cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site testing telescope on Mt. Hopkins

A site testing telescope (STT) was placed for a period of 3 months outside the building, and for a period of 4 months inside the building of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) located on Mt. Hopkins, and measurements of the astronomical seeing were carried out with both the STT and MMT. A comparison of the simultaneous and interleaved measurements with the two telescopes reveals a tight correlation and a well-defined relationship between the seeing image sizes determined with each telescope. The STT predicts very well the size of a long-exposure image obtained with the MMT. There exists for the MMT an optical blur component of about 0.47 arcsec that is revealed in image size data obtained with only the MMT and that is also revealed and must be accounted for in comparisons between the STT and MMT. Also discovered is a downward component of seeing that is caused by a trailing downwind plume of cold turbulent air that is shed off the radiatively cooled exterior building surfaces. The interior dome component of seeing is remarkably small (upper limit about 0.2 arcsec). The median site seeing is determined to be 0.55 arcsec at an effective wavelength of 7165 A for the MMT observations, or about 0.59 arcsec at 5000 A. The 10 percentile value is about 0.28 arcsec (0.30 arcsec at 5000 A). The median seeing observed with the MMT from one and a half years of data is 0.72 arcsec (0.75 arcsec at 5000 A), and is degraded from the site value virtually entirely by the optical blur component.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differential contribution of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes to reactive oxygen species production by redox cycling agents implicated in parkinsonism.

Exposure to environmental pesticides can cause significant brain damage and has been linked with an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. Bipyridyl herbicides, such as paraquat (PQ), diquat (DQ), and benzyl viologen (BV), are redox cycling agents known to exert cellular damage through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examined the involvement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in ROS production by bipyridyl herbicides. In isolated rat brain mitochondria, H2O2 production occurred with the following order of potency: BV > DQ > PQ in accordance with their measured ability to redox cycle. H2O2 production was significantly attenuated in all cases by antimycin A, an inhibitor of complex III. Interestingly, at micromolar ( BV > PQ. In this model, inhibition of complex III resulted in roughly equivalent inhibition of H2O2 production with all three compounds. These data identify a novel role for complex III dependence of mitochondrial ROS production by redox cycling herbicides, while emphasizing the importance of identifying mitochondrial mechanisms by which environmental agents generate oxidative stress contributing to parkinsonism.
Role of FSH to optimize adolescent testicular growth.

Zacharin et al. (1) have addressed an important issue in the management of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), ‘‘What hormonal agents to initially use to optimize sperm production for these young men?’’ Many clinicians have such a limited clinical volume of these patients that they have to go to the textbooks to select appropriate therapy. Standard management is to use T replacement to induce pubertal secondary sexual characteristics for HH males, but androgens do not enhance testicular growth and function. Early treatment with hCG makes sense to enhance testicular growth during the critical period of potential testicular growth of adolescence, but it has not been the standard of care. The role of FSH cotreatment has been controversial in the human male. Although FSH is critical to initiation of spermatogenesis in the rodent, its role in human testicular function is less clear. Because of the relatively high cost of FSH and the common induction of spermatogenesis with hCG alone, FSH has not commonly been included as part of the early treatment of men with HH. The investigators provide a retrospective comparison of patients treated with either hCG or hCG and recombinant FSH. The study is severely limited by its retrospective nature, the fact that the two treatment groups had different racial and ethnic backgrounds (Indian/Australian) and that the age of patients treated (up to age 31 years) is likely far older than optimal for testicular development. However, there is no obvious selection bias in the patients treated at each site, despite the fact that they were a continent apart, and the apparent difference in response with hCG and recombinant FSH strongly suggests that recombinant FSH provides some benefit in testicular growth and possibly ultimate testicular function for the patients receiving combined treatment.
THE STRONG CASE FOR THE GENERALIZED LOGARITHMIC UTILITY MODEL AS THE PREMIER MODEL OF FINANCIAL MARKETS

This paper begins by comparing the available well-developed micro-economic models in finance which recognize uncertainty. It is argued that models whose distinctive simplifying assumption restricts utility functions are superior to those which instead restrict probability distributions, both with respect to the realism of their assumptions and richness of their conclusions. In particular, the most successful model, based on generalized logarithmic utility (GLUM), is a multiperiod consumption/ portfolio and equilibrium model in discrete-time which (1) requires decreasing absolute risk aversion; (2) tolerates increasing, constant, or decreasing proportional risk aversion; (3) assumes no exogenous specification of the contemporaneous or intertemporal stochastic process of security prices; (4) tolerates heterogeneity with respect to wealth, lifetime, time- and risk-preference and beliefs; (5) results in a complete specification of consumption/portfolio decision and sharing rules which include nontrivial multiperiod separation properties and explains demand for default-free bonds of various maturities and options; (6) leads to a solution to the aggregation problem; (7) results in a complete specification of the contemporaneous and intertemporal process of security prices which reveals necessary and sufficient conditions for an unbiased term structure and the market portfolio to follow a random walk as a natural outcome of equilibrium; (8) provides an empirically testable aggregate consumption function relating per capita consumption to per capita wealth and the present value of a perpetual default-free annuity which does not require inferences of ex ante beliefs from ex post data; (9) provides a nontrivial multiperiod extension of popular single-period security valuation models which is empirically testable; (10) yields a simple multiperiod valuation formula for an uncertain income stream even when this income is serially correlated over time.
Prenatal and childhood environmental tobacco smoke exposure and age at menarche.

