cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beitrag zur Frage der motorischen Innervation des Zwerchfelles

Unsere Beobachtung, 136 Tage nach Resektion des Phrenicus, ist eindeutig: dieganze linksseitige Zwerchfellhalfte verfiel gleichma\ig der Atrophie. Ware ein Abschnitt des Zwerchfelles motorisch von einem anderen Nerven innerviert, so ware dieser Teil zum mindesten von der Atrophie ausgenommen; ja es ware sogar mit einer kompensatorischen Hypertrophie dieses Abschnittes zu rechnen. Zusammen mit der nicht gelahmten Halfte wurde dieser Anteil den Funktionsausfall auszugleichen suchen.Russels elektrische Reizungen an Macacus zeigen, da\ dort C4-C6 das Zwerchfell innervieren. Die Kontraktionen auf elektrische Erregungen hin waren streng unilateral. Unsere elektrischen Reizungen derunteren Intercostales lateral der langen Ruckenmuskeln und sodann innerhalb des Wirbelkanales ergaben ubereinstimmend, da\ beim Hunde die unteren Intercostaleskeine motorischen aste zum Zwerchfelle abgeben. Auch bei Reizung des Vagus konntekeine Kontraktion in der betreffenden Zwerchfellhalfte festgestellt werden. FaradischeReizung des Phrenicus ergabkraftige Kontraktion der ganzen betreffenden Zwerchfellhalfte. Wenige klinische Beobachtungen sprechen ebenfalls fur die motorische Innervation des Zwerchfellesnur durch den Phrenicus. Autopsiebefunde an Patienten mit Phrenicotomie (Stuertz, Sauerbruch, Felix) durften hierin die endgultige Entscheidung fur den Menschen erbringen. Die bisherigen Experimente und Klinik sprechen fur motorische Innervation des Zwerchfelles ausschlie\lich durch den Phrenicus.
Preclinical cognitive decline in late middle-aged asymptomatic apolipoprotein E-e4/4 homozygotes: a replication study

In a previous cross-sectional study of 100 asymptomatic individuals aged 49-69, we reported age-related decline in immediate and delayed memory that was steeper in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-e4/4 homozygotes than in members of other genetic subgroups. These findings were preliminarily based upon the statistical problem of multiple comparisons. We therefore sought to replicate these findings in a new cohort. From 1998 to 2000, 80 asymptomatic residents of Maricopa County, AZ were recruited through newspaper ads. 20 apoE-e4/4 homozygotes, 20 e3/4 heterozygotes, and 40 e4 noncarriers were matched (1:1:2) by age, gender, and years of education. All had normal neurologic and psychiatric examinations, including Folstein minimental status exam (MMSE) and Hamilton depression scale, and underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests identical to those in our previous study. The groups were well-matched for age (55.9+/-5.9 years), gender (60% women), and education (15.9+/-2.2 years), and were demographically similar to our previous cohort. Complex figure test recall was lower in e3/4 heterozygotes than noncarriers, but there was no significant difference between e4/4 homozygotes and noncarriers. There were no other significant differences in mean test scores between groups, but Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised (WAIS-R) digit span showed a significant negative correlation with age in the e4/4 homozygote group relative to e4 noncarriers (p=0.008) as we had found in our previous study. In conclusion, we found a significant negative correlation of WAIS-R digit span with age in apoE-e4/4 homozygotes relative to e4 noncarriers in two separate cohorts, possibly reflecting an age-related effect on frontal lobe function in this genetic subgroup.
Trigger finger in children

At the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 239 trigger digits in 176 children were seen and treated surgically over a 10-year period. Trigger fingers accounted for 33 (14%) of these digits in 18 (10%) of the patients. In 8 of 18 patients (44%) the fingers continued to trigger after A-1 pulley release. In children, trigger fingers are different from trigger thumbs. Trigger fingers in children are uncommon and have variable causes, and an A-1 pulley release alone will not always correct the triggering. Additional treatments, such as resection of one or both limbs of the sublimis tendon or an A-3 pulley release, may be required. An awareness of other contributing factors and readiness to explore the entire flexor mechanism should help prevent failure of surgical treatment.
Aircraft control at high-alpha by tangential blowing

An experimental study has been undertaken to investigate the possibility of using tangential blowing to provide control forces and moments on a delta wing-forebody combination at high angles of attack. The present model can utilize the blowing separately on the wing and forebody. This research emphasizes the effect of blowing on the aerodynamics of the state of the art model by using: (1) flow visualization (smoke-flow visualization using a laser sheet), and (2) force and moment measurements. Experiments revealed that the effect of the blowing on a body-wing combination differs in several respects compared to that of wing alone or body alone. Force and moment measurements on the present model showed that the asymmetric blowing from the fuselage creates larger side force, rolling and yawing moments compared to blowing from the wing. In the presence of the forebody, the effectiveness of the rolling moment generated by blowing from the wing is reduced.
Suicide Attempts and Self-Mutilative Behavior in a Juvenile Correctional Facility

