cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-G-BRB-04: Automated Output Factor Measurements Using Continuous Data Logging for Linac Commissioning.

Purpose: Linac commissioning is a time consuming and labor intensive process, the streamline of which is highly desirable. In particular, manual measurement of output factors for a variety of field sizes and energy greatly hinders the commissioning efficiency. In this study, automated measurement of output factors was demonstrated as ‘one-click’ using data logging of an electrometer. Methods: Beams to be measured were created in the recording and verifying (R&V) system and configured for continuous delivery. An electrometer with an automatic data logging feature enabled continuous data collection for all fields without human intervention. The electrometer saved data into a spreadsheet every 0.5 seconds. A Matlab program was developed to analyze the excel data to monitor and check the data quality. Results: For each photon energy, output factors were measured for five configurations, including open field and four wedges. Each configuration includes 72 fields sizes, ranging from 4×4 to 20×30 cm2. Using automation, it took 50 minutes to complete the measurement of 72 field sizes, in contrast to 80 minutes when using the manual approach. The automation avoided the necessity of redundant Linac status checks between fields as in the manual approach. In fact, the only limiting factor in such automation is Linac overheating. The data collection beams in the R&V system are reusable, and the simplified process is less error-prone. In addition, our Matlab program extracted the output factors faithfully from data logging, and the discrepancy between the automatic and manual measurement is within ±0.3%. For two separate automated measurements 30 days apart, consistency check shows a discrepancy within ±1% for 6MV photon with a 60 degree wedge. Conclusion: Automated output factor measurements can save time by 40% when compared with conventional manual approach. This work laid ground for further improvement for the automation of Linac commissioning.
HER2 Testing and Clinical Decision Making in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology

ContextERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 or HER2) is currently the only biomarker established for selection of a specific therapy for patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). However, there are no comprehensive guidelines for the assessment of HER2 in patients with GEA.ObjectivesTo establish an evidence-based guideline for HER2 testing in patients with GEA, formalize the algorithms for methods to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing while addressing which patients and tumor specimens are appropriate, and to provide guidance on clinical decision making.DesignThe College of American Pathologists (CAP), American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) convened an Expert Panel to conduct a systematic review of the literature to develop an evidence-based guideline with recommendations for optimal HER2 testing in patients with GEA.ResultsThe Panel is proposing 11 recommendations with strong agreement from the open comment participan...
Uplifting sight at low temperature

For anyone who has spent their life working with liquid helium, the photograph on the left of the figure is an awesome and beautiful sight. It shows a drop of liquid helium about 5 mm across levitated above a superconducting magnet at Brown University in the US.
Variability of Epstein-Barr Virus Activity and the Anti-EBV Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis (P05.163)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) drives disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). BACKGROUND: EBV infection is associated with MS, but it is not clear whether EBV plays a causal role. After resolution of primary EBV infection, the virus remains present in a latent state in B lymphocytes. The hypothesis of this work is that intermittent reactivation of EBV infection drives a cross-reactive immune response which causes the recurrent myelin damage in MS. DESIGN/METHODS: Blood and saliva samples are collected every two weeks for 16 weeks from patients with active, early MS. MRI scans are done every 4 weeks. EBV DNA concentrations are measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, plasma, and saliva using quantitative PCR. The immune response against EBV is measured as lymphocyte proliferation to purified EBV, proliferation against autologous EBV-infected cells, and ELIspot with EBV. RESULTS: Complete results are available for two subjects. Cellular proliferation to EBV and EBV-infected cells is persistently high in both subjects, but fluctuates over time. Proliferation to EBV ranged from 11% to 57% of the response to anti-CD3 antibody stimulation for one subject, and from 29% to 53% in the second. The number of cells secreting interferon-γ in response to EBV also fluctuates over time. The anti-EBV response was significantly higher than the response to tetanus or varicella. Both subjects had detectable EBV DNA in plasma at one of the 9 time points, but this did not correlate with the observed changes in the EBV response. This work is ongoing, and data from additional subjects will be presented. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-EBV immune response in MS is vigorous, but varies over time. EBV infection in MS is well controlled, since EBV DNA is rarely detectable. This study should be able to detect any correlation between EBV activity and MS disease activity. Supported by: Funded by the National MS Society, RG4225A4/3. Disclosure: Dr. Lindsey has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer and Questcor. Dr. Lindsey has received research support from Teva Pharmaceuticals and Roche. Dr. Latham has nothing to disclose.
Solubility and interfacial segregation of salts in ternary polyelectrolyte blends

Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) consisting of ternary blends of charged polymer, neutral polymer, and plasticizer or salt have received much interest for their low volatility and high flexibility of polymers with ion-selective conductivity of the charge-carrying backbone. It has been shown that in these polyelectrolyte blends, where the dielectric constant is relatively low, ionic correlations can significantly influence the miscibility, inducing phase separation even at negative values of χN. Here we present a comprehensive study of phase behavior and interfacial segregation upon the addition of a tertiary component in blends of charged and neutral homopolymers. Using a hybrid of self-consistent field and liquid state theories (SCFT-LS), we investigate the bulk miscibility and the distribution of ions across the interface, looking at interfacial adsorption and selectivity of the minority component. We demonstrate that the competition between ionic correlations and ion entropy induces complex charge-dependent selectivity that can be tuned by the value of Γ, the ionic correlation strength. We show that charge interactions can have a pronounced effect on the interfacial width and tension, especially at low χN.
Sickle Cell Safari

A narrative concerning mass screening of a large population at risk for sickle hemolobin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, anemia, and lead poisoning is presented. At the time of writing, more than one-tenth of a black community totaling over 104,000 individuals have been tested. The manner of community education and organization, laboratory methodology, results obtained, means of reporting, and follow-up procedures are detailed.
The Resurrection of Richard Nixon and American Neo-Fascism

During the month of June and early weeks of July, 2016, before the Republican National Convention in mid-July, the Trump campaign had a bad month. There was an unparalleled amount of high profile shooting of blacks by police and the emergence of Black Lives Matter and protests against police violence, followed by attacks by black men against police.
The sweet mystery of compatibilism

Any satisfactory account of freedom must capture, or at least permit, the mysteriousness of freedom—a “sweet” mystery involving a certain kind of ignorance rather than a “sour” mystery of unintelligibility, incoherence, or unjustifiedness. I argue that compatibilism can capture the sweet mystery of freedom. I argue first that an action is free if and only if a certain “rationality constraint” is satisfied, and that nothing in standard libertarian accounts of freedom entails its satisfaction. Satisfaction of this constraint is consistent with the universal causal predetermination of action (UCP). If UCP is true and the rationality constraint satisfied, there’s a sense in which our actions are explanatorily (though not necessarily causally) overdetermined. While it seems plausible (given UCP) that our actions are so overdetermined, it seems utterly mysterious why they should be so overdetermined. Compatibilism’s capacity to accommodate this mystery is a mark in its favor.
Characterization of aerosol parameters over ocean from the Ocean Color satellite sensors and AERONET-OC data

Data quality of the satellite sensors for ocean monitoring (Ocean Color –OC) like MODIS, VIIRS, MERIS, and now OLCI sensor on Sentinel-3a are often validated through matchups between normalized water leaving radiances nLw (or remote sensing reflectance Rrs) from satellite data and data from radiometric systems (SeaPRISMs) installed on ocean platforms and which are part of the NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and AERONET-OC networks. While matchups are usually good in open ocean waters, significant discrepancies are observed in coastal areas which are primarily due to the more complex atmospheres near the coast and therefore less accurate atmospheric correction. Satellite-derived water leaving radiances are determined by applying atmospheric correction procedures which include assumptions about the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols. At sea level, SeaPRISM makes direct measurements of nLw from the ocean, as well as observations of sky from which aerosol parameters such as aerosol optical thickness, single scattering albedo, fraction of fine and coarse aerosols, and others are determined. Using NASA SeaDAS software for OC satellite data processing, characteristics of aerosols in atmospheric correction models for VIIRS sensor are explicitly retrieved and compared with the ones from AERONET-OC data, primarily in terms of aerosol optical depth (AOD), thus characterizing the validity of the aerosol models and evaluating possible errors and reasons for discrepancies. Comparisons are presented for the coastal site at CCNY’s Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory (LISCO) and a less coastal WaveCIS Gulf of Mexico’ AERONET-OC site with variable water and atmospheric conditions.
Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein enhances adipose tissue stromal progenitor differentiation into myofibroblasts and is upregulated in fibrotic white adipose tissue

