cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SATURN'S D RING IN THE VOYAGER IMAGES

Abstract Voyager observations of Saturn's innermost D Ring reveal a variety of structures from narrow rings to broad, wave-like patterns. Two narrow ringlets fall at radii of 67,580 ± 10 km and 71,710 ± 10 km, while a broader, somewhat fainter feature falls at 73,145 ± 10 km; these are identified as D68, D72, and D73, respectively. D68 and D72 are only marginally resolved, with widths of ≤40 km, and show no evidence for eccentricities or longitudinal variations. The region between D68 and D72 is characterized by fainter material and a dominant wavelength of 300 km; the region outside D72 shows a 130 km wavelength. The ring's inner boundary is 66,000 km. Photometric modeling reveals that 89% ± 4% of D72's opacity is composed of dust obeying a relatively flat power-law size distribution, or else particles generally larger than 10 μm in radius; the remaining 11% is in much larger bodies. D72's radially integrated opacity is ∼10 m. Little photometric data is available for the other regions of the D Ring, but what there is indicates that the dust size distribution is very variable throughout the system, possibly on spatial scales as small as ∼300 km. D68 has an integrated opacity of ∼1 m, whereas the remainder of the system has normal opacities of ∼10 −5 . The dynamical implications of these results are discussed. It is proposed that D68 and D72 are likely to be results of the fragmentation of small moonlets; the viscous spreading rates in these faint rings are sufficiently low that no confinement mechanism is required. Additional source bodies for the observed dust are probably scattered throughout the system.
Topology of Subsets of Euclidean Space

Although the goal of this book is the study of surfaces, in order to have the necessary tools for a rigorous discussion of the subject, we need to start off by considering some more general notions concerning the topology of subsets of Euclidean space. In contrast to geometry, which is the study of quantitative properties of spaces, that is, those properties that depend upon measurement (such as length, angle and area), topology is the study of the qualitative properties of spaces. For example, from a geometric point of view, a circle of radius 1 and a circle of radius 2 are quite distinct — they have different diameters, different areas, etc.; from a qualitative point of view these two circles are essentially the same. One circle can be deformed into the other by stretching, but without cutting or gluing. From a topological point of view a circle is also indistinguishable from a square. On the other hand, a circle is topologically quite different from a straight line; intuitively, a circle would have to be cut to obtain a straight line, and such a cut certainly changes the qualitative properties of the object.
Energy Policy in American Faith Communities: “The Power to Change”

This paper traces the development of energy policy in the mainline churches beginning with Margaret Mead and Rene Dubos's 1974 commission to prepare a report to the National Council of Churches on the use of plutonium as a commercial fuel. The report stirred a controversy and a broader examination of energy ethics that culminated in the adoption in 1979 of a National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. policy paper and encouraged constituent denominations to make their own studies of energy policy. The development and implementation of these policies is followed from 1980 to the present, using the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) as a representative mainline denomination. This turn to ethical reasoning to support change in U.S. energy policy is a hopeful development, given the stalemate in such discussion when framed in scientific or political terms.
A standard test case suite for two-dimensional linear transport on the sphere

Abstract. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a standard test case suite for two-dimensional transport schemes on the sphere intended to be used for model development and facilitating scheme intercomparison. The test cases are designed to assess important aspects of accuracy in geophysical fluid dynamics such as numerical order of convergence, "minimal" resolution, the ability of the transport scheme to preserve filaments, transport "rough" distributions, and to preserve pre-existing functional relations between species/tracers under challenging flow conditions. The experiments are designed to be easy to set up. They are specified in terms of two analytical wind fields (one non-divergent and one divergent) and four analytical initial conditions (varying from smooth to discontinuous). Both conventional error norms as well as novel mixing and filament preservation diagnostics are used that are easy to implement. The experiments pose different challenges for the range of transport approaches from Lagrangian to Eulerian. The mixing and filament preservation diagnostics do not require an analytical/reference solution, which is in contrast to standard error norms where a "true" solution is needed. Results using the CSLAM (Conservative Semi-Lagrangian Multi-tracer) scheme on the cubed-sphere are presented for reference and illustrative purposes.
The CDM Superfamily Protein MBC Directs Myoblast Fusion through a Mechanism That Requires Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Triphosphate Binding but Is Independent of Direct Interaction with DCrk

