cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Digital Hand: How Information Technology Changed the Way Industries Worked in the United States

Hardly any major business activity at the end of the twentieth cen tur could be done without computing, often linked to some form of telecommunications. In my three-volume book, The Digital Hand, I have surveyed the phenomenal growth of computing and have explored its impact on a wide array of industries, from the 1950s onward. The first volume was published in 2003, the second in 2006, and the third will come out in 2008, all under Oxford's imprint. This essay outlines my experience of writing and researching the book and describes some of my conclusions. I chose the title for the volumes to echo Alfred D. Chandler Jr.'s idea that organized business practices and structures provide a "visible hand" of rational operations in a modern economy. At least that was how I conceived of the project initially. As I worked my way up to the present, however, my research findings caused my views to diverge in creasingly from Chandler's description of the corporation. By the time I reached the end of the twentieth century, the corporate world described in The Digital Hand had come to look more like the networked and dif fuse society described by Manuel Castells than the highly integrated corporations of the precomputer era. Although managers used informa tion technology to carry out their missions?as described by Chandler, Peter Drucker, and others?as a result, and often unintentionally, they began transforming their companies.1 Given that computer applications tend to vary by industry, rather than by firm, I felt that the project required an examination of the expe riences of a variety of industries, one at a time, documenting exactly
Treatment of basal cell epithelioma by curettage and electrodesiccation

A total of 233 biopsy-proved basal cell epitheliomas (BCEs) treated by curettage and electrodesiccation (C&D) in our office in 1976 and 1977 were followed a minimum of 5 years. There were seven recurrences, a cure rate of 97.0%. Our results, both for recurrence rates and cosmetic appearance, varied according to the size and location of the cancers. The cosmetic results were generally excellent especially in the smaller cancers. Smaller BCEs'less than 2 cm diameter, excluding the nose and nasolabial area, had our highest cure rate, 99.4% (171/172). Our treatment method is described in detail. Although not a complicated procedure, C&D does require skill, thoroughness and selection of patients to achieve high cure rates and is still an excellent treatment choice for many BCEs.
Absence of quenching by [Fe(CN)6]4− is not proof of DNA intercalation

The quenching of the 3MLCT emission of three Ru(II) complexes of known DNA binding mode is compared. This work shows that relative binding constants dictate whether quenching is observed in the presence of DNA rather than protection of the probe by intercalation, as has been commonly stated.
The influence of logging and topography on the distribution of spruce-fir forests near their Southern limits in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA

We studied the effects of logging history, topography, and potential insolation on the lower-elevation limit of existing spruce-fir forest in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM). Dummy-variable regression, analysis of variance, and classification trees were applied to environmental data within a geographic information system framework. The effect of logging history on the lower limit of spruce-fir depended on aspect. On north-facing slopes (270°– 90°), the presence of spruce-fir was independent of both logging history and potential insolation. On south-facing sites (90°–270°), the elevation of spruce-fir was significantly higher (by 122 m) in areas that had been logged historically. Classification-tree models suggested an even greater logging effect, indicating that both the lower limit and the upper dominance zone of spruce-fir forest are, on average, nearly 200 m higher in historically logged landscapes. Presence of spruce-fir on south aspects was also significantly related to potential insolation, but the strength of this effect was not dependent on logging history. Classification-tree models, developed separately using data from logged sites versus unlogged sites, were used to estimate the current area of spruce-fir forest in the park expected under the hypothetical scenario that no spruce-fir had been logged (38,675 ha) versus the alternate scenario that it had hall been logged (11,727 ha). At present the area of spruce-fir forest in the park is 21,242 ha. We found greater prevalence of spruce-fir on the Tennessee side of the divide on south aspects and historically logged sites, possibly due to greater occurrence of westerly winds and associated cloud cover.
Large deviations and importance sampling for a tandem network with slow-down

We consider a variant of the two-node tandem Jackson network where the upstream server reduces its service rate when the downstream queue exceeds some prespecified threshold. The rare event of interest is the overflow of the downstream queue. Based on a game/subsolution approach, we rigorously identify the exponential decay rate of the rare event probabilities and construct asymptotically optimal importance sampling schemes.
Neuron addition during growth of the postmetamorphic bullfrog: Sensory neuron and axon number

