cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of double homogenization and whey protein concentrate on the texture of ice cream.

Abstract Ice cream samples were made with a mix composition of 11% milk fat, 11% milk solids-not-fat, 13% sucrose, 3% corn syrup solids (36 dextrose equivalent), 0.28% stabilizer blend, or 0.10% emulsifier and vanilla extract. Mixes were high temperature short time pasteurized at 80°C for 25s, homogenized at 141kg/cm 2 pressure on the first stage and 35kg/cm 2 pressure on the second, and cooled to 3°C. The study included six treatments from four batches of mix. Mix from batch one contained 0.10% emulsifier. Half of this batch (treatment 1), was subsequently frozen and the other half (upon exiting the pasteurizer) was reheated to 60°C, rehomogenized at 141kg/cm 2 pressure on the first stage and 35kg/cm 2 pressure on the second (treatment 2), and cooled to 3°C. Mix from batch two contained 0.28% stabilizer blend. Half of this batch was used as the control (treatment 3), the other half upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60°C, rehomogenized at 141kg/cm 2 pressure on the first stage and 35kg/cm 2 pressure on the second (treatment 4), and cooled to 3°C. Batch three, containing 0.10% emulsifier and 1% whey protein concentrate substituted for 1% nonfat dry milk, upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60°C, rehomogenized at 141kg/cm 2 pressure on the first stage and 35kg/cm 2 pressure on the second (treatment 5), and cooled to 3°C. Batch four, containing 0.28% stabilizer blend and 1% whey protein concentrate substituted for 1% nonfat dry milk, upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60°C, rehomogenized at 141kg/cm 2 pressure on the first stage and 35kg/cm 2 pressure on the second (treatment 6), and cooled to 3°C. Consistency was measured by flow time through a pipette. Flow time of treatment 3 was greater than all treatments, and the flow times of treatments 4 and 6 were greater than treatments 1, 2, and 5. Flow time was increased in ice cream mix by the addition of stabilizer. Double homogenization lowered ice cream mix flow time in the presence of stabilizer, but no difference in flow time was observed without stabilizer addition. Treatment 4 had a lower mean ice crystal size at 10 d postmanufacture compared with treatment 3; however, overall texture acceptability between treatments 3 and 4 was similar. Mean ice crystal size of treatment 6 was less at 18wk postmanufacture compared with treatment 3; however, overall texture acceptability for treatments 3, 4, and 6 was similar. Mean ice crystal sizes of treatments 1, 2, and 5 were greater at 10 d and 18wk compared with treatment 3. Sensory evaluation indicated that treatments 3, 4, and 6 had higher mean scores for icy, coldness intensity, and creaminess than treatments 1, 2, and 5 at 10 d and 18wk postmanufacture.
A 0.5 ${\rm cm}^{3}$ Four-Channel 1.1 mW Wireless Biosignal Interface With 20 m Range

This paper presents a self-contained, single-chip biosignal monitoring system with wireless programmability and telemetry interface suitable for mainstream healthcare applications. The system consists of low-noise front end amplifiers, ADC, MICS/ISM transmitter and infrared programming capability to configure the state of the chip. An on-chip packetizer ensures easy pairing with standard off-the-shelf receivers. The chip is realized in the IBM 130 nm CMOS process with an area of 2×2 mm2. The entire system consumes 1.07 mW from a 1.2 V supply. It weighs 0.6 g including a zinc-air battery. The system has been extensively tested in in vivo biological experiments and requires minimal human interaction or calibration.
Mammography utilization rates among young white and black women in the USA.

Summary Objective To determine mammography utilization rates for randomly selected white and black women in the USA. Study design This was an observational study using data from 1988 to 2000. Data were extracted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an annual self-report telephone survey conducted nationally by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methods The main outcome measure was the mammography utilization rates of women ages 18–40 years responding to ‘Have you ever had a mammogram?’. In total, 354 097 women were included in this study [310 336 (87.6%) white women and 43 761 (12.4%) black women]. Results In women ages 18–33, black women showed consistently higher mammography utilization rates than white women. Utilization rates among women ages 18–23 years were 20.0% and 11.0% for black and white women, respectively. Among women ages 24–29 years, rates were 22.2% and 11.5% for black and white women, respectively. For women ages 30–33 years, rates were 25.7% and 18.1% for black and white women, respectively. Utilization rates were similar in black and white women over 33 years of age. Conclusions This study found that young black women were receiving more mammography screening than young white women between 1988–2000. This may be due to the increased risk of fibroid masses in young black women.
A Study of Engaged Student Behavior within Classroom Activities during Mathematics Class

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine student engaged and non-engaged behaviors in mathematics class within various instructional activities. Students in the third, fifth and seventh grades were observed by trained observers once each minute throughout the course of a mathematics class on five different occasions. Data indicated that third and fifth grade teachers utilized seat work a majority of the time whereas the seventh grade employed a majority of teacher-led activities. In addition, as grade level increased, student engagement decreased.
Universal Solutions for Interacting Bosons in One-Dimensional Harmonic Traps

