cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALLOACTIVATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on alternative pathways for alloactivation of T lymphocytes. The chapter presents data substantiating the hypothesis that an Ly 1,2 cell plays a role as a precursor cell not only in the proliferative response that develops to K/D differences but also for the development of the cytotoxic response. In a study described in the chapter, the inbred strains used were B10.A (kkdd), B10.T(6R) (qqqd), AQR (qkdd), B10.G (qqqq), and B10.M (ffff). Mouse spleen or lymph node cell populations were sensitized to determine the MLC proliferative response. Responding spleen or lymph node cells were incubated in 16 mm wells with given numbers of irradiated splenic stimulating cells in 2.5 ml volumes of EHAA containing 0.6% mouse serum and 5 × 10−5 M 2–ME for five days in 5% CO2 and air. During CML assay, the effector cells were combined with 51Cr labeled PHA-stimulated target cells. Radioactivity released into the supernatant was collected using a Skatron Supernatant Collection System. It was found that the great majority of the proliferating cells in an MLC differing for the entire H-2 complex were Ly 1. These cells presumably represent the Th cells, although heterogeneity in the Ly 1 population may well exist.
Emotional Accessibility Is More Important Than Sexual Accessibility in Evaluating Romantic Relationships – Especially for Women: A Conjoint Analysis

Prior research examining mate expulsion indicates that women are more likely to expel a mate due to deficits in emotional access while men are more likely to expel a mate due to deficits in sexual access. Prior research highlights the importance of accounting for measurement limitations (e.g., the use of incremental vs. forced-choice measures) when assessing attitudes toward sexual and emotional infidelity, Sagarin et al., 2012, Wade and Brown, 2012). The present research uses conjoint analysis, a novel methodology for controlling several limitations of using continuous self-report measures in mate expulsion research. Participants (N = 181, 128 women) recruited from Bucknell University and several psychology recruitment listservs in the United States rated nine profiles that varied in three potential levels of emotional and sexual accessibility. Men were more likely to want to break up with a partner due to sexual accessibility deficits, whereas women were more likely to want to break up due to emotional accessibility deficits. However, regardless of sex, emotional inaccessibility was more likely to produce mate expulsion. These findings are consistent with prior theory and highlight the need to disentangle emotional accessibility into its constituent in-pair benefits. This research also illustrates the utility of conjoint analysis as a statistical tool for studying how humans resolve trade-offs among competing outcomes during romantic decision-making.
Medical Uses of Accelerators

Particle accelerators, originally developed for research in Physics, are playing an increasingly important role worldwide in both routine medical applications and the testing of new medical techniques. Photon and electron beams produced by electron accelerators in the few hundred keV to 40 MeV range are in use at many medical centers for cancer radiotherapy. Accelerator-produced heavy particles including protons, neutrons, heavy ions, and negative pions are currently being evaluated for radiotherapy as a result of the improved dose localization and/or improved biological effect provided by these particles compared to conventional radiations.
Discretization vs. Rounding Error in Euler's Method.

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.4169/college.math.j.42.5.399
A modified clear-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique to investigate the oligomeric state of MBP-5-HT3A-intracellular domain chimeras

The main principles of higher-order protein oligomerization are elucidated by many structural and biophysical studies. An astonishing number of proteins self-associate to form dimers or higher-order quaternary structures which further interact with other biomolecules to elicit complex cellular responses. In this study, we describe a simple and convenient approach to determine the oligomeric state of purified protein complexes that combines implementation of a novel form of clear-native gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography in line with multi-angle light scattering. Here, we demonstrate the accuracy of this ensemble approach by characterizing the previously established pentameric state of the intracellular domain of serotonin type 3A (5-HT3A) receptors.
Invasive Bacterial Infections in Infants Younger Than 60 Days With Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of invasive bacterial infections (IBIs) in young infants with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and the impact of IBI evaluation on disposition, length of stay (LOS), and cost. METHODS This retrospective (2009-2014) cohort study used data from 35 children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System. We included infants younger than 60 days who presented to an emergency department (ED) with SSTI. Invasive bacterial infection was defined as bacteremia/sepsis, bone/joint infection, or bacterial meningitis. Readmission and return ED visits within 30 days were evaluated to identify missed IBIs for infants. RESULTS A total of 2734 infants were included (median age, 33 days; interquartile range [IQR], 21-44); 62% were hospitalized. Invasive bacterial infection was identified in 2%: bacteremia (1.8%), osteomyelitis (0.1%), and bacterial meningitis (0.1%). Hospitalization occurred in 78% of infants with blood cultures, 95% with cerebrospinal fluid cultures, and 23% without cultures. Median hospitalization LOS was 2 days (IQR, 1-3). Median cost was US $4943 for infants with cerebrospinal fluid cultures (IQR, US $3475-6780) compared with US $419 (IQR, US $215-1149) for infants without IBI evaluations (P < 0.001). Five infants (0.2%) returned to the ED within 30 days with new IBI diagnoses (4 bacteremia, 1 meningitis). CONCLUSIONS Invasive bacterial infection occurs infrequently in infants younger than 60 days who present to children's hospital EDs with SSTI. Bacteremia is the most common IBI. More extensive evaluation for IBI is associated with increased rate of admission, LOS, and cost. Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety of a limited IBI evaluation in young infants with SSTI.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Lifestyle Walking for African American Women: Blood Pressure Outcomes:

The aim of this study was to test the effects of a lifestyle physical activity intervention (group meetings alone vs supplemented by personal or automated calls) on changes in systolic/diastolic blood pressures from baseline to 24 and 48 weeks among African American women. This was a randomized controlled trial with intervention conditions randomly assigned across 6 community health care sites. Participants were 288 sedentary African American women without major signs/symptoms of cardiovascular disease. Each intervention had 6 group meetings over 48 weeks, with 1 of 3 options between meetings: (1) no calls, (2) personal motivational calls, or (3) automated motivational calls. Blood pressures were taken at baseline, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks. Separate analyses were conducted using blood pressure classifications from the 2003 and 2017 high blood pressure guidelines. Average blood pressures decreased approximately 3 mm Hg for systolic and 2 mm Hg for diastolic from baseline to 48 weeks, with no differences between conditions. For both 2003 and 2017 blood pressure classifications, the risk ratio (odds of moving to a lower classification) was 1.44 for each assessment (P < .001). This lifestyle walking intervention appears beneficial in lowering blood pressure across blood pressure classifications in midlife African American women.
Modelling Through

An ecosystem is a system, and if it is ailing, as ours seems to be, the course of treatment begins with a good dose of systems analysis. There is consequently in progress a very large effort to construct and interpret systems analytic models of ecosystems from the Delaware Estuary to San Francisco Bay and beyond. This paper will review the general features of such ecosystem models. Special emphasis will be laid on their limitations, since it is only by facing these limitations candidly that we shall be led to direct our attention to the critical defects that have to be overcome before the models can be accepted as trustworthy guides to decisions.
Use of Historical Data to Assess Regional Climate Change

AbstractTime series of historical annual average temperature, total precipitation, and extreme weather indices were constructed and analyzed for 103 (for temperature indices) and 115 (for precipita...
Degradative intracellular transport of antisecretory component in cultured hepatocytes. An alternate pathway for the immunoglobulin A receptor.

Abstract The liver efficiently transports dimeric immunoglobulin A (dIgA) from blood to bile in a direct, nonlysosomal pathway involving smooth-surfaced vesicles. Secretory component (SC), the plasma membrane receptor for dIgA, is released into bile still bound to its ligand by disulfide bridges, Rabbit IgG antirat SC binds specifically to plasma membrane SC, yet the biliary secretion of anti-SC is markedly lower than that of dIgA, suggesting that the IgG antibodies utilize an alternate transhepatocellular pathway. Uptake of commercially available antihuman SC conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was examined by quantitative electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using primary rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures. Coincubation with human polymeric IgA, rabbit antiserum to rat SC, free human SC, human secretory IgA, and rat bile, all significantly suppressed uptake of anti-SC-horseradish peroxidase, thus demonstrating the specificity of the labeled antibody. Coated vesicles accounted for >70% of the total uptake of either the anti-SC-horseradish peroxidase preparation or colloidal gold-labeled IgG antirat SC. Both compounds could also be observed in other structures associated with the degradative pathway, i.e., multivesicular bodies and lysosomes. Moreover, the extent to which 125 I-anti-SC was degraded was significantly greater than that of 125 IdIgA. These data demonstrate that dIgA and anti-SC utilize different intracellular pathways, with anti-SC undergoing lysosompl degradation.
Deep Learning to Obtain Simultaneous Image and Segmentation Outputs From a Single Input of Raw Ultrasound Channel Data

Single plane wave transmissions are promising for automated imaging tasks requiring high ultrasound frame rates over an extended field of view. However, a single plane wave insonification typically produces suboptimal image quality. To address this limitation, we are exploring the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) as an alternative to delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming. The objectives of this work are to obtain information directly from raw channel data and to simultaneously generate both a segmentation map for automated ultrasound tasks and a corresponding ultrasound B-mode image for interpretable supervision of the automation. We focus on visualizing and segmenting anechoic targets surrounded by tissue and ignoring or deemphasizing less important surrounding structures. DNNs trained with Field II simulations were tested with simulated, experimental phantom, and in vivo data sets that were not included during training. With unfocused input channel data (i.e., prior to the application of receive time delays), simulated, experimental phantom, and in vivo test data sets achieved mean ± standard deviation Dice similarity coefficients of 0.92 ± 0.13, 0.92 ± 0.03, and 0.77 ± 0.07, respectively, and generalized contrast-to-noise ratios (gCNRs) of 0.95 ± 0.08, 0.93 ± 0.08, and 0.75 ± 0.14, respectively. With subaperture beamformed channel data and a modification to the input layer of the DNN architecture to accept these data, the fidelity of image reconstruction increased (e.g., mean gCNR of multiple acquisitions of two in vivo breast cysts ranged 0.89–0.96), but DNN display frame rates were reduced from 395 to 287 Hz. Overall, the DNNs successfully translated feature representations learned from simulated data to phantom and in vivo data, which is promising for this novel approach to simultaneous ultrasound image formation and segmentation.
Behavioral, social, and emotional well-being in children who stutter: the influence of race-ethnicity.

