cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solving the continuous nonlinear resource allocation problem with an interior point method

Resource allocation problems are usually solved with specialized methods exploiting their general sparsity and problem-specific algebraic structure. We show that the sparsity structure alone yields a closed-form Newton search direction for the generic primal-dual interior point method. Computational tests show that the interior point method consistently outperforms the best specialized methods when no additional algebraic structure is available.
Sommerfeld integrals for LH materials

A novel material of particular interest is the left-handed material (LHM) where both /spl mu/ and /spl epsiv/ are negative (Veselago (1968)). There are issues about its super-resolution and time-reversal properties, and its stability for numerical simulation etc. The closed form solutions of a point source on top of a layered LHM can be found in terms of Sommerfeld integrals, as a generalization of a point source on top of a conventional layered medium. We study these closed form solutions to gain physical insight into the LHM.
Leaf structure and callose formation as determinants of TMV movement in Bean leaves as revealed by UV irradiation studies.

Abstract Pinto bean primary leaves infected with TMV-U1 produce small lesions. However, when leaves were irradiated with ultraviolet light (UV) 24 hours after inoculation, larger lesions developed in 1–2 days and subsequently enlarged when the leaves were kept dark (21–28 °). The mechanism of increasing lesion size by UV irradiation was investigated to clarify its effect on virus spread from cell to cell and the nature of resistance of the untreated leaf cells to viral movement. Unirradiated control leaves formed small necrotic lesions involving mostly the upper epidermis and palisade tissue and only a small proportion of spongy tissue. One to two days after the upper side of the leaf was irradiated, necrosis involved a larger area of the upper epidermis and palisade layers and subsequently slowly involved spongy tissue. However, when the lower side of the leaf was irradiated, lesions in cross section resembled an inverted funnel shape necrosis involving mainly the lower epidermis and spongy parenchyma. The results may be interpreted as a weakening of the cellular resistance mechanism in UV-irradiated and darkened leaves. Callose deposition induced by necrosis was correlated with the rate of movement of TMV from infected to noninfected cells. Callose deposition was prevented by UV irradiation and darkening. The shape of the necrotic lesions seems to be correlated with the facility of spread of TMV into different tissues. When virus moved vertically from the inoculated upper epidermis to the lower epidermis through palisade and spongy tissues, UV irradiation of the lower side was not sufficiently strong to prevent callose deposition on the upper epidermal cells. Lateral movement of virus was mainly through the lower spongy layer and lower epidermis, producing a lesion shaped like an inverted funnel. In nonirradiated lesions, palisade parenchyma became necrotic only in cells directly under the necrotic upper epidermal cells, which were surrounded by a callose band. Apparently, there was no lateral movement of TMV in palisade parenchyma even though there was no conspicuous callose deposition on the walls of surrounding palisade parenchyma adjacent. This may be attributed to the paucity of lateral contact among palisade parenchyma cells. There was heavy deposition of callose in the spongy parenchyma adjacent to necrotic palisade or spongy cells, accounting for the usual lack of spread of necrosis into the lower spongy layer. When the upper side of the leaves was irradiated, no callose band was formed, and necrosis occurred in the upper epidermis and palisade cells. Lesions enlarged with time, but spongy cells were less involved. The UV doses used apparently did not reach the spongy tissue with sufficient intensity to prevent callose deposition there.
The effect of acidity upon the contamination of tin (IV) sulfide by cobalt

Abstract Tin sulfide was precipitated frorn solutions containing 100 mg cobalt and 100 mg tin and the acidity of the solutions was varied from pH 1.0 to 4.5, A possible explanation of the experimental results was offered. With the large amount of cobalt present it was found that the surface of the precipitated sulfide was saturated by adsorbed cobalt and that the amount adsorbed did not vary within the pH range studied. The pH at which the cobalt sulfide first precipitated was lower in the presence of tin sulfide than in the blank where no particles were present. The amount of cobalt adsorbed by the tin sulfide agreed well with the values obtained by Flagg 3 under similar conditions and with the values obtained by FEIGL2.
The visual priming effect of credit card advertising disclosure

This study examines how college students perceive the disclosure in a credit card issuer's advertisement through visual priming of the disclosure. The results reveal that visual priming affects college students’ attention toward the disclosure. Moreover, college students perceive higher levels of trust toward the advertisement when the disclosure is visually displayed. Visual priming also enhances college students’ attitudes toward the advertisement and the credit card issuer. This is evident, as the impact of college students’ perceived trust toward the advertisement on their attitudes toward the credit card issuer is mediated by their attitudes toward the advertisement. This study's results promote the effectiveness of credit card advertising through two main approaches: adopting visual communication of disclosure; implementing more responsible credit card advertising practices.
Distinct Systems Mediate the Unidirectional Efflux of Methotrexate and Cholate in Human CCRF-CEM Cells

