cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adaptive response of disaccharidase activities at different sites along the villus epithelium after proximal intestinal resection in the rat: a microdensitometric study of enzyme kinetics

The “in situ” kinetic constants (app. $$\bar K_m$$ and $$\bar V_{max}$$ ) of brush border neutralα-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) and lactase/β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were determined 4, 6 (onlyα-glucosidase), and 12 days after 60% proximal intestinal resection in rat ileum at the villus base and the transition zone between middle and upper villus third by use of a quantitative biochemical analysis of enzymes in tissue sections (section biochemistry). Sham-operated rats served as controls, and the kinetic data (means per rat, time and villus position) were compared (n=4 animals in each experimental group) first by an overall factorial analysis of variance and thereafter in detail using nonparametric test procedures. Both enzyme activities exhibited a differential response: No changes of lactase/β-glucosidase kinetics, but a significant decrease in both $$\bar V_{max}$$ - and $$\bar K_m$$ -values of neutralα-glucosidase, which was already fully expressed on day 4 after resection and confined to the apical villus region still implying a basoapical increase of $$\bar V_{max}$$ and thus maintaining the normal activity gradient on a lower level. In conclusion, a complex pattern of enzymatic adaptation to proximal intestinal resection ensues in the hyperplastic ileal mucosa which cannot be explained simply in terms of the hypothesis of cellular immaturity.
SELECTION FOR COMPETITIVE ABILITY: NEGATIVE RESULTS IN DROSOPHILA

The occurrence of competition between populations may result in selection pressures favoring increases in competitive ability. Competition is used in the following sense: competition occurs when two or more species or genotypes experience depressed fitness (growth rate or carrying capacity) attributable to their mutual presence in an area. This is a modification of a definition given by Emlen (1973, p. 307). Competitive ability is used to mean the sum of all those characteristics of an individual relevant to competition. It is likely in most species that the components of competitive ability are polygenic traits, and as such, affected by epistasis, geneenvironment interactions, and correlations with other traits. Consequently, the evolutionary effects of the occurrence of competition are not straightforward. In particular, the question, "Does competitive ability change rapidly and predictably in response to selection pressures arising from the occurrence of competition?" has no obvious answer. This is a matter of some interest, as failure to improve rapidly could result in exclusion by superior competitors and, if this were the case, preadaptation would be important to the structure of natural communities and the success of invasions by new species. In efforts to examine the evolution of competitive ability, laboratory investigations of the effect of intraspecific competition have been done for some short-lived insect species. The results of these studies were dissimilar. In some populations significant improvements were found within a small number of generations (Seaton and Antonovics, 1967; Bryant and Turner, 1972; Sulzbach and Emlen, 1979), while in others no change was detected (Sokal et al., 1970; Dawson, 1972; Sulzbach and Emlen, 1979). Cases of rapid evolution may be dependent upon giving the larvae or ovipositing females of one of the competing populations a temporal headstart in mixtures (Bryant and Turner, 1972). However, such initial asymmetries have been found to be insufficient in themselves to cause rapid increases in competitive ability, and it was proposed that rapid changes may be exceptional and highly dependent on the particular populations used (Sulzbach and Emlen, 1979). Most studies of the evolution of intraspecific competitive ability have employed samples from single laboratory populations, and the period of selection under constant conditions was short, generally less than ten generations. The present experiments employ hybrid populations and a selection protocol maintained for a longer period.
IM-15ANTI-TUMOR EFFICACY OF ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY IS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BY HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

Immunotherapeutic approaches against solid tumors can be curative with a demonstrably high degree of specificity, and adoptive T cell therapies have proven to be efficacious platform against metastatic disease. Superior clinical outcomes in response to adoptive cellular therapies are correlated with anti-tumor function, intratumoral migration and persistence of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells at the tumor site. Adoptive cellular therapy after lymphodepletive conditioning can induce dramatic clinical responses, but this approach has been largely limited to melanoma due to a lack of reliable methods for expanding tumor-specific lymphocytes from the majority of other solid cancers. We have employed tumor RNA-pulsed dendritic cells to reliably expand CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-reactive T lymphocytes for curative adoptive cellular therapy in a highly-invasive, chemotherapy- and radiation-resistant malignant glioma model. We have identified the TCR Vb clone largely responsible for immunologic rejection of intracranial murine glioma. Curative treatment of established intracranial tumors involved a synergistic interaction between myeloablative conditioning, adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells, and tumor RNA-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), administered for salvage from myeloablative conditioning, rapidly migrated to areas of intracranial tumor growth and facilitated the recruitment of tumor-specific lymphocytes through HSC-elaborated chemokines and enhanced immunologic rejection of intracranial tumors during adoptive cellular therapy. In addition, we found that HSCs mediate a significant expansion of tumor-specific T cells under both myeloablative and non-myeloablative host conditioning. The expansion of tumor-specific T cells expressing specific TCR Vβ clones in intracranial tumor bearing mice is associated with tumor rejection. Our data indicate novel roles for the use of HSCs in the immunologic treatment of malignant gliomas and possibly other solid tumors.
Effect of ethanol on intestinal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content.

