cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A three-point velocity approach to robot motion control

Abstract The inverse velocity problem is fundamental to robot position control. The weighted, three-point velocity approach offers a solution to the inverse velocity problem in robot manipulation. The theory applies to redundant robots, to robots with less than or equal six degrees-of-freedom, and to robots in singular configurations. The method always yields solutions, provided the three velocity node positions and weights are chosen appropriately. Choices for velocity node positions and weights are often straightforward consequences of the problem requirements. The three-point velocity inversion technique is independent of scaling, choice of units and translation and orientation of the frame of reference.
Listeria monocytogenes persistence and transfer to cantaloupes in the packing environment is affected by surface type and cleanliness

Abstract Investigation of the 2011 U.S. listeriosis outbreak associated with consumption of contaminated cantaloupes ( Cucumis melo L ) revealed that transfer of Listeria monocytogenes from equipment surfaces to melons in the packing facility was a potential route of contamination. The study presented here examined L. monocytogenes attachment and persistence on soiled materials and different types of equipment surfaces, and transfer to melons in a simulated-packing environment. Attachment involved the exposure of roller conveyors (polyvinyl chloride), conveyor belts (polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and nitrile rubber), and brush filaments (nylon and polyethylene) to ca. 7 log 10 CFU/mL of a L. monocytogenes multi-strain inoculum for 10 and 60 min. L. monocytogenes showed similar ( p > 0.05 ) attachment to all types of surfaces, and populations attached to surfaces following exposure for 10 min were not significantly different ( p > 0.05 ) from that attached to surfaces after 60 min. Clean and soiled surfaces of nylon-brush filaments, conveyor belts, and foam pads were each inoculated with a L. monocytogenes multi-strain mixture (4.5 log 10 CFU/mL) and subsequently stored at 25 °C, and L. monocytogenes populations on the surfaces were recovered for up to 15 days. L. monocytogenes populations on clean surfaces decreased from 4.5 log 10 CFU/surface on day 0 to the detection limit by day 14; L. monocytogenes was still present on clean surfaces following enrichment on day 21. However, L. monocytogenes populations remained unchanged on soiled surfaces from day 0–14. Multivariate ANOVA revealed that soiled surfaces significantly ( p 0.05 ) promoted L. monocytogenes persistence compared to clean surfaces. Comparison of clean surfaces revealed that foam pads and brushes significantly ( p 0.05 ) promoted L. monocytogenes persistence compared to conveyor belt materials. Conveyor belts and foam pads were spot-inoculated (2.5 log 10 CFU/surface), and 15 consecutive wet melons were manually rolled over each spot (n = 6 replicates), and melons were tested for the presence/absence of L. monocytogenes . Foam pads were found to contaminate significantly ( p 0.05 ) more melons than conveyor belts (polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and nitrile rubber). Soiled surfaces supported the survival of higher populations of L. monocytogenes , and surface type affected L. monocytogenes contamination transferred to specific melons.
A third component of the human cytomegalovirus terminase complex is involved in letermovir resistance

Abstract Letermovir is a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) terminase inhibitor that was clinically effective in a Phase III prevention trial. In vitro studies have shown that viral mutations conferring letermovir resistance map primarily to the UL56 component of the terminase complex and uncommonly to UL89. After serial culture of a baseline CMV laboratory strain under letermovir, mutation was observed in a third terminase component in 2 experiments, both resulting in amino acid substitution P91S in gene UL51 and adding to a pre-existing UL56 mutation. Recombinant phenotyping indicated that P91S alone conferred 2.1-fold increased letermovir resistance (EC50) over baseline, and when combined with UL56 mutation S229F or R369M, multiplied the level of resistance conferred by those mutations by 3.5–7.7-fold. Similarly a combination of UL56 mutations S229F, L254F and L257I selected in the same experiment conferred 54-fold increased letermovir EC50 over baseline, but 290-fold when combined with UL51 P91S. The P91S mutant was not perceptibly growth impaired. Although pUL51 is essential for normal function of the terminase complex, its biological significance is not well understood. Letermovir resistance mutations mapping to 3 separate genes, and their multiplier effect on the level of resistance, suggest that the terminase components interactively contribute to the structure of a letermovir antiviral target. The diagnostic importance of the UL51 P91S mutation arises from its potential to augment the letermovir resistance of some UL56 mutations at low fitness cost.
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma arising in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Richter syndrome)

![Figure][1] A 66-year-old man was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) in 2006, observed until 2011, and then treated with fludarabine/cyclophosphamide/rituximab followed by ibrutinib/venetoclax without complete remission. In 2017, an abdominal
NIH toolbox premorbid ability adjustments: Application in a traumatic brain injury sample

