cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-Hydroxypyridine Chromophores Are Endogenous Sensitizers of Photooxidative Stress in Human Skin Cells

Photocarcinogenesis and photoaging are established consequences of chronic exposure of human skin to solar irradiation. Accumulating evidence supports a causative involvement of UVA irradiation in skin photo-damage. UVA photodamage has been attributed to photosensitization by endogenous skin chromophores leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species and organic free radicals as key mediators of cellular photooxidative stress. In this study, 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives contained in human skin have been identified as a novel class of potential endogenous photosensitizers. A structure-activity relationship study of skin cell photosensitization by endogenous pyridinium derivatives (pyridinoline, desmosine, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate) and various synthetic hydroxypyridine isomers identified 3-hydroxypyridine and N-alkyl-3-hydroxypyridinium cation as minimum phototoxic chromophores sufficient to effect skin cell sensitization toward UVB and UVA, respectively. Photosensitization of cultured human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (CF3) by endogenous and synthetic 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives led to a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G2/M, and induction of apoptosis, all of which were reversible by thiol antioxidant intervention. Enhancement of UVA-induced intracellular peroxide formation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent stress signaling suggest a photooxidative mechanism of skin cell photosensitization by 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives. 3-Hydroxypyridine derivatives were potent photosensitizers of macromolecular damage, effecting protein (RNase A) photocross-linking and peptide (melittin) photooxidation with incorporation of molecular oxygen. Based on these results, we conclude that 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives comprising a wide range of skin biomolecules, such as enzymatic collagen cross-links, B6 vitamers, and probably advanced glycation end products in chronologically aged skin constitute a novel class of UVA photosensitizers, capable of skin photooxidative damage.
Essential role of interleukin-15 receptor in normal anxiety behavior

The interactions between the cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 and the classical neurotransmitter GABA have been shown in IL15Rα receptor knockout mice by observations of memory deficits and reduction of GABA. To test the hypothesis that IL15 affects anxiety-like behavior, knockout mice without IL15, IL15Rα, or the co-receptor IL2Rγ were subjected to open-field and elevated plus maze tests. All three strains showed reduction of anxiety, with greater changes in the IL15Rα knockout mice than in the IL15 or IL2Rγ knockout mice. This unexpected observation is opposite to the reported increase of anxiety in mice lacking other proinflammatory cytokines or their receptors. The reduced anxiety was not associated with changes in associated serum cytokines. However, Western blotting, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry all showed that IL15Rα knockout mice had mild microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus. To determine whether this gliosis plays a role in decreasing anxiety, IL15Rα knockout mice were treated with minocycline, but this did not cause a change in open field performance. To determine whether IL15 plays a direct role in anxiety, wildtype mice were treated with IL15 by intraperitoneal injection. This also failed to cause a change in open field behavior under the experimental conditions tested. Thus, IL15Rα is essential for normal anxiety-like behavior, but inhibition of gliosis in the fearless IL15Rα knockout mice or IL15 treatment of normal mice did not acutely modulate behavioral performance as tested.
Age as a factor in streptococcosis

Summary In summarizing this study of age as a factor in the natural history of infection with the hemolytic streptococcus of Group A, attention is first called (Table VIII) to the importance of recognizing the role (A) of the upper respiratory tract. Here the organisms have their primary habitat and natural portal of entry in the great majority of patients; they cause the disease designated streptococcal fever which expresses itself in different clinical patterns at different age periods. In some cases the microbes may be present without causing clinical evidences of disease. From the original site of localization the streptococci by blood stream dissemination, by contiguity or by implantation produce (B) lesions in skin, glands, viscera, meninges, bone, or sinuses. After a latent phase of varying length and by a mechanism probably akin to that of allergic reactivity, there sometimes develop sequelae (C) in the form of acute hemorrhagic nephritis and a polyarthritis similar to if not identical with rheumatic fever. To the various types of clinical response the designations childhood, intermediate, adult, and latent seem, after the manner in clinical tuberculosis, appropriate; undoubtedly there are mixed and transition forms in both diseases. In general, suppurative lesions are more frequently observed in the childhood type of streptococcal fever and the nonsuppurative sequelae after the intermediate and adult types. The intermediate type, scarlet fever, may be thought of as two diseases—the erythrogenic toxemia and streptococcal fever, either childhood type or adult type. This study furnishes the basis for an integrating concept of streptococcal infections and emphasizes the fact that they change in clinical pattern with age just as does body form and endocrine maturation in the complex process we call growth and development.
Proton NMR assignments for cholesterol. Use of deuterium NMR as an assignment aid

Abstract The 360-MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of cholesterol and 2,2,4,4,6cholesterol- d 5 and the 15-MHz deuterium NMR spectrum of the deuterated compound have been recorded. The combination of these two NMR frequencies, as well as double-resonance experiments, permitted the unambiguous assignments for the chemical shifts of the A and B ring protons.
Deciphering Modern Glucocorticoid Cross-pharmacology Using Ancestral Corticosteroid Receptors

