cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a national youth employment policy: Mapping the route from problems to programs

The United States has not had a consistent, comprehensive youth employment policy. Program objectives are not clear and are often in conflict with the objectives of other programs aimed at the same target population. The primary needs at this juncture are a clearly specified policy objective and a method for identifying the ways in which potential interventions can help attain that objective. The authors argue that the genesis of public concern with youth employment problems lies in the general acceptance of greater equality of opportunity as a national goal. The appropriate objective of youth employment policy is conceptualized as the reduction of certain inequalities in economic opportunity that confront the young. Equality of economic opportunity is a long-run concept. The relations between actions at a point in time and opportunity over time are developed within a model of youth behavior. The analysis focuses on the notions of career paths, employment success, and economic oportunity.
Observations on the Population of Vilnius: The Grim Years and the 1942 Census

An American geographer, commenting on the preceding paper in this issue (Weeks, 2006), focuses more deeply on the results of a little-known but significant census organized by the Germans in May 1942. The author seeks to produce a credible estimate of the city's Jewish population (excluded from the census) some 11 months after the German invasion of Vilnius, and explores the factors underlying various claims that the census distorted the size of the Lithuanian and Polish populations. In the process, he sheds light on a deep interlayering of relationships among the city's diverse ethnic groups that contributes to a unique "sense of place" experienced by city residents. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O15, O18, R14. 7 figures, 3 tables, 63 references.
The importance of Herrnstein's mathematical statement of the law of effect for behavior therapy.

Herrnstein's mathematical statement of the law of effect improves on Skinner's view of rein- forcement by asserting (a) that response rate varies hy- perbolically with reinforcement rate and (b) that re- sponding is governed not only by reinforcement obtained for responding but also by reinforcement obtained from all other concurrent sources. Data from infrahuman organisms and from humans in laboratory and clinical situations support this new view of reinforcement. Clin- ically, Herrnstein's equation requires a broader envi- ronmental approach to conceptualizi ng cases and to applying reinforcement principles in therapy. The equation can help clinicians design treatment regimens more efficiently, and it suggests four new intervention strategies that may be especially useful in difficult cases, for example, when standard procedures are contra- indicated or in environments that already supply large amounts of reinforcement. During the past two decades, research in basic behavioral science has become increasingly con- cerned with formal, that is, mathematical, descrip- tions of behavior. Very recently, a number of fairly complete formalisms have been proposed that ac- count remarkably well for certain features of be- havior under specific environmental conditions (e.g., Killeen, 1979; McDowell & Kessel, 1979; Myerson & Miezin, 1980; Rachlin & Burkhard, 1978). The impetus for much of this work was the empirical success of Herrnstein's (1970) mathe- matical statement of the law of effect. It is not difficult to find cases in the history of science where a mathematical treatment has led to a substantially improved, and sometimes radi- cally different, understanding of the phenomenon it was meant to describe. The so-called Merton relation1 in medieval kinematics, for example, was ultimately responsible for laying to rest the Aris- totelian doctrine that motion, like color, was an inherent property of a body (Pedersen & Pihl, 1974). In a similar, although perhaps less radical, way Herrnstein's equation has led to an improved understanding of the effects of reinforcement on the behavior of organisms. The new view of reinforcement provided by Herrnstein's equation is especially important for contemporary behavior therapy, which relies on reinforcement principles for many of its tech- niques. This article will explain Herrnstein's math- ematical statement of the law of effect and ex- amine its importance for clinical practice. The basic features of the equation will be presented in the first section, followed by a brief review of con- firming evidence, with special attention paid to data from human subjects. In the second section, the clinical relevance of the equation will be dis- cussed.
Fretting fatigue in 2XXX series aerospace aluminium alloys

Abstract This research investigated the effects of microstructural characteristics on the fretting response in 2XXX series aerospace aluminium alloys. Fretting fatigue tests were conducted to determine the influence of slip character, alloy purity, grain structure and yield strength on fretting crack nucleation and growth. Crack length measurements and micrographs of the specimens indicated there was no significant difference in the fretting response of these alloys based on their microstructural characteristics. Results also showed that fretting caused cracks to nucleate in the first 1–5% of total life which resulted in much shorter fatigue lives. Additionally, fretting normalized the nucleation time in all alloys, eliminating the differences in intrinsic fatigue nucleation resistance. This resulted in the alloys with the highest stress-life ( S–N ) fatigue properties exhibiting a greater reduction in fatigue strength under fretting conditions. The total fretting fatigue life appeared to be primarily determined by the fatigue crack propagation resistance of the alloys.
Control of an aircraft electric fuel pump drive

