cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tank Stocking Density on Larval Sunshine Bass Growth and Survival to the Fingerling Stage

Abstract Determining optimum parameters for tank culture of sunshine bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis) fingerlings will facilitate a year-round supply of seed for the production cycle of this increasingly popular food fish. This experiment determined the relationship between the stocking density of sunshine bass larvae in tanks and their survival rate and size at the time they were trained to accept commercial feeds. Four-day posthatch (dph) larvae were stocked at 10 densities from 30 to 120 larvae/L in 10-larvae/L increments. Larvae were initially fed rotifers Brachionus plicatilis cultured with Nannochloropsis spp. algae paste and commercial rotifer feed at 60 rotifers·mL−1·d−1 until 10 dph. Conversion to brine shrimp Artemia spp. began at 7 dph. The daily ration of brine shrimp started at 4/mL and increased by 4/mL every 4 d up to 20/mL. Training to dry starter feed began at 20 dph when 6 g/d of a commercial larval starter meal was offered; 2 d later, salmon starter meal was...
Negotiating relevance: belief, knowledge, and practice in international health projects.

his special issue of Medical Anthropology Quarterly was initiated to stimulate discussion of how medical anthropologists can best address the relationship between knowledge and practice in research related to health, disease, and illness in developing countries. Since public health and communication specialists often assume that changes in belief and knowledge precede behavioral changes, the issue is critical for all those who participate in primary health care interventions. Anthropologists working in such contexts face the challenge of negotiating with public health colleagues what information is considered as relevant to the health problems being studied. This volume discusses several ways that we may complicate our own efforts to negotiate relevance with our colleagues, which include the following: failing to provide a persuasive model of behavior change to replace the one drawn from social psychology; approaching research methodology in ways that regard theory as unimportant; and serving as "experts in local knowledge" in an uncritical fashion. After placing these issues within the context of anthropological involvements with primary health care, and pointing to principles that can guide alternative approaches, I introduce the articles in this special issue. My own interest in these questions stems mainly from research, fieldwork, and writing of evaluation reports completed during my seven years as a member of a team responsible for the evaluation of the health communication projects (HealthCom) administered by the Academy for Educational Development (AED) in a dozen sites in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Financed by United States Agency for International Development funds, these projects used mass media and interpersonal communication to promote the use of oral rehydration for preventing dehydration from diarrhea, to improve vaccination coverage rates, to increase rates of breast-feeding, or to improve the use of antimalarial drugs. The model of health
Microsecond barrier-limited chain collapse observed by time-resolved FRET and SAXS.

It is generally held that random-coil polypeptide chains undergo a barrier-less continuous collapse when the solvent conditions are changed to favor the fully folded native conformation. We test this hypothesis by probing intramolecular distance distributions during folding in one of the paradigms of folding reactions, that of cytochrome c. The Trp59-to-heme distance was probed by time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer in the microsecond time range of refolding. Contrary to expectation, a state with a Trp59-heme distance close to that of the guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCl) denatured state is present after ~27 μs of folding. A concomitant decrease in the population of this state and an increase in the population of a compact high-FRET (Forster resonance energy transfer) state (efficiency>90%) show that the collapse is barrier limited. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements over a similar time range show that the radius of gyration under native favoring conditions is comparable to that of the GdnHCl denatured unfolded state. An independent comprehensive global thermodynamic analysis reveals that marginally stable partially folded structures are also present in the nominally unfolded GdnHCl denatured state. These observations suggest that specifically collapsed intermediate structures with low stability in rapid equilibrium with the unfolded state may contribute to the apparent chain contraction observed in previous fluorescence studies using steady-state detection. In the absence of significant dynamic averaging of marginally stable partially folded states and with the use of probes sensitive to distance distributions, barrier-limited chain contraction is observed upon transfer of the GdnHCl denatured state ensemble to native-like conditions.
Combating substance abuse with ibogaine: pre- and posttreatment recommendations and an example of successive model fitting analyses.

Abstract Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the root bark of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga and it has been used for many years as a medicinal and ceremonial agent in West Central Africa. Furthermore, both anecdotal observations and recent studies suggest that ibogaine alleviates withdrawal symptoms and reduces drug cravings. Although ibogaine articles typically include information bearing on the duration of drug abstinence following treatment, little if any attention is given to the psychological and environmental factors that might facilitate a positive treatment outcome. Hence, a major purpose of the present review is to suggest a number of theory-driven, pretreatment and posttreatment recommendations that have good potential for enhancing ibogaine's effectiveness. The second major purpose of this review is to demonstrate, thrOugh a reanalysis of previously published results, the utility of conducting successive model fitting analyses on ibogaine treatment data. Such analyses are useful f...
Case Study: Solving a Rental Fleet Sizing Model with a Large Time–Space Network

This article addresses a rental fleet sizing problem (RFS) in the context of the truck rental industry, subject to uncertain customer travel time and nonstationary customer demand that is dependent on geographical location, time, and the economic cycle of the industry. We integrate tactical (asset purchases and sales) and operational (empty truck movement and vehicle assignment) decisions, with the explicit incorporation of an asset age factor, to achieve lower cost solutions. Typically, the length of time horizon and number of locations under consideration are quite large, which makes the RFS model computationally challenging to solve. Aggregation procedures are employed for location clustering and end-of-horizon effects are examined through demand scenario-based analyses. For the reduced time–space networks, decision analyses are conducted for the RFS model to provide insights into the truck rental business regarding asset movement decisions and asset procurement/disposal decisions over time and locations.
Bare delivery of medium and large stents in patients with congenital heart disease.

