cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lumbosacral anterolateral spinal arteries and brief review of "accessory" longitudinal arteries of the spinal cord.

The lumbosacral anterolateral spinal arteries (LALSA) were studied in 14 injected lumbosacral spinal cords. Contrary to many previously published opinions, which claimed that virtually all of the formerly described “accessory” longitudinal arteries of the vasa corona, were too inconstant to be of significance, the LALSA in this series were reliably present bilaterally and averaged a length of 8.4 cm. They ran in the acute angles formed by the emergence of the fascicles of the lumbosacral anterior spinal nerve roots and in this position, served as the origin for most of the proximal radicular arteries that supply the cranial half of the motor roots of the cauda equina. A review of the literature and analysis of other accessory longitudinal spinal arteries revealed that two other pairs of accessory spinal vessels, the lateral cervical spinal arteries (LCSA) and the lateral spinal arterial axes (LSA), have a demonstrable functional role and were sufficiently constant, along with the LALSA, to warrant inclusion in detailed descriptions of human spinal cord vasculature. Clin. Anat. 12:171–178, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PREDICTING MESSAGE EFFECT IN WRITTEN BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS: The Need for Theoretical Formulations

The business communicator's ability to elicit a certain response from the receiver is intimately connected with his ability to predict reliably the effect of the encoded message. Such prediction requires theoretical formulations to explain the interaction or causal associations among the components of the communication process.
Design of a wavelength-tunable light source using an acousto-optic tunable filter

We report on the design and performance of a wavelength-tunable light source for illumination of fluorescent samples. The requirements included a maximum possible irradiance at the sample, rapid and continuous tuning between wavelengths over the range of 400-800 nm with 10-40 nm wide spectral output pass bands, 3 dB out-of-band spectral rejection, and coupling of the light into a fiber bundle for delivery to the sample. We selected an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) for spectral tuning and a xenon arc lamp as the input source in this application. The tuning range of the AOTF was 450-750 nm, necessitating the use of additional narrow-band interference filters to tune across the entire 400-800 nm range. The AOTF had a 4.2° separation angle between the diffracted and non-diffracted beams. In order to achieve the best out-of-band rejection possible and to avoid overlap of the beams, the input source must diverge less than half the separation angle. The active aperture of the AOTF was 10 mm × 10 mm. The optical design included separate beam paths for the AOTF and interference filters that resulted in optimizing the throughput for each case and matching both beams to the numerical aperture of the fiber bundle. We discuss the design process, our prototype system, and issues to be addressed for use of an AOTF in fluorescent excitation applications.
Ternary Diffusion. Solutions with Diffusion Coefficients Linearly Dependent on Concentrations

A numerical solution was devised for the set of differential equations characterizing interdiffusion in a ternary system in which the partial diffusion coefficients are linear functions of the concentrations. A one-step fourth order Runge-Kutta method was used in the computer program. The concentration-penetration curves obtained accurately reflect the behavior of an interdiffusing ternary ideal solid solution provided that the tracer diffusion coefficients are constant and the ratios of the latter are not very different from unity. A theorem was derived which specifies the conditions for which the points of inflection of the three concentration-penetration curves occur at the same position in the diffusion couple. Also, it was shown that in an ideal interdiffusing ternary solid solution, zero-flux plane positions cannot correspond exactly to the points of intersection of the diffusion path and iso-activity lines drawn through the terminal alloys of the diffusion couple, but approach the latter in the limiting case. Finally, a method was developed to calculate the partial interdiffusion coefficients at a composition point on the diffusion path of an ideal ternary solid solution diffusion couple through the use of information obtained only from that one diffusion couple.
Charge density wave in two-dimensional electron liquid in weak magnetic field.

We study the ground state of a clean two-dimensional electron liquid in a weak magnetic field where $N\ensuremath{\gg}1$ lower Landau levels are completely filled and the upper level is partially filled. It is shown that the electrons at the upper Landau level form domains with filling factors equal to 1 and zero. The domains alternate with a spatial period of order of the cyclotron radius, which is much larger than the interparticle distance at the upper Landau level. The one-particle density of states, which can be probed by tunneling experiments, is shown to have a gap linearly dependent on the magnetic field in the limit of large $N$.
Perceptions of the Internet: what people think when they search the Internet for information

The study described in this article aimed to gather insights into what people think when they search the Internet for information. The premise is that people relate to information services and systems metaphorically. In other words, they identify the system or service as analogous to something perhaps more mundane or commonplace. These are known as wild metaphors. They help to explain the unknown or unfamiliar and help us to learn new things. They arise from our individual beliefs and backgrounds but they are also inevitably influenced by our collective experience of contemporary media characterisations of the Internet. This study relates the analogies that academics in Australia report for the Internet with the satisfaction that they derive from information seeking on the network. It provides some insight into how academics in Australia perceive the Internet when they use it to search for information.
War and Cultural Property: The 1954 Hague Convention and the Status of U.S. Ratification