The concept of designing a high-speed, permanent magnet, brushless DC motor aircraft fuel pump drive using a cycloconverter link is examined. A combination of sinusoidal and DC steady-state analysis is used to produce a simple model of the system. A closed-loop control system with an outer loop based on speed and an inner loop based on current is postulated wherein a proportional-plus-integral controller is placed in the forward path to assure minimum speed error. Gains are then set to assure that the eigenvalues of the linearized control system lie within the left half s-plane over the entire full range. >
Guest Editorial: Special Section on Information Optics Using Polymeric Materials

This PDF file contains the editorial “Guest Editorial: Special Section on Information Optics Using Polymeric Materials” for OE Vol. 39 Issue 03
Effects of anoxia on the viability of subitaneous eggs of planktonic copepods

The effect of anoxia on the viability (as evidenced by hatching) of newly spawned and fully developed subitaneous eggs of three species of copepods, Acartia tonsa (Dana), Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg), and Labidocera aestiva (Wheeler) was determined for eggs produced in the laboratory by adults collected from inshore waters of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico between January and August 1992. Hatching success decreased to 50% or less when eggs were exposed to oxygen concentrations <0.06 mll-1 for more than 12 d, except for newly spawned eggs of L. aestiva, which still showed 50% survival after 32 d of exposure to anoxia. For all three species, newly spawned eggs survived exposure to anoxia longer than fully developed eggs. The results indicate that the increasing occurrence of anoxia in estuarine and coastal waters could have a major impact on the population growth of these important food web organisms.
Vacuum fluctuation and retardation effects on long-range potentials

The Casimir-Polder ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ retarded potential between two neutral (polarizable) atoms at a separation $R$, which replaces the nonrelativistic ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ van der Waals potential for $R$ sufficiently large, has been derived both by standard techniques and by assuming the atoms to be within a large volume with conducting walls and considering vacuum-fluctuation effects. The latter technique is here used to provide simple derivations of the ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ potential between a charged point particle and a polarizable system---an addition to the usual ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ polarization potential---and the ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ two-photon contribution to the potential between two charged point particles. It also suggests a new, ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ potential---an addition to the usual ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ image potential---between a charged point particle and a conducting wall.
Quality of care among obese patients.

Context Clinicians often have negative attitudes toward obesity and express dissatisfaction in caring for obese patients. Moreover, obese patients often feel that clinicians are biased or disrespectful because of their weight. These observations raise the concern that obese patients may receive lower quality of care. Objective To determine whether performance on common outpatient quality measures differs by patient weight status. Design, Setting, and Participants Eight different performance measures were examined in 2 national-level patient populations: (1) Medicare beneficiaries (n = 36 122) using data from the Medicare Beneficiary Survey (1994-2006); and (2) recipients of care from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) (n = 33 550) using data from an ongoing performance-evaluation program (2003-2004). Main Outcome Measures Performance measures among eligible patients for diabetes care (eye examination, glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] testing, and lipid screening), pneumococcal vaccination, influenza vaccination, screening mammography, colorectal cancer screening, and cervical cancer screening. Measures were based on a combination of administrative claims, survey, and chart review data. Results We found no evidence that obese or overweight patients were less likely to receive recommended care relative to normal-weight patients. Moreover, success rates were marginally higher for obese and/or overweight patients on several measures. The most notable differentials were observed for recommended diabetes care among Medicare beneficiaries: comparing obese vs normal-weight patients with diabetes, obese patients were more likely to receive recommended care on lipid screening (72% vs 65%; odds ratio, 1.37 [95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.73]) and HbA1c testing (74% vs 62%; odds ratio, 1.73 [95% confidence interval, 1.41-2.11]). All analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors, health status, clinical complexity, and visit frequency. Conclusions Among samples of patients from the Medicare and VHA populations, there was no evidence across 8 performance measures that obese or overweight patients received inferior care when compared with normal-weight patients. Being obese or overweight was associated with a marginally higher rate of recommended care on several measures.
Biomarkers Classification and Therapeutic Decision-Making for Malignant Gliomas

