cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Timber Harvesting on Headwater Peak Stream Temperatures in a Northern Idaho Watershed

J.A. Gravelle and T.E. Link Abstract: Concerns regarding the impacts of contemporary timber harvest practices on stream water temper- ature emphasize the need for improved understanding of temperature patterns and changes related to distur- bances in headwater catchments. A network of water temperature recorders was installed in the Mica Creek Experimental Watershed in northern Idaho to investigate the relationships among forest treatments, stream temperatures, and riparian cover. Sensors were placed in first-order, nonfish-bearing unimpacted reaches, nonfish-bearing harvested reaches, and downstream into second- and third-order fish-bearing reaches of the stream network. Treated watersheds consisted of 50% canopy removal by contemporary clearcut methods and selective cut practices. Riparian canopy cover in the first-order reaches was measured during the pretreatment and posttreatment periods with a spherical densiometer. Despite estimated increases of up to 3.6°C in the directly impacted nonfish-bearing reaches, there was no significant increase in water temperature maxima at the downstream fish-bearing sites. Results also demonstrate that water temperatures in headwater stream networks can be highly variable and that the potential shade value of understory vegetation in harvested areas should not be overlooked. Continued monitoring at these sites is planned to evaluate peak water temperature trends during canopy regrowth and hydrologic recovery. FOR .S CI. 53(2):189-205.
Jython, Java and jHepWork

This chapter gives an introduction to Jython scripting and Java. It outlines advantages of using Java and Java scripting and introduces the jHepWork software package as a collection of Java libraries for scientific data analysis.
Dynamic Monopoly and Oligopoly Models

Table 10.1 in the previous chapter identifies 12 classic models of oligopoly. In Chap. 10 we analyzed the static Cournot, Bertrand, and Cournot–Bertrand models. We also investigated the case where firms could choose whether to compete in output (as in Cournot) or price (as in Bertrand). These are labeled models M1–M4 in Table 10.1.
Henkin Sets and the Fundamental Theorem

We will begin by proving a fundamental result which will be used repeatedly in the proofs of our major theorems. We will prove it for the full language of quantification theory even though some of our systems will have a restricted vocabulary. No change in the proof is required for the restricted vocabularies.
Corpus luteum surgery

The corpus luteum is responsible for a substantial number of emergency operations, some of which prove to be unnecessary and others which are unnecessarily complex. The routine utilization of culdocentesis and pregnancy testing will identify the large majority of those patients who can safely be treated by expectant observation or who should first be investigated by a diagnostic operative technique, such as laparoscopy, before an exploratory laparotomy is performed. When a laparotomy is performed, the ovary should be conserved whenever possible. An analysis of two hundred consecutive emergency operations for ruptured corpus luteum or corpus luteum cyst support these observations.
Infinite Combinatorics and Graphs

Infinite sets are very peculiar, and remarkably different from finite sets. This can be illustrated with a combinatorial example.
A new species of Hypoprepia from the mountains of central Arizona (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini).

A new firefly-mimicking lichen moth of the genus Hypoprepia, H.lampyroides Palting & Ferguson, sp. n., is described from the mountains of east-central Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. Hypoprepia Hubner, 1831 is a North American genus of lithosiine tiger moths, previously consisting of five species: H.fucosa Hubner, 1831 and H.miniata (Kirby, 1837), both of eastern and central North America; H.cadaverosa Strecker, 1878 from the Rocky Mountains into New Mexico and west Texas; H.inculta H. Edwards, 1882, a widespread western USA species and H.muelleri Dyar, 1907 from the vicinity of Mexico City. The latter is herein synonymized under H.inculta (= H.muellerisyn. n.), resulting in the total number of taxa in the genus unchanged at five.
Modeling Voice Coil Actuators with Recurrent Neural Network

In order to accurately model the behaviors of a voice coil actuator (VCA), three-dimensional (3-D) simulation is preferred over a lumped model. However, the 3-D simulation for a VCA can be very computationally expensive, which is due to the spatial discretization, the multiphysics nature, and the nonlinearities of the VCA system. In this work, we propose incorporating the recurrent neural network (RNN), to be specific, the long short-term memory (LSTM) into the multiphysics simulation. We solve the multiphysics problem by using the finite element method (FEM) at full 3-D accuracy in only a portion of the required time steps. We train a LSTM with the obtained FEM solution. Once the training completes, we replace the multiphysics simulation with the LSTM, which can make predictions and generate results on the remaining portion of the required time steps. With the proposed approach, we avoid solving nonlinear systems associated with the multiphysics problem repeatedly at all time steps and achieve a significant reduction of computation time.
Micro- and Macrostructural White Matter Integrity in Never-Treated and Currently Unmedicated Patients With Schizophrenia and Effects of Short-Term Antipsychotic Treatment.

