cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Testing of an Innovative Two-Arm Focal-Plane Thermal Strap (TAFTS)

Abstract Temperature control of optical focal planes comes with the intrinsic challenge of creating a pathway that is both extremely flexible mechanically and highly conductive thermally. The task is further complicated because science-caliber optical focal planes are extremely delicate, yet time, cost, and their unique nature means that their mechanical resiliency is rarely tested and documented. The mechanical engineer tasked with the thermo-mechanical design must then create a highly conductive thermal link that minimizes the tensile and shear stresses transmitted to the focal plane without design parameters on an acceptable stiffness and without data on the stiffness of previously implemented thermal links. This paper describes the development and testing of the thermal link developed for the Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) instrument. It will provide experimentally determined mechanical stiffness plots in the three axes of interest. Analytical and experimental thermal conductance results for the two-arm focal-plane thermal strap (TAFTS), from cryogenic to room temperatures, are also presented. The paper also briefly describes some elements of the fabrication process followed in developing a novel design solution, which provides high conductance and symmetrical mechanical loading, while providing enhanced flexibility in all three dimensions.
Encapsulation of cadmium selenide quantum dots using a self-assembling nanoemulsion (SANE) reduces their in vitro toxicity

Abstract Although, nanometer-scale semi-conductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted widespread interest in medical diagnosis and treatment, many can have intrinsic toxicities, especially those composed of CdSe, associated with their elemental composition. Using our self-assembling nanoemulsion (SANE) formulations which we have previously reported to be composed of non-toxic components, i.e., such as vegetable oil, surfactant and water, we hypothesized that their appropriate utilization would reduce the toxicity of QDs by encapsulating the CdSe QDs in our (SANE) system using a modified phase-inversion temperature (PIT) method. SANE encapsulation of the QDs did not alter their emission wavelength of 600 nm which remained unchanged during the encapsulation process. In contrast, zeta potential of encapsulated QDs was reduced from −30 to −6.59 mV, which we have previously reported to be associated with beneficial properties (increased bioavailability and efficacy) for SANE-encapsulated bioactives such as pharmaceuticals. Relative to the untreated controls, the viability of HeLa cells exposed for 48 h to un-encapsulated CdSe QDs at a concentration of 115 μg/mL was 22.7 ± 1.7% (p
Chlorination of Aromatics with Trichloroisocyanuric Acid (TCICA) in Brønsted-Acidic Imidazolium Ionic Liquid [BMIM(SO3H)][OTf]: an Economical, Green Protocol for the Synthesis of Chloroarenes*

A survey study on electrophilic chlorination of aromatics with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) in Bronsted-acidic imidazolium ionic liquid [BMIM(SO3H)][OTf] is reported. The reactions are performed under very mild conditions (at ~50°C) and give good to excellent yields, depending on the substrates. Chemoselectivity for mono- v. dichlorination can be tuned by changing the arene-to-TCICA ratio and the reaction time. The survey study and competitive experiments suggest that triprotonated/protosolvated TCICA is a selective/moderately reactive transfer-chlorination electrophile. Density functional theory was used as guide to obtain further insight into the nature of the chlorination electrophile and the transfer-chlorination step.
Suppression of insulin secretion is associated with weight loss and altered macronutrient intake and preference in a subset of obese adults.

Suppression of insulin secretion is associated with weight loss and altered macronutrient intake and preference in a subset of obese adults
Toward a Methodist Communion Ecclesiology

The International Methodist-Catholic Dialogue Commission’s Seoul Report (2006) reflects an emerging Methodist communion ecclesiology arising from the Dialogue Commission. One benefit of such an ecclesiology to Methodism is considered: its potential for resolving tensions created by two competing ecclesiologies (Anglican and evangelical) internal to Methodism. Against Albert Outler’s proposal that the aforementioned tensions can be resolved by Methodism’s return to its original role as a movement within a church, as well as Russell Richey’s contention that contemporary Methodism holds the tensions in balance, a Methodist communion ecclesiology offers promising means to resolving the tensions by schematizing the two poles of Methodist ecclesiological tension according to communion. Critical questions are posed for developing distinctively Methodist communion ecclesiologies.
Gadolinium blocks membrane permeabilization induced by nanosecond electric pulses and reduces cell death.

