cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wide-voltage-window reversible control of electronic transport in electrolyte-gated epitaxial BaSnO 3

The wide gap perovskite semiconductor ${\mathrm{BaSnO}}_{3}$ has attracted much interest since the discovery of room temperature electron mobility up to $320\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in bulk crystals. Motivated by applications in oxide heterostructures, rapid progress has been made with ${\mathrm{BaSnO}}_{3}$ films, although questions remain regarding transport mechanisms and mobility optimization. Here we report on a detailed study of epitaxial ${\mathrm{BaSnO}}_{3}$ electric double layer transistors based on ion gel electrolytes, enabling wide-doping-range studies of transport in single films. The work spans an order of magnitude in initial $n$ doping ($\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{19}$ to ${10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, with both oxygen vacancies and La), film thicknesses from 10--50 nm, and measurements of resistance, Hall effect, mobility, and magnetoresistance. In contrast with many oxides, electrolyte gating of ${\mathrm{BaSnO}}_{3}$ is found to be essentially reversible over an exceptional gate voltage window (approaching $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}$), even at 300 K, supported by negligible structural modification in operando synchrotron x-ray diffraction. We propose that this occurs due to a special situation in ${\mathrm{BaSnO}}_{3}$, where electrochemical gating via oxygen vacancies is severely limited by their low diffusivity. Wide-range reversible modulation of transport is thus achieved (in both electron accumulation and depletion modes), spanning strongly localized, weakly localized, and metallic regimes. Two-channel conduction analysis is then combined with self-consistent Schr\"odinger-Poisson and Thomas-Fermi modeling to extract accumulation layer electron densities and mobilities. Electrostatic electron densities approaching ${10}^{14}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ are shown to increase room temperature mobility by up to a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}24$. These results lay the groundwork for future studies of electron-density-dependent phenomena in high mobility ${\mathrm{BaSnO}}_{3}$, and significantly elucidate oxide electrolyte gating mechanisms.
Health Care Advocacy: The Relationships between Age, Chronicity, Comorbidity, and Perceived Need for Assistance

Background and Purpose: The U.S. population is living longer; therefore, a relatively large proportion of the population is likely to experience chronic illnesses within their lifetime. An experimental study was conducted to examine factors influencing the likelihood of hiring a Health Care Advocate (HCA). Methods: Survey data were collected from a randomly selected community sample of participants (N = 470) over the age of 18 who were provided with a description of an HCA and a written vignette describing a medical scenario. Participants read one of eight vignettes in which they were asked to imagine they were in a car accident and required medical care. Age, injury (chronic vs. acute), and presence of comorbid chronic condition were manipulated. Results: A significant interaction indicated that when there was no pre-existing chronic health condition, sustaining a chronic injury increased the likelihood of hiring an HCA. In addition, younger adults with comorbid conditions were perceived as having greater need for an HCA than younger adults without comorbid conditions. Older adults were perceived as benefiting from HCAs regardless of comorbid conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the need for patient-centered support for older adults following an injury, and for younger adults when a pre-existing chronic condition exists. Efforts should be made to target services to these populations of interest.
State of the Journal, 2019.

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT) remains the most highly ranked occupational therapy journal, as measured by its journal impact factor. AJOT’s goals are to remain occupational therapy’s leading research journal, publish high-quality research that reflects the breadth of research related to occupational therapy, and have disciplinary and interdisciplinary impact.
Evaluating Mismatch Repair/Microsatellite Instability Status Using Cytology Effusion Specimens to Determine Eligibility for Immunotherapy

Context.— The approval of pembrolizumab for treatment of patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair–deficient (dMMR) advanced cancers has led to increased requests for...
Women’s Cancer Rehabilitation: a Review of Functional Impairments and Interventions Among Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

The purpose of this narrative review was to highlight rehabilitation-relevant aspects of cancer treatment and primarily musculoskeletal impairments and rehabilitation interventions among women with breast and gynecologic cancers. For breast cancer, we reviewed post-mastectomy pain syndrome, upper quadrant dysfunction, aromatase inhibitor musculoskeletal syndrome (AIMSS), and lymphedema. For gynecologic cancers, pelvic floor dysfunction, lymphedema, and insufficiency fractures were selected. The recent breast cancer rehabilitation literature evaluates the pathophysiology of impairments such as AIMSS and osteoporosis. Studies have applied technologically advanced methods to quantify impairments such as upper quadrant dysfunction. Systematic reviews have assessed interventions across impairments. Among gynecologic cancers, pelvic floor dysfunction appears to be more commonly assessed. Small-sized pelvic floor intervention studies suggest improvement with rehabilitation. A large volume of studies describes breast cancer–related impairments. There is a need to further characterize and quantify functional impairments among gynecologic cancer survivors. For both populations, future research should robustly evaluate rehabilitation interventions.
Modeling severities of motorcycle crashes using random parameters

