cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disturbance Rejection Control of an Electromagnetic Bearing Spindle

The force exerted on the rotor by an active magnetic bearing (AMB) is determined by the current flow in the magnet coils. This force can be controlled very precisely, making magnetic bearings a potential benefit for grinding, where cutting forces act as external disturbances on the shaft, resulting in degraded part finish. It is possible to achieve precise shaft positioning, reduce vibration of the shaft caused by external disturbances, and even damp out resonant modes. Adaptive control is an appealing approach for these systems because the controller can tune itself to account for an unknown periodic disturbance, such as cutting or grinding forces, injected into the system. In this paper the authors show how one adaptive control algorithm can be applied to an AMB system with a periodic disturbance applied to the rotor. An adaptive algorithm was developed and implemented in both simulation and hardware, yielding significant reductions in rotor displacement in the presence of an external excitation. Ultimately, this type of algorithm could be applied to a magnetic bearing grinder to reduce unwanted motion of the spindle which leads to poor part finish and chatter.
Comparing the niches of CMA-ES, CHC and pattern search using diverse benchmarks

This paper explores two questions: 1) On a relatively difficult and varied set of test problems, can we observe differences in evolutionary search algorithm performance related to problem features? 2) How do the evolutionary algorithms compare to Pattern Search algorithms, a more traditional optimization tool popular in the larger scientific community? The results suggest there are consistent differences in algorithm performance that can be related back to problem features. Some new ideas for the construction of benchmark problems are also introduced.
Indexing and Metatag Schemes for Web-based Information Retrieval

This paper reviews indexing theory and suggests that information retrieval can be significantly improved by applying basic indexing criteria. Indexing practices are described, including the three main types of indexes: pre-coordinate, post-coordinate, and variants of both. Design features of indexes are summarized, including accuracy, consistency, exhaustivity, and specificity. World Wide Web-based indexing is addressed, focusing on the use of meta tags. Two meta tag schemes currently in use, XML (eXtensible Markup Language) and the Dublin Core Metadata set, are discussed as a means for implementing indexing theory for Web-based documents. A project using the Dublin Core in support of a survey class in educational practice and pedagogy at Northern Illinois University is presented. (Contains 14 references.) (MES) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Indexing and Metatag Schemes for Web-based Information Retrieval PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 67E. Marks Dr. Andrew G. Torok Northern Illinois University, Department of Educational Technology, Research and Assessment Tel: (815) 753-3406, Fax: (815) 753-9388, E-mail: atorok@niu.edu TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O O Abstract: Web-based searches typically result in lower precision than with other document retrieval systems. A major contributor to low precision is limited technology for generating detailed document and content descriptions such as those associated with bibliographic databases. The result is ineffective indexing of Web pages. This paper reviews indexing theory and suggests that authors can contribute significantly to improving retrieval by applying basic indexing criteria. The Dublin Core Meta Data set and XML are seen as a means for implementing indexing theory for web-based documents. A project using the Dublin Core in support of a university class is presented.
Extending and automating a systems-theoretic hazard analysis for requirements generation and analysis

Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) is a powerful new hazard analysis method designed to go beyond traditional safety techniques - such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) - that overlook important causes of accidents like flawed requirements, dysfunctional component interactions, and software errors. While proving to be very effective on real systems, no formal structure has been defined for STPA and its application has been ad-hoc with no rigorous procedures or model-based design tools. This report defines a formal mathematical structure underlying STPA and describes a procedure for systematically performing an STPA analysis based on that structure. A method for using the results of the hazard analysis to generate formal safety-critical, model-based system and software requirements is also presented. Techniques to automate both the analysis and the requirements generation are introduced, as well as a method to detect conflicts between the safety and other functional model-based requirements during early development of the system.
Effectiveness of ultrasound, UV-C, and photocatalysis on inactivation kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila.

In this study, bactericidal effects of 24 kHz ultrasound, ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst were studied on inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila, an emerging pathogen listed on the US Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) candidate contaminant list. Metabolic activity (using the AlamarBlue dye) assays were performed to assess the residual activity of the microbial cells after the disinfection treatments along with culture-based methods. A faster inactivation rate of 1.52 log min−1 and inactivation of 7.62 log10 was observed within 5 min of ultrasound exposure. Ultrasound treated cells repaired by 1.4 log10 in contrast to 5.3 log10 repair for UV-C treated cells. Ultrasound treatment significantly lowered the reactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila in comparison to UV-C- and UV-C-induced photocatalysis. Ultrasound appeared to be an effective means of inactivating Aeromonas hydrophila and could be used as a potential disinfection method for water and wastewater reuse.
Withania somnifera extract reduces the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and inhibits cytokines associated with metastasis

