cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Other Imaging Techniques

What we’ve discussed in the preceding nine chapters comprises “classical” TEM imaging, based on BF or DF techniques. Diffraction contrast, phase contrast, and to a lesser extent mass-thickness contrast, are the mechanisms we use to characterize our specimens. We control the contrast by inserting the objective aperture, or a STEM detector, and excluding or collecting electrons that have been scattered by the different processes. However, there are variations to the standard ways in which we can extract more information from a TEM image and in this chapter we’ll present a brief overview of some of them. Most of these operational modes that we’ll discuss here are somewhat esoteric and have rather specialized applications. Nevertheless, you should know about them because they may be just what you need to solve your particular problem. There’s no importance to the order in which we go through the various modes, but we’ll cover modifications to conventional parallel-beam TEM imaging as well as those techniques that require STEM and use some of the electron detectors we discussed in Chapter 7. It turns out, however, that the various procedures are often feasible in either TEM or STEM mode.
Una sociología de la globalización

El texto presenta en la introduccion las bases para una sociologia de la globalizacion en la que se afirma que dicho fenomeno es comprensible en terminos no solo de la interdependencia y la formacion de instituciones exclusivamente globales sino en relacion a algo que tambien reside en el interior de lo nacional. Al superar el nacionalismo metodologico, es posible entonces abordar un numero creciente de casos de localizacion de lo global y de desnacionalizacion de lo nacional que, a su vez, abre para las ciencias sociales una amplia gama de posibilidades de investigacion. A continuacion, se aborda el estudio de las ciudades globales como un espacio propicio para poner a prueba los presupuestos teoricos de esta sociologia en la medida en que, a traves de aquellas, se crea una nueva geografia transnacional que al mismo tiempo constituye el espacio para una nueva politica transnacional.
Cross-shore suspended sand and bed load transport on beaches

Simple formulas are developed to predict the time-averaged rates of cross-shore suspended sand and bed load transport. The net suspended sand transport rate is expressed as the product of the depth-averaged current and the suspended sediment volume per unit bottom area with a reduction factor that accounts for the correlation between the time-varying fluid velocity and sediment concentration. The net bed load transport rate under nonlinear waves is assumed to be onshore and proportional to ?U3 where ?U is the standard deviation of the horizontal velocity. The probabilities of sediment movement and suspension are introduced to account for the initiation of sediment movement and suspension. Simple functions are proposed to account for the effects of a steep bottom slope on the bed load and suspended sediment transport rates. The proposed formulas are found to be in agreement with three data sets within a factor of about 2. The proposed formulas are shown to be consistent with existing simple formulas. The formulas are incorporated into a time-averaged wave model and the continuity equation of bottom sediment to predict the beach profile evolution. The numerical model is compared with seven small-scale tests including berm erosion tests and seven large-scale tests including dune erosion tests. The numerical model predicts the overall beach profile evolution including the berm and dune erosion but does not always predict the fairly subtle profile changes including bar migration accurately.
Adjacent pulsed nanoelectrospray ionization emitters for the alternating generation of ions of opposite polarity.

An approach that allows for adjacent closely spaced nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) emitters to be pulsed alternately to generate ions of opposite polarity for transmission through a common interface is described. The potential difference between two or more nESI emitters in close proximity is minimized by applying the same polarity to both emitters at any given point in time but with the magnitude of only the active emitter’s potential being sufficiently high to sustain a stable spray. The reduced difference in potential between emitters allows the distance between emitters to be decreased to within a few millimeters so that compromises imposed by the use of multiple emitters for the generation of ions from distinct solutions using a common atmosphere interface are minimized.
Hemoglobin Tarrant: alpha126(H9) Asp leads to Asn. A new hemoglobin variant in the alpha1beta1 contact region showing high oxygen affinity and reduced cooperativity.

Abstract Hemoglobin (Hb) Tarrant was detected by its electrophoretic mobility on cellulose acetate (pH 8.4) and citrate agar (pH 6.2). On cellulose acetate it moved as a band between hemoglobins F and S, and on citrate agar as a band at hemoglobin S. The test for solubility in 2 M phosphate buffer with Na2S2O4 was negative. The new variant has a substitution of asparagine for aspartic acid in position 126 of the α-chain, one of the sites involved in the α1β1 contact. Furthermore, in deoxyhemoglobin aspartic acid 126 of each α chain also forms a non-covalent electrostatic salt bridge with arginine 141 of the corresponding α chain (Perutz, M. F. and Ten Eyck, L. F. (1972) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 36, 295–310 and Perutz, M. F. (1970) Nature 228, 726–739). As a consequence of this substitution in hemoglobin Tarrant, the deoxy conformation or T state is destabilized because these two bridges cannot be formed. This condition is reflected in high oxygen affinity and low cooperativity.
Biodegradation of Crude Oil from the BP Oil Spill in the Marsh Sediments of Southeast Louisiana, USA

