cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving and children's social connections: Neighborhood context and the consequences of moving for low-income families

Using data from an experimental housing relocation program, this research compares social connections of children in families that move with those of similar children who do not move. Qualitative interview data are used to examine what factors influence the formation of social connections after moving. Results show the impact of moving on children's social connections is influenced by neighborhood context, financial resources, and children's age at the time of the move. Studies of moving during childhood need to pay closer attention to the factors that influence where, when, and why families move.
Physicochemical processes in the linings of pellet-roasting machines

The authors have investigated processes taking place in the lining of pellet-roasting machines at the NMBC. To ensure steady operation of the linings of the forward flow manifold, cooling zone I, and the gas-air chambers, they must be made of materials resistant to iron silicate melts at elevated (1200–1500°C) temperatures. Exceeding of the working temperatures in the manifold and branch connections (above 800°C) is due to “inverting” of the cone and its entry into the branch connections of the hearth. Taking account of experience gained in the use of OK-306 roasting machines at the NMBC, and on the basis of the results of our investigations, we can recommend refractories with an elevated A12O3 content for lining the hearth and manifold. However, the progress of roasting and the operation of the refractories must be constantly monitored; the principal criteria for the latter must be the flow rate of the gas and the temperature at the boundaries between the refractory and the heat insulation, and between the refractory and the gaseous working medium.
The lipid bilayer concept and its experimental realization: from soap bubbles, kitchen sink, to bilayer lipid membranes

Abstract The inspiration for lipid bilayer research, without question, comes from the biological world. Although self-assembled bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) in vitro, were first reported in 1961, experimental scientists have been dealing with BLM-type interfacial adsorption phenomena since Robert Hooke’s time (1672). BLMs (of planar lipid bilayers) have been used in a number of applications ranging from basic membrane biophysics including transport, practical AIDS research, and ‘microchips’ studies, to the conversion of solar energy via water photolysis, to biosensor development using supported bilayer lipid membranes (s-BLMs), and to photobiology comprising apoptosis and photodynamic therapy. This paper presents an overview of the origin of the lipid bilayer concept and its experimental realization, as well as the studies of our laboratory and recent research of others on the use of BLMs as models of certain biomembranes. In addition, we describe briefly our present work on supported BLMs as biosensors and molecular devices; the experiments carried out in close collaboration with colleagues on s-BLMs are delineated.
Detection of metabolic carcinogen intermediates in urine of carcinogen-fed rats by means of bacterial mutagenesis

SEVERAL developments suggest the possibility of a new means of assessing the exposure of human populations to chemical carcinogens. Carcinogens such as 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and p–dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) have been shown1–4 not to be carcinogenically active agents themselves, but to be converted into such agents by metabolic processes in the target organs (in these instances, liver). These studies also show that actively carcinogenic metabolites (as well as other metabolic products which are not carcinogenic) may be excreted in the urine, apparently as glucuronides4,5. Similar results have been obtained with human subjects ingesting aflatoxin B1 from contaminated peanut butter6.
Estimation of botanical composition in alfalfa/ryegrass mixtures by near infrared spectroscopy.

(...) Samples were collected from four different alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) management trials. Calibration samples were hand-separated into alfalfa, ryegrass, and weed components and each component was dried and weighed. Alfalfa and ryegrass components were then remixed, ground, and processed through a scanning monochromator. Calibration equations for percent alfalfa were chosen using statistical analysis. Random subsets of samples were selected for validation of calibration equations using R 2 , bias, and standard error of performance (SEP).(...)
Effects of learner control, advisement, and prior knowledge on young students' learning in a hypertext environment

This study was an investigation of the effects of learner control and of advisement in a hypertext learning environment with second-grade students who had different levels of prior knowledge about the content. Four treatment conditions crossing two variables, learner control (free access representing network structuring of hypertext vs. limited access representing hierarchical structuring of hypertext), and advisement (advisement vs. no-advisement), were established. From the quantitative and qualitative data, results indicated that: (a) for low prior knowledge (PK) students, the limited-access condition was more effective than the free-access condition, whereas high-PK students were able to function equally well in both conditions; (b) the free-access group reported a higher positive attitude for advisement than for no advisement, but the limited-access group showed no such difference in preference; (c) the low-PK group completed the lesson more quickly without advisement than with advisement, whereas the high-PK group's completion times did not vary across advisement conditions; and (d) analysis of the path data indicated that advisement was helpful in preventing disorientation in the free-access condition.
High average power free-electron lasers