It has been widely accepted that nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP) are distinguished from micro- and millisecond duration pulses by their ability to cause intracellular effects and cell death with reduced effects on the cell plasma membrane. However, we found that nsEP-induced cell death is most likely mediated by the plasma membrane disruption. We showed that nsEP can cause long-lasting (minutes) increase in plasma membrane electrical conductance and disrupt electrolyte balance, followed by water uptake, cell swelling and blebbing. These effects of plasma membrane permeabilization could be blocked by Gd3+ in a dose-dependent manner, with a threshold at sub-micromolar concentrations. Consequently, Gd3+ protected cells from nsEP-induced cell death, thereby pointing to plasma membrane permeabilization as a likely primary mechanism of lethal cell damage.
Bilateral synovitis in symptomatic unilateral transient synovitis of the hip: An ultrasonographic study in 56 children

56 children with a clinical diagnosis of unilateral transient synovitis of the hip underwent bilateral sonographic assessment. On the anterior scan, the distance between the femoral neck and the fibrous joint capsule was measured. This distance, which we call the synovial capsular complex distance, was compared with age-dependent normal values. An increased distance was found in all 56 symptomatic hips (mean 10 mm, SD 1.8). This distance was also increased in 14 hips on the contralateral side (mean 8 mm, SD 1.6). An effusion was demonstrated in 53 symptomatic hips and in 8 hips on the contralateral side. These findings indicate that in one quarter of children with symptoms of unilateral transient synovitis the contralateral hip may have an increased synovial capsular complex distance due to synovial swelling or joint effusion, suggesting an asymptomatic synovitis. We therefore recommend a comparison of the synovial capsular complex distance on the symptomatic side with age-related normal values, in addition to a comparison with the asymptomatic hip.
Economics, Organizations, and Learning: Research Directions for the Economics of Education.

Abstract The production and supply of education take place in organizations as do the activities that determine the demands for educated personnel. The analysis of educational outcomes and evaluation of their efficiency depend on three elements of the analysis of organizational behavior: costly information, decentralized advantages in defraying information costs, and incentives. This paper suggests several research directions in which economists can apply these tools in the analyses of educational institutions and of those employing educated personnel. Most economists of education work in organizations and their own choices of research projects are influenced by the three elements of organizational analysis. Organizational analysis can also explain when economists have the discretion to resist, in favor of efficiency or social justice equity, their usual incentives and, in the process, possibly do much more interesting research.
Instructional Audio Guidelines: Four Design Principles to Consider for Every Instructional Audio Design Effort

This article contends that instructonal designers and developers should attend to four particular design principles when creating instructional audio. Support for this view is presented by referencing the limited research that has been done in this area, and by indicating how and why each of the four principles is important to the design process. The four principles pertain to selection of the narrative format, the fleeting nature of spoken words, the environmental soundscape, and the difference between listening and hearing. These four principles are relevant to designers seeking to use only sound (audio) for instructional delivery.
Make room for patient privacy.

Sharing patient information is the hallmark of nursing care continuity. Learn how HIPAA affects the way nurses practice.
Genetic variation and structure in the neotropical tree, Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen (Sapotaceae) used by the ancient Maya

Manilkara zapota is a tropical tree species that was used by the ancient Maya in construction of their temples and as a source for fruit. Although this has been supported by ethnographic and paleoethnobotanical data, we used genetic approaches to estimate variation and structure in modern pop- ulations of this neotropical tree species to discern if genetic patterns were consistent with earlier influences of ancient Mayamanagementoriftheycouldbeexplainedbythenatural history of the species. Nine microsatellite markers, consisting of seven novel markers and two markers identified in a related species, were used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure in three populations of M. zapota collected from reforested, historically urbanized ancient Maya ceremonial centers in Guatemala and Belize, from home gardens in Guatemala, and from a number of cul- tivars.Levelsofgeneticvariationwereslightlyhigherinforest populations (HO=0.447) than in gardens (0.430) and cultivat- ed varieties of M. zapota (0.351). We observed low but sig- nificant population substructuring (θ=0.01) between sites 90 km apart, and minimal evidence of inbreeding. Substantial levels of genetic diversity with minimal genetic structure in M. zapota are consistent with movement of the ancient Maya as they possibly carried fruits and seedlings during immigration, but they may more likely reflect natural processes such as seed and pollen being dispersed widely throughout the tropical forest.
Photoelectron forward-scattering attenuation from the Cu(001) surface.

Photoelectron angular distribution patterns from a single-crystal Cu(001) surface have produced dips, or silhouettes,'' in the low-energy, electron angular distribution measured around normal emission---a forward-scattering geometry that at higher energy produces a peak, or enhancement, in electron intensity. We have measured isoenergetic [ital l]=1 and [ital l]=2,0 photoelectrons that give different angular distribution patterns. These differences, and the low-energy electron intensity attenuation, are consistent with an electron scattering model that relies on the orbital angular momentum final-state dependence of the diffracting electron.
Recall of passages of synthetic speech

Memory for synthetic speech versions of grade school-level materials was tested in two studies. In Experiment 1, two different versions of three simple stories were recorded in synthetic speech. The versions differed in prosody, one employing hand-applied pitch and stress and the other employing random stress. Free recall of the stories showed no consistent difference in performance as a function of the intonational pattern used. Experiment 2 compared the recall of a simple biographical sketch presented in either natural speech or synthetic speech. A sentence-by-sentence dictation test showed little difference in intelligibility of the texts, and the difference disappeared with minimal practice on synthetic speech. Free recall of the entire passage showed synthetic speech to be disadvantaged only in the case of nonpracticed listeners. Again, minimal practice with synthetic speech dispelled the differences.
Auditory input to the human cortex during states of drowsiness and surgical anesthesia

