cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse Leakage Analysis for As-Grown and Regrown Vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky Barrier Diodes

Vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky barrier diodes based on as-grown and regrown samples were fabricated to investigate the effects of the etch-then-regrow process on device performance. The surface roughness increased slightly after dry etching and decreased after regrowth. According to X-ray diffraction results, the etch-then-regrow process caused a slight increase of defect density due to increased edge dislocations. Schottky parameters extracted from forward current-voltage curves, such as turn-on voltages of 0.74 V and 0.72 V, ideality factors of 1.07 and 1.10, and barrier heights of 1.07 eV and 1.05 eV, were obtained for diodes based on the regrown and as-grown samples, respectively. The breakdown voltage of the regrown sample was much lower than the as-grown sample. The regrowth interface can be regarded as a n-doping GaN layer due to the high interface charge density after the etch-then-regrown process. This equivalent ${n}$ -doping GaN layer reduced the effective thickness of the UID-GaN under the Schottky contact thus causing lower breakdown voltage for the regrown sample. Poole-Frenkel emission and trap-assisted tunneling processes were responsible for the leakage of both as-grown and regrown samples according to the temperature dependence of the reverse currents.
Integration of Hypernatremia and Angiotensin II by the Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis Regulates Thirst

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) contains NaCl-sensitive neurons to regulate thirst, neuroendocrine function, and autonomic outflow. The OVLT also expresses the angiotensin II (AngII) type1 receptor, and AngII increases Fos expression in OVLT neurons. The present study tested whether individual OVLT neurons sensed both NaCl and AngII to regulate thirst and body fluid homeostasis. A multifaceted approach, including in vitro whole-cell patch recordings, in vivo single-unit recordings, and optogenetic manipulation of OVLT neurons, was used in adult, male Sprague Dawley rats. First, acute intravenous infusion of hypertonic NaCl or AngII produced anatomically distinct patterns of Fos-positive nuclei in the OVLT largely restricted to the dorsal cap versus vascular core, respectively. However, in vitro patch-clamp recordings indicate 66% (23 of 35) of OVLT neurons were excited by bath application of both hypertonic NaCl and AngII. Similarly, in vivo single-unit recordings revealed that 52% (23 of 44) of OVLT neurons displayed an increased discharge to intracarotid injection of both hypertonic NaCl and AngII. In marked contrast to Fos immunoreactivity, neuroanatomical mapping of Neurobiotin-filled cells from both in vitro and in vivo recordings revealed that NaCl- and AngII-responsive neurons were distributed throughout the OVLT. Next, optogenetic excitation of OVLT neurons stimulated thirst but not salt appetite. Conversely, optogenetic inhibition of OVLT neurons attenuated thirst stimulated by hypernatremia or elevated AngII but not hypovolemia. Collectively, these findings provide the first identification of individual OVLT neurons that respond to both elevated NaCl and AngII concentrations to regulate thirst and body fluid homeostasis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Body fluid homeostasis requires the integration of neurohumoral signals to coordinate behavior, neuroendocrine function, and autonomic function. Extracellular NaCl concentrations and the peptide hormone angiotensin II (AngII) are two major neurohumoral signals that regulate body fluid homeostasis. Herein, we present the first compelling evidence that individual neurons located in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis detect both NaCl and AngII. Furthermore, optogenetic interrogations demonstrate that these neurons play a pivotal role in the regulation of thirst stimulated by NaCl and AngII. These novel observations lay the foundation for future investigations for how such inputs as well as others converge onto unique organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis neurons to coordinate body fluid homeostasis and contribute to disorders of fluid balance.
Deconvoluting Wavelengths Leading to Fluorescent Light Induced Inflammation and Cellular Stress in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Fluorescent light (FL) has been shown to induce a cellular immune and inflammatory response that is conserved over 450 MY of evolutionary divergence and among vertebrates having drastically different lifestyles such as Mus musculus, Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes and Xiphophorus maculatus. This surprising finding of an inflammation and immune response to FL not only holds for direct light receiving organs (skin) but is also observed within internal organs (brain and liver). Light responsive genetic circuitry initiated by the IL1B regulator induces a highly conserved acute phase response in each organ assessed for all of biological models surveyed to date; however, the specific light wavelengths triggering this response have yet to be determined so investigation of mechanisms and/or light specific molecule(s) leading to this response are difficult to assess. To understand how specific light wavelengths are received in both external and internal organs, zebrafish were exposed to specific 50 nm light wavebands spanning the visible spectrum from 300–600 nm and the genetic responses to each waveband exposure were assessed. Surprisingly, the induced cellular stress response previously observed following FL exposure is not triggered by the lower “damaging” wavelengths of light (UVB and UVA from 300–400 nm) but instead is maximally induced by higher wavelengths ranging from 450–500 nm in skin to 500–600 nm in both brain and liver).
CHAPTER 9 – Data Storage and Compression Techniques