Previous studies have reported mixed results regarding the association between age at menarche and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, both prenatally and during early childhood; however, few studies have had data available during both time periods. The present study examined whether exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) via maternal smoking during pregnancy or childhood environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was associated with age at menarche in a multi-ethnic birth cohort. With the uniquely available prospectively collected data on body size and growth at birth and in early life, we further examined whether the association between PTS and ETS exposure and age at menarche was mediated by these variables. From 2001 to 2006, we recruited 262 women born between 1959 and 1963 who were enrolled previously in a New York City site of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Mothers who smoked during pregnancy vs. those who did not were more likely to be White, younger, have more education and have lower birthweight babies. Daughters with heavy PTS exposure (≥ 20 cigarettes per day) had a later age at menarche (>12 years vs. ≤ 12 years), odds ratio (OR) =2.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 5.0] compared with daughters with no PTS. Daughters exposed to only childhood ETS had a later age at menarche, OR=2.1 [95% CI 1.0, 4.3], and those exposed to PTS and ETS combined had a statistically significant later age at menarche, OR=2.2 [95% CI 1.1, 4.6] compared with daughters with no PTS and no ETS. These results did not change after further adjustment for birthweight and postnatal growth suggesting that exposure to PTS and ETS is associated with later age at menarche even after considering possible relationships with growth.
Exchange market pressure, commodity prices, and contagion in Latin America

Over the past two decades, Latin American currencies have faced not only pressure to devalue but also periods of uncomfortable appreciation. Domestic macroeconomic factors, as well as global events and contagion, might bear part of the responsibility. This study constructs a monthly index of exchange market pressure (EMP) for four Latin American countries before using vector autoregressive methods to test the influence of commodity prices, macroeconomic variables, and external factors on each country's index. While inflation is an important determinant of EMP, we conclude that Chile and Peru are more likely than Mexico and Brazil to face pressure when commodity prices fall. This supports the idea that these two countries have “commodity currencies” and that their exchange markets are most vulnerable to international contagion.
Indirect evidence of prey-switching in minks: empirical evidence, theoretical modeling, and spatial drivers

A spatial gradient in the interactions between American minks (Neovison vison) and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) occurs in the Hudson’s Bay Company fur harvest returns of Canada. Evidence for strong dependence of minks on muskrats exists in northwestern Canada, whereas evidence for weaker interactions exists in central and eastern Canada. We tested the hypothesis that minks consume fewer muskrats and more alternative prey in some areas, using fur records from 56 Hudson’s Bay posts. Both muskrats and small microtines were found to explain mink dynamics, with small microtines and other alternative prey gaining importance in the eastern portion of our study area. Mink fur returns exhibited a range of cycle lengths from 2.6 to 13 years encompassing typical small microtine periodicities of 3–5 years and typical muskrat periodicities of 8–13 years. A time lag of 0 years occurred between mink and muskrat harvest data frequently in the eastern portion of our study area, hypothesized to be a result of minks consuming alternative prey. To biologically verify small microtines as a potential prey source, we modeled mink and muskrat population dynamics assuming small microtines were an alternative prey by modifying the Turchin and Hanski (1997) model. Simulated mink and muskrat time series replicated observed periodicity and time-lag range, suggesting that minks can be generalist predators and consume alternative prey. Finally, we examined species richness and land cover as potential drivers of mink prey-switching, but were unable to find support for either hypothesis, suggesting that additional environmentalor competition-related interactions influence mink population dynamics.
Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with lymphoma.

To determine the Helicobacter pylori (HP) seroprevalence in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and other hematological conditions. Sera were collected from 444 patients with NHL, Hodgkin's disease (HD), lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD), myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), and other hematological conditions. HP seropositivity was determined by ELISA and the results were compared among diagnostic groups HP seropositivity was observed in 168/444 (38%) of the total population. Higher seropositivity rates were associated with increasing age (p=0.001), and country of birth outside the USA and Canada (p=0.0001). Among the diagnostic groups, patients with NHL demonstrated the highest frequency (43%) and those with HD, the lowest frequency (20%; p=.026) of HP seropositivity. The differences among diagnostic groups remained statistically significant after controlling for country of birth (p< 0.05), but not after controlling for patient age at diagnosis. The HP seroprevalence of GI NHL was 55% compared to...
Feeling Respected: A Parse Method Study:

This article reports a Parse research study on feeling respected with 10 participants. The finding of this study is the structure: The lived experience of feeling respected is fortifying assuredness amid potential disregard emerging with the fulfilling delight of prized alliances. The structure is discussed in light of the human becoming school of thought and related literature.
Source prebiasing for improved second harmonic bubble-response imaging

The use of the second harmonic bandwidth in order to improve the contrast enhancement of vascular space provided by microbubble echo contrast is well established. A significant obstacle to improving on the contrast advantage of the second harmonic bandwidth arises from the linear response of tissue to the finite amplitude distortion produced second harmonic in the beam. A scheme in which the source wave contains a second harmonic component designed to cancel out the second harmonic produced by finite amplitude distortion in the focal region was computationally investigated. This prebiasing scheme was found to offer significant reductions in the amplitude of the second harmonic in the focal region. These reductions were found in both the homogeneous tissue path case and in the inhomogeneous tissue path case. The resulting clinical potential of source prebiasing is discussed. Also, it was observed that the inhomogeneous focusing of the finite amplitude distortion-produced second harmonic was significantly better than that of a same frequency fundamental with an identical homogeneous path focal profile.
Effect of simvastatin injections on temporomandibular joint inflammation in growing rats

Purpose Juvenile idiopathic arthritis often affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), resulting in facial deformities, and intra-articular injections of anti-inflammatory steroids used in treatment may inhibit bone growth in the developing condyle. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of simvastatin (SIM), a bone anabolic drug, compared with the common steroid triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH) in experimental TMJ arthritis of growing rats. Methods Joint inflammation was induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the TMJs of 32 growing (4-week-old) Sprague-Dawley rats while simultaneously receiving 1 ) ethanol drug carrier, 2 ) 0.1 mg of SIM, 3 ) 0.5 mg of SIM, or 4 ) 0.15 mg of TH. Six rats had no treatment to the TMJ. Animals were euthanized 28 days later, and TMJs were decalcified and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results Histopathologic TMJ results showed that CFA injection along with drug carrier induced increased thickness of the articular layer on the head of the condyle and inflammation of the retrodiscal area (CFA and ethanol). Although both TH and SIM reduced the articular layer thickness, 0.5 mg of SIM was more effective at reducing subsynovial inflammation. Conclusions Intra-articular simvastatin showed anti-inflammatory properties in this TMJ model, prompting its further study in the growing TMJ, where bone anabolic properties would be important.
Engaging breathing exercises: Developing an interactive XNA-based air flow sensing and control system

This poster will present the initial stages of development of a Spirometer input device, servo controlled airflow valve and XNA-based video game. This system will be developed as a possible treatment tool for engaging older children with Cystic Fibrosis to perform breathing exercises. Interaction with the game will involve breathing into the Spirometer device. The device will be programmed to measure airflow and the data will be used to control outcome of the game. Active valve control will be explored as a potential game mechanic.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking at Ceramic-Metal Interfaces

It is known that the fracture resistance of glass-copper interfaces depends strongly on the water content in ambient gaseous environments. In the present study, subcritical crack growth stimulated by water and other environmental species is investigated for such interfaces. Tests were conducted in various liquids, namely water, N-methylformamide, and n-butanol. All were found to accelerate fracture with the greatest effects from liquid water. Results are considered in the context of current models for stress-corrosion crack growth.
A feedforward artificial neural network based on quantum effect vector-matrix multipliers

The vector-matrix multiplier is the engine of many artificial neural network implementations because it can simulate the way in which neurons collect weighted input signals from a dendritic arbor. A new technology for building analog weighting elements that is theoretically capable of densities and speeds far beyond anything that conventional VLSI in silicon could ever offer is presented. To illustrate the feasibility of such a technology, a small three-layer feedforward prototype network with five binary neurons and six tri-state synapses was built and used to perform all of the fundamental logic functions: XOR, AND, OR, and NOT. >
Medical Mimesis: Healing Signs of a Cosmopolitan "Quack"

Drawing on recent insights into mimesis, I address the question of authenticity in indigenous medicine through an ethnography of an Ayurvedic pulse reader. I trace the conflicting rhetorics of authenticity spun by the doctor, the colleagues who consider him a quack, and myself. Ultimately I question the rituals of signification by which distinctions are drawn between medicine and placebo, doctor and quack, expertise and gimmickry, and between authentic cultural object and consumeroriented copy, [medicine, mimesis, semiotics, Ayurveda, India, quackery]
Tau phosphorylation by GSK-3β promotes tangle-like filament morphology

