cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quercetin induced tissue-type plasminogen activator expression is mediated through Sp1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in human endothelial cells.

Summary. Background: Wine polyphenol quercetin upregulates tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) transcription in cultured human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, the regulatory elements and signaling pathways involved in this regulation are unknown. Objectives: We aimed to localize quercetin-responsive t-PA promoter elements, identify the proteins that bind these elements, and decipher signaling pathways involved in the regulation of t-PA. Methods: To localize quercetin-responsive elements, HUVECs were transiently transfected with various t-PA promoter–reporter constructs. Element functionality was evaluated by mutational analysis. Nuclear protein–t-PA element interactions were evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors were used to determine the signaling pathways involved in t-PA regulation. MAPK inhibition effects were evaluated by real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, and transfections. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to evaluate MAPK and transcription factor interaction. Results: Deletion of the t-PA promoter region − 288 to − 250 resulted in loss of quercetin responsiveness. This region contains putative Sp1-binding elements, which we termed Sp1a and Sp1b. Sp1b mutation abolished the quercetin-inducible response, whereas Sp1a mutation had no effect. EMSA and ChIP analysis demonstrated quercetin-enhanced Sp1 binding to Sp1b. Inhibition of p38 MAPK abrogated basal and quercetin-induced t-PA expression and promoter activity, as well as quercetin-induced Sp1 binding to Sp1b. Quercetin enhanced p38 MAPK and Sp1 physical association, which was similarly diminished by p38 MAPK inhibition. Conclusions: We showed, for the first time, the presence of a functional Sp1-binding element in the t-PA promoter controlling quercetin induction via the p38 MAPK pathway. Understanding these mechanisms may provide new insights into polyphenol cardioprotective effects.
Quasiparticle properties of Fe, Co, and Ni.

For narrow electronic bands in metals, we seek improvement over the local-density approximation (LDA) by including the on-site Coulomb interaction between localized electrons. For the 3{ital d} ferromagnetic series of Fe, Co, and Ni, by treating fluctuations to second order in the on-site interaction around the LDA solution, in comparison with experiment a distinct improvement over the conventional LDA is obtained for a number of properties: effective masses, x-ray photoemission spectra, and results derived from angle-resolved photoemission spectra, such as exchange splittings and quasiparticle bands. In addition, the predicted quasiparticle broadenings and satellite features, which are not present in standard LDA calculations, are in reasonable agreement with observation.
Radial Dose Profiles: Calculation Refinements and Sensitivities to Single Event Effects Analysis

Comparisons of radial dose calculation are performed, as well as the introduction of important physics to improve the calculation techniques. Also, the consequences to device performance are explored via numerical simulations.
Pulsed and Steady-State Radiation Effects on Single Junction Si and Multiple Junction GaAs Photocells

Si single junction photocells manufactured by Sandia National Laboratories and commercially available multiple junction GaAs photocells were tested in a pulsed high-dose mixed gamma-neutron environment. The Si photocells were also tested in steady state gamma environment at two different dose rates.
Patterns of Vocal Interactions in a Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Chorus: Preferential Responding to Far Neighbors

In chorusing species, males seem to be spaced non-randomly, and their vocal interactions may be governed by particular behavioral rules. We monitored patterns of vocal interactions in a natural bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) chorus to determine the probability with which calls of individual frogs would follow each other's in dyadic sequences. Expected probabilities of responses in a dyad were calculated based upon the joint probabilities of calling (relative calling rates) of the individual frogs; observed probabilities of response reflected the actual number of following responses in each dyad. Results of statistical tests comparing observed and expected probabilities of responding revealed that, when dyads were closely spaced, observed probabilities of a following response were significantly less than the expected probabilities. Conversely, when dyads were composed of more distant males, observed probabilities of responding were significantly greater than expected. Observed probabilities of response were correlated with inter-male distances; males called more frequently than expected following calls of far neighbors, and less frequently than expected following calls of near neighbors. These data suggest that males attend to both nearby and distant callers, and adjust the onset of their own vocalizations appropriately. Males may be actively inhibited by calls of their near neighbors, and their calling may be actively elicited by the calls of their far neighbors.
A new technique for preparing monodisperse polymer particles

A procedure is described for preparing fairly uniform spheres of three different nylon polymers by phase separation. The mean diameter and polydisperse index were 5 μm and 1.056 for Griltex nylon, 5.7 μm and 1.046 for nylon 6/6, and 12.9 μm and 1.016 for nylon 6. The phase separation is done by taking a 1 wt % solution in a theta solvent above the theta temperature and cooling it rapidly. The spheres of the three nylons have various degrees of roughness. Formation of highly uniform particles during phase separation is discussed in a preliminary way. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maintenance of the mammary gland in hypophysectomized-oophorectomized rats by injections of prolactin.

The levels of nitrogen, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, β-glucuronidase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, glutamic-aspartic transaminase activity and succinic oxidase activity were determined in mammary tissue taken from normal rats, rats that had been hypophysectomized and oophorectomized (doubly operated), and doubly operated rats injected with prolactin. Injections of the hormone into the doubly operated rats did not maintain the normal balance of these various constituents, but was found to affect the different constituents in specific ways.
Pipelined communications in optically interconnected arrays

Abstract Two synchronous multiprocessor architectures based on pipelined optical bus interconnections are presented. The first is a linear pipeline with enhanced control strategies which make optimal use of the available communication bandwidth of the optical bus. The second is a two-dimensional architecture in which processors are placed in a square grid and interconnected to one another through horizontal and vertical pipelined optical buses. These architectures allow any two processors to communicate with each other using one (for the linear case) or two (for the two-dimensional case) pipelined bus cycles. Further, they permit all processors to have simultaneous access to the buses using slots within a pipelined cycle. We show that the architectures have simple control structures and that well-known processor interconnections, e.g., the complete binary trees and the hypercube networks, can be efficiently embedded in them. These architectures have an effectively higher bandwidth than conventional bus configurations and appear to be good candidates for a new generation of hybrid optical-electronic parallel computers.
Addressing extensibility requirements for health informatics data

The electronic health record (EHR) is a key artifact that threads the workflow from medical encounters to resolution (treatments and claims disposition) - it aims to provide a longitudinal view into a patient's interaction with care providers within an institution to enable better and streamlined care. The EHR must front a variety of information sources which can vary and evolve over time, creating natural challenges for data representation, storage, retrieval, and information mutation. We argue that underlying data systems must store information in a flexible manner to allow EHR and other systems to insert and extract data without rigid constraints and strict or a priori defined schemas.
Characteristics of low-latitude ionospheric depletions and enhancements during solar minimum

[1] Under the waning solar minimum conditions during 2009 and 2010, the Ion Velocity Meter, part of the Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation aboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite, is used to measure in situ nighttime ion densities and drifts at altitudes between 400 and 550 km during the hours 21:00–03:00 solar local time. A new approach to detecting and classifying well-formed ionospheric plasma depletions and enhancements (bubbles and blobs) with scale sizes between 50 and 500 km is used to develop geophysical statistics for the summer, winter, and equinox seasons during the quiet solar conditions. Some diurnal and seasonal geomagnetic distribution characteristics confirm previous work on equatorial irregularities and scintillations, while other elements reveal new behaviors that will require further investigation before they may be fully understood. Events identified in the study reveal very different and often opposite behaviors of bubbles and blobs during solar minimum. In particular, more bubbles demonstrating deeper density fluctuations and faster perturbation plasma drifts typically occur earlier near the magnetic equator, while blobs of similar magnitude occur more often far away from the geomagnetic equator closer to midnight.
Quality of Potential Effluents from the Hypolimnia of Watershed Ponds Used in Aquaculture

Abstract Watershed ponds that have maximum depths of 3–5 m and that thermally stratify during warm months are sometimes used for commercial aquaculture. Hypolimnetic waters in six watershed ponds used for aquaculture in Alabama were depleted of dissolved oxygen and had per-liter concentrations of 2.4–43.2 mg of ferrous iron, 0.01–0.25 mg total manganese, 0.24–3.59 mg total ammonia nitrogen, and 0.07–1.29 mg total sulfide. Concentrations of nitrite-nitrogen and 5-d biochemical oxygen demand were no higher in hypolimnetic water than in normal surface water of aquaculture ponds. Volumes of oxygen-depleted water averaged 3.2 to 20% of total pond volumes, but much greater volumes of pond water contained dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 3 or 5 mg!L. Discharge of hypolimnetic water from aquaculture ponds into natural waterways could have negative impacts on water quality.
Herbicide Analysis by Pulse Polarography-Picloram

Abstract The herbicide picloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-picolinic acid, can be determined at 0.02 ppm, without concentration, by pulse polarography. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and buffer constituents on the catalytic hydrogen process have been studied to optimize conditions for highest sensitivity for picloram. A buffer solution 0.01 M sodium acetate-0.026M acetic acid was used to evaluate the analysis of a natural water system. Errors range from 3–8 % (relative) in the 0.05–0.20 ppm picloram range with precisions of ± 5% (relative) or better. Interferences with 0.1 ppm picloram from 100 ppm Cr(VI) and Zn(II) are severe; neither ion interferes at 1 ppm. Fe(III) interference can be eliminated by masking with EDTA. Mn(II), Cu(II), and Pb(TI) do not interfere at 10 ppm.
Nicotine alters some of cocaine's subjective effects in the absence of physiological or pharmacokinetic changes

Tobacco smoking and cocaine use often co-occurs and the frequency of smoking has been positively correlated with the likelihood of cocaine use. In addition, nicotine pretreatment has been shown to increase the rate of cocaine self-administration in rats and to enhance cue-induced cocaine craving in humans. The present study was conducted to investigate whether nicotine pretreatment via a transdermal patch alters the behavioral, physiological, and pharmacokinetic effects of an acute dose of cocaine in nondependent human volunteers. Seven male tobacco smokers who used cocaine occasionally provided informed consent and participated in this placebo-controlled, four-visit study. Following pretreatment with a transdermal nicotine patch (placebo, 14 mg), subjects were challenged with an acute dose of intranasal cocaine (placebo, 0.9 mg/kg). Nicotine pretreatment attenuated cocaine-induced increases in reports of "high" and "stimulated" and increased the latency to detect cocaine effects and cocaine-induced euphoria. Nicotine did not alter cocaine's effects on heart rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure or plasma cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BE), or ecgonine methylester (EME) concentrations. Our findings indicate that nicotine pretreatment alters some of the positive subjective effects of cocaine in humans without affecting cocaine's effects on physiologic responses or pharmacokinetic profiles.
Ensemble Data Assimilation to Characterize Surface-Layer Errors in Numerical Weather Prediction Models

AbstractExperiments with the single-column implementation of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model provide a basis for deducing land–atmosphere coupling errors in the model. Coupling occurs both through heat and moisture fluxes through the land–atmosphere interface and roughness sublayer, and turbulent heat, moisture, and momentum fluxes through the atmospheric surface layer. This work primarily addresses the turbulent fluxes, which are parameterized following the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory applied to the atmospheric surface layer. By combining ensemble data assimilation and parameter estimation, the model error can be characterized. Ensemble data assimilation of 2-m temperature and water vapor mixing ratio, and 10-m wind components, forces the model to follow observations during a month-long simulation for a column over the well-instrumented Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Central Facility near Lamont, Oklahoma. One-hour errors in predicted observations are systematically small but nonz...
Pubertal development and onset of psychosis in childhood onset schizophrenia

In this study, pubertal development was examined for a sample of children and adolescents with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) defined as psychosis by age 12. Developmental and psychiatric histories were obtained for 28 adolescents (mean age 14.5 +/- 2.3 years) with severe, treatment refractory COS (14 males, 14 females). Age of onset of psychosis was also examined in relation to menarche and development of secondary sex characteristics. Girls had a trend towards developing secondary sex characteristics earlier than boys (P = 0.06), consistent with North American norms. Males (N = 14) and females (N = 14) had similar age of onset of psychosis. The age of development of secondary sex characteristics was associated with onset of psychosis for girls, but this finding was driven by one outlier. There was no significant correlation between development of psychosis and menarche. Neither male nor female probands differed significantly from their well siblings or from North American norms in their age of onset of pubertal development. There was no evidence of early onset of secondary sex characteristics for this sample. Finally, there was an absence of a clear relationship between onset of psychosis and indices of sexual development for these very early onset cases.
Impact of Spikelets on Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cell Activity During Spatial Exploration

In vivo intracellular recordings of hippocampal neurons reveal the occurrence of fast events of small amplitude called spikelets or fast prepotentials. Because intracellular recordings have been restricted to anesthetized or head-fixed animals, it is not known how spikelet activity contributes to hippocampal spatial representations. We addressed this question in CA1 pyramidal cells by using in vivo whole-cell recording in freely moving rats. We observed a high incidence of spikelets that occurred either in isolation or in bursts and could drive spiking as fast prepotentials of action potentials. Spikelets strongly contributed to spiking activity, driving approximately 30% of all action potentials. CA1 pyramidal cell firing and spikelet activity were comodulated as a function of the animal's location in the environment. We conclude that spikelets have a major impact on hippocampal activity during spatial exploration.
Urine lactic dehydrogenase - an aid in the management of patients with spinal cord injury

Urine lactic dehydrogenase (LD) and urinary LD isoenzyme determinations were performed for 59 adult afebrile patients with spinal cord lesions. Twenty-eight were found to have a predominance of LD 1 and 2. Thirteen had positive urine cultures and 12 also had positive antibody coated bacteria (ACB). Twenty were found to have a predominance of LD 4 and 5, with a mean total urine LD activity of 175.7 mU/ml. Sixteen of this group had positive urine cultures and 12 also ACB positive. Eleven had no demonstrable LD isoenzyme with a mean total urine LD activity of 17.5 mU/ml. Eight had positive urine cultures and four were also ACB positive. Forty-six normal controls had a mean LD activity of 15.1 mU/ml. In the study population changes in U-LD occurred in the absence of bacteriuria most frequently in patients who were appliance-free or used catheterization. In the absence of bacteriuria bladder overdistention may contribute to changes in LD isoenzyme patterns.
Claws contained in all n- tournaments

Abstract We prove that any claw of order n with degree d≤ 3 8 n is n-unavoidable, which means that any tournament of order n contains it as a subdigraph. A simple corollary is that any tournament has a directed Hamiltonian path.
Cloning of yeast gene for trichodermin resistance and ribosomal protein L3.

Abstract Yeast cells sensitive to the eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor trichodermin have been transformed with autonomously replicating recombinant plasmids carrying DNA fragments of the genome of a trichodermin-resistant yeast strain. After selection for trichodermin-resistant cells, several transformants yielded a plasmid containing a 13.5-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment that encodes the trichodermin resistance gene, tcm1, and the gene for ribosomal protein L3, the largest of the yeast ribosomal proteins. Cells carrying this plasmid are resistant to trichodermin and to the related drug verrucarin A as well as to the unrelated drug anisomycin. This pattern of resistance is similar to that exhibited by strains carrying a chromosomal copy of tcm1. Moreover, polyribosomes prepared from transformed cells are resistant to trichodermin when tested in an in vitro protein synthesis assay. Subcloning of the 13.5-kb DNA fragment revealed that the gene for tcm1 and the gene for protein L3 are contained within a 3.2-kb segment. These results suggest that the gene for trichodermin resistance in yeast specifies ribosomal protein L3.
Bidding Ancillary Services in RTO Markets

The ERCOT ISO offers its market participants the simultaneous opportunity to increase the value of their assets and reduce operating costs to meet customer load and ancillary obligations. This market for ancillary services is comprised of four standard products that can be hedged and are actively traded. This paper will discuss factors affecting a participant's market interaction with ERCOT's ancillary services market and the development of bidding strategies for those services
Age-related changes in pituitary/thyroid function in chickens

Pituitary cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) activity ratios are not increased in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in old chickens (retired White Leghorn breeders). This reduced responsiveness may be due to reduced hypothalamic function, reduced thyrotrope function, or to a reduction in TRH membrane receptors. The thyroid cAMP-PK activity ratio of old males does not respond to TRH treatment but the thyroid of old females does have an increased activity ratio ater TRH injection. Both males and females have a much higher basal cAMP-PK activity ratio than young birds. This higher basal level is thought to be due to an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation, and the failure of old males to increase activity after TRH injections may be due to a loss of the thyroid's ability to respond to direct TRH stimulation.
Treatment Guidelines in Heart Failure

The risk of heart failure increases with age. Prognosis is poor, with 82% of patients dying within 6 years of diagnosis. As the population ages, heart failure is becoming an increasing problem. Heart failure is a complex disease that may be managed in a variety of ways depending on its severity and cause. A wide range of pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic measures are available to relieve symptoms and prolong life. These have changed considerably in the last decade. Cardiology experts in the United States and Europe have developed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure. These are intended to help physicians to keep up with therapeutic developments and to encourage more appropriate and cost-effective management of patients with heart failure. The European guidelines were updated more recently than their US counterparts and consequently contain certain new developments, such as the inclusion of the latest data on β-blockers, including carvedilol, that have shown morbidity and mortality rate benefits in patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure. As the management of heart failure is changing rapidly, regular schemes for updating of guidelines are being considered.
Psychiatric and neurologic risk factors for incident cases of new‐onset epilepsy in older adults: Data from U.S. Medicare beneficiaries

Summary Objective Neurologic diseases such as stroke are risk factors for new-onset epilepsy in older adults. Recent evidence suggests that psychiatric disorders independently predict epilepsy in older male veterans. Our aim was to examine the relationship between these disorders in a population-based study of older adults that also included women and minorities. Methods We used a national 5% random sample of 2005 Medicare beneficiaries including all 50 US states and Washington, DC. Beneficiaries were 65 years of age or older, with continuous Medicare Part A and Part B coverage and not in managed care plans. Epilepsy cases were identified from claims for physician visits, hospitalizations, and outpatient procedures. We used logistic regressions for the overall sample and stratified by gender to determine whether risk of new-onset epilepsy was associated with prior history of psychiatric (i.e., depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adjustment disorder, and substance abuse/dependence) and neurologic conditions (i.e., cerebrovascular disease, dementia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor, metastatic cancer). Results Preexisting psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with new-onset epilepsy in the study population as were the neurologic conditions evaluated. Five of the seven psychiatric disorders examined were independently associated with new-onset epilepsy; substance abuse, psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. Gender interaction effects were found for substance abuse/dependence and brain tumors. Significance Both neurologic and psychiatric factors significantly predicted new-onset epilepsy in a population-based sample of male and female older adults. These results support earlier findings and extend the understanding of risk models for new-onset epilepsy in broader older adult populations. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Response to resistive strengthening exercise training in humans with neuromuscular disease.

The role of strengthening exercise to potentially improve weakness and the functional abilities of persons with neuromuscular diseases is controversial. There are questions about the ability of diseased skeletal muscle torespond to resistance exercise, particularly in light of concerns about weakness induced by exercise. Numerous studies show promising results of strength training, although methodologic issues limit conclusions. This article reviews current knowledge in this area and provides recommendations for future investigations.
A Pivotal Role for Interferon-γ in Protection against Group A Streptococcal Skin Infection

Administration of exogenous recombinant interleukin-12 (rIL-12) either prophylactically or therapeutically provides significant protection against lethal group A streptococcal skin infection in a mouse model. Treatment of mice with rIL-12 before infection with group A streptococci induced expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) at the infection site. In vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma increased susceptibility to lethal infection and completely abrogated the protective effects of rIL-12. IFN-gamma knockout mice were also more susceptible to lethal infection. Although IL-12 treatment provided protection, higher doses induced significantly elevated levels of IFN-gamma transcription that were associated with increased susceptibility to lethal infection. These results support the hypothesis that IFN-gamma at the infection site is critical for protection but suggest that increased systemic levels are detrimental to survival after infection with group A streptococci.
Model of n coupled anharmonic oscillators and applications to octahedral molecules

We propose an algebraic model of {ital n} coupled one-dimensional anharmonic oscillators and apply it to the study of the stretching modes of {ital XY}{sub 6} octahedral molecules. We derive a new result on the theory of discrete groups and use it within the framework of the algebraic model to provide a four-parameter fit to the published vibrational energies of SF{sub 6}, WF{sub 6}, and UF{sub 6} accurate within 0.9 cm{sup {minus}1}.
Maya Perspectives on the 1999 Referendum in Guatemala: Ethnic Equality Rejected?

Guatemala is a multiethnic country whose population of about 11 million is made up of Ladinos,1 Maya, Garffuna, and Xinka peoples. Guatemala's 36-year civil war (1960-1996) ended when the government and the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity-URNG) insurgency forces signed the Peace Accords on December 29, 1996. Among the goals of the Accords were the official recognition of Guatemala as a pluriethnic, multicultural, and multilingual country and the strengthening of guarantees of human rights, particularly for Maya. Unfortunately, few of its provisions were implemented in the aftermath of the ceasefire, and on May 16, 1999, the Guatemalan populace rejected a referendum or consulta popular (hereafter CP) that proposed (among other aims) indigenous equality. As a result, Maya maintained their status as second-class citizens in the eyes of the state. According to many scholars and activistsMaya, Ladino, and foreign-this repudiation of the indigenous population was a serious setback for the peace process in Guatemala. Paradoxically, however, the Maya themselves did not necessarily view it as a permanent barrier to peaceful and egalitarian relations in Guatemala. In fact, many objected to both the logic and process, if not the goals, of the CP. This article uses oral
Correcting Errors in Language Classification: Monolingual Nuclei and Multilingual Satellites.

SOMMAIRECorriger des erreurs dans la classification langagiere: Noyau monolingue et satellites multilinguesCet article presente un exemple de division langagiere arbitraire (Guere/Wo-be), et montre pourquoi il est possible de soutenir qu'il existe en Cote d'Ivoire des noyaux monolingues et des dialectes peripheriques. La nomenclature des langues en Cote dlvoire et en Afrique exagere la diversite linguistique et donne une fausse impression de desunion des populations. Cet article propose l'integration des donnees sociolinguistiques, telles que les attitudes langagieres, dans les methodes d'analyse de la classification langagiere et pretend que cette nouvelle approche aura des implications importantes pour la planification langagiere et les politiques de langues en Cote d'Ivoire et en Afrique.RESUMOKorekti erarojn en lingvo-klasifado: Unulingvaj nukleoj kaj multlingvaj satelitojTiu ci artikolo priskribas kazon de arbitraj lingvolimoj (Guere kontraǔ Wobe), kaj montras kiel oni povas argumenti, ke troviĝas en Ebura Bordo unulingva nukleo kun multlingvaj satelitoj. Konstatoj pri la nombro de lingvoj en Ebura Bordo kaj en Afriko generale emas troigi la lingvan diversecon kaj donas impreson pri disdivideco de la enloĝantaro esence faisan. La artikolo proponas integrigon de donitaĵoj pri lingvosinteno (memraportaĵoj) en analizajn metodojn de lingvo-klasifado kaj atentigas pri la implicoj de tia aliro al lingvoplanado kaj lingvopolitiko en Ebura Bordo kaj en Afriko.
Secure information flow in a multi-threaded imperative language

Previously, we developed a type system to ensure secure information flow in a sequential, imperative programming language [VSI96]. Program variables are classified as either high or low security; intuitively, we wish to prevent information from flowing from high variables to low variables. Here, we extend the analysis to deal with a multithreaded language. We show that the previous type system is insufficient to ensure a desirable security property called noninterference. Noninterference basically means that the final values of low variables are independent of the initial values of high variables. By modifying the sequential type system, we are able to guarantee noninterference for concurrent programs. Crucial to this result, however, is the use of purely nondeterministic thread scheduling. Since implementing such scheduling is problematic, we also show how a more restrictive type system can guarantee noninterference, given a more deterministic (and easily implementable) scheduling policy, such as round-robin time slicing. Finally, we consider the consequences of adding a clock to the language.
Rapid lead discovery through iterative screening of one bead one compound libraries.

Primary hits that arise from screening one bead one compound (OBOC) libraries against a target of interest rarely have high potency. However, there has been little work focused on the development of an efficient workflow for primary hit improvement. In this study, we show that by characterizing the binding constants for all of the hits that arise from a screen, structure–activity relationship (SAR) data can be obtained to inform the design of “derivative libraries” of a primary hit that can then be screened under more demanding conditions to obtain improved compounds. Here, we demonstrate the rapid improvement of a primary hit against matrix metalloproteinase-14 using this approach.
An application of Bayesian spatial statistical methods to the study of racial and poverty segregation and infant mortality rates in the US

The infant mortality rate is a fundamental measure of population health used internationally. In the United States, the infant mortality rate is higher than what would be expected for a country of its affluence. We present an analysis of US county infant mortality rates using modern Bayesian spatial statistical methodologies. Our key predictors in our statistical analysis are residential racial and poverty segregation, measured by the dissimilarity, interaction and spatial proximity indexes. We use both Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis methods and Hierarchical Bayesian spatial regression models to examine the influences of these segregation measures on the infant mortality rate for each county, net of income inequality, degree of rurality and relative socioeconomic deprivation. The spatial measures of racial segregation suggest that when blacks live in close proximity to each other, this tends to increase the infant mortality rate. The results for poverty segregation suggest the same pattern, when poor populations live in close proximity to one another this is generally detrimental to the county infant mortality rate. However, interaction between blacks and whites and poor and non-poor residents of an area is protective for infant mortality.
The co-evolution of development needs and IOR forms: development by committee in Bosnia

ABSTRACT This work highlights opportunities and obstacles to success in four task forces typically found at different times in states of conflict, transition, and development. They include: refugee return, media issues, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and efforts to promote business development. Based on over 180 in-depth interviews and observations of dozens of meetings during five lengthy field research trips to the Bosnian region between 1999 and 2005, this manuscript analyzes how these four task forces differed in terms of context, strategy, organization, and management in an attempt to understand the co-evolution of international development needs and the interorganizational forms that address them.
Modified Conditions for Efficient Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation with m-CPBA

Abstract The utility of 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) combined with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in Baeyer-Villiger oxidations is described. These conditions offer practical advantages over alternative procedures.
Software sizing problems in software engineering metrics

@ where n = number of modules E = effort, in man-months (MM) S = software sizing estimate (KDSI) a,b = development mode constants c1 = complexity multipliers based upon project conditionsA great deal of research has been conducted on effort model validation using databases of actual performance for a variety of projects, but little research has been reported on improving the quality of the original sizing estimates.PERT-type LOC (lines of code) sizing estimates have been suggested which utilize the activity-time mean and variance estimation equations used in PERT networks to estimate the mean and variance of module size for a sub-divided software product [BOE81]. These equations have been used in project management for almost thirty years, but were the subject of a great deal of criticism regarding their theoretical foundation, especially regarding the assumption of such a narrowly constrained Beta distribution [CLA62], [GRU62], [MAC64].Research has shown that more reliable estimates of the moments of PERT-type distributions, especially of the variance, may be obtained by using percentile estimates rather than “end-point” estimates for the optimistic and pessimistic values. Fifth and ninety-fifth percentile estimates lead to moment calculations which are robust to variations in the shape of the distribution [MOD68]. It has also been found that these percentile estimates correspond more closely to the actual estimates obtained when asking for end points.Variations to the PERT estimation equations which use these percentile estimates for module size instead of the standard end-point estimates are recommended: S1 = (a′1 + 4m1 + b′1) /6 s21 = (b′1 -a′1)2/10.2 where S1 = mean module size in KDSI s21 = variance of module size a′ = 5th-percentile module size m = most likely module size b′ = 95th-percentile module sizeOverall project size and variance would follow the typical PERT approach by summing the module mean and variance over the entire software product: S =
Massive fermionic corrections to the heavy quark potential through two loops

A physically defined effective charge can incorporate quark masses analytically at the flavor thresholds. Therefore, no matching conditions are required for the evolution of the strong coupling constant through these thresholds. In this paper, we calculate the massive fermionic corrections to the heavy quark potential through two loops. The calculation uses a mixed approach of analytical, computer-algebraic and numerical tools including Monte Carlo integration of finite terms. Strong consistency checks are performed by ensuring the proper cancellation of all non-local divergences by the appropriate counterterms and by comparing with the massless limit. The size of the effect for the (gauge invariant) fermionic part of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{V}({\mathbf{q}}^{2}{,m}^{2})$ relative to the massless case at the charm and bottom flavor thresholds is found to be of order 33%.
Vertices of Integral Representations

0. The following is an outline of a theory of 11-projective RG-modules, where R is a ring, G a finite group and !1 a family of subgroups of G. The first section contains the obvious generalisations of Higman's theory of relatively U-projective RG-modules and Green's theory of vertices, e.g. (1) any RGmodule is 11-projective with 11= {@IP R # R } (p a prime, Gp a p-Sylow-subgroup), (2) for any M there exists a family of vertices 11(M), such that M is ~B-projective if and only if any subgroup in 11(M) is contained in a conjugate of a subgroup in !'][B (11(M) and ~13 families of subgroups of G). In the second section we study a certain ideal P(M, 11) in R, which is defined for any RG-module M and family of subgroups 11 and measures to some extent the U-projectivity of M, i.e. P(M, 11)= R r is 11-projective. In the third section we compute P(M, 11) for various M and 1I. We get especially: an ideal 9.I_~R is of the form P(M, 11) for some M if and only if (G: U)eg.I for all Ue11. In Sections 4 and 5 we study the behavior of lI-projectivity under ring extensions. If R is noetherian and R~ the 931-adic completion (gJ~ a maximal ideal in R) then M is 11-projective if and only i f / ~ | M is 11-projective for all 9J/with ]G]Eg~. If M is projective as R-module and ]GI not a zero divisor in R, then P(M, 11) = P(M/] G[. M, 11), especially M is 11-projective if and only ifM/IG]. M is. This relates our theory to the cases considered by Higman and Green. In the last section we give a generalisation of a result due to Jones, concerning the finiteness of the number of nonisomorphic indecomposable 11projective RG-modules and mention a few more results, which will be worked out in another connection.
Anesthetic management of bronchopleurocutaneous fistula--an alternate approach.

To the Editor: A 48-yr-old man with a persistent left bronchopleurocutaneous fistula (BPCF) and empyema thoracis following pneumonectomy presented for bronchial stump closure and left thoracoplasty. The patient refused any attempts at awake intubation. He was placed in semi-recumbent position with the left side down after topicalization and mask induction. Right-sided double-lumen tube (DLT) placement was attempted while the patient was breathing spontaneously, but was unsuccessful in the absence of adequate muscle relaxation. Attempts to position a left bronchial blocker under fibreoptic guidance resulted in the balloon either slipping into the fistulous opening or backing up into the trachea. Advancing a single-lumen tube into the right main stem bronchus resulted in right upper lobe obstruction and attempted DLT insertion over a tube exchanger was also unsuccessful. When rescheduled, he was positioned and induced in the same manner as before and intubated with an 8.5 size endotracheal tube. Anesthesia was maintained with air, oxygen and sevoflurane using a Bain circuit, the patient breathing spontaneously. A triple-lumen central line and a transesopheal echocardiograph (TEE) were added to standard monitoring. The patient was positioned in the sitting position and stabilized in the appropriate frame, with his hands abducted and flexed forwards. The surgeon approached the BPCF through a left thoracotomy by transaxillary approach. Transtracheal jet-ventilation was delivered through the tip of a catheter placed above the level of fistula, to lessen the possibility of barotrauma. Anesthesia was maintained with an infusion of ketamine. During jet-ventilation PaO2 values were 80 to 90 mmHg while PaCO2 increased to 60 mmHg. The fistula was repaired and leak tested while purulent material from the left chest cavity was suctioned clean. Controlled ventilation restored blood gas levels towards normal. Left thoracoplasty was completed and the patient was extubated in the operating room. Postoperative pain control was achieved by a thoracic epidural catheter with continuous infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl. While anesthetizing the patient with BPCF in the sitting position, oxygenation can be assured with jetventilation, and gravity aids in draining away purulent secretions from the trachea.1 CO2 accumulation can be managed by limiting the surgical time and establishing controlled ventilation at the earliest opportunity. Hypotension can be corrected with crystalloid infusion. The hazard of air embolism can be monitored with TEE and treated with a triple lumen central venous catheter.2 When conventional methods of pulmonary isolation fail, anesthesia and surgery pose unusual challenges during the operative management of BPCF.3,4 Careful planning and meticulous anesthetic management can transform a difficult case into a manageable one.
Further studies on the effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate on early pregnancy.

IN A previous report, Burdick and Konanz (1941) showed that daily injections of 2 mg. of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA), when begun the day of mating, prevented the implantation of mouse embryos. Implantation took place, however, if the injections were delayed until the second day after mating. There was some evidence that after the injections had been started, pregnancy progressed normally and was maintained, apparently, only as long as the females received the exogeneous supply of desoxycorticosterone acetate. This present investigation was undertaken to determine the accuracy of the latter observation and to gather more detailed information on the following points. 1) The effect of DCA on the progress of early pregnancy. 2) The effects of withholding DCA after a series of daily injections: a) On the uterus and vagina; b) On the embryonic tissues; c) On the corpora lutea of pregnancy; d) On subsequent ovulation. 3) The effect of DCA on non-pregnant metestrous mice. 4) The effect of sesame oil on ear...
A Convenient Synthesis of the Important Retinoid Synthon Ethyl trans-3-formyl-2-butenoate

Abstract The efficient, high-yield synthesis of the important retinoic acid synthon ethyl trans-3-formyl-2-butenoate by Wadsworth-Emmons methodology is described.
AUTOCRINE IL-6 PRODUCTION BY HUMAN TRANSITIONAL CARCINOMA CELLS UPREGULATES EXPRESSION OF THE α5β1 FIBRONECTIN RECEPTOR

Purpose: Studies have demonstrated elevated expression and secretion of IL-6 by transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) following bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy. At present, the role of IL-6 on the biology of TCC is poorly understood. This study evaluated the influence of IL-6 expression on a critical variable regulating BCG-tumor interaction, the tumor expression of α5β1 integrin. Materials and Methods: A human TCC cell line (253J) was transfected with an expression vector containing the full-length IL-6 cDNA sequence. Overexpression of IL-6 mRNA and protein was confirmed by Northern analysis and ELISA, respectively. Clones found to overexpress IL-6 were then assayed for α5β1 expression using Northern analysis and flow cytometry. The effect of alterations in α5β1 expression on tumor adherence to fibronectin (FN), and BCG adherence to tumor cells was determined using specific adherence assays. Results: mRNAs for both the α5 and β1 subunits of the FN receptor were increased an average of 9.4 fold and 125.7 fold respectively in the IL-6 overexpressing transfectants relative to the parental 253J cells. Increased mRNA of α5 and β1 was associated with increased cell surface expression of both proteins. Increased protein expression resulted in greater FN substrate binding affinity and increased adherence of BCG to tumor cells. Conclusions: Autocrine expression of IL-6 upregulates the expression of FN receptor subunits in TCC. Increased α5β1 expression increases cellular adherence to FN, and BCG adherence to tumor cells. These results suggest a role for IL-6 in mediating the antitumor activity of BCG by influencing BCG's adherence to TCC.
Optimum degree of functionalization for carbon nanotubes

Abstract Covalent functionalizations, especially oxidization and derivative functionalization, significantly improve the surface characteristics of carbon nanotubes, but also bring undesired devastation of sidewalls. This paper presents a theoretic model to investigate double-edge effects of covalent functionalization on carbon nanotubes for the polymer composite application. An optimal degree of functionalization is proposed and calculated based on the trade-off of required load-transfer and induced devastation of nanotube sidewalls. The negative effect on elastic modulus is also calculated. For oxidization-based functionalization of originally defect-free nanotubes, the calculation results indicate that about 10% functionalization degree is suggested to be optimum for the balance of efficient load-transfer and conspicuous devastation from the highly covalent functionalization. The original defects in nanotube surface also reduce the optimum functionalization degree and the reduction is dependent on the original defect concentration. The computational results indicate that nanotube diameter and percentages in the polymer composites show considerably effect on the optimum functionalization degree. Carbon nanotubes with smaller diameter show lower optimum functionalization degree. Increasing percentage of carbon nanotubes in the polymer composites also leads to lower optimum functionalization degree.
Design of a data warehouse system for network/web services

This paper describes the architecture and design of a data warehouse for AT&T Business Services. The main purpose of our system is to generate reports about the performance and reliability of the network. We describe the architecture of our system and discuss some open research problems in this area.
Review : Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Respiratory Health in Children: A Critical Review and Analysis of the Literature from 1969 to 19981

This analysis of parental/household smoking (a surrogate for environmental tobacco smoke, ETS) and respiratory symptoms and disease in children updates an earlier analysis. Some 94 studies of preschoo
A nicotinic agonist (GTS-21), eyeblink classical conditioning and nicotinic receptor binding in rabbit brain

The septo-hippocampal cholinergic system is of demonstrated involvement in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC). To determine if a nicotinic cholinergic agonist, GTS-21, would facilitate acquisition of EBCC in older rabbits, three doses (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) in sterile saline vehicle and vehicle alone were administered to older rabbits (n = 48; mean age = 29.8 months). A control group of vehicle-treated young rabbits (n = 12; mean age = 3.5 months) was included. Rabbits were conditioned for fifteen 90-trial sessions in the 750 ms delay paradigm with a tone conditioned stimulus and corneal airpuff unconditioned stimulus. Dependent measures of trials to learning criterion, percentage of conditioned responses (CRs) and CR amplitude consistently showed significant improvement in older rabbits treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of GTS-21. Acquisition was similar in vehicle-treated young and GTS-treated older rabbits. Vehicle-treated older rabbits conditioned more poorly than vehicle-treated young rabbits. No non-associative learning effects were observed in GTS-21 treated animals. Nicotinic receptor binding was similar in all groups of older rabbits, indicating that GTS-21 administration over a 15-day period did not affect nicotinic receptors. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with significant loss of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, and patients diagnosed with probable AD are seriously impaired on EBCC. These results demonstrating that the nicotinic agonist, GTS-21, facilitated EBCC in older rabbits suggest that the compound should receive additional investigation for its potential to affect cognition in AD.