cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Belief Model and Reversal Theory: a comparative analysis

Background In recent years, an increasing number of nurses have demonstrated interest in health behaviour change interventions and research. Despite this heightened enthusiasm, there appears to have been less interest in exploring new and emerging health behaviour change theories. Aim The goal of this work is to assist clinicians and researchers to make more informed choices about the use of the Health Belief Model and Reversal Theory in their practice settings and research projects. Method Primary sources were analysed using qualitative data analysis methods in order to compare and contrast the two models. Four comparative categories provided the structure for analysis: origins of models, ways of knowing and behaving, role of health care providers in behaviour change, and desired outcomes. Results Based, in part, on their historical origins, the Health Belief Model and Reversal Theory offer differing tenets regarding how individuals perceive, understand, and behave. According to Reversal Theory, ways of knowing and behaving are dependent upon innate physiological factors and subjectively structured perceptions. In contrast, the Health Belief Model suggests that health-related behaviours are largely attributable to cognitive decision-making processes. As such, health care providers are directed to approach health behaviour change in different ways. Conclusions Although the Health Belief Model has been widely implemented, Reversal Theory may offer a more comprehensive framework for health behaviour change interventions and research. Clinicians and researchers are urged to learn more about this theory and how it may apply to their areas of practice and research.
Effects of arbitrary focal spot intensity distribution, detector width, and scanning eccentricity in X-ray computed tomography

Recent developments in X-ray computed tomography have shown that the focal spot intensity distribution, the detector width, and the scanning eccentricity all combine to degrade the reconstructed images in a way precisely describable by a complicated space-variant point-spread function (PSF). Following a brief review of the underlying problem of image reconstruction from strip integrals, a new route leading to an elegant expression for this PSF is presented. Whereas this and related formulas generally involve a double integral requiring numerical evaluation, the form of the new expression readily singles out a class of focal spot intensity distributions for which one of the integrations can be performed analytically. It is shown that this simplification occurs if the Hilbert transform of the function used to describe the focal spot can be computed analytically. The paper concludes with the application of the theory to various focal spot models proposed in the literature.
A novel application of an extended state observer for high performance control of NASA’s HSS Flywheel and fault detection

A novel application, employing the strategy of active disturbance rejection control and an extended state observer, is proposed to control the rotor shaft position of NASA's high speed shaft (HSS) flywheel using active magnetic bearings. The robustness of the control is demonstrated in a frequency domain analysis and in simulations to be a major improvement of controls recently studied at NASA.
Superconducting critical fields, currents, and temperatures in the NbZrN ternary system

Abstract Superconducting critical fields, current densities, and temperatures have been measured as a function of composition in the NbN-ZrN system. The critical fields increase monotonically with increasing NbN concentration until a composition of approximately Nb 0.85 Zr 0.15 N is reached, at which point the H c 2 , value is in excess of 130 kOe. The observed critical current densities are higher than any other reported values for carbides and nitrides. The superconducting critical temperatures increase monotonically with increasing NbN concentration.
A formal-specification based approach for protecting the domain name system

Many network applications depend on the security of the domain name system (DNS). Attacks on the DNS can cause denial of service and entity authentication to fail. In our approach, we use formal specifications to characterize DNS clients and DNS name servers, and to define a security goal. A name server should only use DNS data that is consistent with data from name servers that manage the corresponding domains (i.e. authoritative name servers). To enforce the security goal, we formally specify a DNS wrapper that examines the incoming and outgoing DNS messages of a name server to detect messages that could cause violations of the security goal, cooperates with the corresponding authoritative name servers to diagnose those messages, and drops the messages that are identified as threats. Based on the wrapper specification, we implemented a wrapper prototype and evaluated its performance. Out experiments show that the wrapper incurs reasonable overhead and is effective against DNS attacks such as cache poisoning and certain spoofing attacks.
Maji: A New Tool to Prevent Overhydration of Children Receiving Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Low-Resource Settings

We designed and evaluated the accuracy and usability of a device to regulate the volume of fluid dispensed during intravenous drip therapy. The mechanical system was developed in response to a pressing need articulated by clinicians in pediatric wards throughout sub-Saharan Africa, who require a tool to prevent overhydration in children receiving intravenous fluid in settings that lack burettes or electronic infusion pumps. The device is compatible with most intravenous bags and limits the volume dispensed to a preset amount that can be adjusted in 50 mL increments. Laboratory accuracy over a range of clinically-relevant flow rates, initial bag volumes, and target volumes was within 12.0 mL of the target volume. The ease of use is "excellent," with a mean system usability score of 84.4 out of 100. Use of the device limits the volume of fluid dispensed during intravenous therapy and could potentially reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with overhydration in children receiving intravenous therapy.
The processing locus of interference from salient singleton distractors

