cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation of the binding of quinocarcin to DNA. Prediction of mode of action and absolute configuration.

Computer-based models were derived for the covalent and noncovalent binding of the antitumor antibiotic quinocarcin to a representative DNA segment, d(ATGCAT)2. They showed that a mode of action, involving opening of the oxazolidine ring to give an iminium ion, followed by initial noncovalent binding in the minor groove and subsequent alkylation of the 2-amino group of guanine, was rational and attended by favorable interaction energies in each step. The best model had the aryl ring of quinocarcin lying in the 3′ direction from the covalent binding site and anR configuration at the carbon involved in covalent bond formation. It also showed that the preferred absolute configuration for quinocarcin was the reverse of that arbitrarily assigned in the literature.
Video puppetry: a performative interface for cutout animation

We present a video-based interface that allows users of all skill levels to quickly create cutout-style animations by performing the character motions. The puppeteer first creates a cast of physical puppets using paper, markers and scissors. He then physically moves these puppets to tell a story. Using an inexpensive overhead camera our system tracks the motions of the puppets and renders them on a new background while removing the puppeteer's hands. Our system runs in real-time (at 30 fps) so that the puppeteer and the audience can immediately see the animation that is created. Our system also supports a variety of constraints and effects including articulated characters, multi-track animation, scene changes, camera controls, 2 1/2-D environments, shadows, and animation cycles. Users have evaluated our system both quantitatively and qualitatively: In tests of low-level dexterity, our system has similar accuracy to a mouse interface. For simple story telling, users prefer our system over either a mouse interface or traditional puppetry. We demonstrate that even first-time users, including an eleven-year-old, can use our system to quickly turn an original story idea into an animation.
Effect of Tryptophan Supplementation on Aflatoxicosis in Laying Hens

Two experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of supplemental Trp on liver fat accumulation and egg production during aflatoxicosis in laying hens. In Experiment 1, two levels of Trp (0 and 2,000 ppm; basal = .16% Trp) and two levels of aflatoxin (AFLA) (0 and 10 ppm) were supplemented to a complete layer ration. In Experiment 2, a third level of AFLA (5 ppm) was added to the design. Single Comb White Leghorn hens (58 and 68 wk old) were fed the diets for 3 wk for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Henday production and egg weights were measured daily. Feed intake was measured weekly. Liver weights, liver moisture, and liver total lipids were determined at the end of each trial. In Experiment 1, supplemental Trp by itself caused a significant (P less than .01) reduction in total liver lipids compared to the controls (no Trp or AFLA). Adding trp and AFLA increased total liver lipids and caused a significant (P less than .05) decrease in egg production compared with adding AFLA alone. Total liver lipids were 41.1, 32.8, 54.8, and 62.4% (dry weight basis) for 0 Trp:0 AFLA, 2,000 Trp:0 AFLA, 0 Trp:10 AFLA, and 2,000 Trp:10 AFLA, respectively. Similar results were observed in Experiment 2. It was concluded that supplemental Trp by itself caused a reduction in total liver lipids, but when supplemented to a diet containing AFLA, Trp caused an increased severity of lesions associated with aflatoxicosis in layers.
Etch pit patterns of misfit dislocations in ALGaAs/GaAs heterostructures

Misfit dislocations at the Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs heterojunction have been revealed by an etching technique on the cleaved interface. On the (110) cleaved surfaces, the dislocation etch pits are revealed as upright pyramids, while on the (110) surfaces, i.e. parallel to the primary flat, they are revealed as inverted pyramids.
Effects of carboxy-terminal modifications of proteinase 3 (PR3) on the recognition by PR3-ANCA

Effects of carboxy-terminal modifications of proteinase 3 (PR3) on the recognition by PR3-ANCA. Background Autoantibodies directed against neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) from patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis recognize conformational epitopes of PR3. During maturation of neutrophils, PR3 undergoes amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal processing. In contrast to amino-terminal processing, the effects of carboxy-terminal processing on recognition of PR3 by PR3-ANCA remain unknown. Carboxy-terminally modified or tagged recombinant PR3 (rPR3) molecules may be useful for the refinement of diagnostic assays and for the study of biological processes. Methods This study was designed to determine whether 293 cells can be used to express specifically designed carboxy-terminal variants of rPR3, and to evaluate the effects of different carboxy-terminal modifications on the recognition by PR3-ANCA in the capture ELISA. Results The rPR3-variants secreted into the media supernatants of transfected 293 cells escaped proteolytic processing. Furthermore, in contrast to the effects of amino-terminal pro-peptide deletion on PR3-ANCA binding, carboxy-terminal modifications (deletion and additions) did not significantly affect recognition by PR3-ANCA. Conclusions This expression system is ideally suited for the expression of custom-designed carboxy-terminal rPR3 variants, and major conformational effects of carboxy-terminal modifications seem unlikely.
Preparation of lithium specimens for transmission electron microscopy

