cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary and multilevel optimum design

Interactions among engineering disciplines and subsystems in engineering system design are surveyed and specific instances of such interactions are described. Examination of the interactions that a traditional design process in which the numerical values of major design variables are decided consecutively is likely to lead to a suboptimal design. Supporting numerical examples are a glider and a space antenna. Under an alternative approach introduced, the design and its sensitivity data from the subsystems and disciplines are generated concurrently and then made available to the system designer enabling him to modify the system design so as to improve its performance. Examples of a framework structure and an airliner wing illustrate that approach.
An expanded mechanism for rhodanese catalysis.

Abstract The kinetic behavior of rhodanese (thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) was investigated at pH values from 5.0 to 10.8. The binding of thiosulfate was shown to be dependent upon a pK' of 9.9, with the protonated enzyme binding the substrate much more strongly than the deprotonated form. An enzymic nucleophile displaces sulfite to form the sulfur-substituted enzyme. This reaction was shown to be dependent upon a pK' of 6.5, with the protonated form being unreactive. The sulfur-substituted enzyme has three forms which are related by pK' values of 5.9 and 9.4. The second order rate constants for the reaction of these enzymic forms with cyanide ion are 8.9 x 108 m-1 s-1, 2 x 107 m-1, s-1, and ≤104 m-1 s-1, as one goes from the most protonated to the least protonated form. The activation parameters for this reaction were studied at pH 8.7. The activation enthalpy was very small while the activation entropy was large and negative, probably indicating that there is only a transition state between the sulfur-substituted enzyme and the products and that the transition state involves considerable charge neutralization. The free enzyme and the sulfur-substituted enzyme are known to bind numerous anionic species, including substrates, which inhibit the reaction. The pH dependence of this inhibition indicated the importance of the same enzymic forms as the studies of the catalyzed reaction itself. This formal mechanism, combined with previous results, suggests a chemical interpretation on the following basis. (a) The enzyme contains a divalent cationic site which has at least one catalytically active water ligand. (b) Thiosulfate binding displaces one water ligand; the loss of a proton from this water ligand prevents both thiosulfate binding and the reaction with cyanide anion. (c) The enzymic nucleophile which displaces sulfite is a cysteine mercaptolate anion that is inactivated by protonation; this sulfhydryl may be either a direct ligand to the cationic site or hydrogen bonded to it, possibly through a second water ligand. (d) The sulfur-substituted enzyme has the cysteine persulfide structure as a ligand with the cationic site and this rapidly reacts with an outer sphere complex that the cationic site forms with cyanide. (e) Inhibitory anions displace a water ligand at the cationic site and decrease the enzyme-substrate interaction by mechanisms similar to those of the high pH ionizations of the free enzyme and the sulfur-substituted enzyme. The proposed chemical mechanism is consistent both with the results presented here and with the previous information concerning the enzyme.
Microstructural Control of Indentation Crack Extension under Externally Applied Stress

In many ceramic and glass materials indentation half-penny cracks extend stably under applied stress to over twice their original length before instability—consistent with an ideal identation response. Observations of such extension can be made with custom-designed bending fixtures, allowing crack extension in indented specimens to be observed with an optical microscope during controlled loading. The resulting applied stress vs crack length traces exhibit a concave-down shape, with decreasing derivative prior to instability at which the specimen breaks and the derivative vanishes. Many materials, however, do not exhibit this behavior—a consequence of the influences of reactive environments, lateral cracking, microstructural toughening, surface stresses, phase-transformation trapping and preferred crystallographic cleavage planes. These influences lead to subtantially suppressed or enhanced stable crack extension, asymmetric extension and stick-slip extension. After a brief development of the indentation fracture model, in-situ observations of indentation crack extension in a set of cordierite glass-ceramic composites and a polycrystalline alumina are presented and examined in terms of variability of microstructural interactions giving rise to toughening.
The Fluid-Dynamical Method

The use of a fluid-dynamical technique for computing the evolution of stars clusters has been described briefly earlier in this volume, and in more detail by Larson (1970a, b). For convenience we repeat here the fundamental definitions and equations used in this method. We consider a spherical stellar system described by a distribution function of the form f(r, u, v, w, t), where u is the velocity component in the r-direction and v and w are the two transverse velocity components. As the basic fluid-dynamical variables to be solved for, we define the following six moments of the velocity distribution at each point in space and time: the density of stars ϱ, the mean outward velocity , and the higher-order moments $$ \left. {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\alpha \equiv \left\langle {{{\left( {u - \left\langle u \right\rangle } \right)}^2}} \right\rangle } \\ {\beta \equiv \left\langle {{v^2}} \right\rangle = \left\langle {{w^2}} \right\rangle } \\ {\varepsilon \equiv \left\langle {{{\left( {u - \left\langle u \right\rangle } \right)}^3}} \right\rangle } \\ {\xi \equiv \left\langle {{{\left( {u - \left\langle u \right\rangle } \right)}^4}} \right\rangle - 3{\alpha ^2}.} \end{array}} \right\} $$ Here α and β are the squares of the radial and transverse velocity dispersions, e represents an outward energy flux or ‘heat flow’, and ζ represents an excess or deficiency of high velocity stars relative to a Maxwellian distribution.
Electromagetically induced transparency with nuclear spin.

