cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha neutralization reduces lung injury after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Background, Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) is a frequent and potentially fatal complication of bone marrow transplantation (BR;TT), We have previously shown that experimental TPS is associated with increased levels of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and that administration of LPS to animals with extensive graft versus host exacerbated underlying lung injury (Blood 1996; 88: 3230).
Specific inhibition of chromatin-associated poly(A) synthesis in vitro by cordycepin 5'-triphosphate.

IT has been established that many eukaryotic mRNAs contain poly(adenylic acid) tracts at their 3′-termini. The polyadenylation of mRNA occurs post-transcriptionally in the nucleus as a rapid, initial addition of 100–200 adenylate residues to the pre-mRNA (ref. 1). Subsequently, a slower chain extension (6–8 bases) of the poly(A) tail seems to occur both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm2. The initial polyadenylation reaction can be specifically inhibited by the drug cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) in cell culture, presumably by its conversion to the triphosphate analogue which acts as a competitive inhibitor of poly(A) polymerase. Cordycepin, however, has little effect on the slower poly(A) extension reaction3 or on the formation of mRNA precursor molecules4–6; but it can inhibit rRNA synthesis7. Contrary to the in vitro observations, cordycepin 5′-triphosphate (3′dATP) is not a specific inhibitor of poly(A) synthesis in vivo, relative to RNA synthesis8,9, and RNA polymerase I (which synthesises rRNA) is actually less sensitive to inhibition by 3′dATP than RNA polymerase II (ref. 10) (which is presumed to be involved in the synthesis of mRNA). Since nuclear poly(A) polymerase occurs in two functional states as ‘free’ and ‘chromatin-bound’ forms11, we reasoned that if the chromatin-associated poly(A) polymerase were involved in the initial polyadenylation of mRNA, it might be selectively inhibited by 3′dATP. The present studies, designed to test such an idea, demonstrate that, as in vivo, the initial polyadenylation reaction can be selectively inhibited in vitro by low levels of 3′dATP. These data also show that higher levels of 3′dATP can inhibit RNA synthesis, ‘chromatin-bound’ RNA polymerase I activity being significantly more sensitive than the ‘bound’ RNA polymerase II activity.
Detector Responsivity Determination Using Pinhole Diffraction

Detector Responsivity Determination Using Pinhole DiffractionLawrence D. BrooksRockwell International, Rocketdyne Division6633 Canoga Avenue, D /631 -111, FA03, Canoga Park, California 91303AbstractA simple but accurate method is described for calibrating detector responsivity Themethod involves creating a far -field intensity pattern via diffraction from a circularaperture, and then computing the integrated irradiance over the detector area usingwell -known relations. No experimental verification has been performed, but several errorsources are discussed and are expected to be small.Introduction
Parametric pumping: Behavior of open systems part II. Experiment and computation

Abstract Experimental separations of sodium chloride—water mixtures are presented for two distinct modes of continuous, direct thermal parametric pumping. These continuous separations are accurately simulated using a computer solution of the PDE model, parameters for which are obtained entirely from batch experiments. Five modes of operation are optimized and parameter sensitivity is explored. We have demonstrated that parametric pumping can be run as a continuous separation process. With the use of a mathematical model we are able to simulate these processes for a wide variety of conditions, and optimize their operation. All model parameters were obtained from batch parametric pumping runs, break-through curves and equilibrium experiments.
Rapacious individualism and political competition in Ukraine, 1992–2004

Abstract This article examines one reason for the failure of full-scale authoritarianism in Ukraine, 1992–2004. The monopolization of political control in Ukraine was partially thwarted by the disorganization of Ukraine's ex- nomenklatura elite that dominated the country after the Cold War. Elite Ukrainian politics in the 1990s can best be understood as an example of “rapacious individualism.” This term was used by Martin Shefter to describe pre-machine New York city politics in the 19th century, dominated by a non-ideological and unstructured competition for power and rents. Rapacious individualism in Ukraine had a contradictory impact. It hindered full-scale democratization but also undermined efforts to consolidate authoritarianism. At one level, widespread corruption allowed the executive to concentrate political power because he controlled key patronage resources. At the same time, weak organization reduced the costs of open confrontation with the executive while corruption distributed resources to a broad range of future opposition leaders. The result was competitive authoritarian rule.
Empirical free energy as a target function in docking and design: application to HIV-1 protease inhibitors