Steroid receptors (SRs) are the largest family of metazoan transcription factors and control genes involved in development, endocrine signaling, reproduction, immunity, and cancer. The entire hormone receptor system is driven by a molecular switch triggered by the binding of small lipophilic ligands. This makes the SRs ideal pharmaceutical targets, yet even the best clinically approved synthetic steroidal agonists are prone to cross-reactivity and off-target pharmacology. The mechanism underlying this promiscuity is derived from the fact that SRs share common structural features derived from their evolutionary relationship. More often than not, rational attempts to probe SR drug selectivity via mutagenesis fail even when high quality structural and functional data are available due to the fact that important mutations often result in nonfunctional receptors. This highlights the fact that SRs suffer from instability, preventing in-depth mutational analysis and hampering crystallization of key receptor-ligand complexes. We have taken a unique approach to address this problem by using a resurrected ancestral protein to determine the structure of a previously intractable complex and identified the structural mechanisms that confer activation and selectivity for a widely used glucocorticoid, mometasone furoate. Moreover, we have identified a single residue located outside of the ligand-binding pocket that controls mometasone furoate antagonism versus agonism in the human mineralocorticoid receptor.
A graph-theoretical approach to solving Scramble Squares puzzles

A “Scramble Squares” puzzle is made up of nine square pieces such that each edge of each piece contains half of an image. A solution to the puzzle is obtained when the pieces are arranged in a 3X3 grid so that the adjacent edges of different pieces together make up a complete image. We describe a graph theoretical approach to solving Scramble Squares puzzles and a method for decreasing randomness in the backtracking solution algorithm.
Comment on “Liquid 4He: Contributions to First Principles Theory. II. Quantized Vortices and the Lambda Transition”

A comment on the paper “Liquid 4He: Contributions to First Principles Theory. II. Quantized Vortices and the Lambda Transition” by H.W. Jackson (J. Low Temp. Phys. 155:1, 2009).
The impact of defensiveness and incident reactions on post-sanction drinking behaviors among mandated students

INTRODUCTION: Prior studies with mandated students (students referred for an intervention following violation of a campus alcohol policy) have suggested that decreases in drinking behaviors may occur before clinical intervention. Others studies have suggested that greater reductions were associated with lower defensiveness and stronger incident reactions, such as responsibility and aversiveness. The current study sought to integrate these findings and examine the influence of pre-sanction drinking and perceptions on mandated students' post-sanction drinking levels prior to attending a brief intervention. METHODS: Data were collected as part of a longitudinal study of brief interventions in a mandated student sample (N=61, 43% female, 97% White). Participants completed demographic measures, scales measuring incident reactions and defensiveness, and a Time Line Follow Back assessing drinking quantity and frequency both pre- and post-sanction. RESULTS: Analyses revealed significant post-sanction decreases in quantity (average total drinks per month) and frequency (number of monthly drinking days). Pre-sanction drinking quantity and frequency significantly predicted post-sanction quantity and frequency, respectively. Interaction effects suggest higher post-sanction quantities among moderate and heavier drinkers with higher defensiveness and lower aversiveness perceptions, while perceptions did not influence outcomes among light drinkers. None of the interactions involving blame or responsibility, or predicting post-sanction frequency, were significant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a complex relationship between pre-sanction drinking and student reactions. Implications for mandated student interactions and future research directions are discussed. Language: en
Assessing the benefits of cooperation in honeybee foraging: search costs, forage quality, and competitive ability

The foragers in honeybee colonies cooperate by sharing information about rich sources of food. This study examines three hypotheses about the benefits of this cooperation: (H1) it decreases foragers' costs in finding new food sources, (H2) it increases the quality of the food sources located by foragers, and (H3) it increases the ability of a colony's foragers to compete for high-quality food sources. To test each hypothesis, we identified a critical pattern in the foraging process which, if observed, would cast doubt on that hypothesis, and then gathered data to check for these patterns. Our observations do not support the first hypothesis, but do support the second and third. These results, in addition to helping us understand the functional significance of the honeybee's dance language, provide insights into the colonial organization of foraging by honeybees.
Two-dimensional (2D) pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance study of VO2+-triphosphate interactions: Evidence for tridentate triphosphate coordination, and relevance to bone uptake and insulin enhancement by vanadium pharmaceuticals

Two- and four-pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) and four-pulse two-dimensional hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopies have been used to determine the solution st...
Role of Magnetic Exchange Energy on Charge Ordering in R1/3Sr2/3FeO3 (R = La, Pr, and Nd)