Acquired data must be permanently stored by a PC to allow retrieval for display and analysis. The conventional storage devices of PCs are magnetic or optical media. A file is physically located on a magnetic disk or other permanent storage medium such as a CD-ROM. The physical structure of a magnetic disk consists of concentric rings known as cylinders and angular segments known as sectors. Hard drives consist of multiple platters. The cylinder on a single surface of a disk is referred to as a track. The read/write sensor used in a disk drive is the head. This chapter further discusses several data compression techniques. Sometimes, there are very obvious ways to reduce the size of a data file. If a set of numerical data is stored in an ASCII format, encoding it directly as binary numbers could produce large space savings. Another popular technique for compressing strictly numerical data is delta encoding. This approach is especially useful when the data represents a continuous waveform with relatively low instantaneous slopes. Delta encoding consists of keeping the first value of the data set at its full bit resolution.
Comment: Ridge Regression and Regularization of Large Matrices

We view ridge regression through the lens of eigenvalue shrinkage, and consider its influence on two modern problems in high-dimensional statistical inference: covariance estimation and community d...
Spatial Linear Models

Proliferation of spatially indexed data (i.e., variable measurements are associated with a spatial location) has spurred considerable development in statistical modeling. Key texts in this field include Cressie (1993), Cressie and Wikle (2011), Chiles and Delfiner (1999), Moller and Waagepetersen (2003), Schabenberger and Gotway (2004), Wackernagel (2003), Diggle and Ribeiro (2007), and Banerjee et al. (2014). The statistical literature acknowledges that spatial (and temporal) associations are captured most effectively using models that build dependencies in different stages or hierarchies. As illustrated in Sect. 6.2, hierarchical models are especially advantageous with data sets that have several lurking sources of uncertainty and dependence.
Text neck: An adverse postural phenomenon.

Background The excessive use of hand-held mobile devices (HHMD) leads to a postural phenomenon known as text neck. Objective The aim of this paper is to discuss the anatomical, biomechanical and muscle activation changes within the cervical and thoracic regions associated with the sustained, forward, flexed neck posture, observed with excessive usage of hand-held mobile devices. Additionally, this paper examines the relationship of gender, as well as the effects of carrying backpack loads by youth, on this forward, flexed neck posture. Methods Multiple aspects of the text neck position that occur when an individual uses a HHMD are described. Results Prolonged use of hand-held mobile devices results in adverse anatomical and biomechanical changes in the cervical and thoracic spine, muscular imbalances, and postural compensations, all of which contribute to muscular overuse and fatigue resulting in pain. Conclusions Physical therapists must educate their patients about proper posture while using hand-held mobile devices. Proper posture includes: holding the device close to eye level, using the device while standing or sitting and holding the device with a line of sight perpendicular to the surface of the device, using a larger screen, and texting with both hands. Also, because children are using hand held mobile devices at younger ages, parents and teachers must be educated about the dangers of prolonged use of hand-held devices.
Implication of Gender Stereotypes for Public Policy

IMPLICATIONS OF GENDER STEREOTYPES FOR PUBLIC POLICY By Sharon Lynn Smith, Ph.D. A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010 Major Director: Margaret L. Williams, Ph.D. Professor and Chair, Management and Information Systems Major Director: Janet R. Hutchinson, Ph.D. Professor of Public Policy Chair of Women’s Studies L. Douglas Wilder School of Government Stereotypes continue to be present and impact the assessment of women’s leadership effectiveness. Using a data set of senior executives in the public sector from The Leadership Circle multi-rater assessment tool, research supports the theory that gender influences how bosses rate their direct reports on leadership effectiveness. Survey data identifying leadership characteristics in the assessment as communal or agentic substantiate role congruence theory that women are still penalized for behaving contrary to the feminine stereotype. Role congruence theory seeks to explain the barriers that prevent women from rising into leadership positions. Representative bureaucracy explains the consequence in public policy when women are not in the senior executive positions of authority. CHAPTER
Low Temperature Phases, Ordering and Dynamics in Random Media

A pedagogical review of the current theoretical understanding of various collective phenomena in materials with quenched disorder is given. The emphasis is on the nature of ordered phases, their equilibrium dynamics, and development of long-range order and other non-equilibrium dynamic phenomena. The important role played by domain walls in pure and random magnets is used as the primary example, but the concepts developed in this context are applied, briefly, to spin glasses and to the vortex glass phase of dirty Type II superconductors.
Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection in Greece: the changing prevalence during a ten-year period and its antigenic profile

