cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Reach of Tobacco Marketing Among Young Children

BACKGROUND: Prosmoking messages, delivered through marketing and the media, can reach very young children and influence attitudes and behaviors around smoking. This study examined the reach of tobacco marketing to 5 and 6 year olds in 6 low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: Researchers worked one-on-one with 5 and 6 year olds in Brazil, China, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia ( N = 2423). The children were asked to match logos with pictures of products, including 8 logos for cigarette brands. Analyses examined, overall and by country, whether gender, age, location, household use of tobacco, and knowledge of media characters were associated with awareness of cigarette brand logos. Additional analyses considered the relationship between cigarette brand logo awareness and intentions to smoke. RESULTS: Overall, 68% of 5 and 6 year olds could identify at least 1 cigarette brand logo, ranging from 50% in Russia to 86% in China. Across countries, being slightly older and having someone in the household who used tobacco, were significantly associated with greater odds of being able to identify at least 1 cigarette brand logo. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of young children from low- and middle-income countries are familiar with cigarette brands. This study’s findings suggest that more effective measures are needed to restrict the reach of tobacco marketing.
Litigating to prevent injuries: a strategy for consideration

The effectiveness of legislation and regulation as tools for injury prevention is well recognized in Europe. There is another tool that has been used effectively in the United States, but which is not substantially discussed in the European injury prevention literature. Litigation against the makers of unsafe products has been used in the US to create an incentive for manufacturers to invest in safer product design rather than risk a lawsuit and pay a penalty for neglect. This commentary discusses the use of litigation in the US as a tool for preventing injuries, and speculates on whether such an intervention might be feasible and desirable in Europe.
Pathways of Intraabdominal Spread of Disease

Although the anatomy of the peritoneal ligaments and spaces is complex, a working knowledge of this anatomy enhances interpretation of abdominal imaging studies and increases the precision of image-guided interventional procedures.
Implementing Large-Scale Autonomic Server Monitoring Using Process Query Systems

In this paper we present a new server monitoring method based on a new and powerful approach to dynamic data analysis: process query systems (PQS). PQS enables user-space monitoring of servers and, by using advanced behavioral models, makes accurate and fast decisions regarding server and service state. Data to support state estimation come from multiple sensor feeds located within a server network. By post-processing a system's state estimates, it becomes possible to identify, isolate and/or restart anomalous systems, thus avoiding cross-infection or prolonging performance degradation. The PQS system we use is a generic process detection software platform. It builds on the wide variety of system-level information that past autonomic computing research has studied by implementing a highly flexible, scalable and efficient process-based analytic engine for turning raw system information into actionable system and service state estimates
Efficacy of Gadolinium in MR Brain Imaging of HIV -Infected Patients

PURPOSE To determine the value of gadolinium in routine head MR imaging of HIV-infected patients. METHODS One hundred and three consecutive human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients referred for head MR imaging were scanned without and with intravenous gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) contrast. RESULTS The precontrast scans of 82 patients were either normal, or had atrophy or diffuse white matter changes only. Sixteen of these 82 demonstrated enhancing abnormalities: eight meningeal/ependymal enhancement and eight focal enhancing lesions. Twenty-one of the 103 scans had focal or mass lesions on the precontrast images; in eight of these scans, new information was obtained with Gd-DTPA. Of the 24 patients in both groups where new information was obtained with Gd-DTPA, the information contributed to a change in the clinical care of nine patients. CONCLUSION Gadolinium-enhanced MR is useful in the management of selected patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, for example those with symptoms suggesting meningeal involvement, focal brain lesions, or if the unenhanced MR does not explain all the patient9s symptoms.
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SPINE: TREATMENT AND RESULTS

Operation to produce surgical fusion of the spine is a comparatively safe procedure. It may be performed without danger of aggravating the disease process. It aids in giving stability to the diseased portion of the spine. It does not necessarily prevent extension of the disease, formation of abscess, irritation of the spinal cord, or paraplegia among patients whose resistance is not good. It is best to delay spine fusion for children who are sick; then, when the process becomes quiescent, spine fusion can be employed as an internal splint to aid in ankylosis. The results of spine fusion as a treatment for tuberculosis of the spine are probably better in adults than in children. An operation that produces fusion of the entire region of involvement gives better immobilization and, consequently, better results than does one that effects fusion of a more limited region. It is often impossible, in the early stages of tuberculosis of the spine, to determine the exact extent of the process either by clinical or by roentgenographic examination. At the end of five years, 396 of our 480 patients had been traced; of these 396 patients, 63.64 per cent. had returned to an occupation, 7.83 per cent. had obtained improvement, 3.79 per cent. had had temporary improvement with relapse later, 6.31 per cent. had had no improvement, and 18.43 per cent. had died. The best results are obtained when patients are carefully selected for operation, when spine fusion is employed during the period of healing of the disease, and when such treatment is reinforced by conservative treatment for a prolonged period of time. The paramount requirement for every patient who has tuberculosis of the spine is rest, heliotherapy, and a nutritious diet. No surgical treatment can offset the value of conservative treatment.
Stereotactic catheter placement for Ommaya reservoirs

