cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chloride transport in apical membrane vesicles from bovine tracheal epithelium: characterization using a fluorescent indicator.

Cl transport in apical membrane vesicles derived from bovine tracheal epithelial cells was studied using the Cl-sensitive fluorescent indicator 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium. With an inwardly directed 50 mM Cl gradient at 23°C, the initial rate of Cl entry (J Cl) was increased significantly from 0.32±0.12 nmol · sec−1 · mg protein−1 (mean±sem) to 0.50±0.07 nmol · sec−1 · mg protein−1 when membrane potential was changed from 0 to +60 mV with K/valinomycin. At 37°C, with membrane potential clamped at 0 mV, there was a 34±7% (n=5) decrease inJ Cl from a control value of 0.37±0.03 nmol · sec−1 · mg protein−1 upon addition of 0.2mm diphenylamine-2-carboxylate. The following did not alterJ Cl significantly (J Cl values gives as percent change from control): 50mm cis Na (−1±5%), 0.1mm furosemide (−3±4%), 0.1mm furosemide in the presence of 50mm cis Na (−5±2%), 0.1mm H2DIDS (−18±9%), a 1.5 pH unit inwardly directed H gradient (−7±7%), and 0.1mm H2DIDS in the presence of a 1.5 unit pH gradient (4±18%). With inward 50mm anion gradients, the initial rates of Br and I entry (J Br andJ 1, respectively) were not significantly different fromJ Cl.J Cl was a saturable function of Cl concentration with apparentK d of 24mm and apparentV max of 0.54 nmol · sec−1 · mg protein−1. Measurement of the temperature dependence ofJ Cl yielded an activation energy of 5.0 kcal/mol (16–37°C). These results demonstrate that Cl transport in tracheal apical membrane vesicles is voltage-dependent and inhibited by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate. There is no significant contribution from the Na/K/2Cl, Na/Cl, or Cl/OH(H) transporters. The conductive pathway does not discriminate between Cl, Br, and I and is saturable. The low activation energy supports a pore-type mechanism for the conductance.
Cardiac valve replacement for stenotic bicuspid aortic valve in husband and for purely regurgitant prolapsed mitral valve in wife.

Abstract Congenital heart disease is recognized to occur in families, i.e., in a parent or grandparent and in 1 or more siblings. The occurrence of congenital heart disease in both husband and wife must indeed be rare, and even more so is the occurrence of cardiac valve replacement in both husband and wife. Such was the case, however, in 2 recently studied patients. Each had the most common congenital heart disease that occurs in their sex, namely, mitral valve prolapse in women and bicuspid aortic valve in men. 1
Direct comparison of NPPB and DPC as probes of CFTR expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

Blockers of CFTR with well-characterized kinetics and mechanism of action will be useful as probes of pore structure. We have studied the mechanism of block of CFTR by the arylaminobenzoates NPPB and DPC. Block of macroscopic currents by NPPB and DPC exhibited similar voltage-dependence, suggestive of an overlapping binding region. Kinetic analysis of single-channel currents in the presence of NPPB indicate drug-induced closed time constants averaging 2.2 msec at −100 mV. The affinity for NPPB calculated from single-channel block, K D = 35 μm, exceeds that for other arylaminobenzoates studied thus far. These drugs do not affect the rate of activation of wild-type (WT) channels expressed in oocytes, consistent with a simple mechanism of block by pore occlusion, and appear to have a single binding site in the pore. Block by NPPB and DPC were affected by pore-domain mutations in different ways. In contrast to its effects on block by DPC, mutation T1134F-CFTR decreased the affinity and reduced the voltage-dependence for block by NPPB. We also show that the alteration of macroscopic block by NPPB and DPC upon changes in bath pH is due to both direct effects (i.e., alteration of voltage-dependence) and indirect effects (alteration of cytoplasmic drug loading). These results indicate that both NPPB and DPC block CFTR by entering the pore from the cytoplasmic side and that the structural requirements for binding are not the same, although the binding regions within the pore are similar. The two drugs may be useful as probes for overlapping regions in the pore.
Factors Associated with Patients Who Leave without Being Seen

Objectives: Patients who leave without being seen (LWBS) can be an indicator of patient satisfaction and quality for emergency departments (ED). The objective of this study was to develop a model to determine factors associated with patients who LWBS. Methods: A modified case-crossover design to determine the transient effects on the risk of acute events was used. Over a four-month period, time intervals when patients LWBS were matched (within two weeks), according to time of day and day of week, with time periods when patients did not LWBS. Factors considered were percentage of ED bed capacity, acuity of ED patients, length of stay of discharged patients in the ED, patients awaiting an admission bed in the ED, inpatient floor capacity, intensive care unit capacity, and the characteristics of the attending physician in charge. McNemar test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and conditional logistic regression analyses were used to determine significant variables. Results: Over the study period, there were 11,652 visits, of which 213 (1.8%) resulted in patients who LWBS. Measures of inpatient capacity were not associated with patients who LWBS and ED capacity was only associated when >100%. This association increased with increasing capacity. Other significant factors were older age (p 140% (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval = 1.22 to 3.17) and noncompletion of an emergency medicine residency (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval = 1.17 to 2.93) were most important. Conclusions: ED capacity >100% is associated with patients who LWBS and is most significant at 140% capacity. ED capacity of 100% may not be a sensitive measure for overcrowding. Physician factors, especially emergency medicine training, also appear to be important when using LWBS as a quality indicator.
Kinetics of the reaction of methyl radicals with nitrogen dioxide

