cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION OF AN EXTENSION OF ITEM SAMPLING WHICH YIELDS INDIVIDUAL SCORES1

The sampling procedures were designed so that the full matrix of item variances and covariances could be estimated. Three subtest sizes were investigatedsubtests of size five, nine and sixteen items. In each of these implementations a double cross validation was used yielding two predicted scores for each individual. Discrepancy measures were also computed showing the difference between the observed and the predicted scores. The prediction of individual scores was accomplished within various ranges of error. The correlations between predicted scores and observed scores ranged from the .70's to the .90's, depending on the number of predictor variables used. The procedure is applicable in situations in which large numbers of individuals are tested or in situations where multiple measures are taken. In Lord's (1960, 1962) alternative procedure to traditional testing, samples of individuals receive various samples of items. The data which are collected by this method are summarized so that various moments of the population distribution on all items may be estimated. On the basis of various samples taken, the test constructor makes inferences about the distribution of the trait in the population. There is no attempt to make inferences concerning the status of the trait in the individuals who took any of the samples of items. Although the responses of an individual to a sample of items may be a legitimate basis of inference for the individual's status on the trait, the lack of a common base of data for all individuals makes the scores noncomparable. The procedure is suggested as a means of obtaining group data without consuming great amounts of time from any individual in the sample. It assumes only that the items are considered random samples from some universe of items and that responses to an item do not depend upon the context in which the item is presented. The present study explored the possibility of using a quasi-item sampling model for data collection. This model was proposed not only to allow the estimation of the group mean and variance on the total test, i.e., measures provided in the item sampling model of norming a test, but also to provide a basis for the prediction of individual scores on the total test, i.e., measures provided in the examinee sampling model for norming a test.
Discordance between chest X-ray and gallium scan

A 50-year-old white homosexual male had a previous history of Legionnaire's disease in 1978, viral hepatitis in 1981, cytomegalovirus disease in August 1982. He was admitted for several weeks of fever, cough, malaise, and headache. PE and blood exams were unremarkable. Chest x-ray revealed clear lung fields (Fig 1). A gallium scan (Fig 2) was obtained that showed diffuse lung uptake, especially in the left posterior area. Transbronchial biopsy was done and revealed positive Pneumocystis carinii. Therapy with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was started. Subsequent chest radiographs were normal until 17 days later when the left lung base began to
Behavioral Activation as an Early Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Among Physically Injured Trauma Survivors

Abstract This paper describes an adaptation of behavioral activation (BA) for the early intervention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among physically injured survivors of traumatic injury, and presents pilot data on a small randomized effectiveness trial ( N = 8). The application of BA to PTSD is based on the theory that increases in guided activity may break patterns of avoidance that can maintain PTSD. Compared to treatment as usual (TAU), those who received BA showed improvement in PTSD symptom severity from pre- to posttreatment, and there was a trend for the BA group to score better than the TAU group on physical functioning. Contrary to expectation, this brief adaptation did not have an impact on depression. Implications of these results for the effective early intervention after trauma are discussed.
Protocalliphora braueri (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Induced Pathogenesis in a Brood of Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris) Young

Infestation with blow fly larvae (Protocalliphora (Trypocalliphora) braueri Hendel) was pathogenic to marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris) young. The mechanism of pathogenicity was Pseudomonas spp. infection of subdermal myiasis-induced lesions and subsequent sepsis. Neither internal organ involvement nor muscle destruction was seen on necropsy of fledglings. Multifocal hepatic necrosis was seen histologically and Pseudomonas sp. was isolated from myiasis sites, liver, and peritoneal cavities.
On Worpitzky-like theorems for a two-dimensional continued fraction

Using estimates for the remainders of a two-dimensional continued fraction, the relation for the difference between two approximants of such a fraction in terms of these remainders, and the majorant method, we have proposed generalizations of the Worpitzky convergence theorem. For fractions satisfying the conditions of generalized Worpitzky theorems, we have also obtained estimates for their convergence rate.
Effects of Pressure on Microgravity Hydrocarbon Diffusion Flames

The effect of pressure on the propane diffusion flames burning in quiescent air under both normal-gravity and microgravity conditions (in the NASA's 2.2-Second Drop Tower at the Lewis Research Center) were studied at pressures of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 atm, with three fuel mass-flow rates for each pressure. Compared to normal-gravity flames, the microgravity tests showed enhanced sooting, tip-opening, and soot escape, accompanied with changes in color, size, and luminosity of the flames. At low pressures, less-efficient burning and a broader flame zone was found to exist due to the kinetics effects, while at high pressures, where was more soot and longer soot-burning zones. Results show that there exist a particular intermediate pressure at which both the microgravity and normal-gravity flame heights are minimized.
Immunoneutralization of oxytocin attenuates stress-induced corticotropin secretion in the rat

Recent studies have demonstrated that oxytocin (OT) is released during certain stresses and that OT can potentiate the activity of CRF in vitro. To better define the role of OT during stress, the effect of injections of anti-OT antiserum on stress-induced corticotropin (ACTH) secretion was studied in vivo. A dose of antiserum which completely neutralized the increase in plasma OT levels during tail-hang stress caused a 59% decrease in plasma ACTH concentrations (P less than 0.005). The data support a physiologic role for OT in the regulation of ACTH secretion.
The Harris-Galante uncemented femoral component in primary total hip replacement at 10 years.

