cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Miracles of love : The use of metaphor in egg donor ads

In recent years, the appearance of egg donor advertisements in American college newspapers, sometimes offering five- and six-figure fees to ‘genetically gifted’ donors, has given rise to critical comment on both sides of the Atlantic, and has caused some to fear that the use of these procedures will eventually result in the creation of ‘designer babies’ with preselected genetic qualities. Whether such fears will be realized depends, to a great extent, upon how both the participants themselves and society as a whole come to view and understand these procedures. This article explores emerging images of assisted reproduction through an analysis of the use of metaphor in egg donor ads that appeared in the student newspaper of the University of California, Los Angeles. I argue that the attitudes displayed in these ads result from a mapping of existing cultural stereotypes associated with biological parenthood, including the role of childbearing in marriage and ‘coupledom’, onto the assisted-reproduction process, and that these metaphors are used precisely because they construct this cultural model and adapt it to the new reality of the assisted-conception experience.
Relationship between Viable Bacteria and Air Pollutants in an Urban Atmosphere

Significant correlations were found between the concentration of viable airborne bacteria and the concentration of CO (−0.61) and hydrocarbons (+0.51) in measurements made in Cincinnati during the summer of 1969. No statistically significant correlations were found between bacteria concentration and temperature, relative humidity, or the concentration of total suspended particulate matter, NO, NO2, SO2) and oxidants. Partial correlation analysis where temperature and humidity were held constant, however, revealed significant correlations between bacteria concentration and the concentrations of NO (+0.45), NO2 (+0.62), SO2 (−0.76), hydrocarbons (+0.57), and CO (−0.54). Bacterial size expressed as the mass median diameter (7.6 μm average) was significantly correlated with relative humidity (−0.71)) and CO concentration (−0.60).
Cyclic cryopreservation affects the nanoscale material properties of trabecular bone.

Tissues such as bone are often stored via freezing, or cryopreservation. During an experimental protocol, bone may be frozen and thawed a number of times. For whole bone, the mechanical properties (strength and modulus) do not significantly change throughout five freeze-thaw cycles. Material properties at the trabecular and lamellar scales are distinct from whole bone properties, thus the impact of freeze-thaw cycling at this scale is unknown. To address this, the effect of repeated freezing on viscoelastic material properties of trabecular bone was quantified via dynamic nanoindentation. Vertebrae from five cervine spines (1.5-year-old, male) were semi-randomly assigned, three-to-a-cycle, to 0–10 freeze-thaw cycles. After freeze-thaw cycling, the vertebrae were dissected, prepared and tested. ANOVA (factors cycle, frequency, and donor) on storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent, were conducted. Results revealed significant changes between cycles for all material properties for most cycles, no significant difference across most of the dynamic range, and significant differences between some donors. Regression analysis showed a moderate positive correlation between cycles and material property for loss modulus and loss tangent, and weak negative correlation for storage modulus, all correlations were significant. These results indicate that not only is elasticity unpredictably altered, but also that damping and viscoelasticity tend to increase with additional freeze-thaw cycling.
Obstructive hydrocephalus and progressive psychosis: rare presentations of neurosarcoidosis.

Abstract Background Neurosarcoidosis presents with meningitis, cranial nerve involvement, and parenchymal masses. Usually, abnormal MR enhancement and/or structural lesion(s) are present. Communicating hydrocephalus arises from meningeal arachnoid granulation involvement. Reported cases of obstructive hydrocephalus have all involved obstructing ventricular lesions. Case Description A 40-year-old African American man presented with papilledema, diplopia, and headache. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed “aqueductal stenosis” without abnormal enhancement or obstructive lesion. Although symptoms resolved with shunting, he soon developed progressive psychotic symptoms. Serial MR scans remained free of abnormal enhancement or structural mass lesion(s) but revealed long repetition time and proton density signal changes within the medial temporal lobe structures and deep white matter that remained stable over 8 months despite clinical progression. Serial CSF studies were nondiagnostic. Open temporal lobe brain and meningeal biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas within the parenchyma and meninges consistent with sarcoid. Total-body computed tomography scans ruled out systemic sarcoid. The patient steadily improved on steroid therapy. Conclusion Neurosarcoid psychiatric symptoms are usually associated with diffuse meningeal enhancement from meningitis. Our case reveals that absence of abnormal enhancement or structural mass lesion on MR and normal CSF ACE levels do not rule out neurosarcoid. Based on a patent cerebral aqueduct and the T2 MR and pathology findings, we postulate that altered brain tissue compliance with impairment of normal pulsatile augmentation of aqueduct CSF flow was the likely cause of obstructive hydrocephalus. This represents a very rare psychiatric presentation and reports a new potential mechanism for the development of hydrocephalus with neurosarcoid.
Metal Organic Resin Derived Barium Titanate: I, Formation of Barium Titanium Oxycarbonate Intermediate