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are intraneuronal aggregates associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. These abnormal accumulations are primarily comprised of fibrils of the microtubule-associated protein tau. During the progression of NFT formation, disperse and non-interacting tau fibrils become stable aggregates of tightly packed and intertwined filaments. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the conversion of disperse tau filaments into tangles of filaments are not known, it is believed that some of the associated changes in tau observed in Alzheimer's disease, such as phosphorylation, truncation, ubiquitination, glycosylation or nitration, may play a role. We have investigated the effects of tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) on tau filaments in an in vitro model system. We have found that phosphorylation by GSK-3β is sufficient to cause tau filaments to coalesce into tangle-like aggregates similar to those isolated from Alzheimer's disease brain. These results suggest that phosphorylation of tau by GSK-3β promotes formation of tangle-like filament morphology. The in vitro cell-free experiments described here provide a new model system to study mechanisms of NFT development. Although the severity of dementia has been found to correlate with the presence of NFTs, there is some question as to the identity of the neurotoxic agents involved. This model system will be beneficial in identifying intermediates or side reaction products that might be neurotoxic.
Effects of Overexpression of γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase on Methotrexate Metabolism and Resistance

Intracellular metabolism of methotrexate (MTX) to MTX-polyglutamates (MTXPG) is one determinant of cytotoxicity. Steady-state accumulation of MTXPG seems to depend on the activity of two enzymes: folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), which adds glutamate residues, and γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH), which removes them. Overexpression of GGH would be expected to decrease intracellular MTXPG, thereby increasing efflux of MTX and decreasing cytotoxicity. Increased expression of GGH has been shown to be associated with resistance to MTX in human sarcoma cell lines and a rat hepatoma cell line. To clarify the specific role of GGH in determining MTX sensitivity, we investigated the phenotype produced by forced GGH overexpression in two cell types. Furthermore, because MTX and folic acid share metabolic pathways, we measured the effects of GGH overexpression on folic acid metabolism. The full-length cDNA for GGH, subcloned into a constitutive expression vector, was transfected into a human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) and a human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cell line. Compared with the clones containing an empty vector, the GGH-overexpressing cells express 15- to 30-fold more GGH mRNA, more GGH protein, and 15- to 90-fold more GGH enzyme activity. GGH overexpression altered MTX accumulation and metabolism to long-chain polyglutamates. In contrast to expectations, however, GGH overexpression did not confer resistance to short MTX exposures in either cell line. Changes in MTX metabolism were found to be balanced by alterations in accumulation and metabolism of folic acid. The ratio of MTX:folate accumulation may be a better predictor of MTX cytotoxicity than the accumulation of either alone. We conclude that, at least for these two cell lines, GGH overexpression alone is insufficient to produce clinical resistance to MTX.
Model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Background: Obesity and diabetes are frequently associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but studies have been hampered by the absence of a suitable experimental model. Objective: Our objective was to create a rat model of NASH. Design: Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat, liquid diet (71% of energy from fat, 11% from carbohydrates, 18% from protein) or the standard Lieber-DeCarli diet (35% of energy from fat, 47% from carbohydrates, 18% from protein). The diets were given ad libitum or as two-thirds of the amount consumed ad libitum. Results: Rats fed the high-fat diet ad libitum for 3 wk developed panlobular steatosis, whereas those fed the standard diet had few fat droplets. Accordingly, total lipid concentrations with the high-fat and standard diets were 129.9 9.1 (x SEM) and 66.7 4.6 mg/g liver, respectively (P 0.001). The high-fat diet caused abnormal mitochondria and mononuclear inflammation, which were accompanied by increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF-; P 0.001), TNF- messenger RNA (mRNA) (P 0.001), collagen type 1, and 1(I) procollagen mRNA (P 0.001). In addition, these rats had increased cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) mRNA (P 0.001), which was accompanied by CYP2E1 induction (P 0.001) and oxidative stress with increased 4-hydroxynonenal (P 0.001). Plasma insulin was elevated, which reflected insulin resistance, a NASH pathogenic factor. Rats fed a restricted high-fat diet developed only mild steatosis with attenuated biochemical changes, whereas those given a restricted standard diet had normal livers. Conclusion: This rat model reproduces the key features of human NASH and provides a realistic experimental model for elucidating its treatment. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:502–9.
Transforming Neuroscience Education in Psychiatry

