cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Missile Defense Agency's space tracking and surveillance system

The Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) is a layered system incorporating elements in space. In addition to missile warning systems at geosynchronous altitudes, an operational BMDS will include a low Earth orbit (LEO) system-the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS). It will use infrared sensing technologies synergistically with the Space Based Infrared Systems (SBIRS) and will provide a seamless adjunct to radars and sensors on the ground and in airborne platforms. STSS is being designed for a future operational capability to defend against evolving threats. STSS development is divided into phases, commencing with a two-satellite demonstration constellation scheduled for launch in 2008. The demonstration satellites will conduct a menu of tests and experiments to prove the system concept, including the ground segment. They will have limited operational capability within the integrated BMDS. Data from the demonstration satellites will be received and processed by the Missile Defense Space Experiment Center (MDSEC), a part of the Missile Defense Integration and Operations Center (MDIOC). MDA launched in 2007 into LEO a satellite (NFIRE) designed to make near-field multispectral measurements of boosting targets and to demonstrate laser communication, the latter in conjunction with the German satellite TerraSAR-X. The gimbaled, lightweight laser terminal has demonstrated on orbit a 5.5 gbps rate in both directions. The filter passbands of NFIRE are similar to the STSS demonstrator track sensor. While providing useful phenomenology during its time on orbit, NFIRE will also serve as a pathfinder in the development of STSS operations procedures.
A Metamaterial-Based Multiband Phase Shifter

A design methodology for a multi-band phase shifter using a metamaterial-based transmission line was developed. This method is different in that the loaded-line phase shifter has a phase shift of 90° at the center frequencies of both bands (ISM bands: 902-928 MHz and 2400-2498 MHz) instead of -90° and -270°. The method was validated using simulation and measured results.
A Simple-Reliable Differential Direct Injection Enthalpimeter

Abstract This instrument was designed to determine the number of water molecule adducts around an extracted metal chelate by measuring the heat of solution between water and Karl Fisher reagent. Actually it can be used to make either single or differential enthalpy measurements on any system that has a heat of solution.
Manipulatory responsiveness in protein-malnourished monkeys

Two groups of rhesus monkeys were placed on diets containing either 3% or 25% protein at 210 days of age and tested consecutively on two puzzle manipulation tasks varying in difficulty. Malnourished Ss were able to learn to solve the puzzles in the absence of food rewards but showed significantly lower final performance levels on the easier puzzles than did controls. The more complex puzzles were learned with equal difficulty by the high- and low-protein groups. Manipulatory responsiveness in this study was interpreted to be partially influenced by secondary diseases associated with protein-calorie malnutrition.
High frequency precise ultrasound imaging system to assess mouse hearts and blood vessels

Genetically modified mice provide a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of human cardiovascular diseases like human atherosclerosis [1]. Numerous mouse strains are available today with phenotypes relevant to human cardiovascular diseases [1,2]. These mouse strains have prompted the development of techniques for assessing the cardiovascular function and morphology of living mice. Recently, several imaging techniques have been emerged as promising non-invasive imaging modalities, such as electron-beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, optical coherent tomography, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) [3,4]. Although these systems are capable of detecting anatomic and functional information, they may not be suitable to image mouse heart vasculatures. The small size and rapid movement of mouse hearts require systems acquiring images using temporal resolution of less than 10 ms with spatial resolution of 100 μm or less [4]. However, in mice, which have extremely small coronary arteries and high heart rates, the coronary circulation constitutes a great challenge for these available imaging techniques.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mean free paths of multiple helium fragments produced by 32S at 6.4 TeV.

We report the measurements on interaction mean free paths of the multiple He fragments produced by the collisions of $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ ions at 200 GeV/nucleon in nuclear emission. Within experimental errors, the mean free paths have been found to be independent of the He multiplicity and the size of the target nucleus.
The invertibility of operators and contraction mappings

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the invertibility of a (not necessarily linear) operatorN between normed linear spaces are given. It is shown thatN is invertible precisely if a certain operator associated withN is a contraction.
MicroRNA antagonism of the picornaviral life cycle: alternative mechanisms of interference.

In addition to modulating the function and stability of cellular mRNAs, microRNAs can profoundly affect the life cycles of viruses bearing sequence complementary targets, a finding recently exploited to ameliorate toxicities of vaccines and oncolytic viruses. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying microRNA-mediated antiviral activity, we modified the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of Coxsackievirus A21 to incorporate targets with varying degrees of homology to endogenous microRNAs. We show that microRNAs can interrupt the picornavirus life-cycle at multiple levels, including catalytic degradation of the viral RNA genome, suppression of cap-independent mRNA translation, and interference with genome encapsidation. In addition, we have examined the extent to which endogenous microRNAs can suppress viral replication in vivo and how viruses can overcome this inhibition by microRNA saturation in mouse cancer models.
Percutaneous Mechanical and Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis for Occlusive Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Proximal Limb in Adolescent Subjects: Findings from an Institution-based Prospective Inception Cohort Study of Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism

Abstract Purpose Young individuals with occlusive, proximal-limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) who have acutely increased plasma levels of factor VIII and D-dimer are at high risk for postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) when treated with conventional anticoagulation alone. The present report is an evaluation of experience with adjunctive percutaneous mechanical thrombolysis (PMT) and/or percutaneous pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (PPMT) in such patients. Patients and Methods Among 95 children 11–21 years of age enrolled in a prospective cohort of venous thromboembolism between March 1, 2006, and November 1, 2009, 16 met eligibility criteria and underwent PMT/PPMT, typically with adjunctive catheter-directed thrombolytic infusion (CDTI) of tissue-type plasminogen activator given after the procedure. Results Median age was 16 years (range, 11–19 y). Thirteen cases (81%) involved lower limbs. Underlying stenotic lesions were disclosed in 53%, with endovascular stents deployed in all cases of May–Thurner anomaly. There were no periprocedural major bleeding events and one symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Technical success rate was 94%. Early ( Conclusions This experience provides preliminary evidence that PMT/PPMT with adjunctive CDTI can be used safely and effectively in adolescent subjects with DVT at high risk for PTS.
Performance of different types of cross-linked methyl polysiloxane stationary phases on fused-silica glass capillary columns

Abstract The chromatographic properties of two distinctly different types of silicone polymers, utilized as stationary phases and rendered insoluble on fused-silica glass capillary tubing by different methods involving and in situ cross-linking with either tetrachlorosilane or a variety of peroxides, were assessed. Columns showing excellent efficiency, thermal stability, and resistance to certain solvents were prepared from both classes of polymers having either SiOSi or SiCCSi cross-linkages. The process of vulcanization of the silicone gums with certain of the peroxides frequently appeared to give rise to signs of renewed surface activity on fused silica columns previously rendered inert. This effect was either minimal or absent when reactive prepolymers were cross-linked with tetrachlorosilane.
A note on Yersinia enterocolitica in a swine farm watershed.

Swine faeces from three pig farms in the La Crosse River watershed near La Crosse, Wisconsin, were sampled for Yersinia enterocolitica; 19 presumptive isolates were recovered and biochemically confirmed as Y. enterocolitica. Simultaneously, during a 2mD2 cm rainfall, the confluences of runoff water flowing from the swine holding pens and of nearby streams also were sampled; a single isolate was obtained from one holding pen runoff-stream confluence. Biochemical analysis showed that the water isolate was a biotype identical with that of a swine isolate from the adjacent farm. These results demonstrate one possible mechanism for the introduction of Y. enterocolitica into water supplies; faecal material from swine, a suspected natural reservoir of the bacterium, is transported via runoff water to streams.
Induction of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell-cycle inhibition in mouse peripheral blood B lymphocytes exposed to mutagenic carcinogens in vivo.

To determine the sensitivity of the mouse peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) culture system, male B6C3f1 mice were injected i.p. with either 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) (20, 40, 80, 160 mg/kg), benzo[a]pyrene (BP) 25, 75, 150, 300 mg/kg), dichlorvos (DCV) (5, 15, 25, 35 mg/kg), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) (10, 30, 90, 180, 270 mg/kg), or N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) (37.5, 75, 150, 300 mg/kg) dissolved in either RPMI 1640 (DCV, EMS, NM) or sunflower oil (AAF, BP). 24 h later blood was removed by cardiac puncture, and the lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide for analysis of SCE in B lymphocytes. All 4 mutagenic carcinogens (AAF, BP, EMS, NM) induced significant dose-related increases in SCE frequency. DCV, a potent neurotoxicant, caused no change in the baseline SCE frequency. At the highest concentration of each chemical examined, AAF caused a 1.6-fold increase, EMS a 1.8-fold increase, NM a 3.0-fold increase, and BP a 3.1-fold increase in SCE frequency compared to concurrent controls. A comparison of these results for PBLs with those reported in the literature for bone marrow cells indicates that PBLs offer a good quantitative and qualitative estimate of the SCE-inducing potential for these 5 compounds in bone marrow cells.
First time experiences in infancy: when they appear to be pleasant, do they activate the adrenocortical stress response?

