cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Follow-up of Patients Treated for Gastrointestinal Cancer

Esophageal Carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the esophagus, accounting for almost 98% of all esophageal cancers (AI’ PELQVIST 1972). Primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is relatively uncommon, the reported worldwide incidence being from less than 1 % to 15% of all esophageal malignancies (RAPHAEL 1966); however its age incidence, sex ratio, and clinical course are similar to those of squamous carcinoma.
Double prosthetic aortic valve. Case report.

A 55-year-old man underwent insertion of a Hufnagel valve into his descending thoracic aorta for aortic valve insufficiency 18 years ago. He remained asymptomatic for 16 years. Because of progressive left ventricular failure his incompetent aortic valve was replaced with a De Bakey carbon ball aortic valve prosthesis 2 years later. Currently, 21 months after the operation, he is doing well with two aortic valves. Review of the literature suggests that he is the first patient reported with two aortic valves functioning concomitantly and one of the longest surviving patients with a Hufnagel valve.
Polyketide Synthases: Enzyme Complexes and Multifunctional Proteins Directing the Biosynthesis of Bacterial Metabolites from Fatty Acids

Microorganisms and plants produce from low-molecular weight fatty acids a collection of metabolites called polyketides that represent perhaps the largest group of secondary natural products1. These structurally diverse compounds typically contain oxygen atoms at alternate positions that are derived from the carbonyl groups of the fatty acid precursors by way of poly-β-ketoacylthioester intermediates. In fact, the name “polyketide” was coined about 100 years ago by Collie2,3 as the signature of a concept in which he imagined that poly- β -ketone intermediates could account for the products produced upon treatment of polyacetyl compounds with weak alkali, and for the characteristic hydroxylation pattern of some aromatic metabolites whose structures were known at that time. Biochemical support of his idea was not provided until 1953 by the insightful studies of Birch and co-workers4,5, who deduced from the isotopic labeling pattern of several fungal metabolites that they must have been made from acetic and malonic acids by a process like the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Polyketide chain growth must differ from fatty acid biosynthesis, however, because it lacks the faithful removal of each β -keto group, introduced by the condensation of acylSR (R = protein) and malonylSR intermediates, by an iterative reduction-dehydration-reduction process as in fatty acid biosynthesis. Further applications of the isotopic labeling method, augmented by the development of sophisticated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques6,7, led by the end of the 1980’s to a probable mechanism for the assembly and processing of poly- β -ketone intermediates in the early steps of polyketide biosynthesis. Synthesis of poly- β -ketones and -esters and studies of their behavior in solution when treated with acid or base, largely carried out by the Harris group8, provided important insights about the chemical reactivity of such compounds in vitro and additionally resulted in the total synthesis of several important natural products8,9.
Adhesion of Fungi to the Plant Surface

The initial process of attachment of fungal propagules to a host plant is essential to the successful establishment of pathogenesis. Attachment may be involved in recognition of the host surface, serve as a base around which the infection court can be altered, and may include adhesion of the propagule. It was considered initially that attachment was purely a chance event resulting from physical entrapment of the propagule or germling. We know now that attachment involves an active process of secretion of adhesive materials by the fungus that in some cases are highly specific for the recognition of, and binding to, a particular host species. Adhesive production may occur at a specific stage of conidium or germling development, but may best be considered a general phenomenon for the establishment of the fungus prior to penetration.
Surface Acoustic Wave Determination of Hardness: Forward Problem

In this paper, the dispersion of surface acoustic waves (SAW) in case carborized steel samples was calculated. The calculations were based on the Thomsen-Haskill matrix formalism. This method has the advantage that it treats a given profile as a stack of several layers, each with arbitrary thickness, density and elastic moduli. This treatment allows for a realistic representation of real material effects by allowing, for example, fluctuations in these parameters with depth, either from material variability or measurement error. In order to demonstrate the capability of the formalism we measured hardness, density and bulk velocity in homogeneously carbonized specimens. We then used these data to synthesize several different hardness profiles, such as might be encountered in actual industrial applications. For these profiles the SAW dispersion curves were then calculated. The results provided valuable insight into such questions as the range of SAW velocity extremal values and the frequency bandwidth over which the velocity changes are maximum. Thus the Thomson- Haskill matrix method is shown to provide a useful tool for simulating the effect of hardness on SAW velocity with potential applications for a wide variety of physical property gradients.
Configuration Hopping: A Secure Communication Protocol without Explicit Key Exchange

