cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syntax response–space biases for hands, not feet

A number of studies have shown a relationship between comprehending transitive sentences and spatial processing (e.g., Chatterjee, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(2), 55–61, 2001), in which there is an advantage for responding to images that depict the agent of an action to the left of the patient. Boiteau and Almor (Cognitive Science, 2016) demonstrated that a similar effect is found for pure linguistic information, such that after reading a sentence, identifying a word that had appeared earlier as the agent is faster on the left than on the right, but only for left-hand responses. In this study, we examined the role of lateralized manual motor processes in this effect and found that such spatial effects occur even when only the responses, but not the stimuli, have a spatial dimension. In support of the specific role of manual motor processes, we found a response-space effect with manual but not with pedal responses. Our results support an effector-specific (as opposed to an effector-general) hypothesis: Manual responses showed spatial effects compatible with those in previous research, whereas pedal responses did not. This is consistent with theoretical and empirical work arguing that the hands are generally involved with, and perhaps more sensitive to, linguistic information.
Intellectual Property Law and the Promotion of Welfare

The U.S. Constitution grants Congress the power “to Promote the Progress of Science and the Useful Arts” by granting copyrights and patents to authors and inventors. Most courts and scholars understand this language to entail a utilitarian or consequentialist approach to intellectual property (IP) law. Unlike IP systems in other parts of the world, U.S. IP law generally eschews so-called “moral” or deontological considerations such as justice and fairness. Yet while there is considerable consensus regarding U.S. IP law’s philosophical orientation, there has been little discussion of its deeper normative goals. Most courts and scholars agree with the idea that IP law should provide incentives to creators, but there has been almost no analysis of why creativity and innovation are good. What, exactly, are the interests that IP law should promote? Various answers to these questions exist. One possibility would be to interpret the constitutional language literally and narrowly. On this view, IP law should encourage developments in knowledge and technology irrespective of broader interests. Another option would be to interpret the constitutional language broadly to encompass a general social welfare calculus. In this chapter we discuss a variety of ways of understanding the normative goals of a consequentialist IP regime. We argue that the best approach derives from recent work in the field of hedonic psychology. The principal consequentialist goal of IP law should be to maximize social welfare, where welfare is understood as subjective well-being. We do not argue that IP law cannot have other interests beyond consequentialism; there may be room for deontological considerations such as fairness and justice as well. But where IP law is motivated by welfare considerations, it should be structured to maximize individuals’ happiness. In support of this objective, we offer some suggestions for how a happiness-based IP regime might differ from the status quo.
A risk map methodology to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of leakage into groundwater from Geologic Carbon Storage

Abstract The risks to potable aquifers due to brine leakage through plugged and abandoned (P&A) wells is highly uncertain and a potentially significant contributor to the risk profile in Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS). This uncertainty stems from the unknown location of wells and the large variance of P&A wellbore permeability, making the spatial assessment of P&A brine leakage risk challenging. A new methodology is presented to generate “risk maps”, or spatial distributions of brine leakage risk to groundwater resources as defined with no-impact or Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) thresholds. The methodology utilizes probability theory, thereby avoiding the use of computationally expensive Monte Carlo simulations while maintaining flexibility in modeling techniques. These maps provide quantitative probabilities of risk as a function of time to inform site selection and monitoring during and post-injection, conducive to the US EPA’s permitting of class-VI wells and the so-called “area of review”, AoR. As a demonstration of the methodology, a numerical model of a hypothetical fully-coupled system spanning from the injection reservoir to the USDW is used to assess the evolution of brine leakage through P&A wells. Risk maps of CO 2 leakage can also be generated with this methodology for a comprehensive assessment of GCS leakage risk.
Embedded Narratives: Metabolic Disorders and Pentecostal Conversion in Samoa

Drawing from interviews and participant observation, this article explores the intersection of diagnosis of metabolic disorders and religious conversion among Pentecostal Christians in Samoa by analyzing what I call embedded narratives--conversion narratives embedded in illness narratives. Drawing from ethnographic data, I examine how using conversion narrative conventions enabled those living with metabolic disorders to narrate behavior change in a culturally and socially valorized way. By embedding their narratives, I suggest those living with metabolic disorders shifted the object of care from a disease process toward the creation of a religious life and in turn transformed the risks associated with metabolic disorders, including diet, exercise, and pharmaceutical use into moral risks associated with everyday religious life. In these cases, Pentecostal conversion created possible scripts for changing health practices, managing stress, and shifting resource use in the name of religious commitment, providing insights into how self-care can be an expression of religious practice.
Enrichment of IL-17A + IFN-γ + and IL-22 + IFN-γ + T cell subsets is associated with reduction of NKp44 + ILC3s in the terminal ileum of Crohn's disease patients

