cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and Aging in Animal Models

Nutrition is frequently claimed to be an important factor influencing the aging processes of humans and other animals (Porta, 1980). In part, this belief is based on nothing more than faith in the “fountain of youth” and in nutrition as a path to it. However, in fact, there are some data in the literature that indicate that nutrition holds promise as a basis for interventions that modulate the adverse effects of aging, thereby enhancing the quality of life at advanced age (Masoro, 1985). By the same token, there are also data that suggest that certain nutritional regimens or dietary components promote the aging process or at least promote age-associated disease or deterioration (Guigoz and Munro, 1985).
Long-Chain (n-3) Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Cancers of the Breast and the Prostate: Recent Epidemiological Studies, Biological Mechanisms, and Directions for Future Research

The association between dietary (n-3) fatty acids and hormone-responsive cancers continues to attract considerable attention in epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies. We previously reviewed the epidemiological literature on the association between hormone-responsive cancers and the long-chain fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. We concluded that the compelling evidence from ecological studies, animal models, and mechanistic experiments in vitro was not supported clearly by the available epidemiological data. To various degrees, epidemiological studies published more recently attempted to address some of the methodological limitations plaguing earlier studies by using validated questionnaires, examining specific fatty acids and their interrelationships, and adjusting estimates for a wider range of potentially confounding factors than in previous studies. In this review, our aim was to update the previous review with the results of recent epidemiological studies and to discuss possible biological mechanisms and directions for future research.
NYCLA's Fee-Dispute Program: Part 137

This article discusses New York's attorney-client fee-dispute program, with an emphasis on the New York County Lawyers' Association's Joint Committee on Fee Disputes and Conciliation.
Circularization and final spin in eccentric binary-black-hole inspirals

We present results from numerical relativity simulations of equal-mass, nonspinning binary-black-hole inspirals and mergers with initial eccentricities $e\ensuremath{\le}0.8$ and coordinate separations $D\ensuremath{\ge}12M$ of up to 9 orbits (18 gravitational wave cycles). We extract the mass ${M}_{\mathrm{f}}$ and spin ${a}_{\mathrm{f}}$ of the final black hole and find, for eccentricities $e\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.4$, that ${a}_{\mathrm{f}}/{M}_{\mathrm{f}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.69$ and ${M}_{\mathrm{f}}/{M}_{\mathrm{adm}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.96$ are independent of the initial eccentricity, suggesting that the binary has circularized by the merger time. For $e\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.5$, the black holes plunge rather than orbit, and we obtain a maximum spin parameter ${a}_{\mathrm{f}}/{M}_{\mathrm{f}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.72$ around $e=0.5$.
Comparison of symptomatic and quality of life outcomes of laparoscopic versus open antireflux surgery.

Background: Even though laparoscopic antireflux procedures have become the surgical treatment of choice for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), little quantitative data exist comparing symptomatic and quality of life outcomes between laparoscopic and standard open procedures. This study was done to compare short-term outcomes. Methods: All patients referred for surgical treatment of GERD are prospectively followed with a disease-specific reflux symptom score (the GERD-HRQL, best score 0, worst score 50) and a generic quality of life questionnaire (the SF-36, best score 100, worst score 0). Patients are evaluated preoperatively and at least 6 weeks postoperatively. Patients were treated with either laparoscopic or open Nissen (360-degree wrap) or Toupet (270-degree wrap) fundoplications. Results: Sixty patients underwent laparoscopic surgery (LS) and 20 open surgery (OS). LS and OS had significant improvement in the median GERD-HRQL scores, 27 to 3 and 27 to 1, respectively, both P < .000001. LS had statistically significant improvements in the SF-36 domains of mental health (62 to 71.5, P = .05) and general health (57 to 67, P = .004). There was no worsening in any of the other 6 domains. OS produced a worsening score in the domain of physical functioning (75 to 67.5, P = .02). LS had better postoperative scores compared with OS in the domains of physical functioning (80 vs 67.5, P = .05) and trended to better scores in bodily pain (64 vs 51.5, P = .09). Conclusions: LS produces equivalent improvement in reflux symptoms compared with OS, with improved general quality of life outcomes. (Surgery 1999;126:782-9.)
A new procedure for steepest ascent

The procedure of steepest ascent consists of performing a sequence of sets of trials. Each set of trials is obtained as a result of proceeding sequentially along the path of maximum increase in response. Until now there has been no formal stopping rule, When response values are subject to random error, the decision to stop can be premature due to a “false” drop in the observed response. A new stopping rule procedure for steepest ascent is intro-duced that takes into account the random error variation in response values. The new procedure protects against taking too many observations when the true mean response is decreasing, it also protects against stopping. prematurely when the true mean response is increasing, A numerical example is given which illus-trates the method.
Inhibition of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cell Function and Conversion into Th1-Like Effectors by a Toll-Like Receptor-Activated Dendritic Cell Vaccine