We report the observation of electromagnetically induced transparency in a sample of cryogenically cooled ground-state atomic ytterbium (S01). The transparency is produced due to coherence between the optical field and the nuclear spin state of the Yb173 nucleus. Because the nuclear spin states interact very weakly with their environment, they are resistant to decoherence due to inelastic collisions and inhomogenous fields. Consequently, atomic ensembles of pure nuclear spin states may be a superior medium for a variety of nonlinear optics and quantum information experiments.
Eyeing up a Jupiter-like exoplanet

With thousands of exoplanets having been discovered over the past 20 years, the solar system is recognized as presenting just one example among a mind-boggling variety of system architectures: from circumbinary exoplanets (1), systems with tightly packed inner planets (2), water-worlds (3), potential Earth twins (4), super-Earths (5), sub- and super-Neptunes (6), evaporating comet-like planets (7), giant rings (8), and hazy hot Jupiters all the way to extremely long-period lonely massive objects looking more like failed stars than giant planets. So far, the vast majority of these planetary systems have been discovered indirectly by techniques looking at tiny variations in their host star's motion and/or brightness. These techniques have limited remote-sensing capabilities, yet have ushered in an entirely new branch of astrophysics called comparative exoplanetology, putting the solar system and its planets into a universal perspective. On page 64 of this issue, Macintosh et al. (9) present the discovery of a young giant exoplanet with the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) and a technique called high-contrast imaging. Beyond taking striking pictures (see the figure), the technique promises to yield the most detailed measurements of whole distant planetary systems, including spectroscopy of planet atmospheres and time-resolved astrometry of their orbital motion.
Reactions of the x-irradiated embryonic eye in a normal field, and vice versa.

Normal and/or x irradiated optic vesicle of stage 29 in Amblystoma punctatum may be transplanted to normal or to irradiated hosts of the same age, and will heal, take, and survive. The results are best when the transplants are made immediately after x irradiation. X irradiated embryos of Amblystoma, exposed at stage 22 to 250 r, may survive until the controls reach stage 42 and then succumb. These x irradiated embryos are always stunted, and exhibit lordosis or kyphosis, edema, ard failure in development of the eyes, limbs, and balancer. One or more optic vesicles (normal controls or x irradiated) may be transplanted to the flank of a normal host and the success in development will depend entirely upon the degree of x irradiation insult of each case. The flank position allows for better development than in the head. The certral nervous system of the embryo appears to be particularly radiosensitive, muscles less so and epidermis least affected. Lens formation (induction) appears to be independent of the viability of the inducting cells, since x-irradiated optic vesicles can induce an essentially complete (though reduced) lens with epithelium. The precursors of the lens are apparently undamaged, being outer ectoderm. The spinal cordmore » (at stage 38) also shows reduction in cell volume and necrosis, following x irradiation which occurs at a time long before its differentiation (stage 22). There is no evidence of toxic substances emanating from the x irradiated transplart to the surrounding normal host tissue, or from the x irradiated host to the normal transplant. It is likely that the transplanted optic vesicle develops as in a tissue culture in which, in the case of the irradiated host, the culture conditions are far from ideal. Nevertheless the optic vesicle possesses intrinsic potentials for development which survive for a period considerably longer than the surrounding necrogenic tissue of the x irradiated host. It is apparent from this study that once the eye precursors are damaged by ionizing radiations no amount of normal surrounding tissue can prevent its ultimate and complete deterioration. However, if the eye is left in the x irradiated larva it succumbs, along with the host, before it would in a more favorable environment. (auth)« less
Preservation of NO production by statins in the treatment of heart failure.

Objective: Because statins promote endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production in vessels by increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), we evaluated the clinical benefit and efficiency of simvastatin in preventing the decrease in NO control of coronary blood flow (CBF), NO regulation of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and decreased nitrite production in coronary microvessels, associated with pacing-induced heart failure (HF). Methods: Dogs ( n = 17) were instrumented for measurement of coronary blood flow and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). HF was induced by pacing. Ten dogs were given simvastatin 20 mg/kg/day orally (HF+SIMVA) from the 10th day of pacing. Results: HF+SIMVA had a lower LVEDP at 4 weeks of pacing (18±1 vs. 25±1 mm Hg, p <0.05), and the NO-dependent coronary vasodilation to veratrine was preserved compared to HF ( p <0.05). In coronary microvessels, SIMVA potentiated nitrite production compared to HF ( p <0.05) and enhanced the NO-dependent decrease in MVO2 in cardiac tissue in response to 10−4 mol/l bradykinin, which was markedly blunted in HF ( p <0.05). Using Western blotting, there was a reduction in eNOS protein during HF that was preserved at 4–5 weeks of pacing during treatment with SIMVA. Conclusions: Simvastatin maintained NO production by coronary vessels and NO bioactivity during pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Targeting the endothelium, which participates in the control of myocardial metabolism by NO, may be an important mechanism of action of statins in the treatment of heart failure.
Synthesis and pharmacology of 11-nor-1-methoxy-9-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinols and 11-nor-1-deoxy-9-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinols: new selective ligands for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor.

Abstract Fourteen novel CB2 receptor selective cannabinoids were synthesized via initial Lewis acid catalyzed rearrangement of resorcinol precursors to obtain the cannabinoid moiety. These are the 1-methoxy-9-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinols and the 1-deoxy-9-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinols, with 1′,1′-dimethylalkyl side chains of four to seven carbon atoms at C-3 of the cannabinoid nucleus. The cannabinols synthesized and described in this paper all exhibit greater affinity for the CB2 receptor than for the CB1 receptor. Exceptionally high CB2 affinity was observed for 1-deoxy-9β-hydroxy-dimethylhexylhexahydrocannabinol (JWH-361, 9, n = 3) Ki = 2.7 nM and 1-deoxy-9β-hydroxydimethylpentylhexahydrocannabinol (JWH-300, 9, n = 2) Ki = 5.3 nM. In general, the stereochemistry of the 9-hydroxy group is important and the β-orientation enhances both CB2 receptor affinity and selectivity.
Carbonyl Homologation via β-Trimethylsilyl β-Lactone Rearrangements. A Nonbasic Alternative to the Wittig Reaction

Abstract Saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, when treated with trimethylsilylketene and BF3 for 16 hours, form β-lactones which spontaneously rearrange to α,β-unsaturated TMS esters; these hydrolyze during workup to form the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Evaluating parent education programs: Problems and prospects

Abstract In this article it is argued that further development of the research knowledge base regarding the effectiveness of parent education programs depends on a major shift in conventional strategies of program evaluation. The prevalent evaluation method has been dominated by an interest in the outcomes of parent education programs; thus, a variety of evaluations has established that parent training programs have an immediate impact on such outcomes as child's IQ scores (see Clarke-Stewart, 1978). Little is known about why parent programs are effective, however. The typical evaluation approach is severely limited in its ability to identify factors which contribute to program effectiveness. Yet information about the processes of change in parent education programs is essential to the replication and improvement of program models. This article suggests that program evaluations should examine relations between parent characteristics and program attributes. An investigation of the goodness of fit between different program dimensions and a parent's needs and background is likely to extend our knowledge about the circumstances which lead to certain types of program outcomes. The article discusses the inadequate attention given to the complexity of the treatment variable in evaluation studies, and suggests that future evaluations consider variations in parents' experiences in a program, environmental characteristics, and child-rearing attitudes and practices.
Effect of Pentobarbital Anesthesia on Plasma Half-Life of Indocyanine Green in Beagles.

SummaryIndocyanine green clearance was determined in 43 beagles in unanesthe-tized and pentobarbital anesthetized states utilizing a cross-over design experiment. The results show that the plasma T-1/2 of ICG was elevated by 16% in 80% of the animals following pentobarbital anesthesia. This effect appears to be due to a reduction of the plasma clearance of the dye by the liver.
How Does Averaging Affect Protein Structure Comparison on the Ensemble Level

Recent algorithmic advances and continual increase in computational power have made it possible to simulate protein folding and dynamics on the level of ensembles. Furthermore, analyzing protein structure by using ensemble representation is intrinsic to certain experimental techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance. This creates a problem of how to compare an ensemble of molecules with a given reference structure. Recently, we used distance-based root-mean-square deviation (dRMS) to compare the native structure of a protein with its unfolded-state ensemble. We showed that for small, mostly α-helical proteins, the mean unfolded-state Cα-Cα distance matrix is significantly more nativelike than the Cα-Cα matrices corresponding to the individual members of the unfolded ensemble. Here, we give a mathematical derivation that shows that, for any ensemble of structures, the dRMS deviation between the ensemble-averaged distance matrix and any given reference distance matrix is always less than or equal to the average dRMS deviation of the individual members of the ensemble from the same reference matrix. This holds regardless of the nature of the reference structure or the structural ensemble in question. In other words, averaging of distance matrices can only increase their level of similarity to a given reference matrix, relative to the individual matrices comprising the ensemble. Furthermore, we show that the above inequality holds in the case of Cartesian coordinate-based root-mean-square deviation as well. We discuss this in the context of our proposal that the average structure of the unfolded ensemble of small helical proteins is close to the native structure, and demonstrate that this finding goes beyond the above mathematical fact.
Classification of mesoscale vortices in polar airstreams and the influence of the large-scale environment on their evolutions

Satellite imagery was used to detect and study 133 mesoscale cloud vortices which occurred in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas between 1 December 1981 and 5 January 1982. Only vortices occurring in cold air, separate from synoptic-scale frontal cloud bands, were considered. The complete history of the evolution of each cloud vortex was recorded in terms of its location, size, cloud pattern, and cloud type (shallow or deep; stratiform or convective). Once all vortices were documented, conventional meteorological data and analyses were consulted. One objective of the study was to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to estimate the central pressure of the cyclones accompanying the mesoscale vortices. Other objectives were to determine if there were significant differences in (1) the mesoscale cloud structure or (2) the large-scale environment of vortices which remained insignificant versus those that developed into polar lows. Results indicate that the deficit pressure of the polar vortex could be estimated from satellite imagery and that there were recognizable differences between developing and non-developing vortices. Only a few cloud configurations accompanied polar lows, whereas the occurrence of certain other configurations at early stages in the vortex existence indicated that these vortices would remain insignificant. The synoptic-scale environment appeared to play a considerable role in determining which incipient vortices continued to develop. Moderate baroclinicity (horizontal temperature gradients and vertical wind shear), relatively weak winds, large lapse rates, and favorable vorticity advections accompanied developing polar lows. Non-developing vortices had unfavorable vorticity advections. Of these, some vortices were able to grow initially to moderate disturbances which remained steady thereafter. The apparent difference between these and insignificant vortices was that the steady vortices were more baroclinic and had steeper lapse rates. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00276.x
What Does Your Workspace Say about You? The Influence of Personality, Status, and Workspace on Personalization

Approximately 70% of American workers personalize their workspaces. However, some employees personalize more than others, such as managers and employees with enclosed offices. Studies examining personality traits suggest that employees who personalize the most tend to be creative and have a high need for affiliation and a low need for privacy. However, major personality factors have not been examined. This study examines the relationships between workspace personalization and the Big Five personality factors by surveying 234 employees from 33 companies. Results indicate that personality is only indirectly related to personalization through employee characteristics such as status and type of workspace. Personalization is primarily predicted by the company’s personalization policy and an employee’s status and workspace.
Fibroblast growth factor-10 prevents H2O2-induced cell cycle arrest by regulation of G1 cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

Abstract We studied the effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-10) on H2O2-induced alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) G1 arrest and the role of G1 cyclins. FGF-10 prevented H2O2-induced AEC G1 arrest. FGF-10 induced 2–4-fold increase in cyclin E, cyclin A and CDKs (2, 4) alone and in AEC treated with H2O2. H2O2 downregulated cyclin D1; FGF-10 blocked these effects. FGF-10 prevented H2O2-induced upregulation of CDK inhibitor, p21. SiRNAp21 blocked H2O2-induced downregulation of cyclins, CDKs and AEC G1 arrest. Accordingly, we provide first evidence that FGF-10 regulates G1 cyclins and CDKs, and prevents H2O2-induced AEC G1 arrest.
Doing Ethics in Italy

Doing Ethics in Italy Italy has been the site for a recent flurry of international conferences on bioethics involving Hastings Center staff. Strachan Donnelley, the Center's director of education, participated in a four-day meeting in February 1988 on "Leadership in Bioethics," held at the Rockefeller Foundation's Conference Center, Villa Serbelloni, in Bellagio, Italy. Jointly organized by Edouard Bone of The European Association of Centers of Medical Ethics and Al Jonsen of The Society for Health and Human Values, the conference brought together directors of centers of medical ethics (or their representatives) from Belgium, England, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The goal of the Bellagio conference was to lay the foundation for cooperation on bioethical issues that are international in scope, especially AIDS issues. Participants also discussed establishing a North American Association of Centers of Bioethics, both to coordinate bioethical research and education in North America and to facilitate international cooperation. This would be a precursor to a world association of bioethics centers. The Bellagio participants began the meeting's substantive work in comparative bioethics by examining informed consent in medical and research settings. Each center reported on its work concerning informed consent, and three cases studies were presented--an involuntary hospitalization in Scotland, a genetic screening research program for Huntington's Chorea in Sweden, and a realimentation study on an elderly nursing home population in Switzerland. Familiar topics emerged--the relation of law and ethics; questions of competence or capacity for decision-making; the subtle coercion of vulnerable populations, both in research and therapy; patient autonomy and medical paternalism; and the intricate connections between ethics and science, especially in research protocols. One underlying theme in these discussions was that problems of bio-ethics, including informed consent, are approached differently within different cultural contexts. American Edmund Pellegrino argued that in North America, the tendency is to start with the individual and the ethical principle of respect for persons (autonomy) and then raise questions of decsional competency or capacity with respect to participation in research or decisions about therapeutic interventions. In Europe, Nicole Tery of France contended, the tendency is to begin with the community and to see the individual within a wider social, cultural, and institutional fabric. This places the decision-making emphasis on professional and legal duties and communal resources, rather than on the preferences of individuals. In April, Susan Wolf, associate for law at the Center, attended a conference in Milan on the relationship of science and ethics sponsored and hosted by the Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele. Over the course of four days, the participants presented papers on a wide variety of topics. Arno Motulsky and Laurence O'Connell from the United States gave introductory papers on the major themes of the conference. …
The impact of the accessibility of cranial CT scans on patient evaluation and management decisions

Objectives. Cranial CT scans are amongst the most frequently performed radiological investigations performed in most developed countries. However, these tests are relatively expensive and economic realities should compel physicians to re-evaluate the utilization of this technology. The aim of this study was to review the utilization pattern and effect on management decisions of cranial CT scanning. Design. Retrospective chart review. Setting. University-affiliated community teaching hospital. Subjects. The clinical data on 451 consecutive patients undergoing cranial CT scanning in our radiology department were reviewed. Eighty-five patients were referred from outside the hospital and were subsequently excluded from further analysis. Interventions. None. Main outcome measures. The following data was abstracted from each patient's chart: the presenting clinical syndrome, the physician ordering the scan, details of the neurological examination performed prior to scanning, the CT scan findings and the impact the CT scan findings had on management decisions. Results. The largest percentage of patients were referred from the emergency department (61%). Chronic intracranial lesions were present in 77 (21%) patients. New pathological findings were found in 91 (25%) patients. The commonest new lesions were ischaemic infarcts (43%), followed by intracerebral haemorrhage (13%) and space occupying lesions (11%). Ninety-seven per cent of patients presenting with new focal neurological signs had new findings on the CT scan, compared to 28% of patients with severe headache and 27% with a history of loss of consciousness. Head trauma was the presenting problem in 139 patients. New pathological findings were diagnosed in 24 of these patients. Fifty-four patients had no signs or symptoms referable to the central nervous system. None of these patients had new findings on CT scan. In the vast majority of patients the neurological examination performed prior to CT scanning was incomplete. CT scanning was considered to have altered the management or provided a new diagnosis in 162 (44%) patients; of these patients 61 (67%) were in the group with new findings on CT scanning and 101 (37%) in the group with no new findings. Conclusion. In this study cranial CT scanning affected clinical management decisions in less than half of the patients. Furthermore, a careful history and neurological examination was performed in the minority of patients undergoing CT scanning. It would therefore appear that the easy accessability of CT scans largely determines the utilization of this diagnostic tool.
Effects of growth hormone on kidney function in pediatric transplant recipients

Recent evidence suggests that treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) after a successful kidney transplant improves the growth rate of children with short stature. We prospectively investigated eight children (6 boys, 2 girls), focusing on acute rejection episodes and changes in serum creatinine levels during rhGH treatment. The children (mean age 11.6±3.4 years) received rhGH daily (0.04–0.05 mg/kg subcutaneously). Seven patients completed at least 12 months (20±8 months) of rhGH treatment. Their mean serum creatinine level was 1.3±0.7 mg/dl 12 months before, and increased to 3.4±4.2 mg/dl after 12 months of rhGH treatment, but did not achieve statistical significance (P=0.06). Their mean calculated glomerular filtration rate was 58±20 ml/min per 1.73 m2 12 months before, and decreased to 38±21 ml/min per 1.73 m2 12 months before, and decreased to 38±21 ml/min per 1.73 m2 after 12 months of rhGH treatment, but did not achieve statistical significance (P=0.08). Of the seven patients, two developed acute rejection after 5 and 6 rejection-free years; three lost their grafts and returned to dialysis. These preliminary observations describe untoward renal events in children receiving rhGH treatment after a kidney transplant.
Analysis and modeling of time-dose-mortality of Melanoplus sanguinipes, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, and Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces isolates from Madagascar

A complementary log-log (CLL) model was used to model time-dose-mortality relationships from bioassay tests of 26 fungal isolates mostly from Madagascar, Africa, against three acridid species, all referred to here as "grasshoppers." The fungal pathogens included 15 isolates of Beauveria bassiana, 9 isolates of Metarhizium flavoviridae, and 2 isolates of Paecilomyces spp. Grasshopper species tested included Melanoplus sanguinipes, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, and Schistocerca gregaria. The scaled deviance, mean deviance, Pearson X2 statistic, Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) C statistic, and three-dimensional time-dose-mortality graphs were used to assess extra-binomial variation, data points that were potential outliers, conformance of the scaled deviance statistic and Pearson's X2 statistic to a chi2 distribution, and the fit of the CLL model. The H-L C statistic also was found to be useful in showing the goodness of fit of the CLL model for the fungal isolates prior to modeling the extra-binomial variation. After the extra-binomial variation was modeled using Williams' method, the slope from maximum likelihood estimation, modified log(LD50) estimates (which were corrected for background mortality using the CLL model), a dynamic ranking of the log(LD50) values over time, and a three-dimensional plot of time, dose, and mortality of the three grasshopper species were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the fungal isolates. In general, the CLL model provided a rather poor fit of the fungal isolates which had a large number of replicate trials in the bioassay tests (i.e., a large sample size) due to extra-binomial variation. The CLL model provided an excellent fit of the time-dose-mortality relationships of such isolates after the extra-binomial variation was modeled and included in the CLL model. Metarhizium isolates MFV and SP5 were found to be the most virulent isolates tested against M. sanguinipes, followed by Metarhizium isolates: SP8, SP7, SP9, SP6, and SP1, and Beauveria isolate S33B. Metarhizium isolates SP3, SP5, SP6, and SP9, and Beauveria isolates SP11, SP12, SP13, and SP16 showed higher levels of virulence against L. migratoria migratorioides over more of the time periods tested than the other pathogen isolates examined. Metarhizium isolates SP9 and SP5 were the most effective isolates tested against S. gregaria. In general, the Metarhizium isolates were more virulent against the grasshoppers than the Beauveria isolates, which were more virulent than the Paecilomyces isolates. The CLL model was found to be very useful in describing grasshopper mortality as a function of time and dose. This approach combined with model and fungal isolate assessment statistics will be helpful for determining which pathogen isolates have the greatest potential for controlling grasshoppers and other pests in the future.
Meta-analysis of 12 trials evaluating the effects of statins on decreasing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia encountered after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and is associated with poor outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether initiation of statins before CABG reduces the risk of postoperative AF. We searched for clinical trials that randomized patients who underwent CABG to preoperative statin therapy versus placebo. We required that the trial reported the incidence of postoperative AF. Random-effects summary odds ratio (OR) were constructed. Sensitivity analysis for the trials that reported AF as a primary outcome along with subgroup analyses according to the different statins used was also conducted. Twelve trials with 2,980 patients met our inclusion criteria. Atorvastatin was tested in 8 trials, whereas rosuvastatin was studied in 2 studies. Statins were associated with a lower risk of postoperative AF (OR 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27 to 0.66, p
Hypothermia in the trauma patient

Hypothermia is a common finding in severely injured patients. Historically described as a consequence of wartime casualties where cold exposure was common, this topic has resurfaced in the trauma literature because of the increasing recognition of the morbidity and mortality associated with hypothermia. Hypothermia, along with acidosis and coagulopathy, has been identified as a component of the "lethal triad" in injured patients, and has been shown to contribute to increased mortality in these patients. Decreases in core temperature during the course of initial evaluation and resuscitation are common, and can contribute to poor outcomes in the injured patient. As induced hypothermia has been shown to be beneficial in some clinical situations, recent animal studies have attempted to investigate whether hypothermia in the trauma patient has any beneficial effects. This review examines the incidence and pathophysiology of hypothermia, and discusses mechanisms of heat loss and rewarming techniques that can be utilized in the trauma patient.
Assessment of spatial attention and neglect with a virtual wheelchair navigation task

A total of 9 participants with right-hemisphere stroke performed a new virtual reality (VR) wheelchair navigation test of lateralized spatial attention and neglect. The test consists of a virtual path along which participants navigate (or are navigated) as they name virtual objects encountered. There are 4 VR conditions, obtained by crossing the factors array complexity and driver. Participants performed the VR task, a real-life wheelchair navigation task, and a battery of attention and neglect tests. The VR test showed sensitivity to both array complexity and driver, exhibited strong correlations with the wheelchair navigation test, and detected lateralized attention deficits in mild patients. The VR task thus shows promise as a sensitive, efficient measure of real-life navigation.
{μ‐1,1′‐[2‐Cyano‐2‐(2‐pyridyl)propane‐1,3‐diyl]di‐η5‐cyclopentadienyl}bis[tricarbonylmanganese(II)]

The dinuclear title compound, [Mn2(C19H16N2)(CO)6], was isolated en route to other photochromic organometallic targets. The structure features two bridged half-sandwich cyclo­penta­dienylmanganese centers.
Underdevelopment Is a State of Mind: The Latin American Case

Lawrence E. Harrison. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Copublished with the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1985. xvill + 192 pp., bibliography, Index. $9.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8191-6490-9.
Regulation of DNA chain elongation in SV3T3 cells in relation to growth rate.

Abstract Regulation of DNA synthesis was investigated in SV40 transformed 3T3 cells exhibiting variable growth rates and residence times in S phase when cultured in the presence of different serum concentrations. Pulse-labeled DNA was chased into large molecular weight material in vivo much more slowly in slowly growing cells than in cells growing at the normal rate. Consistent with this, the joining of short ( S ) chains to form long ( >10 S ) chains by whole cell lysate system in vitro was greatly impaired in slowly growing cells compared to controls. Thus the lengthening of S phase in SV3T3 cells growing slowly in low serum is reflected in a reduced rate of DNA chain elongation. The presence of cycloheximide during chase in vivo reduced the rate of conversion of pulse-labeled molecules into large molecular weight DNA in both slowly growing and normally growing cells.
Distilling and exploring nuggets from a corpus

This paper describes a live and scalable system that automatically extracts information nuggets for entities/topics from a continuously updated corpus for effective exploration and analysis. A nugget is a piece of semantic information that (1) must be mapped semantically to the transitive closure of a pre-defined ontology, (2) is explicitly supported by text, and (3) has a natural language description that completely conveys its semantic to a user. Fig. 1 shows a type of nugget "involvement in events" for a person entity (Leon Panetta): each nugget has a short description ("meeting", "news conference") with a list of supporting passages.Our key contributions are (1) We extract nuggets and remove redundancy to produce a summary of salient information with supporting clusters of passages. (2) We present an entity/topic centric exploration interface that also allows users to navigate to other entities involved in a nugget. (3) We use the statistical NLP technologies developed over the years in the ACE ,GALE and TAC-KBP programs, including parsing, mention detection, within and cross document coreference resolution, relation detection and slot filler extraction. (4) Our system is flexible and easily adaptable across domains as demonstrated on two corpora: generic news and scientific papers. Search engines such as Google News and Scholar do not retrieve nuggets, and only remove redundancy at document level. News aggregation applications such as Evri categorize news articles based on the entities of topics but do not extract nuggets. Other systems extract richer information, but not all of it has clear semantics; e.g., Silobreaker presents results as "the relationship between X and Y in the context of [keyphrase]", leaving users with the task of interpreting the semantics as it is not tied to a clear ontology. In contrast we remove redundancy, summarize results and present nuggets that have clear semantics.
Wound Complications With Posterior Midline and Posterior Medial Leg Incisions: A Systematic Review

There is no consensus on the optimal incisional approach at the posterior leg to avoid wound healing complications. The purpose of this systematic review is to report and compare complication rates associated with two common incisions used to approach the Achilles tendon in order to provide additional recommendations for optimal incision placement. Materials and Methods. Four electronic databases were searched using keywords for procedures using posterior leg incisions. A total of 8724 studies were analyzed and subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Once inclusion criteria were met, each article was placed in 1 of 2 groups based on incision placement: midline (group 1) or posterior medial (group 2). Study format, patient demographics, surgical indication and other details, and wound complications were recorded. The data obtained was reviewed for trends between the two groups. Results. 38 articles met the inclusion criteria. Seven articles used the midline approach (group 1) whereas 31 articles use...
An institutional theory perspective on Six Sigma adoption

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is, first, to utilize institutional theory to assess motivation for the adoption of Six Sigma. Second, to examine the role of an organization's innovation implementation climate and the fit between the innovation considered and the values of the organization's members on the implementation of Six Sigma. Third, to study the impact that the adoption and implementation of Six Sigma has on organizational performance.Design/methodology/approach – Methods advocated in case study research were employed in the conduct of seven case studies. The research protocol consisted of identifying organizations in a variety of manufacturing industries, and conducting focused interviews with a minimum of three respondents in each company in order to improve validity.Findings – This paper suggests that institutional theory proves to be an effective means by which to examine the adoption of Six Sigma. In addition, support for innovation implementation model suggested by Klein and Sorra is fo...
Reporting of book-tax differences for financial and tax purposes: A case study

Abstract Recent events in financial and tax accounting have brought the issue of financial accounting for tax expenses to the forefront of both the accounting profession and academia. Complexities abound on both sides, from ASC 740/FAS 109 and ASC 740-10/FIN 48 issues on the financial accounting side to the Schedule M-3 and Schedule UTP reporting requirements on the tax side. This complexity has created a vacuum in accounting curricula, as bits and pieces of the total puzzle are covered in the intermediate accounting and tax courses, without a comprehensive, integrated review in one place. This paper bridges the gap between financial accounting and tax courses by providing a comprehensive review of the computational, disclosure and reporting requirements both from a financial accounting and tax perspective. The result is an integrated lecture/study tool for students. A comprehensive case with a multinational firm, where the reporting and computational requirements are more complex, is used to demonstrate implementation of these requirements. Materials are presented in a format that enables instructors to vary the depth into which these book and tax rules are examined.
How cardinal are cardinal symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder? An examination of clinical correlates.

Background The main goal of this study was to test whether the hypothesized cardinal symptom of euphoria results in differences in clinical correlates in bipolar youth ascertained with no a priori assumptions about cardinal symptoms. Methods Subjects (n = 86) satisfying DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder with and without the proposed cardinal symptom of euphoria were compared in their bipolar symptom pattern, functioning and patterns of comorbidity. Results Among Criterion A (abnormal mood), we found that severe irritability was the predominant abnormal mood rather than euphoria (94% vs. 51%). We also found that among Criterion B items, grandiosity was not uniquely overrepresented in youth with mania, nor did the rate of grandiosity differ whether irritability or irritability and euphoria were the Criterion A mood symptom. Neither symptom profile, patterns of comorbidity nor measures of functioning differed related to the presence or absence of euphoria. Conclusions These findings challenge the notion that euphoria represents a cardinal symptom of mania in children. Instead they support the clinical relevance of severe irritability as the most common presentation of mania in the young. They also support the use of unmodified DSM-IV criteria in establishing the diagnosis of mania in pediatric populations.
Collaborative Bargaining in Public Universities

After 25 years of conflict style-collective bargaining, certain colleges and universities within the United States are beginning to experiment with interest-based or collaborative bargaining, using models taken from industrial experiments. This article describes the early experiences with interest-based bargaining as practiced at two public universities. The historical development of interest-based bargaining is provided, followed by a description of the process and outcomes of the use of the bargaining techniques at the two universities
Diagnostics for the multivariate linear model analysis of 2 x 2 crossover designs.

The multivariate linear model is used to analyze data in 2 X 2 crossover designs with either univariate or multivariate response. Diagnostics are performed on estimating the effect of interest formulated as CβU and on testing the general linear hypothesis CβU = k. The multivariate Cook's distance is extended to be the influence measure by incorporating the contrast matrix C and the transformation matrix U, and , the difference between the F approximation of a multivariate test statistic, is proposed as a measure to detect influential observations for testing the hypothesis CβU = k. Both measures prove to be very useful because the diagnostics are now associated with estimating and testing effects of interest in the context of the experimental design.
THE ORGANIZATION AND FINANCING OF HEALTH CARE: ISSUES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

The various legislative proposals for national health insurance and for reform of the delivery system are discussed in relation to the goal of a workable, rational health care system. The authors suggest the elements of a pluralistic planning and regulatory system, designed to assure comprehensive care to all Americans, as well as criteria for a viable national financing mechanism.
Cumulative Damage in Composites

The problem of cumulative fatigue damage in composites is analyzed based upon the development of a phenomenological damage model. In this modeling, a damage function is defined based on the degradation of the residual stiffness and used to predict the remaining life of composite specimens subjected to dual stress level fatigue loading. Available experimental data for graphite/epoxy composites are compared with the predictions of the present model.
Evidence for a new HLA-region determinant detected by human T-lymphocyte clones (TLCs).

Abstract Human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes were stimulated by allogeneic cells in primary MLC and subsequently cloned by limiting dilution in the presence of lymphocyte conditioned medium (LyCM). Following expansion, clones were tested for specific proliferation against a panel of 32 stimulator cells including cells from the family of the original stimulator (FLAM). Two clones, TLC 14-14 and TLC 14-86, responded to FLAM and to a cell homozygous for Dw5 (JPSU), but not to other unrelated panel members, reactivity segregated with the haplotype containing Dw1 in FLAM's family. In separate experiments, TLC 14-14 was restimulated by an antigen encoded by the maternal “c” haplotype in JPSU's family. This antigen may be a new determinant on the same molecule as Dw1 and 5 or, more likely, encoded by a new gene associated with these specificities.
Application of Volterra Functions to X-31 Aircraft Model Motion

Recent advances towards an efficient computational method for accurately determining the stability and control characteristics of an aircraft are discussed and critiqued. The present approach with greatest promise is to reduce the number of high-fidelity CFD simulations by using Volterra functions Reduced Order Modeling. This type of reduced order model is a predictive model which has a unique training maneuver a unit impulse. The advantage of such an approach is the fast prediction of the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft. This article presents the results of application of the Volterra functions ROM for prediction of linear movement of a 2D airfoil and of an X-31 aircraft model. The Volterra ROM predicted well normal and axial force which are linear or weakly non-linear and was in a fairly good agreement with pitching moment as long as the pitching moment predictions were weakly non-linear.
Development of a light vehicle diesel aftertreatment system with DOC DPF and urea SCR

Meeting stringent emission regulations is a challenge to light vehicle diesel engines because of complexities of aftertreatment system, packaging constraints, and emission regulations. This article intends to introduce development philosophy from developing a light vehicle aftertreatment system that includes diesel oxidisation catalyst (DOC), catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF), urea injector and urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The development focus was on overall component planning to meet system emission targets at the early stage, system geometrical optimisations to meet pressure target at the intermediate stage, and design improvements of urea SCR module at the final stage. Both tests and modelling were employed seamlessly to reach decisions on major design directions. Significant efforts were spent on SCR mixing optimisation. Multiple mixer concepts were explored; the final developed SCR system was tested and able to meet all performance objectives. The roles of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) spray modelling and emission tests are discussed.