The medium and large stents favored by pediatric cardiologists are typically delivered through a long sheath placed distal to the target lesion. However, long sheath placement can be problematic. The aim of the study was to determine whether stents can be safely delivered without using a long sheath in patients with congenital heart disease. Between July 2001 and October 2002, primary bare stent delivery was attempted in 17 consecutive patients with 21 target lesions. All 21 stents were successfully delivered without employing a long sheath. The series demonstrates that medium and large stents can be safely delivered without a long sheath in patients with congenital heart disease. Furthermore, eliminating the long sheath can improve stent delivery and allow new options when addressing bifurcation lesions.
An analysis of the H2O2-mediated crosslinking of lens crystallins catalyzed by the heme-undecapeptide from cytochrome c

Abstract In contrast to other tissues, the lens exists in a milieu containing relatively high (micromolar) concentrations of H 2 O 2 . It has been demonstrated that activation of H 2 O 2 to more-potent oxidant species via the heme-undecapeptide from cytochrome c produces alterations in lens crystallin polypeptides similar to the changes found in cataract. These include crystallin polypeptide crosslinking and the development of a blue fluorescence not attributable to tryptophan. Of the three classes of mammalian crystallins, γ-crystallin is crosslinked by heme peptide-H 2 O 2 , whereas α and β are not. Hemepeptide plus H 2 O 2 generates dityrosine from free tyrosine, and, concomitant with crosslinking, the γ-crystallin exposed to this system develops a new fluorophor with the characteristics of dityrosine. The findings with bovine and human crystallins are identical in this regard. In addition to the oxidation of tyrosine, exposure to heme peptide-H 2 O 2 results in the oxidation of tryptophan. The intrinsic fluorescence of α, β, and γ-crystallins is due primarily to tryptophan, and the intrinsic fluorescence of each is decreased by heme peptide-H 2 O 2 . Thus, tryptophan oxidation occurs in all crystallins, but crosslinking occurs only in γ-crystallin and is associated with oxidation of tyrosine.
Evolution of fabric tensors in damage mechanics of solids with micro-cracks: Part I – Theory and fundamental concepts

Abstract The evolution of fabric tensors based on micro-crack distributions is formulated based on sound thermodynamic principles. In Part I of this work, the exact definition of fabric tensors based on micro-crack distributions is presented. This definition is seen to incorporate both the orientation and length of a micro-crack. In this regard, the micro-crack distribution is assumed to be radially symmetric, i.e. symmetric about a line through the origin. The equations of thermodynamics are employed in order to derive the exact evolution equations of the fabric tensors defined in the first part. In this regard, a thermodynamic force that is associated with the fabric tensor is defined and utilized in the derivation of the evolution equations. The application of the theory to the case of uniaxial tension is derived in Part II (companion paper) of this work.
Isolation and partial amino acid sequence of three subunit species of porcine spleen ferritin: evidence of multiple H subunits.

Abstract A partial amino acid sequence for three different subunits of the iron storage protein, ferritin, has been determined. Ferritin ( M r ~ 480,000) was isolated from porcine spleen and dissociated into its component subunits ( M r ~ 20,000). The subunits, in turn, were separated into three fractions by reversed-phase HPLC. The fractions appeared to be of equal size by sedimentation velocity, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and size-exclusion chromatography in 6 m guanidinium chloride. All three fractions were shown to be monomeric and to have no covalently attached carbohydrate (J. F. Collawn et al. (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 233 , 260–266). Determination of the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal 70–80 residues from each of the fractions demonstrated three different sequences. Comparison with human liver H and L subunit sequences indicates that two of the porcine ferritin subunits are H-type subunits and one is an L-type subunit. Application of the Chou-Fasman algorithm on the three partial sequences suggests that these respective regions from each of the three subunits would probably adopt the same conformation.
Electronic erasure of stored reference signals in a metal-ZnO-SiO2-Si induced junction storage correlator

The surface-acoustic-wave storage correlator is used to store a reference signal for subsequent correlation with an unknown signal. We describe and demonstrate a method for the electronic erasure of stored signals in the context of the MZOS-induced junction storage correlator.
The effect of rotation on vertical Bridgman growth at large Rayleigh number

