cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Tn10 Synaptic Complex Can Capture a Target DNA only after Transposon Excision

Abstract Tn10 transposes nonreplicatively. Staged in vitro reactions demonstrate that a Tn10 synaptic complex can become committed to a particular target DNA molecule via a noncovalent interaction in the absence of strand transfer. Commitment occurs only after double-strand cleavage at both transposon ends (in "double-end break" [DEB] complexes). Stable noncovalent DEB–target DNA cocomplexes can be detected, but no cocomplexes occur with synaptic complexes containing uncleaved ends. Preincubation of DEB complexes with target DNA accelerates the rate of strand transfer. Postcleavage target capture is remarkable for Tn10; Mu and Tn7 select a target site prior to cleavage. Promiscuous target selection may favor evolution of IS-based composite elements while being suicidal for other types of transposons.
Introduction to special issue "addiction pharmacotherapy and special populations".

Special issues of journals can be found with increasing frequency. They serve several purposes. A special issue gives an editor the ability to address an issue of current importance to the field in...
Industrial Shift, Polarized Labor Markets And Urban Violence: Modeling The Dynamics Between The Economic Transformation And Disaggregated Homicide

Industrial restructuring marks the removal of a manufacturing and production-based economy in urban areas, which had served as a catalyst in concentrating disadvantage and polarizing labor markets since the 1970s. Although scholars have established a relationship between concentrated disadvantage — poverty, joblessness, racial residential segregation — and urban violence in cross-sectional studies, this literature has yet to estimate whether economic restructuring contributed to the change in urban homicide over time. Modeling this relationship requires an analytical strategy that incorporates specific indicators of (race and gender) polarized labor markets, separate from indicators of urban disadvantage, on disaggregated homicides while taking into account the growing dependency of urban cities on formal social control (via police presence and rise in incarceration). In this study I provide a theoretical rationale for linking industrial restructuring to urban homicide. Using a multivariate strategy to capture the shift in labor market forces and disaggregated homicides from 1980 to 1990, I also estimate the impact of this relationship. The results provide evidence of the industrial ship and documents both the decline in Manufacturing jobs for black males and black females and a growth in the service sector opportunities for white males only. I also find that industrial restructuring had a unique impact on disaggregated homicide beyond what has previously been established in cross-sectional studies.
Mutagenicity of amine drugs and their products of nitrosation.

Abstract 8 drugs that are amines or amides and that interact with nitrous acid to form potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic N-nitroso derivatives were tested for mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium. None of the compounds was mutagenic alone, with or without liver S9 activation. After reaction with nitrite in acetic acid solution, the products of 4 of the compounds were mutagenic. Diphenhydramine and hydrochlorothiazide gave products mutagenic with or without activation, but only to strain TA98. Methaphenilene gave products mutagenic to TA1538, TA98 and TA100 without microsomal activation. Dimethyldodecylamine-N-oxide after nitrosation was mutagenic with S9 activation to TA1535 indicating a response to the nitrosomethyldodecylamine formed. Allantoin, Pyrilamine, chlorothen, methafurylene and thenyldiamine were not mutagenic alone or after nitrosation.
Stauffer's syndrome variant with cholestatic jaundice: a case report.

Cholestasis is a common feature of several malignant diseases, including pancreatic, hepatic, gallbladder, and ampullary carcinomas. It is usually secondary to main bile duct obstruction or widespread hepatic metastasis, but it can also be a paraneoplastic syndrome of other underlying malignancies. Stauffer's syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that is characterized by elevated alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, α-2-globulin, and γ-glutamyl transferase, thrombocytosis, prolongation of prothrombin time, and hepatosplenomegaly, in the absence of hepatic metastasis and jaundice. A rare variant of this syndrome with jaundice has recently been described in 3 cases in the literature. We report a patient who presented with abdominal pain and cholestatic jaundice in whom RCC was incidentally found during initial workup. Jaundice and liver dysfunction resolved completely after surgical resection of the tumor. This case illustrates the protean manifestations of RCC, and the importance of considering Stauffer's syndrome and its variant in the differential diagnosis of anicteric and icteric cholestasis, which may allow early recognition and treatment of an underlying malignancy.
Directions for Future X-Ray, Optical, and Radio Follow-up Observations of Gamma-Ray Burst Counterparts

We review the current state of X-ray, optical, and radio follow-up observations of gamma-ray burst (GRB) error boxes. We show that despite the lack of an identified burst counterpart, the time and flux domain within which such objects can exist has been severely constrained. A clear direction for future follow-up efforts is identified. In the radio, searches must extend below 3 mJy and begin within 3 days of burst detection. In the optical, deep imaging (>12 mag) within 10 hr of burst detection will be needed to improve significantly upon the time and flux domain already searched for GRB counterparts. At X-ray energies, deep exposures within 19 days of burst detection are needed to explore new regions in the time/flux domain. Significant progress in each of these regimes can be expected within the next year from current follow-up efforts.
The role of chemoreception in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus jarrovi

