cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simulation study between the ad hoc protocols IWAR and AODV

Wireless ad hoc networks are becoming a center of research interest for the last few years due to the promise of being self-configurable networks. Wireless ad hoc networks do not require predefined configuration and do not have fixed infrastructure. Ad hoc on-demand distance-vector (AODV) protocol is a well-known wireless ad hoc protocol that makes its routing decision based on the distance vector. Our newly introduced intelligent wireless ad hoc routing (IWAR) protocol makes its decisions based on the bandwidth, packet delay, error rate, and predicated node locations. This paper reviews the AODV protocol, presents the design of the IWAR protocol, and compares the performance of the two protocols
Two's Complement Pipeline Multipliers

Digital filters and signal processors when realized in hardware often use serial transfer of data. Multipliers which are capable of accepting variable coefficients and data in sign and magnitude notation and producing serial products of the same length as the input data word have been known for some time. This concise paper addresses the design of multipliers capable of accepting data in 2's complement notation, or both data and coefficients in 2's complement notation. It also considers multiplier recoding techniques, such as the Booth algorithm. Specialized (fixed coefficient) multiplier designs are considered briefly. Finally, multiplier rounding and overflow characteristics are discussed, and a rough comparison is made between the complexity of the various designs.
Adaptive resonance theory 2 neural network approach to star field recognition

Automatic recognition of star fields viewed by an imaging camera has numerous applications ranging from spacecraft navigation to pointing spaceborne instruments. The usual approach is to develop an efficient algorithm for matching stars in the imager's field of view with star data recorded in an on-board catalog. The matching process requires finding a subset of the stars in the catalog that have positions and magnitudes corresponding to those of the stars in the field of view. This paper presents an Adaptive Resonance Theory 2 (ART 2) approach to the problem of star field recognition. An ART 2 neural network is used to find a subset of stars in the catalog that provides a good match to stars in the imager's field of view. A method is presented which makes training the network unnecessary because the connection weights between the neurons are prescribed.
Assessing Instantaneous Synchrony of Nonlinear Nonstationary Oscillators in the Brain

Neuronal populations throughout the brain achieve levels of synchronous electrophysiological activity as a consequence of both normal brain function as well as during pathological states such as in epileptic seizures. Understanding this synchrony and being able to quantitatively assess the dynamics with which neuronal oscillators across the brain couple their activity is a critical component toward decoding such complex behavior. Commonly applied techniques to resolve relationships between oscillators typically make assumptions of linearity and stationarity that are likely not to be valid for complex neural signals. In this study, intracranial electroencephalographic activity was recorded bilaterally in both hippocampi and in anteromedial thalamus of rat under normal conditions and during hypersynchronous seizure activity induced by focal injection of the epileptogenic agent kainic acid. Nonlinear oscillators were first extracted using empirical mode decomposition. The technique of eigenvalue decomposition was used to assess global phase synchrony of the highest energy oscillators. The Hilbert analytical technique was then used to measure instantaneous phase synchrony of these oscillators as they evolved in time. To test the reliability of this method, we first applied it to a system of two coupled Rossler attractors under varying levels of coupling with small frequency mismatch. The application of these analytical techniques to intracranially recorded brain signals provides a means for assessing how complex oscillatory behavior in the brain evolves and changes during both normal activity and as a consequence of diseased states without making restrictive and possibly erroneous assumptions of the linearity and stationarity of the underlying oscillatory activity.
17-β-estradiol levels in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung

Abstract Human SCCL cell lines produce 17-β-estradiol (E 2 ) in all cases that we have studied. In order to determine whether this phenomenon has a clinical counterpart, we analyzed sera from 25 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, untreated SCCL for E 2 . We found serum E 2 concentrations in all patients to be within the normal range. This discrepancy between cell culture and patient-derived data emphasizes yet another dichotomy between in vivo and in vitro observations.
The epithelium of the dorsal marginal zone of Xenopus has organizer properties