A method of preparing undeformed thin lithium specimens for TEM is described. A solution of dehydrated methanol and toluene is used both for initial dishing of the foil by chemical polishing and also for final thinning. Under electron beam irradiation in the TEM, new pure Li crystals can grow out of the existing Li specimen. These in situ crystals can be used for the study of the microstructure and electronic structure of Li using TEM and electron energy loss spectrometry.
Developing coordinations of class unions, intersections, and complements

Inferences involving DeMorgan's Laws for class logic were investigated using a procedure in which children imagined performing a sequence of actions with classes of objects. The stimulus materials allowed presenting problems about the union of complements in the context of both additive (nonoverlapping) and multiplicative (overlapping) classes. A majority of children succeed on DeMorgan problems in additive contexts by age 7; success in multiplicative contexts lags significantly behind. Analyses of errors indicate that low performance scores are associated both with difficulty in computing complements and with poor discrimination between additive and multiplicative contexts. The lag in performance on multiplicative tasks is attributed to poor conceptual understanding of intersecting class structures, rather than to greater cognitive processing demands or to linguistic biases. Because successful performances appear to draw upon both representational procedures and logical structures, the findings further indicate an interdependent development of procedural and structural aspects of children's reasoning.
Are Reading Methods Changing Again

This paper was first written as a talk to the Orton Dyslexia Society, in response to present reading reforms in California and elsewhere. A historical context is provided which suggests that such reforms are but a small chapter in a long-standing tension between code emphasis and meaning emphasis approaches to reading. This tension has been fueling debate for an entire century, with outcomes at any given point apparently decided as much by fashion and politics as by research and experience. More collaboration is called for between remedial specialists and “regular education” teachers, to reduce the incidence of children who require special help.
Evidence for High Spin Transition Metal Ion Induced Infrared Spectral Enhancement

Using cobalt(II) and nickel(II) ion seeding of a nitrogen doped titanium oxynitride, TiO 2-x N x , we demonstrate a significant enhancement of the infrared spectrum associated with adventitious water and minor contaminants associated with the oxynitride synthesis from a porous TiO 2 nanocolloid sample. It is suggested that this infrared enhancement is associated with the formation of protonated amines near the oxynitride surface. The intensity enhancement may be associated, in part, with the modification of the anatase ionic crystal dipole moment due to the displacement of charged ions by the electric field, which is associated with the introduced high spin Co II and Ni II ions. Raman spectra demonstrate the concomitant incorporation of a spinel-like structure into the TiO 2 lattice which may account, in part, for the enhancement.
Analogs of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Studies on mechanisms of action in Burkitt's cell culture and mouse leukemia, and in vitro deamination studies

Abstract Analogs of 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), 1-β- d -arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine (ara-FC), cytidine (CR), and 2'-deoxycytidine (CdR) were studied for deamination and as deaminase inhibitors (ara-C as substrate) in human liver and mouse kidney enzyme systems. N 4 -Hydroxy, N 4 -methyl, and 4-hydrazino derivatives of ara-C and ara-FC, and N 4 -acetyl-ara-C were studied for deamination and as deaminase inhibitors and also for their effects on mouse leukemias L1210 and P815 and in Burkitt's tumor cells in cell culture. None of the N 4 -substituted analogs of ara-C and ara-FC were deaminated by human liver and mouse kidney homogenates in vitro . N 4 -Hydroxy analogs were active in mice but only slightly active in Burkitt's cell culture. The inhibitory effect against Burkitt's cell cultures in vitro was blocked by deoxycytidine but not by thymidine, and N 4 -hydroxy-ara-C was active in vivo in a line of leukemia resistant to 5-fluorouracil but not in a line resistant to ara-C, suggesting this analog has a similar mechanism of action to ara-C. The N 4 -methyl and 4-hydrazino derivatives of ara-C and ara-FC are inactive in mouse leukemia and Burkitt's cell culture. Only N 4 -hydroxy-ara-C and N 4 -methyl-ara-FC are deaminase inhibitors. N 4 -Hydroxy-cytidine, N 4 -hydroxy-5-methyl-deoxycytidine, and N 4 -hydroxy-5-fluoro-deoxycytidine are all deaminase inhibitors, but attempts at potentiating the effect of ara-C in mouse leukemia in vivo by administering the first two of these compounds in combination with ara-C resulted in partial blocking of the effect of ara-C, presumably due to reduction of the N 4 -hydroxy derivative to deoxycytidine or to a derivative which acts like deoxycytidine. N 4 -Hydroxy-deoxycytidine has minimal activity in Buikitt's cell culture, but its inhibitory effect was blocked completely at thirty times the ID 50 (50 per cent inhibitory dose) by thymidine at equimolar concentrations but only slightly by deoxycytidine. Although this analog is not deaminated, and is a strong deaminase inhibitor, it blocked rather than potentiated the effect of ara-C in L1210 leukemia, suggesting that in cell culture it acts as a thymine antimetabolite, whereas in vivo it is reduced to deoxycytidine. N 4 Hydroxy-5-fluoio-deoxycytidine is active in Burkitt's cell culture, and its effect could be blocked by thymidine, and to a lesser degree, by deoxycytidine, suggesting that it too acts in this system as a thymine antimetabolite.
The “Other White”: Mexican Americans and the Impotency of Whiteness in the Segregation and Desegregation of Texan Public Schools

