cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extruded segmented sensor for road traffic classification

Individual vehicle information, especially vehicle classification, play a key role in road traffic measurement. Vehicle information produced by the traffic measuring sensors is used to estimate pavement wear, traffic patterns, and to plan maintenance and improvement of roads. Traffic measuring sensors such as inductive loop and piezoelectric sensor senses number of axles and the distance between axles for vehicle classification. However, classification errors occur in distinguishing class 3 (2-axle, 4-tire; e.g. pickup truck) and class 5 (2-axle, 5-tire) vehicles. To overcome these misclassifications and to improve the efficiency of sensor, a new extruded segmented sensor design is proposed. Designs of 16-segment and 49-segments sensors with their frequency response analysis are presented in this paper to classify vehicles based on tire width/ footprint.
Models of anomalous diffusion: the subdiffusive case

Abstract The paper discusses a model for anomalous diffusion processes. Their one-point probability density functions (p.d.f.) are exact solutions of fractional diffusion equations. The model reflects the asymptotic behavior of a jump (anomalous random walk) process with random jump sizes and random inter-jump time intervals with infinite means (and variances) which do not satisfy the Law of Large Numbers. In the case when these intervals have a fractional exponential p.d.f., the fractional Komogorov–Feller equation for the corresponding anomalous diffusion is provided and methods of finding its solutions are discussed. Finally, some statistical properties of solutions of the related Langevin equation are studied. The subdiffusive case is explored in detail. The emphasis is on a rigorous presentation which, however, would be accessible to the physical sciences audience.
Opioid mechanisms in insects, with special attention to Leucophaea maderae.

1. This review article provides information on the evolutionary history of neuroendocrine and related regulatory mechanisms. It focuses on the presence, diverse roles, and modes of operation of one class of neuropeptides, the endogenous opioids, in insects. 2. Opioid peptides, closely resembling those of vertebrates, have been identified in the brain and related neuroendocrine structures by means of immunocytochemistry and high-pressure liquid chromatography. 3. The demonstration of naloxone-sensitive, high-affinity binding sites for Met-enkephalin-like neuropeptides in the brain and digestive tract ofLeucophaea deserves special attention because it provides new insights into the functional significance of opiate receptors paralleling those known in vertebrates. 4. Possible roles of receptor-mediated opioid systems in the insects discussed are regulation of the cyclicity of the female reproductive system, maintenance of normal midgut function mediated by the recurrent nerve, and locomotor activity.
Analysis of Smectic Structure Formation in Liquid Crystalline Thermosets

Abstract Smectic network formation using a twin liquid crystalline epoxy monomer (4-(oxiranylmethoxy)benzoic acid 1,8-octanediylbis(oxy-4,1-phenylene) ester) cross-linked with sulfanilamide was examined in real time by polarizing optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic viscometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The initial curing reaction of the twin epoxy monomer and sulfanilamide was found to be diffusion controlled because of the heterogeneity of the system. An acceleration of the curing rate was observed a critical time after the start of the reaction. It was found that the adduct of the twin epoxy monomer and sulfanilamide produced a smectic phase even though the twin epoxy monomer itself only displayed a nematic phase. The strong interaction of the sulfonamide function may contribute to the formation of smectic order. A change in curing behaviour took place when the curing reaction was carried out above ≈170°C. Above this transition region, a smectic phase forms directly from an isotropic melt. On the other hand, below this transition, the smectic phase forms via a transient nematic phase. Cross-linking causes fine disclination lines in the optical texture as well as a decrease of the smectic layer spacing.
Essentials of Paleomagnetism

[1] This book lives up to its title and does so in a manner that authors of modern science textbooks should seek to emulate. The book is produced as an affordable paperback and an even more affordable e-book. It contains 16 chapters, several appendices, and more than 250 high-quality illustrations. As a bonus, a considerable amount of related material that parallels the book is made freely available from the author's Web site (http://magician.ucsd.edu/~ltauxe), including the companion PmagPy software package, which is used throughout the book for hands-on problem solving.
Group therapy for aphasic patients: Let's show it works

Abstract Pachalska, at the conclusion of her article, states that ‘… group treatment is one, if not the most effective means of developing communication skills and facilitating the rehabilitation process’. This relatively strong proclamation of belief was refreshing, a:; it followed several pages which cited the vague benefits associated with group treatment such as increased companionship and competition with peers. Some statements left: this reader with the impression that her overall views of group therapy see it as only adjunctive to individual therapy. Pachalska's cursory, incomplete review of the literature outlining benefits that may accrue from participation of aphasic patients in group therapy has, in this clinician's opinion, one major problem. It frequently reiterates the subjective suggestions of authors from the past several years, while failing to include some of Kearn's (1986) recommendations (from his excellent critique of group therapy) in which he stresses the need to document gains achi...
Advancing Regulatory Science to Bring Novel Medical Devices for Use in Emergency Care to Market: The Role of the Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) performs regulatory science to provide science-based medical product regulatory decisions. This article describes the types of scientific research the FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health performs and highlights specific projects related to medical devices for emergency medicine. In addition, this article discusses how results from regulatory science are used by the FDA to support the regulatory process as well as how the results are communicated to the public. Regulatory science supports the FDA's mission to assure safe, effective, and high-quality medical products are available to patients.
Heterogeneous Activation of Oxone Using Co3O4

