cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Mesoscale Eddies in the Remote Oceanic Response to Altered Southern Hemisphere Winds

Abstract It has been suggested that a strengthening of the Southern Hemisphere winds would induce a more vigorous overturning through an increased northward Ekman flux, bringing more light waters into the oceanic basins and enhancing the upwelling of North Atlantic Deep Water in the Southern Ocean, thereby increasing ocean ventilation. Simulations from a coarse- and a fine-resolution version of a coupled model, subject to idealized wind stress changes in the Southern Ocean, are presented. In the fine-resolution eddy-permitting model, changes in poleward eddy fluxes largely compensate for the enhanced equatorward Ekman transport in the Southern Ocean. As a consequence, northward transport of light waters, pycnocline depth, Northern Hemisphere overturning, and Southern Ocean upwelling anomalies are much reduced compared with simulations in the coarse-resolution model with parameterized eddies. These results suggest a relatively weak sensitivity of present-day global ocean overturning circulation to the proj...
Pathogenesis of Maternal-Fetal Syphilis Revisited

Although congenital syphilis has been recognized for several centuries and an efficient treatment with penicillin became available more than a half-century ago, the disease is still with us. Inability to culture in vitro the causative agent, Treponema pallidum, and the lack of an adequate animal model have prevented exploration of the various immunopathological events affecting the natural course of congenital infection. The purpose of this review is to analyze the disease in the context of recent knowledge acquired from human and experimental animals, particularly from the guinea pig model of congenital and neonatal syphilis, and to describe how the infection interacts with the maternal-fetal unit and how it is further modulated by the conceptus' ontogenic development. We also attempt to elucidate several old immunologic concepts and misconceptions that have remained unchallenged for too long.
Computed tomographic assessment of noninvasive intranasal infusions in dogs with fungal rhinitis

The distribution of infusate administered to 12 dogs with fungal rhinitis, using a noninvasive, intranasal technique, was evaluated by computed tomography (CT). In every dog, contrast medium was identified on the postinfusion CT images, within the frontal sinuses, and throughout all areas of the nasal cavity. Adverse effects were transient and mild. The results of this study indicate that intranasal infusion may be a viable alternative to trephination of the frontal sinuses to administer antifungal medications in dogs with fungal rhinitis.
Policy and Behavior Research at the California Partners for Advanced Highways and Transit (PATH)

The policy and behavioral research program at California PATH focuses on understanding the role, response, and impacts of advanced transportation technologies. This cross-cutting program brings together a variety of theories, methodologies, and disciplines in answering applied policy and planning questions related transportation technology use and response. Disciplines and approaches include: engineering, planning, economics, systems and policy analysis, psychology, sociology, and business/marketing. This paper briefly describes the overall policy and behavioral research program as well as some of the key research projects that have been carried out over the last several years, with a focus on shared-use vehicle systems (i.e., carsharing or short-term vehicle rentals), smart parking systems, and intelligent transit-oriented developments with enhanced transit
Targeted disruption of the murine lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase gene is associated with reductions in plasma paraoxonase and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activities but not in apolipoprotein J concentration.

