standard surgical therapy for superficial bladder cancer to standard therapy plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Side effects of BCG have been tolerated well and include dysuria in 95 per cent of the patients, urinary frequency in 83 per cent, hematuria in 39 per cent, fever in 22 per cent and nausea in 22 per cent. Of 19 control patients 8 (42 per cent) had recurrent tumors in the followup period, compared to 3 of 18 patients (17 per cent) treated with BCG. One patient treated wih BCG had 2 recurrences, yielding a recurrence rate of 22 per cent in the group receiving BCG compared to 42 per cent in controls. When the incidence of recurrent tumors in matched intervals before and after entry into the protocol is compared, no change in the rate of tumor recurrence (p equals 0.726 chi-square) occurred in controls, whereas tumor recurrences were reduced significantly in the group treated with BCG (p equals 0.010 chi-square). The reduction in tumor recurrence in patients treated with BCG compared to controls is statistically significant (p equals 0.029 chi-square). Of 4 patients who presented with new bladder tumors remain free of tumor after BCG therapy, while 2 of 5 comparable control patients developed recurrent tumors. Intravesical and percutaneous BCG immunotherapy appears to decrease the rate of tumor recurrence in patients followed for 1 year.
Unlocking well productivity drivers in Eagle Ford and Utica unconventional resources through data analytics

Abstract North America's unconventional resources are viewed as statistical plays because of the wide variability in the performance of hydraulically fractured wells. Attempts to unlock the primary drivers of productivity yield different interpretations because of the over-parameterized stimulation processes, diverse geoscience concepts and non-unique solutions of associated reservoir flow modeling. An opportunity to derive insights on the yet-to-be fully understood flow mechanisms lies in the interrogation of acquired stimulation and production data. In search of causation relationships, a data analytics approach was used to profile and associate well productivity with multiple hydraulic fracturing stimulation parameters for Eagle Ford and Utica horizontal wells in areas with similar geological settings. Data for the study was retrieved from public-accessible databases managed by the Rail Road Commission of Texas, Department of Natural Resources of Ohio and Chemical Disclosure Registry of FracFocus. Results from the approach show multiple apparent causal relationships between production and stimulation parameters with the latter evolving in tandem. As a result, a priori knowledge was incorporated in decoupling dependencies for sole contributions of parameters. Among the most critical trends, the amount of proppant and fracturing fluid volume correlated with productivity. The average proppant concentration, used to decouple this association, correlated poorly with cumulative hydrocarbon production. Better performing wells in which the amount of proppant was high coincidentally had been stimulated with large amounts of fracturing fluid; thus, motivating the latter to be interpreted as a primary driver for Eagle Ford and Utica production enhancement. It was speculated that the induced hydraulic fracture length is effective; thus, use of large amounts of high quality proppant to create conductive fractures might be yielding limited value. Additional results provided insights on interdependences between injected proppant, lateral length, fracturing stages, perforation clusters and fracturing fluid volume. The identification of stimulation parameters that correlated with well productivity provided ground for speculating that unconventional resources are not statistical as portrayed and repeatable well performance can be realized if stimulation operations are systematically constrained. Further reflection on the results backed postulations on attributes of reservoir flow physics such as matrix permeability, fracture conductivity and effective fracture length. In conclusion, data analytics shed light on dominant productivity drivers in the subject unconventional resources and provided ground for hypotheses that will improve knowledge-driven simulation models.
Novel Concepts of Mastitis Control

Implementation of mastitis control measures based on proper milking practices and hygiene, reducing exposure to environmental pathogens, and traditional dry cow antibiotic therapy have lowered the prevalence of this disease in dairy cows over the past 25 years. But 30 to 40% of dairy cattle remain infected, and in order to further reduce incidence of infection dairymen may need to include more novel approaches to mastitis control. The purpose of this paper is to present a compilation of the more recent novel developments in mastitis control, and how this new knowledge may be implemented in the future by practitioners and dairymen to control this disease.
An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alters switchgrass growth, root architecture, and cell wall chemistry across a soil moisture gradient

