cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Development Projects: A Perspective

There are many reasons for undertaking economic development projects. Among the most important and most common are the following: a desire to physically improve a neighborhood or site, maintain and create jobs, increase government taxes and revenues, control construction on and use of a site, leverage private dollars that would otherwise go elsewhere, and compete effectively with other communities who are undertaking such projects.To effectuate these projects, state and local governments provide various forms of subsidy and assistance to induce companies to undertaking the projects. This assistance may include any of the following: (1) real property tax exemptions, or abatements, (2) low interest loans or loan guarantees, (3) grants, (4) sales tax and franchise tax exemptions, (5) mortgage recording tax exemptions, (6) reduced energy costs, (7) tax-exempt bond financing, (8) tenancies at below market rates, (9) public improvements that benefit the project, (10) use or threatened use of eminent domain to assist assemblage, and (11) special zoning variances that allow larger projects or use variations. These public resources are combined with private resources when it is believed such efforts will produce long-term benefits for the municipality and a private sector that would not undertake such development without (i.e., "but for") the public assistance.This article is an introduction to economic development projects. It provides several perspectives. It provides an historical perspective, tracing the evolution of such projects from the 1800's. It analyzes the problems they incurred and traces the legal constraints put in place to address the worries. It also gives the personal perspective of the author, who has been Director of Corporate Law for New York City, then a partner in an international law firm doing them from the private sector side, and also an adjunct professor of development and of law at Columbia Law School.Some of the evolution is analyzed by applying six categories of criticism or concern that grew in the nineteenth century. The first criticism concerned the loss of the government's funds invested in stocks or loans of a defaulting company. The second criticism claimed that the private sector is able to do without subsidies and does not need public assistance. Third was the claim that the "political" decision making process is biased, or even corrupt, as a result of influence, contacts, campaign contributions, and the power of special interests.Fourth, many felt and still feel, that the government is interfering in the natural operations of the marketplace. Interference is perceived as a distortion that will have negative consequences in the future.Fifth, many have seen assistance for a project or location as discrimination, charge often levied by those in direct competition with the beneficiaries.And sixth, has been the assertion that government does not know how to get in fair return for its assistance, especially when a project is very very successful.All of these are addressed in this article.
AIDS in the Workplace: Doctors, Lawyers, and Bosses

This is an examination of the potential liabilities for employers and unions in contexts where workers are diagnosed with AIDS. This illness has evolved from a rare and atypical disease into an enormous public health and employment law concern. AIDS and its consequences have wreaked legal and social havoc in certain industries. In other workplaces, it has raised, inter alia, issues of civil rights, welfare plan insolvency, discrimination, and employee privacy.
Review: laser ignition for aerospace propulsion

Abstract Renewed interest in the use of high-speed ramjets and scramjets and more efficient lean burning engines has led to many subsequent developments in the field of laser ignition for aerospace use and application. Demands for newer, more advanced forms of ignition, are increasing as individuals strive to meet regulations that seek to reduce the level of pollutants in the atmosphere, such as CH x , NO x , and SO 2 . Many aviation gas turbine manufacturers are interested in increasing combustion efficiency in engines, all the while reducing the aforementioned pollutants. There is also a desire for a new generation of aircraft and spacecraft, utilizing technologies such as scramjet propulsion, which will never realize their fullest potential without the use of advanced ignition processes. These scenarios are all limited by the use of conventional spark ignition methods, thus leading to the desire to find new, alternative methods of ignition. This paper aims to provide the reader an overview of advanced ignition methods, with an emphasis on laser ignition and its applications to aerospace propulsion. A comprehensive review of advanced ignition systems in aerospace applications is performed. This includes studies on gas turbine applications, ramjet and scramjet systems, and space and rocket applications. A brief overview of ignition and laser ignition phenomena is also provided in earlier sections of the report. Throughout the reading, research papers, which were presented at the 2nd Laser Ignition Conference in April 2014, are mentioned to indicate the vast array of projects that are currently being pursued.
Information, Finance, and the New International Inequality: The Case of Coffee

This paper argues that a new international inequality has been superimposed over the old international inequality, and that this superimposition can help to explain the increasing degree of inequality in the world economy today. The old international inequality was based on the colonial division of labor, in which the periphery provided raw materials to core-based industries. The new inequality is based on control over ?ows of information and ?nancial capital by core-based transnational corporations (TNCs). This argument is illustrated using the empirical example of the world coffee market, comparing the responses of market participants to twosevere frosts in Brazil, which significantly disrupted the market. Following the first frost, in 1975 under the old international inequality, TNCs responded gradually amidst uncertainty over the frosts impacts, allowing coffee-producing countries to reap windfall profits during an extended period of high prices. TNCs responded immediately to the second frost in 1994, due to their access to information about the severity of the frost and their control over financial instruments used to set the world market price of coffee. This quick response enabled them to capture most of the excess profits resulting from a much shorter period of high prices.
The Evolution and Ontogeny of Ritual