Abstract The mechanism of the reaction CH 3 + NO 2 →CH 3 O + NO was studied and its rate constant at 295 K was determined to be (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 Methyl radicals were produced in a tubular reactor by IR multiphoton dissociation of C 6 F 5 OCH 3 , and concentration profiles were measured using photoionization mass spectrometry.
CT angiography of the upper extremity arterial system: Part 1-Anatomy, technique, and use in trauma patients.

OBJECTIVE. In this article, we focus on the arterial anatomy of the upper extremities, the technical aspects of upper extremity CT angiography (CTA), and CTA use in trauma patients. CONCLUSION. CTA using modern MDCT scanners has evolved into a highly accurate noninvasive diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with abnormalities of the upper extremity arterial system.
Origin of ovarian venous progesterone in the rhesus monkey.

Blood samples were obtained from both ovarian veins in 5 rhesus monkeys during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Mean progesterone concentrations in both veins were significantly greater than peripheral blood levels [407 ng/ml plasma in the vein on the side of the corpus luteum (CL), 83 ng/ml plasma in the ovarian vein on the side without the CL, and <7 ng/ml in peripheral plasma]. A hemostat was placed between the ovary containing the CL and the uterus to prevent blood flow between them, and another blood sample was obtained on the side without the CL. After preventing blood flow in this manner, the progesterone concentration in the vein on the side without the CL was lowered (p <0.05) to nearly that of peripheral blood, suggesting the presence of vascular channels which permit blood from one ovarian vein to flow to the other side via the uterine circulation prior to entering the general circulation. (Endocrinology 86: 1212, 1970)
Portfolio management using a factor-analytic stock selection strategy

This study takes an integrated look at six widely documented price-related CAPM anomaly variables. Using maximum likelihood factor analysis, we extract factors common to these variables. We find that portfolios formed according to the first extracted factor alone exhibit abnormal performance. Further, the performance of firms ranked on the basis of extracted factor scores for this factor is superior to that of firms selected on the basis of any one of the six variables. Our results have implications for (1) isolating missing factors in the CAPM specification and (2) designing dynamic portfolio strategies aimed at jointly exploiting more than one anomaly.
Combined effects of nitrogen and elevated CO2 on soils from controlled environment studies

This paper describes the effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on soils planted with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings in short-term greenhouse studies. The high degree of homogeneity in the soils used allowed sensitive evaluation of soil changes in response to treatments. Elevated CO2 had no detectable effect upon soil N availability, but both CO2 and N fertilization caused significant changes in soil available (NH4F/HCl-extractable) P. Some of these changes could be accounted for by plant uptake, some were apparently due to differences in P immobilization (biotic or abiotic). N fertilization caused reductions in exchangeable K, Ca and Mg which could not be accounted for by plant uptake and were probably due to increased leaching. None of the reductions in soil available nutrients observed were of sufficient magnitude to cause nutrient deficiencies over the approximate 1-year duration of these studies.
Wavelet radar target classification

Ground-based S-band radars with center frequencies in the 3 GHz range, and bandwidths of about 2 MHz, are currently being considered for the classification/identification of targets in the 50 - 250 km range (low signal-to-noise (SNR) environment). Its main drawback is that it is time and computation intensive, and, for targets at long range, it usually requires a number of looks before an ID decision is made. This leaves open the possibility of alternative approaches to S-band radar target classification. In this paper, we propose a method of classification based on correlation in a nonlinear feature space; our features are generated by a combination of wavelet transform (WT) processing and compression, and Fourier transform (FT)-based methods. The classification itself can be done explicitly by metric criteria, e.g., nearest neighbor or matched-filtering schemes, or implicitly using artificial neural networks; our simulation tests show successful classification with simple matched-filtering in our feature space. While our proposed method could be used to build an entirely different approach to target classification, it makes more sense to incorporate it into the existing classification structure. Since the frequency-domain processing required here is already performed by the existing algorithms, our method would add a minimum of extra computational burden, while opening the possibility of an earlier decision.
Preparation of a 7Be target via the molecular plating method

Abstract The preparation of a 7 Be target for nuclear reaction studies by use of the molecular plating method is described. The production of the 7 Be via the 7 Li (p,n) 7 B reaction and the chemical separation and purification process are also discussed.
IDEOLOGICAL MAN IN A NONIDEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Though it has been suggested that geographers should begin to take ideological analysis and criticism seriously, it is not clear how it pertains to the understanding of society and the instruments of societal change. This paper briefly discusses the concept of ideology and argues that the processes of understanding and praxis in geography stand to gain little from the use of any self-consciously ideological perspective.
Efficient photodissociation of O2 from synthetic heme and heme/M (M = Fe, Cu) complexes.

