cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pedal branch artery bypass: a viable limb salvage option.

Abstract Purpose: We reviewed our experience with pedal branch artery (PBA) bypass to confirm the role of these target arteries for limb salvage and to identify patient and technical factors that may be associated with graft patency and limb salvage. Methods: In this retrospective study we analyzed 24 vein grafts to PBAs performed from 1988 to 1998 for limb salvage in 23 patients who had no suitable tibial, peroneal, or dorsal pedal target arteries. These PBA grafts were compared with 133 perimalleolar posterior tibial, defined at or below the ankle, or dorsalis pedis bypass grafts performed contemporaneously; the Kaplan-Meier life table was used in the analysis of graft patency and limb salvage. Life table analyses and logistic regression analysis of prognostic patient variables were also performed. Results: The PBA bypass represented 3% of infrainguinal revascularizations for chronic critical limb ischemia at our institution over the study period. Patients who received PBA bypasses were more likely to be male (92% vs 69%, P =.02) with lower incidences of overt coronary artery disease (33% vs 50%, P =.12) and stroke (0% vs 15%, P =.04), and a higher incidence of end-stage renal disease (21% vs 8%, P =.06) than those undergoing perimalleolar bypass. Seventeen percent of PBA bypasses were performed with the anterior lateral malleolar artery, a vessel not previously described as a common bypass target. Two-year primary patency and limb salvage for PBA versus perimalleolar bypass was 70% versus 80% ( P =.16) and 78% versus 91% ( P =.28), respectively. Patency and limb salvage rates were no different in bypasses with above-knee or below-knee inflow arteries. Conclusion: An autogenous vein bypass to the PBA, though rarely required, provides acceptable primary patency and limb salvage when compared with perimalleolar tibial artery bypass when no suitable, more proximal target arteries are available. The PBA bypass should be considered before major amputation is undertaken. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:1071-9.)
“The verdict is in: A study of jury decision making factors, moment of personal decision, and jury deliberations—from the jurors' point of view”

The purpose of this study was to gain insight into jury decision waking factors, jury decision timing, and the jury decision making process by talking to actual trial jurors. Three criminal jury trials were observed, and seventeen of the jurors were interviewed after each trial's completion. The data indicate that jurors were influenced by the evidence, witnesses, lawyers, and defendant in the trials. In two trials, jurors made their decisions early; one trial produced later decisions. The jurors' reports also demonstrate that jurors considered evidence and discussed the key issues during deliberation.
AGRARIAN VALUES, FARM STRUCTURE, AND COMMUNITY WELFARE

This paper argues that heterogeneity rather than homogeneity of ideology and social class characterizes rural communities, and suggests that this heterogeneity prevents a concerted effort to change farm structure or to improve rural communities' welfare, despite public sentiments.
Evaluating Consumer Loans Using Neural Networks

A number of credit-scoring models that accurately classify consumer loan applications have been developed to aid traditional judgmental methods. This study compares the performance of multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) and neural networks in identifying potential loan. The neural network models consistently perform better than the MDA models in identifying potential problem loans. To alleviate the problem of bias in the training set and to examine the robustness of neural network classifiers in identifying problem loans, we cross-validate our results through seven different samples of the data.
A solution of the affine quadratic inverse eigenvalue problem

Abstract The quadratic inverse eigenvalue problem (QIEP) is to find the three matrices M , C , and K, given a set of numbers, closed under complex conjugations, such that these numbers become the eigenvalues of the quadratic pencil P ( λ ) = λ 2 M + λ C + K . The affine inverse quadratic eigenvalue problem (AQIEP) is the QIEP with an additional constraint that the coefficient matrices belong to an affine family, that is, these matrices are linear combinations of substructured matrices. An affine family of matrices very often arise in vibration engineering modeling and analysis. Research on QIEP and AQIEP are still at developing stage. In this paper, we propose three methods and the associated mathematical theories for solving AQIEP: A Newton method, an alternating projections method, and a hybrid method combining the two. Validity of these methods are illustrated with results on numerical experiments on a spring-mass problem and comparisons are made with these three methods amongst themselves and with another Newton method developed by Elhay and Ram (2002) [12] . The results of our experiments show that the hybrid method takes much smaller number of iterations and converges faster than any of these methods.
Measurement of the ac Stark shift with a guided matter-wave interferometer

We demonstrate the effectiveness of a guided-wave Bose-Einstein condensate interferometer for practical measurements. Taking advantage of the large arm separations obtainable in our interferometer, the energy levels of the 87Rb atoms in one arm of the interferometer are shifted by a calibrated laser beam. The resulting phase shifts are used to determine the ac polarizability at a range of frequencies near and at the atomic resonance. The measured values are in good agreement with theoretical expectations. However, we observe a broadening of the transition near the resonance, an indication of collective light scattering effects. This nonlinearity may prove useful for the production and control of squeezed quantum states.
EEG prior to hemispherectomy: correlation with outcome and pathology

