cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast coordinate descent methods with variable selection for non-negative matrix factorization

Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is an effective dimension reduction method for non-negative dyadic data, and has proven to be useful in many areas, such as text mining, bioinformatics and image processing. NMF is usually formulated as a constrained non-convex optimization problem, and many algorithms have been developed for solving it. Recently, a coordinate descent method, called FastHals, has been proposed to solve least squares NMF and is regarded as one of the state-of-the-art techniques for the problem. In this paper, we first show that FastHals has an inefficiency in that it uses a cyclic coordinate descent scheme and thus, performs unneeded descent steps on unimportant variables. We then present a variable selection scheme that uses the gradient of the objective function to arrive at a new coordinate descent method. Our new method is considerably faster in practice and we show that it has theoretical convergence guarantees. Moreover when the solution is sparse, as is often the case in real applications, our new method benefits by selecting important variables to update more often, thus resulting in higher speed. As an example, on a text dataset RCV1, our method is 7 times faster than FastHals, and more than 15 times faster when the sparsity is increased by adding an L1 penalty. We also develop new coordinate descent methods when error in NMF is measured by KL-divergence by applying the Newton method to solve the one-variable sub-problems. Experiments indicate that our algorithm for minimizing the KL-divergence is faster than the Lee & Seung multiplicative rule by a factor of 10 on the CBCL image dataset.
Chewing and spitting associated with a protein sparing modified fast and psychosocial stressors.

W eight-loss diets are found with great frequency in both the lay press and in the medical literature. Physician-directed proteinsparing modified fasts are especially common as rapid weight-loss programs for obese patients. These programs have dramatically increased since the recognition in the early part of the decade of the necessity for trace minerals as part of the long-term fast to avoid potentially Iifethreatening arrhythmias. I These diets are now believed to be a safe and effective weight-loss regimen. We report an unusual psychiatric complication in a patient on a protein-sparing modified fast.
Isolated hyponatremia after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

A retrospective analysis was performed to study the fluid and sodium status of patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery (TS) for Cushing's disease. We evaluated the time of onset, duration, and relative incidence of isolated hyponatremia and identified possible factors associated with it. Of 58 patients that underwent TS over 1 yr, 52 without postoperative diabetes insipidus or volume depletion were studied. Isolated hyponatremia after TS for Cushing's disease occurred in 21%, and symptomatic hyponatremia (plasma sodium, < or = 125 mmol/L) with new onset headache, nausea, and emesis occurred in 7.0% of all operated. These later patients escaped monitoring and intervention for 24 h. The development of hyponatremia began early in the postoperative period and progressed slowly over 7 days. Maximum antidiuresis occurred on postoperative day 7. Vasopressin levels measured in two patients while hypoosmolar suggested that unregulated vasopressin release contributed to the hyponatremia. Cortisol levels, glucocorticoid replacement, and pituitary adenoma size were similar in normonatremic and hyponatremic patients. Patients combining a history of an estrogenic milieu and documented posterior pituitary trauma at surgery experienced lower nadir plasma sodium. All hyponatremic patients were fluid restricted, and none developed progressive neurological symptoms, morbidity, or mortality. We speculate that the mild degree and slow rate of development of hyponatremia and/or active monitoring and intervention contributed to the good outcome.
Rapidly Labeling and Tracking Dynamically Evolving Concepts in Data Streams

Data mining research has produced a significant repertoire of algorithms to predict the classification of data instances with reasonable accuracy. However, data quantity and availability is continuing to rapidly expand such that we no longer have fixed and manageable data sets, but rather continual streams of data. Mining streaming data becomes challenging when using a piece-wise or online approach, however, due to concept drift and feature evolution. As the stream progresses, features may be added, removed, or change in the range of possible values, which is known as feature evolution. The defining concepts for a label or class may also migrate over the span of the data stream. Novel classes that were not known a priori can also appear within the data stream. Traditional algorithms often characterize unknown labels as errors and outliers, but in the dynamic streaming domain, a sufficiently dense cluster of outliers must be analyzed to discover potential emergent classes. In our approach, we aim to adapt to novel classes emergence, feature evolution, and concept drift while labeling data instances and adhering to the constraints of continuous data streams. Our solution consists of an adaptive supervised ensemble for predicting instance labels, and a stream clustering approach to monitor concept defining characteristics and novel class development without regard to label (i.e. unsupervised). We analyze and compare our approach to traditional baseline approaches on benchmark data streams to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm.
On-line monitoring of residual solvent during the pharmaceutical drying process using non-contact infrared sensor: A process analytical technology (PAT) approach