Abstract Average responses to clicks and tones were recorded from the primary auditory area (A 1 ) of man during surgery for the treatment of intracranial diseases. The recording was carried out in two groups, group 1 under local anesthesia and group 2 under general halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Each group consisted of three subjects. In both groups the early component of the evoked activity consisted of a wave having a W shape with two positive deflections P 1 and P 2 interrupted by a small negative N 1 . In unanesthetized drowsy men, early average evoked responses from A 1 had a stable and reproducible morphology, and the latency and wave form of these potentials was similar in different subjects. Light general anesthesia produced a prolongation of the latencies of the auditory responses. The mean peak latencies in milliseconds in group 1 were respectively: P 1 = 14.7 ± 1.5; N 1 = 19.1 ± 2.6; P 2 = 32.2 ± 4.1. In group 2 the mean latencies were: P 1 = 20.1 ± 3.4; N 1 = 29.9 ± 8.5; P 2 = 46.1 ± 12.5. The validity of the differences between the two groups was evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U test and found statistically significant. General anesthesia not only affected the latencies of the auditory primary responses but also altered their morphology. The potentials became smaller, and in one case waves P 1 and N 1 were depressed selectively.
Force analysis of the apex seals in the wankel rotary compressor including the influence of fluctuations in the crankshaft speed

This paper derives equations for the radial and transverse components of the acceleration of an apex seal in the rotor of a Wankel rotary compressor. Then the equations are modified to include the effects of two cyclic fluctuations in the crankshaft speed during start-up and a simple harmonic fluctuation in the nominal operating speed. Following this, we investigate a dynamic force analysis of the seal including the friction forces between the tip of the seal and the housing and between the side of the seal and the rotor. The investigation shows that the effects of the friction between the side of a seal and the rotor are insignificant. Therefore, ignoring this friction, plots are presented for the housing force and the normal force as a function of the crank position and the fluctuation in the operating speed for a specified trochoid ratio. The plots show that realistic values of the fluctuation in the operating speed do not have a significant effect on the forces acting on a seal and can, therefore, be safely neglected. Plots are also presented for the two forces, for a specified fluctuation in the operating speed, against a specified range of the trochoid ratio and different positions of the crank. Finally, for a specified trochoid ratio, the two forces are plotted against several values of start-up time as the compressor accelerates to the nominal operating speed with a constant acceleration.
Subclavian Pseudoaneurysm Repair After Blalock-Taussig Shunt Placement

A 7-day-old male with tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, and D-transposition of the great vessels underwent surgical placement of a modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) shunt and was found to have a pseudoaneurysm on the follow-up echocardiogram. Surgical exploration identified a pseudoaneurysm arising from the right subclavian artery and not from the innominate artery at the site of the mBT shunt. It was concluded that this was caused by an inadvertent needlestick during central line placement. The fistula tract between the right subclavian artery and the false aneurysm was oversewn, and the postoperative course was unremarkable.
Low phase noise K-Band oscillator on organic Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate

In this paper, for the first time, a reflection type K-band oscillator, on low-cost Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), organic substrate, is presented. The oscillation frequency is determined by a lambda/2 microstrip resonator coupled to a microstrip line. The measured phase noise and power output of the oscillator are found to be −108 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset and −6 dBm respectively, for an oscillating frequency of 25.6 GHz.
Physical properties and surface/interface analysis of nanocrystalline WO3 films grown under variable oxygen gas flow rates

Abstract Nanocrystalline WO3 films were grown by reactive magnetron sputter-deposition in a wide range of oxygen gas flow rates while keeping the deposition temperature fixed at 400 °C. The physical characteristics of WO3 films were evaluated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. Physical characterization indicates that the thickness, grain size, and density of WO3 films are sensitive to the oxygen gas flow rate during deposition. XRD data indicate the formation of tetragonal WO3 films. The grain size increases from 21 to 25 nm with increasing oxygen gas flow rate to 65%, at which point the grain size exhibits a decreasing trend to attain the lowest value of 15 nm at 100% oxygen. TEM analysis provides a model consisting of isotropic WO3 film (nanocrystalline)–SiO2 interface (amorphous)–Si(1 0 0) substrate. XRR simulations, which are based on this model, provide excellent agreement to the experimental data indicating that the normalized thickness of WO3 films decreases with the increasing oxygen gas flow rate. The density of WO3 films increases with increasing oxygen gas flow rate.
Comparison of the Porter-Thomas distribution with neutron resonance data of even-even nuclei

