cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear coupling of alignment with transport in a polymer electrolyte membrane

Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) selectively transport ions and polar molecules in a robust yet formable solid support. Tailored PEMs allow for devices such as solid-state batteries,'artificial muscle' actuators and reverse-osmosis water purifiers. Understanding how PEM structure and morphology relate to mobile species transport presents a challenge for designing next-generation materials. Material length scales from subnanometre to 1 μm influence bulk properties such as ion conductivity and water transport. Here we employ multi-axis pulsed-field-gradient NMR to measure diffusion anisotropy, and (2)H NMR spectroscopy and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering to probe orientational order as a function of water content and of membrane stretching. Strikingly, transport anisotropy linearly depends on the degree of alignment, signifying that membrane stretching affects neither the nanometre-scale channel dimensions nor the defect structure,causing only domain reorientation. The observed reorientation of anisotropic domains without perturbation of the inherent nematic-like domain character parallels the behaviour of nematic elastomers, promises tailored membrane conduction and potentially allows understanding of tunable shape-memory effects in PEM materials. This quantitative understanding will drive PEM design efforts towards optimal membrane transport, thus enabling more efficient polymeric batteries, fuel cells, mechanical actuators and water purification.
The State of Enslavement: the East European Substitute for the State of Nature

Comparing the Soviet-type political system before the emergence of independent groups and movements with the state of nature in the contractarian tradition indicates that both these conditions have common features. The situation under the Soviet-type system is reminiscent of the state of nature since it has a pre-political, analytical, as well as a normative character. However, the fact that the condition under the Soviet-type system is real and the state of nature is fictive poses a challenge to social contract orthodoxy which exclusively ascribes the pre-political and normative components to the state of nature. This interpretation renders invalid the main argument of the critics of contractarianism: that social contract theory is based upon the Active state of nature and, therefore, upon the concept of an abstract human nature. Moreover, under special circumstances, it permits us to consider social contract theory not only as normative but also as empirical
Unique changes in interstitial extracellular matrix composition are associated with rejection and cyclosporine toxicity in human renal allograft biopsies

Abstract Renal allograft loss from chronic rejection or cyclosporine toxicity (CsAT) is characterized by progressive interstitial fibrosis, yet the protein composition of these lesions is unknown. The normal tubular basement membrane (TBM) contains laminin (LM), collagen IV (containing collagen IV alpha chain 1 [COL4A1] and COL4A2), thrombospondin (TSP), and fibronectin (FN). Only TSP and FN extend beyond the TBM into the interstitial space. Very scanty amounts of interstitial collagens (I and III) are detected in the interstitium. In a pilot study of human renal allograft biopsy specimens, three patterns of extracellular matrix (ECM) composition were identified. Pattern 1 showed no change in ECM composition; pattern 2 showed generalized accumulation of collagens I and III in the interstitium; and pattern 3 showed new expression of COL4A3 and LM-β2 in the proximal TBM. Criteria were established for the clinicopathological diagnosis of CsAT and rejection. These diagnoses were correlated with the ECM composition in 22 renal allograft biopsy specimens. Control groups were examined in a similar manner and included native kidney biopsy specimens from patients with other allografts (n = 7), renal biopsy specimens from patients with glomerular disease (n = 9), and renal allograft biopsy specimens from patients without clinicopathological evidence of renal disease. These data show that rejection is associated with pattern 3 and CsAT is associated with pattern 2. Thus, detection of ECM composition may be a useful adjunct to standard microscopy in distinguishing rejection from CsAT in renal allograft biopsy specimens. These data suggest that interstitial fibrosis associated with rejection and CsAT result from different pathogenic mechanisms. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Driving cellular plasticity and survival through the signal transduction pathways of metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) share a common molecular morphology with other G protein–linked receptors, but there expression throughout the mammalian nervous system places these receptors as essential mediators not only for the initial development of an organism, but also for the vital determination of a cell’s fate during many disorders in the nervous system that include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, epilepsy, trauma, and stroke. Given the ubiquitous distribution of these receptors, the mGluR system impacts upon neuronal, vascular, and glial cell function and is activated by a wide variety of stimuli that includes neurotransmitters, peptides, hormones, growth factors, ions, lipids, and light. Employing signal transduction pathways that can modulate both excitatory and inhibitory responses, the mGluR system drives a spectrum of cellular pathways that involve protein kinases, endonucleases, cellular acidity, energy metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential, caspases, and specific mitogen-activated protein kinases. Ultimately these pathways can converge to regulate genomic DNA degradation, membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) residue exposure, and inflammatory microglial activation. As we continue to push the envelope for our understanding of this complex and critical family of metabotropic receptors, we should be able to reap enormous benefits for both clinical disease as well as our understanding of basic biology in the nervous system.
“A Higher Power to Feel” Spiritualism, Grief, and Victorian Manhood