Human CCRF-CEM cells were shown to contain energy-dependent and unidirectional efflux systems for the extrusion of methotrexate and cholate. Efflux activity was sensitive to temperature and to energy deprivation by treatment with antimycin A and to various other compounds which do not affect energy metabolism. A comparison of inhibitor sensitivities revealed that methotrexate and cholate efflux exhibit substantial differences in half-maximal inhibition (IC50) by indomethacin, reserpine, ethacrynic acid, ketoprofen, probenecid, and bromosulfophthalein, although these systems could not be distinguished by their responses to prostaglandin A1, meclofenamic acid, indoprofen, and biphenylacetic acid. Comparisons between cell lines showed that methotrexate efflux in CCRF-CEM cells exhibits an inhibitor response comparable to a secondary efflux system for methotrexate in L1210 cells (system II), whereas the inhibitor response of cholate efflux in CCRF-CEM cells resembles efflux system I in L1210 cells, the primary efflux route for both methotrexate and cholate. These results indicate that CCRF-CEM cells contain similar but separate systems for the efflux of methotrexate and cholate. CCRF-CEM cells thus differ from L1210 cells in that the latter mediate the efflux of methotrexate and cholate primarily via a single system.
Naturally occurring anti-band 3 autoantibodies recognize a high molecular weight protein on the surface of plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes

Naturally occurring anti-band 3 autoantibodies bind to erythrocytes infected with a knobby variant of the human malaria Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3 strain). The autoantibodies recognized a greater than 240 kDa protein in SDS extracts made from surface iodinated infected erythrocytes. The antigen was associated only with erythrocytes infected with a knobby variant, and was removed by trypsin treatment of intact infected cells. By two-dimensional peptide map analysis the antigen was shown to be structurally related to the human erythrocyte anion transporter, band 3.
“THAT THERE BRUTUS”: ELITE CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE DIFFUSION IN THE INDUSTRIAL NOVELS OF ELIZABETH GASKELL

E LIZABETH G ASKELL SCHOLARS are well aware of the anger that Mary Barton evoked in some quarters of Manchester's industrial bourgeoisie. These scholars are also certainly familiar with the central document of this anger, a wide-ranging critique in which an anonymous “Correspondent” of the Manchester Guardian accuses the anonymous novelist not only of ignorance but also of distortions that amount to “a libel on the masters, merchants, and gentlemen of this city.” The correspondent, W. R. Greg, offers several lines of argument in support of this charge. I would like to take one of these as the opening evidence in my own argument. “In a truthful ‘tale of Manchester, or factory life,’” he remarks, “it appears very strange that no notice whatever is taken of what has been done by the masters for improving the condition of the workmen”; instead of “mechanics' institutions,” “libraries founded expressly for [the workers'] benefit,” and other “institutions [where] every stimulus is given to self-culture, to the expansion of the mind … to whatever will elevate the taste, refine the manners, [and] improve the moral character,” the reader sees only the harsh effects of “comparatively uneducated and ignorant” factory masters. The author of Mary Barton , Greg asserts, may be counted among “the hosts of humanity-mongers” who are determined to depict leaders of industry as “upstarts from the very dregs of society” (“Mary Barton”). (See Figures 8 and 9.)
Blockade of cocaine sensitization and tolerance by the co-administration of odansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and cocaine

The present experiment evaluated the ability of the 5-HT3 antagonist, ondansetron, administered during chronic cocaine administration, to block the development of sensitization and tolerance induced by the intermittent or continuous administration of cocaine, respectively. Rats were pretreated with 40 mg/kg per day cocaine for 14 days by either SC injections or osmotic minipumps, or 0.9% saline, administered by SC injection. During this chronic (cocaine) treatment, all rats received a daily SC injection of 0–1.0 mg/kg ondansetron. The rats were then withdrawn from the pretreatment regimen for 7 days. On day 7 of withdrawal from the cocaine pretreatment all subjects received a 15.0 mg/kg IP cocaine challenge, and their behavior was then rated according to the modified Ellinwood and Balster scale for 60 min. The results indicated that daily injections of ondansetron had no consistent or significant effect on the subsequent behavioral response to cocaine in the saline control subjects. In contrast, daily injections of ondansetron with cocaine significantly blocked the development of sensitization with an inverted U-shape dose-response curve. In the continuous cocaine group ondansetron injections also attenuated the development of behavioral tolerance. The results therefore indicate that 5-HT3 receptor stimulation during continuous and intermittent cocaine administration is an important link in the development of behavioral tolerance and sensitization.
Lifetimes and Oscillator Strengths for the P 1 ∘ 3 Atomic States of Pb and Sn

