cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State of molecular motion of cholesterol in lecithin bilayers.

CHOLESTEROL is a major constituent of many biological membranes. Although its exact function is not completely understood, a large number of studies have indicated that cholesterol can affect the packing of lipid hydrocarbon chains, both in model and in biological membranes1. The interaction is envisaged to be such that above the thermal phase transition temperature (Tc), cholesterol inhibits flexing of the hydrocarbon chains, whereas below Tc it prevents the chains from crystallising into the rigid α gel2–6.
The applicability of extraction by trichloroacetic acid to the preparation of very lysine rich histones from the mammary gland

Abstract The technique of De Nooij and Westenbrink (1) for extraction of very lysine-rich histones from the calf thymus was found applicable to the rabbit mammary gland. In order to increase yields and minimize heating, the tissue was pulverized with solid C02 prior to blending. The concentration of the TCA 4 by which histones were extracted was not critical over at least the range 2.5 to 4.5%. The final yield was about 14 mg per 100 gm of wet tissue. Only a little contamination was detected in these preparations by amino acid analyses, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, and ion exchange chromatography. A systematic study of the protein extracted by a series of TCA concentrations revealed that lower (less than 2.5%) TCA concentrations extracted, together with the very lysine-rich histones, significant amounts of contamination. Chromatographically this contamination was well resolved from four peaks of very lysine-rich histone. The absolute amounts and relative proportions of the latter four components were independent of the TCA concentration used for extraction.
Geology of the Moscoviense Basin

[1] The Moscoviense Basin, on the northern portion of the lunar farside, displays topography with a partial peak ring, in addition to rings that are offset to the southeast. These rings do not follow the typical concentric ring spacing that is recognized with other basins, suggesting that they may have formed as a result of an oblique impact or perhaps multiple impacts. In addition to the unusual ring spacing present, the Moscoviense Basin contains diverse mare basalt units covering the basin floor and a few highland mafic exposures within its rings. New analysis of previously mapped mare units suggests that the oldest mare unit is the remnant of the impact melt sheet. The Moscoviense Basin provides a glimpse into the lunar highlands terrain and an opportunity to explore the geologic context of initial lunar crustal development and modification.
Organizational Response to the Demand and Expectation for Diversity

This study examines the interplay of institutional environments and organizational contexts in shaping the responses of four professional schools (public health, business, social work, and engineering) to diversity-related pressures, expectations, requirements, and incentives. The role of market demand in structuring postsecondary approaches to diversity is of particular interest.
Transvaginal ultrasonographic evaluation of the cervix before labor: Presence of cervical wedging is associated with shorter duration of induced labor

Objective: Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that transvaginal ultrasonographically determined characteristics of the cervix are associated with duration of induced labor. Study Design: Fifty-three patients scheduled for induction of labor underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and digital cervical examinations before labor induction. Cox proportional-hazards multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the variables that made a significant contribution to the prediction of latent-phase and total labor duration. In the analysis the possible confounding effects of exogenous prostaglandin, previous vaginal delivery, and previous termination of pregnancy were controlled. Results: Latent-phase and total labor duration were significantly associated with the presence of cervical wedging noted on transvaginal ultrasonography and administration of prostaglandin but not with the result of digital examination of cervical effacement or dilatation. Latent-phase duration was also associated with cervical length measured by transvaginal ultrasonography. The presence of wedging was significantly associated with shorter latent (15.9 ± 1.7 vs 34.1 ± 3.8 hours, p = 0.0001) and total (22.0 ± 1.8 vs 38.3 ± 3.6 hours, p = 0.0001) labor length. Conclusion: The presence of wedging and decreased cervical length observed by transvaginal ultrasonography is associated with a shorter duration of induced labor and may be useful in the evaluation of induction candidates.
Typology as a Moderating Variable in Success in Science

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was examined for its utility as a predictor of intellective behaviors. For beginning, intermediate and advanced high school students measures of GPA, IQ, science achievement, and science aptitude were obtained. MBTI subscales were dichotomized and criteria were analyzed relative to the resultant eight groups. MBTI subscales provided evidence that typology may well be a moderating factor in intellective performance. The intuition (S-N) scale provided consistent indication of typological differences moderating performance. MBTI appeared to be more appropriate for heterogeneous groups and lost its discriminatory utility with homogeneous groups.
Design-oriented analysis of boost zero-voltage-switching resonant DC/DC converter

Analysis and design procedures are presented for a high-efficiency, high-frequency, boost zero-voltage-switching resonant DC/DC power converter. Equations describing converter operation are derived. The basic performance parameters of the circuit are analyzed as functions of the normalized load resistance and switching frequency. These equations are then used to determine conditions for lossless converter operation and design equations that yield the required component values. >
Secretion of casein in cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells on floating collagen gels.