White adipose tissue expands through both adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia and it is hypothesized that fibrosis or excess accumulation of extracellular matrix within adipose tissue may limit tissue expansion contributing to metabolic dysfunction. The pathways that control adipose tissue remodeling are only partially understood, however it is likely that adipose tissue stromal and perivascular progenitors participate in fibrotic remodeling and also serve as adipocyte progenitors. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the secreted extracellular matrix protein aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) on adipose progenitor differentiation in the context of adipose tissue fibrosis. Treatment of 10T1/2 mouse cells with recombinant ACLP suppressed adipogenesis and enhanced myofibroblast differentiation, which was dependent on transforming growth factor-β receptor kinase activity. Mice fed a chronic high fat diet exhibited white adipose tissue fibrosis with elevated ACLP expression and cellular fractionation of these depots revealed that ACLP was co-expressed with collagens primarily in the inflammatory cell depleted stromal-vascular fraction (SVF). SVF cells isolated from mice fed a high fat diet secreted increased amounts of ACLP compared to low fat diet control SVF. These cells also exhibited reduced adipogenic differentiation capacity in vitro. Importantly, differentiation studies in primary human adipose stromal cells revealed that mature adipocytes do not express ACLP and exogenous ACLP administration blunted their differentiation potential while upregulating myofibroblastic markers. Collectively, these studies identify ACLP as a stromal derived mediator of adipose progenitor differentiation that may limit adipocyte expansion during white adipose tissue fibrosis.
Traumatic brain injury history and progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with more rapid progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD Data from 2,719 subjects with MCI were obtained from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. TBI was categorized based on presence (TBI+) or absence (TBI-) of reported TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC) without chronic deficit occurring >1 year prior to diagnosis of MCI. Survival analyses were used to determine if a history of TBI predicted progression from MCI to AD up to 8 years. Random regression models were used to examine whether TBI history also predicted rate of decline on the Clinical Dementia Rating scale Sum of Boxes score (CDR-SB) among subjects who progress to AD. RESULTS Across 8 years, TBI history was not significantly associated with progression from MCI to a diagnosis of AD in unadjusted (HR = 0.80; 95% CI [0.63, 1.01]; p = .06) and adjusted (p = .15) models. Similarly, a history of TBI was a nonsignificant predictor for rate of decline on CDR-SB among subjects who progressed to AD (b = 0.15, p = .38). MCI was, however, diagnosed a mean of 2.6 years earlier (p < .001) in TBI+ subjects compared with the TBI- group. CONCLUSIONS A history of TBI with LOC was not associated with progression from MCI to AD, but was linked to an earlier age of MCI diagnosis. These findings add to a growing literature suggesting that TBI might reduce the threshold for onset of MCI and certain neurodegenerative conditions, but appears unrelated to progression from MCI to AD. (PsycINFO Database Record
James Oliver Horton, 1943–2017

In October 2017, hundreds of faculty, friends, and former students gathered at the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) to remember James Oliver “Jim” Horton. It was a fitting gathering place. As the museum’s director, Lonnie Bunch, commented, Jim’s legacy is everywhere at the museum, from the fact that several of his former doctoral students are now curators to the foundational commitment of the museum itself: that African American history is not a local branch of US history but integral to its core. Jim always insisted in his lectures and classes and on his many TV appearances and public engagements that “American history is African American history.”
Standardizing industrial hygiene data collection forms used by workers’ compensation insurers

AbstractWorkers’ compensation (WC) insurers collect large amounts of industrial hygiene (IH) data in the United States. The data collected is not easily accessible for research or surveillance purp...
Congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome) terminating in acute myelogenous leukemia

A 31-yr-old female with congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome) whose long course terminated in acute myelogenous leukemia is described. In contrast to Fanconi anemia, malignant transformation rarely occurs in congenital hypoplastic anemia. This patient's diagnosis of congenital hypoplastic anemia is supported by her clinical course, absence of renal abnormalities, a negative family history for hematologic disorders, normal chromosome studies, failure of her skin fibroblasts to transform in culture with SV-40 virus, macrocytic erythrocyte indices, erythrocyte enzyme studies, and bone marrow findings. Only two other cases of malignancy have been reported in patients with congenital hypoplastic anemia. The development of malignancy in these patients suggests that malignant transformation may be a concern in the long-term progression of congenital hypoplastic anemia.
Migrant youth identity work in transnational new mediascape: A case study of what it means to be Korean for migrant adolescents

This paper argues that transnational new media space is an important developmental context for migrant youth who have multiple social networks across geographical and cultural locations. Informed by the ecological model of development and literacy studies, this paper examines Korean migrant adolescents’ sense of self and belonging in relation to the three intertwined identity categories – nationality, race, and ethnicity; and the role of new media in youth’s identity negotiation and representation. Using an ethnographic case study design, this paper analyzes adolescents’ identity work reflected in their verbal interviews and multimodal new media literacy practices. Findings suggest that despite the complexity of youths’ identity as seen in their shifting meaning of being Korean across national, ethno-cultural, and racial contexts, youths actively reconstructed and shared a fuller range of their identity constructs drawing on the resources and linguistic tools in transnational new media.
Treatments that Work for Intimate Partner Violence: Beyond the Duluth Model

This chapter examines treatment options for intimate partner violence (IPV) with a focus on novel interventions. The chapter begins by discussing background information related to IPV, including prevalence rates and consequences. Historical treatment options are explored, specifically the Duluth model and cognitive behavioral therapies. In the past, treatments for IPV were gender-based, and the perpetrator was always considered to be male. The effectiveness of these interventions has been notoriously poor. In a move toward evidence-based practice, new interventions which are practical for female perpetrators or violent couples have been developed, including the Creating Health Relationships Program for couples and Strength at Home for Men for military personnel. Additionally, evidence supporting a new mindfulness-based intervention called Achieving Change Through Values-Based Behavior which was designed for court-mandated men or women who engage in IPV will be presented. Finally, there is a discussion of substance abuse treatment into intervention designed to treat IPV. The chapter concludes with directions for future research and clinical implications.
Factors in the perceived stress scale differentially associate with mindfulness disposition and executive function among early adolescents.

