cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Byron’s Fashionable Abstention

I begin this chapter on Byron—on the way his public image as a fashionable author of genius manifested itself in his contemporary collections of poetry—with an account of a private portrait painted by George Sanders in 1807–08 that Byron presented to his mother before leaving for his Grand Tour in 1809. Like the portraits of Pope and Robinson that I examine in the preceding chapters, this portrait of Byron is one in which the hands seem to invite iconographic interpretation (Fig. 6.1). The portrait would ultimately become the frontispiece to the first authoritative posthumous collection of Byron’s works, edited by Thomas Moore and published by John Murray in 1832, where it would be entitled “Byron at Nineteen.” Annette Peach describes the painting as “Remarkable for its prefigurement of Byron’s future destiny as a visual symbol of the romantic movement … perhaps the most widely-known portrait of Byron during the nineteenth century through the Finden brothers’ engravings” (28). Robert Beevers attributes the success of the portrait in part to “its suggestion of a classical statue. The head half-turned across the bust; the graceful lines of the arms from shoulder to finger-tip; the ‘movement’ of the torso: all carry references to the Greek ideal as perceived in the prevailing Neo-classical aesthetic” (13).
Classification of Finger Movements Based on Reflection Coefficient Variations of a Body-Worn Electrically Small Antenna

We propose to classify finger movements based on the reflection coefficient variations of a wrist-worn electrically small antenna. Near field perturbed by finger movements results in unique variation of antenna input impedance, which can be used to identify finger-motion patterns. Two folded cylindrical helix (FCH) antennas, operating at 890 MHz and 2.43 GHz, are implemented in this study. First, four movements of the left-hand fingers are recorded by measuring S 11 of the antenna attached to the wrist at the left hand. Second, we measure four movements of the right-hand fingers above the antenna attached to the left wrist. To help classify the finger motions based on the S 11 variation with time, the dynamic time-warping technique was employed. We found that the average classification accuracies are higher than 97% for the first scenario and 100% for the second scenario using the FCH that operates at 890 MHz.
Initiatives to improve minority participation in cancer clinical trials

1029 Background: Barriers to minority research participation fall into two categories with respect to research institutions: 1) Community-based factors: historical events, attitudes towards the medical system, trust in research, and referral patterns and geographic distribution of providers serving minority patients. 2) Institutional factors: system and policy issues that define where patients receive care, researcher and staff attitudes and practices, and infrastructure availability to support minority accrual. Much attention has focused on community factors but with little evidence to support specific interventions. Recent studies suggest that internal barriers may play an even more significant role. The Siteman Cancer Center’s Program for the Elimination of Cancer Disparities (PECaD) uses several internal strategies as part of its comprehensive program. Methods: First, the Siteman Cancer has raised substantial funds and changed institutional policies to improve access to cancer services for minority po...
Reimbursement in hospital-based vascular surgery: Physician and practice perspective.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine change in value of a vascular surgery division to the health care system during 6 years at a hospital-based academic practice and to compare physician vs hospital revenue earned during this period. Methods Total revenue generated by the vascular surgery service line at an academic medical center from 2010 through 2015 was evaluated. Total revenue was measured as the sum of physician (professional) and hospital (technical) net revenue for all vascular-related patient care. Adjustments were made for work performed, case complexity, and inflation. To reflect the effect of these variables, net revenue was indexed to work relative value units (wRVUs), case mix index, and consumer price index, which adjusted for work, case complexity, and inflation, respectively. Differences in physician and hospital net revenue were compared over time. Results Physician work, measured in RVUs per year, increased by 4%; case complexity, assessed with case mix index, increased by 10% for the 6-year measurement period. Despite stability in payer mix at 64% to 69% Medicare, both physician and hospital vascular-related revenue/wRVU decreased during this period. Unadjusted professional revenue/wRVU declined by 14.1% ( P = .09); when considering case complexity, physician revenue/wRVU declined by 20.6% ( P = .09). Taking into account both case complexity and inflation, physician revenue declined by 27.0% ( P = .04). Comparatively, hospital revenue for vascular surgery services decreased by 13.8% ( P = .07) when adjusting for unit work, complexity, and inflation. Conclusions At medical centers where vascular surgeons are hospital based, vascular care reimbursement decreased substantially from 2010 to 2015 when case complexity and inflation were considered. Physician reimbursement (professional fees) decreased at a significantly greater rate than hospital reimbursement for vascular care. This trend has significant implications for salaried vascular surgeons in hospital-based settings, where the majority of revenue generated by vascular surgery care is the technical component received by the facility. Appropriate care for patients with vascular disease is increasingly resource intensive, and as a corollary, reimbursement levels must reflect this situation if high-quality care is to be maintained.
Origins of the Chordate Central Nervous System: Insights from Hemichordates