Aim: The aim was to examine the anti-proliferative effect of a Withania somnifera (WS) root extract in cell cultures and nude mouse xenografts of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Methods: WS root extract was used to treat tumor cells at concentrations up to 100 μg and for nude mouse experiments, the mice received daily WS at 300 mg/kg by oral gavage for 8 weeks. Results: The WS extract reduced viability of MDA-MB-231 cells by 75% and 88% after exposure of the cells to 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, compared to vehicle-treated controls. WS extract caused a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase compared to untreated controls by 6% and 10% after exposure to 25 and 50 μg/mL WS extract, respectively. WS extract also inhibited proliferation of xenografted MDA-MB-231 cells. The WS extract caused reductions in xenograft size by 60% compared to the untreated control after 8 weeks of treatment. Six of ten mice in the control group showed tumor metastasis to the lung, whereas there was none in the mice treated with the WS extract. At the gene level, WS caused a 75% reduction in chemokine CCL2 expression ( P Conclusion: WS root extract inhibited proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and significantly reduced expression of the cytokine, CCL2. These results warrant further studies to assess the underlying molecular mechanism of the anti-tumor activity of the WS extract in breast cancer.
Patient-Reported Barriers and Limitations to Attending Diabetes Group Visits

Purpose: Through this exploratory study, we sought to understand why group visit participation is low among adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Eligible study participants included adult patients with type 2 diabetes. After a pilot survey was sent to a random sample of 48 patients, the remaining 187 eligible patients were invited to complete a revised version of the survey. Results: Most frequently cited reasons for not attending group visits included diabetes under control, work and/or other responsibilities, and time barriers. There was variability in the desired time for the visits, though the majority of patients preferred evening visits. While some patients reported copays as a challenge, the likelihood of attending did not decrease for this subgroup. Most patients surveyed (54%) indicated interest in diabetes group visits. Conclusion: Implementing strategies to address the patient-identified system barriers (eg, time, transportation, and copays) may increase participation in diabetes group...
Angle of arrival estimation across a 10∶1 bandwidth architecture using on-site coding receiver

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) systems are essential to realizing software defined and cognitive radios. Concurrently advancements in digital hardware and signal processing technologies have drastically reduced the realization complexity for such systems. Recently, a novel on-site coding receiver (OSCR) architecture was proposed to significantly reduce the intense hardware requirement for digital beamforming. Specifically, code division multiplexing (CDM) was implemented at the analog front-end implying a single analog to digital converter (ADC) for a group of elements. In this paper, we present a 2-channel OSCR implementation. Specifically, four measurements were performed in the anechoic chamber using UWB arrays to estimate direction of arrival (namely, θ S = 00, 150, 300 and 450) of incoming signals and perform beamforming. The estimated angle of arrival measurements provided verification of the new OSCR system.
The Effect of Plurality and Gestation on the Prevention or Postponement of Infant Mortality: 1989–1991 Versus 1999–2001

Advances in perinatal technology that improved survival may have also resulted in prolonged death from the neonatal to the postneonatal period for some infants. The objectives of this study were to determine if the medical advances that occurred in the 1990s benefited infants of multiple births more than their singleton counterparts, and if these changes prevented or postponed mortality for the smallest and most immature infants. The study population included live births of 22 to 43 weeks' gestation from the 1989-1991 and 1999-2001 US Birth Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets. Odds ratios were calculated to evaluate the change in risk by plurality, gestation, and to compare the change to that for singletons. Neonatal and infant mortality rates declined for all pluralities; postneonatal mortality increased for births at less than 26 weeks, but declined at later gestations. In general, the risk of death for twins and triplets compared to singletons decreased, and the improvement in survival was greater for multiples during the early neonatal period and overall. Infant mortality rates improved by 28% for singletons, 32% for twins and triplets during the 1990s, although for the most premature infants, some deaths were postponed from the early to the late neonatal period.
Surface roughness and tolerances in model scattering experiments

A problem of importance in model scattering work is the extent to which requirements on tolerance and surface finish can be relaxed before affecting the accuracy of measured scattering data. The consequences of minor shape perturbations are examined by considering several different types of scattering contribution, and a brief discussion of roughness is presented. The results are translated into criteria on tolerance and surface finish and it is concluded that accuracies of 10^{-3} of a wavelength should be sufficient for all practical purposes. Some experimental data on spheres and cone-spheres of varying degrees of roughness are presented for comparison.
1,2‐Dimethyl‐1,2‐disila‐closo‐dodecaborane(12), the First Silicon Analogue of an ortho‐Carborane