We consider systems of interacting bosons confined to one-dimensional harmonic traps. In the limit of perturbatively weak two-body interactions the system exhibits several universal states that are exact solutions for a large class of two-body interactions. These states are closely related to the exact solutions found previously in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates.
Protein Functional Surfaces: Global Shape Matching and Local Spatial Alignments of Ligand Binding Sites

Background Protein surfaces comprise only a fraction of the total residues but are the most conserved functional features of proteins. Surfaces performing identical functions are found in proteins absent of any sequence or fold similarity. While biochemical activity can be attributed to a few key residues, the broader surrounding environment plays an equally important role.
A simple method to tune the gross antibacterial activity of cellulosic biomaterials

A very preliminary approach for grossly tuning the antibacterial activity of cellulosic fibers has been developed and its preliminary findings are described herein. The approach is universal for cellulosic-based substrates and first involves a physico-chemical adsorption phenomenon between fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and cellulose. The cellulose biomaterials were in the form of disks 2 cm in diameter that were subjected to standard agar growth plates containing a gamut of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Zones of inhibition were measured around the biomaterials which displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. This activity could be tuned simply by grossly changing the surface area of the cellulosic surface topology as indicated by the surface fibrillation of the microfibrils and hence the bioactive availability of the fatty acids. Thus, the potential application of these materials in the biomedical field appears promising.
Novel imaging of coronary artery anomalies to assess their prevalence, the causes of clinical symptoms, and the risk of sudden cardiac death.

In a fundamental 1974 article, Cheitlin et al1 of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology emphasized the special role of anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries and differentiated this condition from the other coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) as being associated with an increased frequency of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young persons, especially during strenuous exertion. More recently, CAAs have also been considered possible causes of clinically disabling symptoms, including dyspnea, angina pectoris, and syncope, especially in young adults.2–5 Clinicians and epidemiologists have identified the need to prevent not only SCD in young persons, especially athletes or military recruits, but also other CAA-related symptoms in persons of any age.6–12 Much of the available information concerning the incidence of SCD in carriers of CAAs is lacking a denominator (measure of the carriers at risk). The most notable study of SCD incidence is a classic 2004 article by Eckart et al,7 who reported the mortality rate (>25 years) that US military recruits experienced during a 2-month-long boot-camp training period. All the recruits were involved in strenuous exercise and had undergone routine screening based on a history and physical examination performed by general practitioners. Of the 23 million recruits, 64 died of SCD (0.28 per 100 000 per 2 months, or 1.68 per 100 000 per year). Of these deaths, 21 (33%) were attributed to CAAs, specifically anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva with an interarterial course. To establish a solid theory and a preventive policy in this field, we must understand the pathophysiology of CAAs, identify the prevalence of individuals living with different kinds of CAAs (the denominator), clarify the individual severity of each case, study the influence of different types of exertion, and identify the …
Amygdalohippocampectomy for epilepsy in a patient with prior ipsilateral deep brain stimulator lead placement

In light of failed medical therapy for movement disorders, the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has increased the last two decades. Many complications may transpire; however, to our knowledge, the literature does not mention the phenomena of brain shift from a second unrelated neurosurgical procedure and its theoretical effect on lead displacement and lead function. We present a patient with a left sided DBS for essential tremor and subsequent left amygdalohippocampectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy with minimal radiographic distortion of the DBS lead and without clinical or functional complications. A 47-year-old woman presented with bitemporal epilepsy secondary to a brain injury acquired in childhood in addition to a comorbid bilateral essential tremor, both refractory to medical intervention. A successful left-sided DBS placement was performed with satisfactory resolution of her essential tremor. The patient subsequently developed deterioration of seizure control, becoming refractory to anti-epileptic medications, requiring surgical intervention. A left-sided selective amygdalohippocampectomy and techniques to minimize brain shift were performed without complications. Postoperative imaging suggested minimal distortion of the DBS lead. This did not correspond with reemergence of her essential tremor, implying that the lead maintained functional utility. Brain shift secondary to a craniotomy may cause DBS lead displacement. This phenomenon should be considered when planning operative approaches and can be limited by selective resections. With the growing propensity for placement of DBS leads and the risk of lead displacement, it is important to consider operative approaches to minimize brain shift.
Measure of disagreement of spatially distributed filters for distributed parameter systems