Numerous studies have demonstrated that target processing is slowed in the presence of an irrelevant singleton element. One hypothesis is that these slowed responses are due to disruptions in the early sensory processing of the targets. We replicated this effect in a resource-limited procedure. However, under data-limited conditions (e.g., brief exposure durations and backward masking), the same singleton distractor did not interfere with performance. Following previous suggestions that data-limited procedures should be sensitive to disruptions in early visual processing (Santee & Egeth, 1982), we conclude that slowed response times in the presence of salient singleton distractors may be due to disruptions in a postperceptual stage of processing such as response selection.
Helping Agents Help Their Users Despite Imperfect Speech Recognition

Spoken language is an important and natural way for people to communicate with computers. Nonetheless, habitable, reliable, and efficient human-machine dialogue remains difficult to achieve. This paper describes a multi-threaded semisynchronous architecture for spoken dialogue systems. The focus here is on its utterance interpretation module. Unlike most architectures for spoken dialogue systems, this new one is designed to be robust to noisy speech recognition through earlier reliance on context, a mixture of rationales for interpretation, and fine-grained use of confidence measures. We report here on a pilot study that demonstrates its robust understanding of users’ objectives, and we compare it with our earlier spoken dialogue system implemented in a traditional pipeline architecture. Substantial improvements appear at all tested levels of recognizer performance.
Offering chemotherapy and hospice jointly: one solution to hospice underuse.

Purpose. Patients with advanced lung cancer typically receive chemotherapy at the cost of receiving care that may promote quality of life more effectively. The authors examined whether offering chemotherapy and hospice concurrently, a clinically appropriate but often unavailable option, might resolve this problem. Method. Adult smokers (N =198) completed an Internet-based survey in which they imagined having advanced lung cancer. Participants rated the effectiveness of 4 treatments (supportive care alone, chemotherapy with supportive care, hospice, and chemotherapy with hospice) at achieving 4 goals of treatment (extending survival, controlling symptoms, avoiding side effects, and promoting quality of life at the end of life). Results. Reflecting utilization patterns of lung cancer patients, few respondents preferred supportive care alone (10%) or hospice (19%), and many preferred chemotherapy (29%). The most common choice was concurrent chemotherapy and hospice (42%). Treatments that involved chemotherapy were seen as the most effective at extending survival, whereas treatments that involved hospice were seen as most effective at promoting quality of life. Effectiveness ratings were weakly related to preferences for hospice, moderately related to preferences for chemotherapy with supportive care, and strongly related to preferences for chemotherapy and hospice together. Conclusions. These findings suggest that interest in hospice may be low because, offered without chemotherapy, hospice is perceived as ineffective at controlling symptoms and avoiding side effects. Chemotherapy and hospice together may be a preferred option for treating advanced lung cancer. Furthermore, preferences for chemotherapy and hospice together best reflect the values people placed on the goals of treatment. Key words: lung cancer; hospice; chemotherapy; preferences; end of life; decision making. (Med Decis Making 2009;29:521–531)
Surface plasmon enhanced LED

Summary form only given. We designed and fabricated an LED based on a thin semiconductor membrane (/spl lambda//2) with silver mirrors. A large spontaneous emission enhancement and a high modulation speed are obtainable due to the strong localization of the electromagnetic field in the microcavity. The coupling to surface plasmon modes which are subsequently scattered out by means of a grating is used to improve the extraction efficiency of the LED. The bottom mirror is thick and unpatterned. The top mirror is thin and its top surface is patterned with a two dimensional lattice of subwavelength holes. The membrane consists of an InGaAs quantum well emitting at 980 nm with GaAs barriers and p and n type AlGaAs layers positioned next to the silver layers. The silver mirrors may also function as contacts for electrical pumping of the device.
On the performance of ultra-wide-band signals in Gaussian noise and dense multipath

An ultra-wide-band (UWB) signal is characterized by a radiated spectrum with a very wide bandwidth around a relatively low center frequency. In this paper, we study the reduced fading margin property of UWB signals. To evaluate the fading margin, we compare the performance of UWB signals in an environment with only additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) versus the performance of UWB signals in a dense multipath environment with AWGN. The assumption here is that the presence of multipath causes a small increase in the signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve reasonable levels of bit error rate. A numerical example confirms this assumption, more specifically, the example shows that to achieve a bit error rate equal to 10/sup -5/, we require about 13.5 dB in the AWGN case and about 15 dB in the multipath case, resulting in a fading margin of just 1.5 dB. This small fading margin can be understood by the ability of the UWB signal to resolve the dense multipath.
Strategies for Managing the Risks Associated With ADHD Medications

