cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of a Single Sensor Fiber-Coupled Three-Dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry for Reacting Flow-Fields

Tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV) has become a standard tool for capturing a three-dimensional velocity fields in non-reacting flows. However, the diagnostic approach can become costly and challenging to implement when extended to applications which require high-speed cameras. This limitation has led to the use of fiber wound bundles to allow for multiple views to be captured on a single camera sensor. Additionally, employing this diagnostic approach on reacting flow fields becomes more complex as the introduction of the flame causes additional luminosity and optical distortion which impacts the particle field reconstruction. The current work seeks to validate and determine the limitations when utilizing a single sensor fiber coupled approach for capturing Tomo-PIV data on a reacting flow-field. A premixed propane (C3H8) and air Bunsen burner flame is utilized to examine if the single sensor approach can meet the parameters for acceptable reconstruction based on previous research. The resulting velocity fields are then compared to a traditional PIV measurement to assess the deviation of the single sensor approach from a standard velocimetry measurement approach. It is demonstrated that there is strong agreement between the velocity and vorticity for the average flow-fields, however when comparing the Reynolds Shear Stresses a significant deviation is revealed. The deviation is attributed to strong velocity fluctuations occurring within the instantaneous Tomo-PIV data, which creates a significant divergence between the measurement techniques on an instantaneous basis. This demonstrates that while the approach can obtain reliable velocity and vorticity statistics, there is significant limitations in calculating second-order turbulence statistics. Thus, revealing that there is a tradeoff between the ability to extract the full velocity gradient tensor and the extent of the turbulence related analysis which can be reliably performed.
Abstract 251: Data distribution for easy pancancer analysis

A growing number of datasets characterize tumors with quantitative proteomic and genomic data. These emerging datasets are typically specific to a single cancer type. However, analysis of proteogenomic patterns across multiple cancer types allows us to identify common mechanisms in the function of cancer, as well as mechanisms that are unique to specific cancer types. Here we present how a Python data API from the NCI9s CPTAC program bridges the gap between different cancer datasets to facilitate pancancer analysis. While we have previously presented this API as a general model for data dissemination, we have yet to display the specific pancancer applications of the tool. Several key aspects of its design optimize its use from a pancancer point of view, including parsing data to a single consistent format for all datasets, and automatically managed data updates for each dataset. Our analyses demonstrate the efficacy of our data model for generalizing an analysis pipeline, applying it to multiple cancer types, and comparing the results. This enables unique discoveries that characterize the overall proteogenomic landscape of cancer. Citation Format: Caleb M. Lindgren, Chelsie Minor, Lindsey K. Olsen, Brittany Henderson, CPTAC Investigators, Samuel H. Payne. Data distribution for easy pancancer analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 251.
Polyarteritis Nodosa

Polyarteritis nodosa, as a diagnosis, has been progressively narrowed from a collection of ill-defined vasculitides to its current definition as a systemic transmural necrotizing vasculitis that usually affects medium-sized muscular arteries and sometimes small muscular arteries, commonly within the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, skin, nerves, joints, and muscles. In this review, we will highlight the clinical features and classification of this disease and emphasize that more accurate diagnosis of subtypes leads to more effective treatment.
Neurotoxicity in Neuropsychology

This chapter will provide definitions regarding neurotoxicity, general principles of neurotoxic damage, symptom presentation for common neurotoxic substances, a brief discussion of symptoms/features of the Neurotoxicity Syndrome, and assessment for neurotoxicity.
Self-assembly of block copolymers by graphoepitaxy

In the fabrication of a desired block copolymer (BCP) nanostructure for a particular application, a key challenge is the control of the BCP microdomain assembly. Graphoepitaxy is a solution to this challenge. Graphoepitaxy provides multifaceted mechanisms to order and direct ­microdomains and to fabricate complicated single-layer or multilayer structures over large areas. Topographical templates can be fabricated using different top-down lithography or self-forming methods. These templates direct the self-assembly through key mechanisms such as commensurability, lateral ordering, and confinement effects. Hence, many different morphologies, either equilibrium or nonequilibrium, can be controlled to produce desired nanopatterns. To date, BCP graphoepitaxy has been employed in many applications, from nanoelectronics to medical filters and from memory storage to biological substrates.
Extensions of the Known Range of Eutettix Tenellus Baker and Curly-Top of Sugar Beets

A severe outbreak of the sugar beet leafhopper (Eutettix tenellus Baker) during 1926, which caused heavy losses to the sugar beet industry in the intermountain region, was accompanied by a wide dispersal of the insect. This paper records observations made on the occurrence of the leafhopper and curly-top disease during a survey undertaken in cooperation with the States of Idaho and Montana and Canada to determine the new range of the pest.
Analysis of T-cell-specific functions in continuous lymphocytic cell lines. I. Combined expression of thymocyte antigen and MIF Production in rat--mouse hybrid lines.

