cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Ranibizumab Plus Prompt or Deferred Laser or Triamcinolone Plus Prompt Laser for Diabetic Macular Edema

Objective Perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) with ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser versus triamcinolone plus prompt laser. Data for the analysis were drawn from reports of the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCRnet) Protocol I. Design Computer simulation based on Protocol I data. Analyses were conducted from the payor perspective. Participants Simulated participants assigned characteristics reflecting those seen in Protocol I. Methods Markov models were constructed to replicate Protocol I's 104-week outcomes using a microsimulation approach to estimation. Baseline characteristics, visual acuity (VA), treatments, and complications were based on Protocol I data. Costs were identified by literature search. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed, and the results were validated against Protocol I data. Main Outcome Measures Direct cost of care for 2 years, change in VA from baseline, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) measured as cost per additional letter gained from baseline (Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study). Results For sham plus laser (S+L), ranibizumab plus prompt laser (R+pL), ranibizumab plus deferred laser (R+dL), and triamcinolone plus laser (T+L), effectiveness through 104 weeks was predicted to be 3.46, 7.07, 8.63, and 2.40 letters correct, respectively. The ICER values in terms of dollars per VA letter were $393 (S+L vs. T+L), $5943 (R+pL vs. S+L), and $20 (R+dL vs. R+pL). For pseudophakics, the ICER value for comparison triamcinolone with laser versus ranibizumab with deferred laser was $14 690 per letter gained. No clinically relevant changes in model variables altered outcomes. Internal validation demonstrated good similarity to Protocol I treatment patterns. Conclusions In treatment of phakic patients with DME, ranibizumab with deferred laser provided an additional 6 letters correct compared with triamcinolone with laser at an additional cost of $19 216 over 2 years. That would indicate that if the gain in VA seen at 2 years is maintained in subsequent years, then the treatment of phakic patients with DME using ranibizumab may meet accepted standards of cost-effectiveness. For pseudophakic patients, first-line treatment with triamcinolone seems to be the most cost-effective option. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Sites in the male primate brain at which testosterone acts as an androgen.

Quantitative autoradiographic analysis was used to identify regions in the brain of the male primate where androgen binding sites may be involved in the actions of testosterone. Three days after castration, adult male rhesus monkeys received a subcutaneous injection of either dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP, 20 mg, n = 6), testosterone propionate (TP, 100 mg, n = 2), or oil vehicle (control males, n = 4). Three hours later, 5 mCi [3H]testosterone was administered as an i.v. bolus. At 60 min, brains were rapidly removed and the left halves were used for autoradiography. In control males, highest percentages of labeled neurons (20-84% using a rigorous Poisson criterion) were observed in the ventromedial, arcuate and premammillary nuclei (n.) of the hypothalamus, medial preoptic n., bed n. of stria terminalis, intercalated mammillary n., lateral septal n. and the medial, cortical and accessory basal n. of the amygdala. Pretreatment with DHTP eliminated labeling in androgen target tissues of the genital tract, and reduced the percentages of labeled neurons to 4-22% of control values in the arcuate, lateral septal, premammillary and intercalated mammillary n., indicating that in these regions testosterone acted predominantly at androgen binding sites. However, in the medial preoptic n., the ventromedial hypothalamic n. and the accessory basal amygdaloid n., DHTP pretreatment resulted in much less blocking which, together with other data, suggested that in these sites, testosterone's actions involved aromatization and interaction with estrogen-binding sites.
The effects of early experience on the adrenocortical response to different magnitudes of stimulation.

Abstract Rats remained unmanipulated or were handled once each day throughout the preweaning or immediate postweaning period, following which they were individually caged. At maturity plasma corticosterone levels were sampled 5, 15, 30 or 60 min after a 60 sec exposure to a novel environment in which groups were subjected to 0, 1, 4 or 12 2-sec electric shocks. Steriod levels rose significantly in response to the novel environment but only in females was there an additional elevation in corticosterone in response to 4 and 12 shocks. Differences between handled and nonhandled animals were unrelated to the magnitude of stimulation but the adrenocotical reactivity of handled animals was less than that of the controls irrespective of the age at which the handling had been experienced.
Some elliptic curves arising from the Leech lattice

The Leech lattice and its group of all automorphisms (the Conway group SO), are interesting mathematical objects in their own rights. However, a new area has been opened up for the theory of finite simple groups by the discovery in the late 1970’s of a probable relation between the Monster simple group and the theory of modular functions (Thompson [14], Conway and Norton [2]). In this paper, we will show that live elliptic curves defined over Q, all having complex multiplication by the set of algebraic integers of Q(G), arise naturally from an investigation of a set of modular functions defined for each element g of -0. Those five curves are
Peach maturity/quality assessment using hyperspectral imaging-based spatially resolved technique

