cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimates of outcrossing rates and of inbreeding depression in a population of the marine angiosperm Zostera marina

Despite the great diversity of pollination and fertilization mechanisms observed in marine plants, little is known about the causes or maintenance of this variation. In this study, I estimated outcrossing rates and levels of inbreeding depression in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), providing the first empirical test of hypotheses about the evolution of breeding systems in plants with submerged flowers. This study also addressed temporal separation of female and male flowering (dichogamy) in eelgrass as a mechanism promoting an outcrossing mating system, and whether the mating system in eelgrass is related to the degree of dichogamy in the field. Outcrossing rates (0<t<1) estimated from two polymorphic allozyme loci indicate that the Z. marina population in intertidal and subtidal habitats in False Bay, Washington, USA, was highly outcrossing in both 1991 (intertidal t=0.905, subtidal t=1.0) and 1992 (intertidal t=0.775, subtidal t=0.611). The outcrossing rates were positively associated with the degree of dichogamy in 1992; intertidal plants exhibited a greater temporal separation of female and male flowering and a higher outcrossing rate than did subtidal plants. Inbreeding depression at seed set was estimated from hand pollinations (self- and outcross) on 20 reproductive individuals from the False Bay population. Averaged across all maternal parents, a greater proportion of outcrossed flowers set seed than selfed flowers; i.e., inbreeding depression was detected. Plants exhibited genetic variation for inbreeding depression, detected as a significant pollination treatment × maternal family interaction in a log-likelihood analysis. By the end of the seed-maturation period (7 mo after intial seed set) some families showed outbreeding depression, i.e., greater fitness in progeny derived from selfing than in progeny from outcrossing. The inbreeding depression in the False Bay population may be an important selective factor contributing to the maintenance of dichogamy and an outcrossing mating system, as proposed for aquatic plants.
tRNA precursor transcribed from a mutant human gene inserted into a SV40 vector is processed incorrectly

tRNA precursor transcribed from a mutant human gene inserted into a SV40 vector is processed incorrectly
Motion-gated acquisition for in vivo optical imaging

Wide-field continuous wave fluorescence imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging, frequency domain photon migration, and spatially modulated imaging have the potential to provide quantitative measurements in vivo. However, most of these techniques have not yet been successfully translated to the clinic due to challenging environmental constraints. In many circumstances, cardiac and respiratory motion greatly impair image quality and/or quantitative processing. To address this fundamental problem, we have developed a low-cost, field-programmable gate array-based, hardware-only gating device that delivers a phase-locked acquisition window of arbitrary delay and width that is derived from an unlimited number of pseudo-periodic and nonperiodic input signals. All device features can be controlled manually or via USB serial commands. The working range of the device spans the extremes of mouse electrocardiogram (1000 beats per minute) to human respiration (4 breaths per minute), with timing resolution <or=0.06%, and jitter <or=0.008%, of the input signal period. We demonstrate the performance of the gating device, including dramatic improvements in quantitative measurements, in vitro using a motion simulator and in vivo using near-infrared fluorescence angiography of beating pig heart. This gating device should help to enable the clinical translation of promising new optical imaging technologies.
A Creative Application of Solution-Focused Counseling: An Integration with Children's Literature and Visual Arts

In order to facilitate young clients' verbal and nonverbal expression of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, it is necessary to consider therapeutic approaches designed especially for children and adolescents that combine the use of talking and playing (Orton, 1997). This article shares an overview of a creative application of solution-focused counseling that integrates the use of children's literature and visual arts techniques. A case illustration is provided.
Impacts of design pattern decay on system quality

Context Software systems need to be of high enough quality to enable growth and stability.Goal The purpose of this research is to study the effects of code changes that violate a design pattern's intended role on the quality of a project.Method To investigate this problem, we have developed a grime injector to model grime growth, a form of design pattern decay, on Java projects. We use SonarQube's technical debt software to compare the technical debt scores of six different types of modular grime. These six types can be classified along three major dimensions: strength, scope, and direction.Results We find that the strength dimension is the most important contributor to the quality of a design and that temporary grime results in higher technical debt scores than persistent grime.Conclusion This knowledge helps with design decisions that help manage a project's technical debt.
Isomeric interconversions in tamoxifen and related compounds: An AM1 study

Semiempirical molecular orbital techniques (AM1) were applied to the study of cis–trans isomerism in tamoxifen and related compounds. AM1-derived structures were in good agreement with X-ray data. Theoretical evaluation indicated that both cis- and trans-tamoxifen as well as the 4-hydroxytamoxifen isomeric pair were very close in energy, confirming experimental results suggesting nearly equivalent populations of the two isomers under equilibrium conditions. Mechanistic studies included a determination of selected proton affinities to establish the nature and location of compound protonation as well as conformational studies of the formed carbocations. In particular, internal rotation about the incipient olefinic CC bond in the tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen carbocations provided a likely reaction mechanism. There evaluations suggested that the more rapid isomerization of 4-hydroxytamoxifen as compared to tamoxifen was related to transition-state stabilization through phenolic oxygen electron donation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SOURCES OF NADPH AND EXPRESSION OF MAMMALIAN NADP+-SPECIFIC ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASES IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

