cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GPS/INS navigation precision and its effect on airborne radio occultation retrieval accuracy

An airborne radio occultation (RO) system has been developed to retrieve atmospheric profiles of refractivity, moisture, and temperature. The long-term objective of such a system is deployment on commercial aircraft to increase the quantity of moisture observations in flight corridors in order to improve weather forecast accuracy. However, there are several factors important to operational feasibility that have an impact on the accuracy of the airborne RO results. We investigate the effects of different types of navigation system noise on the precision of the retrieved atmospheric profiles using recordings from the GNSS Instrument System for Multistatic and Occultation Sensing (GISMOS) test flights, which used an Applanix POS/AV 510 Global Positioning System (GPS)/Inertial Navigation System (INS). The data were processed using a carrier phase differential GPS technique, and then the GPS position and inertial measurement unit data were combined in a loosely coupled integrated inertial navigation solution. This study quantifies the velocity precision as a function of distance from GPS reference network sites, the velocity precision with or without an inertial measurement unit, the impact of the quality of the inertial measurement unit, and the compromise in precision resulting from the use of real-time autonomous GPS positioning. We find that using reference stations with baseline lengths of up to 760 km from the survey area has a negligible impact on the retrieved refractivity precision. We also find that only a small bias (less than 0.5% in refractivity) results from the use of an autonomous GPS solution rather than a post-processed differential solution when used in an integrated GPS/INS system. This greatly expands the potential range of an operational airborne radio occultation system, particularly over the oceans, where observations are sparse.
Computational Engineering: Its Promise and Challenges

The three papers in this special issue describe the promises and challenges of "design through analysis" product development.
Mapping QTL for dollar spot resistance in creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.)

Dollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett is the most economically important turf disease on golf courses in North America. Dollar spot resistance in a creeping bentgrass cultivar would greatly reduce the frequency, costs, and environmental impacts of fungicide application. Little work has been done to understand the genetics of resistance to dollar spot in creeping bentgrass. Therefore, QTL analysis was used to determine the location, number and effects of genomic regions associated with dollar spot resistance in the field. To meet this objective, field inoculations using a single isolate were performed over 2 years and multiple locations using progeny of a full sib mapping population ‘549 × 372’. Dollar spot resistance seems to be inherited quantitatively and broad sense heritability for resistance was estimated to be 0.88. We have detected one QTL with large effect on linkage group 7.1 with LOD values ranging from 3.4 to 8.6 and explaining 14–36% of the phenotypic variance. Several smaller effect QTL specific to rating dates, locations and years were also detected. The association of the tightly linked markers with the LG 7.1 QTL based on 106 progeny was further examined by single marker analysis on all 697 progeny. The high significance of the QTL on LG 7.1 at a sample size of 697 (P < 0.0001), along with its consistency across locations, years and ratings dates, indicated that it was stable over environments. Markers tightly linked to the QTL can be utilized for marker-assisted selection in future bentgrass breeding programs.
Educational Support for Students with Severe Problem Behaviors in Oregon: A Descriptive Analysis from the 1987-1988 School Year.

Oregon has been identified as a leader in maintaining students with severe disabilities in regular school environments (Danielson & Bellamy, 1989). This paper presents descriptive data from a surve...
Cutaneous lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (immunocytoma) with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia mimicking rosacea

Abstract A 50-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of facial lesions that were resistant to rosacea therapy. Evaluation of histology, immunohistochemistry, gene rearrangement study, bone-marrow biopsy specimen, and systemic workup revealed the findings of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (immunocytoma) in both the skin lesions and bone marrow, and IgM kappa paraprotein. Lesions cleared after chemotherapy.
Chemical Modification and Functional Properties of Acylated Beef Heart Myofibrillar Proteins

Beef heart myofibrils were acylated with 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mmoles anhydride/g protein, at pH 8.0–8.5 and 2–3°C, with acetic anhydride (AA), succinic anhydride (SA), cis,cis,cis,cis-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (FA), and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride (BA). The anhydride reacted with e-amino groups of lysine, sulfhydryl groups, and hydroxyl groups of tyrosine, serine, and threonine. Chemically modified beef heart myofibriliar proteins were superior to native heart myofibriliar proteins in solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion activity, and emulsion stability in a low salt solution of 0.1M NaCl, 0.05M potassium phosphate at pH 7.4 and 6.0. Protein modified with 0.5 mmole anhydride/g protein in 0.2M NaCl had a solubility greater than unmodified proteins in 0.6M NaCl at pH 7.4. Chemical modification also altered the pH-solubility profile. The chemically modified beef heart myofibrillar proteins exhibited an emulsifying capacity at pH 6.0 and 7.4 that was greater than that of the native proteins at pH 7.4. The recommended extent of acylation for modifying beef heart myofibrils on a gram protein basis is 0.6 mmole AA, 1.5 moles SA, 0.6 mmole FA, and 0.6 mmole BA.
Comment on “How Can Seismic Hazard in the New Madrid Seismic Zone Be Similar to That in California?” by Arthur Frankel

