cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of oxygen on selective silicon deposition using disilane

Abstract Using Si2H6 in an ultrahigh vacuum rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition reactor, we have investigated the role of high levels of oxygen (>5×10−6 Torr) introduced during selective silicon deposition. The effects of oxygen have been investigated with regard to oxygen incorporation, selectivity with respect to thermal SiO2, growth rate, and epitaxial quality. The addition of oxygen was found to enhance the inherent process selectivity of Si2H6 to SiO2 while causing no reduction in the silicon growth rate or measurable oxygen incorporation into the growing film for oxygen pressures below 5×10−5 Torr. Contrary to published reports, the silicon film was devoid of the pyramidal defects usually characteristic to highly oxygenated processes. The silicon surface morphology, however, exhibited increased roughness with increasing oxygen partial pressure. The surface roughness is believed to be a result of the high levels of oxygen adsorbed at the initial growth surface.
Survival of apurinic SV40 DNA in the d-complementation group of xeroderma pigmentosum.

Abstract The survival of depurinated Form I SV40 DNA was studied in normal human fibroblasts and in D-complementation Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) fibroblasts. Survival was measured with an infective center assay. Heat-acid and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) were used as depurinating agents. After 3 hrs of depurination by heat—acid treatment, infectivity in normal cells was less than 15% of the controls compared to more than 50% for the XP D cell strains. Similar results were obtained with MMS-treated DNA. These results are contrary to expectation since apurinic endonuclease activity, which is presumed to be involved in the repair of apurinic sites, is much lower in XP D cell strains than in normal cell strains. Our results indicate that another mechanism for the repair of apurinic sites could exist.
Self-navigated spiral fMRI: Interleaved versus single-shot

This study compares the measured activation volumes in motor cortex as well as the fluctuation noise and off-resonance characteristics for 1-, 2-, and 4-shot spiral gradient-recalled echo blood oxygen level dependent contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisitions, under conditions of constant resolution and scan time and with two readout durations. Reconstructions were made with and without self-navigator correction. It was found that the navigator correction provided a 50% reduction in image fluctuation noise with 4-shot acquisitions, and that multishot acquisitions perform as well as single-shot techniques when self-navigation is employed. An analysis of blurring showed that off-resonance delta f causes blurring when delta f > 1/(2*Tad), where Tad is the readout duration. Off-resonance effects were readily corrected during reconstruction with retrospective linear shim, even with the longer readout duration needed for single-shot methods. With navigator and shim correction, single-shot and multishot spiral methods are highly effective for fMRI acquisitions.
Identity Profiles in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: The Role of Family Influences

Sexual identity development is a central task of adolescence and young adulthood and can be especially challenging for sexual minority youth. Recent research has moved from a stage model of identity development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth to examining identity in a non-linear, multidimensional manner. In addition, although families have been identified as important to youth’s identity development, limited research has examined the influence of parental responses to youth’s disclosure of their LGB sexual orientation on LGB identity. The current study examined a multidimensional model of LGB identity and its links with parental support and rejection. One hundred and sixty-nine LGB adolescents and young adults (ages 14–24, 56 % male, 48 % gay, 31 % lesbian, 21 % bisexual) described themselves on dimensions of LGB identity and reported on parental rejection, sexuality-specific social support, and non-sexuality-specific social support. Using latent profile analysis (LPA), two profiles were identified, indicating that youth experience both affirmed and struggling identities. Results indicated that parental rejection and sexuality-specific social support from families were salient links to LGB identity profile classification, while non-sexuality specific social support was unrelated. Parental rejection and sexuality-specific social support may be important to target in interventions for families to foster affirmed LGB identity development in youth.
Hierarchical Modeling of Linkage Disequilibrum: Genetic Structure and Spatial Relations

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping offers much promise for the positional cloning of disease-causing genes. However, conventional estimates of LD may fluctuate substantially across contiguous genomic regions, because of population-specific phenomena such as mutation, genetic drift, population structure, and variations in allele frequencies. This fluctuation makes it difficult to interpret patterns of LD and distinguish where a causal gene is located. To address this issue, we propose hierarchical modeling of LD (HLD) for fine-scale mapping. This approach incorporates information on haplotype block structure and chromosomal spatial relations to refine the pattern of LD, increasing the ability to localize disease genes. Here, we present a framework for HLD, a simulation study assessing the performance of HLD under various scenarios, and an application of HLD to existing data. This work demonstrates that hierarchical modeling of linkage disequilibrium is a valuable and flexible approach for fine-scale mapping.
Suicide attempts and signalling games

Abstract Suicide attempts that have non-trivial chances of both success and failure are relatively common but difficult to rationalize in a decision–theoretic model. This paper views such a suicide attempt as an attempt to signal credibly and thereby influence the actions of another decision-maker in a game-theoretic model.
Time dependence of spin accumulation and magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers

We derive and solve the equations that determine the time dependence of the spin accumulation attendant to driving a current across a magnetic multilayer. The time scales with the spin-flip relaxation time for the multilayer, which is of the order of picoseconds. As this is much shorter than the time it takes for current-induced switching of magnetic layers, the lack of spin accumulation does not seem to be a factor for the long switching times recently observed.
Hand function following single ray amputation

We retrospectively studied primary and reconstructive single ray resection at 16 to 150 months after surgery (median, 41 months) in 25 patients (18 males) whose average age was 28 years. Cases were reviewed 16 to 154 months after surgery (median, 41 months). The injuries involved 14 dominant and 11 nondominant hands. Twelve patients had primary ray resection (< or =2 weeks after injury) and 13 had secondary/reconstructive amputation of 18 border and 7 central digits. Examinations and functional testing by Minnesota rate of manipulation and timed grooved pegboard tests were done and x-rays were reviewed. The majority of patients were subjectively satisfied with the appearance and function of the hand. Patients lost an average of 13 weeks of work (range, 2-24 weeks); those with primary resection were out of work 9 weeks (range, 2-17 weeks) and patients who had secondary resection lost a total of 16 weeks of work (range, 7-24 weeks). Twenty-one of the 25 patients returned to their preinjury occupation. Evaluation of nonwork plus settled workers' compensation cases versus nonsettled compensation/litigation cases showed that there were statistically significant differences in grip strength, key pinch, oppositional pinch, and Minnesota rate of manipulation test results. Primary ray removal limits the total costs associated with injury and disability; unsettled compensation/litigation issues produce statistically disparate and otherwise physically inexplicable differences.
Predictors of organizational commitment: The study of part-time army reservists

Abstract A predictive model built upon a multiple role conflict/felt responsibility conceptual framework and containing six previously untested predictors and nine previously tested organizational-related predictors of organizational commitment was investigated. The sample consisted of two battalions of U.S. Army Reserve members. Stepwise multiple regression analysis utilizing a double cross-validation design on each battalion was the data analytic technique. Increased job satisfaction and stronger intent to stay consistently entered each equation as the first and second predictors, respectively. Group cohesion also appeared in more than one equation. The variance explained across the four cross-validated samples averaged .46 and the results were very stable. The importance of the investigation of commitment for this part-time, voluntary organization was discussed, as were future research directions regarding organizational commitment.
Tightening the epidermal barrier with atypical PKCs.

The permeability barrier function of the epidermis is one of the most vital jobs performed by the skin; however, our understanding of the function and regulation of tight junctions in the epidermis remains limited. Helfrich et al. identify a key role for atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) activity, as a component of the Par3–Par6 polarity complex, in epidermal barrier function.
Quantitative study of protein association at picomolar concentrations: The λ phage cl repressor

Abstract A method has been developed for radiolabeling the λ cl repressor to a specific activity sufficiently high to permit accurate quantitation of the protein in the picomolar range of concentration. Procedures are described whereby the labeled protein can be used for accurate quantitative study of the energetics of repressor assembly by large zone analytical gel chromatography. This methodology is applicable to other systems in which the stoichiometry and energetics of tightly associating DNA binding proteins are currently difficult to measure.
Linear reduction method for predictive and informative tag SNP selection

Constructing a complete human haplotype map is helpful when associating complex diseases with their related SNPs. Unfortunately, the number of SNPs is very large and it is costly to sequence many individuals. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the number of SNPs that should be sequenced to a small number of informative representatives called tag SNPs. In this paper, we propose a new linear algebra-based method for selecting and using tag SNPs. We measure the quality of our tag SNP selection algorithm by comparing actual SNPs with SNPs predicted from selected linearly independent tag SNPs. Our experiments show that for sufficiently long haplotypes, knowing only 0.4% of all SNPs the proposed linear reduction method predicts an unknown haplotype with the error rate below 2% based on 10% of the population.
Non-Horn clause logic programming

Abstract There has been active work to extend the Prolog style Horn clause logic programming to non-Horn clauses. In this paper, we analyze and compare several such extensions using an analytical approach. All the extensions discussed behave exactly like Prolog when only Horn clauses are involved. The purpose is to understand the computational complexity of these inference systems when non-Horn clauses are present. The analyses do not necessarily prove that any one system is better than the others all the time. But they do suggest when one system may be better than the others for some particular kind of problems. They also help to discover some interesting properties of some extensions and suggest a possible syntactic transformation on problems to improve the performance of some extensions.
Adaptive generalized mathematical homogenization framework for nanostructured materials

We present an adaptive generalized mathematical homogenization (AGMH) framework for modeling nanostructured materials with evolving defects at a finite temperature. By this approach molecular dynamics model is employed in the vicinity of defects whereas constitutive equation-free continuum model is used away from the defects. The proposed framework consists of the following salient features: (i) a constitutive law-free cohesive element whose behavior is modeled by the atomistic representative volume element (ARVE) and (ii) a dislocation detection band embedded in the ARVE aimed at detecting dislocations passing from or into the interior of the nanograins. These features of the model are critical to studying deformation of nanocrystals where only a small portion of the problem domain requires molecular resolution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐Time Mass Spectrometric Investigation of the Methanol Oxidation in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

A mass spectrometric setup was designed which allows an on-line, and thus real-time, analysis of the products of methanol oxidation in a prototype direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operating at 150 to 190 C. Platinum-black and platinum-ruthenium were used as anode catalysts. The methanol/water mole ratio in the anode feed and the fuel cell operating temperature were varied, and the relative product distribution was determined as a function of these parameters. For pure methanol feed, methanaldimethylacetal was found to be the main product, while an excess of water in the anode under all conditions studied. Increase in the fuel-cell operating temperature led to an increase of the relative product distribution of CO{sub 2}. Platinum black was found to be more selective toward methylformate and methanaldimethylacetal formation than platinum-ruthenium. Cycling the fuel cell anode at 1 mV/s, platinum-ruthenium showed lower onset potentials for both CO{sub 2} ({approximately}0.2 vs. {approximately}0.35 V vs. RHE) and methanaldimethylacetal ({approximately}0.15 vs. {approximately}0.3 V vs. RHE) formation than platinum.
Cell volume regulation and ischemic tissue damage.

Over years of friendly meetings with Professor Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky, many topics of mutual interest were discussed. He was the ideal person to come to with a problem. After being subjected to his critical, analytic mind, most research problems seemed simple, more clearly defined and understandable. His broad biologic and scientific background grew from an apparently insatiable interest in all natural phenomena. He generously shared his knowledge and imparted his wisdom with a share of his own infectious excitement. He was quick to sense the significance of understanding of biological processes to their practical application. For this reason it seems appropriate to relate the progress made in the understanding of cell volume regulation, which had been discussed on several occasions with him, to its possible significance as a factor in disease processes.
Involvement of amygdalar protein kinase A, but not calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, in the reconsolidation of cocaine-related contextual memories in rats

Rationale Contextual control over drug relapse depends on the successful reconsolidation and retention of context-response–cocaine associations in long-term memory stores. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a critical role in cocaine memory reconsolidation and subsequent drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior; however, less is known about the cellular mechanisms of this phenomenon.
Stereopsis from reversible and irreversible patterns

Eight subjects reported stereoscopic depth as a function of the magnitude and direction of disparity carried by a reversible grid or an irreversible solid surface. The former alternated between a diamond seen against a grating or a uniform rectangular grid pattern with stereoscopic depth reported only when the diamond was perceived. Depth was attenuated for the grid compared to the solid surface patterns. Disparity can be defined by perceptually extracted forms with depth present only when those forms are bounded by visible contours.
The Morning Commute Problem with Coarse Toll and Nonidentical Commuters

This paper studies the morning commute problem under a flat peak-period toll (coarse toll) within the context of heterogeneous commuters. All the possible cumulative departure curves resulting from different choices of toll level and charging period are examined. The optimal toll schemes are then derived from minimizing the total travel cost of all commuters, excluding toll cost. We prove that at the optimum there will be no queue or capacity waste at the bottleneck at both the starting and ending points of the charging period for the type of Value-Of-Time (VOT) distribution considered in the paper. Moreover, the optimal coarse toll scheme is pareto-improving. Different from the homogeneous case, which can be regarded as a special case of the heterogeneous case, price discrimination occurs when commuters have different VOT. The optimal solution depends on the units in which the system cost is measured and we find that commuters in the middle pack of the VOT distribution are worse off by higher toll charges if the system cost is measured in money instead of time. A numerical example is provided at the end for demonstration.
Overlay process control for 16-Mb DRAM manufacturing

The tighter film and image size tolerances required for technologies at 0.5 micrometers and below make the control of overlay a critical process parameter. A modeling approach has been developed that is independent of the metrology tool and flexible enough to control overlay for a mix-and-match photolithography strategy. This paper describes the application of the methodologies developed and implemented to control overlay.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The first federal public information service, 1920–1933: at the US Bureau of Efficiency!

Abstract The history of public relations in the federal government has been shaped largely by a consistent Congressional hostility to public relations by executive branch agencies. Therefore, information services that existed in Washington in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were largely limited to assisting businesses (including farmers) or to providing limited information to the general public when it related closely to the mission of the agency. Yet, in 1920, the US Bureau of Efficiency established an information service that handled inquiries from the public-at-large and provided responses that were about the broad scope of the federal government, not just the Bureau’s own activities. This was the first general purpose information service for the public to exist in the federal government. It closed when Congress abolished the Bureau of Efficiency in 1933.
A survey of monitoring practices in cancer clinical trials

This paper reports the results of a survey of data monitoring practices of the 12 clinical co-operative groups in cancer sponsored by the National Cancer Institute in the United States. Most of these co-operative groups conduct a large number of active clinical trials in a wide variety of cancers. The number of active phase III trials in 1991 was 244 with nearly 24,000 patients entered on these trials. The survey instrument used in this paper was modified from one originally developed by Geller and Stylianou, supplemented by questions on the responsibilities of data monitoring committees based on Hawkins. Topics covered included general policies and procedures on the monitoring of clinical trials in these groups as well as specific questions on the responsibilities and operational procedures of formal data monitoring committees. Although formal statistical stopping rules are almost always employed in cancer trials in these co-operative groups, use of a formal data monitoring committee is a relatively new, but increasing practice. For a variety of economic and practical reasons, the members of data monitoring committees for cancer trials are rarely independent of the study participants.
A tryptophan in the bottleneck of the catalytic gorge of an invertebrate acetylcholinesterase confers relative resistance to carbamate and organophosphate inhibitors

Amphioxus, an invertebrate chordate, has two acetylcholinesterases (AChEs): cholinesterase 1 (ChE1) and cholinesterase 2 (ChE2). ChE1 is up to 329-fold more resistant to a variety of carbamate and organophosphate inhibitors, including a number of insecticides, when compared with ChE2. One difference between the two enzymes is at the position homologous to Phe331 in Torpedo AChE. In Torpedo AChE, this residue is a component of the hydrophobic subsite and defines one side of the bottleneck in the catalytic gorge of the enzyme. In ChE1, the homologous residue is Trp353; in ChE2, it is Phe353. We used site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the proposal that the resistance of ChE1 to inhibition by carbamates and organophosphates was due to this difference, creating a ChE1 W353F mutant to widen the bottleneck. The mutation virtually abolishes the difference in sensitivity to the inhibitors. The ChE1 W353F mutant is only 2- to 3-fold more resistant than ChE2 to carbamates and is actually 2.5- to 10-fold more sensitive to inhibition by organophosphates. The differences in resistance are due to different affinities of the enzymes for the inhibitors, not different reactivities. Molecular modeling supports the proposal that the difference in inhibition is due to the width of the bottleneck of the gorge. Our results have implications for insecticide resistance in insects, in particular mosquitoes and aphids.
The effect of oral contraceptives on fibrin-clot stabilization.

The effects of temperature variation of oral contraceptives on the stability of the formed fibrin clot in an acid mileiu were studied. 3 groups young adult males young adult females and young adult females on oral contraceptives were tested for stability of fibrin clots in normal plasma treated with 1% monochloroacetic acid. The plasma was examined at time intervals and at various temperatures. Female clots were more stable than the males but the clots from females on the oral progestogen-estrogen were the most stable. No relationship was found between this phenomenon and the increased fibrinogen level or the level of fibrin-stabliizing factor (Factor XIII).
Haloaldehyde polymers: 16. Stabilization of anionically-prepared polychloral by end-capping with decomposable cations and other additives

Abstract Completely or partly stable polychloral was obtained by anionic cryotachensic polymerization of chloral in the presence of alkylating or acylating agents, notably dimethyl sulphate. Stabilization was also achieved when the polymerization was carried out with specific salts as anionic initiators whose cations could be thermally decomposed at slightly elevated temperatures. Sulphonium salts (particularly trimethylsulphonium and dimethylbenzylsuphonium) and also iodonium salts were found to be effective, although quantitative stabilization of polychloral could not be achieved. Polychloral with improved stability was also obtained with selected amide acetals as initiators.
Daily Rhythm of Egg Production in Turkeys

Abstract THE data published by Hutt and Pilkey (1930), Funk (1934), Funk and Kempster (1934), Hays (1937), and Pritsker (1940) show clearly what has long been recognized, that chicken hens lay more eggs in the morning than in the afternoon. This paper presents data on the time of day that turkey hens lay their eggs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trapnest records of the turkey hens of the Division of Poultry Husbandry, University of California at Davis furnished the data for this study. The data are for the five years 1934 to 1938 inclusive, with those for 1936 and 1937 being most complete, since in the spring of those two years the trapnests were visited at approximately hourly intervals. Since trapping was not continuous, the distributions on an hourly basis may not be as smooth as if it had been possible to record egg production at a few minute intervals throughout the day. . . .
Bound states in twisting tubes

The wave equation subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions has a bound state in an infinite tube of constant cross section in any number of dimensions, provided that the tube is not exactly straight. We prove this result, develop Green's-function methods to find the energy eigenvalue, and solve some simple cases. We discuss the implications for quantum systems and electromagnetic waveguides.
Controlled diffusion processes on infinite horizon with the overtaking criterion

The optimal control of diffusion processes on the infinite time interval are studied. All the costs diverge to infinity and we employ the overtaking criterion, as well as considering minimal growth rate controls. The Bellman equation for the problem is considered and its solution is given an interpretation connected with the overtaking optimality notion. Control problems with a cost including a generalized discount factor (which is not integrable on [(, ∞)) are also studied. Both cases, where the diffusion is inR n or where it is reflected from the boundary of a bounded set, are considered.
Separation of penicillins of closely related structure by partition chromatography on paper and cellulose thin-layer plates.

Abstract By applying the technique of real partition chromatography1 to systems in which aqueous buffer solutions are used as the stationary phase, natural or semi-synthetic penicillins of closely related structure can be satisfactorily separated. Water-saturated alkanols of proper polarity and buffers of proper pH are chosen as the mobile and stationary phases, respectively, according to the polarity of the penicillin to be chromatographed. Examples of penicillins separated are ampicillin vs. epicillin, their N-acetyl derivatives, penicillins G. vs. penicillin V, m- vs. p-hydroxybenzylpenicillins and m- vs. p-hydroxyampicillins.
Modifications of the fertilized egg surface following the cortical reaction in Limulus polyphemus L. as viewed with the scanning electron microscope.

In the development of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, the fertilized egg undergoes a complicated cleavage (Stages 1–3) resulting in blastoderm formation (Stage 4). Stage 1 involves intralecithal cleavage and consists of nine discrete surface modifications (events) which have been briefly described with light microscopy by Brown and Barnum ('83). Since in Stage 1 the cortical reaction (events 1–4) has already been examined with ultrastructural methods, the objectives of the present study were to examine with scanning electron microscopy: (1) the first two of three intermittent granulations (events 5 and 7), and (2) the associated events characterized by smooth surfaces (events 4, 6, and 8). The first granulation occurs 2 1/2 to 3 hours after fertilization (22°C) and lasts approximately 1 1/2 hours. The second granulation appears approximately 5 hours after fertilization and lasts about 3 hours. The dynamic changes that occur during the two granulations involve the transformation of a smooth appearing embryonic surface, liberally coated with microvilli, into a granule-dominated surface on which microvilli are greatly reduced in number. Also of considerable interest are the numerous projections which begin to appear on the surface near the end of the second granulation (event 7) and dominate the surface of the following smooth step stage (event 8). Hypotheses on the significance of these dynamic changes and surface modifications involve relationships to the cell cycle, possible mechanisms for membrane storage, and secretory function.
Barriers to treatment for eating disorders among ethnically diverse women.

Objective This study examined barriers to treatment in an ethnically diverse community sample of women with eating disorders. Method Participants were 61 women (22 Hispanics, 8 Asians, 12 Blacks, 19 Whites) with eating disorders. Diagnosis was determined using the Eating Disorder Examination. Treatment-seeking history, barriers to treatment seeking, ethnic identity, and acculturation were assessed. Results Although 85% of the sample reported wanting help for an eating problem, only 57% had ever sought treatment for an eating or weight problem. Individuals who had sought treatment reported being significantly more distressed about their binge eating than those who had not sought treatment and having begun overeating at a younger age. Of those who had sought help, 86% had not received any treatment for their eating problems. The main barriers to treatment seeking were financial reasons. Conclusion Women from minority groups who have eating disorders are underdiagnosed and typically not treated. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 269–278, 2001.
Multiple mechanisms mediate motor neuron migration in the zebrafish hindbrain

The transmembrane protein Van gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) is a component of the noncanonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling pathway, and is required for tangential migration of facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) from rhombomere 4 (r4) to r5-r7 in the vertebrate hindbrain. Since vangl2 is expressed throughout the zebrafish hindbrain, it might also regulate motor neuron migration in other rhombomeres. We tested this hypothesis by examining whether migration of motor neurons out of r2 following ectopic hoxb1b expression was affected in vangl2− (trilobite) mutants. Hoxb1b specifies r4 identity, and when ectopically expressed transforms r2 to an “r4-like” compartment. Using time-lapse imaging, we show that GFP-expressing motor neurons in the r2/r3 region of a hoxb1b-overexpressing wild-type embryo migrate along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. Furthermore, these cells express prickle1b (pk1b), a Wnt/PCP gene that is specifically expressed in FBMNs and is essential for their migration. Importantly, GFP-expressing motor neurons in the r2/r3 region of hoxb1b-overexpressing trilobite mutants and pk1b morphants often migrate, even though FBMNs in r4 of the same embryos fail to migrate longitudinally (tangentially) into r6 and r7. These observations suggest that tangentially migrating motor neurons in the anterior hindbrain (r1-r3) can use mechanisms that are independent of vangl2 and pk1b functions. Interestingly, analysis of tri; val double mutants also suggests a role for vangl2-independent factors in neuronal migration, since the valentino mutation partially suppresses the trilobite mutant migration defect. Together, the hoxb1b and val experiments suggest that multiple mechanisms regulate motor neuron migration along the AP axis of the zebrafish hindbrain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2010
Prediction of thermomechanical fatigue lives in metal matrix composites

To identify the role of silicon carbide participate reinforcement on high-temperature thermomechanical fatigue behavior of Al 2xxx-T4, experiments have been conducted under thermomechanical out-of-phase and in-phase loading conditions. A general constitutive representation, based on Eshelby’s inclusion theory, is used for the determination of volumetric average stresses and strains under cyclic loading of the metal matrix composite. This constitutive representation is used with a life prediction model, based on the matrix stress-strain behavior, which predicts contributions of fatigue, creep, and environmental damages to failure under both isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue loading. In isothermal fatigue experiments at 200 °C and 300 °C, pure fatigue damage and creep damage are the dominant damage mechanisms in the short-life regime. In the long-life regime, however, the stress levels are too low to induce considerable creep damage; so, oxidation damage becomes dominant. When fatigue damage is dominant, the model predicts a decrease in life, based on strain range, with increasing volume fraction of reinforcement. Based on stress range, improved fatigue lives are predicted with increasing volume fraction of reinforcement. The reinforced alloy exhibits longer lives when compressive hydrostatic stresses in the matrix at the high-temperature end of the cycle reduce the creep damage.
A Multidimensional Ecological Examination of a Youth Development Program for Military Dependent Youth

Abstract The purpose of this article is to conduct a multi-method evaluation to investigate the effectiveness of a youth development program for military dependent youth entitled, Youth Action Program. The dimensions of an ecological program are used to examine the program post-de-facto. The comparison with elements of ecological programming provided reasons as to this program's perceived impact and its weaknesses. A multi-dimensional evaluation is employed that examines the processes and outcomes in their natural settings. Youth and parents overwhelmingly believed that this program had made a positive difference in their lives. Youth demonstrated an improvement, although not significant, in their self-concept; however, participating youths' levels of social isolation and withdrawal from social contact remained at a high level. The results and need for future research are presented related to evaluating youth development programs and the ecological model.
Inhibitory effects of a dietary phytochemical 3,3'-diindolylmethane on the phenobarbital-induced hepatic CYP mRNA expression and CYP-catalyzed reactions in female rats.

Abstract 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM), derived from indole-3-carbinol (I3C), is used as a dietary supplement for its putative anticancer effects that include suppression of mammary tumor growth in female rats. The mechanism of action DIM may involve its interaction(s) with hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs) catalyzing oxidations of 17β-estradiol (E2). Our study showed that DIM added to hepatic microsomes of female Sprague–Dawley rats was primarily a competitive inhibitor of β-naphthoflavone (β-NF)- or I3C-induced CYP1A1 probe activity, and a potent mixed or uncompetitive inhibitor of phenobarbital (PB)-induced CYP2B1 or CYP2B2 probe activity, respectively. Microsomal metabolites of DIM were tentatively identified as two mono-hydroxy isomers of DIM, each formed preferentially by CYP1A1- or CYP2B1/2-catalyzed reaction. Evaluation of the effects of co-treatment of rats with PB and DIM by a full factorial ANOVA showed that DIM decreased the PB-induced CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 mRNA expression levels, and the rates of 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E2, and total E2 metabolite formation. The results suggest that interactions of DIM, and/or its mono-hydroxy metabolites, with CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 found to occur in hepatic microsomes upon addition of DIM or co-treatment of rats with DIM affect the rates of relevant oxidations of E2, and potentially protect against estrogen-dependent tumorigenesis.
The effect of changes in daily and interannual climatic variability on CERES-Wheat: A sensitivity study

We investigate the effect of changes in daily and interannual variability of temperature and precipitation on yields simulated by the CERES-Wheat model at two locations in the central Great Plains. Changes in variability were effected by adjusting parameters of the Richardson daily weather generator. Two types of changes in precipitation were created: one with both intensity and frequency changed; and another with change only in persistence. In both types mean total monthly precipitation is held constant. Changes in daily (and interannual) variability of temperature result in substantial changes in the mean and variability of simulated wheat yields. With a doubling of temperature variability, large reductions in mean yield and increases in variability of yield result primarily from crop failures due to winter kill at both locations. Reduced temperature variability has little effect. Changes in daily precipitation variability also resulted in substantial changes in mean and variability of yield. Interesting interactions of the precipitation variability changes with the contrasting base climates are found at the two locations. At one site where soil moisture is not limiting, mean yield decreased and variability of yield increased with increasing precipitation variability, whereas mean yields increased at the other location, where soil moisture is limiting. Yield changes were similar for the two different types of precipitation variability change investigated. Compared to an earlier study for the same locations wherein variability changes were effected by altering observed time series, and the focus was on interannual variability, the present results for yield changes are much more substantial. This study demonstrates the importance of taking into account change in daily (and interannual) variability of climate when analyzing the effect of climate change on crop yields.
REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION FUNCTIONS FOR FINITE ISOTROPICALLY SCATTERING ATMOSPHERES WITH SPECULAR REFLECTORS

Abstract A finitely thick isotropically scattering atmosphere is bounded below by a specular reflector. A Cauchy system for the scattering and transmission functions is obtained. Results of numerical experiments are presented.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for complex cerebral aneurysms: Lessons learned

OBJECTIVE Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is a useful adjunct for treating complex aneurysms. Decreased cerebral metabolism and resultant ischemic tolerance create an environment suitable for devascularizing high-risk lesions. However, the advent of modern imaging modalities, innovative cerebral revascularization strategies, and the emergence of endovascular stenting and coiling limit the number of aneurysms requiring this surgical intervention. We present 66 patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent surgical clipping under deep hypothermic arrest and attempt to identify patients well-suited for this procedure. METHODS This study was conducted during a 15-year period and examined patients with aneurysms of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation. Demographics, aneurysm characteristics, and surgical factors were evaluated as predictors of functional outcome. RESULTS Patient age and the duration of cardiac arrest were independent predictors of early clinical outcome (P < 0.05). Our experience suggests that the ideal patient is younger than 60 years old and harbors few medical comorbidities. Individuals with large aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery bifurcation, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, midbasilar, or vertebral arteries and with an absence of thrombosis and calcium may be most likely to experience favorable outcomes. Circulatory arrest should not exceed 30 minutes. Postoperative computed tomographic scanning and timely anesthetic emergence allow for early detection of hemorrhage. Complete dissection of the aneurysm before bypass and avoiding extreme hypothermia yield a low incidence of life-threatening postoperative hematomas. CONCLUSION Hypothermic circulatory arrest is a useful technique for neuroprotection during the clipping of complex cerebral aneurysms. This procedure, however, has several associated risks. Patient factors, pathoanatomic characteristics, and surgical parameters may be used to guide patient selection.
Obelin from the bioluminescent marine hydroid Obelia geniculata: cloning, expression, and comparison of some properties with those of other Ca2+-regulated photoproteins.

A cDNA encoding the Ca2+-regulated photoprotein of the bioluminescent marine hydroid Obelia geniculata was cloned and sequenced. The cDNA is a 774 bp fragment containing two overlapping open reading frames, one of which contained 585 bp encoding a 195 amino acid polypeptide which obviously has the primary structure of the apoprotein of a calcium-regulated photoprotein. Many of the residues are identical to those in other Ca2+-regulated photoproteins: 86% compared with that from Obelia longissima, 76% with that from Clytia (Phialidium), 64% with that from Aequorea, and 64% with that from Mitrocoma (Halistaura). The obelin from O. geniculata was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, refolded from inclusion bodies, and purified. The yield of highly purified recombinant protein was 55−80 mg/L of LB medium. O. geniculata obelin has absorption maxima at 280 and 460 nm and a shoulder at approximately 310 nm. The calcium-discharged protein loses visible absorption but exhibits a new absorption maximum at 343 nm. Th...
Restoration of the in vitro antibody response of cortisone-treated spleen cells by T cells or soluble factors.

Abstract Spleen cells from mice pretreated with cortisone acetate are unable to generate in vitro antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). T cells activated to sheep red blood cells and T cells activated to the histocompatibility antigens of the cortisone-treated population restore in vitro responsiveness. Cell-free supernatants from mixed cultures of T cells activated to histocompatibility antigens and spleen cells bearing the activating antigens also are active in restoring the in vitro responses of cortisone-treated spleen cells. These results demonstrate B cell survival following exposure to corticosteroids.
Review of alkali laser research and development

In this review we present an analysis of optically pumped alkali laser research and development from the first proposal in 1958 by Schawlow and Townes to the current state. In spite of the long history, real interest in alkali vapor lasers has appeared in the past decade, after the demonstration of really efficient lasing in Rb and Cs vapors in 2003 and the first successful power scaling experiments. This interest was stimulated by the possibility of using efficient diode lasers for optical pumping of the alkali lasers and by the fact that these lasers can produce a high quality and high power output beam from a single aperture. We present a review of the most important achievements in high power alkali laser research and development, discuss some problems existing in this field, and provide future perspectives in diode pumped alkali laser development.
Tuning the performance of hybrid organic/inorganic quantum dot light-emitting devices

Abstract The luminescence of inorganic core-shell semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) can be tuned across much of the visible spectrum by changing the size of the QDs while preserving a spectral full width at half maximum (FWHM) as narrow as 30 nm and photoluminescence efficiency of 50% [Journal of Physical Chemistry B 101 (46) (1997) 9463] [1] . Organic capping groups, surrounding the QD lumophores, facilitate processing in organic solvents and their incorporation into organic thin film light-emitting device (LED) structures [Nature 370 (6488) (1994) 354] [2] . A recent study has shown that hybrid organic/inorganic QD-LEDs can indeed be fabricated with high brightness and small spectral FWHM, utilizing a phase segregation process which self-assembles CdSe(ZnS) core(shell) QDs onto an organic thin film surface [Nature 420 (6917) (2002) 800] [3] . We now demonstrate that the phase segregation process can be generally applied to the fabrication of QD-LEDs containing a wide range of CdSe particle sizes and ZnS overcoating thicknesses. By varying the QD core diameter from 32 A to 58 A, we show that peak electroluminescence is tuned from 540 nm to 635 nm. Increase in the QD shell thickness to 2.5 monolayers (∼0.5 nm) improves the LED external quantum efficiency, consistent with a Forster energy transfer mechanism of generating QD excited states. In this work we also identify the challenges in designing devices with very thin (∼5 nm thick) emissive layers [Chemical Physics Letters 178 (5–6) (1991) 488] [4] , emphasizing the increased need for precise exciton confinement. In both QD-LEDs and archetypical all-organic LEDs with thin emissive layers, we show that there is an increase in the exciton recombination region width as the drive current density is increased. Overall, our study demonstrates that integration of QDs into organic LEDs has the potential to enhance the performance of thin film light emitters, and promises to be a rich field of scientific endeavor.
Optical Design Experiences with Free Form Surfaces

This talk provides a variety of examples in optical design with free form surfaces. A number of problems result and useful considerations, tools, and tricks are highlighted.
Seamlessly integrating service discovery into UML requirements processes

In this paper we argue that processes, techniques and tools for service-centric systems engineering need to be integrated into existing development methods to ensure their uptake and use. This paper reports a new service discovery tool designed to integrate with the Rational Unified Process and UML and offer seamless generation of service queries from requirements specifications. It describes tool features that overcome research challenges for seamless integration. It demonstrates these features from an example of a real-world, service-based automotive application.
Response of evergreen perennial tree crops to gibberellic acid is crop load-dependent. I: GA3 increases the yield of commercially valuable ‘Nules’ Clementine Mandarin fruit only in the off-crop year of an alternate bearing orchard

Abstract Worldwide, gibberellic acid (GA3) is used routinely to increase fruit number and size of seedless mandarins. The efficacy of seven combinations of GA3 concentrations and application times to maximize total yield and yield of commercially valuable fruit (diameter 57.2–76.2 mm) of ‘Nules’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was determined in a commercial orchard. GA3 applied during the period of intense flower abscission failed to reduce the total number of abscised flowers in both the light off- and heavy on-bloom years. No GA3 treatment reduced fruit abscission when trees were setting the low yield off-crop. However, all trees receiving GA3 in the high yield on-crop year had fewer abscised fruit than untreated control trees (P = 0.0188) and GA3 applied 10 days after 75% petal fall and in July increased the number of fruit retained on tagged branches >20% compared to control trees (P = 0.0005). Maximum air temperature was not related to flower or fruit abscission. In the off-crop year (548 fruit per untreated control tree), it was necessary to apply 15 or 25 mg L−1 GA3 at 60% bloom, 90% bloom, 75% petal fall and 10 days after 75% petal fall to significantly increase the number of fruit per tree and yield of commercially valuable fruit (kilograms and number per tree) (P
Treatment of post-traumatic cognitive impairments.

• Cognitive impairment is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and a substantial source of disability. Across all levels of TBI severity, attention, processing speed, episodic memory, and executive function are most commonly affected.
Force, ideology and contract: The history of ethnic conscription

Abstract Minority groups in Central Asia, the Baltic republics, Eastern Europe, and Africa find themselves entrapped between their loyalty to their new states and their cultural and blood‐ties with kin across the border in a potential enemy country. This ethnic dilemma is complicated by the enactment of conscription in many of these new states (for example, without exception, every one of the seventeen republics of the CIS has adopted the draft). This article examines how governments in polyethnic states have conscripted minority groups throughout history. Three models of ethnic conscription are offered: conscription‐by‐force, conscription‐through‐ideology, and conscription‐by‐contract. It is argued that ethnic youth traditionally have complied with their draft call for three reasons: fear, ideological conviction, and expectation of civic benefits. Polyethnic military organizations that rely exclusively or principally on coercion, ideology or ethnic contracts differ from each other in terms of the power o...
Computational discovery of a novel automerization process for 1-fluorocyclopropene.

Both DFT and CCSD and CCSD(T) computational methods indicate that 1-fluorocyclopropene can undergo an unprecedented “electrocyclic” automerization process involving a full 180° rotation of its methylene group, without the formation of an intermediate carbene or diradical.