cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of a social partnership: A stakeholder perspective

Abstract We offer an anatomic analysis of a social partnership among a complex network of stakeholder organizations. Contributions of this research are twofold. First, we use explanatory case data to develop a framework of stakeholder collaboration in a complex setting involving a mix of for-profit and non-profit organizations. Our study is motivated by a need for understanding about how organizations can work within social partnerships to achieve their goals (be they profit related or otherwise). Second, we offer insight about lateral relationship exchange from the view of the entire project—a perspective not typically employed in the domain of relationship marketing. The focal issue in the case, use of technology to improve highway safety, is a social initiative which further sets our study apart in the relationship marketing literature. Using fieldnotes from 33 in-depth interviews, we employ a mix of inductive and deductive reasoning to formulate a conceptual framework and research propositions for the social partnership. The conceptual framework offers in-depth understanding of social partnership development and relationship dynamics. This, in turn, may help stakeholders achieve organizational goals more effectively in this unique environment.
Heat-Induced Changes of Myosin and Sarcoplasmic Proteins in Beef During Simmering

: Changes of proteins in beef cubes, soup stock, and scum (a complex of coagulated proteins, fat, and minerals floating on soup stock) during simmering in sub-boiling water at 95 °C for 3 h were investigated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Of the soluble proteins in soup stock heated for 1 h, 3 components having molecular weights between 47 and 36 kDa reacted with myosin antibody. Those bands disappeared from soup stock after heating for 3 h, however, they were observed in the scum. Bands of 70 and 58 kDa, which reacted with myosin antibody and were observed after 1 h of heating at 95 °C, were also observed after 30 min of heating under pressure.
Combined finite element and Laplace transform method for transient solution of flow‐induced fields

Proposes a coupled finite element and Laplace transform algorithm for the numerical modelling of the electrification phenomena and the transient analysis of the flow‐induced electric fields in insulating tubes carrying charged dielectric liquid. Checks the validity and accuracy of the method by applying it to certain models, for which the experimental results have been documented and other models for which analytical solutions can be found.
Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over supported Pt, Pd and Au catalysts

Abstract Supported Pt, Pd, and Au catalysts were evaluated in the aqueous-phase oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) at 295 K and high pH in a semibatch reactor. The intermediate reaction product 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HFCA) was formed in high yield over Au/C and Au/TiO 2 at 690 kPa O 2 , 0.15 M HMF and 0.3 M NaOH, but did not continue to react substantially to FDCA at the specified O 2 pressure and base concentration. In contrast, the final reaction product FDCA was formed over Pt/C and Pd/C under identical conditions. The initial turnover frequency of HMF conversion was an order of magnitude greater on Au catalysts compared to either Pt or Pd. Increasing the O 2 pressure and NaOH concentration facilitated the conversion of HFCA to FDCA over the supported Au. The significant influence of base concentration on the product distribution indicates an important role of OH − in the activation, oxidation and degradation of HMF.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Amorphous SiO2 Fracture

This video demonstrates output of a large scale molecular dynamics computation of 4.7 million atoms, simu- lating glass fracture over the course of over a nanosecond. Postprocessed data consists of 500 frames at 3 GB per frame. We generate approximate charge density volume data to highlight the overall structure. Rendering is performed using Nanovol, a volume raycasting tool for computational chemistry.
Breast Carcinoma Tumor Characteristics in Black and White Women

BACKGROUND A significant disparity in mortality rates exists between black and white patients with breast carcinoma. This study was designed to compare breast carcinoma tumor characteristics by race and to examine the possible reasons for these differences. METHODS Female patients with an initial diagnosis of breast carcinoma between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1993 were selected from the Yale-New Haven Hospital Tumor Registry for this retrospective cohort study. All black patients were eligible and white patients were selected randomly and matched to each black patient by year of diagnosis. Data were gathered from multiple sources including the hospital, the Connecticut Tumor Registry, and the U. S. Census. All pathology specimens were reviewed at Yale-New Haven Hospital. RESULTS The final cohort had 100 black and 300 white patients. The black patients tended to be younger than white patients at the time of diagnosis (mean age 55 years vs. 60 years; P = 0.001). A significant racial difference was noted in eight tumor characteristics: stage, size of the tumor, lymph node status, presence of necrosis, vascular/lymphatic invasion, ductal carcinoma in situ, perineural invasion, and progesterone receptor status. Although income, medical insurance coverage, and method of tumor detection explained some pathology differences, black patients still were more likely to have necrosis and a larger tumor size, even after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Black patients with breast carcinoma tend to be diagnosed at a younger age and in a few important respects have different tumor characteristics compared with white patients, even after controlling for income, medical insurance coverage, and method of tumor detection after screening mammography. These differences may have etiologic and clinical implications. Cancer 1998;83:2509-2515. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Can ‘art Professions’ Be Bourdieuean Fields Of Cultural Production? The Case Of The Architecture Competition