The early origins of the chordate nervous system remains one of the greatest mysteries of zoology. A wide range of hypotheses have been proposed over the course of the last century, yet despite continued fascination with chordate origins, the issue had largely reached an impasse due to a lack of new data and difficulties of reconstructing ancestral features from the divergent morphologies of the deuterostome phyla. Interest in early deuterostome evolution has recently been reinvigorated and has benefited greatly from large new data sets from developmental genetics, and more recently genomics. Recent work on a conserved suite of transcription factors involved in patterning the anteroposterior neuraxis of vertebrates has been characterized during the development of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. The surprising results show unprecedented similarities in the relative expression domains of this large suite of genes despite the fundamental differences in nervous system organization between hemichordates and vertebrates. Continuing research is revealing even more compelling similarities in ectodermal patterning between the two groups, suggesting that many of the regulatory networks that have been proposed to have evolved late in chordate evolution, in association with the evolution of the complex vertebrate brain, were already established early in deuterostome evolution. Paradoxically, while our insights into the patterning of the early deuterostome nervous system is becoming quite detailed, the characteristics of the ancestral neuroanatomy of the common ancestor of deuterostomes remain elusive.
Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS): performance tradeoffs and optimization

Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) is a time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved sensing modality for determining optical and dynamical properties of a turbid medium. iNIRS achieves this by measuring the interference spectrum of light traversing the medium with a rapidly tunable, or frequency-swept, light source. Thus, iNIRS system performance critically depends on the source and detection apparatus. Using a current-tuned 855 nm distributed feedback laser as the source, we experimentally characterize iNIRS system parameters, including speed, sensitivity, dynamic range, TOF resolution, and TOF range. We also employ a novel Mach-Zehnder interferometer variant with a multi-pass loop to monitor the laser instantaneous linewidth and TOF range at high tuning speeds. We identify and investigate tradeoffs between parameters, with the goal of optimizing performance. We also demonstrate a technique to combine forward and backward sweeps to double the effective speed. Combining these advances, we present in vivo TPSFs and autocorrelations from the mouse brain with TOF resolutions of 22-60 ps, 36-47 dB peak-sidelobe dynamic range, 4-10 μs autocorrelation lag time resolution, a TOF range of nanoseconds or more, and nearly shot noise limited sensitivity.
The Impact of International Students on American Students and Faculty: At an Appalachian University

This study examined the effects of exposure to international students on American student and faculty perceptions at a regional Appalachian University. A revised and improved version of Jaleh Shabahang's (1993) International Education Opinionnaire was used to survey American students and faculty regarding their perceptions of the educational and cultural impact of international students. The revised instrument also measured American student and faculty perceptions of five ethnic groups of international students. Three independent samples t-tests were administered to compare the views between two American groups: students or faculty in international-related academic departments (IRs) and non-international-related academic departments (NIRs). The first test examined the average difference in perceived educational impact of international students. The second test examined the difference in perceived cultural impact of international students. The third test examined the relative standing of five ethnic groups of international students between White, Non-Hispanic and Non-White participants. Data analysis revealed that there were no significant differences between American students or faculty from IRs and NIRs on the first and second tests. The data analysis also revealed no significant differences between White, Non-Hispanic and Non-White American students or faculty regarding their attitudes toward the five ethnic groups of international students. American students and faculty from both kinds of academic departments at the Appalachian University mostly agreed or strongly agreed on the positive educational and cultural contributions of international students. In terms of perceptions, the third independent samples t-test showed that Middle Eastern and Hispanic students ranked the lowest. Keywords: educational impact, cultural impact, ethnicity, diversity, international students, American students, American faculty, and learning.
Sexual functioning among early post-treatment breast cancer survivors

This study aims (1) to estimate percentages of partnered women who are sexually active over the first 2 years post-breast cancer diagnosis; (2) to identify factors related to sexual inactivity; and (3) to evaluate separately, among both sexually active and inactive survivors, the relation between sexual problems and treatment-related variables, symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Longitudinal observational study of breast cancer survivors recruited within 8 months of cancer diagnosis and followed for 18 months. The main outcome measures were (1) being sexually active/inactive in the past month and (2) sexual problems assessed with the four-item sexual problem domain of the Quality of Life in Adult Cancer Survivors (QLACS) scale. At baseline, 52.4% of women reported being sexually active in the past month. This percentage increased to 60.7% 18 months later. In multivariable repeated-measures analyses, age, past chemotherapy, depressive symptoms, and lower perceived attractiveness were related to inactivity. Sexually inactive women reported more problems on the QLACS than sexually active women. In stratified multivariable analyses, depressive symptoms were related to greater sexual problems for both sexually active and inactive women, as was vaginal dryness. Among the sexually active women, younger age at diagnosis, less illness intrusiveness, and lower perceived attractiveness were related to more problems. Research has shown that sexual functioning/sexual health are key aspects of quality of life for many cancer survivors, and are often not addressed by health care providers. Future studies should examine how such topics are handled by clinicians in their interactions with survivors.
Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Ischemic Optic Neuropathies

In my Ocular Vascular Clinic at the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, when ischemic optic neuropathy patients are seen for the first time with a history of visual loss (usually sudden), their evaluation is done in the following two stages:
Polyploidy in animal evolution: summary.

