cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between lower limb muscle strength and balance measured by Star Excursion Balance Test in obese young adults

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether lower limb muscle strength affects dynamic balance in obese young adults by exploring the relationship between variables obtained from Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Six groups of lower limb muscle strength was obtained from Push-pull dynamometer. Materials and methods: Thirty young adult participants with obesity (15 males and 15 females) were recruited in this study. Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was performed and strength of six groups of lower limb muscles was measured using Push-pull dynamometer. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient statistic was used to determine the relationship between these variables. The significant level was set at p<0.05. Results: The result showed that SEBT score was moderate to strong correlation with knee flexor and knee extensor strength (r=0.507, p=0.002 and r=0.693, p=0.00, respectively) and weak correlation with ankle plantarflexor strength (r=0.342, p=0.032). There was no correlation between SEBT score and hip flexor, hip extensor and ankle dorsiflexor strength. Conclusion: Lower limb muscle strength is an important factor that affects dynamic balance in obese young adults.
Support functions, blocking pairs, and anti-blocking pairs

Conditions are given for two sets to be the level sets of a support function. Then, Fulkerson’s concepts of blocking pairs and anti-blocking pairs are generalized, and similar conditions are given for two polyhedra to be an anti-blocker and blocker of some polyhedron.
A Bayesian spatio-temporal model for forecasting the prevalence of antibodies to Ehrlichia species in domestic dogs within the contiguous United States.

Dogs in the United States are hosts to a diverse range of vector-borne pathogens, several of which are important zoonoses. This paper describes factors deemed to be significantly related to the prevalence of antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. in domestic dogs, including climatic conditions, geographical factors, and societal factors. These factors are used in concert with a spatio-temporal model to construct an annual seroprevalence forecast. The proposed method of forecasting and an assessment of its fidelity are described. Approximately twelve million serological test results for canine exposure to Ehrlichia spp. were used in the development of a Bayesian approach to forecast canine infection. Data used were collected on the county level across the contiguous United States from routine veterinary diagnostic tests between 2011–2015. Maps depicting the spatial baseline Ehrlichia spp. prevalence were constructed using Kriging and head-banging smoothing methods. Data were statistically analyzed to identify factors related to antibody prevalence via a Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive (CAR) model. Finally, a forecast of future Ehrlichia seroprevalence was constructed based on the proposed model using county-level data on five predictive factors identified at a workshop hosted by the Companion Animal Parasite Council and published in 2014: annual temperature, percentage forest coverage, percentage surface water coverage, population density and median household income. Data were statistically analyzed to identify factors related to disease prevalence via a Bayesian spatio-temporal model. The fitted model and factor extrapolations were then used to forecast the regional seroprevalence for 2016. The correlation between the observed and model-estimated county-by-county Ehrlichia seroprevalence for the five-year period 2011–2015 is 0.842, demonstrating reasonable model accuracy. The weighted correlation (acknowledging unequal sample sizes) between 2015 observed and forecasted county-by-county Ehrlichia seroprevalence is 0.970, demonstrating that Ehrlichia seroprevalence can be forecasted accurately. The forecast presented herein can be an a priori alert to veterinarians regarding areas expected to see expansion of Ehrlichia beyond the accepted endemic range, or in some regions a dynamic change from historical average prevalence. Moreover, this forecast could potentially serve as a surveillance tool for human health and prove useful for forecasting other vector-borne diseases.
Therapist-Specific Factors and Psychotherapy Outcomes of Adult and Youth Clients Seen in a Psychology Training Clinic.

The current study investigated therapist demographic and level of experience in relation to psychotherapy outcomes for adult and child clients. The OQ-45 and Y-OQ 2.01 were used to assess outcomes for 199 adults and 169 youth clients seen for psychotherapy by graduate-level student therapists. Analyses included calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients for each therapist-specific factors (e.g., therapist age, sex) and total score change amount on the OQ-45/Y-OQ 2.01 by treatment outcome subgroup (e.g., clinically significant change, reliable improvement, no change, or deterioration). For adults, a statistically significant relationship was found between improved outcomes and therapist having previously obtained clinical master’s degree (r = 0.276, p < .05) as well as female therapist gender (r = −0.295, p < .05). For youth, no statistically significant correlations were observed. Current findings are compared to nontraining settings and implications for student therapist training and training clinic policy are reviewed.
[49-OR]: Vasopressin secretion in human pregnancy predicts the development of preeclampsia as early as the sixth week of gestation

