cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time course of Fos-like immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep

Now that the pharmacology and neuronal connectivity underlying REM sleep is beginning to be understood, it is important to begin investigations that elucidate the transcriptional response related to the REM sleep process. The present study focuses on determining the temporal development of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in the dorsolateral pons following cholinergically induced, sustained rapid eye movement (REMc) sleep in cats. Microinjections (0.25 microliter) of vehicle (n = 3) or carbachol (0.2–4.0 micrograms/0.25 microliters) were made into the medial pontine reticular formation. Carbachol produced a state with all the signs of natural REM sleep, and with durations from 0 min to 120 min. Animals were killed either immediately or at various intervals after the end of REMc. Compared to vehicle- and carbachol- treated animals without REMc, the animals with REMc showed a significantly higher number of Fos-LI cells in pontine regions that have been implicated in REM sleep generation. Regions with REMc- associated Fos-LI increases included the lateral dorsal tegmental (LDT) and pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei; the locus coeruleus; the dorsal raphe; and the medial pontine reticular formation. More Fos-LI cells were found with longer REMc bouts than with shorter-duration REMc bouts. However, with 2 hr long REMc bouts the number of Fos-LI cells returned to control levels, suggesting that the c-fos transcriptional cascade is turned off once a threshold of REMc has been reached. These findings indicate that pontine neuronal populations implicated in REM sleep express more c-fos in the course of REMc, and that the extent of expression is related to the duration of the state.
Analysis and mitigation of variability in subthreshold design

Subthreshold circuit design is a compelling method for ultra-low power applications. However, subthreshold designs show dramatically increased sensitivity to process variations due to the exponential relationship of subthreshold drive current with V/sub th/ variation. In this paper, we present an analysis of subthreshold energy efficiency considering process variation, and propose methods to mitigate its impact. We show that, unlike superthreshold circuits, random dopant fluctuation is the dominant component of variation in subthreshold operation. We investigate how this variability can be ameliorated with proper circuit sizing and choice of circuit logic depth. We then present a statistical analysis of the energy efficiency of subthreshold circuits considering process variations. We show that the energy optimal supply voltage increases due to process variations and study its dependence on circuit parameters. We verify our analytical models against Monte Carlo SPICE simulations and show that they accurately predict the minimum energy and energy optimal supply voltage. Finally, we use the developed statistical energy model to determine the optimal pipelining depth in subthreshold designs.
Metabolism of Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Quorum-Sensing Signals by Variovorax paradoxus

Acyl-homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) serve as dedicated cell-to-cell signaling molecules in many species of the class Proteobacteria. We have addressed the question of whether these compounds can be degraded biologically. A motile, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from soil based upon its ability to utilize N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone as the sole source of energy and nitrogen. The bacterium was classified as a strain of Variovorax paradoxus. The V. paradoxus isolate was capable of growth on all of the acyl-HSLs tested. The molar growth yields correlated with the length of the acyl group. HSL, a product of acyl-HSL metabolism, was used as a nitrogen source, but not as an energy source. Cleavage and partial mineralization of the HSL ring were demonstrated by using radiolabeled substrate. This study indicates that some strains of V. paradoxus degrade and grow on acyl-HSL signals as the sole energy and nitrogen sources. This study provides clues about the metabolic pathway of acyl-HSL degradation by V. paradoxus.
Improvements to bit-plane based image compression algorithms

A modified S+P transform and a new data representation method are proposed. They can be used for improving the performance of bit-plane based image compression algorithms, particularly for reducing the lossless code length.
A Century and a half of French Views of the United States

(1994). A Century and a half of French Views of the United States. The Historian: Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 531-542.
Point prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Isospora infections in patients being evaluated for diarrhea.

From March to September 2001, 315 specimens from “nonrepeat” patients that were submitted for ova and parasite examination were stained using the Kinyoun modified acid-fast stain to detect the intestinal coccidians. Four patients (1.3%) were infected with coccidians, 2 with Cryptosporidium parvum and 2 with Cyclospora cayetanensis. No infections with Isospora belli were detected. In comparison, 15 patients (4.8%) had infections with one or more intestinal parasites detected by routine trichrome staining: 5 had Giardia lamblia; 2, Dientamoeba fragilis; 3, Strongyloides stercoralis; 1, Iodamoeba butschlii; 3, Endolimax nana; 6, Blastocystis hominis; and 1, Entamoeba coli. Four patients were multiply infected. Coccidians made up 29% of the clinically significant parasitic infections. The coccidians were missed in all 4 cases because no special staining was ordered. Clinicians need to be reminded that additional tests should be ordered to fully evaluate patients with chronic diarrhea in which no diagnosis is found by routine testing.
Information recalled from prose by young, middle, and old adult readers