College students with ADHD may need help to overcome symptoms that make studying, organizing and completing projects, and managing their time a challenge. In order to properly treat these patients, clinicians must correctly assess ADHD and comorbid conditions using rating scales and educate patients about their responsibility to reach their treatment goals and to properly use and protect their medication. Patients with past substance use may require treatment options that are less likely to be misused, such as a nonstimulant or long-acting stimulants. Throughout the treatment process, clinicians should continue to monitor symptoms and side effects with regular office visits and random testing, watching for signs of drug misuse.
Ethical Procedures for a Global Economy

Congratulations to the four ASCE Student Member, who won the zone essay competitions for the 2001 Daniel W. Mead Prize for the Younger Members. Three of the winning essays appear in this issue. The...
CMS: Hadronic calorimetry, jets, and \rlap{\,/}E_T performance

The CMS experiment [1] uses a general purpose detector designed for detecting the diverse signatures associated with Higgs production and new physics beyond the Standard Model. These processes are typically associated with final states containing a large missing transverse energy and several high energy jets. Here, we present a description and status report of the construction and testing of the CMS hadronic calorimeter system, as well as its ability to measure jets and $\rlap{\,/}E_T$ . PACS: 29.40.Vj – 29.40.Mc – 29.40.Ka
Genetics and Fitness Costs of Cyromazine Resistance in the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

The genetic basis of cyromazine resistance was investigated in the house fly, Musca domestica L. The ED-R strain, which was collected in Mississippi and selected further in the laboratory, was 116.5-fold resistant compared with the laboratory susceptible strain, OR-S. The SEL strain, which was created by crossing ED-R with OR-S followed by three cycles of reselection and backcrossing to OR-S, was 84.7-fold resistant relative to the susceptible strain. Mortality data from reciprocal crosses of resistant and susceptible flies indicated that resistance was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects. The relative position of probit lines from the parental strains and reciprocal crosses showed that resistance was expressed as an incompletely dominant trait with D = 0.30 and 0.32 for ED-R and SEL, respectively. To determine the number of genes involved, models of one, two, three, four, and five loci were used to compare observed and expected mortality of F1ED-R x susceptible backcross. Resistance was best described by a polygenic model of three loci when equal and additive effects of loci were assumed. Another approach, which was based on phenotypic variances, showed that nE, or the minimum number of freely segregating genetic factors for ED-R, equaled 3.07. ED-R showed greater reductions in fitness compared with SEL independent of the presence or absence of sublethal concentrations of cyromazine. These data suggested that reduced fitness was not due to deleterious pleiotropic effects of the resistance genes themselves but arose from other loci in the ED-R genotype.
Water Quality Trends in the Blackwater River Watershed, West Virginia

Abstract An understanding of historic and current water quality is needed to manage and improve aquatic communities within the Blackwater River watershed, WV. The Blackwater River, which historically offered an excellent Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook Trout) fishery, has been affected by logging, coal mining, use of off-road vehicles, and land development. Using information-theoretic methods, we examined trends in water quality at 12 sites in the watershed for the 14 years of 1980–1993. Except for Beaver Creek, downward trends in acidity and upward trends in alkalinity, conductivity, and hardness were consistent with decreases in hydrogen ion concentration. Water-quality trends for Beaver Creek were inconsistent with the other sites and reflect ongoing coal-mining influences. Dissolved oxygen trended downward, possibly due to natural conditions, but remained above thresholds that would be detrimental to aquatic life. Water quality changed only slightly within the watershed from 1980–1993, possibly reflectin...
Increasing the dose of television advertising in a national antismoking media campaign: results from a randomised field trial

Background While antismoking media campaigns have demonstrated effectiveness, less is known about the country-level effects of increased media dosing. The 2012 US Tips From Former Smokers (Tips) campaign generated approximately 1.6 million quit attempts overall; however, the specific dose–response from the campaign was only assessed by self-report. Objective Assess the impact of higher ad exposure during the 2013 Tips campaign on quit-related behaviours and intentions, campaign awareness, communication about campaign, and disease knowledge. Methods A 3-month national media buy was supplemented within 67 (of 190) randomly selected local media markets. Higher-dose markets received media buys 3 times that of standard-dose markets. We compared outcomes of interest using data collected via web-based surveys from nationally representative, address-based probability samples of 5733 cigarette smokers and 2843 non-smokers. Results In higher-dose markets, 87.2% of smokers and 83.9% of non-smokers recalled television campaign exposure versus 75.0% of smokers and 73.9% of non-smokers in standard-dose markets. Among smokers overall, the relative quit attempt rate was 11% higher in higher-dose markets (38.8% vs 34.9%; p Conclusions The US 2013 Tips antismoking media campaign compared standard and higher doses by randomisation of local media markets. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of a higher dose for engaging non-smokers and further increasing quit attempts among smokers, especially African-Americans.
Not at the Dinner Table: Parents' and Children's Perspectives on Family Technology Rules