To evaluate changes in H pylori infection prevalence in Greece during a ten-year period, and to examine its antigenic profile. Three groups of patients were studied. Group O-87: Banked serum samples of 200 consecutive adult outpatients, from the Hepato-Gastroenterology clinic of a teaching hospital at Athens, collected in 1987. Group O-97: Serum samples of 201 similarly selected outpatients from the same Unit, collected in 1997. Group BD-97: Serum samples of 120 consecutive blood donors from the same hospital, collected in 1997. H pylori IgG antibody seroprevalence was studied by a quantitative ELISA. Antigenic profile was studied by western-blot IgG assay, in 62 IgG positive patients of O-97 and BD-97. Results were analyzed by conventional statistics and multivariate regression analysis. The H pylori seroprevalence increased with age in the three tested groups. In O-97, seroprevalence did not differ from that, in BD-97. On the contrary, there was a significant decrease in seropositivity between O-87 and O-97 (59.5% vs 49.2%, p = 0.039). Multiple regression analysis showed that age over 35 years (OR:3.45, 95% CI:1.59–7.49, p = 0.002) and year of patients' selection – that is 1987 or 1997 – (OR:1.73, 95% CI:1.14–2.65 for 1987, p = 0.010), were independent risk factors of H pylori infection. The seroprevalence of CagA+ and VacA+ strains was 77.4% and 58.5%, respectively, and type I(CagA+/VacA+) strains were significantly more common than type II(CagA-/VacA-) strains (59.7% vs 22.6%, p < 0.001). During a ten-year period, we found a significant decrease of H pylori infection in Greece and our data support the birth cohort phenomenon as an explanation for the age-dependent increase of H pylori infection. The prevalence of CagA and/or VacA positive strains is relatively high, in a country with low incidence of gastric cancer.
Multivariate ensemble Model Output Statistics using empirical copulas

Statistical post-processing of ensemble forecasts usually is carried out independently for individual, scalar predictands. However, in some applications multivariate joint forecast distributions, which capture both the univariate marginal distributions of their constituent scalar predictands as well as the dependence structure among them, may be required. Copulas are functions that link multivariate distribution functions to their constituent univariate marginal distributions. Empirical copulas are non-parametric copula functions that are easy to implement. This article compares recently proposed variants of empirical copula coupling (ECC-Q and ECC-R), which take their dependence structures from raw forecast ensembles, and the Schaake shuffle, which is based on unconditional random samples from the historical climatology, in a four-dimensional multivariate ensemble post-processing setting. These alternatives were compared for probability forecasts of multi-day ‘heat waves’, based on the 11-member National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reforecast ensembles. Best forecast accuracy was achieved using the unconditional climatological dependence structures sampled by the Schaake shuffle, implying that any forecast improvements due to flow-specific dependencies that might be captured by the ensemble-based copulas are not sufficient to overcome errors in the ensemble's representation of those dependencies.
Temperament as a Moderator of the Effects of Parental Depressive Symptoms on Child Behavior Problems.

Parental depressive symptomatology has consistently been linked to child maladjustment, but these effects are not universal. This investigation examined the role of child temperament as a moderator of the effects of parental depression on behavior problems in five-year-old children. Parents reported on their own depressive symptoms, and both parents and teachers reported on child behavior. Temperament was assessed by both parent-report and structured observation. Results indicated significant associations between behavior problems and both depressive symptoms (maternal and paternal) and child temperament (effortful control and negative affect). Child surgency moderated the effects of both maternal and paternal depressive symptoms on child behavior problems. Child negative affect and incongruous negative emotionality moderated the effects of maternal depressive symptoms on child behavior problems. These findings point to the importance of examining multiple factors within the family system to further understand the processes of child development.
How Do Judges Maximize? (The Same Way Everybody Else Does - Boundedly): Rules of Thumb in Securities Fraud Opinions

