cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MURINE LYMPHOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTE LINES SECRETE ADENOSINE DEAMINASE(ADA): 207

ADA is found in the sera of all mammals except the horse and the concentration of serum adenosine (Ado)is correspondingly low (<1 uM). In this study we examine the possible origin of extracellular ADA. Cells from freshly isolated mouse spleen were incu bated in phosphate buffered saline containing 5 mM glucose and 0.1% bovine serum albumin(BSA) for up to 2 hrs; S49 thymoma cells were incubated in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 0.1% BSA for up to 24 hrs. Cells were rapidly separated from incubation medium by centrifugation through a layer of silicone oil. Intracellular and extracellular ADA was measured by determining the rate of conversion of 3H Ado(1 uM,6 uCi/ml) to inosine+hypoxanthine. To account for extracellular ADA due to cell lysis, intracellular and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase was also measured. On several occasions S49 cells which had been incubated for 20-23 hrs were washed, resuspended and incubated for further time intervals. The appearance of ADA activity in the extracellular medium was time and cell concentration dependent and could not be accounted for by dead or leaky cells. Between 7-10% of the initial intracellular activity was secreted during an 8 hr period. We conclude that lymphocytes secrete ADA. Supported by NSF PCM 77-25434 and ONR 14-82-K0283.
Autoradiographic localization of muscarinic receptors in rabbit carotid body

Muscarinic receptors in the rabbit carotid body were studied utilizing the specific muscarinic antagonist. [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. Biochemical and autoradiographic assays of ligand binding showed that receptor numbers and distributions remained unchanged following degeneration of axons and terminals of the carotid sinus nerve. The data suggest that muscarinic receptors are associated with carotid body parenchymal cells and are absent on afferent nerve terminals.
Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on the incidence of threshold retinopathy of prematurity

Purpose To study the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) on the incidence of threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods A retrospective chart review of all neonates who received GCSF at our neonatal intensive care unit over a period ranging from January 2003 to September 2007 was performed. Of the 213 patients identified, 50 patients with birth weight Results The average birth weight was 913 g in GCSF patients and 847 g in controls. The average dose of GCSF was 10.4 μg (range, 1.2–21.6 μg). The average age at administration of GCSF was 12 days after birth (range, 0-34 days). Out of 50 patients in the GCSF group, 5 (10%) required laser treatment, whereas in the contol group, 30 (18.6 %) required laser treatment; this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions There was a suggestion of a decreased incidence of threshold ROP, leading to reduced need for laser treatment, in patients who received GCSF, but the observed differences were not statistically significant. The authors anticipate that these findings will lead to further study of the upstream regulators of neovascularization.
Synthesis and properties of nanofunctionalized particulate materials

Abstract A wide range of advanced technology for existing and emerging products based on high temperature metal-ceramic composites used in aircrafts, cutting tools, lithium-ion based rechargeable batteries, superconductors, field emission based flat-panel displays, etc. employ micron to submicron sized (0.1–10 microns) particulate precursors in their manufacturing process. Although there has been a significant emphasis given to control of the particle characteristics (shape, size, surface chemistry, adsorption, etc.), relatively little or no attention has been paid to concomitant designing desirable surface and bulk properties at the particulate level, which can ultimately lead to enhanced properties of the product. By attaching atomic to nano-sized inorganic, multi-elemental clusters either in discrete or continuous form onto the surface of the core particles, i.e nano-functionalization of the particulate surface, materials and products with significantly enhanced properties can be obtained. In this paper, we demonstrate the synthesis of artificially structured, nano-functionalized particulate materials with unique optical, cathodoluminescent, superconducting and electrical properties. In this paper, we show the feasibility of the pulsed laser ablation technique to make very thin, uniformly distributed and discrete coatings in particulate systems so that the properties of the core particles can be suitably modified. Experiments were conducted for laser deposition on Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , core particles by pulsed excimer laser (wavelength = 248 nm and pulse duration = 25 nanosecond) by irradiation of a Ag and Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ targets.
Retailing Management research and theory development: Surpluses and shortfalls

This article contains a summary of retailing management research and theory development activity for the peroid 1974 through early 1984. The sources used for the survey were five leading marketing journals. Shortages and surpluses are identified and the authors suggest activity directions for the future.
Thermodynamics and phase transitions for the Heisenberg model on the pinwheel distorted kagome lattice

We study the Heisenberg model on the pinwheel distorted kagome lattice as observed in the material Rb${}_{2}$Cu${}_{3}$SnF${}_{12}$. Experimentally relevant thermodynamic properties at finite temperatures are computed utilizing numerical linked-cluster expansions. We also develop a Lanczos-based, zero-temperature, numerical linked-cluster expansion to study the approach of the pinwheel distorted lattice to the uniform kagome-lattice Heisenberg model. We find strong evidence for a phase transition before the uniform limit is reached, implying that the ground state of the kagome-lattice Heisenberg model is likely not pinwheel dimerized and is stable to finite pinwheel-dimerizing perturbations.
A contact lens with integrated telecommunication circuit and sensors for wireless and continuous tear glucose monitoring

