cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation at a Wavy Sea Surface

AbstractWave breaking is thought to be the dominant mechanism for energy loss by the surface wave field. Breaking results in energetic and highly turbulent velocity fields, concentrated within approximately one wave height of the surface. To make meaningful estimates of wave energy dissipation in the upper ocean, it is then necessary to make accurate measurements of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation very near the surface. However, the surface wave field makes measurements of turbulence at the air–sea interface challenging since the energy spectrum contains energy from both waves and turbulence over the same range of wavenumbers and frequencies. Furthermore, wave orbital velocities can advect the turbulent wake of instrumentation into the sampling volume of the instrument. In this work a new technique for measuring TKE dissipation at the sea surface that overcomes these difficulties is presented. Using a stereo pair of longwave infrared cameras, it is possible to reconstruct the surface displaceme...
History of Apoptosis Research

Apoptosis-like cell death was first observed in developing tissues using histological methods in the mid-nineteenth century. Having been frequently rejected as experimental artefacts, such biologically active, well-regulated cell death phenomena were reconfirmed in various research contexts during the first half of the twentieth century. In 1972, three pathologists observed cell death in pathological tissues and coined the term ‘apoptosis’ to distinguish the concept of physiological cell death from the concept of passive cell death, necrosis. In the 1980s and 1990s, modern molecular biotechnology transformed apoptosis research from a subject for mostly morphological investigation to a multivalent, interdisciplinary field important to developmental biology, biogerontology and cancer research. Key Concepts: Apoptosis is biologically active, well-regulated physiological cell death mechanism that is involved in development, tumour suppression, tissue homoeostasis and degenerative diseases. Apoptosis was discovered and defined initially through its unique morphology. The discovery of apoptosis in development challenged assumptions in embryology in the early twentieth century. Molecular methods transformed apoptosis research into an important biological and biomedical field. Keywords: apoptosis; programmed cell death; embryology; cell differentiation; Caenorhabditis elegans; cancer research; caspase; ced genes; Bcl-2; p53
College students' attitudes towards obesity: Fashion, style and garment selection

The purpose of this study was to evaluate students' attitudes towards people of different weights by comparing and contrasting student stereotypes of thin, average, moderately obese and morbidly obese weight individuals, and identify existing prejudices toward the obese and morbidly obese with regards to fashion, style and garment selection. Respondents included 304 college students at a southern university in the USA. Eighty‐seven per cent of the students described their weight as being normal, 10 per cent identified themselves as obese or morbidly obese, and 3 per cent indicated being excessively thin. Results indicated that participants would prefer to seek fashion advice from an average‐weight, as opposed to overweight, person. Ninety‐three per cent of the sample indicated that a thin or average‐weight individual would be more likely to follow fashion as opposed to an obese or morbidly obese person. Thin or average‐weight individuals were perceived to be more flamboyant, having more fashion choices, being more confident with their apparel choices and more willing to pay a high price for their clothing, having an easier time acquiring clothing that fit well, being more able to obtain and desire high‐quality clothing, and also presenting the best overall appearance in their clothing as compared to overweight individuals. The sum or ranking means for the fashion variables of the sample were as follows: thin 24.1, normal 24.4, obese 37.7 and morbidly obese 47.6. (p <0.001).
A New Look at U.S. and European Unemployment

Despite ongoing structural reforms, many European countries continue to suffer high rates of unemployment relative to the United States. The authors argue that reported unemployment statistics for both the EU-15 countries and the United States understate the degree of unemployment. Their work is based on an "age-adjusted" unemployment rate, which takes into account changes in the age and gender structure of the population. But they argue that without these factors, the reported unemployment rate is a misleading measure of the strength of the economy.
PLANNING AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE RETIREMENT EXPERIENCE

Research suggests that retirement planning can benefit individuals in a number of ways. In this study, two types of informal retirement planning and participation in a retirement planning seminar were used to predict retirement expectations and self‐efficacy, or subjects’ confidence in their ability to make the retirement transition. Results suggested that informal leisure planning had a positive impact on expectations and self‐efficacy, whereas effects of participating in the planning seminar were limited to retirement expectations. Suggestions for designing planning seminars are discussed in view of these findings.
Learning Design Rules With Explicit Termination Conditions to Enable Efficient Automated Design

We present a two-step technique for learning reusable design procedures from observations of a designer in action. This technique is intended for the domain of parametric design problems in which the designer iteratively adjusts the parameters of a design so as to satisfy the design requirements. In the first step of the two-step learning process, decision tree learning is used to infer rules that predict which design parameter the designer is likely to change for any particular state of an evolving design. In the second step, decision tree learning is again used, but this time to learn explicit termination conditions for the rules learned in the first step. The termination conditions are used to predict how large of a parameter change should be made when a rule is applied. The learned rules and termination conditions can be used to automatically solve new design problems with a minimum of human intervention. Experiments with this technique suggest that it can reproduce the decision making process observed from the designer, and it is considerably more efficient than the previous technique, which was incapable of learning explicit rule termination conditions. In particular, the rule termination conditions allow the new program to automatically solve design problems with far fewer iterations than previously required.
Metal and Bi/Pb microdistribution studies of an L3 chondrite:their implications for a meteorite parent body