The low-energy neutron resonance data of the even-even nuclei $^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$, $^{158}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$, $^{166,168}\mathrm{Er}$, $^{182}\mathrm{W}$, $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, and $^{236,238}\mathrm{U}$ have been examined in order to test the validity of the Porter-Thomas distribution of the reduced neutron widths---a chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom (v=1). In an attempt to circumvent the ever-present problems of missed or spurious s wave levels as well as extra p wave levels, a maximum likelihood statistic was employed which used only measured widths greater than some minimum value. A Bayes-theory test applied to the data helped to ensure that p wave contamination of the s wave level population was not significant. The error-weighted value of the number of degrees of freedom for the nine nuclei studied, 〈v〉=0.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10, is consistent with the theoretical expectation of v=1.
Implementation of Computer-Guided Navigation in Surgical Training

Simulation is becoming a standard means of surgical training. This paper describes the development of the haptic element of a simulation training system called Computer Assisted Surgical Trainer (CAST) III. Research is being done to show that the combination of graphical and haptic guidance may bean effective technique in achieving optimal path enumeration in a three-dimensional space. The haptic feedback system used in CAST III provides a tactile dimension of training. The implementation focuses on the design of a multi-axis control system. This implementation provides an element of a full spectrum navigation system that trains users in optimal path enumeration given a limited perceptual environment.
Censorship or bad judgement? An example from American public television

(1987). Censorship or bad judgement? An example from American public television. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 161-174.
SU‐E‐U‐03: Skin Segmentation Algorithm for Breast Ultrasound Images Using Active Contour Method: Toward Development of Ultrasound‐Based Automated‐Tissue‐Toxicity‐Assessment (ATTA) Tool in Breast‐Cancer Radiotherapy

Purpose: Normal‐tissue toxicity is a limiting factor in cancerradiotherapy that has yet to be objectively measured. Recently, quantitative ultrasound has shown promise in accurate diagnosis of normal‐tissue toxicity in breast‐cancer radiotherapy. However, current ultrasound evaluation entails the physician's manual delineation of the skin layers, which is time consuming and subjective. The purpose of this study is to develop a skin segmentation algorithm to automate ultrasound‐based normal‐tissue toxicity in breast‐cancer radiotherapy. Methods: We developed a skin segmentation algorithm based on the active contour method. We incorporated the skin segmentation algorithm into our ultrasound technique reported previously and developed an automated‐tissue‐toxicity‐assessment (ATTA) program that computed the radiation‐induced skin and subcutaneous tissue toxicity. Twenty‐three breast‐cancer patients previously treated with radiation were recruited, and a total of 720 ultrasoundimages from 72 ultrasound studies were used. To assess the performance of the ATTA program, two physicians manually contoured the skin layers of all the images and the toxicity level computation was performed based on their results. In this study, the three sets of results (two from physicians and one from the proposed ATTA method) were compared using two statistical Methods: (1) the difference of skin thickness value was computed; and (2) an intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to evaluate inter‐observer reliability. Results: For the skin thickness measurements, the average percent differences between ATTA and two experts were 4.86% ± 17.8%, and − 3.81% ± 21.1%, respectively. The ICC between ATTA and two experts ranged between 0.70 to 0.93, indicating ATTA's high accuracy and reliability. Conclusions: We have developed a non‐invasive ultrasound‐based technology, which guarantees an objective documentation of the tissue toxicity in breast‐cancer radiation therapy. Our ultrasound technology offers a unique opportunity to quantify tissue injury in a more meaningful and reproducible manner than the subjective scales currently employed in the clinic. This research was supported in part by National Cancer Institute Grant CA114313 and Susan Komen for the Cure foundation.
Role of Protein Kinase A in Trypanosoma cruzi

Protein kinase A (PKA) is an important mediator of many signal transduction pathways that occur in eukaryotic cells, and it has been implicated as a regulator of stage differentiation in Trypanosoma cruzi. To evaluate the importance of the PKA catalytic subunit of T. cruzi (TcPKAc), a gene encoding a PKA inhibitor (PKI) containing a specific PKA pseudosubstrate, R-R-N-A, was subcloned into a pTREX vector and introduced into epimastigotes by electroporation. Expression of PKI has a lethal effect in this parasite. Similarly, a pharmacological inhibitor, H89, killed epimastigotes at a concentration of 10 μM. To understand the biology of PKA, identification of the particular substrates of this enzyme is essential. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, 38 candidates interacting with TcPKAc were identified. Eighteen of these were hypothetical proteins with unknown functions, while the others had putative or known functions. The entire open reading frames of eight genes presumably important in regulating T. cruzi growth, adaptation, and differentiation, including a type III PI3 kinase (Vps34), a putative PI3 kinase, a putative mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase (PDEC2), a hexokinase, a putative ATPase, a DNA excision repair protein, and an aquaporin were confirmed to interact with TcPKAc in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the highest stringency selection conditions, and PKA phosphorylated the recombinant proteins of these genes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the importance of cAMP-PKA signaling in this organism.
The role of secondary electrons in electron-assisted adsorption process

Abstract In an ultrahigh vacuum chamber in which the partial pressure of Cl containing residual gases was 10 −12 Torr, the entire surface of a Cu sample was found to be covered with Cl after a small area (0.1 mm diameter) of the sample surface was irradiated with an electron beam. This was shown to be caused by secondary electrons rather than by surface migration as was postulated to explain a previously observed similar phenomenon.
Trapezium resection with suspension and interposition arthroplasty using acellular dermal allograft for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis.