Ever since the first free-electron laser (FEL) was both con- ceived and demonstrated in the 1970s at Stanford, it has attracted much attention as a promising foundation for a high average power light source. Since its light is produced from free electrons, an FEL can be designed to lase at virtually any wavelength. Furthermore, since its light is generated from a relativistic beam that is continually replenished, its gain medium cannot be damaged by any conventional means. Accord- ingly, as there have been several ambitious attempts to design and construct high average power FELs over the past several decades, we chronicle some of these efforts. Additionally, we provide an overview of FEL technology and theory, discuss some of the obstacles that remain in the construction of a high-power FEL, and provide a road map toward a megawatt-class device. © 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
Synthesis of Chlorophyllide b from Protochlorophyllide in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1

In cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 kept in the dark, 1,7-phenanthroline stimulated the conversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide b. A membrane fraction was obtained from degreened cells that was active in this conversion only when phenanthroline was present. Untreated cells excreted protochlorophyllide, which was used as substrate for this in vitro reaction. This system may provide a clue to how chlorophyllide b is synthesized in plant cells.
Brain lysosomal hydrolases: I. Solubilization and electrophoretic behavior of acid hydrolases in nerve-ending and mitochondrial-lysosomal fractions from rat brain. Effects of autolysis, neuraminidase, and storage.

In solubility studies of 7 acid hydrolases, the extent of solubilization by sonic disruption varied with the enzyme species and increased with increasing pH and Triton X-100 concentration of the suspension medium. Hydrolases in the nerve-ending (NE) fraction were more resistant to solubilization than those in the mitochondrial-lysosomal (M-L) fraction, but nearly quantitative solubilization was attained by sonication in an alkaline buffer containing 0,5% Triton X-100. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts revealed multiple components of acid phosphatase, acid esterase, arylsulfatase,β-glucuronidase, andβ-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase. The enzyme patterns varied with the subcellular fraction and the composition of the medium. In general, the acidic (anodic) forms of these hydrolases were more readily solubilized by sonication in acidic buffer, alkaline pH and Triton X-100 being required to solubilize the basic (cationic) components. The acidic forms of these enzymes were converted to less anodic or cathodic forms, or both, during autolysis at pH 6 at 0 and 37°C, and during storage at −20°C.
FSGO calculations of geometries and electronic structures of “argon-core” third-row hydrides

A series ofab initio calculations using the FSGO method and including geometry optimizations are reported for the lowest singlet states of KH, CaH2, ScH, ScH3, TiH4, VH3, CrH2, and MnH. Both core and valence orbital exponents are shown to vary systematically. The description of theM-shell electrons is uneven, in thatp orbitals are more accurately described than the 3s orbital. The bond angles of VH3 and CrH2 are predicted to be unexpectedly large (94.1° and 103.1°, respectively). Orbital energies, bond lengths and angles, dipole moments, and electron populations are reported for all systems.
The Effect of Social Characteristics on Juvenile Court Dispositions

Of the growing number of criticisms directed at various facets of the juvenile justice system, none is more common than the contention that the informality of the juvenile court encourages discrimi...
A spectrometer for observations of the solar extreme ultraviolet from the OSO-I satellite

A spectrometer which has observed the EUV solar spectrum from the first orbiting solar observatory (OSO-I) is described, and the results are summarized. The unique problems which had to be overcome are discussed, and the ideas and methods used to solve those problems are described. A novel detector carriage, scanning drive, and electrical cable to the carriage, among other items, were developed. The satellite, optics and detector, data coding, mechanical plan, lubrication, satellite environment, thermal balance, testing program, and data reduction are also described. The OSO-I was the first satellite with pointed instruments and tape recorders for data storage.
ARTSPEAK: A graphics language for artists

There is increasing interest in the use of computer graphics by artists. Graphics languages can be divided into several types, a common type being subroutine packages embedded in a high-level language. FORTRAN-coded EXPLOR (1) and ALGOL-coded PICTURES (2) fall into this category. Another approach is to implement a set of procedures designed for a particular application, an example of this being PDL-Picture Description Language(3,4) which is intended for the computer artist. However, there are few high-level languages designed to facilitate the production of computer art, a recent exception being ESP3 (5) which combines line drawing with pattern recognition.ARTSPEAK (6) was designed to simplify programming for the inexperienced (and probably mathematically-naive) user. The language is simple but has all the characteristics of a high-level language. It contains a powerful curve generating feature which encourages “free-hand” drawings as well as geometric drawings.
Why Do Field Differentials in Average Faculty Salaries Vary across Universities