The effect of a positive first-time experience on adrenocortical activity was examined in 48 6- to 13-month-old infants who took part in two sessions of a YMCA-like mother–infant swim class. Experience was manipulated by comparing Novice swimmers with infants who previously had taken a swim class, and by examining responses to first versus second class session. In addition, the effects of temperamental fear of novelty were examined by maternal report prior to the first session. Preswim and Postswim cortisol levels were compared to measures obtained at the same time of day in two comparison groups, one tested at home and one tested in a playroom at the University. The results yielded no evidence of an adrenocortical stress response (elevated cortisol) to the swim sessions for either the Novice or Experienced swimmers. Infant temperamental fearfulness predicted behavioral but not adrenocortical responses during swimming. Postswim cortisol levels were significantly lower than posttest levels in the two baseline comparison groups, and lower postswim cortisol levels were associated with less negative and more positive emotional behavior and engagement of the swimming experience. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that emotions serve as a major pathway influencing adrenocortical activity, and provide no support for the uncertainty hypothesis of adrenocortical activation © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Low power integrated scan-retention mechanism

This paper presents a methodology for unifying the scan mechanism and data retention in latches which leads to scannable latches with the data retention capability achieved at a very low power overhead during the active mode. A detailed analysis of power and area overhead is presented, with layout examples for various common latch styles. Implications of using different power gating techniques for reducing leakage during sleep mode on the design of retention latches are considered, including well biasing for leakage control and sharing wells between gated logic and retention latch devices.
Comparative effects of selenite and selenate on nitrate assimilation in barley seedlings.

The effect of SeO3= and SeO4= on NO3- assimilation in 8-d-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was studied over a 24-h period. Selenite at 0.1 mol m-3 in the uptake solutions severely inhibited the induction of NO3- uptake and active nitrate reductases. Selenate, at 1.0 mol m-3 in the nutrient solution, had little effect on induction of activities of these systems until after 12 h; however, when the seedlings were pretreated with 1.0 mol m-3 SeO4= for 24 h, subsequent NO3- uptake from SeO4(=) -free solutions was inhibited about 60%. Sulphate partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of SeO3= when supplied together in the ambient solutions, but had no effect in seedlings pretreated with SeO3=. By contrast, SO4= partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of SeO4= even in seedlings pretreated with SeO4=. Since uptake of NO3- by intact seedlings was also inhibited by SO3=, the percentage of the absorbed NO3- that was reduced was not affected. By contrast, SeO4=, which affected NO3- uptake much less, inhibited the percentage reduced of that absorbed. However, when supplied to detached leaves, both SeO3= and SeO4= inhibited the in vivo reduction of NO3- as well as induction of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities. Selenite was more inhibitory than SeO4= ; approximately a five to 10 times higher concentration of SeO4= than SeO3= was required to achieve similar inhibition. In detached leaves, the inhibitory effect of both SeO3= and SeO4= on in vivo NO3- reduction as well as on the induction of nitrate reductase activity was partially alleviated by SO4=. The inhibitory effects of Se salts on the induction of the nitrite reductase were, however, completely alleviated by SO4=. The results show that in barley seedlings SeO3= is more toxic than SeO4=. The reduction of SeO4= to SeO3= may be a rate limiting step in causing Se toxicity.
Consumer informedness and diverse consumer purchasing behaviors: traditional mass-market, trading down, and trading out into the long tail

Anderson describes "The Long Tail" in online retailing and Silverstein and Fiske describe "Trading Up" to luxury goods. A more complete explanation of consumer behavior is based on informedness and pursuit of products that truly meet individual wants and needs, cravings and longings. As truly informed consumers are increasingly able to find exactly what they want and willing to pay premium prices to obtain products with perfect fit for them, companies have responded with new product portfolio strategies and new pricing strategies, based on the concepts of resonance marketing and hyperdifferentiation. This is consumers' pursuit of products that better for them. It is not trading up, but trading out. Consumers use information in different ways in different shopping experiences. In product categories where consumers exhibit extreme differences in preferences and where they also seek delight, such as the selection of new craft beers, the number of delighted reviewers and the strength of positive reviews are the best predictors of success. In contrast, when consumers seek to avoid disaster in an online shopping experience, such as when consumers shop for an unfamiliar discount hotel online, it is the absence of truly negative reviews that offers the best predictor of online sales success.
New Contexts for Curanderismo: Recasting Mexican American Folk Healing within American Metaphysical Religion

This article argues that Mexican American folk and religious healing has begun to develop a multiethnic clientele within the American metaphysical religious community. The penchant among metaphysical spiritual seekers, New Agers, and members of the alternative healing community to appropriate and refashion Native American and Asian religious rituals and traditions is similarly opening up lines of exchange with Mexican American folk healers. Several of these contemporary healers have amended their traditional practices and rhetorics in order to converge more easily with the predispositions of their new metaphysical patients and apprentices. Older, more ethnically-bound forms of Mexican American healing including saint veneration, herbal remedies, and Catholic prayers have given way to new emphases on energy auras, ancient wisdom, and notions of therapeutic wholeness. Published in Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Sep2013, Vol. 81 Issue 3, pp 620-643.
The capacity of downlink fading channels with variable rate and power