In May of 1954, the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Hague Convention) was adopted in an attempt to curb the destruction of movable and immovable cultural property during war. Recent conflicts, such as the continuing war in the Balkans, remind us that the Hague Convention is as relevant today as it was fifty years ago. Although this Convention is the most comprehensive and internationally recognized treaty to protect cultural property in time of war, the United States remains one of the few signatories that has yet to ratify it. In January 1999, former President William J. Clinton forwarded the Hague Convention to the Senate with the recommendation that it ratify the Convention and part of Protocol I. Although this presented perhaps the first real opportunity in nearly half a century for the United States to join one hundred countries and ratify the Hague Convention, its fate remains uncertain. Generally oriented towards the United States' policy and practice, this article broadly discusses the Hague Convention, its history, its weaknesses and strengths, and the current status of U.S. ratification.
Vibrational spectra and the ferroelectric phase transition of colemanite

The infrared and far infrared (10–4000 cm−1) polarized, single crystal reflectivity of the calcium borate mineral colemanite, CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O, have been measured at room temperature and at several temperatures below the ferroelectric phase transition at approximately 270 K. Over the entire frequency range studied, only minor spectral changes are seen at the ferroelectric phase transition.
Coronary Revascularization on Balance: Robert L. Frye Lecture

The first generation of multicenter randomized controlled trials of coronary artery bypass surgery vs medical treatment in the 1970s found survival advantage only in patients with left main coronary artery disease or with multiple risk factors. Over time, these results have remained reproducible and biologically plausible and continue to be the basis for contemporary guidelines for bypass surgery. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which became available some 10 years after surgery, was compared with medical treatment in various clinical settings. Patients with stable angina receiving aggressive medical therapy had survival rates comparable to those undergoing PCI in several trials. In the presence of unstable angina, evidence suggests benefit from intervention after stabilization. In the setting of acute myocardial infarction or cardiogenic shock, PCI showed results superior to lytic therapy in centers with large PCI volume. A comparison of the 2 revascularization methods in the 1990s resulted in no overall 7-year survival difference except in patients with treated diabetes in whom bypass surgery prolonged life compared with angioplasty. None of the revascularizations had an effect on the incidence of myocardial infarctions, but importantly, the presence of bypass grafts reduced their fatal impact compared with both medical treatment and PCI. All revascularization trials reported improvement in quality of life, including symptoms, compared with less aggressive therapy. In the pursuit to explain 3 decades of steady decline of cardiovascular mortality in the United States, health economists attempted to model the decline due to availability of intervention by estimates obtained from contemporary randomized prevention and intervention trials. They concluded that, thus far, treatments have made a greater contribution to the decline than has primary prevention. Randomized trials not only contribute to evidence-based clinical practice, but also can reveal underlying biological mechanisms and provide quantitative data to model population trends. Thus, they should be regarded as the basic science of medical therapeutics and population health.
Development of silicon grisms and immersion gratings for high-resolution infrared spectroscopy

We report new results on silicon grism and immersion grating development using photolithography and anisotropic chemical etching techniques, which include process recipe finding, prototype grism fabrication, lab performance evaluation and initial scientific observations. The very high refractive index of silicon (n=3.4) enables much higher dispersion power for silicon-based gratings than conventional gratings, e.g. a silicon immersion grating can offer a factor of 3.4 times the dispersion of a conventional immersion grating. Good transmission in the infrared (IR) allows silicon-based gratings to operate in the broad IR wavelength regions (~1- 10 micrometers and far-IR), which make them attractive for both ground and space-based spectroscopic observations. Coarser gratings can be fabricated with these new techniques rather than conventional techniques, allowing observations at very high dispersion orders for larger simultaneous wavelength coverage. We have found new etching techniques for fabricating high quality silicon grisms with low wavefront distortion, low scattered light and high efficiency. Particularly, a new etching process using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is significantly simplifying the fabrication process on large, thick silicon substrates, while providing comparable grating quality to our traditional potassium hydroxide (KOH) process. This technique is being used for fabricating inch size silicon grisms for several IR instruments and is planned to be used for fabricating ~ 4 inch size silicon immersion gratings later. We have obtained complete K band spectra of a total of 6 T Tauri and Ae/Be stars and their close companions at a spectral resolution of R ~ 5000 using a silicon echelle grism with a 5 mm pupil diameter at the Lick 3m telescope. These results represent the first scientific observations conducted by the high-resolution silicon grisms, and demonstrate the extremely high dispersing power of silicon- based gratings. The future of silicon-based grating applications in ground and space-based IR instruments is promising. Silicon immersion gratings will make very high-resolution spectroscopy (R>100,000) feasible with compact instruments for implementation on large telescopes. Silicon grisms will offer an efficient way to implement low-cost medium to high resolution IR spectroscopy (R~ 1000-50000) through the conversion of existing cameras into spectrometers by locating a grism in the instrument's pupil location.
Evolutionary Algorithms for Protein Structure Modeling