Parents and children both use technology actively and increasingly, but prior work shows that concerns about attention, family time, and family relationships abound. We conducted a survey with 249 parent-child pairs distributed across 40 U.S. states to understand the types of technology rules (also known as restrictive mediation) they have established in their family and how effective those rules are perceived to be. Our data robustly show that children (age 10-17) are more likely to follow rules that constrain technology activities (e.g., no Snapchat) than rules that constrain technology use in certain contexts (e.g., no phone at the dinner table). Children find context constraints harder to live up to, parents find them harder to enforce, and parents' most common challenge when trying to enforce such rules is that children -can't put it down.- This is consistent with the idea that banning certain technologies is currently easier than setting more nuanced boundaries. Parents and children agree that parents should also unplug when spending time with family, while children alone express frustration with the common parent practice of posting about children online. Together, our results suggest several mechanisms by which designers and families can improve parent-child relationships around technology use.
Shifting Narratives of Kenya's Mau Mau Rebellion

This paper will begin with a brief history of the Mau Mau Rebellion. Then, the author will describe in greater detail the three major developments in Kenya’s historical narrative surrounding the Mau Mau. To conclude, the author will describe how this description of a developing narrative surrounding the Mau Mau complements current scholarship and understanding of the Mau Mau Rebellion.
Signal-to-Noise Enhancement in Optical Detection of Single Viruses With Multispot Excitation

We present fluorescence detection of single H1N1 viruses with enhanced signal to noise ratio ( SNR ) achieved by multispot excitation in liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). Solid-core Y-splitting ARROW waveguides are fabricated orthogonal to the liquid-core section of the chip, creating multiple excitation spots for the analyte. We derive expressions for the SNR increase after signal processing, and analyze its dependence on signal levels and spot number. Very good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental results is found. SNR enhancements up to 5×104 are demonstrated.
Antiviral Immune Hemolysis

SummaryNewcastle and parainfluenza I viruses when incubated with mouse or chick embryo erythrocytes at low multiplicity sensitized the red cells to hemolysis by antiviral antibody and complement. Two strains of influenza virus showed little or no sensitizing activity to influenza antibody. As determined by hemolytic titer paramyxovirus bound to erythrocytes at 37° could not be removed by pretreatment with antibody alone and virus absorbed at 4° was only partially removed by antibody at this temperature. Effects of inactivating infectivity and viral neuraminidase on sensitizing ability of the viruses were examined.
C-shaped Incision for Far-Lateral Suboccipital Approach: Anatomical Study and Clinical Correlation.

Background The standard incision for far-lateral suboccipital approaches has been the classic “reverse hockey stick.” Although that incision provides ample exposure, concern has been raised that excessive muscle dissection and skin elevation might lead to accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under the flap with increased risk of CSF leak. We hypothesize that the C-shaped incision can minimize the amount of muscle dissection and provide optimal exposure and surgical outcomes. Objective To describe the anatomical dissection for the C-shaped incision and clinical application of the C-shaped incision for the far-lateral approach. Methods A retrospective analysis of all the patients operated on at our center using this approach for the treatment of aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) from 2005 to 2011. Results of clinical and operative outcome are evaluated. Surgical techniques are described in detail. Cadaveric dissections using the C-shaped incision were performed to assess the exposure of the far-lateral suboccipital area. Results Eleven consecutive patients who had undergone this procedure were selected. All patients underwent clipping of PICA aneurysms. Nine patients (82%) presented with ruptured aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. All of them underwent suboccipital craniectomy and C1 laminectomy. The dura mater was closed in a watertight fashion in 10 patients (91%). No CSF leak or pseudomeningocele were reported. In nine SAH patients, two (22%) had postoperative dysphagia and required long-term percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. One patient (11%) had chronic respiratory failure and required a tracheostomy. Three patients (33%) developed hydrocephalus and required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Conclusions The C-shaped incision is a valid alternative to the classic reverse hockey-stick incision to gain exposure for far-lateral craniotomies. Knowing the anatomy and dissection techniques can provide an easy and safe route to address anterior lateral cranial-cervical lesions. Our results suggest the C-shaped incision is reliable in preventing CSF leak and the formation of pseudomeningocele.
Worker reentry safety. VI. Occupational health aspects of exposure to pesticide residues

The strategy of an agricultural worker pesticide reentry interval was one developed to meet a specific set of problems in agricultural field-worker protection. The set of problems included a highly-mobile labor force made up of workers who are frequently poorly educated and frequently non-English speaking. The employee-employer relationship is frequently hard to define, and consequently the responsibility for worker protection is frequently hard to assign. Work is performed usually by small groups in locations spread throughout agricultural areas. These are characteristics which make it extremely difficult to provide occupational health services and medical supervision in the classical pattern familiar to large industry, especially to the large chemical industry. Such services require very close supervision and observation and control of the worker.
Atypical Pityriasis Rosea as a Cutaneous Manifestation of Hodgkin Lymphoma