By changing one or more physical layer parameters (such as spreading code, symbol duration, symbol constellation, center frequency, modulation method, transmission power, etc.) in an agreed upon manner between two communication parties, we are able to realize communication that is hard to detect, identify, and decode. We present a formal link layer protocol for secure communication based on this idea that, along with the use of channel reciprocity, notably eschews the use of cryptographic keys. We prove the security properties of the protocol in the Canetti-Krawczyk framework and study the feasibility of changing several physical layer parameters at the link packet level in Software Defined Radios.
Leaders' Perceptions of the Professionalization of Academic Advising: A Phenomenography

Through the professionalization process, an occupation transforms into a profession. Although much scholarship has situated academic advising as a professional endeavor, in the past few years, the ...
Toward the Service Science of Education

This article applies the service science framework to higher education. To understand the reasons behind the success and failure of academic programs, we build on the previous literature that suggests that education is a service delivered by universities, which are viewed as complex systems. We contribute to the service science theory by introducing a methodological tool called the Service Science Canvas, which incorporates elements and principles common to all service systems. The Service Science Canvas is a convenient tool for identifying components of academic programs. This article reviews educational programs in entrepreneurship, and, as a case study, it examines an entrepreneurship program at a technological university in the United States.
The Spaces of Early Rock and Roll in Hamburg-St. Pauli

When we think of rock and roll, Germany is not usually the place that comes to mind. But one German place had a profound impact on rock and roll’s development: Hamburg, particularly its entertainment and red-light district St. Pauli. This chapter takes a close look at the spaces of early rock and roll in St. Pauli, including the Star Club, Kaiserkeller, and Gruenspan. An exploration of the history of particular venues reveals how Hamburg created something new: a music scene that brought together German fans and British musicians who used American sounds to forge new identities and communities starting in 1960. A deep dive into these venues also reveals continuities in St. Pauli’s role as a site of popular entertainment. From ballrooms, hippodromes, and cinemas to Nazi-era Swing haunts, Beat music meccas, and psychedelic discotheques, these spaces reveal new aspects of the histories of leisure, sexuality, and youth culture as they brought people together in search of pleasure through music.
Hogwarts: The Learning Community:

Looking for insights into what makes for a challenging and supportive learning environment? Try the bookshelf of almost any nine-year-old.
LANMC: LSTM-Assisted Non-Rigid Motion Correction on FPGA for Calcium Image Stabilization

Calcium imaging is an emerging technique for visualizing and recording neural population activity at large scale in vivo. Non-rigid motion correction is a critical step in the calcium image analysis pipeline due to non-uniform deformations of the brain tissue during the data collection. However, existing non-rigid motion correction algorithms are costly in computation time and energy, and it is hard to implement such algorithm in real time on an embedded device. In this paper, we propose LANMC, an LSTM-assisted non-rigid motion correction method for real-time calcium image stabilization. This method reduces the computational cost by using the LSTM inference to predict the non-rigid motion. Based on this method, we demonstrate a non-rigid motion correction implementation for real-time calcium image stabilization on FPGA. Experimental results show that the non-rigid motion correction can be accomplished within 80 µs on the Ultra96 under 300 MHz frequency, and the latency outperforms that on a 12-thread CPU by 82x.
Nonlinear Acoustic Analysis of Voice Production

Voice production involves motion of the vocal folds, which act as a pair of coupled oscillators. Specifically, the vocal folds and glottal airstream form a mechanical system, where energy from the airstream can be imparted to the vocal fold tissue; with enough energy, the vocal folds will begin to self-oscillate and columns of air will pass through the glottis, creating phonation. The signal produced by this airflow is then filtered by the vocal tract and heard as voice. Supraglottic structures such as the supraglottic larynx, lips, tongue, palate, pharynx, and nasal cavity then act as resonators to produce the sound that is heard as voice. Small changes in supraglottic structures can affect voice quality. The voice signal produced through vocal fold oscillation is modulated by other sources of internal motion such as respiration, heartbeat, action potentials, and air turbulence, as well as sub- and supraglottal anatomical structures. Evaluating the quality of voice is an important aspect of vocal health assessment as it is a simple and noninvasive method for judging the outcomes of surgical procedures and following someone’s progress over the course of therapy. Two main options for analyzing a voice are through perceptual methods and computational signal processing.
Factor Xa Inhibitor-Related Intracranial Hemorrhage: Results From a Multicenter, Observational Cohort Receiving Prothrombin Complex Concentrates.