The significant challenges presented by the April 20, 2010 explosion, sinking, and subsequent oil spill of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in Canyon Block 252 about 52 miles southeast of Venice, LA, USA greatly impacted Louisiana’s coastal ecosystem including the sea food industry, recreational fishing, and tourism. The short-term and long-term impact of this oil spill are significant, and the Deepwater Horizon spill is potentially both an economic and an ecological disaster. Microbes present in the water column and sediments have the potential to degrade the oil. Oil degradation could be enhanced by biostimulation method. The conventional approach to bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon is based on aerobic processes. Anaerobic bioremediation has been tested only in a very few cases and is still considered experimental. The currently practiced conventional in situ biorestoration of petroleum-contaminated soils and ground water relies on the supply of oxygen to the subsurface to enhance natural aerobic processes to remediate the contaminants. However, anaerobic microbial processes can be significant in oxygen-depleted subsurface environments and sediments that are contaminated with petroleum-based compounds such as oil-impacted marshes in Louisiana. The goal of this work was to identify the right conditions for the indigenous anaerobic bacteria present in the contaminated sites to enhance degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. We evaluated the ability of microorganisms under a variety of electron acceptor conditions to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Researched microbial systems include sulfate-, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and fermenting bacteria. The results indicated that anaerobic bacteria are viable candidates for bioremediation. Enhanced biodegradation was attained under mixed electron acceptor conditions, where various electron-accepting anaerobes coexisted and aided in degrading complex petroleum hydrocarbon components of marsh sediments in the coastal Louisiana. Significant degradation of oil also occurred under sulfate-reducing and nitrate-reducing conditions.
The Mediating Role of Attachment Behaviors on the Relationship Between Family-of-Origin and Couple Communication: Implications for Couples Therapy

The authors examined the mediating impact of couples’ attachment behaviors on the relationship between family-of-origin experiences and marital communication quality. The couple data for this study were collected from the Relationship Evaluation (RELATE) database (see www.relate-institute.org). An Actor Partner Interdependence Model using structural equation modeling was used to evaluate 261 marriage relationships. Results indicated that the relationships between family-of-origin experiences and communication quality are significantly related, with more family-of-origin problems associated with poorer positive communication skills. When attachment behaviors (accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement) were added to the model, it significantly mediated the relationship. Implications for clinicians treating couples who present with communication problems are discussed, as are directions for future research.
Gaugino-assisted anomaly mediation☆

Abstract I present a model of supersymmetry breaking mediated through a small extra dimension. Standard model matter multiplets and a supersymmetry-breaking (or “hidden”) sector are confined to opposite four-dimensional boundaries while gauge multiplets live in the bulk. The hidden sector does not contain a singlet and the dominant contribution to gaugino masses is via anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking. Scalar masses get contributions from both anomaly mediation and a tiny hard breaking of supersymmetry by operators on the hidden-sector boundary. These operators contribute to scalar masses at one loop and in most of parameter space, their contribution dominates. Thus it is easy to make all squared scalar masses positive. As no additional fields or symmetries are required below the Planck scale, this is among the simplest working models of anomaly mediation. The gaugino spectrum is left untouched and the phenomenology of the model is roughly similar to anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking with a universal scalar mass added. Finally, the main differences in the spectrum between this model and other approaches are identified. This talk is based on work [1] done in collaboration with David E. Kaplan.
Current Trends in String Theory

This article is a short survey of some of the recent ideas and techniques employed in string theory and M–theory towards the goal of understanding our universe. It is by no means exhaustive, and the vast majority of the article has an emphasis on the development of ideas pertaining to realizing our universe as a solution of string (and M–) theory, and to cosmological matters.
The Perception of Luminosity on Different Backgrounds and in Different Illuminations

Observers were presented with target surfaces of varying luminance and asked to report whether they appeared luminous or opaque. In one experiment the targets were presented against three backgrounds, white, gray, and black. In another experiment the targets were presented within Mondrian patterns that were either brightly or dimly illuminated. The results indicate that, across a variety of conditions, a target begins to appear luminous when its luminance is about 1.7 times that of a surface that would appear white in the same illumination, whether or not a white surface is available in the visual field for comparison. Defined in this way the luminosity threshold exhibits the two main kinds of constancy characteristic of surface grays, constancy with respect to changes in the illumination level and constancy with respect to changes in the reflectance of the immediate background. This finding, while challenging a range of potential rules, places the problem of defining the conditions that produce luminosity squarely within the problem of lightness perception for opaque surfaces.
Kinetics of folding and unfolding of ββ‐tropomyosin