Abstract : The icosahedral carboranes, especially those in which the two cluster carbon atoms are vicinal (o-carboranes), have received much attention since the first reports of their existence in 1963. Notably absent in the many publications on this class of boron cluster compounds over the intervening 25 odd years have been examples of icosahedral clusters in which the two monosubstituted carbon atoms of an o-carborane have been replaced by two monosubstituted silicon, germanium, tin or lead atoms. We report here the synthesis and structural characterization of 1, the first such Group IVA analog of an o-carborane: 1,2-dimethyl-1,2-disila-closo-dodecaborane(12) (or 1,2- dimethyl-o-silaborane). This compound is notable also in that it is the first example of a formal derivative of a disilyne, CH3Si triple bonds SiCH3 in the present case, a class of unsaturated organosilicon compounds of which there are to date no known examples. Keywords: Carboranes, Silaboranes, Organosilicon compounds, Organic chemistry, Silicon, Boron.
A Connectionist Structured Object Recognizer For Noisy Images

The vision model described in this paper utilizes a competitive winner-take-all network with several biological inspired levels similar to the Neocognitron and the work of Frohn, Geiger and Singer with improvements. Their models are simple object detectors and they incorporate feature detector levels. In the current system many of these simple object detectors are used and each one presents spatial information that is used by the top complex structured object detector level. This top level is inspired from Patrick Winston's and others' A.I. work on learning and matching structural descriptions of complex objects. The synaptic connections at this level contain relational information such as right-of, left-of, in-front-of, must-be and must-not. The winner-take-all characteristic of each level allows even partially obscured objects to be recognized. Forbidden properties of an object can be implemented by inhibitory connections while essential properties are implemented by excitatory connections. In this way a small number of missing essential properties does not automatically rule out the recognition of an object while present forbidden properties quickly rule it out.
Continuous monitoring of distal esophageal pH: A diagnostic test for gastroesophageal reflux in infants

Seventeen infants under 2 years of age with documented gastroesophageal reflux were studied by continuous distal esophageal pH monitoring and were compared to six age-matched controls. Records obtained from patients with GER differed significantly from controls in the percent of monitored time with pH below 4.0, the number of episodes of reflux per monitored hour, and the duration of the longest episode of reflux. The differences between the groups became highly significant when the two-hour period after a clear liquid feeding was evaluated separately. Continuous monitoring of distal esophageal pH is a more sensitive and specific means of diagnosing GER than the diagnostic tests available at present.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Microlubrication Using a Vegetable Oil-Based Metal Working Fluid during End Milling AISI 1018 Steel

Microlubrication minimizes the exposure of metal working fluids to the machining operators leading to an economical, safer, and healthier workplace environment. In this study, a vegetable oil-based lubricant was used to conduct wear analysis and to analyze the effectiveness of microlubrication during end milling AISI 1018 steel. A solid carbide cutting tool with bright oxide finish was used with varying cutting speed and feed rate having a constant depth of cut. Abrasion was the dominant wear mechanism for all the cutting tools under consideration. Other than abrasion, sliding adhesive wear of the workpiece materials was also observed. The scanning electron microscope investigation of the used cutting tools revealed microfatigue cracks, welded microchips, and unusual built-up edges on the cutting tools flank and rake side. A full factorial experiment was conducted and regression models were generated for both the sides of tool flank wear. The study shows that with a proper selection of the cutting parameters it is possible to obtain higher tool life.
Boiling heat transfer from a vertical wall subjected to an inclined wall attachment

Abstract Nucleate boiling in a restricted geometry formed by an inclined wall attachment in line contact with a vertical heating wall is studied for different cases of attachment orientations with respect to the direction of gravity. The pool boiling experiment was conducted with an electrically heated metal foil boiling water at atmospheric pressure. The test results show that in all cases, nucleate boiling is significantly enhanced in the restricted region near the contact line where stagnant liquid provides a favorable thermal environment for formation of vapor phase. Both the local heat transfer and critical heat flux data are presented and compared for different cases. The test results can be applied to explain enhanced nucleate boiling heat transfer from structured surfaces.
A scheme for tracking and pointing at small celestial bodies during high velocity encounters

A scheme has been developed and verified for closed-loop tracking and pointing space-borne science instruments at small celestial bodies, such as comets and asteroids, during high velocity encounters. To overcome ephemeris uncertainties for these bodies, the scheme involves sequential estimation of flyby model parameters. The design consists of a two-axis gimballed platform mounted on a three-axis stabilized spacecraft. A platform-mounted optical tracker provides closed-loop target measurements and precision micro-step actuators enable high-rate platform slewing. For comet missions which involve dust particle impact disturbances, a dual-mode attitude control scheme is presented for minimizing transient response time.
Ecosystem fragmentation of oak-pine forest in the New Jersey Pinelands

