cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of current evolution in the Compact Toroidal Hybrid

Nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic computation is applied to study magnetic topology evolution for current-driven discharges in the Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH). In these simulations, ohmic currents are driven with a constant applied loop voltage in zero-beta plasmas. These driven currents initially are aligned with the vacuum flux surfaces. The rotational transform increases with rising plasma current, exhibiting a broad profile during the current rise. Island structures appear as low-order rational surfaces come into resonance. Because CTH is a five field period device, island structures have a toroidal periodicity of n = 5. There is special significance when the rotational transform exceeds 1/2. At this point m/n = 10/5 island chains appear that subsequently evolve to m/n = 2/1 islands through a coalescence process. With more driven current, a region of magnetic stochasticity grows that ultimately destroys flux surfaces. UW-CPTC Report 12-5.
Allometry and heterochrony in the African apes

In this work allometry and heterochrony are integrated in an analysis of ontogenic and interspecific morphological patterns in the African apes. The relationship between the interspecific differences in adult morphology and the differences in underlying patterns of growth allometries, body weight growth rates, and developmental chronologies is investigated. Results indicate that rate hypermorphosis, or the extension of ancestral allometries into new size/shape ranges with no increase in the duration of ontogeny, underlies many of the interspecific differences in form among the African apes. In addition, the need for further clarification of the processes of heterochrony is stressed by distinguishing between rate and timing differences. These distinctions and processes are illustrated and discussed using the morphological data on the African apes.
Flow properties of some Buna-N solutions under high velocity gradients

Abstract With the use of a new coaxial cylinder viscometer, aniline solutions of milled Buna-N rubber have been examined for flow properties as influenced by temperature, concentration, and the addition of a nonsolvent, benzene. The results are presented in the form of curves of shearing stress (τ) versus velocity gradient (D), D ranging from 433 to 6690 sec.−1. Over the temperature range studied, the slope [∂ ln η a ∂(1/T)] D —wherein ηa is the apparent viscosity, defined as τ D —is constant and independent of D. Empirical equations of the form τ = bDs or the equivalent ηa = bDs−1, for which the exponent s and the coefficient b were experimentally determined, fit the data accurately. It was found that s is virtually independent of temperature and solvent-diluent ratio, but decreases with increasing concentration, and that b increases with decrease in temperature, increase in concentration, and increase in the ratio of solvent to diluent.
Observation of higher-order infrared modes in solid C60 films.

In this paper, we present a rich (4 strong ${\mathit{F}}_{1\mathit{u}}$ first-order and an additional 98 weak lines) ir spectrum for a 4-\ensuremath{\mu}m-thick ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ film on KBr in the range 400\char21{}4000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Most of the weak lines are identified with second-order combination modes. More accurate frequencies of some optically inactive modes in ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ have been obtained by simultaneously analyzing the higher-order ir and Raman spectra. Isotope-induced symmetry lowering in ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules has also been observed and is responsible for activating several fundamental modes which would otherwise be ir inactive.
THE STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS ALLOYS SYNTHESIZED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING-NON GLASS FORMING SYSTEMS

Preliminary results are reported of the amorphization of Nb-Sn and Nb-Ge alloys by mechanical alloying of the elemental powders. Nb-25 at.% Sn, Nb-25 at.% Ge, and Nb-27 at.% Ge alloys were made amorphous. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated a crystallization peak at 995 K for Nb-25 at.% Sn but > 1000 K for the Nb-Ge amorphous alloys. A large endothermic DSC peak and the diffraction patterns of the as-mechanically alloyed vs. heated Nb-27 at.% Ge amorphous alloy suggest a large change in the structure of the amorphous phase.
High current diode and SCR reliability considerations

The intent of this paper is to serve as a designer's guide to enable him to custom design-in the semiconductor reliability required by his power electronic circuit. Normal and special testing procedures to eliminate defective product are considered, along with guide lines to extend the useful life of the product. Successful applications are shown.
Relation of Iodinated β-amylose (Tridine) to Some Thyroid Functions.

Summary1. Iodinated β-amylose, tridine, prevents partially the thyroid hyperplasia caused by thiouracil. In this respect it acts like potassium iodide. Triane, except in toxic concentrations has no effect on the meta-bolic rate.2. In rats receiving thyroxin, tridine, in dosages of 1, 3 and 5% of the diet, has no significant effect on either the size of the organs or the metabolic rate.3. In young rats all dosages of tridine (1, 3 and 5%) are deleterious with respect to consumption of food and gain in body weight.4. In thiouracil-treated rats 3% tridine is indistinguishable in its effects from an- equivalent (0.77%) amount of KI.5. The data from the present series of experiments on 78 rats suggest that tridine when administered by mouth exerts its effect by virtue of its iodine content and when given in equivalent amounts cannot be distinguished from KI.
Independence of alignment and tree search

