cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attack Analysis for Discrete-time Distributed Multi-Agent Systems

The recent growth of cyber-physical systems provides new opportunities to the attackers to undermine the system performance or even destabilize it. This work presents a system theoretic approach for the analysis of the adverse effects of attacks in discrete-time distributed multi-agent systems. Analyzing cyber-physical attacks from the attacker’s perspective improves the system awareness against attacks and reinforces the necessity of developing novel resilient control protocols. To this end, we first show that an attack on a compromised agent can adversely affect intact agents that are reachable from it. Then, we show that how an attack on a single root node can snowball into a network-wide attack and even destabilize the entire system. Finally, we show that the local neighborhood tracking error for the intact agents goes to zero, despite attack. This makes existing robust control approaches that aim at attenuation of disturbance or attack based on local neighborhood tracking ineffective, and demands designing novel resilient control approaches.
Dynamics of Auxilin 1 and GAK in clathrin-mediated traffic

Clathrin-coated vesicles lose their clathrin lattice within seconds of pinching off, through the action of the Hsc70 "uncoating ATPase." The J- and PTEN-like domain-containing proteins, auxilin 1 (Aux1) and auxilin 2 (GAK), recruit Hsc70. The PTEN-like domain has no phosphatase activity, but it can recognize phosphatidylinositol phosphate head groups. Aux1 and GAK appear on coated vesicles in successive transient bursts, immediately after dynamin-mediated membrane scission has released the vesicle from the plasma membrane. These bursts contain a very small number of auxilins, and even four to six molecules are sufficient to mediate uncoating. In contrast, we could not detect auxilins in abortive pits or at any time during coated pit assembly. We previously showed that clathrin-coated vesicles have a dynamic phosphoinositide landscape, and we have proposed that lipid head group recognition might determine the timing of Aux1 and GAK appearance. The differential recruitment of Aux1 and GAK correlates with temporal variations in phosphoinositide composition, consistent with a lipid-switch timing mechanism.
Fiscal Evasion in State Budgeting

This paper establishes a basic definitional framework that can be used to assess long-running fiscal practices in the states against a standard of fiscal prudence. The aim is to further refine this framework to capture the drivers of the states’ long-running fiscal problems and to offer recommendations for reform.
A Cell-Centered Finite Volume Method for the Navier–Stokes/Biot Model

We develop a cell-centered finite volume method for the Navier–Stokes/Biot model, based on a fully mixed formulation with weakly symmetric stresses. The multipoint stress mixed finite element method is employed for the Navier–Stokes and elasticity equations, while the multipoint flux mixed finite element method is used for Darcy’s flow. These methods allow for local elimination of the fluid and poroelastic stresses, vorticity, and rotation, resulting in a positive definite finite volume scheme for the fluid and structure velocities and the Darcy pressure, coupled via Lagrange multipliers on the interface to impose the transmission conditions.
Evolving Stark Effect During Growth of Perovskite Nanocrystals Measured Using Transient Absorption

Methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) nanocrystals (NCs) are emerging materials for a range of optoelectronic applications. Photophysical characterization is typically limited to structurally stable NCs owing to the long timescales required for many spectroscopies, preventing the accurate measurement of NCs during growth. This is a particular challenge for non-linear spectroscopies such as transient absorption. Here we report on the use of a novel single-shot transient absorption (SSTA) spectrometer to study MAPbI3 NCs as they grow. Comparing the transient spectra to derivatives of the linear absorbance reveals that photogenerated charge carriers become localized at surface trap states during NC growth, inducing a TA lineshape characteristic of the Stark effect. Observation of this Stark signal shows that the contribution of trapped carriers to the TA signal declines as growth continues, supporting a growth mechanism with increased surface ligation toward the end of NC growth. This work opens the door to the application of time-resolved spectroscopies to NCs in situ, during their synthesis, to provide greater insight into their growth mechanisms and the evolution of their photophysical properties.
Who converges? Variation reveals individual speaker adaptability

Abstract Little is known about the cognitive capacities underlying real-time accommodation in spoken language and how they may allow conversing speakers to adapt their speech production behaviors. This study first presents a simple attunement model that incorporates hypothesized capacities, with a focus on individual variability as one of those capacities. The model makes explicit predictions about observable convergence behaviors in interacting speakers, including that: i) the intrinsically more variable speaker of the two will be the one who converges to their partner, ii) this flexible speaker with higher baseline variability will exhibit a substantial decrease in variability and iii) a greater change in the variability between speaking solo and interacting with their partner. These predictions are supported by the results of the modeling simulations. To further test the model's predictions, we analyzed a behavioral dataset including acoustic and articulatory data from three pairs of interacting speakers participating in a maze navigation task as well as a like solo speech task. The amount of variability in the speech parameters of each dyad member was quantified using coefficient of variation. The experimental results parallel the simulation results, and taken together, this work indicates that structured variability is an illuminating index of individual speaker adaptability and convergence behavior.
Learning and planning with logical automata

We introduce a method to learn policies from expert demonstrations that are interpretable and manipulable. We achieve interpretability by modeling the interactions between high-level actions as an automaton with connections to formal logic. We achieve manipulability by integrating this automaton into planning via Logical Value Iteration, so that changes to the automaton have predictable effects on the learned behavior. These qualities allow a human user to first understand what the model has learned, and then either correct the learned behavior or zero-shot generalize to new, similar tasks. Our inference method requires only low-level trajectories and a description of the environment in order to learn high-level rules. We achieve this by using a deep Bayesian nonparametric hierarchical model. We test our model on several domains of interest and also show results for a real-world implementation on a mobile robotic arm platform for lunchbox-packing and cabinet-opening tasks.
Biotransformations and cytotoxicity of graphene and inorganic two-dimensional nanomaterials using simulated digestions coupled with a triculture in vitro model of the human gastrointestinal epithelium

Background: engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have already made their way into myriad applications and products across multiple industries. However, the potential health risks of exposure to ENMs remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for the emerging class of ENMs know as 2-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs), with a thickness of one or a few layers of atoms arranged in a planar structure. Methods: the present study assesses the biotransformations and in vitro cytotoxicity in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 2DNMs, namely graphene, graphene oxide (GO), partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), and tungsten disulphide (WS2). The evaluated pristine materials were either readily dispersed in water or dispersed with the use of a surfactant (Na-cholate or PF108). Materials dispersed in a fasting food model (FFM, water) were subjected to simulated 3-phase (oral, gastric, and small intestinal) digestion to replicate the biotransformations that would occur in the GIT after ingestion. A triculture model of small intestinal epithelium was used to assess the effects of the digested products (digestas) on epithelial layer integrity, cytotoxicity, viability, oxidative stress, and initiation of apoptosis. Results: physicochemical characterization of the 2DNMs in FFM dispersions and in small intestinal digestas revealed significant agglomeration by all materials during digestion, most prominently by graphene, which was likely caused by interactions with digestive proteins. Also, MoS2 had dissolved by ∼75% by the end of simulated digestion. Other than a low but statistically significant increase in cytotoxicity observed with all inorganic materials and graphene dispersed in PF108, no adverse effects were observed in the exposed tricultures. Conclusions: our results suggest that occasional ingestion of small quantities of 2DNMs may not be highly cytotoxic in a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium. Still, their inflammatory or genotoxic potential after short- or long-term ingestion remains unclear and needs to be studied in future in vitro and in vivo studies. These would include studies of effects on co-ingested nutrient digestion and absorption, which have been documented for numerous ingested ENMs, as well as effects on the gut microbiome, which can have important health implications.
The Relevance of Crowding Experiments to Urban Studies

The experimental study of human crowding is one of the behavioral sciences’ fastest-growing areas of research. We come to this forum with two major interests. As social psychologists who have engaged in experimental work on crowding, we are concerned with the conduct and evaluation of these laboratory studies. As urban sociologists, we have noted with dismay the poverty of theory in this young research tradition. As our contribution, we hope to offer a constructive critique drawn largely from the vantage point of over 50 years of urban theory and research. Our main focus will concern the following question: What do the experimental studies of crowding have to do with the understanding of the social-psychological nature of urban life? Our proposition is that thus far experimentalists have ignored the central issues in urbanism and have given inadequate answers to this question.
The Problematology of Supervising Student Teachers

Recently, while watching the news regarding the latest sex scandal involving an American politician, I was reminded of Bill Clinton’s discussion of his affair with Monica Lewinsky in a 2004 interview with Dan Rather on 60 Minutes. Clinton said that he had the affair “Just because I could” (McDermott, 2009, para. 15). He went on to say “I think that’s just about the most morally indefensible reason that anybody could have for doing anything – when you do something just because you could” (para. 16).
An Ugly Weed: Innovative Deselection to Address a Shelf Space Crisis

Given one month to produce a weeding list of 4,000-5,000 monographs, librarians at Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado developed a plan to make quick assessments while minimizing mistakes and protecting key works in the collection. The innovative process, utilizing keyword filtering and color coding in Microsoft Excel, could prove valuable to any library with limited staffing for weeding. Though the process is not suggested to replace ongoing deselection in collaboration with faculty, the method can be used to create focused weed lists to save valuable staff time.
Chemistry and End-Group Analysis on Purified M Protein of Type 12 Group A Streptococcal Cell Walls

M protein was extracted from the cell walls of streptococci by use of both acidic and alkaline buffers. These extracts were further purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography. Both diethylaminoethyl and carboxymethyl celluloses were employed to cover the pH range of 3.0 to 9.0. All of the M proteins isolated were immunologically related, but their physical and chemical properties varied dependent upon the pH range of isolation. Each isolate appeared to be homogeneous on the basis of immunodiffusion analysis, electrophoretic mobility, and ultracentrifugal analysis, but their amino acid analyses differed slightly. Two factors were shared by all isolates: (i) they all reacted with type-specific antisera and (ii) each seemed to have l-lysine as a single N-terminal amino acid.
Priorities for lung transplantation among patients with cystic fibrosis.

on the survivorship effect of the rate of change in the FEV1%. We, like others, 3-5 initially made the logical assumption that patients with CF who have rapid deterioration of FEV1% would have an increased risk of death. It has been hypothesized that the subset of patients with the most rapid decline in FEV1% would gain a survival benefit from lung transplantation. We created theoretical survival models based on this hypothesis that suggested that we might be able to identify appropriate transplantation candidates several years before the optimal moment for transplantation. This would decrease the number of patients who die while on a waiting list, and optimize the use of donated organs. Unfortunately, none of these models are valid because we also found that the rate of decline in FEV1 %i s not a significant predictor of survival. 6 In our previous work, univariate logistic regression analysis showed that rate of decline of FEV1% predicted was not a significant predictor of survival. 6 We now report that, despite the lack of significance, we included the rate of decline of FEV1% predicted in further multivariate analyses because of its clinical appeal. This variable, whether calculated by linear regression or by linear mixed-effects analysis, again was not statistically significant and was excluded in stepwise analysis of variance when FEV1% was also included in candidate models. Because we were initially skeptical of this result, we attempted to use the linear mixed effects model of FEV1% rate of change to predict future FEV1%. We identified 12477 patients in the CF Foundation Patient Registry with 2 to 5 years of pulmonary function data from 1987 through 1992. We generated linear mixed-effects models of the rate of change of FEV1% for each patient and predicted the change in FEV1% for 1993 through 1997. The FIGURE shows the complete inability of the FEV1% rate of change to make that prediction. Because the rate of FEV1% decline was not predictive of survival or even of future FEV1%, as shown here, it was not included in our evaluation of the survival effects of lung transplantation. Based on this additional analysis, we conclude that the rate of decline in FEV1% is not helpful in the selection of patients with CF for lung transplantation.
Two Promising Innovations in Physical Education Facilities

(1972). Two Promising Innovations in Physical Education Facilities. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 40-41.
On the $K$-theory and topological cyclic homology of smooth schemes over a discrete valuation ring

We show that for a smooth and proper scheme over a henselian discrete valuation ring of mixed characteristic (0,p), the p-adic etale K-theory and p-adic topological cyclic homology agree.
Lamotrigine vs. lamotrigine plus divalproex in randomized, placebo-controlled maintenance treatment for bipolar depression.

Bowden CL, Singh V, Weisler R, Thompson P, Chang X, Quinones M, Mintz J. Lamotrigine vs. lamotrigine plus divalproex in randomized, placebo-controlled maintenance treatment for bipolar depression. Objective: To compare the maintenance efficacy of lamotrigine (Lam) to combination therapy of Lam + divalproex ER (Div) in recently depressed patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Method: We randomized 86 BD I or II patients in a major depressive episode to 8 months of double-blind treatment with Lam + placebo or Lam + Div. To be eligible for randomization, patients had to achieve control of both depressive and manic symptoms during an open phase that included both Lam and Div. Results: Time to depressive episode did not differ significantly by Kaplan–Maier survival analysis (χ2 = 1.82, df = 1, P = 0.18). However, several secondary outcomes did show significant differences. The proportion of Lam + placebo patients who had at least one Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≥15 during the maintenance phase was 67% (30/45) compared with 44% (18/41) for the Lam + Div group (χ2 = 4.51, P = 0.03). Among BD I patients assigned to Lam + placebo, 71.4% (25/35) had at least one visit with MADRS score ≥15 compared with 36.7% (11/30) among Lam + Div patients (χ2 = 7.89, df = 1, P = 0.005). Conclusion: Lam + Div generally provided greater maintenance efficacy than Lam alone for depressive indices in recently depressed BD patients.
Activity patterns of mobile epibenthic megafauna at an abyssal site in the eastern North Pacific: results from a 17-month time-lapse photographic study

Mobile epibenthic megafauna are important components of many deep-sea communities, yet direct observations of their activities and estimates of their potential impact on benthic processes are scarce. To address this deficiency we deployed a time-lapse camera system at an abyssal site in the eastern North Pacific (Sta. M; 34°50′N, 123°00′W; 4100 m depth) to monitor epibenthic megafaunal movements over the 17-month period from February 1990 through July 1991. Photographs, each covering approximately 20 m2, were taken every hour during this time span, except for the period from late October 1990 through mid-February 1991, when photos were taken every 4 h. Movements of the seven numerically dominant species of mobile epibenthic megafauna were digitized and analyzed for spatial patterns and temporal variation. These movements were markedly non-random for all seven species, with movement patterns falling into three broad categories: run-and-mill, loop and run. The holothuroid Peniagone vitrea displayed looping behavior that in some cases (n = 8) had a distinct, semi-diurnal component possibly attributable to the influence of external factors such as tidal currents. P. vitrea was also the only species of the seven observed to swim. Temporal variations in movement patterns were also observed, with individuals of the two most abundant species, Elpidia minutissima and P. vitrea, spending less time within the camera's field of view during periods when potential food items, in the form of pelagically-derived detrital aggregates, were visible on the sea floor compared to periods when aggregates were absent. Based on abundances, body sizes and movement patterns, the three most abundant species, E. minutissima, P. vitrea and Abyssocucumis abyssorum, traversed 76.5% of the total area of sea floor covered by all seven species between February 1990 and July 1991. Of the seven species we studied, only two, A. abyssorum and Echinocrepis sp., left distinct traces on the sea floor. These two species accounted for only 32.8% of the total area of sea floor traversed by the mobile megafaunal community at Sta. M. Collectively, the seven numerically dominant species of mobile epibenthic megafauna at Sta. M traversed ca 36 m2 of sea floor per year within the field of view of our time-lapse camera system (ca 20 m2). Our results indicate that mobile epibenthic megafauna have the potential to substantially impact benthic processes at Sta. M, particularly processes involving the utilization, processing and redistribution of particulate organic material at the sea floor.
Dissociation dynamics of CF3C(O)X compounds (where X = H, F and Cl)

Abstract Dissociation pathways of CF 3 C(O)H, CF 3 C(O)F, and CF 3 C(O)Cl are studied using ab initio molecular orbital theory. Equilibrium geometries and transition state structures are fully optimized. Heats of reaction and activation energies are computed by using the Moller-Plesset perturbation theory with and without annihilation of spin contamination for molecular and free radical dissociation pathways. A new primary dissociation pathway is predicted to be the most favorable reaction route to dissociation for CF 3 C(O)H, CF 3 C(O)F and CF 3 C(O)Cl. It is the 1,2-CF 2 molecular elimination process that forms CF 2 radicals and HFCO, F 2 CO or FClCO. In the case of CF 3 C(O)Cl, the extrusion of chlorine atoms to yield CF 3 CO radicals is the next pathway which could compete with the 1,2-CF 2 elimination route.
The statistical precision of a numerical methods estimator as applied to welfare loss

Abstract In this paper we derive a variance estimator of a numerical methods technique applied to the calculation of compensated income. The variance calculations can be generalized to other numerical method techniques, and the results are shown to be useful in applied welfare analysis.
Diagnosis of myocardial infarction: historical notes from the Soviet Union and the United States.

Soviet physicians attribute the first description of the clinical presentation of a nonfatal myocardial infarction to V.P. Obraztsov and N.D. Strazhesko; American physicians attribute the same achievement to James B. Herrick. Investigation of the origins of the conflicting claims reveals that the Russian physicians published an accurate account of the syndrome in 1910. Herrick, in his article published in 1912, cites a German translation of the Russian article. Herrick's major contribution consisted of informing American physicians of the symptoms of infarction, and stimulating development of the electrocardiogram as a diagnostic aid.
Borehole temperatures and a baseline for 20th-century global warming estimates

Lack of a 19th-century baseline temperature against which 20th-century warming can be referenced constitutes a deficiency in understanding recent climate change. Combination of borehole temperature profiles, which contain a memory of surface temperature changes in previous centuries, with the meteorological archive of surface air temperatures can provide a 19th-century baseline temperature tied to the current observational record. A test case in Utah, where boreholes are interspersed with meteorological stations belonging to the Historical Climatological Network, yields a noise reduction in estimates of 20th-century warming and a baseline temperature that is 0.6° ± 0.1°C below the 1951 to 1970 mean temperature for the region.
Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation potentiates analgesic effect of morphine.

Pain is the major complaint of patients who choose acupuncture treatment. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) provides a safe, standardized technique without needle insertion. TEAS can be tested with the cold-pressor test, a simple, reliable, and widely used model in humans for the induction of tonic pain. In this controlled study, the effects of TEAS on cold-pressor-induced pain were evaluated in 20 healthy human subjects. Electrical stimulation electrodes were applied to He-Gu (LI 4) and Nui-Guan (P 6) acupoints. The effects of saline plus no TEAS, 15-minute TEAS alone, 0.05 mg/kg morphine alone, and 15-minute TEAS plus morphine were assessed. Pain score ratings were evaluated at four time points from 30 to 170 seconds during the cold-pressor test. The authors observed analgesic effects in both TEAS-alone and morphine-alone sessions, and pain score rating reductions were statistically significant compared to unstimulated control (both p < 0.01). The degree of TEAS analgesia combined with 0.05 mg/kg morphine was significantly higher than TEAS alone (p < 0.01). The results support the efficacy of TEAS analgesia and suggest that combination of TEAS with low-dose morphine can achieve better pain control in a variety of clinical settings.
Community Dimensions of Elderly Self-Neglect

SUMMARY Much recent literature has focused on the impact of self-neglecting behavior on elders. Little attention, however, has been paid to the impact of this phenomenon on the communities in which self-neglecting elders live. Family members, neighbors, and service professionals can all be adversely affected by the behavior of these patients. This article reflects on the ways in which the community is affected by elder self-neglect and discusses the inherent conflicts between protecting the rights of the individual and the rights of the community.
Evolution of class II genes: role of selection in both the maintenance of polymorphism and the retention of non-expressed alleles.

Our studies of the origins of the nonfunctional Eα and Eβ genes and their associated Aα genes have provided a unique view of the factors affecting the evolution of these genes and their haplotypes. The set of three haplotypes originating inM. m. domesticus andM. m. castaneus carrying Eβ genes with the identical Eβ02 mutation allows a direct comparison between the rates of divergence of the non-expressed (Eβ) genes and the linked expressed (Aα) genes. The near-identity of the three Eβ02 genes and the divergence of the Aα1 domains provides strong evidence that selection acting on functional class II proteins is a major driving force in the accumulation and maintenance of MHC polymorphism. The basis for the retention of null Eα and Eβ genes at high frequencies as balanced polymorphisms in mouse populations remains difficult to understand, given the expectation that E− phenotypes should result in reduced immune response potential. However, the high frequencies of E0 haplotypes and the maintenance of specific mutant Eα and Eβ genes since their origin prior to the divergence ofM. m. domesticus fromM. m. castaneus andbactrianus suggest that these nonfunctional alleles are being actively maintained. It may be that in some pathogenic environments the expression of EαEβ proteins is selected against, due to E-associated immune-mediated pathology or reductions in the functional T-cell repertoire.
Active walker models: tracks and landscapes

Abstract The track patterns from the active walker models (AWMs) are compared with experimental retinal neuron and dielectric breakdown of liquid patterns, respectively. Excellent qualitative and quantitative agreements are obtained. The landscapes from the Boltzmann AWM in 1 + 1 dimensions form rough surfaces, with a first-order phase transition as the height of the landscaping function W0 is varied. Landscapes and statistics of the tracks from the probabilistic AWM in 2 + 1 dimensions are presented.
Water migration induced by thermal loading of a granitic rock mass

Water inflow into instrumentation and heater boreholes was monitored for nearly 2 years during two thermomechanical experiments in a granitic rock mass in Stripa, Sweden. Flow of water into the boreholes increased rapidly when heater power was switched on or when heater power was increased. Water inflow in most boreholes began to decline within 30-50 days past the turn on of power to the heaters. When heater power was switched off, water inflow suddenly decreased, then gradually increased with time. Thus the inflow records indicate the presence of two flow components; a relatively steady inflow from the normal hydrologic regime, and a transient flow component attributed to the closing, and with power turn off to the heaters, the opening of fractures and cracks by thermally induced stress changes. The water volumes for individual boreholes ascribed to crack closure while the heaters were operating are in the range of 1-10 liters, and are comparable to a reduction of .001 in the pore space of a .5 m radius of rock surrounding a borehole. An anomalous inflow record was noted for one borehole. As heater power was increased in one of the thermomechanical experiments, flow into the hole increased greatly, and remainedmore » high until heater power was turned off, suggesting the added thermal load may have opened a conductive fracture.« less
Improving Absolute Accuracy of Integrated Resistors With Device Diversification

This brief employs an unorthodox optimization approach inspired by portfolio diversification to improve the absolute accuracy of integrated resistors. The similarity between minimizing resistor variation and maximizing expected returns-a classic problem investigated in modern portfolio theory-allows us to exploit the idea of diversification. We analytically demonstrate that a weighted combination of different types of resistors can form an optimal composite resistor that exhibits less variation than the fabrication tolerance of its constituent resistors. The proposed technique is validated by both the simulations in 250-, 180-, 130-, 90-, and 65-nm CMOS technology and the measurements in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company 65-nm CMOS process. Data obtained from 80 test chips fabricated in two wafer runs show 60% lower resistor variation and 2× improved accuracy, compared with the baseline single resistor of the same value and area. This method can simultaneously compensate for the temperature variation of integrated resistors as well.
Characteristics of older opioid maintenance patients.

Abstract The aging "baby boomer" population has higher rates of substance use than previous cohorts and is predicted to put increased demands on substance abuse treatment services; however, little is known about older illicit drug abusers. This study compared 41 older (age 50–66 years) and 26 younger (age 25–34 years) opioid maintenance patients on psychiatric, substance use, medical, general health, demographic, and psychosocial characteristics using standardized instruments. The health of both groups was compared to age and sex-matched U.S. population norms. Both groups had high rates of lifetime psychiatric and substance abuse/dependence diagnoses, and poor general health compared to population norms. The older group began using illicit substances significantly later in life, and had significantly more medical problems and worse general health than the younger group. The inevitable increasing medical morbidity and physical limitations of an increasingly large older population with substance use problems will challenge treatment providers and planners. Low rates of positive urine opioid tests occurred for both older and younger patients without age-specific services.
Antibiograms and Lipid Contents of Pigmented and Nonpigmented Strains of Serratia marcescens

The antibiogram of pigmented 08 and nonpigmented Bizio strains of Serratia marcescens was determined. Their lipid content was also analyzed.
Conditional limit theorems for exponential families and finite versions of de Finetti's theorem

Consider an exponential familyP λ which is maximal, smooth, and has uniformly bounded standardized fourth moments. Consider a sequenceX 1,X 2,... of i.i.d. random variables with parameter λ. LetQ nsk be the law ofX 1,...,X k given thatS n=X 1+...+X n=s. Choose λ so thatE λ(X 1)=s/n. Ifk andn→∞ butk/n→0, then $$\parallel Q_{nsk} - P_\lambda ^k \parallel = \gamma \frac{k}{n} + o\left( {\frac{k}{n}} \right)$$ where γ=1/2E{|1−Z 2|} andZ isN(0,1). The error term is uniform ins, the value ofS n. Similar results are given fork/n→θ and for mixtures of theP λ . Versions of de Finetti's theorem follow.
Coating and Impregnation of a Nonwoven Fibrous Polyethylene Material with a Nonionic Surfactant Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

We demonstrate the impregnation of nonwoven fibrous samples of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with a nonionic surfactant (N,N-dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide) using supercritical carbon dioxide as the only solvent. The effects of extraction with pure supercritical CO2 and coating from both aqueous and supercritical solutions were studied using loading, morphology, wettability, wicking rate, and storage modulus as indicators of surface and mechanical properties. The results show that although the supercritical fluid (SCF) penetrates and absorbs into the polymer, no structural changes or loss of mechanical strength is observed. The wetting properties of this highly hydrophobic material are changed dramatically and permanently compared to dip coating in an aqueous solution. Although the chemical properties of the samples are identical, there is a significant effect of fiber structure on absorption of CO2 and loading of surfactant. A lattice fluid equation of state is used to model the distribution of solute b...
The impact of asymmetric information on entry deterrence: An example

Abstract A simple non-pathological example demostrates that, when an incumbent firm has private information about the state of demand, an entrant's profits and the likelihood of entry may be decreasing in the state of demand.
Modeling images of phase information for three-dimensional objects

In this work we present a model that describes the electric field in the image plane of a transparent 3D object. The imaged object is modeled as a stack of independent planes along the optical axis and the phase from all the object planes at the image plane is considered as a superposition of the 2D phase contributions from all slices. The object is defined as a phase transmission function and the backscattered field is neglected. We present and discuss examples of simulated data for 3D objects with phase variations along the optical axis.
Effect of Fundamental Frequency at Voice Onset on Vocal Attack Time

Summary Objective To examine vocal attack time (VAT) values associated with the production of low, mid, and high rates of vocal fold vibration in normal speakers. Study Design Sound pressure (SP) and electroglottographic (EGG) recordings were obtained for eight female and five male subjects while producing multiple tokens of the sustained vowels /ɑ/, /i/, and /u/ at comfortable loudness and at mid, low (−3 semitones), and high (+6 semitones) rates of vocal fold vibration. Methods Generalized sinusoidal models of the SP and EGG signals were computed to compare rates of amplitude change. VAT was computed from the time lag of the cross-correlation function. Results Adjusted mean VAT for the high frequency condition was smaller than the adjusted mean VAT values for the low- and mid-frequency conditions. There was no significant difference between the mid and low frequency conditions. Conclusions Findings reveal an association of the VAT measure with increases in vocal fold tension associated with the production of high rates of vocal fold vibration.
Surface energetics and structure of the Ge wetting layer on Si(100)

Ge deposited on Si(100) initially forms heteroepitaxial layers, which grow to a critical thickness of ~3 MLs before the appearance of three-dimensional strain relieving structures. Experimental observations reveal that the surface structure of this Ge wetting layer is a dimer vacancy line (DVL) superstructure of the unstrained Ge(100) dimer reconstruction. In the following, the results of first-principles calculations of the thickness dependence of the wetting layer surface excess energy for the c(4×2) and 4×6 DVL surface reconstructions are reported. These results predict a wetting layer critical thickness of ~3 MLs, which is largely unaffected by the presence of dimer vacancy lines. The 4×6 DVL reconstruction is found to be thermodynamically stable with respect to the c(4×2) structure for wetting layers at least 2 ML thick. A strong correlation between the fraction of total surface induced deformation present in the substrate and the thickness dependence of wetting layer surface energy is also shown.
Angular wire coating by drawdown of an extruded melt.

An approximate analytical solution for tube-coating wire with a highly viscous Newtonian fluid is developed (high Froude and capillary numbers). Acute extrusion angles for the annular slit are considered. We obtain expressions for the melt cone shape, coating thickness, contact length, contact pressure, drawing force, apparent contact angle, and contact convexity. In this article, we identify a process indeterminacy that arises in classical tube coating which employs a parallel annulus, and this necessitates applying an internal vacuum. We show that with a rapidly converging extrusion annulus, this indeterminacy vanishes and so does the need for an internal vacuum. Thus, a unique solution for the contact length is always obtained. The extension to a viscoelastic fluid is also briefly considered.
Error estimates using the cell discretization method for some parabolic problems

The cell discretization algorithm is used to approximate solutions to parabolic problems with coefficients independent of time. Error estimates are obtained showing general convergence for homogeneous problems. A polynomial implementation of the algorithm is described that can be viewed as a nonconforming extension of the finite element method that can also produce the continuous approximations of an h-p finite element method. Numerical tests that confirm the theoretical estimates are discussed.
Relative Toxicity and Ester Hydrolysis of Pyrethroids in the Soybean Looper and Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Toxicity and rates of ester hydrolysis of the pyrethroids fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, cis - and trans -permethrin, and tralomethrin to third and last instars of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and the tobacco bud worm, Heliothis virescens (F.), were determined. Tralomethrin was the most toxic to both stages for both species, while trans -permethrin and fenpropathrin were generally the least toxic. All pyrethroids were more toxic to third instars than to last instars for both species. In general, H. virescens larvae were less susceptible than P. includens larvae. Trans-permethrin was hydrolyzed at the greatest rate in both stadia of both insect species. Fenpropathrin was generally hydrolyzed at the lowest rate. Rates of hydrolysis were similar or less in last instars of both species compared with third instars.
Isolated chronic mitral regurgitation with preserved systolic left ventricular function and severe pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension in chronic mitral valve disease has been related most commonly to left ventricular dysfunction or mitral stenosis; its association with chronic, isolated mitral regurgitation and preserved left ventricular systolic function is unclear. In 41 catheterized patients with chronic mitral regurgitation (known history of mitral regurgitation for >18 months) and preserved left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction >0.55), historic, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were analyzed. Ten patients (Group 1) had normal pulmonary artery systolic pressure (>30 mm Hg), whereas 31 patients had pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure was mildly increased (30 to 49 mm Hg) in 13 patients (Group II) and was >50 mm Hg in 18 patients (Group III). Univariate analysis showed the more frequent occurrence of male gender and ruptured chordae tendineae in the groups with pulmonary hypertension. Mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, size of the V wave in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary arteriole resistance were higher, whereas cardiac index was lower in the hypertension groups. Multivariate stepwise analysis revealed higher mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary arteriole resistance as the only variables independently differing among groups. In conclusion, pulmonary hypertension occurs frequently (76% of cases) in patients with chronic, isolated mitral regurgitation with preserved left ventricular systolic function. In these patients, a severe increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is associated with elevation in pulmonary artery resistance, a finding similar to that in mitral stenosis.
Secretory IgA is Concentrated in the Outer Layer of Colonic Mucus along with Gut Bacteria

Antibodies of the secretory IgA (SIgA) class comprise the first line of antigen-specific immune defense, preventing access of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms and their secreted products into the body proper. In addition to preventing infection, SIgA shapes the composition of the gut microbiome. SIgA is transported across intestinal epithelial cells into gut secretions by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). The epithelial surface is protected by a thick network of mucus, which is composed of a dense, sterile inner layer and a loose outer layer that is colonized by commensal bacteria. Immunofluorescence microscopy of mouse and human colon tissues demonstrated that the SIgA co-localizes with gut bacteria in the outer mucus layer. Using mice genetically deficient for pIgR and/or mucin-2 (Muc2, the major glycoprotein of intestinal mucus), we found that Muc2 but not SIgA was necessary for excluding gut bacteria from the inner mucus layer in the colon. Our findings support a model whereby SIgA is anchored in the outer layer of colonic mucus through combined interactions with mucin proteins and gut bacteria, thus providing immune protection against pathogens while maintaining a mutually beneficial relationship with commensals.
Absence of glia maturation factor protects dopaminergic neurons and improves motor behavior in mouse model of parkinsonism.

Previously, we have shown that aberrant expression of glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein, is associated with the neuropathological conditions underlying diseases suggesting an important role for GMF in neurodegeneration. In the present study, we demonstrate that absence of GMF suppresses dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss, glial activation, and expression of proinflammatory mediators in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and striatum (STR) of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated mice. Dopaminergic neuron numbers in the SN and fiber densities in the STR were reduced in wild type (Wt) mice when compared with GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice after MPTP treatment. We compared the motor abnormalities caused by MPTP treatment in Wt and GMF-KO mice as measured by Rota rod and grip strength test. Results show that the deficits in motor coordination and decrease in dopamine and its metabolite content were protected significantly in GMF-KO mice after MPTP treatment when compared with control Wt mice under identical experimental conditions. These findings were further supported by the immunohistochemical analysis that showed reduced glial activation in the SN of MPTP-treated GMF-KO mice. Similarly, in MPTP-treated GMF-KO mice, production of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukine-1 beta, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and the chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 MCP-1 was suppressed, findings consistent with a role for GMF in MPTP neurotoxicity. In conclusion, present investigation provides the first evidence that deficiency of GMF protects the DA neuron loss and reduces the inflammatory load following MPTP administration in mice. Thus depletion of endogenous GMF represents an effective and selective strategy to slow down the MPTP-induced neurodegeneration.
Effect of cavosurface treatment on marginal leakage in Class V composite resin restorations

Under the experimental conditions used in this in vitro study, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. Etching of the enamel walls in butt and beveled preparations significantly reduces incisal marginal leakage. 2. The application of a low-viscosity bonding resin to the etched enamel walls of preparations prior to the insertion of the composite resin is not necessary to obtain minimal incisal leakage at the composite resin/etched enamel interface. 3. Cavosurface configuration has no significant effect on incisal marginal leakage. 4. Cavosurface configuration and the restorative techniques used in this study affect the degree of gingival microleakage to some extent but do not eliminate it.
Quasiparticle interaction in neutron matter for application in neutron stars

Abstract A model for the quasiparticle interaction in neutron matter is presented which includes, both, particle-particle (pp) and particle-hole (ph) correlations. The pp correlations are treated in a semi-empirical way, while ph correlations are incorporated by solving coupled two-body equations for the ph interaction and the scattering amplitude on the Fermi sphere. Antisymmetry is kept at all stages and hence the forward scattering sum rules for the scattering amplitude are obeyed. Results for Landau parameters and transport coefficients in a density regime representing the crust of a neutron star are presented. The 1 S 0 gap parameter for neutron superfluidity is estimated and we comment briefly on neutron star implications.
CULTURE OF ONE-CELL BOVINE EMBRYOS IN EXPLANTED MOUSE OVIDUCT AND BOVINE OVIDUCTAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

One-cell bovine embryos fertilized in vivo were cultured in TCM-199 and bovine oviductal epithelial cells, in TCM-199, or in explanted immature mouse oviducts supported by TCM-199 to compare development to the blastocyst stage. The morphological stage of development and cell number were determined following 144 hours of culture. Of the embryos that cleaved at least once, 52.6, 30.4 and 0.0% developed to the morula/blastocyst stage after culture in oviductal epithelial cells, in TCM-199 alone, or in explanted mouse oviducts, respectively. The mean total cell number for embryos cultured in oviductal epithelial cells (24.5) was higher than for embryos cultured in TCM-199 (12.8) or in explanted mouse oviducts (5.9; P<0.05). The mean cell number of embryos cultured in TCM-199 or in explanted mouse oviducts did not differ. The explanted immature mouse oviduct supported by TCM-199 did not provide an environment adequate for development of one-cell bovine embryos to the blastocyst stage. Development of one-cell bovine embryos was best supported by co-culture with oviductal epithelial cells in TCM-199 medium.
Increasing cesarean rates: the balance of technology, autonomy, and beneficence.

As an obstetrics and gynecology resident physician, I certainly agree with Burrow (2012) that societal pressures push women to consider elective cesarean deliveries. These same societal forces as w...
Fluoroscopically guided hip capsulotomy: effective or not? A cadaveric study.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a fluoroscopically guided hip capsulotomy. Methods Ten fresh-frozen paired cadaveric hips were injected under fluoroscopic guidance with saline sufficient to generate an intra-articular pressure greater than 58 mmHg. The pressure was monitored continuously using a percutaneous transducer. A limited lateral approach to the proximal femur was performed by one of two senior orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Using a scalpel under fluoroscopic guidance, each surgeon made one attempt at an anterior capsulotomy. Changes in intra-articular pressure were recorded throughout the procedure. The specimens were then dissected to measure the extent of each capsulotomy as well as the distance from the capsulotomy to nearby neurovascular structures. Results A rapid and substantial decrease in intra-articular pressure was seen in all hips. The mean intra-articular pressure postcapsulotomy was 8.4 mmHg. The capsulotomies averaged 15.1 mm in length. None of the attempts at capsulotomy lasted longer than 90 seconds. The average distance between capsulotomy and the lateral-most branch of the femoral nerve was 19.5 mm. The femoral artery was on average 40.3 mm from the capsulotomy. There was no correlation between the side on which capsulotomy was performed and its extent or proximity to neurovascular structures. Conclusions Fluoroscopically guided hip capsulotomy through a small lateral incision appears to be a safe, effective, and expedient method, which may substantially reduce intra-articular pressure after minimally displaced femoral neck fractures.
THE HUAI‐NAN TZU ALTERATION

The most important philosophical influence on the creation of the Huai-nan Tzu was the Chuang Tzu. Charles Le Blanc's study of the Huai-nan Tzu1 identifies two hundred sixty nine cases of direct borrowing, i.e. “incomplete or full quotations,” from it. He also isolates several theoretical themes developed in the Huai-nan Tzu that are supported by skillful editing of borrowed passages from the Chuang Tzu.