This article analyzes the legal classification of Mexican Americans as “other white” as argued in a number of critical court cases that beginning in the 1930s up to the 1970s attempted to desegregate public schools in Texas. Since the Texas constitution declared school segregation as being only for “colored children,” Mexican Americans in their fight against de facto segregation sought to claim their legal classification as white. My objective is to further analyze these cases as presented in the literature in order to examine what the relationship between Mexican American whiteness as a legal category versus their “otherness” as a social category says about the vital role of public schools in reproducing, as well as creating, social, political, and economic marginalization.
Tectonics: Reanimating eastern Tibet

The high eastern Tibetan Plateau was thought to have formed from an inflow of material from the lower crust. The cooling histories of rocks exposed at the plateau margin, however, reveal protracted, episodic growth, suggesting that faulting also played a role.
Optical–optical double resonance spectroscopy of molecular ions

Three‐level double resonance spectroscopy is employed in a laser‐ion coaxial beams photofragment spectrometer to study highly excited molecular ion states. A probe laser is used to label a bound molecular ion state in a single set of its quantum numbers (v″, J″, Ω″) by pumping from it into a discrete, predissociated state. The charged photofragments produced from this dissociated state are monitored as a measure of the population in the labeled level while a second laser interacts with the molecular ion beam upstream from the probe laser. When this second laser is tuned to transitions accessing either radiating or dissociating levels which originate from the labeled lower level, the resulting depletion of ions in this level is reflected by a decrease in the probe laser photofragment intensity. The technique is applied to the O+2b 4Σ−g(v′ = 4) ← a 4Πu(v″ = 5) and f 4Πg(v′ = 1,2,3) ← a 4Πu(v″ = 5) systems. Transitions into the v′ = 1 level and the Ω = 1/2 and −1/2 substates of the f 4Πg are observed here fo...
Sets of three pairwise orthogonal Steiner triple systems

Two Steiner triple systems (STS) are orthogonal if their sets of triples are disjoint, and two disjoint pairs of points defining intersecting triples in one system fail to do so in the other. In 1994, it was shown (Canad. J. Math. 46(2) (1994) 239-252) that there exist a pair of orthogonal Steiner triple systems of order υ for all υ ≡ 1,3 (mod 6), with υ ≥ 7. υ ≠ 9. In this paper we show that there exist three pairwise orthogonal Steiner triple systems of order υ for all υ ≡ 1 (mod6), with υ ≥ 19 and for all υ ≡ 3 (mod 6), with υ ≥ 27 with only 24 possible exceptions.
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATICITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE

(1997). INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATICITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE. Reading & Writing Quarterly: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 103-105.
The density-dependent formation of extended maternal families of the montane vole, Microtus montanus nanus

1. Montane voles (Microtus montanus; Rodentia: Muridae) were studied in unconfined populations and in an enclosure in open fields in Wyoming. The field work involved capture-mark-recapture grids, tagging of select individuals with irradiated wires, and behavioral observations. 2. When not nesting in proximity to another parous female in the field, the M. montanus dam abandoned her brood nest and young at about 15 days postpartum. 3. Extended maternal families consisting of the dam and the young of one or two litters were found in high-density populations. These families resulted from three aspects of the social behavior of the dam: (1) she is territorial, (2) does not leave the brood nest or builds another in the immediate vicinity when in proximity to other parous females, and (3) does not drive the young from the brood nest. 4. Subadult females nesting in family groups were not recruited into the breeding population.
Comprehensive analysis of LC/MS data using pseudocolor plots.

We have developed new applications of the pseudocolor plot for the analysis of LC/MS data. These applications include spectral averaging, analysis of variance, differential comparison of spectra, and qualitative filtering by compound class. These applications have been motivated by the need to better understand LC/MS data generated from analysis of human biofluids. The examples presented use data generated to profile steroid hormones in urine extracts from a Cushing’s disease patient relative to a healthy control, but are general to any discovery-based scanning mass spectrometry technique. In addition to new visualization techniques, we introduce a new metric of variance: the relative maximum difference from the mean. We also introduce the concept of substructure-dependent analysis of steroid hormones using precursor ion scans. These new analytical techniques provide an alternative approach to traditional untargeted metabolomics workflow. We present an approach to discovery using MS that essentially eliminates alignment or preprocessing of spectra. Moreover, we demonstrate the concept that untargeted metabolomics can be achieved using low mass resolution instrumentation.
Measuring Biological Diversity

The diversity of a set of species refers to the joint dissimilarity of the species in the set. This paper discusses the measurement of diversity from the set of pairwise distances between the species in the set. A measure called the effective number of species is developed from a non-parametric probability inequality and is shown to have a simple interpretation in terms of comparing linear experiments.
The Big Reframe Helping Couples Develop an Interactive Definition