The difference between ‘artistic and literary fields’ and universes such as architecture usually recognized as ‘art professions’ but which enjoy a far lesser ‘degree of autonomy’ than such fields seemingly constitutes an obstacle to the broader application of the notion of a ‘field of cultural production’ sought by Bourdieu in his Rules of Art. The author of this paper overcomes this obstacle by employing his notion of the ‘field effect’, with the architecture competition serving as the test case. Following Bourdieu, the author replaces the notion of profession with that of the field, for the former is a representation fostered by professional groups themselves. Architecture is a field, but, because architects require clients to construct and realize their works, one unlike the artistic and literary fields, which are markets of symbolic goods where ‘distinterest’ reigns and an autonomy unthinkable elsewhere is enjoyed. However, much like artists and unlike any other ‘professionals’, architects enter compe...
Synoptic-Scale Structure and the Character of Coastally Trapped Wind Reversals

Abstract Coastally trapped wind reversals that occur along the U.S. West Coast have been described in numerous other studies. The synoptic-scale environment and the forcing of a coastally trapped Kelvin wave are highly linked in the development of these wind reversals. However, not all wind reversals appear to behave like propagating Kelvin waves and the analysis of coastal buoy observations for three years indicates that different types of disturbances occur. Both propagating disturbances and nonpropagating disturbances occur with similar frequencies. While the synoptic-scale characteristics associated with propagating and nonpropagating wind reversals are sometimes rather subtle, several distinct differences occur that suggest a direct link between the coastal dynamics and the synoptic-scale forcing. Synoptic forcing characterized by persistent low-level offshore flow favors the development of propagating disturbances, while weak, nonsustained offshore flow characterizes nonpropagating disturbances. The...
The assessment of personality profiles

Abstract A general methodology designated the isographic approach, which searches for similarities of personality profiles among individual persons and similarities of single method profiles within an individual person, is differentiated from traditional nomothetic and idiographic methodologies, all of which are interrelated. The review of methods of profile analysis includes single variable and multivariate differentiation of groups, but focuses on Q correlation, generalized distance function, computer-programmed actuarial analyses of profiles, and clustering techniques. Selected research studies published within the past 15 years in the United States and in other countries, in both clinical and nonclinical areas, and probable directions for future research are discussed.
CORPORATE TAX LAWS, CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING, AND SUBSIDIARIZATION OF CORPORATE FORM, 1981–1995

Between 1981 and 1995 the dominant form of Fortune 500 firms changed from the multidivisional form to the multisubsidiary form (Zey and Camp 1996). The explanation for the movement toward subsidiarization originates in changes during the late 1970s and 1980s in the political economy, the relationship between corporations and capital, and the regulation of corporations. As a result of the declining capital accumulation of the 1970s, the federal government instituted two measures of corporate welfare, the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and the Revenue Act of 1987 (RA87), that provided corporations with nontaxable ways to restructure their acquisitions and divisions as subsidiaries. Thus, by the process of subsidiarization, corporations were able to continue capital flows. We examine the increase in subsidiarization from 1981–1995 as a means of assessing the utility of four theoretical perspectives to explain change in corporate form. A one-way random effects panel analysis demonstrates how corporate financial conditions, national business laws, and organizational characteristics combine to affect the rate of subsidiarization of U.S. corporations. Separate panel models for 1981–1985 (pre- TRA86) and 1986–1995 (post- TRA86) reveal that changes in corporate tax laws affect capital accumulation and result in significant change in corporate form. This analysis supports the structural political economy contingency theory arguing that change in capital accumulation, brought about by macro changes in political legal conditions of corporations, leads to the transformation of corporate form.
The metabolic activation of abacavir by human liver cytosol and expressed human alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes

Abacavir (ZIAGEN®) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor marketed for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. A small percentage of patients experience a hypersensitivity reaction indicating immune system involvement and bioactivation. A major route of metabolism for abacavir is oxidation of a primary βγ unsaturated alcohol to a carboxylic acid via an aldehyde intermediate. This process was shown to be mediated in vitro by human cytosol and NAD, and subsequently the αα and γ2γ2 human isoforms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The αα isoform effected two sequential oxidation steps to form the acid metabolite and two isomers, qualitatively reflective of in vitro cytosolic profiles. The γ2γ2 isozyme generated primarily an isomer of abacavir, which was minor in the αα profiles. The aldehyde intermediate could be trapped in incubations with both isozymes as an oxime derivative. These metabolites can be rationalized as arising via the aldehyde which undergoes isomerization and further oxidation by the αα enzyme or reduction by the γ2γ2 isozyme. Non-extractable abacavir protein residues were generated in cytosol, and with αα and γ2γ2 incubations in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). Metabolism and residue formation were blocked by the ADH inhibitor 4-methyl pyrazole (4-MP). The residues generated by the αα and γ2γ2 incubations were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with immunochemical detection. The binding of rabbit anti-abacavir antibody to abacavir-HSA was shown to be dependent on metabolism (i.e. NAD-dependent and 4-MP sensitive). The mechanism of covalent binding remains to be established, but significantly less abacavir-protein residue was detected with an analog of abacavir in which the double bond was removed, suggestive of a double bond migration and 1,4 addition process.
Automated biomanipulation of single cells using magnetic microrobots