The first aim was to test the factor structure and item-loadings of the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) when administered to early adolescents. The second aim was to examine associations between PSS factors, mindfulness disposition, and executive function. We analyzed data collected from 331 students in grade seven (M age = 12.4, 48.9% female, 47.1% White, 26.0% Hispanic, 37.8% received free-lunch) classrooms from two ethnically/racially and socio-economically diverse schools. Participants completed paper and pencil self-report measures of stress (PSS), mindfulness disposition (Mindful Awareness Attention Scale, MAAS), and executive function (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, BRIEF). We tested the statistical association between two factors of the PSS: perceived coping and perceived distress with MAAS and BRIEF. A two-factor model of the PSS, inclusive of perceived coping and perceived distress, fit the data better than a one-dimensional model. MAAS and BRIEF scores were inversely associated with PSS distress scores (β = −0.62, p < 0.0001 and β = −0.66, p< 0.0001, respectively), but not PSS coping scores (β = −0.04, p = 0.21 and β = −0.02, p = 0.57, respectively) in a model adjusted for sex, race, and socio-economic status. Two factors in the PSS emerged among early adolescents and differentially associated with mindfulness disposition and executive function to similar magnitudes. Findings encourage future assessment of perceived stress in a more refined manner across developmental stages in order to examine trajectories of perceived distress versus perceived coping in relation to mindfulness disposition and executive function.
Abstract TP545: Continuous Intravenous Tirofiban in Patient With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Requiring External Ventricular Drain and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts

Introduction: Due to advancements in the field of endovascular neurosurgery, use of intracranial stenting and flow diversion (ISFD) in the treatment of acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSA...
Synthetic Diamond for Color Center Lasers

Color centers which are substitutional in character, like many of the nitrogen-related defects in diamond, are well suited to the achievement of tunable laser action at room temperature. In particular, high densities of H3 centers permit efficient, stable generation of coherent visible radiation /1/ in the spectral range 500–600 nm. The optical, thermal and mechanical properties of diamond are also excellent, but the crystal is difficult and expensive to grow. Here we present experimental results which demonstrate that the prospects for a family of color center lasers spanning the visible and near-infrared in synthetic diamond are nevertheless very good.
Revisiting Bolivian Studies: Reflections on Theory, Scholarship, and Activism since 1980

As both a focus and locus of vibrant scholarly work, the field of Bolivian studies burst onto the international scene, carving a distinctive niche for itself within the larger fields of Andean and Latin American studies over the past twenty-five years. Bolivia went from being the hemisphere’s “least studied” country, according to a 1984 LASA Forum survey, to becoming a beacon of intercultural dialogue, vanguard scholarship, and postcolonial debate. This essay traces Bolivian studies’ coming of age. Plotting the field’s developments and dialogues across history, anthropology, and ethnohistory, it argues that a dual process of academic decentering and epistemic reinvention unfolded in Bolivia at the height of its indigenous and popular mobilizations during the 1990s and early 2000s. The article closes by identifying five thematic clusters of recent research and briefly reflects on the place of Bolivian scholarship in the wider purview of Andean studies. Resumen Como foco y lugar de trabajo academico vibrante, el campo de los estudios bolivianos irrumpio en la escena internacional, labrandose un nicho distintivo dentro de los campos mas amplios de los estudios andinos y latinoamericanos durante los ultimos veinticinco anos. Bolivia paso de ser el pais “menos estudiado” del hemisferio, segun una encuesta del Foro LASA de 1984, a convertirse en un faro de dialogo intercultural, estudios de vanguardia y debate postcolonial. Este ensayo muestra la madurez de los estudios bolivianos. Trazando desarrollos de campo y dialogos a traves de Historia, Antropologia y Etnohistoria, argumenta que un proceso dual de descentracion academica y reinvencion epistemica se desarrollo en Bolivia en el apogeo de sus movilizaciones indigenas y populares durante la decada de 1990 y principios de 2000. El articulo cierra identificando cinco grupos tematicos de nuevas investigaciones, y reflexiona brevemente sobre el lugar de la investigacion boliviana en el ambito mas amplio de los Estudios Andinos.
Should Lack of Social Support Prevent Access to Organ Transplantation

