cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silicon-nitride surface passivation of sub-micron silicon waveguides for low-power optical switches

We achieved a two-orders-of-magnitude improvement of free carrier lifetimes in sub-micron silicon-on-insulator waveguides by applying a stoichiometric Si 3 N 4 coating. Such surface passivation is critical for low-power operation of carrier-injected optical switches.
The effects of prior deformation and transformations on the microstructure of an iron-nickel alloy

The microstructure of an Fe-31.4 pet Ni-0.3 pet C alloy was examined via transmission electron microscopy as a function of thermomechanical treatment. The effects of prior deformation, rapid reversion to austenite and thermal cycling on the microstructure were investigated, and operative strengthening mechanisms under various conditions were correlated to observed structures. When midrib twinned, plate martensite of this alloy was deformed at room temperature, dislocation glide was the operating mode, and the midrib twins and plate like structure were completely dissolved after 80 pet cold rolling. The microstructure of reverted austenite without prior deformation was composed of sheared plates, but became finely equiaxed with prior deformation of the martensite. The superior strength of reverted austenite in comparison to annealed austenite was due to a grain size refinement and a higher dislocation density. However, the strengthening observed in reverted austenite with prior deformation in comparison to reverted austenite without prior deformation was due to a grain size effect alone. Repeated thermal cyclings increased the strength of reverted austenite. This was due to increases in the dislocation density since the grain structure was principally dictated by the first martensite transformationreversion cycle.
Communication failure and plan adaptation: If at first you don't succeed, say it louder and slower

The hierarchy hypothesis asserts that when persons initially fail to reach social goals but they continue to try to attain them, they will first alter such lower level elements of message plans as speech rate and vocal intensity rather than more abstract plan elements having to do with the organization and structure of message content. Support for this hypothesis was found in a study in which persons were thwarted in their attempts to provide geographic directions to others. Both the locus of communication failure (language‐based versus direction‐based) and the race of the persons receiving the directions were varied (Asian versus Caucasian). Directions given after being thwarted showed little evidence of changes in structure; although post‐thwarting directions manifested significantly less detail. By contrast, after being thwarted participants demonstrated significant increases in vocal intensity and decreases in speech rate (although, significant higher order interactions were observed for speech rate)....
Flow of a surfactant across a thin liquid film wetting a solid substrate

Transfer of a monolayer (valinomycin) between two Langmuir troughs via an interconnecting glass ``bridge'' has been observed when there is a difference between the monolayer pressures in the two troughs. Assuming that the transfer occurs over the surface of the thin film of water that wets the ``bridge,'' the transfer rate can be used to estimate the thickness of the liquid film. The thickness thus determined may be used to determine the retarded van der Waals (Hamaker) constant associated with the interaction of the film with the underlying substrate.
The evolution of a large laser control system — From Shiva to Nova

The Nova laser system is a 200 terawatt laser fusion facility under construction at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Its current operational predecessor, the 30 terawatt Shiva laser, is controlled and diagnosed via a network of 50 computers. Although the highly distributed Shiva control system has proven effective and reliable, the need for more integrated process control on Nova is leading to a more centralized architecture. An overview of these control systems is presented and their differences are discussed.
A Five-Step Method to Tune Your ITSM Processes

Efficient and effective processes and knowledgeable employees separate high-performing organizations from average or low performing organizations. In this paper, we develop a five-step method to tune IT Service Management processes by focusing on the knowledge needs for each role and identifying the employee who possesses the needed knowledge. This five-step method employs a Dynamic Network Analysis (DNA) model that includes three classes, Persons, Roles, and Knowledge, and four important relationships between and within these classes.
Solutions to strategic supply chain mapping issues

Purpose – The development of strategic supply chain mapping techniques has been slowed by four critical issues. The purpose of this paper is to answer a call to address supply chain mapping techniques and issues. It offers recommendations for more readable and useful strategic supply chain maps.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilized executive MBA, traditional MBA, and graduating logistics undergraduates' applied economic input/output data to refine mapping techniques.Findings – The paper addresses strategic supply chain mapping issues to serve as the next step in advancing the evolution of strategic supply chain mapping techniques. It utilizes geovisualization to provide useful guidance to individuals trying to map their current supply chain and seeking potential improvements.Research limitations/implications – The paper is limited in that strategic supply chain mapping is in its infancy. Future research may consider use of the technique comparing alternative approaches to a supply chain, as wel...
Analysis of area-time efficiency for an integrated focal plane architecture

Monolithic integration of photodetectors, analog-to-digital converters, digital processing, and data storage can improve the performance and efficiency of next-generation portable image products. Our approach combines these components into a single processing element, which is tiled to form a SIMD focal plane processor array with the capability to execute early image applications such as median filtering (noise removal), convolution (smoothing), and inside edge detection (segmentation). Digitizing and processing a pixel at the detection site presents new design challenges, including the
On the different positional specificities of peroxidation of linoleate shown by two isozymes of soybean lipoxygenase.

