cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Efficacy of Title VI Social Equity Analysis: A Comparative Case Study of Transit Access and Neighborhood Segregation Outcomes Over Time

An overarching question concerns why social inequity persists despite decades of policy intervention. For instance, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated that agencies must not discriminate based on race, ethnicity, or national origin to receive federal funding. Transportation agencies were particularly impacted. They have since submitted equity analyses for every bus and rail expansion and/or reduction to verify they do not disproportionately impact minority and low-income communities. This study moves beyond a momentary analysis to examine the extent to which transit development has impacted communities of color from 1970–2010. Income segregation outcomes are examined in neighborhoods across four diverse metropolitan areas: Denver, Minneapolis, Birmingham, and Orlando. A fixed effects regression analysis illustrates mixed results. This study concludes by discussing what fairness looks like in neighborhoods when taking race and ethnicity into account. It suggests further consideration of Titl...
Preoperative neomycin-tetracycline preparation of the colon for elective operations.

During a randomized prospective double-blind survey of 196 patients the preoperative combination of oral neomycin and tetracycline was proven significantly superior to other treatment regimens in terms of postoperative sepsis.
Abstract 3118: Oncogenesis modeling in malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is causally associated with exposure to asbestos and accounts for roughly 75% of mesothelioma cancers. It is an aggressive tumor with a median survival time of approximately 12 months. Treatment options are limited, largely palliative, and still based on cisplatin and pemetrexed, a regimen that remains unchanged since 2003. Despite widespread study, the complexities of MPM biology remain poorly described, especially at the point of tumor initiation where development of novel clinical interventional strategies would be expected to yield the most effect. The extended latency period in humans consisting of decades (over 20-30 years) remains a prohibitive barrier to gain accurate, in vivo insights about MPM oncogenic processes. As such, all in vitro MPM models, which are designed to accelerate tumor development as a practical endpoint of study, to date have not yielded clinically translatable molecular targets. Here, we present a novel in vitro model system for exploring the earliest molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of MPM using normal, human mesothelial cell lines (MeT-5a and LP9-hTERT) engineered to harbor constitutively enhanced NFkB signaling activity. Both 3D-sphere and soft agar assays were used to assess cellular transformation status in these induced cells compared to their wild-type counterparts. Heterotopic xenograft implantation studies were performed in NOD scid-gamma (NSG) immunocompromised mice (sub-cutaneous dorsal flank injection) for tumorigenic potential. In all cases, these induced cells (despite the complete absence of asbestos exposure) exhibited a significant malignant-like phenotype. Tumor growth in mouse xenograft models occurred very rapidly, and was marked by extensive vascular recruitment with invasion into surrounding tissues. In addition, these transformed cells expressed typical mesothelioma markers such as Wilms tumor protein (WT1 gene product) as revealed by immunohistofluorescence. This new MPM model system could represent a powerful construct to explore the early molecular events involved in transformation of normal mesothelial cells leading to malignancy. Citation Format: Nathanael D. Pruett, Anand Singh, Nisan Bhattacharyya, Chuong D. Hoang. Oncogenesis modeling in malignant pleural mesothelioma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3118.
Chronic Daily Headache and Comorbid Disorders

Chronic daily headache is a group of disorders that are common and seen frequently in the healthcare setting. Along with the disability associated with frequent headaches, chronic daily headache has comorbid conditions that can increase disability and decrease life satisfaction. Understanding and managing these comorbid conditions are important, not only to improve the quality of care we provide to persons with chronic daily headache but to help reduce disability. This chapter will review common comorbidities seen with chronic daily headache such as mood disorders, musculoskeletal disease, head trauma, epilepsy, stroke, sleep disorders, asthma and allergies, thyroid dysfunction, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. We will also highlight potential reasons for the coexistence of these disorders.
Geometry Change in a Series of Zirconium Compounds during Lactide Ring-Opening Polymerization

A new series of zirconium compounds, (salfen)Zr(OtBu)2 (salfen = N,N′-bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenoxy)-1,1′-ferrocenediimine), (salfen)Zr(OiPr)2, and (salfen)Zr(OnPr)2, was synthesized and characterized, featuring a cis-β coordination geometry for the major isomer found in solution. An isomerization between the trans and cis-β coordination geometry was observed at ca. 100 °C in solution. This isomerization was also observed in the presence of l-lactide (LA) before its ring-opening polymerization could occur. The isolation of a (salfen)Zr(OnPr)2 lactide intermediate supports the change to the trans coordination geometry necessary before polymerization.
Telemedicine and psychiatry—a natural match

In the 1950s, physicians at the University of Nebraska used telemedicine to provide consultative services, support educational endeavors, and conduct training and research for their patients between the Nebraska Psychiatric Institute and Norfolk State Hospital in Nebraska (1). Two-way closed-circuit microwave television was incorporated to facilitate the dialog between these different sites. Cecil Wittson’s work in Nebraska pioneered the concept of telemedicine and psychiatry—simplified as telepsychiatry using closed circuit television (2). This approach, linking medical centers, was further developed and applied in Massachusetts (3) and in Arizona (4) in the 1960s and 1970s as well as a number of other telemedicine initiatives. It has continued to grow over the past 60 years from those initial activities to wide scale application (apps) on our mobile phones and a wide variety of Web-based video-teleconferencing tools.
Detection of culture-negative sepsis in clinical blood samples using a microfluidic assay for combined CD64 and CD69 cell capture.