This study explores the potential of heterogeneous activation of Oxone (peroxymonosulfate) in water using cobalt oxides. Two commercially available cobalt oxides, CoO and Co3O4 (CoO·Co2O3) were tested for the activation of peroxymonosulfate and the consequent oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) via a sulfate radical mechanism. Both systems, CoO/Oxone and Co3O4/Oxone, were tested at acidic and neutral pH and compared with the homogeneous Co(NO3)2/Oxone. The activity of these systems was evaluated on the basis of the induced transformation of 2,4-DCP as well as the dissolution of cobalt occurred after 2 h of reaction. It was observed that only Co3O4 activates peroxymonosulfate heterogeneously, with its heterogeneity being more pronounced at neutral pH. Both CoO and Co2O3 contained in Co3O4 might be responsible for the observed heterogeneity, and the relative mechanisms are further discussed here. To our knowledge, this is perhaps the first study that documents the heterogeneous activation of peroxymon...
Modulatory effects of vasopressin on glucose and protein metabolism during food-restriction stress

Plasma levels of glucose and urea nitrogen were compared in vasopressin-containing (LE) and vasopressin-deficient (DI) rats under ad lib and food-restricted conditions. In the ad lib situation, DI and LE rats had similar levels of glucose and urea nitrogen. Variations in this pattern were observed under food-restricted conditions. The DI animals exhibited lower levels of glucose and higher levels of urea nitrogen than their LE counterparts. During food restriction, the glucose levels of LE animals were not different from that observed under ad lib conditions. A significant decrease, however, was observed in the glucose levels in DI animals during food restriction. Urea nitrogen levels in LE animals decreased during food restriction as compared to the ad lib situation, whereas urea nitrogen levels of DI animals increased during food restriction. These observations indicate that vasopressin has a modulatory role on glucose and protein metabolism during the stress of food restriction.
Implementation of the ALEPH detector simulation code using UNIX with on-line graphics display

Abstract GALEPH, the detector simulation program of the ALEPH detector was ported to an ETA10 running under AT&T UNIX System 5. The program on the ETA10 can be driven using standard UNIX socket connections between the ETA and a Silicon Graphics Iris-3020 workstation. The simulated data on the ETA are transferred, using the machine independent binary format EPIO, and displayed on the workstation using a locally developed software package for the visualization of the ALEPH detector. The client (Iris-3020) can also pass parameters to the server (ETA10) and thus interactively change the type of events produced using the same socket connection.
Electromagnetic simulation of time-reversal violation in mirror spin 3/2 beta decays

With time-reversal invariance, the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay correlation $(\frac{〈\mathrm{J}〉}{J})\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{p}}_{l}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{p}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, where $\frac{〈\mathrm{J}〉}{J}$ is the polarization of the decaying nucleus and ${\mathrm{p}}_{l}$ (${\mathrm{p}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$) is the momentum of the electron (neutrino), can arise only through a final-state electromagnetic interaction. For allowed transitions with vector and axial-vector couplings, this effect is recoil-dependent. It was shown by Callan and Treiman that this effect, for the special class of spin-\textonehalf{} mirror transitions, and the assumption of the conserved-vector-current (CVC) hypothesis, is dominated by weak magnetism. A corresponding calculation for the class of spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ mirror transitions, of which the decay ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{35}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}+{e}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ is an example, shows a similar domination by weak magnetism. The magnitude of this effect is estimated for several mirror $\ensuremath{\beta}$ transitions.
Fracture fixation in the mutilated hand

Early anatomic (or near anatomic; lingers do not impinge or overlap during flexion or extension) stable fracture fixation provides the foundation for successful wound management and for the repair, reconstruction, and healing of all damaged tissues in a mutilating hand injury. It also plays an instrumental role in pain control and affords an optimal opportunity for timely and favorable rehabilitation of and recovery from mutilating injuries of the hand. Kirschner or other wiring systems or mini external fixators may be used for simple fractures, in children, when rapid fracture fixation is necessary, and for provisional fracture fixation. Mini plates should be considered for fractures with comminution or loss and in instances of multiple fractures. Fingers with segmental injury of three or more tissues should be considered for early amputation to avoid prolonged and impaired recovery of the hand. Every effort should be made to preserve the thumb and its function by repair or reconstruction.
Determinants of sums of two real matrices and their extensions