The kinetics of folding from random coils to two-chain coiled coils of beta beta-tropomyosin was studied by stopped-flow CD (SFCD) in the backbone region (222 nm). Two species were studied: the reduced form and the doubly disulfide cross-linked form. The proteins were totally unfolded in 6M urea-saline buffer, then refolded by tenfold dilution into benign buffer. In the refolding medium, they spontaneously recover the two-chain coiled-coil structure. Reduced beta beta refolds in at least two stages: one or more fast phases (< 0.04 s), in which an intermediate with 71% of the equilibrium ellipticity forms, followed by a slower time-resolvable phase that completes the folding. The slow phase is first order, signifying that dimerization occurs in the fast phase. The time constant of the slow phase is 2 s at 20 degrees C and requires activation parameters of delta S not equal to = -7 +/- 0.3 cal/mol.K, delta H not equal to = 15 +/- 1 kcal/mol. These results are very similar to those previously found for the reduced genetic variant alpha alpha-tropomyosin. In contrast, refolding of doubly disulfide cross-linked beta beta is complete within the dead time (< 0.04 s), whereas the singly cross-linked alpha alpha species also displays a slow phase. The opposite process, unfolding reduced beta beta from the coiled-coil state, is complete within the dead time, as in the alpha alpha variant.
Experimental Infection of Rainbow Trout with Saprolegnia parasitica

Abstract A method was developed to experimentally induce saprolegniasis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The development of a reliable method to produce infected fish is essential to efforts to determine the efficacy of various antifungal treatments. Three methods for inducing saprolegniasis were evaluated in waters containing known concentrations of Saprolegnia parasitica zoospores. These methods included application of the following stressors to fish: (1) abrasion and dewatering, (2) water temperature increase, and (3) a combination of abrasion, dewatering, and temperature increase. Neither physical abrasion nor temperature increase stress alone was effective for inducing saprolegniasis. Only 25.9% of fish stressed by abrasion and dewatering alone became infected. Application of both abrasion and temperature stress, however, induced saprolegniasis in 77.8% of fish tested. Most of these fish became infected after 5 d of stress treatments. No fish became infected or died in the positive control group...
Problem characteristics, decision processes and evaluation activity: a preliminary study of mental health center directors.

This article reports on the results of a preliminary study on the characteristics of problems and problem solving in mental health centers. The major findings were that directors were generally quite satisfied both with the available level of information intended to help them make decisions, and with their ability to make good, even optimal, decisions. Much of this confidence resulted from the use of assumptions about the problems which reduced the need for empirical information. The problem solving process was highly dynamic and interactive, with changes over time in the characteristics of problems, constraints and alternative solutions. The directors played an active role in attempting to foster and influence the direction of many of these instabilities. Some implications for evaluation and research are discussed.
Solitary fibrous tumor of the head and neck.

Objective The aim of this study was to review the reported cases of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) in the head and neck and to evaluate this tumor regarding histologic features, treatment, and recurrence. SFT has been described in many extrapleural sites, including the head and neck. Uniform overexpression of CD34 differentiates SFT from other spindle cell neoplasms. SFT is a slow-growing neoplasm that can be successfully treated by complete excision. A rare malignant counterpart has also been described. Study design In this case series and review of published cases from English-language journals in the National Library of Medicine, we reviewed 142 cases of SFT reported in English-language literature and add 11 new cases. We compared the features reported in the previous publications of SFT from the head and neck with our series, including cases described as malignant or atypical SFT. Results Four out of 9 cases with positive margins recurred, whereas only 1 out of 10 cases with atypical or malignant features recurred. Conclusions An important finding in SFT of the head and neck is that recurrence appears more related to incomplete excision than to microscopic grade.
A Critical Evaluation of the Hypotensive Action of Hydrallazine, Hexamethonium, Tetraethylammonium and Dibenzyline Salts in Human and Experimental Hypertension

The effects of hydrallazine and hexamethonium salts on blood pressure and related functions have been studied in a series of ambulatory and hospitalized hypertensive patients as well as in experimentally induced hypertension (rats and dogs). Comparative observations have also been made on the effects of tetraethylammonium chloride and Dibenzyline, a congener of dibenzylchlorethylamine (Dibenamine). Critical evaluation of the data indicates that the effectiveness of hydrallazine and hexamethonium salts, when used either alone or in combination, is not significantly greater in long term administration than that of previously existing regimens in the treatment of hypertensive vascular disease.
A Risk Index for Determining Insecticide Treatment for Southern Corn Rootworm in Peanut

Abstract The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, is a primary pest of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., in Virginia and North Carolina and an occasional pest in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Texas. Currently, no alternatives involving integrated pest management exist for this pest, and control is based solely on preventive application of soil insecticides. Recent reductions in federal price support for peanut grown in the U.S. have provided incentives for growers to look for ways to reduce production costs. A risk index was developed that integrates factors that influence rootworm abundance and peanut pod damage to estimate levels of risk in individual peanut fields, and thus allows for more prescriptive and economical rootworm management. This index was evaluated using 44 field case studies in Virginia and North Carolina commercial peanut fields over the period 1989 to 1996. In each field case, predicted risk was compared to actual percent pod damage. Results showed that...
Die level defects detection in semiconductor units

