cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MECHENISM OF CO_2 MISCIBLE FLOODING DURING MULTIPLE CONTACT PROCEDURE

Nowadays, synthetic water cut in on-shore oil fields reaches 81%. Outputs begin decreasing, as a result, developing enhanced oil recovery by injecting gas becomes a tactic task for sustainable development of on-shore oil industry. The wide range application of CO 2 injection based on the success of field test requires further study of mechanism of CO 2 miscible flooding procedure. Though it is well known that CO 2 decrease oil viscosity by swelling in it, the variation of physical parameters of each phase in the procedure of multiple contact is not well studied. In this paper, the author established a one-dimensional simulation method considering Zhong Yuan oil field to calculate and analyze such parameters as composition, density, viscosity and interfacial tension.
Grape Taxonomy and Germplasm

This chapter provides a grape breeder’s perspective on the Vitis germplasm and taxonomic relationships among the species. It reviews current taxonomic perspectives and how the species are organized. It also discusses the evolution of the grape species and the most widely cultivated V. vinifera, as it was moved and selected by birds and people. The introduction of V. vinifera into the New World had an impact on the North American Vitis species and encouraged breeding to combine the fruit quality traits of V. vinifera with the disease and pest resistance of the North American grape species. The introduction of pests and diseases from North America to Europe, and from there around the world, had a very large influence on grape breeding both for rootstock and scion cultivars. The chapter focuses on the North American Vitis and their past, present, and future use in grape breeding.
Measuring connections: Engineering students’ cognitive activities and performance on complex tasks

This Research Full Paper presents a study using brain monitoring technology to measure and compare engineering students’ performance on complex tasks that require systems thinking and connecting knowledge from different domains. The study used an electroencephalograph (EEG) and self-report data to investigate students’ cognitive load and performance when completing concept mapping and listing tasks related to complex issues like food security and water availability. The study was designed to test two hypotheses: first, concept maps allow individuals to organize their thoughts using a networked or systems thinking framework, and thus will result in a more complete and holistic response than listing tasks; and second, creating a concept map is a more complex cognitive process and thus students will experience greater cognitive load during concept mapping tasks than listing tasks. Twenty-seven students at a mid-size public university participated in the study, which is an adequate size for EEG data analysis. For each participant, over forty pieces of data were recorded, including: demographic data, responses to the Revised Systems Thinking Scale, order effects, EEG performance variables, NASA-TLX scores, listing task metrics, and concept map scores. The paper presents and discusses quantitative results related to three questions: (1) do students perform better on listing or concept mapping tasks? (2) do students exert more mental effort (cognitive load) for listing or concept mapping? (3) how did performance compare across different direct and self-report measures? The ultimate goal of this research is to create learning approaches that enhance students’ cognitive resources to meet and exceed the requirements of working within the sustainable design paradigm. More broadly, we expect that using neuroeducation measures to triangulate results with other qualitative and quantitative assessments could provide powerful evidence for the effectiveness of different learning interventions aimed at improving applications of engineering knowledge.
Comprehensive Approach to Measure the Mobility Energy Productivity of Freight Transport

Freight travel accounts for a major share of the energy consumed in the transportation sector in any country, and the United States is no exception. Understanding and modeling freight movement are ...
Digital Cardiovascular Biomarker Responses to Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation: State-Space Modeling, Prediction, and Simulation.

Background: Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) is a promising alternative to implantable stimulation of the vagus nerve. With demonstrated potential in myriad applications, ranging from systemic inflammation reduction to traumatic stress attenuation, closed-loop tcVNS during periods of risk could improve treatment efficacy and reduce ineffective delivery. However, achieving this requires a deeper understanding of biomarker changes over time. Objective: The aim of the present study was to reveal the dynamics of relevant cardiovascular biomarkers, extracted from wearable sensing modalities, in response to tcVNS. Methods: Twenty-four human subjects were recruited for a randomized double-blind clinical trial, for whom electrocardiography and photoplethysmography were used to measure heart rate and photoplethysmogram amplitude responses to tcVNS, respectively. Modeling these responses in state-space, we (1) compared the biomarkers in terms of their predictability and active vs sham differentiation, (2) studied the latency between stimulation onset and measurable effects, and (3) visualized the true and model-simulated biomarker responses to tcVNS. Results: The models accurately predicted future heart rate and photoplethysmogram amplitude values with root mean square errors of approximately one-fifth the standard deviations of the data. Moreover, (1) the photoplethysmogram amplitude showed superior predictability (P=.03) and active vs sham separation compared to heart rate; (2) a consistent delay of greater than 5 seconds was found between tcVNS onset and cardiovascular effects; and (3) dynamic characteristics differentiated responses to tcVNS from the sham stimulation. Conclusions: This work furthers the state of the art by modeling pertinent biomarker responses to tcVNS. Through subsequent analysis, we discovered three key findings with implications related to (1) wearable sensing devices for bioelectronic medicine, (2) the dominant mechanism of action for tcVNS-induced effects on cardiovascular physiology, and (3) the existence of dynamic biomarker signatures that can be leveraged when titrating therapy in closed loop. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02992899; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02992899
Optimalisasi Fungsi Rumah Sebagai Tempat Pembinaan Warga Gereja di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

