cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Nanofluids Thermal Conductivity

Since the experimental observations were reported that nanofluids exhibit unusually high thermal conductivity, different candidate models have been proposed by several research groups in order to reveal the underlying physics. Despite the efforts, mechanisms of the thermal conductivity enhancement are still being hotly debated. In this paper, we report a new model that correlates nanofluids thermal conductivity to particle size, volume fraction, temperature, surface zeta potential, and suspension electrolyte ion concentration. Our model provides new insights on the mechanisms and guidelines for future experimental exploration.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Exact pp-wave solutions of 11-dimensional supergravity

Exact solutions of the 11-dimensional supergravity field equations with non-trivial antisymmetric tensor and Rarita-Schwinger fields are given. Some of these are found to admit Killing spinors. The dimensional reduction to pp-wave or antigravitating multi-centre solutions of the four-dimensional theory is discussed.
Strength duration curves for threshold excitation of nerves

Abstract A physical explanation of the strength-duration relation for threshold excitation of a nerve axon is presented. The concept of an approximate conservation law is used to show that the high strength, short duration threshold condition is that a fixed quantity of charge must be delivered to the leading edge of a viable pulse. It is pointed out that the corresponding condition for a space clamped membrane is quite different from a physical point of view, although identical phenomenologically. Calculations of low strength, long duration threshold conditions provide an explanation for the observation of a larger rheobase when the excitation current is slowly increased.
E5 Oncoprotein Mutants Activate Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Independently of Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor Activation

The E5 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 is a Golgi-resident, 44-amino acid polypeptide that can transform fibroblast cell lines by activating endogenous platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGF-R). However, the recent discovery of E5 mutants that exhibit strong transforming activity but minimal PDGF-R tyrosine phosphorylation indicates that E5 can potentially use additional signal transduction pathway(s) to transform cells. We now show that two classes of E5 mutants, despite poorly activating the PDGF-R, induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and that this activation is resistant to a selective inhibitor of PDGF-R kinase activity, tyrphostin AG1296. Consistent with this independence from PDGF-R signaling, the E5 mutants fail to induce significant cell proliferation in the absence of PDGF, unlike wild-type E5 or the sisoncoprotein. Despite differences in growth factor requirements, however, both wild-type E5 and mutant E5 cell lines form colonies in agarose. Interestingly, activation of PI 3-K occurs without concomitant activation of the ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The known ability of constitutively activated PI 3-K to induce anchorage-independent cell proliferation suggests a mechanism by which the mutant E5 proteins transform cells.
Construct Validity of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire across Informal Caregivers of Chronically Ill Older Patients

Objectives To assess the validity of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire as adapted for caregiving (WPAI:CG) to measure productivity loss (hours missed from work, impairment while at work, and impairment in regular activities) due to unpaid caregiving for medically complex older adults.
Concentration of metabolites and the regulation of phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate and several glycolytic intermediates were determined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to the presence of the metabolically antagonistic enzymes phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Phosphofructokinase is synthesized constitutively in cells grown in the presence of glucose and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase derepression occurs upon the exhaustion of glucose from the growth medium. Transcriptional regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was suggested based on experiments with wild type cells using 8-hydroxyquinoline, a known inhibitor of nuclear transcription, and with the S. cerevisiae mutant strain A364A (ts-136) blocked in the transport of nuclear RNA at non-permissive temperature. The level of phosphofructokinase was reduced more than 25-fold under conditions of high citrate accumulation in an aconitaseless, glutamate requiring mutant strain, MO-1-9B. There was a rapid decrease in the levels of adenosine triphosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate at the end of log-phase of culture growth when both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphofructokinase were present in the cells simultaneously. The changes in the levels of key glycolytic intermediates, but not the changes in adenosine triphosphate, during the simultaneous presence of these two enzymes, can be explained without involving any futile cycling.
On the insensitivity of height growth to spacing

Abstract The commonly observed insensitivity of height growth of conifers to tree spacing is explicable in terms of source-sink physiology. The contrasting behavior of apical and cambial meristems, with regard to their responses to spacing, can also be explained by differences in their sink strength and growth phenology.
Enterococcus species distribution among human and animal hosts using multiplex PCR.