Objectives The objective of this study is to determine: (1) if circulating copeptin, a stable biomarker of vasopressin secretion, is higher throughout gestation in pregnant women who develop preeclampsia in comparison to controls, and (2) if copeptin predicts the development of preeclampsia. Methods In this case-control study, coded plasma from mothers who developed preeclampsia ( n = 50, PE), pregnant controls ( n = 54, PC), and nonpregnant controls ( n = 33, NC) with their annotated clinical patient information were obtained through the University of Iowa IRB-approved Women’s Health Tissue Repository. Copeptin, cystatin C (measure of renal function), LNPEP (vasopressinase), and sFLT-1 were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Multivariate regression models and receiver operating characteristics curves were constructed. Alpha was set at 0.05. Results In the first (654 ± 78 vs. 1852 ± 363 pg/mL, p p = 0.01), and third (807 ± 158 vs. 1782 ± 263 pg/mL, p = 0.002) trimesters, the PE group exhibited a significantly higher copeptin concentration in comparison to the PC and NC groups. There was no difference in copeptin between the PC and NC groups. Overall, there were no significant differences in Cystatin-C, LNPEP, and sFLT-1 between the PE and PC groups. Copeptin significantly predicts preeclampsia throughout gestation as early as the 6th week of gestation in the first trimester (AUC = 0.90, p Conclusions Copeptin is a novel, robust and clinically useful biomarker for the prediction of preeclampsia in very-early pregnancy. Disclosures: M. Santillan holds 2 provisional patents on the use of the vasopressin pathway in the prediction, prevention, and treatment of preeclampsia. D. Santillan: None. S. Scroggins: None. J. Min: None. K. Leslie: None. S. Hunter: None. G. Zamba: None. K. Gibson-Corley: None. J. Grobe: holds 2 provisional patents on the use of the vasopressin pathway on the prediction, prevention and treatment of preeclampsia.
A 3D simulation look-up library for real-time airborne gamma-ray spectroscopy

Abstract A three-dimensional look-up library consisting of simulated gamma-ray spectra was developed to leverage, in real-time, the abundance of data provided by a helicopter-mounted gamma-ray detection system consisting of 92 CsI-based radiation sensors and exhibiting a highly angular-dependent response. We have demonstrated how this library can be used to help effectively estimate the terrestrial gamma-ray background, develop simulated flight scenarios, and to localize radiological sources. Source localization accuracy was significantly improved, particularly for weak sources, by estimating the entire gamma-ray spectra while accounting for scattering in the air, and especially off the ground.
Language and Politics in Ramón Joaquín Domínguez (1846–1847): Criticism of the Spanish Academy in Spain’s First Encyclopedic Dictionary

This article studies Ramon Joaquin Dominguez’s (1811–1848) Diccionario Nacional o gran diccionario clasico de la lengua espanola (1846–1847) , the first encyclopedic work written in Spain. Firstly, a historical account of the context in which this lexicographic work emerged is provided. Secondly, Dominguez’s life, work and political ideas are examined. Finally, the disapproval of the Royal Spanish Academy in the Diccionario Nacional is analyzed. I argue that, in keeping with the French encyclopedic tradition, Dominguez displayed an openly political standpoint in his dictionary and criticized both political ideas and institutions of power that he considered a hindrance to progress and liberalism.
Aperture Synthesis and Interferometry

To record the image of a sunset we point the camera toward the setting sun, and the rays diverging from the various elements of the scene fall on the lens and are focused, element by element, on the film. Some people undoubtedly conceive of a camera as a device that reaches out and captures the distant scene, and years ago it was vigorously contended that vision reached out from the eye much as a hand reaches out in a dark room to explore the surroundings. It is, of course, perfectly all right to describe photography as in the introductory sentence above, but with the caveat that the description involves information about certain entities (the source elements and the propagation medium) that are unascertainable by the camera alone. In many branches of science the output of the observing instruments is the only information—astronomy is one example, and seismic exploration of the earth’s interior is another. Both of these endeavors produce images of inaccessible regions of physical space, and they suggest another, more operational, way of describing image formation.
A Transgenic Mouse Model to Selectively Identify α3 Na,K-ATPase Expressing Cells in the Nervous System.

Abstract The α3 Na+,K+-ATPase (α3NKA) is one of four known α isoforms of the mammalian transporter. A deficiency in α3NKA is linked to severe movement control disorders. Understanding the pathogenesis of these disorders is limited by an incomplete knowledge of α3NKA expression in the brain as well as the challenges associated with identifying living cells that express the isoform for subsequent electrophysiological studies. To address this problem, transgenic mice were generated on the C57BL/6 genetic background, which utilize the mouse α3 subunit gene (Atp1a3) promoter to drive the expression of ZsGreen1 fluorescent protein. Consistent with published results on α3NKA distribution, a ZsGreen1 signal was detected in the brain, but not in the liver, with Atp1a3-ZsGreen1 transgenic mice. The intensity of ZsGreen1 fluorescence in neuronal cell bodies varied considerably in the brain, being highest in the brainstem, deep cerebellar and select thalamic nuclei, and relatively weak in cortical regions. Fluorescence was not detected in astrocytes or white matter areas. ZsGreen1-positive neurons were readily observed in fresh (unfixed) brain sections, which were amenable to patch-clamp recordings. Thus, the α3NKA-ZsGreen1 mouse model provides a powerful tool for studying the distribution and functional properties of α3NKA-expressing neurons in the brain.
Ancillary referral patterns in infants after initial assessment in a cardiac developmental outcomes clinic.