This article examines the relationship among gender identity, spirituality, and emotion and addresses the largely unexamined subject of male grief in Victorian America by analyzing the way in which mid—nineteenth-century Spiritualist men deployed grief in their narratives of religious redemption. Participating in a broader cultural conversation about gender in the Victorian middle class, these men suggested that grief and Spiritualist commitment would counteract the repressive effects of the market revolution and the ideology of domesticity on male identity—and reinforce male power—by encouraging an emotionally expressive and domestically engaged style of manhood. Spiritualist men publicly presented their private experiences of introspective “grief work” to do the “cultural work” of shaping a conception of masculinity suitable to a rising Victorian middle class.
Luminescent tubular precipitation structures from reactant-loaded pellets

Abstract Using reaction conditions far from equilibrium, we are able to produce hollow tubes formed from reactant-loaded pellets. The latter pellets are composed of zinc sulfate and phosphorescent zinc sulfide by mass. During the experiment, a single pellet is fixed at the bottom of a container and then a small volume of concentrated sodium silicate is poured on the pellet’s surface. Dilatory tube growth is directed by a single gas bubble which is monitored by a time-lapse camera. Using procedures of image acquisition and processing we are able to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics. Systematic measurements include induction period and growth velocity. We describe two distinct morphologies of precipitation tubes which form at the interface of the two reactants. The resulting tubes can range from 1.1–1.8 mm to 450–900 μm in radii depending on the morphology. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the precipitation tubes have intricate patterns on the outside surface. Lastly, the tubes exhibit photoluminescence upon exposure to ultraviolet light.
Optimal Topical Agent for Radiation Dermatitis During Breast Radiotherapy: A Pilot Study.

Background Women receiving radiation to the breast will likely be recommended to use a topical cream to minimize and delay the development of radiation dermatitis. Although many topical products are commercially available and have been tested for safety and efficacy, few studies have compared various products to one another for superiority and cost effectiveness. Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to compare three commonly used skin care products prospectively to one other in a homogenously controlled group of women undergoing whole breast irradiation to assess superiority in minimizing the common toxicity criteria grade of radiation dermatitis, effect on quality of life, and cost. Methods The authors conducted a systematic review to determine the three types of skin care products with the strongest evidence of minimizing radiation dermatitis. Patients were voluntarily enrolled and randomized to one of three possible skin care topical regimens. Patients completed a quality-of-life survey to assess their preference in topical skin care regimen. The cost of each arm's topical product was assessed at the completion of patient participation. Findings No statistical difference was noted in the severity or occurrence of radiation dermatitis among the groups. In addition, no statistical difference was found among the three treatment arms in quality-of-life score changes, and no patients required a treatment interruption in their radiation or in the skin care product during treatment. A cost difference among the treatment arms was noted.
Simultaneous PIV and PLIF Imaging of Low-Temperature Ablation in a Mach 5 Turbulent Boundary Layer

The transport of ablation products in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer is simulated with a low temperature subliming ablator, naphthalene (C10H8) in the solid state. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of naphthalene vapour are performed simultaneously in a turbulent Mach 5 boundary layer. Naphthalene sublimes at low temperatures and the vapour emits fluorescence from 300 to 400 nm when excited by UV light in the range 250 - 350 nm. The simultaneous capture of the velocity field and the ablation products’ scalar concentration field enables the examination of the turbulent fluxes and correlation between velocity and scalar. Coherent type structures of scalar concentration are observed in the PLIF images. The covariance between the scalar fluctuation and the wall normal velocity fluctuations shows that in the outer region of the boundary layer there is a tendency for regions of high scalar concentration to be concurrent with positive wall normal velocity fluctuations. This is subsequently confirmed in the mean turbulent fluxes’ profiles. It is subsequently suggested that this may be the mechanism responsible for ejecting the regions of high scalar concentration away from the wall.
Insecticidal Effects of Cyanolipids on Three Species of Stored Product Insects, European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae, and Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Seed oils of many sapindaceous plants contain substantial amounts of cyanolipids. Several of these oils stimulated aggregation of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin duVal). In a pitfall bioassay, they attracted the sawtoothed grain beetle and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), but repelled the confused flour beetle. For the most part, the four classes of cyanolipids did not attract or stimulate aggregation of these insects when tested in pure form separated from the accompanying triglycerides. When contacted, oils containing cyanolipids I or IV (or pure cyanolipids I or IV) temporarily paralyzed sawtoothed grain beetles. None of the cyanolipids produced similar effects in confused flour beetles, rice weevils, or striped cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittata (F.). When incorporated into the larval diet of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), cyanolipids II and IV produced severe toxicity and anti pupation effects, respectively.
Mandeville against Luxury

For three hundred years, Bernard Mandeville was considered the first great apologist for luxury and the unsavory dimensions of commercial society, a reputation that remains largely intact even as scholars reconsider the depth and influence of his thought. Here, I argue that Mandeville’s attitude toward luxury and material excess is far more ambivalent—indeed, highly critical—than previously thought. As societies became wealthier and more literate, Mandeville saw both individuals and societies growing increasingly susceptible to discontent—to “grumbling,” as the original title of The Fable of the Bees has it. This focus on grumbling is particularly worthy of close study because Mandeville’s chief profession was medicine, and, more specifically, the treatment of hypochondria. Identifying the bourgeois lifestyle as the cause of hypochondria in both the body and the body politic led him to caution his patients against the very things with which his name is synonymous: luxury and excess.
Graphical Solutions of Problems Involving the Incidence of Points, Lines and Planes

(1962). Graphical Solutions of Problems Involving the Incidence of Points, Lines and Planes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 372-380.
SEX-RELATED VARIATIONS IN IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE RECEIVING LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES: FINDINGS FROM NATIONWIDE INPATIENT SAMPLE STUDY 2002-2012

Sex-based differences in in-hospital clinical outcomes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation have not been well studied in real-world advanced heart failure patients. - Of the 14,273 LVAD recipients in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases 2002-2012 (weighted sample), 3,256 (
Role of NF-κB in cardiac dysfunction due to chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats

Objective To investigate the impact of chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH) on cardiac function,and explore the role of NF-κB in the mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction due to CIH.Methods Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats(body mass about 200g) were randomly divided into three groups:normal control(NC) group,CIH group and CIH + proline dithiocarbamate(PDTC) group.The rats in CIH group were exposed to intermittent hypoxia(O_2 5%～7%),8 hours daily,totally 5 weeks.The rats in CIH + PDTC group were raised under the condition similar to CIH group except intraperitoneal injection of PDTC(100mg/(kg·d)].At the end of the exposure,body mass,blood pressure and heart rate of the animals were measured.Left global function was assessed by echocardiography.Nucleoprotein NF-kB level was detected by Western blot.Results At 5 weeks,the body mass of rats in CIH and CIH + PDTC groups was lower than that in NC group.Compared to NC group,animals in CIH and CIH + PDTC groups demonstrated an elevation in blood pressure[(136.3±6.8) and(134.3±6.7) vs(122.3±4.1) mmHg,P0.001];while the blood pressure was not significantly different between CIH and CIH + PDTC groups.Left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) was lower in CIH group than in NC group[(73.0±5.6)%vs(86.0±4.3)%,P0.001],and higher in CIH + PDTC group than in CIH group[(84.0±4.1)%vs (73.0±5.6)%,P0.001].However,it was not significantly different between NC and CIH + PDTC groups(P=0.117).There was no significant difference in heart rate among the groups.Compared to NC and CIH + PDTC groups,the expression of NF-kB increased in CIH group(P0.001).However,there was no difference between NC and CIH + PDTC groups.Conclusion Chronic intermittent hypoxia may impair left ventricular function of rats and NF-kB may be involved in the mechanisms.
STUDY OF MANGANESE OXIDE REDUCTION IN SLAG-METAL PHASE THROUGH THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS

Thermodynamics of irreversible process offers linear expressions among physical quantities when there are physical-chemistry changes in the systems close to equilibrium, which has been extended to the systems far from equilibrium, and a uniform nonlinear chemical reaction rate equation was established to describe chemical reaction rate, that is in general far from equilibrium in discontinuous system, in which exist interface and chemical reactions. Finally, it was applied to manganese oxide reduction reaction and obtained a third-order expression , which well conforms to the experimental data. The thermodynamics of irreversible process after considering the high-order term can be applied to slag-metal reacting systems far from equilibrium.
287 THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THE MODIFIED MINI-MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION AND FACTORIAL INVARIANCE DUE TO LANGUAGE IN THE CANADIAN STUDY OF HEALTH AND AGING

Purpose The Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) is used in research settings to screen for deficits in cognitive function among the elderly. Traditional scoring and item response theory (IRT) require tests to be unidimensional, where all the items measure one underlying trait. If the items on a test are not unidimensional it would be inappropriate to use a global summary score; several domain-specific scores would be more appropriate. Methods We analyzed baseline 3MS responses from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a prospective cohort study of elderly individuals (N = 8,121). We assessed the dimensionality of the 3MS with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We tested three structural models: 1) single factor model, 2) six orthogonal factors model, and 3) second order model with a general factor. We used Mplus to fit the hypothesized structural models. We compared goodness-of-fit statistics (χ2, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA). We assessed factorial invariance—whether factor relationships are the same in two different samples—in English-speaking (N = 6,579) and French-speaking (N = 1,542) subjects. Summary of Results The second order model with a general factor fit the data better than the other two models tested. The general cognitive ability factor accounted for 52% of the variance. A χ2 global test of factorial invariance indicated no significant worsening in model fit when loadings for English- and French-speaking subjects were constrained to be equal. Loadings estimated separately in the two groups were very similar. Conclusions Our analyses suggest that the 3MS can be conceptualized as a unidimensional test. The use of summary or IRT scores is thus not inappropriate. We found the structure of the 3MS to be equivalent in both the English- and French-administered versions, so the relationships between items and factors do not appear to be sample-dependent.
290 DEPLETING REGULATORY T CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED IMMUNITY AND TUMOR CLEARANCE IN HUMAN CANCER

Despite a compelling logic, tumor immunotherapy has generally failed. Work by us and others suggests that this failure owes in part to tumor-mediated immune dysfunction. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to contribute to this dysfunction. In support, we show that in ovarian cancer patients, Tregs block tumor-specific immunity, promote tumor growth and predict poor survival. We hypothesize that depleting Tregs will improve immunity and improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients. Ontak is a recombinant protein fusing the CD25-binding domain of IL-2 to the active domain of diphtheria toxin. It was designed to kill CD4+CD25+ leukemia cells. We tested the hypothesis that Ontak kills CD4+CD25+ Tregs and thus improves immunity in cancer patients. Patients 1-3 (advanced-stage cancer of the ovary, breast or lung) received a single intravenous infusion of 9 μg/kg Ontak. Patient 4 had relapsed stage IIIC ovarian cancer and received a single dose of Ontak at 12 μg/kg. Blood immune cells from before and after treatment were enumerated and cytokines were studied by flow cytometry. T cell suppression was also tested. Prior to infusion, the mean blood CD4+CD25+ cells/mm3 was 126, which was 26.8% of CD4+ T cells. This decreased to a mean of 78 cells/mm3 blood and mean of 19.0% of CD4+ T cells 3-5 days after Ontak. Also, interferon-γ-expressing T cells increased approximately 50% and FOXP3 (a functional marker for Tregs) was reduced after Ontak. In patient 4, CD4+CD25+ cells inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro prior to but not after treatment. Further, a single Ontak-mediated Treg depletion reduced blood CA-125 from 121 to 38 U/mL four weeks later in patient 4, suggesting clinical efficacy. Patient 4 then received 6 additional doses of Ontak at 12 μg/kg with a further decrease in blood CA-125 level to 16 U/mL four weeks after the final dose. Additionally, a PET/CT fusion demonstrated dramatic reduction of metastatic disease. The CA-125 level remains normal two months after the final Ontak dose. Our data demonstrate for the first time that Ontak efficiently depletes Tregs in patients with cancer, and Treg depletion is associated with improved T cell immunity, normalized CA-125 and reduced tumor metastasis. The data may help explain failures of current tumor immunotherapy protocols. It further suggests that Treg depletion or a combination with current immunotherapeutic regimens will be a novel strategy for treating patients with cancer.
268 PREDNISOLONE BLOCKS NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION THROUGH THE GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE ELEMENT.

Altered intestinal permeability is an important potential cause of Crohn9s disease. Cytokines, an important therapeutic target in Crohn9s disease, can cause disruption of the intestinal tight junction barrier, leading to increased permeability. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), causing an increase in expression of the enzyme myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) that modulates the tight junction barrier defect. We have shown this increase in expression is due to NF-κB activating the MLCK promoter through specific NF-κB binding sites. Furthermore, prednisolone (an important treatment of Crohn9s disease) protects the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier by blocking NF-κB-mediated MLCK promoter activation. In examining the MLCK promoter, we determined that it contained a sequence that matched the consensus for a glucocorticoid response element (GRE). In this abstract, we determine the mechanism through which glucocorticoids prevent NF-κB activation of the MLCK promoter. Methods Filter-grown epithelial Caco-2 cells were used as an in vitro model of the intestinal barrier. The 2 kb upstream of the MLCK translational start site was cloned into pGL3 vector and used for promoter activity studies. Results (1) Prednisolone blocked the TNF-α-induced increase in intestinal epithelial permeability. (2) Prednisolone inhibited the TNF-α-induced increase in MLCK expression. (3) Prednisolone did not inhibit NF-κB translocation to the nucleus. (4) Prednisolone caused translocation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to the nucleus. (5) Prednisolone increased binding of GR to its transcriptional factor binding site, the GRE. (6) Prednisolone blocked the TNF-α-induced up-regulation of MLCK promoter activity. (7) Prednisolone did not block the TNF-α up-regulation of MLCK promoter if (a) the GRE was rendered inactive through site-directed mutagenesis or (b) RU-486 (GRE binding antagonist) was present. (8) Mutation of the NF-κB site 30 bp downstream of the MLCK GRE site blocked TNF-α-induced promoter up-regulation. Conclusions For the first time, we demonstrate that glucocorticoids can block NF-κB-mediated promoter activation through a GRE site. Further studies will identify the interaction between the GRE site on the MLCK promoter and the nearby NF-κB binding site using mutagenesis, binding studies, and insertions.
Spatiotemporal analysis of censored content on Twitter

Social media have become vehicles for instantly disseminating and accessing information on a global scale. Beside such positive contributions, social media also enable malicious activities such as recruitment for terrorist groups or coordinate orchestrated campaigns. Censorship is one way of limiting user activities, but applying it fairly is not easy, as exemplified by site-blocking censorship by governments. To avoid complete site-blocking, some social media sites have complied with requests by governments for content removal or partial censorship. In this study, we analyzed our collection of more than 100,000 tweets that were either censored tweets or retweeted censored content. We showed variability in audience location using time zone and language preferences as proxies, which is not bounded by geographic location of the censorship. We show that most of the time content find its way to disseminate and reach broader audience even with the censorship.
A Bayesian Interpretation of Pretesting

SUMMARY The usual posterior mean or mode of a k-dimensional regression coefficient is shown to be (1) a weighted average of 2k constrained least-squares points, (2) a weighted average of k +1 "ideal" points and (3) a weighted average of k +1 principal component points. These results are used to interpret pretesting procedures which select a constrained least-squares estimate. For special classes of priors a somewhat distorted Bayesian analysis leads to a posterior measure of location that is an F-weighted average of restricted and unrestricted least squares. A spherical prior can be associated with methods that drop principal components. Multilevel testing is shown to imply a non-traditional prior.
An improved CTC isolation scheme for pairing with downstream genomics: Demonstrating clinical utility in metastatic prostate, lung and pancreatic cancer.

Abstract Improvements in technologies to yield purer circulating tumor cells (CTCs) will enable a broader range of clinical applications. We have previously demonstrated the use of a commercially available cell-adhesion matrix (CAM) assay to capture invasive CTCs (iCTCs). To improve the purity of the isolated iCTCs, here we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) in combination with the CAM assay (CAM + FACS). Our results showed an increase of median purity from the CAM assay to CAM + FACS for the spiked-in cell lines and patient samples analyzed from three different metastatic cancer types: castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (mPDAC). Copy number profiles for spiked-in mCRPC cell line and mCRPC patient iCTCs were similar to expected mCRPC profiles and a matched biopsy. A somatic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation specific to mNSCLC was observed in the iCTCs recovered from EGFR+ mNSCLC cell lines and patient samples. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of spiked-in pancreatic cancer cell line and mPDAC patient iCTCs showed mPDAC common mutations. CAM + FACS iCTC enrichment enables multiple downstream genomic characterizations across different tumor types.
Observation and analysis of emergent coherent structures in a high-energy-density shock-driven planar mixing layer experiment.

Coherent emergent structures have been observed in a high-energy-density supersonic mixing layer experiment. A millimeter-scale shock tube uses lasers to drive Mbar shocks into the tube volume. The shocks are driven into initially solid foam (60 $\mathrm{mg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) hemicylinders separated by an Al or Ti metal tracer strip; the components are vaporized by the drive. Before the experiment disassembles, the shocks cross at the tube center, creating a very fast ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}Ug$ 200 km/s) shear-unstable zone. After several nanoseconds, an expanding mixing layer is measured, and after 10+ ns we observe the appearance of streamwise-periodic, spanwise-aligned rollers associated with the primary Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of mixing layers. We additionally image roller pairing and spanwise-periodic streamwise-aligned filaments associated with secondary instabilities. New closures are derived to connect length scales of these structures to estimates of fluctuating velocity data otherwise unobtainable in the high-energy-density environment. This analysis indicates shear-induced specific turbulent energies ${10}^{3}--{10}^{4}$ times higher than the nearest conventional experiments. Because of difficulties in continuously driving systems under these conditions and the harshness of the experimental environment limiting the usable diagnostics, clear evidence of these developing structures has never before been observed in this regime.
Reactions of cyclopalladated complexes with HPPh2 resulting in ligand phosphination

Abstract Reactions of a dinuclear chloro-bridged cyclopalladated complex (CPC) derived from N,N-dimethylbenzylamine with HPPh2 under a variety of conditions resulted in the phosphination of the cyclopalladated ligand. The best yield (77%) of the reaction product, ortho-(diphenylphosphino)-N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, was achieved using 4.5 equiv. of HPPh2 in toluene in the presence of Cs2CO3 at 40 °C. The scope of the reaction was explored with a range of enantiopure and achiral C,N, C,S and C,P CPCs having either five- or six-membered rings and containing either an sp2 or sp3C Pd bond. The corresponding N,P, S,P, and P,P ligands or their oxides were isolated in 30–70% yields. Reactions of HPPh2 in toluene with CPCs derived from D-camphor methyloxime and 2-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline provided unique mononuclear Pd(II) complexes with a terminal PPh2 ligand in 16 and 52% yield, respectively. Structures of all new compounds were supported by 1H, 13C{1H}, DEPT, 31P{1H}, and 2D NMR spectra.
Principles of ecotoxicology

This chapter describes how ecotoxicology fits into the broader context of conservation in today’s world and the accelerating sixth extinction. Included are societal drivers of contamination, real-world sources of contaminants, how some ecotoxicological problems have been overcome, how a number of shortcomings persist in the developed world, and how problems are growing in many areas of the developing world. Aspects of important wildlife toxicoses caused by fossil fuels, acids, metals, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, excessive amounts of free nutrients, natural toxins, and radioisotopes are included. Examples of chemical disasters, direct poisoning, relay toxicoses, how contaminants can both immunosuppress wildlife and increase their exposures to pathogens, and how they can deprive wildlife of safe and plentiful food, potable water, oxygen, and climate regulation are highlighted. Finally, suggestions are provided for strengthening ecotoxicology, including how experts of many disciplines can and should play critical roles in ecologically focused diagnostic and preventive medicine.
1978 Animal Models for Depression

This model establishes that an animal exhibits the behavioral manifestations of depression, a pyscho-emotional state previously attributed only to humans.
Abstract 520: Na/H Exchanger Participates in Tubuloglomerular Feedback

The afferent arteriole (Af-Art) accounts for most renal vasculature resistance, thus controlling glomerular filtration and renal function. The nephron regulates Af-Art resistance via two mechanisms, the vasoconstrictor tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), initiated in the macula densa via Na/K/2Cl cotransporters (NKCC2), and the vasodilator connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF), initiated in the connecting tubule via the epithelial Na channels (ENaC). However, when TGF and CTGF are inhibited by furosemide and benzamil, a novel form of TGF is observed. We hypothesize that in addition to NKCC2, TGF can be initiated by Na/H exchangers (NHE). Furthermore, we hypothesize that when NKCC2 and NHE are blocked, CTGF causes Af-Art dilation. In vivo, using the nephron micropuncture technique, we performed two consecutive stop-flow pressure (PSF) curves (an index of glomerular capillary pressure) by increasing the perfusion of the nephron from 0 to 40 nL/min while adding drugs to the tubular perfusate. TGF was blocked by furosemide (vehicle -7.9±0.2 mmHg at 40 nL/min, furosemide -0.4±0.2; P We conclude that NHE in the nephron causes TGF when NKCC2 and ENaC are inhibited and that CTGF causes dilation of the Af-Art when TGF is completely blocked with NKCC2 and NHE inhibitors.
Evaluating pulmonary nodules to detect lung cancer: Does Fleishner criteria really work?

e13053Background: The Fleishner Society recommends interval computed tomography (CT) follow-up for managing incidental small pulmonary nodules detected in CT scans. This study evaluates the clinica...
Designing New Operating Primitives to Improve Fuzzing Performance

Fuzzing is a software testing technique that finds bugs by repeatedly injecting mutated inputs to a target program. Known to be a highly practical approach, fuzzing is gaining more popularity than ever before. Current research on fuzzing has focused on producing an input that is more likely to trigger a vulnerability. In this paper, we tackle another way to improve the performance of fuzzing, which is to shorten the execution time of each iteration. We observe that AFL, a state-of-the-art fuzzer, slows down by 24x because of file system contention and the scalability of fork() system call when it runs on 120 cores in parallel. Other fuzzers are expected to suffer from the same scalability bottlenecks in that they follow a similar design pattern. To improve the fuzzing performance, we design and implement three new operating primitives specialized for fuzzing that solve these performance bottlenecks and achieve scalable performance on multi-core machines. Our experiment shows that the proposed primitives speed up AFL and LibFuzzer by 6.1 to 28.9x and 1.1 to 735.7x, respectively, on the overall number of executions per second when targeting Google's fuzzer test suite with 120 cores. In addition, the primitives improve AFL's throughput up to 7.7x with 30 cores, which is a more common setting in data centers. Our fuzzer-agnostic primitives can be easily applied to any fuzzer with fundamental performance improvement and directly benefit large-scale fuzzing and cloud-based fuzzing services.
Integrated and Intelligent Manufacturing: Perspectives and Enablers

Abstract With ever-increasing market competition and advances in technology, more and more countries are prioritizing advanced manufacturing technology as their top priority for economic growth. Germany announced the Industry 4.0 strategy in 2013. The US government launched the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP) in 2011 and the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) in 2014. Most recently, the Manufacturing USA initiative was officially rolled out to further “leverage existing resources... to nurture manufacturing innovation and accelerate commercialization” by fostering close collaboration between industry, academia, and government partners. In 2015, the Chinese government officially published a 10-year plan and roadmap toward manufacturing: Made in China 2025. In all these national initiatives, the core technology development and implementation is in the area of advanced manufacturing systems. A new manufacturing paradigm is emerging, which can be characterized by two unique features: integrated manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing. This trend is in line with the progress of industrial revolutions, in which higher efficiency in production systems is being continuously pursued. To this end, 10 major technologies can be identified for the new manufacturing paradigm. This paper describes the rationales and needs for integrated and intelligent manufacturing (i2M) systems. Related technologies from different fields are also described. In particular, key technological enablers, such as the Internet of Things and Services (IoTS), cyber-physical systems (CPSs), and cloud computing are discussed. Challenges are addressed with applications that are based on commercially available platforms such as General Electric (GE)’s Predix and PTC’s ThingWorx.
Family Caregivers: A Qualitative Study to Better Understand the Quality-of-Life Concerns and Needs of This Population.

Background While providing physical, psychological, and spiritual care to their loved ones with cancer, family caregivers (FCGs) are physically and emotionally vulnerable to the tolls of caregiving. Patients and FCGs experience the uncertainty that comes with illness and treatment, its side effects, the lack of control, the emotional upheaval, the spiritual doubt, and the helplessness of advancing disease. Objectives This study was conducted to better understand the quality-of-life needs of the FCG population, particularly those who encounter financial strain related to patients' cancer and treatment. Methods This qualitative study of FCG concerns was conducted in association with a randomized trial of an FCG support intervention. Twenty FCGs of patients with solid tumor cancers were interviewed in person or via telephone for this study. The FCG version of the City of Hope quality-of-life tool, which consists of four domains of well-being (physical, psychological, social, spiritual), was applied to the content analysis of interviews. Findings Care for FCGs is needed across all quality-of-life domains.
Intraoperative Consultations of Tissue for Evaluation of Hematolymphoid Disorders or Malignancies: Appropriate Handling, Including Touch Preparation Cytology Versus Frozen Section

This chapter describes the appropriate handling of tissue biopsies submitted to the frozen section room for evaluation of a hematolymphoid disorder or malignancy. Since frozen sectioning of tissues being evaluated for a hematolymphoid malignancy is not generally recommended, this chapter sets forth recommended guidelines for appropriate handling of “lymphoid” tissues (i.e., lymph nodes, tonsil/adenoids, and thymus) as well as extranodal tissues. The recommended guidelines take into account the fact that one does not necessarily know whether the process involving the submitted tissue may be reactive/benign, a hematolymphoid malignancy, or a nonhematolymphoid malignancy.
Friend or Foe? Can We Selectively Shut Off Immune Responses?

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. The immune system of the human body serves as both an enemy and an ally. It is an ally when it constantly fights off attacks from several types of microbes. However, it is an enemy when it attacks a life-saving heart transplant or mistakenly eats away the tissues of the body (Marx, 1990). It is the job of the immune system to keep the body healthy and free of harmful substances. Researchers have been aiming for ways to suppress certain parts of the immune system while not interfering with the entire defenses of the body. By analyzing how the immune system works researchers can gain a better understanding on what might help them succeed in this process ( Janeway & Travers, 2006). This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol12/iss1/5 Friend or Foe: Can We Selectively Shut Off
Task and Process Support in ERP Systems

We present a proof-of-concept prototype that demonstrates novel collaborative features for supporting enterprise system users. The purpose of the prototype is to illustrate the implementation of design principles derived from field studies of Enterprise Resource Planning system (ERP) users. Its novel features are designed to improve the users’ understanding of the business context of their interactions with the system and help them learn to operate it by viewing how tasks have been performed in the past.
Norton and Sustainability as Such

Bryan Norton takes the debate over weak and strong sustainability to characterize the key conceptual disagreement among attempts to elaborate a theoretical approach to sustainability. In contrast, I argue that this debate is mired within assumptions of economic development theory that fail to recognize how elements of fragility, stability, resilience and adaptive capability within system design or organization have been material to the way that sustainability has been conceptualized in many domains. Two paradigmatic conceptualizations of sustainability compete within the scholarly literature, one stressing the availability of key resource stocks, the other stressing the robustness and resilience of system organization. A better approach would move beyond weak and strong sustainability to acknowledge a deeper and more philosophically potent set of paradigmatic features within sustainability scholarship.
Valorization of papaya fruit waste through low-cost fractionation and microbial conversion of both juice and seed lipids

Papaya (Carica papaya) is widely cultivated in many tropical regions of the world. With an estimated 30–50% cull rate, there is a large amount of off-grade papaya produced. Here, we report very low-cost processing of culled papaya fruit waste, without needing any complex mechanized operations, to yield several products, including seed oil, sugar-rich puree, detoxified/defatted seed meal, and crude myrosinase and glucosinolates with antimicrobial and biofumigation applications. We then demonstrated that both puree and seed oil can serve as effective carbon substrates for cultivation of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce single-cell proteins and high-value recombinant protein products. To use papaya seed oil for culturing Y. lipolytica, the concentration of the inhibitory substance benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) in the oil needs to be minimized. If the culled fruits (and hence seeds) were stored frozen prior to drying, a very high level (>30 mM) of BITC was detected in the oil extracted from the dried seeds. However, if the seeds were not frozen prior to drying, oil from dried papaya seeds contained almost no BITC, and could support vigorous growth of Y. lipolytica, with efficient production of a functional nanobody fusion protein at a level similar to that achieved using olive oil. By using both juice and seed lipid, rather than juice alone, Y. lipolytica biomass produced per unit papaya more than doubled. As Y. lipolytica is amenable to genetic manipulation, and is known as a proficient cell factory with many industrial applications, the papaya waste valorization technology could potentially be extended to produce additional useful products such as biofuel and oleochemicals from Y. lipolytica.
Change and Maintaining Change in School Cafeterias: Economic and Behavioral-Economic Approaches to Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

Developing a daily habit of consuming fruits and vegetables (FV) in children is an important public-health goal. Eating habits acquired in childhood are predictive of adolescent and adult dietary patterns. Thus, healthy-eating patterns developed early in life can protect the individual against a number of costly health deficits and may reduce the prevalence of obesity. At present, children in the United States (US) under-consume FV despite having access to them through the National School Lunch Program. Because access is an obstacle to developing healthy-eating habits, particularly in low-income households, targeting children’s FV consumption in schools has the advantage of near-universal FV availability among more than 30 million US children. This chapter reviews economic and behavioral-economic approaches to increasing FV consumption in schools. Inclusion criteria include objective measurement of FV consumption (e.g., plate-waste measures) and minimal demand characteristics. Simple but effective interventions include (a) increasing the variety of vegetables served, (b) serving sliced instead of whole fruits, (c) scheduling lunch after recess, and (d) giving children at least 25 min to eat. Improving the taste of FV and short-term incentivizing consumption of gradually increasing amounts can produce large increases in consumption of these foods. Low-cost game-based incentive programs may increase the practicality of the latter strategy.
AdverQuil: an efficient adversarial detection and alleviation technique for black-box neuromorphic computing systems

In recent years, neuromorphic computing systems (NCS) have gained popularity in accelerating neural network computation because of their high energy efficiency. The known vulnerability of neural networks to adversarial attack, however, raises a severe security concern of NCS. In addition, there are certain application scenarios in which users have limited access to the NCS. In such scenarios, defense technologies that require changing the training methods of the NCS, e.g., adversarial training become impracticable. In this work, we propose AdverQuil - an efficient adversarial detection and alleviation technique for black-box NCS. AdverQuil can identify the adversarial strength of input examples and select the best strategy for NCS to respond to the attack, without changing structure/parameter of the original neural network or its training method. Experimental results show that on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, AdverQuil achieves a high efficiency of 79.5 - 167K image/sec/watt. AdverQuil introduces less than 25% of hardware overhead, and can be combined with various adversarial alleviation techniques to provide a flexible trade-off between hardware cost, energy efficiency and classification accuracy.
Visual computation and simulation of path loss effects on tactical networks in urban canyon

Tactical network environments are complex, resource constrained, highly mobile in nature and performance of the communication links between the nodes is significantly affected by the path loss caused by the buildings. In this paper, we have used the ns-3 discrete event simulator to simulate an urban tactical network environment using the Rosslyn, VA city model. The simulated model was visualized using unity/worldwind. We have calculated path loss data using VPL and injected the path loss data into link selection to visually study the effects of path loss on the link formation in urban environments.
Studies on aspergilli: XVI. Utilization of oligosaccharides

The utilization of sucrose, maltose, lactose, and raffinose byAspergillus ustus (Bainier) Thom and Church,A. flavipes (Bainier and Sartory) Thom and Church,A. carneus (van Teigh) Bloch., andA. amestelodami (Mangin) Thom and Church was studied. The culture solutions were analysed by circular paper partition chromatography to detect the presence of various sugars formed in the medium during the period of incubation. Except for lactose, all the oligosaccharides were utilized through an indirect pathway and almost all proved to be good sources of carbon for the fungi tested. Most of the species converted maltose by transglycosidation into two new oligosaccharides,viz., maltotriose and maltotetraose with simultaneous liberation of glucose. During the utilization of raffinose, melibiose and fructose were detected in the culture media of all the Aspergilli. Melibiose was further broken down to glucose and galactose byA. carneus andA. amestelodami. Except for lactose all four moulds showed greater vegetative growth on filter-sterilized oligosaccharides than on autoclaved sugars. In the case of lactose the reverse was found to be true. In this case it is likely that autoclaving promoted partial hydrolysis of the disaccharide.