cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature Effects in Cavitation Damage

Cavitation damage is studied for several materials over a range of temperatures in the cavitating liquid from 0 C to 90 deg C. The cavitating liquids used were distilled water, distilled water buffered to pH 8, and a 3 percent solution of NaCl in distilled water. The cavitation damage was produced by continuous oscillation of the test specimens with a magnetostrictive transducer so that long term chemical effects tended to be suppressed. It is found that the maximum in the damage rate occurs at temperatures in the range 40 C to 50 deg C. The decrease in the damage observed at the higher temperatures is to be expected as a consequence of the increase in vapor pressure. The rise in damage at the lower temperatures has a less obvious interpretation and may be due to an increase in chemical activity with temperature.
From potential to ability to compete: towards a performance-based tourism competitiveness index.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to design a ranking system for tourist destinations. The ranking system will be grounded in the competitiveness theory. The main tenet of the study reveals that the nexus inputs–outputs as entertained by several indices are not automatic. The study claims that a meaningful measurement of tourism competitiveness is performance. The study designs a tourism competitiveness index (TCI) derived from satisfaction, productivity and quality of life. The ranking in this study shows inconsistent results when compared to the World Economic Forum (WEF) tourism ranking. That is, the WEF tourism ranking revealed that countries at the top of the ranking are not necessarily strong in real tourism receipts per capita and quality of life; while the current study indicated that they actually are strong in those areas. The study further found that these two attributes (i.e. real receipts per capita and value added) strongly correlate with quality of life stressing the attributes of receipts per capita, value added and quality of life and their correlation as important elements in the descriptive theory building of tourism competitiveness.
ORIGIN OF THE INTERCELLULAR SPACES IN PEDIASTRUM

In my studies on the mycelium of fungi (I928, 1930a, 1930b, 1930c) I have summarized the literature relating to the special problems concerning the form-controlling factors involved in their growth and have attempted to analyze the intercellular environmental relationships and other formregulating factors concerned in the modifications which occur during development of the inherently filamentous hyphae into such structures as ascocarps, basidiocarps, and sclerotia. In the present study an attempt will be made to analyze the form changes of globular spheres under controlled conditions of tension and pressure and the case of more or less isodiametric cells in tissue continuity with the object of determining the mechanical forces which come into play in such systems. The behavior of the rubber spheres in the experiments suggest a possible analogy with the processes involved in the formation of the familiar four-lobed outlines, the spines, and intercellular spaces of Pediastrum' species.
Morphological plasticity in an infant monkey model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Purpose/Methods: Seizures in early life are thought to contribute to the development of human temporal lobe epilepsy. To examine the consequences of early seizures, we elicited status epilepticus in immature, 5.5- to 7.0-month-old pigtailed macaques by unilateral microinfusion of bicuculline methiodide into the entorhinal cortex. Results: This report focuses on neuropathological changes in the hippocampus. Bicuculline infusion consistently elicited limbic-like seizures with prolonged, relatively localized electrographic activity. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed enhanced signal intensity in the ipsilateral hippocampus after seizures; in some cases, there was also progressive hippocampal atrophy. Histological changes were variable; in two of five monkeys, there was significant hippocampal neuron loss, gliosis, granule cell dispersion, and mossy fiber reorganization. Conclusions: The histopathological findings and associated magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities after bicuculline-induced status epilepticus in infant monkeys mimic common aspects of human temporal lobe epilepsy.
Fungal protein for food and feeds. I. Introduction

When Malthus predicted in 1798 that man would create tremendous problems for himself because of his high reproductive capacity, few people were ready to accept what appeared to be a very new and distasteful idea. However, the idea of man increasing his species to very great numbers was expressed many centuries before Malthus by the author(s) of Genesis with the statement, "The angel of the Lord also said to her: I will so greatly multiply your descendents that they cannot be numiibered for multitude" (Genesis 16: 11). Malthus' views were not generally accepted, especially in England, and the nonacceptance can be attributed, in general, to two facts: (1) world population at that time was so small that, on the average, there were thirty-five acres of agricultural land per person; and (2) the dire events-the only possible outcome if Malthus was correct-did not materialize (primarily because of the Industrial Revolution and England's great colonial expansion of the 19th Century). The Malthusian Doctrine has always aroused controversy, and usually in-
Transmission of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in day care settings