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the human gastrointestinal tract whose aetiology remains largely unknown. Dysregulated adaptive immune responses and defective innate immunity both contribute to this process. In this study, we demonstrated that the interleukin (IL)-17A+ interferon (IFN)-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets accumulated specifically in the inflamed terminal ileum of CD patients. These cells had higher expression of Ki-67 and were active cytokine producers. In addition, their proportions within both the IL-17A-producer and IL-22-producer populations were increased significantly. These data suggest that IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets might represent the pathogenic T helper type 17 (Th17) population in the context of intestinal inflammation for CD patients. In the innate immunity compartment we detected a dramatic alteration of both phenotype and function of the intestinal innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), that play an important role in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. In the inflamed gut the frequency of the NKp44- CD117- ILC1s subset was increased significantly, while the frequency of NKp44+ ILC3s was reduced. Furthermore, the frequency of human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)-expressing-NKp44+ ILC3s was also reduced significantly. Interestingly, the decrease in the NKp44+ ILC3s population was associated with an increase of pathogenic IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets in the adaptive compartment. This might suggest a potential link between NKp44+ ILC3s and the IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets in the terminal ileum of CD patients.
Shifted Quadratic Guaranteed Cost Bounds for Robust Controller Synthesis

Abstract This paper presents three novel shifted quadratic guaranteed cost bounds for analysis and synthesis of robust feedback controllers. Numerical examples are given to compare the robust stability and performance tradeoffs of these controllers with controllers based upon scaled Popov synthesis.
Monocular Multiview Object Tracking with 3D Aspect Parts

In this work, we focus on the problem of tracking objects under significant viewpoint variations, which poses a big challenge to traditional object tracking methods. We propose a novel method to track an object and estimate its continuous pose and part locations under severe viewpoint change. In order to handle the change in topological appearance introduced by viewpoint transformations, we represent objects with 3D aspect parts and model the relationship between viewpoint and 3D aspect parts in a part-based particle filtering framework. Moreover, we show that instance-level online-learned part appearance can be incorporated into our model, which makes it more robust in difficult scenarios with occlusions. Experiments are conducted on a new dataset of challenging YouTube videos and a subset of the KITTI dataset [14] that include significant viewpoint variations, as well as a standard sequence for car tracking. We demonstrate that our method is able to track the 3D aspect parts and the viewpoint of objects accurately despite significant changes in viewpoint.
The pragmatics of French (non-)prototypical clefts: Influence of the type of question on naturalness and interpretation

Abstract This article investigates the interpretative properties of two clefts in French; the well-known c’est -cleft and the under-studied y’a -cleft. A prevalent assumption is that, when they signal narrow-focus, these two clefts differ with respect to exhaustivity ; the former specifies a unique referent for the focus variable, but not the latter. Empirical evidence from a forced-choice task suggests that this analysis is going down the right path. Yet, the paper argues for a refined understanding of the conditions of use for these two clefts, positing that c’est - and y’a -clefts do not occur in the exact same narrow-focus context. Rather, their alternation is linked to the type of question asked—a feature absent from past studies. In a nutshell, I argue that c’est -clefts are more naturally found with questions that require a full answer (i.e. Mention-All questions), whereas y’a -clefts are more appropriate in contexts where the question allows for a non-maximal answer (i.e. Mention-Some questions). Additionally, when y’a -clefts occur as answers to Mention-All questions, they convey an ignorance inference, which is much weaker in Mention-Some contexts. Evidence supporting this proposal comes from a second experiment; a rating task whose results also suggest that the type of question asked not only influences naturalness, but also the strength of the inferences respectively associated with the two clefts (exhaustivity and ignorance).
Laziness in Postqualitative Inquiry

Laziness is commonly perceived as lethargy and carries a negative connotation. In this article, I argue to understand laziness as a political stance and suggest that lazy practices can become useful for postqualitative inquiry that seeks to disrupt normative explanations of the world. As political action, laziness, then provides postqualitative inquiry with an additional tool for contributing to social justice via social research. Laziness combats the neoliberal condition in which academic research is situated and might serve as a virtue of postqualitative inquiry.
Narrating the Visual: Accounting for and Projecting Actions in Webinar Q&As