This writing is motivated by the problem of the lack of church members who use the house as a place of spiritual formation. This is due to the lack of family skills in carrying out coaching tasks both practically and theologically. Another problem is that many coaching programs are centered in the church, thus consuming family time. During the Covid-19 Pandemic, it was necessary to attend church from home in accordance with government recommendations. By using a qualitative approach, and using a descriptive analysis study research method, accompanied by a descriptive analysis study it was found that the house can be used as a place for the formation of church members. Optimization of the house as a place for fostering church members is done by expanding the dimensions of the function of the house that is not only a place to live but as a place to educate, a place of worship and the ongoing community of faith. Abstrak Tulisan ini dilatarbelakangi adanya masalah minimnya warga gereja yang memanfaatkan rumah sebagai tempat pembinaan rohani. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya ketrampilan keluarga melakukan tugas-tugas pembinaan baik secara praktis maupun teologis. Masalah yang lain adalah banyaknya program pembinaan yang berpusat di gereja, sehingga menyita waktu keluarga. Dalam masa Pandemi Covid-19, mengharuskan bergereja dari rumah sesuai dengan anjuran pemerintah. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dan memakai metode penelitian studi deskriptif analisis, disertai dengan kajian analisis deskriptif didapati bahwa rumah dapat dijadikan sebagai tempat pembinaan warga gereja. Optimaliasasi rumah sebagai tempat pembinaan warga gereja, dilakukan dengan cara memperluas dimensi fungsi rumah yang bukan saja sebagai tempat tinggal, melainkan sebagai tempat mendidik, tempat beribadah dan berlangsungnya komunitas iman.
Why Cite External Legal Sources? Theory and Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights

This chapter proposes a theoretical framework in which the absence or the presence of cross-fertilization depends on how a court and its judges strike the balance between the potential persuasive value of external citations and the potential concerns about deference that may arise from grounding decisions in external sources. It then tests observable implications from this theoretical perspective using a new dataset of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) references to international court rulings and international legal materials. The findings generally support the theoretical framework. The ECtHR mentions external international law sources in 15% of the judgments that engage in some form of new legal interpretation but most of these references are to Council of Europe (CoE) documents or institutions, which are typically not controversial from a deference perspective. By contrast, the ECtHR cites international court judgments in only 3% of its judgments and does so even more rarely in violation findings, which raise more deference concerns. The conclusion discusses the implications for other courts.
Traversability in Line Graphs

In this chapter we look first at which line graphs are Eulerian and which graphs are the line graphs of Eulerian graphs, both of which have nice characterizations. We then turn to the subject of Hamiltonian graphs. It is not hard to show that the line graph of a Hamiltonian graph is Hamiltonian, but as one would expect, determining which line graphs are Hamiltonian is a difficult problem. The fourth section is devoted to aspects of an outstanding conjecture on this subject: if a line graph is 4-connected, then it is Hamiltonian. We then turn to iterated line graphs. After observing that unless a graph is a path, all of its iterations beyond some point are Hamiltonian, and the problem of determining when this first iteration occurs investigated in the last section.
The Influence of Social Preferences on Bond Investor Flows

The objective of this study is to explain why and to what extent investors’ social preferences influence investor flows. Abnormal inflows into socially responsible bond funds after environmental and social disasters like Hurricane Katrina indicate a relation between the media attention given to social concerns and investor flows. In addition, general media coverage of the market segment of socially responsible investments appears to amplify inflows with positive news and outflows with negative news. The consequences of the influence of social preferences on investor decisions are weaker reactions to changes in macro-economic conditions and lower fund flow volatilities. This socially responsible investor behavior is robust after controlling for differences in investment horizons, irrational investor behavior, and biased risk and return expectations. As an implication, investors with social preferences leave out smart money flows. It is therefore possible to infer that there is a willingness to sacrifice future returns for socially responsible fund attributes.
Microbial Changes in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Juices