The integrative model of couples counseling begins with a specific technique called identifying an interactive definition of the problem. This technique involves specific steps that clinicians can use to reduce blame, unite the couple under a common definition of the problem, and develop a reframe to enhance commitment and engender hope. The authors include an illustrative case study.
Properties of polyethylene modified with phosphonate side groups. III. Hydration characteristics and water permeability

The degree of hydration and the water permeability of polyethylene films were enhanced by incorporation of phosphonate pendent groups along the polymer chain. Two different phosphonate esters were considered: the dimethyl ester and an ester derived from poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers (PEO). The highest molecular weight PEO derivatives had the greatest effect on hydration and permeability. A physical change was observed during hydration for the phosphonated materials with a degree of substitution greater than 4.5. The polymers became stiff and brittle, and this was accompanied by an increase in the crystalline melting point and a remarkable change in the dynamic mechanical behavior.
Antiestrogen can establish nonproductive receptor complexes and alter chromatin structure at target enhancers.

Abstract We describe in this report experiments in vivo that demonstrate that antiestrogens promote DNA binding of the estrogen receptor without efficiently inducing transcription. When the receptor is modified to carry a foreign unregulated transactivation domain, transcription can be induced efficiently by both estrogen and antiestrogens. Under apparent saturation conditions, antihormone-receptor complexes binding to responsive enhancer elements elicit only a low level of transcription. In addition, we show that both estrogen and an antiestrogen, nafoxidine, effect very similar alterations in chromatin structure at a responsive promoter. These results indicate that in vivo steroid receptor action can be regulated subsequent to the DNA binding step, by regulating interactions with the target transcriptional machinery. In this regard, antihormones can function by establishing receptor-DNA complexes that are transcriptionally nonproductive.
Errors of intuitive logic among physicians.

Abstract The effectiveness of specific training in statistics and decision-making principles upon physicians' judgmental skills was assessed by means of problems of intuitive logical reasoning. The responses of 43 statistically sophisticated physicians (SP) were compared to those of 42 practicing physicians (PP), 43 clinical nurses (CN) and 41 hospital laborers (HL). On problems evaluating use of faulty heuristics in judgment of conditional probabilities, the SP group's responses were the most biased. The proportion of subjects displaying consistent use of a particular heuristic in solving the three problems were 0.36 (SP), 0.45 (PP), 0.35 (CN) and 0.41 (HL). On problems assessing use of prevalence rate data in estimating probabilities, SP performed substantially better than the other groups: 34% of their responses were accurate. However, 37% of their responses reflected ignorance of prevalence information concepts. We conclude that intensive statistical and decision-making training of physicians is likely to be of only limited value for improving clinicians' judgmental skills.
Innate defences against viraemia

Human blood plasma has been reported to possess nonspecific antiviral activity. This activity is due to several preexisting naturally occurring molecules that are either active against individual members or a family of viruses. These molecules, however, have not been adequately studied to reveal their molecular structures and mechanisms of action presumably because of their low and nonspecific antiviral action. Therefore, their possible role against viraemia remains unknown. Recently, two naturally occurring nonspecific broad-spectrum antiviral agents, University of Texas Inhibitor beta (UTIbeta) glycoprotein and high density lipoprotein, have been described in human serum. They are active against DNA and RNA viruses and one of them, UTIbeta, possesses significant antiviral activity of 40 units/mL. Since preexisting antiviral molecules in serum appear to be the only defence mechanisms available at the onset of viral infection they may have protective significance against viraemia. In view of this potential, we have undertaken to review the properties of these innate viral inhibitory molecules.
Broadband subwavelength focusing of light using a passive sink

Optical absorption is usually considered deleterious, something to avoid if at all possible. We propose a broadband nanoabsorber that completely eliminates the diffracting wave, resulting in a subwavelength enhancement of the field. Broadband operation is made possible by engineering the dispersion of the complex dielectric function. The local enhancement can be significantly improved compared to the standard plane wave illumination of a metallic nanoparticle. Our numerical simulation shows that an optical pulse as short as 6 fs can be focused to a 11 nm region. Not only the local field, but also its gradient are greatly enhanced, pointing to applications in ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy, sensing and communication with deep-subwavelength resolution.
Criticality in Practice: The Cyclical Development Process of Social Justice Allies at Work

The ProblemThe connection between human resource development (HRD) and the practice of being an ally of social justice in the workplace seems worthy of meaningful dialogue, yet few publications hav...
High‐resolution Hi Absorption Observations towards the Central 200 pc of the Galaxy

We report the first results of an Hi absorption survey of the central 200 pc of the Galaxy. These Very Large Array (VLA) data have a resolution of ∼15″ (0.6 pc at the Galactic Center (GC) distance) and a velocity resolution of ∼2.5 km s−1. This study provides Hi data with high spatial resolution, comparable with the many high resolution observations which have been made of GC sources over the past ten years. Information on the velocities, relative distances of sources and Hi column densities will be studied. Such data serves to clarify the nature of physical associations between the unique radio continuum features in this region and the atomic and molecular components. In particular, we are interested in the arrangement of sources in the active Radio Arc region: the atomic, ionized and molecular gas and their relation to the massive stellar clusters and magnetic filaments.
Fusion of poly(vinyl acetate-b-vinyl alcohol) spherical micelles in water induced by poly(ethylene oxide)

