Is analogical reasoning just another measure of executive functioning

GENERAL COMMENTARY published: 20 September 2010 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00180 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE Is analogical reasoning just another measure of executive functioning? Lindsey Engle Richland 1 * and Robert G. Morrison 2 Department of Education, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA *Correspondence: l.e.richland@uci.edu A commentary on Deficits in analogical reasoning in adoles- cents with traumatic brain injury. by Krawczyk, D. C., Hanten, G., Wilde, E. A., Li, X., Schnelle, K. P., Merkley, T. L., Vasquez, A. C., Cook, L. G., McClelland, M., Chapman, S. B., and Levin, H. S. (2010). Front. Hum. Neurosci.4:62. doi: 10.3389/ fnhum.2010.00062 The present paper by Krawczyk et al. (2010) adds to a growing list of studies that have shown analogical reasoning to be critically dependent on what is known as executive functioning in the neuropsychological lit- erature, and working memory in the cogni- tive (neuro)science literature. Specifically, analogy requires the maintenance, manipu- lation, and selective activation (or inhibi- tion) of mental representations to identify, map correspondences, and draw inferences about higher-order similarity relationships (e.g., Waltz et al., 2000; Morrison et al., 2004; Bunge et al., 2005, 2009; Morrison, 2005; Green et al., 2006; Cho et al., 2007, 2010; Krawczyk et al., 2008; Morrison and Cho, 2008). Consistent with this, popula- tions with limited executive functioning resources have shown reduced analogy performance when required to integrate multiple relations and/or inhibit featural distractors in favor of relational similar- ity (e.g., TBI adolescents: Krawczyk et al., 2010; children: Richland et al., 2006, 2010; Wright et al., 2008; Thibaut et al., 2010; older adults: Viskontas et al., 2004; and brain damaged adults: Morrison et al., 2004; Krawczyk et al., 2008). So is analogical reasoning simply another measure of execu- tive function? Analogy is pervasive in everyday learn- ing and discovery. Importantly it allows us to make sense of and make inferences about new situations and information with respect to things we already know Frontiers in Human Neuroscience and understand (Holyoak and Thagard, 1995; Dunbar and Blanchette, 2001). Thus, theories of the development of analogy in children have frequently focused on rela- tional knowledge as a necessary precondi- tion for analogy (Rattermann and Gentner, 1998; Goswami, 2001). The importance of relational knowledge may also be seen in patients with damage to the temporal lobe. Morrison et al. (2004) and Krawczyk et al. (2008) and colleagues have previously found that patients with broad damage to anterior temporal lobe, an area associated with semantic knowledge, have difficulty with both verbal and visual analogies in spite of having preserved executive func- tions; however, the patterns of deficit are different than those of patients with dam- age to prefrontal cortex and their associated executive dysfunction. These findings are consistent with the current paper’s finding that cortical differences in both prefrontal and temporal regions were associated with lower analogy performance. We have recently begun to explore how executive functions and relational knowl- edge, and their underlying brain networks, may work together in the service of anal- ogy. In one study, Richland et al. (2010), we exploited cross-cultural differences in relational knowledge and discovered a dissociation between the ability to inhibit featural distractors and integrate relations in analogy, two functions associated with executive functions which have traditionally correlated in studies of analogy (see Cho et al., 2010 for an exception using neu- roimaging). Using a computational model of analogy we offered an explanation of the results, suggesting that more advanced relational knowledge structures reduce the demands for executive functions in analogy (Morrison et al., in press). Thus, prefrontal and temporal networks work together in analogy and the development or advanced functioning on one area affect demands on the other. In fact, we have also shown www.frontiersin.org via modeling that the development of such advanced relational knowledge networks themselves may be dependent on executive functions (Doumas et al., 2010). Thus, analogy is not simply another measure of executive functions, rather it is a whole brain activity, that is a profound test of our ability to think in everyday life, and as such is an excellent measure to evalu- ate the impact of traumatic brain injury on patients’ ability to function. References Bunge, S. A., Wendelken, C., Badre, D., and Wagner, A. D. (2005). Analogical reasoning and prefrontal cor- tex: evidence for separable retrieval and integration mechanisms. Cereb. Cortex 15, 239–249. Bunge, S. A., Wendelken, C., and Helskog, E. H. (2009). Left, but not right, rostrolateral prefrontal cortex meets a stringent test of the relational integration hypothesis. Neuroimage 46, 338–342. Cho, S., Holyoak, K. J., and Cannon, T. D. (2007). Analogical reasoning in working memory: resources shared among relational integration, interference resolution, and maintenance. Mem. Cognit. 35, Cho, S., Moody, T. D., Fernandino, L., Mumford, J. A., Poldrack, R. A., Cannon, T. D., Knowlton, B. J., and Holyoak, K. J. (2010). Common and dis- sociable prefrontal loci associated with component mechanisms of analogical reasoning. Cereb. Cortex Dunbar, K., and Blanchette, I. (2001). The in vivo/in vitro approach to cognition: the case of analogy. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5, 335–339. Doumas, L. A. A., Morrison, R. G., & Richland, L. E. (2010). “Differences in development of analogy across cultures: a computational account,” in Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Portland, Oregon. Goswami, U. (2001). “Analogical reasoning in children,” in The Analogical mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, eds. D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, and B. N. Kokinov (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 437–470. Green, A. E., Fugelsang, J. A., Kraemer, D. J. M., Shamosh, N. A., and Dunbar, K. N. (2006). Frontopolar cortex mediates abstract integration in analogy. Brain Res. Holyoak, K. J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Krawczyk, D. C., Hanten, G., Wilde, E. A., Li, X., Schnelle, K. P., Merkley, T. L., Vasquez, A. C., Cook, L. G., September 2010 | Volume 4 | Article 180 | 1