Transplantation programs commonly rely on clinicians' judgments about patients' social support (care from friends or family) when deciding whether to list them for organ transplantation. We examine whether using social support to make listing decisions for adults seeking transplantation is morally legitimate, drawing on recent data about the evidence-base, implementation, and potential impacts of the criterion on underserved and diverse populations. We demonstrate that the rationale for the social support criterion, based in the principle of utility, is undermined by its reliance on tenuous evidence. Moreover, social support requirements may reinforce transplant inequities, interfere in patients' personal relationships, and contribute to biased and inconsistent listing procedures. As such, accommodating the needs of patients with limited social support would better balance ethical commitments to equity, utility, and respect for persons in transplantation. We suggest steps for researchers, transplantation programs, and policymakers to improve fair use of social support in transplantation.
Rapid Characterization of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (IMS-MS)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an ensemble of persistent organic pollutants of global interest because of their associations with adverse health outcomes. Currently, environmental PFAS pollution is prolific as a result of the widespread manufacturing of these compounds and their chemical persistence. In this work, we demonstrate the advantages of adding ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separation to existing LC-MS workflows for PFAS analysis. Using a commercially available drift tube IMS-MS, we characterized PFAS species and isomeric content in both analytical standards and environmental water samples. Molecular trendlines based on intrinsic mass and structural relationships were also explored for individual PFAS subclasses (e.g. PFSA, PFCA, etc.). Results from rapid IMS-MS analyses provided a link between mass and collision cross sections (CCS) for specific PFAS families and are linked to compositional differences in molecular structure. In addition, CCS values provide additional confidence of annotating prioritized features in untargeted screening studies for potential environmental pollutants. Results from this study show that the IMS separation provides novel information to support traditional LC-MS PFAS analyses and will greatly benefit the evaluation of unknown pollutants in future environmental studies.
Techniques of Whole Brain Radiation Therapy Including Hippocampal Avoidance

Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is an effective and validated treatment modality for a plethora of central nervous system malignancies, the most common indication being for the palliation of brain metastases. This chapter entails the historical and evidence-based rationale of using WBRT with a focus on the evolution of treatment planning considerations in parallel with technological innovations and nuanced understanding of tumor-specific and radiation biology. A detailed description of adverse effects attributed to WBRT and methods to mitigate and circumvent their occurrence and severity are discussed. Finally, contemporary guidelines, techniques including 2-dimensional planning, 3-dimensional planning, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, volumetric arc-based planning, hippocampal avoidance, and indications for WBRT implementation are discussed.
Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence and Beliefs About Partner Violence Screening Among Young Men.

PURPOSE Few clinical guidelines focus on how physicians can identify intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration or victimization among male patients, and little is known of men’s experiences and beliefs regarding screening in health care settings. Our objective was to determine prevalence of men’s experiences with IPV screening in health care settings and associations with men’s beliefs regarding health care clinician identification of IPV. METHODS Using a cross-sectional online survey of a nationally representative sample of 916 men aged 18-35 years, we conducted survey-weighted descriptive analyses to determine IPV prevalence, screening experiences and beliefs, and multivariate logistic regression to examine associations of demographics, IPV perpetration, and IPV victimization with men’s screening experiences and beliefs. RESULTS Of 916 men surveyed, 19% reported perpetration and 27% reported victimization in relationship with current or previous spouse/partner, 90% believed health care clinicians should ask about perpetration, 92% believed health care clinicians should ask about victimization, but only 11% had been asked about perpetration and 13% about victimization. Beliefs regarding IPV were associated with African American non-Hispanic race, IPV perpetration, and IPV victimization. Experiences being asked about IPV were associated with educational attainment and IPV perpetration. CONCLUSIONS Among young US men, 9 in 10 support IPV identification by health care clinicians, nearly 1 in 5 report using IPV, but only about 1 in 10 report health care clinicians asking about IPV. These represent missed opportunities for health care IPV identification. Beliefs and experiences regarding health care IPV identification vary by race, education, and men’s IPV perpetration and victimization. These disparities can inform tailored health care identification approaches.
Democracy’s capital: Black political power in Washington, D.C. 1960s–1970s, by Lauren Pearlman: Chapel Hill, NC, UNC Press, 2019

In Washington, DC, there is often a before and after approach to history: before the 1968 uprisings following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and after. Before, historians, policym...
Gamble v. United States: Brief of Amici Curiae Criminal Procedure Professors

Gamble v. United States is an invitation for the Supreme Court to reconsider the "dual sovereignty" rule in double jeopardy law, which permits federal and state authorities to engage in parallel or successive prosecutions of the same defendant for the same offense. In this amicus brief — in support of petitioner — we urge the Court to abolish the dual sovereignty rule. The argument develops in four parts. First, we show that the rule clashes with the original understanding of the Double Jeopardy Clause, especially in light of its drafting history. Second, we argue that under the Court's own test (reaffirmed as recently as the 2015 term) for determining which sovereigns are, in fact, "dual," the sovereignty of the federal government is best understood as derivative of — not separate from — the sovereignty of the states. Third, we explain why every policy rationale behind double jeopardy protection counsels against the dual sovereignty rule, particularly given the existence of other doctrines (most notably, the Blockburger "same offense" rule) that already limit the scope of double jeopardy protection in practice. Finally, we suggest that the key precedents appearing to bolster the dual sovereignty approach are, on scrutiny, weaker than many have assumed — and in some instances, may not support the rule at all.
“Everything Just Went Apeshit”: Revisiting the “Mobilization Model” of Journalistic Impact