The purpose of this study was to determine if reports of behavioral, emotional and social well-being in children who stutter differ across racial-ethnic groups. Using 2010–2015 National Health Inte...
An ecological momentary assessment of mood, coping and alcohol use among emerging adults in psychiatric treatment

Background: Emerging adulthood is a critical period for the onset of both mental health disorders and problematic alcohol use. Coping strategies can play an important role in mitigating the onset a...
The Ecology of Dating Preferences Among Asian American Adolescents in Emerging Immigrant Communities

Romantic relationships are developmentally important, yet little is known about how dating processes evolve among Asian Americans, particularly during adolescence. Using Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory as a guide, this mixed-methods study investigated patterns in Asian American adolescents’ preferences and their open-ended reasoning for a same or different ethnic partner over four consecutive high school years (N = 180; 60% female; 74% US born). Links to eventual dating decisions post–high school were also investigated. Four patterns in dating preferences (stable same 26%, stable different 14%, changing once 24%, and changing twice 36%) were identified. Contextual influences that represent the macrosystem (e.g., culture and language, values) were associated with patterns in dating preferences. Proximal processes at the microsystem level (e.g., family, peer) were cited most often as being directly responsible for dating preferences. The effectiveness of using a bioecological model to understand adolescent dating preferences is broadly discussed.
Machine Learning Toolkit for System Log File Reduction and Detection of Malicious Behavior

The increasing use of encryption blinds traditional network-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) from performing deep packet inspection. An alternative data source for detecting malicious activity is necessary. Log files found on servers and desktop systems provide an alternative data source containing information about activity occurring on the device and over the network. The log files can be sizeable, making the transport, storage, and analysis difficult. Malicious behavior may appear as normal events in logs, not triggering an error or another obvious indicator, making automated detection challenging. The research described here utilizes a Python-based toolkit approach with unsupervised machine learning to reduce log file sizes and detect malicious behavior.
Bartolomé de las Casas: The Genesis of the Black Legend

“I saw all this with my very own eyes.” Bartolome de las Casas, 1504 “Like a partridge that hatches eggs it did not lay is the man who gains riches by unjust means.” Jeremiah 17:11 Next to climbing aboard a ship for a long journey, there is probably nothing more exciting than getting off that same ship, especially if after a long voyage, sometimes made terrifying by the perils of the sea. It actually takes a few minutes to get the feel of a stable platform – dry land – beneath your feet again, after weeks or months of walking, standing, sleeping on a pitching, rolling deck. The ships anchored along the shore of the Rio Ozama. The excited inhabitants gathered in their boats around the ships, questions flying back and forth. Much gold was to be found, and, best of all, the Indians were in rebellion. Hundreds had already been captured and enslaved. This meant more Indians to work the mines; more Indians to be returned to Castile to be sold as slaves. Gold fever captured the new arrivals. Loading their backpacks with hardtack left over from the voyage or brought over for use in the island, they set off like an army of ants for the mines. The gentlemen without servants carried their own tools with them. Greed had an equalizing effect on this rigid old medieval society now transferred to the islands of the new world.
Genetic Imprinting in the Prader–Willi and Angelman Syndromes

Imprinted genes are expressed from only one of the two parental alleles: they are located in a few, specific chromosomal regions. The parental-specific expression is obtained through epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone tail modifications) which alter the conformation of chromatin fibre and therefore regulate the expression of the underlying genes. Deletions, duplications, mutations or imprinting defects of the only active allele, as well as uniparental disomy or loss of imprinting of the inactive allele lead to an unbalance (loss of function or gain of function) in the dosage of the gene product and do have phenotypic consequences. Two such examples in human pathology are represented by the Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes, two phenotypically different conditions, whose phenotypes result from loss of paternal or maternal contribution of the 15q11–q13 genomic region, respectively. Key Concepts: Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes are caused by loss of function of different genes located in a genomic region under the control of a single, bipartite imprinting centre. These two condition represent the prototype of genomic imprinting disorders in humans. Genomic imprinting regulates allelic expression according to the parental origin. Imprinted genes are commonly expressed in half dosage. Imprinted genes can be inactivated by different mechanisms: uniparental disomy, microdeletion, gene mutation, primary or secondary epigenetic mutation of the imprinting centre. Keywords: imprinting; epimutation; Prader–Willi syndrome; Angelman syndrome
Hydrodynamic instability growth of three-dimensional, “native-roughness” modulations in x-ray driven, spherical implosions at the National Ignition Facility