We obtain the Shannon capacity region of the down-link (broadcast) channel in fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) for time-division, frequency-division, and code-division. For all of these techniques, the maximum capacity is achieved when the transmitter varies the data rate sent to each user as their channels vary. This optimal scheme requires channel estimates at the transmitter; dynamic allocation of timeslots, bandwidth, or codes; and variable-rate and power transmission. For both AWGN and fading channels, nonorthogonal code-division with successive decoding has the largest capacity region, while time-division, frequency-division, and orthogonal code-division have the same smaller region. However, when all users have the same average received power, the capacity region for all these techniques is the same. In addition, the optimal nonorthogonal code is a multiresolution code which does not increase the signal bandwidth. Spread-spectrum code-division with successive interference cancellation has a similar rate region as this optimal technique, however, the region is reduced due to bandwidth expansion. We also examine the capacity region of nonorthogonal code-division without interference cancellation and of orthogonal code-division when multipath corrupts the code orthogonality. Our results can be used to bound the spectral efficiency of the downlink channel using time-division, frequency-division, and code-division, both with and without multiuser detection.
Analysis of False-Negative Cancer Cases Identified with a Mammography Audit.

▪ Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of false-negative breast imaging in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, as defined by cancer diagnosed within 1 year of a nonsuspicious mammogram. A computerized audit of 27,305 mammograms performed between November 1992 and December 1993 identified 50 patients who developed malignancy within 1 year of a mammographic report indicating negative, benign, or probably benign results. The audit revealed 26,661 mammograms interpreted as negative, benign, or probably benign. Of these, 50 patients were diagnosed with carcinoma within 1 year. Thirteen of the cancers were not visible retrospectively. Five were seen only in retrospect. Thirty-two were seen prospectively, of which 5 were interpreted as benign and 27 were interpreted as probably benign. Seventeen of the 27 probably benign were recommended for 6-month follow-up. Ten of the 27 probably benign had immediate ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology yielding unsuspected malignancy. In most (32/50) false-negative cases the lesions were seen prospectively but were interpreted as benign or probably benign. Ultrasound-guided aspiration averted a delayed diagnosis of malignancy in 20% (10/50) of the false-negative imaging interpretations. Six-month follow-up studies were helpful for 12 of 17 cases, where the lesions progressed within 1 year. ▪
Moon’s Origin And Evolution: Alternatives and Implications

The origin of the Moon 4.56 Gyr ago, its subsequent evolution, and the implications of both relative to the Earth remain subject to lively debate. Because the internal geochemistry and geophysics of the Moon does not appear consistent with an origin by the giant impact of a Mars-sized asteroid on the Earth, this hypothesis is challenged by one that proposes the capture of an independently formed planetesimal. The Moon—s internal structure also indicates that it and all the terrestrial planets initially had relatively cool, chondritic proto-cores prior to formation of metallic cores. Evidence exists that these proto-cores delayed formation of metallic cores for periods that correlate with the final mass of a planet.
DISTINGUISHING CAUSES OF VIRULENCE EVOLUTION: REPLY TO ALIZON AND MICHALAKIS

In a recent study of the symbiosis between bacteria and plasmids, the available evidence suggests that experimental evolution of plasmid virulence was primarily driven by within-host competition caused by superinfection. The data do not exclude the possibility, however, that a trade-off between virulence and infectious transmission to uninfected bacteria also played a minor role.
A METHOD FOR CONSUMER VALUATION OF LIFE INSURANCE POLICIES BY TYPE: COMMENT

IN A RECENT issue of this Journal, Professor Solberg presented an interesting paper describing a method of evaluating a life insurance policy from the viewpoint of the consumer.' He states in effect that the total value of a policy is the sum of the value of the "life benefits" and the value of the "death benefits." It is the purpose of this communication to suggest a modification of Professor Solberg's approach in order to incorporate certain significant refinements.2 A mathematical presentation of the modification is contained in the appendix to this communication. In valuing the "life benefits" under a life insurance policy, Professor Solberg computes the present value of the cash value at retirement and indicates that no value need be placed upon the cash values in intervening years. Actually, it would seem far more realistic to assume that the policyowner will view the cash value of his life insurance as an asset during the entire accumulation period. This does not mean that the policyowner will use the asset during that period but rather that he will recognize its existence when, for example, he constructs a balance sheet showing his personal financial condition at the end of each year. The fact is that the policyowner may indeed be forced to use the cash surrender or loan privi-
Restricted boundary vector quantization

This paper presents a technique for reducing the storage requirements needed to implement a vector quantizer, by restricting the orientations of boundaries allowed to partition the vector space into Voronoi regions. A modification to the LBG algorithm optimizes the quantizer within the constraints of the Voronoi boundary restrictions and a binary tree growth encoder. >
Grammatical Machine Translation

We present an approach to statistical machine translation that combines ideas from phrase-based SMT and traditional grammar-based MT. Our system incorporates the concept of multi-word translation units into transfer of dependency structure snippets, and models and trains statistical components according to state-of-the-art SMT systems. Compliant with classical transfer-based MT, target dependency structure snippets are input to a grammar-based generator. An experimental evaluation shows that the incorporation of a grammar-based generator into an SMT framework provides improved grammaticality while achieving state-of-the-art quality on in-coverage examples, suggesting a possible hybrid framework.
A reverse microemulsion polymerization method for preparation of bioadhesive polyacrylic acid nanoparticles for mucosal drug delivery: loading and release of timolol maleate.