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is associated with progressive white matter changes, but it is unclear whether antipsychotic medications contribute to these. Our objective was to characterize effects of short-term treatment with risperidone on white matter diffusion indices. Methods We recruited 42 patients with schizophrenia (30 never treated and 12 currently untreated) and 42 matched healthy control subjects in this prospective case-control neuroimaging study. Patients received a 6-week trial of risperidone. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we assessed microstructural (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) and macrostructural (radial fiber trophy) white matter integrity deficits in unmedicated patients compared with control subjects and change in white matter integrity in patients before and after antipsychotic treatment (mean risperidone dose at end point was 3.73 ± 1.72 mg). Results At baseline, fractional anisotropy was decreased in the left medial temporal white matter (cluster extent: 123 voxels; Montreal Neurological Institute peak coordinates: x = −51, y = −44, z = −7; α Conclusions We demonstrate microstructural white matter integrity abnormalities in the absence of macrostructural impairment in unmedicated patients with primarily early-stage schizophrenia. In our data, we found no significant white matter changes after short-term treatment with risperidone.
Understanding the roles of patient symptoms and subjective appraisals in well-being among breast cancer patients.

To examine the roles of both patient symptoms, and subjective appraisals of stress (self-efficacy, symptom barriers, symptom distress), in understanding well-being (anxiety, depression, cancer-specific quality of life, mental health quality of life, and physical health quality of life) in breast cancer patients. We examined data from 104 female breast cancer patients. Using a stress process model, we hypothesized that while high levels of patient symptoms would be associated with poorer patient well-being, these effects would be mediated by subjective appraisals, including patient self-efficacy, perceived symptom barriers, and symptom distress. As expected, higher levels of patient symptoms were associated with poorer well-being on all five indicators. Subjective appraisals of stress added significantly to predictors of well-being, and were mediators of this relationship across all five outcomes. While patient symptoms are important predictors of patient well-being, subjective appraisals of the stressfulness of symptoms, and of patients’ self-efficacy in managing symptoms, are also key factors. The findings suggest the utility of a stress process model in understanding well-being in breast cancer patients, and point to the potential value of targeting patient appraisals as well as symptoms to improve psychological well-being and quality of life.
Prevalence and Incidence of Intestinal Metaplasia and Dysplasia of Gastric Cardia in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus After Endoscopic Therapy.

Background & Aims Endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) for Barrett's esophagus (BE) has unclear effects on the gastric cardia. We investigated the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia in the cardia after complete eradication of IM (CEIM) and the incidence of newly diagnosed cardia IM or dysplasia after EET. Methods We performed a prospective study, from 2013 through 2016, of patients with previously successful EET undergoing surveillance after CEIM (cross-sectional group) and treatment-naive patients with BE undergoing EET (longitudinal group). Standard biopsies were collected from multiple levels in the cardia and analyzed histologically. We calculated the prevalence (cross-sectional group) and the incidence (longitudinal group) of cardia IM or dysplasia after EET. Results Of the 116 patients in the cross-sectional group, 17 (15%) had cardia IM or dysplasia after CEIM: 12 patients had IM, 2 patients were indefinite for dysplasia, and 3 patients had low-grade dysplasia. Cardia IM or dysplasia were most commonly found at the tops of gastric folds. Among 42 subjects in the longitudinal group, the pre-treatment prevalence of cardia IM or dysplasia was 28.5% (3 with non-dysplastic IM, 9 with dysplastic IM, 1 indefinite for dysplasia, 2 with low-grade dysplasia, 3 with high-grade dysplasia, and 3 with intramucosal cancer). All achieved CEIM. The incidence of cardia IM or dysplasia was 11.9% after 18 months of follow up. IM or dysplasia was more higher in the cardia after CEIM than in the tubular esophagus (P Conclusions In a prospective study, we found that cardia dysplasia becomes less, not more, common, after successful EET; recurrence of IM or dysplasia was more frequent in the cardia than the esophagus. Patients with BE undergoing EET should have careful examination of the cardia, with a single set of surveillance biopsies at the top of the gastric folds.
Deer Damage to Landscape Plants in New York State: Perceptions of Nursery Producers, Landscape Firms, and Homeowners

Abstract Damage to landscape plants by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Raf.) is widespread in many areas in the northeastern U. S. A mail survey to assess the extent and impact of deer da...
Factors Associated with Burnout and Frustration among Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Fellows.