Ommaya reservoirs are an important surgical therapy for the chronic intrathecal administration of chemotherapy for patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Surgical accuracy is paramount in these patients with typically normal sized ventricles, and may be improved with stereotactic guidance. This paper aimed to review a large series of stereotactic Ommaya catheter placements, examining accuracy and complications. We conducted a retrospective review of 109 consecutive adult patients who underwent stereotactic Ommaya catheter placement for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis or central nervous system lymphoma at Columbia University Medical Center, USA, from 1998-2013. The rate of accurate placement in the ventricular system was 99%, with the only poor catheter position due to post-placement migration. The rate of peri-operative complications was 6.4%. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in patients with thrombocytopenia or therapeutic anti-coagulation pre-operatively or during the post-operative period. Use of stereotaxy for catheter placement of Ommaya reservoirs is safe and effective, and should be considered when placing a catheter into non-hydrocephalic ventricles.
Resistance of Frego-Type Cotton to Boll Weevil and Bollworm

Frego-type cotton refers to a mutant form with rolled bracts in contrast to the flat and more-or-less enclosing bracts of normal plants. Research at the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station on the rolled bract mutation as a source of insect resistance has been carried on since 1958. Hunter et al. (1965) reported it to be the most promising source of resistance to boll weevil. Anthonomus grandis Boheman, found in an extensive search through a broad spectrum of Gossypium hirsutum germ plasm.
Uredinales on Carex in North America

In the systematic work on Uredinales in the NORTH AMERICAN FLORA, a monographic treatise, every entry is based upon a collection in the author's herbarium, either an original one, or some data to represent a collection in another herbarium. Whatever advantage in fundamental accuracy is secured in this work probably depends largely upon the application of four tests which are the foremost guides used in systematically placing every collection: (I) life cycle, so far as direct or collateral evidence can be found; (2) name and systematic position of host; (3) microscopic characters of sorus and spores; (4) the limitation of a species in view of the influence of host and possible occurrence of
High-Resolution Videomicroscopy: Evaluation as an Effective Teaching Tool

Advances in video technology now provide the means to produce highresolution images for applications in videomicroscopy. This article describes a one-year study that compared high-resolution videomicroscopy to traditional methods of teaching diagnostic microscopy applications to clinical laboratory science students in an academic setting. Quantitative and qualitative measures were observed by both students and faculty. Several distinct advantages were shown, including a significant increase in practice and problem-solving time, increased student productivity, and a more efficient and congruent learning environment.
Reproducibility of Three Identification Systems for Biotyping of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci

Three commercial identification systems were evaluated as tools for biotyping coagulase-negative staphylococci. Emphasis was placed on the reproducibility of component tests and not on the ability of these kits to identify these bacteria accurately. Forty-seven clinical and reference strains of Staphylococcus were tested in duplicate with each system. The Staph-ldent™ profile of test results changed for 20 strains on repeat testing, the Staph-Trac™ profile changed for 10 strains, and the Vitek GPI™ profile changed for 14 strains. The component tests of each system that were responsible for these profile changes were identified.
Religiosity and Spirituality During Cardiac Rehabilitation: A LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES AND EXERCISE CAPACITY.

