cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicted Performance of Geopressured Geothermal Energy Conversion Systems Using Thermodynamic Availability Concepts

A comparison of various energy-conversion schemes has been made through use of Second Law efficiencies based on brine availability evaluated between production and reinjection wellhead conditions. Included in the present comparisons are both simple plants involving a binary Rankine cycle or dual flash-steam production as well as more complex hybrid/compound plants which integrate brine energy conversion with conventional energy sources. Compound/hybrid conversion schemes are shown to yield higher levels of availablity effectiveness for geothermal fluids than do simple conversion plants, illustrating clearly the synergistic effect of using low-grade energy to enhance the overall efficiency of a high-grade conversion process.
Treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis: potential impact of dynamic stabilization based on imaging analysis

Intraspinous and pedicle screw-based (PSB) dynamic instrumentation systems have been in use for a decade now. By direct or indirect decompression, these devices theoretically establish less painful segmental motion by diminishing pathologic motion and unloading painful disks. Ideally, dynamics should address instability in the early stages of degenerative spondylolisthesis before excessive translation occurs. Evidence to date indicates that Grade II or larger slips requiring decompression should be fused. In addition, multiple segment listhesis, severe coronal plane deformities, increasing age, and osteoporosis have all been listed as potential contraindications to dynamic stabilization. We reviewed the exclusion and inclusion criteria found in various dynamic stabilization studies and investigational drug exemption (IDE) protocols. We summarize the reported limitations for both pedicle- and intraspinous-based systems. We then conducted a retrospective chart and imaging review of 100 consecutive cases undergoing fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis. All patients in our cohort had been indicated for and eventually underwent decompression of lumbar stenosis secondary to spondylolisthesis. We estimated how many patients in our population would have been candidates for dynamic stabilization with either interspinous or pedicle-based systems. Using the criteria for instability outlined in the literature, 32 patients demonstrated translation requiring fusion surgery and 24 patients had instability unsuitable for dynamic stabilization. Six patients had two-level slips and were excluded. Two patients had coronal imbalance too great for dynamic systems. Twelve patients were over the age of 80 and 16 demonstrated osteoporosis as diagnosed by bone scan. Finally, we found two of our patients to have vertebral compression fractures adjacent to the site of instrumentation, which is a strict exclusion criteria in all dynamic trials. Thirty-four patients had zero exclusion criteria for intraspinous devices and 23 patients had none for PSB dynamic stabilization. Therefore, we estimate that 34 and 23% of degenerative spondylolisthesis patients indicated for surgery could have been treated with either intraspinous or pedicle-based dynamic devices, respectively.
Apparatus bushing with improved characteristics

THE OBJECTIVE OF combining improved performance with saving in materials has been accomplished in the redesign of a line of liquid-filled bushings in ratings 15 kv through 69 kv. In this redesign, the mechanical and electrical reliability of the bushings in service has been improved and field servicing and repairs have been facilitated. Simultaneously, the design has been simplified to reduce the size of some parts and eliminate others.
Value of radionuclide rest and exercise left ventricular ejection fraction in assessing survival of patients after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: Results of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phase II study

Objectives. This study sought to determine the prognostic value of rest and exercise left ventricular ejection fraction in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy as part of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Background. In the prethrombolytic era, ejection fraction at rest as well as during exercise was an important prognostic index in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. The prognostic value of these measurements in the thrombolytic era is not clear. Methods. As part of the TIMI II protocol, we obtained radio-nuclide left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and during symptom-limited submaximal supine exercise. Measurements were related to 1-year all-cause as well as cardiac mortality. In addition, the relation between ejection fraction obtained at rest and 1-year cardiac mortality in this study was compared with the relation established previously in the prethrombolytic era by the Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group. Results. A distinct relation was noted between left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and all-cause mortality. The highest mortality rate (9.9%) was noted in patients with an ejection fraction Conclusions. Rest left ventricular ejection fraction is an important prognostic index in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. Peak exercise ejection fraction and the change in ejection fraction from rest to exercise do not provide appreciable prognostic data beyond those obtained at rest. Patients unable to exercise or those not having a rest study have a poor prognosis. When compared with the Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group data, there was strong evidence of a difference in survival in the two studies. At any level of ejection fraction, mortality was lower in TIMI II patients than in patients in the prethrombolytic era.
The Worlds which the Portuguese, the Russians and the Turks Created: Empires on Europe’s Periphery