Background Since the approval of the oral factor Xa inhibitors, there have been concerns regarding the ability to neutralize their anticoagulant effects after intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Multiple guidelines suggest using prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) in these patients on the basis of research that includes a limited number of patients with ICH. Given this, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PCCs for factor Xa inhibitor-related ICH in a large, multicenter cohort of patients. Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with apixaban- or rivaroxaban-related ICH who received PCCs between January 1, 2015, and March 1, 2019. The study had 2 primary analysis groups: safety and hemostatic efficacy. The safety analysis evaluated all patients meeting inclusion criteria for the occurrence of a thrombotic event, which were censored at hospital discharge or 30 days after PCC administration. Patients with intracerebral, subarachnoid, or subdural hemorrhages who had at least 1 follow-up image within 24 hours of PCC administration were assessed for hemostatic efficacy. The primary efficacy outcome was the percentage of patients with excellent or good hemostasis on the basis of the modified Sarode criteria. Secondary outcomes included an evaluation of in-hospital mortality, length of stay, infusion-related reactions, and thrombotic event occurrence during multiple predefined periods. Results A total of 663 patients were included and assessed for safety outcomes. Of these, 433 patients met criteria for hemostatic efficacy evaluation. We observed excellent or good hemostasis in 354 patients (81.8% [95% CI, 77.9-85.2]). Twenty-five (3.8%) patients had a total of 26 thrombotic events, of which 22 occurred in the first 14 days after PCC administration. One patient had documentation of an infusion-related reaction. For the full cohort of patients, in-hospital mortality was 19.0%, and the median intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were 2.0 and 6.0 days, respectively. Conclusions Administration of PCCs after apixaban- and rivaroxaban-related ICH provided a high rate of excellent or good hemostasis (81.8%) coupled with a 3.8% thrombosis rate. Randomized, controlled trials evaluating the clinical efficacy of PCCs in patients with factor Xa inhibitor-related ICH are needed.
Coexisting Abnormal Esophageal Body Motility Predicts Clinical Symptoms and Bolus Transit in Patients With Esophagogastric Junction Outflow Obstruction (EGJOO).

Goal The goal of this study was to compare the clinical presentations of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) with coexisting abnormal esophageal body motility (EBM) to isolated EGJOO. Background The clinical significance and management of EGJOO remain debated, as patients may have varied to no symptoms. The effect of coexisting abnormal EBM in EGJOO is unclear. We hypothesized that a concomitant EBM disorder is associated with clinical symptoms of EGJOO. Study This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive adults diagnosed with EGJOO on high-resolution impedance-manometry (HRIM) at 2 academic centers in March 2018 to September 2018. Patients with prior treatment for achalasia, foregut surgery, or evidence of obstruction were excluded. Subjects were divided into EGJOO with abnormal EBM per Chicago classification v3.0 and isolated EGJOO. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher-exact or Student t test (univariate) and logistic or linear regression (multivariate). Results Eighty-two patients (72% women, age 61.1±10.7 y) were included. Thirty-one (37.8%) had abnormal EBM, including 16 (19.5%) ineffective esophageal motility and 15 (18.2%) hypercontractile esophagus. Esophageal symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia) were more prevalent among those with abnormal EBM (90.3% vs. 64.7%, P=0.01). On logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, and opioid use, abnormal EBM remained predictive of esophageal symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 7.51, P=0.007). On separate models constructed, HE was associated with chest pain (aOR 7.45, P=0.01) and regurgitation (aOR 4.06, P=0.046), while ineffective esophageal motility was predictive of heartburn (aOR 5.84, P=0.009) and decreased complete bolus transit (β-coefficient -0.177, P=0.04). Conclusion Coexisting abnormal EBM is associated with esophageal symptoms and bolus transit in patients with EGJOO.
Refractive accuracy in eyes undergoing combined cataract extraction and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty

Purpose To evaluate the refractive accuracy of current intraocular lens (IOL) formulas and propose a modification in calculation of corneal power in eyes undergoing combined cataract extraction and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy undergoing uncomplicated combined cataract surgery and DMEK at a single institution were included. The Hoffer Q, SRK/T, Holladay I, Barrett Universal II and Haigis formulas were compared. A modified corneal power was calculated using a thick lens equation based on anterior and posterior corneal radii and corneal thickness from Pentacam imaging. Error calculations were adjusted based on the difference in optical biometry and the modified corneal power. Mean absolute error (MAE) for each formula was compared between the corneal power modification and optical biometry corneal power. Results In 86 eyes, the mean error ranged from 0.90 D for the Barrett Universal II formula to −0.10 D for the Haigis formula, with 4 of 5 formulas resulting in a mean hyperopic error. The corneal power modification resulted in a significantly lower MAE for the Hoffer Q (0.82 D), Holladay I (0.85 D), SRK/T (0.85 D) and Barrett Universal II (0.90 D) formulas compared with optical biometry corneal power for the Hoffer Q (1.02 D; p Conclusions All formulas except the Haigis formula resulted in a hyperopic error. The corneal power modification significantly reduced error in four out of five IOL formulas.
Using environmental justice to inform disaster recovery: Vulnerability and electricity restoration in Puerto Rico

