cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Numerical Solution of Schrödinger's Equation

Schr\"odinger's equation may be approximated to any desired accuracy by a difference equation over a lattice covering the region of integration. The solutions of this difference equation minimize a certain quadratic form (analogous to the energy integral $\ensuremath{\int}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{*}H\ensuremath{\psi}$) subject to certain normalization and, for the higher states, orthogonality conditions. A practical numerical method is developed for the solution of this variation problem. By altering the values of a rough solution at each lattice point in turn by a simple improvement formula, the value of the quadratic form is continually decreased until the desired minimum is reached. Illustrations of the method are given for one-dimensional problems. Practical details are given for handling two-dimensional lattices, in particular for the solution of the problem of one electron in an axially symmetric field.
Preparations of (1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane)RhMe3, Some of Its Rh−C Acid-Cleavage Derivatives, and (1,4,7-Trineohexyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane)RhMe3

The series of Cn-coordinated organorhodium complexes CnRhMe3-nXn and NhCnRhMe3 have been synthesized and characterized (n = 1−3; Cn = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane; NhCn = 1,4,7-trineohexyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane; X = Cl-, Br-, OTf-, BF4-). X-ray diffraction data on CnRhMe3 (1) and NhCnRhMe3 show the expected facial coordination of Cn. The Rh−N lengths show a large trans influence from the strong-field methyl groups. The 1H NMR chemical shifts of the rhodium methyls show a good correlation with the degree of substitution (n) of electron-withdrawing substituents on Rh. CnRhMe3-nXn (n = 1, 2) have well-defined solvent coordination properties when X = OTf- and BF4-. The coordinating ability of the anions for this CnRh system follows the trend BF4- < OTf- ≪ Br- < Cl-. The relative coordinating ability of solvents for these complexes is CH2Cl2 ≪ MeOH < DMSO < H2O. CnRhMe2(OTf) and CnRhMe(OTf)2 react with CO to form [CnRhMe2(CO)]OTf and (in THF) [CnRhMe(CO)(THF)](OTf)2, respectively, which do not und...
An atomistic study of the equilibrium segregation of hydrogen to tilt boundaries in nickel

In this study, Monte Carlo simulations have been combined with Embedded Atom Method (EAM) calculations to study hydrogen segregation at the atomic level in an ideal nickel lattice with a Σ9 tilt boundary. The calculations indicate that trap binding energies exceed 0.5 eV on the tilt boundary, but decrease rapidly with distance. Furthermore, the calculations show that trap site occupancy increases with trap site binding energy and hydrogen activity, and reach saturation at high hydrogen concentrations. Most importantly, significant rearrangements in tilt boundary structure are predicted to occur as hydrogen concentration increases. The results are consistent with observations that show significant hydrogen concentration enhancement at grain boundaries in nickel and palladium. They also parallel the effect of hydrogen concentration on crack growth susceptibility in nickel and iron-rich alloys. However, the change in boundary structure as hydrogen concentration increases challenges our understanding of hydrogen-induced fracture.
The Implications of Alabama Department of Revenue v. CSX Transportation Inc. and Direct Marketing Association v. Brohl

This essay analyzes the implications of two recent Supreme Court cases on state and local taxation: Alabama Department of Revenue v. CSX Transportation Inc. and Direct Marketing Association v. Brohl. We argue that both of these decisions not only fail to resolve major issues in state and local taxation, but actually unsettle these issues.
Hypertension as a risk factor syndrome: therapeutic implications.

Reduction of blood pressure as the only therapeutic goal of antihypertensive treatment may no longer be appropriate. High blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, but clinical trials of antihypertensive therapy have shown an inconsistent reduction in major cardiovascular endpoints. Importantly, the incidence of coronary artery disease has been reduced to only a small extent, suggesting that factors beyond high blood pressure are important in the genesis of atherosclerotic disease in hypertensive patients. It is evident, for example, that patients with hypertension have an exaggerated vulnerability to the consequences of lipid abnormalities
Electrophysiological Correlates of Feeding Behavior in Tubularia

Several studies have described spontaneous electrical activity in hydroids. Some of the observed pulses have common features in that they are relatively large in amplitude, on the order of several millivolts, have long duration, up to several hundred milliseconds, and may be externally recorded from large blocks of tissue. Such potentials, which are associated with simple recurrent behavioral activity, were first observed in Tubularia by Josephson (1962), in Hydra by Passano and McCullough (1962), in Obelia by Morin and Cooke (1971), in Corymorpha by Ball (1973).
Export-Led Growth, International Debts and a Proposal for an International Payments Scheme

A consistent theme throughout this book has been that neoclassical logic has assumed away questions that are fundamental to a market-oriented, money-using economy. These problems are particularly relevant for understanding the current international payments relations that involve liquidity, persistent and growing debt obligations, and the importance of stable rather than flexible exchange rates.
Indirect Electroorganic Reactions (Indirect Electrolysis)

