cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular trauma: a brief military perspective.

Over the vast majority of centuries of recorded history the management of vascular injuries has been relegated to the battlefield [1]. Cessation of hemorrhage was the goal until the mid-twentieth century. For the first time during the Korean conflict, it was demonstrated that arterial repair could be performed successfully even under less than ideal circumstances. This experience was duplicated many times during the Vietnam War. Additional emphasis was also placed on repair of lower extremity venous injuries [1,2]. Martin and coworkers [3] provide us with recent history emphasizing the violent society in which we currently reside in the United States. The civilian experience in Houston over the past 30 years is distressingly impressive. While the final documentation from the Vietnam Vascular Registry has not been published, there are approximately 7,500 casualties who have sustained approximately 10,000 vascular injuries [1]. It is important to recognize, however, that this was the experience of nearly 600 well-trained American surgeons serving in more than 30 hospitals over an 8 year period during a war. To keep the civilian experience in Houston in a proper perspective it is important to recognize and emphasize that there were approximately 5,000 vascular injuries treated in one institution over a 29 year period [3]. This experience far exceeds any other published civilian experience in the world. Again, this experience attests to the increasing "urban warfare" and the challenges that we all must meet in our society. The 59 references cited by the authors identify and outline the increasing number of reports from a variety of civilian communities in the United States, particularly noting the large proportion of reports from the last decade. In preparing the second edition of Vascular Trauma more than 1,000 references have been identified mainly from the English literature and it is impressive to note the rapid increase in publications derived from recent civilian experience [4]. Martin and colleagues [3] provide a valuable outline of the management of injured patients in general with a concentration on the management of vascular injuries based on their extensive
Urinary tract infections in meningioma patients: analysis of risk factors and outcomes

Summary Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 35% of all nosocomial infections and 75% are associated with the use of urethral catheters. Aim The goal of this study was to evaluate preoperative factors associated with the risk of UTI and to estimate the impact of UTIs on patient outcome and resource utilization. Methods Adult meningioma patients treated with craniotomy in US hospitals between 2002 and 2007 were queried from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Univariate and multivariate analyses that correct for sample survey design data were used to study the association of perioperative UTIs and outcomes. Findings In all, 46,344 patients were included. Women comprised the majority (70.0%), had lower mortality (1.2% vs 2.0%), shorter in-hospital stay (6.7 vs 7.5 days), lower hospital charges (US$76,682 vs 87,220) and higher UTI rates (6.3% vs 3.9%) than men. In multivariate analysis, female gender (odds ratio: 2.2; P P P P P = 0.0147), postoperative fluid abnormalities (1.96; P P Conclusions Perioperative UTIs are associated with specific comorbidities and postoperative complications. They significantly increase in-hospital length of stay and costs. Our data emphasize the need to support national efforts that are underway to reduce hospital-acquired UTIs within the neurosurgical population.
Acute onset and remission of obsessions and compulsions following medical illnesses and stress

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is generally chronic. Episodic OCD with complete remission has been rarely reported. Two cases of brief, episodic obsessions and compulsions that appeared for the first time following psychological stress and in the context of medical illness are reported. The possibility of brief episodes of OCD precipitated by stress is illustrated. Exploration of this phenomenon may help us learn more about OCD in general. Depression and Anxiety 12:238‐240, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photovoltaics: Life-cycle Analyses

Life-cycle analysis is an invaluable tool for investigating the environmental profile of a product or technology from cradle to grave. Such life-cycle analyses of energy technologies are essential, especially as material and energy flows are often interwoven, and divergent emissions into the environment may occur at different life-cycle-stages. This approach is well exemplified by our description of material and energy flows in four commercial PV technologies, i.e., mono-crystalline silicon, multi-crystalline silicon, ribbon-silicon, and cadmium telluride. The same life-cycle approach is applied to the balance of system that supports flat, fixed PV modules during operation. We also discuss the life-cycle environmental metrics for a concentration PV system with a tracker and lenses to capture more sunlight per cell area than the flat, fixed system but requires large auxiliary components. Select life-cycle risk indicators for PV, i.e., fatalities, injures, and maximum consequences are evaluated in a comparative context with other electricity-generation pathways.
Selective Loss of Fibrinogen Clotting in a Loop-less Thrombin

The autolysis loop of thrombin comprises nine residues, from Glu146 to Lys149e, five of which (Ala149a-Lys149e) are inserted relative to trypsin and chymotrypsin. Deletion of the insertion Ala149a-Lys149e causes no significant change in the properties of the enzyme, except for a slight enhancement of protein C activation. Deletion of the entire Glu146-Lys149e loop, however, reduces fibrinogen clotting 240-fold, but decreases protein C activation only 2-fold. This loop-less mutant is de facto an exclusive activator of protein C, having lost the primary procoagulant function of thrombin. Because the autolysis loop affects fibrinogen binding, but not protein C activation, it provides a target for new drugs designed to suppress exclusively the procoagulant activity of thrombin.
Designing a system to create a community: the GEMviz project