Diffuse gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors, with glioblastoma (GBM) encompassing more than 50 % of all cases. Despite aggressive therapy, patients nearly always succumb to their disease and the survival for patients with GBM is approximately 1 year. During past years, numerous scientific contributions have reshaped the field of neuro-oncology and neuropathology. A series of molecular discoveries have shed light on new pathogenic mechanisms, as well as new prognostic and predictive biomarkers with clinical relevance. The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification system is solely based on morphologic criteria; however, there is accumulated evidence that tumors with similar histology have distinct molecular signatures with a clinically significant impact on treatment response and survival. Molecular markers and signatures could be incorporated into the glioma classification and grading system to mirror the clinical outcomes. Additionally, molecular markers could lead to a redefinition of currently controversial entities, such as mixed oligoastrocytomas. Newly discovered molecular alterations also have the potential to become targets for future drug development. Despite tremendous progress in the past decade, therapeutic progress for diffuse gliomas has been slow. A further understanding of glioma biology, in concert with well-designed clinical trials, is necessary to identify more putative molecular biomarkers and unravel the mysteries in the pathogenic mechanisms that trigger this menacing disease.
Algae-grazing minnows (Campostoma anomalum), piscivorous bass (Micropterus spp.), and the distribution of attached algae in a small prairie-margin stream

Campostoma anomalum is an algae-grazing minnow, abundant in many streams of the central and eastern United States. In a small stream in south-central Oklahoma, Campostoma has a marked impact on standing crops of attached algae. Pools with schools of Campostoma are barren, while pools in which Campostoma are apparently excluded by bass (Micropterus salmoides or M. punctulatus) support large standing crops of filamentous green algae (predominantly Spirogyra sp. and Rhizoclonium sp.). Campostoma grazed actively on algae-covered cobbles transferred into their pools, and visibly reduced standing crops within one hour. After 24 h of exposure to Campostoma, standing crops of attached algae on cobbles were reduced from 22.0 to 6.3 mg ash-free dry weight cm-2. When a largemouth bass was tethered in a pool with Campostoma, the minnows did not graze on algae-covered cobbles within 30-50 cm of the bass, but fed actively on cobbles that were more than 1.3 m away. These results indicate that interactions of Campostoma and their predators may be an important factor contributing to pool-to-pool variation in attached algae in small streams of the central and eastern United States.
Scanning light-sheet microscopy in the whole mouse brain with HiLo background rejection

It is well known that light-sheet illumination can enable optically sectioned wide-field imaging of macroscopic samples. However, the optical sectioning capacity of a light-sheet macroscope is undermined by sample-induced scattering or aberrations that broaden the thickness of the sheet illumination. We present a technique to enhance the optical sectioning capacity of a scanning light-sheet microscope by out-of-focus background rejection. The technique, called HiLo microscopy, makes use of two images sequentially acquired with uniform and structured sheet illumination. An optically sectioned image is then synthesized by fusing high and low spatial frequency information from both images. The benefits of combining light-sheet macroscopy and HiLo background rejection are demonstrated in optically cleared whole mouse brain samples, using both green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fluorescence and dark-field scattered light contrast.
Geometry of Early Stopping in Linear Networks

A theory of early stopping as applied to linear models is presented. The backpropagation learning algorithm is modeled as gradient descent in continuous time. Given a training set and a validation set, all weight vectors found by early stopping must lie on a certain quadric surface, usually an ellipsoid. Given a training set and a candidate early stopping weight vector, all validation sets have least-squares weights lying on a certain plane. This latter fact can be exploited to estimate the probability of stopping at any given point along the trajectory from the initial weight vector to the least-squares weights derived from the training set, and to estimate the probability that training goes on indefinitely. The prospects for extending this theory to nonlinear models are discussed.
Mechanisms of laser hair removal: could persistent photoepilation induce vitiligo or defects in wound repair?

BACKGROUND Current laser hair removal modalities achieve a long-term but not persistent (irreversible) hair loss. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the mechanisms of the current laser hair removal technology and explores possible side effects. METHODS The literature is reviewed. RESULTS The hair shaft plays a key role in the mechanisms underlying current photoepilation procedures by acting as a vector for heat transfer. Together with inherent properties of the hair growth cycle and the anatomic specifics of the follicular stem cells located in the bulge, the crucial role of the hair shaft and its lack of complete destruction with present technology are also likely culprits for the nonpersistent nature of present laser hair removal. Future persistent photoepilation may be associated with vitiligo or vitiligolike changes. Disturbances in wound repair of previously lasered sites are less likely. CONCLUSIONS The currently available laser hair removal protocols are safe, not the least because they achieve long-term but not persistent epilation. The adverse effects of persistent laser hair removal technology possibly available in the future are potentially problematic.
Some not‐so‐hidden injuries of class: Autoethnographies of U.S. social mobility