Rapid and reversible morphology changes in aqueous dispersions of amphiphilic block copolymers are important for the development of complex fluids with switchable bulk properties. In this communication, we report the unusual ability of poly(ethylene oxide) to induce the fusion of spherical poly(vinyl acetate-b-vinyl alcohol) (PVAc-b-PVA) amphiphilic block copolymer micelles in water. While PVAc-b-PVA block copolymer micelles (diameters ∼22–25 nm) undergo depletion–flocculation upon addition of large amounts of 11 kg mol−1 PEO homopolymer (30.7 wt% in H2O), addition of relatively small amounts of PEO (3.1 wt% in the final dispersion) triggers their fusion into worm-like micelles. Diluting the worm-like micelle dispersions with pure water induces their reversion to spherical micelles. We suggest two tentative mechanisms for this morphology change induced by PEO homopolymer addition.
Localization of a halogenated porphyrin in mouse tumours.

SCHWARTZ et al. observed that certain commercially obtainable haematoporphyrin preparations were contaminated by a porphyrin capable of becoming localized in experimental tumours1,2, and that pure haematoporphyrin was unable to do so. These findings gave the impetus to the present work on halogenoporphyrins. The premise on the basis of which halogenoporphyrins were chosen was the assumption that the aforementioned impurity represents an intermediate formed in the course of the synthesis of haematoporphyrin from haemin. One such intermediate could be bis-(2-bromo-ethyl)deuteroporphyrin. Since iodine–131 is a more convenient isotope for the purpose of labelling than isotopes of bromine, the iodine 131–labelled analogue was synthesized.
Marketing Continuing Medical Education Programs.

Meeting the continuing medical education (CME) needs of physicians by offering desirable, quality programs remains a challenge for providers of CME. The Accreditation Council of Continuing Medical Education requires that physicians be involved in the entire process of developing CME programs, from needs assessment through evaluation. This paper highlights results from a statewide study of Pennsylvania physicians that demonstrated ways in which programs can be developed and marketing strategies enhanced. Results from data analyses of the Pennsylvania study indicated distinct market segments. For example, programs for local physicians should be marketed to family physicians and those requiring travel should be marketed to specialists. Additionally, mini-series should be marketed to family practitioners, and two-day programs should be directed toward specialists. If type of practice can be identified, CME programs that may entail travel to U.S. cities should be marketed to physicians in institutional practice arrangements, while local CME programs should be directed toward physicians in solo practice. Finally, if years in practice are known, personalized CME programs should be marketed toward physicians with fewer years of experience (less than 10 years) rather than physicians with more years of practice experience (more than 20 years). As an aside, future marketing efforts toward a particular market segment, such as specialists, might include collecting information from participants on important features of the workshop, as well as levels of participant satisfaction and facts about learning and performance.
Development networks: literature review and future research

Purpose – Seeks to highlight an emerging transition in mentoring research, that is, the transition from an exclusive focus on mentoring dyads to an integrative focus on mentoring development networks. Highlights from extant research are discussed as well as considerations for individuals interested in conducting research on development networks. Design/methodology/approach – A range of recently published works (1985‐2005) that aim to define, conceptualize, and test theories regarding development networks was evaluated. The sources included management as well as training and development journals and book chapters. Findings – This article provides information about how the concept of development networks has evolved over the past 20 years. Highlights from empirical research and considerations for future research are discussed. Practical implications – The article is a useful source of information regarding an emerging area of study within the mentoring literature. The paper discusses considerations for practitioners and academics regarding the construction and effectiveness of development networks. Originality/value – This article provides an overview of an emerging mentoring dynamic which is under‐studied. Given that individuals likely utilize development networks in addition to or instead of traditional mentor‐protege dyads, research on development networks is warranted.
Thorium-derived dust fluxes to the tropical Pacific Ocean, 58 Ma

Abstract Eolian dust in pelagic deep sea sediments can be used to reconstruct ancient wind patterns and paleoenvironmental response to climate change. Traditional methods to determine dust accumulation involve isolating the non-dissolvable aluminosilicate minerals from deep sea sediments through a series of chemical leaches, but cannot differentiate between minerals from eolian, authigenic and volcanogenic sources. Other geochemical proxies, such as sedimentary 232Th and crustal 4He content, have been used to construct high-resolution records of atmospheric dust fluxes to the deep sea during the Quaternary. Here we use sedimentary Th content as a proxy for terrigenous material (eolian dust) in ∼58 Myr-old sediments from the Shatsky Rise (ODP Site 1209) and compare our results with previous dust estimates generated using the traditional chemical extraction method and sedimentary 4Hecrustal concentrations. We find excellent agreement between Th-based dust estimates and those generated using the traditional method. In addition our results show a correlation between sedimentary Th and 4Hecrustal content, which suggests a source older than present day Asian loess supplied dust to the central subtropical Pacific Ocean during the early Paleogene.
Atmospheric-induced frequency fluctuations in LIDAR