This work establishes a metric for comparing the disagreement among local filters as designed for spatially distributed processes. It is assumed that a sensor network consists of groups of sensors, each of which provides a number of state measurements from sensing devices that are not necessarily identical and which only transmit their information to their own sensor group. The first type of filter considers spatially distributed filters that do not share information with each other (i.e. non-interacting). The second type of filter considers spatially distributed consensus filters which penalize the disagreement between them in a dynamic manner. A metric for examining the disagreement of the local filters, as extended from the finite dimensional case, essentially yields a deterministic analog of the standard deviation of the spatially local filter errors. Extensive simulation results serve to demonstrate the effectiveness of the consensus filters and the faster convergence of the disagreement of these filters when consensus terms are included in each of the local filters.
Progesterone Increases Dynorphin A Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Preprodynorphin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in a Subset of Dynorphin Neurons in the Sheep

Recent studies suggest that the endogenous opioid peptide, dynorphin, is an important mediator of progesterone negative feedback on GnRH pulse frequency in the ewe. These experiments tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of progesterone on dynorphin A concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the third ventricle and expression of preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNA in hypothalamic nuclei. CSF was collected every 10 min for 5 h in three groups of ewes: 1) ovary-intact ewes during the luteal phase (d 6-7 of estrous cycle); 2) ewes 6-7 d after ovariectomy (OVX); and 3) OVX ewes treated for 6-7 d with implants that produced luteal-phase progesterone levels. Diencephalic tissue from these ewes was then collected and processed for in situ hybridization using an ovine cDNA probe against PPD. Progesterone treatment increased dynorphin A concentrations in CSF over that observed in untreated OVX ewes; CSF dynorphin A concentrations in ovary-intact ewes were midway between the other groups. OVX significantly decreased the number of PPD mRNA-expressing cells in the preoptic area (POA), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), and arcuate nucleus (ARC), with no change seen in any other PPD-expressing nuclei. Progesterone treatment of OVX ewes restored PPD expression in the POA and AHA to levels seen in luteal-phase animals but had no effect on PPD expression in the ARC. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that progesterone acts via dynorphin neurons to inhibit pulsatile GnRH secretion and point to dynorphin neurons in the POA, AHA, and ARC as potential mediators of this action during the luteal phase.
Numerical stability of a variable time step explicit method for Timoshenko and Mindlin type structures

An efficient method for calculating the transient response of Timoshenko and Mindlin type structures is to use explicit time integration combined with increased rotatory inertia. Numerical stability analysis shows that time step variations are important in determining how much to increase the inertia. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Babesia divergens–like Infection, Washington State

Most reported U.S. zoonotic cases of babesiosis have occurred in the Northeast and been caused by Babesia microti. In Washington State, three cases of babesiosis have been reported previously, which were caused by WA1 (for "Washington 1")-type parasites. We investigated a case of babesiosis in Washington in an 82-year-old man whose spleen had been removed and whose parasitemia level was 41.4%. The complete 18S ribosomal RNA gene of the parasite was amplified from specimens of his whole blood by polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis showed the parasite is most closely related, but not identical, to B. divergens (similarity score, 99.5%), a bovine parasite in Europe. By indirect fluorescent-antibody testing, his serum reacted to B. divergens but not to B. microti or WA1 antigens. This case demonstrates that babesiosis can be caused by novel parasites detectable by manual examination of blood smears but not by serologic or molecular testing for B. microti or WA1-type parasites.
Chromosome numbers of dominican compositae

Chromosome numbers of 34 species of Dominican Compositae in 26 genera and nine tribes are reported. First counts are given forCoreopsis buchii (2n = 64),Lagascea mollis (2n = 34),Spilanthes urens (n = 16),Liabum subacaule (n = 18),Eupatorium sciatraphes (2n = 40),Hieracium gronovii (2n = 18),Vernonia buxifolia (2n = 34),V. sprengeliana (2n = 34),V. racemosa (2n = 28), andChaptalia leiocarpa (2n = 48,ca. 58). Our report forNarvalina domingensis (2n = 120) is the first for any species of this genus.
Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers: A Multi-Site Comparison of the Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agronomic Performance

The need to understand the effects of enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEF) for their effect on nitrous oxide emissions and agronomic performance was the motivation underpinning this multi-location study across North America. Research locations participating in this study included Ames, IA; Auburn, AL; Bowling Green, KY; Fort Collins, CO; St. Paul, MN; Pullman, WA; University Park, PA; and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. All of these sites collected observations on various forms of enhanced efficiency fertilizers for their effect on nitrous oxide emissions throughout the year and agronomic performance of corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The agronomic impact of these materials shows there is an inconsistent effect on crop production which has been noted in previous studies comparing EEF to non-EEF materials. In cotton production in the southeast, there was no effect of EEF materials on yield or fiber quality. The majority of the studies evaluated the effect of EEF materials on corn yield and showed inconsistent effects on grain yield. The use of EEF materials caused an increased greenness in corn canopies in Iowa and increased grain yield because of the delayed senescence of the plant canopy. The use of a chlorophyll index or the plant senescence index revealed that the increase in grain yield could be attributed to an increased duration of green leaf area of the corn crop during the grain-filling stage. In all crops the use of EEF materials increased the nitrogen use efficiency of the crop which demonstrates that EEF materials will have both positive environmental and agronomic responses. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers exhibit mixed results for their combined impact on N2O emissions and crop production. The primary factor limiting a consistent response among locations is the variation in the seasonal weather during the growing season. In general, the effect of EEF materials on N2O emissions is positive during the period immediately following application compared to non-EEF materials; however, the rainfall pattern during the remainder of the growing season determines the overall efficacy of these materials. Overall, the materials evaluated in this study across multiple locations revealed that these fertilizer materials function as enhanced efficiency fertilizers.
Elucidation of a potentially destabilizing control strategy in ACL deficient non-copers.