Shamus Khan's Privilege and Christine Walley's Exit Zero are autobiographically grounded analyses of social class in the United States. Drawing on memory, personal documents, the telling ethnographic incident, and relevant social theory, each brings to light some of the ways that current neoliberal socioeconomic policies constrict people's life chances.
Terror and Ethnocentrism: Foundations of American Support for the War on Terrorism

The events of 9/11 set in motion a massive reordering of U.S. policy. We propose that the American public's response to this redirection in policy derives, in part, from ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism—“prejudice, broadly conceived”—refers to the commonplace human tendency to partition the social world into virtuous ingroups and nefarious outgroups. Support for the war on terrorism, undertaken against a strange and shadowy enemy, should hold special appeal for Americans with an ethnocentric turn of mind. To see if this is so, we analyze the panel component of the 2000–2002 National Election Study. We find that ethnocentrism powerfully underwrites support for the war on terrorism, across a variety of tests and specifications, and the strength of the relationship between ethnocentrism and opinion is influenced in part by the extraordinary events of 9/11. Ethnocentrism is easily found among Americans, but its relevance and potency for politics depends, we suggest, upon circumstance.
An important role of a BAHD acyl transferase-like protein in plant innate immunity

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important regulator of plant resistance to biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens. The enhanced pseudomonas susceptibility 1 (eps1) mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana is hypersusceptible to both virulent and avirulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Through positional cloning, the EPS1 gene was isolated and found to encode a novel member of the BAHD acyltransferase superfamily. Pathogen-induced accumulation of SA and expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were compromised in the eps1 mutant. SA could induce PR1 gene expression and restore disease resistance in the eps1 mutant. These results suggest that EPS1 functions upstream of SA and may be involved directly in synthesis of a precursor or a regulatory molecule for SA biosynthesis. Mutations of EPS1 or other genes important for SA accumulation or signaling conferred enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola in the Nossen-0 background but had little effect in the Columbia-0 background. These results suggest that there is natural variation among Arabidopsis ecotypes with respect to the antagonistic cross-talk between defense signaling pathways against various types of microbial pathogens.
Access control in wireless sensor networks

Nodes in a sensor network may be lost due to power exhaustion or malicious attacks. To extend the lifetime of the sensor network, new node deployment is necessary. In military scenarios, adversaries may directly deploy malicious nodes or manipulate existing nodes to introduce malicious ‘‘new’’ nodes through many kinds of attacks. To prevent malicious nodes from joining the sensor network, access control is required in the design of sensor network protocols. In this paper, we propose an access control protocol based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for sensor networks. Our access control protocol accomplishes node authentication and key establishment for new nodes. Different from conventional authentication methods based on the node identity, our access control protocol includes both the node identity and the node bootstrapping time into the authentication procedure. Hence our access control protocol cannot only identify the identity of each node but also differentiate between old nodes and new nodes. In addition, each new node can establish shared keys with its neighbors during the node authentication procedure. Compared with conventional sensor network security solutions, our access control protocol can defend against most well-recognized attacks in sensor networks, and achieve better computation and communication performance due to the more efficient algorithms based on ECC than those based on RSA.
The use of axial loaded MRI in place of radiographs for surveillance of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: one practice's experience and recommendations

This orthopaedic practice began a prospective study of whether these scans provided reliable curve measurements when compared to traditional radiographs. While enrolling patients in this study and obtaining axial loaded MRI's during regular clinic hours, we were able to gain experience in how to schedule patients, obtain scans efficiently, provide axial loading to simulate gravity during the scan (Figure 1), use MRI images to obtain Cobb angles, and incorporate this all into our regular patient care routine.
Time-resolved spectral hole burning in Er 3+ :YLiF 4 : experiments and computer simulations

We have measured spectral diffusion in Er3+-doped YLiF4 from the time dependence of spectral hole shapes. The holes were burned in the absorption corresponding to the transition between the lowest Zeeman components of the 4I15/2(1) and 4F9/2(1) levels of Er3+:YLiF4 at 15298.6 cm−1 and were scanned by rapid Zeeman tuning of the erbium energy levels. In an external magnetic field of 26 kG, which supresses erbium–erbium spin flips, the mechanism for spectral diffusion involved local field fluctuations that are due to 19F nuclear spin flips in the perturbing field of the erbium electron spins. Numerical simulation of the fluorine spin dynamics gives semiquantitative agreement with the observed time-dependent hole shapes.
A non-obtrusive technique to characterize dielectric charging in RF-MEMS capacitive switches