Summary A number of contradictory reports concerning the products of hydroperoxidation of linoleate as catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase have appeared with claims ranging from 100% 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate to 70% 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate: 30% 9-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate. Determination of the specificity of two homogeneous isozymes of soybean lipoxygenase offers a resolution of this anomaly. The first of these enzymes, the “classical” lipoxygenase originally crystallized and described by Theorell et al . (1) (lipoxygenase-1 of Christopher et al . (2)) yields only the 13-isomer. The second isozyme, lipoxygenase-2 (2), forms a 50:50 mixture of the 9- and 13-isomers.
Waiting time effect for motion by positive second derivatives and applications

We discuss the waiting time effect for the evolution of a planar graph governed by its positive part of second derivative. For any smooth periodic function which contains finitely many convex pieces in one period, we show that the waiting time is continuous by using comparison arguments. Moreover, we show that the convex parts keep expanding in size in a strict manner, which answers an open question posed by Kohn and Serfaty (Commun Pure Appl Math 59:344–407, 2006) in this special case. The results on waiting time effect are also applied to the stationary problem of mean curvature type on an unbounded nonconvex domain for our study of its game-theoretic interpretation.
Role of theory in child psychosocial intervention and research: introductory comments.

(1999). Role of Theory in Child Psychosocial Intervention and Research: Introductory Comments. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 490-492.
257 THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATION BY THROXINE AND CORTISONE IN RAT PUP JEJUNUM

We determined if increased jejunal glucose oxidation is related to physiologic surges of glucocorticoids (16–20 days) and thyroxine (T4) (20–24 days) during weaning. We administered cortisone (15 μg/gm body wt IP) on days 10, 11, 12 and 13. Thyroxine (1.0 μg/gm body wt SubQ) was given on days 14 and 15, or day 15. Littermate controls received saline injections on the same days. At sacrifice on day 16, jejunal slices were incubated with [1–14C] glucose, and CO2, production was measured. Cortisone-T4 (14,15d) group is significantly higher when compared to all other groups (p<.05). Thyroxine given on day 15 produces no change in glucose oxidation. Treatment with cortisone increases oxidation of CO2 (35%). Thyroxine given at 14 and 15 days increases oxidation (200%). Administering T4 on days 14 and 15 to cortisone treated pups increases oxidation in 16 day old suckling pups to postwean levels (23 day old; 2.24±0.10 n=6). We conclude cortisone and T4 have a synergistic effect on the early induction of glucose oxidation which was not seen when either hormone is given separately. We speculate metabolic changes during the weaning period in rat jejunum are mediated by the combined effect of glucocorticoids and thyroxine.
Differentiation in habitat response in taxodium distichum, taxodium mucronatum, platanus occidentalis, and liquidambar styraciflua from the United States and Mexico

Habitat specialization in populations of three broadly distributed trees includes adaptive differentiation to day length and temperature. Low sensitivity to environmental cues is the adaptive strategy of the southernmost populations (from northeastern Mexico). Early cessation of growth and sensitivity to the environment is adaptive for the northernmost populations (southern Illinois). Intermediate responses characterize trees of Texas. In a comparison under four photoperiod-temperature conditions, the Mexico plants were adapted to the longest growing season. Under out-of-doors conditions in central Texas, these trees from Mexico continue to demonstrate adaptive strategies different from those of Texas or Illinois trees. Stipule production and leaf area inPlatanus showed modifications correlated with latitude. Northernmost trees had the smallest leaves and did not produce stipules under 12-h day lengths and 24–15 °C temperatures. The Mexico trees had stipules under each of the four experimental conditions. The results suggest that populations of deciduous trees in a given climate are selected toward convergence in some responses to that climate. As a result, populations of the three trees resemble each other in behavior in a given ecosystem.
Genetics of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disorder of unknown cause with variable clinical expression. About 70% of patients are women. Genetic factors play an important role and likely account for about 60% of disease susceptibility and expression. The association with the HLA-DRB1 gene is the best understood, although several non-HLA loci have been linked to RA, including the 18q21 region of the TNFRSR11A gene, which encodes the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB, important in bone resorption in RA. Genetic factors are also important in the treatment of RA because the activity of enzymes relevant in the metabolism of drugs such as methotrexate and azathioprine, including methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and thiopurine methyltransferase, are in part genetically determined.
‘Manufacturing’ investment: National variations in the contribution of foreign direct investors to the US manufacturing base in the 1990s

Abstract Debates over the course of the last decade within the United States on the ‘who is us?’ question have tended to focus on the virtues and vices of corporate citizenship in the abstract ‐ with little empirical analysis. Although regarded by many critics as a parochial deliberation, the US remains the single largest destination for, and source of, foreign investment Any shift away from the historic policy of open access, a principle coined by the term ‘national treatment’, would therefore seriously undermine attempts to sustain or expand an open investment regime. The article outlines the evolving policy options currently being debated by policy makers in the United States and then analyzes the behavior of the affiliates of foreign investors in the United States. The evidence presented by Reich suggests that tremendous variations are evident in patterns of investment according to the nationality of the affiliate, with significant implications for both the value of such investments to the US economy,...
A tribute to Barney Marriott.

Abstract In this brief tribute to Barney Marriott, I wanted to share the story of his life both personal and professional. Barney was a great man, friend, physician, mentor, teacher, and/or colleague to thousands of physicians, nurses, technicians, and industry groups worldwide, many of whom may not be aware of his passing on August 31, 2007. One simply could not have gotten through cardiology training at any level without having been exposed to 1 of his 21 textbooks or his 140 plus journal articles, or historical electrocardiogram (ECG) workshops. Barney was rightfully so labeled the “Father of Electrocardiography,” and his book Practical Electrocardiography , the bible of electrocardiography. When asked who will take his place, my response is that he is simply irreplaceable. All his followers and friends can do is pass on his eloquent teachings, emulate his graciousness, and see to it that his name is written in the medical history books. Being a medical history buff, I cannot say that I have come across any physician in cardiology circles who has been so widely read and respected as Barney Marriott was. Enjoy his story.
Role of trastuzumab emtansine in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that is used in the treatment of breast cancer. Trastuzumab targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor on breast cancer cells that express this tyrosine kinase receptor. These cancers are referred to as HER2-positive breast cancer. The original studies of trastuzumab showed improved survival in metastatic breast cancer; however, resistance often develops. In the adjuvant setting, women often progress despite therapy that includes trastuzumab. Antibody–drug conjugates are a new class of powerful drugs designed to target high-dose chemotherapy directly to the cancer cells. Trastuzumab emtansine is one of these antibody–drug conjugates and was the first Food and Drug Administration approved drug for a solid tumor. Emtansine is a potent antimicrotubule agent. Trastuzumab is used to target this potent chemotherapy agent directly to the HER2-expressing cancer cells. This review article will summarize the evidence from the preclinical studies, summarize evidence from the clinical trials, discuss current clinical trials, discuss current approval of trastuzumab emtansine, and discuss future directions of research.
A speculative essay on retinoic acid regulation of neural stem cells in the developing and aging olfactory system

Circulating signals like the acidic derivative of vitamin A: retinoic acid (RA) may regulate resident stem cells in the adult nervous system, particularly in the olfactory pathway. RA is an essential factor for inducing neural stem or precursor cells that give rise to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons (OBINs) during embryonic development. Similar precursors in the adult brain constantly generate new ORNs and OBINs, and embryonic signaling pathways, like that via RA, may be retained or reactivated for this purpose. We have shown that RA regulates neural precursors in the embryonic and adult olfactory pathway. Moreover, RA administration after olfactory system damage stimulates an immune response and yields a more rapid recovery of olfactory-guided behavior. We suggest that olfactory integrity may be maintained by RA-mediated regulation of neurogenesis as well as local immune responses, and that aging compromises these mechanisms. The chemical senses, particularly olfaction, decline in aged individuals, and RA (via vitamin A) levels may also decline, perhaps due to changes in appetite and food intake. This synergy may result in a high prevalence of olfactory pathology in aged individuals.
Design of a flash-based reference voltage generator for drain bias circuit

The design of a flash-based reference voltage generator used to generate the drain bias reference voltage for flash sensing is described. The flash cell drain must maintain a stable voltage during read operation, irrespective of supply voltage within the chip, to avoid drain disturb condition. Since this reference voltage needs to supply the entire chip, the high capacitance associated with this node usually requires a long time to power-up. A scheme used to reduce the power-up time by a factor 20× from conventional design, while maintaining the design required precision of 2% in the reference voltage output is described. Since the circuit is also required to be ON during the entire operational phase of the chip, design methods used to lower the current consumed by the circuit using a sample-and-hold scheme are also discussed.
Death Attitudes among Mid-Life Women

The relationships between death anxiety, age, developmental concerns, and socioeconomic status were analyzed using a sample of seventy-four women ages thirty through forty-nine who had recently ret...
Deducing the consequences of evolution: a mathematical model.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give the foundation for a precise, concise and testable statement of Darwin's theory of evolution (i.e. anagenesis) upon which a precise, concise and testable statement of the complete theory of evolution (including splitting of species) can be based. The paper states a set of axioms which generate Darwin's theory. Two axioms delineate the necessary properties of reproduction and then five axioms delineate the Darwinian idea of fitness as a somewhat hereditary relationship between organism and environment which determines which lineages will increase over the generations. These seven axioms contain all of the fundamental concepts and relations of the theory; all other statements of the theory can be deduced from the axioms. A few of the well-known phenomena of evolution (differential perpetuation, descent with adaptive modification, etc.) have been deduced from the axioms and are stated in this paper as theorems. Other theorems delineate the structure of lineages undergoing selection. The axiomatization also provides an explicit statement of the analogy between different levels of selection, harnessing the intuitive practice of reasoning by analogy.
Scalable and dynamically updatable lookup engine for decision-trees on FPGA

Architectures for tree structures on FPGAs as well as ASICs have been proposed over the years. The exponential growth in the memory size with respect to the number of tree levels restricts the scalability of these architectures. In this paper, we propose a scalable lookup engine on FPGA for large decision-trees; this engine sustains high throughput even if the tree is scaled up with respect to (1) the number of fields and (2) the number of leaf nodes. The proposed engine is a 2-dimensional pipelined architecture; this architecture also supports dynamic updates of the decision-tree. Each leaf node of the tree is mapped onto a horizontal pipeline; each field of the tree corresponds to a vertical pipeline. We use dual-port distributed RAM (distRAM) in each individual Processing Element (PE); the resulting architecture for a generic decision-tree accepts two search requests per clock cycle. Post place-and-route results show that, for a typical decision-tree consisting of 512 leaf nodes, with each node storing 320-bit data, our lookup engine can perform 536 Million Lookups Per Second (MLPS). Compared to the state-of-the-art implementation of a binary decision-tree on FPGA, we achieve 2× speed-up; the throughput is sustained even if frequent dynamic updates are performed.
Uso delle macro-facilities del linguaggio PL/1

The Macro-Facilities of the PL/1 are an important feature that make the language still more powerful and flexible in resolving new problems of the business management.
Social Organization of Simakobu Monkeys (Nasalis concolor) in Siberut Island, Indonesia

Simakobu monkeys ( Nasalis concolor ) are restricted to the four Mentawai Islands off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Data were collected during 348 days between September 1972 and October 1974 at a 200 ha field site on the largest island of Siberut. Social structure among families of two to five animals (mean = 3.5) was determined for groups living in the central primary rain forest. Families occupy a home range of ca . 25–30 ha partially overlapping the space of adjacent families. The rare intergroup conflicts are male to male interactions dominated by loud vocalizations. Simkobu evade human predation by minimizing conspicuous movements and vocalizations, by concealment in the canopy, or by rapid terrestrial flight when detected. This cryptic behavior associated with the monogamous social group, unique among Asian Cercopithecidae, may be a behavioral adaptation to avoid human predation. The dominance of primates in the depauperate Mentawai Island's mammalian fauna and absence of other relevant predators are considered responsible for Simakobu's specialized defenses against man.
Ras uses the novel tumor suppressor RASSF1 as an effector to mediate apoptosis.

Although activated Ras proteins are usually associated with driving growth and transformation, they may also induce senescence, apoptosis, and terminal differentiation. The subversion of these anti-neoplastic effects during Ras-dependent tumor development may be as important as the acquisition of the pro-neoplastic effects. None of the currently identified potential Ras effector proteins can satisfactorily explain the apoptotic action of Ras. Consequently, we have sought to identify novel Ras effectors that may be responsible for apoptosis induction. By examining the EST data base, we identified a potential Ras association domain in the tumor suppressor RASSF1. We now show that RASSF1 binds Ras in a GTP-dependent manner, both in vivo and directlyin vitro. Moreover, activated Ras enhances and dominant negative Ras inhibits the cell death induced by transient transfection of RASSF1 into 293-T cells. This cell death appears to be apoptotic in nature, as RASSF1-transfected 293-T cells exhibit membrane blebbing and can be rescued by the addition of a caspase inhibitor. Thus, the RASSF1 tumor suppressor may serve as a novel Ras effector that mediates the apoptotic effects of oncogenic Ras.
Fractal geometry model for wear prediction

Abstract Fractal characterization of surface topography is applied to the study of contact mechanics and wear processes. The structure function method is used to find the fractal dimension D and the topothesy L. We develop a fractal geometry model, which predicts the wear rate in terms of these two fractal parameters for wear prediction. Using this model we show that the wear rate Vr and the true contact area Ar have the relationship VrαArm(D), where m(D) is a function of D and has a value between 0.5 and 1. We next study the optimum (i.e. the lowest wear rate) fractal dimension in a wear process. It is found that the optimum fractal dimension is affected by the contact area, material properties and scale amplitude. Experimental results of wear testing show good agreement with the predictions based on the model.
Genetics of gliding motility in Myxococcus xanthus (Myxobacterales): Two gene systems control movement

A large number of motility mutants of the gliding bacterium Myxococcus xanthus have been isolated and analyzed by transduction. Almost all nonmotile mutants are found to be double mutants. This is explained by the existence of two parallel and almost independent multi-gene systems controlling motility, in which case at least one mutation in each system would be required eliminate motility. Only one locus, called mgl, has been found to be shared by both systems. Wild type cells move singly and in groups. Single cells move if they carry a complete gene system A, the genes of which are described in the preceding paper. Groups of cells can move if they carry a complete gene system S, but single A−S+ cells do not move. Linkage analysis reveals at least 9 different loci in system S. One class of S− mutants, those mutated in the locus tgl, are conditional mutants which, after contact with tgl + cells, become temporarily motile as cell groups. Most system A mutations have little effect on fruiting but many system S mutations block it, suggesting that system S plays a role in the fruiting process.
Validation of a new counts-based gated single photon emission computed tomography method for quantifying left ventricular systolic function: Comparison with equilibrium radionuclide angiography

Abstract Background . Because myocardial wall thickness is smaller than the spatial resolution of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, changes in myocardial wall thickness are related to changes in maximum pixel counts via the partial volume effect, allowing for quantification of regional systolic wall thickening. We have developed a new gated SPECT method for computing the global left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) based entirely on changes in maximum regional myocardial counts during systolic contraction. This new method is independent of endocardial edge detection or other geometric measurements. Methods and Results . In 23 patients the gated SPECT method was validated by comparison with radionuclide angiography. The correlation between computed LVEFs was excellent (slope = 0.97, r = 0.91). The measurement of LVEF by gated SPECT was highly reproducible, with minimal intraoperator (slope = 0.97, r = 0.97) or interoperator (slope = 1.00, r = 0.97) variability. Measurements of regional thickening indexes were also reproducible, with a mean intraoperator correlation coefficient of 0.89 ± 0.05 (range 0.79 to 0.95) for the 14 myocardial regions. Finally, the measurement of LVEF was not significantly influenced by changes in reconstruction filter parameters over a range of cutoff frequencies from 0.16 to 0.28. Conclusions . This new counts-based gated SPECT method for measuring global left ventricular systolic function correlates well with radionuclide angiography, is highly reproducible, and has theoretic advantages over geometric methods.
Paranasal sinus radiology, part 1 B: The frontal sinuses

Alteration in the appearance of the mucosa, fluid accumulations, and changes in the shape and texture of the sinus wall form the basis of the radiologic information that aids in the diagnosis of frontal sinus disease. Inflammatory disease of the frontal sinuses was discussed in Part 1A of this article; other disease processes of the frontal sinuses as they appear in the various roentgenographic modalities are described and illustrated here.
Relationship between viscoelastic properties and gelation in thermosetting systems

A method is described for determining from dynamic viscoelastic data the gel time of thermosetting resins. Gelation of nine systems including epoxies, acetylene-terminated sulfone, and silicones was correlated with the crossover of the dynamic storage G′ and loss G″ moduli measured during isothermal curing. The effect of measurement frequency on gel time is discussed and related to the standard gel test. A lower temperature limit for the valid aplication of this technique was found to be at T > Tgg + 30°C, where Tgg is the glass transition of the system at the gel point.
The in vitro construction of a tissue engineered bioprosthetic heart valve.

Problem: Heart valve replacement with either a nonliving xenograft or a mechanical prosthesis is an effective therapy for valvular heart disease. Both of these approaches have limitations, including their inability to grow, repair, and remodel. In addition, a mechanical prosthesis requires long-term anticoagulation therapy. Methods: This study demonstrates the in vitro creation of tissue engineered heart valve tissue using cardiovascular cells on degradable polymer matrices. 40 heart valve leaflets were created using this technique from two sources. Xenograft leaflets were created using human dermal fibroblasts and bovine aortic endothelial cells (n = 20) or allograft valve leaftlets were created using sheep myofibroblasts and sheep endothelial cells (n = 20). A mixed sheep cell population was obtained consisting of endothelial cells and myofibroblasts. Endothelial cells were labelled with acethylated low density lipoprotein (Ac-Dil-LDL) and cells were separated into two groups using an activated cell sorter: LDL positive cells comprised of a pure endothelial cell population and LDL negative cells comprised of mixed cell population containing myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The LDL negative cells were seeded on a synthetic polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh and grown in vitro to form a tissue-like fibroblast-mesh core. Endothelial cells were then seeded onto the surface of the fibroblast-mesh core, forming a single monolayer. Results: Histological evaluation of these constructs revealed an inner core of LDL negative cells and outer endothelial-like cells which were factor VIII positive. There was no evidence of capillary formation from endothelial cells invading the myofibroblasts and smooth muscle matrix and the endothelial lining appeared complete. Conclusions: It is feasible to construct allogenic heart valve tissue which could be used to make a valve.
Anywhere, any-time binary instrumentation

The Dyninst binary instrumentation and analysis framework distinguishes itself from other binary instrumentation tools through its abstract, machine independent interface; its emphasis on anywhere, any-time binary instrumentation; and its low overhead that is proportional to the number of instrumented locations. Dyninst represents the program in terms of familiar control flow structures such as functions, loops, and basic blocks, and users manipulate these representations to insert instrumentation anywhere in the binary. We use graph transformation techniques to insure that this instrumentation executes when desired even when instrumenting highly optimized (or malicious) code that other instrumenters cannot correctly instrument. Unlike other binary instrumenters, Dyninst can instrument at any time in the execution continuum, from static instrumentation (binary rewriting) to instrumenting actively executing code (dynamic instrumentation). Furthermore, we allow users to modify or remove instrumentation at any time, with such modifications taking immediate effect. Our analysis techniques allow us to insert new code without modifying uninstrumented code; as a result, all uninstrumented code executes at native speed. We demonstrate that our techniques provide this collection of capabilities while imposing similar or lower overhead than other widely used instrumenters.
Air temperature and direct partitional calorimetry of the California sea lion (Zalophus Californianus)

Abstract The objective of these experiments was to study the partitional heat exchange of the California sea lion as affected by air temperature (Ta) through the use of direct and indirect calorimetry. o 1. Throughout the temperature range of 10°–25°C the total heat production remained quite constant. Radiant loss fell from 58% at 10° to 40% at 28°C Ta. Conduction-convection accounted for 35% at 15° and 20°C Ta but declined to 15% at 28°C. Evaporative loss was 21% at 10°C Ta, fell to 14% at 15°C and rose to account for over 50% of the exchange at 28°C. 2. At 25°C Ta, hyperpyrexia was usually apparent although an accompanying increase in heat production (O2 consumption) was not. It is hypothesized that a metabolic depression and/or a temporary heat sequestration might account for the observation. Oxygen consumption increased and effective heat loss diminished at a Ta of 28°C. 3. An abrupt rise in recorded Tb accompanied by postural adjustments followed removal of the animals from the higher Ta's, indicating the occurrence of a circulatory sequestration of heat. It is postulated that a temporary storage of blood in the splanchnic circulation might account for this observation.
THE USE OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS TO MEASURE THE DIFFICULTY OF APTITUDE TEST ITEMS

Two different procedures were used to measure the difficulties of some Scholastic Aptitude Test items: a new distribution-free procedure that uses periodic functions and LOGIST, a well-developed optimization procedure that fits a logistic model. Despite the fact that the two procedures used different data in very different ways, they obtained virtually the same numbers.
Study of bisulfite and metabisulfite aerosol generation systems

Sulfur (IV) aerosols may be generated only as the fully neutralized sulfite by nebulization techinques. Attempts to generate bisulfite and metabisulfite aerosols result in the production of sulf ite aerosols and large amounts of S02. Previous toxicologic studies on metabisulfite and bisulfite aerosols apparently documented the effects of high concentrations of gaseous SO2.
Counselor Burnout: Existential Crisis or a Problem for the Profession?

In our original article on counselor burnout (P&G, December 1976), John Shelton and I suggested that counselor-education programs created expectations for counseling that could not be realized within agency settings and contributed to counselor frustrations and disillusionment. We pointed out that one reason this problem was not widely discussed was because of the concern of counselors that their colleagues would attribute their open expression of disillusionment to their personal weaknesses. In a reply to the article, David V. Tiedeman (P&G, September 1977) took precisely this position and attributed our motivation for writing the article to our own “mid-life” crisis. This article broadens the issue to one of a fundamental difference in the ways we tend to locate the origins of problems and what this means for bringing about changes.
Finding saddle points on polyhedra : Solving certain continuous minimax problems

This article reviews procedures for computing saddle points of certain continuous concave-convex functions defined on polyhedra and investigates how certain parameters and payoff functions influence equilibrium solutions. The discussion centers on two widely studied applications : missile defense and market-share attraction games. In both settings, each player allocates a limited resource, called effort, among a finite number of alternatives. Equilibrium solutions to these two-person games are particularly easy to compute under a proportional effectiveness hypothesis, either in closed form or in a finite number of steps. One of the more interesting qualitative properties we establish is the identification of conditions under which the maximizing player can ignore the values of the alternatives in determining allocation decisions.
Molecular packing of collagen: three-dimensional analysis of electrostatic interactions.

The one-dimensional analysis of interactions between collagen molecules (Hulmes et al. , 1973) has been extended to three dimensions using a scoring system for electrostatic attractions which weights for charge clusters. Molecular edges were constructed using the known amino acid sequence of 1011 residues in the α1(I) chain of collagen and accepted backbone helical parameters, but varying the supercoil pitch of the chains, to approximate the positions of charges along the triple-chain rod-like molecule. A comparison of arbitrarily selected edges showed that electrostatic interactions between molecules staggered by multiples of 234 residues ( D ) are maximal for a pitch of 30·0 residues. Using this value for the pitch, a detailed comparison of edges 12 residues (132 0 ) wide demonstrated that interactions are greatest at D staggers for two edges centered 108 0 apart. These edges appear to define a specific relationship between neighbors in a microfibrillar substructure. The next best edges were found in a region 180 0 from the center of the two best edges, but these show weak maxima in all D intervals when compared to themselves. This region appears to be on the back of the molecule and defines less specific intermicrofibrillar interactions. The addition of a repulsion term to the scoring system increased the significance of these observations. In particular, intramicrofibrillar O D interactions were markedly reduced, while intermicrofibrillar O D interactions remained significant. The results are consistent with a 5-fold helical microfibril of collagen molecules related by a 1 D stagger and a left-handed rotation (5 4 screw symmetry in the frame of the molecular axes) as the basic substructure of the native collagen fibril. The charge clusters which participate in stabilization in this model occur both within the center of the microfibril and between contacting edges toward the outside of the microfibril; the 5-fold symmetry probably changes to 4-fold in the gap regions. There is also a potential ridge-into-groove fit along all intramicrofibrillar contacting edges which has a period of 31/3 residues and is uniquely possible for 5 4 symmetry given a pitch of 30 residues. A D /6 periodicity in the distribution of interacting charge residues may be related to supercoiling of molecules in the microfibril.
Synovectomy and debridement of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis (a study of 60 knees)

Sixty knees in 46 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Stages II and III, and severe to moderate synovitis were synovectomized and debrided, and observed for an average of 2.8 years. Improvement was noted in 73% of the knees. This figure diminished with longer followup due to recurrence of disease, development of valgus and varus deformities and involvement of hips. The results of knee surgery did not correlate with severity of disease. Some reduction in walking ability occurred as a result of progression of RA in joints other than the operated one(s).
Biasing Influence of Defendants' Characteristics on Simulated Sentencing

Two studies are reported in this paper. In the first study, the hypothesis that “unattractive” defendants receive more severe recommendations for sentences for a given crime than “attractive” defendants was examined. Race, socioeconomic status, and religious belief were intentionally confounded in the first study with the result that the hypothesis was clearly confirmed. In the second study, race, socioeconomic level, and religious belief were examined in isolation from each other (a 2 × 2 × 2 design) to determine their relative effect on sentencing. Race and belief explained significant proportions of the discriminatory sentencing effect, but socioeconomic status did not. Some preliminary work was done on the effects of perceivers' characteristics, indicating that punitiveness and racial attitudes warrant further study. ‘Subjects were 380 members of organizations for retired persons and church groups.
Chemoattractant receptor-stimulated F-actin polymerization in the human neutrophil is signaled by 2 distinct pathways

We characterized the overall rate of F-actin polymerization in the pseudopod region by measuring the rate of extension of single pseudopods stimulated by f-Met-Leu-Phe. The rate of pseudopod extension was measured in the presence of inhibitors for signaling molecules that are known to be involved in motility. Our data show the existence of 2 distinct signaling pathways of actin polymerization in the pseudopod region: a phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ)–dependent and –independent pathway. The PI3Kγ dependent signaling of F-actin polymerization also depends on protein kinase C ζ and protein kinase B (Akt/PKB). The PI3Kγ-independent pathway depends on GTPase RhoA, the RhoA ROCK kinase, Src family tyrosine kinases, and NADPH, and is modulated by cAMP.
Production of insect juvenile hormone by the microsporidian parasite Nosema.

WHEN microsporidian parasites of the genus Nosema infect insects, abnormal growth and metamorphosis are commonly observed. Heavily infected pupae of saturniid Lepidoptera moult to adults which retain many pupal characters1. When flour beetles of the genus Tribolium are similarly infected, they appear larger than normal and die at or before pupation2. We have found that the larger size of such infected beetle larvae is a result of more rapid growth and of supernumerary moults. All these effects resemble those which can be produced by injection of insect juvenile hormone or by implantation of corpora allata, the endocrine gland which produces this hormone3–6. Three hypotheses could explain this similarity of parasitic infection and endocrine activity: (1) The parasite might cause hypertrophy of, or hypersecretion by, the corpora allata of the host. (2) The parasite might cause other tissues of the host to produce juvenile hormone. (3) The parasites, themselves, might produce materials with juvenile hormone activity. We have carried out experiments by which we can decide among these alternatives.
Predictive Values of Framingham Risk and Coronary Artery Calcium Scores in the Detection of Obstructive CAD in Patients with Normal SPECT

A subgroup of patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) have obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) on coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA). A retrospective study was performed to identify factors associated with obstructive CAD in patients with normal MPI. Bivariate differences between patients with obstructive (>50% stenosis) and nonobstructive ( 100 Agatston Units [AU]) were independently associated with obstructive CAD (P = .006 and P 100 AU versus ≤100 AU, respectively. Increased FRS and CACS may stratify patients who may benefit from further evaluation for significant CAD despite normal MPI.
Evaluation of a Simplified N-Acetylcysteine Dosing Regimen for the Treatment of Acetaminophen Toxicity

BACKGROUND:Acetaminophen overdose is the most common pharmaceutical poisoning in the US. The labeled dosing regimen for Acetadote, the only intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV-NAC) product approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of acetaminophen toxicity, is a complex 3-step process that produces frequent medication errors. We have been using an off-label, uncomplicated dosing regimen consisting of a standard preparation of IV-NAC 30 g in 1 L of 5% dextrose in water, with a 150-mg/kg loading dose administered over 1 hour followed by an infusion of 14 mg/kg/h for 20 hours.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the frequency of medication errors, resolution of hepatotoxicity, and tolerability of the protocol used in our institution for treatment of acetaminophen toxicity.METHODS:This single-center, retrospective chart review evaluated patients receiving IV-NAC for acetaminophen toxicity from August 2006 to August 2008. Charts were reviewed for prescribing practices, dosing errors, and clinical outcomes...
Structural and functional role of the extracellular s5-p linker in the HERG potassium channel.

C-type inactivation in the HERG channel is unique among voltage-gated K channels in having extremely fast kinetics and strong voltage sensitivity. This suggests that HERG may have a unique outer mouth structure (where conformational changes underlie C-type inactivation), and/or a unique communication between the outer mouth and the voltage sensor. We use cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and thiol-modifying reagents to probe the structural and functional role of the S5-P (residues 571–613) and P-S6 (residues 631–638) linkers of HERG that line the outer vestibule of the channel. Disulfide formation involving introduced cysteine side chains or modification of side chain properties at “high-impact” positions produces a common mutant phenotype: disruption of C-type inactivation, reduction of K+ selectivity, and hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of activation. In particular, we identify 15 consecutive positions in the middle of the S5-P linker (583–597) where side chain modification has marked impact on channel function. Analysis of the degrees of mutation-induced perturbation in channel function along 583–597 reveals an α-helical periodicity. Furthermore, the effects of MTS modification suggest that the NH2-terminal of this segment (position 584) may be very close to the pore entrance. We propose a structural model for the outer vestibule of the HERG channel, in which the 583–597 segment forms an α-helix. With the NH2 terminus of this helix sitting at the edge of the pore entrance, the length of the helix (∼20 A) allows its other end to reach and interact with the voltage-sensing domain. Therefore, the “583–597 helix” in the S5-P linker of the HERG channel serves as a bridge of communication between the outer mouth and the voltage sensor, that may make important contribution to the unique C-type inactivation phenotype.
Information coding in the cortex by independent or coordinated populations.

The cerebral cortex is the primary seat of our sensory experiences, our plans, and the control of our actions. As such, it has been carefully examined since the inception of brain science and has been studied intensively at the level of individual neurons for over 40 years (1, 2). Nonetheless, it appears a fair assessment to say that the single most essential question about cortical physiology—“What is the basic cortical population signalling mechanism?”—has not yet been definitively answered and is still the subject of vigorous debate (3–9). Does the cortex function by pooling together essentially independent neural signals, as in an election, or does the signal come through the coordination of the elements, as in a symphony (3, 10, 11)? An article by Hatsopoulos et al., appearing in this issue of the Proceedings (12), provides interesting new examples of pairs of neurons in the primary motor cortex of monkeys conveying information by the relative timing of their action potentials during an eight-choice reaching task. Forming clear distinctions between independent and coordinated coding is challenging, because cortical neurons have overlapping functions and work together by distributing signals across many elements. These authors present a straightforward, measurable distinction between information transmission in independent and coordinated coding and use their data to evaluate these two hypotheses.
Equilibrium swelling behavior of thermally responsive metal affinity hydrogels, Part I: Compositional effects

Abstract Copolymer hydrogels were synthesized from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and vinyl iminodiacetic acid (VIDA) monomers, incorporating thermally responsive swelling and metal affinity properties. Compared to pure NIPAAm hydrogels, the copolymer hydrogels showed significantly increased swelling due to the hydrophilic VIDA groups while still retaining their sharp phase transition behavior. However, excessive amounts of VIDA caused the gels to lose this behavior and not fully collapse even at temperatures as high as 80 °C. When chelated with copper the VIDA groups became less hydrophilic, partially reversing the increased swelling due to VIDA, enabling the gels to regain their phase transition behavior. Increasing the crosslinking density in the gels generally had the effect of decreasing their swelling. However, for gels with higher VIDA amounts, increasing the crosslinking density unexpectedly caused the hydrophilic groups with bound waters to resist the hydrophobic group-induced collapse at high temperatures. The results suggest that the NIPAAm, VIDA and crosslinker amounts and copper chelation are essential elements in the molecular design of the gel to retain a sharp phase transition. These variables were used to develop a phase transition phase diagram.