Abstract We examined the role of tongue extrusions for the detection of chemicals in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus jarrovi , prior to the breeding season. Most extrusions resulted in the tongue touching the substrate and are referred to as tongue-touches. A total of 2819 tongue-touches were observed for four age/sex classes of lizards. We could not demonstrate that the tongue is involved in the detection of a natural predator, the Arizona kingsnake ( Lampropeltis pyromelana ), and it was clear that it was not used to find food. It did, however, seem to be involved in the exploration of temporally and spatially unfamiliar areas. The possibility that the tongue is involved in the detection of conspecifics is discussed for this study, as well as for complementary studies. Possible marking attempts in the form of chin wipes, pelvic rubs, and defaecations were examined. The latter two possibilities were not important at this time of year. Chin wiping may result in the depositing of chemical markers, although no external chin glands were found and the possibility is still uncertain.
Source location of a 50 msec latency auditory evoked field component

We recorded auditory evoked magnetic fields in response to 128 15 msec duration 1 kHz tone pips from both hemispheres of 6 normal adult males. Auditory evoked potentials were recorded conventionally from a vertex lead. An approximately 50 msec latency component was identified in both the magnetic (called the M50) and EEG (called the P50) recordings. Isofield topographical contour maps were used to estimate M50 source location and depth. With respect to extracranial bony landmarks, M50 source locations were significantly higher and tended to be more posterior, over the left hemisphere. M50 and P50 latencies were not significantly different in 5 of 6 subjects; in one, M50 latencies were significantly longer than P50 latencies over the left hemisphere. Magnetic resonance images in 5 subjects were used to identify the neuroanatomical structure(s) present at the estimated source location. M50 sources appeared to reside in the cortex of the planum temporale in both left and right hemispheres in all 5 subjects.
The Myoblastic Masses and Neural Tissue Associated with the Proventriculus of Larvae of Aedes triseriatus, a. aegypti, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus

Standard tnicrotechnical procedures were employed in this study of larvae of Aedes triseriatus (Say), Aedes aegypti (L.), and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. The muscles of the diverticula arise from bilateral masses of myoblastic tissue. Larval muscle which undergoes extensive modification may also contribute to the diverticular muscle formation. The myoblastic masses can be found in 4th-stage larvae and are intimately associated with neural tissue. Neural connections between the ventricular ganglia and the nerves from the hypocerebral ganglion to the corpora allata were found in all 3 species. These same connections exist in the adult. Thus at least the gross neural connections between these ganglia are identical in the larval and adult stages and the neurons associated with the myoblastic masses in the larvae may properly be called the ventricular ganglia. During pupation, the myoblastic masses increase in size by mitotic division and become intimately associated with the developing diverticula, eventually forming the greater portion of the network of muscles of these structures.
Is the mantle geotherm subadiabatic

Internal heating and secular cooling are expected to decrease the geothermal gradient away from an adiabat. A scaling analysis that is quantified on the basis of published numerical models indicates that the interior geotherm should be nearly isothermal through the lower mantle if all heating is from within. For the more realistic condition that the mantle is partly heated from within and partly from below, we still expect the average thermal gradient to be significantly subadiabatic through much of the interior of the mantle. Values of the seismologically observable inhomogeneity parameter η ∼ 1.04 to 1.07 should characterize the subadiabatic regions of the lower mantle.
Methanol Tolerance of CN x Oxygen Reduction Catalysts

Nitrogen-containing carbon nanofiber (CNx) catalysts grown by acetonitrile pyrolysis over 2 wt% Fe, Co, and Ni impregnated supports of alumina, silica and magnesia were tested for methanol tolerance during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) method. Catalysts tested in acidic electrolytes containing 1–3 M methanol showed no methanol poisoning during ORR and were inactive for methanol oxidation.
A Strip Liposome Immunoassay for Aflatoxin B1

A technique has been developed for the preparation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-tagged liposomes encapsulating a visible dye. These liposomes have several useful potential analytical applications, one of which is demonstrated. A simple plastic-backed nitrocellulose strip is the basis for an assay for detecting AFB1. Samples containing aflatoxin B1 are allowed to migrate by capillary action along the strip into a zone containing immobilized antibodies; then aflatoxin B1-tagged, dye-containing liposomes are allowed to migrate into the same area, filling any remaining antibody sites. The liposomes that bound to the antibody zone exhibit an intense purplish pink color whose optical density is inversely proportional to the aflatoxin concentration in the sample. The device is capable of detecting aflatoxin B1 at levels down to 20 ng and could serve as a rapid procedure for visual screening of agricultural and food samples for AFB1 or, with densitometry, as an inexpensive quantitative assay.
Children Eligible for Medicaid or CHIP: Who Remains Uninsured, and Why?