Neuron addition is one means whereby the nervous system can compensate for increased body size. Neurons can be added either by mitosis of stem cells or by late differentiation of committed precursors. Previously, the doubling of hind limb dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in postmetamorphic bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) was found to occur in the absence of neuron proliferation (St. Wecker and Farel [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 342:430–438). In the present study, we identify a population of cells in the DRGs of juvenile frogs that lack the appearance typical of sensory neurons yet are immunoreactive to a neuron-specific probe for neurofilament protein. These less differentiated (type-L neurons) could not be labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase from the periphery or dorsal root. Despite their apparent immaturity, type-L neurons appear to have extended axons both centrally and toward the periphery, because axon number in dorsal roots and peripheral nerves was similar in juvenile and adult frogs. These findings are consistent with the existence in juvenile frogs of a population of incompletely differentiated DRG neurons that lack the physiological properties and appearance typical of mature neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 389:569–576, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An integrated extrapolation of long-term outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis and simulation of the Hopkins Lupus Cohort

Objective The aim of this study was to develop an SLE disease model that simulates long-term outcomes of SLE to estimate the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of SLE treatments. Methods Longitudinal data from 1354 patients from the Hopkins Lupus Cohort were included in the analysis. Statistical models were created to estimate disease activity [Safety of Estrogen in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment (SELENA) SLEDAI scale] and prednisone dose over time using linear regression. Survival models for organ damage and mortality were created. The models were combined in a predictive simulation of SLE organ damage and mortality. Predictions were assessed against the Hopkins Lupus Cohort data. Results The analyses found that change in the annual average SLEDAI score was associated with the previous annual average SLEDAI score, renal involvement, age, male gender, African American ethnicity, anaemia, haematological involvement, increased DNA binding and low complement. The annual average prednisone dose increased for every unit increase in annual average SLEDAI. Organ damage and mortality modelling demonstrated that adjusted mean SLEDAI and binary SLEDAI organ involvement indicators predicted mortality, cardiovascular, renal, neuropsychiatric, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, ocular and skin damage. The cumulative average prednisone dose was associated with risk of cardiovascular, ocular, musculoskeletal, neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal damage, gonadal failure and diabetes mellitus. The simulation reproduced mean SLEDAI and organ damage scores from the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Conclusion Longitudinal modelling of an SLE cohort confirmed relationships between risk factors and long-term outcomes in SLE. The models serve to estimate the probability of SLE outcomes over time and can be used to estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of new treatments.
Demand-based frequency control for distributed generation

Extensive growth in distributed generation (DG) presents challenges for the ability to maintain frequency on the electric power system. There is little impact on frequency stability for small DG penetration. Once DG reaches critical mass, however, the current methodology for generation-based frequency compensation, automated generation control (AGC), may be insufficient to maintain frequency within the bounds for service quality. Some DG units, such as microturbines, are capable of contributing to frequency control. Renewable energy based DG units, such as wind and solar, however, are not controllable and therefore cannot participate in frequency control. In the following cases: Stand alone mini-grids, or a high penetration of DG in interconnected grids, augmenting the capability of DG to provide frequency compensation may be necessary to ensure power quality. This paper investigates demand based frequency control to provide such compensation. Both the technical and economic aspects of implementing demand based compensation are evaluated.
Small Steps toward Hypercomputation via Infinitary Machine Proof Verification and Proof Generation

After setting a context based on two general points (that humans appear to reason in infinitary fashion, and two, that actual hypercomputers aren’t currently available to directly model and replicate such infinitary reasoning), we set a humble engineering goal of taking initial steps toward a computing machine that can reason in infinitary fashion. The initial steps consist in our outline of automated proof-verification and proof-discovery techniques for theorems independent of PA that seem to require an understanding and use of infinitary concepts (e.g., Goodstein’s Theorem). We specifically focus on proof-discovery techniques that make use of a marriage of analogical and deductive reasoning (which we call analogico-deductive reasoning).
The Benefits and Disadvantages of Living Trusts

An inter vivos trust is a trust created during the settlor’s lifetime which becomes effective while the settlor is still alive as contrasted with a testamentary trust which takes effect upon the settlor’s death. Because an inter vivos trust becomes effective during the lifetime of the settlor, it is commonly referred to as a “living trust.” Living trusts are often pitched as the panacea that reduces expenses and avoids lawyers, taxes, and probate in advertisements by attorneys and other promoters of living trusts. Despite the tremendous potential benefits of living trusts, however, they are not for everyone. Living trusts must be used wisely after thoroughly evaluating the potential benefits and disadvantages. This article provides a discussion of the pros and cons of inter vivos trusts which a client must consider before deciding to create an inter vivos trust.
Development of Studies in Style

“Art” is a field that is highly abstract, conceptual, metaphysical, and difficult to measure. It is a generational result influenced by psychological and cultural phenomena, and usually is probed by philosophers through aesthetics. Aesthetics, on the other hand, is a way of studying the arts and is a branch of philosophy—a philosophy of beauty—that provides a theory of the beautiful and of the fine arts. So, the study of art usually comes along with the study of aesthetics. However, as the study of art became more complex and because of the profound nature of art, scholars and philosophers developed a notion of “style” and used it to help analyze beauty and explore methods of creation, and to distinguish differences between individual artists, groups, and schools.
Engineering Measurements for Port Allen Lock

Port Allen Lock is a reinforced concrete U-frame structure founded on relatively compressible soils without the use of piles. A comprehensive program of instrumentation was developed to obtain engineering data for use in design of similar type structures and to verify certain assumptions and procedures used to design Port Allen Lock. Instrumentation consisted of pressure cells and piezometers along the walls and beneath the base of the structure to determine the lateral earth pressures and foundation pressures beneath the structure, and settlement plates and wall deflection pipes to measure movements of the structure. Data were obtained during construction and operation of the lock to provide information on the behavior of the structure under a variety of loading conditions. The foundation design is summarized and the observed and computed performance of the lock are compared.
Ethical and methodological issues in academic mental health research in populations affected by disasters: The Oklahoma City experience relevant to September 11, 2001

Empirical data from research studies are vital to guiding mental health interventions following disasters. However, few data are available for this purpose. Important advances in policy and procedures for the conduct of organized research emerged from the Oklahoma City bombing, yielding cooperative working relationships among researchers and culminating in the ethical attainment of informative research data. However, the academic community was again caught off guard after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Suggestions to surmount these obstacles include incorporating research infrastructures into disaster preparedness plans in advance; organizing the community of researchers; and working closely with major funding organizations. Methodological issues pertaining to measurement of psychopathology include the importance of obtaining diagnostic data; interpreting the meaning of symptoms in the absence of a psychiatric disorder; differentiating preexisting symptoms from those that emerged after the disaster, and optimal timing of postdisaster assessment.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS — A Summary of the Final Discussions

The last morning of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Supercritical Fluids was devoted to the definition of the research of the future: what theoretical and experimental problems need to be solved in order to facilitate the understanding of the supercritical medium in the applications to be anticipated. The discussion was divided into three parts: theory, coordinated by J. M. H. Levelt Sengers; experiment, coordinated by G. M. Schneider; and applications, coordinated by E. Kiran. Each of the parts was recorded by a scribe: the theory part by J. P. O’Connell; the experimental part by S. M. Howdle; and the applications by E. Kiran. The narrative in this section is composed from the notes of the scribes. In each of the parts, some participants made brief presentations. Their names are listed in the narrative.
Neoatherosclerosis in Very Late Stenosis of Bare Metal Stent by Optical Coherence Tomography

Bare metal stents (BMS) continue to be widely used in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous revascularization. Progressive luminal renarrowing has been reported late after BMS implantation resulting in a significant rate of stent failure events. We present a case of very late BMS failure due to in-stent restenosis where optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to demonstrate neoatherosclerosis as the underlying mechanism. We provide a brief review of neoatherosclerosis and showcase salient features on OCT evaluation.
A Semi-Analytic Model for Fiber-Based Fluorescence Measurements

A semi-analytic model is presented for calculating the fraction of fluorescent light returning to an optical fiber (which also delivers the excitation light). The model depends upon the observation that the collected light has been scattered only a few times.
An additional low molecular weight subunit in purified preparations of myosin from hypertrophied myocardium.

SummaryIn order to determine whether the altered contractility of hypertrophied hearts is associated with changes in the low molecular weight (MW) components of myosin, we examined rabbit heart myosin subunit composition and ATPase activity. Myosin was purified by ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography. Preparations from normal hearts exhibited two low MW components (27,000 and 20,000) on SDS-gels, compared to those from hypertrophied hearts which showed an additional low MW component (16,000). Ca2+ and EDTA-activated myosin ATPase activities were diminished in preparations from hypertrophied hearts. Thus, myosin from hypertrophied myocardium contains an additional component which may contribute to diminished contractility.
Ongoing Microinfarction in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage (S23.002)

Objective: To determine whether cerebral microinfarcts (CMI) occur beyond the acute post-hemorrhage time window in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Background Clinically silent CMIs have been observed with high incidence on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of patients with primary ICH. Most CMIs have been detected shortly after acute hemorrhage, raising the question of whether CMIs are solely a byproduct of the acute ICH or rather are an ongoing process occurring throughout the course of severe small vessel disease. Design/Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 476 MRI scans obtained in the acute (≤7 days after ICH) or nonacute (>14 days after ICH) phases from 117 subjects with deep and 293 with lobar ICH (53% males, mean age 72.1±13.3 years). DWI, apparent diffusion coefficient maps, FLAIR and T2* MRIs were reviewed for the presence of CMIs. Results: One or more CMIs were identified in 24 (12.5%) of 192 subjects in the nonacute phase and 43 (19.7%) of 218 subjects in the acute post-ICH phase (risk ratio for CMIs on acute vs nonacute scans 1.58, 95%CI 0.99-2.5, p=0.06). Separate analyses of lobar and deep ICH yielded similar risk ratios for CMIs on acute vs nonacute images (RR= 1.46, 95%CI 0.86-2.5, p=0.2 for lobar ICH, RR= 1.94, 95%CI 0.76-4.98, p=0.21 for deep). In paired analysis of 66 subjects with both acute and nonacute MRIs, CMIs were present on 8 acute and 9 nonacute scans (RR= 0.98, 95%CI 0.71-1.36, p=1). The overall proportion of subjects with incident CMIs was 16% for lobar and 17% for deep ICH patients (p=0.77). Conclusions: Incident CMIs appear to occur commonly throughout the course of primary ICH. Although the data suggest these lesions may be more common in the acute post-ICH phase, CMIs are also frequent nonacutely, suggesting they might contribute to small vessel-related cognitive impairment. Disclosure: Dr. Auriel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gurol has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ayres has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schwab has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vashkevich has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rosand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Viswanathan has received personal compensation for activities with Athena Diagnostics. Dr. Greenberg has received personal compensation for activities with Hoffman-Laroche Ltd. as a committee member.
An Alternate Proof of the Vector Triple Product Formula

(1986). An Alternate Proof of the Vector Triple Product Formula. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 73-74.
Application of a swine model of cardiac catheter-induced myocardial infarction in new drug development

Coronary artery ligation and drug-induced coronary artery spasm are two commonly used models to develop myocardial infarction in pharmacodynamic studies.Compared with these two models,the swine model of cardiac catheter-induced myocardial infarction has several visible merits.For example,this model is more stable and reliable for getting results and long-term dynamic observation;it is useful to obtain more indexes and to compare the changes in the indexes after treatments with base-line value.We describe the current application of this model in new drug development in this paper.
Discernibility Relation-based Rough Set in Incomplete Decision System

Considering discernibility that the classical rough set approach based on indiscernibility relation rarely concerns discernibility relation,the classical rough set model is extended on the basis of discernibility relation.A discernibility relation-based rough set theory is further advanced for incomplete decision system in this paper.Indiscernibility relation reflects the commonness of things while discernibility relation displays individuality between them and the rough set model based on discernibility relation can be used to simplify negative rules.In this paper,a new discernibility relation is defined and the main properties of the lower and upper approximations are verified based on the discernibility relation before the construction of the new rough set model.The corresponding judging theorem and computing process for approximation reducts are thereby advanced.
Segmental Intrarenal Catheterization in Renin-Mediated Hypertension

AbstractSegmental renal vein blood was collected in 9 hypertensive patients who had a focal renal lesion on excretory urography and/or a high peripheral plasma renin activity. The main renal vein catheterization was normal in all patients. Segmental renal vein catheterization demonstrated a renin-producing lesion in 3 patients, all of whom were cured of the hypertension postoperatively. Segmental renal vein catheterization is safe and allows the recognition of increased renin production from focal lesions of the kidney that may not be demonstrated radiographically or by main vein catheterization.
Effect of varied membrane protein density on the lateral diffusion of lipids in the mitochondrial inner membrane

with the exception of platelets which were treated with O.O~M-EDTA and 0. I5M-NaCI in 0.05hf-Tris buffer, pH7.4. A small aliquot of each of the cell preparations was removed for enumeration. The cell suspensions, together with an aliquot of plasma, were then diluted with trichloroacetic acid to a final concentration of 5% (w/v). The samples were thoroughly mixed and left overnight at 4°C. After centrifugation the acidic supernatants were removed and their ascorbic acid contents were estimated colorimetrically using the dinitrophenylhydrazine procedure of Denson & Bowers (1961). The results for the ascorbic acid content of plasma, platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes for the three subject groups are shown in Fig. I . There is significantly more plasma ascorbic acid in the young controls as compared with the old controls (P< 0.05) and similarly in the young controls as compared with the cancer patients (P<O.O5). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two older groups. Ascorbic acid levels in elderly cancer patients appear to be no different from a relatively healthy elderly group. Therefore it appears that any decreases in the ascorbic acid content of the plasma and the various cellular components of blood are age-related rather than due to malignancy. In the three subject groups fractionation of the white blood cells into lymphocytes, monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes reveals varying amounts of ascorbic acid (as pg/108 cells) in the ratio of 6 : 12 : 1 (young controls), 4 : 7 : 1 (old controls) and 3 : 5 : 1 (cancer patients). It is possible that ascorbic acid is required by lymphocytes and monocytes for immune competence and further work may reveal whether this different intercellular distribution, between the three groups, parallels the decrease in cellmediated immunity observed in similar subject groups (Hannigan et al., 1983).
Particle Adhesion to Solid Surfaces

This review paper provides cleanroom technologists with an up-to-date overview on the subject of particle adhesion to solid surfaces. The discussion consists of four sections: (1) fundamental concepts of adhesion, (2) the nature of a solid surface, (3) the physical properties of particles, and (4) comments on the various theories of particle adhesion to solid surfaces. Some practical examples are also cited. A numeric example of adhesive forces as a function of particle size is presented in detail. The appendix contains references to other useful sources of information in the technical literature.
Communication in Intact Families

Writing about communication in intact families is an interesting challenge because intact ostensibly describes the structure of a family, but it also carries connotations of normalcy and normative functioning that rarely are articulated. Consequently, we start this chapter by discussing what we, and others, mean by saying a family is intact. Then we describe types of family functioning that are most closely associated with structural intactness and how structural intactness is related causally to family functioning. Finally, we will discuss how structural intactness might aﬀect families’ habitual ways of communicating in their mundane, day-to-day interactions, that is, their family communication patterns. We conclude the chapter with a look at the future of research on intact families.
It isn't all just fun and games: Collegiate participation in extracurricular activities and risk for generalized and sexual harassment, psychological distress, and alcohol use

Collegiate extracurricular activities, despite their benefits, may place students at an increased risk for experiencing harassment. This study utilizes multiple waves of data from an online longitudinal survey to examine how participation in college activities (intramural sports, fraternities/sororities, school clubs) relates to experiences of sexual and generalized harassment and outcomes (psychological distress, heavy alcohol use) among undergraduates (N = 1852, 58.6% female, 57.4% White) in the Midwestern United States. Activity participation was related to harassment, but the pattern depended on the activity, harassment type, and sex. Fraternity/sorority involvement was associated with generalized harassment, whereas school club involvement was linked to both generalized and sexual harassment. Female intramural athletes were at an increased risk to experience both harassment types. In addition to direct relations, activity participation was indirectly linked to future psychological distress (depression, anxiety) and heavy alcohol use via harassment. Implications for intervention with this college student population are discussed.
Getting to Know US Latinos: A Step Toward Cultural Competence

Data from the 2010 US Census Bureau, Latinos are one of the largest non-White groups in the United States, a trend expected to continue during the next two decades. Despite their status as the largest nonWhite populations in the US, Latinos continue to be poorly understood and their heterogeneous backgrounds are often ignored. The purpose of this paper is to describe an interactive learning activity designed to explore Latino demographics, food preferences, and culturally-specific health practices and beliefs among this population that traces its roots to many Latin American countries extending from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego and some Caribbean islands. The activity described in this paper is designed for English speaking audiences and may be used with junior or senior high school or college students
Russia’s Islamic Religious Institutions and the State

This chapter offers an original discussion on the relations among the Islamic official organizations, the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Russian state, with a focus on religious governance, political influence, and social policies.
Preliminary Biostratigraphy and Molluscan Fauna of the Goose Creek Limestone of Eastern South Carolina

Despite 150 years of study, the stratigraphic relationship among Pliocene beds in South Carolina has not been clearly demonstrated. The Goose Creek Limestone and the closely related Raysor Marl have been particularly perplexing. Previously reported Goose Creek faunules have been too meager for effective comparison. Discoveries at the Martin Marietta Berkeley County Quarry and the Mason Dixon pit tripled the total number of documented species from the Goose Creek Limestone and provided a basis for correlating various literature records and Charleston Museum collections. The Goose Creek Limestone is divisible biostratigraphically into informal lower and upper units. These fauna! units appear coincident with a lithic division, separated by an unconformity. The Raysor Marl unconformably overlies the lower Goose Creek Limestone, reversing the inferred stratigraphic sequence prevailing in current literature. Raysor Marl and upper Goose Creek Limestone faunules share numerous index taxa and appear to be laterally equivalent, coeval lithofacies. Both units are distinct from, and older than, the Duplin Formation at its Natural Well stratotype. The Bear Bluff Formation, at its stratotype locality, is lithically and faunally congruent with the upper Goose Creek Limestone.
Teachers' Emotion Regulation

Teaching is an emotional endeavor. Teachers may experience happiness when an instructional objective is met, pride when students accomplish an important task, frustration when students cannot grasp a concept, anger with misbehavior, disappointment with lack of effort, and anxiety when competence is challenged. Teachers report trying to regulate these emotions frequently because they believe it helps them achieve their goals (Sutton, 2004). Over the past two decades, emotion regulation in everyday life has become an increasingly important topic in psychological research. Surveys indicate that the overwhelming majority of American adults regulate their positive and negative emotions consciously (Gross, Richards, & John, 2006) and it may be that emotion regulation is so common that we typically only notice its absence. The recent research on teachers’ emotion regulation is built on the empirical results and theoretical models of this psychological research that assumes everyday emotion regulation is typically adaptive. For example, Mischel and Ayduk (2004) said, “an absence of will leaves people the victims of their own biographies,” but also acknowledged that excessive postponing of gratification can become “a stifling joyless choice” (pp. 122–123). In contrast to the predominantly positive view in psychological research, a negative view of emotion regulation has permeated the sociology of work literature under the term “emotional labor” (Granley, 2000). In The Managed Heart, Hochschild (1983) argued that emotional labor takes effort and may result in stress and burnout, as well as feelings of inauthenticity and compliance. Both approaches acknowledge benefits and problems associated with emotion regulation but the relative emphasis varies. The frequency and consequences of emotion regulation are believed to be moderated by cultural norms. Western values such as independence and self assertion are thought to encourage open emotion expression in many situations. When emotion regulation is used it typically assists individuals assert their will and protect themselves (Wierzbicka, 1994) but it also may be used to preserve relationships (e.g., suppressing anger with a friend). In contrast to Western values, Asian values of interdependence and relationship harmony may encourage control of emotions in order to aid prosocial goals and positive social interactions rather than asserting individual will. This suggests that any negative consequences of TEACHERS’ EMOTION REGULATION
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)

This chapter introduces quality assurance processes and procedures that are employed to prevent data contamination from occurring and, secondly, quality control processes and procedures that are used to identify and deal with errors after they have been introduced. In addition, QA/QC activities are described that can be implemented throughout the entire data life cycle from data acquisition through analysis and preservation and general rules of thumb for promoting data quality are presented.
G17(P) Transition to adult care audit: successes and challenges at a tertiary children’s hospital

Background The period of transition from paediatric to adult care is a risky one. Recent NICE guidelines and the national Ready, Steady, Go (RSG) initiative aim to improve the transition process for young people (YP). We present an overview and audit of current transition services at a tertiary paediatric hospital where a 2016 Care Quality Commission inspection labelled Transition Services as ‘Requires improvement.’ In response, the hospital has appointed two transition nurses, encouraged the implementation of RSG and set up a transition website for YP to access. Methods We reviewed two weeks of inpatient data to find patients with medical conditions requiring transition, and compared their care to the NICE recommendations: Did discussions around transition begin by age 14 (or at diagnosis)? Was there an annual meeting where transition was discussed? Was there evidence of a named transition worker? Did they meet a practitioner from adult services before transferring? Results 43 patients were included in our audit, with the oldest being 20 years old. 58% had started transition, but only 36% by the age of 14.30% had an annual review, and 20% had a named worker. 48% had met someone from adult services before transition. Of patients with complex problems under three or more specialties, 66% had transition started but none by the age of 14. Medical specialties fared better than surgical specialties across all domains. Conclusion This is the first time this audit has been conducted at this hospital. Our audit demonstrates that despite the recent improvements in transition services, our hospital still faces challenges in meeting the NICE transition guidelines. The patients least likely to meet the guidelines were surgical patients and complex patients under the care of multiple specialties. Further plans include mandatory training on transition, and consideration of YP using a tablet to access RSG in the waiting room before appointments.
Prevalence of Self-Reported Diabetes by Sexual Orientation: Results from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of self-reported diabetes and diabetes risk factors among adult sexual minority and heterosexual populations in the United States. Metho...
Product design for leased products under remanufacturing

Abstract Due to growing regulations, competition, and a changing corporate culture, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are now increasing their extended producer responsibility (EPR). In this paper, we explore how this trend of EPR affects product design when an OEM decides to lease their products and then remanufacture them at the end of a lease period. In this context, we investigate the level of durability to be built into the parts of a product. Our analysis reveals that, assuming a linear cost/durability tradeoff, there are discrete durability levels for each part to select from, and that, the optimal durability level for a part depends on: (1) the quantity of products remanufactured, (2) the profit margin of remanufactured products, and (3) the recovery rate of leased products. Also, we show how our analysis can be extended to: (1) accommodate various forms of nonlinear cost/durability trade-off functions, and (2) address cannibalization of new product leases by remanufactured products.
Fetal intervention for congenital chylothorax is associated with improved outcomes in early life.

Abstract Background Congenital chylothorax (CC) can have devastating consequences for neonates. We sought to determine the outcomes of cases treated at our institution and evaluate the role of fetal intervention. Materials and methods With Institutional Review Board approval, patients treated at our institution 09/2006-04/2016 with CC were reviewed. History and outcomes were compared between patients undergoing fetal intervention (fetal group) and patients who did not (control group). Results Twenty-three patients were identified. Mean gestational age at birth was 35 wk. Overall mortality was 30% (7 patients). Nineteen patients (83%) were prenatally diagnosed, and 10 patients (43%) underwent fetal intervention. Birth weight was significantly lower in the fetal group compared to the control group (median interquartile range [IQR]; 2.5 [2.3-3.0] versus 3.3 [2.6-3.7] kg, P = 0.02). Apgar scores were significantly higher in the fetal group than the control group at 1 and 5 min (median [IQR]; 6 [4-8] versus 1 [1-2], P = 0.005 and 8 [7-9] versus 2 [2-6], P = 0.008, respectively). For those patients with prenatal diagnosis of CC and hydrops fetalis, thrombosis and lymphopenia were both improved in the fetal group (thrombosis 0% versus 40%, P = 0.03; lymphocyte nadir [median {IQR}] 1.5 [0.6-2.9] versus 0.1 [0.05-0.2], P = 0.02). Duration of support with mechanical ventilation was significantly shorter in the fetal group (median [IQR]; 1 [0-40] versus 41 [29-75] d, P = 0.04). Conclusions Fetal intervention for CC is associated with improved Apgar scores and decreased ventilator days and complications in patients with hydrops fetalis. Fetuses with chylothorax, especially those with hydrops, should be referred to a fetal center for evaluation.
Ciliary Body and Choroid

By secreting aqueous, the ciliary body plays a crucial role in the structural and functional integrity of the eye: even if all other tissues, including the retina, are healthy, loss of aqueous production eventually results in a phthisical, blind eye. The choroid is an elastic tissue that supplies blood for the external retinal layers and the entire anterior segment.
From J.J. Sylvester to Adolf Hurwitz: A Historical Review

In this paper, a brief historical review of the works of four illustrious mathematicians in the nineteenth century — namely, Hermite (1854), Routh (1877), Lyapunov (1892), and Hurwitz (1895) — which affected research on stability in the twentieth century is mentioned.
Transcriptomic profiles of retinal ganglion cells are defined by the magnitude of intraocular pressure elevation in adult mice

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for glaucoma, a sight threatening disease of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Despite the central importance of IOP, details of the impact of IOP elevation on RGC gene expression remain elusive. We developed a 4-step immunopanning protocol to extract adult mouse RGCs with high fidelity and used it to isolate RGCs from wild type mice exposed to 2 weeks of IOP elevation generated by the microbead model. IOP was elevated to 2 distinct levels which were defined as Mild (IOP increase >1 mmHg and <4 mmHg) and Moderate (IOP increase ≥4 mmHg). RNA sequencing was used to compare the transcriptional environment at each IOP level. Differentially expressed genes were markedly different between the 2 groups, and pathway analysis revealed frequently opposed responses between the IOP levels. These results suggest that the magnitude of IOP elevation has a critical impact on RGC transcriptional changes. Furthermore, it is possible that IOP-based set points exist within RGCs to impact the direction of transcriptional change. It is possible that this improved understanding of changes in RGC gene expression can ultimately lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics for glaucoma.
Using Multiple Modes of Transcription to Improve the Sentence Typing of Elementary Students with Disabilities.

Elementary students are expected to engage in written expression that is handwritten and typed. One critical skill of written expression is sentence construction: the composition of multiple words ...
Updates on Evidence-Based Practices to Reduce Preoperative and Intraoperative Contamination of Implants in Spine Surgery: A Narrative Review

The current communication seeks to provide an updated narrative review on latest methods of reducing implant contaminations used during spine surgery. Recent literature review has shown that both preoperative reprocessing and intraoperative handling of implants seem to contaminate implants. In brief, during preoperative phase, the implants undergo repeated bulk cleaning with dirty instruments from the OR, leading to residue buildup at the interfaces and possibly on the surfaces too. This, due to its concealed nature, remains unnoticed by the SPD (sterile processing department) or other hospital staff. Nevertheless, these can be avoided by using individually prepackaged presterilized implants. In the intraoperative phase, the implants (in the sterile field) are directly touched by the scrub tech with soiled (assisting the surgeon dispose the tissues from the instruments in use) gloves for loading onto an insertion device. It is then kept exposed on the working table (either separately or next to the used instruments as the pedicles hole are being prepared). Latest investigation has shown that by the time it is implanted in the patient, it can harbor up to 10e7 bacterial colony-forming units. The same implants were devoid of such colony-forming units, when sheathed by an impermeable sterile sheath around the sterile implant.
Self-perpetuating ecological–evolutionary dynamics in an agricultural host–parasite system

Ecological and evolutionary processes may become intertwined when they operate on similar time scales. Here we show ecological–evolutionary dynamics between parasitoids and aphids containing heritable symbionts that confer resistance against parasitism. In a large-scale field experiment, we manipulated the aphid’s host plant to create ecological conditions that either favoured or disfavoured the parasitoid. The result was rapid evolutionary divergence of aphid resistance between treatment populations. Consistent with ecological–evolutionary dynamics, the resistant aphid populations then had reduced parasitism and increased population growth rates. We fit a model to quantify costs (reduced intrinsic rates of increase) and benefits of resistance. We also performed genetic assays on 5 years of field samples that showed persistent but highly variable frequencies of aphid clones containing protective symbionts; these patterns were consistent with simulations from the model. Our results show (1) rapid evolution that is intertwined with ecological dynamics and (2) variation in selection that prevents traits from becoming fixed, which together generate self-perpetuating ecological–evolutionary dynamics. Combining a large-scale manipulative field experiment with long-term genetic assays and modelling, the authors document evidence of ecological–evolutionary feedbacks between aphids and parasitoids through resistance conferred by heritable bacterial symbionts.
Thermal heterogeneity, migration, and consequences for spawning potential of female bull trout in a river-reservoir system.

The likelihood that fish will initiate spawning, spawn successfully, or skip spawning in a given year is conditioned in part on availability of energy reserves. We evaluated the consequences of spatial heterogeneity in thermal conditions on the energy accumulation and spawning potential of migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a regulated river-reservoir system. Based on existing data, we identified a portfolio of thermal exposures and migratory patterns and then estimated their influence on energy reserves of female bull trout with a bioenergetics model. Spawning by females was assumed to be possible if postspawning energy reserves equaled or exceeded 4 kJ/g. Given this assumption, results suggested up to 70% of the simulated fish could spawn each year. Fish that moved seasonally between a cold river segment and a warmer reservoir downstream had a greater growth rate and higher propensity to spawn in a given year (range: 40%-70%) compared with fish that resided solely in the cold river segment (25%-40%). On average, fish that spawned lost 30% of their energy content relative to their prespawn energy. In contrast, fish that skipped spawning accumulated, on average, 16% energy gains that could be used toward future gamete production. Skipped spawning occurred when water temperatures were relatively low or high, and if upstream migration occurred relatively late (mid-July or later) or early (early-May or earlier). Overall, our modeling effort suggests the configuration of thermal exposures, and the ability of bull trout to exploit this spatially and temporally variable thermal conditions can strongly influence energy reserves and likelihood of successful spawning.
Does Neighborhood Gentrification Create School Desegregation

Background/ContextRace and class inequality have long governed patterns of residential and school segregation across America. However, as neighborhoods across the country that have historically bee...
Winner of the Annals of Science Best Paper Prize for 2019.

The editors are pleased to congratulate Henry-James Meiring, Institute for Advanced Studies of the Humanities, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, who is the winner of the Annals of ...
TREX1 as a Novel Immunotherapeutic Target

Mutations in the TREX1 3' → 5' exonuclease are associated with a spectrum of autoimmune disease phenotypes in humans and mice. Failure to degrade DNA activates the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway signaling a type-I interferon (IFN) response that ultimately drives immune system activation. TREX1 and the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway have also been implicated in the tumor microenvironment, where TREX1 is proposed to degrade tumor-derived DNA that would otherwise activate cGAS-STING. If tumor-derived DNA were not degraded, the cGAS-STING pathway would be activated to promote IFN-dependent antitumor immunity. Thus, we hypothesize TREX1 exonuclease inhibition as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. We present data demonstrating antitumor immunity in the TREX1 D18N mouse model and discuss theory surrounding the best strategy for TREX1 inhibition. Potential complications of TREX1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy are also discussed.
Generating Code with the Help of Retrieved Template Functions and Stack Overflow Answers.

We approach the important challenge of code autocompletion as an open-domain task, in which a sequence-to-sequence code generator model is enhanced with the ability to attend to reference code snippets supplied by a semantic code search engine. In this work, we present a novel framework to precisely retrieve template functions as well as intent-snippet pairs and effectively train such a retrieval-guided code generator. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our model designs, we perform extensive experiments with CodeSearchNet which contains template functions and CoNaLa which contains Stack Overflow intent-snippet pairs. We also investigate different retrieval models, including Elasticsearch, DPR, and our fusion representation search model, which currently holds the number one spot on the CodeSearchNet leaderboard. We observe improvements by leveraging multiple database elements and further gain from retrieving diverse data points by using Maximal Marginal Relevance. Overall, we see a 4% improvement to cross-entropy loss, a 15% improvement to edit distance, and a 44% improvement to BLEU score when retrieving template functions. We see subtler improvements of 2%, 11%, and 6% respectively when retrieving Stack Overflow intent-snippet pairs. We also create a novel Stack Overflow-Function Alignment dataset, which consists of 150K tuples of functions and Stack Overflow intent-snippet pairs that are of help in writing the associated function, of which 1.7K are manually curated.