Study Objective Determine the incidence of burnout and frustration among participants currently completing a fellowship in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (FMIGS). Design Cross-sectional survey. Statistical analyses performed with Fisher's exact tests for dichotomous variables and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for ordered categorical variables. Setting An anonymous survey was distributed to fellows in November 2018. Patients or Participants Current Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery fellows. Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results A total of 57 of 83 (67.7%) FMIGS participants in AAGL-accredited programs completed a survey regarding fellowship characteristics and experiences. Overall, 40/57 participants (70.2%) indicated that they were satisfied with their fellowship program. There were 33 fellows (57.9%) who reported subjective burnout. Of these, 26 (76.5%) reported they did not receive any assistance or support from their fellowship program. In addition, 66.7% have experienced anxiety, depression, or extreme fatigue during the previous month. Fellows who experienced burnout were more likely to be in their second year (p=0.003), spend less time per week doing scholarly activities (p=0.048), and are less satisfied with their fellowship experience (p Conclusion Burnout symptoms are common in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs, and our study demonstrates that FMIGS trainees experience similar concerns. Our findings suggest widespread prevalence of this serious issue and lack of access to emotional and psychologic support programs. We hope that this study will prompt increased attention to this important topic by both individual fellowship programs and AAGL to increase access to resources and promote physician wellness for fellows experiencing burnout and depression.
The Training Experiences of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Practitioners in One Midwestern State

Purpose Services for children with complex communication needs require well-trained practitioners. Yet, research shows that augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) practitioners often rece...
The heat is on: Bracing for impacts in Tokyo.

The Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games are just over 6 months away. A mere glance at the statistical climatology of Tokyo from late July to early September gives certainty of high temperatures, but...
Intracranial insertion of a nasogastric tube following septoplasty: Case report and literature review

Abstract Background Inadvertent intracranial nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is a well-documented, though rare, event in the literature commonly associated with basal skull fracture and maxillofacial trauma. With this report we hope to once again draw attention to the serious dangers that can be associated with NGT placement. Case description We report a case of intracranial NGT insertion in a patient following routine septoplasty. Removal of the NGT occurred under direct CT guidance with an operating room and angiography suite at the ready in the event of complication. The patient ultimately expired. Conclusions Intracranial NGT insertion is a rare and potentially devastating complication which is usually seen in the setting of craniofacial trauma. There is no consensus as to the best approach for removal of the NGT from the intracranial space.
Proteasomal Regulation of Mammalian SPT16 in Controlling Transcription.

FACT ( fa cilitates c hromatin t ranscription), an essential and evolutionarily conserved heterodimer from yeast to humans, controls transcription and is found to be upregulated in various cancers. However, the basis for such upregulation is not clearly understood. Our recent results deciphering a new ubiquitin-proteasome system regulation of the FACT subunit SPT16 in orchestrating transcription in yeast hint at the involvement of the proteasome in controlling FACT in humans, with a link to cancer. To test this, we carried out experiments in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, which revealed that human SPT16 undergoes ubiquitylation and that its abundance is increased following inhibition of the proteolytic activity of the proteasome, thus implying proteasomal regulation of human SPT16. Furthermore, we find that the increased abundance/expression of SPT16 in HEK293 cells alters the transcription of genes, including ones associated with cancer, and that the proteasomal degradation of SPT16 is impaired in kidney cancer (Caki-2) cells to upregulate SPT16. Like human SPT16, murine SPT16 in C2C12 cells also undergoes ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation to regulate transcription. Collectively, our results reveal a proteasomal regulation of mammalian SPT16, with physiological relevance in controlling transcription, and implicate such proteasomal control in the upregulation of SPT16 in cancer.
THz characterizeation of low-conductive sheet-charges with metallic gratings

We study the application of metallic gratings with subwavelength apertures to characterize sheet charges of very low conductivity (~μSie) in a transmission geometry. The gratings provide increased E-field enhancement and interaction length in the vicinity of the aperture which allows for enhanced absorption by the two-dimensional sheet charges, which would otherwise be undetectable in a transmission measurement. We explore the design space to obtain both broadband and resonant behavior by altering the pitch of the gratings (w.r.t. λ) in order to be applicable for both characterization and device applications.
Tracheostomy Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients in a Low Resource Setting.

OBJECTIVES COVID-19 predominately affects safety net hospitals. Tracheostomies improve outcomes and decrease length of stay for COVID-19 patients. Our objectives are to determine if (1) COVID-19 tracheostomies have similar complication and mortality rates as non-COVID-19 tracheostomies and (2) to determine the effectiveness of our tracheostomy protocol at a safety net hospital. METHODS Patients who underwent tracheostomy at Los Angeles County Hospital between August 2009 and August 2020 were included. Demographics, SARS-CoV-2 status, body mass index (BMI), Charlson Co-morbidity Index (CCI), length of intubation, complication rates, decannulation rates, and 30-day all-cause mortality versus tracheostomy related mortality rates were all collected. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients with COVID-19 and 130 non-COVID-19 patients underwent tracheostomies. Both groups were predominately male with similar BMI and CCI, though the COVID-19 patients were more likely to be Hispanic and intubated for a longer time (P = .034 and P < .0001, respectively). Both groups also had similar, low intraoperative complications at 2% to 3% and comparable long-term post-operative complications. However, COVID-19 patients had more perioperative complications within 7 days of surgery (P < .01). Specifically, they were more likely to have perioperative bleeding at their tracheostomy sites (P = .03) and long-term post-operative mucus plugging (P < .01). However, both groups had similar 30-day mortality rates. There were no incidences of COVID-19 transmission to healthcare workers. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 tracheostomies are safe for patients and healthcare workers. Careful attention should be paid to suctioning to prevent mucus plugging. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Ionic and Metabolic Responses of the Heart to Ischemia