We find strong localizations (relative to bulk) of Bi and to a lesser extent Pb. in some of the kamacite grains in Khohar. Other kamacite grains show no such enrichments. There are distinctive and correlated differences in the Ni contents of the two kamacite populations, with the Bi/Pb-rich kamacite grains having consistently lower Ni levels (sometimes unusually low. ~ 2% Ni) than the Bi/Pb-poor kamacite, which typically have ~ 6–7% Ni. The Bi/Pb-rich kamacite grains are also distinguished on the basis of their etching behavior, exhibiting a highly reactive attack, which has not been observed previously and which we believe may be due to the fact that the Bi/Pb-rich kamacite is finely polycrystalline. We conclude that the trace element microdistributions were not established in the nebula. Nor is it likely that the enrichments occurred with slow cooling in the presence of a vapor phase during the kamacite-taenite phase transition. Rather, the Bi/Pb-rich kamacite most likely reflect the occurrence of a brief reheating episode (or episodes), which may have been shock-induced and which was followed by rapid cooling. We find fine-grained metal-sulfide intergrowths which testify to such a reheating event, and one likely candidate for the site of this event is a hot ejecta blanket at the parent body surface. Iron oxides are found in our Khohar sections. We believe that they are not due to terrestrial alteration, that they are magnetite and that the magnetite probably originated in the same dynamic event in which the Bi/Pb distributions were established. The present data do not allow us to confidently determine whether the event occurred prior to, during, or after the compaction of this meteorite, although the simplest interpretation of the data would indicate the first alternative. Bulk Bi data for Khohar has been used for inferring accretion temperatures and this now appears inappropriate.
Acoustic Cues to the Voicing Feature in Tracheoesophageal Speech

Tracheoesophageal (TE) speakers often have difficulty producing the voiced/ voiceless distinction. This limitation has been attributed to use of the pharyngoe-sophageal segment as the phonatory sou...
Avian cholera in common crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, from the central Texas panhandle.

An epornitic of avian cholera involving approximately 150 birds is described from a flock of common crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, on a single playa lake utilized as a roost in Castro County, Texas, during early spring of 1980. There was a concomitant epornitic of avian cholera involving several hundred ducks and geese of several species on adjacent lakes in the same area. Crows scavenged extensively on waterfowl carcasses. Gross and histopathologic lesions in waterfowl were typical of acute avian cholera. Crows had a more chronic form of the disease, especially neurological involvement with the most common lesion consisting of a hemorrhagic meningitis. Other endemic species from which Pasteurella multocida was isolated included the short-eared owl, Asio flammeus, and cottontail rabbit, Silvilagus sp. The role of crows in the dissemination and maintenance of avian cholera is discussed.
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTRA OF N-DOPED DOUBLE QUANTUM WELLS IN A PARALLEL MAGNETIC FIELD

We show that the photoluminescence (PL) line shapes from tunnel-split ground sublevels of {ital n}-doped thin double quantum wells (DQW{close_quote}s) are sensitively modulated by an in-plane magnetic field B{sub {parallel}} at low temperatures (T). The modulation is caused by the B{sub {parallel}}-induced distortion of the electronic structure. The latter arises from the relative shift of the energy-dispersion parabolas of the two quantum wells (QW{close_quote}s) in {rvec k} space, both in the conduction and valence bands, and formation of an anticrossing gap in the conduction band. Using a self-consistent density-functional theory, the PL spectra and the band-gap narrowing are calculated as a function of B{sub {parallel}}, {ital T}, and the homogeneous linewidths. The PL spectra from symmetric and asymmetric DQW{close_quote}s are found to show strikingly different behavior. In symmetric DQW{close_quote}s with a high density of electrons, two PL peaks are obtained at B{sub {parallel}}=0, representing the interband transitions between the pair of the upper (i.e., antisymmetric) levels and that of the lower (i.e., symmetric) levels of the ground doublets. As B{sub {parallel}} increases, the upper PL peak develops an N-type kink, namely a maximum followed by a minimum, and merges with the lower peak, which rises monotonically as a function ofmore » B{sub {parallel}} due to the diamagnetic energy. When the electron density is low, however, only a single PL peak, arising from the transitions between the lower levels, is obtained. In asymmetric DQW{close_quote}s, the PL spectra show mainly one dominant peak at all B{sub {parallel}}{close_quote}s. In this case, the holes are localized in one of the QW{close_quote}s at low {ital T} and recombine only with the electrons in the same QW. At high electron densities, the upper PL peak shows an N-type kink like in symmetric DQW{close_quote}s. However, the lower peak is absent at low B{sub {parallel}}{close_quote}s because it arises from the inter-QW transitions. Reasonable agreement is obtained with recent data from GaAs/Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}As DQW{close_quote}s. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Recent advances in the biology of WASP and WIP

WASP, the product of the gene mutated in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, is expressed only in hematopoietic cells and is the archetype of a family of proteins that include N-WASP and Scar/WAVE. WASP plays a critical role in T cell activation and actin reorganization. WASP has multiple protein-interacting domains. Through its N-terminal EVH1 domain WASP binds to its partner WASP interacting protein (WIP) and through its C-terminal end it interacts with and activates the Arp2/3 complex. In lymphocytes, most of WASP is sequestered with WIP and binding to WIP is essential for the stability of WASP. The central proline-rich region of WASP serves as docking site to several adaptor proteins. Through these multiple interactions WASP integrates many cellular signals to actin cytoskeleton remodeling. In this review, we have summarized recent developments in the biology of WASP and the role of WIP in regulating WASP function. We also discuss WASP-independent functions of WIP.
Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors After Trimethyltin Neurotoxicity

Abstract: The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is currently used as a marker of inflammation and gliosis following brain injury. Previous reports suggest that elevated PBR levels in injured brain tissue are specific to activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages. We have produced hippocampal lesions using the neurotoxicant trimethyltin (TMT) to examine the cellular and subcellular nature of the PBR response. Degenerating, argyrophilic pyramidal neurons were observed in the hippocampus at 2 and 14 days after TMT exposure. Reactive microglia were also evident at both times with a maximal response observed at 14 days, subsiding by 6 weeks. Astrocytosis was observed at 14 days and 6 weeks, but not 2 days, after TMT administration, suggesting that the onset of the astroglia response is delayed, but more persistent, compared with microgliosis. Morphological evidence from [3H]PK11195 microautoradiography and PBR immunohistochemistry indicates that both astrocytes and microglia are capable of expressing high levels of PBR after injury. This was confirmed by double labeling of either Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4, a microglial-specific marker, or glial fibrillary acidic protein, an astrocyte-specific protein with PBR fluorescence immunohistochemistry. These results demonstrate that PBR expression is increased after brain injury in both activated microglia and astrocytes. Our findings also provide the first evidence for in situ nuclear localization of PBR in glial cells.
Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis

WILLIAMS, P. T. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 5, 2001, pp. 754–761. Objective:Public health policies for physical activity presume that the greatest health benefits are achieved by increasing physical acti
Shear zone ice deformation using supervised analysis of Seasat data

Spacecraft and aircraft Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) images are commonly used to compute sea ice conditions including especially the drift velocities of ice features. Recent developments, described in this paper, in computer-aided analysis and in digital image processing have extended the analysis speed and accuracy of registration to the point that ice deformation can be examined on the geophysically important scales of about 100 m over tens of kilometers between two 'snapshots.' Examples are shown for the ice motion and rotation in the shear zone near the Alaska coast from Seasat data in 1978.
Temperature fluctuation and thermodynamic properties in Earth's lower mantle: An application of the complete travel time equation of state

Abstract The complete travel time equation of state (CT-EOS) enables us to obtain all the thermodynamic parameters from travel time or velocity measurements of elastic waves at simultaneously high pressure and temperature. Here we formulate the adiabatic CT-EOS and apply it to the lateral heterogeneity of seismic wave velocity in the lower mantle. We obtained internally consistent results for temperature, thermal expansivity and the Gruneisen constant in the lower mantle; at the depth (2741 km) just above the D″ layer, the most likely results are ∼ 2500 K for temperature, ∼ 1.0 × 10−5 K−1 for thermal expansivity and ∼ 1.0 for the Gruneisen constant. We also discuss the geophysical implication of the small thermal expansivity suggested in the deep lower mantle.
Bis(2-Amino-5-bromopyrimidinium) Tetrahalometallates: Crystal structures of (2-amino-5-bromopyrimidinium)2 MCl4 (M = Co, Zn)

The reactions of metal(II) chlorides and bromides with 2-amino-5-bromopyrimidine (2-abpm) in neutral and acidic solution were investigated. The reaction with ZnCl2, ZnBr2, CoCl2, CoBr2 and MnCl2 in acidic nitromethane solution gave complexes of the formula (2-abpmH)2MX4 (1, M = Zn, X = Cl; 2, M = Zn, X = Br; 3, M = Co, X = Cl; 4, M = Co, X = Br; 5, M = Mn, X = Cl). Crystals of 1 and 3 suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction were obtained. Crystal data: For (1): triclinic, P-1, a = 6.2485(13), b = 9.0520(14), c = 15.334(4) A, α = 94.81(2), β = 95.224(17), γ = 98.027(17)°, V = 851.1(3) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0596 for [|I| ≥ 2σ(I)]. For (3): triclinic, P-1, a = 6.2438(13), b = 9.0597(15), c = 15.318(3) A, α = 94.749(18), β = 95.343(15), γ = 98.021(17)°, V = 850.2(3) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0452 for [|I| ≥ 2σ(I) ]. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility data indicates weak antiferromagnetic interactions in the cobalt and manganese complexes.
The interaction of oxygen with Pt(110)

Abstract Oxygen adsorbs on Pt(110) with an initial sticking coefficient of 0.4 up to coverages of 14 × 1014 O cm 2 . This state reacts with a near unity reaction probability with CO and H2. At above 800°C oxygen nucleates an elongated c(2 × 2) LEED pattern which corresponds to a transition oxide leading eventually to an epitaxial growth of PtO with the (100) face oriented along the [31] direction of the Pt(110) substrate. The PtO overlayer does not react with H2 or CO but decomposes above 1000°C.
Temporomandibular disorders—pain outside the head and face is rarely acknowledged in the chief complaint ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★ ♢ ♢♢

Abstract Statement of problem. With diagnostic and therapeutic procedures being heavily influenced by the patient's chief complaint, the question arises whether this information alone represents a solid basis for clinical action. Purpose. The aim of this investigation was to assess the agreement between pain complaints and patient-generated paper-and-pencil drawings of the distribution of pain in patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders. Methods. The study included 140 adult female patients with temporomandibular disorders. Pain drawings served as a standard, against which the oral reports were compared. In 40 (29%) of the patients, pain was limited to the head and face; in the remaining subjects, it exceeded the boundaries of these regions. Nine potential pain sites were distinguished (head, face, neck, shoulders, arms, chest, abdomen, back, and legs). Whenever one of these regions was part of the drawing or the pain complaint, it was counted. Sensitivity, specificity, and kappa indices were computed for each site. Results. Patients with pain limited to the head and face showed a close correspondence between pain report and drawing. On the other hand, patients with temporomandibular disorders with concomitant pain sites outside the head and face frequently did not mention these additional pain locations. This was reflected in low sensitivities (minimum: 0.00; maximum: 0.48) and low kappa values (minimum: –0.02; maximum: 0.19). Conclusions. This study showed that the chief complaint frequently underestimates the real extent of pain involvement. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:592-5.)
Are there any nonspecific large molecule-large molecule interactions?

Es wird diskutiert, ob die Wirkung pflanzlicher Hamagglutinine als spezifisch oder unspezifisch zu bezeichnen sei und festgestellt, dass eigentlich fast alle Reaktionen zwischen Molekulen mit grossem Molekulargewicht spezifisch sind.
The carcinogenicity of diethylstilbestrol : structural evidence for a non-genotoxic mechanism

An analysis of the structure of diethylstilbestrol (DES) indicates that neither DES nor any of its metabolites are potential mutagens. Moreover, the present analyses suggest (a) that the observed carcinogenic spectrum of DES reflects the activity of metabolic intermediates and (b) that the carcinogenicity of DES in mice is due to the presence of a 6 A geometric descriptor that appears to be related to an estrogen receptor.
Template properties of DNA-polypeptide complexes.

Abstract DNA complexes with poly- l -lysine, poly- l -arginine and protamine were prepared by a salt gradient dialysis. The complexes possess the stoichiometry of one lysine or arginine residue per nucleotide residue as determined from their biphasic melting profiles. The template activity of a complex in support of RNA synthesis in the presence of excess RNA polymerase and required substrates is proportional to its fractional content of free DNA segments. The complexed DNA region is quantitatively blocked and does not act as template. Kinetic analysis of the template behavior reveals two different modes of inhibition by the polypeptides. If the template is in a loose and highly hydrated state, it is available to the enzyme, as shown by the fact that equal template concentrations of complex and of pure DNA are required for half saturation of a given amount of enzyme ( K ). Inhibition of RNA synthesis is, we propose, due to interference with local unwinding of DNA. If the template is in a tightly aggregated state, K is drastically increased. Thus the template is unavailable to the enzyme. The several species of histone molecules normally complexed with DNA in the eukaryotic organisms differ among themselves in content of lysine and arginine. The present studies show that arginine residues are as effective as lysine residues in abolishing DNA template activity.
Photoluminescent volumetric imaging: A technique for the exploration of multiphase flow and transport in porous media

A new measurement technique, photoluminescent volumetric imaging (PVI), has been developed for the visualization and quantification of multiphase flows and interface behavior in porous media. For this technique, a transparent, multiphase porous-medium system is constructed of optical-quality quartz sand, and two immiscible fluids matched to the optical refractive index of fused silica. Doping the fluids with property-selective fluorophores allows planar areas of the system to be successively excited with a shaped laser light to reveal the structure of the system. The resulting illumination is recorded by a high-resolution, cooled, slow scan charged-coupled device (CCD) camera. The planar digital images produced are then processed to generate a true three-dimensional data set that allows for quantitative study of the distribution of phases and interfaces within the porous medium. Sample volumes up to 125 mm³ in size with a resolution of better than 1 µm have been measured. Because of the large sample size and the high resolution of the measured data, geometric, flow, and phase interface information can be visualized and extracted at both subpore and system scales.
Nabkha (coppice dune) fields of south-central New Mexico, U.S.A.