Despite the success of vaccines against some microbial pathogens, their utility in the prevention and treatment of cancer has thus far been limited. We have previously demonstrated that vaccination with dendritic cells activated with the TLR-4 ligand LPS and IFN-γ promotes an antigen-specific anti-tumor response that prevents tumor recurrence. To evaluate this mechanistically, we here studied the effects of this TLR-activated DC on regulatory T cell activity. Dendritic cells activated with LPS and IFN- γ negated the effects of regulatory T cells on responder cell proliferation. Restoration of responder cell proliferation was noted when TLR-activated dendritic cells were separated from both regulators and responders by a semi-permeable membrane. The effect is therefore mediated by a soluble factor but was independent of both IL-6 and IL-12. Furthermore, the soluble mediator appeared to act at least in part on the regulators themselves rather than responder cells exclusively. Because recent studies have demonstrated conversion of T regulatory cells into IL-17-producing effectors, we further questioned whether the TLR-activated dendritic cell would induce cytokine production and effector function in our system. We found that regulators produced a substantial amount of IFN- γ in the presence of TLR-activated dendritic cells but not immature dendritic cells. IFN-γ production was associated with upregulation of the Th1 transcriptional regulator T-bet, and a significant fraction of IFN-γ-producing regulators coexpressed T-bet and FoxP3. While the effects of the LPS-activated dendritic cell on responder cell proliferation were IL-12 independent, upregulation of T-bet was inhibited by a neutralizing anti-IL-12 antibody. Collectively, these and prior data suggest that varying innate immune signals may direct the phenotype of the immune response in part by inhibiting suppressor T cells and promoting differentiation of these regulators into particular subsets of effectors.
Interaction of Cytosolic Adaptor Proteins with Neuronal Apolipoprotein E Receptors and the Amyloid Precursor Protein

Apolipoprotein E, α2-macroglobulin, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. All three proteins are ligands for the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP), an abundant neuronal surface receptor that has also been genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease. The cytoplasmic tails of LRP and other members of the LDL receptor gene family contain NPxY motifs that are required for receptor endocytosis. To investigate whether these receptors may have functions that go beyond ligand internalization, e.g. possible roles in cellular signaling, we searched for proteins that might interact with the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors. A family of adaptor proteins containing protein interaction domains that can interact with NPxY motifs has previously been described. Using yeast 2-hybrid and protein coprecipitation approaches in vitro, we show that the neuronal adaptor proteins FE65 and mammalian Disabled bind to the cytoplasmic tails of LRP, LDL receptor, and APP, where they can potentially serve as molecular scaffolds for the assembly of cytosolic multiprotein complexes. FE65 contains two distinct protein interaction domains that interact with LRP and APP, respectively, raising the possibility that LRP can modulate the intracellular trafficking of APP. Tyrosine-phosphorylated mammalian Disabled can recruit nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, such as src and abl, to the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors to which it binds, suggesting a molecular pathway by which receptor/ligand interaction on the cell surface could generate an intracellular signal.
Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the Perceptions of the Consent to Sex Scale

Although sexual assault prevention education tends to focus on consent promotion as a means to reduce rates of sexual assault, little is known about how college students consent to sexual activity. The current study aimed to better understand college students' consent via the systematic development of the Consent to Sex Scale (CSS), utilizing mixed methods via three phases and two waves of data collection. In Phase 1, qualitative data were collected from college students (n = 185) to provide a foundation for item writing. In Phase 2, closed-ended items were written for a quantitative instrument and reviewed by a team of experts. In Phase 3, a quantitative survey, including items written in Phase 2, was administered to college students (n = 685); the measure was assessed for its psychometric properties. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized, resulting in a five-factor solution. The CSS and corresponding factors demonstrated high internal consistency reliability and expected gender differences, supportin...
The development of morphine-induced antinociception in neonatal rats: A comparison of forepaw, hindpaw, and tail retraction from a thermal stimulus

Two parallel experiments in rats 2-21 days of age investigated the onset and characteristics of morphine-induced antinociception. One measure of reactivity to pain, limb retraction from a hotplate, was utilized for three different limbs (forepaw, hindpaw, and tail) to chart the development of opioid sensitivity. Morphine-induced antinociception, even in 2-day-old rats, was obtained for all limbs, in a dose-related fashion, and reached peak sensitivity at 6-7 days of age. Naltrexone did not affect limb retraction latencies in nonmorphine treated rats at any age. These studies demonstrate early antinociception to low doses of an opiate and establish that the pain system, like positive reinforcement systems, is opiate sensitive.
Response of a global atmospheric forecast model to various drag parametrizations