SummaryEthanol given in vivo either acutely or chronically or added in vitro in amounts comparable to those found in the small intestine of moderate social drinkers, markedly lowered the ATP content of the small intestine. This effect could not be prevented when ethanol metabolism was inhibited by pyrazole. Thus, it appears that ethanol exerts a direct effect on the ATP content of the small intestine. This action may explain, in part, the inhibition of various intestinal mucosal transport processes by ethanol.
Electroactive Polymer (EAP) as Actuators for Biomimetic Applications

Many polymers are known to vary their shape or size when subjected to electric, chemical, pneumatic, optical, or magnetic field. Electrical excitation is one of the most attractive methods for causing elastic deformation. The convenience and practicality of electrical stimulation and the recent advances in electroactive polymers (EAP) make them the most preferred among the responsive polymers. An added benefit of some of the EAP materials is their having the reverse effect of converting mechanical strain to electrical signal making them useful for sensors and energy harvesting mechanisms. To bring these materials to use in daily use products will necessitate finding niche that addresses critical needs. One of the main applications that are being considered for biologically inspired capabilities, also known as biomimetics, which were previously imaginable only in science fiction concepts. Some of the applications that are considered include Refreshable Braille Display, Robotic Fish, Fish-like Blimp, Humanlike Robots and many others. In the paper, the latest development in EAP materials and their applications will be reviewed and discussed.© 2010 ASME
How not to test the prevalence of therapeutic misconception.

Almost 35 years ago, my colleagues and I first reported a new phenomenon: the decisions of many freshly enrolled research subjects appeared to be based on confusion between the nature of research and of ordinary treatment.1 We called the phenomenon ‘therapeutic misconception’ (TM), and noted that it was characterised by inaccurate beliefs about the degree of individualisation of treatment and likelihood of benefit associated with enrolment in a clinical trial. Since that original paper, dozens of studies from around the world have confirmed the existence of TM and its substantial prevalence, with rates of some degree of TM approaching or exceeding 50% in many studies.2 The concept of TM has become a given in the world of research ethics. Commonly accepted concepts, of course, are prime targets for academic revisionism, so it is not a surprise to see an article like that by Kim et al in this issue of JME .3 Indeed, Kim et al have embarked on a series of studies aimed at challenging the idea that TM is a major concern in consent to research. This is not the place to comment on the project as a whole, but the study reported here exemplifies its problems. It is based on the notion that “the apparent prevalence of TM indicates [sic] a form of measurement error”, that …
Harmonic Detection Method for Active Power Filter Considering Distorted Voltage

The paper analyses a detection method,which is based on the coordinate transformation of voltages and currents in rotating reference frame.The method’s traits can detect accurately and compensate harmonic and reactive current of power network,even if the supply voltage is distorted or asymmetric.Applied to the three phase three wire system,it can calculate the instantaneous value of the selective harmonic current.Matlab analysis and experimental results demon-strated the effectiveness of the current detection method,active power filter with the proposed control system is of well working characteristics.
Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.

Abstract Sacred forest groves are often located in some of the world's hottest hotspots of biodiversity, and consequently have high potential conservation value. Recent efforts to quantify their value have focused nearly exclusively on a single component of diversity, species diversity within communities, which may or may not be an effective proxy for a second fundamental component of diversity, genetic diversity within populations. We studied fruit-feeding butterfly communities to simultaneously assess to what extent five small sacred groves have retained the level of species and genetic diversity found in two much larger forest reserves. We additionally evaluate whether measures correlate across habitat fragments to investigate how closely these two components of diversity mirror each other. We quantified the diversity and composition of the fruit-feeding butterfly communities at each site and also the haplotype diversity within three specific species that differ with respect to their sensitivity to habitat fragmentation. Of the multiple measures of species and genetic diversity computed, only rarefied species richness was correlated with forest fragment size and even in this case the relationship was weak. Importantly, the limited decline in species richness documented in the sacred groves was not due to species replacements, whereby common, broadly distributed, generalists supplanted more vulnerable species in these communities. Although similar processes are known to drive declines in both species and gene diversity, we found only limited evidence of positive species-genetic diversity correlations (SGDCs), and only in the species most sensitive to fragmentation. Thus, a conservation strategy that emphasizes species complementarity or richness may be ineffective at capturing other critical levels of biodiversity. Overall, our findings demonstrate that even very small forest patches can have a conservation value that rivals that of much larger forest reserves. The implementation of official national and international initiatives that preserve and strengthen existing community-based conservation practices is critically needed to ensure that indigenous conservation areas persist into the future.
Teachers' Theoretical Orientations toward Reading and Pupil Control Ideology: A National Survey.

