cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subspecialization in radiology

_______ since the Second World War is It to put into words. However, the cause and effect of this growth are the theme of this presidential address, namely, subspecialization in radiology. Eighteenth-century physicians had little to offer patients other than tender loving care, compassion, and hope in dealing with disease. Nineteenth-century physicians provided only a little better care with the discovery of bacteria, antiseptic techniques, anesthetic agents and, finally, the discovery of Xrays in 1895. What occurred in the next 10 years was incredible; Becquerel and Curie’s discovery of natural radioactivity, Thompson’s description of the electron, Planck’s discovery of light quanta, Einstein’s theory of relativity, and Rutherford’s description of the atom. The reason for the sudden genius of these investigators in the physical sciences remains an unknown, but their contributions paved the way for even more critical thought in the 20th century. As a result, medicine began the insidious transition and slow conversion from an art to a science, a transition that slowly continues today. Specialization within medicine occurred shortly thereafter with the founding of the American Board of Ophthalmology in 1 91 7, the Board of Pediatrics in 1 933, and our own Board of Radiology in 1935 [1]. By that time, subspecialization was already occurring in radiology, with Cornelius Dyke, head of radiology at the Neurological Institute of New York, and John Caffey, pediatrician at Columbia’s Babies Hospital, who fathered the development of pediatric radiology [2]. Subspecialization in radiology accelerated after the Second World War, with the application of radioisotopes to medicine and the development of nuclear medicine. During the next 40 years, eight additional subspecialties developed, all serving specific medical needs. As a consequence, subspecialty radiologic societies were born [3] (Table 1). Has it been good for patient care and radiology? I am sure our clinical colleagues would agree that patient care has improved because of radiologic subspecialization. Has the stature of radiology improved? The International Skeletal Society is one of many examples of credibility that has increased because of subspecialization. Thirty years ago, orthopedists had little respect for radiologists. In all honesty, we had little to offer and they did not need us. Today, orthopedists’ respect for musculoskeletal radiologists has soared, and the subspecialists are a valuable asset to the practice of orthopedics and rheumatology. In many cases, they have joint faculty appointments in orthopedic departments. Turf problems do not exist. Unfortunately, this has not carried over to the community hospital, and although the economic reasons for self-referral in ortho-
Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to Chronic Wasting Disease

Domestic and nondomestic cats have been shown to be susceptible to feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), almost certainly caused by consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-contaminated meat. Because domestic and free-ranging nondomestic felids scavenge cervid carcasses, including those in areas affected by chronic wasting disease (CWD), we evaluated the susceptibility of the domestic cat (Felis catus) to CWD infection experimentally. Cohorts of 5 cats each were inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) or orally (p.o.) with CWD-infected deer brain. At 40 and 42 months postinoculation, two i.c.-inoculated cats developed signs consistent with prion disease, including a stilted gait, weight loss, anorexia, polydipsia, patterned motor behaviors, head and tail tremors, and ataxia, and the cats progressed to terminal disease within 5 months. Brains from these two cats were pooled and inoculated into cohorts of cats by the i.c., p.o., and intraperitoneal and subcutaneous (i.p./s.c.) routes. Upon subpassage, feline CWD was transmitted to all i.c.-inoculated cats with a decreased incubation period of 23 to 27 months. Feline-adapted CWD (FelCWD) was demonstrated in the brains of all of the affected cats by Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed abnormalities in clinically ill cats, which included multifocal T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal hyperintensities, ventricular size increases, prominent sulci, and white matter tract cavitation. Currently, 3 of 4 i.p./s.c.- and 2 of 4 p.o. secondary passage-inoculated cats have developed abnormal behavior patterns consistent with the early stage of feline CWD. These results demonstrate that CWD can be transmitted and adapted to the domestic cat, thus raising the issue of potential cervid-to-feline transmission in nature.
Stress induction and mitochondrial localization of Oxr1 proteins in yeast and humans

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical molecules produced as a consequence of aerobic respiration. It is essential for cells to control the production and activity of such molecules in order to protect the genome and regulate cellular processes such as stress response and apoptosis. Mitochondria are the major source of ROS within the cell, and as a result, numerous proteins have evolved to prevent or repair oxidative damage in this organelle. The recently discovered OXR1 gene family represents a set of conserved eukaryotic genes. Previous studies of the yeast OXR1 gene indicate that it functions to protect cells from oxidative damage. In this report, we show that human and yeast OXR1 genes are induced by heat and oxidative stress and that their proteins localize to the mitochondria and function to protect against oxidative damage. We also demonstrate that mitochondrial localization is required for Oxr1 protein to prevent oxidative damage.
The influence of future gaze orientation upon eye-head coupling during saccades