Various drag mechanisms are currently parametrized in numerical models of the atmosphere. For global models that include the middle atmosphere in particular, these mechanisms profoundly affect weather forecast as well as climate simulation.We have developed an extended-top version of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) to include the middle atmosphere by modifying some physical parametrizations and the vertical coordinate. We performed a series of ensemble simulations corresponding to January 2000 for investigating the response of the model to various drag mechanisms, such as mountain drag, orographic gravity wave drag, surface friction drag, and artificial model top drag. Based on the monthly mean fields obtained from the simulations, we first investigate the effect of gravity wave drag due to its direct impact through planetary wave activity as well as indirect impact through induced meridional circulation.We discuss the difficulties in partitioning between the mountain drag due to resolved orography and the gravity wave drag due to unresolved orography, first using conventional diagnostic measures. From analyses of the atmospheric angular momentum budget, we show that various model drag mechanisms when modified interact with one another by redistributing their drag while conserving the total amount. In particular, an overestimation of mountain drag is accompanied by an underestimation of gravity wave drag in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes to conserve the total amount of drag in the model while likely breaking an optimal balance among the mechanisms. Under such a condition, the inclusion of a gravity wave drag parametrization – even if the drag amount itself is reasonable – does not necessarily improve the performance of the model. Diagnosis of this type of imbalance is not clear by conventional monthly mean fields of variables. In this paper, we argue that the budget of atmospheric angular momentum is a useful measure to diagnose impact of such changes in model physics with regard to the partition and balance among drag mechanisms. We also discuss the experimental results that led to the replacement of silhouette orography by mean orography in our model.
A DESCRIPTION OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES DURING READING AND WRITING

The purpose of this study was to investigate the similarities and differences in subjects’ cognitive processing during reading and writing activities as reported in their think‐aloud protocols. Subjects were two secondary students: an above‐average reader/writer and a below‐average reader/writer. Both read concrete and abstract expository texts and wrote reflexive and extensive pieces while thinking aloud. Results showed that subjects’ reported behaviors differed. The above‐average subject reported consistently more behaviors and more behaviors that facilitated meaning making than the below‐average subject. With regard to task abstraction, the trend was that the more abstract the task, the more behaviors were reported. However, the below‐average subject, who lacked the flexibility to choose behaviors which would facilitate completion of the abstract reading, failed to comprehend it fully and reported fewer behaviors for the abstract task than the concrete task. Finally, subjects’ reported processes illust...
Effects of extended fixed-interval training on reversed scallops

Two groups of pigeons were used to determine if different amounts of fixed-interval training with an added clock resulted in different local response rates when the clock was reversed. One group of seven pigeons received 120 reinforcements on a fixed-interval 90-sec schedule, while the other group received 1200 reinforcements. Following training, the added clock was reversed in extinction. Reversed scallops were obtained for both of the groups. Only the group with extended training showed an increase in responding during the previously reinforced segment of the interval. This suggests the development of greater temporal control with extended training.
On point-line geometry and displacement

A framework and the relevant algebraic treatment concerning point-line positions and displacements are explored using dual quaternion algebra. A screw or a dual vector is used to represent a point-line and the pitch is used to measure the endpoint location along the point-line. A point-line operator is developed to express a point-line transformation. The transformation allows a point-line to be considered as an independent rigid element having a completely specified motion without invoking rigid body transformation.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 223

Abstract Available information on decay characteristics and level structure for all nuclei with A = 223 has been examined. A summary and evaluation of experimental data, including adopted values and comparison with theory are presented. The individual level schemes are discussed, and coments pertaining to adopted spin and parity assignments and to gamma-ray multipolarities are given. Any apparent discrepancies and inconsistencies are pointed out. Much of the level information in the A = 223 mass chain is obtained from the α-decay and the A = 227 parent nuclei. While a summary of these results is reflected in both the level schemes and in discussions under “Level Properties” and “Gamma-Ray Properties”, the actual data are presented under the respective A = 227 parent. Decay energies and separation energies have been taken systematically from the 1977 Mass Adjustment (76WaBo, 77Wa08). Detailed comparison has been made between the adopted α-energies and the input values to the Mass Adjustment.
Prevention of type 2 diabetes in urban American Indian/Alaskan Native communities: The Life in BALANCE pilot study.

Objective: The Life in BALANCE (LIB) study is a pilot translational study modeling the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) intensive lifestyle coaching intervention among an underserved, high-risk population: American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) living in a large urban setting (Las Vegas, Nevada). Research Design and Methods: A total of 22 overweight/obese AI/ANs (age, 39.6 ± 10.4 years; BMI, 34.1 ± 6.3 kg/m 2 ) at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (HbA1c > 5.4 (36 mmol/mol) < 6.4 percent (46 mmol/mol) participated in the program between April and December, 2011. Study participants completed a 16 week intensive lifestyle coaching intervention. In addition to obtaining qualitative data regarding opportunities and challenges of applying the lifestyle intervention for AI/AN participants in an urban setting, clinical data, including BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and blood lipids (HDL, LDL and Triglycerides), were collected. Results: Only 12 of the 22 participants remained in the LIB program at the final post-program follow-up. Participants demonstrated significant decreased waist circumference and elevated HDL cholesterol. Triglycerides manifested the highest percentage change without statistical significance. No significant change was observed in blood pressure or fasting blood glucose. Conclusions: LIB participants’ improvements in BMI, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides suggests type 2 diabetes prevention programs aimed at urban AI/ANs show significant potential for reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among this underserved and high risk community. Qualitative data suggest the main challenge for type 2 diabetes prevention specific to this population is a need for improved community outreach strategies.
Lower peripheral blood CD14+ monocyte frequency and higher CD34+ progenitor cell frequency are associated with HBV vaccine induced response in HIV infected individuals