On 5 April 2016, Iceland's prime minister became the first high-profile casualty of the Panama Papers investigations published around the world two days earlier, stepping down after reports of his ...
OrgBox: A Knowledge Representation Tool to Support Complex Search Tasks

Current search systems are effective in helping users complete simple search tasks (e.g., fact-finding). However, they provide less support for users completing complex search tasks. Complex search tasks involve a diverse set of cognitive and metacognitive activities, such as goal-setting, organizing information, drawing inferences, monitoring progress, and updating mental models. We report on a lab study (N=32) that investigated the uses and influences of a novel knowledge representation tool called the "OrgBox'', developed to support searchers with complex tasks. The OrgBox was integrated into a custom-built search system and allowed participants to save information by drag-and-dropping textual passages into the tool, organize passages into "boxes'', and make notes on passages and boxes. The OrgBox tool was compared to a baseline tool (the "Bookmark'') that allowed participants to save passages, but not organize them nor make notes. We investigate four research questions. In RQ1, we investigate the effects of the knowledge representation tool on participants' post-task perceptions. In RQ2-RQ4, we investigate: (RQ2) how participants used different features of each tool; (RQ3) the perceived benefits and challenges of each tool; and (RQ4) the influences of each tool on the approaches taken by participants to complete the task. To address RQ2-RQ4, we conducted a qualitative analysis of participants' responses during an exit interview. We discuss implications from our results for designing tools to support users with complex search tasks.
Antagonism of GluK1-containing kainate receptors reduces ethanol consumption by modulating ethanol reward and withdrawal.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a neuropsychiatric condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Topiramate (TPM) is an antiepileptic drug that has been shown to reduce ethanol drinking in humans. However, TPM is associated with a variety of adverse effects due to its interaction with many receptor systems and intracellular pathways. GluK1-containing kainate receptors (GluK1*KARs) are non-selectively inhibited by TPM, and genetic association studies suggest that this receptor system could be targeted to reduce drinking in AUD patients. We examined the efficacy of LY466195, a selective inhibitor of GluK1*KAR, in reducing ethanol consumption in the intermittent two-bottle choice paradigm in mice. The effect of LY466195 on various ethanol-related phenotypes was investigated by quantification of alcohol intake, physical signs of withdrawal, conditioned place preference (CPP) and in vivo microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens. Selective GluK1*KAR inhibition reduced ethanol intake and preference in a dose-dependent manner. LY466195 treatment attenuated the physical manifestations of ethanol withdrawal and influenced the rewarding properties of ethanol. Interestingly, LY466195 injection also normalized changes in dopamine levels in response to acute ethanol in ethanol-dependent mice, but had no effect in ethanol-naive mice, suggesting ethanol state-dependent effects. The data point to GluK1*KARs as an attractive pharmacological target for the treatment of AUD.
Relative rates of optical maturation of regolith on Mercury and the Moon

[1] Quantifying relative differences in regolith optical maturation rates is critical to interpreting multispectral reflectance measurements of airless bodies. In this study, normalized reflectance measurements of crater ejecta blankets and rays are used as indicators of the relative state of regolith maturation on Mercury and the Moon, as well as for a comparison of surface reflectance. Characterization of craters with high-reflectance ejecta from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera and Mercury Dual Imaging System orbital mosaics indicates that the optical maturation rate is up to 4 times faster on Mercury than on the Moon. Observations also show that there are fewer immature craters (per unit area) on Mercury than on the Moon and suggest a younger average age for mercurian rayed craters than for lunar rayed craters. A comparison of crustal reflectance of immature material yields a ratio of 1.9 ± 0.4 for the average photometrically normalized reflectance of lunar material to that of mercurian material. The difference in reflectance is attributed primarily to differences in composition between the lunar highlands and average surface material on Mercury. The new observations of immature craters per unit area and surface reflectance of immature materials are consistent with previous proposals that regolith maturation rates are faster on Mercury than the Moon, and but here we quantify the relative rate from empirical observations for the first time.
Prenatal and Perinatal Complications: Is It the Link Between Race and SES and Childhood Sleep Disordered Breathing?

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is characterized by intermittent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, which can lead to decreased blood oxygen saturation and disrupted sleep architecture. This dysfunction of the respiratory system is estimated to affect 1% to 3% of school-aged children and often goes undiagnosed due to the nature of the dysfunction being overtly apparent only during sleep, if apparent at all.1–5 BRIEF SUMMARY Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: This study is the first to analyze the association between prenatal and perinatal complications, socio-demographic factors and sleep disordered breathing in a large population sample of young children. Study Impact: To promote awareness among primary care providers and parents of the risk factors associated with sleep disordered breathing, especially in the Hispanic and African American population. An increased emphasis on early identification of these children with moderate to severe SDB has surfaced as more studies have substantiated the long-term effects (e.g., impaired daytime functioning, behavior problems, hypertension, and growth failure) that are possible if SDB is not treated. This current emphasis is evidenced by the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation to screen children for snoring by taking a sleep history during childhood healthcare visits.6 There seems to be a weak correlation between parent-reported chronic snoring and SDB, and, hence, the identification of alternate risk factors for SDB needs to be determined.5,7 Recently, research has yielded evidence that environmental and birth-related factors are related to the development of SDB. In previous studies, SDB has been associated with race,8,9,11,13 prematurity,10,11,13 low socioeconomic status (SES),12,13 maternal smoking during pregnancy,10 and mild preeclampsia13 but not sex or age.8,9,11 However, some of these studies were limited by SDB defined by self-report of associated symptoms, such as snoring or home-based polysomnography10,11 and small numbers of patients with SDB.13 Furthermore, these studies did not investigate possible interrelationships between prenatal and perinatal risk factors with socioeconomic factors, as well as the impact of these complications in the child's brain development. In this study, we investigated (1) the association between SDB and prenatal and perinatal complications, (2) the association of these complications with sociodemographic factors (i.e., SES, race), and (3) the association between SDB and developmental milestones, in a large community sample of school-aged children without SDB from The Penn State Child Cohort and clinically referred children with moderate to severe SDB. Characterization of risk factors for childhood SDB may facilitate new alternatives to early intervention, formulate screening strategies, and improve our understanding of the pathophysiologic and environmental mechanisms related to the development of SDB.
A Bioeconomic Simulation Analysis of Irrigation Investments

Agriculture is unique with respect to the importance of weather variability on output and profits. Irrigation has long been recognized as a means of increasing yields and profits in the arid west, and recently interest in investments in supplemental irrigation in humid areas has accelerated (Brown and Skinner; Hewitt et al.; Levins; Clouser et al., Worm et al.; Schoney and Massie).
Toxicity of Protease-Resistant Domains from the Delta-Endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti Bioassays

The mosquitocidal glycoprotein endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was digested with chymotrypsin to yield protease-resistant domains which were then separated from smaller protease digestion products by high-performance liquid chromatography. Once purified, the domains no longer bound wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin which binds N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and GlcNAc oligomers. Purified protease-resistant domains were as toxic for Culex quinquefasciatus larvae as intact solubilized toxin. In separate experiments, the toxicity of chymotrypsin-digested endotoxin for Aedes aegypti larvae was reduced fivefold or more. A model is presented in which GlcNAc-containing oligosaccharides are required for toxicity for A. aegypti larvae but not C. quinquefasciatus larvae.
Ionic Liquid Redox Catholyte for High Energy Efficiency, Low‐Cost Energy Storage

An approach to energy storage using ionic liquids as joint ion-conducting medium and redox active catholyte material is described. The earth-abundant ferric ion is incorporated as an oxidizing agent in the form of the low-melting NaFeCl 4 in a 1:1 mixture with ethylmethylimidazolium tetrachloraluminate, an ambient temperature ionic liquid. Different possible anode types are considered, and the most obvious one involving liquid sodium (with special wetting of a sodium ion-conducting ceramic separator) is tested. The high voltage >3.2 V predicted for this cell is verifi ed, and its cyclability is confi rmed. Operating at 180 °C, an unexpectedly high energy effi ciency >96%, is recorded. This establishes this type of cell as an attractive candidate for energy storage. For optimum energy storage, high energy effi ciency is mandated for thermal management, as well as economic reasons. The theoretical capacity of the cell is 288 Wh kg −1 (418 Wh L −1 ) of which 73% is realized. The cell is shown to be fail-safe against internal shorts. As there are many degrees of freedom for developing this type of cell, it is suggested as a promising area of future research effort in the energy storage area.
Intranasal Immune Challenge Induces Sex-Dependent Depressive-Like Behavior and Cytokine Expression in the Brain