We prospectively studied the risk of secondary transmission of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease among children in day care in Oklahoma. We established a statewide surveillance system for the reporting of all forms of invasive Hib disease from physicians, clinical laboratories, county health departments, and infection control practitioners from all hospitals in and bordering Oklahoma. For the 2-year period March 15, 1984, to March 15, 1986, there were 409 culture-confirmed cases of invasive Hib disease in children 12 years of age or younger; 147 (37%) case-patients attended day care. When a case-patient attended day care during the week before illness, we prospectively identified and observed all classroom contacts (n = 2147) for the next 60 days. Of 1253 classroom contacts younger than 4 years of age, seven (0.6%) secondary cases were identified. Isolates from all paired index and secondary cases had identical outer membrane protein (OMP) patterns. Strains causing primary disease were indistinguishable by OMP distribution from those causing secondary disease. Of 685 classroom contacts younger than 2 years of age from whom rifampin use was ascertained, five (1.7%) of 292 who did not receive rifampin became secondary cases, compared with one (0.3%) of 393 who received rifampin (rate ratio 6.7; 95% confidence limits 1.1, 42.5; P less than 0.05). Of 495 classroom contacts 24 to 47 months of age for whom rifampin use was ascertained, one (0.5%) of 194 who did not receive rifampin became a secondary case, compared with none of 301 who received rifampin. This experience indicates that secondary transmission of invasive Hib disease can be appreciable in day care settings, particularly in children younger than 2 years of age, and that rifampin prophylaxis reduces this risk.
Current Trends in Nanocomposite Foams

This article presents a brief but concise review of the current research efforts on polymeric nanocomposite foams production, characterization, and applications. Survey indicates that the emergence of nanocomposites has resulted in the development of a new group of materials regarded as nanocomposite foams. Nanocomposites result from the use of nano-sized (10-09 m) particles as fillers to modify and enhance the properties of polymers and other matrices. The combination of functional nanoparticles and foaming technologies such as supercritical fluid foaming, chemical foaming, syntactic foaming, aerogel foaming, phase inversion foaming etc. generate these new materials regarded as nanocomposite foams that have light weight, high specific strength, and multifunctional attributes. Enhanced thermo-mechanical properties of nanocomposite foams result from improved cell morphology that is mainly attributable to the role of nanoparticles as nucleation agents for bubble generation. High-specific mechanical properti...
Early effect of testosterone on prostatic poly(A)RNA and its translation.

Abstract Total polyadenylated RNA has been isolated from ventral prostate of castrated rat injected with testosterone for 1, 2, 4, and 8 h, and hybridized with [3H]cDNA synthesized from poly(A)RNA of untreated normal rat prostate. The hybridization data show an increase in the abundant class of poly(A)RNA during the first 2 h following testosterone administration. In vitro translation of the poly(A)RNA shows heterogeneity of the synthesized polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 56 000 to 8 000 D. Castration results in marked declines of most of the polypeptides, many of which are partially restored following androgen treatment. Among the androgen-regulated translation products is identified immunochemically the prostate-binding protein which shows steady increases during 1–4 h after androgen treatment of castrated rat. The results indicate that activation of prostate-binding protein gene(s) represents one of the early events induced by androgens.
Effects of temperature and perch diameter on arboreal locomotion in the snake Elaphe guttata.

Arboreality is widespread in multiple lineages of snakes and these habitats are important for foraging, escaping predators, and thermoregulation for many species. However, very little is known about factors influencing the arboreal locomotor abilities of snakes. Arboreal performance was assessed in a semi-arboreal snake (Elaphe guttata) using an artificial perch apparatus. Locomotor velocity, body posture, and balance was measured during movement on three perch diameters (3, 6, 10-cm) at three temperatures (10, 20, 30°C). Velocities attained by E. guttata on perches are much slower than those of terrestrial lateral undulation and swimming and somewhat slower than concertina velocities recorded in other species across the same experimental temperatures. At higher temperatures, faster speeds were associated with a more elongated posture. At lower temperatures, snakes displayed a more looped body posture, but still fell more often than at higher temperatures. Our results suggest that temperature has a large influence on both balance and movement by snakes on perches. Although there were no differences in velocities resulting from perch diameter, snakes fell more often from thicker perches. This differs from arboreal velocities attained by limbed vertebrates, which decrease with decreasing perch diameter, suggesting that snakes have a size-relative advantage over limbed animals, such as lizards, when traversing a network of narrow branches. Future studies investigating arboreal locomotion among snakes that vary both phylogenetically and morphologically are needed to assess the potential benefits of limblessness in complex, three-dimensional environments. J. Exp. Zool. 309A:147–156, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monitoring neurotransmitter release from isolated retinas using online microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis.