To compare roles of specific enzymes in supply of NADPH for cellular biosynthesis, collections of yeast mutants were constructed by gene disruptions and matings. These mutants include haploid strains containing all possible combinations of deletions in yeast genes encoding three differentially compartmentalized isozymes of NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase and in the gene encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf1p). Growth phenotype analyses of the mutants indicate that either cytosolic NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idp2p) or the hexose monophosphate shunt is essential for growth with fatty acids as carbon sources and for sporulation of diploid strains, a condition associated with high levels of fatty acid synthesis. No new biosynthetic roles were identified for mitochondrial (Idp1p) or peroxisomal (Idp3p) NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes. These and other results suggest that several major presumed sources of biosynthetic reducing equivalents are non-essential in yeast cells grown under many cultivation conditions. To develop an in vivo system for analysis of metabolic function, mammalian mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes of NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase were expressed in yeast using promoters from the cognate yeast genes. The mammalian mitochondrial isozyme was found to be imported efficiently into yeast mitochondria when fused to the Idp1p targeting sequence and to substitute functionally for Idp1p for production of α-ketoglutarate. The mammalian cytosolic isozyme was found to partition between cytosolic and organellar compartments and to replace functionally Idp2p for production of α-ketoglutarate or for growth on fatty acids in a mutant lacking Zwf1p. The mammalian cytosolic isozyme also functionally substitutes for Idp3p allowing growth on petroselinic acid as a carbon source, suggesting partial localization to peroxisomes and provision of NADPH for β-oxidation of that fatty acid.
Spectral sensitivity of products of bidiagonals

Abstract Simple formulae are derived for certain relative condition numbers. Tridiagonal matrices may be represented as products of bidiagonals in various ways depending on properties such as symmetry and positive definiteness. The condition numbers give the amplification factor for relative changes in a nonzero eigenvalue caused by relative changes in an entry of a bidiagonal factor. The formulae show that in many, but not all cases these condition numbers are of modest size. Several examples illustrate the results and raise new questions.
Solid state 29Si and 11B NMR studies of sol-gel derived borosilicates

Abstract Gels in the system SiO 2 B 2 O 3 were prepared from metal alkoxides. The structural evolution of these gels as a function of thermal treatment was studied by high field 29 Si and 11 B NMR spectroscopy, using magic angle spinning. The results corroborate earlier work on this system using infrared spectroscopy to follow the formation of borosiloxane bonds during heat treatment. While incorporation of boron into the silica backbone is negligible in gels dried at room temperature only, thermal treatment drives the borosiloxane bond formation with removal of excess water. Initial boron incorporation involves the formation of terminal BOSi groups with tetrahedral boron environments. Further heating causes the condensation of boron into symmetric trigonal BOSi sites. Boron is fully incorporated by 450°C. In addition to the symmetric trigonal boron environment of borosiloxane bonds, a small signal is also observed from 11 B nuclei in asymmetric trigonal environments in the gels heated to ⩾ 450°C, presumably due to the formation of borate chains (BOB) which were previously observed with infrared spectroscopy.
Non-mitochondrial coenzyme Q

The key role of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q) is in mitochondrial and prokaryotic energetics. Less well investigated is the basis for its presence in eukaryotic membrane locations other than mitochondria and in plasma where both antioxidant and potentially more targeted roles are indicated. Included in the latter is that of a lipid-soluble electron transfer intermediate that serves as the transmembrane component of plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus electron transport, which regulates cytosolic NAD(+) /NADH ratios and is involved in vectorial membrane displacements and in the regulation of cell growth. Important protective effects on circulating lipoproteins and in the prevention of coronary artery disease ensue not only from the antioxidant role of CoQ(10) but also from its ability to directly block protein oxidation and superoxide generation of the TM-9 family of membrane proteins known as age-related NADH oxidase or arNOX (ENOX3) and their shed forms that appear after age 30 and some of which associate specifically with low-density lipoprotein particles to catalyze protein oxidation and crosslinking.
The economics of philanthropy: The case of church giving

The results from this initial attempt to explain church giving are heartening, especially the explanation of giving to the church for philantropic purposes. The “parsimonious” model outlined explains much of church giving. Those who would encourage philanthropic giving to the church should encourage joint consumption but discourage joint investment. Expenditures for “stones and mortar” discourage philanthropic giving in the church.
Improving the hydrogen oxidation reaction rate by promotion of hydroxyl adsorption

