cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Shortages of Opioid Analgesics in the US: Are the Characteristics of the Drug Company the Missing Puzzle Piece?

Background Shortages of opioid analgesics are increasingly common, interfere with patient care and increase healthcare cost. This study characterized the incidence of shortages of opioid analgesics in the period 2015-2019 and evaluated potential predictors to forecast the risk of shortages. Methods This was an observational retrospective study using the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug shortages data. All FDA approved opioids were included in the study. Opioid analgesics were identified using the FDA National Drug Codes (NDC) and classified according to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) schedule. We conducted Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator logistic regression analysis to assess direction of the association between risk of shortage and potential predictors. We used multivariable penalized logistic regression analysis to model predictors of shortages. We split the dataset into training and validation sets to evaluate the performance of the model. Findings The FDA approved 8,207 unique NDCs for opioid analgesics; 3,017 (36.8%) were in the market as of April 30, 2019 and 91(3.0%) of them were listed as in shortage by the FDA. All NDCs in shortage were schedule II opioids; 86 (94.5%) were injectable and 84 (92.3%) generics. There were 418 companies with at least one opioid NDC listed by the FDA. Three companies accounted for more than 4 in 5 of the schedule II active injectable opioids. For each unit increase in the number of prior instances of shortages of a company, the likelihood of an NDC shortage for that company increased by 3.4%. For each unit increase in number of NDCs marketed by a company, the odds of an NDC shortage for that company decreased by 1%. Conclusions In the period 2015-2019, shortages of opioid analgesics disproportionally impacted schedule II and injectable opioids. The risk of shortage of opioid analgesics significantly increased with the incidence of previous instances of shortages of a manufacturing company and decreased with the number of NDCs marketed by a company. The characteristics of the manufacturing company, rather than the number of companies, might be the missing piece to the complex puzzle of drug shortages in the US.
Efficacy of relatively low-cost ultraviolet-C light devices against Candida auris.

BACKGROUND Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light devices could be useful to reduce environmental contamination with Candida auris. However, variable susceptibility of C. auris strains to UV-C has been reported, and the high cost of many devices limits their use in resource-limited settings. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of relatively low-cost (<$15,000 purchase price) UV-C devices against C. auris strains from the 4 major phylogenetic clades. METHODS A modification of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard quantitative disk carrier test method (ASTM E 2197) was used to examine and compare the effectiveness of UV-C devices against C. auris, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and bacteriophage Phi6. Reductions of 3 log10 were considered effective. UV-C irradiance measurements and colorimetric indicators were used to assess UV-C output. RESULTS Of 8 relatively low-cost UV-C devices, 6 met the criteria for effective decontamination of C. auris isolates from clades I and II, MRSA, and bacteriophage Phi6, including 3 room decontamination devices and 3 UV-C box devices. Candida auris isolates from clades III and IV were less susceptible to UV-C than clade I and II isolates; 1 relatively low-cost room decontamination device and 2 enclosed box devices met the criteria for effective decontamination of clade III and IV isolates. UV-C irradiance measurements and colorimetric indicator results were consistent with microorganism reductions. CONCLUSIONS Some relatively low-cost UV-C light technologies are effective against C. auris, including isolates from clades III and IV with reduced UV-C susceptibility. Studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of UV-C devices in clinical settings.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the Interaction of Legal Systems

The idea of legal pluralism is that law must always negotiate situations when multiple communities and legal authorities seek to regulate the same act or actor. These overlapping jurisdictional assertions may occur because of federalism, or because disputes often cross territorial borders, or because of complicated inter-jurisdictional arrangements, as with Indian tribes in the United States. In all of these situations, judges must develop strategies for determining how best to balance the competing claims of multiple communities: does the law of one community triumph, does the law of the other community triumph, or is there some hybrid solution available?This Essay surveys some of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s key writings on the interaction of legal systems, both in law journals and in judicial opinions. This analysis reveals a consistent theme in Ginsburg’s jurisprudence. Across a variety of substantive legal areas, Ginsburg often chooses a path that provides maximum play among the legal systems at issue. Beginning with her earliest scholarly writings, she has tended to oppose doctrines allowing one legal system to block another from adjudicating a dispute, and throughout her later career Ginsburg likewise tends to reject bright-line rules that choose one legal system over another. Instead, she often seems to prefer procedural arrangements that seek accommodation and flexibility in order to ensure that multiple legal systems and a variety of norms and processes are respected. These principles also carry over to Ginsburg’s views about international and transnational law. A committed internationalist, Ginsburg advocates the importance of seeking wisdom from others. This non-dogmatic, deferential approach to plural legal systems characterizes much of her jurisprudence on inter-systemic conflicts, though interestingly such deference does not always apply with as much force in Ginsburg’s opinions concerning tribal communities.By taking stock of Ginsburg’s navigation of legal pluralism in a set of representative writings, we can better theorize her contribution to a jurisprudential approach that seeks ongoing negotiation in an interlocking world of multiple jurisdictions and multiple legal norms. Just as important, this discussion provides an initial case study for thinking more broadly about possible judicial responses to the reality of legal pluralism.
Effect of Cycloheximide on Unidirectional Sodium Fluxes in the Jejunum after Cholera Exotoxin Exposure