In the last two decades, great progress has been made in molecular modeling through computational treatments of biological molecules grounded in evolutionary search techniques. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are gaining popularity beyond exploring the relationship between sequence and function in biomolecules. In particular, recent work is showing the promise of EAs in exploring structure spaces of protein chains to address open problems in computational structural biology, such as de novo structure prediction and other structure modeling problems. Exploring effective interleaving of global and local search has led to hybrid EAs that are now competitive with the Monte Carlo-based frameworks that have traditionally dominated de novo structure prediction. Deeper understanding of the constraints posed by highly-coupled modular systems like proteins and integration of domain knowledge have resulted in effective reproductive operators. Multi-objective optimization has also shown promise in dealing with the conflicting terms that make up protein energy functions and effectively exploring protein energy surfaces. Combinations of these techniques have recently resulted in powerful stochastic search frameworks that go beyond de novo structure prediction and are capable of yielding comprehensive energy landscapes containing possible diverse functionally-relevant structures of proteins. The objective of this tutorial is to introduce the EC community to the rapid developments on EA-based frameworks for protein structure modeling through a concise but comprehensive review of developments in this direction over the last decade. The review will be accompanied with specific detailed highlights and interactive software demonstrations of representative methods. Building on the success and feedback of a related tutorial presented by the organizers at GECCO 2014, highlights will focus on de novo structure prediction and then energy landscape mapping of wildtype and disease-causing variants of proteins involved in proteinopathies, such as cancer. The tutorial will expand the view of EA-based frameworks beyond sequence-focused application settings. It will introduce EC researchers to open problems in computational structural biology and in the process spur the design of novel and powerful evolutionary search techniques.
Organizations as Resource Dilemmas: The Effects of Power Balance on Coalition Formation in Small Groups

Abstract This research combines the coalition and social dilemmas literature to understand the complexity of choice in small group decision making that occurs within organizations. In an exercise which simulates the organization as a resource dilemma, power balance (equal, unequal) is manipulated in five-person groups to examine its impact on coalition formation and group outcomes. In a 15 round game players had the option of forming coalitions, which decreased the size of the resource pool, or practicing collective resource allocation, which increased it. Unequal power balanced groups were more likely to begin the exercise by forming coalitions and distributing the resource pool to a subset of group members than equal power balanced groups. Unequal power balanced groups also included fewer people in the funding distributions across all 15 rounds than did groups with equal power. As a result, unequal power balanced groups had significantly lower individual as well as group outcomes than did equal power balanced groups. Unequal power balanced groups also used the resource pool less efficiently than equal power balanced groups, and only equal power balanced groups were able to significantly increase the size of the resource pool across all game rounds. Finally, unequal power balanced groups had more difficulty reaching funding allocation agreements than equal power balanced groups. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for small group decision making in organizations.
Intuitions and the Demands of Consequentialism

One response to the demandingness objection is that it begs the question against consequentialism by assuming a moral distinction between what a theory requires and what it permits. According to the consequentialist, this distinction stands in need of defense. However, this response may also beg the question, this time at the methodological level, regarding the credibility of the intuitions underlying the objection. The success of the consequentialist's response thus turns on the role we assign to intuitions in our moral methodology. After presenting the demandingness objection to consequentialism and revealing the underlying methodological stalemate, I break the stalemate by appealing to research in the cognitive neuroscience of intuitions. Given the evidence for the hypothesis that our moral intuitions are fundamentally emotional (rather than rational) responses, we should give our intuitions a modest (rather than robust) role in our moral methodology. This rescues the consequentialist's response to the demandingness objection.
Host tissue response in chronic periodontal disease VI. The role of cell‐mediated hypersensitivity