Purpose Trapezium excision with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition has proved to be highly effective in the treatment of thumb carpometacarpal joint arthritis. Donor-site morbidity from autograft harvest can be avoided by using an allograft. We report the outcomes after suspension and interposition arthroplasty using an acellular dermal allograft (GraftJacket; Wright Medical Technology, Inc., Arlington, TN) for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. Methods Eighty-nine patients (100 thumbs) had surgery for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis using acellular dermal allograft instead of flexor carpi radialis tendon autograft. Evaluation of the results was performed for 82 thumbs with adequate data. Each patient was followed up for a minimum of 12 months (average, 30 months). Pain levels, grip strength, key pinch strength, range of motion, and radiographic measurements were performed. Results Between the preoperative and final follow-up measurements, patient pain levels (on a visual analog scale) were significantly reduced, from 6.2 to 0.7. Comparisons between preoperative and postoperative strength measurements showed an average 16% increase in grip strength and 19% increase in key pinch strength. No differences were found for radial abduction and palmar abduction data, respectively. Comparison with the preoperative x-rays showed the thumb metacarpal had subsided 31% of the arthroplasty space. No patient experienced a foreign body reaction or suffered an infection in our series. Conclusions Trapeziectomy with suspension and interposition arthroplasty using an acellular dermal allograft is highly effective for the treatment of thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. This procedure provides a safe and effective alternative to autograft for both ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition and eliminates the potential morbidity of autograft harvest. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Assessment of stimulated and spontaneous adrenocorticotropin secretory dynamics identifies distinct components of cortisol feedback inhibition in healthy humans.

Corticosteroids inhibit ACTH secretion through diverse cellular mechanisms, including direct pituitary and indirect suprapituitary effects. Although exogenous CRH provides a useful assessment of corticotroph function, the suprapituitary component of ACTH regulation has been difficult to assess in humans. Naloxone (NAL) has been reported to stimulate ACTH secretion indirectly through the release of endogenous hypothalamic CRH, suggesting its potential application in the examination of suprapituitary regulation of ACTH secretory dynamics. We sought to examine the inhibitory effects of corticosteroids on kinetic parameters of ACTH secretion, assessed by a deconvolution method, in healthy human subjects. We also sought to directly compare the ACTH responses to serial administration of human CRH and NAL as well as spontaneously occurring ACTH pulses to distinguish pituitary and suprapituitary components of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation. Normal healthy subjects (n = 11) received hCRH (0.4 microgram/...
Epstein-Barr virus-induced CD30-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient with mixed-phenotypic leukemia treated with clofarabine.

Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) have been reported in several clinical settings associated with immunosuppression such as primary immune deficiency, HIV infection, bone marrow or solid organ transplantation, methotrexate or tumor necrosis factor-therapy, and aging.1,2 A significant number of these cases are associated with EBV. While EBV-positive LPD have been documented in patients with low grade lymphoma’s treated with purine analogues including cladribine 3,4 or fludarabine,5,6 we could not identify any reports of EBV-positive LPD after purine analogue (including clofarabine) therapy for AML or MPAL. As clofarabine is being used with increasing frequency in AML therapy 7,8 such phenomenon may be noted with increasing frequency in the future. In our patient R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, his-adriamycin, vincristine, prednisone) therapy 9,10 effectively treated the EBV-positive LPD and this may help guide treatment in future occurrences of a similar nature.
Over 1000 km DWDM transmission with supercontinuum multi-carrier source

Over 1000 km transmission experiment employing a supercontinuum multi-carrier source (SC-MCS) has been achieved. By equalising both SC spectrum and amplifier gain, a 110/spl times/10 Gbit/s, 25 GHz-spaced, DWDM signal is successfully transmitted over 1040 km (13/spl times/80 km) in the C-band without forward error correction (FEC). With FEC, the transmission length can be extended to over 2000 km (25/spl times/80 km).
Mechanism of citric acid formation from glucose by Aspergillus niger.

A medium containing glucose-1-C14 as the sole carbon source was fermented by Aspergillus niger under conditions giving a steady rate of oxygen consumption and a good yield of citric acid (63%). The...
When Anthropologists Wear Two Hats: Ethnographer and Health Professional

Years after he conducted field work in the Trobriand Islands, Malinowski's revealing description of his inner-most thoughts, feelings, and attitudes about the research site and informants was published posthumously (Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1967). Since that time, personal accounts have appeared more frequently in the anthropological literature, although most are not as poignant and certainly not as pejorative as Malinowski's. These backstage descriptions and confessional tales provide anthropologists with opportunities to examine the ways in which their feelings and attitudes have impacted upon their research. They are especially important to the discipline as teaching tools, as means of alerting others to dilemmas they could face in ethnographic research and of stimulating consideration of alternative responses to such dilemmas.
Optimal robot operation and selection using quality and output trade-off