Transport of individual cells or chemical payloads on a subcellular scale is an enabling tool for the study of cellular communication, cell migration, and other localized phenomena. We present a magnetically actuated robotic system capable of fully automated manipulation of cells and microbeads. Our strategy uses autofluorescent robotic transporters and fluorescently labeled microbeads to aid tracking and control in optically obstructed environments. We demonstrate automated delivery of microbeads infused with chemicals to specified positions on neurons. This system is compatible with standard upright and inverted light microscopes and is capable of applying forces less than 1 pN for precision positioning tasks.
Edge turbulence and SOL transport in tokamaks

Abstract Some key topics in tokamak edge plasma transport and turbulence are reviewed. Multi-device results reveal a new paradigm of scrape-off layer (SOL) transport. Radial transport is driven by intermittency throughout the SOL, in between edge localized modes (ELMs) in H-mode, and comprised of plasma filaments that are generated near the last closed flux surface likely by interchange instability. The filaments travel radially at speeds of ∼1 km/s into the SOL and have a poloidal size of 1–3 cm in most devices. The radial transport in the SOL is poloidally asymmetric, by factors of 2–5, causing a pressure peak in the low field side. This asymmetry and other neo-classical terms, such as Pfirsch–Schluter currents, are found to drive strong SOL flows. The intermittent particle flux, is 20% of the total, including ELMs, at low collisionality, becoming 70% of total at high collisionality. Numerical and analytical models can reproduce the scaling of intermittency with collisionality as well as many details of the filament dynamics in the SOL.
Query evaluation using overlapping views: completeness and efficiency

We study the problem of finding efficient equivalent view-based rewritings of relational queries, focusing on query optimization using materialized views under the assumption that base relations cannot contain duplicate tuples. A lot of work in the literature addresses the problems of answering queries using views and query optimization. However, most of it proposes solutions for special cases, such as for conjunctive queries (CQs) or for aggregate queries only. In addition, most of it addresses the problems separately under set or bag-set semantics for query evaluation, and some of it proposes heuristics without formal proofs for completeness or soundness. In this paper we look at the two problems by considering CQ/A queries - that is, both pure conjunctive and aggregate queries, with aggregation functions SUM, COUNT, MIN, and MAX; the DISTINCT keyword in (SQL versions of) our queries is also allowed. We build on past work to provide algorithms that handle this general setting. This is possible because recent results on rewritings of CQ/A queries [1, 8] show that there are sound and complete algorithms based on containment tests of CQs.Our focus is that our algorithms are efficient as well as sound and complete. Besides the contribution we make in putting and addressing the problems in this general setting, we make two additional contributions for bag-set and set semantics. First, we propose efficient sound and complete tests for equivalence of CQ/A queries to rewritings that use overlapping views (the algorithms are complete with respect to the language of rewritings). These results apply not only to query optimization, but to all areas where the goal is to obtain efficient equivalent view-based query rewritings. Second, based on these results we propose two sound algorithms, BDPV and CDPV, that find efficient execution plans for CQ/A queries in terms of materialized views. Both algorithms extend the cost-based query-optimization approach of System R [19]. The efficient sound algorithm BDPV is also complete in some cases, whereas CDPV is sound and complete for all CQ/A queries we consider. We present a study of the completeness-efficiency tradeoff in the algorithms, and provide experimental results that show the viability of our approach and test the limits of query optimization using overlapping views.
Role of long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists in asthma management based on updated asthma guidelines.

Purpose of review This review examines the role of long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists in the management of asthma, particularly focusing on recommendations in the newly revised Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) asthma guidelines. Recent findings GINA guidelines recommend increasing inhaled corticosteroid doses in all children with asthma not controlled on low-dose inhaled corticosteroids before adding a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist, whereas NHLBI guidelines have different age-based recommendations for children. In patients younger than 5 years, NHLBI guidelines recommend increasing the inhaled corticosteroid dose before adding a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist; in children aged 5-11 years, equal weight is given to increasing the inhaled corticosteroid dose or including add-on therapy to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids. In adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older, GINA recommends adding long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids over increasing the inhaled corticosteroid dose. NHLBI guidelines give equal weight to these choices, with alternative, although not preferred, therapies including the addition of theophylline, zileuton, or leukotriene receptor antagonists to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids. Summary In the recently updated GINA and NHLBI asthma guidelines, long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists are an important class of agents for the management of persistent asthma in patients whose asthma is not well controlled with inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy.
Characterization of Pain in Patients with Barth Syndrome

ABSTRACTBarth syndrome is a rare but grave neuromuscular genetic disorder. Pain in patients with Barth syndrome has not been extensively described in the literature. This pilot study examined the clinical phenotypes of pain in 38 individuals with Barth syndrome three years and older based on data from personal interviews. The prevalence of pain in the study sample was 23.7% on the day of interview (mean intensity 3.6 ± 2.4) and 68% in the previous week (mean intensity 4.5 ± 2.6). Of the patients who reported pain in the previous week, 52.6% felt aching and 36.8% felt tiring-exhausting. Common locations of reported pain were the head, abdomen, and lower back. Treatments were limited to analgesics, with little opioid or alternative treatments utilized. Results suggest that pain is prevalent in individuals with Barth syndrome. More education and research into the characteristics of Barth syndrome related pain will be useful in enhancing our understanding of this condition and in guiding its management.
Comparison of adinazolam pharmacokinetics and effects in healthy and cirrhotic subjects.

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of adinazolam were investigated in six patients with cirrhosis and six sex-matched control subjects. These subjects received a single 30-mg oral dose of adinazolam mesylate. Serial blood samples were collected for 24 hours after drug administration. Plasma was assayed for adinazolam and mono-desmethyl-adinazolam (NDMAD) concentrations by a specific HPLC technique. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental methods. Psychomotor effects of adinazolam were assessed using a digit-symbol substitution test (DSST) and aiming test (AIM). Memory effects were assessed by a modification of the Randt memory test (MEM); sedation was assessed using an observer-rated scale. Differences in pharmacokinetics of the parent drug were noted: adinazolam oral clearance was lower in patients with cirrhosis (35.0 ± 27.9 L/hr) than in normal subjects (73.7 ± 22.1 L/hr; P = .024); Kel was significantly lower in patients with cirrhosis (.126 ± .084 vs. .278 ± .070; P = .007), whereas the mean t½ in patients with cirrhosis was 7.70 hours as compared with 2.67 hours in normal subjects. Cmax was higher in the group with cirrhosis (266 ± 95.5 vs. 153 ± 29.3 ng/mL; P = .019). For NDMAD, Kel was lower in cirrhotic subjects and resulted in a prolonged t½ in cirrhotic subjects compared with normal subjects (6.70 vs. 3.79 hr; P = .0152). NDMAD AUC tended to be higher in cirrhotic subjects (1515 ± 254 vs. 1162 ± 254 ng · hr/mL; P = .064). No significant differences were noted in psychomotor performance, memory, or sedation. The large differences in adinazolam kinetics and small differences in NDMAD kinetics, and effects support previous reports that suggest that NDMAD is the major component responsible for responses that were assessed. These kinetic and side-effect data from this single-close study in a small population suggest that patients with cirrhosis may not be more sensitive to this benzodiazepine, but that accumulation of drug and metabolite may lead to greater effects in patients with cirrhosis during multiple-dose therapy.
Consideration of the Food Environment in Cancer Risk Reduction

Abstract Recently, there has been increased attention to the food environment's impact on chronic disease, specifically obesity and cardiovascular disease. Cancer is certainly another substantial public health concern, and dietary intake and obesity/overweight have been identified as two key cancer risk factors; however, the role of the food environment in cancer-prevention efforts seems largely uncharted territory. Previous research has shown that areas with a higher proportion of individuals in racial minority groups and areas with lower incomes have more limited access to healthful foods, which can negatively impact dietary intake and body mass index. Parallel patterns of higher cancer incidence and mortality rates among these vulnerable populations could be linked to lack of access to healthful foods. Future research utilizing food environment measures could point to broad community-level approaches for modifying diet-related cancer risk. Nutrition professionals will be a crucial element in designing and implementing food environment–based individual, family, and community interventions, which could be potent strategies for cancer prevention.
Net-centric issues for large scale tactical data

This paper illustrates use of the Universal Core messaging framework to enable request and return of large environmental data files, specifically meteorological and oceanographic (MetOc) data. The utility of the approach is described by experiments conducted during the Trident Warrior 2010 Naval exercise. We next overview development of a web services broker system for MetOc data. The implementation of this broker system incorporates both automated data discovery and retrieval capabilities. An extension of UCore, C2 (Command and Control) Core is described and an evaluation to assess its effectiveness for the MetOc domain is described.
Document image decoding by heuristic search

This correspondence describes an approach to reducing the computational cost of document image decoding by viewing it as a heuristic search problem. The kernel of the approach is a modified dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, called the iterated complete path (ICP) algorithm, that is intended for use with separable source models. A set of heuristic functions are presented for decoding formatted text with ICP. Speedups of 3-25 over DP have been observed when decoding text columns and telephone yellow pages using ICP and the proposed heuristics.
Flash kinetics and spatial patterns of bioluminescence in the copepod Gaussia princeps

Kinetics and local spatial patterns of bioluminescence in the mesopelagic copepodGaussia princeps (T. Scott), collected by net off the coast of southern California, USA, were investigated from 1986 to 1989. Luminescence elicited by single electrical stimuli began as a localized secretion from any of 16 widely distributed sites on the body. Appendage or body movements swept the particulate luminescent exudate away from the cuticle. Three types of single flashes were identified in response to single electrical stimuli, including a fast flash of ca. 2 s duration, a long flash of 7 s duration, and a 17 s slow flash. In addition, in 20% of the tests a fourth, two-component flash consisting of a fast or long component followed by a slow component was elicited. Frequency of the four flash types was dependent on the recovery time after collection. Shorter, less intense fast and long flashes occurred early in the recovery period, and longer, brighter slow and compound flashes became more common as recovery progressed. The laboratory handling protocol strongly affected total stimulable light (TSL). Strong handling resulted in a reduced TSL, which recovered to the original level upon termination of the stimulation. TSL and flash kinetics in the laboratory were highly dependent on the chronic laboratory stimulation protocol and represent an equilibrium between recovery of luminous reserves and re-stimulation. Flash kinetics and TSL were also affected by the frequency of stimulation. Higher stimulation rates resulted in greater temporal summation of the flashes, a decreased response duration, and a lower TSL. Stimulus frequency and duration therefore determine the nature of the bioluminescent response. Flash kinetics and TSL made with either in situ bathyphotometric measurements of laboratory measurements strongly depend on the extent of prestimulation, depletion of bioluminescent reserves, and the level of stimulation inherent with the particular device.
Recovery and Cognitive Retraining After Craniocerebral Trauma

Historical and present-day ideas concerning recovery of higher brain functions and so-called cognitive retraining are the focus of this article. Clinical guidelines for helping patients understand and compensate for residual higher cerebral deficits are suggested. A holistic or milieu oriented program is considered the most helpful form of intervention at this time. The use of pharmacological treatment, coupled with educational activities, is also discussed.
The efficacy of matching information systems development methodologies with application characteristics—an empirical study

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to determine whether a data-centered system development methodology produced system designs superior to those from a process-centered methodology when applied to a data-intensive system problem. Experimental subjects (N=30) were advanced undergraduate systems analysis students who were given standardization training in system development techniques and then randomly divided into two groups. One group was taught to use a data-centered methodology and the other a process-centered methodology. Both groups then “solved” a system design problem that was intentionally designed to be data-intensive. The resulting designs were systematically scored for quality using a panel of system development experts. Results showed that the system designs produced by the data-centered group were not significantly better (p
Molecular Cloning of 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase in Loblolly Pine and the Roles of This Enzyme in the Biosynthesis of Lignin in Compression Wood

Two genomic sequences encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL; EC 6.2.1.12) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were cloned. Both sequences contained three introns and four exons with identical coding sequences predicting 537 amino acids. Two of the three introns in these two clones were different both in sequence and in length. Sequences of both 4CL clones were found in all nine megagametophyte DNAs tested, providing genetic evidence that these two 4CL genomic sequences are nonallelic genes. Our analyses suggest that there are at least two distinct, intron-containing 4CL genes, at least one of which is transcribed into 4CL mRNA in developing xylem tissue of loblolly pine. The levels of 4CL gene transcription in xylem were influenced by compressional stress, resulting in an elevated 4CL enzyme activity with 4-coumaric acid. 4CL enzyme activity with ferulic acid remained unchanged, whereas with caffeic acid it was significantly inhibited. Exogenously applied trans-cinnamic acid in the protein extracts from normal wood xylem caused inhibition of 4CL activity toward caffeic acid similar to that under compressional stress. The implications of this cinnamic acid-modulated effect on 4CL enzyme activities toward different substrates in regulating monolignol synthesis in xylem under compressional stress are discussed.
Cultural Diversity in Nursing Care: The Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual Client:

This paper examines the gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons as subcultures of the dominant Anglo-American culture in the United States of America in relation to influences on their access to and use of health care systems and resources. Nurses need to be aware of the unique health needs of such clients, and examine their own cultural belief systems about same-sex relationships. Negative attitudes or misinformation can lead to poor quality of care and disrupt nurse-client relationships.
Lymphoblastoid cells as stimulators in mixed lymphocyte reactions in medium with bovine serum albumin.

Abstract It is possible to substitute 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for human serum in mixed lymphocyte cultures with lymphoblastoid cells as stimulators. BSA supplemented cultures showed a peak proliferative response on day 5 in 3 of 4 individuals tested. Pretreatment of responders (but not stimulators) with 20% serum for 20 min prior to culture, significantly enhanced the response. The use of BSA-supplemented media eliminates a major source of variation from human lymphocyte cultures. This assay system is particularly suited for studying the effect of antibodies (such as viral or alloantibodies) on lymphocyte proliferation. Satisfactory levels of proliferation were obtained when B, but not T, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were used as stimulators in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Use of LCLs with defined HLA specificities makes available large numbers of stimulating cells. Similarly, the proliferative responses of lymphocytes to various modified stimulators such as virus infected or hapten-conjugated cells can now be quantitated more reproducibly.
Growth and dissolution kinetics at the dolomite-water interface: An in-situ scanning probe microscopy study

Dissolution and epitaxial growth on dolomite [CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ] cleavage surfaces under well-defined aqueous solution conditions were studied in real-time by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Step-retreat speeds in undersaturated solutions were used to predict the growth speed for ordered dolomite utilizing a theoretical step-growth model. Monolayer growth on dolomite under highly supersaturated conditions was observed, but multilayer growth was inhibited due to film disorder enhanced solubility. Ordered dolomite film growth is predicted in supersaturated solutions close to equilibrium, but observed step speeds were immeasurably low under the current laboratory low-temperature conditions.
Behavioral Effects of Sequential and One-Stage Ablations of Orbital Prefrontal Cortex in the Monkey

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether sequential (i.e., serial) ablation of the monkey's orbital prefrontal cortex would lead to a reduction in the severity of the behavioral impairment usually associated with one-stage bilateral removal of this tissue. The lateral orbital cortex was ablated in four operations spaced 3 weeks apart or in a one-stage procedure. The monkeys were examined on a visual go-no go differentiation task, spatial delayed-alternation, and object reversal learning. The results reveal no differences between the effects of sequential and one-stage ablations. These findings differ from previous experiments that demonstrated a degree of functional recovery after the sequential removal of a sector of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Since lesion studies with infant monkeys have also demonstrated that functional recovery occurs after early ablation of dorsolateral cortex but not after early removal of orbital frontal cortex, recovery of behavioral functions after infant and sequential lesions may involve similar neural mechanisms.
The HFC/HCFC breakdown product trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and its effects on the symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean (Glycine max)

Abstract The environmental impact of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) are under intense study due to the resistance of the breakdown product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), to further degradation. TFA has come under scrutiny due to its rapid and complete partitioning into aqueous phases of the environment, eventually allowing for deposition of TFA into soil via precipitation. Evidence exists that TFA may be toxic to soil microbes and plants, with little or no degradation occurring in soils. Uptake by plants and microorganisms and its similarity to acetate, implies its potential to effect the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing partners Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean ( Glycine max ). A preliminary study was performed in accordance with the Alternative Fluorocarbon Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS). Those results are presented here in addition to the findings of further experimentation on the initial interaction of B. japonicum with soybean. We used three levels of TFA (0.67, 6.74 and 67.40 μl TFA kg −1 soil; 0.003, 0.031 and 0.314 μl TFA l −1 ) for soil and hydroponics conditions and three levels (10, 100 μM and 1 mM) in bacterial culture. The results demonstrate that TFA affects growth of B. japonicum significantly, but does not affect PHB accumulation. Also no F − was found in cultures grown on TFA. Attachment of B. japonicum to soybean roots was enhanced with the lowest level of acetate or TFA and was significantly reduced with 1 mM acetate or TFA. Cultures grown on acetate or acetate with TFA do not attach well, with those grown with 1 mM TFA the least. Both effects may be attributed to pH. Soybean seedlings had significantly retarded development with levels of TFA at or above 6.74 μl TFA kg −1 soil and 0.031 μl TFA l −1 nutrient solution. No nodules formed on those plants treated with these levels of TFA except in the hydroponics trials. Nodule location was not affected regardless of the TFA level. At the lowest level used we found no effects on soybean or symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In some cases, nodulation was enhanced, but nodule weight reduced. Anaerobically isolated bacteroids had normal levels of acetylene reduction activity regardless of the level of TFA used. In summary, soybean is much more sensitive to low levels of TFA than its symbiotic counterpart B. japonicum . No detrimental effects on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean should be expected unless large bioaccumulation of TFA occurs in agricultural areas.
Copolymers containing alternating sequences of nucleic acid base pairs. II. Polymerization studies

The objective of this project was to utilize the alternating copolymerizability of electrondonor monomers with electron-acceptor monomers to selectively introduce nucleic acid bases into copolymers in a controlled sequence distribution. To this end, maleimide monomers containing the adenine, thymine, cytosine, and 6-chloropurine moieties were converted to their hompolymers. The homopolymer of 1-(vinyloxyethoxy)thymine was also prepared. Alternating copolymers of the adenine maleimide monomer and the corresponding 6-chloropurine maleimide monomer with 1-(vinyloxyethoxy)thymine were prepared. The latter copolymer was converted to the alternating adenine–thymine copolymer by reaction with ammonia. Characterization of the polymers and copolymers via spectroscopic methods and physical measurements confirm their proposed structures. Monomer syntheses and characterization, as well as studies designed to establish the extent and nature of adenine–thymine interactions in the copolymers, are reported in accompanying papers.
Probabilistic temporal inference on reconstructed 3D scenes

Modern structure from motion techniques are capable of building city-scale 3D reconstructions from large image collections, but have mostly ignored the problem of large-scale structural changes over time. We present a general framework for estimating temporal variables in structure from motion problems, including an unknown date for each camera and an unknown time interval for each structural element. Given a collection of images with mostly unknown or uncertain dates, we use this framework to automatically recover the dates of all images by reasoning probabilistically about the visibility and existence of objects in the scene. We present results on a collection of over 100 historical images of a city taken over decades of time.
DNA Polymorphisms in Lentinula edodes, the Shiitake Mushroom

DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were examined in Lentinula edodes strains. Genomic DNA from strain 70 was cloned in plasmid vector pUC19, and 18 random clones containing low-copy DNA sequences were used to probe seven strains in Southern DNA-DNA hybridizations. Each cloned fragment revealed DNA polymorphism. An RFLP genotype was determined for each strain and the genetic relatedness was assessed. The coefficients of genetic similarity among the seven strains ranged from 0.43 to 0.90. The inheritance of RFLP markers was examined in single spore isolates. Homokaryons displayed a loss of polymorphic bands compared with the parent dikaryon. Hybrids constructed by crossing compatible homokaryons displayed the inheritance of RFLP markers from each parent homokaryon.
Optimization of the Surface Characterization of Carbon Fiber by FT-IR Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

Infrared spectra of surface-oxidized carbon fibers have been obtained with different angles of incidence, polarization states, and internal reflection elements (IREs) to find the optimal condition by internal reflection spectroscopy. It has been found that the maximum peak area of a surface functional group is obtained by using s-polarized light at a 30° angle of incidence for the multiple reflection technique. However, the highest signal-to-noise ratio is observed if unpolarized light is used. Spectral simulations have been performed to understand the observed spectra of the surface-oxidized carbon fibers according to exact optical theory. In the spectral simulations, Fresnel's three-layered system has been adopted to model the "IRE/oxidized layer/bulk of carbon fiber" system.
Biomechanical effects of fixed partial denture therapy on strain patterns of the mandible

Statement of problem The mandibular posterior 3-unit fixed partial denture (FPD) is a conventional prosthodontic therapy and presumably has an effect on the direction and magnitude of occlusal forces and, thus, on the biomechanical environment of the mandible, which may in turn affect bone structure. However, the impact of FPD therapy on mandibular biomechanics is unknown. Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 3-unit FPD therapy alters strain patterns in the mandible during loading. Material and methods Four human cadaver mandibles missing first molars were bilaterally fixed and artificially loaded on each tooth individually. Surface cortical bone strains were measured with multiple strain gauges during loading of up to 250 N. Next, 3-unit FPDs with a chamfer finish line were fabricated using Type IV gold alloy. Strain measurements were conducted in the same manner to assess differences in strain patterns before and after therapy. Paired-sample tests for metric and angular data were used to assess difference in strain pattern before and after therapies (α=.05). Results When loading was applied on the teeth not involved in FPD therapy, no differences were found before and after FPD placement. When the posterior retainers were loaded, the strain distribution differed ( P =.01); on the buccal cortices, strain levels increased posteriorly but decreased significantly anteriorly. However, these differences were less than 100 μe, and the overall deformation pattern of the mandible after the FPD therapy was similar to that before FPD therapy. Strain distributions when the pontic was loaded were similar to those when the posterior retainer was loaded. Conclusion Three-unit FPD therapy did not alter the overall deformation pattern of the mandible during loading.
Secondary trauma: Assessing inter-generational transmission of war experiences with a modified Stroop procedure.