The three papers making up this portion of the symposium have made three important points. The first is that the study of Polyploidy in animals is alive and well. The dynamic aspect of current research in this area, as exemplified by these papers, has important consequences for workers in the study of Polyploidy in plants. I shall return to this point.
Regulatory Mechanisms in Prostacyclin-Blood Vessel Interactions

The mechanisms governing prostaglandin production and action in vascular tissue are steadily becoming clarified. The former concept of a direct balance between vascular prostacyclin (PGI2) and platelet thromboxane (TxA2) in mediating vascular tone or hemostasis now appears simplistic and has been replaced. Current knowledge suggests instead a network of interactions among eicosanoid products of vascular cells, blood elements, and plasma factors (Fig. 1).
Prevalence and Correlates of PrEP Awareness and Use Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (MSMW) in the United States.

Men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), including those who are Black, experience HIV-related disparities compared to men who have sex with men only (MSMO). Few studies have assessed the prevalence and correlates of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness and use among Black MSMW. We recruited MSM ≥ 18 attending Black Gay Pride events between 2014–2017. We conducted multivariable logistic regressions to assess differences in PrEP awareness and use among HIV-negative Black MSM (n = 2398) and within Black MSMW (n = 419). MSMW were less likely than MSMO to report PrEP awareness (p < 0.001). Among PrEP-aware MSM, MSMW were more likely than MSMO to report PrEP use (p < 0.05). MSMW receiving gay community support were more likely to be PrEP-aware (p < 0.01). MSMW reporting any past-year STI diagnoses were more likely to report PrEP use (p < 0.01). Findings suggest that PrEP awareness campaigns tailored for Black MSMW, concomitant with STI-to-PrEP interventions, will facilitate greater PrEP uptake in this population.
Performance of Screening Breast MRI across Women with Different Elevated Breast Cancer Risk Indications

Background Screening breast MRI is recommended for women with BRCA mutation or a history of chest radiation, but guidelines are equivocal for MRI screening of women with a personal history of breast cancer or high-risk lesion. Purpose To evaluate screening breast MRI performance across women with different elevated breast cancer risk indications. Materials and Methods All screening breast MRI examinations performed between 2011 and 2014 underwent retrospective medical record review. Indications for screening were as follows: BRCA mutation carrier or history of chest radiation (BRCA/RT group), family history of breast cancer (FH group), personal history of breast cancer (PH group), and history of high-risk lesion (HRL group). Screening performance metrics were calculated and compared among indications by using logistic regression adjusted for age, available prior MRI, mammographic density, examination year, and multiple risk factors. Results There were 5170 screening examinations in 2637 women (mean age, 52 years; range, 23-86 years); 67 breast cancers were detected. The cancer detection rate (CDR) was highest in the BRCA/RT group (26 per 1000 examinations; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16, 43 per 1000 examinations), intermediate for those in the PH and HRL groups (12 per 1000 examinations [95% CI: 9, 17 per 1000 examinations] and 15 per 1000 examinations [95% CI: 7, 32 per 1000 examinations], respectively), and lowest for those in the FH group (8 per 1000 examinations; 95% CI: 4, 14 per 1000 examinations). No difference in CDR was evident for the PH or HRL group compared with the BRCA/RT group (P = .14 and .18, respectively). The CDR was lower for the FH group compared with the BRCA/RT group (P = .02). No difference was evident in positive predictive value for biopsies performed (PPV3) for the BRCA/RT group (41%; 95% CI: 26%, 56%) compared with the PH (41%; 95% CI: 31%, 52%; P = .63) or HRL (36%, 95% CI: 17%, 60%; P = .37) groups. PPV3 was lower for the FH group (14%; 95% CI: 8%, 25%; P = .048). Conclusion Screening breast MRI should be considered for women with a personal history of breast cancer or high-risk lesion. Worse screening MRI performance in patients with a family history of breast cancer suggests that better risk assessment strategies may benefit these women. © RSNA, 2019.
Compartmentalization of tumor cells to the CSF or peripheral blood of a breast cancer patient with CNS metastasis.

e11544 Background: We recently adapted the CellSearch system to detect cerebrospinal fluid tumor cells (CSFTCs) in breast cancer patients with CNS metastases and found that the CSFTCs correlate wit...
Association of sleep characteristics with cardiovascular health among women and differences by race/ethnicity and menopausal status: findings from the American Heart Association Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network.