I assert that similarity is the appropriate homology criterion for sequence alignment, as it is with morphology. Methods that select among alignments using parsimony-based tree lengths, as implemented in MALIGN and POY, arrange the data such that they are consistent with a minimum-evolution model. When combining data sets in phylogenetic analyses, we are not trying to reinforce our earlier hypotheses about relationships, but rather to test them. The severity of this test is compromised when congruence with other characters is favored when selecting among alignment parameters.
Effects of noise and workload on performance with two object displays vs. a separated display

This study examines the effects of stress on the processing of displayed information from two types of object displays, when dimensions were formed by the color and size of a bar, by the height and width of a rectangle, and from a separated two bargraph display. Subjects either integrated information across the two dimensions of each display or focused attention on each dimension, in a simulated airborne decision task. In Experiment 1 (14 subjects), stress was imposed via three levels of workload of a concurrent visual search task. In Experiment 2 (14 subjects), it was imposed by 88 dB helicopter noise. Results indicated that information integration was best supported by the rectangle display at higher levels of workload. Both the color bar and the bargraph display were associated with poor performance on the integration task, but were superior on the focused attention task. Hence, an emergent feature of the rectangle (its area), rather than objectness per se, was the critical element supporting informati...
Solitons in 3He-B

There exist solitonic excitations in the order parameter description of 3He-B which are the analogues of skyrmions in chiral models. It is suggested in this paper that the topological or winding number of the solitons is the quasiparticle number. The ground state in the winding number one sector can be consistently interpreted as the quasiparticle itself with the correct angular momentum ½ after a suitable “Wess-Zumino” term is included in the effective action. The model also suggests an excitation of the quasiparticle with spin 0 and a state of two quasiparticles with spin 0. The latter is the analogue of dibaryons in the chiral model.
Transitional devices for the writer

Transitional devices fasten together words, ideas, and thoughts; and they enable particularly the expository writer to develop a cogent and coherent article that his reader can easily follow. This paper describes and then presents general guidelines for the effective usage of six types of transitional devices.
Boundary-layer instability and transition on a flared cone in a Mach 6 quiet wind tunnel

Measurements of boundary-layer transition location and boundary layer profiles on a sharp-tipped 5o-half-angle flared cone were made in a low-disturbance Mach 6 wind tunnel. Uncalibrated boundary-layer profiles of mean and fluctuating voltage representative of mass flux are obtained using constant temperature hot-wire anemometry at several axial locations, and are notionally compared with preliminary simulations. Spectral energy content is observed between 250 and 310 kHz – the first measurements of frequencies typical of the second mode instability at Texas A&M. Growth of this high-frequency content is compared with N-factor results from linear parabolised stability equation (LPSE) computations. Possible sources of disagreement between the experimental and computed frequencies for second-mode growth are discussed, as are future improvements to the hotwire anemometry technique. Nevertheless, the successful measurement of high-frequency content highlighted here constitutes an important step toward acquisition of calibrated measurements of hypersonic boundary-layer instabilities to be used as code validation.
State-selected dissociation of cis-HONO(Ã 1A″): Effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding

Abstract The influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the photodissociation of cis-HONO is probed via measurements on the OH fragment ejected by specific N0 stretching (ν 2 ) vibrational levels of the A state. Due to hydrogen bonding between the H atom and the terminal oxygen, the ν 2 motion is coupled to the in-plane HON bend ν 3 . Since the latter evolves into fragment rotation, the rotational energy and anisotropy of the OH product increases with the number of ν 2 quanta. By contrast, ν 2 in trans HONO is a relatively isolated NO vibration and thus does not influence the OH photofragment's properties.
Spatio-Temporal Interaction of Urban Crime

Over the past decade, a renewed interest in the analysis of crime hot-spots has emerged in the social and behavioral sciences. Spurred by improvements in computing power, data visualization and geographic information systems, numerous innovative approaches have materialized for identifying areas of elevated crime in urban environments. Unfortunately, many hot-spot analysis techniques treat the spatial and temporal aspects of crime as distinct entities, thus ignoring the necessary interaction of space and time to produce criminal opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the utility of statistical measures for identifying and comparing the spatio-temporal footprints of robbery, burglary and assault. Functional and visual comparisons for spatio-temporal clusters are analyzed across a range of space–time values using a comprehensive database of crime events for Cincinnati, Ohio. Empirical results suggest that robbery, burglary and assault have dramatically different spatio-temporal signatures.
“Everybody Wants to Pioneer Something Out Here” Landscape, Adventure, and Biopolitics in the American Southwest

