cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teachers' Controversial Issue Decisions Related to Race, Gender, and Religion During the 2008 Presidential Election

Using the 2008 Presidential Election as a case of curricular controversy, the author describes how six high school government teachers responded to the racial, gender, and religious diversity included on the presidential tickets of the two major political parties. Teachers had to decide whether the issue of Americans challenging the tradition of electing White males to the federal executive branch would be deemed “open” or “closed” in their classes, and if they were deemed open, whether they would disclose their own opinions on the issue. The findings suggest that Obama's race was a closed issue in each of the classes in terms of his eligibility for the presidency; however, the teachers and their students implicitly recognized the openness of the issue within both a broader societal context as well as their own political decision-making. Similarly, Palin's gender was also a closed issue in terms of her eligibility for the vice presidency, but the sexist comments made by students and teachers at each schoo...
Veins extensions to implement a message based algorithm for Dynamic Traffic Assignment in VANETs simulations

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) are a subclass of Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) and represent a relatively new and very active field of research. VANETs will enable in the near future applications that will dramatically improve roadway safety and traffic efficiency. There is a need to increase traffic efficiency as the gap between the traveled and the physical lane miles keep increasing. The Dynamic Traffic Assignment problem (DTA) tries to dynamically distribute vehicles efficiently on the road network and in accordance with their origins and destinations. VANET environments will constitute the communication backbone that will enable DTA applications. Simulations play an important role in evaluating approaches to these applications as physical test beds are difficult to implement and cost prohibitive. We present extensions to Vehicles in Network Simulation (Veins), a hybrid simulator that incorporates the widely used Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and the renowned discrete event simulation environment OMNET++. These extensions allow for easy traffic assignment on Veins under program control by using information from broadcasted messages. We propose and simulate algorithm for DTA in VANETs. To demonstrate traffic improvements we use the algorithm in the presence of accidents.
Auger-electron emission from collisionally excited 3.4-MeV/u Na-like Ti ions.

/ital L/ Auger-electron emission following selective excitation ofautoionizing states in 3.4-MeV/u Na-like Ti ions by He and Ar has beeninvestigated using the technique of 0/degree/ electron spectroscopy. The electronemission has been compared to model spectra based on oscillator strengths,transition energies, and transition rates from multiconfigurational Dirac-Fockcalculations as well as on collision strengths from the literature. It wasfound that monopole, dipole, and quadrupole excitation of Auger states with anexcited-state configuration 2/ital p//sup 5/3snl (/ital n/=3,4)causes the dominating structure in the spectrum where He was used as anexciter.
Residual stresses in high-temperature ceramic eutectics

Abstract This paper explores residual thermal stresses in directionally solidified ceramic eutectics, a class of materials that has much promise for high-temperature structural applications. Residual strain tensors of both phases in a eutectic composite are measured by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. In the analysis the material is treated as fully anisotropic and the strain tensors, subsequently converted to stress tensors, are measured. Results are presented for two oxide eutectics, NiO–cubic ZrO 2 and YAG–Al 2 O 3 , the former having a large thermal expansion mismatch between the two phases and the latter having similar thermal expansion properties. It is discovered that large residual stresses (of the order of 1 GPa) can be present at room temperature in as-processed eutectic materials unless the thermal expansion behaviors of the constituent materials are very similar. Ultimately these measurements not only elucidate the stress state but, when compared to theory, give information about the degree of interfacial constraint between the two phases.
Primary spindle-cell sarcomas of the breast: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration.

Primary breast sarcomas (excluding cystosarcoma phyllodes and its sarcomatous recurrences) are rare neoplasms. Few have been described in the aspiration cytology literature. We report the cytologic features of two cases of stromal sarcoma (both with the pattern of malignant fibrous histiocytoma) and two cases of angiosarcoma. The dominant cytologic features included individual atypical spindle cells and fragments of collagenous stroma. Tumor giant cells were present in one stromal sarcoma. Features of possible significance in the diagnosis of angiosarcoma include obvious vessel formation by atypical spindle cells, bridging of adjacent tumor fragments by spindle cells, and microacinar structures lined by atypical spindle cells. The differential diagnostic considerations in spindle-cell breast aspirations are discussed.
Th1 Cell Induction in Lymph Nodes According to a Red-Blue Chemokine Map

Lymph nodes are compartmentalized organs but whether this feature has a role in T cell differentiation has been unclear. In this issue, Groom et al. (2012) reveal that spatially separated expression of two CXCR3 ligands guides Th1 cell development.
The Impact of Exit Route Designs on Evacuation Time for Crawling Occupants