Eighty-eight primary femoral reconstructions in 80 patients were per- formed with the Harris-Galante uncemented femoral stem by 1 surgeon between March 1984 and December 1987. Seventy-seven femoral components in 72 patients were followed for an average 126 months or until femoral revisions. The average age at operation was 54 years (range, 30-70 years). Fifty-two patients were men, and 20 were women. The present article documents the incidence of femoral osteolysis and femoral revision in this series of this type of femoral component at an average of 10 years. Fifteen femoral components (15 of 77, 19%) were revised, 14 (14 of 77, 18%) for aseptic loosening, osteolysis, or fracture through osteolysis. The remaining 62 femoral components were functioning well (average Harris Hip Score 89 points), but 7 (11%) were loose, and 32 (52%) had femoral endosteal lysis. Overall, 19 (25%) were revised or loose, and 46 (46 of 77, 60%) had lysis. The high incidence of femoral lysis and aseptic loosening with this early design of uncemented femoral stem
Comparison of various models for strain‐softening

This paper presents a comparison of various models for strain‐softening due to damage such as cracking or void growth, as proposed recently in the literature. Continuum‐based models expressed in terms of softening stress—strain relations, and fracture‐type models expressed in terms of softening stress—displacement relations are distinguished. From one‐dimensional wave propagation calculations, it is shown that strain‐localization into regions of finite size cannot be achieved. The previously well‐documented spurious convergence is obtained with continuum models, while stress—displacement relations cannot model well smeared‐crack situations. Continuum models may, however, be used in general if a localization limiter is implemented. Gradient‐type localization limiters appear to be rather complicated; they require solving higher‐order differential equations of equilibrium with additional bourdary conditions. Non‐local localization limiters, especially the non‐local continuum with local strain, in which only the energy dissipating variables are non‐local, is found to be very effective, and also seems to be physically realistic. This formulation can correctly model the transition between homogeneous damage states and situations in which damage localizes into small regions that can be viewed as cracks. The size effect observed in the experimental and numerical response of specimens in tension or compression is shown to be a consequence of this progressive transition from continuum‐type to fracture‐type formulations.
A finite element thermo-viscoelastic creep approach for heterogeneous structures with dissipative correctors

Abstract A finite element approach is presented for three-dimensional thermo-viscoelastic macro analysis of polymer-matrix composite structures containing micro-level heterogeneities, a two-scale approach. Due to its ability to account for microstructural details, the asymptotic expansion homogenization approach is employed to first, obtain the homogenized properties for use in the macroscale problem, and second, to study the local micro-level stress distributions influenced by macro effects. The theoretical formulations are described and developed for a thermoviscoelastic solid whose time-dependent stress–strain relationship can be homogenized. Arising from homogenization of the constitutive equation in the time domain is a hereditary dissipative corrector term. The dissipative corrector is time-dependent and accounts for heterogeneous behavior across the junction of dissimilar materials at the microstructural level. The additional term is necessary for the governing constitutive equations to satisfy equilibrium at both length scales. The objectives of this paper are three-fold: (1) develop the micro and macro constitutive equations for a thermoviscoelastic Kelvin–Voight material; (2) develop a computational approach for the constitutive equations; and (3) demonstrate and verify illustrative applications using results from the theoretical developments in the literature wherever available for a viscoelastic homogeneous/heterogeneous material.
Space–time representation and analytics

This paper discusses philosophical and methodological considerations of space–time representation and analytics. Central to our premise is that how we conceptualize space and time has profound influence on the way in which we represent and analyse spatiotemporal data. Four approaches in space–time representation are discussed based on two sets of space–time dichotomies: absolutism versus relationalism and realism versus idealism. We elaborate on the philosophical inquiries related to the dichotomies and discuss approaches taken in GIScience research. Since most GIS studies to date align well with the absolutism–realism approach to space–time representation, we discuss examples that adopt absolutism–idealism, relationalism–realism, and relationalism–idealism approaches. We argue that multiple perspectives of space and time can bring rich insights into understanding geographic phenomena. All four approaches of space–time representation and ensuing analytical methods should be broadly explored in GIScience r...
Cohen–Lenstra heuristics and the Spiegelungssatz; function fields