Convection effects in the melt of a vertical Bridgman furnace, used for solidifying a dilute binary alloy, are known to cause significant, and undesirable, non-uniformity in the alloy. We have found previously that non-axisymmetry significantly degrades the performance of the furnace at large Rayleigh number, Ra, and small Biot number, B. There have been a number of studies on improvement of the alloy quality by the introduction of additional forces into the melt flow - magnetic forces or d'Alembert forces due to various sorts of acceleration of the ampoule. In this paper, we explore the effects on the radial segregation generated by rotating the ampoule about its vertical axis. We determine that the magnitude of segregation is proportional to the product of B and the thickness of the thermal layer on the crystal-melt interface. As the rotation, as measured by a Taylor number, J, increases beyond O(Ra 1/3 ), the thermal layer thickens and so the segregation increases. Finally, at J = O(Ra 1/2 ), the thermal adjustment occurs on outer scales, and hence the solutal concentration increases to O(B)
Utilizing a highly responsive gene, yhjX, in E. coli based production of 1,4-butanediol

The role of yhjX, a predicted major facilitator superfamily protein, was examined in context of E. coli response to 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO). E. coli DH1 and MG1655, two commonly used metabolic engineering hosts, were both sensitive to the presence of 1,4-BDO in the growth medium, but to different extents. The strains also showed differences in the transcriptional response of the yhjX gene that was highly induced in response to 1,4-BDO. yhjX deletion improved growth of the E. coli strains in the control defined medium but did not significantly impact 1,4-BDO sensitivity. Overexpression of yhjX using a plasmid-borne copy and lactose-inducible promoter also did not result in an improvement in 1,4-BDO tolerance. However, the large differential expression of yhjX in response to this diol provided the foundation to develop a biosensor for the detection of 1,4-BDO using a fluorescent gene under the control of the yhjX promoter. A basic PyhjX:GFP biosensor in E. coli DH1 allows the detection of 4–7% 1,4-BDO in the extracellular medium and provides a tool for high throughput engineering for improving 1,4-BDO production strains.
Associative Learning, Adaptive Pattern Recognition, And Cooperative-Competitive Decision Making By Neural Networks

This article describes models of associative pattern learning, adaptive pattern recognition, and parallel decision-making by neural networks. It is shown that a small set of real-time non-linear neural equations within a larger set of specialized neural circuits can be used to study a wide variety of such problems. Models of energy minimization, cooperative-competitive decision making, competitive learning, adaptive resonance, interactive activation, and back propagation are discussed and compared.
The Distribution of Energy between the Modified and the Unmodified Rays in the Compton Effect

Intensity ratio of modified to unmodified scattered x-rays as a function of scattering angle.---Using small tubes of the Compton type and Soller collimators, reliable measurements of the intensity of scattered x-rays were obtained from five radiators---paraffin, wood, carbon (graphite), aluminium and sulfur. An ionization spectrometer (ethyl bromide) with a large calcite crystal was employed. Since the wave-length range investigated was small, the relative energy of each spectrum was obtained, to a close approximation, by integrating with a planimeter the area under the ionization curve which represented the line. The results of this measurement are as follows: where $\ensuremath{\phi}$ represents the scattering angle and $R$ the intensity ratio of the modified to the unmodified line. The values of $R$ increase with angle of scattering for a given element in the general manner predicted by Jauncey's theory, but the numerical values given by the theory are 20 to 50 percent too large. For a given angle, the values of $R$ increases as the atomic number decreases, being greatest for paraffin which contains relatively more hydrogen than does wood. Experiments were also performed with a lithium radiator kept in a lead cell filled with hydrogen, on which two mica windows (about 0.005 mm in thickness) were provided so that one of them allowed the primary ray to fall on the scatterer and the other permitted the secondary ray to pass into the collimator. With a scattering angle of 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the unmodified line was practically absent, certainly less than 4 percent of the modified. This seems to prove that the Compton effect cannot be attributed to anything other than true scattering. This also favors the hypothesis, suggested by A. H. Compton, that the unmodified line occurs when the energy imparted to the electron during the process of scattering is insufficient to eject it from the atom.
Western welfare states watched from the East during the Cold War: condemnation, competition, and creative learning

This paper examines international influences of the Western welfare state on social policy ideas, institutions and reforms in the Soviet bloc during the Cold War. It identifies three types of Eastern reactions to or interactions with the West: “condemnation” of various “bourgeois” conceptions of social welfare; “competition” or increased attention to redistribution and social needs of the population stemming from the demonstrable successes of Western welfare states; and “creative learning” or implicit acknowledgment that every industrial society, including the Soviet style centrally planned economies, had to adopt at least some elements of modernized social welfare models or policy originally developed in the West. Paradoxically, first the explicit and later more implicit rejection of the Western welfare state, including the social-democratic and various “third way” models, eventually led to the rise of neoliberal and anti-welfare attitudes among many Eastern social policy reformers during the last decade...
Persistence of Viremia and the Importance of Long Term Follow-up after Acute Hepatitis C Infection