Hemispherectomy, for the treatment of seizures, is highly successful but has a significant morbidity rate. The procedure is usually restricted to patients with an intractable seizure disorder and hemiparesis. Because of the inherent risk of surgery, patient selection is a critical issue. This report describes the evaluation of background activity and ictal patterns on surface and invasive EEG in 12 children who underwent both anatomical (7) and functional (5) hemispherectomy in order to determine the role of electroencephalography in the selection of patients for hemispherectomy, and to correlate EEG findings with underlying pathology and outcome. A favorable outcome was predicted by an interictal EEG with two or more of the following: suppression over the abnormal hemisphere, absence of contralateral slowing, absence of generalized discharges and absence of bilateral independent spiking; or by unilateral onset of ictal discharges on invasive intracerebral EEG recording. Outcome did not correlate with the underlying pathology. Hemispherectomy can be successful in patients with a variety of predominantly unilateral pathologic entities.
Immunofluorescence detection methods using microspheres

Microsphere-based immunoassays were devised for compounds of agricultural and biomedical interest (e.g., digoxin, theophylline, and zearalenone). Commercially available microspheres with surface functional groups for chemical derivatization were used as solid carriers. After immobilizing the target substances, the surface of the haptenized microspheres was blocked by a protein to reduce aspecific binding. Competitive immunoassays were performed using the functionalized microspheres and antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Immunofluorescence signal amplification was achieved by enzyme-catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD). An epifluorescence microscope, a CCD camera interfaced with a computer, and microscopy image analysis software were employed for quantitative detection of fluorescent light emitted from individual microspheres. Integration of several such immunoassays and application of an optical encoding method enabled multianalyte determination. These immunoassays can also be utilized in an immunosensor array format. This immunoarray format could facilitate miniaturization and automation of multianalyte immunoassays.
Fabrication and characterization of all-polystyrene microfluidic devices with integrated electrodes and tubing

A new method of fabricating all-polystyrene devices with integrated electrodes and fluidic tubing is described. As opposed to expensive polystyrene (PS) fabrication techniques that use hot embossing and bonding with a heated lab press, this approach involves solvent-based etching of channels and lamination-based bonding of a PS cover, all of which do not need to occur in a cleanroom. PS has been studied as an alternative microchip substrate to PDMS, as it is more hydrophilic, biologically compatible in terms of cell adhesion, and less prone to absorption of hydrophobic molecules. The etching/lamination-based method described here results in a variety of all-PS devices, with or without electrodes and tubing. To characterize the devices, micrographs of etched channels (straight and intersected channels) were taken using confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Microchip-based electrophoresis with repetitive injections of fluorescein was conducted using a three-sided PS (etched pinched, twin-tee channel) and one-sided PDMS device. Microchip-based flow injection analysis, with dopamine and NO as analytes, was used to characterize the performance of all-PS devices with embedded tubing and electrodes. Limits of detection for dopamine and NO were 130 nM and 1.8 μM, respectively. Cell immobilization studies were also conducted to assess all-PS devices for cellular analysis. This paper demonstrates that these easy to fabricate devices can be attractive alternative to other PS fabrication methods for a wide variety of analytical and cell culture applications.
Getting down to the bare bones

The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archeological Sites. By Richard G. Klein and Kathryn Cruz-Uribe. University of Chicago Press: 1984. Pp.266. Hbk 19.95, 18.95; pbk 8.95, 8.50.
Structures and electronic properties of platinum nitride by density functional theory

We present the results of ground state electronic structure calculations of the zinc-blende and rocksalt phases of binary platinum nitride (PtN) using density functional theory. Several exchange-correlation functionals including the local spin density approximations, generalized gradient approximations (GGA), a nonempirical meta-GGA, and a screened Coulomb hybrid functional have been employed. We use Gaussian type orbitals within the framework of periodic boundary conditions. Our results confirm earlier findings, in that the zinc-blende structure of PtN is energetically more stable than the rocksalt structure. The predicted energy difference between the two phases is rather small with the more elaborate functionals. Both phases are predicted to be metallic and extended Pt $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{N}$ $p$ hybridizations are found in both of them. We have also calculated the phase transition pressure between both phases. The bulk modulus of the zinc-blend phase of PtN is significantly higher than that of bulk platinum.
X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography With Polycapillary Focusing