A nabkha (coppice dune) plain covers 4500 km 2 of southern New Mexico, U.S.A. The nabkhas occur in arcuate fields extending 1}6)5 km downwind of source areas that are commonly prominent topographic depressions. Downwind, the nabkha fields merge into vegetated sand sheets. Mean grain size and dune height decrease downwind across a studied nabkha field indicating sediment deposition within 1}2 km of the sources. Mesquite nabkhas are important because they replace grasses during desertification in North America. Because the nabkha fields include sediment deposition as well as erosion, these nabkha fields may exist for longer than previously studied examples in Africa.
Hydroxymethylfurfural Accumulation in Applesauce Packaged in Multilayer Polymer Films and Glass

Applesauce packaged in four different multilayer polymer films and glass was evaluated for changes in hydroxymethyfurfural content during storage. Packages were held for 15 wk at 20 degrees, 30 degrees, 37 degrees and 43 degrees C. Hydroxymethyfurfural content was measured by HPLC analysis every 5 weeks. For all package types more HPF was measured at higher storage temperatures as expected, however, total amounts of HMF also varied according to package type. Comparison of HMF across package types as an index of thermal history would be of questionable value.
Reuse distance based performance modeling and workload mapping

Modern multicore architectures have multiple cores connected to a hierarchical cache structure resulting in heterogeneity in cache sharing across different subsets of cores. In these systems, overall throughput and efficiency depends heavily on a careful mapping of applications to available cores. In this paper, we study the problem of application-to-core mapping with the goal of trying to improve the overall cache performance in the presence of a hierarchical multi-level cache structure. We propose to sample the memory access patterns of individual applications and build their reuse distance distributions. Further, we propose to use these reuse distance distributions to compute an application-to-core mapping that tries to improve the overall cache performance, and consequently, the overall throughput. We show that our proposed mapping scheme is very effective in practice yielding throughput benefits of about 39% over the worst case mapping and about 30% over the default operating system based mapping. We believe, as larger chip multiprocessors with deeper cache hierarchies are projected to be the norm in the future, efficient mapping of applications to cores will become a vital requirement to extract the maximum possible performance from these systems.
Enterprise resource planning: Developments and directions for operations management research

Abstract Enterprise resource planning (ERP) has come to mean many things over the last several decades. Divergent applications by practitioners and academics, as well as by researchers in alternative fields of study, has allowed for considerable proliferation of information on the topic and for a considerable amount of confusion regarding the meaning of the term. In reviewing ERP research two distinct research streams emerge. The first focuses on the fundamental corporate capabilities driving ERP as a strategic concept. A second stream focuses on the details associated with implementing information systems and their relative success and cost. This paper briefly discusses these research streams and suggests some ideas for related future research.
On the distinction between Peirce’s abduction and Lipton’s Inference to the best explanation

I argue against the tendency in the philosophy of science literature to link abduction to the inference to the best explanation (IBE), and in particular, to claim that Peircean abduction is a conceptual predecessor to IBE. This is not to discount either abduction or IBE. Rather the purpose of this paper is to clarify the relation between Peircean abduction and IBE in accounting for ampliative inference in science. This paper aims at a proper classification—not justification—of types of scientific reasoning. In particular, I claim that Peircean abduction is an in-depth account of the process of generating explanatory hypotheses, while IBE, at least in Peter Lipton’s thorough treatment, is a more encompassing account of the processes both of generating and of evaluating scientific hypotheses. There is then a two-fold problem with the claim that abduction is IBE. On the one hand, it conflates abduction and induction, which are two distinct forms of logical inference, with two distinct aims, as shown by Charles S. Peirce; on the other hand it lacks a clear sense of the full scope of IBE as an account of scientific inference.
New experiments concerning the slip processes at propagating fatigue cracks—I

Abstract Experiments are described, in which fatigue cracks with simple and well reproducible crack geometries are produced in copper single-crystals: The crack surfaces are macroscopically plane and the crack front can be forced by appropriate external force distributions into any preselected direction. In suitably shaped crystals crack fronts can be obtained, which are straight all the way through the specimen. Due to this well defined crack geometry and the simple structure of the material (singlecrystals) the crack propagation rate could be reproduced in different specimens under identical conditions with an accuracy of 1.5 per cent. Furthermore with this new experimental technique details of the course of plastic deformation at the crack tip can be observed during one load cycle. Many predictions of the coarse slip model of fatigue could be verified by direct evidence.
The Systematic Influence of Gain-and Loss-Framed Messages on Interest in and Use of Different Types of Health Behavior

Framing health messages systematically in terms of either gains or losses influences the behaviors that people adopt. Rothman and Salovey proposed that the relative influence of gain-and loss-framed messages is contingent on people’s perception of the risk or uncertainty associated with adopting the recommended behavior. Specifically, loss-framed messages are more effective when promoting illness-detecting (screening) behaviors, but gain-framed messages are more effective when promoting health-affirming (prevention) behaviors. Two experiments provide a direct test of this conceptual framework. In Experiment 1, participants’ willingness to act after reading about a new disease was a function of how the information was framed and the type of behavior promoted. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings with a real health concern—gum disease. Gain-framed pamphlets heightened interest in a plaque-fighting mouth rinse, whereas loss-framed pamphlets heightened interest in a plaque-detecting disclosing ...
A quantitative assessment of carbon nanotube dispersion in polymer matrices

Quantifying the nature and extent of the dispersion of nanomaterials in polymer matrices is the important first step in understanding the relationship between the nanoscale structure and the bulk scale functional performance of nanocomposites. We present here a methodology for using scanning electron microscope images of nanocomposites taken under high accelerating voltages to quantify four parameters that relate to the dispersion of the nanomaterial. This image analysis methodology is general and applicable to images from other microscopes as well. The analysis performed here was done on representative local areas of six samples to determine the effects of processing conditions, matrix chemistry, and carbon nanotube composition on the level of dispersion. Future work will involve expanding this analysis to rapidly cover larger areas and reducing the data in a manner that is similar to the approach of small angle scattering studies.
Functionalized Nanosystems for Targeted Mitochondrial Delivery

Mitochondrial dysfunction including oxidative stress and DNA mutations underlies the pathology of various diseases including Alzheimer's disease and diabetes, necessitating the development of mitochondria targeted therapeutic agents. Nanotechnology offers unique tools and materials to target therapeutic agents to mitochondria. As discussed in this paper, a variety of functionalized nanosystems including polymeric and metallic nanoparticles as well as liposomes are more effective than plain drug and non-functionalized nanosystems in delivering therapeutic agents to mitochondria. Although the field is in its infancy, studies to date suggest the superior therapeutic activity of functionalized nanosystems for treating mitochondrial defects.
Republication of: A theorem on Petrov types

This is a republication of the paper “A Theorem on Petrov Types” by Goldberg and Sachs, Acta Phys. Pol. 22 (supplement), 13 (1962), in which they proved the Goldberg-Sachs theorem. The article has been selected for publication in the Golden Oldies series of General Relativity and Gravitation. Typographical errors of the original publication were corrected by the editor. The paper is accompanied by a Golden Oldie Editorial containing an editorial note written by Andrzej Krasinski and Maciej Przanowski and Goldberg’s brief autobiography. The editorial note explains some difficult parts of the proof of the theorem and discusses the influence of results of the paper on later research.
Factors Influencing Perceptions of Breast Cancer Genetic Counseling among Women in an Urban Health Care System

The study assessed perceptions of breast cancer genetic counseling. Focus groups were conducted with twenty women (ages < = 50 years) in a Midwestern, urban health system identified as at above average risk of developing hereditary breast cancer and referred for breast cancer genetic counseling following mammography. All participants associated the words “breast cancer” with fear. African American women who received breast cancer genetic counseling may have channeled their fear into increased vigilance related to breast health. African American women who did not receive breast cancer genetic counseling were most knowledgeable about it. In contrast, Caucasian women who did not receive it reported uncertainty about the role of genetic counseling and testing in assessing breast cancer risk, mistrust in medical professionals, and lack of trust in the accuracy of genetic tests. The results could be used to help develop interventions to improve informed decision-making regarding breast cancer genetic counseling.
Costal process of the first sacral vertebra: sexual dimorphism and obstetrical adaptation.

The human sacrum is sexually dimorphic, with males being larger than females in most dimensions. Previous studies, though, suggest that females may have a longer costal process of the first sacral vertebra (S1) than males. However, these studies neither quantified nor tested statistically the costal process of S1. This study compares S1 with the five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5) for a number of metric dimensions, including costal process length. Four issues are addressed, the: 1) hypothesis that females have a longer costal process of S1 than males; 2)hypothesis that homologous structures (i.e., costal processes of L1 to S1) differ in their direction of sexual dimorphism; 3) importance of the costal process of S1 to the obstetrical capacity of the pelvis; and 4) evolution of sexual dimorphism in costal process length of S1. One hundred ninety-seven individuals, including males and females of American blacks and whites, from the Hamann–Todd and Terry Collections were studied. Results show that males are significantly larger than females for most vertebral measurements, except that females have a significantly longer costal process of S1 than males. Costal process length of S1 is positively correlated with the transverse diameter and circumference of the pelvic inlet. The magnitude of sexual dimorphism in costal process length of S1 ranks this measure among the most highly dimorphic of the pelvis. Compared with the humans in this study, australopithecines have a relatively long costal process of S1, but their broad sacrum was not associated with obstetrical imperatives. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
X chromosome inactivation and SV40 transformation of mammalian cells

Five embryonic mouse cultures and one human fibroblast culture were transformed with SV40. The cultures were studied cytologically to see if the normal pattern of sex chromosome replication was maintained in SV40 transformed cells. Characteristic late replication patterns were observed for both the X and Y chromosomes, and there was no evidence for loss of the inactive X chromosome, even in cells with 4 or more X chromosomes. The human line was heterozygous at two X-linked loci and a clonal analysis showed that the expression of X-linked genes was not affected by SV40 transformation.
Seedling response to photoperiod and thermoperiod by saltmeadow cordgrass,Spartina patens, from Ocracoke Island, North Carolina

Seedlings ofSpartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. were exposed to thermoperiods of 18–14, 22–18, 26–22, and 30–26 C under both short- and long-day conditions for a 12-week experimental period. Seedlings in the long-day photoperiod produced significantly more biomass than those under the short-day photoperiod in the 22–18, 26–22, and 30–26 C thermoperiods. Seedling biomass increased from the 22–18 to the 26–22 to the 30–26 C thermoperiod under long-day conditions. Under short-day conditions, only the thermoperiod increase from 26–22 to 30–26 C resulted in a significant increase in seedling biomass. Seedlings grown under long-day conditions were taller and produced more culms and rhizomes than those under short-day conditions at the same temperatures. Flowering occurred only under long-day conditions in the 22–18, 26–22 and 30–26 C thermoperiods and only on seedlings left under experimental conditions for an extended period of time.
Graded-index AR coatings for large angles of inclination

Abstract Antireflective coatings consisting of a single layer of glass with a graded variation in refractive index offer advantages over multi-layer coatings. These include a weaker dependence on angle of incidence at large angles and a flatter response to different wavelenghts over the visible. Consequently, graded-index films are desirable in automotive applications where colorless coatings are required. A sol-gel process is presented for the formation of a graded-index coating of MgOSiO2 with in-diffused fluorine. Refractive index variations over a range 1.46-1.40 are achieved over a few hundred micrometers. A theoretical analysis of the angular and wavelength dependence of the reflectivity of uncoated, single-layer coated, triple-layer coated and graded-index-layer coated samples was performed and compared with experimentally derived films. Good agreement between model and experiment was observed.
Vergence errors: some hitherto unreported aspects of fixation disparity.

ABSTRACT Measurement of the monocular components of fixation disparity indicated a higher prevalence of asymmetric contributions to the total deviation than previously reported. Furthermore, the exact proportion varied from moment to moment. Two of six subjects showed significant changes in fixation disparity over a period of 1 week. For all six subjects the changes in fixation deviation of one eye were virtually independent of those changes occurring in the other eye. In other words, these monocular variances were uncorrelated. Settings of the monocular components of binocular fixation disparity were accomplished at an accuracy close to that achieved by using a monocular vernier technique. The remaining differences appeared to be due to occasional instabilities during binocular viewing. The usual method of clinical measurement in which only one element is moved is not always equivalent to that determined by summing the two monocular components. The principal process measured by subjective fixation disparity appears to be either oculomotor or localized directional shifts of a monocular nature.
Neighborhood racial & ethnic diversity as a predictor of child welfare system involvement

Abstract Using U.S. Census and child maltreatment report data for 2052 Census tracts in Los Angeles County, California, this study uses spatial regression techniques to explore the relationship between neighborhood social disorganization and maltreatment referral rates for Black, Hispanic and White children. Particular attention is paid to the racial–ethnic diversity (or ‘heterogeneity’) of neighborhood residents as a risk factor for child welfare system involvement, as social disorganization theory suggests that cultural differences and racism may decrease neighbors' social cohesion and capacity to enforce norms regarding acceptable parenting and this may, in turn, increase neighborhood rates of child maltreatment. Results from this study indicate that racial–ethnic diversity is a risk factor for child welfare involvement for all three groups of children studied, even after controlling for other indicators of social disorganization. Black, Hispanic and White children living in diverse neighborhoods are significantly more likely to be reported to Child Protective Services than children of the same race/ethnicity living in more homogeneous neighborhoods. However, the relationships between child welfare system involvement and the other indicators of social disorganization measured, specifically impoverishment, immigrant concentration child care burden, residential instability, and housing stress, varied considerably between Black, Hispanic and White children. For Black children, only housing stress predicted child maltreatment referral rates; whereas, neighborhood impoverishment, residential instability, and child care burden also predicted higher child maltreatment referral rates for Hispanic and White children. Immigrant concentration was unrelated to maltreatment referral rates for Black and Hispanic children, and predicted lower maltreatment referral rates for White children. Taken together, these findings suggest that racial–ethnic diversity may be one of the more reliable neighborhood-level demographic indicators of child welfare risk across different racial/ethnic groups of children. However, many of the other neighborhood characteristics that influence child maltreatment referrals differ for Black, Hispanic and White children. Consequently, neighborhood-based family support initiatives should avoid a one-size-fits-all approach to child abuse prevention and strategically consider the racial/ethnic make-up of targeted communities.
Comparison of the activity of arabinosyl-5-azacytosine, arabinosyl cytosine, and 5-azacytidine against intracerebrally implanted L1210 leukemia.

Arabinosyl-5-azacytosine (ara-AC) is a new compound which combines the structural characteristics of arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C) and 5-azacytidine (5-AC). These three compounds, injected intraperitoneally, were evaluated in direct comparison against the intracerebral L1210 leukemia model. 5-AC was active in a non-schedule dependent manner producing increase in life span (ILS) values of 70%. The effects of both araC and ara-AC were schedule-dependent with the best activity (ILS ca. 600%; multiple long term survivors) observed using an around-the-clock treatment schedule. In all experiments, ara-AC appeared to be more efficacious than ara-C. In some instances, ara-AC was as active as the positive control compound, BCNU. Excellent activity for ara-AC was also observed against the intracerebral P388 leukemia system.
Optimization of thorium oxalate precipitation conditions relative to derived oxide sinterability

Abstract The effect of thorium oxalate precipitation conditions on derived oxide sinterability was investigated on a laboratory scale with the objective of producing ThO2 powder that could be sintered to high density without milling. Precipitation conditions examined were temperature, digestion time and agitation method which were employed in a two-level factorial experimental design to delineate their effects. The two levels for each of the factors, respectively, were 10 and 70°C, 15 min and 360 min, and mechanical steer and a homogenizer that imparted both mechanical and ultrasonic agitation. The ThO2 derived from each of the precipitation trials was characterized with respect to morphology, surface area, and crystallite size as well as sinterability. Only precipitation temperature had a significant effect upon all the properties of the derived oxide powders. The most sinterable oxide was derived from an oxalate precipitated at 10°C with mechanical agitation and 15 min digestion. Pellets formed from this oxide sintered to 96% TD. Physical property data were determined also for mixed oxide derived from coprecipitated thorium−25% uranium (IV) oxalate and thoria from continuously precipitated oxalate.
The treatment of social anxiety disorder

We review the available treatments for social anxiety disorder, focusing primarily on psychotherapeutic interventions for adults, but also giving briefer summaries of pharmacological treatments and treatments for children and adolescents. The most well-researched psychosocial treatments for social anxiety disorder are cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs), and meta-analyses indicate that all forms of CBT appear likely to provide some benefit for adults. In addition, there are several pharmacological treatments with demonstrated efficacy, and cognitive-behavioral interventions have some demonstrated efficacy for children and adolescents. We outline a number of concerns regarding this literature, including the questions of what influences treatment response and what role combinations of CBT and medication might have. Clearly, although a number of treatments appear well-established in regard to their effects on social anxiety disorder, a number of opportunities for future research remain, including the search for predictors of who will benefit from which treatment.
A clinical follow-up study of premature thelarche in infants under the age of two.

Result 1.Hospital-based prevalence in infants under the age of 2 years in 2009, 2010 and 2011 is 0.26‰, 0.40‰, 0.39‰ relatively. On average it’s 0.35‰. Period from July to September in every year is the peak time of doctor visiting. 2. Most (99.8%)of infants with premature thelarche are manifested as isolated premature thelarche, while only 0.2% are represented as peripheral precocious puberty. 3. Among the patients under the age of 2 years with isolated premature thelarche 89.5% of them get a regression between the age of 2 and 3 years( The average of regression age is 17±5.8 months), 10.5% of them do not make recovery by the age of 3 years and even some (0.4%) turn into central precocious puberty(CPP). 4. The two influencing factors of breast regression are breast size by the first time of doctor visiting and whether basal estrogen is high or not.
How Visual Cues for when to Listen Aid Selective Auditory Attention

Visual cues are known to aid auditory processing when they provide direct information about signal content, as in lip reading. However, some studies hint that visual cues also aid auditory perception by guiding attention to the target in a mixture of similar sounds. The current study directly tests this idea for complex, nonspeech auditory signals, using a visual cue providing only timing information about the target. Listeners were asked to identify a target zebra finch bird song played at a random time within a longer, competing masker. Two different maskers were used: noise and a chorus of competing bird songs. On half of all trials, a visual cue indicated the timing of the target within the masker. For the noise masker, the visual cue did not affect performance when target and masker were from the same location, but improved performance when target and masker were in different locations. In contrast, for the chorus masker, visual cues improved performance only when target and masker were perceived as coming from the same direction. These results suggest that simple visual cues for when to listen improve target identification by enhancing sounds near the threshold of audibility when the target is energetically masked and by enhancing segregation when it is difficult to direct selective attention to the target. Visual cues help little when target and masker already differ in attributes that enable listeners to engage selective auditory attention effectively, including differences in spectrotemporal structure and in perceived location.