We study the determinants of the sum of two real matrices under the action of SO(n) ⊗ SO(n). The extremal determinants are determined. The result is a refinement of the results of Li and Mathias [C.K. Li and R. Mathias, The determinant of the sum of two matrices, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 52 (1995), pp. 425–429]. We also study the problem in the context of real classical simple Lie algebras. The results of Fiedler [M. Fiedler, Bounds for the determinant of the sum of Hermitian matrices, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 30 (1971), pp. 27–31], Li and Mathias 4 and Tam and Thompson [T.Y. Tam and M.C. Thompson, Determinant and Pfaffian of sum of skew symmetric matrices, Linear Algebra Appl. 433 (2010), pp. 412–423] are some special cases in this context. Complete solutions are obtained.
Variationally improved transition amplitudes from time-dependent Hartree-Fock wave functions: Application to He + He2+ collisions

A variational functional is introduced to calculate transition amplitudes. It satisfies microscopic reversibility and is independent of the overall phases of the wave functions. Using time-dependent Hartree–Fock (TDHF) states, constructed from MO-LCAOS and evolving forward and backward in time, we compare exact numerical results with results from the variational functional for collisions of He and He2+, obtained with a minimal basis set. Transition probabilities versus impact parameters and cross sections versus collision energies in the range of 30–100 keV are computed for elastic and two-electron transfer processes. The variational functional method leads to a substantial improvement over the standard TDHF results.
STANDARDIZATION OF TSH TESTING.

A comparison of various dosage regimens of thyrotropin has been made to determine which gives the most effective stimulation for the clinical evaluation of thyroid function. The lowest dose used, one injection of 5 USP units, gave a maximal response of the 131I uptake in euthyroid patients, but not in those with hypothyroidism secondary to pituitary disease. In the latter, 3 injections of 5 U each at 24-hr intervals gave maximal stimulation of the 131I uptake. Three patients with long-standing Sheehan's syndrome showed no response, although 1 of the 3 had shown a marked response to her initial TSH test 8 years before and 2 other patients had shown clear responses on initial testing. In hypopituitary patients on treatment the serum protein-bound iodine concentration appeared not to give a reliable estimate of the thyroid's capacity to respond to thyrotropin. It is concluded that 3 injections of 5 USP units given at 24-hr intervals, with measurement of the thyroidal 24-hr 131I uptake 42 hr after the final d...
An entropy-based model of plastic deformation energy dissipation in sliding

Abstract In order to study the individual energy dissipation mechanisms which act in plastic deformation in sliding, an entropy production model of the sliding process is constructed. Rather than a physical material body, the system considered is a geometric space in which metallic lattice defects can exist. This system can interact with its environment which is the space of annihilated defects. In this system model energy dissipation through structural changes caused by defect creation and heat generation due to defect annihilation are included. For a behavior in which the defect annihilation rate is exponentially dependent on temperature, the minimum entropy production rate system evolution criterion predicts the existence of two different stationary entropy production rate states. In one state entropy production is dominated by structural changes and in the other by heat generation. Changes from one of these states to the other during sliding may account for the formation of a varying sliding body microstructure along the sliding direction.
Mixed Micelles of Nonionic Surfactants and Uncharged Block Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions: Microstructure Seen by Cryo-TEM

While mixtures of ionic polymers and ionic surfactants have been extensively studied, mixed systems of nonionic surfactants and nonionic amphiphilic copolymers have largely been ignored. Direct microstructure imaging by cryotransmission electron microscopy of aqueous mixtures of a nonionic surfactant C12E5 and two uncharged block copolymersdiblock copolymer poly(ethyleneoxide)−polybutadiene (EO126−B45) and triblock copolymer poly(ethyleneoxide)−poly(ethylethylene)−poly(ethyleneoxide) (EO21−EE35−EO21)−revealed that the shapes and sizes of mixed micelles change as functions of the surfactant-to-copolymer concentration ratio. Cylindrical micelles of EO21−EE35−EO21 are transformed to spherical micelles upon the addition of C12E5, while large spherical micelles of EO126−B45 change into smaller spheres when mixed with the nonionic surfactant. The range of surfactant-to-copolymer concentration ratios in which the micelle microstructure changes was correlated with the solution surface-tension variation. The tribl...
Nonlinear acoustic nondestructive testing for concrete durability

Several nondestructive testing methods can be used to determine the damage in a concrete structure. Linear ultrasonic techniques, e.g. pulse-velocity and amplitude attenuation, are very common in nondestructive evaluation. Velocity of propagation is not very sensitive to the degrees of damage unless a great deal of micro-damage having evolving into localized macro-damage. This transition typically takes place around 80% of the ultimate compressive strength. Amplitude attenuation is potentially more sensitive than pulse-velocity. However, this method depends strongly on the coupling conditions between transducers and concrete, hence unreliable. A baseline test of the linear acoustics of several mortar samples was conducted. These mortar samples have been previously damaged to different levels. Several other testing methods were also performed on the same samples to form a comparison. The focus is in comparing the sensitivity of a new testing method (Non-linear Acoustic NDE) with several more traditional testing methods. Non-linearity of the material stiffness is expressed in non-linear acoustics as the effect that damage and flaws have on the modulation of a signal as it propagates through the material. Spectral (non-linear) analysis is much more sensitive to lower damage states and less dependent on the repeatability of the coupling of the transducers.
NUCLEON TRANSFER REACTIONS IN GRAZING COLLISIONS OF HEAVY IONS

Reactions in which several nucleons are transferred between complex nuclei were studied by measurement of angular distributions and excitation functions of the recoiling projectile residues. The results show that multinucleon transfer does not proceed either through a compound nucleus or through a mechanism in which the Coulomb barrier is not penetrated (such as the tunneling mechanism for single-nucleon transfer). The data indicate the existence of a "grazing contact" mechanism. ln such a grazing reaction, it appears that a high-energy projectile, though deflected by the Coulomb barrier, still penetrates the region of nuclear binding of the target. It moves along the surface of the target. with the zone of contact between the nuclei being frictionally excited and thus preventing formation of a compound nucleus. The system separates after half a rotation, or less. because the repulsive Coulombic and centrifugal forces exceed the nuclear binding force. Depending on the mode of separation, such grazing contact may result in nucleon transfer, inelastic scattering, or breakup of the projectile, At energies well above the Coulomb barrier, such grazing processes appear to represent an important fraction of the geometric cross section. (auth)
Neurulation: coming to closure

Neurulation is a morphogenetic event par excellence. During this highly choreographed four-dimensional process, a flat sheet of ectoderm is transformed into an elongated tubular rudiment, the neural tube, which exhibits rostro-caudal and mediolateral regionalization. Many tissues interact during neurulation to induce and regionalize the neuroectoderm and to produce the morphogenetic forces that drive neurulation. Such forces are generated by fundamental cell behaviors such as changes in cell shape, position and number. In addition, morphoregulatory molecules expressed during neurulation underlie induction and patterning of the forming neuraxis. Despite recent advances in our understanding of neurulation, neural tube defects continue to be a major health care concern. Further research, utilizing a panoply of approaches, is necessary to resolve this issue. Thus, although we are beginning to come to closure in terms of understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for normal neural tube formation, 'coming to closure' is exactly the problem that requires resolution to prevent these devastating birth defects.
The generalized SEA to UXO discrimination in geophysical environments producing EMI response

The generalized standardized excitation approach (GSEA) is presented to enhance UXO discrimination under realistic field conditions. The GSEA is a fast, numerical, forward model for representing an object's EMI responses over the entire frequency band from near DC to 100s of kHz. It has been developed and tested in both the frequency and time domains for actual UXOs placed in free space. The GSEA, which uses magnetic dipoles instead of magnetic charges as responding sources, is capable of taking into account the background medium surrounding an object. Given a modeled UWB frequency domain (FD) response, the corresponding time domain (TD) response is easily obtained by the inverse Fourier transform. Thus the technique is applicable for any FD or TD sensor configuration and can treat complex data sets: novel waveforms, multi-axis, vector, or tensor magnetic or electromagnetic induction data, or any combination of magnetic and EMI data. Host media effects are taken into account via appropriate types of Green's function and equivalent dipole sources. Comparisons between simulations and experimental data illustrate that the GSEA is a unified approach for reproducing both TD and FD EMI signals for actual UXOs. The EMI response from a soil that has a frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility is studied. The EMI responses in both FD and TD domains are analyzed for the model of an actual UXO that is buried in a magnetically susceptible half space.
Advanced cognitive training for breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and satisfaction/acceptability of training in memory or speed of processing versus wait-list control for improving cognitive function in breast cancer survivors. 82 breast cancer survivors completed a three-group randomized, controlled trial. Primary outcomes were objective neuropsychological tests of memory and speed of processing. Secondary outcomes were perceived cognitive functioning, symptom distress (mood disturbance, anxiety, and fatigue), quality of life, and intervention satisfaction/acceptability. Data were collected at baseline, post-intervention, and 2-month follow-up. Using repeated-measures mixed-linear ANCOVA models, each intervention was compared to wait-list control while adjusting for age, education, and baseline measures. The effect sizes for differences in means and the reliable improvement percentage were reported. The results show that domain-specific effects were seen for both interventions: memory training improved memory performance at 2-month follow-up (p = 0.036, d = 0.59); speed of processing training improved processing speed post-intervention (p = 0.040, d = 0.55) and 2-month follow-up (p = 0.016; d = 0.67). Transfer effects to non-trained domains were seen for speed of processing training with improved memory post-intervention (p = 0.007, d = 0.75) and 2-month follow-up (p = 0.004, d = 0.82). Both interventions were associated with improvements in perceived cognitive functioning, symptom distress, and quality of life. Ratings of satisfaction/acceptability were high for both interventions. It was concluded that while both interventions appeared promising, speed of processing training resulted in immediate and durable improvements in objective measures of processing speed and verbal memory. Speed of processing training may have broader benefits in this clinical population.
Scalable fabrication of micro- and nano-particles utilizing the Rayleigh instability in multi-material fibers

We describe a novel fabrication method for producing polymer, glass, and metal micro- and nano-particles whose diameters range from 200 microns to under 50 nanometers. This method relies on the Rayleigh capillary instability in a multi-material fiber. The fiber core is made of the target material and has size close to the desired particle diameter embedded in a sacrificial polymer matrix. The fiber temperature is elevated to reduce the core viscosity and the Rayleigh instability results in the breakup of the core into a periodic string of spherical particles.
A new fate map for Salmo gairdneri

Chalk granules implanted among the cells of the stage 7 blasto-disc are carried along with the cells to final location in the differentiating tissues and organs. The results, more often than not, are inconsistent with predictions suggested by an earlier fate map for Salmo (Pasteels, (36). Granules vertically thrust into a given spot on the blastodisc are usually carried to various levels of the trunk and to a variety of organs, presumably because cells at different depths of one spot and at different distances from the center are moving at different rates. Data from hundreds of such implants are assembled into charts showing the areas from which cells are drawn, to contribute to formation of the endoderm, notochord, five separate zones of the central nervous system, the head mesoderm, anterior and posterior trunk somites, tail somites, lateral plate, and heart. Using evidence of the overlapping and intergradation of these areas, as well as evidence from vital dyes when allowed to penetrate to various depths of the pregastrular blastodisc, a three-dimensional fate map is synthesized for Salmo gairdneri, which is very different from the earlier map, but consistent with the previously reported patterns of morphogenetic movements in this species (Ballard, (73b). In contrast with the gastrulation of amphibia and birds, Salmo germ layers arise without any invagination, and there is at no time an anterior mesoderm-free area. Previous efforts to generalize upon vertebrate gastrulation and its evolution within the phylum seem to have been premature.
Dynamic cooling during laser skin welding

Cryogen spray cooling of the tissue surface was investigated for laser welding applications. Benefits include reduced thermal damage to the papillary dermis and reduced operation time. Two-cm-long, full-thickness incisions were made on the backs of guinea pigs, in vivo. India ink was used as an absorber and clamps were used to appose the incision edges. Continuous-wave, 1.06-μm, Nd:YAG laser radiation was scanned over the incisions, producing ~100 ms pulses. A 4-mm-diameter laser spot was used with a constant power of 16 W. The total operation time was 60 or 120 s. Cryogen was delivered in spurt durations of 20, 60, or 100 ms, with 2 or 4 s between spurts. The working distance was approximately 12 cm, and the spray covered an area of about 5.0 x 5.0 cm. Control welds were irradiated for 20, 40, or 60 s. Total operation times were reduced from 10 min without dynamic cooling to 1 min with dynamic cooling. Optimal tensile strength was 1.7 ± 0.7 kg/cm 2 , comparible to stengths of 2.1 ± 0.7 kg/cm 2 reported in previous studies without cryogen cooling (p>0.25). Thermal damage in the papillary dermis measured 320 ± 80 μm.
Oral vaccines against cholera: lessons from Vietnam and elsewhere

PIP: Cholera epidemics, often involving new etiologic agents, are a major public health problem in developing countries. Although two new types of oral cholera vaccines--inactivated whole Vibrio cholerae O1 and attenuated strains of V cholerae O1--have been demonstrated to be safe, immunogenic, and effective, there has been a lag in their systematic use in areas with endemic and epidemic cholera. An open field trial conducted by Trach et al of a locally manufactured killed oral cholera vaccine resulted in a 60% reduction in the incidence of cholera in vaccinated versus nonvaccinated households in Hue, Viet Nam. Levels of protection in children 1-5 years of age were similar to those achieved in adults. Although the requirement for two spaced doses of this vaccine is a drawback, the potential for local manufacture overcomes the obstacle of high costs associated with imported vaccines. Attenuated V cholerae O1 vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR represents the most advanced application of the live oral vaccine approach. Small clinical trials in Asia, Latin America, Europe, and North America have indicated that a single dose confers complete protection against severe or moderate cholera caused by El Tor or classical biotype V cholerae O1 within eight days of administration.
Qualitative analysis: What it is and how to begin

One of the most paralyzing moments in conducting qualitative research is beginning analysis, when researchers must first look at their data in order to see what they should look for in their data. Although temporally and conceptually overlapping processes, data analysis should be distinguished from interpretation. Practical suggestions for beginning analysis include getting a sense of the whole, extracting the facts, identifying key topics or major storylines and dimensionalizing their informational content, and using frameworks to reduce data.
Disease prevention and resistance in social insects: modeling the survival consequences of immunity, hygienic behavior, and colony organization

Understanding the origin of disease resistance in social insects is difficult due to the lack of well-established phylogenies of presocial and eusocial species and the absence of extant basal and intermediate forms. Moreover, comprehensive accounts of infection-control traits in social insect lineages are not available. Therefore, to explore the evolution of pathogen control in social insects we used cellular automata models to analyze the efficacy of immunity and nest hygiene, which we assumed were basal traits, and allogrooming, which likely followed the transition to eusociality, and their interactions with colony demography and patterns of worker spatial distribution. Models showed that nest hygiene provided an immediate survival benefit and that immunity lowered overall disease susceptibility under both constant and periodic exposure scenarios. Allogrooming increased survivorship in chronically challenged colonies but also increased pathogen transmission rates under conditions of periodic exposure. Colonies having demographies biased towards young or old individuals had slightly higher mortality than those with heterogeneous demographies. The distribution of older individuals relative to the nest center had no significant effect on susceptibility and provided only a minor survival advantage. Models indicated that nest hygiene and immunity function on different temporal scales and can interact with demography to lower disease risks. Our results suggest how infection control systems in social insects could have been built upon the inducible immune defenses and nest hygienic behaviors of solitary and presocial ancestors and served as important preadaptations to manage disease exposure and transmission in colonies of eusocial species.
Penicillin iontophoresis in neocortex of cat: effects on the spontaneous and induced activity of single neurons.

SUMMARY 1 Iontophoretic application of penicillin was carried out in an attempt to study the effects of this epileptogenetic agent upon individual neurons of the cerebral cortex of cats. 2 In the course of this procedure no classical PDSs were observed. The firing characteristics of the unit cell both in the resting condition and in response to VL stimulation were, however, reversibly modified and, especially with the latter procedure, ESPSs were considerably enhanced. 3 Hypothetically, these changes could be explained by membrane swelling and increased sodium conductance. 4 A population of cells appears to be necessary for the development of the typical PDS but the epileptogenic agent seems to have the property of inducing larval forms of PDS when its application is limited to an individual element. This would suggest a possible direct effect of the agent upon the synaptic terminals or the cell membrane. RESUME 1 On a fait des applications iontophoretiques de penicilline pour etudier les effets de cette substance epileptogene sur les singles neurones du cortex cerebral du chat. 2 Pendant ces applications on n'a pas observe les classiques PDS. Cependant en condition de repos, aussi bien qu'a la suite de stimulations du VL, les caracteristiques des decharges de 'unite cellulaire etaient reversiblement modifies; en particulier lors des stimulations du VL, les EPSPs etaient considerablement augmentes. 3 Ces modifications pourraient hypothetiquement etre expliquees comme secondares a un œdeme de la membrane et a une augmentation de la conductance au sodium. 4 Pour avoir des PDSs typiques, il semble falloir une population cellulaire; le produit epileptogene aurait cependant la propriete 'induire des formes larvees de PDS lorsque son application est limitee a un single element cellulaire. Ceci suggere un possible effet direct du produit sur les terminaisons synaptiques ou sur la membrane cellulaire.
Impact of Mental Iteration on Concept Generation

Mental iteration in conceptual design involves repetition of cognitive activities when designers perceive discrepancies of the desired state and current state of design. Although it is believed that mental iteration has significant impact on design process and design results, little proof has been developed and our current understanding of mental iteration is still limited. This paper presents a preliminary study of impact of mental iteration on performance of designers in conceptual design. Mental iteration is modeled as various iterative loops of cognitive activities. An experiment was carried out to study the mental iteration behavior in conceptual design. The analysis of correlation was performed to identify significant associations between design metrics and the number and frequency of different types of iterations. The results provide evidence that mental iteration has not only positive but also negative impact on design performance and different types of iteration yield different impacts.
Evaluation of cardiac function and structure with radioactive tracer techniques.

By careful selection of the study or studies performed, it is possible to obtain information about many facets of the myocardium and cardiac function. These measurements when coupled with those of the clinical evaluation, routine chemistry tests and electrocardiogram can frequently make diagnosis, confirm the site, and extent of abnormality and define if improvement has occurred following a therapeutic intervention. Radionuclide studies offer a particularly useful tool in cardiology because they measure physiological parameters, and through these measurements, give information about anatomy. In the future, specific metabolic substrates which are metabolized only in ischemic tissue may be developed, and it is not out of the realm of possibility that radiopharmaceuticals will be developed which will localize in atherosclerotic plaque and permit the identification of patients at risk of coronary disease long before they become symptomatic.
α-Galactosidase Stimulates Acetylcholine Receptor Aggregation in Skeletal Muscle Cells via PNA-Binding Carbohydrates

Aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in skeletal muscle is an essential step in the formation of the mammalian neuromuscular junction. While proteins that bind to myotube receptors such as agrin and laminin can stimulate AChR aggregation in cultured myotubes, removal of cell surface sialic acids stimulates aggregation in a ligand-independent manner. Here, we show that removal of cell surface alpha-galactosides also stimulates AChR aggregation in the absence of added laminin or agrin. AChR aggregation stimulated by alpha-galactosidase was blocked by peanut agglutinin (PNA), which binds to lactosamine-containing disaccharides, but not by the GalNAc-binding lectin Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA-B4). AChR aggregation stimulated by alpha-galactosidase potentiated AChR clustering induced by either neural agrin or laminin-1 and could be inhibited by muscle agrin. These data suggest that capping of cell surface lactosamines or N-acetyllactosamines with alpha-galactose affects AChR aggregation much as capping with sialic acids does.
SU‐FF‐J‐43: Significance of Patient Rotation for Dosimetry in IGRT

Purpose: Significance of Patient Rotation for Dosimetry in IGRTMethod and Materials: Advances in technology has made IGRT widely available, especial Cone Beam CT(CBCT) for patient positioning. In our institution a Varian Trilogy was installed for IGRT using CBCT with On‐Board Imaging Device. The patient positioning is done by comparing and fusing the CBCTimages with original CT simulation images. Once the fusion is done the system provides operator with patient shifting information in 4‐Dimension: Vertical Shift, Lateral Shift, Longitudinal Shift and Couch Rotation (Yaw), no information regarding Pitching and Roll is provided. While for majority of patient treatment on a flat (Carbon Fiber) Couch‐Top the pitching is minimum, the patient roll is not uncommon showing soft tissue fused well but clear boney mark discrepancy. Assuming patient translational shift has been corrected; we have studied the effect of patient roll and yaw for three typical sites: Prostate, Lung and Head&Neck treatment by simulating the patient rotation in computer planning system. Results: Histogram of GTV, OAR for Prostate, Lung and Head&Neck with various degrees of Roll and Yaw rotation are studied and compared with perfect matching. Up to 8 degree we found there is no effect of both roll and yaw rotation for prostate, small to negligible effect for lung. For Head and Neck IMRT treatment up to 3 degree roll, and 4 degree yaw, there is small effect in PTV 63 Gy region, but negligible effect in lower or higher dose region for treatment, and negligible effect for OAR. Conclusion: As long as patient translational shift correction is done, small degree of patient rotational shift will not effect both the dose coverage of GTV, and dose effect of OAR, at least in the 3 sites we have studied: Prostate, Lung and Head&Neck.
A detection theory account of change detection

Previous studies have suggested that visual short-term memory (VSTM) has a storage limit of approximately four items. However, the type of high-threshold (HT) model used to derive this estimate is based on a number of assumptions that have been criticized in other experimental paradigms (e.g., visual search). Here we report findings from nine experiments in which VSTM for color, spatial frequency, and orientation was modeled using a signal detection theory (SDT) approach. In Experiments 1-6, two arrays composed of multiple stimulus elements were presented for 100 ms with a 1500 ms ISI. Observers were asked to report in a yes/no fashion whether there was any difference between the first and second arrays, and to rate their confidence in their response on a 1-4 scale. In Experiments 1-3, only one stimulus element difference could occur (T = 1) while set size was varied. In Experiments 4-6, set size was fixed while the number of stimuli that might change was varied (T = 1, 2, 3, and 4). Three general models were tested against the receiver operating characteristics generated by the six experiments. In addition to the HT model, two SDT models were tried: one assuming summation of signals prior to a decision, the other using a max rule. In Experiments 7-9, observers were asked to directly report the relevant feature attribute of a stimulus presented 1500 ms previously, from an array of varying set size. Overall, the results suggest that observers encode stimuli independently and in parallel, and that performance is limited by internal noise, which is a function of set size.
Prediction and entropy of half-tone pictures

The television game “Concentration” requires that a contestant ask for the sequential removal of blocks covering a diagrammed slogan. After each block is removed, he has the opportunity to guess what the rebus says. This is a form of entertainment that relates to the problem of redundancy of pictorial information. Described here is research on methods for computing redundancy of pictures and machine techniques for measurement of information content of graphics.
Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death from Coronary Heart Disease in Nashville, Tennessee

The incidence rates for myocardial infarction and sudden death attributable to coronary heart disease for adults between the ages of 35 and 74 years for black and white populations were studied in Nashville, Tennessee, for a l-year period, July 1, 1967 to June 30, 1968. The overall incidence rate for myocardial infarction was 3.42 and for sudden coronary death, 1.55 per 1,000 population. The male-to-female ratio for the white population for myocardial infarction was 3:1, and for the black population 2:1. Similar male-to-female ratios were found for those dying suddenly for both races. However, both black males and females died suddenly at a higher rate than did the white. Over half of the sudden deaths occurred within a 2-hour period after onset of symptoms. Fifty-two percent were dead on arrival at a hospital, 31% died at home, and 6% in a public place. Only 4% had either no contact with a source of medical care or had negative disease histories prior to sudden death. Thus, it would seem possible in furt...
From Fidelity to the Habsburgs to Loyalty to the Nation: The Changing Role of the Hungarian Aristocracy before 1848

Recalling the medieval pageantry of the coronation of the future emperor Joseph II as King of the Romans in Frankfurt in 1764, the sexagenarian Johann Wolfgang von Goethe mentions among the names of the special ambassadors attending the solemn occasion Prince Esterhazy, the Bohemian envoy, [who] was not tall, though well built, vivacious, and at the same time of noble respectability, yet neither proud nor cold. I had a special liking for him, because he reminded me of the Marshall de Broglio.
What Writing Tasks Do TESOL Professors Require

Previous studies about writing assignments in higher education have explained that the library research paper, report on experiment, summary, and article/book review were the most common writing assignment tasks assigned across disciplines. No previous studies have explored writing tasks in the TESOL discipline at a national level. In this study information on 120 writing assignments, gathered directly from TESOL professors in the United States, with 28 available online, were analyzed to (a) explore the writing tasks frequently assigned to TESOL master's students; (b) examine the importance of the writing assignments for course evaluation; and (c) compare TESOL assignments with those in social sciences, humanities, and the arts. The study results will help to interpret characteristics of writing assignments in TESOL programs and to infer skills required for the writing assignments in the TESOL field. Also, the study will help instructors of English for academic purposes in TESOL programs guide and prepare nonnative-English-speaking students.
Lactobacillus plantarum effects on silage fermentation and in vitro microbial yield

Abstract In four parallel experiments, herbage [three harvests of alfalfa (308 to 379 g dry matter (DM)/kg), one of whole-plant corn (331 g DM/kg)] was ensiled with three different treatments: no inoculant (control), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) or formic acid (FA), in 1-L mini-silos and fermented for 60 d at room temperature (22 °C). Mini-silos were opened and analyzed for fermentation characteristics and soluble N fractions. A subsample of wet silage from each mini-silo was ground to 4 mm and stored at −20 °C. Silages were thawed and subjected to 9 h ruminal in vitro incubations to measure gas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production as well as microbial biomass yield (MBY) and microbial non-ammonia N (MNAN) formation using 15 N as a marker. In all four experiments, silage fermentation products and pH indicated good preservation across all treatments. Analysis of data showed that FA- and LP-treated silages had lower concentrations of ammonia-N and free amino acids N than control. The FA treatment was lower in soluble N, but higher in peptide-N, than control. Silage pH was lowest in FA (4.25), followed by LP (4.28), and control (4.38). Ruminal in vitro gas production and VFA concentrations were not different among treatments (P>0.05). Compared to control, FA- and LP-treated silage yielded greater MNAN and MBY. These findings suggested that L. plantarum preserved more true protein during silage fermentation than control, which in turn increased in vitro ruminal microbial growth.
Kinesin molecular motors: Transport pathways, receptors, and human disease

Kinesin molecular motor proteins are responsible for many of the major microtubule-dependent transport pathways in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Elucidating the transport pathways mediated by kinesins, the identity of the cargoes moved, and the nature of the proteins that link kinesin motors to cargoes are areas of intense investigation. Kinesin-II recently was found to be required for transport in motile and nonmotile cilia and flagella where it is essential for proper left-right determination in mammalian development, sensory function in ciliated neurons, and opsin transport and viability in photoreceptors. Thus, these pathways and proteins may be prominent contributors to several human diseases including ciliary dyskinesias, situs inversus, and retinitis pigmentosa. Kinesin-I is needed to move many different types of cargoes in neuronal axons. Two candidates for receptor proteins that attach kinesin-I to vesicular cargoes were recently found. One candidate, sunday driver, is proposed to both link kinesin-I to an unknown vesicular cargo and to bind and organize the mitogen-activated protein kinase components of a c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling module. A second candidate, amyloid precursor protein, is proposed to link kinesin-I to a different, also unknown, class of axonal vesicles. The finding of a possible functional interaction between kinesin-I and amyloid precursor protein may implicate kinesin-I based transport in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
Energetic ion diagnostics using neutron flux measurements during pellet injection

Abstract Neutron measurements during injection of deuterium pellets into deuterium plasmas on the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) indicate that the fractional increase in neutron emission about 0.5 ms after pellet injection is proportional to the fraction of beam-plasma reactions to total fusion reactions in the unperturbed plasma. These observations suggest three diagnostic applications of neutron measurements during pellet injection: (1) measurement of the beam-plasma reaction rate in deuterium plasmas for use in determining the fusion Q in an equivalent deuterium-tritium plasma, (2) measurement of the radial profile of energetic beam ions by varying the pellet size and velocity, and (3) measurement of the “temperature” of ions accelerated during wave heating.