This paper presents a two-stage model for industrial robot operation and selection in a multi-product manufacturing system. The quality of the production process is related to robot repeatability and the output rate is related to robot speed. Robot repeatability deteriorates with increased speed. In the second stage, a one-period robot operational model maximises the expected profit of a risk-neutral decision maker, leading to optimal robot speed and production quantity decisions. Using the optimal speeds and quantities of the operational model and taking into account demand uncertainties, the first stage robot selection model is solved.
Interference Phenomenon in the Schlieren System

A diffraction phenomenon has been discovered in the schlieren system which makes possible a quantitative schlieren method. In this method bands are observed in the schlieren field. These bands represent regions in the schlieren through which the optical path length is constant and different from the schlieren free portion of the field by (N+12) wave-lengths of the light used (where N represents an integer). It has been demonstrated that, within the experimental accuracy, these bands have the same meaning as those observed in the Mach-Zender type of interferometer when that instrument is adjusted so that one fringe covers the entire field.
Utility of visual evoked potentials using hemifield stimulation and several check sizes in the evaluation of suspected multiple sclerosis

Abstract One hundred and eleven patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (64 possible, 47 probable) and 16 with a definite diagnosis of MS were evaluated with pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs), employing monocular full-field checks subtending 7′, 14′ and 28′ of visual angle, and right and left hemifield 28′ checks. Thirty-seven patients (29%) had a completely normal study. Sixty-six patients (52%) had abnormal responses to full-field 28′ checks, and in 13 (10%) of these, additional abnormalities were found in one or more of the other test conditions, which indicated the presence of an additional site of dysfunction in the visual pathway. Twenty-four patients (19%) with ‘normal’ full-field 28′ response had abnormalities in one or more of the other test conditions; these included prolonged latency to small size (7′ and 14′) full-field checks, abnormal responses in homonymous hemifields, and abnormal responses limited to a hemifield of one eye. Thus, the use of several check sizes and hemifield stimulation not only increases the sensitivity of VEPs in the evaluation of patients with suspected demyelinating disease, but enhances the capability of the VEP to demonstrate more than one area of visual system impairment.
Target regulation of protein biosynthesis in retinal ganglion cells during regeneration of the goldfish visual system

Transected ganglion cells of the goldfish retina demonstrate a marked increase in protein biosynthesis as their axons regrow into a primary target tissue, the optic tectum. In order to examine what role the target tissue may play in regulating the pattern of neuronal protein biosynthesis, the tectum is removed at the time of axotomy. By 10 days after surgery, the production of specific polypeptides including the structural proteins, tubulin and actin, are not affected by tectal ablation. However, during a later phase of regeneration when axons would normally begin to re-connect with the tectum, the appearance of a radiolabeled polypeptide of 300 kDaltons is blocked by tectal ablation. These data suggest that ganglion cells are regulated by target tissues late in the regenerative process perhaps by contact between axons and cells of the tectum.
High-accuracy recognition of muscle activation patterns using a hierarchical classifier

Systems based on Surface Electromyography (sEMG) signals require some form of machine learning algorithm for recognition and classification of specific patterns of muscle activity. These algorithms vary in terms of the number of signals, feature selection, and the classification algorithm used. In our previous work, a technique for recognizing muscle patterns using a single sEMG signal, called Guided Under-determined Source Signal Separation (GUSSS), was introduced. This technique relied on a very small number of features to achieve good classification accuracies for a small number of gestures. In this paper, an enhanced version called Hierarchical GUSSS (HiGUSSS) was developed to allow for the classification of a large number of hand gestures while preserving a high classification accuracy.
Partitioning two-dimensional mixed phase spaces

Abstract Hamiltonian systems typically exhibit a mixture of chaos and regularity, complicating any scheme to partition phase space and extract a symbolic description of the dynamics. In particular, the dynamics in the vicinity of stable islands can exhibit complicated topology that is qualitatively distinct from that away from the islands. We develop an approach to partition the chaotic phase space of a general dynamical system represented by a two-dimensional map (homeomorphism). This approach can accommodate mixed phase space structure with an arbitrarily high degree of accuracy. The partitioning scheme is built around networks of nested heteroclinic tangles—fundamental geometric objects that organize phase–space transport. These tangles can be used to progressively approximate the dynamics in the vicinity of stable island chains. The net result is a symbolic approximation to the dynamics in the chaotic sea, and an associated phase–space partition, which includes the influence of stable islands and which is approximately Markov.
The ornithophilic black fly Simulium meridionale Riley (Diptera : Simuliidae) feeding on man during autumn.

Simulium meridionale, which usually feeds on birds, avidly attacked man on warm days following cold weather during October in Wisconsin. If such changes in feeding behavior occur among vector species of Diptera, important epidemiological questions would be raised.
Use of a refluxing mist chamber for measurement of gas-phase mercury(II) species in the atmosphere

As part of current efforts to understand the cycling of mercury (Hg) in the atmosphere, information is needed on its atmospheric speciation. Almost no data exists on water-soluble Hg(II) species in ambient air. A new technique for measuring gas phase water-soluble Hg(II) species has been developed, utilizing a high-flow refluxing mist chamber. Extensive testing has been carried out, including attempts to rule out production of artifact Hg(II). Measurements at two locations (East-Central Tennessee and the Ohio-Indiana border) found approximately 0.05–0.15 ng/m3 of reactive Hg(II), representing ca. 3 to 5% of the total gaseous Hg. Limited tests of artifact Hg(II) production in the mist chamber by ozone oxidation and co-sampled aerosol Hg(II) suggest that the majority of the collected Hg(II) exists in ambient air in the gas phase.
Studies on the mechanism of vitamin-like activity of coenzyme Q.

Abstract A vitamin E-deficient diet has been used to produce dystrophy in rabbits. This diet may be considered as an antioxidant-deficient diet because of the lack of structural specificity for vitamin E. Importance is attached to the previous recognition of widespread metabolic damage by such a diet, due to lipid peroxidation, including mitochondrial lipids. Coenzyme Q and its precursors, beginning with 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, are all polyunsaturated lipids and presumably components of mitochondrial membranes. Clearly, coenzyme Q and its precursors are exposed to peroxidation on an antioxidant-deficient diet. Consequently, there may be inadequate levels of coenzyme Q in an animal living on a diet favorable to such peroxidation of lipids. Data supporting low tissue levels of coenzyme Q are yet inconclusive. Hexahydrocoenzyme Q 4 has shown life-saving and vitamin-like activity in the dystrophic rabbit by three criteria: (a) normalization of crcatine-creatinine ratio; (b) regaining of righting reflex; and (c) weight gain. There was no detectable conversion of radioactive 6-chromanol of hexahydrocoenzyme Q 4 to radioactive hexahydrocoenzyme Q 4 or coenzyme Q 10 . Since hexahydrocoenzyme Q 4 , like coenzyme Q 10 , is active for electron transfer in the succinoxidase system, it is evident that the response to hexahydrocoenzyme Q 4 by the rabbit can be due to restored levels of CoQ in the tissue. CoQ 4 substitutes for CoQ 10 and restores the functioning of electron transfer in respiration and coupled oxidative phosphorylation. Since neither the 6-chromanol of hexahydrocoenzyme Q 4 nor α-tocopherol is active for electron transfer in the succinoxidase system, and since there is no apparent conversion of the CoQ-chromanol to the quinone, it is evident that these two chromanols appear to function solely as structurally nonspecific antioxidants which can protect not only tissue levels of CoQ 10 and its precursors but also other body unsaturated lipids against diminution by peroxidation. By such protection, required tissue levels of CoQ 10 could be maintained through intrinsic biosynthesis.
A SIMPLE ORGAN CULTURE METHOD WHICH ALLOWS SIMULTANEOUS ISOLATION OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF CELLS.

Abstract A new organ culture method and its application to a variety of systems is described. The new method is very simple to use and, unlike all previous methods, it permits the simultaneous isolation of specific cell types. This advantage is achieved by allowing the cells to migrate through an open mesh paper to the bottom of the culture vessel. Migration occurs slowly enough to prevent overgrowth of the monolayer phase of the culture by the cells of any one type. The procedure should prove to be very valuable in cancer research, particularly for the isolation of transformed cells, the isolation of cells resistant to drugs and for the establishment of cell cultures from very small specimens of tissue.
Application of isomorphous replacement in the structure determination of a cubic liquid crystal phase and location of counterions.

A second generation monodendron with dodecyl end-groups based on the AB3 monomer 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoate has previously been shown to form a thermotropic cubic phase with Pm3n symmetry (Balagurusamy et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 1539). A structure consisting of spherical “micelles” was proposed originally, but an alternative choice of structure factor phases, giving a structure of interlocked squashed columns, could not be ruled out by diffraction data on the original material alone. We have therefore synthesized two selectively fluorinated equivalent compounds, the carboxylic acid and its Rb salt, to be able to apply a variant of the isomorphous replacement crystallographic technique. On the basis of the electron density maps of the new labeled compounds, reconstructed using small-angle X-ray diffraction intensities, the interlocking columns model is unequivocally rejected and the spheres model is upheld. Furthermore, the location of the metal cation in the center of the “micelles” is directly ...
Tailored interventions to promote mammography screening: a meta-analytic review.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of tailored interventions, designed to reach one specific person based on her unique characteristics, for promoting mammography use.
Low Use of Opioid Risk Reduction Strategies in Primary Care Even for High Risk Patients with Chronic Pain

Background/Objective Experts recommend close oversight of patients receiving opioid analgesics for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), especially those at increased risk of misuse. We hypothesized that physicians employ opioid risk reduction strategies more frequently in higher risk patients.
α-Inflatable semigroups

