cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“My Skin Color Stops Me from Leading”: Tracking, Identity, and Student Dynamics in a Racially Mixed School

0 0 1 103 589 VFCC 4 1 691 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:JA;} The practice of separating students according to ability level, also known as academic tracking, allows racially mixed schools to maintain segregated classrooms. This article examines the effects of academic tracking on the racial identity and educational opportunities of students at a mixed-race suburban charter school. Through five months of participant observation research, I found that the long-term practice of academic tracking created racial boundaries among students, silenced students of color in honors classes, and limited educational opportunity for all students. However, subsequent efforts to detrack, although superficial, resulted in positive outcomes for all students.
Effect of concentrated ambient particles on macrophage phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Particulate air pollution is linked to increased pneumonia epidemiologically and diminished lung bacterial clearance experimentally. We investigated the effect of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs, ⩽ PM2.5) on the interaction of murine primary alveolar macrophages (AMs) and the murine macrophage cell line, J774 A.1, with Streptococcus pneumoniae. We found that CAPs increased binding of bacteria by both primary AMs and J774 cells (66.7 ± 10.6% and 58.9 ± 4.0%, respectively, n = 4). In contrast to bacterial binding, CAPs decreased internalization in both AMs and J774 (55.4 ± 8.5% and 54.7 ± 5.1%, respectively, n = 4). The rate of killing of internalized bacteria was similar, but CAPs caused a decrease in the absolute number of bacteria killed by macrophages, mainly due to decreased internalization. Additional analyses showed that soluble components of CAPs mediated the enhanced binding and decreased internalization of S. pneumoniae. Chelation of iron in soluble CAPs substantially reversed, while addition...
The Role of WorldCat in Resources Sharing

The 30th anniversary of WorldCat was celebrated in 2001. At that time, there were 45 million records with over 750 million location listings, spanning over 4,000 years of recorded knowledge in 377 languages. In the anniversary year, a bibliometric study was begun under the auspices of an OCLC/ALISE research grant. A 10% systematic random sample of the database was analyzed utilizing the OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) iCAs software to profile the monographic contents of WorldCat by type of library, subject and language parameters. The profile reveals the extent of global publications made accessible through the OCLC international network. Several findings of the study can be examined as possible barriers to successful cooperation in collection development and resources sharing. One of the major problems analyzed in the study is the timeliness in the availability of bibliographic records for current publications. This paper explores the feasibility of using WorldCat as a cooperative collection development tool as well as additional measures which might be derived from analyzing bibliographic records. The results can be used to stimulate discussion on the role of WorldCat as an international resource on the universe of publication available for research and resources sharing worldwide.
Use of Ibuprofen in Unusual Circumstances

The clinical pharmacology of ibuprofen (Motrin, Upjohn) in relation to the pathophysiologic aspects of various diseases is explained. An understanding of prostaglandin's numerous effects can help the clinician to expand the use of ibuprofen (as in Barttern's syndrome) and to exercise caution as warranted, as when treating patients with renal disease. Knowledge of ibuprofen's clinical pharmacology may also enable practitioners to prescribe the drug rationally in situations not weil represented in the litereature, as in the elderly or in individuals with bleeding diatheses or severe liver disease. The use of ibuprofen in multiple-drug therapy with aspirin, warfarin, phenytoin, digoxin, or lithium is explored. Perusal of the literature enables the clinician to gain an awareness of patient subpopulations warranting careful use of medication, including the elderly or individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, or aspirin-induced asthma.
A PDM-to-digital encoder and translator

Development of the PDM-to-digital encoder and associated translator resulted from a requirement to preserve the accuracy of pulse-duration modulation (PDM) telemetered data. Deterioration of accuracy in the data reduction or ?playback? of such data is avoided by digitizing the data directly at the output of the receiver and recording the digitized data in serial form on a standard PDM channel of a magnetic tape recorder such as an Ampex model 309 using Ampex model 303 pulse amplifiers. The pulse duration is measured at the half-amplitude level of the PDM pulses for the digitizing process to minimize the effects of variations in amplitude and rise and fall times. Once the PDM data are digitized, no error is introduced by the PDM circuitry or wow-and-flutter characteristics of the tape recorder. Range timing is recorded on a standard channel adjacent to the PDM channel. A translator is required at the data-reduction facility to convert the digital data recorded on a conventional PDM tape recorder channel into a format suitable for computer or buffer equipment use. The translator, with associated time code reader to read the tape recorded range timing, supplies a time tag with a time resolution of 1 millisecond for each digitized data sample.
Natural equivariant transversally elliptic Dirac operators

We introduce a new class of natural, explicitly defined, transversally elliptic differential operators over manifolds with compact group actions. Under certain assumptions, the symbols of these operators generate all the possible values of the equivariant index. We also show that the components of the representation-valued equivariant index coincide with those of an elliptic operator constructed from the original data.
Properties of the reaction pp → K+K−π+π− at 2.32 GeV/c