Structure-based drug design requires the development of efficient computer programs for exploring the structural compatibility of various flexible ligands with a given receptor. While various algorithms are available for finding docked conformations, selecting a target function that can reliably score the conformations remains a serious problem. We show that the use of an empirical free energy evaluation method, originally developed to characterize protein-protein interactions, can substantially improve the efficacy of search algorithms. In addition to the molecular mechanics interaction energy, the function takes account of solvation and side chain conformational entropy, while remaining simple enough to replace the incomplete target functions used in many drug docking and design procedures. The free energy function is used here in conjunction with a simple site mapping-fragment assembly algorithm, for docking the MVT-101 non-peptide inhibitor to HIV-1 protease. In particular, we predict the bound structure with an all atom RMSD of 1.21 A, compared to 1.69 A using an energy target function, and also accurately predict the free energy shifts obtained with a series of five trimeric hydroxyethylene isostere analogs.
A fast, memory-efficient register allocation framework for embedded systems

In this work, we describe a "just-in-time," usage density-based register allocator geared toward embedded systems with a limited general-purpose register set wherein speed, code size, and memory requirements are of equal concern. The main attraction of the allocator is that it does not make use of the traditional live range and interval analysis nor does it perform advanced optimizations based on range splitting but results in very good code quality. We circumvent the need for traditional analysis by using a measure of usage density of a variable. The usage density of a variable at a program point represents both the frequency and the density of the uses. We contend that by using this measure we can capture both range and frequency information which is essentially used by the good allocators based on splitting. We describe a framework based on this measure which has a linear complexity in terms of the program size. We perform comparisons with the static allocators based on graph coloring and the ones targeted toward just-in-time compilation systems like linear scan of live ranges. Through comparisons with graph coloring (Brigg's style) and live range-based (linear scan) allocators, we show that the memory footprint and the size of our allocator are smaller by 20p to 30p. The speed of allocation is comparable and the speed of the generated code is better and its size smaller. These attributes make the allocator an attractive candidate for performing a fast, memory-efficient register allocation for embedded devices with a small number of registers.
An improved approach to two-dimensional dipolar-chemical-shift spectroscopy in rotating solids

Abstract An improved method for performing two-dimensional dipolar-chemical-shift spectroscopy in rotating solids is demonstrated and analyzed. The new version of the experiment yields spectra which have considerably increased signal strengths and, after a shearing transformation of the two-dimensional data matrix, are identical to the spectra from earlier methods.
General treatment of vibrations of helical molecules and application to transition dipole coupling in amide I and amide II modes of α-helical poly(l-alanine)

We have developed a general formalism for the vibrational dynamics of a helical macromolecule that avoids the assumption of weak coupling between groups along the helix as well as the use of perturbation theory to calculate the frequencies. We have applied the concepts of this theory to the calculation of the amide I and amide II frequencies of α-helical poly (l-alanine). Although intergroup dipole derivatives required by the theory are not presently available, we have been able to show that they are important in accounting for the observations, particularly the E2-species amide I frequency. An optimized set of intergroup force constants, which implies a non-weak-coupling-non-perturbation treatment, gives excellent reproduction of the observed frequencies.
Synthesis of (S)-isoprenoid thiodiphosphates as substrates and inhibitors.

Thiolo thiophosphate analogues of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) were synthesized. Inorganic thiopyrophosphate (SPPi) was prepared from trimethyl phosphate in four steps. The tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) salt was then used to convert isopentenyl tosylate to (S)-isopentenyl thiodiphosphate (ISPP). (S)-Dimethylallyl (DMASPP), (S)-geranyl (GSPP), (S)-farnesyl (FSPP), and (S)-geranylgeranyl thiodiphosphate (GGSPP) were prepared from the corresponding bromides in a similar manner. ISPP and GSPP were substrates for avian farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPase). Incubation of the enzyme with ISPP and GPP gave FSPP, whereas incubation with IPP and GSPP gave FPP. GSPP was a substantially less reactive than GPP in the chain elongation reaction and was an excellent competitive inhibitor, KIGSPP = 24.8 μM, of the enzyme. Thus, when ISPP and DMAPP were incubated with FPPase, GSPP accumulated an...
An investigation of genetic population structure in blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, using nuclear gene sequences

Spatial and temporal genetic heterogeneity in the sequences of nuclear protein-coding genes were investigated in populations of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Haplotype frequencies of these novel markers were determined for adult crabs collected along 300 km in the northern Gulf of Mexico in two different years (2010 and 2011), as well as for megalopal recruits collected in 2010. Tests of genetic differentiation among all locations and between locations spanning known genetic breaks in other species were conducted. In addition, samples from distant locations within the range of C. sapidus were used to assess genetic divergence on a broader geographic scale. Significant between-year differences were found for adults at one location and near significant spatial differentiation was found across northern Gulf of Mexico locations in 2010. These results suggest that although the large population sizes and meroplanktonic life history of blue crabs promote widespread gene flow on a regional scale, genetic composition can change over just one year. Substantial divergence between the northern Gulf of Mexico and Venezuela suggests the possibility that temporal shifts in haplotype frequencies could result from variation in the rate of immigration from genetically distinct source populations. The possible effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and attendant fisheries closures during the sampling phase of this study are also considered.
Yeast mitochondrial RNA contains a short polyadenylic acid segment.