Crystallization of BaTiO[sub 3] from an X-ray amorphous, metal organic precursor was investigated by comparing samples heated in O[sub 2], air, argon, and CO[sub 2]. It is evident that an intermediate barium titanium oxycarbonate phase forms between 500 and 620C and that BaTiO[sub 3] forms directly by the endothermic decomposition of this phase between 635 and 700C. From thermodynamic calculations, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, it is concluded that the intermediate oxycarbonate is a highly disordered, metastable, and weakly crystalline phase with a stoichiometry close to Ba[sub 2]Ti[sub 2]O[sub 5]Co[sub 3].
Data curation profiles as a means to explore managing, sharing, disseminating or preserving digital outcomes

While the concept of a digital archive is familiar to almost everyone, it may be less understood how to identify digital outcomes as candidates for archiving. The Data Curation Profiles Toolkit is an instrument designed to interview data producers about their data, what they are doing with it and what they would like to do with it. Currently used primarily in the realm of academic scientific research, the Toolkit is agnostic to discipline and could be used to interview anyone who creates and/or produces digital outputs that may be managed, shared, disseminated or preserved. An example looking at dance, its digital outputs and artist expectations is discussed.
Inverse velocity and acceleration solutions of serial robot arm subassemblies using the canonical coordinate system

The Taylor series expansion of a rigid body with three de grees of freedom is used to define and locate the canonical coordinate system for the arm subassembly of a six-axis robot with a spherical wrist. The canonical coordinate system yields the canonical form of the instantaneous kinematic equations of motion of the terminal link and the canonical form of the Jacobian matrix for the arm subassembly. This form of the Jacobian matrix gives the canonical inverse ve locity and acceleration solutions of the arm subassembly. As examples, the canonical inverse velocity and acceleration solutions of the spherical arm subassembly and the articu lated arm subassembly are presented in the paper. A numeri cal example of the articulated arm subassembly is also in cluded.
Flux tube zero-point motion, hadronic charge radii, and hybrid meson production cross sections

Flux tube zero-point motion produces quark displacements transverse to the flux tube which make significant contributions to hadronic charge radii. In heavy quark systems, these contributions can be related by Bjorken's sum rule to the rates for semileptonic decay to hybrid mesons. This connection can be generalized to other leptoproduction processes, where transverse contributions to elastic form factor slopes are related to the cross sections for the production of the associated hybrid states. The author identifies the flux tube overlap integral responsible for these effects as the strong QCD analogue of the Sudakov form factor of perturbative QCD.
The Quad-Path Hardening Technique for Switched-Capacitor Circuits

A novel “quad-path” radiation hardening technique is implemented in a switched-capacitor sample/hold amplifier and validated by laser testing. The proposed technique eliminates the signal-range limitations of the original dual-path hardening technique by using both n- and p-type switches with separate dual and complementary signal paths. Single-event effect sample errors are reduced by up to 90%, with minimal speed, power and area penalties.
Polarographic analysis of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds

Abstract A correlation between the reduction potential of heterocyclic compounds and their effectiveness as radiosensitizing agents in cancer therapy has been reported in the literature. This correlation provides a guide for evaluating the effectiveness of newly synthesized compounds as radiosensitizers. The half-wave reduction potential ( E 1/2 ) of selected nitroimidazoles, nitrotriazoles and heterocyclic amine N-oxides was measured at a dropping mercury electrode in a Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 7.4. The effect of various substituent groups on the half-wave reduction potential of the heterocyclic compounds was investigated and the results are compared with published data. A single reduction wave was observed with the nitroimidiazoles and nitrotriazoles, whereas multiple reduction waves were conserved with several of the N-oxides of pyridine, quinoxaline and phenazine. When electron-attracting substituents were attached to the heterocyclic ring on nitroimidazole and nitrotriazole, the reduction of the nitro group was easier and E 1/2 shifted in the positive direction relative to that of the parent compound.
A 3-D Stochastic FDTD Model of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Ionosphere Plasma

A stochastic finite-difference time-domain (S-FDTD) algorithm is presented for electromagnetic-wave propagation in anisotropic magnetized plasma. This new algorithm efficiently calculates in a single simulation not only the mean electromagnetic field values, but also their variance as caused by the variability or uncertainty of the electron and ion content of the ionosphere. The structure of the ionosphere is often too variable and uncertain for electromagnetic-wave propagation problems to be solved using a deterministic formulation, particularly during space weather events. For these cases, the S-FDTD ionospheric plasma algorithm will serve as an important tool. For example, it could be used to determine the confidence level at which a communications or remote sensing or radar system will operate as expected under abnormal ionospheric conditions.
Hollywood Films on British Screens: An Analysis of the Functions of American Popular Culture Abroad

by law. American television programs make up 14 per cent of commercial television's weekly schedule, also the legal maximum, although a number of other programs are based on American formats and occasionally even on American scripts. The sale of American popular music is not restricted, and a majority of the ten top selling records has usually been American. Why should American popular culture be able to lure societies away from their own entertainment? What enables it to induce acculturation in countries whose people have little or no personal contact with Americans? The answers to these questions were sought in a study begun in England during the summer of 1957.1 England was chosen because of the absence of language barriers; only there can audiences of all educational levels choose
Effects of scopolamine on smell discrimination in the rat