The objective of this research was to measure the absorption (μ a ) and reduced scattering coefficients (μ s ') of peaches, using a hyperspectral imaging-based spatially-resolved method, for their maturity/quality assessment. A newly developed optical property measuring instrument was used for acquiring hyperspectral reflectance images of 500 'Redstar' peaches. μ a and μ s ' spectra for 515-1,000 nm were extracted from the spatially-resolved reflectance profiles using a diffusion model coupled with an inverse algorithm. The absorption spectra of peach fruit presented several absorption peaks around 525 nm for anthocyanin, 620 nm for chlorophyll- b , 675 nm for chlorophyll- a , and 970 nm for water, while μ s ' decreased consistently with the increase of wavelength for most of the tested samples. Both μ a and μ s ' were correlated with peach firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), and skin and flesh color parameters. Better prediction results for partial least squares models were obtained using the combined values of μ a and μ s ' (i.e., μ a × μ s ' and μ eff ) than using μ a or μ s ', where μ eff = [3 μ a (μ a + μ s ')] 1/2 is the effective attenuation coefficient. The results were further improved using least squares support vector machine models with values of the best correlation coefficient for firmness, SSC, skin lightness and flesh lightness being 0.749 (standard error of prediction or SEP = 17.39 N), 0.504 (SEP = 0.92 °Brix), 0.898 (SEP = 3.45), and 0.741 (SEP = 3.27), respectively. These results compared favorably to acoustic and impact firmness measurements with the correlation coefficient of 0.639 and 0.631, respectively. Hyperspectral imaging-based spatially-resolved technique is useful for measuring the optical properties of peach fruit, and it also has good potential for assessing fruit maturity/quality attributes.
SERUM INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

THE oral or intravenous administration of glucose to normal individuals produces a temporary depression in the serum level of inorganic phosphorus. It has been suggested (1, 2) that the measurement of this phosphorus fall during the performance of glucose tolerance tests may be a valuable adjunct in the discovery of cases of early, latent, or so-called pre-diabetes mellitus. The importance of recognizing diabetes early in its course has received recent emphasis and any laboratory refinement which may facilitate its diagnosis requires careful evaluation. METHODS Serum inorganic phosphorus was determined during the performance of intravenous glucose tolerance tests in 28 normal controls who were internes, residents, medical students or student nurses and in 24 patients with diabetes mellitus selected from the outpatient diabetic clinic. Fourteen of the latter group were extremely mild diabetics, i.e., they had not required insulin within the past five years, their fasting blood sugars ranged from normal to ...
A biomechanical evaluation of a cannulated compressive screw for use in fractures of the scaphoid

The compressive force generated by a 3.5 mm ASIF cannulated cancellous screw with a 5 mm head was compared with that generated by a standard 3.5 mm ASIF screw (6 mm head), a 2.7 mm ASIF screw (5 mm head), and a Herbert screw. The screws were evaluated in the laboratory with the use of a custom-designed load washer (transducer) to the maximum compressive force generated by each screw until failure, either by thread stripping or by head migration into the specimen. Testing was done on paired cadaver scaphoids. To minimize the variability that occurs with human bone, and because of the cost and difficulty of obtaining human tissue specimens, a study was also done on polyurethane foam simulated bones. The 3.5 cannulated screw generated greater compressive forces than the Herbert screw but less compression than the 2.7 mm and 3.5 mm ASIF cortical screws. The 3.5 mm cannulated screw offers more rigid internal fixation for scaphoid fractures than the Herbert screw and gives the added advantage of placement over a guide wire.
Safety and efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treatment of hyperlipidemia in patients with HIV infection.

Study Objective. To assess the efficacy and safety of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and hyperlipidemia. Design. Retrospective analysis. Setting. HIV clinic. Patients. Twenty-six HIV-infected patients with hyperlipidemia. Intervention. Five patients received pravastatin, 13 lovastatin, 10 simvastatin, and 2 atorvastatin (total 30 courses). Measurements and Main Results. Reductions in cholesterol and triglycerides were used to assess efficacy; creatine kinase (CK), liver enzymes, and myalgia were markers of statin toxicity. After a median of 8.2 and 7.2 months of treatment, the agents collectively reduced median baseline total cholesterol 27% (354 to 263 mg/dl) and triglycerides 15% (513 to 438 mg/dl), respectively. Two patients, one with marked CK elevations, experienced myalgias with lovastatin, and two experienced transaminase elevations 3 or more times the upper limit of normal. Conclusion. Statins are effective in reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides in HIV-infected patients, although lipid levels infrequently return to normal. Lovastatin should be avoided in patients receiving concomitant drugs that may potentiate skeletal muscle toxicity with this agent.
Development of Instrumentation for Use in Nuclear Environments

The nuclear enviroment to be encountered in testing and operating nuclear rocket engines makes the development of reliable instrumentation imperative. A limited program of testing various types of transducers has been undertaken at LASL. A description of the methods and facilities used is followed by detailed descriptions of tests carried out at LASL on various types of pressure-actuated devices. Techniques which may prove effective in improving instrmuent reliability are mentioned, and plans for further research and development in this area are discussed. In conclusion, the nature and scope of the problem are again referred to, with emphasis being made on the need for a better definition of the problem and a greater effort toward its solution.
The Surface-Wind Response to Transient Mesoscale Pressure Fields Associated with Squall Lines