ABSTRACT It is well known that the transmission of an optical signal through the turbulent atmosphere results in random phase fluctuations. In turn, these random phase fluctuations impart a random frequency fluctuation onto the optical signal. As laser radar (lidar) systems rely on the evaluation of micro-Doppler frequency shifts of the reflected optical wave to determine certain target characteristics, it is critical to understand the impact of the atmospheric induced frequency fluctuations. Additionally, lidar systems used for defense applications would typically operate in moderate to strong atmospheric turbulence conditions. Hence, for such applications, it is necessary to develop models describing atmospheric induced frequency fluctuations of an optical wave that are valid in all regimes of optical turbulence. In this paper, we present preliminary results for a model of atmospheric induced frequency fluctuations for the double pass propagation problem in weak optical turbulence conditions and a possible method for extension of these results into moderate to strong turbulence conditions. Keywords: frequency fluctuations, frequency variance, LIDAR
The role of dorsal striatal D2-like receptors in reversal learning: a reinforcement learning viewpoint.

Impaired ability to learn from positive and negative feedback in changing environments is associated with some psychiatric disorders, such as parkinsonism, and impulse control disorders, such as drug addiction and obesity. For example, Parkinson's disease (PD) patients learn better from negative
Enantioselective Chronic Toxicity of Fipronil to Ceriodaphnia dubia.

Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole pesticide that has greatly increased in popularity in recent years. As a chiral molecule, fipronil is released into the environment as a 1:1 mixture (called a racemate) of its two enantiomers. Previous toxicity work has indicated that the enantiomers of fipronil exhibit significantly different levels of acute toxicity to the nontarget organism Ceriodaphnia dubia. In this work we examine the chronic effects of the pure enantiomers and racemate on the survival, development, mobility, and reproduction of C. dubia adults and the survival and mobility of their offspring. Based on 8-day trials, the (+) enantiomer of fipronil showed a significantly greater reduction in the number of offspring (LOEC = 2 μg/L) than either the racemate (LOEC = 15 μg/L) or the (−) enantiomer (LOEC = 30 μg/L). The (+) enantiomer was also shown to be significantly more toxic to neonates born during the course of the experiment (LC5024 = 18.1 μg/L, LC5048 = 10.3 μg/L) than the racemate (LC5024 = 33.3 μg/L, LC5048 = 30.3 μg/L), but only after 48 h. Both the (+) enantiomer and the racemate were significantly more toxic to C. dubia than the (−) enantiomer (LC5024 = 65.2 μg/L, LC5048 = 50.1 μg/L) at both time points. Qualitative mobility data followed a similar trend, with the (+) enantiomer causing greater impairment in mobility at low concentrations. These data imply that the (−) enantiomer has less impact on the reproductive success of C. dubia than either the (+) enantiomer or the racemate. Enantiomerically pure or enriched formulations of (−) fipronil may reduce impacts to the nontarget organism C. dubia.
Polymorphism of an Organic System Effected by the Directionality of Hydrogen-Bonding Chains

Four polymorphs of 2-[methyl(phenyl)amino]nicotinic acid were discovered, and their single crystal structures were obtained at 90 K. In addition, one monohydrate and one salt were also crystallized and measured. Among the crystal structures, there are 17 crystallographically independent conformations. More interestingly, the four anhydrate forms are tessellated similarly by stacking of one-dimension hydrogen-bonding chains and, yet, the directionalities of the hydrogen-bonding chains are unique in each polymorph.
Evaluation of military trauma system practices related to complications after injury.

BACKGROUND The Joint Theater Trauma System (JTTS) was developed with the vision that every soldier, marine, sailor, and airman injured on the battlefield would have the optimal chance for survival and maximum potential for functional recovery. In this analysis, we hypothesized that injury and complication after injury surveillance information diffusion through the JTTS, via the dissemination of clinical practice guidelines and process improvements, would be associated with improved combat casualty clinical outcomes. METHODS The current analysis was designed to profile different aspects of trauma system performance improvement, including monitoring of frequent posttraumatic complications, the assessment of an emerging complication trend, and measurement of the impact of the system interventions to identify potential practices for future performance improvement. Data captured from the Joint Theater Trauma Registry on patients admitted to military medical treatment facilities as a result of wounds incurred in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2003 to 2010 were retrospectively analyzed to determine the potential impact of complication surveillance and process improvement initiatives on clinical practice. RESULTS Developed metrics demonstrated that the surveillance capacity and evidence-based quality improvement initiatives disseminated through the JTTS were associated with improved identification and mitigation of complications following battlefield injury. CONCLUSION The Joint Trauma System enables evidence-based practice across the continuum of military trauma care. Concurrent data collection and performance improvement activities at the local and system level facilitate timely clinical intervention on identified trauma complications and the subsequent measurement of the effectiveness of those interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic study, level III.
Signal processor for space-based visible sensing