The abiotic environment can dictate the relative costs and benefits of plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbioses. While the effects of varying light or soil nutrient conditions are well studied, outcomes of plant-AMF interactions along soil moisture gradients are not fully understood. It is predicted that mycorrhizal associations may become parasitic in extreme soil moisture conditions. Under low soil moisture stress, costs of maintaining a mycorrhizal symbiont may outweigh benefits for the host plant, whereas under high soil moisture stress, the host plant may not need the symbiont. In a factorial growth chamber study, we investigated the effects of a plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus symbiosis along a soil moisture gradient on growth, cell wall chemistry, and root architecture of a biofuel crop, Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Regardless of soil moisture conditions, we found an increase in the number of tillers, number of leaves, root biomass, and amount of cellulose and hemicellulose in response to root colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. The fungus also increased aboveground biomass and changed several root architectural traits, but only under low soil moisture conditions, indicating a reduction in benefits of the mycorrhizal association under high soil moisture. Results from this study indicate that an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus can increase some key measures of plant growth and cell wall chemistry regardless of soil moisture conditions but is most beneficial in low soil moisture conditions.
Educational Change by Design: Creating a School of the Future:

This case study, framed within a school–university partnership, highlights the tensions inherent to employing design-based approaches for educational change. The case illustrates core tensions betw...
Navigating Kidney Transplantation in the Early Phase of Coronavirus Disease 2019: Screening Patients With Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and Low-Radiation-Dose Chest Computed Tomography.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic of 2020 changed organ transplantation. All elective cases at our institution were postponed for approximately 3 months. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services considers organ transplant surgery a Tier 3b case, along with other high acuity procedures, recommending no postponement. Our transplant program collaborated with our transplant infectious disease colleagues to create a protocol that would ensure both patient and staff safety during these unprecedented times. Methods The living donor program was electively placed on hold until we had the proper protocols in place. Preoperative COVID-19 testing was required for all recipients and living donors. All patients underwent a rapid nasopharyngeal swab test. After testing negative by nasopharyngeal swab, recipients also underwent a low-radiation-dose computed tomography scan to rule out any radiographic changes suggestive of a COVID-19 infection. Results We performed 8 living donor and 9 deceased donor kidney transplants. In comparison, we performed 10 living donor and 4 deceased donor transplants during the same time period in the previous year. Our testing protocol enabled efficient use of all suitable organs offered during the viral pandemic. No recipients or living donors tested positive or developed COVID-19. Conclusions Creation of a viral testing protocol, developed in conjunction with our infectious disease team, permitted kidney transplantation to be performed safely, and the number of deceased donor transplants increased considerably without adversely affecting our outcomes.
The Limits of Behavioral Decision Theory in Legal Analysis: The Case of Liquidated Damages

Discontent with the apparent tunnel vision of economic analysis of law's rational choice theory, legal scholars recently have turned with enthusiasm to "behavioral decision theory" (BDT) to enrich their understanding of how people make decisions and of the law's effect on human behavior. This article, for the first time, evaluates BDT's potential contribution to legal analysis by focusing on a single, important legal paradox: Despite contract law's freedom of contract paradigm, courts actively and enthusiastically police agreed damages provisions. Although the article finds an important place in legal analysis for this new discipline, the article raises and discusses several obstacles to BDT's effectiveness.
Iliohypogastric-ilioinguinal peripheral nerve block for post-Cesarean delivery analgesia decreases morphine use but not opioid-related side effects.

Purpose To examine if ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block could reduce the need for post-Cesarean delivery morphine analgesia and thus reduce the incidence of opioid related adverseeffects.
EXISTENCE OF A CONSTANT FOR FINITE SYSTEM EXTINCTION

We show the existence of a constant γ∈(0, ∞) such that if τn is the extinction time for a supercritical contact process on [1, n]d starting from full occupancy, then {log(E[τn])}/nd tend to γ as n tends to infinity.
Saving young girls from Chinatown: white slavery and women suffrage, 1910-1920.