Degradation and failure due to dielectric charging has been a dominant and pervasive reliability concern for RF-MEMS switches. Traditionally, the operational lifetime dictated by this degradation phenomenon is extrapolated from a series of measurements of time-dependent shifts in Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) characteristics under accelerated stress conditions. In this paper, we explain why the classical large-signal C-V methodology may lead to a pessimistic under-prediction of device lifetime. Using both simulations and experiments, we propose and verify a new small-signal characterization technique based on resonance characteristics of MEMS cantilever beams. This new technique overcomes the limitations of the classical approaches to accurately anticipate device lifetime and opens up the possibility of non-obtrusive, in-situ runtime monitoring of degradation in RF-MEMS switches. Moreover, since the technique is amenable to ‘parallel’ implementation, it has the potential to be used both as an in-line process monitor as well as to reduce the overall time to technology qualification.
Evidence that Low-Level Viremias during Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Result from Two Processes: Expression of Archival Virus and Replication of Virus

Episodes of low-level viremia (LLV), with plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels ranging from 50 to 400 copies (c)/ml, occur commonly during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). LLV has been associated with virologic failure of HAART in some studies, while in others LLV did not appear to affect the clinical outcome. To understand the processes leading to LLV, genetic analyses were used to determine whether plasma virions emanated from archived or from newly evolved viral genomes. Episodes of LLV (plasma HIV-1 RNA, 50 to 379 [median, 77] c/ml) were detected in 21/37 (57%) HIV-1-infected children with median plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of <50 c/ml during 79 patient years of HAART. Viral sequences were derived by direct sequencing of PCR products from 21 plasma specimens diluted to end point. In phylogenetic analysis, LLV viral sequences grouped with virus from early in the course of infection in 8/11 subjects. Six specimens had multiple identical viral sequences, suggesting origin from clonally expanded infected cells. LLV plasma virus evolved over time, indicating viral replication, in 3/11 subjects. Two of these had frequent LLV, including the selection of drug-resistant mutants. In summary, plasma virus from episodes of LLV during effective HAART appeared to originate from two distinct processes, (i) clonal outgrowth from long-lived HIV-1-infected cells, presumably following activation and proliferation of these cells, and (ii) ongoing viral replication that included the selection of new drug-resistant mutants. These observations provide a plausible explanation for the divergent clinical outcomes previously associated with LLV.
Scientific Opportunities with the NSCL Coupled Cyclotron Facility

The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University (MSU) is primarily devoted to the study of exotic nuclei. The Laboratory is funded by the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) to operate two coupled superconducting cyclotrons (the K500 and the K1200) and a diverse array of experimental devices. This paper describes this facility, some of the planned research and its future directions. The planned program will cover three main areas; nuclear structure, nuclear astrophysics, and the equation of state of compressed nuclear matter. In nuclear structure, one of the major goals will be to study the structure of very neutron and very proton rich nuclei with mass A < 100. The tools for these studies are presented. Nuclear astrophysics studies will cover the full range of stellar evolution from main sequence burning to exploration of the properties of neutron stars.
Impacts of the Indian Ocean on the ENSO cycle

This study examines the impacts of the Indian Ocean on the ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) cycle by performing experiments with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (CGCM). In one of the experiments, the ocean model domain includes only the tropical Pacific Ocean (the Pacific Run). In the other experiment, the ocean model domain includes both the Indian and tropical Pacific Oceans (the Indo-Pacific Run). The experiment results show that the CGCM simulation of ENSO including both the Indian and tropical Pacific Oceans tends to be more realistic than that including the tropical Pacific Ocean only. In particular, the Indo-Pacific Run produces ENSO events with larger amplitude and greater variability on decadal time scales. The interactive Indian Ocean also affects the surface heat flux anomalies in the Indian Ocean during the ENSO cycle and surface wind stress anomalies in both the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are indications that both surface heat flux and wind stress are actively forcing a portion of the interannual variability in the Indian Ocean during the ENSO cycle.
Elastomeric ozone concentration detector

Micron-sized surface cracks develop in polybutadiene when stretched and exposed to ozone. The consequent reduction in the transparency of the rubber provides a method for quantifying the ambient ozone concentration. The rate at which opacity develops depends linearly on the amount of ozone, and increases with increasing strain. This method of detecting atmospheric ozone has high sensitivity (1 ppb) and a broad dynamic range. The crack morphology can be interpreted in terms of nucleation and growth.
Institutional thinking: The case of financial instruments