Judicial opinions in securities fraud class actions frequently do not conform to standard theories of adjudication. Instead of the complex modes of legal reasoning predicted by standard models, decisions in this area commonly rely on rules of thumb-decisionmaking heuristics or shortcuts. To the extent prior literature has focused on the use of decisionmaking heuristics in adjudication, commentators have emphasized procedural shortcuts, such as the doctrine whereby courts refuse to address issues that have not been squarely argued. In contrast, the heuristics we identify are substantive law doctrinal rules of thumb enabling a judge to avoid analysis of a case's full complexities. This distinction is significant. Procedural shortcuts do not affect the evolution of substantive legal doctrines, except as to produce no doctrine. Substantive heuristics, however, not only become doctrine but can come to dominate the on-going evolution of substantive law. We suggest that the desire to avoid complexity is an important factor in explaining the emergence of a number of the newer doctrines in the securities area. Underlying all of these doctrines are assumptions about either, (a) investor responses to information or (b) managerial responses to incentives. The standard approaches used by commentators in the area would be to explain either why the assumptions are accurate or why they are not and how they should be corrected. What we suggest, however, is that the real puzzle thus is that federal judges are claiming-at least implicitly-both a level of expertise about the workings of markets and organizations that, in some areas, not even the most sophisticated researchers in financial economics and organizational theory have reached. Federal judges, however, are far from being experts in these areas. As a group, they have little expertise on the topics of markets and organizational behavior. Further, they are consistently faced with overwhelming caseloads where only a small fraction of cases are securities cases. As a result, there is little opportunity to develop expertise in the area. Finally, judges are known to delegate much of the work of drafting their decisions to their law clerks, who are typically recent law school graduates. Generalizing from the securities regulation context, we contend that standard theories of adjudication are flawed because they fail to adequately account for institutional constraints. Drawing on the tools of new institutional economics (bounded rationality, transaction costs, and agency costs), we tell a story about recent doctrinal developments in the lower federal courts in the area of securities class actions. The story highlights the link between doctrinal developments and the characteristics of the institutions that produce them. That story is then extended to the contexts of the Supreme Court and the Delaware state courts. Our claim is that the institutional perspective provides insights into the evolution of doctrine that today's dominant models fail to provide.
A Novel Failure Diagnosis Approach for Low Pin Count and Low Power Compression Architectures

This paper presents a novel approach for performing diagnosis in test access mechanisms (TAM) architectures based on time domain multiplexing and serial scan shifting. These TAM architectures allow efficient application of low power compressed patterns to individual embedded cores present in SoCs using limited pins. The proposed diagnosis approach relies on the connectivity information of the TAM architecture to map SoC level failures to a particular embedded core. These TAM architectures allow high level of diagnosis resolution and performance.
Neuronal coupling in the developing mammalian retina

During the first 3 weeks of postnatal development in the ferret retina, cells in the ganglion cell layer spontaneously generate waves of electrical activity that travel across the retina in the absence of mature photoreceptors (Meister et al., 1991; Wong et al., 1993). Since few chemical synapses are present at the earliest stages when waves are present, we have explored whether gap junctions could act to correlate the activity of cells in the immature ganglion cell layer. Retinal ganglion cells in a living in vitro preparation from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P45 were intracellularly injected with the tracer Neurobiotin and the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow, molecules that are known to pass through gap junctions. Lucifer yellow consistently filled only the injected cell, whereas Neurobiotin filled not only the injected cell but also passed to a constellation of neighboring cells. Coupling revealed by Neurobiotin is seen as early as P1, but, at this stage, it was not possible to identify the various morphological types of cells that were coupled. Thereafter, alpha ganglion cells showed homologous coupling to other alpha cells and to both conventionally placed and displaced amacrine cells. Likewise, gamma ganglion cells appeared coupled to other gamma cells and to amacrine cells. However, beta ganglion cells never showed tracer coupling in the neonatal or in adult retinas. The percentage of alpha and gamma cells that were coupled to other cells increased progressively with age. By the end of the third postnatal week, the pattern of Neurobiotin coupling in the ferret retina was adult-like, with virtually every injected alpha cell showing tracer coupling. Our observations suggest that intercellular junctions able to pass Neurobiotin are present in the inner plexiform layer during the period when the firing of retinal ganglion cells is highly correlated. Such junctions could contribute to synchronization of the activity of subsets of neighboring ganglion cells during development, but it cannot be the sole mediator of this activity because beta cells, which also participate in the correlated activity, showed no coupling at any stage. In addition, the continued presence of coupling in the adult retina implies that other changes in retinal circuitry are likely to contribute to the disappearance of the waves.
Immunobiology of Germfree Mice Infected with Nocardia asteroides

Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 was administered either intranasally or by intravenous inoculation into (i) conventionally grown, (ii) germfree, and (iii) lipopolysaccharide-treated germfree NIH:S mice. The number of bacteria within the lungs, brain, kidneys, adrenals, liver, spleen, and blood was quantitated at 3, 24, 72, and 168 h after infection. Further, the histological changes that occurred in each of these organs after infection were studied. The data demonstrated that germfree mice were significantly more susceptible to the acute phase of infection caused by N. asteroides than the conventionally grown animals. The brains and lungs of these mice were affected most dramatically. Pretreatment of the germfree mice with lipopolysaccharide completely reversed this enhanced susceptibility and rendered the animals more resistant to infection than the conventionally grown mice. These observations establish further the role of macrophage activation and the development of cell-mediated immunity in host resistance to nocardia. In addition, the presence of a resident microflora within the host appears to be important in the development of resistance to systemic nocardial infections.
Performance and characterization of building integrated photovoltaic panels