In may 1912 rose Livingston , a self-described missionary working among the white female population of New York's Chinatown, suffered an at tack at a tenement on Doyers Street in the Chinatown neighborhood when she tried to save a young white girl from the clutches of her "cadet," or procurer.1 A physician's report stated that Livingston experienced severe bodily injuries, including "serious and permanent damage" to her face and "a fracture of the alveolar process of the upper jaw bone which caused severe neurities [sic] with persistent neuralgic pain both day and night... likewise causing the loss of all the teeth of the upper jaw on one side of the face."2 The attack created a public outcry, with New Yorkers petitioning Mayor William J. Gaynor to prod the police to offer better protection for woman missionaries and reform workers in Chinatown. The police commissioner disputed the complaints of civilians, however, responding that "conditions in Chinatown have never been better than they are at present, nor is any portion of the City as heavily policed as this section."3 Furthermore, the commissioner claimed that police records did not indicate any report of Livingston having suffered such an attack. Satisfied that the police had handled the situation properly, Mayor Gaynor concluded that "the police are entirely capable of taking care of Chinatown. If Miss Livingston is in any danger there she may very easily withdraw."4
San Antonio’s Barrio Gangs: Size, Scope, and Other Characteristics

I analyze data gathered from a sample of men who were gang members in San Antonio in the 1950s. Using subject-generated lists of gangs and reputable members citywide, the work examines the size, scope, and other salient characteristics of the barrio gang phenomenon from that era. By extrapolating rough estimates from Census data, qualitative fieldwork, and a police database, I find that the proportion of young Chicano males involved in gang activity today is comparable to what it was in the 1950s. In both eras, nearly 10% of the total population of Chicano males ages 12–19 in San Antonio are and were gang involved. Implications of this finding, study limitations, and future research are discussed.
Electronic Chronicles: Empowering Individuals, Groups, and Organizations

Continuing strides in processing, storage, sensing, and networking technologies are enabling people to capture their activities and experiences as greater volumes of ever-richer media. A big emerging challenge today is the organization, retrieval, and exploitation of such multimedia data surrounding the activities of individuals or enterprises. The field of multimedia electronic chronicles deals with the unified contextual organization, presentation, and analysis of temporal streams of multimedia data captured by individuals, groups, or organizations. The value of electronic chronicles is in converting activity and experience from the past into actionable intelligence in the present. Such multimedia electronic chronicles, with their associated techniques for search and navigation, analysis and reasoning, and prediction and alerting, will have enormous impact on various spheres of life spanning enhancement of personal life, business productivity, entertainment, and government operations. This paper, which serves as a companion to a keynote talk by the first author at ICME 2005, explains the notion of electronic chronicles and outlines the research challenges in this area
Notes on conditional semantics

Philosophers have been puzzling about conditional sentences, and conditional reasoning, at least since the time of the ancient Stoics. In this century, the problem was first raised by logicians trying to give a plausible account of the logic of conditionals, and by philosophers of science in the empiricist tradition trying to understand the relation between counterfactual conditionals and scientific laws, and the role of such conditionals in the formation of dispositional and theoretical concepts. Conditional sentences are problematic, first from an abstract point of view: they are, or at least seem to be, non-truth-functional, and so are not analyzable with the resources of extensional semantics, the only kind of semantics that is and unproblematic. One can, of course, define a truth-functional connective that has some of the properties of the conditional-the so-called material conditional - but it neither gives an intuitively plausible account of the logic and semantics of the conditional sentences of natural language that we find ourselves using, nor does it have the promise to do the conceptual work that we would like to use conditionals to do.
Regulation by angiotensin II of its receptors in resistance blood vessels

The sensitivity of blood vessels to the vasoconstrictor effects of the hormone angiotensin II appears to be modulated by the activity of the renin–angiotensin system. Elevation of circulating angiotensin II levels by sodium depletion or renal artery stenosis is associated with a diminished pressor response to infused angiotensin II (refs 1–3). Conversely, the vasoconstrictor response to the hormone is enhanced when endogenous angiotensin II levels are reduced by sodium loading1,4 or nephrectomy5. The mechanisms of these varying effects are not known, but physiological and pharmacological experiments suggest involvement of the vascular smooth muscle receptor for angiotensin II (refs 5–8). Modification of the interaction between angiotensin II and its vascular receptor, resulting in altered responsiveness to the hormone, could occur either via ‘prior occupancy’ of receptors by elevated levels of endogenous angiotensin II resulting in fewer free receptors available to respond to circulating angiotensin II (ref. 5), or, elevated levels of angiotensin II could result in a decrease in receptor affinity for the hormone7 or a decrease in total receptor number in the vascular smooth muscle cell8. We now report the first direct evidence, by radioligand binding assay, that angiotensin II regulates the number of its own receptors in resistance vasculature.
Tumbling through a landscape: Evidence of instabilities in high-dimensional moduli spaces