Inelastic neutron scattering is applied to study the role of magnetism in stabilizing the charge-ordered state in $R$${}_{1/3}$Sr${}_{2/3}$FeO${}_{3}$ ($R$SFO) ($R=\text{La,}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{Pr,}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{Nd}$). The ratio of the ferromagnetic exchange energy $J$${}_{F}$ and antiferromagnetic exchange energy $J$${}_{AF}$, $\ensuremath{\mid}$$J$${}_{F}$/$J$${}_{AF}$$\ensuremath{\mid}$, is a key indicator of the stability of the charge-ordered and antiferromagnetic ordered state. This ratio is obtained from the spin-wave spectrum by inelastic neutron scattering and is sufficiently large to suggest that the magnetic exchange energy alone can stabilize the charge-ordered state in La${}_{1/3}$Sr${}_{2/3}$FeO${}_{3}$ and Pr${}_{1/3}$Sr${}_{2/3}$FeO${}_{3}$. The exchange ratio decreases from La${}_{1/3}$Sr${}_{2/3}$FeO${}_{3}$ to Nd${}_{1/3}$Sr${}_{2/3}$FeO${}_{3}$, which indicates a gradual destabilization of the magnetic exchange mechanism for charge ordering in correspondence with the observed reduction in the ordering temperature.
The existence of non-topological solitons in the self-dual Chern-Simons theory

In the recently discovered (2+1)-dimensional relativistic Chern-Simons model, self-duality can be achieved when the Higgs potential density assumes a special form for which both the asymmetric and symmetric vacua are ground state solutions. This important feature may imply the coexistence of static topological and non-topological vortex-like solutions inR2 but the latter have been rather elusive to a rigorous construction. Our main purpose in this paper is to prove the existence of non-topological radially symmetricN-vortex solutions in the self-dual Chern-Simons model. By a shooting method, we obtain a continuous family of gauge-distinctN-vortex solutions. Moreover, we are also able to classify all possible bare (or 0-vortex) solutions.
Observation of "Tamm states" in superlattices.

We have observed localized surface states (Tamm states) intentionally introduced in AlGaAs/GaAs superlattices by a terminating layer of AlAs. The formation of these states is manifested by excitonic interband transitions in photoluminescence excitation spectra. Critical confirmation is provided by photocurrent experiments under an electric field that show additional transitions as well as anticrossing interactions between the Tamm states and the Stark-ladder states associated with the superlattice.
Wave propagation in multistable magneto-elastic lattices

Abstract One dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) magneto-elastic lattices are investigated as examples of multistable, periodic structures with adaptive wave propagation properties. Lumped-parameter lattices with embedded permanent magnets are modeled as point magnetic dipole moments, while elastic interactions are described as axial and torsional springs. The equilibrium configurations for the lattices are identified through minimization of the lattice potential energy. Bloch wave analysis is then conducted for small perturbations about stable equilibria to predict corresponding wave propagation properties. Finally, nonlinear dynamic simulations validate the findings of the linearized unit cell analysis, and illustrate the changes in dynamic behavior caused by topological transitions. Case studies for 1D systems show how pass bands and bandgaps are defined by lattice reconfigurations and by changes in lattice magnetization. In 2D systems, hexagonal lattices transition from regular honeycombs to re-entrant ones, which leads to significant changes in wave speeds, and directionality of wave motion and transition fronts.
A value-added approach to product mix decisions

Abstract The decision to emphasize some products and de-emphasize others is critical for most firms [1]. The resulting commitment of marketing and production resources will have a significant impact on profits. This decision is typically made by referring to the product profit margins, which are generally considered to be a good measure for identifying products that marketing wants to concentrate on selling [2, 3]. Because production resources are usually limited, sales of products with lower profit margins have to be reduced if marketing wants to sell more of the higher profit margin items. The problem with product profit margins is that they fail to take into account the capacity trade-offs that result from changes in product mix. Using product margins to make product mix decisions can cause management to make strategic decisions that result in reduced profits instead of the anticipated increased profits [4]. This article describes a value-added approach for making product mix decisions. The information provided by the value- added approach can be vitally important for maintaining the competitive edge necessary for the firm's survival.
Judicial Review of the Subdelegation of Presidential Power

During the last week of June, 1950, the President of the United States committed the armed forces of this country to belligerent action in Korea. This was the first significant implementation of the Truman Doctrine' since its promulgation four years ago. The President's decision was ratified by Congress and the United Nations, and even such professional critics of administration foreign policy in the Far East as Senator Robert A. Taft gave their blessings, albeit muttering incantations of an incongruous nature concerning the usurpation of Congressional prerogatives and "too little and too late" in the same breath. There was ample precedent in both constitutional practice2 and constitutional law3 for this fanning of the embers of the Cold War into a brighter glow. There may be weakness as well as strength in unity, however. The very equanimity, if not actual complacence, with which public opinion accepted such an invocation to what could be the first round of World War III should give us some pause for thought. Putting all question of the merits to one side, the implications of our present course of action are awesome to contemplate; the average citizen was as surprised by the sending of an American expeditionary force to fight in Asia as he had been five years previously when the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. If the framing of foreign policy is to return to its historical locus as an inseparable prerogative of the Crown, how is responsibility to be maintained in a system of government which becomes increasingly divorced from the traditional patterns of popular control? A small but not insignificant facet of this problem of governance in a demo-
Emergence of preformed Cooper pairs from the doped Mott insulating state in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ δ