The revealing analogies among the Portuguese, Russian, and Turko-Ottoman empires add analytical depth to our understanding of the evolution of modern world-system. The empires emerged simultaneously with capitalism and equally relied on the new power techniques of gunpower, bureaucracy, state control over trade, and official religion. Starting from the geopolitical margins of Anatolia, the Pyrenees, or Russian forests, the new empires soon achieved tremendous territorial gains and wealth. But after their first century of success, these empires came under the penetrating pressures of emergent capitalist forces (the Netherlands and later England).The empires reacted by selectively adopting the organizational and technological innovations of capitalism in the bouts of Absolutist reforms under Peter I, Pombal, or during the Tanzimat period. All three empires underwent another wave of modernizing efforts through the constitutionalist revolutions in 1905-1910 that nonetheless failed to prepare them for the military catastrophe of 1914. The developmentalist dictatorships of Salazar, Ataturk, and Stalin, for all their ideological differences, equally sought to strengthen the production bases under the conditions of state direction and economic autarchy. The global wave of democratic rebellions in 1968 undercut all three versions of developmentalism pushing the bureaucratic and capitalist elites in all three states to seek the preservation of their positions through European integration — whose outcome remains to be seen.
Factors governing the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid

The inability to readily alter the level of compounds within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following drastic alterations in plasma concentrations has given rise to the concept that solute concentration within the cerebrospinal fluid is closely regulated. It appears that various factors associated with material transfer between cerebrospinal fluid and surrounding tissue and metabolic processes within cells adjoining the CSF compartment are involved in the control of both endogenous and exogenous compounds within this fluid. Of considerable importance in the overall homeostasis are the specific transport mechanisms which facilitate the passage of hydrophilic substances across the membranes which separate the blood from the CSF (blood-CSF barrier) and, in part, act to regulate the concentration of these substances within the CSF. As determined from ventriculocisternal perfusion studies, as well as other types of blood-CSF equilibration studies, these processes can transport solutes from blood to CSF (influx transport process) as is the case for glucose, amino acids, vitamins and other compounds, or from CSF to blood (efflux transport process) as documented for amino acids, some vitamins, end-products of brain metabolism and certain drugs. Evidence accumulated from in vitro studies with the isolated choroid plexus indicates that the choroid plexuses are the primary locus for these transport processes within the ventricular cavities. Other experimental findings indicate that the pia-arachnoid membrane is probably one of the loci for these transport processes within the subarachnoid spaces.
Complications and costs after high-risk surgery: where should we focus quality improvement initiatives?

Abstract Background Data on the relative clinical and economic impact of postoperative complications are needed in order to direct quality improvement efforts. Study design Patients undergoing two high-risk surgical procedures, hepatectomy (n = 569) and esophagectomy (n = 366), from 1994 to 1998 were included. Data were abstracted from the Maryland hospital discharge database. Relative resource use was determined using median regression, adjusting for patient comorbidities and other case-mix variables. Results A total of 935 patients were studied. Overall in-hospital mortality was 6.1%; complication rate was 38.4%. Median cost for all patients was $14,527 (interquartile range $10,936–$21,412) and length of stay 9 days (interquartile range 7–13 days). Median hospital cost was increased for patients with complications ($16,868 versus $12,861; p Conclusions Complications are independently associated with increased resource use after high-risk surgery. Population-based studies may be valuable in determining the relative economic importance of postoperative complications. Quality improvement efforts for these complications should be prioritized based on both the incidence of the complication and its independent contribution to increased resource use.
Modeling the optical dielectric function of semiconductors: Extension of the critical-point parabolic-band approximation.

A model is proposed for the line shape of the optical dielectric function of zinc-blende semiconductors. For comparison with previously proposed models, this model is used primarily with spectroscopic ellipsometry data (but also transmission data below 1.5 eV) to obtain an analytic room-temperature dielectric function for GaAs. It is found to be more generally valid than the harmonic-oscillator model, the critical-point (CP) model, or the model of Adachi. It is applicable over the entire range of photon energies, below and above the lowest band gaps, incorporates the electronic band structure of the medium, and exactly satisfies the Kramers-Kronig transformation. It goes beyond the CP parabolic-band approximation in that it correctly takes into account the full analytic form of the electronic density of states and thus does not require the use of arbitrary cutoff energies. Also, it allows one to go beyond the usual approximation of Lorentzian broadening, which is known to be incorrect for elements and compounds above very low temperatures. For these reasons, it results in excellent quantitative agreement with experimental results for the dielectric function and for its derivatives with respect to photon energy, much better than that given by earlier models. Finally, the parameters of the model are physically significant and are easily determined as functions of composition for semiconductor alloys. Application of the model to the fitting of spectroscopic data on GaAs strongly suggests that spectroscopic ellipsometry does not measure the true bulk dielectric function. It also supports the conclusion that the line-shape broadening in GaAs at room temperature is more nearly Gaussian than Lorentzian.
Transduction and apoptosis induction in the rat prostate, using adenovirus vectors.