Cutaneous involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma is extremely rare and usually follows extensive involvement of the lymph nodes. Cutaneous manifestations of Hodgkin lymphoma may be divided into specific and nonspecific. Nonspecific cutaneous manifestations may occur and …
Pulmonary Insufficiency: Melody Valve

To date, transcatheter valve replacement for congenital heart disease has focused on the treatment of the dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract. Following congenital heart disease surgery, the right ventricular outflow tract is often subject to pulmonary regurgitation and/or stenosis, which has been shown to lead to insidious dilation and progressive risk of irreversible systolic dysfunction, arrhythmia, and sudden death. The Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve and the Edwards transcatheter valve have both demonstrated excellent rates of technical success and safety in right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits. Short-term safety and efficacy are comparable to those reported following operative pulmonary valve replacement. Technical concerns during deployment in conduits include coronary compression and conduit rupture. Expanding indications for the transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement include implantation within a failed bioprosthetic valve and in the native right ventricular outflow tract. A major challenge is that a large proportion of subjects with dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tracts are dilated with a tremendous variation in anatomy. Several methods that adjust current technology to address the dilated RVOT are described, while a device designed to address such dilated outflow tracts is in clinical trials at the present time.
High critical current density YBa2Cu3Ox tapes using the RABITs approach

Progress in the fabrication of epitaxial, high-Jc, biaxially aligned YBCO thick films on Rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTs) is reported. RABiT substrates comprise a biaxially textured metal substrate with epitaxial oxide buffer layers suitable for growth of superconductors. Oxide buffer layers have been deposited using three techniques: laser ablation, electron-beam evaporation, and sputtering. Epitaxial YBCO films grown using laser ablation on such substrates have critical current densities approaching 3 × 106 A/cm2 at 77 K in zero field and have field dependences similar to epitaxial films on single crystal ceramic substrates. Critical current densities in excess of 0.2 MA/cm2 have been obtained on stronger, nonmagnetic substrates. In addition, samples with Je of 12.5 kA/cm2 at 77 K have been fabricated. The highest strain tolerence obtained so far is 0.7% in compression and 0.25% in tension. Deposited conductors made using this technique offer a potential route for the fabrication of long lengths of high-Jc wire capable of carrying high currents in high magnetic fields and at elevated temperatures.
Single-shot, full characterization of a single-photon state

Quantum light parameters (purity, indistinguishability, …) are usually determined using multiple sequential measurements. We demonstrate an efficient single-shot scheme to characterize a quantum dot light using two number-resolving detectors, here simulated by four single-photon detectors.
Implementation of facial recognition with Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor for patient verification.

Purpose The aim of this study was to present a straightforward implementation of facial recognition using the Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor for patient identification in a radiotherapy setting. Materials and methods A facial recognition system was created with the Microsoft Kinect v2 using a facial mapping library distributed with the Kinect v2 SDK as a basis for the algorithm. The system extracts 31 fiducial points representing various facial landmarks which are used in both the creation of a reference data set and subsequent evaluations of real-time sensor data in the matching algorithm. To test the algorithm, a database of 39 faces was created, each with 465 vectors derived from the fiducial points, and a one-to-one matching procedure was performed to obtain sensitivity and specificity data of the facial identification system. ROC curves were plotted to display system performance and identify thresholds for match determination. In addition, system performance as a function of ambient light intensity was tested. Results Using optimized parameters in the matching algorithm, the sensitivity of the system for 5299 trials was 96.5% and the specificity was 96.7%. The results indicate a fairly robust methodology for verifying, in real-time, a specific face through comparison from a precollected reference data set. In its current implementation, the process of data collection for each face and subsequent matching session averaged approximately 30 s, which may be too onerous to provide a realistic supplement to patient identification in a clinical setting. Despite the time commitment, the data collection process was well tolerated by all participants and most robust when consistent ambient light conditions were maintained across both the reference recording session and subsequent real-time identification sessions. Conclusion A facial recognition system can be implemented for patient identification using the Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor and the distributed SDK. In its present form, the system is accurate—if time consuming—and further iterations of the method could provide a robust, easy to implement, and cost-effective supplement to traditional patient identification methods.
The Effect of an Interruption on Risk Decisions

