cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Troubled Worlds: A Course Syllabus about Information Work and the Anthropocene

The goal of this syllabus is to interrogate the material, and socioeconomic processes which underpin our everyday information work. In particular, we examine the relationships developing between contemporary information practices and what problematically gets configured as “nature”—that messy world of non-human entanglements that often exists beyond the purview of innovation work, whether digital software development or industrial engineering. Much recent work on the environmental conditions of computing has sought to break down technology-nature dualisms in order to expose the implication of information technology in broader social and material ecologies. Library and information professionals and researchers are well poised to deepen this inquiry by presenting alternative nature-technology epistemologies grounded in longstanding analyses of information resources and their consumption. The “Troubled Worlds” syllabus starts with a discussion of concerns most obviously germane to the work of most library and information science professionals: practices at the intersection of structuring information and computing. Building on this attention, we turn to humanistic approaches to thinking through the era of dominant human activities widely known as the “Anthropocene” by introducing poetic, artistic, and activist lenses. We explore how artistic objects representing an increasingly troubled natural world raise awareness of the challenges facing it, as well as how they may incorporate and reshape information for aesthetic ends. We then look to questions of disability justice and how it works in blended built and natural spaces as well as the many different ways in which bodies respond to the toxic environments produced by information technologies. We next consider the newer design approaches to library and information research, specifically asking how design perspectives on digital information objects get inscribed in the Anthropocene. Lastly, we consider paradigms of repair and making and analyze the different valences through which information researchers and professionals categorize and contextualize what is possible with them. This compilation does not provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the environment within the information fields. Instead, it extends this literature to promote experimental research and practice. The modules construct an interdisciplinary and provisional path through the related literature in a form that we hope may be continually adjusted, rearranged, and augmented. Pre-print first published online 03/15/2020
Racial variation in adjuvant chemotherapy initiation among breast cancer patients receiving oncotype DX testing

It is unknown whether racial differences exist in adjuvant chemotherapy initiation among women with similar oncotype DX (ODX) risk scores. We examined whether adjuvant chemotherapy initiation varied by race. Data come from the Phase III, Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a longitudinal, population-based study of North Carolina women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2008 and 2014. We used modified Poisson regression and report adjusted relative risk (aRR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 %CI) to estimate the association between race and adjuvant chemotherapy initiation across ODX risk groups among women who received the test (n = 541). Among women who underwent ODX testing, 54.2, 37.5, and 8.3 % of women had tumors classified as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. We observed no racial variation in adjuvant chemotherapy initiation. Increasing ODX risk score (aRR = 1.39, 95 %CI = 1.22, 1.58) and being married (aRR = 2.92, 95 %CI = 1.12, 7.60) were independently associated with an increased likelihood of adjuvant chemotherapy in the low-risk group. Among women in the intermediate-risk group, ODX risk score (aRR = 1.15, 95 %CI = 1.11, 1.20), younger age (aRR = 1.95, 95 %CI = 1.35, 2.81), larger tumor size (aRR = 1.70, 95 %CI = 1.22, 2.35), and higher income were independently associated with increased likelihood of adjuvant chemotherapy initiation. No racial differences were found in adjuvant chemotherapy initiation among women receiving ODX testing. As treatment decision-making becomes increasingly targeted with the use of genetic technologies, these results provide evidence that test results may drive treatment in a similar way across racial subgroups.
Mathematical Modeling of Dielectric Waveguides

Devices that incorporate optical dielectric waveguides in their design now play a significant role in communications and signal processing. Optical fibers used in telephone communications are a familiar example of passive waveguides, but research activity is growing in the area of devices that actively switch or modulate light. The increasing interest in optical waveguides and the increasing complexity of waveguide devices have stimulated the development of mathematical tools for waveguide analysis. One set of important but difficult problems is characterizing propagation in inhomogeneous structures, i.e. waveguide structures that vary in the direction of propagation.
Role of NaV 1.7 channels on skeletal muscle afferents in evoking the exercise pressor reflex

Voltage gated sodium channels (NaV) 1.7 can be blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) in concentrations of 300nM or less. Moreover, NaV 1.7 channels are highly expressed in sensory neurons and are thought t...
Time optimal, loss minimizing current trajectory for interior permanent magnet synchronous machines in overmodulation

This paper describes a minimum loss and fast dynamic torque control for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drives operating in overmodulation. Within the voltage limits, the desired air gap torque can be achieved by the end of one PWM switching cycle using current regulator under maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) trajectory. However, in overmodulation operation due to voltage limits, it may take a finite number of steps instead of one single step to achieve the desired air gap torque. In this case, a finite sequence dynamic optimal trajectory is tracked to achieve either minimum loss or minimum time (time-optimal) control. The dynamic programming optimization technique is employed in this paper to derive both the minimum loss and the time optimal current trajectories.
Some stability properties of wavelets and scaling functions

