cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Shifting Political Economy of The Global Agrifood System:: Consumption and the Treadmill of Production

While the treadmill of production continues to be a tremendously useful tool for understanding environmental degradation and social problems, it must be updated on at least two fronts to bring it into alignment with new political and economic realties of the global economy. First, the treadmill needs to be broadened to include how large retailers like Wal-Mart not only control marketing and distribution but also production. Second, the treadmill must account for the restructuring of the nation-state, which has produced new forms of governance and new opportunities for social movements that challenge traditional theories of political and economic relations. These transformations are explored in the context of the global agrifood system because we believe it is emblematic of the political and economic transformations taking place more generally. Given these new political and economic realities, we argue that the model of social change presented by scholars of the treadmill must be expanded beyond state-centered approaches to include market-based strategies to slow or alter environmental degradation and social problems.
High-Pressure IR

The application of hydrostatic pressure is a useful probe for studying the properties of condensed-matter systems. IR spectroscopy performed on samples under large pressures yields structural, vibrational, and electronic information. Typically, diamond-anvil cells are used to generate the pressures. Diamonds are strong and transparent to a range of wavelengths, making them a preferred choice for these measurements.
THE EFFECT OF ADDED LITHIUM CATIONS ON THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS AT PHOSPHORUS

Added lithium cation has no effect on the stereochemical outcome of the displacement of chloride or p-nitrophenoxide from phosphorus in acyclic and some cyclic molecules. In other cyclic systems th...
Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Population Dynamics on Broccoli in an Interior Valley of California

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species encountered in fall and winter plantings of broccoli in Riverside County, Calif., during 1980 to 1981. Brevicoryne brassicae L. populations were smaller, but this species was of greater importance as a contaminant of broccoli. Aphid migration and density per plant were lower in the winter crop, but the potential for contamination was higher. Aphid species segregated by leaf choice, with M. persicae preferring the oldest leaves and B. brassicae the youngest. Plant age and growth affected aphid distribution. Sampling procedures based on 10-plant samples and leaf subsamples provided reliable estimates of aphid populations and may be suitable for scouting programs for aphids on broccoli.
Recovery and Utilization of By-Product Gases in Iron and Steel Works

Based on the current status of gas recovery and utilization in iron and steel industry of China,the amount of affluent gas in BF-BOF route by the indexes of gas recovery and gas consumption per ton steel is estimated.The measures of improving gas generation and utilization are listed as follows: increasing the gas recovery via perfecting gas recovery technique;decreasing the gas consumption by using such technologies as preheating the combustion air/fuel,high temperature air combustion and continuous casting process;setting up energy management centre to enhance gas generation and consumption in monitoring,predicting and managing.Focusing on the utilization of excess gases,the paper puts forward utilization strategy of excess gases and discusses the models in the self-generation of electricity in iron and steel works of different sizes and the regeneration feasibility of gases from the aspect of power generation by gas as well as chemical utilization.
Research on the Influence of Stiffness on Piezoelectric Actuator

When piezoelectric element drives a micro-manipulate system,the output displacement is often less than that in free status.In view of the reasons that decreased the piezoelectric element displacement, the relationship between piezoelectric displacement and the system stiffness was especially analyzed.And a experiment was carried out to test the relationship.The experiment results showed that piezoelectric element displacement decreased when stiffness increased,which provided theoretical support in selecting piezoele ctric element.
Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. II. Activation of protein kinase by 5-hydroxytryptamine.

Adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase activity has been found in both the 27,000 x g particulate and supernatant fractions of homogenates from the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. The enzyme activity was 2-5 times greater in the anterior end ("head") of the fluke than in the posterior end. Half-maximal activation of the protein kinase in both fractions was obtained at 0.1-0.4 µM cAMP. When the enzyme was assayed in the presence of cyclic nucleotide, the apparent Km for protamine was 0.1 mg/ml and the apparent Km for MgATP was 20-50 µM in the two homogenate fractions. Incubation of fluke heads for 5 min with 1 mM 5-hydroxytryptamine resulted in an increase in protein kinase activity of both homogenate fractions when assayed in the absence of added cAMP. The protein kinase activity assayed in the presence of 5 µM cAMP was increased in the particulate fraction and decreased in the supernatant fraction. The degree of activation of the enzyme by the cyclic nucleotide was markedly reduced in both homogenate fractions from heads that had been incubated with 5-hydroxytryptamine. The time course of accumulation of endogenous cAMP correlated with activation of protein kinase, except during the first minute of incubation with 5-hydroxytryptamine. The degree of activation of protein kinase by added cAMP was inversely correlated with endogenous cyclic nucleotide during incubation with 5-hydroxytryptamine. Incubation of fluke heads with both 5-hydroxytryptamine and D-lysergic acid diethylamide together reduced the activation of protein kinase by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Incubation of fluke heads with only D-lysergic acid diethylamide had no effect on protein kinase activity, cAMP increased phosphorylation of fluke protein in both fractions of the homogenate. This phosphorylation was less sensitive to activation by the cyclic nucleotide when the fluke heads had been incubated with 5-hydroxytryptamine. Thus 5-hydroxytryptamine can stimulate protein kinase activity toward endogenous proteins. The results indicate that the physiological effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine are mediated by cAMP activation of protein kinase.
Genetically Determined Disorders of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor

The extracellular calcium (Ca 2+ o )-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a key role in maintaining Ca 2+ o homeostasis by regulating the functions of parathyroid and kidney in response to perturbations in Ca 2+ o so as to maintain a nearly constant level of blood calcium. The cloning of the CaSR made it feasible to identify several disorders arising from inactivating or activating mutations of the receptor. Heterozygous and homozygous inactivating mutations produce familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT), respectively. The former is typically a benign, autosomal dominant form of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent hypercalcemia, while the latter produces severe, sometimes life-threatening hyperparathyroidism. Patients with FHH generally do not need parathyroid surgery, while total parathyroidectomy is sometimes necessary to control hyperparathyroidism in NSHPT. Activating mutations of the receptor produce autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH), rarely with features of Bartter’s syndrome, because the CaSR is too sensitive to its ligand, Ca 2+ o . As additional hyper- and hypocalcemic patients for CaSR mutations, the clinical presentations of FHH and NSHPT have broadened to the point where their biochemical findings overlap, leading to new diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for the clinician and patient.
Modeling Coastal Vulnerability through Space and Time

Coastal ecosystems experience a wide range of stressors including wave forces, storm surge, sea-level rise, and anthropogenic modification and are thus vulnerable to erosion. Urban coastal ecosystems are especially important due to the large populations these limited ecosystems serve. However, few studies have addressed the issue of urban coastal vulnerability at the landscape scale with spatial data that are finely resolved. The purpose of this study was to model and map coastal vulnerability and the role of natural habitats in reducing vulnerability in Jamaica Bay, New York, in terms of nine coastal vulnerability metrics (relief, wave exposure, geomorphology, natural habitats, exposure, exposure with no habitat, habitat role, erodible shoreline, and surge) under past (1609), current (2015), and future (2080) scenarios using InVEST 3.2.0. We analyzed vulnerability results both spatially and across all time periods, by stakeholder (ownership) and by distance to damage from Hurricane Sandy. We found significant differences in vulnerability metrics between past, current and future scenarios for all nine metrics except relief and wave exposure. The marsh islands in the center of the bay are currently vulnerable. In the future, these islands will likely be inundated, placing additional areas of the shoreline increasingly at risk. Significant differences in vulnerability exist between stakeholders; the Breezy Point Cooperative and Gateway National Recreation Area had the largest erodible shoreline segments. Significant correlations exist for all vulnerability (exposure/surge) and storm damage combinations except for exposure and distance to artificial debris. Coastal protective features, ranging from storm surge barriers and levees to natural features (e.g. wetlands), have been promoted to decrease future flood risk to communities in coastal areas around the world. Our methods of combining coastal vulnerability results with additional data and across multiple time periods have considerable potential to provide valuable predictions that resource managers can effectively use to identify areas for restoration and protection.
Spies, Patriots, and Traitors: American intelligence in the revolutionary war

This work is firmly grounded in serious intelligence study of the American Revolution rather than sensationalism or voyeuristic storytelling. Like any good intelligence history, Daigler’s work focu...
H. pylori seroprevalence and risk of diabetes: An ancillary case-control study nested in the diabetes prevention program.

Abstract Objective To determine the association between H. pylori infection and risk of incident diabetes in adults at high risk for diabetes who participated in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study. Methods In a nested case–control study conducted among 421 adults with newly diagnosed diabetes and 421 matched controls, we examined the association between serological status of H. pylori at baseline and risk of incident diabetes over a mean follow-up period of 2.6years. Using data from the baseline visit of the DPP, we also examined the cross-sectional association between presence of H. pylori antibodies and insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and the disposition index-like measure after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results At baseline, H. pylori antibodies were present in 40% of participants who developed diabetes and 39% of controls. After adjusting for matching factors, there was no association between exposure to H. pylori and incident diabetes (odds ratio [OR] of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.77 to 1.40). In cross-sectional analyses, H. pylori status was not significantly associated with insulin sensitivity and disposition index-like measure from OGTT. Conclusions In adults at high risk for diabetes, H. pylori seropositivity was not associated with risk of developing diabetes.
Association of Preoperative Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy With Adverse Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis.

Importance Despite the increasing use of anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy in ulcerative colitis, its effects on postoperative outcomes remain unclear, with many patients requiring surgical intervention despite optimal medical management. Objective To assess the association of preoperative use of anti-TNF agents with adverse postoperative outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This analysis used insurance claims data from a large national database to identify patients 18 years or older with ulcerative colitis. These insured patients had inpatient and/or outpatient claims between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2013, with Current Procedural Terminology codes for a subtotal colectomy or total abdominal colectomy, a total proctocolectomy with end ileostomy, or a combined total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Only data regarding the first or index surgical admission within the time frame were abstracted. Use of anti-TNF agents, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators within 90 days of surgery was identified using Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes. Inclusion in the study required the patient to have an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification ( ICD-9-CM ) diagnosis code for ulcerative colitis. Exclusion occurred if the patient had a secondary ICD-9-CM diagnosis code for Crohn disease or if the patient was not continuously enrolled in an insurance plan for at least 180 days before and after the index surgery. Data were collected and analyzed from February 1, 2015, to June 2, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes included 90-day complications, emergency department visits, and readmissions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model covariates, including anti-TNF agent use, on the occurrence of outcomes. Results Of the 2476 patients identified, 1379 (55.7%) were men, and the mean (SD) age was 42.1 (12.9) years. Among these, 950 (38.4%) underwent subtotal colectomy or total abdominal colectomy, 354 (14.3%) underwent total proctocolectomy with end ileostomy, and 1172 (47.3%) received ileal pouch-anal anastomoses. In univariate analyses, increased postoperative complications were observed among patients in the ileal pouch cohort who received anti-TNF agents preoperatively vs those who did not (137 [45.2%] vs 327 [37.6%]; P = .02) but not among those in the colectomy or proctocolectomy cohorts. An increase in complications was also observed on multivariable analyses among patients in the ileal pouch cohort (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.05-1.82). Conclusions and Relevance Unlike preoperative anti-TNF agent use among patients who underwent colectomy or total proctocolectomy and experienced no significant increase in postoperative complications, anti-TNF agent use within 90 days of surgery among patients who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was associated with higher 90-day postoperative complication rates.
GENERALIZED NEWTON-LIKE INEQUALITIES

The notion of Newton-like inequalities is extended and an inductive approach is utilized to show that the generalized Newton-like inequalities hold on elementary symmetric functions with self-conjugate variables in the right half-plane.
Economic Effects of Environmental Crises: Evidence from Flint, Michigan

In April 2014, Flint, Michigan switched its drinking water supply from the Detroit water system to the Flint River as a temporary means to save $5M. Over eighteen months, it was revealed that the switch exposed residents to dangerous levels of lead, culminating in an emergency declaration in October 2015. This paper examines the impact of this crisis on the Flint housing market. The value of Flint's housing stock has fallen by $480M despite over $400M in government spending to remediate the crisis. Home prices remain depressed through August 2019, sixteen months after the water was declared safe for consumption.
Role of Sex and Aging in Mucosal Health

Abstract The current population in the United States is aging and predicted to top 64 million over the next 10 years. Additionally, chronic disease management is a very important component of care in the elderly as many acute diseases can now be medically managed and chronicity can be induced. Older women outnumber older men at 25.9 million older women to 20.4 million older men. This is a staggering number. The other component that includes sex and aging is relatively new. Mucosal surfaces have the largest combined surface area in the body, contain the majority of the “gatekeeper” CD4+ T cells, and are the site of important host–microbe interactions, especially in the gut. The mucosa is influenced greatly by sex hormones and is being susceptible to injury. This susceptibility increases with age. Healing following injury is also age- and sex related. Thus, it is important to understand the interplay between aging, injury at the mucosal surface, and sex differences in healing as these processes are altered by the presence, absence, and levels of sex hormones such as estradiol and testosterone. This chapter highlights some of the most important aspects of this complex interaction.
OpenSim as a preliminary kinematic testing platform for the development of total knee arthroplasty implants.

Abstract The design of a total knee replacement implant needs to take account the complex surfaces of the knee which it is replacing. Ensuring design performance of the implant requires in vitro testing of the implant. A considerable amount of time is required to produce components and evaluate them inside an experimental setting. Numerous adjustments in the design of an implant and testing each individual design can be time consuming and expensive. Our solution is to use the OpenSim simulation software to rapidly test multiple design configurations of implants. This study modeled a testing rig which characterized the motion and laxity of knee implants. Three different knee implant designs were used to test and validate the accuracy of the simulation: symmetrical, asymmetric, and anatomic. Kinematics were described as distances measured from the center of each femoral condyle to a plane intersecting the most posterior points of the tibial condyles between 0 and 135° of flexion with 15° increments. Excluding the initial flexion measurement (∼0°) results, the absolute differences between all experimental and simulation results (neutral path, anterior-posterior shear, internal-external torque) for the symmetric, asymmetric, and anatomical designs were 1.98 mm ± 1.15, 1.17 mm ± 0.89, and 1.24 mm ± 0.97, respectively. Considering all designs, the accuracy of the simulation across all tests was 1.46 mm ± 1.07. It was concluded that the results of the simulation were an acceptable representation of the testing rig and hence applicable as a design tool for new total knees.
Feature detection and matching

Feature detection and matching are an essential component of many computer vision applications. Consider the two pairs of images shown in Figure 4.2. For the first pair, we may wish to align the two images so that they can be seamlessly stitched into a composite mosaic (Chapter 9). For the second pair, we may wish to establish a dense set of correspondences so that a 3D model can be constructed or an in-between view can be generated (Chapter 11). In either case, what kinds of features should you detect and then match in order to establish such an alignment or set of correspondences? Think about this for a few moments before reading on.
Abdominal Aorta and Mesenteric Vessels

MR angiography is well established for the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and its branches and, over CT angiography, has the advantage of not involving radiation. In this chapter, we review the different MR techniques utilized for the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and mesenteric vasculature as well as the range of normal and pathologic conditions encountered in these vascular beds.
Automated Laser Scatter Detection of Near-Surface Defects and Machining Damage in Ceramic Components

The need to achieve higher gas firing temperatures in new stationary gas turbines has led to the requirement for stronger, longer-lasting materials capable of functioning in environments more severe than traditional materials permit. The higher operating temperatures seen in these environments (>1300 °C) would substantially increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Because conventional materials are not suitable, alternate materials are being considered for turbine components. Included among these are the Si3N4 ceramics. In an effort to improve and extend the working lifetime of the components, improvement in the detection of critical defects (such as cracks, voids, inclusions, or microstructural variations) in their surface and near-subsurface regions is being investigated. Although all of the defects can occur either during manufacturing or in operation, the specific type of defect most likely to occur in a given component depends on a various factors, including the material system, processing and machining parameters, component geometry, and application environment.
Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition for the Fabrication of Nanostructure Materials

Publisher Summary The demonstration of epitaxial growth of compound semiconductors using organometallic precursors involved a general-purpose approach to the deposition of compounds that has an impact on the technology of a wide range of materials systems, including compound semiconductors and high-temperature superconducting oxides. Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is the vapor-phase deposition process for compounds in which organometallic precursors are used to transport one or more elements of the compound to the reactor reaction-deposition zone. This chapter describes the approaches to the growth of heterostructures and quantum devices in III-V compound semiconductors that can be achieved by the use of a near-atmospheric-pressure epitaxial growth process with organometallic precursors. MOCVD has become the preferred technology for the production of optoelectronic devices. Its high throughput and high-quality materials have produced results that make it the technology of choice. Development of addition monitoring and control tools would extend that role to electronic devices as well. Because the device technologies rely heavily on laterally quantum confined devices, the integration of patterning capability and of other processes into the growth sequence would become important.
Technological and Ideological Innovations in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery.

Background Endoscopic skull base surgery has evolved over the last several decades due to technological advances and operative techniques. Several innovations that are not yet mainstream may have significant impact on the future of endoscopic skull base surgery. Methods Current literature pertaining to innovations in endoscopic skull base surgery was retrieved using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results Several recent innovations may play an influential role in the advancement of endoscopic skull base surgery, including fluorescent dyes such as indocyanine green fluorescence, fluorescein, and 5-aminolevulinic acid, 3-dimensional endoscopes, robotic surgery, and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions Several technologies are under current investigation with the hope to improve future outcomes in endoscopic skull base surgery. Additional research and evolution are necessary and will require intense scrutiny before becoming standard of care.
What Are We Missing by Not Measuring the Net Charge of Proteins

The net electrostatic charge (Z) of a folded protein in solution represents a bird's eye view of its surface potentials-including contributions from tightly bound metal, solvent, buffer, and cosolvent ions-and remains one of its most enigmatic properties. Few tools are available to the average biochemist to rapidly and accurately measure Z at pH≠pI. Tools that have been developed more recently seem to go unnoticed. Most scientists are content with this void and estimate the net charge of a protein from its amino acid sequence, using textbook values of pKa . Thus, Z remains unmeasured for nearly all folded proteins at pH≠pI. When marveling at all that has been learned from accurately measuring the other fundamental property of a protein-its mass-one wonders: what are we missing by not measuring the net charge of folded, solvated proteins? A few big questions immediately emerge in bioinorganic chemistry. When a single electron is transferred to a metalloprotein, does the net charge of the protein change by approximately one elementary unit of charge or does charge regulation dominate, that is, do the pKa values of most ionizable residues (or just a few residues) adjust in response to (or in concert with) electron transfer? Would the free energy of charge regulation (ΔΔGz ) account for most of the outer sphere reorganization energy associated with electron transfer? Or would ΔΔGz contribute more to the redox potential? And what about metal binding itself? When an apo-metalloprotein, bearing minimal net negative charge (e.g., Z=-2.0) binds one or more metal cations, is the net charge abolished or inverted to positive? Or do metalloproteins regulate net charge when coordinating metal ions? The author's group has recently dusted off a relatively obscure tool-the "protein charge ladder"-and used it to begin to answer these basic questions.
Congenital Absence of Left Main Coronary Artery with Anomalous Origin of Left Anterior Descending and Left Circumflex Arteries Presenting with Acute Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are rare disease entities, occur only in 0.3%-5.6% of the general population. These anomalies could lead to serious complications in some cases and is associated with associated with sudden death due to lethal arrhythmias and premature coronary artery disease. Diagnosis of these anomalies is generally made during angiography. In this report, we present a rare case of absent left main coronary artery and anomalous origins of left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery from right sinus of Valsalva in a 62 year old man presented with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).
The Stanford Digital Library Metadata Architecture

The overall goal of the Stanford Digital Library project is to provide an infrastructure that affords interoperability among heterogeneous, autonomous digital library services. These services include both search services and remotely usable information processing facilities. In this paper, we survey and categorize the metadata required for a diverse set of Stanford Digital Library services that we have built. We then propose an extensible metadata architecture that meets these requirements. Our metadata architecture fits into our established infrastructure and promotes interoperability among existing and de-facto metadata standards. Several pieces of this architecture are implemented; others are under construction. The architecture includes attribute model proxies, attribute model translation services, metadata information facilities for search services, and local metadata repositories. In presenting and discussing the pieces of the architecture, we show how they address our motivating requirements. Together, these components provide, exchange, and describe metadata for information objects and metadata for information services. We also consider how our architecture relates to prior, relevant work on these two types of metadata.
Initial psychometric analysis of novel instruments to assess decisional distress and decisional uncertainty in women who have considered using preimplantation genetic testing

OBJECTIVE To analyze psychometric properties of two novel instruments assessing decisional distress and uncertainty experienced by individuals considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). METHODS The new PGT Decisional Distress instrument (22 items) assesses negative/positive emotions. The new PGT Decisional Uncertainty instrument assesses Clarity about test benefits/disadvantages (5 items) and Certainty of having adequate information/support to make a good decision (7 items). Scales ranged from 0 to 4. Psychometrics (central tendencies, internal consistency reliability, and discriminant validity) were evaluated. Stratified analysis by decision stage was conducted. All participants had considered or used PGT in the previous 6 months. RESULTS N = 106 females (mean age 36.5 ± 4.8 years; 16% non-Caucasian; 9% Hispanic) across 16 US states completed an online anonymous questionnaire. On average, respondents reported minimal distress (mean 0.96), high clarity (mean 3.26), and high certainty (mean 3.06), particularly those who had already decided compared to undecided women (P ≤ .02). Instruments had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α's 0.92-0.94) and displayed sufficient inter-individual variability (SD's 0.75-0.89). Correlations confirmed expected patterns of association between instruments (P's < .01), indicating discriminant validity. CONCLUSION We document initial reliability and validity of new instruments to measure emotional distress and uncertainty in female patients who have recently considered PGT for single-gene or chromosomal disorders.
The Return of the Bricoleur? Emplotment, Intentionality, and Tradition in Paleolithic Art

In this paper, we want to re-visit some of the core assumptions about the making of the images we call Paleolithic art. We propose that not all images were made as derived from a long standing and formal system of image-making guidelines, and that many can be more likely accounted for as a part of bricolage processes.As well, our current emplotment of the "story" of Paleolithic art depends too much on the concept that it was a long-standing tradition, rather than thinking that perhaps the apparent similarities are the result of contiguous rather than continuous practices.
Insect-plant relationships predict the speed of insecticide adaptation

Herbivorous insects must circumvent the chemical defenses of their host plants and, in cropping systems, must also circumvent synthetic insecticides. The pre-adaptation hypothesis posits that when herbivorous insects evolve resistance to insecticides, they co-opt adaptations against host plant defenses. Despite its intuitive appeal, few predictions of this hypothesis have been tested systematically. Here, with survival analysis of more than 17,000 herbivore-insecticide interactions, we show that resistance evolution tends to be faster when herbivorous insect diets are broad (but not too broad) and when insecticides and plant defensive chemicals are similar (but not too similar). These general relations suggest a complex interplay between macro-evolutionary contingencies and contemporary population genetic processes, and provide a predictive framework to forecast which pest species are most likely to develop resistance to particular insecticide chemistries.
On Evolving Nature of Relationship by Perspective Mutuality: Reconceptualizing Relationship Typology Between Organization and Its Publics:

To address conceptual and methodological issues regarding the exchange–communal relationship typology in public relations scholarship, this study reconceptualizes and validates three relationship t...
Improving a Test Set to Cover Test Holes by Detecting Gate-Exhaustive Faults

Gate-exhaustive faults were used in an earlier work to address test holes that are created when target faults are undetectable. After test generation for target faults is complete, and undetectable target faults are identified, gate-exhaustive faults are selected for gates with undetectable target faults. Tests for gate-exhaustive faults are then generated and added to the test set. The increase in the number of tests varies significantly with the circuit. This paper studies the use of gate-exhaustive faults for addressing test holes post test generation without increasing the number of tests. The procedure described in this paper modifies tests for target faults so as to increase the coverage of the selected gate-exhaustive faults. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
An Essay on the Fed and the U.S. Treasury: Lender of Last Resort and Fiscal Policy

This essay explores the evolution of my thinking on risky emergency lending to banks and non-banks. The Fed is now, in the Pandemic, engaging in lending with significant credit risk. While it appears these are Fed programs, in fact this lending is controlled by, and may be largely determined, by the Treasury. This is proper but should be clear. Lending with significant credit risk is a fiscal decision and should be made by the elected government not by an independent agency, whether made to banks or non-banks. And it should be the Treasury’s role, as advised by the Fed, to determine when there is significant credit risk. When there is no significant credit risk, the Fed should make the lending decision, without control or approval of the Treasury, again whether to banks or non-banks, as part of their role as liquidity supplier and lender of last resort. If there is disagreement as to whether there is significant credit risk the Treasury’s view should prevail.
Raising the Inflation Target: How Much Extra Room Does it Really Give?

Less than intended. Therefore, in order to get, say, 2 pp. of extra room for monetary policy, the target needs to be raised to more than 4%. In this paper, we investigate the constraints on a policy aimed at achieving more monetary policy room by raising the inflation target. A theoretical analysis shows that the actual effective room gained when raising the target is always smaller than the intended room. The reason is a shift in the behavior of the private sector: Prices adjust more frequently, lowering the potency of monetary policy. We derive a simple formula for the effective gain expressed in terms of the potency of monetary policy. We then quantitatively investigate this channel across different models, based on a calibration using micro data. We find that, by raising the target to 4%, the monetary authority only gains between 0.51 and 1.60 percentage points (pp.) of policy room (not 2 pp. as intended). In order to achieve 2 pp. additional policy room, the target needs to be raised to approximately 5%. The quantitative models allow to derive the Bayesian distribution of the effective room under parameter uncertainty.
John VI Kantakouzenos

After he had been forced to retire, Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (1347– 1354) wrote a history in which he tried to explain his actions throughout his career. It is an account of political and military affairs, primarily covering the years 1320– 1356 in four books. At over 1,700 pages in the Bonn edition for a span of thirty- six years, it is a highly detailed history. The History is the only surviving history written by an emperor concerning his own reign. The first book concerns the civil war between Andronikos II and Andronikos III (ca. 1321– 1328). It focuses on the friendship between Kantakouzenos and Andronikos III. The second deals with the reign of Andronikos III until 1341. Book 3, the most extensive section of the work, covers events of the 1341– 1347 civil war that brought Kantakouzenos to power. The subject of book 4 is the reign of Kantakouzenos himself and subsequent events up to 1356. The history also contains limited information up to the year 1363. The overarching story is of Kantakouzenos's heroic struggles, his rise to power, and his fall. Throughout the text Kantakouzenos describes his actions in the third person. The text opens with an apparently fictive letter from Neilos asking Christodoulos for a history of the emperors. Christodoulos's reply is the history. After a first paragraph addressed to Neilos, he is not mentioned again until the final lines of the text. This fictional frame allows Kantakouzenos to freely talk about himself and present the history so that he looks good. The manuscript tradition attributes the text to Kantakouzenos, and given the way it narrates events from his perspective, his authorship seems secure. The History constitutes Kantakouzenos's attempt to justify the decisions he made during his time in power. He uses a number of rhetorical strategies to convince the audience that he is a trustworthy narrator and a man of good character. For example, a deliberately limited vocabulary works to make him appear guileless; emphasis on his failures makes the text seem like an anti- panegyric, etc. Kantakouzenos constructs himself as a tragic hero who fought implacably against evil.
Seven Dirty Words and Six Other Stories: Controlling the Content of Print and Broadcast

Why does the United States control the content of broadcast more strictly than it controls the content of print? In this provocative book, Matthew L. Spitzer explores the various rationales that support such different treatment and concludes that broadcast media should not be as strictly regulated as it is. Spitzer attacks the three most prevalent arguments in favor of broadcast control, utilizing insights from economics and social psychology and relating them to basic questions of First Amendment law and regulation of broadcasting. First, he shows that arguments centered on economic efficiency-such as those based on the supposed scarcity of the airwaves-can be applied equally to the print media. Next, responding to arguments that exposure to sexually explicit material encourages socially harmful conduct, he demonstrates that sexually explicit printed matter is at least as pernicious as broadcast erotica and that printed violence seems to have the same effects as broadcast violence. The third series of arguments-that broadcasting is more readily available to young children than is print-does have some validity, says Spitzer. However, we can shield children from exposure to broadcast material that may harm them by several methods: "zoning" broadcast violence and sexy by confining such matter to "adult" channels that can be received only by special receivers; allowing sex and violence to be broadcast only during the late night hours; and requiring television locks so that parents can monitor children's access to programming. According to Spitzer, there is not justification for censorship of indecent programming or for such regulations as the fairness doctrine or equal time for political candidates. His timely and spirited book makes a powerful case for changing national policy in this significant area.
Placentation and Early Primate Development

This chapter discusses placentation and early primate development. Many parallel developments and functionally based adaptations can be found during the very early development of placental mammals. Recent research about primate placentation has mainly focused on pathology as it can be applied to human development and problems in captive maintenance of nonhuman primates. Another issue is the attempt to reconstruct placental evolution and the impact that the different intimate developmental connections between maternal and infantile bloodstreams might have had on the course of mammalian evolution. Considerable knowledge is needed to understand and evaluate the entire process of placentation taxonomically. Many parallel developments and functionally based adaptations can be found during the very early development of placental mammals. Within some orders of mammals, placental relationship and similarity between members can be recognized. The placenta is a highly complicated organ that regulates the metabolic exchange of nourishment and excretion; it regulates the embryo's fundamental biological functions and vital interrelationships between the mother and the unborn offspring. The degree of contact between the two individuals varies among different types of placentation. These differences are the basis for the attempts to interpret taxonomic and phylogenetic interrelationships of primates.
Use of Biopsy

The skin is an important organ involved in rheumatic diseases. A skin biopsy can be a very helpful technique in the diagnosis of various rheumatic diseases if performed adequately in the right clinical setting. This chapter provides practical information about the use of skin biopsy in rheumatic diseases, outlining biopsy techniques, site selection, potential results, and complications.
Introducing Considerations in the Translation of Chinese Medicine

This article introduces the document, Considerations in the Translation of Chinese Medicine, published in PDF form online in both Chinese and English. This 20-page document includes several sections describing why the Considerations is necessary, the specificity of texts in Chinese medicine; the history of translation in Chinese medicine; who constitutes an ideal translator of Chinese medicine; what types of language exist in Chinese medicine; and specific issues in the translation of Chinese medicine, such as domestication versus foreignization, technical terminology, period-specific language, style, polysemy, and etymological translation. The final section offers a brief advisory for consumers, and concludes with a call to further discussion, and action, specifically in the development of international collaborative efforts towards the creation of more rigorous guidelines for the translation of Chinese medicine. The current article provides an overview of several of these sections, and includes links to the original document.
TREK-1 Regulates Cytokine Secretion from Cultured Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells Independently of Cytoskeletal Rearrangements

Author(s): Schwingshackl, Andreas; Roan, Esra; Teng, Bin; Waters, Christopher M | Abstract: TREK-1 deficient alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) secrete less IL-6, more MCP-1, and contain less F-actin. Whether these alterations in cytokine secretion and F-actin content are related remains unknown. We now hypothesized that cytokine secretion from TREK-1-deficient AECs was regulated by cytoskeletal rearrangements.We determined F-actin and α-tubulin contents of control, TREK-1-deficient and TREK-1-overexpressing human A549 cells by confocal microscopy and western blotting, and measured IL-6 and MCP-1 levels using real-time PCR and ELISA.Cytochalasin D decreased the F-actin content of control cells. Jasplakinolide increased the F-actin content of TREK-1 deficient cells, similar to the effect of TREK-1 overexpression in control cells. Treatment of control and TREK-1 deficient cells with TNF-α, a strong stimulus for IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion, had no effect on F-actin structures. The combination of TNF-α+cytochalasin D or TNF-α+jasplakinolide had no additional effect on the F-actin content or architecture when compared to cytochalasin D or jasplakinolide alone. Although TREK-1 deficient AECs contained less F-actin at baseline, quantified biochemically, they contained more α-tubulin. Exposure to nocodazole disrupted α-tubulin filaments in control and TREK-1 deficient cells, but left the overall amount of α-tubulin unchanged. Although TNF-α had no effect on the F-actin or α-tubulin contents, it increased IL-6 and MCP-1 production and secretion from control and TREK-1 deficient cells. IL-6 and MCP-1 secretions from control and TREK-1 deficient cells after TNF-α+jasplakinolide or TNF-α+nocodazole treatment was similar to the effect of TNF-α alone. Interestingly, cytochalasin D decreased TNF-α-induced IL-6 but not MCP-1 secretion from control but not TREK-1 deficient cells.Although cytochalasin D, jasplakinolide and nocodazole altered the F-actin and α-tubulin structures of control and TREK-1 deficient AEC, the changes in cytokine secretion from TREK-1 deficient cells cannot be explained by cytoskeletal rearrangements in these cells.
Genocide, Press Freedom, and the Case of Hassan Ngeze

This essay was written under contract with the United Nations to serve as background for my testimony as an expert witness in behalf of Hassen Ngeze in his prosecution before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. (On motion of the prosecutor, the Court excluded this essay - or report - and the offer of my testimony.) In The Prosecutor v. Ngeze, the prosecution charged Ngeze with direct and public incitement to genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide almost entirely on the basis of his publication of a newspaper, Kangura, one of many newspapers being published in Rwanda during the period before the genocide, although not one of largest papers by circulation and not one still being published at the time the genocide began. The Essay begins by describing the essential role of a free press for democracy and for broader economic and social development and justice, with the essay emphasizing its particular importance for less developed countries. It then argues that in interpreting international criminal law standards, special efforts should be made to avoid interpretations that would make illegal any activities whose protection at least some clearly democratic countries consider fundamental to democracy. That is, international criminal law should try to avoid making democracy, as understood by significant democratic countries, illegal. With this background, different sections look at the precedent of the Nuremberg Trials, an earlier decision on direct and public incitement to genocide by the ICTR, and at the protection given the press by the European Court of Human Rights and the United States Constitution, with some emphasis on explaining the logic of the latter. The Essay provides a more exhaustive examination of the hundreds of pages of the reports of the prosecutions experts. These reports provide massive numbers of excerpts from Kangura that embody the heart of the prosecution's case. The Essay concludes that under all the precedents examined, ranging from Nuremberg to the recent ICTR case and under the constitutional approach of the United States or the human rights approach of the ECHR, there is absolutely no basis for a conviction in this case. Moreover, the Essay suggests that a conviction would create a tragic precedent given the democratic and developmental needs of countries such as Rwanda. NOTE: This was written 10 months before the ICTR reached a decision, issuing an opinion, finding Ngeze guilty of most charges, and sentencing him to life imprisonment. This paper will be revised in the future in light of this decision.
Energy flow in a hadronic cascade: Application to hadron calorimetry

The hadronic cascade description developed in an earlierpaper is extended to the response of an idealized fine-sampling hadroncalorimeter. Calorimeter response is largely determined by the transferof energy E_e from the hadronic to the electromagnetic sector via \pi0production. Fluctuations in this quantity produce the "constant term" inhadron calorimeter resolution. The increase of its fractional mean, f_\rmem^0= \vevE_e/E, with increasing incident energy E causes the energydependence of the \pi/e ratio in a noncompensating calorimeter. The meanhadronic energy fraction, f_h0 = 1-f_\rm em0, was shown to scaleverynearly as a power law in E: f_h0 = (E/E_0)m-1, where E_0\approx1~;GeV forpions, and m\approx0.83. It follows that \pi/e=1-(1-h/e)(E/E_0)m-1, whereelectromagnetic and hadronic energy deposits are detected withefficiencies e and h, respectively. Fluctuations in these quantities,along with sampling fluctuations, are in corporated to give an overallunderstanding of resolution, which is different from the usual treatmentsin interesting ways. The conceptual framework is also extended to theresponse to jets and the difference between pi and presponse.
Losing the Edge at the Final Frontier: A Relative Decline in Scientific Inputs and its Consequences

This paper proposes a model of scientific output utilizing a Cobb-Douglas production function. We employ a newly available panel dataset to analyze patterns of investment in research across countries and their consequences for research leadership. Results suggest some evidence that the demographic mix of a country may matter more than previously thought in determining scientific output relative to R&D spending and the existing stock of scientific output.