cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Autonomic Components of Motion Sickness

A body of investigations performed in support of experiments aboard the space shuttle, and designed to counteract the symptoms of Space Adaptation Syndrome, which resemble those of motion sickness on Earth is reviewed. For these supporting studies, the automatic manifestations of earth-based motion sickness was examined. Heart rate, respiration rate, finger pulse volume and basal skin resistance were measured on 127 men and women before, during and after exposure to nauseogenic rotating chair tests. Significant changes in all autonomic responses were observed across the tests. Significant differences in autonomic responses among groups divided according to motion sickness susceptibility were also observed. Results suggest that the examination of autonomic responses as an objective indicator of motion sickness malaise is warranted and may contribute to the overall understanding of the syndrome on Earth and in Space.
A proposed cybernetic system for sodium and potassium homeostasis: Coordination of aldosterone and intrarenal physical factors

Aldosterone, the most potent naturally occurring mineralocorticoid, plays a major role in regulation of the amounts of both sodium and potassium in the body. The hormone acts on the kidney tubules to increase both sodium reabsorption and the secretion of potassium ions. Because of these two simultaneous actions, there would appear to be a conflict of interest in constructing a homeostatic regulatory system for the simultaneous maintenance of the balance of the two cations, sodium and potassium, by this one hormone. Because of the two concurrent actions of aldosterone, one might expect that changes in its activity would inevitably accomplish defense in the balance of one ion at the expense of the other. One might expect, for example, that increases in aldosterone secretion in response to sodium depletion would, while defending, sodium balance, also produce potassium loss or, conversely, that after potassium ingestion the induced increase in aldosterone secretion would, in the course of promoting kaliuresis, cause unwanted sodium retention. Obviously, neither happens. In fact sodium balance remains stable in the face of wide changes in potassium intake and vice versa. This analysis is concerned then with the question of how the kidney adjusts to variations in both sodium and potassium intake to compensate for the two concurrent actions of aldosterone and to enable the appropriate excretion of both cations. In particular, the presentation considers how changes in sodium and potassium intake affect intrarenal physical factors and how, in turn, these intrarenal changes are coordinated with changes in aldosterone secretion to compose a balanced control system which works to stabilize the balance of one cation while reacting to wide fluctuations in intake of the other. First, the hormonal responses to changes in sodium and potassium intake will be characterized. Then, an analysis of the simultaneous and complementary changes in intrarenal physical factors will be presented.
Catharine Macaulay and the Uses of History: Ancient Rights, Perfectionism, and Propaganda

Late eighteenth-century London was a center of political debate, expressed variously in countless pamphlets, in coffee house discussions, and in extra-parliamentary political organizations. Intellectuals and political activists who argued about the problems of ministerial corruption and relations with the colonies had great faith in the power of reasoned discourse and the development of knowledge to improve the human condition. Most of them were interested in science and religion as well as politics. They were part of that broad intellectual ferment that we call the Enlightenment; yet for all the originality of some of their ideas and the radicalism of their political thinking, they owed a great deal to longstanding English political and religious traditions. They were rationalists who believed in God, and radicals who believed in history.Catharine Macaulay was one of these intellectuals; she was surely not a particularly original thinker, but was unique in using history as her primary medium of political debate, and in being a woman tolerated in male intellectual circles. Macaulay and her associates owed a great intellectual debt to earlier radical thinkers, the “commonwealthmen” of the seventeenth century. What is perhaps less well understood is the extent to which their ideas were informed by religious beliefs as well as political ideology. Beliefs in both the ancient rights of Englishmen and in millennial perfectionism provided the basis for the particular brand of political radicalism espoused by Macaulay and her associates. History was an important part of their political thinking, both because the rights of Englishmen were rooted in historical experience and because the process of history was part of the ultimate achievement of perfection.
Characterization of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in MuSK myasthenia gravis

Muscle specific tyrosine kinase myasthenia gravis (MuSK MG) is a form of autoimmune MG that predominantly affects women and has unique clinical features, including prominent bulbar weakness, muscle atrophy, and excellent response to therapeutic plasma exchange. Patients with MuSK MG have predominantly IgG4 autoantibodies directed against MuSK on the postsynaptic muscle membrane. Lymphocyte functionality has not been reported in this condition. The goal of this study was to characterize T cell responses in patients with MuSK MG. Intracellular production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-17, and IL-21 by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was measured by polychromatic flow cytometry in peripheral blood samples from 11 Musk MG patients and 10 healthy controls. Only one MuSK MG patient was not receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Regulatory T cells (Treg) were also included in our analysis to determine if changes in T cell function were due to altered Treg frequencies. CD8+ T cells from MuSK MG patients had higher frequencies of polyfunctional responses than controls, and CD4+ T cells had higher IL-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-17. MuSK MG patients had a higher percentage of CD4+ T cells producing combinations of IFN-gamma/IL-2/TNF-gamma, TNF-alpha/IL-2, and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha. Interestingly, Treg numbers and CD39 expression were not different from control values. MuSK MG patients had increased frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and were primed for polyfunctional proinflammatory responses that cannot be explained by a defect in CD39 expression or Treg number.
Predicted region of stability for balance recovery: motion at the knee joint can improve termination of forward movement.

Earlier experimental studies on balance recovery following perturbation have identified two discrete strategies commonly employed by humans, i.e. hip and ankle strategies. It has hence been implied that the knee joint plays a relatively minor role in balance recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the size of the feasible stability region (FSR) would be affected by allowing knee motion in sagittal plane movement termination. The FSR was defined as the feasible range of anterior velocities of the center of mass (COM) of a human subject that could be reduced to zero with the final COM position within the base of support (BOS) limits. The FSR was computed using a four-segment biomechanical model and optimization routine based on Simulated Annealing algorithm for three scenarios: unrestricted knee motion (UK), restricted knee motion (RK), and unrestricted knee motion with an initial posture that matches RK (UKM). We found that movement termination could benefit little from UK condition when the COM (x(COM)) was initially located in the forefoot region [0.00 (toe) >x(COM)>/=-0.50 (mid-foot)] with no more than a 17% increase in FSR compared to RK. The effect of knee motion increased in the rear foot region with a 25% increase in FSR at x(COM)=-1 (heel). Close to half of this difference (12%) was attributable to the knee-related restriction on initial posture and the rest to movement termination per se. These findings illustrated a theoretical role of knee motion in standing humans' repertoire of effective posture responses, which include hip and ankle strategies and their variants for balance recovery with stationary BOS.
Two bladders and two vaginas in two planes: one urogenital sinus

We report 2 cases of persistent urogenital sinus (UGS) with duplication of the bladder and vagina in different planes. Cystoscopy and vaginoscopy were used to diagnose persistent UGS with bladder and vaginal duplication in 2 infants with recurrent urinary tract infection. Surgical repair was done by way of a midline abdominal and perineal approach using tubularized UGS to reconstruct the urethra. Persistent UGS represents a major anomaly; these patients had the added complexity of duplication of the bladder and vagina. In these complex patients, the true anatomy may only become apparent during the surgical reconstruction, necessitating a flexible, individual approach.
On the Abrupt Extinction of Premixed Flames with Lewis Numbers Less Than One

Abstract —Here we have analyzed the governing equations of reacting low Mach number flow ror plane premixed flame structures in non-unirorm flow fields given that the activation temperature of the mixture is large compared to the temperature of the remote reactants. An extinction mechanism is uncovered Tor flames with Lewis numbers less than one thal cannot be round through the use of activation energy asymptolics, a limit where the activation temperature of the mixture is large compared lo the burned gas temDerature.
Behavioral responses to apomorphine and amphetamine in differentially housed mice.

The climbing response to apomorphine (AP, 0.075–3.0 mg/kg) and the motor activity response to amphetamine (AMP, 0,3–5.0 mg/kg) were determined in grouped or socially isolated mice. After 4 weeks of differential housing commencing at 5 weeks of age, the individually housed mice showed an increased response only to low doses of these drugs. The responses of the group-housed mice at 5 or 9 weeks of age were identical, ruling out an aging component to the differential responsiveness. Also, the response of separate groups of naive mice to acute treatments of saline, AP (0.15 and 3.0 mg/kg), and AMP (0.3 and 5.0 mg/kg) was examined at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of differential housing. With respect to age-matched group-housed mice, a significantly greater climbing response to AP (0.15 mg/kg) and a significantly greater locomotor activity response to AMP (0.3 mg/kg) were seen after 1 and 3 weeks of individual housing. There were no significant differences in the behavioral responses to the higher doses of AP and AMP.
The implications of MARPOL Annex V on the management of ports and coastal communities

Abstract The passage of the Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 (MPPRCA), which codified Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), has encompassed every commercial and recreational shipping and boating facility in the United States. As a group, these ports, harbors, and marinas form a significant, although proportionately small, portion of the coastline of the country. More important, the economic benefits derived from the complex shoreside infrastructures required for international ocean trade, commercial and recreational fishing, and pleasure boating indicate just how critical it is for these facilities to be in conformance with effective and prudent coastal zone and environmental management practices.
SU-E-T-429: Uncertainties of Cell Surviving Fractions Derived From Tumor-Volume Variation Curves

Purpose: To evaluate uncertainties of cell surviving fraction reconstructed from tumor-volume variation curves during radiation therapy using sensitivity analysis based on linear perturbation theory. Methods: The time dependent tumor-volume functions V(t) have been calculated using a twolevel cell population model which is based on the separation of entire tumor cell population in two subpopulations: oxygenated viable and lethally damaged cells. The sensitivity function is defined as S(t)=[δV(t)/V(t)]/[δx/x] where δV(t)/V(t) is the time dependent relative variation of the volume V(t) and δx/x is the relative variation of the radiobiological parameter x. The sensitivity analysis was performed using direct perturbation method where the radiobiological parameter x was changed by a certain error and the tumor-volume was recalculated to evaluate the corresponding tumor-volume variation. Tumor volume variation curves and sensitivity functions have been computed for different values of cell surviving fractions from the practically important interval S{sub 2}=0.1-0.7 using the two-level cell population model. Results: The sensitivity functions of tumor-volume to cell surviving fractions achieved a relatively large value of 2.7 for S{sub 2}=0.7 and then approached zero as S{sub 2} is approaching zero Assuming a systematic error of 3-4% we obtain that the relative error in S{sub 2} is less that 20%more » in the range S2=0.4-0.7. This Resultis important because the large values of S{sub 2} are associated with poor treatment outcome should be measured with relatively small uncertainties. For the very small values of S2<0.3, the relative error can be larger than 20%; however, the absolute error does not increase significantly. Conclusion: Tumor-volume curves measured during radiotherapy can be used for evaluation of cell surviving fractions usually observed in radiation therapy with conventional fractionation.« less
Testing of two binary grading systems for FIGO stage III serous carcinoma of the ovary and peritoneum.

Abstract Objective. A variety of histologic grading systems for ovarian carcinoma have been used, but there is no widely accepted system. Binary grading systems are inherently superior to the more common three-grade systems because they are more reproducible and they correspond to the number of options in the binary treatment decision for which grade is considered important: the use of or withholding of chemotherapy. Methods. One hundred thirteen unselected FIGO stage III serous carcinomas of the ovary and peritoneum were tested with two grading systems: a binary system recently proposed by investigators at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and a new binary system we formulated at the Washington Hospital Center (WHC). Both of these systems are based on nuclear grade. The WHC system has a higher threshold of nuclear size for diagnosing high-grade tumors. Results. The WHC system separated the cases into 89 high-grade and 24 low-grade tumors. The median survival rates were 30 and 49 months for high and low grade respectively, and the actuarial survival curves were not significantly different ( P > 0.10). The MDACC system separated the cases into 103 high-grade and 10 low-grade tumors. With this system, low-grade tumors were significantly more likely than high grade to be stage IIIA ( P P P > 0.05). The median survival for high-grade tumors was 34 months, and the median for low grade has not been reached. The actuarial survival curves were not significantly different ( P = 0.065). Conclusion. The MDACC grading system appears more promising than the WHC system. The MDACC system separates a small (9% of advanced stage serous carcinomas) but distinctive well-differentiated tumor which usually has the appearance of invasive low-grade (micropapillary) serous carcinoma. The rarity of this tumor, however, will require a larger series to demonstrate prognostic value. The WHC system, which was designed to enlarge the low-grade group to a size that would be more meaningful in clinical practice, did not demonstrate a survival difference. The failure of the WHC system suggests that attempts to enlarge the low-grade group using histologic features alone are unlikely to be successful. The potential for confounding of grade with substage, volume of residual disease and patient age are issues that may impede determination of the independence of tumor grade in prognosis, and more data, especially for low-grade tumors, are needed.
Spectroscopic properties of crystals and monolayers of chlorophyll and related compounds.

Abstract Microcrystals of ethyl chlorophyllides and pheophorbides a and b, and of methyl bacteriochlorophyllide, have been prepared and their absorption spectra measured. The main long-wave bands are shifted toward longer waves by 1–2 × 10 3 cm. −1 compared to their (extrapolated) position in free molecules ( i.e. , by 40–80 mμ from their position in organic solvents). The shift is a function of the size of the microcrystals, reaching “saturation” in crystals about 0.5 μ in diameter. An only slightly smaller shift is observed in “crystalline” monolayers, indicating that the interactions responsible for the shift occur mainly in one crystallographic plane. In “liquid” monolayers, the shift is much smaller—similar to that in amorphous colloidal solutions. A theory of the band shift is given, based on electrostatic interaction in an isotropic array of (virtual) dipoles, created by light absorption (without consideration of the overlapping of eigenfunctions and consequent resonance effects). The absolute value of the maximum shift in “large” microcrystals, and, in particular, the shape of the curve showing the dependence of the shift on crystal size, support the assumption of a predominantly two-dimensional interaction. The significance of these results for the hypothetical chlorophyll monolayers in vitro and the possible migration of excitation energy in them is discussed. Absence of fluorescence suggests that migration must be very restricted—if at all existent—in crystals and crystalline monolayers; it could be more extensive in noncrystalline monolayers. The existence of monolayers of the latter type is compatible with the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll in vivo .
Modelling of human performance in complex systems with emphasis on nuclear power plant operations and probabilistic risk assessment.

(1982). Modelling of human performance in complex systems with emphasis on nuclear power plant operations and probabilistic risk assessment. Ergonomics: Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 449-449.
Photoinduced charge-transfer states in subphthalocyanine-ferrocene dyads.

Very efficient stabilization of the photoinduced charge-transfer state was achieved in simple subphthalocyanine−ferrocene dyads, reaching radical pair lifetimes of about 0.2 ms.
Transcatheter treatment of hepatic metastases.

After successful removal of a primary tumor, the exclusive or dominant site of metastatic spread is often the liver. Existing palliative treatments, particularly chemotherapy, have low success rates. Fortuitous physiologic circumstances allow the use of regional treatments, such as hepatic artery infusion therapy, for both primary and secondary malignant tumors in the liver. Despite encouraging results in early uncontrolled trials, subsequent randomized studies have failed to show survival benefit with regional infusion therapy via surgically implanted pumps in patients who have colorectal metastases, the most common tumor studied. Dissatisfaction with current treatments has led to a host of novel therapies, including embolization of liver tumors and the combined infusion of embolic particles and chemotherapeutic agents (i.e., chemoembolization).
A comparison of HCV antibody testing in drug-free and methadone maintenance treatment programs in the United States

Abstract Drug treatment programs are uniquely situated to screen patients for antibodies for hepatitis C virus (HCV), an infectious disease that has reached epidemic proportions among drug users. This paper compares the accessibility and patients’ use of opportunities for HCV antibody testing in a large sample of methadone and drug-free treatment programs ( N =256) in the US, and reports programs’ recent changes and future plans concerning it. Results indicate that almost all methadone and about two-thirds of drug-free programs in the sample provided HCV antibody screening to at least some patients in 2001. While about two-thirds of the methadone and close to one-third of the drug-free programs offered this service to all patients, these programs report that only about 3/5 of their patients actually provided specimens for testing for HCV antibodies. Some drug treatment programs were planning to increase the availability and accessibility of HCV antibody screening, but others were planning to cut back on these services, primarily due to limited resources. These results can inform policymakers who advocate for increased HCV antibody screening in drug treatment programs about the current level and future plans for implementing these services, illuminating where resources and motivational efforts need to be targeted.
The intricate mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion diseases

Prion diseases are a group of infectious neurodegenerative diseases with an entirely novel mechanism of transmission, involving a protein-only infectious agent that propagates the disease by transmitting protein conformational changes. The disease results from extensive and progressive brain degeneration. The molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration are not entirely known but involve multiple processes operating simultaneously and synergistically in the brain, including spongiform degeneration, synaptic alterations, brain inflammation, neuronal death and the accumulation of protein aggregates. Here, we review the pathways implicated in prion-induced brain damage and put the pieces together into a possible model of neurodegeneration in prion disorders. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of brain degeneration is essential to develop a much needed therapy for these devastating diseases.
Theory to practice through teacher inquiry courses in a graduate program: Two teachers' perspectives

Our graduate degree program includes a component of six one-credit courses, in which teachers find ways to bring into their own classroom practices theory learned in related three-credit courses. Prior research indicates that taking course work alone may not bring about changes in teachers’ decision-making. Prior research also encourages higher education programs to find ways to facilitate connections from graduate course work to teachers’ classrooms. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand how two teachers of young children understood and made meaning of the process of becoming teacher researchers within a unique component of the Master’s degree program. Through multiple in-depth interviews and document reviews, both individual and common themes emerged. Implications for teacher education programs were identified.
The size, composition and amino acid sequence of certain glycopeptides of human plasma Ba-α2-glycoprotein

Abstract The glycopeptides of a proteolytic digest of sialic acid-free Ba-α2-glycoprotein were first separated from free amino acids and peptides by chromatography on paper-powder columns and subsequently resolved from each other by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Two glycopeptides were isolated in a high state of purity with a recovery of 65 % of the carbohydrate of the original glycopeptide fraction or approx. 50 % of the carbohydrate moiety of the sialic acid-free glycoprotein. Most of the remaining carbohydrate was concentrated in another fraction not described in this paper. The composition of the carbohydrate units of the mentioned 2 glycopeptides showed significant differences. Their molecular size was 2200 and 1600, respectively, demonstrating considerable heterogeneity of the carbohydrate units of Ba-α2-glycoprotein. Partial hydrolysis demonstrated that galactose occupies the penultimate position of the oligosaccharide chains. The amino acid sequences of these 2 glycopeptides were shown to be as follows: I. Asn-(Asn, Gly)-Ser; II. Asp-Asp-Thr. One of the 2 aspartyl residues of II carries a β-amide group.
Future Directions in Management of Anemia in Heart Failure

Anemia in patients with heart failure (HF) may be caused by several factors, including hemodilution, iron or erythropoietin deficiency, and chronic kidney disease. Published pilot studies of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and intravenous iron therapy in anemic heart failure patients demonstrate improvement in surrogate markers of functional capacity and quality of life, and reasonable safety profile during short-term use. However, the long-term safety of ESA in treatment of anemia in patients with HF remains a concern due to documented harmful side effects of ESA in anemic patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and cancer. Ongoing prospective clinical outcomes studies of ESA and intravenous iron therapies will provide important data that may pave the way for new avenues in the treatment of anemia in the future.
Contractual Fragility, Job Destruction, and Business Cycles

We develop a theory of labor contracting in which negative productivity shocks lead to costly job loss, despite unlimited possibilities for renegotiating wage contracts. Such fragile contracts emerge from firms' trade-offs between robustness of incentives in ongoing employment relationships and costly specific investment. Contractual fragility can serve as a powerful mechanism for propagating underlying productivity shocks: in a simulated matching market equilibrium, i.i.d. shocks are greatly magnified in their effect on market output, and the effect is highly persistent. We also explore novel motivations for government policies that strengthen employment relationships.
Strategies for laser excited fluorescence spectroscopy. Measurements of gas phase species during particle formation

Abstract Characterization of gas phase species is of fundamental importance to a greater understanding of gas to particle conversion processes of interest to materials synthesis. This paper describes the use of Laser Excited Fluorescence as an in situ method for characterization of gas phase species in a densely laden particle forming flow. The method provides for non-invasive, high spatial resolution measurements in a high temperature hostile environment. Examples of the application of the method will be described for the measurement of OH and SiO in a silica particle forming high temperature flow.
Phase aberration correction using echo signals from moving targets II: Experimental system and results

A method for correcting errors due to near-field tissue inhomogeneities in phased array ultrasound images is evaluated experimentally. The method uses the brightness of a moving speckle-generating target, such as blood, as a quality factor to correct for unknown phase aberrations. A real time experimental system utilizing the technique has been constructed and is described. Initial results from in vitro studies using a flow phantom are compared to theoretical predictions. The results indicate that the technique can provide significant improvements in image quality when imaging through aberrating media, and may find application in clinical imaging through skull and fatty layers.
Transactions section; Preprint of corresponding pages from the current Annual AIEE transactions volume

Accurate rating of transformers is one of the most important elements in the problem of providing continuous service to the customers of the utility industry. Rather than attempt to follow a general rule for the loading of transformers it is believed that the urgency of wartime needs amply justifies the effort required to place individual ratings on each transformer bank of the utility under consideration. Experience has shown that such ratings vary widely. The transformers cover a wide range of sizes, designs, manufacturers, and periods of manufacture; with weights per kilovolt-ampere ranging from 7 to 20 pounds, excitation voltages ranging from 95 to 110 per cent, their daily load factors from 25 to 100 per cent, and their seasonal loading from 0 to 100 per cent. The consequent saving of “critical” material is self-evident when each case is considered individually.
Isothermal time-series determination of the rate of diffusion of water in pachuca obsidian

Friedman and Smith's (1960) article introducing an exciting, potentially precise and inexpensive method of dating obsidian artefacts has thus far failed to reach its potential. Numerous efforts to refine, improve and even redevelop the method since that time have similarly failed to achieve the original promise. Only within the last eight years have significant improvements been made, due to both improved analytical techniques and a better understanding of the hydration process. However, most of our mechanistic understanding of the interaction of water with rhyolitic glass is based on experiments performed on melts and glasses at temperatures above their glass transitions, conditions inappropriate for investigation of near-surface environmental conditions. Unfortunately, studies detailing the temporal evolution of the diffusion profile at low temperatures are rare, and few useful data are available on the low-temperature diffusive hydration of silicate glasses. This paper presents data on the experimental hydration of obsidian from the Pachuca source (a.k.a. Sierra de las Navajas, Basin of Mexico) at 75°C for times ranging from 3 to 562 days, and compares these results with data for samples obtained from a stratigraphic excavation of the Chalco site in the Basin of Mexico. Samples have been analysed using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to provide concentration/depth data. While 75°C is still significantly above the temperatures at which archaeological obsidians hydrate, it is well below the glass transition temperature (approx. 400°C) and thus processes are likely to be similar to those that occur in nature, but fast enough to be observed over a laboratory timescale. The results demonstrate that a simple square-root-of-time model of the evolution of the diffusion profile is not adequate to describe the diffusion process, as measured diffusion profiles exhibit the effects of concentration- and time-dependent, non-Fickian diffusion. With progressive hydration, characteristic diffusion coefficients first decrease, then increase with time. Surface concentration increases with time, but an intermediate plateau is observed in its time evolution that is consistent with results obtained from the suite of Chalco samples. Both of these effects have been observed during diffusion in glassy polymer systems and are associated with the build-up and relaxation of self-stress caused by the influx of diffusing material.
Ruminal fermentation, milk fatty acid profiles, and productive performance of Holstein dairy cows fed 2 different safflower seeds1

A lactation trial was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing whole safflower seeds (SS) on ruminal fermentation, lactational performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles. Nine multiparous Holstein cows (days in milk = 110 ± 20) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted 21 d, with 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of data collection. Within square, cows were randomly assigned to a sequence of 3 dietary treatments as follows: cottonseed total mixed ration (TMR; CST), conventional SS (variety S-208) TMR (CSST), and NutraSaff SS (Safflower Technologies International, Sidney, MT) TMR (NSST). Diets contained approximately 63% forage (36% alfalfa hay, 4% grass hay, and 23% corn silage) and 37% concentrate supplemented with 2% cottonseed to the CST and 3% conventional or NutraSaff SS to the CSST or the NSST, respectively. Intake of dry matter (DM) averaged 21.8 kg/d and did not differ across diets, but feeding the NSST decreased intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) due to lower dietary concentration of NDF in the NSST. Digestibilities of DM and nutrients were similar among treatments. No differences in yields of milk or milk components were observed in response to supplementing SS. Dietary treatments did not affect ruminal pH, total or molar proportions of ruminal volatile FA, and ammonia-N. However, cows fed SS had a higher molar proportion of isobutyrate than those fed the CST diet. Ruminal C16:0 FA concentration increased with the CST, whereas C18:1 cis-9 and C18:2 n-6 tended to increase with SS supplementation, indicating that conventional and NutraSaff SS were partially protected from microbial biohydrogenation. Supplementing SS decreased milk C16:0 concentration, whereas it increased C18:1 cis-9 and C18:1 trans-9. Milk FA C18:1 trans-11 and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid increased and tended to increase with feeding the NSST, respectively, but not the CSST diet. In conclusion, supplementing diets with whole SS at 3% of dietary DM can be an effective strategy of fat supplementation to lactating dairy cows without negative effects on lactational performance and milk FA profiles.
User Innovation and Hacking

The economy's ongoing shift to user-centered innovation has some attractive qualities. Many users are finding it progressively easier to get precisely what they want by designing it for themselves. Innovation by users also provides a necessary complement to and source for novel products sold by producers. Users' innovations also seem to increase the welfare of society.
Vehicle lateral control with combined use of a laser scanning radar sensor and rear magnetometers

This paper describes the design procedure of vehicle lateral control algorithms for automated highway systems with combined use of a laser scanning radar sensor (LIDAR) and rear magnetometers. The LIDAR sensor measures the vehicle's lateral position relative to the preceding vehicle, and the magnetometers measure the lane following error relative to magnets buried along the center of the highway lane. It has been concluded from previous research that, in the event of front-magnetometer failure, and thus in the presence of rear magnetometers only, the vehicle lateral control algorithms can only achieve limited performance. This problem can be overcome by combining the use of the rear magnetometers with an on-board LIDAR sensor. A systematic controller design procedure is presented, which minimizes the interactions between the disturbance on one measurement output and the other output. A platoon of four vehicles, with three following vehicles under the proposed control scheme, is used in a simulation study to validate the proposed approach.
Nucleotide excision repair 3′ endonuclease XPG stimulates the activity of base excision repair enzyme thymine glycol DNA glycosylase

An ionizing radiation-induced DNA lesion, thymine glycol, is removed from DNA by a thymine glycol DNA glycosylase with an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase activity encoded by the Escherichia coli endonuclease III ( nth ) gene and its homolog in humans. Cells from Cockayne syndrome patients with mutations in the XPG gene show approximately 2-fold reduced global repair of thymine glycol. Hence, I decided to investigate the molecular mechanism of the effect of XPG protein observed in vivo on thymine glycol removal by studying the interactions of XPG protein and human endonuclease III (HsNTH) protein in vitro and the effect of XPG protein on the activity of HsNTH protein on a substrate containing thymine glycol. The XPG protein stimulates the binding of HsNTH protein to its substrate and increases its glycosylase/AP lyase activity by a factor of approximately 2 through direct interaction between the two proteins. These results provide in vitro evidence for a second function of XPG protein in DNA repair and a mechanistic basis for its stimulatory activity on HsNTH protein.
Efficient and Accurate Calculation of Ray Theory Seismic Travel Time Through Variable Resolution 3D Earth Models

Realistic 3D models of the seismic velocity distribution within the Earth have the potential to significantly improve our ability to accurately and precisely locate seismic events around the world ( e.g. , Flanagan et al. 2007). Development of these models by tomographic inversion of observed seismic travel times and the use of such models in seismic event location calculations, require the ability to accurately and efficiently compute predicted source to receiver travel times through 3D velocity structures. Meeting these requirements on a global scale presents two fundamental challenges: 1) how to represent the 3D distribution of seismic velocity in the Earth in models that can be interpolated efficiently, and 2) how to efficiently and accurately compute predicted travel times through these models. We present a 3D variable-resolution modeling methodology and a travel time prediction algorithm based on ray theory that address these issues and are compatible with computational resources ranging from laptop computers to powerful distributed computing systems. A simple representation of the 3D distribution of Earth properties is a regular latitude-longitude grid over the surface of the Earth with grid nodes distributed in an irregular manner in the radial direction (Figure 1A). Finding the grid cell in which an arbitrary point is located in such a model is both straight-forward and efficient. For models that do not extend to polar regions ( e.g. , Pasyanos et al. 2004), this approach provides satisfactory performance, but for global models such as the Crust 2.0 model (Bassin et al. 2000; http://igppweb.ucsd.edu/~gabi/crust2.html) the approach suffers from the fact that meridians intersect at the poles, leading to much smaller grid cells at high latitudes than at the equator, when cell size is evaluated in km2. Over the past couple of decades gridless Earth model representations and several representations involving irregular meshes have been …
Advances in Polymer Science and Engineering: Applications to Food Rheology

Flow is an essential step in the production and fabrication of many foods, and so the flow properties of materials constitute a body of information essential to the economic design of food process equipment and operation. Rheology is the science of flow, and while it thus includes all classes of fluids (gases, liquids, slurries, etc.) we usually use the term ‘rheology’ to refer to non-Newtonian materials, of which polymeric materials are the most important class, in an economic sense.
The JLC/NLC baseline design

The JLC/NLC is a normal conducting linear collider based on X-band RF technology. The collider is designed to cover the center-of-mass energy range from 90 GeV to 1.3 TeV with a luminosity of 2 to 3 x 10/sup 34/ cm/sup -2/s/sup -1/ between 500 GeV and 1 TeV The X-band RF system, which is based on the operating NLC Test Accelerator X-band RF system, was recently modified in a way that will ensure a less expensive and faster demonstration of a full RF subunit. In this paper, the baseline beam parameters and RF system design for the JLC/NLC will be described, along with the demonstration schedule.
Developmental Changes in Cell Calcium Homeostasis during Neurogenesis of the Embryonic Rat Cerebral Cortex

We quantified cytoplasmic Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(c)) levels in cells dissociated from the embryonic (E) rat cortex during neurogenesis. Dual-recordings by flow cytometry using calcium and voltage-sensitive dyes revealed that, at the beginning of cortical development (E11-12), precursor cells exhibited either low ( 1 microM) resting Ca(2+)(c) levels and well-polarized (-70 mV) or less-polarized (-40 mV) resting membrane potentials which reflected postmitotic or proliferative stages of the cell cycle. Ca(2+)(c) levels of all cells included a Ca(2+)(o) entry component, which was also Mn(2+)-permeant in actively proliferating precursors. Postmitotic, but not premitotic, precursors exhibited thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(i)) stores, which had similar capacities throughout neuronal lineage development. Differentiating neurons, but not precursors expressed Ca(2+)(i) stores with ryanodine and caffeine sensitivity and baseline Ca(2+)(c) levels that depended on Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange activity. Voltage-dependent Ca(2+)(o) entry was not detected in precursors, but emerged during neuronal differentiation, with most of the neurons expressing functional L-type Ca(2+) channels. Ca(2+) imaging of individually immunoidentified cells acutely recovered in culture confirmed that precursors differentiate into neurons which stereotypically exhibit Ca(2+)(o) entry at the level of the membrane with increased Ca(2+)(i) release mechanisms on Ca(2+)(i) stores, Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange activity and expression of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels.
Predicting the relevance of a library catalog search

Relevance has been a difficult concept to define, let alone measure. In this paper, a simple operational definition of relevance is proposed for a Web-based library catalog: whether or not during a search session the user saves, prints, mails, or downloads a citation. If one of those actions is performed, the session is considered relevant to the user. An analysis is presented illustrating the advantages and disadvantages of this definition. With this definition and good transaction logging, it is possible to ascertain the relevance of a session. This was done for 905,970 sessions conducted with the University of California's Melvyl online catalog. Next, a methodology was developed to try to predict the relevance of a session. A number of variables were defined that characterize a session, none of which used any demographic information about the user. The values of the variables were computed for the sessions. Principal components analysis was used to extract a new set of variables out of the original set. A stratified random sampling technique was used to form ten strata such that each new strata of 90,570 sessions contained the same proportion of relevant to nonrelevant sessions. Logistic regression was used to ascertain the regression coefficients for nine of the ten strata. Then, the coefficients were used to predict the relevance of the sessions in the missing strata. Overall, 17.85% of the sessions were determined to be relevant. The predicted number of relevant sessions for all ten strata was 11%, a 6.85% difference. The authors believe that the methodology can be further refined and the prediction improved. This methodology could also have significant application in improving user searching and also in predicting electronic commerce buying decisions without the use of personal demographic data.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Recovery from Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Patients with AIDS

We cultured bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from 23 consecutive patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pulmonary symptoms. We also included a nonconsecutive AIDS patient with recent worsening of respiratory symptoms who had had lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) diagnosed six months earlier. Infectious HIV was present in the cellular fraction from two of the 23 consecutive patients and in the patient with LIP. No virus was isolated from the cell-free portion of the centrifuged fluids. The patients from whom HIV was cultured were not distinguishable from other patients by clinical, radiographic, or laboratory data, and their subsequent course did not appear to differ. One patient with a positive HIV culture had organizing pneumonia without evidence of LIP at autopsy three weeks after lavage. This study demonstrates that HIV can be cultured from cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and suggests that its presence is not associated with a single specific pulmonary histologic pattern.
Valproate prevents the induction and the expression of MK-801 sensitization.

Repeated administration of psychostimulants such as amphetamine, cocaine, and methylphenidate has been shown to induce behavioral sensitization. Sodium valproate, an anticonvulsant agent that enhances GABA activity, and dizocilpine (MK-801), a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, can block the sensitization elicited by psychostimulants. MK-801 also has been demonstrated to sensitize to itself. The objective of the present study was to determine whether valproate disrupts the behavioral sensitization elicited by MK-801. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a regimen of repeated MK-801 injections (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) that produced behavioral sensitization. They were also given valproate, at a dosage (50 mg/kg, i.p.) that prevented behavioral sensitization to stimulants, either during or after multiple MK-801 injections. After the washout period, animals were then re-challenged with MK-801 to determine whether valproate disrupted the behavioral sensitization elicited by MK-801. An activity monitoring system recorded horizontal activity, total distance, and vertical activity of the animals following drug treatment. Results of their locomotor responses demonstrated that valproate disrupted the development/induction and the expression of sensitization to MK-801, as it did to methylphenidate.
Feature Subset Selection on Multivariate Time Series with Extremely Large Spatial Features

Several spatio-temporal data collected in many applications, such as fMRI data in medical applications, can be represented as a Multivariate Time Series (MTS) matrix with m rows (capturing the spatial features) and n columns (capturing the temporal observations). Any data mining task such as clustering or classification on MTS datasets are usually hindered by the large size (i.e., dimensions) of these MTS items. In order to reduce the dimensions without losing the useful discriminative features of the dataset, feature selection techniques are usually preferred by domain experts since the relation of the selected subset of features to the originally acquired features is maintained. In this paper, we propose a new feature selection technique for MTS datasets where their spatial features (i.e., number of rows) are much larger than their temporal observations (i.e., number of columns), or m /ge n. Our approach is based on Principal Component Analysis, Recursive Feature Elimination and Support Vector Machines. Our empirical results on real-world datasets show that our technique significantly outperforms the closest competitor technique.
Performance of Ultrathin Silicon Solar Microcells with Nanostructures of Relief Formed by Soft Imprint Lithography for Broad Band Absorption Enhancement

Recently developed classes of monocrystalline silicon solar microcells can be assembled into modules with characteristics (i.e., mechanically flexible forms, compact concentrator designs, and high-voltage outputs) that would be impossible to achieve using conventional, wafer-based approaches. This paper presents experimental and computational studies of the optics of light absorption in ultrathin microcells that include nanoscale features of relief on their surfaces, formed by soft imprint lithography. Measurements on working devices with designs optimized for broad band trapping of incident light indicate good efficiencies in energy production even at thicknesses of just a few micrometers. These outcomes are relevant not only to the microcell technology described here but also to other photovoltaic systems that benefit from thin construction and efficient materials utilization.