Juice freshly expressed from Sorghum bicolor for making sweet sorghum syrup contained 108 microorganisms per ml. The dominant bacterium was Leuconostoc mesenteroides, followed by gram-negative rods. Lactobacilli, yeasts, and nonfecal coliform bacteria each comprised about 1% of the microbial population. Spoilage of juice, manifested by a sour odor, discoloration, and foaming, occurred between 5 and 12 h at ambient temperatures. Spoilage was correlated with a drop in pH from 4.9 to 4.5 L. mesenteroides was the dominant spoiling agent at 20°C, and Lactobacillus plantarum was the dominant spoiling agent at 32°C, as determined by pure culture studies. Juice may be stored for 14 days at 4°C if promptly refrigerated.
Effect of Dietary Asparagine and Protein-Equivalents in Crystalline Amino Acid Diets on Asparagine Metabolism in Chicks

The effect of dietary asparagine and protein-equivalents from crystalline amino acid mixtures upon asparagine metabolism in chicks were studied. Liver and kidney asparaginase activities were significantly increased in chicks fed 44.6% protein-equivalents compared to chicks fed the Illinois chick standard amino acid mixture containing 14.8% protein-equivalents. The asparagine synthetase activity in chick liver and kidney was not significantly changed by protein-equivalents or dietary asparagine. Liver and kidney asparaginase activities in chicks fed 14.8% protein-equivalent standard diets were decreased with increasing levels of dietary asparagine (0,2 and 6%). Kidney asparaginase activities in chicks fed 44.6% protein-equivalents also were decreased with increasing levels of asparagine but liver asparaginase in these chicks was not changed with dietary asparagine. The plasma asparagine concentration was dependent on the amount of dietary asparagine and protein-equivalents. Dietary asparagine increased plasma asparagine in chicks fed 14.8 and 44.6% protein-equivalent diets but plasma asparagine in chicks fed the 14.8% protein-equivalent diet plus 6% asparagine was 3.5 times higher than plasma asparagine in chicks fed the diet containing 44.6% protein-equivalent plus 6% dietary asparagine. Plasma asparagine in chicks fed the 44.6% protein-equivalent diet with 6% asparagine was reduced due to increased asparaginase activity.
Heat conduction in multiphase systems—I: Theory and experiment for two-phase systems

The method of volume averaging is applied to the process of transient heat conduction in two- and three-phase systems, and a closure scheme is developed that allows for direct determination of the thermal conductivity tensor. Previous experimental studies have been extended to cover a wide range of parameters and for two-phase systems values of the effective thermal conductivity have been measured for conductivity ratios as high as κ = kσ/kβ = 8000. Here kσ is the conductivity of the discontinuous phase and kβ is the conductivity of the continuous phase. For large values of κ a combined numerical and perturbation method was used to predict the effective thermal conductivity. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained; however, the particle-particle contact was treated in an empirical manner.
Design, fabrication and in vitro evaluation of a novel polymer‐hydrogel hybrid scaffold for bone tissue engineering

The development of a bone mechanically-compatible and osteoinductive scaffold is important for bone tissue engineering applications, particularly for the repair and regeneration of large area critically-sized bone defects. Although previous studies with weight-bearing scaffolds have shown promising results, there is a clear need to develop better osteoinductive strategies for effective scaffold-based bone regeneration. In this study, we designed and fabricated a novel polymer-hydrogel hybrid scaffold system in which a load-bearing polymer matrix and a peptide hydrogel allowed for the synergistic combination of mechanical strength and great potential for osteoinductivity in a single scaffold. The hybrid scaffold system promoted increased pre-osteoblastic cell proliferation. Further, we biotinylated human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2), and characterized the biotin addition and its effect on rhBMP2 biological activity. The biotinylated rhBMP2 was tethered to the hybrid scaffold using biotin-streptavidin complexation. Controlled release studies demonstrated increased rhBMP2 retention with the tethered rhBMP2 hybrid scaffold group. In vitro evaluation of the hybrid scaffold was performed with rat bone marrow stromal cells and mouse pre-osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 cells. Gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen I (Col I), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), Runx-2 and osteocalcin (OC) increased in MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on the rhBMP2 tethered hybrid scaffolds over the untethered counterparts, demonstrating osteoinductive potential of the hybrid graft. These findings suggest the possibility of developing a novel polymer-hydrogel hybrid system that is weight bearing and osteoinductive for effective bone tissue engineering.
Write More, Grade Less: Five Practices for Effectively Grading Writing.