An overview of the signal processor for the Space-Based Visible sensor system is presented. This signal processor, based on a 20 MHz Motorola DSP56001, places significant processing power into a satellite environment. The signal processor hardware and its real-time executive and applications software are briefly described. Typical performance figures are given, based on scenes taken by a ground-based telescope and processed by prototype hardware and software.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Opportunities and barriers in global women’s health training during obstetrics and gynecology residencies in the USA

Abstract Objective To systematically measure the scope and breadth of global women’s health (GWH) training opportunities during obstetrics and gynecology residencies in the USA, as described by program directors (PDs). Methods In a questionnaire-based study, PDs were asked to complete a web-based survey between January 1 and March 15, 2013. Information about the residency program and GWH opportunities was obtained. Results Among 236 PDs contacted, 105 (44.5%) responded. Overall, 82 (78.1%) reported that at least one resident had participated in a GWH rotation during the past 5 years, 36 (34.3%) offered formal didactics, and 29 (27.6%) offered a formal rotation in GWH. Among all respondents, 43 (42.2%) reported having at least one faculty member for whom GWH is a dedicated part of their practice. Programs with dedicated GWH faculty were more likely to offer formal GWH didactics (relative risk [RR] 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–3.14; P = 0.03), but were not significantly more likely to offer a formal GWH rotation (RR 1.91; 95% CI 0.97–3.70; P = 0.06). Conclusion Many residency programs provide opportunities for GWH training, but few offer formal didactics or a formal rotation.
Preparation of Polyfunctional Acyl Azides

A general synthesis of acyl azides from the corresponding N-acyl benzotriazoles is described. The procedure affords acyl azides in good yields and avoids the use of acid activators and NO+ equivalents typically employed to synthesize these compounds from acid chlorides and hydrazides, respectively.
Single-cell genomics reveals features of a Colwellia species that was dominant during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

During the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico a deep-sea hydrocarbon plume developed resulting in a rapid succession of bacteria. Colwellia eventually supplanted Oceanospirillales, which dominated the plume early in the spill. These successional changes may have resulted, in part, from the changing composition and abundance of hydrocarbons over time. Colwellia abundance peaked when gaseous and simple aromatic hydrocarbons increased, yet the metabolic pathway used by Colwellia in hydrocarbon disposition is unknown. Here we used single-cell genomics to gain insights into the genome properties of a Colwellia enriched during the DWH deep-sea plume. A single amplified genome (SAG) of a Colwellia cell isolated from a DWH plume, closely related (avg. 98% 16S rRNA gene similarity) to other plume Colwellia, was sequenced and annotated. The SAG was similar to the sequenced isolate Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H (84% avg. nucleotide identity). Both had genes for denitrification, chemotaxis and motility, adaptations to cold environments, and a suite of nutrient acquisition genes. The Colwellia SAG may be capable of gaseous and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, which contrasts with a DWH plume Oceanospirillales SAG genome which encoded non-gaseous n-alkane and cycloalkane degradation. The disparate hydrocarbon degradation pathways are consistent with hydrocarbons that were abundant at different times in the deep-sea plume; first, non-gaseous n-alkanes and cycloalkanes that could be degraded by Oceanospirillales, followed by gaseous, and simple aromatic hydrocarbons that may have been degraded by Colwellia. These insights into the genomic properties of a Colwellia species, which were supported by existing metagenomic sequence data from the plume and DWH contaminated sediments, help further our understanding of the successional changes in the dominant microbial players in the plume over the course of the DWH spill.
The cis-Pro touch-turn: a rare motif preferred at functional sites.

A new motif of three-dimensional (3D) protein structure is described, called the cis-Pro touch-turn. In this four-residue, three-peptide motif, the central peptide is cis. Residue 2, which precedes the proline, has ϕ, ψ values either in the “prePro region” of the Ramachandran plot near −130°, 75° or in the Lα region near +60°, +60°. The Cα(1)–Cα(4) distance is 4–5 A and the two flanking peptides lie parallel to one another, making van der Waals contact rather than a hydrogen bond. Apparently, this arrangement is locally unfavorable and therefore rare, usually occurring only if needed for biological function. Of the 12 examples in a 500-protein database, cis-Pro touch-turns are found at the catalytic sites of pectate lyase, Ni-Fe hydrogenase, glucoamylase, xylanase, and opine dehydrogenase and at the primary binding sites of ribonuclease H, type I DNA polymerase, ribotoxin, and phage gene 3 protein. In each of these protein families, the touch-turns serve different roles; their functional importance is supported by conservation and mutagenesis data. In analyzing the conservation patterns of these 3D motifs, new methods for in-depth quality evaluation of the structural bioinformatic data are employed to distinguish between significant exceptions and errors. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance increased faster among geriatric outpatients compared with adult outpatients in the USA, 2000–10