We have investigated the properties of the epithelial layer of the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) of the Xenopus laevis early gastrula and found that it has inductive properties similar to those of the entire Spemann organizer. When grafts of the epithelial layer of the DMZ of early gastrulae labelled with fluorescein dextran were transplanted to the ventral sides of unlabelled host embryos, they induced secondary axes composed of notochord, somites and posterior neural tube. The organizer epithelium rescued embryos ventralized by UV irradiation, inducing notochord, somites and posterior neural tube in these embryos, while over 90% of ventralized controls showed no such structures. Combinations of organizer epithelium and ventral marginal zone (VMZ) in explants of the early gastrula resulted in convergence, extension and differentiation of dorsal mesodermal tissues, whereas similar recombinants of nonorganizer epithelium and the VMZ did none of these things. In all cases, the axial structures forming in response to epithelial grafts were composed of labelled graft and unlabelled host cells, indicating an induction by the organizer epithelium of dorsal, axial morphogenesis and tissue differentiation among mesodermal cells that otherwise showed non-axial development. Serial sectioning and scanning electron microscopy of control grafts shows that the epithelial organizer effect occurs in the absence of contaminating deep cells adhering to the epithelial grafts. However, labelled organizer epithelium grafted to the superficial cell layer contributed cells to deep mesodermal tissues, and organizer epithelium developed into mesodermal tissues when deliberately grafted into the deep region. This shows that these prospective endodermal epithelial cells are able to contribute to mesodermal, mesenchymal tissues when they move or are moved into the deep environment. These results suggest that in normal development, the endodermal epithelium may influence some aspects of the cell motility underlying the mediolateral intercalation (see Shih, J. and Keller, R. (1992) Development 116, 901–914), as well as the tissue differentiation of mesodermal cells. These results have implications for the analysis of mesoderm induction and for analysis of variations in the differentiation and morphogenetic function of the marginal zone in different species of amphibians.
6S RNA regulation of relA alters ppGpp levels in early stationary phase

6S RNA is a small, non-coding RNA that interacts directly with σ 70-RNA polymerase and regulates transcription at many σ 70-dependent promoters. Here, we demonstrate that 6S RNA regulates transcription of relA, which encodes a ppGpp synthase. The 6S RNA-dependent regulation of relA expression results in increased ppGpp levels during early stationary phase in cells lacking 6S RNA. These changes in ppGpp levels, although modest, are sufficient to result in altered regulation of transcription from σ 70-dependent promoters sensitive to ppGpp, including those promoting expression of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and rRNA. These data place 6S RNA as another player in maintaining appropriate gene expression as cells transition into stationary phase. Independent of this ppGpp-mediated 6S RNA-dependent regulation, we also demonstrate that in later stationary phase, 6S RNA continues to downregulate transcription in general, and specifically at a subset of the amino acid promoters, but through a mechanism that is independent of ppGpp and which we hypothesize is through direct regulation. In addition, 6S RNA-dependent regulation of σ S activity is not mediated through observed changes in ppGpp levels. We suggest a role for 6S RNA in modulating transcription of several global regulators directly, including relA, to downregulate expression of key pathways in response to changing environmental conditions.
Cognitive Discrepancies Versus APOE Genotype as Predictors of Cognitive Decline in Normal-Functioning Elderly Individuals: A Longitudinal Study

Objectives Cognitive-discrepancy analysis has been shown to be a useful technique for detecting subtle cognitive deficits in normal-functioning elderly individuals who are genetically at-risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). However, studies that have used cognitive-discrepancy measures to date have used retrospective or cross-sectional designs, and the utility of this approach to predict cognitive decline has not been examined in a prospective investigation. Design Longitudinal study. Setting San Diego, CA, Veterans Administration Hospital. Participants Twenty-four normal-functioning elderly individuals participated in the study, with 16 subjects exhibiting no change in their Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) scores over an 1-year period (Stable Group), and 8 subjects exhibiting a decline in DRS scores over the 1-year period (Decline group). Measurements A cognitive-discrepancy measure isolating cognitive switching was computed that contrasted performance on a new higher-level task of executive functioning (a Stroop/Switching measure) relative to a composite measure of lower-level Stroop conditions. Results a) In the year before their cognitive changes, the Decline group exhibited a significantly larger cognitive-discrepancy (Stroop/Switching versus lower-level Stroop conditions) score compared with a control (Stable) group; and b ) the cognitive-discrepancy measure was superior to APOE genotype in predicting DRS decline. Conclusion Cognitive-discrepancy analysis isolating a component executive function ability not only seems to be a useful tool for identifying individuals at risk for cognitive deficits, but also shows promise in predicting individuals who may show subtle cognitive decline over time.
AERODYNAMIC INSTABILITY MODES FOR A LOAD SLUNG FROM A HELICOPTER

The aerodynamic-dynamic interaction of a load slung from a helicopter in flight can lead to divergent oscillations. In this paper, interactions between degrees of freedom are explored through fundamental simulation and wind tunnel experiments of generic shapes. Video analysis of the behavior of loads in a wind tunnel provides insights into dynamic behavior, and reveals the difference in behavior of the same model between wind tunnels of different sizes. A compound pendulum motion in a plane orthogonal to a steady freestream is first studied. Even with proximate walls, a purely symmetric single degree of freedom oscillation does not amplify. The addition of an out-of-phase force as a simplified model for yaw effects, leads to amplification or damping under some conditions. Wall effects amplify this interaction further. This level of simulation enables guidance to develop metrics for unsteady wall interference in dynamic testing. Results to-date set the context for future work in refining the aerodynamic and dynamic models, including tether and vehicle dynamics. Incorporation of quasi-steady and unsteady loads data from wind tunnel measurements and computational fluid dynamics would enable prediction of the linear superposition stage leading towards divergence. Comparison of simulaiton results to measured parameters from wind tunnel experiments shows relative agreement.
The persistent clustering of adult body mass index by school attended in adolescence