Abstract Structure and composition of the woody vegetation of 35 oak-pine forest stands in the New Jersey Pinelands are described. Nineteen of these stands were forest fragments isolated from the main forested area of the Pinelands. Gradients in composition were related to longitude, latitude, elevation, soil moisture, disturbance and wildfires. Species number was directly related to area and isolation in the forest fragments. Density, diversity and richness of saplings and trees were higher in the fragments than in the non-isolated stands. Sassafras albidum in particular had a significantly higher abundance in the forest fragments in both the tree and sapling layers. The differences in sapling layers between fragments and continuous forest, and between layers within fragments, suggest that ecosystem fragmentation may have a significant impact on vegetation dynamics in Pinelands oak-pine forests.
IMPACT OF FWD TESTING VARIABILITY ON PAVEMENT EVALUATIONS

Airfield pavement evaluations commonly include nondestructive testing. These evaluations are used for projecting pavement performance and for designing pavement rehabilitation options. To apply reliability concepts to these prediction and design scenarios, it is necessary to learn more about the variabilities associated with nondestructive testing and pavement evaluation procedures. In this study, twelve sites around the southeastern United States were tested with both a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and a heavy-weight deflectometer. The data were evaluated using the military procedure. The test data and the pavement evaluation results were examined for spatial variability and for test device variability. Two primary conclusions resulted from this study: the current military evaluation procedure does not provide a consistent level of reliability for evaluation results, and the load used for deflectometer testing affects the evaluation results.
Global structure of Gott's two-string spacetime.

Gott has recently obtained exact solutions to Einstein's equation representing two infinitely long, straight cosmic strings that gravitationally scatter off each other. A remarkable feature of these solutions is that they contain closed timelike curves when the relative velocity of the strings is sufficiently high. In this paper we elucidate the global structure of Gott's two-string spacetime. In particular, we prove that the closed timelike curves are confined to a certain region of the spacetime, and that the spacetime contains complete spacelike, edgeless, achronal hypersurfaces, from which the causality-violating regions may be said to evolve. We then explicitly determine the boundary of the region containing closed timelike curves.
Leaf mass per area relationships across light gradients in hybrid spruce crowns

This study examined the distribution and variation of mass to projected area ratio of foliage (LMA, g/m2) within hybrid spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry×Picea glauca (Moench) Voss×Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) crowns across three stages of stand development (20, 60, and 140 years). Variability of LMA was assessed at different heights and branch positions. LMA decreased with distance from top of tree (p<0.0001) at rates that varied among stand development stages (p<0.0001). A multi-level mixed effect analysis indicated that distance from the tip of the first-order branch (p=0.0002) had a significant influence on LMA. In general, LMAs decreased towards the base of the tree and increased towards tree apex.
Post-hibernation behavior of a population of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis)

The post-hibernation breeding activities of a small population of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) were followed in the vicinity of their hibernaculum or den in St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA during the springs of 1981-85, inclusive. Individual males could emerge as early as mid-February and remain at the den and its immediate vicinity for three or more weeks. Each day, after elevating their body temperatures, males patrolled the ground surface within 2-3 m of the den entrance. During patrolling activities, males investigated each other at frequent intervals and often returned to re-enter the den briefly. Upon partial re-emergence, one or more males would assume a position such that the head and anterior portion of the body were elevated. This "blocking" activity may be a behavioral mechanism that controls access to the den by competing males and egress by females. Numerous males simultaneously court a single female. The social organization of garter snakes is compared to that typified by lek species and several similarities are noted.
Non-Invasive Radiofrequency-Induced Targeted Hyperthermia for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Targeted biological therapies for hepatocellular cancer have shown minimal improvements in median survival. Multiple pathways to oncogenesis leading to rapid development of resistance to such therapies is a concern. Non-invasive radiofrequency field-induced targeted hyperthermia using nanoparticles is a radical departure from conventional modalities. In this paper we underscore the need for innovative strategies for the treatment of hepatocellular cancer, describe the central paradigm of targeted hyperthermia using non-invasive electromagnetic energy, review the process of characterization and modification of nanoparticles for the task, and summarize data from cell-based and animal-based models of hepatocellular cancer treated with non-invasive RF energy. Finally, future strategies and challenges in bringing this modality from bench to clinic are discussed.
Measurement of fibrinopeptide a in canine blood—An interim report

Abstract Measurement of canine fibrinopeptide A (cFPA) by radioimmunoassay is a sensitive and specific index of thrombin action in vivo . Accuracy and reproducibility of the assay procedure on measurements in samples of canine plasma has been improved by use of a simplified processing procedure. Levels of cFPA immunoreactivity in normal, anaesthetized mongrel dogs are 2. 4 ± 0.4 pmols/ml. This baseline cFPA level cannot be further reduced by short-term heparinization using dosages of heparin (200 U/kg) sufficient to prolong the APTT to at least 1 1 2 times control value. The removal of elevated levels of homologous cFPA from the plasma compartment of anaesthetized, heparinized dogs can be approximated by a double exponential decay curve. Initial fall in cFPA levels is rapid ( T 1 2 = 4. 0 ± 0. 3 min ), but lengthens as the levels approach the normal range. The applicability of the cFPA to studies of experimentally induced intravascular coagulation is demonstrated.
Repeated administration of adenovector in the eye results in efficient gene delivery.

PURPOSE. To determine whether repeat administration of an adenovector (Ad) into the eye results in efficient gene delivery and to test whether transgenes can be expressed from an adenovector expression system in the presence of preexisting, neutralizing anti-Ad antibodies. METHODS. To assess the efficiency of repeated gene delivery of an adenovector expression system, C57Bl/6 mice received one, two, or three injections (intravitreal [IVT] or periocular [PO]) of AdNull.11D (empty cassette) at 2-week intervals, followed by a single AdLuciferase (AdL.11D) IVT or PO injection. Mice were killed approximately 24 hours after AdL.11D injection and the eyes were enucleated and stored until assayed. Serum samples were also analyzed to determine whether repeated IVT or PO injections lead to induction of neutralizing antibodies directed against an adenovector delivery system. To determine whether preexisting neutralizing anti-Ad antibodies would block transgene expression, mice were preimmunized with one, two, or three intramuscular (IM) injection(s) of AdNull.11D (1 10 9 particle units [pu]). Fourteen days later, when systemic anti-Ad antibody titers were expected to exist, mice were given a single AdL.11D injection (IVT or PO) and killed, and the eyes and serum collected. RESULTS. These studies show that multiple injections at 2-week intervals with adenovectors (IM, IVT, or PO) did not prevent transgene expression in the eye. Moreover, measurement of neutralizing anti-Ad antibody titers revealed that measurable anti-Ad antibody titers in mice did not ablate transgene expression.
Death in Wartime Photographs and the “Other War” in Afghanistan

This article addresses the formulaic dependence of the news media on images of people facing impending death. Considering one example of this depiction—U.S. journalism’s photographic coverage of the killing of the Taliban by the Northern Alliance during the war on Afghanistan, the article traces its strategic appearance and recycling across the U.S. news media and shows how the beatings and deaths of the Taliban were depicted in ways that fell short of journalism’s proclaimed objective of fully documenting the events of the war. The article argues that in so doing, U.S. journalism failed to raise certain questions about the nature of the alliance between the United States and its allies on Afghanistan’s northern front.
Verification of models of distribution systems with distributed generation

The requirements for improvement in the stability of electric power systems and reduction in the effect of short circuit faults or other abnormal system conditions on sensitive customers can be met only by optimised configuration of the different protection and control systems at the transmission and distribution system level. The definition of requirements for protective relays performance, the possibility for adaptive protection applications in case of dynamic changes in the system configuration and the need for special remedial action protection systems are based on the use of advanced analysis tools. They model the primary and secondary components of electric power systems and analyse its operation under normal or abnormal conditions. The accuracy of the different simulations is determined to a great extent by the accuracy of the models. The paper describes different types of protection related analysis tools: • Short Circuit and Protection Co-ordination • Dynamic Stability • Electromagnetic Transients The models of power system equipment and the requirements for verification of these models in the different types of software are discussed later in the paper. The wide spread use of distributed generation in distribution systems introduces a new level of complexity of the modelling. This is due to the fact that the different types of distributed resources (Reciprocating Diesel or Natural Gas Engines, Microturbines, Combustion Gas Turbines, Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics (PV) and Wind Turbines) have different behaviour under different abnormal conditions. The recording capabilities of multifunctional IEDs are described and different recording modes are identified and proposed for specific needs. The architecture of a distributed system for recording system disturbances is presented. Requirements for time synchronisation of multifunctional IED located throughout the system are discussed.
Numerical simulation of a turbulent flow with droplets injection in annular heated air tube using the Reynolds stress model

This work presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of single-phase and two-phase flow. The droplets are injected in annular heated air tube. The numerical simulation is performed by using a commercial CFD code witch uses the finite-volume method to discretize the equations of fluid flow. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with Reynolds stress model were used in the computation. The governing equations are solved by using a SIMPLE algorithm to treat the pressure terms in the momentum equations. The results of prediction are compared with the experimental data.
Abundance, Growth, and Interactions of Juvenile Steelhead Relative to Time of Emergence

Abstract Growth, interactions, and final densities of juvenile steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) emerging early versus later were compared in laboratory stream channels. When the two groups of juveniles were held together 1–2 months, early emerging fish generally outnumbered late fish about 2 to 1. On any given date and at the end of the experiment, early fish were significantly longer and heavier than late fish. At the end of the test, late fish were more abundant in channels they occupied alone than in channels shared with early fish. Densities were higher when early and late fish were stocked together than when either was stocked alone because fish of the two groups occupied different parts of the habitat. Aggressive interactions (charges, attacks, and nips) observed were mainly between early fish rather than between early and late fish.
Application of pulsed-laser-deposited amorphic diamond films in protective coatings and field-emission displays

Composed of sp 3 bonded nodules of carbon, laser plasma films with the properties of diamond are deposited in vacuum onto almost any substrate by condensing carbon ions carrying keV energies. These multiply charged ions are obtained from the laser ablation of graphite at intensities in excess of 10 11 W cm -2 . The high energy of condensation provides both for the chemical bonding of such films to a wide variety of substrates and for low values of residual compressive stress, 0.6-0.8 GPa. On selected films hardness cannot be measured because of deformation of the diamond indenter and only a lower limit of 78 GPa can be reported. Coatings of 2-5 micrometers thicknesses have extended lifetimes of materials such as Si, Ti, ZnS, and stainless steel against the erosive wear from high-speed particles by factors to tens to thousands. The mechanical properties of amorphic diamond films are further enhanced by a low coefficient of friction of about 0.1. The combination of these mechanical properties seems to make amorphic diamond an attractive material for use as a protective coating in current industrial applications. Deposited upon silicon, quartz or sapphire, amorphic diamond films have interesting electrical properties including a very high coefficient of emissivity.
Beating the big battalions

Publishers are not serving some of their authors or student customers as well as they might. Wallace S. Broecker describes his experience of desk-top publishing, and suggests how authors could make themselves a force to contend with.
Rumination mediates the relationships between depressed mood and both sleep quality and self-reported health in young adults.

The psychological mechanisms by which depressed mood can lead to impaired sleep and poorer overall health remain unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which a tendency to ruminate accounts for the associations between depressed mood and both sleep quality and self-reported health in 165 healthy young adults. Self-reported assessments of anxiety, depressed mood, rumination, sleep quality, and general health were collected at two different time points approximately 2 months apart. Structural equation modeling revealed that rumination measured at the earlier time point mediated the relationships between depressed mood and both sleep quality and health, all measured at the later time point, in a model that was a good fit to the data overall, χ2 (50, N = 165) = 103.08, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.08 (0.06–0.10), TLI = 0.91, CFI = 0.94. Results were similar whether or not anxiety was controlled. Results indicate that rumination may be a psychological mechanism by which negative mood leads to impaired sleep and poorer perceived health.
Impact of routine arteriography on management of penetrating neck injuries

Abstract We evaluated the impact of routine arteriography on the management of 105 patients with penetrating injuries to the neck and upper chest. Of 72 patients with bullet wounds and 33 with knife wounds, surgical exploration on an emergency basis was performed in three patients because of shock; the remaining 102 underwent aortic arch or selective arteriography. Surgical exploration was performed in 18 patients because of abnormal arteriograms and in 13 (10 with normal arteriograms) because of shock or suspected hemorrhage. Operative findings confirmed the angiographic interpretation in 26 of the 31 patients who were explored. The angiogram underestimated the arterial injury in two patients and failed to identify an associated venous injury in three. Seventy-two patients with negative arteriograms received expectant treatment without subsequent complications. Routine arteriography is integral to expeditious triage and accurate diagnosis of patients with brachiocephalic trauma. A negative study in almost 80% of patients permits safe nonoperative management, whereas a positive study allows the surgeon to plan his operative approach more judiciously. Endoscopic procedures are important adjuncts in selected patients. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:860-866.)
A comparison of three methods for cholinesterase analysis

Abstract Three methods of cholinesterase analysis in blood are compared: the ΔpH (modified Michel method), pH Stat, and radiometric methods. The ΔpH method was determined to be the best choice for routine laboratory screeening for organophosphate exposure. The methods all agree within experimental variation. The radiometric method uses a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separation of acetate ( 14 C) activity from acetylcholine ( 14 C) activity with direct β counting or scintillation counting to determine the concentration of acetate activity. The methods were compared on freeze-dried human blood and on experimentally carbamate-inhibited mouse blood. The radiometric analysis may be performed using as little as 5 μl of blood. The radiometric method may enhance the ability to detect sublethal exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. It should be of particular use where sampling size is of greatest importance.
Legal Processes and Adjudication in Mental Incompetency Proceedings

Court records of mental incompetency proceedings for a five-year period from a single county were analyzed to determine (1) the extent of actual involvement of the legal system in the cases, and (2) whether the adjudication was correlated with the legal variables and with two characteristics of the examining physicians. It was concluded that the legal system is only peripherally involved in incompetency cases and that the decisions, rather than being objective medical decisions, were correlated with a number of non-medical factors, including the legal variables and the amount of experience of the examining physicians in these types of cases.
Temporal variations in bedload transport rates associated with the migration of bedforms

Temporal variations in bedload transport rates that occur at a variety of timescales, even under steady flow conditions, are accepted as an inherent component of the bedload transport process. Rarely, however, has the cause of such variations been explained clearly. We consider three data sets, obtained from laboratory experiments, that refer to measurements of bedload transport made with continuously recording bedload traps. Each data set is characterized by a predominant low-frequency oscillation, on which additional higher-frequency oscillations generally are superimposed. The period of these oscillations, as isolated through the use of spectral analysts, ranged between 0·47 and 168 minutes, and was associated unequivocally with the migration of bedforms such as ripples, dunes, and bars. The extent to which such oscillatory behaviour may be recognized in a data set depends on the duration of sampling and the length of the sampling time, with respect to the period of a given bedform. Several theoretical probability distribution functions have been developed to describe the frequency distributions of (relative) bedload transport rates that are associated with the migration of bedforms (Einstein, 1937b; Hamamori, 1962; Carey and Hubbell, 1986). These distribution functions were derived without reference to a sampling interval. We present a modification of Hamamori's (1962) probability distribution function, generated by Monte Carlo simulation, which permits one to specify the sampling interval, in relation to the length of a bedform. Comparisons between the simulated and observed frequency distributions, that were undertaken on the basis of the data described herein, are good (significant at the 90 per cent confidence level). Finally, the implications that temporal variability, which is associated with the migration of bedforms, have for the accurate determination of bedload transport rates are considered.
Novel Si-substrate-mode-based wafer scale optical clock distribution architecture

In this paper we demonstrate a novel Si wafer based optical clock distribution technique operating 1.3 micrometers and based on a central polygonal input coupling grating structure and surrounding rings of linear output coupling gratings. In this arrangement, both the central polygonal and linear output gratings have a period of 1 micrometers , allowing light to be efficiently coupled into and out of the Si wafer substrate mode in the surface normal direction. A double side polished Si wafer is used to limit the surface scattering losses as the signal travels through the bulk of the Si wafer. One of the major advantages of this technique is that, since the gratings can be written onto the Si surface using optical contact lithography and reactive ion etching, an array of grating shapes and depths can be selected to optimize the diffraction efficiency and focus the output beams onto the associated multi-chip module (MCM). This helps to reduce the optical power requirements that a future system would have and also allows for greater flexibility in system packaging design.
Determination of organic carbon and nitrogen in marine sediments using the Carlo Erba NA-1500 analyzer

A technique is described for the determination of organic carbon and nitrogen in small samples (5 mg) of marine sediments that optimizes the analytical capabilities of the Carlo Erba NA-1500 Elemental Analyzer. This instrument analyses total carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in solid samples by flash combustion. Organic and inorganic forms of carbon are differentiated by sample manipulation prior to analysis without loss of nitrogen. Organic carbon is determined after removing carbonate carbon by acidification with sulfurous acid in situ within aluminum sample cups, thus eliminating loss of acid-soluble organic carbon during carbonate dissolution, or the necessity of determining organic carbon by “difference-on-combustion”. Excess acid is volatized as SO2 and H2O upon drying, eliminating the dual problems of retention of waters-of-hydration of calcium salts and “excess” acid. The procedure provides rapid and rouitine analyses of marine sediments, yielding a relative precision of ±0.3% of the measured value for organic carbon and ±1.6% for nitrogen, and blank levels 0.31 ± 0.085 μg-carbon and 0 μg-nitrogen. Conservatively estimated absolute and relative detection limits are 0.62 μg-carbon (2 times mean blank value) and 0.01% carbon, respectively.
A degenerated fuzzy-number processing system based on artificial neural networks

In this paper, a degenerated fuzzy-number processing system based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is introduced. The digital representation of fuzzy numbers is assumed, where the universe of discourse is discretized into n equally divided intervals. It is proposed that fuzzy-number processing be performed in two basic stages. The first stage performs the retrieval of fuzzy data consisting of degenerated fuzzy numbers and the second stage performs the desired fuzzy operations on the retrieved data. The method of incomplete fuzzy-number retrieval is proposed based on an ANN structure that is trained to estimate the missing membership function values.
Ionic conductivities of various GeS2-based oxy-sulfide amorphous materials prepared by melt-quenching and mechanical milling methods

Abstract We have previously explored the Li 2 S + GeS 2 + GeO 2 system to determine the specific effect of added GeO 2 to a base 0.5Li 2 S + 0.5GeS 2 glass composition. In this new study, we report the conductivities of these Li 2 S + GeS 2 + GeO 2 glasses over their full glass forming range to more fully optimize the ionic conductivity. In addition to this study of bulk glasses, we have also studied the effect of creating powders of the bulk glasses and compared the conductivities of the bulk glasses to those of compacted powders. This latter study is relevant due to the fact that in most battery applications powders are the form of choice in forming battery stacks. Since we used the mechanical milling technique to produce the powders, we further extended this study to determine the extent to which the amorphous range could be expanded using the mechanical milling technique. Having access to these extended compositional range materials, we were able to extend all examinations of the role of composition, powder size, and compaction of the sample on the conductivity and we compared these results to those of the bulk glass samples.
Barriers to serving the vulnerable: thoughts of a former public official.

In an environment of limited resources, the question of who is deserving and undeserving of assistance becomes critical. Policymakers’ biases about whether a health condition is self-inflicted, as well as their perceptions about whether treatments are truly effective, play a major role—often unstated—in the allocation of resources.
Thermal Efficiency of the Cross Flow Heat Exchangers

The heat exchanger efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer in a heat exchanger to the optimum heat transfer rate. The optimum heat transfer rate, qopt , is given by the product of UA and the Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference, which is the difference between the average temperatures of hot and cold fluids. The actual rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger is always less than this optimum value, which takes place in an ideal balanced counter flow heat exchanger. It has been shown that for parallel flow, counter flow, and shell and tube heat exchanger the efficiency is only a function of a single nondimensional parameter called Fin Analogy Number. The function defining the efficiency of these heat exchangers is identical to that of a constant area fin with an insulated tip. This paper presents exact expressions for the efficiencies of the different cross flow heat exchangers. It is shown that by generalizing the definition of Fa, very accurate results can be obtained by using the same algebraic expression, or a single algebraic expression can be used to assess the performance of a variety of commonly used heat exchangers.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effects of different culture media and oxygen upon lipids ofEscherichia coli K-12

The effects of altering the chemical composition of the culture media and the oxygen content of the environment upon the lipid metabolism ofEscherichia coli K-12 were investigated. WhenE. coli cells were grown on the same culture medium but under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, an increase in the free fatty acids of anaerobically grown cells was observed with a disproportionate increase in the unsaturated fatty acids. When glucose was the sole carbon source, both fatty alcohols and hydrocarbons were detected as component lipids of these cells, whether growth occurred under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Based upon this observation, acetate is considered the initial precursor for fatty alcohol and hydrocarbon biosynthesis. A possible metabolic pathway involving fatty alcohols in hydrocarbon synthesis has been postulated.
Modified pericardial closure to protect cardiovascular structures during sternal reentry

A technique is described for covering the anterior surface of the heart and bypass grafts with autologous pericardium after myocardial revascularization. A trapezoidal flap is created that incorporates bilateral relaxing incisions to avoid distortion of grafts or increased risk of pericardial tamponade.
Double and triple exposure with image reversal in a single photoresist layer

The current photolithography technology is approaching the physical barrier to the minimum achievable feature size. To produce smaller devices, new resolution enhancement technologies must be developed. Double exposure lithography has shown promise as a potential pathway that is attractive because it is much cheaper than double patterning lithography and it can be deployed on existing imaging tools. Double patterning uses two photoresist layers to transfer the final pattern to a hard mask layer. This paper proposes a novel double exposure patterning method that combines two consecutive exposures of mask patterns with an intermediate image reversal processing step in a single photoresist layer. The proposed method has a low cost-of-ownership, since only one photoresist layer is used. Using simple "primitive" mask patterns for the various exposures, the method produces complex patterns that cannot be achieved by conventional double exposure methods. This approach mitigates also the diffraction distortion effects of inside corners present particularly in highly regular lithography patterns. In case of triple exposure, the diffraction rounding of the outside corners can be mitigated as well. This approach can be retrofitted into existing older photolithography generations, obviating in many cases the use of optical proximity corrections and thus boosting the yields significantly.