Buildings consume more than two-thirds of the electricity in the United States. The incorporation of photovoltaics into buildings, referred to as building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), offers an aesthetically pleasing means of displacing centrally located utility generated power with distributed renewable energy. Building integrated photovoltaics replace conventional building elements such as roof tiles, asphalt shingles, facade elements, and shading devices with photovoltaic modules that perform the same functions but also provide electrical power. A barrier to BIPV implementation is the lack of validated predictive tools to quantify the achievable energy savings. Building owners, architects, and designers need these predictive tools in order to make informed decisions about the economic viability of a proposed BIPV project. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is providing high quality experimental data for the development, validation, and improvement of computer simulation tools. Among the computer simulation tools available for predicting the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems are IV Curve Tracer, developed by Sandia National Laboratories, and PHANTASM, authored by the University of Wisconsin. This paper describes NIST's BIPV "test bed" a facility that is used to measure the annual performance of different types of BIPV panels. Measurements are presented that compare the performance of four different cell technologies and document the effect of installing thermal insulation at the interior surface of BIPV panels. The annual performance of each BIPV panel is evaluated relative to its performance at standard rating conditions.
Decrease with senescence in the norepinephrine-induced phosphorylation of myofilament proteins in isolated rat cardiac myocytes

(1) The effects of norepinephrine on protein phosphorylation in isolated rat cardiac ventricular myocytes were determined by autoradiography of 32P-labelled proteins separated by electrophoresis; (2) In cells from young adult rats (6 months old) there was a marked increase due to norepinephrine (10−8 to 10−4m) in the incorporation of 32P into proteins identified on the grounds of molecular weight as troponin I and C-protein: in cells from senescent rats (24 months old) this increase was much attenuated. (3) Age-associated decrements in protein phosphorylation were much diminished when maximally effective concentrations of the adenylate cyclase-activator forskolin and the cyclic AMP analog 8(4-chlorophenylthio) cyclic AMP were used instead of norepinephrine. Moreover, age-associated differences were abolished if the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine was present in addition to norepinephrine, or alone. (4) Study of the rates of dephosphorylation of troponin I, as initiated with the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, showed no change in half-time as a function of age: this indicates no change in protein phosphatase activity. (5) These results suggest that there is less active net formation of cyclic-AMP in senescent heart cells in response to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, giving a lesser activation of c-AMP-dependent protein kinase and less phosphorylation of these target proteins.
An explorative study of established software leaders and their key outsourcing partners

This study reviews global operations of leading Information Technology (IT) and software development companies from the USA and India. These companies over the years have become key IT players in software outsourcing in the world. As the industry evolves, India is endorsing Software Technology Parks throughout the country. Established software leaders in the USA benefit from cost savings and increased flexibility derived from such outsourcing partnerships enabling them to stay competitive in the global market. Low-cost technology destinations like India are benefiting from the increase in disposable income supporting expansion of the global economy. The analyses using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), financial performance data and Porter's five-forces indicate a common business strategy of Indian IT and software companies. They do not compete head on with the US counterparts and instead focus on acquiring niche outsourcing markets that are still open and growing rapidly due to worldwide slowdown in IT spending budgets.
A randomized comparison between misoprostol and dinoprostone for cervical ripening and labor induction in patients with unfavorable cervices.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of two prostaglandin derivatives, misoprostol and dinoprostone, for ripening the cervix and inducing labor in women with an unfavorable cervix. Methods One hundred fifty-five women admitted for induction of labor to St. John's Mercy Medical Center, a teaching community hospital, were randomized to one of two methods: intravaginal misoprostol, 50 μg every 4 hours up to three doses (n = 76); and intracervical dinoprostone gel, 0.5 mg every 6 hours up to three doses (n = 79). Results Misoprostol was more effective than dinoprostone in causing cervical ripening (P = .01), inducing labor (P Conclusions Misoprostol is an effective agent for cervical ripening and labor induction, but it causes an increase in cesarean deliveries associated with uterine hyperstimulation.
Interneuron cell types are fit to function

Understanding brain circuits begins with an appreciation of their component parts - the cells. Although GABAergic interneurons are a minority population within the brain, they are crucial for the control of inhibition. Determining the diversity of these interneurons has been a central goal of neurobiologists, but this amazing cell type has so far defied a generalized classification system. Interneuron complexity within the telencephalon could be simplified by viewing them as elaborations of a much more finite group of developmentally specified cardinal classes that become further specialized as they mature. Our perspective emphasizes that the ultimate goal is to dispense with classification criteria and directly define interneuron types by function.
Standard Image Recovery Methods In The Iterative Data Refinement Framework

Iterative Data Refinement (IDR) is a general procedure for estimating data that would have been collected by an ideal measuring device from data that were collected by an actual measuring device. An example is in Computerized Tomography (CT), where we have a mathematical procedure to reconstruct the x-ray attenuation coefficient at individual points inside the human body from (the ideal) data obtained by passing monoenergetic x-rays through the body and measuring the percentage of energy that gets through. Unfortunately, x-ray tubes deliver polyenergetic x-rays and the actual measurements only approximate what is assumed by the mathematics of CT, resulting in images whose quality is noticeably worse that those reconstructed from ideal data. This is one of the applications where the efficacy of IDR has been demonstrated: it can be used to estimate data that would be obtained from the ideal monoenergetic x-ray tube from the data that are obtained from the actual polyenergetic x-ray tube. In fact, IDR is general enough to encompass such well-accepted image recovery methods as the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm and the error reduction and hybrid input-output methods of Fienup. The generalizations provided by IDR give new insights into the nature of such algorithms and, in particular, allow us to introduce the notion of relaxation into them, resulting in many cases in a much improved computational behavior.
Writing and Colonialism in Northern Ghana: The Encounter between the LoDagaa and the “World on Paper.”

Writing and Colonialism in Northern Ghana: The Encounter between the LoDagaa and the “World on Paper.” Sean Hawkins. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. 468 pp.
Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: how you do it matters

Does the language people use to refer to the self during introspection influence how they think, feel, and behave under social stress? If so, do these effects extend to socially anxious people who are particularly vulnerable to such stress? Seven studies explored these questions (total N = 585). Studies 1a and 1b were proof-of-principle studies. They demonstrated that using non-first-person pronouns and one's own name (rather than first-person pronouns) during introspection enhances self-distancing. Studies 2 and 3 examined the implications of these different types of self-talk for regulating stress surrounding making good first impressions (Study 2) and public speaking (Study 3). Compared with the first-person group, the non-first-person group performed better according to objective raters in both studies. They also displayed less distress (Studies 2 and 3) and engaged in less maladaptive postevent processing (Study 3). Studies 4 and 5 examined how these different forms of self-talk influence the way people appraise social-anxiety-provoking events. They demonstrated that non-first-person language use (compared with first-person language use) leads people to appraise future stressors in more challenging and less threatening terms. Finally, a meta-analysis (Study 6) indicated that none of these findings were moderated by trait social anxiety, highlighting their translational potential. Together, these findings demonstrate that small shifts in the language people use to refer to the self during introspection consequentially influence their ability to regulate their thoughts, feelings, and behavior under social stress, even for vulnerable individuals.
Teaching ethics to teachers: What the curriculum should be about

Abstract This paper argues that professional ethics for teachers is not a form of moral education and that its content should not be taken primarily from the law on teacher morality. It claims that, since one part of ethical teaching is teaching one's subject with integrity, one source of ethics for teachers is the mastery of subject matter. Another source of ethical concepts for teachers is what is implicit in the pedagogical portion of teacher education. This part of the curriculum should be examined for its ethical content. Explicit instruction in ethics should emphasize concepts that are central to the work of teachers. Examples are due process, equity, privacy, intellectual honesty, freedom of expression, and legitimate authority. Emphasis should not be on generating rules to be followed. Instead instruction should focus on comprehension of concepts and their application to cases. A case method of teaching is recommended.
Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Formation In Vitro: Its Stimulation by Phorbol Diesters and by 8‐Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphateau WILLIAM TRAGER

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate increased the number of gametocytes by 50 to 100% in well or petri dish cultures of the HB-3 clone of Plasmodium falciparum. Phorbol dibutyrate had a similar effect. The optimal concentration for each of these agents was 20 ng/ml or approximately 30 nM. No effect of forskolin was found, other than a general inhibition of growth at concentrations over 10 microM. An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 microM) also significantly increased the number of gametocytes formed by this clone.
Efficient biolistic transformation of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using the phosphomannose isomerase gene, pmi, as the selectable marker.

A selectable marker system for plant transformation that does not require the use of antibiotics or herbicides was developed. The selectable marker consists of the manA gene from Escherichia coli under the control of a plant promoter that encodes for phosphomannose isomerase, pmi. Only transgenic plants were able to metabolize the selection agent, mannose, into a usable source of carbon, fructose. Transgenic plants were produced efficiently after delivery by Biolistics™ of the pmi gene into maize and wheat tissues, with mean transformation frequencies of 45% for maize and 20% for wheat. Adjustment of the sucrose and mannose levels in the selection medium essentially eliminated escapes. Transgenic events can be identified as early as 2 months for wheat and 4 months for maize. A simple test, a modified chlorophenol red assay, was used for early identification of transgenic events expressing the pmi gene. Transformation frequencies for both crops exceeded those obtained with the bar and pat genes with selection on either Basta® or bialaphos.
Small object detection via fast discrete Curvelet transform