PURPOSE This study is a longitudinal evaluation of religiosity/spirituality (R/S) and religious coping in post-myocardial infarction and post-coronary artery bypass surgery patients during a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program. This study examines change in R/S and the relationship between R/S and psychosocial outcomes and exercise capacity over time. METHODS Cardiac rehabilitation patients (N = 105) completed measures of R/S, religious coping, quality of life (QOL), self-efficacy (SE), and energy expenditure (EE) at the beginning (baseline) and end of a 12-week program. Relationships between R/S and religious coping and QOL, SE, and EE were evaluated. RESULTS A negative relationship emerged between baseline measures of R/S and religious coping and QOL, SE, and EE. There were significant increases in Good Deeds Coping, QOL, SE, and EE from baseline to end of program (Ps < .05). Baseline measures of Interpersonal Religious Support Coping were positively correlated with the change in EE from baseline to end (r = 0.21; P = .059), and there were positive correlations between the change in Experiential Religiosity (r = 0.32; P = .004) and Overall Religiosity (r = 0.25; P = .024) with the change in EE. DISCUSSION The demonstrated relationships between R/S and Religious Coping and outcomes in cardiac patients provide compelling support for the development of spiritual care interventions for cardiac patients and evaluation of the impact of these interventions on physiological, medical, and psychological outcomes in these patients.
Abstract 2185: Development and characterization of the fully human chimeric protein GrB-TWEAK targeting Fn14-positive solid tumor cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The TNFR superfamily member Fn14, the receptor for TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), has emerged as a potentially clinically valuable target for cancer therapy. Specifically, Fn14 expression is relatively low in normal tissues but elevated in various human solid tumor types, including brain, breast, lung and melanoma, and can be a negative prognostic indicator. To target Fn14-overexpressing cancer cells, we constructed via PCR a novel chimeric protein designated granzyme B (GrB)-TWEAK, using the human TWEAK receptor-binding domain as the targeting moiety and the human pro-apoptotic serine protease GrB as the cytotoxic agent. The fusion construct was expressed in mammalian cells and purified to homogeneity from conditioned media. BiaCore analysis of TWEAK and GrB-TWEAK binding to the Fn14 extracellular domain indicated that these proteins bound to Fn14 with similar affinity, with Kds of ∼ 3 nM and ∼ 8 nM, respectively. Confocal immunofluoresence studies showed that GrB-TWEAK specifically and rapidly (within 3 hrs) internalized into Fn14-expressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. GrB-TWEAK activity was assessed using a panel of 26 human cancer cell lines and it demonstrated impressive and selective cytotoxicity to Fn14-expressing cells in the low nanomolar range (IC50 ranged from 0.4 nM-330 nM), which was 6- to 1117-fold more potent than free GrB. Treatment of cells expressing the multidrug resistance protein MDR1 showed no cross-resistance to the fusion construct in vitro. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that GrB-TWEAK activated caspase cascades and cytochrome C-related pro-apoptotic mechanisms consistent with the known intracellular functions of GrB in target cells. Preliminary mouse xenograft tumor model studies are ongoing. This work was conducted, in part, by the Clayton Foundation for Research (MGR) and supported by NIH grant NS055126 (JAW). Citation Format: Hong Zhou, Mary Migliorini, Yu Cao, Lawrence H. Cheung, Walter N. Hittelman, Jeffrey A. Winkles, Michael G. Rosenblum. Development and characterization of the fully human chimeric protein GrB-TWEAK targeting Fn14-positive solid tumor cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2185. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2185
Development and characterization of muscle-based actuators for self-stabilizing swimming biorobots

Biorobots that harness the power generated by living muscle cells have recently gained interest as an alternative to traditional mechanical robots. However, robust and reliable operation of these biorobots still remains a challenge. Toward this end, we developed a self-stabilizing swimming biorobot that can maintain its submersion depth, pitch, and roll without external intervention. The biorobot developed in this study utilized a fin-based propulsion mechanism. It consisted of a base made from two composite PDMS materials and a thin PDMS cantilever seeded with a confluent layer of heart muscle cells. The characterization of the heart muscle cell sheet revealed the gradual increase of the dynamic contraction force and the static cell traction force, which was accompanied by a linear increase in the expression levels of contractile and cytoskeletal proteins. In the design of the biorobot, instead of relying only on the geometry, we used two composite PDMS materials whose densities were modulated by adding either microballoons or nickel powder. The use of two materials with different mass densities enabled precise control of the weight distribution to ensure a positive restoration force on the biorobot tilted at any angle. The developed biorobot exhibited unique propulsion modes depending on the resting angle of its “fin” or the cantilever, and achieved a maximum velocity of 142 μm s−1. The technique described in this study to stabilize and propel the biorobot can pave the way for novel developments in biorobotics.
Modernization and Cultural Explanations with a Strong Dose of Communist Legacy

The examination of gender equality policy pushed by the European Union has been studied across many existing member states. The pressure for change in Western European countries has been less pronounced than in the new Eastern member states, since many times countries had to comply with the binding directives while they were already members. The principle of conditionality did not exist before the post-communist countries entered the process of accession. Furthermore, the domestic dynamics with regard to gender equality policy were also substantially different in the West than they were in Central and Eastern Europe. The development of the European welfare state, even though largely different from one country to another, experienced a similar set of changes during the 45 years that the Eastern bloc was subjugated to the harsh communist regime. Furthermore, civil society, and more particularly women’s movements, had been active for a long period of time, demanding changes from the state, while in Central and Eastern Europe women were part of regimes that did not allow any free and independent social action. Thus, when studying gender equality in the new EU member states, it is crucial to understand the legacy of the communist regime and the effect it has not only on equality policies but also on the construction of the concept of gender itself, the division of public and private life and the core issues of gender equality based on the experiences of Eastern women.
A stabilizing gyroscopic obstacle avoidance controller for underactuated systems