Interruptions during consumer decision making are ubiquitous. In seven studies, we examine the consequences of a brief interruption during a financial risk decision. We identify a fundamental feature inherent in an interruption’s temporal structure—a repeat exposure to the decision stimuli—and find that this re-exposure reduces decision stimuli’s subjective novelty. This reduced novelty in turn reduces decision makers’ apprehension and increases the amount of risk they take in a wide range of risky financial decision contexts. Consistent with our theoretical framework, this interruption effect disappears when a stimulus’s subjective novelty is restored after an interruption. We further find that these consequences are often unique to interruptions are often do not result from other interventions (e.g., time pressure and elongated thinking); this is because an interruption’s unique temporal structure (which results in a repeat exposure to the decision stimuli) underlies its consequences. Our findings shed light on how and when interruptions during decision making can influence risk taking.
Tariffs to Avoid Eco-dumping for Terms of Trade Reasons

Krutilla [1991] shows in a partial equilibrium framework that the ability to influence terms of trade may induce governments to deviate from the optimal (Pigouvian) environmental policy. In certain cases, environmental standards are set below the Pigouvian level for open economy reasons, i.e. to improve terms of trade1. Furthermore, Krutilla argues that environmental policies would not be used to improve terms of trade, if governments could use tariffs. In particular, a country engaging in eco-dumping to improve its terms of trade could increase welfare, if instead it could levy a tariff on imports of the ‘dirty’ good while environmental regulation was set at the Pigouvian level2.
Municipal Utilities: An Overview Of Rate Models, Sustainability And The Effects On Affordability

Municipalities are faced with escalating costs, harder to find resources, and increasing regulatory restrictions in an effort to maintain public utilities. To complicate this situation, communities must address a growing number of individuals who are unable to pay their utility bill. This study is a review of several water utilities in Florida to determine how typical municipal utilities approaches affordability. Factors affecting utilities such as sustainability, rate models, and regulations are examined to the present methodology for an average municipality in addressing the increasing important issue of affordability. This research is a continuation of a longitudinal study to determine how municipalities address increasing costs to maintain their utility while considering those in the community who are less fortunate and cannot continue to absorb the higher costs of water and wastewater.
Cooling-Triggered Shapeshifting Hydrogels with Multi-Shape Memory Performance

Heating-triggered shape actuation is vital for biomedical applications. The likely overheating and subsequent damage of surrounding tissue, however, severely limit its utilization in vivo. Herein, cooling-triggered shapeshifting is achieved by designing dual-network hydrogels that integrate a permanent network for elastic energy storage and a reversible network of hydrophobic crosslinks for "freezing" temporary shapes when heated. Upon cooling to 10 °C, the hydrophobic interactions weaken and allow recovery of the original shape, and thus programmable shape alterations. Further, multiple temporary shapes can be encoded independently at either different temperatures or different times during the isothermal network formation. The ability of these hydrogels to shapeshift at benign conditions may revolutionize biomedical implants and soft robotics.
Integrating Undergraduate Education and Scientific Discovery through Field Research in Igneous Petrology

We recast a standard igneous petrology course at Fort Lewis College into a field-based, inquiry-driven research course focused on a specific field area, in this case the Tertiary volcanic complex at Ship Rock, Navajo Nation, New Mexico. The main goal was to allow undergraduate students an opportunity to use field work to investigate advanced topics in igneous petrology while engaging in scientific research and developing important skills that are needed for all careers in science. Constructing research projects around this class enabled students to learn science by doing it, and to carry enthusiasm for research into further studies. This also better served the needs of the Geoscience program at Fort Lewis College by further developing skills for critical analysis and inquiry, and building on content taught in the introductory petrology course.
The Role of Autophagy in Drug Resistance and Potential for Therapeutic Targeting

Autophagy is a cellular survival mechanism influenced by a wide variety of intracellular and extracellular stresses including energy and oxygen deprivation, signaling aberrancies, ER stress, DNA damage, systemic cancer therapies, and radiotherapies. There is growing evidence that it may potentiate cancer survival. A number of clinical trials have been launched using autophagy inhibition in combination with standard cancer therapeutics. The information gleaned from these as well as ongoing in vitro and in vivo studies will allow us to better understand the role of autophagy in cancer.
Brain Activity Based Assessment (BABA)

Event-Related Potentials (ERP) are changes in brain activity detected using electroencephalographic (EEG) methods. One well-studied ERP is the P3b, which is generally elicited by asking participants to press a key when presented a target stimulus (e.g., “T”) that is intermixed with a much more commonly presented non-target stimulus (e.g., “S”). We hypothesized that we could assess knowledge by asking participants to solve a problem then press a key when they see the correct answer in a series of (mostly wrong) answers. Early pilot testing (four participants) suggests that the P3b shows promise in this regard. In a math test, P3b responses were produced when shown correct, but not incorrect answers. In a foreign-language vocabulary test (matching picture to foreign word), P3b responses were not produced when shown correct answers prior to studying the words, but did produce P3b responses after studying. Some notable deviations in individual participants are discussed.
Increasing surgeon volume correlates with patient survival following open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Objective The annual number of open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repairs has decreased dramatically over the last decade, making the search for physician case volume thresholds more important. The purpose of this study was to identify a minimum threshold for annual surgeon case volume in open AAA repair. Methods The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System inpatient database was used to identify all patients undergoing open repair of an intact AAA between 2000 and 2008. Thirty-day survival was calculated using New York State vital records, which contain all New York State death certificates. The annual case volume for each surgeon was defined as the number of open AAA repairs performed in the year of the index procedure. The Contal and O'Quigley method was used to identify a minimum volume threshold. Results A total of 11,086 patients were included in the analysis. The selected cutpoint was six or more cases per year based on maximization of the Contal and O'Quigley test statistic. The high-volume group had comparable rates of cardiovascular comorbidities, but significantly improved 30-day and 5-year survival rates as well as shorter lengths of stay in the hospital. Conclusions This study identifies an ideal threshold for minimum annual surgeon case volume for open AAA repair. Over the study period, perioperative mortality would not have occurred in up to 150 patients if all procedures had been done by high-volume surgeons performing at least six repairs per year. However, even a minimum annual threshold of at least two repairs per year provided a mortality benefit. Ideal minimum volume thresholds should be developed using rigorous statistical analysis as well as local information about practice patterns.
Hybridization and diversification are positively correlated across vascular plant families

Hybridization has experimental and observational ties to evolutionary processes and outcomes such as adaptation, speciation, and radiation. Although it has been hypothesized that hybridization and diversification are correlated, this idea remains largely untested empirically. Here, we use a hybridization database on 195 plant families, life history information, and a time-calibrated family-level phylogeny to test for phylogenetically-corrected associations between hybridization and diversification rates, while also taking into account life-history traits that may be correlated with both processes. We show that diversification and hybridization are positively correlated using three different methods to estimate diversification rates and two different metrics of hybridization. Moreover, the relationship remains detectable when incorporating the correlations between diversification and two other life history characteristics, perenniality and woodiness. We further provide potential mechanisms for this association under three different scenarios: hybridization may drive diversification, diversification may drive hybridization, or both hybridization and diversification may jointly be driven by other factors. We suggest future studies to disentangle the causal structure.
Abstract 419: Beneficial Effects of scaRNA Modulated Human iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes Exposed Under Hypoxic Conditions

Introduction: Studies have shown that mRNA splicing is regulated by small cajal-body associated RNAs (scaRNAs) and plays a significant role in mammalian cardiac development and differentiation, but...
Cluster Randomized Trial of a Pre/Interconception Health Intervention for Mothers in Pediatric Visits.

Abstract Objective Recognizing that pediatric primary care focuses on family health and is an important location of contact for women of childbearing age, this project assessed the effectiveness of a pre/interconception women's health intervention delivered during pediatric primary care using a cluster randomized trial. Methods Pediatric clinicians were randomized to a screening and brief educational intervention group or usual care comparison group. Intervention group clinicians received training on pre/interconception care, including recommended counseling and referral resources for needs identified. Women presenting to primary care with their child ≤12 months were enrolled and assigned to the group corresponding to the assignment of their child's clinician. Mothers seen by clinicians in the intervention group completed a pre/interconception health screening tool and discussed results with their child's clinician during the visit. These mothers were compared to mothers seen by comparison group clinicians who did not receive the screening tool or clinician discussion. All enrolled mothers (Intervention and Comparison) received written preconception health information and a 90-day supply of multivitamins. Primary outcomes at 6 and 12 months post enrollment included contraception use, pregnancy, and access to and use of preventive health care. Secondary outcomes included daily folic acid supplementation, smoking, and substance use. Results A total of 415 women were enrolled and those who had at least 1 follow-up assessment were included in the analysis (n = 383). There was no significant effect of the intervention on contraceptive use, pregnancy incidence, or use of preventive care. Assignment to the intervention increased the odds of daily folic acid use (odds ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.25, 2.63) during follow-up. Intervention mothers were less likely to smoke at 6, but not 12 months. Conclusions Pediatric visits are an opportune location for addressing maternal health and this intervention demonstrated feasibility and improved outcomes for some but not all outcomes. Attention to maternal health needs in pediatric visits during infancy may be important for maintaining positive pre/interconception health behaviors.
Sleep disturbances in early alcohol recovery: Prevalence and associations with clinical characteristics and severity of alcohol consumption.

Abstract Aims We aimed to assess the prevalence of sleep disturbance in early alcohol recovery and its association with psychiatric comorbidity, cravings, propensity and severity of alcohol consumption. Design The sample consisted of 18–80 year old patients (n = 303) receiving treatment for alcohol dependence. Sleep disturbance was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additional measures included PHQ-9, GAD-7 and Penn alcohol cravings scale (PACS), Inventory of Drug Taking Situations (IDTS) and alcohol consumption was measured utilizing the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB).Bivariate analyses evaluated the association between PSQI total score and other clinical characteristics. A multivariable model was computed for sleep disturbance with predictors entered into the model using automated stepwise selection. Findings The sample was majority male (66%), White (93%) with a mean age of 42.2 ± 11.6 years. Baseline PSQI score was 10.2 ± 4.13 and most subjects (88%) reported sleep disturbance at baseline. Baseline sleep disturbance was associated with depressive symptoms (p Conclusion Sleep disruption is common in early alcohol recovery. Future studies should examine the prognostic and clinical implications of its association with current depressive symptoms and a propensity to drink while experiencing physical discomfort.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Listeria Phages of the Genus Pecentumvirus.

ABSTRACT Bacteriophages isolated from environmental sources can be used as a biocontrol against the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Here, we present the complete genomes of LP-039 and LP-066, two Pecentumvirus bacteriophages that infect L. monocytogenes. The genome sizes of LP-039 and LP-066 are 136.2 kb and 139.0 kb, respectively.
Different mechanisms for translocation by monomeric and hexameric helicases

Helicases are ATP-dependent motor proteins that translocate along single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acids to alter base-pairing structures or molecular interactions. Helicases can be divided to monomeric and hexameric types, each with distinct ternary structures, nucleic acid-binding modes, and translocation mechanisms. It is well established that monomeric helicases translocate by the inchworm mechanism. Recent structures of different superfamilies of hexameric helicases reveal that they use a hand-over hand mechanism for translocation. Structures of bacteriophage T7 replisome illustrate how helicase and polymerase cooperatively catalyze DNA unwinding. In this review, we survey structures of monomeric and hexameric helicases and compare different mechanisms for translocation.
Assessing the Effects of High Night Temperature on Rice Photosynthetic Parameters: Involvement of Cellular Membrane Damage and Ethylene Response

Plant ecophysiological response to environmental stresses involves sub-organismal mechanisms. For example, elevated ethylene levels can promote the degradation of chlorophyll (CD) and damage to the cellular membranes (MD), leading to decreased photosynthetic rate (PN) and photosynthate transfer, as well as increased respiration (RS) under heat stress, causing loss of yield. To determine the extent of contribution of ethylene-triggered responses in rice plants under high night temperature (HNT; 30 °C) stress, the capability of applied ethylene perception inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), to prevent rice yield loss by minimizing HNT-induced, ethylene-promoted CD and MD, was examined. Rice was subjected to either 30 or 25 °C (ambient night temperature (ANT)); under each night temperature regime, sets of plants received 1-MCP application or not. High night temperature increased CD (7%), MD (46%), and RS (28%) and decreased PN (6%), pollen germination (42%) and spikelet fertility (SF; 31%), and yield (14%). In response to 1-MCP application, plants grown under HNT showed decreased CD (from 8 to 10.6 μg cm−1), MD (from 42% to 35%), and RS (from 1.3 to 0.9 μmol m−2 s−1) and increased SF (49.5 to 70%), pollen germination (15 to 18.9%), and yield (15 to 17.7 g plant−1). The 1-MCP application increased SF and brought rice yields under HNT up to levels observed under ANT as a result of increased pollen germination and decreased RS and MD, indicating that ethylene-triggered responses are a major component of rice response to HNT.
Meaning-making in bereavement transitions: review and clinical relevance

Abstract This chapter characterizes meaning-making in the context of grief during bereavement, emphasizing its fundamentally social nature and offering several approaches to identifying the extent and nature of the meaning the bereaved has made of a loss. Theoretical developments and empirical research are presented to highlight the crucial role that meaning-making appears to play in recovery and posttraumatic growth following the death of a significant person. By contrast, disrupted meaning-making is described as a mediator of impairing bereavement outcomes, particularly prolonged grief disorder. Clinical procedures and techniques for facilitating meaning-making among the bereft are detailed, including a discussion of their therapeutic rationale and indications for their use in grief therapy. A case vignette illustrates the concepts and clinical processes reviewed in the chapter.
On μ-compatible metrics and measurable sensitivity

We introduce the notion of W-measurable sensitivity, which extends and strictly implies canonical measurable sensitivity, the mesure- theoretic version of sensitive dependence on initial conditions. This no- tion also implies pairwise sensitivity with respect to a large class of metrics. We show that finite measure-preserving ergodic dynamical sys- tems must be either W-measurably sensitive, or isomorphic to an ergodic isometry on a compact metric space.