Abstract This article describes five practices for effectively grading writing that demystify the grading process and focus on students, writing more and faculty grading less.
L-FABP and I-FABP expression increase NBD-stearate uptake and cytoplasmic diffusion in L cells

The effects of intestinal and liver fatty acid binding protein (I- and L-FABP, respectively) expression on single-cell fatty acid uptake, internalization, and cytoplasmic diffusion were determined ...
Mechanisms of convection instability in thin liquid layers induced by evaporation

Abstract Available theories, including those of Rayleigh and Pearson, successfully explain convection in a thin liquid layer heated from below. However, the theories are unable to explain convection in an evaporating liquid layer heated/cooled from below. In this paper new mechanisms for convection instabilities in evaporating liquid layers are described from a physical viewpoint. Circulating flows in evaporating layers are shown to differ from the flow in layers heated from below without evaporation. Modified Marangoni and Rayleigh numbers are proposed to gauge the convection stability status in both evaporating layers and in liquid layers heated from below without evaporation.
The hydrocarbons of ouricuri wax

Solvent-fractionation used in conjunction with molecular distillation and chromatographic adsorption yielded wax fractions whose separation into their components was successfully and easily accomplished. Without benefit of either molecular distillation or chromatography however, but merely by a solvent-fractionation procedure there were isolated cerotic acid and melissyl alcohol under conditions which point to their occurrence in ouricuri wax in an ester combination.
Scale economies and intra-industry trade

Abstract This investigation of the relationship between intra-industry trade and scale economies shows industries with low scale economies more frequently have high, rather than low, intra-industry trade shares. Theoretical studies should focus on causes of intra-industry trade other than scale economies.
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) revisited using CMR

Summary This observational pilot project was performed as background to eventually create a rapid, automated and accurate assessment of RV systolic function in variable clinical subgroups. We propose new parameters that characterize the global systolic function of the right ventricle with a simple linear measurement. Background The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), which has been used for over a quarter century as a quick estimate of RV systolic function, was revisited using CMR. It shows good correlation with invasive hemodynamics. MRI is the current gold standard to assess the volumes and anatomy of the heart and we can measure TAPSE more precisely with cardiac MRI to accurately detect any current problems TAPSE measurements may suffer from.
Facilitators and Impediments of the Pluripotency Reprogramming Factors' Initial Engagement with the Genome

The ectopic expression of transcription factors can reprogram cell fate, yet it is unknown how the initial binding of factors to the genome relates functionally to the binding seen in the minority of cells that become reprogrammed. We report a map of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (O, S, K, and M) on the human genome during the first 48 hr of reprogramming fibroblasts to pluripotency. Three striking aspects of the initial chromatin binding events include an unexpected role for c-Myc in facilitating OSK chromatin engagement, the primacy of O, S, and K as pioneer factors at enhancers of genes that promote reprogramming, and megabase-scale chromatin domains spanned by H3K9me3, including many genes required for pluripotency, that prevent initial OSKM binding and impede the efficiency of reprogramming. We find diverse aspects of initial factor binding that must be overcome in the minority of cells that become reprogrammed.
Pre- and postnatal factors in chronic lung disease: implications for management

Much of the success in the field of Neonatology over the last decades is related to progress in the management of neonatal respiratory disorders. The widespread use of prenatal glucocorticoids to accelerate lung maturation, postnatal surfactant therapy, and improved methods of ventilation, have drastically improved the outlook for these infants so that preterm infants with birth weights between 500 and 750 grams have at least a 50% chance of survival.1,2 Unfortunately, chronic neonatal lung disease, more commonly known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), develops in half of these survivors, posing a challenge for clinicians and researchers alike. When first described in 1967, BPD was thought to be a consequence of the exposure of the immature lung to barotrauma or oxygen toxicity.3 These mechanisms still apply in many preterm infants, however, BPD typically develops in the smallest, most immature survivors of neonatal intensive care, most of whom have not been exposed to barotrauma or high oxygen concentrations.4−6 These infants are diagnosed on clinical rather than pathologic criteria, and exhibit combinations of respiratory distress, hypoxemia accompanied by prolonged oxygen dependence, and hypercarbia, with episodic bronchospasm and congestive heart failure. The development of BPD is usually defined on the basis of the sustained need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days or, more commonly, 36 weeks
Resistance to type 1 diabetes induction in 12-lipoxygenase knockout mice

Leukocyte 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) gene expression in pancreatic beta cells is upregulated by cytotoxic cytokines like IL-1beta. Recent studies have demonstrated that 12-LO inhibitors can prevent glutamate-induced neuronal cell death when intracellular glutathione stores are depleted. Therefore, 12-LO pathway inhibition may prevent beta-cell cytotoxicity. To evaluate the role of 12-LO gene expression in immune-mediated islet destruction, we used 12-LO knockout (12-LO KO) mice. Male homozygous 12-LO KO mice and control C57BL/6 mice received 5 consecutive daily injections of low-dose streptozotocin to induce immune-mediated diabetes. Fasting serum glucose and insulin levels were measured at 7-day intervals, and the mice were followed up for 28 days. 12-LO KO mice were highly resistant to diabetes development compared with control mice and had higher serum insulin levels on day 28. Isolated pancreatic islets were treated with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma for 18 hours. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in cytokine-treated islets from C57/BL6 mice decreased 54% from that of untreated islets. In marked contrast, the same cytokine mix led to only a 26% decrease in islets from 12-LO KO mice. Furthermore, cytokine-induced 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) production was absent in 12-LO KO islets but present in C57/BL6 islets. Isolated peritoneal macrophages were stimulated for 48 hours with IFN-gamma + LPS and compared for nitrate/nitrite generation. 12-LO KO macrophages generated 50% less nitrate/nitrite when compared with C57BL/6 macrophages. In summary, elimination of leukocyte 12-LO in mice ameliorates low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes by increasing islet resistance to cytokines and decreasing macrophage production of nitric oxide.
Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards

Satellite remote sensing is providing a systematic, synoptic framework for advancing scientific knowledge of the Earth as a complex system of geophysical phenomena that, directly and through interacting processes, often lead to natural hazards. Improved and integrated measurements along with numerical modeling are enabling a greater understanding of where and when a particular hazard event is most likely to occur and result in significant socioeconomic impact. Geospatial information products derived from this research increasingly are addressing the operational requirements of decision support systems used by policy makers, emergency managers and responders from international and federal to regional, state and local jurisdictions. This forms the basis for comprehensive risk assessments and better-informed mitigation planning, disaster assessment and response prioritization. Space-based geodetic measurements of the solid Earth with the Global Positioning System, for example, combined with ground-based seismological measurements, are yielding the principal data for modeling lithospheric processes and for accurately estimating the distribution of potentially damaging strong ground motions which is critical for earthquake engineering applications. Moreover, integrated with interferometric synthetic aperture radar, these measurements provide spatially continuous observations of deformation with sub-centimeter accuracy. Seismic and in situ monitoring, geodetic measurements, high-resolution digital elevation models (e.g. from InSAR, Lidar and digital photogrammetry) and imaging spectroscopy (e.g. using ASTER, MODIS and Hyperion) are contributing significantly to volcanic hazard risk assessment, with the potential to aid land use planning in developing countries where the impact of volcanic hazards to populations and lifelines is continually increasing. Remotely sensed data play an integral role in reconstructing the recent history of the land surface and in predicting hazards due to flood and landslide events. Satellite data are addressing diverse observational requirements that are imposed by the need for surface, subsurface and hydrologic characterization, including the delineation of flood and landslide zones for risk assessments. Short- and long-term sea-level change and the impact of ocean-atmosphere processes on the coastal land environment, through flooding, erosion and storm surge for example, define further requirements for hazard monitoring and mitigation planning. The continued development and application of a broad spectrum of satellite remote sensing systems and attendant data management infrastructure will contribute needed baseline and time series data, as part of an integrated global observation strategy that includes airborne and in situ measurements of the solid Earth. Multi-hazard modeling capabilities, in turn, will result in more accurate forecasting and visualizations for improving the decision support tools and systems used by the international disaster management community.
Processing of 1-3 piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites

Several methods of forming fine-scale 1–3 piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites for possible transducer applications were demonstrated. These methods include tape casting, honeycomb dicing, and ceramic fiber weaving. In the tape casting technique, laminated structures were formed using thin PZT tapes. The tapes were stacked, with spacers separating the layers, and the stack embedded in polymer. Dicing the stack resulted in a composite with 1–3 connectivity. The thin tape technique can be used to develop composites with ceramic or polymer volume fraction gradients and multifunctional ceramics. Dicing of PZT honeycombs yields 1–3 composites with uniquely shaped rods. Shapes included +, T, and L. In the ceramic fiber weaving technique, green PZT fibers were woven through a PZT honeycomb support structure. The structure was fired to sinter the PZT fibers, and embedded with polymer to yield 1–3 composites. All 1–3 composites showed high and uniform piezoelectric coefficients across the electroded area.
Temperature-dependent thermomechanical noise spectra of doped silicon microcantilevers

Abstract This paper reports temperature-dependent thermomechanical noise spectra of boron-doped silicon microcantilevers over the temperature range of 25–175 °C and cantilever power up to 75 mW. Either local heating from integrated solid state resistors or uniform heating on a hotplate were employed. Using a cantilever with oxide residue, the temperature coefficient of the resonance frequency was 1.10 × 10−4 °C−1 for uniform heating and 2.84 × 10−4 °C−1 for local heating. Local heating thus modulated the resonance frequency more dramatically than uniform heating. For the oxide-coated cantilever, the cantilever resonance frequency increased with increasing temperature. However, when the oxide was removed, the resonance frequency decreased with increasing temperature. By employing two cantilever types having different doped resistors, three different thermal loadings characterized by the temperature gradient were investigated. When the highest temperature was at the cantilever base, the cantilever mechanical properties were more highly affected than when the highest temperature was at the cantilever free end.
Counting matrices over a finite field with all eigenvalues in the field

Given a finite field F and a positive integer n, we give a procedure to count the n×n matrices with entries in F with all eigenvalues in the field. We give an exact value for any field for values of n up to 4, and prove that for fixed n, as the size of the field increases, the proportion of matrices with all eigenvalues in the field approaches 1∕n!. As a corollary, we show that for large fields almost all matrices with all eigenvalues in the field have all eigenvalues distinct. The proofs of these results rely on the fact that any matrix with all eigenvalues in F is similar to a matrix in Jordan canonical form, and so we proceed by enumerating the number of n×n Jordan forms, and counting how many matrices are similar to each one. A key step in the calculation is to characterize the matrices that commute with a given Jordan form and count how many of them are invertible.
A mathematical model of measurement of thermal conductivity by the nonsteady hot-wire method

Developpement d'un modele mathematique de la methode du fil chaud ainsi que de l'algorithme et du programme correspondant rendant possible l'evaluation de l'erreur theorique liee a la non-linearite du probleme
Noise characteristics of single-shot broadband CARS signals

Spectrally resolved measurements of noise in resonant nitrogen coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) are presented for three pump laser bandwidths. The experimental noise curves are compared with those calculated from a simple model involving statistically independent Stokes modes. The sources of noise in both resonant and nonresonant CARS spectra are discussed.
Detection of liquid xenon scintillation light with a Silicon Photomultiplier

Abstract We have studied the feasibility of a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to detect liquid xenon (LXe) scintillation light. The SiPM was operated inside a small volume of pure liquid xenon (LXe), at - 95 ∘ C , irradiated with an internal 241Am α source. The gain of the SiPM at this temperature was estimated to be 1.8 × 10 6 at a 52 V bias voltage. Based on the geometry of the setup, the quantum efficiency of the SiPM was estimated to be 22% (5.5% is the photon detection efficiency) at the Xe wavelength of 178 nm. The low excess noise factor (about 1.05), high single photoelectron detection efficiency, and low bias voltage of SiPMs make them attractive alternative UV photon detection devices to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for liquid xenon detectors, especially for experiments requiring a very low energy detection threshold, such as neutralino dark matter searches.
Determination of pectin degree of esterification by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract A diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) method was developed to measure the degree of esterification (DE) of commercial pectin samples. The relationship between infrared spectroscopy data and titrimetrically determined DE values was investigated. The ester carbonyl band area (CO) occurring at a mean frequency of 1756 cm−1 had the highest correlation (R2=0.822) with the mean DE of the bands observed. The DE values of pectin samples calculated from the line fit equation were comparable to those obtained from the titrimetric method. Mean DE values obtained were within 3.23% for DE 71.6, 2.9% for DE 62, and less than 1% for DE 55.3 of values obtained by titrimetric method. Spectral variations due to sample source have to be considered in developing prediction equations using FTIR. DRIFTS can be a rapid, alternative method to titrimetric analysis of pectin DE.
Snapshots of titanium BINOLate complexes with diverse solid state structures.

Many important asymmetric reactions are catalyzed by (BINOLate)Ti species with unknown structures. Reported here are three structures of BINOLate titanium complexes that show an interesting aggrega...
A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol

In December 1974 the first realtime conversation on the ARPAnet took place between Culler-Harrison Incorporated in Goleta, California, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. This was the first successful application of realtime digital speech communication over a packet network and an early milestone in the explosion of realtime signal processing of speech, audio, images, and video that we all take for granted today. It could be considered as the first voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), except that the Internet Protocol (IP) had not yet been established. In fact, the interest in realtime signal processing had an indirect, but major, impact on the development of IP. This is the story of the development of linear predictive coded (LPC) speech and how it came to be used in the first successful packet speech experiments. Several related stories are recounted as well. This is the second part of a two part monograph on linear predictive coding (LPC) and the Internet protocol (IP). The first part presented an introduction to this history and a tutorial on linear prediction and its applications to speech, providing background and context to the technical history of the second part.
Unique use of botulinum toxin to decrease adductor tone and allow surgical excision of vulvar carcinoma

Here, we present the case of an 86-year-old woman with vulvar carcinoma requiring surgical resection and with Parkinson9s disease with severe spasticity and contractures of the lower extremities. Because of the patient9s severe contractures and spasticity (her knees could only be separated by 2 cm with sustained abducting force), surgical positioning and access to the vulva were impossible. The patient was admitted, intending to undergo surgery after injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) to hip adductors and intensive physical therapy. After confirmed healed hip arthroplasty, the patient underwent BTX injection (400 U) to her bilateral adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles on day 2 of her hospital stay. On day 3, a physical therapist began a twice-a-day stretching program. An adjustable abduction brace was custom-made to provide sustained stretching. On day 9, the patient underwent wide local excision of vulvar carcinoma with the abductor brace in place. The patient tolerated the surgery well and was discharged home on day 11 with continuous physical therapy. Upon discharge, the distance between the patient9s knees was 14 cm. This unique case demonstrated a new indication for BTX treatment in the preoperative setting to allow surgical positioning and access.
A numerical classical flutter analysis of advanced propellers

A three-dimensional Euler solver is coupled with a three-dimensional structural dynamics model to investigate flutter of propfans. An implicit-explicit hybrid scheme is used to reduce computational time for the solution of Euler equations. The aeroelastic equations are formulated in normal modes and are solved for flutter in frequency domain. The required generalized forces are obtained using a pulse response method. Computations show that the instability is dominated by the second mode frequency as was observed in experiment.
Neonatal sterilization of rodents with steroid hormones--7. Metabolic clearance rate of testosterone and estradiol in 60 day old male rats influenced by neonatal steroid exposure.

Abstract Five day old male rats injected either with estradiol benzoate (250 μg) or testosterone propionate (1000 μg) were examined at the age of 60 days for the ability to utilize and metabolize either [ 3 H]-estradiol or [ 3 H]-testosterone. It was found that total metabolic clearance rates for estradiol were significantly prolonged suggesting neonatal steroid exposure produced lesions in the hepatic compartment. Clearance rates of testosterone were not affected; this supports the view that phenolic steroids play a primary role in the pituitary-hypothalamic feedback in males.
Technology for microarray analysis of gene expression

The past year has demonstrated the versatility of microarrays for the analysis of whole model-organism genomes and has seen the development of chips to measure the expression of 40,000 human genes. Microarray technology has also become considerably more robust and sensitive. Technology enhancements include the use of noncontact printing methods, improved 2-color sample preparation, and statistically based software for data analysis.
Ideas in action: the politics of Prussian child labor reform, 1817–1839

This article explains the political origins of an 1839 law regulating the factory employment of children in Prussia. The article has two aims. First, it seeks to explain why Prussia adopted the particular law that it did. Existing historical explanations of this particular policy change are not correct, largely because they fail to take into account the actual motivations and intentions of key reformers. Second, the article contributes to theories of the role of ideas in public policymaking. Ideas interact with institutional and political factors to serve as motivators and as resources for policy change. As motivators, they drive political action and shape the content of policy programs; as resources, they enable political actors to recruit supporters and forge alliances. I offer a theory of the relationship between ideas, motivation, and political action, and I develop a methodological framework for assessing the reliability of political actors’ expressed motivations. Further, I explain how political actors use ideas as resources by deploying three specific ideational strategies: framing, borrowing, and citing. By tracing how different understandings of the child labor problem motivated and were embodied in two competing child labor policy proposals, I show how the ideas underlying reform had significant consequences for policy outcomes.
Nonparametric Estimation of the Measurement Error Model Using Multiple Indicators

This paper considers the nonparametric estimation of the densities of the latent variable and the error term in the standard measurement error model when two or more measurements are available. Using an identification result due to Kotlarski we propose a two-step nonparametric procedure for estimating both densities based on their empirical characteristic functions. We distinguish four cases according to whether the underlying characteristic functions are ordinary smooth or supersmooth. Using the loglog Law and von Mises differentials we show that our nonparametric density estimators are uniformly convergent. We also characterize the rate of uniform convergence in each of the four cases.
The structure of the trilingual lexicon

Abstract Two experiments were performed with trilingual subjects, for whom Arabic was the first language and Hebrew and English were then acquired. The first experiment employed a tnhgual Stroop colour naming test to measure the different interference effects among the three languages. In the second experiment, a trilingual picture—word naming paradigm was used to compare picture naming and translations in the three languages. The results of the two experiments indicate a coordinate relationship between Hebrew and English, and a compound relationship between eacb of these two languages and Arabic. The pattern of these relationships gives support to the suggestion that the relationship between the representations of the different languages should be seen from a developmental perspective.
Effect of cycloheximide on the catabolism of levulinic acid to CO2 by etiolated leaves of Hordeum vulgare

Abstract When etiolated barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. var. Larker) shoots are incubated with [4- 13 C]levulinic acid, they evolve 14 CO 2 . Cycloheximide inhibits this catabolism, and the effect is distinct from any effect this antimetabolite has on fatty acid oxidation or respiration. We suggest that a protein which is synthesized on 80 S ribosomes and which has a short half-life is necessary for levulinic acid catabolism to CO 2 .
Year‐to‐year variations in Bering Sea ice cover and some consequences for fish distributions