This work addresses the problem of controlling an underactuated system to a goal state in a cluttered environment. To this end, a gyroscopic obstacle avoidance controller is proposed for a class of underactuated systems, which take as inputs body torques and a thrust force along some known body-fixed axis. The Lyapunov stability of the controller in the presence of obstacles is shown in theory and verified through simulations. Care is taken to ensure stability even when the system has only a finite obstacle detection radius, and a novel gyroscopic obstacle avoidance gain selection is designed which smoothly attenuates the steering force as the robot heads away from an obstacle. Furthermore, a gyroscopic steering force tailored to two primitive obstacles, namely cylinders and spheres, is proposed. Simulations of a quadrotor system and a nanosatellite system validate that the controller is stable under a large number of obstacles and smoothly converges to the goal state.
Attentive Visual Reference

Many have held that when a person visually attends to an object, her visual system deploys a representation that designates the object. Call the referential link between such representations and the objects they designate attentive visual reference. In this article I offer an account of attentive visual reference. I argue that the object representations deployed in visual attention—which I call attentive visual object representations (AVORs)—refer directly, and are akin to indexicals. Then I turn to the issue of how the reference of an AVOR is determined relative to a context. After raising problems for existing accounts, I propose a mechanism of reference determination that is both causal and descriptive: For an AVOR to refer to a particular object, the object must appropriately cause the deployment of the AVOR, and the AVOR must be associated with descriptive information about some of the object's geometrical and mereological properties.
A Modified Lung and Cardiac Ultrasound Protocol Saves Time and Rules in the Diagnosis of Acute Heart Failure.

Abstract Background Multiorgan ultrasound (US), which includes evaluation of the lungs and heart, is an accurate method that outperforms clinical gestalt for diagnosing acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF). A known barrier to ultrasound use is the time needed to perform these examinations. Objective The primary goal of this study was to determine the test characteristics of a modified lung and cardiac US (LuCUS) protocol for the accurate diagnosis of ADHF. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study that enrolled adult patients presenting to the emergency department with undifferentiated dyspnea. Intervention consisted of a modified LuCUS protocol performed by experienced emergency physician sonographers. A positive modified LuCUS protocol was defined as the presence of B+ lines in both the left and right anterosuperior lung zones, plus a left ventricular ejection fraction Results We analyzed data on 99 patients; 36% had a final diagnosis of ADHF. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of the modified LuCUS protocol are 25% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14–41%), 100% (95% CI 94–100%), undefined, and 0.75 (95% CI 0.62–0.91%), respectively. This modified protocol takes on average 1 min and 32 sec to complete. Conclusion The point estimate for the specificity of the modified LuCUS protocol in this pilot study, accomplished by a reanalysis of data collected for a previously reported investigation of the full LuCUS protocol, was 100% for the diagnosis of ADHF.
Annals Understanding Clinical Research: Intention-to-Treat Analysis.

This brief tutorial aims to help clinicians assess the clinical relevance of results from intention-to-treat analyses and decide whether results from additional analyses may be helpful.
Election Posters in the United States After World War II

This chapter examines the role that posters played in election campaigns in the United States in national and state campaigns after World War II. The chapter focuses on significant trends during this period, most important of which are changes in the visual design of election posters and the prominence of posters in political campaigns. One trend is that printed posters have become a generally less important political medium in the last half-century, although the national campaigns for Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 motivated artists and graphic designers—as well as many with image-manipulation software—to create an abundance of posters, which were available on the Internet. The only previous burst of creativity for an American candidate in the postwar period was for George McGovern, albeit to a lesser extent. Nevertheless, the typical American election poster designs after World War II, particularly in the late 1980s and beyond, were uninspired and quite similar to one another. Frequently, these posters lacked any visuals, but continued to incorporate traditional patriotic colors and, occasionally, a symbol, such as the flag or an eagle.
Abstract 576: The Role of Adipose Derived Autotaxin on Inflammation Associated with Cardiovascular Disease

Obesity is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke, and the cardiovascular complications of obesity are a leading cause of potentially preventable death. Recent evide...
Multiple hormone elevations in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Prospective study of clinical significance and of the development of a second symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome

In the present study of 45 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, the frequency and clinical importance of the release of multiple gastrointestinal peptides were assessed prospectively. During an initial evaluation, extent of gastrinoma, clinical symptoms, disease duration, and presence or absence of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN-I) were assessed. All patients had determinations of fasting plasma gastrin, human pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, neurotensin, and somatostatin; 35 had determinations of insulin and gastrin-releasing peptide and 21 had determinations of glucagon. A plasma elevation of additional peptides besides gastrin was detected in 62%, with 44% having one, 18% having two, and 0% having three additional peptides elevated. Motilin was elevated in 29%, human pancreatic polypeptide in 27%, neurotensin in 20%, and gastrin-releasing peptide in 10%, whereas insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were not elevated in any patient. The presence or absence of elevation of any peptide did not differ in patients with or without MEN-I, with gastrinoma size, with the presence or absence of metastatic disease, or with various clinical symptoms. Patients were assessed yearly for clinical evidence of a secondary symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome with a median follow-up of 146 and 84 months from onset or diagnosis, respectively. Only one patient (2% of patients) developed a second syndrome (rate, 2 patients per 100 patients observed for 10 years). These results demonstrate that the plasma elevation of multiple gastrointestinal peptides is common in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; however, the rate of developing a second symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndrome is much lower than generally believed. Furthermore, no evidence is found to support the conclusions that the detection of the plasma elevation of these peptides is clinically important in assessing MEN-I status, disease extent, or presence of metastatic disease or that elevated levels of motilin, neurotensin, gastrin-releasing peptide, or human pancreatic peptide are associated with any distinct clinical symptoms. Therefore, we recommend that plasma concentrations of these additional gastrointestinal peptides should not be assessed routinely but rather only if new symptoms develop.
Early Surgical Intervention for Acute Ulcerative Colitis Is Associated with Improved Postoperative Outcomes

Background Timing of surgical intervention for acute ulcerative colitis has not been fully examined during the modern immunotherapy era. Although early surgical intervention is recommended, historical consensus for “early” ranges widely. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes according to timing of urgent surgery for acute ulcerative colitis.
Macroscale patterns of synchrony identify complex relationships among spatial and temporal ecosystem drivers

Ecology has a rich history of studying ecosystem dynamics across time and space that has been motivated by both practical management needs and the need to develop basic ideas about pattern and process in nature. In situations in which both spatial and temporal observations are available, similarities in temporal behavior among sites (i.e., synchrony) provide a means of understanding underlying processes that create patterns over space and time. We used pattern analysis algorithms and data spanning 22–25 yr from 601 lakes to ask three questions: What are the temporal patterns of lake water clarity at sub-continental scales? What are the spatial patterns (i.e., geography) of synchrony for lake water clarity? And, what are the drivers of spatial and temporal patterns in lake water clarity? We found that the synchrony of water clarity among lakes is not spatially structured at sub-continental scales. Our results also provide strong evidence that the drivers related to spatial patterns in water clarity are not related to the temporal patterns of water clarity. This analysis of long-term patterns of water clarity and possible drivers contributes to understanding of broad-scale spatial patterns in the geography of synchrony and complex relationships between spatial and temporal patterns across ecosystems.
Redesigning Systems of School Accountability: A Multiple Measures Approach to Accountability and Support.

The challenges facing our children in the 21st century are rapidly changing. As a result, schools bear a greater responsibility to prepare students for college, career, and life and must be held accountable for more than just testing and reporting on a narrow set of outcomes aimed at minimum levels of competency. Thus, scholars, educators, and reform advocates are calling for a more meaningful next phase of school accountability, one that promotes continuous support and improvement rather than mere compliance and efforts to avoid punishment (Center for American Progress & CCSSO, 2014; Darling-Hammond, Wilhoit, & Pittenger, 2014). This paper reviews state and district level accountability systems that incorporate a multiple measures approach to accountability and highlights the following features that represent redesigned systems of accountability: 1) broader set of outcome measures, 2) mix of state and local indicators, 3) measures of opportunities to learn, 4) data dashboards, and 5) School Quality Reviews. The paper concludes with guidance for policymakers and practitioners on ways to support the development and implementation of a multiple measures system of accountability so that school accountability becomes synonymous with responsibility for deeper learning and support for continuous improvement.
Does mitigating ML's impact disparity require treatment disparity?

