cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invasive Bromus tectorum alters natural selection in arid systems

Summary While much research has documented the impact of invaders on native communities and ecosystem services, there has been less work quantifying how invasion affects the genetic composition of native populations. That is, when invaders dominate a community, can they shift selection regimes and impact the evolutionary trajectory of native populations? The invasion of the annual grass Bromus tectorum in the Intermountain West provides an opportunity to quantify the effects of invasion on natural selection in wild populations. The shift from a perennial-dominated native community to one dominated by a highly competitive annual species alters the timing and intensity of competitive pressure, which has the potential to strongly shift selection regimes for native plants. To quantify traits under selection in contrasting environments, we planted seeds of two native perennial grasses, Elymus multisetus and Poa secunda, into three invaded, invaded but weeded and relatively uninvaded sagebrush systems. We quantified phenotypic traits of seedlings from separate maternal plants, describing differences in phenotypes among individuals. We then asked which traits were associated with survival and plant size in adjacent invaded and uninvaded sagebrush systems, following individual seed performance for 3 years. We found evidence for divergent selection between invaded and uninvaded sagebrush systems, with contrasting phenotypic traits associated with greater survival or plant size in these different growing conditions at all three field sites. For example, at one field site, P. secunda families with higher root tip production were more likely to survive in invaded and weeded environments, but this was not the case in uninvaded environments. Similarly, for E. multisetus, root mass fraction, seed mass and allocation to coarse or fine roots affected survival and plant size, again with contrasting relationships across invaded, weeded or uninvaded environments. Synthesis. Impacts of invasive species extend beyond ecosystem and community composition changes and can affect the evolutionary trajectory of native populations. By quantifying natural selection in invaded landscapes, we identified phenotypic traits that are potentially adaptive in these invaded systems. Importantly, these traits differed from traits associated with success in uninvaded communities. This insight into adaptive, contemporary evolution in native species can guide restoration and conservation efforts.
Physical Function, Relocation, and Mortality Outcomes in Residential Care and Assisted Living Residents

Objective: This study aimed to identify predictors of 6-month physical function and 12-month relocation or death in 272 residents of 34 residential care/assisted communities. Method: Measures collected at baseline, 6, and 12 months included health and demographic characteristics; self-reported pain, fatigue, and depressive symptoms; exercise self-efficacy, barriers, and expectations; attitudes on aging; performance-based physical function and physical activity; and community demographics, programs, and policies. GLIMMIX procedures for regression analyses with community as a random effect were run. Results: Better baseline physical function and grip strength, female sex, and residential care community predicted better 6-month physical function. At 12 months, 25.6% had relocated or died. The odds of 12-month relocation or death for 1-point increase in physical function score was 0.84 and for 1-point increase in depression score was 1.16. Discussion: Targets to promote longer tenure in residential care/assisted living include programs to ameliorate functional decline and depression screening and treatment.
ADHOC Wirless Networking Using Mobile Backbones

We introduce an adhoc wireless mobile network that employs a hierarchical networking architecture. The network nodes have different capabilities, and are thus divided into high and low capacity classes. We present a topological synthesis algorithm that selects a subset of the high capacity nodes to form a backbone network (Bnet). The latter consists of interconnected backbone nodes that intercommunicate across higher power (or regular) links, and may also make use of unmanned vehicles (UVs), including airborne UAVs orbiting at multiple altitudes, as well as ground based UGVs, to form a multi-tier backbone. Each backbone node controls the allocation of communications resources associated with client nodes that reside in its managed cluster of nodes (forming its Access Net - Anet). We introduce the Mobile Backbone Network Protocol (MBNP) to implement the key networking schemes for such a Mobile Backbone Network (MBN). Our description of this protocol involves the following procedures: backbone network topological synthesis; on-demand and/or proactive routing mechanisms; power control based MAC layer protocols; and network/MAC cross-layer resource allocation schemes. The MBNP serves to allocate resources across the network to ensure that user applications are granted acceptable quality-of-service (QoS) performance, while striving to ensure a highly survivable and robust backbone-oriented networking architecture. We include in MBNP a new class of on-demand routing algorithms, identified as MBNR, that employ the backbone network for selective forwarding of routerequest messages, while striving to achieve an efficient MAC layer operation. We enhance these new routing algorithms by incorporating link stability estimates to attain a robust routing operation. For this purpose, links that are determined by a node to be in an unstable state are dynamically eliminated from the backbone subnetwork that is used for establishing new routes. To ensure service quality for admitted flows, including the attainment of low delay jitter performance levels for supported realtime streams, we introduce flow admission control mechanisms into our MBN based on-demand routing
From spectroscopy to chemical imaging: machine learning for hyperspectral coherent Raman imagery (Conference Presentation)

Coherent Raman hyperspectral imaging technologies have progressed dramatically in recent years, collecting 100’s to 10,000’s of spectra per second with the spectra breadth of traditional spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. There is, however, a lack in available analysis and processing capabilities to bridge the gap between spectroscopy and chemical imaging, in which the end-user is interacting with molecular targets of interest. In this talk we will discuss our latest developments towards this goal, in particular: spectral unmixing/endmember extraction methods and high-speed, high-throughput peak characterization (peak-finding and fitting). Spectral unmixing methods aim to uncover pure species spectra. Certain demonstrated methods, such as vertex component analysis (VCA) require at least 1 pure pixel per chemical is present in the image. Other methods rely on statistical or geometric methods to estimate the pure spectra when no pure pixels are present. In this presentation, we will quantitatively compare results using several state-of-the-art techniques (internally and externally-developed). To autonomously examine retrieved pure spectra, we have developed a high-speed peak finding and fitting algorithm capable of characterizing spectra in micro- to milliseconds, in order to interface with our developed database and data mining methods. Collectively, these developments enable high-speed, high throughput analysis of 1 or many images. Numerical and experimental demonstrations will be presented on an open-source numerical tissue phantom and ~900-color BCARS imagery of murine tissue and clinical specimens.
The influence of cortical depth on neuronal responses in mouse visual cortex

With the advent of two-photon imaging as a tool for systems neuroscience, the mouse has become a preeminent model system for studying sensory processing. One notable difference that has been found however, between mice and traditional model species like cats and primates is the responsiveness of the cortex. In the primary visual cortex of cats and primates, nearly all neurons respond to simple visual stimuli like drifting gratings. In contrast, imaging studies in mice consistently find that only around half of the neurons respond to such stimuli. Here we show that visual responsiveness is strongly dependent on the cortical depth of neurons. Moving from superficial layer 2 down to layer 4, the percentage of responsive neurons increases dramatically, ultimately reaching levels similar to what is seen in other species. Over this span of cortical depth, neuronal response amplitude also increases and orientation selectivity moderately decreases. These depth dependent response properties may be explained by the distribution of thalamic inputs in mouse V1. Unlike in cats and primates where thalamic projections to the granular layer are constrained to layer 4, in mice they spread up into layer 2/3, qualitatively matching the distribution of response properties we see. These results show that the analysis of neural response properties must take into consideration not only the overall cortical lamina boundaries but also the depth of recorded neurons within each cortical layer. Furthermore, the inability to drive the majority of neurons in superficial layer 2/3 of mouse V1 with grating stimuli indicates that there may be fundamental differences in the role of V1 between rodents and other mammals.
Team-Based Learning Is Effective in Teaching Appropriate Utilization of Hemostasis Laboratory Tests Using Storyline Case-Authoring Software

Introduction Team-based learning (TBL) is an effective way to teach medical students a challenging topic: coagulation. This TBL requires students to discuss a differential diagnosis, order and anal...
Evaluation of virtual reality snowplow simulation training

Each winter, Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) maintenance operators are responsible for plowing snow off roads in Iowa. Drivers typically work long shifts under treacherous conditions. In addition to properly navigating the vehicle, drivers are required to operate several plowing mechanisms simultaneously, such as plow controls and salt spreaders. However, there is little opportunity for practicing these skills in real-world situations. A virtual reality training program would provide operators with the opportunity to practice these skills under realistic yet safe conditions, as well as provide basic training to novice or less experienced operators.
Reentrant Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in small-sized superconductors

We study the effect of a parallel magnetic field in a thin and small superconductor. The field suppresses superconductivity through Zeeman coupling while stabilizing the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state at high fields before superconductivity is destroyed. When the spatial period of FFLO state is comparable to the size of the superconductor, there is a strong commensuration effect, which modifies the superconducting phase diagram. We investigate the FFLO state and the phase diagram in the presence of strong commensuration effect both for the $s$- and $d$-wave superconductors using the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equation, Green function approach, and Ginzburg-Landau theory. We found that the superconducting phase diagram is strongly modulated. Interestingly, there is reentrance of superconductivity upon increasing the magnetic field. The commensuration effect of the FFLO state can be used to detect the FFLO state in experiments.
Let the Borrower Beware: Towards a Framework for Debiasing Rollover Behavior in the Payday Loan Industry

Each year, millions of Americans take out payday loans, marketed as short-term bridge loans until their next payday. Characterized by triple-digit annual percentage rates (APRs) and mandatory balloon payments, many consumers default of their loans, forcing them to repeatedly extend, or rollover their initial loan. This process is repeated until the borrower is able to repay the principal and accumulated fees. This article offers a behavioural analysis of the propensity of consumers to rollover payday loans. Cognitive biases taken from the behavioural economics literature are employed to explain why consumers are likely to rollover high-interest payday loans and how lenders capitalize off of a consumer’s biased decision-making. Namely, biases dealing with optimism, imperfect self-control, status quo, and hyperbolic discounting are discussed in the context of payday loan borrowing. Fischoff’s (1981) debiasing framework is employed to inform policy interventions geared towards payday lenders which could result in optimal decision-making for borrowers.
Effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without vatinoxan (MK-467), on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats.

Abstract Objective To characterize the effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without vatinoxan, on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) in cats. Study design Randomized crossover experimental study. Animals A group of six adult healthy male neutered cats. Methods Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and instrumented. Dexmedetomidine was administered using a target-controlled infusion system to achieve 10 target plasma concentrations ranging from 0 to 40 ng mL–1. Additionally, vatinoxan or an equivalent volume of saline was administered using a target-controlled infusion system to achieve a target plasma concentration of 4 μg mL–1. Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), hemoglobin oxygen saturation, body temperature, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and drug concentrations were measured. MACISO was determined at each target plasma dexmedetomidine concentration using the bracketing method and the tail clamp technique. Pharmacodynamic models were fitted to the plasma dexmedetomidine concentration-MACISO. Pharmacodynamic parameters were tested for equivalence, and if rejected, for difference. Results Dexmedetomidine alone decreased MACISO in a plasma concentration-dependent manner. Maximum reduction was 77 ± 4%; the dexmedetomidine concentration producing 50% of the maximum decrease (IC50) was 0.77 ng mL–1. Vatinoxan increased MACISO in the absence of dexmedetomidine, decreased the potency of dexmedetomidine for its MACISO-reducing effect (IC50 = 12 ng mL–1) and lessened the maximum MACISO reduction (60 ± 14%). PR decreased less and SAP increased less when dexmedetomidine was administered with vatinoxan compared with saline. Conclusion and clinical relevance Vatinoxan altered the effect of dexmedetomidine on MACISO. A high plasma dexmedetomidine concentration in the presence of vatinoxan resulted in a large decrease in MACISO, with attenuation of dexmedetomidine-induced cardiovascular effects. The vatinoxan–dexmedetomidine combination may provide clinical benefits in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.
The Physiology and Genomics of Social Transitions in Aphids

Abstract Aphids are models for studies of plant/insect interactions, microbial symbioses and insect polyphenisms. Some aphids express an unusual social polyphenism by producing morphologically and behaviourally specialized juvenile nymphs (soldiers) that defend their family group from predators. To date, there have been few functional studies of social aphids. The recent publication of the pea aphid genome offers new opportunities for such work. I describe two directions for functional studies of social aphids that capture unique features of their social biology. Although social aphids are plant herbivores, soldiers attack other insects, implying unique chemosensory adaptations not seen in aphids generally. Secondly, social aphids produce castes of aggressive soldiers, by expressing unique patterns of development and photoperiodic responses to seasonal cues. I provide examples that illustrate the unusual chemosensory and developmental transitions that social aphids exhibit. Functional studies of social aphid chemosensory and developmental biology will provide new insights into sociality in aphids and provide opportunities to integrate social and functional biology in hemimetabolous insects.
Simplified Tapped Delay Line Architecture for Active Cancellation in a 2×2 IBFD MIMO Transceiver

Passive and active cancellation of self-interference (SI) and cross-interference (CI) is examined in an In-Band Full Duplex (IBFD) 2×2 MIMO transceiver. For our system, passive cancellation of the SI and CI is achieved using a combination of a balanced feed network connected to a circularly polarized antenna and a feedforward path connecting the two transceivers. Active cancellation is achieved using a tapped delay line network in a configuration that greatly reduces circuit complexity when compared to other reported systems. Over-the-air measurements of an indoor environment are combined with measured and simulated tapped delay line networks to achieve a total SI cancellation and CI cancellation of 60 dB over 20 MHz.
Array of Chemiresistors for Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Variation-Tolerant All Printed Gas Sensor

Abstract The use of printed electronics in conjunction with nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) proves to be an effective means for simple, efficient and cost-effective chemical and bio sensing applications due to their high surface area to volume ratio and other attractive properties. However, successful commercial implementation of nanosensors has been elusive due to inconsistent performance across the sensors, which translates to decreased credibility and reproducibility. Furthermore, the process uniformity in printed electronics is inferior to solid-state microfabrication technology as printed sensors suffer from material and process-induced variability at the current level of maturity. In order to take advantage of the promise of nanotechnology driven sensors, we herein propose an array of chemiresistors formed on one substrate as a single input multiple output (SIMO) sensor. Then, individual responses from sub-sensors in a SIMO sensor are aggregated and result in a statistical mean response to overcome variability issues. Random sampling was performed in this work from a sufficiently large population of CNT-based sub-sensors to define a representative set whose behavior closely mimics a larger array. The convergence of the population mean is proven from randomly chosen samples beyond a certain number of sub-sensors. An optimal strategy including sensor layout and power consumption is provided based on the resulting data analysis.
Life During Wartime: A Personal Recollection of the Circa 1990 Prestegard Lab and Its Contributions to Membrane Biophysics.

A subjective account is presented of challenges and excitement of being a postdoctoral trainee in the lab of James H. Prestegard at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut from 1989 to 1991. This includes accounts of the early development of bicelles and of oriented sample NMR results that contributed to our modern understanding of the properties of the water–lipid interface of disordered phase biological membranes.
Weed control efficiency and productivity in rice-fish-duck integrated farming system.

Rice farming integrated with fish and ducks potentially provides ecological services and supports effective management of weeds which cause rice yield losses due to growth competitiveness with the available resources and productivity. Present study investigated the efficacy of integrating fish and duck in rice farming for controlling weed infestations and their impacts on productivity and economics of the system. Appraisal on diversity of weeds indicated that grassy weeds ( Echinochola colona, Echinochola crusgalli) and sedges ( Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea ) were prevalent in rice during tillering stages, while broad leaf ( Ludwigia adscendens, Sphenoclea zeylanica) and aquatic weeds ( Marsilia quadrifolia, Otellia alismoides, Vallisneria spiralis, Limnophila indica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillata ) were abundant during active tillering and panicle initiation stages of rice. A significant reduction in weed density and weed biomass was observed in rice-fish (RF), rice-duck (RD) and rice-fish - duck (RFD) integration. However, weed control efficiency (WCE %) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in RFD. The weed biodiversity in terms of species richness (Simpson’s index) and species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) decreased significantly, while Pielou evenness community index increased in RFD, signifying weed community composition was highly diversified with reduction of formerly dominant weed species. Rice agronomic characteristics, productivity and economic returns were higher in integrated system indicating over all improvements in ecology and productivity. Better growth of fishes accrued with RFD integrated system, possibly, due to the better nutrient availability. Thus, fish and duck can be used as bio-control agents for weed management in rice farming for enhancing productivity in areas where application of chemical herbicides may be partially or totally eliminated in transplanted lowland system. Keywords: Bio control of rice weeds, Rice-fish-duck integrated farming system, Weed biodiversity, Weed control efficiency
Optogenetics: The Art of Illuminating Complex Signaling Pathways

Dissection of cell signaling requires tools that can mimic spatiotemporal dynamics of individual pathways in living cells. Optogenetic methods enable manipulation of signaling processes with precise timing and local control. In this review, we describe recent optogenetic approaches for regulation of cell signaling, highlight their advantages and limitations, and discuss examples of their application.
Ten minutes with Bob Dent, Chief Nursing Officer, Emory Health System, Georgia, USA

![Graphic][1] ### Biography Bob Dent, DNP, MBA, RN, NEA-BC, CENP, FACHE, FAAN, FAONL Bob Dent is vice-president of patient care and chief nursing officer for three hospitals within Emory Healthcare. He maintains academic appointments with Emory University, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, the University of Texas of the Permian Basin. Dr Dent is a past president of the American Organization for Nursing Leadership (formerly AONE). Dr Dent’s career spans more than 30 years in such roles as nursing assistant, LVN, RN, assistant director of nursing, director of nursing, licensed nursing home administrator, CNO, dean of health sciences at a community college, COO and system CNO. Dr Dent is the recipient of Modern Healthcare’s Class of 2006 Up and Comers in Healthcare Administration; Texas Organization of Nurse Executives 2013 Excellence in Leadership Award; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Distinguished Alumni 2014; and 2016 Richard Hader Visionary Leader Award. Over the course of his career, Dr Dent combined his expertise in nursing and leadership to author four books, book chapters, many journal articles and presentations related to culture, improving workplace environments, interprofessional collaboration and nurse staffing. Leadership is important during all change, small and large, but it is especially crucial during dynamic, massive and multifaceted change—such as the changes prompted by the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). It is essential for leaders to recognise the state that we are in, understand what the front-line staff needs and assure they have it, and embrace the importance of visibility, communication and transparency. Everything has changed and will continue to change. As we are going through these change management cycles, it is essential to understand people’s behaviours and why they might be reacting the way that they are reacting—whether it is anger, frustration or even apathy. In any change management cycle there are tough times, a valley of … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Impact of an osteopathic presence in a large categorical pediatric residency training program

Context Nationwide Children's Hospital (NCH) has a large pediatric residency program with 43 residents in the categorical pediatric program and 10 residents in the Internal Medicine-Pediatrics (IM-Peds) program per class. Of the 43 categorical pediatric residents, four are in the osteopathic recognition track (ORT) and continue their osteopathic education throughout residency. There is currently a lack of data examining the effect of an ORT, and specifically a pediatric ORT, on a residency program. Objective To evaluate the impact of an ORT osteopathic recognition track on an overall residency program's perceptions of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) and to evaluate allopathic (MD) resident perception of osteopathic educational sessions. Methods An anonymous survey was conducted in June 2017 and distributed to 141 residents (both categorical and IM-Peds) to gather baseline information regarding perceptions and knowledge of OMT. Based on the initial results, a four-part case-based educational series was implemented during the 2018-2019 academic year to teach osteopathic principles to MD residents. A second survey was distributed following each session. Results For the initial survey, 59 (41.8%) residents responded. Survey results demonstrated that resident perceptions of OMT as an efficacious treatment option increased after starting their residency at NCH (p=0.04), and 25 of 43 (58.1%) MD residents stated an interest in learning OMT skills. A total of 140 attendees were present at the four educational sessions. One hundred and thirty-eight residents (98.5%) found the educational sessions beneficial and 132 (94.2%) stated they would refer a patient for OMT. Conclusion ORT residents make a significant impact on their colleagues' perceptions and knowledge of OMT. This study suggests that further efforts to highlight the clinical applications of OMT in pediatric patients would be welcomed by residents.
Effect of Delivery Format on Student Outcomes and Perceptions of a Veterinary Medicine Course: Synchronous versus Asynchronous Learning

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted instruction at many veterinary schools to switch to an emergency remote teaching format to prevent viral transmission associated with in-person synchronous lectures. This study surveyed student perspectives and academic performance in a pre-planned online second-year veterinary toxicology course given at North Carolina State University in Spring 2020. This course relied on asynchronous narrated presentations for content delivery. This method of delivery predated the pandemic and was used throughout the course. Academic performance and patterns of access to materials in the online course was compared with the access patterns and performance of students given classroom-based synchronous teaching in Spring 2019. Assessments evaluated in this study were identical across courses. Students’ academic performance was unaffected by delivery method. Lack of instructor interaction was an important perceived barrier in the asynchronous course. Asynchronous course materials were uniformly accessed across all days of the week, while supplemental materials for the face-to-face course showed a weekly pattern. Moving from letter grades to pass/fail did not change access frequency to supplemental course materials but led to decreased video usage in the asynchronous course. Results suggest that although some veterinary students perceived the switch in delivery format negatively, the method of delivery did not adversely affect performance in this preclinical course.
Abstract P007: Ankle-brachial Index And Cardiovascular Outcomes In Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study

Introduction: The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a representative diagnostic indicator of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and recognized as a risk enhancer in the ACC/AHA guidelines for primary prev...
A note on uniform approximation by the indestructibles

Abstract We modify an idea in an earlier paper to enlarge the collection of inner functions that are known to be in the uniform closure of the indestructible Blaschke products.
Anolis carolinensis : a Temperate Anole that is a Potentially Continuous Breeder

The green anole, Anolis carolinensis , is the only temperate member of a genus of about 300 tropical species. It exhibits seasonality in its reproductive behavior and physiology, while most of its congeners are continuous breeders. Males kept under stimulatory conditions of temperature and photoperiod had significantly larger testes and levels of sperm production during the traditionally non-reproductive season than did those living under natural ambient conditions. Thus, green anoles are potentially continuous breeders but in nature are cyclic because of constraints imposed by the periodicity of their temperate environment.
Intracellular distribution and mechanism of delivery of oligonucleotides mediated by cationic lipids.

Purpose. To study the parameters influencing the intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides delivered by cationic 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) lipids and to elucidate the mechanism of uptake. Methods. We have studied the intracellular localization of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide (F-ODN) delivered by DOTAP using confocal microscopy and measured inhibition of luciferase synthesis. The delivery mechanism of ODN/DOTAP complexes was investigated using inhibitors of the endocytosis pathway. Results. F-ODN delivered by DOTAP liposomes redistribute from punctate cytoplasmic regions into the nucleus. The nuclear uptake of F-ODN depends on: charge ratio (+/–), time of incubation, temperature and presence of serum. A positively charged complex is required for enhanced uptake. The association of neutral lipids with DOTAP reduced the optimum charge ratio without altering the delivery efficiency. DOTAP lipids increased >100 fold the antisense activity of a specific anti-luciferase ODN. Inhibitors of the endocytosis pathway show that the majority of F-ODN are introduced through an endocytic pathway mainly involving uncoated vesicles. Nuclear accumulation of oligonucleotides can be decreased by inhibitors of actin microfilaments, energy metabolism and proteins implicated in the fusion of endosomes. Nuclear uptake is independent of acidification of the endosomal vesicles and unaffected by inhibitors of microtubules. Conclusions. Oligonucleotides are delivered by cationic lipids into the cytoplasm at an early stage of the endocytotic pathway which leads to a marked increase in antisense activity and oligonucleotide nuclear uptake.
Green’s Functions at Zero Temperature

Many-body calculations are often done for model systems at zero temperature. Of course, real experimental systems are never at zero temperature, although they are often at low temperature. Many quantities are not very sensitive to temperature, particularly at low temperature. Zero temperature calculations are useful even for describing real systems. Furthermore, the zero temperature property of a system is an important conceptual quantity—the ground state of an interacting system. A system is often described as its ground state plus its excitations, and the ground state may be deduced from a zero temperature calculation. Many zero temperature calculations have been done to deduce, for example, the ground state of the homogeneous electron gas or the ground state of superfluid 4He.
Variation in the Amount of Hemoglobin S in a Patient with Sickle Cell Trait and Megaloblastic Anemia.

A patient with sickle cell trait and nutritional megaloblastic anemia was found to have a much smaller proportion of hemoglobin S during the megaloblastic phase than after recovery. This observation suggests preferential synthesis of hemoglobin A by megaloblastic bone marrow in the presence of the A-S trait.
Primary Attachment to Parents and Peers During Adolescence: Differences by Attachment Style

This study examines the nature of adolescent attachment to parents and peers during adolescence. A projective measure was used to classify 99 11th and 12th grade students into secure, insecure dismissing, and insecure preoccupied attachment groups. Respondents identified their primary attachment figure by nomination and by rating the level of attachment support they received from mothers, fathers, best friends, and boy/girlfriends. On average, parents and peers were equally likely to be identified as primary attachment figures but individual preference was strongly tied to attachment style. Secure adolescents significantly favored mothers over best friends, boy/girlfriends, and fathers. Although secure adolescents with romantic partners rated mothers lower on attachment support, none of the adolescents from this group nominated a boy/girlfriend as their primary attachment figure. In contrast insecure adolescents indicated a strong preference for boy/girlfriends and best friends as their primary target for attachment and nearly a third of dismissing adolescents identified themselves as their primary attachment figure. Findings are discussed in terms of individual differences in attachment during adolescence.
From manual knowledge engineering to bootstrapping: Progress in information extraction and NLP

The last decade has seen dramatic changes in the landscape of natural language processing in general and information extraction in particular. Information extraction (IE) systems are designed to extract factual information about a specific domain from text sources. For example, IE systems have been built to extract facts from news reports of terrorist incidents (e.g., extracting the names of the perpetrators, victims, and targets) and business articles about corporate acquisitions (e.g., extracting the acquired company, the buyer, and the amount paid).
Applications of Halo Approach to Non-Linear Large Scale Structure Clustering

We present astrophysical applications of the recently popular halo model to describe large scale structure clustering. We formulate the power spectrum, bispectrum and trispectrum of dark matter density field in terms of correlations within and between dark matter halos. The halo approach uses results from numerical simulations and involves a profile for dark matter, a mass function for halos, and a description of halo biasing with respect to the linear density field. This technique can easily be extended to describe clustering of any property of the large scale structure, such as galaxies, baryons and pressure, provided that one formulate the relationship between such properties and dark matter. In detail, we discuss applications of the halo model for several observational probes of the local universe involving weak gravitational lensing, thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect and the kinetic SZ effect. We also propose a new cosmological test using the redshift evolution of the angular power spectrum of halos and using a calibrated linear power spectrum, which acts as an effective standard ruler (Summary).
Diagnostic for phases and quantum critical regions using deviations from the local fluctuation-dissipation theorem

We propose that the temperature dependence of a single quantity $R={\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{i}/\ensuremath{\delta}{n}_{i}^{2}$, the ratio of the local compressibility to the local number fluctuations, can be used to map out the finite temperature phase diagram, diagnose the critical region around a quantum phase transition, and identify critical points belonging to different universality classes. We test our proposal using state-of-the-art large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations of the two-dimensional Bose Hubbard model. Our results have implications for recently developed single-site imaging experiments.
n−3 Fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits

Dietary recommendations have been made for n-3 fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to achieve nutrient adequacy and to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. These recommendations are based on a large body of evidence from epidemiologic and controlled clinical studies. The n-3 fatty acid recommendation to achieve nutritional adequacy, defined as the amount necessary to prevent deficiency symptoms, is 0.6-1.2% of energy for ALA; up to 10% of this can be provided by EPA or DHA. To achieve recommended ALA intakes, food sources including flaxseed and flaxseed oil, walnuts and walnut oil, and canola oil are recommended. The evidence base supports a dietary recommendation of ≈500 mg/d of EPA and DHA for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. For treatment of existing cardiovascular disease, 1 g/d is recommended. These recommendations have been embraced by many health agencies worldwide. A dietary strategy for achieving the 500-mg/d recommendation is to consume 2 fish meals per week (preferably fatty fish). Foods enriched with EPA and DHA or fish oil supplements are a suitable alternate to achieve recommended intakes and may be necessary to achieve intakes of 1 g/d.
Petrography of Common Sands and Sandstones

There are three major types of sand: terrigenous, carbonate, and pyroclastic. Terrigenous sands are most abundant and are all ultimately derived from outside the basin of deposition by erosion of preexisting crystalline, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks and, except for eolianites, are all deposited by water. Silicates predominate. Carbonate sands are virtually all deposited in marine waters and consist primarily of skeletal grains, oolites plus other coated grains, some locally derived detrital carbonate called intraclasts, and terrigenous carbonate. The latter is really a terrigenous sand, and not abundant except where there is very rapid erosion of thick carbonate sections in orogenic belts or in some glacial situations. Pyroclastic sands are those derived directly from volcanic explosion as, for example, ash, lapilli, and bombs. They may be deposited on either land or in water. Pyroclastic sands are less abundant than either terrigenous or carbonate sands. The more inclusive term volcaniclastic refers to clastic sedimentary materials rich in volcanic debris which may be either of pyroclastic origin or a normal terrigenous (epiclastic) sand derived from an older volcanic terrane (discussed in detail in Chap. 6).
Biodegradation of Synthetic Chelating Agents

This chapter discusses the current state of knowledge of the biodegradation of the synthetic chelating agents nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and EDTA. The understanding of the biodegradation of chelating agents requires a mechanistic coupled understanding of geochemistry and microbiology, including the way chelated metal influences biodegradation, the way metal in the metal-chelate complex can exchange with other metals, the way adsorption of the chelating agent influences biodegradation, the biodegradation of chelating agents by whole cells, the cellular transport of chelating agents into the cell, its enzymatic biodegradation, and, finally, the genetics of biodegradation. The identity of the metal-NTA complex present in solution after desorption, that is, the "desorbed metal-NTA complex," is important for understanding and predicting NTA biodegradation when sorbents are present. The variation in NTA biodegradation by whole cells was proposed to be influenced by the lability of the metal-NTA complex or the frequency of making and breaking the metal-carboxyl oxygen and the metal-nitrogen bonds of the complex. The specificity of NTA monooxygenase indicated that an intact metal-NTA complex was necessary for biodegradation and that the lability of the metal-NTA complex did not influence its biodegradation by the enzyme. Future areas of research on the biochemistry and genetics of NTA biodegradation include the purification of IDA dehydrogenase and the cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the corresponding gene(s).
EZ-FIT: a practical curve-fitting microcomputer program for the analysis of enzyme kinetic data on IBM-PC compatible computers

EZ-FIT, an interactive microcomputer software package, has been developed for the analysis of enzyme kinetic and equilibrium binding data. EZ-FIT was designed as a user-friendly menu-driven package that has the facility for data entry, editing, and filing. Data input permits the conversion of cpm, dpm, or optical density to molar per minute per milligram protein. Data can be fit to any of 14 model equations including Michaelis-Menten, Hill, isoenzyme, inhibition, dual substrate, agonist, antagonist, and modified integrated Michaelis-Menten. The program uses the Nelder-Mead simplex and Marquardt nonlinear regression algorithms sequentially. A report of the results includes the parameter estimates with standard errors, a Student t test to determine the accuracy of the parameter values, a Runs statistic test of the residuals, identification of outlying data, an Akaike information criterion test for goodness-of-fit, and, when the experimental variance is included, a chi 2 statistic test for goodness-of-fit. Several different graphs can be displayed: an X-Y, a Scatchard, an Eadie-Hofstee, a Lineweaver-Burk, a semilogarithmic, and a residual plot. A data analysis report and graphs are designed to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the data to a particular model.
Reliability coefficients in a correlation matrix

Givens fallible testst 1,t 2, ⋯t s , the problem is to express their intercorrelations in terms of the average correlations between a varying number of parallel forms contained within each test. A new correlation determinant Δ′ is derived containingd ii instead of unity as an element on the principal diagonal, where $$d_{ii} = [1 + (m_i - 1)\bar r_{ii} ]/m_i ,$$ in whichm i is the number of parallel forms comprising thei'th test and $$\bar r_{ii} $$ is the average intercorrelation of them i (m i − 1) / 2 parallel forms. Asm i → ∞,d ii approaches the correlation “corrected for attenuation.” These results make explicit the assumptions, as to intrisic accuracy of all measures, which are implicit in the usual multiple and partial correlation analysis. These results also make possible a simple procedure for estimating the effect on various partial correlation measures of improving the accuracy of part or all of the measures by including additional parallel forms.
Real-Time Short-Term Traffic Speed Level Forecasting and Uncertainty Quantification Using Layered Kalman Filters

Short-term traffic condition forecasting has long been argued as essential for developing proactive traffic control systems that could alleviate the growing congestion in the United States. In this field, short-term traffic condition level forecasting and short-term traffic condition uncertainty forecasting play an equally important role. Past literature showed that linear stochastic time series models are promising in modeling and hence forecasting traffic condition levels and traffic conditional variance with workable performance. On the basis of this finding, an autoregressive moving average plus generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity structure was proposed for modeling the station-by-station traffic speed series. An online algorithm based on layered Kalman filter was developed for processing this structure in real time. Empirical results based on real-world station-by-station traffic speed data showed that the proposed online algorithm can generate workable short-term traffic speed ...
Estimating Youth Locomotion Ground Reaction Forces Using an Accelerometer-Based Activity Monitor

To address a variety of questions pertaining to the interactions between physical activity, musculoskeletal loading and musculoskeletal health/injury/adaptation, simple methods are needed to quantify, outside a laboratory setting, the forces acting on the human body during daily activities. The purpose of this study was to develop a statistically based model to estimate peak vertical ground reaction force (pVGRF) during youth gait. 20 girls (10.9±0.9 years) and 15 boys (12.5±0.6 years) wore a Biotrainer AM over their right hip. Six walking and six running trials were completed after a standard warm-up. Average AM intensity (g) and pVGRF (N) during stance were determined. Repeated measures mixed effects regression models to estimate pVGRF from Biotrainer activity monitor acceleration in youth (girls 10–12, boys 12–14 years) while walking and running were developed. Log transformed pVGRF had a statistically significant relationship with activity monitor acceleration, centered mass, sex (girl), type of locomotion (run), and locomotion type-acceleration interaction controlling for subject as a random effect. A generalized regression model without subject specific random effects was also developed. The average absolute differences between the actual and predicted pVGRF were 5.2% (1.6% standard deviation) and 9% (4.2% standard deviation) using the mixed and generalized models, respectively. The results of this study support the use of estimating pVGRF from hip acceleration using a mixed model regression equation.
Very large-scale arrays of biomolecules

ArrayChips are semiconductor devices that enable rapid and flexible fabrication of very large-scale arrays of biomolecules. Array fabrication is controlled by electronic hardware on the chip and is software configurable. This feature enables very rapid turnaround times of new array designs for testing and optimization. Biomolecules in the array are synthesized in situ or immobilized at selected addressable locations. Synthesis occurs directly within the interstices of a hydrated and highly porous membrane that overlays the ArrayChip. Synthesis is accomplished in situ using reagents that are generated electrochemically at individually addressable microelectrodes on ArrayChips. We have developed technologies for in situ synthesis of arrays of oligonucleotides, peptides and small molecules. ArrayChips obviate any need for microfluidics or other unconventional semiconductor hardware. First-generation ArrayChips have microelectrode array densities of over 1,000 individually addressable sites per cm2. Second-generation hardware designs have over 500,000 individually addressable sites per cm2.
Effect of various coal gas contaminants on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells: Part III. Synergistic effects

Abstract The coal-derived gas from a coal gasifier contains multiple contaminants, and their synergistic effects may not be simply the additive influences of individual contaminants. The present work presents the results of a study of the synergistic effects of four contaminants of major concern—S, As, P, and Cl, at the ppm level and in combinations of two, three, or four kinds—on the performance of Ni-YSZ/YSZ/LSM solid oxide fuel cells. The results indicate that both cell performance and morphology differ significantly in cells exposed to a single contaminant, and that cell performance is not simply the additive influence of each contaminant. Synergistic effects can be very destructive (accelerated degradation or even cell failure) when S is in the presence with As/P, but can also be beneficial (stabilization in power density variations over time or a slowed degradation rate) when Cl is present with other contaminants. Cl can even partially restore performance loss when it is introduced after P is already present. Therefore, with the addition of Cl the tolerance limit of SOFCs for the other three contaminants can be greatly increased. We speculate that the affinity of the contaminants to Ni catalyst increases in the following order: As
Sleep-Related Hypoventilation: The Evolving Role of Leptin

Note to Our Readers You may have noticed that recent journals have been exceptionally large. This increase in the number of articles per issue is short term. We are temporarily increasing the size of the journal to decrease time from acceptance to publication, eliminate backlog, phase out an old manuscript system, and prepare for changes beginning with the January 2006 issue. Richard S. Irwin, MD, FCCPEditor in Chief, CHEST
An intergenerational transmission model for the cultural evolution of helping behavior

The cultural coefficient of similarity, or probability that two individuals learn the same idea from a common ancestor, is offered as an explanation for patterns of helping behavior in human societies. A cultural-transmission model predicts that when maternal influence in offspring learning is pre-dominant, matrilineality will evolve in a culture. Other predictions about the form of matrilineal and patrilineal societies are made from the model and contrasted to a sociobiological explanation of matrilineality.