This Symposium is organized to review certain aspects of myocardial cellular response to ischemia. Dr. Shine will focus on alterations in the sarcolemma with discussion of changes in ionic permeability. Dr. Jacobus will review respiratory control and the creatine kinase system as they respond to ischemia. Dr. Henry will give an update on the role of the calcium antagonist drugs as protective agents in ischemia.
Extraneous Pesticide Exposure

Publisher Summary The greatest potential for exposure within the research and development phase is during pilot plant design and operations. Here, chemical reactions are scaled up, new technologies are tried, and larger quantities of toxic materials are present. Recognition of the dangers involved, as well as government and industrial regulations mandating safety precautions, reduces this potential to within acceptable limits. The same procedures generally reduce the potential exposure for manufacturing workers. Although accidents and carelessness within both the research and development and manufacturing phases may result in some dangerous exposure situations, the overall potential is low. Formulators, on the other hand, may possess a fair potential for significant exposure. Although most formulators operate highly automated plants with remote handling and filling facilities, some, especially the smaller customer specialty formulators, by necessity operate under more hazardous conditions. For example, those involved in the local mixing of fertilizers and pesticides may run the risk of increased exposure.
Zooplankton Feeding Ecology: Copepod Grazing During an Expatriate Red Tide

The grazing of toxic red-tide dinoflagellates by copepods and other zooplankters is not well-understood. Various zooplankters have been shown to ingest toxic dinoflagellates (Turner and Anderson, 1983; Tsuda and Nemoto, 1984; Uye, 1986), and by accumulating ingested toxins some zooplankters act as vectors for toxin dispersal through the food chain (A. W. White, 1977; 1979; 1980; 1981). Conversely, there are a variety of indications that certain red tide dinoflagellates can be repugnant to potential grazers. Some copepods feed poorly upon dinoflagellates that are highly bioluminescent (Esaias and Curl, 1972; H. H. White, 1979; Buskey et al., 1983) or toxic (Huntley, 1982; Huntley et al., 1986; Ives, 1985; 1987; Sykes and Huntley, 1987). Other copepods avoid dinoflagellate-rich waters (Fiedler, 1982; Huntley, 1982), or exhibit reduced appendage-beat activity (i.e. reduced feeding) in the presence of some dinoflagellates (Gill and Harris, 1987). Extreme physiological reactions (regurgitation, loss of motor control, rapid heart beat, death) can result from ingestion of some dinoflagellates by copepods (Sykes and Huntley, 1986).
Fipa Families: Reproduction and Catholic Evangelization in Nkansi, Ufipa, 1880–1960 (review)

Kathleen R. Smythe. Fipa Families: Reproduction and Catholic Evangelization in Nkansi, Ufipa, 1880-1960. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2006. xxx + 202 pp. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $89.95. Cloth. $29.95. Paper. Blinkers have their value, excluding distractions and keeping eyes trained on a path. Kathleen Smythe has presented us with a blinkered work in her Fipa Families, which concerns the socialization and education of several generations in Ufipa, particularly in and around Chala, a Catholic center in the historic Nkansi principality in the extreme corner of southwestern Tanzania. The principal sources for this study are oral, with 270 interviews listed, 194 of them conducted between January 1995 and April 1996 and the remainder during a follow-up visit from February to May 2002. Without doubt, her earnest efforts to acquire Kifipa endeared her to the proudly provincial Fipa and led to her passage from person to person along networks of Catholic affinity. Smythe acknowledges that the realities of Chala and Nkansi surprised and obliged her to see that the Church had come to be thoroughly internalized in Fipa culture. The ways in which socialization within the Catholic family proved to be congruent with the customary practices and markers of advance toward adulthood are laid out in an interesting way. A key moment in the process was reached after the children had passed from their natal homes to their grandparents, and then to a peer hostel. The missionaries targeted the latter site of adolescent autonomy and substituted their own boarding schools. In time, the Catholic family became composed of those dependent upon the priests as their social fathers and (at times) employers. The missionaries in the 1950s successfully campaigned to recruit nuns as well as priests from among the Fipa and thus, Smythe concludes, set up a rivalry between two families, the Catholic family and the popular family. She has a rich corpus of oral data from the side of the Catholic family members, and this book is essentially their story. The title advertises a period extending from 1880 to 1960. In fact, there is nothing of originality and much confusion in her treatment of the decades before 1900. Geographically, she might have located the work more appropriately in the parish of Kate, founded in 1905, which was subdivided to create the Chala parish in 1912. Instead she focuses on the present-day Nkansi district, which contains only about half of the historic Nkansi. She also discounts the persistence of political culture, in favor of an overemphasis on the power of the Catholic establishment at Karema, on Lake Tanganyika to the north of Nkansi. …
Memory performance attacks: denial of memory service in multi-core systems