Earlier work suggested that scopolamine might cause a blockade of olfactory perception. Rats were trained to perform a smell-discrimination and head-poke response for food reinforcement. Following treatment with saline or scopolamine (SCO), rats were retested on these two tasks as well as on passive avoidance. Scopolamine significantly impaired passive avoidance and head-poke responding. Scopolamine also caused a delay in the onset of discrimination performance. There was a significant disruption of smell discrimination on early trials, during which SCO rats failed to execute choices, whether correct or incorrect. However, when SCO rats began to execute choices, their choices were correct. They showed a significant improvement over trials and maintained near-perfect discrimination on the second half of the test. The results of the smell-discrimination test indicate that scopolamine did not cause a complete blockade of olfactory perception. The results of the head-poke test suggest that scopolamine might increase vibrissae sensitivity.
The Role of Hypnotizability Assessment in Treatment

Disparate opinions about the importance of the assessment of hypnotizability reflect very different ideas about what hypnosis is, the relevance of hypnotizability to psychotherapy and treatment outcome, and the importance of gathering scientific data to document treatment effectiveness and the presence of hypnotic effects. In this article, we argue that in recent years important developments have occurred in the conceptualization, assessment, and technical aspects of hypnotic intervention that imply that clinicians who eschew the use of hypnotizability assessment ought to reconsider their position. In making this argument, we will discuss reasons for assessing hypnotizability, the relation between hypnotizability and treatment outcome, and practical considerations in the assessment of hypnotizability.
Sézary syndrome with a 14:14 (q12:q31) translocation.

The Sezary syndrome was diagnosed in a 71-year-old black woman with erythroderma, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. The laboratory data revealed a white blood cell count of 65,000 mm3 with 81% lymphocytes, the majority having an indented or a cerebriform nucleus. The skin biopsy, the lymph node biopsy and immunologic surface marker studies confirmed the diagnosis of Sezary syndrome. The cytogenetic studies of the bone marrow and the peripheral blood revealed a (14:14) (q12:q31) translocation present, consistently in majority of the lymphocytes. This translocation is considered characteristic of ataxia-telangiectasia and, to our knowledge, has not been previously described in Sezary syndrome.
DNA binding by Ru(II)-bis(bipyridine)-pteridinyl complexes.

The interactions of five bis(bipyridyl) Ru(II) complexes of pteridinyl-phenanthroline ligands with calf thymus DNA have been studied. The pteridinyl extensions were selected to provide hydrogen-bonding patterns complementary to the purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA and RNA. The study includes three new complexes [Ru(bpy)2(L-pterin)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(L-amino)]2+, and [Ru(bpy)2(L-diamino)]2+ (bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine and L-pterin, L-amino, and L-diamino are phenanthroline fused to pterin, 4-aminopteridine, and 2,4-diaminopteridine), two previously reported complexes [Ru(bpy)2(L-allox)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(L-Me2allox)]2+ (L-allox and L-Me2allox are phenanthroline fused to alloxazine and 1,3-dimethyalloxazine), the well-known DNA intercalator [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ (dppz is dipyridophenazine), and the negative control [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Reported are the syntheses of the three new Ru–pteridinyl complexes and the results of calf thymus DNA binding experiments as probed by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, viscometry, and thermal denaturation titrations. All Ru–pteridine complexes bind to DNA via an intercalative mode of comparable strength. Two of these four complexes—[Ru(bpy)2(L-pterin)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(L-allox)]2+—exhibit biphasic DNA melting curves interpreted as reflecting exceptionally stable surface binding. Three new complexes—[Ru(bpy)2(L-diamino)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(L-amino)]2 and [Ru(bpy)2(L-pterin)]2+—behave as DNA molecular “light switches.”
Automation of factor-jump thermogravimetry for active computer control

Abstract A scheme of automation of a thermogravimetry apparatus is described which was developed with the factor-jump method in mind. Temperature, pressure and flow rates of two gases are controlled; all components except the furnace are commercially available. This paper describes the details of the automation scheme and provides data on the quality of its performance. The scheme includes a mini-computer; if no feedback is required, a recording computer terminal can be used instead.
Magnetoelectrodynamics at high frequencies in the antiferromagnetic and superconducting states of DyNi 2 B 2 C

