cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building competitive advantage on manufacturing resources

Abstract Today's dynamic and global competitive forces require new thinking about the implications of manufacturing for achieving superiority in the marketplace. This article suggests that a resource-based perspective offers an innovative approach to thinking about and developing a manufacturing strategy. According to this approach, a company's manufacturing strategy must capitalize on, and add to, its resources and capabilities. To show how executives can use the resource-based approach, categories of manufacturing resources are defined. The next section of the article discusses the important attributes of manufacturing resources, their relationship with distinctive competence, and their impact on competitive advantage. Finally, the article explains how manufacturing strategy can effectively leverage these resource attributes to obtain an enduring competitive advantage that leads to high performance.
Gen Shirane's Legacy in Polarized Beam Scattering: From Neutrons to X-rays

We pay tribute to Gen Shirane's legacy by summarizing the results of x-ray magnetic scattering studies of a series of interesting materials, including chromium, NiO, MnF 2 , rare earth boro-carbide...
Photosynthesis in the female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba

The female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba is the only seed plant gametophyte known to contain chlorophyll. Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) indicate that a gametophyte growing within an ovule can receive significant quantities of light (70 ,mol photons m-2 s-'). Under the conditions of our experiments, whole gametophytes dissected free from ovules were capable of gross photosynthesis, but not net photosynthesis. On a dry wt basis, the maximum rate of carbon fixation under near saturating light intensities was 3.64 x l0- ,mol CO2g- 's-1. The unique ability ofthe female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba to produce chlorophyll and engage in photosynthesis appears to result from its exposure to sufficient levels of light and a predisposition to react to this stimulus by the development of a functional photosynthetic apparatus. ALL SEED PLANTS produce a female gametophyte that develops within an ovule of the parent sporophyte. One of the consequences of this intimate association between the two plant generations has been a reduction in the physiological independence of the female gametophyte. Typically, carbon fixation products and mineral nutrients that are necessary for growth and development of the gametophytic body are derived entirely from the enveloping tissues of the sporophyte. With one exception, Ginkgo biloba, no seed plant gametophyte has been reported to produce chlorophyll in the course of normal development. The presence of chlorophyll in the female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba has been confirmed by Burgerstein (1900), who showed that an alcohol extract of the gametophyte fluoresces red. Carothers (1907) suggested that these organisms might be capable of photo
Studies on anxiety about teaching science in preservice elementary teachers

During a sequence of science content courses designed for elementary teachers, anxiety about teaching science as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was reduced. Each study: 1977–; 1978, 1978–; 1979, 1979–; 1980, and 1980–; 1981, was a separate descriptive study. The overall patterns were similar in all four years. Initial anxiety about teaching science was high and changed in a positive direction in all studies. Variations from year to year were attributed to staffing arrangements, grading practices and course sequences. Both the X and Y forms of the STAI were used. There appears to be a high degree of relationship between them, but the Y form was preferable because it is more reflective of anxiety than depression and has better psychometric properties.
Leucine aminopeptidase; its nonspecificity as a test for carcinoma of the pancreas.

1. Serum and urinary LAP values were determined in 13 patients with proved carcinoma of the pancreas. Elevations were noted in 9 of the 13 patients, 7 of whom were jaundiced. One of the 9 patients developed an elevated serum LAP only terminally. Only 1 of the 4 with normal serum and urinary LAP was icteric.
The role of gonadotropins in ovulation induction

Abstract Currently two types of gonadotropin preparations are commercially available for ovulation induction: menotropins and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Proper use of these agents is directed by many factors. Concern about the FSH—luteinizing hormone ratio and the bioconsistency of the preparations suggests the use of FSH in most situations. Regimens based on short-term incremental increases in gonadotropin dose (based on frequent sonographic and biochemical monitoring) seem to produce the highest pregnancy rates. Individualization of the patient's ovulation induction course on the basis of history of medication use and the reasons for ovulation induction therapy are also essential to optimize outcomes.
X-Ray Automatic Exposure Timing And Control Circuitry

X -RAY AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE TIMING AND CONTROL CIRCUITRYEdward S. Joseph, Manager, Electrical Product Design EngineeringJohn E. Schneble, Development Engineer (Co- Author)General Electric Company - Medical Systems DivisionPost Office Box 414, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201A block diagram representation of the circuitry is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 shows the basicelements of an automatic exposure control with an ionization chamber as a detector. (Phototubes may alsobe used in place of ion chambers.) Figure 2 shows a typical automatic exposure control system with sever-al ionization chamber detectors, and a photospot detector. It also shows an optional tomographic exposurecontrol with current feedback and kVp servo compensation.The signal is detected by the ion chamber, Figure 3, and integrated through a preamp, Figure 4.
Desolvating the sample aerosol with microwave radiation: further theoretical and experimental insight into the significance of such approach