Single wavelength excitation (λex = 355 or 532 nm) of low-temperature stabilized (198 K) synthetic heme−dioxygen and heme−dioxygen/M complexes, where M = copper or iron in a non-heme environment, results in the dissociation of dioxygen as indicated by the generation of the ferrous heme (Soret band, 427 nm) and the bleaching of the ferric-superoxide (FeIII(O2-)) 410-nm Soret band in the transient absorption difference spectrum. Dioxygen rebinds to the four heme complexes studied with comparable rate constants (∼6−9 × 105 M-1 s-1). However, the quantum yield for complete dissociation of O2 from our simplest heme−O2 complex (F8)FeIII(O2-) (φ = 0.60) is higher than the other complexes measured (φ = ∼0.2−0.3) as well as that for oxy-myoglobin (φ = 0.3).
Bronchial leiomyoma, a case report and review of literature

A 44 year old male former smoker from Ecuador presented with productive cough for 3 weeks, positive tuberculin skin test, 40 lbs weight loss and right lower lobe collapse. He denied wheezing or hemoptysis. He was treated with antibiotics and ruled out for tuberculosis with negative sputum smear. Bronchoscopy showed an endobronchial lesion at the distal end of bronchus intermedius as cause of the collapse. Endobronchial biopsy of the lesion revealed an endobronchial leiomyoma, a rare cause of endobronchial tumor. The patient underwent bilobectomy as definite therapy for the leiomyoma due to its large size and possible extra-luminal extension, which made it not amenable to bronchoscopic resection or bronchoplasty. Differential diagnoses of endobronchial lesions are discussed along with clinical, radiographic, pathologic characteristics and various treatment modalities for endobronchial leiomyomas.
Cytolysis of actinomycin D-treated target cells by cell-free supernatants from human monocytes.

The lytic mechanism of human peripheral blood monocytes was studied by using as targets actinomycin D-treated WEHI-164, an NK-insensitive murine fibrosarcoma cell lineMonocytes, but not lymphocytes, lysed WEHI-164 target cells pre-treated with actinomycin D within 6 h in 51 Cr-release assaysBecause cytolysis could not be inhibited competitively by unlabeled WEHI/D target cells, contact-independent mechanisms of cytolysis were investigatedCell-free supernatants collected from monocytes cultured for 4-6 h at 37°C lysed target cells as effectively as effector cell preparations of monocytesSupernatants from lymphocytes cultured in parallel were not cytolyticCytolytic activity was not detected in supernatants from preparations of monocytes that were held on iceHowever, monocytes produced cytolytic activity whether they were isolated by adherence or remained unseparated in suspensions of mononuclear cells. The cytolytic activity in cell-free supernatants (CFS) from monocytes was unaffected by incubation with protease inhibitorsCFS activity was destroyed by heatStorage of CFS at 37°, 22°, 4°, or -20°C for 24 h decreased cytolytic activity; however, loss of cytotoxicity was minimized by storage at 4'C. The cytolytic substance detected in 4-h CFS from monocytes appeared to be a protein(s) based on the sensitivity of the cytolytic activity to proteasesCytolytic activity of CFS eluted from Sephacryl 200 in a single peak with an apparent molecular weight between 25,000 and 45,000 daltons.
On the determination of surface-state density from MOS C&#8212;V measurements

Methods of experimentally determining the surface-state density from MOS C-V measurements have been developed under the assumption that the density is approximately constant over the range of several kT about the Fermi level at the surface. This note illustrates that the surface-state density can actually vary quite rapidly in that range (as a result of a large first derivative) with no loss of accuracy.
A radiometric generalization of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem for fields generated by sources of arbitrary state of coherence☆

Abstract New formulae are derived for the cross-spectral density function and the complex degree of coherence of light in the far zone of a field generated by a planar source of any state of coherence. The formulae are analogous to those encountered in the far-zone formulation of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem that applies to light from a spatially incoherent source; the only essential difference is that the average light intensity across the source is replaced by the generalized radiance function of the source, with a symmetrized directional variable. In the limiting case of a spatially incoherent source our formulae reduce to expressions that are in agreement with the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem. In the other limiting case, that of spatially fully coherent source, they reduce to results that are to be expected on the basis of the Huygens-Fresnel principle.
Abnormal pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes in a patient with lactic acidemia