We report the observation of novel behaviour in the radio frequency (rf) and microwave response of DyNi_2B_2C over a wide range of temperature (T) and magnetic field (H) in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) and superconducting (SC) states. At microwave frequencies of 10 GHz, the T dependence of the surface impedance Z_s=R_s+iX_s was measured which yields the T dependence of the complex conductivity \sigma_1-i\sigma_2 in the SC and AFM states. At radio frequencies (4 MHz), the H and T dependence of the penetration depth \lambda(T,H) were measured. The establishment of antiferromagnetic order at T_N=10.3 K results in a marked decrease in the scattering of charge carriers, leading to sharp decreases in R_s and X_s. However, R_s and X_s differ from each other in the AFM state. We show that the results are consistent with conductivity relaxation whence the scattering rate becomes comparable to the microwave frequency. The rf measurements yield a rich dependence of the scattering on the magnetic field near and below T_N. Anomalous decrease of scattering at moderate applied fields is observed at temperatures near and above T_N, and arises due to a crossover from a negative magnetoresistance state, possibly associated with a loss of spin disorder scattering at low fields, to a positive magnetoresistance state associated with the metallic nature. The normal state magnetoresistance is positive at all temperatures for \mu_0H>2T and at all fields for T>15K. Several characteristic field and temperature scales associated with metamagnetic transitions (H_M1(T), H_M2(T)) and onset of spin disorder H_D(T), in addition to T_c, T_N and H_c2(T) are observed in the rf measurements.
Flux oscillations generated by vibration of iron at 22 kHz

Abstract An EMF was observed with a coil surrounding specimens of iron vibrating in longitudinal resonance at 22.5 kHz, with no applied field other than the earth's. For amplitudes within the range of validity of the Rayleigh law, the signal varies as the 3 2 power of the strain amplitude but is a good sinusoid in time. This form is very reproducible, but the amplitude depends on the magnetic state. At higher amplitudes, in the super-Rayleigh region, the nature of the signal changes greatly in both amplitude dependence and frequency content, and also produces changes in the signals at lower amplitude, changes that depend on the time at high amplitudes. Recognition of these two regions, and of their features, does much to reconcile apparent conflicts between investigators. The 3 2 power law suggests that the signal is driven by the mechanism of mechanical loss in the Rayleigh region.
Putting TCFA in clinical perspective.

Based on the coronary angiography performed many days or even years before a patient experienced a myocardial infarction (MI), physicians have long believed that in the majority of cases, culprit lesions were mild to moderate in severity at the time they ruptured and caused MI [(1–3)][1]. The
Feeling the need for (personalized) speed: how natural controls and customization contribute to enjoyment of a racing game through enhanced immersion.

Abstract Prior research suggests that video game features that appear natural or that otherwise allow players to identify with their in-game experience will promote enjoyment. Using a 2×2 experiment, this study demonstrates the positive effects of a steering-wheel controller and the opportunity to customize the driven vehicle on enjoyment of a console driving game, as mediated by transportation and challenge–skill balance. The role of presence is also probed, with results suggesting no direct link to enjoyment.
Brainstorm A Psychological Odyssey

Director Douglas Trumbull's movie Brainstorm is explicitly based on recent state-of-consciousness and transpersonal research. Although it is not the first of recent consciousness films, by drawing ...
Advances in clinical and molecular understanding of the FMR1 premutation and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

Summary Fragile X syndrome, the most common heritable form of cognitive impairment, is caused by epigenetic silencing of the fragile X ( FMR1 ) gene owing to large expansions (>200 repeats) of a non-coding CGG-repeat element. Smaller, so-called premutation expansions (55–200 repeats) can cause a family of neurodevelopmental phenotypes (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, seizure disorder) and neurodegenerative (fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome [FXTAS]) phenotypes through an entirely distinct molecular mechanism involving increased FMR1 mRNA production and toxicity. Results of basic cellular, animal, and human studies have helped to elucidate the underlying RNA toxicity mechanism, while clinical research is providing a more nuanced picture of the range of clinical manifestations. Advances of knowledge on both mechanistic and clinical fronts are driving new approaches to targeted treatment, but two important necessities are emerging: to define the extent to which the mechanisms contributing to FXTAS also contribute to other neurodegenerative and medical disorders, and to redefine FXTAS in view of its differing presentations and associated features.
Access to the Medical Home: Results of the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs

Objective. The purpose of this article is to report the findings of the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs regarding parent perceptions of the extent to which children with special health care needs (CSHCN) have access to a medical home. Methods. Five criteria, selected to reflect the characteristics of a medical home as defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement on the medical home, were analyzed to describe the extent to which CSHCN receive care characteristic of the medical home concept. These criteria included having 1) a usual place for sick/well care, 2) a personal doctor or nurse, 3) no difficulty in obtaining needed referrals, 4) needed care coordination, and 5) family-centered care received. Items from the Survey were selected and clustered to characterize each of the 5 components. Criteria for each item were established with the requirement that the criteria must be met for all items in a component to receive credit for the component. Results. Results of the survey indicate that 1) approximately half of CSHCN receive care that meets all 5 components established for medical home; 2) most CSHCN have a usual source of care and a personal doctor or nurse, but other components of the medical home, especially elements of care coordination and family-centered care, are lacking; 3) access to a medical home is significantly affected by race/ethnicity, poverty, and the limitations imposed on daily activity by the child’s special health care need; and 4) parents of children who do have a medical home report significantly less delayed or forgone care, significantly fewer unmet health care needs, and significantly fewer unmet needs for family support services. The 5 components described represent major characteristics of the comprehensive care model recommended for all children by the AAP. Conclusions. The findings suggest that although some components of the medical home concept have been achieved for most CSHCN, the comprehensive care model described by the AAP policy statement on the medical home is not yet in place for a significant number of CSHCN and their families.
Heterotopic Brain Tissue Simulating a Neonatal Tonsil

Heterotopic brain is a developmental anomaly in which isolated brain tissue is found outside the cranial cavity. A case of this rare anomaly, simulating a neonatal palatine tonsil, is presented.
Thermochemistry of some binary alloys of gold with the lanthanide metals by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of some lanthanide silver compounds have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1373±2 K. The following results (in kJ/mol of atoms) are reported: 1:1 composition—AgTb (−36.5±2.9); AgDy (−37.3±1.8); AgEr (−44.9±3.2); AgTm (−43.0±2.3); 2:1 composition—Ag 2 Pr (−24.7±1.6); Ag 2 Nd (−21.8±1.9); Ag 2 Gd (−23.9±1.6); Ag 2 Tb (−22.7±1.8); Ag 2 Dy (−22.3±2.3); Ag 2 Ho (−25.0±2.3); Ag 2 Er (−24.0±2.3); Ag 2 Tm (−24±3); Ag 2 Lu (−25.6±1.9); 3:1 composition—Ag 3 Tb (−20.6±2.0); Ag 3 Dy (−22.8±1.9); Ag 3 Ho (−25.1±2.0); Ag 3 Er (−25.4±2.3); Ag 3 Tm (−20.2±2.3). The results are compared with the semi-empirical predicted values of Miedema and coworkers and with the values predicted by Gschneidner for lanthanide alloys. They are also compared with the enthalpies of formation of the Au–LA systems by the present authors.
Quantifying the roles of ecology and geography in spatial genetic divergence

Investigating the properties of ecological landscapes that influence gene flow among populations can provide key insights into the earliest stages of biological divergence. Both ecological and geographical factors can reduce gene flow, which can lead to population divergence, but we know little of the relative strengths of these phenomena in nature. Here, we use a novel application of structural equation modelling to quantify the contributions of ecological and geographical isolation to spatial genetic divergence in 17 species of Anolis lizards. Our comparative analysis shows that although both processes contributed significantly, geographical isolation explained substantially more genetic divergence than ecological isolation (36.3 vs. 17.9% of variance respectively), suggesting that despite the proposed ubiquity of ecological divergence, non-ecological factors play the dominant role in the evolution of spatial genetic divergence.
REASON AND WAR

A new specification of the expected utility model of international conflict places expected utilities within a polar coordinate system; treats thirdparty choices in a manner more consistent with classical forms; estimates the expected utilities derived from not challenging existing policies; more fully represents the expected costs of conflict; and normalizes expected utilities regardless of system size. By assuming that the probability of escalation of a dispute increases monotonically with leaders' expectations of gain, we derive continuous functions for the probabilities of war, intervention, violence, and peace. The revised theory significantly improves our ability to discriminate between violent and nonviolent disputes and between violent disputes that escalated to warfare and those that did not in Europe between 1816 and 1970. In this essay,
Compressive-Projection Principal Component Analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is often central to dimensionality reduction and compression in many applications, yet its data-dependent nature as a transform computed via expensive eigendecomposition often hinders its use in severely resource-constrained settings such as satellite-borne sensors. A process is presented that effectively shifts the computational burden of PCA from the resource-constrained encoder to a presumably more capable base-station decoder. The proposed approach, compressive-projection PCA (CPPCA), is driven by projections at the sensor onto lower-dimensional subspaces chosen at random, while the CPPCA decoder, given only these random projections, recovers not only the coefficients associated with the PCA transform, but also an approximation to the PCA transform basis itself. An analysis is presented that extends existing Rayleigh-Ritz theory to the special case of highly eccentric distributions; this analysis in turn motivates a reconstruction process at the CPPCA decoder that consists of a novel eigenvector reconstruction based on a convex-set optimization driven by Ritz vectors within the projected subspaces. As such, CPPCA constitutes a fundamental departure from traditional PCA in that it permits its excellent dimensionality-reduction and compression performance to be realized in an light-encoder/heavy-decoder system architecture. In experimental results, CPPCA outperforms a multiple-vector variant of compressed sensing for the reconstruction of hyperspectral data.
A Regiocontrolled ‘Head-to-Tail’ [2+2] Photodimerization of a Stilbene involving a Ternary Solid based on Catechol