myoblast city (mbc), a member of the CDM superfamily, is essential in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo for fusion of myoblasts into multinucleate fibers. Using germ line clones in which both maternal and zygotic contributions were eliminated and rescue of the zygotic loss-of-function phenotype, we established that mbc is required in the fusion-competent subset of myoblasts. Along with its close orthologs Dock180 and CED-5, MBC has an SH3 domain at its N terminus, conserved internal domains termed DHR1 and DHR2 (or “Docker”), and C-terminal proline-rich domains that associate with the adapter protein DCrk. The importance of these domains has been evaluated by the ability of MBC mutations and deletions to rescue the mbc loss-of-function muscle phenotype. We demonstrate that the SH3 and Docker domains are essential. Moreover, ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutations that change amino acids within the MBC Docker domain to residues that are conserved in other CDM family members nevertheless eliminate MBC function in the embryo, which suggests that these sites may mediate interactions specific to Drosophila MBC. A functional requirement for the conserved DHR1 domain, which binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate, implicates phosphoinositide signaling in myoblast fusion. Finally, the proline-rich C-terminal sites mediate strong interactions with DCrk, as expected. These sites are not required for MBC to rescue the muscle loss-of-function phenotype, however, which suggests that MBC's role in myoblast fusion can be carried out independently of direct DCrk binding.
Cost-effectiveness of Medicare's coverage of immunosuppression medications for kidney transplant recipients.

Kidney transplantation is the preferred method of treating patients with end-stage renal disease. Transplantation improves the quality of life of the transplant recipient and also results in reduce...
Variation in working memory capacity and forgetting over both the short and the long term: An application of the Population Dilution model

The current study examined the notion that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) are partially due to differences in retrieval from long-term memory. High and low WMC participants performed a running paired-associates task with 10 different lags across both the short and the long term. High WMC individuals outperformed low WMC individuals on both short and long lags, but were not different when tested immediately (i.e., lag of zero). Furthermore, low WMC individuals recalled more intrusions and recalled at a slower rate than high WMC individuals. The results are consistent with the notion that variation in WMC is partially due to differences in the ability to guide a strategic search process of long-term memory. Simulations based on the Population Dilution model were consistent with these notions. Thus, WMC is more than just active maintenance over the short term; retrieval of information that could not be maintained is also important regardless of the timescale.
WSI implementation of an 8-point FFT

A parallel architecture for a pipelineable 8-point fast Fourier transform (FFT) which used one-third fewer multiplications than a standard architecture is described. This architecture was developed for wafer-scale integration (WSI) implementation using 2- mu m CMOS and laser restructurable VLSI. Equations for mapping an 8/sup N/-point FFT into a pipeline array of 8-point FFTs are presented. >
The Effect of Individual HLA Antigens on Graft Survival Rates in Kidney Transplant Patients

We have used information available in the UCLA International Transplant Registry to study the effect of HLA antigens on graft survival outcome. All results showed that of all antigens tested, the presence of DR1 in the recipient was associated with the highest graft survival rate. There was a positive matching effect for most DR antigens that were either presumed homozygous or heterozygous in the recipient. A regression analysis not only confirmed the association of DR1 and low immune response, but also suggested a greater importance of the DR rather than A or B locus to graft survival rates. Recipients with DR1,5 had the highest survival rates when DR1 was compared with other DR antigens and the heterozygous combinations of the two groups. This suggests that presence of heterozygous DR antigens may have combined effects on graft survival.
The Rate of Depletion of Spermatozoa in the Queen Honeybee Spermatheca

SummaryFourteen uniformly inseminated hybrid queens were randomly divided into three groups. Spermatozoa in the Spermatozoa of the first group were counted before egg laying began (5.00 ± 0.26 (SE) million). Queens of the second group laid about 63 000, and of the third group about 123 000, eggs before spermatozoa in the spermathecae were counted (3.25 ± 0.06, 2.49 ± 0.18, respectively). The queens used half their spermatozoa between 16 June and mid-November—about half the egg-laying season in Louisiana. The data were negatively correlated with the predicted logarithmic loss of spermatozoa from the spermatheca (r = −0.94).
The extended transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap: vascular anatomy and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: The transverse musculocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap has been used in autologous breast reconstruction, but disadvantages include a small flap volume; therefore, it is only used in small-to-moderate breast reconstructions. We investigated the vascular territory of this flap and the possibility of extending its dimensions. METHODS: Ten circumferential thigh adipocutaneous flaps attached to the gracilis muscle were harvested from adult cadavers. The following parameters were recorded: diameter and length of pedicles, distance of pedicles from pubis, and number and locations of cutaneous perforators. The major pedicles were injected with contrast and subjected to 3-dimensional computed tomography scanning. Images were viewed using both General Electrics and TeraRecon systems, and the vascular territories were measured. Flaps were then incised to include only tissue that was perfused with contrast, and measured for weight and volume. RESULTS: The major pedicle had a mean length of 6.7 cm, diameter of 2.2 mm, and distance from pubis of 8.6 cm. There was a mean of 4.3 cutaneous perforators associated with this flap. Three-dimensional images from contrast injection of the major pedicle showed a cutaneous vascular territory that extended more posteriorly than anteriorly, and had a vertical component. Tissue perfused with contrast had a mean weight of 573 g and volume of 617 mL. Two clinical cases were included to show applications of the extended TMG flap. CONCLUSION: The dimensions of a TMG flap can be increased horizontally (superoposterior thigh) as well as vertically. The vertical portion can be harvested either by undermining the skin inferior to the lower transverse skin incision or by raising a trilobed skin paddle to harvest even more tissue from the medial thigh.
Interference by Cryoproteins in the Blood With Automated CBCs

Cryoproteinemia may cause false elevation of automated white cell counts, platelet counts, or both, depending on, among other factors, the instrument or methodology used to count these cellular elements. Pseudoleukocytosis and pseudothrombocytosis were noted when cryoproteinemic specimens were processed through the Coulter STKS (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, Via), whereas only pseudothrombocytosis was evident when processed through the Technicon H1 (Tarrytown, NY). None of the red cell parameters of the automated CBCs performed on the STKS and H1 were adversely affected. Although flagged at times for manual smear review, the automated differential results on these specimens generated by the STKS and H1 were reliable. Timely recognition of the interfering effects of cryoproteins on the automated CBC, followed by appropriate recourse (incubating the specimens at 37°C prior to reprocessing), is essential not only to obtain reliable test results, but also to aid in the detection of cryoproteinemia in previously unknown or suspected cases.
Using Latent Change Score Analysis to Model Co-Development in Fluency Skills

Numerous methodologies exist to analyze longitudinal fluency data, including individual growth curve analysis in both observed and latent frameworks, cross-lagged regression to assess interrelations between variables, and multilevel frameworks that consider time as nested within individual. This chapter discusses latent change score (LCS) analysis of oral reading fluency (ORF) and reading comprehension data from a longitudinal sample of 16,000 students from first to fourth grade and compares to linear and nonlinear growth curve analysis. Results highlight the benefits of LCS models compared to traditional linear and nonlinear latent growth models, as well as implications for modeling change with correlated skills.
Newborn Screening for Thyroid-stimulating Hormone as an Indicator for Assessment of Iodine Status in the Republic of Macedonia

Background: Iodine deficiency is associated with goiter and impaired brain function leading to cretinism. An increased frequency of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements above 5 mIU/L on newborn screening points toward an impaired iodine status of the population. Methods: A 13-year retrospective analysis was performed in 228,266 newborns participating in the national thyroid newborn screening program. The TSH concentration was measured in dry blood spots collected by heel stick on filter paper, 48 hours after birth, using fluoroimmunometric De L f IA method. Results: Out of 236,378 live-born infants, 228,266 (96.6%) have been screened for TSH, of which 198,213 (86.8%) were retrospectively evaluated for TSH levels above 5 mIU/L. Neonates with congenital hypothyroidism, prematurity, and low birth weight were excluded from the evaluation, as well as the inadequately sampled neonates (13.2%). A national prevalence of 3.08% newborns (n = 6,105) with TSH > 5 mIU/L was found. Higher percentages were noted in two regions of the country, indicating possible mild iodine deficiency in these regions and shifting the overall average to above 3%. Conclusions: Our results indicate overall iodine sufficiency in the Macedonian population. Additional assessment of the iodine intake in the regions with suspected mild iodine deficiency is needed to prevent suboptimal cognitive and psychomotor outcomes.
The concentration process in the formation of development centres in silver halide microcrystals

AbstractThis paper discusses the processes whereby silver atoms are concentrated at a few sites during exposure to form development centres in silver halide emulsion grains. Two models are used. With lhe first model, lhe chemically sensitized grain has small surface monolayer islands of AgsS molecules with Ag2 molecules adsorbed al vacant sites around their edges. Exposure results in the photu-oxidation of these Ag2 molecules with liberation of conduction electrons and charge-compensating interstitial silvcr ions. There are many shallow traps in the grains with depths less 1han 5 kT al room temperature which do not altract and trap electrons. If the electron were trapped, the free energy would be increased by the trapping process on account of the enormous density of stales in the conduction band. An effective trap or concentration speck with a depth greater than 16 kT is first formed during exposure by the c(llnbination of an interstitial silver ion and an electron at an Ag2 molecule. followed by lhe ads...
Subclinical Pregnancy Toxemia-Induced Gene Expression Changes in Ovine Placenta and Uterus

The objective was to elucidate gene expression differences in uterus, caruncle and cotyledon of ewes with subclinical pregnancy toxemia (SCPT) and healthy ewes, and to identify associated biological functions and pathways involved in pregnancy toxemia. On Day 136 (±1 day) post breeding ewes (n=18) had body condition score (BCS; 1 to 5; 1, emaciated; 5, obese) assessed and blood samples were collected for plasma glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) analyses. The ewes were euthanized and tissue samples were collected from the gravid uterus and placentomes. Based on BCS (2.0 ± 0.02), glucose (2.4 ± 0.33) and BHBA (0.97 ± 0.06) concentrations, ewes (n=10) were grouped as healthy (n=5) and subclinical SCPT (n=5) ewes. The mRNA expressions were determined by quantitative PCR method and prediction of miRNA partners and target genes for the predicted miRNA were identified using miRDB (http://mirdb.org/miRDB/). Top ranked target genes were used to identify associated biological functions and pathways in response to subclinical pregnancy toxemia using PANTHER. The angiogenesis genes VEGF and PlGF, and AdipoQ, AdipoR2, PPARG, LEP, IGF1, IGF2, IL1b and TNFα mRNA expressions were lower in abundances; whereas hypoxia genes eNOS, HIF1a, and HIF 2a, and sFlt1 and KDR mRNA expressions were greater in abundances in uterus and placenta of SCPT ewes compared to healthy ewes (P<0.05). The predicted miRNA and associated target genes contributed to several biological processes, including apoptosis, biological adhesion, biological regulation, cellular component biogenesis, cellular process, developmental process, immune system process, localization, metabolic process, multicellular organismal process, reproduction, and response to stimulus. The target genes were involved in several pathways including angiogenesis, cytoskeletal regulation, hypoxia response via HIF activation, interleukin signaling, ubiquitin proteasome and VEGF signaling pathway. In conclusion, genes associated with blood vessel remodeling were lower in abundances, and that the genes associated with hypoxic conditions were greater in abundances in the utero-placental compartment of SCPT ewes. It is obvious that the factors that influence placental vascular development and angiogenesis as noted in this study set the course for hemodynamic changes and hence have a major impact on the rate of transplacental nutrient exchange, fetal growth and health of the dam.
“Theorizing teacher mobility”: a critical review of literature

AbstractIn this critical review of literature, we summarize the major theoretical frameworks that have been used to study teacher mobility. In total we identified 40 teacher mobility studies that met our inclusion criteria. We conclude that relatively few theoretical frameworks have been used to study teacher mobility and those that have been used are lacking in several key areas. Specifically, none of the current teacher mobility theories are able to adequately account for the many teacher- and school-level factors that likely influence teachers’ professional decisions. Finally, we suggest a theoretical framework from the organizational psychology literature that can address the shortcomings of theories identified in this review.
Surface properties of hydrogenated diamond in the presence of adsorbates: A hybrid functional DFT study

Abstract We use an ab initio B3LYP approximation to perform a quantitative analysis of the electronic and structural properties of hydrogen terminated (100), (110), and (111) diamond surfaces. We also study the charge transfer produced by the adsorption of a number of molecular species, including NO2, NO, and O3. Our results shed light on the understanding of hydrogenated diamond surface conductivity and demonstrate that combination of surface termination and molecular species is key to controlling hole doping on diamond. This study, which does not rely on any empirical parameters, also provides guidelines for the choice of adsorbate molecules that yield desired hole injection into the hydrogenated diamond surfaces.
Creating an enabling environment for mHealth

As technology developers increasingly explore opportunities to expand their market to the health sector, there is the need to develop a practical approach towards applying technology solutions to solving key problems and then scaling them up in a way to both create efficiencies and generate positive health outcomes. For middle and low income countries, where healthcare resources are oftentimes already stretched, it becomes even more critical to begin by defining the problem, exploring existing technology solutions, and then identifying and testing the most appropriate one or combination of solutions. Unfortunately, this is not generally how technology solutions are developed and deployed. The trends towards migrating many of the pre-existing eHealth systems onto mobile or combined mobile and Internet-based platforms, creates an opportunity within mHealth to learn from the successes and shortcomings of prior eHealth applications, which focused on Internet-based access to medical information in settings which had limited access to fixed-line telephones and computers as well as training in the use of such technologies. This paper proposes a framework that ought to be considered for collaborative work between technology developers, health policy makers, and healthcare workers that ultimately maintains the improved care and wellbeing of citizens as the overarching goal when exploring mobile-based technology solutions.
Comparative cost study of broadband access technologies

This paper provides a simple techno-economic study of various access network technologies for broadband data service delivery, including their deployment cost analysis. This study compares the deployment cost per unit bandwidth of different access technologies from a city perspective and can serve as a guideline for future access network deployment in the urban area.
Anxiety, Depression, and OCD: Understanding Common Psychiatric Conditions in the Dermatological Patient

This chapter will focus on the psychiatric disorders most often seen in dermatological clinics which may complicate the assessment and treatment of dermatological conditions. Dermatologists are often the initial point of contact for psychocutaneous patients and, as such, the overarching aim for this chapter is to provide a practical overview on how to recognize and talk to patients with depressive, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The sections in this chapter are divided by DSM-based diagnoses. In each section, we first provide an overview of depressive, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, respectively. We then focus on reviewing the changes introduced in the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5 as a means of clarifying how to identify and diagnose these disorders. We also provide a simple guide for the initial treatment of these disorders.
Schrodinger cat states and quasiprobability distributions

We consider the P-function of nonclassical states, such as the Schrodinger cat state, using the theory of distributions. It is seen that the P-function for this state can be given by a generalized Dirac delta function that admits complex arguments. Other nonclassical states are also considered.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL): Five Key Dynamics Shaping the Global Landscape, Security, and Freedom of Religion and the Way Ahead

This chapter addresses five key dynamics shaping the global landscape with regard to security, religious freedom, and belief. It surveys freedom of religion impacted by and impacting upon international law, specifically, International Human Rights Law (IHRL) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL), comparing and contrasting each as sources of prescriptive rights and proscriptive responsibilities among nations and peoples. In particular, it looks at the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as the centerpiece of international concurrence on human rights, and the successor treaties that are being used to preserve, protect, and defend Christians’ religious freedom and belief, as well as the rights of other religious groups subject to oppression. In so doing, this chapter shows how and why ongoing recognition and respect can be accomplished for human rights of all citizens of the world, especially with respect to religious freedom and belief.
The relationship between a comprehensive strategic approach and small business performance

Leaders of small firms often lack support staff to whom they can delegate managerial tasks. Related to the small business management paradigm, these leaders need insight into what management practices to employ as they simultaneously balance operations, administration, and human resource duties. Strategic planning has been the focus of much scholarly attention. However, the effect of strategic planning on small business performance is unclear. We attempt to provide clarity by establishing a higher-order component construct, comprehensive strategic approach, which includes three related management practices: goal setting, strategic planning, and financial ratio analysis. We find evidence that a comprehensive strategic approach enhances small business performance.
Anesthesia for Neurosurgical Procedures

Pediatric Neuroanesthesia is a field that combines the nuances of anesthesia in children with the distinct considerations to bear in mind in neurosurgical disease and emergencies. The conditions range from congenital malformations requiring immediate surgery in infants to the evolution of these disorders in older children, acute worsening of chronic neurological conditions, and also encompass emergencies secondary to trauma, tumors, and vascular conditions. This chapter outlines the unique concerns to bear in mind for the most common conditions seen in the pediatric population, but is by no means an exhaustive review. A thorough understanding of the changes in neurophysiology with each condition and its anesthetic implications is essential. This is a rapidly developing field; the demands on the anesthesiologist continue to evolve, especially as the field of neurosurgery is rapidly growing. As we become more involved in remote locations such as neuroimaging, the Interventional Radiology Suite, and non-invasive surgeries such as Gamma Knife, it is important that we maintain a thorough understanding of the procedure being performed, and the anesthetic requirements.
Pathophysiology and Clinical Features of Tethered Cord Syndrome

The proposed normal function of the terminal filum of the spinal cord is to fixate, stabilize and buffer the distal cord from normal and abnormal cephalic and caudal traction. The filum is a viseoelastic band that usually allows the conus medullaris to move slightly during flexion and extension of the spine. It is theorized that if the viscoelasticity of the filum is lost or compromised by fatty infiltration [1] or abnormal thickening, then caudal tension and traction may cause stress upon the conus, resulting in a tethered spinal cord (TSC).
Dynamics of the vapor layer below a Leidenfrost drop

In the Leidenfrost effect a small drop of fluid is levitated, above a sufficiently hot surface, on a persistent vapor layer generated by evaporation from the drop. The vapor layer thermally insulates the drop from the surface leading to extraordinarily long drop lifetimes. The top-view shape of the levitated drops can exhibit persistent starlike vibrations. I extend recent work [Burton et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 074301 (2012)] to study the bottom surface of the drop using interference imaging. In this work I use a high-speed camera and automated image analysis to image, locate, and classify the interference fringes. From the interference fringes I reconstruct the shape and height profile of the rim where the drop is closest to the surface. I measure the drop-size dependence of the planar vibrational mode frequencies, which agree well with previous work. I observe a distinct breathing mode in the average radius of the drop, the frequency of which scales differently with drop size than the other modes. This breathing mode can be tightly coupled to a vertical motion of the drop. I further observe a qualitative difference in the structure and dynamics of the vertical profile of the rim between large and small drops.
A measurement of the muon decay asymmetry at low energy