Abstract Three cell lines have been obtained by hybridizing normal rat thymocytes and mouse leukemic lymphoblasts (L5178Y, HGPRT−) using Sendai virus. By the use of mouse antisera against rat thymocytes and against the hybrid cells themselves, it was shown that these hybrid cell lines express a specific surface antigen that is found in >90% of rat thymus cells and in a minor subpopulation of rat spleen and lymph node cells. Surface antigens common to rat red blood cells are not expressed in these cell lines. These cells also produce migration inhibitory factor (MIF) but neither lymphotoxin nor inhibitor of DNA synthesis. By isoelectric focusing analysis, it was shown that hybrid cells appear to produce both rat and mouse type MIF. Most of the cell lines that reverted to resistance to 8-azaguanine simultaneously lost the surface antigen and the ability to produce MIF.
Phosphoribosyl-aminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase from Neurospora crassa: I. Partial purification and properties

Abstract An assay for phosphoribosyl-aminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase from Neurospora crassa has been developed. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction: ATP + 5-amino-4-imidazole-carboxylic acid ribonucleotide + aspartate ⇌ Mg 2+ 5- amino- 4- imidazole -N- succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide + ADP + P 1 The assay utilizes the reversibility of this reaction. The enzyme can be purified 100-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Mg2+, ADP, and phosphate or arsenate are required for the reverse reaction. The divalent cations Mn2+ and Co2+ can partial replace Mg2+ as activators. The optimum pH is 6.0, and the reaction rate is greater at 37° than at 25° or 30°. The Km for the reverse reaction is 1.2·10−4–1.3·10−4 M. Soluble protein preparations from adenine-3B mutants contain synthetase activity, whereas preparations from adenine-3A mutants do not. It is concluded that the synthesis of phosphoribosyl-aminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase is controlled by the adenine-3A locus in N. crassa.
In vitro degradation of biodegradable metal Zn and Zn/Fe-couples and their application as conductors in biodegradable sensors

This paper reports a systematic in vitro degradation study of biodegradable metal zinc and zinc/iron (Zn/Fe)-couples, and explores the application of Zn/Fe-couples as the conductors in completely biodegradable sensors. By electrically connecting a bulk biodegradable metal (Zn) to a small, discontinuous amount of more active biodegradable metal (Fe), the degradation rate of the entire galvanic metal couple can be tailored by altering the Zn:Fe exposed area ratio without reducing the resistance of the conductor. This exploitation of galvanic corrosion couples to design the degradation of biodegradable metals suggests the potential for expanding the number of candidate degradable metals available for MEMS.
Chemical Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions

The sections in this article are: 1 Mediator Concept 2 Mediators: Release and Control 3 Pharmacology of Mediators with Action on Airway Smooth Muscle 3.1 Primary Mediators 3.2 Newly Generated Mediators 4 Summary
A general theory for analysis and design of robust pole clustering in subregions of the complex plane

This paper presents a general theory for analysis and design of robust pole clustering in a very general subregion /spl Omega/ of the complex plane for uncertain systems with unstructured or structured uncertainties. The pole clustering regions of interest cover any /spl Omega/-transformable and non-/spl Omega/-transformable /spl Omega/-regions which are broader than those reported in the literature. Discussions regarding robust D-stability (robust pole clustering) and quadratic D-stability (quadratic pole clustering) are presented. Based on the Rayleigh principle, three new approaches are developed for analysis of robust pole clustering in a general subregion /spl Omega/ of the complex plane. By applying these analysis results, an output-feedback robust D-stability design method is developed for a general regional-pole placement of uncertain systems.
Philippine labour migration to Taiwan: Social, political, demographic, and economic dimensions

The Philippines has become one of today’s leading exporters of migrants. This migration flow largely results from internal demographic and economic pressures, but has also been brought about by the policy decisions of the Philippine government which sees potential relief from remittances and reduction of unemployment. The continued cycling of labour migrants for more than 30 years has resulted in a “culture” of migration. Destinations for temporary labour migrants are influenced as well by demographic determinants such as low birth rates in the destination country, leading to a need for labourers, and high birth rates in the sending country, leading to surplus labourers.
Amino acid residues in the CDC25 guanine nucleotide exchange factor critical for interaction with Ras.

Abstract Previously we found that negatively charged residues at positions 62, 63, and 69 of H-Ras are involved in binding to the CDC25 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have changed conserved, positively charged residues of CDC25GEF to glutamic acid. We find the nonfunctional CDC25R1374E mutant and the nonfunctional H-RasE63K mutant cooperate in suppression of the loss of CDC25 function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Also, peptides corresponding to residues 1364 to 1383 of CDC25GEF inhibit interaction between GEFs and H-Ras. We propose that residues 1374 of CDC25GEF and 63 of H-Ras form an ion pair and that when this ion pair is reversed, functional interaction can still occur.
The role of mastoidectomy in outcomes following tympanic membrane repair: a review.