Lecithin:cholesteryl acyltransferase (LCAT) defi- ciency resulting from targeted disruption of the Lcat gene in the mouse is associated with dramatic decreases in HDL concentration and the accumulation of nascent HDL in the plasma. We examined whether LCAT deficiency in mice is associated with a concomitant decrease in two antioxidative enzymes, paraoxonase (PON) and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). In control Lcat ( 1 / 1 ) mice both these enzymes are transported on HDL. Compared to Lcat ( 1 / 1 ) mice, HDL-cholesterol is reduced 94% and apoA-I, 90%, in Lcat ( 2 / 2 ) mice; this reduction in HDL is paral- leled by a 71% decrease in PAF-AH activity and in a 58% de- crease in PON activity. Apolipoprotein J (apoJ) levels, rather than being decreased, were significantly ( P 5 0.01) higher (36%) in Lcat ( 2 / 2 ) than in Lcat ( 1 / 1 ) mice, and the apo J/PON ratio was 3-fold greater in Lcat ( 2 / 2 ) than in Lcat ( 1 / 1 ) animals. Even though apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentration and PON activity were drastically re- duced, there was no reduction in apoA-I and PON liver mRNA levels suggesting that post-transcriptional events are responsible for the reduction of plasma PON and apoA-I lev- els. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) revealed that in Lcat ( 1 / 1 ) mice both PON and PAF-AH activity is associ- ated with large, apoA-I-containing HDL particles (9.7 nm by non-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) while in Lcat ( 2 / 2 ) mice both enzymes are associated with small 8.2 nm particles. We conclude that the concomitant reduction in HDL and apoA-I concentrations and PON and PAF-AH activ- ities is best explained by rapid clearance of the small HDL particles found in LCAT deficiency. —Forte, T. M., M. N. Oda, L. Knoff, B. Frei, J. Suh, J. A. K. Harmony, W. D. Stuart, E. M. Rubin, and D. S. Ng. Targeted disruption of the murine lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase gene is associated with re- ductions in plasma paraoxonase and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activities but not in apolipoprotein J concen- tration. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 1276-1283.
Curcumin modulates microRNA-203-mediated regulation of the Src-Akt axis in bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is often associated with recurrence and progression to invasive metastatic disease that have palliative therapeutic options. The use of traditional chemotherapeutic agents for bladder cancer management often suffers from toxicity and resistance concerns. This emphasizes the need for development of safer, natural, nontoxic compounds as chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agents. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a natural compound that has been known to possess anticancer properties in various cancers, including bladder cancer. However, the biological targets of curcumin are not well defined. Recently, it has been proposed that curcumin may mediate epigenetic modulation of expression of microRNAs (miRNA). In this article, we define for the first time, that curcumin directly induces a tumor-suppressive miRNA, miR-203, in bladder cancer. miR-203 is frequently downregulated in bladder cancer due to DNA hypermethylation of its promoter. We studied the functional significance of miR-203 in bladder cancer cell lines and found that miR-203 has tumor suppressive properties. Also, we define Akt2 and Src as novel miR-203 targets in bladder cancer. Curcumin induces hypomethylation of the miR-203 promoter and subsequent upregulation of miR-203 expression. This leads to downregulation of miR-203 target genes Akt2 and Src that culminates in decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. This is the first report that shows a direct effect of curcumin on inducing epigenetic changes at a miRNA promoter with direct biological consequences. Our study suggests that curcumin may offer a therapeutic advantage in the clinical management of refractory bladder cancer over other standard treatment modalities. Cancer Prev Res; 4(10); 1698–709. ©2011 AACR .
Hostile Media and the Campaign Trail: Perceived Media Bias in the Race for Governor

Past research on the hostile media effect (HME) indicates that partisans are prone to evaluate media content as relatively biased against their own position. The present study investigates the progression of the HME within the context of a statewide gubernatorial campaign. A 3-wave panel study is used to trace the existence of the HME, as well as the effect’srelationshiptootherkeypublicopinionindicators.Resultsindicatethatalthoughthe HME did exist in termsof respondents’ perceptions of biased media coverage, its subsequent impact on perceived public opinion was minimal when compared with individual biases, such as respondents projecting their own opinions when considering the views of others. Implications are presented and discussed. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01473.x Public trust in the media has been on the decline for many years in the United States, a trend lamented by numerous political and communication scholars (e.g., Cappella & Jamieson, 1997; Putnam, 2000). In a 1972 poll, more than 70% of the American public reported that they could trust the news media to report the news accurately and fairly most of the time, as compared with just 50% in 2005 (Carroll, 2005). With the explosion of available media options, consumers have become more politicized in both their news choices and their perceptions of media credibility. In particular, consumers who identify themselves as Republicans trust far fewer news sources than Democrats, and have turned to more conservative media outlets in increasing numbers (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2004). This decline in media trust, along with the polarization of news audiences (Tsfati &C apella, 2003), provides av astly different picture than was evident in the media landscape less than a half-century ago. Such changes generate questions about media effects on not only perceptions of bias in the news, but also on public opinion. The hostilemediabias,firstrecognizedinthe1980s,hasbeendocumentedinnonrandom
Comparison of Preferential Flow Paths to Bulk Soil in a Weakly Aggregated Silt Loam Soil

Preferential flow paths are common in both tilled and untilled soil, but how or why soil in preferential paths differs from neighboring bulk soil is not well understood in either. We used a 10-min pulse of dye to mark preferential flow paths at the end of 2 h of ponded infiltration. Small cores were taken from dyed and undyed soil at the 10- to 25-cm depth. Compared with the bulk soil, preferential flow zones had more large and fewer small aggregates, greater water content, and lower bulk density (1.20 vs. 1.23 Mg m−3). Root mass and total soil C were not significantly different. In comparison to untilled soil, tilled soil had more unaggregated soil, greater water content, and lower bulk density (1.16 vs. 1.24 Mg m−3). Statistical analysis suggested no interactions between the preferential flow zone–bulk soil factor and the tilled–untilled factor. Infiltration rates in untilled soil were greater despite greater bulk density in both preferential flow zones and the non-preferential-flow matrix soil. These results suggest that greater saturated water conductivity in untilled soil is not due to better developed individual preferential flow pathways, but rather to a greater number of potential pathways being well connected to the surface water source. This could have more to do with better aggregation of surface soil than with specific properties of the preferential flow paths.
Keloid formation after syndactyly reconstruction: associated conditions, prevalence, and preliminary report of a treatment method.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is 3-fold: to review our cases of keloid formation after syndactyly release, to report a clinical association between primary enlargement of the digits and risk of keloid formation, and to report treatment using low-dose, short-term methotrexate as an adjunct to revision surgery. Methods A retrospective review of patients identified with keloid formation after syndactyly reconstruction showed associated enlargement of the involved digits. A search of medical records for cases in which both syndactyly and digital enlargement occurred was carried out. Charts and images, where available, were reviewed for information about age, gender, involved site, associated conditions, and treatment. Results Eight cases of keloids occurred in 1004 surgical procedures in 681 patients carried out during the 20-year period reviewed. Seven patients were white and 1 was Hispanic. Seven of the 8 had associated primary digital enlargement. Two patients who had enlarged syndactylized digits did not develop keloids after surgery. There was no family history in any case. Standard treatment (pressure, topical or intralesional corticosteroids, and re-excision) was unsuccessful in resolving the keloids. Two children treated with adjunctive methotrexate had successful treatment of their keloids and near-normal healing. Length of follow-up time after the last treatment ranged from 6 months to 11 years (average, 5.5 years). Conclusions Primary digital enlargement is highly predictive of risk of keloid formation after syndactyly reconstruction. Very-low-dose, short-term methotrexate was successful as an adjunct to surgical treatment in 2 cases.
HIV structural and biothermodynamics databases: a resource for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry

Federal agencies, academia and industries have invested heavily in the development of structural and biothermodynamic data. However, the data are still largely distributed over several public and private archives leading to issues of inadequate interoperability. In order to maximize the investment made in these areas it is necessary to make it widely available to, and easily accessible to continued development and use by a broad community of researchers and industrialists. For this reason, during the last several years we have been working on developing and maintaining two databases; an integrated structural data resource for AIDS (http://xpdh.nist.gov/hivsdb/hivsdb.html) and a biothermodynamic data resource (http://xpdh.nist.gov/enzyme/spl I.bar/thermodynamics ).
Bone functional changes in intact, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized, hormone-supplemented adult cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) evaluated by serum markers and dynamic histomorphometry

Several parameters of bone mass and function were investigated in three experiments involving intact, ovariectomized, or hormone-supplemented ovariectomized female cynomolgus monkeys. Ovariectomized animals had increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase compared with intact and hormone-supplemented animals. Vertebral bone mass measured ex vivo by dual-photon absorptiometry was reduced by 11-19% in ovariectomized animals compared with intact and hormone-supplemented animals. The most dramatic effects observed with ovariectomy were markedly increased (30-60%) bone formation rates in vertebral cancellous bone, primarily caused by higher activation frequency of basic multicellular units of bone. In addition, combined resorption and reversal periods were decreased and formation period increased in untreated ovariectomized animals. Changes in static histomorphometry parameters were less dramatic, cancellous bone volume being 1-14% lower in ovariectomized animals compared with intact or ovariectomized hormone-supplemented animals. The data indicate that changes in bone resorption are primarily responsible for the lower bone mass of estrogen deficiency and increased bone mass in hormone-supplemented animals. Bone changes in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys resemble those in women after menopause and similarly respond positively to hormone supplementation. As such, cynomolgus monkeys are an excellent model for studying the basic mechanisms of osteoporosis and for the development of suitable therapeutic regimens.
A Tight-Binding Hamiltonian for Band Structure and Carrier Transport in Graphene Nanoribbons

To understand nanoribbons of graphene, we developed an ab initio parametrized fit to Carbon and Hydrogen chemical data, out to arbitrary neighbor interactions, including relaxations. Our computed band structure confirms the well-known three-family behavior of armchair band gaps but also predicts a similar familial behavior for conductance in nanoribbon transistors. The Boltzmann carrier transport simulations from calculated phonon spectra show, over a range of temperatures, the familial conductance behavior. Both the peak field-effect mobility and the “on” conductance increase with ribbon width, the later being proportional to the width and inversely proportional to the lattice temperature. We will also discuss phonon-limited scattering of charge carriers in graphene.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications of Renal Hypertrophy

Knowledge of cell growth control has increased with great rapidity within the last decade due to the discovery and purification of specific growth factors, the identification of genes which are expressed in a cell-cycle-dependent fashion and an improved understanding of the roles of various oncogenes in control of growth in non-transformed cells. Only recently has the understanding of renal growth control started to advance apace with these discoveries, but the clinical approach to predicting adaptive growth responses or their manipulation is in its infancy. This review attempts to summarize current knowledge of mechanisms of renal hypertrophy and regeneration and to apply the emerging principles to human renal disease. The picture that emerges indicates that, whereas growth in the size of nephrons provides an obvious advantage in prolonging the function of the diseased kidney, in certain cases it may be the harbinger of progressive injury and its control may have important prognostic implications.
Release of transgenic human insulin from gastric g cells: a novel approach for the amelioration of diabetes.