The assembly test process has many steps where defects can be created at any time during different stages. Detecting defects at early stages is very crucial and saves a lot of cost and time by isolating the defective parts from further processing. Detecting defects on the die area of the semiconductor units is a challenging procedure due to the fact that die's defects exhibits large variations in intensity and shape. The existing manual and automated inspection approaches still produce high rate of under-rejection and over-rejection which impacts the yield and adds significant cost to the inspected unit. A robust die level defect detection procedure is presented in this paper in order to come up with a solution that is cheaper, easier to sustain, and that would automatically inspect each unit for defects providing for efficient baseline characterization and rapid excursion detection. The proposed method gives a higher detection rate of die level defects with under-rejecting and over-rejection rates within the acceptable criteria.
Compatibility of magnetic imprinting and secular variation.

Summary Diverse ocean migrants, including some sea turtles, elephant seals, and salmon, begin life in particular reproductive areas along coastlines, disperse across vast expanses of sea, and then return as adults to their natal areas to reproduce [1–3]. Little is known about how such marine animals guide themselves to the correct coastal region from hundreds or thousands of kilometers away and after absences ranging in duration from a few months to a decade or more. One hypothesis is that animals imprint on the magnetic field of their home area and use this information to return [1]. The Earth's field varies predictably across the globe, so different geographic areas are marked by distinctive magnetic fields that might, in principle, provide unique magnetic signatures for natal areas [4]. A potentially serious complication for this hypothesis is that the Earth's field changes gradually over time [1,4], causing the magnetic signatures that define natal areas to slowly drift. This secular variation could make natal homing via magnetic imprinting impossible if the magnetic signatures moved too far from the natal area [1,5,6]. To investigate whether magnetic imprinting is compatible with secular variation, we sought a species with a life history that poses challenges for the hypothesis, reasoning that if magnetic imprinting is consistent with natal homing under unfavorable circumstances, then it would also be plausible in most other cases. We chose the Kemp's ridley sea turtle ( Lepidochelys kempii ), an endangered species that ranges widely over the Gulf of Mexico, northern Caribbean, and the eastern U.S. coast, but returns to nest along a single, limited region of coastline in northern Mexico [7]. This species requires approximately 10–15 years to reach sexual maturity [7] and is thus absent from its natal area for much longer than animals such as salmon and elephant seals [2,3]. Given this long absence, the Kemp's ridley appears to be particularly susceptible to effects of secular variation if it relies on magnetic imprinting. The modeling results we report here show that the magnetic imprinting hypothesis can account for how the Kemp's ridley turtle returns to its natal region even after absences of a decade or more.
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous adonitol, dulcitol, glycerol, meso-erythritol, myo-inositol, d-sorbitol, and xylitol at temperatures from (278.15 to 368.15) K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar volumes Vϕ were determined for aqueous adonitol, dulcitol, glycerol, meso-erythritol, myo-inositol, d -sorbitol, and xylitol at temperatures from (278.15 to 368.15) K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa, and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,ϕ of the same solutions were determined at temperatures from (278.15 to 363.15) K at the same pressure. Molalities m/(mol · kg−1) of the solutions were in the range (0.02 ⩽ m ⩽ 3.2) for adonitol, (0.02 ⩽ m ⩽ 0.15) for dulcitol, (0.02 ⩽ m ⩽ 5.0) for glycerol, (0.02 ⩽ m ⩽ 3.0) for meso-erythritol, (0.02 ⩽ m ⩽ 0.5) for myo-inositol, (0.02 ⩽ m ⩽ 2.0) for d -sorbitol, and (0.02 ⩽ m ⩽ 2.7) for xylitol. A vibrating tube densimeter was used to obtain solution densities and a fixed-cell temperature scanning calorimeter was used to obtain heat capacities. Values of Vϕ and Cp,ϕ for these sugar alcohols are discussed relative to one another and compared to values from the literature, where available.
Theory of phase formation in aqueous two-phase systems

Currently there are a number of different mathematical models for phase equilibria in aqueous two-phase systems available. This diversity can create some confusion for model users, since most models seem to perform reasonably well. Choosing a model, thus, becomes rather a difficult task. In trying to address this problem, the principal models and the relevant theory available are reviewed. A discussion of osmotic viral expansions, lattice theory, group contribution, scaling ideas, excluded volume, electrostatics and other modeling approaches is presented. The strengths of the different approaches are critically evaluated and suggestions offered. Choosing a model, however, requires sophistication because each model is typically best at representing only a few particular aspects of system behavior, and the intended use of the model must be considered. Some suggestions for future work are also given.
MediaWiki Open-Source Software as Infrastructure for Electronic Resources Outreach

This article describes the bundling of MediaWiki into the electronic resource access strategy to enable custom content that supports online training and course-based information literacy objectives.
Generation mechanism for the intraseasonal variability in the Indo-Australian basin

[1] In the Indo-Australian basin the strongest intraseasonal variability occurs during the second half of the year according to satellite altimeter data. This study attempts to identify the generation mechanism of this variability by means of numerical ocean modeling. By separately varying winds and transports through individual straits it is shown that the seasonal cycles of both the wind and the transport through the Lombok Strait play crucial roles in generating mixed barotropic and baroclinic instabilities during July–September. Both the spatial and temporal patterns of the variability are also sensitive to transports through the Ombai Strait and the Timor Passage, though to a lesser degree. The Smagorinsky scheme in the model is essential for these instabilities to reach the observed magnitude of standard deviation in sea level anomaly; constant eddy viscosity, which needs to be sufficiently large for the Somali Current in summer, would damp the eddies in the Indo-Australian basin severely.
Prediction of adverse outcomes by common definitions of hypertension in pregnancy

Abstract Objective: To examine the ability of five common definitions of hypertension in pregnancy to predict adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Methods: We studied 9133 singleton nulliparous pregnancies with early prenatal care from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a large cohort study conducted between 1959 and 1965. Definitions from five different groups were evaluated. Severe maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality were used as the outcome measurements. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for outcomes were compared across various definitions. Results: Blood pressure alone had very poor discriminatory power to predict adverse outcomes. Positive predictive values of adverse outcomes by the diagnosis of preeclampsia were 18–20% based on antepartum and intrapartum blood pressures and 22–36% based on antepartum blood pressure only. Mild hypertension occurring for the first time in labor and isolated mild systolic hypertension were not associated with adverse outcomes. Similarly, an increase in diastolic blood pressure of 15 mmHg that did not achieve an absolute value of 90 mmHg did not predict adverse outcome. Conclusion: Neither blood pressure nor blood pressure and proteinuria are accurate predictors of severe adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Mild hypertension occurring for the first time in labor and isolated mild systolic hypertension should not be considered indicators for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in a research definition.
Generalizations of the goldman hodgkin katz equation

Abstract Closed-form expressions for the potential across a membrane are derived for a variety of cases. Among these are: (i) exact expressions for no electrogenic pump and (a) mixed uni- and divalent ions, (b) mixed uni-, di-, and tervalent ions, and (c) mixed univalent ions and a leak proportional to the membrane voltage; and (ii) approximate expressions for mixed univalent ions and a hyperpolarizing or weakly depolarizing electrogenic pump.
A functional version of Hilbert's Theorem 90

Abstract This paper is devoted to proving the following: Suppose that f(x1, …, xn) is a rational function with coefficients in F, a finite extension of GF(q), and that for every finite extension E of F, if (α1, …, αn)ϵ En and f(α1, …, αn) is defined, then Tr E GF(q) f(α 1 , …, α n ) = 0 . Then there exists a rational function g(x1, …, xn) with coefficients in F such that f(x1,…, xn) = g(x1, …, xn) − g(x1, …, xnq. We first give a self-contained elementary proof. We also show that our result is a consequence of the relatively deep Lang-Weil Theorem.
Integrated approach to the mechanisms of thyroid toxins: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, cell signaling, receptors, and antioxidants.

Although considerable numbers of reviews are available on toxicity of major body organs based on electron transfer (ET), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress (OS), the integrated concept has been less applied to glands. This review represents an interdisciplinary approach to thyroid toxicity, involving ET, ROS, OS, cell signaling, receptors, toxicants, and beneficial effects of antioxidants (AOs). The introductory portion includes general function of the thyroid as well as the mechanism of thyroxine synthesis entailing participation of oxidative events, including the role of iodine. Various ROS, both endogenous and exogenous, are importantly involved in the diverse toxic manifestations. Discussion is centered on hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. There is also treatment of receptor-ligand activity. Cell signaling participates in the various biochemical events taking place in the thyroid, both beneficial and adverse. In addition, the mechanism of cell signaling is discussed based on radi...
Hypertension in nursing home patients

There have been few studies of hypertension in nursing home patients. To assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics, comorbidity and drug therapy in hypertensive nursing home patients compared with those who are normotensive, we reviewed all medical charts of patients in three nursing home facilities. Of the 804 patients, 355 (44.2%) have hypertension. Calcium channel blockers were the most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensive (30.3%) and together with diuretics (28.4%) and ACE inhibitors (27.7%) account for more than 85%. Hypertensive patients take more cardiac, hypoglycaemic, and analgesic drugs (P = <0.001, <0.001, and 0.004, respectively) than those who are normotensive. Overall patients take an average of 8.68 medications daily. In hypertensive patients, the average number of comorbid conditions (excluding hypertension) is 5.02 compared with 3.23 in normotensive patients. Hypertension is significantly associated with diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms, endocrine disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, psychiatric disorders, dementia, other central nervous system diseases, skin problems, blood diseases and inversely with hip fracture. Blood pressure control (<140/90 mm Hg) is achieved in 88.8%, is not related to age and is significantly more frequent in males than females (91.8% vs 82.6% P = 0.025). The problem of hypertension in nursing home patients is complex and has received insufficient study. Since studies demonstrating benefit from anti-hypertensive therapy in the elderly excluded the very elderly and those with significant comorbid conditions, additional research is needed.
Defective histogenesis and morphogenesis in the anterior shank skin of the scaleless mutant.

Timed-sequence studies of scaleless anterior shank skin have shown that both histogenesis and morphogenesis are abnormal. An epidermal placode does not form in the mutant and thus the subsequent morphogenetic movements of placode into scale ridge are blocked as well. The dermis of the anterior shank remains flat rather than forming overlapping ridges. Two histologically distinct epidermal surfaces (outer and inner) are formed on either side of a normal scale ridge. In scaleless only a single epidermal surface develops and this is unlike either surface of a normal scale. An isolated dermal ridge of 16-day normal embryonic scale can induce eight-day chorionic epithelium to form both the outer and inner epidermal surfaces. Scaleless dermis of the same age when recombined with eight-day CE will induce an epidermis typical of the normal outer scale surface, but no inner epidermal surface is formed. Previous studies have shown that the genetic defect is expressed in the epidermis and that at earlier stages scaleless dermis can, when associated with a normal epithelium, participate in placode formation and histogenesis of both epidermal surfaces. It seems reasonable to conclude that placode formation is initiated by the epidermis which thereby establishes heterogeneity in the scale dermis; thereafter, the scale dermis directs the histogenesis of the two epidermal surfaces.
Fetoplacental vascular tone is modified by magnesium sulfate in the preeclamptic ex vivo human placental cotyledon

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate fetoplacental vascular tone and response to a vasoconstrictor in placentas of preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies with and without the presence of magnesium sulfate. Study design Two cotyledons from each placenta were selected from preeclamptic (n = 8) and normotensive (n = 7) pregnancies. In one cotyledon from each pair, the maternal circuit was perfused with magnesium sulfate. The fetal arteries were injected sequentially with angiotensin II (10−10mol and 10−11.5 mol). Perfusion pressures and response to angiotensin II were compared, with regard to preeclampsia and exposure to magnesium sulfate. Results Perfusion pressure was higher in preeclamptic placentas, compared with normotensive placentas (30.4 mm Hg vs 24.4 mm Hg, P = .02). There was a decrease in perfusion pressure with exposure to magnesium sulfate in preeclamptic placentas (22.5 mm Hg, P Conclusion In placentas from preeclamptic pregnancies there is increased fetoplacental perfusion pressure, which decreases with exposure to sulfate.
Anxiety Disorders in Typically Developing Youth: Autism Spectrum Symptoms as a Predictor of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment

Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were assessed (Social Responsiveness Scale-Parent (SRS-P); coded in-session behavior) in typically-developing, anxiety-disordered children (N = 50) treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Study 1: children with moderate autistic symptomology (per SRS-P) were significantly more likely to improve from family CBT (FCBT) than individual CBT (ICBT; OR = 8.67). Coded behavior did not predict outcome. Study 2: CBT components were compared by treatment and ASD symptom status. At-home exposure completion was greater in FCBT and there was an interaction in child involvement for treatment and ASD status. Though both treatments reduced anxiety, FCBT outperformed ICBT for children with moderate ASD symptoms, a benefit potentially linked to more at-home exposures and greater child involvement in FCBT.
Value of engagement: Factors influencing how students perceive their community contribution to public relations internships

Abstract The purpose of this 3-year study is to assess how using what students ( n = 203) learn in the classroom during internships influences their attitudes toward certain civic engagement issues. Results demonstrate that having more opportunities to use what they learn while on the job significantly predicts who the students believe benefit most (themselves, supervisor, the organization, the community, target public/s), how valued they believe their contributions are to their employers as well as to them personally, and career choices. Recommendations for public relations educators are suggested.
A model for eruption frequency of upper crustal silicic magma chambers

Whether a magma body is able to produce eruptions and at what frequency remains a challenging problem in volcanology as it involves the nonlinear interplay of different processes acting over different time scales. Due to their complexity these are often considered independently in spite of their coupled nature. Here we consider an idealized model that focuses on the evolution of the thermodynamic state of the chamber (pressure, temperature, gas and crystal content) as new magma is injected into the chamber. The magma chamber cools in contact with the crust, which responds viscoelastically to the pressure accumulated during recharge and volatile exsolution. The magma is considered eruptible if the crystal volume fraction is smaller than 0.5. If a critical overpressure is reached, mass is released from the magma chamber until the lithostatic pressure is recovered. The setup of the model allows for rapid calculations that provide the opportunity to test the influence of competing processes on the evolution of the magma reservoir. We show how the frequency of eruptions depends on the timescale of injection, cooling, and viscous relaxation and develop a scaling law that relates these timescales to the eruption frequency. Based on these timescales we place different eruption triggering mechanisms (second boiling, mass injection, and buoyancy) in a coherent framework and evaluate the conditions needed to grow large magma reservoirs.
CALCULATION OF THE VECTOR AND AXIAL-VECTOR MESON DECAYS.

The method based on the techniques of current algebra and dispersion relations for calculating the $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${A}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$ decays is studied further in this paper. It is found that the soft-pion assumption may not be needed in the present approach. The method is then used to calculate the decays of other vector and axial-vector mesons. The decay widths of seven physical processes $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\pi}$, ${K}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K+\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{K}+K$, ${A}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}+\ensuremath{\pi}$, ${K}_{A}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*}+\ensuremath{\pi}$, ${K}_{A}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}+\ensuremath{\pi}$, and ${K}_{A}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\omega}+K$ thus obtained are expressed in terms of the known ratio $\frac{{F}_{K}}{{F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$ and four parameters $\ensuremath{\delta}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{3}$ which are related to the $d$-wave to $s$-wave ratios of axial-vector meson decays. In order to fit the experimental data, it is found that the ratio $\frac{{F}_{K}}{{F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$ should be close to 1, and that the parameters $\ensuremath{\delta}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{3}$ may fall into the range of -0.3 to -1.3. With this fit, the agreement with experiment is good.
Gel based isoelectric focusing of peptides and the utility of isoelectric point in protein identification.

Here we present the theoretical and experimental evaluation of peptide isoelectric point as a method to aid in the identification of peptides from complex mixtures. Predicted pI values were found to match closely the experimentally obtained data, resulting in the development of a unique filter that lowers the effective false positive rate for peptide identification. Due to the reduction of the false positive rate, the cross-correlation parameters Xcorr and ΔCn from the SEQUEST program can be lowered resulting in 25% more peptide identifications. This approach was successfully applied to analysis of the soluble fraction of the E. coli proteome, where 417 proteins were identified from 1022 peptides using just 20 μg of material. Keywords: isoelectric focusing • mass spectrometry • protein identification • proteomics • peptides
An integrated axiomatic approach to the existence of ordinal and cardinal utility functions

This paper presents a unified axiomatic treatment of the existence of ordinal and cardinal utility functions. The contribution of the paper is mainly pedagogical.
Activity-dependent modulation of the BDNF receptor TrkB: mechanisms and implications

Although brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a key regulator of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, a conceptually challenging question is how this diffusible molecule achieves local and synapse-specific modulation. One hypothesis is that neuronal activity enhances BDNF signaling by selectively modulating TrkB receptors at active neurons or synapses without affecting receptors on neighboring, less-active ones. Growing evidence suggests that neuronal activity facilitates cell-surface expression of TrkB. BDNF secreted from active synapses and neurons recruits TrkB from extrasynaptic sites into lipid rafts, microdomains of membrane that are enriched at synapses. Postsynaptic rises in cAMP concentrations facilitate translocation of TrkB into the postsynaptic density. Finally, neuronal activity promotes BDNF-induced TrkB endocytosis, a signaling event important for many long-term BDNF functions. These mechanisms could collectively underlie synapse-specific regulation by BDNF.
Color Hues in Fluorescent Proteins with the Same Chromophore are due to Internal Quadratic Stark Effect

Intrinsically fluorescent proteins (FPs) exhibit broad variations of absorption and emission colors and are available for different imaging applications. The physical cause of the absorption wavelength change in series of mutants with the same chromophore structure, but different surrounding, is however not understood. Here we study the FP series with acylimine-containing red chromophore, in which the absorption maximum varies from 540 nm to 590 nm, and a series of green FPs with phenolate chromophore, where the absorption peak shifts from 450 to 500 nm. We use two-photon absorption spectroscopy to show that the different colors in each series can be explained by quadratic Stark effect due to variations of the strong local electric field within the beta barrel. The model allows us to experimentally access the chromophore parameters, such as vacuum transition frequency (ν0) and vacuum changes of permanent dipole moment (Δμ0) and polarizability (Δα0) upon excitation. Using this purely experimental and all-optical approach, we estimate, for the first time to our knowledge, the amplitudes of the internal electric field (namely its projection on Δμ0) in a protein. These values amount 10 to 100 MV/cm in the mFruits series. Although these fields appear to be very large, they fall well in the range previously estimated theoretically for different other proteins, and are still 1 −2 orders of magnitude smaller than the fields required to ionize the chromophore. Our model brings simplicity to a bewildering diversity of fluorescent protein properties, and it suggests a new way to sense electrical fields in biological systems. On the other hand, it opens up the way to create two-photon brighter FP probes by tuning internal electric field with smart mutagenesis around the chromophore.
Effects of nifedipine on conduction delay during ventricular myocardial ischemia and reperfusion

