cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Admission Characteristics of Indian and White Alcoholic Patients in a Rural Mental Hospital

A group of 58 American Indian alcoholic admissions and a group of 211 White alcoholic admissions to a California State Mental Hospital were interviewed utilizing a 141-item interview scale. The two groups were compared as to their responses to the interview items by a series of one-way analyses of variance. Statistically significant differences were found on demographic, socioeconomic, hospitalization, drinking and friendship pattern variables. The results are discussed with reference to data reliability, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The study's findings are also related to an apparent need for the education of police and native Americans in the area concerning treatment resources available to native American problem drinkers.
Learning overcomplete sparsifying transforms for signal processing

Adaptive sparse representations have been very popular in numerous applications in recent years. The learning of synthesis sparsifying dictionaries has particularly received much attention, and such adaptive dictionaries have been shown to be useful in applications such as image denoising, and magnetic resonance image reconstruction. In this work, we focus on the alternative sparsifying transform model, for which sparse coding is cheap and exact, and study the learning of tall or overcomplete sparsifying transforms from data. We propose various penalties that control the sparsifying ability, condition number, and incoherence of the learnt transforms. Our alternating algorithm for transform learning converges empirically, and significantly improves the quality of the learnt transform over the iterations. We present examples demonstrating the promising performance of adaptive overcomplete transforms over adaptive overcomplete synthesis dictionaries learnt using K-SVD, in the application of image denoising.
Predicting litter and live herb fuel consumption during prescribed fires in native and old-field upland pine communities of the southeastern United States

The ability to predict fuel consumption during fires is essential for a wide range of applications, including estimation of fire effects and fire emissions. This project identified predictors of fu...
Utilizing the BitTorrent DHT for blind rendezvous and information exchange

This paper introduces a moving target blind rendezvous system leveraging the BitTorrent Distributed Hash Table (DHT) to securely locate other nodes in a distributed system and to exchange information without a single point of failure. We leverage cryptographic constructions such as Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange and secure hashing functions, as well as the immense size of the BitTorrent DHT swarm to build this secure system. We require a minimal amount of pre-shared information and additionally allow that pre-shared information to be publicly available in the form of public keys. Our goal in this work is to provide a means of secure information dissemination that improves the capability of privacy focused and censorship avoidance systems.
Mean-free-path dependence of κ 2 in clean superconductors

The slope of magnetization curve near the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$ has been measured for $\mathrm{Nb} \mathrm{Ta}$ alloys in order to study systematically the deviations from the Eilenberger theory in the clean limit. $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ values determined from these slopes, ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}$, agree well with the theory for $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ greater than 1.0, but the measurements lie well above the theory for $\ensuremath{\kappa}l1.0$. A study of pure V, as well as these alloys, shows that $\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ rather than $\frac{\ensuremath{\xi}}{{l}_{\mathrm{tr}}}$ is the important parameter governing the magnitude of the deviation.
Framework of Construction Innovation: A Review of Diffusion of Sustainable Innovation in the Building Sector

The use of different theoretical frameworks and models of construction innovations is based on the particular characteristics of the construction work, including the types and modes of innovations, the “players” involved in the projects, and other influences. Recently, some new models have adopted new perspectives and approaches, such as socio-psychological perspectives, sociology of technology approaches, and actor-network theory. Some models were empirically tested with specific technological and non-technological innovations in architectural and engineering design firms. The goal of this study is to explore how sustainable innovations in the building sector can be understood through diffusion of innovation theories. To do so, previously proposed frameworks and models are critically reviewed; then, empirical studies are synthesized to find (in)consistencies in the literature. As a result, this study clarifies the commonalities and dissimilarities of the suggested models of construction innovation and discusses how different models supplement each other and can be combined. Attention to the process of adopting sustainable construction innovations reveals common challenges of sustainability, as well as leverage points where stakeholders can intervene in the building sector for sustainability. In the end, through the proposed theoretical framework, future research that can facilitate the adoption of sustainable innovation is suggested.
Fast optical signal not detected in awake behaving monkeys

In awake monkeys during visual stimulation, we were able to measure hemodynamic responses and visual evoked potentials with optimal SNR, but failed to detect any fast optical signal. The usefulness of this signal is questioned.
Intelligent Automated Cure Processing of Polyimides