The property of continuity of an arbitrary scaling function is known to be unstable with respect to the coefficients in the associated dilation equation. That is, if f is a continuous function which is a solution of the dilation equation \(f(x) = \sum _{k = 0}^N c_k f(2x - k)\) then a dilation equation with slightly perturbed coefficients {cO,…, cN } need not have a continuous solution. The convergence of the Cascade Algorithm, an iterative method for solving a dilation equation, is likewise unstable in general. This paper establishes a condition under which stability does occur: both continuity and uniform convergence of the Cascade Algorithm are shown to be stable for those initial choices of coefficients {cO,…, cN } such that the integer translates of the scaling function f are l ∞ linearly independent. In particular, this applies to those scaling functions which can be used to construct orthogonal or biorthogonal wavelets. We show by example that this l ∞ linear independence condition is not necessary for stability to occur.
Spatial Regulation of Kinetochore Microtubule Attachments by Destabilization at Spindle Poles in Meiosis I

Summary To ensure accurate chromosome segregation in cell division, erroneous kinetochore-microtubule (MT) attachments are recognized and destabilized [1]. Improper attachments typically lack tension between kinetochores and are positioned off-center on the spindle. Low tension is a widely accepted mechanism for recognizing errors [2], but whether chromosome position regulates MT attachments has been difficult to test. We exploited a meiotic system in which kinetochores attached to opposite spindle poles differ in their interactions with MTs and therefore position and tension can be uncoupled. In this system, homologous chromosomes are positioned off-center on the spindle in oocytes in meiosis I, while under normal tension, as a result of crossing mouse strains with different centromere strengths, manifested by unequal kinetochore protein levels [3]. We show that proximity to spindle poles destabilizes kinetochore-MTs and that stable attachments are restored by inhibition of Aurora A kinase at spindle poles. During the correction of attachment errors, kinetochore-MTs detach near spindle poles to allow formation of correct attachments. We propose that chromosome position on the spindle provides spatial cues for the fidelity of cell division.
Biosynthesis of D-apiose in a cell-free system from Lemna minor L.

Abstract A cell-free system was prepared from Lemna minor L. which carried out the synthesis of d-apiose from UDP-d-glucuronic acid. The d-apiose was derived from the glucuronic acid portion of the sugar nucleotide. Paper co-chromatography and periodate oxidation established that d-apiose had been synthesized. The d-apiose synthesized by this system was not free but was part of a compound whose identity is unknown. Only one d-apiose-containing compound was detected. This compound contained phosphate but did not contain uridine. It could be reisolated unchanged following incubation with alkaline phosphatase. It migrated as an anion at pH 3.7. The compound was not UDP-d-apiose, d-apiose phosphate monoester, or d-apiose.
The P700-chlorophyll a-protein. Isolation and some characteristics of the complex in higher plants.

Abstract A P700-chlorophyll a-protein complex has been purified from several higher plants by hydroxylapatite chromatography of Triton X-100-dissociated chloroplast membranes. The isolated material exhibits a red wavelength maximum at 677 nm, major spectral forms of chlorophyll a at 662, 669, 677, and 686 nm, a chlorophyll/P700 ratio of 40–45 1 , and contains only chlorophyll a and β-carotene of the photosynthetic pigments present in the chloroplast. The spectral characteristics and composition of the higher plant material are homologous to those of the P700-chlorophyll a-protein previously isolated from blue-green algae; however, unlike the blue-green algal component, cytochromes f and b6 are associated with the higher plant material. Evidence is presented that a chlorophyll a-protein termed “Complex I” which can be isolated from sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts of chloroplast membranes is a spectrally altered form of the eucaryotic P700-chlorophyll a-protein. The isolation procedure described in this paper is a more rapid technique for obtaining the heart of photosystem I than presently exists; furthermore, the P700 photooxidation and reduction kinetics in the fraction are improved over those in other isolated components showing the same enrichment of P700. It appears very probable that the heart of photosystem I is organized in the same manner in all chlorophyll a-containing organisms.
Learning to Grasp Novel Objects Using Vision

We consider the problem of grasping novel objects, specifically, ones that are being seen for the first time through vision. We present a learning algorithm which predicts, as a function of the images, the position at which to grasp the object. This is done without building or requiring a 3-d model of the object. Our algorithm is trained via supervised learning, using synthetic images for the training set. Using our robotic arm, we successfully demonstrate this approach by grasping a variety of differently shaped objects, such as duct tape, markers, mugs, pens, wine glasses, knife-cutters, jugs, keys, toothbrushes, books, and others, including many object types not seen in the training set.
Resource-Based Public Relations Efforts for University Reputation from an Agenda-Building and Agenda-Setting Perspective