An early stage of plaque-associated inflammatory periodontal disease in humans and in some animals exhibits features characteristic of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. This lesion appears about one week following the beginning of plaque accumulation and it precedes the formation of a plasma cell infiltrate. The experiments described were direct toward learning whether or not cell-mediated hypersensitivity is a significant component of the early stage of the disease. Fisher 344 rats and Rhesus monkeys were sensitized using dinitrofluorobenzene and challenged subsequently at the gingival sulcus. Lesions exhibiting features characteristic of the early plaque-induced lesion appeared in both species within 48 to 72 hours following challenge. These features included vasculitis, a dense mononuclear cell infiltrate and destruction of connective tissue constituents. The lesion did not appear in challenged non-sensitized control animals. In order to learn whether cell mediated or humoral hypersensitivity was responsible for the lesion, transfer experiments were done in rats. Typical lesions were induced by challenge of non-sensitized animals previously given an intraperitoneal injection of 5 X 107 spleen cells from sensitized animals, but lesions could not be induced in animals given serum from sensitized rats.
A review of vibration serviceability criteria for floor structures

This paper is a survey of the historical developments in modeling human dynamic loads, perception criteria used in structural floor vibrations, and the techniques used to mitigate the human-induced vibrations. Two of the techniques are explained in more detail, namely: semi-active control and passive control using advanced materials.
Effect of Follicle Size and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Ovulation Induction and Embryo Recovery in the Mare

The timing of ovulation is an important component to many equine breeding strategies. The action of luteinizing hormone on ovulation induction has been recognized; however, potential effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have been less defined. Objectives of this study were to determine whether (1) mares could be induced to ovulate follicles ≤30 mm; (2) equine FSH (eFSH) has a positive effect on ovulation induction, and (3) ovulation of small follicles would affect embryo recovery. Light-horse mares (n = 12) between 4 and 10 years of age were assigned to treatments when they had a dominant growing follicle with a mean diameter of 24, 28, or 35 ± 2 mm and endometrial edema. Treatments were (1) H35, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at 35 ± 2 mm; (2) F35, eFSH at 35 ± 2 mm; (3) H28, hCG at 28 ± 2 mm; (4) FH28, eFSH and hCG at 28 ± 2 mm; (5) D28, deslorelin (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH] analog) at 28 ± 2 mm; (6) FH24/H24, hCG or eFSH and hCG at 24 ± 2 mm. Mares’ reproductive tracts were scanned at 24 ± 2-hour intervals after treatment to detect ovulation. Mares were inseminated, and embryos were collected. Numbers of mares that ovulated within 48 ± 2 hours after treatment were: H35, 8/8 (100%); F35, 8/14 (57%); H28, 7/12 (58%); FH28, 9/12 (75%); D28, 3/7 (43%) and FH/H24, 4/14 (29%). The number of mares that ovulated in 48 ± 2 hours for H35 was not different from that for FH28 but was higher (P < .05) than all other groups. Embryo recovery rates, diameters, developmental stages, and morphology scores were not different for mares ovulating 48 hours or less versus more than 48 hours after treatment or among treatment groups. Results of this study demonstrate that follicles ≤30 mm can be induced to ovulate with no effect on embryo recovery or quality, as assessed by stereomicroscopy.
(Post)Feminist development fables: The Girl Effect and the production of sexual subjects

The Nike Foundation’s flagship corporate social responsibility campaign, ‘The Girl Effect’, has generated support for targeted investments in adolescent girls as the ‘key’ economic development in the global south. As a representational regime, the campaign is an example of an increasingly hegemonic discourse of global girl power via formal education. In an era of ‘sexualisation moral panic’ regarding representations of contemporary young female sexual subjectivities in the global north, this article considers ideological figurings of adolescent female sexual embodiment in the global south through a discursive analysis of the campaign’s three most popular viral videos.
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty: Experience With the Initial 30 Cases

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed the intermediate effectiveness of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in the treatment of the obstructed ureteropelvic junction.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 pyeloplasties was performed for symptomatic ureteropelvic junction obstruction (24 primary and 6 secondary cases). Two separate types of reconstruction were performed, that is dismembered (26 patients) and Y-V (4) pyeloplasty. All patients were followed with excretory urography or diuretic renography. Moreover, factors affecting the learning curve (surgical technique, prior laparoscopic experience and cause of obstruction) were evaluated.Results: A lower pole segmental renal vessel was found at the ureteropelvic junction in 18 patients (60%). Operative time ranged from 2.25 to 8.0 hours (mean 4.5). Postoperative morbidity (mean narcotic requirement 37.3 mg. morphine sulfate, mean hospital stay 3.5 days and convalescence 3 weeks) was minimum. At radiographic followup (mean 16.3 months, range 4 to 73) 97% of the patients demons...
FIRE3 in the promoter of the rat fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene binds the ubiquitous transcription factors CBF and USF but does not mediate an insulin response in a rat hepatoma cell line.