Background It is well known that adolescent body mass index (BMI) shows school-level clustering. We explore whether school-level clustering of BMI persists into adulthood. Methods Multilevel models nesting young adults in schools they attended as adolescents are fit for 3 outcomes: adolescent BMI, self-report adult BMI and measured adult BMI. Sex-stratified and race/ethnicity-stratified (black, Hispanic, white, other) analyses were also conducted. Results School-level clustering (wave 1 intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=1.3%) persists over time (wave 4 ICC=2%), and results are comparable across stratified analyses of both sexes and all racial/ethnic groups (except for Hispanics when measured BMIs are used). Controlling for BMI in adolescence partially attenuates this effect. Conclusions School-level clustering of BMI persists into young adulthood. Possible explanations include the salience of school environments in establishing behaviours and trajectories, the selection of adult social networks that resemble adolescent networks and reinforce previous behaviours, and characteristics of school catchment areas associated with BMI.
Edwardian England and the Idea of Racial Decline: An Empire's Future

Christopher Prior's study revisits the concept of racial decline in Edwardian England by analysing a range of newspapers, personal diaries and government reports. In an era with rising interest in ...
Relative Density and Shear Strength of Sands

Study of relative density of natural sand deposits and its relationship to particle size and shear strength of soil; effectiveness of penetration test as means of determining relative density; data obtained from four sites show that relative density of undisturbed specimens is very uniform within individual stratum, but varies abruptly from one stratum to another; other soil properties found.
Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Further Studies on Selective Mating Response of Wild and of Unirradiated and Irradiated, Laboratory-Reared Flies in Field Cages

Mating preference of laboratory-reared and wild Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (medfly), was studied in field cages. When laboratory-reared flies unirradiated and irradiated with 7, 10, 13, and 16 krad in N2 and dyed were compared with wild flies, mating speed of unirradiated, laboratory-reared flies was faster than that of wild flies. The unirradiated, laboratory-reared males preferred mating with unirradiated, laboratory-reared females, and wild males preferred mating with wild females. When laboratory-reared flies irradiated at 7, 10, 13, and 16 krad in N2 were paired with wild flies, however, mating speed was similar for both strains and mating became random apparently because the mating speed of the irradiated, laboratory-reared flies was reduced. In the tests combining flies exposed to all six treatments (laboratory-reared flies irradiated at 7, 10, 13, and 16 krad in N2, unirradiated flies, and wild flies) in one cage, those wild females which mated, mated equally well with wild males, and laboratory-reared males showing no preference and those laboratory males which mated, mated equally well with wild or laboratory females, again showing no preference.
Differential Importance of Olfactory Information in the Human Heterosexual Response as a Function of Gender

Olfactory perception is critical to mammalian sexual behavior. Based on parental investment theory the relative importance of olfaction compared with vision, touch, and hearing should, however, be different for human males and females. In particular, because of its link to immunological profile and offspring viability, odor should be a more important determinant of sexual choice and arousal for females than for males. To test this hypothesis a questionnaire was developed and administered to 332 adults (166 males, 166 females). Subjects used a 1-7 scale to indicate how much they agreed with a series of statements concerning the importance of olfactory, visual, auditory and tactile information for their sexual responsivity. The data revealed that males rated visual and olfactory information as being equally important for selecting a lover, while females considered olfactory information to be the single most important variable in mate choice. Additionally, when considering sexual activity, females singled out body odor from all other sensory experiences as most able to negatively affect desire, while males regarded odors as much more neutral stimuli for sexual arousal. The present results support recent findings in mice and humans concerning the relation of female preferences in body odor and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility and can be explained by an evolutionary analysis of sex differences in reproductive strategies.
Rolling preambles: Mitigating stealthy FO estimation attacks in OFDM-based 802.11 systems

Modern wireless systems and standards increasingly rely on OFDM for high-throughput communications. However, these systems are often highly vulnerable to selective jamming attacks, particularly when a jammer targets (part of) the known frame preamble. In this paper, we consider one of the most disruptive jamming attacks against the preamble-based frequency offset (FO) estimation in IEEE 802.11a/n/ac/ax systems and develop four techniques to mitigate this attack. Two of these techniques are based on randomly changing the first half of the standard frame preamble at the transmitter while maintaining its backward compatibility with legacy receivers. Specifically, we design a set of new preamble waveforms that satisfy the expected characteristics of a preamble in 802.11 systems. The other two techniques take a receiver-based approach and exploit the parts of the preamble that are not under attack to estimate the FO. We conduct extensive simulations and illustrative USRP experiments to study the effectiveness of these countermeasures.
High Voltage LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/Graphite Cell Cycled at 4.6 V with a FEC/HFDEC-Based Electrolyte

A high voltage LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/graphite cell with a fluorinated electrolyte formulation 1.0 m LiPF6 fluoroethylene carbonate/bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate is reported and its electrochemical performance is evaluated at cell voltage of 4.6 V. Comparing with its nonfluorinated electrolyte counterpart, the reported fluorinated one shows much improved Coulombic efficiency and capacity retention when a higher cut-off voltage (4.6 V) is applied. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data clearly demonstrate the superior oxidative stability of the new electrolyte. The structural stability of the bulk cathode materials cycled with different electrolytes is extensively studied by X-ray absorption near edge structure and X-ray diffraction.
Disparate impacts of coal mining and reclamation concerns for West Virginia and central Appalachia

Abstract The international coal mining industry has experienced serious recent downturns, particularly in the electricity generating market, with steady declines projected into the future. In the United States, increased production from the natural gas sector has made coal-fired power production less competitive, and natural gas power plants are replacing aging coal-fired plants. As such, many of the larger coal companies are in or have recently been in bankruptcy, leaving all coal mining states in the United States at risk for liabilities from abandoned unreclaimed coal mines. Because of the various laws and regulations surrounding the permitting of coal mines, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia employ some form of alternative bonding systems, and Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, New Mexico, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming employ self-bonding, which allows a coal operator to reduce its secured bond. These alternative bonding systems do not contemplate the risk of a large-scale industry downturn, leaving states at risk for hundreds of millions of dollars of liabilities to reclaim abandoned coal mines and protect the environment and its residents. We examined the reclamation bonds for all coal mines in West Virginia and found that West Virginia faces significant gaps between counties and watershed for the amount of the secured funding for site-specific reclamation. Significant disparities exist such that some residents are much more impacted by the amount of coal mining, as well as the amount of site-specific bonding. We also found that the areas most impacted by the amount of coal mining and reduced site-specific bonding are in the areas with the worst health outcomes. This is a concern for all regions with all types of extractive industries: how to maximize industry while protecting the environment and its residents. Moving forward, states should reconfigure bonding systems to alleviate these risks and burdens on its citizens to prepare for continued declines within the coal industry.
Advancing Student Leader Development Through Student Organization Advising and Institutional Support

This chapter explores the potential and promise of student organization advisors in facilitating student leader development. Through exploration of key aspects of institutional support, the author identifies ways that advisors of all backgrounds contribute to the teaching and learning experiences of students.
Understanding the Cost of a New Integrated Care Model to Serve CMHC Patients Who Have Serious Mental Illness

People with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, experience premature mortality, often from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Unfortunately, people with serious mental illness typically are not screened or treated for CVD risk factors despite national guideline recommendations. Access to primary preventive care in community mental health settings has the potential to reduce early mortality rates in this population. The authors review best practices for developing an integrated care model for people with serious mental illness by considering economic feasibility and sustainability from the perspective of a community mental health clinic (CMHC). A process-mapping approach was used to gather information on clinic costs (staff roles, responsibilities, time, and salary) of serving 544 patients at one CMHC. The estimated annual cost of the model was measurable and modest, at $74 per person, suggesting that this model may be financially feasible.
Albiglutide, a Once-Weekly GLP-1RA, for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Choosing an agent for initial or add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes can be overwhelming for clinicians due to the numerous agents available. Patient specific characteristics, such as the presence of obesity or renal complications, further complicate treatment choices. In clinical studies, albiglutide has been compared to placebo, oral diabetes medications, as well as other injectable agents. The most common adverse effects associated with albiglutide are gastrointestinal in nature, an adverse effect which often subsides with continued use. Serious adverse effects, as with all GLP-1RAs, warrant cautious use of albiglutide in certain patient populations. In addition to its proven safety and efficacy profile, albiglutide may afford patients the added benefits of potential weight loss and improved adherence.
Introduction: Challenges and advances in cardiovascular disease.

In cardiovascular medicine, advances in our understanding of disease processes, medical management, and interventional and surgical techniques have gone a long way toward improving the health of patients. But we face challenges and opportunities in how best to apply these discoveries to improve the
Commonly Used Equations for Estimating Lean Body Weight are Inaccurate

Empiric equations used to estimate lean body weight (LBW) were published in 1974 by Devine. In an attempt to validate these equations, linear regression equations using the 1959 Metropolitan Life I...
Fatty Acid Oxidation in Cell Fate Determination

Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is a major catabolic process that degrades long-chain fatty acids. Recent reports reveal a broad role for FAO in cell fate control in endothelial cells, immune cells, and cancer cells. Concurrently, unique molecular pathways influenced by FAO have been identified that alter cell fate decisions.
The Initiation and Early Stages of Postmolt Mineralization in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus

Crabs are encased in a rigid exoskeleton or cuticle that is hardened by the both protein crosslinking and calcification. In order to grow, the exoskeleton must be periodically molted. The two outermost layers of the exoskeleton of crabs are deposited prior to the molt, but remain uncalcified until the animal sheds it old exoskeleton. The inhibition of premolt calcification and initiation of postmolt calcification are effected by biochemical changes in the organic matrix. In the two hours after the molt, sugar moieties are enzymatically altered on cuticular glycoproteins by an N-acetylhexosaminidase secreted by the underlying epithelium. These alterations appear to unmask nucleation sites that allow calcification to commence. The initial deposition of mineral is in the form of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). As postmolt calcification continues and the principal layer (endocuticle) is deposited and mineralized, the ACC is largely converted to or overgrown by calcite. Prior to the onset of ACC deposition, silicon has been detected in those areas of the exoskeleton that are about to undergo mineralization. As calcification proceeds, silicon is no longer detected. It is hypothesized that silicon is involved in the stabilization of ACC by destabilizing the crystal lattice of calcite before it undergoes the transition to or is overgrown by crystalline calcite.
Evidence for and Against Green Tea and Turmeric in the Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a diverse group of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia diagnosed in the western hemisphere, and 16.5% to 66% of patients have reported using CAM. Most patients use spiritual/mind-body techniques and high doses of vitamins and herbs (most commonly polyphenols, including teas). We have reviewed the reported data on green tea and turmeric use in CLL patients.
Analysis of the physical state of cholesteryl esters in arterial-smooth-muscle-derived foam cells by differential scanning calorimetry.

The physical state of cholesteryl esters (CE) in the arterial-smooth-muscle-derived foam cells may contribute to the documented reduction in CE hydrolysis. The physical state of CE may also provide a potential enhancing mechanism for increased CE accumulation. To explore these concepts, we therefore examined the influence of alterations in CE and triacylglycerol (TG) content and their fatty acid composition on the thermotropic behaviour of these lipids by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). After exposure to cationized LDL (cLDL) or after infection with herpes simplex virus type I (HSV), smooth-muscle cells accumulated significant amounts of CE. The CE/TG ratio was significantly higher in cells treated with cLDL compared with HSV infection. TG content was unaffected by either treatment. However, the fatty acid profile of both CE and TG was significantly different between treatment groups, with the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (PUFA/SFA) ratio being significantly higher in cLDL-treated cells than in HSV-infected cells. The d.s.c.-generated thermograms of intact cells revealed that neutral lipids of both treatment groups were in the isotropic-liquid state, similar to the state of lipids derived from 'fatty streak' types of atherosclerotic lesions. Differences in the thermograms between HSV-infected and cLDL-treated cells can be ascribed to differences in the CE content and the fatty acid composition of CE and TG (PUFA/SFA ratio). Polarizing optical microscopy revealed the presence of isotropic lipids in both groups. Biochemical and physicochemical data confirm the lysosomal localization of engorged CE, and indicate that the cellular isotropic CE in these foam cells are in a physical state which favours enzymic hydrolysis.
Seasonal patterns of births and conception throughout the world.

Seasonal patterns of births in human populations were first described in the 19th century for the populations of Europe (Villerme, 1831; Quetelet, 1869), and India (Hill, 1888). Earlier in this century, Gini (1912), Huntington (1938) and later Cowgill (1966a, 1966b) documented seasonal patterns in much of the world; since then a large number of studies have been done and a seasonal pattern has been observed virtually everywhere researchers have looked.
Should surgery have an FDA

There are many challenges that need to be overcome before a regulating body can be established to oversee surgical procedures and devices. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The Common Inheritance

On the basis of data from experiments regarding the compressibility of air at constant temperature collected by Boyle and interpreted by Towneley and Power, and of data from experiments at constant volume obtained and interpreted by Amontons and many later experimenters, especially Gay-Lussac and Dalton, by 1820 it was generally agreed that the pressure p, the volume V, and the temperature 6 of a body of aeriform fluid at rest obeyed the relation
The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion?

Today, nearly 2,000 Filipinos consider themselves members of the “Children of Noah,” a new Judaic faith that is growing into the tens of thousands worldwide as ex-Christians encounter forms of Jewish learning online. Under the tutelage of Orthodox Jewish rabbis, Filipino “Noahides,” as they call themselves, study Torah, observe the Sabbath, and passionately support a form of messianic Zionism. Filipino Noahides believe that Jews are a racially superior people, with an innate ability to access divinity. According to their rabbi mentors, they are forbidden from performing Jewish rituals and even reading certain Jewish texts. These restrictions have necessitated the creation of new, distinctly Noahide ritual practices and prayers modeled after Jewish ones. Filipino Noahides are practicing a new faith that also affirms the superiority of Judaism and Jewish biblical right to the Land of Israel, in line with the aims of the growing messianic Third Temple Movement in Jerusalem.
Inertial Measurement Units-based probe vehicles: Path reconstruction and map matching

In the past decade, a growing amount of traffic data has been generated by mobile sensors, in the form of position sensors. Such sensors can include satellite-based positioning devices or devices that are reidentified at fixed locations, for example, toll tags or Bluetooth devices. In this article, we investigate a new type of traffic monitoring device based on an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), coupled with a fixed station on the ground (for example a Bluetooth reader). The problem of identifying the route traveled by the vehicle is written as an optimization problem involving features selected by the IMU and transmitted to the fixed station during the Bluetooth discovery process. The performance of the proposed scheme is validated using experimental data collected in Austin, TX.
Soft Magnetism, Magnetostriction, and Microwave Properties of Fe-Ga-C Alloy Films

A systematic investigation of the soft magnetism, the change of modulus of elasticity with magnetization ( $\Delta \sf{E}$ effect), magnetostriction, and microwave properties has been carried out on iron-gallium-carbon thin films over a wide carbon content range. The phase transformation of the Fe-Ga-C films from bcc polycrystalline to amorphous leads to excellent magnetic softness with a low coercivity of less than 1 Oe, high saturation magnetization, narrow ferromagnetic resonance linewidth at 10 GHz of 20 to 30 Oe, and an ultra-low Gilbert damping constant of 0.0027. A record high piezomagnetic coefficient of 9.71 ppm/Oe, high saturation magnetostriction constant of 81.2 ppm, and large $\Delta \sf{E}$ effect of −120 GPa at 500 nm were achieved.
A factoring approach for probabilistic inference in belief networks

Reasoning about any realistic domain always involves a degree of uncertainty. Probabilistic inference in belief networks is one effective way of reasoning under uncertainty. Efficiency is critical in applying this technique, and many researchers have been working on this topic. This thesis is the report of our research in this area. This thesis contributes a new framework for probabilistic inference in belief networks. The previously developed algorithms depend on the topological structure of a belief network to perform inference efficiently. Those algorithms are constrained by the way they use topological information and may not work efficiently for some inference tasks. This thesis explores the essence of probabilistic inference, analyzes previously developed algorithms, and presents a factoring approach for probabilistic inference. It proposes that efficient probabilistic inference in belief networks can be considered as an optimal factoring problem. The optimal factoring framework provides an alternative perspective on probabilistic inference and a quantitative measure of efficiency for an algorithm. Using this framework, this thesis presents an optimal factoring algorithm for poly-tree networks and for arbitrary belief networks (albeit with exponential worst-case time complexity for non-poly-tree networks). Since the optimal factoring problem in general is a hard problem, a heuristic algorithm, called set-factoring, is developed for multiply-connected belief networks. Set factoring is shown to outperform previously developed algorithms. We also apply the optimal factoring framework to the problem of finding an instantiation of all nodes of a belief network which has the largest probability and present an efficient algorithm for that task. Extensive computation of probabilistic inference renders any currently used exact probabilistic inference algorithm intractable for large belief networks. One way to extend this boundary is to consider parallel hardware. This thesis also explores the issue of parallelizing probabilistic inference in belief networks. The feasibility of parallelizing probabilistic inference is demonstrated analytically and experimentally. Exponential-time numerical computation can be reduced by a polynomial-time factoring heuristic. This thesis offers an insight into the effect of the structure of a belief network on speedup and efficiency.
We are All Asian: Society of Asian Academic Surgeons Presidential Address.

Abstract This 2019 Presidential Address for the Society of Asian Academic Surgeons was delivered on September 27, 2019. Using anecdotes from her upbringing, Dr. Jennifer Tseng offers a visionary perspective on belonging and inclusivity in academic surgery. She concludes with practical strategies for success drawn from these experiences.
Study on the survival ability of HIV in the micro environment of biological safety laboratory

Objective To evaluate the survival capacity of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the microenvironment of biological safety laboratory,and provide the evidence for making the disinfection and protective measures.Methods HIV-LWJ virus supernatant fluid samples were prepared and suspended in water or RPMI1640 medium containing 5％ serum.HIV suspension was exposed to 4 ℃,room temperature (20 ℃-25 ℃) or 37 ℃,and smeared on the surface of sterilized metal slice,glass slice,plastics slice,paper slice and fabric slice.Rinsing and infecting MT4 cell after definite time points.The infectivity of these samples (TCID50) was examined.Results The survival ability of HIV was affected by temperature in vitro.Whether in medium and water,HIV infective ability decreased more rapidly at 37 ℃ (about 14 days) than at room temperature or 4 ℃ (＞ 21 day).The survival ability of HIV was obvious difference on the surface of different material in vitro.HIV can survive at least 24 h in the absorbent materials,such as paper slice and fabric slice.The virus can keep infectious at least 48 h in the smooth,non-absorbent materials,such as metal slice,glass slice and plastics slice.Conclusion HIV has relatively strong survival ability in vitro.But it is very sensitive to heat and dry environment.Therefore,to prevent accidental spreading of HIV in laboratory and daily life,the disinfection of HIV positive liquids and contaminants stored in freezer or normal temperature should be emphasized by lab staffs. Key words: Aequired immunodeficiency syndromes ; HIV ; Temperature ; Infection
Dream It! Preliminary Evidence for an Educational Tool to Increase Children’s Optimistic Thinking

Optimistic thinking is a facet of social-emotional learning linked to better mental health and problem-solving in children; however, few educational tools exist to improve this important aspect of self-awareness. To examine the effectiveness of an optimistic thinking tool with diverse students in an elementary school setting. Study hypotheses were that interacting with Dream It! A Playbook to Spark Your Awesomeness would improve children’s understanding of and ability to dream about their futures and increase their optimistic thinking. Using a non-randomized control group pretest–posttest design, fourth through sixth grade students (N = 111) participated in a total of nine facilitated class sessions: N = 60 children were assigned to the intervention group and N = 51 children were in the control group. The majority of participants were female (56%) with a mean age of 10.21 years (SD = .93). Mixed-methods pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted at the first and last sessions with measures of dreaming (number and quality), optimistic thinking, hope, grit, and growth mindset. Children in the intervention group demonstrated significant changes in dreaming and grit compared to control participants, with medium to large effects. Children’s optimistic thinking, a vital component of social-emotional learning, significantly increased after interacting with an educational tool developed to teach them to dream about life goals. The present study offers evidence that the Dream It! A Playbook to Spark Your Awesomeness is feasible for facilitation in an elementary school setting and has the potential to improve key social-emotional learning outcomes for children.
Assessment of Clinical Conditions Associated With Splenic Infarction in Adult Patients.

This case series examines the clinical conditions associated with splenic infarction of adult patients between 2010 and 2015 from computed tomographic imaging scans.
Facial Diplegia as a Rare Late Neurologic Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Multiple recent publications have reported numerous neurologic complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Among these is Guillain-Barre syndrome and its variants, including facial diplegia. In this case we present a patient with facial diplegia following a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patient initially presented with respiratory symptoms and subsequently developed bilateral facial weakness approximately 3 weeks later prompting an emergency department (ED) visit. Extensive laboratory and imaging workup was negative for other etiologies. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was notable only for mild elevation in white blood cells and protein. Patients with acute neurologic symptoms should be evaluated carefully regarding recent infections or possible exposures to help identify and minimize late complications of this novel virus.
Modifiable factors related to transition readiness in adolescents and young adults with epilepsy.

Abstract Objective To characterize transition readiness in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with epilepsy and validate the social-ecological model of AYA readiness to transition (SMART) in a sample of AYAs with epilepsy. Methods This cross-sectional study included typically developing youth with epilepsy 13–25 years old seen in a comprehensive epilepsy center. Adolescents and young adults completed measures of transition readiness (Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire; TRAQ), epilepsy knowledge, epilepsy self-management, developmental factors, and emotional and behavioral functioning. Adolescents and young adults also completed a measure of their relationship quality with healthcare providers. Caregiver report was included when available. Results Participants included 82 AYAs (Mage = 17.3 ± 2.8; 86.6% White Non-Hispanic, 53.7% females) with epilepsy. Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire scores (M = 3.33, SD = 0.86) were correlated with modifiable and non-modifiable factors: age (r = 0.66, p Significance Transition readiness in AYAs with epilepsy was predicted by non-modifiable (e.g., age) and correlated with modifiable factors (e.g., knowledge, psychosocial/cognitive functioning). Providers must better prepare patients prior to transfer, and future research should use an epilepsy-specific measure of transition readiness to identify targets for intervention.
Intergroup images mediate the relationships between government abuse, sociopolitical orientations, and political action

What factors impact how people mobilize against state human rights abuses? Drawing on Image Theory, we examine how perceptions of an out-group, government abuse, and sociopolitical orientations imp...
Towards Parallel Decoding with Compressive Sensing in Multi-Reader Large-Scale RFID System

The commodity passive RFID system employs slotted ALOHA protocol to interrogate the tags within the reader’s communication range. So, at each time slot, there is only one RFID tag communicating with the reader. This degrades the network throughput, especially in large-scale RFID deployments such as warehouses. Recently, parallel decoding techniques are proposed, which can only read less than ten tags at each time slot. So, it is not applicable for warehouse applications, where there are thousands of RFID tags.In this paper, we propose to achieve parallel decoding with compressive sensing technique for multi-reader large-scale RFID system. Since it is difficult to decode the collisions from multiple tags at one reader, we distributively deploy multiple readers. However, we have to consider the inter-reader interference. Even though there are thousands of tags deployed in the large warehouse, they may not backscatter the signals at each time slot simultaneously due to the heterogeneity. Therefore, this sparsity property of backscattering signals can allow us to leverage compressive sensing to decode multiple tags simultaneously with multiple readers. Our simulation results reveal that compressive sensing can efficiently achieve parallel decoding in multi-reader large-scale RFID system.
On the Relationship Between Law and Legal Reasoning

Hans Kelsen and Joseph Raz, most prominently, have insisted that law is one thing and legal reasoning, the argumentative and decisional practices of lawyers and judges, is something else. Others, however, and coming from a wide variety of theoretical perspectives, have resisted the distinction. This essay surveys the issues and the participants in the debates, suggesting that grappling with the question of the relationship between law and legal reasoning can tell us much about law, much about legal reasoning, and much about the enterprise of legal theory.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of Kinetic Plasma Problems in Advected Frames

Techniques to achieve model order reduction of complex systems are of great importance to be able to expedite computational simulations. Several of these techniques, such as the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, involve the decomposition of quantities of interest into a set of global modes, which are unsuited to a large class of problems with localized moving features such as traveling pulses or plasma bursts. In the context of plasma bursts, we showcase an adaptation of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition that makes it more suitable for these advection-type problems.
Patterns of Failure After Definitive Treatment of T4a Larynx Cancer.

OBJECTIVE Recurrence is known to predict laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) survival. Recurrence patterns in T4a LSCC are poorly characterized and represent a possible explanation for observed survival discrepancies by treatment rendered. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database review. SETTING Veterans Affairs national database. METHODS Patients with T4a LSCC between 2000 and 2017 were identified and stratified by treatment (chemoradiotherapy [CRT] vs total laryngectomy + neck dissection + adjuvant therapy [surgical]). Primary outcomes were locoregional and distant recurrence. Secondary outcomes of overall mortality, larynx cancer mortality, and noncancer mortality were evaluated in Cox and Fine-Gray models. RESULTS A total of 1043 patients had comparable baseline demographics: 438 in the CRT group and 605 in the surgical group. Patients undergoing CRT had higher proportions of node positivity (64.6% vs 53.1%, P < .001). Locoregional and distant recurrence were less common in the surgical group (23.0% vs 37.2%, P < .001; 6.8% vs 13.3%, P < .001, respectively); however, distant metastatic rates did not differ within the N0 subgroup (P = .722). On multivariable regression, surgery demonstrated favorable locoregional recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 0.49; 95% CI, 0.39-0.62; P < .001), distant recurrence (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.31-0.71; P < .001), overall mortality (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64-0.87; P < .001), and larynx cancer mortality (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56-0.85; P < .001). CONCLUSION T4a LSCC survival discrepancies between surgical and nonsurgical treatment are influenced by varying recurrence behaviors. Surgery was associated with superior disease control and improved survival. Beyond the known benefit in locoregional control with surgery, there may be a protective effect on distant recurrence that depends on regional disease burden.
Findings of Workshop C

In the early planning of the Symposium it was apparent that there should be a Workshop which, like Workshop C, covered special analysis issues. Those of us involved were aware of a number of articles and papers asserting that Military Operational Research did not appear to be as helpful in many important areas of military planning and management as the complexity and importance of these problems deserved. Those of us planning the symposium realized that we did not have a clear opinion about whether such assertions were valid and, if they are valid, what the reasons might be.
Chemical sensing capability of MEMS implantable multichannel neural microelectrode arrays

The capability of sensing catecholamine fluctuations in the brain is useful to determine how neurostimulation - both chemical and electrical - can affect catecholamine release and uptake. Here we report preliminary results on two multichannel neural probes capable of sensing dopamine through chronoamperometry methods. With a 16-channel microelectrode array and five-channel Michigan puffer probe with a microfluidic channel, we found that a 5-cycle dip coating process of Nafion, an ion-selective polymer, optimized sensitivity to dopamine and selectivity over ascorbic acid. In addition, through fluorescent microscopy, we have shown the suitability of Nafion as a "biocompatible" material for chronically implanted microelectrode probes. These findings support the ongoing work to develop chronic implantable chemical sensors.