We argue that a generic instability afflicts vacua that arise in theories whose moduli space has large dimension. Specifically, by studying theories with multiple scalar fields we provide numerical evidence that for a generic local minimum of the potential the usual semiclassical bubble nucleation rate, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=A{e}^{\ensuremath{-}B}$, increases rapidly as function of the number of fields in the theory. As a consequence, the fraction of vacua with tunneling rates low enough to maintain metastability appears to fall exponentially as a function of the moduli space dimension. We discuss possible implications for the landscape of string theory. Notably, if our results prove applicable to string theory, the landscape of metastable vacua may not contain sufficient diversity to offer a natural explanation of dark energy.
Water, sodium, and potassium content of human, guinea pig, and rabbit lung.

Conclusions1. A comparison of 3 methods for water determination of lung, blood, and plasma has been given. The method utilizing the Karl Fischer reagent is considered superior. Ratios of iron, sodium, potassium, and chloride content of guinea pig, rabbit, and human lung are presented. 2. The probable volatilization of chloride during oven or freeze drying is discussed. The electrolyte concentrations and the extracellular water vary widely in the lungs of rabbits, less so in guinea pigs, but are not as consistent as has been reported for rats. The extracellular water in the 3 human lung specimens was remarkably constant.
Unsedated esophagoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis.

Background and Study Aims: Unsedated endoscopy with ultrathin endoscopes has been shown to be an alternative to conventional endoscopy. This technique would appear to be an ideal way to screen for varices, but there is scant data for unsedated endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis. The aims of this pilot study were to evaluate whether unsedated endoscopy can be used to screen for varices and to determine how well it is tolerated in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Patients and Methods: We prospectively evaluated unsedated esophagoscopy in 15 patients with cirrhosis who were candidates for beta-adrenergic-antagonist therapy. Patients with cirrhosis without gastrointestinal bleeding or contraindications to beta-adrenergic-antagonist therapy gave consent to the procedure. The presence and size of varices and the procedure time were recorded. After the procedure, patient tolerance, as gauged by questionnaire and willingness to repeat, was assessed. Results: All patients tolerated the procedure without significant discomfort. The mean time of the procedure was 2 minutes. Esophageal varices were found in nine of 15 patients. Of these, one patient with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis had large varices and was started on propranolol. Conclusions: Unsedated esophagoscopy in patients with cirrhosis appears to be well tolerated. Given both potential safety and cost benefits over conventional endoscopy, this could be a useful method for screening for varices. A randomized trial comparing this method with standard endoscopy is warranted.
Influence of the proximity and amount of human development and roads on the occurrence of the red imported fire ant in the lower Florida Keys

We examined the influence of both the proximity and extent of human developments and paved roads on the presence of the predatory, non-indigenous, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). This species was inadvertently introduced into the United States at the port of Mobile, Alabama, around 1930 and rapidly spread to many southeastern states, including Florida. More recently, S. invicta colonized the Florida Keys, an area with a high proportion of rare and endemic vertebrate and invertebrate species. We placed bait transects in transitional salt-marsh, pineland, and hardwood hammocks on 13 of the lower Florida Keys and compared habitat type, the shortest distance of the bait transect to a development or road, and area of development and roads 50, 70, 100, and 150 m around each bait transect for areas with and without red imported fire ants. Red imported fire ants were detected on 21 of the 80 transects and were equally abundant in all habitat types. While all of the development and road variables differed significantly between bait transects with and without red imported fire ants, transects that were closest to roads and that had the largest amount of development within a 150 m radii had the highest probability of presence of red imported fire ants. Recovery efforts for endangered species in areas invaded by red imported fire ants should include analyses of the cumulative impacts of roads and developments in areas near protected lands.
Redescription of Euchaeta Californica Esterly and Euchaeta Dubia Esterly (Copepoda, Calanoida)

[Euchaeta californica Esterly und Euchaeta dubia Esterly werden wiederbeschrieben von Esterly's Typen-Material und Material von der Typus Lokalitat. Die in Frage stehenden Tiere werden als Weibchen und Mannchen einer einzigen Art angesehen., Euchaeta californica Esterly und Euchaeta dubia Esterly werden wiederbeschrieben von Esterly's Typen-Material und Material von der Typus Lokalitat. Die in Frage stehenden Tiere werden als Weibchen und Mannchen einer einzigen Art angesehen.]
Efficient hierarchical discretization of off-chip power delivery network geometries for 2.5D electrical analysis

