cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 – Anatomy and physiology of the biliary tract

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the anatomy and physiology of the biliary tract. The biliary tract extends from the bile canalicular membrane in the hepatocyte through a system of ductules, ducts, and the gall bladder to the sphincter of Oddi where it joins the duodenum. Bile formation starts in the hepatocyte but the whole biliary system is lined by cells, which play an important part in the production and modification of bile. The surface area of these bile duct and gall bladder lining cells is increased by the presence of microvilli. Its role in secretion and absorption of bile is emphasized by its profuse blood supply. The biliary system starts in the bile canaliculi, which are channels of uniform diameter between two or three adjoining hepatocytes. The walls of bile canaliculi are specialized segments of the hepatocyte cell wall bearing regularly-shaped cylindrical microvilli which jut into the lumen of the canaliculi. Along the margin of the grooves that form the bile canaliculi, the hepatocytes are attached to one another by junctional complexes. These include gap junctions which permit electrical communication between liver cells, desmosomes which act as fastening bodies, and so-called tight junctions which form continuous bands along the entire length of the canalicular network. The bile canaliculi are surrounded by specialized pericanalicular cytoplasm which contains microtubules, vesicles, lysosomal-like structures and, frequently, a Golgi apparatus. Within the pericanalicular cytoplasm there is a rich network of actin microfilaments which also extend into the microvilli.
A quality improvement project to reduce hypothermia in preterm infants on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit.

Objective To study effectiveness of quality improvement interventions in reducing hypothermia in preterm infants on admission to neonatal intensive care unit. Design Quality improvement methodologies including multidisciplinary planning and implementation of evidence-based interventions. Data during and post-implementation were collected. Setting and participants In total, 84 preterm infants with birth weights ≤ 1500 g delivered during implementation period (October 2008-April 2009) were compared with 168 historical controls and 947 infants in the subsequent 4 years. Intervention(s) In addition to routine interventions, delivery room temperatures were increased, and use of full-body polyethylene wraps and woollen caps were implemented during initial stabilization. Education and training were provided to reinforce the new interventions. Main Outcome Measure(s) Primary outcome was incidence of hypothermia and mean admission temperature. Secondary outcomes were rates of intraventricular haemorrhage and mortality. Results Incidence of admission hypothermia decreased from 79.4 to 40.5% (P < 0.001), constituting a 49% improvement (OR = 0.177, 95% CI: 0.099-0.316). Mean admission temperature increased from 35.8 ± 0.8°C to 36.5 ± 0.7°C (P < 0.001). Hyperthermia incidence was higher at 6% compared to baseline of 1.3% (P = 0.049). The incidence of admission hypothermia remained stable at 47.4% in the 4 years post-implementation. Rates of intraventricular haemorrhage and mortality remained unchanged. Small for gestation, low 5-min Apgar score and singleton delivery were factors found to be associated with admission hypothermia. Conclusion The implementation of evidence-based best practices resulted in significant reduction in admission hypothermia in preterm infants, which persisted for 4 years post-implementation. The practices have since become standard of care in our institution.
Traditional and New Approaches to Career Preparation Through Coursework

Traditional career preparation courses provide students with a variety of benefits. Students taking these courses report a better understanding of psychology-related careers, less indecision about ...
From standard wind measurements to spectral characterization: turbulence length scale and distribution

Abstract. In wind energy, the effect of turbulence upon turbines is typically simulated using wind “input” time series based on turbulence spectra. The velocity components' spectra are characterized by the amplitude of turbulent fluctuations, as well as the length scale corresponding to the dominant eddies. Following the IEC standard, turbine load calculations commonly involve use of the Mann spectral-tensor model to generate time series of the turbulent three-dimensional velocity field. In practice, this spectral-tensor model is employed by adjusting its three parameters: the dominant turbulence length scale LMM (peak length scale of an undistorted isotropic velocity spectrum), the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy e , and the turbulent eddy-lifetime (anisotropy) parameter Γ . Deviation from “ideal” neutral sheared turbulence – i.e., for non-zero heat flux and/or heights above the surface layer – is, in effect, captured by setting these parameters according to observations. Previously, site-specific { L MM , e , Γ } values were obtainable through fits to measured three-dimensional velocity component spectra recorded with sample rates resolving the inertial range of turbulence ( ≳1 Hz); however, this is not feasible in most industrial wind energy projects, which lack multi-dimensional sonic anemometers and employ loggers that record measurements averaged over intervals of minutes. Here a form is derived for the shear dependence implied by the eddy-lifetime prescription within the Mann spectral-tensor model, which leads to derivation of useful forms of the turbulence length scale. Subsequently it is shown how LMM can be calculated from commonly measured site-specific atmospheric parameters, namely mean wind shear ( dU∕dz ) and standard deviation of streamwise fluctuations ( σu ). The derived LMM can be obtained from standard (10 min average) cup anemometer measurements, in contrast with an earlier form based on friction velocity. The new form is tested across several different conditions and sites, and it is found to be more robust and accurate than estimates relying on friction velocity observations. Assumptions behind the derivations are also tested, giving new insight into rapid-distortion theory and eddy-lifetime modeling – and application – within the atmospheric boundary layer. The work herein further shows that distributions of turbulence length scale, obtained using the new form with typical measurements, compare well with distributions P(LMM) obtained by fitting to spectra from research-grade sonic anemometer measurements for the various flow regimes and sites analyzed. The new form is thus motivated by and amenable to site-specific probabilistic loads characterization.
Site-Specific Incorporation of a Thioester Containing Amino Acid into Proteins

Here, we report the site-specific incorporation of a thioester containing noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) into recombinantly expressed proteins. Specifically, we genetically encoded a thioester-activated aspartic acid (ThioD) in bacteria in good yield and with high fidelity using an orthogonal nonsense suppressor tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) pair. To demonstrate the utility of ThioD, we used native chemical ligation to label green fluorescent protein with a fluorophore in good yield.
Delocalized Properties in the Modal Interpretation of a Continuous Model of Decoherence

I investigate the character of the definite properties defined by the Basic Rule in the Vermaas and Dieks' (1995) version of the modal interpretation of quantum mechanics, specifically for the case of the continuous model of decoherence by Joos and Zeh (1985). While this model suggests that the characteristic length that might be associated with the localisation of an individual system is the coherence length of the state (which converges rapidly to the thermal de Broglie wavelength), I show in an exactly soluble case that the definite properties that are possessed with overwhelming probability in this modal interpretation are delocalized over the entire spread of the state.
Friendship and Creativity

Friendship in creative lives has not been systematically studied. Friends are different from collaborators, who work with others in a necessary or required relationship to develop a product or performance. Friendship has no formal requirements but results in caring and reciprocal bonding based on emotional and nonrational aspects, often with peers in the same or related domain. Friendship in creative lives can benefit creators, providing validation, courage, and growth in self-esteem, as well as enhancing cognitive and creative growth. It can also be problematic and conflicted, with competition, criticism, the paradox of both needing to be alone and desire for social contact, and power differences, particularly between eminent individuals and their followers. Future research is needed in this arena.
The physiological significance of circulating transferrin receptors.

The safe and efficient transport of iron to body tissues from the gastrointestinal tract and storage organs is accomplished by its binding to transferrin, a specialized glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 80,000 D. The structure and iron-binding properties of this transport protein are well known (Aldred et al., 1987; Worwood, 1989; Thorstensen and Romslo, 1990). In the presence of bicarbonate, transferrin binds two atoms of iron when fully saturated and thereby prevents its precipitation as ferric iron which otherwise occurs at physiological pH. Approximately one-third of circulating transferrin is saturated with iron in normal subjects, tissue iron supply being adequate when the saturation is above 20% (Bothwell et al., 1979).
Stephen K. Hunter, MD, PhD

Stephen Hunter is a Professor and Division Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Iowa. He’s an outstanding clinician, is the Associate Director of the Iowa Statewide Perinatal Care Program, and maintains a high-quality research program.
Countable ℵ0-Indecomposable Mixed Abelian Groups of Torsion-Free Rank I

In [2] the author found all countable reduced torsion abelian groups T such that there exists an K n-indecomposable extension G of T by a rank 1 torsion-free group. This work enabled the author to come up with the following conjecture (Problem Session, The Honolulu Conference on Abelian Group Theory): let (math) be a short exact sequence, with T a countable reduced torsion group and R a rank one torsion-free group. If t(R)< (rp(T)) p € p (where t(R) is the type of R, rp(T) is the p-rank of T, and P is the set of primes), then G is K n-decomposable (i.e. G decomposes into a
The Transfer Function of Volume Holographic Optical Systems

We present a theoretical formulation for analysis and design of optical systems that utilize three—dimensional spatial heterodyning implemented by volume holograms of arbitrary shape. Basic volume holographic properties of angle, wavelength, depth selectivity and degeneracy are characterized and the impact of these properties in terms of imaging performance is discussed. 3.
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives of Amlexanox Display Enhanced Potency toward TBK1 and IKKepsilonand Reveal Mechanisms for Selective Inhibition.

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of obesity, which is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. The drug amlexanox inhibits IκB kinase e (IKKe) and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to promote energy expenditure and improve insulin sensitivity. Clinical studies have demonstrated efficacy in a subset of diabetic patients with underlying adipose tissue inflammation, albeit with moderate potency, necessitating the need for improved analogs. Herein we report crystal structures of TBK1 in complex with amlexanox and a series of analogs that modify its carboxylic acid moiety. Removal of the carboxylic acid or mutation of the adjacent Thr156 residue significantly reduces potency toward TBK1, whereas conversion to a short amide or ester nearly abolishes the inhibitory effects. IKKe is less affected by these modifications, possibly due to variation in its hinge that allows for increased conformational plasticity. Installation of a tetrazole carboxylic acid bioisostere improved potency to 200 and 400 nM toward IKKe and TBK1, respectively. Despite improvements in the in vitro potency, no analog produced a greater response in adipocytes than amlexanox, perhaps because of altered absorption and distribution. The structure-activity relationships and cocrystal structures described herein will aid in future structure-guided inhibitor development using the amlexanox pharmacophore for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Changing the Name of Unified Physical Education

Unified Physical Education is a program promoted through Special Olympics much like its Unified Sports program. The purpose of this Viewpoint is to describe the program as it currently stands and t...
Infantile Spasms in Children With Down Syndrome: Identification and Treatment Response:

Objectives. To evaluate infantile spasms in children with Down syndrome including assessment of efficacy of treatments, presence of treatment lag, and to identify risk factors that may predict the occurrence of infantile spasms in this population. Methods. Medical charts, electroencephalograms, and brain magnetic resonance images were evaluated in 37 children treated for infantile spasms at a single institution from 2005 to 2015. Results. Mean age at diagnosis was 9.16 months, with an average 1.38-month lag from spasms onset to start of medication. Prevalence of heart defects and pulmonary hypertension were significantly higher in those with infantile spams compared with those without. Eighty-one percent receiving adrenocorticotropic hormone as initial treatment experienced remission within 2 weeks, 94.1% had remission at 3 months compared with 18.8% at 2 weeks and 35.3% at 3 months for other first-line treatments. Type of treatment was the only predictor of good outcome. Conclusions. Results stress the importance of early recognition and adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment for this seizure disorder in children with Down syndrome.
Improved Probes for Fully-Passive Wireless Recording of Neural Activation

To address the need for continuous and localized brain electrical activity recordings, implantable neurosensing systems are often used. However, current systems involve highly-invasive procedures that can interrupt day-to-day activities. This paper presents an approach for developing a device that can be used to obtain neural data during normal activity and without hindering the quality of life. In this paper, for the first time, we present the design and application of improved neural probes for a fully-passive wireless brain implant. The integration of these neural probes to the neurosensing system results in enhanced impedance matching capable of sensing neural signals as low as 15 μVpp and improve the RF sensitivity to ~ −135 dBm. As such, all neural activity can be recorded.
Newly Diagnosed Optic Pathway Glioma During Pregnancy.

Background Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) are relatively rare, and their presentation after the first decade of life is even less common. Although many treatment options exist, surgery is typically reserved for tumors significantly compressing surrounding structures. Pregnancy can complicate the management of these tumors, as fetal developmental considerations limit the ways in which they are imaged and treated. Case Description In this report we detail the case of a 27-year-old pregnant woman who was found to have an OPG during her third trimester. After a decline in this patient's vision and clinical status, a decision was made to induce labor at 31 weeks so that her disease could be more thoroughly addressed. Conclusions While OPGs are typically benign tumors, pregnancy complicates their management significantly. Contrast media and anesthesia pose significant risks to the fetus, while pregnancy may contribute to increased rates of tumor growth and clinical deterioration. Managing OPGs in pregnant patients thus requires balancing the risks to the fetus and patient.
Hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy and vitiligo. Report of a second case.

A second patient with hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy and extensive vitiligo was studied. Upper gastrointestinal radiographs and endoscopy revealed multiple polyps of the upper half of the stomach. The patient was achlorhydric to pentagastrin stimulation. Clearance of51Cr-labeled protein by the gastrointestinal tract was about 15 times normal. A total gastrectomy was done for relief of persistent epigastric pain and correction of hypoproteinemia. Histologically the polyps consisted of hypertrophied mucosal glands with cystic dilatation deep to the glandular layer. The similarity of this patient to a patient previously seen at our hospital led us to report the possible association of hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy with vitiligo.
Governing the Futures: Dream or Survival Societies?

Constitutional representative government, often mistakenly called “democracy”, was one of the greatest inventions of the eighteenth century. It rivals other eighteenth century inventions such as the sextant, the steam engine, the cotton gin, smallpox vaccination—and the guillotine—all of which changed the world in important ways. But all of them also have been superseded by vastly more powerful inventions, while constitutional representative government persists as a strange relic from the past, in more or less the same form, and certainly on the basis of the same mindset from which it originally emerged.
Tail base aneurysm in an inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)

ABSTRACT In bearded dragons, aneurysms are most commonly observed on the head and neck and in the cranial coelom. A nine-year-old male bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) was presented for a ventral tail base swelling. Aspiration yielded frank blood, and Doppler ultrasonography confirmed an aneurysm by demonstrating pulsatile jets into the lumen. Three months later, the animal presented for acute regurgitation and tenesmus. Coelomic ultrasound showed a distended stomach and pyloroduodenal intussusception. An exploratory coeliotomy revealed a tortuous and distended ventral abdominal vein and mesenteric vasculature. The colon and cecum were markedly distended, and intracoelomic blood clots were discovered. Euthanasia was performed. Necropsy revealed a tail base aneurysm, presumably arterial. The walls of the aneurysm exhibited osseous metaplasia and smooth muscle replacement by fibrous connective tissue with no infectious organisms. This case report provides information on a differential diagnosis for tail base swellings in bearded dragons.
Applications of molecular techniques in the clinical laboratory

Abstract Molecular methodologies, which are rooted in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been utilized in the characterization of both native and foreign genomic sequences. PCR amplification may occur in a targeted, untargeted, or multiplexed manner, and amplicon measurement or detection may be achieved using a variety of oligonucleotide or sequencing-based approaches. While traditional sequencing methods are limited in terms of throughput, current technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (massively parallel sequencing), have increased both throughput and speed of analysis. Molecular diagnostic testing has been employed in the fields of cancer (i.e., monitoring of tumor burden, minimal residual disease, and molecular resistance), infectious diseases, fetal medicine (cell-free DNA), and coagulation disorders, among others. Clinically utilized molecular assays are subject to similar regulatory standards as other laboratory techniques, including assessments of sensitivity, detection ability, and participation in proficiency testing programs. This chapter will discuss on current applications of molecular analysis, as well as the clinical utilities, limitations, and regulatory considerations associated with these analytical approaches.
Associating damage nucleation and distribution with grain boundary characteristics in Ta

Abstract The effect of grain boundary (GB) characteristics (as represented by misorientation angle) on its dynamic response is investigated by sampling a large set of 185 GBs in Ta bi-crystals. These GBs encompass both ordered and disordered structures – typically referred to as metastable structures, in order to reflect the diversity in the local atomic structure observed in realistic GBs. The results reveal four distinct regimes in damage distribution and failure modes as a function of misorientation angle. The above trends also correlate with the variation in the corresponding void nucleation stress.
Social media's influence on e-cigarette use onset and escalation among young adults: What beliefs mediate the effects?

Abstract As an extension of a previous cross-sectional study, this study employed prospective data to test positive outcome expectancy beliefs as mediators of social media’s influence on e-cigarette use progression among young adults. Self-report data were collected from 2327 young adult college students (Mean age = 21.2; SD = 2.1; 54% women) between 2017 and 2019, every 6-month, at 3 time-points. Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediational models. Among baseline never e-cigarette users, higher affect regulation expectancies—e.g., beliefs that e-cigarette use results in feeling good, reduced boredom and stress—mediated the effects of higher baseline social media e-cigarette exposure on e-cigarette use onset one year later. Among baseline lifetime e-cigarette users, higher positive sensory, positive “smoking” experience, and affect regulation expectancy beliefs mediated the effects of higher social media e-cigarette exposure at baseline on increased current e-cigarette use one year later. E-cigarette content on social media may persuade young adults to try e-cigarettes by imparting the sense that e-cigarettes make one feel good and help reduce stress. E-cigarette content on social media that promote e-cigarette flavors and e-cigarettes as cleaner and a socially more acceptable alternative to cigarettes may work to escalate e-cigarette use among experimenters. Efforts to prevent e-cigarette use onset and escalation may need to target the outcome expectancy beliefs influenced by social media.
On Existence of Solutions of Parametrized Generalized Equations

In this paper we study existence of solutions to the generalized equation 0 ∈ f(p,x) + F(x), where f is a function, F is a set-valued mapping, and p is a parameter. Conditions are given, in terms of metric regularity of F, local convex-valuedness of F− 1, and partial calmness of f with respect to x uniformly in p, for the property that, for any p near the reference value, the generalized equation has a solution at a certain distance from the reference solution. Some corollaries and applications of this result are also presented.
Far-Infrared Instrumentation

The commercially available far-infrared instrumentation will be discussed and summarized. The prism instruments will only be briefly mentioned, since the emphasis has now passed to the grating instruments. As a result, the Beckman IR-11 and the Perkin-Elmer No. 301 will be comprehensively discussed. Commercial interferometric instruments will also be discussed, the conventional spectrometers will then be compared with interferometers, and, finally, trends in far-infrared instrumentation will be discussed.
Non-singleton fuzzification made simpler

Abstract Non-singleton fuzzification is used in rule-based fuzzy systems when the measurements that activate them are imperfect or uncertain or when their inputs are words. It models such measurements or words as fuzzy numbers or more general fuzzy sets so that, regardless of the cause of a measurement’s or word’s imperfections or uncertainties, they are treated within the framework of fuzzy sets and systems. Since 2011, there has been a resurgence of interest in both type-1 and interval type-2 non-singleton fuzzy systems. This paper removes a computational bottleneck associated with computing the firing level or firing interval for such fuzzy systems, by providing closed-form formulas for them when the involved fuzzy sets are trapezoidal or triangular, which are widely used fuzzy sets. This is done for both the minimum and product t-norms. It is also demonstrated that a non-singleton fuzzy system that uses the product t-norm has the potential to outperform a non-singleton fuzzy system that uses the minimum t-norm. The results in this paper greatly simplify non-singleton fuzzy systems, which should make them much more popular.
Black Swan Reconfiguration: Legal Separation of American Powers

In a legal Black Swan event, the Supreme Court, in an unprecedented action, stayed and blocked implementation of the Obama Administration’s core domestic and international agenda — years before a legal challenge to the regulation would ever reach the highest Court. This decision underscores major changes in the legal separation of U.S. governmental powers, and alters long-standing Chevron deference to the executive branch. The Clean Power Plan served as the foundation of the Obama Administration’s goal to reduce climate-warming gas emissions from power plants. It provided the legal mortar cementing the U.S. commitment to the 2015 International Paris Agreement on climate change. This plan was a controversial exercise of executive action in the second Obama term that wove together domestic and international legal policy. With a 5–4 split, the Supreme Court decision peremptorily stayed the Plan — years before the lower court could rule on a contested challenge or advance to it—and the court of appeals froze. Raising the stakes, the Trump Administration is now recalculating the costs and benefits of the Plan in order to change American law. These are pending disputes of legal first impression, fundamentally reshaping constitutional law. Rules of law have changed due to a combination of the unprecedented Supreme Court stay of executive action — years before any challenge would reach it on appeal — and the Trump Administration’s efforts to recalibrate the costs and benefits of the regulations. This article analyzes in detail the legal position of each side and the impacts of this long-pending, and significant constitutional confrontation, transfiguring domestic and international law.
A large dataset of detection and submeter-accurate 3-D trajectories of juvenile Chinook salmon.

Acoustic telemetry has been used extensively to study the behavior of aquatic animals. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) is one such system; it was developed for studying juvenile salmonids but has been used to study numerous species. A recent innovation of the JSATS system is an acoustic transmitter that is small enough to be implanted through injection or small incision that doesn’t require sutures. Use of the JSATS system involves deploying cabled acoustic receivers at hydroelectric dams, or other structures, and autonomous acoustic receivers in free-flowing sections of a river. The raw detections from acoustic-tagged fish are processed to remove potential false positives. The clean detections (5,147,996 total) are used to generate detection events and to compute 3-D trajectories (403,900 total), which are used to assign fish to a passage route through a dam. Controlled field testing involving a high-accuracy Global Positioning System receiver is done to validate the submeter accuracy of the trajectories. The JSATS dataset could be reused for expanding the understanding of near-dam fish behavior. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14939169
Selective deletion of human leukocyte antigens protects stem cell-derived islets from immune rejection.

Summary Stem cell-based replacement therapies hold the promise to restore function of damaged or degenerated tissue such as the pancreatic islets in people with type 1 diabetes. Wide application of these therapies requires overcoming the fundamental roadblock of immune rejection. To address this issue, we use genetic engineering to create human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in which the majority of the polymorphic human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), the main drivers of allogeneic rejection, are deleted. We retain the common HLA class I allele HLA-A2 and less polymorphic HLA-E/F/G to allow immune surveillance and inhibition of natural killer (NK) cells. We employ a combination of in vitro assays and humanized mouse models to demonstrate that these gene manipulations significantly reduce NK cell activity and T-cell-mediated alloimmune response against hPSC-derived islet cells. In summary, our approach produces hypoimmunogenic hPSCs that can be readily matched with recipients to avoid alloimmune rejection.
Evidence for biosurfactant-induced flow in corners and bacterial spreading in unsaturated porous media

The spread of pathogenic bacteria in unsaturated porous media, where air and liquid coexist in pore spaces, is the major cause of soil contamination by pathogens, soft rot in plants, food spoilage, and many pulmonary diseases. However, visualization and fundamental understanding of bacterial transport in unsaturated porous media are currently lacking, limiting the ability to address the above contamination- and disease-related issues. Here, we demonstrate a previously unreported mechanism by which bacterial cells are transported in unsaturated porous media. We discover that surfactant-producing bacteria can generate flows along corners through surfactant production that changes the wettability of the solid surface. The corner flow velocity is on the order of several millimeters per hour, which is the same order of magnitude as bacterial swarming, one of the fastest known modes of bacterial surface translocation. We successfully predict the critical corner angle for bacterial corner flow to occur based on the biosurfactant-induced change in the contact angle of the bacterial solution on the solid surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate that bacteria can indeed spread by producing biosurfactants in a model soil, which consists of packed angular grains. In addition, we demonstrate that bacterial corner flow is controlled by quorum sensing, the cell–cell communication process that regulates biosurfactant production. Understanding this previously unappreciated bacterial transport mechanism will enable more accurate predictions of bacterial spreading in soil and other unsaturated porous media.
Cholesterol-Mediated Clustering of the HIV Fusion Protein gp41 in Lipid Bilayers.

Abstract The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of the human immunodeficient virus (HIV-1) is known to cluster on the viral membrane surface to attach to target cells and cause membrane fusion for HIV-1 infection. However, the molecular structural mechanisms that drive Env clustering remain opaque. Here, we use solid-state NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate nanometer-scale clustering of the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and transmembrane domain (TMD) of gp41, the fusion protein component of Env. Using 19F solid-state NMR experiments of mixed fluorinated peptides, we show that MPER-TMD trimers form clusters with interdigitated MPER helices in cholesterol-containing membranes. Inter-trimer 19F-19F cross peaks, which are indicative of spatial contacts within ∼2 nm, are observed in cholesterol-rich virus-mimetic membranes but are suppressed in cholesterol-free model membranes. Water-peptide and lipid-peptide cross peaks in 2D 1H-19F correlation spectra indicate that the MPER is well embedded in model phosphocholine membranes but is more exposed to the surface of the virus-mimetic membrane. These experimental results are reproduced in coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, which suggest that the effects of cholesterol on gp41 clustering is likely via indirect modulation of the MPER orientation. Cholesterol binding to the helix-turn-helix region of the MPER-TMD causes a parallel orientation of the MPER with the membrane surface, thus allowing MPERs of neighboring trimers to interact with each other to cause clustering. These solid-state NMR data and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that MPER and cholesterol cooperatively govern the clustering of gp41 trimers during virus-cell membrane fusion.
Functionalized semiconducting carbon nanotube arrays for gas phase explosives detection

Abstract Single molecule detection systems are of considerable practical interest in sensing applications, such as disease detection or transient kinetics monitoring, where ultra-sensitive measurements are needed. Trace detection of explosives is an application where the mere presence, not necessarily the concentration, of an analyte is cause for concern. As in many other sensing applications, carbon nanotube (CNT) based devices are under study for single molecule detection systems, motivated by interest in reducing the size, cost, and power requirements of current sensing systems. Although CNT sensors have been shown to be highly sensitive to some analytes, a longstanding obstacle to the development of ultra-sensitve CNT sensors has been their lack of selectivity. Ab initio modeling of functionalized semiconducting CNT arrays suggests that they offer sensitive and selective explosives detection, capable of distinguishing explosives from common background gases, distinguishing nitroaromatic from nitramine explosives, and discriminating among distinct nitramine explosives with very similar structures.
ODGOMS - results for OAEI 2013

ODGOMS is a multi-strategy ontology matching system which consists of elemental level, structural level, and optimization level strategies. When it starts to match ontologies, it first exploits appropriate string-based and token-based similarity computing strategies to find preliminary aligned results, and then it filters these results and merges them by using the optimization strategies. Despite ODGOMS uses simple matching logic, the results show that it is competitive with other well known ontology matching tools.
Slow-Release Nitrogen from Composts: The Bulking Agent is More Than Just Fluff

One of the goals of byproduct co-utilization is to produce products with increased value, and the amount of slow-release nitrogen (N) supplied by composts for plant growth is one component of compost value. To evaluate the effect of bulking agents on the amount of slow-release N derived from composts, we conducted a three-year field trial with a forage-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘A.U. Triumph’). Composts were prepared for the field trial from mixtures of food residuals (vegetables, meat, fish, dairy, and bakery by-products) with three bulking agents. Food residuals (33 g N/kg) were bulked with yard trimmings (11 g N/kg), yard trimmings + mixed waste paper (7 g N/kg), and wood chips + sawdust (1 g N/kg). After mixing, the food residual/bulking agent mixtures were composted in a turned windrow supplied with forced air for 70 days, then cured without forced air for 36 days. At the end of curing, total N concentrations in screened compost (< 11 mm) were 17 g N/kg for yard trimmings, 14 g N/kg for yard trimmings + paper, and 8 g N/kg with wood chips + sawdust bulking agent. For the field trial, 155 Mg/ha of compost was incorporated to a depth of 10 cm in a sandy loam soil. Tall fescue was seeded the day after compost application and was harvested 15 times over a three-year period to measure compost effects on grass yield and N uptake. Composts consistently increased yield and grass N uptake in the second and third year after application, demonstrating their slow-release N value. Cumulative apparent N recovery (ANR) over the three-year trial ranged from 7 to 11 % of the compost total N applied. Cumulative ANR was 282 kg N/ha for yard trimmings, 242 kg N/ha for yard trimmings + paper, and 113 kg N/ha for wood chips + sawdust bulking agent. Replacement of wood chips + sawdust bulking agent with yard trimmings more than doubled compost slow-release N value. Thus, yard trimmings are a valuable feedstock when developing compost products with slow-release N value.
Electrogoniometric study of jumping events.

Abstract Simultaneous recordings of the action of the hip, knee, ankle, and big toe joints during the execution of the running broad jump, high jump, and triple jump were made by means of electrogoniometry The goniograms obtained were analyzed for (a) the degrees of angles formed at these joints, amplitude of movement, and angular velocity of the joints, (b) the duration of contact with the jumping board, (c) the angle of the leg thrust at the moment of take-off. It was found that the action of the hip, knee, ankle, and big toe were similar for the running broad jump and triple jump during the take-off phase, while in the high jump the hip joint followed a different pattern. During the running broad jump and triple jump, the angle of the leg thrust was less than 90° and greater during the high jump. Performance was found to be related inversely to the time spent on the board for the running broad jump and high jump, but not for the triple jump. The best running broad jump resulted when the greatest hip ve...
Philosophical Chaucer: Introduction: Chaucer and the problem of normativity

This book refines and redirects two views of Chaucer that have dominated the reception of his writing since his lifetime: that he was a philosophical poet and that he was a poet of love. I argue that the Canterbury Tales represents an extended meditation on agency, autonomy, and practical reason, and that this philosophical aspect of Chaucer's interests can help us understand what is both sophisticated and disturbing about his explorations of love, sex, and gender. In pursuing this argument about Chaucer, the book opens onto a broader discussion of the long-standing association in the Christian West between problems of autonomy and problems of sexuality, and the premodern intellectual and literary resources for understanding psychological phenomena often associated with psychoanalysis, such as repression, fetishism, narcissism, sadism, and masochism. And in discussing both Chaucer's literary experiments and the philosophical methods and psychological concepts informing them, Philosophical Chaucer develops a still broader theoretical argument concerning normativity and its relations to ideology and practical reason. This introduction will sketch the landscape of these arguments to indicate why they belong together in a single book. The idea of Chaucer as a philosophical love poet has traditionally centered on his career as a courtly writer steeped in the Latin, French, and Italian traditions of psychological and philosophical allegory and erotic lyricism, a career that mostly predates the Canterbury Tales and whose crowning achievement was Troilus and Criseyde .
Interaction between locus of control and three pacing procedures in a personalized system of instruction course

This study examined the interaction effects of three pacing procedures and perception of locus of control on student final examination performance in a PSI course. College students identified by the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale as expecting external reinforcement performed better under the reward and control conditions, and those identified as expecting internal reinforcement did better under the penalty condition. Student anxiety was postulated as having been a factor affecting performance.
Effects of Crop Rotation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Crop Production

Crop yields and some soil properties are influenced by crop sequence due to changes in availability of nutrients and water, soil physical properties, and incidence of diseases, weeds, or insects. Since 1979, a crop rotation study has been conducted to assess the effects of various cropping sequences on crop yield and on the response of corn to nitrogen (N) fertilization. Rotations under study are continuous corn for grain, continuous corn for silage, continuous soybeans, several corn–soybean sequences, with one to three corn crops for every soybean crop; and a corn–corn–oats–alfalfa rotation.
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROL LAWS FOR THE DIGITAL OPERATION OF RESEARCH REACTORS

In this paper factors relevant to the design and implementation of digital controllers for research reactors are discussed with emphasis on the rationale for incorporating a system model in the control law. For this purpose, proportional-integral-derivative and period-generated control are compared. The latter is a model-based technique that achieves excellent trajectory tracking of nonlinear systems. It does this by combining feedback and feedforward control action in a manner that cancels the effects of the system's dynamics on the controller's performance. Model-based control is also superior in that it permits replication of some of the functions that humans perform when exercising control. In particular, models can be used to predict expected plant response and thereby facilitate diagnosis. Experimental results obtained from trials of digital controllers on both the 5-MW (thermal) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor and the Annular Core Research Reactor that is operated by Sandia National Laboratories are included.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF HEARTWATER I. OBSERVATION OF A RICKETTSIA, RICKETTSIA RUMINANTIUM (N. SP.), IN THE TISSUES OF INFECTED ANIMALS.

A Gram-negative, intracellular, coccus-like microorganism was found in cases of heartwater in the three species which are susceptible to the disease; namely, goats, sheep, and cattle. It was absent in the case of control animals, both normal ones and those dying of some. other diseases. The presence of this microorganism was definitely related to the febrile reaction. It was most easily detected in the renal glomeruli and in the small capillaries of the cerebral cortex but probably occurred throughout the body. The microorganism was a typical endothelial parasite, being restricted in distribution to the endothelial cells of the smaller blood vessels and to portions of such elements which had broken off into the blood stream. It was never observed to cause injury to the cells other than those incident to mechanical distention through accumulation within them of many individuals in large densely packed masses which were characteristically spherical. A typical attribute was the presence of several of these masses within the cytoplasm of a single endothelial cell. In view of the association of this microorganism with heartwater, a disease of ruminants, and thus far the only one in which microorganisms resembling Rickettsiœ have been reported, the designation Rickettsia ruminantium is proposed.
Dielectric radome analysis using multilevel fast multiple algorithm

A fast algorithm based on the volume integral equation is described for the analysis of antenna-radome interaction problems. The algorithm is implemented for both tetrahedron and hexahedron meshes, and is applicable to model arbitrarily shaped 3D dielectric radomes. The application of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) significantly reduces the memory and CPU time requirement for solving the volume integral equation, and hence the algorithm presented in this paper can be applied to problems with electrically large sized radome. This algorithm is different from the ray tracing methods in that it yields highly accurate solution for radomes that contain small-scale geometric variations such as the sharp portion of the ogive radomes.
Phospholipase B in the brains and meninges of nonsensitized and sensitized rats after challenge with Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Abstract After a primary infection with 100 Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae, infected rats showed elevated phospholipase B activity in meningeal and brain homogenates beginning with the first week and continuing through the first month of infection. The rise in phospholipase B values through the first 4 weeks, with a prolonged peak spanning days 30 to 31, coincided with the invasion and maturation of the parasites in the brain, and the ensuing sharp decline in phospholipase B levels, shown by the readings on day 45, coincided in turn with the known migration of the worms from the brain to the lungs, which begins about 5 weeks after infection. In the meninges, the pattern of enzyme elevation was generally similar to that in the brain samples except that the highest activity was seen earlier at days 8 to 9, followed by a gradual decline by days 30 to 31 and a sharper drop by day 45. Rats challenged with 100 larvae 53 days after the primary infection exhibited an almost immediate rise of phospholipase B activity in both the brain and meninges; the peaks of activity occurred at day 1 for the meninges and day 25 for the brain, and levels above control values were still present at day 50. Comparison of the total enzymatic content of the cerebral tissue and meninges revealed that a remarkably high proportion of the phospholipase B activity was contained in the meninges. The inference that elevated levels of this enzyme in the cerebral tissue of A. cantonensis-infected rats are due to inflammatory reactions within the meningeal envelopes was confirmed by histochemical demonstration of specific sites of enzymatic activity limited to the meninges. It is of interest that 80% of the cells positive for the enzyme were clearly identifiable as eosinophils since an association of bone marrow eosinophilia and high phospholipase B levels in rats infected with A. cantonensis was shown in our earlier study of rats infected with this parasite.
Expanding problem-solving techniques in people-oriented systems

We're here today to talk about people-oriented computer systems. Much of our work is concernea with evaluating and designing, or re-evaluating and re-designing, systems with which we are somewhat familiar. We also need to be looking ahead at new techniques, new methods, and new ways of using computers. First I want to discuss aspects of people-oriented systems, focusing on problem-solving. Secona, I will set up examples of problems that are difficult to solve with traditional techniques. Third, I will suggest a variety of alternatives for exploring these problems. I hope to encourage you to consider new ways in which people-oriented computer systems might better aid problem solving.
EFFECT OF BITE FORCE ON THE POWER SPECTRUM OF THE SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAM OF HUMAN JAW MUSCLES

Abstract The frequency content of the surface electromyogram (EMG) of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles of 14 normal adults was obtained during maximum clench in intercuspal position, as well as at different bite force levels. Frequency analysis was carried out by computer using a fast Fourier transform algorithm to obtain the power-spectral density function and the power spectrum of the EMG signal. Bite force was monitored by a force transducer placed intra-orally. The power spectra of the anterior temporal muscle during maximum clench in intercuspal position were significantly wider than those of the masseter muscle, indicating that the EMG of the former muscle contained more power at high frequencies than that of the masseter muscle. Increase in bite force produced, in both muscles, a power-spectrum shift to lower frequencies. The shift was probably caused by recruitment of larger motor units and by increase in synchronization between them. Different contents of A, B and C fibres and/or differences in thickness of skin covering the muscles could account for the differences between the temporal and masseter muscle power spectra.