Abstract Sepsis is a life-threatening disease that affects millions of people every year. Rapid detection of sepsis assists clinicians to initiate timely antibiotic therapy and to reduce mortality. At the same time, accurate point-of-care detection is needed to reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics. One of the principal challenges in sepsis diagnosis is that many sepsis cases do not result in positive blood cultures. These so-called culture-negative cases present a significant health threat. In this work, we present a microfluidic cells separation system for the detection of sepsis in both culture-positive and culture-negative cases. Leukocytes were captured in several affinity separation zones of a microchip based on CD64, CD69, and CD25 expression. To validate this assay 40 septic patients and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Septic patients were divided into culture-positive (n = 12) and culture-negative cases (n = 21). CD64 + cell capture demonstrated excellent accuracy for sepsis detection with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of 0.962. A combined panel of CD64 + and CD69 + cell counts was constructed, and the new panel outperformed each of these two biomarkers alone with the AUC of 0.978. Our affinity microfluidic devices were validated by conventional flow cytometry analysis. Results showed that the cell capture number of specific affinity region increased along with the increase of its corresponding antigen expression. This clinical validation confirms that CD64 and CD69 cell separations are a powerful sepsis assay with the potential for point-of-care analysis in culture-positive and culture-negative cases.
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas in Academic Advising through Core Values and Aspirational Principles

Academic advising has many goals and typically is assumed to operate in the best interests of students. However, the personal goals of advisers along with departmental and institutional priorities may compromise this focus, often without the awareness or certainly the intention of advisers. Scenarios demonstrating such ethical dilemmas are provided. Incorporating NACADA’s The Statement of Core Values of Academic Advising (2005) along with other ethics codes can help to clarify advisers’ roles. Several processes are provided to address these ethical dilemmas.
Deconstructing Mechanisms of Diet-Microbiome-Immune Interactions

Emerging evidence suggests that the effect of dietary intake on human health and disease is linked to both the immune system and the microbiota. Yet, we lack an integrated mechanistic model for how these three complex systems relate, limiting our ability to understand and treat chronic and infectious disease. Here, we review recent findings at the interface of microbiology, immunology, and nutrition, with an emphasis on experimentally tractable models and hypothesis-driven mechanistic work. We outline emerging mechanistic concepts and generalizable approaches to bridge the gap between microbial ecology and molecular mechanism. These set the stage for a new era of precision human nutrition informed by a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the diverse cell types in and on the human body.
Endarterectomy for Iliac Occlusive Disease during Kidney Transplantation: A Multicenter Experience.

Little is known about the surgical challenges and outcomes of kidney transplantation (KT) in the face of severe iliac occlusive disease (IOD). We aim to examine our institution's experience and outcomes compared with all KT patients. Retrospective review of our multi-institutional transplant database identified patients with IOD requiring vascular surgery involvement for iliac artery endarterectomy at time of KT from 2000 to 2018. Clinical data, imaging studies, and surgical outcomes of 22 consecutive patients were reviewed. Our primary end-point was allograft survival. Secondary end-points included mortality and perioperative complications. A total of 6,757 KT were performed at our three sites (Florida, Arizona, and Minnesota); there were 22 (0.32%) patients receiving a KT with concomitant IOD requiring iliac artery endarterectomy. Mean patient age was 61.45 ± 7 years. There were 13 (59.1%) male patients. The most common etiology of renal failure was diabetic nephropathy in 10 patients (45.5%) followed by a combination of hypertensive/diabetic nephropathy in five patients (22.7%), and hypertensive nephrosclerosis in three patients (13.6%). The majority (n = 16, 72.7%) of patients received renal allografts from deceased donors and six (27.3%) were recipients from living donors. Mean time from dialysis to transplantation was 2.9 ± 2.9 years. Mean follow-up was 3.5 ± 2.5 years. Mean length of hospital stay was 6.3 ± 4.3 days (range: 3–18 days). Graft loss within 90 days occurred in two (9.1%) patients, one due to renal vein thrombosis and another due to acute tubular necrosis. Overall allograft survival was 90.1% at 1-year and 86.4% at 3-year follow-up. Overall mortality occurred in 6 (27.3%) patients. Perioperative complications (Clavien-Dindo Grade 2–4) occurred in 13 (59.1%) patients, including 10 (45.5%) with acute blood loss anemia requiring transfusion, 2 (9.1%) reoperations for hematoma evacuation, 1 (4.5%) ischemic colitis requiring total abdominal colectomy, and 1 (4.5%) renal vein thrombosis requiring nephrectomy. IOD patients selected for KT are not common and although challenging, they have similar outcomes to our standard KT patients. The 1- and 3-year allograft survivals were 90.1 and 86.4% versus 96.0 and 90.3% in the general KT patient population. With these excellent outcomes, we recommend expanding the criteria for KT to include patients with IOD with prior vascular surgery consultation to prevent progression of IOD or prevention of wait list removal in select patients who are otherwise good candidates for KT.
Trauma–General Considerations

Injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. While the priorities for trauma evaluation and management are similar in children relative to adults, unique anatomic, physiologic and mechanistic differences in pediatric trauma should be considered.
Orbital schwannoma management: a case report, literature review, and potential paradigm shift.

Purpose: To present a case of orbital schwannoma and assess the literature on treatment modalities. Methods: A MEDLINE literature search for cases of orbital schwannomas was performed using the Pub...
Superdirective leaky radiation from a PT-synthetic metachannel

Spectral singularities appearing in parity-time (PT)-symmetric non-Hermitian optical systems have aroused a growing interest due to their new exhilarating applications, such as bifurcation effects at exceptional points and the coexistence of coherent perfect absorber and laser (so-called CPAL point). We introduce here how the concept of CPAL action provoked in PT-symmetric metasurfaces can be translated into practical implementation of a low-loss zero/low-index open channel supporting a nearly undamped fast-wave propagation. Such a PT-synthetic metachannel shows the capability to produce a high-directivity leaky radiation, with a tunable beam angle that depends on the gain-loss parameter. The proposed structure may enable new kinds of super-directivity antennas, as well as many applications that demand extreme dielectric properties, such as epsilon-near-zero (ENZ).
Felon-Welfare Ban Policies: The Hybridization of Race, Welfare, and Crime Policies in the Fifty States

Through the study of state adoption of felon welfare ban policies, this work tests the effects of racial diversity and symbolic racism on a state’s likelihood of changing to a lenient felon welfare ban policy. The findings reveal that both racial threat and symbolic racism are significant predictors of a state’s likelihood of changing to a lenient felon welfare ban policy. Increases in a state’s black incarceration rate make it less likely to change to a lenient felon welfare ban policy, whereas increases in a state’s racial tolerance make it more likely to change to a lenient felon welfare ban policy.
PFN-MARX pulsers for HPM testing application

This article deals with the development of fast compact systems applicable to the field of high power microwaves. Characteristics of a conventional Marx H.V. generator and two coaxial PFN-Marx pulser systems, operating up to 500 kV levels, are presented.
Regulatory Problems in Internationalizing Trading Markets

Regulatory problems arising from the internationalization of business activities tend to be complex. This appears to be particularly true for securities trading. Not only the national systems of securities regulation, but also the capital markets themselves are shaped by sometimes strikingly different needs, interests, traditions, and institutions. For this reason, a step-by-step analysis seems appropriate, even at the risk of repeating familiar aspects and well-known observations.
The Police State Myth

An obscure but often repeated assertion that is fashionable in antinuclear circles is that the use of nuclear energy would lead to a suppression of civil liberties in the U.S. The apparent relationship is that nuclear materials could be stolen, and nuclear systems sabotaged, and that in the minds of the accusers only a police state could effectively protect against these possibilities.
Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center

When Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center was first published in 1984, it was welcomed and praised by feminist thinkers who wanted a new vision. Even so, individual readers frequently found the theory "unsettling" or "provocative." Today, the blueprint for feminist movement presented in the book remains as provocative and relevant as ever. Written in hooks's characteristic direct style, Feminist Theory embodies the hope that feminists can find a common language to spread the word and create a mass, global feminist movement.
Association of immunohistochemical markers with premalignancy in Gonadal Dysgenesis.

Gonadal dysgenesis (GD) is associated with increased risk of gonadal malignancy. Determining a patient’s risk and appropriate timing of gonadectomy is challenging, but immunohistochemical markers (IHM) may help establish the diagnosis of malignant germ cell tumors (GCT). Our objective was to identify the prevalence of specific IHM expression in patients with GD and determine if the patterns of expression can help identify malignancy versus pre-malignancy state. We evaluated the published literature using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to provide recommendations on the predictive role of IHM in the detection of germ cell malignancy. The data for this retrospective study included karyotype, gonadal location, external masculinization score, age at time of gonadectomy or biopsy, microscopic description and diagnosis of gonadal tissue, and immunohistochemical staining, including octamer binding transcription factor (OCT) 3/4, placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), β-catenin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and stem cell factor receptor CD117 (c-KIT). Patients with complete or partial GD who had undergone gonadectomy or gonadal tissue biopsy were included. The study included 26 patients with GD, 3 of whom had evidence of GCT (11.5 %, gonadoblastoma, dysgerminoma): 2 had Swyer syndrome, 1 had 46,XY partial GD. One patient with XY partial GD had gonadoblastoma-like tissue. All 4 patients (15 %) had strong expressions of 4 tumor markers (OCT 3/4, PLAP, β-catenin, CD117), as did 5 other patients (19 %, ages 2–14 months) without GCT: 4 had XY GD, 1 had 46,XX GD. β-catenin was expressed in 96 % of patients in a cytoplasmic pattern, CD117 in 78 %, OCT 3/4 in 55 %, PLAP in 37 %, and AFP in 1 patient (4 %). Tumor marker expression was not specific for ruling out malignancy in patients <1 year. In patients older than 1 year, expression of all three markers (OCT 3/4, PLAP, CD117) may be instrumental in the decision-making process for gonadectomy, even in the absence of overt germ cell malignancy. Our literature review suggests that OCT 3/4 expression is most helpful in predicting risk of malignancy. Additional criteria are needed to stratify risk in patients younger than 1 year of age, as these markers are not reliable in that age group.
Television: Some viewer-display considerations

