cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2671: Thymosin Beta 4 Induced Oligodendrogenesis Is Associated With Upregulation Of Serum Response Factor

Background: Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a G-actin sequestering peptide that improves neurological functional outcome when administered 24 hours after onset of stroke to a rat model of embolic stroke. Tβ4 increases the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) as well as mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). Mechanisms of Tβ4 induced oligodendrogenesis (OLG) remain unclear. Serum response growth factor (SRF) is a transcriptional factor which binds with ternary complex co-factors to primarily convey an immediate early gene response to influence and orchestrate neuronal migration and differentiation. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that Tβ4 upregulates SRF with subsequent increase in the markers of OL differentiation. Results: We employed a mouse OPC line (N20.1) to investigate the mechanisms of Tβ4-induced OLG. The cells were plated at a density of 100,000 cells/ml and grown in the presence of 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 ng/ml of Tβ4 (RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.) for 14 days (n=3). Western blot analysis revealed that SRF was dose-dependently upregulated by a factor of 4. Quantitative real time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that Tβ4 treatment induced myelin basic protein (MBP) and 2’, 3’-cyclic nucleotide, 3’-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) expression in a dose-dependent manner by ∼2 fold, indicating the stimulation of OLG. In order to independently demonstrate that SRF promotes the differentiation of progenitor cells into mature oligodendrocytes, SRF was over expressed in the N20.1 cells using a plasmid encoding the SRF gene. After six days SRF over expressed N20.1 cells (n=3) demonstrated an increase of expression of MBP (26 ± 3%) and CNPase (23 ± 3%) when compared to cells transfected with an empty expression plasmid (n=3, MBP, 14 ± 3% and CNPase, 10 ± 4%, p Conclusions: In this mouse model of OPCs, SRF was upregulated by Tβ4 and may be involved in Tβ4 induced OLG. Further in vivo investigation of SRF is warranted in our rat model of embolic stroke.
Human Neural Crest Stem Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The neural crest cells give rise to neurons and glia in the peripheral nervous system, which is an important component of the nervous system. Here we developed a scalable process of inducing neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from hESCs/iPSCs by a combination of growth factors in medium conditioned on stromal cells, and showed that NCSCs could be purified by p75 using FACS. In vitro-expanded NCSCs were able to differentiate into neurons and glia (Schwann cells) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as mesenchymal derivatives.
Comprehensive Determination of Amino Acids for Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Analysis of clinically relevant amino acids using ion-exchange chromatography coupled to photometric detection has been an indispensable component in the detection of inborn errors of metabolism for six decades. Detection of amino acids using mass spectrometry offers advantages in speed and analytic specificity. Employing methanol extraction and controlled butylation, C8 reversed-phase chromatography, and MS/MS detection, 32 amino acids are quantified in 20 min with clinically appropriate imprecision in plasma, urine, and CSF. Quantitation is linear to 1,000 micromol/L and limits of detection are at least 1.0 micromol/L. Important isobaric amino acids are distinguished by chromatography or by unique patterns of fragmentation following collision-induced dissociation. The technique employs commercially available reagents and may be expanded and customized for specific clinical or research settings.
The Computation of Catalan Numbers

The first six of these are: C0 = 1, C1 = 1, C2 = 2, C3 = 5, C4 = 14, C5 = 42. A mathematics student often deals with numbers without reference to a concrete problem. Mathematicians, therefore, often distinguish between a number such as ?2 and a closed expression such as 6(1 + 2-2 + 4-2 + ) which defines that number. To a mathematician, a number is an abstract entity, independent of representation. A computer science student often evaluates closed expressions arising from concrete problems. Computer scientists, therefore, often focus on the concrete problem and may not see the numbers which arise as having their own inherent structure and nature.
Teaching, Research and Extension in Apiculture in the United States

This study was initiated by the author's appointment as chairman of the Educational Research Committee of the American Beekeeping Federation Inc. The function of the committee is to be informed on facilities for teaching, research and extension relating to beekeeping and to advise or help the industry in its efforts to obtain a reasonable share of training facilities and technical help. The committee will also assist in locating trained men for technical jobs and locating jobs for trained men.
A finite point process approach to multi-target localization using transient measurements

Finite point process modeling of multi-sensor, multi-target localization problem.Proposed point process model accounts for missed detections as well as false alarms.Presents a multi-target localization algorithm based on the point process model.Algorithm assumes target number and measurement association are unknown.Detailed evaluation of the algorithm via numerical simulation and experimental data. A finite point process approach to multi-target localization from a transient signal is presented. After modeling the measurements as a Poisson point process, we propose a twofold scheme that includes an expectation maximization algorithm to estimate the target locations for a given number of targets and an information theoretic algorithm to select the number of targets. The proposed localization scheme does not require explicitly solving the data association problem and can account for clutter noise as well as missed detections. Although point process theory has been widely utilized for sequential tracking of multiple moving targets, the application of point process theory for multi-target localization from transient measurements has received very little attention. The optimal subpattern assignment metric is used to assess the performance and accuracy of the proposed localization algorithm. Implementation of the proposed algorithm on synthetic data yields desirable results. The proposed algorithm is then applied to the multi-shooter localization problem using acoustic gunfire detection systems.
Measuring Fault Analysis and Retrieving Energy Calculation at the Flow-gate of a Power Plant in South of Jiangsu