The purpose of this investigation was to prospectively characterize acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and to evaluate the hypothesis that the outcome is affected by identifiable clinical or viral factors. One hundred forty-two people with a history of illicit drug use who were HCV antibody–negative in 1988 were followed semiannually through 1996. HCV seroconversion (second generation enzyme immunoassay and recombinant immunoblot assay) was recognized in 43 (30%) of the participants, who were followed up for a median of 72 months. HCV RNA was detected and quantified by polymerase chain reaction in a median of 10 specimens per participant and showed two distinct patterns of viremia: viral clearance was noted in 6 (14%) of the participants, and viral persistence was observed in 37 (86%) of the participants. Subjects with viral clearance were more likely to be white (P = .004), have jaundice (P = .03), and have lower peak viral titer (P = .003). However, the outcome for a given person could not be predicted by clinical features, RNA level, or HCV subtype (as ascertained by analysis of core-E1 complementary DNA sequence). No acute infections were recognized by health care providers. At the time of seroconversion, HCV RNA was detectable in 81% of participants, and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) was positive in 85% of participants. We conclude that approximately 85% of people with acute hepatitis C develop persistent viremia. However, acute infections are uncommonly recognized clinically, underscoring the importance of screening individuals at risk. Long-term follow-up, but no single laboratory test, is necessary to ascertain the outcome and in some cases make the diagnosis of acute HCV infection.
Race and female occupational location in america

Poverty among female-headed households and their families is certainly a problem of considerable significance in America. Although many female heads of household work (Gunderson & Jain, 1980) and the extent of female occupational involvement has increased (Dex, 1985; Spitze, 1988; Tienda, Smith, & Ortiz, 1987), more women (and especially female heads of household) continue to fall into the poverty trap. This has been explained in terms of a sex-segregated workplace in which most women are relegated to jobs whose rewards are not comparable to those of men (Bielby & Baron, 1986; Bridges, 1987; Kahne, 1985; Spitze, 1988). The economic disadvantage of Blacks vis-a-vis Whites in America is well documented. Black women have been found to be more disadvantaged in occupational status than White women. For instance, whereas two out of three working White women have white-collar jobs, only one in two Black women does (Malveaux, 1988). Also, a disproportionate number of Black women work in private household and service occupations. Similarly, Black women have been documented to be worse off with regard to human capital attributes such as education, to have higher fertility, and to have a higher incidence of female household headship. It is conceivable that these variations explain the lower occupational status of Black women. This study therefore addresses the question of whether the existing disparity in occupational status can be explained by race differences in human capital, marital status, and number of children.
Was John Wyclif's Theology of the Eucharist Donatistic?

Le but de cet article est de decouvir si la theologie eucharistique du theologien du XIVe siecle, John Wyclif, etait vraiment tombee dans l'heresie donatiste, question qui est toujours aussi controversee. L'A. tente de tracer un developpement dans la position de Wyclif concernant la messe dite par un pretre inique, en donnant pour argument qu'il existe une transition discernable dans cette position, laquelle est liee de pres a son rejet de la doctrine de la transubstanciation.
Chorionic gonadotropin prevents LRF-agonist-induced luteolysis in the human

Abstract The effects of exogenous and endogenous hCG on the luteolytic action of LRF-agonist, [D-Trp 6 , Pro 9 NEt]-LRF (LRF-Ag), were evaluated. In sequential studies, 4 normal cycling women treated with LRF-Ag (50 μg S.C.) on two consecutive days had premature decline of circulating levels of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E 2 ) with a shortened (p 2 levels compared with the control cycle. Four women with early pregnancy, requesting therapeutic abortion, were given LRF-Ag (50 μ g or 500 μ g S.C.) on 2 consecutive days. None of the 4 women aborted and there was no change in the levels of β hCG, P or E 2 over the course of a week. These results indicate that both exogenous or endogenous hCG can overcome the luteolytic effect of LRF-Ag within the dose and duration used. The possibility that a more prolonged administration of a larger dose of LRF-Ag may negate the luteotropic effect of hCG remains to be explored.
Data allocation algorithms for distributed video servers

In this paper, We discuss the server level data allocation problems in the distributed Video-on-Demand systems. We proposed two data allocation algorithms, Bandwidth Weighted Partition (BWP) algorithm and Popularity Based (PB) algorithm, based on the bandwidth and storage capacity limits of the distributed multimedia servers. We compare those two algorithms with the traditional Round Robin (RR) algorithm. The analysis and simulation studies show that PB algorithm is a simple and practical video data allocation algorithm for the distributed video servers. It provides near optimal system performance in any system condition.
Simultaneous quantification of ethylmorphine O-deethylase and N-demethylase activity by high-performance liquid chromatography