POLYADENYLIC acid (poly(A)) is present at the 3′ terminus of most classes of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in all eukaryotic organisms reported so far1,2. Although the role of poly(A) in mRNA function and metabolism is still a subject for speculation1, its presence has provided a convenient means for isolation of this class of mRNA by its ability to bind to cellulose and nitrocellulose filters, and to hybridise with matrices containing either oligo(dT)3 or poly(U)4. Most poly(A) in cytoplasmic mRNA has been found to be 100–150 nucleotides long, with an electrophoretic mobility of about 7S (ref. 1). The poly(A) segment length of yeast cytoplasmic mRNA is only 50–60 nucleotides, with an electrophoretic mobility of about 4S5. mRNA species with still shorter poly(A) segments of only 19–34 residues have been described in the silk moth6.
Pseudo-exhaustive built-in TPG for sequential circuits

We address the issue of pseudo-exhaustive test pattern generation (TPG) for the built-in self-test (BIST) of sequential circuits. Let d be the sequential depth, and w be the input dependency limit. We use an LFSR/SR Test Pattern Generator and a small additional hardware overhead to automatically generate d/spl middot/2/sup w/ test patterns to test the circuit pseudo exhaustively or, alternatively, pseudo-randomly with less hardware overhead and extremely high fault coverage. Our scheme uses novel retiming algorithms and transforms the circuit to an equivalent (for test purposes) one by scanning a subset of flip-flops for breaking its cyclic structure, bounding the sequential depth, forcing the input dependency limit, balancing the circuit, and maintaining the clock period. We present the first polynomial time algorithm to bound the sequential depth of a circuit by retiming with minimum number of flip-flops and subject to a clock period bound. We also give a retiming-based polynomial time algorithm to balance a circuit by inserting a minimum number of bypass delay cells. Experimental results on the ISCAS'89 benchmarks indicate that our method outperforms a previously proposed approach, which not only does not provide for on-chip test pattern generation but also requires O(q/spl middot/f/spl middot/2/sup w/) test patterns, where q is the total number of primary or pseudo-primary outputs in the circuit and f is the total number of flip-flops. >
Eye growth in term- and preterm-born eyes modeled from magnetic resonance images.

Purpose: We generated a model of eye growth and tested it against an eye known to develop abnormally, one with a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: We reviewed extant magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from term and preterm-born patients for suitable images (n = 129). We binned subjects for analysis based upon postmenstrual age at birth (in weeks) and ROP history ("Term" ≥ 37, "Premature" ≤ 32 with no ROP, "ROP" ≤ 32 with ROP). We measured the axial positions and curvatures of the cornea, anterior and posterior lens, and inner retinal surface. We fit anterior chamber depth (ACD), posterior segment depth (PSD), axial length (AL), and corneal and lenticular curvatures with logistic growth curves that we then evaluated for significant differences. We also measured the length of rays from the centroid to the surface of the eye at 5° intervals, and described the length versus age relationship of each ray, L(ray)(x), using the same logistic growth curve. We determined the rate of ray elongation, E(ray)(x), from L(ray)dy/dx. Then, we estimated the scleral growth that accounted for E(ray)(x), G(x), at every age and position. Results: Relative to Term, development of ACD, PSD, AL, and corneal and lenticular curvatures was delayed in ROP eyes, but not Premature eyes. In Term infants, G(x) was fast and predominantly equatorial; in age-matched ROP eyes, maximal G(x) was offset by approximately 90°. Conclusions: We produced a model of normal eye growth in term-born subjects. Relative to normal, the ROP eye is characterized by delayed, abnormal growth.
Analysis of native and chemically modified oligonucleotides by tandem ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-RP-HPLC) was utilized in tandem with negative-ion electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOFMS) for the analysis of native and chemically modified oligonucleotides. Separation was performed on a 1.0 x 50 mm column packed with porous C(18) sorbent with a particle size of 2.5 microm and an average pore diameter of 140 A. A method was developed which maximizes both chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric sensitivity using an optimized buffer system containing triethylamine and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol with a methanol gradient. The ESI-TOFMS tuning parameters were also optimized in order to minimize in-source fragmentation and achieve the best sensitivity. Analyses of native, phosphorothioate, and guanine-rich oligonucleotides were performed by LC/MS. Detection limits were at sub-picomole levels with an average mass accuracy of 125 ppm. The described method allowed for the LC/MS analysis of oligonucleotides up to 110mer in length with little alkali cation adduction. Since sensitive detection of oligonucleotides was achieved with ultraviolet (UV) detection, we utilized a combination of UV-MS for quantitation (UV) and characterization (MS) of oligonucleotides and their failure sequence fragments/metabolites.
Abundance of hexokinase 1 (HK1) mRNA in hematological cancer cell lines appears better correlated with their doubling times than Ki67 and PCNA