OBJECTIVE Neurodevelopmental impairment is common after surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in infancy. While neurodevelopmental follow-up of high-risk patients has increased, the referral patterns for ancillary services following initial evaluation have not been reported. The aim of this study is to describe the rates and patterns of referral at the initial visit to our outcomes clinic of patients who underwent surgery for CHD during infancy. OUTCOMES MEASURES The Cardiac Developmental Outcomes Program clinic at Texas Children's Hospital provides routine longitudinal follow-up with developmental pediatricians and child psychologists for children who required surgery for CHD within the first 3 months of life. Demographic, diagnostic, and clinical data, including prior receipt of intervention and referral patterns at initial presentation, were abstracted from our database. RESULTS Between April 2013 and May 2017, 244 infants under 12 months of age presented for initial evaluation at a mean age of 7 ± 1.3 months. At presentation, 31% (76/244) were referred for either therapeutic intervention (early intervention or private therapies), ancillary medical services, or both. Referral rates for low-risk (STAT 1-3) and high-risk (STAT 4-5) infants were similar (28 vs. 33%, P = .48). Referrals were more common in: Hispanic white infants (P = .012), infants with non-cardiac congenital anomalies (P = .001), history of gastrostomy tube placement (P < .001), and infants with prior therapy (P = .043). Infants of non-English speaking parents were three times more likely to be referred (95% CI = 1.5, 6.4; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS At the time of presentation, nearly 1 in 3 infants required referral. Referral patterns did not vary by traditional risk stratification. Sociodemographic factors and co-morbid medical conditions increased the likelihood of referral. This supports the need for routine follow-up for all post-surgical infants regardless of level of surgical complexity. Further research into the completion of referrals and long-term referral patterns is needed.
Effect of homogenization and hot rolling on the mechanical properties, microstructure and corrosion behavior of U–10Mo monolithic fuel

Abstract Corrosion behavior is an important consideration in the fuel qualification process. No prior study comprehensively evaluated the corrosion behavior of uranium-10 wt percent (wt%) molybdenum alloy for use in U.S. High Performance Research Reactors with the current composition, thermomechanical processing methods, dimension, cladding material, interface, research reactor water chemistry, temperature, and flow conditions. Hence, this work was performed to obtain baseline information about the corrosion behavior of DU-10Mo (depleted uranium-10 wt% molybdenum) alloy as a function of fabrication parameters (homogenization and hot rolling) using deionized water in a non-flow condition at 23 °C and 75 °C. Electrochemical and immersion corrosion testing were performed to determine the corrosion behavior of DU-10Mo hot-rolled foils. Microhardness testing, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the effect of fabrication parameters on DU-10Mo.
Four‐year‐olds incorporate speaker knowledge into pragmatic inferences

Human communication relies on the ability to take into account the speaker's mental state to infer the intended meaning of an utterance in context. For example, a sentence such as 'Some of the animals are safe to pet' can be interpreted as giving rise to the inference 'Some and not all animals are safe to pet' when uttered by an expert. The same inference, known as a scalar implicature, does not arise when the sentence is spoken by someone with partial knowledge. Adults have been shown to derive scalar implicatures in accordance with the speaker's knowledge state, but in young children this ability is debated. Here, we revisit this question using a simple visual world paradigm. We find that both 4- and 5-year-olds successfully incorporate speaker knowledge into the derivation of scalar inferences. However, this ability does not generalize immediately to non-linguistic communicative contexts. These findings have important implications for the development of pragmatic abilities.
Student-Led Climate Assessment Promotes a Healthier Graduate School Environment

This article describes a graduate student-led effort to develop a climate survey to assess, advocate for, and improve the well-being and mental health of graduate students and postdocs in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Graduate students have an increased incidence of depression relative to the general population, and given the transient nature of the student population, understanding and addressing mental health concerns can be challenging. The goal of this article is to illustrate how students, with the support of departmental faculty, staff, and existing on-campus mental health resources, can take the lead to investigate and assess issues related to the challenging graduate school environment. We describe the student-led development and implementation of and the subsequent follow-up to a department-wide survey aimed at destigmatizing the subject of mental health and fostering a more supportive community. This article serves as a framework to assist other interested and motivated graduate students who, with the support of local faculty, wish to develop and initiate a similar process in their own departments. We demonstrate that student-led actions can effectively tackle department-level problems and encourage other interested students to initiate a similar effort.
Characterization and Control of Dynamic Rearrangement in a Self-Assembled Antibody Carrier.