Abstract Co-crystallization of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (cat) with trans-1-(2-pyridyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (2,4-bpe) gives a layered ternary solid, (cat)·(2,4-bpe)·(H2O) 1, with molecular components held together by a combination of O–H⋯N and O–H⋯O forces wherein 2,4-bpe is organized for a ‘head-to-tail’ (ht) [2+2] photocyclodimerization. UV-irradiation of the solid produces rctt-1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,4-bis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane [rctt-(2,4-tpcb-ht)] in quantitative yield. The structure of rctt-(2,4-tpcb-ht), in the form of crystalline rctt-(2,4-tpcb-ht)·1.5(H2O), has been confirmed by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
A Model for Droplet Vaporization for Use in Gasoline and HCCI Engine Applications

A model for unsteady droplet vaporization is presented that considers the droplet temperature range from flash-boiling conditions to normal evaporation. The theory of continuous thermodynamics was used to model the properties and compositions of multi-component fuels such as gasoline. In order to model the change of evaporation rate from normal to boiling conditions more realistically, an unsteady internal heat flux model and a new model for the determination of the droplet surface temperature is proposed. An explicit form of the equation to determine the heat flux from the surrounding gas mixture to the droplet-gas interface was obtained from an approximate solution of the quasi-steady energy equation for the surrounding gas mixture, with the inter-diffusion of fuel vapor and the surrounding gas taken into account. The model was applied to calculate evaporation processes of droplets for various ambient temperatures and droplet temperatures.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Organized Activity Involvement Across the Transition to College: Multiple Dimensions Predicting Adjustment

Utilizing a sample of first semester first year college students, this study examined the relation between multiple dimensions of college organized activity (OA) involvement (i.e., intensity, breadth, identity relevance, and continuity) and measures of adjustment (i.e., depressive symptoms, optimism, positive affect, and negative affect). This study also explored whether the degree of association between the OA dimensions and the adjustment variables was moderated by gender and residential status. Additionally, this study examined whether adjustment at the start of college was associated with patterns of OA involvement in college. Participants completed measures of depressive symptoms, optimism, positive affect, negative affect, and organized activity involvement at the beginning and end of their first semester of college. Results showed that OA intensity was positively associated with optimism and OA continuity discrepancy was positively associated with positive affect. Additionally, residential status moderated the relation between continuity discrepancy and optimism as well as the relation between intensity and positive affect. Gender also moderated the relation between breadth and positive affect. These findings have important implications for those working with first year college students making the transition to college and for the larger organized activity literature.
Oriental rat fleas: evaluation of three systemic insecticides in baits for control on cotton rats in outdoor pens.

When the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus (Baird), was fed ad lib. on bait containing 0.24% insecticide, 96–99% control of Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) was shown with chlorphoxim for 4–14 days. Phoxim was 95–99% effective and trichlorfon did not exceed 79%.
Estimation of pulse transfer function parameters by quasilinearization

An iterative algorithm for the identification of single-input single-output linear stationary discrete systems is developed using the method of quasilinearization. The resulting procedure is similar to mode 1 of the method of Steiglitz and McBride but has the advantage of the quadratic convergence property of quasilineariza-tion. It is shown that this algorithm becomes mode 1 if the measured plant output is used in the calculations in place of the model output. Consequently, the two methods are extremely compatible and it is a simple matter to combine them in a single program, which generates its own initial estimates has the wide range of convergence of mode 1, and possesses the quadratic convergence property of quasilineariza-tion for final convergence to a solution. The method also permits the estimation of plant initial conditions in those cases where they must be considered. Results of a few numerical applications are discussed.
Laboratory investigation of triple marking the parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi with a fluorescent dye and two animal proteins

Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a parasitoid of Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) (glassy-winged sharpshooter), was used as a model insect to investigate triple marking a minute hymenopteran for potential use for monitoring dispersal patterns of natural enemies in the field. The triple mark contained egg albumin in chicken eggs, casein in bovine milk, and SARDI yellow fluorescent dye. Three application treatments of the triple mark were investigated: (1) a wet topical treatment, (2) a dry residue treatment, and (3) untreated control. The presence of albumin and casein protein marks were detected by an anti-albumin and anti-casein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using both ‘soaked’ and ‘crushed’ specimens. Of the topically treated parasitoids, yellow dye, casein, and albumin were detected on 88, 69, and 21% of the crushed samples, respectively. The yellow dye and casein (tested with crush ELISA) were the most efficient marking methods, detecting up to 29% more marked G. ashmeadi. Yellow dye resulted in zero false positives in the untreated control. The percentage of false positives for casein (tested with crush ELISA) was 1.3; however, this was reduced to 0% when a double-marking system using any two of the three marks (yellow dye, casein, and albumin) were used to mark parasitoids. This doublemark system resulted in 65% of parasitoids being successfully marked in the topical treatment over the duration of the study. For casein, crush ELISA was 26% more sensitive and 24% more accurate than soak ELISA for detecting this mark. Yellow dye, albumin, and casein (tested with crush ELISA) were retained on marked parasitoids for the entire duration of the 11-day study. Parasitoids selfmarked with yellow dye, albumin (tested with soak ELISA), casein (tested with crush ELISA), and the double-mark (tested with crush ELISA) by walking over dried residue of the triple mark. This resulted in up to 17% more marked parasitoids in the residue treatment compared with the untreated control. A topical application of the triple mark had no effect on survival of G. ashmeadi compared with the control. The residue treatment resulted in significantly lower mortality than the untreated control, indicating that G. ashmeadi may have fed on the protein in the residue of the triple-mark, which enhanced longevity.
Multiscale modeling in rodent ventricular myocytes

This paper indicates that in ventricular myocytes when the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) is pharmacologically inhibited, the intracellular Ca2+concentration rapidly increases during Ca2+ entrance (0-70 ms), whereas the decay of Ca2+ is slow; in the absence of fluorescent dye, large Ca2+ concentration gradients might develop near the cell membrane; intracellular Ca2+ distribution is tightly regulated by the localization of Ca2+transporter proteins along the sarcolemma and strongly relays on the presence of mobile and stationary Ca2+ buffers. These studies also imply that in ventricular cells with intact and functional SR, the Ca2+ signal most likely would spread faster along the t-tubular system, surface membrane than to the cell interior and that in the absence of Ca2+ dye high Ca2+ gradients under the surface membrane and more uniform Ca2+ distribution in the cell interior might be expected.
The Influence of Helicity on Numerically Simulated Convective Storms

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical cloud model is used to investigate the influence of storm-relative environmental helicity (SREH) on convective storm structure and evolution, with a particular emphasis on the identification of ambient shear profiles that are conducive to the development of long-lived, strongly rotating storms. Eleven numerical simulations are made in which the depth and turning angle of the ambient vertical shear vector are varied systematically while maintaining a constant magnitude of the shear in the shear layer. In this manner, an attempt is made to isolate the effects of different environmental Felicities on storm morphology and show that the SREH and bulk Richardson number, rather than the mean shear in the low levels, determine the rotational characteristics and morphology of deep convection. The results demonstrate that storms forming in environments characterized by large SREH are longer-lived than those in less helical surroundings. Further, it appears that the storm-relat...
Jarai formulaic sayings: Hook rhyme & the nature of binarity in folk verse

Formulaic sayings in Jarai (Austronesian; Vietnam) are a folk poetic form with lines joined by hook rhymes. The first member of each hook-rhyme pair is line-final, and the second member is line-initial, as in this poem excerpt: t?u? p?a ra / ?ia p?a nao / plao p?a do? 'different mountains / walking along different waters / living on different islets.' By means of hook rhyme, each line except the first and last is a member of two couplets. This overlapping couplet structure--a binary organizing principle--often results in a poem with an odd number of lines.
The significance of clinical practice guidelines on adult varicocele detection and management

Varicoceles are the most common correctable etiology of male factor infertility. However, the detection and management of varicoceles have not been standardized. This has led to decades of debate regarding the effect of varicocele on male infertility and subsequently whether repair leads to an improved fertility status. The current body of evidence investigating the role of varicocele and varicocelectomy is weak and conflicting. The stance taken by the AUA and ASRM suggests that there is insufficient outcomes data to support evidenced-based guidelines, citing evidence used to provide current recommendations are generally of a low quality level. On the other hand, the EAU Guidelines give a level 1a of evidence for management of varicoceles that are clinically palpable, associated with subnormal semen analyses and having otherwise unexplained fertility. Besides aiding with clinical varicocele detection and management, clinical practice opinion statements and guidelines aim to direct and strengthen the infrastructure of future studies. We review the current status of opinion statements and guidelines in varicocele and management detection with focus on their application in practice.
Complex Litigation: CAFA and Coupons

Commentary and analysis of the coupon settlement provisions of the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA), and the emerging federal case law interpreting and apply these new provisions. Prior to congressional enactment of CAFA, so-called coupon settlements were a frequent device used in settling the claims of massive class actions, where claimants would receive a coupon or voucher (instead of monetary compensation) to be applied against the future purchase of a product or service. In order to curb the various abuses surrounding coupon settlement, CAFA incorporated several provisions limiting the use of such remedies in class action settlements. The article discusses a district court’s decision in Figueroa v. Sharper Image Corp. (S.D. Fla. Oct. 11, 2007), in which the district court emphasized the congressional intent that coupon settlements accomplished after CAFA’s enactment were to be subjected to heightened judicial scrutiny. The decision provides an in-depth analysis of the procedural and substantive fairness of coupon settlements in a post-CAFA world, and the role of objectors in policing settlement agreements.
‘Unwilling’: The One-Word Revolution in Refugee Status, 1940–51