Aims: This study evaluated the use of Enterococcus species differentiation as a tool for microbial source tracking (MST) in recreational waters. Methods and Results: Avian, mammalian and human faecal samples were screened for the occurrence of Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus saccharolyticus using multiplex PCR. Host-specific patterns of Enterococcus species presence were observed only when data for multiple Enterococcus species were considered in aggregate. Conclusions: The results suggest that no single Enterococcus species is a reliable indicator of the host faecal source. However, Enterococcus species composite ‘fingerprints’ may offer auxiliary evidence for bacterial source identification. Significance and Impact of Study: This study presents novel information on the enterococci species assemblages present in avian and mammalian hosts proximate to the nearshore ocean. These data will aid the development of appropriate MST strategies, and the approach used in this study could potentially assist in the identification of faecal pollution sources.
Allosteric rescuing of loss-of-function FFAR2 mutations

FFAR2 (GPR43) is a receptor for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate and propionate. In the current study, we investigate the molecular determinants contributing to receptor activation by endogenous ligands. Mutational analysis revealed several important residues located in transmembrane domains (TM) 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for acetate binding. Interestingly, mutations that abolished acetate activity, including the mutation in the well-conserved D(E)RY motif, could be rescued by a recently identified synthetic allosteric agonist. These findings provide additional insight into agonist binding and activation which may aid in designing allosteric ligands for targeting receptor function in various diseases.
The anorexic and actometric effects of cocaine and two coca extracts.

Abstract The effects of cocaine and two extracts of the coca leaf were compared using locomotor activity and limited access food consumption paradigms. The three treatments were tested using both IP and PO routes of administration. The extracts were prepared by first extracting the powdered leaves with 95% ethanol, evaporating the ethanol and then partitioning the residue between water and chloroform. The doses of the extracts studied were 60, 120, 240, and 480 mg/kg. The doses of cocaine studied were 3.45, 6.9, 13.8, and 27.6 mg/kg. These doses corresponded to the amount of cocaine contained in the four doses of the chloroform layer. Cocaine and the chloroform layer (via both routes) produced dose related increases in locomotor activity and dose related decreases in food consumption. The water layer (containing only trace amounts of cocaine) produced no changes in locomotor activity; however, the highest IP dose did significantly reduce food consumption. Furthermore two of the doses (one IP, one PO) of the chloroform layer produced significantly greater effects than an equivalent amount of cocaine. These data suggest that plant constitutents other than cocaine may contribute to the overall effect achieved by chewing the leaf.
QUESTION AND RESPONSE LEVELS AND LAPSE TIME INTERVALS

AbstractOne hundred and eighty question-response diads were obtained from taped sessions of eleven elementary teachers interacting with a group of their students. Teachers had been trained in asking questions at higher levels on the Bloom taxonomy and had been sensitized to the critical problem of allowing students time to consider questions and formulate answers. The lapsed time between the end of the teacher’s question and the beginning of the student’s response was determined for each diad. Each question and each response was classified by level on the Bloom scale (3). It was found that lapse time differs by question level and by response level, but that lapse time does not increase directly with the hierarchial level of the question or the response. A strong relationship between the question level and the level of cognitive functioning of the elementary student as reflected in his level of responding was found.
Slowly reversible sorption of aliphatic halocarbons in soils. II. Mechanistic aspects

The mechanism of formation and release of highly immobilized residues of some small nonpolar halogenated hydrocarbons in two surface soils, a stream sediment and an aquifer sediment was investigated. The labile sorbed fractions of compound were removed from treated soils by purging to infinite dilution in aqueous suspensions for 96 h. The remaining slowly reversible (residual) fraction of compound in the soil was quantitated as a function of prepurge sorption conditions. The residual increased nonlinearly with sorption equilibration time and applied concentration. Residuals in whole soils and whole soils pretreated with H2O2 were correlated with soil organic carbon. Among wet-sieved particle size fractions, however, the organic carbon-based concentrations followed the order, sand > silt >> clay. Also, some residual was associated with undecomposed plant matter. Release of the residual into water was greatly increased by pulverization of the soil and by acidification of the soil suspension. The results indicate that the slow release of the residual fraction is caused by molecular diffusion from remote sites in the soil organic matter matrix. Mineral surface and clay interlayer adsorption were ruled out by the finding of low residuals in the clay-sized particles. However, the mineral fraction plays an important role by shielding some of the organic matter in interstitial pores of particle aggregates from equilibrium with bulk solution.
Attenuation of Pathogenic Immune Responses during Infection with Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/SIV) by the Tetracycline Derivative Minocycline

HIV immune pathogenesis is postulated to involve two major mechanisms: 1) chronic innate immune responses that drive T cell activation and apoptosis and 2) induction of immune regulators that suppress T cell function and proliferation. Both arms are elevated chronically in lymphoid tissues of non-natural hosts, which ultimately develop AIDS. However, these mechanisms are not elevated chronically in natural hosts of SIV infection that avert immune pathogenesis despite similarly high viral loads. In this study we investigated whether minocycline could modulate these pathogenic antiviral responses in non-natural hosts of HIV and SIV. We found that minocycline attenuated in vitro induction of type I interferon (IFN) and the IFN-stimulated genes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and PBMCs exposed to aldrithiol-2 inactivated HIV or infectious influenza virus. Activation-induced TRAIL and expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in isolated CD4+ T cells were also reduced by minocycline. Translation of these in vitro findings to in vivo effects, however, were mixed as minocycline significantly reduced markers of activation and activation-induced cell death (CD25, Fas, caspase-3) but did not affect expression of IFNβ or the IFN-stimulated genes IDO1, FasL, or Mx in the spleens of chronically SIV-infected pigtailed macaques. TRAIL expression, reflecting the mixed effects of minocycline on activation and type I IFN stimuli, was reduced by half, but this change was not significant. These results show that minocycline administered after infection may protect against aspects of activation-induced cell death during HIV/SIV immune disease, but that in vitro effects of minocycline on type I IFN responses are not recapitulated in a rapid progressor model in vivo.
Monitoring for imidacloprid resistance in the tobacco-adapted form of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in the eastern United States.

BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid is the primary insecticide for controlling the tobacco-adapted form of the green peach aphid (TGPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a major pest of tobacco worldwide. This study used leaf-dip bioassays to assess TGPA resistance to imidacloprid in the eastern United States from 2004 through 2007. RESULTS: When combined over the 4 year study, 18, 14 and 3% of the TGPA had imidacloprid resistance ratios (RRs) of 10–20-fold, 20–30-fold and 30–90-fold, respectively, compared with the most susceptible colony tested. This indicates that some colonies have developed moderate levels of resistance to imidacloprid. A colony collected near Clayton, North Carolina, had the highest RR of 91 (LC50 value = 31 mg L−1). This resistance declined for six tests over a 3 year period in the laboratory culture from >130-fold RR (LC50 = 48 mg L−1) to 40-fold RR (LC50 = 15 mg L−1). Over the same period, the most susceptible colony and a standard colony not exposed to imidacloprid for over 7 years had consistently low LC50 values. CONCLUSION: Moderate levels of resistance to imidacloprid are noticed among TGPA colonies from the eastern United States. The variation in resistance indicates that the factors responsible are present in the populations at low frequencies and are just not enough to cause field failures yet. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Manufacturing Advantage: Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay Off

The article reviews the book “Manufacturing Advantage: Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay Off,” by Eileen Appelbaum, Thomas Bailey, Peter Berg, and Arne L. Kalleberg.
Cytoreductive surgery for advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer: a review of the literature.

There is no standard approach to managing women with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer; however, there is increasing evidence to support a role for cytoreductive surgery in these women to improve survival outcome. The existing literature is limited by the inherent biases of retrospective studies, as well as small numbers of patients in individual studies; however, the association between optimal or complete cytoreductive surgery in patients with advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer and improved overall survival has been consistent. Furthermore, there is also a strong association between the size of postoperative residual disease and survival; as such, maximal cytoreduction should be the goal in carefully selected patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer who are candidates for surgical management. Additional prospective research is needed in order to further define the role of cytoreductive surgery in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer, and to develop effective adjuvant the...
Verification of embedded system's specification using collaborative simulation of SysML and simulink models

The authors propose an extension of SysML which enables description of continuous-time behavior. The authors also develop its execution tool integrated on Eclipse-based platform by exploiting co-simulation of SysML and MATLAB / Simulink. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool and the extension to SysML in verifying specifications of an embedded system, we create a sample model and analyze its execution results by checking constraints under a test case.
Evaluation of the functional basis using an information theoretic approach

A metric for computing the information content of function models in mechanical engineering design is proposed. Function models are graph-based representations used to describe the functionality of engineered artifacts, where the nodes are function verbs and the edges are the objects of action. The functional basis, a controlled vocabulary of these verbs and nouns organized in a three level hierarchy, is intended to support consistent representation of function models. The Design Repository is a Web-based archive of function models of consumer products described with the functional basis. This paper presents the theoretical underpinnings of a metric for the information content of function models, the assumptions required to support it, the definitions of key terms associated with it, and its practical interpretation. Finally, the metric is used to study the usefulness of the functional basis through a series of experiments on function models within the Design Repository. The results of the experiment indicate that the secondary level of the functional basis is the most beneficial to designers, both in terms of information content and information density.
Hybrid Origins of Plant Species