Several putative insulin-responsive elements (IRE) in the fatty acid synthase (FAS) promoter have been identified and shown to be functional in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Here we report on the insulin-responsiveness in the rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE of four cis-elements in the FAS promoter: the FAS insulin-responsive elements, FIRE2 and FIRE3; the inverted CCAAT element, ICE; and the insulin/glucose-binding element, designated hepatic FIRE element, hFIRE, originally identified in rat hepatocytes. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) competition experiments together with supershifts and in vitro transcription/translation we show that FIRE3 (−68/−58) binds not only the upstream stimulatory factors USF-1/USF-2 but also the CCAAT-binding factor CBF, also known as the nuclear factor Y, NF-Y. The putative IRE FIRE2, which shows sequence similarity to FIRE3, is located between −267 and −249. Gel retardation experiments indicate that USF-1 and USF-2 also bind to this element, which contains an imperfect E-box motif. Using the same approach we have shown that hFIRE binds the stimulatory proteins Sp1 and Sp3 in addition to CBF. Transient transfection experiments using FAS promoter constructs deleted for FIRE2 and FIRE3 demonstrate that neither of these elements mediates the insulin response of the FAS promoter in the rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE, however, ICE at −103/−87 is responsible for mediating the effect of the insulin antagonist cAMP. The hFIRE element located at −57/−34, in spite of its role in the glucose/insulin response in primary rat hepatocytes, is apparently not involved in the insulin regulation of the rat FAS promoter in H4IIE cells. The fact that the topology of the promoters of the FAS genes in rat, human, goose and chicken is conserved regarding CBF-binding sites and USF-binding sites implies an important role for these ubiquitously expressed transcription factors in the regulation of the FAS promoter.
Studies on the enzyme lipase in the housefly.

Abstract The various stages of the housefly, Musca domestica , have been examined for lipase activity. Lipolysis was performed by all stages with varying degrees of activity. The larval stage was the most active, and it was found that the lipase was localized in the midgut region. A crude lipase has been extracted from the larvae.
Estimating gestational age in the term pregnancy with a model based on multiple indices of fetal maturity

A prospective ultrasonographic study was conducted in 100 normal pregnant women with gestational ages that ranged from 36 to 42 weeks in which multiple biometric measurements were obtained. Dimensions of the distal femoral, proximal tibial, and proximal humeral epiphyseal ossification centers, as well as the placental and colonic grades, were also evaluated. A high statistical correlation was found between gestational age and each of the five variables ( p
Development of a Portable XLPE Cable Insulation Detection Device

In this article, a portable XLPE cable insulation detection device is introduced. Such a device utilizes electromagnetic coupling, UHF electromagnetic wave and acoustic emission to detect partial discharge signals in power cables. By analyzing the partial discharge signals and cable temperatures, the insulation status of XLPE power cables is judged.
Precision engineering issues in magnetic recording technology

Abstract In this paper, precision engineering issues in magnetic recording technology are investigated. Theoretical and experimental aspects of the head/medium interface are analysed from the point of view of maximizing linear density. Interferometric measurements and laser Doppler methods are discussed with respect to the measurement of key parameters of the head/medium interface. In addition, precision engineering issues which limit track density in discs and tapes are presented.
Silicon in organic synthesis. 14. Five ring annulation processes based upon thermal rearrangement of (1-trimethylsilylcyclopropyl)ethylenes☆

Abstract Pyrolysis of (1-trimethylsilylcyclopropyl)ethylenes affords silyl substituted cyclopentenes in high yield. Subsequent reaction of these products with varied electrophiles forms the basis of a new and versatile five-ring annulation sequence.
Remembering the data: analyzing interactive processes in reading

Past experience can facilitate subsequent perceptual activities as well as serve as the basis for recognition memory. However, the memory underlying perception is commonly assumed to be more “general” and, consequently, to preserve less information about the initial event than does the memory that underlies recognition for a specific episode. In contrast, experiments are performed which demonstrate that perceptual identification and recognition memory both rely on memory for single prior processing episodes. In these experiments, the subjects' reliance on data-driven rather than conceptually driven processing of a word was changed by varying the context in which the word was read. A greater degree of data-driven processing of a word, such as having a subject read the word out of context, facilitated later perceptual identification of that word. Conversely, a greater degree of conceptually driven processing of a word, such as having the subject generate the word from a conceptual clue, resulted in better recognition memory and less facilitation of perceptual identification. This sensitivity of perceptual identification to the balance between data-driven and conceptually driven processing in a single prior processing episode provides a means of analyzing interactive processes in reading.
Evidence for interleukin‐1‐independent stimulation of interleukin‐12 and down‐regulation by interleukin‐10 in Helicobacter pylori‐infected murine dendritic cells deficient in the interleukin‐1 receptor