Abstract One of the critical areas of road safety is motorcycle safety. Motorcyclists are more vulnerable to injuries than occupants of other motor vehicles when involved in crashes. Researchers have studied the relationships between motorcycle crash severity and crash contributing factors. They are crash characteristics, roadway geometric design features, traffic characteristics, socio-demographics and environmental conditions. However, few researchers considered unobserved heterogeneity effects when modeling motorcycle crash injury severities, let alone interaction effects. In this research, motorcycle crashes in Wyoming that occurred from 2008 to 2017 were analyzed. Specifically, the injury severities of single motorcycle crashes and multiple vehicle crashes involving motorcycles were modeled. The response was whether the motorcycle crash incurred an incapacitating injury or fatality or not. The binary logistic regression and mixed binary logistic regression modeling structures were implemented. The mixed models revealed effects that otherwise would have been undisclosed in the binary logistic regression models’ results. According to the results of single motorcycle crashes, the majority of motorcycle-animal crashes and of motorcycle-barrier crashes were likely to be severe relative to other single motorcycle crashes. It was also found that horizontal curves increased the risk of severe injuries. Young riders were found to be less at risk of being gravely injured in single motorcycle crashes than older riders as well. Furthermore, riding under the influence and high posted speed limits increased the odds of severe crashes regardless of whether the crashes were single motorcycle crashes or multiple vehicle crashes involving motorcycles. Additionally, the mixed models uncovered interaction effects and unobserved effects pertaining to speed limits.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells: Clinical Applications, Advances and Challenges

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have emerged as a potential groundbreaking treatment for patients with advanced B-cell and other hematologic malignancies. CAR T cells recognize and eliminate tumor cells via cytotoxic killing, independent of the major histocompatibility complex. They are predominantly used in the treatment of many leukemias and lymphomas, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, via the administration of CD19-targeted or BCMA-targeted CAR T cells respectively. Although there is strong clinical data to support the efficacy of this therapy, toxicity, relapse, and a lack of its broad application for solid tumors have emerged as challenges. In this section, we will highlight the application of CAR T cells in treating hematologic malignancies, as well as their application in solid tumors. Here, we will review the engineering of CAR T cells, clinical data on CD19 and BCMA CAR T cells, and limitations of these therapies. Additionally, we will discuss the development of novel approaches to engineer CAR T cells, identify target antigens, increase their effectiveness and mitigate toxicity. These advances will allow for progress of this therapy and help to overcome the hurdles that are currently present in the use of CAR T cells.
Abstract P235: The Additive Genetic Association of Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor and Serum-and-Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 1 on Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. A diplotype on the beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) gene (rs1042713, rs1042714)—associated with inc...
Black Girl Blues: The Roles of Racial Socialization, Gendered Racial Socialization, and Racial Identity on Depressive Symptoms among Black Girls

Racial socialization is an important predictor of wellbeing among Black youth. Scholars have theorized that Black girls could benefit from gendered racial socialization or messages about being Black girls. However, this has not been examined empirically. The current study investigates the role of general and gendered racial socialization and racial identity attitudes on depressive symptoms among 287 Black girls between the ages of 13–17 (Mage = 15.4) in the U.S. Path analysis results demonstrated that general and gendered racial socialization about pride were directly associated with positive feelings about being Black which were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Oppressive messages about Black women were related to negative feelings about being Black and more depressive symptoms. The implications of general and gendered racial socialization on the psychological wellbeing of Black girls are discussed.
SPAA: Stealthy Projector-based Adversarial Attacks on Deep Image Classifiers.

Light-based adversarial attacks aim to fool deep learning-based image classifiers by altering the physical light condition using a controllable light source, e.g., a projector. Compared with physical attacks that place carefully designed stickers or printed adversarial objects, projector-based ones obviate modifying the physical entities. Moreover, projector-based attacks can be performed transiently and dynamically by altering the projection pattern. However, existing approaches focus on projecting adversarial patterns that result in clearly perceptible camera-captured perturbations, while the more interesting yet challenging goal, stealthy projector-based attack, remains an open problem. In this paper, for the first time, we formulate this problem as an end-to-end differentiable process and propose Stealthy Projector-based Adversarial Attack (SPAA). In SPAA, we approximate the real project-and-capture operation using a deep neural network named PCNet, then we include PCNet in the optimization of projector-based attacks such that the generated adversarial projection is physically plausible. Finally, to generate robust and stealthy adversarial projections, we propose an optimization algorithm that uses minimum perturbation and adversarial confidence thresholds to alternate between the adversarial loss and stealthiness loss optimization. Our experimental evaluations show that the proposed SPAA clearly outperforms other methods by achieving higher attack success rates and meanwhile being stealthier.
Interfacial effects on the dielectric properties of elastomer/carbon-black/ceramic composites

A systematic series of ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) elastomer/carbon-black composites were studied to quantify the effect of additional ceramic fillers, especially of the interfacial contributions, on the dielectric properties of the composites. Substantial interfacial contributions to the composites’ dielectric properties were present in all systems. For all composites studied—using ceramic fillers with varied dielectric nature and spanning orders of magnitude in dielectric constants—the interfacial contributions overwhelmed the ceramic filler k-values and dominated the dielectric performance of the composites. Non-trivial interplays between the carbon black and the ceramic fillers were also manifested, casting doubts on the validity of standard models used for the prediction of dielectric permittivities of such composites.
Reparative phenomena in lungs of neonates with hyaline membranes.

Destructive changes have been described by others in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli associated with hyaline membranes in the lungs of infants who died in the first few hours of life. After 24 hours of extra-uterine life, cellular proliferative phenomena appear in these same areas and are almost always present after 48 hours of extra-uterine life. It is suggested that these represent a reparative process related to the early destructive changes associated with the formation of the hyaline membrane, rather than a purely reactive phenomenon associated with the formation of phagocytes involved in the removal of the membranes.
Identification of the Mouse Uveoscleral Outflow Pathway Using Fluorescent Dextran

RESULTS. Fluorescent tracer in the eyes of animals that survived for 10 minutes was prominent in the iris root and ciliary processes and was of moderate intensity in the adjacent sclera. Moderate intensity fluorescence also was observed in the trabecular meshwork and adjacent cornea. At 20 minutes, intense fluorescence was observed in the ciliary processes and the ciliary muscle. This fluorescence in the ciliary muscle extended from the posterior edge of the ciliary muscle’s tail into the anterior choroid. At 60 minutes, the fluorescence in the choroid extended to the equator and adjacent sclera. The intensity of the fluorescence within the ciliary processes of these eyes was substantially reduced when compared with the 20-minutesurvival eyes. At 120 minutes, label was observed only within trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal. CONCLUSIONS. These results indicate that at least a portion of aqueous outflow in the mouse eye is through the uveoscleral outflow pathway. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43: 2201‐2205)
Fuzzy-based self-organizing control for building systems

A self-organizing controller based on fuzzy set theory is applied to the problem of building temperature and lighting control. A three-level hierarchical controller composed of supervisor, coordinator, and local levels is employed. The intelligent control structure is designed to maximize occupant comfort while minimizing energy usage. Fuzzy sets representing zone occupancy, utility cost, and building dynamics are used as inputs to an adaptive fuzzy relation algorithm which generates local controller setpoints. Implementation of the controller in an office building is discussed.
The role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein in the differential transcriptional regulation of a family of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase genes.

The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) was found to selectively trans-activate one member of the human class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family. A comparison of the promoters for the three human class I ADH genes ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3 indicated a very similar pattern of binding sites (sites A-F) for rat liver nuclear proteins located between -10 and -210 base pairs (bp). In all three promoters site A consisted of two binding sites for the transcription factor C/EBP closely flanking both sides of the TATA box, but C/EBP bound with much greater affinity to site A of ADH2. C/EBP also bound at two locations which coincide with site D (-120 bp) and site E (-160 bp) of all three promoters. Cotransfection studies of human hepatoma cells using ADH-cat fusions and a C/EBP expression plasmid indicated that the human ADH2 promoter responded well to C/EBP trans-activation whereas the human ADH1 and ADH3 promoters, which bind C/EBP weakly, responded poorly. Individual mutations in several ADH2 nuclear factor-binding sites allowed the identification of four functional C/EBP-binding sites, i.e. two in site A as well as one each in sites D and E. Also, the ADH2 TATA box was found to be dispensable for C/EBP induction. Compared to ADH2 and ADH3, site A in ADH1 contains four extra base pairs between the two C/EBP motifs, and deletion of these nucleotides increased the C/EBP responsiveness of ADH1 presumably by changing the spacing of the two C/EBP motifs. Thus, sequence divergence of human class I ADH gene family members has led to forms which vary in their responsiveness to C/EBP. We suggest that C/EBP contributes to liver-specific expression of the human class I ADH gene family by selectively inducing the ADH2 gene via a TATA-independent mechanism during liver development.
Synthesis of mammalian profilin in Escherichia coli and Its characterization

Profilin is a G-actin binding protein that may have a role in controlling the ratio of G/F actin within the cell. To devise a way for obtaining large amounts of mammalian profilin in an active state, we transfected Escherichia coli with a plasmid containing a full-length rat spleen profilin cDNA adjacent to a promoter inducible by isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG). Upon induction, they synthesized a new protein of 15,000 MW constituting approximately 5% of the total cell protein. This protein bound to poly-L-proline Sepharose and could be eluted with 7 M urea, behavior similar to that exhibited by authentic profilin. The protein could be released from the bacteria in soluble form following sonication, and the profilin could then be purified to homogeneity following chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE A-50 Sephadex. The protein began with an unblocked Ala, indicating that the initiating formyl and methionine residues had been removed. The dissociation of the recombinant profilin from chicken skeletal muscle actin was characterized by a Kd of approximately 2 microM based on gel filtration analysis and actin polymerization assays. These results show that purified active mammalian profilin can be made conveniently in large quantities. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using bacterially synthesized profilin in structure-function studies involving mutant profilins altered by site-directed mutagenesis.
In-Gel Imaging of RNA Processing Using Broccoli Reveals Optimal Aptamer Expression Strategies

RNA aptamers can be expressed in cells to influence and image cellular processes. Aptamer folding is maintained by inserting the aptamers into highly structured RNA scaffolds. Here, we show that commonly used RNA scaffolds exhibit unexpected instability and cleavage in bacterial and mammalian cells. Using an in-gel staining approach for rapid and simple detection of Spinach- or Broccoli-tagged RNAs in cells, we monitored the processing of RNAs tagged with scaffolded aptamers, revealing endonucleolytic cleavage, RNA instability, and poor expression. We reengineered a natural three-way junction structure to generate an alternative scaffold that enables stable aptamer expression in cells. This scaffold was used to create cassettes containing up to four Broccoli units, markedly enhancing the brightness of mammalian cells expressing cassette-tagged RNAs. These experiments describe methods for screening RNA cleavage events in cells and identify cell-compatible scaffolds that enable efficient tagging of RNAs with aptamers for cellular expression.
Focal mechanisms and the stress regime in NE and SW Tanzania, East Africa

[1] We report 12 new focal mechanisms from earthquakes in NE and SW Tanzania where the stress regime within the East African rift system is not well constrained. Focal mechanisms for events at the intersection of the Lake Tanganyika and Rukwa rifts in SW Tanzania indicate a complicated stress pattern with possible dextral strike-slip motion on some faults but oblique motion on others (either sinistral on NW striking faults or dextral on NE striking faults). Within the Rukwa rift, focal mechanisms indicate normal dip-slip motion with NE-SW opening. In NE Tanzania where the Eastern rift impinges on the margin of the Tanzania Craton, fault motions are consistent with a zone of distributed block faults and sub E-W extension. All twelve earthquakes likely nucleated within the crust.
The Humanities and Social Sciences in Asia

Most observers agree that the humanities and social sciences—the soft sciences—are an integral part of any university, indeed that a real university must have strength in these areas. These disciplines are important in their own right, and are a central core for any general education program.
Polyelectrolyte Stabilized Nanowires from Fe3O4 Nanoparticles via Magnetic Field Induced Self-Assembly

Stabilized with a polyelectrolyte complex, superparamagnetic wires were prepared from Fe3O4 nanoparticles and used to fabricate structures of a complex architecture on solid substrates by manipulating the wires in an external magnetic field.
Precursor-specific nucleotide sequences can govern RNA folding

An immediate precursor of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from Bacillus subtilis has 21 and 42 nucleotide precursor-specific segments associated with its 5' and 3' termini, respectively. On the basis of its nucleotide sequence, predicted secondary structure and location in the rRNA transcriptional unit, the 3' precursor element apparently functions during the termination of transcription. A portion of the 5' precursor element is shown to facilitate the native folding of the mature domain of the precursor. Precursor 5S rRNA molecules which lack the 5' terminal 8-9 nucleotides of the 5' precursor elements were fabricated. These abbreviated constructs assume a non-native conformation, as revealed by their behavior during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The aberrant conformation is evidently forced upon the abbreviated constructs by the residual 5' precursor sequence, since its removal by the maturation endonuclease RNAase M5 precipitates the reordering of the mature domain into its native conformation. Inspection of the nucleotide sequence of the 5S precursor suggested the nature of the conformational aberration, and gel electrophoresis analyses of limited nuclease digests of end-labeled precursors in the native and aberrant conformations are consistent with the derived model. We conclude taht the 5' terminal six nucleotides in the intact 5S precursor assist in the folding of the mature domain by forming a base-paired duplex with neighboring nucleotides, thereby preventing that adjacent sequence from engendering the abnormal conformation. The involvement of precursor-specific sequences and conformational dynamics in RNA function are discussed.
Comparison of chromosome telomere integrity in multiple tissues from subjects at different ages.

Telomere DNA, at the ends of each chromosome, is conserved in nature and required for chromosome replication and stability. Reduction in telomere length has been observed in several malignancies as well as in leukocytes from healthy persons with advancing age. There is a paucity of data regarding telomere length and the effects of in vivo aging in different tissues. These data could be helpful in interpreting telomere length and understanding the role of telomere integrity and telomerase activity in malignant cells. We report telomeric DNA integrity studies of blood and skin collected from eight Caucasians of both sexes representing each decade of life from the fetus to 72 years of age without exposure to chemotherapy or radiation. In addition, telomeric data from 15 other tissues from the fetus and 8 other tissues from the 72-year-old male were examined. No significant differences were found in the shortest telomere size, the average telomere size, or telomere size variation between blood and skin from subjects at different ages. The average telomere size was 11.7 +/- 2.2 kb for blood and 12.8 +/- 3.7 for skin in all subjects studied. The shortest telomere length was 5.4 +/- 1.9 kb for blood and 4.3 +/- 0.9 kb for skin. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were found in the overall length of the DNA hybridization signal representing the shortest telomere size and the length of the DNA peak migration hybridization signal representing variation in telomere size between the 20-week fetus and the 72-year-old male. The 72-year-old male showed the shortest telomeres and the most variation (heterogeneity) in telomere size for all tissues studied, but the greatest differences were observed in blood compared with other tissues (e.g., average telomere length was 12.2 kb in the fetus and 7.2 kb in the 72-year-old male). The size of the telomere was negatively correlated with age for all tissues studied.
Individual Differences in Women's Salivary Testosterone and Estradiol Following Sexual Activity in a Nonlaboratory Setting

ABSTRACTObjectives: The current study evaluated women's salivary testosterone and estradiol levels before and after exposure to sexual stimuli in a U.S. sex club. Methods: Behavioral data and salivary samples were collected from 19 women during semistructured interviews. Results: Findings demonstrate substantial individual differences in the magnitude and direction of women's hormonal changes following sexual activity. Conclusions: In an age of individualized medicine, these findings highlight the need to better understand factors shaping variation in physiological responses to sexual activity. Findings contribute to a relatively small and contradictory literature on women's hormonal responses to sexual stimuli.
Ginsenoside compound K, not Rb1, possesses potential chemopreventive activities in human colorectal cancer

Ginsenoside compound K (C-K) is an intestinal microbiota metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, a major constituent in American ginseng. However, previous ginseng anti-cancer observations were largely focused on ginseng parent compounds but not metabolites, and anti-colorectal cancer studies on C-K were limited. This study investigated the anti-proliferative effects of C-K when compared to those of Rb1, and the related mechanisms of action, in HCT-116 and SW-480 colorectal cancer cells. The effects of Rb1 and C-K on the proliferation of HCT-116 and SW-480 human colorectal cancer cells were compared using an MTS assay. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were assayed using flow cytometry. Enzymatic activities of caspases were determined by colorimetric assay, and interactions of C-K and caspases were explored by docking analysis. C-K showed significant anti-proliferative effects in HCT-116 and SW-480 cells at concentrations of 30-50 µM. At the same concentrations, Rb1 did not show any effects, while C-K arrested the cells in the G1 phase, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. Compared to HCT-116 (p53 wild-type), the p53 mutant cell line SW-480 was more sensitive to C-K as assessed by cell cycle regulation and apoptosis induction. C-K activated expression of caspases 8 and 9, consistent with docking analysis. The docking data suggested that C-K forms hydrogen bonds with Lys253, Thr904 and Gly362 in caspase 8, and with Thr62, Ser63 and Arg207 in caspase 9. C-K, but not its parent ginsenoside Rb1, showed significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in human colorectal cancer cells. These results suggest that C-K could be a potentially effective anti-colorectal cancer agent.
Liquid injectable silicone for soft tissue augmentation

Liquid injectable silicone is a unique soft tissue augmenting agent that may be effectively utilized for the correction of specific cutaneous and subcutaneous atrophies. Although historical complications have occurred, resulting likely from the presence of adulterants and impurities, modern purified silicone products approved by the Food and Drug Administration for injection into the human body may be employed with minimal complications when strict protocol is followed. In this article the present authors review the history and controversy regarding silicone as well as describe the appropriate indications, patient selection, instrumentation, treatment protocol, and anticipated complications involved with the use of liquid injectable silicone for soft tissue augmentation. Although its use is controversial, the present authors maintain that liquid injectable silicone is an important and effective augmenting agent for the long-term correction of scars and facial contour defects such as HIV facial lipoatrophy. Furthermore, it is a treatment modality deserving of continued investigation.
The Effects of Self-Esteem and Expectancies for Success on Affective Reactions to Achievement

Affective reactions to academic performance appear to be influenced by performance outcome, self-esteem, and causal attributions. We investigated whether expectancies for success and the confirmation or disconfirmation of expectancies also influenced students’ affective reactions and causal attributions in achievement settings. Participants were 132 university students. Causal attributions and affective reactions to an achievement-related situation were assessed and related to students’ self-esteem, expectancies for success, and confirmation or disconfirmation of expectancies. Results indicated that causal attributions were related to confirmation or disconfirmation of expectancies for success and to self-esteem. Affective reactions were related to the interaction of self-esteem, expectancies for success, and confirmation or disconfirmation of expectancies. Further analysis suggested that students’ affective reactions to performance may serve to maintain existing levels of self-esteem. The role of self-referent and other-referent emotions in self-esteem maintenance was also discussed.
Antenatal Triiodothyronine Improves Neonatal Pulmonary Function in Preterm Lambs

OBJECTIVE To characterize 1) pulmonary gas exchange, 2) pulmonary function, 3) lung fluid and tissue phospholipid content, and 4) thyroid hormone in the premature lamb (0.85 of term) after intra-amniotic administration of 100 micrograms of triiodothyronine (T3) 2 weeks before delivery. METHODS Nine fetal lambs were given 100 micrograms of intra-amniotic T3 under ultrasound guidance at 112 +/- 1 days' gestation and delivered at 126 +/- 1 days (term = 149 days). Five saline-injected animals served as controls. Arterial blood gases, pulmonary mechanics, and lung volumes were compared between groups for 1 hour after delivery. At delivery, tracheal fluid and blood was taken for T3, and thyroxine (T4) levels. Tracheal fluid and lung tissues were assayed for total phosphorus and disaturated phosphatidylcholine. RESULTS Triiodothyronine-treated lambs had significantly higher mean arterial pH and lower PCO2 than controls (P < .05) with a trend toward higher mean PO2. The dynamic lung compliance was increased by 54% with a 40% proportional increase in tidal volume and minute ventilation in the T3-treated group (P < .05). Functional residual capacity increased 69% (P < .05) without a change in specific compliance. The tracheal fluid and pulmonary phospholipids and tracheal fluid and plasma T3 and T4 levels were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION A single 100 micrograms dose of antenatal T3 significantly improves neonatal gas exchange and lung compliance. The improvement in lung function was not accompanied by an increase in pulmonary surfactant production. It is inferred that T3 improved lung function via accelerated structural development of the lung with an alternative possible effect on parenchymal connective tissue matrix.
AN EVALUATION OF A CONTROLLED DRINKING PROGRAM FOR DRINKING DRIVERS

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of Behavioral Self-Control Training in terms of reductions in alcohol consumption and blood alcohol concentration generally, and determine if changes on these indices effect reductions in drinking-and-driving incidents, blood alcohol concentration during drinking-and-driving incidents, and reductions in life problems. Self-referred individuals who drink and drive were randomly assigned into one of two experimental conditions: 1) Behavioral Self-Control Training (BSCT), or 2) Conventional Alcohol Education (CAE). Behavioral Self-Control Training resulted in nonsignificant (p > .05) reductions of: 1) alcohol consumption, 2) peak blood alcohol concentration, 3) drinking-and-driving episodes, 4) blood alcohol concentration during drinking-and-driving episodes, and 5) the severity of life problems. No significant differences were found between conditions on these variables. These results suggest that a controlled drinking goal may not be feasible for all ...
Three Dynamin‐Encoding Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Developing Rat Brain

Abstract: Dynamin proteins are members of a recently described family of GTPases involved in receptor-mediated processes. To date, three different dynamin-encoding genes have been identified in mammalian tissues. Dynamin I is expressed only in neurons, whereas dynamin II is ubiquitously expressed. A third isoform, dynamin III, was originally isolated from a rat testis cDNA library and shown to be testis-specific. However, here we report the cloning and characterization of dynamin III from brain and lung, demonstrating a more extended pattern of expression for this isoform. In addition, we have investigated the temporal pattern of expression of these three genes during brain development. We find that both dynamin I and dynamin III mRNA levels are up-regulated during embryogenesis, whereas dynamin II mRNA levels remain unchanged. From these results, we conclude that dynamin III is not a testis-specific isoform and, furthermore, that rat brain expresses three different dynamin-encoding genes that are differentially regulated during development. Therefore, this large isoform diversity of dynamin proteins in brain predicts a significant complexity in the understanding of dynamin-based processes in this tissue.
Chemotherapy for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry experience.

Abstract Introduction Very little published data exist regarding the results of chemotherapy treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). The purpose of the study was to review the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry experience with PTLD treated with chemotherapy. Methods Patients with PTLD who received chemotherapy were identified and data collected regarding demographics, tumor characteristics, recurrence rates, and survival. Results One hundred ninety three solid organ transplant recipients with PTLD who received chemotherapy were identified. Most patients were male (142:51) and Caucasian (148; 16 AA, 29 unspecified). Most PTLD were B-cell predominant (81%), monoclonal (71), and CD 20+ (60% of patients tested). Organ transplanted included: kidney, 92 (48%); heart, 54 (28%); liver, 30 (16%); pancreas, 8 (4%); and lung, 9 (5%). Median time to presentation posttransplant was 24.5 months (range 0.8 to 226.5 months). Ninety patients received CHOP, 12 ProMACE, 65 other multidrug regimens, and 23 patients received single-agent chemotherapy. Five-year survival for these four regimens were: 24%, 25%, 32%, and 5%. PTLD-specific death rates were 34%, 34%, 40%, and 48%. Conclusions Single-agent chemotherapy appears to be inferior to other chemotherapy regimens for PTLD as it is associated with lower survival.
A high precision peak sensing circuit for measuring the integral linearity of nuclear pulse amplifiers

Abstract This paper describes a new instrument that very accurately transforms the peak height of repetitive waveforms into a dc voltage. Used in conjunction with a precision pulse generator, this instrument provides an improved method for establishing the integral linearity of pulse amplifiers. A measured overall accuracy of 0.005% for pulses with a nominal 1.0 μs peaking time has been achieved. This method is particularly useful with very fast amplifiers in the 5–100 ns range. The results of linearity measurements on several typical amplifiers are presented.
Electron Irradiation Damage in Pure and Impurity‐Doped RbMgF3 Crystals

The radiation damage processes in pure and impurity-doped RbMgF3 crystals are studied by identifying and monitoring the radiation induced defects. Interstitials and Vk centers are observed at low temperatures. One of the most important characteristics of RbMgF3 is that the F centers form in this host without their aggregation even at room temperature. Annealing of these samples at higher temperature after room temperature irradiation however forms F-center aggregates such as F2-centers and F3-centers and also impurity-F center pairs. In the case of impurities such as Er3+ or Mn2+ which substitutionally replace Mg2+ ions in the RbMgF3 lattice, there is no effect on the early stage production of F centers. It is observed that the statistical productions of the F aggregates and Mn2+-F pairs occur during room temperature irradiation. On the other hand, the larger Eu2+ or Cu2+ ions substitute for Rb+ ions in this host and significant enhancement of the early stage formation of F centers at room temperature is observed. The experimental observations are compared with the proposed model on radiation defect production. Die Strahlenschadigungsprozesse in reinen und storstellendotierten RbMgF3-Kristallen werden durch Identifikation und Verfolgung der strahlungsinduzierten Defekte untersucht. Bei niedrigen Temperaturen werden Interstitials und Vk-Zentren beobachtet. Eine der wesentlichsten Charakteristiken von RbMgF3 ist, das sich die F-Zentren in dieser Wirtssubstanz ohne Aggregation sogar bei Zimmertemperatur bilden. Das Ausheilen dieser Proben bei hoheren Temperaturen nach Zimmertemperaturbestrahlung bildet jedoch F-Zentrenaggregate wie F2-Zentren und F3-Zentren und auch Storstellen-F-Zentrenpaare. Im Falle von Storstellen, wie Er3+ oder Mn2+, die substitutionell Mg2+ -Ionen im RbMgF3-Gitter ersetzen, existiert kein Einflus auf die Produktion von F-Zentren im fruhen Stadium. Es wird beobachtet, das die statistische Produktion von F-Zentrenaggregaten und Mn2+ -F-Paare wahrend Raumtemperaturbestrahlung auftritt. Auf der anderen Seite substituieren die groseren Eu2+ - und Cu2+ -Ionen Rb+ -Ionen in dieser Wirtssubstanz und es wird eine betrachtliche Erhohung der F-Zentrenbildung in fruhem Stadium bei Zimmertemperatur beobachtet. Die experimentellen Beobachtungen werden mit dem vorgeschlagenen Modell der Strahlungsdefektproduktion verglichen.
Handling hazardous drugs: are our safety programs effective?

This issue of AJHP features the “ASHP Guidelines on Handling Hazardous Drugs.”[1][1] This document comes 26 years after the first English-language guidelines on safe handling of cytotoxic drugs were published in the Australian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. [2][2] The recommended safety programs
Interferon in combination with antitumourigenic phenyl derivatives : potentiation of IFNα activity in-vitro

Any attempt to eradicate the heterogeneous cell population of a tumour mass would require the use of appropriate combination treatment protocols. The antitumour effects of interferon alpha (IFN alpha) in combination with AS2-1, the hydrolysis product of 3-phenylacetyl-amino-2,6-piperidinedione, were examined using several human tumour cell lines as a model. These included the malignant melanoma A375, adenocarcinoma of the prostate PC3 (hormone-insensitive bone metastasis), and the erythroleukaemia line K562. AS2-1 suppressed tumour growth through non-toxic mechanisms, with 1 mg/ml causing approximately 50% inhibition of the melanoma and prostate tumour cell proliferation. By contrast, primary normal human skin fibroblasts were significantly less sensitive to the antiproliferative effect of AS2-1. Suppression of tumour growth was seen also with AS2-1 treatment of the erythroleukaemia K562; in these cultures the drug also induced dose-dependent differentiation, as indicated by the increased haemoglobin production. Interestingly, addition of low doses of IFN alpha markedly enhanced the antitumour and differentiating effects observed with AS2-1. Treatment with 200-300 IU/ml of IFN (which caused about 20% inhibition of growth) together with 1 mg/ml of AS2-1 resulted in over 80% inhibition of the melanoma and prostate cancer cell proliferation, suggesting a synergistic activity of the two agents. This was substantiated by quantitative analysis of the differentiation induced in K562 erythroleukaemia. It appears, therefore, that IFN alpha and AS2-1 may act through synergistic mechanisms to effectively inhibit tumour growth and promote differentiation in a variety of human malignant cell lines.
Successful water quality monitoring: The right combination of intent, measurement, interpretation, and a cooperating ecosystem

ABSTRACT Water quality monitoring is invaluable to ensure compliance with regulations, detect trends or patterns, and advance ecological understanding. However, monitoring typically measures only a few characteristics in a small fraction of a large and complex system, and thus the information contained in monitoring data depends upon which features of the ecosystem are actually captured by the measurements. Difficulties arise when these data contain something other than intended, but this can be minimized if the purpose of the sampling is clear, and the sampling design, measurements, and data interpretations are all compatible with this purpose. The monitoring program and data interpretation must also be properly matched to the structure and functioning of the system. Obtaining this match is sometimes an iterative process that demands a close link between research and monitoring. This paper focuses on water quality monitoring that is intended to track trends in aquatic resources and advance ecological und...
Complex proportionate-type affine projection algorithms

An extension of complex proportionate-type normalized least mean square algorithms is proposed and derived. This new algorithm called the complex proportionate-type affine projection algorithm helps the estimation of unknown impulse responses when the input signal is colored. The derivation of the complex proportionate-type affine projection algorithm is performed by minimizing the second norm of the weighted difference between the current estimate of the impulse response and the estimate at the next time step under constraints that multiple a posteriori output errors are zero. Several variants of the algorithm are obtained as in the case of the complex proportionate-type normalized least mean square algorithm. It is shown how to use the algorithm in the case of widely linear systems. The learning curves of the algorithms are compared for several standard gain assignment laws for colored and speech input. Through simulation it was demonstrated that the complex proportionate-type affine projection algorithm offers superior convergence performance for colored input signals relative to complex proportionate-type normalized least mean square algorithms and that using separate gains to update the real and imaginary parts of the estimated impulse response, as opposed to the same gain, improves the convergence performance.
The fate of slabs inferred from seismic tomography and 130 million years of subduction

The volume and location of subducted plate, since 130 Ma, are reconstructed from magnetic anomalies and updated finite rotation parameters describing relative motions in the ocean basins and between plates and hotspots. The area of subducted plate is calculated from the relative motions between overriding and overridden plates along the length of convergence in the hotspot reference frame in 5 Ma intervals. Ridge locations are reconstructed by rotating magnetic anomalies from their present to their former positions. The distances between trenches and ridges, at a certain point of time, in the spreading direction are thus estimated and are used to determine the ages of trenches, according to the spreading history recorded in present-day oceans. The thickness of the oceanic plate is obtained from the age based on the half-space cooling model. About 3.45 × 10^(10) km^3 of oceanic plate has been subducted during the past 130 Ma, with maximum accumulation beneath Southeast Eurasia. At spherical harmonic degree l = 2, where subduction flux peaks, excellent correlation is found between four seismic tomographic models at the top of the lower mantle (about 800–1100 km deep) and predicted slab locations. For some seismic models excellent correlation is also found at other degrees in that depth range. Some models also have good correlations with predicted slab locations in the deep mantle at l = 2. Direct comparison between subduction and seismic tomographic patterns at 800–1100 km shows that subduction history correlates with tomography very well in terms of location and amplitude of anomalies. Cold downwellings, which may be related to slabs, appear to be trapped in the mesosphere, or middle mantle. Correlations between seismic tomography and subduction over different time periods support this conclusion. There are also some correlations in the upper mantle and in the deep lower mantle, although they are generally not as significant as those in the 800–1100 km depth range. There may be a significant boundary in the mantle near the 800–1100 km depth. From a geodynamic and chemical point of view, the lower mantle may start at a depth closer to 1000 km than to 670 km.
Frequency Polygons: Theory and Application

Abstract In this article I investigate the theoretical properties and applications of the frequency polygon, which is constructed by connecting with straight lines the mid-bin values of a histogram. For estimating an unknown probability density function using a random sample, the frequency polygon is shown to dominate the histogram with respect to the criterion of integrated mean squared error, achieving the same rate of convergence to zero of the integrated mean squared error as non-negative kernel estimators. Data-based algorithms for constructing frequency polygons are discussed and illustrated. One is based on a histogram with bin width equal to 2.15sn -1/5, where s is an estimate of the standard deviation from a sample of size n. Another approach is based on the method of generalized crossvalidation. The bivariate frequency polygon is also investigated. Comparisons are made between the frequency polygon and other density estimators. Examples with data in one and two dimensions are presented.
Parallel solid phase synthesis of tetrasubstituted diethylenetriamines via selective amide alkylation and exhaustive reduction of N-acylated dipeptides

Abstract Polyamines are a rapidly developing area of vital importance to biomedical science. Selective N-alkylation followed by N-terminal acylation and the complete reduction of carbonyl amide bonds enables the preparation by parallel solid phase synthesis of a wide range of N 1 ,N 5 ,1,4-tetrasubstituted-1,5-diamino-3-azapentane derivatives.
Decentralized mutual exclusion in the presence of link failures

A distributed algorithm for achieving mutual exclusion in a point-to-point network with lossy communication links is presented. A communication link is said to be lossy if it loses messages at will. The algorithm tolerates any number of lossy communication links, as long as the link failures do not partition the communication network. The message network is completely asynchronous and, hence, link failures are not detectable. In a network with n nodes and e links, the algorithm requires no more than 2e(2√n + 1) message transmissions per mutual exclusion request.