Abstract Purpose The purpose was to differentiate the dynamic knee stabilization strategies of potential copers (individuals who have the potential to compensate for the absence of an ACL without episodes of giving way after return to pre-injury activities) and non-copers (those who have knee instability following ACL rupture with return to pre-injury activities). Methods Twenty subjects with ACL rupture were assigned to potential coper ( n =10) and non-coper ( n =10) groups via a screening examination. Ten active people without lower extremity injury were also tested. Knee angle, tibial position and muscle activity data were collected while subjects stood in unilateral stance on a platform that moved horizontally in an anterior direction. Analysis included the preparation for platform movement; and monosynaptic, intermediate reflex and voluntary response intervals after platform movement. Results Non-copers showed greater knee flexion than uninjured subjects, and had a posterior tibial position and altered hamstring recruitment compared to the other groups. Potential copers demonstrated greater medial quadriceps activity while maintaining knee kinematics similar to uninjured subjects. Both potential copers and non-copers had greater co-contraction between medial hamstrings and quadriceps than uninjured subjects. All excitatory muscle activation occurred in the intermediate reflex interval. Discussion and conclusions Non-copers displayed aberrant muscle recruitment that may contribute to knee instability. Potential copers maintained normal tibial position using a strategy that permits quadriceps activation without excessive anterior tibial translation. Muscle recruitment in the intermediate reflex interval suggests neuromuscular training may influence the strategies.
Can science explain mysticism

Jerome Gellman has recently disputed my claim that a naturalistic explanation for mystical experiences is available, a better explanation than any current attempt to show that God is sometimes perceived in those experiences. Gellman argues (i) that some mystics do not ‘fit’ the sociological explanation of I. M. Lewis; (ii) that the sociological analysis of tribal mysticism cannot properly be extended to theistic experiences; and (iii) that mystical experiences merit prima facie credence, so the burden of proof falls on the naturalist. I reply (i) that the alleged counter-examples either do fit Lewis's explanation or are too poorly known to judge; (ii) that Lewis's theory, supplemented by recent neurophysiological findings, provides a strong explanation for all mystical experiences; and (iii) that the burden of proof, if there is one, now falls on the theist.
Microsatellite interruptions stabilize primate genomes and exist as population-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms within individual human genomes.

Interruptions of microsatellite sequences impact genome evolution and can alter disease manifestation. However, human polymorphism levels at interrupted microsatellites (iMSs) are not known at a genome-wide scale, and the pathways for gaining interruptions are poorly understood. Using the 1000 Genomes Phase-1 variant call set, we interrogated mono-, di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats up to 10 units in length. We detected ∼26,000–40,000 iMSs within each of four human population groups (African, European, East Asian, and American). We identified population-specific iMSs within exonic regions, and discovered that known disease-associated iMSs contain alleles present at differing frequencies among the populations. By analyzing longer microsatellites in primate genomes, we demonstrate that single interruptions result in a genome-wide average two- to six-fold reduction in microsatellite mutability, as compared with perfect microsatellites. Centrally located interruptions lowered mutability dramatically, by two to three orders of magnitude. Using a biochemical approach, we tested directly whether the mutability of a specific iMS is lower because of decreased DNA polymerase strand slippage errors. Modeling the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene sequence, we observed that a single base substitution interruption reduced strand slippage error rates five- to 50-fold, relative to a perfect repeat, during synthesis by DNA polymerases α, β, or η. Computationally, we demonstrate that iMSs arise primarily by base substitution mutations within individual human genomes. Our biochemical survey of human DNA polymerase α, β, δ, κ, and η error rates within certain microsatellites suggests that interruptions are created most frequently by low fidelity polymerases. Our combined computational and biochemical results demonstrate that iMSs are abundant in human genomes and are sources of population-specific genetic variation that may affect genome stability. The genome-wide identification of iMSs in human populations presented here has important implications for current models describing the impact of microsatellite polymorphisms on gene expression.
Chlorine stable isotopes and halogen concentrations in convergent margins with implications for the Cl isotopes cycle in the ocean