Convergent developments across social scientific disciplines provide evidence that ritual is a psychologically prepared, culturally inherited, behavioral trademark of our species. We draw on evidence from the anthropological and evolutionary science literatures to provide a psychological account of the social functions of ritual in group behavior. Solving the adaptive problems associated with group living requires psychological mechanisms for identifying group members, ensuring their commitment to the group, facilitating cooperation with their coalition, and maintaining group cohesion. We also examine evidence that the threat of social exclusion and loss of status motivates engagement in ritual throughout development and provides an account of the ontogeny of ritual cognition. The intersection of these lines of inquiry promises to provide new avenues for theory and research on the evolution and ontogeny of social group cognition. Keywords: ritual; cultural evolution; cultural transmission; cooperation; social group cognition
Inquisition and the Birth of Inquiry: Fragments of a Genealogy

This is a short draft of a genre article modeled on the works of Michel Foucault connecting scientific and juridical methods of truth-seeking in different periods.
Web-Based, Pictograph-Formatted Discharge Instructions for Low-Literacy Older Adults After Hip Replacement Surgery: Findings of End-User Evaluation of the Website.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop web-based, pictograph-formatted discharge instructions, and evaluate the website with intended users to maximize the relevance and clarity of the website. Design A descriptive study design. Methods Low-literacy text and 45 sets of pictographs were implemented in web-based instructions. The content, design, function, and navigation of the website were reviewed by 15 low-literate older adults following hip-replacement surgery. Findings Participants observed that the simple line drawings with clear background were well suited to web pages and helped to convey the points made. They also suggested changes such as adding an additional alphabetical index menu to enhance easy navigation, and removing hypertext links to avoid distraction. Conclusions Web-based, pictograph-formatted discharge instructions were well received by low-literate older adults, who perceived the website easy to use and understand. Clinical Relevance A pictograph-formatted approach may provide effective strategies to promote understanding of lengthy, complex action-based discharge instructions in rehabilitation facilities.
5'-Nucleotidase activity of normal and dystrophic human muscle.

Summary5′-Nucleotidase activity of muscle in various muscle diseases was determined and the results were correlated with the histological abnormalities. Among various muscle diseases, Duchenne muscular dystrophy at an early stage showed significantly increased enzyme activity. Increased activity was, however, observed in severely abnormal muscles from patients with other major forms of muscular dystrophies, polymyositis and also certain neurogenic diseases. The increase in the activity of 5′-nucleotidase in diseased muscle appears to be related to the pathological evidence of fibrosis in it.
The MESSENGER Science Planning and Commanding System

MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) is the first spacecraft to visit Mercury since the Mariner 10 flybys in 1974 and 1975 and will be the first spacecraft to orbit the innermost planet, beginning in March 2011. The science payload is designed to study all aspects of Mercury and its environment and consists of seven instruments and a radio science experiment. During the primary orbital phase of the mission, the MESSENGER team faces the challenge of scheduling science observations to meet all measurement objectives while operating in a thermally harsh environment in geometrically challenging orbits. An efficient, automated science planning and commanding system called MESSENGER SciBox has been developed to support orbital analysis and strategic planning activities prior to orbital insertion, and to schedule and command the instrument and spacecraft operation during the orbital phase. In this paper we present the architecture of MESSENGER SciBox and its application to pre-orbital simulation and inorbit operational usage.
Differential and competitive activation of human immune cells by distinct classes of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) expressing "CpG motifs" show promise as immune adjuvants, antiallergens, anticancer, and immuno-protective agents. Two structurally distinct classes of CpG ODN have been identified that stimulate human PBMC. This work establishes that both types of ODN bind to and are internalized by the same individual B cells, NK cells, and monocytes. However, the intracellular localization of "D" and "K" ODN differs, as does their functional activity: "K" type ODN trigger monocytes and B cells to proliferate and secrete IL-6 and IgM, whereas "D" type ODN induce NK cells to produce IFN-γ and monocytes to differentiate into CD83 + /CD86 + dendritic cells. In monocytes, these two types of ODN (which differ in backbone composition and CpG motif) cross-inhibit one another's activity. Thus, different types of CpG ODN have distinct and in some cases incompatible effects on the same cells, a finding with important implications for the therapeutic use of these agents. J. Leukoc. Biol. 71: 813-820; 2002.
The percutaneous columellar strut.