With growing pressure on higher education institutions (HEIs) because of decreasing student numbers and increasing demand on seeking external funds, emphasis on managing an institution’s reputation is higher than ever. As an important indicator of public relations’ impact on organizational performance, scholars suggest reputation as a tangible public relation (PR) outcome leading to financial performance. Agenda-building and agenda-setting research have been popularly examined in line of PR reputation research. However, little research has focused on integrating PR planning as the underlying factor of PR influence on reputation. To this end, the present study examined the relationships among resource-based PR information, media coverage and reputation through the theoretical lens of agenda-building and agenda-setting. Previous literature pertaining to strategy development explicated resources as an organization’s internal strength that enables an organization to succeed at environmental opportunities through prompt and effective responses. Taking this concept further to PR research, this study highlights the interplay of PR strategy based on the target public’s perceptions of an organization’s resources (eg, internal strengths such as human capital resources) and reputation.
Functions of Aurora kinase C in meiosis and cancer

The mammalian genome encodes three Aurora kinase protein family members: A, B, and C. While Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and B (AURKB) are found in cells throughout the body, significant protein levels of Aurora kinase C (AURKC) are limited to cells that undergo meiosis (sperm and oocyte). Despite its discovery nearly 20 years ago, we know little about the function of AURKC compared to that of the other 2 Aurora kinases. This lack of understanding can be attributed to the high sequence homology between AURKB and AURKC preventing the use of standard approaches to understand non-overlapping and meiosis I (MI)-specific functions of the two kinases. Recent evidence has revealed distinct functions of AURKC in meiosis and may aid in our understanding of why chromosome segregation during MI often goes awry in oocytes. Many cancers aberrantly express AURKC, but because we do not fully understand AURKC function in its normal cellular context, it is difficult to predict the biological significance of this expression on the disease. Here, we consolidate and update what is known about AURKC signaling in meiotic cells to better understand why it has oncogenic potential.
Formal foundations for aspects

Aspects have emerged as a powerful tool in the design and development of systems. Aspect-orientation ideas are paradigm independent and have been developed for object-oriented, imperative and functional languages. This talk will discuss a suite of results that aim to level the foundational playing field between aspects and other programming paradigms. In this context, we will argue that aspects are no more intractable than stateful higher order programs. The talk is based on joint work with Glenn Bruns, Alan Jeffrey, Corin Pitcher and James Riely.
Resolvins and protectins: mediating solutions to inflammation

Resolution of inflammation has historically been viewed as a passive process, occurring as a result of the withdrawal of pro-inflammatory signals, including lipid mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Thus, most anti-inflammatory drugs have traditionally targeted primarily mediator pathways that are engaged at the onset of inflammation. Only recently has it been established that inflammation resolution is an active process with a distinct set of chemical mediators. Several clinical and epidemiological studies have identified beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for a variety of inflammatory diseases, yet without mechanistic explanations for these beneficial effects. Resolvins and protectins are recently identified molecules that are generated from omega-3 PUFA precursors and can orchestrate the timely resolution of inflammation in model systems. Dysregulation of pro-resolving mediators is associated with diseases of prolonged inflammation, so designing pharmacological mimetics of naturally occurring pro-resolving mediators offers exciting new targets for drug design. This review describes the discovery and synthesis of these novel lipid mediators, their receptors and mechanisms of action, and summarizes the studies to date that have uncovered roles for resolvins and protectins in disease states.
Undulipodia, flagella and cilia

Abstract The term flagella is ambiguous. It refers to bacterial structures composed of flagellin protein and to eukaryotic structures composed of microtubule proteins and ATPase (tubulin and dynein). The fact that cilia are nearly identical to eukaryotic flagella and have nothing in common with prokaryotic flagella is not apparent from the terminology. It is proposed that the 30-year old suggestion of Smagina and reiterated by Kuznicki and others, be adopted: that cilia and eukaryotic flagella be called “undulipodia.” The term flagella ought to be restricted to prokaryotic organelles, bacterial flagella and spirochaete axial filaments: solid structures composed of flagellin which protrude through the plasma membrane and lack intrinsic motility throughout their length. Undulipodia are defined as intrinsically motile intracellular structures showing a 9-fold symmetry in the pattern of arrangement of 24 nm diameter microtubules. They are limited to eukaryotes, members of the protoctist, animal and plant kingdoms.
Factors Associated with Prolonged Emergency Department Length of Stay for Admitted Children

Objective:To estimate the prevalence of and to identify factors associated with prolonged emergency department length-of-stay (ED-LOS) for admitted children.Methods:Data were from the 2001-2006 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The primary outcome was prolonged ED-LOS (defined as tot
Rapid isolation of mesophyll cells from soybean leaves