Proapoptotic adenovirus vectors offer great promise for the treatment of cancer and nonmalignant conditions. Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a common nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate that involves epithelial, stromal, and smooth muscle components of the gland. We tested the hypothesis that an adenovirus vector expressing Fas ligand can be used to induce apoptosis in the prostate. We analyzed the efficiency of transduction and apoptosis induction in primary cultures of human prostate cells after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Efficient transduction was observed in primary prostate epithelial cells. Stromal and smooth muscle cells were more difficult to transduce, as no coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression was detectable on these cells. However, transduction was achieved in these cells when the multiplicity of infection was increased to 100 focal-forming units per cell, or when the vectors were delivered as calcium phosphate precipitates. Infection of all three primary prostate cell types with an adenovirus vector that expresses Fas ligand (AdFasL/G) resulted in rapid apoptosis. Direct injection of the rat prostate with an adenovirus vector carrying luciferase resulted in substantial luciferase expression. TUNEL analysis demonstrated that AdFasL/G administration induced low-level apoptosis in prostatic epithelial cells throughout the gland. As a first step toward enhancing the efficiency of prostate transduction in vivo, we tested an adenovirus vector that was engineered to have an expanded tropism. This vector, AdZ.F2K(pK7), was 10- to 500-fold more efficient than unmodified vectors in transducing prostate epithelial, smooth muscle, and stromal cells in culture. Moreover, AdZ.F2K(pK7) was more efficient than an unmodified vector at transducing the rat prostate in vivo, although the effect was dose dependent.
Use of gas-forming agents in esophageal food impactions

Twenty-six patients were treated with a gas-forming mixture of tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate to relieve esophageal food impactions. A success rate of 65% was achieved, with one patient suffering a mucosal tear of the esophagus. Recommendations are made to limit the use of such gas-forming agents to impactions less than six hours old and in patients without chest pain.
Moult staggering and serial monogamy in american lobsters, Homarus americanus

Abstract A mating system of serial monogamy is described for the American lobster, based on observations in large naturalistic aquaria. All except one of the receptive females staggered the timing of their moults at intervals throughout the summer so that each moulted and subsequently mated inside the shelter of a dominant male. In one experiment where there was no clear male dominance, the females moved back and forth from one male shelter to the other before 50% mated with one male and 50% with the other. Cohabitations lasted from 1 to 3 weeks and included periods of both pre- and postmoult shelter sharing. Moult staggering implies behavioural control over the female moult cycle.
Transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors. I. Role of interstitial pressure and convection.

A general theoretical framework for transvascular exchange and extravascular transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors is developed. The resulting equations are applied to the most simple case of a homogeneous, alymphatic tumor, with no extravascular binding. Numerical simulations show that in a uniformly perfused tumor the elevated interstitial pressure is a major cause for heterogeneous distribution of nonbinding macromolecules, because it (i) reduces the driving force for extravasation of fluid and macromolecules in tumors, (ii) results in nonuniform filtration of fluid and macromolecules from blood vessels, and (iii) leads to experimentally verifiable, radially outward convection which opposes the inward diffusion. The models are used to predict the interstitial pressure, interstitial fluid velocity, and concentration profiles as a function of radial position and tumor size. The model predictions agree with the following experimental data: (i) the interstitial pressure in a tumor is lowest at the periphery of the tumor and increases towards the center; (ii) the radially outward fluid velocity predicted by the fluid transport model is of the same order of magnitude as that measured in tissue-isolated tumors; and (iii) the concentration of macromolecules is higher in the periphery than in the center of tumors at short times postinjection; however, at later times the peripheral concentration is less than the concentration in the center. This work shows that in addition to the heterogeneous distribution of blood supply, hindered interstitial transport, and rapid extravascular binding of macromolecules (e.g., monoclonal antibodies), the elevated interstitial pressure plays an important role in determining the penetration of macromolecules into tumors. If the genetically engineered macromolecules are to fulfill their clinical promise, methods must be developed to overcome these physiological barriers in tumors.
An example of bifurcation to homoclinic orbits

Abstract Consider the equation x − x + x 2 = −λ 1 x + λ 2 ƒ(t) where ƒ(t + 1) = ƒ(t) and λ = (λ 1 , λ 2 ) is small. For λ = 0, there is a homoclinic orbit Γ through zero. For λ ≠ 0 and small, there can be “strange” attractors near Γ. The purpose of this paper is to determine the curves in λ-space of bifurcation to “strange” attractors and to relate this to hyperbolic subharmonic bifurcations.
Cost of characteristics indices and household equivalence scales

Abstract The ratio of cost functions of demographically different households is a true cost of (demographic) characteristics index. This index is independent of a base level of income or utility (IB) if and only if it equals a ratio of household equivalence scales that are themselves IB. This paper analyzes the restrictions on cost functions and commodity specific equivalence scales required for the existence of IB scales and indices. Since scales can be price dependent, the restrictions on behavior are far less severe than for ordinary Engel style household scales. Connections between IB scales and other techniques for incorporating demographic effects into demand systems are described.
Clinical effects of epinephrine by inhalation: A survey