The N-demethylation and O-deethylation of ethylmorphine by cytochrome P-450 are simultaneously measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. All the metabolites and the substrate are extracted from the enzymatic incubation mixture with isopropanolmethylene chloride (20:80) containing 6.0 μg/ml codeinc sulfate as an internal standard. Separation of the compounds is achieved on a C18 reversed-phase column using a mobile phase of 1% acetic acid—acetonitrile (85:15) with 1-hexanesulfonic acid as a counter-ion. Total run time is 12 min at a flow-rate of 2.0 ml/min and 144 bar. Assay of ethylmorphine N-demethylase and O-deethylase activities in rat liver microsomes revealed close agreement between this method and conventional ones. N-Demethylation was found to greatly exceed O-deethylation in liver microsomes from either control or phenobarbital-treated rats confirming results from other laboratories. This method can also be used to measure the N- and O-demethylation of codeine.
Discontinuation of antipsychotic drug therapy

Abstract When an antipsychotic medication is discontinued, the possible withdrawal symptoms include psychotic relapse, medical complaints, and dyskinetic movements. Psychotic relapse, if it occurs, may be delayed for months or years and can be detected by close patient follow-up. Medical symptoms, such as nausea, Vomiting, and dizziness, are time-limited. Tardive dyskinesia may appear during or after drug withdrawal, but this problem is not necessarily permanent. To minimize symptoms, antipsychotic drugs should be tapered gradually, and patients on an antiparkinsonism medication should continue it for at least a week after the antipsychotic drug is stopped.
Synthesis and evaluation of a phosphonate analogue of the soluble guanylate cyclase activator YC-1

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is activated by the known benzylindazole derivative YC-1 [1-benzyl-3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-indazole]. YC-1 also acts synergistically with CO, activating sGC to a level comparable to that achieved upon binding of nitric oxide, the endogenous activator of sGC. We here describe the synthesis of a YC-1 phosphonate analogue with improved aqueous solubility as well as its effects on sGC.
The effects of government housing policies in a vintage filtering model

Abstract Long-run (and short-run) effects of low-income government housing policies are examined, in a model that treats housing as a durable good which declines in quality over time. Short-run and long-run market equilibria are characterized, rent subsidies are analyzed in detail, and results for other policies are presented.
Ab Initio Frequency Calculations of Pyridine Adsorbed on an Adatom Model of a SERS Active Site of a Silver Surface

Ab initio and Urey−Bradley calculations of normal modes were carried out to analyze the frequency shifts observed on the SERS spectrum of pyridine obtained on a Ag surface. A molecular model with a Ag atom attached to the pyridine nitrogen was used in the Urey−Bradley calculation. The frequency shifts in the SERS spectrum were calculated by adding K(Ag−N) and F(Ag· · ·Cα) force constants and by adjusting the ring stretches according to how their bond lengths changed in an ab initio calculation with a (Ag−Py)+ model. The ab initio calculations were done with the HF, MP2, and B3LYP methods using the 3-21G, 6-31G, 6-31G*, 6-31G**, and LanL2DZ basis sets. The surface active site was modeled in the calculation by means of Ag0, Ag+ atoms, and a Ag4+ pyramidal cluster structure. The calculations were evaluated on how well they matched the observed frequencies, the ν(Ag−N) stretch, and the frequency shifts for the SERS spectrum in an electrochemical environment. The calculation with the Ag4+ model yielded the bes...
Blood types of the native Americans of Oklahoma

Large numbers of Indians from Oklahoma were screened for a variety of red cell antigens. Sufficient numbers of Cherokees, Creeks, and Choctaws were studied to calculate gene frequencies. These tribes originated in the Southeastern United States and were forcibly moved to Oklahoma. The Creeks and Choctaws have not been studied previously. A small number of Cherokees remained in North Carolina, and their blood types have been reported. The blood types of the Oklahoma Cherokees are quite similar to those observed there but one important difference was discovered. The data previously reported concerning the Eastern Cherokees revealed the absence of the Dia antigen. The present study found that the Oklahoma Cherokees do have the Dia antigen, although in a lower percentage than the other southeastern tribes. The Creeks and Choctaws share a linguistic heritage as well as having similar red cell phenotypes.
Protease increases fermentation rate and ethanol yield in dry-grind ethanol production.

