cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
As if the disease was not enough: coping with the financial consequences of cancer

The goal of this research was to understand how cancer survivors cope with the financial consequences of their disease. Twenty-six cancer survivors who self-identified as having experienced financial hardship related to their disease were interviewed. Transcripts of these interviews were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory approach. An analysis of codes related to coping strategies was conducted, and findings were stratified based on established coping theories (Lazarus and Folkman and Moos and Holahan) previously applied to coping with serious/chronic illnesses. Participants used both person-oriented/emotion-focused and task/problem-focused coping skills to confront the financial consequences of their disease trajectory. Problem-focused skills included dealing with debt, accessing financial assistance, making lifestyle changes, seeking information and education, altering treatment protocols, being proactive, and negotiating insurance. Emotion-focused tasks included using personal strengths, expressing emotion, accessing social support, being determined, and taking care of oneself. Results were further analyzed using Moos and Holahan’s framework of coping skills; examples of each of these coping skills were identified in the interview data. Facing serious financial ramifications due to a cancer diagnosis calls forth coping skills and tasks that can be categorized using coping theories traditionally applied to coping with the illness itself. Cancer patients are often confronted with dual threats: the physical and emotional impact of the illness and the loss of financial security and the lifestyle that they have worked to maintain. Interventions with cancer survivors should include facilitating effective coping with the financial implications of the disease.
Supercongruences for some lacunary sums of powers of binomial coefficients

Let a,n,m ∈ ℤ+ with (a,p) = 1 and p be an odd prime. We find a supercongruence for ∑p|kapn km and related sums of powers of binomial coefficients. These results complement prior results for ∑k≡i(mo...
Close Binary (and Pulsating) Nuclei of Planetary Nebulae

Close-binary central stars of planetary nebulae are of interest to participants in this Colloquium because of recent suggestions that the cataclysmic binaries, containing a white dwarf and a lower-main-sequence star, may be descended from such objects (e.g. Paczynski 1976; Ritter 1976; Webbink 1978; Meyer and Meyer-Hofmeister 1978; Livio, Salzman, and Shaviv 1979). The proposed scenario is. that a binary system of initially large separation (P.= 1-10 yr) forms a “common-envelope” binary after the primary has evolved to the red-giant stage and developed a degenerate core. The secondary star spirals inward inside the red-giant envelope, eventually transferring enough angular momentum to the envelope to eject it. The result is a close binary containing the hot degenerate core of the red giant and a cool main-sequence companion, surrounded by the ejected envelope, which is ionized by the hotter star. Much later, when the cool companion begins to evolve, it will start to transfer matter to the hot star (by now a white dwarf), and cataclysmic activity ensues.
ADVANCED BUILDING MATERIALS FOR PASSIVE SOLAR APPLICATION

The importance of “Passive Solar Device” (PSD), which is defined as the advanced materials to building and housing components to reduce the heating, cooling and lighting loads and to realize the best mix of such solar technologies as active, passive and photovoltaic, is urged. Among PSD, some type of chromogenic optical switchable glazings, monolithic transparent insulation materials and selective radiating cooling materials, which are considered to be feasible PSD within next decade, are briefly described with the-state-of-the-art of R & D on the designated materials in our laboratory. Then, the significant energy benefit by using PSD is pointed out by taking account the simulation results to realize the reduction of heating, cooling and lighting loads particularly performed for the use of advanced glazing materials by several other research groups.
Toxicity of Actinides to Bacterial Strains Isolated from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Environment

The possibility of toxic effects from several actinide elements to bacteria isolated from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site has been investigated. This study is part of an extensive ongoing research program that endeavors to validate the suitability and safety of the WIPP site as a transuranic (TRU) radioactive waste repository. The motivation for the toxicity studies was to determine the eventual fate of the actinides after their contact with microorganisms relevant to the WIPP site. The toxicity studies investigated possible adverse effects to the growth of the bacteria due to actinide toxicity. Actinide interactions with the bacteria will impact actinide transport or retardation by the bacterial species.
Abstract TMP30: Mucin is a Novel Target for Gut Protective Immunity in Stroke

Introduction: Infections are a common cause of post-stroke morbidity and mortality. Recent studies suggest that gut microbiota are a major source of post-stroke infection. Gut mucus layers are a ma...
THE EXPLORATION AND FIRST ASCENT OF MOUNT WHITNEY, CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT Mount Whitney, California, rises 14,505 feet in the Sierra Nevada of California. At the time of its discovery by members of the California Geological Survey in 1864, Mount Whitney was the ...
Magnesium alloy ZK60 tubing made by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE)

Abstract ZK60 Magnesium tubing has been friction extruded from as-cast billets and T5 conditioned bars using Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE). Tubes having an outer diameter of 50.8 mm and wall thickness of 1.9 mm were extruded with >20 times less ram force compared to conventional extrusion due to the unique shearing conditions and tooling inherent to ShAPE. Microstructures of the as-cast billet and T5 bar feedstock materials were significantly different from each other in terms of grain size, texture, and second phase distribution; yet the resulting microstructures after ShAPE were remarkably similar. An average grain size of 4–5 μm, 20° tilt of basal texture away from the extrusion axis, and refined second phases having a uniform distribution were achieved independent of the feedstock material. Hardness for as-extruded and artificially aged tubes are presented with isotropic behavior explained by detailed microstructural analysis. This work suggests that bulk ZK60 magnesium alloys extrusions may be fabricated in a single step, with microstructures that are unobtainable with conventional extrusion.
The relationship between glacial activity and sediment production: evidence from a 4450-year varve record of neoglacial sedimentation in Hector Lake, Alberta, Canada

A 4450-year sequence of varves, spanning the entire Neoglacialinterval, has been recovered from Hector Lake, Alberta. The varve record is compared to records of regional glacial history toevaluate therelationship between alpine glacial activity and sediment production. Glacial controls on sediment production vary with the timescale considered. Long-term variations in sedimentation rate, of centuries to millennial duration, reflect changes in ice extent of the same timescale. Superimposed on these long-term changes is decadal-scale variability that is complexly related to upvalley ice extent. Over the short term, high sedimentation rates may be associated with glacier maximum stands, or with periods of glacier advance or recession. Overthe last millennium at least, highest sedimentation rates appear to have been associated with transitional periods, preceding or post-dating maximum ice stands, rather than with times of maximum ice extent.
A Rare Mutation of β1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors

Sleep is crucial for our survival, and many diseases are linked to long-term poor sleep quality. Before we can use sleep to enhance our health and performance and alleviate diseases associated with poor sleep, a greater understanding of sleep regulation is necessary. We have identified a mutation in the β1-adrenergic receptor gene in humans who require fewer hours of sleep than most. In vitro, this mutation leads to decreased protein stability and dampened signaling in response to agonist treatment. In vivo, the mice carrying the same mutation demonstrated short sleep behavior. We found that this receptor is highly expressed in the dorsal pons and that these ADRB1+ neurons are active during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. Activating these neurons can lead to wakefulness, and the activity of these neurons is affected by the mutation. These results highlight the important role of β1-adrenergic receptors in sleep/wake regulation.
Investigation of Oscillations of a Quadcopter Convertiplane in Transient Mode in the Vertical Longitudinal Plane

The present paper deals with the issues of mathematical simulation of the convertiplane motion with controlled electric drives and tilt rotors (propellers) executed on a quadcopter pattern. The computational scheme has been introduced, and differential equations describing the controlled motion of the vehicle in the vertical longitudinal plane have been derived. Simulations of the convertiplane motion in transient modes have been carried out. It has also been revealed that the main rotors’ deviation in a complex electromechanical system. It has also been found that the main rotors’ deviation in a complex electromechanical system leads to the related oscillations. The range of the controller parameters, in which these oscillations in the transient period subside and the quadcopter restores the equilibrium state, has been determined.
The Crucial Role of Friendships and Peer Relationships in the Etiology of Crime, Deviance, and Substance Use

Friends play a hugely important role in crime, substance use, and deviance. Despite this, the effects they exert on behavior are not constant throughout the life-course. Peers play a particularly important role during adolescence, but this effect wanes as people progress into early and middle adulthood. This chapter reviews the nuances of this developmental relationship and covers key theoretical concepts that focus on the role of friends and peers through development. Key findings from dyadic and social networks are also reviewed, and general recommendations on the current state of the research—including necessary future directions—are reviewed.
Perinatal Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Diffuse White Matter Abnormality on Term-Equivalent Age MRI in Infants Born Very Preterm

Abstract Importance Diffuse white matter abnormality (DWMA) is the most common brain MRI finding in very preterm infants and is predictive of neurodevelopmental impairments. However, its etiology remains elusive and identifying perinatal risk and protective factors may allow clinicians to reduce the burden of DWMA. Objective To identify perinatal clinical factors that are associated with the development of objectively diagnosed DWMA in very preterm infants. Design A prospective cohort was enrolled between September 2016 and November 2019. Brain MRIs were collected at 39 to 45 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) to evaluate DWMA volume. A pre-defined list of pertinent maternal characteristics, pregnancy/delivery data, and neonatal ICU data was collected for enrolled patients to identify antecedents of objectively diagnosed DWMA. Setting Five level III/IV NICUs in the greater Cincinnati, Ohio area. Participants A population-based sample of 392 very preterm infants born before 33 weeks gestational age. Exposure Very preterm birth with associated diseases and treatments. Main Outcome and Measure Objectively diagnosed DWMA volume on brain MRI at term-equivalent age. Results 377 of the 392 very preterm infants (96%) had high quality MRI data. Mean (SD) gestational age was 29.3 (2.5) weeks. In multivariable linear regression analyses, pneumothorax (p=.027), severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (p=.009), severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (p Conclusions and Relevance Severe ROP and BPD exhibited the strongest adverse association with the development of DWMA. Caffeine and dexamethasone treatments for infants with severe BPD exhibited a protective effect against development of DWMA. The beneficial association with maternal milk is also a modifiable factor that has clinical implications. Key Points Question What perinatal clinical factors are independently associated with the development of diffuse white matter abnormality (DWMA) in very preterm infants? Findings In this prospective cohort study, pneumothorax, severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe retinopathy of prematurity, and male sex were significantly associated with an increased risk of DWMA. Significant protective factors included dexamethasone for severe BPD, duration of caffeine for severe BPD, and exclusive maternal milk diet at NICU discharge. Meaning Knowledge of these common and modifiable neonatal diseases and treatments may allow clinicians to reduce the burden of DWMA development through targeted prevention or treatments approaches.
Student Attitudes Towards Online Education during the COVID-19 Viral Outbreak of 2020: Distance Learning in a Time of Social Distance

In this paper, undergraduate student attitudes towards rapidly shifting to an entirely online learning environment were assessed due to COVID-19. In addition, surveys on perceptions about misinformation in media, overall anxiety towards distance learning, knowledge of disease outbreak, and level of preparedness during the onset of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) 2020 outbreak were analyzed. Students surveyed (N = 82) consisted of Wingate undergraduate students from across majors and academic years as part of an animal behavior course covering psychology and human behavior during the COVID-19 2020 crisis during the first two weeks when students returned to school entirely online from off-campus. The majority of students responded that online learning would not be the same as in-class learning (91.5%), indicating a significant difference in responses. Many students indicated they had witnessed some misinformation on COVID-19 in media (98.8%), and there was a significant difference for student perception on being well informed from standard news media (e.g., TV, newspapers) versus social media (t-test = 3.78, p <0.001). Many students (75.6%) responded they held some level of anxiety towards rapidly shifting to finishing a semester online, with 84.2% having discussed disease transmission actively and yet only 64.6% felt well prepared for emergency situations. The majority of students felt preventative measures (university requiring students to move off campus and remainder of semester moving to online distance learning) were based on good science and medical knowledge. Of the students that freely commented in the survey, overall students displayed a wide range of responses, with most expressing anxiety toward online learning, disappointment regarding graduation ceremony, and online learning being different than standard in-class learning. A follow up survey consisting of one question, revealed improvement in students that stated they felt less anxiety towards online learning after 3 weeks (51.4% Yes: 48.6% No), but still many students exhibiting anxiety towards distance education.
Nonclassified Lymphoma as a Cause of Radial Nerve Paralysis in a Horse

Abstract A 4-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated for acute non–weight-bearing lameness of the right thoracic limb with swelling in the right shoulder region. Physical examination revealed radial nerve paralysis of unknown etiology. The primary differential diagnosis was musculoskeletal trauma. Ultrasonography of the right shoulder region identified a heterogeneous mass that extended from the point of the shoulder to the thoracic inlet. Cytologic analysis of fluid collected by fine needle aspirate of the mass was consistent with large cell lymphoma. Based on the cytological findings, locally invasive neoplasia was diagnosed and considered the likely cause of the radial nerve paralysis. Because of the poor prognosis, the horse was euthanized, and postmortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of a nonclassified large cell lymphoma that extended from the deep tissues of the right pectoral muscle group into the thoracic inlet and pleural cavity, as well as the right brachial plexus. The mass in the region of the brachial plexus encompassed and mechanically compressed all of the nerves within the area, resulting in the clinical sign of radial nerve paralysis. Although neoplasia as a cause of radial nerve paralysis is rare, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis, regardless of age.
Effectiveness of an Early Operating Room Start Time in Managing Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus and Femoral Shaft Fractures

Background/Purpose Pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF) and femoral shaft fractures (FSF) commonly require non-emergent operative treatment. Expeditious treatment of these injuries is used as a marker for the quality of a hospital system. Given the incidence of these injuries, the U.S. News and World Report has chosen the timing of their management as a measure of hospital efficiency in managing trauma. A delay of more than 18 hours from admission to surgery negatively affects a hospital’s rank. Here, we describe the effect of a program allowing an early operating room start for uncomplicated trauma prior to an elective day. The goal of …
63. Menstrual Suppression in the Myelosuppressed: A Retrospective Chart Review

Background Adolescents receiving myelosuppressive cancer treatment are at high risk of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the setting of thrombocytopenia. There are no validated menstrual suppression regimens in this setting, and clinical management is based on studies in healthy women. There has been minimal evaluation of patterns of care in this population. Methods We established a retrospective cohort of patients who were aged 15-39y at diagnosis with new or relapsed lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, or sarcoma and treated with chemotherapy +/- radiation at a single tertiary pediatric institution between 2008-2019. Our aim was to understand patterns of care by describing patient characteristics and symptoms (packed red blood cell and/or platelet transfusions). The following was abstracted from the medical record: cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy, clinical characteristics, race/ethnicity, payor, menarchal age, menstrual pattern prior to therapy, and cycle control agents utilized. IRB approval was obtained. Results Our cohort included 52 patients, the majority of whom were newly diagnosed (73%) and received highly myelosuppressive chemotherapy (85%). The majority of patient records had no documentation of menstrual cycles (81%) or sexual history (89%). A minority of records documented discussion of potential therapy-related infertility (30%) or fertility preservation options (11%); all fertility preservation options discussed were accurate. Eighty-five percent of patients received blood product transfusions. The majority of patients (79%) were prescribed hormonal agents for menstrual suppression; the most utilized agents were depo-medroxyprogesterone (49%) and combined oral contraceptives (39%). The initiation of a menstrual suppression agent varied from prior to (20%), simultaneous with (25%), or after initiating (44%) chemotherapy (Table 1). Conclusions Despite AUB being a likely consequence for adolescents receiving myelosuppressive therapies, not all at-risk patients were prescribed menstrual suppression. Agents prescribed and timing of initiation varied widely. The majority of patients received blood products. The majority of patients did not have relevant gynecologic details documented by oncologists. Our study is limited by small sample size and being from a single institution. Ongoing work is evaluating these patterns in a larger cohort, aiming to understand differences in symptomatic AUB and healthcare utilization according to cycle control agents, along with the impact of AUB on adolescent quality of life.
Effects of Self-Concept on Wellbeing

In this chapter I discuss research self-concept theory in relation to wellbeing and positive mental health. I start out by discussing self-concept theory in general. I then focus on the research related to the wellbeing effects of specific self-concept dimensions such as the ideal self, the social self, the deserved self, the minimum-needs self, the predicted self, the competent self, the aspired self, and the true self. Then the focus turns to self-concept dynamics in discussing how self-concept differentiation versus integration (and self-enhancement versus self-consistency) influence wellbeing outcomes.
A rapid radiochemical purity testing method for Tc-99m tetrofosmin

2237 Objectives The standard radiochemical purity (RCP) testing method for 99mTc-tetrofosmin requires extensive time and considerable skill to achieve accurate results. Also, ITLC/SG paper (2 x 20 cm) used in the standard method may not be available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a RCP testing method developed for 99mTc-sestamibi could also be used for 99mTc-tetrofosmin. Methods The alternative RCP testing system consisted of a paper strip (1 x 8.5 cm) from Solvent Saturation Pads as stationary phase with 1:1 CH3Cl:THF used as mobile phase. Comparisons were performed with kits reconstituted according to the package insert and 99mTc NaTcO4 was added to create trials with RCP values below 90% purity. Results 158 trials (77 were replicated trials) were run from 13 kit preparations. 53 (34%) of the trials were below 90% based on the standard method. The agreement between the two methods was 93%. Sensitivity of the alternative method for unacceptable RCP was 85% and specificity for acceptable RCP was 97%. The agreement between the replicated trials of alternative and standard methods were 99% and 91% respectively. For the standard method, sensitivity of unacceptable RCP ranged from 81-92%. Conclusions The alternative method is faster, easier, and can be used for RCP testing of 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 99mTc-sestamibi. The stationary phase is readily available, not moisture sensitive, and less susceptible to operation technique. Our method is accurate in determining the RCP value of 99mTc-tetrofosmin, and is a better RCP testing method.
Swin Transformer V2: Scaling Up Capacity and Resolution

We present techniques for scaling Swin Transformer up to 3 billion parameters and making it capable of training with images of up to 1,536$\times$1,536 resolution. By scaling up capacity and resolution, Swin Transformer sets new records on four representative vision benchmarks: 84.0% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-V2 image classification, 63.1/54.4 box/mask mAP on COCO object detection, 59.9 mIoU on ADE20K semantic segmentation, and 86.8% top-1 accuracy on Kinetics-400 video action classification. Our techniques are generally applicable for scaling up vision models, which has not been widely explored as that of NLP language models, partly due to the following difficulties in training and applications: 1) vision models often face instability issues at scale and 2) many downstream vision tasks require high resolution images or windows and it is not clear how to effectively transfer models pre-trained at low resolutions to higher resolution ones. The GPU memory consumption is also a problem when the image resolution is high. To address these issues, we present several techniques, which are illustrated by using Swin Transformer as a case study: 1) a post normalization technique and a scaled cosine attention approach to improve the stability of large vision models; 2) a log-spaced continuous position bias technique to effectively transfer models pre-trained at low-resolution images and windows to their higher-resolution counterparts. In addition, we share our crucial implementation details that lead to significant savings of GPU memory consumption and thus make it feasible to train large vision models with regular GPUs. Using these techniques and self-supervised pre-training, we successfully train a strong 3B Swin Transformer model and effectively transfer it to various vision tasks involving high-resolution images or windows, achieving the state-of-the-art accuracy on a variety of benchmarks.
Projecting the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Marriage.

Abstract Purpose The study projects the potential impact of COVID-19 on child marriage in the five countries in which the burden of child marriage is the largest: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, and Nigeria. Methods The projected impact of the pandemic on child marriage is based on a Markov model. A review of empirical and theoretical literature informed construction and parameter estimates of five pathways through which we expect an elevated marriage hazard: death of a parent, interruption of education, pregnancy risk, household income shocks, and reduced access to programs and services. Models are produced for an unmitigated scenario and a mitigated scenario in which effective interventions are applied to reduce the impact. Results The total number of excess child marriages in these five countries could range from 3.5 million to 4.9 million in the unmitigated scenario and from 1.8 million to 2.7 million in the mitigated scenario. The elevated risk compared with the baseline projection would continue until 2035. Conclusions These projections represent the impact in five countries that account for 50% of child marriages globally, implying that if similar patterns hold, we might expect the number of excess child marriages due to the pandemic to reach 7 million to 10 million globally. These estimates are necessarily subject to high levels of uncertainty because of limited evidence on the impacts in relation to child marriage and for parameter estimates. It will likely take years to understand the full impact of the pandemic. Despite these limitations, the potential for harm is unquestionably large.
3-D Finite Element Modeling of Ductile Crack Growth in Thin Aluminum Materials

This work describes the development and verification of a 3-D model to predict stable, Mode I crack growth in thin, ductile aluminum alloys. The model extends the standard 2-D form of the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) methodology, which determines crack extension based on obtaining a critical angle at the crack tip. When the CTOA reaches the critical value, all the nodes along the current, 3-D crack front are released simultaneously, thereby growing the crack in a self-similar manner. Evaluation of the CTOA occurs at a specified distance behind the crack tip; this decouples CTOA evaluation from mesh refinement. The CTOA-based model also includes adaptive load control strategies to minimize the effects of discrete load increments on the growth response. To evaluate the effectiveness of the described approach, this work describes a validation study using load-crack extension data from 2.3-mm-thick Al 2024-T3 specimens tested at NASA-Langley. The test matrix includes C(T) and M(T) specimens, with varying widths (50 to 600 mm), a/W ratios, and levels of constraint to suppress out-of-plane bending. Comparisons of load-crack extension curves from experiments and analyses of a constrained 150-mm C(T) specimen provide a calibrated critical CTOA value of 5.1°. Analyses using the calibrated CTOA value for constrained and unconstrained specimens provide predictions of peak load in good agreement with the experimental values.
Sensory Maps on the Move

The auditory and visual space maps of barn owls are closely connected, enabling the birds to precisely locate prey. If prism spectacles are placed over the eyes of juvenile owls, the visual and auditory space maps rearrange so that both maps remain ALIGNED. In his Perspective, [Michael Stryke][1] r explains new findings reported in this issue ([Zheng and Knudsen][2]) that show that this neural plasticity results not only from the addition of new inputs but also from the selective inhibition of the inputs responsible for the old map, the connections for which remain in place but are overwhelmed by new inhibition. He further posits that combined plasticity of both excitatory and inhibitory inputs may be involved in rearrangements of other types of sensory maps. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/284/5416/925 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/284/5416/962
Incidence of spontaneously occurring elevation of fasting blood glucose and its association with increased sarcopenia and exercise capacity deficit in aging C57BL/6J mice (LB818)

We have investigated the changes in skeletal muscle mass and exercise capacity with age, and the incidence and impact on muscle mass and exercise capacity of the spontaneous elevation of fasting blood glucose during old age, in male C57BL/6J mice. In mice ranging in age from 5 to 32 months, gastrocnemius muscle mass decreased significantly (↓27% at 32 months, ↓36% when normalized to body weight; ↓23% at 22 months normalized to body weight) compared to 5 months. In mice ranging in age from 7 to 31 months, exercise capacity (exercise to exhaustion on an incline treadmill protocol, expressed as total work) decreased significantly (↓65% at 31 months (↓23% at 22 months)) compared to 7 months. In 672 mice ranging in age from 18 to 26 months, peak incidence of elevated fasting blood glucose occurred at 21 months, at which age 53% of mice were below 110 mg glucose/dl blood, 33% of mice were between 110 and 140 mg/dl, and 14% were over 140 mg/dl. Comparing groups of 22 month-old mice with high (>170 mg/dl, n=9) or...
Introducing Kansas lava

Kansas Lava is a domain specific language for hardware description. Though there have been a number of previous implementations of Lava, we have found the design space rich, with unexplored choices. We use a direct (Chalmers style) specification of circuits, and make significant use of Haskell overloading of standard classes, leading to concise circuit descriptions. Kansas Lava supports both simulation (inside GHCi), and execution via VHDL, by having a dual shallow and deep embedding inside our Signal type. We also have a lightweight sized-type mechanism, allowing for MATLAB style matrix based specifications to be directly expressed in Kansas Lava.
"Topologies on types": Correction

For different purposes, economists may use different topologies on types. We char- acterize the relationship among these various topologies. First, we show that for any general types, convergence in the uniform-weak topology implies convergence in both the strategic topology and the uniform strategic topology. Second, we explicitly con- struct a type which is not the limit of any finite types under the uniform strategic topology, showing that the uniform strategic topology is strictly fi ner than the strategic topology. With these results, we can linearly rank various topologies on the universal type space, which gives a clear picture of the relationship between the implication of types for beliefs and their implication for behaviors.
Evaluation of Social Programs A Multimethodological Approach Combining a Delayed Treatment True Experiment and Multiple Time Series

The quandary m which program evaluators find themselves involves a search for ways to maximize the internal validity and inferential power of their research designs while still being able to assess the long-term effects of social programs. A multimethodological research strategy combining a delayed control group true experiment with a multiple time series with switching replications design is proposed as one means of addressing this problem. Providing certain criteria are met, such a combination would enable researchers to conduct research that is inferentially powerful and yet palatable to program personnel. At the same time, such an approach would not forfeit the assessment of long-term follow- up effects
ABNORMAL URINARY POTASSIUM METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

ABSTRACTPurpose:: If most patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) have epithelial leakage allowing urinary K to penetrate the interstitium and provoke symptoms, urinary K should be lower in untreated patients than in healthy subjects and it should increase with successful heparinoid treatment. This study tested these hypotheses.Materials and Methods:: Na, K and creatinine (Cr) were determined in spot urine samples from new, symptomatic, untreated patients with IC meeting all National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases clinical diagnostic criteria, returning patients with IC reporting 50% or greater symptom improvement after 4 or greater months of oral heparinoid therapy and control subjects, and in 24-hour urine samples from new untreated patients and controls.Results:: In spot urine specimens of 37 new patients with IC K-to-Cr ratios were significantly lower than in 18 controls (0.51 vs 0.88 mg/mg Cr, p = 0.001). A total of 50 successfully treated patients with IC had significantly ...
Theoretical calculations of Debye length, built-in potential and depletion layer width versus dopant density in a heavily doped p-n junction diode

Abstract Theoretical calculations of Debye length, built-in potential, depletion layer width and capacitance as a function of dopant density in a heavily doped p - n junction diode are described in this paper. The heavy doping effects such as carrier degeneracy, dopant density-dependent dielectric constant and bandgap narrowing are accounted for by using the empirical approximation for the reduced Fermi-energy given by[1] and the dopant density dependent dielectric constant given by[2], as well as the bandgap narrowing model proposed by[3]. The results show that: (1) bandgap narrowing and carrier degeneracy have important effects on the junction built-in potential; (2) carrier degeneracy and dopant density-dependent dielectric constant are important to Debye length for the abrupt junction case, and (3) the dopant density-dependent dielectric constant is a key parameter which strongly affects the values of depletion layer width and depletion capacitance. These findings are important for modeling of heavily doped p - n junction devices in the VLSI applications.
Updating optical pseudoinverse associative memories

Selected algorithms for adding to and deleting from optical pseudoinverse associative memories are presented and compared. New realizations of pseudoinverse updating methods using vector inner product matrix bordering and reduced-dimensionality Karhunen-Loeve approximations (which have been used for updating optical filters) are described in the context of associative memories. Greville’s theorem is reviewed and compared with the Widrow-Hoff algorithm. Kohonen’s gradient projection method is expressed in a different form suitable for optical implementation. The data matrix memory is also discussed for comparison purposes. Memory size, speed and ease of updating, and key vector requirements are the comparison criteria used.
Predictable and unpredictable aversive events: Evidence for the safety-signal hypothesis

GSR was compared in two groups exposed to either predictable or unpredictable aversive stimuli. Spontaneous fluctuation (SF) of skin resistance was the primary variable measured because it is unconfounded by attentional responses elicited by experimental stimuli. The unpredictable group showed nearly twice as many SFs as the predictable group. Amplitude of GSR occurring within 0–4 sec after onset of the aversive stimulus differentiated between groups, but amplitude of GSR occurring within 4–8 sec after onset did not. The results, discussed in terms of Seligman’s safety-signal hypothesis, indicated that arousal is greatest for the unpredictable group during intertrial intervals rather than during the presentation of the UCS.
Two-plate vs. four-plate azimuthal quadrupolar excitation for FT-ICR mass spectrometry

Abstract Azimuthal quadrupolar excitation has become one of the most useful techniques for ion axialization and translational cooling for FT-ICR mass spectrometry, leading to order(s)-of-magnitude improvement in mass selectivity, resolving power, mass accuracy, remeasurement efficiency, etc. Recently, Hendrickson et al. (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 6 (1995) 448–452) showed that axialization may be achieved by 2-plate azimuthal quadrupolar excitation, in which an rf voltage of the same amplitude and phase is applied to a single pair of opposed side electrodes, while grounding the other orthogonal opposed pair (rather than applying an rf voltage of equal amplitude but shifted in phase by 180° to the second pair as in prior 4-plate experiments). Here, we analyze theoretically and test experimentally the performance of these two electrode geometries. As previously shown, either geometry can achieve axialization by resonant excitation at the unshifted ion cyclotron frequency, (ωc = qB/m). For either excitation configuration, excitation at twice the reduced cyclotron frequency, 2ω+, leads to unwanted exponential growth of the ion cyclotron radius. For 2-plate geometry, we show that excitation at twice the axial oscillation frequency, 2 ωz, leads to exponential growth in z-oscillation amplitude, whereas excitation at ωc = ω+ + ω− and ωp = ω+ − ω− (‘parametric’ frequency) leads to complex ion behavior. Finally, we discuss the effect of azimuthal quadrupolar excitation amplitude (as well as frequency) on axialization.
Dental Caries and Permanent Tooth Extraction A Study By Age, Sex, and Location of the Incidence of First Permanent Molar Extraction in 8,677 School Children

Dental caries is generally conceded to be the most prevalent pathological condition in our modem civilization. It is a malady which has its inception during childhood and is known to affect the greater portion of the population. An examination of the literature on caries incidence by Kloser (1) demonstrated in over 500,000 German children that 94 per cent were afflicted with the disease. More recent reports in our country by McCall and the extensive survey conducted by the United States Public Health Service (2) indicate that almost 97 per cent of American children are affected. A consideration of the first permanent molar is important in studies of dental caries because its early appearance in the mouth makes it the most vulnerable tooth of the permanent dentition. In fact, subsequent pulpal involvement and extraction is so common that certain investigators have considered it valid to regard the loss of this tooth as indicative of the degree to which an individual is susceptible to the attack of caries. On the basis of the present study, we are in agreement with this concept. The space devoted to the care and retention of the first permanent molar in our newer manuals of pedodontia indicates the growing
Theory of interband electron Raman scattering in YBa2Cu3O7: A probe of unconventional superconductivity.

In the Raman spectra measured on ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ single crystals there are continua of electronic origin. It is proposed that in addition to the intraband scattering there is an interband contribution due to the charge transfer between the bridging oxygen and the plane, which is strongly coupled to the 330-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ phonon. We suggest that the entirely gapless feature of the spectra with ${\mathrm{B}}_{1\mathrm{g}}$ symmetry is a probe of nodes in the superconducting gap. The compatible d- and p-pairing states are listed.
Helium, argon, and xenon in crushed and melted MORB

Helium, argon, and xenon were measured in vesicles of MORB from a variety of locations and in sequential crushing steps in two locations. Melting extractions, compared to these data, indicate that most of the trapped radiogenic gases are contained in the glass matrix and that vesicle/glass equilibrium has not been reached. 4He40Ar∗ ratios (where the asterisk indicates the radiogenic component) are clearly a function of eruption depth, a fact that I interpret in terms of the Klein/Langmuir model. Within individual samples, they correlate with 36Ar40Ar∗, indicating that some of the helium is included in the atmospheric-like contamination that is inherited in a diffusion process immediately prior to eruption. The previously documented 129Xe anomaly is not seen in these samples, suggesting that it may not be ubiquitous in MORB.
Complexity analysis of yeast proteome network

Topological and compositional complexity of protein-protein networks is assessed in a variety of ways making use of graph theory and information theory. The methodology used is borrowed from mathematical chemistry and includes complexity descriptors such as substructure count, overall connectivity, walk count, and information on various vertex distributions. The approach is applied to the (incomplete) proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing 232 protein complexes of a total of 1,440 proteins. The proteome network and each of its nine functional subsets of protein complexes are disconnected graphs, containing a number of noninteracting species and a major component. A weighted edge between two vertices in these graphs stands for the number of shared proteins between the respective complexes. The major component is a highly connected, 'small-world' network, in which the average vertex distance between protein complexes does not exceed 2.2 (2.4 for the entire proteome), whereas the maximum distance does not exceed 4 (or 5 for the proteome). The vertex degree distribution in the major proteome component with 199 complexes follows the power law P(k) approximately k(-gamma), with gamma approximately = 1.7. The analysis of the functional organization of the yeast proteome has shown that, for any pair of biological functions, there always exist many proteins that can perform both functions. The potential application of the quantitative proteome descriptors discussed includes quantitative relationships between the structure and biological action of dynamic protein complexes in changing environment, identification of targets for markers/drugs, as well as system analysis and comparative studies of proteomes.
Medical student interest in internal medicine. Initial report of the Society of General Internal Medicine Interest Group Survey on Factors Influencing Career Choice in Internal Medicine.

Objective To determine the factors that attract students toward and push students away from a career in internal medicine. Design National survey of senior U.S. medical students using a stratified random cluster sampling of medical schools. Participants The survey included 1650 U.S. senior students from 16 medical schools, of whom 1244 (76%) responded. Measurements and main results A survey instrument was developed and pilot tested at 17 medical schools. Twenty-four percent of the respondents to the final survey chose a career in general internal medicine (9%) or subspecialty internal medicine (15%). A career in internal medicine had been "seriously considered" by 608 respondents (50%) who finally chose a career other than internal medicine (the "switchers"). Compared with other specialties, internal medicine was perceived as being more stressful to residents, more demanding of time and workload as a career and a residency, and as an easier residency to enter. Internal medicine was also seen as providing less satisfaction for residents, having lower income potential, and allowing less leisure time. For the 608 switchers, the most important influences leading to their decision to switch were the type of patient seen in internal medicine (for example, chronically ill, alcohol and drug abusing patients) as well as dissatisfaction and stress among internal medicine residents. Factor analysis showed that three factors, "intellectual challenge of internal medicine," "primary care interests," and "the medicine clerkship" attracted students toward internal medicine, whereas three others, "taking care of chronically ill patients," "level of satisfaction among internists and medical residents," and "workload and stress" pushed students away from internal medicine. Factors pushing students away from internal medicine were significantly more negative with regard to a career in general as opposed to subspecialty internal medicine (P less than 0.001). Conclusion Medical students have serious reservations about internal medicine as a career choice. Perceptions about the medical residency, the patients they expect to see, and the dissatisfaction among residents and internists are foremost in their thinking. Changes to improve the attractiveness of internal medicine should address these adverse perceptions while building on the positive influences identified by the respondents.
Evaluation of Surgical Approaches to Endoscopic Auditory Brainstem Implantation

Objectives: This study investigates the use of endoscopy for the placement of an auditory brainstem implant by translabyrinthine, retrosigmoid (suboccipital), and middle cranial fossa approaches. Study Design: Cadaver dissection and endoscope-assisted placement of the auditory brainstem implant. Methods: Translabyrinthine, retrosigmoid, and middle cranial fossa dissections were performed bilaterally in five cadaveric heads. An auditory brainstem implant was placed within the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle under endoscopic visualization. The implantation was performed with all approaches and documented by digital image capture followed by production of dye-sublimation photographic prints. Results: The lateral recess was visualized with the endoscope in all three approaches to the brainstem. The 30° endoscope provided the best visualization by translabyrinthine and retrosigmoid dissection and was essential for the middle cranial fossa approach. Refinement of implant position was readily achieved, as even the deepest portion of the recess could be seen with all three approaches. Conclusions: This study finds that endoscopy provides superior visualization of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle than the operating microscope with all approaches. The retrosigmoid approach is recommended, as it provides the best view of the implantation site and the easiest angle for placement of the prosthesis. The use of the endoscope may allow for a smaller craniotomy than with conventional microscopic techniques, depending on tumor size. The translabyrinthine approach provides a good view of the lateral recess but had no advantage over other approaches. The middle cranial fossa approach is only possible with angled endoscopes; however, it is technically the most difficult and places the facial nerve at greatest risk.
Kirchhoff Migration With An Optimized Imaging Aperture

Imaging aperture is a key issue in applying Kirchhoff-type migration methods. Both the size and the form of the imaging aperture significantly affect the computational efficiency, the signal-to-noise ratio of the image, and the true amplitude information. We propose a new implementation of Kirchhoff migration with an optimized imaging aperture that is determined using migration velocity and ray incidence angle information computed directly from the data. Different from Kirchhoff migration with an artificially truncated aperture, the new method migrates a trace to a narrow region filled with specular reflection points, leading to higher computational efficiency and fewer migration artifacts. In contrast to wavepath migration, the new method smears trace energy not only to discrete Fresnel zones associated with strong reflectors, but also to the gaps among the Fresnel zones. Therefore, weak reflectors are better imaged in the new method, and the interface continuity is also improved. Numerical results with the Marmousi dataset show that the new method performs well in resolving the target anticline and revealing weak reflectors.