Nifedipine has been suggested to have more potent slow channel blocking action than other agents of this type. However, its use in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias has been limited. Electrophysiologic studies on AV conduction have shown that nifedipine lacks any significant effect. However, the action of the drug on intraventricular conduction has not been investigated with regard to its potential in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias especially during ischemia. Therefore, the effects of nifedipine on conduction delay during ischemia and reperfusion were assessed in the present study. Sixteen dogs (eight control and eight nifedipine-treated dogs) were used. Transmural electrodes were positioned in normal, ischemic, and reperfused tissue, and at the border of these segments. The left anterior descending artery was initially ligated below the second diagonal branch (first ligation) and 30 minutes later below the first diagonal branch (second ligation); the second ligation was released 30 minutes later. Conduction of electrically induced premature impulses from the midwall of the left ventricle was recorded at epicardial and endocardial sites. Conduction delay was measured from the stimulus artifact to the first high-frequency deflection in each zone in the anterograde (base to apex) and retrograde (apex to base) directions. Intravenous nifedipine 0.1 mg/kg was given over 10 minutes immediately after the first ligation. Nifedipine slightly decreased the magnitude of conduction delay in the ischemic myocardium at 15 minutes of ischemia, which corresponded with the peak plasma nifedipine level. However, conduction delay throughout the remainder of the study was essentially unaltered by nifedipine. In conclusion, though nifedipine may improve ischemic myocardial metabolism, infarct size, and hemodynamics, the effect on the electrophysiologic parameters affecting conduction was insignificant. This lack of any further deterioration in conduction in the ischemic and reperfused tissue by the drug further attests to its safety during acute myocardial ischemia.
Boundary conditions and critical Casimir forces in helium

Abstract If a fluid near its critical point is confined between two interfaces, the long-ranged critical fluctuations in the order parameter will mediate a force. This force, known as the critical Casimir force, is a direct analog of the Casimir force in electromagnetism. Dielectric constant measurements of helium films adsorbed on Cu electrodes provide evidence for the existence of the critical Casimir force near the superfluid transition in 4 He and near the tricritical point in 3 He – 4 He mixtures. In pure 4 He , we find the force is attractive but near the tricritical point the force appears repulsive, a change due to the extraordinary boundary conditions at the tricritical point.
Enzymatic deamination of adenosine sulfur compounds.

Abstract The adenosine deaminase from Aspergillus oryzae (taka-diastase deaminase, EC 3.5.4.4) was found to deaminate S-adenosyl- l -homocysteine, 5′-methylthioadenosine, 5′-ethylthioadenosine, S-adenosyl- l -homocysteine (±) sulfoxide, and 5′-methylthioadenosine (±) sulfoxide. In all instances the deamination proceeded to completion. The related sulfonium compounds, (−) S-adenosyl- l -methionine, (±) S-adenosyl- l -methionine, S-adenosyl- l -ethionine, S-adenosyl- l -(2-hydroxy-4-methylthio)butyric acid, and 5′-dimethylsulfonium adenosine were not deaminated at a measurable rate. A special effect of the sulfonium group on the adenosine part appears to be responsible for the failure of the deaminase to act on adenosine sulfonium compounds. Replacement of the −OH group at carbon atom 5′ by −SR or −S(=O)R does not prevent the action of the deaminase.
Design of Experiments as Effective Design Tools

Design of Experiment (DOE) provides a highly structured way to study the effects of multiple variables on product performance as well as efficient and effective methods for determining the most significant factors and interactions in a given design problem. Design of Experiments (DOE) is an off line quality improvement methodology that dramatically improves industrial products and processes. Input factors are varied in a planned manner to optimize output responses with minimal variability. Design of Experiments is a standard statistical technique used in quality engineering, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, and other industries to identify key factors and levels that influence system performance and variability. This technique is especially useful when there is the need to understand the interactions and effects of several system variables and an absence of concrete information. In industry, designed experiments can be used to systematically investigate the process or product variables that influence product quality.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Controlling the charge and organization of anionic lipid bilayers: effect of monovalent and divalent ions.

It is shown that the organization of lipid bilayers containing phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidlycholine (PC) can be controlled by altering the monovalent and divalent ion concentrations. At high pH and/or calcium concentration, 1:1 Ca2+−PA2- complexes form; these complexes demix, and PA-rich and PC-rich regions are observable with epifluorescence microscopy. The results are compared with predictions from electrostatic theory. It is noted that the complex formation correlates in a roughly linear fashion with the monovalent/divalent ion ratio, a parameter that cells adjust.