cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human and Mouse Brown Adipose Tissue Mitochondria Have Comparable UCP1 Function.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in mammalian thermoregulation. The component of BAT mitochondria that permits this function is the inner membrane carrier protein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). To the best of our knowledge, no studies have directly quantified UCP1 function in human BAT. Further, whether human and rodent BAT have comparable thermogenic function remains unknown. We employed high-resolution respirometry to determine the respiratory capacity, coupling control, and, most importantly, UCP1 function of human supraclavicular BAT and rodent interscapular BAT. Human BAT was sensitive to the purine nucleotide GDP, providing the first direct evidence that human BAT mitochondria have thermogenically functional UCP1. Further, our data demonstrate that human and rodent BAT have similar UCP1 function per mitochondrion. These data indicate that human and rodent BAT are qualitatively similar in terms of UCP1 function.
Turbulent Effects in Large Scale Flow over Orography

The simplest models used to describe stationary eddies are the stationary linear models linearized around a zonal state (e.g., Saltzman, 1968). The primary justification for these models comes from the observation that the stationary eddies are very much weaker than the zonal flow-the eddy stationary energy is an order of magnitude smaller than the zonal stationary energy (Holopainen, 1970). Only minor modifications are to be expected if the stationary eddy components are allowed to nonlinearly interact (Ashe, 1980).
The Exceptional Individual; Singularities in the Evolution of Mathematics

It is recognized in scientific research that study of singularities, that is, of deviations from the norm, is likely to yield valuable information about the “normal” as well as to suggest new concepts. Examples are numerous and are to be found in all fields. The “before-his-time” singularities are identified by their having introduced new theories or techniques, which the contemporary related culture ignores or gradually forgets, but which at some later time are either seized upon, or re-created, and developed into mature sub-systems of a field or into new fields of investigation in their own right. One can expect that when a mathematical theory disappears, it will be because of cultural factors, either intrinsic, environmental, or both. The creative individual is always available to carry on a theory that has sufficient potential; if it dies out, the reasons should be sought elsewhere than in the lack of investigators.
PROJECTIVE METHODS FOR JUDGING EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

This chapter presents projective methods for judging expressive behavior of preschool children. The child projects his mental attitude, his drives and emotions, his social trends—in short, his personality—upon his attitudes toward the environment; however, these projections also appear in the child's expressive movements themselves. Although, a new-born child reacts to many stimuli coming from without, most of his reactions are to stimuli coming from within his organism. The first environment of the child is his own biological world. As the child later develops his own mental world and lives to a great part in this make-believe environment, the second environment of the child is his own mental world. The child's first projections are made upon his body; it is with his body that he talks and expresses himself. Bodily balance and motor coordination is related to the child's sense of rhythm, to his ability to express and perceive rhythmical qualities, and also to his constructive abilities.
Worse health-related quality of life and hip function in female patients with elevated chromium levels.

Background and purpose — Blood metal ion levels can be an indicator for detecting implant failure in metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasties. Little is known about the effect of bilateral MoM implants on metal ion levels and patient-reported outcomes. We compared unilateral patients and bilateral patients with either an ASR hip resurfacing (HR) or an ASR XL total hip replacement (THR) and investigated whether cobalt or chromium was associated with a broad spectrum of patient outcomes.Patients and methods — From a registry of 1,328 patients enrolled in a multicenter prospective follow-up of the ASR Hip System, which was recalled in 2010, we analyzed data from 659 patients (311 HR, 348 THR) who met our inclusion criteria. Cobalt and chromium blood metal ion levels were measured and a 21-item patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) questionnaire was used mean 6 years after index surgery.Results — Using a minimal threshold of ≥7 ppb, elevated chromium ion levels were found to be associated with worse health...
CASH: supporting IaaS customers with a sub-core configurable architecture

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Clouds have grown increasingly important. Recent architecture designs support IaaS providers through fine-grain configurability, allowing providers to orchestrate low-level resource usage. Little work, however, has been devoted to supporting IaaS customers who must determine how to use such fine-grain configurable resources to meet quality-of-service (QoS) requirements while minimizing cost. This is a difficult problem because the multiplicity of configurations creates a non-convex optimization space. In addition, this optimization space may change as customer applications enter and exit distinct processing phases. In this paper, we overcome these issues by proposing CASH: a fine-grain configurable architecture co-designed with a cost-optimizing runtime system. The hardware architecture enables configurability at the granularity of individual ALUs and L2 cache banks and provides unique interfaces to support low-overhead, dynamic configuration and monitoring. The runtime uses a combination of control theory and machine learning to configure the architecture such that QoS requirements are met and cost is minimized. Our results demonstrate that the combination of fine-grain configurability and non-convex optimization provides tremendous cost savings (70% savings) compared to coarse-grain heterogeneity and heuristic optimization. In addition, the system is able to customize configurations to particular applications, respond to application phases, and provide near optimal cost for QoS targets.
Mathematical Models in Medicine

