cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE-B-M100J-01: Effective Breast Cancer Detection and Treatment: The Big Picture for Physicists

Mammography: The benefit of early detection of breast cancer by mammography has been proven by several randomized controlled trials. Mass public screening of asymptomatic women detects a prevalence rate of approximately 2–5/ 1000. Note that the prevalence of breast cancer in autopsy series may be as high as 20/1000. In spite of multiple studies, controversy still exists regarding the benefit of mammography. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Screening of High Risk women with MR has recently been supported by the American Cancer Society due to a few observational studies. Note that there are no randomized control trials of MR screening. Additionally, some advocate pre‐operative MR ‘screening’ for those with newly diagnosed breast cancer from core biopsy. MR may show additional foci of cancers, at the expense of increased false positives, that could alter surgical treatment from breast conservation to mastectomy. Those opposed to this idea cite the recurrence rate of 2–5% at ten years after breast conservation surgery (lumpectomy) and whole breast radiation to question the efficacy of MR, as well as the additional cost and time. Ultrasound:Ultrasound screening is also being studied as part of a large multi‐institutional study (American College Imaging Network (ACRIN) 6666) in women at High Risk. Unique to this study is that the US results are independent to the mammographic results. Published detection rates for US are approx. 3/1000. Limitations are, again, no randomized control trials of mortality benefit and marked operator dependence making this procedure very time consuming, subject to many pitfalls, and challenging for follow‐up. Tumor Histologies: The common types of breast cancer are the ductal, invasive ductal carcinoma, arising from the glands in the ducts, and lobular, invasive lobular, arising from the cells in the lobules. There are some unique differences to the imaging appearance of these types. Treatment:Treatment is tailored per patient. Factors that are taken into consideration are tumor type, tumor size per breast size for cosmetic results, tumor grade, tissue markers, lymph node involvement, distal organ involvement, age of the patient, family history, risk factors, and patient wishes. Complete surgical excision is mandatory with clean margins. The addition of radiation‐ whole breast vs. partial‐ and chemotherapy vs. hormonal therapy are dependent on the above factors. New Devices under Investigation: Examples of the following will be illustrated. 1. Tomosynthesis; 2. Optical imaging of hemoglobin concentrations (indirectly) ; 3. Electrical impedence. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the value and limitations of mammographic screening to early detection of breast cancer. 2. Understand the value and limitations of other techniques, MR and US, to early detection of breast cancer. 3. Understand treatment options of radiation and chemotherapy. 4. Develop awareness of the common breast cancer histologies. 5. Develop awareness of new modalities being studied.
Densification behavior during hot pressing of BiPbSrCaCuO superconductors

Abstract Bi1.84Pb0.34Sr2.03Ca1.9Cu3.06Oy bulk superconductors with various relative densities were prepared by hot pressing in the temperature range 780°C–840°C and the pressure range of 4.9 MPa–24.5 MPa in air for 2 h. The relationship between porosity, p, and hot pressing conditions was formulated using the following equation: 1n(p) = −a0 exp( − E/RT)P + 1n(p0), where P was the hot-pressing pressure, p0 the porosity of the compact body, E an apparent activation energy for densification, T the temperature, R the gas constant, and a0 a constant. The apparent activation energies were 184 kJ/mol and 526 kJ/mol in the lower- and higher-temperature ranges in comparison to 820°C, respectively. The densification mechanisms in the lower and higher temperature ranges are discussed in terms of plastic flow, particle rearrangement and the formation of liquid phase.
Current Controversies in Neonatal Care

The practice of medicine, including neonatology, has always included controversies regarding best care practices for our patients. Controversial issues should encourage additional discussion and research, ultimately improving the quality of care we provide our patients. Because of the vulnerability of patients in the neonatal intensive care unit and the relatively young age of our specialty, neonatology struggles with the resolution of numerous controversial issues. This article will discuss three controversial issues including the use of steroids in premature infants, innovative treatment of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and the routine use of probiotics for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. The current state of knowledge, questions to be answered, and future directions will be presented.
Money demand function estimation by nonlinear cointegration

