cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bifurcation to high-dimensional chaos

High-dimensional chaos has been an area of growing recent investigation. The questions of how dynamical systems become high-dimensionally chaotic with multiple positive Lyapunov exponents, and what the characteristic features associated with the transition are, remain less investigated. In this paper, we present one possible route to high-dimensional chaos. By this route, a subsystem becomes chaotic with one positive Lyapunov exponent via one of the known routes to low-dimensional chaos, after which the complementary subsystem becomes chaotic, leading to additional positive Lyapunov exponents for the whole system. A characteristic feature of this route is that the additional Lyapunov exponents pass through zero smoothly. As a consequence, the fractal dimension of the chaotic attractor changes continuously through the transition, in contrast to the transition to low-dimensional chaos at which the fractal dimension changes abruptly. We present a heuristic theory and numerical examples to illustrate this route to high-dimensional chaos.
Ligand exchange amino acid analysis: Resolution of some amino sugars and cysteine derivatives☆☆☆

A new buffer system has been developed for the Hitachi Perkin-Elmer model KLA-3B ligand-exchange amino acid analyzer (protein-hydrolyzates analysis) which allowed for virtually complete resolution of glucosamine and either mannosamine or galactosamine from the basic amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. The same buffer resolved S-(β-aminoethyl)cysteine from histidine. Although the resolution of the amino sugars was not affected by small pH changes in the buffer, the retention time of histidine was markedly changed. Elevation of the pH by 0.06 units caused histidine to elute with S-(β-aminoethyl)cysteine, while a similar decrease in pH caused it to elute with ammonia. A modified procedure for sample preparation was also tested that allowed for the complete resolution of S-carboxymethylcysteine from aspartic acid.
Impact of Maintaining L1 Reading Skills on L2 Reading Skill Development in Adults: Evidence from Speakers of Serbo-Croatian Learning French

Clarke (1980) hypothesized that effective interlingual transfer of reading skills requires the attainment of some particular threshold of second language (L2) knowledge. Results from a study by Hacquebord (1989) suggested that the interlingual transfer of reading skills also requires active reading of the first language (L1). Results from a longitudinal study carried out over a 1-year period with 52 Bosnians learning French as a L2 supported Clarke’s hypothesis but were only partially in accord with Hacquebord’s. Significant correlations between L1 and L2 reading performance for the subgroup of nonactive L1 readers suggested that failure to maintain L1 reading did not prevent the transfer of reading skills. However, the greater improvement in L2 reading ability by the active L1 readers than by the nonactive L1 readers suggested that maintaining L1 reading enhances the transfer of reading skills.
Variability in the Functional Activity of Vaccine-Induced Antibody to Haemophilus influenzae Type b

ABSTRACT: Sera from 3 of 30 adults vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine (Hib PS) had poor complement-mediated bactericidal activity despite the presence of anti-Hib PS antibody concentrations of 8.6 to 20.5 μg/niL. These “nonkiller” antibodies killed 3 logs with all but one of the other sera. To investigate the basis of this poor functional activity, we characterized in detail the IgG antibodies to Hib PS present in two of the nonkiller sera, and compared the results with two of the “killer” sera. The latter were selected based on comparable levels of total antibody to Hib PS. No consistent differences were found between the relative proportions of IgG or IgA antibody to total anti-Hib PS antibody, or the respective ratios of IgG1 to IgG2 antibody in the nonkiller and killer sera. IgG fractions, and IgG affinity purified antibody to Hib PS were prepared. When tested at 2 μg/mL of antibody, the IgG fractions from the two nonkiller sera had much lower bactericidal activity than the corresponding fractions from the killer sera (3 logs less killing), and the former also had lower complement-mediated opsonic activity (20 and 13% uptake by human PMN compared to 62 and 93%). These data show the striking variability in the functional activity of vaccine-induced antibody to Hib PS. Antibody functional activity is likely to be affected by a number of factors but one important variable appears to be avidity since the IgG anti-Hib PS antibody from the two nonkiller sera had 2- to 5-fold lower avidity than the IgG antibody from the two killer sera. Therefore, measurement of antibody avidity in studies of Hib vaccine immunogenicity would be informative
Microfabricated Phase Change Latched Valve for Integrated Devices

Microfabricated Phase-change valves based on the localized phase transition of the valve seat have been developed for use on chemical analysis device. Valves as small as 1.3 millimeters in length in a 50μm × 500μm channel have been tested. These biocompatible valves have been used to seal 240 nL reaction chamber to perform PCR. The advantage of these valves include simple fabrication, electronic actuation and biocompatibility.
Safety and effectiveness of placement of pacemaker and defibrillator leads in the axillary vein guided by contrast venography