Abstract The effects of organizational variables in prose on recall are examined for college-educated adults in three age groups. If older adults suffer a deficit in organizational processes [3], this may be manifest in lower quantities of prose recall, difficulty in identifying and following the text's structure and main ideas, and diminished “levels effects” (information high in the hierarchical text structure recalled better than information low). The study reported tests these implications using Meyer's [15] prose analysis system to identify text structure. No age differences were found in total recall and recall of main ideas. However, young adults exhibited the typical “levels effects,” while middle and old adults did not. This difference was attributed to the effects of current schooling practices on the youngest group, rather than organizational or reading comprehension deficits in the aged.
Sampling HIV Intrahost Genealogies Based on a Model of Acute Stage CTL Response

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in the immune response to HIV during the acute stage of infection, but the effect of CTLs on HIV intrahost genetic diversity is poorly understood. We introduce a model of CTL attack during the acute stage. Assuming this model, we develop a method to sample HIV intrahost genealogies. Using our sampling approach, we characterize the evolutionary forces that shape HIV genealogies. In particular, we show that early mutation events can have significant impact on HIV genealogies and that certain types of CTL attack are best at controlling HIV genetic diversity. Our sampler represents a first step toward using HIV genetic data to infer properties of CTL attack.
System identification of pure time delay with finite time data

A projected equation error technique for system parameter identification is applied to a class of nonlinear differential delay systems resulting in a least squares formulation in which the estimation of the unknown time lag is uncoupled from the problem of estimating the system and disturbance parameters. Simulation results are discussed for the forced Van der Pol equation with delayed input and second order modal type disturbances
The Problem of Implementing a Constitutional System of Capital Punishment

The article examines the history of the Supreme Court’s capital punishment jurisprudence under the Eighth Amendment, focusing on the twin principles that the Court has identified: guided discretion and individualized sentencing. The article argues that these two principles, if both broadly construed, ultimately conflict with each other and result in a death penalty jurisprudence that is internally inconsistent. The article suggests harmonizing the principles by emphasizing the role of guided discretion in capital sentencing while limiting the role of the individualized sentencing principle.
Nutritional factors in calf diarrhea.

Summary The influence of various components of milk-type diets on consistency of feces has been evaluated. Calves were fed modified milk (whole or skimmilk) diets to determine the effects of fat, lactose, minerals, and curd formation, individually and in all possible combinations. The presence of milk fat (3%) reduced diarrhea. Increasing the mineral content of the milk to four times normal by addition of simulated whey ash produced moderate diarrhea; increasing lactose to twice normal increased diarrhea to a lesser extent. The prevention of curd formation with sodium citrate did not increase the incidence of diarrhea. The response to minerals may involve additional factors since, under slightly different conditions in this study, the mineral content of milk diets was increased to ten times normal without causing diarrhea.
Service-Learning and Integrated Course Redesign: Principles of Management and the Campus Kitchen Metaproject

This article describes the process of redesigning a Principles of Management course to integrate a service-learning metaproject. The metaproject was Campus Kitchen, a food recovery and delivery pro...
Antithrombotic Management of Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly

Older patients with atrial fibrillation have an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism compare with younger patients. For most patients, oral anticoagulation remains the most effective way to reduce this risk. Although vitamin K antagonists have been used for decades, the more recent development of non-vitamin K-dependent oral anticoagulants provides clinicians with a broader selection of anticoagulants for stroke prevention in older patients with AF. This article discusses stroke risk-stratification tools for clinical decision making, reviews pharmacologic options for the prevention of stroke, and highlights several practical considerations to the use of these agents in older adults.
The bovine B and C blood group systems are not likely to be the orthologues of human RH: an interesting twist in the comparative map

Summary We tested the hypothesis that either the bovine B or C blood group system is the orthologue of human RH. A comparative linkage mapping strategy was applied, using blood typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of four loci linked to RH on HSA1; PGD, FGR, ALPL and FUCA1. Four sires with a total of 255 half-sib offspring were used for the linkage analysis. Strong support for linkage between ALPL, FUCA1 and FGR was obtained for all sire families (lod scores >11 for all pairwise comparisons). This new linkage group was assigned to bovine synteny group U17 based on previous somatic cell mapping of the FGR locus. The most favoured order is ALPL—FUCA1—FGR (2·18:1), with ALPL and FGR 5·4 cm and 6·3 cm, respectively, from FUCA1. The B and C blood group systems and PGD were genetically independent of each other and all other markers, indicating that neither B nor C is likely to be the bovine orthologue of human RH. However, given available comparative mapping data, there is some chance that the bovine orthologue of RH is on bovine synteny group U6. Although gene order appears to be conserved with humans, the differences in recombination rates between these three loci in cattle, humans and mice strongly suggest that it is not possible to use human map distances to predict map distances in cattle, making it imperative that bovine gene mappers continue to emphasize adding type I markers to the bovine linkage map.
Propagation wavefronts in two-dimensional topologies of cardiac cell networks