Unidirectional fluxes of sodium were measured in jejunal loops of rabbits exposed to cholera exotoxin. It was found that exotoxin caused an increased flux of Na+ into the lumen, while flux out of the lumen was not changed significantly. It was shown previously that cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, prevents cholera exotoxininduced fluid production by the intestine. Measurement of unidirectional flux demonstrated that cycloheximide completely abolished the cholera exotoxin-induced increase in Na+ flux into the loop while not significantly altering flux out of the loop. It is concluded that cycloheximide prevents the fluid production of intestinal loops exposed to cholera exotoxin solely by blocking the increased flux of Na+ and water into the loop.
Specific DNA cleavage and binding by vaccinia virus DNA topoisomerase I.

Cleavage of a defined linear duplex DNA by vaccinia virus DNA topoisomerase I was found to occur nonrandomly and infrequently. Approximately 12 sites of strand scission were detected within the 5372 nucleotides of pUC19 DNA. These sites could be classified as having higher or lower affinity for topoisomerase based on the following criteria. Higher affinity sites were cleaved at low enzyme concentration, were less sensitive to competition, and were most refractory to religation promoted by salt, divalent cations, and elevated temperature. Cleavage at lower affinity sites required higher enzyme concentration and was more sensitive to competition and induced religation. Cleavage site selection correlated with a pentameric sequence motif (C/T)CCTT immediately preceding the site of strand scission. Noncovalent DNA binding by topoisomerase predominated over covalent adduct formation, as revealed by nitrocellulose filter-binding studies. The noncovalent binding affinity of vaccinia topoisomerase for particular subsegments of pUC19 DNA correlated with the strength and/or the number of DNA cleavage sites contained therein. Thus, cleavage site selection is likely to be dictated by specific noncovalent DNA-protein interactions. This was supported by the demonstration that a mutant vaccinia topoisomerase (containing a Tyr—-Phe substitution at the active site) that was catalytically inert and did not form the covalent intermediate, nevertheless bound DNA with similar affinity and site selectivity as the wild-type enzyme. Noncovalent binding is therefore independent of competence in transesterification. It is construed that the vaccinia topoisomerase is considerably more stringent in its cleavage and binding specificity for duplex DNA than are the cellular type I enzymes.
Does an Alzheimer's disease susceptibility gene influence the cognitive effects of cancer therapy?

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE e4 carriers suffer greater morbidity from head trauma, stroke, and carbon monoxide poisoning, yet possible interactions between APOE genotype and cancer therapy on cognition are unclear. Neuropathological and biomarker studies of young asymptomatic APOE e4 carriers that show elevated neocortical amyloid and medial temporal neurofibrillary tangles and longitudinal neuropsychological studies that show accelerated memory decline beginning around age 55–60 years define preclinical AD and have set the stage for assessing the potential adverse cognitive effects of cancer therapy in APOE e4 carriers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1739–1742. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging of Iron Oxide-Labeled Neural Transplants

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in vivo of adult rat brains was used to observe the fate of iron oxide-labeled intracerebral neural grafts. The host animals received grafts of fetal (E17-E18) rat tissue prepared as cell suspensions and labeled by incubation with reconstituted Sendai viral envelopes containing iron oxide particles. Control studies were performed in animals following surgical trauma alone or transplantation of unlabeled cell suspensions. In vivo NMR imaging (either two-dimensional Fourier transform or three-dimensional Fourier transform) was performed once on each animal between 5 and 60 days postsurgery. The NMR images of the host brains containing the labeled cells showed sufficient anatomical detail for the identification of the major brain structures. The graft sites were seen in the T2-weighted NMR images as dark regions (low-intensity signal) in the cortex. Histochemical staining for ferric iron (prussian blue stain) demonstrated the presence of numerous prussian blue-positive cells in tissue sections corresponding to the dark regions in the NMR images. Surviving prussian blue-positive cells with neuron-like morphology were relatively more numerous 10 days after transplantation than at 1-2 months postgrafting. The NMR images and immunohistochemical and histochemical staining of hosts containing labeled cells suggest cell migration of astrocytes and macrophages up to 2 mm away from the graft sites. The migrating cells were primarily along fiber tracts in the host white matter. Prussian blue deposits were also present within the brains of the control animals, but the NMR images from the same animals did not contain distinct dark regions like those in the images of brains which had received labeled cell transplants. These results demonstrate that NMR imaging can be used to study cell survival and migration following neural grafting procedures.
Determination of carbaryl as its primary metabolite, 1-naphthol, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection

Abstract Carbaryl and its hydrolysis product, 1-naphthol, are determined simultaneously, and in a mixture of other pesticides, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fluorometric detection affords a higher degree of selectivity than absorbance detection, while providing detection limits of 1.0 ng ml −1 and 1.4 mg ml −1 for 1-naphthol and carbaryl, respectively. The described method requires no enrichment of samples and includes a simple hydrolysis step. Additionally, enhancement of fluorescence detection signal intensity is explored through HPLC solvent composition effects as well as through formation of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. The method described in this report is a selective and fast alternative to the currently accepted U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method of detection carbaryl in ground water.
Eyal Benvenisti. The International Law of Occupation

The first edition of Eyal Benvenisti's The International Law of Occupation, published in 1993, was the first thorough treatment of occupation law to appear in English in 30 years. Not since Gerhard van Glahn's volume of 1957 had a scholar comprehensively surveyed this critical area of law. An update was long overdue. The seemingly clear rules of the 1907 Hague Regulations and 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention appeared to be receding in importance, as few states in the post-World War II period acknowledged their status as occupiers; Israel's prolonged occupation of the Palestinian territories challenged the assumption of occupation as a temporary phenomenon; few governments ousted in recent occupations went into exile to await a return to power, thus calling into question occupation law's focus on protecting the prerogatives of the "de jure regime"; and occupiers had seemingly honoured the "conservationist principle" - the limitation on an occupier's legislative authority most famously embodied in Article 43 of the Hague Regulations - mostly in the breach. States themselves provided little help in making sense of these and other developments. The discussions of occupation law in the US and UK military manuals, for example, had not been updated since the late 1950s. With the striking exception of Israel in the Palestinian territories, occupation law appeared to be receding from relevance. Now Benvenisti has published a second edition, adding almost 150 pages of text and several new chapters covering topics not addressed in the first edition. One is tempted to say that the second edition is even more overdue than the first. If the first edition sought to rescue occupation law from irrelevance, the second edition seeks to make sense of an explosion in state practice, judicial opinions, UN-sponsored activity, emerging cognate doctrines, and scholarly commentary, all of which have �
The origin and properties of extracellular DNA: From PAMP to DAMP

DNA is a polymeric macromolecule whose biological activities depend on location as well as binding to associated molecules. Inside the cell, DNA is the source of genetic information and binds histones to form nucleosomes. DNA can exit the cell, however, to enter the extracellular space primarily during cell death, either apoptosis or necrosis, as well as NETosis. While bacterial DNA is a potent immune stimulant by virtue of its CpG motifs, mammalian DNA, which is ordinarily inactive, can acquire activity by associating with nuclear, cytoplasmic and serum proteins which promote its uptake into cells to stimulate internal DNA sensors, including Toll-like receptor 9. Among these proteins, anti-DNA autoantibodies can form immune complexes with DNA to stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce type 1 interferon. Together, these findings suggest that the immune properties of DNA are mutable and diverse, reflecting its context and the array of attached molecules.
Subconvulsive epileptiform discharge and behavioral impairment.

Clinical and experimental reports regarding deficits in learning and memory as a result of subclinical epileptiform discharge are reviewed. The effects of focal epileptic discharge upon behavior are compared to the effects produced by nonepileptic lesions of the same brain areas. It is suggested that whether or not epileptogenic discharge has behavioral consequences similar to ablation of the same brain region depends upon the intensity of the discharge and the extent to which the discharge spreads from the focus. Data which support the hypothesis that seizure discharge impairs retrieval of information more severely than storage are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of several methods for producing epileptiform discharge experimentally are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that relatively long term changes in background EEG activity and cortical steady potential shifts may be the underlying physiological alterations responsible for the observed deficits, rather than simply the presence of epileptiform spike and wave discharges.
Endocrine manifestations of AIDS

The endocrine manifestations of AIDS are now appreciated to involve virtually any of the endocrine organs. Some of these manifestations are subtle and clinically not apparent. Others, like adrenal involvement, can eventuate, although rarely, into frank glandular insufficiency. This Endocrine Rounds case illustrates a number of endocrine manifestations of AIDS and discusses their involvement from clinical and pathophysiologic aspects.
A combined finite element-transfer matrix structural analysis method

A combined finite element-transfer matrix (FETM) method is developed to study the dynamics of orthogonally stiffened structures. Finite element procedures are used in FETM to formulate transfer matrices for structural components which are not one-dimensional. The resulting transfer matrices are used to reduce the large number of unknowns occurring in a standard finite element analysis by obtaining transfer matrix relationships over large units of the structure. A reduction in computer storage and computation time is obtained since the dimension of the final matrix equation to be solved is considerably reduced. The accuracy of the FETM results are verified by comparison with an exact solution to the limiting modes and frequencies of a periodically stiffened structure of infinite length. A reduction of computer time was demonstrated for the FETM by a comparison with the SAP-4 finite element program. The efficiency of the FETM method was further demonstrated by computing the frequency response of a two row-five span orthogonally stiffened plate structure using ordinary transfer matrix procedures.
Paleopathology of Early Cenozoic Coryphodon (Mammalia; Pantodonta)

ABSTRACT Examination of more than 2000 specimens of the early Cenozoic pantodont Coryphodon revealed only five pathological specimens: 1. A partial skull with a triangular puncture probably inflicted by the canine of another Coryphodon. 2. A left M3 with two supernumerary teeth, one probably the result of gemination and the other a possible case of true concrescence. 3. Two patellae of the same individual with exostoses on their distal processes, cause uncertain. 4. A patella and tibia of the same individual in which the patellar ligament is ossified to the distal process of the patella, and the tubercle of the tibia is consequently deformed. 5. The holotype pes of C. singularis Osborn, 1898, which has exostoses and other abnormalities suggestive of pathology, thus rendering C. singularis a nomen dubium. The relatively low frequency of pathologies in Coryphodon and other early Cenozoic pantodonts may indicate that there was less skeletal disease in the early Cenozoic than at present, but more thorough sur...
Value Driven Performance: Value Alignment and the Social Performance of Microfinance Institutions

Microfinance provides a means for impoverished entrepreneurs to climb out of poverty through forming their own ventures. Given its promise as a weapon against poverty, scholars have become increasi...
Difficulties in generating scepticism about knowledge of content

Burge, T. 1988. Individualism and self-knowledge. Journal of Philosophy 85: 649-63. Brueckner, A. 1992. What an anti-individualist knows a priori. Analysis 52: 111-18. Davidson, D. 1987. Knowledge of other minds. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 60: 441-58. Evans, G. 1982. The Varieties of Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gallois, A. 1996. The World Without, the Mind Within. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. McKinsey, M. 1991. Anti-individualism and privileged access. Analysis 51: 9-16. Putnam, H. 1975. The meaning of 'meaning'. In his Mind, Language and Reality, 21572. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
I. Researches respecting the organization of leaves

(1803). I. Researches respecting the organization of leaves. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 16, No. 61, pp. 3-15.
Enterocolic intussusception in adults.

Enterocolic intussusception in adults is discussed with regard to incidence, location, pathology, diagnosis, and management and is illustrated by the case reports of six varieties. It should be emphasized that intraluminal tumors are the most common cause of intussusception in adults and that most such tumors of the colon are malignant. Early diagnosis, therefore, is very important, and sigmoidoscopy followed by a bariumenema study should be done in every case. Because of the sporadic occurrence and bizarre clinical picture of adult enterocolic intussusception, the physician should consider intussusception whenever confronted with any patient with confusing abdominal symptoms. Most intussusceptions in adults are subacute or chronic and cause only partial obstruction of the intestine.
Importance of Having Low-Density Functional Groups for Generating High-Performance Semiconducting Polymer Dots

Semiconducting polymers with low-density side-chain carboxylic acid groups were synthesized to form stable, functionalized, and highly fluorescent polymer dots (Pdots). The influence of the molar fraction of hydrophilic side-chains on Pdot properties and performance was systematically investigated. Our results show that the density of side-chain carboxylic acid groups significantly affects Pdot stability, internal structure, fluorescence brightness, and nonspecific binding in cellular labeling. Fluorescence spectroscopy, single-particle imaging, and a dye-doping method were employed to investigate the fluorescence brightness and the internal structure of the Pdots. The results of these experiments indicate that semiconducting polymers with low density of side-chain functional groups can form stable, compact, and highly bright Pdots as compared to those with high density of hydrophilic side-chains. The functionalized polymer dots were conjugated to streptavidin (SA) by carbodiimide-catalyzed coupling and t...
High strain rate deformation in particle reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract A micromechanics study is carried out for the high strain rate deformation of ceramic particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The ceramic particles are taken to be elastic, equal-sized, spherical and uniformly distributed in the matrix. The stress-strain behavior of the matrix material is assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic or power-law strain hardening of the Ramberg-Osgood type, coupled with power-law strain rate hardening. Systematic predictions are made of the composite flow stress as determined by inclusion volume fraction, the applied strain rate and the strain hardening exponent and strain rate sensitivity of the matrix. It is found that the effect of strain rate is coupled with inclusion volume fraction; the strain rate hardening of the composite can be significantly higher than that of the matrix due to the constraining effect of the inclusions. A simple constitutive expression is obtained which allows one to predict readily the rate-dependent plastic flow behavior of the composite. Comparison between the model predictions and experimental measurements for the strain rate dependence of an Al/Al 2 O 3 composite shows good agreement.
Incorporation of nisin into a meat binding system to inhibit bacteria on beef surfaces