Abstract The two most prominent surface pressure features associated with squall lines are 1) a surface mesohigh, centered within the heavy-rain region, and 2) a wake low, located at the back edge of the trailing area of light rainfall. The surface flow near these features is often highly unbalanced due to propagation and transience of the pressure fields. Centers of surface divergence and convergence are typically displaced rearward of the mesohigh and wake-low axes, respectively. In an attempt to explain the basic mesoscale characteristics of the surface flow in the vicinity of squall lines, a simplified model of a propagating mesohigh-wake-low couplet is developed using a one-dimensional slab model of the boundary layer. The component of the flow normal to the squall line is predicted, with advective and frictional effects included but the Coriolis force neglected. Model results are compared to the observed airflow near the mesohigh and wake low associated with an intense squall line that moved through...
Hemispheric asymmetries for selective attention apparent only with increased task demands in healthy participants

This study examined the possibility that lack of behavioral evidence indicating hemispheric specialization for selective attention in healthy individuals is due to the use of tasks that are not sufficiently demanding to require selective attention. In a group of 43 participants (ages 17-23), we compared selective attention on a cued-response time task when the target was presented alone and when a distractor was simultaneously presented. The costs of invalid cueing were minimal when the right hemisphere (RH) processed the target relative to when the left hemisphere (LH) processed the target, but only for the high load condition. These results are interpreted as RH specialization in light of evidence suggesting that the RH can direct attention to a larger portion of the visual field.
Fidget widgets: designing for the physical margins of digital workspaces

We present our ongoing work to develop the concept of physical "margin" spaces around software and a new type of human computer interaction. Our novel "Fidget Widgets" seek to engage users' interrelated bodily motions, affective states, and cognitive functions to selectively enhance creativity, focus, calm, etc. Building playful interactions embodying "mindless" activities like doodling, fidgeting, and fiddling, we are working to demonstrate the value of incidental tangible interactions in the physical spaces surrounding digital workspaces. We intend these secondary interactions to have no intrinsic goals; rather these interactions extrinsically enhance a user's state toward the completion of their primary tasks.
Investigation of Crude Fiber Digestion in 12-Week-Old Turkeys

Abstract Crude fiber digestion coefficients for many different feeds with chickens have been reported by Kaupp and Ivey (1922), Fraps (1928) and Titus (1939). Mangold (1934) and Halnan (1930) have presented reviews on the role of fiber in poultry feeding. No data, however, have been found in the literature on the digestion of crude fiber by turkeys. At the conclusion of an energy requirement experiment, three representative male and three representative female White Holland turkeys, approaching 12 weeks of age, were placed in individual compartments in an “Only” hen battery. For purposes of the digestion trial, the feed hoppers were partitioned in such a manner that each turkey could eat only the feed provided in its individual section. One male and one female turkey comprised each of the three groups which were fed nutritionally complete diets in the form of crumbles (granules) that contained a calculated fiber content of 5, 10 …
The interferon signature and STAT1 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid macrophages are induced by tumor necrosis factor α and counter‐regulated by the synovial fluid microenvironment

Objective Type I interferons (IFNs) have emerged as potential activators of the IFN signature and elevated STAT-1 expression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium, but mechanisms that induce synovial IFN expression are unknown. Recently, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was shown to induce a delayed IFN response in macrophages. We undertook this study to test whether TNFα, classically thought to activate inflammatory NF-κB target genes in RA, also contributes to the “IFN signature” in RA synovial macrophages. Methods Synovial fluid (SF) macrophages purified from 24 patients with RA and 18 patients with spondylarthritides (SpA) were lysed immediately after isolation or were cultured ex vivo in the absence or presence of blockade of endogenous type I IFN or TNFα. Expression of IFN-inducible target genes was measured by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and expression of their corresponding proteins was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Expression of an IFN signature and STAT1 in RA synovial macrophages was suppressed when type I IFNs or TNFα were blocked, whereas TNFα blockade did not affect expression of IFN response genes or STAT1 in SpA synovial macrophages. RA SF suppressed the IFN signature in RA synovial macrophages and in TNFα-, IFNα-, and IFNβ-stimulated control macrophages. Type I IFNs suppressed expression of IL8 and MMP9 in RA synovial macrophages and in TNFα-stimulated control macrophages. Conclusion Our findings identify a new function of TNFα in RA synovitis by implicating TNFα as a major inducer of the RA synovial IFN response. The results suggest that the expression of IFN response genes in RA synovium is regulated by interplay between TNFα and opposing homeostatic factors expressed in the synovial microenvironment.
Enhanced upregulation of CRH mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens of male rats after a second injection of methamphetamine given thirty days later

Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused amphetamine analog. Few studies have investigated the molecular effects of METH exposure in adult animals. Herein, we determined the consequences of an injection of METH (10 mg/kg) on transcriptional effects of a second METH (2.5 mg/kg) injection given one month later. We thus measured gene expression by microarray analyses in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of 4 groups of rats euthanized 2 hours after the second injection: saline-pretreated followed by saline-challenged (SS) or METH-challenged (SM); and METH-pretreated followed by saline-challenged (MS) or METH-challenged (MM). Microarray analyses revealed that METH (2.5 mg/kg) produced acute changes (1.8-fold; P<0.01) in the expression of 412 (352 upregulated, 60 down-regulated) transcripts including cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh), oxytocin (Oxt), and vasopressin (Avp) that were upregulated. Injection of METH (10 mg/kg) altered the expression of 503 (338 upregulated, 165 down-regulated) transcripts measured one month later (MS group). These genes also included Cart and Crh. The MM group showed altered expression of 766 (565 upregulated, 201 down-regulated) transcripts including Avp, Cart, and Crh. The METH-induced increased Crh expression was enhanced in the MM group in comparison to SM and MS groups. Quantitative PCR confirmed the METH-induced changes in mRNA levels. Therefore, a single injection of METH produced long-lasting changes in gene expression in the rodent NAc. The long-term increases in Crh, Cart, and Avp mRNA expression suggest that METH exposure produced prolonged activation of the endogenous stress system. The METH-induced changes in oxytocin expression also suggest the possibility that this neuropeptide might play a significant role in the neuroplastic and affiliative effects of this drug.
Approximate analytic evaluation of distorted-wave matrix elements for inverse power potentials

Abstract A method for approximate analytic evaluation of distorted-wave matrix elements for inverse power potentials is presented. Preliminary results are very encouraging. The method is computationally extremely fast and, with the exponential distorted-wave approximation, should make it possible to solve many currently intractable molecular collision problems.
Biosolubilization of low-rank coal by a Trametes versicolor siderophore-like product and other complexing agents

A heat stable, low molecular weight (<1000) extracellular product inTrametes versicolor (=Coriolus versicolor=Polyporous versicolor) cultures was demonstrated to be a principal factor in the solubilization of leonardite and other low-rank coals. The solubilization of leonardite byT. versicolor cell-free cultures and active fractions was inhibited by Fe3+ and was mimicked by the siderophore desferal mesylate and the iron chelating agents EDTA and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Leonardite solubilization by these later compounds was also inhibited by Fe3+. The ferrated and unferrated form of the partially purified active component fromT. versicolor cultures demonstrated absorption spectra that were similar to the ferrated and unferrated form of desferal mesylate.
Effects of dietary methylmercury on juvenile Sacramento blackfish bioenergetics.

Although much is known about the biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the environment, relatively little is known about methylmercury (MeHg) bioaccumulation in fishes and how chronic sub-lethal exposures affect their functioning. Several species of fish in Clear Lake, California have high MeHg tissue levels, including Sacramento blackfish, Orthodon microlepidotus, a large native cyprinid that is fished commercially. We fed juvenile blackfish one of four diets containing MeHg (0.21 mg/kg control; 0.52 mg/kg low; 22.2 mg/kg medium; and 55.5 mg/kg high treatments) for 70 days. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) in food consumption among the treatment groups. By 35 days the high treatment group had a significantly depressed growth rate when compared to the control group (P 0.05) between treatment groups. All treatment groups assimilated the dietary MeHg into muscle tissue in a dose-dependent fashion. Percent assimilation was significantly lower (P 0.05) among the treatment groups. Dietary MeHg concentrations and bioaccumulation rates were correlated (r2 = 0.98 at 35 days, 0.99 at 70 days). These results may contribute to construction of ecosystem mercury models and more informed natural resources management at Clear Lake.
Shape Control of Single Crystalline Bismuth Nanostructures

A synthesis approach for shape control of single crystalline Bi nanostructures has been developed. By controlling the molar ratio of PVP and Bi in a polyol process, Bi nanocubes with an edge length of approximately 60-80 nm, triangular nanoplates with an edge length of 200-500 nm, and nanospheres with an average diameter of 75 nm have been successfully synthesized. In the same synthetic process, Bi nanobelts with lengths of up to 80 microm and widths of up to 0.6 microm were synthesized in large quantities by introducing a trace amount of Fe3+ species into the reaction system. These single crystalline nanostructure Bi materials are expected to find potential applications in a variety of areas including high efficiency thermoelectric devices.
Pulse properties in gas–liquid flow through randomly packed beds under microgravity conditions

• New microgravity data is presented for average pulse properties in gas–liquid concurrent flow through a packed bed.
Dynamic Scheduling of a Multiclass Fluid Model with Transient Overload

We study the optimal dynamic scheduling of different requests of service in a multiclass stochastic fluid model that is motivated by recent and emerging computing paradigms for Internet services and applications. In particular, our focus is on environments with specific performance guarantees for each class under a profit model in which revenues are gained when performance guarantees are satisfied and penalties are incurred otherwise. Within the context of the corresponding fluid model, we investigate the dynamic scheduling of different classes of service under conditions where the workload of certain classes may be overloaded for a transient period of time. Specifically, we consider the case with two fluid classes and a single server whose capacity can be shared arbitrarily among the two classes. We assume that the class 1 arrival rate varies with time and the class 1 fluid can more efficiently reduce the holding cost. Under these assumptions, we characterize the optimal server allocation policy that minimizes the holding cost in the fluid model when the arrival rate function for class 1 is known. Using the insights gained from this deterministic case, we study the stochastic fluid system when the arrival rate function for class 1 is random and develop various policies that are optimal or near optimal under various conditions. In particular, we consider two different types of heavy traffic regimes and prove that our proposed policies are strongly asymptotically optimal. Numerical examples are also provided to demonstrate further that these policies yield good results in terms of minimizing the expected holding cost.
Enhancement of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-LYM-1 therapy in mice with human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) using interleukin-2.

BACKGROUND. lymphomas have been shown to be responsive to 131 I immunoconjugates in studies conducted in mice and patients. We have observed that copper 67 ( 67 Cu)-labeled Lym-l remains in lymphomatous tissue longer than 131 l-Lym-I and, consequently, results in higher absorbed radiation doses to tumors. In addition, recombinant interleukin-2 (rlL-2) has been reported to increase tumor uptake of radiolabeled antibody. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of 67 Cu-labeled Lym-l and the ability of rIL-2 to enhance this efficacy in athymic mice implanted with Raji xenografts. METHODS. 6[p-(bromoacetarnido) benzyl) - 1,4,8,11 -tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N', N,N'-tetraacetic acid (BAT) was conjugated to Lym-l via 2-iminothiolane (21T) to prepare 21T-BAT-Lyrn-1, which was labeled with 67 Cu. Mice with Raji xenografts were treated with 335-500 μci (12.4-18.0 MBq) of 67 Cu-2IT-BAT[-Lyrn-I with or without 48,000-144,000 IU of rlL-2 once or were treated b.i.d. for 5 days beginning simultaneously with 67 Cu-21T-BAT-Lyrn-i. Mouse weight, blood counts, and mortality were monitored to assess toxicity, and tumor size was measured to assess efficacy. In addition, groups of mice were sacrificed to assess the biodistribution of 67 Cu-21T-BAT-Lym-I with and without rIL-2. RESULTS. In mice treated with 335 μci of 67 Cu-21T-BAT-Lym-1 alone, 28% of tumors were cured. When 48,000 IU of rlL-2 were added, 50% were cured. The overall response rate was 50% for both regimens. In mice treated with 400 μCi of 67 Cu-21T-BAT-Lym-1 alone, 42% responded, all of which were cured. When 48,000 IU of rlL-2 were added, 77% of tumors responded, and 38% were cured. I.arger or multiple doses of rll.-2 did not result in additional therapeutic enhancement. The tumor uptake and radiation dose after 67 Cu-2lT-BAT-Lym-I were about two times greater when a single dose of rlL-2 was added: This may be the basis for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Mortality was not altered for 335 μCi or 400 μCi doses of 67 Cu-21T-BAT-Lym-1 by rIL-2 nor were other toxicity parameters. Mortality was increased at 500 μCi by the addition of rIL-2. CONCLUSIONS. 67 Cu-21T-BAT-Lym-1 provided a therapeutic and frequently curative dose of radiation to tumored mice at tolerated doses. The therapeutic effectiveness of 67 Cu-21T-BAT-Lym-1 may have been enhanced by rIL-2.
MULTIPLE RECURRENCE THEOREM FOR MEASURE PRESERVING ACTIONS OF A NILPOTENT GROUP

The multidimensional ergodic Szemeredi theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, which deals with commuting transformations, is extended to the case where the transformations generate a nilpotent group: ¶Theorem. Let \((X, \frak B, \mu\)) be a measure space with \( \mu (X) \le \infty \) and let \(T_1, \dots, T_k\) be measure preserving transformations of X generating a nilpotent group. Then for any \(A \in \frak B\) with \(\mu (A) \ge 0,\)¶¶\( \liminf \limits_{N \rightarrow \infty} {1\over N} \sum \limits^{N-1} \limits_{n=0}\mu (T_1^{-n} A \cap \cdots \cap T_k^{-n} A) \ge 0 \).¶¶ Our main result also generalizes the polynomial Szemeredi Theorem in [BL1]. In the course of the proof we describe a relatively simple form to which any unitary action of a finitely generated nilpotent group on a Hilbert space and any measure preserving action of a finitely generated nilpotent group on a probability space can be reduced.
Novel filled polymer composites prepared from in situ polymerization via a colloidal approach: II. Blends of kaolin/Nylon‐6 in situ composites with conventional Nylon‐6 and ‐66

A novel in situ composite comprised of kaolin clay fillers and polyamide 6 (Nylon-6) was synthesized via a colloidal approach by suspending kaolin particles in aqueous caprolactam and then polymerizing the caprolactam under elevated temperature and pressure. This in situ polymerization technique enables the deposition of nylon molecules directly onto the filler surface. It offers a much larger contact surface area for the nylon molecules to interact with the filler particles and enhances filler/matrix interaction through polymer miscibility. The kaolin particles were shown to be uniformly dispersed in Nylon-6 matrix without appreciable agglomeration. In the highly clay-loaded composites such as the 50/50 kaolin/Nylon-6 in situ composite, the deposited nylon molecules probably form a coated layer on the filler particles. This kind of nylon coated fillers may be applied as a reinforcing entity to commercial Nylon-6 or -66 by improving particle dispersion and melt processability. The 50/50 kaolin/Nylon-6 in situ composites have been used as a masterbatch for blending with commercial Nylon-6 and Nylon-66 to take advantage of their good properties and to reduce cost. Rheology and mechanical properties of the masterbatch/nylon composites have been investigated in comparison with those of the conventional melt-mixed composites. The improvement of rheological and mechanical properties of the in situ composites has been discussed in relation to the composite structure.
Structural response of a hybrid composite/aluminum strut assembly

This paper presents the structural response of a full-scale composite strut and a hybrid strut/ship connection. The strut is comprised of a pultruded E-glass/epoxy core, a filament wound carbon/epoxy structural section, and an E-glass/vinyl ester outer wrap used to protect the strut from the sea environment. The connection of the strut to the ship is made using an adhesively bonded aluminum boot that acts as the ship interface. A summary of the strut design, the experimental setup, and instrumentation details, is presented. Testing includes studies of the low-level cyclic flexural response about the weak axis, flexure about the strong axis, and combined weak axis flexure and torsion. A test to peak load was conducted about the strong axis and a high-displacement amplitude test was conducted about the weak axis. The predominant failure mode during the high-level strong axis test consisted of failure in the aluminum material at the base of the test article and failure in the aluminum flanges that mounted the boot to the test frame. No signs of distress were observed in the composite material, either visually or using the instrumentation. The peak load about the strong axis exceeds the design moment by a factor of 3.6. A finite element analysis of the strut is also provided along with a comparison to the test results and shows that the rotational stiffness of the hybrid connection considerably influences the overall response.
Coordinated attacks against substations and transmission lines in power grids

Vulnerability analysis on the power grid has been widely conducted from the substation-only and transmission-line-only perspectives. In order words, it is considered that attacks can occur on substations or transmission lines separately. In this paper, we naturally extend existing two perspectives and introduce the joint-substation-transmission-line's perspective, which means attacks can concurrently occur on substations and transmission lines. Vulnerabilities are referred to as these multiple-component combinations that can yield large damage to the power grid. One such combination consists of substations, transmission lines, or both. The new perspective is promising to discover more power grid vulnerabilities. In particular, we conduct the vulnerability analysis on the IEEE 39 bus system. Compared with known substation-only/transmission-line-only vulnerabilities, joint-substation-transmission-line vulnerabilities account for the largest percentage. Referring to three-component vulnerabilities, for instance, joint-substation-transmission-line vulnerabilities account for 76.06%; substation-only and transmission-line-only vulnerabilities account for 10.96% and 12.98%, respectively. In addition, we adopt two existing metrics, degree and load, to study the joint-substation-transmission-line attack strategy. Generally speaking, the joint-substation-transmission-line attack strategy based on the load metric has better attack performance than comparison schemes.
Ultraviolet light-induced stable complexes of DNA and DNA polymerase.

Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that DNA and DNA polymerase form a complex at low but not high ionic strength. The data presented in this study show that the complex formed at low ionic strength is converted, by ultraviolet radiation, to a form that is stable to high ionic strength, to heat and to 0.1 M NaOH. The ultraviolet-induced stable complex of the alternating copolymer poly(dA-dT) and DNA polymerase is heterogeneous in CsCl gradients and contains approximately one molecule of DNA polymerase per molecule of poly(dA-dT). The ultraviolet-induced stable complex of Escherichia coli DNA and DNA polymerase is more homogeneous in CsCl gradients and contains 1.6 molecules of DNA polymerase per molecule of double-stranded E. coli DNA. Studies with homopolymers indicate the ultraviolet-induced joining is not base specific. The formation of the complex is proportional to ultraviolet dose and to concentration of DNA polymerase at a given concentration of DNA or poly(dA-dT). Under optimum conditions 65 % of the E. coli DNA or 28 % of the poly(dA-dT) could be obtained as stable complexes with DNA polymerase.
Can the chiral transition in QCD be described by a linear sigma-model in three dimensions?

Abstract On a three-dimensional lattice, we simulate linear sigma-models of GL (n, C ) matrices for n=1, 2, 3. Our results suggest that the phase structures which had been conjectured on the basis of renormalization-group studies are indeed correct: the transition is second order for n=1 and first order for n=2, 3. These first-order transitions terminate in second-order lines in the O(2n2)-symmetric limits of these models. In the presence of determinant terms, the n=2 transition ceases to be first order unless the coupling of this term is very small. By contrast, the n=3 transition remains first order even for large determinant couplings. These phase structures agree well with recent results on the chiral-symmetry restoration transitions in finite-temperature QCD with various quark flavors.
Nanocomposite scintillators for radiation detection and nuclear spectroscopy

A novel class of scintillating materials, which are nanocomposites of known scintillators, is described. These nanocomposite materials are expected to have improved properties with respect to the properties of the bulk scintillators from which they are derived. Improvements include enhanced light output, reduced cost and greater size scalability. Optical properties of the nanocomposite phosphor components are described, with emphasis on the origin of the enhanced light yield. Finally, results from our first nanocomposite scintillator, including photopeak measurements, are described. The photopeak measurements demonstrate the proof-of-principle of the nanocomposite scintillator concept.
Relationships between Relative Weight, Prey Availability, and Growth of Walleyes in Oneida Lake, New York

Abstract Assessment of predator–prey dynamics is a central feature of community-based fisheries management, and a variety of fish condition indices have been developed from length–weight data to make inferences about feeding conditions. Relative weight (Wr ) is useful for measuring fish condition, is easily calculated, and has simple data requirements; however, few studies have empirically validated Wr indices. We compared the Wr of walleyes Sander vitreus in Oneida Lake, New York, with prey fish availability and walleye growth observed over 23 years (1961–1983). For each year, we calculated the Wr for three length-classes (350, 400, and 450 mm total length) of walleyes caught in October. Prey fish availability was calculated from annual estimates of (1) prey biomass in bottom trawl catch and (2) biomass of age-3 and older walleyes estimated from mark–recapture studies. Growth of walleyes (ages 4–6) was determined using lengths at age that were back-calculated from scale annuli. The Wr declined as walleye...
Test-takers' interaction with an L2 video listening test

Abstract Video technology is commonly used in L2 classrooms, but it is rarely used in assessing L2 listening, and there is little research investigating how L2 listeners process video texts (spoken texts that include the visual channel). The purpose of this study is to examine how L2 test-takers interact with a video listening test: the rate L2 listening test-takers actually view the video texts used in an L2 listening test; the extent to which the viewing rate correlates with performance on the test; and the test-takers' attitudes toward the inclusion of the visual channel on listening tests. Test-takers were videotaped while taking a video listening test, and the rate they viewed the video screen was analyzed and correlated with test performance and attitudes toward the use of video texts. The results suggest that these test-takers viewed the video texts less than half of the time, and there was a weak negative correlation between viewing rate and test performance. Test-takers also reported positive attitudes toward the inclusion of the visual channel on L2 listening tests. Implications for the testing of L2 listening ability are examined.
Role of nitric oxide, adenosine,N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and neuronal activation in hypoxia-induced pial arteriolar dilation in rats

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine (ADO) are the principal mediators of severe hypoxia-induced vasodilation. In addition, we examined whether activation ofN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and/or perivascular nerves plays a role. A closed cranial window and intravital microscopy system was used to monitor diameter changes in pial arterioles (∼ 40 μm) in anesthetized rats. The relative contributions of ADO, NMDA, NO, and neuronal activation to hypoxic cerebrovasodilation were assessed using the blockers 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-SPT), MK-801, nitro-l-arginine methylester (LNAME), and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Two experimental series were studied. In the first, we tested the effects of NOS inhibition, via topical L-NAME (1 mM), on moderate (PaO2 ≈ 46 mmHg)then severe (PaO2 ≈ 34 mmHg) hypoxia-induced dilation. To confirm that L-NAME was affecting specifically NO-dependent responses, we also examined, in each experiment, the vasodilatory responses to topical applications of NOS-dependent (adenosine diphosphate (ADP); acetylcholine (ACh)(and -independent (sodium nitroprusside (SNP)) agents, in the presence of L-NAME or, in controls, the presence of D-NAME or no added analogue. In the second series, topical suffusions of ADP, ADO, and NMDA were sequentially applied, followed by 5 min exposure to severe hypoxia (PaO, ≈ 32 mmHg). Following return to normoxia, a suffusion of either 8-SPT (10 μM), MK-801 (10 μM), TTX (1 μM), or 8-SPT + MK-801 was initiated (or, in controls, application of a drug-free suffusate was maintained), and the above sequence repeated. In control, TTX, and 8-SPT + MK-801 experiments, baseline conditions were then restored and hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 70–85 mmHg) was imposed. In the series 1 control groups, moderate and severe hypoxia elicited ≈ 20% and 35–40% increases in diameter, respectively. L-NAME attenuated ADP- and ACh-induced dilations, did not alter the arteriolar responses to SNP or moderate hypoxia, but prevented further dilation upon imposition of severe hypoxia. This suggested that 45–50% of the severe hypoxia response was NO-dependent. In series 2, 8-SPT blocked the adenosine response and reduced severe hypoxia-induced dilation by 46%. MK-801 predictably blocked NMDA-induced relaxation and reduced the hypoxic response by 42%. When combined, 8-SPT and MK-801 affected hypoxic vasodilation additively. After TTX, the ADP and ADO responses were normal, but NMDA and hypoxia responses were completely blocked. Hypercapnia-induced dilation was unaffected by TTX or 8-SPT + MK-801. The results imply that severe hypoxia-induced release of NO and ADO, and the accompanying pial arteriolar dilation, are wholly dependent on the capacity to generate action potentials in perivascular nerves. The similarity of the L-NAME and MK-801 effects on hypoxic cerebrovasodilation suggests that the NO-dependency, to a large degree, derives from NMDA receptor activation.
Coxsackievirus B cardiopathy and angiopathy in the hypercholesterolemic host

Studies on the pathogenic potential of the human cardiotropic enterovirus, coxsackievirus B5, show that this agent localizes and replicates in the aorta of mice. Nutritionally-induced hypercholesterolemia leads to an increased replication and persistence of virus in tissues, specifically the aorta. Coxsackievirus B cardiopathy is markedly augmented in the hypercholesterolemic host, resulting in a persistent cardiomyolysis which is not evident in virus-infected animals with normal cholesterol levels. Pathological changes in the aorta become evident only months after the acute infection, and only in hypercholesterolemic animals previously infected with coxsackievirus B5. Our findings of coxsackievirus B-induced angiopathy and cardiopathy in the hypercholesterolemic host extend the known pathogenic range of these human viruses, and further emphasizes their potential as etiological agents of cardiovascular disease.
State-funded tourism marketing: the effectiveness of state travel guides for the college market.

Abstract Each state produces and distributes travel packets to various market segments in hopes of encouraging travel to facilities and attractions within the state. This study advocated measuring the communication effectiveness of these materials and discovered that some packets significantly impacted perceptions as a vacation destination and likelihood of traveling to that state. States with the least popular reputations benefited the most from this specific marketing communications tactic. While college students were the focus of the study, the results correlated with the findings from an older adult panel.
Gray radiation transport in multi-dimensional stochastic binary media with material temperature coupling

Abstract Models for radiation transport through stochastic binary media are tested in two and three dimensions. Theoretical models for stochastic media transport usually assume Markovian processes and exponential chord length statistics that are not fully realizable in multi-dimensions. Therefore, the previous validation studies done using one-dimensional (1D) transport are not necessarily applicable to multi-dimensions. The work presented here analyzes pure radiation transport and radiation when it is coupled to material energy balance. The sensitivity to chord length statistics is found to be different for these two cases. The assumptions made to linearize the transport equation are discussed and results for both linear and nonlinear transport are shown. For the coupled radiation and material problem in 2D and 3D, the mean radiation field differs significantly from previous analyses done in 1D. The differences between 1D and multi-dimensions are discussed. Modeling of the mean radiation field in the parameter range explored can be achieved with a simple formula for the mean opacity when the opacities are constant in space and time. Temperature-dependent opacities in stochastic media require different formulas for the effective opacity.
Teaching Case Ciliated Renal Tubular Cells in Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

Numerous cilia were found in the proximal convoluted tubules from a case of crescentic glomerulonephritis. The cilia exhibited the 9 + 2 pattern of organization characteristic of motile cilia. Microvilli were scanty or absent in heavily ciliated cells. The significance of renal cilia is discussed.
Uses of LIBS technology in biological media

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been used to distinguish normal and malignant tumor cells from histological sections. LIBS measures concentrations of trace elements directly in real-time. It has been observed that the concentration of trace elements in normal and the tumor cells vary significantly. This technique can be incorporated with laser scalpel to monitor the cancer affected area during the surgery. LIBS spectrum of hair and nail has also been recorded. This technique has potential to be an automated, real-time diagnostic procedure for cancer that would greatly facilitate their diagnosis and classification.
Spring measurements of tropospheric bromine at Barrow, Alaska

The partitioning of bromine in the lower troposphere between particulate, inorganic gaseous, and organic gaseous phases was measured during the arctic spring. Rapid photochemical production of particulate Br[sup [minus]] from organic gaseous Br was indicated by (1) an inverse correlation between particulate bromide and organic gaseous bromine (r[sup 2] = [minus]0.67), (2) a diurnal cycle in the ratio of these two phases, and (3) a diurnal cycle in the ratio of organic gaseous Br to Cl. Organic gaseous Br and Cl were correlated (r[sup 2] = 0.67) indicating a common, possibly marine, source. 9 refs., 6 figs.
Mesodermal cell lineage determination and proto-oncogene expression

Previously, we have established a rat embryo fibroblastic cell line that is characterized as immortal, nontumorigenic and retains a diploid karyotype. We report here that this cell line will spontaneously differentiate along mesodermal cell lineages to form myotubes and adipocytes. We have isolated and characterized lineage-determined (nondifferentiated) preadipocytes and myoblasts. Using these cell lines we have investigated the expression of proto-oncogenes concomitant with lineage-specific determination. No major changes in proto-oncogene RNA levels were observed that correlated with lineage determination. These results would suggest that none of the 15 proto-oncogenes used in these experiments are involved in mesodermal lineage determination; but this does not rule out the possibility that other proto-oncogenes not tested or currently unknown may be involved. However, these differentiating subclones and nondifferentiating fibroblasts that exhibit a normal karyotype will be an excellent model-system to investigate the molecular basis of cell lineage determination.