Abstract A simple, rapid, mechanical procedure for the isolation of intact mesophyll cells within 2–3 min from soybean leaves is described. The identification of isolated mesophyll cells was made by light microscopy. Contamination of the preparation by chloroplasts was minimal. The intactness of the plasmalemma was checked by Evan's blue impermeability, phase contrast microscopy, the ability to be conversted to protoplasts and the specific exclusion of lipophobic protein modifiers. Maximum rates of photosynthesis by these cells occured at 35°C, pH 7.8, 4 mM HCO 3 , and 800–1200 μE/m 2 /s (400–700 nM). A pre-illumination period of 5 min was essential for maximum rates of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis rates with the isolated mesophyll cells averaged 150 μmol CO 2 /mg chlorophyll/h for preparations made over a period of several months and occasionally approached 300μmol/mg chlorophyll/h.
Construction of the best monotone approximation of L p [0,1]

Notant L p =L p [0,1] et M p l'ensemble des fonctions croissantes dans L p , on s'interesse au probleme de la meilleure approximation de f∈L p a partir d'elements de M p . Recemment une construction explicite a ete donnee pour le cas p=1. Ici on montre que cette construction se generalise a des espaces L p quelconques
Serologic diagnosis of encephalomyocarditis virus infection in swine by the microtiter serum neutralization test.

ophilic cytoplasmic and sometimes intranuclear inclusions characteristic of canine distemper infection. No viral inclusions were seen in the brain and lungs. However, in lung there was moderately severe patchy interstitial alveolar thickening. Other incidental findings included moderate numbers of Sarcocystis in striated muscles (heart, tongue, diaphragm, esophagus, masseter, and extraorbital muscles), a few Capillaria sp. in the mucosa of the esophagus and urinary bladder, large numbers of Cryptosporidium sp. in the intestines, and a few unidentified helminthic eosinophilic granulomas in the lung and mesenteric lymph nodes. The eosinophilic meningitis observed in the present case appears to be an incidental finding not related to the protozoa1 infection. Based on these findings, the primary disease in the raccoon was distemper. The neurologic signs were attributed to the extensive multifocal lesions produced by the unidentified protozoa. Based on morphologic and antigenic differences, the organism was neither T. gondii nor N. caninum. Both N. caninum and T. gondii divide into two progeny by endodyogeny, whereas the present organism divided into numerous progeny by schizogony. The low T. gondii antibody titer (10) in the raccoon serum is considered nondiagnostic in the agglutination test. The organism causing encephalitis in the raccoon is morphologically similar to the organism associated with equine protozoa1 myeloencephalitis (EPM). The organism in the raccoon and that causing EPM resemble Sarcocystis in structure, react with Sarcocystis immunologically, are located free in the host cell cytoplasm, divide by schizogony, have no rhoptries, multiply in neurons, and cause malacia of the central nervous system. Acknowledgements. This research was supported in part by grants from the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. The authors thank Eva Kovacs, M. Coicou, S. Hindman, B. Lehmann, and J. Dieter for technical assistance, Charlie Brown for transmission electron microscopy, and Dr. D. E. GranStrom for providing Sarcocystis cruzi serum.
Shielding solutions at the SNS target/accelerator interface

Abstract At the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), a 1.4 MW proton beam at 1 GeV energy intercepts the liquid mercury target and sets free neutrons and a range of other particles. A fraction of the particles is scattered back into the last section of the accelerator tunnel, upstream from the target, and increases the already present radiation field caused by proton beam losses. The accelerator structures are exposed to high radiation fields limiting their lifetime and causing activation. Much higher activation is expected in the target and surrounding structural materials. These components become highly intense decay gamma sources and shine back into the accelerator tunnel even after beam termination. All these issues were investigated to support material selection, shielding design and maintenance planning.
Further Validation of the Commitment to Career Choices Scale: Extensions to a High-School Sample

The present study examined the reliability and validity of the Commitment to Career Choices Scale (CCCS; Blustein, Ellis, & Devenis, 1989) within a large sample of high-school students (N = 481). D...
21st century Wisconsin snow projections based on an operational snow model driven by statistically downscaled climate data

Output from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) global climate models are statistically downscaled across Wisconsin, using a method that restores the observed mean, variance, and extremes of daily temperature and precipitation. The downscaled climate data for the late 20th century, mid-21st century, and late 21st-century is used to drive the National Weather Service operational snow model, SNOW-17, to produce high-resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) projections of daily snowfall, snow depth, and snow cover for Wisconsin. These snow projections will guide wildlife scientists in climate change impact studies and the development of adaptation strategies for the state, in addition to being of value to hydrologists, agricultural scientists, and other experts. SNOW-17 simulations suggest a dramatic shortening of the Wisconsin snow season, with the greatest snowfall and snow depth reductions in spring, particularly over northern Wisconsin. Snowfall is substantially reduced in response to projected warming and only slightly offset by a projected increase in cold-season precipitation. Percent reductions in snow depth are likely to be even more impressive than in snowfall, given not only a reduced frequency that falling precipitation will be in frozen form but also an enhanced snowmelt due to rising temperatures. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Catatonic Behavior, Viral Encephalopathy, and Death: The Problem of Fatal Catatonia

