cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Cow Indexes According to Repeatability, Evaluation, Herd Yield, and Registry Status

Abstract Cow Indexes for over 2 million dams of Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, Guernseys, Holsteins, and Jerseys were matched with daughter Modified Contemporary Deviations. Correlations between dam Cow Index and daughter Deviation that were computed within sire and birth year of daughter increased with dam Repeatability and number of records for each daughter but were not as high as expected. Regressions of daughter Deviation on dam Cow Index were .84 to 1.08 across breeds and tended to increase with dam Repeatability. Correlations for registered Holstein pairs were about .03 higher than for grade pairs; regressions for the two groups were similar overall. Holstein pairs divided into 20 groups according to dam Cow Index showed that daughter Deviation, daughter sire merit and sire Repeatability, daughter birth year, and dam Repeatability all increased with dam Cow Index, whereas number of records for each daughter decreased. That decrease resulted from reduced opportunity because higher merit dams were younger and had younger daughters. Deviations for daughters of dams with extremely high Cow Indexes were higher than expected, which suggests preferential management of those daughters. Daughter Deviation in high yield herds was greater than expected from dam Cow Index.
Remote detection of acoustic boundaries using radiation imaging operators

In this paper, we present an acoustic imaging operator. This operator is based upon combining the material boundary conditions at an acoustic boundary and the radiation boundary conditions associated with one way wave propagation. Numerical examples, using the second-order imaging operator, are presented in order to demonstrate the applicability of this method to the detection of two-dimensional boundaries.
Characterization of the Mouse Aortic Carboxypeptidase-Like Protein Promoter Reveals Activity in Differentiated and Dedifferentiated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

The dedifferentiation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to the formation of vascular lesions. In this study, the regulation of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) expression in VSMCs was investigated. After mouse carotid injury, the expression of ACLP increases in the dedifferentiated VSMCs of the neointima in a pattern that differs from that of smooth muscle α-actin. To better understand the regulation of ACLP in VSMCs, we characterized the 21-exon mouse ACLP gene and 5′-flanking region and examined its promoter activity. In transient transfection assays, 2.5 kb of the ACLP 5′-flanking sequence directed high levels of luciferase reporter activity in primary cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells, and this activity was not dependent on serum response factor. We identified a positive element between base pairs −156 and −122 by analysis of 5′ deletion and mutant constructs. By use of electrophoretic mobility shift assays with rat aortic smooth muscle cell nuclear ...
Contraceptive risk-taking in a population with limited access to abortion

At a time when abortion was not readily available, among married women over half of unintended pregnancies occurred with no use or discontinued use of contraception. Many of these contraceptive drifters had prior experience with effective contraception. Contraceptive drifting was more common for low parity births. Different characteristics differentiated drifters from contraception failures in low- (1–2) and high- (3+) parity women. Among low-parity women, more drifting was found where the husband was enthusiastic about having the child, the woman's education or occupation was low, the husband's occupation was craftsman or operative, his education was low or his income was high. Among high-parity women, drifting was more common for white mothers, those with a previous marriage or a child by another father, or for mothers or fathers with low education. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards

BACKGROUND: Soil application of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides can provide opportunities for long-term control of insect pests in vineyards, with minimal risk of pesticide drift or worker exposure. This study compared the effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides applied via irrigation injection on key early-season and mid-season insect pests of vineyards in the eastern United States. RESULTS: On vines trained to grow on drip irrigation, early-season application of imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran provided high levels of control against the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae. Protection of vines against Japanesebeetle,Popilliajaponica,andgrapeberrymoth,Paralobesiaviteana,wasalsoobservedaftermid-seasonapplications. Efficacy was poor in commercial vineyards when treatments were applied to the soil before irrigation or rain, indicating that vines must be grown with an irrigation system for efficient uptake of the insecticide. CONCLUSIONS: In drip-irrigated vineyards, soil-applied neonicotinoids can be used to provide long residual control of either early-season or mid- to late-season foliage pests of vineyards. This approach can reduce the dependence on foliar-applied insecticides, with associated benefits for non-target exposure to workers and natural enemies. c � 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Random Access Compressed Sensing for Energy-Efficient Underwater Sensor Networks

Inspired by the theory of compressed sensing and employing random channel access, we propose a distributed energy-efficient sensor network scheme denoted by Random Access Compressed Sensing (RACS). The proposed scheme is suitable for long-term deployment of large underwater networks, in which saving energy and bandwidth is of crucial importance. During each frame, a randomly chosen subset of nodes participate in the sensing process, then share the channel using random access. Due to the nature of random access, packets may collide at the fusion center. To account for the packet loss that occurs due to collisions, the network design employs the concept of sufficient sensing probability. With this probability, sufficiently many data packets - as required for field reconstruction based on compressed sensing - are to be received. The RACS scheme prolongs network life-time while employing a simple and distributed scheme which eliminates the need for scheduling.
Impact of Null Polyphenol Oxidase Alleles on White Salted Noodles