Conventionally, the money demand function is estimated using a regression of the logarithm of money demand on either the interest rate or the logarithm of the interest rate. This equation is presumed to be a cointegrating regression. In this paper, we aim to combine the logarithmic specification, which models the liquidity trap better than a linear model, with the assumption that the interest rate itself is an integrated process. The proposed technique is robust to serial correlation in the errors. For the USA, our new technique results in larger coefficient estimates than previous research suggested, and produces superior out-of-sample prediction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space fission reactor structural materials: Choices past, present, and future

Nuclear powered spacecraft will enable missions well beyond the capabilities of current chemical, radioisotope thermoelectric generator and solar technologies. The use of fission reactors for space applications has been studied for over 50 years. Structural material performance has often limited the potential performance of space reactors. Space fission reactors are an extremely harsh environment for structural materials with high temperatures, high neutron fields, potential contact with liquid metals, and the need for up to 15–20 year reliability with no inspection or preventative maintenance. Many different structural materials have been proposed. While all of those proposed meet many of the requirements for space reactor service, none satisfy all of them. However, continued development and testing may resolve these issues and provide qualified materials for fission reactors for space power.
Sulphydryl oxidase: Properties and applications

Abstract Sulphydryl oxidase has been isolated and purified from bovine milk and partially characterized. The enzyme is obtained from the whey fraction produced by chymosin (rennin) treatment of skim milk. Several procedures have been developed for its isolation, all of which use to advantage its concentration-dependent aggregate size. This enzyme exhibits a much broader substrate specificity than that shown by other ‘aerobic oxidases’ presently characterized which catalyse the formation of disulphides from thiols. Using molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor in a twoelectron reduction to hydrogen peroxide, the enzyme catalyses oxidation of cysteine and its analogues, some volatile thiols, peptides, and also thiols in proteins. Vis-a-vis protein-disulphide oxidoreductase and protein-disulphide isomerase, this enzyme does not catalyse thiol-disulphide interchange and thus functions only in de novo formation of disulphides. Enzyme-bound iron and most likely a free sulphydryl group are essential for catalytic activity; however, the carbohydrate moiety of this glycoprotein is probably not required. The broad substrate specificity suggests several potential industrial uses for the enzyme, including flavour modification in the food industry or synthesis of disulphides in pharmaceuticals. Consequently, immobilized forms were developed and characterized. Reactors containing sulphydryl oxidase covalently immobilized on porous glass and silica have been examined for their efficacy in eliminating the cooked flavour in ultra-high temperature sterilized milk. Both the degree of oxidation and cooked flavour were correlated with a normalized residence time in the reactor.
THE PHENOMENON OF CONGLOMERATE CRYSTALLIZATION. PART 46. THE CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF [Co(NH3)4Ox2(S4O6)·H2O (I)

Abstract Red specimens of [Co[(NH)4Ox]2(S4O6)·H2O (I), Co2S4O15N8C4H26, crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The cell is defined by the following constants: a = 7.7601(7), b = 10.079(1), c = 29.865(3) A, β = 90.914(8)°, V = 2335.59 A3, d (z = 4; M.W. = 672.42 gm – mole−1) = 1.912 gm-cm−3. A total of 3430 data was collected in the interval 4.0° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 50.0° of which 1915 were unique and had intensities greater than 3σ(I). The data were corrected for absorption using empirical Psi scan curves (five reflections, μ = 18.395 cm−1); the relative transmission coefficients ranged from 0.9697 to 0.9988. The final values of the discrepancy parameters were R(F) = 0.0388 and Rw(F) = 0.0484. The axial Col-N distances are 1.950(4) and 1.936(4) A, while those associated with Co2 are 1.949(5) and 1.952(4) A. Col-N distances in the equatorial plane are 1.942(3) and 1.918(4) A, respectively. For the second cation, the equatorial Co-N distances are 1.910(4) and 1.938(4) A. Thus, the feature of short and long Co-...
Bond-orientationally-ordered phases that scatter light strongly