This paper introduces the fault at the flow-gate of a power plant in south of Jiangsu,finds the causes by investigation and analysis,calculates the retrieving energy,and finally,validates the calculation.
A combined technique for surgical repair of Descemet's membrane detachments.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Descemet's membrane detachments are an uncommon complication after cataract surgery that can result in severe visual loss. A combined technique of intracameral gas injection and transcorneal suturing for the repair of Descemet's membrane detachments is described. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this interventional case series, four cases of Descemet's membrane detachments with associated corneal edema observed following cataract surgery were successfully repaired using a combined technique of intracameral gas injection and transcorneal suturing. RESULTS In all cases, Descemet's membranes were successfully reattached using the aforementioned technique. In three cases, the associated corneal edema resolved postoperatively. In the fourth case, the patient required a penetrating keratoplasty for persistent corneal edema despite immediate anatomical success following reattachment. CONCLUSIONS Combined intracameral gas and transcorneal suturing appears to be an effective technique in the repair of Descemet's membrane detachments. Early intervention may prevent persistent or recurrent corneal edema.
Effects of selective A1 receptor blockade on glomerular hemodynamics: involvement of renin-angiotensin system.

We examined the renal effects of a specific adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX, 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 iv). Since adenosine is a potent inhibitor of renin release, additional experiments were performed with an angiotensin AT1-receptor antagonist (losartan, 10 mg/kg i.v.). DP CPX alone induced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in afferent arteriolar resistance (RA, 1.83 +/- 0.18 to 1.43 +/- 0.06 dyn.s.cm-5 x 10(10); P < 0.05). This led to a rise in the transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (delta P, 35 +/- 1 to 43 +/- 2 mmHg; P < 0.05). Surprisingly, the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) fell (0.101 +/- 0.017 to 0.064 +/- 0.009 nl.s-1.mmHg-1, P < 0.05). Additionally, DPCPX infusion resulted in dramatic increases in both urine flow and sodium excretion. With losartan pretreatment, DPCPX did not cause significant changes in RA and delta P. Also, DPCPX increased Kf (0.057 +/- 0.005 to 0.075 +/- 0.008 nl.s-1.mmHg-1, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the large DPCPX-induced increases in urine flow and sodium excretion were largely suppressed by pretreatment with losartan. These data indicate that endogenous adenosine plays a significant role in maintaining afferent arteriolar tone and that the renin-angiotensin system may mediate some of the wide ranging renal effects of adenosine.
Digital library services for three-dimensional models

With the growth in computing, storage and networking infrastructure, it is becoming increasingly feasible for multimedia professionals—such as graphic designers in commercial, manufacturing, scientific and entertainment areas—to work with 3D digital models of the objects with which they deal in their domain. Unfortunately most of these models exist in individual repositories, and are not accessible to geographically distributed professionals who are in need of them. Building an efficient digital library system presents a number of challenges. In particular, the following issues need to be addressed: (1) What is the best way of representing 3D models in a digital library, so that the searches can be done faster? (2) How to compress and deliver the 3D models to reduce the storage and bandwidth requirements? (3) How can we represent the user's view on similarity between two objects? (4) What search types can be used to enhance the usability of the digital library and how can we implement these searches, what are the trade-offs? In this research, we have developed a digital library architecture for 3D models that addresses the above issues as well as other technical issues. We have developed a prototype for our 3D digital library (3DLIB) that supports compressed storage, along with retrieval of 3D models. The prototype also supports search and discovery services that are targeted for 3-D models. The key to 3DLIB is a representation of a 3D model that is based on “surface signatures”. This representation captures the shape information of any free-form surface and encodes it into a set of 2D images. We have developed a shape similarity search technique that uses the signature images to compare 3D models. One advantage of the proposed technique is that it works in the compressed domain, thus it eliminates the need for uncompressing in content-based search. Moreover, we have developed an efficient discovery service consisting of a multi-level hierarchical browsing service that enables users to navigate large sets of 3D models. To implement this targeted browsing (find an object that is similar to a given object in a large collection through browsing) we abstract a large set of 3D models to a small set of representative models (key models). The abstraction is based on shape similarity and uses specially tailored clustering techniques. The browsing service applies clustering recursively to limit the number of key models that a user views at any time. We have evaluated the performance of our digital library services using the Princeton Shape Benchmark (PSB) and it shows significantly better precision and recall, as compared to other approaches.
Abstract P46: Misperception of Body Size and Barriers to Weight Loss among Families

Background: Misperception of body size and barriers to weight loss are prevalent in families at risk for cardiovascular disease. Methods: Women (n=111) and their pre-adolescent children (n=111) at an academic medical clinic were surveyed regarding socio-demographics, anthropometrics, weight loss attitudes, and body size perception. Results: The majority of women self-identified as Hispanic (79.3%), age 40±7 yrs. Children's age ranged from 7-13 yrs (10.5±1.3 yrs) with 51.4% girls. Among mothers, 65.8% were overweight (OW) or obese (OB), avg BMI 27.7 ± 5.1. Children's avg BMI percentile was 72.3%; 38.9% were OW or OB. OB women (81.8%) underestimated weight more than OW (42.5%) and normal weight (NW) women (13.2%) (p 12 years (16.7%) (p=0.003). Conclusion: Misperception of body size is common among OW/OB women and children in this urban population. However, these women and children are also highly dissatisfied with their current body size, indicating some awareness and prompting more then half to attempt weight loss. Strategies to overcome the obesity epidemic should emphasize healthy body size goals and address barriers including family responsibilities, time, and lack of proper nutritional knowledge.
Respirable dust and silica exposure among World Trade Center cleanup workers

ABSTRACTThe cleanup effort following the destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) was unprecedented and involved removal of 1.8 million tons of rubble over a nine-month period. Work at the site occurred 24 hr a day, 7 days a week and involved thousands of workers during the process. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) conducted personal and area exposure sampling during the cleanup of the site. Secondary data analysis was performed on OSHA air sampling data for respirable dust and silica from September 2001 to June 2002 at the WTC recovery site to characterize workers' exposure. Results for silica and respirable particulate were stratified by area and personal samples as well as job task for analysis. Of 1108 samples included in the analysis, 693 were personal and 415 were area. The mean result for personal silica samples was 42 μg/m3 (Range: 4.2–1800 μg/m3). Workers identified as drillers had the highest mean silica exposure (72 μg/m3; range: 5.8–800 μg/m3) followed by workers ide...
Predictions for Gyro-phase Drift in MDPX

This paper assesses the feasibility of observing the gyro-phase drift in the Auburn Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment [MDPX, described by Thomas et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 124034 (2012)]. The gyro-phase drift arises when a dust grain does not instantaneously reach the in-situ-equilibrium grain charge during gyro-synchronous grain-charge modulation. Koepke et al. [J. Plasma Phys. 79, 1099 (2013)] first suggested using MDPX to observe the gyro-phase drift, and here we use a single-particle trajectory tracker with an iterative velocity solver, using a fixed timestep for grain motion and an adaptive time step for grain charging, to consider all relevant dust grain forces to assess gyro-phase drift arising from gradual inhomogeneity. Additionally, the semi-analytic theory developed by Walker et al. [J. Plasma Phys. 80, 395 (2014)] predicts dust grain motion in abrupt inhomogeneity for MDPX-relevant conditions. We compare three grain-charging models with each other and with the single-particle ...
Struggling to Get It Right : Performance Measurement Challenges and Strategies for Addressing Them among Funders of Human Services.

This article examines the challenges public and nonprofit human service funders face in the performance measurement process and the strategies they use to address these challenges. We use survey and interview data to compare funders’ experiences across a region. Common challenges included dissatisfaction with formal data collection procedures, difficulty getting providers to comply with reporting requirements, provider performance problems, and lack of capacity to use performance information. Capacity issues were a greater concern for smaller funders. Funders used a variety of strategies to address challenges. Use of some strategies depended on context. Practices were relatively consistent across funder groups.
Exponential Self-Organization and Mooreźs Law

The question of how complex systems become more organized and efficient with time is open. Examples are the formation of elementary particles from pure energy, the formation of atoms from particles, the formation of stars and galaxies, and the formation of molecules from atoms, of organisms, and of the society. In this sequence, order appears inside complex systems and randomness (entropy) is expelled to their surroundings. Key features of self-organizing systems are that they are open and they are far away from equilibrium, with increasing energy flows through them. This work searches for global measures of such self-organizing systems, which are predictable and do not depend on the substrate of the system studied. Our results will help to understand the existence of complex systems and mechanisms of self-organization. In part we also provide insights, in this work, about the underlying physical essence of Mooreźs law and the multiple logistic growth observed in technological progress.
O-Myo! An O-Shaped Myosin Gliding Assay for Characterizing Long-Term Actin-Myosin Behaviors

Nature has evolved molecular machines that are critical in cellular processes occurring over broad timescales, ranging from seconds to days. As an example, myosin in the human heart take ∼10 steps per second and are collectively responsible for ∼10⁵ heart beats per day. Analogous to the engineering of macro-scale machines, the evolution of molecular machines is likely to be constrained by the requirements of high short-term performance and a long lifetime. Here, we developed a circular gliding assay (O-Myo) that utilizes engineered micron-scale DNA nanotube rings with defined geometrical arrangements of dimeric myosin VI, a model system for myosin motor.
Extended Solution Gate OFET-based Biosensor for Label-free Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Detection with Polyethylene Glycol-Containing Bioreceptor Layer.

A novel organic field effect transistor (OFET)-based biosensor is described for label-free glial fibrillary acidic protein detection. This study reports the first use of an extended solution gate structure where the sensing area and the organic semiconductor are separated, and a reference electrode is not needed. Different molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are mixed into the bioreceptor layer to help extend the Debye screening length. The drain current change is significantly increased with the help of higher molecular weight PEGs, as they are known to reduce the dielectric constant. This study also investigates the sensing performance under different gate voltage (V g). The sensitivity increases after the V g is decreased from −5 to −2 V because the lower V g is much closer to the OFET threshold voltage and the influence of attached negatively charged proteins becomes more apparent. Finally, the selectivity experiments toward different interferents are performed. The stability and selectivity are promising for clinical applications.
Ostial Lesion Interventions

Ostial lesions pose distinctive technical challenges. This chapter provides an overview of equipment and interventional techniques for ostial lesions.
ABO identical and washed blood transfusions as candidate strategies to reduce early mortality in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Abstract Background Despite dramatically improved long term outcomes seen with all-trans retinoic acid therapy, and now arsenic trioxide, in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), early mortality remains a substantial challenge. Recent data from a single center study and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry report 30 day mortality rates of 26% (n = 18 of 70) and 17% (n = 238 of 1400), respectively. Early deaths are predominately due to hemorrhage. Patients with APL invariably have abnormal laboratory hemostasis tests. The standard of practice is to prophylactically transfuse platelets, plasma and cryoprecipitate to mitigate abnormal platelet counts, PT/PTT and fibrinogen levels. Standard blood bank practice is to transfuse platelets, plasma and cryoprecipitate largely without regard to ABO blood group (platelets, cryoprecipitate), and, in some centers, transfusing ABO non-identical universal donor group AB plasma. Evidence from observational studies suggests that use of ABO non-identical blood components may be associated with increased bleeding. We hypothesized that use of ABO identical blood components and saline washed transfusions (red cells and platelets) would be associated with reduced early mortality in APL by avoidance of transfusion induced hemostatic dysfunction. Methods This is a single center cohort study of APL patients treated in an 800 bed university community and referral hospital. Novel approaches to transfusion support, based upon randomized trials, include implementation of ABO identical platelet transfusions for all patients with acute leukemia in 1990, use of only ABO identical cryoprecipitate in 2005, and washed transfusions of red cells and platelets for all patients with acute leukemia Results Of 41 patients there were 2 early (30 day) deaths (5%; a 71–81% reduction from expected). Early mortality at 100 days was 7% (n = 3). The 30 day mortality in the younger cohort Discussion APL patients supported with transfusion regimens including ABO identical blood components, with or without washing, experienced early mortality at 30 days that was strikingly improved (71% to 86% lower) compared with that reported in the recent literature (3.7% to 5% vs. 17% to 26%). If these observed low rates of early mortality are related to transfusion practices, avoidance of ABO immune complex formation, and subsequent interference with hemostasis, is a plausible contributing mechanism. These favorable results provide a rationale for randomized trials of relatively simple and inexpensive approaches to reducing early hemorrhagic mortality in APL: use of ABO identical transfusions and washing to remove supernatant plasma.
The Law and Economics of Native American Casinos

Indian casinos are the fastest-growing segment of America's fastest-growing industry, and they generate fascinating jurisprudential and policy issues. After introductory sections, casinos are treated to a conventional economics analysis of regulation. This analysis is then compared and contrasted with the outcomes under broader "Coasian Games": betting and bluffing in a seven-sided, poker-like game. The seven players are the feds, states, and tribes, which are "sovereign" in varying and confusing ways; and groups opposed to legalized gambling, local governments, non-Indian casinos and other gambling enterprises, and an international human rights community keen to enhance the tribes "rights" to self-determination and to development. The article thus considers distributive issues and developmental potentials, as well as an allocative efficiency. The players' moves, countermoves, and forum shopping during these Coasian games are traced through Cabazon (1987), The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), and Seminole (1996) and its aftermath. The games are becoming increasingly complex, incoherent, and expensive, creating deadlocked institutions and administrative rules concerning tribal casinos. Coasian bribes and other transaction costs have burgeoned, as have opportunities to cheat and to act as a free rider (especially for the feds) or holdout (especially for the states, after Seminole). Coasian analyses are thus modified in two ways, to provide additional insights and offer suggestions for administrative reform, by taking the international human rights and the sovereignty (market and other forms of power) dimensions of tribal casinos into account. The Coase Theorem then loses much of its decentralizing "bite", and some of its conventional conclusions are cast into doubt: the ability to account for information costs and (gambling) rents, and the irrelevance of changing the criteria for assigning property rights (to run a casino). Regretably perhaps, the Native American casino comes across as allocatively inefficient but distributively just, the "new buffalo" that offers an inferior but nonetheless viable and perhaps inevitable development opportunity for many tribes.
Soybean Sensitivity to Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl During Reproductive Growth and the Impact on Subsequent Progeny

To address recent concerns related to auxin herbicide drift onto soybean, a study was developed to understand the susceptibility of the reproductive stage of soybean to a new auxin herbicide compared with dicamba. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is under development as the second herbicide in a new structural class of synthetic auxins, the arylpicolinates. Field studies were conducted to (1) evaluate and compare reproductive soybean injury and yield following applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba across various concentrations and reproductive growth stages and (2) determine whether low-rate applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba to soybean in reproductive stages would have similar effect on the progeny of the affected plants. Soybean were treated with 0, 1/20, or 1/160, of the 1X rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (30 g ai ha-1) or dicamba (560 g ae ha-1) at R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 growth stage. Soybean plant height and yield was reduced from 1/20X dicamba across all reproductive stages. High drift rates (1/20X) of florpyrauxifen-benzyl also reduced soybean plant height >25% and yield across R1 to R4 stages. Germination, stand, plant height, and yield of the offspring of soybean plants treated with dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl were significantly affected. Dicamba applied at a rate of 1/20X at R4 and R5 resulted in 20% and 35% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. A similar reduction occurred from florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at R4 and R5 at the 1/20X rate, resulting in 15% to 24% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. Based on these findings, it is suggested that growers use caution when applying these herbicides in the vicinity of reproductive soybean.Nomenclature: Dicamba; florpyrauxifen-benzyl; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
A dynamic colonel blotto game model for spectrum sharing in wireless networks

Motivated by many real world examples such as communication of mobile devices, localized Internet of Things (IoT) devices, or even autonomous vehicles, and aiming to capture the influence of spectral allocation in a competitive environment on the performance of communication devices, we introduce and study the problem of dynamic competitive spectrum allocation. A scenario of two network service providers (NSPs) who are competing over a period of time to provide wireless connectivity to a set of users is considered. The NSPs compete with one another to gain access to the users by strategically offering the limited available resources to maximize their total payoff. The users accept the best offer made by NSPs which is the bandwidth that maximizes their utility functions. Under such an architecture, this paper focuses on the optimal policy bandwidth allocation strategies for the NSPs over a period of time. Under the condition of dynamically varying spectrum availability at each NSP, we show that the dynamic process of spectrum allocation can be described as a two level game in which the upper level is modeled as an optimal control problem and the lower level is modeled using a classical problem in game theory called the Colonel Blotto game-a multidimensional strategic resource allocation game. We adopt a dynamic non-cooperative repeated game as the decentralized approach for the NSPs to determine their optimal strategies for the next time slot. We also provide the optimal strategy and value function of the dynamic game using Dynamic Programming (DP) and validate it using numerical simulations.
Children’s ability to benefit from fundamental frequency and vocal tract length differences during speech-in-speech recognition

The present study evaluated whether children’s speech-in-speech recognition benefits from differences in fundamental frequency (F0) or vocal tract length (VTL) between the target and masker talkers’ voices. Children, like adults, can benefit from a sex mismatch between competing talkers, but the relative contribution of individual voice characteristics to children’s improved speech-in-speech understanding is unknown. In this study, we first tested children’s ability to use differences in either F0 or VTL between target and masker speech to evaluate the independent influence of these cues on speech-in-speech recognition. Then F0 and VTL differences were combined to determine whether cue redundancy would reduce the child/adult differences observed in these contexts. Sentence recognition thresholds were measured in a two-talker speech masker. All stimuli were recorded by the same female talker. F0 and VTL of the target sentences were manipulated using the pitch-synchronous overlap-add method. Preliminary results suggest a prolonged developmental trajectory in the ability to use F0 or VTL in isolation, but indicate that the combination of these cues benefits children at an earlier age compared to when either cue is presented in isolation. Adults showed the greatest benefit from the F0-only manipulation, showing no additional benefit when F0 and VTL were combined.
Heterogeneity in Beliefs and Expensive Index Options

The literature to date has documented that index options may be too expensive and frequently violate stochastic dominance bounds. This paper investigates heterogeneity in beliefs to explain the reason for this. A simple economic model reveals that when agents are sufficiently heterogeneous in their beliefs on the expected output and/or volatility, a call option may be overpriced from the perspective of the representative agent. Empirically, we investigate various proxies for heterogeneity in beliefs calculated from the Consumer Confidence Survey, the Survey of Professional Forecasters, the Institutional Brokers' Estimate System, and VIX option data, and document the evidence supporting our explanation.
Computed electroencephalographic topographic brain mapping. A new and accurate monitor of cerebral circulation and function for patients having carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract To determine the usefulness of computed electroencephalographic (EEG) topographic (CET) brain mapping to monitor neurologic function during carotid endarterectomy (CEA), 46 consecutive patients having CEA were monitored preoperatively, intraoperatively, and immediately postoperatively by CET brain mapping and simultaneous 16-lead EEG. Preoperative studies revealed that 7 of 16 asymptomatic patients, 5 of 11 patients with amaurosis fugax, and 8 of 12 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) had abnormal CET brain mapping suggestive of previous subclinical stroke. EEG was abnormal in only 8 of the 20 patients with abnormal CET brain mapping. Intraoperatively during carotid cross-clamping, ischemic changes were seen on CET brain mapping in 23 patients whereas EEG detected these changes in only 13 patients. Ischemic changes detected by intraoperative CET brain mapping were more likely to occur in patients with previous stroke (six of seven) than in patients without previous stroke (17 of 39), p p
A PREVENTIVE SERVICE IN OPERATION

This chapter focuses on the preventive service in operation after passing of the Children and Young Persons Act in 1963 (CYP, 1963). The Children's Departments were authorized to operate a preventive service for families with children, which was a voluntary program, from a legal point of view, wherein no one was required as a matter of law to go to these agencies. As the jurisdictional statutes and regulations did not define what people were within or without the purview of the agency, the selection of clients had to be made at the field level by the workers—the Child Care Officers (CCOs). However, the Children's Departments seemed to have no general policy to counter certain practices like if children were involved, they were usually ultimately forced to pay the bills although they would try to negotiate with the utilities to arrange arrearage payments. As other agencies were not required to deal with the Children's Departments, the departments had to bargain and work out cooperative arrangements to carry out a program of preventive services.
Automated reasoning, fast and slow

Psychologists have argued that human behavior is the result of the interaction between two different cognitive modules. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and error-prone, whereas System 2 is slow, logical, and reliable. When it comes to reasoning, the field of automated deduction has focused its attention on the slow System 2 processes. We argue that there is an increasing role for forms of reasoning that are closer to System 1 particularly in tasks that involve uncertainty, partial knowledge, and discrimination. The interaction between these two systems of reasoning is also fertile ground for further exploration. We present some tentative and preliminary speculation on the prospects for automated reasoning in the style of System 1, and the synergy with the more traditional System 2 strand of work. We explore this interaction by focusing on the use of cues in perception, reasoning, and communication.
The pathogenesis of Schistosoma mattheei in the sheep.

Nine Dorper lambs infected with 3000 cercariae of Schistosoma malthcci showed inappetance, reduced growth rule, anaemia, hypoalhuniinaemia, hyper-globulinaemia and an inlennitlent eosinophilia. A marked granulomatous reaction in the intestinal mucosa was associated with the deposition and accumulation of eggs. The disease was progressive for the lirst 25 weeks and three sheep died or were slaughtered in extremis between 12 and 24 weeks after infection. In those animals that survived, the disease became chronic with no evidence of recovery up to 67 weeks after infection. The number of egg-laying females in the sheep and their output of eggs showed no reduction over the period of observation. Daily egg output was estimated at 692 eggs per female per day.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Facilitates Oligomeric Amyloid-β Peptide Association with Microglia via Regulation of Membrane-Cytoskeleton Connectivity.

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) mediates oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (oAβ)-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses in glial cells. Increased activity of cPLA2 has been implicated in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), suggesting that cPLA2 regulation of oAβ-induced microglial activation may play a role in the AD pathology. We demonstrate that LPS, IFNγ, and oAβ increased phosphorylated cPLA2 (p-cPLA2) in immortalized mouse microglia (BV2). Aβ association with primary rat microglia and BV2 cells, possibly via membrane-binding and/or intracellular deposition, presumably indicative of microglia-mediated clearance of the peptide, was reduced by inhibition of cPLA2. However, cPLA2 inhibition did not affect the depletion of this associated Aβ when cells were washed and incubated in a fresh medium after oAβ treatment. Since the depletion was abrogated by NH4Cl, a lysosomal inhibitor, these results suggested that cPLA2 was not involved in the degradation of the associated Aβ. To further dissect the effects of cPLA2 on microglia cell membranes, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine endocytic activity. The force for membrane tether formation (Fmtf) is a measure of membrane-cytoskeleton connectivity and represents a mechanical barrier to endocytic vesicle formation. Inhibition of cPLA2 increased Fmtf in both unstimulated BV2 cells and cells stimulated with LPS + IFNγ. Thus, increasing p-cPLA2 would decrease Fmtf, thereby increasing endocytosis. These results suggest a role of cPLA2 activation in facilitating oAβ endocytosis by microglial cells through regulation of the membrane-cytoskeleton connectivity.
Influence of molecular structure on passive membrane transport: A case study by second harmonic light scattering

We present an experimental study, using the surface sensitive technique, second harmonic light scattering (SHS), to examine the influence of structure on the propensity of a molecule to passively diffuse across a phospholipid membrane. Specifically, we monitor the relative tendency of the structurally similar amphiphilic cationic dyes, malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV), to transport across membranes in living cells (E. coli) and biomimetic liposomes. Despite having nearly identical molecular structures, molecular weights, cationic charges, and functional groups, MG is of lower overall symmetry and consequently has a symmetry allowed permanent dipole moment, which CV does not. The two molecules showed drastically different interactions with phospholipid membranes. MG is observed to readily cross the hydrophobic interior of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Conversely, CV does not. Furthermore, experiments conducted with biomimetic liposomes, constructed from the total lipid extract of E. coli and containing no proteins, show that while MG is able to diffuse across the liposome membrane, CV does not. These observations indicate that the SHS results measured with bacteria do not result from the functions of efflux pumps, but suggests that MG possesses an innate molecular property (which is absent in CV) that allows it to passively diffuse across the hydrophobic interior of a phospholipid membrane.
Abstract MP08: Higher Fitness Level and Favorable Hemodynamic Responses to Submaximal Exercise Test in Young Adults are Associated With Lower Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Later Life: The Framingham Heart Study

Introduction: Studies have demonstrated that higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a favorable heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) response to submaximal exercise, including during the rec...
Surgical Approaches to the Adrenal Gland

Adrenalectomy can be performed open, endoscopically or robotically, utilizing a transabdominal or retroperitoneal approach. This chapter describes the relevant anatomy, various approaches and surgical techniques, pre-operative work-up and optimization, and post-operative management of patients undergoing an adrenalectomy.
Solute activity coefficients in dilute aqueous electrolyte mixtures II. The ternary system: NaClO4 + La(ClO4)3 + H2O at 298.15 K

Isopiestic vapor pressure comparison measurements were conducted with the three-component system HClO4+UO2(ClO4)2+H2O in the concentration range between I=0.05 and 1.9m. Analysis of the mixture composition and concentration dependence of the osmotic coefficients with the Scatchard neutral-electrolyte and ion-component methods and with the Pitzer ioncomponent methods gave equally satisfactory results. Prediction of the observed osmotic coefficients by two-component approximations was satisfactory, and the data agreed well with values estimated with a model based on the osmolal fraction. A fair concordance was also found between predicted solute activity coefficients from simple models and values derived from complete treatments which included interaction terms.
Incentive Mechanism in Crowdsourcing with Moral Hazard

From this chapter, we will discuss several applications of the moral hazard problem by adopting different models. One fundamental model will be given in this chapter as an introductory. Then, two extensions will be discussed sequentially. Nowadays, people are used to access various sophisticated location-based services (e.g., Foursquare and Yelp) from their smartphones through wireless access networks.
Intraoperative Utility of the Implantable Doppler in Lower Extremity Reconstruction: A Matched Case-control Study.

Patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease have high rates of thrombogenic vessels. The implantable (Cook) Doppler in lower extremity reconstruction can optimize microsurgical outcomes in this population. Methods Patients undergoing lower extremity free flap reconstruction who did not have an implantable Doppler probe placed were matched with patients who received an implantable Doppler probe. Groups were matched based on wound location, history of peripheral vascular disease, number of vessel runoffs, and number of venous anastomoses and postoperative outcomes compared. Results Thirty patients were included: 15 in the control group and 15 in the implantable Doppler group. Mean age was 60.2 ±10.2 years, and mean BMI was 28.7 ± 5.0 kg/m2. There was a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (13; 43.3%) and peripheral vascular disease (4; 13.3%). Takebacks due to vascular compromise were significantly higher in the control than in the implantable Doppler group (26.7% versus 0.0%, P = 0.032). Among flaps that required takeback to the operating room, the majority were muscle-based without a skin paddle (75.0%). Vascular compromise was due to arterial insufficiency in 2 cases and venous thrombosis in 1 case. The salvage rate among the takebacks of the non-implantable Doppler group was 0.0%, resulting in a 26.7% flap failure rate in the non-implantable Doppler group when compared with 0.0% flap loss in the implantable Doppler group (P = 0.032). Conclusion The implantable Doppler probe optimizes flap inset intraoperatively in lower extremity free flap reconstruction and can significantly decrease takebacks due to vascular complications, thereby increasing flap success.
Honor Among Thieves: How 19th Century American Pirate Publishers Simulated Copyright Protection

From 1790 to 1891, the United States prevented foreign authors from obtaining domestic copyright protection, implicitly subsidizing a domestic reprinting industry. With foreign works a “free” and unprotected resource, American publishers created a system of voluntary norms, known as “trade courtesy” to create and enforce psuedo- property rights in uncopyrighted foreign works, simulating the effects of legal copyright protection. This paper analyzes this system using the Bloomington School’s Institutional Analysis and Design (IAD) framework to under- stand its effectiveness, and pitfalls, in managing the commons of unprotected foreign works in 19th Century America.
Racial Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Since December 2019, COVID-19 has become a major health issue threatening health conditions of people all around the world, overwhelming public health systems. In order to take a further look at the vulnerability of minorities facing the pandemic, the aim of this study was to review the racial disparities among different ethnic groups in the United States. Statistical data collected from the Epic Health Record System was analyzed along with data analysis from Kaiser Family Foundation to look at the influence of the pandemic on ethnic groups. In contrast to White respondents, Non-White ethnic groups have dramatically higher hospitalization and mortality rate. The high infection rate could possibly be a marker of underlying issues like income and healthcare disparities. Structural and systematical racism could play a huge role in public health issues and action from the federal government will be necessary to resolve the health crisis.
Empirical History of Treatment Efficacy

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the literature concerned with the efficacy of interventions with delinquent youth. This review was undertaken in order to put the research reported in Chapters 4 through 11 in its empirical context. This review used the specific methods of formal meta-analysis. After a brief presentation of the need for meta-analysis, the methods of the review are presented, followed by the results and a discussion of the implications.
Treatment decisions for breast carcinoma: patient preferences and physician perceptions.

BACKGROUND Patient autonomy and participation in treatment decision making have been encouraged in recent years. However, patients and physicians frequently disagree with regard to the patient's needs and perceptions of their illness. To the authors' knowledge to date only limited research has assessed physicians' perceptions of patients' decision-making preferences. The purpose of the current prospective study was to determine the agreement between patient decision-making preferences and physician perceptions of those preferences. METHODS Women with breast carcinoma who were attending their first outpatient consultation with a breast medical oncologist in a university cancer center were enrolled in the current study. At the end of the consultation, the patients were given a survey regarding their treatment decision-making preferences that included active, shared, and passive roles in decision-making and the patients' attending physicians also were given a survey regarding their perceptions of the patients' decision-making preferences. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients had complete data and were analyzed. Approximately 89% of these 57 patients preferred either an active or a shared role in decision making. The agreement between patients and physicians with regard to decision-making preference only occurred in 24 cases (42%). The majority of covariates such as age, education, and income were not found to be statistically significant with regard to patient preferences or to the proportion of patients and physicians who agreed on the patient's preferences. CONCLUSIONS Women with breast carcinoma appear to have a strong desire for involvement in making decisions regarding their treatment. However, physicians do not appear to be consistently able to predict the decision-making preferences of their patients. Enhanced agreement between patient preferences and physician expectations mostly likely will improve communication and patient satisfaction with the treatment decision-making process. Cancer 2002;94:2076–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10393
Plain English for Lawyers

We lawyers cannot write plain English. We use eight words to say what could be said in two. We use old, arcane phrases to express commonplace ideas. Seeking to be precise, we become redundant. Seeking to be cautious, we become verbose. Our sentences twist on, phrase within clause within clause, glazing the eyes and numbing the minds of our readers. The result is a writing style that has, according to one critic, four outstanding characteristics. It is: "(1) wordy, (2) unclear, (3) pompous, and (4) dull."' Criticism of lawyers' writing is nothing new. In 1596 an English chancellor decided to make an example of a particularly prolix document filed in his court. The chancellor first ordered a hole cut through the center of the document, all 120 pages of it. Then he ordered that the person who wrote it should have his head stuffed through the hole, and the unfortunate fellow was led around to be exhibited to all those attending court at Westminster Hall.2 When the common law was transplanted to America, the writing style of the old English lawyers came with it. In 1817 Thomas Jefferson lamented that in drafting statutes his fellow lawyers were accustomed to "making every other word a 'said' or 'aforesaid,' and saying everything over two or three times, so that nobody but we of the craft can untwist the diction, and find out what it means. .. ."3
PARLE ON ET PARLE-T-ON: Pour Fixer une Date

A QUELLE epoque trouve-t-on le premier exemple du t intercale dans parle-t-on, pense-t-on, va-t-il, et dans toutes les autres formes ou il, elle et on suivent immediatement 1'e de la troisieme personne du singulier, present (3 A),1 ou l'a final (3 A ou 3 C) de n'importe quel verbe (a-t-on, alla-t-on, etc.)? Avant de repondre a cette question, je me permettrai de rappeler que ce t, quoi qu'en disent les auteurs de certaines grammaires dites "classiques,"2 n'est dui ni a "l'euphonie" ni a une pretendue survivance du t primitif des formes representees comprehensivement par amat, vadit, amavit, etc., et j'ajouterai que par "premier exemple" j'entends, naturellement, le premier exemple qui, une fois signale, devient le premier exemple connu de ce phenomene.