cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INHIBITION OF THE LESIONS OF PRIMARY VACCINIA AND OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY THROUGH IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE IN RABBITS

In order to gain insight into the pathogenesis of the vesicular lesion of local primary vaccinia infection, newborn rabbits were injected with 0.5 mg of purified inactivated vaccinia virus in an attempt to render them immunologically tolerant. Within a few days these, and control normal rabbits of the same age, were infected on the skin with active vaccinia virus. Most of the tolerant-prepared rabbits failed to develop a local lesion of vaccinia but some developed a very atypical lesion. Successful virus isolation from some, and the presence of inclusions in the tissues of others, indicated successful infection with the virus. Skin allergy to the active virus failed to develop in the test animals but did in the controls. Thus, there was a high degree of correlation between inability to produce delayed hypersensitivity to the viral antigens and failure to develop a vaccinial skin lesion, indicating the probable allergic nature of the primary lesion. There was also a high mortality rate in the group of tolerant-prepared, infected animals. It was associated with a spreading of the virus from the site of infection to the organs, suggesting that generalized vaccinial infection was the cause of death. The observations were compatible with the hypothesis that death was due to viral toxicity. The observations also suggest that, in the animal possessing normal immunological function, active immunity develops rapidly, perhaps at the level of the draining lymph node, to prevent appreciable virus from leaving the site of infection. The absence of detectable immunological activity toward vaccinia virus early in the tolerant-prepared animals and even after 1 month in some of the survivors, indicates that a high degree of immunological tolerance was produced against these microbial antigens.
The seismic response of fractures and the interrelations among fracture properties

In this paper the author presents a survey of current understanding of the interrelationships among the hydraulic, mechanical, seismic and geometrical properties of single natural factures. The paper also includes a discussion of the methods that have been developed to improve the measurement of fracture geometry including the measurement of fracture specific stiffness, which is the key link in interrelating the physical properties of a fracture. A new approach for determining fracture shear stiffness uses interface waves that propagate along fractures. (A)
Building quantitative stereology data files with scion image, a public domain image processing and analysis software.

Two-dimensional data obtained from a histological cross-section of a tissue can be utilized to obtain three-dimensional information by the methods of quantitative stereology. The resulting quantitative information is useful in both experimental studies and whole-animal investigations for regulatory and safety purposes. Quantitative stereologic analysis requires considerable data collection and calculation and is thus practical only through the use of computer hardware and software. We have previously reported the development of a program, STEREO, which compiles data from carcinogenesis experiments, recording information from tissue sections for the estimation of the number of altered hepatic foci (AHF) per liver and the volume fraction of AHF in liver on a three-dimensional basis. The data file itself was built by measuring tissue and focal transections through a slide-reading process that involved the manual use of a digitizer. In order to increase the speed and efficiency of the analytical process, we have integrated the STEREO program with a public domain software, Scion Image. This software integration involves two portions: the building macros and the interface. Macros for quantitative stereology used in Scion Image were written to customize and simplify the measurement and to generate data needed for building each of the data files. An interface program, BuildFi.exe, was developed to receive data generated from Scion Image and to align sequential tissue plots from up to four serial sections stained with different markers. As a result, the user can store data on a disk in the format of the STEREO data files. By combining STEREO with Scion Image, the slide-reading process is simplified and can be performed automatically. It has proven to be more objective, time saving, and efficient than all earlier versions.
Preclinical trial of doxorubicin entrapped in sterically stabilized liposomes in dogs with spontaneously arising malignant tumors.

Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the short-term toxicoses associated with pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) administered to dogs with measurable tumors of various histologic types and sites. Preliminary information regarding efficacy was also generated. Methods: A group of 51 dogs with histologically confirmed malignancies received a total of 103 Doxil treatments given i.v. every 3 weeks at dosages ranging from 0.75 to 1.1 mg/kg in the context of a phase I dose-escalation trial. Acute and short-term toxicities as well as tumor response and duration of response were characterized. Results: The maximally tolerated dose in tumor-bearing dogs was established as 1.0 mg/kg i.v. every 3 weeks. The dose-limiting toxicity was a cutaneous toxicity clinically resembling palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPES). An overall response rate of 25.5% was observed with five complete responders and eight partial responders. Conclusions: Doxil appeared to be well tolerated at dosages similar to those tolerated for free doxorubicin in tumor-bearing dogs. PPES was the dose-limiting toxicity encountered, rather than myelosuppresion as is the case with free doxorubicin in dogs. Doxil as a single agent may have a broad spectrum of activity and deserves further evaluation.
Bile pleuritis another complication of percutaneous liver biopsy