Bond-orientational order in materials that form three-dimensional uniaxial solids is investigated. New phases are found that scatter light strongly, like nematics, but with a quantitatively different anisotropy of scattering. X-ray scattering from these phases would also exhibit novel anisotropy. This type of order may occur at higher temperatures in materials that form "stacked hexatic" phases at lower temperatures, and will occur whenever a hexagonal crystal melts via dislocation unbinding.
Mechanisms of pulmonary vascular complications of liver disease: hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Goals: To assess the incidence of oral complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) usage by gastroenterology patients at a single university center and compare against controls. Background: The public awareness and usage of CAM have increased. The use of CAM has been described in patients with functional bowel disorders; however, their role in patients with gastrointestinal disease is less clear. Study: Patients attending luminal gastroenterology clinics and customers at local supermarkets completed a 30-point, structured questionnaire assessing their use of CAM. Results: A total of 1,409 subjects were recruited. The incidence of CAM use was 49.5% for inflammatory bowel disease, 50.9% for irritable bowel syndrome, 20% for general gastrointestinal diseases, and 27% for controls. Pearson's X 2 tests showed that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome were more likely to use CAM than controls (P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that females were more likely to take CAM than men (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The percentage of CAM users among patients with IBD is similar to those with a functional diagnosis. Increasing numbers of IBD patients are using CAM in addition to conventional therapy. Awareness of this may prevent adverse CAM and conventional drug interactions.
Anode Wire Aging Measurements and a Search for Remedies

As part of a continuing investigation into the aspects of the aging process induced by radiation, measurements have been made of anode wire gain loss in a typical gain region. This has been done for several gas mixtures, but with emphasis on measurements of 50% argon + 50% ethane. Parameters such as gain, gas flow rate and small concentrations of certain additives were investigated to determine their effects on the gain loss rate. The effects of ethanol, water, and isopropanol vapor at about 1% concentration were studied, as well as potential contributions to aging from different types of plastic tubing in the gas system. The results were found to be quite sensitive in certain cases to the wire surface material, to additives such as the alcohols tested, and to small gas impurities. Certain pure gas mixtures were found to be consistent with no aging at the sensitivity level of this technique.
Tuning strategies in high-frequency integrated continuous-time filters

Three approaches for tuning integrated continuous-time filters are discussed and compared. Results are presented that refer, but are not limited to, second-order bandpass filters implemented with transconductance amplifiers and capacitors (OTA-C filters). It is shown that tuning with two frequencies has superior performance over single-frequency tuning: in this first case, center frequency, bandwidth, and midband gain of a biquad can be tuned exactly; in the second case, only center frequency and midband gain can be so tuned. >
Analysis of the (p,2p) Reaction on Deuterium at 600 MeV

A calculation of the differential cross section ($\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dEd}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{2}}$) for the $\mathrm{D}(p,2p)$ process at 600 MeV has been carried out using as input the available nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering data and a model deuteron wave function. The calculation includes Glauber double-scattering and final-state-interaction corrections to the plane-wave impulse approximation (PWIA). The calculation agrees favorably with the recent $\mathrm{D}(p,2p)$ experimental data at most residual neutron recoil momenta and is an improvement over the earlier PWIA analysis. The recently proposed D* component of the deuteron appears to be unimportant in reactions of this kind.
Deposition and characterization of low-loss epitaxial non-linear dielectric thin films for microwave devices