Despite evidence of an increased incidence of lead fracture, the infraclavicular subclavian approach remains the dominant approach for placement of pacemaker and implantable defibrillator leads. Although this complication can be prevented by lead placement in the cephalic vein or by recently described approaches for lead placement in the axillary vein, these approaches have not gained widespread acceptance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an alternative technique for lead placement that uses contrast-guided venipuncture of the axillary vein with a 5Fr micropuncture introducer set. A total of 50 patients underwent an attempt at placement of pacemaker or implantable defibrillator leads via the axillary vein using this new technique. Patients were randomized into 2 groups based on whether the initial attempt at axillary vein access was performed medial or lateral to the rib cage margin. Lead placement was successfully accomplished in 49 of the 50 patients using this technique. Initial success was achieved in each of 25 patients randomized to the medial approach compared with 18 of 24 patients randomized to the lateral approach to the axillary vein (75%). In each of the 6 patients in whom the initial technique failed, lead placement was subsequently achieved with the medial approach. In addition to a higher initial success rate, the medial approach was determined to be preferable as evidenced by a shorter lead placement time, a smaller number of contrast injections, and a reduced requirement for additional micropuncture guidewires. There were no major complications associated with either approach. Contrast-guided venipuncture of the axillary vein is a safe and effective approach to placement of endocardial leads.
Individual performance markers and working memory predict supervisory control proficiency and effective use of adaptive automation

Adapting automation to transient operator states and changes in the environment has been shown to be more effective than static automation. Adaptive automation design that incorporates individual human operator differences can further enhance human-automation interaction. In this study participants performed a simulated air defence task under low and high task load and three levels of automation (manual, low and high). Automated aids autonomously engaged targets and communicated actions via a text messaging system. Baseline performance measures not only predicted future performance but also predicted use of automation. Operators with high skill proficiency exhibited greater disuse of automation compared to their lower skill counterparts. Contrary to previous findings, working memory spans did not predict overall performance, but did predict appropriate use of automation in non-context matched scenarios. When automation was not matched to level of task load, operators with higher spans were better able to coordinate with automation than lower span individuals.
Identification of polypeptides encoded in open reading frame 1b of the putative polymerase gene of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus A59

The polypeptides encoded in open reading frame (ORF) 1b of the mouse hepatitis virus A59 putative polymerase gene of RNA 1 were identified in the products of in vitro translation of genome RNA. Two antisera directed against fusion proteins containing sequences encoded in portions of the 3'-terminal 2.0 kb of ORF 1b were used to immunoprecipitate p90, p74, p53, p44, and p32 polypeptides. These polypeptides were clearly different in electrophoretic mobility, antiserum reactivity, and partial protease digestion pattern from viral structural proteins and from polypeptides encoded in the 5' end of ORF 1a, previously identified by in vitro translation. The largest of these polypeptides had partial protease digestion patterns similar to those of polypeptides generated by in vitro translation of a synthetic mRNA derived from the 3' end of ORF 1b. The polypeptides encoded in ORF 1b accumulated more slowly during in vitro translation than polypeptides encoded in ORF 1a. This is consistent with the hypothesis that translation of gene A initiates at the 5' end of ORF 1a and that translation of ORF 1b occurs following a frameshift at the ORF 1a-ORF 1b junction. The use of in vitro translation of genome RNA and immunoprecipitation with antisera directed against various regions of the polypeptides encoded in gene A should make it possible to study synthesis and processing of the putative coronavirus polymerase.
PASSAGE THROUGH MIDLIFE: Women's Changing Family Roles and Economic Well‐Being

Life course researchers have recently examined the effects of normative and non-normative pathways into adulthood but little theoretical or empirical attention has been directed at the manner and type of transitions through the middle years of the life span for women. Women in midlife typically watch their last child leave the home and significant numbers also experience the dissolution of their marriages, either by divorce or widowhood. Using data from thirteen waves of the University of Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find that the occurrence, sequencing, and timing of these two events greatly affect both women's labor force attachment and their economic well-being. These findings suggest new directions for conceptualizing midlife transitions for women.
Acid Hydrolysis of Urinary Estriol

One hundred and twenty determinations of urinary estriol were carried out following acid hydrolysis and gas liquid chromatography. Through the use of a radioactive standard, it was shown that, with an increase in specific gravity (1.001 to 1.025), a steady linear decline of estriol recovery occurred (93% to 56%). The presence of glucose (1-5 gm./100 ml.) gradually diminished estriol recovery (78.2 ± 9 to 24.9 ± 11). Similar effects were caused by galactose and lactose. lnulin, fructose, and sucrose led to an extensive drop of extractable estriol (more than 95% at 5 gm./100 ml.). An even more marked fall in estriol recovery was found in the presence of Mandelamine methenamine, and formaldehyde. Dimethylamine, albumin, and Urofix did not influence the recovery of estriol to a significant extent. These findings emphasize the need for adequate control of recovery whenever patient management is conducted according to urinary-estriol titers.
Erythrocyte Sodium-Lithium Countertransport and Blood Pressure: A Genome-Wide Linkage Study