Background Understanding tip support mechanisms is essential for nasal surgery, especially for preservation or augmentation of tip projection. Methods Support of the nasal tip often is improved by the use of struts placed between the medial crura. The percutaneous columellar strut is a technique that provides additional tip support during septoplasty and closed rhinoplasty. The strut is placed via a small vertical columellar incision. Results The advantage of easy and simple insertion outweighs the minor potential disadvantage of a small, visible vertical columellar scar. It is useful in addressing tip ptosis when trauma, surgery, or aging has reduced the contribution of the septum to tip support. Conclusion A detailed description of the percutaneous columellar strut technique and results of its application are presented.
Therapeutic Communities in the Context of Disaster

People traumatized by disaster also report that healing effects come to them as well. Known as either the therapeutic or altruistic community, survivors describe beneficial effects from interacting with those who come to help. This chapter describes the historical context of the therapeutic community, conditions that give rise to therapeutic benefits, and the range of the community's effects. The chapter also critiques the concept of a therapeutic community for empirical investigation. Relying on the extant, albeit limited, literature, the chapter also explains the ways in which practitioners might generate and use a therapeutic community.
Gender Differences at Puberty: The biology of puberty: new developments in sex differences

At first glance puberty appears to be a discreet, isolated event that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. In reality, though, it is part of a continuum of events that were initiated at conception. The hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator is initially active in fetal life and early infancy, but then suppressed during childhood; although at the onset of puberty it is reactivated. The etiology of this inhibition of the GnRH pulse generator is not known. It has been hypothesized that the onset of puberty is controlled by the brain “gonadostat,” which is a model used to describe the regulation of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. Initially, in fetal life the gonadostat is insensitive to the negative feedback of gonadal sex steroids, testosterone in males and estrogen in females. But by the third trimester, the gonadostat has undergone some maturation and becomes sensitive to the high levels of estrogen and progesterone, and LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) become suppressed. Through infancy and early childhood this sensitivity increases and the GnRH pulse generator is suppressed by the low levels of sex steroids. This feedback system is approximately ten times more sensitive to sex steroids than is the adult feedback mechanism (Styne and Grumbach, 1991). Then just prior to the onset of puberty, the sensitivity of the gonadostat to the negative feedback of gonadal sex steroids decreases, which releases the hypothalamic–pituitary axis from inhibition.
Bridging Africa's broadband divide

At Mulanje Secondary School, in Malawi's verdant tea-growing district, something remarkable is happening: Students and teachers now have broadband access to the Internet for the first time, thanks to an over-the-air network that connects the school with a telecom provider in a nearby town. Installed last year, the network transmits signals over unused portions of the television spectrum-known as TV white spaces-from a high-gain antenna mounted atop the sturdy brickand-stucco building to a radio tower owned by Malawi Telecommunications, 2.6 kilometers away. Inside the school, in a new computer lab, students check email, do homework, and hang out on social media, just like teenagers the world over.
Low JAK2V617F Allele Burden in Primary Myelofibrosis, Compared to Either a Higher Allele Burden or Unmutated Status, Predicts Inferior Overall and Leukemia-Free Survival.

Abstract Background : Two previous studies have reported significant but inconsistent associations between the presence of JAK2V617F in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and older age at diagnosis, risk of thrombosis, higher leukocyte count, and inferior survival (Tefferi, et al. BJH 2005; 131:320, Campbell, et al. Blood 2006; 107:2098). The clinical relevance of V617F allele burden in PMF has not been previously studied. Methods : Diagnosis of PMF was based on the World Health Organization criteria and study eligibility included the availability of bone marrow-derived DNA that was collected either at time of diagnosis or within one year of diagnosis. Quantitative allele specific PCR was utilized to meaure V617F allele burden. Results I. V617F-positive vs. V617F-negative comparisons: A total of 199 patients (60% males; median age 61 years) were suitable for analysis of comparisons between mutation-positive and mutation-negative disease. The Dupriez prognostic scoring system (PSS) risk distributions were 61% low-risk, 31% intermediate-risk, and 8% high-risk. Hypercatabolic symptoms were present in 27% of the patients and ≥1% peripheral blood (PB) blasts in 37%. At a median follow-up of 23 months (range 0–266), 57 patients (29%) had died, 17 (9%) developed leukemic transformation (LT) and 10 (5%) experienced major thrombosis. V617F mutational frequency was 58%. Univariate analysis identified older age (p=0.0007), platelet count ≥ 100 x 109/L (p=0.05), and PB blast percentage Results II. Clinical correlates of V617F allele burden: Quantitative measurement of V617F allele burden was performed in 129 patients that were divided into four groups: V617F-negative (n=53) and V617F-positive with mutant allele burden in the lower quartile (n=19), middle quartiles (n=38), or upper quartile (n=19) range (median and range of V617F allele burden ratio was 29% and 1% to 74%). Kaplan-Meier plots revealed significantly shortened overall (Figure; p = 0.0008) and leukemia-free (p = 0.01) survival for the lower quartile allele burden group; survival significance was sustained in a multivariable analysis that included the Dupriez PSS. Lower quartile allele burden was also associated with lower leukocyte count (p = 0.003) and presence of hypercatabolic symptoms (p=0.05). Thrombosis incidence was not affected by allele burden. Conclusions: In PMF, patients with a low V617F allele burden, compared to those with either undetectable (i.e. wild-type) or higher allele burden, display significantly shorter overall and leukemia-free survival. In contrast, the presence or absence of the mutation, by itself, does not result in distinct groups that differ significantly in terms of survival, LT, or incidence of thrombosis. These data suggest that a low V617F allele burden in PMF is a surrogate for the development of dominant V617F-negative subclones that are more likely to undergo LT. Download : Download high-res image (130KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Deformation physics of shape memory alloys – Fundamentals at atomistic frontier