We evaluated immunologic predictors of response to HBV vaccine administered in the presence or absence of GM-CSF in HIV infected individuals. We measured peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor, monocyte and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) frequencies, and expression of GMCSF receptor on monocytes and MDSCs, at baseline and 4 weeks after immunization in relation to antibody response. We observed higher baseline progenitor and lower monocyte frequencies among week 16 antibody responders. Week 4 decline in MDSC frequency was associated with week 16 antibody response, while administration of GM-CSF was associated with preservation of these cells. No significant differences in GM-CSF receptor expression were observed in the presence vs. absence of GM-CSF. These findings are consistent with a positive role of progenitor cells and a potential negative role of monocytes in vaccine response. Additionally, GM-CSF augmented the preservation of peripheral blood MDSC, which may contribute to the lack of improved vaccine responses.
Immunoglobulin functional motions and their effects on the complementarity determining regions

Motions of the IgG structure are evaluated using normal mode analysis and a new time dependent form of the elastic network model, to detect hinges, the dominance of low frequency modes, and the most important internal motions. We also evaluate the protein crystal and its packing effects on the experimental temperature factors and disorder prediction. We find that the effects of the protein environment on the crystallographic temperature factors may be misleading for evaluating specific functional motions of IgG. The extent of motion of the antigen binding domains is computed to show their large spatial sampling. We conclude that the IgG structure is specifically designed to facilitate large excursions of the antigen binding domains. Normal modes are shown as capable of computationally evaluating the hinge motions and the spatial sampling of domains of the structure. The antigen binding loops and the major hinge appear to behave similarly to the rest of the structure when we consider the dominance of the low frequency modes and the extent of internal motion.
Managing college tuition inflation using a surplus framework methodology

Abstract This paper explores prepaid college tuition plans and develops a methodology for managing college tuition inflation. A surplus framework methodology is derived that employs various securities and incorporates both the assets and liabilities associated with prepaid college tuition plans. Although we present a methodology for plan management, the approach is applicable for individuals who manage their own college investment accounts. An interesting result of this analysis is that U.S. Treasury inflation-indexed securities should be included in the asset allocation decision for college tuition inflation management. By incorporating both the assets and liabilities from the plans into a surplus framework methodology, this paper provides a new portfolio management tool for plan administrators and individuals. Our assertion is that better managed plans offer more college financing alternatives for individuals.
Roles for the Advanced Practice Nurse in Nursing Research

The role of the advanced practice nurse (APN) in nursing research continues to expand and offer many opportunities to positively influence patient outcomes. This article presents an overview of several roles that the APN can develop to foster nursing research. These roles include coordinating, consolidating, conducting, consulting, and committing to research in nursing. Research-based practice—the ultimate goal of all research activities—can be fostered if research is made a priority within the various responsibilities of the APN.
NASA launches carbon dioxide research satellite

Last week NASA launched a new satellite to study atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Once in orbit, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite, launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, will take more than 100,000 individual measurements of atmospheric CO2 per day.
Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis and immunity.

Abstract Legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous intracellular bacterium found widely in the environment and is the cause of sporadic outbursts of opportunistic infection, mainly in immunocompromised individuals, including young children as well as aged persons. The host response to this organism is similar to responses to other opportunistic intracellular microbes and features both innate and adoptive immune mechanisms. Innate immunity includes the responses of a variety of host cells and cytokines, including those produced by macrophages stimulated by microbial antigens. Adoptive immunity consists of activated lymphocytes and the cytokines they produce, such as interferon and other cytokines that activate macrophages to restrict the growth and spread of intracellular bacteria. The role of cytokines specifically in resistance and immunity to Legionella is exemplified by studies concerning the nature and mechanism whereby interferon produced by activated T lymphocytes influences macrophages to resist infection by this bacterium, not only by restricting growth but also killing this bacterium. This cytokine is considered to have a key role in activating macrophages in adoptive immunity to Legionella and other intracellular bacteria. In particular, interferon is known to have a crucial role in activating macrophages to resist infection by L. pneumophila . This review also describes newer findings that demonstrate that various cytokines that define Th1 vs Th2 helper cell activity also are important in regulating resistance versus susceptibility to this ubiquitous microorganism. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Female masculinization and reproductive life history in the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)