Release of neurotransmitters and other primary amine-containing analytes from intact, isolated larval salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retinas maintained in a 6.5-μL perfusion chamber was monitored using online microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). Primary amines were derivatized online with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and β-mercaptoethanol. With the use of overlapping injections, the perfusate was sampled every ∼10 s. Although separation conditions were optimized using 20 mM hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) for a number of important neuromessengers including d- and l-serine, d- and l-asparate, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and taurine, only glutamate (0.48 ± 0.27 μM), GABA (0.25 ± 0.12 μM), taurine (5.5 ± 2.1 μM), and l-serine (2.8 ± 1.0 μM) were identified in the perfusate. Elevated levels of glutamate, GABA, and taurine were detected during stimulation with 60 mM K+. This method is the first to directly sample multiple neur...
Emergency Medical Workers' Responses to Death

Four aspects of emergency medical workers' exposure to death in a mass casualty shooting incident were related to their reactions to the incident and their reported psychological and psychosomatic symptoms. This study assessed thirty-six emergency medical workers' psychological and psychosomatic symptoms self-rated for the weeks before and after the shooting; thirty-one responded again one month post-event. Obsessive-Compulsive, Hostility, Depression, Anxiety, and Global Severity Index SCL90R Scales showed acute elevations that resolved within a month except for the first two. Objective and subjective exposure to the twenty-one on-scene deaths was related to acute increases in Obsessive-Compulsive and Depression self-ratings; stress from triage decisions was also related to the former, and was best relieved by help from coworkers. A task-focused first reaction was associated with more positive outcomes than was an initial shock reaction.
A Numerical Solution for the Transient Displacement of a Circumferentially Moving Cylindrical Shell

In magnetic tape recording it is important to control the tape displacement as it is transported over guides and recording heads. In this paper a numerical solution is presented for the transient motion of a tape that is circumferentially transported. The tape may be modelled as a thin cylindrical shell, with gyroscopic effects arising from the tape transport. Spatial derivatives are discretized with finite difference approximations, and time derivatives are discretized by Newmark's method. The result is a robust comuter algorithm that is used in making 3D transient simultaions of flexural waves following a radial load
Optimal motion planning for dual-spacecraft interferometry

We address the question of design and optimal control of a class of dual-spacecraft interferometric imaging formations. The first main contribution is that we combine two ideas introduced separately in the literature and propose a maneuver that offers improved imaging performance. We then formulate an optimal control problem to minimize fuel consumption and maximize image quality by minimizing the relative speed, which is proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed image. We show that the necessary conditions are also sufficient and that the resulting optimal control is unique. Finally, we apply a continuation method to solve for the unique optimal trajectory.
An adaptive opportunistic routing scheme for wireless ad-hoc networks

In this paper, an adaptive opportunistic routing scheme for multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks is proposed. The proposed scheme utilizes a reinforcement learning framework to achieve the optimal performance even in the absence of reliable knowledge about channel statistics and network model. This scheme is shown to be optimal with respect to an expected average per packet cost criterion. The proposed routing scheme jointly addresses the issues of learning and routing in an opportunistic context, where the network structure is characterized by the transmission success probabilities. In particular, this learning framework leads to a stochastic routing scheme which optimally “explores” and “exploits” the opportunities in the network.
Predictors of response to electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder.

Introduction In recent years, electroconvulsive therapy (ECU has increasingly been reserved for moderate to severe depressions that have often been resistant to drug therapy or have had favorable response to ECT in the past. This selection process may modify the usefulness of clinical “predictors” of treatment outcome (Hobson 1953; Roberts 1959; Hamilton and White 1960; Ottosson 1962; Hor- dem et al. 1963; Nystrom 1964; Carney et al. 1965; Mendels 1965; Penis 1966; Camey and Sheffield 1972), which were identified when ECT was used more liberally. Indeed, several sub- sequent studies have failed to identify any pre- dictors of response to ECT (Abrams et al. 1973; Abrams 1982; Katona and Aldridge 1984), sug- gesting that selection of patients on the basis of a valid categorical diagnosis of depression abol- ishes the predictive value of individual clinical features. response to treatment. The present study was undertaken to address this question. Methods The sample consisted of 48 psychiatric inpa- tients (13 men, 35 women; mean age 61 years) who were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder (MDD) by Research Diagnostic Cri- teria (Spitzer et al. 1975) and having a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) (Hamilton 1960) score of 20 or more at the pre- ECT evaluation. Patients who required less than five ECTs during the course of treatment were excluded. However, as not all depressed patients treated with ECT respond equally, it is reasonable to continue the search for factors likely to predict
Joint estimation and decoding of space-time Trellis codes

We explore the possibility of using an emerging tool in statistical signal processing, sequential importance sampling (SIS), for joint estimation and decoding of space-time trellis codes (STTC). First, we provide background on SIS, and then we discuss its application to space-time trellis code (STTC) systems. It is shown through simulations that SIS is suitable for joint estimation and decoding of STTC with time-varying flat-fading channels when phase ambiguity is avoided. We used a design criterion for STTCs and temporally correlated channels that combats phase ambiguity without pilot signaling. We have shown by simulations that the design is valid.
Real estate portfolio allocation: The European consumers’ perspective

Owner occupied housing facilitates household wealth accumulation and the stability of consumption in developed countries. It also contributes to other social goals. But owner-occupied housing is also a risky investment. This paper synthesizes existing knowledge about the riskiness of housing investment in European economies during the past quarter century. It also presents estimates of the potential gains to European consumers from investments in derivatives which may reduce risk at the individual level. We find that futures markets in house price indexes may increase portfolio returns for European investors by several percentage points at the same level of risk. We also consider practical steps to develop markets for these investments.
PROLACTIN RESPONSE TO METOCLOPRAMIDE DOES NOT DISTINGUISH PATIENTS WITH HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM FROM DELAYED PUBERTY

SUMMARY The prolactin response to metoclopramide (MCP) was studied in 23 sexually immature males, 14 with isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH) and nine with constitutional delayed puberty. Six of the 14 IHH patients had not been treated prior to our study, whereas eight had received long term therapy with testosterone or hCG for variable periods ranging from 1 to 20 years. We also measured the prolactin response to chlorpromazine (CPZ) in the untreated IHH men. In these untreated subjects, we observed a greatly diminished prolactin response after CPZ by comparison to that measured following MCP administration (peak 15 ng/ml, areas 86 units vs peak 43 ng/ml, area 416 units, respectively) (P<0.01). Furthermore, prolactin levels following MCP were similar in untreated (peak 43 ng/ml, area 416 units) and treated (peak 55 ng/ml, area 545 units, NS) IHH males as well as in boys with constitutional delayed puberty (peak 50 ng/ml, area 532 units, NS). In addition, responses in the three groups of patients were about half (P<0-01) those measured in normal men (peak 81 ng/ml, area 845 units). These data indicate that, unlike CPZ, MCP is not useful in distinguishing patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism from boys with constitutional delayed puberty.
The digital teaching legacy of the International Polar Year (IPY): Details of a present to the global village for achieving sustainability

IPY helps to overcome national and other borders and constraints towards better information access and management of precious natural resources worldwide. It carries promises of a sustainable global village. Beyond the polar regions, IPY will leave a global legacy, most of it is digital and can be expressed as new data and synthesized information. IPY will affect how we do and fund science, how we administer the globe, how we teach and evaluate, and eventually, how society lives and carries out business and democracy. IPY offers solutions in times of massive global resource pressures, and deserves our full support. However, it needs to be assured that IPY remains balanced in its economic, social and ecological concepts. Teaching is the key to its success.
The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation ☆

Abstract Hans Krebs' discovery, in 1932, of the urea cycle was a major event in biochemistry. This article describes a program, KEKADA, which models the heuristics Hans Krebs used in this discovery. KEKADA reacts to surprises, formulates explanations, and carries out experiments in the same manner as the evidence in the form of laboratory notebooks and interviews indicates Hans Krebs did. Furthermore, we answer a number of questions about the nature of the heuristics used by Krebs, in particular: How domain-specific are the heuristics? To what extent are they idiosyncratic to Krebs? To what extent do they represent general strategies of problem-solving search? The relative generality of KEKADA allows us to view the control structure of KEKADA and its domain-independent heuristics as a model of scientific experimentation that should apply over a broad domain.
Optimal Call Admission Control Policy for the RCS Schemes in Wireless Networks

This paper investigates the optimal call admission control (CAC) policy for the reserved channel schemes (RCS) in a wireless network. Under the assumption that all calls arrival processes are Poisson processes, their service times are exponentially distributed, admitting each call would bring a reward and there are holding costs per unit time, we figure out the optimal policy of when to reject the calls in order to achieve the maximum reward. A discounted semi Markov decision process (SMDP) model is used to derive the optimal policy for maximum total expected discounted reward on each state. We verified that the optimal CAC policy is a control limit policy if the cost functions have some special properties.
An Exploration of Artificiality

The following explores the artificiality of human artifacts. To talk of artifacts, we must avoid ontologizing. Ontology ignores human participation in its construction and describing artifacts as if their descriptions had nothing to do with it contradicts the idea of their artificiality. Instead, I will explore the nature of artifacts from the perspective of human-centered design and with culture-sensitive conceptions in mind. Exploring artifacts from this perspective offers scholars and practitioners a fascinating field of inquiry. To follow are six closely connected mini essays on artifacts, starting with the use of the word ‘‘artifact’’ and ending with the virtual worlds that artifacts can bring forth.
Optimization of natural-gas pipeline systems via dynamic programming

The complexity and expense of operating natural-gas pipeline systems have made optimum operation and planning of increased interest to the natural-gas pipeline industries. Since the operations of natural-gas pipeline sytems are characterized by inherent nonlinearities and numerous constraints, dynamic programming provides an extremely powerful method for optimizing such systems. This paper summarizes the application of dynamic programming techniques to solve optimization problems that occur in the short-term (transient) terminal distribution and long-term (steady-state) transmission of natural gas.
The function of Na+,K+-ATPase and its importance for drug action

The primary function of Na+,K+ -ATPase in cardiac and other excitable tissues is to maintain the resting, excitable state. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is markedly affected by the balance between Na+,K+-ATPase activity (capacity of the sodium pump) and Na+ influx rate. The sodium pump in cardiac muscle has a substantial reserve capacity under normal conditions; however, a relatively modest sodium pump inhibition or an increase in Na+ influx rate elevates [Na+]i and therefore intracellular Ca2+ via Na+/Ca2+ exchange. The subsequent loading of the sarcoplasmic reticulum by Cat+ and an enhanced Ca2+ release upon membrane excitation appear to be responsible for the positive inotropic effect of a Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor.
Mobile media and communication: A new field, or just a new journal?

This journal represents a step forward in the development of mobile communication studies as a field. This field has been establishing itself through a number of other initiatives as well, includin...
polyMOFs: A Class of Interconvertible Polymer-Metal-Organic-Framework Hybrid Materials†

Preparation of porous materials from one-dimensional polymers is challenging because the packing of polymer chains results in a dense, non-porous arrangement. Herein, we demonstrate the remarkable adaptation of an amorphous, linear, non-porous, flexible organic polymer into a three-dimensional, highly porous, crystalline solid, as the organic component of a metal-organic framework (MOF). A polymer with aromatic dicarboxylic acids in the backbone functioned as a polymer ligand upon annealing with Zn(II), generating a polymer-metal-organic framework (polyMOF). These materials break the dogma that MOFs must be prepared from small, rigid ligands. Similarly, polyMOFs contradict conventional polymer chemistry by demonstrating that linear and amorphous polymers can be readily coaxed into a highly crystalline, porous, three-dimensional structure by coordination chemistry.
Designing a resilient network of marine protected areas for Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea.

The Nature Conservancy takes a strategic and systematic approach to conservation planning. Ecoregional assessments are used to set goals and identify geographical priorities, and Conservation Action Planning is used to develop strategic plans for conservation areas. This study demonstrates how these planning processes were applied at the seascape scale based on a case study of Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Conservation Action Planning was used to identify key threats and strategies, and systematic conservation planning (similar to that used for ecoregional assessments) was used to design a network of marine protected areas to be resilient to the threat of climate change. The design was based on an assessment of biodiversity and socio-economic values, and identified 14 Areas of Interest that meet specific conservation goals. A detailed community-based planning process is now underway with local communities that own and manage these areas to refine and implement the marine protected area network.
Investing in Karma When Wanting Promotes Helping

People often face outcomes of important events that are beyond their personal control, such as when they wait for an acceptance letter, job offer, or medical test results. We suggest that when wanting and uncertainty are high and personal control is lacking, people may be more likely to help others, as if they can encourage fate's favor by doing good deeds proactively. Four experiments support this karmic-investment hypothesis. When people want an outcome over which they have little control, their donations of time and money increase (experiments 1 and 2), but their participation in other rewarding activities does not (experiment 1b). In addition, at a job fair, job seekers who feel the process is outside (vs. within) their control make more generous pledges to charities (experiment 3). Finally, karmic investments increase optimism about a desired outcome (experiment 4). We conclude by discussing the role of personal control and magical beliefs in this phenomenon.
Chronic over browsing and biodiversity collapse in a forest understory in Pennsylvania: Results from a 60 year-old deer exclusion plot

Abstract We evaluated the impact of chronic deer over browsing on the diversity and abundance of understory forbs and shrubs within a forest stand in the Allegheny High Plateau Region of Pennsylvania by comparing vegetation inside a 60-year-old exclosure to vegetation within an adjacent reference site. This is the oldest known exclosure in the Eastern Deciduous Forest. Browsing caused the formation of an extremely low diversity herbaceous understory dominated by a single fern species, caused the local extirpation of shrubs, and drove forbs to extremely low abundance (< 0.2% cover m−2 vs. 43% inside the exclosure). Our results confirm previous findings that demonstrate that browsing has caused 60–80% declines in herb and shrub richness regionally. Because many of these species have low dispersal and reproductive rates, we predict long-term legacy effects if deer numbers are ever reduced. Our results combined with other studies provide information on shrub and herb abundance in the absence of browsing that ...
Screening and Replication using the Same Data Set: Testing Strategies for Family-Based Studies in which All Probands Are Affected

For genome-wide association studies in family-based designs, we propose a powerful two-stage testing strategy that can be applied in situations in which parent-offspring trio data are available and all offspring are affected with the trait or disease under study. In the first step of the testing strategy, we construct estimators of genetic effect size in the completely ascertained sample of affected offspring and their parents that are statistically independent of the family-based association/transmission disequilibrium tests (FBATs/TDTs) that are calculated in the second step of the testing strategy. For each marker, the genetic effect is estimated (without requiring an estimate of the SNP allele frequency) and the conditional power of the corresponding FBAT/TDT is computed. Based on the power estimates, a weighted Bonferroni procedure assigns an individually adjusted significance level to each SNP. In the second stage, the SNPs are tested with the FBAT/TDT statistic at the individually adjusted significance levels. Using simulation studies for scenarios with up to 1,000,000 SNPs, varying allele frequencies and genetic effect sizes, the power of the strategy is compared with standard methodology (e.g., FBATs/TDTs with Bonferroni correction). In all considered situations, the proposed testing strategy demonstrates substantial power increases over the standard approach, even when the true genetic model is unknown and must be selected based on the conditional power estimates. The practical relevance of our methodology is illustrated by an application to a genome-wide association study for childhood asthma, in which we detect two markers meeting genome-wide significance that would not have been detected using standard methodology.
The Effect of Sentential and Abstract Rules on Implicational Reasoning and Judgment.

Summary Reasoning with implication has been studied with a variety of tasks in different studies. Results have been conflicting, leading to the conclusion that Ss interpret implication inconsistently. The present study attempted to determine whether individual Ss do interpret implication inconsistently as task and rule content are varied. Twenty male and female undergraduates performed abstract judgment, abstract inference, verbal (ordinary sentential English) judgment, and verbal inference tasks. It was found that Ss were inconsistent, treating implication as the biconditional in verbal tasks, as conjunction with abstract tasks. Consistency within content but across judgment-inference tasks was observed, though more strongly for verbal than abstract materials. It was argued that untutored Ss have two modes of implication, a “causal” mode resembling the biconditional and a “matching” mode resembling conjunction. Few Ss interpreted “if… then” as material implication.
Impact of freight consolidation on logistics system performance

The effect of recent deregulation of the transportation industry has been to increase the relative costs of small shipments in low-volume traffic lanes. Freight consolidation has been suggested as an effective way to reduce transportation costs and improve service levels for small shipments. Previous investigations of freight consolidation have been very general in nature and narrow in scope, even though the strategy has been suggested as useful for the design of a distribution system that deals primarily with small shipments. This paper focuses on an analysis of consolidation strategy and the impact of the number of consolidation points and special delivery requirements on various system performance elements. The special delivery requirement level is the portion of orders that must be shipped immediately without waiting for the specified holding period, thus resulting in a reduction of consolidated volume movements. The study indicates that consolidation can be used as a distribution strategy, with the prior knowledge that the level of special delivery requirement (priority shipment) can create a significant impact on system costs. The number of consolidation points, however, is not as critical to system performance as the level of special delivery requirement.
Rape and Seduction Scripts of University Students: Implications for Rape Attributions and Unacknowledged Rape

Research suggests that sexual scripts play a key role in how people understand and enact sexual interactions. For example, forced sexual activity may not be labeled as rape because it does not fit with individuals' rape script and instead fits better with another sexual script. The current studies concern one such sexual script, seduction, which may partially overlap with individuals' rape script, leading to ambiguity regarding how to label certain incidents of forced sex. Two studies were conducted to determine the elements of university students' rape and seduction scripts. In the first study, 50 students described one of these two scripts in response to an open-ended query. In the second study, students (n = 130) rated how typical they believed a number of potential script elements were of rape or seduction. Results from both studies indicate differences as well as overlap between the two scripts. In particular, both scripts tended to involve the use of manipulative tactics on the part of the man to obtain sex. Implications of the results for understanding the rape attribution process and unacknowledged rape are discussed.
Nutrient availability influences kairomone-induced defenses in Scenedesmus acutus (Chlorophyceae)

Many phytoplankton species have evolved induced defenses against herbivore grazers, but the effectiveness of, and costs associated with, these defenses may depend on environmental conditions. For example, grazer chemical cues (kairomones) induce colony formation in many phytoplankton, but temperature, light and nutrient availability can also affect colony size. Little is know about how kairomones and abiotic variables interact to induce algal defenses. Here, we investigate this interaction in the freshwater chlorophyte Scenedesmus acutus, which responds to kairomones from zooplankton herbivores and changes in the abiotic environment by forming colonies (coenobia) of up to eight cells. We tested the effects of ambient phosphorus concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mM) and exposure to kairomones from the zooplankton herbivore Daphnia magna on S. acutus growth and coenobia formation. Daphnia magna kairomones did not affect S. acutus population growth during the exponential phase. While kairomones induced coenobia formation in all three P treatments, more coenobia were formed in the absence of kairomones in high-P treatments than in low-P treatments. Thus, coenobia formation appears to be a primarily constitutive defense when P is abundant, but an induced defense when P is scarce, suggesting a trade-off between coenobia formation and phosphorus availability in S. acutus.
Heidegger's Jews: Inclusion/Exclusion and Heidegger's Anti-Semitism

Once upon a time, Heidegger's thinking seemed to bear on everything and every philosopher, from the Pre-Socratics, such as Anaximander and Parmenides as well as Heraclitus, to Plato himself, to Ari...
THE POSSIBILITY OF CREATED ENTITIES IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SCOTISM

How does the non-actual first child of the Subtle Doctor, call her Dunsina, differ from the non-actual round-square? One answer to this question is that while Dunsina is a possible entity, the poor roundsquare is impossible.' But, since neither actually exists (since John Duns Scotus was by all reports childless) and both are truly 'nothing' (as Francisco Suarez (p. 57) would claim) how exactly do they differ? How can there be any ontological difference, and thus a linguistic and conceptual difference, between two kinds of'nothings'? Let us call this the philosophical problem of possibility. This question was much debated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Some of the most extensive discussions are found in the works
Impact of photoinduced processes on the plasmonic enhancement of colloidal quantum dot emission

We study the mutual effects of photoinduced processes (irradiation effects) and plasmonic emission enhancement in close-packed CdSe/ZnS colloidal quantum dots in the vicinity of gold metallic nanoparticles with two significantly different size distributions. For this we examine the impact of the heat generated by the metallic nanoparticles, the strength of plasmonic field enhancement, and the rate of energy transfer from the quantum dots to metallic nanoparticles in the presence of a laser field with low and moderate intensities. Our results show that the interplay between the photophysics of the quantum dots and their plasmonic emission enhancement is significantly pronounced when the metallic nanoparticles are large. In such a case we observed large suppression of photoinduced fluorescence enhancement (PFE). For smaller metallic nanoparticles the results suggest mostly an overall time-independent suppression of the quantum dots’ emission with no significant impact on PFE.
PageOneX: New Approaches to Newspaper Front Page Analysis

PageOneX is a Free/Libre and Open Source Software tool that we designed to aid in the coding, analysis, and visualization of newspaper front pages. Communication scholars have long analyzed newspaper front pages, using column inches as an important indicator of mass media attention. In the past, this involved obtaining physical copies of newspapers, coding and measurement by hand, and manual input of measurements into a spreadsheet or database, followed by calculation, analysis, and visualization. PageOneX automates some of these steps, simplifies others, and makes it possible for teams of investigators to conduct shared newspaper front page analysis online. We review scholarship in this area, describe our approach in depth, provide concrete examples of analysis conducted by media scholars using PageOneX, and discuss future directions for research and development.
Cupriphilic compounds to aid in proteasome inhibition

It has been found that tumor cells and tissues, compared to normal cells, have higher levels of copper and possibly other metal ions. This presents a potential vulnerability of tumor cells that can serve as a physiological difference between cancer cells and normal cells and allows design of compounds that selectively target tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Recently we have identified compounds that have potential to inhibit the proteasome in tumor cells and induce cell death by mobilizing endogenous tumor copper resulting in in cellulo activation of the compound. These compounds hence act as pro-drugs, becoming active drugs in tumor cells with high copper content but remaining essentially inactive in normal cells, thereby greatly reducing adverse effects in patients. Such use would be of significant benefit in early detection and treatment of cancers, in particular, aggressive cancers such as pancreatic cancer which is usually not detected until it has reached an advanced stage. Six compounds were identified following virtual screening of the NCI Diversity Set with our proteasome computer model followed by confirmation with a biochemical assay that showed significant inhibition of the proteasome by the compounds in the presence of copper ions. In a dose response assay, NSC 37408 (6,7-dihydroxy-1-benzofuran-3-one), our best compound, exhibited an IC50 of 3μM in the presence of 100nM copper.
Gated Gradient-Motion-Refocused (GMR) Images with Spin-Echo Sequences

Recently, a gradient-motion-refocusing (GMR) sequence was developed in order to augment other motion-suppression techniques. We studied 200 patients undergoing cranial MR imaging, in 50% of these patients, we used GMR motion suppression
Coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic spin correlations in Ca ( Fe 1 − x Co x ) 2 As 2 revealed by As 75 nuclear magnetic resonance

Recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed the coexistence of stripe-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) spin correlations in both the hole- and electron-doped ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ families of iron-pnictide superconductors by a Korringa ratio analysis. Motivated by the NMR work, we investigate the possible existence of FM fluctuations in another iron-pnictide superconducting family, $\mathrm{Ca}{({\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$. We reanalyzed our previously reported data in terms of the Korringa ratio and found clear evidence for the coexistence of stripe-type AFM and FM spin correlations in the electron-doped ${\mathrm{CaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ system. These NMR data indicate that FM fluctuations exist in general in iron-pnictide superconducting families and thus must be included to capture the phenomenology of the iron pnictides.
Insuring Health Capital

Chapter 1 takes a broad view of health insurance as a form of healthcare finance. This chapter describes the economic motivation for health insurance and the financial mechanisms for providing health insurance. Health economists explain the choice to purchase health insurance as arising from people’s desire to live in good health and to have long lives. Each person’s “health capital” has a real value that can be expressed in financial terms. Once health can be described as a form of capital, it becomes a part of the wealth that each person owns. Insurance economics emphasizes the role of risk aversion in motivating the purchase of insurance. Individuals who own a stock of wealth that is risky will seek to insure all or part of the risk related to their wealth. More than that, it becomes something that people want to insure in order to protect their most valuable asset. However, one major challenge in applying these models to health is that health is a nonmarket commodity—it cannot be bought and sold like other goods. Instead, health insurance provides a form of financial intermediation, transforming health into monetary terms so that it can be insured. This chapter concludes with an examination of how financial intermediation works, motivating an examination of the scope of health insurance that is examined in Chap. 3.
Simplest Quantum Gravity

This chapter is devoted to the study of the integrable GGRT theory. In Sect. 4.1 we give an exact solution of TBA equations while in the rest of the chapter we study a variety of unusual properties of the exact S-matrix obtained in Sect. 3.5 that reveal some gravitational properties of this two-dimensional theory. All the results presented are contained in [7].
ICESat-2 bathymetry: an empirical feasibility assessment using MABEL

The feasibility of deriving bathymetry from data acquired with ATLAS, the photon-counting lidar on NASA’s upcoming ICESat-2 satellite, is assessed empirically by examining data from NASA’s airborne ICESat-2 simulator, MABEL. The primary objectives of ICESat-2 will be to measure ice-sheet elevations, sea-ice thickness, and global biomass. However, the 6-beam, green-wavelength photon-counting lidar, combined with the 91-day repeat period and near-polar orbit, may provide unique opportunities to measure coastal bathymetry in remote, poorly-mapped areas of the globe. The study focuses on high-probability bottom returns in Keweenaw Bay, Lake Superior, acquired during the “Transit to KPMD” MABEL mission in August, 2012 at an AGL altitude of 20,000 m. Water-surface and bottom returns were identified and manually classified using MABEL Viewer, an in-house prototype data-explorer web application. Water-surface returns were observed in 12 green channels, and bottom returns were observed in 10 channels. Comparing each channel’s mean water-surface elevation to a regional NOAA Nowcast water-level estimate revealed channel-specific elevation biases that were corrected for in our bathymetry estimation procedure. Additionally, a first-order refraction correction was applied to each bottom return. Agreement between the refraction-corrected depth profile and NOAA data acquired two years earlier by Fugro LADS with the LADS Mk II airborne system indicates that MABEL reliably detected bathymetry in depths up to 8 m, with an RMS difference of 0.7 m. In addition to feeding coastal bathymetry models, MABEL (and potentially ICESat-2 ATLAS) has the potential to seed algorithms for bathymetry retrieval from passive, multispectral satellite imagery by providing reference depths.
Neoliberal urbanism, public space, and the greening of the growth machine: New York City’s High Line park:

In post-industrial cities throughout the world abandoned railroads, demolished freeways, disused canals, and other derelict industrial ruins are being transformed into ecologically inspired and aesthetically designed leisure, consumption, and tourist spaces based upon the principles of Landscape Urbanism and ideas about sustainable park design. New York City’s High Line is one example of this growing trend. Sustainable parks like the High Line claim to provide economic, ecological, and equity benefits associated with the 3 Es of sustainability. Our research on the development of New York City’s High Line suggests that while the High Line meets the economic piece of the sustainability triad with its promise of generating growth, its success in terms of the ecological dimension of sustainability is unclear. More troubling is the High Line’s neglect of the social equity component of the discourse of sustainability. Our work brings together several key arguments in the critical literature on urban sustainabil...
Continuous-Time Computational Aspects of Cyber-Physical Security

A wide variety of mixed digital-physical (cyber-physical) systems with complex and often loosely defined components are now deployed, whose behavior affect our daily lives in significant and sometimes critical ways. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) can provide much richer functionality, efficiency, autonomy, and reliability than manually controlled and loosely coupled systems. However, they also create inherent vulnerability related to privacy, security, robustness, and reliability of the underlying components and as a whole system. The mixed digital-physical aspect of such systems opens new and, as-of-yet, lightly explored opportunities for hybrid design, modeling, and analysis. Robust and safe systems must be designed and deployed to meet operational and security challenges. Additionally, the continuous-time nature of the physical components of these systems implies a fit for certain high-performance, low-power analog computing solutions. Here we survey existing efforts related to such risks and opportunities. We also tie the topics together and provide guidance to other researchers interested in exploring the hybrid aspects of mixed digital-physical systems.