Mammals with foveas (or analogous retinal specializations) frequently shift gaze without moving the head, and their behavior contrasts sharply with “afoveate” mammals, in which eye and head movements are strongly coupled. The ability to move the eyes without moving the head could reflect a gating mechanism that blocks a default eye-head synergy when an attempted head movement would be energetically wasteful. Based upon such considerations of efficiency, we predicted that for saccades to targets lying within the ocular motor range, the tendency to generate a head movement would depend upon a subject’s expectations regarding future directions of gaze. We tested this hypothesis in two experiments with normal human subjects instructed to fixate sequences of lighted targets on a semicircular array. In the target direction experiment, we determined whether subjects were more likely to move the head during a small gaze shift if they expected that they would be momentarily required to make a second, larger shift in the same direction. Adding the onward-directed target increased significantly the distribution of final head positions (customary head orientation range, CHOR) observed during fixation of the primary target from 16.6±4.9° to 25.2±7.8°. The difference reflected an increase in the probability, and possibly the amplitude, of head movements. In the target duration experiment, we determined whether head movements were potentiated when subjects expected that gaze would be held in the vicinity of the target for a longer period of time. Prolonging fixation increased CHOR significantly from 53.7±18.8° to 63.2±15.9°. Larger head movements were evoked for any given target eccentricity, due to a narrowing in the gap between the x-intercepts of the head amplitude:target eccentricity relationship. The results are consistent with the idea that foveate mammals use knowledge of future gaze direction to influence the coupling of saccadic commands to premotor circuitry of the head. While the circuits ultimately mediating the coupling may lie within the brainstem, our results suggest that the cerebrum plays a supervisory role, since it is a likely seat of expectation regarding target behavior. Eye-head coupling may reflect separate gating and scaling mechanisms, and changes in head movement tendencies may reflect parametric modulation of either mechanism.
Illicit Opiate Use during Methadone Maintenance

The core hypothesis deduced from the Dole-Nyswander blockade formulation is that methadone is a sufficient but not necessary condition for abstinence from heroin. It is argued that this hypothesis has not been tested with scientifically adequate research. A research design is suggested. Since the Dole-Nyswander focus is at the physiological and metabolic level, it is argued that the blockade theory, pending its scientific validation, should be supplemented by sociological, organizational, and economic theory.
Basement membrane composition of cartilage canals during development and ossification of the epiphysis.

Background: Cartilage canals are perichondral invaginations of blood vessels and connective tissue that are found within the epiphyses of most mammalian long bones. Functionally, they provide a means of transport of nutrients to the hyaline cartilage, a mechanism for removal of metabolic wastes, and a conduit for stem cells that are capable of initiating and sustaining ossification of the chondroepiphysis. Morphological and biomolecular changes of the chondroepiphyses appear to potentiate vascular invasion and enable regional formation of secondary centers of ossification within the chondroepiphyses of developing bones. Methods: As both cell migration and vascular invasion are anchorage dependent processes, antibodies to laminin and Type IV collagen were used to assess compositional changes in the basement membrane of cartilage canals accompanying epiphyseal ossification. Results: Differences in chronological appearance, as well as, in distribution between the two components were noted in the chondroepiphysis. Laminin was distributed throughout the connective tissue of cartilage canal at all stages of developement, and not limited to an association with the vascular lumen. Type IV collagen was not Present during the initial perichondral invagination. Although staining for Type IV collagen was later acquired, its distribution was restricted to a discontinuous rimming of the periphery of the canal, and a diffuse presence within the intra-canalicular mesenchyme. Conclusions: Concurrent with chondrocyte hypertrophy and mineralization of the hyaline matrix, rapid changes in both the morphology of the vessel and distribution of the antibodies were detected. In addition to the presence of laminin at the interface of the endothelium and the hyaline matrix, a wide distribution within the connective tissue components of the newly ossifying matrix of epiphyseal bone could be detected. Type IV collagen remained closely associated with the lumens of the intra-canalicular vessels throughout the transition. Following ossification of the secondary center, staining for Type IV collagen could then be detected in the boneforming regions of transforming matrix as well, clearly delineating the individual vessels within the newly formed marrow spaces. This suggests that bone formation is intimately related to vessel staining for collagen type IV, and that acquired vessel competence is a facet of endochondral bone formation that results from provisional matrix changes. Furthermore, the data suggests that during bone formation under tension, basement membrane deposition can be demonstrated without an intermediary hyaline matrix hypertrophic chondrocyte phase. This data was interpreted to suggest that chondrocyte hypertrophy at the growth plate may be a reaction to vascular invasion, that in turn, stimulates adjacent chondrocyte proliferation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiquantum well dual focus Fresnel lens-modulator

A bias-dependent dual focus Fresnel lens-modulator, based on the quantum confined Stark effect in a GaAs/Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As multiquantum well pin diode, is demonstrated. A focused intensity modulation of a factor of 7, primarily due to the electroabsorption effect, is obtained with a bias change of 12 V.
Endoscopic Ultrasound–Guided Fine-Needle AspirationA Cytopathologist’s Perspective