In conventional superconductors, the superconductivity is generated by pairs of electrons, called Cooper pairs. The energy needed to break these pairs is observable spectroscopically as an 'energy gap'. The high-transition temperature copper oxides have an additional 'pseudogap', detected at temperatures well above those associated with superconductivity. The origin of this pseudogap may provide clues as to the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity. It has been unclear whether this represents preformed pairs of electrons that have not achieved the coherence necessary for superconductivity. Yang et al. now report a photoemission study of the underdoped copper oxide Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 that reveals preformed pairs in the pseudogap, although the pairing occurs only in the anti-nodal region.
Explaining fairness in complex environments

This article presents the evolutionary dynamics of three games: the Nash bargaining game, the ultimatum game, and a hybrid of the two. One might expect that the probability that some behavior evolves in an environment with two games would be near the probability that the same behavior evolves in either game alone. This is not the case for the ultimatum and Nash bargaining games. Fair behavior is more likely to evolve in a combined game than in either game taken individually. This result confirms a conjecture that the complexity of our actual environment provides an explanation for the evolution of fair behavior.
Isovector properties of collective states and the IBA-2 model

Abstract The IBA-2 model of nuclear structure makes explicit predictions of isovector properties of collective states which have never before been tested. We have made the first measurements of separate neutron ( M n ) and photon ( M p ) matrix elements for the first 2 + and 3 − states in 104, 106, 108, 110 Pd by means of inelastic scattering of 180 MeV π + and π − . It is found that the IBA-2 model with core polarization can explain the trend of the data for M p and M n / M p , but only if its parameters are empirically adjusted.
Conditional second-order generalized estimating equations for generalized linear and nonlinear mixed-effects models

Generalized linear and nonlinear mixed-effects models are used extensively in health care research, including applications in pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and epidemiology. Because the underlying model may be nonlinear in the random effects, there will generally be no closed-form expression for the marginal likelihood or indeed for the marginal moments. Consequently, estimation is often carried out either using numerical integration techniques or by approximating the marginal likelihood and/or marginal moments using first-order expansion methods. An advantage of the first-order methods is that they do not necessarily require specification of a conditional like-lihood to estimate the regression parameters of interest. However, in many cases they may not take full advantage of the fact that the conditional variance depends on both fixed and random effects. In this article we propose using conditional second-order generalized estimating equations (CGEE2) to estimate both fixed- and random-effects param...
Tropopause Folding, Upper-Level Frontogenesis, and Beyond

Richard J. Reed has made highly original and substantive research contributions to the field of meteorology in a career that has spanned more than five decades. The gathering here in Orlando in January 2002 for the Reed Symposium attests to Dick’s lifetime achievements and influence on the field. It is a great honor for me to have the opportunity to speak at the Reed Symposium to help highlight Dick’s many important contributions and, most importantly, to show how his creative insight has helped to ignite and sustain new research inquiries and directions.
Neuregulin‐1β and neuregulin‐1α differentially affect the migration and invasion of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are the most common malignancy associated with neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). These Schwann cell lineage-derived sarcomas aggressively invade adjacent nerve and soft tissue, frequently precluding surgical resection. Little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this invasive behavior. We have shown that MPNSTs express neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) beta isoforms, which promote Schwann cell migration during development, and NRG-1 alpha isoforms, whose effects on Schwann cells are poorly understood. Hypothesizing that NRG-1 beta and/or NRG-1 alpha promote MPNST invasion, we found that NRG-1 beta promoted MPNST migration in a substrate-specific manner, markedly enhancing migration on laminin but not on collagen type I or fibronectin. The NRG-1 receptors erbB3 and erbB4 were present in MPNST invadopodia (processes mediating invasion), partially colocalized with focal adhesion kinase and the laminin receptor beta(1)-integrin and coimmunoprecipitated with beta(1)-integrin. NRG-1 beta stimulated human and murine MPNST cell migration and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner in three-dimensional migration assays, acting as a chemotactic factor. Both baseline and NRG-1 beta-induced migration were erbB-dependent and required the action of MEK 1/2, SAPK/JNK, PI-3 kinase, Src family kinases and ROCK-I/II. In contrast, NRG-1 alpha had no effect on the migration and invasion of some MPNST lines and inhibited the migration of others. While NRG-1 beta potently and persistently activated Erk 1/2, SAPK/JNK, Akt and Src family kinases, NRG-1 alpha did not activate Akt and activated these other kinases with kinetics distinct from those evident in NRG-1 beta-stimulated cells. These findings suggest that NRG-1 beta enhances MPNST migration and that NRG-1 beta and NRG-1 alpha differentially modulate this process.
Thoracic esophageal and tracheal injury following blunt trauma