We are entering the multi-core era in computer science. All major high-performance processor manufacturers have integrated at least two cores (processors) on the same chip - and it is predicted that chips with many more cores will become widespread in the near future. As cores on the same chip share the DRAM memory system, multiple programs executing on different cores can interfere with each others' memory access requests, thereby adversely affecting one another's performance. In this paper, we demonstrate that current multi-core processors are vulnerable to a new class of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks because the memory system is "unfairly" shared among multiple cores. An application can maliciously destroy the memory-related performance of another application running on the same chip. We call such an application a memory performance hog (MPH). With the widespread deployment of multicore systems in commodity desktop and laptop computers, we expect MPHs to become a prevalent security issue that could affect almost all computer users. We show that an MPH can reduce the performance of another application by 2.9 times in an existing dual-core system, without being significantly slowed down itself; and this problem will become more severe as more cores are integrated on the same chip. Our analysis identifies the root causes of unfairness in the design of the memory system that make multicore processors vulnerable to MPHs. As a solution to mitigate the performance impact of MPHs, we propose a new memory system architecture that provides fairness to different applications running on the same chip. Our evaluations show that this memory system architecture is able to effectively contain the negative performance impact of MPHs in not only dual-core but also 4-core and 8-core systems.
Plasticity Solutions for Concrete Splitting Tests

Stress distribution and relevant formula for computing the tensile strength of a split-concrete or rock cylinder were derived on the basis of the linear elasticity theory. Three types of analysis are considered: (1)Limit analysis; (2)slip-line theory; and (3)finite element analysis of work-hardening material. In the finite element analysis, three types of plasticity models are used: (1)von Mises isotropic work-hardening model; (2)Drucker-Prager isotropic hardening model; and (3)concrete plasticity model. Each type of analysis corresponds to a somewhat different stress-strain idealization. It is demonstrated here that analyses 2 and 3 give tensile stress distribution similar to that of linear elasticity theory. The relevant formula for computing the tensile strength of various split tests obtained by different plasticity analyses are found to be similar to that of the elasticity solution. The equation derived on the basis of elasticity theory is sufficiently accurate for estimating the maximum tensile strength of nonlinear fracture materials.
Particle and prey detection by mechanoreceptive copepods: a mathematical analysis

When particles move through fluids, they produce far-field pressure differences and near-field fluid deformations. Here we evaluate if a copepod, relying on mechanoreceptive antennulary setal hairs, can detect pressure changes caused by a variety of signal sources. We first provide a correction of the copepod mechanoreception model of Legier-Visser et al. (1986), showing how an object above a minimum size should be detectable. The pressure change ΔP created by an object of this minimum size was 385 dynes/cm2, based on biomechanical relationships for a rigid seta bending with respect to the exoskeletal body and using the neurophysiological detection threshold of a 10 nm bend of the sensory seta (Yen et al., 1992). The ΔP for: a 3 μm particle = 0.01 dynes/cm2, a 50 μm particle = 0.16 dynes/cm2, an escaping nauplius = 78 dynes/cm2, a revolving prey = 10−5 dynes/cm2, a 1 mm copepod escaping at 1 m/s at a distance of 1 mm from the mechanoreceptive sensory hairs of its captor = 312 dynes/cm2. Only the copepod escaping at high-speed close to the captor would create a pressure difference that could elicit a response. At this point, we conclude that pressure differences are rarely of a magnitude that is perceptible and that additional information must be derived for a copepod to detect prey. Other signals include fluid deformations as well as other types of stimuli (odor, shadows). Like most organisms, a copepod will rely on all sensory modalities to find food, avoid predators, and track mates, assuring their survival in the aquatic environment. It also is possible that the biomechanical model is insufficient for estimating pressure differences causing the cuticular deformation or that further analysis is necessary to improve our certainty of the sensitivity of the copepod seta.
Psychometric Analysis of Two New Scales: The Evidence‐Based Practice Nursing Leadership and Work Environment Scales