There has been a marked decrease in morbidity and mortality from hepatic-needle biopsy in recent years. Despite this, cases are being reported which suggest that almost the entire spectrum of traumatic liver injury may occur because of biopsy. In this patient with obstructive jaundice, bile pleuritis requiring surgical intervention followed liver biopsy. High-risk liver biopsies should be performed by experienced personnel using a small-diameter Menghini needle.
Oligohydramnios Causes Pulmonary Hypoplasia and Decreases Expression of Rat Type I Cell Specific Antigen in Lungs of Fetal Rats. † 1532

Oligohydramnios Causes Pulmonary Hypoplasia and Decreases Expression of Rat Type I Cell Specific Antigen in Lungs of Fetal Rats. † 1532
Ethnic Identity Development of Anglo-Oriented Second-Generation Latinos

Latino students have become the largest minority group on college campuses and their numbers continue to grow (Fry, 2011). The largest generation of Latinos attending higher education institutions is the second generation of immigrants to the United States. This paper examines Phinney’s (1989) model of ethnic identity formation, Torres’ Hispanic identity model (2003) and Bicultural Orientation model (1999), and how high acculturation or Anglo-orientation affects the process of ethnic identity development for second-generation Latinos. It will also suggest ways that student affairs practitioners can assist students in moving toward a bicultural orientation by understanding their unique ethnic identity development process.
Ruin Probability Minimization and Dividend Distribution Optimization in Diffusion Models

We will consider a model of an insurance companies with different modes of risk and financial control. Different types of reinsurance correspond to the risk reduction techniques of the insurance, while financial control corresponds to a more familiar portfolio rebalancing. There are different objective which the company may pursue. One is the classical minimization of the ruin probabilities. Another one is the dividend pay-out maximization. The later merges with the classical finance issue of utility optimization by a small investor, pioneered by Merton. Diffusion approximation enables one to get a closed form solution to many problems and see the structure of the optimal policy. Mathematically, the problem becomes a mixed singular/regular control of a diffusion process, whose analytical portion corresponds to a solution of nonlinear ordinary or partial differential equations.
Study of recent building failures in the United States

A total of 225 building failures in the United States from 1989 to 2000 were recorded in this study. The result shows that failures of low-rise buildings constitute about 63% of all cases, followed by multistory buildings as a distant second. In terms of their functions, apartments are the most frequent to fail. External events and construction and maintenance deficiencies have been identified as the most frequent principal causes. External events include rain, wind, snow, vehicular impact, and collision. Construction deficiencies encompass improper renovation, unplanned demolition, poor workmanship, and unsafe excavation operations. Maintenance deficiencies are associated with building deterioration that was overlooked and improperly maintained. A comparative analysis conducted between this study and two previous studies indicates an inclined trend of relative failure occurrences of low-rise and multistory buildings. The study also suggests that, despite the recent enhancement of information technology, current sources of information are still incomplete. The creation of new complete databases, further improvement of information sources, and their dissemination through the Internet are deemed essential to prevent building failures from recurring.
Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions affecting DNA synthesis during induced cardiac muscle growth in the rat.

Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions affecting DNA synthesis during induced cardiac muscle growth were examined in 29 to 46 day old rats. DNA synthesis was examined in vitro using isolated nuclei from rat heart and adult X. laevis spleen. Cytoplasmic extract (CE) was obtained from a 105 000 g supernatant of rat heart and fetal liver homogenates. To measure DNA synthesis we utilised DNA within the isolated quiescent nucleus as the template and measured the effect of CE on the incorporation of 3H-TTP into an acid precipitable product. In a homologous system of rat heart nuclei from weanling rats and CE from cardiac muscle undergoing induced growth, no stimulation of 3H-TTP incorporation was observed. Cardiac muscle CE however, did possess stimulatory factor(s) since quiescent X. laevis nuclei could be stimulated with the rat heart CE. Furthermore, CE from hearts undergoing induced growth had greater activity than extract from control hearts. While cardiac muscle nuclei were not stimulated by heart CE, they showed substantial stimulation by CE from fetal rat liver, which contains a large population of proliferating cells. Stimulation by fetal rat liver was greater with nuclei obtained from hearts undergoing induced growth than from control hearts. Stimulatory factor(s) in CE was distinct from DNA polymerase-α activity, as shown by separation of the two activities on a 5 to 15% glycerol gradient.
Design and performance analysis of sliding-mode observers for sensorless operation of switched reluctance motors

This paper presents an analytical and experimental evaluation of the sliding-mode observer (SMO) for eliminating position and speed sensors in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives. Design guidelines are derived for the SMO to guarantee an upper bound on the observer error for all time. An analysis is presented to demonstrate that the SMO also possesses an automatic adaptation property with respect to the intensity of the measurement noise. The SMO approach is shown, in simulations and in experiments, to provide accurate position and speed estimates under various operating conditions. The resolution and reliability of the scheme are shown to be superior to those obtained using standard state observers. The results demonstrate the applicability of the SMO-based sensorless controllers for SRM drives.
PROBLEMS IN EVALUATING LATIN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT

Abstract : Three major aspects of the article, Reflections on Latin American Development, by Professor Keith B. Briffen, are discussed: (1) Sources of past growth particularly with respect to the role of foreign investment; (2) the distribution of income as a reflection of class conflict; and (3) alternative possibilities for reform.
Structure and reactivity of zero-, two- and three-dimensional Pd supported on SrTiO3(001)

Abstract Interactions of Pd atoms, films and nanoparticles with a SrTiO3(001) substrate are studied via first principles Density Functional Theory. Effects of the substrate upon structural, electronic and chemical properties of the supported Pd are considered. By comparison of different experimentally observed particle shapes and orientation, and with atomic and planar Pd adsorbates, some detailed understanding is obtained about particle–support interactions. Adsorption of atoms (H, C, O) and small molecules (OH, CO, CH3) is used as a probe of chemical activity of different faces, edges and vertices of the particles.
Designing the virtual enterprise

The virtual enterprise integrates business components located in multiple locations using technological aids for business communication. All enterprises seek to optimize the use of business resources, including communication technologies, in order to achieve maximum total utility for the enterprise. A business design process is proposed which may enable the enterprise to attain the optimum use of resources in the pursuit of the virtual enterprise.
Identifying Gut Microbe–Host Phenotype Relationships Using Combinatorial Communities in Gnotobiotic Mice

Identifying a scalable, unbiased method for discovering which members of the human gut microbiota influence specific physiologic, metabolic, and immunologic phenotypes remains a challenge. We describe a method in which a clonally arrayed collection of cultured, sequenced bacteria was generated from one of several human fecal microbiota samples found to transmit a particular phenotype to recipient germ-free mice. Ninety-four bacterial consortia of diverse size, randomly drawn from the culture collection, were introduced into germ-free animals. We identified an unanticipated range of bacterial strains that promoted accumulation of colonic regulatory T cells (T regs ) and expansion of Nrp1 lo/− peripheral T regs , as well as strains that modulated mouse adiposity and cecal metabolite concentrations, using feature selection algorithms and follow-up monocolonizations. This combinatorial approach enables a systems-level understanding of microbial contributions to human biology.
INFERENCE AT COMPREHENSION: FACT OR ARTIFACT?

It is argued that previous research examining the presence of inferential elaborations in subject responses to memory tasks failed to determine the locus of in- ference production, (i.e., comprehension or retrieval). Three experiments are reported which were designed to make this determination. Each experiment used a different paradigm: (1) cued recall, (2) recognition, and (3) reaction time. The par- ticular inferences of concern were instruments and/or consequences of action im- plied by the text. The results of the three experiments support the position that such inferences are made during comprehension. Many current theoretical formulations of the comprehension process and the resulting memory representation have as basic premise or principle the constructive nature of comprehension (e.g., Schank, 1972; Bransford & McCarrel, 1974; Kintsch, 1974; Rumelhart & Ortony, 1977). The rationale for such a principle can be found in the considerable body of research which has demonstrated the presence of in- ferences or elaborations in subject responses to memory tasks (e.g., Bartlett, 1932; Bransford, Barclay & Franks, 1972; Frederiksen, 1975a, b). In these investigations ideas implied or suggested1 by a text (i.e., a linguistic message) are often confused with the original text on recognition tests or are stated by subjects in their recalls of the text. The explanation of the presence of these inferential elaborations in subject responses to memory tasks is problematical, yet it lies at the heart of the theories of 1The implications referred to represent "pragmatic implications" rather than "logical implications" (Harris & Monaco, 1978). That is, the implications result from our knowledge of the world and are probablistic in nature, thus, more than one possible realization can satisfy the requirements of the implication.
The Assign Parallel Program Generator

ASSIGN is a toolfor building large-scale applications, in particular signal processing applications, on distributedmemory multicomputers. The jrst target machine is iWarp, a multicomputer system developed jointly by Intel Corporation and Carnegie Mellon University. This paper gives a high-level introduction to ASSIGN .
Market Uncertainty and Dynamic New Product Launch Strategies: A Systems Dynamics Model