Abstract This study aims to determine the feasibility of using microwave energy to achieve significant improvements in sample introduction by desolvating a sample aerosol. The efficiency and mechanism of microwave desolvation were investigated. Evidence for significant interaction between aqueous droplets and microwave energy was evaluated by experimental and theoretical methods. A microwave desolvation system incorporating a Nafion dryer was evaluated for ICP-MS. A small improvement in transport to the plasma (between 51 and 60%) was observed for magnesium, lead, and rhodium with 100% microwave power. The mechanism of desolvation was investigated using a different microwave system connected to a flame spectrometer. This system was heated, and sample introduced in the presence of a microwave field and in the absence of microwaves. No significant difference between the two cases was found indicating that the primary mechanism for increased sample transport was conductive heating of the droplets. A numerical model was developed and showed that small droplets (5 μm) are incapable of absorbing sufficient energy from a 2.45 GHz field to heat significantly due to very small absorption efficiencies as predicted by Mie theory calculations.
The Investigation of Abuse and Women With Disabilities

This article delineates issues that should be considered by investigators endeavoring to conduct empirically sound research on abuse and women with disabilities. These issues include (a) incorporating in the research design variables that assess increased vulnerability; (b) using literature-based definitions that distinguish emotional, physical, sexual, and disability-related abuse; (c) using population-based sampling methodologies; (d) securing informed consent; (e) maintaining confidentiality; (f) installing safety measures to protect study participants and project staff from retaliation; (g) making special efforts to include women with disabilities from minority backgrounds; (h) using appropriate, validated, disability-sensitive screening instruments; (i) understanding the legal requirements for reporting abusive incidents; (j) implementing abuse studies in clinical settings; and (k) including formative and summative evaluations in outcome studies of abuse interventions. To increase the capacity of bat...
Blackboard and VMI: Where We Are Now.

Classroom management systems, such as Blackboard, provide both students and faculty software to enhance the education experiences, but at the same time require the faculty to learn the new procedures and to transfer all digital class material to the new platform. Surveys assessed the experiences and preferences of both faculty members and students concerning the use of a classroom management system, Blackboard®. The findings indicate the existence of differences based on discipline and the exercising of authority.
Ryser's embedding problem for Hadamard matrices†

What is the minimum order of a Hadamard matrix that contains an a by b submatrix of all 1's? Newman showed that where c♯ denotes the smallest order greater than or equal to c for which a Hadamard matrix exists. It follows that if 4 divides both a and b, and if the Hadamard conjecture is true, then . We establish the improved bounds for min {a,b} ≥ 2. The Hadamard conjecture therefore implies that if 4 divides both 2ab and ⌈a/2⌉ ⌈b/2⌉, then (a, b) = 2 · max {⌈a/2⌉b, ⌈b/2⌉a}. Our lower bound comes from a counting argument, while our upper bound follows from a sub-multiplicative property of : Improvements in our upper bound occur when suitable conference matrices or Bush-type Hadamard matrices exist. We conjecture that any (1,−1)-matrix of size a by b occurs as a submatrix of some Hadamard matrix of order at most . © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs
Reading alone together: creating sociable digital library books

Children between 10 and 14 years old continue to need support to develop advanced literacy skills but there is evidence that they may be reading less now. Libraries have long sought to cater to young adults but as more activities vie for the attention of children, the role of traditional libraries in the literacy lives of teens and 'tweens may be diminishing. As Digital Libraries (DLs) begin to offer resources to children in this age cohort, it is important that they support more than convenient access to digital books. The DL must provide engaging reading and writing environments not simply to support the tasks of schooling but also to support literacy as a social practice. In this paper, we discuss the development and field testing of a "sociable digital library book," an application that provides readers with the ability to leave notes and marks in a digital book and to share notes and marks with others. Our field study with a small set of Internet Reading Groups (IRGs) suggests that there are important pleasures to be had from "reading alone together."
Antennapedia-Class homeobox genes define diverse neuronal sets in the embryonic CNS of the leech

Studies of the Antennapedia-class homeobox genes suggest that specific combinations of these transcription factors play a role in defining neuronal identities. We examined the expression of these genes in the leech Hirudo medicinalis, an organism well-suited for neurobiological research at the level of identified neurons. Leeches contain at least as many Antennapedia-class and related genes as insects do, despite the apparently lower complexity of the leech body plan. The CNS expression patterns of two Antennapedia-class leech homeobox genes (Lox genes) were examined in detail. Lox1 is expressed during early gangliogenesis in only one pair of transient neurons present in every segment (the Bipolar cells) and, at later stages of embryonic development, in 15–20 pairs of central neurons repeated in most segments. The monoclonal antibody Laz1-1 identified two pairs of Lox1-expressing neurons as the Bipolar cells and the L1 neurons. The Bipolar cells extended processes in the primordia of the longitudinal connective nerves and later degenerated. The L1 neurons were detected late in gangliogenesis and became stable neurons. Lox2 is expressed in an iterated set of neurons in the posterior two-thirds of the CNS. On the basis of cell body position and relative size, two pairs of Lox2-expressing cells were identified as the RPE-like neurons and the CV motor neurons. Other Lox genes are also expressed in segmentally repeated subpopulations of neurons. These neuronal subpopulations appear to be different from one another but partially overlapping. Different combinations of Lox genes that may be expressed in individual cells could in theory generate enough variability to specify all central neurons in a leech ganglion. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self-Assembly and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of a Bifunctional Carbonate-Stilbene Macrocycle