Helicobacter pylori infection is characterized by infiltration of cells of the immune system, including dendritic cells, into the gastric mucosa. During chronic inflammation with Helicobacter pylori infection, a variety of cytokines are secreted into the mucosa, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The role of IL-1 in H. pylori infection was investigated using bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells from wild-type and IL-1 receptor-deficient (IL-1R−/−) mice. Dendritic cells were incubated with H. pylori at a multiplicity of infection of 10 and 100, and cytokine production evaluated. Helicobacter pylori SS1, H. pylori SD4, and an isogenic cag E mutant of SD4 stimulated IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha at comparable levels in dendritic cells from both wild-type and IL-1R−/− mice. IL-10 production required the higher inoculum, while IL-12 was decreased at this bacterial load. Pretreatment of dendritic cells with an antibody to IL-10 resulted in an increased production of IL-12, confirming the down-regulation of IL-12 by IL-10. cag E was required for maximum stimulation of IL-12 by H. pylori . We speculate that the down-regulation of IL-12 by IL-10 at the higher multiplicity of infection represents the modulation of the host inflammatory response in vivo by H. pylori when the bacterial load is high, allowing for persistent colonization of the gastric mucosa.
Tracking of cyclic motion with phase‐contrast cine MR velocity data

A method of computing trajectories of objects by using velocity data, particularly as acquired with phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, is presented. Starting from a specified location at one time point, the method recursively estimates the trajectory. The effects of measurement noise and eddy current-induced velocity offsets are analyzed. When the motion is periodic, trajectories can be computed by integrating in both the forward and backward temporal directions, and a linear combination of these trajectories minimizes the effect of velocity offsets and maximizes the precision of the combined trajectory. For representative acquisition parameters and signal-to- noise ratios, the limitations due to measurement noise are acceptable. In a phantom with reciprocal rotation, the measured and true trajectories agreed to within 3.3%. Sample trajectory estimates of human myocardial regions are encouraging.
cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the endothelin 2 gene: vasoactive intestinal contractor peptide is rat endothelin 2.

Abstract Four members of the endothelin family of vasoactive and mitogenic peptides have been identified: human endothelins 1, 2, and 3 (ET1, ET2, and ET3, respectively) and mouse vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC). To characterize the mRNA encoding ET2, a 192-bp fragment of the ET2 gene, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction from human genomic DNA, was used to screen cell lines and tissues for ET2 gene expression. ET2 mRNA was detected in a cell line (HTB119) derived from a human lung small cell carcinoma, and an ET2 cDNA was cloned from a cDNA library prepared from HTB119 mRNA. DNA prepared from human-mouse somatic hybrid cell lines was used to assign the gene encoding ET2 ( EDN2 ) to the 1p21→1pter region of chromosome 1, demonstrating that EDN2 is not linked to genes encoding ET1 ( EDN1; chromosome 6) and ET3 ( EDN3; chromosome 20). Southern blot hybridization revealed a single gene in human and rat genomes that hybridized with the ET2 gene fragment, and the rat gene was cloned. The endothelin peptide encoded by the rat gene differed from ET2 at 1 of 21 residues and was identical to mouse VIC. We conclude that VIC is the mouse and rat analogue of the human ET2 gene.
The location of the subsolar bow shock of Venus: Implications for the obstacle shape

The rise in periapsis altitude with time has allowed the Pioneer Venus spacecraft to begin probing the subsolar Venus bow shock. This has allowed the altitude of the subsolar bow shock to be determined by in situ observations for the first time. The observed altitude of 2280 km at the nose together with the previously determined terminator altitude can be used to infer the shape of the obstacle using the gasdynamic model of the solar wind interaction with Venus. When this shape is compared to the measured locations of the Venus ionopause (defined as the point where the magnetosheath magnetic field pressure and ionospheric thermal pressures are equal), it is found that the observed ionopause position is too low to qualify as the obstacle. It is inferred that a layer of the mass loaded plasma in the magnetosheath forms the magnetic barrier.
Chronic toxicity of diphenhydramine hydrochloride and erythromycin thiocyanate to Daphnia, Daphnia magna, in a continuous exposure test system

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH; Benadryl™, an over-the-counter antihistamine) and erythromycin thiocyanate (ET; a commonly used macrolide antibiotic) are pharmaceutical compounds whose chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna had not been characterized. Continuous exposure to DH concentrations about 5 times greater than the maximum reported environmental concentration of 0.023 μg/L for 21 days or to ET concentrations about 40 times the maximum reported environmental concentration of 6 μg/L for 21 days did not significantly impact D. magna survival and production. In this study the no observable effect concentration for DH was 0.12 μg/L and for ET was 248 μg/L.
A Study of Modern Dance in Relation to Communication, Choreographic Structure, and Elements of Composition

Abstract The purpose of this study was to initiate systematic research on dance as a creative and expressive art form. Although the process of expression through movement has concerned dancers and dance teachers for some time, there have been few attempts at a systematic analysis of either the process or the product of dance expression. Dance has generally been considered immeasurable because of its peculiarities as an art form. While there is little apparent value in quantitative measurement of dance, qualitative measurement appears to have considerable value. It can sharpen the focus on principles of dance composition, contribute toward increased teaching effectiveness, enlarge dance's expressive range, and increase its ability to communicate. Specifically, this study attempted to determine how effectively modern dance communicates by using a systematic analysis of individual dance compositions. Samples of dance studies with specific intentions were choreographed and filmed. The dances were then viewed ...
Monoenergetic-proton-radiography measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion.

