cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“What is a Teacher Without Stories?” Teaching With Cross-Media Stories to Deepen Professional Ethos

In Part 1, we first ask, what does easy access via new technology in classrooms mean for “twice- told stories”, that is, stories about the social world that shift from one content platform –say a book (digital or print, even audible)—to another content platform –a screen (film, digital) adaptation? We then ask: How do we choose stories about social relations in the world to use to educate our students. More specifically how can cross-media story telling promote students’ human potential when the stories are viewed using three epistemic lenses; that is, across three foundational ways of knowing and valuing: academic, ethical, and aesthetic? In Part 2, we ask: What are the stories we, as educators, can use with each other to educate ourselves about the importance of humanistic story telling for both the social life of the classroom and the connection between our students and ourselves.
QuGAN: A Quantum State Fidelity based Generative Adversarial Network

Tremendous progress has been witnessed in artificial intelligence where neural network backed deep learning systems have been used, with applications in almost every domain. As a representative deep learning framework, Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) has been widely used for generating artificial images, text-to-image or image augmentation across areas of science, arts and video games. However, GANs are computationally expensive, sometimes computationally prohibitive. Furthermore, training GANs may suffer from convergence failure and modal collapse. Aiming at the acceleration of use cases for practical quantum computers, we propose QuGAN, a quantum GAN architecture that provides stable convergence, quantum-states based gradients and significantly reduced parameter sets. The QuGAN architecture runs both the discriminator and the generator purely on quantum state fidelity and utilizes the swap test on qubits to calculate the values of quantum-based loss functions. Built on quantum layers, QuGAN achieves similar performance with a 94.98% reduction on the parameter set when compared to classical GANs. With the same number of parameters, additionally, QuGAN outperforms state-of-the-art quantum based GANs in the literature providing a 48.33% improvement in system performance compared to others attaining less than 0.5% in terms of similarity between generated distributions and original data sets. QuGAN code is released at https://github.com/yingmao/Quantum-Generative-Adversarial-Network
Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c.1935-1972

Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival shows how, in the era of African political independence, cosmopolitan Christian converts struggled with East Africa's patriots over the definition of culture and community. The book traces the history of the East African Revival, an evangelical movement that spread through much of eastern and central Africa. Its converts offered a subversive reading of culture, disavowing their compatriots and disregarding their obligations to kin. They earned the ire of East Africa's patriots, who worked to root people in place as inheritors of ancestral wisdom. This book casts religious conversion in a new light: not as an inward reorientation of belief, but as a political action that opened up novel paths of self-narration and unsettled the inventions of tradition.
A Versatile Low-Temperature Probe for Application to Cryosurgery

Successful application of low-temperature technology to medicine has resulted in the new and expanding field of cryosurgery. The impetus for much of the activity in this field was supplied by Cooper’s use of an insulated, nitrogen-cooled probe to produce carefully controlled brain lesions in patients with Parkinson’s disease [1–4]. Similar cryosurgical devices have since been used in eye surgery to repair retinal detachments, to extract the lens from the eye in cataract cases [5], and to destroy the pituitary gland in cases of advanced breast cancer [6]. The work presented here is part of an interdisciplinary effort using a cryosurgical technique to study the effects of low temperatures on the physiology of the inner ear. The primary aim is to evaluate cryosurgery as a technique for selectively destroying the defective balance mechanism (semicircular canals) associated with Meniere’s disease. Before performing the physiological experiments it was necessary to develop a cryosurgical probe small enough to be applied to the structures of the inner ear.
Rational Chebyshev approximation for the Fermi-Dirac integral

Abstract The solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger-Poisson system of equations for one-dimensional states in a quantum structure (e.g. quantum wire) requires an efficient evaluation of the Fermi-Dirac integral at each iteration step if a Newton approach is used. A computationally efficient rational Chebyshev approximation is given here for the complete Fermi-Dirac integral of order −3 2 , which limits the maximum relative error well below 10 −13 . Accurate approximations of different order Fermi-Dirac integrals are achievable with the same algorithm.
Investigation of the Component Reactions of Oxidative Sterol Demethylation PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF A MICROSOMAL STEROL 4 α-CARBOXYLIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE

Abstract Microsomal enzymes of rat liver catalyze the mixed function oxidation of 4α-methyl sterols into the corresponding 4α-carboxylic acids. The 4α-carboxylic acids are further metabolized to carbon dioxide and 3-ketosteroid; the decarboxylation occurs under anaerobic conditions, and NAD+ is required. Partial purification of a NAD+-dependent microsomal enzyme that catalyzes decarboxylation of 4α-carboxylic acids has now been accomplished. Solubilization has been achieved with sodium deoxycholate, and the solubilized enzyme has been purified free of other enzymes of methyl sterol demethylase by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50. The partially purified enzyme catalyzes decarboxylation of 3β-hydroxy-4β-methyl-5α-cholest-7-en-4α-oic acid; approximately equal amounts of CO2 and 4α-methyl-5α-cholest-7-en-3-one are formed. With the 4β-methyl-4α-carboxylic acid substrate, the enzyme exhibits a Km of 7 µm and a Vmax of 94.5 nmoles per min per mg of protein. The enzyme is selective for NAD+; with NADP+ the rate is about 5% of the net rate observed with NAD+. The pH optimum is 9.0; the enzyme is completely inactive in acidic media. Removal of bound phospholipid by treatment with either phospholipase A or C results in no loss of enzymic activity. The enzyme is not inhibited significantly by either EDTA (up to 10 mm), CN-, Fe++, GSH, Mg++, pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione, isocitrate, or β-hydroxybutyrate. Zn++, on the other hand, inhibits at concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 mm. Anaerobic conditions result in a 20 to 25% decrease in reaction rate. Under anaerobic conditions, addition of various electron acceptors, e.g. cytochrome c, methylene blue, or K3Fe(CN)6, did not fully restore activity.
A Minimal IFN-γ Promoter Confers Th1 Selective Expression

Th1 and Th2 cells differentiate from naive precursors to effector cells that produce either IFN-gamma or IL-4, respectively. To identify transcriptional paths leading to activation and silencing of the IFN-gamma gene, we analyzed transgenic mice that express a reporter gene under the control of the 5' IFN-gamma promoter. We found that as the length of the promoter is increased, -110 to -225 to -565 bp, the activity of the promoter undergoes a transition from Th1 nonselective to Th1 selective. This is due, at least in part, to a T box expressed in T cells-responsive unit within the -565 to -410 region of the IFN-gamma promoter. The -225 promoter is silent when compared with the -110 promoter and silencing correlates with Yin Yang 1 binding to the promoter. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which also regulates IFN-gamma gene transcription, regulates the -70- to -44-bp promoter element. Together, the results demonstrate that a minimal IFN-gamma promoter contains a T box expressed in T cells responsive unit and is sufficient to confer Th1 selective expression upon a reporter.
Interpretation Makes It Real: Disability and Subjectivity in Three Women Artists' Biopics

In her (2005) added commentary to the re-released biopic An Angel at My Table (1990), director Jane Campion agrees with the subject of her film, New Zealand-born author Janet Frame (1924-2004), that "almost everything we do is imagined; it's only your interpretation that makes it real." Campion's subjective biopic was among the first to experiment with cinematic technique in order to convey the lived experience of disability, a category that now includes Richard Eyre's Iris (2001) and Steven Shainberg's Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus (2006). All share a similar tendency to blend subjectivity, memory, and disability through the eyes of their film's respective protagonists. This essay explores the ways in which these films adapted from autobiography, biography, and memoir use cinematic technique to suggest that while subjectivity is plural and fluid, it must nonetheless ultimately contest a delimiting matrix of social oppression. Key Words: disability, subjectivity, women, artists, biopics, film, adaptations, difference, impairment, aesthetics, biography, memory, gender, Bergson, Deleuze, Grosz
Clarifying the role of fire in the deciduous forests of eastern North America: reply to Matlack.

Fire is an important disturbance in ecosystems across the eastern deciduous forests of North America (Brose et al. 2014). Matlack (2013) provided an interpretation of historical and contemporary fire in this region. Although we applaud Matlack for correcting simplistic assumptions that fire was ubiquitous and all plant communities need to burn regularly to maintain biodiversity, we believe his interpretation of the role of fire is erroneous on several counts. Most problematic is his statement “ . . . it seems prudent to limit the use of prescribed burning east of the prairie-woodland transition zone.” Adherence to this overgeneralized advice would inevitably result in losses of native diversity across the eastern deciduous forest.
The Concept of Constituency: Political Representation, Democratic Legitimacy, and Institutional Design

Part I. The Concept of Constituency and Legitimate Political Representation: 1. Introduction: constituency, legitimacy, and political representation 2. The concept of constituency Part II. On the Silence of the Land: Territorial Constituencies in American History: 3. Justifications and the use of history 4. The English and Colonial origins of territorial constituencies in the United States 5. Territorial districts at the American Founding 6. Territorial representation as an enabler of democratic values Part III. Standards and Reform: 7. Territory reconsidered 8. On legitimate representation and a default position: permanent, involuntary, heterogeneous constituencies 9. The random constituency Epilogue: the random constituency 50 years from now.
On Extraction from NPs

This paper sheds new light on the conditions governingextraction from NPs. A close examination ofwh-extraction out of object NPs reveals thatpreviously unnoticed semantic factors play a greater role than has beenrecognized. In particular, we find that NPs lacking`participant' structure do not permit wh-extraction at all, and that certain NPs permit extraction even when theyare definite. At the same time, the prohibition onwh-extraction from subject NPs is shown to be a purely syntacticphenomenon which arises from the particular way in which the Extended Projection Principle is satisfied in English.
Two-dimensional four-parallelogram filter banks

The most commonly used two-dimensional filter banks are separable filter banks, which are obtained by cascading two one-dimensional (1D) filter banks in the form of a tree. The supports of the analysis and synthesis filters in the separable systems are the union of four rectangles. The natural nonseparable generalization of of such supports are the supports that are the union of four parallelograms. In this paper, we study the class of filter banks in which the supports of the analysis and synthesis filters are four parallelograms. We study various types of support configurations for the four-parallelogram filter banks. Conditions on the configurations are derived such that good design of analysis and synthesis filters are possible.
Calcium wave fronts that cross gap junctions may signal neuronal death during development.

Embryonic anterior pagoda (AP) neurons in the leech interact with their segmental homologs in adjacent ganglia through transient axons that overlap during a critical period of development and then retract. However, when an AP neuron is ablated mechanically or by irradiation during this period, an adjacent homolog responds by reinitiating growth of its overlapped axon and thereby taking over vacated territory (Gao and Macagno, 1987b; Gao, 1989). The death of an AP cell is therefore communicated to its homolog, but the mechanism underlying this signaling is presently unknown. Since it was recently found that AP homologs are electrically and dye coupled through their transient axons (Wolszon et al., 1994), we investigated the possibility that gap junctions may mediate the cell death signal that could occur between developing neurons. Among several candidate intercellular signals, we began by studying calcium dynamics in embryonic AP cells, in situ, since calcium is known to cross gap junctions and is implicated in cell death in many systems. We found that elements that usually increase [Ca2+]i in adult neurons, such as releasable internal stores or voltage- dependent calcium channels, were not present at the critical period. Instead, mechanisms that reduce free calcium, such as buffering and pumping, were the most robust. When a large, focal calcium rise was produced in an AP axon by making a lesion with a UV microbeam (leading to eventual death of these neurons), calcium did not rise quickly throughout the cell, but rather moved in a slow (0.05–0.25 micron/sec) wave front away from the lesion site, into other processes of the damaged cell. Furthermore, when a calcium wave front reached the growth cone of a transient axon, it crossed at the gap junctions into the coupled axon of the neighboring AP neuron, but went no further. Since it is known that an AP responds to a neighbor's death by reinitiating growth only in that axon that contacts the dying cell (Gao and Macagno, 1987b; Gao, 1989), these observations are consistent with calcium playing a role in the signaling of cell death to homologs that are coupled to a dying cell.
Micron-scale deep hole drilling for beryllium capsule fill applications

A laser processing system has been developed to drill high aspect ratio holes through the impermeable beryllium capsules envisioned for ignition shots on NIF. The drilling system was designed to produce holes with an entrance and exit diameter of approximately 5 {micro}m through the full 175 {micro}m thickness of the capsule. To meet these requirements, a frequency doubled femtosecond-class Ti:Sapphire laser is directed through a high numerical aperture lens to provide the spot geometry needed to drill the hole. The laser pulse is confined by the metallic walls of the hole, thereby maintaining the diameter of the channel well beyond the Rayleigh range of the optical system. Presented is the current state of this work-in-progress, including descriptions of the device and the technique used to produce the holes. The various means of characterizing the laser-drilled channels are also discussed.
SMOKING AND CERVICAL CANCER—CURRENT STATUS: A REVIEW

This paper focuses on 15 epidemiological studies of cervical cancer and smoking and reviews important studies of multiple primary cancers which bear on the biologic plausibility of an association between cervical cancer and smoking. 4 of the 15 epidemiologic studies do not provide substantial evidence to refute the hypothesis that smoking and cervical cancer are associated. Of the 11 epidemiologic studies showing an association 9 were designed to test the smoking-cervical cancer hypothesis. Additional studies have examined the question of biologic plausibility and have provided substantial supporting evidence. The possibility that the association is due to confounding by an unknown factor has been investigated and found to be quite improbable. Therefore the evidence would seem to support the conclusion that the association between cigarette smoking and cervical cancer is causal and that a chemical carcinogen contained in tobacco smoke is responsible for a substantial proportion of the incidence of this disease. However this conclusion does not depreciate the importance of the established association between numbers of sexual partners and risk of cervical cancer interpreted as evidence for an infectious etiologic agent. Future epidemiologic study on cervical cancer should include appropriate biochemical and virologic components in the investigations.
Spatial memory enhances the precision of angular self-motion updating.

