cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemo-immunotherapy for hairy cell leukemia

With the introduction of the nucleoside analogs cladribine and pentostatin the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has been revolutionized, and the majority of patients achieve a long-lasting complete remission with rare patients ever needing the traditional treatment strategies such as splenectomy. However, in the studies employing either of these nucleoside analogs, a proportion of patients do not respond to the initial therapy and the event-free survival curve does not reach a plateau, with up to 40% of patients relapsing within a few years. New therapeutic modalities including monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab and immunotoxins such as BL22 are now available. Furthermore, progress in the identification of minimal residual disease (MRD) using consensus primer or patient specific polymerase chain reaction for the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene (IGHV), as well as multiparameter flow cytometry, allows for the detection and eradication of MRD. Whether this will transl...
Through the Eyes of My Reader: A Strategy for Improving Audience Perspective in Children's Descriptive Writing

Abstract The findings in the study suggest “reading-as-the-reader” can improve 5th- and 9th-grade writers' ability to compose descriptive writing consistent with their readers' informational needs. Participants included: 154 writers (78 fifth-graders and 76 ninth-graders) and 52 ninth-grade readers. The study adapted the referential communication design from Traxler and Gernsbacher (1992, 1993) to investigate whether young writers can benefit from a specific perspective-taking condition as they compose and revise their descriptions of tangrams over three separate writing sessions. Three conditions were contrasted: a feedback-only condition, a “rating other” condition, and a “reading-as-the-reader” condition. Readers' correct description-to-tangram matches made for each of three sessions served as the dependent measure. Repeated measures analysis revealed that both the 5th- and the 9th-graders showed consistent significant improvement under the “read-as-the-reader” condition when revising their essays and ...
Adenylate kinase of nuclei and its distribution in several subcellular fractions of neoplastic tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of adenylate kinase in the soluble portion of the nuclei from two different tissues isolated by two different methods has been reported. 2. 2. The distribution of enzymatic activity in several subcellular fractions of the transplanted mammary tumor tissue was described. 3. 3. The possibility of artifacts was discussed.
Ground and excited state characterization of self-assembled RuII-tris-bipyridine-iron porphyrin complexes

Abstract The ability to couple the well known excited state redox properties of RuII(bpy)3 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl) with the catalytic attributes of metalloporphyrins is of specific importance in designing efficient energy conversion systems. In this study, we report the quenching of the RuII(bpy)3 metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state (3MLCT) by FeIII-meso-tetra(4-Sulfanatophenyl) porphyrin (FeIII4SP) in aqueous solution. Our results indicate that FeIII4SP forms a 1 : 1 complex with RuII(bpy)3 under low ionic strength conditions (5 mM HEPES, pH 7) with a binding constant of (1.5 ± 0.01) × 104 M−1. Complexation leads to extensive quenching of the 3MLCT state of the RuII(bpy)3 with kq ≈ 5 × 109 M−1 s−1. In contrast, at higher ionic strengths (μ = 500 mM) or when the anionic RuII(dcbpy)3 (dcbpy = 4,4′-dicarboxy 2,2′-bipyridine) is used the ruthenium excited state quenching is purely diffusional and no evidence for complexation is observed. Time resolved fluorescence data reveals a life time of RuII(bpy)3 within the complex on the order of 10 ps in air saturated solutions. These results demonstrate extremely facile electron transfer within seld-assembled complexes of RuII(bpy)3 and FeIII4SP.
John Unitas's jacket and other objects of importance

This essay examines three disparate sports-related objects – commemorative rings, John Unitas's jacket, and a large baseball card collection – owned by different people. It offers an appreciation of the objects (aesthetically and historically), and considers their rich, polysemic meaning via an interdisciplinary method that is part oral history, part ‘thick description’, part exegesis. In the process we learn that, to their owners – a former elite athlete, the possessor of an heirloom, and an avid collector – these things represent memorable, important accomplishments, experiences, relationships, moments, memories, and values. Broadly speaking, the objects signify authenticity, nostalgia, and sentimentality, as well as a sense of connectedness, memory, and identity. Ultimately, the objects sustain things (ideas, relationships, feelings) that enrich their owners' sense of self and their place in the world.
Treadmill training enhances axon regeneration in injured mouse peripheral nerves without increased loss of topographic specificity