Abstract This paper uses an environmental justice framework to explore whether existing vulnerabilities in Puerto Rico are associated with the rate of electricity restoration after Hurricane Maria. Based on the literature discussing the relationship between vulnerability and environmental justice, we expected that the areas identified as vulnerable to environmental injustice would recover more slowly than less vulnerable areas. We use regression analysis to analyze how well three vulnerability indices based on environmental justice variables predict electricity restoration. We also map the resulting data to spatially situate recovery patterns. This analysis produces mixed evidence of our predictions. In addition to environmental justice factors, other factors, such as terrain and proximity to electric transmission lines, also affected recovery rates, complicating the narrative of recovery. These findings suggest that policymakers seeking to mitigate vulnerability to electricity outages in the wake of natural disasters should incorporate environmental justice analysis in their recovery prioritization decisions, and that this analysis should be contextually specific to the recovery area. Our analysis also includes the construction of environmental justice indices, which have the potential to be a useful advocacy tool for communities seeking to uncover the priorities of stakeholders engaged in recovery.
Luckiesh, Matthew 1883–1967

Matthew Luckiesh (pronounced loo’kish) [Funk in The Literary Digest “What’s the Name, Please?”, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936, 1] was an American physicist who made significant contributions to the field of colorimetry. In his day, he was known as the “Father of the Science of Seeing” [Covington in A Man from Maquoketa—A Biography of Matthew Luckiesh, Graphic Communications Operation, GE Lighting, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio, 1992 2].
Sex-specific frontal-striatal connectivity differences among adolescents with externalizing disorders.

Background Sex-specific neurobiological underpinnings of impulsivity in youth with externalizing disorders have not been well studied. The only report of functional connectivity (FC) findings in this area demonstrated sex differences in fronto-subcortical connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to examine sex differences in resting-state seed-based FC, self-rated impulsivity, and their interactions in 11-12-year-old boys (n = 43) and girls (n = 43) with externalizing disorders. Generalized linear models controlling for pubertal development were used. Seeds were chosen in the ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus and amygdala. Results Impulsivity scores were greater in boys than girls (p Conclusions The findings provide evidence supporting sex differences in both ventral striatal-ventromedial prefrontal and medial-lateral prefrontal functional networks in youth with externalizing disorders. These important networks are thought to be implicated in impulse control. Medial-lateral prefrontal connectivity may represent a male-specific biomarker of impulsivity.
Efficacy and tolerability of quinidine as salvage therapy for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease.

INTRODUCTION Quinidine is an effective therapy for a subset of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (VF) syndromes; however, the efficacy of quinidine in scar-related monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MMVT) is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Between 2009 and 2020 a single VT referral center, a total of 23 patients with MMVT and structural heart disease (age 66.7 ± 10.9, 20 males, 15 with ischemic cardiomyopathy, mean LVEF 22.2 ± 12.3%, 9 with left ventricular assist device [LVAD]) were treated with quinidine (14 quinidine gluconate; 996 ± 321 mg, 8 quinidine sulfate; 1062 ± 588 mg). Quinidine was used in combination with other antiarrhythmics (AAD) in 19 (13 also on amiodarone). All patients previously failed >1 AAD (amiodarone 100%, mexiletine 73%, sotalol 32%, other 32%) and eight had prior ablations (median of 1.5). Quinidine was initiated in the setting of VT storm despite AADs (6), inability to tolerate other AADs (4), or recurrent VT(12). Ventricular arrhythmias recurred despite quinidine in 13 (59%) patients at a median of 26 (4-240) days after quinidine initiation. In patients with recurrent MMVT, VT cycle length increased from 359 to 434 ms (p = .02). Six (27.3%) patients remained on quinidine at 1 year with recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in all. The following adverse effects were seen: gastrointestinal side effects (6), QT prolongation (2), rash (1), thrombocytopenia (1), neurologic side effects (1). One patient discontinued due to cost. CONCLUSION Quinidine therapy has limited tolerability and long-term efficacy when used in the management of amiodarone-refractory scar-related MMVT.
Age-related change of the neuronal number in the human medial vestibular nucleus: A stereological investigation

An unbiased stereological method was used to assess the effect of aging on the number of neurons in the human medial vestibular nucleus. We studied 13 normal brainstem specimens (age at death from 40 to 93 years) that were part of a prior study that counted neuronal profiles and used a correction factor to estimate the number of neurons in the human vestibular nucleus. On average, we found 151.10(3) (CV = 0.15) neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus, which is 18% more than that in the prior study. Regression analysis showed a significant decrease in the number of neurons with aging. This age-related neuronal loss in the vestibular nucleus could have important functional implications regarding the well-known deterioration in balance that occurs with aging.
The modification of actomyosin by α-actin: I. A survey of experimental conditions