Abstract Objective To assess how many uninsured children are eligible for coverage through Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) but not participating and examine the reasons low-income uninsured children are unenrolled. Methods Medicaid/CHIP eligibility and participation are estimated for a sample of over 1.4 million children in the 2008 and 2012 American Community Survey. Medicaid/CHIP experience and enrollment barriers are examined for 2300 uninsured children in families with incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level in the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health. Results Despite increases in the number eligible for Medicaid or CHIP between 2008 and 2012, participation rose nationwide by 6 percentage points; by 2012, 21 states and the District of Columbia had participation rates for children of 90% or higher. The number of eligible but uninsured declined from 4.9 to 3.7 million, but 68% of uninsured children in 2012 qualified for Medicaid or CHIP. Interest in enrolling uninsured children in Medicaid or CHIP is high (more than 90% of parents say they would enroll their child), but despite the high rates of prior enrollment, many families had knowledge gaps and perceived difficulties with enrollment. Conclusions Addressing enrollment/retention barriers and raising Medicaid/CHIP participation in low-performing states hold promise for reducing the number of eligible but uninsured children given the diverse set of states with high participation and the high expressed interest in enrolling children.
Horseradish Peroxidase Mutants That Autocatalytically Modify Their Prosthetic Heme Group INSIGHTS INTO MAMMALIAN PEROXIDASE HEME-PROTEIN COVALENT BONDS

The mammalian peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase, bind their prosthetic heme covalently through ester bonds to two of the heme methyl groups. These bonds are autocatalytically formed. No other peroxidase is known to form such bonds. To determine whether features other than an appropriately placed carboxylic acid residue are important for covalent heme binding, we have introduced aspartate and/or glutamic acid residues into horseradish peroxidase, a plant enzyme that exhibits essentially no sequence identity with the mammalian peroxidases. Based on superposition of the horseradish peroxidase and myeloperoxidase structures, the mutated residues were Leu37, Phe41, Gly69, and Ser73. The F41E mutant was isolated with no covalently bound heme, but the heme was completely covalently bound upon incubation with H2O2. As predicted, the modified heme released from the protein was 3-hydroxymethylheme. The S73E mutant did not covalently bind its heme but oxidized it to the 8-hydroxymethyl derivative. The hydroxyl group in this modified heme derived from the medium. The other mutations gave unstable proteins. The rate of compound I formation for the F41E mutant was 100 times faster after covalent bond formation, but the reduction of compound I to compound II was similar with and without the covalent bond. The results clearly establish that an appropriately situated carboxylic acid group is sufficient for covalent heme attachment, strengthen the proposed mechanism, and suggest that covalent heme attachment in the mammalian peroxidases relates to peroxidase biology or stability rather than to intrinsic catalytic properties.
SU-GG-T-171: Accuracy in the Dose Delivery of Sliding Window IMRT as a Function of Gantry and Collimator Angles

Purpose: Because of their weight, MLC leaves may experience significant gravitational force particularly when moving against gravity. Traditionally patient specific IMRT QA is performed with the gantry directed downward not reflecting the actual beam and collimator angle used in patient. This study was done to evaluate the accuracy in dose delivery for IMRT treatments as a function of gantry and collimator angles. Method and Materials: We have taken 3 IMRT treatment fields optimized for sliding windows IMRT dose delivery. The dose plans were generated for a Varian Trilogy unit employing a millennium MLC. All the treatment fields had 320 control points for IMRT delivery. MapCHECK along with 3 cm buildup material, in its isocentric fixture, was mounted in the linac accessory tray and secured at 100 cm SAD. Fields were individually delivered with gantry and collimator angles in increment of 30°. This resulted in 72 combinations of gantry and collimator angles at which fluences were delivered. Plans were evaluated using standard 3%/3mm criteria. Results: The passing rates for the delivered planar distributions for field1, field2 & field3 at gantry=0° and collimator=0° were 99.6, 96.2 & 92.6%, respectively. The pass‐rate was found to vary from 100 to 97.9% in field1 as function of gantry and collimator angle. The respective value in field2 & field3 were 100 & 90.2 and 93.2% & 87.9%. The standard deviation of the passing rate for the three fields as a function of gantry and collimator angles was 0.4, 2.7 & 1.3, respectively. Conclusion: Our study has shown that the accuracy of sliding window IMRT dose delivery technique does not demonstrate significant gantry and collimator angle dependence. It is important that this type of study be carried out as a part of initial acceptance as well as periodically in a compressive QA program.
Variability of Reaction Efficiencies and Pasting Properties of Acetylated Dent Corn Starch from Various Commercial Hybrids

ABSTRACT Genetic diversity in corn (maize) has contributed to variability in corn processing characteristics. Differences in acetylated dent corn starch pasting properties and reaction efficiencies due to hybrid were assessed. Ten dent corn hybrids grown during 1998 and nine dent corn hybrids grown during 1999 were wet-milled in the laboratory. Starch from each hybrid was modified using a laboratory-scale acetylation procedure. NaOH consumed and reaction time were recorded for each reaction. A Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) was used to measure starch pasting properties. Acetyl content was measured by a spectrophotometric method, from which reaction efficiency was calculated. Reaction efficiencies were observed at 35–56%. Overall reaction efficiencies for starch samples from 1998 hybrids were lower than samples from 1999 hybrids. Differences in peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, setback, and pasting temperature were found among 1998 hybrids. Differences in trough viscosity, final viscosity, and...
Modeling the Full-Bridge Series-Resonant Power Converter