The zero-field level-crossing (Hanle) technique has been used to measure the mean lives of the $^{3}{P}_{1}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ excited states of atomic tin and lead. The results are ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{Pb}}=(5.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.72)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{Sn}}=(4.84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.26)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. From these results and branching ratios for transitions to the ground configuration measured by other authors, we have calculated the oscillator strengths for the three important decay branches from the $^{3}{P}_{1}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ state of lead as ${f}_{0}(2833 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.197\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.030$, ${f}_{1}(3640 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.059\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$, ${f}_{2}(4058 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.142\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.025$; and for the four important decay branches in tin as ${f}_{0}(2863 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.186\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018$, ${f}_{1}(3009 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.048\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$, ${f}_{2}(3175 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.035\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, and ${f}_{3}(3801 \mathrm{\AA{}})=0.035\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$. These results are compared with other absolute measurements, and with theoretical predictions determined by Lawrence's extended Bates-Damgaard technique.
Visualization of infarction using fractional anisotropy

Introduction Accurate localization of ischemia is crucial in diagnosis of myocardial disease. The zHARP[1] pulse sequence quantifies myocardial function by computing a three-dimensional strain tensor at each voxel, from which principal strain values and orientations can be computed. At systole in a normal heart, two of the principal strains are less than unity (circumferential and longitudinal compression) and the other is greater than unity (radial stretching). At this time, the strain tensor is anisotropic, and its fractional anisotropy[2] (FA), a number between 0 and 1 representing the degree of tensor anisotropy, differs markedly from zero. It is hypothesized that infarcted tissue will not elongate as much as in healthy, active muscle, and will therefore have a smaller FA. Delayed enhancement technique, based on delay in contrast update, is currently used to separate healthy and infarct tissue. Strain tensor shows potential for the separation without negative effects associated with contrast agent.
Cocaine Rapid Efficacy Screening Trial (CREST): a paradigm for the controlled evaluation of candidate medications for cocaine dependence.

Aim Development of effective medications for the treatment of cocaine dependence remains a major priority for the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) at the National Institutes of Health. The Cocaine Rapid Efficacy Screening Trial (CREST) paradigm was developed by the Division of Treatment Research and Development (DT R&D) at NIDA with the goal of enhancing pilot clinical trial validity when systematically assessing a range of medications and drug classes for potential utility in treatment of cocaine dependence. Design CREST utilizes a randomized, controlled, parallel group, blinded methodology for comparing one or more marketed medications against a standard, pharmaceutical grade placebo. The trial design is comprised of a flexible 2–4-week screening/baseline period followed by randomization to an 8-week treatment period. Measures Standard measures of outcomes for the CREST included urinary benzoylecgonine (primary metabolite of cocaine), retention, cocaine craving, depression, clinical global impression and HIV-risk behaviors. In order to facilitate comparisons of data from the CREST studies across sites, drug classes and time, standardized procedures, measures and psychosocial counseling were used. Results A total of 19 medications were evaluated in out-patient treatment research clinics in Boston, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia. Conclusions Findings supported decisions to move forward three medications (cabergoline, reserpine, tiagabine) using full-scale, adequately powered, randomized placebo-controlled trial designs. Lessons learned from the CREST experience continue to shape cocaine pharmacotherapy trial design and execution.
Placement Evaluations and Remedial Education: Are Students Shopping for Bargains?

The purpose of this study is to provide evidence that students may be doing comparison shopping when it comes to community college placement in English and mathematics courses. Comparisons may occur because of the difference in the placement process across campuses and the variation in the levels of developmental education offered. The implications of students’ course shopping are discussed in terms of state policy.
Modeling of Electrostatic QCA Wires

This paper presents a yield analysis of molecular scale electrostatic QCA wires in the presence of a variety of manufacturing defects. Within this analysis, we compare wires of varying lengths and widths as thicker wires are frequently projected to be more tolerant to manufacturing defects. Additionally, we compare the simulation results of long wires to the yield rates predicted via probabilistic transfer matrix (PTM) modeling. This comparison demonstrates that PTM modeling is best used when the short wire segments used to estimate the yields of long wires have high yields.
A technique to identify core journals for neurosurgery using citation scatter analysis and the Bradford distribution across neurosurgery journals.

Object The volume of scientific literature doubles approximately every 7 years. The coverage of this literature provided by online compendia is variable and incomplete. It would hence be useful to identify “core” journals in any field and validate whether the h index and impact factor truly identify the core journals in every subject. The core journals in every medical specialty would be those that provide a current and comprehensive coverage of the science in that specialty. Identifying these journals would make it possible for individual physicians to keep abreast of research and clinical progress. Methods The top 10 neurosurgical journals (on the basis of impact factor and h index) were selected. A database of all articles cited in the reference lists of papers published in issues of these journals published in the first quarter of 2012 was generated. The journals were ranked based on the number of papers cited from each. This citation rank list was compared with the h index and impact factor rank list...
MANAGEMENT OF URINARY CALCULI IN PREGNANCY