Objectives/Hypothesis The role of mastoidectomy performed with tympanoplasty for tympanic membrane perforations in the absence of cholesteatoma remains controversial. Some authorities suggest that outcomes are improved by the pressure buffering contributed by a well-aerated mastoid. It is unclear, however, whether or not clinical evidence demonstrates a benefit by the addition of a mastoidectomy. Study Design Review of peer-reviewed publications. Methods The literature on tympanoplasty and mastoidectomy was reviewed, examining the success of tympanic membrane repair, control of drainage, and hearing improvement. Results Twenty-six articles were reviewed examining surgical outcomes for patients with perforations resulting from chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma. Most of the literature consisted of retrospective cohort studies and case series with only a few small prospective randomized trials. Retrospective studies were commonly biased by performing mastoidectomy in ears with worse disease, and methodological differences made comparisons between studies difficult to interpret. There was no evidence of improved outcomes following mastoidectomy compared to tympanoplasty alone. Subgroup analysis, including actively discharging ears, extensive mucosal inflammation, large or repeat perforations, or sclerotic mastoids had overall worse outcomes. These patients showed a nonsignificant trend toward slightly improved results with mastoidectomy. Conclusions The available literature shows no additional benefit to performing mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty for uncomplicated tympanic membrane perforations. Patients with more complicated disease may benefit from the addition of a mastoidectomy, but there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for this population. Further prospective controlled studies are needed. Laryngoscope, 2013
Diamond‐Blackfan anemia and malignancy: A case report and a review of the literature

Background. Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital bone marrow failure syndrome involving the erythropoietic lineage. A preleukemic predisposition has been suggested but not proven. Methods. The development of Hodgkin's disease in a 15-year-old boy with DBA, in remission for 13 years after cessation of steroid therapy, is described. Review of the literature revealed 11 other cases of malignancy (10 hematologic) in DBA. Results. This patient, together with those described in the literature, shows that the incidence of hematological malignancy in DBA is increased (2.5% of all reported cases of DBA). Treatment was successful in three, including one after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and our patient in whom recurrence of DBA complicated treatment. Conclusions. The incidence of hematologic malignancies in patients with DBA is increased. Treatment can be successful but may be complicated by recurrence of DBA. Bone marrow transplantation should be considered for patients with a suitable donor as part of treatment of patients with DBA and hematologic malignancy. Cancer 1995;76:517-20.
Taurine transport by brush border membrane vesicles isolated from the flounder kidney

Taurine transport was investigated in brush border membrane vesicles isolated from renal tubules of the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Taurine uptake by the vesicles was greater in the presence of NaCl as compared to uptake in KCl. The Na+-dependent taurine transport was electrogenic and demonstrated tracer replacement and inhibition by β-alanine and HgCl2, indicating the presence of Na+-dependent, carrier-mediated taurine transport. In contrast to Na+-dependent taurine transport across the basolateral membrane, there was not a specific Cl− dependency for transport in the brush border membrane. No evidence was obtained for Na+-independent carrier-mediated taurine transport. The possible involvement of the brush border Na+-dependent transport system in the net secretion of taurine from blood to tubular lumen in vivo (Schrock et al. 1982) is discussed.
Non-stimulant treatments for ADHD

We reviewed the literature of medication trials in ADHD to evaluate the scope of the available non-stimulant treatments. A variety of compounds with a common noradrenergic/ dopaminergic activity have shown documented anti-ADHD activity. There is a substantial body of literature documenting the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants on ADHD in over 1,000 subjects. In addition, the atypical antidepressant bupropion and the novel noradrenergic specific antidepressant tomoxetine have also been documented to be effective in the treatment of ADHD in controlled clinical trials. Despite wide use, the scientific base supporting the efficacy of alpha-2, noradrenergic agonists continues to be limited. Several lines of evidence provide preliminary support for the potential benefits of cholinergic cognitive enhancing drugs in such as anticholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil) as well as novel nicotinic analogues (ABT-418). Despite these promising results, more research is needed on alternative pharmacologic treatments for the treatment of ADHD.
The Microbiology of Early-Onset Periodontitis: Association of Highly Toxic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Strains With Localized Juvenile Periodontitis.

Recent studies of the dental plaque bacteria associated with the various forms of early-onset periodontitis confirm the importance of target periodontal pathogens such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis in these diseases. A. actinomycetemcomitans strains exhibit a wide range of variability in leukotoxin production. By virtue of a unique promoter for the leukotoxin (ltx) operon, highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strains (e.g., JP2) express 10- to 20-times greater levels of leukotoxin than minimally toxic strains (e.g., 652). In dot blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, the distribution of leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans was examined among 165 fresh isolates and strains from our culture collection obtained from 91 human patients and non-human primates. Highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strains were found in 22% of the subjects and represented 28% of the isolates examined. This is a much higher prevalence than reported in a similar survey of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains from Northern Europe. Patients harboring the highly leukotoxic strains were much younger (mean age 12.7 years) than those harboring minimally toxic A. actinomycetemcomitans (mean age 25.5 years). In addition, patients with localized juvenile periodontitis were shown to have a substantially higher prevalence of highly leukotoxic strains than healthy individuals or those with adult periodontitis. Fifty-seven percent of the localized juvenile periodontitis patients harbored these strains and 64% of the isolates obtained from these patients were highly toxic A. actinomycetemcomitans. No highly toxic strains were identified from healthy individuals or from patients with adult periodontitis. The polymerase chain reaction assay could readily identify and distinguish the ltx promoters from highly toxic and minimally toxic A. actinomycetemcomitans in whole plaque samples. These data point to the importance of specific A. actinomycetemcomitans strains, as characterized by their expression of high levels of leukotoxin, in the pathogenesis of certain types of early-onset periodontitis and, possibly, other forms of rapidly progressing periodontitis. J Periodontol 1996;67:282-290.
Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of pyrene-actin adducts

Abstract Reaction kinetic studies of the sulfhydryl-directed fluorescent probes N-(1-pyrene)maleimide (PM) and N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide with actin from rabbit skeletal muscle showed that there were three accessible sulfhydryl groups in actin. Fluorescence spectral studies showed energy transfer from aromatic amino acid residues to fluorophore reacted at Cys-373, as well as weak excimer fluorescence probably due to doubly labeled molecules at Cys-10 and Cys-373. These results provide further evidence that trytophan and tyrosine residues are located near the probe attached to Cys-373 or Cys-10 and the latter two thiols are in close proximity. In aged PM-Iabeled F-actin, the succinimido ring of PM underwent intramolecular aminolysis. resulting in large emission spectral changes and increased excimer fluorescence. Solvent perturbation studies indicate that the probes were located in a hydrophobic environment; their quantum yield and spectrum properties were very sensitive to changes in the microenvironment. Nanosecond-pulse fluorimetry studies revealed complex fluorescence emission decays with three intrinsic lifetimes in adducts with low molecular weight thiols as well as in labeled proteins. Fluorescence lifetimes were 17. 48 and 111 ns for the pyrenemaleimide adduct of actin, and 3, 14 and 60 ns for the pyrenyliodoacetamide adduct. Supporting evidence is given for the argument that multiple fluorescence lifetimes are an intrinsic property of the pyrene derivatives and are not due to the presence of impurity or heterogeneity in the protein reaction sites. Because of their high sensitivity and long lifetimes, pyrene derivatives are extremely useful.
Study of catalase in erythrocytes and bacteria. IV. Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the catalase activity of bacteria

Abstract Determinations were made of the hydrogen peroxide concentration necessary to demonstrate maximum catalase activity of intact cells of the genus Brucella and of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. It was found that within the genus Brucella the higher the catalase activity of the cell the higher the concentration of hydrogen peroxide required to demonstrate maximum activity. The maximum catalase activity of cells of M. lysodeikticus, which possessed a higher activity than any Brucella cells, was obtained with an intermediate substrate concentration, 1.2 N hydrogen peroxide. The results show that for quantitative measurement of maximum catalase activity in intact bacterial cells the substrate concentration requirements must be established not only for each species, or variety of species, but for the same species grown under different conditions. It has been demonstrated that availability of substrate is a limiting factor in the measurement of intracellular catalase in cells of the genus Brucella of moderate and high catalase activity and in cells of M. lysodeikticus. A higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide was required for the measurement of maximum catalase activity in these untreated cells than for that in cells of increased permeability and in extracts from the disintegrated cells.
Wigner equations of motion for classical systems

We present a general procedure for obtaining equations of motion for the Wigner distribution of functions that are governed by ordinary and partial differential equations. For the case of fields we show that in general one must consider Wigner distribution of the four variables, position, momentum, time and frequency. We also show that in general one cannot write an equation of motion for position and momentum however it can be done in some cases, the Schrodinger equation being one such case. Our method leads to an equation of motion for the Schrodinger equation with time dependent potentials in contrast to the result obtained by Wigner and Moyal which was for time independent potentials.
Preparation of functionalized derivatives of inulin: conjugation of erythrocytes for hemagglutination and plaque-forming cell assays.

