cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of razing: Lessons from the Barnhisel House

Excavation at the Barnhisel House revealed the subsurface remains of a wing razed in 1930. In addition to providing data sufficient to satisfy the standard research goals established for the site, a series of distinctive characteristics relating to the dynamics of razing the house wing were revealed. These characteristics manifested themselves in five major aspects: 1) The character of the stratigraphy as revealed in various profiles, 2) the nature of the artifact distribution, 3) the extant form and contents of the cistern, 4) the site topography, and 5) the architectural “scars” left on the standing main house. Delineation of such patterns should aid archaeologists in distinguishing between structures that deteriorated in their time and those that were systematically destroyed as part of a residential site reuse strategy.
On the Nature of the Blue Light Photoreceptor: Still an Open Question

For many years the literature has been replete with investigations by scientists fascinated with the diverse effects of light on organisms. Curiously enough, when one analyzes the “type” of light involved in many of these responses, one discovers that much of the living world shows a predilection for blue light. That this predilection exists is well-documented [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 29, 36, 55, 57, 60].
mTOR Inhibition and Tuberous Sclerosis Prevention

Investigators at Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland, report monozygotic twin sisters with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), one treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus since age 4 years.
Challenges for an English-Speaking American Nurse Working in Rwanda:

An American, English-speaking nurse discusses language and cultural issues while working for a year in Rwanda, East Africa.
Design of miniaturized high frequency printed coils for wireless power transfer to biomedical implants

Multi-turn, multi-stranded, dual layer microfabricated planar spiral coils with interlayer offset are proposed for improved wireless power transfer efficiency and miniaturization of biomedical implants. Multi-stranding coupled with an interlayer offset, enables implanted coils to operate at higher frequencies due to quality factor improvements. This ultimately leads to miniaturization of overall implant size. Simulation results show a quality factor improvement of 72% at 13.56 MHz in a tissue equivalent phantom.
Left Atrial Function

The left atrium (LA) is a left posterior cardiac chamber which is located adjacent to the esophagus. It is separated from the right atrium by the inter-atrial septum and connected to the left ventricle by the mitral valve apparatus. Left and right pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the LA during the cardiac cycle. During ventricular systole, the LA functions mainly as a receiving chamber while during diastole after the opening of the mitral valve it empties the blood into the left ventricle. Healthy LA function is crucial to maintain normal diastolic and systolic function, and it changes in a variety of disease states, including hypertension and coronary artery disease. Left atrial size and function can be evaluated by multimodality imaging, including echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and are important prognostic factors in some cardiovascular diseases.
Biology Textbook Graphics and Their Impact on Expectations of Understanding.

Graphics presented alongside expository science texts can have a number of positive effects for instruction, including facilitating engagement, arousing interest, and improving understanding. Howev...
The Tri-Border Areaâ€™s Link To The War On Terror

Just how global is the Global War on Terror? For both IR theorists and US foreign policy makers, this question is a major concern. Never before in history has the United States taken such extensive action against a non-state enemy. Most of the current focus lies on the war in Iraq, as well as Afghanistan, but recent activities of Islamic terrorists in the Tri-Border Area of South America shows just how far-reaching the War on Terror needs to be. This paper attempts to examine the implications of the War on Terror for international relations theory and US foreign policy while doing a case study of terrorist activities and counter-terrorist measures in the Tri-Border Area.
Coded aperture compressive X-ray spectral CT

Spectral computed tomography (SCT) makes use of the spectral dependence of X-ray attenuation in tissues and contrast agents to separate the attenuation data into more than two energy bins. Current SCT detectors are costly and the measured data have low signal to noise ratio due to the detector's narrow bin bandwidth and quantum noise. A new approach called coded aperture compressive X-ray SCT that combines a conventional rotating X-ray CT system with a set of pixelated K-edge coded apertures is introduced. In this method, the amplitude and spectra of the X-ray source are filtered by a particular pattern of K-edge filters in each view angle. Compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction algorithms are then used to recover the spectral CT image from the coded measurements. Simulations results for random coded apertures are shown, and their performance is compared to the use of uncoded measurements.
An investigation of 6th graders’ solutions of Cartesian product problems and representation of these problems using arrays

Abstract Two hour-long interviews were conducted with each of 14 sixth-grade students. The purpose of the interviews was to investigate how students solved combinatorics problems, and represented their solutions as arrays. This paper reports on 11 of these students who represented a balanced mix of students operating with two of three multiplicative concepts that have been identified in prior research (Hackenberg, 2007, 2010; Hackenberg & Tillema, 2009). One finding of the study was that students operating with different multiplicative concepts established and structured pairs differently. A second finding is that these different ways of operating had implications for how students produced and used arrays. Overall, the findings contribute to models of students’ reasoning that outline the psychological operations that students use to constitute product of measures problems (Vergnaud, 1983). Product of measures problems are a kind of multiplicative problem that has unique mathematical properties, but researchers have not yet identified specific psychological operations that students use when solving these problems that differ from their solution of other kinds of multiplicative problems (cf. Battista, 2007).
Nonleptonic weak decay of Lambda 5He and Lambda 12C.