An analysis of a data sample of 1296 events of the reaction pp → K+K−π+π− at 2.32 GeV/c is presented. The reaction cross section is 300 ± 20 μb. A number of tests of C conservation were made with careful attention to possible systematic errors, yielding no clear evidence of C violation. Various quasi two-body and quasi three-body final states contributing to this reaction were studied. The final state φπ+π− appears to be produced via a Zweig's rule violating mechanism. An analysis of the quasi three-body final state, K∗0K−π+ (with K∗0→K+π−) plus charge conjugate, whose cross section is 84 ± 12 μb, is given. The properties of this final state are compared with expectations based on a simple baryon exchange model, and poor agreement is found. A quark model allows a successful qualitative interpretation of the properties of this three-body final state.
Relationship of flow cytometry results to clinical and steroid receptor status in human breast cancer.

Flow cytometry (FC), estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) analyses were performed on 226 breast cancers. The presence of steroid receptors was inversely proportional to proliferative index and percent aneuploidy. Within the two ER (+ and −) groups, the presence of PR did not add significantly to the comparison. The mean proliferative index for the diploid tumors was 17.5±6.8 compared to 27.8±9.8 for aneuploid tumors (p<.001). The degree of aneuploidy, or DNA index, was not related to cell cycle kinetics or steroid receptor status. In 163 tissues analyzed for percent tumor present, a correlation between the relative number of aneuploid cells and percent tumor in the histologic review was observed. A study of the diploid tumors indicated greater than 75% had at least 10% tumor cells by histologic review. Since with FC one can observe at least 10% aneuploid cells in a tumor sample, it is our opinion that the percent aneuploidy in this study is not artifactually low due to sampling error. There was no significant relationship between nodal status or number of positive nodes and proliferative index, aneuploidy, or steroid receptor status. Metastatic tumors had a higher mean proliferative index, but this was not statistically significant. There was a relationship between age and proliferative index but not between age and ploidy status. In a small group of patients there was a trend for proliferative index and percent aneuploidy to be higher in the poorly differentiated and larger tumors when compared to the well differentiated and smaller tumors.
Systems of Many Overlapping Resonances

In unitarizing dual models, one is faced with the problem of handling many overlapping resonances in the same partial wave. We derive a unitarized amplitude for an arbitrary number of resonances and two-body channels in terms of the isolated partial widths and masses the resonances would have in the absence of overlap. We also discuss the use of our formalism to extract the isolated masses and widths [directly related to SU(3)] from the experimental quantities in the presence of overlap.
Biomarkers in vasculitis.

Purpose of reviewBetter biomarkers are needed for guiding management of patients with vasculitis. Large cohorts and technological advances had led to an increase in preclinical studies of potential biomarkers.Recent findingsThe most interesting markers described recently include a gene expression si
Occurrence of habituation during repeated food exposure via the olfactory and gustatory systems.

Abstract Background Greater exposure to an orosensory cue could increase habituation rate. This investigation examined salivary habituation during 10 lemon juice trials providing exposure via olfactory, gustatory, and combined systems. Methods Healthy, normal-weight, unrestrained females (age = 20.7 ± 2.7 year, body mass index [BMI] = 22.2 ± 1.5 kg/m 2 , 70.0% white) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: olfactory (SMELL: n = 8), gustatory (TASTE: n = 10), or olfactory + gustatory (SMELL + TASTE: n = 9). All conditions completed 12, 2-minute, trials (trials 1–2: water [baseline]; trials 3–12: lemon juice), in which salivation was measured. In conditions with taste exposure, 0.05 ml of the stimulus was placed on the tongue. In conditions with smell exposure, 4.0 g of the stimulus was held 0.5 in from the nose. Salivation was measured using dental rolls and mean salivation of every two trials was the dependent variable. Results A mixed-factor ANCOVA, controlling for baseline differences between the conditions in lemon juice hedonics, found a significant (p Conclusion Repeated exposure to an orosensory cue by combined olfactory and gustatory systems produced a faster habituation rate than exposure by the gustatory system alone. Thus, food cues that combine exposure to the olfactory and gustatory systems may enhance satiation.
Representable orientations of the free spikes

All orientations of binary and ternary matroids are representable [R.G. Bland, M. Las Vergnas, Orientability of matroids, J. Combinatorial Theory Ser. B 24 (1) (1978) 94-123; J. Lee, M. Scobee, A characterization of the orientations of ternary matroids, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 77 (2) (1999) 263-291]. In this paper we show that this is not the case for matroids that are representable over GF(p^k) where k>=2. Specifically, we show that there are orientations of the rank-k free spike that are not representable for all k>=4. The proof uses threshold functions to obtain an upper bound on the number of representable orientations of the free spikes.
Why HLA-B27: An Analysis Based on Two Animal Models

The histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27 predisposes to at least three diseases: ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and acute anterior uveitis. Despite its marked association with these diseases, the mechanism of the predisposition remains speculative. Two animal models, those of adjuvant arthritis and endotoxin-induced uveitis, are particularly relevant to an understanding of B27-related disease. An analysis of these two models is useful in considering hypotheses on the mechanism of the B27-related predisposition. The proposal that HLA-B27 itself or a gene closely linked to it confers an enhanced sensitivity to an inflammatory mediator such as a prostaglandin fits both with the animal models and observations on human disease. Studies to test this hypothesis are in progress.
D1/D2 actions of dopaminergic drugs studied with [14C]-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography.

Abstract 1. 1. To define the neural circuits activated by dopaminergic stimulation in rat models of parkinsonism, the author studied the effects of L-dopa and selective D1 and D2 agonists on RCGU in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA substantia nigra lesions. 2. 2. Systemic administration of L-dopa markedly increased RCGU in the EP and SNr ipsilateral to the nigral lesion; it is suggested that this represents metabolic activity primarily in axon terminals of GABAergic striatal projection neurons. These effects were reproduced by selective D1, but not D2, dopamine agonists, and were blocked completely by a D1 antagonist, indicating their critical dependence on D1 stimulation. L-dopa moderately increased RCGU in the STN; this effect was reproduced by D1 and D2 agonists and was blocked completely only by combined D1 and D2 antagonist pretreatment. 3. 3. The RCGU data support a direct stimulatory action of dopamine, formed from L-dopa, on D1 receptor-bearing striatal GABAergic neurons projecting to the EP and SNr as well as a net stimulatory action on the GP output to the STN. 4. 4. The marked D1-mediated RCGU increase in the SNr ipsilateral to the dopamine depletion contrasts with the modest increase seen on the contralateral side and in naive rats, suggesting that the enhanced RCGU response to D1 stimulation is an index of dopaminergic supersensitivity. The stimulatory effect of the D1 agonist SKF 38393 on RCGU in the SNr is enhanced 6–12 hours after acute dopamine depletion with reserpine/AMPT indicating that supersensitive responses develop within this rapid time frame. 5. 5. The RCGU data indicate that D1 receptor stimulation contributes importantly, in an anatomically selective manner, to the effects of L-dopa on basal ganglia circuits and that the response to D1 stimulation is rapidly modifiable by dopamine depletion.
Full System Operations of Mercury; A Diode-Pumped Solid-State Laser

Laser operations with two amplifiers activated produced 35 Joules at 1 Hz, 12 Joules at 10 Hz, and 8x104 total system shots. Static distortions in the Yb:S-FAP amplifiers were corrected by magneto rheological finishing technique.
Alcoholic beverage preference and risks of alcohol-related medical consequences: a preliminary report from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.

In studying the alcohol-morbidity association, a substantial amount of attention and efforts has been focused on volume of alcohol intake. Considerably less is known about the differential health effects of beverage types. The present study used a most recent national household survey of the U.S. general population on drinking practices, alcohol use disorders, and their associated disabilities. The prevalence of a broad range of alcohol-related diseases was examined with respect to preferred beverage type, as well as consumption level. Our findings showed a reduced health risk associated with beer and wine drinking for a number of physical disorders, and a somewhat favorable cardiovascular effect of these two beverage types in relation to abstention. Among preferrers of beer, wine, and liquor, the results indicate that liquor preference is associated with elevated morbidity for several medical consequences. However, interpretation of results and the public health implications of these findings need to be taken cautiously, because sociodemographic and other behavioral characteristics were not considered in this preliminary report.
Separate mechanisms for behavioral, cardiovascular, and hormonal responses to dextroamphetamine in man

The neurochemical specificity of physiological, biochemical, and psychological responses to dextroamphetamine was tested by pretreating volunteers with haloperidol (0.014 mg/kg IM), proparonol (0.1 mg/kg IV), thymoxamine (0.1 mg/kg IV), or placebo prior to 0.3 mg/kg IV amphetamine. Healthy volunteers (N=12) participated in the studies, but not all volunteers received each drug combination. Haloperidol prevented dextroamphetamine-induced behavioral excitation, but did not significantly affect plasma norepinephrine or pressor responses, whereas propranolol inhibited norepinephrine and pressor responses without influencing excitation or other behavioral responses. Thymoxamine did not affect any of the responses measured. None of the agents significantly affected plasma cortisol or growth hormone responses. The prolactin rise following dextroamphetamine was potentiated by haloperidol. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that behavioral excitation after dextroamphetamine occurs through a dopaminergic mechanism, and pressor responses through a noradrenergic mechanism.
Morphological behavior of thin polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane films at the molecular scale

Synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XRR) was used to study the structure of thin films of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) with side organic chains of different flexibility and containing terminal epoxy groups. POSS films were deposited from volatile solvents on hydroxylated and hydrogen-passivated silicon surfaces. The XRR data show a variety of structural morphologies, including autophobic molecular monolayers and bilayers as well as uniform films. The role of conformational and energetic factors governing the development of different morphologies in a restricted geometry is discussed.
Interaction of an Entropy Spot with a Shock

The problem of a shock wave interacting with a two-dimensional and an axisymmetric entropy or temperature spot is addressed. The problem is posed in the framework of the Euler equations, which are solved by a sixth-order accurate shock-fitting algorithm. The results indicate that such an interaction squishes the spot in the direction of convection and engenders a pair of counter-rotating vortices along with an acoustic wave, which propagates away from the center of the vortical system. The acoustic front steepens, leading to secondary shocks for sufficiently high shock Mach numbers. The enstrophy and dilatation budgets are discussed. The quantitative differences between the hot and cold spot cases are brought out, as well as those between the two-dimensional and the axisymmetric cases. The emphasis is on the nonlinear aspects of the interaction process
A Phosphoproteomic Analysis of the ErbB2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathways

Overexpression of the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase is common in human cancers and is associated with an increased level of metastasis. To better understand the cellular signaling networks activated by ErbB2, a phosphoproteomic analysis of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins was carried out in ErbB2-overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. A total of 153 phosphorylation sites were assigned on 78 proteins. Treatment of cells with Herceptin, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits ErbB2 activity, significantly reduced the number of detectable protein phosphorylation sites, suggesting that many of these proteins participate in ErbB2-driven cell signaling. Of the 71 proteins that were differentially phosphorylated, only 13 were previously reported to directly associate with ErbB2. The differentially phosphorylated proteins included kinases, adaptor/docking proteins, proteins involved in cell proliferation and migration, and several uncharacterized RNA binding proteins. Selective depletion of some of these proteins, including RNA binding proteins SRRM2, SFRS1, SFRS9, and SFRS10, by siRNAs reduced the rate of migration of ErbB2-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells.
Inference of link positions for planar closed-loop mechanisms

Abstract A system is presented for the automated assembly of planar closed-loop mechanisms. The system is a combination of an inference-of-position technique and a kinematic orientation analysis method. Given a set of mechanism components in unassembled position and orientation, the system automatically calculates the assembly transformation matrices for each component such that a feasible configuration of the mechanism is obtained. The system requires relatively simple input data: the position of the joint location and the mating relationships of associated geometric features. The system facilitates the design and analysis of mechanisms by relieving the user of the manual specification of the assembly configuration. Several examples are presented that demonstrate the capabilities of the automated assembly system.
Looking backward, looking forward: Mental retardation and the question of equality in the new millennium.

The writer considers the influence that the growing power of genetic science may bring to bear on people with mental retardation. Within the next century, the eradication of what are thought to be diseases, disorders, and defects may be possible. As a result, it is crucial to decide whether mental retardation is seen as a condition that needs to be prevented in all circumstances or as part of the spectrum of human variation. As genetic intervention techniques abound, there is a danger that people with mental retardation will be further devalued.
Creep strength of fiber and particulate composite materials: The effect of interface slip and diffusion

Abstract It is well known that the creep resistance of metal and intermetallic matrix composites containing fibers or particulates arises from the constraint of the matrix by the reinforcement. Experimental results indicate that, in general, at modest temperatures the creep strength of these composites is better than that of the matrix material alone. However, at temperatures higher than approximately half of the melting temperature of the matrix the composite strength is limited and in some cases the strengthening imparted by the reinforcements is completely lost. The quantitative effect of diffusional relaxation and interface slip along the matrix-reinforcement interface, on the matrix constraint and thereby on the creep resistance, is studied. The composite behavior is modeled by coupling the slip and diffusional mass transport along the interface with power law deformation of the matrix with the reinforcement considered as rigid. The transverse creep resistance of a continuous fiber composite material and the axial creep strength of a discontinuous fiber composite are investigated in plane strain and axial symmetry respectively. The relevant unit cell boundary value problems are solved by the finite element method. Results indicate that slip at the interface alone can reduce the transverse creep strength of a continuous fiber composite to levels below that of the pure matrix material. On the contrary, analysis of the axial creep resistance of discontinuous fiber composites indicates that diffusion is necessary in addition to the free slip for the same result.
A Study in Sexual Health Applying the Principles of Community-Based Participatory Research

The principles of community-based participatory research were applied to an exploratory sexual health study that examined “cruising for sex” among men on a college campus. In the context of a study seeking a broad interpretation of the health implications of cruising, and when faced with methodological challenges, the researchers found these principles to provide invaluable guidance. A review of the research process is offered and the manner in which the principles of community-based participatory research were operationalized for this study is described.
Comparative Political Economy of East and South Asia: A Critique of Development Policy and Management

Preface - Development: A Comparative Study - Development: Problems and Constraints - Development: Changing Objectives - State and Market: Alternatives to Development - Comparative Development of the Two Asias - Development Policies: Analysis and Implementation - Developing Capability for Managing Development - Technology and Industrialisation: A Strategy for Development - Public Enterprise and Development - Strategies for the Development and Management of Agriculture - Conclusion - Bibliography - Index
Can balloon aortic valvuloplasty help determine appropriate transcatheter aortic valve size

Objectives We sought to study the potential role of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) in sizing the aortic annulus in patients before transcatheter heart valve (THV) implantation. Background Despite clinicians9 growing experience with THV procedures, the best method of annulus sizing remains unclear. Methods Twenty-three patients with aortic stenosis (l1.0 cm2) who were undergoing surgical valve replacement were enrolled. Pre-operative echocardiographic measurements of the annulus and computed tomography measurements of valve calcium were made. Intraoperatively, a valvuloplasty balloon of known size and inflatable pressure was inserted into the aortic valve and inflated. The development of intraballoon pressure in addition to the nominal inflation pressure (AIBP) reflected the apposition of balloon and valve. Surgical annulus was measured by cylindrical sizers. Results In patients with tricuspid valves, AIBP was generated in 11 of 12 patients when the balloon diameter was greater than the surgically measured annulus, regardless of leaflet calcification (2 of 10 patients when balloon ≤ surgical annulus). In bicuspid valves, high AIBP (∼1 atm) was encountered with balloons that were within 1 mm of annulus size, and leaflet dehiscence occurred with larger balloons (n = 2 patients). Annulus size was underestimated by transthoracic echocardiogram and transesophageal echocardiogram compared with surgery (p l 0.001): transthoracic echocardiogram = 21.5 ± 1.8 mm, transesophageal echocardiogram = 22.0 ± 1.6 mm and surgical = 23.2 ± 1.9 mm (range 20 to 27 mm, mode 22 mm). Conclusions These data suggest that measuring AIBP during balloon aortic valvuloplasty in tricuspid valves is an important adjunctive measurement of the aortic annulus and may help in determining the appropriate THV size.
Implications of reduced measurement data sets on overall microwave tomographic image quality

Microwave tomographic approaches generally acquire measurement data from multi-directional field illuminations and reconstruct the images into dielectric property maps, or images, of the target zone. In general, this inversion process is ill-posed and ill-conditioned. Conventional wisdom suggests that when the amount of data collected can be increased, the image quality will be improved. Of course, there are often real costs involved in acquiring more data - especially with respect to the system hardware design. In fact, previous singular value decomposition studies by our group have indicated the returns from such added costs diminish rapidly with the number of antennas after a certain point. In addition, by implementing our log-magnitude/phase reconstruction algorithm, we have begun examining the actual pieces of measurement data to explore which pieces contain more valuable information. These experiments may have important implications for our reconstruction strategies and also open up new imaging opportunities. (5 pages)
DNA topoisomerase I and PC4 can interact with human TFIIIC to promote both accurate termination and transcription reinitiation by RNA polymerase III.

Abstract A human TFIIIC-containing complex (operationally designated holo TFIIIC) has been isolated by immunoaffinity methods and further resolved into two components that are both required for promoter-directed transcription of the VA1 gene. One component, designated TFIIIC, contains 5 polypeptides previously ascribed to TFIIIC2 and 4 additional polypeptides that correspond to TFIIIC1. Included within the other component are factors, namely DNA topoisomerase I and PC4, previously shown to serve as coactivators for transcription by RNA polymerase II. Topoisomerase I and PC4 both enhance TFIIIC interactions with downstream promoter regions and promote multiple, but not single, round transcription by RNA polymerase III from preformed preinitiation complexes. Novel functions for holo TFIIIC in transcription elongation and accurate termination events that could be important for efficient reinitiation are also described.
A Popular Education Model for College in Community

Many students in American universities suffer from an educational alienation that may be analyzed in terms of five connections that are missing in the education they receive. An abstract model of what college education might be, inspired by ideas from popular and democratic education, gives a picture of what an education would be like if these connections were restored. The linkage between the University of Minnesota and the Jane Addams School for Democracy, a community-based center for learning and action in the West Side neighborhood of St. Paul, gives a concrete example of how it is possible to work toward the ideal model from within a traditional university and to create with university students and community partners a fabric of experiences that rebinds education as connected, whole and humane.
Electronic structure of alloy surfaces: Coherent-potential approximation

Abstract The electronic structure of alloy surfaces is investigated within the framework of the coherent-potential approximation, a scheme originally derived for infinite alloy systems and here generalized to the case of the semi-infinite cleaved alloy crystal. The theory is applied to substitutional binary alloys, described by a single-band Wannier model one-electron Hamiltonian. Numerical results for the configurationally averaged surface density of states are discussed for a variety of system parameters. Among the cases considered are alloys of uniform composition and alloys in which the surface composition differs from that of the interior.
Confinement and deconfinement of quarks in nuclear matter

Abstract Nuclear matter at high baryon density or excitation energy is expected to undergo a transition to deconfined quark matter, a new state of matter, whose production and detection would be an exciting and basic advance in nuclear physics. These lectures summarize our current understanding of quark matter and the deconfinement transition. Beginning with a review of elementary models of confinement, they then describe basic properties of quark matter and estimates of the transition from hadronic to quark matter, and finally briefly discuss various ways one might see quark matter experimentally, by production in nuclear collisions, or in the form of metastable exotic nuclear objects.
Delivery of a nonpotassium modified maintenance solution to enhance myocardial protection in stressed neonatal hearts: A new approach

Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare conventional cardioplegic strategies with a new approach that uses a modified nonpotassium maintenance solution between cardioplegia doses in stressed neonatal hearts. Methods: Thirty-five neonatal piglets underwent 60 minutes of ventilator hypoxia (inspired oxygen fraction 8%-10%) followed by 20 minutes of ischemia on cardiopulmonary bypass. In 10 animals bypass was discontinued without further ischemia (stress control group). The other 25 received a warm blood cardioplegic induction and were separated into 5 groups. In 5 animals cardiopulmonary bypass was discontinued without further ischemia (cardioplegia control group); the remaining 20 underwent an additional 70 minutes of cold blood cardioplegic arrest. Five received only intermittent cardioplegia every 20 minutes, whereas 15 also received cold blood maintenance infusions between cardioplegic doses (integrated strategy). In 5 of these animals the blood was unmodified, whereas in 10 a modified nonpotassium "cardioplegia-like" solution was delivered either antegradely (n = 5) or retrogradely (n = 5). Myocardial function was assessed by pressure-volume loops (expressed as percentage of control); vascular function was assessed by coronary vascular resistance. Results: All piglets that underwent hypoxic ischemic stress alone (controls) died. Warm induction alone (cardioplegic controls) partially repaired the stress injury. Intermittent cardioplegia preserved the depressed systolic function (end-systolic elastance 40% vs 39%), increased diastolic stiffness (255% vs 239%), reduced adenosine triphosphate (10.6 vs 12.2 μg/g tissue), and elevated coronary vascular resistance at levels identical to warm induction alone; infusing unmodified blood between cardioplegia doses (standard integrated) improved results slightly. In contrast, infusion of a cold modified solution (antegrade or retrograde) between cardioplegia doses (modified integrated) completely restored systolic function (end-systolic elastance 100% and 97%, P P P P Conclusions: Infusion of a cold modified solution between cardioplegic doses (modified integrated protection) significantly improved myocardial protection in the stressed neonatal heart, was effective delivered either antegradely or retrogradely, and was used successfully for hypoxic (stressed) pediatric patients.
On a new class of C-testable systolic arrays

Abstract This paper presents a new approach to constant (C) testability of systolic arrays. This approach differs from previous approaches, because it uses a cell-level functional characterization, i.e. it relates the characteristics of processing in a basic cell to the generation of the test sequence. This characterization is used to define a new class of testable systems, namely the functionally C-testable (FC) arrays. The sufficient conditions for an array to be FC-testable are presented. It is also shown that cells which operate using a signed number system with an even range (such as signed-magnitude and one's complement), are best suited for FC-testability. The proposed theory is applied to one-dimensional unilateral arrays which employ the inner product as the basic processing step. The proposed characterization provides an unifying criterion for C-testable systems (such as those using partition and one-step testability), while also achieving a simple test vector generation and an optimal order of complexity in the testing process.
Effects of Personality and Gender on Fantasy Sports Game Participation: The Moderating Role of Perceived Knowledge

Although 30 million individuals are engaged in fantasy sports games in the United States, little is known about the personality, attitudes, and intentions of fantasy sports game participants. This study (N = 244) explored the role of gender, sensation seeking (SS), locus of control (LOC), and need for cognition (NFC) in predicting attitudes and intentions relative to participating in fantasy football league. A domain-specific construct (e.g., perceived football knowledge: PK) was employed as a moderator to control the potential attenuating effects of personality and related human behavior. A moderated multiple regression technique (MMR) examined the first-order and lower-order interaction effects on attitudes and behavioral intentions toward fantasy games. For males (n = 123), SS, LOC, and PK were related to both attitudes and intentions toward participating and PK acted as a moderator between LOC and intentions. For females (n = 121), none of the personality traits was associated with attitudes or intentions. The applied and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed along with future directions for research.
Side effects of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children — A brief review

Four of the most commonly reported side effects of dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine ) and methylphenidate (Ritalin), viz., anorexia, insomnia, stomach pains, and weight loss, were reviewed, with special attention to growth suppression accompanying weight loss. The available evidence indicates that the effects of insomnia, anorexia, and stomach pains are transient and diminish as treatment continues and as medication is properly managed. There is evidence for growth suppression accomapnying weight loss, and possibly some suppression of stature, but these effects are not long-lasting and, from existing evidence, seem to have little effect on adult height or weight.
INSTITUTIONALIZATION, FRAMING, AND DIFFUSION: THE LOGIC OF TQM ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION DECISIONS AMONG U.S. HOSPITALS

We extend institutional theory’s account of diffusion by examining the interplay between economic and social considerations in adoption decisions. Drawing on organizational decision-making research, we argue that both early and late adopters respond to framing and interpreting adoption decision situations as opportunities versus threats. Using data on the diffusion of total quality management (TQM) among U.S. hospitals, we found that motivations to appear legitimate coexist with motivations to realize economic performance improvement, and that issue perception is related to the extent of practice implementation. These findings prompt rethinking of the classic institutional diffusion model.
Intra-seasonal NDVI change projections in semi-arid Africa

Abstract Early warning systems (EWS) tend to focus on the identification of slow onset disasters such famine and epidemic disease. Since hazardous environmental conditions often precede disastrous outcomes by many months, effective monitoring via satellite and in situ observations can successfully guide mitigation activities. Accurate short term forecasts of NDVI could increase lead times, making early warning earlier. This paper presents a simple empirical model for making 1 to 4 month NDVI projections. These statistical projections are based on parameterized satellite rainfall estimates (RFE) and relative humidity demand (RHD). A quasi-global, 1 month ahead, 1° study demonstrates reasonable accuracies in many semi-arid regions. In Africa, a 0.1° cross-validated skill assessment quantifies the technique's applicability at 1 to 4 month forecast intervals. These results suggest that useful projections can be made over many semi-arid, food insecure regions of Africa, with plausible extensions to drought prone areas of Asia, Australia and South America.
Preferential noncovalent immunoglobulin G adsorption onto hydrophobic segments of multi-functional metallic nanowires

Abstract Two-segment metallic nanowires fabricated by templated electrodeposition were functionalized with immunoglobulin G (IgG). The functionalization was selective with protein adsorption occurring preferentially on the nickel or gold segment of the wire. This selectivity was achieved by utilizing recent advances in self-assembly of organic ligands at planar electrodes. Two-component Ni–Au nanowires were functionalized to yield both a hydrophilic segment and a hydrophobic segment. Comparative studies with single segment gold and nickel nanowires were also performed. The functionalization procedures allowed the hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups to be directed to either the gold or nickel portion. The protein resistant properties of these bifunctional nanowires were studied and quantified by optical and fluorescence microscopies. A weak non-specific adsorption of IgG to hydrophilic nanowires or nanowire segments was observed. IgG bound strongly to hydrophobic nanowires or nanowire segments. Isotherms were well described by the Langmuir model from which limiting surface coverages near that expected for a monolayer ((6.0 ± 0.5) × 10 −11 mol/cm 2 ) and an equilibrium constant of K = (3 ± 2) × 10 6 M −1 were abstracted. Contact angle measurements on planar Au and Ni surfaces correlated well with the degree of protein adsorption to nanowires.
Geomorphometry and processes that built Necker Ridge, central North Pacific Ocean

Abstract Necker Ridge is an enigmatic 650-km long, narrow, linear aseismic bathymetric feature that rises 2500 to 3000 m above the abyssal seafloor south of the Hawaiian Ridge. The ridge is the largest of a series of aseismic ridges that emanate from the eastern side of the Mid-Pacific Mountains outward towards the northeast. The trend of Necker Ridge is at an angle to fracture zones and spreading centers in the region, so its origin is controversial, yet it is a major feature on this part of the Cretaceous Pacific Plate. The entire feature, from Necker Island on the Hawaiian Ridge to the eastern Mid-Pacific Mountains, including the adjacent abyssal seafloor, was mapped in 2009 and 2011 with the latest generation of multibeam echosounders. The detailed bathymetry shows the ridge to be constructed of a series of stacked, thick (200–400 m) volcanic flows that can be traced along the trend of Necker Ridge for 100 s of km. This continuity suggests that the volcanism erupted simultaneously along almost the entire length of the feature and not as spatially episodic areas of extrusion. Three relatively flat platforms occur on the summit region, presumably constructed of shallow-water carbonates when these portions of the ridge were at sea level. A conspicuous lack of thick pelagic sediment on the non-platform ridge summit and flanks is seen throughout the ridge. The lack of landslides along the length of the ridge is equally puzzling. The southern end of the ridge is connected by a saddle to the Mid-Pacific Mountains whereas the northern end of the ridge is buried by an archipelagic apron of the southern flank of the Hawaiian Ridge.
Multiple conductance levels in rat heart inner mitochondrial membranes studied by patch clamping

Abstract The behavior of the mitochondrial inner membrane multiple conductance channel (MCC) which has a peak conductance of 1–1.5 nS has been examined in rat heart mitochondria, MCC can display several unique characteristics: (a) prolonged open and closed times on the order of seconds to minutes, (b) a voltage dependence in which MCC opens (negative potential) or closes (positive potential) generally in steps, (c) a response to inhibitors such as amiodarone in steps corresponding at least approximately to those in (b), (d) a ‘free-running mode’ in which the current level rapidly fluctuates between a minimum of nine conductance levels but with a preferred occupation of the 0.5–0.7 nS levels, and (e) very large transitions (1–1.5 nS) resolved at 4 kHz bandwidth as single events with variable mean open time.
The new functional approach to field theory by De Alfaro-Fubini and Furlan and its connection to the Parisi-Wu stochastic quantization

Abstract We show how to derive the De Alfaro-Fubini-Furlan functional approach to field theory, starting directly from the Parisi-Wu stochastic quantization method. The main ingredient is the use of the Nicolai transformation here applied to the vacuum-vacuum generating functional of the Fokker-Planck dynamics.
Protein interactions and crystallization

A lysozyme phase boundary is successfully compared to theoretical predictions from simple fluid theory. The comparison is made using the adhesive hard sphere potential to model protein interactions. The lysozyme phase boundary is constructed from solubility and osmotic second virial coefficient measurements. The result suggests simple models for protein interactions can be useful for investigating protein crystallization. This study supports the use of osmotic second virial coefficient measurements to identify favorable protein crystallization conditions.
The α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist doxazosin inhibits EGFR and NF-κB signalling to induce breast cancer cell apoptosis

Abstract The selective α 1 -adrenergic receptor antagonist doxazosin (dox) has been reported to inhibit prostate cancer proliferation. We now demonstrate that dox-treatment inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro by mechanisms that do not wholly involve the α1-adrenergic receptor. Intriguingly, dox-treatment reduced phosphorylated EGFR expression, decreased pERK1/2 levels and decreased NF-κB, AP-1, SRE, E2F and CRE-mediated transcriptional activity. EGF- and TNFα treatment alone failed to block dox-mediated breast cancer apoptotic effects, but combination of EGF and TNFα treatments completely abrogated dox-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis, indicating doxazosin inhibits both EGFR and NF-κB signalling pathways to induce breast cancer cell apoptosis. Doxazosin is proposed as a possible novel medical therapy for breast cancer.
Benzotriazol‐1‐sulfonyl Azide

[1246367-30-5] C6H4N6O2S (MW 224.20) InChI = 1S/C6H4N6O2S/c7-9-11-15(13,14)12-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)8-10-12/h1-4H InChIKey = AYOJLIHUPZVAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (diazo donor reagent, used primarily in the diazo transfer reaction; introduces azide and diazo groups into organic compounds)1 Physical Data: white crystalline solid; mp 85.3–88.3 °C;1 d 1.696 mg m−3.1, 2 Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents (such as MeCN, CH2Cl2, low molecular weight alcohols, EtOAc) and in partially aqueous media (e.g., MeCN/H2O).1 Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H/13C NMR, mp, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis.1 Preparative Method: benzotriazol -1-sulfonyl azide, BtSO2N3, is prepared by the reaction of BtH (2 equiv) and py (1 equiv) with ClSO2N3, prepared in situ from equimolar ratios of NaN3 and SO2Cl2 in MeCN.1, 3, 4. Purification: aqueous workup with a saturated solution of Na2CO3; organic layer (EtOAc) dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, dried, and used in this form. Recrystallization using hexane/EtOAc (7:3) gives white crystals.1. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: thermoanalytical measurements demonstrate that BtSO2N3 is thermally stable below 100 °C (differential scanning calorimetry showed no change after two cycles of heating to 100 °C, followed by cooling to −100 °C).1, 3 The reagent as a dry solid has a long shelf life at room temperature and can be utilized several months after its preparation. 1H NMR on the reagent was performed after it had been stored in closed clear glass vial at room temperature for a period of 6 weeks and even for several months, thus demonstrating its longevity. A moderate exothermic decomposition was noted when the hammer test was performed. Although no trouble was noted when utilizing the reagent, appropriate safety measures must always be taken at all times with high-energy azides.1.
Prediction and quantification of micromixing intensities in laminar flows

A new approach presented here predicts and quantifies the nonuniform spatial distribution of passive interfaces in both periodic and aperiodic chaotic mixing processes. Based on a coarse-grained calculation of line element stretching, it bypasses the direct numerical simulation of continuous interfaces, which is computationally impractical even in simple model flows. The evolution of the structures created by the Lagrangian displacement and deformation process is decoupled into the product of a time-invariant, spatially-dependent function expressing the nonuniform density of interface throughout the flow domain and a temporally-dependent function expressing the exponential growth of the interface, characterized by a global exponent (topological entropy) unambiguously different from the Lyapunov exponent. The Sine Flow agreed excellently with the Journal Bearing, when results from direct tracking of the interface were compared to those using stretching calculations to predict interface density.