We explored the hypothesis that meal-regulated release of insulin from gastric G cells can be used for gene therapy for diabetes. We generated transgenic mice in which the coding sequence of human insulin has been knocked into the mouse gastrin gene. Insulin was localized specifically to antral G cells of G-InsKi mice by double immunofluorescence staining using antibodies against insulin and gastrin. Insulin extracted from antral stomach of G-InsKi mice decreased blood glucose upon injection into streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Intragastric administration of peptone, a known potent luminal stimulant of gastrin secretion, induced an increase in circulating levels of transgenic human insulin from 10.7 ± 2 to 23.3 ± 4 pm in G-InsKi mice. Although G cell-produced insulin decreased blood glucose in G-InsKi mice, it did not cause toxic hypoglycemia. Proton pump inhibitors, pharmacological agents that increase gastrin output, caused a further increase in the circulating levels of gastric insulin (41.5 ± 2 pm). G c...
Aptamer Displacement Screen for Flaviviral RNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

RNA-protein interactions are vital to the replication of the flaviviral genome. Discovery focused on small molecules that disrupt these interactions represent a viable path for identification of new inhibitors. The viral RNA (vRNA) cap methyltransferase (MTase) of the flaviviruses has been validated as a suitable drug target. Here we report the development of a high-throughput screen for the discovery of compounds that target the RNA binding site of flaviviral protein NS5A. The assay described here is based on displacement of an MT-bound polynucleotide aptamer, decathymidylate derivatized at its 5' end with fluorescein (FL-dT10). Based on the measurement of fluorescence polarization, FL-dT10 bound to yellow fever virus (YFV) MTase in a saturable manner with a Kd= 231 nM. The binding was reversed by a 250-nucleotide YFV messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript and by the triphenylmethane dye aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). The EC50for ATA displacement was 1.54 µM. The MTase cofactors guanosine-5'-triphosphate and S-adenosyl-methionine failed to displace FL-dT10. Analysis by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) suggests that ATA binds YFV MTase so as to displace the vRNA. The assay was determined to have a Z' of 0.83 and was successfully used to screen a library of known bioactives.
Finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) modeling of trans-ionospheric propagation of VLF signals over long sub-ionospheric paths

In this paper, we apply a recently developed Segmented-Long-Path (SLP) Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD) model of VLF propagation over long (tens to hundreds of wavelengths) paths to determine the coupling of wave energy through the collisional (i.e., lossy) ionospheric D-region up to altitudes where collisions (and thus losses) are not significant, i.e., ~120 km or higher. In this context, the primary loss process is collisions of electrons with neutral molecules, and with the neutral density falling off with altitude with a scale height of ~6 km, most of the attenuation occurs in a narrow altitude range of ~80-100 km. However, in this same region, the electron density and thus the wave refractive index exhibit rapid variations over height ranges comparable to or smaller than the VLF wavelength, so that accurate modeling of the reflection from this stratified region and the absorption losses therein generally requires 'full-wave' modeling.
Review of Sedimentation and Sediment Transport by Albert Gyr and Wolfgang Kinzelbach

The title of this book caught my attention first. With double emphasis on sediment in the title, I really expected to read about recent developments in sedimentation. The book is actually the outcome of the Symposium on Sedimentation and Sediment Transport held September 2–6, 2002, at the Monte Verita, near Locarno, Switzerland. The symposium was jointly organized by the Institute of Hydromechanics and Water Resources Management and the Institute of Fluid Dynamics. The event was held under the auspices of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ). At the symposium, an attempt was made to present new results in mathematics and natural sciences relevant to the sediment problem. The book’s authors suggest that theoretical research and laboratory experiments are incomplete without the feedback from field observations and measurements. This book can be viewed as the revised proceedings of the symposium. It includes 42 relatively brief articles. The content is subdivided into eight sections, namely, I—Turbulence, Mainly Its Local Aspects; II—Turbulence and Sediment Transport, Turbulence and Sedimentation; III—Turbulent Structures and Sediment Transport; IV—Two-Phase Flows; V—Self-Organization and Sedimentation Processes; VI—Self-Organization in Sediment Transport; VII—Problems Related to Field Measurements and Input Needed for Numerical Models; and VIII—Measuring Techniques. The book reminds me of the beautiful location of the Monte Verita overlooking Ascona and the gorgeous Lago Maggiore. I had the pleasure of attending the Grain Sorting Seminar at the Centro Stefano Franscini in 1992, and this book brings back all the great memories of the magnificent location and lively discussions. These seminars are usually most amenable to in-depth discussion on technical issues with scientists around the world. Back to the book itself: The authors have attempted to tackle some of the most difficult problems in sedimentation—i.e., the effects of turbulence on sedimentation processes. Despite many breakthroughs, turbulence remains extremely complex and elusive even to the brightest minds, let alone sedimentation, which remains very complex in spite of the major contributions of the
Detection performance for statistical MIMO radar with identical and orthogonal waveforms

This paper studies the detection performance of two different statistical MIMO radar models: one transmits orthogonal waveforms, the other identical. As for the latter, assuming there is no violation of peak power constraints, the allocation of power among transmitters is unimportant from the viewpoint of detection. For full power transmission, the latter model may outperform the former at medium or low SNR, but is inferior at high SNR. Since they both share the same antenna configuration, properly shifting the transmission strategies may alleviate detection loss of a statistical MIMO radar.
Reflectance measurements on clean surfaces for the determination of optical constants of silicon in the extreme ultraviolet-soft-x-ray region

The refractive index n = 1 - δ + iβ of Si in the energy range 50–180 eV is investigated with angle-dependent reflectance measurements. The optical constants δ and β are both determined by fitting to the Fresnel equations. The results of this method are compared with the values in the atomic tables derived from experimental data for β and implementation of the Kramers–Kronig relations for δ. The samples were prepared by UV irradiation and HF:ethanol dipping to H passivate the surface. It is found that the values of δ in the atomic tables are 8–15% too high in the region 50–90 eV. This is attributed to missing oscillator strength in the tabulated absorption coefficient for Si. The measured values of β for crystalline Si exhibit structure below the L2,3 edge (99.8 eV), as was previously observed in transmission measurements of Si(111). It is also found that the method of least-squares fitting reflectance data to obtain optical constants is most effective for energies well below the edge, where δ > β, while for a range of energies around and above the edge, where δ < β, the optical constants are determined with large uncertainties. This behavior is not unique to the Si L2,3 edge.
Uranium determination in natural water by the fissiontrack technique

Abstract The fission track technique, utilizing the neutron-induced fission of uranium-235, provides a versatile analytical method for the routine analysis of uranium in liquid samples of natural water. A detector is immersed in the sample and both are irradiated. The fission track density observed in the detector is directly proportional to the uranium concentration. The specific advantages of this technique are: (1) only a small quantity of sample, typically 0.1–1 ml, is needed; (2) no sample concentration is necessary; (3) it is capable of providing analyses with a lower reporting limit of 1 μg per liter; and (4) the actual time spent on an analysis can be only a few minutes. This paper discusses and describes the method.
Abstract 392: Effect of HDL on Platelet Apoptosis and Aggregation

Recent clinical trials have again questioned the cardioprotective role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Attention has now focused on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. As HDL is highly heterogeneous in composition, and based upon some exciting preliminary results, we suspect that composition of HDL may play differential roles in platelet regulation, thus explaining the variable clinical results. Confirming a number of recent studies, we have found that HDL appears to inhibit platelet aggregation and activation in response to collagen in a time and dose response manner. This should be a clear beneficial effect of HDL, inhibiting thrombosis. However, in the same studies, we also observed that HDL induces substantial platelet mitochondrial membrane potential loss and damage, leading to platelet apoptosis (increased p53 phosphorylation, caspase 3 activation, and cytochrome c release), which has recently been shown to increase thrombosis. We were intrigued by how HDL can seemingly both inhibit and induce thrombosis. Based upon the literature and our further studies, we have developed a series of hypothesis to explain these seemingly opposing actions on platelets; 1) Apoptotic platelets do not aggregate and thus the inhibition of platelet aggregation, 2) With evidence that small dense HDL have more “platelet inhibitory effects” and are more prevalent in atherogenic dyslipidemia and diabetic patient, we hypothesize that the proapoptosis effect of HDL on platelet apoptosis is from small dense HDL and 3) Platelet apoptosis promotes thrombosis. Composition of HDL may have important differential roles on platelets.
A Lot More Comes into Focus When You Remove the Lens Cap: Why Proliferating New Communications Technologies Make it Particularly Urgent for the Supreme Court to Abandon its Inside-Out Approach to Freedom of Speech, and Bring Obscenity, Fighting Words, and Group Libel Within the First Amendment

This article calls for an end to the doctrinal distinction between speech that is "inside" the First Amendment and that which is "outside" it.By re-examining the premises underlying its vindication of the summary suppression of obscenity, and overruling the moribund yet still-mischievous cases of Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942) (denying First Amendment protection to "fighting words") and Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250 (1952) (denying First Amendment protection to group libel), the Court would take an important step towards blunting a variety of modern threats to freedom of expression.Otherwise we risk having a Ptolemaic proliferation of First Amendment "exceptions" overwhelm whatever core of "rule" may be left.
Arrhythmia and Sudden Death in Hemodialysis Patients: Protocol and Baseline Characteristics of the Monitoring in Dialysis Study

Background Dialysis patients have high rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but data on arrhythmia burden, arrhythmia type, arrhythmia triggers, and the identity of terminal arrhythmias have historically been limited by an inability to monitor heart rhythm for prolonged periods. Objectives To investigate arrhythmia and its association with sudden death in dialysis-dependent ESRD, describe the potential for implantable devices to advance study of dialysis physiology, review the ethical implications of using implantable devices in clinical studies, and report on the protocol and baseline results of the Monitoring in Dialysis Study (MiD). Design, setting, participants, & measurements In this multicenter, interventional-observational, prospective cohort study, we placed implantable loop recorders in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The proportion of patients experiencing clinically significant arrhythmias was the primary endpoint. For 6 months, we captured detailed data on the primary endpoint, symptomatic arrhythmias, other electrocardiographic variables, dialysis prescription, electrolytes, dialysis-related variables, and vital signs. We collected additional electrocardiographic data for up to 1 year. Results Overall, 66 patients underwent implantation in sites in the United States and India. Diabetes was present in 63.6% of patients, 12.1% were age ≥70 years, 69.7% were men, and 53.0% were black. Primary and secondary endpoint data are expected in 2016. Conclusions Cardiac arrhythmia is an important contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients, but available technology has previously limited the ability to estimate its true burden and triggers and to define terminal rhythms in sudden death. Use of implantable technology in observational studies raises complex issues but may greatly expand understanding of dialysis physiology. The use of implantable loop recorders in MiD is among the first examples of such a trial, and the results are expected to provide novel insights into the nature of arrhythmia in hemodialysis patients.
Direct numerical simulation of instability of nonequilibrium reacting hypersonic boundary layers

In high Mach number flight conditions, air begins to depart from the perfect gas behavior due to vibrational excitation and chemical dissociation, which can significantly influence the heat flux on the vehicle wall surface and laminar-turbulent transition. In our previous work, fifth-order upwind finite difference scheme combined with additive semi-implicit Runge-Kutta method is developed and validated in direct simulation of transient hypersonic nonequilibrium flows. This method is advanced and applied for the nonequilibrium hypersonic flow over a thin flat plate. Unsteady flow is developed naturely after disturbance is introduced by blowing and suction through a narrow slot on the wall. The numerical methods and computational codes are validated by comparing the results with locally self-similar boundary layer results and local linear stability analysis.
Brainstem tumors: Current management and future directions

Tumors arising in the brainstem comprise 10–20% of all pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors and account for a small percentage in adults. The prognosis for these tumors was considered uniformly poor prior to the era of modern neuroimaging and the location was fraught with disaster being considered a ‘no man’s land’ for neurosurgeons. Following the introduction of advanced imaging modalities and neurophysiological monitoring, striking progress has occurred in the management of these lesions. Brainstem tumors are presently classified based on their anatomic location, focality, and histopathology. This article reviews the current classification of brainstem tumors, current management options, and future directions in the treatment for these rare tumors.
Manipulating the activity of immobilized enzymes with different organo-smectite complexes

Enzymes may be immobilized on hydrophobic surfaces of organo-smectite complexes. The immobilized enzyme may be active, partially active, or inactive depending on the nature of the organic surface. These materials may be useful as models for enzymes in natural systems, and in medicine and industry.
Extraction and reuse of partial forms in form-feature modeling

This paper presents a method for reusing flexible and complicated form data. Based on a form-feature modeler that has constructive solid geometry and geometric constraints as its form description, it handles form data as flexible and reusable components. To build a data management mechanism that registers, preserves, and searches for form data, a concept-classification method is adopted from knowledge engineering. A more complex form is defined by combining simpler forms, and can be used to define further forms. As designers proceed, they obtain composite form data that can be preserved and reused later.
Conditioning of Problems and Stability of Algorithms

This chapter begins with a discussion of why numerical linear algebra is different from linear algebra and why it is important in engineering and science. The two types of error, backward error and forward error, are defined and examples presented. Backward error is generally more meaningful. An algorithm can be unstable, meaning that there are significantly many cases where data for the algorithm are perfectly good, and the results are in error. Solving the quadratic equation using the classical formula is an unstable algorithm. An analysis of stability is normally done using backward error analysis. A particular problem may be sensitive to perturbations in its data independent of the algorithm used. Such a problem is said to be ill-conditioned. The chapter shows that a particular Cauchy problem is ill-conditioned. A perturbation analysis for solving a linear system Ax = b is given, and all cases involve the product norm( A ) * norm( A − 1). This is termed the condition number of the matrix, and the larger it is the more ill-conditioned is the problem. After developing some properties of the matrix condition number, the chapter presents the MATLAB function cond that computes the matrix condition number in various norms. If a matrix is very large, cond is slow, so there is a way to use the matrix 1-norm to estimate the condition number. By means of numerical experiment, it is noted that the condition number for computing eigenvalues is independent of the matrix condition number, and a bidiagonal matrix serves as a example.
Expression and Role of PAICS, a De Novo Purine Biosynthetic Gene in Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND Our goal was to investigate de novo purine biosynthetic gene PAICS expression and evaluate its role in prostate cancer progression. METHODS Next-generation sequencing, qRTPCR and immunoblot analysis revealed an elevated expression of a de novo purine biosynthetic gene, Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole Carboxylase, Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole Succinocarboxamide Synthetase (PAICS) in a progressive manner in prostate cancer. Functional analyses were performed using prostate cancer cell lines- DU145, PC3, LnCaP, and VCaP. The oncogenic properties of PAICS were studied both by transient and stable knockdown strategies, in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and murine xenograft models. Effect of BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 on the expression level of PAICS was also studied. RESULTS Molecular staging of prostate cancer is important factor in effective diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. In this study, we identified a de novo purine biosynthetic gene; PAICS is overexpressed in PCa and its expression correlated with disease aggressiveness. Through several in vitro and in vivo functional studies, we show that PAICS is necessary for proliferation and invasion in prostate cancer cells. We identified JQ1, a BET bromodomain inhibitor previously implicated in regulating MYC expression and demonstrated role in prostate cancer, abrogates PAICS expression in several prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we observe loss of MYC occupancy on PAICS promoter in presence of JQ1. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report that evaluation of PAICS in prostate cancer progression and its role in prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion and suggest it as a valid therapeutic target. We suggest JQ1, a BET-domain inhibitor, as possible therapeutic option in targeting PAICS in prostate cancer. Prostate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Producing Health Insurance