An intelligent, closed-loop expert system has been developed for the widely used high performance polyimide PMR-15. This expert system has been used for intelligent, automated sensor/model control of the fabrication of flat panels in both the autoclave and the thermal press. Panels have been made, ranging in thickness from less than 1/8 inch to 1/4 inch, using PMR-15 prepreg. Various prepreg samples have been used, ranging in age from fresh to one year old under freezer storage conditions. These materials exhibit significantly different processing properties as a result of the aging process. This expert system uses in-situ Frequency Dependent Electromagnetic Sensing (FDEMS), the Loos processing model for PMR-15, and the Qualitative Processing Automation Language (QPAL) software shell developed by Frances Abrams in conjunction with the Universal Technology Corporation for the United States Air Force. The Loos model is used to predict and optimize the PMR-15 cure process prior to actual panel fabrication. This optimization includes the time-temperature dependence of the extent of reaction, flow, and part consolidation. The FDEMS sensing system in turn monitors in-situ the removal of solvent, changes in viscosity and temperature, reaction advancement, and completion of cure of the composite part continuously throughout the fabrication process. The real-time sensor data is compared with the optimum processing conditions determined by the Loos processing model The QPAL component of the expert system breaks the total cure process down into a series of discrete processing subtasks, or steps. Each episode compares the actual state of the curing resin with the ‘ideal’ cure profile as determined through prior experimentation and use of the Loos processing model. It provides a language for making decisions on subsequent adjustments to the temperature and the pressure controllers of the thermal press or the autoclave. These adjustments are based on the achievement or the avoidance of a series of processing states during a given fabrication process. The new process control setpoints are then sent via the FDEMS component interface to the autoclave or press controller. The use of this intelligent, automated sensor-model system to optimize and to control the cure process of fresh and aged PMR-15 prepreg will be discussed.
High doses of intravenous immunoglobulin do not affect the recognition phase of the classical complement pathway

We have recently found that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) prevents deposition of C3 and C4 fragments onto antibody sensitized erythrocytes. To find out if such an effect results from the blockade of the recognition phase of the classical complement cascade, we investigated the ability of human serum containing high concentrations of IVIg to deposit the recognition subunit of the first complement component (C1q) onto targets. Normal human serum supplemented in vitro with IVIg did not demonstrate reduced C1q binding to targets as determined by radiolabeled antihuman C1q antibody uptake. Similarly, methylamine-treated normal human serum to which IVIg was added was equally effective in terms of C1q binding as the same serum without IVIg. At increasing doses of sensitizing antibody, C1q uptake decreased proportionally; however, at all antibody dilution points C1q uptake was not significantly different in the serum with IVIg in comparison with normal serum. Serum from a patient treated with IVIg did not differ in its capacity to deposit C1q from the same patient's serum before therapy. Our data suggest that IVIg does not interfere with the recognition step of classical complement pathway. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Neuroimaging Abnormalities with Hypoglossal Nerve Palsies

Seven patients with acute or chronic unilateral hypoglossal nerve lesions were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. In the patients with acute to subacute paralysis of the tongue, the base of the ipsilateral side of the tongue appeared expanded with increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. This appearance suggested an infiltrative mass lesion within the tongue. These radiographic findings are due to the pathophysiological process of nerve injury and muscle denervation.
Medical histories and psychological profiles of middle-aged women with and without self-reported illness from environmental chemicals

Background: Cacosmia, which is a predictor of cognitive deficits in industrial samples, is a core symptom of several controversial syndromes. Previous studies of cacosmic populations have considered only psychiatric but not medical or family histories of identified patients. Methods: This questionnaire survey study examined subjective characteristics of illness from chemical odors, sensitivity to chemicals, psychological and stress profiles, and medical, psychiatric, and family health histories of 28 middle-aged women with cacosmia in selfreported poor health attributed to chemicals (MCS), 17 controls with cacosmia in good health, and 20 normal controls without cacosmia in good health. Results: Those with MCS rated themselves in significantly poorer overall health with higher Pennebaker symptom scores, a larger number of chemical triggers, and greater frequency of illness from chemicals than the other two groups, even after controlling for variables on which the groups differed (i.e., education, Symptom Checklist-90 [revised] somatization, obsessivecompulsiveness, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, psychoticism, Barsky Somatic Symptom Amplification, and Cheek-Buss shyness). Despite increased levels of affective distress, those with MCS reported the greatest intolerance for alcohol and the lowest alcohol consumption. Conclusion: The data suggest that women with MCS report increased disability, multiple medical diagnoses including inflammatory and gynecologic dysfunctions, and psychological distress. The data are consistent descriptively with the phenomenology of somatization disorder, However, the persisting significance of group health rating differences after controlling for psychological variables, the lack of differences in life stress ratings between those with MCS and healthy cacosmics, the later age at onset (60% after age 30 years), and the lack of excess family psychiatric histories in this sample of women with MCS suggest a potential role for an organic factor in the evolution of poor health in certain cacosmics
Oral reflections of infectious diseases. II.