1389 Objectives Cancer cell lines, established from either primary or metastatic sites of cancer patients, have contributed to understanding cancer biology and the selection/validation of imaging radiotracers. Cell lines with a shorter doubling time (DT) are expected to have more aggressive behavior. In the present study, we assessed correlations between the DTs of hematological malignant cell lines and the abundance of messages for Ki67, PCNA, TK1, thymidylate synthase (TYMS), HK1, or transporters (SLC29A1-2) Methods A NCI 60 exon dataset (interrogating over 1 million exon clusters within the known and predicted transcribed regions of the entire genome) was selected from NIH Gene Expression Omnibus repository, which contains 178 chips including 6 hematological malignant cell lines with triplicates for each: HL-60, RPMI-8226, K-562, SR, CCRF-CEM, and MOLT-4. Using Partek, commercial software, we obtained an average abundance of the transcripts of interest above. Correlations between the abundance of genes and NCI documented doubling times were determined by Pearson correlation testing (α=0.05 for a one-tailed test). Results The correlation coefficients r of HK1 message (phosphorylating FDG) vs. DTs was -0.87 (p= 0.01 Conclusions In these cell lines, HK1 message abundance appeared to have a stronger correlation to DTs of hematological malignant cancer cell lines than message levels for TK1, TYMS, and conventional proliferation markers Ki67 and PCNA. The correlation is negative, supporting higher HK1 abundance and shorter DT. Since message levels and protein levels can sometimes be disparate, our findings should be validated using protein quantitation and in vivo. Research Support NIH T32 training grant
Converting numerical classification into text classification

Consider a supervised learning problem in which examples contain both numerical- and text-valued features. To use traditional feature-vector-based learning methods, one could treat the presence or absence of a word as a Boolean feature and use these binary-valued features together with the numerical features. However, the use of a text-classification system on this is a bit more problematic-in the most straight-forward approach each number would be considered a distinct token and treated as a word. This paper presents an alternative approach for the use of text classification methods for supervised learning problems with numerical-valued features in which the numerical features are converted into bag-of-words features, thereby making them directly usable by text classification methods. We show that even on purely numerical-valued data the results of text classification on the derived text-like representation outperforms the more naive numbers-as-tokens representation and, more importantly, is competitive with mature numerical classification methods such as C4.5, Ripper, and SVM. We further show that on mixed-mode data adding numerical features using our approach can improve performance over not adding those features.
Magnitude Scaling of Intensity of Sexual Refusal Behaviors in a Date Rape

Two studies examined college students' perceptions of the intensity of a woman's refusal behaviors in a date-rape situation. In Experiment 1, male and female college students were exposed to 15-second segments of an audiotape of a dramatized date rape in a random, context-free sequence. In Experiment 2, the vignette segments were presented in a natural story-line sequence. Using a magnitude-scaling procedure, participants in both studies rated the intensity of the woman's desire for the man to stop making sexual advances, after each tape segment. Intensity ratings in neither experiment varied in a monotonic manner with tape segment. Analyses also revealed similar ratings of refusal intensity across studies. Moreover, males and females did not differ in perceptions of refusal intensity. Implications of the findings are discussed.
A low power 100 MHz – 2.5 GHz digital-to-time conversion based transmitter for constant-envelope direct digital modulation

This paper reports a flexible direct digital modulation based low power transmitter in 90 nm CMOS that supports constant-envelope modulation using phase or frequency modulation for carrier frequencies from 100 MHz to 2.5 GHz. For rectangular filtered 8-PSK modulation from 1 K symbol/s to 20 M symbol/s the RMS phase error is less than 4 deg. Frequency modulation is measured via filtered frequency shift keying (FSK) schemes used in two common standard protocols, GSM and APCO-25. GSM phase error at 800–900 MHz as well as 1900 MHz is less than 1 deg RMS. APCO-25 FSK error is less than 2% across bands from VHF (∼130 MHz) to UHF (∼400 MHz) to 800 MHz. Measured adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) are within specification. The synthesizer power drain is 130 mW with an active area of 0.7 mm2.
On the possible biological relevance of HSNO isomers: a computational investigation