Intergenerational transmission of war experiences was assessed using a modified Stroop task. Adult children of war veterans and those of nonveterans named the colors in which war related words were printed. They also named the colors of neutral, positive, and OCD related words in addition to color naming a series of zeros contained on a control card. All participants completed the MMPI-II PTSD Scale, the Impact of Event Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. A statistically significant difference between the children of veterans and nonveterans was found only on the Stroop card containing war related words. Results suggest that the modified Stroop task is a sensitive measure that may have value in assessing transmission of war experiences from parents to children.
Optimal design and operations of supply chain networks for water management in shale gas production: MILFP model and algorithms for the water-energy nexus

The optimal design and operations of water supply chain networks for shale gas production is addressed. A mixed-integer linear fractional programming (MILFP) model is developed with the objective to maximize profit per unit freshwater consumption, such that both economic performance and water-use efficiency are optimized. The model simultaneously accounts for the design and operational decisions for freshwater source selection, multiple transportation modes, and water management options. Water management options include disposal, commercial centralized wastewater treatment, and onsite treatment (filtration, lime softening, thermal distillation). To globally optimize the resulting MILFP problem efficiently, three tailored solution algorithms are presented: a parametric approach, a reformulation-linearization method, and a novel Branch-and-Bound and Charnes–Cooper transformation method. The proposed models and algorithms are illustrated through two case studies based on Marcellus shale play, in which onsite treatment shows its superiority in improving freshwater conservancy, maintaining a stable water flow, and reducing transportation burden. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1184–1208, 2015
Osteoarthritis IN OLDER ADULTS: Current Treatments

Although there is no cure for osteoarthritis, numerous treatments are available for symptom relief. Pharmacological treatments primarily focus on pain relief; however, in older adults there is continuing concern related to the risk of side effects and interactions with other medications. In contrast, non-pharmacological treatments, such as exercise, joint protection, and stress reduction, provide symptom relief with few side effects. In addition, alternative treatments such as nutritional supplements, herbal preparations, acupuncture, and tai chi are being investigated for their efficacy. Nurses should encourage patients to use a combination of treatments that provide optimum symptom relief with the fewest side effects.
Multicriterion Decision Making with Depen ent Preferences

If preferential independence is assumed inappropriately when developing multicriterion search methods, biased results may occur. A new axiomatic approach to defining conditional preference orderings that naturally accounts for preferential dependencies is presented and illustrated. This approach applies both to scalar optimization techniques that identify a best solution and to evolutionary optimization approaches that approximate the Pareto frontier
Triazine resistance in Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) Sauer that is not site-of-action mediated.

While surveying Illinois Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) Sauer (tall waterhemp) half-sib populations for herbicide response variability, several were observed to segregate for resistance to atrazine. Studies were conducted on greenhouse-grown A tuberculatus plants to compare atrazine responses among populations that were segregating for resistance (SegR), uniformly sensitive (UniS) or uniformly resistant (UniR). In chlorophyll fluorescence assays, leaves of plants from the SegR and UniS populations displayed changes in fluorescence after treatment with atrazine, indicating that atrazine was inhibiting electron transport of photosystem II in chloroplasts. Sequencing of a fragment of psbA, which encodes the D1 protein, revealed that the SegR population did not contain the amino acid substitution that is typically found in triazine-resistant plants. Whole-plant herbicide dose-response experiments revealed that, relative to the UniS population, atrazine resistances in the UniR and SegR populations were >770-fold and 16-fold, respectively. The SegR population was also resistant to cyanazine (59-fold), but not to metribuzin, linuron or pyridate. Triazine resistance in the SegR population was shown to be a nuclear inherited trait, unlike maternal inheritance of site-of-action mediated triazine resistance found in the UniR population. Taken collectively, these findings confirm the existence of two distinct triazine resistance mechanisms in A tuberculatus. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensor placement for grid coverage under imprecise detections

We present a resource-bounded optimization framework for sensor resource management under the constraints of sufficient grid coverage of the sensor field. We offer a unique "minimalistic" view of distributed sensor networks in which sensors transmit/report a minimum amount of sensed data. The proposed theory is aimed at optimizing the number of sensors and determine their placement to support such minimalistic sensor networks. We represent the sensor field as a grid (two- or three-dimensional) of points. The optimization framework is inherently probabilistic due to the uncertainty associated with sensor detections. The proposed algorithm addresses coverage optimization under constraints of imprecise detections and terrain properties. The issue of preferential coverage of grid points (based on relative measures of security and tactical importance) is also modeled. Experimental results for an example sensor field with obstacles demonstrate the application of our approach.
A grid-based approach for connectivity binding with geometric costs

This paper discusses the problem of connectivity binding with geometric costs and a connectivity binder (GB) built to solve it. The goal of GB is to produce bindings with short interconnection lengths. This is important because routing can account for a significant portion of the layout area and long communication lines tend to lead to longer cycle times due to increased capacitance. Long lines also tend to increase power consumption, so it is important to decrease the interconnection lengths for low-power designs. This issue becomes even more critical as feature sizes are reduced. GB uses a new grid-based connectivity binding approach that incorporates these layout issues into the binding process. The usefulness of this grid-based approach is discussed and demonstrated.