Activities of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase (KGDC) and both the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes (PDH complex and KGDH complex) were measured, and kinetic properties of PDC were studied in fibroblasts derived from normal individuals and from a 2-yr-old girl with congenital lactic acidemia and severe retardation of growth and development. The activities of PDC, KGDC, PDH complex, and KGDH complex in the patient were 1.12 +/- 0.12, 2.33 +/- 0.42, 9.00 +/- 0.50, and 16.46 +/- 1.57 and in controls 3.10 +/- 0.16, 5.36 +/- 0.56, 24.13 +/- 1.61 and 44.95 +/- 3.72 nmole/mg protein/hr. The optimum pH (6.0) and Michaelis constants (Km) for pyruvate of PDC (1.0-1.6 X 10(-5) M) were similar in fibroblasts of the patient and controls. PDC activity was more sensitive to denaturation by heat in the fibroblasts of the patient than those from controls, while heat denaturation curves of KGDC were similar in the patient and control. Higher concentrations of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) were required to protect PDC from heat denaturation in the patient. TPP was more easily removed from PDC in the patient than in the control by washing the fibroblasts with alkaline buffer. These results suggest that the PDC enzyme of the patient is in an altered molecular form, to which TPP is loosely bound. This particular constellation of abnormalities has not previously been reported in patients with lactic acidemia.
Rhythms of memory

Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are critical for the formation of stable long-term memories. New work shows that circadian MAPK activity cycling is important in the formation of new hippocampus-dependent memories.
Autonomy and Culture: Will Kymlicka on Cultural Minority Rights

Critique de la theorie des droits de la minorite culturelle developpee par W. Kymlicka dans son ouvrage intitule «Multicultural citizenship» (1995). Examinant l'idee selon laquelle la protection des cultures minoritaires resulte des ideaux liberaux de liberte et d'egalite, l'A. montre que l'argument de la liberte sur lequel repose l'argument de la justice chez Kymlicka n'est pas valide; etablissant un lien entre les gens et leur culture native, il engendre une conception relativiste de la pensee et pose la condition d'un esclavage heureux qui vont dans le sens contraire du liberalisme politique. En derniere analyse, l'A. evalue la substitution du liberalisme substantiel au liberalisme procedural proposee par C. Taylor afin de prendre en consideration les conditions empiriques de la diversite culturelle
Using battery measurements to extend operating time

With the trend toward smaller and lighter mobile devices, a larger battery is no longer a viable option-instead, designs must be optimised to get the most out of the battery. Employing battery drain analysis tools and techniques in battery-life testing allows analysis and optimisation of designs for maximum battery run time. Such tools are a valuable complement to an overall test portfolio for mobile device product development.
Celecoxib is associated with a lower incidence of serious GI toxicity relative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Celecoxib is associated with a lower incidence of serious GI toxicity relative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in lymphangioleiomyomatosis.

Objective To determine the frequency of uterine leiomyomas and hysterectomy in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a disease characterized by proliferation of abnormal-appearing smooth muscle–like cells. Design Retrospective study. Setting Natural history study at the National Institutes of Health. Patient(s) 456 patients with sporadic LAM and LAM associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (LAM/TSC). Intervention(s) Review of records and pelvic computed axial tomography scans. Main Outcome Measure(s) Prevalence of uterine leiomyomas and hysterectomy. Result(s) A total of 174 women had uterine leiomyomas (38%). One hundred eighteen were diagnosed by computed tomographic scan and 56 were diagnosed by hysterectomy. Among 323 patients who did not have hysterectomy, 105 of 270 patients (39%) with sporadic LAM and 13 of 53 (25%) with LAM/TSC had uterine leiomyomas. Hysterectomy was performed in 108 of 378 subjects with sporadic LAM and 25 of 78 with LAM/TSC. Fifty-six patients were found to have uterine fibroids on hysterectomy. The most common indications for hysterectomy were uterine leiomyoma, LAM, and endometriosis. Conclusion(s) Uterine leiomyomas are not more common in LAM than in the general population. However, in LAM, the frequency of hysterectomy is higher because of it having been recommended for treatment of LAM.
Ultrasonically Aided Electrospray Source for Charged Particles Approaching Monodisperse Distributions

A method of producing nearly monodisperse electrospray using charged capillary standing waves is investigated. The method, based on the ultrasonically aided electrospray concept, extracts charged particles from a liquid film with induced capillary standing waves at the critical stable condition by applying an electric field. Theoretical analysis on the formation of the charged particles is performed. An experimental ultrasonically aided electrospray system is designed and built to characterize the system operation and the resulting electrospray. The electrospray characterization includes Mie scattering and witness plate analysis. A mode of operation is found, in which the electric field dominates the electrospray production. The particle size and variation reduce with the applied electric field.
The economic feasibility of reclaiming phosphate mined lands with short-rotation woody crops in Florida

Abstract Fast growing and short-rotation tree crops provide unique opportunities to reclaim phosphate-mined lands in central Florida. Optimum management of the eucalyptus short-rotation woody crop forestry system studied necessitates harvests every 2.5–3.6 years and replanting after 2–5 coppice harvests. The value of phosphate mined land under Eucalyptus amplifolia forestry ranges from $762 to $6507 ha −1 assuming discount rates of 10% and 4%, respectively, establishment costs of $1800 ha −1 , planting costs of $1200 ha −1 , planting density of 8400 tree ha −1 , and a stumpage price of $20 dry Mg −1 .
Field solutions for bidirectional high-gain laser amplifiers and oscillators

General analytical solutions are obtained for the amplitude, phase, and intensity of the electromagnetic waves in bidirectional homogeneously broadened high-gain laser amplifiers and oscillators. These solutions are important as increasingly high-gain lasers are being employed in practical systems. Expressions are derived relating the output power to the input, including the effects of arbitrary mirror reflectivities and frequency detunings from the line center. For negligible reflectivities, these regenerative amplifier results reduce to earlier expressions for single-pass high-gain amplifiers. Multivalued outputs also occur, and in the limit of low gain per pass the results are consistent with earlier studies of single-frequency laser oscillators.
Inhibition of human factor VIIa-tissue factor activity by placental anticoagulant protein

Previous studies indicated that human placental anticoagulant protein, a member of the lipocortin family, prolonged the clotting time of normal plasma when clotting was induced by brain thromboplastin or by kaolin in the presence of cephalin and calcium. Using a two-stage amidolytic assay to assess factor X activation and a tritiated peptide release assay to assess factor IX activation, we have examined the ability of purified preparations of placental anticoagulant protein (Mr = 36.5 kDa) to inhibit the activation of either factor X or factor IX by a complex of human factor VIIa-tissue factor. Placental anticoagulant protein markedly inhibits factor X and factor IX activation by factor VIIa-tissue factor in a non-competitive manner with Ki values of 40 nM and 70 nM, respectively. Placental anticoagulant protein had no effect on factor Xa amidolytic activity, and its inhibitory activity was not diminished by prior incubation with antibody raised against partially purified plasma extrinsic pathway inhibitor. Binding of placental anticoagulant protein to phospholipid vesicles, crude tissue factor and purified, relipidated human brain tissue factor apoprotein was observed only in the presence of calcium ions. These results indicate that placental anticoagulant protein is a potent factor VIIa-tissue factor inhibitor and suggests that its mechanism of action involves binding to the phospholipid portion of the tissue factor lipoprotein.
Measurement of the3s1/2−3p3/2resonance line in Na-likeU81+

The wavelength of the ${3s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}{3p}_{3/2}$ transition of Na-like ${\mathrm{U}}^{81+}$ was determined to be $9.49985\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00015\mathrm{\AA{}}$ $(1305.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\mathrm{eV}),$ using the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap. The measurement is many times more sensitive to the radiative contributions from quantum electrodynamics than earlier measurements for ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{67+}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{71+}.$ Our result strongly deviates from various predictions employing scaled hydrogenic quantum electrodynamic corrections and establishes a benchmark for multielectron QED calculations that agrees well with the trend established by ab initio calculations.
Symptom scores: mumbo jumbo or meaningful measures?

Instruments designed to assess the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms have become a routine component of the diagnostic evaluation of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Several validated tools have been developed to this end, including the International Prostate Symptom Score, which is used most commonly today. Despite attempts to correlate symptom score severity with commonly measured objective parameters of BPH, no clear relationships have been found. The reason for this is likely multifactorial and suggests a complex relationship among subjective and objective variables. However, symptom scores show a good correlation with the patient’s perception of quality of life and degree of bother. This is critical because the decision to treat should be largely based on these subjective variables. Moreover, symptom scores have been shown to represent a meaningful endpoint in assessing treatment response in clinical studies.
Fluctuations in nitrate concentrations utilized as an assessment of agricultural contamination to an aquifer of a semiarid climatic region

Abstract Aquifer water has become contaminated in regions that have been developed for agriculture. Nitrate contamination has been shown to be permeable to the aquifer and harmful to human health. An assessment of agricultural practices and their roles in contamination of aquifers has been undertaken with difficulty in the past. Nitrate concentrations have been utilized in this study to demonstrate their applicability to examining agriculture practices which contaminate aquifer water. Areas treated with nitrogenous fertilizers and subsequently irrigated were found to contain aquifer fluctuations in nitrate content directly in proportion to irrigation seasons. Agricultural industries with high animal densities per land area, and high water consumption for maintenance, were found to have high, but non-fluctuating, nitrate concentrations. Areas with high animal density per land area with low water usage for maintenance; areas with low animal density per land area; and agricultural practices for which little or no nitrogenous fertilizers were used demonstrated low aquifer nitrate concentrations regardless of water usage.
Quasi 1D Modeling of Mixed Compression Supersonic Inlets

The AeroServoElasticity task under the NASA Supersonics Project is developing dynamic models of the propulsion system and the vehicle in order to conduct research for integrated vehicle dynamic performance. As part of this effort, a nonlinear quasi 1-dimensional model of the 2-dimensional bifurcated mixed compression supersonic inlet is being developed. The model utilizes computational fluid dynamics for both the supersonic and subsonic diffusers. The oblique shocks are modeled utilizing compressible flow equations. This model also implements variable geometry required to control the normal shock position. The model is flexible and can also be utilized to simulate other mixed compression supersonic inlet designs. The model was validated both in time and in the frequency domain against the legacy LArge Perturbation INlet code, which has been previously verified using test data. This legacy code written in FORTRAN is quite extensive and complex in terms of the amount of software and number of subroutines. Further, the legacy code is not suitable for closed loop feedback controls design, and the simulation environment is not amenable to systems integration. Therefore, a solution is to develop an innovative, more simplified, mixed compression inlet model with the same steady state and dynamic performance as the legacy code that also can be used for controls design. The new nonlinear dynamic model is implemented in MATLAB Simulink. This environment allows easier development of linear models for controls design for shock positioning. The new model is also well suited for integration with a propulsion system model to study inlet/propulsion system performance, and integration with an aero-servo-elastic system model to study integrated vehicle ride quality, vehicle stability, and efficiency.
India at the crossroads in global environmental policy

Abstract The debate on environmental protection within India shows striking parallels to the larger debate between North and South. An ecologically based causal paradigm, stressing overpopulation and non-sustainable resource use, is in conflict with a moral paradigm that attributes environmental degradation to the consumption patterns of the rich. Adherents of both causal models agree that sustainable development is the answer to India's environmental problems, but they interpret the concept in different ways. This article examines the legal, political, and bureaucratic means through which Indian environmental policy is made and asks why competing views of environment and development have been more successfully negotiated with respect to some issues than others.
Correlation of stimulus and response dimensions in paired-associate learning

Trigrams varying in association value were paired with numeral responses in paired-associate lists with 1:1 S-R assignments. When the pairings systematically correlated the stimulus and response dimensions, performance was facilitated relative to list pairings that were random with regard to positions on the dimensions. Second lists were presented with new stimuli, using either the same rule, a different rule, or a random arrangement, but ceiling effects obscured analysis of differential transfer. The procedure can be related to reversal shift phenomena, and has implications for serial learning.
Effect of Season and Climate on Choice of Therapy for Breast Cancer in Older Women

OBJECTIVES: We and others have previously found a relative underutilization of breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiation therapy in older women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Because adjuvant radiotherapy involves daily trips to a facility for 6 weeks, we reasoned that season and climate might influence choice of therapy. Specifically we hypothesized that in northern states, a lower proportion of women would receive breast-conserving surgery plus radiation in the winter months than in summer, whereas in sunbelt states there would be no relationship between season and therapy. DESIGN: Analysis of national Medicare billing tapes for 1990 and SEER tumor registry data for 1983–1990. PARTICIPANTS: 43,083 women aged 65 to 79, diagnosed with local or regional breast cancer in 50 states or Washington, DC, who underwent mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery in 1990, and 32,502 women aged 65 to 79 who underwent mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery from 1983 to 1989 at any of the nine SEER sites. RESULTS: Using a variety of analytical approaches, we could find no consistent effect of cold winter climate on choice of breast cancer therapy. CONCLUSION: Bad weather does not appear to discourage the choice of breast-conserving treatment. It is not known if bad weather influences actual receipt of radiotherapy.
GABAergic Lateral Interactions Tune the Early Stages of Visual Processing in Drosophila

Early stages of visual processing must capture complex, dynamic inputs. While peripheral neurons often implement efficient encoding by exploiting natural stimulus statistics, downstream neurons are specialized to extract behaviorally relevant features. How do these specializations arise? We use two-photon imaging in Drosophila to characterize a first-order interneuron, L2, that provides input to a pathway specialized for detecting moving dark edges. GABAergic interactions, mediated in part presynaptically, create an antagonistic and anisotropic center-surround receptive field. This receptive field is spatiotemporally coupled, applying differential temporal processing to large and small dark objects, achieving significant specialization. GABAergic circuits also mediate OFF responses and balance these with responses to ON stimuli. Remarkably, the functional properties of L2 are strikingly similar to those of bipolar cells, yet emerge through different molecular and circuit mechanisms. Thus, evolution appears to have converged on a common strategy for processing visual information at the first synapse.
A REVIEW OF SOURCES OF AND THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF EXCESS SODIUM CHLORIDE AND THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EXTRA POTASSIUM IN THE DIET

Sodium chloride is naturally present in all foods, both elements are essential. Human use began in pre-history. Sodium chloride is probably habit forming. It may have come into human use as a food preservative because of its toxic effect on micro-organisms. Medical scientific understanding of sodium chloride metabolism began in mid-nineteenth century. Von Bunge was intrigued by the potassium differences between herbivorous and carnivorous diets and possible sodium-potassium interrelation.
Uptake of progesterone-14C and estradiol-3H by isolated normal mammary parenchymal and cancer cells of the rat

Abstract By utilizing the enzyme collagenase, it was possible to obtain intact normal mammary parenchymal and mammary cancer cells. The isolated cells were incubated for 2 hr with either 0·2 μCi( 1·04 μg)progesterone- 4 - 14 C or 0·2 μCi( 1·4 ng) 17 β-estradiol- 6,7 - 3 H. The results demonstrated that both progesterone and estradiol are preferentially incorporated into hormone responsive cancer cells to a greater extent than that of normal mammary parenchymal cells.
Abstract 563: Novel role of VEGF and neuropilin-1 in breast cancer tumor-stromal interactions