A formal definition of direct and indirect electroorganic reactions was given in Chapter 1. The purpose of the present chapter is to provide a fundamental understanding of indirect electrolysis for organic synthesis. In Steckhan’s view [1] indirect electroorganic synthesis is a “modern chapter in organic electrochemistry.” Conceptually, almost any electrosynthesis may be considered feasible by either direct or indirect electrolysis. However, in practice there are some distinct differences between these two general types of electrochemical processes. The practical significance of the difference would depend on the specific goal of the project undertaken and the scale of the process in the laboratory or in the plant. Both direct and indirect electrochemical processes have come into existence since the birth of electrochemical technology. Indirect electrolysis processes have been recently considered from both theoretical and practical perspectives by Steckhan [1] (1986), Alkire [2] (1986) and Pitchaichanarong [3] (1990). We may note that many apparently chemical processes in which redox reagents are used are actually electrochemical processes if we consider that the redox reagents were prepared in some electrochemical cells, although in places remote from the actual place of use. (The scholarly M. Baizer used to call these processes “cryptoelectrochemical”.)
Testing the two‐layer model for correcting near‐cloud reflectance enhancement using LES/SHDOM‐simulated radiances

A transition zone exists between cloudy skies and clear sky, such that clouds scatter solar radiation into clear sky regions. From a satellite perspective, it appears that clouds enhance the radiation nearby. We seek a simple method to estimate this enhancement, since it is so computationally expensive to account for all 3-dimensional (3D) scattering processes. In previous studies, we developed a simple two-layer model (2LM) that estimated the radiation scattered via cloud-molecular interactions. Here we have developed a new model to accounts for cloud-surface interaction (CSI). We test the models by comparing to calculations provided by full 3D radiative transfer simulations of realistic cloud scenes. For these scenes, the MODIS-like radiance fields were computed from the Spherical Harmonic Discrete Ordinate Method (SHDOM), based on a large number of cumulus fields simulated by the UCLA Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model. We find that the original 2LM model that estimates cloud-air molecule interactions accounts for 64% of the total reflectance enhancement, and the new model (2LM+CSI) that also includes cloud-surface interactions accounts for nearly 80%. We discuss the possibility of accounting for cloud-aerosol radiative interactions in 3D cloud induced reflectance enhancement, which may explain the remaining 20% of enhancements. Because these are simple models, these corrections can be applied to global satellite observations (e.g. MODIS) and help to reduce biases in aerosol and other clear-sky retrievals.
The Influence of Situational Interest on Learning Outcomes for Science Videos

Recent issues in education have given rise to a desire for developing more interesting and engaging learning experiences. However, there is disagreement in the scientific literature over the role of interesting details provided in learning materials (Rey, 2012). Some studies show that highly interesting information can be highly motivating, thus leading to enhanced learning. Other studies find that interesting information that incites high levels of emotional engagement hinders learning. There is some limited evidence that this seductive detail effect is due to additional cognitive load or the priming of inappropriate schema, and therefore, this effect could be weakened if the emotionally interesting information is relevant to the main idea. This study considers whether performance on both recall and transfer tests can be negatively or positively impacted by interesting learning material, depending on the relevance to the main idea.
Remodeling science education

Radical reform in science and mathematics education is needed to prepare citizens for challenges of the emerging knowledge‐based global economy. We consider definite proposals to establish: (1) Standards of science and math literacy for all students. (2) Integration of the science curriculum with structure of matter, energy, models and modeling as unifying themes. (3) Pedagogy promoting scientific inquiry and argumentation. (4) Sustained professional development and support for teachers. (5) Institutional support from local universities for continuous upgrades in curriculum and teaching practices. Physics plays a central role in all these reforms.
Monolith-Supported Amine-Functionalized Mg2(dobpdc) Adsorbents for CO2 Capture

The potential of using an amine-functionalized metal organic framework (MOF), mmen-M2(dobpdc) (M = Mg and Mn), supported on a structured monolith contactor for CO2 capture from simulated flue gas is explored. The stability of the unsupported MOF powders under humid conditions is explored using nitrogen physisorption and X-ray diffraction analysis before and after exposure to humidity. Based on its superior stability to humidity, mmen-Mg2(dobpdc) is selected for further growth on a honeycomb cordierite monolith that is wash-coated with α-alumina. A simple approach for the synthesis of an Mg2(dobpdc) MOF film using MgO nanoparticles as the metal precursor is used. Rapid drying of MgO on the monolith surface followed by a hydrothermal treatment is demonstrated to allow for the synthesis of a MOF film with good crystallite density and favorable orientation of the MOF crystals. The CO2 adsorption behavior of the monolith-supported mmen-Mg2(dobpdc) material is assessed using 10% CO2 in helium and 100% CO2, demo...
Building the Ties that Bind, Breaking the Ties that Don't

Research Summary Although family support is an important protective factor against recidivism, less is known about how the domain of family works with other elements of the risk–need–responsivity model. By using the Serious and Violent Offenders Reentry Initiative (SVORI) data, we explore whether family and criminal peers have (a) independent and (b) interdependent effects on substance abuse and crime after release from prison. The outcomes of multilevel models demonstrate that the risk factor of criminal peers is as strong, or stronger, of a predictor of substance abuse and crime as is the protective factor of family support for offenders during reentry. Policy Implications Institution-based policies aimed primarily at improving family ties for reentering offenders must begin focusing as much on peers as they do on family. These programs should instead focus on improving family ties (thereby increasing a protective factor) while focusing on severing the offender's relationships with criminally inclined friends (thereby decreasing a risk factor).
The Effect of Gender and Minority Status on Salary in Private and Public ARL Libraries

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify pay disparities within gender and race using private and public Association of Research Libraries (ARL) libraries as a lens. In this study, 44 ARL libraries participated, leading to 1099 usable responses to our survey. The findings indicate that race and gender pay disparities are larger at private libraries than at public libraries. However, disparity levels at both public and private ARL libraries are smaller than the national averages for all professions and continue to shrink.
Beyond Politics: The Private Governance Response to Climate Change

Private sector action provides one of the most promising opportunities to reduce the risks of climate change, buying time while governments move slowly or even oppose climate mitigation. Starting with the insight that much of the resistance to climate mitigation is grounded in concern about the role of government, this books draws on law, policy, social science, and climate science to demonstrate how private initiatives are already bypassing government inaction in the US and around the globe. It makes a persuasive case that private governance can reduce global carbon emissions by a billion tons per year over the next decade. Combining an examination of the growth of private climate initiatives over the last decade, a theory of why private actors are motivated to reduce emissions, and a review of viable next steps, this book speaks to scholars, business and advocacy group managers, philanthropists, policymakers, and anyone interested in climate change.
Violence and Aggression in Spectator Sports: A Prologue

As the title of this book suggests, the chapters it contains deal with the relationship between aggressive and violent play and spectator demand. This is not the first book to examine this issue, as the topic of violence in sports has been the subject of psychologists, sociologist, and other social scholars who are interested in explaining the behavioral motivations of players who engage in aggressive and violent play in contests or who are interested in understanding the behavior of consumers who watch these aggressive and violent games. For instance, sport psychologists are concerned with the individual traits that motivate violent behavior in sport, under the assumption that such violence can be mitigated with appropriate behavior-modification strategies (Abrams 2010).
Promoting reflective learning: the role of blogs in the classroom

The enthusiasm for adopting social media technologies should be tempered by a critical, empirical understanding of how they facilitate an effective learning envionrment. This study analyzed blog use in two graduate-level university courses, specifically identifying reflective learning markers in 279 blog entries. This analysis was deepened with follow-up interviews of several top bloggers. The reflective bloggers were characterized as being comfortable with their audience, having a deeper thought process, enjoying the interaction, and progressing well throughout the semester. Our results suggest guidlines for effective use of blogging in the classroom to support reflective learning.
Obliterative Muscularization of the Small Bowel Submucosa in Crohn Disease A Possible Mechanism of Small Bowel Obstruction

c Context.—The pathology of small bowel obstruction in Crohn disease has not been studied extensively. Stricture formation has been attributed mainly to fibrosis, although muscularization of the submucosa has been discussed previously. Objective.—To identify additional pathologic changes in Crohn disease that could be involved in the formation of strictures. Design.—We reviewed 50 ileal resections from patients with Crohn disease. The histopathologic slides were reviewed initially without knowledge of the macroscopic or clinical findings. We identified an unusual muscular proliferation that we refer to as obliterative muscularization of the submucosa, defined as a thick and continuous muscle layer from the mucosal base to the muscularis propria that is at least 1 cm in length. Subsequently, histopathologic findings were correlated with macroscopic and clinical findings. Results.—Obliterative muscularization of the submucosa was present in 14 specimens, and in 11 of these 14 it was topographically restricted to strictures. Submucosal fibrosis was observed in sections from adjacent regions. Obliterative muscularization of the submucosa, including thickwalled vessels and hyperplastic nerves but not prominent scarring, was more common in specimens with strictures; the difference was statistically significant (P , .001). Conclusions.—Obliterative muscularization of the submucosa may be pathogenetically involved in the formation of strictures either directly by causing a sustained spasm, or indirectly by minimizing the vasoprotective role of the submucosa, impairing repair and enhancing scarring. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:1331‐1334)
Parental Methamphetamine Use and Foster Care: Is the Growth in Foster Care Admissions Explained by the Growth in Meth Use?