Abstract Oxide ferroelectric thin films for frequency-tunable microwave devices, in which the dielectric constant of the non-linear dielectric is varied by application of electric fields, have been deposited using PLD. We have fabricated single phase epitaxial Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 and KTaO3 thin film capacitors for applications at 300K and 77K, respectively. Single phase KTaO3 films were obtained only with excess potassium source in the target along with KTaO3 perovskite phase. The films have been characterized for structure and morphology by X-ray diffraction and AFM. The dielectric properties were measured in the low frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 MHz, using interdigitated capacitors. Low loss tangents (0.002 at 300K) were observed for highly oriented Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 films. The importance of low losses for various devices is discussed and the dielectric constants, loss tangents and tunability of these films are reported in this paper.
Control of Inducer Accumulation Plays a Key Role in Succinate-Mediated Catabolite Repression in Sinorhizobium meliloti

The symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti favors succinate and related dicarboxylic acids as carbon sources. As a preferred carbon source, succinate can exert catabolite repression upon genes needed for the utilization of many secondary carbon sources, including the α-galactosides raffinose and stachyose. We isolated lacR mutants in a genetic screen designed to find S. meliloti mutants that had abnormal succinate-mediated catabolite repression of the melA-agp genes, which are required for the utilization of raffinose and other α-galactosides. The loss of catabolite repression in lacR mutants was seen in cells grown in minimal medium containing succinate and raffinose and grown in succinate and lactose. For succinate and lactose, the loss of catabolite repression could be attributed to the constitutive expression of β-galactoside utilization genes in lacR mutants. However, the inactivation of lacR did not cause the constitutive expression of α-galactoside utilization genes but caused the aberrant expression of these genes only when succinate was present. To explain the loss of diauxie in succinate and raffinose, we propose a model in which lacR mutants overproduce β-galactoside transporters, thereby overwhelming the inducer exclusion mechanisms of succinate-mediated catabolite repression. Thus, some raffinose could be transported by the overproduced β-galactoside transporters and cause the induction of α-galactoside utilization genes in the presence of both succinate and raffinose. This model is supported by the restoration of diauxie in a lacF lacR double mutant (lacF encodes a β-galactoside transport protein) grown in medium containing succinate and raffinose. Biochemical support for the idea that succinate-mediated repression operates by preventing inducer accumulation also comes from uptake assays, which showed that cells grown in raffinose and exposed to succinate have a decreased rate of raffinose transport compared to control cells not exposed to succinate.
Vessel Segmentation Using a Shape Driven Flow

We present a segmentation method for vessels using an implicit deformable model with a soft shape prior. Blood vessels are challenging structures to segment due to their branching and thinning geometry as well as the decrease in image contrast from the root of the vessel to its thin branches. Using image intensity alone to deform a model for the task of segmentation often results in leakages at areas where the image information is ambiguous. To address this problem, we combine image statistics and shape information to derive a region-based active contour that segments tubular structures and penalizes leakages. We present results on synthetic and real 2D and 3D datasets.
Simulation of a Machining Sequence Using Delmia/Quest Software

This paper describes a case study of analysis and optimization of the mechanical parts machining sequence in a manufacturing cell using a systematic search method and a Quest computer simulation model with graphical representation of the manufacturing processes. Data collected from a company in the aerospace industry was analyzed, organized, and input into a Quest simulation model. The simulation model objective was to determine bottleneck locations and what the optimal batch size should be. The Quest software proved to be a powerful tool in assessing what changes should be made to a manufacturing cell before incurring manufacturing improvements and/or performing actual capital investments. Quest’s analytic and visual capacity proved to be a good tool to integrate CAD and CAM, numerical output, graphical part description, simulation of machining sequence, and bottleneck identification.
Bounds on the Mean Delay in Multiclass Queueing Networks under Shortfall-Based Priority Rules