This article analyzes a controversy that emerged when the first Eco-Challenge® race was held in southern Utah in 1995 and sparked resistance from environmentalists who saw it as overly commercial, likely to inundate the region with tourists, and damage lands and wildlife. In an analysis of the controversy, I argue that the problem was partially rooted in notions of “wilderness” as naturally empty, and as nationally symbolic. Though stake-holders disagreed on “correct” uses of the land, they all imagined the desert as an empty space of freedom and equality, which, mirrored 1990s understandings of markets as free and level-playing fields. Adventure sport thus presented a logical environment for making the citizen bodies demanded by 1990s neoliberal cultures: flexible, free, and constantly self-improving. But “wilderness” is made in symbolic material ways that reflect cultural exigencies as much as physical characteristics of place. Though such constructions efface human and nonhuman histories, I ask whether...
Membrane damage and the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies

Membrane damage plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic damage to the myocardium, and is ultimately responsible for the release of cellular contents-notably intracellular enzymes-after ischemic cell death. This membrane damage may be caused by the incorporation of lipids into myocardial membranes, by the enzymatic actions of lipases that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids, and by free radicals that are produced in the ischemic myocardium. Much less is known of the role of membrane damage in the cardiomyopathies, but direct myocardial membrane damage may occur in some specific forms of this diverse class of diseases. Direct membrane effects of exogenous substances are likely to be of pathogenic significance in alcoholic and some toxic cardiomyopathies, for example those produced by hydrocarbons and adriamycin. Membrane damage may also play a role in the pathogenesis of viral cardiomyopathies, due possibly to incorporation of viral components into the cardiac sarcolemma where these foreign materials can serve as antigens that direct host responses to attack the cells of the heart.
Adults' Drug Use: Relationship to Perceived Drug Use of Parents, Friends While Growing Up, and Present Friends

Results from a random household survey of the Boston Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area show a consistent and relatively strong association of adults' use of coffee, tobacco, alcohol, tranquilizers, and marijuana with their perceptions of present friends' use. Associations with parents' and past adolescent friends' use are much weaker. The results support efforts to explain illicit drug use with general theories of behavior acquisition and cast doubt on the utility of deviance theories.
Different Metal Aggregation in Copper Acetate Chain Coordination Polymers with Dipyridyl Tethers Bearing Hydrogen Bonding Capable Functional Groups

Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a pair of divalent copper acetate coordination polymers containing either 4, 4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) or 4-pyridylisonicotinamide (4-pina), both of which hydrogen-bonding capable central functional groups. X-ray crystallography revealed that both exhibit a 1D chain dimensionality. Use of the kinked tethering ligand dpa produced [Cu(OAc)2(dpa)]n (1), which possesses a simple chain based on dpa linkage of isolated copper ions. On the other hand, employing the straighter amide ligand 4-pina generated {[Cu(OAc)2(4-pina)]·0.5H2O}n (2), which exhibits {Cu2O2} rhomboid dimers formed through bridging acetate ligands. Weak antiferromagnetic coupling [g = 1.984(3), J = –3.2(3) cm–1] was observed within the axial-equatorial bridged {Cu2O2} dimers in 2, with possible ferrimagnetism due to spin canting below 11 K.
Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study.

Context Whether offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BP) are at specifically high risk to develop BP and other psychiatric disorders has not been adequately studied. Objective To evaluate lifetime prevalence and specificity of psychiatric disorders in offspring of parents with BP-I and BP-II. Design Offspring aged 6 to 18 years who have parents with BP and community control subjects were interviewed with standardized instruments. All research staff except the statistician were blind to parental diagnoses. Setting Parents with BP were recruited primarily through advertisement and outpatient clinics. Control parents were ascertained by random-digit dialing and were group matched for age, sex, and neighborhood to parents with BP. Participants Three hundred eighty-eight offspring of 233 parents with BP and 251 offspring of 143 demographically matched control parents. Main Outcome Measures Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) Axis I disorders. Results Adjusting for demographic factors, living with 1 vs both biological parents, both biological parents' non-BP psychopathology, and within-family correlations, offspring of parents with BP showed high risk for BP spectrum disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 13.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-61.6) and any mood (OR = 5.2; 95% CI, 2.3-11.4), anxiety (OR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3-4.0), and Axis I (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.3) disorders. Offspring of parents with BP with high socioeconomic status showed more disruptive behavior disorders and any Axis I disorders than offspring of control parents with high socioeconomic status. Families in which both parents had BP had more offspring with BP than families with only 1 parent with BP (OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1-12.2). More than 75.0% of offspring who developed BP had their first mood episode before age 12 years, with most of these episodes meeting criteria for BP not otherwise specified and, to a lesser degree, major depression. Conclusions Offspring of parents with BP are at high risk for psychiatric disorders and specifically for early-onset BP spectrum disorders. These findings further support the familiality and validity of BP in youth and indicate a need for early identification and treatment.
Regional variations in MR relaxation of hip joint cartilage in subjects with and without femoralacetabular impingement