Power delivery network (PDN) design is becoming even more critical with the advent of progressively complex environments on and beyond the die. Multicore chips, mixed-signal designs with multiple reference voltages, and complex 3D packaging situations lead to complicated PDN geometries with high-frequency demands and sharpening edge rates even when on-core frequencies are relatively constant. Early design iterations of such PDNs remain infeasible with 3D full-wave simulators even with the latest breakthroughs in solver technology. For reasonably well designed structures and moderate frequencies, fast 2.5D tools (particularly in the most evolved form of multilayered finite difference method (MFDM) [1]) work well. However, application of these methods to complex layouts containing cutouts, slots, vias, microvias and non-Cartesian shapes is challenging. First, generating a layer-wise consistent mesh from the complex layout is nontrivial. Second, use of globally uniform meshing, as generally employed forces a choice between an inaccurate or inefficient solution. This paper proposes an algorithm for rapidly generating layerwise consistent adaptive rectangular meshes for multilayered PDNs with the aim of significantly enhancing the speed, capacity and versatility of 2.5D methods. An efficient implementation of MFDM based on the adaptive mesh has been made. Results show that the algorithm is general enough to extend the applicability of these methods from simple PDNs to complex real-world models.
Fine structure in quenched Fe-Al-C steels

The origin of “extra” spots in electron diffraction patterns taken from retained austenite and martensite in Fe-7 pct Al-2 pct C has been investigated. The present interpretation differs from that of previous investigators. It is concluded that a high density of fine carbide precipitates 50A in diameter is responsible for the extra reflections. The precipitates have the perovskite structure and grow epitaxially in the austenite during quenching. When martensite forms at a lower temperature, the precipitates are transformedin situ.
Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase activity by nucleoside analogs of thymidine.

Abstract The poly ADP-ribosylation of proteins catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) is involved in a number of important cellular metabolic activities. We evaluated various analogs of deoxythymidine and deoxyuridine as inhibitors of PARP. Most of these compounds have antiviral and/ or anticancer activities. The structural requirements for these nucleoside analogs to be inhibitors of PARP were determined. The compounds evaluated had various substitutions on the 2-, 4- and/or 5-position of the pyrimidine ring, as well as on the 2'-, 3'- and/or 5'-position of the pentose moiety. Inhibition of PARP was strongly dependent on the size of the alkyl or halogen substituent on the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring. Whereas the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring could be varied, alteration of the 2- or 4-position drastically decreased the inhibition of PARP. Kinetic analysis was performed with concentrations of 1–10 μM NAD+. The Ki values for many compounds were five to seven times lower than the Ki for 3-aminobenzamide, a previously described potent inhibitor of PARP. Compounds with combined substituents at both the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring and the 3'- or 5'-position of deoxyribose generally were potent inhibitors of PARP, as for example 3'-amino-2', 3'-dideoxy-(E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)uridine (Ki = 0.7 μM), or 5'-azido-2',5'-dideoxy-5-ethyluridine (Ki = 0.8 μM). The 5- halogenated analogs had Ki values of 18, 35, 110 and > 1000 μm for 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine, and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, respectively, and the 5-alkyl analogs had Ki values of 45,2.2, 7,16 and 180 μM for5-methyl-2'-deoxyuridine,5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-propyl-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-butyl-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-pentyl-2'-deoxyuridine, respectively. Two other compounds with substituents in the 5-position of the pyrimidine moiety also had potent activities: (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (Ki = 6 μM) and 5-trifluoromethyl-2' -deoxyuridine (Ki = 1.6 μM). Compounds substituted in the 2'-, 3'- and/or 5'-position of the deoxyribose moiety were investigated and 5'-azido-5'-deoxythymidine, 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxythymidine (d2T) had Ki values of 12, 16, 18 and 30 μM, respectively.
Urban forest structure effects on property value