In this study, we explored the relationship between female masculinization and various morphological and reproductive parameters of male and female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), including body size, anal fin length, testes mass and female fecundity. We detected high levels of female masculinization in the Brazos and Little Brazos Rivers (Falls County, Texas) in March 2008, but not 2009. In both populations, masculinized females were smaller, possessed shorter anal fins, and had significantly lower total fecundity (collective number of eggs and embryos) compared to non-masculinized females. In addition, 2008 non-masculinized females were smaller and less fecund than 2009 non-masculinized females in both populations. Moreover, 2008 males were smaller, had shorter gonopodia, and smaller testes than 2009 males. Our results support the hypothesis that female masculinization can have a strong influence on reproductive life history and population dynamics of livebearing fishes.
Age Associated Variations in RNA Biosynthesis by Cells of the Periodontal Ligament: An Autoradiographic Study1

The utilization of 3H-uridine (3H-U) was used to assess age related changes in RNA biosynthesis by connective tissue cells of the periodontal ligament. One hundred forty-four BNL mice from 5 to 78 weeks old were injected with 5μ Ci/gm body weight of 3H-U and killed from 15 min to 30 days later. Autoradiographs were prepared from 5μm thick, decalcified, sagittal sections of the maxillae. Labeled periodontal connective tissue cells were grain-counted (1) below epithelial attachment, (2) below crevicular epithelium, (3) above alveolar crest, and (4) at the alveolar crest. 3H-U incorporation was apparent at all time periods (15 min to 30 days). Nuclear labeling achieved peak values 1–4 hours after 3H-U injection. Cytoplasmic values were maximum at 1–2 days. Nuclear and cytoplasmic counts were similar at 8–16 hours. From 5 to 52 weeks of age, peak values were progressively reduced, curves were broadened and shifted towards later time periods. This age decline in the rate and magnitude of incorporation of 3H-U reflects changes in the cellular needs for RNA and protein synthesis necessary for matrix production and cellular maintenance. Some age changes were seen at 26 weeks of age. In the oldest animals (78 weeks), there appeared to be an arrest in the age-decline in 3H-U utilization. This was probably associated with the inflammatory changes reported in the periodontal ligament of old animals.
Toward a general object-oriented software development methodology

An object is an abstract software model of a problem domain entity. Objects are packages of both data and operations of that data (Goldberg 83, Booch 83). The Ada (tm) package construct is representative of this general notion of an object. Object-oriented design is the technique of using objects as the basic unit of modularity in systems design. The Software Engineering Laboratory at the Goddard Space Flight Center is currently involved in a pilot program to develop a flight dynamics simulator in Ada (approximately 40,000 statements) using object-oriented methods. Several authors have applied object-oriented concepts to Ada (e.g., Booch 83, Cherry 85). It was found that these methodologies are limited. As a result a more general approach was synthesized with allows a designer to apply powerful object-oriented principles to a wide range of applications and at all stages of design. An overview is provided of this approach. Further, how object-oriented design fits into the overall software life-cycle is considered.
Research note: evaluation of humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses in cockerels reared under constant light or a twelve hour light:twelve hour dark photoperiod.

Abstract Immature cockerels were reared under constant light [24 h light (L):0 h dark (D)] or a 12L:12D photoperiod in order to evaluate the effect of constant light on immunoresponsiveness. At 10 wk of age males were immunized with SRBC, with reimmunization occurring either 3 or 8 wk later. Animals reared under constant light had lower (P
In vitro effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on proliferation and collagen synthesis by bone marrow fibroblasts.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] has been used in the treatment of myelofibrosis and beneficial effects have been observed. The mechanism of this effect still re
Synergistic Effects of a GPR119 Agonist with Metformin on Weight Loss in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

G protein–coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is a G protein–coupled receptor expressed predominantly in pancreatic β -cells and gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells. Metformin is a first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes, with minimal weight loss in humans. In this study, we investigated the effects of GSK2041706 [2-([(1 S )-1-(1-[3-(1-methylethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-4-piperidinyl)ethyl]oxy)-5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyrazine], a GPR119 agonist, and metformin as monotherapy or in combination on body weight in a diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model. Relative to vehicle controls, 14-day treatment with GSK2041706 (30 mg/kg b.i.d.) or metformin at 30 and 100 mg/kg b.i.d. alone caused a 7.4%, 3.5%, and 4.4% (all P < 0.05) weight loss, respectively. The combination of GSK2041706 with metformin at 30 or 100 mg/kg resulted in a 9.5% and 16.7% weight loss, respectively. The combination of GSK2041706 and metformin at 100 mg/kg caused a significantly greater weight loss than the projected additive weight loss of 11.8%. This body weight effect was predominantly due to a loss of fat. Cumulative food intake was reduced by 17.1% with GSK2041706 alone and 6.6% and 8.7% with metformin at 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The combination of GSK2041706 with metformin caused greater reductions in cumulative food intake (22.2% at 30 mg/kg and 37.5% at 100 mg/kg) and higher fed plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels and decreased plasma insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels compared with their monotherapy groups. In addition, we characterized the effect of GSK2041706 and metformin as monotherapy or in combination on neuronal activation in the appetite regulating centers in fasted DIO mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the beneficial effects of combining a GPR119 agonist with metformin in the regulation of body weight in DIO mice.
Catecholamines and uterine activity rhythms in the pregnant rhesus macaque.

This study was designed to examine the relationship between uterine contractile rhythms with maternal plasma and amniotic fluid catecholamine concentrations in the pregnant rhesus macaque. Six chronically catheterized rhesus macaques were maintained in a vest and tether system and exposed to a 1 2L: 1 2D cycle. Continuous uterine activity recordings demonstrated a contractilepattern with peak activity at 2200 h (p <0.05). Paired maternal plasma and amniotic fluid samples were collected at 3-h intervals for 24 h between Days 131 and 148 of gestation. Samples were analyzed for norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine by HPLC. Maximum plasma concentrations across the 24-h periods for norepinephrine (633 ± 230; mean pg/mi ± SEM) and dopamine (378 ± 110) were observed at 2100 hand epinephrine (408 ± 95) at 1200 h, but these values were not significant. The maximum amniotic fluid values were 378 ± 126, 267 ± 190, and 556 ± 87 pg/mi for norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine, respectively. However, concentrations across 24 h did not differ. Neither maternal plasma nor amniotic fluid catecholamine concentrations were correlated with uterine activity rhythms. Therefore, we conclude that the nocturnal uterine activity in the rhesus macaque is not related to maternal arterial or amniotic fluid catecholamine concentrations.
A new species and record of branchial parasitic isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae: Pseudioninae) of porcellanid crabs from the Philippines.

Branchial bopyrids infesting porcellanid crabs from the Philippines were investigated based on intertidal collections made in 1999-2000. Crabs of the genus Petrolisthes collected from sites in the northern Philippines were examined and two parasite species were found. One new pseudionine species found infesting Petrolisthes sp. [cf. Petrolisthes asiaticus (Leach)] is described as Aporobopyrus galleonus (prevalence 6.1%); this species is distinguished from other members of the genus by a setose palp on the maxilliped of the females, barbula morphology, and male characters including the possession of pleopods. This represents the second described species of Aporobopyrus from the Philippines, and the first from porcellanid crabs. In addition, Pleurocrypta macrocephala Nierstrasz and Brender a Brandis, 1923 (originally described from Indonesia) was found infesting the same unidentified Petrolisthes sp. (prevalence 2.6%); this is the first report of the species from the Philippines.
National literacy assessments: Present practice and alternatives

Abstract There are several common approaches to assessing literacy in developing countries. This paper gives an example of a household assessment survey conducted in Lesotho in 1985. Data were analyzed to produce two literacy rates; one which looked at reading and writing scores only, and a second which included arithmetic as a component of functional literacy. The Lesotho study is then analyzed in terms of a more recent framework for literacy assessment which looks at skills and domains of literacy rather than a single cut-off score.
Salmonella in the laying hen. 3. A comparison of various enrichment broths and plating media for the isolation of Salmonella from poultry feces and poultry food products.

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of media prescribed by the Food and Drug Administration as compared with other media reported in the literature for the isolation of Salmonella senftenberg, Salmonella thompson and Salmonella typhimurium from poultry feces, turkey roll and egg meat. The enrichment broths tested were: Gram Negative (Difco Laboratories), Rappaport’s Enrichment (Rappaport et al.. 1956), Selenite Cystine and Tetrathionate (Difco Laboratories). The plating media tested were: Brilliant Green Agar (Difco Laboratories), Brilliant Green-Neutral Red Lactose Agar (Slavin, 1943), Bismuth Sulfite Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, Hektoen Enteric Agar, MacConkey Agar, S S Agar and X L D Agar, all from Difco Laboratories. To nine ml. of each of the enrichment broths were added one ml. of test material slurry and 0.5 ml. of diluent containing the organism to be tested. There were 36 possible combinations of enrichment broths, species of Salmonella and test material. These tubes were incubated at 35°C. for 18 to 24 hours. Following incubation the tubes were used to streak the eight different plating media. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 35° C. Typical colonies were inoculated into Triple Sugar Iron Agar slants. These inoculated slants were incubated at 35° C. for 24 hours. The presumptive isolates were tested biochemically and serologically for confirmation. Positive recoveries were made from 30.2% of the tubes inoculated with S. senftenberg. Tubes inoculated with S. thompson produced 23.9% recoveries while those inoculated with S. typhimurium yielded only 9.37% positive recoveries. Egg meat yielded the greatest percentage of recovery of test organisms (50%) while feces and turkey roll yielded only about seven percent. Of the four enrichment broths tested, Gram Negative, Rappaport’s and Selinite Cystine were superior to Tetrathionate yielding approximately 27.7% positive recoveries as compared with approximately five percent for Tetrathionate. Positive recoveries for the plating media were as follows: Salmonella-Shigella 41.6%; Eosin Methylene Blue and Hektoen Enteric, 22.2%; Brilliant Green and Brilliant Green Neutral Red Lactose, 19.4% and Bismuth Sulfite and X L D, 13.8%.
Identification, partial characterization, and hypothalamic distribution of κ, μ, and δ opioid receptors in a passerine songbird (Junco hyemalis)

Brain tissues obtained from a passerine songbird (dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis) were used to identify and partially characterize central opioid receptors. We found that [3H]EKC (putative kappa ligand), [3H]DAMGO (putative mu ligand), and [3H]DPDPE and [3H]pCl-DPDPE (two putative delta ligands) bind to brain tissue preparations specifically, in a time-dependent fashion, and with a high affinity (Kd's < or = 5 nM). Binding sites are present at low concentrations (Bmax < 120 fmol/mg protein), and they are pharmacologically selective. In vitro autoradiography studies revealed a high density of delta receptors in hypothalamic regions (ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus) that regulate feeding behavior. Together with previous studies, these observations suggest that the central influence of opioids on avian food consumption depends on mechanisms located in hypothalamic regions.
Analysis of the Third Spectrum of Praseodymium

The spectrum of doubly ionized praseodymium was recorded and analyzed, with the result that 118 energy levels of odd parity and 130 levels of even parity were derived. These include nearly all the levels of the 4f3, 4f25d, 4f26s, and 4f26p configurations as well as some low levels of the 4f5d2 and 4f26d configurations. Electrostatic and spin–orbit parameters were determined for the 4f26s configuration. From the hfs of the 4f26s levels, a magnetic dipole interaction constant of 0.46 cm−1 was obtained. An ionization potential of 23.2 V was calculated from levels of the 4f26d and 4f26d series.
Concurrent Task Sequencing in Single-Phoneme Phonologic Treatment and Generalization.

Abstract Phonologic treatments have traditionally been designed to teach a target speech sound starting with presumed easy teaching tasks and progressing to harder tasks. This investigation evaluated the effects on single-phoneme acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of Concurrent Treatment, which randomly intermixed presumed easy and hard teaching tasks were utilized. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design was used with 4- to 7-year-old participants with /s/ misarticulations. All four participants rapidly acquired /s/ and showed generalization to untaught exemplars ranging from syllables to connected speech. Two participants showed generalization to within-clinic conversations and across settings. Results suggested that an easy-to-hard task sequence may be unnecessary for successful treatment outcomes and that the concurrent sequence may be beneficial. Implications for treatment design and future research are discussed. Learning outcomes (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to explain the difference between incremental and concurrent task sequence. (2) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to explain the procedures of Concurrent Treatment. (3) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to explain the results of the experimental investigation of Concurrent Treatment.
Successful endoscopic removal of an appendiceal polyp in a child with juvenile polyposis syndrome.

We report a child with juvenile polyposis syndrome caused by a defect in the SMAD4 gene who had rapid recurrence of colonic polyps after initiation of growth hormone (GH) for short stature. There was a preponderance of polyps in the right side of the colon, including an appendiceal polyp. The appendiceal polyp was successfully removed endoscopically. We briefly review appendiceal polyps and the role of growth hormone in normal and abnormal colonic growth.
Effect of obese and lean Zucker rat sera on human and rat prostate cancer cells: implications in obesity-related prostate tumor biology.

OBJECTIVES Several reports have demonstrated the effects of obesity on prostate cancer. Also several reports have linked expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) to prostate cancer aggressiveness. The objective of this study was to determine whether a difference exists between lean and obese Zucker rat sera on proliferation prostate cancer cell lines, as well as to examine the differences in FGF-2 and VEGF concentrations. METHODS Ten-week-old female obese and lean Zucker rat sera were subjected to charcoal stripping and tested for the proliferation of human LNCaP and rat AT3B-1 prostate cancer cells. An acetonitrile extract of the charcoal used to strip the sera was also tested for mitogenicity. VEGF and FGF-2 concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Both unstripped and charcoal-stripped obese rat sera had a greater mitogenic effect than did the lean sera on the LNCaP cell line. Charcoal stripping of both obese and lean sera reduced the mitogenic effect on the AT3B-1 cell line. The acetonitrile extract of the charcoal used to strip the sera was unable to recover this proliferative effect. The concentration of VEGF was greater in the obese serum than in the lean serum, and charcoal stripping reduced the concentrations of both FGF-2 and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS The finding of greater VEGF in obese rat sera, as well as greater mitogenic responses on human prostate cancer cells in vitro, suggests this as one of the many possible mechanisms involved in obesity-related prostate cancer biology.
Small-scale magnetic isolation of mRNA and synthesis of cDNA in 96-well plates

Multiple small biological samples can be simultaneously prepared for RT-PCR by magnetically isolating mRNA and synthesizing cDNA in 96-well plates. The resulting accuracy, high throughput and ease of use facilitate commercial and clinical applications.
Mutation from arginine to lysine at the position 189 of hemagglutinin contributes to the antigenic drift in H3N2 swine influenza viruses

Abstract Two distinct antigenic clusters were previously identified among the H3N2 swine influenza A viruses (IAVs) and were designated H3N2SIV-alpha and H3N2SIV-beta ( Feng et al., 2013. Journal of Virology 87 (13), 7655–7667 ). A consistent mutation was observed at the position 189 of hemagglutinin (R189K) between H3N2SIV-alpha and H3N2SIV-beta fair isolates. To evaluate the contribution of R189K mutation to the antigenic drift from H3N2SIV-alpha to H3N2SIV-beta, four reassortant viruses with 189R or 189K were generated. The antigenic cartography demonstrated that the R189K mutation in the hemagglutinin of H3N2 IAV contributed to the antigenic drift, separating these viruses into H3N2SIV-alpha to H3N2SIV-beta. This R189K mutation was also found to contribute to the cross-reaction with several ferret sera raised against historical human IAVs with hemagglutinin carrying 189K. This study suggests that the R189K mutation plays a vital role in the antigenicity of swine and human H3N2 IAVs and identification of this antigenic determinant will help us rapidly identify antigenic variants in influenza surveillance.
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and visceral primary afferents in monkey sacral spinal cord revealed following application of horseradish peroxidase to pelvic nerve.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to the central stump of the transected pelvic nerve of rhesus monkeys labeled afferent and efferent neurons innervating the pelvic viscera. Preganglionic neurons forming the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) were located in a narrow band 150–200 μm wide on the border of the ipsilateral intermediate gray matter. The SPN contained an average of 820 neurons and characteristically extended over two or three sacral segments (average length: 14.5 mm) with the majority of cells in S2. It was composed of medium sized, elongated somata (15.7 × 30.7 μm) with their major axes in the transverse plane and oriented parallel to the lateral border of the gray matter. Dendrites extended deep into the lateral funiculus, horizontally into the medial dorsal gray commissure, and dorso-laterally along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn. Preganglionic axons followed the lateral border of the ventral horn to the ventral rootlets. Pelvic nerve afferent axons carried HRP to neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and by transganglionic transport to the spinal cord. The average number of labeled DRG cells was 2, 992 (range: 2, 193–4, 363) with the largest fraction (80%) in S2. The numbers of DRG cells correlated with the numbers of SPN cells in corresponding spinal cord segments. Within the spinal cord labeled primary afferent fibers were prominent in the sacral segments and were also observed in decreasing numbers within two to three segments beyond the rostral and caudal limits of the SPN. In transverse sections, primary afferents were found throughout Lissauer's tract (LT) and in the lateral half of the dorsal columns. A prominent collateral fiber bundle from LT was located in lamina I along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn. This bundle extended into the SPN and a few collaterals continued medially into the dorsal gray commissure and the contralateral side of the cord. A much less prominent collateral fiber group from LT passed medially over the apex of the dorsal horn in lamina 1 and descended into the dorsal gray commissure. Horizontal sections revealed that these two collateral pathways were organized into periodically spaced bundles of fibers about 250 μm apart. HRP reaction product in terminal fields related to these afferent collateral projections were found in the lateral marginal zone and bilaterally in the dorsal gray commissure.
FOR CRAYFISH CLAWS, SIZE ISN'T EVERYTHING

![][1] In a crayfish fight to the death, the combatant with the larger claws usually has better odds. In fact, many crayfish fights don't even make it to the death. After sizing up each other's claws, called chelae, the crayfish with the smaller chelae will often surrender before the
Vitamin content of purified typhus Rickettsiae, tobacco mosaic virus, and coliphage T6.

Abstract Purified preparations of typhus rickettsiae, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and coliphage T6 were analyzed for their content of B vitamins. The typhus rickettsiae were found to contain substantial quantities of nicotinic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and vitamine B6, and relatively small quantities of pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin B12. TMV contained very small amounts of nicotinic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12; and coliphage T6 contained very small quantities of nicotinic acid. The findings are consistent with demonstrated independent enzymic activities or metabolic functions of rickettsiae and the absence of such capabilities in viruses.
Synthesis of a ketone analogue of biotin via the intramolecular Pauson-Khand reaction.

We report an improved synthesis of 5-(5-oxohexahydrocyclopenta[c]thiophen-1-yl)pentanoic acid (ketone biotin, 1) based on the intramolecular Pauson−Khand cyclization. The synthesis proceeds in eight steps and in 2.7% overall yield from cyclohexene.