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is used to detect and delineate the extent of lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, periluminal lymph nodes, pancreas and hepatobiliary tree, left kidney, spleen, and adrenal glands. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has added a new dimension to the capabilities of EUS because it permits characterization of the lesion, thereby enabling triage of patients for more efficient and effective management. This review focuses on the advantages and limitations of EUS-FNA, including a discussion of potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of commonly aspirated deep-seated lesions, such as those of the pancreas and lymph nodes. It also addresses the practical considerations associated with establishing an effective service and the importance of an integrated approach in which the cytopathologist undertakes a key role, interacting extensively with the endoscopist and the patient management team. EUS-FNA is a sensitive modality that enables specific and accurate diagnosis of deep-seated lesions. Samples can be obtained effectively from small lesions (<25 mm), irrespective of the organ site. On-site assessment permits a highly accurate preliminary diagnosis of malignancy for samples obtained by EUS-FNA and provides an opportunity to increase the diagnostic yield of samples.
Comparative responses of brain stem and hippocampal neurons to O2 deprivation: in vitro intracellular studies

Most mammalian neurons are known to be sensitive to oxygen availability, but the nature of the sensitivity is not well understood. Previous results have suggested that brain stem neurons may respond differently than cortical neurons during oxygen deprivation. We pursued this hypothesis by examining the time course of change in membrane potential (Vm) and input resistance (Rn) during periods of reduced oxygen availability in a tissue slice preparation. Since extracellular potassium is an important factor determining resting membrane potential, extracellular K+ activity, (K+o), was also measured. Adult rat neurons from three regions were recorded: hippocampal CA1 region, hypoglossal nucleus (XII), and dorsal vagal motor nucleus (DMNX). At the end of a 5-min hypoxic exposure, all neurons depolarized and this depolarization was greatest in XII (28.8 +/- 3.2 mV) compared with DMNX (17.8 +/- 3.7 mV) and CA1 (6.7 +/- 4.4 mV). K+o increased in all regions and was larger in DMNX (7.1 +/- 2.6 mM) and XII (5.3 +/- 2.1 mM) compared with CA1 (2.2 +/- 1.4 mM). During more severe oxygen deprivation (anoxia), neurons also depolarized at different rates with XII greater than DMNX greater than CA1. K+o increased markedly (28-36 mM) by 5 min into anoxia, and no statistical difference was observed between regions. From these results we conclude that 1) all cells tested were depolarized after 5 min of hypoxia; however, regional variability exists in the sensitivity to hypoxia; brain stem neurons depolarize faster than cortical neurons; 2) during anoxia, all brain stem and cortical neurons show a major depolarization, and 3) these differences in membrane potential cannot be solely attributed to changes in extracellular K+.
Nutritional approaches to mitigating cognitive decline and maintaining function in Alzheimer's disease: Transgenic mouse models, combinatorial approaches and dietary supplementation with folate and S-adenosyl methionine

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has no cure or “nullifying” pharmacological intervention. Pharmacological treatments provide at best temporary relief and are confined to symptomatic effects rather than disease modification. Given this unfortunate situation, anything that can improve or maintain an affected individual’s overall health should be considered as part of a comprehensive therapeutic approach. A growing body of knowledge indicates that nutritional compromise may play a role in the etiology of cognitive decline. Nutrition declines in general with age, and it declines even more critically in AD. We describe herein how, despite the difficulties in demonstrating efficacy of nutritional supplementation, folate and S-adenosyl methionine provide substantial benefit both in clinical and laboratory studies. We also discuss the impact of genetic deficiency in folate usage, and how developmental compromise in folate levels can foster age-related cognitive decline.
WeChat use among Chinese college students: Exploring gratifications and political engagement in China

ABSTRACTGiven the potential of social network sites in democratization, this study explored the relationship between WeChat use, gratification seeking, and political engagement through WeChat in China. A survey of 307, young adult, WeChat users found: (1) WeChat use for entertainment and recognition needs predicted political engagement through WeChat; (2) WeChat use and browsing news and information about a particular political issue on WeChat were positively associated with political engagement through WeChat; and (3) the relationship between WeChat use and political engagement through WeChat was moderated by browsing news and information on WeChat.
Impact ejecta at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary

Extraterrestrial impacts have left a substantial imprint on the climate and evolutionary history of Earth. A rapid carbon cycle perturbation and global warming event about 56 million years ago at the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) boundary (the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum) was accompanied by rapid expansions of mammals and terrestrial plants and extinctions of deep-sea benthic organisms. Here, we report the discovery of silicate glass spherules in a discrete stratigraphic layer from three marine P-E boundary sections on the Atlantic margin. Distinct characteristics identify the spherules as microtektites and microkrystites, indicating that an extraterrestrial impact occurred during the carbon isotope excursion at the P-E boundary.
A 180 GHz prototype for a geostationary microwave imager/sounder-GeoSTAR-III

GeoSTAR-III, a 180 GHz prototype for the Precipitation and All-weather Temperature and Humidity Sounder (PATH), is the culmination of a decade of technology development funding. The interferometric radiometer comprises 144 receivers operating from 165–183 GHz and utilizes a 192×192 input, ASIC based mixed signal correlator. The demonstration of this instrument raises the technology readiness of the radiometer subsystem to level 6 (TRL 6) and the correlator subsystem to TRL 5. We demonstrate the full functionality of this system with observations of the Sun and Moon as well as nearby thermally emissive objects. This represents the final milestones in the development effort of pre-mission technologies for this decadal survey mission.
Flavopiridol Treatment of Patients Aged 70 or Older with Refractory or Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Is Feasible and Not Associated with Adverse Outcome When Compared to Younger Patients

Abstract Abstract 1378 Although the most rapidly growing portion of the United States population is the elderly (Yancik R and Ries L, Semin Oncol 2004), they are consistently underrepresented in cancer clinical trials (Hutchins L et al, N Engl J Med 1999). The incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is markedly increased in older people, with a median age at diagnosis of 72 years (Ries L et al, SEER Clinical Statistics Review 2008). In contrast, an age range of between 58 and 66 years has been noted in patients (pts) enrolled in key trials to evaluate the first-line treatment for CLL (Eichhorst B et al, Leuk Lymphoma 2009). Both fludarabine and chemoimmunotherapy with rituximab have not demonstrated much promise in the older subset of patients. Developing new therapeutics that have clinical benefit and also demonstrate feasibility of administration to this patient population is of great interest. Flavopiridol, is a pan-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, that has demonstrated significant clinical activity in relapsed and refractory CLL pts including those with del(17p13.1)(Christian B et al, Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2009). We sought to determine the feasibility and impact of treating patients over the age of 70 with flavopiridol by reviewing outcomes of two clinical trials using single-agent flavopiridol in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL at our institution (Byrd J et al, Blood 2007; Lin T et al, J Clin Oncol 2009). Pts were divided into categories based on age [≥70 years old (n = 21) and Disclosures: Off Label Use: The efficacy of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol is under investigation in CLL. Jones: GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbott Laboratories: Research Funding.
East Asians in America: Chinese, Japanese, and Southeast Asian Ethnic Landscapes

The history of immigration from Asia has been marked by racial exclusion and for the Japanese, internment during World War II. In contrast, over the past several decades, only Hispanics have rivaled the number of Asian immigrants. This chapter focuses upon describing the population distributions and ethnic landscapes of the Chinese-Americans, the Japanese-Americans, and the Vietnamese and Hmong immigrants from Southeast Asia. It emphasizes both the historic urban Chinatowns and the contemporary establishment of new Chinese enclaves in San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York City and elsewhere. It notes the expansion of Chinatowns in cities, such as New York and Chicago, where they were previously much more restricted. The chapter also describes the significance of Japanese and Chinese immigration to Hawaii, where these groups have evolved a clearly distinct landscape best shown by their religious structures. It also reviews the recent impacts of the settlement of refugees from Southeast Asia upon the landscape, both in California which has long had significant Asian populations as well as in two Upper Great Lake states, where the Hmong have now become the largest minority group within many counties. The chapter briefly discusses the expanding ethnic populations of Koreans, Filipinos, and South Asians in the United States.
Defining the place of habit in substance use disorders.

Abstract It has long been suggested that alcohol or substance use disorders could emerge from the progressive development and dominance of drug habits. Like habits, drug-related behaviors are often triggered by drug-associated cues. Like habits, addictive behaviors are strong, rigid and “hard to break”. Like habits, these behaviors are insensitive to their outcome and persist despite negative consequences. “Pathological habit” thus appears as a good candidate to explain the transition to compulsive drug use. However, drug use could also be considered as a goal-directed choice, driven by the expectation of drug outcomes. For example, drug addicts may engage in drug-seeking behaviors because they view the drug as more valuable than available alternatives. Substance use disorders therefore may not be all about habit, nor fully intentional, and could be considered as resulting from an imbalance between goal-directed and habitual control. The main objective of this review is to disentangle the relative contribution of habit formation and impairment of goal-directed behavior in this unbalanced control of addictive behaviors. Although deficits in goal-directed behavior have been demonstrated in alcohol and substance use disorders, reliable demonstration of abnormal habit formation has been curtailed by the paucity of paradigms designed to assess habit as a positive result. Refining our animal and human model of habit is therefore required to precisely define the place of habit in substance use disorders and develop appropriate and adapted neurobehavioral treatments.
The Great American Recession and forgone healthcare: Do widened disparities between African-Americans and Whites remain?

Objective During the Great Recession in America, African-Americans opted to forgo healthcare more than other racial/ethnic groups. It is not understood whether disparities in forgone care returned to pre-recession levels. Understanding healthcare utilization patterns is important for informing subsequent efforts to decrease healthcare disparities. Therefore, we examined changes in racial disparities in forgone care before, during, and after the Great Recession. Design Data were pooled from the 2006–2013 National Health Interview Survey. Forgone medical, mental, and prescription care due to affordability were assessed among African-Americans and Whites. Time periods were classified as: pre-recession (May 2006-November 2007), early recession (December 2007-November 2008), late recession (December 2008-May 2010) and post-recession (June 2010-December 2013). Multivariable logistic regressions of race, interacted with time periods, were used to identify disparities in forgone care controlling for other demographics, health insurance coverage, and having a usual place for medical care across time periods. Adjusted Wald tests were performed to identify significant changes in disparities across time periods. Results The sample consisted of 110,746 adults. African-Americans were more likely to forgo medical care during the post- recession compared to Whites (OR = 1.16, CI = 1.06, 1.26); changes in foregone medical care disparities were significant in that they increased in the post-recession period compared to the pre-recession (OR = 1.17, CI = 1.08, 1.28 and OR = 0.89, CI = 0.77, 1.04, respectively, adjusted Wald Test p-value < 0.01). No changes in disparities were seen in prescription and mental forgone care. Conclusion A persistent increase in forgone medical care disparities existed among African-Americans compared to Whites post-Great Recession and may be a result of outstanding issues related to healthcare access, cost, and quality. While health insurance is an important component of access to care, it alone should not be expected to remove these disparities due to other financial constraints. Additional strategies are necessary to close remaining gaps in care widened by the Great Recession.
Asymptotics for the Length of the Longest Increasing Subsequence of a Binary Markov Random Word

Let (X n ) n ≥ 0 be an irreducible, aperiodic, and homogeneous binary Markov chain and let LI n be the length of the longest (weakly) increasing subsequence of (X k )1 ≤ k ≤ n . Using combinatorial constructions and weak invariance principles, we present elementary arguments leading to a new proof that (after proper centering and scaling) the limiting law of LI n is the maximal eigenvalue of a 2 ×2 Gaussian random matrix. In fact, the limiting shape of the RSK Young diagrams associated with the binary Markov random word is the spectrum of this random matrix.
Cross-generational syntactic variation in Mundaka Basque: the influence of the language of instruction

This article examines syntactic variation in relative clause (RC) constructions in Mundaka Basque among two groups of Mundaka Basque speakers. The language of instruction the Mundaka Basque speakers had in school draws the line that separates the two populations: the first group (Mundaka Basque I) had Spanish as the language of instruction and no Basque as a subject, while the second one (Mundaka Basque II) had Standard Basque as the language of instruction and Spanish as a subject. The results of an experiment involving a cloze test show that differences in production between these populations depends on the grammaticality of RCs with an indirect object or adjunct gap and a subject or direct object RC head: for Mundaka Basque I relativization under this configuration is grammatical, while for Mundaka Basque II, it is not. This variation is due to simplification of relativization accessibility in Mundaka Basque II caused by Standard Basque.
Vascular: Renal CTA

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) plays an integral role in the pre-operative evaluation of patients for donor nephrectomies. It can also be useful in the evaluation of patients with hypertension suspected to be caused by renal artery stenosis (RAS). Examinations including plain film intravenous urography for the detection of stones and renal masses combined with catheter-directed conventional angiography for depicting the renal arterial supply were once common in pre-operative evaluations. Recently, protocols including MR angiography (MRA) and CTA have been instituted at many centers. These provide all of the necessary information and are less invasive.
Neurologic Intensive Care Unit Monitoring

Two major monitoring modalities unique to neurologic intensive care—intracranial pressure monitoring and electrophysiologic monitoring—are reviewed. Intracranial pressure may be elevated in several clinically common situations in which monitoring and management will improve outcome. Electrophysiologic monitoring serves as a guide to neurologic function when the clinical examination is unreliable and is well suited to situations such-as-barbiturate coma and therapeutic muscle paralysis. These monitoring modalities help to improve outcome in neurologically ill and injured patients.
Zeolites as Inorganic Analogs of Biopolymers

While it is a non-traditional viewpoint, zeolites can be considered as rigid replacements for biopolymer proteins and can result in a novel series of biomimetic catalysis materials. The only requirements are that the synthetic chemists view the zeolite as a sterically demanding support for included materials and that zeolite chemists view zeolites as something other than acid catalysts or ion-exchangers. On these bases, there can be considerable opportunities for zeolites in all aspects of inclusion chemistry. This paper and similar articles by the author attempt to communicate this conviction.
Education and Anti-Immigration Attitudes: Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Reforms across Western Europe

Low levels of education are a powerful predictor of anti-immigration sentiment. However, there is little consensus on the interpretation of this correlation: is it causal or is it an artifact of selection bias? We address this question by exploiting six major compulsory schooling reforms in five Western European countries—Denmark, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Sweden—that have recently experienced politically influential anti-immigration movements. On average, we find that compelling students to remain in secondary school for at least an additional year decreases anti-immigration attitudes later in life. Instrumental variable estimates demonstrate that, among such compliers, an additional year of secondary schooling substantially reduces the probability of opposing immigration, believing that immigration erodes a country’s quality of life, and feeling close to far-right anti-immigration parties. These results suggest that rising post-war educational attainment has mitigated the rise of anti-immigration movements. We discuss the mechanisms and implications for future research examining anti-immigration sentiment.
Mitochondrial Disorder: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome

Mitochondrial diseases are multisystem disorders: anemia, myopathy, lactic acidosis, CNS abnormality, endocrine abnormalities, renal disease, sensorineural deafness, and retinal involvement. The clinical abnormalities are heterogeneous, and they usually begin in childhood. Premature death occurs because of cardiac conduction defects. The onset is usually before 20 years of age. The fundus shows pigmentary retinopathy, with a salt-and-pepper appearance (Fig. 30.1), but vision remains good in most patients. Systemic involvement includes chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), with ptosis being the most common complaint, and cardiomyopathy. Other variable features are short stature; cerebellar symptoms; weakness of muscles of the face, pharynx, trunk, or extremities; and progressive hearing loss. Full-field ERG does show evidence of generalized retinal dysfunction, involving both rods and cones. Skeletal muscle biopsy shows ragged red fibers and abnormal mitochondria.
Healable Thermoplastic for Kinesthetic Feedback in Wearable Haptic Devices.

Abstract The word “haptics” refers to technologies designed to stimulate the tactile and kinesthetic senses. Kinesthesia—the sense of motion—is triggered by imposing forces upon the joints, tendons, and muscles to recreate the geometry and stiffness of objects, as may be useful in physical therapy or virtual reality. Here, we introduce a form of kinesthetic feedback by manipulating the mechanical properties of spandex impregnated with a thermoplastic polymer. Heating or cooling this textile-thermoplastic composite just above or below its glass transition temperature (Tg) dramatically changes its mechanical properties (corresponding to a decrease in storage modulus from 36 MPa to 0.55 MPa). In the form of a glove, the composite can also be healed after inadvertent overextension in its stiffened state by heating it above its Tg. When fitted with thermoelectric devices for active heating and cooling, the flexible or stiffened state of a glove can be perceived by human subjects. As an example of a human-machine interface, the glove is used to control a robotic finger. When the robotic finger makes contact with a wall, a signal is sent to thermoelectric devices in the glove to cool (stiffen the finger) and thus provide kinesthetic feedback to the user.
Expanding the Donor Pool for Transplant Candidates with Congenital Heart Disease: Use of Recipient Total Cardiac Volumes

Purpose Donor-recipient matching parameters are based on weight, with the average donor weight within 30% that of the recipient. Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) may have larger total cardiac volumes (TCV) by computed tomography (CT) than healthy individuals/potential donors. We sought to determine if using the recipient TCV would allow for expansion of the upper donor weight limit. Methods A single center, retrospective study was performed using CT datasets from 13 patients with CHD listed for transplantation, and 94 with structurally normal hearts for comparison. A 3D software platform was used to determine each patients’ TCV. The most recent echo data prior to CT (0-64 days before) was reviewed for presence of ventricular dilation. A TCV control best fit line was determined based on patients with structurally normal hearts. A projected donor weight, based on the TCV for each recipient with CHD, was calculated based on the best fit line. Results Of the 13 CHD patients, 11 (85%) had single ventricle palliation (BT shunt= 2, Glenn= 1, Fontan= 8). Age at TCV assessment ranged from 13 days to 23 years, with weights of 3.6 kg to 79.7 kg. In total, 8/13 patients (62%) had TCVs with corresponding weights on the best fit line >30% larger than their actual weight (figure), the majority having moderate to severe ventricular dilation by echo. TCVs of patients with a BT shunt corresponded to weights 59-86% higher than the recipient's weight. Four Fontan patients had TCVs correlating with weights on the best fit line that were 82-186% above the recipients’ weights. Among those with biventricular repair, TCVs corresponded to weights 174-253% above the recipients’ weight. Conclusion Among the CHD population, a portion have TCVs that correspond to donor TCVs whose weights are 60 to 250% larger than the recipient weights, depending on the diagnosis. We propose using CT-based TCVs when listing CHD patients for heart transplant, rather than weight alone, to expand the donor pool.
Directing Clostridium ljungdahlii fermentation products via hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in syngas

Abstract Clostridium ljungdahlii was grown on syngas of varying composition to investigate how syngas blends used in fermentation can be tailored toward desired product formation. Experiments were conducted with liquid batch cultures exposed to the same volume of gas with varying ratios of hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H2/CO). Formation of acetate was favored by higher concentrations of hydrogen in the headspace. The maximum acetate concentration of 35.21 ± 0.84 mM was obtained using an H2/CO ratio of 2.0. Generation of more reduced metabolites was favored by greater carbon monoxide concentrations in the headspace. Maximum ethanol (7.53 ± 0.58 mM) and 2,3-Butanediol (5.20 ± 0.79 mM) concentrations were achieved under an H2/CO ratio of 0.5. Linear relationships were obtained in that describe the effect of the syngas H2/CO ratios on acetate, ethanol, and 2,3-BD formation, respectively.
Metformin modifies disparity in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in men with type 2 diabetes but without chronic liver diseases.

Background We assessed racial/ethnic disparity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence among men with type 2 diabetes (T2D) but without chronic liver diseases (CLD), and whether metformin use modified the disparity. Methods Study cohort: the nationwide Veterans Administration Health Care System electronic medical records among 40-89 years old men with T2D; without CLD, cancer, cardiovascular or renal diseases previously; insulin and thiazolidinedione naive. Logistic regression analyses compared HCC incidence between race/ethnicity groups under no metformin use adjusted for covariates and inverse propensity score weights (IPSW) for race/ethnicity. The generalizability technique integrated with IPSW was incorporated to compare covariates adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of HCC associated with metformin use among race/ethnicity groups. Results Study cohort: N = 84 433; 79.47% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 15.5% non-Hispanic African American (NHAA), 5.03% Hispanics; 36.76% metformin users; follow-up 6.10 ± 2.87 years; age 67.8 ± 9.8 years, HbA1c 6.57 ± 0.98%; 0.14% HCC cases. Under no metformin use, HCC incidence was lower for NHAA vs NHW (aOR = 0.60 [0.40-0.92]), similar between NHW and Hispanics. Metformin was associated with reduced HCC risk: aOR = 0.57 (0.40-0.81) for NHW; aOR = 0.35 (0.25-0.47) for NHAA; aOR = 0.31 (0.22-0.43) for Hispanics. Metformin dose >1000 mg/d was neutral for NHW; less effective for NHAA (P = 0.02); more effective for Hispanics (P = 0.002). Conclusions In men with T2D but without CLD nor metformin use, HCC incidence was lower for NHAA compared to NHW or Hispanics; similar between NHW and Hispanics. Metformin use reduced HCC risk and modified the race/ethnicity disparity. Impact Metformin's heterogeneous HCC prevention effect elucidates potential interventions to modify HCC disparity in patients with T2D.
Realtime 2-5A kinetics suggests interferons β and λ evade global arrest of translation by RNase L

Cells of all mammals recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a foreign material. In response, they release interferons (IFNs) and activate a ubiquitously expressed pseudokinase/endoribonuclease RNase L. RNase L executes regulated RNA decay and halts global translation. Here we developed a biosensor for 29,59-oligoadenylate (2-5A), the natural activator of RNase L. Using this biosensor we found that 2-5A was acutely synthesized by cells in response to dsRNA sensing, which immediately triggered cellular RNA cleavage by RNase L and arrested host protein synthesis. However, translation-arrested cells still transcribed IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and secreted IFNs of types I and III (IFN-beta and IFN-lambda). Our data suggests that IFNs escape from the action of RNase L on translation. We propose that 2-5A/RNase L pathway serves to rapidly and accurately suppress basal protein synthesis, preserving privileged production of defense proteins of the innate immune system.
Is Kutenai related to Algonkian

When Powell published his exhaustive classification of the aboriginal languages of North America north of Mexico (1891), he set up 58 independent linguistic families. Since he was interested in establishing nomenclature as well as in determining families, he adopted the convention of adding the suffix -an or -ian to each of his proposed names. Even though it is desirable to have a uniform way of designating linguistic families, it turns out that the device has tended to obscure an extremely noteworthy fact about these families, namely that over 40 per cent of them are language isolates, that is, single languages with no demonstrable close relationship to any other single language or family of languages. Moreover, the majority of these language isolates were concentrated in two principal areas: (1) the “Pacific” area along the Pacific Coast from Southern Alaska to Baja California, and (2) the “Gulf” area along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Coahuila. Notwithstanding the fact that many of the language isolates of these two areas have now been subincluded in larger groupings, they remain, for the most part, but distantly related to their nearest congeners. For this reason they still play a significant role in imparting to these two large areas their distinctive character of great linguistic diversity.
Critical review for microwave pretreatment of waste-activated sludge prior to anaerobic digestion

Abstract Sewage sludge generation is steadily rising because of urbanization and population increase. Handling the excess sludge is a tedious and costly task. Although anaerobic digestion (AD) is a widely accepted practice, a notable portion of the substrate leaves digesters undigested. Microwave pretreatment offers a distinct advantage to increase digester performances by solubilizing intracellular organic matter and disturbing the floc assemblies in waste-activated sludge. This article summarizes 70 + microwave pretreatment articles testing irradiation of waste-activated sludge prior to AD published in the past 15 years. Our systematic analysis reveals critical sludge properties, microwave operational conditions, and gaps in today's literature while providing a mechanistic insight for microwave enabled solubilization and subsequent AD.
Association between relationship quality and concurrent alcohol use and sedative-tranquilizer misuse in middle and later life

AbstractObjectives: Mid-life adults have notably higher rates of alcohol and other substance misuse than older adults and maintain higher levels of use over time. Social isolation has been linked t...
Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Amination of Carboxylic Acid Esters.

The reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives with amines to form amide bonds has been the most widely used transformation in organic synthesis over the past century. Its utility is driven by the bro...
The Migration of Children from Mexico to the United States in the early 2000's.

Children comprise a significant share of immigrants around the world, yet scholarship has largely treated children as adult-like or adult-following actors in migration. We explore how the early life course and parents’ migration structured children’s migration from Mexico to the USA from 2002 to 2005, using the Mexican Family Life Survey, national survey data from Mexico that tracked 854 migrants, including 375 children, to the USA. We find that while parents’ migration decisions matter at all ages, young children who migrate are nearly always accompanied by their parents, whereas the minority of adolescents are. Primary school-aged children and accompanied adolescents migrate in response to community violence and barriers to education, suggesting that their migration reflects concerns about where it is best to raise children. Adolescents who migrate without their parents do so in response to economic factors, much like adults; however, adolescents also respond to youth community migration prevalence, suggesting that youth-specific norms of migration frame their decision-making. The results show how the early life course structures three distinct profiles of child migration: complete dependents, children whose location choices reflect concerns about schools and safety, and near independents. More generally, the determinants and process of migration shift as parental oversight declines and social structures beyond the family—community violence, access to education, youth norms, gender, and labor markets—emerge as important.
Cryoablation of the Infrapatellar Branch of the Saphenous Nerve Identified by Non-Invasive Peripheral Nerve Stimulator for the Treatment of Non-Surgical Anterior Knee Pain: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Chronic, non-surgical, non-specific anterior knee pain is a common source of functionally limiting chronic ailment, especially in a young athletic and active-duty military population. The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous is becoming a common therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of anterior knee pain. It is a nerve commonly injured during knee surgeries and trauma, resulting in neuroma formation and chronic neuropathic pain states, and it can also transmit nociceptive input from patients with non-surgical anterior knee pain of multiple etiologies. Several methods have been employed to treat this condition. After the diagnosis of infrapatellar saphenous neuralgia, the nerve is safely ablated using radiofrequency ablation, neurolytic solutions, and, most recently, cryoablation using the handheld iovera® cryoablation system (Myoscience, Inc. Fremont, CA). Cryoablation is an attractive technique because it is minimally invasive, not permanent, and well tolerated by the patient with only local anesthesia. We have previously described a technique using a non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulator to identify and treat the exact location of the nerve more precisely, thereby optimizing treatment success and procedural simplicity. This case series illustrates our initial use and success with this technique. Further follow-up and randomized sham-controlled trials are also planned.
Analysis of the Cancer Problem

In the first part of the book, we developed a functional cell model which enabled us to establish quantitative interrelationships between the basic functional entities. Furthermore, it was shown that the functionality of the system could be disorganized at various levels, but that the system had a marked ability for self-recovery. In the second part of the book, we designed a more advanced model-system, which made possible a descriptive analysis of genetic and cellular division processes. The importance of trigger mechanisms was emphasized in initiating the sequence of the complex pattern of mechanisms which are required for the orderly development of division processes. Against the background of the model-system data, a speculative analysis was carried out on the general possible mechanisms and events which could produce abnormal growth on the cellular level.
Systemic nicotine enhances opioid self-administration and modulates the formation of opioid-associated memories partly through actions within the insular cortex.

Habitual use of nicotine containing products increases propensity to misuse prescription opioids and its prevalence is substantially increased in individuals currently involved in opioid-treatment programs. Nicotine enhances self-administration of many classes of drugs in rodents, though evidence for direct effects on opioids is lacking. We sought to measure the effects of nicotine pretreatment on the reinforcing efficacy of opioids in both self-administration and contextual conditioning paradigms. First, we measured the effect of systemic nicotine pretreatment on self-administration of two opioids. Additionally, we measured the degree to which systemic nicotine pretreatment impacts the formation of morphine-associated contextual memories in conditioned taste avoidance and place preference paradigms. Given the involvement of the insula in the maintenance of substance abuse, its importance in nicotine addiction, and findings that insular inactivation impairs contextual drug conditioning, we examined whether nicotine administered directly to the insula could recapitulate the effects of systemic nicotine. We demonstrate that systemic nicotine pretreatment significantly enhances opioid self-administration and alters contextual conditioning. Furthermore, intra-insula nicotine similarly altered morphine contextual conditioning by blocking the formation of taste avoidance at all three morphine doses tested (5.0, 10, and 20 mg/kg), while shifting the dose–response curve of morphine in the place preference paradigm rightward. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that nicotine facilitates opioid intake and is partly acting within the insular cortex to obfuscate aversive opiate memories while potentiating approach to morphine-associated stimuli at higher doses.