Abstract The effects of acid protease and urea addition during the fermentation step were evaluated. The fermentations were also tested with and without the addition of urea to determine if protease altered the nitrogen requirements of the yeast. Results show that the addition of the protease had a statistically significant effect on the fermentation rate and yield. Fermentation rates and yields were improved with the addition of the protease over the corresponding controls without protease. Protease addition either with or with added urea resulted in a higher final ethanol yield than without the protease addition. Urea addition levels >1200 ppm of supplemental nitrogen inhibited ethanol production. The economic effects of the protease addition were evaluated by using process engineering and economic models developed at the Eastern Regional Research Center. The decrease in overall processing costs from protease addition was as high as $0.01/L (4¢/gal) of denatured ethanol produced.
Nb/sub 3/Sn: macrostructure, microstructure, and property comparisons for bronze and internal Sn process strands

The variation in irreversibility field, B*(T), with temperature has been measured for Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting strands manufactured for ITER using vibrating sample and SQUID magnetometers. The high performance strands were developed for both high transport critical current density, J/sub c/, and low hysteresis loss. Despite a wide variety of designs and components, the strands could be split into two distinctive groups, based on the extrapolated irreversibility fields, which lie about 10% lower than the upper critical field. "Bronze-process" strands exhibited consistently higher B*(T) (28 T to 31 T) compared with "internal Sn" process (24 T to 26 T) conductors. The intrinsic critical current density of the superconductor, J/sub c(sc)/, and the specific pinning force of the grain boundaries, Q/sub gb/, were evaluated using the measured J/sub c/, and image analysis of the macro- and micro-structures. A bronze-processed Nb(-Ta)/sub 3/Sn was found to have a higher J/sub c(sc)/ but lower Q/sub gb/ than Nb/sub 3/Sn produced from Nb filaments. This work shows that the maximization of J/sub c/ is both an intrinsic flux pinning issue and a quantitative issue of how much Nb/sub 3/Sn can be put into the composite package. The results for the ITER strands are compared to a high J/sub c/ (but also high hysteresis loss) internal Sn strand. The high J/sub c/ strand had a much higher J/sub c(sc)/ and Q/sub gb/ than any of the ITER strands.
Experimental evaluation of expendable supersonic nozzle concepts

Exhaust nozzles for expendable supersonic turbojet engine missile propulsion systems are required to be simple, short and compact, in addition to having good broad-range thrust-minus-drag performance. A series of convergent-divergent nozzle scale model configurations were designed and wind tunnel tested for a wide range of free stream Mach numbers and nozzle pressure ratios. The models included fixed geometry and simple variable exit area concepts. The experimental and analytical results show that the fixed geometry configurations tested have inferior off-design thrust-minus-drag performance in the transonic Mach range. A simple variable exit area configuration called the Axi-Quad nozzle, combining features of both axisymmetric and two-dimensional convergent-divergent nozzles, performed well over a broad range of operating conditions. Analytical predictions of the flow pattern as well as overall performance of the nozzles, using a fully viscous, compressible CFD code, compared very well with the test data.
Some cytological observations on the effect of ribonuclease on Coccidioides immitis.

Abstract The effects of ribonuclease digestion of living cells of Coccidioides immitis on staining of nuclei, mitochondria, and metachromatic material is described. Evidence is presented suggesting that the enzyme penetrates the wall of the living cell since some of the results of enzyme action are reversible and the cells of young cultures are viable after prolonged enzyme treatment.
Towards scalable network emulation: Channel accuracy versus implementation resources

Channel emulators are valuable tools for controllable and repeatable wireless experimentation. Often, however, the high cost of such emulators preclude their widespread usage, especially in large-scale wireless networks. Moreover, existing channel emulators offer either very realistic channels for simplistic topologies or complex topologies with highly-abstracted, low-fidelity channels. To bridge the gap in offering a low-cost channel emulation solution which can scale to a large network size, in this paper, we study the tradeoff in channel emulation fidelity versus the hardware resources consumed using both analytical modeling and FPGA-based implementation. To reduce the memory footprint of our design, we optimize our channel emulation using an iterative structure to generate the Rayleigh fading channel. In addition, the channel update rate and word length selection are also evaluated in the paper which greatly improve the efficiency of implementation. We then extend our analysis of a single channel to understand how the implementation scales for the emulation of a large-scale wireless network, showing that up to 24 vehicular channels can be emulated in real-time on a single Virtex-4 FPGA.
Validation of the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure--Short Form.

Summary.-The Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure-Short Formderived from the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure, a group-administered recognition measure of Kohlbergian moral reasoning-was psychometrically evaluated for use with llth graders, juvenile delinquents, and 6th graders. The short form evidenced acceptable reliability and validity for use with llth graders. Psychometric properties were comparable to those reported for the full scale. Since the short form takes 20 min. less to administer and is quidter to score, the short form was recommended for use with 11th graders in large-scale research. Results for both 6th graders and juvenile delinquents showed that the short form, like the full scale, does not have acceptable reliability and validity for these groups. Reliability and validity of the short form for other adolescent groups must be assessed. A recent contribution to assessment of moral jcidgment has been the psychomecric validation of the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure (Gibbs, Arnold, Morgan, Schwartz, Gavaghan, & Tappan, 1984). The measure can be group-administered, involves multiple-choice recognition of reflective sociomoral reasoning, and shows acceptable reliability and validity with respecc to the assessment of adults and mosc adolescents. This objective measure was derived from a production measure of sociomoral reasoning, the Sociomoral Reflection Measure (Gibbs & Widaman, 1982), which has psychometric properties comparable to chose of the Kohlberg Moral Judglnenc Interview (Colby, Kohlberg, Gibbs, & Lieberman, 1983). Both measures ucilize moral justifica
Potential difference responses to nutrient K+, Cl− and Na+ changes in secreting and resting states of frog stomach

Abstract The effects of changes in nutrient concentrations of K+, Cl− and Na+ on the transmucosal potential difference (PD) and the resistance were compared for secreting fundus and resting fundus of Rana pipiens. Increase of K+ from 4 to 40 mM, decrease of Cl− from 81 to 8.1 mM and decrease of Na+ from 102 to 10 mM gave, 10 min after the change in the secreting fundus, Δ> PD values of −28.2, −19.8 and −7.5 mV , respectively. In the resting fundus with SCN− inhibition, the same changes in nutrient ion concentration gave Δ> PD values of −20.1, −17.0 and −10.2 mV , respectively. Changes in Na+ concentration were considered in a set of experiments of high acid secreting stomachs (4 to 6 μequiv. · h−1 · cm−2). Here, Δ> PD gave for 10-fold decreases in Na+ concentration in secreting fundus −4.8 mV and in resting fundus with SCN− inhibition −22.6 mV. Omeprazole inhibition gave results quite similar to those with SCNt- inhibition. From these results in going from secretion to inhibition, it follows that the increment of K+ conductance if it increased was lower than the increase in NaCl symport conductance since the change in ΔPD for K+ decreased and that for Na+ increased. Also HCO3− conductance increased with inhibition. After SCN− inhibition the transmucosal resistance initially increased and later decreased. The decrease can be accounted for by the increase in conductance of the NaCl symport pathway and of the HCO3− pathway.
Particle size for differentiation between inhalation and injection pulmonary talcosis

Abstract Light microscopic measurement of the size of birefringent particles in 11 cases of pulmonary talcosis provides differentiation between injection and inhalation origin. The mean particle diameter (±SD) in inhalation cases was 3.7 ± 2.9 μm and in injection cases was 14.2 ± 9.0 μm ( P 5 μm) should raise the suspicion of injection as the source.
Interface and surface tension in incompressible lattice Boltzmann multiphase model

This paper studies the interfacial dynamics and surface tension in an incompressible lattice Boltzmann multiphase model proposed recently by He et al. [J. Comput. Phys. 152 (1999) 642]. The model tracks different phases and the interface between them using an index fluid with molecular interaction. When the molecular interaction is strong enough, the index fluid automatically segregates into two different phases. The surface tension is implemented in the model using a term as a function of the gradient of the index fluid density. The strength of the surface tension depends on the molecular interaction, and can be adjusted conveniently by a free parameter. Numerical simulations for a variety of flow conditions with surface tension are carried out to demonstrate the capability of the model.
Self-organization of tetrapyrrole constituents to give a photoactive protocell

A tandem combinatorial reaction of four acyclic, colorless compounds (two α-aminoketones and two diones; one polar and one nonpolar for each) in aqueous solution (30 mM each, 60 °C, pH 7, 24 h) containing lipid vesicles and with or without quinones and solar illumination affords a distribution of up to 538 porphyrins in 1.6–3.9% overall yield. The reactions leading to the porphyrins can occur in either or both the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic membrane of the vesicles. The porphyrins encompass a broad range of polarity and partition in the aqueous-lipid medium. Two fractions obtained by size-exclusion chromatography include porphyrins associated with the lipid vesicles and porphyrins in the aqueous phase. The porphyrins in both phases are photoactive as demonstrated by fluorescence quantum yield measurements (Φf ∼ 0.07–0.08) and by the Krasnovsky reaction (a photosynthetic-like process). The constituents of the Krasnovsky reaction employed here are methyl red, ascorbic acid, and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Illumination of the two porphyrin-containing samples (aqueous phase or vesicles) in the presence of the Krasnovsky constituents results in the reduction of methyl red and oxidation of ascorbic acid. Thus, the overall process transforms a colorless aqueous suspension via four stages (two combinatorial reactions, oxidation, physical partitioning) to photoactive porphyrins in distinct venues. The process may provide a model for the origin of pigments that enable proto-photosynthesis.
Discrete spatial symmetries in energy derivatives

Based upon the invariance of N-particle systems under discrete operations of reflection, inversion, and rotation by 2π/n, a method for obtaining complete sets of relations among energy derivatives of all orders has been presented. The method is based on the criterion that, for a discrete symmetry operation such as reflection across a plane; the change in energy due to simultaneous arbitrary displacements of each particle is equal to another set of “conjugate” displacements of all particles. Applications of the above relations for particular molecular systems possessing a combination of symmetry operations is also presented. Here, via the row echelon analysis, the number of independent derivatives are found, and simple symmetry relations that allow determination of the remaining derivatives are presented. For example, for a homonuclear diatomic molecule with D2h symmetry only 1 of the 6 first derivatives and 1 of the 21 second derivatives need to be independently calculated.
Acute Care and Long-term Mortality among Elderly Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage who Undergo Chronic Life-Sustaining Procedures