Hypernuclear lifetime and partial decay-rate measurements made at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Alternating Gradient Synchrotron are reported for $_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}^{5}\mathrm{He}$ and $_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}^{12}\mathrm{C}$. The mesonic and nonmesonic decays are compared to existing weak-interaction calculations. In particular, the nonmesonic reaction \ensuremath{\Lambda}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}NN is discussed as an example of a nonleptonic weak process for which calculations have been reported using various effective weak Hamiltonians.
Die Lösung wird geflochten

Ich begann langsam zu verzweifeln, als mich eines Tages wahrend einer Vorlesungspause am Kerosinka einer unserer angesehensten Matheprofessoren, Alexander Nikolajewitsch Wartschenko, auf dem Flur ansprach. Wartschenko war fruher Student bei Wladimir Arnold, einem der fuhrenden sowjetischen Mathematiker, und er ist selbst ein ausgezeichneter Mathematiker.
MORPHINE PRODUCES DIFFERENT EFFECTS ON SUBTYPES OF MESENCEPHALIC DOPAMINE SYSTEMS

SUMMARY Fourteen days of morphine administration (20 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneally, IP) produced different patterns of increased dopamine (DA) release from frontal cortex and caudate nucleus of rats, as indexed by in vivo voltammetry. Extracellular recording of the activity of DA neurons in the substantia nigra indicates that the firing rates of two, distinct populations of DA neurons are affected in opposite directions following acute administration of morphine (10 ug/kg; intravenously, IV).
Psychological Inflexibility Predicts Suicidality Over Time in College Students.

Objective It is essential to identify modifiable risk factors that can be targeted to reduce suicidal ideation (SI) and behavior in college students. Psychological inflexibility, a pattern of responding to internal experiences in a literal and rigid way, and attempting to control those experiences even when it interferes with valued living, could theoretically lead to SI or increase its intensity. Method Psychological inflexibility and its component processes were tested as a predictor of SI in a longitudinal survey of college students (n = 603, age M = 20.62, 68.9% female, and 94.0% White) in a series of cross-sectional and longitudinal hierarchical regression models, controlling for relevant predictors such as distress and baseline SI. Interactions were also tested between psychological inflexibility and distress, cognitive defusion, values obstruction, and values progress in predicting SI. Results Psychological inflexibility predicted SI cross-sectionally and longitudinally, controlling for distress and baseline SI. Psychological inflexibility interacted with distress, cognitive fusion, and values progress such that distress, cognitive fusion, and values progress had the strongest association with suicidal ideation among those who were high in psychological inflexibility. Conclusions Psychological inflexibility may be a useful mechanism to target for suicide prevention in college students.
Chapter 29 – Family Parvoviridae

Members of the family Parvoviridae are small (T=1), unenveloped viruses with linear single-stranded DNA genomes. Some of these small viruses depend on larger DNA viruses to help them replicate, others can replicate autonomously, but only in dividing cells. Among the parvoviruses, human B19 virus causes a common childhood illness with a rash, called erythema infectiosum or fifth disease. B19 virus infection is also sometimes associated with polyarthritis and rarely with more serious outcomes. Animal parvoviruses associated with mild to severe disease include feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2). CPV-2 is closely related to FPV and seems to have jumped into dogs in the 1970s. Recently weaned kittens and puppies are most susceptible to parvovirus infection.
Factors Associated with Fruit and Vegetable Purchases of SNAP Recipients Residing in Multi-Person Households within a Food Desert

Fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake is inversely associated with obesity, which is disproportionately high in urban food deserts and low-income populations, including Supplemental Nutrition Assistance...
Bimanual Skill Learning after Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Brief Report

Bimanual skills are important for goal-oriented activities. Children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) have deficits in unimanual and bimanual motor control and learning. The application of non-invasive brain stimulation with existing motor training may further promote motor learning; however, the effects of stimulation on bimanual learning have not been examined. Here, we assessed the performance of a novel bimanual skill (modified Speed Stacks task) in eight children with UCP before, during, and after a combined motor training and brain stimulation intervention. Participants received 10 days (120 min/day) of goal-oriented bimanual therapy combined initially with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS, 20 min/day). Results showed task improvement tapered (p < 0.001) during and after the intervention and task variability decreased in 6/8 participants, indicating the potential impact of novel rehabilitation to improve skill learning in children with UCP. Future work is required to understand how both tDCS and bimanual training contribute to learning bimanual tasks.
The Language of LinkedIn: Popular Publications, the Gender Gap, and Pedagogy:

Business communication instructors can improve their own instruction about networking online given further understanding of the gender gap among LinkedIn users. An analysis of the rhetoric of magaz...
Does Trade Cause Inequality

This paper examines the effect of international trade on intra-national distribution of income. The empirical validity of any such linkage (between trade-GDP ratio and Gini coefficient of income inequality) is tested in an instrumental variable estimation of cross-country regressions. There are three main findings from a sample of 73 countries in 1985. First, greater participation in trade significantly reduces income inequality. Second, the strong negative association between trade and inequality does not arise because countries that have a more egalitarian distribution of income for reasons other than trade engage in more trade. Third, growth provides a channel through which trade lowers inequality by raising both initial income and subsequent growth.
The Fast Track Friendship Group program

Abstract Children who experience serious and chronic difficulties establishing and maintaining positive peer relationships in elementary school are at high risk for lifelong maladjustment in areas of social, emotional, and behavioral health. A majority of these children exhibit social skill deficits and problematic social behaviors that alienate peers, making it difficult for them to make friends and avoid peer rejection. Over time, their problems often escalate as negative reputations develop, leading to social exclusion and peer victimization. This chapter describes the Fast Track Friendship Group program ( Bierman et al., 2017 ), a small-group social-emotional skills training program that was developed to address the social-emotional skill deficits and negative peer interactions experienced by peer-rejected children. Targeted skill domains include prosocial interaction, communication, emotion regulation, behavioral self-control, coping with social stress, and social problem-solving skills. Programming includes the use of peer partners and therapeutic strategies that foster positive peer group dynamics and enhance self-regulation skills. Program content and implementation are described, along with a review of the research base that informed the design of the program and the set of studies that have validated its efficacy.
Challenges Faced by Indian International Students in the US: Challenges of Indian International Students

Transiting to an unfamiliar academic culture poses several challenges for students. These challenges are more profound for international students who leave their home country to come to the host country in pursuit of higher studies. The purpose of the present study is to explore such challenges that hindered the adjustment of six Indian international students studying in a US university, using the phenomenological methodology. The data analysis generated five themes related to the challenges encountered: (1) living away from family and friends, (2) difficulty in expressing, (3) multitasking, (4) difficulty in fitting in, and (5) lack of positive attitude. Findings have implications for US universities. Higher educational institutions can play an essential role in addressing the challenges to facilitate a positive academic experience for international students.
Social support and dental caries experience: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the association of social support with dental caries experience in Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States (US) and to assess whether the relationship is modified by nativity status. METHODS This cross-sectional study analysed data for 4459 dentate men and women aged 18-74 years in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study. At baseline (2008-2011), dentists quantified dental caries experience as the number of decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth surfaces (DMFS) for all teeth excluding third molars. Social support was assessed according to measures of structural support (Social Network Index) and functional support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List). Covariate-adjusted multiple linear regression estimated the relationship between social support and dental caries experience and tested whether the association was modified by nativity status (born within the 50 US states, foreign-born 10 years or more in the United States). RESULTS In covariate-adjusted models, each additional role in the social network was associated with 1.39 fewer DMF tooth surfaces (95% CI: -2.21, -0.58) among foreign-born Hispanics/Latinos with fewer than 10 years lived in the US. For foreign-born Hispanics/Latinos with 10 years or more in the United States, each additional social network role was associated with 0.57 fewer DMF tooth surfaces (95% CI: -1.19, 0.04). No association was observed between functional social support and dental caries experience regardless of nativity status. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that structural social support is protective against dental caries experience among recent immigrants of Hispanic/Latino background. This association may reflect the importance of social support to integration into the medical and dental infrastructure and thus receipt of dental care. Future research that examines the behavioural and cultural factors that moderate the relationship between social support and dental caries experience will inform development of culturally sensitive dental caries prevention programs for Hispanics/Latinos in the United States.
NF-κB Regulation of LRH-1 and ABCG5/8 Potentiates Phytosterol Role in the Pathogenesis of Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Cholestasis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronically administered parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with intestinal failure carries the risk for developing PN-associated cholestasis (PNAC). We have demonstrated that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor (LXR), proinflammatory interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and infused phytosterols are important in murine PNAC pathogenesis. In this study we examined the role of nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) and phytosterols in PNAC. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a C57BL/6 PNAC mouse model (dextran sulfate sodium [DSS] pretreatment followed by 14 days of PN; DSS-PN), hepatic nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2/LRH-1 mRNA, LRH-1 protein expression, and binding of LRH-1 at the Abcg5/8 and Cyp7a1 promoter was reduced. Interleukin-1 receptor-deficient mice (Il-1r-/- /DSS-PN) were protected from PNAC and had significantly increased hepatic mRNA and protein expression of LRH-1. NF-κB activation and binding to the LRH-1 promoter were increased in DSS-PN PNAC mice and normalized in Il-1r-/- /DSS-PN mice. Knockdown of NF-κB in IL-1β-exposed HepG2 cells increased expression of LRH-1 and ABCG5. Treatment of HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes with an LRH-1 inverse agonist, ML179, significantly reduced mRNA expression of FXR targets ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 2/multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (ABCC2/MRP2), nuclear receptor subfamily 0, groupB, member 2/small heterodimer partner (NR0B2/SHP), and ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11/bile salt export pump (ABCB11/BSEP). Co-incubation with phytosterols further reduced expression of these genes. Similar results were obtained by suppressing the LRH-1 targets ABCG5/8 by treatment with small interfering RNA, IL-1β, or LXR antagonist GSK2033. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments in HepG2 cells showed that ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 (ABCG5/8) suppression by GSK2033 increased the accumulation of phytosterols and reduced binding of FXR to the SHP promoter. Finally, treatment with LRH-1 agonist, dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) protected DSS-PN mice from PNAC. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that NF-κB regulation of LRH-1 and downstream genes may affect phytosterol-mediated antagonism of FXR signaling in the pathogenesis of PNAC. LRH-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for PNAC.
Deep-ultraviolet laser ablation sampling for proteomic analysis of tissue.

Abstract Deep-ultraviolet laser ablation with a pulsed 193 nm ArF excimer laser was used to remove localized regions from tissue sections from which proteins were extracted for spatially resolved proteomic analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The ability to capture intact proteins by ablation at 193 nm wavelength was verified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) of the protein standard bovine serum albumin (BSA), which showed that BSA was ablated and captured without fragmentation. A Bradford assay of the ablated and captured proteins indicated 90% efficiency for transfer of the intact protein at a laser fluence of 3 kJ/m2. Rat brain tissue sections mounted on quartz microscope slides and ablated in transmission mode yielded 2 μg protein per mm2 as quantified by the Bradford assay. Tissue areas ranging from 0.06 mm2 to 1 mm2 were ablated and the ejected material was collected for proteomic analysis. Extracted proteins were digested and the resulting peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The proteins extracted from the ablated areas were identified and the average number of identified proteins ranged from 85 in the 0.06 mm2 area to 2400 in the 1 mm2 area of a 50 μm thick tissue . In comparison to infrared laser ablation of equivalent sampled areas, both the protein mass and number of proteins identified using DUV laser ablation sampling were approximately four times larger.
Occupational exposures and mitigation strategies among homeless shelter workers at risk of COVID-19.

Objective To describe the work environment and COVID-19 mitigation measures for homeless shelter workers and assess occupational risk factors for COVID-19. Methods Between June 9-August 10, 2020, we conducted a self-administered survey among homeless shelter workers in Washington, Massachusetts, Utah, Maryland, and Georgia. We calculated frequencies for work environment, personal protective equipment use, and SARS-CoV-2 testing history. We used generalized linear models to produce unadjusted prevalence ratios (PR) to assess risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Of the 106 respondents, 43.4% reported frequent close contact with clients; 75% were worried about work-related SARS-CoV-2 infections; 15% reported testing positive. Close contact with clients was associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (PR 3.97, 95%CI 1.06, 14.93). Conclusions Homeless shelter workers may be at risk of being exposed to individuals with COVID-19 during the course of their work. Frequent close contact with clients was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Protecting these critical essential workers by implementing mitigation measures and prioritizing for COVID-19 vaccination is imperative during the pandemic.
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Synthetase and Cell Differentiation

Developing chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into cartilage, bone, muscle, and other connective tissue phenotypes [1–3]. These differentiation events are cued by local signals which stimulate, inhibit, or provide permissive conditions to allow one of these expressional pathways to become available. Such local cuing can arise from a number of sources, including the dispersion of nutrients and other molecules via the differentiating vascular system [4–6]. The vascular system sets up vascular-rich and vascular-poor domains within the limb prior to overt differentiation of limb cells into particular phenotypes. For example, nicotinamide is stored in the yolk of the developing embryo and may be nonuniformly dispersed throughout the limb because of this distinctive vascular pattern. I have previously proposed the “NAD hypothesis” which stated that this local cuing was responsible for the control of cellular NAD levels which, in turn, communicated with chromatin-associated machinery to influence these complex differentiation events [1, 4, 7–9]. Two observations gave support to this hypothesis: First, exogenously added nicotinamide caused increased cellular NAD levels concomitant with an inhibition of cartilage formation [7, 9]; and second, as cells differentiate into chondrocytes, a threefold increase in the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) was observed [8].
Covering Radii of Even Subcodes of t-dense Codes

We introduce t-density for codes to find either the exact value of or an upper bound on the covering radius of even subcodes. We find results on the number of cosets of maximum weight of even subcodes. Exact results are obtained for, among others, the s-error-correcting BCH codes (s=1,2,3), punctured RM codes, and some QR codes. An algorithm for computing covering radius of t-deficient codes is used in one case. Some extensions are announced.
Automatic text summarization of newswire: lessons learned from the document understanding conference

Since 2001, the Document Understanding Conferences have been the forum for researchers in automatic text summarization to compare methods and results on common test sets. Over the years, several types of summarization tasks have been addressed--single document summarization, multi-document summarization, summarization focused by question, and headline generation. This paper is an overview of the achieved results in the different types of summarization tasks. We compare both the broader classes of baselines, systems and humans, as well as individual pairs of summarizers (both human and automatic). An analysis of variance model is fitted, with summarizer and input set as independent variables, and the coverage score as the dependent variable, and simulation-based multiple comparisons were performed. The results document the progress in the field as a whole, rather then focusing on a single system, and thus can serve as a future reference on the work done up to date, as well as a starting point in the formulation of future tasks. Results also indicate that most progress in the field has been achieved in generic multi-document summarization and that the most challenging task is that of producing a focused summary in answer to a question/topic.
The Border-making Policy of the Europe-an Union: Eastern Enlargement

Having no internal borders, what is a border for the European Union (EU)? Which cri-teria does this powerful organization pursue in its decision-making on further expansion: geographical, political, cultural, economic or all of these? What is the profi t of the Union in advancing its external borders to the east? And why to the east and not the south or west across the Atlantic? Does it still mean that there is the reason for enlarging eastward based on the geographical belonging to Europe?1.This paper discusses the expansion of the European Union to the east with the main focus on its political and economic aspects of integration. The fi rst part includes intro-duction to the concept of Europe, historic background about the formation of the united Europe in terms of geography, culture, politics and economy, juxtaposing opinions and viewpoints of different experts and political scientists on “what is Europe?” and what are the core issues of its enlargement. The second and third parts are dedicated to the advan-tages and disadvantages of European Integration for both parties concerned – the EU and the candidate/member state, in the case of the former having its own “demarcation policy” towards certain regions of the continent when it comes to unifi cation. And the fourth part is about the communication and miscommunication of the informative bodies of the Euro-pean Union that are responsible for public awareness on any process that goes on within the European family. The lack of information results in the ignorance of citizens of Euro-pean and partner countries, which, of course, refl ects on the further processes of expansion on the political level and cultural perception and mentality on the social level.The conclusion sums up the research, and the bibliography lists the books, articles, monographs and Internet sources used in the course of the study.
A Review of Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conducting Ceramic Membranes as Oxygen Sources for High-Temperature Reactors

Abstract Because of the high economic, environmental, and safety costs associated with pure oxygen as a process feedstock, oxygen-conducting ceramic membranes have been explored as an alternative oxygen source for hydrocarbon conversion reactors. These nonporous ceramic materials allow the transport of oxygen ions through the lattice of the solid material, resulting in 100% selectivity for oxygen regardless of the source gas. The materials of interest for membrane reactor applications are mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) ceramic materials that conduct electrons as well as oxygen ions. As a result, they require only high temperatures (typically 700 °C or higher) and an imposed oxygen potential gradient to transmit oxygen. This chapter describes general attributes of oxygen-MIEC membranes, followed by an overview of published work with oxygen-MIEC ceramic membranes. Specific topics include membrane compositions, membrane modification strategies, and applications of oxygen-MIEC membranes for synthesis gas production.
Evidence that histone H1 is dispensable for proper meiotic recombination in budding yeast

Histone H1, referred to as the linker histone, associates with the nucleosome core particle. While there is indication that the budding yeast version of histone H1 (Hho1) contributes to regulation of chromatin structure and certain chromatin-related processes, such as DNA double-strand break repair, cells lacking Hho1 are healthy and display subtle phenotypes. A recent report has revealed that Hho1 is required for optimal sporulation. The studies described here were conducted to determine whether Hho1 influences meiotic recombination, an event that occurs during sporulation, involves generation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks, and is critical for spore viability. Through tetrad analysis, cells with or without Hho1 were compared for meiotic reciprocal recombination events within several chromosome XV intervals. Parameters investigated included crossover frequency (genetic map distance) and crossover interference. No significant differences were detected between the two cell types. In agreement with earlier studies, spore viability was not affected by Hho1 absence. These data suggest that complete absence of Hho1 from chromatin does not affect reciprocal recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Therefore, the basal level of Hho1 that remains after its reported depletion early in meiosis is unlikely to be important for regulating recombination. Furthermore, the subsequent accumulation of Hho1 as the haploid products mature does not appear to be crucial for spore viability.
SELF PROPELLED ICEBERG

The concept of a self propelled iceberg is developed using a thermodynamic cycle similar to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). Calculations show that a propulsion pod developing 2.224 megaNewtons (500,000 lb) thrust requires a power of 6.8 megaWatts assuming an ideal cycle. Propeller diameter is 23 meters. For a transit from Antarctica to Los Angeles, 1.6 per cent of the iceberg is converted to water as a result of power extraction. An alternate concept using electrical propulsion is briefly presented. The thermodynamic cycle based on anhydrous ammonia is discussed.
Blastomycosis-like pyoderma: response to systemic retinoid therapy

Blastomycosis-like pyoderma is a proliferative tissue response with multifactorial etiologies that may mimic other inflammatory and neoplastic skin disorders. It often occurs on sun damaged skin of immunocompromised patients. We report a case of blastomycosis-like pyoderma in a patient with underlying metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid receiving treatment with sorafenib (a multikinase inhibitor). Prior treatments were unsuccessful. Our treatment with oral acitretin resulted in significant improvement.
An Electrochemical Investigation of the Impact of Microfabrication Techniques on Polymer-Based Microelectrode Neural Interfaces

The electrochemical (EC) properties of microelectrodes on flexible polymer substrates can vary as a result of microfabrication and postfabrication processes. These in turn may impact the chronic recording performance of such electrodes. In this paper, electrochemical techniques were utilized for the preparation and nonbiological evaluation of microfabricated flexible neural probes consisting of platinum electrode recording sites supported and insulated by Parylene C. The polymer substrate mitigates the mechanical mismatch between neural tissue and the probe. In addition, the thermoplastic nature of the polymer enables the probe to be shaped postfabrication using a thermoforming technique to impart a unique 3-D structure that further promotes tissue integration and supports the use of bioactive coatings. The EC techniques provided a simple means to clean electrode surfaces (80.2% decrease in 1-kHz impedance), identify functional devices, and evaluate their EC properties prior to implant. Both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed on electrode sites following fabrication, cleaning, mechanical manipulation for assembly, thermoforming, and sterilization. The results reveal in some cases changes in EC properties. Although changes following thermoforming did not impact the ability to acquire electrophysiological recordings, further investigation with additional tools is required to elucidate the exact nature of the structural and EC changes resulting in the observed increase in impedance and reduction in electrode surface area following thermoforming. [2014-0378]
America's Dirty Wars: America, Aguinaldo, and the Philippines, 1898

The most ultimately righteous of all wars is a war with savages, [which establishes] the foundations for the future greatness of a mighty people. – Theodore Roosevelt Only a few days after the United States declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898, Commodore George Dewey, on his flagship the USS Olympia , guided the American fleet from Nagasaki to Manila Bay to confront the antiquated Spanish navy. Washington’s orders to Dewey’s were short but clear: “War has commenced between the United States and Spain. Proceed at once to Philippine islands. Commence operations at once, particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture vessels or destroy. Use utmost endeavors.” The fighting in Manila Bay began on the morning of May 1, when for posterity Dewey reportedly shouted, “You may fire when ready, Gridley.” After several hours of shelling, Dewey’s men took a break for breakfast and then resumed. When one American gunner heard that Dewey had ordered the cessation, he apparently pleaded, “For God’s sake, Captain, don’t stop us now. To hell with breakfast.” By lunch on a hot and windless day, the Americans had soundly defeated the Spanish fleet of battle-seasoned Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo. In one of the most lopsided victories in naval history, the Americans had lost only one man, from heatstroke. All the main Spanish ships were sunk; other auxiliary ships were captured or scuttled. A total of 381 Spanish sailors were left dead or wounded. When news of Dewey’s victory reached Washington, it stunned U.S. officials, who had not expected that victory in the highly strategic Pacific region would come so fast or so easily.
Syntactic priming effects in comprehension: A critical review.

Syntactic priming occurs when processing of a target sentence is facilitated following processing of a prime sentence that has the same syntactic structure (Bock, 1986 Cognitive Psychology, 18. 355–387). Syntactic priming has been widely investigated in production (Bock, 1986 Cognitive Psychology, 18. 355–387; Bock and Griffin, 2000 General. 129(2). 177–192; Cleland and Pickering, 2003. Journal of Memory and Language, 49. 214–230; Cleland and Pickering 2006. Journal of Memory and Language, 54. 185–198; Pickering and Branigan, 1998. Journal of Memory and Language, 39. 633–651; and others), but only relatively recently in comprehension (Arai et al. 2007. Cognitive Psychology, 54(3). 218–250; Ledoux et al., 2007. Psychological Science. 18(2). 135–143; and others). This article reviews the current literature on syntactic priming in comprehension and contrasts these findings to those in production. Critically, syntactic priming effects in comprehension are observed more often when prime and target sentences share a content word, whereas in production, these effects are often observed when there are no shared content words between the primes and targets. Possible explanations for the differing degrees of lexical dependency between syntactic priming effects in production and in comprehension are posed and include differences in task paradigms and stimuli, differences in time course and syntactic processing between the two modalities, and mechanistic differences. Implications from the reviewed literature are then considered in attempts at determining the most likely mechanistic explanation for syntactic priming effects in both comprehension and production. A residual activation account (Pickering and Branigan, 1998. Journal of Memory and Language, 39. 633–651), an implicit learning account (Bock and Griffin, 2000 General. 129(2). 177–192; Chang et al. 2006. Psychological Review, 113(2). 234–272), and a dual mechanism account (Tooley, 2009. Is Syntactic Priming in Sentence Comprehension Really Just Implicit Learning? Paper presented to the 22nd Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing, Davis, March 26–28) are outlined. The dual mechanism account may prove more consistent with a wider range of the reviewed research findings.
Metal-enriched sediments from the TAG Hydrothermal Field

A SERIES of sediment samples from the TAG Hydrothermal Field1 have been collected and analysed for transition metals, and for uranium and thorium isotopes. We show here that metal enrichment of sediment samples is ubiquitous, but geographically variable. Non-detrital metal accumulation rates in one core are Fe and Mn 15.0 and 0.7 mg cm−2 10−3 yr; and Ni, 180; Co, 93; Cu, 134; and Cr, 148 µg cm−2 10−3yr. The hydrothermal field is located on the eastern wall of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rift Valley at 26°N and covers ∼100 km2. It is characterised by extensive deposits of thick, rapidly growing MnO2 (ref. 2) and by a magnetic low in the axial anomaly1.
Survival and Development of Melanoplus femurrubrum and M. sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Plant-Extract Concentrations and Fractions

Concentrations and fractions of plant extract were bioassayed by incorporating them into an artificial diet used to rear the redlegged grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer), and the migratory grasshopper, M. sanguinipes (F.). The results indicated that there was a minimum concentration of 0.05 to 0.10 g Asclepias syriaca extract/g basic diet and 0.10 to 0.20 g Elymus canadensis extract/g basic diet required to produce adult grasshoppers. A “survival and development” factor was found in different concentrations from Asclepias, Elymus, Cleome serrulata , and Rosa arkansana water extracts. This factor was found in the acetic acid eluate resulting from ion exchange fractionation on a Dowex-1Â® column. Sugars, amines, and cations were eliminated as possibilities for the survival and development factor.
Modeling and measuring scan modulation of an infrared seeker

A recently developed model of a spin-scanning infrared seeker increases the accuracy of signal processing evaluations and seeker performance predictions compared with previous models. The simulation includes the effects of targets and backgrounds, seeker scanning and detector signals, gyroscope dynamics, signal processing, and acquisition and tracking. The model also incorporates realistic representations of noise, look-angle-dependent optical blur, gyroscope errors, and scan modulation. This modulation is caused by magnetic coupling from the gyroscope system and by radiation from the seeker dome and internal components. The result is artifacts on the detector waveforms that interfere with target detection. Aerothermal and laser-heating tests have been conducted to measure the optical scan modulation from the dome and internal components. Seeker waveforms as well as dome and component temperatures were measured to provide data for modeling the heating effects. These measurements are used to predict performance degradation caused by aerothermal heating of the seeker in flight.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Explosive decomposition of a mixture of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene in a Co60 gamma radiation field

Explosive spontaneous decomposition of components at certain radiation conditions was observed during a study on the copolymerization of the ethylene- chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) system by gamma radiation. After a total dose of approximates 50,000 rad at room temperature and an initial ethylene/ CTFE mole ratio of 11.9: 1, the system exploded violently (the 14,000 psi rupture disc was broken) with the formation of a considerable quantity of carbon black. Another explosive reaction at the same dose rate (308,000 rad/hr) occurred when the initial concentration of CTFE was reduced approximately 2 1/2 times. It appears from the data that both the concentration of CTFE and the dose rate play a role in initiating the explosion. (P.C.H.)
The politics of ostracism

Abstract A proper recognition of the significance of the study of the evolution of behavior, which has made clear that there is a continuity between morphology and behavior, requires a consideration of ostracism in a biobehavioral perspective. Ostracism is conceived in this presentation as coerced or involuntary exit, in the literal sense as the forced departure of individuals from the society in which they live, as well as in the figurative sense as an exclusion that can range from a denial of freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly to systematic genocide. In this context, ostracism can be understood as a phenomenon that is the inverse of civil rights and liberties. It is a modified inverse of these rights and liberties, however, because ostracism in the legitimate administration of justice has different (and sometimes opposite) consequences from ostracism as the arbitrary abrogation of civil rights and liberties. For conceptual and empirical reasons, this duality should be viewed not as a dichotomy but as a different point at which the phenomenon changes from being functional for the legal system to being dysfunctional for it. The characteristic of continuity is an imperative criterion in considering a quantitative analysis of ostracism. It is reflected in an equation that graphically can be represented as a parabola. If valid and reliable data for measuring degrees of ostracism and survival prospects can be obtained, insights would be obtained that could contribute to more informed explanations of political change and to an assessment of the survival prospects of regimes, like those of the West, the citizens of which view the extension of civil rights and liberties as a foundation of legitimate government.
Appropriate constraints for variational optimization of electronic density matrices and electron densities

Abstract Euler equations characteristic of the electronic reduced density matrix have previously been obtained by minimizing an energy functional subject to trace constraints 〈PK〉 = N, in which N is the number of particles. It is shown that these constraints are inadequate to exclude variations that violate N-representability conditions. However, a first-order reduced density matrix that does satisfy N-representability conditions is formulated as a functional of the orbital densities through use of angular momentum recoupling. Modified variational constraints are proposed.
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae: A Hypothesis Regarding Its Primary Attractant.

The Douglas-fir beetle is attracted to α-pinene but repelled by β-pinene. Attacks on standing trees are related to the content of α- or β-pinene in the tree; this correlation suggests that volatile oils may be the stimuli initially attracting the insect to the Douglas fir.
Decreased Dexamethasone Suppression in Endogenously Depressed Patients with Normal Basal Plasma Levels of Cortisol

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system has been reported to be abnormal in at least some patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and in particular in endogenous depression (ED) (Sachar et al. 1973; Carroll et al. 1981; Stokes et al. 1984; Halbreich et al. 1985a.b). The most studied variables of this system have been basal cortisol levels and the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). Nonsuppression of cortisol in response to dexamethasone is generally assumed to be an indicator of hyperactivity of the HPA system and is frequently reported as being almost synonymous to hypersecretion of cortisol (e.g., Carroll et al. 1976). Recently, there have been several reports that abnormal DST and elevated basal levels of cortisol may only partially overlap with each other (Asnis et al. 1981; Stokes et al. 1984; Holsboer
Metallographic and chemical analyses of a plain carbon steel plate after long term service in a coal gasifier

Abstract The steel inner liner of a coal gasifier was examined. This liner had been directly exposed to a coal gasification reaction for 20 years. The microstructure was observed and the chemical composition analyzed as functions of position in the vessel. Evidence of corrosion, embrittlement, and carburization was sought. Although pronounced microstructural variations were observed in this steel liner, the chemical composition was found to be quite uniform.
A model for material flows and economicexchanges within the U.S. automotive life cycle chain

Abstract A simulation model for material flows and economic exchangeswithin the U.S. automotive material life cycle chain is presented. The model is employed to examine the effect of future changes in vehicle material composition on the automotive recycling infrastructure.The model results indicate that as vehicle material composition changes, higher dismantling/recovery rates are needed to ensure economic viability of the recycling infrastructure. Furthermore, even in the case of significantly higher rates of dismantling and plastics recovery, the amount of shredder residue per vehicle will continue to rise.
PARENTAL SMOKING CESSATION COUNSELING BY PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS

The adverse effects of parental smoking on children are widely recognized, yet little is known about how often and how pediatricians counsel patients' parents to stop smoking. We, therefore, surveyed 80 pediatric residents from four North Carolina training programs to determine self-reported practice of parental smoking cessation counseling. The response rate was 85% (67/80). Although 84% of the responding residents agreed that pediatricians should try to convince parents to stop smoking, residents reported infrequently counseling parents to do so. On average, residents asked 35% of new patients' parents and 26% of return patients' parents to stop smoking. In those who were counseled, counseling was brief; mean duration was 2.8 minutes. Very few residents used specific counseling techniques to help parents quit: only 8% often or always assessed motivation to quit, 5% advised the parents to set a quit date, 3% discussed obstacles to quitting, 2% gave the parent self-help written materials, and none prescribed nicotine gum or scheduled follow-up to monitor progress. A third of residents (35%) did not feel confident in their ability to counsel, half (51%) felt ill-prepared to counsel, and most (91%) felt their counseling was unsuccessful. Despite positive attitudes about trying to convince patients' parents to stop smoking, pediatric residents seldom counsel parents and even less often use effective counseling techniques.