Abstract To study the effect of hormones on the secretion of casein, mammary epithelial cells were obtained from mid-pregnant mice and cultured on floating collagen gels in the presence of combinations of insulin, Cortisol, and prolactin in serum-free culture medium. After labeling with phosphorus-32 labeled orthophosphate, the cells which had been cultured in the presence of all three hormones secreted hot-trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioactivity into the medium. The secreted materials were identified as three major mouse caseins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. The floating collagen gel culture method allows mouse mammary epithelial cells to differentiate and secrete all species of caseins in the presence of hormones. The present culture method and the phosphorus-32 labeling method will be applicable to the study of differentiation of mammary epithelial cells from a variety of mammalian species.
Fieldwork and the Research Process1

In the course of fieldwork, investigators gain cultural insight and identify social processes. In this process they must interact with themselves and gain knowledge of themselves and their native culture. The task of writing is facilitated when it is viewed as a process which begins with the composition of the research proposal and is then continued via dialogue with the fieldnotes, providing the investigator has a proper vision of the audience for the report.
In-plane elastic response of two-segment circular-axis symmetric notch flexure hinges: The right circular design

Abstract This work presents a general analytical model of the planar compliances for two-segment circular-axis symmetric notch flexure hinges. Compared to a similar straight-axis flexure design, the circular-axis configuration enhances the design parameter domain by adding the median circle radius. Six compliances are formulated with respect to a central reference frame and to an end reference frame in terms of a smaller number of half-flexure compliances. The model covers both relatively large radius-to-thickness ratio designs (thin flexures) and small radius-to-thickness ratio configurations (thick flexures). The new circular-axis right circular flexure is introduced to illustrate the general model. Predictions of the analytical compliance model for this flexure were confirmed by finite element analysis and experimental testing. The analytical model is further utilized to investigate the influence of normal and shear forces in the thick-member model and to assess the accuracy of the simpler thin-beam model, which considers only bending. A comparison is also performed between the corresponding compliances of the new circular-axis flexure design and the existing straight-axis right circular flexure hinge in terms of defining geometric parameters.
Messenger RNA for ribosomal proteins in yeast.

The concentrations and mean lifetimes of the messenger RNAs for four ribosomal proteins of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been determined by the method of approach to equilibrium labeling, using cloned genes as hybridization probes. In cells growing in a minimal medium with glucose as a carbon source, there are roughly equimolar amounts of the four mRNAs, whose half-lives are very similar: 14±2 minutes, approximately 10% of a generation time. These results lead to an analysis of the economy of mRNA for ribosomal proteins that suggests that the mRNAs may be substantially underutilized.
Indications of physical, sexual, and verbal victimization in projective tree drawings

Several facets of the Tree-Scar-Trauma hypothesis were addressed. The first inquiry was whether scars, knotholes, and/or broken branches on a drawn tree are indicative of previous victimization. A statistically significant relationship between these variables was found. The study also examined differences between mental health patients (N = 56) and control subjects (N = 215) with regard to their abuse history and tree drawings. No significant differences between these two populations were found. A modification of Buck's (1948) hypothesis with regard to the relationship between the location of traumatic indicators on projective tree drawings and age of traumatization was tested and not validated. However, the association between the duration of physical abuse and the number of indicators on the tree was statistically significant.
The Role of Context in Learning to Teach Writing: What Teacher Educators Need to Know to Support Beginning Urban Teachers

The yearlong qualitative study this article describes explores how three beginning elementary teachers in urban schools struggled with policy, students, and their own commitment of learning to teach writing to their students. Findings indicate that beginning teachers learned to teach writing by drawing on a variety of knowledge sources, that beginning teachers' writing instruction was heavily influenced by various aspects of their individual teaching contexts, and that because these various aspects of teaching context often conflicted with each other, creating tensions for the beginning teacher, learning to teach writing was strongly shaped by how each teacher learned to manage the various conflicting aspects of her individual teaching context. Implications for teacher education emerged and include focusing on writing pedagogy, examining teaching contexts and decision making within various settings, and using case studies to examine how experienced teachers work successfully within a variety of teaching c...
Gene-search viruses and FACS-Gal permit the detection, isolation, and characterization of mammalian cells with in situ fusions between cellular genes and Escherichia coli lacZ