The etiology of fatal catatonia, characterized by an agitated psychosis of acute onset which frequently ends in hyperthermia and death, has puzzled clinicians for many years. Controversy has centered around its relationship to schizophrenia. A case report is presented of a man who seemed to have acute schizophrenia, later developing catatonic features; he became hyperthermic and died after nine days despite electroconvulsive therapy and medical support. Postmortem examination revealed microscopic changes in the central nervous system consistent with viral encephalitis. We suggest fatal catatonia may on occasion be the result of a virus acting on the limbic area in particular. Psychiatric presentation and rapid deterioration would create difficulties in diagnosis and management.
Pre-service High School Teachers' Perceptions of Three Environmental Phenomena.

The focus of the study was to identify and describe misconceptions held by pre-service high school science teachers regarding three environmental issues: the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, and acid rain. Twenty-seven senior-level secondary science education majors, enrolled in a high school science teaching methods course at a large midwestern university, participated in this study. The instrument consisted of a 30-statement survey questionnaire. The statements focused on the causes, effects, and interactions of three environmental issues: the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, and acid rain. Students responded to the statements on a Likert scale. Students were invited to explain their responses in the space provided below each question. An analysis of the survey data indicates that the many pre-service high school teachers possess an array of misconceptions about the causes and effects of the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, and acid rain. Recommendations are made for changes in the preparation ...
Effective destination advertising: Matching effect between advertising language and destination type

Abstract Destination advertising is important as a communication resource for both travelers and destination managers. This study attempted to identify effective advertising language for destinations through a 2 × 2 experimental design with affective and cognitive language by hedonic and utilitarian destination types. The results suggest that advertising language has no significant effects on travelers' attitudes and behavioral intentions toward advertisements. However, when the destination type moderates, a significant interaction effect was found for both city-level and attraction-level destination advertisements. Travelers tend to show more positive attitudes toward cognitive language in city-level utilitarian destination advertisements, whereas they tend to show more positive attitudes toward affective language in attraction-level hedonic destination advertisements. This implies that managers can more effectively promote their destinations by matching advertising language with destination type.
Theory of localized states in semiconductors. I. New results using an old method

In this paper the Kohn-Luttinger effective-mass theory is reevaluated using first-principles impurity potentials. In the past, it has generally been believed that the theory is valid for shallow levels and inapplicable to deep levels. Here, a new result is obtained, namely that the theory is valid for both shallow and deep levels but only for the special cases when the impurity atom is substitutional and is from the same row of the Periodic Table as the host atom. Such atoms have the same number of core electrons and have been called isocoric for convenience. On the other hand, the theory is found to be invalid in the cases of the general nonisocoric impurities, whether shallow or deep. These results are confirmed by calculations of donors in silicon. Excellent agreement with experiment is found for the isocoric phosphorus and sulfur impurities (both one- and two-electron sulfur levels are deep). No adjustable parameters are employed. These results are understood in physical terms as the one-band approximation can yield correct nodal structure for the impurity-electron wave function only in the case of isocoric impurities.
Affective Orientations of Perpetrators, Victims, and Functional Spouses

Affective orientations of 79 perpetrators, 57 victims, and 70 functional spouses were examined. Self-report measures were utilized to assess five affective orientations: (a) alexithymia, (b) affective orientation, (c) range of positive feelings, and (d) expression of positive affect, and (e) expression of negative affect. Perpetrators were significantly more alexithymic than functional spouses but were not significantly different from victims. Perpetrators and victims report being less disposed to possess or express their feelings than do functional males and females. Male perpetrators were significantly less aware of their affective states than functional males; and female victims were significantly less aware of their affective states than functional females. Female victims possessed significantly fewer positive feelings than functional women. Expression of positive emotions was significantly less for female victims than for functional females. Deficit of positive affect versus the presence of negative ...
Characterization of lymphocyte populations by flow cytometry in a calf with sporadic juvenile lymphoma.

: A 2-month-old Angus heifer was presented to Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy and mild anorexia. Results of a CBC revealed marked lymphocytosis consisting primarily of large, atypical lymphocytes with cleaved, reniform nuclei. A presumptive diagnosis of sporadic juvenile lymphoma was made. To confirm these findings, a prescapular lymph node was submitted for histopathology, immunochemistry, and flow cytometric analysis. Peripheral blood also was analyzed by flow cytometry. Phenotypic characterization of lymph node and peripheral blood cell populations verified the calf had the B-cell form of sporadic juvenile lymphoma. The results of this investigation expand the phenotypic characterization of neoplastic lymphocytes in sporadic juvenile lymphoma.
Lactogenic activity of human chorionic somatomammotropin in Rhesus monkeys.

SummaryThe lactogenic activity of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)2 has been assessed in mature, nonpregnant female Rhesus monkeys. When HCS (25 mg twice daily) was administered alone no changes in mammary gland morphology were observed. However, when HCS was administered for 2 weeks to animals previously treated for 2 weeks with 17β-estradiol (5 mg/day) plus progesterone (20 mg/day), histologic changes in mammary tissue suggestive of milk production were observed in the mammary glands. In addition, HCS alone neither altered mammary gland morphology in monkeys with well-established lactation nor affected the rate of weight gain in their suckling monkeys. Thus, in primates, HCS secretion during pregnancy appears to facilitate progesterone and/or estrogens in preparing mammary tissue for lactation.The author wishes to thank Mrs. Sally A. Wells and Mrs. Susan Ohaver for their technical assistance.
Race/Ethnicity and Inter-Informant Agreement in Assessing Adolescent Psychopathology:

The authors examined the influence of race/ethnicity on patterns of ratings of adolescent psychopathology completed by adolescents, parents, and teachers in a sample of 600 adolescents. Robust racial/ethnic differences in behavior problems emerged with parent and teacher reports, but not with adolescent self-reports. Discrepancy scores revealed that minority parents reported fewer behavior problems than did youth. Such findings have important implications for treatment seeking, as parents are often the initiators of service use for youth. Compared to other informants, teachers reported fewer internalizing problems among minority adolescents in general, fewer externalizing problems in Asian/Pacific Islanders,and more externalizing problems for African Americans. These findings are consistent with a number of explanations, including cultural differences in adult distress thresholds, racial/ ethnic bias among teachers, and cultural differences in symptom expression.
The Social Construction of Equality in Everyday Life

This article proposes "equality" as a topic for interactionist research. By drawing on the perspectives of Herbert Blumer, Alfred Schutz, and Harold Garfinkel, an attempt is made to lay the theoretical groundwork for studying the interpretive and experiential aspects of equality. Blumer's fundamental premises of symbolic interactionism, Schutz's analysis of relevance and typification, and Garfinkel's treatment of reflexivity and indexicality are explicated and applied to the subject of equality. I then draw upon the moral theory of John Dewey to suggest the positive role that interactionist theory and research might play in the resolution of problematic situations that are framed in terms of equality. Collectively, the complementary aspects of Blumer's, Schutz's, Garfinkel's, and Dewey's thought are used to justify and launch a program of research on a neglected yet important topic: the social construction of equality in everyday life.
Failure of Nembutal to Block Ovulation in the Hen

Summary(1) Nembutal anesthesia was induced for periods of 2 and 12 hours in laying hens in an attempt to inhibit the normal release of LH. Ovulation occurred in more than 80% of the birds despite the length of anesthesia, indicating a release of the luteinizing hormone during the time of narcosis. (2) In a second experiment hens were anesthetized with Nembutal 1.5 to 6 hours and an attempt made to induce ovulation by progesterone. Ovulation was obtained in 100% of the birds anesthetized for 1.5 hours, in 80% of the birds anesthetized for 3 hours, and in 77% of the birds anesthetized for 6 hours. This compares favorably with the 83% ovulation noted in the control hens treated only with progesterone. It may be concluded that Nembutal-induced anesthesia does not interfere with the release of LH in the hen.
Imaging-guided treatment of scapulothoracic bursitis.

Scapulothoracic region pain can be a diagnostic dilemma, occasionally being confused with other causes of shoulder pain or even a thoracic or cervical radiculopathy. True scapulothoracic bursitis can be caused by abnormal biomechanics between the scapula and the rib cage as an isolated entity, due to a structural lesion such as a tumor, posttraumatic, idiopathic, or secondary to a postsurgical deformity of the chest wall [1, 2]. Treatment of scapulothoracic bursitis can include conservative and surgical options, such as arthroscopic release of fibrous adhesions or bursectomies, or image-guided steroid/anesthetic injections of the bursa [2, 3, 4]. We present a case of a patient with scapulothoracic bursitis related to prior chest wall trauma and subsequent thoracoplasty, diagnosed with real-time fluoroscopy and treated with ultrasound-guided injection.
Water use efficiencies of grain sorghum grown in three USA southern Great Plains soils

Abstract The ratios of economic yield:evapotranspiration (Y:ET), or water use efficiency (WUE), and economic yield:irrigation water application, or irrigation WUE (IWUE), help evaluate the productivity of irrigation in agricultural systems. Water stress at critical growth stages, excessive soil water evaporation, soil water storage, runoff, and drainage are among the many factors which result in declines in either or both of these ratios. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of soil type, soil water use characteristics, and seasonal climatic differences on the WUE and IWUE of grain sorghum grown in the semi-arid climate of the southern Great Plains of the USA. In 1998 and 1999, grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ‘PIO-8699’) was grown in 0.75-m rows with 16 plants/m2 at Bushland, TX in lysimeters containing monolithic soil cores of either the Amarillo, Pullman, or Ulysses soil series. Irrigation treatments in both years were 100, 50, 25, and 0% based on replacement of ET, simulating deficit irrigation that results from limited water availability such as reduced well capacities. The WUE was significantly higher and ET lower in the milder climatic conditions of 1999 compared with 1998, which had a higher evaporative demand. Once normalized for climatic differences, yield response to ET was similar for both years. Crops grown in the Amarillo soil had significantly higher WUE compared with crops in the other soils, primarily due to reduced ET rather than increased yield. Grain sorghum grown in the Ulysses soil was able to produce higher yields at lower plant available water (PAW) compared with the other two soils, but the crops in all soils reduced yield when experiencing water stress at a critical growth stage of pollination. At comparable final soil water contents, grain yields of the crop in the Pullman soil were higher in 1999 (lower evaporative demand) compared with yields produced in 1998 (higher evaporative demand), while the crops in the other two soils produced similar yields in both environments. The relationship between irrigation application and yield was more curvilinear in 1998 possibly due to increased soil water evaporation at the higher irrigation applications, while the relationship was more linear in 1999. In general, IWUE declined with increasing irrigation application within each year, but was variable in some irrigation treatments, due to water stress at critical growth stages. No differences among soil types occurred in IWUE in either year, primarily due to variability among replicates.
Analysis of C-MOD molybdenum divertor erosion and code/data comparison

Abstract We analyze an important 15 year old Alcator C-MOD study of campaign-integrated molybdenum divertor erosion in which the measured net erosion was significantly higher (∼X3) than originally predicted by a simple model [1] , [2] . We perform full process sputtering erosion/redeposition computational analysis including the effect of a possible RF induced sheath. The simulations show that most sputtered Mo atoms are ionized close to the surface and strongly redeposited, via Lorentz force motion and collisional friction with the high density incoming plasma. The predicted gross erosion profile is a reasonable match to MoI influx data, however, the critically important net erosion comparison with post-exposure Mo tile analysis is poor, with ∼X10 higher peak erosion measured than computed. An RF sheath increases predicted erosion by ∼45%, thus being significant but not fundamental. We plan future analysis.
The nigral projection to predorsal bundle cells in the superior colliculus of the rat.

Predorsal bundle cells give rise to the major efferent pathway from the superior colliculus to the premotor centers of the brainstem and spinal cord responsible for initiating orienting movements. The activity of predorsal bundle cells is profoundly influenced by an inhibitory pathway from substantia nigra pars reticulata that uses gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. The present study examines the morphological basis for this influence of substantia nigra on predorsal bundle cells in the rat. In the first experiments, the laminar distributions of the nigrotectal tract terminals and the predorsal bundle cells were compared. The predorsal bundle cells were labeled by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from either the decussation of the predorsal bundle or the cervical spinal cord, while the terminations of the pathway from substantia nigra pars reticulata were labeled by anterograde axonal transport from the substantia nigra. Either horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were used as anterograde tracers. The results showed that the distributions of both the predorsal bundle cells and the nigrotectal terminals are restricted almost entirely to the intermediate grey layer and that they overlap extensively. Predorsal bundle cells varied in size. Within the areas of maximum overlap, the majority, regardless of size, was closely apposed by nigrotectal terminals. In a second series of experiments, the synaptic contacts between nigrotectal terminals and the tectospinal component of the predorsal bundle were examined in tissue in which both the terminals and the tectospinal cells were labeled for electron microscopy. In the final experiments, the distribution and fine structure of the nigrotectal terminals were compared to those of terminals that had been labeled immunocytochemically with an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for GABA. The results showed that nigrotectal terminals contain large numbers of mitochondria and pleomorphic vesicles, and form synaptic contacts with the somas and proximal dendrites of tectospinal cells. These synapses have modest postsynaptic densities. In both their distribution and fine structure, these terminations resemble the glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive terminals that contact tectospinal cells. Taken together, these results support the view that the nigrotectal tract is an important source of GABAergic input to most, if not all, predorsal bundle cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antiestrogen resistance in ER positive breast cancer cells.