A 20-year-old man injured in a motor vehicular accident sustained a nonpenetrating double blowout injury of the upper thoracic esophagus. A simultaneous membraneous rupture of the trachea occurred. Treatment was by operative primary closure. A collective review of blunt upper thoracic esophageal perforations reveals a nearly uniform occurrence of associated tracheal injury. Language: en
The Adoption of Social Media As Educational Technology Among Marketing Educators

Social media usage has grown rapidly in recent years, as individuals have incorporated social networks such as Facebook into their daily activities and businesses have begun to use social tools to interact with consumers. Many social media tools, likewise, have applications relevant for marketing education. This study assesses the adoption of social media as educational technology among marketing educators. The results suggest that, while many of those surveyed use social media personally, most tools have not been widely embraced for educational purposes. Reported barriers to adoption include limited time, challenges adjusting to the quantity of tools available, and perceived functional uses of the tools. Implications for marketing educators are discussed.
Electronic structure of the Yb/Ge(111) interface.

Interface formation at room temperature between Yb and Ge has been studied by synchrotron radiation and uv photoemission. Samples were fabricated by sequential depositions of Yb metal onto cleaved Ge(111) surfaces. Changes in the photoelectron spectra were followed as a function of the metal coverage. A detailed analysis of the Yb 4f and the Ge 3d core-level line shapes is presented, leading to a picture of the structure and evolution of the interface on a microscopic scale. Below a coverage of one monolayer (ML), interaction between substrate and overlayer is weak but gradually increases with metal coverage. Between 2 and 3 ML, a reacted phase forms at the surface; this phase is stable with further metal deposition and appears to limit further interdiffusion. At higher coverages, there is growth of a Yb-rich phase that converges to Yb metal at 20 ML. The behavior of this system is compared with results for Yb/Si and for other rare-earth-metal/Si,Ge interfaces.
Settler agriculture and the dynamics of resource allocation in frontier environments

This article attempts to conceptualize the dynamics of resource allocation by colonist farmers under the unique conditions of land abundance and labor scarcity which characterize frontier environments, such as the smallholder agricultural settlement areas in the Amazon basin. In contrast, most previous theoretical literature on household agricultural decision making and land-use change in rural areas considers conditions of high population density and land scarcity, and is not, therefore, adequate for understanding critical land-use changes which may be occurring in frontier regions. This article first discusses the appropriateness and inadequacies of the analytical frameworks commonly used to explain the expansion of settler agriculture into remote forest regions and the unsustainable land-use practices observed in these areas. This review serves as the basis for characterizing resource allocation under the particular conditions of frontier environments. A conceptual advance in the analysis is its consideration of the way institutional/policy factors and farm-level characteristics can interact to produce land-use outcomes. This knowledge is essential to understand not only the social and economic factors affecting present land use and choice of technology, but also those factors influencing farmers' demand for more optimal systems of land use which are consistent with varying agro-ecological potentials, demographic situations, and their own management capacity.
Emergency Nurses' Role in Pediatric Injury Prevention

Emergency nurses are actively involved in primary, secondary, and tertiary pediatric injury prevention activities. This article outlines the steps that emergency nurses can take to identify common pediatric injuries treated in the Emergency Departments and integrate existing and evolving injury prevention resources into their repertoire of nursing skills. Research and demonstration projects conducted by emergency physicians, nurses, and prehospital care providers are highlighted.
Snippets from the Past: Seventy Years Ago in the Journal

What will epidemiologists in the year 2067 think as they leaf through the two volumes of the Journal published in 1997? Will they find any topics of current interest? As we look back to 1927, we note that the 54 papers in volume 7 included quite a few that are of little interest to most of today's epidemiologists. For example, nine dealt with parasitology (e.g., "The Viability of Cysts of Giardia lamblia from Man in the Stomach of the Rat" (1)), six with mosquito habits and taxonomy, and six with nasal infections of rabbits (e.g., "Bacteria Occurring in Nasal Cultures from Rabbits and Their Relation to Snuffles and Pneumonia" (2)). While a good case could be made for the value of all 54 articles in the development of public health science, there are several that seem more relevant to recent problems. Although smallpox has now been eradicated, it was still a serious concern in the United States when volume 7 was published. In 1920, 498 smallpox deaths occurred in the Death Registration Area, and in California alone, 4,486 cases were reported (3). Although most of the cases were mild in nature, virulent outbreaks occurred from time to time. Assurance was needed that vaccines were potent Back in 1902, Congress had made the regulation of viruses, serums, and toxins a responsibility of the US Public Health Service, then part of the US Treasury Department, Testing of these products was done in its Hygienic Laboratory (4). In 1927, John N. Force, along with James Leake, who was to become a leading authority on smallpox, developed an improved test of the potency of smallpox vaccine (5), a test based on the work of Calmette and Guerin (6), French scientists who later became famous for their tuberculosis vaccine. In this volume of the Journal, Force and Eddie (7) reported on the use of the new test to evaluate smallpox vaccines available commercially in San Francisco, California. Smallpox vaccine was supplied in small capillary tubes and had to be kept on ice to protect its potency. Vaccine from 16 different retail and wholeReceived for publication October 3, 1997, and accepted for publication October 7, 1997.
Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects

The effects of prior semantic context upon lexical access during sentence comprehension were examined in two experiments. In both studies, subjects comprehended auditorily presented sentences containing lexical ambiguities and simultaneously performed a lexical decision task upon visually presented letter strings. Lexical decisions for visual words related to each of the meanings of the ambiguity were facilitated when these words were presented simultaneous with the end of the ambiguity (Experiment 1). This effect held even when a strong biasing context was present. When presented four syllables following the ambiguity, only lexical decisions for visual words related to the contextually appropriate meaning of the ambiguity were facilitated (Experiment 2). Arguments are made for autonomy of the lexical access process of a model of semantic context effects is offered.
American immigration and population growth.

During 1970 the population of the United States increased by about 2.2 million persons. This increase was the result of 3.7 million births 1.9 million deaths and a net immigration of about 400000 persons. Immigrants thus accounted for nearly one-fifth of the total growth during the year. Without contributions of the immigrants our rate of growth would have been 0.9 percent instead of the increase of 1.1 percent which was recorded. In the 1950’s net civilian immigration amounted to about 11 percent of the population increase for the country. In the following decade the number of immigrants was increased and amounted to almost 4 million persons. At the same time there was a reduction in the number of babies born and therefore a reduction in the total growth. The direct share of immigration in the increase during the 1960’s was about 16 percent up from the smaller percentage observed during the 1950’s. Numerically immigrants contribute directly to immediate growth in the population. The fact that they tend on the whole to be a relatively young group means also that they will contribute to population growth through the children they have after their arrival on these shores. (excerpt)
Flowering phenology of a palm community in a central Amazon forest.

The flowering phenology of 27 taxa of palms in a lowland moist forest in the central Amazon was recorded over a 40 month period. Phenological data were transformed into measures, of synchrony, regularity, and duration. Flowering was observed at all times of year and there was no correlation with rainfall either for the current month or for any monthly lag interval. The 27 taxa were divided into three pollination groups—weevil, bee/fly, or beetle—based on their behavior at anthesis. Phenology was significantly correlated with pollination groups. Weevilpollinated palms had higher synchrony and shorter duration of flowering than other groups. Bee/fly-pollinated palms had lower synchrony and longer duration of flowering. The beetle-pollinated palms were intermediate between the two other groups. Seasonal regularity of flowering was similar in all three groups. We suggest that, at least inBactris, taxa exhibit staggered flowering.
Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma metastatic to the posterior mediastinum showing strong co-expression of CD99 and Bcl-2: A case report with immunohistochemical studies, differential diagnosis, and literature review

AbstractA case of extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the thigh metastatic to the posterior mediastinum 2 yr after the initial diagnosis was studied. The metastatic tumor was entirely composed of primitive small blue cells, which showed strong coexpression of CD99 and Bcl-2. Differen tial diagnoses can include PNET/Ewing's sarcoma and monophasic synovial sarcoma. Although morphological and immunohistochemical findings allow diagnoses in large samples, small biopsies are more difficult. Finding must be interpreted with great care in such circumstances. (The J Histotechnol 24:117, 2001 )Submitted: February 12, 2001; Accepted with revisions: February 14, 2001
ON THE HETEROGENEITY OF ANTI-HAPTEN ANTIBODIES.

Abstract It is widely held that antibodies directed to a single antigenic determinant exhibit a broad and continuous heterogeneity of combining sites. This conclusion arises from studies of the combining capacities of antibodies directed to haptenic determinants. It has been assumed that in any one system such determinants are homogeneous. Arguments are herein presented, however, which suggest that, as they are usually prepared, hapten-protein conjugates used for immunization are necessarily heterogeneous antigenically. The haptenic groups may take on a wide spectrum of structures: at one extreme, protruding from the protein surface, and at the other extreme, being embedded within the protein surface. In the latter case, amino-acid residues surrounding each haptenic group may constitute part of a unique ‘hybrid’ antigenic determinant. The heterogenety of combining sites of anti-hapten hapten antibodies may therefore be due to antigenic heterogeneity and cannot be considered proof of the heterogeneity of combining sites directed to a sngle determinant.
Current status and future advances for wind speed and power forecasting