A method is described for preparing derivatives of alkali-stable polysaccharides for coupling to immunogen carriers or to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for use in hemagglutination (HA) and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assays. Inulin, a beta (2 leads to 1)-linked polyfructosan was partially derivatized with carboxyl, aminoethyl or (p-aminophenyl)butyryl groups; the latter derivative was coupled to SRBC following diazotization. Optimal conditions for the sensitization of SRBC with inulin were given. The immunological reactivity of the inulin molecule was unaffected by the derivatization reactions, and high, reproducible anti-inulin HA titers for inulin-binding myeloma proteins were found using these specifically sensitized SRBC. The sensitized SRBC were stable for assays for over 2 weeks. Problems with spontaneous agglutination or distortion of sensitized SRBC, normally seen in other procedures, e.g., methods using stearoyl-inulin, were not encountered.
Unilateral suppression of vertex sharp waves in the sleep electroencephalogram (case report)

Abstract A 15-year-old boy suffered a cerebrovascular accident with left-sided hemiplegia. The EEG showed right-sided suppression of vertex sharp waves during sleep. The posterior parietal and angular gyrus branches of the right middle cerebral artery were shown to be occluded by carotid arteriography.
A microchannel plate neutron detector

Abstract A two-dimensional, position-sensitive neutron detector utilizing a microchannel plate electron multiplier with resistive anode has been developed for use in resonance neutron radiography. The resolution characteristics of the detector are determined for different scintillator arrangements. The best resolution obtained with a 0.5 mm thick scintillator with a black backing is 0.75 mm. The use of the detector is demonstrated in producing separated images of three elements in a complex matrix sample.
Integrated information environment or matrix of control?: the contradictory implications of information technology

Abstract This paper examines the extent to which information technology deployed in work processes facilitates changes in forms of control and forms of organizing. A field study of a single organization that implemented information technology in its production process is presented as an empirical investigation of these issues. The findings indicate that information technology reinforced established forms of organizing and facilitated an intensification and fusion of existing mechanisms of control. While debunking the technological imperative once again, the results also provide a number of insights into the contradictory implications of computer-based work and control in organizations. In particular, this paper shows that when information technology mediates work processes, it creates an information environment, which while it may facilitate integrated and flexible operations, may also enable a disciplinary matrix of knowledge and power. These findings and their implications for forms of control, forms of organizing, and professional practice are discussed.
Infrared refractive index of sapphire as a function of temperature

High quality measurements of the IR refractive index of sapphire, above room temperature, have not been previously reported. Such knowledge is crucial for performance studies involving sapphire optical components, such as a window or lens. The temperature dependent refractive index of the o- ray of sapphire is measured by determining the change in free spectral range of sapphire etalons with temperature. The experimental temperatures range from room temperature to 720 C. One sample is used with the c-axis normal to the sample surface allowing measurement of the o-ray refractive index.
Student pharmacists as researchers of consumer perspectives of the role of pharmacists

Abstract Objective Students as researchers (SAR), a framework from educational science, can be used for enhancing student pharmacists' participation in research on consumer perspectives of pharmacist role. This study examined the impact of the SAR on following student pharmacists' outcomes: (1) Change in student pharmacists' perceptions of (a) the importance consumers place on services and (b) consumer attitude towards pharmacist role; (2) understanding consumer perspectives of pharmacists' role, (3) comfort in initiating dialogue with the general public; (4) ability to conduct small intervention studies with consumers, (5) motivation to provide information consumers need in future encounters, and (6) understanding barriers to consumer-pharmacist communication. In addition, student pharmacists' reflections were also examined. Methods A prepost-quasi-experimental design was used to assess the impact of the SAR project on student outcomes. Two-hundred first professional year student pharmacists enrolled in a behavioral course at a large metropolitan university conducted the SAR project. Students were surveyed before and after the project and submitted a reflective essay. Quantitative data from surveys were analyzed using SPSS (Chicago, IL) and qualitative data from reflective essays were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results The SAR project helped students realize the extent to which consumers consider pharmacist expertise, services, and relationship important. Prepost data analysis indicated that the SAR project improved student outcomes. In reflective essays, students conveyed that the activity made them more aware of patients' perceptions and raised questions about plans to improve patient-provider relationships. Conclusion: The SAR framework is effective in creating research and unique practice experiences for pharmacy students. Conclusion The SAR framework is effective in creating research and unique practice experiences for pharmacy students.
Guardian consent for children's participation in sociometric research

Sociometric research has been plagued by low consent rates that potentially decrease the validity of assessment results. This study focused on ways to increase consent rates and documentation of guardians' reasons for nonconsent. A planned sequence of increasingly more personalized communication steps with parents yielded a 92% consent rate. Reasons for nonconsent ranged from children telling their parents that they did not want to participate to not having enough information about the research to make an informed decision. Discussion focuses on strategies that may increase guardian support for children's involvement in educational research.
Organic Anion Transport and Action of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Kidney Linked Mechanistically to Renal Tubular Uptake of Inorganic Mercury

Abstract In the present study, the roles of renal tubular γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and renal organic anion transport on the renal uptake and accumulation and intrarenal distribution of injected inorganic mercury were investigated. The renal (and general) disposition of injected inorganic mercury (Hg 2+ ) was evaluated in control rats, rats pretreated with two 10 mg/kg doses of acivicin, rats pretreated with a 10 mmol/kg dose of p -aminohippurate (PAH), and rats pretreated with both acivicin and PAH. The dose(s) of acivicin were used to inhibit the activity of renal γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to a near maximal level and the dose of PAH (which is a water-soluble organic anion) was used to competitively inhibit the renal organic anion transport system to a near maximal level. Dispositional data were obtained at both 1 and 24 hr after a nontoxic, 0.5 μmol/kg iv dose of mercuric chloride had been administered. Radiolabeled inorganic mercury ( 203 Hg 2+ ) was added to the injection solution containing the mercuric chloride to make it possible to quantitate the accumulation and disposition of mercury using standard isotopic methods. The renal concentration and content of mercury were significantly lower in the rats pretreated with either acivicin or PAH than in the control rats at both times after the injection of inorganic mercury. Pretreatment with acivicin mainly affected the content of mercury in the renal cortex, while pretreatment with PAH affected the content of mercury in both the renal cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Interestingly, the renal concentration and content of mercury in the rats pretreated with both acivicin and PAH were significantly lower than in any of the other three groups at both times after injection of inorganic mercury. Evaluation of the intrarenal distribution of mercury indicated that the renal cortex was the main zone in which the uptake of mercury was significantly affected by both acivicin and PAH. The findings from this study indicate that the renal tubular uptake of administered inorganic mercury is linked both to the transport of organic anions and to the action of γ-glutamyltransferase. Thus, at least two mechanisms appear to be involved in the renal tubular uptake of inorganic mercury.
The Federal Courts, Localism, and the National Economy, 1865–1900

It is a truism of American constitutional history that the federal judiciary was expected to facilitate interstate commerce. The right of individuals to remove cases to a federal court from locally prejudiced state courts was recognized under a wide range of circumstances. But it seemed less and less natural, as more and more of the nation's business came to be transacted by the “trusts” on a national basis, for corporations to be accorded the same rights. Professor Freyer shows that a major campaign, which had some success in the 1880s, was mounted to deny corporations the right of escape to federal courts. In the end, however, the nation's lawmakers recognized that the problem of the growing concentration of capital would have to be solved by something more sophisticated than frontier justice.
Urokinase-induced smooth muscle cell responses require distinct signaling pathways: a role for the epidermal growth factor receptor.

Objective Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) a key serine protease during remodeling, is capable of inducing both smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. However, the signals that produce these responses are poorly understood. Methods Early passage rat aortic arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro and standard assays of DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation), cell proliferation (manual cell counting), and migration (linear wound assay and Boyden chamber) were used to study the cells responses to uPA. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38MAPK, Akt, MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK1/2), MAP kinase kinase (MKK)3/6, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in response to uPA was assayed by Western blot analysis for the phosphorylated form of each kinase. These assays were repeated in the presence of the Gαi inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTx, 100 ng/mL), the Ras inhibitor manumycin A (MA, 10 μM), the phosphatidyl-inositol 3′ kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin (WN, 1 μM), the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 (AG, 10 nM), the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 (PD, 10 μM), the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (SB, 10 μM), and the plasmin inhibitors aprotinin and e-aminocaproic acid. Results uPA induced a twofold increase in smooth muscle cell migration and increased smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis and proliferation. The ERK1/2 and p38MAPK inhibitors PD98059 (PD) and SB203580 (SB) blocked cell proliferation, but only PD blocked cell migration. Although uPA-induced phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and p38MAPK was blocked by Gαi inhibition, inhibition of PI3K and Ras decreased the uPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but not p38MAPK. Activation of MEK1/2 was abrogated by inhibitors of Gαi and Ras, but not by PI3K inhibition. In contrast, activation of MKK3/6 was abrogated by inhibition of Gαi, but not by Ras or PI3K inhibition. uPA induced time-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR, which was dependent on plasmin activity. Inhibition of EGFR reduced both ERK1/2 and p38MAPK activation. uPA activation of PI3K and MKK3/6 was EGFR-dependent and that of MEK1 was EGFR-independent. Conclusion uPA induces smooth muscle cell proliferation through ERK1/2- and p38MAPK-mediated pathways. Migration appears to be dependent on ERK1/2 activity alone. Activation of EGFR appears to be required. The differential activation of pathways for ERK1/2 and p38MAPK by uPA allows for two distinct biologic responses that both require tyrosine kinase receptor transactivation.
Agronomic Consequences of Dormant–Nondormant Alfalfa Mixtures

The yield of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) during the establishment year is typically less than that from fully established stands. Because nondormant cultivars produce more growth during autumn than dormant cultivars, a mechanism to increase yield during the establishment year in northern areas of the USA could be to mix seed of nondormant and adapted cultivars at planting. The objective of this experiment was to determine if establishment year yield could be improved by seeding dormant-nondormant mixtures without adversely affecting yield in the succeeding year. Two dormant-nondormant mixtures ('Vernal'-'Mecca II' and '5454'-'5939') with 10, 30, or 50% of the nondormant cultivar and pure stands of all four cultivars were seeded in field studies near Ames, Nashua, and Castana, IA, in April 1998. Four forage harvests were taken in 1998, including one in late October, and in 1999. Plants were counted in May and October 1998 and in June 1999. Plant numbers among treatments were similar during 1998. Stand mortality in spring 1999 increased as the nondormant percentage increased, except that 10% nondormant plots had slightly more plants than 0% plots. In 1998, total forage yield increased linearly with increasing percentage of nondormant seed, but nutritive value in October 1998 declined slightly with increasing percentages of nondormant seed. In 1999, yield declined linearly as the percentage of nondormant seed increased; plots with 10% nondormant seed yielded less than the pure stands of dormant cultivars. We do not recommend mixing any nondormant seed with adapted dormant cultivars at planting.
Monocular and binocular mechanisms of contrast gain control

Prolonged stimulation by temporally modulated sinusoidal gratings causes a decrease in the contrast sensitivity and response of neurons in the visual cortex. We have studied the dynamic aspects of this contrast gain control mechanism and how its temporal properties affect the determination of neural contrast response functions. In addition, we have considered the possibility that a single mechanism is sufficient to explain monocular and binocular properties of contrast gain control. We find that neural contrast response functions are highly susceptible to the measurement procedure itself, so that the data obtained in some studies seriously underestimate the slope of the function and overestimate the threshold. Therefore, careful selection of the experimental data is required for general use and for constructing models of visual cortical function. Comparisons of monocular and binocular properties of contrast gain control provide insights concerning the neural origin of the mechanism. Monocularly induced gain reductions are transferrable to the other eye, suggesting that gain control originates in part at a site following binocular convergence. However, binocular experiments conducted with interocular contrast mismatches indicate that the gain of the monocular pathways for each eye may be controlled independently. These results suggest that a single-gain control mechanism is not sufficient to account for the properties exhibited by cortical neurons.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Political influence compatibility: fitting the person to the climate

Summary This study investigated a person-climate fit model in order to explain the effect of organizational politics on work attitudes. A unique index of compatibility was developed based on the congruence between preferences for political influence processes and those processes perceived to be prevalent in the employment context. A survey of 138 non academic employees of a large public university, representing a variety of jobs, demonstrated that political influence compatibility was clearly related to a wide range of work attitudes (e.g. satisfaction with co-workers, trust in management, evaluation of self). Directions for future research investigating PIC and potential applications of political influence compatibility in human resource management are discussed. (C 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracrustal subduction and gravity currents in the deep crust: Sm-Nd, Ar-Ar, and thermobarometric constraints from the Skagit Gneiss Complex, Washington

Isotopic and thermobarometric (pressure-temperature, P-T) data on a gneissic quartz diorite, combined with previous U-Pb ages and P-T data on wall-rock metapelites, define a precise P-T time series for a portion of the Skagit Gneiss Complex, a deep crustal crystalline complex within a zone of intracontinental collision. Concordant U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages on zircon indicate crystallization at 68 Ma, which preceded metamorphism of nearby pelitic wall rocks (garnet core assemblages) and the pluton (plagioclase-hornblende coronas on garnet) at ≈800–900 MPa, 700–800 °C. Following nearly isothermal decompression and sillimanite-cordierite metamorphism of wall rocks (garnet rims plus matrix) at 300–500 MPa, 650–700 °C, a Sm-Nd mineral isochron including two garnet separates records an initial phase of cooling of the complex at 60 Ma. Slow cooling (≈10 °C/m.y.) extends from approximately 60 Ma to 50 Ma. Hornblende and biotite Ar-Ar ages of 47 Ma and 45 Ma, respectively, define a second unroofing event; cooling rates during this period were approximately 100 °C/m.y. Late Cretaceous deep burial followed by two distinct unroofing episodes is also observed in some Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes and may suggest a common origin. We propose that regional shortening in the Cordilleran interior is accommodated by a process of intracrustal subduction, i.e., the upper crust is forced downward into a crustal asthenosphere, resulting in a cold, buoyant root. Heating and weakening of the root cause the formation of gravity currents, effective viscosity being in the range of 10^(16)–10^(19) Pa s, spreading outward below nonfluid upper crust. Spreading of the gravity current, which does not necessarily contribute to crustal thinning, is driven by the small density contrast between the root and its mid-crustal surroundings. Hence unroofing is neither a response to overthick crust nor controlled by the orientation of principal stress axes in the upper crust and upper mantle. The root then cools slowly until final unroofing to near-surface levels, which may occur via either extension or shortening with consequent erosion.
Toughening of nylon 6 with core-shell impact modifiers : effect of matrix molecular weight

