cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Differential Host Plant Consumption by Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bacillus thuringiensis Efficacy

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner toxicity is a dose-dependent phenomenon, and the dose acquired by an individual is directly related to the quantity of treated food consumed. A bioassay was conducted using two Apium graveolens var. rapaceum (L.) cultivars to determine if the B. thuringiensis dose acquired by Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae was influenced by host plant-induced variation in consumption rates. S. exigua fed the cultivar more suitable for larval growth and development consumed significantly greater leaf surface areas, survived longer, and grew faster than larvae fed the less suitable cultivar. S. exigua fed B. thuringiensis -treated foliage consumed significantly smaller leaf surface areas, had significantly shorter survival times, and grew slower than larvae fed untreated foliage. When leaf surface area consumption was adjusted to reflect the B. thuringiensis consumed, larvae fed the more suitable cultivar received significantly higher cumulative B. thuringiensis doses, but this difference did not explain the observed differences in insect performance. The fact that larvae fed the more suitable cultivar received a greater B. thuringiensis dose than larvae fed the less suitable cultivar demonstrates that host plant-induced variation in consumption rates can affect the B. thuringiensis dose a herbivore receives. In this particular case, larvae that received the overall greater B. thuringiensis doses performed better than larvae that received the overall lower doses, indicating that other factors associated with the host plant play an important role in mediating B. thuringiensis efficacy.
Stress Orientation Dependence of Dislocation Glide in Epitaxial Films

The effect of different stresses on the glide of the commonly observed dislocations in epitaxial films is systematically investigated. The possibility of planar dissociation of perfect dislocations and the conditions for their subsequent glide are explored. Slip transfer from one plane to another is affected by the crystal orientation relative to the stress axis. This process is quantitatively analyzed by calculating iso-Schmid factors on a stereographic projection. The results of this model are correlated with those found in the literature.
Synergism between PM02734 and erlotinib in human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines

C179 PM02734 is a novel marine-derived cyclic peptide belonging to the Kahaladide family of compounds currently in clinical trials with preliminary evidence of antitumor activity. Previous studies have shown a correlation between erbB3 expression and sensitivity to PM02734. We determined the cytotoxic effect of PM02734 in a panel of human NSCLC cell lines. Of nine cell lines tested, four cell lines (H322, A549, H3255-EGFR mutant-, and H661) were highly sensitive to PM02734, with IC50 values of 0.3-1.25 μM, two cell lines (H1299 and H1975-double EGFR mutant-) had an intermediate sensitivity, with IC50 values of 2-2.5 μM, and the remaining cell lines (H258, H460, and H1650-EGFR mutant-) were resistant to PM02734 with IC50 values > 5 μM. The mechanism of cell death of PM02734 did not appear to involve caspase activation whereas EGFR TKI erlotinib (E) caused cytotoxicity by mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Interestingly, two of the PM02734 sensitive cell lines (H322 and H3255) were the only two cell lines sensitive to E. Western blot analysis confirmed the correlation between erbB3 expression and cell sensitivity to PM02734. PM02734 caused cell cycle arrest at S-phase in PM02734-sensitive H322 cells, in contrast with E, which caused G1/S phase arrest. Based on these findings, we studied the cytotoxicity of the combination of PM02734 and E. We treated H322, A549, H1299 and H460 cells with PM02734 alone, E alone, or both at a 1:1 molar ratio for 72 h. Cell survival fractions were determined by MTT assays and the combinational effects were analyzed by the median effect method of Chou and Talalay. The combination of PM02734 and E was synergistic in all cell lines with combination indexes ranging between 0.59 and 0.81. To further explore the mechanism of synergism, we examined the combinational effect of PM02734 and E on the EGFR pathway and found that the combination was more effective in inhibiting AKT than either single agent alone in H322 cells. In addition, we investigated the effect of different exposure schedules of PM02734 and E on cell growth inhibition and found that the concurrent exposure to both agents for 72 h was more effective in inhibiting cell growth than the sequential schedules PM02734 followed by E or E followed by PM02734. Taken together, our results indicate that the combination of concurrent PM02734 and E is synergistic at pharmacologically achievable concentrations in NSCLC cell lines. This information and the lack of overlapping toxicities between both compounds provide a rational basis for exploring this combination in the clinic. This work was supported by NIH Grant CA84119 and CA96515, and by Phamamar R & D.
Peroxin-dependent targeting of a lipid-droplet-destined membrane protein to ER subdomains