According to the Life Safety Code, the distance between the exit access and the exit is a function of the occupants, type and number of obstructions, and the type of hazard. This study investigates the impact of route design on evacuation times for crawling movements. The study compares evacuation time for a straight route to an indirect route design, and the influence of occupant characteristics, in terms of gender and BMI, on evacuation time for occupants crawling an indirect route. Eighteen subjects (9 males and 9 females) in the 19—29 age stratum participated in the study (normal, overweight, and obese). The findings indicate a statistical difference between evacuation time for crawling in a straight route and an indirect one. Furthermore, the study reveals that both gender and BMI are major physical determinants of evacuation time of crawlers in an indirect route. The study is an attempt to provide data on occupant movement in unique circumstances (such as crawling an indirect route). Such data will contribute to enhance the ability of evacuation models to better represent occupant movement in different building enclosures.
Interference with spatial alternation by exposure to other mazes

Rats were trained in a spatial alternation task in an E-shaped maze, and then were tested for retention over 60-sec delays. The subjects received an interfering alternation trial during the delay interval in one of two other mazes: either a T-maze, or a parallel (P) maze with adjacent goal arms. The T-maze produced more alternation than did the P-maze. The main findings were that (1) the T-maze trial produced interference in retention of the target maze, and (2) the P-maze produced interference in retention of the target maze only when an error had occurred in the P-maze. These results suggest that interference occurs when the distractor event itself places demands on the processing resources of the subject, and thus competes with processing of the target memory.
Projections of Internal Migration in Malawi: Implications For Development

In this article the author seeks "(1) to explore district-level population movements in Malawi as documented in the 1977 census; (2) to project these into long-run estimates of population distribution in the country; and (3) to make suggestions regarding the implications for development policy." By fitting 1977 data to a Markov chain movements in population on the regional and district levels for 1988 and 1999 are projected. Results show a general trend toward a more even distribution of population throughout the country. Implications for the development of the commercial-estate sector in Malawi and for the carrying capacities of various districts are noted. (EXCERPT)
Quasi-isometries and ends of groups

Abstract We study quasi-isometries of groups. We show that the number of ends, the semistability of an end, and being simply-connected at ∞ is preserved by quasi-isometries.
A lacustrine-based Neoglacial record for Glacier National Park, Montana, USA

Abstract Multi-proxy study of sediment cores retrieved from lakes below modern glaciers supports the first detailed Neoglacial chronology for Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. Analysis focused on sedimentary properties sensitive to the extent and activity of upstream glacier ice, including: water, organic matter, carbonate, and biogenic silica content; bulk density; mass accumulation rate; phosphorus fractionation; magnetic susceptibility; L*a*b* color values; and grain size distribution. Results indicate that alpine glaciers in GNP advanced and retreated numerous times during the Holocene after the onset of Neoglaciation ca 6500 BP. The two oldest phases of glacier expansion were synchronous with the well-documented Garibaldi (5600–6900 BP) and Tiedemann-Peyto (1900–3700 BP) phases in western Canada. Younger phases correspond with the First Millennium Advance in western Canada, as well as glacier with advances in the Sierra Nevada. The culminating Little Ice Age (LIA) advance was the most recent and extensive of a series of advance/retreat cycles over the past millennium. Retreat from the LIA maximum was the most dramatic episode of ice retreat in at least the last 1000 years.
1758 IDENTIFICATION OF POPULATIONS OF CELLS FROM FETAL RABBIT LUNG USING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST ADULT TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES

A panel of monoclonal antibodies (McAb) prepared against surface antigens of freshly isolated adult rabbit type II pneumocytes was used to investigate the appearance of type II pneumocyte specific populations in fetal rabbit lung. Antibody binding to cells was assessed both by immunoperoxidase assay as well as indirect immunofluorescence detection with avidin conjugated phycoerythrin (PE). Fluorescent cells were analyzed by laser flow cytometry to identify specific cellular populations at various fetal ages. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis were used to identify specific antigenic species on the cells. In adult lung cell populations a McAb (API63) exhibited prominent staining of lamellar body (LB) containing cells. API63 also showed high staining of LB-containing cells from fetuses at 27 day and 28 day gestation. Moreover, API63 exhibited a distinct antibody positive subpopulation in cells from 24 day fetuses, where LB containing cells are negligible. Two additional McAbs, API117 and API125 were also positive for LB containing cells in adults but showed progressive decline with decreasing gestational age. These results suggest that different patterns of expression of cell surface antigens are present in the developing lung. Combinations of McAb bound to specific antigens may be useful in isolation of undifferentiated precursors of type II pneumocytes. (Supported by NSF Grant PCM8215152 and NIH Grant HL 29915)
Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects

Probiotics modulate the immune response and may have protective effects against atopic dermatitis (AD). Clinical trials using dogs with spontaneous disease are limited by confounding factors such as different diets, environments and sensitizations while a more controlled evaluation is possible using experimental models. A validated model of canine AD showed that early exposure to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) significantly decreases allergen-specific IgE and partially prevents AD in the first 6 months of life. This study is a follow-up three years after discontinuation of LGG. Clinical signs were evaluated after allergen challenge with ragweed, timothy, Dermatophagoides farinae. Allergen-specific IgE, IL-10 and TGF-β were measured on the 1st day of challenge, before allergen exposure. Normal dogs were included as controls. Analyses included seven dogs in the non-probiotic and nine in the probiotic litter. For clinical scores, a 2-Group × 9-Time Analysis of Variance showed significant effects of group (p=0.0003, probiotic<controls), time (p<0.0001) and group × time interaction (p<0.0001). IL-10 for all allergens was significantly higher in the control group than probiotics-exposed dogs. Allergen-specific IgE and TGF-β did not differ between litters. Early exposure to probiotics has long-term clinical and immunological effects in this model and larger studies using dogs with spontaneous disease are needed.
Effect of preexcitation on Doppler indexes of left ventricular filling.

Abstract Doppler echocardiography of mitral inflow has enhanced our understanding of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function but multiple factors contribute to these velocity recordings, In addition to LV relaxation and compliance, variables such as age, heart rate, left atrial pressure and LV systolic function all interact to comprise the mitral inflow Doppler velocities. 1 The effects of altering atrioventricular (AV) delay on Doppler indexes of LV filling have only been examined in patients with sequential AV pacemakers and although these Doppler patterns are well documented, the beneficial hemodynamic eifects of an optimal AV delay are still debated. 2–5 To date, there has been no report on the effects of preexcitation and its abolition on mitral inflow patterns. Current techniques with radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways has a high success rate in restoring normal AV conduction with minimal adverse effects on patients 6 and thus allows us to examine this question. We hypothesize that just as is seen with AV pacing, the mitral inflow patterns associated with a short AV interval during preexcitation are altered by normalization of the AV interval after radiofrequency ablation. In addition, we hypothesize that these changes may have beneficial hemodynamic effects by increasing stroke volume.
Procedural pain in neonates: the new millennium.

For decades, pain management for infants and neonates was, in essence, nonexistent, and various procedures including surgery were performed in this vulnerable patient population with paralytics and minimal analgesics. This commonly practiced approach was justified by the belief that infants do not feel pain because of immaturity of the central nervous system and that because were no long-term outcomes to infant suffering. Today we know that the neurotransmitters and structures required for pain sensation as well as structures needed for long-term memory are developed adequately in the neonate and thus have the potential to affect long-term outcomes.1 One should note that neonates admitted to an intensive care unit are subjected daily to multiple painful procedures. These critically ill neonates experience procedures such as numerous heel sticks, arterial and venous punctures, endotracheal intubations, and gastric suctioning. Indeed, a recent study conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit confirmed the need for improved pain relief in neonates.2 The investigators indicated that the number of procedures to which each infant was exposed ranged from 0 to 53 per day. On a scale of 0 to 10, the average pain score in these infants ranged from 1.7 for a diaper change to 8.9 for endotracheal intubation. The investigators indicated … Address correspondence to Zeev N. Kain, MD, MBA, Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510. E-mail: zeev.kain{at}yale.edu
Low temperature perovskite formation of lead zirconate titanate thin films by a seeding process

A two-step seeding process has been developed to lower the transformation temperature and modify the grain structure of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films with high Zr/Ti ratio. Previous study has shown that nucleation is the rate-limiting step for the perovskite formation. Therefore, any process that enhances the kinetics of nucleation is likely to decrease the transformation temperature. In this process, a very thin (45 nm) seeding layer of PbTiO3, which has a low effective activation energy for perovskite formation, was used to provide nucleation sites needed for the low temperature perovskite formation. In this study, we have shown that the pyrochlore-to-perovskite phase transformation temperature of PbZrxTi1−xO3 films of high Zr/Ti ratio (e.g., x = 53/47) can be lowered by as much as 100 °C. The grain size of these films can also be substantially modified by this two-step approach.
Suppression of Size Effects in Ferroelectric Films

It is widely reported that the dielectric permittivity of ferroelectric films decreases with decreasing film thickness, and understanding and controlling these size effects are very important for charge storage application of these films. By combining phenomenological theory with careful experimental work, we have shown that the form of the boundary condition for the polarization plays a decisive role in the manifestation of size effects in ferroelectric films. We have taken two extreme boundary conditions to prove our point. For the case normal electrodes, it is assumed that the boundary condition for the component of polarization vector at the ferroelectric/electrode interface is P = 0. This case corresponds to the presence of a strong edge field, resulting in “freezing out” of the ferroelectric polarization at the interface and thus exhibiting severe size effects. However, if one utilizesconductive oxide electrodes that are ferroelectric in nature the polarization would not vanish at the ferroelectric/electrode interface and therefore the size effects are largely suppressed. To prove our point and to eliminate grain size, stress, and compositional effects, epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films with stoichiometric composition on SrTiO3 single crystal substrates were investigated. In fact, the experimental data also indicates that the use of ferroelectric electrodes indeed suppress the size effects.
The limitations of manually entered data in acute care environments.

To the Editor, Avidan et al. have found variable accuracy in manually entered drug administration data, including prospective observation of drug omissions, drug entries in the perioperative information management systems (PIMS) where drug administration was not observed, and discrepancies in timing. These findings are concerning given that the cornerstone of PIMS functionality is the creation of an accurate and timely intraoperative record. In their discussion, Avidan et al. note that most of the drug omissions represented administration of small doses of hypnotic agents or vasoactive drugs. The authors hypothesize that ‘‘the occurrence of these omissions during maintenance may suggest that they were not related to the anesthesiologist’s activity level but rather to the drug doses being perceived as non-significant or, alternatively, as self-incriminating.’’ These findings are consistent with data we published in 2011 arising from a comparison of paper (n = 500) vs electronic anesthesia records (n = 161,210) and an evaluation of gaps in the measurement of intraoperative vital signs. Although 5.4% of the electronic records we evaluated from three different hospitals documented at least one ten-minute gap in blood pressure measurement during an anesthetic case, a manual review of 500 paper anesthesia records in our study did not reveal a single case (99% upper confidence limit for blood pressure gaps of 0.83%). At the time, we hypothesized that the absence of gaps in vital signs in the paper anesthesia records reflected ‘‘interpolation’’ of missing values by the anesthesia provider. ‘‘Smoothing’’ vital signs during the recording of manual anesthesia records is a well-described problem, and there is no question in our minds that electronically captured data are superior in quality compared with manually entered data. Nevertheless, these discrepancies raise the issue of how credible electronic records may be when they contain manually entered drug administration or vital signs data. This work by Avidan et al. is another reminder of the limitations of manually recorded data in acute care environments. There are emerging solutions to these shortcomings, including wireless pumps that transmit drug infusion rates directly into an electronic record and systems to record drug administration automatically. While it is unlikely that human performance will ever match that of automated systems, we must ask ourselves this question: Is the current level of accuracy adequate? If the answer is no, we must commit ourselves to developing and implementing said solutions.
Interactive Diffusions for Global Optimization

We present a novel approach, in which parallel annealing processes interact in a manner that expedites the identification of a globally optimal solution. A first annealing process operates at a faster time scale and has a drift function that converges to a non-zero (but relatively small) noise level. A second annealing process (operating at a slower time scale) is subject to a modified drift term in which the steepest descent direction is perturbed with the first annealing process density gradient. This additional term ensures that the second process is "repelled" from regions already explored. As a result, the first annealing process (which quickly identifies locally optimal solutions) allows the second annealing process to bypass locally optimal solutions recently identified, so that it can be made to converge to global optima at a faster rate. We show that, when compared to independent annealing processes, the proposed interactive diffusions can increase the speed of convergence at the expense of minimal additional computational overhead.
Evaluation of electrohydraulic lithotripsy as a means of gallstone fragmentation in a canine model

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EL) is defined as the fragmentation of calculi or stones by electrically induced fluid shock waves. The objective and rationale of EL is to reduce the size of large retained stones so that stone fragments can be removed without the inherent risks and morbidity of surgical intervention. Lithotripsy equipment consists of a power source generator and a bipolar coaxial electrode. The generator discharges a rapid series of sparks across the two poles of the electrode tip. When the electrode tip is placed in a solution and discharged, these high voltage sparks cause an explosive evaporation and sudden expansion of the surrounding fluid which initiates the creation of hydraulic shock waves. When a shock wave travels through a liquid medium, its energy can be absorbed by an abrupt increase in acoustical impedance or resistance such as a stone. Absorption of shock wave energy within the stone leads to a build-up of pressure gradients and formation of tear and shear forces which eventually cause fragmentation. For more than a decade EL has been used successfully in urology for cystoscopic disintegration of vesical calculi.,2 Urolithiasis and choledocholithiasis present similar clinical problems, i.e., if a stone does not pass spontaneously, pain, ductal obstruction, or infection force surgical intervention for stone removal. Endoscopic EL for biliary calculi fragmentation is not currently performed. We report the results of our preliminary studies using an animal model to evaluate EL as a potential means of gallstone fragmentation in the common bile duct.
Fieldwork on deixis

Abstract This paper outlines an approach to fieldwork on the semantics and pragmatics of deixis. Deictic expressions, such as English ‘this, that, here, there,’ are typically used to individuate referential objects in relation to the indexical ground of utterance context. Drawing on long-term research on Yucatec Maya, the paper argues that the basis of deixis is not the spatial contiguity of the referent, but rather the access (perceptual, cognitive, social) that participants have to the referent. In order to properly determine the conventional meanings of deictics in any language, fieldwork should focus on the paradigmatic oppositions among deictic expressions, on metalinguistic glosses of deictics by native speakers, and on ordinary usage under a variety of socially structured circumstances. It is argued that, like other kinds of ethnographic research, elicitation should be conducted in the target language in order to gain access to the contextual schemas through which speakers apprehend context. Properly analyzed, referential deixis proves to be highly systematic, tractable to fieldwork, and central to pragmatics.
A Mutational Analysis of Conjugation inTetrahymena thermophila

Abstract Conjugation following pair formation in Tetrahymena can be divided into three distinct sequences of events: prezygotic development, postzygotic development, and exconjugant development. The decision to proceed with postzygotic development is governed by a developmental checkpoint occurring sometime during the middle stages of conjugation. A second developmental decision is made to initiate pair separation and exconjugant development. This paper examines the phenotypes of five newly isolated conjugation mutants ( cnj6–cnj10 ) which affect middle and late events within the conjugation program. cnj6 mutants exhibit normal nuclear behavior throughout development up to and including differentiation of new macronuclear anlagen. Pairs arrest at this developmental endpoint, unable to dissociate. cnj7 and cnj8 eliminate the third prezygotic nuclear division and the first postzygotic nuclear division. All subsequent developmental events appear normal. cnj9 eliminates the second postzygotic nuclear division, and subsequently, new macronuclei fail to develop despite parental macronuclear degradation. cnj10 results in a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by failure of numerous events which all appear to involve nuclear–cytoskeletal interactions. These defects include nuclear selection (anchoring nuclei to the exchange junction), pronuclear exchange, pronuclear fusion, and anchoring postzygotic nuclear division products to the posterior cell cortex. These mutant phenotypes are used to draw inferences regarding developmental dependencies that govern a cell's entry into the postzygotic and exconjugant developmental programs.
CONSPECIFIC RECOGNITION IN PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA) USING DYNAMIC VIDEO IMAGES

Video images of pigeons were used to examine the degree to which these images are equivalent to real live conspecifics by analyzing the natural behaviors of pigeons in the presence of each stimulus. Three aspects of courtship display (i.e. bowing, tail-dragging, and vocalizations) were selected and the display duration for each was measured. When videotaped images of female pigeons were presented as stimuli, the display duration by male pigeons was not significantly different from that for the live birds. In contrast, the subjects showed much shorter, or no, displays to the video images of a non-pigeon bird (cockatoo) and an empty chamber. The results suggest that the video images of pigeons contained necessary information to trigger the courtship behaviors. Furthermore, the present study examined which features of the video images were critical for triggering the displays by manipulating the images. Thus, the subjects' behaviors were more vigorous (1) when video images were in motion rather than still, and (2) when the head-only region was visible rather than the body-only region. These results suggest that motion and facial/head characteristics are important features. Collectively, the results indicate that the use of video images as stimuli and courtship displays as measures provide a useful method to study the visual recognition of conspecifics in birds.
Correlation of onshore–offshore Oligocene through lower Miocene strata using 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios, north flank of Cape Fear Arch, North Carolina, USA

Abstract Cores from onshore and offshore of the Onslow block reveal at least three depositional sequences above the Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone and below the Miocene Pungo River Formation. Through use of 87Sr/86Sr ratios and their resultant dates, these sequences are correlated from onshore to offshore, thus clarifying the geologic history of the inner continental shelf of North Carolina. The oldest depositional sequence consists of calcareous quartz sand and sandy, pelecypod-mold grainstone updip and yellowish gray, very fine to fine calcareous quartz sand with minor clay and silt downdip. Most of the carbonate in the downdip part of the sequence consists of foraminifers, ostracods, echinoid spines and other small allochems. Eight hand-picked foraminiferal samples, including two replicate analyses, from this sequence selected from two onshore cores and one offshore core yield 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.707901 to 0.708006 equivalent to LOWESS (Locally Weighted Regression Scatterplot Smoother) dates ranging from 29.2 to 32.0 Ma. This indicates this sequence is Rupelian (early Oligocene) in age and assignable to either the TA4.4 or TA4.5 global coastal onlap cycle. The youngest sequence consists of oyster-bearing quartz sand and laterally equivalent clay with mollusks onshore and very fine to fine calcareous quartz sand offshore. Twelve foraminiferal and one ostracod sample, including five replicate analyses, from three cores on the inner shelf of Onslow Bay yield 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.708332 to 0.708386 equivalent to LOWESS dates ranging from 21.1 to 22.2 Ma. This indicates the sequence is Aquitanian (early Miocene) in age and assignable to the TB1.4 global coastal onlap cycle. Although Chattian (late Oligocene) sequences are recognized onshore in outcrop and core and are projected to continue into Onslow Bay, no cores provided Sr samples for analysis interpreted to be late Oligocene in age.
The influence of race in urban homeless females' fear of crime

This paper explores the differences between New York City's minority and non-minority homeless women in terms of the nature and extent of their victimization experiences while living on the streets, perceptions of vulnerability to victimization risk and fear of crime. Results indicate that minority homeless women are victimized to a greater extent and are more fearful than non-minority homeless females. These results can be explained by differences in the routine lifestyles of minority versus non-minority homeless females while living on the streets.
Angular distributions of heavy-quark jets in e + e - annihilation

We propose that the angular distribution of heavy-quark jet production in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation is a clean place to measure the quark mass (e.g., accurate to within a few percent for the $b$ quark) in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We present our argument as to why this is the case (as compared to measurements given by the total cross section). We also evaluate the leading-order perturbative QCD correction to the angular distribution; we find that the QCD effect on the angular distribution is small except when the velocity $v$ is close to one. Our formula gives the leading QCD correction to the angular distribution of hadronic jets, with the quark-mass effects fully taken into account.
Radial kernels and their reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces

We describe how to use Schoenberg's theorem for a radial kernel combined with existing bounds on the approximation error functions for Gaussian kernels to obtain a bound on the approximation error function for the radial kernel. The result is applied to the exponential kernel and Student's kernel. To establish these results we develop a general theory regarding mixtures of kernels. We analyze the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) of the mixture in terms of the RKHS's of the mixture components and prove a type of Jensen inequality between the approximation error function for the mixture and the approximation error functions of the mixture components.
The properties of cosmic radiation in the lower atmosphere

Experiments performed previously with apparatus carried to very high altitudes by free balloons have been conducted in the lower portion of the atmosphere. Two different instruments were operated in a B-29 airplane, and at Mt. Evans, Colorado. Absorption curves in lead, up to a thickness of 18 cm, were obtained at 14,260 feet, 25,000 feet, and 30,000 feet. Intensity vs. altitude curves for the lower regions of the atmosphere may now be combined with those for very high altitudes without an arbitrary normalization. A direct comparison has been made between the present measurements and those of others regarding the relative change of intensity between sea level and Mt. Evans, and the absorption in lead at Mt. Evans. Factors for the conversion of all of the data to absolute intensities have been determined utilizing a $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray howitzer method for measuring the effective length of a G-M counter. Satisfactory agreement is noted between values of the absolute intensity previously measured by others at sea level and at Mt. Evans, and those reported herewith. The absolute intensity of cosmic-ray particles near the "top of the atmosphere" at geomagnetic latitude 52\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}N is given as 10.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 particles/min./${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/unit solid angle. Consideration is given to the considerable error which may be introduced in the comparison of measurements of the "total" intensity at very high altitudes obtained with different G-M counters.
Identification of antibodies to nuclear acidic antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis

Saline extracts of rabbit thymus were found to contain many nuclear antigens that reacted with antibodies in the sera of patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was used to detect antibodies to nuclear acidic protein (Sm), nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and antibody to nuclear antigen B, which was reported previously in Sjogren's syndrome. All these nuclear antigens behaved as anions with different mobilities in CIE and could be distinguished from one another by the locations of the precipitin lines. They could also be distinguished by the facts that the nuclear RNP precipitin lines were abolished by digestion with ribonuclease whereas others were unaffected, and that Sm precipitin lines developed later than other precipitin lines. With this technique antibody to nuclear RNP was detected in 46% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to 26% detected by the hemagglutination technique. Similarly the increased sensitivity of the CIE technique was able to show that antibody to B antigen was present in 12% of SLE patients, whereas this antibody was not detectable in the same group of patients by immunodiffusion. This study shows that CIE is a rapid and sensitive technique for detecting precipitating antibodies to a number of nuclear acidic antigens. Methods are described to identify the immunochemical specificities of the precipitin lines by the use of standard reference sera.
Gender Role Conditioning and Women's Self‐Concept

This study supports the cumulative body of literature that suggests that masculinity is a strong predictor of mental health in women. Masculine and androgynous sex role orientations, both of which incorporate high masculinity scores, were strongly related to positive self-concept, whereas feminine and undifferentiated orientations, which incorporate low masculinity scores, were associated with poorer self-concepts.
Notes: Occurrence of Anguillicola crassus, an Exotic Parasitic Swim Bladder Nematode of Eels, in the Southeastern United States

Abstract In February 1995, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department investigated a south Texas aquaculture facility raising eels for sale in Asian markets. There was concern that the eels were infected with Anguillicola crassus, a parasitic swim bladder nematode detrimental to fisheries for European eel Anguilla anguilla after its introduction from Asia in the early 1980s. Eight of 23 eels examined at the facility were infected with a total of 104 Anguillicola crassus. To determine if the parasite was present in natural populations of eels in North America, wild eels from five Texas rivers (N = 22) and Winyah Bay, South Carolina (N = 8) were examined. No swim bladder parasites were found in the eels from Texas, but one eel from South Carolina was infected with an immature Anguillicola crassus.
Quality of water in the upper Colorado River basin

In a drainage area as large as the Colorado River Basin there are naturally large differences in the quality of the surface waters. The chemical character of the water at six gaging stations on the Colorado River from near the headwaters to near the mouth is shown by the analyses in Table 1. It will be seen that the concentration of dissolved solids increased from 64 ppm (0.09 tons per ac ft) in the headwaters to 699 ppm (0.95 tons per ac ft) near the mouth.
Lessons learned from the study of primary care transformation.

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) believes that a robust primary care system is the foundation for an American health care system that delivers high-quality, affordable health care to all Americans.[1][1] There is recognition, however, that the current primary care system is
Patch dynamics and the timing of colonization-abandonment events by male Kirtland's Warblers in an early succession habitat.

Habitat colonization and abandonment affects the distribution of a species in space and time, ultimately influencing the duration of time habitat is used and the total area of habitat occupied in any given year. Both aspects have important implications to long-term conservation planning. The importance of patch isolation and area to colonization–extinction events is well studied, but little information exists on how changing regional landscape structure and population dynamics influences the variability in the timing of patch colonization and abandonment events. We used 26 years of Kirtland’s Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) population data taken during a habitat restoration program (1979–2004) across its historical breeding range to examine the influence of patch attributes and temporal large-scale processes, specifically the rate of habitat turnover and fraction of occupied patches, on the year-to-year timing of patch colonization and abandonment since patch origin. We found the timing of patch colonization and abandonment was influenced by patch and large-scale regional factors. In this system, larger patches were typically colonized earlier (i.e., at a younger age) and abandoned later than smaller patches. Isolated patches (i.e., patches farther from another occupied patch) were generally colonized later and abandoned earlier. Patch habitat type affected colonization and abandonment; colonization occurred at similar patch ages between plantation and wildfire areas (9 and 8.5 years, respectively), but plantations were abandoned at earlier ages (13.9 years) than wildfire areas (16.4 years) resulting in shorter use. As the fraction of occupied patches increased, patches were colonized and abandoned at earlier ages. Patches were abandoned at older ages when the influx of new habitat patches was at low and high rates. Our results provide empirical support for the temporal influence of patch dynamics (i.e., patch destruction, creation, and succession) on local colonization and extinction processes that help explain large-scale patterns of habitat occupancy. Results highlight the need for practitioners to consider the timing of habitat restoration as well as total amount and spatial arrangement of habitat to sustain populations. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The association between fatigue and apathy in patients with either Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis

Abstract Objective Fatigue and apathy are common symptoms in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Both symptoms are considered “amotivational”—fatigue is a lack of energy to start or complete an action and apathy is a loss of interest in activities. Whether the two symptoms are related to each other is not known. The present study sought to investigate the prevalence and severity of fatigue and apathy in MS and PD, and the relationship between the two. Methods The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Apathy Scale (AS) were administered to 89 consecutive PD and 73 consecutive MS subjects. Results The mean FSS score for PD subjects was 4.46 and 5.01 for MS; the average total AS score for PD was 12.4 and 12.5 for MS. Using a cutoff of >4.0 on the FSS to assess fatigue, 64% of PD subjects and 74% of MS subjects suffered from severe fatigue. Using an AS cutoff score of >14.0 to determine apathy, 57% of PD subjects and 52% of MS subjects were apathetic. There was a significant correlation between FSS score and AS score in both disorders. FSS average scores and AS total scores were significantly correlated with motor severity in PD but not in MS. Duration of disease was not correlated with either scale scores in either disorder. Discussion Results confirm that AS and FSS are correlated with each other in both disorders and that MS subjects rate their fatigue significantly higher.
Fully differential ADC with rail-to-rail common-mode range and nonlinear capacitor compensation

One of the sources of nonlinearity in charge redistribution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is capacitor voltage dependence. While it is possible to address this problem through capacitor fabrication technology improvements, situations arise where it is more desirable to use circuit techniques. The conventional fully differential charge redistribution converter topology eliminates errors proportional to the capacitor linear voltage coefficient, but its comparator is subjected to the common-mode input signal. When converting unbalanced differential signals, linearity is achieved only with large comparator common-mode rejection. An alternative differential converter topology that isolates the comparator from the input common-mode signal, resulting in a common-mode rejection ratio of -73 dB, is presented. In addition, a circuit that cancels the error caused by the quadratic capacitor voltage coefficient is described. Measurements show that it is capable of increasing the converter linearity by an order of magnitude. >
Commentary ‐ A General Theory of Competition: issues, answers and an invitation

Resource‐advantage theory is an interdisciplinary, evolutionary, process theory of competition that is proving to be extraordinarily provocative. A General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth pulls together many of the articles that develop the theory. This article provides a brief overview of resource‐advantage theory, reports on two queries that have been raised by the theory’s critics, responds to the two queries, and extends an invitation to readers.
Framing the Use of Social Media Tools in Public Health

The advent of social media tools creates new opportunities for public health surveillance that go beyond disease detection. We introduce a framework illuminating where the real value of social media may lie by characterizing different instances where public health officials can leverage their surveillance activities through social media. In this framework, we identify five categories of social media use: (1) a secondary data stream, (2) disseminating information, (3) monitoring communal responses to new information, (4) utilizing as an intervention and, (5) monitoring intervention responses.
EL DISCURSO DE LAS REMESAS COMO IMPULSORAS DEL DESARROLLO Y LA AGENCIA COLECTIVA DEL MIGRANTE COLECTIVO

Resumen es: Este articulo explora la relacion entre lideres de clubes de oriundos, y funcionarios, tanto del gobierno mexicano como de los organismos financieros gl...
The Consequences of Divorce for Attitudes Toward Divorce and Gender Roles

A national sample of adults was used to examine the consequences of divorce (both in one's family of origin and in one's own marriage) for attitudes toward divorce and gender roles. Individuals from divorced families of origin revealed more positive attitudes toward divorce than did those who grew up in happy intact families. Similarly, those who recalled their parents' marriage as being unhappy had relatively liberal views on divorce. Experience with divorce in adulthood was also related to attitudes; longitudinal data revealed that individuals who divorced between 1980 and 1988 subsequently adopted more favorable views toward divorce. Egalitarian views of gender roles were not related to parental divorce or parental marital unhappiness. Individuals divorced prior to 1980 were relatively liberal in their gender role beliefs, but divorce between 1980 and 1988 was not associated with changes in attitudes.
Cosmology and the weak interaction

The effects of the anti-wetting agent perfluoro-n-decanoic acid (PFDA) on various glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities were studied in vitro and in vivo. In addition the effects of PFDA treatment on the amount of some glutathione S-transferase subunits and their corresponding translatable mRNA were studied in vivo. PFDA like some other peroxisome proliferators was a non-competitive inhibitor of several GST enzyme activities in vitro. In vivo PFDA reduced the enzyme activity towards substrates which are indicative for the Ya, Yb1 and Yb2 subunits of GSTs to a larger extent than the enzyme activity towards the substrate indicative for the Yc subunit. Whereas the reduction of GST enzyme activities by other peroxisome proliferators was shown to be caused by an inhibition of the relevant enzymes in vivo, PFDA was found to decrease the GST enzyme activities at least in part by lowering the amount of the various GST subunits in vivo due to a lowered concentration of translatable mRNA coding for these enzymes. In addition PFDA abolished the inducibility of GST mRNAs by phenobarbital. Thus PFDA might be an interesting tool for mechanistic studies of the control of GST expression in the liver.