In this poster, we describe the development of GEMviz, a web-based visualization generator with supporting user interaction tools intended to create a sense of community among a loosely connected group of researchers and educators.
Confessions of an industrial researcher: a typical bollywood story (invited talk)

There’s a guy. There’s a girl. In the beginning they don’t like each other. Then they fall in love but when they fall in love their families do not accept. In the end, how they unite is the story of many Bollywood movies. Research-practice partnerships are similar. How research and practice can overcome hurdles and join together is the topic of this talk. At Microsoft Research I am in the fortunate position of being able to bridge two worlds. As part of my work, I collaborate with engineers from large-scale software projects at Microsoft as well as students and professors from universities all over the world. I will describe the collaboration model of the Empirical Software Engineering (ESE) group at Microsoft Research and share my experiences based on several successful collaborations over the past years. I will discuss best practices, challenges, common mistakes, and lessons learned based on several empirical studies related to refactoring, bug reporting, and analytics in general.
Evolution of transport systems.

Abstract It is proposed that the evolution of transport catalysts for required nutrients may have preceded the evolution of biosynthetic pathways for these substances, or occurred at the same time as an alternative solution to the stress of nutrient depletion. If they did not arise at this time, it is likely that transport catalysts did not appear until much later in evolutionary time, after most of the biosynthetic pathways had been developed.
Simultaneous fluoride binding to ferrocene-based heteronuclear bidentate Lewis acids.

A series of μ2-fluoro-bridged heteronuclear bidentate Lewis acid complexes [K(18-crown-6)THF]+ [Fc(BMeF)(SnMe2Cl)F]- (1-2F), [K(18-crown-6)THF]+ [Fc(BMeF)(SnMe2F)F]- (1-3F), [K(18-crown-6)THF]+ [Fc(BMePh)(SnMe2Cl)F]- (2-F), and [K(18-crown-6)THF]+ [Fc(BMePh)(SnMe2F)F]- (2-2F) (Fc = 1,2-ferrocenediyl) was prepared. Compounds 2-F and 2-2F were obtained as a mixture of diastereomers, which arise due to the generation of a stereocenter at boron in addition to their inherent planar chirality. All compounds have been studied in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution. As a result of bridging-fluoride interactions, tetrahedral boron and distorted trigonal-bipyramidal tin centers are observed. Comparison with the corresponding monofunctional ferrocenylborates further supports the bridging nature of the fluoride anion. Two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy 19F NMR studies provide evidence for facile intermolecular and intramolecular fluorine exc...
Regulation of Her2/neu promoter activity by the ETS transcription factor, ER81.

Overexpression of the HER2/Neu receptor is correlated to a poor prognosis in tumor patients and leads to stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which in turn activate transcription factors, such as the ETS protein ER81. Here, we have analyzed whether, on the other hand, ER81 may regulate the Her2/neu gene. Indeed, ER81, together with its co-activators, p300 and CBP, activates the Her2/neu promoter, and this activation is enhanced upon stimulation of MAPK pathways as well as by oncogenic HER2/Neu protein. Furthermore, ER81 interacts with one ETS binding site in the Her2/neu promoter, whose mutation decreases ER81-mediated transcription. Activation of the Her2/neu promoter is also diminished upon mutation of MAPK-dependent phosphorylation sites in ER81 or upon deletion of ER81 transactivation domains. In addition, the ER81 DNA-binding domain on its own functions as a dominant-negative molecule, effectively repressing any stimulation of the Her2/neu promoter. Altogether, our results show that ER81 is a component of a positive regulatory feedback loop, in which the HER2/Neu protein activates ER81, as well as p300/CBP via MAPKs causing the upregulation of the Her2/neu gene.
High-performance 3D Compressive Sensing MRI reconstruction

Compressive Sensing (CS) is a nascent sampling and reconstruction paradigm that describes how sparse or compressible signals can be accurately approximated using many fewer samples than traditionally believed. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), where scan duration is directly proportional to the number of acquired samples, CS has the potential to dramatically decrease scan time. However, the computationally expensive nature of CS reconstructions has so far precluded their use in routine clinical practice - instead, more-easily generated but lower-quality images continue to be used. We investigate the development and optimization of a proven inexact quasi-Newton CS reconstruction algorithm on several modern parallel architectures, including CPUs, GPUs, and Intel's Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture. Our (optimized) baseline implementation on a quad-core Core i7 is able to reconstruct a 256×160×80 volume of the neurovasculature from an 8-channel, 10× undersampled data set within 56 seconds, which is already a significant improvement over existing implementations. The latest six-core Core i7 reduces the reconstruction time further to 32 seconds. Moreover, we show that the CS algorithm benefits from modern throughput-oriented architectures. Specifically, our CUDA-base implementation on NVIDIA GTX480 reconstructs the same dataset in 16 seconds, while Intel's Knights Ferry (KNF) of the MIC architecture even reduces the time to 12 seconds. Such level of performance allows the neurovascular dataset to be reconstructed within a clinically viable time.
THE COST OF MUTUAL FUND DISTRIBUTION FEES