In two separate experiments, the bacteriocin, nisin, was incorporated into a commercially available meat binding system (Fibrimex®) and applied to meat surfaces as a way of inhibiting the meat spoilage organism, Brochothrix thermosphacta during extended refrigerated storage. In experiment 1, pre-rigor lean beef carcass tissue (BCT) was inoculated with B. thermosphacta, left untreated (U), treated with 10 μg ml−1 nisin (N), Fibrimex® (F) or Fibrimex® containing 10 μg ml−1 nisin (FN), held aerobically at 4 °C for up to 7 d, and populations of B. thermosphacta and nisin activity determined. Experiment 2 determined the effects of the same treatments but on post-rigor, frozen and thawed lean BCT that was inoculated, vacuum-packaged, and stored at 4 °C for up to 14 d. In both experiments, N- and FN-treated tissues exhibited significantly lower populations of B. thermosphacta compared to U- and F-treated tissues, for the duration of refrigerated storage. Nisin activity was detected up to 7 d in N- and FN-treated samples from experiment 1. However, activity was detected only to days 0 and 2 in FN- and N-treated samples, respectively, from experiment 2. These studies indicate that the addition of a bacteriocin to a meat binding system and application to meat surfaces may be useful in reducing undesirable bacteria in restructured meat products.
Automatic through the wall detection of moving targets using low-frequency ultra-wideband radar

This paper presents a time-domain, Moving Target Indication (MTI) processing formulation for detecting slow-moving personnel behind walls. The proposed time-domain MTI processing formulation consists of change detection and automatic target recognition algorithms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the MTI processing formulation using data collected by an impulse-based, low-frequency, ultra-wideband radar. In this paper, we describe our radar system and algorithms used for the automatic detection of moving personnel. We also analyze the false alarm and detection rate of four operational scenarios of personnel walking inside wood and cinderblock buildings.
The Impact of Perceived Corporate Citizenship on Organizational Cynicism, OCB, and Employee Deviance

This study examines the effects of corporate citizenship at the individual employee level. Four distinct contributions beyond the existing literature are offered. First, the relationship between perceived corporate citizenship (PCC) and employee organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is further clarified. Second, the negative job behavior of employee deviance is considered as an outcome. Third, the attitude of organizational cynicism is positioned as a mediator of the relationships between PCC and the job related behaviors of OCB and employee deviance. Fourth, we disaggregate the PCC measure and explore its relationships with organizational cynicism, OCB and employee deviance. Findings illustrate that the four separate dimensions of PCC have differential relationships with the outcome variables.
A regional study of fertility and suicide rates

Lester and Yang (1992) found a negative association between fertility rates and suicide rates in the USA from 1933 to 1984. The present analysis explored this association over the 48 continental states of America in 1980. Birth rates divorce rates and unemployment rates were obtained from the Census Bureau (annual) and the homicide and suicide rates by state from the National Center for Health Statistics (1985). The multiple regression analyses were run for the suicide rates of men and women of black and white groups and of each age group (by sex) a total of 20 analyses (including eight age groups from 15-24 to >85 years). Divorce rates had a consistent positive association with suicide rates (significant in 16 of the 20 regressions); birth rates were not strongly associated with suicide rates (significant in only four regressions) and the association was positive rather than negative; unemployment rates were not significant in any of the regressions. For homicide rates birth rates were significant in only one regression (the association was negative) unemployment in only three (the association was positive) while divorce rates were significant in 14 regressions (the association was positive). Thus this regional analysis did not replicate the association found in the earlier time-series analysis. (full text)
Shortening the distance between the "i" and the "it": a transformative approach to improving teaching.

“It” science focuses on the external and technical dimensions of action. “I” science focuses on the internal experiences and meaning particular actions hold for people. Elevating “It” science over “I” science can deform occupational therapy's body of knowledge and, consequently, stunt its practices. Similarly, elevating the technical or instrumental dimension of teaching over the internal experiences of educators can deform education and even do harm to students. A transformative learning approach to improving teaching foregrounds the inner lives of educators, thus balancing the instrumental with the deeply personal aspects of teaching. Such a balance is vital given the hopes that ride on occupational therapy education.
Survey of the opinions, knowledge, and practices of gastroenterologists regarding colorectal cancer screening and use of the fecal occult blood test

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Primary care physicians and internal medicine residents have poor understanding of colorectal cancer screening and the use of fecal occult blood tests. If acceptance and implementation of colorectal cancer screening is to improve, gastroenterologists may have to take a more leading role in the education of their primary care colleagues, physicians in training, and the general public. However, before this can be recommended, it is necessary to determine how closely gastroenterologists follow currently recommended guidelines and how they use fecal occult blood tests. METHODS: We mailed a two-page, structured questionnaire about colorectal cancer screening and use of fecal occult blood tests to 8000 randomly selected gastroenterologists in the United States. RESULTS: We received responses from 24% of the gastroenterologists. Almost all used fecal occult blood tests in the office setting, 86% on stool obtained at rectal examination. The test was frequently used for reasons other than colorectal cancer screening, and often without adequate patient instruction on dietary and medication restrictions. Of the respondents, 98% commenced screening at age ≤50 yr, whereas 37% either continued screening into advanced age or never stopped. Annual fecal occult blood testing with flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 yr was the screening strategy recommended by 71% of the respondents, whereas 25% recommended colonoscopy every 10 yr. However, 77% of the gastroenterologists chose colonoscopy for personal colorectal cancer screening. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroenterologists usually give appropriate advice on colorectal cancer screening but often misuse fecal occult blood tests. This may produce excessively high false-positive screening rates, leading to unnecessary diagnostic testing without apparent benefit.
Constructional perspectives in clinical assessment.