Frankel (2004) argued that seismic hazard, defined as the maximum shaking predicted for sufficiently low probabilities of recurrence, or equivalently over sufficiently long time intervals, is comparable for sites in the New Madrid zone to that for sites in California. Many aspects of this argument are debatable, because it relies on assumptions about the size, recurrence, and shaking from future earthquakes, none of which is well known (Newman et al. , 2001), and then makes inferences about the extreme and hence uncertain “tails” of the probability distribution presumed to characterize future ground motion (Wang and Ormsbee, 2005). Even more seriously, as discussed here, it relies on a definition of seismic hazard that is of little use in formulating public policy such as building codes because it considers the maximum shaking at a geographic point over 500 or 2,500 years (10% or 2% probability in 50 years) rather than over the much shorter (50-100 year) life of typical structures. Estimating seismic hazard involves both making assumptions about future earthquakes and choosing a definition of hazard. The latter is even more arbitrary and at least as significant as the former. Hence, even if the probabilities of future earthquake occurrence and ground motion were well known—which is far from the case—different …
Activation of a well-behaved cell cycle in araC-treated V79 cells by caffeine.

Abstract 0.3–1.0 σmM araC (cytosine arabinoside) treatment of V79 cells produced inhibition of multiplication of cells which was accompanied by a large increase of cell size. In presence of 1–2 mM caffeine the inhibition of cell proliferation due to araC treatment was substantially reduced and cell-size increase was prevented; caffeine did not influence the uptake of araC by V79 cells. Flow microfluorometric analysis showed that caffeine induced a wave of cell cycle progression in 0.3 μM araC-treated cells. The cell cycle activated by caffeine in 0.3 μM araC-treated cells was largely well behaved; this was indicated by the fact that (1) prior to cell division cells achieved a tetraploid DNA content and (2) following cell division they had diploid DNA content as a result of which DNA homeostasis was maintained. At 1.0 μM araC concentration, however, extreme micronucleation was observed which gave rise to a substantial fraction of micronuclei with
The Cognitive Structure of Decision Making And The Course of Arab-Israeli Relations, 1970-1978

This study begins with an empirical examination of the structural components of Arab and Israeli decision makers' beliefs about foreign affairs and their effect on regional relations. The results corroborate those of previous studies, which show a systematic positive relationship between the complexity of leaders' cognitions and the cooperativeness of their foreign policy behaviors. The findings also mark the patterns of decision making of each of the actors as either strategic or ad hoc in nature. Despite common assertions by both Arab and Israeli leaders of the planned and aggressive intentions of opponent states, the results show little evidence of strategically aggressive policy making on either side. Instead, the analyses highlight the tendencies of both Arab and Israeli decision makers to apply ad hoc decision making and to moderate behavior in decision environments characterized by (1) uncertainty and (2) where the opponent has already demonstrated its own cooperativeness.
Molecular cloning of the mountain cedar (Juniperus ashei) pollen major allergen, Jun a 1.

Abstract Background: Cedar pollens cause allergic disease in diverse geographic areas. We have recently purified and characterized the major mountain cedar (Juniperus ashei) pollen allergen, Jun a 1. Objective: A full-length complementary DNA for Jun a 1 was cloned and sequenced, and the recombinant protein was expressed. Methods: Messenger RNA from mountain cedar pollen was purified and Jun a 1 sequences were established with use of reverse transcriptase–PCR and primers based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of Jun a 1 and the homologous protein Cry j 1. Portions of the nucleotide sequence were confirmed by comparison with N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the intact tryptic fragments of the purified native protein. Recombinant Jun a 1 was cloned into pET 30, expressed in BL21, and purified by HPLC, and its allergenicity was analyzed by Western blotting with patient sera. Results: Jun a 1 possesses a high level of amino acid sequence homology with Cha o 1 and Cry j 1, the major allergens of Japanese cypress and Japanese cedar. The amino acid sequence of a region with putative pectate lyase activity was identical to that of Cry j 1 and Cha o 1. Jun a 1 contained 2 potential N-glycosylation sites that were distinct from those found in Cry j 1. The IgE from patient sera bound recombinant Jun a 1 in Western blot analysis. Conclusion: The high degree of homology of Jun a 1 with Cha o 1 and Cry j 1 may explain the cross-reactivity of conifer pollens. Differences in N-glycosylation suggest little overlap of glycopeptide epitopes. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:613-7.)
Radiative transfer for parallel streams of radiating gases.

Radiative and convective heat transfer between two parallel streams of absorbing and emitting radiating gases
Hardbottom development and significance to the sediment-starved west-central Florida inner continental shelf

Abstract Hardbottoms are sequence boundaries and condensed sections that offer clues for the interpretation of the incomplete record of Tertiary continental shelf evolution. Seaward of 5 km, 50% of the inner west-central Florida shelf seafloor is flat hardbottom. These lithified surfaces are punctuated by shorefacing, scarped hardbottoms that trend shore-parallel (330°–0°) and vary in relief (up to 4 m). Scarped hardbottoms are the only natural relief on the inner shelf and support a diverse benthic community, the activities of which erode the outcrops, producing undercuts in excess of 1 m. Outcropping hardbottom strata are comprised of distinct, phosphate-rich, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic lithofacies, that range in age from Miocene to Quaternary. Miocene units are dolomite-rich and mark the upper surface of the inner shelf bedrock (Hawthorn Group). Dolomite within these beds (silt-sized, cloudy centered rhombs) fall into two age groups, correlating with highstands at 15 and 5 Ma. This lithofacies is consistent with models that indicate an increased flux of organic matter – resulting from topographically induced upwelling – promoting dolomitization during early burial diagenesis in the sulfate-reduction zone. Quaternary units are calcite-rich and perched atop the shelf bedrock. Samples of these units record a complex diagenetic history and multiple sea-level fluctuations. Based on evidence of primary marine cementation, they are interpreted to be hardground (non-deposition) surfaces, forming as a function of sediment starvation and minimal sediment movement. Decreased highstand magnitude or duration may have resulted in the absence of a significant organic component to Quaternary hardbottoms, which, in turn, may prevent subsequent dolomitization. These outcrops are a potential source for sediments to the inner shelf, not only as habitat for biological sediment production, but also through their destruction. The undercut, shorefacing, scarped hardbottom morphology displayed by west-central Florida hardbottoms is indicative of bio-erosion. Preliminary studies indicate a potential mass of 0.04 kg m −2 yr −1 of siliciclastic sediment is released to the inner shelf.
Seeking a role, Psi and APAP×AT as acetaminophen risk assessment tools

Acetaminophen continues to be one of the most commonly ingested pharmaceuticals in overdose.1 The Rumack–Matthew nomogram has proven to be an invaluable tool for risk assessment and need for antido...
The energetic cost of begging behaviour in nestling house wrens

Abstract This study presents data relevant to the hypothesis that the energy expenditure associated with begging influences the signalling of need by nestling birds. We used open-circuit respirometry to measure the energy costs of resting, begging and non-begging activities in nestling house wrens, Troglodytes aedon , ranging in age from 1 to 11 days post-hatching. Across all ages, begging caused a 27% increase in metabolism above resting rates. The metabolic rate during begging was not related to begging vigour. However, more vigorous begs were longer and so required a greater total energy expenditure. We analysed videotapes of broods for nestling behavioural time budgets which were combined with the metabolic data and data on growth at different ages to generate daily energy budgets. Over a 24-h period, the cumulative energy allocated to begging was slight, ranging from 0.02% of the energy budget in younger nestlings (3 days old) to 0.22% in older ones (10 days old). In contrast, non-begging movements accounted for 2 and 9% of the daily energy budget of younger and older nestlings, respectively. Relative to daily growth, the energy allocated to begging was equivalent to 0.05% (younger nestlings) and 2.3% (older nestlings) of the energy sequestered in new tissue, whereas the values for non-begging activities were 5.1 and 96.8%, respectively. These results suggest that the energetic cost of begging is not likely to have a substantial role in influencing communication of need by nestlings.
Index number (n) below "critical" current in Nb-Ti superconductors

For multifilamentary superconductors such as Nb-Ti and Nb/sub 3/Sn, a phenomenological theory ("sausage model") predicts a monotonic increase in the index number n as operating current is decreased below a "critical" current. An experiment was conducted to test the prediction; preliminary experimental results appear to confirm the prediction. For multifilamentary Nb-Ti with a measured n value of 26 at 3.4 T and 4.2 K - deduced from the shape of a V versus I plot at the conductor's nominal critical current of 542 A (defined at E/sub c/=0.1, /spl mu/V/cm) - the experiment reported here finds n to increase to 40 at I/sub op//I/sub c/=0.8; this increase in n agrees quite well with that predicted by the theory. One important implication of this theory is that it is permissible to specify n at I/sub c/ to be smaller than the required value if the conductor's normalized operating current (I/sub op//I/sub c/) is to be smaller than 1. The theory also can quantify n at I/sub c/ for required operating values of n and I/sub op//I/sub c/. >
Selection of functional T cell receptor mutants from a yeast surface-display library.

The heterodimeric αβ T cell receptor (TCR) for antigen is the key determinant of T cell specificity. The structure of the TCR is very similar to that of antibodies, but the engineering of TCRs by directed evolution with combinatorial display libraries has not been accomplished to date. Here, we report that yeast surface display of a TCR was achieved only after the mutation of specific variable region residues. These residues are located in two regions of the TCR, at the interface of the α- and β-chains and in the β-chain framework region that is thought to be in proximity to the CD3 signal-transduction complex. The mutations are encoded naturally in many antibody variable regions, indicating specific functional differences that have not been appreciated between TCRs and antibodies. The identification of these residues provides an explanation for the inherent difficulties in the display of wild-type TCRs compared with antibodies. Yeast-displayed mutant TCRs bind specifically to the peptide/MHC antigen, enabling engineering of soluble T cell receptors as specific T cell antagonists. This strategy of random mutagenesis followed by selection for surface expression may be of general use in the directed evolution of other eukaryotic proteins that are refractory to display.
New mutant phenotype data curation system in the Saccharomyces Genome Database.