A significant amount of recent research has been focused on the stability of multiclass open networks of queues (MONQs). It has been shown that these networks may be unstable under various queueing disciplines even when at each one of the nodes the arrival rate is less than the service rate. Clearly, in such cases the expected delay and the expected number of customers in the system are infinite. In this paper we propose a new class of scheduling rules that can be used in multiclass queueing networks. We refer to this class as the stable shortfall-based priority (SSBP) rules. This SSBP class itself belongs to a larger class of rules, which we refer to as the shortfall-based priority (SBP) rules. SBP is a generalization of the standard non-preemptive priority rule in which customers of the same priority class are served first-come, first-served (FCFS). Rules from SBP can mimic FCFS as well as the so-called strict or head-of-the-line priority disciplines. We show that the use of any rule from the SSBP class ensures stability in a broad class of MONQs found in practice. We proceed with the construction of a sample path inequality for the work done by an SSBP server and show how this inequality can be used to derive upper bounds for the delay when service times are bounded. Bounds for the expected delay of each class of customers in an MONQ are then obtained under the assumptions that the external arrival processes have i.i.d. interarrival times, the routings are deterministic and the service times at each step of the route are bounded. In order to derive these bounds for the average delay in an MONQ we make use of some of the classical ideas of Kingman.
Direct binding of hepatitis C virus core to gC1qR on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells leads to impaired activation of Lck and Akt.

Complement plays a pivotal role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. It has been shown that the binding of C1q, a natural ligand of gC1qR, on T cells inhibits their proliferation. Here, we demonstrate that direct binding of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core to gC1qR on T cells leads to impaired Lck/Akt activation and T-cell function. The HCV core associates with the surface of T cells specifically via gC1qR, as this binding is inhibited by the addition of either anti-gC1qR antibody or soluble gC1qR. The binding affinity constant of core protein for gC1qR, as determined by BIAcore analysis, is 3.8 10 7 M. The specificity of the HCV core-gC1qR interaction is confirmed by reduced core binding on Molt-4 T cells treated with gC1qR-silencing small interfering RNA and enhanced core binding on GPC-16 guinea pig cells transfected with human gC1qR. Interestingly, gC1qR is expressed at higher levels on CD8 than on CD4 T cells, resulting in more severe core-induced suppression of the CD8-T-cell population. Importantly, T-cell receptor-mediated activation of the Src kinases Lck and ZAP-70 but not Fyn and the phosphorylation of Akt are impaired by the HCV core, suggesting that it inhibits the very early events of T-cell activation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious and growing threat to human health, having infected more than 170 million people worldwide. A remarkable feature of HCV is its ability to establish chronic infection. Indeed, the virus persists in 85% of patients following acute infection. These individuals carry an increased risk of developing various liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (9). Unfortunately, no vaccine or effective treatment for HCV is currently available, and the mechanism(s) for the establishment of persistent HCV infection remains elusive. CD4- and CD8-T-cell dysfunction may be a mechanism by which persistent HCV infection is established, because early and sustained CD4- and CD8-T-cell responses appear to be crucial for controlling HCV infection (7, 11, 21). The different clinical outcomes of HCV infection are associated with the relative strengths of antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses (14, 17, 29, 39, 40). For patients with chronic hepatitis C, however, the frequency and magnitude of T-cell responses are dramatically lower than those for patients with self-limited infection (5, 34, 42). Correspondingly, the Th1-type cytokines are severely diminished in the periphery of patients with chronic HCV infection (20). This finding suggests that insufficient T-cell responses may be responsible for the establishment of persistent HCV infection. However, the mechanism of impaired T-cell function observed in patients with chronic HCV infection has yet to be defined. It is likely that a gene product(s) encoded by HCV directly affects T-cell functions crucial for limiting virus replication. Various investigators previously demonstrated the immuno
Chronocoulometric measurement of indium(III) adsorption from thiocyanate medium