We investigated the extent of misdirection of regenerating axons when that regeneration was enhanced using treadmill training. Retrograde fluorescent tracers were applied to the cut proximal stumps of the tibial and common fibular nerves two or four weeks after transection and surgical repair of the mouse sciatic nerve. The spatial locations of retrogradely labeled motoneurons were studied in untreated control mice and in mice receiving two weeks of treadmill training, either according to a continuous protocol (10 m/min, one hour/day, five day/week) or an interval protocol (20 m/min for two minutes, followed by a five minute rest, repeated 4 times, five days/week). More retrogradely labeled motoneurons were found in both treadmill trained groups. The magnitude of this increase was as great as or greater than that found after using other enhancement strategies. In both treadmill trained groups, the proportions of motoneurons labeled from tracer applied to the common fibular nerve that were found in spinal cord locations reserved for tibial motoneurons in intact mice was no greater than in untreated control mice and significantly less than found after electrical stimulation or chondroitinase treatment. Treadmill training in the first two weeks following peripheral nerve injury produces a marked enhancement of motor axon regeneration without increasing the propensity of those axons to choose pathways leading to functionally inappropriate targets.
The Disappearance of Fury: H. M. Enzensberger's Diplomatic Poetry of the 1990s

(2002). The Disappearance of Fury: H. M. Enzensberger's Diplomatic Poetry of the 1990s. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 77, German Poetry After the Wall, pp. 7-33.
Molecular dynamics simulation of brittle fracture in silicon

The fracture process involves converting potential energy from a strained body into surface energy, thermal energy, and the energy needed to create lattice defects. In dynamic fracture, energy is also initially converted into kinetic energy. This paper uses molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate brittle frcture in silicon and determine how energy is converted from potential energy (strain energy) into other forms.
Rational design and optimization of plasmonic nanoarrays for surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy

We present an approach for rational design and optimization of plasmonic arrays for ultrasensitive surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy of specific protein analytes. Motivated by our previous work that demonstrated sub-attomole detection of surface-bound silk fibroin [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 19227 (2009)], we introduce here a general framework that allows for the numerical optimization of metamaterial sensor designs in order to maximize the absorbance signal. A critical feature of our method is the explicit compensation for the perturbative effects of the analyte's refractive index which alters the resonance frequency and line-shape of the metamaterial response, thereby leading to spectral distortion in SEIRA signatures. As an example, we leverage our method to optimize the geometry of periodic arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles on both Si and CaF2 substrates. The optimal geometries result in a three-order of magnitude absorbance enhancement compared to an unstructured Au layer, with the CaF2 substrate offering an additional factor of three enhancement in absorbance over a traditional Si substrate. The latter improvement arises from increase of near-field intensity over the Au nanobar surface for the lower index substrate. Finally, we perform sensitivity analysis for our optimized arrays to predict the effects of fabrication imperfections. We find that <20% deviation from the optimized absorbance response is readily achievable over large areas with modern nanofabrication techniques.
The March 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami and Its Impacts along the U.S. West Coast

Abstract Allan, J.C.; Komar, P.D.; Ruggiero, P., and Witter, R., 2012. The March 2011 Tōhoku tsunami and its impacts along the U.S. West Coast. The March 11, 2011, magnitude 9, Tōhoku earthquake off the coast of Japan generated a tsunami that crossed the Pacific Ocean and impacted the shores of the U.S. West Coast. Analyses of the arrival times, wave heights, periods, and total water levels from the tsunami waves and the tides have been undertaken for 17 tide gauges along the length of the West Coast. Significant along-coast variations in wave heights were found, with the highest waves having been recorded at Crescent City (maximum height of 4.23 m) in northern California and in San Luis Obispo Bay (maximum 4.25 m) in southern California. It was concluded that similar to the Kuril Island tsunami in 2006, the particularly large wave heights that impacted the California–Oregon border region, including Crescent City, California, were the result of wave refraction that focused tsunami energy into a relatively...
EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF TRKB ISOFORMS IN RODENT VISUAL CORTEX

Within primary visual cortex (V1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through its high-affinity receptor TrkB is important for normal development and experience-dependent plasticity. TrkB is expressed in several alternatively spliced isoforms, including full-length TrkB (TrkB.FL), and several truncated isoforms (TrkB.T1, TrkB.T2, and TrkB.T4) that lack the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. These isoforms are important components of BDNF signaling, yet little is known about the developmental or experience-dependent regulation of their expression. Using immunohistochemistry, we found TrkB.FL and TrkB.T1 expressed in interneurons and pyramidal neurons within V1, but not in cortical astrocytes. We used real-time PCR to quantify the changes in mRNA expression of BDNF, the four TrkB isoforms, and the low-affinity receptor P75NTR during normal development, and in response to visual deprivation at two different ages. BDNF expression increased between postnatal days 10 (P10) and P30, and was rapidly down-regulated by 3 days of visual deprivation during both the pre-critical period (P14-P17) and the critical period (P18-P21). Over the same developmental period, expression of each TrkB isoform was regulated independently; TrkB.T1 increased, TrkB.FL and TrkB.T2 decreased, and TrkB.T4 showed transient changes. Neither brief visual deprivation nor prolonged dark-rearing induced changes in either TrkB.FL or TrkB.T1 expression. However, TrkB.T4 expression was reduced by brief visual deprivation, whereas TrkB.T4, TrkB.T2 and P75(NTR) were up-regulated by prolonged dark-rearing into the critical period. Our data indicate that TrkB isoform expression can be selectively regulated by visual experience, and may contribute to experience-dependent cortical plasticity.
The aggressive child

Acute assessment and management of the aggressive or violent child or adolescent are a challenge for clinicians. Early recognition of signs of impending violence and a clear understanding of the progression of violent behavior are essential to ensure safety of patients and staff. The management of violent and aggressive patients using behavioral interventions tailored to the stage of violence or aggression is critical to reducing the likelihood that the child or adolescent will attack staff or injure self or others. The indications and risks of chemical and physical restraints and hospital standards and guidelines that govern the use of behavioral and experience regarding the prevalence, presentation, and differential diagnosis of psychotic disorders in juveniles. The clinician must rapidly disentangle which elements of the clinical presentation indicate true psychotic thought processes versus elements that represent misunderstood developmentally appropriate phenomena, symptoms of nonpsychotic illnesses, or harbingers of an underlying primary medical illness. A thorough assessment is required before appropriate treatment can begin.
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BARRIERS TO GENE EXCHANGE BETWEEN SOLANUM CHACOENSE AND S. COMMERSONII (SOLANACEAE)

In contrast to the general intercompatibility of diploid species of tuber-bearing potatoes of South America, Solanum chacoense Bitter and S. commersonii Dunal have well-established internal barriers to gene exchange. Pollen tubes of S. commersonii are inhibited in growth down the style of S. chacoense. While S. chacoense pollen tubes are not inhibited in S. commersonii stylar tissue, seed development is abnormal, resulting in production of large numbers of seeds that are not filled out. Even the apparently normal F1 seed germinated poorly; approximately 0.1 germinable seeds were set per cross as compared with over 30 seeds per cross following intraspecific crosses. Lowland S. chacoense, including populations sympatric with S. commersonii, were not more effectively isolated from S. commersonii than were highland S. chacoense populations, over 500 km from the nearest S. commersonii. The F, hybrids produced were vigorous and highly fertile. Crosses between unrelated S. commersonii-chacoense F, hybrids produced only 1.3 germinable seeds per cross. This reduction resulted from low numbers of berries set, few seeds per berry, and low seed germination. The F2 progeny were vigorous, but while many were both male and female fertile there were indications of an increase in sterility over that of the parents and F,'s. The data were interpreted as indicating that the isolation barriers result from polygenic differences between the parent species and are composed principally of genes that function in several of the processes of seed setting. The accumulation of genes that keep these species isolated was interpreted as not having developed as a result of selection for such isolation in the region of overlap (Wallace effect), but rather as a byproduct of divergence that occurred during their allopatric evolution.
Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is mediated by an O2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Hypoxia induces a group of physiologically important genes such as erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor. These genes are transcriptionally up-regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a global regulator that belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix PAS family. Although HIF-1 is a heterodimer composed of α and β subunits, its activity is primarily determined by hypoxia-induced stabilization of HIF-1α, which is otherwise rapidly degraded in oxygenated cells. We report the identification of an oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain within HIF-1α that controls its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The ODD domain consists of ≈200 amino acid residues, located in the central region of HIF-1α. Because portions of the domain independently confer degradation of HIF-1α, deletion of this entire region is required to give rise to a stable HIF-1α, capable of heterodimerization, DNA-binding, and transactivation in the absence of hypoxic signaling. Conversely, the ODD domain alone confers oxygen-dependent instability when fused to a stable protein, Gal4. Hence, the ODD domain plays a pivotal role for regulating HIF-1 activity and thereby may provide a means of controlling gene expression by changes in oxygen tension.
Therapeutic community treatment programming in corrections

Abstract This paper contrasts the American TC model with that of the United Kingdom, presents an overview and history from 1965 to the present of Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment as applied in the United States particularly to drug using offenders, and it details findings from five scientifically sound studies that this kind of treatment during custody for incarcerated drug using offenders is effective in reducing drug abuse and recidivism. A final section presents the therapeutic principles derived from North American TC research and practice conducive to altering addict-offender lifestyles and improving the likelihood of a positive outcome.
INDIVIDUALS TRANSPLACENTALLY EXPOSED TO MATERNAL SMOKING MAY BE AT INCREASED CANCER RISK IN ADULT LIFE

Studies which provide evidence suggesting that cancer could result from transplacental exposure to maternal smoking include animal experiments showing that: (1) compounds present in tobacco smoke and cigarette smoke condensate itself are active transplacental carcinogens; (2) the fetus has greater sensitivity to some carcinogens than the adult, so that estimates of doses necessary for transplacental carcinogenesis cannot be accurately predicted from effects in adults; (3) carcinogens administered transplacentally can increase sensitivity to later carcinogenic exposures; and (4) many (at lower doses probably most) tumours resulting from transplacental exposure are not evident until adulthood and their morphology and sites do not differ from those of spontaneously occurring tumours. Studies in man have shown that components of tobacco smoke can reach the fetus and that human fetal tissues are capable of activating carcinogens similar to those in tobacco smoke. These findings suggest that conditions causing transplacental carcinogenesis in animals may be duplicated in man by prenatal exposure to maternal smoking, and that resulting tumours could occur in adulthood. In view of the widespread prevalence of smoking during pregnancy, epidemiological studies of cancer in adults should investigate the possible role played by maternal smoking in increasing cancer risk.
A look at characterizing the design of information systems

Mr. C. T. Schlegel, Chairman of the ACM74 session for which this paper was prepared, described his session as one which will try to distinguish those intrinsic features of information systems which separate them from data management systems. He further states that. "there exist many programming packages which efficiently and rapidly handle large amounts of data stored on computers. However, to call them information systems is a little too inaccurate for our tastes"... Mr. Schlegel makes the further observation that. "data becomes information only when interpreted in some context, and the context and the interpretation are usually provided by people who use the data, not the software".
Anthocyanin in Dionaea muscipula Ellis (Venus Flytrap)

Dionaea muscipula belongs to a small group of carnivorous plants which have movable leaf traps1. Triggering an inner leaf hair causes the trap to close and this is accompanied by a characteristic action potential2. During histological observations we noted that in mature leaves there were large concentrations of a red pigment in the digestive glands, the inner layer of the leaf cells, and particularly in the cells at the base of the sensitive trigger hair. Presuming this pigment to be an anthocyanin3, we analysed it by column chromatography4, paper chromatography, ultra-violet and infra-red absorption spectra.
Temperature patterns on a catalytic ribbon heated by a constant voltage

Abstract Chemical reactions were carried out on a thin Pt ribbon heated electrically at constant voltage. A thermal imager revealed that symmetry breaking can cause the formation of a stationary high-temperature pulse during the oxidation of ammonia in air. Chaotic variations in the overall reaction rate during the oxidation of propylene in air are caused by a back-and-forth movement of a temperature front emanating from either one of the supports. The average front velocity is of the order of 0.1cm/s. The probability density function of the time interval between two successive oscillations in the reaction rate is usually widely spread around two modes. The power spectrum of the overall reaction rate decays exponentially, while that of a local temperature decays as a power law. The behavioral features during constant-voltage electrical heating are intermediate between those under constant-average-resistance (temperature) and constant-current electrical heating.
Evaluating Learning Outcomes in an International Professional Development Program.

The development of the U.S. community college concept for increasing access, success, and transition in both transfer and career programs has been well documented (Cohen & Brawer, 2003). With such success has come increased international interest in both the organizational model of the community college and the instructional approaches taken to meet student needs in very diverse classrooms. Using a case method approach, this study explores an evaluation of individual, institutional, and organizational learning in a professional development program intended to aid improvement in the Egyptian Technical College system. The program was sponsored by the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (DoS ECA). Community Colleges for International Development (CCID) delivered the program through five geographically distributed community colleges. Egyptian faculty and administrators spent two months in an intensive English program, followed by seven months on individual campuses. Despite con...
Osteomyelitis following translumbar aortography

Osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine occurred in a patient following translumbar aortography. Treatment included surgical drainage and systemic antibiotic therapy. Fever and progresive neurological dysfunction were relieved. There is controversy about the safety and efficacy of translumbar versus percutaneous transfemoral aortography. The translumbar route, is not the primary approach, is a reasonable alternative; bleeding complications are infrequent and infection is rare.
Hypertension in Pheochromocytoma: Characteristics and Treatment

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic paraganglia, which synthesizes and secretes catecholamines. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine all act on their target receptors, which causes a physiologic change in the body. High circulating levels of catecholamines can lead to severe hypertension and can have devastating effects on multiple body systems (eg, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular), and can lead to death if untreated. Although surgical treatment represents the only modality of ultimate cure, pharmacologic preoperative treatment remains the mainstay of successful outcome.
Initial ATP Formation, NADP Reduction, CO2 Fixation, and Chloroplast Flattening Upon Illuminating Pea Leaves

Chloroplasts in living cells of detached and sectioned leaves of Pisum sativum had a thickness of 2.68 ± 0.04 μ in the dark as determined from photographs made using a phase contrast microscope. Upon illumination with 4000 lux for 10 min, the chloroplasts flattened to 2.15 ± 0.04 μ. There was a short lag period of about 11 sec at 1000 lux and 2 sec at 4000 lux before appreciable light-induced flattening occurred. Both ATP and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in detached pea leaves increased upon illumination and then fell during the initial 60 sec. The maximum ATP level was attained in 16 sec at 1000 lux and 10 sec at 4000 lux, while NADPH required about twice as long to reach a maximum. A sustained rate of carbon dioxide fixation occurred after a lag period coinciding in time with the drop in the NADPH level. ATP appeared to be involved not only with carbon dioxide fixation, but also with some reaction beginning sooner, perhaps the light-induced chloroplast flattening. Considering the initial photophosphorylation and the sustained CO2 fixation rates, the ATP formation rate in vivo apparently increased after the leaves had been in the light for a few min.
Synthesis Gas by Partial Oxidation and the Role of Oxygen-Conducting Supports: A Review

The objective of this review is to bring together results from experimental studies to better understand issues and the role of catalyst types and supports in the conversion of hydrocarbon fuels to synthesis gas. Fuel conversion, selectivity and carbon formation as function of type of support, metal, dispersion and temperature are presented. Reaction mechanisms for syn-gas (a mixture of CO and H2 ) production and formation of inactive carbon are reviewed. This review resulted in two primary conclusions: 1) Catalyst supports based on oxygen-ion conductors such as doped ceria may be used to mitigate carbon formation due to their high oxygen mobility; and 2) A more detailed and comprehensive study of these systems leading to mechanistic understanding may be of significant benefit in developing low-cost, effective, and long-duration reforming catalysts for POM and possibly higher hydrocarbon fuels.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Perceptual and Linguistic Interactions in Speeded Classification: Tests of the Semantic Coding Hypothesis:

We tested the semantic coding hypothesis, which states that cross-modal interactions observed in speeded classification tasks arise after perceptual information is recoded into an abstract format common to perceptual and linguistic systems. Using a speeded classification task, we first confirmed the presence of congruence interactions between auditory pitch and visual lightness and observed Garner-type interference with nonlinguistic (perceptual) stimuli (low-frequency and high-frequency tones, black and white squares). Subsequently, we found that modifying the visual stimuli by (a) making them lexical (related words) or (b) reducing their compactness or figural ‘goodness’ altered congruence effects and Garner interference. The results are consistent with the semantic coding hypothesis, but only in part, and suggest the need for additional assumptions regarding the role of perceptual organization in cross-modal dimensional interactions.
Expert Systems and Knowledge-Based Engineering (1984-1991): Implications for Instructional Systems Research

Expert system technologies are varieties of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in which decision-making knowledge is codified and modeled. This design case has the challenging task of characterizing this set of technologies during a particularly important period in its development (1984-1991), with an emphasis on a particular system that was used in food production environments by Campbell Soup. It analyzes the social and research impacts of early, pioneering information elicitation and processing strategies that focused on the distillation of the knowledge or know-how of individuals construed as experts in particular arenas, approaches broadly labeled as “knowledge-based engineering” (KBE). Widely-publicized notions of “thinking machines” and “canned experts” provided motivation for a good deal of early expert systems development (Feigenbaum & McCorduck, 1986), with accusations of “hype” often levied (Blair, 2002). This article historically situates these technological strategies in the period from 1984 though 1991, then links them with current instructional systems approaches that more fully involve collaborative elements as well as contextual perspectives. The motivation for this article is to explore how larger technological and social trends and assumptions can influence particular research efforts, especially in the richly interdisciplinary area of information systems. The article also explores the circumstances and consequences of “failures” of system development, with expert systems providing widely-discussed exemplars (Gill, 1995; Oravec & Plant, 1992). This article is rooted in the assumption that historically-informed perspectives can provide some underpinnings to the building of humane and sustainable research projects, particularly in areas that have human subjects and volatile contexts as essential elements. This article also addresses the continuing legacy of university curricula and business training initiatives that were shaped to accommodate expert system and KBE approaches in past decades. Discourse about human expertise generated by expert system efforts in 1984 through 1991 holds insights for current research and development, as well as signals potential sources of dysfunction of, and opposition to, future instructional system initiatives.
Weather Regimes and Preferred Transition Paths in a Three-Level Quasigeostrophic Model.

Abstract Multiple flow regimes are reexamined in a global, three-level, quasigeostrophic (QG3) model with realistic topography in spherical geometry. This QG3 model, using a T21 triangular truncation in the horizontal, has a fairly realistic climatology for Northern Hemisphere winter and exhibits multiple regimes that resemble those found in atmospheric observations. Four regimes are robust to changes in the classification method, k-means versus mixture modeling, and its parameters. These regimes correspond roughly to opposite phases of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), respectively. The Markov chain representation of regime transitions is refined here by finding the preferred transition paths in a three-dimensional (3D) subspace of the model's phase space. Preferred transitions occur from the positive phase of the NAO (NAO+) to that of the AO (AO+), from AO+ to NAO−, and from NAO− to NAO+, but not directly between opposite phases of the AO. The angular probability dens...
Variance Algorithm for Minimization

An algorithm is presented for minimizing real valued differentiable functions on an TV-dimensional manifold. In each iteration, the value of the function and its gradient are computed just once, and used to form new estimates for the location of the minimum and the variance matrix (i.e. the inverse of the matrix of second derivatives). A proof is given for convergence within iV-iterations to the exact minimum and variance matrix for quadratic functions. Whether or not the function is quadratic, each iteration begins at the point where the function has the least of all past computed values.
Proposed Microwave Systems for Superconducting Radiofrequency Beam Separators

In this paper various aspects of the microwave system for RF beam separators using superconducting iris-loaded deflectors are discussed. This microwave system differs significantly from a conventional design. The differences stem mainly from the very high Q, the mandatory standing wave operation, and the lack of frequency adjustments by temperature changes. Successful operation of the separator depends on keeping two narrow bandwidth resonators (?f ? 20 Hz) at the same frequency, fo ? 1.3 GHz, and in rigid phase relationship. Mechanical tuning of the deflectors must be provided in the form of a variable path length for a resonant ring or in the form of an adjustable short for a resonant cavity. The resonant deflector can be powered either from a common source or by using the deflector as frequency determining element in an oscillatory system. Both microwave systems are described and their relative merits are compared.
Practitioner Review: Adolescent alcohol use disorders: assessment and treatment issues

Alcohol misuse in adolescents is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Adolescents who use alcohol are at increased risk for smoking, other drug use, and impairment across multiple domains of functioning (Clark, 2004). In addition, alcohol use is associated with the three leading causes of death among adolescents: motor vehicle accidents, homicide, and suicide (Brent et al., 1993; Irons, 2006; McLaughlin, Daniel, & Joost, 2000). It is estimated that approximately one in three older adolescents in the United States (US) have five or more drinks at a time on a monthly or more frequent basis (Eaton et al., 2006; Faden, 2006; Grunbaum et al., 2004), and about 20% of adolescents report drinking this much at least once a week (NIDA, 2003). A recent examination of the prevalence of alcohol use in the US, United Kingdom (UK) and European countries indicates that rates of binge drinking, as well as average weekly alcohol consumption, are 2 to 3 times greater in the UK and Europe than in the United States (Case, 2007). Despite the high prevalence of excessive drinking, only 4–6% of adolescents meet diagnostic criteria for an alcohol use disorder (Kandel et al., 1999; Kilpatrick et al., 2000; Lewinsohn, Rohde, & Seeley, 1996). The greatest risk for problem drinking is associated with the start of alcohol use prior to the age of 14 (Grant & Dawson, 1997; Hingson, Heeren, Zakocs, Winter, & Wechsler, 2003). The prognostic value of early alcohol use in predicting later alcohol use disorders holds not only in the US, but in other countries with more permissive attitudes toward drinking as well (Schmid, 2007). Extant research suggests that adolescent onset of alcohol use disorders is also associated with a more rapid transition from first use to dependence, and shorter time from first to second substance dependence (Clark, Kirisci, & Tarter, 1998). While there is much that has been learned in the area of adolescent alcohol use over the past decade, there is much left to discover. The goals of this review include: (a) summarize the assessment instruments of alcohol use and associated problems; (b) review randomized studies on therapies for adolescent alcohol use disorders; and (c) discuss translational research approaches for identifying novel intervention strategies in this area. There are multiple prior reviews on treatment outcome research for general substance use in adolescents (e.g., Deas & Thomas, 2001; Ozechowski & Liddle, 2000; Waldron, 1997; Williams et al., 2000). Yet, employing interventions that are designed to address general substance misuse may be questionable for alcohol use as treatments effective for reducing use of illicit substances may fail to treat alcohol problems (e.g., Azrin et al., 2001; Peterson, Baer, Wells, Ginzler, & Garrett, 2006; Santisteban et al., 2003).
Analysis of the Orthopedic Content in an Occupational Therapy Curriculum From a Clinical Reasoning Perspective

Objectives Recent studies have suggested that occupational therapists working with adults with physical disabilities do not use narrative reasoning in practice as much as they use procedural reasoning. This focus on procedural reasoning may be partially shaped by the occupational therapy educational process. The purpose of this analysis was to see whether one accredited occupational therapy curriculum was promoting narrative reasoning relative to its information on adult orthopedics. Method An accredited occupational therapy undergraduate and certificate curriculum was analyzed from both student and faculty perspectives to see what types of clinical reasoning were most emphasized relative to treatment of adults with orthopedic injuries. The student analysis, done by a senior as part of an independent study, looked at the clinical reasoning content of journal articles, an occupational therapy textbook, and occupational therapy lectures relative to adult orthopedic injuries. The faculty analysis, part of a curriculum revision process and independent of the student analysis, looked at the clinical reasoning content of all courses in the curriculum. Results The student and faculty analyses concurred that although narrative reasoning is taught in this curriculum, narrative reasoning concepts are not well integrated into the adult physical dysfunction course that deals with adult orthopedic injuries. Conclusion Occupational therapy educators may not be integrating narrative reasoning into more procedurally oriented physical dysfunction courses as fully as possible and may, therefore, be fostering procedurally oriented practice in physical dysfunction settings. Curricula evaluations, like the one described in this article, can be a mechanism for examining the types of clinical reasoning emphasized in a given curriculum for a given diagnostic group.
Laguerre-Freud's equations for the recurrence coefficients of semi-classical orthogonal polynomials

Abstract In this paper we give a new scheme for deriving a non-linear system, satisfied by the three-term recurrence coefficients of semi-classical orthogonal Polynomials, this non-linear system is labelled "Laguerre-Freud′s equations." Here we do not deal with the numerical aspect of the question (stability, asymptotic, ...). Our purpose is to take due advantage of linear functionals formalism and to show that given a semi-classical linear functional, i.e., given two polynomials, we are able to provide the Laguerre-Freud"s equations. The way of obtaining these equations is put in a recursive form appropriate for computer algebra calculation, especially when the degrees of the two given polynomials are large. We illustrate our process by several examples and we point out two cases where the solutions to Laguerre-Freud′s equations are not unique.
Abstract #2330: Activation of stress-mediated signaling in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells

One of the causal genetic events of more advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) development is an enhanced expression of growth factor receptors and associated ligands. These genetic modifications lead to an epigenetic mechanism where a feedback autocrine loop between membrane receptor and ligand (such as EGFR and TGF\#945;) results in constitutive activation of MAPK-kinase-mediated mitogenic signaling in AIPC. We rationalized that inhibiting these epigenetic events could be useful in controlling advanced AIPC growth. Recently, we reported, psoralidin, a natural compound which inhibits AIPC growth in cell culture and xenograft models (Kumar et al ., Cancer Prevention Research 2009) and in this study, we determine whether inhibition of stress mediated signaling by psoralidin is the reason for the inhibition of tumor growth in animal models. Our results suggest that EGF-induced EGFR activates ERK1/2, MAPK mediated signaling, which resulted in cell proliferation and survival in AIPC cells. However, treatment of psoralidin inhibited EGF-mediated signaling pathway (phosphorylated EGFR, shc, Raf and MEKs) in AIPC cells. Interestingly, psoralidin down regulated Elk1 activation without altering the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2, in AIPC cells. On the other hand, activation of JNK-signaling resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in AIPC cells. Oral administration of psoralidin (50mg/kg) in prostate cancer in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice from 9 to 28 weeks of age resulted in a significant reduction (75%, P Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2330.
Dialogue in Learning Organizations

Organizational learning can be an ambiguous term. Do organizations learn? Can one truly extrapolate the teaching and learning transaction on an interpersonal level to and throughout all levels of an organization? These questions and others form the foundation of study concerning learning in organizations. Further, they allow scholars and researchers a starting point from which to pursue how members of an organization learn and in what ways these various learning styles affect the larger organization. Through a horizontal structure that allows learning to take place on a continuum instead of from the top down, tremendous innovation and creativity can be achieved. Not only can both the institution and the individual be served by this process, but the larger community as a whole will benefit as well. This is one definition of servant leadership and a way of looking to the future of organizational learning.
"The Spirits Were Always Watching": Buddhism, Secular Law, and Social Change in Thailand

This chapter provides a counter-example to the usual story of legal secularization and modernization. It suggests that the enactment of a secular law code in a non-European setting can interact in unexpected ways with local religious traditions and customary law and can ultimately produce a widespread rejection of liberal legalism.Legal modernization in Thailand during the early Twentieth Century brought the semi-autonomous Lanna region under the control of the emergent Thai state (Then known as Siam). Thai leaders sought to suppress a vibrant Lanna legal tradition that linked village-level customary practices to the formal laws of the Lanna princes. In this tradition, legal concepts and practices were closely connected to a distinctive form of Buddhism that incorporated non-Buddhist elements associated with spirit worship. When the Thai state adopted a European-style civil code, it aimed to shatter these connections between law and religion and curb local traditions that might challenge state supremacy. Instead, customary legal beliefs and practices were driven underground and continued to shape the behavior of potential litigants, lawyers, and judges in ways that could not be openly acknowledged. Only in recent years, with the disruptions and dislocations caused by global influences, have Lanna legal and religious practices begun to fade. Yet this recent development has not brought a greater acceptance of secular legalism but rather a new form of Buddhism that views law and religion as inherently oppositional. Focusing on injury cases, this analysis shows how religious consciousness can be transformed and strengthened within a modern state, leading to a widespread perception that secular law is contrary to fundamental values and beliefs.
Liposarcoma. An ultrastructural study of 15 cases.

Fifteen liposarcomas from 13 patients were examined by electron microscopy. These included nine primary tumors, four recurrent tumors after primary surgery or irradiation, and two metastatic lesions. Twelve of the liposarcomas were located in the thigh, and 11 were of the myxoid variety. All neoplasms were composed of cells having the ultrastructural characteristics of some stage of lipoblastic differentiation, i.e ., lipid droplets, micropinocytotic vesicles, glycogen, external lamina, intermediate filaments, Golgi apparatuses, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear pleomorphism were related inversely to the size and number of lipid droplets. Lipoblasts were frequently in close association with capillaries and pericytes, and in four cases lipid droplets were found in pericytes. Multivacuolated, mitochondria-rich lipoblasts, resembling brown fat cells, also were seen. Most tumors con-tained lipid-free, poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells that showed a continuum of morphologic differentiation to cells that closely resembled early lipoblasts that contained nonmembranebound lipid vacuoles. Fibrolipoblasts, cells containing lipid droplets and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, were ob-served only in well-differentiated liposarcomas. Some soft tissue sarcomas contain vacuolated cells that simulate lipoblasts by light microscopy but prove to be reactive or malignant fibroblasts, histiocytes, or smooth muscle cells ultrastructurally. Therefore, use of electron microscopy may be necessary to establish the line of differentiation in these neoplasms.
Rethinking CD4+ T Cell Counts for Individuals Who Recently Seroconverted to Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The distribution of initial CD4 + T lymphocyte counts for individuals who have recently seroconverted to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is broad. We review major articles describing CD4 cell counts shortly after documented HIV infection and discuss both the possible sources of variability in these studies and the clinical importance of recognizing that even recently infected patients may have low CD4 cell counts and thus will require therapeutic intervention with antiretroviral agents or prophylactic antibiotics.
Rice Consumption and Hypertension

Arsenic in the drinking water is the cause of hypertension, as demonstrated in the studies performed and reported in references [1-4]. These studies included peoples in Bangladesh, Inner Mongolia, China and Taiwan. Reference [5] is a review article regarding arsenic and hypertension. In this review of 2011, it was concluded that “a positive association between elevated arsenic exposure and the prevalence of hypertension” [5] was found, but the repercussions of this link from a causal point-of-view needs more study. Arsenic occurs naturally in the crust of our planet Earth [6]. It is present in two hundred or more different compounds, arsenopyrite being the most common mineral. Rice consumption commonly include arsenic from the environment, whether grown in different nations in Asia or in the United States of America (USA). A study in Bangladesh re-affirmed this fact, because groundwater contaminated with environmental arsenic is used extensively for the agriculture of rice, the principal grain [7]. In [1], it was found that the greater the aggregate arsenic intake, the greater the occurrence of hypertension.
Criminal Justice Involvement, Drug Use, and Depression Among African American Children of Incarcerated Parents:

The incarcerated population in the United States is disproportionately African American and many inmates are parents of children under the age of 18. Recent reports show that African American child...
In Defense of a Realization Formulation of Physicalism

In earlier work, I proposed and defended a formulation of physicalism that was distinctive in appealing to a carefully-defined relation of physical realization (Melnyk in A physicalist manifesto: thoroughly modern materialism, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2003). Various philosophers (Robert Francescotti, Daniel Stoljar, Carl Gillett, Susan Schneider) have since presented challenges to this formulation. In the present paper, I aim to show that these challenges can be overcome.
Rumors and Urban Legends

This article is a revision of the previous article by J.B. Renard, volume 20, pp. 13413–13416, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Evaluation of Selected Sanitizers to Control Bacteria in a Simulated Sweet Water Coolant System

Three types of sanitizers commonly used in dairy processing plants were evaluated at varying concentrations and at 25 and 4°C for their ability to control potential spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in water. Test organisms included Pseudomonas fluorescens , Staphylococcus haemolyticus , and Bacillus spp. These had been isolated from samples of sweet water coolants collected in a previous national survey in grade A dairy plants. S. haemolyticus required 10 ppm chlorine, 12.5 ppm iodine, or 10 ppm quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) to reduce the population >99% at 25°C. At 4°C, however, only 93% of the population of S. haemolyticus was reduced with the 10 ppm QAC. Concentrations of 25 ppm chlorine, 2.5 ppm iodine, or 20 ppm QAC reduced the P. fluorescens population >99% at both 25 and 4°C. The Bacillus spp. was reduced >99% at concentrations of 10 ppm chlorine at 25 and 4°C, 2.5 ppm iodine at 25°C, and 10 ppm QAC at both temperatures. At 4°C, 2.5 ppm iodine reduced the Bacillus population to only 93%. All three organisms were reduced >90% at both test temperatures with concentrations of 25 ppm chlorine, 12.5 ppm iodine, or 20 ppm QAC.
Measurements of the gain medium temperature in an operating Cs DPAL

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer was used for contactless measurement of the temperature of the gain medium within a static cell of Cs DPAL. The maximum temperature recorded approached 700° C leading to a significant degradation of laser performance. This work also examined lasing and non-lasing heat deposition and has shown that as much as 85% of the heating in a DPAL gain medium can be attributed to quenching.