Abstract Background and Objective Sleep is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is not currently included as a cardiovascular health (CVH) metric in the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 (AHA LS7). Our objective was to evaluate the association of sleep with CVH in women and examine differences by menopausal status and race/ethnicity. Methods Baseline data from the Columbia University AHA Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network were examined. Sleep habits were self-reported using validated questionnaires. A CVH score was computed using AHA LS7 criteria for smoking, diet, physical activity, BMI, blood pressure(BP), total cholesterol, and fasting glucose. Women received a score of 2 (ideal), 1 (intermediate), or 0 (poor) based on their level of meeting each AHA LS7 metric. Multivariable-adjusted regression models were used to evaluate associations of sleep with meeting overall and individual CVH metrics. Results The analytical sample consisted of n = 507 women (62% minority/Hispanic, mean age:37 y). Participants with adequate sleep duration (≥7 h), good sleep quality, no insomnia nor snoring, and low risk for OSA were more likely to meet >4 of the AHA LS7 metrics (P 300% higher odds of having poor CVH (P ≤ .03). Associations were stronger in post-menopausal and racial/ethnic minority women. Conclusions Better sleep habits were associated with more favorable CVH among women, suggesting that there may be benefit in incorporating sleep assessment into CVD risk screening.
A Survey on Energy Management for Mobile and IoT Devices

Editor’s notes: Mobile and IoT devices have proliferated our daily lives. However, these miniaturized computing systems should be highly energy-efficient due to their ultrasmall form factor. Hence, energy management is of utmost importance for both mobile and IoT devices. This article presents a comprehensive survey on this topic. — Partha Pratim Pande, Washington State University
Outcomes in Patients with Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma (EATL) and Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma (HSTCL): A Population Based Analysis Using the SEER Data

Abstract Introduction and Aim Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) and Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma (EATL) are rare aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphomas with dismal outcomes. Due to their rarity there is paucity of data on disease epidemiology and survival outcomes. We analyzed these rare diseases using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data to identify patient and disease factors that impact survival. Methods Using the SEER data, cases of HSTCL and EATL diagnosed between 1996 and 2014 were identified based on the ICD-O3 codes 9716 and 9717, respectively. Proportions were compared using chi-squared tests. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and stepwise regression were used to analyze disease-specific overall survival. Computations were performed in R. Results We identified 122 patients with HSTCL and 163 with EATL; both had male predominance with 69% in HSTCL and 58% in EATL (p=0.07). Median age was 38 years (range 4-83) in HSTCL and 64 years (range 23-96) in EATL patients. The HSTCL group was much younger with 79% aged Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first and largest United States population based study of patients diagnosed with HSTCL and EATL. Our analysis showed that HSTCL is commonly diagnosed in younger, males with increased incidence in African American population compared to EATL. Although surgical interventions were commonly used in both entities, it was more frequent in EATL. While surgery and radiation improved survival in HSTL, chemotherapy was the significant factor in EATL. Download : Download high-res image (162KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Fostemsavir for the treatment of HIV.

Introduction: For those with heavily treatment experienced (HTE) HIV-1 and virologic failure, therapeutic options are limited. A variety of barriers such as drug resistance, side effects, past into...
Orchard management and landscape context mediate the floral microbiome of pear

ABSTRACT Crop-associated microbiota are key factors affecting host health and productivity. Most crops are grown within heterogeneous landscapes, and interactions between management practices and landscape context often affect plant and animal biodiversity in agroecosystems. However, whether these same factors typically affect crop-associated microbiota is less clear. Here, we assessed whether orchard management strategies and landscape context affected bacterial and fungal communities in pear (Pyrus communis) flowers. We found that bacteria and fungi responded differently to management schemes. Organically-certified orchards had higher fungal diversity in flowers than conventional or bio-based integrated pest management (IPM) orchards, but organic orchards had the lowest bacterial diversity. Orchard management scheme also best predicted the distribution of several important bacterial and fungal genera that either cause or suppress disease, with organic and bio-based IPM best explaining the distributions of bacterial and fungal genera, respectively. Moreover, patterns of bacterial and fungal diversity were affected by interactions between management, landscape context, and climate. When examining the similarity of bacterial and fungal communities across sites, both abundance- and taxa-related turnover were mediated primarily by orchard management scheme and landscape context, and specifically the amount of land in cultivation. Our study reveals local- and landscape-level drivers of floral microbiome structure in a major fruit crop, providing insights that can inform microbiome management to promote host health and high-yielding quality fruit. IMPORTANCE. In tree fruits, proper crop management during bloom is essential for producing disease-free fruit. Tree fruits are often grown in heterogeneous landscapes; however, few studies have assessed whether landscape context and crop management affect the floral microbiome, which plays a critical role in shaping plant health and disease tolerance. Such work is key for identification of tactics and/or contexts where beneficial microbes proliferate, and pathogenic microbes are limited. Here, we characterize the floral microbiome of pear crops in Washington State, USA, where major production occurs in inter-mountain valleys and basins with variable elevation and microclimates. Our results show that both local (crop management) and landscape (habitat types and climate) level factors affect floral microbiota, but in disparate ways for each kingdom, suggesting a need for unique management strategies for each group. More broadly, these findings can potentially inform microbiome management in orchards for promotion of host health and high-quality yields.
Digital Obsolescence? Abandoned blogs in the francophone African literary field