New products are intrinsically associated with high level of market uncertainty, and product launches often fail because launch strategies formulated based upon pre-launch forecasts cannot accurately capture actual market conditions. While research generally recognizes the importance of flexibility in new product launch, it has rarely examined the dynamic adjustments after initial launch, largely due to the limitation of conventional methodologies in modeling over time feedbacks and interactions. This study develops a system dynamics model of new product launch that formalizes the adjustments of launch scale according to actual market conditions and the dynamic interactions among launch scale and various tactical elements of product launch including advertising, distribution, pricing, manufacturing and inventory management. This study makes a first attempt to bring systems dynamic modeling to new product launch research and illustrates a new approach to examining dynamic feedbacks in the new product launch process. The model developed in this study illustrates why and how dynamic approaches outperform static ones, and reveals important insights of the behavior of dynamic product launch strategies. The model can be used as a “flight simulator” in managerial training to help new product managers understand the dynamic interactions among different elements of new product launch.
FosB Regulates Stretch-Induced Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Smooth Muscle

Fibroproliferative remodeling in smooth muscle–rich hollow organs is associated with aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Although mechanical stimuli regulate ECM protein expression, the transcriptional mediators of this process remain poorly defined. Previously, we implicated AP-1 as a mediator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) mechanotransduction; however, its role in stretch-induced ECM regulation has not been explored. Herein, we identify a novel role for the AP-1 subunit FosB in stretch-induced ECM expression in SMCs. The DNA-binding activity of AP-1 increased after stretch stimulation of SMCs in vitro . In contrast to c-Jun and c-fos, which are also activated by the SMC mitogen platelet-derived growth factor, FosB was only activated by stretch. FosB silencing attenuated the expression of the profibrotic factors tenascin C (TNC) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), whereas forced expression of Jun∼FosB stimulated TNC and CTGF promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed enrichment of AP-1 at the TNC and CTGF promoters. Bladder distension in vivo enhanced nuclear localization of c-jun and FosB. Finally, the distension-induced expression of TNC and CTGF in the detrusor smooth muscle of bladders from wild-type mice was significantly attenuated in FosB-null mice. Together, these findings identify FosB as a mechanosensitive regulator of ECM production in smooth muscle.
Effect of cyclosporin A on the expression of tissue kallikrein, kininogen, and bradykinin receptor in rat

The tissue kallikrein-kinin system is involved in vasodilation and blood pressure regulation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic cyclosporin A (CsA) administration on bloo...
Energy/Delay Tradeoffs in All-Spin Logic Circuits

All-spin logic (ASL) is a spin-based candidate for implementing logic in the next generation designs. The energy and the delay of ASL circuits are both inherently related to the geometric parameters of ASL gates, and the careful selection of the dimensions for ASL gates is required to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, a tradeoff relation between the energy and the delay is explored to optimally size the magnets and channels in an ASL gate to provide an optimal balance under various delay and energy demands. Results on optimizing interconnects and benchmark circuits are presented.
From Trust in Automation to Decision Neuroscience: Applying Cognitive Neuroscience Methods to Understand and Improve Interaction Decisions Involved in Human Automation Interaction.

Human automation interaction (HAI) systems have thus far failed to live up to expectations mainly because human users do not always interact with the automation appropriately. Trust in automation (TiA) has been considered a central influence on the way a human user interacts with an automation; if TiA is too high there will be overuse, if TiA is too low there will be disuse. However, even though extensive research into TiA has identified specific human automation interaction behaviors, or trust outcomes, a unique mapping between trust states and trust outcomes has yet to be clearly identified. Interaction behaviors have been intensely studied in the domain of HAI and TiA and this has led to a reframing of the issues of problems with HAI in terms of reliance and compliance. We find the behaviorally defined terms reliance and compliance to be useful in their functionality for application in real-world situations. However, we note that once an inappropriate interaction behavior has occurred it is too late to mitigate it. We therefore take a step back and look at the interaction decision that precedes the behavior. We note that the decision neuroscience community has revealed that decisions are fairly stereotyped processes accompanied by measurable psychophysiological correlates. Two literatures were therefore reviewed. TiA literature was extensively reviewed in order to understand the relationship between TiA and trust outcomes, as well as to identify gaps in current knowledge. We note that an interaction decision precedes an interaction behavior and believe that we can leverage knowledge of the psychophysiological correlates of decisions to improve joint system performance. As we believe that understanding the interaction decision will be critical to the eventual mitigation of inappropriate interaction behavior, we reviewed the decision making literature and provide a synopsis of the state of the art understanding of the decision process from a decision neuroscience perspective. We forward hypotheses based on this understanding that could shape a research path toward the ability to mitigate interaction behavior in the real world.
CAM-SE–CSLAM: Consistent Coupling of a Conservative Semi-Lagrangian Finite-Volume Method with Spectral Element Dynamics