Summary The adsorption of indium(III) at a mercury electrode from acidified thiocyanate medium has been quantitatively characterized using the chronocoulometric technique. The indium(III) surface excess increases at more positive electrode potentials and passes through a maximum at 0.1–0.2 M thiocyanate concentration. Indium(III) gave no detectable adsorption from iodide or bromide media, nor did nickel(II) adsorb from thiocyanate medium. There appears to be no obvious correlation between the catalysis of indium(III) reduction by thiocyanate iodide, and bromide ions and the tendencies of these anions to cause indium(III) adsorption. Some discussion of the problems of interpretation of the electrode potential and ligand concentration effect on metal complex adsorption is given.
Structurally intact (78-kDa) forms of maternal lactoferrin purified from urine of preterm infants fed human milk: identification of a trypsin-like proteolytic cleavage event in vivo that does not result in fragment dissociation.

Two forms of lactoferrin, an intact lactoferrin and a "nicked" but apparently intact (i.e., 78-kDa) form, have been isolated from the urine of preterm infants fed human milk. These two forms of lactoferrin, demonstrated to be entirely of maternal origin, were copurified using affinity columns of immobilized single-stranded DNA-agarose. The relative concentrations of the intact lactoferrin and the "nicked" lactoferrin were determined after denaturation and separation by reverse-phase HPLC. N-terminal sequence analyses showed that the intact 78-kDa form had lost two residues from its N terminus. The nicked 78-kDa form was composed of only two fragments; one fragment was identified as the N terminus of the N-lobe (residues 3-283). The other fragment started with Ser-284 and included the alpha-helical structures at the C terminus of the N-lobe, as well as the entire C-lobe. Although no disulfide bonds connect these two fragments, they were tightly associated in vivo and were not separated in vitro except under denaturing conditions. Limited in vitro digestion of human milk lactoferrin with trypsin produced a nicked, but stable (78-kDa), form of DNA-binding lactoferrin nearly indistinguishable from the isolated urinary lactoferrin, except for the absence of one additional arginine residue at the N terminus of the N-lobe. Residues involved in the stable molecular interaction between fragments were evaluated using data obtained from the high-resolution crystal structure of hololactoferrin. Two features, entirely within the N-lobe, account for the lack of fragment dissociation after cleavage at residue 283 in vivo: an extensive interface at the hinge region behind the iron-binding cleft and an "anchor" sequence traversing the remainder of the N-lobe at 90 degrees relative to the fragment interface. These results document the remarkably limited degradation of absorbed lactoferrin in vivo and suggest that iron-binding activity, receptor-binding properties, and postulated immune cell regulatory functions remain intact.
A New Multicarrier CDMA System Exploiting Frequency-Time Diversities

In this paper, a new variant of multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system is proposed and analyzed for time varying multipath fading channels. At the transmitter, data bits at different frequency bands are spread in the time domain and these spread chips are circularly shifted onto different frequency bands while the time lapses. As a result, the spread data chips are assigned to different frequency bands at different times. Significant performance improvement can be achieved compared to the conventional MC-CDMA system. The underlying reason is that in the proposed system, more diversities are introduced by spreading data chips both in the frequency and time domains. In the paper, the performance of the system using different combining techniques is analyzed and compared. Simulation results under different conditions arc also presented
Paper-Based RFID-Enabled Wireless Platforms for Sensing Applications

In this paper, the feasibility of inkjet printing of circuit and microwave structures on paper-based substrates is investigated for the first time in the implementation of a complete low-cost wireless platform for sensors. First, the system-level design of the module including the amplifier characterization were carried out to ensure optimum performance of the sensor modules in the UHF bands used in RF identification communication. These results were then used to design two different antenna structures, which are printed on paper along with their respective circuit layouts using inket-printing technology. Different techniques were investigated for the assembly of circuit components on the silver printed layouts. Finally, wireless link measurements on the assembled prototypes verified the good performance on the wireless and sensing sides.
Enterocytic Gene Expression Is Altered in Experimental Gastroschisis