Abstract Based on a survey of Utah elementary teachers (Authors, 1997), a stratified three‐stage cluster sample of 418 elementary school teachers (grades K‐6) throughtout the United States was surveyed to examine relationships between their theoretical beliefs toward reading instruction and their attitudes about pupil control. Two survey instruments were combined for data collection: (a) the Theoretical Orientation to Reading Profile (TORP) (DeFord, 1985) which classifies reading orientations as phonics, skills, or whole language, and (b) the Pupil Control Ideology Form (PCI) (Willower, Eidell, & Hoy, 1967), which categorizes teacher attitudes about student control as custodial or humanistic. A Chi‐square analysis showed a very strong relationship (p < 0.001), indicating that as teachers’ scores moved toward the whole language end of the TORP scale, their PCI scores were more humanistic. This result was not surprising, since both views share common progressive philosophical roots. Conversely, as teachers’...
Survivor: A Narrative Therapy Approach for Use with Sex Trafficked Women and Girls

ABSTRACTAwareness and widespread interest regarding sex trafficking has increased significantly over the last decade. However, research demonstrates little success from well-intended human trafficking “rescue” efforts. In order to increase the capacity for feminist therapists to more effectively serve women and girls who have been subjugated to sex trafficking, a narrative therapy approach is presented as a method for helping survivors reconstruct personal narratives that reflect resilience, recovery, and prosperity.
Revisiting the lectotype of Rhamnus micranthus (Rhamnaceae)

The lectotypes of Rhamnus micranthus , the basionym of Trema micrantha, proposed by Wijnands (1983), Howard (1988) and Jarvis (2007) are incomplete or incorrect. The source of the problem is discussed and a new lectotype is here designated.
Determination of the Role of Negative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate in Clinical Practice: Is Biopsy Still Necessary?

Objective To assess the negative predictive value (NPV) of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for detection of prostate cancer (PCa) in routine clinical practice and to identify characteristics of patients for whom mpMRI fails to detect high-grade (Gleason score ≥7) disease. Materials and Methods We reviewed our prospectively maintained database of consecutive men who received prostate mpMRI at our institution, interpreted by a clinical practice of academic radiologists. Between January 2012 and December 2015, 84 men without any magnetic resonance imaging suspicious regions according to prior institutional classification, or with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 1-2 lesions according to the PI-RADS system, underwent standard template transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy. Using these biopsy results, we calculated the NPV of mpMRI for the detection of PCa and identified patient risk factors for having a Gleason score ≥7 PCa on biopsy. Results High-grade PCa (Gleason score ≥7) was found on TRUS biopsy in 10.3% of biopsy-naive patients (NPV=89.7%), 16.7% of patients with previous negative biopsy (NPV=83.3%), and 13.3% of patients on active surveillance (NPV=86.6%). On multivariate analysis, the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator (PCPTRC) estimated risk for high-grade PCa (as a continuous variable) was a significant predictor for high-grade PCa on biopsy (odds ratio 1.01, P Conclusion Men with negative mpMRIs interpreted in a routine clinical setting have a significant risk of harboring Gleason score ≥7 PCa on a standard 12-region template biopsy, independent of indication. Standard template TRUS prostate biopsy should still be recommended for patients with negative mpMRI, particularly those with elevated PCPTRC estimated risk of high-grade PCa.
The Kingdom of Heaven as Endless Hermeneutic: A Phenomenology of the Way

In this essay, I attempt to think along with Kevin Hart, though improvising on his text in my own way, by suggesting that ‘the way’ is one that calls anyone who wishes to follow, that it is, at heart, all about doing battle with oneself, and that this battle is best thought of as an endless hermeneutic, one inaugurated by Jesus yet also with classical precedents.
Totally tall sounds totally younger : Intensification at the socio-semantics interface

In two social perception experiments, we explore the relationship between the social meaning and the semantic/pragmatic properties of the intensifier totally in American English. In Experiment 1, we show that totally is perceived as a more salient index of social identity categories – measured in terms of Age, Solidarity and Status attributes – when it targets a scalar dimension grounded in the speaker's attitude, as opposed to when it occurs in contexts where the scale is provided by the subsequent predicate. In Experiment 2, we show that the social indexicality of totally is even more salient in contexts in which the intensifier, by virtue of its pragmatic contribution, invites a stance of heightened proximity and convergence between the interlocutors. These results point to a principled connection between the semantic, pragmatic and personality-based social meanings of totally, providing new insights into the dynamics whereby different layers of meaning conspire to determine what an expression ‘says’ when deployed in interaction.
Si-integrated ultrathin films of phase-pure Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) via novel two-step rapid thermal anneal