Visual conduct, including the use of gaze to attend to bodily-visual cues and other semiotic resources in interaction, has long been a topic of interest in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EMCA). Past EMCA work has examined visual conduct in face-to-face interaction, shedding light on the use of gaze to secure recipiency, facilitate smooth turn-taking, and create and sustain the local interactional ecology (Goodwin, 2000; Nishizaka, 2000). In technology-mediated interaction, however, participants’ lack of access to each other’s visual conduct can create fractured ecologies and hinder communication (Heath & Luff, 1993; Luff, Heath, Kuzuoka, Hindmarsh, Yamazaki, & Oyama, 2003). In this paper, we explore how participants’ asymmetrical visual access shapes one form of technology-mediated interaction: webinar talk. In particular, we examine how webinar moderators use what is visible on their computer screens to manage question-and-answer components during webinar events.
Chapter 193 RBa2Cu3O7 compounds: Electronic theory and physical properties

Summary In this article we have focussed on selected topics of current interest in theoretical studies of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 systems. It has been clear for some time that, to address seriously the observed properties of this system, it is necessary to include the full complexity of the cell. The reduction of the elaborate first-principles description to minimal basis tight-binding form described in sect. 2 is a necessary component of forthcoming work on this system. The material in sect. 3 and 4 illustrates clearly that it is the character of the charge carriers, as well as their concentration, that is a determining factor in how high T c is in a given cuprate compound. In the case of the effect of uniaxial strain, the analysis suggest that the relative amounts of Cu and O character of the holes is an important factor determining T max c . For PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , the lack of superconductivity is due to a transfer of holes from the superconducting Cu O band to a non-superconducting Pr O band. Remarkably, these bands are very close both in real space — each are intimately connected to the planar O2 and O3 atoms — and in energy. The uniaxial pressure and/or strain dependence of T c differs among the various cuprates; see Meingast et al. (1994) . This dependence, which as was emphasized above is an indirect but clear reflection of the effect of the blocking layer, provides a promising avenue of further research into specifically what makes T c high, and therefore what the pairing mechanism is.
Nonlinear Random Ocean Waves: Prediction and Comparison with Data

Abstract : Second-order nonlinear models have been increasingly used in recent years model nonlinear processes in offshore engineering. We develop convenient analytic formulae to predict the nonlinearities in waves and to predict the crest height distribution in a specified wave condition. We apply such models to study the properties of random ocean waves. These include measured waves both in wave tanks and in field. Statistics comparison between model and measurements include: moment comparisons, comparison of distributions of wave elevations, crest heights, wave heights, and conditional distributions of local wave parameters, for example, crest height given wave heights, wave periods given crest heights, among others. We find the second-order model predictions to agree quite closely with the field measurements, while the wave tank statistics seem to be underpredicted by the second-order model. Finally, we solve the inverse problem, in which we identify the underlying first-order wave components, which when run through the second-order wave predictor matches the measured wave histories time point by time point.
Protective Effects of Interpersonal Mindfulness for Teachers’ Emotional Supportiveness in the Classroom

Past research has demonstrated that mindfulness can protect against the negative effects of stress and ambition on teachers’ burnout. The present study examines whether the protective effects of mindfulness may extend to features of classroom quality; in particular, whether teachers’ interpersonal mindfulness may help them to be emotionally supportive in the classroom, even under conditions of high stress and ambition. Data were collected on a racially/ethnically diverse sample of 224 general education teachers (93% female, 7% male) and their K-5 classrooms. Teachers self-reported on their perceived stress, ambition, and interpersonal mindfulness in teaching, and classroom observations assessed teachers’ emotional supportiveness in the classroom. Linear regression analyses tested main effects of stress and ambition on emotional supportiveness, and teachers’ interpersonal mindfulness as a potential moderator of these effects. Results were partially consistent with hypotheses, suggesting that interpersonal mindfulness buffers against the effects of high stress—but not ambition—on teachers’ emotional supportiveness in the classroom.
Procalcitonin to Guide Antibiotic Therapy in Acute Respiratory Infections.

Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy, when compared with routine treatments, results in decreased mortality in patients with acute respiratory infections (absolute risk reduction [ARR] = 1.4%; number needed to treat [NNT] = 71).
Flow and Heat transfer Experimental Investigation of Nanofluid in a Double pipe Heat Exchanger

This paper presents an experimental study on heat transfer characteristics in a double-pipe heat exchanger using different types of fluid. The nanofluid consists of zirconia was added to the base fluid (deionized water and Ethylene Glycol). The concentration of nanofluid was varied with a range of 0.2, 0.7 and 1.2 % and the flow rates of the base and nanofluid were varied with a range of 1.5, 1.8 and 2.1 L/min. The results indicated that the Ethylene Glycol has the highest Nusselt number (40.70) at inlet temperature (70 °C) and flow rate (2.1 L/min) among the other working fluids. The mixture of ethylene glycol and water has Nusselt number lower than that for number at ( =1.2 %, temperature=70 °C and flow rate 2.1 L/min) and Reynolds number is (the Ethylene Glycol alone. From the experimental result it is clear that the Nusselt number of nanofluid increases with an increase in the concentration and flow rate. It was found that (24.2) of Nusselt 3679). The maximum heat transfer enhancement is (1.5077) for ethylene glycol at inlet temperature (70 °C) and the minimum enhancement is (0.16844) for ethylene glycol at temperature (40 °C).
CHAPTER 8 – NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS AND CONDITIONING OF LYAPUNOV AND SYLVESTER EQUATIONS

This chapter develops the basic theories on the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Sylvester and Lyapunov equations, discusses perturbation theories, and then describes computational methods. The continuous-time Lyapunov equation and the continuous-time Sylvester equation are referred to as the Lyapunov and Sylvester equations, respectively. The chapter also discusses the Schur methods for the Lyapunov equations, the Hessenberg-Schur Method for the Sylvester equations, the modified Schur methods for the Cholesky factors of the Lyapunov equations, and a Hessenberg method, based on Hessenberg decomposition only, for the Sylvester equation. These methods have excellent numerical properties and are recommended for use in practice. Hessenberg method is more efficient than the Hessenberg-Schur method, but numerical stability of the Hessenberg method method has not been investigated yet. At present, the method is mostly of theoretical interest only. The chapter further discusses why solving the Lyapunov and Sylvester equations via the Jordan canonical form or a companion form of the matrix “A” cannot be recommended for use in practice.
Blood Therapy in the Acute Care Surgery Patient

Blood transfusion can be lifesaving, but it comes with a cost. Although viral disease transmission is no longer a major concern, transfusion-related immunomodulation is a real issue. Immunosuppression is associated with infections and cancer recurrence; hyperinflammation is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute lung injury, and multiple organ failure. A restrictive approach to transfusion has been adopted for critically ill patients. Patients with acute coronary syndromes should have a higher transfusion threshold.
Range Extension of Megachile Lanata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), A Non-Native Sunn Hemp Pollinator, in Florida

Megachile lanata, a pollinator of multiple Crotalaria species, spread from North Africa to the Antilles during the 16th to 18th centuries, and is assumed to have entered Florida from Cuba in the late 1950s. This nonnative species has spread over 260 km (about 160 mi) north of previously published locations in Florida, and is now present in 12 counties. Its current northernmost record was in Sumter County during Apr 2017 at 28.935°N.
Automated Spacecraft Operations During Soil Moisture Active Passive Prime Mission

Autonomy and automation of spacecraft operations have been long sought goals to reduce costs and risks. Many different approaches depending on the particular mission's needs and characteristics have been tried and taken. Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) is a science spacecraft mission measuring soil moisture, freeze/thaw and other parameters on a global scale, to support weather forecasting, disaster response and climate research. The spacecraft is fairly conventional and is in a sun synchronous near-polar low Earth orbit. The sole instrument is an L-band passive radiometer; the active radar component is currently inoperative. Automation is a characteristic feature of SMAP flight operations. The project practices “lights-out” operations, where the control room is not staffed, except for occasional real time or contingency activities. Operators nominally work only during regular business hours. Activities are planned and set up on a weekly cadence, and automated processes conduct data processing and commanding. Continuous downlink monitoring is enabled by a sophisticated notification architecture, along with weekly telemetry review by experts. A suite of tools and processes are used to implement the automation. Other tools and resources, while not strictly speaking automation, improve efficiency and reliability, which fundamentally achieve the same benefits as automation. As might be anticipated, there are challenges with a complex ground system that link together many disparate elements. On balance, spacecraft operational costs are estimated to be much lower than if the mission was flown in a conventional manner. In summary, the overwhelming majority of commanding during science phase are performed autonomously, without direct human intervention. A very low command error rate was achieved. It is proposed this concept of operations may serve as a useful model for future missions with similar characteristics.
Probing the Electronic Structure and Metal−Metal Bond of Re2Cl82- in the Gas Phase

Re2Cl82-, the classical metal complex with a metal−metal multiple bond, was observed in the gas phase for the first time using electrospray. Photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) was used to probe its electronic structure, metal−metal bonding, and gas-phase molecular properties. The PES spectra provide a unique and direct picture about the occupied molecular orbitals (MOs) of Re2Cl82-. Detachments from the metal−metal and metal−ligand bonding MOs were clearly observed and distinguished. We found that the metal−metal bonding MOs from the d orbitals (δ, π, and σ) have low electron binding energies and yielded three well-resolved detachment bands. The metal−ligand or pure ligand MOs all have higher binding energies and give congested PES features. The ground state of Re2Cl82- with a configuration of ···σ2π4δ2 and a formal quadruple Re−Re bond is unequivocally confirmed. The PES spectra yielded a 1.00 eV adiabatic binding energy for the second excess electron in the doubly charged anion. The magnit...
Lack of Protective Effect of Autotransplanted Splenic Tissue to Pneumococcal Challenge

Studies in animals and clinical experience in patients have demonstrated that splenectomy may lead to an increased susceptibility to infection. The infections are usually caused by encapsulated bacteria such as penumococcus. It has been shown in a variety of experimental animals that autotransplanted splenic tissue is capable of regenerating into implants that are microscopically indistinguishable from normal spleen and of restoring a number of normal splenic functions. The response to intravenous challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae, type 25, was therefore studied in control, asplenic, and autotransplanted Sprague-Dawley rats. Despite previous observations that a number of immune functions can be restored in this animal model by autotransplanted splenic tissue, the present study indicates that splenic tissue autotransplants do not restore the ability to resist intravenous pneumococcal challenge.
Reading the tea leaves: A comparative analysis of threat intelligence

The term "threat intelligence" has swiftly become a staple buzzword in the computer security industry. The entirely reasonable premise is that, by compiling up-to-date information about known threats (i.e., IP addresses, domain names, file hashes, etc.), recipients of such information may be able to better defend their systems from future attacks. Thus, today a wide array of public and commercial sources distribute threat intelligence data feeds to support this purpose. However, our understanding of this data, its characterization and the extent to which it can meaningfully support its intended uses, is still quite limited. In this paper, we address these gaps by formally defining a set of metrics for characterizing threat intelligence data feeds and using these measures to systematically characterize a broad range of public and commercial sources. Further, we ground our quantitative assessments using external measurements to qualitatively investigate issues of coverage and accuracy. Unfortunately, our measurement results suggest that there are significant limitations and challenges in using existing threat intelligence data for its purported goals.
Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy regimen on survival outcomes in immunohistochemical subtypes of ampullary carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ampullary adenocarcinoma (AA) is classified by immunohistochemical (IHC) subtypes into intestinal (IN), pancreatobiliary (PB), and ambiguous (AM). The impact of adjuvant therapy on IHC subtype and disease stage is unclear. We examined the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy regimen on survival of ampullary cancers by IHC subtype and disease stage. METHODS Review of pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) performed for AA between 2005 and 2013 at a single center. The impact of regimen on IHC subtype and stage was analyzed. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one patients were subtyped: IN = 32%, PB = 48%, and AM = 20% with overall survival of 45.6, 31.3, and 46.9 months, respectively. PB had higher pathologic T-stage, positive lymph node disease, and perineural and lymphovascular invasion (P < .05). 5-Fluorouracil (FU)-based adjuvant therapy improved survival compared to no treatment (87.4 vs 32.1 months; P = .046), and receipt of 5-FU emerged as an independent predictor of improved survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.244; P = .031) regardless of subtype. 5-FU was superior to Gemcitabine in advanced-stage disease (stage IIB and III vs I+IIA, HR: 0.35; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant therapy with 5-FU confers a survival benefit in patients with advanced-stage AA regardless of subtype. The impact of various chemotherapy regimens on subtypes of ampullary cancer warrants further investigation.
Care of Transgender Persons

Key Clinical Points Care of Transgender Persons Survey data indicate that approximately 0.6% of the U.S. population identifies as transgender. No medical intervention is indicated before puberty. W...
Systematic analysis on the primary radiation damage in Th1−xUxO2 fluorite systems

Abstract Primary radiation damage featuring rapid atomic collisions and thermal spikes constitutes the foundation of a high-fidelity description of radiation-assisted microstructure evolution. To systematically describe the primary damage in the mixed fuel oxide systems Th 1 − x U x O 2 , we consider the effect of temperature, composition, and primary-knock atom energy on defect generation. A holistic functional form is developed to effectively quantify the number of defects, and the exponential truncated power-law can well describe the defect size distribution. Furthermore, the defect (cluster) structures are elaborated, where notably vacancy clusters approach being charge balanced, and interstitial clusters can embrace a high symmetry with a cuboctahedral structure. These results present both a high-level description and a detailed atomic understanding towards radiation-induced defects in fuel oxides, which provides the required input for meso-scale simulations of microstructure evolution.
The Bark River Chronicles: Stories from a Wisconsin Watershed

Review of: "The Bark River Chronicles: Stories From a Wisconsin Watershed," by Milton J. Bates.
Photodynamic Therapy and Antitumor Immune Response

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the combination of photosensitizers and visible light used as a treatment for cancer and infections. As a direct consequence of PDT, reactive oxygen species and other “danger signals” activate the innate immune system and by doing so generate acute inflammation. This cascade of effects is followed by priming of tumor-specific T lymphocytes that have the potential to destroy distant untreated tumor cells, in addition to developing an innate memory “shield” that can be effective in combating recurrence of the cancer. Moreover, PDT can be successfully applied for overcoming the escaping mechanisms employed by progressing tumors attempting to evade immune attack. Furthermore, PDT can assert a beneficial effect on cases of bacterial infection through attracting and accumulating neutrophils into the infected regions rather than by directly killing the bacterial cells.
Electron irradiation study of metamorphic 1.7eV GaAsP solar cells

We investigated the effects of 1 MeV electron irradiation on uncoated metamorphic −1.7eV GaAsP solar cells on GaP and on GaP/Si. Effects of junction polarity, base thickness, and threading dislocation density on radiation hardness were investigated using the AM0 solar simulator at NASA Glenn Research Center. Degradation of solar cell efficiency after irradiation was dominated by reduced minority carrier diffusion length in the base, leading to loss of long-wavelength carrier collection. Designs with higher base diffusion length or thinner base were favored, and accordingly, devices with $n^{+}/p$ junction polarity were more radiation-hard than those with $p^{+}/n$ junction polarity.
F0 timing in Luganda: Effects of phrase position and gone category

Abstract In Luganda (Bantu, Uganda), there is a contrast between early and late high tone, differing in the timing of the f0 peak relative to the consonant and vowel intervals of the associated syllable. According to the extensive transcription-based literature on the language, this contrast is limited to “long” syllables (those with a long vowel or coda), and to short word-final syllables. In this study, these claims are tested in two production studies. As in other languages, the timing of f0 peaks was found to be sensitive to the duration of the onset-vowel interval in the high-toned syllable, with longer onset-vowel duration associated with a later f0 peak. The late high tones were found to have a significantly greater peak delay than early high tone, but only in long syllables with a long vowel or diphthong. Short syllables had early high tone (shorter peak delay) in sentence-final words, but word position had no effect. The results suggest that the phenomenon that previous studies have described in terms of the distribution of falling tones is better seen as a phonetic effect of phrasal position on f0 peak timing, as has been observed in languages such as English, Spanish, and Serbian.
Intraspecific variation in polar and nonpolar metabolite profiles of a threatened Caribbean coral.

Research aimed at understanding intraspecific variation among corals could substantially increase understanding of coral biology and improve outcomes of active restoration efforts. Metabolomics is useful for identifying physiological drivers leading to variation among genotypes and has the capacity to improve our selection of candidate corals that express phenotypes beneficial to restoration. Our study aims to compare metabolomic profiles among known, unique genotypes of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornis. In doing so, we seek information related to the physiological characteristics driving variation among genotypes, which could aid in identifying genets with desirable traits for restoration. We applied proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify and compare metabolomic profiles for seven unique genotypes of A. cervicornis that previously exhibited phenotypic variation in a common garden coral nursery. Significant variation in polar and nonpolar metabolite profiles was found among A. cervicornis genotypes. Despite difficulties identifying all significant metabolites driving separation among genotypes, our data support previous findings and further suggest metabolomic profiles differ among various genotypes of the threatened species A. cervicornis. The implementation of metabolomic analyses allowed identification of several key metabolites driving separation among genotypes and expanded our understanding of the A. cervicornis metabolome. Although our research is specific to A. cervicornis, these findings have broad relevance for coral biology and active restoration. Furthermore, this study provides specific information on the understudied A. cervicornis metabolome and further confirmation that differences in metabolome structure could drive phenotypic variation among genotypes.
Imaging for transcatheter native tricuspid valve intervention: patient selection, procedural planning and interventional guidance.

There are an increasing number of transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions being performed worldwide using commercially available and investigational devices. These devices can be classified by their intended mechanism of correction of tricuspid valve disease and imaging in the pre-procedural and periprocedural period is essential for procedural and clinical success. This review summarizes the current devices in use and how imaging is used for patient selection, procedural planning and interventional guidance. The most commonly used method of transcatheter tricuspid intervention is edge-to-edge repair using the MitraClip or TriClip devices (Abbott, Santa Clara, CA , USA). Randomized controlled data is pending but observational studies have demonstrated success, especially in the setting of smaller coaptation gaps and adequate transesophageal imaging windows. Direct annuloplasty with the Cardioband (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) has also been used in many centers and has demonstrated success when the anatomy and mechanism of tricuspid regurgitation based on imaging methods are appropriate for annuloplasty. Lastly, transcatheter valve replacement is becoming more common using several investigational devices and relies heavily on imaging methods to achieve procedural and clinical success. Multimodality imaging plays a crucial role in patient selection and procedural planning for transcatheter tricuspid valve repair or replacement. Echocardiographic based techniques are particularly important in these procedures, especially for interventional guidance.
Atmospheric Impacts on Lake Processes

In extratropical environments, air temperature affects a lake’s circulation based on the changes in density with temperature. In early autumn, when a lake begins to cool, its waters become denser, sink, and are replaced by warmer waters from the depths, which are, in turn, cooled, leading to reverse stratification, with colder surface waters floating on slightly warmer and denser deep waters. In spring, as the temperature of the surface water rises from near freezing to 4 °C, its density increases, it sinks and colder waters rise to the surface, bringing nutrients upward. This process ensures a slow warming of the lake compared to the land. After the entire water column is above maximum density, a more rapid warm-up occurs. The warmed surface water then literally floats on the colder, denser water beneath—a condition known as stratification. The period when the lake is cooler than the air above, it is known as the stable season, and the time when the lake is warmer than the land is known as the unstable season. The layer above the thermocline—the level in a water body where the sharpest gradients of temperature exist—is called the epilimnion (i.e., the upper lake), and the layer below the thermocline in a lake is called the hypolimnion (i.e., the lower lake). It is very difficult for the lake circulation to cross the thermocline, creating implications for lake circulation. A standing wave in a lake or semi-enclosed sea, known as a seiche, can be hazardous.
Bench to Bedside: Stability Studies of GMP Produced Trastuzumab-TCMC in Support of a Clinical Trial

The first-in-human phase 1 clinical radioimmunotherapy (RIT) trial with 212Pb-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-1,4,7,10-tetra-(2-carbamoylmethyl)-cyclododecane-trastuzumab (212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab) was completed in October 2014 as a joint effort at the University of Alabama (UAB) and the University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center. The preliminary reports indicate that after five dose-levels of intraperitoneally administered 212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab, patients with carcinomatosis experienced minimal agent-related toxicity. This report presents the data accumulated to date on the stability of the clinical grade, produced according to current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), TCMC-trastuzumab conducted in support of that clinical trial. Of the eleven tests performed with the cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab all but one remained within specifications throughout the 5 year testing period. The protein concentration varied by 0.01 mg/mL at 48 months. Two other assays, ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (IEX-HPLC) and a competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) indicated that the cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab integrity may be changing, although the change thus far is within specifications. Subsequent stability testing will confirm if a trend has truly developed. The cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab was also evaluated for tolerance to higher temperatures and the potential of storage at −80 °C. The immunoconjugate proved stable when subjected to the lower temperatures and to multiple freeze-thaw cycles. The size exclusion (SE) HPLC analysis of the 203Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab was the only indicator that cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab may be sensitive to storage at 37 °C for 3 months.
Protection of intestinal injury during heat stroke in mice by interleukin-6 pretreatment.

Key points Heat stroke afflicts thousands of humans each year, worldwide. The immune system responds to hyperthermia exposure resulting in heat stroke by producing an array of immunological proteins, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, the physiological functions of IL-6 and other cytokines in hyperthermia are poorly understood. We hypothesized that IL-6 plays a protective role in conditions of heat stroke. To test this, we gave small IL-6 supplements to mice prior to exposing them to hot environments sufficient to induce conditions of heat stroke. Pretreatment with IL-6 resulted in improved ability to withstand heat exposure in anaesthetized mice, it protected the intestine from injury, reducing the permeability of the intestinal barrier, and it attenuated the release of other cytokines involved in inflammation. The results support the hypothesis that IL-6 is a ‘physiological stress hormone’ that plays an important role in survival during acute life-threatening conditions such as heat stroke. Abstract The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in hyperthermia and heat stroke is poorly understood. Plasma IL-6 is elevated following hyperthermia in animals and humans, and IL-6 knockout mice are more intolerant of severe hyperthermia. We evaluated the effect of IL-6 supplementation on organ injury following severe hyperthermia exposure in anaesthetized mice. Two hours prior to hyperthermia, mice were treated with 0.6 μg intraperitoneal IL-6, or identical volumes of saline in controls. Mice were anaesthetized, gavaged with FITC–dextran for measures of gastrointestinal permeability, and exposed to incremental (0.5°C every 30 min) increases in temperature. Heating stopped when maximum core temperature (Tc) of 42.4°C was attained (Tc,max). The mice recovered at room temperature (≈22°C) for 30 or 120 min, at which time plasma and tissues were collected. IL-6-treated mice, on average, required ≈25 min longer to attain Tc,max. Injury and swelling of the villi in the duodenum was present in untreated mice after 30 min of recovery. These changes were blocked by IL-6 treatment. IL-6 also reduced gastrointestinal permeability, assayed by the accumulation of FITC–dextran in plasma. Plasma cytokines were also attenuated in IL-6-treated animals, including significant reductions in TNFα, MCP-1 (CXCL2), RANTES (CCL5) and KC (CCL5). The results demonstrate that IL-6 has a protective influence on the pattern of physiological responses to severe hyperthermia, suggesting that early endogenous expression of IL-6 may provide a protection from the development of organ damage and inflammation.
Nuclear factor-kappa-B signaling in lung development and disease: One pathway, numerous functions

In contrast to other organs, the lung completes a significant portion of its development after term birth. During this stage of alveolarization, division of the alveolar ducts into alveolar sacs by secondary septation, and expansion of the pulmonary vasculature by means of angiogenesis markedly increase the gas exchange surface area of the lung. However, postnatal completion of growth renders the lung highly susceptible to environmental insults such as inflammation that disrupt this developmental program. This is particularly evident in the setting of preterm birth, where impairment of alveolarization causes bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease associated with significant morbidity. The nuclear factor κ-B (NFκB) family of transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed, and function to regulate diverse cellular processes including proliferation, survival, and immunity. Extensive evidence suggests that activation of NFκB is important in the regulation of inflammation and in the control of angiogenesis. Therefore, NFκB-mediated downstream effects likely influence the lung response to injury and may also mediate normal alveolar development. This review summarizes the main biologic functions of NFκB, and highlights the regulatory mechanisms that allow for diversity and specificity in downstream gene activation. This is followed by a description of the pro and anti-inflammatory functions of NFκB in the lung, and of NFκB-mediated angiogenic effects. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical and experimental data that support a role for NFκB in mediating postnatal angiogenesis and alveolarization, and discusses the challenges that remain in developing therapies that can selectively block the detrimental functions of NFκB yet preserve the beneficial effects. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:202–216, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protocols for Expression and Functional Analysis of Viral MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs of generally 21 to 23 nt that down‐regulate target gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Although miRNAs are endogenously expressed by all animals and plants, numerous DNA viruses have now been identified that also encode miRNAs, presumably to down‐modulate protein expression from viral and host transcripts. Although this has been shown in some cases, the function of the majority of viral miRNAs remains unclear. The herpesviruses stand out by making extensive use of miRNA expression during long‐term latent infection or lytic replication. Because viral miRNAs are only present in the context of viral infection and can therefore be considered “exogenous,” their expression in uninfected cells of the appropriate cell type is a valuable tool to assess their function. Techniques to achieve and validate the expression of viral miRNAs are described in this review.
Algebraic Codes for Data Transmission

The need to transmit and store massive amounts of data reliably and without error is a vital part of modern communications systems. Error-correcting codes play a fundamental role in minimising data corruption caused by defects such as noise, interference, crosstalk and packet loss. This book provides an accessible introduction to the basic elements of algebraic codes, and discusses their use in a variety of applications. The author describes a range of important coding techniques, including Reed-Solomon codes, BCH codes, trellis codes, and turbocodes. Throughout the book, mathematical theory is illustrated by reference to many practical examples. The book was first published in 2003 and is aimed at graduate students of electrical and computer engineering, and at practising engineers whose work involves communications or signal processing.
Measured Lead Parameters and Electrogram Sensing Over Time in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis and an Implanted Cardiac-Defibrillator.

Abstract Objectives The study sought to characterize the performance of implanted leads among a cohort of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) and implantable cardiac-defibrillators (ICDs). Background An ICD is indicated for some patients with CS for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. CS can lead to myocardial inflammation and scar that may interfere with lead performance. Methods We performed a case-control study within the cohort of patients at the University of Colorado Hospital with CS and an ICD (n = 48) compared with randomly selected controls (n = 117) who had other indications for an ICD. We compared the measured lead parameters at the time of routine interrogation to assess the differences between groups over time. The mean duration of follow-up was 51 months. Survival analysis was performed by the method of Kaplan and Meier and by Cox proportional hazards regression. Results There was no significant difference in measured lead impedance, capture thresholds, or sensed electrograms at implantation between the CS and control groups. There were no significant differences between the mean parameters between groups over the follow-up period. However, patients with CS have a high incidence of significant (>50%) drop in measured electrograms (16 of 46 [33%] CS patients vs. 4 of 117 [3.4%] controls; hazard ratio: 10.49, 95% confidence interval: 3.47 to 31.67). As a result of alterations in lead parameters, 2 patients (4.3%) required lead revision, and 6 patients (13%) required ICD testing to ensure adequate detection of induced ventricular fibrillation. Conclusions Reductions over time in ICD sensing of P- and/or R-wave electrograms are common in patients with CS. Although further investigation is needed to determine the mechanism of these changes, these findings suggest that patients with CS who have an ICD should be closely monitored for clinically relevant changes in P- and R-wave amplitudes.