In considering the articles assembled in this special issue of Academic Psychiatry and the motivations for creating it, one must reflect on the current state of the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry. Psychiatric disorders are inherently brain disorders, and neuroscience is the basic science of psychiatry. Although most psychiatrists entered this profession because of their curiosity about the mind and a fascination with its workings, as well as a desire to alleviate suffering, they did not do so because of an interest in neuroscience per se [1]. Therefore, the interest of psychiatrists in neuroscience is likely to be driven primarily by practical clinical implications. Neuroscience has seen dramatic advances over the past few decades, some of which are of clear translational relevance. For example, the ability to visualize the healthy and disordered brain in action, to modulate brain systems and behavior, and to model aspects of human diseases in animals hold great promise for understanding and treating psychiatric disorders. Unfortunately, little in current clinical psychiatry reflects insights derived from neuroscience. Our diagnostics and therapeutics have not progressed in substantial ways for the past few decades, nor have morbidity and mortality from mental illness been meaningfully decreased [2]. Any hope of improved understanding of our patients and the development of novel therapeutics is likely to come from basic and translational neuroscience. We argue, therefore, that a coming together of neuroscience and psychiatry is both needed and likely inevitable and that psychiatrists should be trained to become informed consumers of relevant neuroscience literature, because improvements in patients’ outcomes will likely stem from advances in neuroscience. Other commentaries have addressed what form this coming together may take and what may be required to get there [2–8]. By contrast, our focus in this issue of the journal is not to debate whether or when this consilience may happen but, assuming that it must, to compile articles addressing various elements to achieving this integration, including the attitudes of psychiatrists, “model curricula,” and the examination of barriers to neuroscience education. In total, this issue should serve as an organizing document that is neither proscriptive nor prescriptive. Rather, we have intended it as the beginning of a national discussion about neuroscience education in psychiatry and as an invitation for experimentation and innovation.
Perturbation to the Atmospheric Radiation Field from Carbonaceous Aerosols

Carbonaceous aerosols from combustion processes enter the atmosphere in the form of submicron particles. Subsequent processes involving coagulation and wet and dry removal give rise to a microparticle size spectrum whose shape continually evolves as the aerosol-laden air mass ages and disperses. After a transport time of ~10–20 days, an asymptotic size distribution function seems to be approached, usually consisting of a single particle size mode with about 80% of the particle mass contained between particle radii limits of 0.06 to 0.3 µm; particles smaller than this range have been removed by coagulation or molecular diffusion processes while those larger have been removed by sedimentation, impaction and nucleation. It is found, empirically, that the carbonaceous aerosol at distant “background” locations, like the Arctic, are mixed with a sulfate aerosol which derives mainly from the nucleation of natural and anthropogenic trace sulfur-bearing gases. In the Arctic, the carbonaceous aerosols constitute 10–30% of the aerosol mass, while in the southern polar regions the percentage is much smaller, presumably due to the remoteness of anthropogenic and natural combustion sources.
A Language Independent Approach to Identify Problematic Conversations in Call Centers

Voice based call centers enable customers query for information by speaking to human agents. Most often these call conversations are recorded by call centers with the intent of trying to identify things that can help improve the performance of the call center to serve the customer better. Today the recorded conversations are analyzed by humans by listening to call conversations, which is both time consuming, fatigue prone and not very accurate. Additionally, humans are able to analyze only a small percentage of the total calls because of economics. In this paper which is based on [1], we propose a visual method to identify problem calls quickly. The idea is to sieve through all the calls and identify problem calls, these calls can then be further analyzed by human. We first model call conversations as a directed graph and then identify a directed graph structure associated with a normal call. All call conversations that do not have the structure of a normal call are then classified as being abnormal. We use the speaking rate feature to model call conversation because it can spot potential problem calls. We have experimented on real call center conversations acquired from different call centers and the results are encouraging.
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words: A Mixed Methods Study of Online Self-Presentation in a Multiethnic Sample of Emerging Adults

Using a mixed methods approach, this study examined the meanings that emerging adults (N = 261; 195 women, 66 men; M age≈22 years old) ascribed to their online self-presentation. A thematic analysis based on 761 Facebook photo descriptions and 714 wall posts and status updates revealed that these emerging adults presented their individual, social, gender, ethnic, and spiritual identities as well as their positive, neutral, and negative affective states online. Individual and social identities were presented more frequently than other types of identities, and were linked to positive and negative affective states. The emerging adult women presented their social and gender identities in their photos more frequently, whereas the men presented their individual identity more often. When presenting their individual identity, women disclosed positive states more frequently whereas men disclosed neutral states more often. Latino American participants presented their individual identity less frequently than their A...
Transient Acute Kidney Injury in the Postoperative Period: It Is Time to Pay Closer Attention

Manyofushavehad theunsettlingexperienceofwatching the serum creatinine level rise or the urine output dwindle following a complex vascular operation. As kidney function deteriorates,we steel ourselves for the inevitable need for dialysis. The second guessing begins. Was it the contrast? The brief intraoperative hypotension? Or, perhaps a nephrotoxic drug? As the creatinine level ebbs, we breathe a sigh of relief. However, a growing body of literature indicates that we are lulled by a false sense of security. As highlighted in thearticlebyHuberet al,1 transientacutekidney injury (AKI) in thepostoperativeperiodhas lasting, long-term,mortal consequences on the heart. On first pass, it seems counterintuitive that a brief period ofAKIwouldhave lasting effects, particularly in apatientwith normal kidney functionatbaseline.Onemustnot forget, however, that an extreme loss of renal function is required to develop AKI in such patients. Alarmingly, nearly half of the patients in thestudybyHuberandcolleaguesdevelopedAKI, and even transient AKI was associated with a 31% increase in 10year adjusted cardiovascular mortality. This begs the question: what are the potential links between transient postoperative AKI and long-term cardiovascular death? The answer may lie in the concept of organ cross talk, which refers to the mechanismwhereby injury of one organ affects the function of distant organs. The ischemia-reperfusion associated with AKI leads to an initial insult of the renal tubule and renal vascular endothelium.2 This appears to trigger a proinflammatory cascade, with the release of cellular and soluble mediators that lead to remote cardiac injury byvariousmechanisms including neutrophil infiltration,maladaptive neurohumoral responses, and cardiac myocyte apoptosis.3 An imbalance in cardiac homeostasis ensues, with the potential for long-term myocardial dysfunction. The results of the study by Huber and colleagues should prompt a call to action in terms of earlier diagnosis, treatment, andprevention of postoperativeAKI. Recently, urinary markers of cell cycle arrest have been validated for the early identification of AKI far in advance of clinical manifestations suchasoliguriaor azotemia.4Thesenovelbiomarkersmay furnish physicians with a narrow window to reverse or altogether avoid the development of AKI. Goal-directed intraoperativemeasures tomaximize renalperfusionandtheearlyuse of renal replacement therapy may also have a role in prevention and treatment, respectively. Perhaps evenmore exciting is the application of preoperative therapeutic interventions suchas remote ischemicpreconditioning,which inarecent trial was associatedwith a significantly reduced rate ofAKI followingcardiac surgery.5Regardlessof thestrategiesused, it is readily apparent that it is time to start paying closer attention to postoperative AKI.
A Fair Price and a Fair Deal: On the Future of 'Entire Fairness' in Freezeouts

Controlling shareholders can compel the sale of minorities’ shares in freezeouts, potentially to their financial detriment. To limit controllers’ opportunism and support the value of minorities’ investments, the Delaware supreme court has endorsed strong minority shareholder protections under the rubric of 'Entire Fairness' – the governing standard for cash-out mergers. However, the court of chancery has refused to apply Entire Fairness to tender offer freezeouts, and is advocating unifying freezeout doctrine around a looser, deferential standard of review. The influence of popular and Congressional concern over excess plaintiff lawyers’ fees and discovery costs is likely making itself felt, although the true extent of these litigation agency costs is unknown and likely overstated. This influence is evident in three recent court of chancery cases analyzed herein (Pure, Cysive and Cox), which advocate lesser scrutiny of controllers’ transactions. There are several problems with the court of chancery’s proposed reforms, including that they conflict with Delaware supreme court precedent. A fair price duty is crucial to minorities’ bargaining leverage with controllers, and controllers’ power financially to oppress minorities if their freezeouts are thwarted ('inherent coercion') remains a genuine concern for equity. Lack of minority consent is still a problem that equity should be responsive to. This Article presents the case for applying Entire Fairness review to cash-out mergers and tender offer freezeouts. The sole exception should be when a controller authorized an independent committee to conduct an auction or market check and agreed to sell if a substantially higher offer for the company surfaced.
Long-Term Live Cell Imaging of Cell Migration: Effects of Pathogenic Fungi on Human Epithelial Cell Migration

Long-term live cell imaging was used in this study to determine the responses of human epithelial cells to pathogenic biofilms formed by Candida albicans. Epithelial cells of the skin represent the front line of defense against invasive pathogens such as C. albicans but under certain circumstances, especially when the host's immune system is compromised, the skin barrier is breached. The mechanisms by which the fungal pathogen penetrates the skin and invade the deeper layers are not fully understood. In this study we used keratinocytes grown in culture as an in vitro model system to determine changes in host cell migration and the actin cytoskeleton in response to virulence factors produced by biofilms of pathogenic C. albicans. It is clear that changes in epithelial cell migration are part of the response to virulence factors secreted by biofilms of C. albicans and the actin cytoskeleton is the downstream effector that mediates cell migration. Our goal is to understand the mechanism by which virulence factors hijack the signaling pathways of the actin cytoskeleton to alter cell migration and thereby invade host tissues. To understand the dynamic changes of the actin cytoskeleton during infection, we used long-term live cell imaging to obtain spatial and temporal information of actin filament dynamics and to identify signal transduction pathways that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and its associated proteins. Long-term live cell imaging was achieved using a high resolution, multi-mode epifluorescence microscope equipped with specialized light sources, high-speed cameras with high sensitivity detectors, and specific biocompatible fluorescent markers. In addition to the multi-mode epifluorescence microscope, a spinning disk confocal long-term live cell imaging system (Olympus CV1000) equipped with a stage incubator to create a stable in vitro environment for long-term real-time and time-lapse microscopy was used. Detailed descriptions of these two long-term live cell imaging systems are provided.
Treatment resistant schizophrenia: Course of brain structure and function