Abstract Although financial accounting practices and disclosures are frequently altered, such changes appear to be constrained by “institutional thinking”. In this paper, I explore an instance of institutional thinking — the emergence and development of an FASB project on financial instruments. This study illustrates the programmed ways in which accounting problems are constructed and resolved, a process that shadows certain questions while emphasizing the traditional accounting concerns with disclosure, recognition and measurement.
Using the Parametric Representation

Decomposition with the parametric representation has been a direct enabler for several large verifications accomplished using symbolic simulation. In this chapter, two verification examples from Intel processor designs are presented. In contrast with the verifications reported in Chapter 3, these verifications involved hand-crafted formal specifications. The tests were performed on the same verification platform described in Section 3.1.1. Both verifications reasoned about the correctness of the circuit datapaths and did not consider the correctness of the pipelines.
Osmometric behavior of normal and abnormal human erythrocytes.

Normal human erythrocytes suspended in the series of hypotonic salt solutions employed for testing red cell fragility behave like nearly perfect osmometers throughout the series, with their maximum swelling, usually around 175 per cent of their initial volume, sharply defined by their mean surface area. The same principles govern the swelling and hemolysis of some abnormal types of erythrocytes with different characteristics of abnormal fragility or resistance to osmotic hemolysis. The red cells of congenital hemolytic icterus exhibit essentially normal osmotic behavior, but since the spherocytes can swell very little within the limits of their surface area they rupture at higher tonicities, with the maximal swelling in most instances around 150 per cent of their initial volume. Thin cells are capable of greater swelling than normal cells. Moderately hypochromic erythrocytes from patients with mild anemia behaved like perfect osmometers throughout the series, to attain a maximal swelling of around 200 per cent, this value agreeing with predictions based on their mean surface area. Erythrocytes of patients with thalassemia, sicklemia and pernicious anemia exhibited less than the expected osmometric swelling throughout the series of hypotonic solutions. The cells behaving as imperfect osmometers displayed varying patterns of hemolysis, and of maximal swelling in relation to predicted values. The increased osmotic resistance characteristic of the cells of thalassemia is accounted for by two mechanisms: they swell less than normal cells at each tonicity; and, being thin, they undergo greater swelling (around 220 per cent) before they are hemolyzed.
Effect of alloxan on feed consumption and on replacement therapy with graded levels of insulin in rats.

SummaryAlloxan diabetes was induced in a group of 18 female Sprague-Dawley-Rolfsmeyer rats weighing a mean of 237 g. Prior to treatment they consumed a mean of 13.07 g/day and 5.18 g/100 g BW. Following treatment they consumed a mean of 22.13 g/day and 9.46 g/100 g BW of Purina Lab. Chow daily during a 10-day period, an increase of 69%/day and 83%/100 g BW. Graded levels of insulin (1 to 4 u) were administered during 6-day periods. On 2 u/day, feed consumption decreased 9% (non-significant), on 3 u 20% (significant) and at 4 u a highly significant decrease of 23%/100 g BW was observed. At the 3 and 4 u level, 2 and 5 rats died.
Bermudagrass-Subterranean Clover Response to Nitrogen Application

Overseeding perennial warm-season grasses with annual clovers can extend the grazing season and improve available forage quality. Grass yield following annual clovers may be reduced however, compared with grass-N systems. Our objective was to determine the effect of rate and date of N application on the productivity and quality of hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] following subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), and on subsequent clover establishment (...)
Application and Research of Network Management System for Power Terminal Communication Access Network

Along with the development of distribution automation system of SGCC,the scale of distribution communication network is bigger and bigger and the difficulty of management is also bigger and bigger.Therefore,the study of unified integrated distribution network management system is inevitable.This paper focuses on the architecture of unified integrated distribution network management system,proposes integrated distribution network management method of EPON and medium-voltage carrier,and gives a method of northbound interface.It has a certain reference value for engaging the related research units.
A two-step approach to achieve secondary amide transamidation enabled by nickel catalysis

A long-standing challenge in synthetic chemistry is the development of the transamidation reaction. This process, which involves the conversion of one amide to another, is typically plagued by unfavourable kinetic and thermodynamic factors. Although some advances have been made with regard to the transamidation of primary amide substrates, secondary amide transamidation has remained elusive. Here we present a simple two-step approach that allows for the elusive overall transformation to take place using non-precious metal catalysis. The methodology proceeds under exceptionally mild reaction conditions and is tolerant of amino-acid-derived nucleophiles. In addition to overcoming the classic problem of secondary amide transamidation, our studies expand the growing repertoire of new transformations mediated by base metal catalysis.
Biological Subtypes of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is no longer thought of as a single disease, but rather as collection of subtypes characterized by molecular signatures. The use of gene array analysis has provided insights into the dominant driver pathways that effect individual tumors and translate into clinical manifestations of the disease, response to treatment and overall clinical outcome.
Framework for Spatial Models for Future Cities

The chapter is to reflect Professor Walter Isard’s scientific reasoning and contributions to formulating spatial models for urban and regional systems and to shed light on developing a framework for spatial modeling for future cities. We need alternative spatial models for cities and regions more than ever now in light of rapidly changing socio-economic and environmental challenges that we have been confronted with and more to face in the near future. Among others, I would identify the following four major recent developments that force us to consider alternative spatial models: (a) Rapid growth of Global Urbanization (b) Unlimited computing capability (c) Pervasive use of instantly available Information and Communication tools (d) Shift from Personal to Communal Ownership of Automobiles
Diverse settings for learning and teaching: preservice teachers learning pedagogy online and on-the-fly

In this article we assess the effectiveness of an Internet-based mathematics-mentoring program that was designed to enhance prospective teachers' ability to communicate with middle school students about mathematics. The mentoring involved reading solutions that students submitted to the Math Forum's online Problem of the Week, and writing feedback to those students after first practicing mentoring techniques in an online discussion forum. This report reports the results of a study held in two courses: one in the fall of 2000 (n=19 mentors), and the other in the spring of 2001 (n=10 mentors). We use quantitative data to document improvement trends in mentoring quality, and qualitative data to examine the program's success from the perspective of the prospective teachers. The results indicate that many of the prospective teachers learned to guide students' problem solving with questions and hints and learned about the range and types of solution methods that students use to solve problems.
Privacy preserving dynamic room layout mapping

We present a novel and efficient room layout mapping strategy that does not reveal people’s identity. The system uses only a Kinect depth sensor instead of RGB cameras or a high-resolution depth sensor. The users’ facial details will neither be captured nor recognized by the system. The system recognizes and localizes 3D objects in an indoor environment, that includes the furniture and equipment, and generates a 2D map of room layout. Our system accomplishes layout mapping in three steps. First, it converts a depth image from the Kinect into a top-view image. Second, our system processes the top-view image by restoring the missing information from occlusion caused by moving people and random noise from Kinect depth sensor. Third, it recognizes and localizes different objects based on their shape and height for a given top-view image. We evaluated this system in two challenging real-world application scenarios: a laboratory room with four people present and a trauma room with up to 10 people during actual trauma resuscitations. The system achieved 80 % object recognition accuracy with 9.25 cm average layout mapping error for the laboratory furniture scenario and 82 % object recognition accuracy for the trauma resuscitation scenario during six actual trauma cases.
Ultrasonic Characterization of the Contents of Underground Storage Tanks: The Status of Current Research Efforts

Underground storage tanks (USTs) contain a variety of radioactive liquid and solid wastes. The tanks contain high-level wastes (HLW) such as spent fuel, and transuranic wastes which come primarily from the reprocessing of spent fuel and from the use of plutonium in the fabrication of nuclear weapons. The tanks also contain a variety of low-level wastes (LLW) generated by institutions and facilities using radioactive materials such as medical treatment and research materials, contaminated wiping rags and paper towels, protective clothing, hand tools, and obsolete equipment [1].
Emotional influences on perception and working memory

Although there has been steady progress elucidating the influence of emotion on cognition, it remains unclear precisely when and why emotion impairs or facilitates cognition. The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in the influence of emotion on perception and working memory (WM), using modified 0-back and 2-back tasks, respectively. First, results showed that attentional focus modulated the impact of emotion on perception. Specifically, emotion facilitated perceptual task performance when it was relevant to the task, but it impaired performance when it was irrelevant to the task. The differential behavioural effect of emotion on perception as a function of attentional focus diminished under high WM load. Second, attentional focus did not directly modulate the impact of emotion on WM, but rather its influence depended on the dynamic relationship between internal representations. Specifically, WM performance was worse when the material already being held online and the new input were of matching emotions (e.g. both were negative), compared to when they were not. We propose that the competition between "bottom-up" and "top-down" processing for limited cognitive resources explains the nature of the influence of emotion on both perception and WM.
The New Religious Prisons and Their Retributivist Commitments