This essay analyzes the blogs or websites of three francophone African writers: Alain Mabanckou, Leonora Miano, and Bessora, who at one time all had active blogs or websites related to their creative work. Digital spaces are still comparatively marginalized in the Francophone literary field when compared with institutions such as historically established publishing houses, literary prizes, and even geographical centers of the literary arts. In this transitional moment between traditional and digital modes of production, African writers working in French often embrace new creative platforms without turning their backs on the old. At times, they even leave the digital behind for historically established codes and forms, abandoning online spaces as they gain footholds in the Parisian-centered literary industry. Of the writers considered here, Bessora is the only one who still maintains her blog. Mabanckou’s online presence has shifted to other platforms like Instagram and Twitter, with more promotional (as opposed to aesthetic) motivations, while Miano has largely gone silent from the spaces she once occupied. Specifically for African writers working in French, I posit that their different, evolving uses of digital platforms reflect their rising relative positions in the literary field in French.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial antagonist polyamides from tunicates and their predatory sea slugs

In our efforts to discover new drugs to treat pain, we identified molleamines A-E (1-5) as major neuroactive components of the sea slug, Pleurobranchus forskalii and their prey, Didemnum molle tunicates. The chemical structures of molleamines were elucidated by spectroscopy and confirmed by the total synthesis of molleamines A (1) and C (3). Synthetic 3 completely blocked acetylcholine-induced calcium flux in peptidergic nociceptors (PNs) in the somatosensory nervous system. Compound 3 affected neither the 7 nAChR nor the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in calcium flux assays. In addition to nociceptors, 3 partially blocked the acetylcholine-induced calcium flux in the sympathetic nervous system, including neurons from the superior cervical ganglion. Electrophysiology revealed a block of 3{beta}4 (mouse) and 6/3{beta}4 (rat) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with IC50 values of 1.4 and 3.1 M, respectively. Molleamine C (3) is a partial antagonist, reaching a maximum block of 76-82% of the acetylcholine signal and showing no partial agonist response. Molleamine C (3) may thus provide a lead compound for the development of neuroactive compounds with unique biological properties.
Human Rights in World History

Preface. Chapter 1. The Contemporary Dilemmas Chapter 2. Human Rights in Premodern World History Chapter 3. The New Push for Human Rights Chapter 4. Human Rights on a World Stage: the 19th century and the interwar decades Chapter 5. Human Rights and Global Expansion: surges of growth since 1945 Chapter 6. Resistance and Response: more globalization, or less Chapter 7. Conclusion: Human Rights in Motion
Similarity and Retrieval Decisions

Are an elephant and a unicorn similar? Both have four legs and they both have a structure protruding from their faces. There are obvious differences between the two: elephants are “real,” have two horns (tusks), a protruding trunk, and are usually thought to be heavier than a unicorn. If they are similar, to what degree or in what manner are they similar? Being able to compute the degree of similarity assumes the existence of a scale ranging from being completely different (whatever that is) to being as similar as possible. We treat the latter as the degree of similarity that an object has with itself. A more qualitative approach to similarity can indicate that there are characteristics that both the elephant and the unicorn possess. Each characteristic, such as having a horn or having four legs, is different, and can be examined and appreciated by itself.
Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently comorbid with a variety of psychiatric disorders. These disorders include oppositional defiant (ODD) and conduct disorders (CD), and affective, anxiety, and learning disorders. Studies which have examined the comorbidity of these disorders with ADHD are reviewed. ADHD and ADHD with CD seem to be distinct sub- types; children with ADHD/CD are at higher risk of antisocial personality as adults. Coexisting anxiety may attenuate impulsiv- ity in ADHD. Studies examining stimulant response in children with ADHD/anxiety have recently yielded conflicting results. Anxiety and ADHD seem to be inherited independently. The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder among children with ADHD is controversial, but there clearly exists a subgroup of severely emotionally labile children with ADHD who present serious management issues for the clinician. About 20% to 25% of children with ADHD meet criteria for a learning disorder (LD), but LD seems to be independent of ADHD.
Resurrecting Autonomy: The Criminal Defendant's Right to Control the Case

In Faretta v. California, the Supreme Court exalted the value of autonomy – the criminal defendant’s interest in presenting and controlling the defense. Over the course of the past thirty-five years, however, the Court’s enthusiasm has dissipated, and commentators have criticized courts that have given defendants any measure of control over their cases. As a result, lower courts increasingly have shifted control from defendants to their lawyers. In light of that retrenchment, this Article reevaluates the autonomy interest on its merits. This reexamination confirms that Faretta got it right, and the Supreme Court should revitalize the constitutional interest of criminal defendants in controlling their own cases. Both the history and the text of the Bill of Rights demonstrate that the Framers intended to protect defendants’ control over their own cases The legitimacy of the criminal justice system, moreover, rests on the foundational principle that society cannot punish a defendant by diminishing or denying his autonomy without first determining the defendant’s guilt through the criminal process. Because that process necessarily precedes a finding of guilt, the government cannot legitimately curtail the defendant’s autonomy during the course of those proceedings. The discomfort of the Court and commentators with the autonomy interest arises from three interrelated arguments: (1) that lawyers make better decisions than clients; (2) that defendants waive their autonomy rights by agreeing to be represented by counsel, in particular court-appointed counsel; and (3) that autonomy rights threaten mentally ill defendants. Each of these arguments, however, has critical flaws. First, the paternalistic notion that lawyers should be entrusted with all decision-making in criminal cases because their law degrees qualify them to choose more wisely than defendants lacks empirical support and is inconsistent with landmark Supreme Court precedent. Second, the argument that defendants waive their autonomy interest by accepting representation ignores the reality that defendants need to retain some control over their cases because the indigent defense system creates powerful incentives for lawyers to breach their duty of loyalty to clients. Finally, the concern that mentally ill defendants will exploit any autonomy interest to their own detriment should be addressed by a narrow rule targeted at mentally ill defendants, rather than by denying rights to all defendants.
Cotyledon and Primary Needle Variation in Loblolly Pine From Mesic and Xeric Seed Sources

Cotyledons and primary needles in 1oblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) of Bastrop County, Texas, provenance have morphological modifications which should tend to conserve moisture during drought. FOREST SCI. 23:33-36. ADDITIONAL
Neural maps of interaural time and intensity differences in the optic tectum of the barn owl

This report describes the binaural basis of the auditory space map in the optic tectum of the barn owl (Tyto alba). Single units were recorded extracellularly in ketamine-anesthetized birds. Unit tuning for interaural differences in timing and intensity of wideband noise was measured using digitally synthesized sound presented through earphones. Spatial receptive fields of the same units were measured with a free field sound source. Auditory units in the optic tectum are sharply tuned for both the azimuth and the elevation of a free field sound source. To determine the binaural cues that could be responsible for this spatial tuning, we measured in the ear canals the amplitude and phase spectra produced by a free field noise source and calculated from these measurements the interaural differences in time and intensity associated with each of 178 locations throughout the frontal hemisphere. For all frequencies, interaural time differences (ITDs) varied systematically and most strongly with source azimuth. The pattern of variation of interaural intensity differences (IIDs) depended on frequency. For low frequencies (below 4 kHz) IID varied primarily with source azimuth, whereas for high frequencies (above 5 kHz) IID varied primarily with source elevation. Tectal units were tuned for interaural differences in both time and intensity of dichotic stimuli. Changing either parameter away from the best value for the unit decreased the unit's response. The tuning of units to either parameter was sharp: the width of ITD tuning curves, measured at 50% of the maximum response with IID held constant (50% tuning width), ranged from 18 to 82 microsecs. The 50% tuning widths of IID tuning curves, measured with ITD held constant, ranged from 8 to 37 dB. For most units, tuning for ITD was largely independent of IID, and vice versa. A few units exhibited systematic shifts of the best ITD with changes in IID (or shifts of the best IID with changes in ITD); for these units, a change in the value of one parameter to favor one ear shifted the best value of the other parameter in favor of the same ear, i.e., in the direction opposite to that expected from “time-intensity trading.” Overall sound intensity had little or no effect on ITD tuning, but did increase the best IIDs of units tuned to nonzero IIDs. The tuning of units for ITD and IID changed systematically along different dimensions of the optic tectum to create coextensive, independent neurophysiological maps of ITD and IID.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Early detection of impending physiologic deterioration among patients who are not in intensive care: development of predictive models using data from an automated electronic medical record.

BACKGROUND: Ward patients who experience unplanned transfer to intensive care units have excess morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To develop a predictive model for prediction of unplanned transfer from the medical–surgical ward to intensive care (or death on the ward in a patient who was “full code”) using data from a comprehensive inpatient electronic medical record (EMR). DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study; unit of analysis was a 12-hour patient shift. Shifts where a patient experienced an unplanned transfer were event shifts; shifts without a transfer were comparison shifts. Hospitalization records were transformed into 12-hour shift records, with 10 randomly selected comparison shifts identified for each event shift. Analysis employed logistic regression and split validation. SETTING: Integrated healthcare delivery system in Northern California. PATIENTS: Hospitalized adults at 14 hospitals with comprehensive inpatient EMRs. MEASUREMENTS: Predictors included vital signs, laboratory test results, severity of illness scores, longitudinal chronic illness burden scores, transpired hospital length of stay, and care directives. Patients were also given a retrospective, electronically (not manually assigned) Modified Early Warning Score, or MEWS(re). Outcomes were transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) from the ward or transitional care unit, or death outside the ICU among patients who were “full code”. RESULTS: We identified 4,036 events and 39,782 comparison shifts from a cohort of 102,422 patients' hospitalizations. The MEWS(re) had a c-statistic of 0.709 in the derivation and 0.698 in the validation dataset; corresponding values for the EMR-based model were 0.845 and 0.775. LIMITATIONS: Using these algorithms requires hospitals with comprehensive inpatient EMRs and longitudinal data. CONCLUSIONS: EMR-based detection of impending deterioration outside the ICU is feasible in integrated healthcare delivery systems. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Evaluation of New Technologies in a Shoe Manufacturing Plant Using Simulation

Computer simulations have become popular decision aids in evalitating manufacturing strategies due to the high costs and risks of implementing new technologies. This paper presents a case study of ...
Flexible Light-Chain and Helical Structure of F-Actin Explain the Movement and Step Size of Myosin-VI

Myosin-VI is a dimeric isoform of unconventional myosins. Single molecule experiments indicate that myosin-VI and myosin-V are processive molecular motors, but travel toward opposite ends of filamentous actin. Structural studies show several differences between myosin-V and VI, including a significant difference in the light-chain domain connecting the motor domains. Combining the measured kinetics of myosin-VI with the elasticity of the light chains, and the helical structure of F-actin, we compare and contrast the motility of myosin-VI with myosin-V. We show that the elastic properties of the light-chain domain control the stepping behavior of these motors. Simple models incorporating the motor elastic energy can quantitatively capture most of the observed data. Implications of our result for other processive motors are discussed.
The Structural Framework of Pictorial Balance

Two experiments were performed to examine how the subjective balance of a painting is created by its structural features and to determine if balance influences the way people look at paintings. Stimuli consisted of sixteen reproductions of twentieth-century paintings varying in artistic style and a reconstructed less-balanced version of each. Participants in experiment 1 determined the location of the balance center of each composition, assigned ‘weights’ to the pictorial features which contributed to the location of the balance center, and rated the picture for balance. It was found that design and museum professionals and individuals untrained in the visual arts were in good agreement as to the structural framework underlying the balance organization of a painting. For all participants, disruption of the balanced organizations of the original compositions led to reliable shifts in the location of the perceived balance centers of the originals compared with their less-balanced perturbations. Additionally...
American Society of Clinical Oncology-recommended surveillance and physician specialty among long-term breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether it is appropriate to transfer the follow-up care of breast cancer (BrCa) survivors from cancer specialists to primary care physicians (PCPs). This contemporary study compared physician specialty and documented the long-term surveillance of survivors who underwent surgery at an American academic center. METHODS: Women in this institutional review board-approved study underwent breast surgery between 1996 and 2006. Data were collected for 270 patients with stage I to III BrCa (mean follow-up, 6 years). Charts were reviewed based on American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines for recommended surveillance frequency and care. RESULTS: The majority of patients (90%; n = 242) were followed by specialists with 10% (n = 28) followed by PCPs. Patients with advanced disease and a greater risk of disease recurrence more often received specialist care. Patients followed by specialists were more often seen at ASCO-recommended intervals (eg, 89% vs 69% of patients followed by a PCP at follow-up Year 6; P < .01); however, many patients were followed inconsistently. Breast disease was often not the focus of PCP visits or mentioned in clinic notes (18% patients). Women seen by specialists were more likely to have documented clinical examinations of the breast (93% vs 44% at Year 6), axilla (94% vs 52%), or annual mammograms (74% vs 48%; P = .001-.02). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent compliance with surveillance guidelines and chart documentation needs improvement among all providers; however, specialists more consistently met ASCO guidelines. If transfer of care to a PCP occurs, it should be formalized and include follow-up recommendations and defined physician responsibilities. Providers and patients should be educated regarding surveillance care and current guidelines incorporated into standard clinical practice. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Permeation of Halide Anions through Phospholipid Bilayers Occurs by the Solubility-Diffusion Mechanism

Two alternative mechanisms are frequently used to describe ionic permeation of lipid bilayers. In the first, ions partition into the hydrophobic phase and then diffuse across (the solubility-diffusion mechanism). The second mechanism assumes that ions traverse the bilayer through transient hydrophilic defects caused by thermal fluctuations (the pore mechanism). The theoretical predictions made by both models were tested for halide anions by measuring the permeability coefficients for chloride, bromide, and iodide as a function of bilayer thickness, ionic radius, and sign of charge. To vary the bilayer thickness systematically, liposomes were prepared from monounsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) with chain lengths between 16 and 24 carbon atoms. The fluorescent dye MQAE (N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide) served as an indicator for halide concentration inside the liposomes and was used to follow the kinetics of halide flux across the bilayer membranes. The observed permeability coefficients ranged from 10(-9) to 10(-7) cm/s and increased as the bilayer thickness was reduced. Bromide was found to permeate approximately six times faster than chloride through bilayers of identical thickness, and iodide permeated three to four times faster than bromide. The dependence of the halide permeability coefficients on bilayer thickness and on ionic size were consistent with permeation of hydrated ions by a solubility-diffusion mechanism rather than through transient pores. Halide permeation therefore differs from that of a monovalent cation such as potassium, which has been accounted for by a combination of the two mechanisms depending on bilayer thickness.
Variable stepsize continuous two-step Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations

A general class of variable stepsize continuous two-step Runge-Kutta methods is investigated. These methods depend on stage values at two consecutive steps. The general convergence and order criteria are derived and examples of methods of orderp and stage orderq=p orq=p−1 are given forp≤5. Numerical examples are presented which demonstrate that high order and high stage order are preserved on nonuniform meshes with large variations in ratios between consecutive stepsizes.
Are Lipid Phase Transitions Responsible for Chilling Damage in Human Platelets

Abstract In previous studies we have proposed that the well-known chilling-induced activation of human blood platelets can be ascribed at least in part to a thermotropic phase transition in membrane lipids. The evidence that this is the case is reviewed and amplified in this review, followed by an examination of the available physical data concerning phase transitions in lipid mixtures that mimic the mixture found in platelet membranes. Assuming complete mixing at all temperatures and equal contributions of the members of the mixture to the phase transition, the lipid mixture found in platelets should give values for T m ranging from about 1°C to about 16°C, depending on the isomers present in the mixture. (The former value is not in agreement with the observed T m , but the latter is in excellent agreement.) However, examination of the phase diagram for a binary pair of lipids found in platelet membranes shows that ideal mixing almost certainly does not occur; instead of a linear phase diagram, a convex one was obtained. This shape for the phase diagram, which would displace T m to an unexpectedly elevated temperature, is in agreement with previously published phase diagrams for mixtures of this type. The prediction, based on thermodynamic properties of lipids found in the platelets, is that T m will be displaced upward in more complex mixtures of the composition found in platelets, a prediction that requires experimental testing.
A MEASURE OF CULTURE-INDUCED CHANGES IN A LABORATORY POPULATION OF PROTOZOA

Continued maintenance of organisms in laboratory cultures may produce stocks which differ in some degree from wild populations of the same species. Comparison of laboratory and wild populations of Woodruffla metabolica, a predatory ciliate, provides a measure of the effect. After an estimated 1,000-1,500 generations in laboratory culture,
Personality Assessment Inventory internalizing and externalizing structure in college students: Invariance across sex and ethnicity

Recent research suggests that several forms of adult psychopathology can be understood as reflecting lower-order elements of a higher-order internalizing/externalizing structure. Internalizing and externalizing factors have been identified with several measures of psychopathology constructs, including the widely used Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). However, research comparing different models of this structure as well as the fit of the structure across sex and ethnicity has been limited and no research on this topic has been conducted with the PAI. In this study, a simplified PAI internalizing and externalizing structure was found to be superior to a more complex model. Furthermore, the structure was found to be invariant across men and women and Hispanic and Anglo undergraduate respondents living in the United States. These results demonstrate the viability of the PAI to study these constructs and the applicability of this structure across various demographic groups.
Radioactivity standardization of 99mTc and 99Mo.

Abstract The “4πβ-γ” coincidence calibration of 99 m Tc and 99 Mo at the National Bureau of Standards is described. The “4πβ-γ” coincidence technique used is reviewed extensively. The results of various decay scheme parameter measurements for both radionuclides are reported.