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the lifetime history of suicide attempts in incarcerated youths and psychological factors related to suicidal and self-mutilative behaviors during incarceration. Method A 25% systematic random sample chart review of adolescents admitted to a juvenile correctional facility yielded a sample of 289 adolescents. Seventy-eight of these adolescents were clinically referred for psychiatric assessment. Suicidal behavior was assessed with the Spectrum of Suicidal Behavior Scale and self-mutilation with the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation. Results Of the 289 adolescents, 12.4% reported a prior suicide attempt. Almost 60% of these attempts were made using violent methods (e.g., cutting). Of the 78 clinically referred subjects, 30% reported suicidal ideation/behavior and 30% reported self-mutilative behavior while incarcerated. Suicidal clinically referred adolescents reported more depression, anxiety, and anger than nonsuicidal youths. Adolescents who reported self-mutilative behavior had higher anxiety, anger, and substance use than non-self-mutilative adolescents. Conclusions Results suggest that incarcerated adolescents have higher rates of suicide attempts and use more violent methods of attempt than adolescents in the general population. Furthermore, incarcerated clinically referred suicidal and self-mutilative youths report more severe affective symptoms than their nonsuicidal and non-self-mutilative counterparts, suggesting a need for mental health treatment. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2003, 42(7):762-769.
Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the rat produces a preferential ipsilateral antinociception.

Abstract The few studies analyzing somatotopic organization of stimulation-produced antinociception (SPA) from the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) have reported contradictory results. In the present study, the distribution of SPA on the hindquarters was assessed by measuring the threshold for inhibition of withdrawal reflexes to noxious heat applied to the hindpaws and tail in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Of the 3 body regions tested, the hindpaw contralateral to the stimulating electrode required the highest level of PAG stimulation to inhibit withdrawal. Reducing the intensity of the heat stimulus applied to the hindpaws caused a concomitant reduction in SPA threshold. As before, a higher stimulation current was needed to inhibit the withdrawal reflex in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral paw. These data indicate that antinociception from PAG stimulation is not equally distributed throughout the body, and that the intensity of the noxious stimulus influences the threshold for SPA.
A simple, rapid protocol for adventitious shoot development from mature cotyledons of Glycine max cv. Bragg

Mature soybean cotyledons (Maturity group VII) were cultured on modified MS containing 0–2.5 μM indole-butyric acid (IBA); 0–10 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.7% agar. Embryonic axes of explants were removed prior to culture initiation and cultures were incubated at 24°C with 45–50 μE. s−1.M−2 of mixed irradiance with 16 h photoperiod. Shoot proliferation occurred at 0–2.5 μM IBA and 5–10 μM BAP, while in the presence of 2.5 μM IBA alone, only roots developed. Abnormal shoots were produced with 2.5 μM IBA and 5–7.5 μM thidiazuron. Adventitious shoot development started 7–14 d after culture initiation in the region where the embryonic axis was previously attached to the cotyledon and shoots were visible within 28 days. The presence of the embryonic axis inhibited shoot morphogenesis. The shoots were rooted on half strength MS inorganic salts plus vitamins, 2% sucrose, 0.5 μM NAA acid or 2.5–5 μM IBA, or 5–10 μM IAA, and 0.7% agar. Rooted plants were acclimatized under a mist in the greenhouse. This simple, rapid,in vitro adventitious shoot development protocol could be adapted for transformation/regeneration studies in soybean.
The distributed-lumped-active network Its application to filtering problems

The development of modern integrated circuit techniques has added a new and important network element to the list of those usually considered by the filter designer?the distributed RC network. This article discusses the properties of such networks and shows how they can be combined with lumped passive elements and active elements to produce a class of distributed-lumped-active (DLA) networks. Such networks can be applied to a wide range of filter requirements and have many advantages. For example, DLA realizations usually require fewer components than comparable realizations using lumped elements. Because partial differential equations are required to model distributed components, many new techniques of analysis and synthesis must be used in the design of DLA networks. A discussion of these techniques, including many that may be implemented on the digital computer, is presented and examples of some typical DLA realizations are given.
The Maximal Representation of a Shape

The maximal representation of a shape is defined and algorithms for shape arithmetic are developed.
Taxonomy of Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas.

APPLICATION of computers to problems of bacterial taxonomy has been suggested by Sneath1, who described a method for handling large quantities of taxonomic data by an electronic computer. By this type of analysis, an outline of classification based on equally weighted features is obtained.
Chemation: classroom impact of a handheld chemistry modeling and animation tool

This study introduces Chemation, a handheld application developed for middle school students learning chemistry concepts. We report on an initial study to examine the impact of Chemation on classroom activities and determine the added value over physical ball-and-stick models. Six teachers and their seventh grade students participated in this study. Data collected include classroom videos and observations, teacher and student interviews, and reviews of student artifacts (e.g., chemical models). The results of this study provide insight into future revisions for Chemation and the affordances and constraints of handheld tools for classroom activities.
Cultured Nicotiana tabacum cells with an altered anthranilate synthetase which is less sensitive to feedback inhibition

Abstract 1. 1. The growth of cultured Nicotiana tabacum cells was inhibited by 5-methyltryptophan, but some cells were able to grow in a medium containing growth inhibitory concentrations. The growth frequency was about one cell in 6·105. 2. 2. The cells which grow on 5-methyltryptophan were thereafter resistant to growth inhibition even if grown in a medium without 5-methyltryptophan for 60 cell mass doublings. 3. 3. The anthranilate synthetase enzyme from these cells was more resistant to inhibition by l -tryptophan and 5-methyltryptophan. This less sensitive enzyme apparently makes the cells resistant to growth inhibition by 5-methyltryptophan. 4. 4. The tryptophan pool of the resistant cells was about 10 times that of the normal cells. 5. 5. The 5-methyltryptophan-resistant cells were also resistant to other growth inhibitory tryptophan analogs which are known to act by inhibiting anthranilate synthetase. The resistant cell anthranilate synthetase was likewise more resistant to inhibition by these analogs.
Moisture sorption isotherms of cereals at different temperatures

In this research, moisture sorption isotherms of wheat (Kink and Lancer) barley, rye, oat and corn were determined at 20, 25, 35, 50 and 70 degrees C. The sorption isotherm curves of all cereal samples showed the characteristics of type II isotherm. This indicated that the adsorption occurred in cereal samples was a multilayer adsorption and cereal samples were of a microcapillary structure. In addition, the adsorption in cereal samples decreased as temperature increased.
Hydraulic concentration of magnetic fields in the solar photosphere. II - Bernoulli effect

The magnetic filaments in the solar photosphere are subject to vigorous kneading and massaging by the convective turbulence at, and beneath, the visible surface. It is shown that the Bernoulli effect of the consequent surging of fluid up and down along the filaments is a major factor in concentrating the magnetic pressure of the filament (the mean square field). The mean field is also increased if the phase velocity of the external massaging exceeds the Alfven speed within the filament. The net observational magnetic result of the surging, then, depends upon the response of the observing instrument, and whether it essentially observes the mean field, the rms field, or whether there are saturation effects. It is suggested that the chromospheric mottles (spicules) seen in H alpha are in fact the intense magnetic filaments that carry most of the magnetic flux across the photospheric boundary of the sun.
Spatial working memory is preserved in rats treated with anabolic-androgenic steroids.

Abstract The effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) compounds on spatial working memory were evaluated in male rats. Thirty days of administration of a high dose of three individual AAS compounds (17α-methyltestosterone, methandrostenolone, or testosterone cypionate) had no effects on spatial memory or motivation as tested on a delayed non-match-to-sample radial arm maze task. Administration of these AAS compounds at doses within the human abuse range does not impair spatial working memory in rats.
Integrating multiple information representations in a single CAD/CAM/CAE environment

The number of Computer-Aided Design, Computer-Aided Manufacturing, and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) programs and their capabilities has risen greatly in recent times. The programming efforts continue to be significant as each application developer strives to integrate more functionality. This paper describes a study on module integration in CAD/CAM/CAE software that considers how software can be structured to enable and ease the integration. This paper deals specifically with the issue of which object-oriented data structure is best for integration to minimize code execution times, memory usage, and programming effort. That is, we are interested in identifying the ideal base class for information objects. The study compares scene-graph and Information Model representations, compares two object referencing approaches (by path and direct object references), four modes of information interpretation, and three integration schemes. The study concludes that the ideal system combines scene-graph and Information Model approaches into one new flexible approach in which the information object base class contains a generically traversable array holding schema and user attributes. In general, objects should be referenced by a path from the hierarchy root object. Object information should be interpreted into an application context by a third object or interface. New information objects from a secondary representation should be embedded into the information hierarchy of the primary representation when they do not need to reference other objects, otherwise multiple inheritance or Component Object Modeling should be used to combine the corresponding objects from multiple representations into a single new object.
Masked hypertension and hidden uncontrolled hypertension after renal transplantation.

Arterial hypertension is a risk factor affecting graft function in pediatric kidney transplants. Recent pediatric studies reported a high prevalence of hypertension, especially nocturnal hypertension in this population. Data regarding the prevalence of masked hypertension in pediatric patients with kidney transplants are still scarce. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of masked and hidden uncontrolled hypertension after renal transplantation. A total of 41 patients (25 males) with stable functioning renal graft were included in the study. Their median age was 14.5 years with the median interval since transplantation of 2.5 years (range 0.3 to 20.6). Spacelabs 90207 was used to measure ambulatory blood pressure (BP) during a 24-h period. Ambulatory hypertension was defined as mean systolic and/or diastolic BP index at day-time or nighttime ≥1. Masked hypertension was defined as normal office BP but daytime ambulatory hypertension in patients without antihypertensive medications. Hidden uncontrolled hypertension was defined as daytime ambulatory hypertension undetected by office BP measurements in treated patients. Antihypertensive medications were prescribed to 58%. Prevalence of nocturnal hypertension was 68%. On the basis of combination of office and ABPM masked hypertension and hidden uncontrolled hypertension was detected in 24% and 21% of the study population, respectively. Regular use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in transplanted patients enables detection of masked and hidden uncontrolled hypertension.
Adverse outcomes among homeless adolescents and young adults who report a history of traumatic brain injury

Objectives. We examined the prevalence of self-reported traumatic brain injury (TBI) among homeless young people and explored whether sociodemographic characteristics, mental health diagnoses, substance use, exposure to violence, or difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs) were associated with TBI.Methods. We analyzed data from the Wilder Homelessness Study, in which participants were recruited in 2006 and 2009 from streets, shelters, and locations in Minnesota that provide services to homeless individuals. Participants completed 30-minute interviews to collect information about history of TBI, homelessness, health status, exposure to violence (e.g., childhood abuse, assault), and other aspects of functioning.Results. Of the 2732 participating adolescents and young adults, 43% reported a history of TBI. Participants with TBI became homeless at a younger age and were more likely to report mental health diagnoses, substance use, suicidality, victimization, and difficulties with ADLs. The majority...
Investigation into the effects of Fe additions on the equilibrium phase compositions, phase fractions and phase stabilities in the Ni–Cr–Al system

NiCrAl alloys are commonly used for the bond coat in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Previous work has investigated the effects of intentional chemical additions on phase stability, but there is also a need to consider the effects of unintentional additions. For instance, cryomilling of NiCrAlY powder, which has been demonstrated to increase TBC lifetime, results in unintentional Fe additions. In this study, the effects of Fe additions are evaluated both through experimentation and computational simulation. The combined results indicate that the presence of Fe stabilizes the high-temperature γ and β phases, corresponding to a decrease in the transformation temperature. These results are explained on the basis of Gibbs free energy for individual phases. Phase composition is also investigated, indicating that, even without Fe, the phases are more complex than typically assumed and that, at the low concentrations associated with cryomilling, the Fe goes into solution in the Ni-rich phases.
A Layers-of-Necessity Instructional Development Model

Instructional design and development models are sometimes criticized for being unnecessarily complex and for requiring an unrealistic amount of precision. To counter this criticism, some will argue that the complexity and precision are necessary to help ensure a quality instructional product. This article offers a solution to the problem of practicality versus precision by introducing a “layers-of-necessity” model of instructional design and development. By recognizing that instruction evolves over time rather than emerges fully developed, the model offers an alternative means of achieving quality instruction.
Interactions between plant size and canopy openness influence vital rates and life‐history tradeoffs in two neotropical understory herbs

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY For tropical forest understory plants, the ability to grow, survive, and reproduce is limited by the availability of light. The extent to which reproduction incurs a survival or growth cost may change with light availability, plant size, and adaptation to shade, and may vary among similar species.• METHODS We estimated size-specific rates of growth, survival, and reproduction (vital rates), for two neotropical understory herbs (order Zingiberales) in a premontane tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. During three annual censuses we monitored 1278 plants, measuring leaf area, number of inflorescences, and canopy openness. We fit regression models of all vital rates and evaluated them over a range of light levels. The best fitting models were selected using Akaike's Information Criterion.• KEY RESULTS All vital rates were significantly influenced by size in both species, but not always by light. Increasing light resulted in higher growth and a higher probability of reproduction in both species, but lower survival in one species. Both species grew at small sizes but shrank at larger sizes. The size at which shrinkage began differed among species and light environments. Vital rates of large individuals were more sensitive to changes in light than small individuals.• CONCLUSIONS Increasing light does not always positively influence vital rates; the extent to which light affects vital rates depends on plant size. Differences among species in their abilities to thrive under different light conditions and thus occupy distinct niches may contribute to the maintenance of species diversity.
Scheduling algorithms for coalesced jobs in real-time systems

In real-time systems, jobs must be finished before their deadlines. When several jobs have similar requests, handling related operations together may improve both the response times of individual jobs and the total execution time of the system. This is because many jobs have common operations which can be performed only once if jobs are coalesced as a single job. Scheduling algorithms which use the technique of job coalescing to meet more job deadlines are studied. Optimal scheduling algorithms for different system models are investigated. Due to the high complexities of these optimal algorithms, several online heuristic algorithms and their performances are investigated. >
An iron shuttle for deepwater silica in Late Archean and early Paleoproterozoic iron formation

Iron formations are typically thinly bedded or laminated sedimentary rocks containing 15% or more of iron and a large proportion of silica (commonly > 40%). In the ca. 2590-2460 Ma Campbellrand-Kuruman Complex, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, iron formation occurs as a sediment-starved deepwater facies distal to carbonates and shales. Iron minerals, primarily siderite, define the lamination. The silica primarily occurs as thin beds and nodules of diagenetic chert (now microcrystalline quartz), filling pore space and replacing iron formation minerals and co-occurring deepwater lithologies. Mechanisms proposed to explain precipitation of the iron component of iron formation include photosynthetic oxygen production, anoxygenic photosynthesis, abiotic photochemistry, and chemoautotrophy using Fe(II) as an electron donor. The origin and mechanism of silica precipitation in these deposits have received less attention. Here we present a conceptual model of iron formation that offers insight into the deposition of silica. The model hinges on the proclivity of dissolved silica to adsorb onto the hydrous surfaces of ferric oxides. Soluble ferrous iron is oxidized in the surface ocean to form ferric hydroxides, which precipitate. Fe(OH)_3 binds silica and sinks from the surface ocean along with organic matter, shuttling silica to basinal waters and sediments. Fe(III) respiration in the sediments returns the majority of iron to the water column but also generates considerable alkalinity in pore waters, driving precipitation of siderite from Fe2+ and respiration-influenced CO2. Silica liberated during iron reduction becomes concentrated in pore fluids and is ultimately precipitated as diagenetic mineral phases. This model explains many of the mineralogical, textural, and environmental features of Late Archean and earliest Paleo-proterozoic iron formation.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Infants Who Experience Intrauterine Growth Restriction

IUGR has been believed to lead to worse neurodevelopmental outcomes than if an infant had appropriate fetal growth. This is true at all gestational ages, although the literature supports a stronger association for late preterm and term infants than for preterm infants born at fewer than 32 weeks’ gestation. Recent evidence points to growth restriction as a risk factor for emotional and behavioral disorders as well. The specific cause of the growth restriction is an important factor in assessing risk for poor outcomes. Treatments to reduce the risk of adverse outcome include more advanced antenatal assessment to determine time of delivery, optimizing pre- and postnatal nutrition and growth, and the possible use of growth hormone as well as early intervention services.
Implementation of Outreach Telephone Counseling to Promote Mammography Participation

To increase mammography participation, the authors implemented an outreach intervention translating concepts from expectancy value theory into a motivational interviewing telephone intervention that included the opportunity to schedule a screening appointment. Process data are presented from 491 women who had not scheduled a mammogram within 2 months of receiving a mailed invitation from a managed care organization's centralized breast cancer screening program. A total of 83% of targeted women accepted the counseling calls. Counselors rated 84% of completed calls as either receptive or neutral in tone. Women with prior mammography experience were more likely to be receptive and to schedule a screening appointment during the calls than were women with no prior experience. Topics discussed during the calls also differed between women with and without prior mammography experience. Implications for dissemination of counseling interventions in health care organizations are discussed.
Pulsations of Be Stars: Time Series Analysis of He I λ4921

We present the results of time series observations of He I λ4921 in the spectra of 10 Be stars. The spectra were obtained during multi-wavelength campaigns of IUE spectroscopy, optical photometry and polarimetry, and spectroscopy undertaken to study the connection (if any) between nonradial pulsation (NRP) and mass loss in Be stars. Power spectra have been calculated for the time series of intensity variations within the profiles. These were used to determine periodic variability and phase content to analyze the variations in the context of the NRP model. The observations were made at three observatories (Table 1). All the spectra record at least Hβ and He I λ4921 with a S/N > 200 per pixel and a resolution of ≈0.2A. We have concentrated the analysis on He I λ4921 as a probe of photospheric variability. This line is generally free of emission (unlike He I λ6678), but in some cases an Fe II λ4924 shell component appears in the red wing
Movement of Tribolium castaneum within a flour mill

The colonization of food processing plants by stored-product pests and their distribution within a facility depend, in part, on their dispersal ability. In this case study, we relied on self-mark recapture to evaluate the ability of Tribolium castaneum, the red flour beetle, to move among floors within a flour mill and the effects of a heat treatment on insect activity. Marking stations with pheromone and fluorescent powder were placed on each of five floors in the mill, and two techniques were used to recover marked individuals (trapping and direct collection of individuals from the floor). Considering both recovery techniques, T. castaneum was able to move among floors, but the majority of individuals remained on the same floor where they were marked (86%). Most individuals captured on a different floor were captured on a floor below the one they were marked (70%) and adjacent to it (87%). There was a spike in the number of beetles captured during heat treatment, but not an increase in movement of marked beetles between floors. These results suggest that the rate of heating was sufficient to prevent beetles time to move to cooler floors to escape heat. T. castaneum movement among floors needs to be taken into account when identifying sources of infestation and targeting pest management. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Social Dilemma Behavior of Individuals from Highly Individualist and Collectivist Cultures

Existing studies of social dilemmas in other cultures report patterns of behavior that are very similar to that of American subjects. This has held even in cultures that are seemingly quite different from the United States in terms of their emphasis on the collective over the individual. We argue that, in fact, these cultures are not as different from the United States with regard to collectivity as they seem. In our study, we contrast the American—the most individualistic of all cultures—with the Vietnamese, an extremely collectivist culture. In the first study, American and South Vietnamese subjects played a number of trials of a public goods or resource dilemma game. The patterns of cooperation among the Americans were typical of most social dilemma studies. The Vietnamese, however, cooperated at an exceptionally high rate. In a second study, subjects were pitted against a variety of preprogrammed strategies that varied as to their toughness. The Americans responded in predictable ways, but the Vietnam...
The influence of host demography, pathogen virulence, and relationships with pathogen virulence on the evolution of pathogen transmission in a spatial context

A major challenge in evolutionary ecology is to explain extensive natural variation in transmission rates and virulence across pathogens. Host and pathogen ecology is a potentially important source of that variation. Theory of its effects has been developed through the study of non-spatial models, but host population spatial structure has been shown to influence evolutionary outcomes. To date, the effects of basic host and pathogen demography on pathogen evolution have not been thoroughly explored in a spatial context. Here we use simulations to show that space produces novel predictions of the influence of the shape of the pathogen’s transmission–virulence tradeoff, as well as host reproduction and mortality, on the pathogen’s evolutionary stable transmission rate. Importantly, non-spatial models predict that neither the slope of linear transmission–virulence relationships, nor the host reproduction rate will influence pathogen evolution, and that host mortality will only influence it when there is a transmission–virulence tradeoff. We show that this is not the case in a spatial context, and identify the ecological conditions under which spatial effects are most influential. Thus, these results may help explain observed natural variation among pathogens unexplainable by non-spatial models, and provide guidance about when space should be considered. We additionally evaluate the ability of existing analytical approaches to predict the influence of ecology, namely spatial moment equations closed with an improved pair approximation (IPA). The IPA is known to have limited accuracy, but here we show that in the context of pathogens the limitations are substantial: in many cases, IPA incorrectly predicts evolution to pathogen-driven extinction. Despite these limitations, we suggest that the impact of ecology can still be understood within the conceptual framework arising from spatial moment equations, that of “self-shading’’, whereby the spread of highly transmissible pathogens is impeded by local depletion of susceptible hosts.
Phenotypic variation in the social behaviour of the spider Anelosimus studiosus along a latitudinal gradient

We investigated the behavioural mechanism underlying the recently discovered latitudinal variation in the social structure of the spider Anelosimus studiosus through population censuses, behavioural interaction trials, reciprocal nest transplants to different temperature environments and breeding experiments. Nest censuses completed at replicated sites at 2° changes in latitude between south Florida (26°) and east Tennessee (36°) indicated that the dominant social structure is a solitary female nest. Multifemale nests consisting of cooperative females and their young first appeared in the populations at 30° latitude and increased in frequency of representation with further increases in latitude as did number of females within multifemale nests. Interaction trials showed that communication and physical contact underlie the two social structures. Females from solitary female nests and F1 offspring reared in the laboratory demanded space (asocial phenotype), whereas individuals of multifemale nest origin (from same and foreign nests) were attracted to one another (social phenotype). Field experiments further showed that (1) individuals that dispersed from multifemale nests dispersed shorter distances and (2) nest coalescence was observed only at the higher latitudes, coincident with the presence of multifemale nests. Habitat transplants suggested that the behaviour underlying social structure is not plastic in this system, and breeding experiments eliminated a cryptic species alternative to the presence of different social structure phenotypes. Although both asocial and social phenotypes were present at all latitudes, the frequency of the social phenotype was rare at lower latitudes.
Aluminum Pack Cementation on Mo–Si–B Alloys Kinetics and Lifetime Prediction

Following aluminum pack cementation on Mo-Si-B alloys, the oxidation response has been examined in the range 700-1400°C in 0.20 X 10 5 Pa of oxygen under isothermal and cyclic conditions. The initial coating is mainly composed of Mo 3 Al 8 , which reacts with the oxygen to produce a surface layer of alumina. The alumina slows the rate of oxidation considerably. The coating also reacts with the alloy substrate to develop an intermediate layer mainly composed of Mo 3 (Al,Si) A15 phase. The kinetics of the oxidation and intermediate A15 phase formation reactions have been evaluated in order to model the alloy substrate recession and the overall coating lifetime.
Spurious correlations and inference in landscape genetics

Reliable interpretation of landscape genetic analyses depends on statistical methods that have high power to identify the correct process driving gene flow while rejecting incorrect alternative hypotheses. Little is known about statistical power and inference in individual-based landscape genetics. Our objective was to evaluate the power of causal-modelling with partial Mantel tests in individual-based landscape genetic analysis. We used a spatially explicit simulation model to generate genetic data across a spatially distributed population as functions of several alternative gene flow processes. This allowed us to stipulate the actual process that is in action, enabling formal evaluation of the strength of spurious correlations with incorrect models. We evaluated the degree to which naive correlational approaches can lead to incorrect attribution of the driver of observed genetic structure. Second, we evaluated the power of causal modelling with partial Mantel tests on resistance gradients to correctly identify the explanatory model and reject incorrect alternative models. Third, we evaluated how rapidly after the landscape genetic process is initiated that we are able to reliably detect the effect of the correct model and reject the incorrect models. Our analyses suggest that simple correlational analyses between genetic data and proposed explanatory models produce strong spurious correlations, which lead to incorrect inferences. We found that causal modelling was extremely effective at rejecting incorrect explanations and correctly identifying the true causal process. We propose a generalized framework for landscape genetics based on analysis of the spatial genetic relationships among individual organisms relative to alternative hypotheses that define functional relationships between landscape features and spatial population processes.
Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Group B Streptococci Isolated between 1992 and 1996 from Patients with Bacteremia or Meningitis

In vitro testing of 229 group B streptococcal isolates from a variety of patients with invasive infections indicated uniform penicillin G susceptibility. However, 17 (7.4%) isolates were resistant to erythromycin and 8 (3.4%) were resistant to clindamycin. These results support the continued use of penicillin G as the drug of choice for the treatment and prevention of group B streptococcal disease.
Mythic Facts and Park's Pragmatism: On Predecessor-Selection and Theorizing in Human Ecology

Robert Park's proposals for the study of human and urban ecology were grounded in pragmatism, but critics of his perspective from the late 1930s through the 1940s totally missed his use of pragmati...
Traffic-partitioning Approaches to Grooming Ring Networks

Traffic grooming has become an increasingly important area in optical networking research in recent years. Very recently, a min-max approach to network cost optimization has emerged as a new focus area. In this cost model, it is assumed that different network nodes will be provisioned with similar opto-electro-optic (OEO) equipment; hence an objective seeking to minimize the maximum OEO capability needed at any node is appropriate. In this paper, we propose heuristics for traffic grooming with this objective in ring networks, which are practically important. We advance two approaches, both based on the concept of partitioning the traffic matrix, but in different ways. The approaches are of complementary strength, being useful for different traffic patterns. We present numerical results validating the performance of the algorithms
Is the decline of desert bighorn sheep from infectious disease the result of low MHC variation

Bighorn sheep populations have greatly declined in numbers and distribution since European settlement, primarily because of high susceptibility to infectious diseases transmitted to them from domestic livestock. It has been suggested that low variation at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, the most important genetic aspect of the vertebrate immune system, may result in high susceptibility to infectious disease. Therefore, we examined genetic polymorphism at a MHC gene (Ovca-DRB) in a large sample, both numerically and geographically, of bighorn sheep. Strikingly, there were 21 different alleles that showed extensive nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence. In other words, low MHC variation does not appear to be the basis of the high disease susceptibility and decline in bighorn sheep. On the other hand, analysis of the pattern of the MHC polymorphism suggested that nonsynonymous substitutions predominated, especially at amino acids in the antigen-binding site. The average overall heterozygosity for the 16 amino acid positions that are part of the antigen binding site is 0.389 whereas that for the 67 amino acid positions not involved with antigen binding is 0.076. These findings imply that the diversity present in this gene is functionally significant and is, or has been, maintained by balancing selection. To examine the evolution of DRB alleles in related species, a phylogenetic analysis including other published ruminant (Bovidae and Cervidae) species, was carried out. An intermixture of sequences from bighorn sheep, domestic sheep, goats, cattle, bison, and musk ox was observed supporting trans-species polymorphism for these species. To reconcile the species and gene trees for the 104 sequences examined, 95 ‘deep coalescent’ events were necessary, illustrating the importance of balancing selection maintaining variation over speciation events.
Real-Time Case Method: Analysis of a Second Implementation

In 2005, M. Hopkins and J. Theroux implemented the second example of an experimental case study, at 11 business schools in the United States and Canada. The new type of case study, named the real-time case (RTC) study, uses the Internet to bring business reality to business courses and to facilitate communication among faculty, students, and the case company. In the present study, data from student surveys provided an assessment of RTC. The author's analysis suggests that the RTC concept engages and satisfies students at a higher level than do average courses and presents a more realistic and integrated view of business decision making. However, the level of satisfaction declined in comparison with the first iteration of RTC in 2001 (S. House & J. Theroux). In the present study, the author presents student feedback to explain the difference.
Monolithic silicon photonic crystal fiber tip sensor for refractive index and temperature sensing

We demonstrate that monolithic 2-dimensional silicon photonic crystals confined to the facet of single-mode optical fibers are capable of determining refractive index and temperature of a sample simultaneously from reflectivity measured at two different wavelengths.
The anaphylatoxin C3a downregulates the Th2 response to epicutaneously introduced antigen

Mechanical injury to the skin results in activation of the complement component C3 and release of the anaphylatoxin C3a. C3a binds to a seven-transmembrane G protein–coupled receptor, C3aR. We used C3aR–/– mice to examine the role of C3a in a mouse model of allergic inflammation induced by epicutaneous sensitization with OVA. C3aR–/– mice exhibited an exaggerated Th2 response to epicutaneous but not to intraperitoneal sensitization with OVA, as evidenced by significantly elevated levels of serum OVA-specific IgG1 and significantly increased secretion of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 by antigen-stimulated splenocytes. Presentation of OVA peptide by C3aR–/– APCs caused significantly more IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by T cells from OVA–T cell receptor (OVA-TCR) transgenic mice compared with presentation by WT APCs. C3a inhibited the ability of splenocytes, but not of highly purified T cells, to secrete Th2 cytokines in response to TCR ligation. This inhibition was mediated by IL-12 secreted by APCs in response to C3a. These results suggest that C3a-C3aR interactions inhibit the ability of APCs to drive Th2 cell differentiation in response to epicutaneously introduced antigen and may have important implications for allergic skin diseases.
Restating Surgical Risk: From Patient to Population.

Background Recent federal legislation driving transition from fee-for-service to alternative methods of payment makes risk recognition essential for determination of appropriate payment systems. Because negotiations will include bundled population cohorts, we compared risk and results of an urban safety net teaching hospital's surgical population with state and national cohorts. Study Design Deidentified summary data for 2013 and 2014 were analyzed to compare the safety net teaching hospital with a statewide collaborative and a national cohort from similar academic centers. Incidence of preoperative risk factors were compared, identifying those that were >50% higher than both state and national experiences. These were compared for change in incidence between years. Outcomes were evaluated by 30-day mortality, readmissions, return to operating room, length of stay, and adverse events incidence. Results For both years, incidence of smoking, ventilator dependence, and CHF within 30 days was >50% higher than in the state and national cohorts. In 2014, septic shock was added to this, along with increased diabetes (14.3% to 19.8%), CHF (1.9% to 2.8%), and hypertension (39.9% to 52.5%). Despite these changes, 30-day mortality, return to operating room, length of stay, and readmissions were within ±5% of state and national results. Unplanned intubation, ventilation longer than 48 hours, and acute renal failure were 10th decile outliers. Median and interquartile range for length of stay were similar for all 3 populations across both years. Conclusions The incidence of comorbid conditions defines greater risk in this safety net teaching hospital population. Increased smoking-related pathology reflects local population disease burden, and increased ventilator support defines additional cost for this care. As disease-, procedure-, or population-based payment alternatives evolve, risk recognition, reduction, and resolution will be essential for determination of cost-efficient, optimal, surgical outcomes.
Building Faculty-Staff Learning Partnerships to Enhance Student Civic Engagement: Lessons Learned from the 2012 Election Season

All too often, civic engagement efforts on college and university campuses are hindered by the existence of institutional ‘silos’ that interfere with constructive faculty/staff collaboration. Even the most engagement-oriented faculty members may be constrained in their on-campus efforts by funding constraints, narrow definitions of faculty work, limited knowledge of colleagues’ engagement efforts and limited contacts beyond the department level. Community engagement offices on campus, for their part, may face significant constraints as well due to limited faculty buy-in, administrative barriers, limited curricular tie-ins and increasing institutional demands for other types of programming on campus. In this paper, we detail how educators on the political science faculty and in Center for Community Engagement at Miami University Hamilton (MUH) have worked together to overcome such barriers to collaboration and leverage their resources so as to institutionalize a civic engagement partnership on campus. Focusing specifically on Miami Hamilton’s fall 2012 “Engaging the Election” initiative – which aimed to increase students’ political awareness and action -- the paper examines the specific steps undertaken together by MUH faculty and staff to plan and implement a series of student-oriented civic engagement and community building events on campus. The paper also reviews ‘lessons learned’ from the development and implementation of the fall 2012 series and provides preliminary data about the impact of the “Engaging the Election” series on student learning and student civic engagement.