For α∈N with α≥2, we define and characterize α-inflatable semigroups,S and establish that the product (βS/S,·)·(βS/S,·) of Stone-Ĉech remainders does not contain the closure of the minimal ideal of (βS,·), the Stone-Ĉech compactification ofS. From this result, one can easily derive Ruppert's result that the minimal ideal of a compact left-topological semigroup is not necessarily closed.
Variation of properties of superconducting Nb3Ge prepared by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We discuss how some of the properties of chemically vapor deposited Nb 3 Ge depend on deposition conditions. Strong variations of transition temperature and A-15 lattice parameter occur with changes in gas composition. Rather broad transition onsets up to 23.0 ± 0.2°K have been observed.
Comparison of the global gene expression of choroid plexus and meninges and associated vasculature under control conditions and after pronounced hyperthermia or amphetamine toxicity

The meninges (arachnoid and pial membranes) and associated vasculature (MAV) and choroid plexus are important in maintaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) generation and flow. MAV vasculature was previously observed to be adversely affected by environmentally-induced hyperthermia (EIH) and more so by a neurotoxic amphetamine (AMPH) exposure. Herein, microarray and RT-PCR analysis was used to compare the gene expression profiles between choroid plexus and MAV under control conditions and at 3 hours and 1 day after EIH or AMPH exposure. Since AMPH and EIH are so disruptive to vasculature, genes related to vasculature integrity and function were of interest. Our data shows that, under control conditions, many of the genes with relatively high expression in both the MAV and choroid plexus are also abundant in many epithelial tissues. These genes function in transport of water, ions, and solutes, and likely play a role in CSF regulation. Most genes that help form the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and tight junctions were also highly expressed in MAV but not in choroid plexus. In MAV, exposure to EIH and more so to AMPH decreased the expression of BBB-related genes such as Sox18, Ocln, and Cldn5, but they were much less affected in the choroid plexus. There was a correlation between the genes related to reactive oxidative stress and damage that were significantly altered in the MAV and choroid plexus after either EIH or AMPH. However, AMPH (at 3 hr) significantly affected about 5 times as many genes as EIH in the MAV, while in the choroid plexus EIH affected more genes than AMPH. Several unique genes that are not specifically related to vascular damage increased to a much greater extent after AMPH compared to EIH in the MAV (Lbp, Reg3a, Reg3b, Slc15a1, Sct and Fst) and choroid plexus (Bmp4, Dio2 and Lbp). Our study indicates that the disruption of choroid plexus function and damage produced by AMPH and EIH is significant, but the changes may not be as pronounced as they are in the MAV, particularly for AMPH. Expression profiles in the MAV and choroid plexus differed to some extent and differences were not restricted to vascular related genes.
Water flush technique: a noninvasive method of optimizing visualization of the distal esophagus in patients with primary achalasia.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of a water flush technique to optimize visualization of the distal esophageal mucosa during barium esophagography of patients with moderate to severe primary achalasia. The water flush consists of having patients drink tap water at end esophagography in an attempt to clear the standing barium column. CONCLUSION. The water flush technique is a simple, noninvasive maneuver that improves the extent of diagnostic visualization of the distal esophageal mucosa in patients with moderate to severe primary achalasia. It facilitated detection of a tumor in one patient and identification of additional pathologic changes in two other patients in this series.
Allergic inflammation-induced neuropeptide production in rapidly adapting afferent nerves in guinea pig airways

In the vagal-sensory system, neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are synthesized nearly exclusively in small-diameter nociceptive type C-fiber neurons. By d...
Podocyte-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Mediates the Stimulation of α3(IV) Collagen Production by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Mouse Podocytes

Podocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated in diabetes and may contribute to albuminuria. Although believed to act upon the glomerular endothelium, VEGF may have pronounced effects on the podocyte itself. The functionality of this VEGF autocrine loop was investigated in conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes. Exogenous VEGF(164) increased the production of alpha3(IV) collagen, an integral component of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM); this effect was completely prevented by SU5416, a pan-VEGF receptor inhibitor. The VEGF inhibitor also partially prevented the stimulation of alpha3(IV) collagen by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, establishing a novel role for endogenous VEGF. However, VEGF did not influence the production of another novel chain of collagen IV, alpha5(IV) collagen, and SU5416 failed to reverse the known inhibitory effect of TGF-beta1 on alpha5(IV) collagen production. Cultured mouse podocytes possess at least the VEGFR-1 receptor, confirmed by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. By these techniques, however, VEGFR-2 is absent. VEGF signaling proceeds via autophosphorylation of VEGFR-1 and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Thus, podocyte-derived VEGF operates in an autocrine loop, likely through VEGFR-1 and PI3K, to stimulate alpha3(IV) collagen production. The TGF-beta1-stimulated endogenous VEGF may have significant implications for podocyte dysfunction in diabetic glomerulopathy, manifesting as GBM thickening and altered macromolecular permeability.