The bacterial infection of the mouth which is the most common and at the same time relatively uncommon is acute necrotizing gingivitis. The clinical picture is diagnostic. Syphilis may be manifested orally by the chancre of primary disease, the maculopapular eruption and mucous patch of the secondary stage, or the atrophic glossitis and gumma of tertiary syphilis. An unusual manifestation of tertiary syphilis is mandibular atrophy.
The Olfactory Systems

The 1990s became the decade that olfactory neuroscience showed extraordinary development. Now we have much better understanding of how we distinguish various odors and how the signaling pathways are in the brain. We also know that the olfactory system is not a single system but it is a group of systems in the nasal cavity that respond to chemical compounds. It has been believed for decades that pheromones are received at the vomeronasal organ and the signaling pathway from there reaches to hypothalamus and activates GnRH neurons, however, recent studies have determined that the pathway that reaches to GnRH neurons starts from the main olfactory epithelium. There are pheromones that have receptors in the accessory olfactory system releasing behaviors. The responses to odors/pheromones are not always the same but they change at the sensory neuron level and these changes are regulated by hormones. It is a chemical signaling process.
Iterative inverse source reconstruction in elastic inhomogeneous media with application to transcranial photoacoustic tomography

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is an emerging computed imaging modality that exploits optical contrast and ultrasonic detection principles to form images of the absorbed optical energy density within tissue. The PACT reconstruction problem corresponds to a time-domain inverse source problem, where the initial pressure distribution is recovered from the wavefield recorded on a measurement aperture located outside the support of the source. A major challenge in transcranial PACT brain imaging is to compensate for aberrations in the measured photoacoustic data due to their propagation through the skull. The transmission of ultrasonic waves through the skull induces strong changes to the photoacoustic wavefield through the processes of absorption, scattering, and longitudinal-to-shear wave mode conversion. To properly account for these effects, a wave equation-based inversion method should be employed that can model the heterogeneous elastic properties of the medium.
Adverse drug reactions in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest.

Background:Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves survival and neurologic function in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Many medications used to support TH have altered pharmacokinetics and phar...
Depleting stabilized GOF mutant p53 proteins by inhibiting molecular folding chaperones: a new promise in cancer therapy.

Depleting stabilized GOF mutant p53 proteins by inhibiting molecular folding chaperones: a new promise in cancer therapy
PPARγ ligands regulate the invasion of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells.

B92 Prostate cancer is a disease that affects one-third of the United States male population. African American men have the highest incidence of prostate cancer and are more likely to die from the disease as compared to Caucasian men. To decrease the prostate cancer morbidity rate among African Americans in the United States, more effective treatments for prostate cancer must be identified. Our group and others have shown that ligands for the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a part of the nuclear receptor superfamily, inhibit the growth of human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. PPARγ ligands have also been shown to play a role in the invasion and metastasis of breast, colon, and lung cancers. However, it is not known if PPARγ ligands regulate the processes required for the formation of distant prostate cancer metastases. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of PPARγ ligands on the invasion of the androgen-independent PC-3 and C4-2 human prostate cancer cell lines. Through Boyden chamber invasion assays, we found that growth inhibitory concentrations of PPARγ ligands ciglitazone, troglitazone and rosiglitazone inhibit the invasion of androgen-independent cells through Matrigel. It has been shown that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and tumor cell invasion, is up-regulated in advanced prostate cancer cells. To test the hypothesis that PPARγ ligands inhibit cell invasion by altering the PI3K pathway, we examined the effects of PPARγ ligands on the expression and/or activation of PI3K signaling proteins Akt and p70 S6 kinase. Western blot analysis was used to detect alterations in kinase activation and total kinase levels. In PC-3 cells, ciglitazone, troglitazone and rosiglitazone reduced p70 S6 kinase activation, as measured by a decrease in p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation. However, they did not regulate Akt activation or total Akt protein levels. Another protein, AMP-activated associated kinase (AMPK) has been shown to negatively regulate the PI3K pathway by inhibiting p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation. In PC-3 cells exposed to the PPARγ ligand ciglitazone, there was an increase in AMPK activation prior to the decrease in p70 S6 kinase activation. These data suggest that PPARγ ligands elicit anti-invasion effects in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells by altering the activation of p70 S6 kinase via AMPK. Supported by U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Prostate Cancer Research Program New Investigator Award (W81XWH-05-1-0605) and the MMC-VICC U54 Cancer Partnership Grant.
Coffeehouses, Urban Spaces, and the Formation of a Public Sphere in Safavid Isfahan

This essay examines the urban topography, physical structure, and social context of coffeehouses in Safavid Iran (1501–1722), particularly in the capital city of Isfahan. Through a reconstruction of the architecture and urban configuration of coffeehouses, the essay shows how, as an utterly novel institution, the coffeehouse opened up a new sphere of public life, engendered new conceptions of urbanity, and altered the social meaning of urban spaces. The essay will specifically focus on the drinking houses that existed in the Maydan-i Naqsh-i Jahan and Khiyaban-i Chaharbagh, the grand urban spaces of seventeenth-century Isfahan. The remaining physical traces, together with textual and visual evidence, permit us to reconstruct Isfahan’s major coffeehouses. This analysis not only reveals a less-appreciated aspect of urbanity in the age of Shah ʿAbbas (r. 1587–1629) but also elucidates the ways in which the public spaces of Safavid Isfahan contained and shaped novel social practices particular to the early modern age.
The Seeds of Kinship Theory in the Abrahamic Religions

In the Abrahamic religions, Delaney suggests that all kinship is spiritual due to beliefs about procreation found in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim scriptures. The creative power of God is symbolically transferred to men in procreation. The male provides the seed, which encapsulates the soul and identity of a child, while the female is imagined as either fertile or barren, like the earth, that which was created by God. This monogenetic belief generates definitions of “father” and “mother,” patriarchal descent, and gender relations across all three of the Abrahamic religions.
Evidence that DNA polymerase δ contributes to initiating leading strand DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

To investigate nuclear DNA replication enzymology in vivo, we have studied Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains containing a pol2-16 mutation that inactivates the catalytic activities of DNA polymerase e (Pol e). Although pol2-16 mutants survive, they present very tiny spore colonies, increased doubling time, larger than normal cells, aberrant nuclei, and rapid acquisition of suppressor mutations. These phenotypes reveal a severe growth defect that is distinct from that of strains that lack only Pol e proofreading (pol2-4), consistent with the idea that Pol e is the major leading-strand polymerase used for unstressed DNA replication. Ribonucleotides are incorporated into the pol2-16 genome in patterns consistent with leading-strand replication by Pol δ when Pol e is absent. More importantly, ribonucleotide distributions at replication origins suggest that in strains encoding all three replicases, Pol δ contributes to initiation of leading-strand replication. We describe two possible models.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Determination of Lead Extracted from Acid-Solubilized Tissues

A method is presented for determining lead in a variety of tissues. Lyophilized samples are solubilized with nitric acid at room temperature in glass screw-cap culture tubes. Following neutralization with sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate, the lead is extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone as the pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Brain, heart, liver, lung, and spleen gave recoveries ranging from 92 to 102% with standard deviations of less than 8%. Aorta, kidney, and rib were unsuitable for analysis by this method. A large number of samples can be analyzed without specialized equipment or intricate experimental steps. The detection limit is 35 ng/g tissue (wet weight) and sensitivity is approximately 140 ng/g tissue (wet weight).
Overview: Climate Change Adaptation in the Urban Environment

This overview chapter considers five questions that cut across the four case studies in the section to follow: Why are urban environments of particular interest? What does an “urban environment” mean as a focus for adaptation actions? What do we know about climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation potentials in urban areas? What can we expect in the future with adaptation in urban areas? And what is happening with climate change adaptation in urban areas?
Rhinosinusitis Without Polyposis

There are more than 30 million cases of sinusitis annually in the United States, with direct cost of managing acute and chronic sinusitis exceeding $11 billion per year. Recurrent ARS (RARS) is defined as at least three or four or more annual episodes of ARS, with symptom-free periods in between episodes. For RARS, some investigations can be considered to rule out complications or to evaluate for other factors that may contribute to the development of or modify the management of this condition such as allergic or nonallergic rhinitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, ciliary dyskinesia, and immunodeficiency. Chronic rhinitis affects upward of 70 million individuals in the United States making it one of the most prevalent medical disorders in the country and therefore the most common underlying condition associated with rhinosinusitis as a comorbidity. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose and treat chronic rhinitis correctly in order to prevent or reduce episodes of rhinosinusitis. In this chapter, we present a case of RARS and a case of chronic rhinitis complicated by rhinosinusitis followed by discussions including definitions, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options based on current guidelines.
Examining housing discrimination across race, gender and felony history

Those who have been convicted of crimes are subjected to a stigma that affects many aspects of their social lives. The “felon” label brings collateral consequences that make it difficult to obtain ...
NEUROANATOMICAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE AND DYSLEXIA

ABSTRACT The understanding of the anatomical organization of the brain in developmental dyslexia constitutes a requirement if a unified research approach to this problem is to be undertaken. Securing anatomical data, however, may be difficult unless brain banks are established. The study of one brain of a patient with dyslexia has shown that congenital malformations of cortical structures related to language function may be present. It appears, therefore, important to increase our understanding of the normal anatomical organization of language, of factors contributing to its disorganization before birth, as well as the factors involved in its recovery and plasticity. Issues of anatomical lateralization which are apt to play a role are discussed.
Daylight exposure modulates bacterial communities associated with household dust

Microbial communities associated with indoor dust abound in the built environment. The transmission of sunlight through windows is a key building design consideration, but the effects of light exposure on dust communities remain unclear. We report results of an experiment and computational models designed to assess the effects of light exposure and wavelengths on the structure of the dust microbiome. Specifically, we placed household dust in replicate model “rooms” with windows that transmitted visible, ultraviolet, or no light and measured taxonomic compositions, absolute abundances, and viabilities of the resulting bacterial communities. Light exposure per se led to lower abundances of viable bacteria and communities that were compositionally distinct from dark rooms, suggesting preferential inactivation of some microbes over others under daylighting conditions. Differences between communities experiencing visible and ultraviolet light wavelengths were relatively minor, manifesting primarily in abundances of dead human-derived taxa. Daylighting was associated with the loss of a few numerically dominant groups of related microorganisms and apparent increases in the abundances of some rare groups, suggesting that a small number of microorganisms may have exhibited modest population growth under lighting conditions. Although biological processes like population growth on dust could have generated these patterns, we also present an alternate statistical explanation using sampling models from ecology; simulations indicate that artefactual, apparent increases in the abundances of very rare taxa may be a null expectation following the selective inactivation of dominant microorganisms in a community. Our experimental and simulation-based results indicate that dust contains living bacterial taxa that can be inactivated following changes in local abiotic conditions and suggest that the bactericidal potential of ordinary window-filtered sunlight may be similar to ultraviolet wavelengths across dosages that are relevant to real buildings.
Adverse fat depots, marrow adiposity, and skeletal deficits in long-term survivors of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

10073 Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT) survivors treated with total body irradiation (TBI) exhibit bone deficits and excess adiposity, potentially related t...
Increasing Patient and Student Nurse Safety Using Safe Patient Handling

Abstract Background Although hospitals in New York State have instituted safe patient handling programs as a response to a legislative mandate, evidence indicates nursing schools have lagged behind with these changes and are teaching outdated information. The purpose of this change project was to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention (didactic and hands-on) to improve nursing student knowledge and safe use of patient handling equipment currently found in the clinical setting. Method Nursing students were provided small group educational sessions over a six-week period at an associate degree nursing school in New York. Open laboratory practice sessions for safe patient handling were provided. Results The nursing students (N = 34) completed pre- and post-tests to determine improvement in knowledge and were required to complete a competency on equipment use. Conclusion The educational intervention resulted in improved nursing student knowledge and the demonstration of safe use of patient handling equipment.
When Lab Mice Go Wild, Fungi Are in Play.

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Yeung et al. (2020) and Lin et al. (2020) expose laboratory mice to a natural environment and use immune and microbiota characterization to show that fungi promote more human-like immunity. These studies will help develop animal models to more accurately resemble human immune responses.
Trends in ALK inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer.

e14046Background: Rearrangements in the gene encoding anaplastic lymphocyte kinase (ALK) are found in 3%–5% of patients. Treatment options have significantly expanded with ALK inhibitor drug approv...
Who Has Legal Responsibility for Safety and Security in Hotels Versus Home Sharing

This chapter analyzes the laws and regulations related to hotels and home sharing, in particular examining the responsibility for guest’s personal safety and security, but also hotels’ (or hosts’) protections from guests’ actions. Hotels and home-sharing services are subject to entirely different regulatory schemes. This is attributable to home sharing being a relatively new Internet-based service, and, therefore, considered differently than hotels under the law. As a result, local jurisdictions are stepping in to try to regulate home sharing. This analysis reveals two key points. First, hotels offer public accommodations that are among the most highly regulated of any private business, ensuring accountability for safety and security, as well as nondiscrimination, access, and other public values. Indeed, one might think of hotels as quasi-public, a concept that is reflected in the term “public accommodation.” Second, home sharing, in contrast, is almost entirely unregulated; accountability is left to customers to carry out, in the form of taking affirmative steps to protect their own safety and security and/or posting complaints and negative reviews. Even if localities have tried to fill the gaps, this chapter illustrates how current public policy shifts the responsibility for a guest’s safety and security shifts from the entity providing the space to the individual using the space.
The seasonal phases of an Arctic lagoon reveal the discontinuities of pH variability and CO 2 flux at the air–sea interface

Abstract. The western Arctic Ocean, including its shelves and coastal habitats, has become a focus in ocean acidification research over the past decade as the colder waters of the region and the reduction of sea ice appear to promote the uptake of excess atmospheric CO2 . Due to seasonal sea ice coverage, high-frequency monitoring of pH or other carbonate chemistry parameters is typically limited to infrequent ship-based transects during ice-free summers. This approach has failed to capture year-round nearshore carbonate chemistry dynamics which is modulated by biological metabolism in response to abundant allochthonous organic matter to the narrow shelf of the Beaufort Sea and adjacent regions. The coastline of the Beaufort Sea comprises a series of lagoons that account for > 50 % of the land–sea interface. The lagoon ecosystems are novel features that cycle between “open” and “closed” phases (i.e., ice-free and ice-covered, respectively). In this study, we collected high-frequency pH, salinity, temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurements in association with the Beaufort Lagoon Ecosystems – Long Term Ecological Research program – for an entire calendar year in Kaktovik Lagoon, Alaska, USA, capturing two open-water phases and one closed phase. Hourly pH variability during the open-water phases are some of the fastest rates reported, exceeding 0.4 units. Baseline pH varied substantially between the open phase in 2018 and open phase in 2019 from ∼ 7.85 to 8.05, respectively, despite similar hourly rates of change. Salinity–pH relationships were mixed during all three phases, displaying no correlation in the 2018 open phase, a negative correlation in the 2018/19 closed phase, and a positive correlation during the 2019 open phase. The high frequency of pH variability could partially be explained by photosynthesis–respiration cycles as correlation coefficients between daily average pH and PAR were 0.46 and 0.64 for 2018 and 2019 open phases, respectively. The estimated annual daily average CO2 efflux (from sea to atmosphere) was 5.9 ± 19.3 mmol m - 2 d - 1 , which is converse to the negative influx of CO2 estimated for the coastal Beaufort Sea despite exhibiting extreme variability. Considering the geomorphic differences such as depth and enclosure in Beaufort Sea lagoons, further investigation is needed to assess whether there are periods of the open phase in which lagoons are sources of carbon to the atmosphere, potentially offsetting the predicted sink capacity of the greater Beaufort Sea.
The Populist Impact: The People’s Party and the Green Party

The Brexit Referendum and the 2016 election in the United States upended traditional political marketing and branding techniques, not to mention an extended era of politically correct executive leader discourse. But Canada has seen this as well, with the election of Rob Ford in Toronto, the 2015 niqab debate, and more politicians speaking out unfiltered through their own social media channels. This chapter considers the 2019 election as a test of whether populist and nationalist themes, kept relatively isolated in recent Canadian elections, are used as election tactics. It considers the failures of both the People’s Party and Maxime Bernier, and the Green Party and Elizabeth May, in capturing either right wing or left wing populism around issues such immigration and the environment, during an era that seems ripe for these kinds of appeals. The chapter raises the question of whether in Canadian political culture, given the resilience of non-partisan voters and the lack of party identification, these types of appeals are effective.
Epidemiology of subclinical hypocalcemia in early-lactation Holstein cows

Hypocalcemia is one of the most common periparturient abnormalities afflicting dairy cows. The disorder is frequently divided into a clinical (i.e., parturient paresis) and a subclinical state, with the latter receiving much recent research attention. For classification purposes, subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) should be defined as low blood Ca concentrations that are associated with periparturient health disorders, poorer production and reproduction outcomes, or both, without associated signs of postpartum paresis. Our objective was to characterize the epidemiology of SCH in Holstein cows by assessing the temporal associations of plasma Ca concentrations in the first 4 days-in-milk (DIM) with the risk of cows being diagnosed with metritis/and or displaced abomasum in the first 60 DIM and milk production across the first 15 wk of lactation.
Surface instabilities of constrained elastomeric layers subject to electro-static stressing

Abstract Surface instabilities on the top surface of a soft elastomeric dielectric layer bonded on its bottom to a stiff substrate are investigated for two electro-static conditions: (I) a voltage difference imposed across the top and bottom surfaces of the layer which are both conducting, and (II) a voltage difference imposed across a rigid planar electrode above the layer and the conducting top surface of the layer. In the absence of surface energy, the critical voltage associated with the onset of instability of the planar state is shown to be a surface mode with any wavelength that is short compared to the layer thickness. With no layer pre-stretch and no surface energy, the uniform state in (I) has hydrostatic compression while that of (II) has hydrostatic tension, nevertheless the critical voltage is the same for both problems if the permittivity is the same for both systems. The role of equi-biaxial pre-stretch and surface energy is presented for both problems for neo-Hookean materials and for the Gent generalization. The thrust of the study is the investigation of the post-bifurcation behavior involving nonlinear interactions among the simultaneous surface modes associated with the critical voltage. The post-bifurcation response of Problem I is a crease-like mode with the top surface probing downward towards the lower surface. The opposite occurs for Problem II with the formation of a sharp ridge protruding towards the upper electrode. The bifurcation behavior is highly unstable leading to an extreme sensitivity to small imperfections. The study complements earlier work and highlights unresolved issues.
Abstract 2919: Novel pre-clinical model to identify genetic modifiers of triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with poor outcomes. This is a grave clinical challenge for the ~30,000 patients diagnosed with this disease every year. Discovering genetic modifiers of differential TNBC vulnerability and disease progression is critical to improving predictive and personalized treatments. We hypothesized that using a well-established recombinant inbred strain, novel genetic modifiers of TNBC risk and aggression will be identified. The C3(1)-T antigen (C3Tag) genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) recapitulates many facets of human basal-like TNBC to demonstrate promoting effects of exposures on tumor phenotypes. However, GEMM are highly constrained by their inbred genotype and do not allow a robust interrogation of the manner in which individual genetic variation might impact tumor initiation, progression, and response to therapy. Therefore, we developed a novel murine model of TNBC in the background of the largest and best characterized genetic reference population. Systems genetics is used to identify gene candidates. Cross-species comparison of our findings with publicly available human GWAS and genomic databases is an effective approach to validate conserved biologically relevant and targetable pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore modifier genes for TNBC phenotypes using a systems genetics approach in a GEMM for TNBC. Our results will contribute to significant advances in understanding risk and improving outcomes for breast cancer. Citation Format: Laura M. Sipe, Emily B. Korba, Lu Lu, Robert W. Williams, David G. Ashbrook, Liza Makowski. Novel pre-clinical model to identify genetic modifiers of triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2919.
Bioluminescent Optogenetics: A Novel Experimental Therapy to Promote Axon Regeneration after Peripheral Nerve Injury.

Functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is poor, mainly due to the slow and incomplete regeneration of injured axons. Experimental therapies that increase the excitability of the injured axons have proven remarkably successful in promoting regeneration, but their clinical applicability has been limited. Bioluminescent optogenetics (BL-OG) uses luminopsins, fusion proteins of light-generating luciferase and light-sensing ion channels that could be used to increase neuronal excitability if exposed to a suitable substrate. Excitatory luminopsins were expressed in motoneurons of transgenic mice and in wildtype mice transduced with adeno-associated viral vectors. Intraperitoneal administration of coelenterazine (CTZ), a known luciferase substrate, generated intense bioluminescence in peripheral axons. This bioluminescence increased motoneuron excitability. A single administration of CTZ immediately after sciatic nerve transection and repair markedly enhanced motor axon regeneration. Compound muscle action potentials were 3–4 times larger than controls by 4 weeks after injury. The results observed with transgenic mice were comparable to those of mice in which the luminopsin was expressed using viral vectors. Significantly more motoneurons had successfully reinnervated muscle targets four weeks after nerve injury in BL-OG treated mice than in controls. Bioluminescent optogenetics is a promising therapeutic approach to enhancing axon regeneration after PNI.
Exploring the preferred learning style of preservice teachers and how this influences their philosophy of teaching

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to address how preservice teachers’ preferred learning style influences their philosophy of teaching agricultural education. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was used in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously, analyzed separately, and then merged for combined analysis. In this study, we identified 17 preservice teachers’ learning style and then assessed how their learning style influenced their philosophy statement. We found 59% of the teaching philosophy statements were similar to the preservice teachers’ learning style, 18% were different, and 23% were deemed inconclusive. It appears the preferred learning style of preservice teachers does carry through into their teaching philosophy. The percentage of inconclusive statements show that teachers will incorporate multiple learning styles to meet the diverse learning needs of their students. When the various learning styles of a class are met, it is suggested that the learning experience will be more effective and beneficial for the learners. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend implementing professional development sessions to help teachers blend their preferred learning style with the needs of their learners. Additionally, further research is needed to compare teachers’ actual practice with their teaching philosophies.
Stress Fractures in Sport: Hip

Stress fractures about the hip are common overuse injuries in athletes which can result from increased stress on normal bone or normal stress on abnormal bone. The aim of this chapter is to review the epidemiology of the most common stress fractures of the hip, discuss optimal management of these stress fractures, and outline return to play following injury. Stress fractures can be divided into high risk and low risk categories based on their location. High risk stress fractures are defined as such due to their increased propensity for propagation, displacement, malunion, or nonunion if not treated appropriately, with immediate cessation of activity and surgical fixation. Tension-sided femoral neck stress fractures and atypical proximal femur fractures are two examples of high risk stress fractures in the hip. Low risk stress fractures have a much lower propensity for propagation and often do well non-surgically, with rest and activity modification. These include compression-sided femoral neck stress fractures and femoral shaft fractures. Thorough investigation and examination of patients with vague, poorly localized hip and thigh pain can lead to early diagnosis of stress fractures, improved recovery outcomes, and quicker return to play for athletes, with fewer complications.
Narrative Building in State Education Intervention: Framing the Takeover Attempt of Houston Independent School District:

This case study uses the approach by the Texas government to attempt a state takeover of Houston Independent School District (HISD) to examine the impact of framing on awareness and acceptance of e...
Encoding of acquired sound-sequence salience by auditory cortical offset responses.

Summary Behaviorally relevant sounds are often composed of distinct acoustic units organized into specific temporal sequences. The meaning of such sound sequences can therefore be fully recognized only when they have terminated. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of sound sequences remain unclear. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging in the auditory cortex of behaving mice to test the hypothesis that neural responses to termination of sound sequences (“Off-responses”) encode their acoustic history and behavioral salience. We find that auditory cortical Off-responses encode preceding sound sequences and that learning to associate a sound sequence with a reward induces enhancement of Off-responses relative to responses during the sound sequence (“On-responses”). Furthermore, learning enhances network-level discriminability of sound sequences by Off-responses. Last, learning-induced plasticity of Off-responses but not On-responses lasts to the next day. These findings identify auditory cortical Off-responses as a key neural signature of acquired sound-sequence salience.
Modified hormonal control of enzymatic activity in tumors.

Abstract The growth of tumors and the activities of 3 regulatory enzymes were investigated in animals which were endocrine organ ablated, treated with hormones, and fed varying diets. Tumor growth was slowed when the rats were: (1) normal and fasted, (2) diabetic and fed chow, (3) diabetic and fasted. However, the tumor growth rate increased in diabetic animals which were fed high-glucose diets. Controls of the activities of 3 enzymes which are involved in the production and maintenance of cellular energy were altered in the tumor tissues. The enzymatic activities of adenylate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase, as extracted from tumor tissues, showed a decreased response to dietary manipulations, decreased response to insulin, and increased response to steroids (especially hydrocortisone). We suggest that it is not the original and specific alterations in preneoplastic tissue during differentiation or dedifferentiation to a neoplastic tissue that is of primary importance (many such events may occur such that the resultant is neoplasia), but it is the mutually common phenomena surrounding these specific alterations which should be closely examined for potential therapy (e. g., response of genetic units to a hormone). These studies illustrate a “commonness,” in the modified responses to steroid hormones, of 3 enzymatic systems in tumors.
Evaluation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Methadone Metabolite EDDP [2-Ethylidene-1,5-Dimethyl-3,3-Diphenylpyrrolidine] in Urine

Background We evaluated a new EDDP [2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine] enzyme immunoassay (EDDPI; Lin-Zhi International, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) for the detection of this primary methadone urinary metabolite. Methods All specimens were tested with two different cutoff calibrators at 150 and 300 ng/ml EDDP on an ADVIA 1200 Chemistry System auto-analyzer. Controls containing 0, −25% (negative control), and +25% (positive control) of the cutoff calibrators (Lin-Zhi) were analyzed with each batch. All urine specimens were then analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for EDDP. Results Approximately, 42% (151) of the 362 specimens yielded positive results by the EDDP assay at 150 and/or 300 ng/ml cutoff values. Of these specimens, HPLC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of EDDP > 25 ng/ml in all 151 specimens. No specimen yielding negative EDDPI results contained EDDP by HPLC/MS/MS. At 150 ng/ml cutoff, the EDDPI demonstrated a sensitivity of 1.00, a specificity of 0.986, and an overall agreement of HPLC/MS/MS of >99%. At 300 ng/ml cutoff, the EDDPI demonstrated a sensitivity of 1.00, a specificity of 0.959, and an overall agreement of HPLC/MS/MS results of 97.5%. Conclusion The Lin-Zhi EDDPI provides a precise, reliable method for the routine detection of methadone metabolite in urine specimens, particularly in pain management compliance testing.