Abstract The finding by Ebashi that the superprecipitation of actomyosin, as measured in a turbidimetric assay, requires α-actinin can be confirmed under specific conditions of ATP concentration and cationic composition. Under other conditions, however, including notably ionic strengths in the physiological range, the presence of α-actinin merely accelerates the turbidity change or is without influence. The ATPase activity of actomyosin is activated only little by α-actinin, only at low ionic strength. This study constitutes a survey of experimental conditions basic to the following publications.
Arando na profilaxia das infecções urinárias recorrentes: revisão baseada na evidência

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are an important health problem, both in terms of morbidity and economic impact. Emerging antibiotic resistance increases the need for alternative preventive approaches. Aim: To review the available evidence on the efficacy of cranberries in preventing recurrent uncomplicated UTIs in adult women. Sources: MEDLINE database and the following evidence based medical sites: UpToDate, Clinical Evidence, Bandolier, EBM Online, ACP Journal Club, TRIP, InfoPOEMs, The Cochrane Library, DARE, Guidelines Finder, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Canadian Medical Association Infobase, USPSTF, NIC and Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Methods: Search for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical guidelines and randomized clinical trials published between January 2000 and December 2010 in English, Portuguese and Spanish. We used the MeSH terms: Vaccinium macrocarpon and UTI and the word cranberry. The American Family Physician`s Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy was used to establish the quality of the studies and define the strength of the recommendation. Results: Of the 127 articles found, only nine fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected. These included one clinical decision support system, three systematic reviews, four clinical guidelines and one clinical trial. In its various forms, cranberries seem to effectively decrease the recurrence of UTIs in adult women without associated comorbidities Discussion: Available evidence shows that cranberries are beneficial in preventing recurrent urinary infections (Strength of Recommendation B). However, this recommendation is limited by the heterogeneity of studies and lack of agreement concerning dosage and presentation. Better studies are needed to establish safety and tolerability as well as the adequate dosage, presentation and duration of the treatment.
CONNECTING A KNIFE OR ICE PICK TO A TIRE IN A TIRE SLASHING

Small particles of rubber cling to the metal object used to slash a tire. These particles are removed by a glass capillary tube and forced out of the capillary with water onto the top of a zinc chloride density gradient column. Automobile tire sidewall rubber varies in density from about 1.06 to 1.17, small truck tires vary from 1.13 to 1.17, and the value for large truck tires is about 1.2. Other rubbers and other objects all have densities different from sidewall rubber with the exception of a few synthetic fibers that can visually be distinguished from rubber.
Generation Gap and the Impact of the Web on Goods Quality Perceptions

This study explores how age and general online shopping experience affect consumer perceptions on product quality uncertainty. Using the survey data collected from 549 consumers, we investigated how they perceive the uncertainty of product quality on six search, experience and credence goods. The ANOVA results show that age and the Web shopping experience of consumers are significant factors. A generation gap is indeed seen for all but one experience good. Web shopping experience is not a significant factor for search goods but is for experience and credence goods. There is an interaction effect between age and Web shopping experience for one credence good. Implications of these results are discussed.
Why Did Californians Pass Proposition 8

In one of the most disappointing electoral blows in the struggle for gay and lesbian rights, California voters passed Proposition 8 by a 52-48 margin in November 2008, overturning a state supreme court decision that had legalized same-sex marriage earlier in the year. Although popular votes have almost uniformly rejected same-sex marriage rights, usually by large margins, the polls had indicated that a majority of Californians would vote against the proposition and retain marriage equality. Using data from 24 polls of Californians since 1985, we consider four hypotheses to explain why the polls got it wrong: (1) many respondents misled pollsters, perhaps worried that they would appear to be bigots if they expressed their real beliefs; (2) more effective efforts by the Yes on 8 campaign lowered support for same-sex marriage; (3) a principled opposition by some same-sex marriage opponents to writing discrimination into the constitution declined over the year; and (4) survey respondents misunderstood Proposition 8 and changed their positions as they became more aware of its meaning. We find the most support for the fourth hypothesis and conclude that Proposition 8 passed because most Californians oppose same-sex marriage. Our analysis of changes over time also makes us skeptical that support for same-sex marriage will increase enough by 2012 to pass a new amendment guaranteeing same-sex marriage rights.
Letter: telmisartan associated enteropathy - is there any class effect? Authors' reply.