The southernmost extension of winter ice cover varies interannually and on longer time scales, reflecting large-scale changes in driving forces, especially in the position and intensity of the winter Aleutian Low Pressure System. A conspicuous pattern is alternating warm and cool periods of several years' duration. These variations in sea ice cover are reflected in the character of a subsurface cold pool, formed as stratification isolates the deeper cold waters from surface exchanges. The cold pool is better developed and more extensive in summers that follow deep southward penetration of winter sea ice. Interannual and decadal-scale variations in the distributions of some fish stocks reflect those of ice and thermal conditions. In particular, the distribution of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, varies significantly with multiannual cool and warm years while Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, is only present within the cold pool. The relation among climate variations, sea ice cover, subsurface thermal conditions, and fish distribution provides information on how climate affects marine ecosystems and may also have practical application in predicting fish distributions.
Geometrically based metrics featuring area and shape for multidimensional wildland fire models

There is, indeed, a shortage of methods to validate, verify, or simply show the performance of multidimensional wildland fire models under certain criteria. Many approaches are possible, but this study will undertake total shape and size of area burned as the metric criteria with such models. In particular, two area shape and size metrics are presented for application to a fire area simulator. Both metrics are then analyzed to show which one is better suited for predictions that have protruding fire fronts and overshoots. In addition, a numerical experiment is presented herein, which simply demonstrates how such metrics can be utilized to validate fire area simulators.
Valence Forces in Lithium and Beryllium

With the nodeless wave functions of Guillemin and Zener, the method of Heitler and London is applied to determine how two normal lithium atoms, and also two normal beryllium atoms, influence each other (as a function of the distance). For the diatomic lithium molecule in the ground state, the equilibrium distance is calculated to be 2.4A, and the heat of dissociation to be 1.09 volts. The experimental values are 2.67A (Harvey and Jenkins) and 1.14 volts (Loomis and Nusbaum), respectively. Two normal beryllium atoms repel each other.
EFFECT OF HISTAMINE, PUTRESCINE AND OF CANNED SPOILED TUNA ON GROWTH IN YOUNG JAPANESE QUAIL

Newly hatched quail were fed for 9 days with chick starter meal, or diets based upon 60% freeze-dried spoiled or nonspoiled tuna. The diets were fed alone, or with added histamine or putrescine. Histamine in the chick starter meal depressed weight gain while the putrescine had no apparent effect at the level used. The diets based upon 60% freeze-dried spoiled tuna significantly depressed weight gain when compared to the nonspoiled tuna diets. No significant effect was observed when histamine was added to nonspoiled tuna diets at levels equaling or exceeding that in the spoiled fish. Quail might be useful bioassay animals for the isolation and identification of toxic factors in canned spoiled tuna fish.
Export subsidies for differentiated products

Abstract Export subsidies in differentiated product markets are examined in a framework where the decision to establish subsidy programs occurs first, but firms set prices before governments set subsidy levels. In contrast to earlier results that governments should tax the exports of Bertrand firms when subsidy levels are set before prices, positive subsidies can be optimal. Adoption of a subsidy program by one producer's government does not necessarily hurt the unsubsidized competitor. The subsidy itself hurts, but the program facilitates collusion. The results highlight the importance of timing and the distinction between the effects of policy regimes and policy instruments.
Food intake of lean and obese Zucker rats following ventricular infusions of adrenergic agonists

The effect on food intake of adrenergic agonists administered into the third cerebral ventricle was studied in Zucker fatty and lean rats. The alpha 2 agonist, clonidine, produced a larger dose-related increase in food intake in lean rats than in the fatty rats. Dose-response curves show similar sensitivity, but decreased responsiveness in the lean animal. The beta 2 adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, produced similar food effect in obese and lean rats reducing food intake in the lean rats at the highest dose (300 nmol), and in the fatty rats at the two highest doses. The effects were small in both groups. The beta 3 agonist, BRL 37344, ([4-(2-((2-hydroxy-2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl)amino)-propyl)-phenoxy acetate]) produced a larger dose-related decrease in food intake in the fatty rat than in the lean rats. Dose-response curves showed that sensitivity of beta-receptors was similar, but the lean animals were less responsive. The beta-adrenergic blocking drug propranolol blocked the anorectic effect of BRL 37344 in the fatty rat. These studies suggest that in the fatty rat, the alpha 2 receptor system is tonically more active and the beta 3 receptor system tonically less active, a relationship that would explain the hyperphagia and development of obesity in these animals.