cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management concerns for swimming, tubing, and wading in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Recreational use of streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has increased remarkably during recent years. To better manage the stream resource for visitor needs and at the same time preserve it for future generations, a user study was initiated in 1978. Use patterns, both spatial and temporal, and possible accompanying ecological impacts at three streams were investigated. Sampling was conducted at several sites per stream. The findings indicated that use was concentrated during afternoons and at certain streams and study sites. In addition, different types of users partitioned the streams according to stream morphology (form or structure of pools, riffles, etc.). Major impacts observed were soil compaction and erosion along the streambanks and physical disturbance of the stream bottoms by moving and placing stones to construct dams and raceways.
(Un)seeing like a prison: Counter-visual ethnography of the carceral state

While prisons proliferate in the rural landscape and sites of penal tourism expand, the carceral state structures the available visual and analytic vantages through which to perceive this growing visibility. Using examples from fieldwork in Kentucky, including Appalachian prison communities and a site of penal tourism, this article proposes ‘counter-visual’ ethnography to better perceive the ideological work that the carceral state performs in the spatial and cultural landscape. A counter-visual ethnography retrains our eyes to see that which is not ‘there’ but which structures the contemporary empirical realities we observe, record, and analyze: the ghosts of racialized regimes past, the sediment of dirty industry that seeps into and imbues the present, and the trans-historical and trans-local circulation of carceral logics and epistemologies. In addition, this article suggests the important role images play in shaping alternative vantages from which to better perceive the carceral state with historical,...
Detection and measurement of middle-distillate fuel vapors by use of tunable diode lasers

A sensor for the rapid (10-ms response time) measurement of vapors from the hydrocarbon-based fuels JP-8, DF-2, and gasoline is described. The sensor is based on a previously reported laser-mixing technique that uses two tunable diode lasers emitting in the near-infrared spectral region [Appl. Opt.39, 5006 (2000)] to measure concentrations of gases that have unstructured absorption spectra. The fiber-mixed laser beam consists of two wavelengths: one that is absorbed by the fuel vapor and one that is not absorbed. Sinusoidally modulating the power of the two lasers at the same frequency but 180° out of phase allows a sinusoidal signal to be generated at the detector (when the target gas is present in the line of sight). The signal amplitude, measured by use of standard phase-sensitive detection techniques, is proportional to the fuel-vapor concentration. Limits of detection at room temperature are reported for the vapors of the three fuels studied. Improvements to be incorporated into the next generation of the sensor are discussed.
Sensor modeling for the Virtual Autonomous Navigation Environment

The Virtual Autonomous Navigation Environment (VANE) is a high fidelity, physics-based simulation process that produces realistic simulated sensor output for use in the development and testing of Autonomous Mobility Systems (AMS). The VANE produces simulated sensor output for ranging and camera sensors that are characterized by a few easily determined input parameters. This flexibility allows for the efficient characterization of a sensor interaction with a particular AMS. This paper presents the development of these models and some initial results.
False alarm reduction through road area delimitation

Proposes the concept of road area delimitation to improve the performance of a system that detects ground-based military vehicles in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Road area delimitation is a data-reduction procedure that consists of automatically finding roads in the imagery, and subsequently discarding the imagery that is not within some prespecified distance of a road. This initial data-processing step eliminates all false alarms in the discarded region, thereby yielding improved detection performance for cases in which vehicle deployment and movement are restricted to the area near roads. The authors develop an algorithm whose function is to estimate road locations automatically, and show the results of applying this algorithm to actual SAR imagery.
US multicenter trials of endoprostheses for the endovascular treatment of descending thoracic aneurysms.

Since the first report of endovascular therapy for descending thoracic aortic pathology in 1994 by Dake et al, the advent of commercially available devices has been relatively slow. This is primarily due to the relatively lower volume of thoracic aortic aneurysms as compared with infrarenal aortic aneurysms. Technical and anatomic challenges in thoracic endografting, such as proximity of the great vessels and tortuosity around the arch, also pose a challenge. In addition, a larger device profile and hostile hemodynamic forces complicate the technical aspect of the deployment procedure. With broadened applications for endovascular treatment of thoracic pathology worldwide, including aortic dissections, aneurysmal degeneration of chronic dissections, traumatic ruptures, and penetrating ulcers, there has been an increased focus on the development of thoracic endoprostheses. As many as 12 thoracic endografts are currently available for commercial use in Europe. In the United States, only one thoracic endoprosthesis, the Gore Thoracic Aortic Graft (TAG) device (W.L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz), has gained US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (DTAs) and is commercially available. Two other devices are undergoing US multicenter trials: the TX2 device (Cook, Bloomington, Ind) and the Talent stent graft (Medtronic AVE, Sunrise, Fla). This chapter provides an update on these three devices and the available data on the US trials.
Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology Occasional Paper No. 25

Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology, Occasional Paper No. 25. James G. Cusick. Carbondale. IL: Center for Archaeological Investigations. Southern Illinois University, 1998. 502 pp.
Simulation of ultra-small GaAs MESFET's using quantum moment equations. II. Velocity overshoot

For Pt.I see ibid., vol.39, p.473-8 (March 1992). The physical physical effects inherent in the operation of ultra-small devices are based on the fact that the critical length (e.g. the gate length or the depletion length) becomes so small that it approaches the coherence length of the electrons that provide the operation which suggests that such small devices must be treated as quantum-mechanical objects. In a previous paper, the authors described the accurate simulation of ultra-small devices, which requires quantum effects such as tunneling and quantum repulsion (complementary to barrier penetration) to be included. This numerical model is based upon a full quantum description based upon moments of the Wigner distribution function. Numerical simulation of ultrasmall MESFETs has been carried out using this model. Here, the authors emphasize the velocity overshoot and other hot-carrier effects and the change of these due to the quantum effects. >
Initial evaluation of protein A modified capillary-channeled polymer fibers for the capture and recovery of immunoglobulin G

A novel protein A affinity chromatography stationary phase has been developed from polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers modified with a recombinant protein A ligand for the capture and recovery of immunoglobulin G (IgG) with high specificity and yield. An SPE micropipette tip format was employed so that solvent, protein, and antibody consumption was minimized. The adsorption modification of the fiber surfaces with protein A was evaluated as a function of feed concentration and volume. Optimal modification of the fiber surface with protein A yielded a 5.7 mg/mL (bed volume) ligand capacity with the modified fibers showing stability across numerous solvent environments. Performance was evaluated through exposure to human IgG and myoglobin, individually and as a mixture. Myoglobin was used as a surrogate for host cell proteins common to growth media. The efficacy of the selective binding to the ligand is demonstrated by the 2.9:1 (IgG/protein A) binding stoichiometry. Elution with 0.1 M acetic acid yielded an 89% recovery of the captured IgG based on absorption measurements of the collected eluents. Regeneration was possible with 10 mM NaOH. Protein A modified polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers show promising initial results as an affinity phase for efficient capture and purification of IgG.
Factors Affecting Surface Wind Speeds in Gravity Waves and Wake Lows

Abstract Ducted gravity waves and wake lows have been associated with numerous documented cases of “severe” winds (>25 m s−1) and wind damage. These winds are associated with the pressure perturbations and transient mesoscale pressure gradients occurring in many gravity waves and wake lows. However, not all wake lows and gravity waves produce significant winds nor wind damage. In this paper, the factors that affect the surface winds produced by ducted gravity waves and wake lows are reviewed and examined. It is shown theoretically that the factors most conducive to high surface winds include a large-amplitude pressure disturbance, a slow intrinsic speed of propagation, and an ambient wind with the same sign as the pressure perturbation (i.e., a headwind for a pressure trough). Multiple case studies are presented, contrasting gravity waves and wake lows with varying amplitudes, intrinsic speeds, and background winds. In some cases high winds occurred, while in others they did not. In each case, the factor(...
The Relative Timing of Exposure to Phagocytosable Particulates and to Osteoclastogenic Cytokines Is Critically Important in the Determination of Myeloid Cell Fate

During granulomatous inflammatory reactions, myeloid cells can differentiate into activated phagocytic macrophages, wound-healing macrophages, foreign body giant cells, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Although it is appreciated that a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, cell–matrix interactions, and challenge with foreign materials can influence myeloid cell fate, little is known of how these signals integrate during this process. In this study, we have investigated the cross talk between receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and particle phagocytosis-induced activation of human monocytes. Understanding interconnected signals is of particular importance to disorders, such as periprosthetic osteolysis, in which granulomatous inflammation is initiated by particle phagocytosis in proximity to bone and leads to inflammatory bone loss. Using cell-based osteoclastogenesis and phagocytosis assays together with expression analysis of key regulators of osteoclastogenesis, we show in this study that phagocytosis of disease-relevant particles inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis of human monocytes. Mechanistically, phagocytosis mediates this effect by downregulation of RANK and c-Fms, the receptors for the essential osteoclastogenic cytokines RANKL and M-CSF. RANKL pretreatment of monocytes generates preosteoclasts that are resistant to RANK downregulation and committed to osteoclast formation, even though they retain phagocytic activity. Thus, the relative timing of exposure to phagocytosable particulates and to osteoclastogenic cytokines is critically important in the determination of myeloid cell fate.
Compression of megawatt optical pulses in a Xe-filled hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber

We used a hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber filled with Xe to perform soliton-compression and to generate higher-order solitons. We find that the large third-order dispersion limits the optimal compression ratio.
International Conference on Nanoscience + Technology (ICN+T)

The 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience + Technology (ICN+T) being held from 20 – 25 July 2008, in Keystone, Colorado, will provide an international forum for discussion of the latest developments in nanoscale science and technology and recent advances in scanning probe microscopy and related techniques.
Uveitis: Effect of Vitrectomy Combined with Lensectomy

Combined lensectomy-vitrectomy was performed on 25 eyes in 20 patients with cataracta complicata associated with uveitis from various etiologies. Postoperative follow-up averaged 15 months, with visual improvement in 24 of the 25 eyes. Primary cause of postoperative decreased vision was cystoid macular edema. Operative complications included retinal detachment and choroidal ischemia. The technique employed and the effect of lensectomy-vitrectomy on decreasing the number and severity of recurrent attacks of uveitis are discussed.
INTERSTATE POPULATION MIGRATION PROCESS AND STRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1935 TO 1970∗

(1977). INTERSTATE POPULATION MIGRATION PROCESS AND STRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1935 TO 1970. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 177-181.
Enzymes Utilizing ATP: Kinases, ATPases and Polymerases

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 NMR Parameters Useful in the Study of ATP-Utilizing Enzymes 3 Structure of Metal–ATP Complexes 4 Structure of Enzyme-Bound Metal–ATP Complexes 5 α-Substitution: DNA Polymerase I 6 β-Substitution: The Mut T Enzyme 7 γ-Substitution: cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase 8 γ-Substitution: Adenylate Kinase 9 γ-Substitution: F1 ATPase, Active Site Peptide 10 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Route Planning by Analogy

There have been several efforts to create and use real maps in computer applications that automatically find good map routes. In general, online map representations do not include information that may be relevant for the purpose of generating good realistic routes, including for example traffic patterns, construction, or number of lanes. Furthermore, the notion of a good route is dependent on a variety of factors, such as the time of the day, and may also be user dependent. This motivation leads to our work on the accumulation and reuse of previously traversed routes as cases. In this paper, we demonstrate our route planning method which retrieves and reuses multiple past routing cases that collectively form a good basis for generating a new routing plan. We briefly present our similarity metric for retrieving a set of similar routes. The metric effectively takes into account the geometric and continuous-valued characteristics of a city map. We then present the replay mechanism and how the planner produces the route plan by analogizing from the retrieved similar past routes. We discuss in particular the strategy used to merge a set of cases and generate the new route. We use illustrative examples and show some empirical results from a detailed online map of the city of Pittsburgh containing over 18,000 intersections and 25,000 street segments.
Gromov-Hausdorff distances in Euclidean spaces

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between measures of dissimilarity between shapes in Euclidean space. We first concentrate on the pair Gromov-Hausdorff distance (GH) versus Hausdorff distance under the action of Euclidean isometries (EH). Then, we (1) show they are comparable in a precise sense that is not the linear behaviour one would expect and (2) explain the source of this phenomenon via explicit constructions. Finally, (3) by conveniently modifying the expression for the GH distance, we recover the EH distance. This allows us to uncover a connection that links the problem of computing GH and EH and the family of Euclidean Distance Matrix completion problems. The second pair of dissimilarity notions we study is the so called Lp-Gromov-Hausdorff distance versus the Earth Moverpsilas distance under the action of Euclidean isometries. We obtain results about comparability in this situation as well.
Noninvasive thrombolysis using microtripsy: a parameter study

Histotripsy fractionates soft tissue by well-controlled acoustic cavitation using microsecond-long, high-intensity ultrasound pulses. The feasibility of using histotripsy as a noninvasive, drug-free, and image-guided thrombolysis method has been shown previously. A new histotripsy approach, termed microtripsy, has recently been investigated for the thrombolysis application to improve treatment accuracy and avoid potential vessel damage. In this study, we investigated the effects of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) on microtripsy thrombolysis. Microtripsy thrombolysis treatments using different PRFs (5, 50, and 100 Hz) and doses (20, 50, and 100 pulses) were performed on blood clots in an in vitro vessel flow model. To quantitatively evaluate the microtripsy thrombolysis effect, the location of focal cavitation, the incident rate of pre-focal cavitation on the vessel wall, the size and location of the resulting flow channel, and the generated clot debris particles were measured. The results demonstrated that focal cavitation was always well confined in the vessel lumen without contacting the vessel wall for all PRFs. Pre-focal cavitation on the front vessel wall was never observed at 5Hz PRF, but occasionally observed at PRFs of 50 Hz (1.2%) and 100 Hz (5.4%). However, the observed pre-focal cavitation was weak and did not significantly affect the focal cavitation. Results further demonstrated that, although the extent of clot fractionation per pulse was the highest at 5 Hz PRF at the beginning of treatment (<20 pulses), 100 Hz PRF generated the largest flow channels with a much shorter treatment time. Finally, results showed fewer large debris particles were generated at a higher PRF. Overall, the results of this study suggest that a higher PRF (50 or 100 Hz) may be a better choice for microtripsy thrombolysis to use clinically due to the larger resulting flow channel, shorter treatment time, and smaller debris particles.
The Challenge of Cancer Genomics in Rare Nervous System Neoplasms: Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors as a Paradigm for Cross-Species Comparative Oncogenomics.