During the twenty-seven-month period ending April 1, 1982, 9 patients presented to the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center for evaluation and management of urinary calculi during pregnancy. During the same period, 1,696 deliveries were performed. This incidence of 1188 deliveries complicated by urinary calculi compares with previous series reporting an average incidence of approximately 11,500 deliveries. In this review, we discuss the management of and the need for surgical intervention of calculi during pregnancy.
The relationship between global myocardial ischemia, left ventricular function, myocardial redox state, and high energy phosphate profile. A phosphorous-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study

Abstract The onset of global myocardial ischemia was related to mechanical function (intraventricular pressure), cellular redox state (NADH fluorophotography), and high energy phosphate profile (phosphorous-31 nuclear magnetic resonance). Ten rabbit hearts were excised and perfused on a modified Langendorff apparatus (37°C; p O 2 480 Torr). Developed pressure and positive and negative dp/dt were determined at control, 1–10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 sec of acute global ischemia. NADH fluorophotographs were taken at control, 1–10, 15, 20, 30, 60 sec, and 5, 10, and 30 min. P-31 NMR spectra in 14 guinea pig hearts under identical conditions were obtained at control, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 min of acute global ischemia. LV contractility diminished within 1 sec ( P
Fostering counseling students’ career information literacy through a comprehensive career web site

Counseling students need to become knowledgeable about existing online career development tools to provide effective career development services today. The authors describe the characteristics of a Web site developed to foster career information literacy among students taking graduate career courses and examine its academic usefulness. Student evaluations suggest that the Web site is useful in promoting career information literacy and knowledge. Students who used the Web site showed a significant gain in perceived self-knowledge as well as in actual knowledge of career information. Ways of using the career Web site to improve students' knowledge of online career resources are explored.
Spiny keratoderma--a demonstration of hair keratin and hair type keratinization.

Six cases of spiny keratoderma were analyzed with hair specific antikeratin antibodies (AE13, AE14) and by electron microscopy. The keratotic column exhibited a different keratin birefringence and the underlying viable epidermis was less eosinophilic than the surrounding epidermis. AE13, which is specific for hair cortex, was positive in the lower column and variably positive in the viable epidermis, often beyond the columnar lesion. AE14 was negative in the lesion. Electron microscopy demonstrated features of keratinization of normal hair cortex, i.e. by the accretion of keratin filaments without production of keratohyalin or trichohyalin granules. Cementsomes (lamellar granules) and marginal bands were not produced as they are not formed in normal cortical keratinization. It was suggested that spiny keratoderma represents an ectopic hair formation of palms and soles.
Chemical and stable isotopic models for boundary creek warm springs, southwestern Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

Abstract Thermal springs of the Boundary Creek hydrothermal system in the southwestern part of Yellowstone Park outside the caldera boundary vary in chemical and isotopic composition, and temperature. The diversity may be accounted for by a combination of processes including boiling of a deep thermal water, mixing of the deep thermal water with cool meteoric water and/or with condensed steam or steam-heated meteoric water, and chemical reactions with surrounding rocks. Dissolved-silica, Na + , K + and Ca 2+ contents of the thermal springs could result from a thermal fluid with a temperature of 200 ± 20°C. Chloride-enthalpy and silica-enthalpy mixing models suggest mixing of 230°C, 220 mg/l Cl − thermal water with cool, low-Cl − components. A 350 to 390°C component with Cl − ≥ 300 mg/l is possibly present in thermal springs inside the caldera but is not required to fit observed spring chemical and isotopic compositions. Irreversible mass transfer models in which a low-temperature water reacts with volcanic glass as it percolates downward and warms, can account for observed pH and dissolved-silica, K + , Na + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations, but produces insufficient Cl − or F − for measured concentrations in the warm springs. The ratio of a Na / a H , and Cl − are best accounted for in mixing models. The water-rock interaction model fits compositions of acid-sulfate waters observed at Summit Lake and of low-Cl − waters involved in mixing. The cold waters collected from southwestern Yellowstone Park have δD values ranging from −118 to −145 per mil and δ 18 O values of −15.9 to −19.4 per mil. Two samples from nearby Island Park have δD values of −112 and −114 per mil and δ 18 O values of −15.1 and −15.3 per mil. All samples of thermal water plot significantly to the right of the meteoric water line. The low Cl − and variable δD values of the thermal waters indicate isotopic compositions are derived by extensive dilution with cold meteoric water and by steam separation on ascent to the surface. Many of the hot springs with higher δD values may contain in addition a significant amount of high-D, low-Cl − , acid-sulfate or steam-heated meteoric water. Mixing models, Cl − content and isotopic compositions of thermal springs suggest that 30% or less of a deep thermal component is present. For example, the highest-temperature springs from Three Rivers, Silver Scarf and Upper Boundary Creek thermal areas contain up to 70% cool meteoric water and 30% hot water components, springs at Summit Lake and Middle Boundary Creek spring 57 are acid-sulfate or steam-heated meteoric water; springs 27 and 48 from Middle Boundary Creek and 49 from Mountain Ash contain in excess of 50% acid-sulfate water; and Three Rivers spring 46 and Phillips could result from mixing hot water with 55% cool meteoric water followed by mixing of acid-sulfate water. Extensive dilution by cool meteoric water increases the uncertainties in quantity and nature of the deep meteoric, thermal component.
An Autopsy of the Iraq Debacle: Policy Failure or Bridge Too Far?