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Human breast cancers contain high levels of fibroblastic stroma as a critical feature of desmoplasia. The complex interactions between tumor and stromal cells play important roles in tumor growth, metastasis and resistance to anticancer treatments. Our previous in vivo studies showed that increased levels of tumor-released VEGF were associated with increased desmoplastic responses and resulted in a hormonal resistance phenotype of ER+ breast tumor. Based on our findings, a clinical trial conducted at UAB with a new combinational treatment targeting both ER and VEGF signalings has achieved significant objective response in ER+ breast cancer patients. In our current studies, we further studied the role of VEGF in mediating tumor-stromal interactions and initiation of desmoplasia. Our results have shown that tumor released VEGF interacts with stromal fibroblasts which express VEGF receptors R1, R2 and Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), thereby stimulating their infiltration to promote desmoplastic response. Down regulation of NRP1 expression by siRNA significantly abolished the fibroblast chemo-attractive motility towards VEGF, while the VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 blocking antibodies had no effects on their migration mobility, suggesting that NRP1 expressed in fibroblast is involved in tumor-stroma cell interactions in breast cancer. Our studies using breast cancer xenograft mouse model with regulated tumor VEGF expression revealed that tumor VEGF expression was positively correlated with expression of NRP1 and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a transformed/myo fibroblast marker) in the tumor stroma. In addition, levels of tumor VEGF, stromal NRP1 and α-SMA were all positively correlated with level of tumor stromal content and tumor growth. Blocking tumor VEGF with a neutralizing antibody (Avastin) as a treatment modality in xenograft mice reversed the VEGF increased desmoplasia. Our study results reveal a novel role of VEGF and NRP1 in tumor-stromal interactions and desmoplasia, indicating NRP1 can be a therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 563.
Eumelanin causes DNA strand breaks and kills cells.

Synthetic eumelanin prepared by autooxidation of D,L-DOPA causes DNA strand breaks, as determined by alkaline elution after cell lysis with detergent and proteolysis, in B16CL4 mouse melanoma cells. The melanin is toxic to the cells in the range of doses that causes strand breaks. When the melanin was incubated with the cells at 37°C in tissue culture medium, it was maximally effective after 15 to 20 min at causing strand breaks in the DNA. The extent of damage is concentration dependent, but the effect plateaus at 1 mg/ml. The nature of the interaction of the cellular DNA with melanin is consistent with strand breaks, not DNA-DNA crosslinks. The strand break damage is repaired, even in the continued presence of melanin, but repair is more rapid if the cells are washed and the melanin is removed. The form of the melanin is important for obtaining the effect. Sonication for 3 min abrogates the effect to a considerable extent, and repeated cycles of sonication can completely destroy the activity. Lost activity returns slowly with storage at 4°C. Melanin is more effective at damaging DNA in a protein-free medium. It is also DNA-damaging at 4°C, but less so than at 37°C. Preliminary studies indicate that the strand breaks caused by melanin are additive with those caused by ionizing radiation. The extent of DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites caused by several other melanins was also determined. Some melanins did not cause frank strand breaks, but were active in causing alkali-labile sites. It is concluded that eumelanins are potentially genotoxic, and their protective effects in vivo must be possible by virtue of their chemical and physical relationships with other molecules and structures within the cell.
Binding of the GABAA Receptor‐Associated Protein (GABARAP) to Microtubules and Microfilaments Suggests Involvement of the Cytoskeleton in GABARAPGABAA Receptor Interaction

GABAA receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) was isolated on the basis of its interaction with the γ2 subunit of GABAA receptors. It has sequence similarity to light chain 3 (LC3) of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B. This suggests that GABARAP may link GABAA receptors to the cytoskeleton. GABARAP associates with tubulin in vitro. However, little is known about the mechanism for the interaction, and it is not clear whether the interaction occurs in vivo. Here, we report that GABARAP interacts directly with both tubulin and microtubules in a salt-sensitive manner, indicating the association is mediated by ionic interactions. GABARAP coimmunoprecipitates with tubulin and associates with both microtubules and microfilaments in intact cells. The cellular distribution is altered by treatment with taxol, nocodazole, and cytochalasin D. The tubulin binding domain was located at the N terminus of GABARAP by using synthetic peptides and deletion constructs and is marked by a specific arrangement of basic amino acids. The interaction between GABARAP and actin might be mediated by other proteins. These results demonstrate the GABARAP interacts with the cytoskeleton both in vitro and in cells and suggest a role of GABARAP in the interaction between GABAA receptors and the cytoskeleton. Such interactions are presumably needed for receptor trafficking, anchoring, and/or synaptic clustering. The structural arrangement of the basic amino acids present in the tubulin binding domain of GABARAP may aid in recognition of the potential of tubulin binding activity in other known proteins.
A novel pathway of glucose catabolism in Thiobacillus novellus

