cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A consistent covariant quantization of the Brink-Schwarz superparticle

Abstract We perform the covariant quantization of the ten-dimensional Brink-Schwarz superparticle by reducing it to a system whose constraints are all first class, covariant and have only two levels of reducibility.
Inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone release by morphine microinjected into mesencephalic dorsal raphe.

Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters from ovariectomized rats at 10-minute intervals for one hour before and two hours after microinjection of -.5 microliter of either saline vehicle or morphine sulfate (10 micrograms) into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) or adjacent periaqueductal gray by means of chronically-implanted guide cannulae. LH was measured by radioimmunoassay and mean pre-injection and mean post-injection values were compared for each rat (t test) as well as for each treatment group (paired t test). Neither saline in DRN nor morphine at other sites significantly altered circulating LH. A significant decrease in LH was observed following injection of morphine into DRN. This effect of morphine was prevented by pre treatment of the animals with the narcotic antagonist naltrexone (10 mg/kg i.v.), indicating the involvement of opiate receptors. These results indicate that DRN is one site at which systemically-administered morphine might act, and suggest the possibility of participation of this mechanism in modulation of LH release by endogenous opioids.
The Development of ALADIN, an Expert System for Aluminum Alloy Design

Abstract aladin is an expert system that aids metallurgists in the design of new aluminum alloys. The system is a hybrid of several artificial intelligence techniques. Declarative representations are used for metallurgical concepts. The design procedure is encoded in a rule-base, with the potential for user participation. The system is based on the hypothesize-and-test model, and a constraint-based search is used to find alternative designs. Strategies are included for resolving the interactions among conflicting subproblems. Metallurgical relationships cover a broad range of symbolic and numerical types of reasoning. In this article, an overview of the project is given, including discussions of knowledge acquisition techniques, design decisions and implementation.
Unexpected diagnosis of superficial neurofibroma in a lesion with imaging features of a vascular malformation

Plexiform neurofibroma is a pathognomonic, often disabling feature of neurofibromatosis type I. Although the target-like appearance of deep plexiform neurofibroma on T2-weighted MRI has been well-described, a second superficial form of plexiform neurofibroma has differing imaging features. We report a 15-year-old boy who presented with multiple cutaneous lesions exhibiting clinical and imaging characteristics of a venolymphatic malformation. These lesions were histologically proved to represent superficial plexiform neurofibromas. We wish to emphasize the unique MR findings of superficial plexiform neurofibromas; these findings are different from the imaging characteristics of the deep form and can be confused with a low-flow vascular malformation.
Quelques aspects rhéologiques des fluides colloïdaux

In the case where the interaction between particles is negligible, the hydrodynamic approach of suspension rheology is well known. In this paper, we present, after a brief review of classical results, a summary of recent methods allowing to account for the interaction between particles and for the effects due to the colloidal properties: brownian motion, electrostatic repulsion, and attraction due to van der Waals forces. Methods designed to correlate and explain the relationship between the structure of the colloidal particles and the behaviour of the suspension are described. Recent results concerning the significant influence of additives on the particle aggregation, and then on the rheology of colloids, are presented. Finally, future research topics are proposed.
The effect of cusp form and occlusal surface area on denture base deformation

Abstract A method has been described which will permit separate evaluation of the effect of cusp form and area of the occlusal table on deformation of the denture base. The deformation of the denture base during various test procedures was continuously recorded.
The constructional approach to behavioral modification

The constructional approach to behavioral modification, first formally recognized by Goldiamond (1974), is discussed against the background of the approach to which it is an alternative, the eliminative model. While the latter directs practitioners to focus on eliminating problem behavior, the constructional approach attempts to solve problems by building behavioral repertoires. It is pointed out that the constructional approach is not necessarily incompatible with the eliminative approach. Implications of the eliminative-constructional distinction are discussed for the major aspects of behavioral interventions--behavioral analysis, determination of goals, and change procedures. Some research implications of the distinction are considered. Such issues as clients' right to treatment and to refuse punitive procedures make further development of the constructional approach imperative.
International Institutions and Interstate Trade: Reassessing the Effects of Alliances and Preferential Trading Arrangements

Recent studies have analyzed the impact of political-military alliances and preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) on international trade. Thus far, they have generated inconsistent results, in part because they have failed to distinguish adequately between alliances as formal institutions and uninstitutionalized alignments of common strategic interest. Consequently, this article seeks to reassess the effect of alliances and PTAs on interstate trade, controlling for alignment. Using an appropriately restricted data set, it arrives at a novel set of conclusions about their absolute and relative importance, finding that both alliances and PTAs have a positive, statistically significant, and substantively large impact on bilateral trade levels. In contrast to other recent studies, it finds that PTAs have a significantly greater positive influence on trade flows than do alliances when alignment is controlled for.
A Markov Chain Model of Human Needs: An Extension of Maslow's Need Theory

This paper proposes a Markov chain model to deal with the dynamic, multivariate, and probabilistic nature of a human need system. The proposed model offers a powerful tool to analyze the prevailing...
Revealing buried information: Statistical processing techniques for ultracold-gas image analysis

The techniques of principal and independent component analysis are applied to images of ultracold atoms. As an illustrative example, we present the use of these model-independent methods to rapidly determine the differential phase of a Bose-Einstein condensate interferometer from large sets of images of interference patterns. These techniques have been useful in the calibration of the experiment and in the investigation of phase randomization. The details of the algorithms are provided.
A Parametric Device as a Nonreciprocal Element

A parametric device has been proposed which is equivalent to a passive nonreciprocal phase shifter. A first-order analysis is made assuming the series resistance effect in the variable capacitance diode to be negligible and a dispersion theory for matching and bandwidth of the nonreciprocal element is developed. The nonreciprocal phase behavior of the device was exhibited experimentally over a narrow frequency band.
An experiment using coordinate title word searches

This study, the fourth and last of a series designed to produce new information to improve retrievability of books in libraries, explores the effectiveness of retrieving a known-item book using words from titles only. From daily printouts of circulation records at the Walter Royal Davis Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 749 titles were taken and then searched on the 4-million entry catalog at the library of the University of Michigan. The principal finding was that searches produced titles having personal authors 81.4% of the time and anonymous titles 91.5% of the time; these figures are 15 and 5%, respectively, lower than the lowest findings presented in the previous three articles of this series (Kilgour, 1995; 1997; 2001).
Germination and Emergence Tests for Predicting Switchgrass Field Establishment

Th e eff ect of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) seed quality tests on fi eld establishment has been addressed inadequately. Our objective was to evaluate the ability of seed quality tests to predict fi eld establishment. Standard Association of Offi cial Seed Analysts (AOSA) tests are based on the percentage of seeds in a seedlot that germinate under standard laboratory conditions, whereas the seedlot establishment tests (SETs) are based on the number of seeds that emerge per gram of seed using diff erent germination or stress test conditions. Th e SET was determined using six laboratory tests and the results validated in three replicated fi eld trials. Treatments were: (i) AOSA pure live seed (PLS) test assuming 858 seeds g –1 ; (ii) AOSA test with no prechill; (iii) AOSA test with prechill; (iv) heat stressed at 50°C for 12 h; (v) emergence from 4 cm of sand; and (vi) heat stressed plus emergence from 2 cm of sand. Data from noncontrol tests were on a SET per-gram basis. Field establishment diff ered by the seed quality test on which the seeding rate was based. Th e best predictor of fi eld establishment was emergence from 4 cm of sand, which had an establishment index (ratio of fi eld-emerged seeds to seeds planted) that was 3.5 times greater than the PLS method and 36% greater than no prechill. Stands on which planting rates were based on SET that included stress tests were better predictors of fi eld establishment than the standard PLS method. Switchgrass seeding rates based on SET are recommended to reduce the risk of failure during stand establishment.
A Tungsten Complex with a Bidentate, Hemilabile N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand, Facile Displacement of the Weakly Bound W−(CC) Bond, and the Vulnerability of the NHC Ligand toward Catalyst Deactivation during Ketone Hydrogenation

The initial reaction observed between the N-heterocyclic carbene IMes (IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and molybdenum and tungsten hydride complexes CpM(CO){sub 2}(PPh{sub 3})H (M = Mo, W) is deprotonation of the metal hydride by IMes, giving [(IMes)H]{sup +}[CpM(CO){sub 2}(PPh{sub 3})]{sup -}. At longer reaction times and higher temperatures, the reaction of IMes with CpM(CO){sub 2}(PR{sub 3})H (M = Mo, W; R = Me, Ph) produces CpM(CO){sub 2}(IMes)H. Hydride transfer from CpW(CO)2(IMes)H to Ph{sub 3}C{sub +}B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}{sup -} gives CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes){sup +}B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}{sup -}, which was crystallographically characterized using X-ray radiation from a synchrotron. The IMes is bonded as a bidentate ligand, through the carbon of the carbene as well as forming a weak bond from the metal to a C=C bond of one mesityl ring. The weakly bound C=C ligand is hemilabile, being readily displaced by H{sub 2}, THF, ketones, or alcohols. Reaction of CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes){sup +} with H{sub 2} gives the dihydride complex [CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes)(H){sub 2}]{sup +}. Addition of Et{sub 2}CH-OH to CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes){sup +}B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}{sup -} gives the alcohol complex [CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes)(Et{sub 2}CH-OH)]{sup +}[B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}]{sup -}, which was characterized by crystallography and exhibits no evidence for hydrogen bonding of the bound OHmore » group. Addition of H{sub 2} to the ketone complex [CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes)(Et{sub 2}C=O)]{sup +}[B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}]{sup -} produces an equilibrium with the dihydride [CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes)(H){sub 2}]{sup +} (K{sub eq} = 1.1 x 10{sup 3} at 25 {sup o}C). The tungsten ketone complex [CpW(CO){sub 2}(IMes)(Et{sub 2}C=O)]{sup +}[B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}]{sup -}- serves as a modest catalyst for hydrogenation of Et{sub 2}C=O to Et{sub 2}CH-OH in neat ketone solvent. Decomposition of the catalyst produces [H(IMes)]{sup +}B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 4}{sup -}, indicating that these catalysts with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands are vulnerable to decomposition by a reaction that produces a protonated imidazolium cation.« less
The Yugoslav inflation: Some competing hypotheses