Background Those in nursing have been charged with practicing to the full extent of their education and training by the Institute of Medicine. Therefore, evidence-based practice (EBP) has never been more important to nursing than in the current healthcare environment. Frequently the burden of EBP is the responsibility of the bedside practitioner, but has been found to be a process that requires leadership and organizational support. A key underlying component of a strong EBP environment includes effective communications and collaboration among staff and nursing leadership. Aims Developing measurement tools that examine the milieu and nursing leadership in which the staff nurse practices is an important component of understanding the factors that support or hinder EBP. The aim of this study is to report on the development and analysis of two new scales designed to explore leadership and organizational support for EBP. The EBP Nursing Leadership Scale (10 items) examines the staff nurses perception of support provided by the nurse manager for EBP, and the EBP Work Environment Scale (8 items) examines organizational support for EBP. Methods Staff nurses who worked at least .5 FTE in direct patient care, from two inner city hospitals (n = 422) completed the scales. The scales were evaluated for internal consistency reliability with the Cronbach alpha technique, content validity using a panel of experts, and construct validity by Results The content validity index computed from expert rankings was .78 to 1.0 with an average of.96. Cronbach's alpha was .96 (n = 422) for the EBP Nursing Leadership Scale and .86 (n = 422) for the EBP Work Environment Scale. Factor analysis confirmed that each scale measured a unidimensional construct (p < .000). Linking Evidence to Action The EBP Nursing Leadership Scale and the EBP Work Environment Scale are psychometrically sound instruments to examine organizational influences on EBP.
SBEAMS-Microarray: database software supporting genomic expression analyses for systems biology.

Background The biological information in genomic expression data can be understood, and computationally extracted, in the context of systems of interacting molecules. The automation of this information extraction requires high throughput management and analysis of genomic expression data, and integration of these data with other data types.
City Making and Urban Governance in the Americas: Curitiba and Portland

Contents: Introduction: Local Spatiality in a Global World: Beyond the urban convergence/divergence debate: architecture and urbanism in a global urban context. Citizens and their City-States: A governance approach to urban development Urban governance and citizen participation: Definitions and models Urban governance in comparative perspective: Curitiba and Portland. Governance and the Practices of Urbanism in the Americas (1960-2003): Curitiba and Portland: The politics of urban and regional development in Curitiba The politics of urban and regional development in Portland. The Built Environment in the Era of Globalization: City making and the (re)production of social and spatial (in)equality in Curitiba and Portland Gated and edge cities: community and alienation in Curitiba Housing and growth management debates in Portland: conflicting planning views, contrasting architectural typologies Architecture and image-making: invocations of tradition vs. critical transnationalism in Curitiba Nike vis-A -vis adidas: Spatializing regional planning discourses in Portland's global corporate architecture. Epilogue: Urban governance and city-making in the Americas Bibliography Index.
Correlation of diffusion tensor imaging with executive function measures after early childhood traumatic brain injury

Objective: Examine relationships of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fractional anisotropy (FA) to executive function (EF) and attention measures following early childhood (3-7 years) traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Exploratory correlation and comparison study. Setting: Children's hospital outpatient facilities. Participants: 9 children with a history of TBI (age = 7.89 ± 1.00 years; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) = 10.11 ± 4.68) were compared to 12 children with OI (age = 7.51 ± 0.95). All children were at least 12 months post injury at time of evaluation. Main Outcome Measures: FA in various regions of interest (ROI), EF and attention measures. Results: FA values primarily in the frontal white matter tracks correlated with EF measures. Separate tasks of inhibition and switching correlated significantly with FA in bilateral frontal lobes. Tasks combining both inhibition and switching correlated significantly with FA values in the left frontal lobe. Tasks of attention negatively correlated with FA values in the right frontal white matter and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Conclusions: Associations between late measurement of FA and EF measures following early childhood TBI suggest that persistent white matter changes, especially in the frontal white matter, may provide an index of EF deficits.
Influence of lattice-defect density on the chemisorption and oxide formation on a clean (100) crystal face of Nickel as determined by low-energy electron diffraction☆

Abstract An atomically clean, carbon-free, (100) single-crystal face of nickel was obtained by outgassing in high vacuum, argon-ion bombardment, and subsequent annealing. As the exposure to oxygen was increased from 10 −6 mm Hg-min at 25°C, adsorption occurred first in a double-spaced, face-centered, crystalline lattice, then in a single-spaced, simple-square lattice, and finally in a nickeloxide lattice. The intensities of the diffraction patterns from the adsorbed structures were much greater for a surface having a high defect density than for one having a low defect density, although the exposures required to produce detectable amounts of the structures were approximately independent of the defect density. These intensities from the chemisorbed lattice structures were much greater when the exposures were made at 150 than at 25°C, and the structures were stable for higher exposures at the higher temperature. Consequently, larger oxygen exposures were required to form a detectable amount of oxide at 150 than at 25°C. The exposures required to produce detectable amounts of chemisorbed lattice structures did not vary appreciably with temperature in this range. Most of the adsorption and oxidation measurements were made in the exposure range 10 −6 to 10 −4 mm Hg-min. Certain exposures and subsequent heat treatments resulted in additional lattice structures.
Anastral Spindle Assembly: A Mathematical Model