A steady state model is derived for the full-bridge series-resonant power converter. Normalized parametric curves for various currents and voltages are then plotted versus the triggering angle of the switching devices. The calculations are compared with experimental measurements made on a 50 kHz converter and a discussion of certain operating problems is presented.
MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE CURRICULUM

There is evidence of college efforts to address multiculturalism and diversity in the curriculum, but lack of a specific, pooled base of information on the subject is deterring greater strides in this area. This national study of 220 community college chief academic officers investigated (a) the level of activity in community colleges in incorporating multiculturalism/diversity into the curriculum, (b) staff development activities in place to aid faculty in learning about multiculturalism /diversity and incorporating it into the curriculum, (c) perceived barriers to diversifying the curriculum, and (d) future plans for infusing multiculturalism/diversity into the curriculum. Study results suggest that community colleges are active in addressing the issue of multiculturalism; yet huge numbers of community college students are not exposed to multiculturalism/diversity issues and content. Absence of knowledge and lack of a high priority for multiculturalism are barriers inhibiting development. Infusion of mu...
The Ketogenic Diet: Uses in Epilepsy and Other Neurologic Illnesses

The ketogenic diet is well established as therapy for intractable epilepsy. It should be considered first-line therapy in glucose transporter type 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. It should be considered early in the treatment of Dravet syndrome and myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (Doose syndrome). Initial studies indicate that the ketogenic diet appears effective in other metabolic conditions, including phosphofructokinase deficiency and glycogen osis type V (McArdle disease). It appears to function in these disorders by providing an alternative fuel source. A growing body of literature suggests the ketogenic diet may be beneficial in certain neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In these disorders, the ketogenic diet appears to be neuroprotective, promoting enhanced mitochondrial function and rescuing adenosine triphosphate production. Dietary therapy is a promising intervention for cancer, given that it may target the relative inefficiency of tumors in using ketone bodies as an alternative fuel source. The ketogenic diet also may have a role in improving outcomes in trauma and hypoxic injuries.
The effective transverse moduli of a composite with degraded fiber-matrix interfaces

A Generalized Self Consistent Model (GSCM) is applied to a composite containing multiple-coated fibers and the general solution for this model subject to a constant transverse shear loading at infinity is derived. The effective transverse shear modulus of the composite is determined through the use of the equality of the strain energy in the inhomogeneous composite and the equivalent homogeneous medium. The stress field at the interface of a metal matrix composite under the same loading condition is calculated. In addition, the reduction in the transverse bulk and shear stiffnesses of the fiber-matrix interface in a ceramic composite subject to materials degradation is determined through inversion of the known or measured values of its effective elastic constants. The stability of the inversion process is examined as well.
Ab initio investigation of the N2–HF complex: Accurate structure and energetics

Augmented correlation consistent basis sets of double (aug‐cc‐pVDZ), triple (aug‐cc‐pVTZ), and modified quadruple zeta (aug‐cc‐pVQZ′) quality have been employed to describe the N2–HF potential energy surface at the Hartree–Fock level and with single reference correlated wave functions including Mo/ller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP3, MP4) and coupled cluster methods [CCSD, CCSD(T)]. The most accurate computed equilibrium binding energies De are (with counterpoise correction) 810 cm−1 (MP4/aug‐cc‐pVQZ′) and 788 cm−1 [CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVQZ′]. Estimated complete basis set limits of 814 cm−1 (MP4) and 793 cm−1 [CCSD(T)] indicate that the large basis set results are essentially converged. Harmonic frequencies and zero‐point energies were determined through the aug‐cc‐pVTZ level. Combining the zero point energies computed at the aug‐cc‐pVTZ level with the equilibrium binding energies computed at the aug‐cc‐pVQZ′ level, we predict D0 values of 322 and 296 cm−1, respectively, at the MP4 and CCSD(T) levels of...
Fizeau interferometer for measurement of plasma electron current

A high-resolution, vertically viewing far-infrared polarimeter-interferometer system is currently used on the Madison symmetric torus (MST) reversed-field pinch (RFP) to measure the plasma electron density and toroidal current density via Faraday rotation. In this article, we propose a scheme to measure the well-known Fizeau effect, whereby through modest modification of the existing apparatus, the line-integrated poloidal current density can also be directly measured. This parameter is important, since the RFP toroidal magnetic field is largely determined by currents flowing within the plasma. The Fizeau effect is a phase shift of an electromagnetic wave associated with movement of a dielectric medium. This motion can be related directly to the plasma electron current. Determining the Fizeau effect involves measurement of the phase shift between two collinear, orthogonally polarized, counterpropagating laser beams. Estimates indicate a phase shift of ∼2° is expected for typical MST parameters, well withi...
A General Method for Partitioning Sums of Squares of Treatments and Interactions in the Analysis of Variance

A method is presented for partitioning the sums of squares of treatments and interactions to reflect specific treatment and interaction contrasts. The method is illustrated by partitioning the sums of squares in a split-plot factorial analysis of variance design.
Treatment strategies after a single seizure : rationale for immediate versus deferred treatment.

