cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mood and memory: Evaluating the network theory of affect

Abstract For nearly 80 years, psychologists have investigated the relationship between affect and memory. During much of this time, researchers were influenced by a variety of theoretical positions that failed to converge on a unified model. However, during the most recent decade, Bower's Network Theory of Affect has lent a coherency to this area of investigation. His theory specified four distinct ways in which mood could have an observable effect on memory: (a) memory is facilitated when mood state at learning matches mood state at recall, (b) material with affective tone that is congruent with current mood is most easily retrieved from memory, (c) material with affective tone that is congruent with current mood is most easily learned, and (d) affectively intense material is learned best. The present paper reviews the empirical literature that addresses each of these four predictions by looking at studies that manipulate mood in the laboratory as well as those that utilize naturally occurring moods. Each prediction is supported, although congruency during learning (prediction “c”) yields the most consistent findings. Methodological strengths and weaknesses are noted throughout. Based on this review, we conclude with some suggestions for refinement of a network model of mood and memory.
A new experiment to measure shocked particle drag using multi-pulse particle image velocimetry and particle tracking

We demonstrate the measurement capabilities for a new horizontal shock tube facility designed to measure the displacements, velocities and accelerations of shock-accelerated particles just after shock passage. Eight-frame particle image accelerometry and particle tracking velocimetry accelerometry diagnostics are implemented, along with a shadowgraphy system for measuring the shock location during experiments. We demonstrate the driving conditions of the facility using a unique membraneless pneumatic driver and particle seeding system that can accommodate both solid and liquid particles in the carrier phase. Measurements of two types of solid particles show unsteady drag forces higher than those for steady drag.
Leaping Out of Our Skins: Postmodern considerations in use of an electronic whiteboard to foster critical engagement in early literacy lessons

Postmodern theory is used to consider literacy instruction with and without an electronic whiteboard to investigate what it means to move beyond using technology to replicate older models of classroom structure that may be historically situated but that also limit or at least, do not support engagement in ways that may be possible through use of new technologies. Using postmodern theory in this regard is a way in which to consider again the thoughts and practices that tend to construct identities and ideologies in ways that work against true engagement in literacy tasks, lead to subjection and demonstration of acquiescence in place of engagement that leads to participation and critical engagement. Critical engagement as opposed to gaining and maintaining student attention to task are considered in this paper. Thinking about use of the electronic whiteboard from a postmodern perspective cautions us about careful use of this technology to avoid sending messages to students about them and their role in liter...
Cocaine serves as a peripheral interoceptive conditioned stimulus for central glutamate and dopamine release.

Intravenous injections of cocaine HCl are habit-forming because, among their many actions, they elevate extracellular dopamine levels in the terminal fields of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. This action, thought to be very important for cocaine's strong addiction liability, is believed to have very short latency and is assumed to reflect rapid brain entry and pharmacokinetics of the drug. However, while intravenous cocaine HCl has almost immediate effects on behavior and extracellular dopamine levels, recent evidence suggests that its central pharmacological effects are not evident until 10 or more seconds after IV injection. Thus the immediate effects of a given intravenous cocaine injection on extracellular dopamine concentration and behavior appear to occur before there is sufficient time for cocaine to act centrally as a dopamine uptake inhibitor. To explore the contribution of peripheral effects of cocaine to the early activation of the dopamine system, we used brain microdialysis to measure the effects of cocaine methiodide (MI)—a cocaine analogue that does not cross the blood brain barrier—on glutamate (excitatory) input to the dopamine cells. IP injections of cocaine MI were ineffective in cocaine-naive animals but stimulated ventral tegmental glutamate release in rats previously trained to lever-press for cocaine HCl. This peripherally triggered glutamate input was sufficient to reinstate cocaine-seeking in previously trained animals that had undergone extinction of the habit. These findings offer an explanation for short-latency behavioral responses and immediate dopamine elevations seen following cocaine injections in cocaine-experienced but not cocaine-naive animals.
Methane input and evasion in a hardwood forest stream: Effects of subsurface flow from shallow and deep pathway

Streams are typically supersaturated and emit methane to the atmosphere. Much of this gas appears to be imported from groundwater and riparian zones, where anoxia and methane production are common. We investigated how methane evasion and the concentration in groundwater discharge varied between five stream sections with differing rates of groundwater discharge along the east fork of Walker Branch in eastern Tennessee. Evasion and groundwater concentration were determined from measurements of methane in surface water in conjunction with coinjection of conservative solute and volatile gas tracers. Methane in surface water was supersaturated, varying from 0.67 to 1.56 µg CH4 liter−1, which translates to concentrations 17.6–41.4 times greater than those at atmospheric equilibrium. Methane evasion rates ranged from 0.4 to 13.2 mg CH4 m−2 d−1. Differences in methane concentration and evasion were related to variation in subsurface discharge and concentration in groundwater. All study sections gained flow, although the rate of subsurface discharge into the second study section (section 2) was particularly low. Furthermore, the specific conductance of groundwater flowing into section 2 averaged only 82.3 µS cm−1, compared with 110–125 µS cm−1 in the other study sections, indicating that groundwater discharge was derived from riparian soils as opposed to deeper flow from fractured bedrock. The mean concentration of 549.2 µg CH4 liter−1 in subsurface water flowing into section 2 was notably greater than in the other sections, where average groundwater concentration ranged from 158.9 to 376.2 µg CH4 liter−1. Our results suggest that subsurface flow from riparian soils appears to be the major source of methane to streams, although deeper bedrock flow also supplies methane at a lower concentration to surface waters.
High efficiency amorphous alloy solar cells prepared by mercury-sensitized photochemical vapor deposition of disilane