Traditional one-step annealing of ultrathin amorphous Y–Fe–O films on Si has been reported to yield ‘incomplete crystallization’. Here, it is shown that films produced by standard anneals (e.g.: 80...
The Electric Power System in China: Rapid Development Calls for Advanced Technologies

Abstract Rapid growth of electric power systems in China and the prospects of future development up to year 2010 are briefly reviewed. The rapid growth brings about problems to be resolved by advanced technologies in the fields of electric power generation, power system and power plant control, power system technology, the socialistic, electricity market competition They are outlined in this paper.
Benefits from Constructability Reviews

Abstract Constructability review is a process used during project design to infuse construction knowledge into the design process. There is industry impetus encouraging early construction involvement in project development. State transportation agencies often have to abide by legislation restricting these procurement methods leaving construability review as the only opportunity for early construction involvement. Staffing and budgetary constraints lead to state transportation agencies being very cautious in the practices and processes they implement that seemingly lie outside the main missions of project development and delivery. Without straightforward and documented savings of constructability review processes, these methods may also be eliminated. After streamlining the constructability review process for the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, an effort was undertaken to estimate monetary benefits from such reviews. Constructability reviews were evaluated at the project level by comparing change order percentages on projects reviewed versus those not being reviewed. This approach showed a clear indication that there are monetary savings associated with constructability reviews resulting in a conservative estimate of 1.25 percent of the project budget. This estimate did not include the additional inherent savings in time, lessons learned or other aspects not readily quantifiable. The second method of evaluating constructability reviews was to quantify and qualify each constructability review comment. A model was developed to estimate the potential monetary gains from the comments indicating the presence of such gains but additional analysis is needed to improve model accuracy.
Basic Cognitive Functions

In the actual practice of philosophical discussion of epistemology, contemporary Soviet philosophers do not limit themselves to these four basic tenets. In general, it can be said that their discussion follows the common lines of classical psychologistic logic with departures due to the four, specifically Marxist-Leninist, tenets. This is to say that the originality of the dialectical-materialist theory of knowledge is pretty well exhausted by the theory of reflection, the theory of truth, the category of practice, and the ‘dialectic of the logical and historical’. What remains to be seen is how Soviet philosophers conceive the basic cognitive functions (this chapter) and the basic cognitive modes (Ch. V). Since most of these are carry-overs from traditional philosophies, we shall limit ourselves to an account of what changes they have undergone in the transfer — principally as a result of being integrated into the currently developing dialectical logic. These changes determine the peculiarly dialectical-materialist doctrine on methods and methodology (Ch. VI). Finally, we shall examine Soviet philosophy’s use of its own epistemological doctrines for criticism of contemporary Western (bourgeois) philosophy (Ch. VII) and for the construction of an account of knowledge in the history of philosophy (Ch. VIII).
Abstract 5323: Obesity and ovarian cancer survival revisited

Research on the impact of obesity on ovarian cancer survival is inconsistent but previous studies did not consider the possible impact of ascites, bowel obstruction, or cachexia, which commonly occur in late-stage disease. We evaluated this association in a cohort study of primary invasive epithelial ovarian cancers diagnosed from 2000-2013 in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) (n=1,157). Deaths were identified through December 2014, with median follow-up of 37 months. Proportional hazards regression was used to estimate overall and ovarian cancer-specific mortality, accounting for prognostic variables including age at diagnosis, race, stage, grade, histology, comorbidities, treatment, post-treatment CA125 levels, ascites, and bowel obstruction. There was no evidence of an association between BMI and overall or ovarian cancer-specific survival. However, we found strong effect modification by stage (Pinteraction Citation Format: Elisa V. Bandera, Valerie Lee, Bo Qin, Lorna Rodriguez, Bethan Powell, Lawrence H. Kushi. Obesity and ovarian cancer survival revisited [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5323. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5323
DE IDA Y VUELTA: VULNERABILIDAD Y EXCLUSIÓN DEL MERCADO DE TRABAJO A MIGRANTES EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y RETORNADOS EN MÉXICO EN UN CONTEXTO DEMOGRÁFICO Y MIGRATORIO DINÁMICO/Back and forth: labor market vulnerability and exclusion among mexicans in the United States and return migrants in Mexico in a changing demographic and migratory context

RESUMEN El escenario actual de la migracion entre Mexico y Estados Unidos presenta caracteristicas nunca antes vistas. Una desaceleracion del flujo migratorio hacia el norte y un retorno inesperado de mexicanos a sus comunidades de origen. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo y sin tomar en cuenta los hechos, en la politica migratoria y en el discurso se intensifica el control de la frontera y se manifiesta la necesidad de expulsar al mayor numero de mexicanos indocumentados. En este articulo, se analizan las tendencias demograficas de la fuerza laboral con una perspectiva binacional y longitudinal a traves de la construccion de un semi-panel. Los resultados muestran tendencias convergentes en ambas poblaciones hacia un paulatino envejecimiento, la concentracion de mexicanos en Estados Unidos en edades adultas jovenes y el retorno de mexicanos en todos los grupos de edad al mercado de trabajo. Ademas, muestra la persistente segmentacion del mercado de trabajo estadounidense y la vulnerabilidad a la que se enfrentan los retornados en Mexico. ABSTRACT The current scenario of the migration between Mexico and the United States has characteristics never seen before. A decelerating migratory flow towards the north and an unexpected return of Mexicans to their communities of origin. At the same time and without taking into account the facts, immigration policy and governmental speech intensify the control of the border and manifests the need to expel a large number of undocumented Mexicans. In this article, I analyze the demographic trends of the workforce under a binational and longitudinal perspective through the construction of a semi-panel. The results show convergent trends in both populations towards a gradual aging, the concentration of Mexicans in the United States at young adult ages and the return of Mexicans in all age groups to the labor market. It also shows the persistent segmentation of the U.S. labor market and the vulnerability regarding unemployment that returnees face in Mexico. Keywords: Mexico-United States Migration; Return Migration; Labor Market.
Case series report: Systematic rehabilitation of specific health care procedure aversions in 5 ponies

Abstract Five Shetland-type ponies (3 geldings and 2 mares), ranging in age from 2 to 3 years, were presented for behavior evaluation and rehabilitation of specific health care aversions. Their history included the use as subjects in an equine surgery course for veterinary students, during which each pony had developed specific aversion to 1 or more handling and health care procedures for which they had been compliant before use in the course. Initial assessment consisted of exposing each pony to the same battery of handling and health care procedures to which they had reached compliance before use in the course. These included (1) approach of a handler; (2) haltering; (3) oral examination; (4) simulated application of eye medications; (5) ear manipulation; (6) auscultation (cardiac, thoracic, and gastrointestinal); (7) inguinal palpation; (8) rectal thermometer insertion; (9) limb lifting with hoof picking; (10) intramuscular needle stick; (11) jugular (intravenous) needle stick; (12) simulated clipping of the jugular groove, face, and ears; and (13) oral dosing. Each pony was scored for each procedure using an informal subjective 10-point numerical rating scale, and specific avoidance responses were noted. The general behavior modification approach was positive reinforcement–based systematic desensitization and counterconditioning done in a series of once-daily sessions over a period of 2 weeks. Daily sessions averaged 13.9 minutes of contact time. Criterion for successful rehabilitation was defined as scoring 9.5-10 for each procedure, with no more than 2 procedures scoring 9.5. Maintenance was assessed and reinforced for 3 additional daily sessions, followed by a final assessment session with a second, highly experienced clinician. Rehabilitation of these 5 ponies with a total of 31 mild-to-significant aversions proceeded efficiently. Four of the 5 ponies reached criterion by the eighth daily session; the remaining pony by the ninth session. The total contact time to reach criterion ranged among ponies from 107 to 123 minutes, with a mean of 115 (standard deviation 6.65) minutes. All maintained criterion levels of compliance for the subsequent 3 daily reinforcement sessions, and all scored at or above criterion on the final assessment by the second clinician as well as on follow-up assessments at 2-week intervals for 6-10 weeks until rehomed.
Analysis and Control of Charge and Temperature Imbalance Within a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack

This paper presents insights into the tradeoffs that exist when balancing charge and temperature within a lithium-ion battery pack. Both charge imbalance and temperature imbalance can harm battery pack performance—the former limits the charge/discharge capabilities of the pack, and the latter is known to accelerate battery pack aging. The literature proposes the manipulation of balancing current, normally reserved for charge or voltage balancing, to additionally reduce temperature heterogeneity. The goal is to limit both charge and temperature imbalance simultaneously, as balancing one may increase imbalance of the other. A noticeable gap in the literature, one this paper seeks to address, is the lack of a more formal understanding of the tradeoffs between charge and temperature imbalance. This paper uses a formal framework to obtain insights regarding the cases of balancing neither charge nor temperature, balancing charge, and balancing temperature. This allows for the determination of different factors that describe how balancing one state impacts the other, as well as the discovery that temperature balancing can be improved through the control of the average pack current. A model predictive control scheme is used to determine balancing current and validate these insights for a variety of scenarios.
mRNA Decay Machinery in Plants: Approaches and Potential Components

The abundance of a given mRNA is an important determinant of gene expression. This steady-state level is determined by a combination of the rates of synthesis and degradation of mRNA. Control at the level of message stability is of particular importance for genes whose expression is tightly regulated. Rapid degradation of transcripts in concert with transcriptional repression allows for the level of a transcript in the cytoplasm to be quickly diminished. This precise control of gene expression, afforded by rapid mRNA turnover, likely plays a significant role for plants, since as sessile organisms they must be able to quickly adapt to changes in the environment.
On the equivalence between the multiplicative hyper-elasto-plasticity and the additive hypo-elasto-plasticity based on the modified kinetic logarithmic stress rate

Abstract In two theorems presented herein, we prove and subsequently demonstrate in several numerical examples involving homogeneous deformation that for isotropic materials, hyper-elasto-plasticity models based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient coincide with an additive hypo-elasto-plasticity model (see Section 3.2) that employs the spin tensor based on the modified kinetic logarithmic rate. In the absence of strain-induced anisotropy (characterized by kinematic hardening herein), this objective stress rate coincides with the kinetic logarithmic rate recently developed by Jiao and Fish, 2017. We also show that other well-known additive decomposition models, such as those based on the Jaumann and logarithmic rates, may considerably deviate from the multiplicative model.
Linear and non-linear decomposition of images using Gabor wavelets

This paper will contrast two wavelet-based image analysis techniques, one fundamentally non-linear and the other essentially linear, to process images arising from different physical sources and requiring fundamentally different processing outcomes. The intent is to emphasize the flexibility inherent in image processing algorithms even given the constraint that the initial feature extraction process is a wavelet analysis. (It should be noted that current physiological data from mammalian visual centers indicate that a Gabor-like wavelet analysis is one of the first steps in animal visual processing; in humans this becomes an exquisitely flexible, adaptable and programmable process, to match the specific visual task required.)
DFT-Berechnung mit ganzzahligen Transformationen

Im letzten Kapitel haben wir gesehen, das es attraktiv sein kann, mittels einer NTT eine schnelle Faltung zu berechnen. Der bei der NTT berechnete N-Tupel im Bildbereich entspricht aber nicht der Approximation der Fourier- Transformation, die man bei der Verwendung der DFT mit α = e −2πj/N erhalt. Wurde man z.B. einen einzelnen „Pol“ α k = 2 k der NTT mittels Gortzel-Algorithmus (Abb. 8.4, S. 145) realisieren, so entsteht im allgemeinen nicht ein Filter mit einem einzelnen Durchlasbereich. Murakami et al. [140, 141] haben jedoch gezeigt, das man mit sehr wenigen arithmetischen Operationen aus einer NTT der Lange N = 8 die DFT-Koeffizienten bestimmen kann. Diese Idee soil Ausgangspunkt unserer Betrachtungen sein: Wir wollen untersuchen, ob es moglich ist, zunachst die „preiswerte“ NTT oder andere rechteckformige Transformation zu berechnen und dann mittels weniger arithmetischer Operationen daraus die DFT-Werte zu bestimmen. Diese Idee ist in Abb. 11.1 veranschaulicht. Wir transformieren zunachst die Eingangsfolge x[n] mittels einer Transformation G in den Bildbereich und erhalten die Zwischenwerte Y[k], Nun verwenden wir eine zweite Abbildung T, um schlieslich die DFT-Werte X[k] zu berechnen. In Matrixschreibweise ergibt sich $$ Y = G x $$ (11.1) $$ X = T Y = T G x $$ (11.2)
Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined the associations between AF and cause-specific mortality in a large CKD population. Methods: We included 62,459 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate 15–59 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (6,639 patients with AF and 55,820 without AF) followed in a large health care system. Outcomes included overall and cause-specific deaths (a) cardiovascular; (b) malignancy; and (c) non-cardiovascular/non-malignancy causes. Cox regression models for overall mortality and separate competing risk models for each major cause of death category were used to evaluate their respective associations with AF. Results: During a median follow-up of 4.1 years, 19,094 patients died; cause of death was known for 18,854 patients. After multivariable adjustment (demographics, comorbidities, relevant laboratory data, medication use, and kidney function), AF was associated with 23% (95% CI 18–29%) higher risk of all-cause mortality, 45% (95% CI 31–61%) higher risk of cardiovascular mortality and 13% (95% CI 3–22%) lower risk of malignancy-related mortality. Exclusion of patients with malignancy yielded similar results except for a lack of association between AF and malignancy-related deaths. Results were consistent across various stages of CKD. Conclusions: In a non-dialysis-dependent CKD population, the presence of AF was associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. These data suggest that patients with both CKD and AF are at high cardiovascular risk, and thus clinical practice (or trials) should aim at reducing the overall excess cardiovascular mortality (not stroke alone) in patients with AF and CKD.
The Deep State, Hegemony, and Democracy

Like “Dark Money” (see Chapter 6) the idea of a “Deep State” is best conceived not as an overarching, single conspiracy theory but as a sphere of politics that spawns operational conspiracies. The Deep State is real but it is not monolithic, nor are all its activities malevolent. However, it does operate in the shadow of national security institutions and in what Timothy Melley (though he eschews “conspiracy theory”) calls the “covert sphere.” Abetted by popular fiction, the Deep State fosters indifference and amnesia about its abuses of constitutional authority and violations of human rights, in effect hiding its operational conspiracies in plain sight and enabling the national security apparatus to thwart efforts to curb its power after major scandals. This is particularly threatening to democracy under an emotionally and politically unstable Donald Trump, who has charged the security establishment with complicity in plots to bring his presidency down and has challenged some central tenets of American internationalist policies, but also, on the other hand, used hypernationalism and fear of terrorism to free the military and police from constitutional, legal, and human rights restrictions on its operations.
Judaism was a civilization: Toward a reconstruction of ancient Jewish peoplehood

The pre-publication version of this article is indefinitely embargoed in OpenBU. Please visit the journal website to access the published version of record: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12286
Refinements on eigenvalue elasticity analysis: interpretation of parameter elasticities

The purpose of this article is to report on improvements on the interpretation and insights emerging from dynamic decomposition weight analysis (DDWA). These improvements emerged from efforts to further automate and expand the eigenvalue elasticity analysis methods and resolve inconsistencies in assumptions made in published reports of DDWA usage. In addition to making available to the broad system dynamics community an improved toolset to perform eigenvalue elasticity analysis, in this paper we clarify the set of assumptions needed to obtain reliable results and develop a new framework to assess the impact of model parameters on the projections of behavior modes on stock behavior. We illustrate the use of these developments by updating a previously published model analysis. The paper concludes by summarizing our findings and their implications for the further development of structural dominance analysis. © 2018 System Dynamics Society
Immune tolerance attenuates gut dysbiosis, dysregulated uterine gene expression and high-fat diet potentiated preterm birth in mice.

Background Preterm delivery accounts for 85% of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although the consumption of a high-fat diet leads to exaggerated proinflammatory responses and, in pregnant women, increased rates of spontaneous preterm birth, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objective We sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which maternal consumption of a high-fat diet leads to a dysregulated immune response and, subsequently, spontaneous preterm birth. Study Design We performed 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of DNA extracted and amplified from stool samples and compared the gut microbiomes of lipopolysaccharide-induced pregnant mice that were maintained on a high-fat diet compared to a normal control diet. Next, we sequenced the uterine transcriptomes of the mice. To test the effect of dampening of the immune response on the microbiome, transcriptome, and risk of spontaneous preterm birth, we induced immune tolerance with repetitive subclinical doses (0.2 mg/kg/week for 8 weeks) of endotoxin and performed 16S ribosomal RNA and uterine transcriptome sequencing on these immunotolerized mice. Results High-fat diet potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth by affecting the maternal gut microbiome and uterine transcriptome and reduces antioxidant capacity in a murine model. High-fat diet consumption also increases the colonization of the gut by 5 immunogenic bacteria and decreases colonization by Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. Uteri from high-fat diet mice had increased expression of genes that stimulate the inflammatory-oxidative stress axis, autophagy/apoptosis, and smooth muscle contraction. Repetitive endotoxin priming protects high-fat diet dams from spontaneous preterm birth, increases colonization of the gut by Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, decreases levels of immunogenic bacteria in the gut microbiome, and reduces the number of dysregulated genes after high-fat diet consumption from 994 to 74. Conclusion High-fat diet-potentiated spontaneous preterm birth is mediated by increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. The induction of immune tolerance via endotoxin priming reverses these effects and protects high-fat diet dams from spontaneous preterm birth. Based on this work, the role of immunomodulation as a novel therapeutic approach to prevent preterm birth among women who consume high-fat diets should be explored.
The Stakes of Regulation: Perspectives on 'Bread, Politics and Political Economy' Forty Years Later

Scholars have long regarded 'Bread, Politics and Political Economy in the Reign of Louis XV' (1976) as marking an important moment in the study of the social, political and cultural history of eighteenth-century France. 'The Stakes of Regulation' is the companion volume to a new edition of this landmark study, revealing how Kaplan's thinking has evolved in reaction both to the changing intellectual, epistemological, historiographical and socio-political environment, and to the significant scholarship that has been accomplished during the past forty years. Kaplan remains faithful to his original premise: that the subsistence question is at the core of eighteenth century history, and that the issues joined by the struggle over liberalization continue to shape our destiny today through the bristling tension between liberty and equality, and the debate over the necessity, legitimacy and character of regulation.
Hill’s approximation in a restricted four-body problem

We consider a restricted four-body problem on the dynamics of a massless particle under the gravitational force produced by three mass points forming an equilateral triangle configuration. We assume that the mass $$m_3$$ of one primary is very small compared with the other two, $$m_1$$ and $$m_2$$ , and we study the Hamiltonian system describing the motion of the massless particle in a neighborhood of $$m_3$$ . In a similar way to Hill’s approximation of the lunar problem, we perform a symplectic scaling, sending the two massive bodies to infinity, expanding the potential as a power series in $$m_3^{1/3}$$ , and taking the limit case when $$m_3\rightarrow 0$$ . We show that the limiting Hamiltonian inherits dynamical features from both the restricted three-body problem and the restricted four-body problem. In particular, it extends the classical lunar Hill problem. We investigate the geometry of the Poincare sections, direct and retrograde periodic orbits about $$m_3$$ , libration points, periodic orbits near libration points, their stable and unstable manifolds, and the corresponding homoclinic intersections. The motivation for this model is the study of the motion of a satellite near a jovian Trojan asteroid.
How a mouse licks a spout: Cortex-dependent corrections as the tongue reaches for, and misses, targets

Abstract: Precise tongue control is necessary for drinking, eating, and vocalizing1, 2. Yet because tongue movements are fast and difficult to resolve, neural control of lingual kinematics remains poorly understood. Here we combine kilohertz frame-rate imaging and a deep learning based neural network to resolve 3D tongue kinematics in mice drinking from a water spout. Successful licks required previously unobserved corrective submovements (CSMs) which, like online corrections during primate reaches3–10, occurred after the tongue missed unseen, distant, or displaced targets. Photoinhibition of anterolateral motor cortex (ALM) impaired online corrections, resulting in hypometric licks that missed the spout. ALM neural activity reflected upcoming, ongoing, and past CSMs, as well as errors in predicted spout contact. Though less than a tenth of a second in duration, a single mouse lick exhibits hallmarks of online motor control associated with a primate reach, including cortex-dependent corrections after misses.
Genetic drivers and cells of origin in sarcomagenesis

Sarcoma comprises a group of malignancies that includes over 100 individual disease entities. Type-specific genetic events initiate each tumor, occurring within a specific cellular context or circumstance. All sarcomas share a relationship with mesenchymal tissues of origin. Conceptual models for each specific route towards sarcomagenesis have developed over the years as clinical, cellular, and increasingly molecular observations have advanced hypotheses to be tested in the forward or reverse direction in experimental systems, often genetically engineered model organisms. This review considers the history of these discoveries in the context of technologies available at the time each was made and provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of sarcoma genetics, including characteristic translocations, oncogene activation and loss of tumor suppressor gene events, and their putative cells of origin. Also considered are the interrelatedness of molecular clinical observations and genetic experiments in model systems to move this field of knowledge forward, as well as their implications for diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms for sarcoma. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COVID-19 case definitions, diagnostic testing criteria, and surveillance across the pandemic's 25 highest burden countries

ObjectiveWe compared suspect, probable, and confirmed case definitions, as well as diagnostic testing criteria, used in the COVID-19 pandemics 25 highest burden countries to aid interpretation of global and national surveillance data. MethodsWe identified the COVID-19 pandemics 25 countries with the highest disease burden based on the number of cumulative reported cases to the World Health Organization (WHO) as of 1 October 2020. We searched official websites of these countries for suspect, probable, and confirmed case definitions. Given that confirmation of COVID-19 usually requires diagnostic testing, we also searched for diagnostic testing eligibility criteria in these countries. Extracted case definitions and testing criteria were managed in a database and analyzed in Microsoft Excel. FindingsWe identified suspect, probable, and confirmed case definitions in 96%, 64%, and 100% of countries, respectively. Testing criteria were identified in 100% of countries. 56% of identified countries followed WHO recommendations for using a combination of clinical and epidemiological criteria as part of the suspect case definition. 75% of identified countries followed WHO recommendations on using clinical, epidemiological, and diagnostic criteria for probable cases. 72% of countries followed WHO recommendations on using PCR testing for confirming a case of COVID-19. Finally, 64% of countries used testing eligibility criteria at least as permissive as WHO. ConclusionThere is marked heterogeneity in who is eligible for testing in countries and how countries define a case of COVID-19. This affects the ability to compare burden, transmission, and response impact estimates derived from case surveillance data across countries.
SAMHD1 Phosphorylation at T592 Regulates Cellular Localization and S-phase Progression

SAMHD1 activity is regulated by a network of mechanisms including phosphorylation, oxidation, oligomerization, and others. Significant questions remain about the effects of phosphorylation on SAMHD1 function and activity. We investigated the effects of a SAMHD1 T592E phosphorylation mimic on its cellular localization, catalytic activity, and cell cycle progression. We found that the SAMHD1 T592E is a catalytically active enzyme that is inhibited by protein oxidation. SAMHD1 T592E is retained in the nucleus at higher levels than the wild-type protein during growth factor-mediated signaling. This nuclear localization protects SAMHD1 from oxidation by cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species. The SAMHD1 T592E phosphomimetic further inhibits the cell cycle S/G2 transition. This has significant implications for SAMHD1 function in regulating innate immunity, antiviral response and DNA replication.