Abstract A novel on-line solvent drying technique has been described that is capable of simultaneously measuring the solvent end point in vapor phase and maintaining high accuracy with precision. The technique used non-contact infrared sensor for monitoring the solvent vapors during the pharmaceutical solvent drying process. The data presented demonstrated that on-line combined with non-contact sensor method had high degree of precision and accuracy for monitoring the end point of the solvent drying. The analysis of the three stages of drying process suggested that end point process can be precisely determined by the combination of principal component analysis–canonical variate analysis (PCA–CVA) and partial least square–canonical variate analysis (PLS–CVA). The PCA–CVA and PLS–CVA combos provided robust and accurate results with more than 97% classification accuracy between three stages. The Chemometric models also predicted the drying stages of the unknown samples. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was also applied on the drying data to conform the Chemometric drying results that were very similar. Our findings strongly suggest that the on-line non-contact infrared sensor is a powerful tool. This sensor is capable of analyzing samples in less than 1 min and can determine known and unknown molecules with high accuracy. In addition it has the potential for improving the sensitivity of solvents end points measurement during the pharmaceutical processing.
Determination of tin in soil by continuous hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract A method was investigated for the determination of Sn in soil samples by KOH fusion followed by continuous hydride generation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HG-ICP-MS). Sample solutions in 3.0 M HCl were mixed in line with a solution of 2.4% NaBH 4 and 0.25 M KOH to generate stannane gas. The mixture was delivered continuously to a gas/liquid separator and the stannane gas was introduced into a Perkin-Elmer Sciex Elan 6000 ICP-MS for concentration measurements. A method detection limit of 0.45 mg/kg was sufficient for Sn levels commonly found in soil samples. Sn concentrations as low as 2.5 mg/kg were reproducibly measured in soil samples. Sample results by HG-ICP-MS agreed within ±17% relative difference to results by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and within ±6% relative difference to results by KOH fusion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
Brane world unification of quark and lepton masses and its implication for the masses of the neutrinos

Abstract A TeV-scale scenario is constructed in an attempt to understand the relationship between quark and lepton masses. This scenario combines a model of early (TeV) unification of quarks and leptons with the physics of large extra dimensions. It demonstrates a relationship between quark and lepton mass scales at rather “low” (TeV) energies which will be dubbed as early quark–lepton mass unification. It also predicts that the masses of the neutrinos are naturally light and Dirac. There is an interesting correlation between neutrino masses and those of the unconventionally charged fermions which are present in the early unification model. If these unconventional fermions were to lie between 200 and 300 GeV , the Dirac neutrino mass scale is predicted to be between ∼ 0.07 eV and ∼ 1 eV .
Peripartum pseudomalignant myositis ossificans of the finger

Two cases of pseudomalignant peripartum myositis ossificans of the finger are reported. The benign diagnosis is confirmed by the histologically characteristic zone phenomenon, consisting of a transition from an inner zone of proliferating spindle cells to a middle zone of well-oriented osteoid and finally to an outer zone of mature bone. In Case No. 1, because of the question of malignancy, a ray amputation was performed. In Case No. 2, the patient was observed during the peripartum period to show diminution in the size of the tumor. The lesion was eventually treated by local excision.
Analyzing the Factors Relevant to Students' Estimations of the Benefits and Costs of Pursuing an Accounting Career

Business students were surveyed at a large university in the south-eastern USA to assess their perceptions of the benefits and costs of becoming an accounting practitioner. The current paper examines the extent to which these perceptions are related to whether students took accounting in secondary school and, if they had such exposure, the quality of their experience. Then, we examine whether perceptions differ at relatively early and late stages of a student's academic progress. Finally, we examine these benefit and cost perceptions in relation to the quality of students' experiences in the first university accounting course. The results indicate that experience in the first university accounting course is differentially associated with benefits and cost perceptions, and the nature of the association depends upon whether students took accounting in secondary school. Perceptions also differ between students at early and late stages of their respective academic programs, and accounting vs. non-accounting m...
An introduction to the special issue on middle childhood.

Middle childhood is recognized by developmental psychologists as a distinct developmental stage between early childhood and adolescence, defined by increasing cognitive development, emotional regulation, and relative social independence. Adults have increasing expectations of children during middle childhood, as reflected in Sheldon’s White’s (1996) description of this stage as “the age of reason and responsibility.” Developmentally, the onset of middle childhood is defined by Piaget’s (1963) “5 to 7 transition,” with the end marked by the onset of puberty. Middle childhood is generally associated with importance of and identification with same-sex groups, thus providing a basis for Freud’s notion of a latency period during childhood. From an evolutionary perspective, middle childhood is consistent with what biologists have referred to as the “juvenile phase” (for primates, see Pereira and Fairbanks 2002), when individuals who are not yet reproductively capable are responsible for feeding themselves but are still under the social influence of their parents. Although the dramatic physical changes associated with puberty provide a clear basis for understanding the end of middle childhood, the biological (both somatic or neurological) underpinnings of the 5-to-7 transition have remained obscure until quite recently, leaving the universal nature of middle childhood in doubt. Recent findings of the onset of cortical maturation starting around age 6 (Gogtay et al. 2004) suggests that the 5-to-7 transition is closely related to the timing of brain development. The loss of juvenile teeth and the onset of adrenarche (increase in the adrenal production of the neurosteroid DHEAS) at about the same time index somatic changes associated with the transition. Thus, middle childhood in humans Hum Nat (2011) 22:247–248 DOI 10.1007/s12110-011-9118-4
When buying on-line, does price really matter?

We studied how consumers make decisions about purchasing airline tickets on-line. The results suggest trends in how decisions are made to purchase products with multiple decision parameters. We found that price matters in that parameters ranked as more important than price are hard requirements whereas parameters ranked as less important than price are only preferences. These results have implications for the design of on-line shopping agents.
A complication of infrarenal arterial conduit following orthotopic liver transplant

Background Thrombosis of the arterial inflow to a transplanted liver graft frequently leads to graft necrosis, and retransplantation is required. Case outline A 41-year-old man underwent orthotopic liver retransplantation. Arterial inflow to the graft was provided by an infrarenal arterial conduit. On day 14 he developed thrombosis of the conduit due to herniation of the jejunum between the conduit and the transverse mesocolon. Reduction of the herniated bowel and thrombectomy of the graft was initially successful, but he subsequently developed necrosis of segments II–V (diagnosed on computed tomography, CT). These segments were then resected, and thereafter his graft functioned well over the next 7 years. Discussion The potential space between an infrarenal arterial conduit and the transverse mesocolon must be eliminated to prevent incarceration of the intestine following liver transplantation. Early diagnosis of arterial thrombosis may allow revascularisation of the liver graft, but subsequent CT scanning is essential to assess the viability of the graft. Segmental graft necrosis may be managed by liver resection with good long-term results.
Endoscopic transurethral suspension of bladder neck and urethra Experimental trials of new procedure in dogs

Abstract An endoscopic, transurethral suspension of the female urethra and bladder neck is achieved by placing sutures through the anterior urethral wall up to the anterior abdominal, fascia. The sutures are placed under direct endoscopic vision using a specially designed suture passer. In 8 female dogs a mean increase in urethral length of 1.81 cm (SEM 0.21 em) was obtained immediately postoperatively. Reevaluation three months postoperatively demonstrated the mean increase to be 1.56 cm (SEM 0.11 cm). Cystoseopy and postmortem dissection demonstrated integrity of the repair in all 8 dogs. A clinical trial in stress incontinent women is suggested.
Impact of distal mutation on hydrogen transfer interface and substrate conformation in soybean lipoxygenase.

The impact of distal mutation on the hydrogen transfer interface properties and on the substrate mobility, conformation, and orientation in soybean lipoxygenase-1 (SLO) is examined. SLO catalyzes a hydrogen abstraction reaction that occurs by a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. Mutation of isoleucine 553 to less bulky residues has been found experimentally to increase the magnitude and temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect for this reaction. This residue borders the linoleic acid substrate but is ∼15 A from the active site iron. In the present study, we model these experimental data with a vibronically nonadiabatic theory and perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on the complete solvated wild-type and mutant enzymes. Our calculations indicate that the proton transfer equilibrium distance increases and the associated frequency decreases as residue 553 becomes less bulky. The molecular dynamics simulations illustrate that this mutation impacts the mobility, geometrical con...
Management of atherogenic dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome: evolving rationale for combined drug therapy.

The metabolic syndrome is frequently associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia, which is characterized by increased plasma levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol and by reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [1]. The elevations in triglyceride and cholesterol are in apolipoprotein B (apo B)–containing lipoproteins. The latter include metabolic precursors of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)—that is, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)—as well as small LDL particles. Collectively, these apo B–containing lipoproteins make up the fraction known as non-HDL. These lipoproteins have one molecule of hepatic apo B per lipoprotein particle. In atherogenic dyslipidemia, there is usually an increase in the number of apo B–containing lipoproteins, even when LDL cholesterol levels are not elevated. Small apo B–containing lipoproteins that reside in the LDL fraction add to higher apo B levels. Several lines of evidence suggest that all non-HDL lipoproteins are atherogenic and that cholesterol-enriched VLDL and IDL are as proatherogenic as are LDL. For this reason it seems appropriate to therapeutically reduce not only the number of LDL particles but also their precursors. The purpose of this article is to summarize the evolving rationale supporting coadministration of hypolipidemic agents targeted to non-HDL reduction. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is more prevalent than isolated high LDL cholesterol. The clinical concomitants of acquisitions with the former include central obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and
Comparability of WAIS and WAIS--R scores among mentally retarded adults.

Summary.-This study compared the performance on the WAIS and WAIS-R of 21 mentally retarded adults residing in an Intermediate Care Facility. Tests were administered in one order, the WAIS initially and the WAIS-R second, with ap proximately two years between testing. Significant differences were found on the WMS and WAIS-R for Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQs. This finding contrasts with the differences between the measures as reported in the WAIS-R manual. The 1981 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) is the product of modification and restandardization of the 1955 WAIS. The WAIS-R manual, in reference to the standardization sample, states that certain groups of individuals whose mental, emotional, behavioral, or physical abhties would restrict their abhty to respond to the test items were not included in the sample (Wechsler, 198 1, p. 18). Institutionalized mentally retarded adults were excluded from the standardization sample. In the WAIS-R manual, Wechsler reported a study of 72 adults, aged 35 to 44 yr., who were tested with both the WAIS and WAIS-R. Analysis showed the WAIS Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were about 7, 8 and 8 points higher, respectively, than the corresponding IQs on the WAIS-R. Wechsler cautioned, however, that these are average differences and may not reflect differences for individuals of different ages or levels of performance. A survey of the literature concerning the relations of scores on the WAIS and WAIS-R yielded few studies on the performance of mentally retarded adults residing in intermediate care facilities. Simon and Clopton (1984) compared the WAIS and WAIS-R scores of mildly and moderately retarded adults from a regional mental health clinic and mental retardation center. The WAIS Verbal and Full Scale IQs were significantly lower than corresponding WAIS-R IQs. This contrasts with studies of normal adults (Mishra & Brown, 1983; Smith, 1983; Wechsler, 1981) who showed higher WAIS scores. The present study was designed to assess whether mean differences were significant on WAIS and WAIS-R Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ of mentally retarded adults residing in an intermediate care facility.
Flow Injection Analysis of Carboxylic Acid Drugs Using Cationic Dyes and On-Line Ion-Pair Extraction

Abstract A flow injection system containing an on-line ion-pair extractor has been designed for the analysis of carboxylic acid drugs using either spectrophotometric detection with gentian violet as counterion or fluorescence detection with acridine orange. Salicylic acid, valproic acid, and ibuprofen were selected as model drugs. A mobile phase of 90:10 aqueous pH 7 phosphate buffer-absolute methanol was pumped through the system at 1 ml/min. A chloroform solution of the cationic dye was pumped into the mobile phase at 1.25 ml/min and the chloroform layer containing the dye-drug ion-pair separated prior to detection. Peak height and absorbance were linear for salicylic acid, valproic acid, and ibuprofen in the 0.5–10, 5–50, and 1–10 μg/ml ranges, respectively. Peak height and fluorescence were linear for salicylic acid, valproic acid, and ibuprofen in the 0.13–5, 2.5–50, and 0.5–20 μg/ml ranges, respectively. Accuracy and precision for the spectrophotometric assays were in the 2–6% and 3.3–6.6% ranges, r...
Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Empowerment: Two Feminists Explore the Concept

Although all feminists tend to value empowered female sexuality, feminists often disagree, sometimes heatedly so, about the definition of and path to empowered sexuality among adolescent girls. In this theoretical paper, two feminists, who have previously expressed differing perspectives regarding adolescent girls’ sexual empowerment (Lamb 2010a, b; Peterson 2010), discuss their disagreements and attempt to find some common ground in their viewpoints on girls’ sexuality. A critical question related to sexual empowerment is whether empowerment includes a subjective sense of efficacy, desire, and pleasure. In other words, are girls sexually empowered if they feel that they are empowered? The authors identify three themes that make answering this question particularly challenging—age differences, exposure to sexualized media, and the pressure to please a partner. Despite these challenges, the authors identify several points of consensus, including agreeing that adequate sexuality education and media literacy education are vital to optimizing adolescent girls’ sexual empowerment.
Effect of Set and Work Speed on Time Estimation

In a review of the literature on time perception, Gilliland, Hofeld, and Eckstrand (1) have raised the question of whether or not the estimation of a period of time is influenced by the S's prior knowledge of the response to be required. Their review does not report any evidence on this problem. The present experiment was designed to determine whether a time-estimating set has any effect on estimates of a 1-hr. period of time filled with a number-searching activity. A second objective of the experiment was to determine the relationship between speed of work in the number-searching task and time estimation. PROCEDURE
Interfacial and micellar properties of imidazolium-based monocationic and dicationic ionic liquids

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of an extensive class of 18 different monocationic and dicationic imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL) were determined using surface tensiometry. An impressive correlation between the headgroup substituent chain length and the CMC value was obtained for a variety of structurally-related monocationic ILs. In one homologous series of ILs, a 3400-fold decrease in the CMC value was obtained by simply increasing the chain length of a fixed butylimidazolium headgroup. The CMC values of different classes of dicationic ionic liquids resembling gemini and bolaform surfactants were found to be highly dependent on the length of the employed linkage chain connecting the two headgroups as well as the nature of the free alkyl side chain. Dicationic ILs studied in this work containing longer alkyl linkage chains were found to produce modest decreases in the CMC whereas free alkyl chains appended onto the imidazolium cation provided over a 100-fold decrease in the CMC value. Dicationic ILs possessing hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties analogous to structurally-related monocationic ILs exhibited much higher efficiencies at lowering the surface tension.
Whose bits are they, anyway?

Interactivity, machine intelligence and networked community participation are substantially redefining the traditional roles of "author" and "audience". Many authors feel particularly uncomfortable with the notion that the machine or the audience should play an important role in the co-construction of narrative. Why do we trust any particular storyteller or software agent working on our behalf? Co-construction is a cultural technique by which an established community can arrive at a consensus. While the religious advocate can become fanatic and argue with or walk away from the Darwinian without changing position, adaptation is the essence of co-construction. The architect must offer to build something that I am happy with or it will not get built. As we waver on the cusp of highly distributed, emergent stories, both storyteller and audience require a clear articulation of themselves in relation to each other and to the cybermechanics of a tangible feedback loop. Interactive distributed works are defined by the connectivity of the audience as much as by the relationship between the artist and the representation. Unlike traditional art objects, these works rely on co-contribution-the dynamic generation of essential content by the audience. The question at hand is whether or not we believe that the future of the artistic work is as evolutionary as we ourselves are. Will the artist ever be convinced to provide a shell that can act as a mirror to each voyager? As I try to approach this ideal, I increasingly discover how rigid the link between creator and content really is.
Respiratory properties of the blood of five species of monkeys.

Abstract Morphology and respiratory properties of the blood were studied in five species of primates (squirrel monkey, rhesus monkey, pigtail monkey, baboon and chimpanzee). Red blood cells ranged from 4.5 million in the baboon to 6.7 million in the squirrel monkey. These two species also exhibited extreme values of hemoglobin concentration with 11.7 and 14.3 g/100 ml respectively. In all species the O2-Hb dissociation curve was S-shaped. Compared to humans, the affinity for O2 was reduced in all species (P50 (7.4) from 35.5 to 37.2 mm Hg) except in the chimpanzee (P50 = 26.4 mm Hg). The Bohr effect ranged from −.462 in the chimpanzee to −.550 in the baboon. With the exception of a high standard bicarbonate in the baboon, the data on CO2 transport for all five species was within the range of those obtained in humans.
Patterns of angiogenesis in neural transplant models. I: Autonomic tissue transplants

Functional vascular connections must form rapidly to prevent ischemic damage to grafted neural tissues. The temporal sequence by which transplant circulation is re-established provides information about the angiogenic capacity of either intact or damaged CNS blood vessels. This study compares the time course and mechanism of vascular reperfusion in allografts of superior cervical ganglia or adrenal medulla inserted either into the fourth ventricle or directly into the parietal cortex of perinatal rats. Tritiated thymidine was administered lo recipients to determine angiogenic patterns at various postoperative time periods. After processing for light microscopic autoradiography, host and graft endothelial labelling indices were determined in order to establish the temporal sequence and location of vascular proliferation, Correlative electron microscopy depicted the morphological changes in transplant vasculature. Some recipients were prelabelled with 3H thymidine prior to transplantation to determine if host vessels invaded the grafts. Intraventricular graft vessels initially collapsed but sustained minimal ischemic damage and were completely reperfused by 24 hours postoperative. Adjacent intact host vessels attained peak 3H thymidine incorporation at 20 hours. Intrinsic graft vessels were radioactively labelled only after 48 hours. Intraparenchymal transplants surrounded by minimal trauma exhibited a similar temporal sequence of reperfusion and host endothelial proliferation. Intrinsic graft vessels in intraparenchymal grafts sustained more severe damage. With increased trauma, a concomitant delay in graft reperfusion time was observed. Grafts within prelabelled hosts rarely contained any labelled endothelium, indicating that anastomotic connections were made between original, intrinsic graft vessels and nearby host vascular sprouts. This study demonstrates that mature autonomic tissue stimulates the growth of adjacent host vessels when transplanted to undamaged brain surfaces. The anastomosis of nascent host vessels with pre-existing graft vessels is responsible for the rapid re-establishment of circulation within the transplants. A similar mechanism occurs within intraparenchymal grafts, although the rapidity of reperfusion appears to be predicated on the amount of trauma present at the graft site.
Influence of adult domestic violence on children's internalizing and externalizing problems: an environmentally informative twin study.

ABSTRACT Objective Externalizing and internalizing problems may aggregate in families because (1) siblings share genetic risks for problem behaviors or (2) siblings are exposed to similar environmental risks. A genetically sensitive design was used to determine whether domestic violence accounted significantly for the variation and covariation of externalizing and internalizing problems, independent of additive genetic effects on these behavior problems. Method Using the Achenbach family of instruments, mothers and teachers reported internalizing and externalizing problems for 1,116 monozygotic and dizygotic 5-year-old twin pairs in the United Kingdom (93% response rate). Mothers reported their experiences of domestic violence in the previous 5 years. Structural equation models were tested to determine the effect of mothers' experiences of domestic violence on children's emotional and conduct problems, controlling for latent genetic and environmental effects on these behaviors. Results A multivariate model showed that adult domestic violence accounted for 2% and 5% of the variation in children's internalizing and externalizing problems, respectively, independent of genetic effects. The co-occurrence of externalizing and internalizing scores was accounted for by genetic (62.6%) and shared environmental (29.2%) factors and by domestic violence (8%). Conclusions Because domestic violence affects children's behavior problems beyond genetic influences, programs that successfully reduce domestic violence should also prevent children's psychopathology.
Dissolved carbonic anhydrase for enhancing post-combustion carbon dioxide hydration in aqueous ammonia

Abstract Aqueous ammonia solvents that capture CO2 as ionic complexes of carbonates with ammonium have recently been advanced as alternatives to amine-based solvents due to their lower energy requirements for thermal regeneration. In ammonia based solvents, the hydration of CO2 to form bicarbonate may become a rate-limiting step as the CO2 loading increases and the resulting pH level of the solvent decreases. Variants of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase can accelerate the reversible hydration of CO2 to yield bicarbonate by more than 1 0 6 -fold. The possible benefit of bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) addition to solutions of aqueous ammonia to enhance CO2 hydration was investigated in semi-batch reactions within continuously stirred tank reactors or in a bubble column gas-liquid contactor. Adding 154 mg/liter of BCA to 2 M aqueous ammonia provided a 34.1% overall increase in the rate of CO2 hydration (as indicated by the production of [H+]) as the pH declined from 9.6 to 8.6 during sparging with a 15% CO2, 85% N2 gas at a flow rate of 3 lpm. The benefits of adding BCA to enhance CO2 hydration were only discernable below ∼pH 9. The implications of the apparent pH limitations on the utility of BCA are discussed in the context of absorber unit operation design. Possible embodiments of carbonic anhydrase as either an immobilized catalyst or as a dissolved, recirculating catalyst in potential plant scale aqueous ammonia systems are considered as well.
Body Cathexis, Clothing Attitude, and Their Relations to Clothing and Shopping Behavior Among Male Consumers

This study was designed to segment male apparel consumers based on the interaction between body cathexis and clothing attitude and to investigate differences in clothing behavior, shopping behavior, and individual characteristics among the four groups identified by adapting Sirgy's self image/product-image congruity theory: (a) positive congruity, (b) positive incongruity, (c) negative congruity, and (d) negative incongruity. Data (n = 269) from a national random sample were analyzed. A series of one-wayANOVA analyses revealed that these fourgroups differed in clothing behavior (fashion innovativeness, fashion opinion leadership, sel, f confidence in clothing), shopping behavior (store patronage, shopping interest, attitude toward catalog shopping, satisfactions with ready-to-wear and product variety/stote quality), and individual characteristics (sports lifestyle activity, annual wardrobe expenditure). Based on the findings, the authors discuss theoretical as well as managerial implications.
Protein kinase C-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 involves activation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-independent, protein phosphatase 2A-dependent mechanism in intestinal epithelial cells

We reported previously that protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha), a negative regulator of cell growth in the intestinal epithelium, inhibits cyclin D1 translation by inducing hypophosphorylation/activation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1. The current study explores the molecular mechanisms underlying PKC/PKCalpha-induced activation of 4E-BP1 in IEC-18 nontransformed rat ileal crypt cells. PKC signaling is shown to promote dephosphorylation of Thr(45) and Ser(64) on 4E-BP1, residues directly involved in its association with eIF4E. Consistent with the known role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway in regulation of 4E-BP1, PKC signaling transiently inhibited PI3K activity and Akt phosphorylation in IEC-18 cells. However, PKC/PKCalpha-induced activation of 4E-BP1 was not prevented by constitutively active mutants of PI3K or Akt, indicating that blockade of PI3K/Akt signaling is not the primary effector of 4E-BP1 activation. This idea is supported by the fact that PKC activation did not alter S6 kinase activity in these cells. Further analysis indicated that PKC-mediated 4E-BP1 hypophosphorylation is dependent on the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PKC signaling induced an approximately 2-fold increase in PP2A activity, and phosphatase inhibition blocked the effects of PKC agonists on 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression. H(2)O(2) and ceramide, two naturally occurring PKCalpha agonists that promote growth arrest in intestinal cells, activate 4E-BP1 in PKC/PKCalpha-dependent manner, supporting the physiological significance of the findings. Together, our studies indicate that activation of PP2A is an important mechanism underlying PKC/PKCalpha-induced inhibition of cap-dependent translation and growth suppression in intestinal epithelial cells.
Extracorporeal organ support following trauma: the dawn of a new era in combat casualty critical care.

Abstract : Death after severe trauma in the civilian and military setting occurs in a trimodal distribution. Historically, the majority of injury-related mortality occurs in the prehospital setting owing to hemorrhage. Of patients who survive to hospital admission, another group of deaths occurs in the acute phase owing to devastating head injury or uncontrolled hemorrhage. Among patients who survive these immediate and acute phases of trauma, the last significant phase of mortality occurs in the days and weeks following injury from sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF). The immediate care of the severely injured is guided by structured clinical practice guidelines that have been widely adopted for the prehospital and early hospital settings. Early use of tourniquets, hemostatic dressings, and the concepts of damage-control surgery and hemostatic resuscitation have led to more patients surviving the immediate and early phases of severe trauma. As advances in prevention and treatment of death from hemorrhage occur, there may be an expected decrease in mortality during the early aspects of the trimodal pattern of mortality. Specifically, improved survivability of the initial phases of injury can be expected to result in a greater number of physiologically compromised patients prone to MOF surviving later into the hospitalization. As such, directing a significant portion of current and future clinical expertise and scientific study to advanced organ support techniques is prudent.
Progress report on a five-axis fast guiding secondary for the University of Hawaii 2.2-meter telescope

A telescope aperture of 2.2-m on Mauna Kea that routinely experiences d/r sub 0 = 4 in the near-IR can achieve a factor of 2 gain in angular resolution by tip-tilt correction of atmospheric-induced wavefront errors. To utilize the gains possible from tip-tilt correction, collimation errors and focus errors must also be removed. For its 2.2-m f/31 telescope, the University of Hawaii is in the process of implementing a five-axis fast guiding secondary consisting of a fast steering mirror platform and slow remote detilt, decenter, and despace collimation and focus drives. The near-term goal is to implement closed-loop tip-tilt image motion correction with open-loop collimation and focus control. The long-term goal is to add closed-loop collimation and focus control. This paper documents the progress to date on the fast steering mirror platform and its spider support structure.
Embeddedness, Inflation, and International Regimes: The IMF in the Early Postwar Period1

This article explores why the International Monetary Fund (IMF) adopted a set of orthodox, anti‐inflationary policy prescriptions during the early postwar period, when Keynesian thinking was predominant. Drawing on primary documents from the IMF archive and secondary literature, the author argues that these early trends were fostered by dynamics familiar to organizational sociologists. Because organizations are designed by architects possessing bounded rationality, they must adapt to circumstances unforeseen at their founding. They may also be pushed in unexpected directions by the influential actors in their environments, the power of professionals, and the propensity to routinization. International regimes, which are partly made up of organizations, may therefore be prone to internal contradictions.
Probing the Dynamics of a Mobile Loop above the Active Site of L1, a Metallo-β-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, via Site-directed Mutagenesis and Stopped-flow Fluorescence Spectroscopy *

A structural feature shared by the metallo-beta-lactamases is a flexible loop of amino acids that extends over their active sites and that has been proposed to move during the catalytic cycle of the enzymes, clamping down on substrate. To probe the movement of this loop (residues 152-164), a site-directed mutant of metallo-beta-lactamase L1 was engineered that contained a Trp residue on the loop to serve as a fluorescent probe. It was necessary first, however, to evaluate the contribution of each native Trp residue to the fluorescence changes observed during the catalytic cycle of wild-type L1. Five site-directed mutants of L1 (W39F, W53F, W204F, W206F, and W269F) were prepared and characterized using metal analyses, CD spectroscopy, steady-state kinetics, stopped-flow fluorescence, and fluorescence titrations. All mutants retained the wild-type tertiary structure and bound Zn(II) at levels comparable with wild type and exhibited only slight (<10-fold) decreases in k(cat) values as compared with wild-type L1 for all substrates tested. Fluorescence studies revealed a single mutant, W39F, to be void of the fluorescence changes observed with wild-type L1 during substrate binding and catalysis. Using W39F as a template, a Trp residue was added to the flexile loop over the active site of L1, to generate the double mutant, W39F/D160W. This double mutant retained all the structural and kinetic characteristics of wild-type L1. Stopped-flow fluorescence and rapid-scanning UV-visible studies revealed the motion of the loop (k(obs) = 27 +/- 2 s(-1)) to be similar to the formation rate of a reaction intermediate (k(obs) = 25 +/- 2 s(-1)).
Rate-distortion-based mode selection for H.264/AVC in wireless environments

In the most recent H.264/AVC video codec, a loss-aware rate-distortion based coding mode selection method uses K copies of random variable channel behavior and decoder pairs to estimate the expected distortion at the encoder. The expected distortion can be estimated accurately if K is chosen large enough. However, the added complexity at the encoder is obviously at least K times the decoder complexity. In this paper, we modify another popular rate-distortion based mode selection method, the recursive optimal pre-sample estimate (ROPE) algorithm, by recursively calculating the standard deviation of pixel samples instead of the second moment values. Since the standard deviation values have the same order as the first moment of samples, the revised ROPE algorithm can be easily adopted to the H.264/AVC encoding process. Our experimental results show that the H.264/AVC coder with the revised ROPE algorithm has comparable error resilient capabilities, but it has only between one third to one half of the computation complexity of the current H.264/AVC codec with K=30.
Outcome of retinopathy of prematurity patients following adoption of revised indications for treatment

The Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study (ETROP), published in 2003, established new guidelines for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and demonstrated improved outcomes compared to previous guidelines. We examined outcomes before and after implementing the ETROP recommendations. A retrospective chart review was performed using records of infants who had laser ablations for ROP performed from January, 2000 through December, 2005. Data collected included date of birth; birth weight; estimated gestational age (EGA); grading of ROP; date of laser ablation; and outcome of laser surgery. Univariate association with threshold or prethreshold treatment (Pre-ETROP and Post-ETROP, respectively) were assessed using t-tests or Wilcoxon tests. Additional comparison between groups was performed using Fisher's exact tests. 581 patients were examined before and 464 after December 2003. Of these, 29/581 (5% – Pre-ETROP Group) and 53/464 (11% – Post-ETROP Group) patients advanced to criteria requiring laser treatment respectively (P = 0.0001). The average estimated gestational age (EGA) at birth was 26.3 and 25.2 weeks, with an average birth weight of 888 and 707 grams for Pre and Post-ETROP Groups, respectively. Stage 5 retinal detachment (RD) developed in 10.3% of eyes in the Pre-ETROP Group and 1.9% of eyes in the Post-ETROP Group (P = 0.02). After the ETROP guidelines were implemented, there was a decrease from 10.3% to 1.9% of eyes developing Stage 5 retinal detachment, despite this group having a lower average EGA and lower average birth weight. These results underscore the importance of adoption of the Revised Indications.
Testing Statistical Hypotheses: The Story of a Book

This is an account of the life of the author’s book Testing Statistical Hypotheses , its genesis, philosophy, reception and publishing history. There is also some discussion of the position of hypothesis testing and the Neyman-Pearson theory in the wider context of statistical methodology and theory.
EVALUATION OF EARLY SEASON APPLICATION OF TRIMAX, CENTRIC, VYDATE AND BAYTHROID FOR COTTON INSECT CONTROL AND YIELD ENHANCEMENT, 2004

Cotton was planted on 11 May on an Acock very fine sandy loam at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station near Rocky Mount, NC. Plots were 6 rows by 50 ft with 4 replications and the treatments arranged in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.0 gpa at 60 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems nozzle per row at square initiation on Jun 15. The Trimax, Centric and Baythroid plots were treated additionally on 22 and 29 Jun. Late season oversprays for stinks bugs and bollworms were made weekly with a Hi-Boy by research station personnel. On 15 July: 1) Fifty-sweep net samples were taken per plot (200/treatment) for all beneficial and pest insects , such as TPB, 2) Two small squares (one terminal and one lateral square) of approx. 1/8 inch length were checked for presence or a missing position in each of 25 randomly-selected cotton plants per plot (200 per treatment) as an indication of plant bug feeding, 3) Yellowed or blackened squares were counted as a missing position, and 4) Twenty-five blooms/plot (100/treatment) were scored as either normal or “dirty” (the presence of blackened or brownish pollen anthers in white blooms). On 3 Sep, number of opened bolls/50 ft was counted, and on 21 Sep when on average approx. half of the bolls had opened across the plots opened, closed and total bolls were counted in 7.5 ft of each plot (30 ft/treatment). The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 11Oct with a 2-row John Deere mechanical harvester. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated using an F-protected LSD (P ≤ 0.05).
An iterative algorithm for the volume integral method for magnetostatics problems

Volume integral methods for solving nonlinear magnetostatics problems are considered in this paper. The integral method is discretized by a Galerkin technique. Estimates are given which show that the linearized problems are well conditioned and hence easily solved using iterative techniques. Comparisons of iterative algorithms with the elimination method of GFUN3D shows that the iterative method gives an order of magnitude improvement in computational time as well as memory requirements for large problems. Computational experiments for a test problem as well as a double layer dipole magnet are given. Error estimates for the linearized problem are also derived.
Temporal Classification of Medical Events

We investigate the task of assigning medical events in clinical narratives to discrete time-bins. The time-bins are defined to capture when a medical event occurs relative to the hospital admission date in each clinical narrative. We model the problem as a sequence tagging task using Conditional Random Fields. We extract a combination of lexical, section-based and temporal features from medical events in each clinical narrative. The sequence tagging system outperforms a system that does not utilize any sequence information modeled using a Maximum Entropy classifier. We present results with both hand-tagged as well as automatically extracted features. We observe over 8% improvement in overall tagging accuracy with the inclusion of sequence information.