We describe self-inactivating retroviruses that will activate expression of the reporter gene, Escherichia coli lacZ, upon integration within a cellular gene (Gensr1) or near a cellular enhancer (Enhsr1), referred to collectively as gene-search viruses. If the Gensr1 virus integrates within an intron of a gene, splicing of a lacZ neo-exon to an upstream cellular exon can occur, resulting in transcriptional and translational fusion between E. coli lacZ and a cellular gene. The Enhsr1 retrovirus generates a provirus that lacks the LTR enhancer region and thus is dependent upon flanking cellular enhancers to activate expression of lacZ. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting permits mammalian cells infected with the gene-search viruses that contain gene fusions between lacZ and cellular transcription control elements to be isolated as a population or as clones of single cells. Clones can be analyzed via a rapid, sensitive assay for β-galactosidase activity carried out in 96-well plates, permitting clones with integrations in conditionally expressed genes to be identified. This approach has led to isolation of gene-search virus integrations in developmentally regulated genes and loci. In addition, lacZ+ clones derived from Gensr1 infections can be screened via a histochemical stain (X-gal) for subcellular targetting of β-gal activity. Molecular characterization of such Gensr1 integrations could allow identification of mammalian proteins with specific subcellular localizations. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of gene-search viruses for obtaining expression of lacZ in normal cells both in vitro and in vivo.
A linearity improvement technique for a class-AB CMOS Power Amplifier with a direct feedback path

A new linearity improvement technique is introduced for a class-AB CMOS Power Amplifier (PA). The proposed PA has two stages and each stage has a cascode configuration. A direct feedback path from the input of the power stage to the input of the driver stage via an Accumulation-mode MOS (AMOS) varactor is adopted to improve the linearity. This additional path provides a negative feedback loop for the second-order harmonic, and the AMOS varactor controls the loop gain and the amount of the phase shift of the feedback signals. The proposed PA has been implemented in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology. The measured results show a gain of 21.4 dB, a maximum output power of 23.5 dBm with 43.1 % of peak Power-Added-Efficiency (PAE), and a linear output power of 21.4 dBm with 40 % PAE using a 1.85 GHz single tone. The two-tone test demonstrates 10 dBc improvement in the third-order Intermodulation Distortion (IMD3) compared to a conventional PA.Q
A Dictyostelium myosin I plays a crucial role in regulating the frequency of pseudopods formed on the substratum

Analysis of the motile behavior of a strain of Dictyostelium lacking a myosin I, myoA, revealed that this mutant strain formed pseudopods and turned twice as frequently as wild type cells [Titus et al., 1993: Mol. Biol. Cell 4:233-246]. The basis for this aberrant behavior has been explored using three-dimensional reconstructions of translocating cells. Wild type cells form approximately 40% of pseudopods on the substratum and 60% off the substratum. The majority of pseudopods formed on the substratum initiate sharp turns while the majority of pseudopods formed off the substratum are retracted. Although myoA- cells form pseudopods at roughly twice the frequency of wild type cells, the increase in frequency is specific for only those pseudopods formed on the substratum. This increase is the basis for the aberrant increase in turning in myoA- cells. The selective increase in the frequency of pseudopods formed on the substratum correlates with a number of additional abnormalities in myoA- pseuodpod formation. First, myoA- cells can simultaneously extend more than one pseudopod, whereas wild type cells extend only one pseudopod at a time. Second, although wild type and myoA- pseudopods achieve the same final volumes, myoA pseudopods grow at half the rate of wild type pseudopods and, therefore, take longer to achieve final volume. Third, while a wild type pseudopod grows in a continuous fashion, a myoA- pseudopod grows in a discontinuous fashion. Together, these results demonstrate that myoA plays a fundamental role in controlling the frequency of only those pseudopods formed on the substratum, and that maintenance of the normal frequency of pseudopod formation appears to be necessary for the normal velocity of cellular translocation, the normal frequency of turning, the normal rate of average pseudopod growth, and the high efficiency of chemotaxis. These results in turn indicate that pseudopod formation is precisely coordinated in space and time, and actin-associated proteins like myoA play key roles in coordination. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
To deliberate or not to deliberate: Interactions between age, task characteristics, and cognitive activity on decision making

The effects of aging and deliberative activities on decision making were examined. In two separate tasks, young, middle-aged, and older adults were presented with four alternatives and given instructions to choose the best one. Following study, participants were either given additional time to think about their decision or were prevented from doing so. Decision quality did not benefit from additional deliberative activity when the structure of the stimuli facilitated fluent online processing. In contrast, deliberation promoted performance when such processing was more difficult. In addition, those individuals who focused on attribute information relevant to the decision context performed better than those who did not. Age differences in performance were minimal, but older adults with lower levels of education or cognitive ability tended to perform worse than the rest of the sample under conditions where deliberative skills were required to promote performance. The results are inconsistent with recent proposals regarding the benefits of passive deliberation. In addition, the results support the general assertion that the age effects in decision making will be most evident in situations dependent upon deliberative skills.
Transverse Single Spin and Azimuthal Asymmetries in Hadronic Collisions at STAR

Hadronic collisions with transversely polarized protons are an important part of the quest to under- stand the transverse spin structure of the proton. Experiments at RHIC collected large datasets at center of mass energies of 200 GeV and 500 GeV, accessing a kinematic regime where factorization is expected to hold. The STAR detector at RHIC, due to its azimuthal symmetry, particle identification capabilities and large acceptance compared with other experiments with polarized protons, is in a unique position to study transverse spin phe- nomena in p + p ↑ . This contribution will highlight measurements of transversity using di-hadron correlations, transverse single spin asymmetries in jets, measurements sensitive to the origins of the large single spin asym- metries measured in the forward direction, transverse spin asymmetries in W production, which are sensitive to modified universality effects of Sivers function as well as short and long-term upgrades at STAR.
An Exploratory Study of RFID Adoption in the Paperboard Packaging Industry

Some experts predict RFID will be the next big technology to revolutionize supply chain management. The RFID mandates by the Department of Defense (DOD), Federal Drug Administration (FDA), and retail companies have required organizations to implement RFID technology. Other companies are evaluating the potential costs and benefits of such adoption. In order to establish benchmarks on RFID adoption, this study surveyed readers of Paperboard Packaging magazine and members of the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO) to see if they are implementing RFID technology and challenges they may face. The results indicate about 52% of responding companies are not currently considering RFID technology because of the cost concerns. Companies that are implementing or considering RFID are doing it because of their customer requirements although they are concerned about the cost of RFID tags and cost of implementation. Companies that are implementing RFID are somewhat satisfied with RFID implementation.
Inspiration, simulation and design for smart robot manipulators from the sucker actuation mechanism of cephalopods

Octopus arms house 200–300 independently controlled suckers that can alternately afford an octopus fine manipulation of small objects and produce high adhesion forces on virtually any non-porous surface. Octopuses use their suckers to grasp, rotate and reposition soft objects (e.g., octopus eggs) without damaging them and to provide strong, reversible adhesion forces to anchor the octopus to hard substrates (e.g., rock) during wave surge. The biological 'design' of the sucker system is understood to be divided anatomically into three functional groups: the infundibulum that produces a surface seal that conforms to arbitrary surface geometry; the acetabulum that generates negative pressures for adhesion; and the extrinsic muscles that allow adhered surfaces to be rotated relative to the arm. The effector underlying these abilities is the muscular hydrostat. Guided by sensory input, the thousands of muscle fibers within the muscular hydrostats of the sucker act in coordination to provide stiffness or force when and where needed. The mechanical malleability of octopus suckers, the interdigitated arrangement of their muscle fibers and the flexible interconnections of its parts make direct studies of their control challenging. We developed a dynamic simulator (ABSAMS) that models the general functioning of muscular hydrostat systems built from assemblies of biologically constrained muscular hydrostat models. We report here on simulation studies of octopus-inspired and artificial suckers implemented in this system. These simulations reproduce aspects of octopus sucker performance and squid tentacle extension. Simulations run with these models using parameters from man-made actuators and materials can serve as tools for designing soft robotic implementations of man-made artificial suckers and soft manipulators.
Ethics In A Globalized World -What Have We Wrought?!

Globalization and recent corporate scandals all presage increased ethics scrutiny of personal behaviors among corporate officials. Boeings ethics code precludingconduct that causes embarrassment to the company is the pacesetter.
Question Context and Priming Meaning of Health: Effect on Differences in Self-Rated Health Between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites

Objectives. We examined the implications of the current recommended data collection practice of placing self-rated health (SRH) before specific health-related questions (hence, without a health context) to remove potential context effects, between Hispanics and non-Hispanics.Methods. We used 2 methodologically comparable surveys conducted in English and Spanish that asked SRH in different contexts: before and after specific health questions. Focusing on the elderly, we compared the influence of question contexts on SRH between Hispanics and non-Hispanics and between Spanish and English speakers.Results. The question context influenced SRH reports of Spanish speakers (and Hispanics) significantly but not of English speakers (and non-Hispanics). Specifically, on SRH within a health context, Hispanics reported more positive health, decreasing the gap with non-Hispanic Whites by two thirds, and the measurement utility of SRH was improved through more consistent mortality prediction across ethnic and linguisti...
MULTIPLE COMPARISONS IN A REGRESSION APPROACH

In using multiple regression as a data-analysis technique, one problem that might arise is the overuse of a full model with several restricted models, without adjusting the probability level. Such ...
Experiments on turbulent-flow phenomena in eccentric annular ducts

The investigation to be described here is a wide-ranging experimental study aimed at determining both the details of the flow field and the pressure drop and friction factor characteristics for turbulent flow in eccentric annular ducts. The experiments were performed utilizing three annular ducts of different diameter ratios; in each case the eccentricity was varied from zero (concentric annulus) to unity (walls in contact). To provide the broadest possible perspective, the measurements of the velocity field are presented in three different ways. First, contour maps showing lines of constant velocity are constructed. From these are deduced circumferential distributions of the local shear stress on the bounding walls. Velocity profiles along lines normal to the walls are represented in terms of both law-of-the-wall variables and defect-law variables. Neither of these representations affords complete agreement with the universal circular-tube distributions. In general, the defect law provides a somewhat closer correlation of the results for the eccentric annulus with those for the tube. The experimental findings do not substantiate a prior analytical model which assumes that the universal law of the wall applies on all lines normal to the bounding walls of the annulus. Friction factors, based on static pressure measurements, are shown to decrease with increasing eccentricity. The measured friction factors are in fair agreement with those of analysis. Hydrodynamic development lengths, deduced from entrance-region pressure data, are found to increase with increasing eccentricity. Circumferential pressure variations also increase with eccentricity.
A Novel Role of the Budding Yeast Separin Esp1 in Anaphase Spindle Elongation: Evidence That Proper Spindle Association of Esp1 Is Regulated by Pds1

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the metaphase–anaphase transition is initiated by the anaphase-promoting complex–dependent degradation of Pds1, whereby Esp1 is activated to promote sister chromatid separation. Although this is a fundamental step in the cell cycle, little is known about the regulation of Esp1 and how loss of cohesion is coordinated with movement of the anaphase spindle. Here, we show that Esp1 has a novel role in promoting anaphase spindle elongation. The localization of Esp1 to the spindle apparatus, analyzed by live cell imaging, is regulated in a manner consistent with a function during anaphase B. The protein accumulates in the nucleus in G2 and is mobilized onto the spindle pole bodies and spindle midzone at anaphase onset, where it persists into midanaphase. Association with Pds1 occurs during S phase and is required for efficient nuclear targeting of Esp1. Spindle association is not fully restored in pds1 mutants expressing an Esp1-nuclear localization sequence fusion protein, suggesting that Pds1 is also required to promote Esp1 spindle binding. In agreement, Pds1 interacts with the spindle at the metaphase–anaphase transition and a fraction remains at the spindle pole bodies and the spindle midzone in anaphase cells. Finally, mutational analysis reveals that the conserved COOH-terminal region of Esp1 is important for spindle interaction.
A knowledge-based approach for retrieving images by content

A knowledge based approach is introduced for retrieving images by content. It supports the answering of conceptual image queries involving similar-to predicates, spatial semantic operators, and references to conceptual terms. Interested objects in the images are represented by contours segmented from images. Image content such as shapes and spatial relationships are derived from object contours according to domain specific image knowledge. A three layered model is proposed for integrating image representations, extracted image features, and image semantics. With such a model, images can be retrieved based on the features and content specified in the queries. The knowledge based query processing is based on a query relaxation technique. The image features are classified by an automatic clustering algorithm and represented by Type Abstraction Hierarchies (TAHs) for knowledge based query processing. Since the features selected for TAH generation are based on context and user profile, and the TAHs can be generated automatically by a clustering algorithm from the feature database, our proposed image retrieval approach is scalable and context sensitive. The performance of the proposed knowledge based query processing is also discussed.
Efficient Prime Factorization of Logic Expressions

The set of multivariate boolean functions over the variables x/sub 1/, ..., x/sub m/ is considered as the set of multilinear polynomials with coefficients in [0,1] over the literals {unkeyable}. We denote this set of polynomials as [unkeyable], and call the set of polynomial operations over them algebraic operations. It is shown that these polynomials, called logic expressions, have a unique algebraic prime factorization. An O(n log /sup 2/ n) algorithm to find this factorization is presented. An improvement to the algorithm is presented which may reduce its average-case complexity to O(n).
Thyrotropin incorporation of 14C-glucosamine by the isolated rat adenohypophysis.

Thyrotropin (TSH) biosynthesis was studied in rat pituitary glands in vitro by assessing incorporation of labeled substrate into TSH. Hemipituitaries were incubated in medium containing 14C-glucosamine, and the isotopically labeled TSH was isolated by immunoprecipitation. Pituitary tissue from rats which had received .05% propylthiouracil in drinking water for 16 weeks exhibited a 257% increase in 14C-glucosamine incorporation into TSH. Conversely, 14C-glucosamine entry into TSH was depressed to 43% of control levels in pituitaries from rats administered 100 μg L-thyroxine daily for 7 days. Pituitaries from euthyroid rats were incubated with crude hypothalamic extracts or partially purified thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) for 4 and 24 hr periods. TSH release into the media was markedly stimulated by both substances. 14C-glucosamine incorporation into TSH was unchanged by purified TRF, and incorporation into both total protein and TSH was reduced by the crude extracts. Thus, TRF does not acutely augment...
Computationally efficient spline- based time delay estimation

We previously presented a highly accurate, splinebased time delay estimator that directly determines subsample time delay estimates from sampled data. The algorithm uses cubic splines to produce a continuous time representation of a reference signal, and then computes an analytical matching function between this reference and a delayed signal. The location of the minima of this function yields estimates of the time delay. In this paper we present more computationally efficient formulations of this algorithm. We present the results of computer simulations and ultrasound experiments which indicate that the bias and the standard deviation of the proposed algorithms are comparable to those of the original method, and thus superior to other published algorithms.
Bayesian approaches to the ‘unit root’ problem: A comment

Peter Phillips has produced a most provocative and useful article that will, I suspect, stimulate further research and debate both on unit roots in macroeconomic time-series and, more generally, on Bayesian techniques in time-series econometrics. Phillips' main results are that the inferences drawn from Bayesian analyses of unit roots are highly sensitive to the choice of the prior and, when the prior is chosen by a Jeffreys ignorance criterion, the evidence against the unit root hypothesis is much weaker than found in flat-prior Bayesian work. I am largely in sympathy with both conclusions and have no important criticism of Phillips' article. I also applaud his willingness to examine previous Bayesian analyses of the unit root problem that have produced considerable confusion among empirical macroeconomists. These remarks therefore raise some additional issues not emphasized by Phillips concerning the papers by, in Sims and Uhligs' (1988) terminology, the Bayesian unit rooters (Sims, 1988; Sims and Uhlig 1988; DeJong and Whiteman, 1989a,b,c; and Schotman and van Dijk, 1989). My argument has three main points. First, as Phillips aptly points out, from the classical (frequentist) perspective the flat-prior analysis of unit roots has some unsettling features, such as severely biased estimators and interval estimates with grossly incorrect asymptotic confidence levels. These puzzling results arise not just because of choice of priors, but more fundamentally because the classical and Bayesian techniques answer different questions. Second, as Sims (1988) and Sims and Uhlig (1988) emphasized, because of this discrepancy between the Bayesian and classical results, researchers must take a stand on whether they are classical or Bayesian statisticians. My personal view is that the classical framework is more satisfying and useful, for two reasons: I find the axiomatic development based on the likelihood principle uncompelling; and the Bayesian paradigm does not provide a useful way to communicate information to scientific audiences. Phillips and the Bayesian unit rooters provide one of the best examples of this second point: their disagreement over priors (of which there appears to be no ready resolution) leads to different posteriors, quite different results, and a general failure in information transfer. These arguments are made in the second section of this discussion. Third, one of Phillips' key arguments for his priors is that they come closest to producing classical confidence sets and produce unbiased (in a frequentist sense) point estimates. This raises the question: why adopt the artifice of a random coefficient and the additional burden of constructing a prior, if the goal is simply to produce results close to the classical ones? Why not simply use classical techniques instead? This is, as it turns out, not particularly difficult to do using recent research by Phillips and others in this area, and I discuss this in Section 3.
Regulation of the stability of heat-stable antigen mRNA by interplay between two novel cis elements in the 3' untranslated region.

The heat-stable antigen (HSA) is a costimulatory molecule for T-cell activation. Its expression is strictly regulated during lymphocyte development and differentiation. Recent studies using HSA-transgenic mice have demonstrated that this regulated expression is critical for normal development of T and B lymphocytes. However, the mechanisms that control the expression of HSA are largely unknown. HSA mRNA is comprised of a 0.23-kb open reading frame and a 1.5-kb 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). The function of the long 3′UTR has not been addressed. Here we investigate the role of the 3′UTR of HSA mRNA. We show that a 160-bp element, located in the region of nucleotides 1465 to 1625 in the 3′UTR of HSA mRNA, promotes RNA degradation and that this effect is neutralized by a 43-bp fragment approximately 1 kb upstream of the negative cis element. Both positive and negative cis elements in the HSA mRNA are distinct from other sequences that are known to modulate mRNA stability. These results provide direct evidence that the interplay between two novel cis elements in the 3′UTR of HSA mRNA determines cell surface HSA expression by modulating its RNA stability.
HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF FLORIDA GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

Abstract A year-long survey was conducted to assess the grasshopper species assemblage in various natural and anthropogenic habitats in Florida. Distribution, density, and relative abundance data were collected, providing insight into habitat preference and resource utilization. Of the 70 species known to occur in Florida, 52 species were collected in one or more habitats. The number of different species found in each habitat, in descending order of species richness, were: sandhill, 34; freshwater marsh, 27; scrub, 26; roadside, 26; lakeside, 22; disturbed areas, 22; pasture, 19; pine plantation, 19; old fields, 18; flatwoods, 13; salt marshes, 11; oak hammock, 9; crops, 8; coastal scrub, 6; cutthroat seep; 5; and coastal strand, 5. Common species, and the number of habitats they were found to occupy, include Schistocerca americana, 12; Aptenopedes sphenarioides, 10; Dichromorpha viridis, 8; Melanoplus propinquus, 8; Paroxya atlantica, 8; Achurum carinatum, 7; Amblytropidia mysteca, 7; Chortophaga austral...
The adaptor protein Cindr regulates JNK activity to maintain epithelial sheet integrity

Epithelia are essential barrier tissues that must be appropriately maintained for their correct function. To achieve this a plethora of protein interactions regulate epithelial cell number, structure and adhesion, and differentiation. Here we show that Cindr (the Drosophila Cin85 and Cd2ap ortholog) is required to maintain epithelial integrity. Reducing Cindr triggered cell delamination and movement. Most delaminating cells died. These behaviors were consistent with JNK activation previously associated with loss of epithelial integrity in response to ectopic oncogene activity. We confirmed a novel interaction between Cindr and Drosophila JNK (dJNK), which when perturbed caused inappropriate JNK signaling. Genetically reducing JNK signaling activity suppressed the effects of reducing Cindr. Furthermore, ectopic JNK signaling phenocopied loss of Cindr and was partially rescued by concomitant cindr over-expression. Thus, correct Cindr-dJNK stoichiometry is essential to maintain epithelial integrity and disturbing this balance may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease states, including cancer.
Practices, Actors, and Spaces of Confinement: A History of Detention and (Im)Mobility in Colonial Senegal, ca. 1830s-1895

The prison system in the colony of Senegal served primarily as a provider of labor force for the colonial enterprise and a key institution of repression and maintenance of ‘law and order’ through the control of bodies and spaces. As much as the French colonizers invested in carrying out such a narrowly defined mission for the imprisonment, there were important impeding factors at play including the lack of clarity of the penal law, limited financial resources, and the constant resistance to imprisonment by Africans. The combined effects of these problems made penitentiary control much less tight than the colonizers thought and wanted it to be. This situation fostered a vibrant underground subculture, developed by prisoners and partly nurtured through a variety of communications between the prison space and the world beyond the penitentiary walls. In my paper, I use the oldest French prison in West Africa, Saint-Louis, as a case study to analyze this important, yet overlooked, aspect of the history of French colonialism in Senegal.
Population dynamics of Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli in Gammarus pseudolimnaeus.

The population dynamics of larval Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli were studied in the amphipod in- termediate host, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus. Amphipods were collected monthly from April 1982 to March 1983 from a study site at the West Fork of Drake's Creek, Simpson Co., Kentucky. The number of infected amphipods per m2 was lowest (0.6) in May and highest (27.3) in November. A total of 2,502 amphipods was examined; 1,575 (62.9%) were infected with P. bulbocolli. Infection intensity ranged from 1 to 12 with a mean of 1.83 ? 0.03. Single and multiple worm infections were found in 800 (50.8%) and 775 (49.2%) amphipods, respectively. Female amphipods had higher prevalence and intensity of infections than males but differences were not significant. Prevalence in the monthly samples was lowest in May (5.1 %) and highest in October (88.1%). The monthly mean intensity of infection was lowest in July (1.10 ? 0.04) and highest in November (2.02 ? 0.08). Amphipods in length classes 3 through 15 were infected with P. bulbocolli. In late summer and fall, amphipods in all length classes were infected, while in late winter and spring only large amphipods were infected. Recruitment of P. bulbocolli into amphipods was seasonal and the total infrapopulation within an amphipod was usually acquired at one time. There was little correlation between size and number of larvae present. High prevalence and intensity of infection of the northern hogsucker, Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur), with Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli Linkins was reported by Gleason (1984) from fish collected at the West Fork of Drake's Creek, Kentucky, and a high density of amphipods was noted at the study site. These amphipods were Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield, a species reported by Muzzall (1982) as an intermediate host for P. bulbocolli in the Little Maple River, Michigan. The prevalence and intensity of in- fection of P. bulbocolli in G. pseudolimnaeus re- ported by Muzzall (1982) were thought to be lower than those necessary to lead to the high prevalence and intensity of infection in H. ni- gricans. The northern hogsucker is a riffle-dwell- ing species (Clay, 1962) and many G. pseudo- limnaeus were noted in this habitat. The present study was directed at determining the seasonal relative density of G. pseudolimnaeus in the riffle habitats at the study site and the prevalence and intensity of infection of these amphipods with P. bulbocolli.
Differential Population Levels of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, between Europe and North America

Population levels of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), from several states in the United States appear to be higher than those from portions of Europe. This conclusion is based on an examination of stand averages which are expressed as number of insects per tree in the spring from 159 comparable pine stands on the two continents. The data were assembled from published and unpublished sources, including original observations on both continents by the author. The method of analysis was the median test for two samples. Available information suggests that greater host resistance and predation in Europe arc involved in the differential population levels.
Detection of monosomy 7 minimal residual disease in childhood all using fluorescence in situ hybridisation

A 7 year old boy was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Bone marrow karyotype at diagnosis revealed 46, XY[3]/54- 56, XY, + X, + B, + B, + C, + C, + D, +17, + i(17q), +18, + 21 [cp 10] characteristic of hyperdiploid ALL. Five months after completing a 2 year course of chemotherapy he presented with progressive neutropenia and immunophenotyping suggested a secondary AML rather than relapse of ALL. The finding of a monosomy 7 cell line - 46, XY [61/45, XY,-7[15] supported this being a secondary, possibly therapy induced, AML. Minimal residual disease (MRD) for monosomy 7 was monitored during management of the patient using cytogenetic and FISH methods. Over a 7 month period, 5 bone marrow specimens were evaluated, 3 from culture of metaphase spreads and 2 from direct smears by interphase analysis. The probes used were library 7 (Coatsome 7) and a cocktail of 7 centromere with 7 telomere (Oncor). Results from the direct smears were inconclusive. A single signal may te indicative of monosomy 7 but could reflect lack of hybridisation and/or detection. This is a known inherent limitation of the technique. Results from the cultured bone manow showed that FISH was successful in all preparations. Interphase FISH is not sensitive enough for use in detecting MRD of monosomies. However FISH on cultured preparations gave an indication of MRD because more metaphases could be examined and included those suboptimal for routine cytogenetic analysis.
Frequency and voltage-dependent inhibition of type IIA Na+ channels, expressed in a mammalian cell line, by local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant drugs

This study examined the actions of phenytoin, carbamazepine, lidocaine, and verapamil on rat brain type IIA Na+ channels functionally expressed in mammalian cells, using the whole-cell voltage-clamp recording technique. The drugs blocked Na+ currents in both a tonic and use-dependent manner. Tonic block was more pronounced at depolarized holding potentials and reduced at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, reflecting an overall negative shift in the relationship between membrane potential and steady state inactivation. Dose-response relationships with phenytoin supported the hypothesis that the voltage dependence of tonic block resulted from the higher affinity of the drugs for inactivated than for resting channels. At -62 mV, approximately 50% of the Na+ channels were blocked by phenytoin at 13 microM, compared with therapeutic brain levels of 4-8 microM. The use-dependent component of block developed progressively during a 2-Hz train of 40-msec-long stimulus pulses from -85 mV to 0 mV. At 2 Hz, verapamil was the most potent use-dependent blocker, lidocaine and phenytoin had intermediate potencies, and carbamazepine was least effective. The use-dependent block resulted from drug binding to open and inactivated channels during the depolarizing pulses and the slow repriming of drug-bound channels during the interpulse intervals. Verapamil, lidocaine, and phenytoin all bound preferentially to open channels, but this open channel block was most striking for verapamil. Use-dependent block was less pronounced at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, due to more rapid repriming of drug-bound channels. The results indicate that type IIA Na+ channels expressed in a mammalian cell line retain the complex pharmacological properties characteristic of native Na+ channels. These channels are likely to be an important site of the anticonvulsant action of phenytoin and carbamazepine. Lidocaine and verapamil, drugs with well characterized effects on peripheral Na+ and Ca2+ channels, are also effective blockers of these brain Na+ channels.
The Ureteral Access System: A Review of the Immediate Results in 43 Cases

AbstractThe ureteral access set was used 43 times during an 18-month period between 1984 and 1985. Stones lodged throughout the ureter and in the renal pelvis were extracted with a success rate of 51 per cent. Of the upper tract strictures 92 per cent were dilated successfully. Filling defects were diagnosed in 88 per cent of the cases. Foreign bodies were retrieved, Double-J**Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York. stents were placed and biopsies were successful in each case. Ureteral perforation in 28 per cent of the cases was caused by the dilator in 8 of 12 (19 per cent over-all). The technique and short-term results are discussed. Long-term followup data are not yet available.
Experimental Detection of Branching at a Conical Intersection in a Highly Fluorescent Molecule.

Conical intersections are molecular configurations at which adiabatic potential-energy surfaces touch. They are predicted to be ubiquitous, yet condensed-phase experiments have focused on the few systems with clear spectroscopic signatures of negligible fluorescence, high photoactivity, or femtosecond electronic kinetics. Although rare, these signatures have become diagnostic for conical intersections. Here we detect a coherent surface-crossing event nearly two picoseconds after optical excitation in a highly fluorescent molecule that has no photoactivity and nanosecond electronic kinetics. Time–frequency analysis of high-sensitivity measurements acquired using sub-8 fs pulses reveals phase shifts of the signal due to branching of the wavepacket through a conical intersection. The time–frequency analysis methodology demonstrated here on a model compound will enable studies of conical intersections in molecules that do not exhibit their diagnostic signatures. Improving the ability to detect conical interse...
Rapid methods for determination of meat composition.

Methodologie et equipements correspondants permettant de doser rapidement (analyse de routine dans les services d'inspection des viandes) l'eau, les proteines et les lipides des produits carnes
Manual Reduction of Abdominal Hernia

An abdominal wall hernia is a protrusion of the intestine through an opening or area of weakness in the abdominal wall. See Table 70.1 for types of abdominal hernias and Fig. 70.1 for locations along the abdominal anatomy.