Assembly of an anastral spindle was modeled as a two-stage process: first, the aggregation of microtubule foci or asters around the chromosomes, and second, the elongation of cross-linked microtubules and onset of bipolarity. Several possibilities involving diffusion and transport were investigated for the first stage, and the most feasible was found to be binding of the asters to cytoskeletal filaments and directed transport toward the chromosomes. For the second stage, a differential-equation model was formulated and solved numerically; it involves cross-linking of microtubules with those aligned with the spindle axis and between microtubules bound to different chromosomes, and sliding of microtubules along the spindle axis to elongate the spindle. Ncd was postulated to perform both functions. The model shows that spindle formation begins with rapid cross-linking of microtubules, followed by elongation, which continues until the population of microtubules aligned with the spindle axis is depleted and microtubules cross-linking different chromosomes dominate. It also shows that when sliding is inhibited, short bipolar spindles still form, and if clustering is enhanced, normal-length spindles can form, although requiring longer assembly time. These findings are consistent with spindle assembly in live wild-type and ncd mutant Drosophila oocytes.
Comparison of primary hepatocytes and S9 metabolic activation systems for the C3H-10T 1/2 cell transformation assay

Three metabolic activation systems, primary rat hepatocytes, primary mouse hepatocytes and Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 fraction were examined as exogenous activation systems for the C3H-10T 1/2 cell transformation assay. Under the conditions of the assay the primary mouse hepatocytes were more effective than the rat S9 fraction in mediating the transformation of C3H-10T 1/2 cells by the antineoplastic drug cyclophosphamide. However, the S9 fraction was more consistent than the mouse hepatocytes in the activation of dimethylnitrosamine. The primary rat hepatocytes were ineffective for activating either cyclophosphamide or dimethylnitrosamine in the transformation of C3H-10T 1/2 cells. The presence of mouse hepatocytes, but not the S9 fraction, inhibited transformation of C3H-10T 1/2 cells by 3-methylcholanthrene. These results demonstrate that the three systems were differentially effective in the activation of procarcinogens.
Using the polymerase chain reaction to genotype human papillomavirus DNAs in samples containing multiple HPVs may produce inaccurate results

Compared with other laboratory techniques, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a simple, rapid, sensitive method for detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in cervical samples. However, since many cervical samples contain multiple HPV types, we decided to investigate whether PCR results from such samples accurately reflected the relative amounts of each HPV type present. Theoretical calculations of product accumulation when multiple DNAs with different amplification efficiencies are present in the same sample were done. In addition a set of samples in which cloned HPV DNAs were mixed in varying proportions prior to PCR was tested. Finally, four clinical samples containing multiple HPV types by hybridization assays were subjected to PCR, using two different primer sets. Each of these lines of investigation showed that selective amplification of one HPV DNA over another can occur when mixed HPV types are present. This effect may lead to inaccurate information regarding both types and relative amounts of HPV DNAs in samples containing multiple HPV types. A protocol to avoid this problem is described.
CO hydrogenation over alumina‐supported sulfide cluster catalysts

Bimetallic Mo-Fea nd Mo-Co sulfide clusters were anchored on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and used for CO hydrogenation. In addition to methane, significant amounts of dimethyl ether were produced. The reaction orders obtained from power rate laws for methanation indicated that the surfaces of the catalytic ensembles were not completely saturated by CO, in contrast to the observations for most conventional CO hydrogenation catalysts. A kinetic analysis and parameter estimation was performed to identify the rate-determining step for methanation. A catalytic cycle was postulated that could account not only for the formation of methane and higher hydrocarbons, but also for dimethyl ether as a primary product.
Testing mammography equipment: evolution over a 4-year period.

The results of quality control (QC) tests on 70 mammography units in Southern California from 1986 to 1990 are reported. Thirteen facilities, selected because they housed all of the mammography units in three communities involved in a National Institutes of Health research project, had their units tested twice at an interval of 1 year. Fourteen self‐selected units were also tested twice at intervals ranging from 1–3 years. Forty‐three self‐selected units in 31 additional facilities had testing only once. All 70 units underwent measurement of focal spot size or resolution, tube output, half‐value layer (HVL), automatic exposure control (AEC) accuracy, relative kVp accuracy, mean glandular dose, and imaging of several test objects. The test results for the units tested once showed no significant differences compared to those tested twice. For the latter, once the units were tested and determined to be acceptable, retesting showed differences only in overall film optical density, dose, and AEC performance.
Behavioral Lifestyle Intervention in the Treatment of Obesity