Thorough characterization of protein assemblies is required for the control of structure and robust performance in any given application, especially for the safety and stability of protein therapeu...
All-Electron Gaussian-Based G0W0 for Valence and Core Excitation Energies of Periodic Systems

We describe an all-electron G0W0 implementation for periodic systems with k-point sampling implemented in a crystalline Gaussian basis. Our full-frequency G0W0 method relies on efficient Gaussian d...
The effect of commitment differentiation on integrated project delivery team dynamics: The critical roles of goal alignment, communication behaviors, and decision quality

Abstract Recently, architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) project teams have begun to adopt the integrated project delivery (IPD) method with increased frequency. This adoption has been made on the assumption that IPD will lead to beneficial project team dynamics and outcomes. Although novel and potentially useful, we contend that the mere implementation of the IPD method does not in and of itself guarantee successful project team dynamics and outcomes. In specific, in this manuscript we argue that commitment disparities between project team members are problematic for numerous project team dynamics and outcomes: goal alignment, communication behaviors, and decision-quality. Using data from 21 IPD project teams, we show this to be the case. Results from this investigation suggest that when members’ commitment levels vary within project teams, goal misalignment, poor communication behaviors, and reduced decision quality are expected to follow. Moreover, results suggest that this is especially likely to occur when members’ commitment levels are low as opposed to high. This work contributes substantially to our understanding of project team dynamics in the AEC industry, especially as they relate to those delivered under contractually followed IPD. Although the IPD method holds the potential to be beneficial, these results suggest that such benefits accrue only if team members’ commitment levels are both high and uniform. In the absence of such conditions, problematic team-level dynamics and outcomes are expected to ensue.
On the periodic v2–self-map of A1

The spectrum Y := M2(1) ∧ Cη admits eight v1-self-maps of periodicity 1. These eight self-maps admit four different cofibers, which we denote by A1[ij] for i,j ∈{0,1}. We show that each of these four spectra admits a v2-self-map of periodicity 32.
The neural economics of brain aging

Despite remarkable advances, research into neurodegeneration and Alzheimer Disease (AD) has nonetheless been dominated by inconsistent and conflicting theory. Basic questions regarding how and why the brain changes over time remain unanswered. In this work, we lay novel foundations for a consistent, integrated view of the aging brain. We develop neural economics-the study of the brain's infrastructure, brain capital. Using mathematical modeling, we create ABC (Aging Brain Capital), a simple linear simultaneous-equation model that unites aspects of neuroscience, economics, and thermodynamics to explain the rise and fall of brain capital, and thus function, over the human lifespan. Solving and simulating this model, we show that in each of us, the resource budget constraints of our finite brains cause brain capital to reach an upper limit. The thermodynamics of our working brains cause persistent pathologies to inevitably accumulate. With time, the brain becomes damaged causing brain capital to depreciate and decline. Using derivative models, we suggest that this endogenous aging process underpins the pathogenesis and spectrum of neurodegenerative disease. We develop amyloid-tau interaction theory, a paradigm that bridges the unnecessary conflict between amyloid- and tau-centered hypotheses of AD. Finally, we discuss profound implications for therapeutic strategy and development.
Attention as a source of variability in decision-making: Accounting for overall-value effects with diffusion models

Abstract Research has demonstrated that value-based decisions depend on not only the relative value difference between options, but also their overall value. In particular, response times tend to decrease as the overall (summed) value of the options increase. Standard sequential sampling models such as the diffusion model can account for this fact by assuming that decision thresholds or noise vary with overall value. Alternatively, gaze-based models that incorporate eye-tracking data can accommodate this overall-value effect directly as a consequence of the multiplicative relationship between gaze and option value. We compare the fit of non-gaze diffusion models to data simulated with a multiplicative-gaze model. The results show how parameters related to decision thresholds or noise will vary as a function of overall value, even when there is no such variability in the data generating process. In empirical data, we find similar patterns where decision thresholds, noise, or non-decision time seem to vary with overall value. Our results reveal that specific patterns in standard diffusion model parameters can arise from a latent process of gaze-dependent evidence accumulation.
The median partition and submodularity

Abstract A median partition P * of a finite set X is a minimizer of a remoteness function φ ( P ) = ∑ i = 1 m D ( P , P i ) defined from a profile of partitions E = { P 1 , P 2 , … , P m } and a function D that quantifies the distance between two partitions. This paper focuses in the location of median partitions within the lattice of partitions when the symmetric function D is such that, for every partition P , D ( P , . ) is a submodular function that decreases along any chain (either ascending or descending) starting at P . Especially, refinement relationships among median partitions and quota rules are investigated. Most of the results presented here remain valid in an arbitrary semimodular lattice.
Global Stocks of Separated Plutonium – Stalled on the Path to Elimination