We present an integrated functional contact lens, composed of a differential glucose sensor module, metal interconnects, sensor read-out circuit, antenna and telecommunication circuit, to monitor tear glucose levels wirelessly, continuously and non-invasively. The electrochemical differential sensor module is based on immobilization of activated and de-activated glucose oxidase. We characterized the sensor on a model polymer eye and determined that it showed good repeatability, molecular interference rejection and linearity in the range of 0–2 mM glucose, covering normal tear glucose concentrations (0.1–0.6 mM). We also report the temperature, ageing and protein-fouling sensitivity of the sensor. We report the design and implementation of a low-power (3 µW) sensor read-out and telecommunication circuit to deliver wireless power and transmit data for the sensor module. Using this small chip (0.36 mm2), we produced an integrated contact lens with sensors and demonstrated wireless operation of the system and glucose read-out over the distance of several centimeters.
Safety and Security at Special Events: The Case of the Salt Lake City Olympic Games

Special events offer the potential for considerable threats to public safety. Perhaps no other special event rivals the Olympic Games in scope, duration, and potential for threat to communities, participants, and dignitaries. This paper reports on the results of a study of safety and security at the Salt Lake Olympic Games by a team of researchers with wide-ranging access to operations, personnel and documents from the security effort at the 2002 Winter Games. This paper focuses on three specific areas: changing definitions of safety and security during the Games; the development and maintenance of organizational structures and interaction; and lessons learned for other large-scale events. The goal of this paper is to document some of the challenges of establishing a temporary security organization. The paper concludes that building such organizations require for their success a major focus on creating a set of shared assumptions and working relationships.
Induction of hyperplastic liver nodules in wistar and MRC-Wistar rats by phenobarbital and the liver carcinogens acetoxime, 1-nitroso-5,6-dihydrouracil and 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidinone

We tested the ability of phenobarbital and two liver carcinogens, acetoxime and 1-nitroso-5,6-dihydrouracil (NDHU), to induce hyperplastic liver nodules (HLN) in MRC-Wistar and Wistar rats, using a system that included a single diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment, partial hepatectomy, and administration of the test compound in drinking water for 8 weeks. All three compounds induced significant HLN frequencies (number of HLN/cm2) in both rat strains. When the results for each strain were “normalized” for each compound and then combined, HLN frequency in MRC-Wistar rats was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that in Wistar rats. The weak liver carcinogen 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidinone (NOZ) did not induce a significant HLN frequency in MRC-Wistar rats. Acetoxime was highly volatile and was not mutagenic in the Ames test under a variety of conditions. The results for acetoxime are of interest because simple oximes are common constituents of oil paints. HLN induction by nitrosodihydrouracil is of interest because, unlike most liver carcinogens, this compound probably does not require metabolic activation and shows only a mild acute hepatoxicity.
Tulip flames : changes in shape of premixed flames propagating in closed tubes

The experimental results that are the subject of this communication provide high-speed schlieren images of the closed-tube flame shape that has come to be known as the tulip flame. The schlieren images, along with in-chamber pressure records, help demonstrate the effects of chamber length, equivalence ratio, and igniter geometry on formation of the tulip flame. The pressure/time records show distinct features which correlate with flame shape changes during the transition to tulip. The measurements indicate that the basic tulip flame formation is a robust phenomenon that depends on little except the overall geometry of the combustion vessel.
Polymorphism of a Simple Organic Amide

Glycolanilide (2-hydroxy-N-phenylacetamide), a simple amide, may be reproducibly crystallized in either of two polymorphic forms. The crystal and molecular structures of each polymorph have been determined, revealing that the two polymorphs differ in the extent and arrangement of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The more stable polymorph displays one-dimensional chains linked through hydrogen bonds between the amide carbonyl and the α-hydroxyl group. In the metastable polymorph, analogous chain structures are overlain with cyclic hydrogen-bonded amide dimers, with an additional set of hydrogen bonding contacts joining the chain and cyclic motifs.
911 (Nueve Once): Spanish-Speaking Parents’ Perspectives on Prehospital Emergency Care for Children

Racial, ethnic and language-based disparities occur throughout the US health system. Pediatric prehospital emergency medical services are less likely to be used by Latinos. We identified perceptions of and barriers to prehospital pediatric emergency care (911) access among Spanish-speaking parents. A qualitative study involving six focus groups was conducted. Spanish-speaking parents participated with a bilingual moderator. Topics discussed included experiences, knowledge, beliefs, fears, barriers, and improvement strategies. All groups were audiotaped, transcribed, and reviewed for recurring themes. Forty-nine parents participated. Though parents believed 911 was available to all, many were uncertain how to use it, and what qualified as an emergency. Barriers included language discordance, fear of exposing immigration status, and fear of financial consequences. Parents strongly desired to learn more about 911 through classes, brochures, and media campaigns. Prehospital emergency care should be available to all children. Further quantitative studies may help solidify the identified barriers and uncover areas needing improvement within Emergency Medical Systems. Addressing barriers to 911 use in Spanish-speaking communities could improve the equity of health care delivery, while also decreasing the amount of non-emergency 911 use.
Intersection of convex objects in two and three dimensions

One of the basic geometric operations involves determining whether a pair of convex objects intersect. This problem is well understood in a model of computation in which the objects are given as input and their intersection is returned as output. For many applications, however, it may be assumed that the objects already exist within the computer and that the only output desired is a single piece of data giving a common point if the objects intersect or reporting no intersection if they are disjoint. For this problem, none of the previous lower bounds are valid and algorithms are proposed requiring sublinear time for their solution in two and three dimensions.
Effects of thermal acclimation on cable constants of the earthworm median giant axon

Abstract 1. 1. The influence of thermal acclimation on cable constants of the median giant axon of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris L., has been studied using standard intracellular stimulating and recording techniques. 2. 2. Acute cooling of axons from warm-acclimated worms resulted in changes in cable constants, some of which were partially compensated for (reversed) after cold acclimation. 3. 3. Of special interest is the relative behavior of specific axoplasm resistance in response to acute temperature change in warm- and cold-acclimated worms. 4. 4. The results suggest that thermal acclimation alters the properties of the axoplasm and that the resulting changes in cable constants contribute to compensatory adjustments in nerve conduction velocity after acclimation.
Single-element modeling of multilayer constrained-layer damping treatments

The use of multi-layer constrained layer damping treatments on plate-like structures provides broadband vibration damping over a wide temperature range. A difficulty with the design of such treatments is their modeling. The current state of the art requires a separate plate element for each constraining layer plus a solid element for each viscoelastic layer in the thickness direction. The number of degrees of freedom is large conflicting with the iterative approach necessitated by the frequency and temperature dependance of the material properties which dictates that a small model size must be maintained. The large model size also slows optimization. The goal of this research was to produce a true plate finite element model which uses only a few degrees of freedom per node. This model is obtained by using a variational asymptotical theory to correctly capture the layerwise jumps in the stress and strain fields. A model is developed for simply supported plates which can later be extended to a more general finite element. Results are compared with the exact elasticity solution of Pagano. They show an excellent match exists in the predicted stress and strain field. The model is also compared with RKU analysis for plates again demonstrating its accuracy. A future finite element model based on this theory would require only six extra degrees of freedom per node with only one element in the thickness direction, thus simplifying the modeling of constrained layer damping treatments.
Stress, rejection, and hormones: Cortisol and progesterone reactivity to laboratory speech and rejection tasks in women and men

Stress and social rejection have important impacts on health. Among the mechanisms implicated are hormonal systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which produces cortisol in humans. Current research employs speech stressors and social rejection stressors to understand hormonal responses in a laboratory setting. However, it is not clear whether social rejection stressors elicit hormonal reactivity. In addition to cortisol, progesterone has been highlighted as a potential stress- and affiliation-related hormone in humans. In the present study, 131 participants (70 men and 61 women) were randomly assigned to be exposed to one of four conditions: standardized speech stressor; speech control; social rejection task; or a control (inclusion) version of the social rejection task. Saliva samples were collected throughout the study to measure cortisol and progesterone. As hypothesized, we found the expected increase in cortisol in the speech stressor, and we also found that the social rejection task did not increase cortisol, underscoring the divergence between unpleasant experiences and HPA axis activity. However, we did not find evidence for progesterone increase either during the speech- or social rejection tasks. Compared with past studies on progesterone and stress in humans, the present findings present a mixed picture. Future work is needed to delineate the contexts and types of manipulations which lead to progesterone increases in humans.
Isolation of a sulphur-rich indium polysulphide complex containing two different Sx2- ligands. Synthesis and structure of [InS10Br]2-

Abstract The reaction of InBr 3 with K 2 S 5 (or K 2 S 4 and K 2 S 6 ) and Ph 4 PBr afforded yellow (Ph 4 P) 2 [In(S 4 )(S 6 )Br] ( I ). Complex I crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c with a = 14.355(7), b = 17.723(4), c = 20.974(7) A, β = 108.5(1)°, V = 5060.6(4) A 3 (at 23°C), Z = 4. The [In(S 4 )(S 6 )Br] 2− anion features a trigonal bipyramidal indium centre coordinated by four sulphur atoms and one bromine atom. The latter occupies an axial position. The In 3+ centre is chelated by two bidentate polysulphide S 4 2− and S 6 2− ligands. The S 6 2− ligand occupies two equatorial positions. The remaining one equatorial and one axial positions are occupied by the S 4 2− ligand. The average In—S distance is 2.535(35) A. The In—Br distance is 2.615(3) A. Complex I shows no absorptions in the UV-vis spectrum. Two strong absorptions at 490 and 457 cm −1 in the IR spectrum are attributed to S—S vibrations.
Twenty-year experience with repair of complete atrioventricular septal defects

Background. To determine factors predicting mortality and morbidity after repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect, we retrospectively analyzed preoperative, operative, and postrepair factors on the outcome of 115 consecutive complete atrioventricular septal defect repairs at The Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between January 1974 and December 1993. Methods. For the entire experience the operative mortality was 13.9% (16 patients). During the most recent era, January 1988 to December 1993, operative mortality was 3.6% (2 of 55 patients). This was significantly improved from the two previous eras, January 1974 to December 1980, 28% (7 of 25) and January 1981 to December 1987, 20% (7 of 35 patients) ( p = 0.02). There were seven late deaths; 10-year actuarial survival, including operative mortality was 81%. Age at complete repair decreased; before 1982 all patients were more than 12 months of age, whereas after 1982 64% (56 of 88 patients) were 12 months of age or less. Results. Moderate or severe preoperative left atrioventricular valve regurgitation was not a risk factor for operative mortality. For operative survivors with moderate to severe preoperative left atrioventricular valve regurgitation (n = 17), late postoperative left atrioventricular valve regurgitation (follow-up data available on 15 patients) was significantly reduced (severe = 1, moderate=5, mild=9; p = 0.007). Conclusions. Early mortality was predicted by the era of surgical repair. Conversion to routine repair during infancy was achieved with a simultaneous decrease in operative mortality. For patients with moderate to severe preoperative left atrioventricular valve regurgitation, significant improvement in the degree of left atrioventricular valve regurgitation can be expected without an increase in operative or late mortality or morbidity.
An application of dynamic programming to sequential boundary estimation

Abstract Making use of a Markovian boundary generation model, a dynamic programming algorithm is presented for estimating short boundary segments. Certain choices for the transition probabilities associated with the underlying Markov process are presented, and a method is described for analyzing the performance of the dynamic programming algorithm when each of these is used. Finally the short segment estimator is incorporated into a complete boundary estimation algorithm and examples of its performance are given.
Overproduction of α Chains Provides a Proton-insensitive Component to the Bluefish Hemoglobin System *

Expression of alpha and beta chains and their post-translational assembly into alpha(2)beta(2) tetramers is fundamental to the formation and function of most vertebrate hemoglobins. There is a strong evolutionary bias that favors expression of equal amounts of the two types of chains, because cooperativity, pH sensitivity, and anionic control of function occurs only for the alpha(2)beta(2) tetramers. Remarkably, an over-production of alpha chains, as in the pathological condition known as beta thalassemia in humans, is adaptive rather than pathological in the bluefish hemoglobin system. The thalassemia of the bluefish is a novel means of providing for oxygen uptake and delivery when low pH conditions incapacitate the highly pH-sensitive Root effect hemoglobins of the fish. Although fish often have pH-insensitive along with highly pH-sensitive hemoglobins, having pH-insensitive alpha chain monomers in circulation is an unusual structural variation. The role of bluefish alpha chains in oxygen transport is enabled by their remarkably lower oxygen affinity relative to human alpha chains. This is the first reported case of a thalassemic condition that is maintained in a species as an adaptive advantage.
Heterogeneity of human macrophages in culture and in atherosclerotic plaques.

Research suggests that monocytes differentiate into unique lineage-determined macrophage subpopulations in response to the local cytokine environment. The present study evaluated the atherogenic potential of two divergent lineage-determined human monocyte-derived macrophage subpopulations. Monocytes were differentiated for 7 days in the presence of alternative macrophage development cytokines: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to produce granulocyte-macrophage-CSF macrophages (GM-Mac), or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to produce M-Mac. Gene chip analyses of three monocyte donors demonstrated differential expression of inflammatory and cholesterol homeostasis genes in the macrophage subpopulations. Quantitative PCR confirmed a fivefold elevation in the expression of genes that promote reverse cholesterol transport (PPAR-γ, LXR-α, and ABCG1) and macrophage emigration from lesions (CCR7) in GM-Mac compared to that in M-Mac. Immunocytochemistry confirmed enhanced expression of the proinflammatory marker CD14 in M-Mac relative to GM-Mac. M-Mac spontaneously accumulated cholesterol when incubated with unmodified low-density lipoprotein whereas GM-Mac only accumulated similar levels of cholesterol after protein kinase C activation. Immunostained human coronary arteries showed that macrophages with similar antigen expression to that of M-Mac (CD68 + /CD14 + ) were predominant within atherosclerotic lesions whereas macrophages with antigen expression similar to GM-Mac (CD68 + /CD14 − ) were predominant in areas devoid of disease. The identification of macrophage subpopulations with different gene expression patterns and, thus, different potentials for promoting atherosclerosis has important experimental and clinical implications and could prove to be a valuable finding in developing therapeutic interventions in diseases dependent on macrophage function.
High-performance sorting algorithms for the CRAY T3D parallel computer

In this paper we study the sorting performance of a 128-processor CRAY T3D and discuss the efficient use of the toroidal network connecting the processors. The problems we consider range from that of sorting one word per processor to sorting the entire memory of the machine, and we give efficient algorithms for each case. In addition, we give both algorithms that make assumptions about the distribution of the data and those that make no assumptions. The clear winner, if data can be assumed to be uniformly distributed, is a method that we call a hash-and-chain sort. The time for this algorithm to sort one million words per processor over 64 processors is less than two seconds, which compares favorably to about four seconds using a 4-processor CRAY C90 and about 17 seconds using a 64-processor Thinking Machines CM-5.
The absorption spectra of cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl radicals

Abstract The absorption spectrum of the cyclohexyl radical exhibits a pronounced shoulder in the region of 250 nm in contrast to the absorption of the cyclopentyl radical which decreases monotonically with increasing wavelength above 220 nm. In this region the cyclohexyl radical absorbs considerably more strongly than does the cyclopentyl radical, e.g., the extinction coefficients of the two radicals are, respectively, 920 and 430 M−1 cm−1 at 250 nm. The closer proximity of the unpaired electron orbital to the radical skeleton in the non-planar cyclohexyl radical may account for these differences. The cyclohexenyl radical has an intense absorption band centered at 240 nm (E240 ≈ 6500 M−1 c−1). This band, which is obviously associated with a transition involving the π system in this conjugated radical, is considerably broader than the similar but more intense band for the cyclopentenyl radical (widths, respectively of 35 and 20 nm at half maxima). The second order rate constants for disappearance of cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl radicals have been measured to be (1.2 ± 0.4) and (1.6 ± 0.2) × 109 M− sec−1, respectively.
Reconstruction of finite one-dimensional objects from long- and short-exposure images

A new procedure is described for reconstructing one-dimensional discrete finite objects. The procedure uses both long-exposure and short-exposure images rather than only long-exposure or short-exposure images. It reconstructs the minimum-phase part of the object in two steps. First, it estimates the true autocorrelation function of the object by using the noisy correlation data that can be derived from the short-exposure images. Next, it invokes the fast Levinson or Schur recursions of one-dimensional linear least-squares prediction to estimate the minimum-phase part of the object from the estimated object correlation data. The procedure reconstructs the all-pass part of the object by initially estimating the number of factors in that part by using the noisy long-exposure data. A least-squares approach is then used to find those factors. The object is finally reconstructed by combining the estimates of its minimum-phase and all-pass factors.
Composite USO/CSAC timekeeping system

The recent introduction of a first generation of chip scale atomic clocks (CSAC) offers an opportunity to enhance space-based communication and navigation systems with their unique aspects of frequency accuracy and very low size, weight and power. Nonetheless, CSAC frequency noise levels are likely too high to be used directly as master frequency sources in deep space communication systems. Composite clock systems combine complementary frequency sources to utilize the best accuracy and stability of each source to extend the overall performance of the clock system. We will discuss our research work toward a composite ultra-stable oscillator (USO)/CSAC timekeeping system. Such a system would preserve the low noise and excellent short term stability of the quartz USO while using the CSAC technology as an augmentation for clock drift correction and monitoring for in-situ frequency disturbance during autonomous operation.
Nurses' care during labor: its effect on the cesarean birth rate of healthy, nulliparous women

This retrospective study was designed to determine the influence of nurses' care during labor and delivery on the cesarean birth rate of healthy, nulliparous women. Labor and delivery nurses in a large, nonprofit hospital were grouped according to the cesarean birth rates of their healthy, nulliparous patients in spontaneous labor. Large differences in cesarean birth rates between nurses in the lowest quintile (near 4.9%) and the highest quintile (near 19%) were not explained by differences in maternal age and gravidity, attendance of mother at childbirth class, insurance status, reliance on public assistance, physician who attended labor, use of epidural anesthesia, augmentation of labor, dilation when the nurse assumed care, infant weight, or gestational age. In multivariate analysis, the elapsed time between when the nurse assumed care and birth was significantly shorter for patients of nurses in the lowest quintile of cesarean birth rate (4.4 hrs) compared with patients of nurses in the highest quintile (5.6 hrs). The former were also less likely to have forceps used to assist vaginal delivery than the latter (13% vs 26%). Nurses in the lowest quintile of cesarean birth rates were more likely to use a form to record psychosocial data than nurses in the highest quintile (35% vs 15%). The study suggests that nurses' care during labor is an important factor influencing cesarean birth rates.
A Wind Tunnel Study of Heat Transfer Over Complex Terrain

Maximizing wind energy resources requires a detailed understanding of atmospheric flow behavior over complex topography. The objective of this research is to examine unstable flow behavior over a three-dimensional topographic model, representative of mesa terrain that is common in West Texas. The goal is to develop an understanding of how unstable atmospheric conditions caused by surface heating affect boundary layer flow patterns in the natural environment. This objective was accomplished by experimentally monitoring transient thermal behavior of narrow band liquid crystals over a scaled model. Photographic data was collected as the heated model was subjected to a cooler flow field. The transient isotherms result from cooling as the model is exposed to flow in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. Results suggest that flow patterns associated with unstable conditions can be explained by increased wind speeds on the lee side of a mesa followed by vigorous mixing causing increased cooling rates around the mesa sides. The results could be used to improve the accuracy of numerical atmospheric flow models, assess the feasibility of developing wind turbine sites, and increase the knowledge-base in order to advance wind energy forecasting techniques.© 2003 ASME
Interrupted cycle chemical beam epitaxy of gallium phosphide on silicon with or without photon assistance

Abstract The low temperature epitaxial growth of Si-GaP heterostructures by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) and interrupted cycle chemical beam epitaxy (ICCBE) on patterned partially SiO2 masked silicon substrates is investigated to achieve dielectric isolation layers for Si circuits as well as for optical interconnections. Excellent selectivity of the growth on exposed Si windows versus SiO2 covered surface areas is observed and verified by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Low temperature processing is essential to minimize interdiffusion and strain due to substantial mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of GaP and Si. We describe the deposition of GaP by CBE and ICCBE using sources of tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) and triethylgallium (TEG) on (100) silicon at 310°C and the influence of photon assistance on the growth temperature and surface morphology. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) studies reveal that no measurable interdiffusion occurs under these conditions, including subsequent processing steps that require rapid thermal annealing for 30 s at 900°C. The GaP/Si interface is examined by high resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) before and after the 900°C anneal.
Reduction of XNkx2-10 expression leads to anterior defects and malformation of the embryonic heart

Normal vertebrate heart development depends upon the expression of homeodomain containing proteins related to the Drosophila gene, tinman. In Xenopus laevis, three such genes have been identified in regions that will eventually give rise to the heart, XNkx2-3, XNkx2-5 and XNkx2-10. Although the expression domains of all three overlap in early development, distinctive differences have been noted. By the time the heart tube forms, there is little XNkx2-10 mRNA detected by in situ analysis in the embryonic heart while both XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5 are clearly present. In addition, unlike XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5, injection of XNkx2-10 mRNA does not increase the size of the embryonic heart. We have reexamined the expression and potential role of XNkx2-10 in development via oligonucleotide-mediated reduction of XNkx2-10 protein expression. We find that a decrease in XNkx2-10 leads to a broad spectrum of developmental abnormalities including a reduction in heart size. We conclude that XNkx2-10, like XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5, is necessary for normal Xenopus heart development.
Failure of orally administered RA233 to influence B16 melanoma growth or metastasis.

Possible prophylactic antitumor and/or antimetastatic effects of long-term oral administration of a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, the pyrimidopyrimidine derivative RA233, were assessed using four phenotypically distinct clones of the mouse B16 melanoma. The clones tested included: a poorly tumorigenic, very slowly growing and poorly metastatic population (G3.15); a moderately tumorigenic and slowly growing population that frequently metastasizes to the lungs (G3.5); a highly tumorigenic, moderately growing and highly metastatic population (G3.12); and a highly tumorigenic and rapidly growing population that is generally nonmetastatic but can be slightly metastatic when tumors are initiated by very small numbers of cells (G3.26). Addition of 0·5 mg/ml RA233 to the drinking water continuously from the time of subcutaneous injection of cultured tumor cells until death from tumor growth, which resulted in a daily uptake of 80–100 mg/kg of drug per mouse, failed to significantly influence the tumorigenicities, tumor growth rates, metastatic incidences, or metastatic burdens of any of these clones. RA233 at doses equivalent to those delivered daily to experimental animals strongly inhibited ADP-induced aggregation of homologous C57BL/6 mouse platelets and exhibited selective anti-proliferative effects on cultured cells. Although RA233 prolonged bleeding times, pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that clearance of RA233 from mice was so rapid that achievement of sustained circulating levels sufficient to influence tumor cells or platelet-tumor cell interactions by oral administration was unlikely.
B75-3 Numerical Methods

This is an introductory textbook in the sense that it assumes no other background than elementary college mathematics plus some familiarity with a programming language. However, a good part of the treatment is at an advanced level and assumes a certain degree of mathematical maturity. A large number of detailed examples and problems are also included. This not only facilitates the introduction of various concepts but also illustrates how they can be used to solve specific problems. I find it the strongest advantage of the book.
The directionality effect in the seismic risk assessment of highway networks

This study introduces the directionality effect of the ground motion in the probabilistic seismic risk assessment (PSRA) of lifeline systems. Given an earthquake scenario, the seismic wave strikes each component of the system with a different angle. The angle may vary significantly depending on the shape, the location and the orientation of the structure. An appropriate example of a lifeline system is a highway transportation network, in which under earthquake conditions the bridges are considered the most vulnerable components. The proposed PSRA model requires that the seismic fragility model is a function of a ground motion intensity measure (IM), as in the traditional risk analysis, and the angle of seismic incidence. The model was implemented in a new framework for the PSRA of highway transportation network. In addition, the framework includes new algorithms. One reduces the confidence interval of the results and one increases the computational efficiency. The example used is the highway transportation network serving the Los Angeles area, which has more than 3000 bridges. The results show a considerable difference in the system resilience with or without the seismic directionality taken into consideration. This is important for benefit/cost analysis and it represents a clear departure from the current risk analysis.
A new perspective on the order-n algorithm for computing correlation functions

A method to measure correlations is presented that can be shown to be identical to the original ‘order-n algorithm’ from Frenkel and Smit (Understanding Molecular Simulation, Academic Press, 2002). In contrast to their work, we present the algorithm without the use of ‘block sums of velocities’. We show that the algorithm gives identical results compared to standard correlation methods for the time points at which the correlation is computed. We apply the algorithm to compute diffusion of methane and benzene in the metal-organic framework IRMOF-1 and focus on the computation of the mean-squared displacement, the velocity autocorrelation function (VACF), and the angular VACF. Other correlation functions can readily be computed using the same algorithm. The savings in computer time and memory result from a reduction of the number of time points, as they can be chosen non-uniformly. In addition, the algorithm is significantly easier to implement than standard methods. Source code for the algorithm is given.
One-electron reduction and oxidation studies of the radiation sensitizer gadolinium(III) texaphyrin (PCI-0120) and other water soluble metallotexaphyrins

The radiation sensitizer gadolinium(III) texaphyrin 2 (XYTRIN; PCI-0120; Gd−Tex2+) and several other water soluble metallotexaphyrin complexes were prepared and studied using pulse radiolysis. All of the metallotexaphyrins were found to react with solvated electrons and hydroxyl radicals, yielding the corresponding one-electron reduced and oxidized metallotexaphyrins, respectively. The rates of the reduction processes range from 3.7 × 1010 to 6.8 × 1010 M-1 s-1 (±10%), while those involving oxidation range from 2.5 × 109 to 7.4 × 109 M-1 s-1 (±10%). The spectral characteristics of the transformed metallotexaphyrins produced by these reactions, e.g., a broad absorption band with a λmax centered around 830 nm, are consistent with ligand-centered redox processes. Reaction of the metallotexaphyrins with solvated electrons affords species which exhibit metal dependent behavior. In the absence of hydroxyl radicals, the decay of the reduced metallotexaphyrins produced by reaction with electrons involves an initi...
National trends in silicosis mortality in the United States, 1981-2004.

BACKGROUND: This article describes trends in mortality with silicosis and identifies industries and occupations with elevated silicosis mortality. METHODS: A total of 6,326 deaths with silicosis for 1981-2004 were analyzed for trends and association with occupation and industry. Annual mortality rates were age-adjusted to the U.S. Year 2000 population. A linear regression model was used for analyzing mortality trends. Proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) were based on 1,440 deaths with information on usual industry and occupation. RESULTS: Overall age-adjusted mortality rates per million declined from 2.4 in 1981 to 0.7 in 2004. Industries having significantly elevated PMRs for silicosis included mining and quarrying. Occupations with elevated PMRs included those associated with metal and mineral processing. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that considerable progress has been made towards elimination of this preventable disease. However, about 30 silicosis deaths per year have been recorded since 1995 among those of working age, warranting continued efforts to effectively limit workplace exposures.
IMPROVED ORAL ABSORPTION OF L‐365 260, A POORLY SOLUBLE DRUG

L-365,260, a specific and potent nonpeptide antagonist of the CCKB receptor, is under investigation for its potential utility in the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders. This drug has a very low aqueous solubility (< 2 micrograms mL-1). When L-365,260 was given orally as a suspension in 0.5% methylcellulose (5 mg kg-1), the absorption was rapid but incomplete. The peak concentrations occurred in about 30-40 min, and the bioavailability was 8.6% for the dog and 13.6% for the rat. The poor bioavailability could be attributed to poor absorption or extensive first-pass metabolism. By comparing the drug concentrations in the systemic circulation during portal and femoral (or cephalic) vein infusion, the hepatic first-pass metabolism was estimated to be 0.30 for the rat and 0.14 for the dog, suggesting that first-pass metabolism is not the main reason for the low bioavailability of the drug in rats and dogs. The limited bioavailability is, therefore, more likely due to its poor absorption as a result of its poor aqueous solubility and slow dissolution rate. However, while the absorption was substantially improved when the drug was given orally as a solution in PEG 600 solution, the bioavailability increased threefold to fourfold in rats and sixfold to sevenfold in dogs. Although the underlying mechanism for the improved absorption is unknown, PEG 600 may have exerted a cosolubilizing effect which enhances the dissolution rate of L-365,260 in the GI tract, resulting in better absorption. Kinetic analysis by a deconvolution technique revealed that PEG 600 increased both the extent and rate of absorption. These results are consistent with the notion that absorption of L-365,260 is rate limited by its dissolution rate. The data from these animal studies provides valuable information in selecting the formulation for clinical trials.
Understanding Place-bound Students: Correlates and Consequences of Limited Educational Opportunities

This study explores the concept of the ‘place-bound’ student, defined as perceived difficulty in leaving the immediate geographic area to attend school. Based on the literature, it was hypothesized that students who perceived greater difficulty would have fewer financial resources, higher external control orientation, greater attachment to family and romantic partners, and greater attachment to place. Finally, those who perceived greater difficulty were expected to be less successful academically, have lower adjustment to college scores, and have less satisfactory relationships with their parents. Availability of financial resources was not related to perceived difficulty in leaving the area. Attachment to persons and place were not related to being place-bound, except for women. For women, attachment to a romantic partner lead to greater perceived difficulty in leaving the area. However, another aspect of attachment to place, ‘rootedness,’ had highly significant effects. Women who were higher on external control were also more likely to have a greater perception of difficulty in leaving the area. More place-bound students were not found to be at a disadvantage in terms of academic performance or adjustment to the university. The findings regarding students’ relationships with their parents were interesting and contrary to prediction. Men who perceived greater difficulty reported much more satisfactory relationships with their mothers and fathers. It is suggested that these men might have chosen to stay in the area to attend school in order to remain near their families.
Helium and neon isotopes in deep Pacific Ocean sediments

Helium and neon concentration measurements, along with isotope ratio determinations, have been made for particles collected in the deep Pacific with a magnetic sled, and they are believed to be of extraterrestrial origin. Analyses were made for samples consisting of composites of many extremely fine particles and for several individual particles large enough to contain sufficient gas for analysis but small enough to escape melting in their passage through the atmosphere. Step-heating was employed to extract the gas. Cosmic-ray spallation products or solar-wind helium and neon, if present, were not abundant enough to account for the isotopic compositions measured. In the case of the samples of magnetic fines, the low temperature extractions provided elemental and isotopic ratios in the general range found for the primordial gas in carbonaceous chondrites and gas-rich meteorites. The isotopic ratios found in the high temperature extractions suggest the presence of solar-flare helium and neon.
Guided independent learning: a teaching and learning approach for adult learners

Adult learners bring life and work experiences into the classroom beyond those of the traditional undergraduate student. These same students, however, often lack a firm foundation in the college-level language arts, mathematics, humanities, et al. that help round out perspective and fine-tune critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Although adult students can draw upon a richer context when building new knowledge, they typically exhibit knowledge gaps that must be closed in order to successfully continue on to higher-level coursework. For this reason, courses should be designed and taught with their specific strengths and needs in mind. The development of a modular, hybrid online teaching approach incorporating and employing varying teaching approaches including andragogy, constructivism, collaboration, critical thinking, and other techniques and tools is described. The application of this method to courses in the context of a specialised adult learner programme is examined. The employment of this and related approaches, and the implications for adult learners and universities, is also examined.
Stick−Slip Transition in Capillary Flow of Polyethylene. 2. Molecular Weight Dependence and Low-Temperature Anomaly

The present study focuses on molecular characteristics and temperature dependence of a superfluid-like stick−slip transition in a series of highly entangled high-density polyethylene (PE) resins and their rheological behavior in pressure-driven capillary flow. It is found that at sufficiently high stresses the capillary flow characteristics are largely dictated by the stick−slip transition occurring at the PE/die wall interfaces. The transition magnitude is found to have an explicit and strong molecular weight Mw dependence reminiscent of bulk chain entanglement, i.e., the extrapolation length bc ∝ Mw3.4. In addition to its normal temperature dependence for T ≥ 200 °C as described in paper 1, the critical stress for the stick−slip transition ceases to scale linearly with T from 200 down to 160 °C for all four molecular weights studied. The extrapolation length bc at the transition also becomes much larger at a lower T. The anomaly is clearly interfacial in nature and may involve a flow-induced ordered mes...
Application and Outcomes of Treatment Guidelines in a Utilization Review Program

The value of treatment guidelines in improving outcomes for patients and controlling costs is significantly enhanced in Washington by incorporating guidelines into a structured UR program. This article describes: (1) how the Washington Department of Labor and Industries (LI and (2) the impact of the UR program on costs and outcomes. The impact of guideline implementation in the Washington program is considerable. In 2014, the L&I program produced net savings of $7,519,823, and the return on investment was approximately $2.00. The impact on clinical outcomes includes an overarching effect from use of best practices.