Polyacrylic acid nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using a reverse microemulsion polymerization process. They had a narrow size range, averaging ∼50 nm, and were stable in buffer. The particles were isolated and lyophilized in dry powder form, and were redispersible as individual particles in buffer. The drug timolol maleate was loaded into the nanoparticles from aqueous drug solutions and, when the drug-loaded particles were dispersed in a phosphate buffer solution, the drug slowly released over several hours from the nanoparticles.
Boundary conditions for a two pressure two-phase flow model

Abstract New closures for two pressure two-phase flow in the context of unstable fluid mixing have been proposed recently by the authors. Here we examine the physical basis for the models, the nature of the boundary conditions at the edges of the mixing layer, and an algorithm for the numerical solution of the two-phase flow equations. Physically, the closures describe chunk mix, in which the flow is dominated by coherent structures of size comparable to the mixing zone thickness. The closed form solution previously introduced for the incompressible limit is reviewed and extended. Sufficient boundary conditions for the compressible equations are found from drag and buoyancy laws proposed by others, with coefficients fit to two sets of independent experiments. These laws complete the closure of the two-phase flow equations. A postulate of stationary center of mass, previously introduced at a numerical level, is here related to a weak notion of self similarity and is solved analytically for the ratio of the growth rates of the two sides of the mixing zone in the self similar case.
Identification of rational transfer function from frequency response sample

A method for identifying a transfer function, H(z)=A(z)/B(z), from its frequency response values is presented. Identifying the transfer function involves determining the unknown degrees and coefficients of the polynomials A(z) and B(z), given the frequency response samples. The method for finding the parameters of the transfer function involves solving linear simultaneous equations only. An important aspect of the method is the decoupled manner in which the polynomials A(z) and B(z) are determined. The author presents two slightly different derivations of the linear equations involved, one based on the properties of divided differences and the other using Vandermonde matrices or, equivalently, Lagrange interpolation. A matrix synthesized from the given frequency response samples is shown to have a rank equal to the number of poles in the system. >
Images Based System for Surface Matching in Macromolecular Screening

Computer vision technologies of structure matching based on surface representation have demonstrated their effectiveness in many research fields. In particular they can be successfully applied to in silico studies of molecular biology. Protein activities, in fact, are driven by their external characteristics, therefore the ability to match surfaces allows one to quickly infer information about possible interactions and functions of biological components.In this work we present a surface matching algorithm which is able to screen possible macromolecular interactions in terms of surface complementarities. The main characteristics of the algorithm is the exploitation of an intermediate level of data representation for 3D surfaces based on images of local description. This approach enables the matching of small pieces of surfaces, which is a crucial aspect when working in the biological context.
Creep of CdZnTe at high homologous temperatures

The creep behavior of single-crystal Zn-doped CdTe was examined in the small strain regime. Specimens from two different sources, with tensile axes [110] and [112], were deformed at 1073 and 1173 K. Strain rates were of order 10−6 to 10−7 s−1. A laser interferometer was constructed to measure the small sample displacement. Cadmium overpressure was used to inhibit sublimation of test specimens at elevated temperatures. Some tests showed a transition from secondary to tertiary creep at low levels of strain. An activation energy for steady-state creep was calculated as QC = 1.46 eV, and the creep exponent was found to be approximately n = 4.2. These results, coupled with reported activation energies for self-diffusion of Cd in Cd(Zn)Te, indicate a dislocation creep mechanism. Etch pit density was measured before and after deformation and approached a common level regardless of initial etch pit density.
Efficient parallel adaptive aberration correction

Previous studies have shown that the parallel adaptive receive compensation algorithm (PARCA) can improve clinical images of the abdomen degraded by aberrations. Corrected images show both improved contrast resolution and overall image quality. However, PARCA is very computationally intensive and, consequently, cannot be easily implemented in real-time. In this study, modifications to PARCA for possible real-time implementation are explored. A modified algorithm, PARCA2 (parallel adaptive receive compensation algorithm 2), is introduced to perform aberration correction much more efficiently. Results from tissue-mimicking phantoms and human images show that corrections with PARCA2 rival that of PARCA.
A model for two-component aerosol coagulation and phase separation: a method for changing the growth rate of nanoparticles

In previous studies of particle growth we have synthesized binary metal oxide aerosols and have observed the evolution of internal phase segregation during growth of molten nanodroplets. We have also generated NaCl=metal aerosols in which the metal nanoparticle is enveloped within a salt droplet. In both systems the nanoparticles were grown in the molten state. In this paper we propose a model which incorporates phase segregation in a binary aerosol. The model assumes that complete phase segregation is the thermodynamically favored state, that no thermodynamic activation energy exists, and that the phase segregation process is kinetically controlled. The results indicate that a steady state behavior can be reached in which the characteristic time for aerosol coagulation and the characteristic time for the growth of the minority phase coincide such that the number of distinct segregated entities within each aerosol droplet is constant. The results suggest what we believe to be an important concept that can be utilized in materials synthesis. This is that the major phase can be used to moderate the growth rate of the minor phase by changing the characteristic encounter frequency and therefore the eventual growth rate of the minority phase. In particular, temperature, which does not play an important role in aerosol coagulation, is seen to be a very sensitive parameter for the growth of the minority phase nanoparticles. We discuss the parameter space necessary for this to occur. ? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Green synthesis of isopropyl myristate in novel single phase medium Part II: Packed bed reactor (PBR) studies

Isopropyl myristate is a useful functional molecule responding to the requirements of numerous fields of application in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industry. In the present work, lipase-catalyzed production of isopropyl myristate by esterification of myristic acid with isopropyl alcohol (molar ratio of 1:15) in the homogenous reaction medium was performed on a bench-scale packed bed reactors, in order to obtain suitable reaction performance data for upscaling. An immobilized lipase B from Candida antartica was used as the biocatalyst based on our previous study. The process intensification resulted in a clean and green synthesis process comprising a series of packed bed reactors of immobilized enzyme and water dehydrant. In addition, use of the single phase reaction system facilitates efficient recovery of the product with no effluent generated and recyclability of unreacted substrates. The single phase reaction system coupled with a continuous operating bioreactor ensures a stable operational life for the enzyme.
Phenotypic Screening of Drug Library in Actively Differentiating Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Phenotypic screening enables the discovery of new drug leads with novel targets. ES cells differentiate into different lineages by successively making use of different subsets of the genome's possible macromolecular interactions. If a compound effectively targets just one of these interactions, it derails the developmental pathway to produce a phenotypical change. The OTRADI microsource spectrum library of 2000 approved drug components, natural products, and bioactive components was screened for compounds that can induce phenotypic changes in ES cell cultures at 10 µM after 3 days. Twenty-one compounds that induced specific morphologies also induced unique changes to an expression profile of a dozen markers of early embryonic development, indicating that each compound has derailed the molecular developmental process in a characteristic way. Phenotypic screens conducted with ES cultures differentiating along different lineages can be used to efficiently prescreen compounds able to regulate cell differentiation lineage.
Interjurisdictional Competition and Economic Growth in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Oates' (1972) decentralization theorem holds that local governments will do a superior job at providing the efficient quantity of public goods. Brennan and Buchanan (1980) suggest that "the potential for fiscal exploitation varies inversely with the number of competing governmental units in the inclusive territory." (211) Together, these imply that there will be a positive relationship between economic growth and both the degree of decentralization of government and the number of competing government jurisdictions. The previous empirical literature has produced mixed results on those relationships. This paper provides the first examination of that relationship between interjurisdictional competition and local economic growth that utilizes a panel data approach. Unlike most of the previous literature, it examines all U.S. metropolitan areas (nearly 400), not just a subset of the largest ones, so the results are more generalizable to the entire population of U.S. metro areas. Using a fixed effects regression model, the results provide some support for that hypothesis of a positive relationship, yet there are some conflicting findings as well.
Relative sufficiency

By the classical definition of a sufficient statistic, either a statistic is or is not sufficient. A measure called relative sufficiency, by which the degree of sufficiency can be defined for the problem of random parameter estimation is presented. It is shown that relative sufficiency is equivalent to the Kullback-Leibler information measure. Its calculation and interpretation are illustrated for the estimation of a scalar random variable. >
Boil–Freeze–Pop Thermodynamics

A NASA astronaut's observation of a pan of water placed in a vacuum chamber used for simulated space conditions provided information for this analysis. As the vacuum chamber was depressurized the w...
Epidemiological characteristics and etiological analysis of an outbreak of mumps at a primary school

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the causes of an outbreak of mumps which occurred at a primary school in Lujiang county,and to promote the awareness and control of the mumps situation. Methods A total of 86 children were diagnosed during 2012 with epidemic parotitis and epidemiological data were collected,following descriptive analysis. Comparison between different groups was performed using chi-square tests for categorical data. Results This mumps outbreak lasted for a long period of time and spread widely among the children. Data indicated that the percentage of class with mumps was 76. 19% in all classes at this primary school. The positive rate of mumps in all students was 6. 94%,and 7. 32% for the boys and 6. 46% for the girls,respectively.The result suggested a slightly higher predominance of mumps in males than females. However,no significance was found between these groups. The rate of inoculated children with mumps in this school was only 5. 81%,and the disease occurred mostly among the children without immunization. Our data also showed that this outbreak largely threatened children at 6-11 years of age,up to 94. 19% of all.Conclusions Lower rate of vaccination contributed to this mumps outbreak. In addition,no instant quarantine,disinfection and emergency control worsened the outbreak. This paper suggested that appropriate control measures should be carried out promptly to prevent mumps spreading into wide range.
A Supramolecular Shear‐Thinning Anti‐Inflammatory Steroid Hydrogel

Shear-thinning and self-healing steroid-drug-based hydrogels are presented, which exhibit rapid and complete recovery of their mechanical properties within seconds following stress-induced flow. The hydrogels release steroid drug in vivo with no visible residue when release is complete.
Pain Medicine and Oxford University Press: Building a Scholarly Pain Community Together

Pain Medicine has grown rapidly over its first 16 years thanks to authors from around the world who have contributed their scholarly work for review and publication as well as to the dedication of its editorial board, editorial staff, reviewers, and publisher. This January 2016 issue of Pain Medicine is the first with our new publishing partner, Oxford University Press (OUP), with whom we have forged a very strong 5 year publishing agreement. Oxford, fully aware of the growth of our field and the important roles of our three sponsoring societies (American Academy of Pain Medicine [AAPM], the Spine Intervention Society [SIS], and the Faculty of Pain Medicine at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists [FPM ANZCA]) in national and international pain medicine, believe, as we do, that Pain Medicine has a bright future. I am most grateful to leaders from these societies as well as from members of our own editorial board (particularly Drs. Bogduk, Harden, Lamer, Maus, and Webster), who assisted in this process. Oxford’s Pain Medicine team, led by Rachel Warren, has worked diligently with our managing editor, Colleen Healy, and editorial and AAPM staff to guarantee a smooth transition from Wiley. Managing publisher Alison Labbate, a strong partner in growing Pain Medicine at Blackwell and then Wiley after their merger, has helped smooth the transition, and we are most grateful for her, and her team’s, service over the years. Oxford joins our Pain Medicine enterprise at an important time in the history of pain medicine research, practice, and policy. The costs of the public health problem of pain and its consequence—opioid over-use—have made health services research increasingly important. We must now consider a population-based approach to managing costs and to improving safety and quality-of-life outcomes, with a focus on primary prevention (engaging people …
IV thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: Is there a paradigm shift on the horizon?

Good outcomes following thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke are strongly associated with onset to treatment time—faster administration of IV recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) increases the probability of neurologic recovery.1 Door-to-needle quality-improvement initiatives have proven successful in reducing treatment times after a patient arrives in the emergency department with suspected stroke.2 Additional efforts to reduce onset to treatment times have focused on systems of care in the prehospital setting before emergency department arrival.3,4 Some of the most promising successes have come through the use of point-of-care labs that can be obtained in the field, mobile CT scanners, and remote clinical evaluation through telemedicine.5 If such advances in technology gain traction, where is the next opportunity in emergent stroke care with the potential to further reduce onset to treatment times and increase the proportion of patients eligible to receive rtPA?
Secondary and tertiary intra-arterial chemotherapy for massive persistent or recurrent subretinal retinoblastoma seeds following previous chemotherapy exposure: long-term tumor control and globe salvage in 30 eyes

Purpose To describe the results of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) for control of persistent or recurrent subretinal seeds (SRS) following previous chemotherapy for retinoblastoma. Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients with massive persistent or recurrent SRS after intravenous and/or intra-arterial chemotherapy and subsequently treated with superselective ophthalmic artery infusion of melphalan (3, 5, or 7.5 mg) and/or additional topotecan (1 mg) and/or carboplatin (20 or 30 mg) as necessary from January 2009 to March 2014. The main outcome measures were SRS control and globe salvage. Results A total of 30 eyes of 29 patients were included. Mean patient age was 19 months (median, 14 months; range, 2-58 months). Previous treatments included intravenous chemotherapy (n = 28) and intra-arterial chemotherapy (n = 5). The SRS occupied a median of 6 clock hours. Retinal detachment was present in 5 eyes (17%). Each eye received a mean of 3 IAC sessions (median, 2; range, 1-7) on a monthly basis. After a mean follow-up of 24 months (median, 18; range, 1-71 months), 27 of eyes (90%) demonstrated complete SRS regression. Overall, globe salvage was achieved in 15 eyes (50%). Fifteen eyes were enucleated because of recurrent SRS (4 eyes), recurrent SRS and vitreous seeds (3 eyes), recurrent solid tumor (1 eye), and neovascular glaucoma from total retinal detachment and/or vitreous hemorrhage (7 eyes), none of which had active tumor. Conclusions IAC can be an effective second- or third-line therapy in the management of massive persistent or recurrent SRS from retinoblastoma following previous chemotherapy. All eyes in this study were all facing enucleation; lasting seed control was achieved in 70%.
Choice of bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The majority of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may derive benefit from bronchodilator therapy, particularly those patients with severe disease. Currently, three classes of bronchodilator are available: anticholinergics, beta 2-adrenergic agonists and methyl-xanthines. Several factors should be considered when choosing a bronchodilator. Inhaled therapy is generally preferred over oral treatment as the inhaled route reduces systemic exposure to the drug, whereas oral therapy has the advantages of convenience and ease of use. The anticholinergics (e.g. ipratropium bromide) and beta 2-agonists (e.g. salbutamol) are used via the inhaled route and have approximately equivalent acute bronchodilator effects; they differ pharmacokinetically in onset of effect and duration of action and the anticholinergic may be superior in its long-term effects on lung function.
Onychotillomania: An underrecognized disorder