Abstract Chlorine stable isotopes (δ37Cl) and halogen concentrations (e.g. Br/Cl) in 168 pore Fluids and 23 serpentines and other solids from three subduction zones, the Nankai Trough, Costa Rica, and Mariana Forearc, provide critical information on fluid sources, flow paths, and reaction conditions. The δ37Cl values of pore fluids at the Nankai and Costa Rica subduction zones, are significantly more negative (minimum − 7.8‰, 2σ ± 0.3‰) than seawater value (0‰). At Nankai Trough, the minimum δ37Cl value is situated below the decollement and evolves laterally from − 7.8‰ at the most arcward ODP Site 808, to − 7.1‰ at Site 1174, ∼ 2 km seaward from Site 808, and to − 5.8‰ at the reference Site 1173. At Costa Rica, along the decollement the minimum δ37Cl value evolves from − 5.5‰ at the most arcward ODP Site 1040/1254, to − 3.2‰ at Site 1043/1255, ∼ 1 km seaward, and to 0‰ at the reference Site 1039/1253. At both subduction zones, the Br/Cl ratios are higher than the seawater value (1.5 × 10− 3) and also show seaward evolutions. These pore fluids originate from greater depth arcward, at ≥ 250 °C, from hydrous mineral formation that preferentially incorporates 37Cl and excludes Br. In contrast, the δ37Cl values in the pore fluids at the Mariana serpentine mud volcanoes are higher than the seawater value (+ 0.3‰ to + 1.8‰); and the Br/Cl ratios are lower. These pore fluid values and the high Cl concentrations with positive δ37Cl values (+ 1.2 to + 6.0‰) in the serpentines, support that the upwelling pore fluid originates from dehydration of the subducting slab that releases water enriched in 37Cl, into the fluid phase. The constancy of the ocean δ37Cl over the past 200 Ma suggests that the isotopically fractionated chlorine in serpentinites and the Cl exchanged in subduction zones are efficiently recycled back into seawater. If the efficiency is
Uncoupling Cell Junctions in a Glandular Epithelium by Depolarizing Current

The high electrical conductance linking adjacent border cells in Chironomus salivary gland is depressed reversibly when current is passed outward from one of the cells, though not when current is passed inward. This "uncoupling" is closely associated with an electrically induced increase in conductance in the (nonjunctional) membrane of that cell.
Lack of Cytochrome c in Mouse Fibroblasts Disrupts Assembly/Stability of Respiratory Complexes I and IV

Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a heme-containing protein that participates in electron transport in the respiratory chain and as a signaling molecule in the apoptotic cascade. Here we addressed the effect of removing mammalian cyt c on the integrity of the respiratory complexes in mammalian cells. Mitochondria from cyt c knockout mouse cells lacked fully assembled complexes I and IV and had reduced levels of complex III. A redox-deficient mutant of cyt c was unable to rescue the levels of complexes I and IV. We found that cyt c is associated with both complex IV and respiratory supercomplexes, providing a potential mechanism for the requirement for cyt c in the assembly/stability of complex IV.
Evolutionary change in the process of dorsoventral axis determination in the direct developing sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma

Embryos of the indirect developing sea urchin, Heliocidaris tuberculata, and of Heliocidaris erythrogramma which develops directly without the formation of a pluteus larva, were bisected at the two- and four-cell stages. Paired half-embryos resulting from the bisection of H. tuberculata embryos along either the first or the second cleavage plane develop identically into miniature prism stage larvae. As in other indirect developing sea urchins, no differential segregation of developmental potential takes place as a result of the first and second cleavage divisions. Although half-embryos resulting from bisection along the second cleavage plane differentiate all cell types and develop equivalently in H. erythrogramma, the isolated first cleavage blastomeres do not. One of these two cells always forms significantly more mesodermal and endodermal cells. These patterns of differentiation are consistent with fate-mapping studies indicating that most mesodermal and endodermal cells are derived from the prospective ventral blastomere. Therefore, a differential segregation of developmental potential takes place at the first cleavage division in H. erythrogramma. When embryos of H. erythrogramma were bisected during the eight-cell stage, isolated tiers of animal blastomeres typically formed only ectodermal structures including the vestibule, whereas vegetal embryo halves formed all differentiated cell types. We propose that animal-vegetal cell determination and differentiation takes place along an axis which has been shifted relative to the pattern of cell cleavages in the embryos of H. erythrogramma. Vegetal morphogenetic potential for the formation of mesodermal and endodermal structures has become more closely associated with the prospective ventral side of the embryo during the evolution of direct development in Heliocidaris.
Suppressing Convective Instabilities in Propagating Fronts by Tube Rotation

Density gradients caused by thermal and solutal gradients often cause double-diffusive and/or Taylor instabilities in propagating fronts. These instabilities manifest themselves as “fingering” that can affect the front shape and velocity and, in extreme cases, destroy the front. This is especially a problem with propagating fronts of polymerization when a monomer is used that does not produce a cross-linked polymer. We have found that it is possible to suppress the fingering by rotating the tube around the long axis of the tube. With the chlorate−sulfite system and methacrylic acid polymerization system, we found that the front velocities exhibited a fourth-order dependence on the rotational frequency, and the front shapes were parabolic. The amplitudes of the deviation of the fronts from a planar front exhibited a second-order dependence on the rotational frequency but not exactly as predicted from the hydrostatic analysis of a rotating fluid.
Graphoepitaxy for pattern multiplication of nanoparticle monolayers