There has been much ambiguity and confusion on the subject of viewing distances. This was clearly pointed out in an article by Patrie (1966), "How Does It Look From Where You Sit?" published in the March 1966, issue of Audiovisual Instruction. Indeed, there has been little agreement among the experts as to what are the optimum and acceptable minimum and maximum distances for viewing film and television. For example, the University (Wisconsin) Facilities Research Center (1963) suggested 2W and 8W as the minimum and maximum viewing distances for film (where W = width of image) and 5W and 14W the minimum and maximum viewing distances for television viewing. Ash and Jaspen (1953), on the other hand, found a viewing distance of 12W not unsatisfactory for film viewing (rear screen). Wadsworth (1968) shared a position common to a number of other audiovisual specialists, recommending that 2W and 6W be the minimum and maximum viewing distance. Chapman (1960), on the other hand, recommended the 6W figure (maximum) for film and 12W (maximum) for television where legibility standards common to education are observed.
Recognizing and modeling variable drawdown due to evapotranspiration in a semiarid riparian zone considering local differences in vegetation and distance from a river source

[1] Riparian zones in semiarid regions often exhibit high rates of evapotranspiration (ET) in spite of low-soil moisture content due to the presence of phreatophytic vegetation that is able to withdraw water from shallow aquifers. This work seeks to better define the relationship between ET, the saturated zone and the river boundary by comparing observed water table drawdown records to analytically modeled drawdown in fully penetrating wells of an unconfined aquifer in response to daily ET flux. ET at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS), a riparian zone in a temperate, semiarid environment, is calculated using a radiation-based method to provide ET values at four different wells with different vegetation densities. Analytically modeled drawdown response to ET forcing shows that drawdown magnitude increases with increasing distance from the river edge even as the surficial ET forcing remains constant. This behavior is also observed in well hydrographs and shows the buffering effect that flow from the river has on drawdown in fully penetrating riparian wells in highly permeable, unconfined aquifers. Relative contributions of river water to aquifer storage are calculated for ET-induced diurnal fluctuations of the water table at increasing distances from the river boundary. Failure to account for these spatial differences in drawdown related to the river source may explain some errors associated with estimating ET from well hydrographs alone.
Graph-based semi-supervised learning as a generative model

This paper proposes and develops a new graph-based semi-supervised learning method. Different from previous graph-based methods that are based on discriminative models, our method is essentially a generative model in that the class conditional probabilities are estimated by graph propagation and the class priors are estimated by linear regression. Experimental results on various datasets show that the proposed method is superior to existing graph-based semi-supervised learning methods, especially when the labeled subset alone proves insufficient to estimate meaningful class priors.
Effects of Caloric and Noncaloric Materials in Fasting Hyperbilirubinemia

Fasting hyperbilirubinemia (FHB) has previously been shown to be rapidly reversed by the ingestion of a mixed diet. This study examines the effect of carbohydrate, fat, amino acids, and noncaloric materials on FHB. After an initial fast of 15 to 39 hr, caloric and noncaloric materials were administered by mouth or vein to 13 subjects, and the total serum bilirubin (TSB) was determined frequently for 4.5 hr. Only oral glucose reversed FHB; the TSB did not change significantly from control studies after oral saline, mannitol, amino acids, and fat. In contrast, intravenous infusion of glucose resulted in a significant increase in TSB which could not be explained by osmotic or intravascular volume changes, and was nonspecific, since similar effects resulted from infusions of mannitol and amino acids. The results of this study demonstrate that oral glucose reverses FHB, and that under the conditions of these experiments other nutrients and noncaloric materials are ineffective. In contrast, intravenous glucose, mannitol, and amino acids increase the TSB by unknown mechanisms.
Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function from the pattern of left ventricular filling

The pattern of left ventricular (LV) filling can be determined by Doppler echocardiography. Normally most LV filling occurs early in diastole, with some additional filling occurring during atrial systole, late in diastole. In the absence of mitral stenosis, three patterns of LV filling indicate progressively greater diastolic dysfunction: (1) Reduced early diastolic filling with a compensatory increase in importance of atrial filling, termed a pattern of "impaired relaxation;" (2) "pseudo-normalization" with most filling early in diastole but with rapid deceleration of mitral flow; and (3) "restricted filling" with almost all filling of the LV occurring very early in diastole in association with very rapid deceleration of mitral flow. A large, prolonged atrial regurgitant flow in the pulmonary veins also indicates impaired diastolic performance. The time for early filling deceleration is predominantly determined by LV stiffness: the shorter the deceleration time, the stiffer the LV. Patients with short deceleration time have a poor prognosis.
Oxidant-mediated biochemical effects of paraquat in the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa

The role of reduction/oxidation cycling in the toxic effects of the bipyridyl herbicide paraquat was examined in the hepatopancreas of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa. In vitro studies indicated a dose-dependent increase in the rate of superoxide anion (O2−) generation, as measured by the reduction of cytochrome c, in the microsomal fraction of the hepatopancreas. The highest concentration of paraquat employed (4 mM) elicited an 81% increase in O2− production above controls, which was inhibited by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD). For in vivo studies, a single application of paraquat (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mM) was added to aerated salt-water aquaria containing mussels. Biochemical analyses of antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation were performed in hepatopancreatic tissue of mussels after exposures of 6, 12, 24, and 36 h. Catalase activities were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups above controls at 6 h, in the 0.5 and 1.0 mM treatment groups at 12 h, and in the 0.5 mM group at 36 h. Total SOD activities were nearly doubled from controls in each treatment group at 12 h. However, SOD activities in exposed mussels were generally similar to or below controls at other times. GSH concentrations were generally higher in exposed mussels than in controls at all exposure periods. Lipid peroxidation in most treatment groups was significantly higher than in controls at 6, 12, and 24 h. The results support the hypotheses that these bivalves can activate redox cycling compounds and demonstrate in vivo responses typical of oxidative stress as observed in other organisms.
Effects of a Skills Training Intervention With Juvenile Delinquents

A test was conducted of a cognitive-behavioral skills training program with 141 incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental skills training or normal insti...
ANCA-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with minocycline therapy

Minocycline is an oral antibiotic widely used for the long-term treatment of acne and rheumatoid arthritis. A few patients develop antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) during minocycline therapy. In this report, the authors describe a case of severe pauci-immune crescentic and necrotizing glomerulonephritis associated with positive cytoplasmic ANCA (C-ANCA) titers and proteinase 3 (PR3) levels after minocycline therapy. Discontinuation of minocycline and initiation of immunosuppressive treatment resulted in improvement of renal function and decline in C-ANCA titers and PR3 levels. A high degree of suspicion, testing for ANCA titers, prompt discontinuation of the drug, and initiation of immunosuppressive treatment are crucial to the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis.
Synthesis of dithymidine boranophosphates via stereospecific boronation of H-phosphonate diesters and assignment of their configuration

Abstract The absolute configurations of the two dithymidine boranophosphate isomers were established by chemical correlation with the H-phosphonate isomers. All chemical transformation leading from H-phosphonate diesters to boranophosphate diesters were found to be stereospecific with retention of configuration around phosphorus. The data verify our previous assignment of Rp and Sp isomers of dithymidine boranophosphate made on the basis of NMR and enzymatic hydrolysis.
Use of a coordinate transformation in the incremental phase plane

A coordinate transformation in the incremental phase plane is introduced which facilitates the design of sampled-data control systems in which there is a simple non-linearity. Use of these coordinates permits the slope of a boundary specified by the nonlinearity to be directly related to a simple gain term in the transformed system. A realizable form of compensation is shown to evolve in terms of the system variables. By using the transformed coordinates, it is possible to identify intersample oscillations which are undetectable in the original coordinate system. Examples are presented to illustrate the method.
Utilization of Mayflies and Caddis Flies by Some Mississippi River Fishes

Abstract At sampling stations in the Mississippi River near Keokuk, Iowa, during 1958 mayfly naiads, Hexagenia spp., comprised over 50 percent by volume of the food of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), mooneyes (Hiodon tergisus), goldeyes (Hiodon alosoides), and white bass (Roccus chrysops), and over 40 percent of the food of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) and white crappies (Pomoxis annularis). These naiads were also eaten by shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus). Larval caddis flies, Potamyia flava, comprised over 60 percent of the food of the shovelnose sturgeon and between 10 and 20 percent of the food of mooneyes, goldeyes, and white crappies. The Hexagenia naiads found in the stomachs are the same kinds that ordinarily create a problem in the river communities but the nuisance species of caddis flies (Cheumatopsyche campyla and Hydropsyche orris) are not usually significant in the diets of the fish studied.
Evaluation of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (AAP and AHA) as an Educational Tool for Healthcare Providers of Syrian Arab Republic