Lipid droplets (LDs) are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived lipid storage organelles uniquely encapsulated by phospholipid monolayers. LD membrane proteins are embedded into the monolayer in a monotopic hairpin topology and are therefore likely to have requirements for their biogenesis distinct from those inserting as bitopic and polytopic proteins into phospholipid bilayers. UBXD8 belongs to a subfamily of hairpin proteins that localize to both the ER and LDs, and are initially inserted into the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER bilayer before partitioning to the LD monolayer. The molecular machinery responsible for inserting hairpin proteins into membranes, however, is unknown. Here, we report that newly synthesized UBXD8 is post-translationally inserted into discrete ER subdomains by a mechanism requiring cytosolic PEX19 and membrane-integrated PEX3, proteins hitherto exclusively implicated in peroxisome biogenesis. Farnesylation of PEX19 uncouples ER/LD and peroxisome targeting, expanding the function of this peroxin to an ER-targeting pathway and suggesting a coordinated biogenesis of LDs and peroxisomes.
Doxastic permissiveness and the promise of truth

The purpose of this paper is to challenge what is often called the “Uniqueness” thesis. According to this thesis, given one’s total evidence, there is a unique rational doxastic attitude that one can take to any proposition. It is sensible for defenders of Uniqueness to commit to an accompanying principle that: when some agent A has equal epistemic reason both to believe that p and to believe that not p, the unique epistemically rational doxastic attitude for A to adopt with respect to whether p is the suspension of judgment. In this paper, I offer a case wherein the agent has equal epistemic reason both to believe that p and to believe that not p, but the agent is not epistemically required to suspend judgment about whether p. Furthermore, the case is such that there seems to be no uniquely rational attitude for the agent to adopt.
Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with Solid Malignancies

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) refers to a rapidly progressive inability of the respiratory system to perform one or both of its gas exchange functions, which includes oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. This is usually life threatening especially when it occurs in patients with underlying malignancy. In patients with acute leukemia or lymphoma, the incidence of ARF ranges from 10 to 20 % and increases to 40 % in those with neutropenia or bone marrow transplantation [1, 2]. ARF in patients with solid tumors has a lower incidence of about 1–5 %, with about 44–50 % mortality when these patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and required some form of ventilation [3–6]. Recent studies have shown that, in patients with ARF, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can prevent the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, hence reducing the risks associated with this form of ventilation as well as reducing ICU and hospital stay [7–10]. There have also been reports of lower 30-day mortality with the use of NIV compared with invasive mechanical ventilation [11]. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the use of NIV in patients with solid malignancies emphasizing on indications and outcome.
Stochastic gradient descent with finite samples sizes

The minimization of empirical risks over finite sample sizes is an important problem in large-scale machine learning. A variety of algorithms has been proposed in the literature to alleviate the computational burden per iteration at the expense of convergence speed and accuracy. Many of these approaches can be interpreted as stochastic gradient descent algorithms, where data is sampled from particular empirical distributions. In this work, we leverage this interpretation and draw from recent results in the field of online adaptation to derive new tight performance expressions for empirical implementations of stochastic gradient descent, mini-batch gradient descent, and importance sampling. The expressions are exact to first order in the step-size parameter and are tighter than existing bounds. We further quantify the performance gained from employing mini-batch solutions, and propose an optimal importance sampling algorithm to optimize performance.
Characterization of Membrane Protein–Lipid Interactions by Mass Spectrometry Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry

Lipids in the biological membrane can modulate the structure and function of integral and peripheral membrane proteins. Distinguishing individual lipids that bind selectively to membrane protein complexes from an ensemble of lipid-bound species remains a daunting task. Recently, ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has proven to be invaluable for interrogating the interactions between protein and individual lipids, where the complex undergoes collision induced unfolding followed by quantification of the unfolding pathway to assess the effect of these interactions. However, gas-phase unfolding experiments for membrane proteins are typically performed on the entire ensemble (apo and lipid bound species), raising uncertainty to the contribution of individual lipids and the species that are ejected in the unfolding process. Here, we describe the application of mass spectrometry ion mobility mass spectrometry (MS-IM-MS) for isolating ions corresponding to lipid-bound states of a model integral membrane protein, ammonia channel (AmtB) from Escherichia coli. Free of ensemble effects, MS-IM-MS reveals that bound lipids are ejected as neutral species; however, no correlation was found between the lipid-induced stabilization of complex and their equilibrium binding constants. In comparison to data obtained by IM-MS, there are surprisingly limited differences in stability measurements from IM-MS and MS-IM-MS. The approach described here to isolate ions of membrane protein complexes will be useful for other MS methods, such as surface induced dissociation or collision induced dissociation to determine the stoichiometry of hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complexes.
Intact blood pressure, but not sympathetic, responsiveness to sympathoexcitatory stimuli in a patient with unilateral carotid body resection.

Despite rapidly growing interest in the therapeutic resection of the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors, few physiologic studies exist on the consequences of unilateral CB resection. We present a case of an otherwise healthy postmenopausal female who underwent unilateral CB resection for a paraganglioma. Approximately 4 years postoperatively, she underwent analysis of her sympathetic and hemodynamic responses to hypoxia, lower body negative pressure, cold pressor test (CPT), and ischemic hand grip exercise and postexercise ischemia (IHE/PEI). Hypoxic ventilatory response and baroreflex sensitivity were relatively normal. Hemodynamic responses to IHE/PEI and CPT showed characteristic increases in cardiac output (from 3.9 L/min to 5.2 L/min [IHE/PEI] and 4.9 L/min [CPT]) and blood pressure (from 126/72 mmHg to 161/87 mmHg [IHE/PEI] and 171/93 mmHg [CPT]). However, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography of the peroneal nerve) decreased from baseline during IHE/PEI and CPT (burst incidence nadir of 45% and 40% of baseline, respectively) and there was no observable change in total peripheral resistance (from 24 mmHg*min/L to 22 mmHg*min/L [IHE/PEI] and 25 mmHg*min/L [CPT]). These findings illustrate intact blood pressure responsiveness despite attenuated sympathoexcitation, possibly due to an increase in cardiac output and/or adaptive inhibitory effect of the baroreflex on peripheral sympathetic activity.
Sleep Deprivation and Chronic Health Conditions Among Sexual Minority Adults.

Objectives: To examine associations between sleep duration and health outcomes among distinct groups of sexual minority adults. Methods: Using data from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance...
Optimal And Suboptimal Distributed Decision Fusion

The problem of decision fusion in distributed sensors system is considered. A parallel sensor configuration is considered in which sensors monitor a common geographical volume and relay their decisions to a fusion center. The fusion center upon reception of the decision is responsible for fusing them into the final decision. Under conditional independence assumption, it is shown that the optimal test that maximizes the probability of detection for a fixed probability of false alarm consists of a Neyman-Pearson Test at the fusion and Likelihood-Ratio Tests st the sensors. Numerical evaluation of the optimal operating points is computationally intensive. Two computationally efficient suboptimal algorithms have been developed. Numerical results from extensive simulation in Rayleigh and Gaussian channels are presented.
The Colombia-Israel Nexus: Toward Historical and Analytic Contexts

Israel’s historical relationships with Argentina, Nicaragua, and Guatemala during the Cold War in the 1980s provides one context for understanding the parameters of Israeli foreign policy in the region. These relationships allied Israel with right-wing military regimes suppressing a variety of subversive others in Argentina and Guatemala, and also a right-wing counterinsurgency in Nicaragua. In the post–Cold War era, the Colombian case is distinctive because conflict is shaped by a number of different armed actors, including the state, right-wing paramilitaries, left-wing insurgents, and the narcotics industries. Israel’s role in the complex Colombian milieu involves relationships with both the state and the parastate, both the military and the paramilitaries. The Israeli and Colombian states are substantively and conceptually intertwined around a common obsession with national security and armed conflict with subversive others of many types. I ask whether a special relationship sutures Israel to Colombia linked to the expanding interventions of paramilitaries and parastate apparatuses. This article provides historical and analytic contexts to elaborate the Colombia-Israel relationship, toward a future in which “peace” may play an important role. Resumen Las relaciones historicas entre Israel y Argentina, Nicaragua y Colombia durante la Guerra Fria de los anos 80 ofrece un contexto para entender los parametros de la politica exterior israeli en la region latinoamericana. Estas relaciones eran basadas en la alianza entre Israel y los regimenes militares-derechistas que practicaban una supresion total contra una variedad de “otros” subversivos en Argentina y Guatemala, y tambien en Nicaragua donde existia una contra-insurgencia derechista. En la epoca post-Guerra Fria, el caso colombiano es diferente porque el conflicto alli es formado por muchos actores armados que incluyen el estado, los paramilitares derechistas, los insurgentes de la izquierda, y la industria narcotraficante. El papel israeli en la situacion complicada colombiana involucra relaciones entre estado y para-estado, el Ejercito Nacional y los paramilitares. El estado colombiano y el estado israeli estan entretejidos alrededor de una obsesion sobre seguridad nacional y conflicto armado contra el otro subversivo de varios tipos. Yo pregunto si una relacion especial une a Israel con Colombia vinculada con las intervenciones aumentadas de paramilitares y los aparatos para-estatales. Este ensayo proporciona contextos historicos e analiticos para elaborar la relacion entre Colombia e Israel, hacia un futuro en el cual “la paz” puede jugar un papel importante.
IFN-γ and TNF-α Pre-licensing Protects Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from the Pro-inflammatory Effects of Palmitate

The use of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and T2D complications is promising; however, the investigation of MSC function in the setting of T2D has not been thoroughly explored. In our current study, we investigated the phenotype and function of MSCs in a simulated in vitro T2D environment. We show that palmitate, but not glucose, exposure impairs MSC metabolic activity with moderate increases in apoptosis, while drastically affecting proliferation and morphology. In co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we found that MSCs not only lose their normal suppressive ability in high levels of palmitate, but actively support and enhance inflammation, resulting in elevated PBMC proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The pro-inflammatory effect of MSCs in palmitate was partially reversed via palmitate removal and fully reversed through pre-licensing MSCs with interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, palmitate, a specific metabolic factor enriched within the T2D environment, is a potent modulator of MSC immunosuppressive function, which may in part explain the depressed potency observed in MSCs isolated from T2D patients. Importantly, we have also identified a robust and durable pre-licensing regimen that protects MSC immunosuppressive function in the setting of T2D.
Coagulation Factor IXa as an Agent

Coagulation Factor IXa is a glycoprotein found in the plasma and serum. It is part of the coagulation cascade, interacting with Factor VIII, calcium, and phospholipid to help activate Factor X to Factor Xa. It is produced in the liver and it is used to treat a congenital bleeding disorder, Christmas Disease, or Hemophilia B. Adverse effects include a variety of concerns, including CNS, cardiovascular and GI issues, and hypersensitivity reactions, such as urticarial, chills, and fever. It is contraindicated in Factor VII deficiency, intravascular coagulation or fibrinolysis.
Geometric Inequalities.By Yu. D. Burago and V. A. Zalgaller

(1989). Geometric Inequalities. By Yu. D. Burago and V. A. Zalgaller. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 544-546.
Some Middle School Students Want Behavior Commitment Devices (but Take-Up Does Not Affect Their Behavior)

Commitment devices impose costs on one's future self for failing to follow through on one's intentions, offer no additional benefit to one's future self for following through on the intention, and people voluntarily enroll in them. Enrollment in commitment devices reflects self-awareness that one may lack sufficient self-control to fulfill one's intentions. There is little experimental research on whether school-age children possess the self-awareness necessary to enroll in a commitment device, despite evidence that children and young adolescents have many positive intentions that they fail to live up to, such as demonstrating improved school conduct or eating healthier. We report the first field experiment examining the demand for, and impact of, commitment devices among middle school students. We offered students a commitment device that imposed future costs for failing to improve in-school conduct. When presented with the opportunity to actively opt-in (default not enrolled), over one-third of students elected to enroll. When presented with the opportunity to actively opt-out (default enrolled), more than half elected to remain enrolled, showing that changing default options can increase commitment device enrollment. Despite demand for the self-control strategy, taking-up the commitment device did not affect student behavior. These findings have implications for youth-based behavioral interventions broadly, as well as those focused on eating behaviors.
Rapid sex steroid effects on reproductive responses in male goldfish: Sensory and motor mechanisms.

Abstract Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. Although we have learned a great deal about the molecular mechanisms through which sex steroids rapidly affect cellular physiology, we still know little about the links between those mechanisms and behavioral output, nor about their functional consequences in natural contexts. In this review, we first briefly discuss the contexts associated with rapid effects of sex steroids on reproductive behaviors and their likely functional outcomes, as well the sensory, motor, and motivational mechanisms associated with those effects. We then discuss our recent studies on the rapid effects of testosterone in goldfish. Those studies indicate that testosterone, through its aromatization and the subsequent activation of estrogen receptors, rapidly stimulates physiological processes related to the release of milt/sperm through likely influences on motor pathways, as well as behavioral responses to female visual stimuli that may reflect, in part, influences on early stages of sensory processing. Such motor and sensory mechanism are likely important for sperm competition and mate detection / tracking, respectively, in competitive mating contexts. We also present preliminary data on rapid effects of testosterone on responses to pheromones that may not involve estrogen receptors, suggesting a dissociation in the receptor mechanisms that mediate behavioral responses in different sensory modalities. Lastly, we briefly discuss the implications of our work on unresolved questions about rapid sex steroid neuromodulation in fish.
Breakdown of fractal dimension invariance in high monomer-volume-fraction aerosol gels

Aerosol gels are volume-spanning, semi-rigid networks of solid nanoparticles possessing ultralow density and high surface area (Dhaubhadel et al. 2007; Chakrabarty et al. 2014). The current consens...
Bayesian communication: a clinically significant paradigm for electronic publication.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model for Bayesian communication to enable readers to make reported data more relevant by including their prior knowledge and values. BACKGROUND: To change their practice, clinicians need good evidence, yet they also need to make new technology applicable to their local knowledge and circumstances. Availability of the Web has the potential for greatly affecting the scientific communication process between research and clinician. Going beyond format changes and hyperlinking, Bayesian communication enables readers to make reported data more relevant by including their prior knowledge and values. This paper addresses the needs and implications for Bayesian communication. FORMULATION: Literature review and development of specifications from readers', authors', publishers', and computers' perspectives consistent with formal requirements for Bayesian reasoning. RESULTS: Seventeen specifications were developed, which included eight for readers (express prior knowledge, view effect size and variability, express threshold, make inferences, view explanation, evaluate study and statistical quality, synthesize multiple studies, and view prior beliefs of the community), three for authors (protect the author's investment, publish enough information, make authoring easy), three for publishers (limit liability, scale up, and establish a business model), and two for computers (incorporate into reading process, use familiar interface metaphors). A sample client-only prototype is available at http://omie.med.jhmi.edu/bayes. CONCLUSION: Bayesian communication has formal justification consistent with the needs of readers and can best be implemented in an online environment. Much research must be done to establish whether the formalism and the reality of readers' needs can meet.
AGGREGATE INVENTORY BEHAVIOR: A Critical Study of a Class of Models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the aggregate inventory behaviour. The potential contribution of inventory investment to fluctuations in the level of national income was dramatized by Metzler in his article The Nature and Stability of Inventory Cycles . He showed that interactions between adjustments in firms' expected demand, accelerator effects on planned inventory investment, and a multiplier impact on demand can, for a seemingly plausible range of parameter estimates, produce unstable cycles in economic activity. Subsequently, with the development of high-speed computing facilities, a number of economists have attempted to estimate some of the key parameters in equations that purport to explain variations in manufacturers' reported inventories. By the mid to late 1960s, a consensus developed about how to interpret the results, at least for a relatively simple class of models. However, a few doubts have persisted as to the believability of the estimates. The chapter describes the development of an equation that represents a flexible accelerator model modified to allow for plan revision. It also presents an optimizing model that allows time aggregation to enter explicitly. This enables in specifying a link between the typical empirical results and the parameters of the optimizing problem.
Embodied Design Thinking

Abstract This article explores the thought processes of design thinking as an embodied process of experience. This conceptualization frames design thinking as an outcome of mind that functions as brain-body-in-the-world. To think, the mind expands propositional meaning to become a form of embodied, experiential meaning. The process of the conceptual blending together with the integration of embodied mind and embodied meaning give rise to embodied design thinking, a process that seeks to resolve qualitative differences in transformative situations. To understand embodied design thinking, the article considers examples in cybernetic systems, contemporary cognitive science, poetry, and literature. It also distinguishes between complexity in culture and complexity in nature.
Detecting hidden sector dark matter at HL-LHC and HE-LHC via long-lived stau decays

We investigate a class of models where the supergravity model with the standard model gauge group is extended by a hidden sector $U(1{)}_{X}$ gauge group and where the lightest supersymmetric particle is the neutralino in the hidden sector. We investigate this possibility in a class of models where the stau is the lightest supersymmetric particle in the minimal supersymmetric standard model sector and the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle of the $U(1{)}_{X}$-extended supergravity model. In this case the stau will decay into the neutralino of the hidden sector. For the case when the mass gap between the stau and the hidden sector neutralino is small and the mixing between the $U(1{)}_{Y}$ and $U(1{)}_{X}$ is also small, the stau can decay into the hidden sector neutralino and a tau which may be reconstructed as a displaced track coming from a $\mathrm{high}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{p}_{T}$ track of the charged stau. Simulations for this possibility are carried out for HL-LHC and HE-LHC. The discovery of such a displaced track from a stau will indicate the presence of hidden sector dark matter.
Comparison of a modified and traditional rapid infiltration basin for treatment of nutrients in wastewater effluent

Rapid infiltration basins (RIB) have been historically used in Florida for groundwater recharge, effluent disposal, or a combination of both. However, this technique has proven ineffective in providing nitrogen control unless the RIB is modified in some manner. In this study, a traditional RIB was compared to a modified RIB constructed with manufactured biosorption activated media (BAM) to evaluate nitrate removal from reclaimed water. The RIBs are used for reclaimed and excess storm water disposal. Few, if any, studies have been published where BAM-modified RIBs have been used for this purpose. In this work, a mixture of clay, tire crumb, and sand (CTS) was selected to serve as the BAM material (Bold and Gold™ CTS media). Each RIB was constructed with two feet of either sand or BAM, covering more than 43,600 square feet of surface area. The BAM-modified RIB had an initial 90 pounds per cubic-foot in-place density, and the density of the control RIB approximated about 94 pounds per cubic-foot. Over an eight-month period, loadings to the BAM RIB and control RIB approximated 5.4 million gallons (MG) per acre each. Water samples, collected from lysimeters installed below the 2-foot of sand or BAM materials, were gathered monthly during 2017 (except for September and October due to the impacts of hurricane Irma); these samples were analyzed for water quality to determine nitrate removal. Soil moisture and weather data were also collected over the study period. This study demonstrated the nitrate removal effectiveness of a field-scale BAM-modified RIB as compared to a traditional field-scale sand-based RIB. Results suggest that BAM removed 30 percent more nitrates than the Control (78% and 47%, respectively) under the conditions of the study. Furthermore, BAM removed higher percentages of TN (31%) and TP (62%) than the Control (12% and 28%, respectively).
Applying the Knowledge Product Evaluation (KnoPE) Framework to two urban resilience cases in the United States

Abstract Urban decision-makers are increasingly focused on enhancing community resilience in anticipation of more frequent and intense impacts from climate variability and change. These impacts will manifest in complex and nuanced ways, particularly when coupled with additional social, economic, and environmental shifts that vary across contexts. Given these challenges, urban decision-makers are seeking new knowledge, and new ways of using existing knowledge, to support decision-making processes. In response, a broad range of knowledge products (i.e. decision-support tools, climate services) have been developed for urban areas. Yet, to date, little research has directly evaluated these products. The Knowledge Product Evaluation (KnoPE) framework addresses this gap by providing both conceptual clarity surrounding knowledge products and a structured, generalizable methodology to guide research and support improved knowledge product creation and uptake. The KnoPE Framework combines data and information on knowledge products, their use in decision-making over time, and evidence of tangible actions taken. The KnoPE Framework was developed with two urban resilience knowledge products – the Urban-Climate Adaptation Tool and the Maine Flood Resilience Checklist. Initial testing indicates that the KnoPE Framework can assess the transferability, scalability, and use of knowledge products in urban resilience decision-making. Any evaluation using the KnoPE Framework requires a thorough understanding of the contextual details of each case and understanding what factors may influence knowledge product development and subsequent decision-making processes and outcomes. Yet, as an analytical entry point for the evaluation of knowledge products, the KnoPE Framework can offer insights regarding the extent to which knowledge products influence urban resilience decision-making processes.
Debonding of Resin Composite Restorations

Light-cured resin composites undergo polymerization condensation when cured and the resulting shrinkage stress could cause debonding of a restoration. There is much interest in finding out the magnitude of the shrinkage stresses generated and the conditions under which debonding occur. In this chapter, we will make use of the straight-line equation to see how debonding at the floor of a cavity can change the shrinkage displacement profile of the restoration. We will also introduce differential equations (which are essential for analyzing problems with variables that change with space and/or time), and solve them using simple numerical techniques, to see how non-uniform polymerization impacts the shrinkage displacement profile.
Clonidine Compounding Error: Bradycardia and Sedation in a Pediatric Patient

Abstract Background Clonidine is a centrally-acting α-2 agonist used in the treatment of hypertension and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, among other off-label uses. In overdose, it can cause sedation, bradycardia, and hypotension. Clonidine can be compounded as a liquid formula for patients who are unable to take pills, however, this can add to the risk of dosing errors. Case Report A 12-year-old boy diagnosed with autism, prescribed buspirone and clonidine, presented to the emergency department for altered mental status. His examination revealed generalized sedation, bradycardia (heart rate 30–40 beats/min), and hypotension (blood pressure 82/48 mm Hg). Resuscitation included i.v. crystalloids and multiple doses of atropine. Over the next 24 h, his vital signs and mental status normalized. He displayed no infectious symptoms or focal neurologic deficits. His parents noted that his medications had been refilled recently at the compounding pharmacy; because he was unable to take pills, his medications were in liquid formulation. Because his signs and symptoms were suspicious for a central α-2 agonist overdose, his clonidine preparation was sent to a reference laboratory for analysis. This analysis revealed the concentration was approximately eight times higher than indicated on its label. Why Should and Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Compounding pharmacy errors can be a source of toxicity, even if there is no known history of an overdose. Recognizing the toxidrome of sedation, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, and miosis will lead to appropriate treatment of the patient and should prompt an investigation of the medication error to prevent further harm.
A Dragging-Down Effect: Consumer Decisions in Response to Price Increases

Four studies, across a range of domains, find a dragging-down effect in which consumers purchase fewer units of a product when a discount applies to more units. For example, consumers buy fewer peaches when each customer can buy up to three peaches at a discount than when each customer can buy only one peach at a discount or when there is no discount at all. In contrast to basic economic principles, this dragging-down effect implies that consumers purchase less (more) when the per-unit price is lower (higher). We propose and our results support an acceptability account: consumers will adopt the price-increase point (i.e., maximum discounted quantity) as their purchase quantity if that point falls within an acceptable range, and will ignore that point and purchase their initially preferred quantity instead if the price-increase point falls below the acceptable range. The current work enriches existing research on anchoring and pricing and carries implications for consumers, marketers, and policy-makers.
Preprocessing General Head Models for BEM-FMM Modeling Pertinent to Brain Stimulation

Introduction: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a major noninvasive neurostimulation method in which a coil placed near the head employs electromagnetic induction to produce electric fields and currents within the brain. To predict the actual site of stimulation, numerical simulation of the electric fields within the head using high-resolution subject-specific head models is required. A TMS modeling software toolkit has been developed based on the boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM), which has several advantages over conventional finite element method (FEM) solvers.
The Applied Theory of the Bourgeois Era: A Price-Theoretic Perspective

What can we learn about applied price theory from the Bourgeois Era? In this paper, we contend there are three important lessons that can be extracted from McCloskey’s work on the Great Enrichment. First, transaction costs are not constraints, but objects of choice. Second, property rights are not merely a “bundle of sticks,” in that private property rights make exchange possible, but a culture of liberal ideas makes exchange viable. Third, ideas conducive to liberalism give rise to generalized increasing returns to the scope, rather than scale, of market exchange, which generated the Great Enrichment.
A Systematic Review of Sensor-Based Methodologies for Food Portion Size Estimation

Food portion size estimation (FPSE) is critical in dietary assessment and energy intake estimation. Traditional methods such as visual estimation are now replaced by faster, more accurate sensor-based methods. This article presents a comprehensive review of the use of sensor methodologies for portion size estimation. The review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines and full texts of 67 scientific articles were reviewed. The contributions of this article are three-fold: i) A taxonomy for sensor-based (SB) FPSE methods was identified, classifying the sensors (as wearable, portable and stationary) and the methodology (as direct and indirect). ii) A novel comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art SB-FPSE methods was conducted and 5 sensor modalities (Acoustic, Strain, Imaging, Weighing, and Motion sensors) were identified. iii) The accuracy of portion size estimation and the applicability to free-living conditions of these SB-FPSE methods were assessed. This article concludes with a discussion of challenges and future trends of SB-FPSE.
A Fast Analytic Multiple-Sources Angle-of-Arrival Estimation Algorithm for Automotive MIMO Radars

Traditionally, the angle of arrival (AOA) estimation problem for multiple sources is considered as a nonlinear problem with no analytic solutions. In this paper, an analytic iterative multiple-source AOA algorithm (AIMA) is presented for fast and accurate estimation of the AOA. The approach is most useful for automotive MIMO radars where there can be a large number of scatterers in the scene. The AOA estimation problem is divided into two main tasks: (1) estimate one AOA with the prior knowledge of all other AOA; (2) estimate all AOA by iteratively solving Task 1. It can be shown that for a uniform linear array (ULA) Task 1 has analytic solutions and Task 2 converges very fast, which makes this method effective, efficient and practical for real-time processing. Unlike many other AOA estimation methods, this approach doesn't need the information about the number of sources and can be applied for coherent signals and single snapshot as well.
The Black Effect: Reimagining Racial Threat Through a Black Absolute Status Lens:

Sentencing scholars have established the importance of examining how contextual-level factors influence judicial decision-making. Several studies have tested whether the presence of, or change in, ...
Defining the activation profile and fate trajectory of adult Scleraxis-lineage cells during tendon healing by combining lineage tracing and spatial transcriptomics

Abstract The tendon healing process is regulated by the coordinated interaction of multiple cell types and molecular processes. However, these processes are not well-defined leading to a paucity of therapeutic approaches to enhance tendon healing. Scleraxis-lineage (ScxLin) cells are the major cellular component of adult tendon and make time-dependent contributions to the healing process. Prior work from our lab and others suggests heterogeneity within the broader ScxLin population over the course of tendon healing; therefore delineating the temporal and spatial contributions of these cells is critical to understanding and improving the healing process. In the present study we utilize lineage tracing of the adult aScxLin population to determine whether these cells undergo cellular activation and subsequent myofibroblast differentiation, which is associated with both proper healing and fibrotic progression in many tissues. We show that adult aScxLin cells undergo transient activation in the organized cellular bridge at the tendon repair site, contribute to the formation of an organized neotendon, and contribute to a persistent myofibroblast population in the native tendon stubs. The mechanisms dictating this highly specialized spatial response are unknown. We therefore utilized spatial transcriptomics to better define the spatio-molecular program of tendon healing. Integrated transcriptomic analyses across the healing time-course identifies five distinct molecular regions, including key interactions between the inflammatory bridging tissue and highly reactive tendon tissue at the repair site, with adult ScxLin cells being a central player in the transition from native tendon to reactive, remodeling tendon. Collectively, these data provide important insights into both the role of adult ScxLin cells during healing as well as the molecular mechanisms that underpin and coordinate the temporal and spatial healing phenotype, which can be leveraged to enhance the healing process.
Soft-fiber-reinforced tough and fatigue resistant hydrogels

Drawing inspiration from natural materials, a new practical strategy for fabricating strong, tough and fatigue resistant hydrogels is reported by compositing modulus-contrasting, but compositionally similar, hydrogel fibers and matrix together. The strategy is generalizable to various fabrication methods such as 3D printing, electrospinning, and molding.
Impact of ride-hailing usage on vehicle ownership in the United States

Abstract Ride-hailing as an innovative urban mobility service has received increasing attention in the recent decade. Using data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey, we investigate the relationship between ride-hailing usage and household vehicle ownership from 42 metropolitan areas across the United States. Previous studies have shown mixed findings on this relationship. Our study contributes to the literature by estimating a bivariate ordered probit model with considerations of the recursive effect between ride-hailing usage and household vehicle ownership. We find that compared to occasional users, regular and active users are more likely to own fewer vehicles. Also, we find no significant difference in possessing vehicles between regular and active users.
Calcium and Reperfusion Damage in Heart Muscle

The GISSI trial of streptokinase 1 in patients with myocardial infarction has established that thrombosis is an important process in the pathology of myocardial infarction, that reperfusion of the myocardium is advantageous, and that the duration of the ischaemic period is a critical determinant of the sequelae of infarction. The results have since been confirmed in four more recent trials (Table 1).2−5 The endpoint of the GISSI trial was death, an unquestionable endpoint Table 1 Thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: % mortality reduction Time to onset of pain, hrs Duration of admn. (min) Study Agent n 0-3/6 3/6-24 ISIS II Streptokinase+aspirin 8592 53% 32-38% 60 AIMS Apsac+heparin versus placebo+heparin 1004 47% 5 ASSET rt-PA+heparin versus placebo ?5000 24% 180 ISAM Streptokinase versus placebo 1741 20% 12% 60 GISSI Streptokinase versus placebo 11806 23% 6% 60 with immediate impact on clinician, patient and the public. Other studies have demonstrated reduction of infarct size and improved myocardial function after thrombolytic therapy. These clinical trials have confirmed what has been established over the last two decades by experimental scientists, namely that infarct size was determined by (1) the duration of the ischaemic period, (2) the amount Table 2 Further objectives after thrombolytic therapy 1. Prevent reperfusion damage 2. Maximise blood flow (patency is not reflow) 3. Prevent re-occlusion 4. Modify inflammatory response of muscle dependent for blood flow on the occluded artery, (3) the presence of residual blood flow through the native vessels, (4) the blood flow through collateral vessels, and (5) the oxygen consumption at the moment of occlusion.
Evaluating the Quality of Representation in the Bureaucracy

Over the past two decades, the representative bureaucracy literature has largely neglected to take up the normative questions that once constituted the core of this literature. In this essay, I return to the normative focus of early representative bureaucracy scholars. Given that the literature’s empirical studies have now established that descriptive representation can (and in many cases does) translate into substantive benefits for those being represented, I ask how one can evaluate the quality of representation in a bureaucracy. I argue that we should be concerned not only about who is selected to serve in the bureaucracy but also how bureaucrats’ (potentially heterogeneous) preferences are translated into policy. I argue that it is normatively appealing to have a bureaucratic system that makes political decisions collectively, allowing bureaucrats with a multiplicity of perspectives to weigh in on each decision. I also consider the need for representative considerations to be balanced with other important priorities (such as efficiency) in our bureaucracies. Finally, I offer suggestions regarding how my normative arguments might inform both practices within bureaucracies and future research.
Growth control in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts: III. Binding interactions of a growth inhibitory activity with target cells

Abstract A Fibroblast Growth Regulator (FGR), which inhibits the growth and division of proliferating fibroblasts, has been isolated from medium conditioned by exposure to density-inhibited 3T3 cells. The binding of this FGR to its target cells has been analysed using [35S]methionine-labeled inhibitor. The key features of this interaction are (a) there are approx. 3–4 × 105 binding sites/cell; (b) more ligand is bound at 37 than at 4 °C, possibly due to internalization of the molecule at the higher temperature; (c) on a per cell basis, approximately the same amount of ligand is bound at high cell density as at low cell density; (d) there is no evidence of target cell heterogeneity in the binding of the inhibitor; and (e) the binding can be inhibited partially by calf serum. The results suggest that modulation of cell surface receptor binding by serum and growth inhibitory factors may be an important feature in growth regulation.
A New Look at the Utilization of Alternate Fuels for Diesel Engines - IDIS

A new and unique dual-fuel injection system has been developed for high speed automotive diesel engines. This system has two features. One is that alternate fuels such as methanol, ethanol and biomass, are directly inducted into the fuel injection pipe through a one-way check valve under pressure, and blended fuels are simultaneously injected into the combustion chamber. The other is that various kinds of fuel can be easily adapted to this system not dependent upon the fuel properties such as viscosity. Using a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine and ethanol as an alternate fuel, injection characteristics and exhaust gas emissions were investigated.
Heart Cavity Segmentation in Ultrasound Images Based on Supervised Neural Networks

This paper proposes a segmentation method of heart cavities based on neural networks. Firstly, the ultrasound image is simplified with a homogeneity measure based on the variance. Secondly, the simplified image is classified using a multilayer perceptron trained to produce an adequate generalization. Thirdly, results from classification are improved by using simple image processing techniques. The method makes it possible to detect the edges of cavities in an image sequence, selecting data for network training from a single image of the sequence. Besides, our proposal permits detection of cavity contours with techniques of a low computational cost, in a robust and accurate way, with a high degree of autonomy.