Abstract 1.1. A clinical study and information gained from a questionnaire indicates that epinephrine used in a concentrated form by oral inhalation usually offers symptomatic relief of asthma. This relief in most cases diminishes with continued use of the method, and more frequent and intensive administration becomes necessary. Serious harm results from excessive use. 2.2. An attempt has been made to describe the clinical and pathological changes which we have observed in our practice from excessive spraying. This includes a consideration of 48 private patients who have died following prolonged employment of this method of self-medication. 3.3. Our survey of 2,236 asthmatics in our practice in the past ten years gives the following mortality figures. Among 648 users of the oral epinephrine spray, 48, or 7.4 per cent, have terminated fatally. Among 1,588 supposed nonusers of this form of medication, 22, or 1.4 per cent, have died. Since the mortality in users was over five times as great as in nonusers, we believe that injudicious use of this form of medicinal relief has contributed materially to death from asthma in our series.
Chronic Amphetamine: Effects on defensive flight in the rat

Abstract Hooded rats were injected with physiological saline or d-amphetamine sulfate for 13 days on a schedule designed to mimic patterns of abuse: one injection on days 1–11, two injections on day 12, and three injections on day 13; amphetamine dosage for the first three injections was 3.5 mg/kg and for all subsequent injections was 5.0 mg/kg. Amphetamine-treated rats (Amphet) showed a dramatic flight reaction in response to a novel stimulus (mechanical robot) that did not elicit flight from saline control animals. Tested on a slow-moving treadmill that carried them toward the stimulus, Amphet rats accumulated only 15% of the trial time at the front of the apparatus nearest the stimulus and accumulated approximately 75% of the trial time at the extreme rear of the apparatus, farthest from the stimulus. Control tests of Amphet rats in the absence of the stimulus ruled out interpretations in terms of motor behavior. In fact, a major advantage of the present procedure is that animals are able to execute the relatively simple defense response despite the occurence of motor stereotypy. These results suggest that the defense-response paradigm is suitable for the study of chronic amphetamine and may provide a useful adjunctive to existing models of amphetamine psychosis.
Packaging of Phosphor Based High Power White LEDs: Effects of Phosphor Concentration and Packaging Configuration

Two types of packaged white light emitting diodes in which one has a flat-top (FT) emitting surface and the other is aflat-top-with-lens (FTWL) type are fabricated by using the same leadframe and investigated on their optical properties, such as optical power, luminous efficiency, correlated color temperature (CCT), chromaticity coordinate, and color-rendering index (CRI), as a function of phosphor concentration in silicone encapsulant. It is found out that the optical power, CRI, and CCT decrease steadily as the phosphor ratio increases, while the luminous efficiency increases up to a level and then drops after a certain value of the phosphor ratio for both types of packages. Due to the totally internal reflection (TIR) at the encapsulant-air interface, the FT package shows a 10∼11% power (in mW) reduction compared with the FTWL package at the same phosphor concentration. However, it is demonstrated that the FT package provides a more efficient way of utilizing phosphor than the FTWL package based on the same targeted chromaticity coordinates due to the TIR effect inside, resulting in a reduced phosphor usage with a lumen output only about 3% lower than that of the FTWL package.
Correlation of Electrochemical Impedance to Pool Boiling Behavior on Copper

Pool boiling studies were performed on roughened copper in a dilute saline solution while incorporating a three electrode electrochemical monitoring system. Electrochemical impedance at a frequency of 1000 Hz was monitored during nucleate boiling and through the transition point from nucleate to film boiling. During nucleate boiling, a steady increase in impedance was observed as the solid-vapor contact area increased. Impedance monitoring lead to the discovery of a critical impedance vector magnitude (|Z|) between the range of 1.85 kΩ-cm2 and 2.35 kΩ-cm2 where critical heat flux was most likely to occur. At the critical point just after nucleate boiling and beginning transition film boiling, an impedance vector magnitude spike was observed from approximately 2 kΩ-cm2 to 100 kΩ-cm2 , due to the formation of a current impeding vapor layer encompassing the substrate surface. A phase angle decrease at this boiling regime transition point from −2.25 degrees to −30 degrees provides insight into a change in electrochemical circuit phenomena from a purely resistive to a somewhat capacitive electrochemical system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Book [Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits]

The book, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, or simply ?Gray and Meyer? to many in its first three editions, was first published by John Wiley in 1977. It contained much of the material that Paul Gray and Bob Meyer had developed for their IC design classes at Berkeley, and then some. Reading it was the next best thing to actually being a student in those classes. The book was quickly adopted for use in senior/graduate courses; in the 1990s, it was in use in 76 different departments across the US, and many more around the world. It has sold over 200,000 copies worldwide. Although initially the coverage was exclusively in terms of bipolar transistors, starting with the second edition (1984), MOSFET circuits were added. It has taught analog IC principles to generations of engineers.
Molecular-dynamics study of the effects of strain on interstitial diffusion in a hard-sphere model of a binary crystalline solid.

We examine quantitatively the effects on tracer diffusion of both externally applied strains and internal strains generated by large interstitial particles dissolved in a coherent hard-sphere crystal. The molecular-dynamics method, generalized to permit elastic deformations of a system, is used to simulate the diffusion of interstitials in a binary hard-sphere solid. A tracer-diffusion response function {ital E}({bold k}) is calculated from a tracer density-density correlation function. The associated diffusivity {ital D} is found to be independent of crystallographic orientation at long wavelengths. The simulation results are further interpreted by using a multiclass master equation to describe particle transitions and by using elasticity theory. The diffusivity obtained can be characterized very accurately by an activation entropy that is proportional to the square of the radius of an interstitial. Finally, the application of an external strain can modify the symmetry of the lattice, and the diffusion tensor associated with the deformed lattice must be modified in a manner consistent with elastodiffusion theory.
A novel substrate hot electron and hole injection structure with a double-implanted buried-channel MOSFET

Summary form only given. Substrate hot electron and hole injection into the same gate insulator is achieved with a double ion-implanted buried-channel n-channel MOSFET device. Under the gate, the impurity profile is n-on-n/sup +/ on a p substrate. The n-on-n/sup +/ buried channel, which is formed by implanting the phosphorus ions twice (first, deep heavy implant and, second, shallow and light implant), makes it possible to inject hot electrons in the accumulation region and hot holes in the inversion region of the device operation. For the case of electron injection, a forward-biased diode adjacent to the stressed device supplies the electrons into the junction space-charge layer between n/sup +/ and p bulk (source and drain are grounded and bulk is held at a large negative voltage). For the case of hot hole injection, the gate is biased to provide a hole inversion layers at the interface. >
Survey of Admission Toxicology Panels in Patients With Multiple Hospitalizations

Of 1309 different patients with toxicology panels performed on admission to our university medical center during 1978-79, 65 (5.0%) had more than one hospitalization or emergency-room visit. The average patient with multiple admission panels performed during the year was an alert 32-year-old man who presented to the emergency room a mean of 2.2 times, following an episode of suspected drug abuse. The visits were separated by a mean time interval of 2.5 months. An average 1.7 different drugs per patient were found on the admission toxicology screening (usually ethanol, a barbiturate, an opiate, or a phenothiazine). One third of the drugs per patient were positive again on subsequent hospitalizations of the patient. In more than a third of the instances in which repeated drugs were quantitated, the "repeat level" on the subsequent admission was within +/- 17% of that found on the first admission. Laboratory recognition of patients with repetitive admission toxicology screening may facilitate analysis by permitting specific-drug-oriented searches.
Mobile Phones and Financial Services in Developing Countries: a review of concepts, methods, issues, evidence and future research directions

Abstract Research concerning mobile phones and financial services in developing countries has undergone rapid growth in recent years. This paper seeks to improve understanding of the current state of knowledge by reviewing the content of 43 research articles. A framework is developed that differentiates research activity according to a lifecycle model that incorporates financial needs, design, adoption and impact. The review finds that research to date has resulted in a high level of practitioner involvement, providing valuable links from the mobile phone industry to the research community but, as a consequence, research has become too narrowly defined. Thus, issues of assessing financial need and the measurement of impact have been comparatively neglected, while application design and adoption studies have received greater attention. This paper suggests a future direction for research and practice within the mainstream of micro-financial services and finance for the poor, correcting this imbalance, and c...
The three T's of alliance creation: task, team and time

Abstract Management scholars have paid a significant amount of attention to strategic alliances in recent years. Researchers in marketing and logistics also have invested heavily in studies of collaboration. As a consequence, our understanding of the motivations of managers relying of these relational forms of governance has been substantially increased. So, too, has our understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different governance structures. Research has provided managers contemplating alliances as a means of achieving strategic goals with an improved sense of the relationships that exist between antecedent conditions, structures, and performance outcomes. What is less well understood are the relationships that may exist between formal and informal processes and evolutionary dynamics that arise during the formation phase of an alliance. This paper attempts a synthesis of what is known. Based on the available research, I offer managers some insights into the interactive nature of these formal and informal processes. In so doing, I also make an effort to suggest areas in which additional research on this underdeveloped aspect of strategic alliances is likely to pay handsome dividends for scholars and managers alike.
JOHN LOCKE, CHRISTIAN MISSION, AND COLONIAL AMERICA

John Locke was considerably interested and actively involved in the promotion of Protestant Christianity among American Indians and African slaves, yet this fact goes largely unremarked in historical scholarship. The evidence of this interest and involvement deserves analysis—for it illuminates fascinating and understudied features of Locke's theory of toleration and his thinking on American Indians, African slaves, and English colonialism. These features include (1) the compatibility between toleration and Christian mission, (2) the interconnection between Christian mission and English geopolitics, (3) the coexistence of ameliorative and exploitative strands within Locke's stance on African slavery, and (4) the spiritual imperialism of Locke's colonial vision. Analyzing evidence of Locke's interest and involvement in Christian mission, this article brings fully to light a dimension of Locke's career that has barely been noticed. In so doing, it also illustrates how the roots of toleration in the modern West were partly evangelical.
Group status, perceptions of agency, and the correspondence bias: Attributional processes in the formation of stereotypes about high and low status groups

The Stereotype Content Model proposes that competence (or alternatively, agency) is a fundamental dimension of stereotypes. According to this model, beliefs about agency are partially due to the status relations between groups, such that high status groups are perceived to possess agency, whereas low status groups are perceived to lack agentic characteristics. Despite the considerable support for this model, the psychological processes that produce these stereotypes have not been fully explored. In the current studies, we examined whether the correspondence bias may be partially responsible for the stereotype that members of low status groups lack agentic characteristics, relative to those who belong to high status groups. Across both studies, a measure of the correspondence bias predicted such stereotypical beliefs, even after accounting for variables that are known to be associated with beliefs about high and low status groups. This effect was observed when beliefs about the status of groups were experi...
Counselor Sex Role Orientation, Flexibility, and Working Alliance Formation

The authors examined the hypothesized relationship among counselor androgyny, counselor flexibility, and the establishment of client-rated working alliances. In Study 1, 41 counseling students completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1981a) and the Counselor Behavior Analysis Inventory (Gabbard, Howard, & Dunfee, 1986). Contrary to the hypothesis, there was no relationship between androgyny and counseling flexibility. In Study 2, 42 counseling students completed the BSRI and videotaped counseling sessions with a recruited client. Analyses revealed a significant relationship between counselor flexibility and client ratings of working alliance, but no relationship between counselor androgyny and counselor flexibility. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
A framework for planning comfortable and customizable motion of an assistive mobile robot

Assistive mobile robots that can navigate autonomously can greatly benefit people with mobility impairments. Since an assistive mobile robot transports a human user from one place to another, its motion should be comfortable for human users. Moreover, it should be possible for users to customize the motion according to their comfort. While there exists a large body of work on motion planning for mobile robots, very little attention has been paid to characterizing comfort and planning comfortable trajectories.
Control-oriented aerothermoelastic modeling approaches for hypersonic vehicles

The field of aerothermoelasticity is essential for control-oriented modeling of hypersonic vehicles due to a high degree of coupling between vehicle systems, as well as the presence of aerodynamic heating. In the present study, an efficient aerothermoelastic model is investigated in two ways. First, an approximate aerodynamic heating model is verified using Computational Fluid Dynamic flow analysis. Next, the model is used to gain insight into the degree of coupling between the aerothermal and aeroelastic systems. Results demonstrate that both material property degradation and two-way coupling are important for control-oriented aerothermoelastic modeling. Furthermore, quasi-static and dynamic average approaches for fluid-thermal-structural coupling offer an accurate and efficient approximation for implementing two-way coupling.
NEMO Binds Ubiquitinated TANK-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) to Regulate Innate Immune Responses to RNA Viruses

RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) are intracellular sensors utilized by nearly all cell types for recognition of viral RNA, initiation of antiviral defense, and induction of type I interferons (IFN). TBK1 is a critical kinase implicated in RLR-dependent IFN transcription. Posttranslational modification of TBK1 by K63-linked ubiquitin is required for RLR driven signaling. However, the TBK1 ubiquitin acceptor sites and the function of ubiquitinated TBK1 in the signaling cascade are unknown. We now show that TBK1 is ubiquitinated on residues K69, K154, and K372 in response to infection with RNA virus. The K69 and K154 residues are critical for innate antiviral responses and IFN production. Ubiquitinated TBK1 recruits the downstream adaptor NEMO through ubiquitin binding domains. The assembly of the NEMO/TBK1 complex on the mitochondrial protein MAVS leads to activation of TBK1 kinase activity and phosphorylation of the transcription factor, interferon response factor 3. The combined results refine current views of RLR signaling, define the role of TBK1 polyubiquitination, and detail the mechanisms involved in signalosome assembly.
HIGHER‐ORDER DIMENSIONS OF THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS AND THE BIG SIX VOCATIONAL INTEREST TYPES