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze regional variations of magnetic resonance (MR) relaxation times (T1ρ and T2) in hip joint cartilage of healthy volunteers and subjects with femoral acetabular impingement (FAI). Morphological and quantitative images of the hip joints of 12 healthy volunteers and 9 FAI patients were obtained using a 3 T MR scanner. Both femoral and acetabular cartilage layers in each joint were semi-automatically segmented on sagittal 3D high-resolution spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) images. These segmented regions of interest (ROIs) were automatically divided radially into twelve equal sub-regions (300 intervals) based on the fitted center of the femur head. The mean value of T1ρ/T2 was calculated in each sub-region after superimposing the divided cartilage contours on the MR relaxation (T1ρ/T2) maps to quantify the relaxation times. T1ρ and T2 relaxation times of the femoral cartilage were significantly higher in FAI subjects compared to healthy controls (39.9 ± 3.3 msec in FAI vs. 35.4 ± 2.3 msec in controls for T1ρ (P = 0.0020); 33.9 ± 3.1 msec in FAI vs. 31.1 ± 1.7 msec in controls for T2 (P = 0.0160)). Sub-regional analysis showed significantly different T1ρ and T2 relaxation times in the anterior-superior region (R9) of the hip joint cartilage between subjects with FAI and healthy subjects, suggesting possible regional differences in cartilage matrix composition between these two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that sub-regional analysis in femoral cartilage was more sensitive in discriminating FAI joint cartilage from that of healthy joints than global analysis of the whole region (T1ρ: area under the curve (AUC) = 0.981, P = 0.0001 for R9 sub-region; AUC = 0.901, P = 0.002 for whole region; T2: AUC = 0.976, P = 0.0005 for R9 sub-region; AUC = 0.808, P = 0.0124 for whole region). The results of this study demonstrated regional variations in hip cartilage composition using MR relaxation times (T1ρ and T2) and suggested that analysis based on local regions was more sensitive than global measures in subjects with and without FAI.
Neutralizing Antibodies and Control of HIV: Moves and Countermoves

It is now evident that powerful antibodies directed to conserved regions of HIV-1 envelope protein develop during chronic infection in some individuals and that these antibodies can neutralize a broad array of diverse isolates in vitro, so termed broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). A great deal of effort is directed internationally at understanding the ontogeny of NAbs during infection as well as in designing and testing immunogens that can elicit bNAbs in animal models and in humans. Given the parrying tactics of Env, multiple approaches, along with high-resolution structural studies, will be needed to reach a degree of understanding sufficient to design an effective vaccine. We discuss and note here some of the most important recent advances in our knowledge of how neutralizing antibodies develop in vivo, the recent discovery of extremely powerful neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from natural infection, enhanced methodologies that have accelerated discoveries on both fronts, and the progress made in eliciting potent NAbs with limited breadth by vaccination.
Resistance to wear of fast-track Portland cement concrete

The selected fast-track Type I Portland cement concretes were studied for resistance to wear at both opening and maturity (28 days) times. The effect of four cements contents, namely: 386, 445, 505, and 564 kg/m3 (with and without an accelerating admixture) is also ascertained. The trial matrices were examined for plastic and bulk properties, and wear resistance. Depth of wear and rate of deterioration as functions of matrix proportions and constituents, opening-time categories, and testing duration were determined. The influence of variables such as cement content, curing age, and accelerating admixture on compressive strength and abrasion resistance of the selected matrices were studied. The coefficient of variation and abrasion index for the abrasion test of the trials concrete were also examined. Lastly, the relationship between the abrasion resistance (depth of wear) and compressive strength at both opening and maturity ages were investigated. (A) Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
Aralkyl dithiobiuret analogs of tibione.

A new type of aralkyl ketone derivative has been obtained by condensing the desired ketone with dithiobiuret to achieve the mono‐substituted product. Interest in this type of compound centers around the structural relationship existing between nuclear substituted acetophenone thiosemicarbazones, which have in vitro antitubercular activity, and the corresponding dithiobiurets.
Length Scales Which Perturb Chain Packing in Amorphous Polymers

Direct spectroscopic probes of individual chain conformation and free volume are used to measure the increasing perturbation in the local glass-transition temperature of one polymer chain with decreasing length scale of mixing in binary polyolefin blends. Solid-state 2H and 129Xe NMR experiments reveal a compositional miscibility window in side-chain concentration for polyisobutylene (PIB)/poly(ethylene-co-butene) (PEB) blends. A combination of pulsed-field gradient and chemical shift data for xenon gas absorbed in these polymer blends indicates that the presence of polymer chains within a radius of ∼35 nm of a different chain structure will perturb the intermolecular packing contribution to the total conformational energy of that chain, thereby changing its Tg.
Human Value, Dignity, and the Presence of Others