Many individuals purchase shares in mutual funds as investments. With a lack of evidence supporting performance persistence in fund returns, investors should consider expenses as a fund-selection tool since fund expenses have a negative effect on fund returns. One of the largest expenses incurred by fund investors is distribution expenses, which include both load charges and annual fees. Close to two-thirds of all equity funds charge investors for fund distribution. The true cost of these distribution fees to investors is hard to measure because a myriad of distribution arrangements have evolved that vary both the timing and magnitude of distribution charges. We derive a simple methodology that expresses the present value of distribution costs as a percentage of the original investment in fund shares for any expected holding period. This methodology allows direct comparison of the effect on investors of distribution fees for mutual funds with different types of sales arrangements.
Anatomy and pathophysiology of intervertebral disc disease

Intervertebral discs provide support and cushioning against mechanical loads. Changes secondary to aging and degeneration lead to loss of this important function. This also sets the stage in some for disc-related pain. Various therapeutic modalities have been attempted with minimal long-term success to alleviate the poorly described disc-related pain. To better understand the pain originating from the disc, this article attempts to explore the anatomy of the disc and the different perturbations that occur following aging and degeneration. There is a great deal of similarity among the discs in different levels. They all consist of a nucleus pulposus, surrounded by the annulus fibrosus, whose outer layers integrate with the endplate and the ligaments to strengthen and provide support. The spinal arteries provide the nutrient supply, and the lack thereof seems to be a hallmark of degeneration and aging. The nerve supply is provided by the sympathetic chain and from the recurrent sino vertebral nerve, but only the outermost layers of the annulus contain the sensory nerve fibers. There also appears to be some genetic variation in the rate and degree of synthesis and breakdown in the primary structural components of the disc, increasing the predisposition for disc-related pain. This review will also briefly discuss the evidence that has accumulated regarding the occurrence of such pathologic changes from a genetic and ergonomic perspective.
Why Hans Morgenthau Was Not a Critical Theorist (and Why Contemporary IR Realists Should Care)

A growing body of critical and reflexive international relations (IR) realism draws on the work of Hans Morgenthau. While not without merit, I argue that these appropriations rely on selective – pe...
Catecholamine levels in whole brain of stressed and control domestic and wild rats (Rattus Norvegicus).

Whole brain catecholamine (dopamine, nonadrenaline, adrenaline) levels were measured in control and electric footshocked Wild and domestic (Sprague Dawley and Long Evans) rats. No significant differences were found among the three strains of rats for combined total catecholamine content, or for combined total catecholamines between the control and footshocked groups. Significant differences were found for the total of each catecholamine taken separately, dopamine being present at three times the level of noradrenaline and ten times the level of adrenaline. No significant differences were found for dopamine in both control and footshocked animals among all three rat strains. Noradrenaline was significantly higher in the control domestic rats compared to the control Wild rats, and in the footshocked domestic rats compared to the footshocked Wild rats. No differences in noradrenaline levels were found between Sprague Dawley and Long Evans rats, but noradrenaline increased significantly in the latter following footshock. Adrenaline was significantly highest in the Sprague Dawley controls and lowest in the Wild controls. Footshocking resulted in almost identical levels of adrenaline in the domestic strains and an increase in the F1 Wild strain.
Nonlinear sensor fusion for a mobile robot

This paper proposes an estimation technique which employs measures of information for nonlinear systems. General recursive estimation and in particular the Kalman filter is discussed. A Bayesian approach to probabilistic information fusion is outlined. The notion and measures of information are defined. This leads to the derivation of the algebraic equivalent of the Kalman filter, the linear information filter. The characteristics of this filter and the advantages of information space estimation are discussed. State estimation for systems with nonlinearities is considered and the extended Kalman filter treated. Linear information space is then extended to nonlinear information space by deriving the extended information filter. This establishes all the necessary mathematical tools required for exhaustive information space estimation. The advantages of the extended information filter over the extended Kalman filter are presented and demonstrated. This extended information filter constitutes an original and significant contribution to estimation theory made in this paper. It forms the basis of the decentralized data fusion techniques which can be applied to a modular wheeled mobile robot.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hot or not: a qualitative study on ecological impact of social media & fashion consumption

Over the past few years, social media and social networking systems have become increasingly popular and have become immersed into people's lives in many ways. In this paper, we investigate how social media influence people in making decisions about fashion consumption of digital artifacts, especially from the perspective of sustainability. As a way to investigate, we conducted a qualitative study with 17 people by asking them about their experience of using social media in choosing electronic computing and communication devices. Our findings include an interpretation of people's motivations on fashion consumption, people's awareness of the ecological impacts of fashion consumption, as well as how social media influence people in making decisions about fashion consumption.
Impaired detection of visual motion in schizophrenia patients.

Purpose: A recent report demonstrated impaired auditory detection and discrimination in schizophrenia patients. It is suggested that a deficit in attention resulted in flatter slopes of the psychometric functions. Here, we investigated whether these patients showed a similar deficit in another sensory modality. Specifically, we examined a subset of the schizophrenia patients in a visual task involving motion detection. Methods: A total of 13 schizophrenia patients and 14 normal controls detected the presence of a group of random dots moving in a coherent direction among other dots moving in random directions. Signal intensity varied from trial to trial. Detection sensitivity and bias were computed using signal detection theory. Results: The schizophrenia patients were less sensitive in detecting motion stimuli, compared to normal subjects. The decrement in sensitivity varies with signal-to-noise ratio. The two groups did not differ in response bias. Conclusion: Schizophrenics were impaired in visual, as well as in auditory, attention, in accordance with the idea that attention impairment may represent a core deficit in schizophrenia.
African Securities Market Designs

Abstract African securities markets present international investors with unique opportunities for diversification and risk return profiles consistent with emerging markets. This research examines African market structures and performance. As Africa's financial infrastructure continues to evolve the continued development of securities markets is critical in the privatization of state assets. This paper provides selective descriptions of African securities markets' regulations and procedures. The paper's objective is to provide an institutional framework for studying Africa's securities markets. The continent's trading systems represent many different trading arrangements and the rules and procedures are not standardized.
Necrotizing vasculitis and atherosclerosis.

SUMMARY We describe five patients aged 50 years or above who had severe atherosclerosis and necrotizing vasculitis. The vasculitis was seen in the small vessels of four patients and in the medium-sized vessels of one. All five patients had multiple necrotic ulcerative skin lesions, and two underwent amputation. Our cases suggest that the relationship between the two disorders changes and exacerbates the clinical and pathological expression of each disease.
Prediction of dryout vapor quality for annular two-phase flow in tubes

Abstract Prediction of dryout vapor quality is important for design of horizontal flow evaporators. The dryout vapor quality is defined as the local vapor quality at which the two-phase heat transfer coefficient is the maximum. A phenomenological model for predicting dryout vapor quality for annular flow with convective vaporization in plain tubes is proposed, which is comparable with dryout correlations. The model is validated by predicting dryout vapor quality for 35 different datasets, with vertical and horizontal tube orientations. The predicted datasets covers tube diameter (D) range 2 mm 4000. The model predicts 88% of the data with ReD,l > 4000 within ±30% of the experimental value. It is concluded that the model is applicable to high mass flux annular flow in vertical tubes and horizontal tubes for which the effect of stratification due to gravity is negligible. Future work towards development of a generalized model applicable to a wider mass flux range in horizontal tubes is discussed.
Efficient yeast ChIP-Seq using multiplex short-read DNA sequencing

Short-read high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies provide new tools to answer biological questions. However, high cost and low throughput limit their widespread use, particularly in organisms with smaller genomes such as S. cerevisiae. Although ChIP-Seq in mammalian cell lines is replacing array-based ChIP-chip as the standard for transcription factor binding studies, ChIP-Seq in yeast is still underutilized compared to ChIP-chip. We developed a multiplex barcoding system that allows simultaneous sequencing and analysis of multiple samples using Illumina's platform. We applied this method to analyze the chromosomal distributions of three yeast DNA binding proteins (Ste12, Cse4 and RNA PolII) and a reference sample (input DNA) in a single experiment and demonstrate its utility for rapid and accurate results at reduced costs. We developed a barcoding ChIP-Seq method for the concurrent analysis of transcription factor binding sites in yeast. Our multiplex strategy generated high quality data that was indistinguishable from data obtained with non-barcoded libraries. None of the barcoded adapters induced differences relative to a non-barcoded adapter when applied to the same DNA sample. We used this method to map the binding sites for Cse4, Ste12 and Pol II throughout the yeast genome and we found 148 binding targets for Cse4, 823 targets for Ste12 and 2508 targets for PolII. Cse4 was strongly bound to all yeast centromeres as expected and the remaining non-centromeric targets correspond to highly expressed genes in rich media. The presence of Cse4 non-centromeric binding sites was not reported previously. We designed a multiplex short-read DNA sequencing method to perform efficient ChIP-Seq in yeast and other small genome model organisms. This method produces accurate results with higher throughput and reduced cost. Given constant improvements in high-throughput sequencing technologies, increasing multiplexing will be possible to further decrease costs per sample and to accelerate the completion of large consortium projects such as modENCODE.
Aquatic respiration and underwater survival of two freshwater turtle species

Abstract Uptake of dissolved O2 and survival time of forcibly submerged, free swimming turtles (Sternothaerus minor and Pseudemys scripta) were measured at Po2 = 0, 154, and 738 torr. Vo2 of turtles breathing air was also measured. Turtle body temperature in all experiments was 22 °C. In S. minor, survival time was clearly related to aquatic respiration. Aquatic Vo- of P. scripta was directly related to Po2 but was too slight to contribute significantly to underwater survival. In progressive hypoxia experiments, the critical Po2 of S. minor was found to be about 425 torr for aquatic respiration, as compared with about eight torr for air breathing. S. minor was thus able to survive indefinitely in O2-equilibrated water without pulmonary ventilation. Behavioral observations suggest that buccoy pharyngeal ventilation is a respiratory response to prolonged submersion in S. minor, but not in P. scripta. Low metabolic rate, high O2 transport capacity, and insensitivity of the CNS to extreme hypoxia enable some turtles, in contrast to all other amniotes, to make significant use of aquatic respiration.
Factors Affecting the Susceptibility of Multivitamin Mineral Milk to Oxidation

Summary The flavor of multivitamin mineral (MVM) milk was not affected when it was processed in a conventional HTST pasteurizer-homogenizer system. However, when it was subjected to a steam-vacuum treatment, in addition to pasteurization and homogenization, an oxidized flavor developed. The off-flavor developed regardless of whether the MVM preparation was added before or after processing. This indicates that alteration of the milk, rather than the MVM preparation, was involved in the development of the oxidized flavor. It was observed that homogenized-treated milk from another milk plant did not develop an oxidized flavor when fortified with MVM mix. Results indicated that the difference in susceptibility between the homogenized-treated milk from the two plants was due to processing differences. The iron compound, ferric pyrophosphate soluble, was identified as the ingredient in the MVM preparation causing the oxidized flavor. Fortification of homogenized and homogenized-treated milks with ferric and ferrous compounds showed that both milks developed oxidized flavors when fortified with ferrous iron. However, the homogenized-treated milk was more susceptible than the homogenized milk when ferric iron was added. It was suggested that the difference in susceptibility between homogenized and homogenized-treated milk is a difference in the capacity of these milks to reduce ferric iron to the stronger pro-oxidant ferrous form. Measurements of the relative amounts of iron reduced by these milks substantiate this explanation.
Modified expression of a carrot small heat shock protein gene, Hsp17.7, results in increased or decreased thermotolerance ‡

We have determined that one small heat shock protein gene, encoding Hsp17.7, plays an important role in the ability of carrot cells and plants to survive thermal stress. Transgenic cells and regenerated plants were generated in which the carrot Hsp17.7 gene was either constitutively expressed (denoted CaS lines) or expressed as a heat inducible antisense RNA (denoted AH lines). Thermotolerance measurements demonstrated that CaS lines were more thermotolerant than vector controls and AH antisense lines were less thermo- tolerant than vector controls. RNA analysis demonstrated that Hsp17. 7 mRNA was detectable, but not abundant, prior to heat shock in CaS cells, but not in vector control cells. Conversely, RNA analysis of antisense cells showed that, after heat shock, the amounts of mRNA for Hsp17.7 was moderately less abundant in AH cells than in vector controls. Analysis of protein synthesis in CaS cells did not indicate substantial synthesis or accumulation of Hsp17.7, or any small Hsp, at 23 degrees C. However, in the most thermotolerant line, protein synthesis was maintained at a higher rate than in other cell lines at a more extreme heat shock (42 degrees C). In contrast, antisense AH cells showed reduced synthesis of many Hsp, large and small. These results suggest that the Hsp17.7 gene plays a critical, although as yet not understood, role in thermotolerance in carrot. This represents the first demonstration of the ability to both increase and decrease thermotolerance by the manipulation of expression of a single gene.
Child Care and the Well-being of Children

Objective To evaluate studies of child care with specific attention to the impact of age at entry and amount, quality, and type of care on children's adaptive functioning. Data sources MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and the SAGE Full-Text Collection. Study selection The review considers correlational and experimental research conducted throughout the world that includes an adequate description of the type of care provided. Main Exposures Amount, quality, and type of child care. Main outcome measures Language, cognitive and social competence, achievement, behavioral problems, relationships with parents, communicable illnesses, and asthma. Results Children who began care early in life and were in care 30 or more hours a week were at increased risk for stress-related behavioral problems. Elevated risk was more likely if they had difficulties interacting with peers or had insensitive parents. Children in day care centers had higher language scores and early school achievement, especially if they came from disadvantaged backgrounds and the centers offered high-quality care. Attending arrangements with 6 or more children increased the likelihood of communicable illnesses and ear infections, albeit those illnesses had no long-term adverse consequences. Conclusions Child care is a multidimensional phenomenon. Guidance on when to place a child in nonparental care and what kind of care to use is complicated because of the multiplicity of sometimes offsetting effects on children. Child care experiences interact with experiences at home and the child's own characteristics, and research indicates that the quality of child care matters.
Longitudinal study of breastfeeding structure and women's work in the Brazilian Amazon

It is well established that breast milk is the ideal food for infants and that breastfeeding has short- and long-term health benefits for the mother and child. However there is variation in breastfeeding patterns between populations. Womens work is thought to influence breastfeeding patterns and timing of supplementation and it is often assumed that women in subsistence-oriented societies can more easily integrate their productive and reproductive activities. This article reports longitudinal data collected in three rounds (resguardo [<40 days] peak [2-4 months] and late [14-16 months] lactation) on breastfeeding structure infant care and work patterns of 17 rural Amazonian women in an effort to understand how breastfeeding structure and maternal time allocation changed over time as well as the strategies women used to integrate their productive and reproductive roles. Women breastfed 10.6 +/- 3.1 9.4 +/- 3.4 and 9.6 +/- 5.5 times per 9-h period in the three rounds respectively. Breastfeeding structure specifically session duration changed over time (P < 0.05). As lactation progressed women spent less time breastfeeding and in infant care and more time in subsistence work. In peak lactation subsistence work was negatively correlated with infant care (r = -0.4 P = 0.01) breastfeeding (r = -0.29 P = 0.05) and session duration (r = -0.39 P < 0.01) and in late lactation was negatively correlated with time spent breastfeeding (r = -0.39 P < 0.01) and in infant care (r = -0.50 P < 0.01) and positively correlated with inter-session interval (r = 0.40 P < 0.01). Generally women reduced time in subsistence work when breastfeeding was more intense and returned to normal activity patterns once infants were being supplemented. The costs and benefits associated with womens strategies are discussed.
Microwave Simulation of Grover's Quantum Search Algorithm

An analog of a quantum search method, known as Grover's algorithm, is modeled without entanglement on the macroscopic level, using numerical simulation of microwave devices and methods. An array of microstrip annular-ring resonators simulates a quantum bit array. An oracle that performs a test to determine which element in the array is the answer to the search algorithm is provided by a microwave-frequency plane wave, modulated by a Gaussian pulse. A single annular ring with a resonant frequency identical to the frequency of the incident pulse serves as the answer to the search. It is shown that the number of Gaussian pulses needed to identify the answer element is equal to the radicN iterations predicted by the Grover algorithm. The decay in a microwave-resonator element is used to show that the quantum dual - a spontaneous decay of the excited energy level of a quantum bit, also described as its decoherence - can be a serious obstacle to the development of large quantum-bit data arrays
Increased 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus following 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions in the cingulum bundle and fimbria-fornix

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) projections from the ascending raphe nuclei reach the dorsal hippocampus via the cingulum bundle (CB) and fimbria-fornix (FF). Microinjection of the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the CB and FF produces a significant decrease in the density of 5-HT immunoreactive fibers in the hippocampus as early as 3 days postlesion (Zhou, F.C. and Azmitia, E.C. (1983) Brain Res. Bull., 373, 337–348). In the present study we used an anti-peptide antibody against the second extracellular loop of the 5-HT 1 A receptor and employed immunocytochemistry to examine changes in the expression and distribution of the 5-HT 1 A receptor in the hippocampus 14 days following administration of 5,7-DHT into the CB and FF. The density of 5-HT immunoreactive fibers was greatly reduced 14 days following the lesions. 5-HT 1 A immunoreactivity (IR) was localized to the proximal axon near the axon hillock of cells in the pyramidal cell layer of the cornu Ammonus and in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. The intensity of 5-HT 1 A -IR was increased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus following 5,7-DHT lesions. Intensity in the CA3 also increased but not to a significant level. These findings demonstrate that 5-HT denervation in the hippocampus is followed by increased expression of the 5-HT 1 A receptor protein. These changes in receptor expression 14 days postlesion may represent adaptive changes by postsynaptic cells following reduced 5-HT innervation and may be the molecular basis for 5-HT 1 A receptor supersensitivity.
Decarbonylation of ethanol to methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen by a [PNP]Ir complex

The putative three-coordinate Ir(I) PNPPri (PNPPri = [N{2-P(CHMe2)2-4-MeC6H3}2]–) pincer complex decarbonylates ethanol to yield methane, hydrogen and [PNPPri]Ir(CO). The mechanism involves the isolable trans-[PNPPri]Ir(H)(Me)(CO), which is susceptible to photochemical reductive elimination of methane.
Optical fibers and fiber dispersion compensators for high-speed optical communication

In order to meet the requirements necessary for advanced optical fiber transmission schemes that enable larger transmission capacity, higher efficiency and/or lower transmission costs per bit, optical fiber technologies are still evolving toward ultimate performance. Recent developmental activities have realized a number of improved performance optical fibers, such as ultra-low loss or ultra-low nonlinearity fibers and various types of dispersion-modified fibers. Fiber-based dispersion compensators or dispersion compensating fibers have also become one of the most essential optical components that support high-speed large capacity optical transmission. Very recently, the dispersion compensating fibers have further evolved into dispersion-managed optical transmission lines, which are now being actually deployed in transoceanic submarine optical cable networks.
Constraints on Light Pseudoscalars Implied by Tests of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law

The exchange of light pseudoscalars between fermions leads to a spin-independent potential in order ${g}^{4}$, where $g$ is the Yukawa pseudoscalar-fermion coupling constant. This potential gives rise to detectable violations of both the weak equivalence principle (WEP) and the gravitational inverse-square law (ISL), even if $g$ is quite small. We show that when previously derived WEP constraints are combined with those arising from ISL tests, a direct experimental limit on the Yukawa coupling of light pseudoscalars to neutrons can be inferred for the first time ( ${g}_{n}^{2}/4\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$), along with a new (and significantly improved) limit on the coupling of light pseudoscalars to protons.
Spontaneous and lymphokine-induced cytotoxic activity of monkey intestinal mucosal lymphocytes.

Abstract We determined the capacity of primate (macaque monkey) intestinal mucosal lymphocytes to mediate natural killer cytotoxicity, and characterized the nature of cells mediating this form of cytotoxicity in the intestine. Isolated macaque monkey intestinal mucosal lymphocytes were found to have intermediate levels of spontaneous cytotoxicity against K562 target cells compared to higher values found in lymphocytes of peripheral blood (PBL) and spleen and low values for mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes. Intestinal lymphocytes were similar to PBL in having the same range of target cell specificites, in having augmentation of activity by Interferon or interleukin 2, and in demonstrating specificity in cold target inhibition studies. Both intestinal and PBL spontaneous cytotoxic function in primates was mediated predominantly by cells bearing antigens cross-reactive with the anti-human monoclonal antibody Leu-11. The percentage of Leu-11 + lymphocytes was significantly lower in isolated intestinal, spleen, and MLN lymphocytes compared to peripheral blood. Furthermore, isolated intestinal lymphocytes differed from PBL in that intestinal Leu-11 + were predominantly Leu-15 − , while Leu-11 + PBL were predominantly Leu-15 + . These studies demonstrate that the lower spontaneous cytotoxic function of intestinal mucosal lymphocytes compared to PBL is associated with a lower number of effector cells and with effector cells which differ qualitatively in expression of the Leu-15 antigen.
Globalisation and biculturalism.

In their recent review article, Bhugra & Mastrogianni ( [2004][1]) describe the cultural and mental health aspects of what is now called globalisation, and its present and future impact upon mental disorders, with a special reference to depression. Among the many unknowns in that matter, the authors
An Application of Chemical Kinetic Theory and Methodology to Characterize the Ice Nucleating Properties of Aerosols Used for Weather Modification

Abstract Chemical kinetic theory and methodology is applied to examine the ice nucleating properties of silver iodide (AgI) and silver iodide-silver chloride (AgI-AgCl) aerosols in a large cloud chamber held at water saturation. This approach uses temporal data on ice crystals formation with changes in key nucleation parameters such as temperature, water vapor concentration and droplet concentrations. The inter-relationships between ice nucleation effectiveness, nucleation mechanisms, nuclei chemical and physical properties and the rate of appearance of ice crystals can be deduced. The theory and methodology can be applied to atmospheric experimentation. Ice nucleation effectiveness increases of up to three orders of magnitude over that of AgI aerosols can be achieved with AgI-AgCl solid solution aerosols. Both aerosols are shown to form ice crystals by predominantly contact nucleation at temperatures of −16°C and warmer. Nucleation of the ice phase following collision is identified as a very rapid proces...
Investigation of a complex reaction network: II. Kinetics, mechanism and parameter estimation

Conventional strategies for discrimination of intrinsic and apparent kinetics from crushed- and whole-catalyst-pellet experimental data, respectively, do not yield satisfactory results for the reaction network in the manufacture of (α-aminomethyl-2-furanmethanol) (aminoalcohol) from αnitromethyl-2-furanmethanol (nitroalcohol). Laboratory trickle-bed reactor tests in the range of concentration and product yield of commercial interest are utilized to yield a reasonable set of kinetic parameters, which are otherwise unobtainable. This is accomplished by proposing a reaction network, a plausible mechanism, and optimizing the kinetic parameters based on the reactor-model-generated peformance data to fit experimental output concentrations of all species for the entire set of experiments. A complex reaction network for the key reactions in the system is developed based on the reaction scheme in Part I. Fitting of trickle-bed reactor data to this model is attempted to yield an insight into the actual kinetics. The results show promise of obtaining an overall network kinetic model, even with the limited data available.
Sphingosine interaction with acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein-32A (ANP32A) regulates PP2A activity and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in human endothelial cells

Sphingolipid metabolites regulate cell fate by acting on specific cellular targets. Although the influence of sphingolipids in cellular signaling has been well recognized, the exact molecular targets and how these targets influence cellular signaling mechanisms remain poorly understood. Toward this goal, we used affinity chromatography coupled with proteomics technology and identified acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein-32A (ANP32A), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a direct target of sphingosine, N,N′-dimethyl sphingosine (DMS) and phytosphingosine but not dihydrosphingosine or sphingosine 1-phosphate. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with DMS, which is not phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases, led to the activation of PP2A activity. Suppression of ANP32A with siRNA enhanced basal and DMS-activated PP2A activity suggesting that the sphingoid base binds to and relieves the inhibitory action of ANP32A on the PP2A complex. Indeed, DMS relieved the ANP32A-mediated inhibition of PP2A enzyme complex in vitro. Interestingly, DMS treatment induced the p38 stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 transcript and protein. Knockdown of ANP32A expression further induced p38 SAPK and COX-2. These data identify ANP32A as a novel molecular target of sphingoid bases that regulates cellular signaling events and inflammatory gene expression.
Quadratic nonlinear derivative Schrödinger equations - Part 2

In this paper we consider the local well-posedness theory for the quadratic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with low regularity initial data in the case when the nonlinearity contains derivatives. We work in 2 + 1 dimensions and prove a local well-posedness result for small initial data with low regularity.
Experimental therapy of acute leucemia with extracts of bone marrow

Summary The hypothesis is suggested that acute leucemia may be related to a deficiency in physiologic factors which are necessary for the maturation of the granular leucocytes in the marrow. A series of experiments is reported in which children with acute leucemia were treated by injection of extracts of bone marrow in an attempt to replace the missing maturation factors in hematopoiesis. Of the patients treated, four had more or less complete remissions of the leucemic state, and in several others there was evidence of considerably increased maturation of the granular leucocytes.
Effects of Dimetridazole on the Performance of Laying Hens

Abstract THE addition of a drug to a poultry feed to prevent the outbreak of disease is not always economically justified. However, if such medication can be shown to improve the overall performance of the animal receiving the drug, such additions may then be justified. For this reason it was necessary to explore the effects of the relatively new drug, dimetridazole2 (1,2-dinitro-5-imidazole), on the laying performance of chickens. Thayer (1956) observed that laying hens, when fed furazolidone, N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidene)-3-amino-2-oxazolidone, did not maintain the same level of production as did the hens receiving the unmedicated feed, but Stiles (1961) reported no difference with furazolidone under commercial conditions. However, a slight increase with both furazolidone and nitroxyzone 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-semicarbazone, was observed by Carlson (1960). Merck and Co. (1959) reported Nicarbazine, which contains 4,4′-dinitro-carbanilide, to have improved egg production when concentrations up to 0.01% of the diet were fed. The drug, 1-ethyl-3-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl) urea, was reported to…
Patterns of intraspecific variability in the response to caloric restriction

Caloric restriction (CR) is cited as the most robust means of increasing lifespan across a range of taxa, yet there is a high degree of variability in the response to CR, both within and between species. To examine the intraspecific evolutionary conservation of lifespan extension by CR, we tested the effects of chronic caloric restriction (CCR) at multiple food levels and of intermittent fasting (IF) in twelve isolates from the Brachionus plicatilis species complex of monogonont rotifers. While CCR generally increased or did not change lifespan and total fecundity, IF caused increased, unchanged, or decreased lifespan, depending upon the isolate, and decreased total fecundity in all but one isolate. Lifespan under ad libitum (AL) feeding varied among isolates and predicted the lifespan response to CR: longer-lived isolates under AL were less likely to have a significant increase in lifespan under CCR and were more likely to have a significantly shortened lifespan under IF. Lifespan under AL conditions and the response to CR were not correlated with hydroperiodicity of native habitat or with time in culture. Lack of trade-off between lifespan and fecundity under CCR, and differences in lifespan and fecundity under CCR and IF, even when average food intake was similar, suggest that longevity changes are not always directly determined by energy intake and that CCR and IF regimens extend lifespan through diverse genetic mechanisms.
A loop network for simultaneous transmission of variable-length messages

A loop (ring) system is proposed for distributed computer networks which: i) allows simultaneous transmission of variable-length message frames, 2) minimizes loop access and transmission times, and 3) provides a form of automatic traffic regulation. The ring interface transmitter which performs these three functions is described, and a conceptual model of its operation is developed. The model illustrates a technique by which the ring interface transmitter can delay incoming messages by hardware buffering just long enough for a variable-length output message to be placed on the loop. It is shown how advantage can be taken of gaps between incoming messages to clear out the delay buffer and to make room for future outgoing messages. It is further demonstrated that an interesting form of automatic message traffic regulation results from use of the proposed technique. Possible hardware implementations of the model are also considered, using a variable-length shift register for the incoming message delay buffer. The probable effects of the proposed technique on message transmission are discussed, and ongoing analytic and simulation studies are described.