The purpose of this study was to identify higher-order dimensions that explain the relationships among the Big 6 interest types and the Big 5 personality traits. Meta-analyses were conducted to identify an 11 × 11 true score correlation matrix of interest and personality attributes. Cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling were used to identify 3 dimensions that explained relations among the 11 attributes: (a) Interests versus Personality Traits; (b) Striving for Accomplishment Versus Striving for Personal Growth, and (c) Interacting with People Versus Interacting with Things. Overall, results clarified the relationships among interests and personality traits by showing that 3 rather than 2 dimensions best explain the relationships among interests and personality traits. Personality traits and vocational interests are two major, noncognitive individual difference domains in the field of psychology. Both sets of dispositional attributes are important because they influence numerous outcomes associated with work and life success. One common thread that links personality traits and vocational interests is that they influence behavior through motivational processes. That is, they influence choices individuals make about which tasks and activities to engage in, how much effort to exert on those tasks, and how long to persist with those tasks. Although psychologists have conducted hundreds of studies that investigate one or both topics, the precise nature of the linkages between the two domains remains ambiguous and controversial.
Parametric analysis of interfacial stress concentrations in porous coated implants

Porous coated Ti-6Al-4V has a high-cycle fatigue strength that is approximately one-third the strength of the uncoated material. Stress concentrations at the interface between the porous coating and the substrate contribute to this fatigue strength reduction. Modification of the interfacial geometry may reduce the severity of the stress concentrations. The interface between the porous coating and substrate was modeled using two-dimensional finite element analysis. This analysis identified geometric parameters that affect the value of the stress concentration factor, Kt. The effect of five geometric parameters onKt was determined: contact area between porous coating and substrate (CA), sinterneck radius (r), porous coating particle radius (R), interparticle distance (d), and interparticle sintering. Increased contact areas, decreased sinterneck radii, and decreased interparticle distances increased Kt, while porous coating particle size had a small effect on Kt. Sintering between neighboring porous coating particles increased Kt at the outermost sinternecks, but decreased Kt at inner sinternecks. The results can help predict how varying these coating parameters can reduce stress concentrations in a porous coated material.
Oxytetracycline Dynamics on Peach Leaves in Relation to Temperature, Sunlight, and Simulated Rain.

Christiano, R. S. C., Reilly, C. C., Miller, W. P., and Scherm, H. 2010. Oxytetracycline dynamics on peach leaves in relation to temperature, sunlight, and simulated rain. Plant Dis. 94:12131218. Oxytetracycline (OTC), a member of the tetracycline antibiotics, is used as a foliar spray to control Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on stone fruits and Erwinia amylovora on pome fruits. We studied the dynamics of OTC residues on attached peach (Prunus persica) leaves treated with 300 ppm active ingredient of an agricultural OTC in relation to temperature, natural sunlight, and simulated rain. We further evaluated the potential of three ultraviolet (UV) protectants (lignin, titanium dioxide, and oxybenzone) and one sticker-extender (Nu Film-17) to prolong OTC longevity on the leaf surface. OTC residue was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV (C18 reversed-phase column). In controlled conditions in darkness, constant temperatures up to 40°C did not affect OTC degradation on leaves. In contrast, OTC residue decreased rapidly in natural sunlight in the absence of rain, declining, on average, by 43.8, 77.8, and 92.1% within 1, 2, and 4 days after application, respectively; 7 days after application, OTC levels were near the detection limit. Use of shade fabric with 10 and 40% sunlight transmittance, simulating overcast sky, reduced OTC degradation significantly but did not extend OTC persistence beyond 7 days. Areas under the OTC residue curve, summarizing OTC dynamics during the 7-day exposure period, were negatively and significantly correlated with solar radiation and UV radiation variables, but not with temperature. UV protectants and Nu Film-17 were ineffective in improving OTC persistence in outdoor conditions. Simulated rain at 44 mm h −1 drastically (by 67.2%) lowered OTC residue after 2 min, and levels were near the detection limit after 60 min of continuous rain, regardless of whether plants were exposed to rainfall 1 or 24 h after OTC application. In artificial inoculation experiments with X. arboricola pv. pruni on attached peach leaves, OTC concentrations ≥50 ppm active ingredient (corresponding to ≥0.06 µg OTC cm −2 leaf surface) were sufficient to suppress bacterial spot development. By extrapolation from our outdoor exposure experiments, similar OTC residues following application of labeled OTC rates would be reached after less than 2 days under full sunlight, after 4 days under overcast sky, or after 2 min of a heavy rainstorm.
Speed estimation techniques in cellular systems: unified performance analysis

Estimation of the mobile speed, or equivalently, the maximum Doppler frequency, is of importance in a variety of applications in wireless mobile communications. In this paper, a unified framework for the performance analysis of several major speed estimation techniques is presented, which allows a fair comparison between all the methods, analytically. Interestingly, it is proved that all these methods are equivalent, asymptotically, i.e., for large observation intervals. In addition, we have derived closed-from expressions for the bias and variance of a recently proposed covariance-based method. We have also introduced a new estimator which relies on the average number of maxima of the inphase component, and have calculated its variance, analytically. Our extensive performance analysis, supported by Monte Carlo simulations, have revealed that depending on the channel conditions, one needs to use a crossing- or a covariance-based technique, to achieve the desired estimation accuracy over a large range of mobile speeds.
Interannual SST Variability in the Japan/East Sea and Relationship with Environmental Variables