Chapter 4 describes the demand for, and consumption of, insurance by different groups in the health economy. This chapter describes the supply of, and production of, health insurance by different groups in the health economy. The chapter begins with an examination of the supply functions for health insurance markets. Markets have a supply side that responds to consumer demand for a product. The quantity of any good supplied is a function of price—producers supply more at higher prices. Suppliers also have a “willingness to accept” in that there is a minimum price they will set for any good. In the context of health insurance, the key decisions of suppliers is whether to bundle the two services health insurance provides—risk management and third-party payment. The chapter then describes the role of four different types of health insurance suppliers: health insurance companies, healthcare providers, employers, and governments. Health insurance companies produce health insurance as their primary purpose. They also supply a number of different groups, including individuals, providers, employers, and government. Health insurance companies are also diverse in terms of their organization form, size, and geographic scope. Healthcare providers are also discussed as an important provider of health insurance. Healthcare providers were responsible for some of the original forms of insurance, such as prepaid hospital coverage, and they continue to provide significant healthcare risk management services to individuals and health insurers. Finally, two of the groups that demand group health insurance, employers and governments, are considered as health insurance producers. Both employers and governments can choose to provide health insurance directly rather than purchase insurance from a health insurance company. In practice, many employer and government plans choose to provide risk management directly while outsourcing third-party payment services to health insurance companies. The choice of whether to be a health insurance producer or consumer motivates the study of matching supply and demand, which is the subject of Chap. 6.
Differential Gene Expression in Microglial Polarized States and in Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Insights Provided by Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) (P4.011)

OBJECTIVE To use systems biology to identify molecular profiles of pro-inflammatory (M1) and phagocytic/restorative (M2) microglia in AD and explore differential ion channel expression that may contribute to their regulation. BACKGROUND Microglia have opposing actions in AD: pro-inflammatory M1 state invoked in neurodegeneration, and phagocytic M2 state that mediates As-clearance and neuroprotection. To clarify molecular profiles of these extreme microglial phenotypes in AD, we used network analysis to identify modules of co-expressed genes that provide a molecular signature of M1/M2 microglia, and to identify these cell-specific modules in AD mouse brain. We also explored cationic channel (potassium/purinergic/TRP) expression in these modules since they regulate microglial functions (ROS production and chemotaxis). METHODS Two published primary microglial microarray datasets were utilized. In study 1, microglia were exposed to LPS (M1-polarizing), IL-4 (M2-polarizing) or Control for 48h (n=3/group). Study 2 used microglia from wild-type, AD (5xFAD), TREM2-/- and 5xFAD/Trem2-/- mice (n=5/group). Gene microarray data from each condition were normalized using the RMA function in the affy()-R library followed by removal of batch-specific systematic differences using ComBat algorithm. WGCNA was performed with optimized parameters across arrays. RESULTS Twenty modules of 21700 co-expressed genes were identified including one AD-specific pro-inflammatory module (containing AD-related [CD14, COX-2, IRG1], K-channel Kv1.3 genes), one AD-specific anti-inflammatory module (containing TYROBP, IGF-1, CD200R, K-channel Kir2.1 and purinergic channel P2RX4); and two LPS-specific modules containing M1 marker ICAM-1, inflammasome (NLRP3, Caspase-11, GBP4/5) and apoptotic (MyD88) genes. Network analysis placed AD-specific pro-inflammatory module genes downstream of β1-integrin activation, a process coupled to Kv1.3 function. Selective Kv1.3 blockade inhibited Aβ42-induced microglial ROS production and rescued microglia from Aβ42-induced gap closure-inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our results define signature molecular networks of M1 microglial states in addition to unique AD-specific pro- and anti-inflammatory profiles, with putative ion channel targets predicted to regulate AD-specific modules (pro-inflammatory: Kv1.3, anti-inflammatory: Kir2.1/P2RX4). Disclosure: Dr. Rangaraju has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dammer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seyfried has nothing to disclose. Dr. Leveny has received research support from Merck, Eisai, Inc., Lundbeck, Takeda, NeuroVision, and Alzheimer9s Drug Discovery Foundation.
THE THIRTEENTH EDITION OF STANDARD METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS

An Intersociety Council was appointed late in 1968 to develop the 13th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (SMEDP). The Council was made up of 9 persons who represented professional societies, regulatory agencies, the dairy industry, and the academic community. The Council enlisted the help of 58 other persons who are experts in various fields and jointly prepared the 21 chapters and 2 appendices in the 13th edition of SMEDP. Major features of the 13th edition of SMEDP include: (a) a detailed review of pathogens which have occurred in milk and milk products, (b) a separate chapter on sampling methods of all kinds, (c) a separate chapter on media and reagents and on methods for their preparation, (d) a chapter on screening and confirmatory tests for abnormal milk, (e) expansion of the chapter on chemical methods, and (f) inclusion of supplemental microbiological and chemical methods in the appendices, which will be on paper of a color different from that of the chapters. Numer...
Climate Change and the Need for Intergenerational Reparative Justice

Environmental philosophies concerning our obligations to each other and the natural world too rarely address the aftermath of environmental injustice. Ideally we would never do each other wrong; given that we do, as fallible and imperfect agents, we require non-ideal ethical guidance. Margaret Walker’s work on moral repair and Annette Baier’s work on cross-generational communality together provide useful hermeneutical tools for understanding and enacting meaningful responses to intergenerational injustice, and in particular, for anthropogenic climate change. By blending Baier’s cross-generational approach with Walker’s emphasis on victim subjectivity and moral repair, I propose that a reparative model of intergenerational justice can provide some much needed direction on non-ideal moral issues comparatively neglected in climate-ethics debates today.
A Qualitative Study of Quality of Life Concerns following a Melanoma Diagnosis

The goal of this study was to identify a relevant and inclusive list of quality of life issues among long-term survivors of melanoma. Individuals diagnosed with stage I-III cutaneous melanoma and had survived 1-5 years, ages 18-65 years at diagnosis, were recruited. Five focus groups were conducted with 33 participants in total. Discussions centered on participants' experiences at diagnosis, as well as ongoing physical, emotional, and social concerns, and behavioral changes since diagnosis. The majority of participants reported shock, fear, and feeling overwhelmed at the time of diagnosis. Some reported lingering physical concerns, including pain, numbness, and lymphedema, while a few reported no lasting issues. Emotional concerns were common, with most reporting anxiety. Several also noted feeling lonely and isolated. Social concerns included alteration of activities to avoid sun exposure, issues with family communication, and frustration with the lack of appreciation of the seriousness of melanoma by others. Finally, while many participants reported changes to their sun exposure and UV-protection behaviors, some reported little to no change. The shared experiences among participants in this study confirm the unique nature of melanoma and the need for interventions designed to improve the health and quality of life of melanoma survivors.
Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review

Background: Current literature supports the comprehensive health benefits of exposure to nature and green environments on human systems. The aim of this state-of-the-art review is to elucidate empirical research conducted on the physiological and psychological effects of Shinrin-Yoku (or Forest Bathing) in transcontinental Japan and China. Furthermore, we aim to encourage healthcare professionals to conduct longitudinal research in Western cultures regarding the clinically therapeutic effects of Shinrin-Yoku and, for healthcare providers/students to consider practicing Shinrin-Yoku to decrease undue stress and potential burnout. Methods: A thorough review was conducted to identify research published with an initial open date range and then narrowing the collection to include papers published from 2007 to 2017. Electronic databases (PubMed, PubMed Central, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Scopus) and snowball references were used to cull papers that evaluated the use of Shinrin-Yoku for various populations in diverse settings. Results: From the 127 papers initially culled using the Boolean phrases: “Shinrin-yoku” AND/OR “forest bathing” AND/OR “nature therapy”, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this summary review and then divided into “physiological,” “psychological,” “sensory metrics” and “frameworks” sub-groups. Conclusions: Human health benefits associated with the immersion in nature continue to be currently researched. Longitudinal research, conducted worldwide, is needed to produce new evidence of the relationships associated with Shinrin-Yoku and clinical therapeutic effects. Nature therapy as a health-promotion method and potential universal health model is implicated for the reduction of reported modern-day “stress-state” and “technostress.”.
Logical Consequence, Compactness, Interpolation, and Other Topics

In Chapter Two, for reasons given in #1, we chose to concentrate on the “non-symmetric” logics K, K4, T, S4, D and D4. In this chapter we continue our study of these logics.