cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of strength training on central arterial compliance in middle-aged and older adults.

Background Contrary to aerobic exercise, strength training (ST) is associated with decreased central arterial compliance in young men. It is unknown whether ST, with or without concurrent endurance training, would have a similar effect in older adults with reduced baseline arterial compliance.Objective The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of a ST program on central arterial compliance in middle-aged and older adults.Design Randomized, controlled intervention study in which 37 healthy, sedentary men and women (52 ± 2 years) performed 13 weeks of ST (n = 13), ST + aerobic exercise (n = 12) or stretching exercises as a control group (n = 12).Methods Participants were rigorously screened for cardiovascular disease and underwent pre-post testing for carotid arterial compliance (via simultaneous ultrasound and applanation tonometry), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, plasma endothelin-1 and angiotensin II concentrations and carotid artery vasoreactivity (cold pressor test).Results ST per...
Molecular determinants of human red/green color discrimination

The human red and green color vision pigments are identical at all but 15 of their 364 amino acids, and yet their absorption maxima differ by 31 nm. In an extensive mutagenesis study, including a set of 28 chimeric proteins modeled after pigments in the color-deficient human population and an additional 30 single and multiple point mutants, the spectral difference between these 2 pigments is shown to be determined by 7 and only 7 amino acid residues. In going from the red pigment to the green pigment, the 7 residues are Ser116-->Tyr, Ser180-->Ala, Ile230-->Thr, Ala233-->Ser, Tyr277-->Phe, Thr285-->Ala, and Tyr309-->Phe.
Light and electron microscopic study of dysplastic rosette-like structures occurring in the disorganized mature retina.

Histopathologic examination of six, adult human eyes revealed “rosettelike” structures in the retina which appear to have developed after maturation of the retina. These structures resemble dysplastic rosettes which are generally interpreted as a sign of maldevelopment of the retina (retinal dysplasia). The underlying lesions in the eyes of these patients were ocular ischemia, sickle-cell retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and trauma. It is suggested that a distinction should be made between these degenerative-regressive changes and dysplastic rosettes which represent an abortive attempt of regeneration by germinal cells.
Factors affecting human heterocyclic amine intake and the metabolism of PhIP.

We are working to understand possible human health effects from exposure to heterocyclic amines that are formed in meat during cooking. Laboratory-cooked beef, pork, and chicken are capable of producing tens of nanograms of MeIQx, IFP, and PhIP per gram of meat and smaller amounts of other heteroyclic amines. Well-done restaurant-cooked beef, pork, and chicken may contain PhIP and IFP at concentrations as high as tens of nanograms per gram and MeIQx at levels up to 3 ng/g. Although well-done chicken breast prepared in the laboratory may contain large amounts of PhIP, a survey of flame-grilled meat samples cooked in private homes showed PhIP levels in beef steak and chicken breast are not significantly different (P=0.36). The extremely high PhIP levels reported in some studies of grilled chicken are not seen in home-cooked samples.Many studies suggest individuals may have varying susceptibility to carcinogens and that diet may influence metabolism, thus affecting cancer susceptibility. To understand the human metabolism of PhIP, we examined urinary metabolites of PhIP in volunteers following a single well-done meat exposure. Using solid-phase extraction and LC/MS/MS, we quantified four major PhIP metabolites in human urine. In addition to investigating individual variation, we examined the interaction of PhIP with a potentially chemopreventive food. In a preliminary study of the effect of broccoli on PhIP metabolism, we fed chicken to six volunteers before and after eating steamed broccoli daily for 3 days. Preliminary results suggest that broccoli, which contains isothiocyanates shown to induce Phases I and II metabolism in vitro, may affect both the rate of metabolite excretion and the metabolic products of a dietary carcinogen. This newly developed methodology will allow us to assess prevention strategies that reduce the possible risks associated with PhIP exposure.
Alkaline phosphatase relationships in Drosophila.

ELECTROPHORETIC and genetic studies of the alkaline phosphatases in D. melanogaster have demonstrated that most of these enzymes are probably tissue specific, and are controlled by at least two separate genetic loci1,2. It was recently reported that a gene locus on chromosome III previously found to control electrophoretic mobility and enzyme activity of a larval skin phosphatase band also controls mobility and activity of the pupal phosphatase band, and it was suggested that these two phosphatases share a common molecular unit, controlled by a single gene locus3. The experiments reported here suggest that pupal phosphatase band is modified larval skin phosphatase which has been altered by exposure to larval gut enzymes in early pupation.
HYPERVALENT PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS WITH SULFUR-CONTAINING EIGHT-MEMBERED RINGS. NATURE OF THE LEAVING GROUP ON HYDROLYSIS TO ACYCLIC VS CYCLIC PHOSPHATES

Abstract Reactions of phosphites with diols in the presence of N-chlorodiisopropylaminc in ether solution led to new compounds formulated as the bicyclic tetraoxyphosphorane, [S(Me2C6H2O)2]2PNMe2 (1), the hexacoordinated pentaoxyphosphorane, S[(t-Bu)2C6H2O]2(Me2C3H4O2)(OCH2CF3) (2), with a P—S interaction indicated by 3P NMR, and the two phosphates, {(CH3CH2CH2)(CH)[t-Bu)2C6H2OH]2}2P(O)(OCH2CF3) (3) and S(Me2C6H2)2(OH)OP(O)(OXyl)2 (4), resulting from hydrolysis reactions. The X-ray structures of 1 and 4 were obtained, and all were characterized by NMR spectral measurements in solution. Phosphorane 1 possessed a trigonal bipyramidal geometry displaced 29% toward a rectangular pyramid. The lack of P—S coordination, potentially available from the two attached eight-membered ring systems, is attributable to strong P—N π bonding. X-ray analysis shows 4 to form as an acyclic phosphate rather than a cyclic phosphate. This is attributed to the presence of the poor OXyl leaving group. It is proposed that the hydro...
Innate immunomodulatory effects of cereal grains through induction of IL-10

Background Interactions between the gastrointestinal immune system and the luminal environment play critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis and in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. Although immunomodulation by microbial factors has been studied extensively, little attention has been given to the potential immunomodulatory effects of ingested foods. Objective We characterized the effects of cereal grains on the immune response in human subjects and investigated the mechanism. Methods PBMCs from healthy individuals were incubated with cereal grain extracts, and cytokine levels in cell-free supernatants were measured. The cellular source of IL-10 and the role of monocytes were investigated by means of flow cytometry and cell-depletion/reconstitution experiments. Results Extracts of cereal grains, including rice and wheat, induced marked IL-10 production from PBMCs. Intracellular cytokine staining and cell-depletion experiments showed that CD14 + monocytes produced IL-10. Importantly, when PBMCs were stimulated with concanavalin A, cereal grains concentration-dependently inhibited their production of IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ; neutralizing IL-10 or removing the monocytes abrogated this inhibitory effect. This cereal grain–induced IL-10 response was polymyxin B sensitive, heat resistant, and inhibited by blocking the Toll-like receptor 4. Conclusion Cereal grains have strong innate immunomodulatory effects by inducing marked production of IL-10 from CD14 + monocytes in vitro . LPS or LPS-mimicking activity in cereal grains might be responsible. The potential immunomodulatory effects of cereal grains need further study in vivo .
The incidentally discovered adrenal mass

A 68-year-old woman is incidentally found to have a left adrenal mass, 2.8 cm in diameter, on abdominal computed tomography that was ordered to evaluate right lower abdominal discomfort (which has since resolved). Her medical history is notable only for hypertension that has been well controlled with hydrochlorothiazide, at a dose of 25 mg daily. She reports no sweating, palpitations, headache, weight gain, or proximal muscle weakness. Her physical examination is unremarkable. How should she be evaluated?
Remobilization of chromium from starved and fresh subsurface bacterial consortium

Remobilization of chromium was studied using three types of cells in different physiological states. Cell age was not a factor in chromium remobilization processes. Both fresh and 50 day starved cells showed a similar pattern (rate) of chromium remobilization. Cells exposed to chromium for 50 days (to simulate groundwater conditions) released the most chromium during a 32 day remobilization period.
The DSM‐IV panic disorder field trial: Panic attack frequency and functional disability

The goal of the DSM-IV panic disorder field trial was to provide an empirical basis for choosing between alternate proposals (DSM-III-R and proposed DSM-IV) for the diagnostic threshold for panic disorder, in particular the number and frequency of panic attacks required for diagnosis. The two criteria sets were compared with respect to their ability to identify individuals whose panic attacks were associated with distress, impairment, or help-seeking. Subjects were a convenience sample screened in three geographically diverse primary care clinics for presence (past 6 months) or absence (lifetime) of panic attacks. Each underwent a clinician-administered semistructured interview which included assessment of panic frequency, panic-related impairment, psychiatric diagnosis, health services utilization, and medical illness. Self-perceived health-related quality of life was assessed using the Medical Outcome Study SF-36 Health Survey Questionnaire. Although both proposals diagnosed the same proportion of panic-impaired individuals, they were not completely overlapping. Twenty percent of subjects diagnosed by each criteria set were excluded by the other. Subjects who had been excluded by the DSM-III-R but included by the DSM-IV proposal were those with fewer than 4 attacks in 4 weeks who also denied worry about the "next" attack. Broadening the worry criterion to include concerns about the health implications of attacks enabled diagnosis of this group. Subjects who met DSM-III-R, but not the proposed DSM-IV criteria, had 4 attacks in 4 weeks but denied any panic related worry. Modification of the DSM-IV proposal to include a month of worry or "a significant change in behavior related to the attacks" allowed inclusion of this group in the diagnostic category. These data suggest that the finalized DSM-IV panic disorder criteria will diagnose a greater proportion of individuals whose panic attacks are associated with impairment without inflating the diagnostic category or significantly reducing specificity.
Decreased Births Among Black Female Adolescents Following School Desegregation

Although the socioeconomic impact of school desegregation in the U.S. has been well documented, little is known about the health consequences of this policy. The purpose of this study was to quantify the associations between school desegregation and adolescent births among black and white females. We compared the change in prevalence of adolescent births in areas that implemented school desegregation plans in the 1970s with areas that implemented school desegregation plans in other decades, using difference-in-difference methods with 1970 and 1980 Census microdata. School desegregation policy in the U.S. in the 1970s was associated with a significant reduction of 3.2 percentage points in the prevalence of births among black female adolescents between 1970 and 1980. This association was specific to black female adolescents and was not observed among white adolescents.
Phase II study of merbarone (NSC 336628) in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma

Merbarone, 5-(N-phenylcarboxamido)-2-thiobarbituric acid (NSC 336628), is a derivative of barbituric acid and represents a unique class of antineoplastic agents. We treated 16 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma in a phase II study of merbarone. All patients were previously untreated with chemotherapy or biological therapy. The starting dose of merbarone was 1000mg/m2 infused over 24 hr for 5 consecutive days every 21 days. A median of two courses (range, 1-7) was given. None of the patients achieved a complete or partial response; however, 3 patients achieved a transient minor response. Toxicity was mild to moderate in most patients, but 1 patient died of treatment-related neutropenia and sepsis. Our data suggest that merbarone at this dose and schedule is inactive against gastric carcinoma. The evidence of minor response suggests that analog research may be worthwhile to pursue.
Making theory and practice in subsistence markets: An analytic autoethnography of MASAZI in Accra, Ghana

Abstract This paper responds to the need for greater research in subsistence markets that engage new and innovative approaches to scholarship, in particular those that involve initiatives based on interactions between scholars and communities. On the basis of an analytic autoethnography conducted at a social venture in Accra, Ghana, the author empirically explores third space, or third space at work. Third space is defined as a momentary space between one's day-to-day world and other worlds. Building on recent literature that argues for a conception of third space that is less temporary and that allows one to be both here and there, this study uses blending, resistance, and negotiation to demonstrate the on-going making of theory and practice. The study also reveals that third space at work may occur on a continuum of in-betweenness and may be shared. The findings are relevant to scholars, practitioners, and global citizens.
Women in Scientific Professions: The Emerging Trends

A brief historical account of women in science is given as introduction to discussion of their present situation in the USA. Factors affecting female achievement and interest in science and in scientific careers include education, socio‐cultural and personal factors. Obstacles and constraints for women during preparation for scientific professions are also described together with myths about women and recent trends. Strategies for increasing their participation are proposed.
Glyceride metabolism in cultured cells dissociated from rat cerebral cortex.

— [1-14C]stearic acid and [2-3H]glycerol were rapidly taken up and esterified into triacylglycerol and phospholipids by rat brain cells cultivated in monolayers. Expressed in terms of pool size, the incorporation of glycerol and stearate into triacylglycerol was 6- and 8-fold, respectively, higher than the incorporation into the choline phosphoglycerides. Tritium-labelled glycerol in both triacylglycerol and glycerophosphatides was diluted more rapidly than the [14C] labelled fatty acids. Chase experiments indicated a transfer of fatty acid from one lipid class to another, mainly from triacylglycerol to phospholipids, with no apparent loss of radioactivity. The accumulation of triacylglycerol in the brain cells was a function of both the presence of exogenous fatty acids in the culture medium and the metabolic needs of the cells; as long as the cells were involved in active formation of membranes the proportion of triacylglycerol was relatively small; its concentration increased while cell division slowed down in older, fully monolayered cultures.
Potential contributions of antimutator activity to the metastasis suppressor function of NM23-H1

nm23-h1 is a well-documented metastasis suppressor gene whose mechanism(s) of action have yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this report is to discuss recent advances in investigating the potential role of a novel 3′–5′ exonuclease activity identified recently in our laboratory, a biochemical function associated, in general, with DNA repair and replication. We have employed a site-directed mutagenesis approach to demonstrate that the 3′–5′ exonuclease activity of NM23-H1 is required for its metastasis suppressor function. Consistent with a role in DNA repair, we also observe that the single yeast NM23 homolog (YNK1) is required for the maintenance of genomic integrity and normal kinetics of DNA repair in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. These results and their implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying NM23-H1 functions in cancer are discussed.
Endocannabinoids and prostaglandins both contribute to GnRH neuron-GABAergic afferent local feedback circuits

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons form the final common pathway for central control of fertility. Regulation of GnRH neurons by long-loop gonadal steroid feedback through steroid receptor-expressing afferents such as GABAergic neurons is well studied. Recently, local central feedback circuits regulating GnRH neurons were identified. GnRH neuronal depolarization induces short-term inhibition of their GABAergic afferents via a mechanism dependent on metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation. GnRH neurons are enveloped in astrocytes, which express mGluRs. GnRH neurons also produce endocannabinoids, which can be induced by mGluR activation. We hypothesized the local GnRH-GABA circuit utilizes glia-derived and/or cannabinoid mechanisms and is altered by steroid milieu. Whole cell voltage-clamp was used to record GABAergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs) from GnRH neurons before and after action potential-like depolarizations were mimicked. In GnRH neurons from ovariectomized (OVX) mice, this depolarization reduced PSC frequency. This suppression was blocked by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin, by a prostaglandin receptor antagonist, or by a specific glial metabolic poison, together suggesting the postulate that prostaglandins, potentially glia-derived, play a role in this circuit. This circuit was also inhibited by a CB1 receptor antagonist or by blockade of endocannabinoid synthesis in GnRH neurons, suggesting an endocannabinoid element, as well. In females, local circuit inhibition persisted in androgen-treated mice but not in estradiol-treated mice or young ovary-intact mice. In contrast, local circuit inhibition was present in gonad-intact males. These data suggest GnRH neurons interact with their afferent neurons using multiple mechanisms and that these local circuits can be modified by both sex and steroid feedback.
Comparative Study of M/M/1 and M/D/1 Models of a SIP Proxy Server

In recent years, transmission of packets over Internet has been a real alternative to the traditional Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN). The Internet protocol (IP) offers more flexibility in the design and implementation of features and services. The session initiation protocol (SIP) is a commonly adopted signaling protocol for Voice over IP (VoIP) by many telecommunication industries. Since the signaling system of PSTN, signaling system number 7 (SS7) was designed for high reliability, but IP works on the "best effort" basis which motivated us to study the performance characteristics of SIP control plane. In this paper, we studied an M/M/1 performance model of the SIP proxy server, showed its limitations, and designed an alternative M/D/1 performance model that enhances the SIP proxy server performance.
Airborne measurements of HCl from the marine boundary layer to the lower stratosphere over the North Pacific Ocean during INTEX-B

Abstract. Gas phase HCl was measured from the marine boundary layer (MBL) to the lower stratosphere from the NASA DC-8 during five science flights (41 h) of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B) field campaign. In the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS, 8–12 km) HCl was observed to range from a few tens to 100 pptv due to stratospheric influence with a background tropospheric level of less than 2 pptv. In the 8–12 km altitude range, a simple analysis of the O3/HCl correlation shows that pure stratospheric and mixed tropospheric/stratospheric air masses were encountered 30% and 15% of the time, respectively. In the mid troposphere (4–8 km) HCl levels were usually below 2 pptv except for a few cases of stratospheric influence and were much lower than reported in previous work. These data indicate that background levels of HCl in the mid and upper troposphere are very low and confirm its use in these regions as a tracer of stratospheric ozone. However, a case study suggests that HCl may be produced in the mid troposphere by the dechlorination of dust aerosols. In the remote marine boundary layer HCl levels were consistently above 20 pptv (up to 140 pptv) and strongly correlated with HNO3. Cl atom levels were estimated from the background level of HCl in the MBL. This analysis suggests a Cl concentration of ~3×103 atoms cm−3, which corresponds to the lower range of previous studies. Finally, the observed HCl levels are compared to predictions by the Real-time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) to assess its ability to characterize the impact of stratospheric transport on the upper troposphere.
THE MAJOR VOLATILE COMPONENTS OF CANE MOLASSES

SUMMARY —The characteristic aroma was found in the basic fraction of an aqueous distillate of cane molasses. Gas chromatographic analysis of this fraction indicated the presence of at least 35 compounds of which 29 were identified. Among these were aliphatic and aromatic esters, aldehydes, alcohols as well as several furan derivatives. The acidic fraction contained at least 11 compounds, five of which were identified as simple aliphatic acids.
Delocalization energy of the cyanomethyl radical: Kinetics of thermal diastereoisomerization of cis- and trans-1,2-dicyano- and 1 ,2-dicyano-1-methylcyclopropanes

Abstract Arrhenius parameters for the thermal first-order geometrical isomerization of 1,2-dicyanocylopropanes(I) have been determined in naphthalene solution over the range 208.0–259.5° in both directions: where θ = 4.575T × 10−3 and k is in sec−1. Since this enthalpy of activation is lower than that of the geometrical isomerization of 1,2 - dideuterocyclopropane by 17.8±0.4 kcal, it may be concluded that replacement of hydrogen by the cyano group leads to an energy lowering of 8.9 kcal mol . Kinetic parameters have been determined in the gas-phase at two temperatures, 217.8° and 259.5°: log kt,c = 13.73– 45.64/θ; log kc,t =13.86–44.43/θ. The rates of cis-trans interconversion of 1,2 - dicyano - 1 - methyl - cyclopropane(II) relative to those of I have been obtained by examination of mixtures of both substances in t-butylbenzene solution at 259.5°: 1.2-dicyano, kt,c= 1.25 and kc,t = 3.53; 1,2 - dicyano - 1 - methyl, kt,c = 8.09 and kc,t = 22.35 × 10−5 sec−1. The rate acceleration by methyl amounts to a factor of 6.4, corresponding to ΔΔG≠ = 1.96 kcal mol . A preliminary examination of optically active material leads to a minimum RA = 1.37 favoring rotation of (CN)(H) over (CN)(CH3).
The p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase limits the CNS proinflammatory cytokine response to systemic lipopolysaccharide, potentially through an IL-10 dependent mechanism

Background: The p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a well-characterized intracellular kinase involved in the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines from glia. As such, p38α appears to be a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases associated with neuroinflammation. However, the in vivo role of p38α in cytokine production in the CNS is poorly defined, and prior work suggests that p38α may be affecting a yet to be identified negative feedback mechanism that limits the acute, injury-induced proinflammatory cytokine surge in the CNS. Methods: To attempt to define this negative feedback mechanism, we used two in vitro and two in vivo models of neuroinflammation in a mouse where p38α is deficient in cells of the myeloid lineage. Results: We found that p38α in myeloid cells has an important role in limiting amplitude of the acute proinflammatory cytokine response to a systemic inflammatory challenge. Moreover, we identified IL-10 as a potential negative feedback mechanism regulated by p38α. Conclusions: Our data suggest that p38α regulates a proper balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses to systemic inflammation, and that if circulating IL-10 levels are not elevated to counter-balance the increased systemic proinflammatory responses, the spread of the inflammatory response from the periphery to the CNS is exaggerated.
Implications QF a Model for Optimum Burn-In

The importance of burn-in as a screen to reduce failure rates (particularly early fails) of LSI/VLSI devices, and thereby achieve reliability objectives, is discussed. A mathematical model is described wich predicts the burn-in duration required to achieve any desired field reliability improvement. Based on a Weibull temporal fail distribution, the effects of voltage and temperature acceleration and escapes are included. Escapes -- those devices which are delivered incompletely burned-in or with undetected fails due either to inadequate stress or test procedures -- are shown to be the key factor limiting improvement in early failure rates (EFR). The model is compared to 1980 field data which reflect EFR sensitivity to escape levels. The usefulness of the model for examining the sensitivity of burn-in parameters is demonstrated. Finally, a strategy of In Situ test as a means of controlling escapes is discussed.
Catathrenia: parasomnia or uncommon feature of sleep disordered breathing?

Objective: We report a series of seven consecutive cases of catathrenia (sleep related groaning) that differ from limited previous reports in the literature with regard to sleep stage and response to treatment.
Remote-sensing reflectance in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas: observations and models

Two semianalytical remote-sensing reflectance models were evaluated and validated by use of bio-optical data collected in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Both models were efficient at retrieving chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton absorption coefficients, and particulate backscattering coefficients. In contrast, they were not accurate in predicting an absorption coefficient for colored dissolved organic matter plus nonpigmented particulates. The poor model performance is attributed to the high variability in the concentrations of these colored materials. A chlorophyll-dependent reflectance model was also assessed, and it proved to be highly successful in reproducing measured reflectance spectra. A four-component, case 2 model with mean absorption spectra for phytoplankton, soluble materials, and nonpigmented particulates was employed in Hydrolight radiative-transfer model simulations. The remote-sensing reflectance spectra simulated in the radiative-transfer model were in excellent agreement with field data. The similarity between the model and the measurements confirms the accuracy of the underlying bio-optical relationships and underscores the utility of modeling for better understanding of the variability of ocean color observations. The latest SeaWiFS algorithm (OC4V4) overestimated chlorophyll by ∼1.5 fold across most of the observed range of biomass (0.07–9 mg chlorophyll m-3). Regionally tuned algorithms explained >93% of the variability in the surface chlorophyll concentration.
The diffusion of innovations in intensive ESL programs

L'A. examine les roles facilitateur et inhibiteur de 13 attributs des innovations dans un contexte particulier d'enseignement en anglais langue seconde: le United States Intensive English Program (IEP). Il tente de repondre aux questions suivantes: - A quel degre un ensemble d'attributs est-il percu comme facilitant une implantation des innovations de l'IEP? - Quelle est la relation entre les ensembles d'attributs percus et les types d'innovations de l'IEP?
Stand-Alone Surface Roughness Analyzer

This paper details the design and implementation of a noncontact surface roughness probe from a PC-based data-acquisition system to a stand-alone measurement instrument system. A Cadence layout for the fabrication of the printed circuit board (PCB), which interfaces and drives the surface roughness probe, was used to prototype this project.
Lacking Labels in the Stream: Classifying Evolving Stream Data with Few Labels

This paper outlines a data stream classification technique that addresses the problem of insufficient and biased labeled data. It is practical to assume that only a small fraction of instances in the stream are labeled. A more practical assumption would be that the labeled data may not be independently distributed among all training documents. How can we ensure that a good classification model would be built in these scenarios, considering that the data stream also has evolving nature? In our previous work we applied semi-supervised clustering to build classification models using limited amount of labeled training data. However, it assumed that the data to be labeled should be chosen randomly. In our current work, we relax this assumption, and propose a label propagation framework for data streams that can build good classification models even if the data are not labeled randomly. Comparison with state-of-the-art stream classification techniques on synthetic and benchmark real data proves the effectiveness of our approach.
A fault tolerant control architecture for automated highway systems

A hierarchical controller for dealing with faults and adverse environmental conditions on an automated highway system is proposed. The controller extends a previous control hierarchy designed to work under normal conditions of operation. The faults are classified according to the capabilities remaining on the vehicle or roadside after the fault has occurred. Information about these capabilities is used by supervisors in each of the layers of the hierarchy to select appropriate fault handling strategies. We outline the strategies needed by the supervisors and give examples of their detailed operation.
Simulation of Fungal-Mediated Cell Death by Fumonisin B1 and Selection of Fumonisin B1–Resistant (fbr) Arabidopsis Mutants

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a programmed cell death–eliciting toxin produced by the necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen Fusarium moniliforme , was used to simulate pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. Plants infiltrated with 10 μM FB1 and seedlings transferred to agar media containing 1 μM FB1 develop lesions reminiscent of the hypersensitive response, including generation of reactive oxygen intermediates, deposition of phenolic compounds and callose, accumulation of phytoalexin, and expression of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes. Arabidopsis FB1-resistant ( fbr ) mutants were selected directly by sowing seeds on agar containing 1 μM FB1, on which wild-type seedlings fail to develop. Two mutants chosen for further analyses, fbr1 and fbr2 , had altered PR gene expression in response to FB1. fbr1 and fbr2 do not exhibit differential resistance to the avirulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola (ES4326) expressing the avirulence gene avrRpt2 but do display enhanced resistance to a virulent isogenic strain that lacks the avirulence gene. Our results demonstrate the utility of FB1 for high-throughput isolation of Arabidopsis defense-related mutants and suggest that pathogen-elicited programmed cell death of host cells may be an important feature of compatible plant–pathogen interactions.
No association between serum cholesterol and growth in preadolescent American children.

To determine the relation between serum cholesterol level (SCL) and growth in preadolescent children (2–12 years of age) in the United States, we examined the association of SCL and three measures of growth in a national sample of American children from 1971 to 1974. We investigated three parameters: sitting height, standing height, and weight and undertook separate analyses for sex and race. We found no consistent statistically significant associations with any of these three measures of growth. This result did not change when we adjusted the data for age alone or for age, poverty index, serum protein level, and hematocrit. We conclude that growth in this population group is not dependent on SCL.
Injection of point defects by oxidation of AlGaAs

Injection of point defects into GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures by oxidation of AlxGa1-xAs is investigated. The blueshift of the PL emission from GaAs quantum wells is measured as a function of rapid thermal annealing conditions in as-grown and thermally oxidized samples. Contrary to published data for point defect injection by oxidation of GaAs, oxidation of AlxGa1-xAs appears to reduce the interdiffusion of the quantum wells. The PL peak shifts after annealing have been fit assuming Al diffusion in the quantum wells and solving the singleparticle Schrodinger equation. These fits show a reduction in group-III diffusivity of over an order of magnitude with an oxidized layer of AlxGa1-xAs on the surface.
Isointense Infant Brain Segmentation by Stacked Kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis.

Segmentation of isointense infant brain (at ~ 6-month-old) MR images is challenging due to the ongoing maturation and myelination process in the first year of life. In particular, signal contrast between white and gray matters inverses around 6 months of age, where brain tissues appear isointense and hence exhibit extremely low tissue contrast, thus posing significant challenges for automated segmentation. In this paper, we propose a novel segmentation method to address the above-mentioned challenges based on stacked kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCA). Our main idea is to utilize the 12-month-old brain image with high tissue contrast to guide the segmentation of 6-month-old brain images with extremely low contrast. Specifically, we use KCCA to learn the common feature representations for both 6-month-old and the subsequent 12-month-old brain images of same subjects to make their features comparable in the common space. Note that the longitudinal 12-month-old brain images are not required in the testing stage, and they are required only in the KCCA based training stage to provide a set of longitudinal 6- and 12-month-old image pairs for training. Moreover, for optimizing the common feature representations, we propose a stacked KCCA mapping, instead of using only the conventional one-step of KCCA mapping. In this way, we can better use the 12-month-old brain images as multiple atlases to guide the segmentation of isointense brain images. Specifically, sparse patch-based multi-atlas labeling is used to propagate tissue labels in the (12-month-old) atlases and segment isointense brain images by measuring patch similarity between testing and atlas images with their learned common features. The proposed method was evaluated on 20 isointense brain images via leave-one-out cross-validation, showing much better performance than the state-of-the-art methods.
Pressure broadening and frequency shift of the D 1 and D 2 lines of Rb and K in the presence of 3 He and N 2

We report the results of a study of the pressure broadening and resonant frequency shift of the absorption profiles of the ${D}_{1}$ and ${D}_{2}$ lines of Rb and K in the presence of ${}^{3}$He and N${}_{2}$ gases over a range of number densities. We have also examined the temperature dependence of the broadening and shift over a range of approximately 340 to 400 K. We compare our results for the broadening and shift coefficients for Rb ${D}_{1}$ and ${D}_{2}$ to current values and present coefficients for K ${D}_{1}$ and ${D}_{2}$.
Online Measurement of Degradation Due to Bias Temperature Instability in SRAMs

A method is proposed to detect failing cells due to bias temperature instability (BTI) in Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) en route to failure. If potentially failing cells are detected prior to failure, SRAMs can be operated without failures, since the detection of potentially failing cells can trigger reconfiguration, given available memory redundancy. Using an experimentally verified BTI model, we study the performances of conventional 6T SRAM cells as a function of BTI degradation, in the presence of process variations. An on-chip monitoring scheme is presented that can be embedded within conventional SRAM designs without affecting normal device operation and with minimal overhead.
The Predictive Significance of Patient-Reported Sexual Functioning in Rigiscan Sleep Evaluations

AbstractWe evaluated the relevance of patient reported sex history information in predicting erectile functioning as measured by the RigiScan† monitor. A total of 46 male veterans who presented with erectile dysfunction completed an extensive medical and psychological evaluation including a sexual history, and then underwent 2 consecutive nights of inhospital RigiScan sleep evaluation performed under supervision. Multivariate analyses indicated a significant relationship among patient reported sex history information, and RigiScan measurements of tip and base duration, and rigidity. The sex history item with the greatest predictive power was the question regarding early morning erections. The results of this study highlight the importance of patient reported information, and the significance of obtaining a detailed sex history in the evaluation of older, primarily chronically ill patients who present with erectile dysfunction.
Bradykinin stimulates afferent vagal C-fibers in intrapulmonary airways of dogs

Bradykinin is released in the lungs in asthma and pulmonary anaphylaxis. It has negligible direct bronchoconstrictor effects in humans or dogs, but inhaled as aerosol it causes cough and reflex bro...
Adding Program Length Bias to the Lexicase and Tournament Selection Algorithms

Lexicase selection is a relatively new but promising algorithm for selecting parents to participate in evolving the next generation of programs. Tournament selection is a more established and commonly used algorithm that serves the same purpose. As is the case with many other genetic programming algorithms, the programs generated with involvement of the lexicase and tournament selection algorithms are often large and hard to understand. There has been prior work done related to parsimony and managing bloat in the programs generated using genetic programming. In this paper, I will discuss a way to reduce program size for lexicase and tournament selection algorithms, by incorporating the program length bias into the error for each test case used to test whether an individual is fit enough to participate in the evolution or not.
A preliminary valence-multipole potential energy model: Al-Si-H-O system

Here we test the concept that a potential energy model (force field) based on an expansion of the bond-valence model can use molecular geometry to make a reasonable prediction of the thermodynamic energy. The backbone of the model is a non-standard choice of structural descriptors for the energy decomposition, which relates the energy to particular aspects of the structure. Most force fields use a many-body decomposition to describe structures (with two-, three-, and possibly four-body terms, etc.), whereas ours employs a multipole expansion of the bond valence incident to each atom. This valence multipole model separates the energy associated with each atom into terms related to total bonding (valence monopole), bonding asymmetry (valence dipole), and ellipsoidal deformation (valence quadrupole). All of these are inherently multi-body terms that are calculated by combining two-body terms (bond valences). Provided bond valence sums are satisfied to within 0.2 v.u. of the ideal for all atoms, this model can provide accuracies of ~5 kJ/mol per unique atom in the Al-Si-H-O system, at least for the equilibrium structures tested here, comparable to most quantum mechanical calculations. More development is needed to produce a fully functional force field suitable for molecular dynamics simulations, but this work shows that the development of such a force field is likely to be feasible.
Approaching the limits of piezoelectricity driven hot-electron injection for self-powered in vivo monitoring of micro-strain variations

In this paper we explore the limits of self-powering a piezoelectricity driven hot-electron injection (p-HEI) device used for monitoring mechanical activity in biomechanical implants and structures. Previously reported p-HEI devices operate by harvesting energy from a piezoelectric transducer to generate current an voltage references which are then used for initiating and controlling the process of hot-electron injection. As a result, the minimum energy required to activate the device is limited by the power requirements of the reference circuits. The p-HEI device presented in this paper operates by directly exploiting the self-limiting capability of an energy transducer when driving the process of hot-electron injection in a pMOS floating-gate transistor. As a result we show that the p-HEI device can activate itself at input power levels less than 10 nW. Using a prototype fabricated in a 0.5-μm bulk CMOS process we validate the functionality of the proposed injector and show that for a fixed input power, its dynamics is quasi-linear with respect to time. The paper also presents measurement results using a cadaver bone where the fabricated p-HEI device has been integrated with a piezoelectric transducer and is used for self-powered monitoring of mechanical activity.
Anatomical influences on internally coupled ears in reptiles

Many reptiles, and other vertebrates, have internally coupled ears in which a patent anatomical connection allows pressure waves generated by the displacement of one tympanic membrane to propagate (internally) through the head and, ultimately, influence the displacement of the contralateral tympanic membrane. The pattern of tympanic displacement caused by this internal coupling can give rise to novel sensory cues. The auditory mechanics of reptiles exhibit more anatomical variation than in any other vertebrate group. This variation includes structural features such as diverticula and septa, as well as coverings of the tympanic membrane. Many of these anatomical features would likely influence the functional significance of the internal coupling between the tympanic membranes. Several of the anatomical components of the reptilian internally coupled ear are under active motor control, suggesting that in some reptiles the auditory system may be more dynamic than previously recognized.
Post Consent Decree Minority Promotions: Discrimination, Disinterest, Disenfranchisement or Unrealistic Expectations?:

A case study was conducted within a cooperating municipal police agency, where there was the perception that women and minorities were not succeeding in the promotional process. A three-phased tria...
"Irreplaceable": Exploring Identity and Relationships through the Discussion of Invaluable Personal Objects.

Courses: Interpersonal Communication, Family Communication, Relational Communication.Objectives: Students reflect on and discuss how personal objects are connected to their identity and relationships with others. This activity illustrates the ways course concepts such as relational metaphors, stories, rules, rituals, and other patterns of communication influence the meaning we ascribe to an object and how that object helps to construct beliefs about ourselves and important others. This exercise can also help students connect with each other in a supportive environment.
Silver Halides in Photography

Since their first use about 150 years ago, silver halides have remained the primary photosensing materials in an image capturing process known as photography. Silver halides have retained their pre-eminent role despite numerous attempts to replace them with other materials. Even in the present era of electronics, conventional photography remains the most popular format for recording still images. When compared with electronic imaging, silver halide photography retains an edge in resolution, latitude, and convenience.The current superiority and popularity of conventional photography stem from an unusual confluence of properties found in the silver halides. The ensuing articles will discuss the properties that make silver halides particularly well suited for photography. The article by L.M. Slifkin discusses the improbability of any one material having the characteristics of the silver halides. F.C. Brown describes the special electronic properties, and P.W.M. Jacobs covers ionic characteristics. C.R.A. Catlow gives us some insight into the nature of the silver halides based on their interatomic potentials. This introductory article presents an overview of the photographic process.The theory of the photographic process has its roots in the Gurney-Mott model of latent image formation. Since it was first proposed over 50 years ago, this model has formed the basis of mechanistic thinking about photography.
ShMOLLI and 5(4R) 3 MOLLI T1 mapping in HCM detect similar ECV despite a difference in absolute T1 measurements

Background T1 mapping and extracellular volume (ECV) measurements enable assessment of diffuse fibrosis in HCM and have been validated against histology. There still remains wide variation in pulse sequences used to measure T1 each with their associated limitations and biases in T1 determination. We sought to compare T1 values and ECV measurements between a 5(4R)3 variant of MOLLI and ShMOLLI in patients undergoing CMR for evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).
Food, dietetics and nutrition in ancient India.

In pre-agricultural era, entire mankind consumed meat as early man was a hunter. Possibly he ate from plants sources which grew in the wilderness. With the advent of agriculture as an outcome of civilization, man acquired the ability to cultivate what he wanted, as by now he was influenced to some extent by the selection of the food that he wanted to eat. All this ultimately led to him taking to vegeterianism, which probably did not occur until approximately 1500 B.C. It is tried in this study to examine the concept of nutrition, balanced diet, appetite, food etiquette, food sanitation and food poisoning etc. in ancient India.
Compassionate education from preschool to graduate school: Bringing a culture of compassion into the classroom

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to make the case for bringing compassion to students in educational settings, preschool through graduate school (PK-20). Design/methodology/approach First, the author defines what is meant by “compassion” and differentiates it from the related constructs. Next, the author discusses the importance of bringing compassion into education, thinking specifically about preschool, K-12 (elementary and middle school/junior high/high school), college students, and graduate students (e.g. law, medical, nurses, counselors and therapists-in-training). The author then reviews the scant empirical literature on compassion in education and makes recommendations for future research. In the final section, the author makes specific and practical recommendations for the classroom (e.g. how to teach and evaluate compassion in PK-20). Findings While there is a fair amount of research on compassion with college students, and specifically regarding compassion for oneself, as the author reviews in this paper, the field is wide open in terms of empirical research with other students and examining other forms of compassion. Research limitations/implications This is not a formal review or meta-analysis. Practical implications This paper will be a useful resource for teachers and those interested in PK-20 education. Social implications This paper highlights the problems and opportunities for bringing compassion into education settings. Originality/value To date, no review of compassion in PK-20 exists.