The development of hydrogen-based energy sources as viable alternatives to fossil-fuel technologies has revolutionized clean energy production using fuel cells. However, to date, the slow rate of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline environments has hindered advances in alkaline fuel cell systems. Here, we address this by studying the trends in the activity of the HOR in alkaline environments. We demonstrate that it can be enhanced more than fivefold compared to state-of-the-art platinum catalysts. The maximum activity is found for materials (Ir and Pt₀.₁Ru₀.₉) with an optimal balance between the active sites that are required for the adsorption/dissociation of H₂ and for the adsorption of hydroxyl species (OHad). We propose that the more oxophilic sites on Ir (defects) and PtRu material (Ru atoms) electrodes facilitate the adsorption of OHad species. Those then react with the hydrogen intermediates (Had) that are adsorbed on more noble surface sites.
Skeletal muscle adaptations following spinal cord contusion injury in rat and the relationship to locomotor function: a time course study.

Experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) via contusion of moderate severity results in residual locomotor deficits, including a lack of coordination and trunk stability. Given that muscle contractile ...
Variations in perioperative warfarin management: outcomes and practice patterns at nine hospitals.

Abstract Background Before surgery, most patients receiving oral anticoagulation require temporary cessation of treatment. Physicians sometimes substitute heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin for oral anticoagulation in the perioperative setting ("bridging therapy"). We sought to characterize rates of bridging therapy use at 9 clinical centers to determine the extent to which the use of bridging is explained by clinical characteristics of patients (vs physician style) and to determine the 30-day incidence of thrombotic and bleeding complications. Methods This was a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Periprocedural bridging anticoagulation was classified as none, prophylactic-dose heparin/low-molecular-weight heparin, or full-dose heparin/low-molecular-weight heparin. We collected data on patient and surgery characteristics, anticoagulation management, and thromboembolic and bleeding events. Results A total of 492 of 497 consecutive patients completed the study; 54%, 14%, and 33% of patients had no, prophylactic, and full (therapeutic) doses, respectively, of heparin/low-molecular-weight heparin postprocedure. Two hospitals treated more than 80% of their patients with full-dose heparin, whereas the remaining 7 hospitals used full-dose heparin in an average of 22% of cases ( P Conclusion Management of anticoagulation after an invasive procedure varies widely and is not explained by clinical characteristics of patients alone. The risk of major bleeding is strongly associated with the use of postoperative therapeutic doses of heparin/low-molecular-weight heparin.
The fibrillar matrix component of lacustrine biofilms

Abstract This paper summarizes data from electron microscopical examinations of natural lacustrine biofilms found in 11 Canadian lake basins. Comparisons are made between images obtained by transmission electron microscopy and those obtained by scanning electron microscopy. At 3 nm resolution, the matrix ultrastructure of such biofilms consists mainly of colloidal electron-opaque fibrils in more than 90% of the cases. The fibril types can be categorized according to 17 morphological characteristics; several ribbon-like types are quantitatively important and 5 rare types are distributed in a patchy manner in association with common types. A biofilm matrix gel can display sufficient ultrastructural differentiation to permit exploring its structure as a potential index of function/dysfunction. Experiments on fibrillar matrices reveal that the fibril per se appears as such independently of major physico-chemical changes in its milieu, whereas fibres (rope-like aggregates of fibrils) can be generated artifactually by relatively gentle laboratory manipulation.
Rural health efforts in the urban-dominated political economy: three Third World examples.

The theme of this paper is to demonstrate that the urban preference in governmental health delivery programs does exists in capitalist and socialist political economies and that efficient rural health programs exist in capitalist and socialist developing countries. The purpose of the article is to determine strategies to promote accessible rural health care by studying 3 examples. In the State of Kerala India between 1956-1959 land reforms were carried out and political parties and agrarian cooperatives involving rural people were organized. rural needs were given top priority in this capitalist economy which resulted in agrarian reform education and health delivery. In 1971 food production increased to 5.4 million tons. During this period the nutritional status rose the mortality rated declined and the fertility rates decreased. Thus the health status for the rural population improved. Bolivias Montero health program was developed in 1975. This case demonstrates the urban/rural conflict in a capitalist economy with preference given to the urban side. This proposed health program resulted in the urban communities receiving greater resources compared to the rural population. This result is attributed to lack of organization within the rural population. The final case examined was Nicaragua which in 1979 was socialist. The National Unified Health System was established by the Sandinistas and had 4 priorities: revolution defense economy education and health. This movement by the Sandinistas addressed rural health problems and challenged the urban medical organization. Health care workers were trained to deliver more curative and preventative services. The Popular Health Councils in Nicaragua is unique; it provides discussion regarding the urban/rural conflict. A change in the Minister of Health also indicated concern for rural health care delivery. Nicaraguas health status also improved as a result of rural organization. From the 3 cases it was concluded that revolutions reforms and education were effective strategies in improving the health status in rural populations.
Harry Potter and the Susceptible Child Audience