Humans are typically able to keep track of brief changes in their head and body orientation, even when visual and auditory cues are temporarily unavailable. Determining the magnitude of one’s displacement from a known location is one form of self-motion updating. Most research on self-motion updating during body rotations has focused on the role of a restricted set of sensory signals (primarily vestibular) available during self-motion. However, humans can and do internally represent spatial aspects of the environment, and little is known about how remembered spatial frameworks may impact angular self-motion updating. Here, we describe an experiment addressing this issue. Participants estimated the magnitude of passive, non-visual body rotations (40°–130°), using non-visual manual pointing. Prior to each rotation, participants were either allowed full vision of the testing environment, or remained blindfolded. Within-subject response precision was dramatically enhanced when the body rotations were preceded by a visual preview of the surrounding environment; constant (signed) and absolute (unsigned) error were much less affected. These results are informative for future perceptual, cognitive, and neuropsychological studies, and demonstrate the powerful role of stored spatial representations for improving the precision of angular self-motion updating.
The evolution of the Scotia Arc as a Key to the reconstruction of southwestern Gondwanaland

Abstract A new model for the evolution of the Scotia Arc is presented. During the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, contemporaneous with the initial separation of eastern and western Gondwanaland, a volcanic arc founded on continental crust broke away from the “south-western” margin of the supercontinent, allowing the intrusion of mafic magma directly behind the active arc (back-arc spreading). This led to the development of the mafic crust of an ensialic marginal basin. This basin extended from southern South America where ophiolites representing the relics of the uplifted floor of the basin have been recognized along the Andean Cordillera as far north as 51°S, through the central part of the Scotia Sea, which is shown to have a geophysical characteristics comparable to some of the western Pacific marginal basins, and probably southward into the Weddel Sea. The Falkland (Malvinas) Trough may represent the first manifestation of the back-arc extension. The Antarctic Peninsula, the southernmost, bathymetrically elevated, portion of the central Scotia Sea, and the Patagonian batholith along the Pacific margin of South America, represent the frontal volcanic arc. The eastern and western parts of the Scotia Sea floor were generated during the Cenozoic as South America and Antarctic separated from Africa and by differential motion of the South American and Antarctic plates. The model, together with new geologic data, leads to a new reconstruction of south-western Gondwanaland in which the Paleozoic/Early Mesozoic rocks of southern South America and the Antarctic Peninsula represent the arc—trench tectonic environment of the “Samfrau geosyncline”.
Predicting Limits for Memristor On–Off Resistances Consistent with Linear Drift Model

ABSTRACTIn this paper it is demonstrated that the numerical linear drift solution for the memristor is, as expected, in perfect agreement with results generated using the Hewlett–Packard memristor. This comparison includes I–V characteristics, flux, width of doped region, and the charge. A performance criterion is introduced for the memristor in terms of the ratio defined by the maximum width of the trademark bow-tie hysteresis normalized by the corresponding current. Using this performance criterion it is possible to predict the practical ranges for the ratio of resistances associated with the “off” and the “on” states. This criterion was tested in both cases: “on” and “off” resistances selectively fixed. Both cases were fairly close in identifying the practical range, i.e. 200.
NBP-45, a Novel Nucleosomal Binding Protein with a Tissue-specific and Developmentally Regulated Expression

Here we characterize a novel murine nuclear protein, which we named NBP-45, that is related to the ubiquitous nuclear proteins HMG-14/-17, binds specifically to nucleosome core particles, and can function as a transcriptional activator. NBP-45 mRNA is expressed at low levels and in variable amounts in all mouse tissues tested but is especially abundant in RNA extracted from 7-day-old mouse embryos, suggesting that it functions in early embryonic development. NBP-45 is composed of 406 amino acids and is encoded by a single size transcript. The region spanning the N-terminal 85 amino acids contains three segments that are highly homologous to functionally important domains in the HMG-14/-17 protein family: the nuclear localization signal, the nucleosome binding domain, and the chromatin unfolding domain. The protein region spanning the C-terminal 321 amino acids has a 42% content of negatively charged residues. The first 23 amino acids contain a region necessary for nuclear entry of the protein, the region spanning residues 12–40 is the main nucleosomal binding domain of the protein, and the negatively charged, C-terminal domain is necessary for transcription activation. The functional domains of NBP-45 are indicative of a nuclear protein that binds to nucleosomes, thereby creating a chromatin region of high local negative charge. Our studies establish the nucleosomal binding domain as a protein motif that is present in other than just the ubiquitous HMG-14/-17 proteins. We suggest that the nucleosomal binding domain motif is a protein module that facilitates binding to nucleosomes in chromatin.
Oscillatory Natural Convection of a Liquid Metal in Circular Cylinders

An experimental study is made of natural convection oscillations in gallium melts enclosed by right circular cylinders with differentially heated end walls. Cases heated from below are examined for angles of inclination (O) ranging from 0 deg (vertical) to 75 deg with aspect ratios Ar (height/diameter) of 2, 3, and 4. Temperature measurements are made along the circumference of the cylinder to detect the oscillations, from which the oscillatory flow structures are inferred. The critical Rayleigh numbers and oscillation frequencies are determined. For Ar=3 and O=0 deg, 30 deg the supercritical flow structures are discussed in detail
Nitric oxide and wound repair: role of cytokines?

Wound healing involves platelets, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. All of these cell types are capable of producing nitric oxide (NO), either constitutively or in response to inflammatory cytokines, through the activity of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs): eNOS (NOS3; endothelial NOS) and iNOS (NOS2; inducible NOS), respectively. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition or gene deletion of these enzymes impairs wound healing. The wound healing mechanisms that are triggered by NO appear to be diverse, involving inflammation, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. All of these processes are controlled by defined cytokine cascades; in many cases, NO appears to modulate these cytokines. In this review, we summarize the history and present state of research on the role of NO in wound healing within the framework of modulation of cytokines.
Virtual diffraction analysis of Ni [0?1?0] symmetric tilt grain boundaries

Electron and x-ray diffraction are well-established experimental methods used to explore the atomic scale structure of materials. In this work, a computational method is implemented to produce virtual electron and x-ray diffraction patterns directly from atomistic simulations without a priori knowledge of the unit cell. This method is applied to study the structure of [0 1 0] symmetric tilt low-angle and large-angle grain boundaries in Ni. Virtual electron diffraction patterns and x-ray diffraction 2θ line profiles show that this method can distinguish between low-angle grain boundaries with different misorientations and between low-angle boundaries with the same misorientation but different dislocation configurations. For large-angle Σ5 (2 1 0), Σ29 (5 2 0) and Σ5 (3 1 0) coincident site lattice [0 1 0] symmetric tilt grain boundaries, virtual diffraction methods can identify the misorientation of the grain boundary and show subtle differences between grain boundaries in the x-ray 2θ line profiles. A thorough analysis of the effects of simulation size on the relrod structure in the electron diffraction patterns is presented.
When can glycopeptides be assigned based solely on high-resolution mass spectrometry data?

Abstract Glycoproteomics is an emerging science that shows promise in applications such as biomarker discovery and biopharmaceutical development. One central technique in glycoproteomic analysis is analyzing glycopeptides by mass spectrometry. This challenging technique is still under development, and methods to simplify the data analysis are greatly needed. One potentially attractive analysis approach would be to assign a significant portion of the glycopeptide compositions using high-resolution MS data. In the work described herein, we ask the question: Under what circumstances is it possible to assign glycopeptides to MS data, using only high-resolution mass spectra? Variables investigated include the number of glycosylation sites on the protein, the potential diversity of the glycans attached to the protein, and the mass accuracy obtained. This work outlines guidelines for when it is (and is not) appropriate to rely heavily on high-resolution mass measurements to assign glycopeptide compositions; such guidelines are potentially useful for anyone conducting glycopeptide analysis by mass spectrometry.
Can radiologic images be incorporated into the electronic patient record

As radiology makes advances toward filmlessness, all of medicine is headed, just as rapidly, toward paperless transmission of patient information. While there are obvious advantages to this electronic approach, and several standards to conform to for the transmission of textual (Health Level 7 [HL-7]) and image (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine [DICOM]) data, it is the integration of these two data sets that is clinically essential and yet poorly defined. This report defines an approach for, and the successful implementation of, the integration of radiologic image data with textual data contained within the electronic patient record (EPR) through the use of standard internet protocols. Incorporation of medical images in the EPR has proven to be critical to the successful deployment of picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) and the reduction of film consumption at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). Since the installation of the first internet-based Image Data Repository (IDR) at MGH in 1995, the system has adequately served to meet the needs of clinical requests by both radiology-only browser users and users of the EPR. It has drastically reduced the need for film and provided concurrent display of images and text throughout the institution and beyond. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A00RM031 00009
Rapid Alkaline Rehydration of Dried Plant Tissues for Histologic Study

Pieces of leaf tissue were soaked in 3% aqueous KOH at about 75 C for 20-30 min, washed, evacuated, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and 5-7 μ sections attached to slides with gelatin adhesive. Compared with fresh-fixed control material, dried material stained with less contrast, but the general morphology of cells and tissues was fully restored. Nuclei and chloroplasts were preserved only occasionally, but such delicate structures as hyphae, haustoria, and parenchyma were regularly restored to normally appearing turgor. Long-term storage of dried specimens (one for 84 yr; another 100 yr) was not at all detrimental to restoration.
"Building a search engine for algorithms" by Suppawong Tuarob, Prasenjit Mitra, and C. Lee Giles with Martin Vesely as coordinator

A significant number of scholarly articles in computer science and other disciplines contain algorithms that provide concise descriptions for solving a wide variety of computational problems. Automatically finding and extracting these algorithms in scholarly digital documents would make possible algorithm indexing, searching, discovering, and analysis. Currently, only well known algorithms are cataloged. In order to find new and cutting-edge algorithms, a user must manually search through a large collection of scholarly documents or author homepages. In this article, we describe an initial prototype of AlgorithmSeer, a system for extracting, indexing, and searching for algorithms in scholarly documents. The initial system has been tested as part of the CiteSeerX digital library and search engine. Current issues and future directions, such as algorithm information extraction and classification, are also discussed.
Growth in the use of PET for six cancer types after coverage by medicare: additive or replacement?

Background In July 2001, PET became a covered service for Medicare beneficiaries when used for the diagnosis, staging, and restaging of non–small-cell lung, esophageal, colorectal, and head and neck cancers as well as lymphoma and melanoma. Whether physicians use PET as a replacement for or in addition to CT, MRI, or bone scintigraphy (BS) is uncertain. Methods A 20% sample of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged > 64 years from 2004 through 2008 was used. Annually for each cancer type, a cohort of patients was created defined as having at least one admission with a primary cancer diagnosis or two nonhospital claims with a cancer diagnosis ≥7 days apart per calendar year. Each year, imaging claims and claim-days were counted by modality and cancer type. The sequence of PET use was examined as before, after, or instead of other imaging. Results About 125,000 beneficiaries (2.5% of the cohort) met the cancer definition each year. In 2008, the combined annual imaging days per person-year were 2.3 for CT, 0.49 for MRI, 0.70 for PET, and 0.13 for BS. The annual rates of imaging from 2004 to 2008 increased by 0.5% for CT, 3.2% for MRI, and 18.0% for PET (range, 14.6%-19.9% by cancer type) and decreased by 12.7% for BS. The growth in PET use was not associated with meaningful changes in body CT. In 2007 and 2008, body CT preceded PET within 30 days in about half of patients, whereas PET preceded CT in only 22%. Conclusions Several years after its introduction, PET continued to grow rapidly, with evidence that it is replacing BS. Growth of PET occurred without evidence of a decline in body CT. About half of PET use occurred shortly after body CT, suggesting an additive or final arbiter role.
Improved inverter transformer winding design for high-current low-voltage rectifier applicationsa

High-frequency fast-recovery rectifiers have limited maximum current ratings; this requires parallel circuits for high-current high-frequency applications. To ensure good current sharing, it is advantageous to use separate transformer windings for each rectifier set. Each section should be as closely matched as possible. An improved winding design consists of a simplified coil with multiple secondaries for inverter transformers used in low-voltage high-current rectifier applications. Since the forward drop of a rectifier is significant in relation to outputs of only a few volts, the preferred configuration, for efficiency reasons, is a center-tapped winding. This configuration imposes only one forward drop of the rectifier compared to two forward drops in a bridge circuit. The coil design uses foil conductors and provides multiple parallel secondary windings for the purpose of controlling skin-effect losses, improving the winding space factor, improving the heat transfer, and providing coil designs that are simple and economic to manufacture. In addition, the configuration provides matched and balanced coupling and leakage inductance for each secondary section
Space-charge-limited (SCL) effects in thin, Cu compensated CdS structures☆

Abstract A theory which is presented for handling one carrier space-charge-limited effects in thin, compensated high-resistivity layers, includes both the voltage drop across a high resistivity region and a π junction. Good agreement is obtained between the theory and the measured I–V characteristics of Cu-compensated CdS. A trapping energy state 0·37 eV below the CdS conduction band and of density 1∼2×1015 cm−3 is identified.
Interpreting the magnitude of changes in measures of income inequality

Abstract No intuitive metric exists for assessing the empirical importance of changes over time in income inequality. This paper suggests a method for quantifying the importance of such changes. This method involves a hypothetical redistribution of a constant amount of income, from every income unit below the median level of income to every income unit above the median, so as to make measured inequality in the year to which the redistribution is applied equal to inequality in some other year. For the Gini coefficient, a simple expression for the size of this redistribution exists.
Relationships between academic intrinsic motivation and anxiety in children and young adolescents

Abstract To test the hypothesis that academic intrinsic motivation and anxiety are negatively related when both are differentiated into academic subject areas, two self-report inventories measuring academic intrinsic motivation and anxiety were administered to fourth and seventh graders. Each inventory was differentiated into the subject areas of reading, math, social studies, and science to determine whether the relationship between academic intrinsic motivation and anxiety would vary according to subject area. The results supported the hypothesis and showed that the relationship is differentiated according to subject area. Fourth and seventh graders differed in the pattern of relationships. For seventh graders, negative correlations between academic intrinsic motivation and anxiety occurred only within corresponding subject areas, while for fourth graders the negative correlations occurred both within corresponding and between noncorresponding subject areas. Implications for assessment and school intervention are advanced.
Studies on phase formation, microstructure development and elastic properties of reduced NiO–8YSZ anode supported bi-layer half-cell structures of solid oxide fuel cells

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Detailed study on the development of microstructure and phase in NiO-8YSZ anodes. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Detailed study on elastic properties at high temperatures in air/reducing atmosphere. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Effects of initial porosity, composition and other issues are evaluated in detail. -- Abstract: Half-cell structures of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with a thin and dense electrolyte layer of 8YSZ supported by a thick and porous NiO-8YSZ anode precursor structure were reduced in a gas mixture of 5% H{sub 2}-95% Ar at 800 Degree-Sign C for selected time periods in order to fabricate cermets with desired microstructure and composition, and to study their effects on the elastic properties at ambient and reactive atmospheres. It appears that 2 h of exposure to the reducing conditions is enough to reduce {approx}80% of NiO with an enhanced porosity value of 35%. The Ni-8YSZ cermet phase formation in the anode was analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) in correlation with its microstructure. The elastic properties were determined after the reduction, at room and elevated temperatures using the impulse excitation technique. At room temperature the decrease in the Young's modulus was about 44% (after 8 h of reduction) and can be attributed mainly to the changes in themore » microstructure, particularly the increase in porosity from {approx}12% to 37%. Young's moduli of the as-received precursor and reduced anodes were evaluated as a function of temperature in air and reducing atmosphere. The results were explained in correlation to the initial porosity, composition and oxidation of Ni at the elevated temperatures.« less
Chance-Constrained Equivalents of Some Stochastic Programming Problems

This paper shows that chance-constrained equivalents exist for several stochastic programming problems that are concerned with selecting a decision vector which will optimize the expectation of a random loss function, sometimes subject to deterministic constraints. The equivalent chance-constrained problems are concerned with selecting a decision vector that will optimize a deterministic function subject to one or more probability constraints of the form pr[yiâ§ I¾i] â§ α i, i ∈ I, and sometimes also subject to deterministic constraints. Equivalence is shown for stochastic programming problems with either linear or nonlinear random loss functions, including many stochastic scheduling and inventory problems. Such stochastic programming problems may be converted to equivalent chance-constrained problems that can be solved in their certainty equivalent form, for example, by the Horizon Method of Stochastic Scheduling.
Amifostine Induces Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities in Normal Tissues and a Transplantable Tumor That Can Affect Radiation Response

Purpose To determine whether amifostine can induce elevated manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in murine tissues and a transplantable SA-NH tumor, resulting in a delayed tumor cell radioprotective effect. Methods and Materials SA-NH tumor-bearing C3H mice were treated with a single 400 mg/kg or three daily 50 mg/kg doses of amifostine administered intraperitoneally. At selected time intervals after the last injection, the heart, liver, lung, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, and SA-NH tumor were removed and analyzed for SOD2, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic activity. The effect of elevated SOD2 enzymatic activity on the radiation response of SA-NH cells was determined. Results SOD2 activity was significantly elevated in selected tissues and a tumor 24 h after amifostine treatment. Catalase and GPx activities remained unchanged except for significant elevations in the spleen. GPx was also elevated in the pancreas. SA-NH tumor cells exhibited a twofold elevation in SOD2 activity and a 27% elevation in radiation resistance. Amifostine administered in three daily fractions of 50 mg/kg each also resulted in significant elevations of these antioxidant enzymes. Conclusions Amifostine can induce a delayed radioprotective effect that correlates with elevated levels of SOD2 activity in SA-NH tumor. If limited to normal tissues, this delayed radioprotective effect offers an additional potential for overall radiation protection. However, amifostine-induced elevation of SOD2 activity in tumors could have an unanticipated deleterious effect on tumor responses to fractionated radiation therapy, given that the radioprotector is administered daily just before each 2-Gy fractionated dose.
Synthesis of perfluorostyrene and (2,2-difluorovinyl) perfluorobenzene (a-hydroheptafluorostyrene)

These compounds were synthesized by starting with the addition of the Grignard reagent of bromopentafluorobenzene to trifluoroacetaldehyde and chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde, respectively. The new alcohols, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-α-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl alcohol and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-α-(chlorodifluoromethyl) benzyl alcohol, are formed in good yield and undergo smooth conversion to (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene and (2-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene, respectively, in excellent yield when treated with sulfur tetrafluoride using n-pentane as diluent. The major pyrolysis product was identified as (2,2-difluorovinyl) perfluorobenzene (α-hydroheptafluorostyrene) and the minor one as perfluorostyrene. Perfluorostyrene was also synthesized in excellent yield by bromination of (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene and subsequent pyrolysis of the brominated derivative. The dehydrochlorination of (2-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene provided another good synthesis of perfluorostyrene.
Replacements of basic and hydroxyl amino acids identify structurally and functionally sensitive regions of the mitochondrial phosphate transport protein.