Comprehensive genomic analyses of common nervous system cancers provide new insights into their pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Although analogous studies of rare nervous system tumors are needed, there are major barriers to performing such studies. Cross-species comparative oncogenomics, identifying driver mutations in mouse cancer models and validating them in human tumors, is a promising alternative. Although still in its infancy, this approach is being applied to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), rare Schwann cell–derived malignancies that occur sporadically, after radiotherapy, and in neurofibromatosis type 1. Studies of human neurofibromatosis type 1–associated tumors suggest that NF1 tumor suppressor loss in Schwann cells triggers cell-autonomous and intercellular changes, resulting in development of benign neurofibromas; subsequent neurofibroma-MPNST progression is caused by aberrant growth factor signaling and mutations affecting the p16 INK4A -cyclin D1-CDK4-Rb and p19 ARF -Mdm2-p53 cell cycle pathways. Mice with Nf1 , Trp53, and/or Cdkn2a mutations that overexpress the Schwann cell mitogen neuregulin-1 or overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor validate observations in human tumors and, to various degrees, model human tumorigenesis. Genomic analyses of MPNSTs arising in neuregulin-1 and epidermal growth factor receptor-overexpressing mice and forward genetic screens with Sleeping Beauty transposons implicate additional signaling cascades in MPNST pathogenesis. These studies confirm the utility of mouse models for MPNST driver gene discovery and provide new insights into the complexity of MPNST pathogenesis.
Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi—XXXV. A New Species of Patella

For several years past the writer has been collecting, on burned areas in The New York Botanical Garden, a small brown Patella which superficially resembles Sphaerospora brunnea, but can at once be distinguished from this species by its ellipsoid spores. It was at first thought to be a dark colored form of Patella melaloma, but again is strikingly different in color and also has stubby, bristly hairs instead of the adpressed, blunt hairs which are so characteristic of P. melaloma.
Four of a Kind in Pinochle

(1980). Four of a Kind in Pinochle. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 297-299.
The epigenetics of CHARGE syndrome

In biology, we continue to appreciate the fact that the DNA sequence alone falls short when attempting to explain the intricate inheritance patterns for complex traits. This is particularly true for human disorders that appear to have simple genetic causes. The study of epigenetics, and the increased access to the epigenetic profiles of different tissues has begun to shed light on the genetic complexity of many basic biological processes, both physiological and pathological. Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that are not due to alterations in the DNA sequence. Various mechanisms of epigenetic regulation exist, including DNA methylation and histone modification. The identification, and increased understanding of key players and mechanisms of epigenetic regulation have begun to provide significant insight into the underlying origins of various human genetic disorders. One such disorder is CHARGE syndrome (OMIM #214800), which is a leading cause of deaf-blindness worldwide. A majority of CHARGE syndrome cases are caused by haploinsufficiency for the CHD7 gene, which encodes an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The CHD7 protein has been highly conserved throughout evolution, and research into the function of CHD7 homologs in multiple model systems has increased our understanding of this family of proteins, and epigenetic mechanisms in general. Here we provide a review of CHARGE syndrome, and discuss the epigenetic functions of CHD7 in humans and CHD7 homologs in model organisms.
Resistance of Blattella germanica to five kinds of insecticides in Shandong Province

Objective To study the resistance of Blattella germanica to common used insecticides in Shandong Province,and provide evidence for using insecticides scientifically and reasonably.Methods Residual film method.Results The resistance ratios of seven field-collected strains to cypermethrin,deltamethrin,beta-cypermethrin,acephate and propoxur were 3.57-37.99,2.11-28.49,1.83-8.42,1.37-7.44 and 0.84-1.87 respectively.The resistance ratios of deltamethrin were high in Jinan,Zibo,Dezhou and Qufu for field-collected strains.The resistance also reached the high level to cypermethrin in Jinan,Zibo and Dongying for three field-collected strains.Conclusion Currently,different resistance levels to common insecticides have been developed in seven geographic populations of Blattella germanica within Shandong Province.Among the five commonly used insecticides,the resistance levels to cypermethrin and deltamethrin are the highest,followed by beta-cypermethrin and acephate,and the resistance levels to propoxur are low.
Ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular growth for luteal phase defects

In the evaluation of 39 patients with untreated and treated luteal phase defect (LPD), serial ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular development identified three morphologically distinct growth patterns: normal-sized follicles, small follicles, and luteinized-unruptured follicles. All three patterns were observed in both untreated (46% had normal-sized follicles, 39% had small follicles, 15% had luteinized-unruptured follicles) and treated patients. A small follicle was observed uncommonly in histologically corrected LPD patients (6%). However, a luteinized-unruptured follicle (38%) may persisit or be induced in situations where clomiphene citrate has been used to correct LPD or induce ovulation. Ultrasonographic evaluations of follicular growth in luteal phase defect support the theory that luteal phase defect represents a spectrum of normal and abnormal ovarian cycle events.
Eye Movements Reveal Sensitivity to Sound Symbolism Early and Late in Word Learning.

Although the relationship between sound and meaning in language is arbitrary, reliable correspondences between sound and meaning have been found in natural language. These sound symbolic relationships affect word learning, but less is known about how sound symbolism affects online processing during learning or for well-learned stimuli. We use the visual world paradigm and an artificial lexicon featuring carefully controlled sound symbolic correspondences to examine the effects of sound symbolism on the online processing of novel and well-learned stimuli. Initially, participants chose novel shapes matching the sound symbolic properties of the word above chance, reliably fixating consistent shapes around word offset. As learning approached ceiling, accuracy and reaction time differences between matching and mismatching stimuli disappeared but a disadvantage in the online processing of mismatching stimuli persisted in the form of lagging target fixations. This suggests that sound symbolism affects the online processing of spoken stimuli even for well-learned words.
Critical pathways for management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: an assessment by the National Heart Attack Alert Program.

Background The use of critical pathways for a variety of clinical conditions has grown rapidly in recent years, particularly pathways for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, no systematic review exists regarding the value of critical pathways in this setting. Methods The National Heart Attack Alert Program established a Working Group to review the utility of critical pathways on quality of care and outcomes for patients with ACS. A literature search of MEDLINE, cardiology textbooks, and cited references in any article identified was conducted regarding the use of critical pathways for patients with ACS. Results Several areas for improving the care of patients with ACS through the application of critical pathways were identified: increasing the use of guideline-recommended medications, targeting use of cardiac procedures and other cardiac testing, and reducing the length of stay in hospitals and intensive care units. Initial studies have shown promising results in improving quality of care and reducing costs. No large studies designed to demonstrate an improvement in mortality or morbidity were identified in this literature review. Conclusions Critical pathways offer the potential to improve the care of patients with ACS while reducing the cost of care. Their use should improve the process and cost-effectiveness of care, but further research in this field is needed to determine whether these changes in the process of care will translate into improved clinical outcomes.
Genetics of aging bone

With aging, the skeleton experiences a number of changes, which include reductions in mass and changes in matrix composition, leading to fragility and ultimately an increase of fracture risk. A number of aspects of bone physiology are controlled by genetic factors, including peak bone mass, bone shape, and composition; however, forward genetic studies in humans have largely concentrated on clinically available measures such as bone mineral density (BMD). Forward genetic studies in rodents have also heavily focused on BMD; however, investigations of direct measures of bone strength, size, and shape have also been conducted. Overwhelmingly, these studies of the genetics of bone strength have identified loci that modulate strength via influencing bone size, and may not impact the matrix material properties of bone. Many of the rodent forward genetic studies lacked sufficient mapping resolution for candidate gene identification; however, newer studies using genetic mapping populations such as Advanced Intercrosses and the Collaborative Cross appear to have overcome this issue and show promise for future studies. The majority of the genetic mapping studies conducted to date have focused on younger animals and thus an understanding of the genetic control of age-related bone loss represents a key gap in knowledge.
Scalable information-optimal compressive imager: Target recognition task

We present a scalable compressive imager that employs information-optimal measurements capable of detecting and classifying two or more targets in natural backgrounds. Measurements are optimized using Cauchy-Schwarz mutual information that bounds the probability of error.
Environmental Processes and Biotoxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been used in increasing number of daily products and industry applications. As a result, ENPs will be eventually released into the environment. Toxicological research data raise serious concerns over the environmental and health risks of ENPs, which will be largely determined by their fate, mobility, bioavailability, and interactions with other contaminants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can and will interact with ENPs, altering their interfacial processes, aggregation, transport, bioavailability, and toxicity. Plant uptake and translocation of ENPs and their biological responses were examined. Colloidal and sorptive behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and other ENPs in the presence of different types of DOM will be discussed. The toxicity of nanoparticles to bacteria, algae, and plants was also investigated in the absence or presence of DOM. Plant uptake and distribution of ENPs depend on their surface property such as surface charges; uptake of ENPs by crops may potentially affect the rhizosphere process and food safety.
Ipecac-Induced Neuromuscular Weakness

A 15-month-old girl was admitted to the University of Maryland, Department of Pediatrics, with recurrent vomiting after two previous hospitalizations for vomiting, proximal weakness, and ataxia.
A Nonparametric Estimation Procedure for a Periodically Observed Three‐State Markov Process, with Application to Aids

Estimation in a three-state Markov process with irreversible transitions in the presence of interval-censored data is considered. A nonparametric maximum likelihood procedure for the estimation of the cumulative transition intensities is presented. A self-consistent estimator of the parameters is defined and it is shown that the maximum likelihood estimator is a self-consistent estimator. This extends the idea of self-consistency introduced by Efron to the estimation of more than one parameter. An algorithm, based on selfconsistency equations, is provided for the computation of the estimators
Improved Techniques and Future Advances in Plastic Surgery in Global Health.

Abstract Background Plastic surgery has a long-standing history of being deeply interconnected with global health. This paper reviews the current state of global health as it relates to plastic surgery and makes forecasts for the future. Methods This study reviews the most current literature on global plastic surgery, as well as offers insights based on our 2 senior authors' experiences. For our literature search, the MEDLINE database was queried using relevant keywords through both PubMed and OVID user interfaces. Findings Early exposure to global plastic surgery often leads to a lifelong involvement. Formal integration of global surgery into residencies is becoming more common. Models of care for global plastic surgery range from small to large groups, spanning the full spectrum of reconstructive plastic surgery. The best of these groups have longitudinal relationships with their operative sites to allow for continuous care. Logistics and funding are crucial for successful care. Technological advances will make long-distance care more facile in the future. Conclusions Global plastic surgery is rewarding to both patient and physician. Plastic surgery has been and will continue to be committed to providing high-quality global health care.
Floods, waves, and surges: the representation of Latin@ immigrant children in the United States mainstream media

ABSTRACTDuring the 2014 fiscal year, the United States saw a dramatic increase in Latin@ child immigration in hopes of parent–child reunification. The United States mainstream media reacted by reporting heavily on the child arrivals during the summer of 2014. The current study follows a Critical Discourse Studies approach to unveil the ideologies communicated through this media coverage by analyzing the lexical and grammatical representation of Latin@ immigrant children in two of the most read newspapers nationwide: The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. The results corroborate many previous studies concerning the representation of immigrants in mainstream media by demonstrating how the use of a water-based lexicon and particular verbal processes of members of the majority group vis- a-vis immigrant children communicates an ideology of dealing with and removing the ‘problem’, rather than, for example, providing aid to the children.
Situational Perspective Taking as an Intervention for Improving Attitudes Toward Organizations that Invest in Diversity Management Programs

In order for diversity management programs to serve as competitive resources, organizations must attract employees who will fit in and support an organization’s diversity management programs. Two experiments examined situational perspective taking, in which one imagines being the target of workplace discrimination, as an intervention to increase positive attitudes toward organizations that invest in diversity management programs. Participant gender and ethnic identity were examined as moderators. In two experiments, managers (study 1) and active job seekers (study 2) were instructed to imagine and write down how they would feel if they were the targets of workplace discrimination and read recruitment materials of an organization and its investment in diversity management programs. Both studies showed that engaging in a situational perspective taking about being the target of workplace discrimination led to more P-O fit and organizational attraction toward an organization that has diversity management programs. The effect of situational perspective taking had a greater impact on White men than on women and ethnic minority participants. These results suggest that the design of organizational recruitment activities should highlight their support of diversity management programs and emphasize that all member benefit from diversity management programs. Originality/value—despite theoretical work that suggests that organizational attitudes are an important factor for the effectiveness of diversity management programs, this is the first known research that shows that perspective taking can help people see the value in diversity management.
Estimation of Firms' Market Reputation: A Platform for Pragmatic Progress

This study provides formal theoretical evidence that in presence of leverage, share prices cannot be characterized to be robust proxies for product price premiums that are outcomes of firms' corporate reputations. The formal theoretical model predicts proxies for each of corporate reputation, and product price premiums can be derived from firms' financial statements. In presence of global convexity of relations between reputation estimates, and estimates of prior period product price premiums, constructs proposed for each of price premiums or corporate reputation are predicted to be robust. Perpetuity of regulatory reporting ensures robust constructs that are derived from firms' financial statements have time series properties, absence of which has stunted development of a rich literature that studies reputation of non-financial corporations. In presence of generality or normativeness of the global convexity condition, and allowance for development of reputation constructs that are industry specific, commonality of robustness theory (across industries) is combined with pragmatism of industry specificity. We have then that differences in effects of corporate reputation are comparable across industries.
The Art of Writing a Runge-Kutta Code, Part I

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Runge–Kutta methods of moderate order and their implementation as a computer code. There is a widely held belief that writing a Runge-Kutta code is not much more than a transcription of the basic formula into a high level computer language. One should restrict the attention to methods that are of order four but because of local extrapolation, this may also involve the formulas of orders three and five. A four-stage fourth order formula of Kutta is known as the classical scheme and has been extremely popular because of its simple coefficients. This principle involves taking two half steps with the basic formula and combining the result with that from one whole step of the basic formula so as to estimate the error of the more accurate result. The most important single aspect of a formula is its accuracy for it is the main factor affecting efficiency. One should not try to solve truly stiff problems with explicit Runge–Kutta formulas; however, some stiffness is not unusual. The essence of the matter is that the step size is limited for the reasons of stability in the presence of stiffness rather than for the reasons of accuracy that is more commonly the case.
Why Do We Tell the Same Stories?: Law Reform, Critical Librarianship, and the Triple Helix Dilemma

Commercial indexing tools used in legal and bibliographic research ease the job of the scholar or lawyer, but confine thought and discovery to predetermined channels, making it difficult to hit upon truly novel legal ideas or theories. The structure of legal research tools, then, exercises a powerful homeostatic force toward the current order, rendering reform difficult even to imagine.
Philosophers Against Lovers of Spectacles

In book V of the Republic, in his discussion of the philosopher and the lover of spectacles, Plato again argues that the Forms are substances. His argument runs parallel to his earlier argument against the natural scientists. The philosopher accepts the ontology that Socrates defends in the Phaedo. The lover of spectacles1 opposes the philosopher. The lover of spectacles accepts an ontology in which essences are not starting-points. Instead of Forms that exist “themselves according to themselves” (αTνα kαθ’ ανTα), he accepts “the many conventions (voμάμα) of the many.” Socrates argues against this ontology. He argues that it is part of a conception of reality that is inconsistent with the possibility of knowledge.
Nummular eczema of the breast following surgery and reconstruction in breast cancer patients

Nummular eczema (NE) is a dermatologic condition that may develop postoperatively on the skin of the reconstructed breast in breast cancer patients [1]. However, literature documenting this entity ...
Contribution of the tongue tip retraction in the articulation of high vowels

This study shows that the retraction of the tongue tip contributes to the raising of the tongue body in the articulation of high vowels /i/ and /u/ by using qualitative simulations of tongue deformation by using a biomechanical 3D tongue model of Artisynth (Lloyd et al. 2012) and the analysis of tongue configuration in X-ray microbeam data (Westbury 1994). The simulations qualitatively replicated the tongue shapes at the temporal mid-point of /i/ and /u/ in rtMRI data by manipulating the activation values of tongue muscles in Artisynth. The results show that the tongue tip retraction helps to raise the tongue body higher in both /i/ and /u/. In the simulations of /i/, the tongue tip retraction raises the tongue body even without moving the tongue body. The results of x-ray microbeam analysis confirm those findings of simulations. The mixed linear regression model of tongue configurations in the tasks of sentence and paragraph production shows that more tongue tip retraction (a shorter horizontal distance between two anterior tongue pellets) significantly correlates with a higher position of the tongue body (higher one between two posterior tongue pellets) in both /i/ and /u/ and the correlation is stronger in /i/ than in /u/.This study shows that the retraction of the tongue tip contributes to the raising of the tongue body in the articulation of high vowels /i/ and /u/ by using qualitative simulations of tongue deformation by using a biomechanical 3D tongue model of Artisynth (Lloyd et al. 2012) and the analysis of tongue configuration in X-ray microbeam data (Westbury 1994). The simulations qualitatively replicated the tongue shapes at the temporal mid-point of /i/ and /u/ in rtMRI data by manipulating the activation values of tongue muscles in Artisynth. The results show that the tongue tip retraction helps to raise the tongue body higher in both /i/ and /u/. In the simulations of /i/, the tongue tip retraction raises the tongue body even without moving the tongue body. The results of x-ray microbeam analysis confirm those findings of simulations. The mixed linear regression model of tongue configurations in the tasks of sentence and paragraph production shows that more tongue tip retraction (a shorter horizontal distance ...
Using mathematical modeling to infer the valence state of arsenicals in tissues: A PBPK model for dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII) in mice

Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), a contaminant of water and food supplies, is associated with many adverse health effects. A notable feature of iAs metabolism is sequential methylation reactions which produce mono- and di-methylated arsenicals that can contain arsenic in either the trivalent (III) or pentavalent (V) valence states. Because methylated arsenicals containing trivalent arsenic are more potent toxicants than their pentavalent counterparts, the ability to distinguish between the +3 and +5 valence states is a crucial property for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of arsenicals to possess if they are to be of use in risk assessment. Unfortunately, current analytic techniques for quantifying arsenicals in tissues disrupt the valence state; hence, pharmacokinetic studies in animals, used for model calibration, only reliably provide data on the sum of the +3 and +5 valence forms of a given metabolite. In this paper we show how mathematical modeling can be used to overcome this obstacle and present a PBPK model for the dimethylated metabolite of iAs, which exists as either dimethylarsinous acid, (CH3)2AsIIIOH (abbreviated DMAIII) or dimethylarsinic acid, (CH3)2AsV(O)OH (abbreviated DMAV). The model distinguishes these two forms and sets a lower bound on how much of an organ's DMA burden is present in the more reactive and toxic trivalent valence state. We conjoin the PBPK model to a simple model for DMAIII-induced oxidative stress in liver and use this extended model to predict cytotoxicity in liver in response to the high oral dose of DMAV. The model incorporates mechanistic details derived from in vitro studies and is iteratively calibrated with lumped-valence-state PK data for intravenous or oral dosing with DMAV. Model formulation leads us to predict that orally administered DMAV undergoes extensive reduction in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the more toxic trivalent DMAIII.
Exploring patterns of principal judgments in teacher evaluation related to reported gender and years of experience

Abstract Meaningful interpretation of teacher evaluation based on classroom observation depends on the degree to which principals’ judgments are free from errors and systematic bias. Previous researchers have identified factors that may influence classroom observation ratings, including characteristics of students in the classrooms being observed. In this study, we explored the influence of teachers’ and principals’ characteristics on classroom observation ratings. Using data from a statewide teacher evaluation system, we examined whether principals’ ratings systematically varied across teachers’ characteristics, as well as across shared characteristics between principals and teachers. Our results suggested that principals’ ratings varied by teachers’ gender, years of experience, and school level, but not by shared demographic characteristics between principals and teachers. Principals rated female, experienced, and elementary teachers more highly than male, novice, and secondary teachers. We discuss implications for research and practice.
Longitudinal effect of nocturnal R-R intervals changes on cardiovascular outcome in a community-based cohort.

Rationale Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is strongly linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes (cardiovascular diseases (CVD)). Whether heart rate changes measured by nocturnal R-R interval (RRI) dips (RRI dip index (RRDI)) adversely affect the CVD outcomes is unknown. Objectives To test whether nocturnal RRDI predicts CVD incidence and mortality in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study (WSCS), independent of the known effects of SDB on beat-to-beat variability. Methods The study analysed electrocardiograph obtained from polysomnography study to assess the nocturnal total RRDI (the number of RRI dips divided by the total recording time) and sleep RRDI (the number of RRI dips divided by total sleep time). A composite CVD risk as a function of total and sleep RRDI was estimated by Cox proportional hazards in the WSCS. Results The study sample consisted of 569 participants from the WSCS with no prior CVD at baseline were followed up for up to 15 years. Nocturnal total RRDI (10-unit change) was associated with composite CVD event(s) (HR, 1.24 per 10-unit increment in RRDI (95% CI 1.10 to 1.39), p Conclusion Increased nocturnal RRDI predicts cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, independent of the known effects of SDB on beat-to-beat variability. The frequency of RRDI is higher in men than in women, and is significantly associated with new-onset CVD event(s) in men but not in women.
Toward Reciprocity-Aware Distributed Learning in Referral Networks

Distributed learning in expert referral networks is an emerging challenge in the intersection of Active Learning and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning, where experts—humans or automated agents—have varying skills across different topics and can redirect difficult problem instances to connected colleagues with more appropriate expertise. The learning-to-refer challenge involves estimating colleagues’ topic-conditioned skills for appropriate referrals. Prior research has investigated different reinforcement learning algorithms both with uninformative priors and partially available (potentially noisy) priors. However, most human experts expect mutually-rewarding referrals, with return referrals on their expertise areas so that both (or all) parties benefit from networking, rather than one-sided referral flow. This paper analyzes the extent of referral reciprocity imbalance present in high-performance referral-learning algorithms, specifically multi-armed bandit (MAB) methods belonging to two broad categories – frequentist and Bayesian – and demonstrate that both algorithms suffer considerably from reciprocity imbalance. The paper proposes modifications to enable distributed learning methods to better balance referral reciprocity and thus make referral networks win-win for all parties. Extensive empirical evaluations demonstrate substantial improvement in mitigating reciprocity imbalance, while maintaining reasonably high overall solution performance.
Diversifying or Reinforcing Science Communication? Examining the Flow of Frame Contagion Across Media Platforms:

This study investigated whether increased technological affordances, characterized by the rise of social media, diversified communication in climate change discourse. Extending the literature of in...