Abstract Application spectrum of shape memory alloys (SMA) is expanding rapidly and proportionately so is the engineering demand for superior materials. An essential prerequisite to developing novel SMAs is a clear perception of the deformation physics underlying their extraordinary shape recoverability. To that end, modern atomistic simulation tools have proffered state-of-the-art models, which usher in new clarifications for SMA deformation properties. It was found, for example, that ab initio energy pathways are at the core of dictating the extent of shear and shuffle for both phase transformation and variant formation at atomic lengthscale. These important revelations are accomplished by addressing inherent solid-state effects, which underpin the natural tendency to seek the energetic ground state. Moreover, empirical potential based models, benefitting from ab initio calculations, have allowed an atomic-resolution view into the phase evolution and the concurrent twinning phenomena relating directly to constitutive properties. Here, we revisit salient examples of these cutting-edge theoretical discoveries regarding SMA deformation along with discussions on pertinent experimental evidences.
A Probabilistic Approach to Multiple-Instance Learning

This paper introduced a probabilistic approach to the multiple-instance learning (MIL) problem with two Bayes classification algorithms. The first algorithm, named Instance-Vote, provides a simple approach for posterior probability estimation. The second algorithm, Embedded Kernel Density Estimation (EKDE), enables data visualization during classification. Both algorithms were evaluated using MUSK benchmark data sets and the results are highly competitive with existing methods.
Developing highly reliable LED luminaires for high temperature applications using AC-direct driving LED technology

The paper is to develop highly reliable LED luminaires for high-temperature applications, which are often needed in hush or hazardous industrial environments. An improved MIL-HDBK-217F method is introduced to study the reliability and predict the lifetime of different LED driving technologies, and confirmed by accelerated life testing results in order to optimize the design towards high reliability and long lifetime. Based on the analysis results of a AC-direct driving LED driver and a switched-mode LED driver, the paper demonstrates that the AC-direct driving technology is a better driving solution for LED luminaires used in high-temperature environments due to its capability to operate at higher temperatures and longer lifetime at the same temperature compared to the traditional switched-mode driving technology. Also, the paper has some discussions on optimizing the design of the AC-direct driving circuits for long lifetime in high temperature applications. As a result, a 4000+ lumen AC-direct driving LED luminaire is developed, which has achieved 2–3 times longer lifetime at 65 °C ambient and can operate safely up to 80 °C ambient (15 °C higher) compared to its switched-mode counterpart.
Flexible Mid-infrared Photonic Chips for Real-time and Label-Free Biochemical Detection

Chip-scale biomedical chemical sensors were demonstrated using mid-Infrared flexible aluminum nitride waveguides. Ethanol and water real-time detection was conducted by measuring waveguide light at λ=2.7 μm corresponding to the characteristic -OH absorption.
The Morality of Leverage and the Leverage of Morality

The language of leverage is pervasive. Indeed, it is so pervasive that we can cease to notice when it is used. So, just to illustrate the almost-unconscious use we make of leverage in everyday life, here are just a few samples from my own life in one random week: (1) A student in a seminar describes the work of Boston Healthcare for the Homeless as leveraging its success in Boston into a nationwide network of similar projects. (2) The members of the Connecticut Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee express their hope that the small seed grants given to new stem cell researchers in the state will be leveraged into NIH funding and into new jobs within the state. (3) My colleagues in public health argue that we should we should be able to leverage the increasing number of majors in the program into faculty lines and funding for talks and seminars.
Multiple Tissue Comparisons of Sister Chromatid Exchanges Induced by Inhaled Styrene

We have developed a multicellular in vivo assay for simultaneous assessment of relative mutagen-induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in bone marrow, alveolar macrophages, and regenerating liver cells of hepatectomized mice and in bone marrow and macrophage cells of intact mice (1). Hepatectomy stimulates cell division thereby facilitating SCE analysis in an organ of primary metabolic importance and provides a means for assessing the effect of partial impairment of liver function on SCE responses in extrahepatic tissues (2). The specific cell types, while potentially sharing common hematopoietic origins (3), permit evaluation of relative susceptibilities unique to their residences in critical body tissues. In particular, analysis of induced SCE in alveolar macrophages promises to be a valuable method for assessment of indirect as well as direct acting hazardous airborne agents. We have recently reported our findings using this multicellular assay to study SCE induction and cytotoxicity of inhaled styrene (4,5).
Use of potassium ion-exchanger electrode for microanalysis.