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes Asian noodles to lose their bright color over time. Null Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 alleles are available that confer very low kernel PPO levels. Our goal was to characterize the effect of the Ppo-A1i and Ppo-D1f null alleles on the color and texture profile of white salted noodles. A white-seeded spring wheat carrying Ppo-A1i/Ppo-A2d and Ppo-D1f was crossed to a hard white-seeded isoline of Choteau spring wheat with Ppo-A1b/Ppo-A2a and Ppo-D1b and to a hard white-seeded isoline of Vida spring wheat with Ppo-A1a/Ppo-A2b and Ppo-D1b. Resultant lines homozygous for the null-Ppo alleles or for the alternate parent Ppo alleles were selected and grown in replicated trials. The null-Ppo alleles had no detrimental effects on kernel or flour traits. Noodles prepared from straight-grade or whole wheat flour from the null-Ppo allele class were less cohesive and softer than noodles from the alternate parent Ppo allele class for the White Choteau but not the White Vida population. Noodles prepa...
Avoiding Temperature-Induced Errors in On-Chip Interconnects

On-chip interconnect links become more susceptible to faults as technology scales. While most faults are temporary, about 20% of all errors are caused b y permanent or intermittent (lasting several cycles) faults [1]. These faults can occur because of manufacturing defects or run-time variations, such as multi-cycle delay failures during extended high temperature conditions or permanent faults caused by thermal runaway. Error control coding (ECC) techniques are commonly used to address reliability issues in on-chip interconnects [2–8], but these techniques generally target transient errors rather than long-duration errors. A single long-duration fault can drastically reduce or even eliminate the correction capabilities of most commonly used codes.
The Genomic and Transcriptional Landscape of Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia Impacts Disease Presentation, Overall Survival, and Therapeutic Response

toxic deaths. Methods: 1173 newly diagnosed MM patients entered the Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell’Adulto (GIMEMA) and European Myeloma Network (EMN) trials from May 2006 to September 2012. Overall, 511 patients received bortezomiband 662 patients lenalidomide-containing regimens. Results: 1146 patients started therapy and could be evaluated for this analysis. Death within 24 months of start of therapy occurred in 207 patients (18%). Among them, 61 patients (5%) died due to adverse events. Toxic deaths within 60 days occurred in 12 patients (1%) with a linear increase over time of 1% every 6 months. Thirty percent of deaths were attributable to cardiac complications (18 pts), 28% to infections (17 pts) and 15% to vascular complications (9 pts). There was no difference in the incidence of toxic deaths between patients receiving bortezomib (31 pts, 6%) or lenalidomide-containing regimens (30 pts, 5%, p1⁄40.32), nor in the proportions of toxic events. The incidence of toxic deaths was significantly higher in patients older than 80 years (11/107 [10%], p1⁄40.005). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased risk of early mortality were age (HR 1.09 per 1 year increase, p1⁄40.002) and ISS stage (HR 3.81, p1⁄40.01 ISS 2 vs ISS 1; HR 5.69, p1⁄40.002 ISS 3 vs ISS 1). Poor performance status was not a predictor of early death (HR 1.25, p1⁄40.59). By analyzing the impact of response, toxic deaths within 6 months occurred in patients with a suboptimal response (overall response rate 29%). Conclusions: Novel agents have substantially reduced the risk of toxic deaths as compared to conventional therapy. Nevertheless one-third of early deaths occurred due to cumulative specific drug-related toxicities. Cardio-vascular events and infections are the main causes. Greater tumor burden and activity (defined by ISS stage) increased the risk of death. The 2-fold higher risk of toxic mortality in octogenarians indicates the need for a careful assessment of frailty to identify patients who may benefit from a gentler approach.
A 'Reasonable' Introduction to the 2011 NIH Rule on Financial Conflicts of Interest

This paper was written in response to a request by external research grant compliance officials at a major research university for clarification of a confusing aspect of the new National Institutes of Health (NIH) rule regulating financial conflicts of interest for medical researchers and research institutions, which was officially promulgated on August 25, 2011 and went into effect on August 24, 2012. In particular, the rule requires compliance officers at research institutions to "reasonably" determine whether researchers' financial conflicts of interest would "directly and significantly" affect research funded by grants from the U.S. Public Health Service -- but neither the rule, nor agency commentary on the rule, nor court opinions, nor seemingly any other official source ever defines the terms "reasonably," "directly," "significantly," or other similar terms that appear in other clauses of the new rule. So, this paper compares the new rule to the 1995 rule that it supplants, finds that many of the same ambiguities existed in the earlier rule, then reviews the legislative history and regulatory background of both rules to offer suggestions as to why the ambiguous terms remain in the rule and what they apparently mean in practice. In short, the NIH appears to be leaving research institutions with a good deal of discretion, but is calling for research institutions to establish appropriate and regular procedures for considering actual or possible conflicts of interest and avoiding, mitigating, or otherwise addressing them. If research institutions have such regular procedures and follow them, then the decisions that emerge from them generally will be reasonable by definition. In other words, I suggest that the rule in effect creates a process-based definition of reasonability and other inherently subjective terms in the rule.At least one clever lawyer read the manuscript and said, more or less, "Well, everybody knows that already." But the paper was written because not everybody does know all that already, and people who aren't clever lawyers who already know everything might reasonably feel confused about how to interpret regulatory terms that are both mandatory and, on their faces, entirely ambiguous. So if you are a clever lawyer who already knows everything, please feel free not to read this; it is intended for research institution compliance officers, designated officials, and other mere mortals who are justifiably confused and are seeking clarification on this particular issue. And, of course, compliance officers and designated officials should work with their institution's legal counsel in setting up and operating appropriate procedures to comply with the new NIH rule.
In vivo small animal lung speckle imaging with a benchtop in-line XPC system

X-ray phase-contrast (XPC) images of mouse lungs were acquired in vivo with a benchtop XPC system employing a conventional microfocus source. A strong speckled intensity pattern was present in lung regions of the XPC radiographs, previously only observed in synchroton experiments and in situ benchtop studies. We showed how the texture characteristics of the speckle is influenced by the amount of air present in the lungs at different points in the breathing cycle.
Lagrangian Concentration Differential Equations for Interphase Mass Transfer and Unsteady Flow

In order to simulate particle concentration, approaches are either Lagrangian (tracking particle paths) or Eulerian (using a partial differential equation). To incorporate the benefits of both methods into a single approach, Wang and Loth developed a Globally-Eulerian, Locally-Lagrangian method. This method is based on a Lagrangian Concentration Differential Equation and was tested for various two-dimensional (2-D) steady flows. The present study extends this method to incorporate effects of particle mass transfer through evaporation for 2-D flows and the effects of unsteadiness for 1-D flows. The interphase mass transfer effects were found to be straightforward to incorporate. Unsteady flows were studied in three cases: a step-function flow, a sinusoidally oscillating flow without particle crossings, and a sinusoidally oscillating flow with particle crossings (all neglecting mass transfer effects). Special consideration was required for cases in which edge particles cross. The most successful of these used a Lagrangian Element Method in the immediate vicinity of the crossing and the LCDE approach otherwise.
Research about Improved Control Strategy of Dynamic Voltage Restorer

The open-loop control strategy of dynamic restorer was briefly analyzed,and its bad effect on the system was pointed out.A new control strategy based on interference voltage feed-forward adjustment was proposed.The new control strategy not only improved steady margin,but also sped up system dynamic response.The better performance of improved control strategy was then validated by simulation.
Kinetics of diacylglycerol accumulation in response to vasopressin stimulation in hepatocytes of continuously endotoxaemic rats.

The content and composition of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DAG) was determined in hepatocytes from saline (0.9% NaCl)- and Escherichia coli endotoxin (ET)-infused rats upon continuous vasopressin (VP) (10(-8) M) stimulation. In both experimental groups the accumulation of 1,2-DAG was detected after a lag period (2-5 min), was sustained up to the last time analysed (10 min), and C18:0- and C20:4-fatty-acid-containing-DAG accumulation preceded that of DAG containing other acyl groups. In hepatocytes from ET-infused rats the VP-induced accumulation of DAG was delayed and was decreased by 50%, showing a C18:0/C20:4 molar ratio of 1.6 as compared with 1.1 for cells from saline-infused rats. A similar lower cellular response to VP stimulation was observed in cells prelabelled with [14C]C20:4 fatty acid. The accumulation of [14C]C20:4-DAG (lower in ET than in saline-infused rats) was paralleled by a decrease in phosphatidylinositol (PI) labelling, whereas phosphatidic acid showed a transient increase by 5 min in saline- but not in ET-infused rats. The present results demonstrate that the previously reported impairment in the early degradation of poly-PI and later in the 'PI cycle' during VP stimulation [Rodriguez de Turco & Spitzer (1987) Metab. Clin. Exp. 36, 753-760] is also reflected at the level of their phosphodiesteratic product, DAG. Moreover, the kinetics of the accumulation of DAG acyl groups is consistent with the idea that the initial release of C18:0- and C20:4-DAG (possibly derived from inositol lipids) could regulate the subsequent enlargement of this pool by stimulating a phospholipase C-mediated degradation of other phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine).
Degenerative diseases of the joints and spine

A survey is given of the different kinds of osteoarthritis, how the diagnosis should be established, how the clinical examination should be performed; how information for the case history should be found out, and which supplementary findings (radiological laboratory) should be gathered. The therapeutic possibilities are discussed.
Intratracheal administration of endotoxin and cytokines. VI. Antiserum to CINC inhibits acute inflammation

Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), a chemotactic molecule of the interleukin (IL)-8 family, is known to be induced in the rat in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1, and ...
The interpretation of clinicopathologic data from the equine athlete.

It is the purpose of this article to review much of the information that is available regarding the adjunctive use of clinicopathologic data in evaluations of performance horses by veterinarians. Wherever possible, distinctions are made between findings that pertain to racehorses and those that apply most specifically to horses involved in “submaximal” events like combined training and endurance races. It is hoped that the material presented will clarify some of the problems associated with the interpretation of this data, and possibly stimulate the dissemination of additional information that will further assist practitioners in this aspect of their work.
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia and Angiogenesis: Imaging Biology and Guiding Therapy

Publisher Summary Hypoxia is a state of reduced oxygenation in tissue and is the most widely studied of all the microenvironmental changes. Regardless of the level of perfusion or status of the vasculature in a tumor, hypoxia induces changes that reflect homeostatic attempts to maintain adequate oxygenation by increasing 02 extraction from blood and by inducing cells to adapt by developing more aggressive survival traits through expression of new proteins. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels and is also an important attribute in a number of physiological processes vital for sustaining cancer cells and promoting tumor growth. It is critical for delivering nutrients for tumor growth and in providing energy to support invasion and metastatic spread. Clinical hypoxia imaging using FMISO and Cu-ATSM are in advanced stages of clinical experience. Optimal characterization of therapeutic targets is essential for the development and clinical evaluation of novel drugs targeting angiogenesis and hypoxia. Hypoxia imaging provides information that is different from that of FDG-PET and should play a pivotal role in oncologic imaging. Among all the hypoxia imaging radiopharmaceuticals, Cu-ATSM images show the best contrast early after injection, but these images are confounded by blood flow. The greatest advantage of PET/CT imaging will be the improved accuracy in localizing hypoxia and making it possible to incorporate these images into radiation treatment planning systems to safely plan and deliver a hypoxia-directed radiotherapy boost using intensity-modulated radiation therapy within the framework of radiobiological rationale.
Application of software to study the impact of transportation sectors' greenhouse gas emissions reduction on climate change

The study of environmental pollution has been significantly aided through computerized tools and models over the last several decades. There are enormous social and economic benefits of using software for studying the climatic impact of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents an approach to examine the climatic impact of emissions from the transportation sector by identifying available software (namely, MOVES, GREET, and mixed-use trip generation model) for projecting future GHG emission levels. This process is followed by the quantification of GHG emissions with variations in the temperature considering that temperature change at any given geographical region directly influences the projections of climate change. This study presents the application of relevant software in examining the various GHG emission reduction strategies, which can play an important role in understanding possible variations in the projected temperature variations for the transportation sector within a geographical region. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2016
Amino acid nutrition: Demand and supply in forage-fed ruminants

Amino acid requirements of cattle, particularly grazing cattle, scarcely have been studied. Limiting amino acids for growing cattle include methionine, lysine, histidine, leucine, and valine. Grazing cattle rarely demonstrate large performance responses to supplemental protein (provided ruminal N needs are met) due to the relationships between dietary energy supply, amino acid supply, and amino acid requirements. Amino acid requirements are related to dietary energy supply because protein deposition can be considered an energy-dependent process. Amino acid supply
The development of an intermediate-duration tag to characterize the diving behavior of large whales.

The development of high-resolution archival tag technologies has revolutionized our understanding of diving behavior in marine taxa such as sharks, turtles, and seals during their wide-ranging movements. However, similar applications for large whales have lagged behind due to the difficulty of keeping tags on the animals for extended periods of time. Here, we present a novel configuration of a transdermally attached biologging device called the Advanced Dive Behavior (ADB) tag. The ADB tag contains sensors that record hydrostatic pressure, three-axis accelerometers, magnetometers, water temperature, and light level, all sampled at 1 Hz. The ADB tag also collects Fastloc GPS locations and can send dive summary data through Service Argos, while staying attached to a whale for typical periods of 3–7 weeks before releasing for recovery and subsequent data download. ADB tags were deployed on sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus; N = 46), blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus; N = 8), and fin whales (B. physalus; N = 5) from 2007 to 2015, resulting in attachment durations from 0 to 49.6 days, and recording 31 to 2,539 GPS locations and 27 to 2,918 dives per deployment. Archived dive profiles matched well with published dive shapes of each species from short-term records. For blue and fin whales, feeding lunges were detected using peaks in accelerometer data and matched corresponding vertical excursions in the depth record. In sperm whales, rapid orientation changes in the accelerometer data, often during the bottom phase of dives, were likely related to prey pursuit, representing a relative measure of foraging effort. Sperm whales were documented repeatedly diving to, and likely foraging along, the seafloor. Data from the temperature sensor described the vertical structure of the water column in all three species, extending from the surface to depths >1,600 m. In addition to providing information needed to construct multiweek time budgets, the ADB tag is well suited to studying the effects of anthropogenic sound on whales by allowing for pre- and post-exposure monitoring of the whale's dive behavior. This tag begins to bridge the gap between existing long-duration but low-data throughput tags, and short-duration, high-resolution data loggers.
Human Perception of Swarm Robot Motion

As robots become ubiquitous in our everyday environment, we start seeing them used in groups, rather than individually, to complete tasks. We present a study aimed to understand how different movement patterns impact humans' perceptions of groups of small tabletop robots. To understand this, we focus on the effects of changing the robots' speed, smoothness, and synchronization, on perceived valence, arousal, and dominance. We find that speed had the strongest correlation to these factors. With regard to human emotional response to the robots, we align with and build on prior work dealing with individual robots that correlates speed to valence and smoothness to arousal. In addition, participants noted an increase in positive affect in response to synchronized motion, though synchronization had no significant impact on measured perception. Based on our quantitative and qualitative results, we describe design implications for swarm robot motion.
13. The Improbabilities

We all seek to know the meaning of our existence. Why are we here to work, love, play, suffer, wonder, die? This question, the meaning of it all, is the great imponderable.
The National Joker: Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Satire

Review of: "The National Joker: Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Satire," by Todd Nathan Thompson.
Direct visualization of sulfur cathodes: new insights into Li–S batteries via operando X-ray based methods

As the need for the development of “beyond lithium” ion battery technologies continues unabated, lithium sulfur batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their very high theoretical energy density of 2600 W h kg−1. However, despite much effort, the detailed reaction mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we have combined operando X-ray diffraction and X-ray microscopy along with X-ray tomography, to visualize the evolution of both the morphology and crystal structure of the materials during the entire battery cycling (discharging/charging) process. The dissolution and reformation of sulfur clusters is clearly observed during cycling. In addition, we demonstrate, for the first time, the critical role of current density and temperature in determining the size of both the resulting sulfur clusters and Li2S particles. This study provides new insights about promising avenues for the continued development of lithium sulfur batteries, which we believe may lead to their broad deployment and application.
Using the Lambert-W Function to Create a New Class of Warped Time-Frequency Representations

In this paper, we propose a new warping function to create a new class of warped time-frequency representations (TFRs). We provide the formula for the derivative warping function and its inverse which is defined using the Lambert-W function. Examples are provided demonstrating how the new warping function can be successfully used on wide variety of nonlinear FM chirp signals to linearize their support in the warped time-frequency plane. An algorithm is proposed to optimize the parameter of the new warping function. We also formulate nonlinear FM chirp signals that are ideally matched to this new class of TFRs. These matched FM chirp signals have highly concentrated warped TFRs and no inner-interference terms.
Protective Role of Myeloid Cells Expressing a G-CSF Receptor Polymorphism in an Induced Model of Lupus.

The genetic analysis of the lupus-prone NZM2410 mouse has identified a suppressor locus, Sle2c2, which confers resistance to spontaneous lupus in combination with NZM2410 susceptibility loci, or in the chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) induced model of lupus in the B6.Sle2c2 congenic strain. The candidate gene for Sle2c2, the Csf3r gene encoding the granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R/CD114), was validated when cGVHD was restored in B6.Sle2c2 mice after treatment with G-CSF. The goal of the project reported herein was to investigate the myeloid cells that confer resistance to cGVHD and to ascertain if the mechanism behind their suppression involves the G-CSF pathway. We showed that despite expressing the highest levels of G-CSF-R, neutrophils play only a modest role in the autoimmune activation induced by cGVHD. We also found reduced expression levels of G-CSF-R on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs) and a differential distribution of DC subsets in response to cGVHD in B6.Sle2c2 versus B6 mice. The CD8a+ DC subset, known for its tolerogenic phenotype, was expanded upon induction of cGVHD in B6.Sle2c2 mice. In addition, the deficiency of CD8a+ DC subset enhanced the severity of cGVHD in B6.Batf3-/- and B6.Sle2c2 mice, confirming their role in suppression of cGVHD. B6.Sle2c2DCs presented lowered activation and antigen presentation abilities and expressed lower levels of genes associated with DC activation and maturation. Exposure to exogenous G-CSF reversed the majority of these phenotypes, suggesting that tolerogenic DCs maintained through a defective G-CSF-R pathway mediated the resistance to cGVHD in B6.Sle2c2 mice.
Regioselective deuteration of alcohols in D2O catalysed by homogeneous manganese and iron pincer complexes

We report a convenient and cost-effective protocol for the regioselective deuteration of primary and secondary alcohols using Earth abundant homogeneous first row transition metal pincer catalysts. D2O is utilized as both a deuterium source and a solvent, allowing for a benign inexpensive process. Depending on the metal selected (Mn or Fe), a high degree of deuterium incorporation was observed selectively either at the α and β position (Mn) or exclusively at the α position (Fe), for primary alcohols. This simple, efficient, and cost-effective protocol for alcohol C–H bond deuteration constitutes a powerful tool for the large scale synthesis of deuterated molecules.
Diagnostic yield and implications of concurrent EEG monitoring during neuropsychological evaluation of patients with epilepsy (P3.232)

Objective: To analyze the yield and potential implications of EEG monitoring concurrently with neuropsychological (NP) evaluation in patients with epilepsy. Background: EEG testing during NP evaluation of patients with epilepsy is not routinely performed. Design/Methods: 82 consecutive patients with epilepsy who underwent continuous EEG monitoring during NP evaluation for diagnostic or presurgical purposes were included in this retrospective study. Demographic and disease related characteristics, as well as detailed neurophysiological and neuropsychological data were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: 82 patients (median age 38 years old, 65% female, 85% right handed) underwent EEG monitoring during their NP evaluation while on standard medication regimens. Their median disease duration was 16 years, they manifested on average 4.5 seizures per month and they were typically on 2 antiepileptic agents. More than 2/3 suffered from uni-or bitemporal epilepsy. EEG was abnormal in 68% of patients. Epileptiform abnormalities (interictal epileptiform discharges, electrographic seizures, or both) were seen in isolation or coupled with diffuse or focal slowing in 38% of patients. Patients with epileptiform abnormalities on their EEG during the NP evaluation demonstrated poorer scores in forward and backward digit span, visual confrontational naming, symbol searching, letter and semantic fluency scores, compared to those with normal EEG tracings. Aside for lower coding scores, no association was found between NP performance and non-epileptiform EEG abnormalities. Conclusions: A significant percent of epilepsy patients undergoing NP evaluation manifest concurrent EEG abnormalities despite being on their typical medication regimen. Epileptiform abnormalities during NP evaluation are associated with poorer neuropsychological performance, and could suggest that transient disruption of cognitive performance is obscuring genuine baseline function. This could lead to erroneous decisions at the individual and group (research) level. EEG monitoring during cognitive evaluation of epilepsy patients can provide real time information to safeguard accurate interpretation of the neuropsychological findings. Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Karakis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lynam has nothing to disclose. Dr. Taraschenko has nothing to disclose. Dr. Staikova has nothing to disclose. Dr. Loring has received personal compensation for activities with NeuroPace as a consultant. Dr. Drane has nothing to disclose.
STOCHASTIC PROCESSES IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSPORT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses stochastic processes in heat and mass transport. The transport of mass and heat in a turbulent environment is an extremely important problem. To understand how a pollutant, whether it is an active or inactive material or heat, is transported, it becomes imperative to understand how to treat stochastic differential and integral equations. From knowledge of the higher-order moments of the velocity field, one can look at the mass and heat transport equations, first when the velocity field is deterministic and then when it is a random function. The formulation of mass and heat transport in most physical situations is an advective process, and the velocity field is usually a random function.
Evolution of Bone Proteins

The ability to biomineralize has evolved many times in living organisms. In eukaryotes, various organisms have evolved that form elaborate structures composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate (CaP), or silica [61]. In particular, the advent of CaP biomineralization in vertebrates led to the formation of bone, dentin, and enamel/enameloid. These tissues provided critical improvements to defense, predation, and locomotion, ultimately allowing colonization of dry land [19, 88]. Given the importance of mineralized tissues to the vertebrate way of life, it is important to know how and when these tissues first formed and how they evolved.
FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for Recurrent Locally Advanced or Metastatic Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma Expressing PD‐L1

On September 22, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval for pembrolizumab (Keytruda, Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ) for the treatment of patients with recurrent, locally advanced or metastatic, gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma with disease progression on or after two or more systemic therapies, including fluoropyrimidine- and platinum-containing chemotherapy and, if appropriate, HER2/neu-targeted therapy, and whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), as determined by an FDA-approved test. Approval was based on demonstration of durable overall response rate (ORR) in a multicenter, open-label, multicohort trial (KEYNOTE-059/Cohort 1) that enrolled 259 patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma. Among the 55% (n = 143) of patients whose tumors expressed PD-L1 based on a combined positive score ≥1 and either were microsatellite stable or had undetermined microsatellite instability or mismatch repair status, the confirmed ORR as determined by blinded independent central review was 13.3% (95% CI, 8.2-20.0); 1.4% had complete responses. Response durations ranged from 2.8+ to 19.4+ months; 11 patients (58%) had response durations of 6 months or longer, and 5 patients (26%) had response durations of 12 months or longer. The most common (≥20%) adverse reactions of pembrolizumab observed in KEYNOTE-059/Cohort 1 were fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, and constipation. The most frequent (≥2%) serious adverse drug reactions were pleural effusion, pneumonia, dyspnea, pulmonary embolism, and pneumonitis. Pembrolizumab was approved concurrently with the PD-L1 immunohistochemistry 22C3 pharmDx test (Dako, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) for selection of patients with gastric cancer for treatment with pembrolizumab based on PD-L1 tumor expression. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This report presents key information on the basis for Food and Drug Administration approval of pembrolizumab for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma whose tumors express PD-L1. The report discusses the basis for limiting the indication to patients with PD-L1-expressing tumors and the basis for recommending that PD-L1 status be assessed using a fresh tumor specimen if PD-L1 expression is not detected in an archival gastric or GEJ cancer specimen.
β‐Selective Aroylation of Activated Alkenes by Photoredox Catalysis

Late-stage synthesis of α,β-unsaturated aryl ketones remains an unmet challenge in organic synthesis. Reported herein is a photocatalytic non-chain-radical aroyl chlorination of alkenes by a 1,3-chlorine atom shift to form β-chloroketones as masked enones that liberate the desired enones upon workup. This strategy suppresses side reactions of the enone products. The reaction tolerates a wide array of functional groups and complex molecules including derivatives of peptides, sugars, natural products, nucleosides, and marketed drugs. Notably, addition of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-pyridine enhances the quantum yield and efficiency of the cross-coupling reaction. Experimental and computational studies suggest a mechanism involving PCET, formation and reaction of an α-chloro-α-hydroxy benzyl radical, and 1,3-chlorine atom shift.
Stereotactic radiation therapy for canine multilobular osteochondrosarcoma: Eight cases.

Radiotherapy is often considered in the management of canine multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO), but its efficacy against bulky MLO tumours is poorly described. This retrospective case series describes the clinical outcomes of pet dogs with MLO treated with a stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) prescription of 30 Gy in three consecutive daily 10 Gy fractions. Dogs with an imaging (via computed tomography [CT] scan) and/or pathologic diagnosis of MLO were included. Patient demographics, tumour characteristics, radiation plan dosimetry, toxicity and outcome data were obtained retrospectively from the records. The median progression-free survival time (MPFST) and median overall survival time (MST) were calculated using a LOGLOG test. Eight dogs were included. None had evidence of metastasis at the time of SRT. Clinical signs associated with the MLO included a mass noted by owner, stertor, vestibular signs, exophthalmos and abnormal mentation. Of the five dogs that had CT scans performed 3 to 9 months after SRT, tumour volume decreased by 26% to 87% in four dogs and increased by 32% in one dog. Late radiation toxicity was documented in three dogs (VRTOG Grade 1 skin and/or ocular, n = 2; Grade 3 central nervous system, n = 1). Confirmed local disease progression (n = 3; two were treated with a second course of SRT) and suspected pulmonary metastasis (n = 2) occurred 90 to 315 days after SRT. The MPFST was 223 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 144.5-276.5 days). The MST was 329 days (IQR: 241.5-408 days). This protocol was well-tolerated, but the duration of response was short-lived.
Anillin Puts RhoA in Touch with PIP2

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Budnar and colleagues report how the scaffolding protein anillin uses cycles of transient binding interactions to enhance the residence time and signaling output of active RhoA to control actomyosin contractility at epithelial junctions and during cell division.
Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in the Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Era

Purpose:This article describes treatment patterns and visual outcomes for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in the antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) era.Methods:A retrospective...
Geometric phase shift sensitivity in an area chirped array of atom interferometers

Measuring geometric phase shifts has various applications in both quantum and classical interferometry such as measuring acceleration, distances, rotation and magnetic flux. Theoretical analysis of coupled ring arrays has been shown to be a promising design for creating small inertial rotation sensors on atom chips. In this paper we build on the theoretical models of transmission of matter waves through an area chirped array of ring interferometers to determine phase regions of the transmission that exhibit high sensitivity to geometric phase shifts,these regions are indicated by sharp transmission resonances. We calculate the slopes of transmission resonances for a range of values for two parameters, the chirp factor γ and the product of the wave number and ring circumference kL, we look at the behavior of the slopes of these transmission resonances for defined ranges of kL and γ to see in search of transmission resonances with extreme slopes. We find transmission resonances with sensitivities to geometric phase shifts that exceed those found in previous models of area chirped arrays by several orders of magnitude. The area chirp is applied such that the geometric phase shifts (θGP) in each ring of the array can be expressed in terms of the geometric phase shift in the reference ring of the array, this enables the transmission function T(θGP) to be calculated in terms of the phase shift of a single ring. We investigate T(θGP) for various ring sizes, wave numbers, and chirp factor and look for values of these parameters that lead to sharp transmission resonances in T(θGP). We calculate the sensitivities of rotation via the Sagnac effect and magnetic flux via Aharonov Bohm effect based on the sensitivity of the transmission resonances found in our transmission functions.
Trends in the Nutrition Profile of Menu Items at Large Burger Chain Restaurants.

Introduction Fast food restaurants, including top burger chains, have reduced calorie content of some menu items in recent years. However, the extent to which the nutrition profile of restaurant menus is changing over time is unknown. Methods Data from 2,472 food items on the menus of 14 top-earning burger fast food chain restaurants in the U.S., available from 2012 to 2016, were obtained from the MenuStat project and analyzed in 2019. Nutrition Profile Index scores were estimated and used to categorize foods as healthy (≥64 of 100). Generalized linear models examined mean scores and the proportion of healthy menu items among items offered in all years (2012–2016) and items offered in 2012 only compared with items newly introduced in subsequent years. Results Overall, Conclusions At large chain burger restaurants, most items were unhealthy, and the overall nutrition profile of menus remained unchanged from 2012 to 2016. Future research should examine the nutrition profile of restaurant menus in a larger, more diverse sample of restaurants over a longer timeframe and examine whether results are robust when other measures of nutritional quality are used.
Cytoplasmic Modulation of Transmitter Gated K Channels in Cultured Mammalian Central Neurons

Recent years have seen considerable progress in our understanding of slow inhibitory synaptic processes in the mammalian brain. In many studies a surprisingly similar mechanism of inhibition has emerged, though these studies were of different neurotransmitters and in diverse brain regions. In these cases inhibition arises from the activation of a potassium conductance with two unique features. These features are 1) inward rectification and 2) mediation by a GTP-binding protein (G-protein). The inward rectification of these responses is manifest in their current-voltage relationships as a decreasing response at potentials depolarized beyond a characteristic point. Activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance has been observed with baclofen in hippocampal slices (Newberry & Nicoli, 1985; Gahwiler & Brown, 1985), opiates in locus coeruleus (North & Williams, 1985), and with adenosine and serotonin in cultured hippocampus and striatum (Trussell & Jackson, 1985 & 1987a; Yakel et al, 1986).
Trends in pediatric skin cancer.

Purpose of review To inform pediatric providers of the clinical characteristics, underlying genetic drivers, and therapeutic options for skin cancer arising in childhood and adolescence. Recent findings The incidence of melanoma in pediatric patients has been declining in the past decades. Pediatric-specific diagnostic criteria should be utilized when assessing lesions concerning for melanoma to better account for the different presentations seen in pediatric disease compared with adults, such as an increased prevalence of amelanotic melanoma or frequent mimic of benign pediatric lesions. Pediatric melanoma often presents with a higher histopathologic stage and a higher Breslow depth as compared with adult melanoma. Pediatric nonmelanoma skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are associated with genetic conditions and immunosuppression, both iatrogenic and inherited. Summary Melanoma in pediatric patients often presents differently from conventional adult melanoma, including Spitz melanoma and melanoma associated with congenital melanocytic nevi. Pediatric patients with nonmelanoma skin cancers should be evaluated for predisposing risk factors. More research on therapeutic options for pediatric skin cancer is vital to understanding the tolerance and response of our pediatric patients to therapies that are more frequently utilized in adult disease.
[WC309] Using Video Messages to Promote Residential Adoption of Fertilizer Best Management Practices

Residents are inclined to over-irrigate and over-fertilize their lawns to uphold landscape appearances influenced by homeowner associations and neighborhood aesthetics (Nielson & Smith (2005). While these practices affect water quantity and quality, water quality is most impacted by fertilizer runoff (Nielson & Smith, 2005; Toor et al., 2017). Supporting water programs and engagement in fertilizer best management practices (BMPs) can have positive impacts on water quality. The Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory can be used to explain how a population accepts and adopts fertilizer best management practices (BMPs) over time (Rogers, 2003). Adoption can be understood through a population's perception of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, and trialability of fertilizer BMPs. The information presented here is an exploration of how extension can use video messages to influence residents' perception of these factors which influence adoption. The videos positively influence residents' perceptions of fertilizer BMPs, and recommendations are offered for applying this research to extension programs.