Abstract The deposition of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) by mercury-sensitized photochemical vapor deposition (photo-CVD) of disilane is reviewed. Depth profiling of the hydrogen in photo-CVD a-Si:H was performed using the nuclear reaction technique, revealing about 12 at.% H in the bulk rising to 18 at.% in the first-deposited layers. The gradation is believed to result from incomplete suppression of window deposition by the perfluoropolyether window coating. Hydrogen evolution studies on photo-CVD a-Si:H show no evidence of a low temperature evolution peak. High efficiency p-i t -i-n solar cell structures are discussed, where i t is a graded-affinity transitional i layer whose use results in an increased open-circuit voltage V oc . Single-junction solar cell efficiencies of 8.6% and 4.5% are reported for a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H alloys respectively, and preliminary data are presented on a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H tandem cells. The stability of photo-CVD and r.f. glow discharge a-Si:H i layers and p-i-n devices are compared using electron spin resonance measurements, accelerated light soaking techniques and thermal annealing. For the first time, an observable difference between glow discharge and photo-CVD a-Si:H is demonstrated.
Titanium alloy cylinders in implant framework fabrication: A study of the cylinder-alloy interface

Titanium alloy has been proposed as a suitable alternative to noble metal alloys in premanufactured metal cylinders for fabricating implant prosthesis frameworks. The interfaces produced by standard lost wax procedures that use titanium and conventional noble metal implant cylinders with both high-fusing (high-palladium) and low-fusing (high-gold) noble metal casting alloys were compared. Elemental analysis by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) of the two titanium cylinders revealed that one commercial product had a composition similar to that for commercially pure titanium and the other had a composition consistent with that for Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The SEM observations and complementary elemental line scans indicated that the interfaces between the titanium cylinders and the two noble metal casting alloys did not meet proposed criteria for acceptable metal-to-metal unions. The interfaces between the noble metal cylinders and noble metal casting alloys did exhibit acceptable unions. The SEM observations and elemental analyses were supported by push-shear test results that showed that the resistance to failure was appreciably greater for interface specimens produced with alloy cast to noble metal cylinders compared with titanium cylinders.
The Conundrum of the Timing of Counterarguing Effects in Resistance: Strategies to Boost the Persistence of Counterarguing Output

This study examined the timing of counterarguing effects in resistance. Specifically, it investigated the persistence of counterarguing output in resistance across time and explored inoculation message strategies designed to boost the persistence of counterarguing. Results indicated that contrary to what one might expect, the counterarguing output elicited by inoculation treatments was stable across time. The counterarguing output did not increase in the days following treatment, suggesting that inoculation messages require a minimal delay following recipient exposure to elicit counterarguing output, and it proved to be surprisingly robust across time, sustaining itself for much longer periods than early inoculation research had intimated. Also, the results revealed that inoculation-different treatments and reinforcement (booster) messages boost the persistence of the counterarguing output over time. Inoculation-same treatments were initially best in generating counterarguing output, but their effects det...
Active Water Management for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Using an Integrated Electroosmotic Pump

We have developed proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC’s) with integrated planar electroosmotic pumping structures that actively remove liquid water from cathode flow channels. Recent experimental and numerical investigations on PEMFC’s emphasize water management as a critical factor in the design of robust, high efficiency fuel cells. Although various passive water management strategies have been proposed, water is still typically removed by pumping air into cathode channels at flow rates significantly larger than those required by fuel cell stoichiometry. This method of water removal is thermodynamically unfavorable and constrains cathode flow channel design. EO pumps can relieve cathode design barriers and simplify water management in fuel cells. EO pumps have no moving parts, scale across a wide range of operation, and result in low parasitic power. We demonstrate and quantify the efficacy of EO water pumping using a single-pass fuel cell test channel. Our results show that removing water from the cathode using integrated EO pumping structures improves fuel cell performance and stability. These pumps enable operation with air flow rates of just two to three times stoichiometric requirements.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Rapid measurement of auditory filter shape in mice using the auditory brainstem response and notched noise.

The notched noise method is an effective procedure for measuring frequency resolution and auditory filter shapes in both human and animal models of hearing. Briefly, auditory filter shape and bandwidth estimates are derived from masked thresholds for tones presented in noise containing widening spectral notches. As the spectral notch widens, increasingly less of the noise falls within the auditory filter and the tone becomes more detectible until the notch width exceeds the filter bandwidth. Behavioral procedures have been used for the derivation of notched noise auditory filter shapes in mice; however, the time and effort needed to train and test animals on these tasks renders a constraint on the widespread application of this testing method. As an alternative procedure, we combined relatively non-invasive auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements and the notched noise method to estimate auditory filters in normal-hearing mice at center frequencies of 8, 11.2, and 16 kHz. A complete set of simultaneous masked thresholds for a particular tone frequency were obtained in about an hour. ABR-derived filter bandwidths broadened with increasing frequency, consistent with previous studies. The ABR notched noise procedure provides a fast alternative to estimating frequency selectivity in mice that is well-suited to high through-put or time-sensitive screening.
Coded-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in hybrid optical networks

Future Internet should be able to support a wide range of services containing large amount of multimedia over different network types at a high speed. The future optical networks will therefore be hybrid, composed of different single-mode fibre (SMF), multi-mode fibre (MMF) and free-space optical (FSO) links. In these networks, novel modulation and coding techniques are needed that are capable of dealing with different channel impairments, be it in SMF, MMF or FSO links. The authors propose a coded-modulation scheme suitable for use in hybrid FSO – fibre-optics networks. The proposed scheme is based on polarisation-multiplexing and coded – orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with large girth quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes as channel codes. The proposed scheme is able to simultaneously deal with atmospheric turbulence, chromatic dispersion and polarisation mode dispersion (PMD). With a proper design for 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-based polarisation-multiplexed coded-OFDM, the aggregate data rate of 100 Gb/s can be achieved for OFDM signal bandwidth of only 12.5 GHz, which represents a scheme compatible with 100 Gb/s per wavelength channel transmission and 100 Gb/s Ethernet.
Electrophoresis of an insulating sphere normal to a conducting plane

Abstract The electrophoresis, normal to a conducting plane, of an insulating sphere, having a double layer thin with respect to the particle diameter, is studied analytically. The presence of the wall causes a reduction in the electrophoretic velocity. The calculated correction to Smoluchowski's equation is not due to double-layer interactions but becomes significant at greater separations.
A MODEL FOR DETERMINING OPTIMAL MARKETING AND FEEDING POLICIES FOR BEEF CATTLE

The decisions entailed in optimally sequencing cattle liveweights are complex dynamic ones. Dynamic programming is shown to be a suitable framework for dealing with some of the non-linear and discontinuous functions involved. A subproblem is the finding of least cost rations, which is solved by running a linear programme as a subroutine of the dynamic programme. Estimates for energy requirements are based on the metabolisable energy system suggested by the Agricultural Research Council (A.R.C.). A simple method for allowing the model to consider grazing possibilities is described, which is illustrated by showing the effect on optimal policies of changing the stocking rate.
A methodology for selecting among water quality alternatives

While reservoirs are constructed to regulate stream flows for several beneficial purposes including flood control, water supply, hydroelectric power, irrigation and low flow augmentation and to enhance water based recreation, they create problems of water quality that offer a new dimension to the task of efficient operation. Among other potential deleterious effects, thermal stratification in reservoirs inhibits mixing and causes a deterioration of dissolved oxygen levels in lower layers. Several investigators have examined the thermal properties of reservoirs and resultant effects upon dissolved oxygen and have suggested alternative schemes for alleviating detrimental effects (1,2,3,4,5). The objective of this paper is to outline a methodology for evaluating some of these alternatives in a river-reservoir system where downstream water quality control is one of several purposes to be served by the reservoir.
Side-chain dynamics and protein folding.

The processes by which protein side chains reach equilibrium during a folding reaction are investigated using both lattice and all-atom simulations. We find that rates of side-chain relaxation exhibit a distribution over the protein structure, with the fastest relaxing side chains located in positions kinetically important for folding. Traversal of the major folding transition state corresponds to the freezing of a small number of side chains, belonging to the folding nucleus, whereas the rest of the protein proceeds toward equilibrium via backbone fluctuations around the native fold. The postnucleation processes by which side chains relax are characterized by very slow dynamics and many barrier crossings, and thus resemble the behavior of a glass.
A soluble antigen of the mammary tumor virus.

Abstract A soluble antigen (MTV-s1), a subunit of the mammary tumor virus (MTV), is demonstrable by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum prepared against MTV from infective milk of RIII mice. MTV-s1 antigen occurs in mammary tumors of MTV+ mice, milk of MTV+ mice and in ML+ leukemias. MTV-s1 antigen is released from intact MTV by treatment with ether. Sera prepared in mice against mammary tumors or against ML+ leukemias have precipitating antibody for MTV-s1, showing that the mouse is capable of an immune response to MTV. The demonstration of MTV-s1 in tumor extracts or in the milk of individual mice in immunoprecipitation provides the most rapid and direct method for detecting infection with MTV.
Neuromuscular involvement in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy causes fibrotic skin changes in the setting of renal failure. Although this condition was initially felt to be limited to the skin, recent studies have described widespread involvement, and the term nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) has been su
Fabrication of Ceramic High Temperature Microsystems

This paper reports on recent advances in fabricating alumina-based ceramic microcombustors for applications in high temperature microsystems. We have fabricated alumina structures with critical dimensions on the order of 1 mm or less by using a gel-casting approach with poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) as a non-toxic polymeric binder. Polymer binder content, alumina weight ratio, and thermal cycling were varied systematically to develop microcombustors that can sustain stable flames in a spiral configuration allowing for better mixing of fuel and oxidizer streams for a more uniform heat output. The polymer binder and cross-linker content varied between 10 and 20% (w/v to DI water) and 50 and 100% (w/w to PVA) respectively to obtain an optimal binder content. The weight ratio of alumina (w/w 30–50%) in the binder solution was evaluated with 1.1 micron particles to observe the effect on the green body density. The green body was then fired in a high temperature furnace in air to burn-out the polymeric binder and sinter the ceramic. Heating and cooling rates, maximum operation temperature, and dwell times were evaluated to obtain high density ceramic structures with 50% or higher alumina content. Thermal stress and heating and cooling rates appear to be major parameters to control in order to obtain high-quality microcombustors.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Price of ‘Community’ From Bisexual/Biracial Women's Perspectives

When the words ‘identity’ or ‘community’ are evoked, a homogenizing process forms for the sake of community coherence. This article is based upon interviews with nine bisexual and mixed race participants about their conceptualization of identity-based communities. All participants expressed discontent with the ‘established’ gay and lesbian community for being monolithically White in racial composition and also biphobic. More than one half of the participants had been involved in queer Asian American women's organizations, within which they felt the least conflict and the most inclusion. The ideals of identity-based organizations have only sporadically manifested themselves for the bisexual-biracial women who are otherwise marginalized, silenced or excluded. Because their diverse needs and identities are not represented within these organizations, many of the participants felt they gave more than they received. Finding that communities based upon narrow identity clusters were not ideal, the participants cr...
Contraction relations for Grassmann products of reduced density matrices and implications for density matrix reconstruction

We consider, for systems of indistinguishable fermions, approximate reconstruction of the three- and four-particle reduced density matrices (RDMs) from the one- and two-particle RDMs, $\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ and $\mathit{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}.$ Our ansatz for reconstructing the four-particle RDM is the linear combination $a(\mathit{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\ensuremath{\wedge}\mathit{\ensuremath{\Gamma}})+b(\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\wedge}\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\wedge}\mathit{\ensuremath{\Gamma}})+c(\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\wedge}\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\wedge}\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\wedge}\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}}),$ where ``\ensuremath{\wedge}'' denotes the antisymmetrized (Grassmann) product. This is a generalization of reconstruction functionals employed recently to perform direct RDM calculations without wave functions via the contracted Schr\"odinger equation. Here we consider relationships between the parameters a, b, and c that are required in order for the reconstruction functionals to respect the hierarchy of contraction relations between RDMs. To this end we establish several general theorems concerning contractions of antisymmetrized tensor products of $\mathit{\ensuremath{\gamma}},$ $\mathit{\ensuremath{\Gamma}},$ and various products thereof. The accuracy of proposed reconstruction functionals is evaluated using accurate density matrices for the ground state of Be.
Mechanisms of genomic imprinting

Imprinted genes represent a curious defiance of normal Mendelian genetics. Mammals inherit two complete sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father, and most autosomal genes will be expressed from both the maternal and the paternal alleles. Imprinted genes, however, are expressed from only one chromosome, in a parent-of-origin–dependent manner. Because silent and active promoters are present in a single nucleus, the differences in activity cannot be explained by transcription-factor abundance. Thus, transcription of imprinted genes represents a clear situation in which epigenetic mechanisms restrict gene expression and, therefore, offers a model for understanding the role of DNA modifications and chromatin structure in maintaining appropriate patterns of expression. Furthermore, because of their parent-of-origin–restricted expression, phenotypes determined by imprinted genes are susceptible not only to genetic alterations in the genes but also to disruptions in the epigenetic programs controlling regulation. Imprinted genes are often associated with human diseases, including disorders affecting cell growth, development, and behavior.
Structure-Related Thrombosis Involving a Porcine Xenograft Valve

A patient developed acute congestive heart failure following chordal rupture and underwent mitral valve replacement with a porcine xenograft. He recovered adequate hemodynamic function but died one month later with widespread bronchopneumonia. Postmortem examination revealed a prominent muscular shelf in the right coronary leaflet of the xenograft, and focal thrombosis involving the adjacent sewing ring and left atrial wall. The location of the thrombus suggests that it formed as a result of local stasis behind the large muscular shelf. Limiting the size of this muscular shelf by valve selection and construction may reduce the thrombogenicity of this prosthesis.
Effects of Perioperative Human Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor on Immune Function and Perioperative Infections in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery.

The authors concluded that perioperative rhG-CSF alleviated the acute-phase inflammatory response normally induced by the process of major surgery. rhG-CSF also increased circulating levels of cytokine receptor antagonists and preserved several markers of normal monocyte and lymphocyte responsiveness. These results indicate that perioperative rhG-CSF can decrease some of the adverse effects of the immunoinflammatory reaction normally seen in the host response to the trauma and stress induced by major surgical procedures. The authors cited evidence from other studies that indicated the utility of exogenous rhG-CSF administration to reduce the incidence and significance of sepsis and serious bacterial infections in neutropenic patients. Although the clinical outcomes data from this study were apparently insufficient to allow for statistical analyses, there was a trend toward decreased incidence of serious infection and fatal sepsis in the rhG-CSF group. They proposed to expand these results to a larger study of even higher-risk surgical populations in an effort to determine the broader clinical relevance of their current results.
Diffraction contrast as a sensitive indicator of femtosecond sub-nanoscale motion in ultrafast transmission electron microscopy

With ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM), access can be gained to the spatiotemporal scales required to directly visualize rapid, non-equilibrium structural dynamics of materials. This is achieved by operating a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in a stroboscopic pump-probe fashion by photoelectrically generating coherent, well-timed electron packets in the gun region of the TEM. These probe photoelectrons are accelerated down the TEM column where they travel through the specimen before reaching a standard, commercially-available CCD detector. A second laser pulse is used to excite (pump) the specimen in situ. Structural changes are visualized by varying the arrival time of the pump laser pulse relative to the probe electron packet at the specimen. Here, we discuss how ultrafast nanoscale motions of crystalline materials can be visualized and precisely quantified using diffraction contrast in UTEM. Because diffraction contrast sensitively depends upon both crystal lattice orientation as well as incoming electron wavevector, minor spatial/directional variations in either will produce dynamic and often complex patterns in real-space images. This is because sections of the crystalline material that satisfy the Laue conditions may be heterogeneously distributed such that electron scattering vectors vary over nanoscale regions. Thus, minor changes in either crystal grain orientation, as occurs during specimen tilting, warping, or anisotropic expansion, or in the electron wavevector result in dramatic changes in the observed diffraction contrast. In this way, dynamic contrast patterns observed in UTEM images can be used as sensitive indicators of ultrafast specimen motion. Further, these motions can be spatiotemporally mapped such that direction and amplitude can be determined.
A Practical Synthesis of Bridged Diarylacetylenes

An efficient and practical synthesis of bridged diarylacetylenes in multigram quantities has been successfully carried out using high-yielding (classical) synthetic methods and readily available starting materials. The structural analysis of the representative bridged diarylacetylenes by X-ray crystallography strongly suggests that conformations, bending of the linear triple bond, and the angle between the mean planes of aromatic rings in various bridged diarylacetylenes are governed by the p-pi conjugation among the aromatic rings and the ethereal groups. Furthermore, the synthetic scheme also allows the preparation of (appropriately) bromo-substituted bridged diarylacetylenes which hold potential for their future usage for the preparation of polymeric analogues as well as the hexaarylbenzene derivatives for potential applications in the emerging area of molecular electronics and nanotechnology.
Mthfr gene ablation enhances susceptibility to arsenic prenatal toxicity.

Abstract Background In utero exposure to arsenic is known to adversely affect reproductive outcomes. Evidence of arsenic teratogenicity varies widely and depends on individual genotypic differences in sensitivity to As. In this study, we investigated the potential interaction between 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr) genotype and arsenic embryotoxicity using the Mthfr knockout mouse model. Methods Pregnant dams were treated with sodium arsenate, and reproductive outcomes including: implantation, resorption, congenital malformation and fetal birth weight were recorded at E18.5. Results When the dams in Mthfr+/− × Mthfr+/− matings were treated with 7.2 mg/kg As, the resorption rate increased to 43.4%, from a background frequency of 7.2%. The As treatment also induced external malformations (40.9%) and significantly lowered the average fetal birth weight among fetuses, without any obvious toxic effect on the dam. When comparing the pregnancy outcomes resulting from different mating scenarios (Mthfr+/+ × Mthfr+/−, Mthfr+/− × Mthfr+/− and Mthfr−/− × Mthfr+/−) and arsenic exposure; the resorption rate showed a linear relationship with the number of null alleles (0, 1 or 2) in the Mthfr dams. Fetuses from nullizygous dams had the highest rate of external malformations (43%) and lowest average birth weight. When comparing the outcomes of reciprocal matings (nullizygote × wild-type versus wild-type × nullizygote) after As treatment, the null dams showed significantly higher rates of resorptions and malformations, along with lower fetal birth weights. Conclusions Maternal genotype contributes to the sensitivity of As embryotoxicity in the Mthfr mouse model. The fetal genotype, however, does not appear to affect the reproductive outcome after in utero As exposure.
Requirements for a secure terminal switch

The multiple host, single terminal connection problem is defined and discussed. Three possible solutions are presented and evaluated. The most desirable, a secure switch, is further examined, and a set of requirements for such a switch is presented.
The design and construction of a computer controlled music synthesis system

Almost all of the recent research in the field of electronic composition and generation of music relies on the use of large computers. This work describes the design and development of a system to compose and generate music using a microcomputer together with a music synthesizer.The scope of this project included building a modular synthesizer with a wide range of modules, designing and building an inexpensive microcomputer suited to the task of music generation, and designing and building interfaces that would link synthesizer modules under computer control and provide digital control of the synthesizer parameters and the frequency and harmonics of the sound. The resulting system was capable of real-time music composition and generation, as well as having control of every parameter of the sound including the Fourier Series of each note, envelope shape, filter timbre and Q, reverb, distortion, etc. This complete system was built for under $2000, which is less than the cost of twenty hours of time on most large computer installations.
Image smoothing with Savtizky-Golai filters

Noise in medical images is common. It occurs during the image formation, recording, transmission, and subsequent image processing. Image smoothing attempts to locally preprocess these imagse primarily to suppress image noise by making use of the redundancy in the image data. 1D Savitzky-Golay filtering provides smoothing without loss of resolution by assuming that the distant points have significant redundancy. This redundancy is exploited to reduce the noise level. Using this assumed redundancy, the underlying functin is locally fitted by a polynomial whose coefficients are data independent and hence can be calculated in advance. Geometric representations of data as a patches and surfaces have been used in volumetric modeling and reconstruction. Similar representations could also be used in image smoothing. This paper shows the 2D and 3D extensions of 1D Savitzky-Golay filters. The idea is to fit a 2D/3D polynomial to a 2D/3D sub region of the image. As in the 1D case, the coefficients of the polynomial are computed a priori with a linear filter. The filter coefficients preserve higher moments. The coefficients always have a central positive lobe with smaller outlying corrections of both positive and negative magnitudes. To show the efficacy of this smoothing, it is used in-line with volume rendering while computing the sampling points and the gradient.
Spatial Location of the Space Charge Effect in Individual Ion Clouds Using Monodisperse Dried Microparticulate Injection with a Twin Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer

Pulses of analyte and matrix ions from individual drops are measured simultaneously using a twin quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The sample solution is introduced by monodisperse dried microparticulate injection (MDMI). At modest Pb concentrations (500 ppm), a shoulder on the leading edge of the Li+ signal appears. At higher matrix concentrations (1000 to at least 1500 ppm), a dip in the leading edge of the Li+ signal develops. These changes in the shapes of the Li+ pulses are attributed to space charge effects in the extraction system and ion optics of the mass spectrometer. A qualitative depiction for this behavior is proposed, in which the Li+ ions are deflected out of the preferred ion path and then refocused by the ion optics. Part of the Li+ ion cloud is driven ahead of the Pb+ cloud, and part is trapped behind the Pb+ cloud. The result is a shoulder on the leading edge of the Li+ signal. With the Pb matrix present, the shapes of the analyte ion pulses are sensitive...
Λ(1405) contribution to kaon-nucleon scattering lengths in chiral perturbation theory

Abstract We examine the role of the Λ(1405) in kaon-nucleon scattering lengths using chiral perturbation theory. The leading nonanalytic SU(3) corrections reduce the coupling of the Λ(1405) to KN compared to Στ. S-wave K − p scattering is the only channel significantly affected by the Λ(1405) pole which substantially cancels against the leading term fixed by the vector current. This cancellation and the close proximity of the Λ(1405) pole makes this SU(3) correction to a ( K − p ) large and at lowest order leaves the sign of a ( K − p ) undetermined. We extract two linear combinations of constants appearing at higher order in the chiral expansion from measurements of KN scattering lengths. These constants are important for the offshell behaviour of KN scattering amplitudes that play a central role in kaon condensation. The recent claims about the calculability of these constants are discussed.
Interferon-γ-induced increased sensitivity of HER2/neu -overexpressing tumor cells to lymphokine-activated killer cell lysis: importance of ICAM-1 in binding and post-binding events

Treatment ofHER2/neu-overexpressing target cells with interferon γ(IFNγ) (200–2000 U/ml for 3 days) markedly enhances their sensitivity to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell lysis. Increased sensitivity is associated with an up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 determinants and a down-regulation ofHER2/neu expression. In the present study, we show that exposure to another cytokine, tumor necrosis factor α (200 U/ml for 3 days), also decreasedHER2/neu expression but had no effect on LAK cell lysis and ICAM-1 expression. This suggests that down-regulation of oncogene expression is not sufficient by itself to induce an enhanced sensitivity to LAK cell lysis. IFN-induced enhanced lysis was associated with an increased binding between effectors and targets, and antibodies to ICAM-1 as well as its counter-receptor LFA-1, blocked the increased binding and lysis. Treatment with IFNγ still significantly enhanced lysis even when concanavalin A was added to the assay to induce maximal binding, indicating that a post-binding effect also participated in enhanced cytotoxicity. These post-binding alterations, were also sensitive to blocking with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 antibodies. Treatment with IFN also sensitized targets to lysis by T cells in the presence of lectin but had no effect on the relative resistance of HER2+ cells to lysis mediated by perforin or TNF. Together these data demonstrate the importance of ICAM-1 determinants in binding and post-binding events in the IFN-induced increased lysis ofHER2/neu+ targets.
Near-IR FT-Raman Spectroscopy of Methyl-B12 and Other Cobalamins and of Imidazole and Imidazolate Methylcobinamide Derivatives in Aqueous Solution

Near-IR FT-Raman spectra of B12 imidazole derivatives and cobalamins in aqueous solution were compared since there is now strong evidence that, in human B12-dependent enzymes, the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (DMBz) is replaced by imidazole from a histidine in the protein. Derivatives studied include methylcobalamin [MeCbl (DMBz base-on) and MeCbl+ (base-off by acidification to protonate the DMBz)], methylaquacobinamide (MeCbi+) [Cbi's have the DMBz-bearing nucleotide loop removed by hydrolysis], and Me(N-acetylhistidine)Cbi [coordinated through imidazole in Me(N-AcHis)Cbi at pH 10 and imidazolate in Me(N-AcHis)Cbi- in 1 M NaOH]. Several marker bands changed with changes in the axial ligand trans to the methyl group. The frequency of the Co−CH3 stretching mode at ∼505 cm-1 (assigned by isotopic shift using −CD3) was similar for all MeCbl and MeCbi species; thus, the trans ligand, including the very powerful electron-donating imidazolate species, has little effect on Co−C bond strength. In contrast, the peak ...
Dipmeter Interpretation of Cherry Canyon Reservoir Sandstones, Delaware Basin, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Stratigraphic interpretation of high-resolution dipmeter logs can provide important information concerning the morphology End_Page 246------------------------------ and distribution of reservoir sandstones. Stratigraphic dip data were correlated with primary rock properties observed in cores and with borehole-log data to define the internal morphology of turbidite channel sandstones in the Cherry Canyon Formation at Indian Draw field. Characteristic dip patterns allowed the delineation of erosional unconformities, channel sequences, slump faulting, contorted and massive bedding, and sedimentary drape. The erosional unconformity which marks the base of the Indian Draw channel exhibits a characteristic dip pattern consisting of an abrupt change in the trend of dip magnitude and dip azimuth across the unconformity, marked by higher dips (6 to 9°) above the unconformity in the channel-fill, and lower dips (2 to 4°) in the basin-plain sediments below. Slump faults exhibit an abrupt increase in dip with depth over a small interval, and an associated progressive dip azimuth rotation approaching the fault. Contorted beds show a random dip pattern, often marked by poor-quality, high-magnitude dips. Massively bedded sandstones lack computed dips and sedimentary drape patterns typically consist of a decrease upward within basinal deposits overlying a sandstone. Detailed mapping of the reservoir sandstones indicates deposition as stacked, laterally discontinuous lenses within a previously eroded channel. Direction of sedimentary drape over sandstone lenses can be used to map their trends. Channel-fill lenses are 5 to 30 ft (1.5 to 9.1 m) thick, and are elongate parallel with depositional dip with a sinuous geometry. Such turbidite channel deposits can be anticipated to form complex multilayered reservoirs, consisting of a series of isolated sandstone lenses of restricted areal extent. End_of_Article - Last_Page 247------------
Receptive fields of neurons at the confluence of cerebral cortical areas 17, 18, 20 a , and 20 b in the cat

The activity of neurons was recorded extracellularly at the junction of visual cortical areas 17, 18, 20a, and 20b in the cat. The receptive fields of these neurons were striking for their size, which ranged from a diameter of more than 40 deg of visual angle to the complete visual field of the contralateral eye. It is speculated that these large receptive fields may be generated by perturbations in the individual maps as the four areas merge together.
trans‐4‐t‐Butylcyclohexanol

trans-4-t-Butylcyclohexanol product: trans-4-t-Butylcyclohexanol solvent: 150 ml. of hot petroleum ether Keywords: reduction, CO CHOH; lithium aluminum hydride, disposal
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Response to Concentrated Sucrose Reflects Liking Rather Than Sweet Quality Coding

The perception of the pleasantness of sweet tastes varies widely across individuals. Here, we exploit these differences to isolate brain response to sweet-taste pleasantness while controlling for intensity, quality, and physiological significance. Thirty subjects participated in functional MRI scanning while consuming individually calibrated weak and strong sucrose solutions. All subjects found the weak sweet taste to be neutral in pleasantness, but half of the subjects found strong sweet taste pleasant (likers), whereas half found strong sweet taste unpleasant (dislikers). Greater response was observed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to the sucrose when it was rated pleasant versus neutral compared with unpleasant versus neutral. This suggests that response in the vmPFC underlies sweet-taste preference, this region is preferentially sensitive to affectively positive tastes, and it is the positive value rather than physiological significance, quality, or intensity that drives responses here. Likers versus dislikers did not differ in their diet, alcohol use, body weight, gender, or taq1A allele status, but likers were more likely to report emotional eating. None of these factors influenced response in the vmPFC.
Pergolide Mesylate: A Potent Day-Long Inhibitor of Prolactin in Rhesus Monkeys and Patients with Parkinson's Disease

The effect of a new synthetic ergot alkaloid, pergolide mesylate, on the inhibition of PRL during 24-h periods was evaluated in four rhesus monkeys and three patients with Parkinson's disease. In the monkeys, the mean PRL level during the 24-h period fell to 24% of control in response to 50 micrograms. With 1000 micrograms pergolide daily and to 6.6% of control with 200 micrograms pergolide daily, PRL was unmeasurable in the great majority of samples over 24 h. In addition, the marked episodic fluctuation in PRL occurring in controls was not observed in treated animals. In three patients with Parkinson's disease, treatment with pergolide also resulted in uniform 24-h suppression of PRL. In one patient on pergolide (100 micrograms/day), the mean 24-h PRL level fell to 18% of control, and in two other patients on 200 and 600 micrograms pergolide, respectively, whose mean PRL levels were 4.1 and 7.4 ng/ml, respectively, before treatment, no PRL was detected in any of the blood samples obtained during the 24-h periods. These data provide evidence that pergolide is a potent inhibitor of PRL in rhesus monkeys and in patients with Parkinson's disease; the effect is iniform over 24-h periods.
PLANT HEIGHT AND THE PROPERTIES OF SOME HERBACEOUS STEMS

Abstract The volume fraction (VF) of lignified tissues and density-specific stiffness (the quotient of the Young's elastic modulus E and bulk tissue-density ρ) were determined for the stems of a total of 76 herbaceous species and correlated with plant height H and stem diameter D to determine the influence of stem anatomy and physical properties on the allometry of plant height. Among the 76 bryophyte, pteridophyte, dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous species examined, H increased as the 1·53-power and VF increased as the 1·73-power of D, indicating that the stems of taller species were disproportionately more slender and lignified than those of shorter species. In contrast, E /ρ increased as the 0·98-power of VF, showing that stem stiffness relative to weight per unit volume of tissues varied in near direct proportion to the degree of stem lignification. The isometric scaling of E /ρ with respect to VF resulted from the inverse relation between E and ρ, although the correlation for this relation was poor (r2 = 0·59). Based on D and E/ρ, stem critical buckling height Hcrit (i.e. the maximum height to which a stem can grow before it elastically buckles under its own weight) scaled as the 1·19-power of D. Since H ∝ D1·53, the safety-factor against elastic buckling decreased roughly as the 1/3-power of D (i.e. Hcrit /H ∝ D-0·34). Despite significant anatomical differences among stems, most of the 76 herbaceous species had stems consisting of a rigid rind surrounding a comparatively incompressible core of tissues.
A Summary of Modern Methods of Network Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a summary of the most essential principles and procedures of lumped-constant linear passive network synthesis. It is assumed that the reader has a reasonably good general background, and is more in need of concise statements than detailed elaboration and orientation. The chapter presents a selection of material forming; the main stem of the present-day synthesis theory as it applies to passive lumped-constant networks. It also discusses the conditions and tests for positive real character, properties of polynomials and positive real functions, and synthesis of the single-loaded lossless coupling network for a prescribed magnitude of transfer impedance.
Senate Voting and Constituency Stake in Defense Spending

( ongressmen's party allegiance usually is a major determinant A of roll-call behavior, and their personal characteristics often play a part, but research in legislative behavior has shown that certain demographic and political characteristics of congressmen's constituencies may also have significant independent influence on congressional voting.1 The "military-industrial complex" literature stresses the importance, in congressional support for the Defense Department budget and related military measures, of the constituency's dependence on defense spending. It is suggested that congressmen are motivated to vote for defense spending because of the economic benefits to be derived by their constituents.2 Although, as former Representative Carl Vinson once said of a defense budget, "There is something in this bill for everyone," defense funds are not dispersed evenly around the country.3 The hypothesis to be tested here is: Legislators from states that depend heavily on defense spending will be more likely to support legislation to increase or to maintain defense spending levels than legislators from states that do not. Senate voting data are taken from the 1969 session; in earlier years, weapons systems occasionally were subject to criticism, but this was the first time since the Second World War that a number