This article provides an overview of research regarding adult behavioral lifestyle intervention for obesity treatment. We first describe two trials using a behavioral lifestyle intervention to induce weight loss in adults, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial. We then review the three main components of a behavioral lifestyle intervention program: behavior therapy, an energy- and fat-restricted diet, and a moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity prescription. Research regarding the influence of dietary prescriptions focusing on macronutrient composition, meal replacements, and more novel dietary approaches (such as reducing dietary variety and energy density) on weight loss is examined. Methods to assist with meeting physical activity goals, such as shortening exercise bouts, using a pedometer, and having access to exercise equipment within the home, are reviewed. To assist with improving weight loss outcomes, broadening activity goals to include resistance training and a reduction in sedentary behavior are considered. To increase the accessibility of behavioral lifestyle interventions to treat obesity in the broader population, translation of efficacious interventions such as the DPP, must be undertaken. Translational studies have successfully altered the DPP to reduce treatment intensity and/or used alternative modalities to implement the DPP in primary care, worksite, and church settings; several examples are provided. The use of new methodologies or technologies that provide individualized treatment and real-time feedback, and which may further enhance weight loss in behavioral lifestyle interventions, is also discussed.
The Forest Service Program for Mass-Trapping Scolytus Multistriatus

Since 1974, when the aggregation attractant of the smaller European elm bark beetle was first synthesized (Pearce et al. 1975). we have been trying to develop techniques for using the attractant to manipulate beetle populations. Tests have been conducted in several locations, each with a different beetle-disease-tree interaction. For example, tests were conducted to prevent the beetles—which vector the Dutch elm disease fungus (DED)—from migrating into small groves of elms that have no significant indigenous beetle populations (Lanier et al. 1976; Lanier 1979). Other tests were designed to suppress beetle populations in small isolated towns that are free of DED (Birch et al. 1977; Birch 1979). And tests were conducted to suppress beetle populations in relatively large elm plantings where both the disease and beetles have been established for several years (Cuthbert et al. 1977).
Impurity effects in p-wave superconductors

Growing evidence indicates that the superconductivity in Sr2RuO4 is of isotropic p-wave type, though its definitive proof is still absent. We present a theoretical study of the effect of impurity scattering on p-wave superconductors. In particular the thermodynamic properties and some of the transport properties are calculated, which can be tested experimentally.
Investigation of coking process under reduced pressure

This paper is directed toward the selection of coking conditions that will give lower yields of coke and higher yields of distillate cuts. The process of coking under reduced pressure is best used for zero-residue processing of high-sulfur crudes and the production of distillates that can be used as feedstocks to obtain needle coke and thermal gasoil. The distillates from reduced pressure coking are better feedstocks for catalytic cracking and hydroprocessing than are the analogous fractions obtained by coking at above-atmospheric pressures.
Construction of a tetracycline inducible expression vector and characterization of its use in Vibrio cholerae.

We report the construction of a tetracycline inducible expression vector that allows regulated gene expression in the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae. The expression vector, named pXB300, contains the tetracycline regulatory elements from Tn10, a multiple cloning site downstream of the tetA promoter and operator sequences, a ColE1 origin of replication, a β-lactamase resistance gene for positive selection, and the hok/sok addiction system for selection in the absence of antibiotic. The function of the tetracycline expression system was demonstrated by cloning lacZ under control of the tetA promoter and quantifying β-galactosidase expression in Escherichia coli and V. cholerae. The utility for pXB300 was documented by complementation of V. cholerae virulence mutants during growth under virulence inducing conditions. The results showed that pXB300 allowed high-level expression of recombinant genes with linear induction in response to the exogenous concentration of the inducer anhydrotetracycline. We further show that pXB300 was reliably maintained in V. cholerae during growth in the absence of antibiotic selection.
Sulfoxidation of thiocarbamate herbicides and metabolism of thiocarbamate sulfoxides in living mice and liver enzyme systems

Abstract The microsome-NADPH system of mouse liver oxidizes each of benthiocarb, butylate, cycloate, EPTC, molinate, pebulate, and vernolate herbicide chemicals to the corresponding thiocarbamate sulfoxide which is then cleaved by the liver soluble-glutathione system. These sulfoxides are also detected as transient metabolites in the liver of mice injected with EPTC, molinate, pebulate, and vernolate but not with the other three thiocarbamates. Thiocarbamate sulfones are not detected as metabolites of the thiocarbamates. Studies in vivo and in vitro with [14C]EPTC and -pebulate or their corresponding sulfoxides and/or sulfones further indicate that sulfoxidation is the initial metabolic step in cleavage of the thiocarbamate ester group. Sulfoxidation appears to be a detoxification mechanism for thiocarbamate herbicides in mammals.
Safety of percutaneous tendoachilles tenotomy performed under general anesthesia on infants with idiopathic clubfoot.

BackgroundMost patients with idiopathic clubfeet require a percutaneous tendoachilles tenotomy to correct residual equinus deformity. This procedure is typically performed with the child awake in an outpatient setting. Percutaneous tendoachilles tenotomy under general anesthesia offers the potential