A carbonate–stilbene bifunctional macrocycle was readily synthesized, and its assembly was studied by crystallization from several solvents. The macrocycle displayed columnar assembly from less polar solvents (THF and CH2Cl2), while a more compact structure was observed from 9 : 1 CH2Cl2–acetone. All structures displayed organization through the C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding motif as well as through aryl stacking interactions. Upon dissolution and treatment with Grubbs’ II catalyst, this 30-membered ring underwent entropy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ED-ROMP) to give a precisely linear alternating A–B–A–B copolymer. This design of a single macrocyclic building block allows the formation of supramolecular self-assembly in the solid-state while affording a linear alternating polymer from solution.
The Target of Rapamycin Pathway Antagonizes pha-4/FoxA to Control Development and Aging

Summary Background FoxA factors are critical regulators of embryonic development and postembryonic life, but little is know about the upstream pathways that modulate their activity [1]. C. elegans pha-4 encodes a FoxA transcription factor that is required to establish the foregut in embryos and to control growth and longevity after birth [2–5]. We previously identified the AAA+ ATPase homolog ruvb-1 as a potent suppressor of pha-4 mutations [6]. Results Here we show that ruvb-1 is a component of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway in C. elegans (CeTOR). Both ruvb-1 and let-363/TOR control nucleolar size and promote localization of box C/D snoRNPs to nucleoli, suggesting a role in rRNA maturation. Inactivation of let-363/TOR or ruvb-1 suppresses the lethality associated with reduced pha-4 activity. The CeTOR pathway controls protein homeostasis and also contributes to adult longevity [7, 8]. We find that pha-4 is required to extend adult lifespan in response to reduced CeTOR signaling. Mutations in the predicted CeTOR target rsks-1/S6 kinase or in ife-2/eIF4E also reduce protein biosynthesis and extend lifespan [9–11], but only rsks-1 mutations require pha-4 for adult longevity. In addition, rsks-1 , but not ife-2 , can suppress the larval lethality associated with pha-4 loss-of-function mutations. Conclusions The data suggest that pha-4 and the CeTOR pathway antagonize one another to regulate postembryonic development and adult longevity. We suggest a model in which nutrients promote TOR and S6 kinase signaling, which represses pha-4/FoxA , leading to a shorter lifespan. A similar regulatory hierarchy may function in other animals to modulate metabolism, longevity, or disease.
Race/Ethnic and Social-Demographic Correlates of Religious Non-Involvement in America: Findings From Three National Surveys

Our study investigates racial/ethnic differences in religious non-involvement using data from three national probability surveys: 2000 Social Capital Survey, 2004 National Politics Study, and the 2...
Deposition rates of high power impulse magnetron sputtering: Physics and economics

Deposition by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) is considered by some as the new paradigm of advanced sputtering technology, yet this is met with skepticism by others for the reported lower deposition rates, if compared to rates of more conventional sputtering of equal average power. In this contribution, the underlying physical reasons for the rate changes are discussed, including (i) ion return to the target and self-sputtering, (ii) the less-than-linear increase in the sputtering yield with increasing ion energy, (iii) yield changes due to the shift of species responsible for sputtering, (iv) changes due to greater film density, limited sticking, and self-sputtering on the substrate, (v) noticeable power losses in the switch module, (vi) changes in the magnetic balance and particle confinement of the magnetron due to self-fields at high current, and (vii) superposition of sputtering and sublimation/evaporation for selected materials. The situation is even more complicated for reactive systems where the target surface chemistry is a function of the reactive gas partial pressure and discharge conditions. While most of these factors imply a reduction in the normalized deposition rate, increased rates have been reported for certain conditions using hot targets and less poisoned targets. Finally, some points of economics and HIPIMS benefits are considered.
Exploring factors influencing asthma control and asthma-specific health-related quality of life among children