The constructional approach to assessment and treatment refers to broad metatheoretical assumptions regarding the value of constructing rather than eliminating behavioral repertoires. The attempt to move from a deficit-oriented model to one that emphasizes a client's assets and strengths is discernible in a variety of orientations. In this article, a general paradigmatic framework is advocated that represents positive and negative behaviors in the context of interactions between characteristics of the social environment and the organization of individual behavioral repertoires. By emphasizing the interrelationships within repertoires, a rationale is provided for conceptualizing and assessing positive behaviors
Transverse relaxation in spin-polarized 3He gas due to dc and ac magnetic-field gradients

It is well known that in the presence of a magnetic-field gradient an increase in the transverse relaxation rate will occur in a spin-polarized gas sample. Recent theories related to diffusion through magnetic-field gradients have been applied to spherical and cylindrical gas cells in helium and alkali-metal-atom systems. A simple first-order theory based on the Redfield model is extended to include oscillating gradients in spherical and cylindrical gas sample cells. Experimental gradient measurements are made using a $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ free-precession magnetometer. The experimental results are in agreement with the theory.
Tension Fecal Pneumothorax in a Postpartum Patient

A 20-year-old woman developed severe shortness of breath 4 h after a cesarean section. Chest roentgenogram showed a pleural effusion and tension pneumothorax; insertion of a chest tube drained liquid stool. At surgery she was found to have a left diaphragmatic defect with herniation, strangulation, and perforation of the transverse colon into the pleural cavity.
Visual and spatial communication and task organization using the visual knowledge builder

When people share a workspace, they naturally create visual structures which organize resources, communicate interpretations, and coordinate activities. To support this mode of communication and coordination we have built the Visual Knowledge Builder (VKB.) VKB supports the incremental visual interpretation of information. Through the emergence and evolution of visual languages, communication between VKB users sharing a workspace grows over time. VKB has been used for two years in note taking, writing, curriculum development, project management, and conference organization. These tasks include short-and long-term synchronous and asynchronous activities. Features such as the recognition of implicit spatial structure and navigable history facilitate the authoring and comprehension of shared visual information spaces. VKB has also been used in a more controlled setting by pairs of people writing a poem with a constrained vocabulary. This use of VKB has been compared to the same task using Magnetic Poetry sets to better understand how the characteristics of the tools and information space impact collaborative practice.
Software design guidelines for event-driven programming

Abstract This paper deals with software design principles and guidelines to improve the reusability and maintainability of event-driven (E-D) programs. The paper examines how well the principles of structured software design from the procedural programming field can be applied to the event-driven environment. Taking into account the unique characteristics of event-driven programming (E-DP), additional guidelines that are specific to this field are proposed. The guidelines presented here deal with modularizing event procedures, graphical representation of E-D programs, sharing data between event/general procedures, using user-defined objects, and developing cohesive procedures and forms.
Evidence for palindromic sequences near the termini of adenovirus 2 DNA

Abstract When the kinetics of Escherichia coli exonuclease III digestion of adenovirus 2 DNA were studied by DNA polymerase I-catalyzed repair synthesis at 5°C, there was an indication of the formation of hairpin structure in the single-stranded template, exposed by exonuclease III. The hairpin structure results from a sequence with an inverted repetition of the type, a b c d···d′ c′ b′ a′. The location of these sequences was determined to be about 180 nucleotides from each terminus of adenovirus 2 DNA with the use of specific restriction endonucleases. The possible role of this region in the replication of the adenovirus 2 genome is discussed.
A Technique for the Analysis of Unbalanced Data

The regression methods with dummy variables have been shown to be effective in preventing confusion in the analysis of linear models. In particular, this model simplifies interpretation of parameters and clarifies hypothesis statements. All existing methods have been shown as special cases of the general linear hypothesis in regression setting. Three regression on dummy variables methods are examined critically to bring out the salient features of each method. The choice of a method should be based on the way definitions of the parameters are desired. The linear models are considered in a regression model setting. This has been done by defining appropriate dummy variables in a regression model which often is desirable, if not mandatory, when dealing with unbalanced data involving two or more factors.
Adsorptive separation of light olefins from paraffins

Abstract Equilibrium and kinetic data for the sorption of light olefins and paraffins are reviewed. The equilibrium selectivities of cation rich zeolites are about 12 (at ordinary temperatures) but, since the desired pure product (the olefin) is the preferentially adsorbed species this has proved insufficient to achieve the required product purity without recourse to complex process cycles. Recent research has therefore focused on the possibility of developing a kinetic separation based on differences in sorption rate. In recent patents [5] , [6] it has been shown that certain 8-ring silica zeolites, notably SiCHA and DD3R, show surprisingly high kinetic selectivities ( D C 3 H 6 / D C 3 H 8 ∼ 10 4 ), suggesting that a kinetic separation process should be practically feasible and should be capable of yielding a high purity olefin product.
Liberalism forever: intellectual history, social history and the global adventures of a concept

It took some time after the crisis of imperial power in the 1940s for effective historiographical distance to be attained. But that vital goal has united each of the succeeding cohorts and grouping...
[Dust exposure and control in micro-grinding operations].

実験では,軽作業台(W60 cm×D45 cm×H70 cm) 上に浦和工業(株)製マイクロ・グラインダ,ユーホビ ー標準セットUC100,HB1(使用電源電圧100 V,最高 回転速度 25,000 rpm(実験時は 15,000 rpmに設定), 5 mmφカーボランダム砥石GC-12,P2005装着)を設置 し,ここにアクリル製回転架台軸上に固定した円筒状被 削材(φ 8.5mm,63mmの焼成粘土管)がバネ張力によ り常に一定の力(150 gw)で押し当たるよう配置し, さらにそこへ上半身人体模型(等身大トルソー)を向き 合わせて研磨作業者の再現とした.1回の研磨時間は連 続3分間とし,研磨時間中の吸入性粉じん(PM4)の質 量濃度を柴田科学(株)製慣性衝突式個人サンプラー NWPS-254,ミニポンプ MP-Σ300(吸引流量 2.50 L/ min)およびガラス繊維ろ紙T60A20φ 25mm(最小秤 量表示0.01mgの電子天秤で秤量)によってダミー作業 者の呼吸域において測定し,マイクロ・グラインダ作業 に伴う粉じん曝露の実態を模擬的に求めた.なお,この 際の 3分間の採取における質量濃度の検出下限は 1.33mg/mであった.また,実験時の呼吸域と研磨 部位との距離間隔は10 cmとし,両者の作業台机上面か らの高さはともに30 cmとした(Fig. 2).次に,同グラ インダ作業における粉じん対策に関する実験を行い,こ れに際しては以下の三種の局所排気装置を用意した. )フード開口面サイズ 20 cm× 35 cm,フランジ幅 15 cmの一般的な外付け式フード;対面設置(Fig. 3-1) )グラインダ作業用に試作した,フード開口面サイズ 11 cm×13 cmの小型の箱型外付け式フード;下方 設置(Fig. 3-2) )開口面サイズ60 cm× 55 cm,奥行き50 cmの囲い 式フード;形状および機能が「研磨ボックス」等の商 品名で市販されているフードに近似したもの(Fig. 3-3) これらのフードの吸引風速および排気風量の測定には 日本カノマックス(株)製熱線式風速計クリモマスター Model 6511およびウエットマスタ (ー株)製風量センサ エアロQシステムを用い,それぞれのフードで排気を 行った際のダミー作業者呼吸域における粉じん濃度を測 定して,各排気フードにおける粉じん曝露抑制に必要な 排風量を比較した. 2006年11月21日受付;2007年3月2日受理 連絡先:小嶋 純 〒 214–8585 神奈川県川崎市多摩区長尾 6–21–1 独立行政法人労働安全衛生総合研究所.Correspondence to: J. Ojima, Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6–21–1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8585, Japan (e-mail:ojima@h.jniosh.go.jp) 産衛誌2007; 49: 100–102 100
Exploratory Analysis of Children's Travel Patterns

Recent concerns about obesity in children have focused attention on children's travel behavior; however, there has been little study of children's travel. Five questions should be asked to fill this knowledge gap: (a) How much are children traveling? (b) Why are children traveling? (c) With whom are children traveling? (d) How do the observed travel patterns vary with demographic characteristics such as age, race, sex, and income? and (e) What are the barriers to the analysis of children's travel? Data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey show that children's travel is similar to that of adults. For example, youth travel is dominated by the automobile, with nearly 75% of trips being made in a private vehicle. But in important ways children's travel is different. Because of their youth, children often travel with others. However, the burden of transporting children is not distributed equally between parents; young children are more than five times as likely to travel with their mothers as with their fathers. Age also greatly affects how much children travel. Finally, small changes in current travel surveys could make them much more useful for the analysis of children's travel. Young Children, Adolescents, SR2S
Models for Bivariate Count Data with an Application to Teenage Delinquency and Paternity

In this article, a new model, the bivariate lognormal Poisson, is developed to examine the relationships between two count processes. This model is an extension of Schoenberg's (1985) univariate lognormal Poisson model. Although computationally more cumbersome, it is substantially more flexible than previous bivariate count data models because it allows heterogeneity and correlation to be parameterized independently. As an application, the processes underlying out-of-wedlock teenage paternities and juvenile arrests are assessed for the extent to which they are manifestations of the same underlying factors. Using three birth cohorts of data, the processes generating these paternities and crimes are found to be related although not identical. Moreover, the strength of the correlations of the processes that generate paternities and crimes is much stronger in the population of white teenagers when compared to that of blacks.
Optimum flight profiles for short haul missions

An algorithm, based on the energy-state method, is derived for calculating optimum trajectories with a range constraint. The basis of the algorithm is the assumption that optimum trajectories consist of, at most, three segments: an increasing energy segment (climb); a constant energy segment (cruise); and a decreasing energy segment (descent). The algorithm is used to compute minimum fuel, minimum time, and minimum direct-operating-cost trajectories, with range as a parameter, for an in-service CTOL aircraft and for an advanced STOL aircraft. Use of a simplified trajectory increases the fuel consumption of the total descent trajectory by about 10 percent and the time to fly the descent by about 19 percent compared to the optimum.
Theory of condensing lenses for Raman tubes of small volume.

For a spatially extended light source of uniform cross section, such as a Raman tube, the most favorable focal length of the condensing lens is F = hf/(b − s), where 2h is the extension of the source in the direction of the spectrograph slit, f the focal length of the collimator lens, 2b the height of the prism, and 2s the length of the slit. With such a condensing lens, placed a distance of (h+s)f/(b−s) from the slit, the greatest possible length, lmax = h2f/bs, of the source is fully effective in filling the spectrograph. This was proved by the writer a number of years ago under the assumption that h≫s. Often, however, the small amount of the scattering material available necessitates the use of a Raman tube of small cross section. The case h≦s is therefore investigated here. It is shown that the theorem stated holds also in this case. However, in order that the full amount of light may enter the spectrograph, some of the scattered light must pass out through the wall of the Raman tube and pass through the condensing lens at a distance from the center which is greater than the radius of the Raman tube. This has certain disadvantages. It is therefore often advantageous to make h=s, in which case the maximum effective length of the Raman tube can be attained more satisfactorily by using a condensing lens of focal length sf/(b+s) immediately in front of the slit and placing the front end of the Raman tube right against the lens.
GLUT1 and p63 expression in endometrial intraepithelial and uterine serous papillary carcinoma

Aims : To analyse the expression patterns of GLUT1, p63 and p53 and the possible correlation between these markers in uterine serous papillary carcinoma (USPC) and endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC). Methods and results : Fourteen cases of USPC, 12 of which also showed EIC, were examined for GLUT1, p63 and p53 immunoreactivity. Four-micrometre sections from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue were immunostained using commercially available primary antibodies and Dako Envision Plus reagents for visualization. Membranous GLUT1 immunoreactivity was observed in all cases, including all 14 invasive tumours (100%) and 11 of 12 associated EICs (92%), and was confined to neoplastic cells. In USPC, staining tended to be strongest in superficial antistromal regions. p63 positivity was found in 8/14 (57%) USPCs and 9/12 (75%) associated EICs. In 11 cases p53 was overexpressed in both invasive USPC (11/14; 79%) and EIC (11/12; 92%). p53+ USPCs tended to be positive for p63, whereas p53– USPCs were also negative for p63. Conclusions : GLUT1 is expressed in the vast majority of USPC and EIC, suggesting a biological role during the early steps of carcinogenesis in endometrial serous neoplasms. GLUT1 expression may be induced by hypoxia-related as well as other mechanisms.
Effect of plate position on clinical outcome after anterior cervical spine surgery.

Abstract Background context Anterior cervical plates are commonly used to provide immediate stabilization after a variety of cervical spine procedures. It has been assumed that the ideal position for anterior cervical spine plates is centered in the horizontal plane without significant angulation and without overlap of adjacent unfused levels. Nevertheless, postoperative radiographs often demonstrate actual plate position to be lateralized, rotated, or encroaching on the adjacent disc space. There have been no reported systematic studies examining the effect of variations in plate position in a large clinical population. Purpose To evaluate the association between plate position and short-term clinical outcomes after anterior cervical discectomy and instrumented fusion (ACDF). Study design/setting Review of prospectively collected clinical outcomes measures and radiographs. Patient sample Patients undergoing ACDF surgery by a group of spine surgical specialists at a single institution. Outcome measures Direct and calculated plain radiographic measurements, visual analog scores for neck and arm pain, and SF-36 scores. Methods The study population included 200 patients undergoing a one-, two-, or three-level ACDF with instrumentation. Thirteen separate direct measurements and two calculated values of plate position on immediate postoperative radiographs, including lateralization, rotation, and proximity to adjacent disc spaces, were performed in blinded fashion by 3 independent reviewers. Statistical correlation with prospectively collected patient outcomes measures, including VAS for neck and arm pain and SF-36 scores, was performed. Results In the study population, average plate position was 3.3 mm from the cephalad disc space, 6.4 mm from the caudal disc space, 3.9° angulation in the frontal plate, and 26% laterally displaced from the midline. At average 18.6 months of follow-up, no significant association was identified between any plate position measure and clinical outcomes. Conclusions The use of anterior cervical plating by experienced spine surgeons is associated with variation in terms of plate position on postoperative radiographs. Within the range of positions analyzed in this study, no significant association was found between lateralized or rotated plates or plates placed in proximity to adjacent disc spaces and worse short-term clinical outcomes. It should be emphasized that these results and conclusions are based on relatively short-term clinical follow-up and that the long-term effects of variation in implant position remain unknown.