cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of HVDC light control using conventional decoupled vector control technology

With the advance of power electronic technology, HVDC light transmission based on voltage-source IGBT power converters have been increased rapidly in renewable and electric power system applications. This paper focuses on the analysis of traditional decoupled d-q vector control approaches for control of power transmission in a HVDC light system. The paper presents steady-state and transient models of a HVDC light system in a d-q reference frame. The steady-state model is used to study the steady-state characteristics of the HVDC light under the decoupled d-q vector control strategy. The transient model is used to develop close-loop control mechanisms for control of the HVDC light system. A weakness of traditional control mechanism is analyzed through theoretical study and computer simulation. Close-loop control evaluation illustrates that the conventional HVDC light vector control technique could result in over voltage and oscillations of a HVDC system especially when the controller operates beyond the converter linear modulation limit.
Problem solving and the perceptual salience of variability and constancy: A developmental study☆

Abstract In this study problem solving as a function of the perceptual salience of the dimensions of variability and constancy was investigated. Kindergarten and sixth-grade S s were given concept identification tasks in which both constancy and variability were represented on each trial. The stimuli representing variability contained different features of either color, form, or color and form, while those representing constancy contained identical attributes of color and form. Half of the S s in each age group were assigned to a condition in which the identification of variability was appropriate and relevant for solution, and the remaining half to a condition which required the identification of constancy. The results showed a significant interaction between age and condition, with the youngest group in the constancy relevant condition making more errors than any of the other age-condition groups. The discussion centered on the potential importance of perceptual salience as a determinant of developmental changes in problem solving.
In situ x-ray-diffraction and -reflectivity studies of the Au(111)/electrolyte interface: Reconstruction and anion adsorption.

{ital In} {ital situ} x-ray-scattering studies of the Au(111) electrode surface have been carried out in NaF, NaCl, LiCl, CsCl, KCl, and NaBr solutions using grazing-incident-angle diffraction and reflectivity techniques. The top layer of gold atoms undergoes a reversible phase transition between the (1{times}1) bulk termination and a ({ital p}{times} {radical}3 ) uniaxial discommensuration (striped) phase on changing the electrode potential. Below the critical potential, in all solutions, {ital p}=23, which is identical to that obtained in vacuum. An ordered array of discommensuration kinks is not observed. Above the critical potential, 23{lt}{ital p}{lt}30. At sufficiently positive potentials, the surface forms an ideally terminated (111) surface. In the negative potential sweep, the reconstruction starts to reform at the critical potential. Analysis of the potential dependence of the scattered x-ray intensity with differing anions in NaF, NaCl, and NaBr solutions supports a unifying model that depends on the induced surface charge density. The transition to the (1{times}1) phase is much faster than the formation of the reconstructed phase. Cycling the potential in the reconstructed region improves the reconstructed surface order. The adsorption of anions and surface water'' at the gold interface has been investigated using specular x-ray reflectivity.
Stark Ladder in Solids

It is shown that the Stark ladder for conduction electrons in a constant electric field does not follow from the existing theory. The former proofs of the ladder are shown to be based on inconsistent assumptions. A discussion is given of a tight-binding model which leads to a ladder when overlap is completely neglected.
Knowing the Odds: Parameters That Predict Passing or Failing School District Bonds

This study investigates parameters affecting the likelihood of passing school facility construction bonds by local district election. Using statewide data from Michigan, this study analyzes school ...
Sensitivity-enhanced IPAP experiments for measuring one-bond 13C′–13Cα and 13Cα–1Hα residual dipolar couplings in proteins

Abstract Sensitivity-enhanced 2D IPAP experiments using the accordion principle for measuring one-bond 13 C ′ – 13 C α and 1 H α – 13 C α dipolar couplings in proteins are presented. The resolution of the resulting spectra is identical to that of the decoupled HSQC spectra and the sensitivity of the corresponding 1D acquisitions are only slightly lower than those obtained with 3D HNCO and 3D HN(COCA)HA pulse sequences due to an additional delay 2 Δ . For cases of limited resolution in the 2D 15 N– 1 H N HSQC spectrum the current pulse sequences can easily be modified into 3D versions by introducing a poorly digitized third dimension, if so desired. The experiments described here are a valuable addition to the suites available for determination of residual dipolar couplings in biological systems.
Broncholithiasis: Its detection by computed tomography in patients with recurrent hemoptysis of unknown etiology

Abstract Broncholithiasis is often not diagnosed by conventional roentgenography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Demonstrated here are three such cases of “recurrent hemoptysis of unknown etiology.” The broncholith in each case was clearly demonstrated only by the thoracic computed tomography (CT). We stress that CT is an extremely useful modality in the diagnosis of broncholithiasis and that the true incidence of broncholithiasis could be greater than was previously believed.
VALID: custom ASIC verification and FPGA education platform

This paper describes VALID, a platform for testing student designed ASICs and for teaching the basics of FPGA design. VALID is designed to maximize ease of use from a student's perspective while maintaining enough flexibility for its use as an FPGA development and instruction platform. This system was designed entirely by students, has been successfully manufactured and is currently being used in a number of courses at Rice.
High-Resolution Crystal Structure of an Engineered Human β2-Adrenergic G Protein–Coupled Receptor

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein (G protein)–coupled receptors constitute the largest family of eukaryotic signal transduction proteins that communicate across the membrane. We report the crystal structure of a human β2-adrenergic receptor–T4 lysozyme fusion protein bound to the partial inverse agonist carazolol at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The structure provides a high-resolution view of a human G protein–coupled receptor bound to a diffusible ligand. Ligand-binding site accessibility is enabled by the second extracellular loop, which is held out of the binding cavity by a pair of closely spaced disulfide bridges and a short helical segment within the loop. Cholesterol, a necessary component for crystallization, mediates an intriguing parallel association of receptor molecules in the crystal lattice. Although the location of carazolol in the β2-adrenergic receptor is very similar to that of retinal in rhodopsin, structural differences in the ligand-binding site and other regions highlight the challenges in using rhodopsin as a template model for this large receptor family.
Development of high throughput dispersive LC—ion mobility—TOFMS techniques for analysing the human plasma proteome

A technique that combines ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC), collision-induced dissociation (CID) and mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed. The approach is described as a high throughput means of analysing complex mixtures of peptides that arise from enzymatic digestion of protein mixtures. In this approach, peptides are separated by LC and, as they elute from the column, they are introduced into the gas phase and ionised by electrospray ionisation. The beam of ions is accumulated in an ion trap and then the concentrated ion packet is injected into a drift tube where the ions are separated again in the gas phase by IMS, a technique that differentiates ions based on their mobilities through a buffer gas. As ions exit the drift tube, they can be subjected to collisional activation to produce fragments prior to being introduced into a mass spectrometer for detection. The IMS separation can be carried out in only a few milliseconds and offers a
Fish Assemblages in Nearshore Habitats of Prince William Sound, Alaska

We sampled fish at eight locations in western Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, in April, July, and September 2006, and July 2007, to identify species assemblages and habitat use. At each location, fish were sampled with a 37-m long variable mesh beach seine in three nearshore habitats: bedrock outcrops, eelgrass meadows, and cobble beaches with kelp. A total of 49,060 fish representing 45 species were captured in 95 beach seine hauls. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE, all species) did not differ by season but did differ by habitat type–CPUE was greater in eelgrass and kelp than in bedrock. Seasonal pulses in catch were evident for some species; pink salmon were captured only in spring and summer, Pacific herring only in summer and fall, and capelin only in fall. Species richness was greater in summer (34) than in spring (23) or fall (28), and greater in eelgrass (34) than in bedrock (22) or kelp (33). Species that were good discriminators among seasonal collections were pink salmon, saffron cod, crescent gunnel, and Pacific herring, whereas species that were good discriminators among habitat collections were crescent gunnel, tubesnout, bay pipefish, saffron cod, and Arctic shanny. Of the most abundant species captured, most were juveniles based on estimated size at maturity. The summer fish assemblage in western PWS has changed over the last 20 years, especially with the appearance in large numbers of saffron cod. Sites in this study can be monitored periodically to track future changes in fish assemblages and habitat that may result from local and regional human disturbance.
A descriptive study of the use of the black communication style by African Americans within an organization

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the use of the Black communication style by African Americans in an organized environments. The research method which was used involved a multimethod approach of data collection in the field using direct observation, and obtrusive observations, as well as semi-structured interviews. This investigation has shown that although the Black employees in this organization felt, in general, as if they were changing their communication style to fit the organizational norms, they continued to rely on the cultural norms underlying the Black communication style. U.S. demographics are foretelling a future that will require, innovative organizational communication strategies. According to Fine, two facts about the U.S. corporate environment which are uncovered by demographic trends are that the workforce will be comprised of a greater diversity of gender, race, age, culture, and language and that the demand for qualified workers will exceed the supply thereby creating intense competition among organizations for workers [1]. These changing demographics are not going unnoticed by the U.S. corporate leaders. Specifically, the issues of most concern to organizational executives, according to Workforce 2000, center around linguistic and cultural differences. Most organizations have no innovative strategies for meeting the demands of a diverse workforce. Traditional programs, such as day-care provisions, flexible work times, and hiring and recruiting more people of color are being implemented by corporate America in an effort to meet the demand for diversity. However, organizations are often lacking in creative programs which will provide for this emerging diverse workforce an environment that will accept and nurture their diversity. Certainly these corporate executives are receiving little in the way of guidance from organizational researchers.
Software Reuse Detection Using an Integrated Space-Logic Domain Model