The origin of new homoploid species via hybridization is theoretically difficult because it requires the development of reproductive isolation in sympatry. Nonetheless, this mode is often and carelessly used by botanists to account for the formation of species that are morphologically intermediate with respect to related congeners. Here, I review experimental, theoretical, and empirical studies of homoploid hybrid speciation to evaluate the feasibility, tempo, and frequency of this mode. Theoretical models, simulation studies, and experimental syntheses of stabilized hybrid neospecies indicate that it is feasible, although evolutionary conditions are stringent. Hybrid speciation appears to be promoted by rapid chromosomal evolution and the availability of a suitable hybrid habitat. A selfing breeding system may enhance establishment of hybrid species, but this advantage appears to be counterbalanced by lower rates of natural hybridization among selfing taxa. Simulation studies and crossing experiments also suggest that hybrid speciation can be rapid—a prediction confirmed by the congruence observed between the genomes of early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species. The frequency of this mode is less clear. Only eight natural examples in plants have been rigorously documented, suggesting that it may be rare. However, hybridization rates are highest in small or peripheral populations, and hybridization may be important as a stimulus for the genetic or chromosomal reorganization envisioned in founder effect and saltational models of speciation.
Batch picking in narrow-aisle order picking systems with consideration for picker blocking

This paper develops strategies to control picker blocking that challenge the traditional assumptions regarding the tradeoffs between wide- and narrow-aisle order picking systems. We propose an integrated batching and sequencing procedure called the indexed batching model (IBM), with the objective of minimizing the total retrieval time (the sum of travel time, pick time and congestion delays). The IBM differs from traditional batching formulations by assigning orders to indexed batches, whereby each batch corresponds to a position in the batch release sequence. We develop a mixed integer programming solution for exact control, and demonstrate a simulated annealing procedure to solve large practical problems. Our results indicate that the proposed approach achieves a 5–15% reduction in the total retrieval time primarily by reducing picker blocking. We conclude that the IBM is particularly effective in narrow-aisle picking systems.
Cardiovascular Protection by ApoE and ApoE-HDL Linked to Suppression of ECM Gene Expression and Arterial Stiffening

Arterial stiffening is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but how arteries stay supple is unknown. Here, we show that apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoE-containing high-density lipoprotein (apoE-HDL) maintain arterial elasticity by suppressing the expression of extracellular matrix genes. ApoE interrupts a mechanically driven feed-forward loop that increases the expression of collagen-I, fibronectin, and lysyl oxidase in response to substratum stiffening. These effects are independent of the apoE lipid-binding domain and transduced by Cox2 and miR-145. Arterial stiffness is increased in apoE null mice. This stiffening can be reduced by administration of the lysyl oxidase inhibitor BAPN, and BAPN treatment attenuates atherosclerosis despite highly elevated cholesterol. Macrophage abundance in lesions is reduced by BAPN in vivo, and monocyte/macrophage adhesion is reduced by substratum softening in vitro. We conclude that apoE and apoE-containing HDL promote healthy arterial biomechanics and that this confers protection from cardiovascular disease independent of the established apoE-HDL effect on cholesterol.
Comparison of tracking algorithms for single layer threshold networks in the presence of random drift

This paper analyzes the behavior of a variety of tracking algorithms for single-layer threshold networks in the presence of random drift. We use a system identification model to model a target network where weights slowly change and a tracking network. Tracking algorithms are divided into conservative and nonconservative algorithms. For a random drift rate of /spl gamma/, we find upper bounds for the generalization error of conservative algorithms that are /spl Oscr/(/spl gamma//sup 2/3/) and for nonconservative algorithms that are /spl Oscr/(/spl gamma/). Bounds are found for the perceptron tracker and the least mean square (LMS) tracker. Simulations show the validity of these bounds and show that the bounds are tight when /spl gamma/ is small and the number of inputs n is large. These results show that the perceptron tracker and the LMS tracker can work well in slowly changing nonstationary environments.
Development of a 40-stage distributed energy railgun

The development process pertaining to the design, fabrication, and testing of a 40-stage free-running arc synchronous distributed energy railgun is presented. Investigation of this type of system will determine the effectiveness of a distributed energy scheme to suppress the plasma restrike phenomenon and increase plasma armature railgun performance [1]. Determined by a computer simulation, the proposed system will have a 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm square bore cross section and a stage length of 15.24 cm producing a total rail length of 6 meters for 40 stages. A free-arc is utilized to relieve the financial burden of a large stored energy facility. A velocity of 8 km/s is desired to emulate conditions during a high altitude microsatellite launch. To achieve this velocity, pulsed power in conjunction with a low pressure (∼ 10 Torr) air environment is required. The pulsed power supplies 15 kJ of energy to provide an armature current (∼ 50 kA) for 1 millisecond. A real-time feedback control system will accurately release the stage energy upon arc arrival. Experimental data collected from a 7-stage prototype distributed system is discussed which will mimic the design and operation of the first 7 stages associated with the 40-stage railgun. The copper rail length is 1.2 m long with a 1 cm × 1 cm square bore cross section and a 15.24 cm stage length. Each distributed energy stage contains a 750 µF capacitor bank, a thyristor with an anti-parallel diode, and a driver board for triggering. The armature is formed using a plasma injector that is powered by a 40 kV Marx generator. Diagnostics for this examination include rail B-dot probes as well as independent Rogowski coils for each stage. Data collected from the rail B-dot probes will be used to measure the armature position and velocity as a function of time. There is no target velocity for this prototype; repeatable energy module operation, accurate stage triggering, and arc propagation toward the muzzle are the main areas focus. Outcomes of these initial experimental results will aid the development of the 40-stage system.
CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS OF FOUR NEUROPEPTIDES IN THE RAT HYPOTHALAMUS

METHODS: Briefly, double-barreled glass micropipettes (20 - 70 vm outer diameter) were used to give microinjections into the hypothalamus or preoptic area of halothane anesthetized rats (Sprague-Dawley; 250-350 g). The pipette contained peptide in one barrel and vehicle (phosphate bufferedsaline; PBS) in the other. Either solution was injected (50-300 nl) over 1 min via air pressure generated by a hand-held syringe. In general, rats were given both the peptide and PBS at each site in random order. Injection volumes were determined by measuring the distance moved by the fluid meniscus in a previously calibrated segment of the pipette. Since the duration of action was relatively long (20 to > 90 min) and a refractory period of from 1 to 3 hours occurred with each peptide, only one injection site was investigated in each animal. Further information on the injection technique and the details of the animal preparation, histological evaluation of injection sites, and statistical analyses of the data are published (2-6). BPSULTS AND DISCUSSION. The cardiovascular effects produced by hypothalamic and preoptic injections of the four peptides studied are
What's in a face? The role of skin tone, facial physiognomy, and color presentation mode of facial primes in affective priming effects.

ABSTRACT Participants (N = 106) performed an affective priming task with facial primes that varied in their skin tone and facial physiognomy, and, which were presented either in color or in gray-scale. Participants' racial evaluations were more positive for Eurocentric than for Afrocentric physiognomy faces. Light skin tone faces were evaluated more positively than dark skin tone faces, but the magnitude of this effect depended on the mode of color presentation. The results suggest that in affective priming tasks, faces might not be processed holistically, and instead, visual features of facial priming stimuli independently affect implicit evaluations.
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI.

Neuroimagingstudies with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have begun to describe the functional neuroanatomy of emotion. Taken separately, specific studies vary in task dimensions and in type(s) of emotion studied and are limited by statistical power and sensitivity. By examining findings across studies, we sought to determine if common or segregated patterns of activations exist across various emotional tasks. We reviewed 55 PET and fMRI activation studies (yielding 761 individual peaks) which investigated emotion in healthy subjects. Peak activation coordinates were transformed into a standard space and plotted onto canonical 3-D brain renderings. We divided the brain into 20 nonoverlapping regions, and characterized each region by its responsiveness across individual emotions (positive, negative, happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust), to different induction methods (visual, auditory, recall/imagery), and in emotional tasks with and without cognitive demand. Our review yielded the following summary observations: (1) The medial prefrontal cortex had a general role in emotional processing; (2) fear specifically engaged the amygdala; (3) sadness was associated with activity in the subcallosal cingulate; (4) emotional induction by visual stimuli activated the occipital cortex and the amygdala; (5) induction by emotional recall/imagery recruited the anterior cingulate and insula; (6) emotional tasks with cognitive demand also involved the anterior cingulate and insula. This review provides a critical comparison of findings across individual studies and suggests that separate brain regions are involved in different aspects of emotion.
Diversity of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present in conventional versus low-input agricultural sites in eastern Pennsylvania, USA ☆

We compared the composition and structure of the communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with maize (Zea maysL.) and soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) in a conventional (CON) and two low-input (LI) farming systems to better understand the relationship among AM fungi present in different agricultural systems. One LI system utilized animal manure (LI-AM) and the other green manure (LI-GM) as the nitrogen source. Spores were extracted from rhizosphere soil samples by wet-sieving to perform microscopic identification of the species and to assess frequency of occurrence. These data were used to calculate species richness, Shannon and Wiener index of diversity, and indices of dominance among other ecological measures. The results indicated that 15 consecutive years of farming under the three management practices did not cause many differences among the fungal communities. The majority of the 15 fungal species found throughout the site were present in all treatments. Sporulation of particular fungal species differed among farming systems and/or among hosts, but the general structure of AM fungal communities (according to most ecological measures) was similar for all treatments. Trap cultures were set up for the different treatments and grown for three cycles to try to recover species with low or no sporulation in natural conditions. These results also supported our conclusion about the homogeneity of the communities in the different farming system/plant host combinations, because only one species (Glomus constrictum) that was not found in the field samples sporulated in trap culture pots. Given that differences in sporulation may reflect differential rates of growth, three undescribed species plus Glomus mosseaeand Glomus etunicatumwere better established, both in the field and in trap cultures, than the other 10 species present in these soils. Also, Gigaspora gigantea accounted for more than 60% of the total volume of spores produced in each treatment, with the exception of conventional plots planted with maize where spore biovolumes were spread much more evenly among several fungal species suggesting that carbon allocation relationships were much more balanced in these plots. The focus of future studies at these sites will be a comparison of the efficacy among the communities in terms of enhancement of plant growth. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Maintaining Employment Among Caregivers Of Individuals On A Medicaid Waitlist For Services

Many individuals with developmental or intellectual and other disabilities are on waitlists to receive supportive services through state Medicaid waiver programs. Being waitlisted can place considerable burden on the ability of a caregiver to maintain employment outside the home. This article reports on results of a survey of 442 caregivers of individuals waitlisted for services within the Florida Medicaid program. Logistic regression was used to model characteristics of caregiver and clients that are associated with the need for additional supports in order for the caregiver to maintain employment. Male caregivers and caregivers in fair or poor health were more likely to report needing support. Caregivers of clients who had behavior problems or problems with self-care were also more likely to need support to maintain employment. Policy responses to these findings include a call for increased supports or prioritization of services for caregivers who are in poor health or those who care for individuals with particularly problematic behaviors.
Stack-based Strategic Control

In a strategic framework, combinators provide a fundamental mechanism for exercising control over rewriting. This type of control is based on the observation of the success or failure of strategy application. This paper describes a framework where information relating to the outcome of strategy application is stored in two internally maintained stacks. These stacks represent an implicit state which is used to control the rewriting process.
Constraining color categories: The problem of the baby and the bath water

No crucial experiment demonstrates that four hue categories are needed to describe color appearance. Instead, converging lines of evidence suggest that the terms red, yellow, green, and blue are sufficient and precise enough for deriving color discrimination functions and for a useful model constraining relations between color appearance and neuronal responses. Such a model need not be based on linguistic universals. Until something better is available, this “standard model” holds.
Lineage-Specific Adaptive Evolution of the Centromeric Protein CENH3 in Diploid and Allotetraploid Oryza Species

Centromeres in eukaryotic species are defined by the presence of a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, CENH3. CENH3 plays a key role in recruiting other centromeric proteins; thus, it is the central component in kinetochore formation and centromere function. The CENH3 proteins in several plant and animal species were found to be under positive selection, which was hypothesized to respond to the rapid changing of the repetitive DNA sequences associated with the centromeres. Here, we report the expression and evolution of the CenH3 genes in two allotetraploid rice species as well as their representative diploid progenitor species. Both copies of the CenH3 genes were transcribed in the two allotetraploid species and showed a nonpreferential expression pattern. Contrasting positive and stabilizing selection of the CenH3 genes was associated with different diploid Oryza species. This lineage-specific adaptive evolution of CENH3 was maintained in the two allotetraploid species. Thus, we demonstrate that the allopolyploidization events did not alter the expression or evolutionary patterns of the CenH3 genes in the Oryza species.
Noise in traveling&#8211;wave tubes

A number of experimental traveling-wave tubes have been built for operation in the 3.2 centimeter wavelength region, and series of noise measurements have been made on these tubes. The periodic dependence of noise figure on the separation between the electron gun and the circuit entrance of the traveling-wave tube has been investigated and various characteristics of these curves have been discussed. A modified noise theory has been suggested; comparisons between it and the experimental results show fair agreement. Noise figure reduction by the use of a triode gun has been investigated for two of the experimental tubes, and a method of analysis that should lead to theoretical justification is suggested.
Summary: Opportunities for Research with Small Telescopes

Our meeting has been unusual in that we have covered so many fields of present-day astronomy and astrophysics. The common link has been the potential of small telescopes for making substantial advances in our knowledge of the observable universe. Attention has been focussed not just on those programmes which can be done best with small telescopes but we have also highlighted many which can only be done with small telescopes.
Utility of Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Assessment of the Quality of Botanicals

Abstract Instrumental thin-layer chromatography (ITLC) is based on standardized methodologies that have, to a large extent, replaced conventional thin-layer chromatographic techniques for phytochemical analysis. ITLC methods provide faster separations, simplicity, versatility, reproducibility, and cost effectiveness, in addition to being ecofriendly. The focus of this chapter is confined to understanding the development of this fully automated technique, its advantages over related methods, method validation, and applications in the field of botanicals/dietary supplements. Representative applications in the field of medicinal herbs include identification and authentication of herbs, inspection of raw materials and finished products, discrimination of plant species, detection of adulteration, stability studies, and evaluation of bioactivity.
Vertical ambipolar barrier transistor based on black phosphorous-tin selenide van der waals heterojunction

Dynamically tunable characteristics of a heterojunction between two semiconducting materials offers the potential for building reconfigurable devices that can enable novel functionalities in electronic systems [1-3]. In this work, we study a novel junction between black phosphorus (BP) and tin selenide (SnSe), both with puckered orthorhombic crystal lattices. Due to the narrow bandgap of BP ∼0.3 eV and the ∼0.8 eV [4] bandgap in SnSe, the junction displays unique p+-p and n-p polarity reversibility subject to electrostatic bias. An ambipolar barrier transistor based on this junction is also demonstrated for the first time. This highly tunable junction can be very attractive for many applications in reconfigurable electronics.
Differentiation-Specific Expression of Keratin Pairs

Keratins are by far the most complex and heterogeneous family of polypeptides that comprise a subclass of the intermediate filaments (IF). A survey of various human epithelia has demonstrated the existence of approximately 25 distinct keratin polypeptides that are expressed as subsets of two to ten polypeptides in any given epithelial cell or tissue. With the goal of understanding the biological significance of keratin heterogeneity, many investigators have studied keratins in detail. Consequently, a tremendous volume of information regarding keratins has been generated during the past 10–12 years. Because of this rapid accumulation of data, the field of keratin research has been a difficult one to follow for those not directly involved. This is due not only to the sheer amount but also to the diversity of the types of information. The keratin literature is filled with seemingly incongruous information derived from a combination of immunological, biochemical, biophysical, and clinical studies with each progressing at a rapid pace. However, general trends in the data have now allowed us to summarize most of the available information into a set of patterns or “rules” of keratin expression. These rules are: (1) Keratin expression is a characteristic of and is mostly restricted to epithelial cells (except a few epithelial tissues, e.g., lens and retinal epithelia, that seem to lack keratins) and their derivatives (Franke et. al., 1978, 1979; Sun and Green, 1978b; Sun et. al., 1979) (Figs. 1, 2).
Dash: Data Sharing Made Easy at the University of California

Scholars at the ten campuses of the University of California system, like their academic peers elsewhere, increasingly are being asked to ensure that data resulting from their research and teaching activities are subject to effective long-term management, public discovery, and retrieval. The new academic imperative for research data management (RDM) stems from mandates from public and private funding agencies, pre-publication requirements, institutional policies, and evolving norms of scholarly discourse. In order to meet these new obligations, scholars need access to appropriate disciplinary and institutional tools, services, and guidance. When providing help in these areas, it is important that service providers recognize the disparity in scholarly familiarity with data curation concepts and practices. While the UC Curation Center (UC3) at the California Digital Library supports a growing roster of innovative curation services for University use, most were intended originally to meet the needs of institutional information professionals, such as librarians, archivists, and curators. In order to address the new curation concerns of individual scholars, UC3 realized that it needed to deploy new systems and services optimized for stakeholders with widely divergent experiences, expertise, and expectations. This led to the development of Dash, an online data publication service making campus data sharing easy. While Dash gives the appearance of being a full-fledged repository, in actuality it is only a lightweight overlay layer that sits on top of standards-compliant repositories, such as UC3’s existing Merritt curation repository. The Dash service offers intuitive, easy-to-use interfaces for dataset submission, description, publication, and discovery. By imposing minimal prescriptive eligibility and submission requirements; automating and hiding the mechanical details of DOI assignment, data packaging, and repository deposit; and featuring a streamlined, self-service user experience that can be integrated easily into scholarly workflows, Dash is an important new service offering with which UC scholars can meet their RDM obligations.
In Silico Prediction of Physicochemical Properties of Environmental Chemicals Using Molecular Fingerprints and Machine Learning

There are little available toxicity data on the vast majority of chemicals in commerce. High-throughput screening (HTS) studies, such as those being carried out by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCast program in partnership with the federal Tox21 research program, can generate biological data to inform models for predicting potential toxicity. However, physicochemical properties are also needed to model environmental fate and transport, as well as exposure potential. The purpose of the present study was to generate an open-source quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) workflow to predict a variety of physicochemical properties that would have cross-platform compatibility to integrate into existing cheminformatics workflows. In this effort, decades-old experimental property data sets available within the EPA EPI Suite were reanalyzed using modern cheminformatics workflows to develop updated QSPR models capable of supplying computationally efficient, open, and transparent HTS ...
Genetics of resistance in lettuce to races 1 and 2 of Verticillium dahliae from different host species

Race 1 resistance against Verticillium dahliae in lettuce was originally shown in the cultivar La Brillante to be conditioned by a single dominant gene (Verticillium resistance 1, Vr1). Multiple, morphologically diverse sources of germplasm have been identified as resistant to race 1. In this study, allelism tests indicated that resistance in these different lettuce cultivars is closely linked or allelic to the Vr1 gene. The Vr1 gene is defeated by race 2 isolates of V. dahliae. Only partial resistance to race 2 isolates is available in a few plant introductions (PIs). Greenhouse and field experiments conducted with these PIs demonstrated partial resistance to V. dahliae race 1 as well as race 2 isolates from lettuce. Cultivars resistant to race 1 and PIs with partial resistance to race 2 were challenged with several race 1 and 2 isolates originating from hosts other than lettuce. This indicated that cultivars resistant to race 1 and the breeding lines derived from them would also be resistant to race 1 isolates from other hosts; similarly, the partial resistance would be effective against race 1 and 2 isolates from hosts other than lettuce. Nevertheless, there were specific interactions that warrant further study. Although race 1 currently predominates in the major lettuce production area of the Salinas Valley, CA, breeding lettuce for resistance to V. dahliae should take both races into account.
Expeditious modeling of vapor transport and reactions in polymeric materials

We present a methodology for approximating dynamic adsorption of vapor coupled with diffusion in polymeric materials. In previous publications, the dynamic adsorption was represented by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and solved in concentration and parameter space. To accelerate the calculation, we have developed a statistical approximation method using computationally cheap surrogate models (e.g., algebraic polynomials) that replace the ODE solutions of adsorption and are coupled with the diffusion equations. Since the polynomial presentation of the adsorption term is obtained in a standard format prior to modeling coupled sorption-diffusion, the adsorption operator can be expressed as input data in the transport code. Compared to conventional operator-splitting methods, the polynomial approximation of adsorption offers better computational efficiency. The methodology is demonstrated and validated using a dynamic Langmuir adsorption model that is coupled to diffusion and absorption models and applied to a water vapor sorption-diffusion process in polydimethylsiloxane polymers. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4079–4089, 2017
At the roots of urban disasters: Planning and uneven geographies of risk in Kolkata, India

Cities in India are increasingly at risk from natural hazards and the effects of climate change. In Kolkata, urban development on the low-lying periphery has produced uneven geographies of risk, wi...
Aristotle's Concept of Mind

In this book, Erick Raphael Jimenez examines Aristotle's concept of mind (nous), a key concept in Aristotelian psychology, metaphysics, and epistemology. Drawing on a close analysis of De Anima, Jimenez argues that mind is neither disembodied nor innate, as has commonly been held, but an embodied ability that emerges from learning and discovery. Looking to Aristotle's metaphysics and epistemology, Jimenez argues that just as Aristotelian mind is not innate, intelligibility is not an innate feature of the objects of Aristotelian mind, but an outcome of certain mental constructions that make those objects intelligible. Conversely, it is through these same mental constructions that thinkers become intelligent, or come to possess minds. Connecting this account to Aristotle's metaphysics and epistemology, Jimenez shows how this concept of mind fits within Aristotle's wider philosophy. His bold interpretation will interest a wide range of readers in ancient and later philosophy.
Low-Temperature Pd/Zeolite Passive NOx Adsorbers: Structure, Performance, and Adsorption Chemistry

Pd/zeolite passive NOx adsorber (PNA) materials were prepared with solution ion-exchange between NH4/zeolites (Beta, ZSM-5, and SSZ-13) and PdCl2 solutions. The nature of Pd (dispersion, distribution, and oxidation states) in these materials was characterized with Na+ ion exchange, TEM imaging, CO titration with FTIR, and in situ XPS. The NOx trapping and release properties were tested using feeds with different compositions. It is concluded that multiple Pd species coexist in these materials: atomically dispersed Pd in the cationic sites of zeolites and PdO2 and PdO particles on the external surfaces. While Pd is largely atomically dispersed in ZSM-5, the small pore opening for SSZ-13 inhibits Pd diffusion such that the majority of Pd stays as external surface PdO2 clusters. NOx trapping and release are not simple chemisorption and desorption events but involve rather complex chemical reactions. In the absence of CO in the feed, cationic Pd(II) sites with oxygen ligands and PdO2 clusters are reduced by N...