Approximately 30% of people with schizophrenia manifest a minimal response to conventional and atypical antipsychotic medications and manifest continuous symptoms of psychosis, with this condition referred to as "treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS)". There are several neurobiological consequences of continuous psychosis, including regional cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement. Pharmacological treatments are available for TRS, with at least 1/3 of patients responding to treatment with clozapine. In this paper we review the evidence regarding the course of treatment resistant schizophrenia, as well as changes in brain structure and function in psychosis and on the possible role of clozapine treatment in altering cortical deterioration in patients with TRS.
Interconversion of η3-H2SiRR′ σ-Complexes and 16-Electron Silylene Complexes via Reversible H–H or C–H Elimination

Solid samples of η3-silane complexes [PhBPPh3]RuH(η3-H2SiRR′) (R,R′ = Et2, 1a; PhMe, 1b; Ph2, 1c, MeMes, 1d) decompose when exposed to dynamic vacuum. Gas-phase H2/D2 exchange between isolated, solid samples of 1c-d3 and 1c indicate that a reversible elimination of H2 is the first step in the irreversible decomposition. An efficient solution-phase trap for hydrogen, the 16-electron ruthenium benzyl complex [PhBPPh3]Ru[η3-CH2(3,5-Me2C6H3)] (3) reacts quantitatively with H2 in benzene via elimination of mesitylene to form the η5-cyclohexadienyl complex [PhBPPh3]Ru(η5-C6H7) (4). This H2 trapping reaction was utilized to drive forward and quantify the elimination of H2 from 1b,d in solution, which resulted in the decomposition of 1b,d to form 4 and several organosilicon products that could not be identified. Reaction of {[PhBPPh3]Ru(μ-Cl)}2 (2) with (THF)2Li(SiHMes2) forms a new η3-H2Si species [PhBPPh3]Ru[CH2(2-(η3-H2SiMes)-3,5-Me2C6H2)] (5) which reacts with H2 to form the η3-H2SiMes2 complex [PhBPPh3]RuH(η...
Termination of acquired immunological tolerance in mice with antigen aagregates.

SummaryNeonatal inoculation of 10 mg of human gamma globulin rendered HS mice immunologically unresponsive to it for as long as inoculation was repeated. Inoculation of heat aggregated HGG was followed by a breakdown of the tolerant state. When tolerant mice were treated with mild heated gamma globulin, tolerance was not terminated but prolonged. Animals that terminated tolerance developed antibodies that reacted specifically with the Fc piece of IgG.The technical assistance of Mr. Ken Adkins and Mr. Glenn Lawrence is gratefully acknowledged.
A New Methodology for Quantifying the Impact of Direct and Diffuse Solar Radiation on Energy Savings in Commercial Office Spaces

Abstract In this paper, we describe a new methodology for quantifying how direct and diffuse solar radiation impact total energy consumption in a standard perimeter office room by optimizing the allowed daylight penetration for achieving overall energy reduction. Our methodology is different from standard studies that focus on modification of window glazing geometrical, optical and/or thermal parameters and their impact on energy consumption. In our study, we consistently use the same window glazing geometry, and modify the weather file by varying the direct and/or diffuse components of solar radiation. This combination emulates the effect of an advanced dynamic glazing on the incoming solar radiation and is independent of the technology used. Such a glazing would regulate the proportions of direct and diffuse solar radiation to achieve overall energy reduction. In other words, our approach does not try to qualify or evaluate a particular glazing technology, but rather to generate specifications for advanced dynamic glazings that can manage the incoming radiation and hence help drive the development of such advanced dynamic glazing technology. To achieve our goal, we use EnergyPlus to simulate a 6m×3m×3m (length×width×height) office space with a 40% WWR, at all four cardinal orientations. To eliminate any effects that could arise from heat transfer from adjacent rooms — e.g., through walls — we treat those surfaces as adiabatic. In addition, since the front facade wall is the host surface of the window and thus cannot be defined as adiabatic, we intentionally set the facade wall at very high R-value, thus minimizing any thermal impact from that surface too. As a result, the only element responsible for daylight and thermal impact in the office space is the glazing. We present the results by comparing the energy requirements under various solar radiation penetrations into the office, as they are managed by the glazing. We compare the results under non-dynamic and dynamic glazing operation and offer recommendations on the optimum glazing operation for achieving year around energy savings. By investigating the interplay between managed solar radiation, via the emulated advanced dynamic glazing, and energy consumption in the room, we identify and quantify opportunities for energy savings.
Preliminary Experiments on Entrained Fluid Mixing for Enhancing Ejector Performance

A novel ejector based on the concept of supersonic crypto-steady “pressure exchange” rather than the more energy dissipative turbulent entrainment phenomenon is being developed. Such an ejector would have higher efficiency and environmental benefits. The process of pressure exchange occurs where flows exchange mechanical energy through work of mutually exerted pressure forces at their interfaces. The premise of our research is that if fluid mixing can be spatially or temporally delayed and the interface between primary and secondary fluid be held in a rotating frame of reference, the pressure exchange phenomenon can be fully utilized.
Requirements-Based Testing in Aircraft Control Design