Software reuse detection is a challenging task due to various modifications and the large size of software code. Most existing approaches adopt a token-based software representation and use sequential analysis for software reuse detection. Due to the intrinsic limitations of such a space-domain analysis, these methods have difficulties to handle statement reordering, insertion and control replacement. Recently, logic-domain models such as program dependent graph have been exploited to solve these issues. Although they can improve the performance in terms of accuracy, they introduce additional problems. Their computational complexity is very high and dramatically increases with the software size, limiting their applications in practice. In this paper, we propose a novel software reuse detection framework using an integrated space-logic domain model. It embeds a logic-domain software model into a space-domain analysis and thoroughly exploits the software 's information from both space domain and logic domain. The preliminary experimental results have demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed approach compared with other methods.
Expecting To Be the Target of Prejudice: Implications for Interethnic Interactions

Two studies investigated the implications of ethnic minorities’ prejudice expectations for their affective and behavioral outcomes during interethnic interactions. In both studies, the more ethnic minorities expected Whites to be prejudiced, the more negative experiences they had during interethnic interactions. This finding held true for chronic prejudice expectations in a diary study of college roommates (Study 1) and for situationally induced prejudice expectations in a laboratory interaction (Study 2). In Study 2, the authors extended this work to examine the relationship between ethnic minorities’ prejudice expectancies and their White partners’ psychological experience during interethnic interactions. Consistent with predictions, the more ethnic minorities expected Whites to be prejudiced, the more their White partners had positive experiences during interethnic interactions. These divergent experiences of ethnic minorities and Whites have important implications for the psychological success of inte...
Analysis of Dom34 and its function in No-Go decay

Eukaryotic mRNAs are subject to quality control mechanisms that degrade defective mRNAs. In yeast, mRNAs with stalls in translation elongation are targeted for endonucleolytic cleavage by No-Go dec...
Treatment of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Infections

The management of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections is reviewed. Certain management practices optimize the likelihood of good outcomes, such as avoidance of antibiotics during the pre-hemolytic uremic syndrome phase, admission to hospital, and vigorous intravenous volume expansion using isotonic fluids. The successful management of STEC infections is based on recognition that a patient might have an STEC infection, and appropriate use of the microbiology laboratory. The timeliness of STEC identification cannot be overemphasized, because it avoids therapies prompted by inappropriate additional testing and directs the clinician to focus on effective management strategies. The opportunities during STEC infections to avert the worst outcomes are brief, and this article emphasizes practical matters relevant to making a diagnosis, anticipating the trajectory of illness, and optimizing care.
Biomaterial Scaffolds for Controlled, Localized Gene Delivery of Regenerative Factors.

Significance: Biomaterials play central roles in tissue regeneration by maintaining a space for tissue growth and facilitating its integration with the host. The regenerative capacity of materials can be enhanced through delivery of factors that promote tissue formation. Gene delivery is a versatile strategy to obtain sustained production of tissue inductive factors. Biomaterial scaffolds capable of gene delivery have been shown to induce transgene expression and tissue growth. Critical Issues: The widespread application of biomaterial scaffold systems requires identifying the design principles for the material and vectors that modulate transgene expression temporally and spatially. These technologies and others will ultimately enable spatial and temporal control over expression to recreate the cellular organization and gene expression required for formation of complex tissues. Recent Advances: The design parameters for the biomaterials and vectors that modulate the extent and duration of transgene expres...
Topographic Patterns in Forest Composition and Diversity on Slopes of Zoar Valley Canyon, Western New York

Abstract We explored topographic patterns in forest composition and diversity on unlogged slopes along ≈3 km of Zoar Valley Canyon, a 150-m deep east—west gorge in western New York. We catalogued all trees along 3 north- and 3 south-facing 20-m wide vertical belt transects on slopes of up to 50°. North-facing exposures were the more mesic, and were dominated by Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) on the lower slopes and by Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) on the upper slopes. South-facing slopes were more xeric and displayed distinct upper- and lower-slope species assemblages. Lower slope-forest composition was generally similar to that across the canyon, but upper slopes and ridges supported sparse and stunted Quercus prinus (Chestnut Oak), Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak), Pinus resinosa (Red Pine), and Pinus strobus (Eastern White Pine). Canopy trees on upper slopes were typically shorter (<6 m vs. 30 m) and had smaller diameter at breast height (40 cm vs. 80 cm) than those on lower slopes. However, some up...
Model Study of Multiple Polar Cap Arcs: Occurrence and Spacing

A new scenario for the formation of multiple polar cap arcs is proposed based on the results from a time-dependent electrodynamic model of polar cap arcs developed by Zhu et al. (1993). The results suggest that the appearance of multiple polar cap arcs may not be due to multiple structures in the magnetospheric source region, but instead, may primarily be determined by the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system in which the ionosphere plays an active role. It was found that with the same magnetospheric driver, a strong ionospheric background convection and an ionospheric background Hall conductance in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5 mho favor the occurrence of multiple polar cap arcs. It was also found that the spacing between individual arcs is highly correlated with the ratio of the enhanced Hall and Pedersen conductances (i.e., the hardness of the primary magnetospheric precipitation), which is allowed to vary in the model runs. A harder precipitation causes a wider spacing. In the modelings, the spacing ranged from about 20 kilometers to about 60 kilometers when the precipitation hardness increased.
Photocatalytic Properties of Porous Silicon Nanowires.

Porous silicon nanowires are synthesized by metal assisted wet-chemical etching of highly-doped silicon wafers. The resulting porous silicon nanowires exhibit a large surface area of 337 m2 g−1 and a wide spectrum absorption across the entire ultraviolet, visible and near infrared regime. We further demonstrate that platinum nanoparticles can be loaded onto the surface of the porous silicon nanowires with controlled density. These combined advancements make the porous silicon nanowires an interesting material for photocatalytic applications. We show that the porous silicon nanowires and platinum nanoparticle loaded porous silicon nanowires can be used as effective photocatalysts for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and toxic pollutants under visible irradiation, and thus are of significant interest for organic waste treatment and environmental remediation.
CD28 and inducible costimulatory protein Src homology 2 binding domains show distinct regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Bcl-xL, and IL-2 expression in primary human CD4 T lymphocytes.

Ligation of either CD28 or inducible costimulatory protein (ICOS) produces a second signal required for optimal T cell activation and proliferation. One prominent difference between ICOS- and CD28-costimulated T cells is the quantity of IL-2 produced. To understand why CD28 but not ICOS elicits major increases in IL-2 expression, we compared the abilities of these molecules to activate the signal transduction cascades implicated in the regulation of IL-2. Major differences were found in the regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity (PI3K) and c-jun N-terminal kinase. ICOS costimulation led to greatly augmented levels of PI3K activity compared with CD28 costimulation, whereas only CD28 costimulation activated c-jun N-terminal kinase. To examine how these differences in signal transduction affected IL-2 production, we transduced primary human CD4 T cells with a lentiviral vector that expressed the murine CD28 extracellular domain with a variety of human CD28 and ICOS cytoplasmic domain swap constructs. These domains were able to operate as discrete signaling units, suggesting that they can function independently. Our results show that even though the ICOS Src homology (SH) 2 binding domain strongly activated PI3K, it was unable to substitute for the CD28 SH2 binding domain to induce high levels of IL-2 and Bcl-x L . Moreover, the CD28 SH2 binding domain alone was sufficient to mediate optimal levels of Bcl-x L induction, whereas the entire CD28 cytoplasmic tail was required for high levels of IL-2 expression. Thus, differences within their respective SH2 binding domains explain, at least in part, the distinct regulation of IL-2 and Bcl-x L expression following ICOS- or CD28-mediated costimulation.
On modeling MPEG video traffics

This paper traces the development/evolution of three of our previously proposed MPEG coded video traffic models, that can capture the statistical properties of MPEG video data. The basic ideas behind these models are to decompose an MPEG compressed video sequence into several parts according to motion/scene complexity or data structure. Each part is described by a self-similar process. These different self-similar processes are then combined to form the respective models. In addition, Beta distribution is used to characterize the marginal cumulative distribution (CDF) of the self-similar processes. Comparison among the three models shows that the latest model (called the simple IPB composite model) is the most practical one in terms of accuracy and complexity. Simulations based on many real MPEG compressed movie sequences, including StarWars, have demonstrated that the simple model can capture the autocorrelation function (ACF) and the marginal CDF very closely.
Talking about the "Epidemic of the Millennium": Religion, Informal Communication, and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study employs a social capital perspective to examine determinants and content of informal communication about HIV/AIDS among members of different Christian congregations in Mozambique. First, we use data from a survey conducted in both rural and urban congregations to analyze factors that shape such communication, and detect that it is more likely to occur in gender-homophilous networks, in more ideologically flexible and socially diverse congregations, and in congregations located in rural areas. We then use the survey data to examine the main themes of congregation-based communication about HIV/AIDS and find denominational and location patterns that correspond to those detected in the first stage of analysis. Finally, we use qualitative data, collected in parallel with the survey, to explore how informal communication is used to reconcile the often conflicting secular and church messages. We interpret our findings in light of structural dynamics within religious congregations and the social construction of HIV/AIDS risks and prevention in that sub-Saharan setting.
Analysis of biostimulated microbial communities from two field experiments reveals temporal and spatial differences in proteome profiles.

Analysis of Biostimulated Microbial Communities from Two Field Experiments Reveals Temporal and Spatial Differences in Proteome Profiles Stephen J. Callister 1* , Michael J. Wilkins 1* , Carrie D. Nicora 1 , Kenneth H. Williams 2 , Jillian F. Banfield 3 , Nathan C. VerBerkmoes 4 , Robert L. Hettich 4 , Lucie N’Guessan 5 , Paula J. Mouser 5 , Hila Elifantz 5 , Richard D. Smith 1 , Derek R. Lovley 5 , Mary S. Lipton 1 and Philip E. Long 1 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, 99352; 2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA, 94720; 3 University of California Berkeley, Berkeley CA, 94720; 4 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, 37831; 5 University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst MA, 01002 Brief: Comparison of proteomics measurements made during 2007 and 2008 field experiments reveal the failure of a microbial community to rebound following the cessation of biostimulation. *Equal Co-authors
Lateral eye movement as related to verbal and perceptual-motor skills and values.

After being asked a reflective question, individuals usually move their eyes either right or left before answering. Consistent right-movers and left-movers were compared on a variety of measures. Relative to left-movers, right-movers: (a) performed significantly better on a concept identification task; (b) showed a significantly greater Mathematics-Verbal discrepancy on the Scholastic Aptitude Test; and (c) tended to perform more poorly on an inverted alphabet-printing task, to major in science/quantitative areas, and to display greater theoretical and economic interests and lesser aesthetic and social interests. The results are consistent with Bakan's (1969) suggestion that lateral eye movement is related to the functional organization of the brain.
How not to be Seen: The Contribution of Similarity and Selective Ignoring to Sustained Inattentional Blindness

When people attend to objects or events in a visual display, they often fail to notice an additional, unexpected, but fully visible object or event in the same display. This phenomenon is now known asinattentional blindness. We present a new approach to the study of sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events in order to explore the roles of similarity, distinctiveness, and attentional set in the detection of unexpected objects. In Experiment 1, we found that the similarity of an unexpected object to other objects in the display influences attentional capture: The more similar an unexpected object is to the attended items, and the greater its difference from the ignored items, the more likely it is that people will notice it. Experiment 2 explored whether this effect of similarity is driven by selective ignoring of irrelevant items or by selective focusing on attended items. The results of Experiment 3 suggest that the distinctiveness of the unexpected object alone cannot entirely account for the similarity effects found in the first two experiments; when attending to black items or white items in a dynamic display, nearly 30% of observers failed to notice a bright red cross move across the display, even though it had a unique color, luminance, shape, and motion trajectory and was visible for 5 s. Together, the results suggest that inattentional blindness for ongoing dynamic events depends both on the similarity of the unexpected object to the other objects in the display and on the observer’s attentional set.
Acoustic-RF anechoic chamber construction and evaluation

The use of sound as a means to gather information about our environment has been developed with limited scope over the past several decades. The primary application of this technology has been ultrasound and ultrasonic ranging. Recent developments in nonlinear acoustics have proven that two-tone measurements and directional high frequency parametric arrays can extract much more information about the size, shape, and density of objects under inspection. However, acoustic measurements are difficult to make in the laboratory environment due to excessive ambient noise. For these reasons, the Electronics Research Laboratory at NC State University has constructed an acoustic-RF anechoic chamber as a means to make these measurements and further research in nonlinear acoustics and acoustic detection and imaging.
Family Rhetoric as Social Order

Taking the social order of family life to exist in its signs and rhetoric, we interpret field data gathered in human service settings to show how family order is sustained and transformed through representational practice. We address four aspects of family rhetoric: (1) scope of application, (2) rhetorical transformation, (3) signification and order, and (4) rhetorical predominance. The organization of native understandings and interpretations of enduring family conduct suggests that the social order of individual families is as manifold as its representations, and as stable as its confirmations.
Norepinephrine Diffusion from Hypothalamus to Cerebrospinal Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid to Hypothalamus of Sheep

Abstract Although both intraventricular and medial intrahypothalamic injections of adrenoceptor agonists elicited feeding in sheep, it was not clear that the two modes of injection activated similar hypothalamic adrenoceptors. To test the extent of diffusion of cerebroventricular injections, small areas of the hypothalamus 1.5 to 5mm lateral to the third ventricle in anesthetized sheep were perfused via push-pull cannulas following injection of 480 nmol l-norepinephrine including 2 μ Ci carbon-14 labeled-dl-norepinephrine into a lateral ventricle. Although fluid from the cisterna magna contained much carbon-14 showing it had passed through the third ventricle, barely detectable amounts were in hypothalamic perfusates. Similarly, 45 nmol carbon-14 labeled carbonate containing 2 μ Ci injected intraventricularly was not detectable in hypothalamic perfusates. When carbon-14 labeled norepinephrine was injected into hypothalamic tissue, significant amounts of label were in perfusates of the cerebroventricular system. The quantity of norepinephrine diffusing to the cerebrospinal fluid was no more than one-hundredth of that which caused feeding when injected intraventricularly in conscious sheep. The feeding effects of intraventricular and intrahypothalamic injections of l-norepinephrine, therefore, may be mediated by different sets of adrenoceptors.
Paleozoic fluid history of the Michigan Basin; evidence from dolomite geochemistry in the Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone

ABSTRACT The isotope (Sr and O) and elemental (Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Sr) compositions of the various dolomites in the Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone in the Michigan Basin are determined and the variations are modeled in terms of fluid-rock interaction or as mixing relations. These geochemical models, combined with the paragenetic sequence of the dolomites and late anhydrite cement, suggest the existence of at least four distinct diagenetic fluids in the St. Peter Sandstone during the Paleozoic. Fluid 1 (Sr = 30 ± 10 ppm, Sr/Ca = 0.019, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7093 ± 1) has a composition consistent with a modified older (pre-Middle Ordovician) seawater origin, which indicates that the flow path for this fluid had a major upward component. This fluid resulted in th first and volumetrically most important burial dolomitization event, producing dolomite in both carbonate and quartz sandstone lithofacies in the St. Peter Sandstone. Fluid 2 (Sr = 30 ± 10 ppm, Sr/Ca = 0.019, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7084 ± 1, low Fe) has a composition consistent with a modified Middle to early Late Ordovician seawater origin, suggesting a major downward component for fluid flow. Fluid 2 produced dolomite cement in the carbonate lithofacies that postdates Fluid 1 dolomite. The composition of Fluid 3 (Sr > 50 ppm, Sr/Ca = 0.044-0.110, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.710-0.711, high Fe) is best interpreted to reflect a heated, deep basinal brine that had previously interacted with the K-feldspar-rich rocks near the Cambrian-Precambrian unco formity in the Michigan Basin, indicating a major upward component for fluid flow. Fluid 3 produced dolomite cement in quartz sandstone lithofacies that postdates Fluid 1 dolomite. Fluid 4 (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7085 ± 1) resulted in precipitation of late anhydrite in fractures. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the anhydrite is consistent with Fluid 4 originating as a dilute fluid that interacted extensively with Silurian gypsum in the Michigan Basin; this indicates that the flow path of Fluid 4 had a major downward component. The St. Peter Sandstone was an important migration pathway for many different types of fluids in the Michigan Basin, and the proposed fluid origins indicate that both upward and downward cross-formational fluid flow occurred during the Paleozoic. Older and younger modified seawater produced most of the burial dolomite in the St. Peter Sandstone.
Comparison of Two Culture Methods for Use in Assessing Microbial Contamination of Duodenoscopes

Recent outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections associated with duodenoscopes used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography have highlighted the challenge of cleaning and high-level disinfection of these instruments. The Food and Drug Administration has suggested that duodenoscope surveillance by microbiological culturing, along with strict adherence to reprocessing protocols, may help reduce the risk of duodenoscope-associated infection transmission. We developed and validated an effective, user-friendly duodenoscope sampling and culture protocol and compared its performance to the interim Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended guidelines. Our protocol resulted in a 65% recovery rate for Gram-negative organisms, demonstrating a 2-fold increased recovery rate compared to the CDC method. The implementation of this protocol may increase the feasibility of duodenoscope surveillance for microbiology laboratories and endoscopy departments.
Cognitive Enhancement Therapy Improves Frontolimbic Regulation of Emotion in Alcohol and/or Cannabis Misusing Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study

Individuals with schizophrenia who misuse substances are burdened with impairments in emotion regulation. Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) may address these problems by enhancing prefrontal brain function. A small sample of outpatients with schizophrenia and alcohol and/or cannabis substance use problems participating in an 18-month randomized trial of CET (n = 10) or usual care (n = 4) completed post-treatment functional neuroimaging using an emotion regulation task. General linear models explored CET effects on brain activity in emotional neurocircuitry. Individuals treated with CET had significantly greater activation in broad regions of the prefrontal cortex, limbic and striatal systems implicated in emotion regulation compared to usual care. Differential activation favoring CET in prefrontal regions and the insula mediated behavioral improvements in emotional processing. Our data lend preliminary support of CET effects on neuroplasticity in fronto-limbic and striatal circuitries which mediate emotion regulation in people with schizophrenia and comorbid substance misuse problems.
Characterization of Ge1-x-ySixSny Ternary Alloy Surfaces and Ni/Ge1-x-ySixSny Bilayer Reactions by X-Ray Techniques

Interest in next generation devices that integrate photonic and electronic functionality is focused on extending the capability of existing group IV material systems while maintaining compatibility with existing processing methods and procedures. One such class of materials which has been recently developed, Ge1-x-ySixSny ternary alloys, is being investigated for integrated Si photonics, solar cell materials, telecommunication applications, and for IR photodetectors. These alloys afford the opportunity to decouple the band gap energies and lattice constants over a wide range of values, potentially yielding direct and indirect character that can be coupled with a variety of different substrates dependent on composition. In the present work, we report X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of Ge1-x-ySixSny alloys grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (GS-MBE) and investigate Ni- Ge1-x-ySiySny bilayer reactions with x-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface oxidation of samples stored in ambient conditions were measured with XPS. High resolution spectra showed chemical shifts of Ge, Si and Sn peaks consistent with Ge-O, Si-O and Sn-O bond formation. Depth profiling indicates a homogeneous composition throughout the bulk of the sample with surface oxidation confined to the top few nanometers. A highly tin-enriched layer was indicated at the surface of the material, while silicon was observed to be either enriched or depleted at the surface depending on the sample. To study the interaction of the ternary with an ohmic contact commonly used in device fabrication processes today, nickel layers 30 nm thick were evaporated onto the alloys and were annealed in nitrogen up to 400 °C for periods as long as 1 hour. The XRD data show that the Ni2(Ge1-x-ySixSny) phase forms first followed by Ni(Ge1-x-ySixSny).
Heterophile Antibodies in Infectious Mononucleosis

It was previously noted1 that emulsions of guinea pig kidney removed sheep cell agglutinins from the sera of infectious mononucleosis patients slowly and in some cases incompletely even after 3 successive adsorptions with relatively large amounts of tissue. Since ordinarily guinea pig kidney containing heterophile antigen possesses marked affinity for heterophile antibodies it was decided to reinvestigate the antigenic relationship of guinea pig kidney to the sheep cell antibodies occurring in the blood of individuals with infectious mononucleosis.In the previous work, to conserve material, finely ground emulsions of tissue prepared for immunization purposes were used for adsorption and as the number of successive adsorptions increased with any one serum the turbidity of the supernatant fluid increased considerably. Under these conditions it is possible that the physical properties of the serum, viscosity, surface tension, etc., were so altered that the sheep cells used in the test after adsorption were u...
Host-age Structure and Parasitism in a Laboratory System of Two Hymenopterous Parasitoids and Larvae of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Host-age structure of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) on larval parasitism by two hymenopterous parasitoids, Heterospilus prosopidis Viereck (Braconidae) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Pteromalidae), were examined in a series of laboratory experiments. Ages of the hosts offered to the parasitoids were varied and the number of host larvae successfully parasitized was monitored. The sex ratio of the resulting parasitoids was also monitored. A life-history refuge from parasitism by both parasitoids was found, consisting of the egg stage and the small, young larvae. The refuge length differed for both parasitoids. Host individuals were not parasitized efficiently by A. calandrae for the first 14-16 days, whereas they were not parasitized at all by H. prosopidis for the first 12 days. Host individuals were protected from attack during these refuge periods for up to 60% of their larval period. Host-age refuges were important in the stability of these two host–parasitoid systems. Stability increased with increasing length of the refuge period. The shorter refuge period in the H. prosopidis –host system may lead to further instability by creating asynchrony between the host and parasitoid life cycles. The age of the larval host also determined the sex ratio of the parasitoid populations. This factor may further destabilize the H. prosopidis populations, while having a lesser effect on A. calandrae .
The Place of Industrial Marketing in Distribution

SHE PURPOSE of this paper is to show the important place in distribution occupied by that part of our total market which we call "Industrial." It is concerned with the sale, by producers and processors, of all products to be used, directly or indirectly, by other producers, institutions, and commercial organizations in the production and marketing of their own products or services, which may in turn be sold to industrial consumers, household consumers, or both. Industrial marketing is, therefore, the distribution of producers' and capital goods as distinguished from household consumers' goods. All manufactured products are intended either for industrial consumption or for home consumption, and the same is true in large measure for all agricultural products also. In other words, the destination of all goods produced is either the industrial user market or the home consumer market. The industrial user market absorbs products from every industrial group and products handled by every trade except the strictly retail. The latest information on the magnitude of this industrial market is contained in the publications of the 1935 Census of Business, particularly those on Distribution of Manufacturers' Sales and Wholesale Distribution, Vol. VII, "Credit Sales and Sales By Classes of Customers." Table I shows the f.o.b. factory sales made direct to industrial users by the 134,192 manufacturing plants reporting to the Census of Manufacturers, divided by industry groups. Of these plants, 42,65o sold $10,742,251,000 direct to industrial users in 1935. This table also shows the number of plants in each industry group making sales to industrial users as well as those selling exclusively to this primary channel of distribution. The importance of the industrial market to individual manufacturers is fur-
Onyx pulmonary artery embolization after treatment of a low-flow dural arteriovenous fistula: case report.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Endovascular management of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) has become an accepted primary and often definitive therapy. We present the first documented case of Onyx pulmonary embolism after embolization of a low-flow DAVF. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 63-year-old man presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to a DAVF. Computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and initial conventional angiogram were negative. A repeat angiogram demonstrated a DAVF, which was cured with Onyx embolization. A routine chest computed tomography after intervention revealed an asymptomatic Onyx embolization cast in a subsegmental pulmonary artery. CONCLUSION Endovascular treatment options include transarterial embolization with microcoils, polyvinyl alcohol particles, n-butyl-2cyanoacrylate, and Onyx (ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, California). Complications associated with the use of Onyx are low but include embolizate pulmonary embolism. Patients often remain asymptomatic, but for symptomatic patients, conservative treatment options usually result in resolution of symptoms.
Design optimization of a mine-blast-venting solution for protection of light-tactical-vehicle subjected to shallow-buried underbody mine detonation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is computer-aided engineering analysis of the recently proposed side-vent-channel concept for mitigation of the blast-loads resulting from a shallow-buried mine detonated underneath a light tactical vehicle. The concept involves the use of side-vent-channels attached to the V-shaped vehicle underbody, and was motivated by the concepts and principles of operation of the so-called “pulse detonation” rocket engines. By proper shaping of the V-hull and side-vent-channels, venting of supersonically expanding gaseous detonation products is promoted in order to generate a downward thrust on the targeted vehicle. Design/methodology/approach – The utility and the blast-mitigation capacity of this concept were examined in the prior work using computational methods and tools which suffered from some deficiencies related to the proper representation of the mine, soil, and vehicle materials, as well as air/gaseous detonation products. In the present work, an attempt is made to remov...
Across-National Comparison of Consumer Environmental Attitudes Representing Five Major Regions of the World

This study examines the attitudes of consumers toward various environmental issues. The environmental issues include attitudes toward general consequences of environmental condition, attitudes toward human-nature relationship, attitudes toward science and technology, and attitudes toward local environmental problems. The consumers in this study represent five major regions of the world, including America, Arab League Nations (excluding Saudi Arabia), Europe, Saudi Arabia, South-Asia , South-East Asia and others.
Neural systems underlying individual differences in intertemporal decision-making

Excessively choosing immediate over larger future rewards, or delay discounting DD, associates with multiple clinical conditions. Individual differences in DD likely depend on variations in the activation of and functional interactions between networks, representing possible endophenotypes for associated disorders, including alcohol use disorders AUDs. Numerous fMRI studies have probed the neural bases of DD, but investigations of large-scale networks remain scant. We addressed this gap by testing whether activation within large-scale networks during Now/Later decision-making predicts individual differences in DD. To do so, we scanned 95 social drinkers 18-40 years old; 50 women using fMRI during hypothetical choices between small monetary amounts available "today" or larger amounts available later. We identified neural networks engaged during Now/Later choice using independent component analysis and tested the relationship between component activation and degree of DD. The activity of two components during Now/Later choice correlated with individual DD rates: A temporal lobe network positively correlated with DD, whereas a frontoparietal-striatal network negatively correlated with DD. Activation differences between these networks predicted individual differences in DD, and their negative correlation during Now/Later choice suggests functional competition. A generalized psychophysiological interactions analysis confirmed a decrease in their functional connectivity during decision-making. The functional connectivity of these two networks negatively correlates with alcohol-related harm, potentially implicating these networks in AUDs. These findings provide novel insight into the neural underpinnings of individual differences in impulsive decision-making with potential implications for addiction and related disorders in which impulsivity is a defining feature.
People's reasons for wanting to complete probation: Use and predictive validity in an e-health intervention.

Abstract The criminal justice system tends to emphasize external contingencies (e.g., fees, jail time) to motivate offender compliance. However, people’s reasons for desistance vary considerably. This study evaluated the acceptability, utility, and predictive validity of questions that ask about people’s reasons for wanting to successfully complete probation. Substance-using probationers (N = 113) participated in a web-based computer intervention that targeted substance use and treatment initiation. Questions around seven dimensions of reasons for completing probation were developed to provide tailored feedback during the web-based program. A principle components factor analysis found that survey items loaded onto two distinct factors. Factor one, “Tangible Loss” focused on external and present-focused reasons. Factor two, “Better Life” focused on internal and future-focused reasons. There was a significant negative association between Better Life scores and days of substance use after two months (β = −0.31, SE = 0.13, p