Although foster care caseloads have almost doubled over the last two decades, little is known regarding the factors that contributed to this significant growth. This article focuses on one factor, parental illicit drug use, and examines the relationship between parental drug use and foster care admissions. To mitigate the impact of omitted variable and simultaneity bias, we take advantage of two significant, exogenous supply-side interventions in the methamphetamine market, and find robust evidence that methamphetamine use has led in part to the growth in foster care caseloads. Further, in identifying the precise mechanisms that translated growth in methamphetamine use to the observed increase in foster care caseloads, we find that parental incarceration and child neglect have played significant roles in bringing children into the U.S. foster care system. These results suggest that child welfare policies should be designed specifically for the children of methamphetamine-using parents.
Oral benzquinamide in the treatment of nausea and vomiting.

The clinical antiemetic effect of benzquinamide by oral route at a dosage of 100 mg 3 times daily was evaluated by a controlled double-blind method in 183 studies of patients treated with 5-fiuorouracil. The incidence of nausea and vomiting in benzquinamide-treated patients was equal to that in placebo-treated patients and significantly higher than that in patients treated with prochlorperazine, 10 mg 3 times daily. Sedation was the only significant side effect observed. and this occurred at essentially equal rates in benzquinamide- and prochlorperazine-treated patients.
Bilateral Pneumothoraces: A Rare Complication of Septic Pulmonary Emboli in Intravenous Drug Abusers

BACKGROUND Right-sided infective endocarditis is a classic complication of intravenous drug abuse. Without timely bactericidal antibiotics, the disease process can progress to septic pulmonary emboli. Rarely, a pneumothorax can occur as a result of the emboli, and progressive persistent valvular disease may require a valve replacement. Tricuspid valve replacement has a high morbidity rate even in stable patients. CASE REPORT We present a case of tricuspid valve replacement in a 39-year-old man with peripheral intravenous drug abuse who had bilateral pneumothoraces secondary to septic pulmonary emboli originating on large tricuspid valve infected vegetations. The patient died 21 days after the valve replacement. CONCLUSIONS Tricuspid valve replacement is an especially dangerous procedure in intravenous drug abusers who present with bilateral pneumothoraces and advanced cardiopulmonary pathology.
Robust Findings From 25 Years of PTSD Genetics Research

The purpose of this review is to contextualize findings from the first 25 years of PTSD genetics research, focusing on the most robust findings and interpreting results in light of principles that have emerged from modern genetics studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) encompassing tens of thousands of participants enabled the first molecular genetic heritability and genetic correlation estimates for PTSD in 2017. In 2018, highly promising loci for PTSD were reported, including variants in and near the CAMKV, KANSL1, and TCF4 genes. Twin studies from 25 years ago established that PTSD is genetically influenced and foreshadowed the molecular genetic findings of today. Discoveries that were impossible with smaller studies have been achieved via collaborative/team-science efforts. Most promisingly, individual genomic loci offer entirely novel clues about PTSD etiology, providing the raw material for transformative discoveries, and the future of PTSD research is bright.
Non‐hierarchical competition among co‐occurring woody seedlings in a resource‐limited environment

Long‐term species persistence in plant communities is contingent in part on the conditions that favor establishment and early survival. In stressful habitats, facilitated seedling establishment can enhance species richness by providing a safe‐site for species unable to establish in open microsites. However, the indirect effects of seedling competition may drive persistence in locations where seedlings occur in high density. This under‐examined dynamic can influence community recovery to stress by favoring competitively dominant species, in particular when stress increases local seedling density in favorable microsites. We present the results of a response surface experiment that examines growth responses among seedlings of Ambrosia dumosa, Eriogonum fasciculatum, and Larrea tridentata that were planted at three densities and four relative frequencies. These species co‐occur at an extensively monitored reference community located in the Colorado Desert, California, USA, where extensive drought caused unprecedented mortality that will require novel recruitment for the community to reach pre‐disturbance composition. Significant, non‐hierarchical competitive responses show that seedling survival is contingent on the species identity and density of neighboring seedlings. This result supports non‐hierarchical competition among these common species. Ambrosia and Eriogonum had faster growth rates than Larrea, but also experienced larger reductions in growth from competition than Larrea. Although drought may intensify seedling competition in favorable locations, the context dependency of competitive outcomes may permit coexistence.
The Collaborative Mapping Model: Relationship-Centered Design for Higher Education

Instructional designers list one of their primary obstacles as collaborating with faculty (Intentional Futures, 2016). Additionally, instructional designers experience a high degree of role misperception and struggle to advocate for clear and defined roles (Drysdale, 2018). In order to address these challenges, I created the Collaborative Mapping Model (CMM), a model of instructional design for higher education instructional designers that puts relationship at the center of design and addresses issues of scale, quality, and empowerment. I first identified four primary roles of instructional designers in higher education by evaluating the industry standard models of instructional design, comparing their structure and usage for relevance to the consultative role designers assume in higher education. The collaborative designer role had no associated model of design, and led to the development of the model. Development was informed by several key theories, including authentic leadership theory (Kiersch & Byrne, 2015), shared leadership theory (Bolden, 2011), and appreciative inquiry (Kadi-Hanifi et al., 2014). After several years of implementation and refinement, I developed an action research study to determine the effectiveness of the model. I administered a mixed methods survey to a group of 50 faculty who had designed a course in partnership with an instructional designer through the CMM. Among other results, 92% of respondents (n=37) indicated an improvement in the quality of their courses and 73% (n=37) saved time by working with an instructional designer in the CMM. Key themes from the qualitative survey question included value and respect for the expertise of the instructional designer, a significant improvement to the online courses designed and developed through the CMM, and enthusiasm for continued collaboration with instructional designers. This study describes the development of the model, an overview of theoretical influences and processes, and the effectiveness of the Collaborative Mapping Model of instructional design. Keywords: instructional design, instructional design models, collaboration, faculty partnership, advocacy, leadership, course mapping, curriculum design, professional roles
Identification of postoperative complications using electronic health record data and machine learning.

Abstract Background Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) complication status of patients who underwent an operation at the University of Colorado Hospital, we developed a machine learning algorithm for identifying patients with one or more complications using data from the electronic health record (EHR). Methods We used an elastic-net model to estimate regression coefficients and carry out variable selection. International classification of disease codes (ICD-9), common procedural terminology (CPT) codes, medications, and CPT-specific complication event rate were included as predictors. Results Of 6840 patients, 922 (13.5%) had at least one of the 18 complications tracked by NSQIP. The model achieved 88% specificity, 83% sensitivity, 97% negative predictive value, 52% positive predictive value, and an area under the curve of 0.93. Conclusions Using machine learning on EHR postoperative data linked to NSQIP outcomes data, a model with 163 predictors from the EHR identified complications well at our institution.
Propofol Total Intravenous Anesthesia as an Intervention for Severe Radiation-Induced Phantosmia in an Adolescent with Ependymoma

Radiation-induced phantosmia has been reported both in children and adults. A fraction of these patients have nausea and vomiting triggered by phantosmia. Radiation-induced phantosmia, although transient, can be distressing enough to prevent a patient from staying still during radiation therapy. To date, specific interventions for radiation-induced phantosmia, including anesthesia, have not been reported. We report for the first time anesthesia as an intervention for transient severe radiation-induced phantosmia, in a 16-year-old girl with ependymoma undergoing proton therapy, and we discuss the pros and cons of techniques for anesthesia and airway management.
Charles bonnet syndrome in a patient with Parkinson’s disease and bilateral posterior capsule opacification

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition of visual hallucinations or disturbances occurring in patients with visual pathway pathology not due to underlying psychiatric, metabolic, or neurologic disease. A patient with Parkinson's disease experiencing visual hallucinations was evaluated by the ophthalmology service and found to have decreased vision due to bilateral reversible posterior capsular opacification. The patient's hallucinations did not improve on clozapine, a medication requiring careful monitoring due to potentially severe systemic side effects. However, the hallucinations resolved and vision improved after bilateral treatment of the posterior capsular opacification. Clozapine was then discontinued, and the patient was able to resume his previous Parkinson's disease therapy. This case highlights the importance of considering visual pathway pathology as a contributing factor to visual hallucinations, even in patients with previously diagnosed underlying psychiatric, metabolic, or neurologic disease that could additionally be the etiology of the visual disturbances.
Discrimination Based on Nationality, Race, and Ethnicity on Web-Based Consumer Review Platforms

This chapter examines the racial biases in student evaluations of college faculty on RateMyProfessors.com, both in terms of the quantitative scores and in terms of trends in the posted comments.
Florida Drosophila melanogaster genomes sampled 13 years apart show increases in warm-associated SNP alleles

We studied genetic change in Drosophila melanogaster using whole-genome SNP data from samples taken 13 years apart in Homestead, FL. This population is at the southern tip of a well-studied US latitudinal cline. On the non-inversion-carrying chromosome arms, 11-16% of SNPs show significant frequency changes. These are enriched for latitudinal clines and genic sites. For clinal SNPs each allele is either the northern- or southern-favored. Seventy-eight to 95 percent with significant frequency increase are southern-favored. Five to seven percent of SNPs also show significant seasonal change and involve increases in the northern-favored allele during the season. On the 2L and 3R chromosome arms there are significant seasonal shifts for common inversions. We identify regions and genes that are candidates for selection. These regions also show correspondence with those associated with soft sweeps in Raleigh, NC. This shift towards southern-favored alleles may be caused by climate shifts or increased African-European admixture.
Assessing single-cell transcriptomic variability through density-preserving data visualization.

Nonlinear data visualization methods, such as t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), summarize the complex transcriptomic landscape of single cells in two dimensions or three dimensions, but they neglect the local density of data points in the original space, often resulting in misleading visualizations where densely populated subsets of cells are given more visual space than warranted by their transcriptional diversity in the dataset. Here we present den-SNE and densMAP, which are density-preserving visualization tools based on t-SNE and UMAP, respectively, and demonstrate their ability to accurately incorporate information about transcriptomic variability into the visual interpretation of single-cell RNA sequencing data. Applied to recently published datasets, our methods reveal significant changes in transcriptomic variability in a range of biological processes, including heterogeneity in transcriptomic variability of immune cells in blood and tumor, human immune cell specialization and the developmental trajectory of Caenorhabditis elegans. Our methods are readily applicable to visualizing high-dimensional data in other scientific domains. den-SNE and densMAP enhance single-cell transcriptomic data visualization by incorporating density information.
Rare Causes of Cystic Lung Disease

Diffuse cystic lung diseases (DCLDs) are a pathologically diverse group of diseases with the common radiographic finding of discrete, thin-walled, air-filled lucencies interfaced with normal lung parenchyma. Commonly encountered DCLDs in clinical practice include lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH), lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), and Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD); these disorders are discussed in detail in individual chapters of this book. However, the etiology of DCLDs may include other particularly rare etiologies, some of which are addressed in this chapter.
Using the 4-H Essential Elements to Evaluate Teen Programming

National and state trends indicate participation in 4-H programming declines throughout adolescence. Past research suggests factors that may influence recruitment and retention of teens into youth development programming. Washington State University undertook an evaluation to understand the needs and desires of teens in the 4-H program and make recommendations for improvements to recruitment and retention of teens in 4-H. The study sample was made up of 93 young people aged 12 to 19 years who participated in the online survey. Results included youth demographics, participation styles, communication preferences, youth outcomes, and feedback about program benefits and opportunities for growth. The results of this study are reviewed and framed within the 4-H Essential Elements. Recommendations are made to leverage youth voice and encourage innovation in 4-H teen programming.
Processes in Banking 5.0

Banking 5.0 is not only a technological platform transformation. It is a business model transformation. The business model canvas has several components. All of them are essential to go through a banking 5.0 transformation. Among all the components, processes are at the very base of banking 5.0. Their banking 5.0 transformation is a critical success factor. This chapter supplies guidelines on processes to support banking 5.0. It underlines a straightforward way capable of linking financial institutions processes with their goals. This chapter considers some of the more critical processes, such as onboarding. This chapter deals with the necessary banking processes: save, transfer, and supply credit. There is a need for a method to manage the process of banking 5.0 transformation. This method, in the case of banking 5.0, is design thinking. Design thinking couples well with the lean and digitize method. This chapter presents both methods and their applications in banking 5.0.
Applying a potential outcomes framework to estimate policy-relevant effects of exposure mixtures

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Interest in understanding the joint effects of multiple exposures (i.e., mixtures) is rapidly increasing, with a related proliferation of statistical methods for estimating thes...
Emerging Adult Antisocial Problems and Psychological and Physical Maltreatment: Moderation by Other Parent-Child Relationship Quality:

Current research supports that both psychological/physical maltreatment by parents and parent-child relationship quality strongly correlate with children’s psychopathology. Less research has examin...
Proceedings of the Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory: Conference on Future Directions

In the last decade or so we have witnessed a resurgence of novel game theory applications and analysis in three main areas: (i) Algorithmic games, as viewed by the computer science community. (ii) Behavioral/Psychological/Epistemic games that include significant experimental work. (iii) Supply chain games (inventory/logistic networks, production, and yield management games, among others). The purpose of this conference is to create a meeting place conducive to cross-pollination of ideas from game theory in operations management and logistics, behavioral game theory, and algorithmic game theory. Since these streams are quite new, there is a very strong impetus for learning and exchange between arenas. The increasing volume of academic research, as indicated by the number of papers published recently in the top journals of each of the disciplines, clearly indicates both an interest in and the need for a common workshop where the "hot" topics will be exposed not just to the members of a particular discipline but across disciplines. Thus, by bringing together three separate academic communities linked by their common game-theory base, this conference will create a fertile environment that will help to move each discipline further.
Computer Charges and Engineering Organizations

The increasing importance of computers in engineering organizations has raised many issues related to computer charging policies. These include: (1) How direct computer charges are determined; (2) the relationship of computer activities to overhead and profit of the firm; and (3) computer charging policies to be used in dealing with clients. Existing charging policies, largely oriented to professional manpower cost, do not relate well to computer cost factors and may discourage optimal computer use. New approaches are required which are fair both to the engineering organization and the client. Due to variability of computer operations in different organizations and to lack of professionwide standards, each organization has developed its own procedures. These practices are examined and future improvements are suggested.
Cultural and Sport Economics: Conceptual Twins?

Is there a role for sports economics in arts research? Despite references to similarities between the arts and sports (especially community impacts, demand interdependencies, and the presence of superstars), the two burgeoning literatures operate in near isolation from one another. This parochialism is not justified by legitimate distinctions; arts labor analysis, in particular, could benefit from sports research. This paper demonstrates this proposition with a focus on: team production functions and income dispersion; unions and rent distribution; managerial and director productivity; earnings functions and changing talent distributions related to competing superstar theories; and career development, screening and human capital theory.
A role for caspases in controlling IL-4 expression in T cells.

Although caspase activation is critical for T cell proliferation following activation, the role of caspases in T cell differentiation is unclear. In this study, we have examined the effect of inhibition of caspases on the process of Th1/Th2 differentiation. Naive CD4 + T cells activated under neutral differentiation conditions in the presence of the pan caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp (Z-VAD) fluoromethylketone showed increased Th2 cell differentiation concomitant with an up-regulation of GATA-3. Z-VAD induced optimal Th2 differentiation when T cells were stimulated under strong primary activation conditions. Treatment of naive CD4 + T cells with Z-VAD under strong activation conditions led to a 6-fold increase in IL-4 mRNA compared with control-treated T cells. The Z-VAD-induced increase in IL-4 transcription occurred within 24 h of activation and was independent of Stat6. IFN-γ mRNA expression was not affected by Z-VAD at the 24-h time point. Z-VAD did not augment IL-4 expression from a committed Th2 cell, suggesting that caspases regulate IL-4 expression specifically during primary T cell activation. Z-VAD did not augment IL-12-driven Th1 differentiation. Activation of T cells in the presence of Z-VAD led to a specific increase in the expression of the transcription factor c- fos . Lastly, retrovirus-mediated expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 resulted in an enhancement of Th2 cytokine expression, suggesting that inhibition of caspase activation by Bcl-2 can also modulate IL-4 expression. These findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism of cytokine expression by caspases, and may explain how signaling pathways that inhibit apoptosis tend to promote Th2 differentiation.
Compliance with Safer-Sex Guidelines among Adolescent Males: Application of the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory

Abstract The Health Belief Model (HBM) and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) were utilized to assess compliance with safer-sex guidelines among 250 heterosexual males who are non-intravenous drug-users. Data were collected with a valid and reliable 40-item questionnaire developed according to the tenets of HBM and PMT and included knowledge items. “Perceived susceptibility” and “perceived self efficacy” were the two factors that least explained compliance at a significance level. Other factors such as AIDS knowledge, age, and educational attainment of respondents did not significantly account for compliance to safer-sex guidelines. Blending of the variables of HBM and PMT showed that compliance to safer-sex guidelines was a multidimensional concept. Direction for further research and recommendations for design of AIDS educational programs for heterosexual males who are non-intravenous drug users were outlined.
Jψ interactions with hot hadronic matter

Abstract We consider the possibility that the suppression of the J ψ signal observed in oxygen-uranium collisions at CERN is due to interactions with a hot hadron gas. Assuming a longitudinally expanding meson gas, we obtain an overall suppression compatible with the CERN data. This suppression, however, varies only slowly with the J ψ transverse momentum. We also discuss the possibility of J ψ regeneration from the more abundantly produced χ and ηc states, an effect that might become important at RHIC energies.
Testing and Monitoring Intelligent Agents

Current research and development of agent-based systems has focused primarily on architectures, protocols, frameworks, messaging infrastructure and community interactions. As intelligent agent-based systems take over operations in the financial community, transportation, manufacturing, utilities, aerospace, and the military, assurances will need to be given to the owners and operators of these systems that these non-deterministic, learning systems operate correctly. In many of these environments errors in software can result in large financial losses or bodily harm. To build confidence in the owners and users of agent-based systems, testing and monitoring will need to be done that will instill confidence that these systems work correctly and that errors can be quickly found.
Nuclear principles in engineering

Emerging Technology and Nuclear Concepts.- Atomic and Nuclear Theory.- Interactions of Radiation with Matter.- Neutrons.- Neutron Transport.- Nuclear Reactor Control.- Accelerators.- Imaging.- Space.
Anesthesia for Tracheotomy

Tracheotomy, either percutaneous or open, is a procedure ­frequently performed by thoracic surgeons. Patients in need of tracheotomy are often critically ill, with an anticipated ongoing requirement for mechanical ventilation (MV). The principal anesthetic concern is loss of the airway. Other potential hazards include those associated with patient transport, airway fire, bleeding, and aspiration.
Racelessness as a factor in Black students' school success: Pragmatic strategy or pyrrhic victory?

Signithia Fordham presents an analysis of the tensions high-achieving Black students feel when they strive for academic success. Students are pulled by their dual relationships to the indigenous Black fictive-kinship system and the individualistic, competitive ideology of American schools. By analyzing ethnographic data on six high-achieving Black high school students, the author finds that the characteristics required for success in society contradict an identification and solidarity with Black culture. Students who feel the conflict between "making it" and group identification develop the particular strategy of racelessness.
Novel mutations introduced at the β-site of amyloid β protein precursor enhance the production of amyloid β peptide by BACE1 in vitro and in cells

Abnormal production and accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). beta-secretase (BACE1) is responsible for the cleavage at thebeta-site in amyloid beta protein precursor (AbetaPP/APP) to generate the N-terminus of Abeta. Here we report the stepwise identification and characterization of a novel APP-beta-site mutant, "NFEV" (APP_NFEV) in vitro and in cells. In vitro, the APP_NFEV exhibits 100-fold enhanced cleavage rate relative to the "wild-type" substrate (APPwt) and 10-fold increase relative to the Swedish-type mutation variant (APPsw). In cells, it was preferably cleaved among 24 APP beta-site mutations tested. More importantly, the APP_NFEV mutant failed to generate any detectable Abeta peptides in BACE1-KO mouse fibroblast cells. The production of Abeta peptides was restored by co-transfecting human BACE1, demonstrating that BACE1 is the only enzyme responsible for the processing of APP_NFEV in these cells. Analysis of APP_NFEV cleavage products secreted in the media revealed that in cells BACE1 cleaves APP_NFEV at the position between NF and EV, identical to that observed in vitro. A BACE inhibitor blocked the processing of the APP_NFEV beta-site in vitro and in cells. Our data indicates that the "NFEV" mutant is not only an enhanced substrate for BACE1 in vitro, but also a specific substrate for BACE1 in cells.
A chamber study of secondary organic aerosol formation by limonene ozonolysis

Abstract Limonene ozonolysis was examined under conditions relevant to indoor environments in terms of temperatures, air exchange rates, and reagent concentrations. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) produced and particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied under situations when the product of the two reagent concentrations was constant, the specific concentration combinations play an important role in determining the total SOA formed. A combination of concentration ratios of ozone/limonene between 1 and 2 produce the maximum SOA concentration. The two enantiomers, R-(+)-limonene and S-(−)-limonene, were found to have similar SOA yields. The measured ROS concentrations for limonene and ozone concentrations relevant to prevailing indoor concentrations ranged from 5.2 to 14.5 nmol/m3 equivalent of H2O2. It was found that particle samples aged for 24 h in freezer lost a discernible fraction of the ROS compared to fresh samples. The residual ROS concentrations were around 83–97% of the values obtained from the analysis of samples immediately after collection. The ROS formed from limonene ozonolysis could be separated into three categories as short-lived, high reactive, and volatile; semi-volatile and relatively stable; non-volatile and low-reactive species based on ROS measurements under various conditions. Such chemical and physical characterization of the ROS in terms of reactivity and volatility provides useful insights into nature of ROS. Practical Implications A better understanding of the formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosol generated from indoor chemistry allows us to evaluate and predict the exposure under such environments. Measurements of particle-bound ROS shed light on potential adverse health effect associated with exposure to particles.
PRIMARY IDEALS WITH FINITELY GENERATED RADICAL IN A COMMUTATIVE RING

Suppose p is a finitely generated prime ideal in a commutative ring R and q is a p-primary ideal. We show that in general q need not be finitely generated. We consider the class of primarily finite rings -- that is, rings R such that if p is a finitely generated prime ideal in R, then any p-primary ideal of R is finitely generated. If R is a polynomial ring in an arbitrary set of indeterminates over a Noetherian ring, we show that R is primarily finite and that an ideal c of R is finitely generated if and only if c has only finitely many associated prime ideals and each of the associated prime ideals of c is finitely generated. If X is a set of indeterminates over a ring R and p is a finitely generated prime ideal of R[X] that lies over a maximal ideal m of R, we show that m is finitely generated and p is primarily finite. We show that a polynomial ring in one variable over a Priifer domain is primarily finite, and present several results related to the question of whether a polynomial ring in several variables over a Priifer domain is primarily finite.
Uncertainty in transportation systems evaluation: issues and approaches

This paper presents a framework for analyzing uncertainties in urban transportation planning and decision‐making. Types and sources of uncertainty are identified along with their implications. Approaches for dealing with uncertainty in transportation planning are discussed. Issues and fundamental considerations are offered as guidelines for explicit recognition of uncertainty in transportation system evaluation methods.