Abstract In this paper, we study the compatibility of Cohen–Lenstra heuristics with Leopoldt's Spiegelungssatz (= the reflection theorem) in the case of cyclic function fields. First, we prove a group-theoretical version of the Spiegelungssatz for cyclic function fields. Then we show the internal consistency of the function field analogue of Cohen–Lenstra heuristics in the case of cyclic function fields. It thus supports the validity of Cohen–Lenstra heuristics in function fields.
Fast data manipulation in multiprocessors using parallel pipelined memories

Abstract We present a new approach to structured data movement in shared-memory multiprocessors using 1D and 2D interleaved memory organizations. We introduce the concept of the interleaved-read-modify-write (IRW) cycle for atomic vector access in shared memory. An on-the-fly index manipulation scheme provides the functionality of a switch network capable of realizing the generalized interconnections characterized by C. D. Thompson (Generalized connection networks for parallel processor interconnections. IEEE Trans. Comput. C-27, 12, Dec. 1978, 1119–1125). The effectiveness of this scheme is evaluated on two different multiprocessor organizations: a crossbar-connected multiprocessor with 1D memory interleaving and an orthogonal multiprocessor (OMP) with 2D memory interleaving, each with n processors and n 2 memory modules. With n 2 data elements and O ( n ) data buffers associated with each processor, the crossbar-connected multiprocessor is shown to be O ( n ) and O ( n 2 ) times slower than the OMP to realize permutations and generalized mappings, respectively. The OMP realizes any generalized mapping of n 2 data elements in at most five IRW steps and any permutation in at most three IRW steps. Using only n processors, this data movement capability of an OMP is comparable to that of a mesh-connected computer with n 2 processors. For certain classes of data movement, a reduction framework is presented to reduce multiple row and column operations of a mesh-connected computer into fewer equivalent row-column operations in an OMP. The proposed scheme demonstrates the potential for significant speedup in large-scale vector/matrix manipulations and in real-time image/signal processing on a shared-memory multiprocessor.
Managing Crisis in the Skills Industry: Closing the Aspiration-Pretension Gap through Privatization and Commercialization of Nigeria's University System (1986-2012)

Drawing on the human capital theory and the pretext and aspiration theory, this paper aims at disentangling and making explicit or visible the pretension wrapped up in the aspiration of the Nigerian state to build universities for national development. It was found that there was and continues to be an aspiration to build universities for creating a knowledge-based economy (KBE). But, simultaneously, there also was, and continues to be, a pretension in it as indicated in the unwillingness of the state to fund universities. To survive, universities have resorted to commercialize their services. To cope with the increasing demand for access to universities, the state too embarked on the privatization of universities. To realize its aspiration to build the KBE, the state was urged to banish its pretension, partner with the Academic Staff Union of Universities in reforming the university system, and widen its university funding sources.
Hamiltonian description of dipoles on the plane and sphere

Abstract Poisson bracket for dipoles of ideal 2D hydrodynamics reduces to Zakharov–Faddeev–Gardner bracket by introducing new variables: coordinates of the vorticity extrema and geodesical distances from the poles to the vorticity lines. The new Hamiltonian equations include the well-known two point-vortex system and a decoupled pair of monopoles as asymptotical cases.
Comparing Adjoint- and Ensemble-Sensitivity Analysis with Applications to Observation Targeting

Abstract The sensitivity of numerical weather forecasts to small changes in initial conditions is estimated using ensemble samples of analysis and forecast errors. Ensemble sensitivity is defined here by linear regression of analysis errors onto a given forecast metric. It is shown that ensemble sensitivity is proportional to the projection of the analysis-error covariance onto the adjoint-sensitivity field. Furthermore, the ensemble-sensitivity approach proposed here involves a small calculation that is easy to implement. Ensemble- and adjoint-based sensitivity fields are compared for a representative wintertime flow pattern near the west coast of North America for a 90-member ensemble of independent initial conditions derived from an ensemble Kalman filter. The forecast metric is taken for simplicity to be the 24-h forecast of sea level pressure at a single point in western Washington State. Results show that adjoint and ensemble sensitivities are very different in terms of location, scale, and magnitud...
An empirical study of the Cobb-Douglas production function properties of software development effort

In this paper we study whether software development effort exhibits Cobb-Douglas functional form with respect to team size and software size. We empirically test this relationship using real-world software engineering data set containing over 500 software projects. The results of our experiments indicate that the hypothesized Cobb-Douglas function form for software development effort with respect to team size and software size is true. We also find increasing returns to scale relationship between software size and team size with software development effort.
Analytic approximations of travelling wave solutions

A method based on differential inequalities and the maximum principle is developed to construct analytic approdimations of travelling wave solutions of certain reaction–diffusion equations arising in biology. The approximations are asymptotic in the sense that they converge to the unique travelling wave on the real line as the wave speed goes to infinity. The cases of density-independent and density-dependent diffusion coefficients are considered.
Gamma-irradiation of coumarins in a polystyrene matrix

Abstract Polystyrene samples doped with commercially available coumarin derivatives were prepared and tested as wavelength shifters for plastic scintillation applications. Radiation damage studies were performed utilizing a 60 Co source. Transmittance and light yield measurements were recorded before and after irradiation (100 kGy), and after annealing of the samples. All samples experienced losses in transmittance and light yield as a result of radiation-induced damage to the polymer and in some cases, the dopant. None of the coumarins examined in this study outperformed the commonly-used green wavelength shifter, K-27, after irradiation.
Limited sampling model for the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters in children.