Time-gated, monoenergetic radiography with 15-MeV protons provides unique measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Images obtained during acceleration, coasting, deceleration, and stagnation display a comprehensive picture of spherical implosions. Critical information inferred from such images, hitherto unavailable, characterizes the spatial structure and temporal evolution of self-generated fields and plasma areal density. Results include the first observation of a radial electric field inside the imploding capsule. It is initially directed inward (at $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}$), eventually reverses direction ($\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}$), and is the probable consequence of the evolution of the electron pressure gradient.
Circularly-polarized laser-assisted photoionization spectra of argon for attosecond pulse measurements

Angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of argon atoms by XUV attosecond pulses in the presence of a circularly polarized laser field are calculated to examine their dependence on the duration and the chirp of the attosecond pulses. From the calculated electron spectra, we show how to retrieve the duration and the chirp of the attosecond pulse using genetic algorithm. The method is expected to be used for characterizing the attosecond pulses which are produced by polarization gating of few-cycle left- and right-circularly polarized infrared laser pulses.
Anatomy and biomechanics of the posterolateral aspect of the canine knee

The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomy and characterize the biomechanics of the posterolateral aspect of the canine knee. Ten adult canine knees were each used for anatomy and biomechanical testing. Distances and motion limits were measured using a 6 degree-of-freedom electromagnetic tracking system. Canine knee dissection reproducibly identified structures present in the human posterolateral knee. The course and attachment sites of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon were similar to human anatomy. Sequential sectioning of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon all significantly increased varus translation at full extension, 60 degrees , and 90 degrees of knee flexion. Sectioning of the fibular collateral ligament significantly increased external rotation at flexion angles near full extension, while popliteus tendon sectioning also significantly increased external rotation at 90 degrees of knee flexion. Based on the fact that the anatomy of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and the biomechanical properties of the canine posterolateral knee are similar to the human knee, we believe the canine knee is a suitable model to study the natural history of posterolateral knee injuries. The canine model will also prove valuable in the validation of reconstruction techniques and studying the potential development of medial compartment osteoarthritis following posterolateral knee injuries.
Conflict of interest in online point-of-care clinical support websites

Point-of-care evidence-based medicine websites allow physicians to answer clinical queries using recent evidence at the bedside. Despite significant research into the function, usability and effectiveness of these programmes, little attention has been paid to their ethical issues. As many of these sites summarise the literature and provide recommendations, we sought to assess the role of conflicts of interest in two widely used websites: UpToDate and Dynamed. We recorded all conflicts of interest for six articles detailing treatment for the following conditions: erectile dysfunction, fibromyalgia, hypogonadism, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. These diseases were chosen as their medical management is either controversial, or they are treated using biological drugs which are mostly available by brand name only. Thus, we hypothesised that the role of conflict of interest would be more significant in these conditions than in an illness treated with generic medications or by strict guidelines. All articles from the UpToDate articles demonstrated a conflict of interest. At times, the editor and author would have a financial relationship with a company whose drug was mentioned within the article. This is in contrast with articles on the Dynamed website, in which no author or editor had a documented conflict. We offer recommendations regarding the role of conflict of interest disclosure in these point-of-care evidence-based medicine websites.
On the need for role indicators in postcoordinate retrieval systems

A summary of the findings of various evaluations of role indicators is given. In general, the results have been negative in that little real evidence for the value of these devices has been presented. The need for roles in various subject fields and in very large systems, is discussed. They can only be justified on purely economic grounds—if the added cost involved in their use is offset by substantial reduction in the amount of output screening that must be done by the end user.
Research and analysis on mathematical model of looper control in hot strip rolling mills

The accuracy of looper length calculation is highly significant in the looper control system of hot strip rolling mills. This paper described the precise calculation formula, the isosceles triangle approximate calculation formula and Taylor series expansion approximate calculation formula used in looper length calculation. The accuracy of these three formulas is compared in 1580 mm, 1700 mm and 2050 mm hot strip rolling mill. In conclusion, the isosceles triangle approximate calculation formula is proved to be with the advantage of high accuracy and simple models.
A case for information-bound referencing