Abstract Various hypotheses about wage and price inflation in Yugoslavia are presented and tested empirically with quarterly data from the 1962–1972 period. Both theoretical literature and empirical evidence on the behavior of the self-managed firm are used to derive different models of wage determination. The wage-equation results indicate that labor-market conditions, inflationary expectations; and labor-productivity variables are significant determinants of the rate of growth of wages. The price equations, based on a modified cost-markup model consistent with the practices of Yugoslav firms, identify labor costs and aggregate demand as significant determinants of the rate of growth of prices. University of California, Berkeley.
Basic flow field in a tidal basin

[1] A simplified model for tidal flow in a basin is presented. The model is based on the assumption of a flat water surface oscillating synchronously in the tidal basin. Under this hypothesis the depth-averaged continuity equation becomes a Poisson equation that can be easily resolved at each instant of the tidal cycle. This formulation, which is particularly valid for small, deep basins, provides a simplified solution of the depth-integrated shallow water equations and suggests a possible approach to model long-term morphodynamic evolution of tidal basins. The model is tested in San Diego Bay, California, and the results are briefly discussed.
How Flaviviruses use a Unique ‘Slipknot-Like’ Structure to Mechanically Confound a Cellular Exonuclease and Produce Pathogenic RNA

Arthropod-borne flaviviruses (FVs) such as Dengue and West Nile are expanding worldwide health threats. During FV infection, subgenomic flaviviral RNAs (sfRNAs) accumulate in the cell; these sfRNAs are directly linked to pathogenesis and cytophathicity. sfRNAs are formed by the action of conserved RNA structures located at the 5’ end of the viral 3’ untranslated region (UTR). Remarkably, these structures halt progression of the host-cell's powerful 5 to 3’ exonuclease Xrn1, protecting the last ∼500 nucleotides of the viral genome from degradation and resulting in the sfRNA. Using a combination of biophysical, biochemical, structural, and virological methods, we characterized the folds and activities of Xrn1-resistant RNAs from Dengue and West Nile viruses and determined the crystal structure of one such RNA (Chapman et al., 2014, eLife; Chapman et al., 2014, Science). We discovered that a specific and complex RNA structure confers Xrn1 resistance, and that this structure likely has biophysical properties unique to this RNA. The structure contains two interwoven pseudoknots in an unprecedented and remarkable fold: the 5′-end of the RNA is threaded through the center of an encircling three-helix junction ‘ring’, leading to an ‘RNA slipknot-like’ structure. Modeling of the RNA structure in complex with the Xrn1 enzyme suggests the RNA presents Xrn1 with a mechanical unfolding problem that confounds the helicase activity of Xrn1. These results provide a framework for new experiments aimed at deciphering the detailed biophysical properties used to prevent destruction of this RNA by an enzyme evolved to degrade it.
Alterations in microvasculature are associated with atrophy of the stria vascularis in quiet-aged gerbils

Age-related changes in the integrity of the stria vascularis and its microvasculature were assessed in whole mount preparations of the gerbil cochlear lateral wall. Small focal regions containing few or no capillaries were present at the extreme ends of the stria vascularis in most 5-9 month-old gerbils. A few ears in this age range also contained small regions devoid of capillaries at the extreme basal end of the stria. These degenerate foci expanded in a systematic fashion toward the middle turn of the cochlea with increasing age. Gerbils aged 33 months or older exhibited a normal strial vasculature pattern only in portions of the middle and upper basal turns. The remainder of the stria in these older gerbils contained degenerate regions which showed both loss of capillaries and atrophy of strial marginal cells. Quantification via computer-aided image analysis confirmed that the areas of strial atrophy correlated well with the loss of strial capillaries at all ages. However, regions containing capillaries with decreased diameter were not necessarily accompanied by atrophic changes in marginal cells. The results suggest that degeneration of the stria vascularis begins prior to onset of auditory threshold shift and is preceded and possibly initiated by changes in the strial microvasculature.
A Generalization of Ince’s Equation

We investigate the Hill differential equation where A(t), B(t), and D(t) are trigonometric polynomials. We are interested in solutions that are even or odd, and have period π or semi-period π. The above equation with one of the above conditions constitutes a regular Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem. We investigate the representation of the four Sturm-Liouville operators by infinite banded matrices.
Molar Absorbance Coefficient of Rhodopsin

UNTIL recently, it was accepted that the molar absorbance coefficient of rhodopsin, erh, was no less than 41,000 (refs. 1–4). In 1968, however, Heller5 obtained a value of 23,100 by measuring the amount of protein in purified samples of rhodopsin and assuming a protein molecular weight of 26,400.
Characterization of red zinc oxide by electron paramagnetic resonance

Abstract A study has been carried out on red zinc oxide. The EPR signal normally found in white zinc oxide is accentuated in red zinc oxide, and is increased by u.v. excitation. The growth and decay of photoexcitation as a function of temperature were studied. Careful annealing of the red zinc oxide produces a new signal, whose hyperfine structure provides evidence for the existence of nitrogen pairs in the material. This interpretation is substantiated by producing similar signals from an oxidized zinc nitride, annealed under comparable conditions. An hypothesis of paired substitutional-interstitial nitrogen is proposed.
Numerical investigation of three-dimensionally evolving jets subject to axisymmetric and azimuthal perturbations

We study the inviscid mechanisms governing the three-dimensional evolution of an axisymmetric jet by means of vortex filament simulations. The spatially periodic calculations provide a detailed picture of the processes leading to the concentration, reorientation, and stretching of the vorticity. In the purely axisymmetric case, a wavy perturbation in the streamwise direction leads to the formation of vortex rings connected by braid regions, which become depleted of vorticity. The curvature of the jet shear layer leads to a loss of symmetry as compared to a plane shear layer, and the position of the free stagnation point forming in the braid region is shifted towards the jet axis. As a result, the upstream neighbourhood of a vortex ring is depleted of vorticity at a faster rate than the downstream side. When the jet is also subjected to a sinusoidal perturbation in the azimuthal direction, it develops regions of counter-rotating streamwise vorticity, whose sign is determined by a competition between global and local induction effects. In a way very similar to plane shear layers, the streamwise braid vorticity collapses into counter-rotating round vortex tubes under the influence of the extensional strain. In addition, the cores of the vortex rings develop a wavy dislocation. As expected, the vortex ring evolution depends on the ratio R /θ of the jet radius and the jet shear-layer thickness. When forced with a certain azimuthal wavenumber, a jet corresponding to R /θ = 22.6 develops vortex rings that slowly rotate around their unperturbed centreline, thus preventing a vortex ring instability from growing. For R /θ = 11.3, on the other hand, we observe an exponentially growing ring waviness, indicating a vortex ring instability. Comparison with stability theory yields poor agreement for the wavenumber, but better agreement for the growth rate. The growth of the momentum thickness is much more dramatic in the second case. Furthermore, it is found that the rate at which streamwise vorticity develops is strongly affected by the ratio of the streamwise and azimuthal perturbation amplitudes.
Biochemical evidence for a P2Y-like receptor in Tetrahymena thermophila.

Extracellular nucleotides are ubiquitous signaling molecules. ATP signals through two receptor types: the ionotropic P2X receptors, and the metabotropic P2Y receptors. ATP acts as a chemorepellent in Tetrahymena thermophila, where it causes a distinct avoidance response. The intracellular mechanisms by which ATP causes avoidance in this organism, however, are unknown. In this study, we use in vivo pharmacological assays along with enzyme immuno-assays to obtain information about the ATP chemorepellent pathway and its associated second messenger systems. Our data show strong similarities between the presumed ATP receptor of T. thermophila and members of the P2Y family of receptors. The ATP response of T. thermophila appears to be coupled to phospholipase C, a defining characteristic of the P2Y receptor family. In addition, the ATP chemoresponse appears to be linked to a Gi/o protein, nitric oxide synthase, and adenylyl cyclase, all of which are characteristic of some P2Y receptors. This is an important first step in describing the pathways involved in ATP chemoresponse of this organism.
Effect of Additives of Limited Solid Solubility on Ferroelectric Properties of Barium Titanate Ceramics

An experimental survey of additives to barium titanate shows that in addition to those which are readily soluble in the barium titanate lattice (class 1) and those which are insoluble (class 2) two other distinct classes of additive, with limited solid solubility (classes 3 and 4), can be distinguished. Class 3 additives give normal ferroelectric properties with particularly low electrical and mechanical losses, as exemplified by BaTiO3 2 mole % NiTiO3 for which, after aging, tan δ= 10−3 and 1/Q = 4 X 10−4. Experimental results indicate that the ferroelectric loss, in high and low fields, is hysteresis loss associated with domain boundary movement and that in class 3 materials the losses are low because the domain boundaries are in particularly stable positions. Class 4 materials have useful dielectric properties associated with a crystallite size between 0.1 and 1 μ. For example, BaTiO3.3 mole % NaNbO3 has e= 3200 × 200 between 0°C. and 120°C. with tan δ= 3 X 10−2. The absence of a permittivity peak is attributed to a distribution of the Curie temperatures of individual crystallites and the enhanced permittivity at lower temperatures to inhibition of the spontaneous polarization by the mutual clamping, in the ceramic, of crystallites which are too small to divide into 90° domains.
Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants as Emerging Treatment Options for Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Objective: To review the evidence for the use of the direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in adult patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Data Source: A PubMed search (1950-February 2015) was collected using the terms heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban, or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and target-specific anticoagulants, or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and direct-acting oral anticoagulants, or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and new oral anticoagulants. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles were reviewed for inclusion. The references of included articles were reviewed for additional data. Data Synthesis: HIT is an immune-mediated, prothrombotic adverse reaction that requires not only discontinuation of heparin but also initiation of an alternative nonheparin anticoagulant to counter the effects of the autoimmune cascade. Pharmacotherapeutic management with argatroban is unpredictable and problematic. The DOAC...
The Ohio Banking Crisis: A Lesson in Consumer Finance

This paper reports the results of a survey taken on April 14, 1985, at a meeting of the depositors in Home State Savings Bank, the Cincinnati-based savings and loan association that had closed in early March because of losses suffered in government securities transactions. The results for the 578 depositors surveyed show a high percentage of depositors over 55 years of age and retired, with a high school education or less. Although the majority of those surveyed are low- to middle-income consumers, over 50 percent have more than $20,000 on deposit in Home State Savings Bank, which, for most of them, represents over 50 percent of their total savings. A large number of depositors also appear to have limited or incorrect information about Home State's deposit insurance and financial condition.
Glucocorticoids alter the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the myocardium in a porcine model of brain death.

Background Cardiac dysfunction after brain death (BD) limits donors for cardiac transplantation. Glucocorticoids ameliorate brain death–induced donor heart dysfunction. We hypothesized that glucocorticoid therapy alleviates myocardial depression through altering the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators via the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)/inhibitor of kappaB-alpha (IκBα) pathway and/or by preserving beta-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling in the heart. Methods Crossbred pigs (25 to 35 kg) were randomly assigned to the following groups ( n = 5/treatment): sham (Group 1); BD (Group 2); and BD with glucocorticoids (30 mg/kg methylprednisolone), either 2 hours before (Group 3) or 1 hour after BD (Group 4). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured in plasma at baseline and 1 hour and 6 hours after BD. Protein levels were measured in left ventricular homogenates procured 6 hours after BD. Results Pro-inflammatory proteins (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 were lower in Group 3 and Group 4 compared with Group 2 at 6 hours after BD ( p p = 0.001). Interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory mediator, was lower in Group 4 than in Group 2 ( p Conclusions Glucocorticoids maintained myocardial function and shifted the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators after BD. The mechanisms by which glucocorticoids preserve myocardial function, however, do not appear to involve the NF-κB pathway or βAR signaling.
Should Strategic Studies Survive

Political science attends to causes and consequences of war but only fitfully welcomes study of its conduct, because few grasp how much the dynamics of combat shape politics. Bernard Brodie called for development of strategic studies on the model of the discipline of economics, because neither the military nor academia treated the subject rigorously. His call was answered in the early cold war, with mixed results. Theories about nuclear deterrence burgeoned while empirical studies of war lagged. The late—cold war impasse in nuclear strategy, rooted in NATO doctrine, shifted attention to conventional military operations and empirically grounded theory. Since the cold war, research on general theoretical questions about war and peace has been prospering, but education in military matters has been eroding. Interdisciplinary strategic studies integrate political and military elements of international conflict, but there is no recognized discipline of military science; military analysis is smuggled into political science and history departments, where it is resisted by calls to conceptualize security broadly or focus on purely theoretical work. If serious military studies are squeezed out of universities, there will be no qualified civilian analysts to provide independent expertise in policy and budget debates, and decisions on war and peace will be made irresponsibly by uninformed civilians or by the professional military alone.
Akt-activated endothelial cells enhance self-renewal, stemness, resistance to therapy, and metastasis in breast cancer

Recently, the role of tumor microenvironment (niche) in regulating cancer progression has been indicated. Tumor microenvironments consists of tumor vasculature, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells and the components of the extracellular matrix. It is believed that the phenotypic advantages acquired by tumor cells are partly the outcome of their interaction with their niche. Endothelial cells are the building blocks of tumor vasculature and have lately been shown to have additional benefits than merely a conduit for supplying oxygen and nutrients. Here, we intend to demonstrate the critical role of the Akt-activated endothelial (E4ORF1) cells on breast cancer development, survival and spreading. The effect of E4ORF1 cells on breast cancer (BC) and breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) self-renewal was assessed by co-cultivating E4ORF1 with MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 BC cells under adherent and suspension conditions. BCSC enrichment by E4ORF1 cells was measured by analyzing the CD44+/CD24Low/- population of BC cells by flow cytometry as well as by evaluating the expression of pluripotency markers by RT-PCR. BCSCs resistance to treatment was investigated by addition of metformin and determining BCSC proliferation with/out E4ORF1. The role of E4ORF1 on BC cell metastasis was shown by migration and adhesion potential of BC cells with/out E4ORF1 cells. Our results demonstrated a 5-fold increase in the self-renewal capacity of BC cells and BCSCs in the presence of E4ORF1. Also, E4ORF1 was able to promote stemness in BC cells as was shown by significant increase in CD44+/CD24Low/- BCSC population and the up-regulation of pluripotency markers. Moreover, BCSCs survived drug treatment by 2.5 folds in the presence of E4ORF1. Besides, BC cells showed enhanced invasion/adhesion property when exposed to E4ORF1 cells. Our data suggest a major role for E4ORFl cells in BC progression, stemness, resistance and metastasis. This characteristic of E4ORF1 cells in maintaining BC cells can be exploited in developing novel anti-cancer therapy to combat BC in a more effective way.
Effects of information technology on supplier-customer cooperative relationships

The benefits a firm can realise from establishing cooperative relationships with suppliers and customers have been documented, extensively. However, very little is known about what happens when a firm uses information technology to facilitate a cooperative relationship (IT-mode) with suppliers and customers, and when it uses face-to-face (socialisation). Results of this study suggest that a firm’s decision to either use IT or socialisation to facilitate its cooperative relationships with suppliers and buyers is contingent on the type of knowledge exchanged between cooperating partners. A firm uses IT to facilitate cooperative relationships when exchanging codified information, whereas tacit knowledge is exchanged through face-to-face interactions. This study suggests that the use of IT or socialisation to facilitate cooperative relationships is contingent on type of knowledge being exchanged.
Effect of whole brain cobalt-60 gamma irradiation on cortical arousal in the burro☆

Abstract The acute effects of single, whole brain, cobalt-60 gamma irradiation on the cortical arousal to the conditioned stimulus were examined on normal male adult burros up to 7 days following 200 r, 400 r and 600 r. 1. 1. A 200 r irradiation did affect, neither the resting patterns of electrocorticograms, nor the CS-induced cortical arousal. 2. 2. Degradation and rapid loss of the CS-induced cortical arousal were observed only if the subjects were irradiated with 400 r or 600 r. 3. 3. Since the 600 r exposed subjects suffered from significant physiological changes and died early of radiogenic neuropathic death, a facilitated extinction of the cortical arousal observed in this group might merely reflect effects of radiation sickness. 4. 4. Collateral data indicated that facilitation of extinction of the CS-induced cortical arousal would not be caused by radiogenic changes in the US efficacy and in attention, but by difficulties in getting emotion activation in response to learned cues.
Cultural symbolism of fish and the psychotropic properties of omega-3 fatty acids

Fish is a food with unique psychotropic properties. Consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, rich in seafood, reduces depression, aggression and anger while improving mental well-being. We posit that symbols of fish have become linked to the emotional states induced by long-chain fatty acid by associative pairings, both conscious and unconscious. The limbic and hippocampal activity necessary for memory formation containing emotional content and the labeling of social context by cortical processes appears to be optimized by diets rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acid. In this critical literature survey, we find that fish have been culturally labeled as symbols of emotional well-being and social healing in religious and medical practices among independent cultures, for at least six millennia. This understanding of the perception of fish as a symbolically healing or purifying food can assist current messages improving public health.
Enforcing Structural Diversity in Cube-pruned Dependency Parsing

In this paper we extend the cube-pruned dependency parsing framework of Zhang et al. (2012; 2013) by forcing inference to maintain both label and structural ambiguity. The resulting parser achieves state-ofthe-art accuracies, in particular on datasets with a large set of dependency labels.
Combinations of Elements: a New Paradigm for Fire Retardancy

This trend article describes some recent work related to the development of flame retardancy of six common plastic materials, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), unsaturated polyester, polyurethane, and epoxy resin. Conventionally, a single fire retardant element is used to achieve fire retardancy but in this paper, there is a description of combinations of fire retardant elements, including a nano-sized material.
Image-based separation of diffuse and specular reflections using environmental structured illumination

We present an image-based method for separating diffuse and specular reflections using environmental structured illumination. Two types of structured illumination are discussed: phase-shifted sine wave patterns, and phase-shifted binary stripe patterns. In both cases the low-pass filtering nature of diffuse reflections is utilized to separate the reflection components. We illustrate our method on a wide range of example scenes and applications.
Prolonged Seizures Increase Proliferating Neuroblasts in the Adult Rat Subventricular Zone–Olfactory Bulb Pathway

Neuronal precursors in the adult rodent forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) proliferate, migrate to the olfactory bulb in a restricted pathway known as the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and differentiate into neurons. The effects of injury on this neurogenic region of the mature brain are poorly understood. To determine whether seizure-induced injury modulates SVZ neurogenesis, we induced status epilepticus (SE) in adult rats by systemic chemoconvulsant administration and examined patterns of neuronal precursor proliferation and migration in the SVZ–olfactory bulb pathway. Within 1–2 weeks after pilocarpine-induced SE, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and Nissl staining increased in the rostral forebrain SVZ. These changes were associated with an increase in cells expressing antigenic markers of SVZ neuroblasts 2–3 weeks after prolonged seizures. At these same time points the RMS expanded and contained more proliferating cells and immature neurons. BrdU labeling and stereotactic injections of retroviral reporters into the SVZ showed that prolonged seizures also increased neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb and induced a portion of the neuronal precursors to exit the RMS prematurely. These findings indicate that SE expands the SVZ neuroblast population and alters neuronal precursor migration in the adult rat forebrain. Identification of the mechanisms underlying the response of neural progenitors to seizure-induced injury may help to advance brain regenerative therapies by using either transplanted or endogenous neural precursor cells.
Cassini spacecraft's in-flight Fault Protection redesign for unexpected regulator malfunction

After the launch of the Cassini “Mission-to-Saturn” Spacecraft, the volume of subsequent mission design modifications was expected to be minimal due to the rigorous testing and verification of the Flight Hardware and Flight Software. For known areas of risk where faults could potentially occur, component redundancy and/or autonomous Fault Protection (FP) routines were implemented to ensure that the integrity of the mission was maintained. The goal of Cassini's FP strategy is to ensure that no credible Single Point Failure (SPF) prevents attainment of mission objectives or results in a significantly degraded mission, with the exception of the class of faults which are exempted due to low probability of occurrence. In the case of Cassini's Propulsion Module Subsystem (PMS) design, a waiver was approved prior to launch for failure of the prime regulator to properly close; a potentially mission catastrophic single point failure. However, one month after Cassini's launch when the fuel & oxidizer tanks were pressurized for the first time, the prime regulator was determined to be leaking at a rate significant enough to require a considerable change in Main Engine (ME) burn strategy for the remainder of the mission. Crucial mission events such as the Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) burn task which required a characterization exercise for the PMS system 30 days before the maneuver were now impossible to achieve. This paper details the steps that were necessary to support the unexpected malfunction of the prime regulator, the introduction of new failure modes which required new FP design changes consisting of new/modified under-pressure & over-pressure algorithms; all which must be accomplished during the operation phase of the spacecraft, as a result of a presumed low probability, waived failure which occurred after launch.12
Towards an Evolutionary Semiotics: The Emergence of New Sign-Functions in Organisms and Devices

Signs, symbols, and signals are basic to our existence on many organizational levels, from the biological to the psychological to the social. The ‘semiosphere’, the realm of symbolically-mediated processes, envelopes and incorporates us at every turn (see papers by Hoffmeyer, Umerez, Exteberria, and Joslyn in this volume; Hoffmeyer, 1997). Symbolic nucleotide sequences lie at the root of our biological organizations, neural pulse codes subserve the coherent functional organizations in our brains that permit us to think, while the symbol sequences of our languages afford the complex communications that make human society possible. Semiotic concepts, properly developed, are critical for a deep understanding of the organization of life, the functioning of the brain, and the functional organization of the observer.
Openness and Inflation: A New Assessment

Romer [1993] uses a Barro-Gordon-type model' to argue that openness puts a check on the government's incentive to engage in unanticipated inflation, because of induced exchange rate depreciation.2 Therefore, in the absence of precommitment in monetary policy, more open economies will tend to have lower inflation rates. Romer finds that empirically, over a large sample of countries and over a broad time frame, "average inflation rates are lower in smaller, more open economies. This relationship is significant, quantitatively large, and robust." Moreover, "these findings suggest that models in which the absence of precommitment in monetary policy leads to inefficiently high average levels of inflation are essential to understanding inflation in most of the world." This comment suggests that the negative link between inflation and openness Romer found may be largely driven by the responses of severely indebted countries (SICs) to the debt crisis of the 1980s. Figures I and II show the scatterplots of the logarithms of average inflation and openness for the subperiods 1973 to 1981 (predebt crisis) and 1982 to 1990 (the debt crisis period). Different groups of countries are separated according to their indebtedness level.3 The solid lines in the figures represent the predicted value of inflation, obtained from a regression of openness on inflation for the countries in each group. As the scatterplots show, there is indeed a strong negative relation between openness and inflation among SICs during the debt crisis
Arch and Thoracoabdominal Replacement

The advantages of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) have already been pointed out. These are that it allows the minimal dissection of the aorta, the elimination of the proximal aortic clamp, access to the proximal aortic arch, organ preservation particularly for the kidneys and the spinal cord, and a bloodless field.
Optical architecture for a multi-megajoule ICF driver incorporating megajoule class KrF amplifiers