Rubber particle size is an important issue in toughening of engineering thermoplastics. Use of core-shell impact modifiers offers the advantage of a predetermined particle size; however, these particles must be appropriately dispersed in the matrix polymer to be effective for toughening. Recent work has shown that core-shell modifiers having a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) shell can be dispersed in nylon 6 with the aid of certain styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers. These materials are miscible with PMMA and can also react with polyamides during melt processing. Enhanced interaction between the rubber and matrix phases as a result of the formation of in situ graft copolymers at the interface was suggested to contribute to the improved dispersion. However, rheological issues also influence the dispersion of core-shell modifier particles in the matrix. This article examines the influence of the matrix melt viscosity on the dispersion of the core-shell particles in the nylon 6 matrix and the resulting mechanical properties of the blends using four nylon 6 materials of different molecular weights. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quine on Hume and the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction

W. V. O. Quine’s assault on the analytic/synthetic distinction is one of the most celebrated events in the history of twentieth century philosophy. This paper shines a light on Quine’s own understanding of the history of this distinction. More specifically, this paper argues, contrary to what seems to be the received view, that Quine explicitly recognized a kindred subversive spirit in David Hume.
Luminescent Quantum Dot-Adaptor Protein-Antibody Conjugates for Use in Fluoroimmunoassays

A method for the preparation and characterization of bioinorganic conjugates made with highly luminescent semiconductor CdSe-ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs) and antibodies for use in fluoroimmunoassays is presented. The conjugation strategy employs two routes: 1. Use of an engineered molecular adaptor protein, attached to the QDs via electrostatic/hydrophobic self-assembly, to link the inorganic fluorophore with antibodies, and 2. use of avidin, also electrostatically self-assembled onto the nanocrystal surface, which allows QD conjugation to biotinylated antibodies via avidin-biotin binding scheme. With this approach, the average number of antibodies conjugated to a single QD can be varied. In addition, we have developed a simple purification strategy based on mixed composition conjugates of the molecular adaptor and a second inert two-domain fusion protein that allows the use of affinity chromatography. QD/adaptor-antibody conjugates were successfully employed in fluoroimmunoassays for the detection of small molecule analytes, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). We also demonstrate the use of QD/avidin-antibody conjugates for fluoroimmunoassays using a model protein system.
Mars volatile evolution: Evidence from stable isotopes

In the most strongly favored of the scenarios presently considered for Martian atmospheric evolution, oxygen fractionation by escape into space is diluted by exchange by a nonatmospheric reservoir as polar ice-water deposits exchange with atmospheric water over geologic time. The exchange of oxygen between atmospheric CO2 and H2O may account for the fractionation observed between those two species. Observations and numerical modeling efforts that may test the present results are suggested.
Hybrid car purchase intentions: a cross‐cultural analysis

Purpose – This paper aims to compare US and Korean consumers' intentions to purchase a high involvement, environmentally friendly product: the hybrid car.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines how social factors and culture shape intentions to purchase a hybrid car using survey data from 1,083 US drivers and 783 Korean drivers.Findings – The paper shows that self‐image congruence and propensity to seek information about green products have strong positive relationships with intentions to purchase a hybrid car among consumers from both countries. Perceived social value associated with the consumption of hybrid cars also has a strong positive relationship with intentions to purchase a hybrid car among Korean and, contrary to expectations, US consumers. In contrast, social value associated with green products, in general, has a negative relationship with US consumer hybrid purchase intentions.Research limitations/implications – The use of a web‐based survey of drivers regarding hybrid cars may limi...
Acute stress increases interstitial fluid amyloid-β via corticotropin-releasing factor and neuronal activity

Aggregation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the extracellular space of the brain is critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ is produced by neurons and released into the brain interstitial fluid (ISF), a process regulated by synaptic activity. To determine whether behavioral stressors can regulate ISF Aβ levels, we assessed the effects of chronic and acute stress paradigms in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Isolation stress over 3 months increased Aβ levels by 84%. Similarly, acute restraint stress increased Aβ levels over hours. Exogenous corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) but not corticosterone mimicked the effects of acute restraint stress. Inhibition of endogenous CRF receptors or neuronal activity blocked the effects of acute stress on Aβ. Thus, behavioral stressors can rapidly increase ISF Aβ through neuronal activity in a CRF-dependent manner, and the results suggest a mechanism by which behavioral stress may affect Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.