cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial purification and characterization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase from Fasciola hepatica.

Abstract Three cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinases, designated A 1 , A 2 , and B, were isolated from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica using Phenyl-Sepharose and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These enzymes differed with respect to activation by cAMP and their molecular weights. The half-maximal activation constant for cAMP-dependent protein kinases A 1 and B was 20 nM, while that of A 2 was about five-fold higher (110 nM). The estimated molecular weights for cAMP-dependent protein kinases A 1 and A 2 (both 98 000) suggest a dimeric form for these enzymes; whereas, the higher molecular weight for cAMP-dependent protein kinase B (187 000) indicates that this enzyme is a tetramer. The physical and kinetic properties of the catalytic subunit of fluke cAMP-dependent protein kinase were similar to those reported for the mammalian enzyme. The molecular weight of the catalytic subunit was estimated to be 41 000. The pH optimum for the enzyme was 6.0, 6.5, or 7.0 when casein, histone, or protamine were used as substrates. The protein substrate specificity was in the order histone > arginine-rich histone > casein > protamine > lysine-rich histone. Free Mg 2+ ‘stimulated’ enzyme activity at low concentrations (0.5 to 5 mM), whereas at higher concentrations (> 5 mM) it became inhibitory. Of the divalent cations tested, only Co 2+ and Mn 2+ could substitute for Mg 2+ . Kinetic studies indicated that the reaction mechanism of this enzyme is sequential and that MgATP and MgADP are competitive ligands. Reconstitution experiments using the subunits of fluke and bovine heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase showed that there is sufficient structural homology between these enzymes such that the catalytic subunit from one species can combine with the regulatory subunit of the other species to form inactive holoenzyme. Thus, the present results indicate that cAMP-dependent protein kinase from F. hepatica is similar but not identical to the mammalian enzyme.
Mental health deinstitutionalization and the regional economy: a model and case study.

Abstract For approximately the last 20 years a nationwide movement in mental health policy has favored the deinstitutionalization of patients previously consigned to mental institutions, and one manifestation of this movement has been consideration of opportunities to consolidate and/or close some state mental institutions. This study focuses upon the regional economic impact of one proposed consolidation in New York State, that of the Utica and Marcy Psychiatric Centers, and it provides a method of analysis which should be useful for other states where facility consolidation has become necessary. The study develops a conventional regional trade multiplier model which is utilized to estimate the regional (Utica-Rome SMSA) economic impact of the operations of the two hospitals, i.e. the regional income generated. The study also notes the contraction of operations of the two centers during the 1970's. and generates estimates of the regional income lost annually in recent years as a result. In addition, the study concludes that the large number of patients discharged into the community as the result of deinstitutionalization imposes a financial burden on the region of several million dollars annually. Finally, the study provides rough estimates of the regional income losses that would result from the closure of the Utica Psychiatric Center. It is concluded that institutional closure and/or consolidation in some form is an inevitable and fiscally responsible consequence of continued deinstitutionalization. The critical unresolved question involves the continued development of an effective community-based program network as a necessary alternative to institutionalization. The ultimate impact on regional economies of such consolidations depends upon the pace at which community programs are developed, and the extent to which local governments are forced to assume financial responsibility for them.
Wiring molecules into circuits

Inexpensive, functional and atomically precise molecules could be the basis of future electronic devices, but integrating them into circuits will require the development of new ways to control the interface between molecules and electrodes.
Synthesis and Microstructure Evolution of Nano-Titania Doped Silicon Coatings

The Anatase phase of Titania (TiO2) in nanocrystalline form is a well known photocatalyst. Photocatalysts are commercially used to accelerate photoreactions and increase photovoltaic efficiency such as in solar cells. This study investigates the in-flight synthesis of Titania and its doping into a Silicon matrix resulting in a catalyst-dispersed coating. A liquid precursor of Titanium Isopropoxide and ethanol was coaxially fed into the plasma gun to form Titania nanoparticles, while Silicon powder was externally injected downstream. Coatings of 75-150 μm thick were deposited onto flat coupons. Further, Silicon powder was alloyed with aluminum to promote crystallization and reduce the amorphous phase in the Silicon matrix. Dense coatings containing nano-Titania particles were observed under electron microscope. X-ray diffraction showed that both the Rutile and Anatase phases of the Titania exist. The influence of process parameters and aluminum alloying on the microstructure evolution of the doped coatings is analyzed and presented.
Resonant tunneling of holes in single and double barrier GaAs/AlGaAs structures