Links and content references form the foundation of the way that users interact today. Unfortunately, the links used today (URLs) are fragile since they tightly specify a protocol, host, and filename. Some past efforts have decoupled this binding to a certain degree; e.g., creating links that bind to byte-level data. We argue that these systems do not go far enough. Our key observation is that users really care about the intent of the referenced link and are relatively agnostic to the byte-level representation. Based on this observation, we argue that references should be bound to the underlying information associated with the referenced content. We call such references Information-Bound References (IBR). In this paper, we focus on the challenges of creating IBRs for multimedia data, since these form a dominant fraction of Internet traffic today. We explore the trade-offs of various alternatives for generating and using IBRs. We identify that it is possible to adapt multimedia fingerprinting algorithms in the literature to generate IBRs.
Negative Emotion Enhances Memory Accuracy Behavioral and Neuroimaging Evidence

There have been extensive discussions about whether emotional memories contain more accurate detail than nonemotional memories do, or whether individuals simply believe that they have remembered emotional experiences more accurately. I review evidence that negative emotion enhances not only the subjective vividness of a memory but also the likelihood of remembering some (but not all) event details. I then describe neuroimaging evidence suggesting that engagement of emotion-processing regions (particularly the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) relates to the encoding and retrieval of details intrinsically linked to negative items.
Assessing the value of a community-based approach to language and cultural learning: A longitudinal study

This article reviews the results of a survey of former students to determine the long-term significance of a community-based Spanish practicum that has been offered since 2000. The respondents affirm that, even nine years later, they still remember well the Mexican immigrant families that hosted them during the course. The students were able to develop a long-lasting appreciation for the power of second language and cultural learning through a combination of meaningful communication, strong interpersonal relationships, cognitive and affective learning methodologies, and involvement in constructing their own learning experiences. As predicted, the students' immersion in a different socioeconomic and cultural context had a major impact on their sense of social justice, but, unexpectedly, did little to foster a life of political activism. For practitioners, the survey results also raise questions about the importance of reflection in experiential learning methods, and the nature and appropriate role of service learning.
Decision-Making in Patients With Cancer and Kidney Disease

Thoughtful decision-making in a patient with cancer and kidney disease requires a comprehensive discussion of prognosis and therapy options for both conditions framed by the individual's preferences and goals of care. An estimate of overall prognosis is generated that includes the patient's clinical presentation and parameters associated with adverse outcomes, such as age, performance status, frailty, malnutrition, and comorbidities. Empathic communication of this information using a shared decision-making approach can lead to an informed decision that respects patient autonomy and is consistent with the patient's "big-picture" goals and personal values.
Exploring Grammatical Error Correction with Not-So-Crummy Machine Translation

To date, most work in grammatical error correction has focused on targeting specific error types. We present a probe study into whether we can use round-trip translations obtained from Google Translate via 8 different pivot languages for whole-sentence grammatical error correction. We develop a novel alignment algorithm for combining multiple round-trip translations into a lattice using the TERp machine translation metric. We further implement six different methods for extracting whole-sentence corrections from the lattice. Our preliminary experiments yield fairly satisfactory results but leave significant room for improvement. Most importantly, though, they make it clear the methods we propose have strong potential and require further study.
Leukemia-associated aberrant immunophenotype in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: changes at refractory disease or first relapse and clinicopathological findings.

SummaryIntroduction Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is commonly used to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) during the course of chemotherapy or relapse. Only one study addressed the immunophenotypic changes in refractory disease. We studied changes in leukemia-associated aberrant immunophenotype (LAIP) in patients with refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Method We analyzed 47 patients (refractory = 22; relapsed = 25) by MFC, morphology, and cytogenetic studies. Results Thirty-five patients (74%) showed variably changed LAIPs. The frequently altered LAIPs were lack of lineage-specific antigen and lineage infidelity. The most frequently changed marker was CD13, followed by CD33, CD56, CD7, CD4, and CD11b. Cytogenetic clonal evolution at persistence/relapse was observed in 15 patients (32%). Morphologically, three patients (6%) showed significant changes at relapse. Patients with refractory AML had a higher association with poor cytogenetic risk and classification of AML with myelodysplasia-related changes. Positive MRD at postinduction was of prognostic significance. Allogeneic stem cell transplant improved overall survival. Conclusions LAIP alterations in refractory/relapsed AMLs are common findings. Presence of persistent disease indicates a poor prognosis, regardless of cytogenetic risk or expression of CD7 or CD56. Discordance between cytogenetic and LAIP changes suggests that gross cytogenetic clonal evolution during disease progression only partly contributes to immunophenotypic instability.