The mitochondrial phosphate transport protein (PTP) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and reconstituted. Basic and hydroxyl residues were rep...
A model for conducting clinical-outcome research: An adaptation of the standard protocol for use in aphasiology

Abstract Communication disorders scientists and practitioners face critical fiscal pressures to establish the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments. The pressures come about from (a) increasing demands from remibursers that a variety of professins test the effectiveness of their treatments, thereby generating demands for the resources to do so; (b) increasing demands for reimbursement of those same clinical services provided by the same variety of professions; and (c) a general recision in in available funds for each. While there is strong evidence that the treatments of speech-language pathologists and audiologists have generally proved potent as they have been tested, the accetped standards for clinical-outcome testing used throughout the research community (e.g. by other clinical disciplines, regulatory agencies of the federal government, and third-party payers) have been mostly ignored. In a marketplace of competition for scare resources, and a recognized set of procedures for demonstrating the eff...
Titan - Early experience with the Titan system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation. The Titan System's goal is to deliver breakthrough science specifically for the US Department of Energy (DOE), industry, and the nation. More about Tian can be found at http://www.olcf.ornl.gov/titan
Modeling of a Magma Energy Geothermal Open Cycle Power Plant

Comparaison de deux modeles du comportement du fond du puits: l'un decrit la performance maximale possible du transfert de chaleur dans la region magmatique et l'autre assimile la region d'echange a une couche poreuse cylindrique ou le fluide s'ecoule verticalement. Etude des pressions et temperatures de sortie du puits, de la puissance nette et du travail specifique en fonction du debit massique
Further Isolation of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus ; congenital Transfer of Virus in Chicken Mites (Dermanyssus gallinae).

SummaryThe virus of St. Louis encephalitis has been isolated from chicken mites (Dermanyssus gallince) on 7 separate occasions from 3 of 5 sources in St. Louis County from which mites were collected. Two of these isolations from a single chicken house were reported in a previous publication. Since that time 3 further isolations have been accomplished from mites collected at this original site, and in addition one isolation has been made from each of 2 other chicken houses. All 3 sites are located in St. Louis County within a radius of 11 miles. Mites infected in nature have been shown to retain the virus after 5 months of propagation in the laboratory. Congenital transfer of the virus from the adult female through the egg into the first stage nymph has been demonstrated.
"Getting to the Top: The Relevance of Gender, Aspirations, and Gender Composition"

In this study, we investigated how gender, aspirations to achieve top-level positions, and gender composition of the organizations related to employees’ work effort. Drawing from tournament theory ...
A maintenance centric approach to the view selection problem

The View Selection Problem is an optimization problem designed to enhance query performance through the pre-computation and storage of select views given resource constraints. Assuring the materialized views can be updated within a reasonable time frame has become a chief concern for recent models. However, these methods are crafted simply to fit a solution within a feasible range and not to minimize the resource intensive maintenance process. In this paper, we submit two novel advances in terms of model formulation and solution generation to reduce maintenance costs. Our proposed model, the Minimum-Maintenance View Selection Problem, combines previous techniques to minimize and constrain update costs. Furthermore, we define a series of maintenance time reducing principles in solution generation embodied in a constructor heuristic. The model and constructor heuristic are evaluated using an existing clinical data warehouse and state-of-the-art heuristics. Our analysis shows our model produces the lowest-cost solution relative to extant models. Also, they indicate algorithms seeded with our constructor heuristic to be superior solutions to all other methods tested.
TRAIL Is a Novel Antiviral Protein against Dengue Virus

Dengue fever is an important tropical illness for which there is currently no virus-specific treatment. To shed light on mechanisms involved in the cellular response to dengue virus (DV), we assessed gene expression changes, using Affymetrix GeneChips (HG-U133A), of infected primary human cells and identified changes common to all cells. The common response genes included a set of 23 genes significantly induced upon DV infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and B cells (analysis of variance, P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), one of the common response genes, was identified as a key link between type I and type II interferon response genes. We found that DV induces TRAIL expression in immune cells and HUVECs at the mRNA and protein levels. The induction of TRAIL expression by DV was found to be dependent on an intact type I interferon signaling pathway. A significant increase in DV RNA accumulation was observed in anti-TRAIL antibody-treated monocytes, B cells, and HUVECs, and, conversely, a decrease in DV RNA was seen in recombinant TRAIL-treated monocytes. Furthermore, recombinant TRAIL inhibited DV titers in DV-infected DCs by an apoptosis-independent mechanism. These data suggest that TRAIL plays an important role in the antiviral response to DV infection and is a candidate for antiviral interventions against DV.
The status of vaccines to meningococcal and gonococcal disease.

Summary Human beings are subject to infection by two species of Neisseria the meningococcus and the gonococcus. Vaccines effective against meningococcal infection are available and have been widely employed. Their effectiveness rests on the ability to induce antibodies which prevent invasion of the blood stream, but they have only minor effect on the mucosal infection in the nasopharynx, namely the carrier state. With the gonococcus it is the mucosal infection of the genitourinary tract which is, in fact, the disease, and hence a successful gonococcal vaccine must be able to prevent this infection as well as its local extension to the adnexa. The surface antigens of the meningococcus and gonococcus have been found to be remarkably homologous, and their biological properties are becoming clearer. The prospects for a gonorrhoea vaccine will be discussed.