Onychotillomania is an uncommon and likely underreported condition in which patients repetitively manipulate the different constituents of the nail unit. Onychotillomania is characterized by a range of nonspecific findings, including bizarre morphology of the nail plate and damage to the nail bed and periungual skin. Histopathological changes are also nonspecific, but may be viewed as analogous to lichen simplex chronicus and prurigo nodularis of the skin. Clinical history is essential to making this diagnosis, as effective treatment modalities may focus on behavioral therapies and psychiatric medications.
Vehicle Miles Traveled and Sustainable Communities

A critical look at California’s efforts to use vehicle miles traveled to forestall further suburbanization as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions reveals fundamental land use regulation issues. Transportation planning that reduces vehicle miles traveled by passenger cars and light trucks is part of California’s strategy to promote smart growth as a way to combat global climate change. Basing incentives for smart growth on reductions in vehicle miles traveled, California’s Sustainable Communities Act seeks to increase the density of residential development along public transportation corridors. * Professor of Law, Santa Clara University School of Law. This article was presented at the Symposium, “Growing, Growing, Gone: Innovative Ideas in Resource Management for a Growing Population,” sponsored by the McGeorge Law Review at the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law in Sacramento, California on April 11, 2014. The author wishes to thank Jon T. Anderson, whose valuable assistance resulted in many improvements both in the ideas and in the text of the article. 2014 / Vehicle Miles Traveled and Sustainable Communities 24 Providing more affordable housing and discouraging suburban sprawl are integral to this effort to use regional transportation planning to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through disincentives for travel by personal vehicle.
A Maximal Function Characterization of the Class H p

Let u be harmonic in the upper half-plane and 0<p< ∞. Then u= Re F for some analytic function F of the Hardy class H p if and only if the nontangential maximal function of u is in L p. A general integral inequality between the non-tangential maximal function of u and that of its conjugate function is established.
Increasing compliance with the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist-A regional health system's experience.

Abstract Background In 2009, NorthShore University HealthSystem adapted the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) at each of its 4 hospitals. Despite evidence that SSC reduces intraoperative mistakes and increase patient safety, compliance was found to be low with the paper form. In November 2013, NorthShore integrated the SSC into the electronic health record (EHR). The aim was to increase communication between operating room (OR) personnel and to encourage best practices during the natural workflow of surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an electronic SSC on compliance and patient safety. Methods An anonymous OR observer selected cases at random and evaluated the compliance rate before the rollout of the electronic SSC. In June 2014, an electronic audit was performed to assess the compliance rate. Random OR observations were also performed throughout the summer in 2014. Perioperative risk events, such as consent issues, incorrect counts, wrong site, and wrong procedure were compared before and after the electronic SSC rollout. A perception survey was also administered to NorthShore OR personnel. Results Compliance increased from 48% (n = 167) to 92% (n = 1,037; P Conclusions The World Health Organization SSC is a validated tool to increase patient safety and reduce intraoperative complications. The electronic SSC has demonstrated an increased compliance rate, a reduced number of risk events, and most OR personnel believe it will have a positive impact on patient safety.
Use of PSA level 2 and level 3 risk insights in the siting of nuclear power plants

The siting of commercial nuclear power plants is a complex issue involving a large variety of social, economic, and technical factors. The resolution of these issues involves a number of governmental agencies, such as the nuclear regulatory authority, environmental agencies at different Central and State levels, and, perhaps, other government organizations in addition to the entity applying for a permit to construct and operate a nuclear power plant at the site. For the applicant or licensee, an adequate amount of land and other resources, such as water, along with necessary infrastructure for evacuation of the power generated have to be available, and the location has to meet appropriate seismic, geologic, and hydrologic criteria for a site to be considered viable. In addition, there may be unique social or cultural factors that impinge on site suitability.