SIRS, We read with great interest the case of enteropathy associated with the use of telmisartan, described by Cyrany and colleagues. In this regard, we have recently observed another case of weight loss and diarrhoea associated with 6-month duration of anti-hypertensive therapy with irbesartan. In this 80-year old woman, infectious, autoimmune or other causes of diarrhoea were excluded, and both DQ2/ DQ8 search and serology for coeliac disease were negative. Upper endoscopy with biopsy sampling and histology assessment showed a total atrophy of the duodenal villous pattern. The suspension of irbesartan treatment led to the gradual improvement of clinical manifestations and to the recovery of duodenal villi at the 3-month endoscopic follow-up. Therefore, we agree with Cyrany and colleagues that sprue-like enteropathy may be associated not only with olmesartan, but with the whole class of these anti-hypertensive drugs. However, further larger studies are warranted to support such an association.
Spinal and supraspinal motor control predictors of rate of torque development.

During explosive movements and potentially injurious situations, the ability to rapidly generate torque is critical. Previous research has suggested that different phases of rate of torque development (RTD) are differentiately controlled. However, the extent to which supraspinal and spinal mechanisms predict RTD at different time intervals is unknown. RTD of the plantarflexors across various phases of contraction (i.e., 0-25, 0-50, 0-100, 0-150, 0-200, and 0-250 ms) was measured in 37 participants. The following predictor variables were also measured: (a) gain of the resting soleus H-reflex recruitment curve; (b) gain of the resting homonymous post-activation depression recruitment curve; (c) gain of the GABAergic presynaptic inhibition recruitment curve; (d) the level of postsynaptic recurrent inhibition at rest; (e) level of supraspinal drive assessed by measuring V waves; and (f) the gain of the resting soleus M wave. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine which variables significantly predicted allometrically scaled RTD. The analyses indicated that supraspinal drive was the dominant predictor of RTD across all phases. Additionally, recurrent inhibition predicted RTD in all of the time intervals except 0-150 ms. These results demonstrate the importance of supraspinal drive and recurrent inhibition to RTD.
INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE ON THE HARDNESS OF ALPHA PLUTONIUM.

The effect of grain size on the hardness of alpha plutonium was measured at temperatures between 77° and 373°K. The observations were: 1) fine-grained metal had the lowest hardness at 373°K, 2) fine-grained metal had the highest hardness at 77°K, and 3) fine-grained metal had the greatest temperature dependence of hardness. At room temperature, fine-grained α-plutonium (1 μm) had a hardness of 235 Dph, whereas coarse-grained metal (2000 μm) had a hardness of 310 Dph. At 373°K fine-grained metal had a hardness of 120 compared to 225 Dph for the coarse-grained metal. At 77°K the hardness values were 505 and 475 Dph, the fine-grained metal being harder at this temperature. The hardness was estimated to be independent of grain size at 140°K. Above 140°K, grain boundaries have a softening effect due to the contribution of grain boundary sliding to deformation.
The Impact of Organizational Features on Gang Activities and Relationships

What are the key structural features of gangs? How do these organizational characteristics affect gang activities? Law enforcement (Fox and Amador, 1993), media sources, the popular press and some government agencies (Conly, 1993) support the view that gangs are well organized and that gang activities reflect this reality. From this perspective, gangs are perceived as highly organized, well-coordinated, and efficient organizations that function much like a corporation. From this view, gangs have clearly articulated goals, motivate well-disciplined members toward the achievement of these goals, and operate with financial efficiency and rationality. Over time, disorganized aggregations of predatory individuals evolve into formal-rational gangs that purposively engage in crimes motivated and organized by the gang. However, an alternative view argues that most gangs are not well organized, and that the behavior of gang members reflects their status as adolescents. This issue has important implications for both prevention and intervention, and it bears on a central question about the nature of criminal behavior. However, little empirical evidence addresses these questions. In this paper, I review the results of interviews with gangs in three different cities, differentiating between the structural characteristics and organizational features of gangs. The emphasis is primarily on organizational features.
Projection‐neurons that send axons through the lumbar spinal cord of the chick embryo are not obviously distributed in a segmentally repetitive pattern