With the end of the Cold War, Russia, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom declared an end to their production of plutonium for weapons and Russia and the United States declared large ...
The Semi-discrete Method for the Approximation of the Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations

We study the numerical approximation of the solution of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) that do not follow the standard smoothness assumptions. In particular, we focus on SDEs that admit solutions which take values in a certain domain; examples of these equations appear in various fields of application such as mathematical finance and natural sciences among others, where the quantity of interest may be the interest rate, which takes non-negative values, or the population dynamics which takes values between zero and one. We review the Semi-Discrete method (SD), a numerical method that has the qualitative feature of domain preservation among other desirable properties.
Demographic, Comorbidity, and Episode of Care Trends in Primary Hip Arthroplasty: 2008 to 2018

Background While previous studies have provided insight into time-trends in age and comorbidities of total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients, there is limited recent literature from within the past decade. The implication of these findings is relevant due to the projected THA volume increase and continued emphasis on healthcare system cost-containment policies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify trends in THA patient demographics, comorbidities, and episode of care from 2008 to 2018. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) was queried to identify patient demographics, comorbidities, and episodes of care outcomes in patients undergoing primary THA from 2008 to 2018 (n = 216,524). Trends were analyzed using analysis of variances for continuous variables, while categorical variables were analyzed using chi-squared or Monte Carlo tests, where applicable. Results From 2008 to 2018, there were no clinically significant differences in age and body mass index (BMI) in patients with BMI over 40 kg/m2. However, modifiable comorbidities including patients with hypertension (60.2% in 2008, 54.3 in 2018%, p Conclusion Patient overall health status improved from 2008 to 2018. While conjectural, our findings may be a reflection of a global shift toward value-based comprehensive care centering on patient optimization prior to arthroplasty, quality-of-care, and curtailing costs by mitigating perioperative adverse events. This study's level of evidence is III.
A JBrick: Accessible Robotics Programming for Visually Impaired Users

Despite advances in assistive technology, challenges remain in pre-college computer science outreach and university programs for visually impaired students. The use of robotics has been popular in pre-college classrooms and outreach programs, including those that serve underrepresented groups. This paper describes the specific accessibility features implemented in software that provides an accessible Lego Mindstorms NXT programming environment for teenage students who are visually impaired. JBrick is designed to support students with diverse visual acuity and who use needed assistive technology. Field tests over several days showed that JBrick has the potential to accommodate students who are visually impaired as they work together to program Lego Mindstorms NXT robots.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: A major mediator of the adaptive responses to stress

Abstract Glucocorticoid hormones exert a multitude of functions that affect virtually every cell in thebody. The physiological significance of glucocorticoids is most remarkable at times of stress, when the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is fully stimulated. The same hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the HPA, axis, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) also mediates behavioral, autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to stress in rodents and primates. Hyperfunction of CRH neuron, therefore, appears to underlie a variety of psychiatric, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic and reproductive illnesses attributable to stress. Nonpeptide CRH type-1 receptor antagonists are novel tools to moderate CRH activity in the brain after systemic administration. They are currently under intensive investigation for their potential therapeutic effects against such adaptive illnesses ascribed to stress. Here we outline the physiology of the HPA axis, its interconnection with the neurocircuitry of stress and its implication in human disease.
Endocrine Disruptors as a Factor in Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of endocrine disruptors in mental retardation. Endocrine systems serve an essential function: they enable signals from a specific organ to evoke a dynamic, coordinated response in a distant target tissue. Their role is to maintain homeostasis. In some instances, however, the signal originates outside the body. Links between impaired endocrine function and behavioral disorders are hardly a novel phenomenon. Sexual differentiation of the brain is known to be guided primarily by the actions of gonadal hormones. Disturbing the appropriate balance of these hormones during development by exogenous agents produces morphological, neurochemical, and behavioral abnormalities. This delicate balance is persuasively illustrated by the behavioral correlates of the genetic virilizing disease congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Females with this disorder, which exposes them to high levels of androgens during gestation as well as postnatally, exhibit behavioral patterns indicating both masculinization and defeminization.
Fusion of Infrared and Visible Images for Face Recognition

A number of studies have demonstrated that infrared (IR) imagery offers a promising alternative to visible imagery due to it’s insensitive to variations in face appearance caused by illumination changes. IR, however, has other limitations including that it is opaque to glass. The emphasis in this study is on examining the sensitivity of IR imagery to facial occlusion caused by eyeglasses. Our experiments indicate that IR-based recognition performance degrades seriously when eyeglasses are present in the probe image but not in the gallery image and vice versa. To address this serious limitation of IR, we propose fusing the two modalities, exploiting the fact that visible-based recognition is less sensitive to the presence or absence of eyeglasses. Our fusion scheme is pixel-based, operates in the wavelet domain, and employs genetic algorithms (GAs) to decide how to combine IR with visible information. Although our fusion approach was not able to fully discount illumination effects present in the visible images, our experimental results show substantial improvements recognition performance overall, and it deserves further consideration.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis in hen erythrocyte nuclei reactivated in heterokaryons.

Abstract Unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and presumed to indicate DNA repair replication, is not detected in dormant nuclei of hen erythrocytes. Erythrocyte nuclei reactivated in heterokaryons containing either HeLa cells or rat fibroblast nuclei resume unscheduled DNA synthesis within the first 16 h after cell fusion. The rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis increases further, parallel with nuclei reactivation (enlargement) in heterokaryons. Unscheduled DNA synthesis, which is resumed in reactivated nuclei, is not related to the possible induction of the enzymes of hen origin that are involved in DNA repair. Elimination of the transcription and translation of hen genome in heterokaryons does not impair reactivation of DNA repair replication in erythrocyte nuclei. No reactivation of unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed after fusion of hen erythrocytes with cells which are genetically deprived of the ability to repair DNA (Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts). The results indicate that during erythrocyte nuclei reactivation the enzymes involved in DNA repair migrate from the heterokaryon's cytoplasm into the reactivated nuclei where they are functionally active. There is a lack of species specificity in this phenomenon.
Can learning affect exchange-rate behavior?: The case of the dollar in the early 1980's

This paper demonstrates that a change in parameters of the money market that is not immediately understood will affect the behavior of exchange-rate forecast errors while the market is learning. The analysis is applied to the behavior of U.S. dollar-German mark forecast errors during the early 1980's when the market appeared to systematically underpredict the strength of the dollar. Consistent with this observation, empirical estimates of implied forecast errors based upon Bayesian learning suggest that forecast errors would have been on-average negative during the period as the market came to realize the increase in U.S. money demand.
Protein kinase C isozymes and the regulation of diverse cell responses

Individual protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have been implicated in many cellular responses important in lung health and disease, including permeability, contraction, migration, hypertrophy, proliferation, apoptosis, and secretion. New ideas on mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including the identification of a novel PKC kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1), that regulates phosphorylation of PKC, have been advanced. The importance of targeted translocation of PKC and isozyme-specific binding proteins (like receptors for activated C-kinase and caveolins) is well established. Phosphorylation state and localization are now thought to be key determinants of isozyme activity and specificity. New concepts on the role of individual PKC isozymes in proliferation and apoptosis are emerging. Opposing roles for selected isozymes in the same cell system have been defined. Coupling to the Wnt signaling pathway has been described. Phenotypes for PKC knockout mice have recently been reported. More specific approaches for studying PKC isozymes and their role in cell responses have been developed. Strengths and weaknesses of different experimental strategies are reviewed. Future directions for investigation are identified.
Eletrical Properties of Glasses in the System PbO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐SiO2

Glasses in the system Pb0–Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 are chemically stable over a wide composition range and have very desirable electrical characteristics such as high electrical resistivities and activation energies for conduction. Variations in these electrical properties were studied as a function of composition changes within the system, the object being to identify the role of the constituent oxides in achieving the highest activation energy and resistivity values consistent with moderate preparation temperatures. Measurements were made in the temperature range 25° to 400°C on carefully prepared glass disks in which the individual oxide components or different oxide ratios such as PbO/SiO2, Al2O3/SiO2, and BsO3/SiO1 were systematically varied. The activation energy and resistivity values obtained ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 ev and 10° to 1014 ohm-cm, with dielectric constants ranging from 9 to 19 and densities from 4.30 to 4.50 g/cmY. Indications were that, for the composition range studied, the behavior manifested was basically that of the binary PbO-SO2 glass with additions of Al2O3 or B2O3, even in small concentrations, sharply increasing the activation energy for conduction while lowering the density.
Routine Activities and Victimization at School: The Significance of Gender:

Routine activities theory has not fully considered the role of gender in shaping victimization and yet, the research literature clearly demonstrates that gender is associated with an individual’s risk of victimization. In addition to the pervasive effect of gender on victimization, gender shapes an individual’s daily routines and thus may create a gender-specific relationship with victimization. This article explores the importance of gender in understanding the relationship between student’s participation in extracurricular routine activities (e.g., student government, clubs, sports, and etc.) and the risk of victimization. From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a sample of 10th-grade students was drawn for analyses. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling was employed to explore the role of gender in the relationship between extracurricular routine activities and victimization at school. The results reveal that students’ gender indeed interacts with several of the extracurricular routine activi...
Diffusion coefficients of some 14C-labeled saccharides of biological interest

Abstract Coefficients of free diffusion of some 14 C-labeled saccharides in saline were determined at 37°C by the agar gel method of Schantz and Lauffer. The following values (× 10 −6 cm 2 /sec) were obtained: [1- 14 C]D-mannitol, 9.16; [U- 14 C]D-sucrose, 6.99; [ 14 C] carboxyinulin, 2.98; [ 14 C] hydroxymethyl-inulin, 2.49; and [ 14 C] carboxydextran (mol wt range 60, 000–90, 000), 1.33. The coefficients for 14 C-labeled mannitol, sucrose, and carboxy-inulin were in reasonably close agreement with previously reported literature values and with Stokes-Einstein calculated coefficients. The value for [ 14 C] hydroxymethyl-inulin differed from that of [ 14 C] carboxy-inulin, but was similar to previously reported values for native (unlabeled) inulin. The measured diffusion coefficient for [ 14 C] carboxydextran was somewhat greater than the coefficient calculated from the Stokes-Einstein equation for a compound with an average molt wt of 75, 000.
On the Relationship Between Law and Morality

. Instead of being embarrassed and uneasy about the implications of the separation thesis, positivists should welcome the fact that they cannot account for the obligatoriness of law. The rule of recognition is only a social rule and introduces no grounds for obligation.
The use of integral methods in solving partial differential equations — II. Consolidation of very soft soil

Abstract An integral method technique is used in solving the governing partial differential equation which models the process of self-weight consolidation of very soft soil. The solution is in the form of a series of convenient closed-form equations.
The NIMROD code: a new approach to numerical plasma physics

NIMROD is a code development project designed to study long-wavelength, low-frequency, nonlinear phenomena in toroidal plasmas with realistic geometry and dynamics. The numerical challenges of solving the fluid equations for a fusion plasma are discussed and our discretization scheme is presented. Simulations of a resistive tearing mode show that time steps much greater than the Alfven time are possible without loss of accuracy. Validation tests of a resistive interchange mode in a shaped equilibrium, a ballooning mode and nonlinear activity in reversed-field pinches are described.
The older driver. Clinical assessment and injury prevention.

Continued increases in the number of older drivers during the next several decades will increase the importance of medical, ethical, and health policy issues related to driving privileges. Physicians have a critical role in examining patients for driving competence and in screening for impairments that increase the risk of motor vehicle injuries. Both age-related and disease-related factors may affect driving ability in older adults. Research related to the impact of chronic diseases, medications, visual problems, and various neurologic disorders should provide guidance to clinicians in the assessment of driving ability. Performance-based functional assessment, including the use of driving simulators and road tests, may provide information that is useful in the evaluation and rehabilitation of possibly impaired older drivers. Further research related to human, vehicular, and environmental factors and the development of intervention strategies for prevention of crashes and crashrelated injuries will reduce the risk of injury and death in older adults. (Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:735-740)
Particulate Matter and Asthma: A Quantitative Assessment of the Current Evidence

Abstract Numerous reports document significant worldwide increases in asthma morbidity and mortality from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Various social and environmental factors, including exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants and allergens, have been postulated as partial explanations of increasing asthma trends. Although air pollution concentrations have not generally increased over this period, other factors, including increases in poverty and decreases in regular medical care, may render individuals more susceptible to effects from exposures. There is a substantial literature linking exposure to several gaseous air pollutants with respiratory effects in asthmatics. Since the chemical composition and size distribution of airborne particles vary markedly with time and location, the impact of these heterogeneous mixtures on asthmatics is difficult to study in controlled exposure studies. Epidemiologic studies, however, have repeatedly demonstrated associations of particulate matter (PM) with exac...
THE INFORMATION HIGHWAY IN CONTEMPORARY MAGAZINE NARRATIVE

Narrative is important in constructing social reality. It defines a coherent world within which social action occurs. Narrative analysis is a powerful technique for revealing assumptions that define social settings. This study employed narrative analysis to examine a maximum variation sample of magazine articles about the information highway directed at demographically and ethnically diverse audiences. Given the information highway metaphor, our purpose was to reveal the worldviews within which communication infrastructures develop. Regardless of the intended audience, a sense of powerlessness pervades narratives about the information highway. Although slight resistance is depicted, the world is portrayed as autonomous economic forces toward which individuals must adjust their actions. We argue that the narrative impoverishment of discourse that employs the information highway metaphor closes of alternate possibilities for social development. We discuss criteria for narratives that present communication technologies in a socially responsive manner.
Editing function of Escherichia coli cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase: cyclization of cysteine to cysteine thiolactone

A cyclic sulfur compound, identified as cysteine thiolactone by several chemical and enzymatic tests, is formed from cysteine during in vitro tRNA(Cys) aminoacylation catalyzed by Escherichia coli cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. The mechanism of cysteine thiolactone formation involves enzymatic deacylation of Cys-tRNA(Cys) (k = 0.017 s-1) in which nucleophilic sulfur of the side chain of cysteine in Cys-tRNA(Cys) attacks its carboxyl carbon to yield cysteine thiolactone. Nonenzymatic deacylation of Cys-tRNA(Cys) (k = 0.0006 s-1) yields cysteine, as expected. Inhibition of enzymatic deacylation of Cys-tRNA(Cys) by cysteine and Cys-AMP, but not by ATP, indicates that both synthesis of Cys-tRNA(Cys) and cyclization of cysteine to the thiolactone occur in a single active site of the enzyme. The cyclization of cysteine is mechanistically similar to the editing reactions of methionyl-tRNA synthetase. However, in contrast to methionyl-tRNA synthetase which needs the editing function to reject misactivated homocysteine, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is highly selective and is not faced with a problem in rejecting noncognate amino acids. Despite this, the present day cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, like methionyl-tRNA synthetase, still retains an editing activity toward the cognate product, the charged tRNA. This function may be a remnant of a chemistry used by an ancestral cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase.
Synthesis of 6,6′-disubstituted sucrose derivatives from 1′,6,6′-tri-O-tripsylsucrose

Abstract An improved synthesis of 6,6′-disubstituted derivatives of sucrose is described that uses 1′,6,6′-tri- O -tripsylsucrose as the starting material. The 6- and 6′-tripsyloxy groups have been selectively displaced, leaving the (more sterically hindered) 1′-tripsyloxy group untouched. Subsequent displacement of the 1′-tripsyloxy group by sodium benzoate, under forcing conditions, effected sulfonate displacement and gave sucrose derivatives substituted at C-6 and C-6′.
Uptake and distribution of copper and zinc by soybean and corn from soil treated with sewage sludge

A field study was conducted to determine uptake and distribution of Cu and Zn by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn (Zea mays L.) grown on Enon sandy loam (fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs), treated with 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg ha−1 of sewage sludge each year. ‘Ransom’ soybeans were grown the first year and ‘FCX’ corn was grown in the same plots to maturity the second year. In general, sludge significantly increased grain yield of soybeans and corn. Copper concentration in soybean seed was higher than in leaf and stem, but Zn concentration was lower in the seed than in the other tissues, under sludge treatment. Copper in corn leaf increased more than in stem and grain as the rate of sludge addition increased. Zinc increased in corn leaf and stem as the rate of sludge increased, but Zn in grain was not affected.
Characterization of ductal and lobular breast carcinomas using novel prolactin receptor isoform specific antibodies

Background Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone responsible for proliferation and differentiation of the mammary gland. More recently, prolactin's role in mammary carcinogenesis has been studied with greater interest. Studies from our laboratory and from others have demonstrated that three specific isoforms of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) are expressed in both normal and cancerous breast cells and tissues. Until now, reliable isoform specific antibodies have been lacking. We have prepared and characterized polyclonal antibodies against each of the human PRLR isoforms that can effectively be used to characterize human breast cancers.
Azimuth and elevation direction finding with planar arrays using Thompson's adaptive method

This work presents a method for resolving the directions of arrival in both the azimuthal and elevation plane simultaneously using a planar array. An adaptive algorithm, based on Pisarenko's harmonic retrieval method, is presented and implemented.
Comparison of and uterine contractility in the ewe

Abstract Uterine contractions were observed in vivo by laparotomy and exposure of the uterus. Ten hours after the beginning of estrus, an average of 39 contractions per 10 min originated in the posterior ends of the uterine horns and moved toward the oviducts, while an average of, 13 contractions originated in the anterior ends of the horns and moved toward the cervix. Two days later (58 hr after the beginning of estrus), the contractions had changed in origin and direction; only 6 contractions originated in the posterior ends of the horns and moved anteriorly, while 39 originated in the anterior ends and moved posteriorly. Experiments were done to determine whether the change in origin of contractions in vivo was reflected in the contractility of strips of myometrium in a tissue bath. The number and amplitude of contractions were recorded from strips of circular and of longitudinal myometrium taken from the posterior and anterior ends of the uterine horns at 10 and 58 hr after the beginning of estrus. The myometrial strips contracted approximately 3 to 4 times per minute regardless of the time after the beginning of estrus, the end of the uterine horn from which the tissue was taken, or whether the contracting muscle was circular or longitudinal. Thus, the physiological mechanisms that controlled the number and origin of uterine contractions in vivo did not maintain that control over myometrial tissue in vitro .