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD; http://www.yeastgenome.org/) organizes and displays molecular and genetic information about the genes and proteins of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutant phenotype screens have been the starting point for a large proportion of yeast molecular biological studies, and are still used today to elucidate the functions of uncharacterized genes and discover new roles for previously studied genes. To greatly facilitate searching and comparison of mutant phenotypes across genes, we have devised a new controlled-vocabulary system for capturing phenotype information. Each phenotype annotation is represented as an ‘observable’, which is the entity, or process that is observed, and a ‘qualifier’ that describes the change in that entity or process in the mutant (e.g. decreased, increased, or abnormal). Additional information about the mutant, such as strain background, allele name, conditions under which the phenotype is observed, or the identity of relevant chemicals, is captured in separate fields. For each gene, a summary of the mutant phenotype information is displayed on the Locus Summary page, and the complete information is displayed in tabular format on the Phenotype Details Page. All of the information is searchable and may also be downloaded in bulk using SGD's Batch Download Tool or Download Data Files Page. In the future, phenotypes will be integrated with other curated data to allow searching across different types of functional information, such as genetic and physical interaction data and Gene Ontology annotations. Database URL: http://www.yeastgenome.org/
Comparing the Use of Remote Sensing with Traditional Techniques to Detect Nitrogen Stress in Wheat

Abstract An experiment was designed to compare ground‐based methods of nitrogen (N) stress detection with N stress detection using remote sensing. The study area, located in Minidoka, Idaho, is a 64 ha center pivot with a crop of Penawawa spring white wheat. Nitrogen was varied on four transects approximately 40 m wide and 805 m long. The N application rates chosen for the research were 0%, 40%, 100%, and 130% of normal. Nitrogen deficiency was quantified from tissue sampling, which was used as the response variable. Nitrogen was then measured or estimated at key stages in the wheat growth cycle using visual observation, a chlorophyll meter, and remotely‐sensed data. Visual observation was the normally‐employed method for area farmers. These methods of N stress detection were compared for accuracy, timeliness, usefulness, and cost. Remote sensing was comparable to the chlorophyll meter in accuracy. The chlorophyll meter was the timeliest method for obtaining a quantitative measurement.
Occurrence and biological significance of proanthocyanidins in the American diet

Dietary intake of proanthocyanidins (PAs) has been largely unknown because of the lack of reliable values for their content in foods. Recent development of an analytical method for PAs has allowed the quantification of individual oligomers and polymers. This method has been employed to analyze food samples collected under the USDA National Food and Nutrition Analysis Program. A database of the PA content in common foods and also infant foods has been established. It has been shown that PAs account for a major fraction of flavonoids ingested in the US diet and infants and children appear to ingest more PAs than adults on the basis of body weight. These data will provide an opportunity to examine the association between PA intake and health and disease outcomes in epidemiological studies. PA analysis and the significance of PAs in nutrition and diet are reviewed.
Is balloon angioplasty indicated for "short" stenoses of failing vein grafts?

Previous reports have suggested “short” focal stenoses in peripheral vein grafts (PVGs), namely less than 2 cm long, can be successfully balloon dilated with good long-term patency rates. We questioned if enthusiasm for balloon angioplasty of these lesions in failing PVGs is warranted. Between August 1, 1993 and December 31, 1996, we performed balloon angioplasty of “short” stenoses in 19 PVGs in 16 patients. Bypasses included seven femoropopliteal, six femorotibial, and six popliteal-tibial or -pedal PVGs. All bypasses were originally performed for limb salvage. Single lesions were present in 13 grafts and two lesions in six grafts. Ten lesions were located at an anastomosis, 10 were located in the body of the graft, and five were peri-anastomotic. Fifteen procedures were performed percutaneously. Four angioplasties were performed using an open surgical approach because a percutaneous attempt failed in one case and three grafts were either in situ or tunneled subcutaneously making them easy to expose. Completion arteriogram documented excellent initial results in all 19 grafts. Cumulative one-year primary patency rate was 39%. The assisted primary patency rate at one year was 73%. Only five grafts remained patent 7–20 months (mean, 10 months) during follow-up without requiring further revision. One patient died with a patent graft 23 months post-balloon angioplasty. Complications included two hematomas following a percutaneous approach that required surgical repair. These results when compared to publications detailing patency following surgical revision suggest that balloon angioplasty of “short” stenoses less than 2 cm long in PVGs may be better treated by surgical revision. We reserve balloon angioplasty for “short” lesions when surgical revision is associated with inordinate difficulty such as a scarred groin wound in an obese patient.
The Mu1 maize transposable element induces tissue-specific aberrant splicing and polyadenylation in two Adh1 mutants.

Insertions ofthemaizetransposable element Robertson's Mutator (Mu)intointron 1oftheAdhlgene have produced a numberofmutantalleles altered inquantitative expression.Ithaspreviously beenshownthat transcription andmRNA accumulation arereduced fortwoofthese alleles, Adhi-S3034 andAdhi-S4477. In this report, we describe thepresenceofMul-hybridizing polyadenylated transcripts inrootsofanaerobically induced seedlings ofthese same mutants. Sequence analysis ofMul-hybridizing clones froma cDNAlibrary of S3034 RNA indicated that these transcripts originated fromtheAdhilocus andwere produced byalternative processing ofS3034pre-mRNA.Approximately halfofthecDNAsrepresented transcripts thathadnot undergone excision oftheintron containing the1.4-kilobase Mulinsertion butwere processed inresponseto signals present inthetransposable element. Mulcontains adonorsplice site inthe5'-terminal inverted repeat that can bejoined totheAdhlexon 2acceptor, resulting inremoval ofmostoftheMul sequencesfromthe pre-mRNA; alternatively this donor can bespliced toan acceptor within Mul,removing an 89-nucleotide intron. Mulalsocontains polyadenylation signals that areusedtoproduce truncated transcripts. TheseMul transcripts produced byaberrant splicing andpolyadenylation were notdetected inRNA isolated from developing kernels. Robertson's Mutator (Mu),a transposable element of maize, wasidentified byitsability toinduce a20-to50-fold increase inthemutation rate. Manyoftheinduced mutants exhibit instability (17). Thephenotype doesnotsegregate in aMendelian fashion; greater than90%oftheoffspring from anoutcross demonstrate Mutator activity. DonaldRobertsonproposed that anovel transposable element wasresponsible fortheobserved phenomena, asnocomplementation couldbeobserved withotherfamilies ofmaizemobile
Data reduction by partial preaggregation

Partial preaggregation is a simple data reduction operator that can be applied to aggregation queries. Whenever we group and aggregate on a column set G, we can preaggregate on any column set that functionally determines G. Preaggregation can be used, for example, to reduce the input size to a join. Regular aggregation reduces the input to one record per group. Partial preaggregation exploits the fact that preaggregation need not be complete-if multiple records happen to be output for a group, they will be combined into the same group by the final aggregation. This paper describes a straightforward hash-based algorithm for partial preaggregation, discusses where it can be applied, and derives a mathematical model for estimating the output size. The effectiveness of the technique and the accuracy of the model are shown on both artificial and real data. It is also shown how to reduce memory requirements by combining partial preaggregation with the input phase of a subsequent join or sort operator. Partial preaggregation has been implemented, in part, in Microsoft SQL Server.
The compressibility of krypton, argon, and other noble gas solids

Abstract The crystal-growing and X-ray diffraction techniques first applied by Peterson and co-workers have been modified and extended to study the compressibility of noble gas crystals over large temperature ranges. Crystals of nominal 99·995 per cent purity krypton and 99·998 per cent purity argon were grown and maintained in a rigid-tail cryostat while measurements of crystal lattice parameter were carried out for applied helium pressures in the range 0–20 bar. Only slight interaction of the crystals with the helium was present. Isothermal measurements yielded values for the bulk modulus B (4·25°K) = 34·4 ± 0·4 kbar and B (77·3°K) = 20·8 ± 0·7 kbar for krypton and B (77·7°K) = 12·7 ± 0·6 kbar for argon. Isobaric measurements of thermal expansion of krypton yielded values for B at various other temperatures up to 90°K. In the limit 0°K the values of B for each of the noble gas solids show rough agreement with the predictions of Barren and Klein based upon an anharmonic model with central interatomic forces; the agreement is better for the heavier elements. At higher temperatures the measured B and the measured thermal expansion generally are not predicted correctly from existing central-force models. The best measured values of the temperature dependence of B for argon, krypton, and xenon are quite similar, however, when compared by means of a corresponding states treatment. Finally, some comments are made about published piston-displacement and ultrasonic measurements.
Embedded Power Delivery Decoupling in Small Form Factor Test Sockets

Growing gaps between testing and system environments is being observed for small form factor microprocessors. Power delivery high frequency resonances are significantly higher at test compared to actual system. Those gaps translate to poor yield for high performance products. Low inductance array capacitor implanted inside the test socket body is proposed. This feature can compensate for the power delivery gaps mentioned. Prototype for this advanced test socket was constructed. The paper will present simulated and measured data of the modified test socket performance and reliability.
Dynamics of cometary plasma tails

Cometary plasma tail data obtained before and after the current appearance of Halley's Comet are reviewed. The relation between the formation of plasma tails and comet/solar-wind interactions is discussed. The ion rays and helical waves of the plasma tail are described. The disconnection events and interaction of bright comets with the IMF, associated with the current appearance of Comet Halley, are examined. Consideration is given to the cometary magnetic barriers observed by the Vega-1 and Vega-2 spacecraft.
Oxidation of sulfide ore bodies; II, Oxidation mechanisms of sulfide minerals at 25 degrees C

Measurements of the single electrode potentials of sulfide minerals backed with basic understanding of their electrode behavior make it possible to clarify their oxidation or reduction mechanisms. The electrode potential of a sulfide mineral is controlled by the first-step reaction of the oxidation mechanism for the sulfide in an oxidizing solution, and by that of the reduction mechanism in a reducing solution. Sulfides of copper, lead, silver, iron, and zinc were studied. The results indicate that the direct oxidation of a simple sulfide mineral is a process in which the metal atoms move into the surrounding solution to become aqueous cations, accompanied by a step-wise decrease in the metal to sulfur ratio of the remaining solid phase. When solid sulfur is finally left over, it undergoes a series of reactions to be oxidized to sulfate ion. In case of reduction, sulfur atoms move out into the solution to become aqueous sulfide ions with a step-wise increase in the metal to sulfur ratio of the solid phase. To illustrate, the oxidation of chalcocite proceeds as (Cu/sub 2/S) - 1/ 5(Cu/sub 9/S/sub 5/ + Cu/sup 2+/)r - (CuS + Cu/sup 2+/) - (2Cu/sup 2+/ + S). The path of the stepwise oxidationmore » is not necessarlly the same as that of the step- wise reduction for a metal-sulfur system. In the case of disulfides of iron, namely pyrite and marcasite, ferrous ions and S/sub 2/ molucules appear to be released simultaneously upon oxidation. (auth)« less
Randomized Trial of Plastic Bags to Prevent Term Neonatal Hypothermia in a Resource-Poor Setting

OBJECTIVES: Term infants in resource-poor settings frequently develop hypothermia during the first hours after birth. Plastic bags or wraps are a low-cost intervention for the prevention of hypothermia in preterm and low birth weight infants that may also be effective in term infants. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that placement of term neonates in plastic bags at birth reduces hypothermia at 1 hour after birth in a resource-poor hospital. METHODS: This parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted at University Teaching Hospital, the tertiary referral center in Zambia. Inborn neonates with both a gestational age ≥37 weeks and a birth weight ≥2500 g were randomized 1:1 to either a standard thermoregulation protocol or to a standard thermoregulation protocol with placement of the torso and lower extremities inside a plastic bag within 10 minutes after birth. The primary outcome was hypothermia ( RESULTS: Neonates randomized to plastic bag ( n = 135) or to standard thermoregulation care ( n = 136) had similar baseline characteristics (birth weight, gestational age, gender, and baseline temperature). Neonates in the plastic bag group had a lower rate of hypothermia (60% vs 73%, risk ratio 0.76, confidence interval 0.60–0.96, P = .026) and a higher axillary temperature (36.4 ± 0.5°C vs 36.2 ± 0.7°C, P CONCLUSIONS: Placement in a plastic bag at birth reduced the incidence of hypothermia at 1 hour after birth in term neonates born in a resource-poor setting, but most neonates remained hypothermic.
High-integrity code generation for state-based formalisms

We are attempting to create a translator for a formal state-based specification language (RSML-e) that is suitable for use in safety-critical systems. For such a translator, there are two main concerns: the generated code must be shown to be semantically equivalent to the specification, and it must be fast enough to be used in the intended target environment. We address the first concern by providing a formal proof of the translation, and by keeping the implementation of the tool as simple as possible. The second concern is addressed through a variety of methods: (1) decomposing a specification into parallel subtasks, (2) providing provably-correct optimizations, and (3) making worst-case performance guarantees on the generated code.
Marketing under Famine Conditions in Rural Nepal

famines and their sociocultural effects. However, as William Torry notes, empirical research on famines at the local community level particularly in terms of quantitative household surveys, longitudinal studies, or the junctures of relationships linking the local community with regional or national levels of organization are extremely scarce (1984: 229, 243, 245-7; I986: 3). This essay-based on fieldwork in East Nepal-is concerned with the flow of grain through a rural marketing system, particularly during a time of famine.' The analysis focuses upon a single periodic market at Okaldhunga Bazaar and examines the patterns of grain exchanges which take place within it, with neighboring marketplaces and a nearby peasant community, Tinglatar. The primary purpose of the analysis is two-fold: first to describe the periodic marketplace in order to demonstrate its position in the regional marketing system, a system rather similar to that G. William Skinner has proposed is characteristic for all peasant-based societies; and second, to show how the price of grain is determined, especially during a famine (1964: 3). In contrast to views frequently expressed by social scientists concerned with famines it is suggested that the marketplace cannot be summarily dismissed as an inherently exploitive institution during a bad harvest nor is it perceived as such, at least by some sectors of the rural agricultural population (cf. Torry 1986: 15; Khadka I985: 954, 961).
Hypersensitivity responses in monkeys. II. A comparison of several indicators in visualization of the immediate skin response to histamine, 48-80, and antigen challenge.

Abstract Evans blue is used almost uniformly as the dye indicator of the antigen-antibody response in the monkey's skin. Because of difficulties encountered in some experiments we decided to compare other indicators with differing characteristics, such as Coomassie blue, indocyanine green, fluorescein, and riboflavin. The indicators were given intravenously and the degree and end point of skin reactions noted from intradermal injections of serial dilutions of histamine, compound 48–80, antigens, and the local challenge of sites passively sensitized with human reagin. In some experiments, blood levels of indicators were studied temporally in relation to skin reactivity. The following impressions were gained: Evans blue is reliable, stable, and advantageous for a prolonged experiment but is objectionable in some cases because of persistence of staining of skin and discoloration of serum. Coomassie blue is eliminated more rapidly and is preferable when repeated experiments are planned, but in a prolonged experiment it must be reinjected. Indocyanine green produced no visualization. Fluorescein is rapidly eliminated and is excellent for short experiments, particularly where endpoint titrations are not essential. Riboflavin is not as reliable as fluorescein.
Lithostratigraphy, Tephrochronology, and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Fossils at the Classical Pleistocene Fossil Lake Area, South Central Oregon

Abstract One of the most famous fossiliferous Pleistocene sites in the Pacific Northwest is Fossil Lake, Oregon. Until recently, fossil collections from the area were not stratigraphically controlled, owing to the lack of a detailed stratigraphic and chronologic framework. Our field studies reveal at least nine exposed thin rhythmic fining‐upward depositional packages, most separated by disconformities. Analysis of interbedded tephras reveals that the Rye Patch Dam (∼646 ka), Dibekulewe (∼610 ka), Tulelake T64 (∼95 ka), Marble Bluff (47 ka), and Trego Hot Springs (23.2 ka) tephra layers are present in the section, indicating deposition from more than ∼646 ka to less than 23 ka, which includes both the late Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean North American land mammal ages, a much longer time span than previously believed. Bones analyzed from eight of the defined units have distinctly different rare earth element (REE) signatures. Fossils obtain REE during early diagenesis, and signatures are probably closely ...
Interactions of Lanatoside C and Potassium on Atrioventricular Conduction in Rabbits

Intra-atrial, intranodal and His-Purkinje conduction times were determined in perfused rabbit hearts. In one series, the concentration of lanatoside C was increased by 0.4 mg/liter every 30 minutes, in the presence of normal (4.5) or high (7.5 mM) K + in the perfusion fluid. At high (K + ) the glycoside produced a greater increase in intra-atrial and His-Purkinje conduction times but caused a smaller increase of intranodal conduction time than at normal (K + ). Second-degree A-V block always occurred intranodally, but the incidence was lower with high (K + ). In another series, (K + ) was increased by 3 mM every 30 minutes, in the absence or presence (0.4, 0.8 or 1.2 mg/liter) of lanatoside C. No difference was seen between hearts treated with lanatoside C and those untreated at the level of (K + ) producing failure of conduction. At all levels of glycoside, conduction delay caused by high (K + ) was greatest within the atria, less in the His-Purkinje system and insignificant within the A-V node. Intra-atrial and His Purkinje block were observed but never an intranodal block. It is concluded that (1) cardiac glycoside and high (K + ) primarily affect different regions of the A-V conducting system, and (2) aggravation of glycoside-induced A-V block by high (K + ) may result from additional intra-atrial and His-Purkinje block rather than from further depression of intranodal conduction. Electrophysiological mechanisms underlying these interactions were also discussed.
The rabbit and the cat: a comparison of some features of response properties of single cells in the primary visual cortex.

Receptive field characteristics of single cells in primary visual cortex of rabbit were studied. Seventy-two percent of cells were found to be orientation selective, and the remainder had concentric, uniform, movement selective or pure direction selective receptive fields. Single cells were also recorded from primary visual cortex of cat to permit a comparison of visual cortical organization in cats and rabbits. Laminar organization of receptive field types was observed in rabbits which was similar in most respects to that described in the cat. Although the major categories of orientation selective cells (simple, complex, hypercomplex) were similar for both cat and rabbit, many differences emerged: (I) tuning of orientation selectivity was narrower in cats than in rabbits; (II) units which preferred oblique orientations were less frequently represented in rabbits than in cats; (III) orientation preferences appeared to be arranged in cluster in rabbit cortex; in rabbits we found no evidence of the columnar organization of orientation selectivity which characterizes cat visual cortex. A comparison of our data with those previously reported for mouse, rat, hamster and opossum visual cortex suggest that mammals in which a significant proportion of visual cortical cells are not orientation selective have in common certain patterns of cortical organization involving a less precise and less specialized representation of stimulus orientation.
Prognostic Utility of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Asymptomatic Patients With Significant Mitral Regurgitation and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

We sought to study the prognostic utility of serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with significant primary mitral regurgitation (MR) and preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). Consecutive 548 asymptomatic patients (age 62 ± 13 years and 66% men) with ≥ 3 + primary MR and preserved LVEF on echo at rest, evaluated at our center from 2005 to 2008 were studied. Baseline clinical and echo data were recorded and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score was calculated. Mean STS score was 4 ± 1%. Mean LVEF, mitral effective regurgitant orifice, indexed LV end-systolic diameter, and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) were 62 ± 4%, 0.55 ± 0.3 cm(2), 1.6 ± 0.3 cm/m(2), and 38 ± 15 mm Hg; 43% had flail. Median log-transformed brain natriuretic peptide (lnBNP) was 4.1 (interquartile range 3.30 to 5.0), corresponding to an absolute BNP value of 60 pg/ml (only 13% had an absolute BNP value >250 pg/ml). At 7.4 ± 2 years, 493 patients (90%) had mitral surgery (92% repair) and nonmalignancy death occurred in 53 patients (10%). On multivariate Cox analysis, higher STS score (hazard ratio [HR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.88), higher baseline RVSP (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.35), and higher ln BNP (HR 2.51, 95% CI 1.86 to 3.39) predicted death, whereas mitral surgery (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.30) was associated with improved survival (all p 4.1. Addition of lnBNP to a model of STS score, baseline RVSP, and mitral surgery provided incremental prognostic utility (chi-square for mortality increased from 137 to 162, p <0.001). In conclusion, in asymptomatic patients with ≥ 3 + primary MR and preserved LVEF, the addition of BNP improved risk stratification and higher BNP independently predicted reduced survival.
Effects of environmental factors on streptococcal erythrogenic toxin A (SPE A) production by Streptococcus pyogenes.

In order for Streptococcus pyogenes to exist and cause disease in man, it must interact and survive within a constantly changing host environment. A number of studies have suggested that streptococcal erythrogenic toxin A (SPE A) may be associated with severe forms of streptococcal infections. In this report, we have examined the effect of several environmental growth conditions on SPE A expression.
Neurofibromatosis 1-associated panhypopituitarism presenting as hypoglycaemic seizures and stroke-like symptoms.

A 37-year-old man with a known history of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) presented within 2 days of diarrhoeal illness followed by encephalopathy, facial twitching, hypoglycaemia, hypotension, tachycardia and low-grade fever. Examination showed multiple cafe-au-lait spots and neurofibromas over the trunk, arms and legs and receptive aphasia with right homonymous hemianopia, which resolved. Workup for cardiac, inflammatory and infectious aetiologies was unrevealing. A brain MRI showed gyral swelling with increased T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal and diffusion restriction in the left cerebral cortex. Neuroendocrine findings suggested panhypopituitarism with centrally derived adrenal insufficiency. Supportive treatment, hormone supplementation, antibiotics, antivirals and levetiracetam yielded clinical improvement. A follow-up brain MRI showed focal left parieto-occipital atrophy with findings of cortical laminar necrosis. In conclusion, we describe a case of NF1-associated panhypopituitarism presenting as hypoglycaemic seizures and stroke-like findings, hitherto unreported manifestations of NF1. Prompt recognition and treatment of these associated conditions can prevent devastating complications.
Timing and Volatility Quantitative Model

The article presents a quantitative strategy in which comparison of short-term asset price movement with corresponding middle-term asset volatility is used for determination of the size of opening position when buy signal is obtained from trend following model. The strategy is named as timing-and-volatility strategy. Two ways of implementation of the timing-and-volatility strategy are proposed: without use of leverage and with use of leverage. Testing of the non-leveraged timing-and-volatility strategy for the period from 1972 till 2009 shows that CAGR of this strategy surpassed CAGR of the buy-and-hold strategy by 110 basis points for the corresponding period but the risks of the strategy calculated as STD and VAR were lower than corresponding risks of the buy-and-hold strategy by 770 and 2000 basis points. Testing of the leveraged timing-and-volatility strategy shows that for the period from 1972 till 2009 CAGR of the strategy surpassed CAGR of the buy-and-hold strategy by 420 basis points. At the same time risks of the strategy measured as STD and VAR were lower than corresponding risks of the buy-and-hold strategy by 180 and 1600 basis points.
Inelastic Buckling and Sidesway of Concrete Frames

Inelastic buckling with sidesway of long concrete columns as part of portal and box frames is considered. The theoretical analysis for the simple frames based on the moment curvature relationship is presented and programmed into Fortran IV language. Results calculated by the theoretical analysis are compared with the available test results of box frames. The reduction factors for long columns for given portal frames as calculated by the theoretical analysis are then compared with those calculated by the formulas of ACI - 63 Building Code.
Multi-Source Surrogate Modeling with Bayesian Hierarchical Regression

The early phases of design of unconventional aerospace systems often lacks historical data and accurate low-fidelity analyses. Accurate data from sources such as flight tests, wind tunnel tests, and computational experiments are required to enable accurate predictions of system performance through out the design space. Due to the significant resources required by these physical and computational experiments, high-fidelity data are sparsely distributed throughout the design space. This paper proposes a multi-source surrogate modeling method using Bayesian hierarchical regression to build an accurate regression model by combining sparse information from different sources. This paper illustrates the method using one dimensional analytic functions for two different scenarios: 1) when all of the sources are at same level of fidelity and 2) when sources have different levels of fidelity. Finally, the method is demonstrated on an airfoil drag analysis problem in which a regression model on sparse wind tunnel data is improved using data from two moderate fidelity computer programs.
The Dramatic Sibling

It is proposed that because non-first-born children have less clearly structured roles than first born, they will show a greater interest in role exploration through drama. Second-born girls with a...