In the health care professions, the meaning of--and implications for--'dignity' and 'value' are progressively more important, as scholars and practitioners increasingly have to make value judgments when making care decisions. This paper looks at the various arguments for competing sources of human value that medical professionals can consider--human rights, autonomy, and a higher-order moral value--and settles upon a foundational model that is related to (though distinct from) the Kantian model that is popular within the medical community: human value is foundational; human dignity, autonomy, and rights derive from the relational quality of human dignity. Moral dignity is expressed though the relationships we cultivate, the communal ends we pursue, and the rights we enjoy. Correlatively, human dignity is inseparable from its ground (i.e., morality), and the relationship between these two is best represented for Kant in the humanities formulation. The foundational model of dignity ensures that human value is non-circularly derived, but is ultimately tied to expressions of individual human dignity that comes from the dignity of morality. Linking Kant's dignity of humanity to the dignity of morality affords a unique and efficacious response to the discussion of human value. In one sense, dignity is amplificatory, since its worth is inextricable with that of autonomy and the rights afforded to the autonomous. But that isn't to say that the worth of dignity is merely amplificatory. Rather, human dignity indicates the absolute inner value (MM 6:435) found in each individual in virtue of being human (MM 6:435, 462). That inner worth engenders certain universal rights--derivable from the dignity and fundamental rational appeal of morality--just as it provides for the possibility for a community of beings to seek to live the moral life.
Experimenter-suggested cognitions and pain control: problem of spontaneous strategies.

When 12 subjects were asked to use the cognitive strategy of imagining one finger numb and not to attend to the other, some did and some did not.
Antigenic Heterogeneity of Qa‐2 Antigens in C57BL/6

The Qa-2 antigens are class I-like molecules encoded by genes mapped telomeric to the H-2D region on chromosome 17 in the mouse. A panel of 8 new monoclonal anti-Qa-2 antibodies derived from a C3H.KBR anti-C3H. SW immunization was studied. Immunoprecipitation of125I-labeled C57BL/6 splenocyte antigens showed that all of these antibodies precipitated 40 kDa molecules which could be completely precleared by the monoclonal antibody 20-8-4, which had previously been shown to crossreact with Qa-2. One of the monoclonal antibodies (1-12-1), however, was found not to completely preclear Qa-2 antigens precipitable by the other 7 antibodies or by 20-8-4, suggesting the existence of at least two different species of Qa-2 molecules. Cell lines transfected with Q7 or Q9 genes were reactive with all 9 antibodies and the Qa-2 antigens expressed on surface membranes of these cells were completely precleared by both 20-8-4 and 1-12-1. Therefore, the observed heterogeneity of these molecules cannot be explained by an antigenic difference between the Q7 and Q9 gene products. 2D gel analyses showed identical pI spectra between Qa-2 molecules precipitated with 20-8-4 and 1-12-1. In addition, all of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with labeled antigen preparations following treatment with Endo F or neuraminidase, indicating that carbohydrate moieties are probably not responsible for the antigenic difference between the two species of Qa-2 antigen.
First-principles study of iron and iron pairs in Si

Abstract Iron is a common transition metal contaminant in Si. The isolated interstitial and several iron–acceptor pairs have been identified by DLTS, EPR, ENDOR and/or other techniques, then studied by theory. Iron also interacts with radiation and implantation damage. Much less is known about these interactions. In this contribution, we present preliminary results of ongoing calculations of interstitial iron, Fe pairs and their interactions with vacancies in Si. The calculations are done in periodic supercells. The electronic states are obtained from spin–density–functional theory with plane wave basis sets. The geometries are optimized using conjugate gradients. The binding energies, charge and spin states are calculated, and the electrically-active gap levels are estimated.
Pulmonary parenchymal splenosis.

We describe the cytologic findings of a case of pulmonary parenchymal splenosis, a rare condition that follows lacerating trauma to the spleen, and may masquerade as a metastatic neoplasm. Approximately 24 cases of thoracic splenosis have so far been reported, the vast majority presenting as pleural-based nodules, and the cytological features of only two cases, both belonging to the latter group, have been described. We believe our case report to be the first to describe the cytological features of an intrapulmonary splenosis, and its features differ from the prior cases by having a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate, with a predominance of lymphocytes, plus pulmonary macrophages and occasional endothelial cells. This condition has variable cytological features, but the correct diagnosis can be made in the presence of appropriate history and radiographic findings. Confirmation may require biopsy or radionucleide imaging.
A posteriori analysis of an iterative multi-discretization method for reaction–diffusion systems

Abstract This paper is concerned with the accurate computational error estimation of numerical solutions of multi-scale, multi-physics systems of reaction–diffusion equations. Such systems can present significantly different temporal and spatial scales within the components of the model, indicating the use of independent discretizations for different components. However, multi-discretization can have significant effects on accuracy and stability. We perform an adjoint-based analysis to derive asymptotically accurate a posteriori error estimates for a user-defined quantity of interest. These estimates account for leading order contributions to the error arising from numerical solution of each component, an error due to incomplete iteration, an error due to linearization, and for errors arising due to the projection of solution components between different spatial meshes. Several numerical examples with various settings are given to demonstrate the performance of the error estimators.
The direct determination of dose‐to‐water using a water calorimeter

A flexible, temperature‐regulated, watercalorimeter has been constructed which consists of three nested cylinders. The innermost ‘‘core’’ is a 10×10 cm right cylinder made of glass, the contents of which are isolated from the environment. It has two Teflon‐washered glass valves for filling, and two thermistors are supported at the center by glass capillary tubes. Surrounding the core is a ‘‘jacket’’ that provides approximately 2 cm of air insulation between the core and the ‘‘shield.’’ The shield surrounds the jacket with a 2.5‐cm layer of temperature‐regulated water flowing at 5 l/min. The core is filled with highly purified water the gas content of which is established prior to filling. Convection currents, which may be induced by dose gradients or thermistor power dissipation, are eliminated by operating the calorimeter at 4 °C. Depending upon the power level of the thermistors, 15–200 μW, and the insulation provided by the glass capillary tubing, the temperature of the thermistors is higher than that of the surrounding water. To minimize potential errors caused by differences between calibration curves obtained at finite power levels, the zero‐power‐level calibration curve obtained by extrapolation is employed. Also the calorimeter response is corrected for the change in power level, and therefore thermistor temperature, that follows the resistance change caused by irradiation. The response of the calorimeter to 4‐MV x rays has been compared to that of an ionization chamber irradiated in an identical geometry. For nitrogen‐saturated water, the grand mean of the calorimeter‐to‐ion chamber (Cal/Ion) dose ratio for five experiments conducted over a period of six months is 1.006±0.001. Three experiments with oxygen‐saturated water in the same core yeild a Cal/Ion ratio of 0.991±0.001. These results are consistent with radiochemical models and refined experiments that used water saturated with various gases, and suggest that nitrogen‐saturated watercalorimeters of the type described may be used to determine the dose‐to‐water without reference to radiation‐dependent parameters or recourse to corrections for thermal defects.
Genetic Variation in the Vibrio vulnificus Group 1 Capsular Polysaccharide Operon

Vibrio vulnificus produces human disease associated with raw-oyster consumption or wound infections, but fatalities are limited to persons with chronic underlying illness. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is required for virulence, and CPS expression correlates with opaque (Op) colonies that show "phase variation" to avirulent translucent (Tr) phenotypes with reduced CPS. The results discussed here confirmed homology of a V. vulnificus CPS locus to the group 1 CPS operon in Escherichia coli. However, two distinct V. vulnificus genotypes or alleles were associated with the operon, and they diverged at sequences encoding hypothetical proteins and also at unique, intergenic repetitive DNA elements. Phase variation was examined under conditions that promoted high-frequency transition of Op to Tr forms. Recovery of Tr isolates in these experiments showed multiple genotypes, which were designated TR1, TR2, and TR3: CPS operons of TR1 isolates were identical to the Op parent, and cells remained phase variable but expressed reduced CPS. TR2 and TR3 showed deletion mutations in one (wzb) or multiple genes, respectively, and deletion mutants were acapsular and locked in the Tr phase. Complementation in trans restored the Op phenotype in strains with the wzb deletion mutation. Allelic variation in repetitive elements determined the locations, rates, and extents of deletion mutations. Thus, different mechanisms are responsible for reversible phase variation in CPS expression versus genetic deletions in the CPS operon of V. vulnificus. Repetitive-element-mediated deletion mutations were highly conserved within the species and are likely to promote survival in estuarine environments.
Molecular biology of opioid analgesia.

Abstract Opioids provide excellent pain relief in most patients. Yet the responses of patients to individual opioids can vary markedly, even among the μ opioids. Understanding this variability would greatly enhance our ability to treat patients appropriately. Classical pharmacological studies have long implied the existence of multiple subtypes of μ opioid receptors. More recently, a number of variants of the cloned μ opioid receptor have been described. These variants all show the same selectivity for μ opioids, confirming their classification as μ opioid receptors. Yet, they differ in their functional activation by opioids as well as in their localization within cells and regions in the brain. These multiple μ opioid receptors may help explain the range of responses seen clinically among patients for the various opioid drugs.
Pathway for Uptake and Degradation of X-Prolyl Tripeptides in Streptococcus mutans VA-29R and Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556:

The growth of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in the oral environment requires that these micro-organisms be able to degrade salivary proteins and to assimilate the resulting peptides as an amino nitrogen source. Our research is aimed at the definition of the proteolytic enzyme systems in these oral streptococci which allow them to utilize such substrates. In the present work, the nature of the hydrolytic activity expressed by S. mutans VA-29R and S. sanguis ATCC 10556 against X-Pro4-nitroanilide and X-Pro-Y tripeptide substrates was investigated. This activity was predominantly associated with a cytoplasmic dipeptidyl peptidase which preferentially catalyzes the release of an N-terminal dipeptide from substrates in which proline is the penultimate residue. These streptococci also possess a second cytoplasmic peptidase, pepD, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of X-Pro dipeptides. We found that Gly-Pro-Ala or Ala-Pro-Gly were transported into the bacterial cells only when an energy source such as glucose was present. Peptide uptake was time-dependent, and selective exodus of peptide-derived amino acids from the bacterial cells occurred during peptide uptake. Results from these studies provide evidence that S. mutans VA-29R and S. sanguis ATCC 10556 possess a pathway for the complete degradation of X-Pro tripeptides. Transport of the peptides into cells prior to hydrolysis provides an efficient way by which all amino acids of a peptide may be obtained at an energy expense equivalent to that associated with the transport of just one amino acid. In light of the abundance of proline in salivary polypeptides, this degradative pathway could be an important component in the proteolytic pathway for salivary polypeptide utilization in these oral streptococci.
IGNORANT SPECULATION AND IMMORAL RISKS:MACHEATHS, TURPINS AND THE COMMERCIAL CLASSES IN NINETEENTH‐CENTURY THEORIES OF ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS*

… it must not be forgotten that the tendencies whose order of progression has been sketched, operate upon the broad aggregate of the commercial investing community,–not upon the exceptional Macheaths and Turpins who infest its ranks, and whose predatory instincts know no orderly succession of phases, but are unchangeably vicious and vigilant. A parallel reflection applies to the suggested remedy. Ameliorate the general mental conditions of commerce, and you proportionately limit the sphere and powers of designing knaves. (Mills, 1867, p. 40).
Abstract CT334: Pazopanib as third-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Clinical efficacy and temporal analysis of cytokine profile

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Pazopanib was assessed in a phase III study conducted in patients (pts) with mRCC who were either cytokine-refractory or treatment-naive, and clinical outcomes with pazopanib have been associated with a specific immunologic profile (IP). The activity of pazopanib in the third-line setting and temporal changes in molecular profile during therapy are poorly understood, however. Methods: Eligibility was limited to pts with 2 prior lines of therapy (including at least 1 VEGF-directed therapy), ECOG PS 0-2, and clear cell histology. Pts received pazopanib 800 mg/daily on a 28d cycle. A Simon MinMax 2-stage design was employed, with 80% power of declaring an encouraging overall response rate (ORR) of 23% (type I error=10%). IPs were assessed monthly on a Luminex platform using the Human Cytokine 30-plex Cytokine Immunoassay (Invitrogen). Results: 28 pts were enrolled with a median age of 63 (range, 45-86). In the pre-specified intent-to-treat analysis, 12/28 pts (43%) had a confirmed response (1 CR, 11 PR), with 1 additional unconfirmed PR. Median progression-free survival for the cohort was 17.4 mos (95% CI 14.7-NR). No grade 4 treatment-related toxicities were observed. The most common grade 3 toxicities included hypertension (46%) and proteinuria (14%). Amongst patients still on therapy at 6 months and 12 months, responders had lower levels of HGF, VEGF, IL-6, IL-8 and soluble IL-2R (P<0.05 for each). Non-responders also showed increased numbers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) at both time intervals. Phenotypic and functional studies confirmed that MDSCs from these mRCC patients were granulocytic. Conclusions: The ORR observed with pazopanib in the current study is the highest to date in a third-line trial in mRCC. Differences in cytokine profile and granulocytic MDSC quantity between responders and non-responders suggest that the mechanism of pazopanib resistance is at least partly related to generation of systemic tumor immune tolerance. Citation Format: Sumanta K. Pal, Dewan Md Sakib Hossain, Qifang Zhang, Chan Gao, Jeremy O. Jones, Paul H. Frankel, Robert A. Figlin, Marcin Kortylewski. Pazopanib as third-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Clinical efficacy and temporal analysis of cytokine profile. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT334. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT334
Usefulness of hyperglycemia in predicting renal and myocardial injury in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

A retrospective analysis of 165 patients who had diabetes mellitus and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between 1998 and 2003 demonstrated that those whose plasma glucose levels were ≥200 mg/dl before PCI exhibited greater creatine phosphokinase release and serum creatinine increases after PCI. These observations identified hyperglycemia as a potentially modifiable mediator of myocardial and renal injuries in patients who have diabetes and have undergone PCI.
367 A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD AND BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATIONS DURING PREGNANCY, AT DELIVERY AND IN THE FIRST 6 MONTHS OF LIFE