Evaluation of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (AAP and AHA) as an Educational Tool for Healthcare Providers of Syrian Arab Republic
Tocqueville, Jansenism, and the Psychology of Freedom

In American political discourse, freedom is often spoken of in terms of its inherent rationality or divine origins and is conceptualized as nothing more than a set of concrete institutions coupled with individual rights. By way ofTocqueville'sDemocracy in America,I will attempt to broaden our political vocabulary by constructing a psychology of freedom. According to Tocqueville, the American consciousness is largely a product of two conflicting tendencies: Cartesian rationality and Pascalian existential angst. Out of the tensions created by the interplay of these two elements Tocqueville demonstrates that the motivations to sustain freedom, as well as the institutions and practices crucial for the maintenance of it, result from a complex psychological mixture of self-interest, vanity, and a desire for solitude.
The role of the telephone in economic development

Abstract The author investigates the telephone's role as a contributory agent in economic development. Cross-sectional time series data for 60 nations over 13 years were used to determine how the telephone might make its contribution to economic development. Path analysis and cross-lagged correlation techniques indicate that the telephone does contribute to economic development. This contribution appears to come from the telephone's support of the organization of economic activity.
Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of adrenocorticotrophin-like activity in rat cerebellar and red nuclei.

Abstract An antiserum raised to synthetic adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) was bound to large neurons of the cerebellar nuclei in rat. In these neurons, the matrix microtubules of the cell bodies and dendritic processes were ACTH-positive. In the axon terminals, 40 nm diameter clear synaptic vesicles were stained in both the deep cerebellar nuclei and red nucleus. Following transection of the superior cerebellar peduncle, ACTH-labeled terminals disappeared in the red nucleus, suggesting that the ACTH-labeled neurons were projection neurons of the cerebellar nuclei.
Differential regulation and properties of angiopoietin-like proteins 3 and 4

Angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 4 (Angptl3 and Angptl4) are two members of the angiopoietin-like family of proteins. These two closely related proteins have been reported to similarly affect lipid metabolism through their capacity to inhibit lipoprotein lipase. We undertook a series of studies to compare the structure, function, and regulation of Angptl3 and Angptl4. Previously, we reported that Angptl4 exists as variable-sized oligomers that contain intermolecular disulfide bonds. We now have evidence that although there are no intermolecular disulfide bonds evident in Angptl3, higher molecular weight forms do exist. In addition, Angptl4 exhibits a widespread distribution of tissue expression, while Angptl3 is exclusively expressed in the liver. Treatments with various ligands of nuclear receptors reveal that Angptl3 is a target gene of liver X receptor, while Angptl4 expression is activated by ligands of all peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Expression of Angptl4 in adipose tissue and liver is induced by fasting, while Angptl3 expression is not appreciably affected by nutritional status. We suggest that the differential regulation of Angptl3 and Angptl4 by sites of expression, nutritional status, and ligands of nuclear receptors may confer unique roles of each in lipoprotein metabolism.
Northern Galápagos Province: Hotspot-induced, near-ridge volcanism at Genovesa Island

Genovesa Island is a small volcano located between the Galapagos hotspot and the Galapagos spreading center. Several observations suggest that Genovesa may not have originated as a direct product of the Galapagos plume, but instead by anomalous activation of the upper mantle by the plume. Genovesa's lavas exhibit remarkably homogeneous, depleted compositions with no detectable plume contribution; the volcano's trace element contents indicate a deeper origin than either pristine spreading center lavas or most lavas from the Galapagos Archipelago. Genovesa is virtually indistinguishable from the Lamont Seamounts (near the East Pacific Rise) in composition, volume, height, and distance from the ridge; and Genovesa formed close to its current near-ridge location, more recently than previously assumed (age younger than 350 ka). Numerous similar volcanoes populate the northern perimeter of the Galapagos Archipelago. We propose that the northern volcanic province is the result of the serendipitous combination of excess temperatures, weak lithosphere, and regional stresses from interaction between the plume and the ridge, yielding volcanism where none would be observed otherwise. The Galapagos system may define an eruptive process at hotspots, distinct from the Hawaiian model, in which plume-related volcanism can be regionally diffuse, coeval, and compositionally variable. Such a mechanism has profound implications for our understanding of plume-ridge interactions, as well as for island ages and adaptive radiation in the Galapagos.
Accelerating simulation of metastable decay.

We present a new adaptation of umbrella sampling technique in studying nucleation, allowing for a large free energy barrier to be overcome within a time scale accessible to simulation. The method requires a set of order parameters that can distinguish a metastable state and a more stable state toward which the system relaxes, but does not demand that the order parameters be adequate for describing the process around the top of the free energy barrier. To illustrate its effectiveness, the method was implemented using Monte Carlo simulation and was applied to study bubble nucleation in single component truncated and shifted Lennard-Jones fluids. Under the conditions studied, the rate of nucleation, measured in Monte Carlo cycle, was enhanced by a factor ranging from 102 to 107. The simulation also yields various thermodynamic and structural information on the system during nucleation.
Correlates of Supranormal (ejection fraction ≥85%) left ventricular performance

Abstract The quantitative and noninvasive assessment of left ventricular (LV) performance using radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) has been widely applied to the evaluation of suspected heart disease. 1 Although much attention has been focused on the importance of depressed LV performance assessed by RVG, the significance of supranormal LV function detected during RVG examination has not been studied. We therefore reviewed our experience with resting supranormal LV performance detected in patients during routine clinical evaluation and compared the clinical features of this group with a randomly selected group of patients with normal resting LV function.
Focused Ultrasound Surgery of the Brain

Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging guided focused ultrasound surgery (tcMRIgFUS) has recently taken root as a novel, noninvasive alternative to traditional neurosurgery. The ability to treat a variety of neurological diseases by precisely focusing ultrasound energy to a desired target deep inside the brain while leaving collateral structures unaltered is certainly attractive. Ongoing preclinical and phase I clinical nonrandomized studies have demonstrated that ultrasound energy can be focused through the intact skull, without overheating it, that the treatment location can be visualized, and that induced temperature changes can be monitored in nearly real time. Varying the ultrasound parameters not only allows ablation of pathological tissue, such as brain tumors and metastases, or silencing of dysfunctional neuronal circuits, but also opens up the blood–brain barrier for targeted drug delivery and modulation of neural function. Here, key developments, the current status, and the potential of tcMRIgFUS for neurological applications are presented, and important issues for ongoing research are delineated.
Local peace and the South African transition

From the time of Nelson Mandela's dramatic release from prison in 1990 until the 1994 elections, South Africa suffered tremendous community violence from politicized ethnic conflict. The protagonis...
Competitive and cost effective copper/low-k interconnect (BEOL) for 28nm CMOS technologies

A cost effective 28nm CMOS Interconnect technology is presented for 28nm node high performance and low power applications. Full entitlement of ultra low-k (ULK) inter-level dielectric is enabled. Copper wiring levels can be combined up to a total of 11 levels. The inter-level dielectric was optimized for low k-value and high strength. The feature profiles were optimized to enable defect-free metallization using conventional tools and processes. High yields and robust reliability were demonstrated.
Satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation, surface temperature and sea ice concentration off the coast of Adélie-Land, Eastern Antarctica

Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) as seen from satellite (NOAA-series), and sea ice concentration in Mer Dumont d'Urville, Eastern Antarctica were analyzed. For the time period 1974–1990 available radiative flux data showed a slight increase of 1.8 W/m2 or 1% for the period. If thistrend should continue — trends over a 16-year period in any geophysical data is a rather questionable concept in isolation — a 4°C warming would be observed from space for this polar region over a century. The observed increase is, however, in agreement with Dumont d'Urville, the only ground station within the study area, which displayed a similar temperature increase (Periard and Pettre, 1991). Further it is in agreement with the general temperature increase which has been observed for the high southern latitudes (Boden et al., 1990). In addition, models of climatic change due to increased CO2 and other trace gases predict for polar regions values of similar size.
Suppression of the melanogenic potential of migrating neural crest-derived cells by the branchial arches.

The development of melanocytes from neural crest-derived precursors that migrate along the dorsolateral pathway has been attributed to the selection of this route by cells that are fate-restricted to the melanocyte lineage. Alternatively, melanocytes could arise from nonspecified cells that develop in response to signals encountered while these cells migrate, or at their final destinations. In most animals, the bowel, which is colonized by crest-derived cells that migrate through the caudal branchial arches, contains no melanocytes; however, the enteric microenvironment does not prevent melanocytes from developing from crest-derived precursors placed experimentally into the bowel wall. To test the hypothesis that the branchial arches remove the melanogenic potential from the crest-derived population that colonizes the gut, the Silky fowl (in which the viscera are pigmented) was studied. Sources of crest included Silky fowl and quail vagal and truncal neural folds/tubes, which were cultured or explanted to chorioallantoic membranes alone or together with branchial arches or limb buds from Silky fowl, White Leghorn, or quail embryos. Crest and mesenchyme-derived cells were distinguished by using the quail nuclear marker. Melanocytes developed from Silky fowl and quail crest-derived cells. Melanocyte development from both sources was inhibited by quail and White Leghorn branchial arches (and limb buds), but melanocyte development was unaffected by branchial arch (and limb buds) from Silky fowl. These observations suggest that a factor(s) that is normally expressed in the branchial arches, and is lacking in animals with the Silky mutation, prevents cells with a melanogenic potential from colonizing the bowel.
Cloning, sequencing and analysis of the ggh-A gene encoding a 1,4-beta-D-glucan glucohydrolase from Microbispora bispora.

Abstract The ggh-A gene, encoding a 1,4-β- d -glucan glucohydrolase/β-glucosidase, of Microbispora bispora (Mb) was subcloned and expressed from a 4.0-kb XhoI DNA fragment. The nucleotide sequence of this fragment was determined. Analysis of the sequence revealed one open reading frame (ORF) which encodes a 986-amino-acid (aa) protein with a calculated molecular weight of 107 510. The ggh-A ORF has features typical of an actinomycete gene including high GC content (70.5%) and corresponding biased codon usage. Comparison of the aa sequence of the Mb 1,4-β- d -glucan glucohydrolase (Mbggh-A) with other glycosidases reveals high overall homology to several β-glucosidases and a 1,4-β- d -glucan glucohydrolase belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 3. The aa sequence alignments of Mbggh-A and β-glucosidases show that the active site region potentially involves two Asp residues. The aa sequence homology studies revealed a potential two-domain structure for Mbggh-A and other β-glucosidases. Furthermore, Mbggh-A has localized homology to a cellulose-binding domain present in some xylanases. This report is significant, as, to date, 1,4-β- d -glucan glucohydrolases have rarely been reported, though they are assumed to have a critical role in cellulolysis.
Scientific terminology and context: How broad or narrow are our meanings?

The valuable insights of Slisko and Dykstra (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 34, 655–660, 1997) enhance discussions concerning the use of scientific terminology in classrooms and conceptions studies. Their insights encouraged self-reflection on prior definitions in this journal (Pushkin, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 33, 223–224, 1996). Definitions intended to address specific terms with more clarity and precision, in retrospect, illustrate the potential difficulties specific terms create for educators and learner alike. Refined definitions will reflect a broader context. The term pseudoconception (Pushkin, 1996) is addressed in more detail. Conceptions studies may focus on learners' incorrect understandings; pseudoconceptions focus on correct understandings. Pseudoconceptions reflect the context of understanding; sensitivity is needed to the broadness or narrowness of that context. We sometimes perceive that education theory, physics, and chemistry are incompatible. All equally unique and important, none is completely independent from the others. Providing meaningful learning opportunities, science educators should see relevance in each; definitions of scientific terminology can reflect this. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 34: 661–668, 1997.
Statistical power analysis for multiple regression/correlation: a computer program

A micro-computer program has been developed which enables researchers to compute statistical power for analyses performed by multiple regression/correlation (MRC). The program's structure mirrors the logical application of MRC as a data analytic system, to wit: It allows the user to group variables into sets which will be employed as predictors; it allows the user to determine power for the cumulative impact of any set(s) of variables, and also for the unique impact of any set over and above other sets. The program features a spreadsheet-like interface; the user enters the number of variables included in each set, the proportion of variance hypothesized to be explained by that set, the sample size, alpha, and whether Model I error or Model 2 error will be used in the analyses. The program then reports the effect size (f) and the value of power corresponding to these parameters.
Triplo-X hermaphrodite of Caenorhabditis elegans: pachytene karyotype analysis, synaptonemal complexes, and pairing mechanisms

Pairing of the three X chromosomes in the triplo-X strain of Caenorhabditis elegans occurs at pachytene in a two-by-two fashion such that one bivalent and one univalent are formed. The XX bivalent pairs synchronously with the autosomes and the univalent X remains in a similar chromatic state as the rest of the chromosomal complement. Normal tripartite synaptonemal complexes (SC) are formed between all bivalents. The univalent X lacks a SC and an axial core is not observed. The condensation of the univalent X in the triplo-X is different than in the male where the univalent X is heterochromatic. This real difference in condensation states of the chromatin may explain the fact that the univalent X is maintained in the male line yet it is easily lost in the triplo-X strain.
The alignment of serial sections by spatial filtering.

Abstract Studies of neural structure are limited by the difficulty of finding continuations of structures which extend beyond a single histological section. A method is presented which achieves the alignment of serial sections by using features appearing at the adjacent surfaces. The method should be applicable both in light and electron microscopy. We have applied and tested the method with 100-μm sections of cortical tissue stained by the rapid Golgi method. Here the measured features are constellations of points, the crossings of fibers through the plane of the cut. The first step requires a rough alignment using easily recognizable gross structures. In this way corresponding areas are determined. The precise alignment and identification of matching fibers is achieved by the method of matched filtering described by Vander Lugt. An example is presented and the significance of each stage in the alignment process is discussed.
Technology, cognition, and the academic librarian: a conference report

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the Academic Librarians 2010 conference which took place in Ithaca on June 7‐8, 2010.Design/methodology/approach – The paper summarizes important points made by the presenters at the Academic Librarians 2010 conference.Findings – The NY 3R's Association and the Academic & Special Libraries Section of the New York Library Association organized a useful conference full of information about new technologies and how they can be used in libraries. These technologies can help academic librarians reach twenty‐first century learners.Originality/value – Librarians must utilize new and upcoming technologies in order to reach twenty‐first century learners. They will be interested in what the presenters discussed, and in the resources each of them mentioned.