We compute the free energy minimizing structures of particle monolayers in the presence of enthalpic barriers of a finite height $\ensuremath{\beta}{V}_{\mathrm{ext}}$ using classical density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations. We show that a periodic square template with dimensions up to at least 10 times the particle diameter disrupts the formation of the entropically favored hexagonally close-packed 2D lattice in favor of a square lattice. The results illustrate how graphoepitaxy can successfully order nanoparticulate films into desired patterns many times smaller than those of the prepatterned template.
Miniature Battery Condition Test

A miniature battery condition test based on short-circuit current is described. Results of a statistical analysis along with specific values of short-circuit currents for three cell types are presented.
Effect of mephenesin on skeletal muscle myofibrils

Ces experiences ont montre quantitativement que la mephenesine affecte la structure des muscles du squelette en empechant le sarcomere de se contracter normalement. Par l'affaiblissement de la contraction du muscle, l'heterogeneite de la longueur des sarcomeres se trouve fortement reduite.
Characterization of an 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase fromMethanococcus jannaschii

A thermostable 8-oxoguanine (oxoG) DNA glycosylase from Methanococcus jannaschii has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. The enzyme, which has been named mjOgg, belongs to the same diverse DNA glycosylase superfamily as the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylases from yeast (yOgg1) and human (hOgg1) but is substantially different in sequence. In addition, unlike its eukaryotic counterparts, which have a strong preference for oxoG·C base pairs, mjOgg has little specificity for the base opposite oxoG. mjOgg has both DNA glycosylase and DNA lyase (β-elimination) activity, and the combined glycosylase/lyase activity occurs at a rate comparable with the glycosylase activity alone. Mutation of Lys-129, analogous to Lys-241 of yOgg1, abolishes glycosylase activity.
Explaining the unpopularity of public funding for congressional elections

This article uses data from the 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Study to explain weak support for public financing of congressional campaigns. Previous studies lack theory to explain variation in support and use a flawed measure of the dependent variable. We argue that low support reflects a failure resulting from a collective action dilemma. Citizens desire a campaign finance system that weans politicians from private donors, but are unwilling to pay a small amount in taxes to support public financing. In contrast to conventional wisdom, we show that support for public financing is highest among those perceived to benefit the most from the current system. Our results suggest that most Americans would rather not pay for politics, and that reform proposals must avoid incurring transparent costs on individual citizens to pay for reform.
Trace metals in man: Strontium and barium☆

IN 1808, Sir Humphrey Davy added two$ elements to an expanding list. One he named strontium, after Strontian, a town in Scotland, and the other barium, after the Greek word barys (heavy) [l]. Both occur in relatively high concentrations on the earth’s crust, at 400 and 450 ppm, respectively, and both are constituents of sea water, at 8.1 ppm for strontium and 0.03 ppm for barium [2]. Therefore, living things have grown and evolved in the presence of these two alkaline earths, and have incorporated them in their tissues. Aside from natural occurrences, man has exposed himself to increasing concentrations of barium. Barite (barium sulfate) is used as a lubricating agent in drilling oil wells, 564,000 tons being consumed in the United States in 1968. Barium compounds are employed in making glass, ceramics, television picture tubes, as a pigment in paint (lithopone), in brick and tile refractories, for paper coating, steel hardening, vinyl stabilizers, lubricating oil additives, permanent magnets, railroad flares, fireworks and sugar refining. About 208,000 tons of barium compounds were sold in the United States in 1968. Some 2,172,OOO tons of barium were consumed in the world in that year [3,4]. Uses of strontium are fewer, there being only 12,500 tons produced in the free world in 1968 [3]. Major uses were as getters to remove traces of gas from vacuum tubes and as colors for tracer bullets, signal rockets, flares and fireworks. Strontium compounds also have a place in ceramics, medicines, greases, plastics, purifying zinc, permanent magnets and iron castings [3]. Although the actual amounts of exposures of the population were small, the greatest health hazard to the population at large came from atmospheric testing of atomic bombs, O”Sr being a fission product.
Environmental health education in the medical school curriculum.

Objective.— To collect baseline data of environmental history-taking skills and clinical toxicology knowledge and examine the effects of a lecture on environment on students' history-taking skills. Methods.—An anonymous survey was distributed to third-year medical students prior to an asthma lecture that strongly emphasized environmental triggers. Fourteen questions assessed students' practices and attitudes toward environmental history taking. Six multiple-choice questions assessed clinical toxicology knowledge. Histories written by students were reviewed to determine the group's actual performance before and after a lecture on environmental health. Results.—Although students reported that an environmental history was important, few asked about environmental history topics other than smoking and pets. Occupational histories were included for adult patients, but few students asked about parental occupations for pediatric patients. Students recognized the correct antidotal therapy for iron and acetaminophen toxicity but were less proficient at identifying clinical features of lead and organophosphate poisoning. Student history performance, when students were considered as a group, was similar to reported performance, with the presence of pets being the only significant postlecture change in history-taking behavior (P = .01). Conclusions.—Students have a positive attitude toward the need for an environmental history, but in self-reported practice and in actual practice, they explore few major environmental history issues. Data were insufficient to prove that one lecture changed history-taking practices.
Computer literacy: It's time to “get back to basics”

This paper argues the need for a “back-to-basics” approach in computer literacy education. It then presents such an approach. This approach has worked well both in courses designed for majors in computer science and in information systems, as well as in a course designed for nonmajors. The current view of literacy as indicated by courses taught at universities and in industry around the country is that literacy means learning about the computer (lots of terminology) and learning to use microcomputer application packages. It might include a glimpse of programming, but the feeling seems to be that computer users do not need to understand more than packages. We contend that the current approach is not literacy, does not prepare users to use the computer effectively, that the function of the universities is not to teach skills, and that such skills are in fact taught more efficiently if understanding that is true literacy, precedes the teaching of skills.
Crystal Symmetry: Theory of Colour Crystallography

Geophysicists concerned with physical properties of crystalline solids ought to have a working familiarity with space group symmetries, especially as the symmetries of atomic arrangements affect the directional behavior of these properties. While an understanding of the operational characteristics o f the 230 three-dimensional space groups will suffice for most applications, magnetic properties can reflect more complex symmetries that hinge not only on atomic position but on orientation of magnetic moment as well. With “spin” variability included, the total symmetry can fall into any one of 1191 magnetic—or color, black and white, or Shubnikov—space groups distributed among 58 magnetic point groups.
Text selections as implicit relevance feedback

Users' search activity has been used as implicit feedback to model search interests and improve the performance of search systems. In search engines, this behavior usually takes the form of queries and result clicks. However, richer data on how people engage with search results can now be captured at scale, creating new opportu-nities to enhance search. In this poster we focus on one type of newly-observable behavior: text selection events on search-result captions. We show that we can use text selections as implicit feedback to significantly improve search result relevance.
Use of "natural" hibernation induction triggers for myocardial protection.

Abstract Background . Hypothermic cardioplegia provides adequate myocellular protection, yet stunning and dysfunction remain significant problems. Interestingly, the subcellular changes of hibernation parallel the altered biology of induced cardiac ischemia, but are well tolerated by hibernating mammalian myocardium. Hibernation induction trigger (HIT) from winter-hibernating animal serum induces hibernation in active animals. Hibernation induction trigger is opiate in nature and is similar to the delta 2 opioids. Methods . To determine whether HIT could improve myocardial recovery following global ischemia, we gave 37 isolated rabbit hearts either standard cardioplegia or cardioplegia containing summer-active woodchuck, hibernating woodchuck, or black bear HIT serum or a delta 2 opioid, d-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin, before 2 hours of global ischemia. Results . Hibernation induction trigger appeared not to have an active mechanism during ischemia, as all hearts had equal recovery. In contrast, when examining for a preischemia mechanism, 23 additional rabbits received 3 days pretreatment with summer-active woodchuck or HIT hibernating woodchuck or black bear serum, or were preperfused with d-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin or d-pen2,5-enkephalin, a delta 1 opioid, again before 2 hours of global ischemia. Postischemic ventricular function, coronary flows, myocardial oxygen consumption, and ultrastructural preservation were all significantly improved with HIT and d-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin pretreatment. Conclusion . "Natural" HIT protection is superior to standard cardioplegia alone and may have clinical application.
The Challenge of More Light, the Complexity of Culture: Lessons Learned in Exploring the Cultural Positioning of Literacy Teachers.

This conceptual article, based on data collected and analyzed within a larger study, considers perspectives on cultural diversity and research in the context of the current politicized educational environment within the United States. Drawing from previous research conducted in a graduate course exploring language, literacy and culture, the author articulates three practices that teacher educators and researchers can attend to in order to maintain complex explorations of culture with preservice and inservice teachers. These practices are (1) fostering a discursive view of culture, (2) attending to localized knowledge and (3) acknowledging and developing empathic stances. While examples are drawn from a US context, educational and multicultural concerns addressed are global in implication.
Effect of antioxidants on the photooxidation of fatty acids

The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and tocopherol acetate on photooxidation of the fatty acids was studied. A marked increase in the photooxidation was observed in the presence of BHT, and this effect was further potentiated by hexabromobiphenyls. Conversely, BHA and tocopherol acetate as such did not show any significant effect, but greatly enhanced the photooxidation when hexabromobiphenyls were also present. Hexabromobiphenyls by themselves did not show any notable effect on the photooxidation.
Effect of temperature on sound velocities of compressed Fe3C, a candidate component of the Earth's inner core

Abstract The global carbon cycle may involve iron carbide as a component of the Earth's inner core. In this study, we report the first experimental measurements of phonon density of states, sound velocities, and Debye temperatures of Fe3C up to 47 GPa and 1450 K using the nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) method in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Within the investigated pressure and temperature range, the effect of temperature on compressional velocity vp falls within the measurement uncertainties. The shear velocity vs decreases with increasing temperature in a non-linear fashion: at ~ 15 GPa, vs decreases by ~ 12% between 300 K and 740 K; At ~ 46 GPa, temperature produces a ~ 5% reduction between 300 and 960 K and a ~ 6% further reduction between 960 K and 1370–1450 K. The high-temperature vs of Fe3C deviates from Birch's law behavior towards smaller values, potentially matching the anomalously low vs in the inner core under the relevant pressure and temperature conditions. Our results support Fe3C as a major component of the inner core.
CONTROLLING CHAOS AND THE INVERSE FROBENIUS–PERRON PROBLEM: GLOBAL STABILIZATION OF ARBITRARY INVARIANT MEASURES

The inverse Frobenius–Perron problem (IFPP) is a global open-loop strategy to control chaos. The goal of our IFPP is to design a dynamical system in ℜn which is: (1) nearby the original dynamical system, and (2) has a desired invariant density. We reduce the question of stabilizing an arbitrary invariant measure, to the question of a hyperplane intersecting a unit hyperbox; several controllability theorems follow. We present a generalization of Baker maps with an arbitrary grammar and whose FP operator is the required stochastic matrix.
Bromine-passivated Au(111) as a platform for the formation of organic self-assembled monolayers under electrochemical conditions.

Self-assembled monolayers of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP) were formed by equilibrium adsorption from a perchloric acid solution onto Au(111) using an interposed adlayer of bromide. The passivating bromide adlayer was generated by addition of 150 μM KBr to the electrochemical cell and allowed monolayer ordering at positive potentials where a disordered TPyP monolayer would be found on a bare Au(111) surface. The TPyP monolayers were characterized in situ with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) and cyclic voltammetry. They were successfully observed at working electrode potentials between 0.0 and +1.3 V vs Ag/AgCl. This wide potential window of usability for the bromide adlayer extends to potentials more positive than what has been achieved for similar observations using iodide-modified Au(111). Within the TPyP monolayers, isolated domains with differing geometries could be distinguished, suggesting dynamic monolayer rearrangements. These results demonstrate that the prese...
Role of thermotransport (Soret effect) in macrosegregation during eutectic/off-eutectic directional solidification

Abstract This paper investigates the role of thermo-transport (Soret effect) on macrosegregation during BiMn/Bi directional solidification. To perform accurate and efficient calculation, a novel treatment of the solutal boundary near the interface is proposed. By applying this new technique, numerical simulation for the directional solidification experiment conducted in space has been carried out. By comparing simulation results with the experimental data, we found that the concentration versus fraction solidified agrees well in the initial transient and steady state regions for the Soret coefficient in the range of 0.060±0.005/°C. Based on the Soret coefficient, the thermo-transport coefficient of Mn in liquid bismuth has been estimated as D T ≈1.2±0.1×10 −6 cm 2 /s °C with a compositional diffusion coefficient of 2×10 −5 cm 2 /s.
Mimicry of carotenoid photoprotection in artificial photosynthetic reaction centers: triplet-triplet energy transfer by a relay mechanism

Abstract Two artificial photosynthetic reaction centers consisting of a porphyrin (P) covalently linked to both a carotenoid polyene (C) and a fullerene derivative (C 60 ) have been prepared and found to transfer triplet excitation energy from the fullerene moiety of C-P- 3 C 60 to the carotenoid polyene, yielding 3 C-P-C 6 . The transfer has been studied both in toluene at ambient temperatures and in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at lower temperatures. The energy transfer is an activated process, with E a =0.17 eV. This is consistent with transfer by a triplet energy transfer relay, whereby energy first migrates from C-P- 3 C 60 to the porphyrin, yielding C- 3 P-60 60 in a slow, theramally activated step. Rapid Rapid energy transfer from the porphyrin triplet to the carotenoid gives the final state. Triplet relays of this sort have been observed in photosynthetic reaction centers, and are part of the system that protects the organism from damage by singlet oxygen, whose production is sensitized by chlorophyll triplet states. The fullerene-containing triads can also demonstrate stepwise photoinduced electron transfer to yield long-lived C .+ -P-C 60 -− charge-separted states. Electron transfer occurs even at 8 K. Charge recombination of C .+ -P-C 60 .− yeilds 3 C-P-C 60 , rather than the molecular ground state. These protochemical events are reminiscent of photoinduced electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers.