cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orientation of male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.), to pheromone sources : the role of olfactory and visual cues

The role of olfaction and vision in the close-ranging flying and walking orientation of male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar(L.), to females was studied in the forest and in the laboratory. In the forest, feral males found an isolated pheromone source as readily as one supplemented with female visual cues; dead, acetonerinsed females deployed without pheromone received virtually no visitations. In flight tunnel choice experiments using cylinders as surrogate trees and pheromone in different spatial configurations, visual attributes of the female did not influence either the males' choice of landing site or the efficiency with which they located the female. Rather, the presence of pheromone on the cylinder was necessary to elicit orientation as well as landing and walking on the cylinder. When a female visual model was placed in various positions around a pheromone source, walking males oriented primarily to the chemical stimulus. There were, however, indications that males would alter their walking paths in response to female visual cues over short distances (<5 cm), but only if they continued to receive pheromone stimulation. When visual and chemical cues were abruptly uncoupled by altering the trajectory of the pheromone plume, most males responded to the loss of the odor cue rather than to visual cues from the female. Temporal pheromone stimulation patterns affected male walking orientation. When stimulated by pheromone, males oriented toward the source; loss of the odor cue prompted an arearestricted local search characterized by primarily vertical and oblique movements with frequent reversals in direction. Presumably these maneuvers enhance the likelihood of recontacting the plume or serendipitously encountering the female. The apparent lack of visual response to the female is discussed in light of morphological and behavioral evidence suggesting that gypsy moths were formerly nocturnal.
Multicarrier Modulation as a Navigation Signal of Opportunity

The global positioning system (GPS) generally provides worldwide high-accuracy positioning. However, GPS requires lines of sight to multiple satellites and may be blocked or jammed, hence backup navigation techniques are of interest. Navigation via signals of opportunity uses existing radio infrastructure as ad hoc navigational beacons. A mobile receiver determines its position by computing a time difference of arrival (TDOA) between signal reception time at the mobile and at a reference receiver. The drawback is that this requires communication between the reference and mobile receivers. In this paper, we show that multicarrier modulation is an ideal candidate for a navigation signal of opportunity. We show that communication between the reference and mobile can be very minimal for multicarrier modulation compared to other modulation types, since the block structure inherently aids synchronization of the two received signals. Simulations are used to quantify the performance of the TDOA estimate as a function of the SNR and the bandwidth between the reference and the mobile.
Teratogenic Effects of Diphenylhydantoin in Swiss-Webster and A/J Mice

SummaryDiphenylhydantoin, 50 mg/kg, s.c., was administered to primigravid Swiss-Webster and A/J mice during early (days 7, 8, 9) and late (days 11, 12, 13) embryogenesis. Litters were delivered by caesarean section on day 18 of gestation, weighed, examined, and measured. Resorption rates were not altered in either strain treated during early embryogenesis. The A/J, but not Swiss-Webster, mice treated during late embryogenesis had a significant (p<0.05) increase in resorption. Diphenylhydantoin resulted in reduced fetal weight in both strains when given during late embryogenesis. Fetal long bone length, measured in alizarin red stained fetuses, was shortened only in late treated Swiss-Webster mice. The incidence of cleft palate was significantly elevated in late, but not early, treated progeny of both strains. Cleft palate with cleft lip occurred only in A/J mice; the rate was not different from vehicle treated controls. No other soft tissue malformations were found in either strain following Bouin's fixat...
A lower limit set to Planck's constant by wave mechanics including gravitation

Abstract A lower bound for the numerical value of Planck's constant is estimated on theoretical grounds alone, if elementary particles are gravitating entities.
Space Shuttle Upgrade Liquid Oxygen Tank Thermal Stratification

In 1997, NASA initiated a study of a liquid oxygen and ethanol orbital maneuvering and reaction control system for space shuttle upgrades as well as other reusable launch vehicle applications. The pressure-fed system uses sub-cooled liquid oxygen at 2413.2 KPa (350 psia) stored passively using insulation. Thermal stratification builds up while the space shuttle is docked at the international space station. The venting from the space shuttle's liquid oxygen tank is not desired during this 96-hr time period. Once the shuttle undocks from the space station there could be a pressure collapse in the liquid oxygen tank caused by fluid mixing due to the thruster fU"ings . The thermal stratification and resulting pressure rise in the tank were examined by a computational fluid dynamic model. Since the heat transfer from the pressurant gas to the liquid will result in a decrease in tank pressure the final pressure after the 96 hours will be significantly less when the tank is pressurized with ambient temperature helium. Therefore, using helium at ambient temperature to pressurize the tank is preferred to pressurizing the tank with helium at the liquid oxygen temperature. The higher helium temperature will also result in less mass of helium to pressurize the tank.
Role of apoe/Abeta interactions in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

The ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The mechanism underlying this increased risk is not completely clear, yet mounting evidence supports the idea that the ability of apoE to interact with the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and influence its conformation and clearance plays a major role. Evidence to support this concept comes from in vitro and in vivo studies of apoE/Aβ interactions and the effects of these interactions on Aβ conformation and cellular clearance. Recent studies on the effect of murine and human apoE in APP transgenic mice provide direct evidence that apoE is critically involved in the in vivo converstion of Aβ into forms which contain high β-sheet content and associated cellular toxicity (neuritic plaques and CAA). These studies also suggest a role for human apoE in Aβ clearance in vivo.
Effect of altered urinarypH on tetracycline and doxycycline excretion in humans

The effect of altered urinary pH on the excretion of single doses of orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride and doxycycline hyclate was studied in humans. Alkalinization of the urine significantly enhanced the cumulative renal excretion of both tetracycline and doxycycline as compared to acidic urine treatments. Altered tubular reabsorption was assumed to have caused this effect, since tetracyclines have been shown to be more lipid soluble at their isoelectric pH (approximately the pH of the acidic urine treatment) as compared to more alkaline pHs. The renal clearance of doxycycline was significantly increased by urinary alkalinization.
Unity of Cynewulf's Christ in the Light of Iconography

ALMOST a century has passed since Friedrich Dietrich' suggested that the first 1664 lines of the Exeter Book, comprising three distinct sections of Anglo-Saxon poetic material, were actually part of one single design. This hypothetical entity he named Christ. A sporadic, inconclusive controversy on the question of its unity continues to the present day. Three types of evidence have been adduced in discussions of this problem: paleographic, stylistic, and ideological. The manuscript evidence is of two kinds, neither of which is conclusive: paleographers have assumed a uniformity in the divisional punctuation of the scribe that has been demonstrated to be false;2 and the position of Cynewulf's signature passage only at the end of the second section really has no bearing upon unity.3 Stylistic analyses of the poetic material have produced such divergent judgments that they may justifiably be set aside.4 The third approach, which seeks to offer an ideological foundation for claims of unity, would seem to be the most hopeful basis for a solution of the problem. Dietrich himself felt that there was some theological unity, a threefold 'coming' of Christ, evident in the material. This trilogy was composed of the themes of Advent, Ascension, and Judgment, corresponding roughly to the divisions in the manuscript. Attractive as this proposal seemed, some foundation for it had to be found in contemporary or antecedent church philosophy before it could be persuasively argued; proof of a local and current eighth century association of the three dominant themes was necessary. Neither Dietrich nor his supporters have produced such evidence.5 Indeed, the multiplicity of sources available for the Christ material has tended rather to belie the existence of an underlying unified ideology and to corroborate the impression that no such existed elsewhere. But it should be pointed out that students have restricted the field of their unsuccessful searches for a similar threefold association of Advent, Ascension, and Judgment: they have looked only in literature. It is important to recall that the eighth century Northumbrian monks, while composing literature like Christ, also engaged
Illegal drug use by Israeli youth.

Summary During January, 1974 and February, 1974, the illegal use of drugs by Israeli youth was evaluated through interviews. Those interviewed included psychiatrists, chemists, government officials, police, drug users, prostitutes, and others directly involved. In addition, interviews were carried out with the goal of understanding the totality of the situation, and these discussions were with Israeli writers, philosophers, sociologists, and students familiar with the socio-psychological picture of modem Israel. Conclusions indicate strong fears by government personnel that drugs may affect national security status, yet tend to support the view that Israel's drug problem is not intense.
Effectiveness of a Cognitive Behavioral Group Intervention for Elementary Aged Students

This study investigates the effectiveness of a weekly cognitive behavioral counseling group with 153 first- through fifth-grade students referred with academic behaviors, academic motivation, and classroom behavioral problems. Students met weekly for six weeks with a school psychologist or intern in heterogenous groups of five similarly-aged students. Each week the classroom teacher provided an evaluative grade for all areas that were specified in an individualized student behavior plan. Significant improvement was found comparing baseline and week-6 grades. During the sixth week the most frequently occurring behavioral score was 3.00 (B grade). Improvement was not dependent on student grade level or type of problem identified by the teacher prior to the intervention. This study extends previous research by using a cognitive behavioral group intervention with early elementary students who had a broad range of classroom problems. Details regarding the progression of activities occurring in the groups are also provided.
Low-temperature thermochromism marks a change in coordination for the metal ion in manganese superoxide dismutase.

We have observed thermochromism (temperature-dependent absorption) for anion complexes of manganese superoxide dismutase indicating a change in coordination number for the metal complex at low temperatures. The ligand field spectra for the Mn(III) ion, characteristic of five-coordination for the azide complex at 295 K, cleanly convert to spectra reflecting six-coordination at low temperature, with a midpoint for the transition near 200 K. The active site structure is temperature-dependent, a relatively rigid, distorted octahedral low-temperature Mn complex melting with dehydration (or displacement of one of the protein ligands) to form a five-coordinated complex under physiological conditions. Thermodynamic parameters for the transition estimated from van't Hoff analysis (ΔHvH = 5 kcal/mol; ΔSvH = 22 cal/mol K) are consistent with reduced chemical binding and increased fluxionality at room temperature. This thermochromism of MnSD demonstrates the existence of distinct isomeric forms of the active site met...
Extending the benefits of adjuvant therapy in early HR+ breast cancer

The benefits of adjuvant tamoxifen are well documented, but therapy is limited to 5 years because of reports of an unfavorable risk: benefit profile in later years. However, the risk of relapse continues beyond the end of therapy. Before the MA.17 trial, no agent given after the standard 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen had been shown to provide additional benefit, leaving women unprotected against the ongoing risk of late recurrences of breast cancer. In the MA.17 trial, starting letrozole within 3 months of completing tamoxifen significantly reduced the risk of relapse (including distant metastases) compared with placebo, and also significantly improved survival in patients who had node-positive disease at diagnosis. On the basis of data from the first interim analysis, the MA.17 trial was unblinded, and all patients in the placebo arm were offered letrozole: approximately two-thirds accepted. Early study unblinding left some important questions unanswered (including the long-term safety of extended adjuvant letrozole), but provided an opportunity to assess the benefits of starting letrozole after a prolonged period without active therapy. Even after a prolonged tamoxifen-free period, starting letrozole improved disease-free survival and distant disease-free survival, and reduced the occurrence of new, contralateral primary breast cancer, compared with observation and no active therapy. In subsequent intention-to-treat analyses, the benefit of letrozole persisted, despite a significant proportion of patients in the placebo arm having crossed over onto late extended adjuvant letrozole. In additional pre-unblinding, retrospective analyses derived from the core MA.17 data, the benefits of extended adjuvant letrozole increased with treatment duration, at least upto 4 years, and the efficacy of letrozole appeared to vary in defined patient subgroups. Current data strongly support the use of extended adjuvant letrozole to protect postmenopausal women with HR+ early breast cancer against the risk of late recurrence of disease, and suggest that all women should be considered for letrozole, even if several years have elapsed since tamoxifen was completed.
Abstract 595: Non-motorized voluntary running does not affect experimental and spontaneous metastasis in mice

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The present study investigated the effects of non-motorized voluntary running on experimental metastasis of B16BL/6 melanoma and spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in male C57BL/6 mice. After 9 weeks of running, mice (n = 30 per group) received an intravenous injection of B16BL/6 cells or a subcutaneous injection of LLC cells, and then they continued with their running activities. Experiments were terminated 2 weeks after the intravenous injection of B16BL/6 cells or 2 weeks after surgical removal of the primary tumor from mice subcutaneously injected with LLC cells. Mice in the running group ran an average of 4-6 km/day for the duration of the experiment. Voluntary running reduced body weight compared with sedentary controls, but there were no differences in the number and size of lung metastases between groups with either model. Voluntary running significantly reduced plasma insulin and leptin levels and increased adiponectin level in mice with and without LLC compared with their respective sedentary controls. Having LLC significantly increased plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), PDGF-AB and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in mice. Voluntary running significantly increased plasma PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, but not VEGF and MCP-1, in mice with LLC compared with their sedentary counterparts. In summary, non-motorized voluntary running was favorable to body weight and the expression of related adipokines, but at 4-6 km/day it did not affect either experimental or spontaneous metastasis in mice. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 595. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-595
The occurrence of fluoride stimulated membrane phosphoprotein phosphatase.

Membrane preparations from rabbit peritoneal granulocytes and dog blood platelets possess an active phosphoprotein phosphatase. The enzyme is stimulated by fluoride and to a lesser extent by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). It dephosphorylates 32P labeled, catalytically active phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and labeled endogenous membranes to yield, in both cases, inorganic phosphate. It is inactive towards denatured PGM, denatured endogenous membranes and thymus histone labeled with 32P.
Quantitative aspects of iodothyronine binding by cytosol proteins of rat liver and kidney.

The binding of L-triiodothyronine (T3), L-thyroxine (T4), 3'-isopropyl-3,5-diiodothyronine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine, and sulfobromophthailine (BSP) by rat liver and T3,T4 and BSP by kidney cytosol was analyzed in displacement experiments using tracer 125I-T3, graded doses of nonradioactive ligand, and dextrancoated charcoal to separate bound and free ligands. Plots of the ratio of 125I-T3 bound to cytosol (bound) to the 125I-T3 in charcoal (free) against the concentration of cytosol (bound) 125I-T3 revealed two classes of T3 binding sites: (A) a set of nonspecific sites with low affinity and apparently unlimited capacity, and (B) a set of limited capacity sites with higher affinity. In liver cytosol the equilibrium constant of the latter set was 4.3 × 107M−1 and the binding capacity was 5.3 × 107M. The corresponding values in kidney cytosol were 2.5 × 107M−1 and 2.9 × 10−6M. Thyroxine, all of the T3 analogues used, and BSP appeared to bind to the same sites with a lesser a...
Maser ether-drift experiment questioned on basis of molecular light clock model

Ether-drift experiments using opposed masers are examined from the point of view that, if molecules contain indigenous radiation, a maser beam might be idealized as a stream of light clocks. According to a recently developed theory of the light clock, in which relativistic Doppler frequencies are developed from a classical ether model augmented by the Fitzgerald contraction, no effect from ether drift is expected, so that the null result of the experiments is in accord with this version of the ether theory.
Botryosphaeria mamane sp. nov. associated with witches'-brooms on the endemic forest tree Sophora chrysophylla in Hawaii

Botryosphaeria mamane sp. nov. occurs on the leguminous forest species Sophora chrysophylla in Hawaii. Inoculation did not demonstrate a causal re- lationship, but the fungus is consistently associated with branch contortions, swellings, witches'-brooms, and eventual death of tissue. Similar to B. ribis, the prominently stromatic fungus is characterized by a Fusicoccum anamorph. Microconidia are also pro- duced. The fungus was readily cultured vegetatively on potato dextrose agar, but produced only micro- conidiomata abundantly. The new species is distin- guished from B. ribis morphologically in having larg- er macroconidia, asci and ascospores, but also by its association with a symptom unusual for Botryosphaer- ia and its apparent limitation to an endemic host in Hawaii, suggesting that the fungus itself may be en- demic.
Enhancing Construction Worker Safety Performance Using Leading Indicators

AbstractWorker safety and health continue to be a huge concern for the construction industry. Construction contractors are always looking for new ideas that will help improve their company’s safety performance. One such idea is the utilization of safety performance indicators as part of contractor safety programs. There is no guidance in the safety literature to the contractors on the most effective leading indicators. The purpose of the study was to evaluate selected leading indicators under real project conditions and develop recommendations for their use by construction contractors. Three types of leading indicators were selected and tested for the study: pretask plan (PTP) review, worker safe behavior observation (WSBO), and site safety audits. To evaluate the leading indicators under real project conditions, a large construction project was selected from the western United States. It was found that pretask plan review and worker safe behavior observation can be used by contractors as leading indicato...
Ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra of promising organoarsine photochemical vapor deposition reagents

Ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra were recorded for two monoalkylarsines, tertiarybutylarsine and monoethylarsine, and their ultraviolet absorption cross sections were determined. Both tertiarybutylarsine and monoethylarsine absorb strongly in the ultraviolet spectral region, with an absorption maximum found at 189 nm for tertiarybutylarsine, and a maximum for monoethylarsine determined to be < 183 nm. The room temperature absorption cross-section for tertiarybutylarsine at 193 nm (ArF excimer laser wavelength) was found to be 2.6 x 10-17 cm2, which is similar to that of trimethygallium. The 193 nm absorption cross section for monoethylarsine was determined to be 1.6 x 10-17 cm2. The appreciable ultraviolet absorption cross sections for both of these monoalkylarsines, combined with their enhanced safety relative to arsine, make these species promising reagents for use in photochemically-enhanced vapor deposition reactions of GaAs and related compounds. Furthermore, photodecomposition of these reagents should generate arsenic hydride radicals, which in turn should aid in the growth of high purity GaAs. Characteristic infrared absorption peaks for the hydride and organic moieties of each compound have also been identified for use in diagnostic studies.
Quaranfil, Johnston Atoll, and Lake Chad Viruses Are Novel Members of the Family Orthomyxoviridae

Arboviral infections are an important cause of emerging infections due to the movements of humans, animals, and hematophagous arthropods. Quaranfil virus (QRFV) is an unclassified arbovirus originally isolated from children with mild febrile illness in Quaranfil, Egypt, in 1953. It has subsequently been isolated in multiple geographic areas from ticks and birds. We used high-throughput sequencing to classify QRFV as a novel orthomyxovirus. The genome of this virus is comprised of multiple RNA segments; five were completely sequenced. Proteins with limited amino acid similarity to conserved domains in polymerase (PA, PB1, and PB2) and hemagglutinin (HA) genes from known orthomyxoviruses were predicted to be present in four of the segments. The fifth sequenced segment shared no detectable similarity to any protein and is of uncertain function. The end-terminal sequences of QRFV are conserved between segments and are different from those of the known orthomyxovirus genera. QRFV is known to cross-react serologically with two other unclassified viruses, Johnston Atoll virus (JAV) and Lake Chad virus (LKCV). The complete open reading frames of PB1 and HA were sequenced for JAV, while a fragment of PB1 of LKCV was identified by mass sequencing. QRFV and JAV PB1 and HA shared 80% and 70% amino acid identity to each other, respectively; the LKCV PB1 fragment shared 83% amino acid identity with the corresponding region of QRFV PB1. Based on phylogenetic analyses, virion ultrastructural features, and the unique end-terminal sequences identified, we propose that QRFV, JAV, and LKCV comprise a novel genus of the family Orthomyxoviridae.
A simple sheath-flow microfluidic device for micro/nanomanufacturing: fabrication of hydrodynamically shaped polymer fibers

A simple sheath flow microfluidic device is used to fabricate polymer micro/nanofibers that have precisely controlled shapes and sizes. Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) was used as the model polymer for these experiments. The sheath-flow device uses straight diagonal and chevron-shaped grooves integrated in the top and bottom walls of the flow channel to move sheath fluid completely around the polymer stream. Portions of the sheath stream are deflected in such a way as to define the cross-sectional shape of the polymer core. The flow-rate ratio between the sheath and core solution determines the fiber diameter. Round PMMA fibers with a diameter as small as 300 nm and flattened fibers with a submicron thickness are demonstrated.
Developmental Stifling: an emerging symptom pattern.

?Developmental Stifling? is a term recently developed by us to denote a symptom pattern observed in a variety of clinical practice sites. The purpose of our paper is to define developmental stifling and compare this recently identified condition with Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. A case example of developmental stifling is provided, as well as recommendations for early identification and treatment.
Accumulation of polychlorinated terphenyls in aquatic biota of an estuarine creek.

Abstract Aroclor 5432, a mixture of polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT), was detected in several biological compartments including saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), American oysters (Crassostrea virginica), red-jointed fiddler crabs (Uca minax), wharf crabs (Sesarma reticulatum), and mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) collected from Tabbs Creek. This tidal creek is located in the southern Chesapeake Bay region and contains sediments with high concentrations of PCT. Samples were collected at four sites, ranging from a suspected outfall near the head of the creek, to its mouth, approximately 2.5 river kilometers downstream. Species from several phyla were selected in order to examine PCT accumulation in physiologically and ecologically different organisms. PCT concentrations in sediment,saltmarsh cordgrass, native oysters, and fiddler crabs decreased with distance downstream. Residues in transplanted oysters and mummichogs showed a more variable trend with distance downstream. The organism with the highest mean concentration (18,300 μg/kg dry wt) was the native oyster, a benthic filter feeder.
Differentiation of endothelial proginetor cells from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Abstract Background: Endothelial cell differentiation from peripheral blood or bone marrow cells is of great significance in angiogenesis, vascular healing, and tissue engineering. The purpose of this study was to characterize endothelial cell morphology, gene expression, and growth curve of endothelial progenitor cells (PEC) differentiated from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods: PBMCs were isolated from fresh dog blood by Hitopaque-1077. Cells were cultured in fibronectin coated plates with endothelial basic medium (EBM-2) for different periods of time. PECs were identified from cell morphology and outgrowth characteristics. Gene expression was studied with flow cytometry analysis. Cell counting technique was used to study cell growth curve of PECs in comparison with primary human coronary artery endothelial cells. Results: At first week of canine PBMC culture, cells were round and many cells died every day. The cell proliferation was very low. At 2 weeks, many cells became spindle shape, showing endothelial morphology. At 3 weeks, many colonies of PECs with cobblestone morphology showed outgrowth. Canine PECs had great growth potential and reached a monolayer in a few days. They formed tight junctions, and showed endothelium like characteristics. Cell markers were studied at 25 days of culture. CD34 was significantly decreased compared to 7 days culture (54% to 6.27%). vWF was significantly increased (from 8.2% to 58.55%). CD31 was not changed. VEGF-R2 was slightly increased. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase was significantly increased (from 0 to 14.97%). Canine PECs showed a significant higher proliferation rate as compared to mature human coronary artery endothelial cells at the same culture condition. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that canine PBMCs are able to differentiate into PECs with characteristics of endothelial morphology and cell specific markers, and canine PECs have a greater growth potential than mature endothelial cells. This study suggests that PBMCs could be a source of PECs, which have potential applications in tissue engineering and vascular therapy.
A technique for the spectral analysis of sound in the ocean

A method is given for presenting a continuous quantitative spectrum of sound in the ocean. A more detailed spectrum is obtained than from previous methods with the advantage of convenient and rapid operation. The technique has proved useful in the analysis of subsurface oceanic sounds, examples of which are given, and will facilitate the analysis of oceanographic noise spectra of meteorological biological, or volcanic origin. The method is based upon a modification ana adaptation of a commercially-available heterodyne type sonic analyzer with cathode ray tube presentation. Provisions for photographic recording have been added.
A resource-use model for long-term psychiatric facilities.

Long-term, active institutional care is a critical part of the treatment required by many of the seriously and persistently mentally ill.1 One type of facility currently providing such care is the Institution for Mental Disease, defined by federal statute as a hospital, nursing facility or other institution of more than 16 beds that is primarily engaged in providing diagnosis, treatment, attention, nursing care, and related services (42. U.S.C. Sec. 1396(d)). Institutions for Mental Diseases have received little attention in the policy or research arena even though they may provide a reasonable alternative to acute and long-term psychiatric hospitalization. In this study, a model of resource use informed by nursing home and mental health services research and incorporating client and facility features is described.
Going Nuclear Is Again a Winning (Wnt) Strategy

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Lyu and colleagues (2008) report that cleavage of Ryk, a transmembrane Wnt receptor, and the nuclear translocation of its intracellular domain (ICD) are essential for neuronal differentiation during mouse cortical neurogenesis. Their findings point to the possibility that Ryk, an atypical receptor tyrosine kinase, directly regulates Wnt target gene expression.
Codling Moth Sex Pheromone: Baits for Mass Trapping and Population Survey

Red rubber sleeve stoppers used as substrates for the sex pheromone of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), produced a 1st order loss curve (k = 1.09 × 10−3/h corresponding to a half-life of 26.5 days); rubber bands produced a complex loss curve; and polyethylene caps allowed extensive chemical degradation after a few days. In field trapping tests, a release rate of 1.25 μg/h produced the highest catches. Sleeve stoppers baited with 1.5 mg of attractant/stopper had virtually maximum attractiveness for a month and would be ideal for mass trapping during this period. Sleeve stoppers baited with 5 mg of attractant/stopper may be used for survey since the rate loss curve indicates they will be more attractive than the old survey bait of 10 ♀ after as much as 4.4 mo (5 half-lives).
Online Casino Advertising: Testing the Limits of Commercial Speech

The advent of the Internet has revolutionized the daily lives of everyone by giving increased access to information and consumer transactions, while also adding change and further complexity to the law. Gambling has adapted to the arrival of the Internet with online sports books 2 and online casino gambling, 3 both developing a presence on the Internet. These new online casinos have begun to advertise both on the Internet and through more traditional broadcasting, like radio and television. 4 As a result, the Department of Justice has begun to crack down on online casino advertisers, primarily by threatening prosecution against advertisers through the Wire Act (18 U.S.C. § 1084).
Direct Epimetallation of π-Bonded Organic Substrates with Titanium(II) Isopropoxide: Intermediacy of Biradical, Oligomeric Titanium(II) Reagents

Extensive EPR experiments show that a titanium-containing molecular triplet state is formed in solution by the reaction of two equivalents of butyllithium with one equivalent of titanium(IV) isopropoxide. At higher concentrations this product, titanium(II) isopropoxide, admixed with two equivalents of lithium isopropoxide, is accompanied by the formation of a variety of nontitanium-containing side products. The powder EPR spectrum of the molecular triplet state in frozen solution is consistent with an asymmetric molecular chain of three Ti centers on which the unpaired electron centers are three metal atoms apart. Dilution experiments show that at lower concentrations, where the nontitanium-containing side products have dissipated, the intensity of the molecular triplet spectrum varies approximately linearly with concentration. Thus there is no evidence that the observed triplet molecule is one component in a series of concentration-dependent oligomerization steps. The bulky isopropoxy substituents and the coordination of the isopropoxide anions from the LiOiPr present appear to prevent closure of the Ti3 centers into an equilateral triangular diamagnetic structure. This steric hindrance, operative at the terminal diisopropoxytitanium centers and preventing closure to a ring, seems not to be observed with TiCl2·2THF, which is diamagnetic and may thus be expected to exist as an equilateral triangular cluster of three units of TiCl2·2THF, a structural model currently under further investigation. The smaller steric demand of the chloro and THF units would seem to permit octahedral coordination about each Ti center in such an equilateral trigonal array of Ti3 atoms. Chemical reactions carried out individually with diphenylacetylene, cis-stilbene or cis-stilbene oxide and titanium(II) diisopropoxide provide stoichiometric and stereochemical evidence that the attacking titanium(II) reagent is in fact the trimeric biradical. The role of the lithium isopropoxide byproduct in fostering the course of the previously reported SET reactions of titanium(II) isopropoxide and in determining the detailed structure of the open-chain Ti trimer biradical has been explicated. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Social networks after the onset of aphasia: The impact of aphasia group attendance

Background: Social networks are the context for communication and life participation and are associated with adults' health, well-being, and longevity. Compared to other populations, persons with aphasia have not been included in social network research in the US. Aims: The study aimed to measure and compare 40 participants' social networks and frequency of contact within networks before and after aphasia. It also examined self-ratings of communication/social participation as well as perceived social isolation versus perceived social support. A further aim was to explore the impact of weekly aphasia group attendance on all variables by comparing two groups within the sample: 28 persons attending a weekly aphasia group, and 12 persons not attending an aphasia group. Methods & Procedures: Social network interviews for social network analysis and questionnaire surveys measured the perceptions and experiences of a non-random sample of 40 persons with aphasia in the US. Measures included Social Networks Invent...
A single-component CD40-targeted adenovirus vector displays highly efficient transduction and activation of dendritic cells in a human skin substrate system

Dendritic cell (DC) based tumor vaccination usually involves the administration of ex vivo generated autologous DC. Transduction of DC by viral vectors in vivo has been proposed as a more standardized and easily clinically applicable approach. Previously, we have reported that an Ad5 vector targeted to CD40 via genetic capsid incorporation of CD40L achieves selective transduction of DC in vitro. In the present study, we evaluate the ability of this vector to deliver transgenes in a stringent human substrate system. We report the capacity of this CD40-targeted vector to infect, with high efficiency, cutaneous DC resident in human skin explants, while simultaneously inducing their activation and maturation. This latest generation of single-component, fully targeted vectors should make feasible the clinical testing of in vivo DC-targeted vaccines. Keywords: Adenovirus; dendritic cells; targeting; CD40 ligand
A practical approach for provenance transmission in wireless sensor networks

Assessing the trustworthiness of sensor data and transmitters of this data is critical for quality assurance. Trust evaluation frameworks utilize data provenance along with the sensed data values to compute the trustworthiness of each data item. However, in a sizeable multi-hop sensor network, provenance information requires a large and variable number of bits in each packet, resulting in high energy dissipation due to the extended period of radio communication. In this paper, we design energy-efficient provenance encoding and construction schemes, which we refer to as Probabilistic Provenance Flow (PPF). Our work demonstrates the feasibility of adapting the Probabilistic Packet Marking (PPM) technique in IP traceback to wireless sensor networks. We design two bit-efficient provenance encoding schemes along with a complementary vanilla scheme. Depending on the network size and bit budget, we select the best method based on mathematical approximations and numerical analysis. We integrate PPF with provenance-based trust frameworks and investigate the trade-off between trustworthiness of data items and transmission overhead. We conduct TOSSIM simulations with realistic wireless links, and perform testbed experiments on 15-20TelosB motes to demonstrate the effectiveness of PPF. Our results show that the encoding schemes of PPF have identical performance with a low bit budget (~32-bit), requiring 33% fewer packets and 30% less energy than PPM variants to construct provenance. With a twofold increase in bit budget, PPF with the selected encoding scheme reduces energy consumption by 46-60%.
Techniques for prenatal neurosurgical operations on rat fetuses and for obtaining postnatal survivors.

Postnatal survivors were obtained after intrauterine neurosurgical lesions were made in fetal rats on the 14th–19th days of gestation. The operations included destruction of a hemispheric wall, unilateral destruction of a rhombic lip or of the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus, spinal cord transection, septal destruction, and optic enucleation. Of 1047 animals subjected to various neurosurgical operations 24% were recovered alive at term. A significant cause of fetal mortality and morbidity was drainage of amniotic fluid. In operations done before the 16th day of gestation, loss of fluid causes cleft palate in approximately 50% of the fetuses born alive. Animals with cleft palate die within hours of birth because they cannot nurse. Postnatal survivability of fetuses subjected to operations can be improved in several ways. Rat mothers vary greatly in handling and nursing their offspring and in their tendency to cannibalization. The experimenter can identify tolerant mothers, and they can be used to produce several litters of operated fetuses. Operations can be planned so that several operated and unoperated females deliver on the same day, so that when some operated females fail to deliver spontaneously many fetuses can still be recovered alive at cesarean section and cross-fostered to unoperated mothers.
Impaired muscle phasing systematically adapts to varied relative angular relationships during locomotion in people poststroke

After stroke, hemiparesis will result in impairments to locomotor control. Specifically, muscle coordination deficits, in the form of inappropriately phased muscle-activity patterns, occur in both ...
Isotopic composition of ice cores and meltwater from upper fremont glacier and Galena Creek rock glacier, Wyoming

Meltwater runoff from glaciers can result from various sources, including recent precipitation and melted glacial ice. Determining the origin of the meltwater from glaciers through isotopic analysi...
Calcium and mitochondria

The literature suggests that the physiological functions for which mitochondria sequester Ca2+ are (1) to stimulate and control the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, (2) to induce the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and perhaps apoptotic cell death, and (3) to modify the shape of cytosolic Ca2+ pulses or transients. There is strong evidence that intramitochondrial Ca2+ controls both the rate of ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and induction of the MPT. Since the results of these processes are so divergent, the signals inducing them must not be ambiguous. Furthermore, as pointed out by Balaban [J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34 (2002 ) 11259–11271], for any repetitive physiological process dependent on intramitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m), a kind of intramitochondrial homeostasis must exist so that Ca2+ influx during the pulse is matched by Ca2+ efflux during the period between pulses to avoid either Ca2+ buildup or depletion. In addition, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport modifies both spatial and temporal aspects of cytosolic Ca2+ signaling. Here, we look at the amounts of Ca2+ necessary to mediate the functions of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and at the mechanisms of transport themselves in order to set up a hypothesis about how the mechanisms carry out their roles. The emphasis here is on isolated mitochondria and on general mitochondrial properties in order to focus on how mitochondria alone may function to fulfill their physiological roles even though the interactions of mitochondria with other organelles, particularly with endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum [Sci. STKE re1 (2004) 1–9], may also influence this story.
Clinical Perspectives: Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis

Bone metastasis of breast cancer denotes progression of the disease process resulting in increased morbidity and a decrease in quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment may help minimize pain and improve function. Metastatic lesions from the breast are commonly osteolytic but may be osteoblastic or mixed in nature and are mediated by the RANKL or endothelin1 pathway. The spine and proximal femur are the commonest sites of involvement. Patients are often in pain which is made worse by pathological fractures. Spinal cord compression may occur in vertebral fractures with the presence of neurological deficits. A complete workup is essential to delineate the metastatic lesion and determine the structural integrity of the pathological site. Bisphosphonates decrease osteoclastic activity and are administered to delay or prevent skeletal events. Indications for surgical management of metastatic bone disease include impending fractures, pathologic fractures of long bones and pelvis, untreatable bone pain, instability, and spinal cord compression. Spinal decompression and stabilization is indicated if the metastatic lesion is accompanied with weakness in the extremities. Impending or complete fractures of the long bones will necessitate internal fixation permitting early mobilization and pain relief. Surgical treatment of bone metastasis has not been reported to improve survival.
Chronic pain management issues in the primary care setting and the utility of long-acting opioids

Importance of the field: Chronic/persistent pain – a highly prevalent condition that places a substantial burden on patients in terms of personal suffering, reduced productivity and health care costs – remains inadequately treated in many patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluate the burden and undertreatment of chronic/persistent pain, considerations for choosing an analgesic and the utility of long-acting opioids.Areas covered in this review: A PubMed search was conducted to identify randomized, placebo-controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of long-acting opioids in chronic pain conditions. The following search terms were used: long-acting opioids, extended-release opioids, controlled-release opioids, sustained-release opioids, and transdermal opioids. The search was limited to randomized, controlled trials published within the last 10 years (1998 – 2008). Studies meeting the following criteria were excluded from review: those focused on a neuropathic pai...
Water and DMSO membrane permeability characteristics of in-vivo- and in-vitro-derived and cultured murine oocytes and embryos.

Although embryo cryopreservation is routine for many mammalian species, it is important to know how the fundamental cryobiology of these cells changes with development. Progressive cleavage divisions result in a reduction in the blastomere surface area available for water and cryoprotectant mass transport. Therefore, the membrane permeability of murine oocytes, zygotes, 2-cell, 4-cell, and 8-cell embryos to water (Lp), and dimethylsulphoxide (PDMSO), and the reflection coefficient, sigma (s) were determined. Oocytes or zygotes were recovered, cumulus cells removed, then cultured until use. Oocytes and embryos were immobilized and perfused with treatment solutions at 24°C. Osmotically induced cell volume changes over time were videotaped followed by image analysis. The Lp values in the presence of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) were 0.77, 0.81, 0.94, 0.86, and 1.10 mm/min / atm, and the PDMSO values were 1.85, 2.04, 2.41, 1.95, and 1.253 10 ‐3 cm/min for oocytes, zygotes, 2, 4, and 8-cell embryos respectively. The Lp values in the presence of DMSO were significantly (P , 0.05) higher than those in the absence of DMSO. Treating the whole embryo as a single osmotic entity leads to significantly (P , 0.05) elevated PDMSO estimates relative to those based upon measurements of individual blastomeres. These data indicate that both Lp and PDMSO estimates are lower when predicted on an individual blastomere basis. The data also show that neither Lp nor PDMSO differ among oocytes, zygotes, 2-cell and 4-cell embryos. However, the significantly higher Lp and lower PDMSO of the 8-cell stage support the hypothesis that fundamental cryobiological differences may require developmental stage-specific embryo cryopreservation protocols.