Purpose/objective Metrics to estimate premorbid cognitive ability, such as word reading tests, are important for clinical determination of cognitive changes following brain injury. In the present study, reading adjusted scores for the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) fluid tests were developed and validated with a sample of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), to evaluate the clinical utility of reading-adjusted scores. Research Method/Design: The development sample included 843 adult participants, ages 20-85, from the NIHTB-CB standardization sample. A sample of 158 participants with complicated mild or moderate TBI (n = 74) or severe TBI (n = 84) were administered the NIHTB-CB, and comprised the validation sample. Scores were derived for the five fluid tests using four adjustment models: age-only, demographic-only, age-and-reading, and demographic-and-reading referenced scores. Results Estimated premorbid ability varies depending on the reference model. Scores from each of the four reference models differentiated the comparison and TBI samples at the group level. However, performance varied by premorbid ability. Conclusions/implications Premorbid ability affects identification of cognitive difficulties after TBI. Reading referenced scores provide an individualized estimate of the effects of premorbid ability than demographic characteristics alone. Each model identified a similar number of individuals as having cognitive difficulties; however, the models differed on which individuals had cognitive difficulties. The models had higher disagreement rates in the clinical compared with the comparison sample, particularly for individuals with lower premorbid ability. Clinical use and caveats are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Prevalence and Predictors of Depression and Anxiety among Korean Americans.

Despite the significant growth of the Asian population in the United States, current knowledge on their mental health and service utilization behaviors is very limited. The study examined the preva...
“Holding On” to the Theology-Psychology Relationship: The Underlying Fiduciary Structures of Interdisciplinary Method:

This article explores the personal dimension of interdisciplinary method. How do we as individuals hold on to the content of our disciplines and the relation between them? Many recent attempts at r...
A Graph Problem of Structural Design

Without repeating an old argument [1, 2, 3, 4] in great detail, the state-of-the art of optimization in structural design is such that one of the next steps must be the automation of the selection of the structural configuration (connectivity). While there are both topological and geometrical considerations to be dealt with here, algorithms are beginning to appear (cf., e.g. [5]) which will take a given configuration and move the joints to produce an optimal or at least an improved design. The question which seems to have received the least study of all is how the pieces of a structure should be jointed together to produce an optimal configuration. For skeletal structures this is, of course, a graph problem.
Cognitive-personality characteristics as direct predictors of unipolar major depression

Increasing evidence indicates that multiple risk factors can contribute directly to depression. The current work explores the direct relationships between the cognitive–personality characteristics of sociotropy–autonomy and depression in a sample of 43 patients with DSM-IV unipolar major depression and 43 nondepressed community controls. Controls were matched to cases on age, race, and sex, and all analyses controlled for the effects of adverse life events and socioeconomic status. Specific subscales of sociotropy (i.e., concern about disapproval) and autonomy (i.e., need for control) were strong predictors of depressive status independent of the occurrence of stressful life events. Findings indicate that it remains useful to examine cognitive–personality characteristics as direct predictors of depression, and that core features of these cognitive–personality styles are likely to provide a better measure of depressive vulnerability than are global indices.
Selection and Placement of Intraperitoneal Catheters for IP Chemotherapy for Ovarian Cancer

Intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of chemotherapy has been demonstrated to improve the survival of women diagnosed with advanced ovarian cancer (including primary peritoneal and fallopian tube cancers) (Alberts et al. (1996) N Engl J Med 335(26):1950–1955; Armstrong et al. (2006) N Engl J Med 354(1):34–43; Markman et a. (1998) J Clin Oncol 16(8):2620–2624; Walker et al. (2006) Gynecol Oncol 100(1):27–32). The immediate placement of a peritoneal catheter at the time of primary surgical resection of cancer is ideal (Walker et al. (2006) Gynecol Oncol 100(1):27–32). Delayed placement is acceptable for women at increased risk of complications, or with an uncertain diagnosis or stage of cancer (Alberts et al. (2006) Gynecol Oncol 103(3):783–792; Markman and Walker (2006) J Clin Oncol 24(6):988–994).
Corneal Hydration Control in Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose. To assess the effects of diabetes mellitus on corneal structure and function. Methods. The authors measured endothelial permeability to fluorescein and corneal deswelling for 7.5 hours after 2 hours of hypoxic contact lens wear in 20 patients with diabetes who had nonproliferative retinopathy and 21 age-matched control subjects. Central corneal endothelial photographs were also taken. Corneal deswelling rates, expressed as percent recovery per hour (PRPH), and open eye steady state (OESS) thickness were estimated by nonlinear regression techniques. Results. The OESS thickness was greater in patients with diabetes than in controls (562 ± 35 fim versus 539 ± 24 fan, P = 0.02). During hypoxia, the diabetic corneas swelled less (7.7% ± 1.8% versus 9.9% ± 1.6%, P < 0.001) and had less endothelial permeability (3.55 ± 0.83 X 10" 4 cm/min versus 4.14 ± 0.68 X 10" 4 cm/min, P = 0.02) than the controls. During normoxia after contact lens removal, however, diabetic and control corneas had similar deswelling rates and permeabilities. Corneal autofluorescence was increased in the patients with diabetes (8.1 ± 3.1 versus 6.0 ± 1.9 ng/ml fluorescein equivalents, P= .005). The endothelial cells of the two groups were morphologically similar. Within the group with diabetes, however, those with moderate nonproliferative retinopathy had larger coefficients of variation of cell area and smaller percentages of hexagonal cells than those with mild nonproliferative retinopathy. Conclusions. Although the diabetic corneas were thicker and more autofluorescent than control corneas, during hypoxia they swelled less and had decreased endothelial permeability. During normoxia, however, no difference was found in endothelial permeability or deswelling rate. The effects of diabetes on endothelial cell morphologic features appear to be related to the severity of the diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;586-595.
Cyberterrorism: Are We Legally Ready?

Human beings, by their very nature, have a tendency to find the destructive side of most innovations and advancements. Current technological developments present us with opportunities to enrich our lives by using simple, quick and high-quality devices. At the same time, these technological developments also hold the potential to be used as weapons in the hands of terrorists. When I first became acquainted with the idea of cyberterrorism, I was fascinated by the large amount of ink that had already been spilled on the gloom prospects that cyberterrorism is not a question of “if” but of “when.” However, there was no reference as to how the international community can react to such an attack after it had happened. This article is an attempt to take that next step, and try to analyze whether the international tool kit is well equipped to handle cyberterrorism. I have focused on the legal aspects, rather than discussing the technological options to combat cyberterrorism. While existing counter-terror conventions could, by way of legal interpretation, apply to cyberterrorism, there could be a better direct way of addressing this threat, via the creation of an explicit regime for the suppression of cyberterrorism consisting of conventional prohibitions, Security Council resolutions and international criminal laws. The article includes four parts. Part I sets the stage for the arguments presented above, and provides a brief introduction to the concept of terrorism and the international response to these terrorist threats. Part II defines what cyberterrorism is and what distinguishes it from other manifestations of terrorism. Part III examines international conventions that were designed to address certain types of terrorism and whether they would be applicable in cases of cyberterrorism. Finally, Part IV discusses several avenues to address cyberterrorism in the future.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia: new bone marrow transplantation options.

Purpose/objectives To describe new bone marrow transplantation (BMT) options for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), as well as their applications and prognoses, and to describe the role of the oncology nurse in caring for the BMT recipient and options for future nursing research. Data sources Published articles, book chapters, and personal experience. Data synthesis Various pretransplant agents and methods are under investigation to improve the outcome and reduce the costs of allogeneic and autologous BMT and peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplants. Preliminary results of current studies indicate that autologous BMTs and PBPC transplants have merit as a treatment option in patients with AML and require further research. For patients with APL, BMT usually is reserved for those who fail to achieve or relapse after achieving remission with chemotherapy. Preliminary data show that patients with CML and APL who receive a PBPC transplant engraft more rapidly with decreased morbidity and mortality. Conclusions BMT options for patients with CML and APL continue to evolve as advances in pretransplant methods and symptom management become capable of improving the outcome, decreasing costs, and shifting patient care to the outpatient and homecare settings. Implications for nursing practice Understanding the marrow transplant options available to patients with CML and APL is essential for nurses. They must stay informed about ongoing improvements in pretransplant processes and symptom-management procedures that reduce BMT morbidity and mortality. Inpatient and outpatient nurses need to collaborate and participate in nursing research to find better ways of providing the best care possible for patients.
Citizen Participation and Consensus Building in Land Use Planning

A case study describing the role played by a citizen task force in planning for the extension of a subway northwest of Boston suggests that direct public participation—in which citizens share responsibility with elected appointed officials for resolving land use disputes—can be achieved. Strategies for resolving disputes for building consensus are examined along with the reluctance of vested interests to participate in such bargaining efforts, and the implications of the special case for planning practice in general.
Responding to the Wrong-Way Driving Problem with Limited Resources by Optimizing the Placement of Wrong-Way Driving Countermeasure Technologies on Limited Access Facilities:

It can be expensive for agencies to deploy wrong-way driving (WWD) countermeasure technologies on limited access facilities. This paper discusses a WWD crash risk (WWCR) reduction approach to help ...
Youth sport specialization: a multidisciplinary scoping systematic review

Despite continued interest in youth sport participation, the consensus among researchers is that a thorough understanding of the phenomenon of youth sport specialization is still lacking. The popul...
College expectations of eighth grade students: The role of learning approaches and parent influences

Abstract The development of expectations to attend college is the first step toward future college attendance, yet its predictors are not fully understood. The current study seeks to identify individual and parent predictors of expectations for college completion among eighth grade students and examine inter-relationships between the independent variables. Data were used from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative and longitudinal study of 21,260 kindergarteners. Logistic regression models were employed to predict college expectations of eighth grade students from child and parent characteristics. Youth were more likely to expect to complete college when they had greater learning approaches (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.05–3.15) and higher school competence/liking (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.13–2.26). Controlling for demographic covariates, the odds of students expecting to complete college were nearly four times greater for youth whose parents expected them to complete a bachelor's degree (OR = 3.82, 95% CI = 2.34–6.23), compared to parents who expected their children to complete high school or less. A generalized structural equation model was then specified to understand the inter-relationships between child's behavior, learning approaches, and reading and math abilities. Child's self-control (β = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.53–0.60) and internalizing behavior (β = −0.15, 95% CI = -0.19 - -0.12) significantly predicted learning approaches, which then predicted child's reading ability (β = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.20–0.28) and math ability (β = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.00–0.53). Future research should examine effectiveness of programs seeking to increase student learning abilities and feelings of competence.
Epidemiology of smokeless tobacco use in the United States and other countries

Abstract Smokeless tobacco (ST) is widely used in the United States and internationally. Differences in the definition of ST affect estimates derived from surveys. Use prevalence and trends are reviewed for the United States and for other countries. In general, use has declined in the United States in the past 25 years, with prevalence now
Exploring Factors Associated with Physical Activity in Latino Immigrants.

Latinos are at increased risk for developing chronic conditions. Regular physical activity (PA) assists in protecting adults from developing type 2 diabetes, excess weight, and heart disease, makin...
The role of theory of mind and learning of children with autism spectrum disorders in classroom settings

Developing social competence is inherently difficult for learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These challenges related to social competence are often attributed to social cognition including Theory of Mind (ToM) and not only interfere with the ability to attain and maintain social relationships but can also hinder academic performance. Educators are responsible and accountable for improving the academic performance of children with ASD and because of this emphasis on academic instruction, interventions that address social cognition including ToM may be overlooked in classroom settings. Yet, the influence of ToM and social cognition on both social and academic performance makes it essential that educators begin to address these skills early and in classroom settings. The purpose of this paper is to review the ToM construct as well as the links between ToM and the academic skill development of learners with ASD. This article includes examples of evidence-based educational strategies (i.e., reading and mathematics) for students with ASD and explain how these strategies may also support ToM.
Young Children's Attitudes Toward Peers Who Wear Hearing Aids

Purpose This study examined whether young children with normal hearing demonstrated negative attitudes toward peers wearing hearing aids, often described as the "hearing aid effect." The effect of age on these attitudes was also examined. Method Forty-five typically developing children with normal hearing, aged 6-11 years, were recruited to answer questions about and rate photos of children with and without hearing aids in areas of peer acceptance as well as physical and cognitive competence. Participants completed a forced-choice task, a perceived competence rating task, and a sociometric rating task. Results Children in this study perceived their peers who wore hearing aids as having less physical competence and less peer acceptance than peers without hearing aids, thus confirming a hearing aid effect in children as young as 6 years of age. Both younger and older children were more likely to choose pictures of children wearing hearing aids as having less peer acceptance than pictures of children who were not wearing hearing aids. Older children were also more likely to choose a picture of a child with hearing aids as having less physical competence than a picture of a child without hearing aids. Conclusion These findings should serve to alert professionals who work with children who have hearing loss that additional support and education might be warranted for these children and their peers with normal hearing.
Engineering the Bio-Nano Interface Using a Multifunctional Coordinating Polymer Coating.

ConspectusIn the past three decades, interest in using nanoparticles as diagnostic tools to interrogate various biosystems has witnessed remarkable growth. For instance, it has been shown that nano...
A Compact Chip-less RFID Tag for IoT Applications

This paper presents a compact and cost effective chip-less RFID tag (CRFID) to be operated in 4–14 GHz band. The tag has circular and diagonal closed loop rings for generating multiple resonances to encode a 12-bit sequence. It has a size of $\mathbf{1.4}\times\mathbf{1.4\ cm}^{\mathbf{2}}$ and code density of 6.122 bits/cm2. The proposed tag is modeled upon low cost FR4 substrate and has a planar construct. Due to its attractive features such as long bit-encoding capability, compact size and ease of fabrication, this CRFID is deemed quite suitable to be used in various RFID application scenarios in Internet of Things.
Signal transduction with a swing

The continuous monitoring of proteins is a current challenge in medical diagnostics. A new electrochemical approach aiming to address this has been described. The method uses antibodies as a recognition element to achieve the real-time measurement of proteins in saliva in the mouth.
Indoor and outdoor microbiological air quality in naturally and mechanically ventilated university libraries

Abstract Microbiological air pollutants i.e. airborne bacteria and fungi in public libraries are a potential risk to human health and paper heritage. The present study aims to investigate the variation of indoor and outdoor microbial air quality in the libraries of a public university in relation to ventilation system type, microenvironmental conditions and outdoor microbial concentrations. To determine the bacterial and fungal concentrations, air samples were collected on TSA and PDA media respectively. Fungal and bacterial concentrations ranged within 20–250 CFU/m3 and 20–230 CFU/m3 in indoor and 280–510 CFU/m3 and 20–100 CFU/m3 in the outdoor, respectively. Indoor/Outdoor ratio was lower than 1 for fungi and exceeded 1 for bacteria, indicating that outdoor (plants, soil, waste food, etc.) is the main source of fungi whereas, for bacteria, it is indoor (occupants and their activities). Penicillium spp. (43.6%), Cladosporium spp. (30.5%), and Aspergillus spp. (13%) were found as the dominant fungal genera whereas Bacillus spp. (35%), Staphylococcus spp. (23%), and Micrococcus spp. (18%) were prevailing in monitored libraries. Considering much higher (almost 15 times) occupancy in the library with central mechanical heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations were expected to be higher accordingly. However, the concentration were comparable to those in the buildings facilitated with natural ventilation which indicate that better performance of centralized HVAC system helped neutralizing the effect of higher occupancy on air quality..
Undersulfated heparan sulfate in a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant defective in heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase.

Abstract Heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase catalyzes the transfer of sulfate groups from adenosine 3'-phosphate, 5'-phosphosulfate to the free amino groups of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate. We have identified a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant, designated pgsE-606, which is 3-5-fold defective in N-sulfotransferase activity. The residual enzyme activity is indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme with respect to Km values for adenosine 3'-phosphate,5'-phosphosulfate and N-desulfoheparin, pH dependence, Arrhenius activation energy, and thermal lability. The mutation is recessive, and mixing experiments indicate that the mutant does not produce soluble antagonists of N-sulfotransferase. Inspection of the heparan sulfate chains from the mutant showed that the extent of N-sulfation is reduced about 2-3-fold. The addition of sulfate to hydroxyl groups on the chain is reduced to a similar extent, suggesting that N-sulfation and O-sulfation are normally coupled. Nitrous acid fragmentation of the chains showed that N-sulfated glucosamine residues are spaced much less frequently than in heparan sulfate from wild-type cells. The close correlation of enzyme activity to the number and position of N-sulfate groups indicates that N-sulfotransferase plays a pivotal role in determining the extent of sulfation of heparan sulfate.
Ensuring academic integrity in the age of the Internet: evaluating a web-based analytic tool

The following paper details the results of a recent evaluation of TurnItIn.com by The Faculty Development Center at the University of Maine.
Optimum detergency conditions with nonionic surfactants: II. Effect of hydrophobic additives

Abstract Optimum detergent action for hydrocarbon soils in systems containing a mixture of two nonionic surfactants or one nonionic surfactant and a lipophilic additive occurs at a temperature approximately equal to a suitably chosen phase inversion temperature (PIT). When the amount of the aqueous bath containing the surfactant mixture or surfactant-additive mixture greatly exceeds the amount of soil, as in many practical situations, the PIT is that of a system whose surfactant films in the middle phase microemulsion have the same composition as that of the initial mixture. Enhanced videomicroscopy, phase equilibrium, and detergency experiments whose results lead to this conclusion are described.
Representation of retrieval confidence by single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe

Memory-based decisions are often accompanied by an assessment of choice certainty, but the mechanisms of such confidence judgments remain unknown. We studied the response of 1,065 individual neurons in the human hippocampus and amygdala while neurosurgical patients made memory retrieval decisions together with a confidence judgment. Combining behavioral, neuronal and computational analysis, we identified a population of memory-selective (MS) neurons whose activity signaled stimulus familiarity and confidence, as assessed by subjective report. In contrast, the activity of visually selective (VS) neurons was not sensitive to memory strength. The groups further differed in response latency, tuning and extracellular waveforms. The information provided by MS neurons was sufficient for a race model to decide stimulus familiarity and retrieval confidence. Together, our results indicate a trial-by-trial relationship between a specific group of neurons and declared memory strength in humans. We suggest that VS and MS neurons are a substrate for declarative memories.
Post-exercise aortic hemodynamic responses to low-intensity resistance exercise with and without vascular occlusion

High-intensity resistance exercise may acutely increase arterial stiffness. Vascular occlusion (VO) acutely decreases arterial stiffness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate acute aortic hemodynamic responses to low-intensity resistance exercise (LIRE) with slow eccentric movement with and without VO. Twenty-three young healthy subjects (12 women and 11 men) were randomized into three trials: seated control (CON), LIRE (six sets at 40% one repetition maximum), and LIRE with VO. Vascular measurements were assessed before, immediately (post1), and 30 min after (post30) each trial. There were significant (P<0.05) time effects and trial-by-time interactions such that the changes were greater after the LIRE trials compared with CON. Aortic blood pressure [systolic (∼10 mmHg) and diastolic (∼5 mmHg)], heart rate (∼23 b.p.m.), and the first (∼10 mmHg) and second systolic peak (∼9 mmHg) increased, whereas time to reflection decreased (∼15 ms) at post1. All measurements returned to baseline at post30, except aortic augmentation index (AIx), which decreased ∼5% after the LIRE trials compared with CON. Increases in cardiovascular variables immediately after the LIRE trials were mild and short lasting. Our results indicate that LIRE acutely decreases AIx 30 min after exercise cessation. The use of moderate intermittent VO during LIRE does not produce additional post-exercise vascular effects.
Hydroboration: LVIII. Monohydroboration of alkynes with representative dialkylboranes of varying steric requirements. A general synthesis of dialkylvinylboranes

The hydroboration of alkynes with representative dialkylboranes (R2BH) covering a range of structural types has been examined. Convenient methods now available for the preparation of a variety of R2BH, via hydridation of the corresponding dialkylchloroboranes (R2BCl), permitted a systematic investigation of the hydroboration of terminal and internal alkynes with these reagents. The monohydroboration internal alkynes generally proceeds cleanly. However, in the monohydroboration of terminal alkynes, varying amounts of dihydroborated products are also formed, the amount of such side products varying with the steric requirements of R2BH. Thus, relatively less hindered dialkylboranes, such as borinane, 9-borabicyclo [3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), and di-n-hexylborane, produce considerable quantities of 1, 1-diboraalkanes, whereas, sterically more demanding reagents, such as bis(3-hexyl)borane, dicyclohexylborane, and disiamylborane, afford insignificant amounts of dibora derivatives, Dihydroboration is noticeably suppressed by carrying out the hydroboration at lower reaction temperatures.
Morphine stimulates phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human microglial cells: involvement of a G protein-coupled opiate receptor

Abstract Opiate-induced immunosuppression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of infections caused by a variety of microorganisms, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although effects of opiates on lymphocyte function have been studied more extensively, morphine also has been shown to inhibit several functional activities of mononuclear phagocytes (e.g. chemotaxis, respiratory burst activity and phagocytosis). Opiate addiction has been identified as a risk factor for clinical tuberculosis prior to the HIV epidemic, and macrophages are a key cell in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, the hypothesis was tested in the present study that morphine would suppress phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis by human microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the brain. Contrary to this hypothesis, treatment of human fetal microglial cell cultures with morphine (10−8 m ) was found to stimulate phagocytosis of nonopsonized M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The stimulatory effect of morphine was blocked by naloxone and the μ opiate receptor selective antagonist β-funaltrexamine. Also, morphine-induced increase in phagocytic activity was markedly inhibited by pertussis toxin and was unaffected by cholera toxin, suggesting the mechanism of morphine's stimulatory effect on microglial cell phagocytosis involves a Gi protein-coupled μ opiate receptor. The results of this in vitro study support the concept that exogenous and endogenous opioids play an immunomodulatory role within the central nervous system through their interaction with G protein-coupled receptors on microglial cells.
Habituation to illness: Effects of prior experience with the US on the formation of learned taste aversions in rats

Experiment 1 investigated the effects of US habituation on the acquisition and extinction of learned taste aversions in rats. Subjects receiving five noncontingent LiCl intubations prior to conditioning failed to develop a conditioned taste aversion, while control subjects experiencing a single saccharin/LiCl pairing displayed a pronounced taste aversion which weakened during subsequent poisonings. Experiment 2 examined whether habituation, defined as a waning of responses to repeated presentation of an illness stimulus, was a possible mechanism for explaining the results of Experiment 1. Subjects showed a decrease in motor activity following an initial LiCl intubation, but less attenuation of activity with successive intubations.
On the Nature of Thin Films Generated during the Laser-Assisted Molecular Beam Deposition of Metal Plasma and Organic Vapors

Micrometer thick polymeric films containing embedded metallic nanoparticles have been fabricated via the technique of laser-assisted molecular beam deposition. A gaseous mixture of acetylene/acetone is expanded supersonically into the plasma plume of laser-ablated metallic (copper, titanium) targets and then expanded toward a substrate. The formation of these polymeric films is found to be not simply due to thermal effects of the plasma but also due to catalytic activity of the metal clusters. In the case of copper metal it is found to be physically embedded as metallic nanoparticles. In the case of the titanium, the metal is found to be bonded with oxygen.
Two-step Mechanism That Determines the Donor Binding Specificity of Human UDP-N-acetylhexosaminyltransferase

In its x-ray crystal structures, α-1,4-N-acteylhexosaminyltransferase (exostosin-like protein 2 (EXTL2)) forms no direct interaction with the N-acetyl group of the UDP-N-acetylhexosamine. Mutation of the residues that interact with the hydroxyl groups of the donor not only failed to abrogate donor binding but in fact increased binding affinity. Isothermal titration calorimetry is now used to examine the binding nature of various UDP-sugars in H2O and D2O solutions. UDP-N-acetylhexosamines bind to EXTL2 with a high affinity in both solutions, resulting in a relatively large increase of entropy, whereas the weak binding of UDP-galactose and -glucose, which occurred only in D2O solution, only slightly increased entropy. Thus, specific donor binding appears to undergo two distinct steps, beginning with the N-acetyl group expelling water from the donor· enzyme complex into the bulk solvent followed by positioning of the donor into the binding site for the subsequent interactions with the enzyme.
GTP stabilization of adenylate cyclase activated and ADP-ribosylated by choleragen.

Abstract Choleragen activates adenylate cyclase in human skin fibroblasts by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of the 42,000 and 47,000 dalton guanyl nucleotide-binding regulatory components (G) of adenylate cyclase. The ADP-ribose linkage to 42,000 and 47,000 dalton proteins was stable at 30°C for 1 h with or without GTP, whereas GTP was required to stabilize activity of the G proteins. In human erythrocytes, choleragen catalyzed the ADP-ribosylation of only a 42,000 dalton G. The ADP-ribosyl-protein linkage was stable for 1 h at 30°C whether or not GTP was present, despite a rapid loss of G activity in the absence of GTP. Inactivation of choleragen-activated G in both the human fibroblast and human erythrocyte is, therefore, not secondary to the de-ADP-ribosylation of specifically labeled G subunits.
A Problem of Personality: Scientist and Practitioner Differences in Psychology

Differences between scientists and practitioners have been one of the most consistent and controversial topics throughout the history of American psychology. Even though many qualitative arguments and indirect quantitative studies have been offered in the literature, scientist and practitioner personality perspectives have never been measured directly. We have done so in this study, and we argue that these differences can be conceptualized within a personality framework. Results of our study demonstrate that interest in scientist activities and interest in practitioner activities were both predicted by theoretical orientations and vocational personality styles. Scientist and practitioner interests were predicted by these variables in opposite directions. We conclude by noting that while the conflict between scientist and practitioner personality styles is often said to be solvable by appropriate education, training models provide only partial solutions. It would be useful for training models to examine the role of personality differences in scientist-practitioner orientations in order to design realistic programs and objectives.
Determination of the action patterns of glycanases.

Abstract A simple, sensitive, rapid technique for determining the action pattern of glycanases is presented that is based on a steady-state measurement of the average chain length of the reaction products, and is applicable to any polysaccharide regardless of structure or solubility. The action patterns of three carbohydrases have been confirmed by use of the procedure.
π-GMO: Another modification of Gd2(MoO4)3

Abstract A new high-pressure modification of gadolinium molybdate, Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 , is described. This form, designated as π-GMO, is x-ray amorphous with a density intermediate to the established α and β′ structures. Its preparation and physical parameters are discussed.
Redundancy and variation in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic targeting of a transcription factor.

As central components of the intricate networks of eukaryotic gene regulation, transcription factors are frequent targets of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. A well-known example is the budding yeast MATα2 (α2) transcriptional repressor, which functions as a master regulator of cell-type determination. Degradation of α2 by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is necessary for a phenotypic switch from one cell type to another. A surprisingly complex set of ubiquitin-protein conjugation mechanisms are involved. One pathway utilizes an integral-membrane ubiquitin ligase (E3) that also functions in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Recently, we showed that a second α2 ubiquitylation pathway uses a heterodimeric E3 that, while able to bind the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO, directly recognizes non-sumoylated α2. Other transcription factors are now also known to be ubiquitylated by multiple mechanisms; as many as a dozen E3s have been implicated in the degradation of the human p53 tumor suppressor, for example. We discuss general issues of redundancy and mechanistic variation in protein modification by ubiquitin.
Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in the atmosphere of Western Riverside County, California

Elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and PM2.5 mass concentrations were measured from September 2001 through January 2002 in Mira Loma, CA. EC and OC were analyzed using the NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) 5040 thermal/optical transmittance method. OC concentrations in Mira Loma were found to be higher than those of other urban sites in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB), while EC concentrations were comparable to or lower than those of other SoCAB sites. Overall, OC and EC concentrations accounted for 26% and 5% of the total PM2.5, respectively. OC/EC ratios ranged from 1.6 to 12.8 with an average of 5.2. These values were higher than those observed at other urban sites in the United States by a factor of 2. A stronger correlation between suspended OC and EC concentrations was noted in months with lower photochemical activity (December and January, r=0.82) than in months with greater photochemical activity (September and October, r=0.64). The elevated levels of OC, OC/EC ratios, and the seasonal difference in correlation between OC and EC concentrations were attributed in part to significant secondary organic aerosol formation. The fraction of total organic carbon that was secondary organic carbon (SOC) was estimated using the OC/EC minimum ratio method and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) modeling. Based on the OC/EC minimum ratio method, the contribution of SOC to the total organic carbon tended to be higher during the months with greater photochemical activity (63%) than those with lower photochemical activity (44%). Based on CMB modeling, SOC contributed to 14% of the total PM2.5 mass and 57% of the total organic carbon during the study period. Overall, these findings suggest that photochemical activity can appreciably affect total PM2.5 mass concentrations in Mira Loma, and that measures to control emissions of SOC precursors incorporated as part of a region-wide air quality management plan could lead to a perceptible drop in total PM2.5 mass concentrations in this area.
Combustion and pyrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). III. The effect of tris(2,3‐dibromopropyl) phosphate on the products of pyrolysis

The influence of the flame retardant chemical tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, and the related chemical species, tripropyl phosphate and 2,3-dibromopropanol, on the products of pyrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate), has been examined as a function of chemical concentration. The species containing phosphourus only and bromine only had little effect on the composition and concentration of the pyrolysis products. The tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate had a significant effect upon the pyrolysis product distribution, and is capable of influencing the decomposition reactions of poly(ethylene terephthalate).
Post-modern Perspective on the Economics of African American Fatherhood

The economics of African American fatherhood have not been effectively conveyed to social work practitioners. The prevailing assumption of African American fathers by practitioners is that they are absent or dysfunctional. Despite the existence of successful African American fathers, bias in the literature and practice reinforce deficit models as African American. To eliminate bias, social scientists and human service practitioners must devise constructs reflective of the strengths of African American fatherhood. The present paper will bring clarity to ecological factors that impact fatherhood for African Americans and provide human service practitioners more informed perspectives to assist in working with Black families.
Atomic force microscopy study of nano-physiological response of ladybird beetles to photostimuli.

Background Insects are of interest not only as the most numerous and diverse group of animals but also as highly efficient bio-machines varying greatly in size. They are the main human competitors for crop, can transmit various diseases, etc. However, little study of insects with modern nanotechnology tools has been done. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we applied an atomic force microscopy (AFM) method to study stimulation of ladybird beetles with light. This method allows for measuring of the internal physiological responses of insects by recording surface oscillations in different parts of the insect at sub-nanometer amplitude level and sub-millisecond time. Specifically, we studied the sensitivity of ladybird beetles to light of different wavelengths. We demonstrated previously unknown blindness of ladybird beetles to emerald color (~500nm) light, while being able to see UV-blue and green light. Furthermore, we showed how one could study the speed of the beetle adaptation to repetitive flashing light and its relaxation back to the initial stage. Conclusions The results show the potential of the method in studying insects. We see this research as a part of what might be a new emerging area of “nanophysiology” of insects.
A functional mutant of tRNAArg2 with ten extra nucleotides in its TFC arm

Abstract An unusual, spontaneously arising mutant of Escherichia coli tRNA Arg 2 has been deduced to have two extra nucleotides in its anticodon loop and a duplication of ten nucleotide residues in the TFC loop. This conclusion is based on its gene sequence, Northern blot analysis of isolated tRNA and the size of the in vitro -processed tRNA product. In vitro analyses showed that the mutant precursor is processed normally, albeit inefficiently, to a mature tRNA species 12 nucleotides longer than the wild-type. In addition, the mature tRNA functions as a frameshift suppressor in vivo . Several related mutants with more conservative changes within the gene sequence were similarly shown to be accurately processed, albeit with varying degrees of efficiency less than that of the wild-type. These results indicate that in spite of the high degree of evolutionary conservation of the tertiary structure of tRNAs, and the fact that no such naturally-occurring variant has been found, a greatly enlarged tRNA is capable of functioning in protein synthesis. The data also indicate that recognition sites for correct processing of precursor tRNAs may be unexpectedly tolerant of unusual context, and may depend on some specific features of the tertiary structure rather than the overall structure for accurate processing.
The early embryology of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Early embryogenesis is described for the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi Barber, at 24 ± 1°C. During the first four hours following oviposition, the maturation divisions and syngamy are completed. Morphological changes in the second polar body accompany syngamy. Cleavage divisions and energid migration occur during the fourth to the tenth hour. The vitellophags, which appear during cleavage divisions, are distinguished from the blastema-bound nuclei by having smaller, more densely staining nuclei. After completion of a uniform blastoderm (11-14 hour), cell division ceases until the completion of the germ band and the formation of the embryonic membranes (22 hour). This species has a pattern of amnion formation that is different from most Coleoptera but is shared with a few other chrysomelids, some Isoptera, and some Odonata.