Abstract This paper presents an overview of existing research on wind speed and power forecasting. It first discusses state-of-the-art wind speed and power forecasting approaches. Then, forecasting accuracy is presented based on variable factors. Finally, potential techniques to improve the accuracy of forecasting models are reviewed. A full survey on all existing models is not presented, but attempts to highlight the most promising body of knowledge concerning wind speed and power forecasting.
The optimal design of refrigerant mixtures for a two-evaporator refrigeration system

Abstract The use of liquid-phase mixtures is common in a number of industrial applications. Mixtures have certain advantages over individual components, and these have been exploited advantageously. For the case of refrigerants, a number of azeotropic mixtures are used in practise. The use of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures, however, is not as common. This paper looks at the design of refrigerant mixtures for a refrigeration cycle consisting of two evaporators operating at two different temperatures. Such a cycle has been proposed for use in, for example, a commercial refrigerator having a separate freezer section. Compared to the single evaporator cycle operating at the freezer temperature and circulating the cold air from the freezer to the rest of the refrigerator, the double-evaporator cycle can give higher efficiencies since cooling is not done at a lower temperature than what is required. Also, the use of nonazeotropic mixtures has a number of advantages over single component refrigerants and azeotropic mixtures. A mathematical programming approach developed earlier is applied to the double-evaporator cycle to obtain refrigerant mixtures that maximize cooling.
A time and voltage calibrator for biological amplifiers using a transistor multivibrator

A one per cent accurate, time and voltage calibrator for high gain amplifiers is described. It provides a 100 c/s square wave with stepped voltages from 100μV to 500 mV. These ranges, although most useful for biological amplifiers, may be extended for other applications. Three versions of the instrument are given including mercury battery and line powered supplies.
Self-Assembly of Polyoxometalate Macroanion-Capped Pd0 Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution

The self-assembly behavior of polyoxometalate (POM) macroanion-capped 3-nm-radius Pd0 nanoparticles in aqueous solution is reported. Pd0 nanoparticles are synthesized from reducing K2PdCl4 by using...
The dilithiation mechanism in the reactions of polyhaloarenes as di-aryne equivalents

Abstract The preparation of certain 1,4-dilithio-tetrahaloarenes is described; they react with electrophiles at low temperatures or form arynes at higher temperatures.
Processing structure of sentence perception

To extract meaning from a sentence, the listener must combine information from several levels of linguistic analysis. Psycholinguistic research1 has documented a range of processing levels from the phonetic to the semantic, but has not explored the central problem of specifying the interactions between these levels. We have examined three fundamental questions about the processing structure of sentence perception. When, during sentence processing, does information at different levels become available to the listener; what is the time-course of the interactions between these levels; and what is the direction of information flow between them?
Predation on Protozoa: its importance to zooplankton

Evaluation de l'importance potentielle des protozoaires comme source de nourriture pour le zooplancton et les larves de poissons
Differences in work/family orientations: workforces in Venezuela, Chile, Mexico and the United States

Balancing the relationship between commitment to work and commitment to family is becoming a major issue in the modern workplace of industrialized nations. In addition, regional economic integration is fast becoming a reality in all three legs of the TRIAD (Europe, Japan, and the United States). Rationalized production is occurring at a fast pace across North America. The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative seeks to extend the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) from the Alaskan Yukon to Tierra del Fuego in Southern Chile and many American corporations are moving some production jobs to countries in Latin America. In spite of these labour trends, very little is known about the attitudes of workforces in these emerging labour markets regarding the balance between commitments to work and family. Results of research comparing work‐family orientation values among Chile, Venezuela, Mexico and the United States are presented. Implications for both researchers and managers are discussed.
PRACTICAL ESTIMATION OF INFLOWS INTO MULTIRESERVOIR SYSTEM

Reservoir system operation requires a variety of hydrologic information, of which streamflow data are most essential. Typically, available gauged streamflows are processed to represent flows at the location of a reservoir. Rainfall-runoff models provide alternatives to estimate streamflows when gauged data are unavailable or inadequate. Reservoir inflows may also be estimated, based on water budget computation if storage levels and gauged releases are available. This study presents a series of computational procedures to estimate flows into a multiple reservoir system where storage levels and gauged releases are available at irregular intervals. The inflows are estimated by water budget computation. Then the weekly and monthly inflows are derived from cumulative mass curves of inflows at irregular intervals. The inflow to a reservoir includes releases from upstream reservoirs, which are controllable, and also the flow from the immediate watershed, which is not controllable. In order to preserve, for further analysis, the stochastic characteristics of the unregulated inflow; the flow contributed by an immediate watershed is estimated separately from the total inflow to a reservoir.
Flux-split algorithms for the multi-dimensional Euler equations with real gases

Upwind algorithms are developed for the numerical solution of the multidimensional Euler equations for real gases. Flux-splitting methods are derived which account for a general equation of state. Approximations to the state equation based on physical arguments result in simplified algorithms which may be implemented into existing perfect-gas codes. Applications of the method to several high-Mach-number high-temperature flows are presented for two and three space dimensions.
The Design of Error Checkers for Self-Checking Residue Number Arithmetic

During the last few years residue number (RNS) arithmetic has gained increasing importance for providing high speed fault tolerant performance in dedicated digital signal processors. One factor that has limited the use of redundant RNS theory in practice is the hardware complexity of the error checker. This paper presents a mathematical analysis of the error correction algorithm which suggests a new design with considerably reduced hardware complexity. A hardward architecture for a high speed pipelined error checker is proposed.
A transcriptional map of the SV40 genome in transformed cell lines.

Abstract An analysis of viral DNA transcription in several SV40 transformed cell lines indicated the presence of both abundant and scarce classes of viral specific RNA. The topographical location of the SV40 DNA sequences which were complementary to transformed cell RNA was determined in hybridization experiments utilizing the separated strands of the 11 SV40 DNA fragments produced by digestion with the Hemophilus influenzae (R · Hind ) restriction endonuclease. Extensive hybridization of the transformed cell RNA with the minus DNA strands of Hin fragments A, H, I and B indicated that the abundant species of viral-specific RNA was similar, if not identical, to early SV40 RNA. The less abundant class of viral RNA was complementary to regions of the minus DNA strand contiguous with the early region, particularly those sequences located at the 3′-DNA end of this segment of the genome. Viral-specific RNA, complementary to the plus DNA strand and present in low concentrations in only a few transformed cell lines, could not be localized on the genome.
Virtual engineering design teams: A cost analysis perspective

Virtual worlds, such as Second Life¯, are gradually evolving as common business practices. Some companies, e.g. IBM, use the medium to conduct meetings and others, e.g. Nissan, use its 3D design capabilities to build prototypes. Virtual engineering teams may be dominant in a future where globalization and competiveness will require faster and more international team settings. This rise will be facilitated by the gradual ascendance of “digital natives” into the workforce, along with advances in technology. Research on virtual teams has concentrated mainly on the technological, management, and cultural aspects. However, very little, if any, research has concentrated on the economic aspect. Cost is one of main drivers for the progressive switch to virtual teams; it accounts for a majority of the reasons for companies developing virtual teams. Despite that, research on virtual engineering teams has rarely focused on cost. This preliminary investigation will look at life cycle costing of virtual teams. A cost structure and categorization will be developed and a framework for life cycle costing of virtual teams will be elaborated.
Microcirculation in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: another blow to the vascular hypothesis?

duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating disease caused by a mutation in the gene coding dystrophin. As noted by Bagher et al. in their study published in this issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology ([1][1]) and as noted by others ([5][2], [9][3], [10][4], [12][5]), the affected
Tissue Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Patients with Lower Limb Infections

Cefazolin, a first-generation cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, is often used to treat lower limb infections caused by these pathogens. Antimicrobial penetration is often limited in these patients due to compromised vasculature. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the exposure profile of cefazolin in serum and tissue in patients with lower limb infections. An in vivo microdialysis catheter was inserted into the tissue near the margin of the wound and constantly perfused with lactated Ringer's solution. Steady-state serum and tissue samples were simultaneously collected over a dosing interval. Serum protein binding was also assessed. Serum concentrations were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. Tissue concentrations were corrected for percent in vivo recovery by using the retrodialysis technique. Seven patients with a mean weight of 95.45 ± 18.51 kg and a mean age of 54 ± 19 years were enrolled. Six patients received 1 g every 8 h, and one patient received 2 g every 24 h due to acute kidney injury. The free area under the curve from 0 to 8 h (fAUC0-8) values for serum and wound were 48.0 ± 18.66 and 56.35 ± 41.17 μg · h/ml, respectively, for the patients receiving 1 g every 8 h. The fAUC0-24 values for serum and wound were 1,326.1 and 253.9 μg · h/ml, respectively, for the single patient receiving 2 g every 24 h. The mean tissue penetration ratio (tissue/serum fAUC ratio) was 1.06. These data suggest that the amount of time that free-drug concentrations remain above the MIC (fT>MIC) for cefazolin in wound tissue is adequate to treat patients with lower limb infections.
A modern bandpass microstrip filter with spurious response suppression and size reduction

In this paper, a modern bandpass filter using a capacitively stepped impedance resonator (CSIR) is examined using analytical formulations to design a filter in the S-band for spurious frequency relocation and size reduction. A prototype filter is designed at 3.35 GHz with significant spurious suppression up to 31 and 23-dB at frequencies 6.70 and 10.05 GHz respectively. A circuit size reduction of about 40% is achieved when compared to a hair-pin filter and more than 86% when compared to an edge-coupled bandpass filter configuration with comparable passband performance and superior out-of-band suppression.