Abstract Average faculty salaries differ widely across fields at American colleges and universities and the magnitudes of these field differences in salaries have been growing over time. What is less well known, however, is that at any point in time there are wide differences in the magnitudes of field differences in faculty salaries across academic institutions. Our paper uses institutional level data by field on average faculty salaries, which we were granted access to by the universities that participate in a national data exchange, to analyze why these differences across institutions exist. Our main finding is that differences in the quality of faculty present in different fields at a university, as measured by differences in the national research council ratings of graduate programs at the university, are important predictors of the field differences in average faculty salaries that exist at the full professor level at the university.
Is Aprotinin Safe to Use in a Cohort at Increased Risk for Thrombotic Events: Results From a Randomized, Prospective Trial in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass

Background Multiple randomized trials have established a favorable safety profile for aprotinin use during cardiac surgery, but recent database analyses suggest an increased risk of adverse thrombotic events. Our group previously demonstrated that off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) is linked to a postoperative hypercoagulable state. In this study, we tested whether aprotinin influences thrombotic events after OPCAB. Methods Patients randomly received saline (n = 61) or aprotinin (2 × 10 6 kallikrein inhibiting units (KIU) loading dose, 0.5 × 10 6 KIU/hour [n = 59]) during OPCAB. Aprotinin levels (KIU/mL) were analyzed before, and 30 minutes (peak) and 4 hours after the loading dose. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated daily based on Cockcroft equation with acute kidney injury (AKI) defined as eGFR less than 75% of baseline. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were monitored during the first year, including acute graft failure by predischarge computed tomographic angiography. Results Compared with placebo, the aprotinin group developed a significantly lower eGFR on day 3 ( p p p p = 0.01). Conclusions Compared with placebo, aprotinin use was associated with less MACCE but more AKI after OPCAB. The strong relationship between the peak aprotinin level and subsequent AKI suggests weight-based protocols for dosing aprotinin may reduce this risk.
Depth profiling of multilayered samples and comparisons of secondary ion and laser desorption mass spectra in the same instrument

Abstract A secondary ion mass spectrometer, interface in an Nd:YAG laser via an optical fiber, has been used for direct comparisons of secondary ion and laser desorption mass spectra of the same samples. The quality of the mass spectra obtained by both techniques is similar. Sharp differences in the secondary ion and laser desorption mass spectra are noted, especially in cases where ions are generated through interfacial ion/molecule reactions. Examples of reactions observed in secondary ion mass spectrometry but not in laser desorption mass spectrometry are: (i) silver cationization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using silver powder; (ii) the hydrogenation of heteroaromatic compounds in the presence of silver; (iii) halogen-for-hydrogen substitution. Laser desorption of graphite foil, however, yields abundant C + n and C − n cluster ions, whereas secondary ion mass spectrometry does not. Mild conditions in the selvedge region in laser desorption are suggested by the fact that Ag + cationization occurs when the metal salt, but not the powder, is used and by the fact that even halide-bound dimer formation does not occur at the wavelength and power densities employed. Sequential laser irradiation and ion beam analysis have been used for depth profiling of samples comprising thin metal/organic/substrate layers. The metal overlayer is removed in controlled fashion by laser ablation and the exposed surface is analyzed using static secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Usefulness of parental serum total cholesterol levels in identifying children with hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract It was hypothesized that healthy children with high cholesterol levels may have parents who exceed acceptable cholesterol levels established by the National Cholesterol Education Program. One hundred sixty families (320 parents, 263 children aged 3 to 10 years) were evaluated for total cholesterol and other risk factors. Before the study, almost half of the parents had not had serum total cholesterol measured. The odds ratio for a child having a total cholesterol ≥5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl) was 13.6:1 (confidence interval 5.7 to 32.5) for a child with at least 1 parent having cholesterol ≥6.20 mmol/liter (240 mg/dl) versus a child whose parents had low total cholesterol. Testing only children who had at least 1 parent with a total cholesterol ≥5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl) had a sensitivity of 98% for detecting children's total cholesterol ≥5.17 mmol/liter. It is concluded that parental total cholesterol is useful in identifying children with high total cholesterol levels. Pediatricians may identify a large number of parents with hypercholesterolemia not previously recognized.
Computer-based order entry decreases duration of indwelling urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients

Up to 25% of hospitalized patients will have an indwelling urinary catheter inserted (1). While most of these catheters are required for optimal patient care, about one in five is unnecessary (2). Catheter-related urinary tract infections are the leading cause of nosocomial infection. They account for up to 40% of hospital-acquired infections, with an incidence of 3% to 10% per day of indwelling catheterization (1,3–5). Bacteremia occurs in 1% to 4% of those who develop nosocomial bacteriuria (6). Most patients also find an indwelling urinary catheter to be uncomfortable and activity restricting (7). Given these potential morbidities, it is remarkable how infrequently the use of a urinary catheter is documented by a physician’s order in the medical record (8). The strongest predictor for catheter-associated bacteriuria is the duration of catheterization (3,4). Thus, methods to shorten this period should reduce the risk of nosocomial urinary tract infection, yet physicians are often unaware that their own hospitalized patients have a urinary catheter in place (9). Furthermore, these “forgotten” catheters were about twice as likely to be unnecessary as those remembered by the physician (9). Thus, a system that would remind physicians which of their patients had urinary catheters might shorten the duration of catheterization. One such approach involves using automatic reminders to physicians through computerized medical record systems (10 –15). At our Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center, nearly all patient records and orders are entered into a computer. We hypothesized that a computer-based order for inserting an indwelling urinary catheter, combined with computer-generated reminders to remove the catheter, would improve documentation of urinary catheters, alert physicians that the catheter was in place, and encourage discontinuing catheterization that was no longer required.
Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in a pediatric patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and recurrent ventricular fibrillation.

Initially performed for angina in the early 1900’s [1], left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) has become an important therapeutic option in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) [2-5]. For these heritable channelopathies, LCSD has filled the therapeutic gap between daily medications (i.e. beta blockers) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. LCSD’s anti-fibrillatory properties have been demonstrated clearly for patients with LQTS where there is an estimated 90% reduction in LQT-triggered cardiac events post-denervation [2, 4]. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most prevalent heritable cardiovascular disease and the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes [6]. Clinically, HCM is characterized by unexplained and unequivocal cardiac hypertrophy in the absence of hypertrophy-inducing conditions such as hypertension and aortic stenosis. Besides the underlying genotypic heterogeneity, HCM is characterized by profound clinical heterogeneity as well [6, 7]. Patients can display extremely varying degrees of hypertrophy, fibrosis, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and have an increased propensity for potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias [6]. A recent article reported success using neuraxial modulation, either LCSD or thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA), in adult patients with refractory arrhythmias, including 3 patients with HCM [8]. Herein, we report a pediatric patient with HCM who underwent LCSD for his malignant, ventricular fibrillation-prone HCM substrate, in hopes of delaying cardiac transplantation.
Diamond nanophotonics for solid state quantum optics

Large-scale quantum networks will require efficient interfaces between photons and stationary quantum bits. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising candidate for quantum information processing because they are optically addressable, have spin degrees of freedom with long coherence times, and as solid-state entities, can be integrated into nanophotonic devices. An enabling feature of the NV center is its zero-phonon line (ZPL), which acts as an atom-like cycling transition that can be used for coherent optical manipulation and read-out of the spin. However, the ZPL only accounts for 3–5% of the total emission, and previously demonstrated methods of producing high densities of NV centers yield unstable ZPLs.
Projection methods for nonlinear nodal problems

The work produces some degree-theoretic and operator-theoretic tools for the study of projection methods associated with nonlinear nodal problems. The numerical procedure is outlined for the case of sublinear and superlinear nodal problems.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the Escherichia coli 4.5 S RNA gene.

Abstract The structure of the Escherichia coli gene coding for the metabolically stable 4.5 S RNA has been determined by cloning and DNA sequence analysis. Results from Southern hybridization assays carried out prior to cloning show the 4.5 S DNA to be limited to a single locus in the E.coli K12 genome. A 5.4 × 103 base DNA fragment containing the 4.5 S DNA was cloned into plasmid pBR322 for restriction, hybridization and sequence analyses. Cells harboring the cloned gene overproduce the 4.5 S RNA by 15-fold under normal culturing conditions; however, no effect on growth rate is observed. DNA sequencing revealed only one copy of the 4.5 S RNA gene, with a deduced RNA sequence both longer at 114 bases and slightly different from the RNA sequence reported earlier. A promoter structure immediately preceding the structural gene shows good agreement with the prokaryotic consensus sequence at both the −35 and −10 regions. In addition, a G + C-rich sequence between the Pribnow box and the start of transcription agrees well with an apparent consensus sequence found for other stable RNA genes also under stringent control. No clearly recognizable termination signal was found immediately downstream from the 3′ terminus of the 4.5 S DNA, although structural elements with that potential appear to occur. A potential coding sequence for a protein occurs about 100 bases downstream from the 4.5 S DNA. suggesting the possibility of a dual function 4.5 S RNA mRNA transcript.
A preliminary scoring system for assessing the outcome of carpal tunnel release

Multiple outcomes are assessed in most studies of carpal tunnel syndrome, yet there are no validated methods of synthesizing these distinct measures into a single global score. We report a global score in which outcomes were selected and weighted according to their independent association with patient satisfaction with the results of surgery. Preoperative and 3-month follow-up data were analyzed on 104 subjects in a randomized controlled trial of open vs endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Patient satisfaction with surgery and a variety of subjective and objective outcome parameters were measured. In multivariate analyses, independent correlates of dissatisfaction included persistent numbness and paresthesia, incisional pain at follow-up evaluation, and decrease in grip strength. A global score was calculated by rounding to the nearest integer the model coefficients for these three variables. The global score correlated with patient satisfaction with surgery and time until return to work or full activities in patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release.
Reaction of hydrogen atoms with oxygen adsorbed on Cu(110)

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen adsorbed on a Cu(110) surface was studied at room temperature with AES and ISS. The reaction proceeded only when H 2 was predissociated by an incandescent tungsten filament. The reaction rate was first order in oxygen coverage and approximately half-order in H 2 pressure, indicating that the rate determining step is the reaction between hydrogen atoms and oxygen. Variations of the initial coverage of adsorbed oxygen did not measurably affect the calculated rate coefficient.
Pathways for protein folding: Is a new view needed?

Theoretical studies using simplified models of proteins have shed light on the general heteropolymeric aspects of the folding problem. Recent work has emphasized the statistical aspects of folding pathways. In particular, progress has been made in characterizing the ensemble of transition state conformations and elucidating the role of intermediates. These advances suggest a reconciliation between the new ensemble approaches and the classical view of a folding pathway.
A coupled environment model for stress corrosion cracking in sensitized type 304 stainless steel in LWR environments

Abstract A physico-electrochemical model has been developed to describe intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in sensitized Type 304 stainless steel (SS) in simulated light water reactor (LWR) environments. This model differs from previously reported models in that the internal and external environments are coupled by the need to conserve charge in the system. Thus, solution of Laplace's equation for the external environment, assuming that oxygen reduction on the external surfaces consumes the positive current emanating from the crack mouth, yields a boundary condition for solving Laplace's equation for the internal crack environment. Metal dissolution at the crack tip is described by the slip dissolution model, with the frequency of rupture of the passive film being a strong function of the stress intensity factor. The reduction of oxygen on the external surfaces is described in terms of a general Butler-Volmer equation that incorporates mass transport and charge transport phenomena. In this way, the model incorporates the effects of oxygen concentration, flow rate, and the conductivity of the external environment as well as accounting for the effect of stress on crack growth.
Host Density Responses of Mastrus ridibundus, a Parasitoid of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella

The response of Mastrus ridibundus (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an introduced parasitoid of the codling moth, to host density was investigated by three different approaches. In a field-release experiment in six walnut orchards, the probability of a host patch (tree) being attacked increased with host density in four of the orchards, although there was no consistent pattern of percentage parasitism. When data from all orchards were combined, the probability of attack increased asymptotically with host density, and percentage parasitism was inversely density dependent. In a release-recapture experiment in a walnut orchard, female parasitoids were found searching and ovipositing more frequently on trees with a high host density (20 per tree) than on trees with a low host density (5 per tree). This was consistent for all distances at which parasitoids were recaptured and for all time periods during the course of the 8-h experiment. In a laboratory functional- response experiment, the number of hosts parasitized over a 24- h period by a single parasitoid female increased from 0.4 (SE 0.09) hosts at a density of 1 host to 1.8 (SE 0.17) hosts at a density of 8 hosts. At the same time, after 1 day of experience, clutch size declined from 5.8 (SE 0.7) individuals at 1 host per female to 3.4 (SE 0.3) individuals at 8 hosts per female. The implications of the aggregative response of M. ridibundus to host density, its limited functional response, and its ability to adjust clutch size are discussed in relation to its potential for the biological control of the codling moth. [KEYWORDS: aggregation; clutch size; Cydia pomonella; density dependence; functional response; Mastrus ridibundus; walnut Biological-control agents; population-dynamics; natural enemies; insect pests; aggregation; models; field; size; heterogeneity; fitness]
Statistical assessment of perceptual CT scan ratings in patients with alzheimer type dementia

Three neuroradiologists perceptually evaluated CT of 24 patients with Alzheimer type dementia and 22 normal control subjects and made a dichotomous judgment for each case (i.e., normal control or Alzheimer type dementia). The mean percentage of patients correctly classified was 83.3%. The neuroradiologists also completed perceptual ratings on each scan. Thirteen regions were rated for atrophy on a scale of 0-4. Discriminant function analyses of several sets of perceptual atrophy ratings (optimized on an exploratory set and evaluated on a test set) showed that the perceptual ratings of temporal lobe regions produced an average accuracy of 88.57%. In contrast, only 74.26% of the cases were correctly classified when the discriminant functions were based on perceptual ratings of midventricular and supraventricular areas. Linear measures of atrophy correctly classified only 65.20% of the subjects. The results suggest that atrophy ratings of brain regions that show the characteristic macroscopic neuropathological changes of Alzheimer disease may be used by neuroradiologists to reach more accurate diagnostic decisions.
Electroweak limits on nonuniversal Z ′ bosons

Many types of physics beyond the standard model include an extended electroweak gauge group. If these extensions are associated with flavor symmetry breaking, the gauge interactions will not be flavor universal. In this paper we update the bounds placed by electroweak data on the existence of flavor nonuniversal extensions to the standard model in the context of top-color assisted technicolor (TC2), noncommuting extended technicolor (NCETC), and the ununified standard model (UUM). In the first two cases the extended gauge interactions couple to the third generation fermions differently than to the light fermions, while in the ununified standard model the gauge interactions couple differently to quarks and leptons. The extra $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ triplet of gauge bosons in NCETC and UUM models must be heavier than about 3 TeV, while the extra Z boson in TC2 models must be heavier than about 1 TeV.
The SVZ method: Why it works and why it fails

Abstract We show in the context of potential theory, first, why the SVZ procedure for calculating hadronic masses succeeds phenomenologically: it provides a semiclassical interpolating formula which correctly relates input masses to output masses; and second, why it fails theoretically: the potential (or QCD) parameters derived from fits to masses are necessarily different from the true parameters.
Distribution of Radioactive Rainout in Convective Rainfall

Abstract An investigation was made of the distribution characteristics of radioactive rainout in convective rain-storms through use of data from 29 storms collected on a network of automatic rainwater samplers in central Illinois during spring and summer 1963. Storm profiles of the concentration of radioactive rainout were correlated with rainfall factors and types of synoptic weather. It was found that the storm profiles of rainout could be grouped into four major and three minor types in which the major types accounted for 90 per cent of the cases and the most frequent type occurred 45 per cent of the time. Tentative explanations of the atmospheric conditions under which the major types prevail are presented.
The Effect of Sonification Pulse Rate on Perceived Urgency and Response Behaviors

Emergency signal researchers have devoted considerable energy to understanding the perceived urgency and performance effects of reliable and marginally reliable discrete auditory signals. Relatively little attention has been paid to aspects of continuous auditory displays. The purpose of the current study was to demonstrate and document the effects of sonification presentation rate on perceived urgency and response behaviors during a simulated patient monitoring task. As expected, participants rated shorter interpulse intervals as being significantly more urgent than longer pulse intervals. Participants also responded faster to patient problems when interacting with a sonification system that used shorter pulse intervals. Language: en
Dogmatism and presidential preferences in the 1964 elections.

A quota sample of voting-age male undergraduates was administered Form E of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale as part of an interview schedule concerned with interest and activity in the 1964 presidentia...
Degeneration and regeneration in abdominal flexor motor neurons in the crayfish.

Electrophysiological studies of sectioned crayfish motor axons of the abdominal flexor muscle have demonstrated that the distal stumps, isolated from their central connections for up to several months, are remarkably resistant to degeneration, as previously shown in the crayfish claw opener preparation. These distal stumps remained electrically excitable and intracellular recording showed that their neuromuscular junctional properties were indistinguishable from normal ones in such properties as waveform and amplitudes of the evoked junctional potentials. Furthermore, repetitive stimulation of the distal stumps evoked jp's which showed facilitation as in normal preparations. When degeneration finally occurred, electrical stimulation of the nerve no longer evoked jp's, and no progressive deterioration of junctional properties was observed. Regeneration ultimately occurred in these nerves but required at least three weeks or more. The electrical properties of these regenerated junctions were not different from normal ones. The evidence from time-course and correlated histological studies of degeneration and regeneration suggest that regeneration of these crayfish nerves occurs by axonal fusion rather than by outgrowth of an entirely new distal apparatus from centrally located cell bodies, as is the mechanism in vertebrates and some invertebrates.
Glutamate dehydrogenase and ammonia production in the eel (Anguilla rostrata)

Abstract 1. 1. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; EC. 1.4.1.3) activity was studied in homogenates of tissues from the fresh-water eel (Anguilla rostrata) with a monometric technique. Optimal conditions were determined for the assay of GDH in liver homogenates. Under these conditions, kidney showed a GDH activity about half that of liver, gill activity was low and that of muscle was negligible. 2. 2. In eel liver homogenates, under optimal assay conditions, the Vmax (as QO2 n a wet weight basis) for the deamination of glutamate was 3·45. The Km (glutamate) was 1·55 × 10−2 M. Ammonia inhibited the reactoon competitively, with a Ki of 1·15 × 10t−2 M. 3. 3. Transdeamination of alanine via glutamate appeared to occur at a significant rate in eel liver. 4. 4. Significant liver GDH activity was also found in two marine teleost species and two elasmobranchs.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Compositions, Structures, and Reaction Energies of PtxOy (x = 1−3) Clusters Predicted from First Principles

As synthetic nanocatalysis strives to create and apply well-defined catalytic centers containing as few as a handful of active metal atoms, it becomes particularly important to understand the structures, compositions, and reactivity of small metal clusters as a function of size and chemical environment. As a part of our effort to better understand the oxidation chemistry of Pt clusters, we present here a comprehensive set of density functional theory simulations combined with thermodynamic modeling that allow us to map out the T−pO2 phase diagrams and predict the oxygen affinity of PtxOy clusters, x = 1−3. We find that the Pt clusters have a much stronger tendency to form oxides than does the bulk metal, that these oxides persist over a wide range of oxygen chemical potentials, and that the most stable cluster stoichiometry varies with size and may differ from the stoichiometry of the stable bulk oxide in the same environment. Further, the facility with which the clusters are reduced depends both on size ...
User search characteristics on a specialized digital collection fordomain- and task-specific information

Domain-specialized digital collections have been growing rapidly in recent years. A good understanding of how users interact with such collections to accomplish domain-specific information tasks would help inform the design of effective systems. This study investigates users' interaction with a Web-based botanical collection by examining search logs recorded during an experiment. The findings indicate that while users' interactions with such collections demonstrate similar characteristics to those with general purpose search systems, they also demonstrate a domain- and task-specific nature.
Endomycopsis scolyti, a new heterothallic species of yeast.

A description has been given of a new heterothallic species of yeast,Endomycopsis scolyti. The natural habitat of the new species is in the frass or in larvae or adults ofScolytus ventralis andScolytus unispinosus, two species of bark bettles which attackAbies andPseudotsuga, respectively.
Therapeutic drug monitoring for immunosuppressants.

Abstract Background: Immunosuppressants have significantly increased patient survival, e.g. in renal transplant up to 90% for the first year. Methods: Four immunosuppressants are used for clinical applications in the United States: cyclosporine (CsA) (Sandimmune and Neoral), FK 506–tacrolimus (ProGraf), mycophenolic mofetil (CellCept)—the prodrug for the mycophenolic acid (MPA), and rapamycin (RAPA) (Sirolimus). For CsA and FK 506, the rationale for monitoring is due to the variable pharmacokinetics, acute infection, dosage adjustment, non-compliance check, and for long-term maintenance therapy. Targeted whole blood concentrations ranges are: for CsA, 100–400 ng/ml depending on the methods, therapy and organs; and for FK 506, 5–20 ng/ml. For MPA, drug bioavailability—the plasma area-under-curve up to 12 h of 32.2–60.6 mg h/l was correlated to the biopsy-proven rejection rate of
Planktonic Foraminiferal Assemblages and Pleistocene Temperatures: ABSTRACT

The faunistic compositions of recent planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from the Atlantic Ocean between 0-46°N lat. correlate with average ocean temperatures at 50-m depth. The correlation between temperature and faunistic assemblages provides the basis for an independent method of reconstructing paleotemperatures during the Pleistocene. In this model, Parks' distance coefficient is used to construct a similarity matrix comparing every recent sample station with every other station based on the abundance of species and phenotypes. Relative to the station(s) of highest diversity there is a linear relation between the similarity of all stations and average ocean temperatures at 50-m depth. Pleistocene assemblages contain the same species and phenotypes as found in recent sediments. Comparison of the similarity of Pleistocene assemblages with recent assemblages in the manner suggested allows an estimate of the ocean temperatures at 50-m depth during deposition of the assemblages. The model, tested in an equatorial core suggests faunistic paleotemperatures which are ± 1° from isotopic paleotemperatures of G. sacculifer from the same core. The temperature range between glacial and interglacial periods in the equatorial Atlantic is 5-6°C. In the Caribbean, during the last 100,000 years, the faunistic paleotemperature ranged between 20 and 27.5°C, a somewhat larger variation than that found in the equatorial Atlantic. The results of this study provide an independent estimate of paleotemperatures during the Pleistocene Epoch. Comparison of faunistic and isotopic paleotemperatures for the cores examined are consistent with Emiliani's estimate of paleotemperature variations, whereby 70% of the isotopic variation is directly related to changes in ocean temperature. End_of_Article - Last_Page 625------------
Directional methods for structural reliability analysis

Abstract Directional simulation reduces the dimension of the limit state probability integral by identifying a set of directions for integration, integrating either in closed-form or by approximation in those directions, and estimating the probability as a weighted average of the directional integrals. Most existing methods identify these directions by a set of points distributed on the unit hypersphere. The accuracy of the directional simulation depends on how the points are identified. When the limit state is highly nonlinear, or the inherent failure probability is small, a very large number of points may be required, and the method can become inefficient. This paper introduces several new approaches for identifying directions for evaluating the probability integral — Spherical t-design, Spiral Points, and Fekete Points — and compares the failure probabilities with those determined in a number of examples in previously published work. Once these points have been identified for a probability integral of given dimension, they can be used repeatedly for other probability integrals of the same dimension in a fashion analogous to Gauss Quadrature.
SOME ASPECTS OF NORTH AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY1

ARCHEOLOGICAL investigations in North America may for convenience be divided into two classes-those, on the one hand, which are concerned mainly with the question of the existence of early man in the continent, and, on the other, those which relate to later prehistoric peoples, to the immediate predecessors of the historic Indians. With the former class I do not propose to deal here, but wish rather to confine my attention to certain aspects of the latter which have a more or less direct bearing on American ethnology and ethnography. A very considerable mass of archeological material and information of this type has been accumulated in the last half-century. It seems therefore not inappropriate to consider a few of the broader and more general results of this work, the character of some of the problems which it presents, and some of the lessons which we may draw from what has already been done that will help us to more efficient and productive work in the future.
Decorin Activates the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Elevates Cytosolic Ca2+ in A431 Carcinoma Cells

Several independent lines of evidence have implicated decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, in the inhibition of cell proliferation. However, the mechanism by which decorin mediates its effect on cell proliferation is unclear. Here we report, for the first time, decorin-mediated increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels of single A431 cells. The effects of decorin persisted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ but were blocked by AG1478, an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and by down-regulation of the EGF receptor. The effects of decorin were not mimicked by the structurally homologous protein, biglycan. Our results indicate a novel action of decorin on the EGF receptor, which results in mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ providing a possible mechanism by which decorin causes growth suppression.
Strategic planning in a turbulent international environment

Abstract What we have argued in this paper is that fundamental changes in the multinational corporate environment are taking place raising proaches to multinational environmental surveillance and multinational strategic management. We are not offering this as a forecast of what the future will bring. Instead, we are proposing this framework to point to the need for greater environmental orientation and adaptation. MNCs are now in a double squeeze and managers must unlearn past models and criteria to understand problem. But the challenge is more than conventional corporate planning. The problematique can be decribed as one of multinational strategic management. In the area of environment we need research and learning to address three basic questions: What is the MCE? What concepts of the environment should be considered for strategic management? What parameters should be monitored? What are some consequences of the concept of interdependence and turbulence? What multinational environmental surveillance should be done? What methodologies are needed? How can these be made operational? How can the corporation be educated to behave in the new mode required in view of these changes? What new strategic issues and challenges lenges emerges from the MCE? What new demands must be factored into the multinational corporate planning processes? What new content does the changing environment procedure? How can the broadening field of opportunities and threats be systematically mapped and understood?
Burn Injury to Rat Increases Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Diaphragm

Thermal injury induces aberrant responses to neuromuscular (NM) blocking drugs, and it has been speculated that an increase in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AchR) may contribute to the altered response. Using the diaphragmatic muscle as a representative of skeletal muscle, the changes in AchR were examined. The diaphragm, rather than limb muscles, was chosen to avoid the effects of wound contracture-induced immobilization and denervation of limb, which can also increase AchR in skeletal muscle. Study of changes in diaphragm also tested the hypothesis that increase in AchR are the result of a generalized systemic effect, and not limited to area of burn. Following a 45-55% body surface area thermal injury to the trunk (not limbs) of rats, AchR changes in the diaphragm were studied at 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury and compared to uninjured (control) rats. The AchR changes in the diaphragmatic muscle was assayed using 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin as the specific ligand. At 10, 14, and 21 days after thermal injury, the animals had an arrest in weight growth and the AchR concentration was increased to (mean +/- SE) 155 +/- 15% (P less than 0.02), 160 +/- 16% (P less than 0.003), and 141 +/- 16% (0.05 less than P less than 0.1), respectively, compared to control. At 28 days, probably because of wound healing and burn wound contracture, the size of thermally injured area was significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced to 19 +/- 4% of body surface area, and weight increased (P less than 0.001) compared to preburn weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)