Following precedent in employment discrimination law, two notions of disparity are widely-discussed in papers on fairness and ML. Algorithms exhibit treatment disparity if they formally treat members of protected subgroups differently; algorithms exhibit impact disparity when outcomes differ across subgroups (even unintentionally). Naturally, we can achieve impact parity through purposeful treatment disparity. One line of papers aims to reconcile the two parities proposing disparate learning processes (DLPs). Here, the sensitive feature is used during training but a group-blind classifier is produced. In this paper, we show that: (i) when sensitive and (nominally) nonsensitive features are correlated, DLPs will indirectly implement treatment disparity, undermining the policy desiderata they are designed to address; (ii) when group membership is partly revealed by other features, DLPs induce within-class discrimination; and (iii) in general, DLPs provide suboptimal trade-offs between accuracy and impact parity. Experimental results on several real-world datasets highlight the practical consequences of applying DLPs.
What Do Faculty in Health Professions Need to be Competent Educators? Results from a School-Wide Needs Assessment

BACKGROUND Teaching may be the one responsibility most distinctly identified with being a faculty member, but may be the one for which faculty is least prepared. We performed a needs assessment to understand the educational needs of health professions faculty. METHODS Faculty completed a survey examining the extent to which they valued and felt competent in 36 education-related skills within six categories, including instructional methods, curriculum development, assessment, instructional design, learners and learning, and diversity and inclusion. Participants rated each item using a 1 (not at all valuable/competent) to 5 (extremely valuable/competent) scale. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of faculty (n=19/20) responded. Value means per topic included diversity and inclusion (4.61±0.65), instructional methods (4.60±0.28), learners and learning (4.60±0.34), assessment (4.54±0.31), instructional design (4.27±0.50), and curriculum development (4.21±0.28). Self-rated competence was highest for diversity and inclusion (4.18±0.76), followed by learners and learning (3.76±0.75), instructional methods (3.73±0.65), assessment (3.22±0.95), curriculum development (3.07±0.88), and instructional design (2.71±0.77). All value/competency comparisons found the value of these skills skills to be significantly greater than competence in that category (p<0.001 for each), with largest discrepancies in instructional design and assessment. CONCLUSIONS Opportunities exist to improve alignment between valued educator skills and their perceived competency levels in these skills.
Studies of the phytotoxicity of saponins on weed and crop plants.

Several saponins or sapogenins including β-escin, betulin, β-glycyrrhetinic acid, hecogenin, oleandrin, and oleanolic acid were tested in the laboratory, growth chamber, and greenhouse on various weed and crop species. Seed germination, root and shoot growth after root, foliar, or soil application, electrolyte leakage from leaf discs, and greening of etiolated plant tissues were monitored. Esterase activity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB) was also assayed. The compounds had differential effects on these parameters, depending on the species. The effects of these compounds on electrolyte leakage ranged from no effect to a 10-fold increase above untreated tissue levels after 72 h. Escin increased FDA activity up to 35% above untreated tissue, but other compounds caused no effect or reduced FDA activity. PNPB activity was generally not affected. In greening studies of excised tissue, escin reduced chlorophyll production by 90–100% in several species, with other compounds giving intermediate or no effects. Foliar application (1.0 mM) in the greenhouse had no substantial effect (visible or shoot biomass) on 10 species. However, in short-term (8 to 13 day) tests, β-escin, applied to soil at 88 and 350 μmol/kg soil, drastically reduced emergence in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv.), hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. β-Escin also reduced growth in all species but soybean, and barnyardgrass was the most sensitive species tested. Results are discussed in relation to the role of these compounds as plant growth-regulating natural products.
Exploring an Ethnography-Based Knowledge Network Model for Professional Communication Analysis of Knowledge Integration

Research problem: In contemporary knowledge-intensive spaces, workers often team with experts from different disciplinary backgrounds and different geographic locations and, thus, they face the challenge of integrating knowledge in their work. When modeling how communication can be improved in these circumstances, previous studies have often relied on social network analysis to understand the aggregate exchanges among team members. In this study, rather than analyze social networks (people linked by communication), we argue that network analysis of knowledge networks (people linked by common knowledge) presents an opportunity to better understand and address the challenge of knowledge integration in organizational contexts. Research questions: 1. How can professional communicators use the distribution of knowledge on teams as a structure for planning interventions in the work of complex, collaborative teams? 2. What kinds of insights do networks of specific knowledge areas offer professional communicators about team communication challenges? Literature review: We describe prior uses of network analysis in professional communication research that inform our development of a knowledge network. In particular, we review current literature and highlight network-based concepts that we believe are organizing principles of knowledge networks. Previous literature has shown that network models, particularly social network models, are useful tools for professional communication researchers to examine a range of communication factors and practices. However, professional communication research has yet to fully explore the possible contributions of knowledge networks to understand communication processes. Methodology: We conducted an ethnography of a team science collaboration and used observations to create a survey of terms that measured subjects’ self-professed understanding of key concepts. We used the survey results to produce a bimodal network model of agents and terms, in which we binarized link values after filtering for only the highest-rated terms for each subject. Results: The model demonstrated that the team collaboration broke into two distinct groupings. Ego networks extracted from this parent network showed that concepts commonly well-understood in the team join together multiple subgroups of expert knowledge. Conclusions: The knowledge network is a useful instrument in helping team members understand possibilities for integrating knowledge across disciplines and subspecialties. The visual produced by this model also can be useful for developing research questions and strategizing work processes.
Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Theoretical Details of Uranyl Schiff-Base Coordination Complexes.

Two uranyl Schiff-base coordination complexes, UO2L(MeOH) and UO2Cl2(H2L) {L = N,N′-bis[(4,4′-diethylamino)salicylidene]-1,2-phenylenediamine}, have been synthesized that feature a rigid phenyl bac...
Endoscopic Management of Non-variceal Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a common cause for hospital admission. Most of the cause is from peptic ulcer disease. Endoscopy for diagnosis and treatment is the cornerstone of therapy, and there are a variety of endoscopic techniques that are currently employed. For the hemodynamically unstable patient, prompt endoscopic therapy is paramount. For the patient who continues to bleed despite interventions, a combined multidisciplinary approach should be used to determine the best way to treat such patients be it with further endoscopy, interventional radiology, or surgery.
Functional Covering of Point Processes

We introduce a new distortion measure for point processes called functional-covering distortion. It is inspired by intensity theory and is related to both the covering of point processes and the logarithmic-loss distortion. We obtain the distortion-rate function with feedforward under this distortion measure for a large class of point processes. For Poisson processes, we characterize the rate-distortion region for a two-encoder CEO problem and show that feedforward does not improve this region.
The Past Is Prologue: Preserving and Disseminating Archaeological Data Online

Archaeological data are relevant to research conducted in diverse fields. The rapid destruction of sites worldwide means benefitting from those findings depends on reviewing the only traces of past human activities that survive: original field records produced during archaeological investigations. The volume of these materials makes publishing them financially prohibitive, visiting archaeological repositories is costly in time and money, and handling paper records is destructive. Making information about ancient socio-cultural processes available for use, therefore, requires digitizing and posting online all archaeological field records. The resulting archives enhance multidisciplinary research, high impact practices in classes about the human past, and the ability of different constituents to engage their histories directly through the archives. Achieving these aims requires collaboration among archaeologists, librarians, IT professionals, and varied stakeholders to design protocols and test prototypes for digital archives. Few initiatives have been launched to achieve these goals.
Determination of the binding-site structure of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor by stepwise-affinity alkylation

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is an antihypertensive peptide hormone secreted from the heart in response to high blood pressure. ANP dilates blood vessels, increases salt-excretion, and suppresses aldosterone and renin secretion, thus lowering blood pressure. These activities of ANP are mediated by specific cell-surface receptors coupled to guanylate cyclase (GCase). The ANP receptor is a type-I transmembrane protein containing an extracellular ANP-binding domain, a transmembrane sequence, and an intracellular ATP-binding regulatory-domain and a GCase domain. Binding of ANP to the extracellular domain activates the intracellular GCase domain by an as yet unknown mechanism. To elucidate how ANP interacts with the receptor and activates the GCase domain, it is essential to determine the structure of the ANP binding-site. To probe the binding-site structure, we have developed a new affinity-labeling method – stepwise affinity alkylation – that allows covalent and specific labeling of peptide-binding sites at high yields [1]. To facilitate the structural characterization, we have also produced by recombinant technique the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the ANP receptor (NPRA-ECD) in a water-soluble form. The recombinant NPRA-ECD has been purified by affinity chromatography and characterized. Using this material and the stepwise affinity alkylation procedure, we have identified segments of the receptor sequence that are at the ANP binding-site.
Visualization Methods for Quasi-Static Time-Series (QSTS) Simulations with High PV Penetration

Distribution system analysis requires yearlong quasi-static time-series (QSTS) simulations to accurately capture the variability introduced by high penetrations of distributed energy resources (DER) such as residential and commercial-scale photovoltaic (PV) installations. Numerous methods are available that significantly reduce the computational time needed for QSTS simulations while maintaining accuracy. However, analyzing the results remains a challenge; a typical QSTS simulation generates millions of data points that contain critical information about the circuit and its components. This paper provides examples of visualization methods to facilitate the analysis of QSTS results and to highlight various characteristics of circuits with high variability.
Adventurousness cuts both ways: a Mendelian randomization of adventurousness on 10 cognitive and behavioral traits