What is the rationale for the treatment of an epileptic seizure? More specifically, should a first seizure be treated as soon as it is diagnosed or should one defer treatment until a second seizure occurs? Several studies indicate that the risk of a second (unprovoked) seizure is <50%, but studies vary in methodology and most have reviewed outcome in children only. Also, many patients were maintained on antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during these studies, meaning that the risk for seizure recurrence was perhaps underestimated compared with the risk if untreated. Most neurologists recommend waiting for a second seizure in order to avoid complications of medications that might prove to be unnecessary. Several large studies show that delaying treatment until a second seizure occurs does not worsen the course of epilepsy or likelihood of eventual seizure control. Seizures attributable to an acute illness (‘acute symptomatic’, provoked seizures) usually resolve with treatment of the underlying illness and thus long-term AEDs are often unwarranted. Nevertheless, seizures arising in certain circumstances are more likely to recur and there are special considerations for patients with strokes, tumours, infections and dementia, and also after head injury or neurosurgery. Patient preferences with regard to risk and benefit also enter into the decision on whether to initiate AED treatment after a single seizure.
Inhibition of Lipid Oxidation in Meats by Inorganic Phosphate and Ascorbate Salts

The sodium salts of tripolyphosphate, tetrapyrophosphate, L-ascorbate monophosphate, and L-ascorbate polyphosphate at 0.3% and L-ascorbic acid and sodium L-ascorbate at 0.1% were added to ground turkey and ground beef. Sensory attributes and hexanal content were evaluated immediately after cooking and after 1 and 3 days storage (4°C). Percentages of moisture and fat and nonheme iron were determined. All samples containing a phosphate salt had more meaty flavor and less stale and rancid flavor and aroma and contained less hexanal after 3 days storage than samples with no additive. The addition of phosphate salts decreased cooking losses but did not affect fat content. Phosphate salts decreased nonheme iron in cooked turkey patties but not in beef patties. The taste panel detected a very slight soapy flavor in patties with the addition of any phosphate salt at 0.3%.
Synthesis of silicon nitride powder through nitrogen gas atomization

The feasibility of synthesizing silicon nitride powder utilizing reactive atomization processing was analysed. The range of times required for the flight time of particles, the cooling rate of the silicon melt, the reaction time of silicon and nitrogen, and the diffusion of nitrogen through silicon nitride layers were obtained and compared. The results of this study indicated that the production of silicon nitride powder through the reactive atomization process would be limited by diffusion of nitrogen through the nitride (ash) layer, assuming the nitride layer was coherent and the unreacted core model was a valid representation of the liquid silicon-silicon nitride system.
Influence of epidermal growth factor on bovine pancreatic duct cell bicarbonate.

Abstract Background and aims. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is secreted in pancreatic juice and its receptor is expressed on pancreatic duct cells (PDCs), suggesting a physiological role which has yet to be defined. Here we examined the effects of EGF on bicarbonate production and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in a PDC explant model. Methods. Bovine main PDCs were prepared and maintained in culture as explants. Levels of CA expression, phosphorylation, and enzymatic activity were measured in resting cells and compared to that of cells exposed to 10 nM secretin, 10 nM EGF, or both. Bicarbonate production was measured using the autoburette pH titration technique. Results. CA protein levels were unchanged with any treatment, but enzyme activity increased by 180% with secretin treatment and was reduced by 54% with EGF. The combination treatment led to a synergistic increase 240% above basal. EGF alone did not affect bicarbonate secretion, but the normal increase observed with secretin stimulation (1.3 ± 0.4 to 2.9 ± 0.6 μmol/h/cm 2 ) was abolished by acute EGF pretreatment. On the other hand, EGF pretreatment for 24 h significantly increased basal and stimulated secretion (2.2 ± 0.5 and 3.8 ± 0.5, respectively) compared to controls. Conclusions. EGF exerts a regulatory role on bicarbonate secretion by the pancreatic duct epithelium, independent of its effect on CA activity. Its inhibition of stimulated bicarbonate secretion could play a protective role in the setting of pancreatic inflammation, where increased levels of EGF are associated with reduced pancreatic juice production.
DISTURBANCE AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN A SHALLOW WATER SAND FLAT

Diopatra cuprea, an onuphid polychaete, is a large and conspicuous component of semiprotected sand flats along the east coast of North America. It builds a large tube which projects above the surface of the sediment. Infaunal abundances are greater around such tubes than elsewhere. To test the hypothesis that tubes provide a local refuge from predation, I manipulated the abundances of the conspicuous predators and sediment disruptors, Callinectes sapidus the blue crab and Limulus polyphemus the horseshoe crab. In the absence of all predators >0.625 cm, infaunal abundances no longer increased as a function of Diopatra abundance. Thus, the tube of Diopatra appears to act as a refuge from predation for infauna. Further manipulations of the predators indicated that Callinectes was far more important than Limulus. Species which were numerically dominant in the presence of predators predominated in the predator removals as well. These experiments were repeated three times over a 3-yr period (1974, 1975, 1976) and in general the results were consistent over that period. Densities of juvenile Diopatra increased dramatically inside predator exclosures. Densities of adult Diopatra did not. The abundance of this refuge-forming organism, therefore, is at least partially dependent upon the frequency with which individuals pass through the size-dependent period of susceptibility.
Ultrastructural differences between forming eumelanin and pheomelanin as revealed by the pink-eye mutation in the fowl

Abstract The ultrastructural events occurring during melanin formation in the fowl were studied. Melanin precursors are apparently “packaged” in Golgi vesicles. Several of these small vesicles seem to coalesce, forming a large vesicle in which globular bodies become visible. The internal contents of these “multivesiculated bodies” probably contain melanin granule precursors. As longitudinal strands form in the vesicles, they become folded in a zigzag fashion. Melanin is then deposited upon this premelanosome matrix. When eumelanin is synthesized, crosslinks form between the longitudinal strands during the early stages of melanin deposition. Melanin is deposited until a melanosome is formed which shows no internal structure. The pink-eye (pk) mutation retards melanin deposition so that the matrix structure is visible. Premelanosome formation in retinal melanocytes from both normal and pink-eyed embryos was very similar, suggesting that the mutation does not alter matrix structure. The longitudinal strands of the rod-shaped eumelanin premelanosome are coupled by crosslinks that occur every 200 A. The resulting network is a matting of connected components showing a repeating hexagonal configuration. Each side of a hexagon is 115 A long. This matting appears rolled up inside the premelanosome membrane when viewed in cross section. In the ovoid or spherical pheomelanin premelanosomes the zigzag longitudinal strands form but crosslinks are few or absent, resulting in a disorganized matrix. Lighter-than-normal pheomelanin granules show even shorter longitudinal strands and less organization.
Viral shedding in patients infected with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus in Kenya, 2009.

Background Understanding shedding patterns of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) can inform recommendations about infection control measures. We evaluated the duration of pH1N1 virus shedding in patients in Nairobi, Kenya.
Developmental mechanism of the periodic membrane skeleton in axons

The brain contains hundred types of neurons, but they are all variations on the same basic structure. Each neuron consists of a cell body that is covered in short protrusions called dendrites and a long thin structure called the axon. The dendrites receive incoming signals from neighboring neurons and they transmit these signals via the cell body to the axon, which in turn relays them to the dendrites of the next neuron (or neurons). Like all cells, neurons maintain their structure with the help of an internal cytoskeleton made up of many different proteins. However, it was discovered recently that axons have an additional lattice-like structure underneath their outer membrane. This structure, which consists of rings of actin filaments separated by molecules of a protein called spectrin, is preferentially formed in axons and is found much less frequently in dendrites. Now Zhong, He et al., who are members of the research group that discovered the axonal skeleton, have used ‘super-resolution imaging’ to figure out how this skeleton forms and why it predominantly forms in axons. In brief, a basic version of the sub-membrane periodic skeleton is laid down early in development, starting next to the cell body before gradually spreading down the axon. The skeleton then continues to mature throughout development with the incorporation of several additional types of proteins. The periodic skeleton only forms in regions which contain enough βII spectrin. Under normal conditions, dendrites contain too little βII spectrin to support the growth of such a periodic skeleton. However, artificially increasing the amount of βII spectrin present by overexpressing the corresponding gene, or by knocking out ankyrin B (a molecule that is important for establishing the preferential distribution of βII spectrin in axons), is sufficient to trigger periodic skeleton formation in dendrites. Given that axons and dendrites have distinct roles in neuronal signaling, this uneven distribution of spectrin is likely to be one way in which these regions maintain the specific structures that support their individual functions.
The enzymatic synthesis of some potential photoaffinity analogs of benzoyl-coenzyme A.

Abstract Previous studies in this laboratory have utilized a chemically synthesized photolabile analog of benzoyl-coenzyme A, p-azidobenzoyl-coenzyme A (PAB-CoA), to label the regulatory sites of pyruvate carboxylase isolated from yeast ( D. E. Myers, and M. F. Utter, 1978 , Fed. Proc.37, 856). The following report describes a convenient enzymatic synthesis of PAB-CoA, catalyzed by a medium-chain fatty acid: CoA ligase enzyme from beef liver mitochondria. PAB-CoA synthesis is monitored by thin-layer chromatography; the purified product is subsequently isolated by conventional ion-exchange and gel-filtration techniques. Enzymatically synthesized PAB-CoA is identical to the chemically synthesized material as evidenced by thin-layer chromatography, spectral characteristics, and the ability to activate pyruvate carboxylase from yeast. The general enzymatic synthesis has been used to synthesize o-and m-azidobenzoyl-CoA, as well as the related compound, p-azidophenzylacetyl-CoA. All of these photolabile analogs of benzoyl-CoA activate pyruvate carboxylase from yeast and have potential use as modifiers of the regulatory sites of this enzyme as well as of other enzymes affected by CoASH. This enzymatic synthesis is also useful for preparing material of very high specific radioactivity.
Clonidine infusions into the locus coeruleus attenuate behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal.

Clonidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, suppresses signs of opiate withdrawal in animals and in man. Electrical or chemical stimulation of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) increases noradrenergic activity and brain concentration of the noradrenergic metabolite MHPG, and produces many signs of opiate withdrawal. Thus, clonidine's ability to attenuate withdrawal might be due to the reduction of noradrenergic neuronal activity originating in the LC, but additional alpha-2-adrenergic receptors throughout the body and other mechanisms may also play a role. The present study explored the neuroanatomical and pharmacological selectivity of alpha-2-adrenergic receptors of the LC in the anti-withdrawal action of clonidine. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that behavioral and biochemical measures of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from morphine would be blocked by infusions of clonidine (0.6 or 2.4 μg/μl) into the LC. Significant reductions were observed in the occurrence of diarrhea, ptosis, weight loss and wet-dog shakes. Clonidine also reversed the naloxone-precipitated increase in hippocampus MHPG concentration. In experiment 2 subjects received an LC infusion or IP injection of a non-lipophilic alpha-2-agonist (ST-91), which does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or of clonidine into the dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB) to test the selectivity of the effects of clonidine infusions into the LC. ST-91 infusions into the LC reduced several of the observed withdrawal signs and increased others (e.g., jumping). Although peripheral injections of ST-91 attenuated some of the checked signs associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, the frequency of wet-dog shakes was not reduced. ST-91 infusions into the LC, but not systemic ST-91 administration, prevented the withdrawal-induced increase in hippocampus MHPG concentration. Clonidine infused lateral to the LC into the DPB did not significantly attenuate withdrawal or reduce hippocampus MHPG levels. These results provide behavioral and biochemical evidence to support the suggestion that clonidine significantly attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal through an interaction with noradrenergic neurons located in the vicinity of the LC.
Economic policy reform in developing countries: The role and management of political factors

Abstract Increased recognition of the role of sound economic policies in economic development has stimulated interest in the political and administrative factors that determine policy responses of different developing countries. This article provides a critical introduction to three further papers in this special section of World Development , all of which deal with political and administrative dimensions of economic policy reform. Certain common themes are isolated and addressed; these include the role of political analysis and explanation, the concept of “political will” to undertake reforms, and the importance of the implementation phase in the reform process.
A SPECTRUM OF EXERTIONAL HEADACHES

Headaches and facial pains accompanying exertion appear in the International Headache Society (IHS) classification of headaches under a variety of terms. Many headaches, including migraines, often are triggered or enhanced by exertion.
Contribution of d-band electrons to ballistic electron transport and interfacial scattering during electron-phonon nonequilibrium in thin metal films.

Electron-interface scattering during electron-phonon nonequilibrium in thin films creates another pathway for electron system energy loss as characteristic lengths of thin films continue to decrease. As power densities in nanodevices increase, excitations of electrons from sub-conduction-band energy levels will become more probable. These sub-conduction-band electronic excitations significantly affect the material’s thermophysical properties. In this work, the effects of d-band electronic excitations are considered in electron energy transfer processes in thin metal films. In thin films with thicknesses less than the electron mean free path, ballistic electron transport leads to electron-interface scattering. The ballistic component of electron transport, leading to electron-interface scattering, is studied by a ballistic-diffusive approximation of the Boltzmann Transport Equation. The effects of d-band excitations on electron-interface energy transfer is analyzed during electron-phonon nonequilibrium after short pulsed laser heating in thin films.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Radiation damage in an amorphous lennard-jones solid a computer simulation

Abstract A molecular-dynamics simulation of radiation damage in an amorphous Lennard-Jones solid has been undertaken. A three-dimensional structure of 685 atoms with periodic boundary conditions was used. An atom was injected inward from the middle of one surface, and as it lost its energy its velocity and position were recorded. The temperature profile around the injection direction was also calculated. The amorphous structure was examined before and after irradiation by calculating the volume distribution of the Voronoi polyhedra and its time evolution. The production of vacancies and interstitials was observed. The interstitials were found to disappear rapidly, and the vacancies slowly.
Measuring teamwork and taskwork of community-based “teams” delivering life-saving health interventions in rural Zambia: a qualitative study