The association between activation of the immune system and mood disorders has been reported by several studies. However, the mechanisms by which the immune system affects mood are only partially understood. In the present study, we detected depressive-like behavior in a rat animal model which involves the induction of inflammation in the nasal cavities by intranasal (i.n.) instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Female rats showed depressive-like behavior as evidenced by the forced swim test after repeated i.n. administration of LPS. These responses were not paralleled by alterations in motor activity as measured by the open field test. In the same animals, corticosterone responses after the swimming sessions were the highest of all the groups evaluated. Real-time RT PCR was used to analyze the transcriptional regulation of the cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 in several brain regions. Increased tumor necrosis factor-α was detected in the hippocampus and brainstem of female rats challenged with i.n. LPS. These results suggest that peripheral inflammation in the upper respiratory tract is an immune challenge capable of inducing depressive-like behavior, promoting exaggerated glucocorticoid responses to stress, and increasing cytokine transcription in the brain. These results further our understanding of the role that the immune system may play in the pathophysiology of depression.
Influence of urban tributaries on freshwater mussel populations in a biologically diverse piedmont (USA) stream

The Southeastern USA is currently experiencing a period of rapid growth of human populations that is likely having profound effects on the region’s unique aquatic biota. Using both survey data and experimental protocols, we assessed the influences of water and habitat quality on freshwater mussel populations in a small Piedmont stream. Chewacla Creek is a high-quality stream located near the rapidly growing towns of Auburn and Opelika in east-central Alabama. From 1999 to 2007 we monitored freshwater mussel populations and measured substrate and water chemistry variables in Chewacla Creek. Surveys revealed that mussel abundance decreased substantially concomitant with degraded habitat and water quality downstream of three highly urbanized tributaries. We conducted sentinel trials using adult mussels (Villosa lienosa) in Chewacla Creek and a tributary (Parkerson Mill Creek) that receives wastewater discharge. Sentinel mussels were placed in cages at three locations downstream of the effluent discharge point and at one upstream site (control). Sentinel mussels exposed to wastewater discharge exhibited lower survival rates compared to control animals. Together, survey and experimental data suggest that degraded tributary sub-catchments may fragment mussel populations in high-quality streams. Moreover, our data indicate that protection of sensitive aquatic taxa necessitates effective management of water quality across large spatial scales.
A prospective, randomized study of lumbar fusion : preliminary results

One hundred, twenty-four patients undergoing lumbar or lumbosacral fusion for degenerative conditions were entered into a prospective study. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Group I underwent posterolateral fusion using autogenous bone graft. Group II had autogenous posterolateral fusions supplemented by a semi-rigid pedicle screw/plate fixation system (Luque II; Danek Medical, Memphis, Tennessee). Group III patients underwent posterolateral autogenous fusion with a rigid pedicle screw/rod fixation system (Texas Scottish Rite Hospital [TSRH]-Danek Medical, Memphis, Tennessee). All the patients were operated on by the same surgeon, identical bone grafting technique was used in all, and all were treated in an identical fashion postoperatively. Fusion status was determined from the anteroposterior, oblique, and flexion-extension radiographs obtained at 1 year. Clinical results were rated as excellent if the patients were pain-free and had returned to work; good if the patients had mild backache requiring non-narcotic analgesics and had returned to work; fair if continuing back pain prevented a return to work; or poor if the pain was worse than that which the patient experienced preoperatively or the patient required revision surgery. Nine patients who were originally assigned to Group II or Group III were placed in Group I intraoperatively. This change was due to the identification of severe osteopenia and the determination that pedicle screw purchase was poor. One patient was lost to follow-up. Thus, 51 patients were in Group I, 35 in Group II, and 37 in Group III. Follow-up ranged from 9 to 28 months, averaging 16 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Maintenance of Drosophila germline stem cell sexual identity in oogenesis and tumorigenesis

Adult stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by balancing self-renewal and differentiation. In Drosophila females, germline stem cells (GSCs) require Sex lethal (Sxl) to exit the stem cell state and to enter the differentiation pathway. Without Sxl GSCs do not differentiate and instead form tumors. Previous studies have shown that these tumors are not caused by a failure in the self-renewal/differentiation switch. Here, we show that Sxl is also necessary for the cell-autonomous maintenance of germ cell female identity and demonstrate that tumors are caused by the acquisition of male characteristics. Germ cells without Sxl protein exhibit a global derepression of testis genes, including Phf7, a male germline sexual identity gene. Phf7 is a key effector of the tumor-forming pathway, as it is both necessary and sufficient for tumor formation. In the absence of Sxl protein, inappropriate Phf7 expression drives tumor formation through a cell-autonomous mechanism that includes sex-inappropriate activation of Jak/Stat signaling. Remarkably, tumor formation requires a novel response to external signals emanating from the GSC niche, highlighting the importance of interactions between mutant cells and the surrounding normal cells that make up the tumor microenvironment. Derepression of testis genes, and inappropriate Phf7 expression, is also observed in germ cell tumors arising from the loss of bag of marbles (bam), demonstrating that maintenance of female sexual identity requires the concerted actions of Sxl and bam. Our work reveals that GSCs must maintain their sexual identity as they are reprogrammed into a differentiated cell, or risk tumorigenesis.