Numerous constituents of renal tubule fluid have been measured in vitro after collecting small volumes in micropipets. Some of these (hydrogen, sodium, and potassium ions) have also been measured in vivo by direct puncture of surface tubules with micro-electrodes (1–6). Similarly the intracellular ionic composition of renal tubule cells has been estimated chemically in digests of renal tissue by several workers (7–9) and, recently, some results of direct measurements with potassium sensitive electrodes have been reported (6,9). Knowledge of cellular and luminal potassium concentrations in mammalian renal tubules, especially in the distal portion of the nephron, is crucial to an understanding of the mechanisms by which potassium is transported and electrical potentials are generated. In the course of attempting in vivo measurements of intracellular and intratubular potassium activity we have been confronted by the special problems attending measurements in the mammalian distal tubule.
Observation of Nonlinear Oscillations in Piezotransistive GaN Microcantilevers

In this work, we present the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of AlGaN (20 nm, 25% Al)/GaN HFET embedded self-sensing GaN microcantilevers oscillated using a piezochip actuator. For the first bending mode, Euler-Bernoulli beam theory predicts the dominance of hardening behavior regardless of the cantilever dimensions. However, both softening and hardening type nonlinearities have been observed in the first flexural mode of GaN microcantilevers with dimensions of (length x width) 250×90, 250×100, 150×50 and 300×50 $\mu \mathbf{m}^{2}$ and a thickness of 1.3 μm, Moreover, effects of the microcantilevers' length on the nonlinear behavior have been analyzed. It is found that the reduction in length resulted in an increase in the nonlinear coefficient. Our experimental results and the corresponding fitting model based on the Duffing equation indicate that the microcantilever length and width properties have an enormous impact on the intrinsic nonlinear characteristics.
Perinatal promotive and protective factors for women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect.

Abstract Background Integrative research summarizing promotive and protective factors that reduce the effects of childhood abuse and neglect on pregnant women and their babies’ healthy functioning is needed. Objective This narrative systematic review synthesized the quantitative literature on protective and promotive factors that support maternal mental health and maternal-infant bonding among women exposed to childhood adversity, including childhood abuse and neglect. Methods Using a comprehensive list of key terms related to the perinatal period, childhood adversity, and protective/promotive factors, 8423 non-duplicated articles were identified through database searches in PsychInfo and Web of Science, and references in retrieved articles. Thirty-seven full text articles were inspected; of those 18 were included. Results Protective and promotive factors fell into three categories: a) women’s internal capacities (e.g., self-esteem, coping ability), b) external early resources (e.g., positive childhood experiences) and c) external contemporaneous resources (e.g., social support). Although all three categories were associated with more resilient outcomes, external contemporaneous factors, and specifically, social support, were the most commonly-studied protective and/or promotive factor. Social support from family and romantic partners during the perinatal period was particularly protective for women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect and was examined across several dimensions of support and contexts. Conclusions The presence of women’s internal capacities, and external early and contemporaneous resources help to foster more positive outcomes during the perinatal period for women with histories of childhood adversity. Future research should study co-occurring multilevel promotive and protective factors to inform how they integratively deter the intergenerational transmission of risk.
Fiduciary Principles in Corporate Law

This chapter examines fiduciary duty in corporate law. Fiduciary duty is pervasive as well as all encompassing in corporate law. One common misconception about fiduciary duty in corporate law is that it is merely aspirational. Fiduciary duties are not simply moral requirements, they are legal ones. They are not merely suggestions, they represent the demands of the law. Corporate law has often compromised rather than insisting upon strict enforcement of fiduciary law principles. It compromises due to practical considerations that are entirely consistent with the goals of fiduciary law. In corporate law, general fiduciary law principles are balanced with practical considerations concerning the profit motive in order to achieve the best overall result for the shareholders. Understanding this tension between ambition and practicality is key to understanding fiduciary duty in corporate law. This chapter first considers the triggers for fiduciary duty in corporate law before discussing the role that the duty of loyalty plays in corporate law. It then explores the duty of care in corporate law, along with other fiduciary duties such as good faith, takeover situations and contests for control, shareholder voting rights, and the duty to monitor and the duty to disclose. The chapter proceeds by analyzing mandatory and default rules regarding the extent to which fiduciary duties can be waived in corporate law and concludes with an overview of remedies for breach of fiduciary duty.
Sweet Sulfamethazine Acesulfamate Crystals with Improved Compaction Property

Sulfamethazine (SMT) is a sulfonamide antibacterial drug used to treat or prevent infections in both humans and animals. However, SMT exhibits unfavorable taste and poor compaction behavior. To ove...
Kinetic Analysis by Affinity Chromatography

Important information on chemical processes in living systems can be obtained by the rates at which these biological interactions occur. This review will discuss several techniques based on traditional and high-performance affinity chromatography that may be used to examine the kinetics of biological reactions. These methods include band-broadening measurements, techniques for peak fitting, split-peak analysis, peak decay studies, and ultrafast affinity extraction. The general principles and theory of each method, as applied to the determination of rate constants, will be discussed. The applications of each approach, along with its advantages and limitations, will also be considered.
In situ measurements of diatom adhesion to silicone-based ship hull coatings

Diatoms are tenacious fouling organisms and have been observed to remain on ship hull coatings at speeds in excess of 30 knots. This study was designed to investigate the adhesion of diatoms to three fouling release ship hull coatings, Intersleek 700 (IS 700), Intersleek 900 (IS 900), and Hempasil X3 (HX3) and one reference coating Dow Corning 3140 (DC 3140), that were exposed at a static immersion test site. The coatings were subjected to water jet testing to determine biofilm adhesion and the subsequent pressures needed to remove specific diatom species. Differences in community composition were observed among coatings in the pre and post water jet evaluation. All diatoms were removed from HX3 after 0.08 MPa; however, the pressure required to completely remove biofilm and diatoms on DC 3140, IS 700, and IS 900 varied. Biofilm removal pressure ranged from 0.08 to 0.40 MPa on DC 3140, 0.16 to 0.40 MPa on IS 700, and 0.08 to 0.40 MPa on IS 900. Significant differences were observed among coatings for removal pressure, as well as initial diatom abundance; however, differences were dependent on the sampling date. The diatom genera which required the highest pressure for removal from the fouling release coatings were Achnanthes, Amphora, Cocconeis, Navicula, and Synedra. The results show differences in the adhesion strength of diatoms to different fouling release coatings and highlight those species, which have the potential to contribute to biofilms remaining on ship hulls once a vessel is underway.
The Impossible Émigré: Moving People and Moving Borders in the Annexed Territories of Revolutionary France

This chapter examines how legislation regarding emigration from Belgium, annexed by the French Republic in 1795, challenged definitions of the emigre. For most of the revolutionary period, legislators established legal distinctions between individuals who crossed France’s borders with an intention to emigrate and those who were traveling for legitimate reasons. But the legal debates about, and lived experience of, emigres in annexed territories, who often found themselves crossing borders they did not know existed, problematized the status of intention and will in the definition of the emigre and, by extension, the citizen. The very definition of a nation as a contractual body of willing citizens, so crucial to revolutionary ideas of sovereignty, was tested and ultimately undermined by the circumstances of alleged emigres from annexed territories.
Systematic Review: The Role of Intravenous and Oral Contrast in the Computed Tomography Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis.

Abstract Background This systematic review provides practicing emergency physicians updated information regarding the role of oral and intravenous contrast in the computed tomography (CT) evaluation of acute appendicitis. Methods A PubMed literature search was conducted from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2018 and limited to human clinical trials written in English with relevant keywords. High-quality studies were identified and then underwent a structured review. Recommendations are made based on the literature review. Results Fifty-seven articles met criteria for rigorous review, of which 14 were appropriate for citation in this review. Excellent evidence shows that oral contrast does not improve the test characteristics of CT with intravenous contrast (IVCT) in the evaluation of adults suspected of having acute appendicitis. Good evidence shows that noncontrast abdominal CTs have excellent test characteristics for this same group of patients. Conclusions Considering its downsides and lack of utility, the medical literature does not support using oral contrast in the evaluation of acute appendicitis. There is no direct evidence showing that IVCT is better than a noncontrast CT in the evaluation of acute appendicitis; however, the available literature is consistent with slightly better test characteristics for IVCTs. Still, if IVCT cannot be obtained in a timely manner, noncontrast CTs are extremely accurate in detecting this disease.
The Need to Update Physical Therapy Practice Acts to Reflect Modern Practice Capabilities and Obligations

Despite patients’ ability to directly access physical therapy services in all fifty states, plus Washington DC, physical therapists do not have the legal ability to diagnose the functional limitati...
Is Capital Punishment ‘Cruel and Unusual’?

The right of every human being – every human being without exception – not to be subjected to any punishment that is “cruel, inhuman or degrading” is an international human right. A version of that right is entrenched in the constitutional law of the United States: the right of every human being – again, without exception – not to be subjected to any punishment that is “cruel and unusual”. In this paper, I inquire both whether capital punishment is “cruel, inhuman or degrading” and, next, whether capital punishment is “cruel and unusual”. Two related papers have been posted to SSRN: “What Is a ‘Human Right’?”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1824662 and “The Grounds of Human Rights,” https://ssrn.com/abstract=1824667.
Abstract B07: TAK228 enhances antitumor activity of eribulin in triple-negative breast cancer

Background: Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are often PTEN-deficient, making mTOR a compelling target. We evaluated the efficacy of catalytic mTOR inhibitor TAK228 alone and in combination with eribulin in TNBC. Methods: We tested TAK228 in combination with eribulin in a panel of TNBC cell lines with cell proliferation assays. Western blot analysis was performed to assess PTEN status and PI3K pathway inhibition. In vivo, antitumor efficacy of TAK228 as a single agent as well as in combination with eribulin was evaluated. Results: Five of eight triple-negative breast cell lines were sensitive to TAK228, independent of PIK3CA/PTEN status. Western blotting demonstrated inhibition of mTORC1/2 signaling as demonstrated by decreased phospho-AKT, phospho-S6 and phospho-4EBP1. In vitro, TAK228 was synergistic with eribulin in all eight TNBC cell lines. The combination of TAK228 and eribulin did not enhance apoptosis but increased G2/M growth arrest (p Conclusion: TAK228 enhanced the antitumor efficacy of eribulin in TNBC models in vitro and enhanced in vivo activity in selected models. Further study is needed to determine the potential of this combination and optimal patient selection strategies. Citation Format: Nicci Owusu-Brackett, Kurt W. Evans, Argun Akcakanat, Erkan Yuca, Ecaterina Ileana Dumbrava, Filip Janku, Funda Meric-Bernstam. TAK228 enhances antitumor activity of eribulin in triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling; 2018 Nov 30-Dec 8; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(10_Suppl):Abstract nr B07.
HB-EGF depolarizes hippocampal arterioles to restore myogenic tone in a genetic model of small vessel disease

Vascular cognitive impairment, the second most common cause of dementia, profoundly affects hippocampal-dependent functions. However, while the growing literature covers complex neuronal interactions, little is known about the sustaining hippocampal microcirculation. Here we examined vasoconstriction to physiological pressures of hippocampal arterioles, a fundamental feature of small arteries, in a genetic mouse model of CADASIL, an archetypal cerebral small vessel disease. Using diameter and membrane potential recordings on isolated arterioles, we observed both blunted pressure-induced vasoconstriction and smooth muscle cell depolarization in CADASIL. This impairment was abolished in the presence of voltage-gated potassium (KV1) channel blocker 4-aminopyridine, or by application of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which promotes KV1 channel down-regulations. Interestingly, we observed that HB-EGF induced a depolarization of the myocyte plasma membrane within the arteriolar wall in CADASIL, but not wild-type, arterioles. Collectively, our results indicate that hippocampal arterioles in CADASIL mice display a blunted contractile response to luminal pressure, similar to the defect we previously reported in cortical arterioles and pial arteries, that is rescued by HB-EGF. Hippocampal vascular dysfunction in CADASIL could then contribute to the decreased vascular reserve associated with decreased cognitive performance, and its correction may provide a therapeutic option for treating vascular cognitive impairment.
Experience of Community Neurologists Providing Care for Patients With Neurodegenerative Illness During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective Health care delivery systems transformed rapidly at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to slow the spread of the virus while identifying novel methods for providing care. In many ways, the pandemic affected both persons with neurologic illness and neurologists. This study describes the perspectives and experiences of community neurologists providing care for patients with neurodegenerative illnesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted a qualitative study with 20 community neurologists from a multisite comparative-effectiveness trial of outpatient palliative care from July 23, 2020, to November 11, 2020. Participants were interviewed individually about the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on their professional and personal lives. Interviews were analyzed with matrix analysis to identify key themes. Results Four main themes illustrated the impact of the pandemic on community neurologists: (1) challenges of the current political climate, (2) lack of support for new models of care, (3) being on the frontline of suffering, and (4) clinician self-care. Taken together, the themes capture the unusual environment in which community neurologists practice, the lack of clinician trust among some patients, patient and professional isolation, and opportunities to support quality care delivery. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic politics created an environment that made care provision challenging for community neurologists. Efforts to improve care delivery should proactively work to reduce clinician burnout while incorporating support for new models of care adopted due to the pandemic. Trial Registration Information ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03076671.
Optimization of a Pumped Thermal Energy Storage System Operating for Revenue Maximization

A Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) system is one of many possible energy storage solutions that could help integrate variable renewable energy generators into the power grid. This paper analyzes the possible use of a PTES system to generate revenue in power systems through energy arbitrage, regulation service, and a combination of the two revenue generating techniques. Modeling a PTES system as a battery, linear optimization is used to optimize the PTES system operation and find which revenue technique will generate the most profit. Furthermore, the factors of power output and energy storage capacity are analyzed to demonstrate the effects they have on the maximum revenue generation capability of the PTES system. Extensive studies have shown that it is feasible to use PTES for revenue generation, and the maximum revenue could be achieved by using PTES to provide both arbitrage and regulation services.
Spontaneous Correction of External Tibiofemoral Rotational Deformity and Tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear Groove Measurements Occurs After Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in Fixed or Obligatory Dislocators:

Objectives:Tibial tubercle to trochlear groove distance (TT-TG) and external tibiofemoral rotation (TFR) through the knee joint have been identified as potential contributing factors to patellar in...
Philosophy and Computer Science

Taiwan's rapid socio-economic and political transformation has given rise to a gender-conscious middle class that is attempting to redefine the roles of women in society, to restructure relationship patterns, and to organize in groups outside the family unit. This book examines internal psychological processes and external societal processes as the feminist movement in Taiwan expands and new gender roles are explored. The contributors represent a cross section of different disciplines - history, anthropology, and sociology - and different generations of China/Taiwan scholars. They place the issues facing Taiwan's women's movement in social, political, and economic contexts. The book examines gender relations, the role of women in Chinese society, and issues related to women in China throughout history. Feminism and gender relations are also viewed from the context of film and literature. The authors look at the contemporary roles that women play in Taiwan's work force today, how the sexes perceive each other in the workplace, and more.
Protein and glycoprotein subunit composition of plasma membrane from chick embryo fibroblasts.

Plasma membranes, isolated from uninfected cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts, were dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate and analyzed for glycoprotein and protein subunit composition by discontinuous gel electrophoresis. More than 30 protein subunits and 18 glycoprotein subunits were obtained from the A′ and B′ plasma membrane fractions; the membranes in the A′ fraction contain almost twice as much phospholipid and cholesterol as those of the B′ fraction and have a density of 1.06 versus 1.12. Electrophoretic separation profiles were similar for both types of membranes. The molecular weights of the components range from more than 220,000 to less than 22,500. Major protein subunits had molecular weights of 175,000, 95,000 75,000, 69,000, 56,000, 47,000 35,000, and 32,000. The majority of the glycoprotein subunits migrated with protein subunits of more than 70,000 molecular weight. No estimation of molecular weights was attempted for these components. Iodination of whole cells yielded A′ and B′ membrane fractions, which were differentially labeled, with five and seven peaks of radioactivity, respectively. Some degree of differentiation between A′ and B′ fractions was also obtained when cells were prelabeled with radioactive glucosamine and mannosamine. A′ membrane fractions, known to contain more lipid than B′ membrane, also showed a greater recovery of isotope in the lipid region of the gel than did B′ membrane.
Evaluation of the Cerebral Vessels: Endovascular Therapy

This article focuses on the major clinical findings, therapeutic options, and endovascular treatments available for some of the more common vascular diseases involving the intracranial circulation. The imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of the major vascular anomalies affecting the cerebral vasculature are discussed elsewhere in this volume.
SHOCK WAVES IN SOLID CRATERS

Shock waves in solid craters and effects of high speed impact of particles on space vehicles
Human papillomavirus infection and biomarkers in sinonasal inverted papillomas: clinical significance and molecular mechanisms

Background The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal inverted papillomas (IPs) is controversial. Determining the prevalence of HPV infection and its impact on the molecular biology of these tumors is critical to characterizing its role in the pathogenesis of IPs. Methods A total of 112 paraffin-embedded IPs from 90 patients were studied. A tissue microarray was constructed and stained for p16, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and cyclin D1. HPV presence and types were determined using PGMY 09/11 primers and integration using HPV 11 detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (DIPS-PCR). Results HPV was detected in 11 of 90 (12%) patients. HPV 11 was found in 9 samples. HPV 6 and HPV 27 were found in 1 sample each. EGFR staining proportion was higher in HPV-positive IPs vs HPV-negative specimens (56.2% vs 23.6%; p = 0.009). Differences in p16, p53, and cyclin D1 staining were not significant. HPV-positive lesions tend to progress to malignancy (p = 0.064). Three samples were analyzed for integration. Viral integration was found in both malignant tumors but not in the precursor IP. Conclusion Degradation of p53 and p16/cyclin D1 dysregulation are not important mechanisms in low-risk HPV-related IP. The low prevalence of HPV in this series indicates it is not a main etiological factor for IPs; however, when present, low-risk HPV may contribute to the biology of IPs through an increase of EGFR expression and a predisposition for malignant progression by integration into the cellular genome.