Studies have quantified urban forests using well established field sampling methods. Other studies have used hedonic regression with real estate prices and remotely sensed vegetation cover data in valuation models. However, remote sensing introduces unfamiliar perspectives since it changes the scale and resolution perceived by humans. Real estate prices also fluctuate and are not regularly used in urban decision-making processes. This study values an urban forest cultural ecosystem service by integrating an explanatory hedonic regression model with randomly field-measured tree, shrub, and turf data from four cities across Florida, USA, during 2006–2009, and congruent parcel tract-level home attributes and appraised property values from single and multi-family units for 2008–2009. Results, on average, indicate trade-offs in that more trees with greater Leaf Area Indices (LAIs) add to property value, while biomass and tree–shrub cover have a neutral effect, and replacing tree with grass cover has lower value. On average, property value increased by $1586 per tree and $9348 per one-unit increase in LAI, while increasing maintained grass from 25% to 75% decreased home value by $271. Our ecological approach is an alternative, applied method that can be used by decision-makers for policy and cost–benefit analyses that calculate the stream of net benefits associated with urban forests.
Developmental expression of the αIELβ7 integrin on T cell receptor γδ and T cell receptor αβ T cells

A novel monoclonal antibody, 2E7, was shown by immunoprecipitation to be reactive with the alpha IEL beta 7 integrin and was employed to analyze the expression of this integrin in lymphocyte subsets and during T cell ontogeny. In adult lymph nodes, alpha IEL was expressed at low levels by 40-70% of CD8+ T cells and < 5% of CD4+ T cells. However, virtually all intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and approximately 20% of lamina propria CD4+ T cells were 2E7+, indicating a preferential expression of this integrin on mucosal T cells. Examination of alpha IEL integrin expression during thymus ontogeny revealed that approximately 3-5% of fetal or adult thymocytes were 2E7+. Interestingly, early in fetal thymus ontogeny, approximately 40% of 2E7+ cells expressed T cell receptor (TcR)-gamma delta and this subset persisted through birth. A developmental switch occurred such that 2E7+ TcR- CD4-8+ cells detected on fetal day 19 were followed by 2E7+ TcR-alpha beta CD4-8+ cells in the neonatal thymus. The latter population persisted throughout thymus ontogeny into adulthood. Interestingly, a subset of TcR-gamma delta V gamma 3+ day 16 fetal thymocyte dendritic epidermal cell (DEC) precursors were 2E7+, but all mature DEC expressed high levels of alpha IEL integrin, suggesting that the alpha IEL integrin was acquired late in DEC maturation. This possibility was strengthened by immunohistochemical localization of the majority of 2E7+ gamma delta and alpha beta T cells to the medullary regions of the thymus. Overall, the results demonstrate a developmentally ordered expression pattern of the alpha IEL beta 7 integrin that suggests a common function for this integrin during TcR-gamma delta and -alpha beta CD4-8+ T cell thymocyte development or perhaps in effector functions for these subsets.
Preferred treatment of hyperkalemia

Mr. Rice and Dr. Palevsky make a valid point about the questionable role of sodium bicarbonate as a first-line therapy for hyperkalemia. Sodium bicarbonate has long been used as a first-line agent for the treatment of hyperkalemia with the goal of inducing intracellular potassium distribution.
Biologic features of HIV-1 that correlate with virulence in the host

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may be asymptomatic or have AIDS-related complex or the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Little is known about the factors that influence progression of infection to AIDS. In this study of isolates of HIV-1 obtained at intervals during the infection of four individuals, the development of disease was found to be correlated with the emergence of HIV-1 variants that were more cytopathic in vitro as the disease progressed and that replicated more efficiently in a wide variety of different human cells. The biologic properties of HIV-1 in vitro thus appear to reflect its virulence in the host. Further studies of such sequentially isolated viruses may lead to the identification of viral genes that govern pathogenesis.
Late ureteropelvic necrosis after transplantation.

Abstract Total ureteropelvic necrosis of the transplanted kidney occurred more than one month after transplantation in 5 of 575 consecutive renal transplants performed at the University of Minnesota Hospital since 1963. Necrosis became evident long after normal renal function had been established. Histologic signs of rejection were minimal, but perinephric or periureteral hematomas were found in 3 of 5 patients; post-transplant acute tubular necrosis requiring hemodialysis occurred in all. The pathogenesis of this complication probably involves (1) a primary deficit of blood supply from the renal vessels to the pelvis and ureter, (2) a failure to develop a new ureteral blood supply because of surrounding hematoma, (3) early swelling of the ischemic ureter resulting in oliguria interpreted as acute tubular necrosis, (4) resolution of edema resulting in diuresis, and (5) late patchy ureteral necrosis and fistula formation due to ureteral ischemia.