Phosphoketolase (E.C. 4.1.2.9) was found in crude extracts of Thiobacillus novellus (ATCC 8093) with a specific activity of 0.070 μmol triose formed min-1 (mg protein)-1. The pH optimum, 6.0, temperature optimum, 43° C, and K m , 4.27 mM, are in good agreement with values observed for phosphoketolase from other organisms. The level of phosphoketolase in lithotrophically grown T. novellus was observed to be much lower, 0.002 μmol triose formed min-1 (mg protein)-1 than the level in heterotrophically grown cells. T. thioparus, a lithotroph, and T. intermedius, a mixotroph, were examined and found not to contain phosphoketolase. T. A2, a mixotroph reported to be very similar to T. novellus, was examined and found to have about 20% of the level of phosphoketolase as that seen in heterotrophically grown T. novellus. Fructose-6-phosphate was examined as a possible alternate substrate but was found not to be enzymatically cleaved in our system. It therefore appears that T. novellus utilizes a previously unknown combination of a partially complete hexose monophosphate pathway, the phosphoketolase reaction, and a partially complete Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, in conjunction with the Krebs Cycle, for glucose catabolism.
A graphical method for determining the dry-depositional component of aerosol samples and their field blanks

During the Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE), field blanks of certain elements in aerosol samples occasionally increased abruptly, always during periods of unusually high atmospheric concentrations. We hypothesized that the anomalous blanks were created by coarse aerosol entering the sampling shelters and depositing onto the blank filters. If so, samples taken nearby should have been similarly affected. To test this hypothesis, we developed a simple graphical method in which elemental masses in field blanks are plotted against elemental masses in pumped samples, and zones of proportionality between the two are sought. Data from Bermuda and Mace Head (coastal western Ireland) confirmed that depositional zones did indeed appear, but only for coarse-particle elements and only under certain conditions. Actual increases of crustal and pollution-derived elements agreed well with values predicted from settling velocities and sampling rates: blanks increased up to an order of magnitude or more but samples by less than 1%. Marine elements behaved like crustal elements in most samples but occasionally were much more enriched: blanks increased up to 30-fold and samples up to about 3%. It thus appears that when coarse-particle elements are present in high concentrations, their field blanks and samples may be measurably affected by dry deposition. Depending on the elements of interest, this dry deposition may have to be measured and the concentrations corrected.
Age-dependent changes in amino acid phenotype and the role of glutamate release from hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are important regulators of energy balance. Recent studies indicate that in addition to their peptides, POMC neurons can release either the amino acid (AA) transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glutamate. A small subset of POMC neurons appears to have a dual AA phenotype based on coexpression of mRNA for the vesicular glutamate transporter (vGlut2) and the GABA synthetic enzyme Gad67. To determine whether the colocalization of GABAergic and glutamatergic markers may be indicative of a switch in AA transmitter phenotype, fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to detect vGlut2 and Gad mRNA in POMC neurons during early postnatal development. The percentage of POMC neurons expressing vGlut2 mRNA in POMC neurons progressively decreased from ∼40% at day 1 to less than 10% by 8 weeks of age, whereas Gad67 was only expressed in ∼10% of POMC neurons at day 1 and increased until ∼45% of POMC neurons coexpressed Gad67 at 8 weeks of age. To determine whether the expression of vGlut2 may play a role in energy balance regulation, genetic deletion of vGlut2 in POMC neurons was accomplished using Cre-lox technology. Male, but not female, mice lacking vGlut2 in POMC neurons were unable to maintain energy balance to the same extent as control mice when fed a high-fat diet. Altogether, the results indicate that POMC neurons are largely glutamatergic early in life and that the release of glutamate from these cells is involved in sex- and diet-specific regulation of energy balance.
MSstats: an R package for statistical analysis of quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomic experiments

UNLABELLED MSstats is an R package for statistical relative quantification of proteins and peptides in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Version 2.0 of MSstats supports label-free and label-based experimental workflows and data-dependent, targeted and data-independent spectral acquisition. It takes as input identified and quantified spectral peaks, and outputs a list of differentially abundant peptides or proteins, or summaries of peptide or protein relative abundance. MSstats relies on a flexible family of linear mixed models. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The code, the documentation and example datasets are available open-source at www.msstats.org under the Artistic-2.0 license. The package can be downloaded from www.msstats.org or from Bioconductor www.bioconductor.org and used in an R command line workflow. The package can also be accessed as an external tool in Skyline (Broudy et al., 2014) and used via graphical user interface.
High-Dose Oral Medroxyprogesterone for Inappropriate Hypersexuality in Elderly Men with Dementia: A Case Series:

OBJECTIVETo retrospectively examine the utility of high-dose oral medroxyprogesterone (MPA) for the treatment of inappropriate hypersexuality (IH) in elderly men with dementia.CASE SUMMARYTen men aged 65 years or older (median 79.5 years, range 65–93 years) were identified from all admissions at a 170-bed tertiary referral psychiatric hospital between December 2005 and January 2011. Admission records were used to identify subjects who received at least 100 mg daily of oral MPA. The primary outcome of successful treatment was chart documentation of a substantial decline in IH, such that subjects could return to preadmission residence. Data were collected to assess trends in dose, adverse effects, use of other symptom-modifying medications prior to MPA initiation, and successful return to preadmission placement. A trial serotoneric agent was used in 70% of subjects prior to MPA initiation. Sixty percent of subjects failed a trial of an antipsychotic, while 40% did not have response to the use of both a sero...