Liposomal iodine nanoparticles (LINPs) have a long half-life and provide an excellent intravascular contrast. The nanoparticles can be functionalized as molecular probes for biological targets to facilitate numerous preclinical studies for translation toward diagnosis and therapy of various human diseases. Iodine has a K-edge at 33 keV due to the photoelectric absorption of photons, which emit X-ray fluorescence at 28 keV with a fluorescence yield of 0.88. Detections of the characteristic X-rays can be used for the imaging of iodine concentration distribution in an object. In this paper, we propose an X-ray fluorescence computed tomography method for reconstruction of a LINPs distribution over a region of interest (ROI) in a small animal. X-rays are focused onto a submillimeter focal spot utilizing a polycapillary lens, generating a pair of X-ray cones in the animal. This focused beam irradiates LINPs, the most strongly at the focal spot. Then, the focal spot can be scanned over an ROI in the object to produce X-ray fluorescence signals. From measured fluorescence data, a reliable image reconstruction can be achieved with a high spatial resolution. Numerical simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the superior imaging performance of this methodology.
Elliptic genera and quantum field theory

It is shown that in elliptic cohomology — as recently formulated in the mathematical literature — the supercharge of the supersymmetric nonlinear signa model plays a role similar to the role of the Dirac operator inK-theory. This leads to several insights concerning both elliptic cohomology and string theory. Some of the relevant calculations have been done previously by Schellekens and Warner in a different context.
Myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratio in aortic stenosis: Hemodynamic and echocardiographic evaluation of patients with and without angina pectoris

Angina pectoris is a common symptom in patients with aortic stenosis without coronary artery disease. To investigate the correlates of angina pectoris, echocardiographic and hemodynamic data from 44 patients with aortic stenosis and no coronary artery disease (mean age 56 ± 10 years) were analyzed. Twenty-three patients had no angina pectoris and 21 patients had angina pectoris. The ratio of the diastolic pressure-time index (area between the aortic and left ventricular pressure curves during diastole) to the systolic pressure-time index (area under the left ventricular pressure curve during systole), an index of the oxygen supply/demand ratio, was not different in patients with or without angina pectoris. There were no differences between patients with and without angina pectoris in echocardiographically determined wall thickness, chamber size, systolic and diastolic wall stress and left ventricular mass; in electrocardiographically defined voltage; and in hemodynamically defined aortic valve area, transaortic gradient and stroke work index. Thus, echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements at rest are not significantly different in the presence or absence of angina pectoris in patients with aortic stenosis. Dynamic data appear to be essential for evaluation of the mechanisms of angina pectoris in patients with aortic stenosis.
Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Dental Care For Publicly Insured Children

Poor oral health has important implications for the healthy development of children. Children in Medicaid, especially Latinos and African Americans, experience high rates of tooth decay, yet they visit dentists less often than privately insured children. Even Latino and African American children with private insurance are less likely than white children to visit dentists and have longer intervals between dental visits. Furthermore, Latino and African American children in Medicaid are more likely than white children in Medicaid to have longer intervals between visits. These findings raise concerns about Medicaid’s ability to address disparities in dental care access and, more broadly, in health care.
Quality assurance reviews: how they differ from peer reviews

Research papers and reports written by scientists and engineers in the United States Environmental Protection Agency are reviewed by the agency's quality assurance staff. EPA papers and reports are subjected to peer reviews that check for the validity of conclusions and the general agreement with the body of technical knowledge in the subject area. Quality assurance reviews differ from peer reviews in that the focus of the quality assurance review is on the following criteria: Consistency: Were reasonable and consistent units of measurement and generally acceptable formulas used throughout? Are the appropriate number of significant figures reported? Correctness: Were matrix-compatible methods used? Were measurements within the working range of the method? Can measurements be traced to a recognized standard or source (e.g., the National Institute of Standards and Technology)? Can calculations be verified, starting from representative raw data and proceeding to the summary data presented in the paper or report? Coherence: Do the stated conclusions follow from the data presented? Are the assumptions clearly stated? Are inconsistencies between data and conclusions discussed? Clarity: Are special terms and acronyms defined? Can a person with a general technical background in the subject understand the paper or report? Conformance: Did the study follow the test/quality assurance plan, with appropriate calibrations and other quality-control checks, audits, and data validations? If not, is there a discussion of problems? Concordance: Were data quality objectives met? Were the data quality indicator goals achieved for precision, accuracy, representativeness, comparability, and completeness? The importance of these quality assurance review criteria are discussed along with examples from current work.
A test for increased lethality in land snails exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields.

Abstract A recent report suggested that exposures of land snails to 0.1 mT, 60 Hz magnetic fields for periods of 48–120 h increase mortality levels by 2–10 times. In direct experimental tests, we were unable to confirm this effect.
Interaction of Instructions with the Recall Strategy Actually Used in a Paired-Associates Learning Task

Previous research suggests that interactive imagery produces memory performance superior to separation imagery, although the effects of instructions are less clear. Paired-associate learning was used to examine the effects of instructions (general memory, separation imagery, and interactive imagery) on recall, the frequency of using memory strategies (nonimaginal, separate image, and interactive image), and strategies' effectiveness. The numbers of correctly recalled items were fewer for subjects given general memory instructions than for subjects given separation or interactive imagery instructions which were not different from each other. Subjects reported using a variety of strategies. However, subjects given separation imagery instructions were more likely to report an interactive image than a separate image, and equally as likely to use interactive imagery as subjects given interactive imagery instructions. The present data suggest that subjects can effectively use a variety of memory strategies.
Degeneration of axons in the corticospinal tract secondary to spinal cord ischemia in rats.

Occlusion of the thoracic aorta and both subclavian arteries (XC) in the rat model produces spastic paraplegia. In order to characterize the lesion of white matter, 14 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent XC for 10.5 to 12 min, were observed for 32 days and assessed with a lesion score. A sham group of eight underwent surgical manipulations without XC. The spinal cords were studied by optical microscopy and electron microscopy. An additional group of normal animals (n = 8) underwent spinal cord blood flow measurement with the auto radiographic technique. Optical microscopy showed normal histology in sham operated rats and rats with aortic cross-clamp and lesion score = 2-4 (n = 5), rare changes in the white matter of rats with lesion score = 8 (n = 2), and demyelination of the anterior and lateral tracts of the white matter and motor neuron loss in the gray matter of rats with lesion score = 13-15 (n = 7) and spastic paraplegia. In this last group, electron microscopy disclosed severe axonal degeneration of corticospinal tracts. In the same region spinal cord blood flow was higher than the remaining white matter. This study confirms that spastic paraplegia observed in the rat model after XC is due to degeneration of the pyramidal tracts, perhaps more susceptible to injury due to the high spinal cord blood flow.
A Novel, Topologically Constrained DNA Molecule Containing a Double Holliday Junction DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND INITIAL BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION

The double Holliday junction (dHJ) is a central intermediate to homologous recombination, but biochemical analysis of the metabolism of this structure has been hindered by the lack of a substrate that adequately replicates the endogenous structure. We have synthesized a novel dHJ substrate that consists of two small, double stranded DNA circles conjoined by two Holliday junctions (HJs). Its biochemical synthesis is based on the production of two pairs of single stranded circles from phagemids, followed by their sequential annealing with reverse gyrase. The sequence between the two HJs is identical on both strands, allowing the HJs to migrate without the generation of unpaired regions of DNA, whereas the distance between the HJs is on the order of gene conversion tracts thus far measured in Drosophila and mouse model systems. The structure of this substrate also provides similar topological constraint as would occur in an endogenous dHJ. Digestion of the dHJ substrate by T7 endonuclease I resolves the substrate into crossover and non-crossover products, as predicted by the Szostak model of double strand break repair. This substrate will greatly facilitate the examination of the mechanism of resolution of double Holliday junctions.
Milacemide treatment in mice enhances acquisiton of a Morris-type water maze task

Abstract The N- methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) subtype of the glutamate receptor appears to be involved with processes of learning and memory. A neutral amino acid vinding site is known to exist on the NMDA complex. Glycine binds with high affinity to this site and has been found to potentiate NMDA activity. 2-N-Pentylaminoacetamide HCl (milacemide) is a glycine agonist that has been found to enhance performance of rodents in passive and active avoidance tasks and has improved the performance of humans in several word retrieval tasks. We evaluated the effects of milacemide on the performance of male C57BL/6J mice in a complex spatial task, the Morris water maze. Because NMDA receptor activation appears involved in induction of long-term potentiation, it was hypothesized that milacemide administration would be involved in task acquisition. Therefore, mice were treated with either milacemide (10 mg/kg) or vehicle 1 h prior to training on each of 4 consecutive days. Results indicated that mice treated with milacemide learned the task significantly faster than controls over 4 days of training, as measured by mean distance (cm) to reach th goal platform. Therefore, agonism of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor appears to facilitate performance of learning in a spatial memory task.
Power System Operation at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator

The laboratory requires a large amount of electric power to produce the high energy particles and perform the physics research. This makes it important to operate the power system with maximum efficiency and economy. This paper discusses the problems and actions taken to accomplish these objectives.
Activation of nitric oxide by heteropoly compounds: Structure of nitric oxide linkages in tungstophosphoric acid with Keggin units

The heteropoly compound H3PW12O40 · 6H2O is composed of anions of the Keggin structure, (PW12O40)−3, linked by H5O+2 to form a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure. The water linkages can be substituted readily by NO linkages at 50-230°C at low NO concentrations (i.e., under flue gas conditions) to form H3PW12O40 · 3NO. A substantial fraction of the absorbed NO is decomposed into N2 upon rapid heating of the NO-linked compound. The bond energy for the NO linkages is on the order of 25 kcal/mol, based on the TPD results. From the XRD data, the bcc structure is preserved in the NO-saturated compound, except the bcc lattice constant is decreased by 4.2% upon substitution. The IR spectrum of H3PW12O40 · 3NO shows a single band for NO at 2270 cm−1. Based on the IR results, the TPD data, and the literature information on the nitrosonium ion (NO+), the linkage in the NO saturated compound is an ionic form of protonated NO, (NOH)+. Bond length calculations yield a value of 11.74 A for the ionic linkage, which is in close agreement with the bcc lattice constant of 11.68 A obtained from XRD. The structure closely resembles that of Cs3PW12O40. The NO molecule is activated upon absorption in the heteropoly compound by protonation, resulting in weakening of the N-O bond. The activation of NO, combined with rapid heating (so desorption can occur at high temperatures), results in N2 production. The result that the sodium salt Na3PW12O40 cannot absorb NH3 or NO suggests that the ability to interact with H+ is a prerequisite to form linkages in heteropoly compounds.
Generic manufacturing strategies: A conceptual synthesis

This paper provides a conceptual framework that links manufacturing to business unit strategy and focuses on developing the notion of 'generic manufacturing strategies' at the strategic business unit (SBU) level. Specifically, an explicit conceptual link is drawn between 'generic' business unit strategies and 'generic' functional structures in manufacturing. It is proposed that the alternate manufacturing structures implicitly represent 'generic manufacturing strategies'. Drawing on ideas and concepts from the business strategy literature and manufacturing literature the paper links Porter's generic strategy framework to a complementary manufacturing structure framework that uses three dimensions: process structure complexity, product line complexity, and organizational scope. Viewed from different perspectives, the 'manufacturing contingency theory' concepts presented implicitly in the paper can be viewed as an extension of classic research on the interdependence between strategy and structure. The frameworks developed here provide a partial synthesis of knowledge in the broader disciplines of engineering and management without sacrificing academic rigor and practitioner relevance.
The strategic value of CEO external directorate networks: implications for CEO compensation

This study examines the relationship between CEO external directorate networks and CEO compensation. Drawing on previous research showing a link between executives' external networks, firm strategy, and performance, the study argues that executive external networks are strategically valuable to firms; thus, they should be reflected in executive compensation. The study further examines whether firm diversification, with its elevated demand for strategic resources, moderates the relationship between CEO external directorate networks and pay. Hypotheses are tested using a sample of 460 Fortune 1000 firms. Analyses reveal that the rewards to CEO external directorate networks are contingent upon the firm's level of diversification. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing depression diagnostic symptoms across younger and older adults

Objectives: Depression in later life has potential grave implications and contributes to heavy emotional, medical, and economic burdens. Therefore, it is not surprising that identifying depression and its symptoms in later life has remained a sustained concern for professionals who treat older patients. Despite this concern, the current diagnostic gold standard may not identify depression symptoms equally well in older and younger adults. The objective of this analysis is to determine whether older and younger adults with equivalent levels of latent depression are equally likely to endorse particular DSM diagnostic symptoms. Method: We analyzed DSM depression data using Item Response Theory (IRT)-based differential item functioning analyses. The data came from 1808 older adults (age 65–98 years) and 3734 younger adults (age 18–34 years) who participated in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Results: The analyses confirmed our hypothesis. The DSM items identify depres...
Membrane toxicity of the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin A by a free-radical mechanism

Abstract The effects of calphostin A on cytoplasmic calcium levels, receptor-mediated calcium release, and membrane input resistance were measured in neuroblastoma cells. Calphostin A is a lipophilic, light-sensitive perylenequinone that generates singlet oxygen when illuminated. It inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (IC 50 = 250 nM), but only in the presence of light. Phorbol esters normally attenuate carbachol-evoked calcium release. This effect was blocked by simultaneous exposure to light and calphostin A (40 nM) for 30 min. At higher doses (0.5–1 μM) calphostin A also approximately doubled the resting calcium level and decreased cell input resistance by 51%. These toxic effects did not occur in the dark or after preincubation with the antioxidant α-tocopherol. These data support the hypothesis that the calphostins act by partitioning into the membrane and producing singlet oxygen and endoperoxides which then irreversibly modify protein kinase C and other membrane proteins and lipids.
Developmental changes in predicting one's own span of short-term memory ☆

Abstract Developmental changes in the accuracy of predicting one's own recall were studied, using preschool, third grade, and college subjects in Experiment 1 and third grade and college subjects in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 showed that prediction accuracy increased from the preschool to the college years, subjects were not influenced by a potential “expectancy” bias in the procedure, and only third grade subjects were influenced by the presence of norms about peer performance. Experiment 2 showed that third graders and college subjects lower their predictions in the face of “false” norm information, with college subjects being the only group to under predict actual recall in both experiments. Thus, although adults are significantly more accurate than elementary shool children in estimating short-term recall, their susceptibility to norm information suggests that even they have uncertainty about their exact capabilities.
Wnt signalling gets XEEKy

The putative tumour suppressor LKB1/XEEK1 (Xenopus egg and embryo kinase 1) has been implicated in many cellular processes and signalling pathways. Now, XEEK1 is found to exist in a complex with GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) and protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ), resulting in increased Wnt signal transduction during embryonic development. This discovery positions XEEK1 as a potential intersection point for crosstalk between Wnt and other pathways.
Effects of variation in physical effort on frontalis EMG activity.

The physiological mechanisms underlying forehead muscle biofeedback for stress reduction are not well understood. A common hypothesis considers the frontales to be “key muscles” uniquely indexing the degree of tension present in the general musculature. We tested this hypothesis under conditions ranging from relaxation to maximum physical effort. The hypothesis was not supported. Changes in forehead muscle activity were limited primarily to reflecting changes in head and neck muscle tension.
Population stereotypy in code design.

Abstract The present paper is concerned with the development of efficient signs or symbols for use in visual communication. In particular, it describes and illustrates a technique for generating such signs, and presents a series of experiments undertaken to evaluate this technique. Although the application of these methods was limited to a specialized set of concepts (military intelligence terms), and the test experiments for signs developed were highly selective, it was believed that the principles involved have implications for several rather divergent areas of psychology which share an interest in language and communication.
p53 Expression in Endocervical and Endometrial Adenocarcinomas: An Immunohistochemical Study With Clinical Correlation

The expression of monoclonal antibody p53 (PAb 1801) was studied by immunohisto chemistry in 16 endocervical and 28 endometrial adenocarcinomas. Eight endocervical and 17 endometrial carcinomas were p53 positive. The nuclear staining varied from focal to diffuse strong positivity. Follow-up information was obtained in 24 patients with endometrial tumors and in 10 patients with endocervical tumors. Of the 2 patients with endocervical tumors who died with disease, 1 showed strong p53 positivity while the other case was negative. Of the 8 patients with endometrial carcinoma who died, 6 showed positivity for p53 and 2 were negative. A significant correlation in intensity of staining was observed between well- and poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinomas (P < .001); however, this correlation was not observed in endocervical carcinomas. Int J Surg Pathol 2(4):269-274, 1995
Concurrent operations on extendible hashing and its performance

Extendible hashing is a dynamic data structure which accommodates expansion and contraction of any stored data efficiently. In this article, an algorithm has been developed for managing concurrent operations on extendible hashing by achieving optimal memory utilization by supporting directly expansion and contraction, page split, and merge. The results of this study have been encouraging in the sense that it seems to provide a higher degree of concurrency compared to other algorithms on an extendible hash file.
Increased Ranges For Conventional Underwater Cameras

Theoretical and model studies have indicated that placing the light source 10 to 30 ft behind a deep sea camera results in a decrease in backscatter and an increase in useable range. Full scale tests of this technique have been conducted using six light sources with energy capacities of 8,700 Joules each. These tests demonstrate a significant increase in the practical range of underwater cameras. This technique coupled with a large format camera provides a more efficient means of searching the deep ocean floor.
Human Loss-of-Function Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Mutants Retain Wild-Type Receptors in the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Molecular Basis of the Dominant-Negative Effect

The GnRH receptor (GnRHR) is a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor found in the plasma membrane of pituitary gonadotropes. GnRHR mutants isolated from patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) are frequently mislocalized proteins that can be restored to function by pharmacological chaperones. Nonfunctional HH mutants inhibit ligand binding and ligand-activated second messenger production by wild-type (WT) receptor when both are coexpressed in vitro. In this study, confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled GnRHR was used to show that the dominant-negative effect, which occurs for human (but not for rodent) GnRHR, results from WT receptor retention in the endoplasmic reticulum by mislocalized mutants. Mutants hGnRHR(E90K), hGnRHR(L266R), and hGnRHR(S168R) were selected for study because they are known to be fully rescuable, partially rescuable, or nonrescuable (respectively) by a specific pharmacological chaperone. This chaperone corrects folding errors and promotes correct intracellular routi...
Mapping quantum-well energy profiles of III-V heterostructures by scanning-tunneling-microscope-excited luminescence

A technique has been developed that allows the energy profile of quantum wells in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As heterostructures to be mapped directly. The lateral resolution is a few nanometers, which allows the band-bending profile and the conduction-band discontinuity of interfaces within the heterostructure to be probed directly. The technique is based on the excitation of luminescence in the III-V compounds using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope as a source of electrons.
A new kind of iron-nitric oxide complex: the radical Fe(No)3CO

Abstract Photolysis of Fe(CO)5 in non-polar solvents containing dissolved NO results in the generation of an EPR spectrum which is assigned to the free radical Fe(NO)3CO.
Accuracy of Cytology Specimen and Needle Core Biopsies for Detection of KRAS Mutation in Non-Small Cell Carcinoma: Comparison With Resection Specimen

Background : Recent studies have shown that KRAS mutations are negative predictors of benefit from both adjuvant chemotherapy and anti-EGFR directed therapies for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Needle core biopsy, cytology specimen and resected tissue have all been used for KRAS mutational analysis of malignant lung tumors. However, studies validating the correlation between needle core biopsy/cytology specimen and resected tissue, histologic reference standard for KRAS mutational analysis are lacking. We retrospectively compared the KRAS mutation detection on cytology specimen or needle core biopsy with corresponding resected malignant neoplasm of lung, the histologic reference standard for mutational analysis. Method : Twenty-seven samples including 8 cell blocks, 9 cytology smears and 10 needle core biopsies, and corresponding 22 resected malignant tumor of lung were correlated for KRAS mutational analysis. In cases where cell block material did not correspond with results on resected specimen, cytology smears of corresponding cases were microdissected for isolation of DNA. Results : The needle core biopsy specimens and the corresponding surgical resections showed 100% concordant results for KRAS mutational analysis. KRAS mutation was detected in 4 out of 8 cell blocks, compared to 7 out of 8 corresponding surgical resections. Low cellularity (2 cases) and failure to retrieve DNA (1case) resulted in lack of correlation in 3 cases with cell blocks. However, cytology smears in these 3 cases confirmed the KRAS mutation noted in corresponding surgical resections. Overall concordance between cytology smears and corresponding surgical resections was 89% (8 of 9 cases). KRAS mutation was detected in 1 of the 9 cytology smears and was lacking in corresponding surgically resection. Conclusion : Cytology specimen and needle core biopsies provide adequate material for KRAS mutational analysis. Excellent mutational analysis concordance between cytology specimen/needle core biopsies and resected tumor suggests that predictive marker based therapeutic decision need not shift to more invasive surgical procedures. doi:10.4021/wjon416w
New progestagens for contraceptive use

The progestins have different pharmacologic properties depending upon the parent molecule, usually testosterone or progesterone (P), from which they are derived. Very small structural changes in the parent molecule may induce considerable differences in the activity of the derivative. In hormonal contraceptives, progestins represent the major agent designed for suppressing ovulation and are used in combination with estrogen (E) usually ethinyl-estradiol (EE). The development of new generations of progestins with improved selectivity profiles has been a great challenge. Steroidal and nonsteroidal progesterone receptor (PR) agonists have been synthesized as well, although the latter are still in a very early stage of development. Several new progestins, have been synthesized in the last two decades. These include dienogest (DNG), drospirenone (DRSP), Nestorone (NES), nomegestrol acetate (NOMAc) and trimegestone (TMG). These new progestins have been designed to have no androgenic or estrogenic actions and to be closer in activity to the physiological hormone P. DRSP differs from the classic progestins as it is derived from spirolactone. It is essentially an antimineralocorticoid steroid with no androgenic effect but a partial antiandrogenic effect. The antiovulatory potency of the different progestins varies. TMG and NES are the most potent progestins synthesized to date, followed by two of the older progestins, keto-desogestrel (keto-DSG) and levonorgestrel (LNG). The new molecules TMG, DRSP and DNG also have antiandrogenic activity. Striking differences exist regarding the side effects among the progestins and the combination with EE leads to other reactions related to the E itself and whether the associated progestin counterbalances, more or less, the estrogenic action. The 19-norprogesterone molecules and the new molecules DRSP and DNG are not androgenic and, therefore, have no negative effect on the lipid profile. Given their pharmacological properties, it is likely that the new progestins may have neutral effects on metabolic or vascular risks. However, this hypothesis must be confirmed in large clinical trials.
The Root and the Black Public Sphere

The Internet is a space where technological limits have been broken, yet race continues to shape the places and ways that people interact. Since 2008, TheRoot. com (hereby referred to as The Root) has occupied a unique and meaningful place within cyberspace by providing a venue for discourse on black communities. On The Root, black scholars, writers, and artisans engage larger black audiences in dialogue on matters facing the African diaspora, in many ways expanding the potential for a vibrant black public sphere. As a project founded by African American Studies professor Henry Louis-Gates, The Root has created a space for fast paced exchange between academics and the black public sphere. The role of the public sphere was first written about by Jurgen Habermas in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere and later critiqued by a range of scholars (Fraser 1990; HarrisLacewell 2004, Black Public Sphere Collective 1995). I draw from Catherine Squires’ (2002) working definition of black public sphere/spheres as an, ‘‘ . . . emergent collective composed of people who (a) engage in common discourses and negotiations of what it means to be Black, and (b) pursue particularly defined Black interests’’ (p. 454). I review The Root with an eye toward its potential to fulfill the continued pursuit of a thriving black public sphere. There has been considerable debate about the relevance or presence of viable black public sphere but these discussions have underconsidered sites like The Root as a new channel to establishing and expanding the black public sphere. The Root did not emerge out of thin air. In 2000, Henry Louis Gates founded the website www.africana.com which featured the tagline ‘‘Gateway to the Black World.’’ Africana.com was a unique online companion to the Africana (2005) that Gates coedited with Kwame Anthony Appiah. The emergence of Africana.com
Rp58 is essential for the growth and patterning of the cerebellum and for glutamatergic and GABAergic neuron development

Cerebellum development depends on the correct differentiation of progenitors into neurons, a process controlled by a transcriptional program that remains poorly understood. Here we show that neural-specific deletion of the BTB/POZ zinc-finger transcription factor-encoding gene Rp58 (Znf238, Zfp238) causes severe cerebellar hypoplasia and developmental failure of Purkinje neurons, Bergmann glia and granule neurons. Deletion of Rp58 in mouse embryonic Atoh1(+) progenitors leads to strong defects in growth and foliation owing to its crucial role in the differentiation of granule neurons. Analysis of the Rp58 mutant at E14.5 demonstrates that Rp58 is required for the development of both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Rp58 mutants show decreased proliferation of glutamatergic progenitors at E14.5. In addition, Rp58 ablation results in a reduced number of GABAergic Pax2(+) neurons at E16.5 together with defects in the transcriptional program of ventricular zone progenitors. Our results indicate that Rp58 is essential for the growth and organization of the cerebellum and regulates the development of both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons.
Plasma Levels of Lidocaine Following Nebulized Aerosol Administration

The venous (plasma) levels of lidocaine were measured in five subjects following nebulization of a 280-mg dose via intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and nebulization of a 400-mg dose via ultrasound. Even though a lower dose of lidocaine was given by IPPB, this system of delivery produced higher plasma concentrations of the drug than ultrasound and also was more effective in eliminating the gag reflex. In the entire study, plasma concentrations of lidocaine did not exceed 1.1 µg/ml, which is far below toxic levels. Aerosolized lidocaine, administered by IPPB, is a safe and effective topical anesthetic agent which may be useful for instrumentation of the upper airway.
A novel method for sub-micron particle detection in clean liquids

A novel approach to the detection of liquid-borne submicrometer particles (extendible to ultra-clean liquids) is described. The key concept is to coax the submicrometer particles to soft cavitate and then detect the ensuing transient bubble activity acoustically rather than the particle itself (which has only a weak scattering signature). The method, therefore, relies on facilitating acoustic microcavitation through acoustic coaxing. Acoustic microcavitation is brought about by low megahertz acoustic fields giving rise to micrometer-size bubbles that live a few microseconds. Liquid-borne microparticles do not, ordinarily, cause any cavitation when exposed to strong sound fields (of 1 MHz). If, however, a very weak, high-frequency auxiliary acoustic field (e.g., 30 MHz) is added to this sound field, cavitation by the microparticles is readily facilitated. This technique of facilitating cavitation is referred to as "acoustic coaxing". Results of preliminary experiments indicate that even smooth spherical microparticles can be coaxed to cause cavitation. An explanation of the "acoustic coaxing effect" is offered. The physics seems not to be limited by the smallness of microparticles (effect possible up to 50 nm). This novel method based on acoustic coaxing of microcavitation promises to be a good basis for on-line, real time monitoring of liquid-borne submicronic particulates. This method is not limited to small sensing volumes and, unlike optical methods, it has an intrinsic, location specific, signal enhancement at the source particle.
Leveraging computation sharing and parallel processing in location-dependent query processing

A variety of research exists for the processing of continuous queries in large, mobile environments. Each method tries, in its own way, to address the computational bottleneck of constantly processing so many queries. In this paper, we introduce an efficient and scalable system for monitoring continuous queries by leveraging the parallel processing capability of the Graphics Processing Unit. We examine a naive CPU-based solution for continuous range-monitoring queries, and we then extend this system using the GPU. Additionally, with mobile communication devices becoming commodity, location-based services will become ubiquitous. To cope with the very high intensity of location-based queries, we propose a view oriented approach of the location database, thereby reducing computation costs by exploiting computation sharing amongst queries requiring the same view. Our studies show that by exploiting the parallel processing power of the GPU, we are able to significantly scale the number of mobile objects, while maintaining an acceptable level of performance.
Perinatal increases in TGF-α disrupt the saccular phase of lung morphogenesis and cause remodeling: microarray analysis

Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and its receptor, the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), have been associated with lung remodeling in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (...