cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methionine Limitation in Escherichia coli K-12 by Growth on the Sulfoxides of d-Methionine

The synthesis and resolution of the diastereoisomers of d-methionine sulfoxide in high yield is described. Growth of two methionine auxotrophs (strains HfrC and AB1932) on the d-methionine sulfoxides is slower than on l-methionine, and the resultant cells are markedly derepressed for three enzymes of the methionine regulon (cystathionine synthetase, cystathionase, and S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase). Strain HfrC grows more rapidly on the sulfoxides and shows less derepression than strain AB1932. Although growth on d-methionine-d-sulfoxide is much slower than on d-methionine-l-sulfoxide (two- to threefold increase in division times), cells grown on d-methionine-l-sulfoxide generally have higher enzyme activities. The sulfoxides of d-methionine appear to provide a useful supplement to obtain methionine-limited growth in Escherichia coli.
Understanding the obstacles to TQM success

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract. A longer abstract is available on the journal's <a href="http://www.asq.org/portal/page?_pageid=33,39211,33_39258&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&in_url=/pub/qmj/past/vol10_issue3/sebastianelli.html&quot..
A Chart-Based Method for Identification of Delirium: Validation Compared with Interviewer Ratings Using the Confusion Assessment Method

Objectives To validate a chart-based method for identification of delirium and compare it with direct interviewer assessment using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Design Prospective validation study. Setting Teaching hospital. Participants Nine hundred nineteen older hospitalized patients. Measurements A chart-based instrument for identification of delirium was created and compared with the reference standard interviewer ratings, which used direct cognitive assessment to complete the CAM for delirium. Trained nurse chart abstractors were blinded to all interview data, including cognitive and CAM ratings. Factors influencing the correct identification of delirium in the chart were examined. Results Delirium was present in 115 (12.5%) patients according to the CAM. Sensitivity of the chart-based instrument was 74%, specificity was 83%, and likelihood ratio for a positive result was 4.4. Overall agreement between chart and interviewer ratings was 82%, kappa=0.41. By contrast, using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, administrative codes, the sensitivity for delirium was 3%, and specificity was 99%. Independent factors associated with incorrect chart identification of delirium were dementia, severe illness, and high baseline delirium risk. With all three factors present, the chart instrument was three times more likely to identify patients incorrectly than with none of the factors present. Conclusion A chart-based instrument for delirium, which should be useful for patient safety and quality-improvement programs in older persons, was validated. Because of potential misclassification, the chart-based instrument is not recommended for individual patient care or diagnostic purposes.
A new parallel algorithm for the knapsack problem and its implementation on a hypercube

A new parallel algorithm is presented for the 0/1 knapsack problem. On a hypercube of n processors, the algorithm runs in time O(mc(log n)/n), where m is the number of objects and c is the knapsack size. The best previous known hypercube algorithm takes time O(mc/n+c log n+c/sup 2/). The new algorithm has been implemented on the Connection Machine and experimental results show that it performs very well for a wide range of problem sizes. >
Evaluation of the demographics, socioeconomics, and satisfaction levels of recipients at a rural food bank.

The present study assesses the demographics, socioeconomics, behaviors, environment, and satisfaction of food bank clients as a way to inform food bank administrators about where their services could be more efficiently focused. Unfortunately, very little has been published in the research literature about levels of recipient satisfaction at food banks in any settings, but especially in rural settings. This descriptive study used existing demographic and socioeconomic data from intake forms at a rural food bank, in addition to the responses of a convenience sample of 44 foodbank recipients to the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). The data were used to assess the socioeconomic characteristics of recipients at a rural food bank and their satisfaction level with services provided. Findings indicate high levels of satisfaction among these food bank recipients. Also, small older-adult-dominated households reported higher overall income than larger households with working parents and children. Findings suggest that food banks focus their efforts, especially outreach, on the needs of young families who do not receive regular government benefits such as Social Security.
The Significance of Jen Yu-wen's Magnum Opus on the Taipings

Yale University Press deserves special recognition for publishing in this fine edition the essence of Professor Jen Yu-wen's monumental life's work on the Taipings. I believe that the event transcends the earlier signal accomplishment of the same press when it published William James Hail's important Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion in I927, which also reversed a faulty interpretation in its day. The present credit is not just for the rich knowledge thus made available that might now be added as an accretion to what is already known. More importantly, the publication announces a qualitative break with what has been in large measure an unsatisfactory historiographical tradition. For the first time in more than a century a major press has published a new and serious work of scholarship on the Taipings that is not basically hostile (whether consciously so or not) to that tremendous, if ill-fated revolutionary enterprise of the mid-nineteenth century. That this should be the case is, at best, strange. The impact of the Taiping upheaval was so great and so significant for modern history that serious questions can be raised as to why it has not in fact received more serious, balanced attention over the years. The reasons for the faulty historiographical tradition are not all apparent. We can understand, of course, that in any case a fully balanced view of the Taipings would have been difficult to reconstruct as a result of the determined effort of the victorious Ch'ing Dynasty and its supporters to destroy the memory of their antagonists. This bloodbath and program of destruction was all too successful. Thus historians have tended to rely heavily on the more accessible remnants of the record. These materials have included predominately falsified and otherwise often misleading Taiping documents, Ch'ing intelligence reports, and a voluminous corpus of antiTaiping propaganda produced by foreigners who supported the Ch'ing cause. What more might the victors have desired, than that such sources provide the basis for subsequent generations' understanding of the Taipings? An equivalent hypothetical situation would be for most histories o-f the Indochina War of the 1950's-70's to be written for the next century primarily on the basis of Saigon government and Pentagon-State Department hand-outs, along with other documents selected by partisans of the policies they represented. Yet, just as a vast literature exists which provides a different light on the Indochina War-including the Pentagon Papers and numerous informed, independent reports
Locus of Control and Psychological Distress among the Aged.

A relationship between locus of control and adjustment has been found in many studies of young adults, with externals generally reporting higher levels of psychological distress. However, studies of locus of control and adjustment in the aged have produced conflicting results. This investigation examined the relationship between locus of control and self-reported psychopathology in a sample of 139 residents of a retirement complex. Correlation coefficients were computed for locus of control and each of the nine symptom dimensions of the Brief Symptom Inventory. These analyses were carried out separately for males and for females to determine if locus of control orientation was associated with adjustment for both males and females. Results indicate that locus of control is correlated with self-reported psychopathology for older women but not for older men. These results and those of related investigations are discussed within the context of Rotter's social learning theory.
Corn Growth and Nitrogen Uptake with Furrow Irrigation and Fertilizer Bands

Furrow irrigation is commonly used to provide supplemental water to row crops. Alternate-furrow irrigation has been proposed as a method to decrease deep percolation water losses as well as the leaching of fertilizer and pesticides. A study was conducted on a Ulm clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Ustic Haplargids) in 1994 and 1995 near Fort Collins, CO. Corn (Zea mays L.) growth and N uptake were measured under alternate-furrow and every-furrow irrigation water applications, each with fertilizer bands placed either in the row or in the furrow. Nitrogen-15-depleted (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fertilizer was used to distinguish plant uptake of fertilizer N from uptake of naturally occurring N. There were no differences in plant response to alternate-furrow or every-furrow irrigation water placement for the same amount of water applied. Greater fertilizer-N uptake occurred with row placement than with furrow placement of N fertilizer. Early in the growing season, fertilizer-N uptake from row placement was from 2 to 10 times the fertilizer-N uptake from furrow placement. By the end of the growing season, the average total-N uptake from row placement was 12% greater than for furrow placement. Placing the fertilizer in the nonirrigated furrow of the alternate-furrow irrigation treatment decreased N availability by 20% compared with the average of the other treatments. If alternate-furrow irrigation is used to increase water use effidency in furrow-irrigated fields, placing the N fertilizer in the nonirrigated furrow of the alternate-furrow irrigation system could decrease N availability because of drier soil conditions in the nonirrigated furrow. Row placement of N fertilizer seems to be beneficial in both alternate-furrow and every-furrow irrigation applications.
Plant Response to Nonfiltered Air vs. Added Ozone Generated from Dry Air or Oxygen

(1990). Plant Response to Nonfiltered Air vs. Added Ozone Generated from Dry Air or Oxygen. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 77-81.
Selection for Nutritional Function and Agronomic Performance in Oat

The soluble fi ber (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan has been identifi ed as an active component of oat (Avena sativa L.) that lowers serum cholesterol, reduces the risk of heart disease and colon cancer, and alleviates the symptoms of dia betes. Those benefi cial effects may be caused by the ability of β -glucan to generate viscosity in the digestive system. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic components of variance for β-glucan content and oat slurry viscosity in a population derived from the cross of high β-glucan with elite agronomic oat lines. Twelve high β-glucan inbred lines were crossed with 12 inbred lines with good agronomic performance. The F 3:4 generation was evaluated in 2005 at two Iowa locations. The range in β-glucan content was 37.1 g kg -1 to 73.5 g kg -1 . A positive correlation (r 2 = 0.38) was found between β-glucan content and log-transformed viscosity. High βglucan lines tended to have low grain yield and biomass. Signifi cant variation among families and among lines within families were observable for most traits, suggesting selection for β-glucan content, viscosity, and viscosity deviation should be feasible.
Analyticity of classical steady needle crystals

Abstract This paper is a continuation of our previous work “Rigorous results in selection of steady needle crystals, J. Differential Equations 197 (2004) 349–426”. It concerns analyticity of a classical steadily translating needle crystal. It is proved that any classical solution to the needle crystal problem with sufficiently small but nonzero surface tension, if its slope deviation is close to some Ivantsov zero-surface-tension solution and if its curvature satisfies some algebraic decay conditions at ∞ , must belong to the analytic function space A 0 defined in §1 and chosen in the previous study mentioned above. The analyticity result implies that there can be no classical steady needle crystal solution when anisotropy is zero.
Four-quadrant multiplication with transistors and magnetic cores

THIS paper describes a relatively simple 4-quadrant analogue multiplying circuit which may be built with the use of diodes, transistors, and magnetic cores. Preliminary tests on the first experimental model show accuracy of approximately ±1 per cent (%) of full scale. Two circuits are discussed, one for sinusoidal supply and the other for square wave supply. Each provides a product of two independent voltages with output in the form of d-c pulses which may be averaged or integrated to yield a continuous analogue output. The pulsing d-c output is reversible in polarity depending upon the signs of the input, each pulse being width-modulated proportional to one of the input voltages and amplitude-modulated proportional to the other. The compactness and simplicity of the circuit make it especially attractive for applications of control and instrumentation in systems where the operation of multiplication is required.
Chinese Addiction Study and Human Rights

In the Report “A memory retrieval-extinction procedure to prevent drug craving and relapse” (13 April, p. [241][1]), Y.-X. Xue et al. describe experiments conducted on rats and drug users in Beijing, China. Although the authors state that the study participants gave written informed consent and
The Effect of a Feeding Schedule Change and the Provision of Forage Material on Hair Eating in a Group of Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas sp.).

Hair eating in nonhuman primates is thought to result from a frustrated appetitive drive produced by an inappropriate diet. To investigate whether hair eating could be reduced through changes in diet, a 2-part study was conducted with a group of baboons (Papio hamadryas sp.). The 1st part involved changing to a twice-daily feeding routine, thus providing prolonged access to an appropriate food source. The 2nd part involved scattering a grain mix to encourage more foraging while maintaining a once-daily feeding routine. Changing the feeding routine unexpectedly resulted in a significant increase in hair manipulation and ingestion. Providing additional grain did not significantly decrease hair manipulation and ingestion, but several individuals did show a reduction in these behaviors. Prolonged access to biscuits and the provision of a grain mix may have failed to satisfy the urge to forage because little effort was needed for their collection prior to consumption. Although the current study failed to signi...
Cleaving Beclin 1 to suppress autophagy in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis

Autophagy is often found in apoptosis-defective cancer cells and contributes to chemotherapy resistance. However, it is far from clear how the coordination of apoptosis and autophagy determines sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Our recent study showed that Beclin 1, a key regulator of autophagy, is cleaved by caspase 8 at the execution stage of chemotherapy-induced and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Perturbation of Beclin 1 cleavage, by knock-in of a mutation, phenocopies the autophagy observed in apoptosis-defective cancer cells, and renders chemotherapy resistance in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate an important role of caspases in suppressing autophagy by cleaving autophagic machinery.
Thermal gelation characteristics of composite surimi sol

Abstract Surimi sols were prepared with addition of ingredients (egg albumin, starch, carrageenan and oil) at varying levels and monitored for changes in the apparent viscosity during heating by rotational cylindrical viscometry. The sol-gel transitions occurred at 40°C for egg white- and starch-incorporated surimi sols, 38°C for carrageenan and 46°C for oil. Except for carrageenan, the addition of ingredients reduced the viscosity which varied with the type and level of ingredient. Egg albumin-incorporated surimi sol followed most closely the pattern of viscosity changes in the control surimi sol while starch did least. Rotational viscometry with a cylindrical spindle appeared to be simple and yet sensitive in continuous monitoring of viscosity changes in the composite surimi sols during heating.
80 A STUDY OF ADENOSINE DEAMINASE AND ITS CONVERSION FACTOR IN HUMAN SERUM

A large and small molecular form of adenosine deaminase have been reported in advanced mammals, including man. The molecular weights of these enzyme forms are estimated to be 200,000 and 35,000, respectively, by gel filtration column chromatography. The small form can be reversibly converted into the large form in the presence of a conversion factor, a high molecular weight glycoprotein that is aggregated during this process. Previous studies have shown that the distribution of the two molecular forms of adenosine deaminase is tissue specific. The large form of the enzyme is predominant in human liver while the small form is predominant in human heart. It follows that the conversion factor is present in higher amounts within those tissues where the large form predominates. An attempt is made to study the conversion process and determine if the serum level of conversion factor is elevated in certain pathological conditions. This work was supported by a grant from the Indiana Delaware County Cancer Society.
Reaction of Si(100) single crystals with nitrogen atoms

Previous studies of the reaction of nitrogen atoms with Si(111) single crystal surfaces have been extended to the Si(100) surface. Results for reactions at 850 ≲ T 850°C is Si2N. Reactions carried out at T ≲ 800°C produce Auger and ELS signals probably arising from intermediate configurations which are not thermodynamically stable.
Fiber Optic Microwave Power Probe

Measurements are always subject to errors resulting from the interaction of the measurement device with the quantity being measured. Electro-magnetic fields are typically detected with an antenna that must be electrically connected to a recording instrument, and the antenna and its electrical connection can significantly perturb the field being measured. The use of fiber optics in the detection process minimizes the perturbation of the microwave fields since most of the probe and its associated connections are dielectric. This paper presents preliminary results obtained using a commercially available fiber optic thermometer in the measurement of microwave power. A small amount of slightly conductive material is placed in contact with the fiber optic sensor. In the presence of a microwave field, currents are induced in the conductive material, which in turn produces joule heating. It is shown experimentally that under certain conditions the probe temperature is linearly related to the power level present. Experimental results are presented for power measurements at 2.45 and 94 GHz. Probe design criteria and limitations are also discussed.
On a sharpened form of the Schauder fixed-point theorem.

Abstract If K is a compact convex subset of a locally convex topological vector space X, we consider a continuous mapping f of K into X. A fixed-point theorem is proved for such a map f under the assumption that for a given continuous realvalued function p on K × X with p(x,y) convex in y and for each point x in K not fixed by f, there exists a point y in the inward set IK(x) generated by K at x with p(x,y - f(x)) less than p(x,x - f(x)). For X a Banach space, in particular, this yields a sharp extension and a drastic simplification of the fixed point theory of weakly inward (and weakly outward) mappings. The result comes close in the domain of mappings of compact convex sets to the thrust of fixed point conditions of the Leray-Schauder type for compact maps of sets with interior in X.
Study of ring opening of 1,2-diformyl-1,2-diazacyclobutene by ab initio and density functional Gaussian-type-orbital approach

Abstract The conrotatory ring opening of three conformers of 1,2-diformy1-1,2-diazacyclobutene were studied by ab initio and DFT methods. The geometries of the reactants and the corresponding transition state structures were optimized with the RHF/3-21G ∗ , RHF/6-311 + G(d,p), SVWN/6-311 + G(d,p), and BLYP/6-311 + G(d,p) approaches. The activation barrier was calculated at the same theory level and by MP2/6-311 + G(d,p) single point calculation on RHF/6-311 + G(d,p) geometries. For qualitative comparison, the reactivity AM1 semiempirical calculation of bond orders for ab initio and DFT generated geometries was used. It was determined that 1,2-diformy1-1,2-diazacyclobutene will be less reactive toward ring opening than cis -1,2-dihydro-1,2-diazacyclobutene owing to strong hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen of one and the carbonyl of the other formyl group. It was estimated that for other 1,2-diacy1-1,2-diazacyclobutenes the activation energy will be considerably lower because hydrogen bonding stabilization is no longer possible.
Neurobehavioural outcomes of mild head injury in children and adolescents.

The vast majority of closed-head injuries (CHI) in children are of mild severity. Even if only a small proportion of children with mild CHI suffer persistent negative outcomes, then mild CHI is a serious public health problem. This paper summarizes the existing literature regarding the neurobehavioural outcomes associated with mild CHI in children and adolescents, focusing on the longstanding debate regarding post-concussive syndrome. The paper also discusses conceptual and methodological issues that arise in research on the outcomes of mild CHI, including the definition of mild CHI; selection of comparison groups; measurement of outcomes; assessment of risk factors; timing of outcome assessments; and prediction of outcomes for individual children. The paper describes an ongoing research project that may help to resolve some of the longstanding controversies and uncertainties regarding the outcomes of mild CHI in children and concludes with a review of likely future directions for research on the outcomes...
Library and information services: impact on patient care quality

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore library and information service impact on patient care quality. Design/methodology/approach – A large-scale critical incident survey of physicians and residents at 56 library sites serving 118 hospitals in the USA and Canada. Respondents were asked to base their answers on a recent incident in which they had used library resources to search for information related to a specific clinical case. Findings – Of 4,520 respondents, 75 percent said that they definitely or probably handled patient care differently using information obtained through the library. In a multivariate analysis, three summary clinical outcome measures were used as value and impact indicators: first, time saved; second, patient care changes; and third, adverse events avoided. The outcomes were examined in relation to four information access methods: first, asking librarian for assistance; second, performing search in a physical library; third, searching library's web site; or fourth, searc...
Patterns of psychotropic medication use in nursing homes: surveys in Sydney, allowing comparisons over time and between countries.

Background This study aimed to explore changes in patterns of use of psychotropic medication in Sydney nursing homes over recent years, and to compare current usage rates with those reported from other countries. Methods Data were obtained from 44 of the 48 nursing homes in a central Sydney health area. Researchers noted details from medication cards concerning residents' age, gender and all currently prescribed drugs, checking whether medication had been given as prescribed. Frequency of administration of "as required" drugs in the previous four weeks was noted. Results The pattern of use of psychotropic medication changed considerably between 1993 and 2009. The number of residents taking regularly administered antipsychotics increased by 24% during 1998-2009, though mean dosages decreased. In 2009, fewer residents took hypnotic and/or anxiolytic medications than in the 1990s, and fewer than in countries from which equivalent data have been reported. Antidepressant use increased over the 16 years but only to 25.6%. Only 3% of residents in Sydney nursing homes in 2009 took cognition-enhancing drugs. Conclusions Compared to other countries, rates of use of hypnotic, anxiolytic and antidepressant medication in Sydney nursing homes are low. Benefits and disadvantages of these differences merit analysis. Antipsychotic medications were administered to similar percentages of survey residents in 1993 and 2009, but at lower mean dosages in 2009 compared to previous surveys, and with a change to using mainly atypical antipsychotic drugs. Compared to various other countries, cognition-enhancing and antidepressant medications are administered to proportionally fewer residents in Sydney nursing homes. Outcome analysis regarding the use and benefits of such drugs in nursing homes is desirable.
Studies of polymer crystal morphology using the raman active longitudinal acoustical mode

Abstract In the more than 35 years since the first observation1 of a low frequency Raman-active vibration in short trans chain malkanes whose frequency varied inversely with chain length, there has been a growing interest in the establishment of the longitudinal acoustical mode (LAM) to routinely characterize polymer structure and morphology. When the existence of LAM in polyethylene (PE) was first reported2,3 it became apparent that the fold surface of lamellar crystals (shown in Figure 1) was sufficiently disordered such as to decouple adjacent crystalline stems allowing them to vibrate as independent finite length chain segments. This has given rise to the origin of the acronym LAM, as these accordion modes are referred to in the literature.
Apprenticing with the customer

how its customers work. Designing such a system requires intimate knowledge of customers’ work and motives to ensure that the system supports them well. The creation of a new system implicitly means designing the new work practice it will support. Because system design is so intimately involved with how people work, designers need better approaches to gathering customer requirements. The current interest in participatory design, ethnographic techniques, and field research techniques grows out of the recognition that traditional interviewing and surveying techniques are not adequate for designing today’s applications. These new approaches seek to improve requirements definition by creating new relationships between designers and customers [11]. It is the relationship between designers and customers that determines how well the design team understands the customer problem. This includes not only the overall relationship between design team and customer community, but the individual, minute-by-minute process by which a single designer works with a single customer to understand the customer’s work. It is by understanding each person in the context of that person’s work that the team comes to understand the whole work problem [5, 13]. Through face-to-face interaction, customers and designers define
News from Online—Plants and Photosynthesis

In recognition of the ACS Chemists Celebrate Earth Day 2010 theme of plants and soil, this report describes several Web sites dealing with many different aspects of photosynthesis.
Confidentiality in the digital age

Digital technology introduces new concerns for confidentiality and information security. Bradley H Crotty and Arash Mostaghimi outline the regulations governing confidentiality and medical privacy and provide practical advice on how to safeguard patient information
[3H]1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, a novel probe for strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors

[3H]1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) exhibits high affinity, specific binding to strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. In extensively washed rat forebrain membranes, the specific binding of [3H]ACPC was optimal at 25 degrees C in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2. Comparable levels of specific [3H]ACPC binding were obtained using centrifugation and filtration for separation of bound from free radioligand. [3H]ACPC labels two sites with Kdl and Bmax1 values of 129 +/- 34 nM and 2.30 +/- 0.37 pmol/mg protein and Kd2 and Bmax2 values of 7.26 +/- 1.69 microM and 20.6 +/- 2.2 pmol/mg protein for the high and low affinity sites, respectively. The Kd of [3H]ACPC (66 nM) estimated under non-equilibrium conditions (koff = 8.91 +/- 0.78 x 10(-3) s-1; kon = 1.35 x 10(-4) nM-1 s-1) was similar to the value obtained for the high affinity site obtained by equilibrium binding. The Kd1 of[3H]ACPC is in good agreement with the previously reported Ki values of ACPC to inhibit the binding of other glycinergic ligands including [3H]glycine, [3H]5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (5,7-DCKA) and [3H]L-689,560 ((+/-)-4-(trans)-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4- phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline). Moreover, the potencies of a series of glycine site ligands, including glycine. ACPC, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (ACBC), 5,7-DCKA, 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKA), R(+)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-2- pyrrolidine (HA-966) and D-serine, to inhibit [3H]ACPC binding were highly correlated with their potencies to inhibit [3H]glycine and [3H]5,7-DCKA binding (r2 = 0.98-0.51). These results demonstrate that [3H]ACPC is a useful tool for examining the neurochemical and pharmacological properties of strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors.
Symbiotic evolution: The relationship of court management to judicial and management education

This article reviews recently collected data on how court managers see their jobs and on the scope of continuing management education opportunities for judges and the court managers. These data are assessed for implications about the future of court management and court management education. The data portray a rich array of tasks and requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities associated with the contemporary court manager’s job. An almost equally wide array of management training topics are seen to have emerged in response. A reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship is hypothesized between how we view the court manager’s job and the substantive array of management education topics.
Lower copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase protein but not mRNA in organs of copper-deficient rats.

Copper deficiency was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by dietary restriction to confirm and extend studies on copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD). Male rats restricted from copper in two models, a traditional postweanling model examining 50-day-old rats fed a low copper diet for 32 days (postnatal) and a gestational-lactational model examining 23-day-old male offspring of dams started on copper deficiency at day 7 of gestation (perinatal), showed signs of severe copper deficiency including anemia, and cardiac hypertrophy. Compared to control rats, copper-deficient rats exhibited lower copper concentrations in the liver, heart, brain, and kidney and lower Cu,Zn-SOD activity in the same organs with the exception of the brain in the postnatal model. In addition, there was a significant reduction in Cu,Zn-SOD protein detected by Western immunoblot proportional (r = 0.96) to the reduction in Cu,Zn-SOD activity. In the liver the reduction in Cu,Zn-SOD protein was approximately 50%. The reduction in Cu,Zn-SOD protein is likely due to a post-transcriptional mechanism as steady-state Cu,Zn-SOD mRNA levels measured by Northern hybridization were not altered by copper deficiency in any organ studied (liver, heart, and brain). Perhaps apo-Cu,Zn-SOD is degraded faster than fully metal-loaded enzyme. The loss of Cu,Zn-SOD activity and protein reduces the antioxidant defense capacity of copper-deficient organs.
Tuberculosis in Children

The epidemiology of pediatric tuberculosis (TB) is shaped by risk factors such as age, race, immigration, poverty, overcrowding, and HIV/AIDS. Once infected, young children are at increased risk of TB disease and progression to extrapulmonary disease. Primary disease and its complications are more common in children than in adults, leading to differences in clinical and radiographic manifestations. Difficulties in diagnosing children stem from the low yield of mycobacteriology cultures and the subsequent reliance on clinical case definitions. Inadequately treated TB infection and TB disease in children today is the future source of disease in adults.
Change in a petrified forest and implications towards management

The Gallatin Petrified Forest of Montana, USA, is a unique resource. The extensive area of the fossil forests, the numerous petrified trees in upright positions, and the large number of vertical layers of “successive” forests are unparalleled in the world. Collection by permit is permitted, but damage to the petrified forest by indiscriminate collection occurs. To assess the impact, a comparative examination of replicate (over 13 yr) photography of selected specimens was undertaken. The amount of change over time, the possible cause of change, and the relationship of the location of the specimen to that amount of change were determined. It was found that although considerable loss continues, impacts prior to a 1973 collection policy were most severe. There was more loss by natural erosion than by collection, but the collections are additive to the natural changes. Size of petrified outcrops and the steepness of the slope on which they were found did correlate with the amount of natural change occurring over time. Human-induced change was associated with the distance of the outcrops from the main trailheads and the specimen size. This method provides a tool with which to monitor impacts and develop a future policy aimed towards conservation of a unique resource in light of the need for appreciative recreation and some specimen collection. Recommended changes in present management policy are provided.
An Evaluation of Unisensory and Multisensory Adaptive Flight Path Navigation Displays: An Initial Investigation

Unisensory and multisensory adaptive interfaces for precision aircraft navigation were tested under varying concurrent task demands. Participants - 12 USAF pilots - were required to perform a simulated terrain-following, terrain-avoidance navigation task, including evasive maneuvers, while also performing: (1) no additional task; (2) a visual search task; or (3) an auditory monitoring task. Real-time performance efficiency, as measured by lateral deviation from the flight course, was used to activate the adaptive navigation displays consisting of a visual azimuth steering line on the head-up display, a spatial auditory beacon, or a combination of the two displays. A completely factorial, within-subjects design was used to assess the effects of secondary task load and adaptive interface configurations on flight performance. The results indicated that the efficacy of multisensory, adaptive navigation displays is mediated not only upon the supplementary task confronting the pilots, but also upon the type of ...
Beeliners, Pinkies, and Kitties: Mobility and Marginalization in the South Atlantic Snapper Grouper Fishery

This paper describes and analyzes the results of anthropological fieldwork carried out to determine the degree and patterns of residential mobility of commercial fishermen based in a small, southeastern US community undergoing rapid transformations. While the study was conducted to directly aid in understanding the issue of mobility for the Census Bureau, the findings are also applicable to the job of improving federal fishery management by making it more responsive to the needs of fishing communities. Such communities, however defined, are currently experiencing great stress from the exogenous forces of tourism, land redevelopment, globalization of seafood markets, increasing property taxes, and environmental degradation. How different groupings in the community respond to or resist such stress is conditioned by the role and class each grouping occupies. In the case of this small grouping of snapper-grouper fishermen, their extremely marginalized position in the community did not afford them the ability ...
Testing alternative measures of microenterprise profits and net worth

Using data from 448 microenterprises in Zimbabwe, this paper examines five alternative measures of profits and five alternative measures of net worth. The results show that the single-question proxies are too difficult for proprietors to answer, whereas the most complex profit measures generate many negative estimates. The best measure of profits, based on three questions, could be answered by all proprietors and it avoids recall problems associated with sales and expenses. Among the net worth proxies, all of the measures are positively correlated. Nonetheless, the proxy based on fixed assets, accounts receivable, debt, and inventory, showed the highest correlation with the full measure of net worth. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opiate and non-opiate mechanisms of stress-induced analgesia: cross-tolerance between stressors.

Abstract Acute exposure to severe stressors induce profound analgesia. Repeated exposures to the same stressors esult in adaptation in much the same way that repeated administration of opiates results in tolerance. The present study investigated whether two qualitatively different stressors, cold-water swims (CWS) and injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) share common pain-inhibitory mechanisms by determining whether cross-tolerance developed to their analgesic effects. Cross-tolerance was also examined between 2-DG and morphine. Flinch-jump thresholds were determined in six groups of six rats each. Analgesia was observed 30 min following acute exposure to CWS (2°C for 3.5 min), 2-DG (350 mg/kg) and morphine (10 mg/kg), but not following placebo injections or warm water swims. Chronic exposure to all three analgesic treatments resulted in tolerance and adaptation. Complete and reciprocal cross-tolerance developed between the analgesia induced by CWS and by DG. Complete cross-tolerance to 2-DG analgesia also developed in morphine-tolerant rats, but only partial cross-tolerance to morphine analgesia developed in 2-DG adapted rats. These results support the concept that stressful events induce analgesia through specific activation of an intrinsic pain-inhibitory system which has both opiate and non-opiate branches.
Heterogeneous growth hormone (GH) gene mutations in familial GH deficiency

The GH1 genes of probands of two families with familial isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) were sequenced. Double stranded sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products from genomic DNA of two affected cousins in a consanguineous Turkish family revealed a G-->A transition in the 20th codon of the GH1 signal peptide. This substitution converts a TGG (Trp) to a TAG (stop) codon and generates a new AluI recognition site. PCR amplification of the GH1 alleles of family members, followed by AluI digestion, revealed that the G-->A transition segregated with the IGHD phenotype. In a Saudi Arabian family, a G-->C transversion was found that alters the first base of the donor splice site of intron IV. This substitution should perturb mRNA splicing, resulting in an altered protein product which should be unstable or bioinactive. This transversion also destroys an HphI site, which was used to assay samples from relatives. Digestion of PCR amplification products with HphI demonstrated cosegregati...
A convenient method for affinity purification of maltose binding protein fusions

Maltose binding protein of Escherichia coli is frequently employed as a fusion partner for the biosynthesis of polypeptides and proteins, largely because of the advantage provided by affinity purification of such a fusion. A mixture of cellulose and starch is shown to be a simple and effective alternative to the use of other, more complicated media which are often used for affinity chromatography of maltose binding protein fusions.
Stress and physiological, behavioral and performance patterns of children under varied air ion levels.

The possibility that individual differences in reactivity to stressors are a major factor underlying discordant results reported for air ion studies prompted an investigation of response patterns in school children under both normal indoor air ion levels and moderately increased negative air ion levels (4000±500/cm3). It was hypothesized that the impact of stressors is reduced with high negative air ionization, and that resultant changes in stress effects would be differentially exhibited according to the children's normal degree of stimulus reactivity. A counter-balanced, replicative, withinssubject design was selected, and the subjects were 12 environmentally sensitive, 1st–4th grade school children. In addition to monitoring stress effects on activity level, attention span, concentration to task and conceptual performance, measures were also made of urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels and skin resistance response (SRR) to determine if changes extended to the physiological state. The cold water test was used to add physical stress and enable calculations of Lacey's autonomic lability scores (ALS) as indicators of individual reactivity. The results show main effects for air ions on both physiological parameters, with 48% less change in %SRR (P<0.01) and 46% less change in urinary 5-HIAA levels (P<0.055) during negative air ions, indicating increased stress tolerance. Strong interactive effects for ALS x air ion condition appeared, with high and low ALS children reacting oppositely to negative air ions in measures of skin resistance level (P<0.01), wrist activity (P<0.01) and digit span backwards (P<0.004). Thus individual differences in autonomic reactivity and the presence or absence of stressors appear as critical elements for internal validity, and in preventing consequent skewed results from obscuring progress in air ion research.
The Stability of a Two-Layer Inviscid Flow Between an Elastic Layer and a Rigid Boundary

The linear stability of two-layer flow over an infinite elastic substrate is considered. The problem is motivated by coating flow in a printing press. The flow is assumed to be inviscid and irrotational. Surface tension between the fluid layers is included, but gravity is neglected. The results show two unstable modes: one mode associated with the interface between the elastic layer and the fluid (mode 1), and the other concentrated on the interface between the two fluids (mode 2). The behavior of the unstable modes is examined while varying the elastic parameters, and it is found that mode 1 can be made stable, but mode 2 remains unstable at small wavenumber, similar to the classic Kelvin-Helmholtz mode
The Screened Poisson–Vlasov System with Infinite Charge and Vanishing Screening

The Vlasov equation may be used to model the dynamics of a collisionless plasma. We consider a situation where the plasma has unbounded support and the charge density does not decay as |x|→ ∞. The electric field is computed from the screened Poisson equation, whose fundamental solution decays exponentially as |x|→ ∞ and hence gives a convergent integral despite the lack of decay of the charge density. The limit as the screening is removed is studied in one space dimension. It is shown that if some assumptions on the initial conditions hold, then the limit in question exists (but is not uniform) and the problem satisfied by the limit is identified.
Postoperative incision complications after cesarean section in patients with antepartum syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) : Does delayed primary closure make a difference ?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate wound complications between patients with antepartum HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome with primary closure versus delayed closure and Pfannenstiel versus midline skin incisions. STUDY DESIGN: Medical records of patients with antepartum HELLP syndrome undergoing cesarean section were examined for type and timing of skin closure: Pfannenstiel versus midline skin incision and primary versus delayed closure. The immediate (before hospital discharge) and late (2-week postoperative check) wound complications were analyzed with respect to timing of wound closure and type of skin incision. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were identified; 75 had a primary skin closure and 29 had a delayed closure 48 to 72 hours postoperatively. Immediate wound complications (wound infection, hematoma), occurred in 18 (26%) patients who had primary closure versus 8 (24%) who had a delayed closure, odds ratio 1.13 (95% confidence interval 0.39 to 3.27). A late wound breakdown was seen in only 1 patient with primary closure but in none with delayed closure. There were no fascial wound dehiscences. No statistical difference in wound complication was found between midline (primary, delayed) and Pfannenstiel (primary, delayed) incisions, odds ratio 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.23 to 1.88). CONCLUSION: In women with antepartum HELLP syndrome delivered by cesarean section the frequency of wound complications is not influenced by type of skin incision or time of skin closure (primary or delayed). (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:893-6.)
Investigation of SimGen strained monolayer superlattices by Rheed, Raman, and X-ray techniques

Abstract Ultrathin Si m Ge n strained monolayer superlattices (SMS) have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The critical thickness of the total superlattice is determined in situ by direct observation of the changes of surface reconstruction patterns using reflection high energy electron diffraction. Results are in close agreement with that of a single layer with the same thickness and the average SMS composition. Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy are used to study the thermal stability and surface abruptness. Subsequent annealing of these SMSs reveals that the transition from pure silicon and/or germanium layers to Si 1− x Ge x alloys becomes more pronounced as the annealing time and temperature are increased. The interdiffusion coefficients obtained from the X-ray spectrum are found to obey an Arrhenius relation with an activation energy of 3.1 ± 0.2 eV.
Application of a Higher-Order Turbulence Closure Model to Plane Jet

Abstract This paper presents performance tests of a higher-order turbulence closure model for the predictions of turbulent shear flows. Computations of the momentum and temperature fields in the flow domain being considered entail the solutions of the Reynolds-averaged transport equations containing the second-order turbulence fluctuating products. Computations of the Reynolds stresses are performed with three closure models and the k-c model (one of the Boussinesq viscosity models). Computations of the second-order temperature velocity products are achieved by closing the pressure-heat flux term. These predictions are compared with three sets of experimental data. Several advantages have been observed in using the higher-order transport equations for evaluating Reynolds stresses; considerable improvement is achieved when higher-order turbulence closures are employed. This is because the Boussinesq viscosity model assumes that turbulence is isotropic and thus overpredicts the transverse normal component o...