367 A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD AND BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATIONS DURING PREGNANCY, AT DELIVERY AND IN THE FIRST 6 MONTHS OF LIFE
Oil drilling inspired compensation of wave actuator dynamics for nonlinear systems

The problem of stabilization of PDE-ODE cascades has been solved in the linear case for several PDE classes, whereas in the nonlinear case the problem has been solved only for the transport/delay PDE, namely for compensation of an arbitrary delay at the input of a nonlinear plant. Motivated by a specific engineering application in off-shore drilling, we solve the problem of stabilization of the cascade of a wave PDE with a general nonlinear ODE. We establish global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system with the aid of a Lyapunov functional that we construct by introducing an infinite-dimensional backstepping transformation of the actuator state.
Financing the welfare provisions of the social security program

The social security program recognizes the need for federal aid for welfare activities with state and local administration.
Progress and Challenges in China's Special Education Development Observations, Reflections, and Recommendations

This article examines important aspects of special education in the People's Republic of China today. To provide a context for understanding current practices, it first looks at cultural and historical influences on the development of special education in China. Next, it presents a current experience with the education of students with disabilities in Beijing and Shanghai. In conclusion, it offers recommendations for addressing challenges and promoting sustained progress in the further development of special education systems and models to educate students with disabilities in China.
Power allocation for CS-based colocated MIMO radar systems

It has been shown that in colocated multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar systems the sparsity of targets in the illuminated space can be exploited by compressive sensing (CS) techniques to achieve either the same localization performance as traditional methods but with significantly fewer measurements, or significantly improved performance with the same number of measurements. In the colocated CS-based MIMO radar context, this paper proposes a power allocation scheme that distributes the system total transmit power among the transmit antennas in an optimal fashion that leads to improved detection performance. In particular, the allocation scheme minimizes the coherence between the target returns from different search cells, or equivalently, the coherence of the columns of the sensing matrix.
Suppressing Where but Not What: The Effect of Saccades on Dorsal- and Ventral-Stream Visual Processing

Some cognitive processes are suppressed during saccadic eye movements, whereas others are not. In two experiments, we investigated the locus of this interference effect. In one experiment, subjects decided whether pictured items were objects or nonobjects while making saccades of different lengths. Saccade distance had no effect on response time, indicating that saccades do not interfere with object recognition. However, in a second experiment, in which subjects decided whether pictured items faced to the left or to the right, response time increased with saccade distance, indicating that processing was suppressed during the saccade. These results (along with others) suggest that dorsal-stream (where) processes are suppressed during saccades, whereas ventral-stream (what) processes are not. Because the dorsal stream is instrumental in generating saccades, we propose that cognitive saccadic suppression results from dual-task interference within this visual subsystem.
Nest success of snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus) in the Southern high plains of Texas

Abstract. Snowy Plovers (Charadrius nivosus) nesting on edges of saline lakes within the Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas are threatened by habitat degradation due to reduced artesian spring flow, making many saline lakes unsuitable for nesting and migrating shorebirds. Factors influencing nest success were evaluated, current nest success estimates in the SHP of Texas were compared to estimates obtained ten years prior, and causes and timing of nest failures determined. Overall, 215 nests were monitored from three saline lakes in 2008–2009, with nest success estimates from Program MARK ranging from 7–33% ( = 22%). The leading causes of nest failures were attributed to predation (40%) and weather (36%). Nest success was negatively influenced by number of plants within 707-cm2 plot, positively influenced by percent surface water availability, and at one saline lake, negatively influenced by day during the nesting season (i.e., nest success declined later in the nesting season). When compared to estimates...
Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light

Photosensitive caged compounds have enhanced our ability to address the complexity of biological systems by generating effectors with remarkable spatial/temporal resolutions. The caging effect is typically removed by photolysis with ultraviolet light to liberate the bioactive species. Although this technique has been successfully applied to many biological problems, it suffers from a number of intrinsic drawbacks. For example, it requires dedicated efforts to design and synthesize a precursor compound for each effector. The ultraviolet light may cause damage to biological samples and is suitable only for in vitro studies because of its quick attenuation in tissue. Here we address these issues by developing a platform based on the photothermal effect of gold nanocages. Gold nanocages represent a class of nanostructures with hollow interiors and porous walls. They can have strong absorption (for the photothermal effect) in the near-infrared while maintaining a compact size. When the surface of a gold nanocage is covered with a smart polymer, the pre-loaded effector can be released in a controllable fashion using a near-infrared laser. This system works well with various effectors without involving sophisticated syntheses, and is well suited for in vivo studies owing to the high transparency of soft tissue in the near-infrared region.
Immunoexpression of napsin a in renal neoplasms

Background Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for napsin A has been widely used to support a diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma with high sensitivity. In this study, we evaluated immunoreactivity for napsin A in a broad spectrum of renal neoplasms by using tissue microarrays (TMA).