Abstract We have calculated the tunneling of holes in single- and double-barrier GaAsAlGaAs heterostructures. A ten-band tight-binding model was used in order to incorporate the mixing of the heavy, light and spin-orbit splitoff bands. The tight-binding model was solved using a transfer matrix approach in which the wave function was propagated through the structure from atom to atom. We have found that the mixing of the heavy and light holes has a significant effect on the current-voltage characteristics, and that the mixing is strongly dependent on the barrier width. Previous work has shown that mixing is also dependent on aluminum concentration. In fact, for thick enough barriers the current at the first detectable resonance in the current-voltage curve can be dominated by holes which are incoming as heavy holes, but transfer into outgoing light hole states. The number and strength of the higher resonances are also strongly influenced by hole mixing. This helps explain the discrepancies between the data and simple effective-mass models for double and triple barrier resonant hole tunneling.
RESIDENCY TRAINING AT ARKANSAS CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL: SATISFACTION GUARANTEED? 826

Attracting quality applicants to a pediatric residency training program is competitive. Residency training programs therefore have had to concentrate on understanding the interests and concerns of their residents and resident applicants while continuing to fullfill the requirements set forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The purpose of this study was to examine factors that residents identify as important when entering a residency training program, and to determine if they are satisfied or dissatisfied with these factors once they have entered or completed the training program. A questionnaire consisting of 48 questions was administered to 62 residents in our training program during June 1995. Fifty-seven (91%) of the residents responded. Results of the questionnaire demonstrating the top five important factors considered when choosing a residency training program were as follows: reputation of the hospital (86%), reputation of the faculty (84%), location of program (77%), curriculum-based education (68%), and call schedule (65%). Once training has begun, residents are most satisfied with reputation of the hospital (91%), electives available to residents (91%), subspecialties offered at the hospital (91%), conferences offered (91%), and reputation of faculty(88%). They are most dissatisfied with the degree of crime in the city (49%), moonlighting opportunities (29%), availability to attend medical conferences away from the hospital (26%), call schedules (22%), and parking, e-funds, uniforms, and memberships (21%). In conclusion, promoting factors residents deem important when choosing a training program will improve recruiting techniques allowing a training program to remain competitive. Many of the areas residents identify as problems are not within the control of the program. Examining areas of satisfaction and dissatisfaction on a routine basis will improve the ability to meet residents' interests and concerns, and assure a quality education.
Timing Nitrogen Applications for Quality Tops and Healthy Root Production in Carrot

When carrots (Daucus carota L.) are mechanically harvested, sufficient nitrogen (N) must be balanced between the roots and carrot tops; weak tops reduce yield. A 2-year study was conducted in Montcalm County, Michigan, where four replications of four N treatments (45, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha−1), were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Results showed the importance of determining pre-existing N sources, in as much as the deep taproot of carrot accessed unmeasured N in the subsoil and nitrate concentrations in irrigation water added N. The greatest yield occurred at 153–189 kg ha−1 available N while tops continued to take up N through 200–232 kg ha−1. When the last N application was made less than 35 days before harvest, the rate of N uptake exceeded dry-matter accumulation rate.
Occurrence of molybdenum in the nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri

Abstract Molybdenum, assayed by atomic absorption spectrometry, copurifies with the selenium-containing nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri. Fluorescence spectral studies on the enzyme indicate the presence, along with flavin, of another component. The fluorescence spectra of this component obtained after the aerobic denaturation of the nicotinic acid hydroxylase are similar to the fluorescence properties reported for the “pterin-like” cofactor from xanthine oxidase and several other molybdoproteins. Nicotinic acid hydroxylase from C. barkeri contains molybdenum, selenium, iron, acid-labile sulfur, and flavin with the occurrence of a “pterin-like” cofactor also a likely component.
Woodrow Wilson and World War I: A Burden Too Great to Bear. By Richard Striner. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. 290 pp.

Woodrow Wilson and World War I: A Burden Too Great to Bear. By Richard Striner. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. 290 pp. Richard Striner considers Woodrow Wilson the worst wartime president ever to straddle a pot. Striner has previously written on Lincoln, whom he praised for combining moral idealism with strategic cunning (see, e.g., Lincoln and Race [Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012]). Wilson, in his view, never understood the threat that a German victory in World War I would pose to national security. He neglected to prepare seriously for mobilization. And he failed to grasp how he could leverage American participation to achieve his diplomatic objectives. In seven hard-hitting chapters, each focused chronologically on one of the wartime or postwar years, Striner flays Wilson's "miserable judgment," managerial incompetence, "naive suppositions," disdain for Congress, unsystematic work habits, as well as such character flaws as petulance and grandiosity. Even Wilson's rhetoric leaves the author cold. He echoes H. L. Mencken's description of its "ideational hollowness, its ludicrous strutting and bombast, its heavy dependence upon greasy and meaningless words, its frequent descents into mere sound and fury" (pp. 240-41). Striner bases his interpretation on a close reading of the inclusive 69-volume Papers of Woodrow Wilson (A. S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 1856-1924, vols. 1-69 [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966-94]). He does not engage Wilson's numerous hagiographers, except for John Milton Cooper, Jr., whom he uses as a foil (Woodrow Wilson: A Biography [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009]). Scholars who revere Wilson as the model for American missionary idealism and humanitarian interventionism in our own day will find Striner's formulations heavyhanded and ungenerous. Still, the author has marshaled some arresting evidence that previous analysts preferred to overlook out of respect for the president's noble motives. Where others have portrayed Wilson as a resourceful defender of neutral rights through 1917, Striner depicts him as prey to confused emotions and as reactive rather than strategic in approaching substantive issues. Moved by Christian piety and a conviction that he alone represented the silent mass of mankind, Wilson not only advocated peace without victory, but also felt that "white civilization" depended on preserving neutrality (p. 98). He pursued wholly unrealistic efforts at mediation and in December 1916 almost embroiled the country with England until Secretary of State Robert Lansing toned down his proposed note. Colonel Edward M. House and Lansing figure in this narrative as sensible men who kept Wilson's mania within bounds, quite opposite to Cooper's description of Lansing's "dastardly act of duplicity" (p. …
Regular Article: On a Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Quasi-Geostrophic Ocean Model: Numerical Simulations and Structural Analysis

The main objectives of this paper are to adapt an efficient and accurate spectral-projection method for a wind-driven, double-gyre, mid-latitude, quasi-geostrophic ocean model, and to study the double-gyre phenomenon from numerical and structural analysis points of view. A number of numerical simulations are carried out and their structural stability and structural transition/bifurcation are investigated using a new dynamical systems theory of two-dimensional incompressible flows.
Pull-through operation for radiation-induced rectovaginal fistula: report of a case.

A patient in whom a large radiation-induced rectovaginal fistula was successfully repaired by a pull-through operation is described. Normal bowel and vaginal function were restored. If repair of a rectovaginal fistula is indicated, and the fistula is large and located in the proximal vagina, the abdominal endorectal operation should be considered.
The radiolysis of dodecane-tributylphosphate solutions

Abstract Tributylphosphate (TBP), dodecane, and mixtures of TBP and dodecane were irradiated at an absorbed dose rate of about 5.0×10 16 eV/g · min with absorbed doses of 6.1×10 18 eV/g to 1.75 × 10 20 eV/g. The irradiated samples were analyzed for gaseous products noncondensible at 161 K and acid products from TBP. The gaseous products observed were hydrogen and methane and the acid products were dibutyl phosphate (DBP) and monobutyl phosphate (MBP). The average yield of hydrogen from dodecane was, G (H 2 ) = 6.71, G (H 2 ) from TBP was 2.02, and G (acid) from TBP was 3.71. Deviation from mixture law was observed for the yields of hydrogen and acid products for the mixtures of TBP and dodecane. Sensitized decomposition of TBP is indicated.
Hierarchical multidimensional search in peer-to-peer networks

We propose a P2P search solution, called EZSearch, that enables efficient multidimensional search for remotely located contents that best match the search criteria. EZSearch is a hierarchical approach; it organizes the network into a hierarchy in a way fundamentally different from existing search techniques. EZSearch is based on Zigzag, a P2P overlay architecture known for its scalability and robustness under network growth and dynamics. The indexing architecture of EZSearch is built on top of the Zigzag hierarchy, that allows both k-nearest-neighbor and range queries to be answered with low search overhead and worst-case search time logarithmic with the network size. The indices are fairly distributed over a small number of nodes at a modest cost for index storage and update. The performance results of EZSearch drawn from our performance study are encouraging.
How Initial Plans Mediate the Expansion and Resolution of Options in Writing

Effects of a period of planning prior to writing (“pre-writing”) and of the writing medium on the content and quality of writing were examined in two between-subjects experiments. In Experiment 1, subjects wrote short narratives either immediately after instruction or following a 5-minute pre-writing period; half of each group used pen and paper; the other half used a word processor. Both pre-writing and word processing resulted in more changes to text content, resulting in compositions that were judged as more sophisticated and creative. Experiment 2 demonstrated that pre-writing using a written outline decreases content revisions compared to non-written pre-writing. Verbal protocols indicated that non-written pre-writing was focused on content generation, whereas outlines were associated with more conceptual planning. To account for these data we propose several additions to the Hayes and Flower (1980) cognitive model of the writing process. Both pre-writing and word processing are viewed as expanding t...
Effects of temperature on formation of silica gel

Abstract The gelation of solutions containing mixtures of tetramethoxysilane with methanol or tetraethoxysilane with ethanol, H2O and HCl or HF as a catalyst was studied at various temperatures in closed systems. Large differences in gelation rates were observed between HCl and HF at all temperatures. At 25, 50 and 70°C, the gelation times were 9.2, 1.25 and 0.30 h for HF and 380, 70 and 20 h for HCl, for the TEOS systems. The apparent activation energies for the two TEOS systems were almost identical. Apparent activation energies are attributed to the process of polymerization. This was justified by investigating the dependence of gelation time on the water concentration. The bulk density, apparent density and porosity were studied for the TEOS systems.
miR-335 and miR-363 regulation of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis and metastasis

Background microRNA (miRNA) functions broadly as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and disproportionate miRNAs can result in dysregulation of oncogenes in cancer cells. We have previously shown that gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) signaling regulates tumorigenicity of neuroblastoma cells. Herein, we sought to characterize miRNA profile in GRP-R silenced neuroblastoma cells, and to determine the role of miRNAs on tumorigenicity and metastatic potential. Methods Human neuroblastoma cell lines, BE(2)-C and SK-N-SH, were used for our study. Stably transfected GRP-R silenced cells were assessed for miRNA profiles. Cells were transfected with miR-335, miR-363, or miR-CON, a nontargeting control, and in vitro assays were performed. In vivo functions of miR-335 and miR-363 were also assessed in a spleen–liver metastasis murine model. Results GRP-R silencing significantly increased expression of miR-335 and miR-363 in BE(2)-C cells. Overexpression of miR-335 and miR-363 decreased tumorigenicity as measured by clonogenicity, anchorage-independent growth, and metastasis determined by cell invasion assay and liver metastasis in vivo. Conclusion We report, for the first time, that GRP-R–mediated tumorigenicity and increased metastatic potential in neuroblastoma are regulated, in part, by miR-335 and miR-363. A better understanding of the anti-tumor functions of miRNAs could provide valuable insights to discerning molecular mechanisms responsible for neuroblastoma metastasis.
Long-term behavioral changes in rats following organophosphonate exposure.

Abstract The organophosphorus compound soman irreversibly inhibits cholinesterase in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. High doses of this compound produce seizures and death in animals. Surviving animals exhibit neural lesions and behavioral abnormalities. The behavioral effects of a single exposure to soman were evaluated in rats injected with 50 μg/kg or μg/kg soman or with saline. Each rat was tested for either activity in an open field or peformance in a 14 choice point multiple T-maze. All rats were then tested for reactivity to tactile stimuli. Some rats exposed to soman showed increased activity in the open field, learning deficits in the Stone maze, and increased reactivity to tactile, while others showed behavior similar to that of controls. An increase in reactivity was correlated with increased open field activity and with poor performance in the Stone maze. Rats which had received soman and were abnormal in behavioral tests were more likely to have abnormal brain pathology than rats which had received soman and were normal in behavioral tests.
Neuroregulatory and neuropathological actions of the ether-phospholipid platelet-activating factor

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a naturally occurring phospholipid that serves as a critical mediator in diverse biological and pathophysiological processes. In this study of the interactions of PAF with neuronal cells, it was found that PAF increased the intracellular levels of free calcium ions in cells of the clones NG108-15 and PC12. The increase was dependent on extracellular calcium and was inhibited by the antagonistic PAF analog CV-3988 and by the calcium-influx blockers prenylamine and diltiazem. A functional consequence of this interaction was revealed by measuring a PAF-elicited, Ca2+-dependent secretion of adenosine triphosphate from PC12 cells. Exposure of NG108-15 cells for 3 to 4 days to low concentrations of PAF induced neuronal differentiation; higher concentrations were neurotoxic. Thus, by influencing Ca2+ fluxes, PAF may play a physiological role in neuronal development and a pathophysiological role in the degeneration that occurs when neurons are exposed to circulatory factors as a result of trauma, stroke, or spinal cord injury.
What is the real role of antimicrobial polypeptides that can mediate several other inflammatory responses

Antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of innate immunity with microbicidal and pro- or anti-inflammatory activities. Their role is now widening following evidence that one such multifunctional peptide, LL-37, induces angiogenesis, a process essential for host defense, wound healing, and tissue repair.
Preferences and Self‐efficacy for Diet Modification Among Primary Care Patients

Limited data exist about patient preferences and self-efficacy for different diets. We explored the preferences and self-efficacy of primary care patients for reducing fat, reducing carbohydrates, or reducing calories. We conducted a self-administered survey study of 71 primary care patients (response rate of 52%). Of patients, 59%, 53%, and 60% had high self-efficacy for reducing fat, reducing carbohydrates, and reducing calories from their diet, respectively. Preferences were comparable, with 76% highly willing to reduce fat, 76% highly willing to reduce carbohydrates, and 72% of patients highly willing to reduce calories/portions. Female sex and higher BMI were associated with high self-efficacy for all three dietary changes. A significantly higher proportion of nonwhites than whites had high self-efficacy for reducing fat and reducing carbohydrates (P < 0.05). Obese patients in our study have similarly high willingness and self-efficacy and comparable preferences for adopting changes consistent with three popular diets.
A new view of mantle structure

A specific and unique property of the solid state is its regular internal structure, which effectively acts as a memory to store information about its deformation history. Most of the Earth, except for the liquid outer core, is in the solid state and is composed of crystals. Of particular importance for processes in the Earth's crust, such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain building, is the deformation of the mantle. One of the goals of geophysical research is to understand this deformation and to model its evolution.
Delivery of a genetically marked Alcaligenes sp. to the glassy-winged sharpshooter for use in a paratransgenic control strategy

An artificial feeding system was designed for the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca coagulata Say (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The system, unlike previous systems, provided enough nutrients to GWSS to survive for 48 h. A system like this is a prerequisite to examining the potential use of paratransgenesis to interrupt transmission of Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterial pathogen causing Pierce's disease of grape, by insect vectors. We developed a system for short-term feeding of GWSS that allows for the introduction of bacteria in liquid medium, and we have demonstrated the ability of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans denitrificans, expressing a red fluorescent protein (dsRed), to colonize the cibarial region of the GWSS foregut for up to 5 weeks post-exposure. Alcaligenes xylosoxidans denitrificans thus occupies the same region in the foregut as the pathogen, Xylella fastidiosa.
Is There a Bias Toward Contributing to Local Public Goods? Cultural Effects

A series of experiments was designed and implemented to investigate cross-cultural differences in preferences for contributing to local public goods. The research investigates differences between contributions made by participants from the United States, Russia and Kazakhstan. In these experiments each participant has three options: keep money for herself, contribute to a public good that benefits a small group (the local good), or contribute to a public good that benefits the entire group (the global good). The researchers find significant differences in contribution patterns across the three cultures, and find that all participants contribute significantly more to the small group public good than to the large group public good.
Effect of nonlinearity on the steady motion of a twinning dislocation

Abstract We consider the steady motion of a twinning dislocation in a Frenkel–Kontorova lattice with a double-well substrate potential that has a non-degenerate spinodal region. Semi-analytical traveling wave solutions are constructed for the piecewise quadratic potential, and their stability and further effects of nonlinearity are investigated numerically. We show that the width of the spinodal region and the nonlinearity of the potential have a significant effect on the dislocation kinetics, resulting in stable steady motion in some low-velocity intervals and lower propagation stress. We also conjecture that a stable steady propagation must correspond to an increasing portion of the kinetic relation between the applied stress and dislocation velocity.
The relationship between systolic pressure and stroke volume describes myocardial contractility

Objective: To develop a method of measuring end-systolic elastance from information obtained outside the ventricle and thereby simplify its transduction. Design: Prospective, within-animal comparative analysis. Setting: University-based laboratory study. Participants: Six mixed-breed dogs. Interventions: Instrumentation included minor axis sonomicrometry, ascending aortic flow probe, aortic and ventricular pressure transducers, and constricting cuffs on the vena cavae and aorta. Measurements and Main Results: Elastance was determined from the equation P es = E es (V ed − V es ), where V ed − V es is stroke volume and P es is end-systolic arterial pressure. E es was derived from both preload and afterload manipulation. Cardiac performance indices were calculated automatically by computer under conditions of varying load and inotropy. This extraventricular method of elastance calculation was compared by linear regression and analysis of variance to preload recruitable stroke work, traditional E es determination (using ventricular dimension instead of volume), and LVdP/dt at 50 mmHg. E es measured from the aortic sites correlated well with the other contractility indicators (p es . A strong relationship between the change in stroke volume and end-systolic ventricular diameter during acute aortic constriction (r = 0.924, p Conclusions: In this study, measurement of E es from the ventricular outflow tract during progressive aortic constriction produced results more consistent and descriptive than E es by traditional techniques and has the potential for obtaining elastance measurements from possibly less invasive techniques.
Submesoscale Dynamics near a Seamount. Part 1. Measurements of Ertel Vorticity

Abstract The prevailing view that submesoscale fluctuations (horizontal wavelengths less than a few kilometers and vertical wavelengths less than a few hundred meters) are dominated by internal gravity waves is tested by measuring Ertel's potential vorticity, Π = (f + ∇ × V) · ∇B, where the buoyancy B = −gδρ/ρo. Unlike geostrophic or nonlinear Ertel vorticity-carrying motions, internal waves have no Ertel vorticity fluctuations. Velocity and temperature profile surveys beside Ampere Seamount reveal appreciable Ertel enstrophy, and thus a significant non-internal-wave component, on horizontal wavelengths of 6–15 km and vertical wavelengths of 50–380 m. The twisting terms are negligible and the relative vorticities less than 0.2f, so the anomalies are in geostrophic balance. It is unlikely that the anomalies arise from stirring of the large-scale isopycnal gradients of stretching and planetary Ertel vorticity as this would require stirring lengths of thousands of kilometers. The most likely source appears t...
Young women's struggle for sexual agency: the role of parental messages

This qualitative study examined 14 young women's view of their sexual agency and sexual experiences. In particular the women discuss the messages communicated about female sexuality from their parents. Previous research results were supported, such as that parents do not communicate about sex frequently, when they do refer to it they cover only limited topics and that mothers communicate more frequently about sex than fathers do. Utilizing a feminist position, themes of parental transmission of traditional gender role expectations were found, such as asexuality, the passive role of women in their sexuality and the commodification of sex in exchange for commitment. Implications for parenting practices, research foci and the importance of developing sexual agency are discussed.
Effect of Specimen Width on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Type 304 Stainless Steel

Abstract Corrosion current density was related to crack tips (js, time to failure (tf), and crack propagating length (Lss during the secondary region in the corrosion elongation curve under constant-load conditions. This yielded the relation: Lss/jstf. Under constant environmental conditions, tf was inversely proportional to Lss, with js presumed constant. The effect of width at gauge length on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a solution-annealed type 304 austenitic stainless steel (UNS S304000) was investigated in 0.82 M sulfuric acid solution using a constant-load method, under the assumption that Lss was proportional to width. Results showed tf increased with increasing width, but the steady state elongation rate (iss was constant independent of width. This implied that the predicted relationship was correct. A process for SCC was discussed on the basis of that relationship.
The Relative Validity of Inferences About Mediation as a Function of Research Design Characteristics

Tests of assumed mediation models are common in the organizational sciences. However, the validity of inferences about mediation is a function of experimental design and the setting of a study. Regrettably, most tests of mediation have relied on the application of so-called ``causal modeling'' techniques to data from nonexperimental studies. As we demonstrate, inferences about the validity of assumed mediation models are highly suspect when they are based on the findings of nonexperimental research. One of the many reasons for this is the failure of the model being tested to be consistent with reality. Valid research-based inferences about mediation are possible. However, inferences from such tests are most likely to be valid when they are based on research that uses randomized experimental designs. Strategies for conducting research using these and other designs are described. Finally, we offer a set of conclusions and recommendations that stem from our analysis.
AN EVALUATION OF THE ALLEGHENY COUNTY NEIGHBORHOOD PRESERVATION PROGRAM

The Allegheny County Neighborhood Preservation Program has generated over five million dollars worth of housing rehabilitation in the three years in which it has been operating. This article is an evaluation of Phase 1 of the program. It compares loan recipients and non-recipients in order to determine which of the program components are the most important, which factors influence a household's investment decision, and what effect investment has on the perceptions of residents regarding the quality of both housing and the neighborhood.
Tissue-fluid interface analysis using biphasic finite element method.

Numerical studies on fluid–structure interaction have primarily relied on decoupling the solid and fluid sub-domains with the interactions treated as external boundary conditions on the individual sub-domains. The finite element applications for the fluid–structure interactions can be divided into iterative algorithms and sequential algorithms. In this paper, a new computational methodology for the analysis of tissue–fluid interaction problems is presented. The whole computational domain is treated as a single biphasic continuum, and the same space and time discretisation is carried out for the sub-domains using a penalty-based finite element model. This procedure does not require the explicit modelling of additional boundary conditions or interface elements. The developed biphasic interface finite element model is used in analysing blood flow through normal and stenotic arteries. The increase in fluid flow velocity when passing through a stenosed artery and the drop in pressure at the region are captured...
Dynamic disclosure monitor ( D 2 Mon ): an improved query processing solution

The Dynamic Disclosure Monitor (D2Mon) is a security mechanism that executes during query processing time to prevent sensitive data from being inferred. A limitation of D2Mon is that it unnecessarily examines the entire history database in computing inferences. In this paper, we present a process that can be used to reduce the number of tuples that must be examined in computing inferences during query processing time. In particular, we show how a priori knowledge of a database dependency can be used to reduce the search space of a relation when applying database dependencies. Using the database dependencies, we develop a process that forms an index table into the database that identifies those tuples that can be used in satisfying database dependencies. We show how this process can be used to extend D2Mon to reduce the number of tuples that must be examined in the history database when computing inferences. We further show that inferences that are computed by D2Mon using our extension are sound and complete.
The Gaussian interference channel at low SNR

For the two-user Gaussian interference channel we show that, up to second order in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the mutual information between each transmitter and intended receiver depends only on the covariance matrices of the input distributions. Our analysis suggests that in the low SNR regime there is an interference threshold above which it is better for the users to alternate signal transmission than to transmit simultaneously.
Global Citizenship Identification and Religiosity

SummaryIn four studies we examine the associations between religiosity, global citizenship identification, and various kinds of values (e.g., exclusionary, prosocial). Across the studies, general trends emerged showing that religiosity is unrelated to global citizenship identification, and positively related to exclusionary values (e.g., sexual prejudice, ethnocentrism, restricting outgroups). However, examination of the varied motivations to be religious (i.e., intrinsic, extrinsic, quest) showed that quest religious motivation is positively related to global citizenship identification, as well as inclusionary and prosocial values. Furthermore, quest religious motivation was found to positively influence the antecedents and outcomes of global citizenship identification.
Coordination geometry of lead carboxylates – spectroscopic and crystallographic evidence

Despite their versatility, only a few single-crystal X-ray structures of lead carboxylates exist, due to difficulties with solubility. In particular, the structures of long-chain metal carboxylates have not been reported. The lone electron pair in Pb(II) can be stereochemically active or inactive, leading to two types of coordination geometries commonly referred to as hemidirected and holodirected structures, respectively. We report 13C and 207Pb solid-state NMR and infrared spectra for a series of lead carboxylates, ranging from lead hexanoate (C6) to lead hexadecanoate (C18). The lead carboxylates based on consistent NMR parameters can be divided in two groups, shorter-chain (C6, C7, and C8) and longer-chain (C9, C10, C11, C12, C14, C16, and C18) carboxylates. This dichotomy suggests two modes of packing in these solids, one for the short-chain lead carboxylates and one for long-chain lead carboxylates. The consistency of the 13C and 207Pb NMR parameters, as well as the IR data, in each group suggests that each motif represents a structure characteristic of each subgroup. We also report the single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure of lead nonanoate (C9), the first single-crystal structure to have been reported for the longer-chain subgroup. Taken together the evidence suggests that the coordination geometry of C6–C8 lead carboxylates is hemidirected, and that of C9–C14, C16 and C18 lead carboxylates is holodirected.
A comparison of profile based advertising schemes

Cable, satellite and television industries are being revolutionized by the advances in technology. As a result of advances in communication technology, there are new opportunities for content distributors to increase and diversify their revenue streams. As the television content becomes increasingly digital, the delivery of television program content to the home television and the home computer (via the Internet) are using the same infrastructure, making the distinction between television and the personal computer increasingly blurred. This paper introduces four new advertising schemes as methods of transmitting advertisements to consumers. It also compares and contrasts these solutions in their technical aspects and presents several issues related to these solutions.
Transactive memory in trauma resuscitation

This paper describes an ethnographic study conducted to explore the possibilities for future design and development of technological support for trauma teams. We videotaped 10 trauma resuscitations and transcribed each event. Using a framework that we developed, we coded each transcript to allow qualitative and quantitative analysis of the trauma teams' collaborative processes. We analyzed teams' tasks, interactions, and communication patterns that support information acquisition and sharing. Our results showed the importance of team transactive memory, but also pointed to inefficiencies in communication processes, which enable the functioning of this collective memory system. Based on quantitative and qualitative observations of trauma teamwork, we present opportunities for technological solutions that may reduce the cognitive effort needed for maintaining the working memory of trauma teams.
Intrusion detection using mobile agents in wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper we propose a distributed intrusion detection system for ad hoc wireless networks based on mobile agent technology. Wireless networks are particularly vulnerable to intrusion, as they operate in open medium, and use cooperative strategies for network communications. By efficiently merging audit data from multiple network sensors, we analyze the entire ad hoc wireless network for intrusions and try to inhibit intrusion attempts. In contrast to many intrusion detection systems designed for wired networks, we implement an efficient and bandwidth-conscious framework that targets intrusion at multiple levels and takes into account the distributed nature of ad hoc wireless network management and decision policies.
Chemosorption of radiometals of interest to nuclear medicine by synthetic melanins.

Abstract Introduction Melanins are high-molecular-weight pigments that are ubiquitous in nature and can also be synthesized in the laboratory from a variety of precursors. Melanins possess numerous interesting physicochemical characteristics, including electromagnetic radiation absorption properties and ability to chelate metals. We have recently reported that melanin has remarkable ionizing-radiation-shielding properties, possibly because it can interact with photons via Compton scattering. We hypothesized that, if administered internally, melanin could play a beneficial role by scavenging various radionuclides, in addition to radiation shielding. Methods Three melanins were synthesized from dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-Dopa) and a combination of l-cysteine and l-Dopa. For control, synthetic melanin made from tyrosine polymerization (Sigma) was used. Melanins were characterized by elemental analysis. The chemosorption of 111 In, 225 Ac and 213 Bi by melanins was studied at 37°C for up to 48 h. Results The C-to-N molar ratios for dopamine, l-Dopa and tyrosine melanins were very close at 7.92, 8.39 and 8.48, respectively, while in mixed l-cysteine/l-Dopa melanin, that ratio was much lower at 3.63. This mixed melanin also contained 22.33% sulfur, thus confirming incorporation of S-containing motifs into its structure. Dopamine, l-Dopa and tyrosine melanins were very similar in their abilities to decrease the activity of 111 In, 225 Ac and 213 Bi and their radioactive daughters in supernatants by >10-fold in comparison with the starting levels, while mixed l-cysteine/l-Dopa melanin was able to chemosorb only 111 In. Conclusions We have demonstrated that synthetic melanins made of diverse precursors can chemosorb 111 In, 213 Bi and 225 Ac, with dopamine, l-Dopa and tyrosine melanins being the most efficient towards all three of these radionuclides. Such properties of synthetic melanins can contribute to the development of the novel melanin-based radioprotective materials.
Family Process and Peer Deviance Influences on Adolescent Aggression: Longitudinal Effects Across Early and Middle Adolescence

Beginning in sixth grade at an average age of 11.9 years, 416 adolescents and their parents participated in 4 waves of data collection involving family observations and multiple-reporter assessments. Ecological theory and the process-person-context-time (PPCT) model guided the hypotheses and analyses. Lagged, growth curve models revealed that family hostility and peer deviance affiliation predicted adolescent aggression in the subsequent year. Family warmth played only a minor role in protecting against adolescent aggression. In hostile or low-warmth families, peer deviance affiliation linked to a declining aggression trajectory consistent with the arena of comfort hypothesis. The longitudinal findings suggest a nonadditive, synergistic interplay between family and peer contexts across time in adding nuance to understanding the adolescent aggression.
Using information entropy bounds to design VLSI friendly neural networks

This paper presents a method for calculating the minimal size of a VLSI optimal network for a given problem. A VLSI optimal network is a network using integer weights in a given range [-p,p] and units with a small constant fan-in. The value p is a small integer which is calculated from the problem parameters such that the problem is guaranteed to have a solution. It is shown that the number of weights can be lower bounded in the worst case by the expression: m(n+1)[nlog(/sub dmin///sup dmx/)+(n-1)log(/sub dmin///sup 1/+1)+ 1/2 log(n-1)-/sub 12.(n-1)//sup loge/+c] where d/sub min/ is the minimum distance between patterns of opposite classes, d/sub max/ is the maximum distance between any patterns, m is the number of patterns in the largest class, n is the number of dimensions and c is a constant. The methodology is tested on various problems using a limited precision integer weights constructive algorithm.
The POU Domain Transcription Factor POU3F1 Is an Important Intrinsic Regulator of GDNF-Induced Survival and Self-Renewal of Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells

Continual spermatogenesis relies on a pool of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) that possess the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Maintenance of this pool depends on survival of SSCs throughout the lifetime of a male. Response to extrinsic stimulation from glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), mediated by the PIK3/AKT signaling cascade, is a key pathway of SSC survival. In this study, we found that expression of the POU domain transcription factor POU3F1 in cultured SSCs is up-regulated via this mechanism. Reduction of Pou3f1 gene expression by short interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment induced apoptosis in cultured germ cell populations, and transplantation analyses revealed impaired SSC maintenance in vitro. POU3F1 expression was localized to spermatogonia in cross-sections of prepubertal and adult testes, implying a similar role in vivo. Through comparative analyses, we found that expression of POU5F1, another POU transcription factor implicated as essential for SSC self-renewal, is not regulated by GDNF in cultured SSCs. Transplantation analyses following siRNA treatment showed that POU5F1 expression is not essential for SSC maintenance in vitro. Additionally, expression of NODAL, a putative autocrine regulator of POU5F1 expression in mouse germ cells, could not be detected in SSCs isolated from testes or cultured SSCs. Collectively, these results indicate that POU3F1, but not POU5F1, is an intrinsic regulator of GDNF-induced survival and self-renewal of mouse SSCs.
Converting system limits to market signals

This paper compares methods for converting system limits into market signals. one classification of methods is according to reliability driven (TLR and similar) versus market driven (LMP and similar) methods. a second classification is according to direct versus indirect methods. Direct methods deal with individual limits and constraints. Indirect methods include various ways of converting one type of limit to another, equivalent limit for purposes of making the handling of the limit more expeditious. An example of an indirect method is the conversion of a voltage limit to either a flow limit or an interface limit. Another example is the use of flow limits on interfaces as surrogates for stability limits. These transformed limits are often represented by nomograms. Conversion of one type of limit to another and the construction of nomograms has the advantage of reducing the problem of imposing system limits within a market context to a "previously solved" market problem. If a market already has learned how to cope with an import limit into a load pocket, conversion of a voltage limit into a load pocket import limit makes it easy for a market to react and respond to the condition. However, any conversion from one type of limit to another entails an approximation. This paper discusses the nature of some of these approximations.
Issues-Based Education A Need and Rationale

What is consistent from culture to culture is not the institutions; what is consistent are the social problems. What is recurrent from society to society is solutions to these problems. (Goldschmidt, 1966, p. 31)