Background: Little is known about factors contributing to children’s asthma control status and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The study objectives were to assess the relationship between asthma control and asthmaspecific HRQoL in asthmatic children, and to examine the extent to which parental health literacy, perceived selfefficacy with patient-physician interaction, and satisfaction with shared decision-making (SDM) contribute to children’s asthma control and asthma-specific HRQoL. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data collected from a sample of asthmatic children (n = 160) aged 8–17 years and their parents (n = 160) who visited a university medical center. Asthma-specific HRQoL was selfreported by children using the National Institutes of Health’s Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Asthma Impact Scale. Satisfaction with SDM, perceived self-efficacy with patient-physician interaction, parental health literacy, and asthma control were reported by parents using standardized measures. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to test the hypothesized pathways. Results: Path analysis revealed that children with better asthma control reported higher asthma-specific HRQoL (β= 0.4, P < 0.001). Parents with higher health literacy and greater perceived self-efficacy with patient-physician interactions were associated with higher satisfaction with SDM (β = 0.38, P < 0.05; β= 0.58, P < 0.001, respectively). Greater satisfaction with SDM was in turn associated with better asthma control (β = �0.26, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Children’s asthma control status influenced their asthma-specific HRQoL. However, parental factors such as perceived self-efficacy with patient-physician interaction and satisfaction with shared decision-making indirectly influenced children’s asthma control status and asthma-specific HRQoL.
Stream Restoration Projects: A Critical Analysis of Urban Greening

Abstract Stream restoration projects are discussed in the context of their larger social purposes. Using a political ecology framework (including some of its European threads), the author explores how stream restoration initiatives have been carried out to date in the US and offers some preliminary reflections on how they could do more to advance environmental equity goals. Several aspects of how the endeavour is being carried out may inhibit progressive change, and they include: the metrics used to evaluate potential projects; the technical and managerialist construction of the problem definition; the understanding of what constitutes ‘urban;’ and the organizational aspects of stream restoration projects. While many stream restoration projects have made important contributions to their communities, a lack of comprehensive databases undermines full programme evaluation. The author concludes that both material and rhetorical dimensions of the stream restoration endeavour may be undermining the larger goals.
Attack on protectionism in the Soviet Union? A comment

Unlike the other countries in what we tend to call “the Soviet bloc,” the Soviet Union benefited financially from the oil crises of the 1970s, for it was a major petroleum and natural gas exporter. The oil crises also benefited the Soviet Union indirectly as a number of radical Third World oil producers acquired money to buy more Soviet arms. Moreover, the windfall increase in petroleum prices was supplemented by a similar windfall increase in the price of the other major Soviet export product, gold. The subsidies that the Soviet Union provided to Eastern Europe did not entail any sacrifice of resources that had been previously committed but required only that it forgo even greater gains. The politics underlying the Soviet decisions were the politics underlying the rapid expansion of export earnings.
The pathogenesis of bone erosions in gouty arthritis

The characteristic radiographic hallmarks of chronic gouty arthritis are the presence of macroscopic tophi and erosions with overhanging edges and relative preservation of the joint space. In recent years there has been more insight into the processes underlying the development of bone erosions in gouty arthritis. This review discusses the mechanical, pathological, cellular and immunological factors that may have a role in the pathogenesis of bone erosions in gouty arthritis. It highlights the evidence suggesting that monosodium urate crystal deposition is associated with the presence of underlying osteoarthritis and the important role of osteoclasts and the receptor for activation of nuclear factor κ B (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANK-RANKL) pathway in the pathogenesis of gouty erosions. Gouty arthritis is primarily driven by interleukin 1β (IL-1β). IL-1β has been implicated in bone destruction and erosions in other inflammatory arthridities. Thus, future IL-1 inhibitors may prevent and treat erosion formation due to tophaceous gouty arthritis. This review discusses imaging modalities and highlights ultrasongraphic evidence suggesting a significant relationship between the presence of the gouty tophus and bone erosions as well as the frequent presence of persistent low-grade inflammation in asymptomatic chronic tophaceous gouty arthritis on high-resolution ultrasonography. It is the tophus eroding the underlying bone that is pivotal for the development of bone erosions in gouty arthritis.
Coenzyme Q10 increases cholesterol efflux and inhibits atherosclerosis through microRNAs.

Researchers have identified a novel microRNA (miRNA) regulatory module that connects a popular vitamin-like supplement, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), to ATP-cassette transport G1 (ABCG1)-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux. CoQ10 was found to inhibit the expression of c-Jun, and thus the activity of the AP-1 complex, which was determined to be a transcriptional activator of miR-378. miR-378 directly targets ABCG1 and loss of miR-378 suppression resulted in increased cholesterol efflux and atheroprotection in mice. Here we discuss the merits of a recent study by Wang, D et al., and place their acute observations in the current landscape of miRNA regulation of cholesterol efflux and atherosclerosis.
Developing laboratory exercises for advanced welding course

The paper describes changes in the undergraduate advanced welding course at Mechanical Engineering Technology Department, Purdue University. In the past the emphasis was placed on the welding skills. However, with significant advancements in computer technology, robotics, and other sophisticated equipment, it is more likely that engineering technology students will become welding operators, supervisors, inspectors, or welding technologists rather then welders. Thus, the laboratory exercises are being modified to emphasize and reach students basic skills required for these new positions, such as quality control, welding automation, and troubleshooting skills.
Extension and source/drain design for high-performance FinFET devices

Double gate devices based upon the FinFET architecture are fabricated, with gate lengths as small as 30 nm. Particular attention is given to minimizing the parasitic series resistance. Angled extension implants and selective silicon epitaxy are investigated as methods for minimizing parasitic resistance in FinFETs. Using these two techniques high performance devices are fabricated with on-currents comparable to fully optimized bulk silicon technologies. The influence of fin thickness on device resistance and short channel effects is discussed in detail. Devices are fabricated with fins oriented in the and directions showing different transport properties.
Considerations when quantitating protein abundance by immunoblot.

The development of the immunoblot to detect and characterize a protein with an antisera, even in a crude mixture, was a breakthrough with wide-ranging and unpredictable applications across physiolo...
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Production and Measurement of Thyrotropin

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulates the production of thyroid hormones so that the serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) remain in a narrow range in the euthyroid state. These hormones have essential roles in growth; development; metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and proteins; and adaptation to the environment. This chapter will focus on the production of thyroid hormones, hypothalamic-pituitary control of the thyroid, and the use of serum thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) measurements for evaluation of thyroid function.
The Meaning of Hope and Vice Versa: Goal-Directed Thinking and the Construction of a Meaningful Life

This chapter concerns empirical and theoretical relationships between hope—particularly, Snyder’s (Psychol Inq, 13:249–275, 2002) “Hope Theory” construct—and various operationalizations of life meaning. I begin by discussing the strong empirical associations between these constructs, with research demonstrating an average correlation of.67. A further literature review provides clues regarding what role hope may play in establishing a meaningful life. Support is offered for a two-process model of establishing a meaningful life: (1) the identification of values-concordant goals and (2) the cognition and behavior necessary to pursue those goals. Given hope’s demonstrated relationships with goal pursuit, its strong relationship with meaning is likely driven by its role in the second process. I discuss the implications of this perspective for research and therapeutic endeavors.
SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTIONS

This chapter describes the social welfare functions. A particular class of collective choice rules corresponds to Arrow's social welfare functions (SWF). A social welfare function (henceforth, SWF) is a collective choice rule f the range of which is restricted to the set of or de rings over X. This restriction is to be called condition O on f Arrow's general possibility theorem consists of imposing certain conditions on a social welfare function i and showing that these conditions are mutually incompatible. The domain of the rule i must include all logically possible combinations of individual orderings. If there is some individual J who is almost decisive for any ordered pair of alternatives, then a SWF satisfying conditions U , P and I, implies that J must be a dictator.
Liquid/Solid Interfaces Studied by Ambient Pressure HAXPES

The investigation of liquid/solid interfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is still in its infancy, but several viable approaches for the characterization of these interfaces have been proposed over the last few years. Most of these schemes require the use of ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) due to the high vapor pressure of the liquids of interest. APXPS at high kinetic energies is especially valuable due to the extended mean free path of electrons at higher energies, which allows measuring liquid/solid interfaces in the presence of thicker solution layers. In this chapter we describe the basics of high-energy APXPS and review current schemes as well as application examples for the measurement of liquid/solid interfaces using photoelectron spectroscopy.
Weaving Life Across Borders: The Cham Muslim Migrants Traversing Vietnam and Malaysia

Focusing on the understudied Cham (Sunni) Muslims who live in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam , decades after Vietnam joined the market system, I found that they have sustained their century-old mobile ways of life—including retailing, fishing, and sewing—in close connection with the global Islamic community to make a living and to continue their religious studies. But a mixed picture emerges in their response to Vietnam’s labor export policy since 2002: practicing geographical agency with short-term successes but facing more risks as both men and women engage in extra local journeys, crossing borders into Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia.
Initiation of Murine Embryonic Erythropoiesis: A Spatial Analysis

Hematopoiesis in the mouse conceptus begins in the visceral yolk (VYS), with primitive erythroblasts first evident in blood islands at the headfold stage (E8.0). VYS erythropoiesis is decreased or abrogated by targeted disruption of the hematopoietic transcription factors tal-1, rbtn2, GATA-1, and GATA-2. To better understand the potential roles of these genes, and to trace the initial temporal and spatial development of mammalian embryonic hematopoiesis, we examined their expression patterns, and that of betaH1-globin, in normal mouse conceptuses by means of in situ hybridization. Attention was focused on the 36-hour period from mid-primitive streak to early somite stages (E7.25 to E8.5), when the conceptus undergoes rapid morphologic changes with formation of the yolk sac and blood islands. Each of these genes was expressed in extraembryonic mesoderm, from which blood islands are derived. This VYS expression occurred in a defined temporal sequence: tal-1 and rbtn2 transcripts were detected earlier than the others, followed by GATA-2 and GATA-1, and then by betaH1-globin. Transcripts for all of these genes were present in VYS mesoderm cell masses at the neural plate stage (E7.5), indicating commitment of these cells to the erythroid lineage before the appearance of morphologically recognizable erythroblasts. By early somite stages (E8.5), GATA-2 mRNA expression is downregulated in VYS blood islands as terminal primitive erythroid differentiation proceeds. We conclude that primitive mammalian erythropoiesis arises during gastrulation through the ordered temporal expression of tal-1, rbtn2, GATA2, and GATA-1 in a subset of extraembryonic mesoderm cells. During the stages analyzed, tal-1 and rbtn2 expression was also present in posterior embryonic mesoderm, while GATA-1 and GATA-2 expression was evident in extraembryonic tissues of ectodermal origin.
Measuring Residual Dipolar Couplings in Excited Conformational States of Nucleic Acids by CEST NMR Spectroscopy

Nucleic acids undergo structural transitions to access sparsely populated and transiently lived conformational states—or excited conformational states—that play important roles in diverse biological processes. Despite ever-increasing detection of these functionally essential states, 3D structure determination of excited states (ESs) of RNA remains elusive. This is largely due to challenges in obtaining high-resolution structural constraints in these ESs by conventional structural biology approaches. Here, we present nucleic-acid-optimized chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) NMR spectroscopy for measuring residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), which provide unique long-range angular constraints in ESs of nucleic acids. We demonstrate these approaches on a fluoride riboswitch, where one-bond 13C-1H RDCs from both base and sugar moieties provide direct structural probes into an ES of the ligand-free riboswitch.
Increasing the efficiency of single walled carbon nanotube amplification by Fe-Co catalysts through the optimization of CH4/H2 partial pressures.

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) seeds are grown using Fe–Co nanoparticles on spin-on-glass. The relative efficiency of nucleation and amplification (versus etching) was investigated as a function of the CH4/H2 feedstock ratio and growth temperature. At 900 °C, maximum amplification is obtained with CH4/H2 ratio of 80:20 but 60:40 for nucleation. Amplification is further enhanced at 800 °C, compared with etching dominating at 1000 °C. Amplification of SWNTs is in equilibrium with etching; higher carbon feedstock pressure and decreased temperature increase the rate of amplification; the converse increases etching.
A dual-chambered syringe that allows identification of the epidural space using the loss of resistance technique with air and with saline.

Background and Objectives. Each of the two most widely used techniques for identification of the epidural space, the loss of resistance technique with air and the loss of resistance technique with liquid, has certain advantages and disadvantages. A new syringe is described that has two chambers, one to contain air and the other to contain liquid, to combine the advantages of air with the advantages of liquid and to prevent the disadvantages of each. Methods. Twenty consecutive adult patients scheduled to receive epidural injections for surgery, obstetrics, or pain control were selected for study. This was an open study, and the EpIdent syringe was used as the only means of identifying the epidural space in every case. Results. The EpIdent syringe easily and effectively identified the epidural space in all of the patients, with no adverse or unpleasant side effects. Successful identification of the space was documented by the production of adequate anesthesia after the injection of an appropriate volume or local anesthetic. There were no complications. Conclusions. The successful use of the EpIdent syringe in this preliminary study of 20 patients indicates that it provides a simple, safe, and effective means of identifying the epidural space. It allows the use of a plastic syringe (instead of glass) and avoids the unpleasant or untoward effects associated with currently used loss of resistance techniques.
Toward a continuum of measurement scales in Just-in-Time (JIT) research – an examination of the predictive validity of single-item and multiple-item measures

We compare the predictive validity of single-item and multiple-item measures utilized in Just-in-Time (JIT) research. The study examines if single-item measures could be used for some of the JIT practices, especially if the object of inquiry is concrete singular and if the attribute to be researched is concrete. Arguments are developed for the concrete nature of the JIT practice of “set-up time reduction” and we examine the ability of a single-item measure of this variable to predict the criterion variable (delivery performance). In addition, the study also examines the efficacy of using multiple-item measures for variables that are abstract in nature, and thereby attempts to develop a continuum of JIT constructs ranging from concrete to abstract. The results obtained by analyzing two sets of survey data show that multiple-item measures are not necessarily more valid than single-item measures for all constructs. The findings provide evidence that multiple-item measures and single-item measures for scale development should be contingent upon the nature of constructs. For concrete constructs, single-item measures are as valid as multi-item measures. Meanwhile, for abstract constructs it is important to ensure that multiple items are considered to capture the multi-dimensional nature of these constructs. Results also reveal that JIT practices display significant differences in terms of abstract/concrete perceptions. The paper presents theoretical and practical implications of the findings, and offers directions for future research.
Comparison of long-term outcomes of bare-metal and paclitaxel-eluting stents in New York.

Aims Bare-metal stents (BMS) as the first-generation coronary stent and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) as a first-generation drug-eluting stent have been employed in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the long-term comparative effectiveness of BMS versus PES in real practice remains unclear. To assess long-term outcomes for patients undergoing PCI with either BMS or PES placement and to determine comparative effectiveness of BMS versus PES in six ‘off-label’ and two ‘high-risk’ patient subgroups. Methods and results A longitudinal database was created by linking the New York State cardiac registries, statewide hospital discharge data, the National Death Index and the US Census file (2010) for patients undergoing PCI with BMS or PES placement in 2006 and 2007. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), target vessel PCI (TVPCI) and target vessel coronary artery bypass graft (TVCABG) surgery for a 5.5-year follow-up period. A total of 13 879 propensity score matched pairs were compared with respect to outcomes using Kaplan–Meier method with further adjustment using Cox proportional hazards regression. At 5.5 years, PES use was associated with significantly lower mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 0.73, 95% confidence interval : 0.69–0.77), AMI (AHR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83–0.98), TVPCI (AHR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86–0.99) and TVCABG (AHR, 0.63, 95% CI: 0.53–0.74). For ‘off-label’ and ‘high-risk’ subgroups, PES was associated with lower mortality and improved/similar AMI, TVPCI and TVCABG rates relative to BMS. Conclusions Compared with BMS, PES was associated with improved mortality and better or comparable AMI, TVPCI and TVCABG outcomes at 5.5 years.
Papadu (fl. 1695–1710): social banditry in Mughal Telangana

Captured and executed by Mughal authorities in 1710 as a highwayman and bandit, Papadu would become celebrated in local memory as a hero who boldly defied imperial authority, indeed, most any authority. When the Bahmani sultanate broke up into five regional kingdoms in the early sixteenth century, the kingdom whose borders most closely coincided with those of a pre-Bahmani state was the easternmost, the Qutb Shahi sultanate of Golkonda. By 1589, the Qutb Shahi house felt sufficiently secure in its position that Ibrahim's successor, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, planned and laid out a new, unwalled city, Hyderabad, which was built across the Musi River just several miles from Golkonda fort. The story of Papadu's exploits raises a number of questions about the meteoric career of this Telangana toddy-tapper and the society in which he lived. In his comparative studies of peasant rebellions, historian Eric Hobsbawm formulated the notion of the 'social bandit'.
A Work Sampling Assessment of the Nursing Delivery of Palliative Care in Ambulatory Cancer Centers

Background:Most cancer care occurs within infusion rooms at ambulatory cancer centers, which are staffed by RNs administering chemotherapies and other cancer care medications. Many patients receiving these therapies have basic palliative care needs that could be addressed by the RNs. However, the ex
The 1912 Yale Peruvian Scientific Expedition Collections from Machu Picchu, Metal Artifacts

This book, in one sense, has been long-awaited, since the materials described in this volume were indeed excavated in 1912, and some were the subject of a seminal but now largely forgotten paper by...
Basic Process Cooperation

This chapter deals with simple process cooperation; it introduces the second type of resource synchronization, the producer-consumer resource synchronization. This type of resource synchronization is useful in modeling many interesting practical problems.
The Michelson-Morley Experiment

The Michelson-Morley experiment is described and placed in the context of the material aether saga: can Earth and/or Aether motion be measured? The principle of relativity is introduced; all places in the Universe are equivalent and only relative motion is observable. Natural constants are time independent. The cosmic microwave background provides a preferred ‘Mach-ian’ reference frame.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Delinquency in a High-Risk Sample: A Comparison of White and Black Youth

Research shows that adverse events experienced during childhood (i.e., adverse childhood experiences [ACEs]) are problematic, but few studies have examined race differences in the prevalence and impact of ACEs on delinquency. This study investigated these relationships using prospective data from approximately 600 high-risk families in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Ten ACEs were measured, five types of child maltreatment and five types of household dysfunction. White youth experienced a significantly greater number of ACEs (4.08) compared to Black youth (2.90) and a greater prevalence of seven individual ACEs. According to logistic regression analyses, the number of ACEs significantly increased the likelihood of self-reported alcohol use, marijuana use, violence (in some models), and arrest at age 16 among Blacks but not Whites; race differences were statistically significant for alcohol use, marijuana use, and arrest. The findings support the need for juvenile justice officials to ...
Prophylactic Ureteral Stent Placement vs No Ureteral Stent Placement During Open Colectomy.

This cohort study compares the outcomes of open colectomy with ureteral stenting with the outcomes of open colectomy without ureteral stenting.
Doubly Connected Regions

Some well-known numerical methods for approximating conformal mapping of doubly regions onto an annulus or the unit disk are presented. There is a definite need for a simple yet accurate method for mapping a general doubly connected region onto a circular annulus. According to Kantorovich and Krylov (1958, p. 362) the problem of finding the conformal modulus is ‘one of the difficult problems of the theory of conformal transformation’. As such, analytic solutions have been determined for a very restricted class of doubly connected regions, like those mentioned in Muskhelishvili (1963, §48). Numerical solutions are also confined to a limited class of regions where either one boundary is circular or axisymmetric. Most common methods use integral equations, iterations, polynomial approximations, and kernels. We shall develop Symm’s integral equations and the related orthonormal polynomial method. A dipole formulation that leads to the method of reduction of connectivity shall be presented. Another useful method for multiply connected regions, based on Mikhlin’s integral equation, that also works for simply and doubly connected regions as well will be discussed in Chapter 13.
Impacts of a Vegetable Cooking Skills Program Among Low-Income Parents and Children.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of a vegetable-focused cooking skills and nutrition program on parent and child psychosocial measures, vegetable liking, variety, and home availability. Design Baseline and postcourse surveys collected 1-week after the course. Setting Low-income communities in Minneapolis–St Paul. Participants Parent–child dyads (n = 89; one third each Hispanic, African American, and white) with complete pre-post course data; flyer and e-mail recruitment. Intervention(s) Six 2-hour-weekly sessions including demonstration, food preparation, nutrition education lessons, and a meal. Main Outcome Measures Parental cooking confidence and barriers, food preparation/resource management, child self-efficacy and cooking attitudes, vegetable liking, vegetable variety, and vegetable home availability. Analysis Pre-post changes analyzed with paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results were significant at P Results Increased parental cooking confidence (4.0 to 4.4/5.0), healthy food preparation (3.6 to 3.9/5.0), child self-efficacy (14.8 to 12.4; lower score = greater self-efficacy), vegetable variety (30 to 32/37 for parent, 22 to 24/37 for child), and home vegetable availability (16 to 18/35) (all P Conclusions and Implications A short-term evaluation of a vegetable-focused cooking and nutrition program for parents and children showed improvements in psychosocial factors, variety, and home availability.
Analysis of hole expansion limit through biaxial test

Abstract Predicting failure of a material is one of a challenge in the metal forming area. Also advancement of a material for higher strength and ductility could not be achieved without bringing the complexities at the micro level. This complexity at the micro level is due to the multi phases in a material. Due to which it creates the heterogeneity in a material which hugely affects the mechanical behaviour and creates a challenge on determining the limits of the material and their failure characteristics. In this paper hole expansion technique is investigated to observe the limits of a material. Hole expansion process is one of the material mechanical characterization method which provides the material edge characteristics during forming/stretching. The specimen used in this process was cruciform shape with hole at the centre. The specimen arms were then pulled to create the three deformation modes i.e., uniaxial, plane strain and biaxial. The strain evolution for the critical element in all three deformation modes was analysed. Also the hole expansion was monitored for the whole process. From the results it was observed that the critical element predicts the forming limit however hole expansion predicts the fracture behaviour of the material and found one of the useful tool to predict the fracture limit.
PET/MRI for clinical pediatric oncologic imaging

PET/MRI has significant potential advantages over PET/CT for use in pediatric populations including decreasing radiation dose, reducing exposure to sedation and anesthesia, reducing the need for gadolinium-based MR contrast agents, and increasing convenience to children and their families through combining PET and MRI acquisition into a single imaging session. PET/MRI is a clinical reality and is in routine use at a number of academic centers as well as in a few private practices with some centers performing pediatric imaging. Although promising, PET/MRI for pediatric oncology faces significant challenges including the high cost and relatively limited availability of PET/MRI systems, the lack of standardization across centers, limited evidence demonstrating the superiority of PET/MRI compared to PET/CT and other imaging modalities, and variable institutional utilization of PET and whole-body MR imaging in the diagnostic evaluation of children with cancer.
Gene-regulatory independent functions for insect DNA methylation

Abstract The function of cytosine (DNA) methylation in insects remains unknown. Here we provide evidence for the functional role of the maintenance DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) in an insect using experimental manipulation. Through RNA interference (RNAi) we successfully post-transcriptionally knocked down Dnmt1 in ovarian tissue of the hemipteran Oncopeltus fasciatus (the large milkweed bug). Individuals depleted for Dnmt1, and subsequently DNA methylation, failed to reproduce. Eggs were inviable and declined in number, and nuclei structure of follicular epithelium was aberrant. Depletion of DNA methylation did not result in changes in gene or transposable element expression revealing an important function of DNA methylation seemingly not contingent on gene expression. Our work provides direct experimental evidence for a functional role of Dnmt1 and DNA methylation independent of gene expression in insects.
The Justification for Protecting Reasonable Expectations

II. THE REASONS FOR PROTECTING REASONABLE EXPECTATIONS 867 A. Deontology 867 B. Corrective Justice 869 C. Distributive Justice 875 D. Intuitive Justice 877 E. Teleology 879 F. Economics 881 G. Miscellaneous 883