Gastroschisis is a congenital anomaly in which exposure of the intestines to amniotic fluid throughout fetal life results in nutrient malabsorption. To begin to understand the molecular basis underlying epithelial changes in this condition, we investigated enterocytic gene expression during fetal development. Gastroschisis was surgically created at 24 days gestation (term = 31 days) in fetal rabbits; sham-operated and unoperated fetuses served as controls. Bowel was harvested at 28 and 31 days gestation. Cellular lactase expression was detected using immunohistochemistry, and apolipoprotein A-I and cellular retinol binding protein II (CRBPII) mRNA levels were quantitated using Northern blot analysis. Despite absence of gross histological changes in the mucosa, lactase protein expression and apolipoprotein A-I and CRBPII mRNA expression were decreased in intestine from gastroschisis compared to sham-operated animals. Expression of GAPDH (a housekeeping gene) increased over the same period, suggesting that the changes in enterocytic absorptive gene expression associated with gastroschisis were relatively specific. In conclusion, a decrease in expression of a variety of genes involved in nutrient absorption and trafficking within the enterocyte may contribute to the absorptive defects seen in this gastroschisis.
EMBEDDED CORPORATISM: Auto Transplants, the Local State and Community Politics in the Midwest Corridor

Change in the global economy leads to examination of auto transplants in six Midwest states, identifying the forces leading states to compete for transplants, and the politics of growth in communities that host transplants. The concept of embedded corporatism is used to analyze the actions of an activist state working with the local business class to have the ideology of corporatism and the transplant initiative embraced by the community.
Energetic and exergetic analysis of CO2- and R32-based transcritical Rankine cycles for low-grade heat conversion

Abstract Transcritical Rankine cycles using refrigerant R32 (CH2F2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as the working fluids are studied for the conversion of low-grade heat into mechanical power. Compared to CO2, R32 has higher thermal conductivity and condenses easily. The energy and exergy analyses of the cycle with these two fluids shows that the R32-based transcritical Rankine cycle can achieve 12.6–18.7% higher thermal efficiency and works at much lower pressures. An analysis of the exergy destruction and losses as well as the exergy efficiency optimization of the transcritical Rankine cycle is conducted. Based on the analysis, an “ideal” working fluid for the transcritical Rankine cycle is conceived, and ideas are proposed to design working fluids that can approach the properties of an “ideal” working fluid.
Mechanical stability and adhesion of microstructures under capillary forces. II. Experiments

For pt.I see ibid., vol.2, p. 33 (1993). Strong capillary forces are developed in the fabrication process of surface micromachined structures during the wet etch of sacrificial layers. The magnitude of these forces is in some cases sufficient to deform and pin these structures to the substrate resulting in device failure. The deflection, mechanical stability, and adhesion of thin micromechanical structure under capillary forces are examined. Microstructure adhesion is considered and experimental data for polycrystalline silicon microstructures are presented. >
Time-Capsule Thinking: The Health Care Workforce, Past And Future

The size and shape of the U.S. health care workforce are in constant evolution. Using the metaphorical device of a time capsule, this essay examines the past and future of the workforce. It traces the growth, specialization, and diversification of health care workers during the twentieth century, emphasizing the particular expansion of the nonmedical aspects of the workforce. Looking ahead, the paper examines technology, informatics, nursing, provider distribution, and the global migration of health care workers as pivotal issues for the future of the workforce.
Dependent-care by battered women: protecting their children.

The phenomenon of battered women's dependent‐care (Orem, 1991), that is, their efforts to prevent hazards to the life, health, and well‐being of their children, was examined. Open‐ended, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with mothers (N = 50) at battered women's shelters in a metropolitan area in the Midwest. The women demonstrated deliberate, creative, and diverse dependent‐care. Caring action and timing provided the basis for patterns of dependent‐care. Health care providers need to recognize these caring actions and consider their value from the perspective of battered women.
Alternative Contexts of Sex Change with Social Control in the Bucktooth Parrotfish, Sparisoma radians