Adventurousness is speculated to improve happiness but also predispose to risky behaviors. Since non-experimental studies can suffer from confounding and reverse causation, and personality traits cannot be randomized, it is challenging to unravel how adventurousness impacts the mind and behavior. Mendelian randomization (MR), a quasi-randomization technique that uses genetic variants as instruments to avoid confounding and reverse causation, is an attractive option in this setting. We used MR to explore self-reported adventurousness and 10 cognitive and behavioral traits. Adventurousness decreased neuroticism and mood swings and increased years of schooling. In contrast, it also predisposed to risky behaviors (increasing the number of lifetime sexual partners, the propensity to speed in an automobile, and lifetime smoking, and decreasing the age of first having sexual intercourse). The results suggest being adventurous "cuts both ways", evincing bivalent influences and underscoring the reality that trade-offs often accompany many human personality constructs.
Erratum for Nahm et al., "A Common Food Glycan, Pectin, Shares an Antigen with Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule"

Volume 5, no. 2, e00074-20, 2020, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00074-20][1]. In the 6th sentence of the abstract, “1,6-β-galactosidase” should read “terminal 1,6-linked β-galactose.” Page 4 of the PDF, line 4: “1,6-β-galactosidase” should read “1,6-linked β-galactose.” [1
Wideband Signal Detection with Software DSP Processor Implemented on a Microcontroller

The results of testing a module for detecting a broadband hydroacoustic signal in a given frequency band are presented. The analog part of the module includes a microphone (hydrophone) with a preamplifier and a bandpass filter. The digital part of the module is implemented on a microcontroller designed to digitize the analog hydroacoustic signal and run the software for time processing, and recording the detected signal. The signal is digitized at up to 70 kHz at 12 bit resolution. Detection is performed by averaging the signal strength in a sliding window and comparing the values obtained with a dynamically changing threshold. The dynamic threshold is obtained on the basis of previous statistics of the momentary values of the signal power, averaging them in the window of the selected length, and multiplying them by a coefficient taking into account the level of false alarm. Detection is fixed when the signal level in the current window exceeds the level of the dynamic threshold.
An analytical optimization approach to the joint trajectory and signal optimization problem for connected automated vehicles

Abstract Traffic conflict points (e.g., intersections, work-zones) cause travel delay, stop-and-go traffic, and excessive energy consumption. Efforts have been taken to improve traffic conflict point performance via trajectory control of connected automated vehicles (CAV) as the CAV technology emerges. One major challenge to these efforts is the complexity in optimization of CAV trajectories, particularly with joint signal timing optimization. This challenge poses barriers to real-time application requirements, scaling them up to address network level problems and drawing analytical insights into problem structures. To overcome this challenge, this paper aims to seek for an efficient and analytical solution to a joint vehicle trajectory and signal timing optimization problem. This problem simultaneously optimizes CAV trajectories and signal timing to minimize travel delay and energy consumption at a conflicting point with two traffic approaches. This study modifies the original complex formulation in two ways. First, the vehicle trajectory shape is simplified into a piece-wise quadratic function with no more than five segments. Second, instead of using the highly non-linear instantaneous fuel consumption function, a simplified macroscopic measure is proposed to approximate fuel consumption as an analytical quadratic function of signal red interval. These simplifications provide elegant theoretical properties that enable solving an analytical exact solution to this complex problem with parsimonious analytical insights. Numerical examples reveal that the proposed model can significantly reduce travel delay and fuel consumption. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the presented algorithm is highly efficient and appropriate for real-world traffic applications.
An Attention-Based View of Strategic Human Resource Management

In spite of the designation, research in strategic human resource management (SHRM) has largely focused on tactical rather than strategic issues. These studies have attempted to explain whether fir...
MASTER CLASS: INFECTION FOR DUMMIES

Objective Are there differences in infants and children who present with signs of infection and how can we recognise these early and react to them? Methods This master class will be a kind of interactive game for participants to point out the following themes: infections in preterm and term infants; infections in children—are there differences?; sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)—pathophysiology (is it necessary to distinguish?); how to recognise the critically ill child; differences in preterm infants, term infants and children in presenting signs of infection; how to manage sepsis/SIRS as early as possible; “rapid reaction force sepsis”—networking and team working. Results and Conclusions Finally we will have a quiz to evaluate knowledge in a funny way to strengthen participants’ knowledge and to get them to do things better and best during their daily work.