To be competitive, Model-Based Design can be applied to help bring down the cost of system design and faster time to market. Model-based approaches are especially effective in the design stages and are increasingly tied in with the requirements capture and code generation and testing phases. The infrastructure for this allows linking requirements to parts of the system model as well as automatically generating references to the original requirements in the code. In addition, test vectors that are derived from the requirements are part of the system model and can be linked to the requirements they represent. This paper describes how this infrastructure can be combined with coverage analyses for model verification and validation to aid in making requirements consistent and unambiguous, while ensuring the set of test vectors is complete and the design minimal (i.e., no superfluous elements exist).
Comparison of Cholecalciferol and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in Broiler Diets Designed to Minimize Phosphorus Excretion

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate 2 phosphorus regimes (NRC; modified), using diets supplemented with 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 IU/kg of cholecalciferol (VIT-D3) or the equivalent amount of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3). Each treatment was assigned to 4 pens of 25 male broilers of a commercial strain grown in an open-sided house with sidewall curtains. At 21, 42, and 49 d BW and feed conversion (FCR) were determined. At 49 d, 5 birds per pen were killed to evaluate tibia ash of the right leg and incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) of the left tibia. All remaining birds were processed at a pilot processing plant with agitated chilling and automatic evisceration to determine incidence of broken bones. No differences in BW were observed at 21 d due to dietary treatments. At 42 d, the BW of birds fed 4,000 IU/kg of vitamin D was significantly greater than birds fed 1,000 or 2,000 IU/kg; at 49 d the BW of birds fed 4,000 IU/kg of vitamin D was significantly better than that of birds fed 1,000 IU/kg with the BW of birds fed 2,000 IU/kg intermediate between these 2 levels. No significant differences in BW were observed at any age between source of vitamin D, phosphorus program used, or any interaction among or between vitamin D source, level, or phosphorus program. There were no significant differences observed for FCR and mortality at any age period or for tibia ash at 49 d. Birds fed 25-OH-D3 had a significantly higher severity of TD than birds fed VIT-D3, with no effect of vitamin D level and phosphorus program. Birds fed the modified phosphorus diet in combination with 2,000 IU/kg vitamin D had significantly lower incidence of TD than birds fed the NRC phosphorus diet with the same level of vitamin D. There were no significant differences among treatments for the number of broken bones during automatic evisceration in a pilot processing plant.
Yeast Grown on Hydrocarbon Fractions as a Protein Source in the Diet of Laying Hens

Abstract A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding yeast grown on high purity alkane fractions to laying hens. The yeast was incorporated in corn-soybean meal type diets at levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%. In addition, a diet with 5% Peruvian fish meal was fed as a positive control. The diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous (16% protein) and isocaloric (2970 M.E. kcal./kg.). All-mash diets were fed ad libitum for 140 days. Rate of egg production and other performance factors were not impaired by the inclusion of the yeast at the levels listed, indicating that this product was suitable for use in nutritionally-balanced diets for laying hens.
Scale prediction and analysis in ASP combination flooding in Daqing Oilfield

According to the geological conditions of the ASP flooding area in Daqing Oilfield, and the components of combination flooding system, the scaling types during flooding are analyzed. The scaling reasons can be concluded as 1. Precipitation because of the incompatibility between chemicals and formation fluids; 2. Precipitation because of the reaction between ions from alkaline and reservoir minerals with formation fluids; 3. Precipitation because of temperature and pressure changing during the recovery of fluids. Static experiments are conducted to investigate the main components in the fluid phrase after the reaction of formation minerals with alkali and flooding system, and the scaling types and sequences can be forecasted by solubility. The reaction time varied from 4 to 840 hours, and the ratio of mineral to solution from 1/0. 5 to 1/4. Such kinds of scales as Ca(OH)2 and aluminosilicates are observed on the reservoir cores after ASP flooding tests. Analysis on the scale produced from the ASP flooding center wells shows that they come mainly from the fine solids in drilling fluid and particles from formation.
Changes of fibrinolytic function in hypertensive patients after Telmisartan interference

AIM To explore the effect of Telmisartan on fibrinolytic function in hypertensive patients.METHODS Sixty-four mild-to-moderate essential hypertensive patients were given Telmisartan 80 mg/day for eight weeks.The plasma level of PAI-1 and t-PA were measured by ELISA(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)before and after Telmisartan interference.RESULTS ①After 8 weeks' Telmisartan interference,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure significantly decreased,(P0.01).②PAI-1 level in hypertensive patients significantly decreased(53±23 vs 24±5)μg/L(P0.01).The ratio of t-PA/PAI-1 in hypertensive patients significantly increased(0.25±0.13 vs 0.45±0.20,P0.01).③The changes of PAI-1 level and t-PA/PAI-1 ratio after Telmisartan interference were significantly different in different subgroups.CONCLUSION These results indicate that Telmisartan improves the fibrinolytic function in hypertensive patients but not by lowering the blood pressure.