cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landmark papers in cerebrovascular neurosurgery 2015

The management of cerebrovascular disease has advanced considerably in 2015. Five randomized control trials have firmly established the role of endovascular thrombectomy for ischemic strokes due to large vessel occlusion. The randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke (MR CLEAN) (Berkhemer et al. NEJM 2015;372:11-20) was the first of a series on the topic. There was a total of 5 randomized controlled trials published showing benefit in terms of functional outcomes at 90days for mechanical thrombectomy including the Endovascular Therapy for Ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection (EXTEND IA) (Campbell et al. NEJM 2015;372:1009-18), the Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke (ESCAPE) (Goyal et al. NEJM 2015;372:1019-30) trials, the stent-retriever thrombectomy after IV t-PA is t-PA alone in stroke (SWIFT-PRIME) (Saver et al. NEJM 2015;372:2285-95), and the thrombectomy within 8h after symptom onset in Ischemic stroke (REVASCAT) trial (Jovin et al. NEJM 2015; 372:2296-306). Six-year results from randomized controlled Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) found no significant difference in functional outcomes in patients ruptured aneurysms treated surgically clippings versus endovascular treatment (Spetzler et al. JNS 2015;123:609-17. The 10-year results of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm trial (ISAT) reported similar mortality rates and good functional outcomes between clipped and coiled patients (Molyneux et al. Lancet 2015;385:691-7). We also discuss the impact of genome wide sequencing studies in familial aneurysms, the largest publication on stent assisted coiling and flow diverter for aneurysms and noteworthy papers relevant to Moyamoya and cavernous malformations (Yang et al. Neurosurgery 2015;77:241-7).
In vitro screening batteries for neurotoxicants.

The need to develop, validate and utilize in vitro models to test chemicals for neurotoxic potential is widely appreciated. This lecture discusses the major advantages of using cell and tissue culture, the various in vitro models amenable for neurotoxicity studies, and the distinction between mechanistic and screening models. Considerations for designing screening batteries to evaluate neurotoxicants are discussed. Topics such as choice of appropriate cell models and endpoints (i.e., cytotoxic and neurotoxic), and technical considerations in the design of the battery are also presented.
Hyperoxia in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

The significant role of hyperoxia in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is well established, although it is a disease of multifactorial origin. Advances in the management of extreme preterm newborns have increased their survival, though with significant resource utilization and increased costs. Improved survival accompanied a change in the morphology of BPD characterized by alveolar hypoplasia and abnormal vascular organization known as the “new BPD.” Clinical studies have shown that supplemental oxygen is one of the prominent inciting agents for the development of BPD. Exposure of newborn animals to 85–100 % O2 following birth serves as good models of BPD with alveolar simplification. Hyperoxia initially induces focal endothelial cell injury, but, with continued exposure, necrosis of epithelial cells also occurs resulting in impaired lung development. Disruption of lung septation leading to poor development of alveoli results in alveolar simplification leading to BPD. Exposure of premature lungs to hyperoxia results in alteration in angiogenic agents leading to interruption of pulmonary vascular development. Disrupted vascularization adversely impacts alveolar formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated upon exposure to hyperoxia. ROS such as the superoxide anion (O2−) reacts with nitric oxide (NO) generated in the vascular endothelium forming peroxynitrite. Hyperoxia triggers increased production of ROS and reactive nitrogen species activating cytotoxic pathways, along with activation of protective pathways such as that of the transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Activation of cytotoxic pathways triggers release of caspases, matrix metalloproteins, interleukins, and interferon apart from transforming growth factor-β. Activation of sphingolipid pathways under hyperoxia has been shown in animal models to contribute to enhanced production of ROS contributing to neonatal lung injury. Knowledge of mechanisms of ROS production could lead to better understanding of therapeutic targets for BPD.
Using Gravitational Waves to put limits on Primordial Magnetic Fields

We describe a technique for using simulated tensor perturbations in order to place upper limits on the intensity of magnetic fields in the early universe. As an example, we apply this technique to the beginning of primordial nucleosynthesis. We determined that any magnetic seed fields that existed before that time were still in the process of being amplified. In the future, we plan to apply this technique to a wider range of initial magnetic fields and cosmological epochs.
The comparison of LAOS behavior of structured food materials (suspensions, emulsions and elastic networks)

Abstract The rheological properties of food products are important to design, improve and optimize the quality and sensory properties of food products as well as their processability. Rheological behavior is dependent on the type and concentration of constituents in a formulation. When foods products undergo different kinds of processing, they are often subjected to large deformations. The behavior of food products in large amplitude oscillatory flow (LAOS) can offer better understanding of structural changes during processing and consumption. In this study, the nonlinear behavior of tomato paste, mayonnaise, soft and hard dough was investigated by utilizing the Ewoldt-McKinley Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Flow (LAOS) theory. LAOS parameters ( G M ′ , G L ′ , η M ′ , η L ′ , e3/e1, v3/v1, S and T) were used to understand the structural changes in these food products at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 15 rad/s and strain in the ranges of 0.01–200. Tomato paste and mayonnaise showed an irreversible structural change/decay in LAOS evidenced by strain softening (negative values in e3/e1) and shear thickening (positive values in v3/v1) in the mid oscillatory region followed by strain hardening (positive values in e3/e1) and shear thinning (negative values in v3/v1) in the large oscillatory region. In contrast strain hardening and shear thinning were observed (evidenced by positive values of e3/e1 and negatives values of v3/v1) for both soft and hard dough. LAOS measurements were able to clearly discriminate between the large amplitude behavior of tomato paste and mayonnaise, two concentrated dispersions in contrast to soft and hard wheat flour dough two materials whose rheological behavior is highly affected by the protein network surrounding the dispersed starch phase.
New Horizons in Quasicrystals: Research and Applications

(1996). New Horizons in Quasicrystals: Research and Applications. Materials Technology: Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 195-198.
Root Direct Limits of Lie Superalgebras

In this paper we classify all root direct limits of simple classical Lie superalgebras and of direct sums of classical Lie superalgebras.
1963 The Four Questions

Niko Tinbergen proposed a framework for investigating animal behavior that hinges on asking four questions: How does a behavior develop (ontogeny)? What purpose does the behavior serve (utility)? How does the behavior help the animal survive (adaptive value)? How did the behavior evolve (phylogeny)? These questions still shape research in animal behavior.
Translation of exogenous mRNAs in reticulocyte lysates.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses translation of exogenous mRNAs in reticulocyte lysates. It has become possible to assay for small amounts of mRNAs to monitor the purification of an mRNA, to quantitate levels of a specific mRNA during a developmental period, or to characterize recombinant DNA clones. Prior to treatment with nuclease, it is worthwhile to check several parameters of the reticulocyte lysate to ensure that subsequent time and expense are not wasted on inactive lysate. Having established that one has an active reticulocyte lysate, the next step is to remove the endogenous globin mRNA. This is done by treatment with a calcium-dependent RNase, micrococcal nuclease. A major part of using nuclease-treated lysates is the subsequent analysis of translation products, because only for a pure mRNA will TCA-precipitable radioactivity reflect the optimal translation conditions for a given mRNA.
IDENTIFICATION OF PAIRED NONSEPARABLE MEASUREMENT ERROR MODELS

This paper studies the paired nonseparable measurement error models, where two measurements, X and Y , are produced by mutually independent unobservables, U , V , and W , through the system, X = g ( U,V ) and Y = h ( U,W ). We propose restrictions to identify the marginal distribution of the common component U and the conditional distributions of X and Y given U . Applying this method to twin panel data, we find the following robust reporting patterns for years of education: (1) self reports are accurate only when the true years of education are 16 or 18, typically corresponding to advanced university degrees in the US education system; (2) sibling reports are accurate whenever the true years of education are 12, 14, 16, and 18, which are typical diploma years.
The cost of humour: Political satire on social media and censorship in China:

On the basis of interviews with several of the most well-known political satirists in China and content analysis of a corpus of satirical texts, this study demonstrates how censorship has been stre...
Optimal control allocation for a multi-engine overactuated spacecraft

This paper addresses the control allocation problem for an over-actuated system with a nonlinear relation between the control inputs and the realized force and torque vectors. Specifically, we consider a multi-engine rocket example where the attained force and torque vectors are nonlinear functions of the thrust magnitudes and engine gimbal angles. Since the system is over-actuated, the surface defining this nonlinear relationship represents a non-unique map between the control variables and the resultant force and torque vectors. In this work, our goal is to command the actuators to produce desired force and torque vectors with minimal actuator reconfiguration effort, subject to actuator dynamics and constraints (e.g. slew-rates, maximum gimbal angles). In achieving this objective, the control space is traversed in a way that preserves the force and torque impulse requested from the control allocator, thus ensuring that the transient motion of the actuators produces the desired change in linear and angular momentum. With our problem formulation, we are able to express the original problem as a convex optimal control problem, which can then be solved onboard and in real-time by taking advantage of modern convex solvers. The advantages of our method are manyfold, providing a systematic method for solving the control allocation problem, enabling a wider flight envelope, and reducing actuator fatigue.
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT: A MULTILEVEL INTERVENTION TO REDUCE PHYSICAL RESTRAINTS USE IN ACUTE CARE

Physical restraints are frequently used in elderly care and justified to prevent falls, control disruptive behavior and allow interventions. Physical restraints do not bring benefit, being associated with poor outcomes like direct injuries, reduced mobility and mortality. We have implemented an intervention multilevel program involving all the health care team of an acute care Alzheimer unit (SOMADEM) to reduce the use of physical restraints and to promote methods for achieving safety. SOMADEM (SOMAtic and DEMentia) is an 18-bed unit in a geriatric hospital. Patients admitted in this unit have dementia and at the same time behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) due to a concomitant acute somatic disease. The intervention model has a longitudinal design in 3 phases: education, specialized consultation and physical restraints alternatives. The educational part consists in a 4-hour training of all unit staff taught by a specialized interdisciplinary team. The content covers risk of falls, management of disruptive behavior, legal issues regarding physical restraints prescription, alternatives to its use and discussion of clinical vignettes. A weekly specialized consultation by the same team proposes alternative ways. Prevalence of physical restraints after the intervention program is the primary outcome; evaluation of types of physical restraints, falls and fall-related injuries, psychoactive drugs prescription, disruptive behavior, functional independence status and destination after discharge are secondary outcomes. Data during the 12 months after the start of intervention will be compared to a 15-month period before the intervention used as baseline. Encouraging results will be discussed.
Case Study: The Genetic Re-Engineering of a Homogeneous Organization

When employees are competent in dealing with diverse others, diversity in organizations can lead to increased creativity, innovation, and performance within the organization. But, poorly managed di...
Performance analysis of rare-earth and rare-earth free external rotor motors under eccentricity faults

This paper presents the performance comparisons between rare-earth and rare-earth free external rotor permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs) under static eccentricity (SE), dynamic eccentricity (DE), and mixed eccentricity (ME) conditions. Recently, external rotor motors are proposed as high power density motors for traction applications in electric vehicles and more electric aircraft. However, these in-wheel external rotor motors are usually under continuous stress of rotational forces due to the tire-road friction which can result in eccentricity faults due to stator and rotor misalignment. Therefore, it is critical to assess the external rotor motors performance under eccentricity faults in traction motors. In this study, various failure modes due to eccentricity faults such as SE, DE, and ME conditions are analyzed on optimal 3.8kW rare-earth based and 3.7kW rare-earth free external rotor PMa-SynRMs. Effects of these eccentricity conditions are translated to performance loss in terms of increased torque ripple and unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) in the electric motor designs. Also, 3rd harmonics of back-electromotive force (back-EMF) have been analyzed for both motors in all eccentricity conditions to compare their performance in fault detection. Experimental setup is developed to test the motors under load conditions and finite element simulation results are presented to validate the proposed theory.
Guardians of Practice: A Contextual Inquiry of Failure-Mitigation Strategies within Creative Practices

Failure, whether it be "complete-and-utter" or "a minor setback", occurs in a variety of different creative practices, yet how it is perceived, handled, and recovered from is a lesser explored design space. Failing to address these perceptions of failure can have psychological repercussions, discourage users from continuing a practice, and form cultural stigma such as those associated with STEM fields. However, mediating practices to develop a culture of resiliency and perseverance is key to sustaining a (lifelong) practice and reshaping pedagogical strategies. In this work, we outline the design space of "guardians", or elements of a creative practice that mitigate the psychological effects of failure. Through contextual inquiry, we contribute an inventory of failure-mitigation strategies from a variety of creative disciplines. We synthesize guidelines for the design of new guardians and present a preliminary exploration of guardians for the lasercutting practice -- effigies and test tags.
Echinostomes in Veterinary and Wildlife Parasitology

This chapter assesses the current status of research concerned with echinostomes in veterinary and wildlife parasitology. The pathology of echinostomiasis represents a complex and diverse set of reactions. The complexity is dependent on a wide variety of factors including, characteristics of echinostome species and the nature of the host’s response. The use of the rodent/domestic chick model has provided basic knowledge of echinostomiasis including its etiology, distribution, epizootiology, signs, diagnosis, treatment and control. This chapter deals with the subject of nutritional influences on parasite-host relationships along with the effects of crowding and concurrent infections in animal models. Through the use of animal models fertility and fecundity effects in animals infected with echinostomes can be applied to infection in wildlife and domestic animals. A partial list of echinostomes found in domestic, wild and experimental animals is given.
Unemployment and Attitudes Towards Foreigners in Germany

Germany has a long history of attracting immigrants. This is reflected in the substantial portion of the population accounted for by immigrants. In 1989, foreigners constituted between 7.3% and 7.9% of the population in West Germany.2 This figure, however, underestimates the inflows of population: In the German statistics, foreigners do not include foreign-born who are ethnic German or foreign-born who have received a German passport. In addition to the inflow of “foreigners,” there has been a large migration of ethnic Germans to West Germany since World War II (before 1950 the inflow was more than 12 million; between 1950 and 1988 it was 4.8 million; and between 1989 and 1990, 0.779 million). Therefore, the number of foreign-bora persons in Germany is comparatively high.3 This was conscious policy choice. Germany has a “law of return” for “ethnic” Germans and a long history of actively attracting “guestworkers.”4
Managing Stigmatized Identities: How, When and to Whom Matters

Identity management refers to how an individual presents a given social category identity (e.g., race, gender) in the workplace. Individual decisions regarding management of all identities, but sti...
ReDCrypt: Real-Time Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning Inference in Clouds Using FPGAs

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly incorporated into the cloud business in order to improve the functionality (e.g., accuracy) of the service. The adoption of AI as a cloud service raises serious privacy concerns in applications where the risk of data leakage is not acceptable. Examples of such applications include scenarios where clients hold potentially sensitive private information such as medical records, financial data, and/or location. This article proposes ReDCrypt, the first reconfigurable hardware-accelerated framework that empowers privacy-preserving inference of deep learning models in cloud servers. ReDCrypt is well-suited for streaming (a.k.a., real-time AI) settings where clients need to dynamically analyze their data as it is collected over time without having to queue the samples to meet a certain batch size. Unlike prior work, ReDCrypt neither requires to change how AI models are trained nor relies on two non-colluding servers to perform. The privacy-preserving computation in ReDCrypt is executed using Yao’s Garbled Circuit (GC) protocol. We break down the deep learning inference task into two phases: (i) privacy-insensitive (local) computation, and (ii) privacy-sensitive (interactive) computation. We devise a high-throughput and power-efficient implementation of GC protocol on FPGA for the privacy-sensitive phase. ReDCrypt’s accompanying API provides support for seamless integration of ReDCrypt into any deep learning framework. Proof-of-concept evaluations for different DL applications demonstrate up to 57-fold higher throughput per core compared to the best prior solution with no drop in the accuracy.
The use of qualitative comparative analysis to identify pathways to successful and failed sanitation systems

Sanitation systems globally fail at high rates. Researchers and practitioners attribute the causes of both sanitation success and failure to numerous factors that include technical and non-technical issues. A comprehensive understanding of what leads to sanitation failure and how to achieve sanitation success is imperative to prioritize the use of limited resources. To determine which combinations of causal conditions led to successful and failed sanitation systems, we applied fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to 20 cases in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, India with small-scale sanitation systems. Two pathways led to successful sanitation systems, and four pathways led to failed sanitation systems. All successful systems required Sufficient OM (2) community and municipality stakeholders are engaged in planning and know their maintenance responsibilities; and (3) appropriate technologies are selected that meet community needs and achieve community buy-in.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI to Differentiate Parotid Neoplasms Using Golden-Angle Radial Sparse Parallel Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional imaging frequently shows overlapping features between benign and malignant parotid neoplasms. We investigated dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging using golden-angle radial sparse parallel imaging in differentiating parotid neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this retrospective study, 41 consecutive parotid neoplasms were imaged with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging with golden-angle radial sparse parallel imaging using 1-mm in-plane resolution. The temporal resolution was 3.4 seconds for 78.2 seconds and 8.8 seconds for the remaining acquisition. Three readers retrospectively and independently created and classified time-intensity curves as follows: 1) continuous wash-in; 2) rapid wash-in, subsequent plateau; and 3) rapid wash-in with washout. Additionally, time-intensity curve–derived semiquantitative metrics normalized to the ipsilateral common carotid artery were recorded. Diagnostic performance for the prediction of neoplasm type and malignancy was assessed. Subset multivariate analysis (n = 32) combined semiquantitative time-intensity curve metrics with ADC values. RESULTS: Independent time-intensity curve classification of the 41 neoplasms produced moderate-to-substantial interreader agreement (κ = 0.50–0.79). The time-intensity curve classification threshold of ≥2 predicted malignancy with a positive predictive value of 56.0%–66.7%, and a negative predictive value of 92.0%–100%. The time-intensity curve classification threshold of CONCLUSIONS: Golden-angle radial sparse parallel MR imaging allows high spatial and temporal resolution permeability characterization of parotid neoplasms, with a high negative predictive value for malignancy prediction. Combining time-to-maximum and ADC improves pleomorphic adenoma prediction compared with either metric alone.
Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer in Black Patients.

Active Surveillance among Blacks with Low-Risk Prostate Cancer Between 2010 and 2015, use of active surveillance or watchful waiting as a management strategy for low-risk prostate cancer increased ...
And the Students Shall Lead Us: Putting Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy in Conversation With Universal Design for Learning in a Middle-School Spoken Word Poetry Unit:

This case study explores how a research-practice partnership worked to cross-pollinate culturally sustaining pedagogy (CSP) and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) over the course of a 9-week spoke...
Infectious ocular motor neuropathies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Describe the range of infectious causes of ocular motor neuropathies, from common presentations to unusual manifestations of diseases less frequently seen in the developed world. Provide information on recent developments in diagnostic testing for pathogens that may cause ocular motor neuropathies. RECENT FINDINGS Antigen detection in serum or CSF has improved the diagnosis of cryptococcal disease. Cartridge PCR testing for tuberculosis has increased diagnostic accuracy, though tuberculous meningitis remains difficult to diagnose. Rapid, multiplex PCR and unbiased sequencing allow for diagnosis of a wider range of organisms. SUMMARY Infectious ocular motor neuropathies can occur anywhere along the length of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. Characteristic clinical findings and imaging can be used to localize infections. Infectious causes may have characteristic clinical, laboratory, or imaging findings, but must still be carefully separated from inflammatory or neoplastic conditions.
Telemedicine for Retinopathy of Prematurity in 2020

Purpose:Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of visual impairment in premature infants, and middle-income nations are currently experiencing the “third epidemic” of ROP. Screening ...
Mitochondrial Complex II In Intestinal Epithelial Cells Regulates T-cell Mediated Immunopathology

Summary Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) damage by T cells contributes to alloimmune, autoimmune and iatrogenic diseases such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) mediated colitis, respectively. Despite significant advances in understanding the aberrant biology of T cells in these diseases, little is known about how the fundamental biological processes of the target IECs influence the disease severity. Here, through analyses of metabolic pathways of IECs, we identified disruption of oxidative phosphorylation without a concomitant change in glycolysis and an increase in succinate levels in several distinct in vivo models of T cell mediated gastrointestinal damage such as GVHD, IBD and ICB mediated colitis. Metabolic flux studies, complemented by imaging and protein analyses identified a critical role for IEC intrinsic succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA), a component of mitochondrial complex II, in causing these metabolic alterations that contributed to the severity of intestinal damage. The critical mechanistic role of IEC intrinsic SDHA was confirmed by complementary chemical and genetic reduction of SDHA and with IEC specific deletion of SDHA. Further in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies demonstrated that loss of SDHA in IECs was mediated by the perforin-granzyme from the T cells. The loss of SDHA was also validated in human clinical samples. These data identify a critical role for the alteration of the IEC specific mitochondrial complex II component SDHA in the regulation of the severity of T cell mediated intestinal diseases.
The advance of molecular epidemiology of rabies virus

Research on molecular epidemiology of rabies virus shows that the whole genome sequencing is the most useful technique. It may reverse Chinese current high incidence of rabies through increasing rabies vaccination coverage and establishing a platform for rabies epidemic early warning network. The latest progress of molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in gene sequence and amino acid sequence analysis are reviewed in the article. Key words: Rabies; Molecular epidemiology; Sequencing
Sonography of Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods: A Quality Initiative in the Creation of a Multidisciplinary Clinic:

Objective:The MAGEC (Magnetic Expansion Control) rods were introduced to a medical institution in 2015. The rod expansion procedures were initially evaluated with radiographs. The staff undertook a...
Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Cu(111) onto an l-Cysteine Self-Assembled Monolayer on Au(111) and Epitaxial Lift-Off of Single-Crystal-like Cu Foils for Flexible Electronics

Functional self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols on single-crystal metals provide two-dimensional (2D) soft templates for the highly ordered growth of crystalline materials. An epitaxial Cu(11...
Experimental studies on the heat transfer characteristics of alumina/water nanofluid inside a helical coil tube

Laminar convective heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluid were experimentally investigated inside a horizontal Helical-Coil Tube (HCT) under constant heat flux boundary conditions for Dean numbers between 400 and 1600. The experiments have been performed using Al2O3-water nanofluid of three mass concentrations and heat fluxes at different flow rates. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of the fluids are measured experimentally, and a proper agreement was observed with the new model predictions for thermo-physical properties of nanofluids. Based on the experimental results, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3-water nanofluid were almost 2.12% and 3.1% higher than water in 1 wt% concentration. According to the observations, the heat transfer coefficients in the fully developed region increases by 6.4%, 19%, and 23.7% under 2283, 3774, and 4975 W/m2 heat fluxes, respectively, at 1 wt% concentration of Al2O3-water nanofluid with respect to pure water. Besides, it has been noticed that pressure drop through the helical coil is increased with adding nanoparticles, enhancement of heat flux, and De number. Finally, based on the thermal performance factor, it has been concluded that using nanofluids in the helical coil is a feasible method for improving energy efficiency.
Political regimes and foreign investment in poor countries: Insights from most similar African cases:

When foreign investors choose to invest in a poor country, do they favor democracies or autocracies? Despite extensive time-series cross-national empirical work on this question, the answer is uncl...
A Multidisciplinary Survey and Framework for Design and Evaluation of Explainable AI Systems

The need for interpretable and accountable intelligent systems grows along with the prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) applications used in everyday life. Explainable AI (XAI) systems are i...
Modulating immune responses to AAV by expanded polyclonal T-regs and capsid specific chimeric antigen receptor T-regulatory cells.

Immune responses to adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids limit the therapeutic potential of AAV gene therapy. Herein, we model clinical immune responses by generating AAV capsid-specific chimeric antigen receptor (AAV-CAR) T cells. We then modulate immune responses to AAV capsid with AAV-CAR regulatory T cells (Tregs). AAV-CAR Tregs in vitro display phenotypical Treg surface marker expression, and functional suppression of effector T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. In mouse models, AAV-CAR Tregs mediated continued transgene expression from an immunogenic capsid, despite antibody responses, produced immunosuppressive cytokines, and decreased tissue inflammation. AAV-CAR Tregs are also able to bystander suppress immune responses to immunogenic transgenes similarly mediating continued transgene expression, producing immunosuppressive cytokines, and reducing tissue infiltration. Taken together, AAV-CAR T cells and AAV-CAR Tregs are directed and powerful immunosuppressive tools to model and modulate immune responses to AAV capsids and transgenes in the local environment.
A Case Study of the Design and Implementation of Heterogeneous Reasoning Systems

In recent years we have witnessed a growing interest in heterogeneous reasoning systems. A heterogeneous reasoning system incorporates representations from a number of different representation systems, in our case a sentential and a diagrammatic system. The advantage of heterogeneous systems is that they allow a reasoner to bridge the gaps among various formalisms and construct threads of proof which cross the boundaries of the systems of representation. In doing this, these heterogeneous systems allow the reasoner to take advantage of each component system’s ability to express information in that component’s area of expertise. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to propose a general theoretical framework, inspired by Barwise and Seligman’s work in Information Theory [Barwise and Seligman, 1997], for the design of heterogeneous reasoning systems and to use this framework as the basis of an implementation of a First Order Logic and Euler/Venn reasoning system.
Implantation of trichomonas tenax (buccalis) into the human vagina

Abstract 1.1. Twenty-five T. vaginalis-free patients were inoculated intravaginally with T. tenax (buccalis) resulting in 6 temporary infections. There were 3 survival periods of two days each, and one each of three, seven, and eighteen days. 2.2. Twenty-five T. vaginalis-positive patients were inoculated intravaginally with T. tenax, resulting in 2 temporary infections. There were 2 survival periods of two days each. 3.3. T. tenax appeared to effect a temporary establishment in one patient, surviving for at least eighteen days. 4.4. The temporary residency of culture T. tenax and its associated bacteria caused little or no increase in local symptoms and signs. 5.5. Intravaginal survival of T. tenax was more infrequent and of less duration in those patients positive for T. vaginalis. 6.6. Three brief experiments involving the direct transfer of T. tenax from mouth to vagina gave negative results. 7.7. From the evidence presented, it is concluded that the mouth is not a source of vaginal trichomoniasis, and that the two sites are inhabited by two distinct species of trichomonas.
Abstract P224: The Haptoglobin (Hp) Genotype Predicts Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) During 25 Years of Follow-up in Type 1 Diabetes: Potential Pole of Impaired HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity

Background: The Hp 2-2 genotype has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes, potentially relating to dysfunctional HDL mediated cholesterol efflux. We have shown that the Hp 2 allele predicts the development of both coronary artery disease (CAD) and kidney dysfunction also in childhood onset type 1 diabetes over 18 years of follow-up in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study. We now present results on the Hp-CAD association after an additional 7 year follow-up and Hp’s relation to impaired sterol efflux capacity, a proposed cardioprotective effect of HDL. Methods: Participants free of CAD at baseline and with Hp determined were studied (n=565; mean age, 27 and duration, 19 years; 11.5% Hp 1-1, 42.5% Hp 2-2). CAD was defined as EDC physician diagnosed angina, ischemic ECG changes (MC 1.3, 4.1-4.3, 5.1-5.3, 7.1), confirmed MI (MC 1.1, 1.2 or validated medical records), stenosis >50%, revascularization or CAD death. In a pilot study, serum HDL sterol efflux was a...
Kinetics and Mechanism of Complex Formation between Hemoglobin and Haptoglobin

Abstract The interaction between human hemoglobin and haptoglobin has been followed by measuring the quenching of haptoglobin fluorescence associated with complex formation. The effects of varying the concentration of the reactants suggest that hemoglobin tetramers do not react with haptoglobin, but that hemoglobin subunits are involved. Separated α chains of hemoglobin react with haptoglobin; although separated β chains do not do so, they react rapidly with a previously incubated mixture of haptoglobin and α chains. It is suggested that the haptoglobin site binds α chains specifically, and that the normal reaction between hemoglobin and haptoglobin proceeds either by consecutive binding of α and β monomers or by attachment of αβ dimers through the α chain. The rate of the reaction is markedly dependent on conditions: the observed second order constant may reach 4 x 106 m-1 sec-1, and the true value is probably 7 x 106 m-1 sec-1.
The Effect of Amino Acid Analogues on Alkaline Phosphatase Formation in Escherichia coli K-12: II. Replacement of Tryptophan by Azatryptophan and by Tryptazan

Abstract In a tryptophan auxotroph of Escherichia coli, the replacement of tryptophan by azatryptophan or by tryptazan allows the formation of active alkaline phosphatase. Substitution of tryptophan by these analogues has little effect on the structure and function of the enzyme. The main effect is seen in the ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescent spectra of the purified proteins.
The physician's children as patients.

THE LACK OF ATTENTION—in the medical literature—to the care of physicians9 families is in sharp contrast to the degree of concern and controversy about this subject. Medical writers may have hesitated, as have the present authors, to report their observations, because of uneasiness about revealing confidential material or their fear that they would seem critical of their colleagues. Because the authors9 experience with physicians9 children as patients has convinced them that the management of illness and the fostering of health in the families of physicians present very special problems, this report is presented. The authors have reviewed their experiences with more than 100 physicians9 families in preparation for this report. They found deplorable gaps and variations in their records. These difficulties highlight some of the unusual features of medical care for physicians9 families. Physicians move frequently while they are in medical school, residency training, fellowships, and military service. There is a great variation among physicians9 families in the use they make of their pediatrician and in the frequency of their visits. Some records are distressingly abbreviated because so much of the medical discussion has taken place in corridor consultations. In this paper names and personal details have been changed to preserve the anonymity of the subjects. The examples come from different cities, states, and countries. THE PHYSICIAN-FATHER9S ANXIETIES Every physician, no matter what his training and practice, has accumulated a storehouse of anxieties about disease. These often make minor illnesses take on major significance. The pediatrician must always keep in mind that the physician consulting him about a family health problem may well have many more serious concerns and a higher degree of anxiety than other parents, no matter how well he covers this with jokes.
Socrates: Platonic Political Ideal

This essay articulates the differences and suggests the similarities between the practices of Socratic political speaking and those of Platonic political writing. The essay delineates Socratic speaking and Platonic writing as both erotically oriented toward ideals capable of transforming the lives of individuals and their relationships with one another. Besides it shows that in the Protagoras the practices of Socratic political speaking are concerned less with Protagoras than with the individual young man, Hippocrates. In the Phaedo, this ideal of a Socrates is amplified in such a way that Platonic writing itself emerges as capable of doing with readers what Socratic speaking did with those he encountered. Socrates is the Platonic political ideal. The result is a picture of the transformative political power of Socratic speaking and Platonic writing both.
Social Networking Sites’ Impact on the Political Engagement of African Americans: A Triangulative Analysis

Over the past decade, with the availability of social media sites now becoming a primary way of communicating information, politically oriented groups have now begun transmitting their campaign philosophies and positions via a plethora of social media sites. This introduction of computer-based transmission has posed significant roadblocks within African-American communities. Recent studies have indicated that the proportion of African-American households that have access to both a computer and the ability to communicate over the Internet is less than that of most of the non-African-American households. Additional studies have shown that even among the households which do have the proper computer capacity; there is more reliance on the computer to play games, interact with sports and talk to friends and acquaintances rather than to pursue serious conversation. African and African-American psychologists have pointed out that there is a distinct difference between the axiological and epistemological frames of reference utilized in the African-American and the European-American communities. These differences must be taken into account both when evaluating the approach to and the response from the African-American community. Cases, commonly listed as having caused a large response in the African-American community (i.e. - the election of Barack Obama, the response to the Jena Six case and the furor over the shooting of Trayvon Martin), which are often credited to the viability of social media sites (man to object; man to computer) may, in fact, be based upon the response of the community to a human (man to man) response rather than reliance upon social media sites. In my research, I shall first survey persons who were involved in the three situations mentioned to determine whether they were influenced to take action by social media or by interaction with another human. And, if I find my hypothesis to be correct, I shall then explore how social media sites can be better utilized in the African-American community by organizing content (which is predominately man to object in approach) in such a way as to mimic a man to man approach to result in higher utilization within the African-American community. This research utilizes theories of political participation political communication to determine how social media are linked to African American’s political participation. Methodologically, I use both quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze how social networking sites impact political engagement among African Americans on a national scale. The data collection techniques include interviewing African American who have participated in the various movements, with African-American office holders, civil rights activists, campaign workers, and voters, augmented with books, articles, and government reports.
A Model for Stress Research with Some Implications for the Control of Stress Disorders

For the past several years, we have been engaged in a program of research with the aim of understanding how people comprehend and cope with illness threats. Our early studies examined people’s beliefs and behavior in response to health communications urging them to stop smoking, use good dental hygiene practices, drive safely, or take inoculations to protect against tetanus (Leventhal, 1970). Later studies dealt with ways of preparing patients to cope with painful or unpleasant medical procedures such as endoscopy, childbirth, and cancer chemotherapy, and preparing students to cope with cold pressor pain in laboratory settings (Leventhal & Everhart, 1979; Leventhal & Johnson, 1982). Although the studies covered a number of different subject populations and health settings and spanned a period of 15 years, they have been linked by a common thread. Throughout, we have attempted to describe how people, as active agents, interpret and represent the information they receive about health threats from outside sources and from their bodies, and how their subsequent actions depend on their understanding of that information.
Flagellar oscillation: new vibes from beads

The oscillatory mechanism of eukaryotic flagella and cilia remains one of the mysteries of cell biology. It has been difficult to dissect the oscillation functionally when its coupling to the bending of the flagellum has been required to provide a read-out of the functioning of the oscillator. A way around this difficulty is now provided by work from several laboratories, involving the attachment of submicrometer diameter beads to microtubules as indicators of dynein-driven movement of microtubules. No one considers the flagellar oscillator to be a purely biochemical oscillator, since its frequency, and other properties of flagellar bending waves, can be significantly altered by external mechanical influences (reviewed by Brokaw, 1989a). Flagella can be described as highpowered mechanochemical oscillators that operate at the subcellular level. The oscillatory mechanism of the dynein-microtubule system in flagella is therefore comparable to that of the myosin-actin system of insect fibrillar flight muscle (Pringle, 1957). However, flagella oscillate at frequencies ranging from less than 1 cycle per second to more than 100 cycles per second, with microtubule sliding amplitudes of 100 nm or more, while fibrillar muscles oscillate at frequencies up to 1000 cycles per second, but with local amplitudes usually of the order of 10 nm.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SPECT AND CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and coronary CT angiography (CTA) are widely used tests for evaluating patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We prospectively compared the diagnostic performance of SPECT and CTA for detecting obstructive CAD using invasive quantitative
Distribution, abundance, and seasonal patterns of stored product beetles in a commercial food storage facility

A three-year monitoring study was performed using pitfall traps baited with pheromone lures and food oil to assess seasonal prevalence of selected stored product beetle species inside a large community food storage warehouse located in the Midwestern United States. The four predominant species captured were Tribolium castaneum, Lasioderma serricorne, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, and Trogoderma variable. During the first year, T. castaneum was the dominant species, comprising 79% of all beetles caught in the traps. This species declined the next year to 2% of the total and L. serricorne, O. surinamensis, and T. variable were the dominant species. During the final year total numbers of these three species declined, but they were still the primary species caught in the traps. Few or no beetles of any species were trapped between November and June in any year, most likely because of lower temperatures inside the warehouse during that time. Beetle captures among trap locations varied considerably during the study, probably due to movement of food products into and out of the warehouse, and movement of products and beetle populations within the warehouse. All four primary species were also consistently caught in traps placed in zones within the warehouse where no food products were stored. Specific traps and zones within the warehouse were identified as primary activity sites based on comparisons among trap locations and contour mapping of the yearly and total infestation patterns. Results show how monitoring data could be used to identify those areas within a food storage site that are most vulnerable to insect infestation.
Fast and rigorous factorization under the generalized Riemann hypothesis

We present an algorithm that finds a non-trivial factor of an odd composite integer n with probability ⩾1/2 - o(1) in expected time bounded by e(1+o(1))log⁡nlog⁡log⁡n. This result can be rigorously proved under the sole assumption of the generalized Riemann hypothesis. The time bound matches the heuristic time bounds for the continued fraction algorithm, the quadratic sieve algorithm, the Schnorr-Lenstra class group algorithm, and the worst case of the elliptic curve method. The algorithm is based on Seysen's factoring algorithm [14], and the elliptic curve smoothness test from [12].
Phase error effect on contrast measurement in Schwider-Hariharan phase-shifting algorithm

Abstract Exact relationship due to linear phase error in contrast measurement in phase shifting interferometry using Schwider-Hariharan method has been obtained. Starting with five irradiance distributions, basic relationships for the contrast have been described.
Classification Of Holograms

Some of the adjectives used in describing a hologram are self-explanatory, but others give rise to confusion as to what distin-guishes the hologram from other types. It is the purpose of this paper to define many types of holograms and to discuss a few of the types in detail, in the hope that some of the confusion can be dispelled.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.