This article details the origins of the human right to international asylum. While previous works locate its beginnings in East–West political conflict in the 1950s, I note the importance of American opposition to the Soviet invasion of Poland and the Baltic countries in 1939–40 and its later consequences for relief work with post-war Displaced Persons from those countries. Given that Eastern European states at the UN claimed to protect people displaced from these non-recognised territories, British and American delegates were forced to create a new refugee definition that allowed DPs to reject state protections and to seek asylum as refugees.
Racial and ethnic differences in current use of cigarettes, cigars, and hookahs among lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults.

Introduction Research demonstrates that lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (i.e., LGBs or sexual minorities) smoke more than their heterosexual peers, but relatively less is known about the heterogeneity within LGB populations, namely racial/ethnic differences. Moreover, smoking research on sexual minorities has focused mainly on cigarette smoking, with little attention to other forms of smoking, such as hookahs/water pipes. Methods Using a large national sample of college students, we examined differences by race and sexual orientation in prevalence of smoking cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos/clove cigarettes, and hookahs. Results All LGB racial groups had higher cigarette smoking prevalence than their heterosexual racial group counterparts. Significantly more White and Hispanic LGBs smoked hookahs when compared, respectively, with White and Hispanic heterosexuals. Conclusions Given the higher prevalence of multiple forms of smoking among sexual minorities, the heterogeneity within sexual minority populations and the nuances of multiple identities (i.e., racial, ethnic, and sexual minority), targeted-if not tailored-prevention and cessation efforts are needed to address smoking disparities in these diverse communities. Prevention, intervention, and epidemiological research on smoking behaviors among college attending young adults should take into account other forms of smoking, such as hookah use.
Effects of Graphs on Text Comprehension

Sources of information, from textbooks to multimedia encyclopedias combine text and graphics. This paper applies the construction-integration model of text comprehension to the processing of text and quantitative graphs. The model suggests that, when reading a graph that has information that is redundant with the text, a reader may directly connect the propositional information from the graph and the text due to overlap. When reading a graph that has information that elaborates on the text, a reader makes inferences to connect the propositional information from the graph and the text. Hypotheses from this model are that (1) use of an elaborative graph should produce better comprehension if the graph and text are concurrent, whereas (2) use of a redundant graph should produce better comprehension if the graph and text are separated. Three experiments tested these hypotheses by giving readers text with three types of graphs – text only, redundant graphs, and elaborative graphs — with the graphs either concu...
National identity and securitization in Israel

This article seeks to demonstrate how discriminatory laws, passed in Israel since the eruption of the second intifada, are part of an ongoing securitization process of the Palestinian minority in I...
Admissions to detoxification after treatment: Does engagement make a difference?

ABSTRACTBackground: Treatment engagement is a well-established performance measure for the treatment of substance use disorders. This study examined whether outpatient treatment engagement is associated with a reduced likelihood of subsequent detoxification admissions. Methods: This study used administrative data on treatment services received by clients in specialty treatment facilities licensed in Massachusetts. The sample consisted of 11,591 adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2006. Treatment engagement was defined as receipt of at least 1 treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and receipt of at least 2 additional treatment services in the next 30 days. The outcome was a subsequent detoxification admission. Multilevel survival models examined the relationship between engagement and outcomes, with time to detoxification admission as the dependent variable censored at 365 days. Results: Only 35% of clients met the outpatient engagement crit...
Cell Growth Dynamics

The dynamics of a cell growth can be modeled mathematically and such models are useful in the design and control of bioreactors. Transient responses of cell populations invariably result in unbalanced growth, in which the composition of a cell changes with time. Thus, models must contain ‘structure’ to be able to mimic transient responses. Most often, this structure is based on recognizing various chemical groups within the cell (e.g., DNA, protein, and specific enzymes). Models may also recognize that individual cells in a population may differ from one another and consequently differ in their biosynthetic capability. A model that is segregated recognizes that a population contains a distribution of individuals; this is particularly critical with cells genetically engineered by the introduction of plasmids. In some cases, the transient behavior of a cell population can be described by a cybernetic approach, which presumes that cells will behave optimally toward some objectives (e.g., maximal growth rate); such models require minimal intracellular detail. Other models, based on detailed stoichiometric analysis of intracellular metabolism, can provide limited insight into cellular dynamics. These modeling approaches can be applied to simple cells (e.g., bacterial cells) and complex cells (e.g., mammalian cells). Further, models can be used to probe not only homogeneous systems but also heterogeneous ones (e.g., biofilms).