Increased activity of erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport is associated with essential hypertension. Sodium-lithium countertransport is highly heritable, but no single gene product mediating the exchange or explaining the association of increased sodium-lithium countertransport activity and hypertension has been identified. We performed a linkage study by using erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport as a quantitative phenotype and genome-wide markers at an average resolution of ≈10 cM to identify quantitative trait loci explaining sodium-lithium countertransport activity. A peak LOD score of 2.83 was detected on chromosome 15q at D15S642, a marker previously shown to be linked to blood pressure. Several genes mapped to this region are possible candidates for factors affecting erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport and/or blood pressure. Further studies confirming the presence of a quantitative trait locus in this region and evaluating these candidate genes may help explain the association of elevated sodium-lithium countertransport and hypertension.
Tissue specific antigen expression shapes T cell repertoire and autoimmune potential (BA8P.133)

In the following studies we have identified myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as one of the first antigens capable of inducing antigen-specific thymic derived Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (tTregs) and influencing the autoimmune disease potential of the MOG-specific CD4+ T cell polyclonal repertoire. By using MOG38-49:I-Ab tetramer enrichment we have been able to track MOG-specific CD4+ T cells in naive mice through experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have found the lack of MOG expression causes a lack of naive MOG-specific tTreg cell diversion, but no significant difference in the number of MOG-specific effectors. Even though the MOG-specific effectors start at the same numbers in both WT and MOG deficient mice, the MOG-specific CD4+ T cells expand 5-10 fold greater in MOG deficient mice, have a consistently reduced frequency of tTregs and a higher TCR affinity. Upon adoptive transfer into MOG-expressing mice, donor CD4+ T cells from MOG deficient mice cause more rapid onset and increased severity of paralysis, which is correlated with increased expansion and TCR affinity of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells. This data shows the expression of self-antigen during T cell development generates a CD4+ T cell repertoire with an increased frequency of tTregs and a reduced per cell autoimmune potential, demonstrating the importance of tissue specific antigen expression to induce tolerance in T cell responding to self-antigen.
Writer Verification of Historical Documents among Cohort Writers

Over the last century forensic document science has developed progressively more sophisticated pattern recognition methodologies for ascertaining the authorship of disputed documents. We present a writer verification method and an evaluation of its performance on historical documents with known and unknown writers. The questioned document is compared against handwriting samples of Herman Melville, a 19th century American author who has been hypothesized to be the writer as well as against samples crafted by several writers from the same time period. The comparison led to a high confidence result to the questioned document's writer ship, as well as gives evidence for the validity of the writer verification method in the context of historical documents. Such methodology can be applied to many such questioned historical documents, both in literary and legal fields.
Selective Grazing Induced by Animal Excreta I. Evidence of Occurrence and Superficial Remedy

Summary Recurring grazing patterns by dairy heifers and steers under rotational grazing of brome and alfalfa-brome were measured by mapping within staked areas over a 2-year period. An average of 81% of all dung deposited by the animals 3 to 4 wk before grazing caused complete refusal of the forage in the area. Complete refusal of dung-affected forage was reduced to 68% after two to three months. Dung deposited on brome caused a greater refusal of forage than that deposited on alfalfa-brome. Of all areas not grazed, 93% contained dung spots from periods prior to measurement, while only 1% of completely consumed forage areas contained dung. The effect of sprayed sugar or molasses on consumption of dung-affected brome was measured in 1961. Both sweetening agents resulted in consumption of grass over dung spots, while untreated controls remained ungrazed. Molasses was more effective than sugar in completely overcoming rejection of dung-affected forage.
Thin and Subvisual Tropopause Tropical Cirrus: Observations and Radiative Impacts

Abstract In situ microphysical, remote sensing, and satellite observations of thin and subvisible cirrus have been used to establish their frequency of occurrence, determine their mean optical depths and radiative forcings, and to analyze their association with deep convection. A spatially thin layer of cirrus, with both base and top above 15 km, was observed in the central Pacific Tropics 29% of the time, with a mean thickness of 0.47 km, using a nadir-pointing Nd:YAG lidar operating at 1.064 μm during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX). In situ microphysical data collected in the mid-1970s and mid-1980s by a WB-57 and Learjet near Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, are revisited to determine typical ice crystal sizes and shapes that occur in this cloud type. Three observed vertical profiles, obtained from ascents/descents through cloud, are used with a δ-four-stream radiative transfer model to calculate observed heating rates of up to 1.0 K day−1, principally in the infrared, and cloud radiativ...
Assessment of linkage disequilibrium in potato genome with single nucleotide polymorphism markers.

The extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) is an important factor in designing association mapping experiments. Unlike other plant species that have been analyzed so far for the extent of LD, cultivated potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), an outcrossing species, is a highly heterozygous autotetraploid. The favored genotypes of modern cultivars are maintained by vegetative propagation through tubers. As a first step in the LD analysis, we surveyed both coding and noncoding regions of 66 DNA fragments from 47 accessions for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In the process, we combined information from the potato SNP database with experimental SNP detection. The total length of all analyzed fragments was >25 kb, and the number of screened sequence bases reached almost 1.4 million. Average nucleotide polymorphism (θ = 11.5 × 10 −3 ) and diversity (π = 14.6 × 10 −3 ) was high compared to the other plant species. The overall Tajima9s D value (0.5) was not significant, but indicates a deficit of low-frequency alleles relative to expectation. To eliminate the possibility that an elevated D value occurs due to population subdivision, we assessed the population structure with probabilistic statistics. The analysis did not reveal any significant subdivision, indicating a relatively homogenous population structure. However, the analysis of individual fragments revealed the presence of subgroups in the fragment closely linked to the R1 resistance gene. Data pooled from all fragments show relatively fast decay of LD in the short range ( r 2 = 0.208 at 1 kb) but slow decay afterward ( r 2 = 0.137 at ∼70 kb). The estimate from our data indicates that LD in potato declines below 0.10 at a distance of ∼10 cM. We speculate that two conflicting factors play a vital role in shaping LD in potato: the outcrossing mating type and the very limited number of meiotic generations.
Chesapeake Bay nutrient and plankton dynamics. 2. Sources and sinks of nitrite1

The transformations of inorganic nitrogenous nutrients that can lead to the frequently observed high levels of nitrite in the Chesapeake Bay and York River were investigated by a combination of 15N tracer techniques and assays of the concentrations of chemical constituents (NH,+, NO1-, NOJ-, 02, N,O, and CH,). During destratification, uptake and remineralization of NH,+ in the York River followed a diel cycle, but nitrification was not as closely coupled to the light regime. The distributions of N20, NOz-, and CH, in the York River suggest that the primary source of N,O and NOz-, both produced during nitrification, was in the water rather than in the sediments. Rates of nitrification inferred from N,O gas flux calculations are consistent with measured in situ rates. Experiments at a series of stations in the mid-Chesapeake Bay were designed to look at transformations among N pools. The yield of N,O-N relative to NO,--N during nitrification ranged from 0.2 to 0.7%, in agreement with previously published laboratory results. Our 15N data indicate that oxidized N can be formed in the water of the bay when physical events cause the mixing of NH,+- rich bottom water with more oxygenated surface layers. We also found that NO,- was reduced to NH,+ at unexpectedly rapid rates in well oxygenated surface waters. The magnitude and duration of high concentrations of N,O and NO,- in these estuarine waters during mixing events might be expected to increase if anthropogenic loading of nutrients causes anoxic conditions in the bay to become more widespread.
Responses to Dietary Self Selection and Calories in Liquid Form by Weight Selected Lines of Chickens

Feed intake of adult White Plymouth Rock male chickens from lines selected for high (HW) and low (LW) juvenile body weight was examined as a function of dietary self selection, glucose solutions in lieu of water, and environmental temperature. More energy was consumed by LW males allowed to select between high protein and high energy diets and when glucose solutions were provided in lieu of water, than on complete diets. In contrast, these regimens had relatively little influence on caloric intake in the HW line. On split diets, protein consumption was reduced in both the HW and LW lines, indicating that both populations overconsumed protein when fed complete diets.
Distance dependence and salt sensitivity of pairwise, coulombic interactions in a protein

Histidine pK(a) values were measured in charge-reversal (K78E, K97E, K127E, and K97E/K127E) and charge-neutralization (E10A, E101A, and R35A) mutants of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. Energies of interaction between pairs of charges (DeltaG(ij)) were obtained from the shifts in pK(a) values relative to wild-type values. The data describe the distance dependence and salt sensitivity of pairwise coulombic interactions. Calculations with a continuum electrostatics method captured the experimental DeltaG(ij) when static structures were used and when the protein interior was treated empirically with a dielectric constant of 20. The DeltaG(ij) when r(ij) < or = 10 A were exaggerated slightly in the calculations. Coulomb's law with a dielectric constant near 80 and a Debye-Huckel term to account for screening by the ionic strength reproduced the salt sensitivity and distance dependence of DeltaG(ij) as well as the structure-based method. In their interactions with each other, surface charges behave as if immersed in water; the Debye length describes realistically the distance where interactions become negligible at a given ionic strength. On average, charges separated by distances (r(ij)) approximately 5 A interacted with DeltaG(ij) approximately 0.6 kcal/mole in 0.01 M KCl, but DeltaG(ij) decayed to < or =0.10 kcal/mole when r(ij) = 20 A. In 0.10 M KCl, DeltaG(ij) approximately 0.10 kcal/mole when r(ij) = 10 A. In 1.5 M KCl, only short-range interactions with r(ij) < or = 5 A persisted. Although at physiological ionic strengths the interactions between charges separated by more than 10 A are extremely weak, in situations where charge imbalance exists many weak interactions can cumulatively produce substantial effects.
Does Syntax Reveal Semantics? A Case Study Of Complex Demonstratives

L'A. remet en question le lien traditionnel entre syntaxe et semantique, ainsi que le lien philosophique entre langage et metaphysique, a travers l'exemple des demonstratives complexes. A partir de la methodologie de d'Austin, et en reference a l'evidence grammaticale de J. King, l'A. repond aux arguments de la plausibilite en montrant la sous-determination syntaxique de la semantique dans les exemples de termes indefinis et de noms propres italiens.
Plus Ça Change ..