Summary:A limited sampling model (LSM) is proposed for the first-time assessment of pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), Cmax, and T½) in children after a single oral dose of drug. Three drugs were evaluated in this study. The LSM was developed for each drug fro
Effect of breast-feeding on oral rhesus rotavirus vaccine seroconversion: a metaanalysis.

The effect of concomitant breast-feeding on seroconversion following oral administration of rhesus rotavirus vaccine (RRV, serotype 3, strain MMU 18006) at 10(4) pfu was analyzed. Three studies were included, all randomized, double-blind trials involving a single dose of RRV to infants aged 2-5 months. None received concomitant oral polio vaccine. Seroconversion was measured by microneutralization or tube neutralization assay. The results show that 42 (48%) of 88 (95% confidence interval, 37%-58%) breast-fed babies seroconverted compared with 62 (70%) of 88 (95% confidence interval, 61%-80%) bottle-fed babies (chi 2 = 9.35, P less than .005). Thus, there was a significant adverse effect of breast-feeding with respect to RRV vaccine seroconversion.
A computational model for nitric oxide, nitrite and nitrate biotransport in the microcirculation: Effect of reduced nitric oxide consumption by red blood cells and blood velocity

Abstract Bioavailability of vasoactive endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) in vasculature is a critical factor in regulation of many physiological processes. Consumption of NO by RBC plays a crucial role in maintaining NO bioavailability. Recently, Deonikar and Kavdia (2009b) reported an effective NO–RBC reaction rate constant of 0.2 × 105 M− 1 s− 1 that is ~ 7 times lower than the commonly used NO–RBC reaction rate constant of 1.4 × 105 M− 1 s− 1. To study the effect of lower NO–RBC reaction rate constant and nitrite and nitrate formation (products of NO metabolism in blood), we developed a 2D mathematical model of NO biotransport in 50 and 200 μm ID arterioles to calculate NO concentration in radial and axial directions in the vascular lumen and vascular wall of the arterioles. We also simulated the effect of blood velocity on NO distribution in the arterioles to determine whether NO can be transported to downstream locations in the arteriolar lumen. The results indicate that lowering the NO–RBC reaction rate constant increased the NO concentration in the vascular lumen as well as the vascular wall. Increasing the velocity also led to increase in NO concentration. We predict increased NO concentration gradient along the axial direction with an increase in the velocity. The predicted NO concentration was 281–1163 nM in the smooth muscle cell layer for 50 μm arteriole over the blood velocity range of 0.5–4 cm s− 1 for kNO–RBC of 0.2 × 105 M− 1 s− 1, which is much higher than the reported values from earlier mathematical modeling studies. The NO concentrations are similar to the experimentally measured vascular wall NO concentration range of 300–1000 nM in several different vascular beds. The results are significant from the perspective that the downstream transport of NO is possible under the right circumstances.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Robust and Versatile Route for Polymer Synthesis

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become an established synthetic methodology to prepare polymers of high molecular weights with narrow molecular weight distributions and living polymerization characteristics. This review is a conceptual overview of ATRP and the components of an ATRP system. Current approaches to reduce the transition metal concentration are then described including activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP. Finally, a recent polymerization approach, single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP), is described.
Microwave—optical multiple resonance and dynamic interconversion of configurations in excited molecular states

Abstract Optically detected electron double resonance studies of excited molecules have brought to light two new phenomena: multiple, interconverting types of paramagnetism and multiple, interconverting types of luminescence. The multiple properties are characteristics of a single molecular state. Their interconversion occurs freely at temperatures as low as 1.4°K.
The Ground Water Recharge and Pollution Potential of Dry Wells in Pima County, Arizona