The authors present a computer model, implemented on a Cray-2 supercomputer, to explore the role of the discontinuous, nonuniform and anisotropic cellular structure of cardiac tissue on normal propagation patterns. For this study, they held the cell shape constant and evaluated planar propagation wavefronts oriented longitudinally and transversely to the cell axis for two different tissue topologies, rectangular and brick-like, and for different degrees of transverse coupling strengths between cells. Nonuniformity was introduced into the model via spatial dispersions of coupling strengths. Even under severe conditions of uncoupling, both topologies showed remarkable abilities in maintaining a uniformly planar wavefront. Thus, the simulations suggest that cardiac cell networks are very robust in their abilities to equilibrate electrical spatial inhomogeneities, even in the face of significant structural and coupling inhomogeneities. >
Studies of cAMP metabolism in cultured hepatoma cells: Presence of functional adenylate cyclase despite low camp content and lack of hormonal responsiveness

The ability of isoproterenol, glucagon, PGE1 and cholera toxin to stimulate the synthesis of cAMP and protein kinase activity in line of liver cells (BRL) and a line of rat hepatoma cells (H35) has been determined. The concentration of cAMP in BRL cells (approximately 10 pmoles/mg protein) is in the range reported for other cultured cell lines but H35 cells contain extraordinarily low amounts of this cyclic nucleotide (approximately 0.05 pmoles/mg protein). Isoproterenol and PGE1 caused an increase in cAMP content, and protein kinase activation in BRL cells, although glucagon was ineffective. H35 cells, in contrast, were completely insensitive to all hormonal agonists. Despite this fact, cholera toxin was able to produce a marked increase in cAMP content, adenylate cyclase activity and protein kinase activation in H35 cells. binding studies with [125 I]-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol, a specific beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, revealed that each H35 cell possesses fewer than 10 beta-adrenergic receptors whereas BRL cells contain 2-5,000 receptors per cell. The low level of cAMP in H35 cells appears to result from a combination of totally unstimulated adenylate cyclase and apparently elevated phosphodiesterase activities.
Korean American Youth and Transnational Flows of Popular Culture across the Pacific

Rapid globalization has profoundly transformed our lives. Extensive and intensive flows of people, material resources and information across borders have intertwined the global and the local more closely than before. Such crossing of diverse cultures, peoples and information has weakened the rigidity and significance of existing borders, leading to the growing presence of 'border zones," where multiple cultures or political systems come face-to-face.
Vasodilator mechanisms in the coronary circulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice.

Previous studies have demonstrated that responses to endothelium-dependent vasodilators are absent in the aortas from mice deficient in expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS −/− mic...
Fitness and hormonal correlates of social and ecological stressors of female yellow-bellied marmots

The effects of social and ecological stressors on female reproductive success vary among species and, in mammals, previous reviews have identified no clear patterns. However, few studies have simultaneously examined the relation between social rank and stressors and the relationships among rank, stressors and reproductive success. We used a long-term data set to study free-living facultatively social yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, to isolate the relationship between female social dominance rank and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels (our measure of basal stress) in adult females. In addition, we examined whether rank and FGM levels were associated with reproductive success by quantifying the probability of an individual successfully weaning a litter and, for those who did, litter size. High-ranking females had lower FGM levels and larger litters. However, females with the highest FGM levels were significantly more likely to wean a litter. Importantly, body condition (as measured by previous year's mass) was also positively associated with breeding and with weaning larger litters. Thus, although low-ranking females probably experienced more social stressors than high-ranking females and although adult females often delayed their first reproduction until they were of a sufficient mass, our results suggest that elevated baseline FGM levels failed to mediate reproductive suppression. Perhaps, in species like marmots that have only a single chance per year to reproduce, reproductive suppression should be rare. These results highlight the importance of social status, body condition and predator abundance on determining reproductive success in highly seasonal breeders.
Determining the DNA-Modifying Activity of Chemicals Using DNA-Polymerase-Deficient Escherichia coli

Microbial mutagenicity assay procedures have received considerable attention recently because of the realization that many chemical carcinogens derive their biological activity from their ability to react chemically with cellular DNA. Since mutagens also derive their capacity to induce hereditary changes from their reactivity with cellular DNA, it was logical that mutagenicity testing methods should be evaluated for their potential to detect carcinogens as mutagens. Indeed, the Salmonella mutagenicity assay procedure recently developed by Ames et al. p(1) has shown a remarkable ability to detect carcinogens as microbial mutagens. p(2,3) Furthermore, a number of investigators have actually demonstrated a relationship between specific mutagenic activity and carcinogenic potential p(14,62) (however, see also references 63–67).
Topological properties of ferromagnetic superconductors

A variety of heavy fermion superconductors, such as UCoGe, ${\mathrm{UGe}}_{2}$, and URhGe exhibit a striking coexistence of bulk ferromagnetism and superconductivity. In the first two materials, the magnetic moment decreases with pressure, and vanishes at a ferromagnetic quantum critical point (qcp). Remarkably, the superconductivity in UCoGe varies smoothly with pressure across the qcp and exists in both the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic regimes. We argue that in UCoGe, spin-orbit interactions stabilize a time-reversal invariant odd-parity superconductor in the high pressure paramagnetic regime. Based on a simple phenomenological model, we predict that the transition from the paramagnetic normal state to the phase where superconductivity and ferromagnetism coexist is a first-order transition.
BK viral infections in patients treated with alemtuzumab

3033 Background: Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD52 resulting in profound, prolonged T-cell depletion that may be associated with opportunistic infections and reactivation ...
Unique sphingomyelin patches are targets of a beta-cell-specific antibody

To devise successful imaging and therapeutic strategies, the identification of β-cell surface markers is one of the challenges in diabetes research that has to be resolved. We previously showed that IC2, a rat monoclonal IgM antibody, can be used for ex vivo determination of β-cell mass by imaging. Further progress toward the development of an antibody-based imaging agent was hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding the nature and composition of the IC2 antigen. Here, we show a series of systematic experiments involving classical lipid extraction and chromatography techniques combined with immunochemistry, which led to the identification of sphingomyelin as the target antigen assembled in the form of patches on the β-cell surface. Our findings were verified by modulating SM by enzymatic cleavage, downregulation, upregulation, and perturbation of membrane SM and observation of corresponding changes in IC2 binding. Cholesterol participates in stabilization of these patches, as its removal results in loss of IC2 binding. We believe that these findings have implications for identifying future ligands for the proposed antigen for imaging purposes as well as for potential therapy, as sphingomyelin has been shown to play a role in the apoptotic cascade in pancreatic β cells.
Challenges associated with high speed, high Reynolds number testing in ground facilities

Under some fairly well dtfined conditions, I can conduct tests in ground facilities, using either full scale or sub-scale models, and apply the test da ta to flight conditions with some degree of confidence. It follows I can reduce da ta to a form that can be applied t o a variety of situations. For this use, the d a t a is usually, though not always, reduced to a dimensionless parameter. These dimensionless parameters can be thought of as scaling relations. Scaling may well be dependent upon t h e flight conditions. My goal is to discuss the origins of scaling parameters that apply to high speed, high Reynolds number flight t o consider some of the implications tha t follow from the derivations of these dimensionless ratios and t o apply them t o the problem of specifying testing facilities. Of necessity, I must look a t some of the conditions t o be faced in flight to understand the problems. I thought it might be useful to s tar t a t the top of the page, as it were, and look a t some of the origins of non-dimensional parameters and their use of scaling. In the discussion to follow, I will s tar t , just as Reynolds did, with the Navier-Stokes equations, their boundary conditions and a state equation, and discuss scaling and the testing problem. Naturally, I will s tar t with the simplest case; incompressible flow of air around a body. Then I will proceed in a step by step fashion to a case where proper simulation of flight in a ground-based facility gives rise t o almost overwhelming complexity; testing a 'one stage t o orbit' vehicle. In this case, the high stagnation pressure and temperatures that occur in flight in excess of a Mach number of 10 or so give rise to a vastly more complex working fluid. Thus ground-based testing must allow for these additional factors in the design of ground test facilities and instrumentation.
Early Language Milestones and Specific Language Impairment

Delayed appearance of early language milestones can be one of the first signs of a developmental disorder. In this study, we investigated how well late acquisition of language milestones predicted an outcome of specific language impairment (SLI). The sample included 150 children (76 SLI), aged 4 to 7 years old. Milestone information was collected via retrospective parent report in a case-control design. Children who produced first words after 15 months met late word producer (LWP) criteria, and children who produced word combinations after 24 months met late word combiner (LWC) criteria. Accuracy metrics indicated that children identified as LWCs were at significantly increased risk of developing SLI (positive likelihood ratio [LR+] = 8.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [3.43, 19.53]), whereas children identified as LWPs were not (LR+ = 2.50, 95% CI = [0.95, 6.75]). Notably, a sizable proportion of children with SLI met neither LWP nor LWC criteria. Further analyses indicated that consideration of geneti...
Oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.

Introduction During the past few years there have been notable advances towards understanding the molecular defects underlying the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington’s disease (HD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AM). For example, in 1993, the discovery of the genetic abnormality in HD was reported (an increase in CAC repeats in a gene encoding an unknown protein) [l], while in the same year researchers demonstrated the existence of point mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) in some familial AI,S patients 121. Rut despite these findings, the biochemical mechanisms whereby molecular defects can lead to the slowly progressive neuronal degeneration with age-dependent onset, characteristic of these neurodegenerative disorders, still remain an enigma. However, evidence has been mounting in support of the proposition that defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism play an intrinsic role. Further, strong evidence is emerging indicating that this mitochondrial energy dysfunction may result from oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and other neuronal macromolecules, and excitotoxic mechanisms have also been linked with mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, it has been proposed that a progressive impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may secondarily result in slow excitotoxic neuronal death, by making neurons more vulnerable to endogenous levels of glutamate [3,4]. In this paper, we will review evidence supporting roles for oxidative damage and mitochondrial energy dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, as
The Power of Feedback: Giving, Seeking, and Using Feedback for Performance Improvement

Section I: How People See Themselves and Others 1. Introduction: The Power and Challenge of Feedback 2. How and Why Feedback Work 3. How People Evaluate Themselves 4. Understanding Giving, Seeking, and Using Feedback 5. The Source's Perspective Section II: Sources of Feedback Information and Support 6. Performance Appraisal Methods 7. 360 Degree Feedback 8. Assessment Centers and Simulations 9. Being a Developer and Coach Section III: Expanding the Power of Feedback 10. Feedback Across the Globe 11. Feedback in Team 12. Technology and Feedback 13. Becoming a Feedback-Oriented Continuous Learner
Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection in MSM population in Mengzi,Yunnan

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection in MSM population in Mengzi City. Methods Data on HIV prevalence and risk behaviors in 2013 were obtained from MSM sentinel surveillance database of Mengzi City. Results A total of 102 MSM were recruited with an average age of(28. 6 ± 9. 4) years. Majority of them had an education level at or below secondary school. However the awareness rate of the AIDS knowledge reached at 100%.HIV and syphilis prevalence were 8. 82%,1. 96% respectively. Proportions of MSM who consistently used condoms during sex with male partners in the last six months were 74. 51%,while with female partners were 14. 81%. Participants who consistently used condoms during sex in the last six months times were less likely to be infected with HIV( OR = 0. 03,P 0. 05). Conclusion This risk factor of HIV infection in MSM in Mengzi was lower rate of condoms using during sex. We found that the AIDS knowledge in MSM is good,but they have dangerous behavior at the same time.
Comparison of Spatial Interpolation For Soil Total Nitrogen in Anyang Country of Henan Province

soil nitrogen value of 386 samples in anyang country of Henan Province was interpolated in space through three methods,the distance of the weighted method(IDW),ordinary Kriging(Kriging),radical basic functions(Spline).The precisions of different interpolation methods were analyzed by cross validation and validation.The verification result showed Spline was better than IDW and Kriging,and the different methods had the different and optimal points interpolated.Radical basic functions based on different Spline methods had the different MRE of interpolation results.,thin-plate Spline was worst,and there was no obvious difference among multiquadric,Spline with tension,completely regularizedSspline and inverse multiquadric functions.The validation analysis showed that MRE of Spline was better than IDW and Kriging.So Spline was fitter for spatial interpolation for soil nitrogen than IDW and Kriging.
Treatment of Neonatal Congenital Dislocation of the Knee by Giant Molecule Bandage and Pavlik Harness

Objective To explore a new method to treat congenital dislocation of the knee.Methods Six patients(8 knees)with congenital dislocation of the knee from June of 2004 to June of 2005 in Hunan province children's hospital,among them four cases(5 hips)with developmental dislocation of the hip,were firstly treated with closed reduction,then done by giant molecule bandage and Pavlik harness.Results Six cases(8 knees)of Knee joint hyperextension disappeared,and flexed function of knee joint completely recovery at average flexed 120°.Conclusions The method applied to treat congenital dislocation of the knee is effective,especially to those patients with developmental dislocation of the hip.
Parallel processing of afferent olfactory sensory information.

Key points The functional synaptic connectivity between olfactory receptor neurons and principal cells within the olfactory bulb is not well understood. One view suggests that mitral cells, the primary output neuron of the olfactory bulb, are solely activated by feedforward excitation. Using focal, single glomerular stimulation, we demonstrate that mitral cells receive direct, monosynaptic input from olfactory receptor neurons. Compared to external tufted cells, mitral cells have a prolonged afferent-evoked EPSC, which serves to amplify the synaptic input. The properties of presynaptic glutamate release from olfactory receptor neurons are similar between mitral and external tufted cells. Our data suggest that afferent input enters the olfactory bulb in a parallel fashion. Abstract Primary olfactory receptor neurons terminate in anatomically and functionally discrete cortical modules known as olfactory bulb glomeruli. The synaptic connectivity and postsynaptic responses of mitral and external tufted cells within the glomerulus may involve both direct and indirect components. For example, it has been suggested that sensory input to mitral cells is indirect through feedforward excitation from external tufted cells. We also observed feedforward excitation of mitral cells with weak stimulation of the olfactory nerve layer; however, focal stimulation of an axon bundle entering an individual glomerulus revealed that mitral cells receive monosynaptic afferent inputs. Although external tufted cells had a 4.1-fold larger peak EPSC amplitude, integration of the evoked currents showed that the synaptic charge was 5-fold larger in mitral cells, reflecting the prolonged response in mitral cells. Presynaptic afferents onto mitral and external tufted cells had similar quantal amplitude and release probability, suggesting that the larger peak EPSC in external tufted cells was the result of more synaptic contacts. The results of the present study indicate that the monosynaptic afferent input to mitral cells depends on the strength of odorant stimulation. The enhanced spiking that we observed in response to brief afferent input provides a mechanism for amplifying sensory information and contrasts with the transient response in external tufted cells. These parallel input paths may have discrete functions in processing olfactory sensory input.
Don Juan Manuel and his connection with the Order of Preachers

This paper intends to show how the social interests of the Dominican Order changed dramatically during the first half of the fourteenth century. From being an Order committed to poverty and preaching the masses at first, the Dominicans became later attached to the nobility and its sources of power and wealth. The example of Don Juan Manuel, a powerful noble, and his connection with the Dominicans helps to illustrate this fact. The Preachers provided Don Juan with intellectual sources, political advise, religious guidance, and helped him to main­tain his social status. The friars in turn enjoyed munificent donations and high esteem from Don Juan Manuel. Don Juan's commitment to the Order of Preachers is not only seen in bis founding of a Dominican convent in tis village of Penafiel but also in his writings. The Dominican influence is often found in the stories and examples used by Don Juan. The friars' vision of the world induced him to conceive society as a traditional order divided into three estates and domi­nated by nobles and clergymen. However, this idea of society was hard to impose because the fourteenth century was a time of upheaval and of challenge for those who traditionally ruled society. Consequently, the Dominicans and Don Juan Manuel saw in each other an allied to foster their reciprocal interests and to keep the traditional status quo of society.
The Real Sector Dimension

The benefits of market economies over centrally-planned economies stem from economic agents freely responding to prices that better reflect real social costs. The liberalization of prices to reflect true economic scarcity is a top priority for policy-makers in the previously centrally-planned economies (PCPEs) for two reasons. First, rents were one of the most distorted of all prices, owing to the status of housing as a social (as opposed to economic) good.1 Increasing rents will generate substantial efficiency gains in reallocating the existing stock (Daniel and Semjen, 1987 and Tolley, 1991). Second, well-functioning housing markets are an essential precondition for developing a market-based economy. For example, labor-market efficiency would be enhanced through vastly improved household mobility (Blanchard et al., 1991), and the efficiency of capital accumulation and allocation would be improved by funding entrepreneurial effort via borrowing against the largest simple form of wealth—homeowner equity (Newberry, 1992).
Metropolitan Platon on natural theology

Platon pozostawi? po sobie 20 tomow Pouczaj?cych wypowiedzi, z ktorych 17 to kazania i okoliczno?ciowe przemowienia. Kazania s? raczej proste i nawo?uj? do przestrzegania podstawowych obowi?zkow chrze?cija?skich, ktore winny by? spe?nione przez ka?dego, bez wzgl?du na pozycj? spo?eczn?. W naukach katechetycznych proponowa? pewne racjonalne argumenty teologii naturalnej przy wprowadzaniu podstawowych prawd religii chrze?cija?skiej. Aby udowodni? istnienie Boga, odwo?ywa? si? do samowiedzy, do konieczno?ci istnienia pierwszej przyczyny, do harmonii ?wiata, do powszechnej zgody, do g?osu sumienia, a tak?e do wrodzonego pragnienia doskona?ego szcz??cia. Probowa? rownie? racjonalnie wyprowadzi? monoteizm, okre?li? atrybuty Boga i wyja?ni? istnienie z?a. Ponadto Platon probowa? uzasadni? boskie pochodzenie Biblii jako s?owa Bo?ego. Platon by? jednym z niewielu duchownych prawos?awnych, ktorzy u?ywali teologii naturalnej jako dopuszczalnego narz?dzia do prezentacji i obrony chrze?cija?stwa. Jednak jego teologiczna prezentacja jest cz?sto niepe?na i nie zawsze przekonuj?ca.
Regularized forecasting of chaotic dynamical systems

Abstract While local models of dynamical systems have been highly successful in terms of using extensive data sets observing even a chaotic dynamical system to produce useful forecasts, there is a typical problem as follows. Specifically, with k -near neighbors, kNN method, local observations occur due to recurrences in a chaotic system, and this allows for local models to be built by regression to low dimensional polynomial approximations of the underlying system estimating a Taylor series. This has been a popular approach, particularly in context of scalar data observations which have been represented by time-delay embedding methods. However such local models can generally allow for spatial discontinuities of forecasts when considered globally, meaning jumps in predictions because the collected near neighbors vary from point to point. The source of these discontinuities is generally that the set of near neighbors varies discontinuously with respect to the position of the sample point, and so therefore does the model built from the near neighbors. It is possible to utilize local information inferred from near neighbors as usual but at the same time to impose a degree of regularity on a global scale. We present here a new global perspective extending the general local modeling concept. In so doing, then we proceed to show how this perspective allows us to impose prior presumed regularity into the model, by involving the Tikhonov regularity theory, since this classic perspective of optimization in ill-posed problems naturally balances fitting an objective with some prior assumed form of the result, such as continuity or derivative regularity for example. This all reduces to matrix manipulations which we demonstrate on a simple data set, with the implication that it may find much broader context.
Behavioral Assessment: Questionnaires

(1980). Behavioral Assessment: Questionnaires. School Psychology Review: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 58-66.
Mechanical damage to green and red lentil seeds.

In this research, the breakage susceptibility of two classes of lentil (green and red) was evaluated as affected by impact energy and seed moisture content. The experiments were conducted at impact energies of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 J, and moisture contents of 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20 and 25% (wet basis). Results showed that red lentil seeds had more breakage than green seeds and the difference in breakage percentage between green and red lentil seeds was significant at 0.01% level according to analysis of variance (p < .01). Percentage breakage of both green and red lentil seeds increased as the energy of impact increased. With increasing the seed moisture content of the both green and red lentils, the breakage percentage of seeds decreased. The average values of seeds breakage green and red lentil seeds varied from 100 to 67.7% and from 100 to 93.1%, respectively, as the seeds moisture content increased from 10 to 25%. The optimum seed moisture at which minimum damage was observed was 17.5% for green lentil and 15% for red lentil. Mathematical relationships composed of lentil seeds moisture content and energy of impact were developed for accurate description of the breakage percentage of green and red lentil seeds under impact loading.
In the hearth, on the mind: Cultural consensus on fuelwood and cookstoves in the middle Himalayas of India

Abstract While studies show that biomass-based ‘traditional’ cookstoves adversely impact health and environment, governments and nonprofits have struggled to achieve sustained adoption of cleaner cookstoves. Most cookstove diffusion programs focus on cookstove design, process of technology introduction, or market mechanisms. While such mechanisms are important, we postulate that a socio-cultural approach will go farther in informing programs that aim to diffuse cleaner cookstoves in developing countries. With our study, we step back from problems surrounding diffusion and deconstruct cultural beliefs that drive fuelwood and cookstove use in Lug Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. The goal of this research is to understand the degree of consensus in shared beliefs regarding fuelwood use and cookstoves. Using cultural consensus analysis, we found an agreement amongst people for using fuelwood from forests and preferences for various cookstoves. We found that fuelwood use is driven by availability, lack of alternatives, and lack of infrastructure. Household factors like seasonality, cleanliness, smoke emitted, costs, taste of food influence choice of cookstoves at a household level. Cultural domains for fuelwood and cookstoves were independent from each other, therefore a holistic diffusion program focusing on cookstoves and fuel types is needed for diffusion of sustainable energy alternatives.
Low back pain and disability in individuals with plantar heel pain

Abstract Background Lack of response to plantar heel pain (PHP) treatment may be related to unmanaged low back pain (LBP) and low back dysfunction, but a relationship between LBP and PHP has not been established. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the prevalence of LBP among individuals with and without PHP and to assess the association between low back disability and foot/ankle function. Methods A cross-sectional study compared the prevalence and likelihood of LBP in individuals with (n = 27) and without (n = 27) PHP matched to age, sex, BMI, foot posture, and foot mobility. In individuals with PHP, correlations were examined between foot/ankle function using the foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM), low back disability using the Oswestry low back disability questionnaire (OSW), duration of PHP symptoms, body mass index (BMI), and age. Results A greater percentage of individuals with PHP had LBP (74% versus 37% of controls, odds ratio = 5.2, P = 0.009) and higher levels of low back disability (17% higher OSW score than controls, P ρ = −0.463, P = 0.015), but not with duration of PHP symptoms, BMI, or age ( P > 0.150). Conclusions Individuals with PHP had a greater prevalence of LBP and higher low back disability that was correlated to reduced foot and ankle function. Treatment to address both local and proximal impairments, including impairments related to LBP, may be warranted to improve the management of PHP.
Locomotion Control: Brainstem Circuits Satisfy the Need for Speed

Three new and closely complementary studies have defined the architecture of the circuits underlying the descending control of locomotion, identifying neurons that drive fast motor responses and those that seem to be specialised for exploratory behaviors.
An Educational Implementation Process Staff Survey: Lessons Learned.

Objective To evaluate the education process for the effective use of the Munro Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scale by practicing perioperative staff at an urban tertiary medical center. Given that pressure injury formation is tied to the surgical process, there is a need for a pressure injury risk assessment scale that addresses the uniqueness of the perioperative process. Methods Participants were staff who worked in the surgical admissions area, the main operating room, and the main postanesthesia care unit. The authors' facility was 1 of 8 participants in a multisite study. Each site was required to educate staff using standard written instructions and an instructional webinar. However, sites were also encouraged to consider any other methods that would successfully engage the staff in the learning process. After the education process, staff were surveyed and asked to evaluate the educational interventions. Main results Findings indicated that the staff did not prefer written instructions alone but rather preferred a combination of different learning modalities and media to assist them in using the Munro Scale effectively. Conclusions This article discusses the strategies required to engage staff in the implementation process of this scale, the barriers encountered during this implementation, and the implications for perioperative nursing using this scale. The lessons learned from conducting this research provided insight into engaging and educating the adult learner in a new process.
Loads and Design Values

This chapter is in two parts. Part I deals with loads—the forces to which timber structures may be subjected. It concerns the sources of these loads and shows how to compute their magnitudes.
Neural Networks and Adaptive Control

This chapter provides an overview of some adaptive control methods and how artificial neural networks are being used as components of adaptive control systems. It suggests, however, that the adaptive control methods developed by control engineers can be misleading guides to thinking about control in biological systems. Furthermore, it suggests that neural networks, whether artificial or real, might be most effective when used as components of architectures that are not conservative extensions of conventional adaptive control architectures. After a brief discussion of control, several approaches to adaptive control as developed by control engineers are described, followed by presentation of a view of artificial neural networks and their potential roles in control systems. Two examples are described in which artificial neural networks have been applied successfully to difficult control problems, and a model of the cerebellum is discussed in light of conceptual schemes based on engineering control practice.
MEG and Multimodal Integration

Functional brain imaging methods provide measures of various physiological processes with a range of spatial and temporal scales. Because the sensitivity properties of the imaging modalities differ, combining multimodal data is expected to provide more information about the brain activity than is available by a single method. In direct data fusion, multimodal data can be described as complementary or supportive. Complementary modalities have the same type of sources, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), which are both generated by cortical primary currents, but with different sensitivity characteristics. Combination of EEG and MEG data can resolve ambiguities in data from only one of the modalities. In a supportive role data from one imaging modality guides the analysis and interpretation of another modality. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides supportive data for MEG source estimation, e.g., by indicating allowable locations and orientations of MEG source currents. Functional MRI (fMRI) can be used in a supportive role to suggest a likely source distribution for MEG among multiple alternatives. MEG and fMRI can also be considered complementary if the different source types, i.e., primary currents for MEG and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast for fMRI, are both derived from a common physiological model.
The Impact of Bicultural Identity Integration on the Implicit Prejudice of Asian Americans

This study examined the extent to which cultural cues and individual differences in bicultural identity integration (BII) influenced the implicit attitudes of Asian American biculturals. We found t...
Immunotherapy Using Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered T Cells: A Novel Cellular Therapy with Important Implications for the Clinical Laboratory.

BACKGROUND: We have entered a new era of cancer therapy, with a number of immune-based therapies already used clinically as a standard of care. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) represents a novel therapeutic approach. CAR-T cells have produced clinical responses in B-cell malignancies that are otherwise refractory to conventional therapies. Two CAR-T cell therapies obtained regulatory approval in 2017, with many more of these therapies under clinical development. CONTENT: This review focuses on the current state of adoptive cellular immunotherapy, specifically CAR-T cells, in the clinic and how this therapy differs from traditional small molecule and biologic therapies. Areas in which the clinical laboratory is affected by these novel therapies are discussed. Opportunities for the clinical laboratory to help guide these therapies are also highlighted. SUMMARY: The clinical laboratory will play an integral role in the care of patients undergoing adoptive cellular therapy with engineered T cells. There are many ways that this new therapeutic approach affects the clinical laboratory, and the clinical laboratory will likely play a critical role in managing patients that are treated with CAR-T cell therapy.