The use of teams is a well-known approach in a variety of settings, including health care, in both developed and developing countries. Team performance is comprised of teamwork and task work, and ascertaining whether a team is performing as expected to achieve the desired outcome has rarely been done in health care settings in resource-limited countries. Measuring teamwork requires identifying dimensions of teamwork or processes that comprise the teamwork construct, while taskwork requires identifying specific team functions. Since 2008 a community-based project in rural Zambia has teamed community health workers (CHWs) and traditional birth attendants (TBAs), supported by Neighborhood Health Committees (NHCs), to provide essential newborn and continuous curative care for children 0–59 months. This paper describes the process of developing a measure of teamwork and taskwork for community-based health teams in rural Zambia. Six group discussions and pile-sorting sessions were conducted with three NHCs and three groups of CHW-TBA teams. Each session comprised six individuals. We selected 17 factors identified by participants as relevant for measuring teamwork in this rural setting. Participants endorsed seven functions as important to measure taskwork. To explain team performance, we assigned 20 factors into three sub-groups: personal, community-related and service-related. Community and culturally relevant processes, functions and factors were used to develop a tool for measuring teamwork and taskwork in this rural community and the tool was quite unique from tools used in developed countries.
Detection of Giardia Trophozoites in Archival Pathology Specimens of Human Small Intestine.

The examination of archival pathology specimens of human small intestine by light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and confocal scanning laser microscopy using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques was undertaken to better understand the epidemiology of Giardia . Giardia trophozoites were tentatively identified in the light microscope after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The organisms were adherent to the intestinal epithelium where they were also associated with strands of mucus within the lumen. Fluorochrome-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide probes, developed for the 16S rRNA of Giardia lamblia and Giardia muris , were used in FISH experiments with confocal scanning laser microscopy. Positive identification of trophozoites could be obtained with the G. lamblia probe, but not with the G. muris probe. FESEM examination of serial sections adjacent to FISH-stained sections revealed trophozoites characterized by their morphological features. The 16S rDNA probes specifically distinguished different species of Giardia , but whether multiple infections can occur within an individual host could not be determined.
Comparison of the structure and dynamics of water at the Pt(111) and Pt(100) interfaces: molecular dynamics study

Abstract The structural and dynamical properties of water next to the Pt(111) and Pt(100) surfaces were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. At 300 K, the water layer adjacent to the surface displays solid-like properties. The adsorption sites for the water molecules are determined by the location of Pt atoms and the geometry of the surface. It is found that the Pt(111) surface induces a hexagonal pattern in the structure of adsorbed water layer. Patches of ice-like structure were also noticed in this layer. On both surfaces, the next two layers of water were found to display an orientational bias towards the ordering observed in ice-I.
Miscible blends of modified poly(aryl ether ketones) with aromatic polyimides

The phase behavior of binary blends of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), sulfonated PEEK, and sulfamidated PEEK with aromatic polyimides is reported. PEEK was determined to be immiscible with a poly(amide imide) (TORLON 4000T). Blends of sulfonated and sulfamidated PEEk with this poly(amide imide), however, are reported here to be miscible in all proportions. Blends of sulfonated PEEK and a poly(ether imide) (ULTEM 1000) are also reported to be miscible. Spectroscopic investigations of the intermolecular interactions suggest that formation of electron donor-acceptor complexes between the sulfonated/sulfamidated phenylene rings of the PEEKs and the N-phenylene units of the polyimides are responsible for this miscibility
Neoplasms in youthful populations following x-ray treatment in infancy.

Abstract The results of current mail surveys are summarized for two youthful populations in Rochester, New York and Ann Arbor, Michigan, each with a history of X-ray treatments in infancy for thymic enlargement. Studies of one subgroup in the Rochester series, examined because of a high incidence of tumors, particularly thyroid tumors, are also presented. The high incidence of neoplasms, previously described for the irradiated Rochester population is even more striking than before. The new tumors developed mainly in the thyroid and in the irradiated bones of the rib cage. In the examined subgroup, the projected incidence of thyroid nodularity was 28%. Although the incidence of neoplasms in the Ann Arbor study was not as high as that in the Rochester group, it seems to be higher than that in the general population, particularly in the case of thyroid neoplasms. The incidence of thyroid and extrathyroid tumors in the Rochester series is dose-dependent and the frequency of thyroid neoplasms is age-dependent until age 20. Some evidence is presented suggesting that (1) the dose response of thyroid tumors is linear in the lower dose range, and (2) there is no threshold or, at least, the threshold is below 20 rads. The reason for the effectiveness of opposing AP ports in inducing thyroid neoplasms in the Rochester study is given. Although the dose dependency of the thyroid neoplasms indicates that radiation exposure played an etiologic role, evidence is presented showing that other factors, particularly thyroid stress during adolescence, play a powerful secondary or promoting role in tumor induction. In this respect, the induction of thyroid neoplasms in man follows the multistage theory of carcinogenesis so well established for the development of endocrine tumors in animals. The relatively benign clinical course of all persons with thyroid carcinoma suggests that the disease was still in the hormone (TSH) dependent stage. The clinical characteristics of the radiation-induced neoplasms are described. Estimates of the risk of developing thyroid cancer, nodular thyroid disease and leukemia after radiation exposure are also given.