Earlier studies have shown that the formation of the segmentally repetitive pattern of spinal nerves in avian embryos depends upon the segmental arrangement of the somites and does not reflect an intrinsic pattern of the spinal cord. These studies could not, however, rule out the possibility that some elements of the central nervous system are intrinsically segmented. The question remained, for instance, whether projection-neurons are distributed in a segmentally repetitive pattern within the spinal cord. To address this question, horseradish peroxidase was injected into one or two segments of the lumbar spinal cord of chick embryos, thereby labeling projection-neurons that had ascending or descending axons passing through the injection site. In all stages examined, the number of labeled projection-neurons in the anterior and posterior halves of each segment did not differ significantly. In addition, segmentally repetitive peaks or troughs in the numbers of labeled projection-neurons were not detected in the center of each segment. Three subpopulations of projection-neurons, defined by their position along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord, were also not segmentally distributed by these criteria. While these results do not rule out the possibility that subpopulations of projection-neurons defined by dendritic morphology, functional class, or some other parameter are segmentally arranged or that there is a basic modular repetition of neural populations from segment to segment, they do show that projection-neurons as a class and subpopulations of these neurons defined by their dorsal-ventral position are not obviously distributed in a repetitive segmental pattern.
OpenMath: compositionality achieved at last

As a language for exchanging computer-"understandable" representations of mathematical formulas and concepts, OpenMath has a fairly standard syntactic structure for most of the mathematical notions that have so far been formalized in its "Content Dictionaries." The syntax for most operators is closely related to the well-known and decades-old LISP prefix notation for function application.For syntactic representations of a particular large class of mathematical operators, however, OpenMath takes a very unusual approach when compared with any of the existing Computer Algebra systems, say. This class contains integration and differentiation operators, sums and products, and other generalized quantifiers.In our paper we argue that OpenMath's novel approach to representing generalized quantifiers is superior to the classic representations. In particular, we show that this unusual feature of OpenMath has been designed to adhere to the Compositionality Principle[10], a design principle that classic representations, including older versions of OpenMath, have been violating[12].Having thus shown the importance of compositionality for the design of modern OpenMath, we then proceed to show that the Compositionality Principle is a fundamental research instrument in the Formal Semantics branch of linguistics[9], and argue that, like the use of this particular guiding principle for improvements in the design of a representation for generalized quantifiers, the study of the underlying structure of natural language as discovered by various branches of linguistics can provide many more suggestions for further improvements to OpenMath and to its sibling, MathML. We give some examples to substantiate our claim.
Band Lanczos vibration analysis of aerospace structures

Abstract Band Lanczos dynamic reduction is employed to effectively solve the large-scale structural eigenproblem. Superelement (SE) formulation is adapted to exploit parallel computation for timely solution of real-time applications. The Band Lanczos algorithm coupled with SE modal synthesis permits rapid optimization for efficient use of processors in parallel and memory. Direct numerical time integration of the reduced equations of motion in both Lanczos and physical coordinates is employed based on the Lanczos-modified Craig-Bampton transform. Van de Vooren formulae are used to compute sensitivity derivatives of frequency, mode shape, and flutter speed for potential use in vibration-sensitive design optimization and flutter optimization of the hypersonic aerospace plane, MD90 Aircraft, Space Shuttle, and Space Station types of projects.
Rotator cuff repair augmentation with local autogenous bone marrow via humeral cannulation in a rat model.

Background Growth factors have been shown to improve healing after rotator cuff repair. Bone marrow is a potential vehicle for growth factor augmentation, yet methods of delivering marrow to cuff repair sites are still under-researched. We hypothesized that a cannulated humeral implant would deliver local bone marrow and thereby improve healing in a rat model. Methods Twenty-eight rats underwent bilateral rotator cuff injury and repair. Each rat acted as its own control, randomized to a cannulated humeral implant in one shoulder and a solid implant in the other. Rats were euthanized at 4 and 8 weeks to create 4 time-treatment cohorts. Tendon healing was evaluated by dimensional measurements, biomechanical testing, and histology. Results Tendon thickness, all biomechanical measures, and semi-quantitative histologic scores improved over time ( P Conclusions Humeral cannulation did not quantifiably improve tendon-to-bone healing in a rat model. The diminutive size of implants in rats, however, may have prevented sufficient delivery of local autogenous bone marrow; hence, further study in a larger animal is recommended.
An experimental trial of adaptive programming in drug court: outcomes at 6, 12 and 18 months

Objectives To test whether an adaptive program improves outcomes in drug court by adjusting the schedule of court hearings and clinical case-management sessions pursuant to a priori performance criteria.
A video system for measuring motion in contracting heart cells

The design and characteristics of a video-based device that can noninvasively measure the extent and rate of shortening of isolated cardiac myocytes are discussed. Construction of the motion detector is relatively inexpensive. It is easy to use because edge selection is simple and the video images of contracting cells can be analyzed at the experimenter's convenience. The device also exhibits high spatial and adequate temporal resolution. The physiologic application of the motion detector was examined by measuring overall shortening in enzymatically dispersed adult guinea pig and rabbit cardiac myocytes bathed in Tyrode's solution containing 2.7 mm calcium at 36 degrees C (pH/sub 0/ 7.4). When stimulated at 0.5 Hz, myocytes shortened an average of 8.1% (guinea pig) and 9.0% (rabbit) of cell length. respectively. The corresponding mean maximum rates of shortening were 81.7% (guinea pig) and 97.5% (rabbit) of cell length/s, respectively. The motion detector was also used to measure shortening between closely spaced markers on the cell surface. >
Coupled field solutions for U(1)-gauge cosmic strings

Numerical solutions for the coupled Einstein-scalar-gauge field equations of a static, infinitely long, straight, U(1)-gauge cosmic string are obtained. The boundary conditions at the axis of the string and at radial infinity are chosen such that the solutions represent an isolated string; that is, the metric fields of the string approach Minkowski spacetime minus a wedge at radial infinity. The numerical solutions for the metric, scalar, and gauge fields, and for the components of the energy-momentum tensor, are classified according to the energy scale of symmetry breaking and the mass ratio of the scalar and gauge fields of the strings.
Free recall of intralist items as a function of serial position, association value and conceptualization

Eight lists were developed each consisting of four words with high association values and four words with low association values. Words were alternated within the lists on either a high, low, high, low or a low, high, low, high scheme. Some lists had high intralist association value (a common associate for the words in the list) while others did not. The different alternation patterns modified the normal serial position curves. The presence of a common associate did not facilitate recall.
Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables

Research has shown that there is a significant gender difference in the worry report of women and men, with women often reporting more worry than men. The present study investigated this phenomenon by looking at gender differences in cognitive variables associated with worry; namely, intolerance of uncertainty, negative problem orientation, positive beliefs about worry, and cognitive avoidance. The sample consisted of 217 female and 100 male university students who completed six questionnaires assessing worry and associated cognitive variables. Women reported more worry than men on two measures of the tendency to worry, as well as more worries about lack of confidence issues. Women also reported a more negative problem orientation and engaging in more thought suppression, a type of cognitive avoidance. Thought suppression and negative orientation were found to make a significant contribution to the prediction of worry scores. Moreover, when both variables were controlled, the significant prediction of gender to worry disappeared. Hypotheses accounting for gender differences in thought suppression and negative problem orientation are discussed.
On the question «Do We Need Identity?»

Sommers posed the question 'Do We Need Identity?' and answered in the negative. According to Sommers, the need for a special identity relation resulted from an arbitrary distinction between concept and object introduced by Frege and retained in modern predicate logic (MPL). This is reflected in the syntactic distinction between predicate and individual constant. Traditional formal logic (TFL) does not respect this distinction and, as a consequence, has no need for a special identity relation. But Sommers' position has not gained general acceptance. On the contrary, it has received considerable criticism. While it is conceded that TFL can express the identity of individual constants, it is quickly pointed out that this falls far short of providing the expressiveness of the logical identity relation. But the precise extent of the deficit in expressiveness, if indeed there is any deficit, has not been determined. It appears that Sommers' position on identity has not been adequately formalized to permit such a determination. This paper formalizes and extends Sommers' position on identity. This formalization is compared with MPL to define precisely the difference in expressive power. The conclusion is that it has less expressive power than MPL, but nonetheless does provide essentially all the expressiveness of the logical identity relation. The formal language defined for this investigation is similar to the language of MPL. The similarity will not only facilitate comparison, but perhaps will also make this formal language more palatable to readers whose experience and/or predisposition favors MPL.
Globalization, the new economy, and part-time faculty

This chapter analyzes data from the 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty to suggest that community college part-time faculty can be understood as temporary labor in the new economy.
A comprehensive symptom diary intervention to improve outcomes in patients with HF: a pilot study.

Background Patients with heart failure must monitor for and recognize escalating symptoms to take action to relieve symptoms and decrease hospitalizations. However, symptom monitoring is not commonly performed. One way to promote patients' engagement in symptom monitoring is by providing a symptom diary. Purpose The aim of this study was to test the effect of a comprehensive daily symptom diary intervention on event-free survival and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Methods Patients were randomized into either intervention (n = 23) or usual-care groups (n = 21). The intervention group received a symptom diary with self-care education and counseling at baseline with 5 follow-up calls for 3 months. All patients were interviewed to obtain survival data at 1 month and 3 months. HRQOL was measured at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. Kaplan-Meier curves with the log-rank test were used to compare group differences in time to first event. Linear mixed models were conducted to examine the relationship between groups and changes in HRQOL over 3 months. Results The intervention group had longer event-free survival than the usual-care group (P = .03). There were no differences in changes in HRQOL scores between the groups over 3 months. Conclusions Positive effects of the intervention on survival were found. However, there was no significant difference in changes in HRQOL.