This article examines whether the outbreak of an insurgency after the U.S. invasion of Iraq was an avoidable policy failure or whether the structural conditions surrounding the occupation made such an outbreak inevitable. Several U.S. policy mistakes, in particular the deployment of too few troops, a lack of comprehensive political and military planning for the occupation, disbanding the Iraqi military, the failure to establish a government in waiting, and overly aggressive de-Baathification, greatly exacerbated rather than ameliorated the various structural problems. More fundamentally, structure and policy choices interacted at all levels to explain the Iraq failure. The unavoidable conditions that coalition forces encountered in Iraq—a divided society devastated by years of war, sanctions, and misrule—and the political context in the United States made the challenge for successful policy execution difficult. This structure constrained and delimited the options open to U.S. policy makers but, even withi...
3D printing: the new industrial revolution

This article examines the characteristics and applications of 3-D printing and compares it with mass customization and other manufacturing processes. 3-D printing enables small quantities of customized goods to be produced at relatively low costs. While currently used primarily to manufacture prototypes and mockups, a number of promising applications exist in the production of replacement parts, dental crowns, and artificial limbs, as well as in bridge manufacturing. 3-D printing has been compared to such disruptive technologies as digital books and music downloads that enable consumers to order their selections online, allow firms to profitably serve small market segments, and enable companies to operate with little or no unsold finished goods inventory. Some experts have also argued that 3-D printing will significantly reduce the advantages of producing small lot sizes in low-wage countries via reduced need for factory workers.
nm23--relationship to the metastatic potential of breast carcinoma cell lines, primary human xenografts, and lymph node negative breast carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND Since the discovery of nm23 (nonmetastatic) by Steeg et al. in 1988, a number of tumor cohort studies have shown an inverse relationship between the levels of expression of the nm23-H1 protein and disease aggressiveness and tumor metastatic potential. METHODS The relationship between the expression of nm23 protein and the metastatic potential of human breast carcinoma was analyzed in cell lines, xenografts, and in a retrospective lymph node negative breast carcinoma population. The lymph node negative breast carcinoma study was comprised of 40 patients: 19 with nonrecurrent and 21 with recurrent disease. The 40 patients were matched according to age, cathepsin D, tumor size, percent S-phase, DNA ploidy, steroid receptor status, and tumor grade. Nm23-H1 protein levels in cell lines and xenografts were analyzed quantitatively using Western blot analyses and semiquantitatively in tissue sections using immunocytochemistry. Immunocytochemical analysis of lymph node negative breast tumors was graded as the percent of tumor staining positive for nm23 and the intensity of staining. The metastatic potentials of the cell lines and xenografts were assessed as the ability to form metastatic lesions in nude mice. In the lymph node negative breast carcinoma patients, the metastatic potential was characterized as the incidence of breast carcinoma recurrence. RESULTS The MCF-7 cell line expressed four- and tenfold higher levels of nm23-H1 than the highly metastatic MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. Among the xenografts and cell lines, there was an inverse correlation between nm23-H1 expression and metastatic potential in athymic nude mice (correlation coefficient [R] = -0.51). The differences between the levels of nm23-H1 among the metastatic and nonmetastatic cell lines and xenografts were not statistically significant. Statistical analyses indicated that neither the intensity nor the percent of tumor staining positive for nm23 expression was correlated to the recurrence of breast carcinoma in the lymph node negative patient population that had been matched for other clinical prognostic markers. CONCLUSIONS There was an inverse correlation (R = -0.51) between the levels of nm23-H1 expression in cell lines and xenografts and the metastatic potential in nude mice. In the retrospective lymph node negative breast carcinoma population, no clear association was demonstrated between the expression of nm23 and breast carcinoma recurrence. This observation suggests the nm23 expression does not predict outcome in lymph node negative breast carcinoma patients. Cancer 1997; 79:1158-65. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Behavior of Point Gaps at 60 Cycles

Values of arc-over voltages for point gaps in air have often been considered rather inconsistent and difficult to reproduce with reasonable accuracy. Accordingly, a study was made to determine, first, if certain types of electrodes might give more consistent results than others and, if so, under what conditions, and, second, whether or not it would be possible to derive a formula which would take into account disturbing factors such as humidity. The results of this study are summarized in this paper, which, the author hopes, may be a small contribution toward a better understanding of arc-over phenomena.
Influence of oxygen and temperature on growth and metabolic performance of Paralichthys lethostigma (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae)

Abstract In this study, we apply Fry's classification of environmental factors to demonstrate the limiting effects of oxygen and its interaction with temperature on the growth of juvenile P. lethostigma . We also evaluated the properties of two metabolic indices, marginal metabolic scope (MMS) and limiting oxygen concentration (LOC), as indicators of metabolic scope. We found that oxygen limitation has its greatest impact near the optimum temperature for growth of the species. At 29 °C a reduction from 6.00 mg/L to 4.00 mg/L caused a 50% reduction in growth rate while at 27 °C the reduction had no significant effect on growth rate. The results are particularly relevant because these temperatures and oxygen concentrations are commonly observed in nursery areas during summer months. At all temperatures fish from the lowest oxygen treatment (1.75 mg/L) had negative growth rates. Comparisons between daily oscillating oxygen treatments and constant treatments failed to demonstrate significant effects. At temperatures past the optimum, growth rates between the 6.00 mg/L and 4.00 mg/L treatments were not statistically different. LOC was significantly affected by temperature, oxygen, and their interaction. Estimates were positively correlated with oxygen treatment ( R 2 > 0.71) and negatively correlated with temperature at moderate and low oxygen concentrations ( R 2 > − 0.84). MMS was significantly affected by temperature and oxygen and was significantly correlated with oxygen treatment ( R 2 > − 0.91), but correlations with temperature were not as clear. In conclusion, oxygen and temperature interactions have significant effects on metabolic scope and growth rates of fish, well above the accepted hypoxia threshold of 2.00 mg/L and MMS has proved a useful estimator of the metabolic scope of the organism within an environment.
The Role of Non-Verbal Communication in the Development and Treatment of Emotional Illness

• This paper will serve to point out and emphasize what we, as human beings and as therapists, know and utilize daily in our lives and in our work with patients. That is, that much of the communication between people is not verbal, but rather is accomplished by using all five senses in various ways and in various combinations. In a limited time I would like to under­ line a few instances and speculate in a general way on how non-verbal communication influ­ ences the development of emotional illness and to demonstrate how it is, and can be used in treatment. For the purpose of this paper, non­ verbal communication is communication be­ tween people other than that expressed direct­ ly in words. For example, Birdwhistell' in his in-depth study of communication between married couples determined that the average
Using a Spiritual Distress Scale to Assess Suicide Risk in Veterans: An Exploratory Study

This exploratory study (1) examined the ability of a spiritual distress scale used by chaplains to identify Veterans with certain suicide risk factors and (2) provided an initial assessment of the reliability and validity of this scale to screen for Veterans at increased risk of suicide based on the presence of these risk factors. The scale consisted of five questions examining the presence or absence of guilt, sadness or grief, anger or resentment, despair or hopelessness, and feeling that life has no meaning or purpose. The scale was analyzed using Chronbach’s α-coefficient, factor analysis, Student’s t-tests, and logistic regression. Cut-off values were determined using the maximum Youden statistic. The five questions had a high level of internal consistency (α =0.88). Factor analysis suggested the presence of a common underlying factor, with correlations ranging from 0.42 to 0.78. Those identified with a suicide risk factor had significantly higher mean composite scores on this scale. Further, scores were significantly associated with increased odds of being identified with a suicide risk factor. A score ≥10 may be best suited for differentiating between individuals with and without certain suicide risk factors. This scale shows promise for identifying Veterans who may be at increased risk of suicide.
Juan del Valle y Caviedes:: El Amor médico

It is generally assumed that the Diente del Parnaso by Juan del Valle y Caviedes (1651?–1697?), a collection of poems satirizing the medical profession in colonial Lima, has a primarily biographica...
Optimal Weapon Allocation with Overlapping Area Defenses

We present a strategy for finding an optimal allocation of weapons to maximize the expected damage of a given collection of targets. In our scenario the area defenses can overlap, and we allow more than one weapon type. We show how the generalized Lagrange-multiplier method can be used effectively by exploiting certain graph structure when maximizing the Lagrangian.
Minimization of exclusive sum-of-products expressions for multiple-valued input, incompletely specified functions

This paper presents a new operation (exorlink) and an algorithm to minimize Exclusive-OR Sum-of-Products expressions (ESOPs) for multiple valued input, two valued output, incompletely specified functions. Exorlink is a more powerful operation than any other existing one for this problem. Evaluation on benchmark functions is given and it proves the superiority of the program to those known from the literature.
Potential for Atlantic current collapse confirmed

[1] Potential for Atlantic current collapse confirmed The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a gigantic heat, salt, and nutrient mixer that spans the length of the Atlantic Ocean. Drawing warming surface waters up from the south through the Gulf Stream and along the North Atlantic Current, the system has a large amount of control over the climate of western Europe. Once in the North Atlantic, the water cools, becoming more dense and sinking to between 3000 and 5000 meters in depth before commencing a return journey south. Both paleoclimate evidence and simplified ocean circulation models suggest that the AMOC may have two stable states (either its current behavior or an “off” mode), and this has left some researchers worried that the system may experience a sudden and drastic cessation. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047208, 2011)
Restriction of viral replication by mutation of the influenza virus matrix protein

The matrix protein (M1) of influenza virus plays an essential role in viral assembly and has a variety of functions, including association with influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP). Our previous studies show that the association of M1 with viral RNA and nucleoprotein not only promotes formation of helical RNP but also is required for export of RNP from the nucleus during viral replication. The RNA-binding domains of M1 have been mapped to two independent regions: a zinc finger motif at amino acid positions 148 to 162 and a series of basic amino acids (RKLKR) at amino acid positions 101 to 105, which is also involved in RNP-binding activity. To further understand the role of the RNP-binding domain of M1 in viral assembly and replication, mutations in the coding sequences of RKLKR and the zinc finger motif of M1 were constructed using a PCR technique and introduced into wild-type influenza virus by reverse genetics. Altering the zinc finger motif of M1 only slightly affected viral growth. Substitution of Arg with Ser at position 101 or 105 of RKLKR did not have a major impact on nuclear export of RNP or viral replication. In contrast, deletion of RKLKR or substitution of Lys with Asn at position 102 or 104 of RKLKR resulted in a lethal mutation. These results indicate that the RKLKR domain of M1 protein plays an important role in viral replication.
The role of osteopontin in inflammatory processes

Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein that mediates diverse biological functions. OPN is involved in normal physiological processes and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disease states, including atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, cancer, and several chronic inflammatory diseases. Through interactions with several integrins, OPN mediates cell migration, adhesion, and survival in many cell types. OPN also functions as a Th1 cytokine, promotes cell-mediated immune responses, and plays a role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Besides its function in inflammation, OPN is also a regulator of biomineralization and a potent inhibitor of vascular calcification.
Quadratic Forms over Dedekind Domains

The rest of the book is devoted to a study of the equivalence of quadratic forms over the integers of local and global fields. Our first purpose in the present chapter is to state the nature of this problem in modern terminology and in the general setting of an arbitrary Dedekind domain. Our second purpose is to develop some technique in this general situation. The more interesting results must wait until we specialize to the fields of number theory.
Metastable defects by low-intensity pulsed illumination of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Illumination of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) samples with short (e.g., 40 microsecond) pulses of red light produces a smaller metastable absorption increase in the defect region than continuous illumination of the same intensity for the same integrated exposure time. The defect absorption was measured at 1.3 and 1.4 eV by use of the constant photocurrent method (CPM). This smaller degradation is also observed in the photoconductivity. Careful measurement of the film temperature with several techniques confirm that the film temperature rises by less than 5 °C, under continuous illumination. However, several experiments suggest that the suppressed degradation during pulsed illumination is caused primarily by annealing during the dark time between pulses, even at 15 to 26 °C.
Genetic diversity and selection regulates evolution of infectious bronchitis virus

Conventional and molecular epidemiologic studies have confirmed the ability of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to rapidly evolve and successfully circumvent extensive vaccination programs implemented since the early 1950s. IBV evolution has often been explained as variation in gene frequencies as if evolution were driven by genetic drift alone. However, the mechanisms regulating the evolution of IBV include both the generation of genetic diversity and the selection process. IBV's generation of genetic diversity has been extensively investigated and ultimately involves mutations and recombination events occurring during viral replication. The relevance of the selection process has been further understood more recently by identifying genetic and phenotypic differences between IBV populations prior to, and during, replication in the natural host. Accumulating evidence suggests that multiple environmental forces within the host, including immune responses (or lack thereof) and affinity for cell receptors, as well as physical and biochemical conditions, are responsible for the selection process. Some scientists have used or adopted the related quasispecies frame to explain IBV evolution. The quasispecies frame, while providing a distinct explanation of the dynamics of populations in which mutation is a frequent event, exhibits relevant limitations which are discussed herein. Instead, it seems that IBV populations evolving by the generation of genetic variability and selection on replicons follow the evolutionary mechanisms originally proposed by Darwin. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the evolution of IBV is of basic relevance and, without doubt, essential to appropriately control and prevent the disease.
Two empirical tests of a videotape designed to reduce public speaking anxiety

Abstract These studies were designed to determine: 1) if a videotape could be used to help people cope with public speaking anxiety; 2) how this videotape compared with other interventions; 3) whether the video could be used on a self‐help basis; and 4) whether the video would be effective over time. These issues were addressed in two separate studies. These studies indicated that the videotape reduced self‐reported levels of trait CA, state CA, and negative thinking. The first study linked the videotape to reduced rigidity while the second linked the videotape to reduced agitation. The second study also found trait CA to be reduced over time. Meta‐analysis was used to compare these data with other interventions. That analysis revealed this videotape was generally more effective than other interventions in reducing trait CA in study one. The videotape was found to reduce state CA and negative thinking more than other interventions in study two. These and other results are discussed at the conclusion of th...
Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA.

Summary A large number of morphologically normal, fertile, transgenic rice plants were obtained by co-cultivation of rice tissues with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The efficiency of transformation was similar to that obtained by the methods used routinely for transformation of dicotyledons with the bacterium. Stable integration, expression and inheritance of transgenes were demonstrated by molecular and genetic analysis of transformants in the R0, R1 and R2 generations. Sequence analysis revealed that the boundaries of the T-DNA in transgenic rice plants were essentially identical to those in transgenic dicotyledons. Calli induced from scutella were very good starting materials. A strain of A. tumefaciens that carried a so-called ‘super-binary’ vector gave especially high frequencies of transformation of various cultivars of japonica rice that included Koshihikari, which normally shows poor responses in tissue culture.
QuartetS-DB: a large-scale orthology database for prokaryotes and eukaryotes inferred by evolutionary evidence

The concept of orthology is key to decoding evolutionary relationships among genes across different species using comparative genomics. QuartetS is a recently reported algorithm for large-scale orthology detection. Based on the well-established evolutionary principle that gene duplication events discriminate paralogous from orthologous genes, QuartetS has been shown to improve orthology detection accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. QuartetS-DB is a new orthology database constructed using the QuartetS algorithm. The database provides orthology predictions among 1621 complete genomes (1365 bacterial, 92 archaeal, and 164 eukaryotic), covering more than seven million proteins and four million pairwise orthologs. It is a major source of orthologous groups, containing more than 300,000 groups of orthologous proteins and 236,000 corresponding gene trees. The database also provides over 500,000 groups of inparalogs. In addition to its size, a distinguishing feature of QuartetS-DB is the ability to allow users to select a cutoff value that modulates the balance between prediction accuracy and coverage of the retrieved pairwise orthologs. The database is accessible at https://applications.bioanalysis.org/quartetsdb. QuartetS-DB is one of the largest orthology resources available to date. Because its orthology predictions are underpinned by evolutionary evidence obtained from sequenced genomes, we expect its accuracy to continue to increase in future releases as the genomes of additional species are sequenced.
Power-Aware Link Maintenance (PALM) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We propose a power-aware link maintenance (PALM) algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that simultaneously performs transmission power control and route connectivity maintenance. Unlike most topology control algorithms, PALM manages the transmission power of active nodes only, and thus eliminates energy and channel resource waste due to unnecessary beaconing. The basic idea of PALM is that by recording the received signal strength on packets, each node continuously estimates the required transmission power, and adapts to location changes due to mobility. We also introduce some efficient local link repair schemes. When a route change is needed due to node movement, overhearing nodes participate in data forwarding, and locally repair the route before disconnection without the need to propagate route error messages. Through these operations, PALM prevents frequent link breaks due to node mobility, reduces the occurrence of rerouting, and significantly improves network performance. Experimental results with the ns simulator confirm that PALM effectively conserves communication energy with modest overhead.
MODIFIED QUADRANT ASSEMBLY FOR MEASURING ISOMETRIC KNEE EXTENSOR STRENGTH AT SELECTED ANGLES

Research has consistently demonstrated general positive contralateral strength transfer. In a recent study (4) interest was centered in the point in the range of motion where strength is gained most in an exercised limb. A subsequent investigation' was undertaken to test the hypothesis that contralateral transfer follows this same pattern. In both studies a modified quadrant assembly in connection with a cable tensiometer was employed for purposes of examining isometric knee extensor strength at selected angles. A description and illustration of this instrument, which is a variation of a device developed by Brewerton ( 1 ) , is presented herewith. Brewerton described his device as ". . . a light metal quadrant pivoted at points opposite the femoral condyles. Measurements are made by means of a calibrated spring which can be attached at different points arranged at fifteen-degree intervals around the arc. The radius of the quadrant is 22 inches" (1, p. 164). An illustration of this device was projected and drawn ro
Two Main Features of T-Cell Development: Thymus Traffic and Postthymic Maturation

One of the many reasons for the sustained interest in the ontogeny of T cells in mammals is the expectation that the process of adult differentiation and renewal of T cells should follow the same pathways as the development of the T-cell pool during early embryonation. In general, there is agreement between the major steps of ontogenic development and adult renewal of T cells. In this review, I will discuss two aspects of T-cell development, both of which appear critical for the generation of immunologically competent T cells: (1) the notion that there is further maturation of postthymic precursors in extrathymic lymphoid sites (i.e., the idea that what the thymus exports is not necessarily a fully competent T lymphocyte) and (2) the traffic of cells to and from the thymus (a necessary factor that requires a stream of stem cells derived from hemopoietic sites and an intact thymic stroma). Although there is general agreement that the generation of T cells is strongly thymus-dependent, there are still many unanswered questions concerning the graded steps of this differentiation, even within the intrathymic environment.