Thionitrous acid (HSNO), the smallest S-nitrosothiol, has been identified as a potential biologically active molecule that connects the biochemistries of two important gasotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Here, we computationally explore possible isomerization reactions of HSNO that may occur under physiological conditions using high-level coupled-cluster as well as density functional theory and composite CBS-QB3 methodology calculations. Gas-phase calculations show that the formation of the tautomeric form HONS and the Y-isomer SN(H)O is thermodynamically feasible, as they are energetically close, within ∼6 kcal mol−1, to HSNO, while the recently proposed three-membered ring isomer is not thermodynamically or kinetically accessible. The gas-phase intramolecular proton-transfer reactions required for HSNO isomerization into HONS and SN(H)O are predicted to have prohibitively high reaction barriers, 30–50 kcal mol−1. However, the polar aqueous environment and water-assisted proton shuttle should decrease these barriers to ∼9 kcal mol−1, which makes these two isomers kinetically accessible under physiological conditions. Our calculations also support the possibility of an aqueous reaction between the Y-isomer SN(H)O and H2S leading to biologically active nitroxyl HNO. These results suggest that the formation of HSNO in biological milieu can lead to various derivative species with their own, possibly biologically relevant, activity.
Material classification using BRDF slices

Segmenting images into distinct material types is a very useful capability. Most work in image segmentation addresses the case where only a single image is available. Some methods improve on this by collecting HDR or multispectral images. However, it is also possible to use the reflectance properties of the materials to obtain better results. By acquiring many images of an object under different lighting conditions we have more samples of the surfaces bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). We show that this additional information enlarges the class of material types that can be well separated by segmentation, and that properly treating the information as samples of the BRDF further increases accuracy without requiring an explicit estimation of the material BRDF.
The Revolution of 1861: The American Civil War in the Age of Nationalist Conflict. By Andre M. Fleche. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. Pp. xii, 224. $39.95.)

Fifty years ago, the Civil War centennial set in motion a new wave that placed slavery and race at the center of the story and set off an exciting era of historical revision. Military and political...
A scalable graph model and coordination algorithms for multi-robot systems

This paper presents a distributed model and the corresponding control algorithms for the cooperation and redeployment of mobile sensor networks. A mobile sensor network is composed of a collection of wireless connected mobile robots equipped with a variety of sensors. The system can be rapidly deployed to hostile environment, inaccessible terrains or disaster relief operations. The mobile sensor network is essentially a cooperative multi-robot system. Delaunay triangulation (DT) is used to define the geometrical relationship between neighboring sensor nodes. Based on this distributed model, this paper discusses a fault tolerant algorithm for autonomous self-deployment of the mobile robots. The algorithm considers the environment constraints, and the presence of obstacles. The convergence of this algorithm is analyzed. The distributed algorithm enables the system to reconfigure itself such that the area covered by the system can be enlarged. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the distributed model and the deployment algorithms
Light exposure and depression in hospitalized adult patients with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Background Depression is common in CF. Light therapy is used to treat depression, but exposure in hospitalized CF patients has not been studied. To determine the potential for improvement in depressive symptoms in CF patients, we measured light exposure in hospitalized CF patients. Methods Light exposure was measured during hospitalization for 30 adult CF patients over 1 week. Depressive symptoms and quality of life were assessed simultaneously using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D>16 positive for depression) and the CFQ-R. Results 50% of patients were depressed, with a significant increase in length of stay between depressed and non-depressed patients (15.4 vs. 11.7 days, p=0.032). Only 23% of patients had >60 min of light exposure >1000 lx during 1 week, with average light exposure of 62 lx. There was no difference in light exposure between a new hospital room customized for natural light exposure and traditional rooms. Vitamin D was non-significantly decreased in depressed CF patients (25.1 vs. 32.6 ng/ml, p=0.052). Limitations The study was not blinded, which may affect patient light preferences. The cohort size was limited to a single center. Inclusion bias may be present as patients could refuse enrollment based on the nature of the study. Conclusions Hospitalized CF adults have a high incidence of depressive symptoms associated with longer hospitalizations. Hospital settings are associated with low light exposure and phototherapy may be an option for rapid treatment of depression in hospitalized CF patients.
Interferons and Their Roles in Virus Infections

Interferons (IFNs) were originally identified by virologists who were looking for a virus-induced virus-inhibitory factor (1) and this induction-action relationship seemed to suggest that interferon’s reason for being was to inhibit viruses. This simple relationship was quite comforting for several years, but it then started to get more complex by the observations that IFNs could induce a number of alterations in cells besides inhibition of virus replication (2). Such “non-antiviral activities” of IFNs (3) were for several years dismissed as attributable to impurities in the usually relatively crude IFN preparations, but eventually it was substantiated that IFNs are potent inducers of a number of seemingly unrelated “pleotypic alterations” in various cells (4).
Innovation and Intelligence Testing: The Curious Case of the Dog that Didn't Bark

We argue that intelligence testing has been painfully slow to evolve, and that, arguably, it shows the slowest rate of evolution of any major technology. We consider a number of reasons for this glacial pace of evolution, and suggest what might be done to speed it up. The major obstacles to evolution seem to have been (a) the belief on the part of test developers that their tests are satisfactory as is, (b) the cost of developing new tests, (c) the validation of new tests against old ones, reinforcing the trend toward new tests that look like old ones, (d) failure fully to consider implicit theories of intelligence, and (e) test constructors who do test construction because they do well on and value existing instruments.
Detection and placement of redundant signal elements in tachistoscopic displays of letters

On each trial of a forced-choice detection experiment, S indicated which of two signal elements was represented and also specified the cell of the 5 by 5 matrix display in which he detected the signal. Reaction time on correct choice, Correct placement trials proved virtually invariant with respect to number of redundant signal elements present in the display. These data do not support a serial model for sensory processing, but they could be accommodated by a parallel model for sensory processing together with a serial self-terminating model for processes involving comparison of elements of a display with items in memory. Further analyses of both frequency and reaction time data support the assumption that the distributions of observed detection response measures represent mixtures of true detections, guesses, and misperceptions.
Characterization of Conserved and Nonconserved Imprinted Genes in Swine

To increase our understanding of imprinted genes in swine, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of this gene family using two complementary approaches: expression and phenotypic profiling of parthenogenetic fetuses, and analysis of imprinting by pyrosequencing. The parthenote placenta and fetus were smaller than those of controls but had no obvious morphological differences at Day 28 of gestation. By Day 30, however, the parthenote placentas had decreased chorioallantoic folding, decreased chorionic ruggae, and reduction of fetal-maternal interface surface in comparison with stage-matched control fetuses. Using Affymetrix Porcine GeneChip microarrays and/or semiquantitative PCR, brain, fibroblast, liver, and placenta of Day 30 fetuses were profiled, and 25 imprinted genes were identified as differentially expressed in at least one of the four tissue types: AMPD3, CDKN1C, COPG2, DHCR7, DIRAS3, IGF2 (isoform specific), IGF2AS, IGF2R, MEG3, MEST, NAP1L5, NDN, NNAT, OSBPL1A, PEG3, APEG3, PEG10, PLAGL1, PON2, PPP1R9A, SGCE, SLC38A4, SNORD107, SNRPN, and TFPI2. For DIRAS3, PLAGL1, SGCE, and SLC38A4, tissue-specific differences were detected. In addition, we examined the imprinting status of candidate genes by quantitative allelic pyrosequencing. Samples were collected from Day 30 pregnancies generated from reciprocal crosses of Meishan and White Composite breeds, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in candidate genes. Imprinting was confirmed for DIRAS3, DLK1, H19, IGF2AS, NNAT, MEST, PEG10, PHLDA2, PLAGL1, SGCE, and SNORD107. We also found no evidence of imprinting in ASB4, ASCL2, CD81, COMMD1, DCN, DLX5, and H13. Combined, these results represent the most comprehensive survey of imprinted genes in swine to date.
On the formation of hollow configurations in heavy-ion collisions

The formation of the so-calledhollow configurations, i.e. regions of low density, during the expansion of an excited nucleus is investigated. It is argued that these subnormal density regions are a direct consequence of the liquidlike behavior of compressed nuclear matter. To study this, the free isotropic expansion of an initially hot and dense sphere of nuclear matter is investigated using the hydrodynamic equations coupled to a simple, but realistic, equation of state. An approximate solution of these equations is obtained using a novel similarity method. The observed behavior of the radial nuclear density shows the appearance of subnormal density regions and matter shells early in the expansion. This result occurs for all values of interest of the nuclear compressibility but only for certain initial conditions of the velocity, thus confirming the possibility of creating hollow configurations during the break-up of nuclei as predicted by other numerical calculations.
Is Tariff Reduction a Viable Strategy for Economic Growth in the Periphery? An Examination of Tariff Interaction Effects in 69 Less Developed Countries

Conventional economic wisdom maintains that the reduction of domestic import restrictions assists in the development of less developed countries. But far from being a settled debate, the empirical research on tariffs and economic growth is much more controversial than is commonly recognized. In fact, so contentious and unsettled is this mode of inquiry that the research of some scholars directly contradicts the findings of others. In light of this difficulty encountered by researchers, the current study argues that the tariff–growth link is best analyzed by exploring the conditional effect of import restrictions on the development of low-income countries. Utilizing a panel dataset with information for 69 less developed countries, the results of this investigation show that tariff interactions with domestic investment and labor participation, respectively, augments the growth-generating impact of these variables. In addition, the constituent terms reveal that domestic investment and labor-force participation produces robust negative associations with economic growth when removing their tariff contingent effects. Taken as a whole, the evidence illustrates the value of exploring the indirect relationship between tariffs and economic growth as well as the potential usefulness of restrictive import policies for development in the periphery.
Poverty and the Environment in Rural India

This paper studies the relationships between changes in rural income distributions and changes in environmental conditions using district level data from South, West and Central India. Environmental change is measured using satellite data that provide indicators of vegetative cover. The analysis treats income changes, population growth and environmental changes as jointly determined; distinguishes between changes in poverty, average incomes, and “richness”; and considers two alternative measures of environmental health, one an index of biomass and the other an index of forestation. Among key findings are that, other than the relatively very rich, all income groups benefit significantly from an improved environment and that intermediate income households benefit more than the poor in absolute terms. In our data, higher average incomes and “richness,” and higher levels of rural population growth, are all estimated to increase environmental degradation. However, we do not find evidence for a significant impact of poverty on forestation.
A Horse is a Horse – Of Course? The 'Discretionary' Unit Trust – More than Meets the Eye

This article examines the ‘substance’ of a discretionary unit trust and analyses Australian courts’ approach to classifying beneficial entitlement under such a trust. The article concludes that there exists a fallacy in the reasoning that appears to have been adopted by judges and commentators prior to CPT Custodian Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) (2005) 224 CLR 98, and which may resonate in subsequent cases. In the context of trust law, however, it should be noted that the unit holders of a unit trust will have such an interest despite any terms in the relevant trust deed which may be interpreted as potentially having an effect that is to the contrary.
The Relation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle to Bacterial Infection IV. The Effect of Three Metabolic Inhibitors and Salmonella Typhimurium on the Citric Acid Content of Mouse Tissues

Experiments to determine the effect of changes in metabolism induced by means of specific inhibitors upon the response to infection were first reported by Ackermann (1951). He administered to mice sublethal doses of sodium fluoroacetate, which blocks the tricarboxylic acid cycle and causes citric acid to accumulate in the lungs. Under these conditions, the propagation of type A influenza virus, artificially introduced into the mice by nasal insufflation, was markedly inhibited. More recently experiments have been conducted (Berry and Mitchell, 1953a and b) which show that mice are more susceptible to bacterial infection when the citric acid cycle is partially blocked. The administration of three inhibitors
Taxonomic reinterpretation of morphological characters in Acaulosporaceae based on developmental patterns

Sequences in the development of subcel- lular organization in soil-borne spores of Acaulospora laevis, A. spinosa and Entrophospora colombiana were analyzed to define discrete morphological characters informative in taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the family Acau- losporaceae, Glomales. A sporiferous saccule initially forms terminally on a sporogenous hypha, followed by spore formation. Spore ontogenesis proceeds in a linear series of discontinuous stages that are identical in all three species studied, with each stage recog- nized by addition of a new subcellular structure from the spore cytoplasm. The juvenile spore wall is a sin- gle hyaline layer continuous with the wall of the spo- riferous saccule hypha, followed by differentiation of a pigmented spore wall layer with thin adherent sub- layers (or laminae) which varies phenotypically among species. A third spore wall layer then is dif- ferentiated in spores of Acaulospora, which varies phenotypically between species. Once the spore wall is completely differentiated and spores have ceased expansion, species in both genera sequentially form two discrete and separate bilayered flexible hyaline inner walls. Layers of the first inner wall are thin (< 1 ,um) and adherent. The inner layer of the second flexible wall increasingly reacts in Melzer's reagent as it matures in E. colombiana, indicating the layers are formed sequentially rather than concurrently. After both inner walls are fully differentiated, a "germi- nation orb" is synthesized, although this structure rarely is observed in newly harvested spores from pot cultures. Structures formed in each stage of spore differentiation vary in the extent to which they are conserved among species, indicating different levels of taxonomic resolution. All layers of the spore wall and process-related features such as spore size define species-level variation, and flexible inner walls resolve taxa not yet recognized in glomalean classification.
IS PREOPERATIVE STRESS TESTING ASSOCIATED WITH 30-DAY POSTOPERATIVE MORTALITY IN PATIENTS PRIOR PCI UNDERGOING NONCARDIAC SURGERY: INSIGHTS FROM THE VETERANS AFFAIRS HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

Adverse cardiac events in patients with prior PCI undergoing noncardiac surgery are a major cause of perioperative mortality. Preoperative stress testing is often used to estimate the risk of these events, however there is limited data on patterns of this practice and their relationship with
Sensor Placement for Parameter Estimation of Structures Using Fisher Information Matrix

A method based on Fisher Information from sensitivity matrix is presented for sensor placement in nondestructive tests used for parameter estimation and structural model updating using sparse and noisy measurements. This method can be used for both static and modal nondestructive tests but in this paper sensor placement for only the static nondestructive data is presented. An error function that represents the difference between analytical and measured data is used in this research. This method ranks the sensor locations and load cases using the sensitivity matrix that represents the rate of change of the error function used with respect to each unknown stiffness parameter. The proposed method is applied to a single story frame to demonstrate the selection of strategic sensor locations. This example shows that this is an effective and robust method for strategic sensor placement with regard to the stiffness parameters to be estimated. Introduction The efficiency of the nation's transportation system depends to a large extent on health monitoring and maintenance of bridges and other transportation systems. There is an increasing need for testing and monitoring of the in-service behavior and integrity of key structures such as bridges, tall buildings transmission towers, aircrafts, satellites, etc. Both static and dynamic nondestructive test data can be used to determine the unknown properties such as axial, bending, torsional rigidities of beams, and foundation stiffness using parameter estimation methods. Parameter estimation methods that are finite element based are often sensitive to the sensor locations and measurement noise. Selection of measurement locations and accuracy 1 Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155. Phone: (617) 627-3211 email: masoud.sanayei@tufts.edu 2 Ph. D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford MA 02155. Phone:(617) 627-5185 email: cjavde01@tufts.edu
Presentations of Emperor Hirohito in Japanese War-Related Museums

Emperor Hirohito is a controversial figure in the narrative of World War II. Depictions of his role as monarch have ranged from the deified leader of a militaristic nation to a tragically powerless figurehead. My research examines depictions of Emperor Hirohito in Japan today through the multimedia and multipurpose modes of museum exhibits. The three Japanese war-related museums examined were selected for their variance in management and educational purpose. This paper aims to investigate the variety of ways in which Japanese war-related museums utilize or omit Emperor Hirohito and how the emperor’s portrayal contributes to the agenda of each museum.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF NEW MUTATIONS TO GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR FITNESS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

Many studies have documented the existence of genotype-environment interaction (GEI) for traits closely related to fitness in natural populations. A type of GEI that is commonly observed is changes in the fitness ranking of genetic groups (families, clones, or inbred lines) in different environments. We refer to such changes in ranking as crossing of reaction norms for fitness. A common interpretation of crossing of reaction norms for fitness is that selection favors different alleles in the different environments (i.e., that "trade-offs" exist). If this is the case, selection could maintain genetic variation, and even lead to reproductive isolation between subpopulations using different environments. Even if the same alleles are favored in every environment, however, deleterious mutations that vary in the magnitude of their effect depending on environment could cause reaction norms for fitness to cross. If deleterious mutations with environment-dependent effects are responsible for maintaining much of the variation leading to crossing of reaction norms for fitness in natural populations, it should be possible to observe crossing of reaction norms for fitness among otherwise genetically identical lines bearing newly arisen spontaneous mutations. We examined the contribution of new mutations to GEI for fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. Eighteen lines were derived from a common, highly inbred base stock, and maintained at a population size of 10 pairs for over 200 generations, to allow them to accumulate spontaneous mutations. Because of the small population size of the lines, selection against mildly deleterious mutations should have been relatively ineffective. The lines were tested for productivity (number of surviving adult progeny from a standard number of parents) in five different environmental treatments, comprising different food media, temperatures, and levels of competition. The lines showed highly significant GEI for productivity, owing largely to considerable changes in ranking in the different environments. We conclude that mutations that are deleterious on average, but whose quantitative effects depend on environment, could be responsible for maintaining much of the variation leading to crossing of reaction norms for fitness that has been observed in samples of D. melanogaster from the wild.
Computer-Mediated Coping: Exploring the Quality of Supportive Communication in an Online Discussion Forum for Individuals Who Are Coping with Racial Discrimination

Coping with racial discrimination can be a complex and challenging endeavor, because individuals often feel powerless and stigmatized. Social support can help people cope more effectively with racial discrimination. This study examines the type and quality of supportive communication in an online forum for people who have experienced racial discrimination by examining messages’ person centeredness and facework. A total of 1,203 messages from an online support forum were coded for support type, person centeredness, and facework features. Despite the sheer volume of support, most messages were only moderately person centered, and most advice messages did not adequately attend to targets’ negative face. Our findings uncover some of the benefits and limitations of online social support, and we discuss implications for online forum moderators and participants.
A study in the significance of "party construction running ahead league construction" work

The important thought of "Three Representatives" is not only a great program for strengthening party construction, developing relatively rich society as a whole, and opening up new vision of the Chinese socialism, but also a keynote guideline for promoting the construction of youth league and finishing in a better way each work of youth league in this new era. We must take this important theory as a directive principle, and consider or measure the work of "party construction running ahead league construction" with the requirement of "Three Representatives" theory, and finally outline a new pattern for the work of "party construction running ahead league construction".