Little is known about patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) who undergo chronic life-sustaining procedures. We sought to explore variations in treatment, Medicare payments, and mortality among elderly patients with ICH who received a feeding tube, a tracheostomy, or neither chronic life-sustaining procedure. Medicare Provider Analysis and Review files from 2004 linked to Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services denominator files through January 2005 were analyzed. Patients over age 65 years with a primary diagnosis of ICH based on discharge code (ICD-9-CM 431) were divided into those who underwent tracheostomy, those who underwent feeding tube placement but not tracheostomy, and those who underwent neither procedure. Thirty-day and 1-year survival rates were estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods. Among the 32,210 patients studied, 6% underwent feeding tube placement, and 2.5% underwent tracheostomy. Compared with the patients who did not undergo a chronic life-sustaining procedure, those who underwent tracheostomy had a longer length of stay (median, 25 days vs 4 days; P P P
Nitrapyrin, terrazole, atrazine, and simazine influence on nitrification and corn growth.

Abstract Most farming systems involving tilled crops require use of pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers in different combinations although most pesticides effects on soil N transformation are scantly documented. Studies were initiated to compare atrazine and simazine herbicides with two biological nitrification inhibitors (nitrapyrin and terrazole) for their effects on biological nitrification and corn (Zea mays L.) growth. In a laboratory study, inhibition of nitrification was less than 3% in a Tifton loamy sand incubated with 10 μg a.i g‐1 soil atrazine or simazine but was more than 10% in soil amended with nitrapyrin or terrazole, applied separately or in combinations with either herbicide at the same rate. Similar trends were observed with soil treated with different combinations of 2.5 μg a.i. g‐1 soil nitrapyrin or terrazole and 1.25 μg a.i. g‐1 soil atrazine or simazine and incubated with and without corn plants under greenhouse conditions. The combination of either herbicide with nitrapyrin or ter...
Potential in lattice U(1) gauge theory

We use Monte Carlo simulation to study the potential between static test charges in compact lattice U(1) gauge theory. In the weak-coupling (Coulomb) phase we measure the charge renormalization in this theory, and in the strong-coupling phase we measure the string tension.
Inertial Deposition Effects: A Study of Aerosol Mechanics in the Trachea Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Fluorescent Dye

This study characterizes the axial velocity and axial turbulence intensity patterns noted in the tracheal portion of a cadaver-based throat model at two different steady flow rates (18.1 and 41.1 LPM.) This characterization was performed using Phase Doppler Interferometry (Laser Doppler Velocimetry). Deposition, as assessed qualitatively using fluorescent dye, is related to the position of the laryngeal jet within the trachea. The position of the jet is dependent on the downstream conditions of the model. It is proposed therefore that lung/airway conditions may have important effects on aerosol deposition within the throat. There is no correspondence noted between regions of high axial turbulence intensity and deposition.
Induced e-beam charge impact on spatial orientation of gate-all-around silicon wires device fabricated on boron nitride substrate

For Gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs the nanowires are suspended between source and drain anchors allowing conformal deposition of the gate around (i.e., GAASiNW) the silicon nanowire channel. 3DSEM measurement show that silicon wires tend to buckle between the source and drain anchors as function of their diameter and length. This phenomenon can impact device performance and therefore needs to be characterized. Resent metrology research performed on Silicon nanowires fabricated over a Boron Nitride (BN) layer demonstrated that Silicon nanowires spatial orientation is influenced by local electrostatic charge induced by the SEM electron beam irradiation. The scanning electron beam leads to charging of the floating conductive silicon wires and dielectric BN layer. Difference in charging mechanisms of the two materials lead to the formation of Coulomb forces acting between the wires and the BN layer. We were able to change the spatial orientation of Silicon nanowires by modifying scanning conditions which effectively controls the amount of charging induced by the SEM. Strong charging, which corresponds to high dose leads to change of silicon wires spatial orientation, they appear straight in SEM top view and tilt image planes. Reducing charging by the means of scan rate increase or lower number of scanned frames saves the silicon wires buckled in their natural state.
Semiactive variable-damping liquid column dampers

Semi-active systems are becoming increasingly attractive for structural control applications because they offer some of the best features of both the passive and active systems. This paper examines one such system in which a passive tuned liquid column damper is converted into a variable damping semi-active system. Different semi-active algorithms which are based on the clipped-optimal strategy and fuzzy control theory are used to simulate such a system. The main objective of this paper is to show the applicability of such a system and to discuss the semi-active algorithms needed to achieve performance that is comparable to active systems.