cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the current-blackening phenomena in scandia stabilized zirconia using transmission electron microscopy

The nature of blackening of 8 mol % Sc2O3-ZrO2, caused by imposing high current densities on this material at 800° C and PO, < 10−7 atm, has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The material studied was in the form of hot pressed polycrystalline discs with equiaxed grains 2 to 4 μm in size with a cubic fluorite structure. There is also evidence of small coherent precipitates of tetragonal phase embedded within the matrix of the cubic fluorite phase. The current-blackened samples contained numerous polycrystalline aggregates, with crystallites 10 to 20 nm in size, and they were usually found at the grain boundaries. The lattice parameter of this phase is virtually identical to that of the original cubic-fluorite matrix phase. The electron diffraction pattern showed, however, weak reflections forbidden by the fcc symmetry of the parent phase. These reflections can only be indexed as primitive cubic, and it is proposed that grain boundary phase consists partly of non-stoichiometric zirconium suboxides (ZrO2−x). The analysis of energy dispersive X-ray spectrum and electron diffraction patterns of the polycrystalline phase shows no evidence of the presence of metallic zirconium, as has been postulated previously.
The in vitro assembly of microtubules from purified brain tubulin

Abstract Purified calf brain tubulin can assemble into microtubules according to a nucleated polymerization mechanism. This reaction is enhanced by proteins copurfied with tubulin, various non-specific polycations and inert solvent components, such as glycerol, which act as thermodynamic boosters.
Mobilizing and Empowering War-Torn African Communities to Improve Public Health

The objectives of this article are to (a) present a theoretical framework for developing strategies and tactics that could be used to mobilize and empower African communities and help reduce the crippling burdens of public-health challenges, even as these societies suffer from the effects of wars and conflicts; (b) highlight reasons for mobilizing and empowering communities as strategic responses to the effects of internal armed conflicts on the delivery of health services, and, in turn, on a nation's health; and (c) recommend communication strategies and tactics for improving the health of Africa's populations both in peacetime and in wartime. The article draws upon two models—the health belief model and the community mobilization model—that are described as war- and conflict-victim mobilizing and empowerment models, which can be used to communicate with and to motivate and inspire victims of African's wars. These models are applied in a case study of two Netherlands-based international development and c...
A synthesis of infiltration effects on an insulation matrix

Abstract This work presents the effects of air infiltration on heat and mass transfer in a porous matrix. The vertical boundaries of the porous system are partially permeable in order to simulate the holes or the cracks in the porous insulation materials. An efficient numerical scheme accounting for phase change is employed to solve the appropriate governing equations along with the boundary conditions, which describe the complicated transport process. The interactions of the field variables and the influence of the Biot numbers and the opening size are investigated. The effects of the locations of the openings on the Nusselt number are researched throught investigation four representative cases. In all cases, it is found that the liquid accumulates heavily in the region which is exposed to the hot and humid environment. It is also found that infiltration plays a very important role in determining the overall heat transfer rates as well as the generated liquid condensate.
Reassessing the Association between Gun Availability and Homicide at the Cross-National Level

This paper had two objectives. First, to examine the association between gun availability, gun homicide, and homicide in a manner that better accounts for potential simultaneity than previous cross-national research. Second, to examine the manner that the relationship between gun availability and violence is shaped by socio-historical and cultural context. The results lend little support to the notion that gun availability operates uniformly across nations to influence levels of violence. Rather, these results suggest that the nature of the relationship between gun availability and violence is shaped by the socio-historical and cultural processes occurring across nations.
Localizing moving targets and organs using motion-managed CTs

Respiration-induced target and organ motion impacts the radiotherapy strategies of some cancers. Various methods and techniques have been used to investigate motion-related radiotherapy issues, including retrospective 4-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT), prospective gated CT, and breath-hold CT scans. This paper reviews these methods and, particularly, the method using retrospective 4D CT scans, which has been developed at our institution. Some motion studies based on retrospective 4D CT images of patients are also examined. These studies have led to reduced planning target volume (PTV) margins for a number of patients, because the respiratory motion was observed to be minimal or gated radiotherapy was used. Respiratory motion managed CTs and, particularly, retrospective 4D CTs are proving to be useful for measuring soft tissue motion, identifying patients who could benefit from gated radiotherapy, and evaluating the effects of respiratory motion during radiotherapy.
Fever of unknown origin or fever of too many origins

Although the traditional causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO) are increasingly rare, FUOs are not. The new FUOs are often found among patients in intensive care units, many of whom are already receiving multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Phase wettability and microstructural evolution in solid oxide fuel cell anode materials

Abstract Recent experimental and theoretical findings suggest that high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) often suffer from performance degradation due to coarsening of the metallic-phase particles within the anode. In this study, we explore the feasibility of improving the microstructural stability of SOFC anode materials by tuning the contact angle between the metallic phase and electrolyte particles. To this end, a continuum diffuse-interface model is employed to capture the coarsening behavior of the metallic phase and simulate a range of equilibrium contact angles. The evolution of performance-critical, microstructural features is presented for varying degrees of phase wettability. It is found that both the density of electrochemically active triple- phase regions and contiguity of the electron-conducting phase display undesirable minima near the contact angle of conventional SOFC materials. Our results suggest that tailoring the interfacial properties of the constituent phases could lead to a significant increase in the performance and lifetime of SOFCs.
Long-term variations in atomic nitrogen densities

Thermospheric densities of atomic and molecular nitrogen measured from February 1976 through December 1978 by the open source neutral mass spectrometer on the equatorial Atmosphere Explorer E satellite are considered. During this period a significant increase in N densities was observed at the above altitudes of 250 km. It is thought that the increases can be explained by increased production of N from enhanced solar extreme ultraviolet radiation but not by a simple rise in thermospheric temperature. Empirical modeling of N densities at 250 and 375 km by using stepwise regression techniques suggests that the increased solar EUV fluxes in the 800-1000 A range are sufficient to account for the observed rise in N densities at 250 km from June 1976 to June 1977 and are the dominant factor in the density increase of a factor of 5 observed at an altitude of 375 km from June 1976 to late 1978.
The Irony of Pinkerism

This is quite a book. Its sheer heft is daunting, its central claim bold and sweeping, its data relentless. While the planet goes “cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity,” Steven Pinker argues, the human species has been progressing. We have reduced the fear of violent death for an ever-greater proportion of the population across the centuries. Pinker argues that every sort of violence has declined, from interpersonal cruelty to interstate war, beginning toward the end of the medieval period and extending to today. He then identifies the causes of decline so that we can know what can extend the trend into the future. This will allow us, as he puts it, to “obsess not just over what we have been doing wrong but also over what we have been doing right” (p. xxvi).
Effect of shock polarity on the efficacy of transthoracic atrial defibrillation

Abstract Background The energy requirement for internal ventricular defibrillation is reduced by reversal of shock polarity. The influence of shock polarity on the efficacy of transthoracic atrial defibrillation is unknown. Methods This prospective, randomized study enrolled 110 consecutive patients who were referred for elective cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). The electrodes were placed in the anteroposterior position. The patients were randomized to receive either standard (anterior pad=cathode) or reversed polarity (anterior pad=anode) shocks with a damped sinusoidal monophasic waveform. A step-up protocol was used to estimate the cardioversion threshold. The initial shock energy was 50 J, with subsequent increments to 100, 200, 300, and 360 J in the event of cardioversion failure. Results Sixty-four percent of the patient population were men, with a mean age of 66 ± 13 years and a mean duration of AF of 242 ± 556 days. The overall success rates of cardioversion were 84% for standard polarity and 78% for reversed polarity ( P not significant). Among the patients who were successfully cardioverted, the mean atrial defibrillation threshold was 198 ± 103 J for standard polarity and 212 ± 107 J for reversed polarity ( P not significant). Conclusions Reversal of shock polarity does not improve transthoracic cardioversion efficacy with a standard damped sinusoidal monophasic waveform. Alternate strategies should be considered for patients who fail external cardioversion, such as adjunctive pharmacologic treatment, use of a biphasic shock waveform, or internal cardioversion. (Am Heart J 2002;143:541-5.)
INTERTEACHING: THE EFFECTS OF QUALITY POINTS ON EXAM SCORES

Although previous studies have found interteaching to be an effective alternative to traditional methods of instruction, few studies have examined which of its components contribute to its effectiveness. In the current study, we examined whether manipulating quality points had an effect on our students' exam scores. In two sections of an undergraduate general psychology course, we used interteaching but alternated between quality points and no quality points several times throughout the semester; we also counterbalanced the order of presentation across sections. We found that quality points did not have an effect on exam scores.
Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections

THE neurons of layer 4 in the adult cerebral cortex receive their major ascending inputs from the thalamus. In development, however, thalamic axons arrive at the appropriate cortical area long before their target layer 4 neurons have migrated into the cortical plate. The axons accumulate and wait in the zone below the cortical plate, the subplate, for several weeks before invading the cortical plate. The subplate is a transient zone that contains the first postmitotic neurons of the telencephalon. These neurons mature well before other cortical neurons, and disappear by cell death after the thalamic axons have grown into the overlying cortical plate. The close proximity of growing thalamocortical axons and subplate neurons suggests that they might be involved in interactions important for normal thalamocortical development. Here we show that early in development the deletion of subplate neurons located beneath visual cortex prevents axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus from recognizing and innervating visual cortex, their normal target. In the absence of subplate neurons, lateral geniculate nucleus axons continue to grow in the white matter past visual cortex despite the presence of their target layer 4 neurons. Thus the transient subplate neurons are necessary for appropriate cortical target selection by thalamocortical axons.
Rates of nitrification and nitrate reduction in nearshore marine sediments at near ambient substrate concentrations

Abstract Nitrification and nitrate reduction were measured simultaneously by a 15 N-isotope dilution technique in the top 2 cm of sandy sediments in Great South Bay, Long Island, New York. Experiments were done at three times, under three different sets of environmental conditions. Nitrification rates remained between 0.010 and 0.015 μg-at N (g dry wt) −1 (24 h) −1 despite decreasing temperature. Nitrate reduction ranged from 0.02 to 0.11 μg-at N (g dry wt) −1 (24 h) −1 . Nitrate reduction exceeded nitrification in two experiments. In the third, at low temperature and apparently high oxygen levels, rates of nitrification and nitrate reduction were comparable. We conclude that there is not a constant relationship between nitrification and nitrate reduction in this environment. Attempts to measure rates of nitrification by using the inhibitor chlorate were not successful.
Relationships between Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Eyewall Structure as Determined by Radial Profiles of Inner-Core Infrared Brightness Temperature

AbstractRadial profiles of infrared brightness temperature for 2405 different satellite observations from 14 western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) from the 2012 season were analyzed and compared to intensity and changes in intensity. Four critical points along the inner core of each infrared (IR) brightness temperature (BT) profile were identified: coldest cloud top (CCT), first overshooting top (FOT), and lower (L45) and upper (U45) extent of the inner eyewall. Radial movement of the mean CCT point outward with increasing TC intensity, combined with subsequent warming of the mean L45 point with intensity, highlighted structure changes that are consistent with eye and eyewall development. When stratified by latitude and vertical wind shear, the CCT point moved radially outward for all cases, notably at higher intensities for lower-latitude TCs and at lower intensities for higher-latitude TCs. The majority of the warming of the L45 point with increasing intensity occurred for low-latitude and low-s...
Mice immunized with a subviral particle containing the japanese encephalitis virus prM/M and E proteins are protected from lethal JEV infection

Abstract Extracellular subviral particles produced by HeLa cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the prM and E genes of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were purified and characterized. These particles contained the JEV prM/M and E proteins embedded in a lipid bilayer, and RNA was not detected in particles using the polymerase chain reaction and primers recognizing a part of the JEV E gene. The particles were uniformly spherical with a 20-nm diameter and had 5-nm projections on their surface. Mice that received a single inoculation of the purified extracellular particles emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant were fully protected against 4.9 × 105 LD50 of JEV. Comparison of the neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers and radioimmunoprecipitation data showed that immunization with the particles induced an immune response similar to that following inoculation with the recombinant vaccinia virus.
Adrenergic modulation of pancreatic hormone secretion in utero: studies in fetal sheep

To assess the functional maturity of adrenergic modulation of plasma concentration of glucose, as well as immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) secretion in utero, adrenergic agonists with or without beta (propranolol) or alpha (phentolamine) antagonists were infused to the chronically catheterized sheep fetus (n = 35) late in the third trimester. Mean +/- S.E. days at study was 129.5 +/- 1.5; term is 150 days. In 9 separate studies at gestational age 129 +/- 1 days, the infusion of saline for 3 hr was not associated with significant changes in the basal levels of glucose, IRG, or IRI. With epinephrine, 6 microgram/min (n = 6) glucose rose from 16.7 +/- 3.6 to 41.9 +/- 9.7 mg/dl, IRG rose from 75 +/- 8 to 219 +/- 45 pg/ml, and IRI fell from 22.6 +/- 1.7 to 12.7 +/- 3.5 microunits/ml (P less than 0.05 for each). Propranolol alone (n = 4) did not alter basal glucose or IRG but significantly suppressed IRI. Propranolol did, however, markedly attentuate the rise in glucose and IRG while exaggerating the fall in IRI during epinephrine infusion. Qualitatively similar but smaller responses were obtained with epinephrine, 0.4 microgram/min (n = 10). Similarly, elevation of glucose and suppression of IRI was obtained with norepinephrine, 2 microgram/min (n = 5), but IRG levels did not rise significantly. Alpha-Adrenergic blockade alone augmented IRI from 18 +/- 3 to 38 +/- 5 microunits/ml without affecting glucose or IRG concentrations; during alpha blockade, norepinephrine infusion failed to induce the rise in glucose, IRG remained unchanged, and IRI remained elevated (n = 5). 2-Deoxy-D-glucose, 200 mg IV over 30 min, did not affect glucose, IRG, or IRI (n = 5). Thus, appropriate adrenergic modulation of plasma concentrations of glucose, and of IRG and IRI secretion is established in the third trimester.
Information technology education for k-12 students and teachers: from sensor network to comprehensive and customized web interaction

This paper presents an e-learning system to provide comprehensive and customized information technology (IT) education for K-12 students and teachers across science and mathematics disciplines. Supported by a current three-year NSF ITEST grant, we have designed and developed the system with the goal to provide students with education pathways leading to IT careers. The proposed system includes two IT tracks: sensor network track and field guide track. Different from current IT education systems and activities, our project is specifically tailored for K-12 students and teachers through a series of systematic IT-related activities conducted on a unique local barrier island. Preliminary project activities and user feedback indicate that our project is rather effective to give students the knowledge, encouragement, and self confidence to gain further IT competencies later on in high school and beyond.
Propositions and Animal Emotion

The rabbit jumps in fright at the sight of a snake, the dog wags its tail joyfully at its master's return, the she-bear angrily attacks people who come too close to her cubs. Similarity between animal and human emotions poses a difficulty for standard cognitive accounts of emotions: animals seem to have a range of distinguishable emotions that largely parallel the human emotions, while seeming not to have the capacity for propositional thought that such accounts make necessary to emotions. Thus it may seem doubtful whether, even in adult humans, a cognitivist account of the nature of emotions and the difference between them can be right.' I shall argue that, while cognitivist accounts which make propositions essential to the identity or character of emotion episodes are undermined by this objection, a cognitive account that identifies emotions with a certain kind of perception is not. Animals are capable of this kind of perception and seem, in fact, to experience it when in emotional states. Since perceptions of the kind in question can also be determined propositionally, my account can accommodate the insight of cognitivist theories that, in linguistically capable humans, emotions are often or even typically propositional attitudes (in a suitable sense of 'propositional') and are distinguished as to type (hope, indignation, fear) largely by their propositional content. The most popular kind of cognitivist account claims that beliefs are necessary to emotion-episodes, either by being partially constitutive of them,2 by being identical with them,3 or by being a
Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 122I- and 131I-labelled iodoperidol, a potential agent for the tomographic assessment of cerebral perfusion.

Abstract Iodoperidol (IP), an iodinated analogue of the antipsychotic drug haloperiodol, was evaluated as a cerebral blood flow radiopharmaceutical for PET or SPECT. IP was labelled with 131I or 122I ( 76% β + , t 1 2 = 3.6 min) in >75% radiochemical yield via electrophilic aromatic iododestannylation. [131I]IP showed high cerebral uptake (1.9% of injected dose after 5 min) and good brain retention for the rat, with very low blood levels (brain/blood ratio = 35 at 2 h post injection). PET imaging of a dog demonstrated that [122I]IP has high selectivity for brain localization and good retention, and indicates that this class of compounds holds promise for development as perfusion radiopharmaceuticals.
Long-Term Cytokine Production from Engineered Primary Human Stromal Cells Influences Human Hematopoiesis in an In Vivo Xenograft Model

Human hematopoiesis can be supported in beige/nude/ XID (bnx) mice by coinjection of human bone marrow stromal cells engineered to secrete human interleukin 3 (HuIL-3). The major limitation is a total absence of human B cell development in the mice, which could be due to supraphysiological levels of HuIL-3 in the circulation. In an effort to obtain human B lymphoid, as well as T lymphoid and myeloid cell development in the mice, CD34+ cells were coinjected with human marrow stromal cells engineered to secrete human IL-2, IL-7, stem cell factor or FLT3 ligand, +/- IL-3. No single factor other than IL-3 supported sustained human hematopoiesis in the mice, although cytokines were expressed for four to six months post-transplantation. Production of both HuIL-3 and IL-7 in the mice supported extrathymic development of human T lymphocytes, but no B cells, myeloid cells, or clonogenic progenitors were detected. Human B cells were not produced from CD34+ cells in the bnx mice under any condition tested. Another limitation to the bnx/Hu system is a lack of maturation of human red blood cells, although BFU-E are maintained. Stromal cells secreting human erythropoietin and IL-3 were cotransplanted into mice with HuCD34+ cells and an increase in hematocrit from 40%-45% to 80%-85% resulted, with production of human and murine red blood cells. Unfortunately, all mice (n = 9) suffered strokes, displayed paralysis and died within three weeks. The bnx/Hu cotransplantation model provides an interesting system in which to study human hematopoietic cell differentiation under the influence of various cytokines.
The criminal fantasy technique: A comparison of sex offenders and substance abusers

Presented a newly developed projective technique that utilizes criminal fantasy in an attempt to help in the prediction of crime and to gain psychodynamic insights into such offenders. Protocols of 37 compulsive sex offenders were compared to a group of 13 substances abusers who served as clinical controls. Statistical significance regarding the difference in number of judged pathological stories for the two groups was reached for all cards that were designed to elicit sexual fantasy. Cards depicting crimes of a non-sexual nature were not seen differently by the two groups, which was an expected finding. Raw data that highlighted the richness of the elicited projective material also were presented.
Monodispersed magnetite nanoparticles optimized for magnetic fluid hyperthermia: Implications in biological systems.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MNPs) are suitable materials for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia (MFH), provided their size is carefully tailored to the applied alternating magnetic field (AMF) frequency. Since aqueous synthesis routes produce polydisperse MNPs that are not tailored for any specific AMF frequency, we have developed a comprehensive protocol for synthesizing highly monodispersed MNPs in organic solvents, specifically tailored for our field conditions (f = 376 kHz, H0 = 13.4 kA/m) and subsequently transferred them to water using a biocompatible amphiphilic polymer. These MNPs (σavg. = 0.175) show truly size-dependent heating rates, indicated by a sharp peak in the specific loss power (SLP, W/g Fe3O4) for 16 nm (diameter) particles. For broader size distributions (σavg. = 0.266), we observe a 30% drop in overall SLP. Furthermore, heating measurements in biological medium [Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) + 10% fetal bovine serum] show a significant drop for SLP (∼30% reduction in 16 nm MNPs). Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements show particle hydrodynamic size increases over time once dispersed in DMEM, indicating particle agglomeration. Since the effective magnetic relaxation time of MNPs is determined by fractional contribution of the Neel (independent of hydrodynamic size) and Brownian (dependent on hydrodynamic size) components, we conclude that agglomeration in biological medium modifies the Brownian contribution and thus the net heating capacity of MNPs.
Thiazide diuretics in advanced chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in 3%-4% of the adult population in the United States, and the vast majority of these people are hypertensive. Compared with those with essential hypertension, hypertension in CKD remains poorly controlled despite the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs. Hypervolemia is thought to be a major cause of hypertension, and diuretics are useful to improve blood pressure control in CKD. Non-osmotic storage of sodium in the skin and muscle may be a novel mechanism by which sodium may modulate hypertension; further work is need to study this novel phenomenon with diuretics. Among people with stage 4 CKD, loop diuretics are recommended over thiazides. Thiazide diuretics are deemed ineffective in people with stage 4 CKD. Review of the literature suggests that thiazides may be useful even among people with advanced CKD. They cause a negative sodium balance, increasing sodium excretion by 10%-15% and weight loss by 1-2 kg in observational studies. Observational data show improvement in seated clinic blood pressure of about 10-15 mm Hg systolic and 5-10 mm Hg diastolic, whereas randomized trials show about 15 mm Hg improvement in mean arterial pressure. Volume depletion, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and acute kidney injury are adverse effects that should be closely monitored. Our review suggests that adequately powered randomized trials are needed before the use of thiazide diuretics can be firmly recommended in those with advanced CKD.
Diets of Lake Trout Inhabiting Nearshore and Offshore Lake Michigan Environments

Stomach contents of sport-caught and gill net-captured Lake Michigan lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush namaycush) (n = 2,032) were analyzed to compare the food habits of nearshore shallow water and offshore deep water trout. Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) was the primary forage of nearshore (n = 112) and midlake reef fish (n = 59) collected in 1980, constituting 84 and 89 percent by number of the diets respectively. Nearshore lake trout taken from the sport catch from 1984–88 (n = 1,045) had diets dominated by alewife, averaging 81 percent of the total number of prey fish consumed each year. Lake trout gillnetted from 1985-88 in the Clay Banks Reef area (n = 380), a series of shallow nearshore reefs, had diverse diets, with rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) averaging 64 percent by number of the prey fish consumed annually. Lake trout gillnetted from 1985–88 on Sheboygan Reef(n = 536), a deep offshore reef which is part of a midlake reef complex, had diets composed mainly of bloater chub (Coregonus hoyi), which averaged 78 percent of the total number of prey fish consumed each year. Results suggest lake trout food habits are more responsive to changes in prey abundance relative to other salmonine predators, and that stocking lake trout on deep offshore reefs will increase the species use of abundant bloater chub stocks.
Seckel-like Syndrome in Three Siblings

Seckel syndrome has been described as the prototype of the primordial bird-headed type of dwarfism. Since Seckel originally defined the disorder, less than 60 cases have been reported. In addition to the characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism and skeletal defects, abnormalities have been described in the cardiovascular, hematopoietic, endocrine, and central nervous systems. This pleiotropy has implied genetic heterogeneity and prompted reviews of previously reported cases of Seckel syndrome. As a result, the characteristic diagnostic features of Seckel syndrome have been highly debated. Although deletions in chromosome 2q have been described, to date, no genetic defect has been defined. We report three cases of Seckel-like syndrome in siblings from nonconsanguinous Caucasian parents. In addition to the typical Seckel phenotypic features, all three cases were characterized by severe hydrocephalus. We review the literature and propose that there is a spectrum of Seckel conditions that share some common key features, but also demonstrate a wide range of phenotypic features.
Bioprosthesis in hand surgery.

Abstract In 1965, Carpentier coined the term bioprosthesis to distinguish the characteristics of glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heart valves from untreated or synthetic valves. Observation that the valves functioned normally but were not incorporated by the host has stimulated interest in similarly preserved materials for use in hand surgery. This report outlines work that was initiated to learn the effects of glutaraldehyde treatment on tendon and a reticular substitute. In over 56 experiments with a chicken model, experience with glutaraldehyde-treated tendon grafts shows no acute rejection. There is good function clinically by 8 weeks with proximal fibrous ingrowth seen histologically. By 12 weeks, distal ingrowth has occurred. There is no ingrowth into the tendon graft within the fibro-osseous tunnel. Mechanical testing of the implant system shows a peak load at failure of 1.86 ± 0.43 pounds and at 24 weeks it is 6.53 ± 2.6 pounds. The failure site at time zero was distal. By 12 weeks, the distal attachment strengthened and the proximal attachment failed at a greater load. An interpositional substance with potential uses in hand surgery has been prepared by glutaraldehyde treatment of mammalian pericardium. Possible uses include interposition between fractured phalanx and the extensor tendon. This has been evaluated in feasibility studies in a rabbit model.
Hodgkin's cells and attached lymphocytes: a possible prognostic indicator in splenic tumor.

After the purification of Hodgkin’s cells by a previously reported method from splenic tumor of 8 patients with Stages I11 or IV Hodgkin’s disease, we have examined the proportions of Hodgkin’s cells with attached lymphocytes. All patients were studied 3-5 years after staging laparotomy. Four patients had no recurrent disease; 3 had histologically confirmed recurrent disease; and 1 had clinically suspected recurrent disease (enlarged nodes) but has thus far refused further medical study and care. The proportion of purified Hodgkin’s cells which had attached lymphocytes was consistently higher in the patients who were clinically free of disease. The possible biological significance of this observation is discussed briefly and would appear to warrant further investigation of this phenomenon in more patients with splenic tumor than are available to us. Cancer 44:183-187, 1979. N 1973, we22 reported a method by which I we obtained cells from the tumor of Hodgkin’s disease in suspension with the aid of collagenase, stored the cells after controlled-rate freezing in a viable form, and separated the cells in an isokinetic gradientlg which has been used for the separation of several different kinds of cells.23 Among the more rapidly sedimenting cells, we obtained highly concentrated Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin’s cells some of which were multinucleated and some of which were mononucleated; following the example of several authoritie~~.’~~ ~~ we shall refer to these cells collectively as Hodgkin’s cells.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) specific for antibodies to TNP-LPS detects alterations in serum immunoglobulins and isotype switching in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect IgM and IgG antibodies specific for trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS). Treatment of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists followed by immunization with TNP-LPS resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in serum IgM which paralleled the decrease in the splenic PFC response. The ED50 values for the IgM and splenic PFCs in C57BL/6 mice for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (pentaCB) and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexaCB were 2.8 and 1.6, 11 and 14, and 25 and 20 micrograms/kg, respectively; in the less Ah-responsive DBA/2 mice, the ED50 values were 8.5 and 10, 61 and 69, and 73 and 71 micrograms/kg, respectively. In addition, treatment of C57BL/6 mice with TCDD resulted in alterations of serum IgG relative to IgM and a delay of isotype switching was observed after immunization and boosting with TNP-LPS. This ELISA may prove to be a useful tool in monitoring immune function during long-term exposure of mice to TCDD and related compounds and exploring the mechanism of Ah receptor-mediated immunosuppression.
Pricing and two-tier advertising with one manufacturer and one retailer

This paper considers the pricing decisions and two-tier advertising levels between one manufacturer and one retailer where customer demand depends on the retail price and advertisement by a manufacturer and a retailer. We solve a Stackelberg game with the manufacturer as the leader and the retailer as the follower. With price sensitive customer demand and a linear wholesale contract, we obtain the optimal decisions by the manufacturer and the optimal responses by the retailer. Our results show that cost sharing of local advertising does not work well, it is better for the manufacturer to advertise nationally and offer the retailer a lower wholesale price.
Heterogeneous polymer–polymer composites. II. Preparation and properties of model systems

A two-stage emulsion polymerization procedure has been developed and used to prepare relatively uniform populations of heterogeneous acrylic latex particles (HLP). One class of particles (HLP1) can be described as composite materials comprising a glassy continuous phase and a rubbery discrete phase. Another class (HLP2) can be described (at high rubber content) as composite materials comprising a rubbery continuous phase and a glassy discrete phase. The phase structure of the HLP1 is sufficiently stable to allow fabrication of composites having a uniform spatial distribution of inclusions by direct compression molding. Although the observed particle structure of the HLP2 does not depend markedly on crosslinking, the phase structure and mechanical properties of compression moldings do. Crosslinking of the glassy stage appears to stabilize HLP2 phase structure during molding, while crosslinking of the rubbery stage favors phase inversion. The observed HLP2 particle structures and the morphology of molded HLP1 specimens are consistent with a shell-core model. It is found that the modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of many of these materials can be adequately described in terms of a simple theoretical model for the elastic and thermoelastic properties of particulate composites, provided that an interaction parameter interpreted as a maximum packing fraction is introduced.
The importance of monitoring and self-regulation during multitrial learning

Theory suggests that accuracy of metacognitive monitoring and self-regulation of study will affect test performance, but there is little empirical evidence linking these variables. I examined the relation among these variables in a multitrial learning task. Regression analyses showed that monitoring accuracy and self-regulation were reliably related to test performance—greater monitoring accuracy and more effective self-regulation were associated with greater test performance. These analyses were contrasted with analyses typically conducted in previous research, to show the importance of using a multitrial learning task and of attending to the theoretically based causal relation among variables when evaluating how monitoring accuracy and self-regulation are related to test performance. The results of this investigation may help to explain why previous research has failed to link these variables.
Political participation as a function of internal-external locus of control.

The aim was to determine whether a person's political participation is a function of his “locus of control.” Ss completed Rotter's I-E scale (1966), a political activity scale, and a self-rating of political activity. Political participation was positively correlated with internal locus of control.
Crystallization behavior of amorphous Ni50Nb50 on continuous heating

Resistance measurements during the continuous heating of an Ni50Nb50 amorphous alloy to avove 1173 K indicate that three possible transformations occur: (i) between 573 and 600 K, (ii) between 600 and approximately 825 K and (iii) between 825 and 1173 K. Samples of this amorphous alloy heated in a neutral atmosphere to 673, 825, 998 and 1073 K, held for 5 min and furnace cooled indicate, through X-ray diffraction analyses, complete crystallization into a two-phase mixture of NbNi and a non-stoichiometric NbNi3+x compound following exposure to above 998 K. Field ion microscopy studies corroborate the X-ray analyses and also reveal that short-range order takes place and that there is partial crystallization, into minute domains, at temperatures as low as 673 K. Scanning electron microscopy studies show that phase separation occurs concurrently with crystallization in the partially crystallized as well as the fully crystallized samples.
Contents and contexts: disclosure perceptions on facebook

Social network sites (SNSs) provide new forms of communication, in which people routinely share personal information with a large audience. The goal of this research is to examine how a public context in which disclosures are revealed influences receivers' impressions of disclosure and a discloser on SNSs. The results of the original study reported in this paper indicate that publicly shared disclosures were perceived as less intimate and less appropriate than privately shared disclosures on Facebook, and perceptions of disclosure appropriateness mediated the effects of public/private contexts on social attraction for a discloser. The results inform research on social outcomes associated with SNS's use, as well as design considerations for privacy- and disclosure-related behaviors in social media.
Phase Morphologies in Reversibly Bonding Supramolecular Triblock Copolymer Blends

Thermoreversible, supramolecular self-assembly in multiblock copolymer melts is investigated with two microscopic approaches. We consider a blend consisting of two chemically distinct, but reactive homopolymers. One homopolymer has a single reactive end group at one of its ends, while the second has functional end groups at both ends. Reversible bonding is constrained to occur between dissimilar blocks so that this mixture is capable of forming diblocks and triblocks but no other copolymers. All copolymer concentrations are thus controlled by the bonding strength, segmental incompatibility, and the relative proportions and chain lengths of the homopolymers. Changing the ratio of homopolymer chain lengths, which controls the architecture of the copolymers, has a dramatic effect on not only the extent of reversible bonding but also on the phase morphology, which is reflected in the equilibrium mesophase structures and liquidus line. Two characteristic mean-field (SCFT) phase diagrams are calculated at high ...
Hydrophobization of ionic drugs for transport through membranes

Abstract The delivery of ionic drugs through hydrophobic membranes has not been successful due to their weak partitioning and low diffusivity. In order to achieve transport of ionic drugs across hydrophobic membranes, lipophilization of the ionic drugs without modification of their chemical structures would be ideal. Studies of ion paired drug permeation in nonaqueous media through model synthetic membranes were performed with the aim of lipophilization of ionic drugs for transport across hydrophobic barriers. The permeation experiments were conducted using hydrophobic polymer membranes, dense hydrophobic and hydrophobic-hydrophilic balanced membranes. It was found that the ion paired drugs attained lipophilic characteristics and consequently, had enhanced permeation through hydrophobic membranes. Both partition and pore mechanisms contributed to ion pair permeation through membranes.
Ion Pair First and Second Acidities of Some β-Diketones and Aggregation of Their Lithium and Cesium Enediolates in THF

Ion pair pK values were measured for three β-diketones in THF, 1−3, with lithium and cesium counterions. The results showed variations with concentration indicative of aggregation of the metal enolates to dimers. Similarly, ion pair pK values could be determined for some of these metal enolates going to the corresponding dimetal dienediolates which were also found to form dimers. These equilibria are more complicated to analyze because aggregation affects both sides of the proton transfer equilibria. The results show that all of the species measured exist mostly as dimers at concentrations >0.01 M typical of most organic synthesis reactions and physical measurements. NMR measurements show that the enols of 1 and 2, which can undergo intramolecular hydrogen bonding, predominate in both THF and DMSO solutions, whereas 3, whose enols cannot be so stabilized, is mostly keto in THF but approximately equimolar enol and keto in DMSO. Dimerization of the monolithium salts is rapid on the NMR time scale but that o...
Indications, technique, and efficacy of alcohol injection of enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background: Percutaneous alcohol ablation of the parathyroid gland (PAAP) has been proposed as an alternative treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism in patients unsuitable for surgery. The current study aimed to determine the (1) selection criteria, (2) associated morbidity, and (3) efficacy of PAAP. Methods: From 1987 to 1998, 36 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (mean age 65 years) underwent PAAP. The indications for PAAP were (1) medical comorbidity, (2) technically unsafe reoperative surgery, (3) partial ablation of a single remaining gland, and (4) patient choice. Results: There were no long-term complications. Two patients had temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and 4 had temporary hypocalcemia. Over a median follow-up of 16 months, 12 (33%) of the patients remained eucalcemic. For analysis purposes patients were separated into 2 separate groups: 29 with attempted complete ablation and 7 with partial ablation of a single remaining gland only. Ten of the complete ablation group (34%) remained eucalcemic. In the partial ablation group only 2 remained eucalcemic, but all had adequately controlled serum calcium levels. Conclusion: PAAP should be considered for hyperparathyroid patients with excessive reoperative morbidity or prohibitive medical comorbidity or those in whom the intent is to partially ablate a single remaining enlarged gland. In these patients close follow-up of serum calcium is required, and repeat treatments may be necessary because recurrence of hypercalcemia is likely. (Surgery 1998;124:1011-20.)
Energy-Dissipating Composite Members with Progressive Failure: Concept Development and Analytical Modeling

A new concept for tailored, one-dimensional tensile composite members with sequential, progressive failure and yield-type response is presented. The concept is developed as a solution to a constrained arresting problem. Flexible composites, obtained by reinforcing an elastomeric matrix material with high-performance elastic fibers, are used to create a structure with redundant load paths and progressive failure. Three analytical models are developed for the prediction of response under stroke-controlled loading. The response of the tailored configuration is compared with that of conventional members of identical length, total cross-sectional area, and material properties. Analytical results confirm the predicted progressive failure sequence and yield-type response, as well as the increased energy-dissipation capability.
Effects of septal lesions on open-field gregariousness in rats reared prior to surgery in group versus individual cages

Septal lesions were given to adult animals which had been reared in isolation or in group cages from 30–90 days of age. Septal lesions and isolated rearing produced additive increases in open-field contact time. These results were similar to those observed in a previous study in which septal lesions were produced in infancy and followed by differential housing. Emotionality and activity were also affected by lesion and housing condition; however, the pattern of results was interactive on these two variables.
A Nondimensional Analysis to Characterize Thermomagnetic Convection of a Temperature Sensitive Magnetic Fluid in a Flow Loop

This paper presents results from theoretical and numerical studies of a single-phase, temperature sensitive magnetic fluid operating under steady-state laminar flow conditions in a partially heated thermomagnetic circulation loop under the influence of an external magnetic field (created by a solenoid). A one-dimensional theoretical model has been developed using scaling arguments to characterize thermomagnetic circulation in this loop in terms of the geometric length scales, magnetic fluid properties, and the strength of the imposed magnetic field. In parallel to this theoretical analysis, supporting numerical simulations using Comsol Multiphysics simulation software have been undertaken to obtain data for use in this 1D model. Comparison between experimental data and numerical simulation results and also a grid sensitivity analysis was carried out to validate the numerical simulation. A correlation for the nondimensional heat transfer (Nusselt number) as a function of the appropriate magnetic Rayleigh number and a correlation for the mass flow rate based on the system's properties are developed.
Developing a patient-centered medical home: synopsis and comment on “Patient preferences for shared decisions: a systematic review”

The seventh column on Evidence-Based Behavioral Medicine synopsizes a systematic review by Chewning and colleagues (Pat Educ Couns 86:9–18, 2012) on patient preferences for shared decision-making regarding treatment and screening. A total of 115 studies were included in the final analyses. In 63 % of studies, a majority of patients preferred sharing decisions with their primary care physician, as opposed to delegating health decisions to their provider. A time trend appeared such that in studies published more recently, a greater percentage of patients, particularly cancer patients, preferred sharing decisions. Further research should seek to better understand how the decision making of specific patient populations is influenced by life course changes and secular trends. Longitudinal studies can help to elucidate how patient decision-making preferences evolve over the course of illness and health status changes in different medical conditions.