The asymmetry of low-energy positrons produced in μ+ decay has been measured in a hydrogen bubble chamber which was calibrated as a low-energy electron spectrometer. A fit to the expression 1+A(x) cosθ gives the valuesA(0.03<x⩽0.13)=−0.16±0.04 andA(0.13<x⩽0.26)=−0.20±0.04, wherex is the positron momentum in units of the maximum momentum. These results agree with theV−A theory using radiative corrections as calculated by Kinoshita and Sirlin. As a check of the method the asymmetry was measured for the whole spectrum with the result 〈A〉=+0.32±0.03 in agreement with theV−A theory and with previous experiments. All existing μ+ decay data are reviewed to determine the extent to which radiative corrections can be established experimentally if one does not assume aV−A theory.
Oversized solutions to big problems: The political economy of partnerships and environmental cleanup in India

Abstract Managing polluted industrial waste from small firms in poor communities is a challenge in many developing countries. In recent years, partnerships among national governments, private sector actors, investors, and foreign aid donors have become popular solutions to address the problem. We argue, however, some partnerships may exhibit a boom and bust pattern that potentially leaves communities worse off in the long run. We test this argument by analyzing variations in the effectiveness of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) built in India. We first examine the boom-bust cycle in a public-private partnership CETP in the city of Kanpur. We then extend the analysis to all 88 CETPs in India between 1986 and 2004. We use difference-in-difference techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of CETPs that are fully public, fully private, and those that augmented capacity via partnerships among governments, private sector actors and foreign donors. Our findings suggest that these public-private partnerships tend to follow distinct patterns of success and failure over time.
Abstract WP176: Temporal Trends in Public Awareness of Stroke: Knowledge is Key

Introduction: Recognition of stroke symptoms is vital for accessing medical care and administration of thrombolytics and/or endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke. Awareness of stroke warning sig...
Awake mouse imaging: from two-photon microscopy to blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in awake behaving mice is well positioned to bridge the detailed cellular-level view of brain activity, which has become available owing to recent advances in microscopic optical imaging and genetics, to the macroscopic scale of human noninvasive observables. However, though microscopic (e.g., two-photon imaging) studies in behaving mice have become a reality in many laboratories, awake mouse fMRI remains a challenge. Owing to variability in behavior among animals, performing all types of measurements within the same subject is highly desirable and can lead to higher scientific rigor. Methods We demonstrated blood oxygenation level–dependent fMRI in awake mice implanted with long-term cranial windows that allowed optical access for microscopic imaging modalities and optogenetic stimulation. We started with two-photon imaging of single-vessel diameter changes (n = 1). Next, we implemented intrinsic optical imaging of blood oxygenation and flow combined with laser speckle imaging of blood flow obtaining a mesoscopic picture of the hemodynamic response (n = 16). Then we obtained corresponding blood oxygenation level–dependent fMRI data (n = 5). All measurements could be performed in the same mice in response to identical sensory and optogenetic stimuli. Results The cranial window did not deteriorate the quality of fMRI and allowed alternation between imaging modalities in each subject. Conclusions This report provides a proof of feasibility for multiscale imaging approaches in awake mice. In the future, this protocol could be extended to include complex cognitive behaviors translatable to humans, such as sensory discrimination or attention.
Global ^{2,} estimates for the Monge-Ampère equation

We use a localization property of boundary sections for solutions to the Monge-Ampere equation and obtain global W-2,W-p estimates under natural assumptions on the domain and boundary data.
A Rapid Dilute-and-Shoot UPLC-MS/MS Assay to Simultaneously Measure 37 Drugs and Related Metabolites in Human Urine for Use in Clinical Pain Management.

Background: Monitoring of medication compliance and drug abuse is used by clinicians to increase patient prescription drug compliance and reduce illicit drug abuse and diversion. Despite available immunoassays, chromatography-mass spectrometry–based methods are considered the gold standard for urine drug monitoring owing to higher sensitivities and specificities. Herein, we report a fast, convenient ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay to detect or quantify 37 clinically relevant prescription drugs, drugs of abuse, and related glucuronides and other metabolites in human urine by single diluted sample injection. Methods: Analytes consisted of prescription and illicit opioids, benzodiazepines, and drugs of abuse, including parent compounds and glucuronidated and nonglucuronidated metabolites. Urine samples were diluted with water and supplemented with deuterated internal standards without enzymatic hydrolysis, analyte extraction, or sample purification. Analytes were separated by reversed-phase UPLC and quantified by positive-mode electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation MS. Assay validation followed Food and Drug Administration bioanalytical guidelines. Results: Total analytical run time was 5.5 min. All analytes demonstrated acceptable inter- and intraassay accuracy, imprecision, and linearity throughout clinically relevant analytical ranges (1–2000 ng/mL, depending on analyte). All analytes demonstrated acceptable selectivity, stability, matrix effects, carryover, and performance compared to national reference laboratory or previously validated in-house methods. A total of 23 and 14 analytes were validated for quantitative and qualitative testing, respectively. Conclusions: A convenient UPLC-MS/MS assay for simultaneously monitoring 37 analytes in human urine was validated for use in pain management testing. Advantages of this multiplex assay include facile sample preparation and higher-throughput definitive detection including glucuronide metabolite quantification.
The Kid Next Door- raising Awareness of Civilian Health Care Providers to the Needs of Military Children - A Tactical Approach to Education

Purpose: Since September 11, 2001, more than 2 million U.S. service members have been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Unlike previous conflicts, the Global War on Terror has been largely supported by the National Guard and Reserves who have sustained multiple, successive deployments with shortened dwell times between extended time in combat. More than 700,000 children have experienced parental deployments. 60% of military families have relocated at least once in the past 3 years, and 41% of all children in military families are 5 years or …
Supporting School Engagement and High School Completion Through Trauma-Informed School Counseling:

Awareness of trauma and the impact it has on children is a growing concern for schools in the United States. Exposure to trauma has been linked to challenges with learning, social/emotional health,...
Block-Type Nb 3 Sn Dipole R&D at Texas A&M University

A succession of Nb3Sn block-type dipoles has been developed at the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) University and tested, in a progression of stages aimed toward 16 T operation field. This chapter describes the details of magnet design, fabrication procedures, and test results.
Abstract P107: Role for Endothelin B Receptors in the Maintenance of Heart Rate Baroreflex Function

Rats lacking functional endothelin B (ETB) receptors are hypertensive, salt-sensitive, and have increased sympathetic tone. Hypertension is also associated with blunted arterial baroreflex sensitiv...
Measurement of mechanical and fracture properties of solid electrolyte interphase on lithium metal anodes in lithium ion batteries

Abstract Mechanical integrity of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays an essential role in determining the life and performance of lithium-ion batteries. Fracture and continued formation of the SEI contribute to consumption of lithium, drying of electrolyte, increase in impedance, and growth of dendrites resulting in capacity fade and premature failure. Electrolyte additives such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) have been known to improve performance, but the underlying reasons have been elusive. Despite its importance, reliable methods for mechanical characterization of SEI have been lacking. Here, we present a new experimental technique that combines atomic force microscopy and membrane-bulge configuration to accurately measure the stress-strain behavior of SEI, including the onset of inelastic response and evolution of fracture. We characterize the SEI formed with two ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes, without and with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive. The measurements show a striking contrast; SEI with FEC additive has 80% higher elastic modulus and a vastly higher resistance to fracture. These findings offer a mechanical-behavior based rationale to understand how SEI controls battery performance. Moreover, the experimental technique offers a robust diagnostic tool to design electrolytes that can form SEI with the desired mechanical properties for optimal battery performance.
Role of the PNPLA2 Gene in the Regulation of Oxidative Stress Damage of RPE

Oxidative stress-mediated injury of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can precede progressive retinal degeneration and ultimately lead to blindness (e.g., age-related macular degeneration (AMD)). The RPE expresses the PNPLA2 gene and produces its protein product PEDF-R that exhibits lipase activity. We have shown that transient PNPLA2 overexpression decreases dead-cell proteolytic activity and that synthetic peptides derived from a central region of PEDF-R efficiently protect ARPE-19 and pig primary RPE cells from oxidative stress. This study aims to evaluate the effect of loss of PNPLA2 in RPE cells undergoing oxidative stress. Loss of PNPLA2 conferred increased resistance to cells when subjected to oxidative stress.
Hybrid Offshoring: Composite Personae and Evolving Collaboration Technologies

Inspired by round-the-clock manufacturing, the 24-Hour Knowledge Factory endeavors to transform the production of software and other intangibles into a process of continuous development. While the concept of offshore software development is well established, few enterprises are currently able to develop the same code artifacts around the clock. We discuss the benefits of applying the 24-Hour Knowledge Factory to software development. We also present a representative scenario highlighting the problems of asynchronous communication in current offshore software development practices. Further, we introduce the notion of composite persona as a potential collaboration model within the 24-Hour Knowledge Factory and explain its ability to mitigate problems arising from communicating across cultures, languages, and time zones. Finally, we present a suite of new collaboration tools and techniques that are being developed specifically for use by composite personae in the 24-Hour Knowledge Factory.
Contention-resolving model predictive control for an intelligent intersection traffic model

We address the problem of optimally scheduling automated vehicles crossing an intelligent intersection by assigning vehicles with priorities and desired speed. An idealized intersection traffic model is established for the development and verification of the required algorithms. We formulate the intersection scheduling problem as a mixed integer programming (or MIP) problem which co-designs the priority and traveling speed for each vehicle. The co-design aims to minimize the vehicle waiting time at the intersection area, under a set of safety constraints. We derived a contention-resolving model predictive control (or MPC) algorithm to dynamically assign priorities and compute the vehicles’ traveling speeds. A branch cost formulation is proposed for the decision tree constructed by contention-resolving MPC based on time instants when collisions might occur among vehicles. Based on the priority assignments, a decentralized control law is designed to control each vehicle to travel with an optimal speed given a specific priority assignment. The optimal priority assignment can be determined by searching the lowest cost path in the decision tree. The solution computed by contention-resolving MPC is proved to be optimal given the condition of immediate access (or CIA) required in real-time scheduling. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through simulation and compared with the first-come-first-serve (or FCFS) and highest-speed-first (or HSF) scheduling strategies.
Making sense of gold and governance: the importance of practices and repertoires

Scholars regularly mobilise the concept of policy paradigm to characterise successive periods in which certain ideas appear to structure policymaking. While this concept proved useful to establish ...
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Associated with Primary Isolated Hypertriglyceridemia; a Population-Based Study.

Background Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease but the association is often attributed to concomitant metabolic abnormalities. We investigated the epide...
Community Hand-Dug Wells for Trachoma: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.

The WHO recommends improving access to water as part of a comprehensive strategy for elimination of trachoma as a public health problem; however, this recommendation is not based on evidence from randomized trials. In a region of Ethiopia with hyperendemic trachoma, seven communities were randomized to a hand-dug well (HDW) and seven communities to no intervention to determine the impact of HDWs on the community prevalence of ocular chlamydia infection (primary prespecified outcome). All communities continued to receive government hygiene and sanitation services and outreach. Participants were not masked, given the nature of the intervention, but laboratory personnel were masked to treatment allocation. Hand-dug wells were successfully built in six of the seven communities; five of these wells were still functional at the conclusion of the trial. At the end of the trial, an average of 74% of households reported traveling 0.99). This small cluster-randomized trial provided no evidence to suggest that simply constructing HDWs, in the absence of other hygiene promotion activities, is effective for reducing transmission of ocular chlamydia.
Self and Society: Personality and sociocultural change

A n exploration of the psychological effects of modernization or any form of social change must examine the impact of the various processes on the individuals involved. Living in a nation-state (as opposed to a village community) or tilling the fields with mechanized implements does not necessarily “modernize” the structure of one's personality. A significant problem with many of the studies reviewed in the previous chapter is the implicit assumption that everyone in a “modern” society must be psychologically “modern,” and everyone in a premodern society must have a “premodern” personality. Many of these works ignore important similarities between individuals and groups in modernized and non modernized societies. They seem to assume that the small-town minister and urban philosopher in a modernized society must be psychologically equivalent, that the wealthy landlord and marginal peasant must have the same needs and concerns, and that the tribal warrior is somehow different from the modern soldier in motivation or rationality. The present chapter will explore the relation between personality processes and a central aspect of modernization (and social change in general), the experience of the breakdown of shared structures of meaning. It will then examine a specific case, of a disrupted funeral ritual in Java in changing times, in order to demonstrate the utility of the approach being offered here. The reader will forgive, I hope, an inattention in the present work to the impact on personality of exploitation, civil war, torture, and other experiences confronting people in the Third World, for whom class conflict, power struggles among elites, and unwitting enmeshment in a global struggle between imperialistic superpowers are at least as important influences on their lives as modernization.
Macroeconomic Foundations for Discontinuous Price Movements

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium asset pricing model to account for the discontinuous price movements commonly observed in the financial markets. We consider two possible sources: (1) jumps in the fundamental economy, as captured by the production technology, and (2) jumps in investors' perception of the economic risk, as captured by the intensity of jumps in the production process. The paper solves the dynamic portfolio decision problem and obtains in analytical forms the general equilibrium pricing of interest rates, bonds, and stocks. We also calibrate the model to the U.S. economy.
Stem cells and repair of lung injuries

Fueled by the promise of regenerative medicine, currently there is unprecedented interest in stem cells. Furthermore, there have been revolutionary, but somewhat controversial, advances in our understanding of stem cell biology. Stem cells likely play key roles in the repair of diverse lung injuries. However, due to very low rates of cellular proliferation in vivo in the normal steady state, cellular and architectural complexity of the respiratory tract, and the lack of an intensive research effort, lung stem cells remain poorly understood compared to those in other major organ systems. In the present review, we concisely explore the conceptual framework of stem cell biology and recent advances pertinent to the lungs. We illustrate lung diseases in which manipulation of stem cells may be physiologically significant and highlight the challenges facing stem cell-related therapy in the lung.