A gaseous amplifying medium should be scalable to any arbitrary size. A system architecture is reported which will produce 10 MJ with only four amplifiers in the last stage by making use of this scalability. The system described uses optical angular multiplexing for efficient utilization of such large KrF amplifiers. For such large amplifiers, each multiplex beamline carries 16 kJ toward the target chamber. This is because the pump duration need only be increased as the cube root of the output energy and is only 2050 ns. While the use of angular multiplexing does not increase the total count of beamlines, it does increase their length since space has to be provided for the temporal decoder; a possible site plan is shown. Optical beam tubes are filled with He to avoid propagation problems and to promote cleanliness. Single shot sacrificial windows are proposed for large amplifiers. Relatively large multiplexing angles reduce crosstalk to a manageable level.
Robust Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Design for Connected Vehicles

In this paper, we design and validate a robust H∞ controller for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) in connected vehicles. CACC systems take advantage of onboard sensors and wireless technologies working together in order to achieve smaller inter-vehicle following distances, with the overall goal of increasing vehicle throughput on busy highways, and hence serving as a viable approach to reduce traffic congestion. A group of connected vehicles equipped with CACC technology must also ensure what is known as string stability. This requirement effectively dictates that disturbances should be attenuated as they propagate along the platoon of following vehicles. In order to guarantee string stability and to cope with the uncertainties seen in the vehicle model used for a model-based CACC, we propose to design and implement a robust H∞ controller. Loop shaping design methodology is used in this paper to achieve desired tracking characteristics in the presence of competing string stability, robustness and performance requirements. We then employ model reduction techniques to reduce the order of the controller and finally implement the reduced-order controller on a simulation model demonstrating the robust properties of the closed-loop system.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Nutritive value of the diets of medically indigent pregnant women.

The dietary pattern of 129 women studied in 1963 and the ratings of their infants are compared with data reported from a similar study done thirteen years earlier.
Hyperhomocysteinemia associated with poor recall in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background: High circulating total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations are associated with stroke, which is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction. Blood homocysteine concentrations are inversely correlated with performance on some cognitive-function tests and a relation was recently shown between hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer disease. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the relation between serum tHcy concentrations and performance on short delayed-recall tests of elderly men and women participating in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, phase 2 (1991-1994). Design: Subjects were aged ≥60 y. Subjects reported no previous stroke, completed ≥8 y of education, and took a test of delayed recall of story ideas (n = 1200) or words (n = 1270). Results: After adjustment for sex, age, race-ethnicity, income, years of education, and serum creatinine concentration, subjects in the upper half of the folate distribution recalled, on average, >4 of 6 story ideas; subjects with lower folate status recalled significantly fewer ideas (P < 0.001). Of the subjects with low folate status, story recall was significantly poorer in those with serum tHcy concentrations above the 80th percentile of the distribution (13.7 μmol/L) than in those with lower tHcy concentrations (P < 0.03). The odds ratio relating hyperhomocysteinemia to recall of ≥1 of 3 previously learned words was 0.3 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.7) after adjustment for the 5 demographic factors alone and was 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) after further adjustment for serum folate concentration. Conclusion: Hyperhomocysteinemia is related to poor recall and this association was partially independent of folate status.
A Re-Examination of the Effect of the 1978 Bankruptcy Reform Act on the Wealth of Corporate Stockholders

This paper examines the effect of the 1978 Bankruptcy Reform Act on the wealth of corporate stockholders. Employing a sample of 535 bankruptcy filings of exchange listed firms between 1963 and 1992, the paper documents that stockholders of firms filing after the Act suffer significantly greater losses than stockholders filing in the earlier period. Evidence is presented that indicates that these greater losses are not due to greater operating losses or a general deterioration in economic conditions. While relatively more firms are reorganized in the post-Act period, a greater fraction of these firms emerge from bankruptcy with a zero equity position. These results call into question the widespread belief that the greater control given corporate managers over the bankruptcy process by the 1978 Act has redounded to the benefit of corporate stockholders.
Immunization against feline coronaviruses.

There are several coronaviruses that infect the domestic cat as well as other members of the family Felidae. Some are primary infections of the cat while others are viruses that produce primary infection in other species of animal or humans but on occasion may also infect the cat. There have been several reviews on these feline coronaviruses and their infections in the cat in recent years1, 2, 5, 14, 15, 22, 25, 26, 38
Superior Methods Created the Early Chain Store

Too often the â€œwhyâ€ of early chain store success has been glibly explained in terms of present-day conditions. The following abbreviated list is, I believe, typical of the factors advanced to explain the impressive position of the chain store in our distributive system:1. Greater skill in management due to the greater opportunity for specialization.2. Greater financial strength and power in buying.3. The possibility of using certain advertising media which are not adapted to the needs of independent retailers.4. The possibility, through large scale operation, of developing a prestige such as the average small merchant can rarely cultivate.5. The ability through integration to eliminate selling and buying costs which are inevitable when manufacturers, jobbers, and retailers are separate entities.