Interannual variability of the Japan/East Sea (JES) sea surface temperature (SST) is investigated from the reconstructed NOAA/AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder best SST data (1985~2002) using the complex empirical function (CEOF) analysis. The iterative empirical function analysis is used for the SST data reconstruction. The first two leading CEOFs account for 86.0% of total variance with 66.4% for the first mode and 19.6% for the second mode. The first CEOF mode represents a standing oscillation and a maximum belt in the central JES. There are two near-7-year events and one 2~3-year event during the period of 1985~2002. The first mode oscillates by adjacent atmospheric systems such as the Aleutian Low, the North Pacific High, the Siberian High, and the East Asian jet stream. Positive correlation in a zonal belt between the first mode JES SST anomaly and the background surface air temperature/SST anomaly reveals intensive ocean-atmosphere interaction near the Polar Front in the North Pacific. The second CEOF mode represents two features: standing oscillation and propagating signal. The standing oscillation occurs in the northern (north of 44 °N) and southern (south of 39°N and west of 136°E) JES with around 180° phase differ- ence. A weak southwestward propagating signal is detected between the two regions. The eastward propagating signal is detected from the East Korean Bay to near 135 °E. The second mode contains 4~5-year periodicity before 1998 and 2~3-year periodicity thereafter. It is associated with the Arctic Oscillation, which leads it by 1~5-year. Furthermore, a strong correlation with the background surface air temperature/SST anomaly is detected in the tropical to subtropical western Pacific.
Fuel cell propulsion system for marine applications

A fuel cell propulsion system for a small ship is recommended. The paper reviews the ship's current power system and its limitations. The paper describes why fuel cells are a better option for ship propulsion and describes how fuel cells could be integrated into the ship. A discussion of different high power fuel cell modules and power conditioning systems for fuel cells is also presented.
Channel utilization efficiency and throughput of random-access multichannel CDMA systems with multiuser detection

All multiuser detection (MD) algorithms proposed so far are constrained by either complexity or implementation costs. This fact makes it impossible to apply these algorithms directly in a traditional single channel CDMA system to support a large number of simultaneous users. Multichannel CDMA (MCDMA) communication systems are considered to support a much larger population of simultaneous users than can be achieved by applying an MD algorithm directly to a traditional single channel CDMA system. Our system design makes it possible to apply the Verdu (1986) optimum MD algorithm or the suboptimal MD algorithms independently in each channel to improve system performance. The probability distribution function of the number of empty channels is found for a random-access (RA) MCDMA system using MD with finite channels and finite simultaneous users. It is shown that with a probability close to 1.0 that there is no empty channel in a RA/MCDMA system with MD. The throughput of RA/MCDMA systems with MD is studied. It is shown that when the average number /spl tau/ of simultaneous users in each channel is in the region of half or less than the maximum number K of users which the multiuser receiver can handle at the same time, perfect throughput can be achieved. When /spl tau/>K, the throughput drops gradually to zero. The maximum throughput and the throughput in the range of /spl tau/ near it is severely constrained by K.
Comparison between Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance and Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Glucose Clamps in Rhesus Monkeys

The euglycemic glucose clamp is the reference method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans and animals. However, clamps are ill-suited for large studies because of extensive requirements for cost, time, labor, and technical expertise. Simple surrogate indexes of insulin sensitivity/resistance including quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) have been developed and validated in humans. However, validation studies of QUICKI and HOMA in both rats and mice suggest that differences in metabolic physiology between rodents and humans limit their value in rodents. Rhesus monkeys are a species more similar to humans than rodents. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated data from 199 glucose clamp studies obtained from a large cohort of 86 monkeys with a broad range of insulin sensitivity. Data were used to evaluate simple surrogate indexes of insulin sensitivity/resistance (QUICKI, HOMA, Log HOMA, 1/HOMA, and 1/Fasting insulin) with respect to linear regression, predictive accuracy using a calibration model, and diagnostic performance using receiver operating characteristic. Most surrogates had modest linear correlations with SI(Clamp) (r ≈ 0.4-0.64) with comparable correlation coefficients. Predictive accuracy determined by calibration model analysis demonstrated better predictive accuracy of QUICKI than HOMA and Log HOMA. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed equivalent sensitivity and specificity of most surrogate indexes to detect insulin resistance. Thus, unlike in rodents but similar to humans, surrogate indexes of insulin sensitivity/resistance including QUICKI and log HOMA may be reasonable to use in large studies of rhesus monkeys where it may be impractical to conduct glucose clamp studies.