AbstractAn algorithm to consistently couple a conservative semi-Lagrangian finite-volume transport scheme with a spectral element (SE) dynamical core is presented. The semi-Lagrangian finite-volume scheme is the Conservative Semi-Lagrangian Multitracer (CSLAM), and the SE dynamical core is the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)’s Community Atmosphere Model–Spectral Elements (CAM-SE). The primary motivation for coupling CSLAM with CAM-SE is to accelerate tracer transport for multitracer applications. The coupling algorithm result is an inherently mass-conservative, shape-preserving, and consistent (for a constant mixing ratio, the CSLAM solution reduces to the SE solution for air mass) transport that is efficient and accurate. This is achieved by first deriving formulas for diagnosing SE airmass flux through the CSLAM control volume faces. Thereafter, the upstream Lagrangian CSLAM areas are iteratively perturbed to match the diagnosed SE airmass flux, resulting in an equivalent upstream Lagran...
Accessible light detection and ranging: estimating large tree density for habitat identification

Large trees are important to a wide variety of wildlife, including many species of conservation concern, such as the California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been successfully utilized to identify the density of large-diameter trees, either by segmenting the LiDAR point cloud into individual trees, or by building regression models between variables extracted from the LiDAR point cloud and field data. Neither of these methods is easily accessible for most land managers due to the reliance on specialized software, and much available LiDAR data are being underutilized due to the steep learning curve required for advanced processing using these programs. This study derived a simple, yet effective method for estimating the density of large-stemmed trees from the LiDAR canopy height model, a standard raster product derived from the LiDAR point cloud that is often delivered with the LiDAR and is easy to process by personnel trained in geographic information systems (GIS). Ground plots needed to be large (1 ha) to build a robust model, but the spatial accuracy of plot center was less crucial to model accuracy. We also showed that predicted large tree density is positively linked to California spotted owl nest sites.
Spatial Organization of Chromatic Pathways in the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.

In both dichromats and trichromats, cone opsin signals are maintained independently in cones and combined at the bipolar and retinal ganglion cell level creating parallel color-opponent pathways to the central visual system. Like other dichromats, the mouse retina expresses a short (S) and a medium (M) wavelength opsin, with the S-opsin shifted to peak sensitivity in the ultraviolet (UV) range. Unlike in primates, non-uniform opsin expression across the retina and co-expression in single cones creates a mostly mixed chromatic signal. Here, we describe the visuotopic and chromatic organization of spiking responses in the dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) and of the local field potentials in their recipient zone in primary visual cortex (V1). We used an immersive visual stimulus dome that allowed us to present spatiotemporally modulated ultraviolet and green luminance in any region of the visual field of an awake, head-fixed mouse. Consistent with retinal expression of opsins, we observed graded ultraviolet-to-green dominated responses from the upper to lower visual fields, with a smaller difference across azimuth. In addition, we identified a subpopulation of cells (< 10%) that exhibit spectrally opponent responses along the S — M axis. Luminance signals of each wavelength, and color signals, project to the middle layers of primary visual cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In natural environments, color information is useful for guiding behavior. How small terrestrial mammals such as mice use graded expression of cone opsins to extract visual information from their environments is not clear, even as the use of mice for studying visually guided behavior grows. In this study, we examined the color signals that the retina sends to the visual cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. We found green dominated responses in the lower and nasal visual field and UV dominated responses in the upper visual field. We describe a subset of cells that exhibit color opponent responses.
A Secure Distributed Algorithm for Network Lifetime Maximization and Video Distortion Minimization in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

In this paper, we investigate a joint performance optimization on network lifetime and video distortion for wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN). Considering the tradeoff between minimum video distortion and maximum network lifetime, a multi-objective cross-layer optimization framework is proposed, which not only optimizes network lifetime but also achieves optimal video quality, where the source encoding rate and link rate are jointly optimized. In addition, a secret scheme that couples secret sharing and multipath routing is developed to provide reliable security. Finally, a video distortion model, including source rate and link rate is specially studied. Decentralized algorithms are realized using a subgradient method to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. Experimental results demonstrate the optimal tradeoff performance. We also illustrated that the proposed scheme can achieve greater network lifetime and much less video distortion compared to existing distributed algorithms.
From vision to reality 50+ years of phased array development

Phased array radar systems, which emerged over 55 years ago, have continually evolved from the early 60s to present day. Over 55 years ago, U.S. phased array radar systems brought a new dimension or capability that is fully realized in today's all-solid-state arrays, such as those on the F-22 and F-35 military aircraft. This process of expanding phased array capability involved an evolutionary series of steps each decade. This paper cites the most prominent U.S.-deployed phased array radars as viewed by one phased-array radar advocate.
Topological Data Analysis of Critical Transitions in Financial Networks

We develop a topology data analysis-based method to detect early signs for critical transitions in financial data. From the time-series of multiple stock prices, we build time-dependent correlation networks, which exhibit topological structures. We compute the persistent homology associated to these structures in order to track the changes in topology when approaching a critical transition. As a case study, we investigate a portfolio of stocks during a period prior to the US financial crisis of 2007–2008, and show the presence of early signs of the critical transition.
Who Should Pick the Winners of Climate Change

Many conservation strategies identify a narrow subset of genotypes, species, or geographic locations that are predicted to be favored under different scenarios of future climate change. However, a focus on predicted winners, which might not prove to be correct, risks undervaluing the balance of biological diversity from which climate-change winners could otherwise emerge. Drawing on ecology, evolutionary biology, and portfolio theory, we propose a conservation approach designed to promote adaptation that is less dependent on uncertain predictions about the identity of winners and losers. By designing actions to facilitate numerous opportunities for selection across biological and environmental conditions, we can allow nature to pick the winners and increase the probability that ecosystems continue to provide services to humans and other species.
In Vivo Multiscale and Spatially-Dependent Biomechanics Reveals Differential Strain Transfer Hierarchy in Skeletal Muscle

Biological tissues have a complex hierarchical architecture that spans organ to subcellular scales and comprises interconnected biophysical and biochemical machinery. Mechanotransduction, gene regulation, gene protection, and structure–function relationships in tissues depend on how force and strain are modulated from macro to microscales, and vice versa. Traditionally, computational and experimental techniques have been used in common model systems (e.g., embryos), and simple strain measures were applied. However, the hierarchical transfer of mechanical parameters like strain in mammalian systems is largely unexplored in vivo. Here, we experimentally probed complex strain transfer processes in mammalian skeletal muscle tissue over multiple biological scales using complementary in vivo ultrasound and optical imaging approaches. An iterative hyperelastic warping technique quantified the spatially dependent strain distributions in tissue, matrix, and subcellular (nuclear) structures, and revealed a surprisi...
Public Debt and the Corruption of Contract: Can the Keynesian Cancer Be Excised?

The Keynesian revolution rationalized a divergence between political and economic rationality. Prior to the Keynesian revolution, divergences between political and commercial practice were held in check by moral beliefs to the effect that good conduct for governments was similar to good conduct for families. After the Keynesian revolution, it became widely believed that standards of goodness relevant for families did not apply to governments, for, indeed, government should often act in pursuit of contrary standards. In consequence, the very notion of contract as promise became corrupted through political practice. That corruption was aided by transmutation of the implicit model of economic life latent within the population from that of a structure of production to that of a wheel of income. By corrupting the language of contract as promise, public debt has become a source of societal cancer within a system of liberal democracy, under the presumption that cancers emerge from within the body politic.
Slave Raiders Vs. Friars: Tierra Firme, 1513–1522

In early 1515, a small Spanish expedition set sail for the province of Cumana, located along the coast of what was then called Tierra Firme (an area spanning much of present-day Central and South America). Nominally, the squadron, led by Spanish scribe Gomez de Ribera, was sent to punish a group of “Carib” Indians who had recently attacked and killed two Spaniards on the small island of San Vicente. Once caught, these “Caribs” would be enslaved and sold in the markets of Espanola, Puerto Rico, or Cuba. Caribs, though speakers of the Arawakan language, were inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles and were likely culturally and politically distinct from the Taino of the Greater Antilles. Inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles first received the ethnic label of Carib during Christopher Columbus's second voyage in 1493. Over time, Europeans exacerbated the pre-Columbian divide between Caribs and Tainos, creating a colonial dichotomy that helped the Spanish to expand the indigenous slave trade. By the third decade of colonization, or the time of Ribera's expedition, the Spanish had begun labeling all rebellious Indians as Caribs or cannibals so as to legally enslave them.
Family Background and Higher Education Attainment Among Children of Immigrants

This study uses a modified form of Perna’s educational choice model (Studying college access and choice: A proposed conceptual model, Springer, Berlin, 2006) to examine whether children of immigrants have an “immigrant advantage” related to educational attainment. Children of immigrants represent approximately one in four children in the US and are the fastest growing segment of school-aged children. Using data from all 16 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997–2013), a random effects regression analysis indicated that children with at least one immigrant parent had a higher likelihood of higher education attainment. When separate regressions were run by race/ethnicity, the immigrant advantage was only present for Black and Hispanic respondents. Results presented evidence of omitted variable bias when modeling higher education attainment where parental immigration status was absent.
Candidate Gene Discovery for Retained Testicles in Dogs

Cryptorchidism, or retained testicles, is one of the most common congenital developmental defects in purebred dogs. DNA markers called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are being used to investigate the associations between 21 candidate genes and cryptorchidism in Siberian huskies. We found the genes COL2A1, HOXA10, INSL3 and TIMP1 tended to be associated with cryptorchidism in Siberian huskies. The results will help to find the causative mutations in the future and will be useful in dog breeding programs to reduce the incidence of cryptorchidism.
Language Development and Language Disorders in Children and Adolescents

The first part of this chapter will provide an overview of the authors’ orientation; this will be followed by a second part on normal language development and then by a third part on language disorders. Thus the discussion of language disorders is the ultimate goal of this chapter. “Language-affecting disorders” would be a better, though more cumbersome term—it connotes the disturbance of the language function while avoiding the issue of primacy of affected modality. The emphasis is meant to be on the factor “disorders,” as they appear to a professional involving the patients he or she sees. The disorders discussed will include “mental” and “physical” language disorders; the focus will be on the kind of background knowledge, information, and viewpoint that would benefit a clinician in trying to understand a patient’s language as a given part of behavior and as a clue to many aspects of functioning and of organization. Any clinician—speech pathologist, special educator, internist—must know of the many factors (biological, psychological, and social) that may combine to produce a symptom or syndrome. The language of the patient’s presentation may be a central focus or may be something on the periphery of the patient’s main problem, much as high blood pressure may be an idiopathic disease entity or a sign of nephritis, or learning disability may be a syndrome or one sign of schizophrenia.
ERRORS AND OTHER LIMITATIONS OF SURVEYS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the limitations of a special kind of data collection system—surveys. It analyzes errors that may impair the results of surveys. Typically, as a part of a survey, observational data—in contrast to experimental data—are collected from all or a sample of elements in a given population. With each element in the survey, one associates a vector of measurements or observations that may exist independently of the survey, for example, like in a population registration system. In the 1930s and 1940s, two lines of methodological developments concerning errors in surveys emerged. The first line of development focused on the sampling error, the error introduced by the use of a sample survey rather than a total survey. The term “survey model” has been coined to denote theory for measuring the impact of sampling and non-sampling errors in an integrated way.
Lymphadenopathy Associated with Joint Prostheses

Lymphadenopathy associated with joint prostheses suggests lymphadenopathy caused by abraded metal debris and cementing substances drained from sites of joint prostheses. The most frequent sites of joint replacement are the knee and hip. Therefore, the pelvis is a common site for lymphadenopathy in this clinical context. Materials used for orthopedic prostheses suffer the effects of local stress (wear) forces as well as inflammatory reaction including cytokines, lymphocytes, and histiocytes that lead to abrade particles from prostheses. These particles are transported to regional lymph nodes, less frequently to distant lymph nodes, and rarely to the liver, spleen, or bone marrow.
Tc-99m MAG3 diuretic renography: Impact of a decision support system (iRENEX) on resident interpretations

562 Objectives iRENEX is a decision support system that combines quantitative and clinical data to interpret MAG3 diuretic studies and provide the rationale for that interpretation (Garcia et al. EJNMMI 39:1483, 2012). The objective was to determine if iRENEX could enhance physician performance. Methods Baseline and furosemide MAG3 acquisitions of 50 patients (56.6 ± 15.7 yrs) with suspected obstruction were randomly selected from an archived database and independently interpreted by 4 nuclear medicine residents with at least one year of experience, 3 expert readers and iRENEX, all with access to a clinical database. Each kidney was scored from +1.0 to -1.0; scores ≥ 0.20 indicated obstruction; higher scores indicated a greater confidence of obstruction. Scores from +0.19 to -0.19 were equivocal and scores ≤ -0.20 indicated non-obstruction. Residents subsequently reinterpreted the same set of studies with access to iRENEX. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was used to quantify agreement; standard errors and confidence intervals were calculated using bootstrap methods. Results Agreement among the experts (CCC=0.842) was significantly higher than agreement among the residents (CCC=0.390), P = Conclusions iRENEX reduces interobserver variability among resident physicians and results in a better agreement with expert interpretations. Research Support NIH/NIBIB and NIDDK, R01 EB008838
Pharmacokinetic Simulation: A Future Means for Better Control of Cancer Chemotherapy

In chemotherapy we should like to have a methodology which is the analogy to modern radiation dosimetry. In radiation therapy we calculate not only how much radiation comes out of the x-ray port but how much reaches each tissue of interest. In chemotherapy we would like to know not only the dose per square meter of the drug we have introduced into the patient but also how the drug is distributed. What is the concentration as a function of time in the tumor and in tissues which are susceptible to side effects? What is the effect of tissue metabolism on the blood concentration and on the drug distribution? Pharmacokinetics, and pharmacokinetics simulation by computer, promises to provide such a tool.
Characterization of the Lipid Binding Pocket in GM2AP and SapB with EPR Spectroscopy

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of spin-labeled lipids in complex with the sphingolipid activator proteins, GM2AP and SapB, was utilized to characterize the hydrophobic binding pocket of these lipid transfer proteins. Specifically, the EPR line shapes reveal that the mobility of the labeled lipids within the binding pockets of the transfer proteins are more restricted than when in a lipid bilayer environment and that lipids in GM2AP are slightly more restricted than in SapB. EPR accessibility based relaxation measurements show that the relative ratios of oxygen and water accessibility to sites along the acyl chains in lipids in complex with GM2AP are similar to the profiles obtained for a lipid bilayer albeit with lowered values. The results for SapB are quite different, with the oxygen profile mimicking a lipid bilayer, but there is a higher degree of water accessibility to the acyl chains in the SapB complex, likely because of the location of the lipid at the dimer interface in SapB coupled to dynamics of the dimer.
Verbal and spatial acquisition as a function of distributed practice and code-specific interference

Theories of memory must account for memory performance during both the acquisition (i.e., ongoing learning) and retention (i.e., following disuse) stages of training. One factor affecting both stages is whether repeated encounters with a set of material occur with no delay between blocks (massed) or alternating with another intervening task (spaced). Whereas the retention advantage for spaced over massed practice is well accounted for by some current theories of memory, theories of decay or general interference predict massed, rather than spaced, advantages during acquisition. In a series of 3 experiments, we show that the effects of spacing on acquisition depend on the relationship between primary and delay tasks. Specifically, massed acquisition advantages occur only in the presence of code-specific interference (the engagement in two alternating tasks both emphasizing the same processing code, such as verbal or spatial processing codes; e.g., learning letter–number pairs and reading text), whereas spaced acquisition advantages are observed only when code-specific interference is absent. These results present a challenge for major theories of memory. Furthermore, we argue that code-specific interference is important for researchers of the spacing and interleaving effects to take into consideration, as the relationship between the alternating tasks used has a substantial impact on acquisition performance.
RARE CASE OF ALCAPA AND ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS: COMBINED EFFECTS ON THE ADULT HEART

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly, often fatal in infancy. In adulthood, these casese have variable symptoms from ischemic sequelae. 35 year old female with ALCAPA and fibroelastosis, presented with exertional dyspnea. Echocardiogram (TTE
Long-term ventilation for children with chronic lung disease of infancy.

Purpose of reviewModern medical advances have resulted in an increased survival after extremely preterm birth. However, some infants will develop severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and fail to wean from invasive or noninvasive positive pressure support. It remains unclear which infants will ben
Historical Aspects of Biological Weapons Development and Use

This chapter presents the most recent scholarship on the most important periods in the history of biological warfare. Historically, state-based biological warfare programs have been viewed as posing the only biological threat to international security. More recently, non-state actors such as terrorists and criminals have also demonstrated an interest in acquiring and using biological agents as weapons. This chapter provides an overview of the long and complicated history of the development and use of biological weapons with an emphasis on the key state-based programs and terrorist groups that have invested the most effort in acquiring and using biological weapons.
An Investigation on Fully Zero-Voltage-Switching Condition for High-Frequency GaN Based LLC Converter in Solid-State-Transformer Application

LLC resonant converter can help achieve soft switching for both primary side and secondary side devices, which makes it a great candidate for today’s high-frequency, high-efficiency and high power density solid state transformer (SST) applications. For cases to achieve a constant DC output voltage, it is desired that the LLC converter works in the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) region that the switching frequency (fs) is smaller than the resonant frequency (fr). However, when a much wider frequency modulation range with ZVS guaranteed is needed to achieve a wide output voltage range and a variable load, the region that fs is larger than fr is the better choice. This region, which is rarely analyzed in the literature, is investigated in this paper. Detailed analysis for charging/discharging process during deadtime is shown. A simple but accurate model to determine fully ZVS condition in this region is proposed, which can also be used for deadtime optimization. Moreover, a 1 MHz/2 kW GaN based LLC converter prototype is built and presented for verification.
Visualization and Quantification of the Laser-Induced ART of TiO2 by Photoexcitation of Adsorbed Dyes

Dye-pretreated anatase TiO2 films, commonly used as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells, were utilized as a model system to investigate the laser-induced anatase to rutile phase transformatio...