This paper summarizes a study to estimate the potential for dry-well drainage of urban runoff to recharge and pollute ground water in Tucson, Arizona. We selected three candidate dry wells for study. At each site we collected samples of runoff, dry-well sediment, vadose-zone sediment, perched ground water, and ground water. Water content data from vadose-zone samples suggest that dry-well drainage has created a transmission zone for water movement at each site. Volatile organic compounds, while undetected in runoff samples, were present in dry-well sediment, perched ground water at one site, and ground water at two sites. The concentrations of volatile organics (toluene and ethylbenzene) in the water samples were less than the corresponding EPA human health criteria. Pesticides were detected only in runoff and dry-well sediment. Lead and chromium occurred in runoff samples at concentrations above drinking water standards. Nickel, chromium, and zinc concentrations were elevated in vadose-zone samples at the commercial site. Of the metals, only manganese, detected at the residential site, exceeded Secondary Drinking Water Standards in ground water. It is concluded that the three dry wells examined during this study are currently not a major source of ground water pollution.
Nonlocal entanglement of coherent states, complementarity, and quantum erasure

We describe a nonlocal method for generating entangled coherent states of a two-mode field wherein the field modes never meet. The proposed method is an extension of an earlier proposal [C. C. Gerry, Phys. Rev. A 59, 4095 (1999)] for the generation of superpositions of coherent states. A single photon injected into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with cross-Kerr media in both arms coupling with two external fields in coherent states produces entangled coherent states upon detection at one of the output ports. We point out that our proposal can be alternatively viewed as a ``which path'' experiment, and in the case of only one external field, we describe the implementation of a quantum eraser.
Antiphospholipid Antibody: Future Developments

In September 1991, an NIH workshop on molecular and biological aspects of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) identified questions for future studies: are the antibodies defined by the ELISA and by the lupus anticoagulant tests the same? Is aPL directly responsible for disease? What is the antigen? What drives the production of aPL? What is the role of β2-glycoprotein I? What accounts for patient heterogeneity? Can a satisfactory animal model be developed? The NIH workshop did not address important clinical questions, including those of pathogenesis and treatment.In 1994 many of these questions have at least partial answers. β2-glycoprotein I appears to be an obligatory component of the antigen, abnonnal coagulation is the probable central pathogenic event and animal models now exist. There are still critical unknowns that define a future research agenda: the genetics of the aPL syndrome, the relationship of aPL to SLE and mechanisms of pathogenesis (including why clotting is episodic and what is the cellul...
Unconventional functions of microtubule motors

Abstract With the functional characterization of proteins advancing at fast pace, the notion that one protein performs different functions – often with no relation to each other – emerges as a novel principle of how cells work. Molecular motors are no exception to this new development. Here, we provide an account on recent findings revealing that microtubule motors are multifunctional proteins that regulate many cellular processes, in addition to their main function in transport. Some of these functions rely on their motor activity, but others are independent of it. Of the first category, we focus on the role of microtubule motors in organelle biogenesis, and in the remodeling of the cytoskeleton, especially through the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Of the second category, we discuss the function of microtubule motors as static anchors of the cargo at the destination, and their participation in regulating signaling cascades by modulating interactions between signaling proteins, including transcription factors. We also review atypical forms of transport, such as the cytoplasmic streaming in the oocyte, and the movement of cargo by microtubule fluctuations. Our goal is to provide an overview of these unexpected functions of microtubule motors, and to incite future research in this expanding field.
The availability and use of publicly funded family planning clinics: U.S. trends, 1994-2001.

Context: It is important to monitor trends among publicly funded family planning clinics to determine where clinics are successfully meeting the contraceptive service needs of low-income women and where more effort is needed. Methods: Service data for all U.S. agencies and clinics providing subsidized family planning services were collected for 001 and compared with similar data collected for 1997 and 1994. Trends reflecting clinic structure and capacity were analyzed at the national and state levels. Client numbers were compared with numbers of women needing publicly funded contraceptive services to create a measure of met need for states and groups of states according to Medicaid family planning waiver status. Results: In 2001 some 7683 public funded family planning clinics provided contraceptive services to 6.7 million women-- representing an 8% rise in clinics and a 2% increase in clients since 1995. Change varied by type of provider and clinic location. Health departments and Planned Parenthood affiliates served more clients at fewer sites; community health centers served fewer clients at more sites. One-third of states experienced growth in clinic capacity with 5-65% increases in met need. In another third of states met need declined by 5% or more. States with income- based Medicaid family planning waivers served 24% more clients with met need increasingly from 40% to 50%. Conclusions: Among states there has been tremendous variation in the ability of publicly funded family planning clinics to serve women. Implementation of income-based Medicaid family planning waivers in some state was associated with clinics serving greater numbers of women. Further efforts are needed to ensure access to family planning services for low- income women in every state. (authors)
Coupling operators, wedderburn-forney spaces, and generalized inverses

Abstract The pole-zero structure of a transfer function has been analyzed by two distinct approaches: module-theoretic (coordinate-free) and analytic (basis-dependent). The former (the Wyman-Sain-Conte-Perdon school) emphasizes pole modules, zero modules, exact sequences of maps, and abstract realization theory; applications developed include the model-matching problem, zero structure of one-sided inverses, and connections with geometric systems theory. The latter (the Gohberg school) works with pole chains, zero chains, matrix equations, and concrete factorization theory (minimal, Wiener-Hopf, inner-outer) and interpolation (zero-pole, Lagrange- Sylvester, Nevanlinna-Pick). In this paper we make explicit the connection between the two approaches. In particular, we describe the zero-pole exact sequence of a transfer function without a pole or zero at infinity in the coordinate system provided by a global left null-pole triple. An important tool for us, and an object of interest in its own right, is a generalized inverse G× of a transfer function G. We relate the poles of G× with the zeros of G. We also show that if the pole module of G× is isomorphic to the zero module of G, then left (right) pole pairs of G× are left (right) null pairs of G.
Skin circulation of the frog, Rana catesbeiana: Distribution and dynamics

Abstract The volume and distribution of blood flow to the skin of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana , from both the pulmocutaneous and systemic arterial sources were measured. Radioactively labelled microspheres (35 ± 5 μm) were used to map the regional distribution of each of these sources and to measure the systemic flow to the skin during air breathing and diving. Cutaneous artery blood flow was measured with an ultrasonic (Doppler) flowmeter. The systemic supply to the skin perfuses predominantly the limbs, while the largest cutaneous artery supply is to the back and flanks of the animal. All regions received from both sources. The cutaneous artery blood flow decreased during diving to approximately one-third of the pre-dive level. This decrease, however, was offset by an approximately equivalent increase in systemic blood flow to the skin during diving. These data should reconcile the decrease in pulmocutaneous blood flow and the important function of the skin as a gas exchanger during driving.
Dynamic modeling of radiation belt electrons by radial diffusion simulation for a 2 month interval following the 24 March 1991 storm injection

[1] Diffusive radial transport of radiation belt electrons with variable outer boundary is computed using Brautigam and Albert (2000) diffusion coefficients parameterized by Kp, modeling power level at ULF wave frequencies in the range of MeV electron drift periods. We analyzed radial diffusion during a relatively quiet 2 month interval following the 24 March 1991, prompt injection to form a new radiation belt at L* = 2.5. The radial diffusion calculation is initialized with a computed phase space density (PSD) profile using differential flux values from the CRRES HEEF instrument, covering 0.65–7.5 MeV. The outer boundary phase space density is updated using Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) GEO satellite fluxes, changing the ratio of PSD relative to a quiet day by assuming the outer boundary is changing proportional to the flux at a LANL GEO satellite. The location of the plasmapause Lp* is computed using a Kp-dependent formula separating different loss rates inside and outside the plasmapause. A series of simulations for different values of the first invariant is performed for this 2 month period. The flux is then interpolated to find electron flux at a fixed energy, 1 MeV, in order to compare with the CRRES satellite 1 MeV flux. Radial diffusion appears to be the dominant mechanism for this 2 month interval, which contains moderate storms (∣Dst∣ ≲ 100). Modulation of fluxes measured by CRRES compare well with simulations of the outer zone flux peak at L* = 3–4 for moderate high-speed stream-driven storms, along with persistence and slow decay of the new population of electrons injected on 24 March 1991, into L* = 2.5. The strongest storm of the 2 month interval (Dst = −105 nT) produced a flux dropout, which is not well-captured by the model, suggesting that improvements to the Kp-parameterized loss model are needed for larger storms.
Normed linear relations: domain decomposability, adjoint subspaces, and selections

Abstract This paper is a study of normed linear relations with emphasis on results and properties that do not necessarily hold, or have no counterparts, for arbitrary normed convex processes. Sufficient conditions are given under which the norm of a linear relation M is equal to the norm of some operator part (i.e., a single-valued linear selection) of M . Generalizations of the closed-graph theorem and the open-mapping principle for linear relations are established in terms of linear selections. The norm of the adjoint subspace of a closed linear relation M is shown to be equal to the norm of M without any restrictions on the domain of M . The rich structure of normed linear relations is uncovered via four fundamental concepts and tools: algebraic, topological, and proximinal operator parts, and the adjoint subspace of a linear relation. Notions of algebraic, topological, and orthogonal domain decomposability of linear relations in Banach spaces are studied, and the relationships between these notions of domain decomposability and the corresponding notions of operator parts are determined.
Classification of paleosols

Despite increased interest in paleosols during the past decade, no satisfactory classification is in current use. Presented here is a largely descriptive classification system that utilizes those pedogenic features that have the highest preservation potential in the rock record. Emphasized in the classification are morphological and mineralogical features that are easily recognizable in the field and through the petrographic microscope. The classification is based on evaluation of the relative prominence in a paleosol of six pedogenic features or processes: organic matter content, horizonation, redox conditions, in situ mineral alteration, illuviation of insoluble minerals/compounds, and accumulation of soluble minerals. The most prominent of these six features/processes provides the key to classifying a paleosol into one of nine orders. Four of the order names are borrowed from Soil Taxonomy (Histosol, Spodosol, Oxisol, Vertisol), whereas the other five order names are presented here for the first time (Calcisol, Gypsisol, Gleysol, Argillisol, Protosol). The orders may be preceded by one or more subordinate modifiers that describe other important features of the paleosol. The classification is relatively easy to apply to the rock record and should enhance communication and aid in the standardization of terminology
Apis cerana swarms abscond to battle and elude hornets (Vespa spp.) in northern Thailand

SummaryIn September-October, 2009, many Apis cerana swarms appeared in a mango orchard along the Pai River. Swarms were under attack by the hornets Vespa velutina and Vespa tropica. Bees employed previously documented defensive behaviours such as protean flight, “shaking” and “heat balling.” Also, swarms formed downward aerial extensions (“tails”), and extensions along their substrates (“arms”). They performed short, saltatory flights which effectively shed hornets. Relieved of their predators, they took longer flights out of the study area. Flights were either: 1. short (0–50 m), mostly hornet-provoked, without preceding dances; 2. somewhat longer (0–146 m), mostly hornet-provoked, preceded by short waggle dances; or 3. long, largely unprovoked, preceded by long waggle dances. The next year only one swarm appeared from mid-August to mid-November. Hornets were absent despite the presence of attractive Apis dorsata bivouacs. These observations supported the hypothesis that swarms abscond to elude hornets i...
Agrarian socialism and the Negro in Oklahoma, 1900–1918

(1970). Agrarian socialism and the Negro in Oklahoma, 1900–1918. Labor History: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 277-284.
Crisis and conservation in Sagarmatha national park, Nepal

Abstract A widely held perception of acute environmental crisis in Khumbu, Nepal, led Western‐trained resource managers to join His Majesty's Government in the planning, establishment, and ongoing management of Sagarmatha National Park. An underlying sense of urgency led the park's planners to the hasty imposition of imported conservation ideology and techniques. Park planning and management was based on Western models and predicated on an apparently erroneous assessment of the nature, degree, and pace of environmental deterioration in the high Himalaya. National Park management initially failed to address actual environmental problems and undermined indigenous resource management practices.
Live Attenuated Mutants of Francisella tularensis Protect Rabbits against Aerosol Challenge with a Virulent Type A Strain

Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of tularemia. No licensed vaccine is currently available for protection against tularemia, although an attenuated strain, dubbed the live vaccine strain (LVS), is given to at-risk laboratory personnel as an investigational new drug (IND). In an effort to develop a vaccine that offers better protection, recombinant attenuated derivatives of a virulent type A strain, SCHU S4, were evaluated in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Rabbits vaccinated via scarification with the three attenuated derivatives (SCHU S4 ΔguaBA, ΔaroD, and ΔfipB strains) or with LVS developed a mild fever, but no weight loss was detected. Twenty-one days after vaccination, all vaccinated rabbits were seropositive for IgG to F. tularensis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty days after vaccination, all rabbits were challenged with aerosolized SCHU S4 at doses ranging from 50 to 500 50% lethal doses (LD50). All rabbits developed fevers and weight loss after challenge, but the severity was greater for mock-vaccinated rabbits. The ΔguaBA and ΔaroD SCHU S4 derivatives provided partial protection against death (27 to 36%) and a prolonged time to death compared to results for the mock-vaccinated group. In contrast, LVS and the ΔfipB strain both prolonged the time to death, but there were no survivors from the challenge. This is the first demonstration of vaccine efficacy against aerosol challenge with virulent type A F. tularensis in a species other than a rodent since the original work with LVS in the 1960s. The ΔguaBA and ΔaroD SCHU S4 derivatives warrant further evaluation and consideration as potential vaccines for tularemia and for identification of immunological correlates of protection.
Solvent effects on the hydrodeoxygenation of propanoic acid over Pd(111) model surfaces

The effects of liquid water, n-octane, and n-butanol on the hydrodeoxygenation of propanoic acid over Pd(111) model surfaces have been studied from first principles. We developed a microkinetic model for the hydrodeoxygenation and studied the reaction mechanism at a temperature of 473 K. Our model predicts that for all reaction media, decarbonylation pathways are favored over decarboxylation pathways. However, in the presence of polar solvents like water, decarboxylation routes become competitive with decarbonylation routes. The activity of the Pd surface varies as a function of the environment as follows: water > n-butanol > octane ≈ gas phase. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of our models suggests that both C–OH and C–H bond cleavages control the overall rate of the catalyst in all environments and are likely to be activity descriptors for the hydrodeoxygenation of organic acids.
Feature prominence-based weighting scheme for video tracking

This paper introduces a new mechanism called Feature Prominence to combine evidence from multiple feature operators for more reliable target detection and localization during video tracking. Feature prominence is measured using the statistical p-value estimated from a non-parametric local kernel density estimate of the a posteriori feature distribution. More prominent features have lower p-values and this ordering can be used to either discard low prominence features (high p-values) or reduce their weight during the feature fusion process to produce a more reliable fused feature likelihood map for locating the target at a subsequent time during tracking. The proposed feature fusion method is embedded within a test-bed tracking system. Detection and tracking performance of feature prominence as well as three other fusion methods are evaluated using the peak-recall and distance accuracy measures. Experimental results show that feature prominence outperforms these other feature fusion methods.
Interaction between dynamics and thermodynamics during tropical cyclogenesis

Abstract. Observational data of tropical disturbances are analyzed in order to investigate tropical cyclogenesis. Data from 37 cases observed during three field campaigns are used to investigate possible correlations between various dynamic and thermodynamic variables. The results show that a strong mid-level vortex is necessary to promote spin up of the low-level vortex in a tropical cyclone. This paper presents a theory on the mechanism of this process. The mid-level vortex creates a thermodynamic environment conducive to convection with a more bottom-heavy mass flux profile that exhibits a strong positive vertical gradient in a shallow layer near the surface. Mass continuity then implies that the strongest horizontal mass and vorticity convergence occurs near the surface. This results in low-level vortex intensification. For two of the disturbances that were observed during several consecutive days, evolution of the dynamics and thermodynamics is documented. One of these disturbances, Karl, was observed in the period before it intensified into a tropical storm; the other one, Gaston, was observed after it unexpectedly decayed from a tropical storm to a tropical disturbance. A hypothesis on its decay is presented.
ERP Investments and the Market Value of Firms: Toward an Understanding of Influential ERP Project Variables

This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the value of enterprise resource planning (ERP) investments at the firm level. Using an organization integration lens that takes into account investments in complementary resources as well as an options thinking logic about the value of an ERP platform, we argue that not all ERP purchases have the same potential impact at the firm level due to ERP project decisions made at the time of purchase. Based on a sample of 116 investment announcements in United Statesbased firms between 1997 and 2001, we find support for our hypotheses that ERP projects with greater functional scope (two or more value-chain modules) or greater physical scope (multiple sites) result in positive, higher shareholder returns. Furthermore, the highest increases in returns (3.29) are found for ERP purchases with greater functional scope and greater physical scope; negative returns are found for projects with lesser functional scope and lesser physical scope. These findings provide empirical support for prior theory about the organizational integration benefits of ERP systems, the contribution of complementary resource investments to the business value of IT investments, and the growth options associated with IT platform investments. The article concludes with implications of our firm-level findings for this first wave of enterprise systems.
An overview of solid organ transplantation.

Once a medical curiosity, solid organ transplantation is now a common place occurrence, with more than 27,000 procedures performed in the United States in 2004 alone. This article offers an overview of the various solid organ transplant procedures to provide a context within which subsequent articles on pulmonary complications can be viewed.
The producer welfare effects of trade liberalization when goods are perishable and habit-forming: the case of asparagus

Asparagus is a perishable, highly seasonal crop. We find that out-of-season imports of asparagus caused habit formation that increased demand in the U.S. growing seasons. We find that habit effects offset about 64% of the welfare losses to U.S. asparagus producers from increased Mexican imports under NAFTA and all of the U.S. producer welfare losses from increased Peruvian imports under the Andean Trade Preference Act. We estimate that the U.S. producer welfare losses from NAFTA are less than the annualized value of market loss assistance provided them in the 2008 Farm Bill. JEL classifications: D12, F130, Q17, Q18
Hybrid dynamic data race detection

We present a new method for dynamically detecting potential data races in multithreaded programs. Our method improves on the state of the art in accuracy, in usability, and in overhead. We improve accuracy by combining two previously known race detection techniques -- lockset-based detection and happens-before-based detection -- to obtain fewer false positives than lockset-based detection alone. We enhance usability by reporting more information about detected races than any previous dynamic detector. We reduce overhead compared to previous detectors -- particularly for large applications such as Web application servers -- by not relying on happens-before detection alone, by introducing a new optimization to discard redundant information, and by using a "two phase" approach to identify error-prone program points and then focus instrumentation on those points. We justify our claims by presenting the results of applying our tool to a range of Java programs, including the widely-used Web application servers Resin and Apache Tomcat. Our paper also presents a formalization of locksetbased and happens-before-based approaches in a common framework, allowing us to prove a "folk theorem" that happens-before detection reports fewer false positives than lockset-based detection (but can report more false negatives), and to prove that two key optimizations are correct.
Diffraction-limited impulse response image reconstruction with a single imaging pixel

In this paper, we will discuss two techniques to reconstruct diffraction-limited impulse response images by sub-pixel shifting the photodetector array and measuring the signal from a specific large area photodetector pixel.