Acquisition of the antiestrogen resistance by breast cancer cellsin vivo may result from a variety of mechanisms. The main pathway appears to involve loss of estrogen receptor (ER) expression or selection for ER negative cells among heterogenous population of tumor cells. However, clinical data suggest that, in about 30% of the cases, antiestrogen resistance arises even in the presence of estrogen receptors. Postulated mechanisms leading to the latter phenotype include selection for variant receptor forms during treatment, development of novel metabolic pathways for the drug, loss of nuclear co-factors, or activation of signal transduction pathway that cross activate ER signals. We have used anin vitro experimental system utilizing LY-2 cell line, an ER positive and antiestrogen resistant MCF-7 cell variant, to study the mechanism of antiestrogen resistance in the presence of functional ER. Result from a complementation experiment suggests that LY-2 phenotype is a recessive trait. Cloning of the genetic defect in the LY-2 cells would provide further insight for the mechanism of antiestrogen resistance in ER positive breast cancer cells.
Planning and Evaluating Community Oral Health Programs

Community oral-health programs focus primarily on populations, including those who do not seek oral health care. Planning these programs should include involvement of the community, broadly defined to include individuals and organizations that represent those who can help design and implement it and those who could be affected by it. This article provides an overview of systematic approaches to planning and evaluating community oral health programs. Such approaches help ensure that stakeholders agree on the purpose of the program, work toward its success, and contribute toward its continuous improvement.
Effects of elastic anisotropy on the periodicity and orientation of striped stress domain patterns at solid surfaces.

The length scale of stress domain patterns formed at solid surfaces is usually calculated using isotropic elasticity theory. Because this length depends exponentially on elastic constants, deviations between isotropic and anisotropic elasticity can lead to large errors. Another inaccuracy of isotropic elasticity theory is that it neglects the dependence of elastic relaxations on stripe orientation. To remove these inaccuracies, we calculate the energy of striped domain patterns using anisotropic elasticity theory for an extensive set of surfaces encountered in experimental studies of self-assembly. We present experimental and theoretical evidence that elastic anisotropy is large enough to determine the stripe orientation when Pb is deposited on Cu(111). Our analytical and numerical results should be useful for analysis of a broad range of experimental systems.
Reef coral fluorescent proteins for visualizing fungal pathogens

The fluorescent proteins AmCyan, ZsGreen, ZsYellow, and AsRed, modified versions of proteins identified recently from several Anthozoa species of reef corals, were expressed for the first time in a heterologous system and used for imaging two different fungal plant pathogens. When driven by strong constitutive fungal promotors, expression of these reef coral fluorescent proteins yielded bright cytoplasmic fluorescence in Fusarium verticillioides and Magnaporthe grisea, and had no detectable effect on either growth rate or the ability to cause disease. Differential intracellular localization of the fluorescent proteins resulted in the discrimination of many subcellular organelles by confocal and multi-photon microscopy, and facilitated monitoring of such details as organelle dynamics and changes in the permeability of the nuclear envelope. AmCyan and ZsGreen were sufficiently excited at 855 and 880 nm, respectively, to allow for time-resolved in planta imaging by two-photon microscopy.
Lensfree holographic imaging discovers chiral ribbon trajectories of sperms

Enabled by a dual-angle and dual-color illumination based computational on-chip imaging platform [7], here we reported the discovery of an entirely new swimming pattern, in the form of chiral ribbons, observed in human and horse sperms. We believe that this imaging platform could help us better understand the statistical behavior of various micro-swimmers and sperms of different species, shedding more light onto the biophysics of their 3D motion.
Client-based administrative responsibility and risk strategies

The personal liability of public officials, operationalized as Title 42, U.S. Code, Section 1983, is a client-based approach to administrative responsibility with associated risk-related impacts for both the public administrator and the public organization. This essay reviews developments in Section 1983 law in terms of the internal-external dichotomy of administrative responsibility. Since a client-based dichotomy of administrative responsibility has behavioral manifestations, this essay examines the risk taking and risk aversion behaviors of both the public administrator and the public organization.
Short-term hemodynamic effects of diatrizoate and ioxaglate contrast media in left ventriculography.

Abstract Short-tem effects in left ventricular performance induced by two contrast media (low osmolar ioxaglate and high osmolar diatrizoate) were evaluated in 24 and 26 patients, respectively. In both groups a diagnosis of valvular heart disease with or without left ventricular disease had been made by noninvasive methods. Changes of hemodynamic data were evaluated in intervals of 20 sec for one min after left ventricular cineangiography. Heart rate increased following injection of both contrast media but was greater with diatrizoate for 20–60 sec ( P P P P P
A Comparison of Noniterative Generalized Least Squares and Iterative Maximum Likelihood Estimators When Testing Hypotheses in Random Coefficient Growth Curve Models

Abstract Random coefficient growth curve (RCGC) models play an important role in longitudinal studies where the coefficients are allowed to vary across individual experimental units to account for individual differences. In this study, noniterative estimated generalized least squares (EGLS) estimators are investigated and compared to maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) using Monte Carlo simulations. The main objectives of the study are to find the sample size for which Type I errors are controlled for a fixed number of repeated measures, and to compare the power of fixed effect tests using the two estimation methods. Using the EGLS method, sample sizes as small as 10 subjects per group are sufficient to control the Type I error, with a few exceptions. For less than seven repeated measures and large error variances, 30 subjects per group are needed to maintain the Type I error rate. In comparison, MLE generally provide larger Type I errors but greater power. Similar results are obtained for data missing com...