Kara Lynn Andersen, in her paper "Harry Potter and the Susceptible Child Audience," argues for a rethinking of assumptions of child audiences as passive readers and viewers through an analysis of the Harry Potter phenomenon. Andersen argues that instead of categorizing children as passive and homogenous subjects of analysis, they should instead be incorporated as participants in the discourse about children's books and films. Although frequently figured as especially susceptible to the affects of advertising and other media, young Harry Potter fans are particularly visible as not only consumers of the texts, but creators of new texts. Using work done on Harry Potter in reception studies, film spectatorship, literary criticism, and internet publications, Andersen dissects ideas of passivity and activity in child readers and viewers. Kara Lynn Andersen, "Harry Potter and the Susceptible Child Audience" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.2 (2005):
An Extended Field Reconstruction Method for Modeling of Switched Reluctance Machines

This paper presents an extended Field Reconstruction Method (FRM) to model a Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM), which is set apart from other electric machines by its double-saliency and magnetic saturation. Traditional magnetic models of SRM developed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are computationally inefficient. This, in turn, limits their application in simulation of SRM drive system especially under iterative optimization procedures. FRM can significantly reduce the computational time by utilizing a small number of static magnetic field snapshots to establish the basis functions which are then used to reconstruct the magnetic field with high accuracy. In this paper an extended version of FRM is introduced within which effects of magnetic saturation and double saliency are taken into account. Results from FRM, FEA and experiments are compared and good accuracy is observed.
Scaling Virtual Worlds with a Physical Metaphor

Outlines the Meru Project at Stanford University is designing and implementing an architecture for the virtual worlds of the future. The hope is that we can avoid some of the complexities the Web has encountered by learning how to build applications and services before they are subject to the short-term necessities of commercial development. While Meru cannot compete with the content creation of commercial virtual worlds, it can, like the original World Wide Web at CERN, investigate basic questions about system design. By doing so, the door can be opened to a future where physical sensors in the real world seed their virtual reflections, users can visually browse a sea of information, and virtual avatars convey physical social cues to bring distance interaction to the level of actual presence.
Prenatal diagnosis of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency using magnetic resonance imaging

Introduction Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is an inherited inborn error of metabolism associated with early neonatal death and long-term neurologic sequelae in survivors. Prenatal diagnosis currently relies on isolation of fetal cells for subsequent genetic and/or biochemical studies. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used on occasion for both postnatal diagnosis and management of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. We illustrate a case in which these non-invasive modalities also prove useful for prenatal diagnosis of this condition. Case A 31-year-old multipara with a history of two prior infants affected with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency presented with a spontaneous dichorionic, diamniotic twin pregnancy. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed on both fetuses. Magnetic resonance imaging of the presenting (male) fetus demonstrated mild ventriculomegaly, increased extracerebrospinal fluid, and decreased cortical sulcation and gyration. The non-presenting (female) fetus was structurally normal. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra were obtained for both fetuses, and were normal. The diagnosis of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency was made in the presenting fetus after delivery on the basis of subsequent mortality from severe lactic acidosis. Conclusion Prenatal MR imaging of the fetal brain can be used for prenatal diagnosis in fetuses at risk for pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Prenatal MR spectroscopy, although technically feasible, does not appear to have a role in the prenatal diagnosis of this condition. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vagal elicitation of respiratory-type and other unit responses in striopallidum of squirrel monkeys

The putamen and globus pallidus were explored in awake, sitting squirrel monkeys while testing the effects of vagal volleys on the activity of isolated units. Triple shocks were applied to the left cervical vagus nerve every 4 sec. Special computer methods were developed for recording and analyzing data. As a control for adventitious extravagal somatic stimulation, units responsive to vagal volleys were also tested during shock-induced facial and cervical twitches. Under the given conditions, 30% of the units were responsive only to vagal volleys. The ratio of initially excited to initially inhibited units was about 2:3. The response latencies ranged from 6 to 200 msec, values indicative of both rapidly and slowly conducting, afferent pathways. The entrainment of respiration by vagal volleys revealed that 6% of the tested units gave a periodic discharge that appeared to correlate with the respiratory rhythm. This last result compares to that described and discussed in the following companion paper on basal limbic structures.
The Endogenous Nitrogen of Hens as Affected by Molting

Abstract In a previous article the writers (1) reported a preliminary study of the endogenous metabolism of hens and capons, and outlined a method of studying the utilization of various proteins by poultry. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish a figure representative of the average endogenous nitrogen excretion of mature Rhode Island Red hens. Such a figure might simplify the determination of the “biological·value” of proteins, by eliminating the necessity of a preliminary determination of the endogenous loss of nitrogen for each bird. Previous work (1) pointed to a decreasing nitrogen excretion per kg. of body weight as the hens grew older. Mitchell and Villegas (2) in working with rats noted a similar decrease in urinary nitrogen per 100 gms. of body weight, from one experimental period to another. They state “it has been our experience that rats kept for several weeks confined in our metabolism dishes show . . .
Phytoremediation and phytosensing of chemical contaminants, RDX and TNT: identification of the required target genes

High explosives such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are important contaminants in the environment and phytoremediation has been viewed as a cost-effective abatement. There remains, however, an insufficient knowledge-base about how plants respond to explosives, especially in the steady state. Microarray analysis was conducted on Arabidopsis thaliana that were grown in Murashige and Skoog media containing steady-state levels of 0.5 mM RDX or 2.0 μM TNT to study the effect of these compounds on its transcriptional profile. Our results for both RDX and TNT were consistent with the existing theory for xenobiotic metabolism in plants. Among the genes that were differentially expressed included oxidoreductases, cytochrome P450s, transferases, transporters, and several unknown expressed proteins. We discuss the potential role of upregulated genes in plant metabolism, phytoremediation, and phytosensing. Phytosensing, the detection of field contamination using plants, is an end goal of this project.
Design of Functionally Graded Composite Structures for Control of Stress

In this paper a methodology is introduced for the design of structural components made from composite materials for the control of stress. A numerical method is developed for designing functionally graded materials with minimum stress in prescribed sub-domains inside the structure.
Carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from Matrimid® polyimide for nitrogen/methane separation

Abstract A commercial polyimide, Matrimid® 5218, was pyrolyzed under an inert argon atmosphere to produce carbon molecular sieve (CMS) dense film membranes for nitrogen/methane separation. The resulting CMS dense film separation performance was evaluated using both pure and mixed N 2 /CH 4 permeation tests. The effects of final pyrolysis temperature on N 2 /CH 4 separation are reported. The separation performance of all CMS dense films significantly exceeds the polymer precursor dense film. The CMS dense film pyrolyzed at 800 °C shows very attractive separation performance that surpasses the polymer membrane upper bound line, with N 2 permeability of 6.8 Barrers and N 2 /CH 4 permselectivity of 7.7 from pure gas permeation, and N 2 permeability of 5.2 Barrers and N 2 /CH 4 permselectivity of 6.0 from mixed gas permeation. The temperature dependences of permeabilities, sorption coefficients, and diffusion coefficients of the membrane were studied, and the activation energy for permeation and diffusion, as well as the apparent heats of sorption are reported. The high permselectivity of this dense film is shown to arise from a significant entropic contribution in the diffusion selectivity. The study shows that the rigid ‘slit-shaped’ CMS pore structure can enable a strong molecular sieving effect to effectively distinguish the size and shape difference between N 2 and CH 4 .
The effect of geometry on reactor performance in the steam-reformation process

The effect of geometry in steam reformation is experimentally investigated with relation to the reactor output parameters of fuel conversion and temperature profile. The experimental facility includes two methanol-steam reformers of similar volume, but of different aspect ratios. Data collected from these experiments demonstrate the effects of reactor geometry and show that a redefinition of space velocity is needed for proper scaling of reactors. Conclusions and recommendations calling for further research involving this redefinition are drawn from the presented results.
Cloning of a novel cDNA homologous to CHIP28 water channel from ocular ciliary epithelium

Water channel protein (CHIP28) has been initially identified from human erythrocyte and subsequently localized in human kidney, rat kidney and bovine corneal endothelium. We report here cloning of homologous cDNA (CHIP29) from an expression cDNA library constructed from bovine ciliary epithelium poly A+ that codes a 271 amino acid, 28.8 kDa protein. At the amino acid level, bovine CHIP29 is 91% identical to the CHIP28 protein. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated a hydrophobic protein with six membrane spanning domains, one N-linked glycosylation site, two conserved NPA boxes common to MIP26 family proteins, and conserved amino acid residue cysteine 189 common to water channels. Northern blotting revealed a major mRNA of 2.8 Kb size expressed in bovine ciliary epithelium. The results presented here confirm the presence of water channel gene in the bovine ciliary epithelium, a primary site for the aqueous humor production.
Mass-transfer in rotating packed beds—II. Experimental results and comparison with theory and gravity flow

This paper presents the first reported set of experimental measurements, based on chemical absorption of CO2 in NaOH, of gas—liquid interfacial areas and liquid-side gas—liquid mass-transfer coefficients in a rotating bed as a function of rotational speed and liquid flow rate. It is shown that both increase with rotational speed. Reasons for higher contacting efficiency and higher exchange in rotating beds than in gravity flow are outlined. Liquid—solid volumetric mass-transfer coefficients are also experimentally determined and found to be significantly higher than in gravity flow. The experimental data confirm the theoretical correlations developed in Part I of this paper.
Cell Proliferation Kinetics in the Human Hair Root

The kinetics of cell proliferation in the matrix cells of human scalp hair were determined in vivo . Autoradiographic analysis was employed on biopsy specimens taken at specific time intervals after intradermal injection of tritiated thymidine ( 3 H-TdR) into the scalps of volunteer subjects. The durations of the S and G 2 phases (Ts and Tg 2 ) were 11.1 and 3.6hr respectively, obtained from the composite percent labeled mitosis curve. The labeling index of the hair matrix cells was 28.6% ± 2.2%. The durations of mitosis and of the total cell cycle (Tm and Tgc) were calculated to be 0.8hr and 38.8hr respectively. The growth fraction of hair root germinative cells was estimated as 75–100% on the basis of "continuous" 3 H-TdR exposure over the duration of the cell cycle. It is noted that the kinetics of human hair root cells are quite similar to the kinetics of psoriatic epidermal cells, suggesting that both tissues are approaching the maximum proliferative rate of keratinogenic epithelial cells.
Magic numbers in the magnetic properties of gadolinium clusters.

Gadolinium clusters (N=11--92) in a molecular beam exhibit dramatic size dependences in their magnetic properties. Two principal behaviors are observed: rigid rotor precession and nutation when the magnetic moment is tightly locked to the lattice by crystal anisotropy, and superparamagnetism when the moment is approximately free. Partially locked behavior is also seen. Magnetic moments of about 3${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ per atom are observed, with Curie temperatures substantially above the bulk value. Moments that remain locked above 300 K may permit ultrahigh-density magnetic memory.
Recent advances in immunologic diagnosis of digestive tract cancer.

Recently, several immunologic tests for the detection of gastrointestinal malignancy have been described. These tests operate on the principle that malignant tumors may contain antigens that are not present in nonmalignant tissues or that are present in these tissues in either insignificant amounts or undetectable forms. The tumor-associated antigens may be largely specific (with exceptions) for a given organ such as the liver (hepatoma), as in the case ofα-fetoglobulin, or for an organ system such as the gastrointestinal tract, as in the case of carcinoembryonic antigen. Several of these antigens have been found in various fetal tissues, thereby establishing a link between fetal biology and tumor pathogenesis.
Effect of food level on the growth and survival of laboratory-reared larvae of bay anchovy (anchoa mitchilli Valenciennes) and scaled sardine (harengula pensacolae Goode & Bean)

Abstract The effect of food levels on the growth and survival of laboratory-reared larvae of scaled sardines ( Harengula pensacolae Goode & Bean) and bay anchovies ( Anchoa mitchilli Valenciennes) was determined. Wild zooplankton, most of which was copepod nauplii and copepodids, was used as food. H. pensacolae larvae grew 0.80 mm/day at a low (444 organisms/1) and high food level (1324 organisms/1). Survival was appreciably better (14.5%) at the low than (3.5%) at the high food level, 23 days after hatching. A. mitcchilli larvae grew faster at medium and high food concentrations. Average growth rates for three replicated experiments were 0.48 mm/day at low food (621–692 organisms/1), 0.50 mm/day a t medium food (1330–1688 organisms/1), and 0.54 mm/day at high food (2811–3323 organisms/1). Survival of A. mitchilli larvae, 20 to 28 days after hatching, ranged from 0.0 to 17.8% and was better at medium and high food levels than at the low food level. The resultsng indicate that 500 to 1000 copepod nauplii and copepodids/1 provided adequate food for rearing H. pensacolae but 1500–2000/1 were consistently required to rear A. mitchilli .
Atrioesophageal Fistula After Surgical Unipolar Radiofrequency Atrial Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in the United States. Procedural treatment options such as the MAZE procedure and radiofrequency ablation are available with reasonable success rates. However, there are risks inherent to these procedures, with atrioesophageal fistula being a rare but devastating complication. We report a patient with atrioesophageal fistula who presented with neurologic symptoms 20 days after her initial MAZE procedure, followed by a quick decline within 24 hours of presentation.
Liquidus temperatures of HLW glasses with zirconium-containing primary crystalline phases

Abstract Three empirical models are investigated for predicting liquidus temperatures ( T L ) as a function of glass composition for high-level waste (HLW) glasses with zirconium-containing primary crystalline phases. The three models are: (1) first-order multiple regression, (2) first-order single regression, and (3) second-order multiple regression. For each of two HLW data sets and their union, the models were developed using least squares regression on data from glasses with any zirconium-containing primary phase, and for the subset of glasses with zircon (ZrSiO 4 ) as the primary phase. The fitted models, evaluations of their performances, and interpretations of results are presented. The first- and second-order models fit very well for four of the six combinations of data set (A, B, A + B) and primary phase (zircon, zirconium-containing), and reasonably well for the other two combinations. For the composition regions and primary phases studied, T L is: (i) increased by ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO, (ii) decreased by Na 2 O and Li 2 O, and (iii) moderately to negligibly affected by SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , and CaO.
Problems in the average-risk interpretation of categorical dose-response analyses.

In a recent article,1 I commented that categorical risk models depended on the assumption of homogeneous within-category risks, a step-function assumption that I labeled absurd. I also dismissed the average-risk inter? pretation of such regressions as questionable. In an accompanying editorial, Weinberg2 agreed that the stepfunction assumption was absurd but argued that the average-risk interpretation rendered the homogeneity assumption unnecessary. I here clarify the basis of my comment by illustrating how the apparent dose-response relation conveyed by a categorical analysis may be biased if there is substantial within-category heterogeneity of risk. The fact that the categorical relative risks are interpretable as ratios of average risks does not address this problem. I also comment on other justifications for categorical analysis of continuous variables.
Total Cross Sections for Inelastic Scattering of Charged Particles by Atoms and Molecules. II. Negative Hydrogen Ion

The sum rule for the Bethe inelastic-scattering cross sections is applied to the negative hydrogen ion, for which it yields the asymptotic total cross section for electron detachment by charged-particle impact. The calculation requires knowledge of two properties of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$: the incoherent-scattering function, which is computed from several different ground-state wave functions, and the oscillator-strength distribution, which is deduced from a variety of experimental and theoretical data. The resulting detachment cross section for electron impact, including all final H-atom states, is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}=4{{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{0}}^{2}(\frac{R}{T})[7.484\mathrm{ln}(\frac{T}{R})+25.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5]$, where ${a}_{0}$ is the Bohr radius and $\frac{T}{R}$ the incident energy in rydbergs. Our result is consistent with the experimental data of Dance, Harrison, and Rundel, but incompatible with those of Tisone and Branscomb. A tabulation of the incoherent-scattering function and the atomic form factor is also given.
A pathophysiological basis for informed preoperative smoking cessation counseling

MOKING has been recognized as a major factor enhancing perioperative morbidity and mortality for more than 50 years) Although perioperative smoking cessation counseling can make a positive impact on smoking abstinence, many patients are unwilling or unable to quit smoking in advance of scheduled surgery. 2,3 Even When a patient may quit, the patient is often seen by a medical care giver only shortly before the time of surgery, and perioperative smoking cessation counseling may be ignored because it is viewed as having a limited impact on perioperative morbidity and mortality. To give appropriate counsel and care to these patients, it is necessary to clearly understand the effects of short-term smoking cessation. One retrospective study 4 and one prospective trial 5 docUment a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who have stopped smoking for more than 8 weeks before surgery. Curiously, no outcome studies have shown a benefit of shorter durations of smoking cessation. Furthermore, small increases in the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications associated with 2- to 6-week durations of cessation have raised questions about the risks and benefits of short-term cessation. In an attempt to address these issues, the pharmacological and pathophysiological effects of smoking are reviewed, with an emphasis on the effects of smoking cessation and the time course of reversibility. Th e pharmacological and pathophysiological effects of smoking and the benefits of smoking cessation may be approached by looking at both the effects of the individual components of smoke and the effects of whole smoke on the major physiologic systems (Table 1). CONTENTS oF SMOKE More than 4,000 substances have been identified in cigarette smoke, including many that are physiologically important. 6,7 Cigarette smoke can be divided into a gas phase and a particulate phase. More than 90% of the total weight of smoke is present in the gas phase, with nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide representing the most abundant gases. The remaining vapors include carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, ciliotoxins, such as ammonia and formaldehyde, and multiple carcinogens. The particulate phase of smoke contains nicotine and tar. Tar is an aggregate of particulate substances in smoke, which include carcinogens and airway irritants.
Neural network to extract size parameter from light scattering data

A computer-simulated neural network is described that successfully identifies the size parameter of particles in a sample of ocean water from its S34 Mueller matrix element. In the Mueller matrix formalism, the polarization states of the incident and scattered light are described by four- element Stokes vectors, and the effect of the scattering medium on the incident beam is described by the sixteen- element Mueller or scattering matrix. The experimental measurements of the Mueller matrix elements as functions of the scattering angle contain all the information on optical properties, size parameter, and shape of the particles that make up the scattering medium, although it is not a simple task to retrieve it. The pattern recognition and classification properties of an artificial neural network, such as that described here, offer a new and powerful approach to retrieving the information.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solubility and solution thermodynamic properties of quercetin and quercetin dihydrate in subcritical water

Abstract Fundamental physicochemical data is required for the design and optimization of food engineering processes, such as extraction. Flavonoids are present in natural products such as grapes and have numerous health benefits particularly with respect to their reported antioxidant properties. Such flavonoid compounds can be extracted from these natural products using a variety of solvents, among them water. In this study, the aqueous solubilities of 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin) and its dihydrate were measured at temperatures between 25 and 140 °C using a continuous flow type apparatus. The flow rate of subcritical water was studied at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mL/min to study its effect on quercetin solubility and thermal degradation at temperatures greater than 100 °C. The aqueous solubility of anhydrous quercetin varied from 0.00215 g/L at 25 °C to 0.665 g/L at 140 °C and that of quercetin dihydrate varied from 0.00263 g/L at 25 °C to 1.49 g/L at 140 °C. The aqueous solubility of quercetin dihydrate was similar to that of anhydrous quercetin until 80 °C. At temperatures above or equal to 100 °C, the aqueous solubility of quercetin dihydrate was 1.5–2.5 times higher than that of anhydrous quercetin. The aqueous solubility of quercetin anhydrate and dihydrate at different temperatures was correlated using a modified Apelblat equation. The thermodynamic properties of the solution of quercetin and its dihydrate in water were than estimated from their solubility values. A flow rate effect on the aqueous solubility of quercetin and its dihydrate was not observed until above 100 °C where higher solvent (water) flow rates (>0.1 mL/min) were required to maintain a constant solubility in the saturation cell and with minimal thermal degradation of the solute (quercetin dihydrate). The study of its particle morphology under SEM indicated an aggregation of the crystals of quercetin dihydrate at subcritical water temperatures and at lower flow rates (
The influence of EHDP on the dissolution rate behavior of heat-treated and non-heat-treated hydroxyapatites

Abstract Ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid (EHDP), a known inhibitor of hydroxyapatite (HAP) dissolution in aqueous acid media, was employed as a probe to investigate the difference in dissolution characteristics between a heat-treated HAP preparation and a non-heat-treated HAP preparation. The primary HAP sample was prepared by precipitation and digestion at 105°C (UU-5). Preparation UU-5HT was obtained by heat-treating UU-5 at 1200°C for 30 min in a stream of nitrogen and water vapor. All dissolution rates were determined using the crystal suspension method in 0.10 M acetate buffer at pH = 4.5 and at various levels of EHDP. Significant dissolution rate retarding effects were found with all HAP samples at EHDP levels as low as 1 × 10−5M. At 1 × 10−4M EHDP, the initial dissolution rates (IDRs) for UU-5 (non-heat-treated) were found to be around 30% of the control (zero EHDP) rates. However, with this HAP preparation further decrease in the IDRs with increase in the EHDP levels was gradual and, even at millimolar levels of EHDP, the IDRs were still of the order of 10% of the control rates. In contrast, the heat-treated HAP preparation, UU-5HT, gave a much more rapid decline in the IDRs with increasing EHDP. For example, with UU-5HT the IDR values were essentially zero at 1 × 10−4M EHDP. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the non-heat-treated HAP samples exhibit two-site dissolution kinetics and that heat treatment anneals away the more active of the two sites.
Making an Open Source Case for Offshoring Commentary

The paper is an account of the possibilities that expanded international offshoring could have for the Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) movement. Based on existing survey data, this paper argues that at a numeric level, the continued spread of software development jobs into new areas of the world could create the foundation from which expanded international involvement in FLOSS could evolve. By drawing a parallel between the amount of available employment and education in an area to the overall participation of developers in FLOSS activities, I argue here that expanding the number of participants in the high-tech sector could increase the number of developers in other countries who choose to participate in open source projects. This analysis posits a kind of symbiotic relationship between commercial and private sector software development, which has not previously been taken. While these modes of software production continue to expand internationally, we gain a unique opportunity for expanding our understanding of the consequences of offshoring. Furthermore, the liberatory promise of FLOSS projects can only be realized if educated and motivated individuals are present in other countries. Without this expansion, it will remain an activity dominated by America and Western Europe
Dental management of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia.

Abstract Acquired aplastic anemia is a rare hematologic disease characterized by a hypoplastic bone marrow and peripheral pancytopenia. In severe cases, where conservative medical management has been unsuccessful, bone marrow transplantation is now being performed. Between the years 1971 and 1975, twenty-two patients with severe aplastic anemia were seen at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. This article discusses the oral presentations of aplastic anemia and the dental management of nine patients without and thirteen with transplantations.
Biodiversity and direct ecosystem service regulation in the community gardens of Los Angeles, CA

Context Urban community gardens are globally prevalent urban agricultural areas and have the potential to fulfill human needs in impoverished neighborhoods, such as food security and access to open space. Despite these benefits, little research has been conducted evaluating environmental and socioeconomic factors influencing community garden plant biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES).