cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic analysis of ozone concentrations simulated by two regional-scale air quality models

Abstract Since the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) and the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model (WRF/Chem) use different approaches to simulate the interaction of meteorology and chemistry, this study compares the CMAQ and WRF/Chem air quality simulation results for a month-long retrospective study period (August 2006) over the eastern United States, including comparisons with data from several observation networks. To help improve the comparability of the two models, the 2005 Carbon Bond chemical mechanism (CB05) was implemented into WRF/Chem. In addition, the same emissions, initial and boundary conditions have been used in both models to inter-compare simulated ozone (O 3 ) from the WRF-driven CMAQ and WRF/Chem models. Results reveal that ground-level O 3 from both models is biased high, especially in the central South and Ohio River Valley; however, WRF/Chem predicts roughly 10% more O 3 aloft (1000–2500 m AGL) than CMAQ. Different model configurations due to the choice of land surface model (LSM), planetary boundary layer (PBL) physics scheme, and convective cloud parameterization contributed to the differences seen in simulated O 3 , but most important were the different treatments of the radiative effects of clouds by their respective photolysis schemes.
A Review of: “Linda Fasulo. An Insider's Guide to the U. N.”

At the age of sixty, the United Nations (UN) is engaged in the most intensive introspection since its establishment in 1945. There is a sense that never before in its history has the UN needed to m...
Composition of grain boundaries of type 304 stainless steel in low temperature sensitization condition

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy has been used to determined the composition of grain boundaries in T304SS in the “low temperature sensitized” condition. An equilibrium chromium concentration of approximately 9 at% and a segregated phosphorus coverage approximately 25 at% were found in the boundaries.
Statistical planning when the parameters in the model are of unequal importance

In this paper, we consider statistical planning of experiments when the parameters in the linear model assumed are divided into disjoint sets; the parameters in one set are more influential than the parameters in the other set and require more precise estimation. Me characterize the plans (or, designs) and discuss some symmetric designs which are easier to find.
The ovary: a target organ for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Using both clonal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture and the hen ovary, we have searched for the presence of specific 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] receptors. Receptor analyses were carried out on high salt cytosols of CHO cells and high salt extracts of hen ovarian nuclei that were originally isolated in low salt buffer. Both CHO and hen ovary contain a specific high affinity 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor (Kd= 10-10-10-11 M), which sediments (3.3S) in high salt sucrose gradients identically to the chick intestinal receptor for 1,25- (OH)2D3. This 3.3S macromolecule from both sources adsorbed to DNA-cellulose at 0.1 M KC1 and eluted during a linear salt gradient at 0.2–0.22 M KCl, a property characteristic of the 1,25- (OH)2D3 receptor. Saturation analysis indicated that there are approximately 2000 copies of the receptor molecule per CHO cell. We also investigated the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on ovarian cell growth in monolayer culture of CHO cells. Significant inhibition of CHO cell growth (up...
Multimode low-pressure cw chemical laser performance including source flow effects.

The performance of low pressure (inhomogeneously broadened) multiple longitudinal mode cw chemical lasers is investigated in the limit Deltanu(c) << Deltanu(h), Deltanu(h) << Deltanu(d), where Deltanu(c), Deltanu(h), and Deltanu(d) represent longitudinal mode separation, homogeneous width, and Doppler width, respectively. Effects of source flow (i.e., mean motion in optical path direction) are included. The present approach, in which power on spectral line shape is assumed a priori, yields physically realistic self-consistent solutions for laser flow regimes of practical interest. Numerical results, as well as analytic limit solutions, are provided. The decrement in net laser output power, caused by lack of saturation and by source flow, is evaluated. It is concluded that the latter can be estimated from numerical codes in which a single longitudinal mode is assumed at line center for each lasing transition, provided zero power line center gain is corrected for the source flow effect. It is also concluded that a limit solution deduced herein provides relatively accurate simple-closed-form analytic expressions for laser performance in the regime of interest.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of the 1-Methylallyl Radical

The first vibrational spectrum of the 1-methylallyl radical is detected using resonance Raman spectroscopy with excitation from 237 to 232 nm. The vibrational frequencies of five symmetric fundamentals, the H3C−CCC bend, the CCC bend, the H3C−C stretch, the C−H in plane bend, and the CH2 scissors, of the 1-methylallyl radical are reported. The even overtones of the CH3 torsion, the C−H out of plane bend, the H3C−CCC bend, and the CCC bend are identified. The vibrational assignments of the resonance Raman spectra are based upon comparison with calculated vibrational frequencies generated by UHF method using a 6-31G* basis set and experimental values for the allyl radical, the β-methylallyl radical, and similar molecules. Excitation at 236.05 and 234.95 nm yields significant resonance enhancement of overtone and combination bands associated with the H3C−CCC bend and CCC bend, respectively. The variation of intensities in the Raman spectra with excitation wavelength yields excited state vibrational frequenci...
Structural studies on human Clq: Non-covalent and covalent subunits

Abstract Highly purified Clq was dissociated into two subunits by urea and iodoacetamide. The molecular weight of these subunits was estimated by acrylamide gel containing SDS and was found to be 60,000 (I) and 42,000 (II). Furthermore after extensive reduction and alkylation of Clq, three subunits were found. The estimated molecular weight of these subunits was found to be 29,000 (I-1), 27,000 (I-2) and 22,000 (II-3) respectively. Moreover, it was found that the larger non-covalent subunit (I) dissociated upon reduction and alkylation into two of the smaller subunits, I-1 and I-2, and that the smaller non-covalent subunit (II) dissociated into the subunit, II-3. The molar ratios of the non-covalent and disulfide linked subunits were obtained by scanning acrylamide gels stained with Amido black. From the relative density of the protein bands and the estimated molecular weights, it was found that the relative molar ratios of I of II to the nearest integer was 3:1, and the molar ratios of the smaller subunits obtained after reduction and alkylation was 3:3:2 for I-1, I-2 and II-3 respectively. Therefore, in the intact molecule, we have postulated that human Clq consists of eight non-covalent subunits (six of I and two of II) and contains a total of sixteen smaller subunits (six of I-1, six of I-2 and four of II-3), pairs of which are held together by disulfide bonds. By immunodiffusion it was shown that all of these subunits have ha distinct antigenicity and that the antigenic determinants of intact Clq are lost upon reduction and alkylation. Antiserum to the reduced and alkylated polypeptide chains was produced in rabbits. This antiserum reacted with the non-covalent subunits as would be expected since they consist of pairs of the smaller disulfide linked subunits. The antigenicity of intact Clq was heat labile in contradistinction to the antigenicity of the non-covalent and covalent subunits.
Life cycle assessment of a willow bioenergy cropping system

Abstract The environmental performance of willow biomass crop production systems in New York (NY) is analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The base-case, which represents current practices in NY, produces 55 units of biomass energy per unit of fossil energy consumed over the biomass crop's 23-year lifetime. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer inputs have a strong influence on overall system performance, accounting for 37% of the non-renewable fossil energy input into the system. Net energy ratio varies from 58 to below 40 as a function of fertilizer application rate, but application rate also has implications on the system nutrient balance. Substituting inorganic N fertilizer with sewage sludge biosolids increases the net energy ratio of the willow biomass crop production system by more than 40%. While CO2 emitted in combusting dedicated biomass is balanced by CO2 adsorbed in the growing biomass, production processes contribute to the system's net global warming potential. Taking into account direct and indirect fuel use, N2O emissions from applied fertilizer and leaf litter, and carbon sequestration in below ground biomass and soil carbon, the net greenhouse gas emissions total 0.68 g CO 2 eq . MJ biomass produced −1 . Site specific parameters such as soil carbon sequestration could easily offset these emissions resulting in a net reduction of greenhouse gases. Assuming reasonable biomass transportation distance and energy conversion efficiencies, this study implies that generating electricity from willow biomass crops could produce 11 units of electricity per unit of fossil energy consumed. Results form the LCA support the assertion that willow biomass crops are sustainable from an energy balance perspective and contribute additional environmental benefits.
Nutrient mass balance and performance of feedlot cattle fed corn wet distillers grains plus solubles.

Two experiments using 96 steers each were conducted to evaluate the effect of corn wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) concentration on steer performance, N loss, and P mass balance. Feeding WDGS as an energy source instead of protein may increase N release into the environment but also the amount of N removed in the manure. Calves (BW = 294 ± 33 kg) were fed 167 d from November to May (WIN), and yearlings (BW = 373 ± 24 kg) were fed 133 d from June to October (SUM). Treatments consisted of 0, 15, and 30% dietary inclusion of WDGS (DM basis) replacing corn (CON, 15WDGS, 30WDGS, respectively). Basal diets consisted of high-moisture and dry-rolled corn fed at a 1:1 ratio, 7.5% alfalfa hay, 5% molasses, and 5% supplement (DM basis). The CON and 15WDGS diets were formulated to meet MP requirements, and 30WDGS exceeded MP requirements. Dry matter intake, ADG, and HCW increased linearly (P 0.10) among treatments in either experiment. Nitrogen and P intake increased linearly (P 0.10). Calculated excretion of N and P increased linearly (P 0.30) among treatments and averaged 68.3 and 77.0 in the WIN and SUM, respectively. More N volatilized when WDGS were fed, but not all of the additional N excreted was volatilized. Regressing the amount of OM on the pen surface against manure N, 98% of the variability for manure N in the WIN and 92% in the SUM was accounted for. Feeding WDGS increased the total amount of N lost to volatilization; however, not all of the additional N excreted was lost because of an increase in the proportion of manure OM.
Fertilization Defects in Sperm from Mice Lacking Fertilin β

Fertilin, a member of the ADAM family, is found on the plasma membrane of mammalian sperm. Sperm from mice lacking fertilin beta were shown to be deficient in sperm-egg membrane adhesion, sperm-egg fusion, migration from the uterus into the oviduct, and binding to the egg zona pellucida. Egg activation was unaffected. The results are consistent with a direct role of fertilin in sperm-egg plasma membrane interaction. Fertilin could also have a direct role in sperm-zona binding or oviduct migration; alternatively, the effects on these functions could result from the absence of fertilin activity during spermatogenesis.
The role of the public and private sectors in water provision in Arizona, USA

Sustainable water management is a critical concern in the semi-arid portions of the American Southwest. This paper explains the decentralized approach to water supply management in this region, including the traditional roles of the public and private sectors. With Arizona as a focus, it explores how the water supply challenges of the twenty-first century require new approaches and partnerships for funding infrastructure, obtaining new water supplies, water banking, and water treatment.
Corrections to “The Quantum Theory of Optical Communications” [Nov/Dec 09 1547-1569]

The author corrects errors made in the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1547-1569, Nov./Dec. 09), and withdraws the Note Added in Proof.
Titanium oxide films grown on Mo(110)

Ordered titanium oxide films were prepared on an Mo(110) substrate under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and characterized by various vacuum surface analytical techniques. Using diVerent preparation methods, the titanium oxide films exhibit two low-energy electron diVraction patterns: a (1◊1) rectangular pattern and a (1◊1) hexagonal pattern. Auger electron spectroscopy, high-resolution electron loss spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the titanium oxide films grow epitaxially on Mo(110) as either TiO 2 (100) or Ti 2 O 3 (0001), depending upon the particular preparation method. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Electro-Optic Waveguide Deflectors

A consistent, analytic technique is used to describe the performance of various wave-guide deflectors, in which a spatially varying phase shift is created electro-optically across the optical beam. We use Fraunhofer diffraction theory to obtain the far field out-put intensity distributions of single prism elements, arrays of identical or phase-staggered prism elements and arrays of channel waveguide elements. The deflection of the optical beam is continuous or discontinuous, depending on the phase distribution across the beam which is determined by the geometry of the device. T.Te calculate the capacitance of the different interdigital electrode structures, with constant and linearly varying gap-widths; the values are in good agreement with experimental measurements. The performance capabilities of different deflectors are assessed in terms of number of resolvable spots, power, bandwidth and crosstalk. Simple phase distributions are shown to be useful for determining most deflector characteristics, including the power per unit bandwidth.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effect of boundary conditions on experimentally measured trabecular strain in the thoracic spine

Vertebral bodies are the primary structural entities of the spine, and trabecular bone is the dominant material from which vertebral bodies are composed. Understanding the mechanical characteristics of vertebral trabecular bone, therefore, is of critical importance in the many clinical conditions that affect the spine. Numerous studies have loaded vertebral bodies to investigate the influence of trabecular bone characteristics on deformation and failure patterns, but the methods of load application have been inconsistent. These differences in the method of load application are a potential confounding factor in the interpretation of the experimental results. We investigated this problem by measuring the distribution of minimum principal strain and maximum shear strain magnitude within 6.35 mm thick samples cut from thoracic spine segments (T8-T10) and loaded to simulate three common experimental configurations. Measurements were made using the texture correlation technique, which extracts deformation patterns from digitized contact radiographs of samples under load. The three loading configurations examined were a three-body construct, a single vertebral body loaded through sectioned intervertebral discs, and polymethylmethacrylate molded directly to the endplates. Results indicate that from both probability and spatial distribution standpoints the best simulation of in vivo loading generates the least uniform strains. Loading through disc remnants or through plastic molded to the endplates causes increasing degrees of strain homogenization. This result has implications not only for the design of experiments involving spinal loading, but also for theories concerning the adaptation of trabecular bone to functional loads.
Is the Cromwell current driven by equatorial Rossby waves

A second-order theory for equatorial, baroclinic Rossby waves in a bounded ocean yields, among other components, terms of zero frequency. We inquire whether the associated rectified flow (or ‘streaming’, or ‘mass transport’) can be related to the submerged equatorial jet observed by Cromwell, Knauss and others. For quite reasonable models of baroclinic Rossby waves, the resultant streaming can be sharply concentrated at the equator, and varies in depth as N(z), thus giving maximum flow at the thermocline (where the Vaisala frequency N(z) is largest). In this way the rectification hypothesis might account for the observed submerged equatorial steering of the Cromwell current. The observed direction of streaming calls for a predominance of equatorially symmetric Rossby waves. The observed magnitude implies that the r.m.s. fluctuations be of the same order as the mean current; that is to say, we have applied weakinteraction theory to a strong-interaction problem. There are other difficulties.
Structural Basis for Differential Neutralization of Ebolaviruses

There are five antigenically distinct ebolaviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever in humans or non-human primates (Ebola virus, Sudan virus, Reston virus, Tai Forest virus, and Bundibugyo virus). The small handful of antibodies known to neutralize the ebolaviruses bind to the surface glycoprotein termed GP1,2. Curiously, some antibodies against them are known to neutralize in vitro but not protect in vivo, whereas other antibodies are known to protect animal models in vivo, but not neutralize in vitro. A detailed understanding of what constitutes a neutralizing and/or protective antibody response is critical for development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that paradoxically, a lower affinity antibody with restricted access to its epitope confers better neutralization than a higher affinity antibody against a similar epitope, suggesting that either subtle differences in epitope, or different characteristics of the GP1,2 molecules themselves, confer differential neutralization susceptibility. Here, we also report the crystal structure of trimeric, prefusion GP1,2 from the original 1976 Boniface variant of Sudan virus complexed with 16F6, the first antibody known to neutralize Sudan virus, and compare the structure to that of Sudan virus, variant Gulu. We discuss new structural details of the GP1-GP2 clamp, thermal motion of various regions in GP1,2 across the two viruses visualized, details of differential interaction of the crystallized neutralizing antibodies, and their relevance for virus neutralization.
Targeting tourists: An exploratory study of a proposed online grocery delivery service

While the Internet and the Web continue to grow in importance, marketers are becoming more realistic about the difficulties associated with generating profits online. The online grocery market is a prime example of such struggles. There is a need to examine the viability of online grocers targeting their marketing efforts to specific consumer segments and to smaller niche markets. A concept test among 141 target consumers is used here to provide a preliminary evaluation of a proposed online grocery delivery service designed exclusively for Alabama Gulf Coast tourists. The findings indicate that the service concept is appealing only to a small subsegment of consumers. Concept refinement may broaden its appeal. Nevertheless, niche marketing may be an appropriate strategy for the proposed service, as well as for many online businesses.
Case study: interacting with cortical flat maps of the human brain

The complex geometry of the human brain contains many folds and fissures, making it impossible to view the entire surface at once. Since most of the cortical activity occurs on these folds, it is desirable to be able to view the entire surface of the brain in a single view. This can be achieved using quasi-conformal flat maps of the cortical surface. Computational and visualization tools are now needed to be able to interact with these flat maps of the brain to gain information about spatial and functional relationships that might not otherwise be apparent. Such information can contribute to earlier diagnostic tools for diseases and improved treatment. Our group is developing visualization and analysis tools that will help elucidate new information about the human brain through the interaction between a cortical surface and its corresponding quasi-conformal flat map.
Developing Professionalism in Our Student Clinicians

Abstract The teaching of professionalism has become a prominent topic among academic and clinical faculty members who teach future speech-language pathologists and audiologists. This article grew f...
Effectiveness of operating system prototyping from a template: application to MINIX

In a previous paper, M. Archer et al. (1990) presented a tool for the rapid prototyping of operating systems based on an executable template operating system specification. By extending the template specification, a designer can generate a rapid prototype of a specific operating system. The template specification consists of sorts (object classes) arranged in a hierarchy of three kinds, where the design decisions made in the template for each kind are in some sense more general than those made for its successor kind. The FASE (final algebra specification and execution) system language was used as the language for the specification. It is the authors' belief that the SRM template is general enough to be used as a basis for rapid prototyping nearly any non-distributed operating system at the system call level. It is important to test this belief, and to show that the speed of prototype development and the execution speed of a rapid prototype are great enough for the development of a prototype to be useful for testing the properties of a design. The authors answer these questions, demonstrate the usefulness of having a rapid prototype of an operating system, and evaluate the template methodology in general. >
A Quasi-experiment to Determine the Impact of a Computer Based Deception Detection Training System: The Use of Agent99 Trainer in the U.S. Military

The idea of anywhere and anytime learning is enticing. Electronic-based learning is seen as an answer to this requirement. Currently there are many variations in electronic-based instructional media, and there is little research to determine which format or combination of formats is most conducive to facilitating knowledge transfer and learning. This research project explores three primary constructs of media richness, content flexibility, and forced engagement, in relation to effectiveness or productivity in facilitating learning in the experimental participants. The instructional subject matter was detecting deceptive communication
Taking the Bull by the Horns: Beyond Talk in Psychological Interventions:

The purpose of this article is to argue that as long as the therapeutic community relies on commonly accepted sacred cows to produce results, little if any progress will take place. The five sacred cows of traditional psychological interventions (prevention, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation) are based on the following: (a) talk; (b) face-to-face contact; (c) the professionals’ proper style and personality; (d) adding family members, the more people the better; and (e) the more sessions the better. New psychological interventions that may challenge the sacred cows as we know them are as follows: (a) psychoeducational skill training programs; (b) computer assisted interventions, including verbal, visual (i.e., virtual reality), and neurobiofeedback; (c) manualized therapies; (d) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; and (e) programmed distance writing, as exemplified by mental health workbooks. The latter is an inexpensive approach that can be administered concurrently with the new approaches as w...
Imaging second messenger dynamics in developing neural circuits.

A characteristic feature of developing neural circuits is that they are spontaneously active. There are several examples, including the retina, spinal cord, and hippocampus, where spontaneous activity is highly correlated among neighboring cells, with large depolarizing events occurring with a periodicity on the order of minutes. One likely mechanism by which neurons can “decode” these slow oscillations is through activation of second messenger cascades that either influence transcriptional activity or drive posttranslational modifications. Here, we describe recent experiments where imaging has been used to characterize slow oscillations in the cAMP/PKA second messenger cascade in retinal neurons. We review the latest techniques in imaging this specific second messenger cascade, its intimate relationship with changes in intracellular calcium concentration, and several hypotheses regarding its role in neurodevelopment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Genetic Mapping and Genomic Selection Using Recombination Breakpoint Data

The correct models for quantitative trait locus mapping are the ones that simultaneously include all significant genetic effects. Such models are difficult to handle for high marker density. Improving statistical methods for high-dimensional data appears to have reached a plateau. Alternative approaches must be explored to break the bottleneck of genomic data analysis. The fact that all markers are located in a few chromosomes of the genome leads to linkage disequilibrium among markers. This suggests that dimension reduction can also be achieved through data manipulation. High-density markers are used to infer recombination breakpoints, which then facilitate construction of bins. The bins are treated as new synthetic markers. The number of bins is always a manageable number, on the order of a few thousand. Using the bin data of a recombinant inbred line population of rice, we demonstrated genetic mapping, using all bins in a simultaneous manner. To facilitate genomic selection, we developed a method to create user-defined (artificial) bins, in which breakpoints are allowed within bins. Using eight traits of rice, we showed that artificial bin data analysis often improves the predictability compared with natural bin data analysis. Of the eight traits, three showed high predictability, two had intermediate predictability, and two had low predictability. A binary trait with a known gene had predictability near perfect. Genetic mapping using bin data points to a new direction of genomic data analysis.
The Political Participation and Engagement of Muslim Americans: Mosque Involvement and Group Consciousness

Although studies on civic and political engagement highlight the importance of religious institutions in the political mobilization of Americans, few studies have examined the role of religious institutions in ethnic or minority communities. Furthermore, little is known about the causal mechanisms that link minorities in religious institutions to broader forms of political participation. Through an examination of patterns of Muslim American political behavior and their levels of mosque participation, the author argues that the mosque, similar to other religious institutions in the United States, takes on the multifaceted role of mobilization vehicle and school of civic participation. The author also discovers that mosques promote and foster a sense of group consciousness among Arab and Black Muslims.
Management of self-destructive behaviors in an open inpatient setting.

The nursing staff work in a community in which they have negotiated with patients and established that the responsibility for the preservation of the treatment remains with the patient. Self-destructive behaviors can be managed in an open inpatient setting if staff-patient relationships are significant and lead to meaningful collaboration around treatment issues. The therapeutic community facilitates the patient's own efforts in this direction by holding its members in a manner that allows change to take place.
Impact of irritability and impulsive aggressive behavior on impairment and social functioning in youth with cyclothymic disorder

Abstract Objective: Research on adults with cyclothymic disorder (CycD) suggests that irritability and impulsive aggression (IA) are highly prevalent among this population. Less is known about whether these behaviors might also distinguish youth with CycD from youth without CycD. Additionally, little is known about how irritability and IA relate to one another, and whether they are associated with different outcomes. This study aimed to compare irritability and IA across diagnostic subtypes to determine whether CycD is uniquely associated with these behaviors, and to assess how irritability and IA relate to youth social and general functioning. Methods: Participants (n = 459), 11–18 years of age, were recruited from an urban community mental health center and an academic outpatient clinic; 25 had a diagnosis of CycD. Youth and caregivers completed measures of IA and irritability. Youth and caregivers also completed an assessment of youth friendship quality. Clinical interviewers assessed youth social, fam...
The engagement of academic institutions in community disaster response: a comparative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Using comparative analysis, we examined the factors that influence the engagement of academic institutions in community disaster response. METHODS: We identified colleges and universities located in counties affected by four Federal Emergency Management Agency-declared disasters (Kentucky ice storms, Hurricanes Ike and Gustav, California wildfires, and the Columbia space shuttle disintegration) and performed key informant interviews with officials from public health, emergency management, and academic institutions in those counties. We used a comparative case study approach to explore particular resources provided by academic institutions, processes for engagement, and reasons for engagement or lack thereof in the community disaster response. RESULTS: Academic institutions contribute a broad range of resources to community disaster response. Their involvement and the extent of their engagement is variable and influenced by (1) their resources, (2) preexisting relationships with public health and emergency management organizations, (3) the structure and organizational placement of the school's disaster planning and response office, and (4) perceptions of liability and lines of authority. Facilitators of engagement include (1) the availability of faculty expertise or special training programs, (2) academic staff presence on public health and emergency management planning boards, (3) faculty contracts and student practica, (4) incident command system or emergency operations training of academic staff, and (5) the existence of mutual aid or memoranda of agreements. CONCLUSION: While a range of relationships exist between academic institutions that engage with public health and emergency management agencies in community disaster response, recurrent win-win themes include co-appointed faculty and staff; field experience opportunities for students; and shared planning and training for academic, public health, and emergency management personnel. Language: en
Formation of ZnAl2O4 and MgAl2O4 Spinel in Al2O3 by Ion Implantation

ZnAl2O4 spinel has been formed in Al2O3 by ion implantation. Sequential implantation of Zn and 0 in overlapping profiles followed by annealing in Ar + H2 gives rise to a nearly continuous epitaxial layer of ZnAl2O4 oriented with (111) planes parallel to (0001) planes of Al2O3. If only Zn is implanted, then discrete bands of ZnAl2O4 oriented with (422) planes parallel to (0001) planes of Al2O3 are produced. By similar methods, oriented MgAl2O4 spinel also has been produced in Al2O3 by sequential Mg + O implantation.
How and When I Ventured into the Study of Butterflies and Adventures Along the Way

At some point in my adult life, I began to reflect on how I came to allocate so much time to observing butterflies and on many adventures I had along the way. Like many children growing up outside of poverty and with opportunity to experience nature, I found fascination in all things, especially living things. By the age of 12, my bedroom was a small museum covering geology, archaeology, and natural history. Twelve years later, butterflies had become a major focal point as I contemplated graduate school. After another 12 years, I had already associated with a number of contributors to this volume, either as student, advisor, or colleague. We were all being paid to teach, conduct research, and interpret nature’s patterns from a strong lepidopteron perspective. We all seem to have reached this point with very diverse personal histories and personalities. Thus, I am as curious about my colleagues’ experiences as revealed in this volume as I am about recalling and assessing my own personal turning points that brought me to be counted in this strange assemblage.
Effect of health education on AIDS among construction workers building railway of Cheng-Yu

Objective: To evaluate the effect of health education on knowledge,attitude and practice about AIDS among the railway construction workers. Methods: The construction workers were selected by cluster sampling from three railway construction sites of Chengdu Railway Bureau. With baseline survey,behavioral intervention such as health education and peer education on AIDS were carried out among the object of study for half a year. Surveys were conducted in the same way before and after the intervention. Results: In comparison of 430 pre-intervention with 380 post-intervention workers,the results showed that the rate of knowledge awareness before and after intervention was 65. 4%,80. 7% respectively,which increased significantly. After the intervention,the rate of admitting having non-marital sexual behavior in last three months decreased from 23. 4% to 4. 2%( P 0. 01); the rate of latest condom use for non-marital sexual behavior raised from 43. 3% to 72. 9%( P 0. 05). There was no statistical significance in the condom use for last three months before and after the intervention. Conclusion: The health education and behavioral intervention for the construction workers was an effective measure in AIDS control and prevention. However,a long-term mechanism of behavior intervention should be established to change the workers' high risk sexual behaviors on AIDS.
Sympathetic nerve modulation of regional cerebral blood flow during asphyxia in newborn piglets.

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during asphyxia suggests a reflex vasoconstrictor mechanism active principally in brain cortex. Present studies in newborn piglets investigate sympathetic modulation of the cerebrovasculature both during and after acute asphyxia. Unilateral superior cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy (SCSG) was performed in 13 newborn piglets, after which asphyxia was produced by discontinuing ventilation. In 8 animals, blood flow was measured during control and sequentially 1, 2, and 3 min after ventilation was stopped. In 5 piglets with unilateral SCSG, cortical flow decreased in the innervated hemisphere, -34 +/- 14% after 2 min, and -25 +/- 9% at 3 min of asphyxia compared with control (104 +/- 22 ml.min-1.100 g-1; mean +/- SE). In contrast, the sympathetically denervated hemisphere showed -13 +/- 17% at 2 min and +7 +/- 23% at 3 min, representing 45 +/- 6% and 30 +/- 9% left-right (L-R) flow differences, respectively. Bilateral SCSG (3 piglets) similarly attenuated the cortical CBF vasoconstrictor response to asphyxia, +6 +/- 21% at 2 min and -8 +/- 5% at 3 min. Significant innervated-denervated rCBF differences were present during asphyxia in cerebral gray (55% +/- 24), cerebral white (41% +/- 16), caudate (25% +/- 7), hippocampus (36% +/- 12), and choroid plexus (145% +/- 42), indicating sympathetic nerve modulation. Brain stem structures showed increasing rCBF throughout asphyxia and no L-R differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Perception of low-titer group A plasma and potential barriers to using this product: A blood center's experience serving community and academic hospitals

Abstract Background To alleviate the shortage of AB plasma, an alternative plasma product, low-titer group A plasma (LTGAP), is now available. The product is indicated for emergency transfusions when the patient's blood group has not been identified. The product's defining anti-B titers vary across institutions, and at our blood center we define Methods We created two surveys and emailed them to hospital blood bank managers, supervisors, and medical directors who currently use LTGAP and those that have not ordered it. We calculated the amount of LTGAP that met our Results We learned from the surveys that the product is safe and being used as indicated for only life or limb-threatening emergencies until patient's blood group is known and specific products can be provided. Most common reasons for not using LTGAP were lack of need in non-trauma hospitals and limiting capabilities in blood bank software. Although sales of LTGAP increased by ~5% by end of the first year since introduction, sales of AB plasma remained relatively steady. Conclusion LTGAP appears to be a safe alternative to group AB plasma for emergency indications. By reviewing our percentage of group A plasma units that meet our low-titer cutoff and the current interest for the product, we can reduce the amount of units we titer each day by ~30% and can readjust that amount if there is increased interest. Besides lack of familiarity and limitations in computer software to incorporate LTGAP, the steady demand for AB plasma can potentially be attributed to trauma centers ordering more AB plasma than needed and potentially wasting it in nonurgent cases to avoid outdating the product and lack of institutional guidelines on when to switch from AB to type-specific plasma resulting in excess AB plasma being transfused.
An alternative endoscopic treatment for massive gastric bezoars: Ho:YAG laser fragmentation.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bezoars are aggregates of indigestible material that occur mainly inpatientswith alteredGI anatomy (i.e. bariatric surgery, partial gastrectomy) and/or motility disorders (i. e. gastroparesis, drug-induced delayed gastric emptying). Other risk factors are high fiber intake, psychiatric diseases, and severe constipation [1]. Treatment strategies for bezoar fragmentation include pharmacological, endoscopic, and surgical approaches. Endoscopic treatment of gastric bezoar consists of attempted fragmentation by using different devices such as snares, forceps, baskets, lithotripters, argon plasma coagulation, and needle-knife [2,3]. The use of a laser-ignited mini-explosive technique with neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser has also been described [4]. To date, only one article from China (original language) has described the use of holmium:YAG (Ho: YAG) laser lithotripsy in this field [5]. We present two video cases of massive gastric phytobezoar, which were irresponsive to pharmacological approaches and were successfully treated with Ho: YAG laser (Lumenis Ltd., Yokneam, Israel). The first patient was a 73-year-old man with a history of Billroth I partial gastrectomy for gastric cancer, who had endoscopic evidence of a massive, hard, phytobezoar, 10cm in diameter (●" Video 1). The phytobezoar was successfully treatedwith 200 micron laser fiber (Lumenis VersaPulse P20 lithotripter, frequency 4–8Hz, pulse energy 2000mJ) The procedure timewas 60minutes. The second patient was a 58-year-old woman with a gastric band for treatment of obesity, who showed a large phytobezoar (8cm in diameter) in the proximal gastric pouch (●" Video 2). In this case, we used a 550 micron laser fiber, which allowed the diffusion of higher pulse energy (Lumenis VersaPulse PowerSuite 100W lithotripter, 10–30Hz, 3000mJ), resulting in a shorter procedure time (24minutes). In both procedures, complete bezoar fragmentationwas achieved in a single endoscopy session. No postprocedural complications were registered in the patients and they were discharged 1 day after the endoscopic treatment. In conclusion, Ho:YAG laser fragmentation represents a safe, effective, and rapid endoscopic approach for the treatment of massive gastric bezoars.
Fluorescence Lifetime Biosensors

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the flourescence lifetime biosensors. Fluorescence lifetime biosensors transduce the recognition of the analyte by a biologically-derived molecule as a change in fluorescence lifetime. The fluorescence lifetime is a fundamentally different parameter than the more familiar fluorescence intensity or polarization. Formally, the lifetime is the average amount of time a fluorophore spends in the excited state between the absorption of a photon and its emission as fluorescence; the lifetime is the reciprocal of the emissive rate. While typically more complex instrumentally than optical biosensors, which readout a steady state intensity, they have useful advantages for certain applications. Among these advantages are straightforward transduction design, facile calibration, relative freedom from artifact, broad dynamic range, and ready adaptation to fiber optics.
Na + Modulation of K + Transport by Na + /K + -Pump in Red Cells of Salt-sensitive and Salt-resistant Dahl Rats

Most of the kinetics studies of the Na+/K+ pump fluxes have been performed in human red blood cells (RBC) and one tends to consider it as the “normal” pump. Few kinetics studies of pump fluxes have been performed in rat RBCs which have a shorter half-life than human RBCs, a higher pump activity and a different amino acid composition in the segments of the α1 isoform involved in ATP hydrolysis and ouabain binding.
Post-intensive Care Syndrome (PICS)

More than five million patients are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States annually, and almost 90 % are surviving to discharge [1, 2]. The long-term consequences of critical illness are growing in importance and gaining more attention as demand for critical care grows and the short-term mortality after critical illness decreases. The number of survivors living with chronic critical illness has increased, and, unable to care for themselves, these patients are often discharged to long-term care facilities. Between 2001 and 2012, the percentage of ICU survivors discharged to these facilities rose from 15 to 25 % [3–6].
High-Speed Compressible Flows

This chapter is devoted to high-speed compressible inviscid flows with Mach numbers generally in excess of 0.6. Such flows, which usually involve the formation of shocks with characteristic discontinuities, are governed by the compressible Euler equations. For more than two decades, much attention in computational fluid dynamics has been focused on the efficient solution of the compressible Euler equations. This is mainly due to the fact that highspeed gas flows are of obvious practical importance and the cost of physical experiments is high. In this area, considerable success has been achieved by using finite difference and finite volume methods. There exists a large body of literature, see surveys in Hirsch (1990) and Feistauer (1993). The potential offered by finite element methods has been realized much later. The main advantage in the use of finite element approximation here is its capability for fitting complex geometry and permitting adaptive mesh refinement (Zienkiewicz and Taylor 1991).
Conceptualizing citizen journalism: US news editors’ views:

Based on a national survey and a qualitative content analysis of US daily news editors’ understanding of citizen journalism, we identify key ideas associated with the concept of Citizen Journalism ...
Scaling analysis of Anderson localizing optical fibers

Anderson localizing optical fibers (ALOF) enable a novel optical waveguiding mechanism; if a narrow beam is scanned across the input facet of the disordered fiber, the output beam follows the transverse position of the incoming wave. Strong transverse disorder induces several localized modes uniformly spread across the transverse structure of the fiber. Each localized mode acts like a transmission channel which carries a narrow input beam along the fiber without transverse expansion. Here, we investigate scaling of transverse size of the localized modes of ALOF with respect to transverse dimensions of the fiber. Probability density function (PDF) of the mode-area is applied and it is shown that PDF converges to a terminal shape at transverse dimensions considerably smaller than the previous experimental implementations. Our analysis turns the formidable numerical task of ALOF simulations into a much simpler problem, because the convergence of mode-area PDF to a terminal shape indicates that a much smaller disordered fiber, compared to previous numerical and experimental implementations, provides all the statistical information required for the precise analysis of the fiber.
Considerations for dealing with significant organizational change

When an organization decides to hire an external consultant to assist in dealing with a significant change, the question arises as to how to choose the right one for the job. The focus of this paper is to explore this relationship through three (3) propositions. The first proposes that an organization employing a consultant can expect to reduce the time going through change transformation and regain productivity faster. The second is that because the focus is on significant change, there is the belief that the consultant must become intimately involved with the organization to be effective. And the third proposition is that in order to be an effective consultant within the organization, experience as a teacher/educator is important if not required. Utilizing qualitative grounded theory research, these three (3) propositions are examined for validity with the findings supporting the first two propositions, but not the
Context Collapse and Student Social Media Networks: Where Life and High School Collide

This study examines the intersection of high school students' in-school and out-of-school communities in a social media context. Students in two classes (10th and 12th grade) participated in a 3-day unit about social media networks and context collapse. During this unit, they diagrammed their communities and social media tool networks and discussed related issues governing how they use social media in and out of school. Findings show that high school students experience context collapse, but do not view it as a negative occurrence so much as an expected one in networked digital environments. They are adept at managing context collapse, and use a variety of means to communicate online with different groups of people. Specifically, they maintain technological lines of separation between their family and other groups, and they relegate digital interactions with their closest friends to more private spaces than the ones that social networking tools afford.