Summary Several mathematical models are discussed to illustrate their applications in medicine. Examples chosen are from different areas of medicine and they utilize various degrees of mathematical sophistication. Problem areas in distribution of drugs in the body, diets for hospital patients, differential diagnosis, body burden in environmental health and patient care in the operating room are developed. The major aim of this survey is to bring to the attention of biomedical scientists and educators the power of mathematical concepts and techniques.
Transcriptional Activation by the Hepatitis B Virus X Protein

Human HBV is a member of a family of hepatotropic viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes (Robinson et al., 1982), which include woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV, Summers et al., 1978), ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV, Lee et al., 1988), and duck hepatitis virus (DHBV, Mason et al., 1980). All members maintain persistent infections, but the human and woodchuck viruses appear to cause the most significant chronic active infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, reviewed in Ganem and Varmus, 1987; Tiollais et al., 1985). The correlation between chronic HBV infection and development of HCC has been well established, primarily from epidemiological and clinical evidence (Beasley et al., 1981; Szumness, 1978; reviewed in Ganem and Varmus, 1987; Popper et al., 1987).
A case series of removal of nickel-titanium sterilization microinserts from the uterine cornua using laparoscopic electrocautery for salpingectomy

Nickel-Titanium sterilization microinserts are surgically removed for various indications, including persistent pain. Previously described removal techniques include salpingostomy and cornuectomy with judicious use of electrocautery to avoid potential injury to adjacent structures or fracturing the micoinsert. This case series presents our technique of laparoscopic salpingectomy, utilizing electrocautery on the microinsert.
The search broker

The current search facilities on the web are amazingly powerful, but they are still lacking. Taking the whole universe as one flat data space and searching it with keywords has inherent limitations of scale. The challenge is to provide users with ways to focus their search better without making it too difficult or too inefficient. We introduce a method of conducting search on the web that is based on a two-level search idea. It strikes a balance between flat global search and specialized databases, and gives users convenient access to vast amounts of information.
Surgical smoke control with local exhaust ventilation: Experimental study.

ABSTRACTThis experimental study aimed to evaluate airborne particulates and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from surgical smoke when a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system is in place. Surgical smoke was generated from human tissue in an unoccupied operating room using an electrocautery surgical device for 15 min with 3 different test settings: (1) without LEV control; (2) control with a wall irrigation suction unit with an in-line ultra-low penetration air filter; and (3) control with a smoke evacuation system. Flow rate of LEVs was approximately 35 L/min and suction was maintained within 5 cm of electrocautery interaction site. A total of 6 experiments were conducted. Particle number and mass concentrations were measured using direct reading instruments including a condensation particle counter (CPC), a light-scattering laser photometer (DustTrak DRX), a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), and a viable particle counter. Selected VOCs were collected using eva...
Modeling the Spectrum of Human Insulin Resistance Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a unique model to study the genetic components of insulin resistant states in vitro and can be studied in both the undifferentiated and differentiated state. In prior studies we have shown that iPSCs from patients with insulin receptor mutations exhibit altered insulin signaling with reduced insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IR, IRS, and AKT in iPS-derived myotubes compared to healthy subjects and have reduced insulin stimulation of proliferation and gene expression. We now use iPSCs to characterize the insulin response of type 2 diabetics (T2D) and nondiabetic individuals before and after differentiation to skeletal muscle. The iPSCs from a subgroup of the nondiabetic individuals were further divided into those in the upper and lower quartiles of insulin resistance as determined using steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) methodology. We find that iPSCs from insulin sensitive controls, insulin resistant (IR) nondiabetics and from patient with type 2 diabetes exhibited similar levels of pluripotency markers and showed similar changes in markers of muscle differentiation through the satellite cell-like and myoblast/myotube stage. This was true for iPSC derived from blood cells and from muscle biopsies. Insulin-induced activation of early signaling steps including phosphorylation of IR, IRS, AKT, ERK and GSK3 showed dose-responsive phosphorylation in the iPSC, as well as myotube stage with significant 10 nM and 100 nM insulin. Importantly, iPSCs differentiated into satellite-like cells displayed insulin resistance at the level of AKT phosphorylation in both the T2D and IR patients (p=0.0134 and p=0.0352). There was also decreased GSK3 phosphorylation in cells from T2D patients (p=0.0325). Thus, iPSC-derived muscle satellite-like cells from T2D and nondiabetic IR individuals retain defects in AKT and GSK3 phosphorylation indicating a level of a genetic or persistent epigenetic signature of insulin resistance in vitro. Disclosure J. Lebastchi: None. T.M. Batista: None. I. Carcamo-Orive: None. A. Krook: None. J.R. Zierath: None. J. Knowles: None. C. Kahn: Advisory Panel; Self; CohBar, ERX Therapeutics, AntriaBio, Inc.. Board Member; Self; Kaleio Biosciences.
Virtues, Etiquette, and Anglo-American Medical Ethics in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

In medical ethics the place of the virtues, habits or traits of character that dispose one to act on one’s duties, is uncertain. In part this is owed to the attention given to the obligations of the physician in such matters as confidentiality, informed consent, and the care of the dying patient. Because in much of ethical theory moral principles are taken to be the primary source of obligations, it is no surprise that principle-based medical ethics has emerged to preeminence [2]. As a consequence of this focus on moral obligations and principles, moral virtues have received less attention in medical ethics. Medical etiquette, prescriptions about the particulars of professional behavior, has been all but ignored.
Personality Disorder Assessment in Asian Americans

This chapter provides an overview of the Asian American population and sociocultural influences associated with personality disorder assessment. First, a general overview of Asian American demographics and relevant sociocultural factors is presented. Then issues related to cross-cultural assessment of personality disorders are provided, along with recommendations for culturally sensitive assessments with this ethnic group. Finally, a review of the existing literature on personality disorder instruments for use with Asian Americans is covered, along with recommendations for clinical use with clients. The theme throughout this chapter is the role of sociocultural influences in shaping personality traits and how these influences affect assessment of personality disorders in Asian Americans.
ALBUMIN BINDING SITES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents albumin binding sites. The binding process to albumin has physiological significance in transport, modulation, inactivation of metabolite, and drug activities. It also acts as a protective device in binding and inactivation of potential toxic compounds to which the body is exposed. Forces available for the attachment of ligands to proteins are of several types, namely, electrostatic, fluctuating charges, hydrogen bonding, and apolar bonding. Some proteins bind anions, some do not. Compact proteins, supporting interiors of low dielectric constant, with positive charged groups, are potentially good anionic binders. This holds for albumin from almost all sources. Albumin binds most anions, independent of the hydrophobic character of the ligand side group, although if the latter is appreciable it clearly increases the affinity of attachment.
Mechanisms of Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), represented by Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are associated with major morbidity in Western countries and with increasing incidence in the developing world. Although analysis of the genome of patients with IBD, especially through genome-wide association studies, has unraveled multiple pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis, only part of IBD heritability has been explained by genetic studies. This finding has revealed that environmental factors also play a major role in promoting intestinal inflammation, mostly through their effects in the composition of the microbiome. However, in order for microbial dysbiosis to result in uncontrolled intestinal inflammation, the intestinal barrier formed by intestinal epithelial cells and the innate immune system should also be compromised. Finally, activation of the immune system depends on the working balance between effector and regulatory cells present in the intestinal mucosa, which have also been found to be dysregulated in this patient population. Therefore, IBD pathogenesis is a result of the interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental impact on the microbiome that through a weakened intestinal barrier will lead to inappropriate intestinal immune activation. In this article, we will review the mechanisms proposed to cause IBD from the genetic, environmental, intestinal barrier, and immunologic perspectives.
Chapter 12 – HEAT TRANSFER

Publisher Summary In many areas of engineering and physics, it is possible to obtain exact solutions to problems by minimizing some functional, subjected to certain boundary conditions. In the case of elasticity, this functional was physically interpreted as the total potential energy of the system. For many areas of engineering and physics, the functional may simply be a mathematically defined quantity. In other fields, the physical interpretation may not be obvious. The physical behavior governing a variety of problems in engineering can be described by the well known Laplace and Poisson differential equations. The analytic solution of these equations in two- and three-dimensional field problems can present a formidable task, especially in the case where there are complex boundary conditions and irregularly shaped regions. The finite element formulation of this class of problems by using variational methods has proven to be a very effective and versatile approach to the solution. Previous difficulties associated with irregular geometry and complex boundary conditions are virtually eliminated. Some examples of problems frequently encountered in engineering practice falling into this category areheat conduction, seepage through porous media, torsion of prismatic shafts, irrotational flow of ideal fluids, and distribution of magnetic potential. This chapter presents the development concerned with the details of formulating the solution to the two-dimensional, steady-state heat conduction problem. The approach is general and by redefining the physical quantities involved, the formulation is equally applicable to other problems involving the Poisson equation.
Use of oral and parenteral calcitriol in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy.

This review will consider the effects of calcitriol observed in patients with advanced renal failure and attempt to compare the effects of oral compared to parenteral routes of therapy, recognizing that there are no controlled comparisons of the two forms of treatment
Automated Video Interpretability Assessment using Convolutional Neural Networks

A neural network used to automate assessment of video quality, as measured by the Video National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (VNIIRS), was able to ascertain the exact VNIIRS rating over 80% of the time.
Consumers' Suggestions for Improving the Mental Healthcare System: Options, Autonomy, and Respect.

While the mental healthcare-consumer voice has gained in legitimacy and perceived value, policy initiatives and system improvements still lack input from consumers. This study explores consumers’ suggestions for improving the mental healthcare system. Participants (N = 46) were conveniently recruited and responded to an online survey asking: “What are your suggestions for improving the mental healthcare system?” Eight themes were identified using iterative, inductive and deductive coding. Themes included treatment options, autonomy and empowerment, respect and relationships, medication management, peer support, insurance and access, funding and government support, and treatment environment. Theoretically, there is interdependence among themes where five of the themes are foundational for the three main themes (i.e. treatment options, autonomy and empowerment, respect and relationships). Findings suggest that consumers see the need for improvement in patient-centered care. While access is the focus of much mental healthcare policy discussions, the ultimate goal should be provisioning person-centered mental healthcare.
A computational model tracks whole-lung Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and predicts factors that inhibit dissemination

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative infectious agent of tuberculosis (TB), kills more individuals per year than any other infectious agent. Granulomas, the hallmark of Mtb infection, are complex structures that form in lungs, composed of immune cells surrounding bacteria, infected cells, and a caseous necrotic core. While granulomas serve to physically contain and immunologically restrain bacteria growth, some granulomas are unable to control Mtb growth, leading to bacteria and infected cells leaving the granuloma and disseminating, either resulting in additional granuloma formation (local or non-local) or spread to airways or lymph nodes. Dissemination is associated with development of active TB. It is challenging to experimentally address specific mechanisms driving dissemination from TB lung granulomas. Herein, we develop a novel hybrid multi-scale computational model, MultiGran, that tracks Mtb infection within multiple granulomas in an entire lung. MultiGran follows cells, cytokines, and bacterial populations within each lung granuloma throughout the course of infection and is calibrated to multiple non-human primate (NHP) cellular, granuloma, and whole-lung datasets. We show that MultiGran can recapitulate patterns of in vivo local and non-local dissemination, predict likelihood of dissemination, and predict a crucial role for multifunctional CD8+ T cells and macrophage dynamics for preventing dissemination. Author Summary Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and kills 3 people per minute worldwide. Granulomas, spherical structures composed of immune cells surrounding bacteria, are the hallmark of Mtb infection and sometimes fail to contain the bacteria and disseminate, leading to further granuloma growth within the lung environment. To date, the mechanisms that determine granuloma dissemination events have not been characterized. We present a computational multi-scale model of granuloma formation and dissemination within primate lungs. Our computational model is calibrated to multiple experimental datasets across the cellular, granuloma, and whole-lung scales of non-human primates. We match to both individual granuloma and granuloma-population datasets, predict likelihood of dissemination events, and predict a critical role for multifunctional CD8+ T cells and macrophage-bacteria interactions to prevent infection dissemination.
Providing trauma-informed pediatric care for underserved populations: Reflections on a teaching intervention:

National organizations call for providing trauma-informed care (TIC) to those who have experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and to the population as a whole. All providers and staff are...
Dyno-in-the-Loop: An Innovative Hardware-in-the-Loop Development and Testing Platform for Emerging Mobility Technologies

Author(s): Wu, Guoyuan; Brown, Dylan; Zhao, Zhouqiao; Hao, Peng; Todd, Michael; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J; Gao, Zhiming; LaClair, Tim
Effects of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen loading on bacterial-algal consortium composition and functions in an integrated photobioelectrochemical system.

Abstract An integrated photo-bioelectrochemical system (IPB) for wastewater treatment combines a microbial fuel cell with an algal bioreactor, eliminating requirements for aeration, promoting electricity generation, remediating nutrients and producing algal biomass for conversion into biofuel or other bioproducts. To examine strategies for improving IPB functions of electrochemical output and nutrient removal efficiency, this study tested effects of cathode bacterial inoculation and nitrogen loading on cathode microbial community and IPB performance. IPB cathodes were inoculated with the green alga Chlorella vulgaris, in combination with nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) Nitrobacter winogradskyi, and/or ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) Nitrosomonas europaea. IPB performance was examined before and after nitrifying bacteria inoculations and under three ammonium loading concentrations in the wastewater medium. Bacterial communities in the cathode suspension and biofilm were examined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Relative to the algae only control, cathode inoculation with NOB and/or AOB improved net nutrient removal, but resulted in reduced dissolved oxygen availability, which impaired electricity generation. Higher ammonium loading increased electricity production and nutrient removal, possibly by overcoming algal-bacterial competition. Inoculation with nitrifying bacteria resulted in minor changes to total bacterial composition and AOB or NOB comprised
Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow Solved With a Dynamic Multichain Particle Swarm Optimizer

This paper presents a dynamic multichain particle swarm optimization (DMCPSO) algorithm to solve the security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) problem, which aims to minimize the predefined cost while taking both system capacity requirements and operating security constraints into account. The DMCPSO is based on a dynamic multichain topology and an adaptive parameter control mechanism. The dynamic multichain topology organizes the swarm population in the chain structure at both the individual and subpopulation levels. Different particles can play different roles in this topology to enhance both exploration and exploitation via local and global communication mechanisms. Moreover, to boost the benefits brought by this topology, three types of parameters, i.e., the inertia weight w, scaling factor F, and mutation probability $p$ are controlled in an adaptive manner to further boost exploration and exploitation. Numerical results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed DMCPSO over three reference PSO algorithms in the literature.
The Importance and Challenge of Oral Health in LMICs: Perspectives from Dental Medicine, Dental Librarianship, and Dental Administration

Everyone will be impacted by oral disease at some point in life. Dental caries (tooth decay) is the most widespread chronic disease worldwide, impacting nearly 100% of adults and 60–90% of school children. In addition, about 30% of people aged 65–74 have no natural teeth, and severe periodontal disease impacts 15–20% of middle-aged (35–44 years) adults globally. These staggering statistics demonstrate evidence of significant oral health neglect across the general population. This chapter discusses the challenges and solutions to improving oral health in low- and middle-income countries.
Not just an arid landscape problem: Springflow declines in a region with high rainfall

Abstract Competition between human use and spring-dependent systems puts these systems in jeopardy. This study analyzed whether Florida springs have experienced reductions in springflow over the last century using time series data from state and federal agencies. Of 57 springs, 26 exhibited negative trends in springflow; these declines were correlated with population growth, with groundwater withdrawals, and to a lesser extent with rainfall. Even in a region with abundant rainfall, population growth has impacted spring integrity.
Predictors of Environmental Policy Support: The Case of Inland Aquaculture in Wisconsin

Aquaculture plays a significant role in meeting the world’s demand for seafood. There is much controversy about aquaculture, and fish farming in particular. Previous research has explored public pe...
Arresting Confidence: Mass Incarceration and Black–White Differences in Perceptions of Legal Authorities

Objective This article investigates changes in confidence in legal authorities associated with mass incarceration. Methods Binary logistic regression models are used to analyze five waves of data from a national survey of U.S. adults collected between 1981 and 2011 (n = 8,548). Predicted probabilities and discrete change coefficients are calculated to examine changes in blacks’ and whites’ attitudes about police and courts associated with changes in the incarceration rate. Results As the incarceration rate grew, blacks’ confidence in police declined substantially, while whites’ was unchanged. Blacks and whites each lost confidence in courts as incarceration increased. However, the loss was significantly greater among blacks than whites. Conclusions The growing incarceration rate was accompanied by distinctive shifts in blacks’ and whites’ confidence in legal authorities. This article underscores the importance of macro legal contexts for understanding race differences in legal confidence.
Optimal carbon storage reservoir management through deep reinforcement learning

Abstract Model-based optimization plays a central role in energy system design and management. The complexity and high-dimensionality of many process-level models, especially those used for geosystem energy exploration and utilization, often lead to formidable computational costs when the dimension of decision space is also large. This work adopts elements of recently advanced deep learning techniques to solve a sequential decision-making problem in applied geosystem management. Specifically, a deep reinforcement learning framework was formed for optimal multiperiod planning, in which a deep Q-learning network (DQN) agent was trained to maximize rewards by learning from high-dimensional inputs and from exploitation of its past experiences. To expedite computation, deep multitask learning was used to approximate high-dimensional, multistate transition functions. Both DQN and deep multitask learning are pattern based. As a demonstration, the framework was applied to optimal carbon sequestration reservoir planning using two different types of management strategies: monitoring only and brine extraction. Both strategies are designed to mitigate potential risks due to pressure buildup. Results show that the DQN agent can identify the optimal policies to maximize the reward for given risk and cost constraints. Experiments also show that knowledge the agent gained from interacting with one environment is largely preserved when deploying the same agent in other similar environments.
Localized Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Risk Factors of Post-surgical Relapse and Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy

The mainstay treatment of localized non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is surgical excision or Mohs surgery. However, approximately 5% of patients with NMSC harbor high-risk clinicopathologic features for loco-regional recurrence, and distant metastasis. Prognostic factors such as close or positive margins, tumor size ≥ 2 cm, poor tumor differentiation, perineural invasion, depth of invasion, and immunosuppression have all been associated with increased loco-regional recurrence and impaired survival rates. In these patients more aggressive treatments are needed and radiotherapy (RT) is often discussed as adjuvant therapy after surgical resection. Due to the retrospective setting and the heterogeneity of the available studies, indications for adjuvant RT in patients with localized resected NMSC harboring high-risk features remain debated. Studies highlighting the limitations of our current understanding of the independent prognosis of each risk factor are needed to better define the role of adjuvant RT on outcome of localized NMSC and standardize its indications in the clinical setting.
Fatigue-Like Behavior of Silver Metallization Gridlines and Proposed Damage Mechanics Model

In this work, we present a novel method to evaluate the fracture and fatigue-like behavior of crystalline silicon PV cell metallization. Initial results demonstrate that silver metal gridlines are capable of bridging a ~10-20 μm gap prior to becoming electrically open and do demonstrate fatigue-like behavior under cyclic straining conditions. This later phenomenon was well fit with a traditional power law equation for high cycle fatigue and enabled the development of a damage mechanics model for gridline failure.
OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism. A linearly polarized light can be regarded to be made up of two equal, but opposite, circularly polarized components, one left-handed (lcp) and one right-handed (rep). On passing through an optically inactive medium, the speeds of both components are equally affected, so the plane of polarization remains unchanged upon recombination. But in an optically active medium, the speeds of the two components are unequally influenced, so the emergent light rotates through an angle with the plane of polarization of the incident light. The presence or absence of circular dichroism (CD) can also be studied with linearly polarized light. If the left and right circularly polarized components of a linearly polarized beam are absorbed equally, the emergent light remains linearly polarized. If, however, the two components are absorbed unequally, the resultant field no longer oscillates along a single line, and the head of the recombined components traces an ellipse.
Motivational interviewing in groups: Applications of motivational interviewing by Wagner, C. C., & Ingersoll, K. S.

Motivational Interviewing in Groups by Christopher C. Wagner and Karen S. Ingersoll (2013) begins with the following query: “Can motivational interviewing be done in groups?” Their answer is a reso...
Pharmacokinetics of oral neratinib during co-administration of ketoconazole in healthy subjects

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Neratinib is a potent, low-molecular-weight, orally administered, irreversible pan-ErbB (ErbB-1, -2, -4) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown anti-tumour activity in patients with advanced ErbB-2-positive breast cancer both with and without prior trastuzumab exposure. • Neratinib is in phase III development for the treatment of patients with ErbB-2-positive breast cancer. • Preclinical data suggest that neratinib is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The pharmacokinetic profile of neratinib was evaluated in healthy subjects after a single oral administration of neratinib with and without the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole. • Exposure to neratinib increased more than 3-fold during co-administration of ketoconazole, indicating that neratinib is a substrate of CYP3A and is susceptible to interactions with potent CYP3A inhibitors and, thus, dose adjustments may be needed if neratinib is administered with such compounds. AIM The primary objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of neratinib, a potent, low-molecular-weight, orally administered, irreversible pan-ErbB (ErbB-1, -2, -4) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, during co-administration with ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. METHODS This was an open-label, randomized, two-period, crossover study. Fasting healthy adults received a single oral dose of neratinib 240 mg alone and with multiple oral doses of ketoconazole 400 mg. Blood samples were collected up to 72 h after each neratinib dose. Plasma concentration data were analyzed using a noncompartmental method. The least square geometric mean ratios [90% confidence interval (CI)] of Cmax(neratinib+ketoconazole) : Cmax(neratinib alone), and AUC(neratinib+ketoconazole) : AUC(neratinib alone) were assessed. RESULTS Twenty-four subjects were enrolled. Compared with neratinib administered alone, co-administration of ketoconazole increased neratinib Cmax by 3.2-fold (90% CI: 2.4, 4.3) and AUC by 4.8-fold (3.6, 6.5). Median tmax was 6.0 h with both regimens. Ketoconazole decreased mean apparent oral clearance of neratinib from 346 l h−1 to 87.1 l h−1 and increased mean elimination half-life from 11.7 h to 18.0 h. The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the two regimens (50% neratinib alone, 65% co-administration with ketoconazole). CONCLUSION Co-administration of neratinib with ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A inhibitor, increased neratinib Cmax by 3.2-fold and AUC by 4.8-fold compared with administration of neratinib alone. These results indicate that neratinib is a substrate of CYP3A and is susceptible to interaction with potent CYP3A inhibitors and, thus, dose adjustments may be needed if neratinib is administered with such compounds.
Addressing Changing Assessment Agendas: Impact of Professional Development on Secondary Mathematics Teachers in NSW

In New South Wales the focus on assessment for learning requires teachers to consider carefully the alignment between assessment, curriculum, and pedagogy. This emerging agenda in teacher education seeks to ensure that assessment practices provide advice to teachers about what students know and where teaching might be directed to enhance learning. To incorporate this change into classroom practices, teachers need ongoing and sustained professional development. This paper describes the experiences of secondary mathematics teachers as they engaged in a two-year professional development program using the SOLO Model as the theoretical framework to explore the changing nature of assessment. Initially, teachers’ views of the advantages of the professional development experience are identified as major themes. Following this overview, three case studies are presented to provide a longitudinal perspective about the ways in which the views of teachers evolved over the period of the project.
A new method for the design of high performance receivers in the presence of co-channel interference

We present the co-channel interference mitigation in the time-scale domain (CIMTS) algorithm which estimates the signal of interest (SOI) and the interfering signal from their superposition in the presence of additive noise. This method is inspired by the reconstruction of the interference from the null space of the SOI in the time-scale domain. Once the null space of the SOI is determined, the interfering signal is reconstructed via a set of linear operations. Then, the SOI is estimated by a simple subtraction of the estimated interference from the observations. >
Smart Underwear for Diabetic Patients

In recent years, as the demand for health care and proper diet increases, smart clothing with a built-in health care monitoring system is likely to have a high demand rate in the market. As diabetes is increasing, the smart wear for diabetic patients is necessary. Therefore, this study suggested the design of the smart underwear for diabetic patients. This smart underwear is able to monitor diabetic patients’ health condition and glucose levels through the glucose sensor and biosensors. Sensed vital signs are transmitted to a dedicated operating transmitter, PC, PDA, or mobile phone. Patients are able to have real time information about their health condition, including blood sugar levels. It allows patients to determine their blood sugar level and manage their diet and/or medication. As the market’s demand for medical information increases, this smart underwear will provide a significant part of the answer for patients.
Dynamical functional artificial neural networks (D-FANN) for intelligent signal processing

For the sake of clarity and precision, intelligent signal processing will be defined as the process of mapping a signal x into a binary vector y, so that y enables the detection, classification, or interpretation of an event present in x. We denote by f the input-output map of such an intelligent signal processing filter. In a number of applications it is possible to implement the nonlinear filter map f by an artificial neural network (ANN). In the present paper we consider the case in which the signal x is an analog signal (waveform) belonging to L/sup 2/(I), where I is an appropriate interval of the real line R/sup 1/, and propose the realization of f by an artificial neural network in which the synaptic weight actions of the first layer are implemented by a filter bank. We call such a network a dynamical functional artificial neural network (D-FANN) to distinguish it from a conventional functional artificial neural network (FANN), where a synaptic weight action is implemented by a scalar product in L/sup 2/(I), between the incoming waveform x and a functional weight. Thus, compared with conventional FANNs, D-FANNs permit simple and meaningful causal realizations of intelligent analog signal processors. A novel element is the introduction of a D-FANN gain equation, in a way analogous to that in Kalman Filtering. Applications of D-FANNs to real and simulated data are now in progress and these results will be presented at the symposium (ISCAS-98).
Discrete modeling of beds of propellant exposed to strong stimulus

This paper is a description of experimental and theoretical modeling concepts that are being developed to describe the behavior of confined propellant beds made of discrete particles, when subjected to a strong stimulus such as the impact of a penetrating jet. A principal goal is to discover basic mechanisms within the bed that control a reactive wave that either fails and extinguishes, or propagates as a rapid burning or detonating wave. This paper is an extended version of a lecture given by D. S. Stewart at the Institute for Mathematics and its Application in November of 1989.
Adaption of Koiter's method to finite element analysis of snap-through buckling behavior†

Abstract Koiter's approach to the analysis of load-displacement behavior in the neighborhood of a bifurcation buckling point is adapted to permit the analysis of behavior in the neighborhood of the buckling point for a structure that exhibits snap-through buckling. The essential concept is the consideration of pre-buckling nonlinearities as generalized initial imperfections of a derived perfect structure called the modified structure. The asymptotic character of Koiter's approach is preserved in this modified structure method of analysis. The development is stated in a functional notation and is then discretized into a matrix procedure based upon finite element idealization. Numerical results are presented for the load-displacement behavior of a circular arch.
Interpretations of multiregional evolution.

Letters from: [ Milford H. Wolpoff ][1] [ Sarah A. Tishkoff, et al. ][1] The question of a unique African origin for modern humans, the “Eve” theory, is discussed by S. A. Tishkoff et al . in their article “Global patterns of linkage disequilibrium at the CD4 locus and modern human
Bullous pemphigoid sera that contain antibodies to BPAg2 also contain antibodies to LABD97 that recognize epitopes distal to the NC16A domain

IgG antibodies from the sera of some patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) react with a 180 kDa protein termed BPAg2. Antibodies in BP are directed to an extracellular noncollagenous domain of this protein termed NC16A. Our group has recently shown that a portion of the extracellular domain of BPAg2 is identical to LABD97 on the basis of amino acid sequencing. We evaluated sera from 33 patients with BP with circulating IgG antibodies on indirect immunofluorescence, which stained the epidermal side of split skin with titers ranging from 1:40 to 1:640. Immunoblotting was performed against (i) two preparations of proteins from epidermal extract, one containing BPAg2 and one containing LABD97, and (ii) the recombinant NC16A domain of the BPAg2 protein. Twelve sera reacted with the BPAg2 protein. Ten of these also reacted strongly with the NC16A domain. Nine of the 12 sera also reacted with the LABD97 antigen. Bound antibodies were eluted from the 97 kDa band and reapplied to split skin where they bound to the epidermal side. The eluted antibodies also reacted to the BPAg2 protein from the epidermal extract, but did not react with the NC16A domain on immunoblot. We conclude that these nine sera react with an epitope present within BPAg2 and LABD97 but not within the NC16A domain. This epitope is therefore distal to the previously described epitopes in BP. In BP, epitope spreading may occur and antibodies may be produced that recognize the distal portion of the BPAg2 molecule identical to LABD97 but that do not involve the NC16A domain.
Fundamental frequency change during offset and onset of voicing in individuals with Parkinson disease.

Summary After years of treatment with the medication levodopa, most individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) experience fluctuations in response to their medications. Although relatively consistent perceptual voice improvements have been documented to correspond with these fluctuations, consistent quantitative data to support this finding are lacking. This mismatch may have occurred because most of this phonation research has centered on long-term phonatory measures (ie, across speaking samples and prolonged vowel tasks). The current study examined short-term phonatory behavior in individuals with PD, specifically examining fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) at the offset and onset of phonation, before and after a voiceless consonant. The F 0 analysis at phonatory offset supported the conclusion that individuals with PD have difficulty with the rapid offset of voicing, and that they are stopping vocal fold vibration primarily through vocal fold abduction (without adding tension). The F 0 analysis at phonatory onset revealed that all groups use some laryngeal tension at the initiation of voicing. The tension was lowest for the PD participants who were in their OFF medication state, and it was highest for the age-matched control participants and the PD participants in their ON medication states.
Bacterial species and evolution: Theoretical and practical perspectives

A discussion of the species problem in modern evolutionary biology serves as the point of departure for an exploration of how the basic science aspects of this problem relate to efforts to map bacterial diversity for practical pursuits—for prospecting among the bacteria for useful genes and gene-products. Out of a confusing array of species concepts, the Cohesion Species Concept seems the most appropriate and useful for analyzing bacterial diversity. Techniques of allozyme analysis and DNA fingerprinting can be used to put this concept into practice to map bacterial genetic diversity, though the concept requires minor modification to encompass cases of complete asexuality. Examples from studies of phenetically definedBacillus species provide very partial maps of genetic population structure. A major conclusion is that such maps frequently reveal deep genetic subdivision within the phenetically defined specles; divisions that in some cases are clearly distinct genetic species. Knowledge of such subdivisions is bound to make prospecting within bacterial diversity more effective. Under the general concept of genetic cohesion a hypothetical framework for thinking about the full range of species conditions that might exist among bacteria is developed and the consequences of each such model for species delineation, and species identification are discussed. Modes of bacterial evolution, and a theory of bacterial speciation with and without genetic recombination, are examined. The essay concludes with thoughts about prospects for very extensive mapping of bacterial diversity in the service of future efforts to find useful products. In this context, evolutionary biology becomes the handmaiden of important industrial activities. A few examples of past success in commercializing bacterial gene-products from species ofBacillus and a few other bacteria are reviewed.