See related article, pages 373–378. Stroke progression is a noteworthy phenomenon. It may manifest radiologically, clinically or as both. Several systemic upheavals contribute including cardiovascular dysregulation, blood glucose disturbances and hyperthermia to name just three.1 No previous studies, however, have really assessed whether any particular stroke location might be especially prone to progression. In this retrospective study of 61consecutive patients …
Genetics of Coxiella burnetii: on the path of specialization

Coxiella burnetii is an extremely infectious, zoonotic agent that causes Q fever in humans. With the exception of New Zealand, the bacterium is distributed worldwide. Coxiella is classified as a select agent based on its past and potential use as a bioweapon and its threat to public health. Despite decades of research, we know relatively little regarding Coxiella’s molecular pathogenesis, and a vaccine is not widely available. This article briefly reviews the unusual genetics of C. burnetii; a pathogen that retains telltale genetic mementos collected over the course of its evolutionary path from a free-living bacterium to an obligate intracellular parasite of eukaryotic host cell phagosomes. Understanding why these genetic elements are maintained may help us better understand the biology of this fascinating pathogen.
Apparent Dissociation between Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intrapreoptic Release of Prostaglandin E2 and Fever in Guinea Pigs

The i.v. administration of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) regularly produced increases in both core temperatures (Tc) and levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the intrapreoptic (iPO) extracellular fluid of guinea pigs with unilaterally implanted microdialysis probes, but these changes were not temporally related. The increase in PGE2 was greater in guinea pigs with bilaterally implanted microdialysis probes, although in half of the animals LPS caused a fall in Tc. The bilateral iPO microdialysis of cyclooxygenase inhibitors abrogated both the Tc and PGE2 changes induced by LPS. These results suggest that PGE2 may be produced in the preoptic area of conscious guinea pigs in response to LPS, but that its release and fever may be dissociated responses.
Clothed with the Legitimate Authority of the People: A Review of Akhil Amar's America's Constitution

Akhil Amar's America's Constitution: A Biography succeeds in its aim of providing the general reader with an introduction to the constitutional text and the political concerns that led to that text. Readers will gain a new appreciation of the intricacy of the constitutional design and its value as an instrument of democratic politics. Constitutional realists will be left wondering, however, whether a biography that focuses so closely on the birth of the document misses too much of the real constitutional drama, its growth and development through later contestation, interpretation and practice.
Effectiveness of Parent-Child Mediation in Improving Family Functioning and Reducing Adolescent Problem Behavior: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Parent–child mediation programs are intended to resolve or manage disputes and improve family functioning, but rigorous evaluations of their effectiveness are lacking. Families referred to a community-based mediation program (N = 111) were randomized to an intervention or wait-list control group, and completed three surveys over a 12-week period. With the exception of parent–reported child delinquency (which decreased more in the intervention group), this evaluation provides little support for the short-term effectiveness of parent–child mediation for improving family functioning and reducing child problem behaviors in general. Given that this is the first randomized controlled trial of a parent–child mediation program, additional evaluations involving larger samples and longer follow-ups are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of this intervention.
A Study of Pullorum Disease Diagnostic Tests

Abstract IN RESPONSE to a demand for a simpler method of procedure for the detection of pullorum disease, an intradermal test was described by Ward and Gallagher (1917), a rapid plate serum test by Runnels, Coon, Farley and Thorp (1927), a rapid whole blood test by Bunyea, Hall, and Dorset (1929), a rapid whole blood stained antigen test by Schaffer, MacDonald, Hall, and Bunyea (1931), a similar rapid whole blood stained antigen test by Coburn and Stafseth (1931), and a field tube test by Graham and Thorp (1930). Bushnell and Hudson (1927) employed the complement fixation test but this test was not used on comparisons in this report. To compare the results of tests for the detection of pullorum disease, blood samples from different flocks were tested simultaneously by two or more methods in conjunction with the standard tube test, † over a period of five years (1926–1931) at the Illinois . . .
Teaching a Required Poultry Course

Abstract Poultry Husbandry has been taught in our leading agricultural colleges for many years, but we are just beginning to give time and thought to the proper methods to be used in presenting such a subject to the student, and in getting him to learn and retain what the instructors want him to know. For years we have poured out, to the aspiring youth, all our enthusiasms, knowledge and beliefs, hoping that he would soak up what flowed from us and become a good and successful poultryman. We have hoped that he was interested and thought that because we believed in certain things, he must also believe. We wanted him to be a good soldier in the ranks of the poultrymen and were disappointed if he was not a striking success or if he failed to follow Poultry Husbandry. It was with this method of teaching (lecturing) that we built up . . .
Developing Leadership Competencies to Promote the Community Development of the Mississippi Delta Region

Parts of the Mississippi Delta region have been known for a number of very serious problems, including poverty, illiteracy, race relations, public health, and declining economy issues. An approach to combat its social and economic ills is to develop leadership competencies through a community leadership development initiative. The purposes of this study were to assess the extent to which leadership skills were developed in the Mid-South Delta Leaders (MSDL) program participants as compared to non-participants and to determine the specific impacts of the program on its participants. The study used a mixed methodology to assess the effect of the program on the development of a number of leadership competencies. The quantitative part used a posttest-only design with non-equivalent groups. The Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI-self) instrument was used to measure the leadership actions and behaviors. Data were analyzed with MANCOVA test to examine the effectiveness of the community leadership development initiative. Results suggested that the participation in the MSDL program significantly influences the leadership competencies with an F = 2.554, p < 0.05. The qualitative part was to explore using a follow-on open ended question: what specific impacts or changes did the MSDL program have on you? The results identified ten themes of impact. These themes of change range from better understanding of cultural and diversity differences, better networking and collaborative opportunities, promotions and better jobs, and better understanding how leadership makes an impact on community change. Key words: community development, community leadership development initiative, leadership competencies, leadership practice inventory
Nutritional megaloblastic anemia associated with sickle cell states.

Three patients with megaloblastic anemia complicating sickle cell anemia or sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease are reported. Previously reported cases of megaloblastic anemia in patients with pre-existing hemolytic anemia are reviewed. It is concluded that the megaloblastic blood formation in such patients may be due to excessive need for folic acid or vitamin B 12 .
17 NEONATAL HEATSTROKE.

Introduction The term heat-related illness encompasses a continuum of disorders from minor illnesses, such as heat cramps, to the life-threatening heatstroke. Certain populations are at greater risk for developing these illnesses: the elderly, those with chronic medical conditions, those with mental illnesses, and children. Children are more likely to suffer from heat-related illnesses because of an increased surface area to body mass ratio because of a decreased amount of sweating in response to heat and because they do not instinctively replace fluid losses or limit exercise in extreme heat. Neonates and infants are at even greater risk because they have poor thermoregulatory control. Case Report A 17-day-old black male, born at 36 weeks, presented to the emergency department (ED) by ambulance with fever, tachycardia, hypotension, poor perfusion, altered mental status, and impending respiratory failure. The mother had noted that the patient "looked sick " after a 31/2-hour car ride without air conditioning on a hot July day in Alabama. His temperature at home was 104.0 degrees; he had vomited bright yellow emesis, was breathing fast, and would not keep his eyes open. In the ED he was intubated, was resuscitated with 60 cc/kg of normal saline (which resulted in improved perfusion, heart rate improving from 250 to 182, and the first obtainable blood pressure of 55/12), and was started on empiric antibiotics after blood, urine, and spinal fluid cultures were obtained. His physical exam was significant for a markedly distended abdomen with stacked loops of bowel as well as a grossly bloody stool. He was admitted to the intensive care unit where resuscitation continued with normal saline, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and dopamine. His initial head CT was normal and his echocardiogram showed normal heart structure and function. His upper GI was negative for volvulus, and all abdominal X-rays showed no signs of necrotizing enterocolitis. All bacterial cultures were negative. CSF enteroviral PCR and HSV PCR were both negative. His coagulopathy slowly resolved. He remained in the hospital for 12 days and was discharged home with an abnormal neurologic exam (increased tone throughout), but all other organ systems were back to normal. Discussion This case highlights the fact that the differential diagnosis for neonates presenting with shock is vast. While we had the history of hyperthermia after an extended period of time in a hot car, we had to consider all other causes of shock in this age group.
Pitch Angle Sensor Fault Detection Based on Detection Filter

Analyses flight control system sensor fault types and failure modes,to establish the different mathematical models.Detection filter is designed according to the principle of system failure.Flight simulation results show that the flight control system established mathematical models of sensor fault is correct,also shows that fault detection filter method can efficiently detect the flight control system pitch rate sensor fault.
Methods for Comparison and Selection of Technical Economy of Mining Project Development Scheme

It is pointed out that the comparison and selection of development scheme are very important during the higher stage of engineering design for a mining project.Whether the result of comparison and selection is right gives direct impacts on the investment and the efficiency of the project,sometimes even gives a decisive influence on the feasibility of the project.The Paper summarizes different methods of comparing and selecting the mining development scheme,analyses the prerequistites and conditions for the application of different methods and the consequent impacts on the accuracy of the comparisonandselection result.
Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Effects of Oxybutynin in Geriatric Patients

The pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of oxybutynin were examined among 21 elderly (mean age 84 years) patients with urge incontinence and detrusor instability or hyperreflexia. The drug did not accumulate to high levels after a week of treatment at dosages of either 2.5 or 5 mg. 3 times per day, and the mean peak level on 5 mg. among the elderly (12.5 ng. per ml.) was not statistically different than the mean peak level reported after the same dosage in young healthy men (8.9 ng. per ml., p equals 0.4). There were no clinically meaningful changes in heart rate, blood pressure or intraocular pressure during the treatment periods. Two-thirds of the patients suffered at least 1 side effect, most commonly dryness of the mouth that was not severe enough to warrant discontinuation of the drug. These data suggest that oxybutynin chloride at dosages of 2.5 to 5 mg. 3 times per day is safe for use in the elderly, even among octogenarians. Statements about its effectiveness and efficacy in the geriatric population must await controlled clinical trials.
The role of neuroimaging in epilepsy

Seit ihrer Einfuhrung Mitte der 80er Jahre hat die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) in der Diagnostik der Epilepsien einen festen Platz. MRT kommt als nichtinvasive Methode ohne den Einsatz ionisierender energiereicher Strahlen aus und hat keine bekannten biologischen Nebenwirkungen. Die Bedeutung anderer Bildgebungsmodalitaten (CT, PET, SPECT) fur die Diagnostik der Epilepsien muss auf dem Hintergrund der Fortschritte im Bereich «MRT» laufend relativiert werden. Zur Zeit ist die MRT die sensitivste und spezifischste neuroradiologische Bildgebungsmodalitat zum Nachweis von Lasionen bei Patienten mit Epilepsie. Der Nachweis einer Lasion im MRT eines Patienten mit Epilepsie ermoglicht ein spezifisches arztliches Vorgehen. Es erlaubt die diagnostische Einordnung einer Epilepsie und eroffnet Patienten, ihren Verwandten und Arzten eine genauere Prognose.
Synergistic Approximation of Computation and Memory Subsystems for Error-Resilient Applications

Approximate computing is a new design paradigm that exploits the intrinsic error resilience exhibited by emerging applications to significantly improve their energy efficiency and performance. Prior work in this domain has proposed approximation techniques targeting either the computational subsystem or the memory subsystem. For the first time, this letter proposes a methodology to perform synergistic approximations across the computation and memory subsystems together that results in a significant improvement in energy consumption compared to the case when the subsystems are approximated independently. We implemented our proposed methodology using an Altera Stratix IV GX FPGA based Terasic TR4-230 development board containing a 1GB DDR3 DRAM module, which executes three error-resilient benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate energy improvements in the range of $2.05\boldsymbol {\times }$ - $4.45\boldsymbol {\times }$ for minimal loss in application quality ( ). Compared to individual approximations, our technique achieves an additional $1.6\boldsymbol {\times }$ - $2.35\boldsymbol {\times }$ energy savings for the same quality specifications.
Why Don’t They Complain? The Social Determinants of Chinese Migrant Workers’ Grievance Behaviors:

Using survey data from China, the author examines how migrant workers respond to violations of labor law in their workplaces. The central puzzle is why, given apparent widespread violations, some w...
Design trees: providing roots for revision in design-based research

This paper introduces design trees as a methodological tool to facilitate design-based research. Traditionally, design-based research is conceptualised as a bridge between theory and practice. Yet, theory rarely specifies practice directly, so this makes documenting revision through design a challenge. In contrast, design trees consider theory and practice as two interwoven strands through five levels of specification: 1) frameworks; 2) principles; 3) conjectures; 4) instruction; 5) assessment. Each general level constrains, but does not determine, the more-specific levels. As such, researchers need to be explicit about the decisions they make in prospect (i.e., the path they choose along the tree), so that they can follow the path in retrospect in analysis. This supports researchers to contribute to theory and practice systematically. Two case studies, knowledge integration and complex instruction are used to illustrate design trees.
Orthopaedic Research in the Year 2020

By the year 2020, it is anticipated that telemedicine will become widely available so that special medical and surgical expertise can be made available worldwide. Also, novel imaging technologies will further increase our diagnostic capabilities dramatically. These and other new technologies will no doubt enhance the diagnostic aspect of medicine. However, effective treatment of diseases will continue to be lacking as it is much slower and more challenging to develop. In other words, there will be huge opportunities for scientific and clinical investigators to reduce the gap between diagnosis and treatment. In this chapter, we will review the history of the practice of orthopaedic surgery and how fundamental research had helped surgeons and rehabilitation technologists, especially those involved in the practice of sports medicine. We will then give examples of current advances made on healing of tendons and ligaments especially those by functional tissue engineering and how it has played a major role in translating the laboratory findings to the clinics. Finally, as scientific research is becoming more sophisticated as well as multidisciplinary, we identify key areas of research that would deserve our focus and suggest how the specialty laboratories should be organized to conduct collaborative work effectively.
Myocardial fibrosis: role of ventricular systolic pressure, arterial hypertension, and circulating hormones.

The myocardium contains myocyte and non-myocyte cells. A disproportionate growth of the nonmyocyte cell population can alter myocardial structure and lead to pathologic hypertrophy. Myocardial fibrosis, the result of cardiac fibroblast growth or abnormal accumulation of fibrillar collagen within the interstitial space, can adversely influence myocardial stiffness and ultimately ventricular function. We have examined the relative importance of ventricular systolic and arterial pressures and the effector hormones of the renin-angiotensin — aldosterone system in mediating this reactive fibrous tissue response in the hypertensive left and normotensive right ventricles in various experimental models of arterial hpyertension. To date, our findings implicate arterial hypertension, together with an elevation in plasma aldosterone, as being contributory to the fibrosis in renovascular hypertension that creates tissue heterogeneity in either ventricle and impaired diastolic function. The endocrine properties of aldosterone in this nonclassical mineralocorticoid target tissue, the myocardium, requires further investigation.
The Mother of the Pill

The first synthesis of an active ingredient of the pill was performed on October 15 1951 at Syntex in Mexico City. These preliminary results obtained in late 1951 encouraged the submission of a synthetic progestin norethindrone (19-nor-17alpha-ethynyltestosterone) to a number of outside investigators for more extensive biological scrutiny. Norethynodrel together with many other steroids synthesized in the Searle laboratories as well as Syntexs norethindrone were examined by Pincus and collaborators for ovulation inhibition in animals and humans. Contrary to predictions orally effective steroid ovulation inhibitors became the most widely used method of reversible birth control in most parts of the world some 40 years after their first synthesis. Toward the end of the 1960s at least 13 international pharmaceutical companies (9 of them US) had active research and development programs dedicated to new advances in the field of contraception. Every drug to which a woman or man is exposed to for long periods of time (e.g. vaccines systemic contraceptives cholesterol-lowering agents antihypertensives) in the end has to pass through large-scale postmarketing experiments. The most damaging was the requirement for 6-year toxicology in beagle dogs which resulted in enormous development costs. Another setback was a 1986 judgment in Georgia against Ortho Pharmaceutical Company for the amount of $5151030 for alleged birth defects caused by the use of its spermicide Ortho-Gynol in spite of overwhelming epidemiological evidence against such a cause-effect relationship. Mifepristone (RU-486) is clearly the most significant new development in birth control as an important alternative to conventional abortion. A priority list of six new contraceptive methods for future development includes a spermicide with antiviral properties a once-a-month menses inducer a reliable ovulation predictor easily reversible male sterilization a male contraceptive pill and an antifertility vaccine.
Patient reported distress in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy.

e18086Background: Patients undergoing head and neck (H&N) radiotherapy (RT) in our clinic are prospectively screened for distress. We performed a retrospective review of this assessment to identify...
Production Possibilities of a Sustainable Coal, Wind, and Small Modular Reactor Hybrid Energy System

The availability of inexpensive electricity is one of the most significant factors for improving quality of life. With the debate on the effects of carbon dioxide emissions continuing, several countries either have implemented or are considering the reduction of emissions through various economic means. The inclusion of a monetary penalty on carbon emissions would increase the prices of electricity produced by carbon-based sources. The push for large-scale renewable sources of energy has met problems with regards to energy storage and availability. The proposed coal, wind, and nuclear hybrid energy system would combine a renewable energy source, wind, with traditional and stable energy sources, coal and nuclear, to create an integrated and sustainable system. Instead of a light water reactor, a next generation small modular nuclear reactor was evaluated. The coal system utilizes a pressurized circulating fluidized bed system, which can take not only coal but also biomass as a carbon feedstock. This system...
Garbage Management using Internet of Things

Smart city is another powerful application of IOT generating curiosity among world's population not only to keep our city clean and neat but also to decreased the griminess, nastiness produced by the dustbins that will be controlled by using iOT garbage monitoring Sometimes in various areas dustbins were overload and it cause viral diseases. To avoid these we can use smart dustbin in which GSM board send massage by detecting the level of garbage with the help of IR (Infrared Rays) in the dustbin. Most of the times hungry stray animals for e.g. -dogs, cats, cows, etc. Will eat that overflowed garbage which contain plastic, toxic medicine etc., it will cause harm to their health. the main purpose of these system is to control garbage, human efforts, to make smart city.
2D Material Printing for Cavity Integration

By using an automatic assembly platform, precise control of the transfer printing process in preparation of 2D materials is realized. Cavity enhanced photoluminescence is achieved after transferring monolayer WS 2 onto photonic crystals.