OBJECTIVES Few studies have examined Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance across age groups over time. The objective of this study was to compare urinary E. coli antimicrobial resistance trends among adult and geriatric outpatients from 2000 to 2010. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility results for E. coli urine isolates from adult (aged 16-64 years) and geriatric (aged ≥65 years) outpatients were analysed using data from The Surveillance Network Database-USA. RESULTS Susceptibility test results from adult (n = 6 412 025) and geriatric (n = 3 395 297) outpatients showed that E. coli antimicrobial resistance increased faster among geriatric outpatients for all agents studied. The greatest increases in resistance over the study time period were for ciprofloxacin (9.4% and 23.5% increases among adult and geriatric individuals, respectively), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (4.3% and 10.5%) and ampicillin (2.0% and 13.6%). CONCLUSIONS Urinary E. coli antimicrobial resistance increased faster among geriatric outpatients than adult outpatients in the USA. Rising antimicrobial resistance disproportionately affects geriatric populations and presents a threat to public health.
Group structure and group size among humans and other primates

Dunbar's basic idea that neocortical size constrains "the number of relationships an animal can keep track of in a complex, continually changing social world" is appealing, but the notion that such a limit leads to a constraint on the size of the social groups in which the individual is embedded is less so. The problem is in Dunbar's casual treatment of groups. Over 30 years ago Floyd Allport (1961, p. 195) pointed out that because "a group is a phenomenon so familiar to everyone that it is not a question of what 3 group is, but only of how it works," researchers had simply "assumed the existence of groups." This is precisely what Dunbar has done. Dunbar's notion that the limit on an individual's information processing capacity imposes a limit on group size depends on how the group is conceived. He defines a group as a subset of a population of conspecifics that "interacts on a sufficiently regular basis to have strong bonds based on direct personal knowledge." For their knowledge to be personal, each individual must interact "on a sufficiently regular basis" with each and every other individual in the group. A subset that is maximal with respect to that property has been formally dubbed a "chque" (Luce & Perry 1949). The properties of chques can be specified in exact terms. Given a finite collection of individuals A = (a,b,c, . . . ) along with a symmetric relation / that links those pairs of individuals in A that interact on a sufficiently regular basis to have "strong bonds," suppose that each individual in A has the relation / with n other individuals; n is then the number of others with whom an individual has a "personal" tie. Suppose further that we find a clique in A of size m. If Dunbar is right, there must be a relationship between n and m. But the value of m only sets a lower limit on n, n a m — 1. The upper limit of n depends on the arrangement of the ties linking individuals in A, and there is no necessary connection between the number of others with whom an individual has a personal tie and the sizes of the "groups" in the sense they were defined by Dunbar. Dunbar may, however, have had other (unstated) restrictions in mind when he talked about groups. In his groups, for example, he may have assumed that "friends of friends are fiiends." In that case, the relation / would be transitive and each group would be a special kind of clique that Davis (1967) called a cluster. All individuals within each cluster would be directly hnked, and no individuals falling in difiFerent clusters would be. In that case, n = m — 1, and individual network size would be inextricably tied to group size. But, at least in the case of human primates, interaction fi-equencies are certainly not transitive (Freeman 1992b). Humans do display some tendency to strain toward transitivity in
Intrinsic critical current densities in high temperature superconducting films

The enhancement of the quantum electrodynamic tunneling process due to normal current dissipation is proposed to explain the measured J/sub c/ results for YBCO films. The authors calculate the depairing current density for YBCO to be on the order of 10/sup 9/ A/cm/sup 2/ and an upper limit of J/sub c/ to be on the order of 10/sup 7/ A/cm/sup 2/. The estimates of J/sub c/ are in reasonable agreement with measured values of J/sub c./ The model has been extended to include current flow through small constrictions comparable to the penetration depth, and J/sub c/ was found to be inversely proportional to its cross sectional area. >
Dissolution of a postgastrectomy bezoar by cellulase. A rapid, noninterventive technique.

An ever-increasing cause of postoperative morbidity after partial gastrectomy and vagotomy is the occurrence of phytobezoars. Herein is described the rapid dissolution of an intragastric plant fiber bezoar using its matrix, cellulose, as substrate for orally administered cellulase enzyme.
Two-dimensional analysis of a dielectric waveguide mirror

We present the two-dimensional (2-D) mode numerical analysis of a dielectric waveguide mirror with arbitrary structure angle. This work is an extension of a previously reported one-dimensional (1-D) mode analysis which accounts for the transverse variation, in addition to the lateral, of the waveguide modes. Inclusion of the transverse confinement is very important and has a significant effect on the predicted characteristics of the dielectric mirror. The dependence of the modal reflection on mode confinement and transverse and lateral mirror tilt is evaluated. In addition, the farfield is predicted and results in an unusual and unique crescent shaped distribution for angled incidence to the mirror. These mirrors are finding increasing use in many optical devices and systems including turning mirrors, lasers, and optical switches and couplers. With this expanding application, the characterization of these mirrors is paramount.