The detection of distant objects in an image is relevant to applications in defense, security, and robotics. Successfully detecting objects of interest has been a common problem with respect to intelligent computer vision and has been studied quite thoroughly. Automatic target recognition (ATR) systems have been formulated and employed in numerous ways to tackle the difficulty of unsupervised targeting [1]. We attempt to describe a new approach in the selection of a potential target area or region of interest (ROI) in an image. A region of interest from a particular image is simply a subset of an image whose size is dependent upon the user or is chosen by an adaptive process. Each ROI should contain an object of interest or information that is pertinent to the user or system. Thus, the goal of our framework is reducing the amount of ROIs without the unintended loss of an object of interest. We implement the Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCT) as the first stage in this system’s framework in order to have a collection of sufficient Curvelet coefficients. The Curvelet coefficients sparsify the input image and by this sparsification, we are able to locate and extract ROIs. Once the ROIs have been extracted, they are then passed to the second stage of our framework which is the classification stage. In the classification stage it is verified whether or not each ROI has an object of interest. After an image has been processed by this framework, the output should be the successful detection of meaningful objects or targets contained in the image. We shall first introduce our previous work and give a brief explanation of sparse representation. Once the concept of sparsity is understood, we will then commence with the summarization of the Curvelet transform. Having established these concepts, the new architecture of our system will be presented, followed by the experimentation and results.
Short-term forecasting of internal migration.

Models for short-range forecasts differ from those for intermediate and long-range forecasts because of the possibility of introducing lagged exogenous factors as explanatory variables. It is widely believed that certain exogenous variables, in particular estimates of state income, are useful leading indicators of migration rates. In this paper, panel-data (or longitudinal-data) models are used to represent the relationship between destination-specific out-migration and several explanatory variables. The introduction of this methodology into the migration literature is possible because of some new and improved databases developed by the US Bureau of the Census.In this paper, data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis are used to investigate the incorporation of exogenous factors as variables in the model. One aim in the paper is to use graphical techniques in the understanding of the relationships between migration and these exogenous factors. These techniques provide insight into the strong relationships ...
Coping With Stress: The Implications of Leader Personality

Business and government leaders are very much at risk with respect to stress, yet may not be willing to let on that they need help in coping. The author used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to differentiate between those traditionally attracted to managerial careers and those who may not be traditionally managerial by nature but nonetheless serve as managers. Programs to alert administrators to the problems of stress and show them the ways to cope may well be called for. The author concludes by suggesting a nine-step program that shows promise as a means of coping with stress.
Genetic Variability for Seed Size of Two‐ and Three‐Parent Soybean Populations

Specialty soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivars with ≤ 80 mg seed -1 are needed to produce grain for export to Japan for the production of natto, a fermented food. The purpose of this study was to compare three population types for the recovery of lines that would have adequately small seed size for natto. Two small-seeded and one normal-size conventional cultivar or line were used to produce a small-seeded × small-seeded two-parent population, a small-seeded × normal-size two-parent population, and a small-seeded x (small-seeded × normal-size) three-parent population. Five sets of the three population types were developed with different parents in each set. The seed size of 100 random F 2 plants was determined from each of the 15 populations and 10 plants of each parent. For each of the five sets, the progeny of the 100 F 2 plants of each population type were compared as F 2:3 lines with 10 entries of each of the three parents at two Iowa locations. The average percentage of lines with a seed size equal to or smaller than one of the parents in a cross was 90% for the small-seeded x small-seeded populations, 4% for the small-seeded x normal-size populations, and 20% for the three-parent populations. An average of 10% of the lines from the small-seeded x small-seeded populations had significantly smaller seed size than either of the parents, and no transgressive segregation for small seed size was observed in the other two population types. For the development of small-seeded cultivars, small-seeded x small-seeded and three-parent populations would provide lines with acceptable seed size. A small-seeded x normal-size population may provide suitable lines if seed size of the conventional cultivar is sufficiently small and adequate resources are available to select for the limited number of small-seeded segregates.
Counter-Utopia and Anti-Epic History Writing in Gabriel Miró's El abuelo del rey

In El abuelo del rey (1915) Gabriel Miro tells of the last member of a provincial dynasty, who in the late 1800s travels to the farthest corner of South America expecting to find glory for himself and for his nation. Instead, he ends up working as a petty clerk. In this article, it is argued that through this un-heroic character Miro questions both the role of the epic in establishing national(ist) imaginings, and the master-narrative of modernity that represents the West as the undisputed universalising force in world history. The ironic tone of the novel underlines the Alicantine author's literary modernity, while the seriousness of the topic reflects his sometimes overlooked intellectuality.
Effects of phosphate and other anions on measurement of the activities of the isozymes of rat liver aspartate aminotransferase

Abstract When the activity of the isozymes of rat liver aspartate aminotransferase is measured in Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.4, the addition of phosphate or sulfate ions inhibits the cationic isozyme and slightly accelerates the anionic isozyme. Addition of chloride ions counteracts the effect of sulfate and phosphate on the cationic isozyme. At low concentrations of α-keto-glutarate, inhibition of the anionic isozyme by phosphate is competitive, and inhibition of the cationic isozyme is of mixed type. When mixtures of the isozymes are assayed in phosphate buffer, low values for the activity of the cationic isozyme are obtained. Thus the anionic fraction is overestimated.
The Action of the Whole

I discuss an argument for the monistic idea that the cosmos is the one and only fundamental thing, drawing on the idea that the cosmos is the one and only thing that evolves by the fundamental laws.
Glucose and cAMP: adversaries in the regulation of hepatic gene expression.

All organisms confront intermittent periods of fasting during which energy intake is insufficient to meet energy demands. Consequently, mechanisms have evolved for synthesizing and storing energy nutrients during times of caloric sufficiency that can be used during periods of caloric limitation. In mammals, the predominant storage form of energy is triglycerides. Triglycerides can be synthesized from fatty acids obtained through the diet. Alternatively, fatty acids can be produced through de novo synthesis from the metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA. The latter pathway is termed lipogenesis. Although all cells can synthesize fatty acids, production of triglycerides for energy storage occurs principally in the liver and adipose in mammals. Lipogenesis is regulated through the acute control of key enzyme activities by means of allosteric and covalent modifications (1). Moreover, the production of many glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes is regulated in response to dietary status (1–4). This latter response is thought to be adaptive and occurs in large part through transcriptional regulation of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes.
Underachievement and Underrepresentation of Hispanics in Mathematics and Mathematics-Related Careers.

A literature review shows a threefold problem consisting of disproportionally low participation in mathematics education, underachievement in mathematics, and underrepresentation in mathematics-related careers by Hispanics. Contrary to the belief that the poor showing by Hispanics in mathematics may be due to a lack of ability or motivation, previous research attributes it to policies, practices, and attitudes of school personnel that are incongruent with the values, learning styles, and curriculum needs of Hispanics. Research recommendations focus on: (a) the Hispanic child's cognitive and affective styles, (b) methods of teaching mathematics to Hispanics, and (c) scope, sequence, and format of curriculum. The implementation of experimental projects is also recommended.
The S and U genes of bacteriophage mu are located in the invertible G segment of mu DNA.

Abstract An F′ plasmid containing only the β and G segments of bacteriophage Mu DNA in a β-G-β structure was isolated as a LacZ− segregant of an F′lac plasmid containing Mu prophages inserted in the lacI and lacY genes. The segregant arose by homologous recombination between the similarly oriented G regions located in oppositely oriented Mu prophages whose α segments were directed toward the lacZ gene. Electron microscopic observation of single-stranded plasmid DNA from the segregant revealed the expected β-G-β stem and loop structure in which the double-stranded stem was the same length as, β and the single-stranded loop was the same length as G. Marker rescue experiments with Mu amber mutants defective in each of the known essential Mu genes showed that strains carrying this F′-β-G-β plasmid contained the wild-type alleles for S and U mutations but not for mutations in other genes. more detailed mapping of the R S U region by deletion mapping in Mu prophages and λpMu transducing phages produced two gene orders, R S U and R U S, thus indicating that the S and U genes were located in the invertible G segment rather than in β. Confirmation of this conclusion was obtained from results of DNA heteroduplexing experiments which showed that deletions ending within gene U end physically within G segment DNA. The location of essential genes S and U within G and the location and extent of G segment DNA which is nonessential for growth ( L. T. Chow, R. Kahmann, and D. Kamp, 1977 , J. Mol. Biol., 113, 591–609), taken together, reveal that the order of genes in viable Mu phage with G in the G(+) orientation is R S U.
3D C(CC)H TOCSY Experiment for Assigning Protons and Carbons in Uniformly13C- and Selectively2H-Labeled RNA

Abstract We have prepared RNAs uniformly 13 C-labeled in the ribose ring and with the H3′, H4′, H5′/H5″ protons specifically replaced with deuterons (3′, 4′, 5′/5″- 2 H– 13 C, termed d 4- 13 C ribose), which offers the advantage of spectral simplification without sacrifice of sensitivity for the remaining protons. A 3D C(CC)H TOCSY experiment that uses a combination of cross-polarization transfer and deuterium decoupling improves the transfer of magnetization around the ribose ring and facilitates assignment of all ribose carbons and H1′ and H2′ protons in a 30-nucleotide RNA from HIV-2. These and other combinations of labeling and pulse sequence methodology should prove invaluable for the study of large RNAs, RNA–ligand, and RNA–protein complexes.