The rise of the religious, or faith-based, prison at the turn of the twenty-first century bears witness to the remarkable resilience of religion in shaping the philosophy of punishment. In the last decade, prisons that incorporate religion in various ways have sprouted around the country and there are strong, albeit preliminary and inconclusive, indications that inmates who participate in religious instruction and programming recidivate at significantly lower rates than those who do not. The early success of these programs (and, some say, the preferential treatment accorded to participants in them) has resulted in high demand and long waiting lists. Spurred by its initial success, Florida has recently opened its second faith-based prison, this one for women, and more such programs are presently being planned and implemented. Religious prisons raise serious questions of constitutionality and effectiveness, and most of the critical commentary to date has focused either on the considerable Establishment Clause concerns or the programs' inconclusive recidivism results. This article explores the criminological commitments of religious prisons. Though religious prisons serve rehabilitative aims, this article emphasizes the importance of their retributive goals - what Professor R.A. Duff has termed the censure-communicating purpose of punishment and the Three 'R'S of Punishment, repentance, reform, and reconciliation - in justifying the use of religious programming in prisons. The paper offers an argument to skeptics who claim that religious programming serves no purpose absent an unequivocal showing of rehabilitative effectiveness. It claims that even if the evidence of reduced recidivism has been inflated or manipulated, as many critics claim, religious programming may be justified theoretically by reference to its potential for a special manifestation of penitential retribution that might advance secular ends.
Complement System in Allorecognition and Rejection of Organ Transplants

Complement is a system of mediators, receptors, and regulators that integrates the interactions of leukocytes, platelets, and tissues in inflammatory responses. Historically, the function of the effector proteins of this system was demonstrated first by Jules Bordet, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1919. He demonstrated that serum from immunized animals contained two constituents that were required to cause lysis of bacteria or cells: A heat stable constituent that later was identified to be antibodies and a heat labile constituent that complemented the function of antibodies. As methods for protein chemistry were refined, the complementary proteins responsible for causing lysis were separated and characterized in increasing detail. Most of the complement components leading to cell lysis were characterized by 1966, when a devastatingly rapid type of rejection was described for renal transplants. This type of rejection was named hyperacute to denote that these transplants were rejected within minutes to hours after the surgeon allowed blood to flow into the grafted kidneys. Immunohistological studies demonstrated antibodies and complement components were deposited in the transplant. Consequently, hyperacute rejection was quickly attributed to the action of antibodies and complement2-4.
Changes in the Population of Clostridium perfringens Type A Frozen in a Meat Medium1

Survival of eight strains of Clostridium perfringens type A frozen in a meat medium at -23 C and held under aerobic conditions for 1,7, and 14 days was 17, 12, and 6.2%, respectively. Holding under anaerobic conditions for 1, 7, and 14 days gave survival percentages of 51, 26, and 10%, respectively. Survival was not affected by cooling rates of 0.5, 1.5, and 20 C per min. Addition of 10% sucrose to the meat medium did not affect survival. The meat medium with glycerol concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 M gave survival percentages of 13, 63, 144, and 58, respectively, when frozen at -23 C and held for 22 to 24 h.
Hardness and the Potential Energy Function in Internal Rotations: A Generalized Symmetry-Adapted Interpolation Procedure

Density functional theory (DFT) has provided the theoretical basis to study reactivity parameters of molecular systems, this is, to its resistance to change its electron density distribution, namely the molecular hardness (ŋ). Its evolution along a given reaction coordinate is examined in order to better understand the chemical reactivity of the system of interest. In this work, compounds that are often used as prototypes to study their linkage in proteins are shown.
Capital and Class Determinations in Videogames

Crowley addresses theories of narrative in videogame scholarship. Focusing on observations from Alexander Galloway, Edward Castronova, and David M. Leeson, Crowley attends to scholarly considerations of narrative that fail to define the term. Asserting that Gerard Genette’s definition for narrative is essentially compatible with much of what is best in such criticism, Crowley establishes a related argument on the significance of capital and class determinations in videogame narratives from the first decade of the twenty-first century. “Capital and Class Determinations in Videogames” concludes with an assertion that Halo: Combat Evolved and World of Warcraft illuminate the prime symbolic orders of action and possibility bearing on time that shaped the player’s act of play during the millennial period.
Agency and ageism in the community-based technology support services used by older adults

Many older adults turn to community-based institutions as they learn digital technologies in retirement. In the U.S., these institutions include public libraries and senior centers. A one-year study of technology support services in these spaces finds that older adults adapt services to meet their digital learning and literacy needs. Simultaneously, societal ageism, manifested in institutional policies and practices, hinders the agency of older adults. These findings suggest that community-based technology support services need to transcend ageism and embrace the agency of community elders, who are a growing and important segment of local communities throughout the world.