Hydrodynamic instability growth experiments with three-dimensional (3-D) surface-roughness modulations were performed on plastic (CH) shell spherical implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [E. M. Campbell, R. Cauble, and B. A. Remington, AIP Conf. Proc. 429, 3 (1998)]. The initial capsule outer-surface roughness was similar to the standard specifications (“native roughness”) used in a majority of implosions on NIF. The experiments included instability growth measurements of the perturbations seeded by the thin membranes (or tents) used to hold the capsules inside the hohlraums. In addition, initial modulations included two divots used as spatial fiducials to determine the convergence in the experiments and to check the accuracy of 3D simulations in calculating growth of known initial perturbations. The instability growth measurements were performed using x-ray, through-foil radiography of one side of the imploding shell, based on time-resolved pinhole imaging. Averaging over 30 similar images significantly increases the signal-to-noise ratio, making possible a comparison with 3-D simulations. At a convergence ratio of ∼3, the measured tent and divot modulations were close to those predicted by 3-D simulations (within ∼15%–20%), while measured 3-D, broadband modulations were ∼3–4 times larger than those simulated based on the growth of the known imposed initial surface modulations. In addition, some of the measured 3-D features in x-ray radiographs did not resemble those characterized on the outer capsule surface before the experiments. One of the hypotheses to explain the results is based on the increased instability amplitudes due to modulations of the oxygen content in the bulk of the capsule. As the target assembly and handling procedures involve exposure to UV light, this can increase the uptake of the oxygen into the capsule, with irregularities in the oxygen seeding hydrodynamic instabilities. These new experimental results have prompted looking for ways to reduce UV light exposure during target fabrication.
Pediatric loss of control eating syndrome: Association with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impulsivity

Objective Despite data linking Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and adult binge eating, there are limited data in children with loss of control eating. We examined inhibitory control in children with loss of control eating syndrome (LOC-ES) and its association with ADHD.
Laboratory simulation of maintenance activity

Research in progress at the Battelle Human Performance Laboratory on laboratory simulation maintenance activities in nuclear power plants is described. Both theoretical aspects and practical implications are considered. Directions for future human factors research are indicated. Hardware and software environments for the laboratory are discussed and attention is given to examples of topics where laboratory research is valuable. The five topics selected are computer-aided remote maintenance, troubleshooting, motor skill, crew interaction, and maintenance procedures. >
Automatic generation control before and after deregulation

This paper addresses and discusses how AGC is formulated before and after deregulation. AGC is among a set of services called ancillary services defined by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). To allow open transmission access and encourage a competitive wholesale electric power market, deregulation was introduced by FERC in 1995 in its Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR). Before deregulation ancillary services, including AGC, were provided by a single utility company called a control area that owns both transmission and generation systems. This type of utility is known as a Vertically Integrated Utility (VIU). Since the inception of deregulation the concept of VIU is no longer applicable and the power system structure has changed and allowed specialized companies for generation (GenCos), transmission (TransCos), distribution (DisCos), and Independent Contract Administrators (ICA) to emerge. The paper focuses on the formulation and operation of AGC to accommodate this new environment. It also addresses provision of other ancillary services in the deregulated framework.
Rat hepatocytes exhibit basolateral Na+/HCO3- cotransport.

Primary cultures and plasma membrane vesicles were used to characterize Na+ and HCO3- transport by rat hepatocytes. Na+ uptake into hepatocytes was stimulated approximately 10-fold by 25 mM extracellular HCO3-.HCO3--stimulated Na+ uptake was saturable, abolished by 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene (SITS), and unaffected by amiloride or Cl- removal. Neither propionate nor acetate reproduced this effect of HCO3-. 22Na efflux from preloaded hepatocytes was similarly increased approximately 10-fold by an in greater than out HCO3- concentration gradient. 22Na efflux was also increased by valinomycin and an in greater than out K+ concentration gradient in the presence but not absence of HCO3-. Intracellular pH (pHi) measured with the pH-sensitive fluorochrome 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and 6-)carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) decreased at a rate of 0.227 (+/- 0.074 SEM) pH units/min when extracellular HCO3- concentration was lowered from 25 to 5 mM at constant PCO2. This intracellular acidification rate was decreased 50-60% in the absence of Na+ or presence of SITS, and was unaffected by amiloride or Cl- removal. Membrane hyperpolarization produced by valinomycin and an in greater than out K+ concentration gradient caused pHi to fall; the rate of fall was decreased 50-70% by Na+ removal or SITS, but not amiloride. An inside positive K+ diffusion potential and a simultaneous out greater than in HCO3- gradient produced a transient 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2' disulfonic acid stilbene (DIDS) sensitive, amiloride-insensitive 22Na accumulation in basolateral but not canalicular membrane vesicles. Rat hepatocytes thus exhibit electrogenic basolateral Na+/HCO3- cotransport.
Stepwise Reprogramming of B Cells into Macrophages

Starting with multipotent progenitors, hematopoietic lineages are specified by lineage-restricted transcription factors. The transcription factors that determine the decision between lymphoid and myeloid cell fates, and the underlying mechanisms, remain largely unknown. Here, we report that enforced expression of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta in differentiated B cells leads to their rapid and efficient reprogramming into macrophages. C/EBPs induce these changes by inhibiting the B cell commitment transcription factor Pax5, leading to the downregulation of its target CD19, and synergizing with endogenous PU.1, an ETS family factor, leading to the upregulation of its target Mac-1 and other myeloid markers. The two processes can be uncoupled, since, in PU.1-deficient pre-B cells, C/EBPs induce CD19 downregulation but not Mac-1 activation. Our observations indicate that C/EBPalpha and beta remodel the transcription network of B cells into that of macrophages through a series of parallel and sequential changes that require endogenous PU.1.
Striosomal arrangement of met-enkephalin and substance P expression in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam*

This report concerns a topographic immunohistochemcal analysis of Met-enkephalin (MEnk) and substance P (SP) expression in the striatum from seven patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam (PDC). The striatum of seven neurologically normal subjects served as controls. MEnk-positive striosomes were readily visualized in both the caudate nucleus and the putament of the PDC cases. Although the immunoreactivity was less than that of MEnk, SP-positive patches were detected in the PDC striatum. The patches were similar to those seen in the normal controls. These results provide additional evidence that the striatum and its efferent system appear to be preserved in patients with PDC.
On an Improved Time Integration Scheme for Stiff Constitutive Models of Inelastic Deformation

For the time-integration of stiff constitutive models of inelastic deformation, the explicit (one step Euler) integration scheme can be used provided the time step size is closely monitored and controlled. The time step size control scheme based on prescribed error bounds is of limited use because it requires an a priori estimate of the maximum non-elastic strain rate for the selection of a proper error bound. In this paper, a new scheme for time-step size control is presented. This scheme automatically scales the time-step size by the maximum nonelastic strain rate. That the new scheme is superior to the old one is evident from the results of the various problems presented here.
Field epidemiology to manage BRD risk in beef cattle production systems

Field disease investigations can help to identify patterns of disease that lead to causal hypotheses and, hopefully, effective disease risk management strategies. The most common way of doing this would be to characterize the outbreak by subject, time, and space. One of the perplexing animal health problems on some beef cattle ranches is the occurrence of pneumonia in calves prior to weaning in conditions of little stress and relative isolation. Field investigation of outbreaks of pneumonia in ranch calves prior to weaning has revealed patterns of sporadic illness in calves less than 30 days of age, and rapidly occurring outbreaks in calves 90-150 days of age. We speculate that the causes of these two patterns may be failure of passive transfer resulting in more sporadic cases in very young calves, or a large proportion of the population losing maternal antibody protection (i.e. losing herd immunity) resulting in rapid and widespread onset of pneumonia in older calves.
Magnetic Splitting of Quasimolecular Electronic States in Strong Fields

The heavy-ion motion in sub-Coulomb collisions generates extreme magnetic fields. The hyperfine splitting of the spin-\textonehalf{} quasimolecular electronic states in U + U is found to reach 10% of the molecular binding energy (100 keV). Also Pb+Pb and Xe+Xe collisions are considered.
Navigating care after a baby dies: a systematic review of parent experiences with health providers

Health care providers are on the front lines of care when a baby dies, but there is no consensus about which behaviors are most helpful or harmful for families. This systematic review of more than 1100 English-language articles from 1966 to 2006 addressed fetal and early infant loss and extracted information about interactions with health providers. Sixty-one studies, covering over 6000 parents, met criteria. Nurses were generally viewed as more emotionally supportive than physicians. Parents valued emotional support, attention to mother and baby and grief education. Avoidance, insensitivity and poor staff communication were the most distressing behaviors encountered. Interactions with health providers has profound effects on parents with perinatal losses. Grieving parents perceive many behaviors to be thoughtless or insensitive. Physicians and nurses may benefit from increased training in bereavement support.
Organizational characteristics of empowering community settings: A multiple case study approach

Although empowerment is often cited as a major guiding construct for community psychology, relatively little is known about the characteristics of empowering community settings. The current paper uses a multiple case study methodology to generate a number of key organizational characteristics of empowering community settings to guide future work in the area. In-depth, multilevel, longitudinal research was conducted on three empowering community settings: a religious fellowship, a mutual help organization for persons with severe mental illness, and an educational program for African American students. The organizational features found to characterize all three settings were (a) a belief system that inspires growth is strengths-based, and is focused beyond the self; (b) an opportunity role structure that is pervasive, highly accessible, and multifunctional (c) a support system that is encompassing, peer-based, and provides a sense of community; and (d) leadership that is inspiring, talented, shared, and committed to both setting and members. Limitations of the research are discussed, and directions for future research suggested.
REDUCTIONS OF CHERN–SIMONS THEORY RELATED TO INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS WHICH HAVE GEOMETRIC APPLICATIONS

The Chern–Simons functional is introduced in terms of chiral fields and then studied here. The current can be regarded as a non-Abelian pure gauge potential so that the zero-curvature equations are of Lagrangian form for pure non-Abelian Chern–Simons theory. The equations of motion are developed and a formalism which connects the zero curvature equations with a related moving trihedral is introduced. The moving frame equations are written down for the system and a correspondence between these equations and several related elementary integrable systems is described in the same formalism as well.
“Who Does She Think She Is?”—Vernacular Medium and Failed Romance

Through a close analysis of an Indian woman's unsuccessful romance narrative, this article examines how class-based ideologies and prejudices concerning English and vernacular medium education sustain and perpetuate dismissive and disparaging attitudes toward people educated in the vernacular. The analysis utilizes theoretical understandings of difference as delineated in the work of Bakhtin (Holquist, 2002), Said (1978/1994), and Hall (1996) to examine the narrator's self-construction of a former marginalized identity. This construction, emanating from her Hindi medium education, is fashioned in relation to the elite linguistic and class-based ideologies articulated by narrated characters that belong to a higher socioeconomic background than the narrator. Additionally, the analysis reveals the hegemonic internalization of these discriminatory ideologies by the narrator. The study is situated in a north Indian city and is based on interview data collected for a larger project wherein 19 women narrated how...
THE EFFECT OF CATHODE RAYS UPON CERTAIN BACTERIA.

1. For the two motile bacilli, B. coli and B. aertryke , the absorption of a single 155 K.V. electron is sufficient to cause death. Furthermore, all, or nearly all, the electrons absorbed are lethal. The same is undoubtedly true of Staphylococcus aureus . In addition to providing a quantitative picture of the interaction of bacteria and cathode rays, these results suggest that radiation of the energy content used in our experiments is not suitable for altering the inheritable characteristics of bacteria. 2. The differences in sensitivity to cathode rays shown by the bacteria studied can be explained by the purely physical factor of size. 3. Counts giving significant conclusions concerning killing rates can be obtained only if there is no clumping of the cells when spread and only if the cells are not allowed to multiply before irradiation. Both these precautions seem rarely to have been met in the experiments that have in the past been made with X-rays and other forms of radiation.
Commentary on Stivers and Rossano: “Mobilizing Response”

My engagement with Stivers and Rossano's “Mobilizing Response” (henceforth S&R and MR, 2010/this issue) has led me in many directions, of which space limitations confine me to four. The first is fo...
Enhanced central pain processing of fibromyalgia patients is maintained by muscle afferent input: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is characterized by pain and widespread hyperalgesia to mechanical, thermal, and electrical stimuli. Despite convincing evidence for central sensitization of nociceptive pain pathways, the role of peripheral tissue impulse input in the initiation and maintenance of FM is unclear. Therefore this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 22 female normal controls (NCs) and 28 female FM subjects tested the effects of trapezius muscle (TrapM) tender point injections with 1% lidocaine on local pain thresholds as well as on remote heat hyperalgesia at the forearm. Prior to muscle injections shoulder pain was standardized by tonic mechanical muscle stimulation, resulting in local pain ratings of 4.0 ± 0.5 VAS units. Tonic muscle stimulation was interrupted for the TrapM injections but was continued afterwards at the same level. NC as well as FM subjects experienced significant increases of TrapM pressure pain thresholds from lidocaine injections but not from placebo injections (p < 0.001). Additionally, heat hyperalgesia of FM participants was significantly reduced at areas remote from the injection site (forearm) by lidocaine but not by placebo (p = 0.02). Neither lidocaine nor saline injections significantly affected clinical FM pain ratings, a result most likely due to the very low dose of lidocaine (50 mg) used in this trial. Conclusion: Lidocaine injections increased local pain thresholds and decreased remote secondary heat hyperalgesia in FM patients, emphasizing the important role of peripheral impulse input in maintaining central sensitization in this chronic pain syndrome; similar to other persistent pain conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome.
Optimization of development process using after develop inspection in mask manufacturing

As the design rule continues to shrink towards 65nm and beyond, the defect criteria is becoming ever more challenging. The pattern fidelity and reticle defects that were once considered as insignificant or nuisance are now migrating to yield-limiting. As a result, it is important to conduct After Develop Inspection (ADI) to identify where in the process the small contamination and particles originate from. The intent of this study is to identify the defect source by utilizing KLA-Tencor's SLF die-to-die reflected light mode and ADI algorithm for the post development resist layer inspection.
Synthesis and PMR spectra of 7-hydroxyalkylguanosinium acetates

Guanosine and 9-methylguanine treated with epoxides in glacial acetic acid are hydroxyalkylated stereoselectively at the N7 position of the guanine moiety. Previously unreported 7-(hydroxyalkyl)guanosinium acetates from the reactions of six epoxides with guanosine and 7-(hydroxyalkyl)-9-methylguaninium acetates from the reactions of two epoxides with 9-methyl guanine in glacial acetic acid have been prepared and characterized by their pmr spectra. By using an excess of epoxide, quantitative conversion of guanosine or 9-methylguanine to the corresponding 7-hydroxyalkylguanosinium or 7-hydroxyalkyl-9-methylguaninium acetate was achieved. Comparisons of the pmr spectra of the 7-(hydroxyalkyl)guanosinium acetates in DMSO-d6 to the spectrum of guanosine reveal that the H8 and amino group proton absorptions common to guanosine are shifted to a lower field, the absorptions of the H1 proton is absent, and the coupling constant of the H′1-H′2 protons of the ribosyl group is decreased from about 5.7 ± 0.1 Hz in guanosine to about 3.5 ± 0.1 Hz in the products. The use of the pmr spectral features of 7-(hydroxyalkyl)-9-methylguaninium compounds in characterizing 7-hydroxyalkylguanosinium compounds is discussed. Evidence is presented which suggests that extensive delocalization of positive charge exists in both the pyrimidine and imidazole rings of N7-hydroxyalkylated guanosine and N7-hydroxyalkylated-9-methylguanine. The possible effects of charge delocalization upon the hydrogen bonding potential of 7-hydroxyalkylated guanine moieties in DNA is discussed.
Collocation Versus Differential Inclusion in Direct Optimization

In the so-called direct method of solution of optimal control problems, either the state variable time history or the control variable time history, or both, of the continuous problem are discretized. The problem then becomes a parameter optimization problem. The system-governing equations may be satis ed by explicit numerical integration or implicitly, by including nonlinear constraints, which are in fact quadrature rules. A method termed differential inclusion has been recommended for the solution of certain classes of such problems because it reduces the size of the parameter optimization problem. It does this by removing bounded control variables in favor of bounds on attainable time rates of change of the states. The smaller problem is then in principle solved more quickly and reliably. We demonstrate analytically and with several computed problem solutions that differential inclusion, because it requires the use of an implicit quadrature rule with the lowest possible order of accuracy, i.e., Euler’s rule, yields larger rather than smaller nonlinear programming problems than direct methods, which retain the control variables but use much more sophisticated implicit quadrature rules.
Reframing Shared Governance: Rediscovering the Soul of Campus Collaboration

This article explores an alternative perspective to the traditional combative nature of faculty—administrative relations on university campuses. More specifically, it suggests a reframing of the ro...
Diurnal changes in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity and activation state in leaves of field-grown soybeans

Abstract Initial ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase activity (that present in vivo) and total activity (that which is made available after complete activation by CO 2 and Mg 2+ were measured in extracts of field-grown soybean ( Glycine max cv. Will) leaves collected over a diurnal period. Initial activity increased with increasing irradiance, saturating at 1.2 mmol m −2 s −1 , and decreased when irradiance fell below this level. Total activity increased about 3-fold during the first 4 h and remained constant for the rest of the period. Initial activity as a percentage of total activity was about 50% at the beginning and end of the diurnal period and remained near 100% for 6 h in the middle of the day. Leaf photosynthesis and percent activation both increased similarly with increasing irradiance. The lower total activity observed in the morning hours could not be increased by gel-filtration of the extracts in the presence of Mg 2+ and CO 2 concentrations favoring complete activation. No marked changes were observed in the amount of total leaf protein on a dry weight basis in leaf samples collected throughout the diurnal period. We propose that light has two effects on ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase activity: (1) light facilitates activation by CO 2 and Mg 2+ , and (2) promotes the conversion of inactive enzyme present after a prolonged dark period to a form which is able to be activated.
Atom-atom interaction model and internal vibrational exciton splittings in organic charge-transfer complexes: Factor group splittings of naphthalene vibrations in several crystalline complexes

Abstract Factor group splittings of naphthalene vibrations are experimentally investigated for naphthalene: 2SbCl 3 (C 10 H 8 - 2SbCl 3 ), naphthalene: octafluoronaphthalene (C 10 H 8 : C 10 F 8 ), naphthalene: TCNB, and naphthalene: TNB crystalline complexes by Raman spectroscopy and using the isotopically mixed crystal technique. It is found that only 386 cm −1 mode of C 10 H 8 shows factor group splittings in the first two complexes. The splitting increases from 5 cm −1 in pure C 10 H 8 crystal to 5.5cm −1 in C 10 H 8 : 2SbCl 3 but decreases to 1cm −1 in the C 10 H 8 : C 10 F 8 complex. Also as SbCl 3 is successively replaced by SbBr 3 in the complex C 10 H 8 : 2SbCl 3 , the factor group splitting of 386 cm −1 C 10 H 8 mode decreases and the mean of the factor group frequencies goes through a minimum near 0.5 mole fraction of SbBr 3 . A theoretical calculation using atom-atom potential model and considering only naphthalene-naphthalene interactions predicts that the factor group splitting on 386 cm −1 band should increase from pure C 10 H 8 crystal to the C 10 H 8 :2SbCl 3 crystalline complex and decrease in C 10 H 8 : C 10 F 8 . However, the calculation also predicts a similar trend for 943 cm −1 band of naphthalene which shows a factor group splitting of 5 cm −1 in pure C 10 H 8 but none in the C 10 H 8 : 2SbCl 3 complex. Furthermore, the atom-atom interaction model does not explain the effect of SbBr 3 substitution on the factor group splitting. The importance of electrostatic multipole interactions in explaining the behavior of factor group splitting is discussed.
The Effect of Shock Wave Lithotripsy on Urease-Positive Calculogenic Bacteria

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been extremely effective among patients with infection-associated renal calculi. Given recent data regarding the adverse effect on shock waves on malignant cells, the possibility was raised that perhaps shock waves might also have an adverse effect on calculogenic bacteria. Accordingly, we studied the direct and indirect effects of shock waves on urease-positive bacteria. In all instances, utilizing a variety of bacteria, shock waves had no effect on bacterial viability. These results more strongly underscore earlier recommendations that patients undergoing ESWL should have a sterile urine. In those instances in which infection stones are suspected, appropriate parenteral antibiotic therapy should be instituted in order to sterilize the urine, and such treatment should be continued in the immediate post-ESWL period.
Dogmatism, Locus of Control of Reinforcement, Importance of Issues, and Relationships to Political Activity

This study examined the cumulative and interaction effects of dogmatism, I-E, and issue salience on political activity. Indexes of the variables were developed from factor-analytic results based on personal, group, and mail interviews with 212 adults in the Detroit area. The three psychological variables were then dichotomized at the median and related to political activity, utilizing multiple regression and a step-wise interaction procedure. The multiple r was .41 (p<.01) with issue salience contributing the greatest amount of variance. Comparisons to multiple-regression predictions indicated interaction effects with low-issue importance reducing political activity and high-issue importance increasing political activity. Split-half analyses indicated substantial stability in the findings. A broader conceptualization for relating psychological variables to political activity was discussed.
Use of Single-Cutter Data in the Analysis of PDC Bit Designs: Part 2Development and Use of the PDCWEAR Computer Code

Deuxieme partie de l'etude de conception d'un outil diamant equipe d'un compact a diamant polycristallin (PDC): presentation des algorithmes utilises par le logiciel PDCWEAR (FORTRAN 77). PDCWEAR analyse les performances et l'usure de ce type d'outil diamant en cours de forage. Un cas concret est analyse a l'aide de PDCWEAR, des conclusions en sont tirees quant aux effets de profil de l'outil, du nombre de dents, de la vitesse de rotation, de l'assistance d'un jet d'eau et du mode d'usure des dents
Optical absorption in crystals containing impurities

A model calculation is made of the optical absorption coefficient for semiconductors containing impurities with short-range potentials. An averaged Green's function method, developed by Yonezawa [1, 2] and Soven [3, 4] is used. Results are given for impurities with the same and with different valencies as the host crystal and for different temperatures. Es wird eine Modellrechnung fur den optischen Absorptionskoeffizienten fur Halbleiter, die Storstellen mit kurzreichweitigen Potentialen enthalten, angegeben. Eine Methode gemittelter Greenscher Funktionen wird benutzt, die von Yonezawa [1, 2] und Soven [3, 4] entwickelt wurde. Ergebnisse werden fur Storstellen mit gleicher und verschiedener Wertigkeit wie der Wirtskristall sowie fur verschiedene Temperaturen angegeben.
The Effect of Stent Design on the Restenosis Rate

Within 6months from the initial procedure, restenosis is observed in 40% of the cases treated with coronary stenting. Exact reasons for restenosis are yet to be explored. Stenting is a mechanical process which causes large stress in the arterial wall. This may lead to the activation of stent related stenosis. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relation between the stresses developed in the arterial wall and the restenosis rate. A three-dimensional model based on finite element method has been built which includes the stent, the plaque and the artery. The simulated result shows high stress concentrations at the contact areas of the stent and the plaque. The over flaring of the end struts causing arterial trauma may lead to restenosis.