Social control of sex change occurs in a variety of hermaphroditic fishes; upon removal of the dominant individual, the largest individual of the opposite sex typically changes sex and acquires mating priority with the remaining members of the social group. Social control may allow a phenotypically plastic response to social situations that convey cues about the relative advantages of functioning as one sex or the other, and should be advantageous in highly heterogeneous habitats such as coral reefs. Parrotfishes (family Scaridae) are dominant members of herbivorous coral reef fish assemblages, and numerous histological examinations of gonads have demonstrated the hermaphroditic life history of many species in the family. However, social control of sex change has never been conclusively demonstrated in the parrotfishes. To test a new version of the size-advantage model for sex change, we conducted removal experiments of dominant male bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians, in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. A total of seven females from five different reefs changed sex following removals, clearly demonstrating social control of sex change. In addition, all but one of those individuals changing sex were smaller than the largest females remaining in the harems, and this contrasts with nearly all previous studies of sex change in fishes. Sex change proceeds via a novel sequence of events when compared with previous studies. Rather than behavioral sex change preceding morphological sex change, the appearance of male coloration is followed by the development of male behavior that is fully expressed approximately 20 days after removal. We show how differing arrival rates of bachelor males at our study sites may facilitate alternative contexts of sex change, with sex change occurring within social groups in some locations and with bachelor males filling harem vacancies in other locations. Alternative contexts of sex change further illustrate the astonishing phenotypic plasticity in the social and mating behavior of parrotfishes.
Valuing Marine Wilderness: Representative Marine Protected Areas and the Perceived Value of Biodiversity Restoration

Although the political will to protect areas of the ocean in marine protected areas lagged far behind governments' willingness to protect ecologically or culturally important terrestrial areas, marine protected areas and systems of marine protected areas have emerged into the political agendas of governments throughout the world, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and, as of June 2003, the European Union; however, the creation of marine protected areas and systems of marine protected areas requires countries to sacrifice potentially beneficial uses of those areas, such as fishing and mineral extraction. Creation of marine protected areas and systems of marine protected areas thus involve political choices and policy promotion, and a country's choice of legal vehicle and political priorities can suggest implications regarding the eventual scientific and ecological success of its national system of marine protected areas. This paper examines the legal and political rhetoric that three countries—the United States, Canada, and Australia—have used to justify their national systems of marine protected areas and explores the potential ramifications of that rhetoric and the policy choices behind it for the scientific and ecological success of each of their systems. Because each system is relatively new, measurements of success may have to wait for several years; nevertheless, some distinctions are already striking. The United States, for example, is pursuing its national system of marine protected areas based on a non-binding legal policy to promote economic goals, suggesting that the scientific and ecological value of its system will readily fall victim to changing political priorities and economic pressures. Canada, in contrast, has put in place substantial national culture and national pride policies that will serve to reinforce its biodiversity goals for its system of national marine conservation areas. Finally, Australia has committed fully to the protection of marine biodiversity for biodiversity's sake, suggesting that its national system of marine protected areas, as has already been evidenced in the history of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, will enjoy considerable scientific validity.
Immune response of the hamster to experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease.

The Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) first was used for experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections soon after the introduction of this species as a laboratory animal in the United States. Isolation of an infectious agent from patients with atypical pneumonia by intranasal inoculation of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) with sputum samples was reported in 1942. Although unsuccessful for primary isolation of the agent, the hamster could be used for propagation of organisms recovered primarily in the cotton rat. Both animals developed pneumonitis in consequence of infection. Immune responses of patients and experimental hosts were demonstrated by the neutralization of sputum infectivity for animals following incubation of the inoculum with convalescent sera (2).
Interaction between Two Parasites, Apechthis Ontario and Itoplectis quadricingulatus.. Survival in Singly Attacked, Super-, and Multiparasitized Greater Wax Moth Pupae

Individual pupae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), received either single attacks or were super- or multiparasitized by Apechthis Ontario (Cresson) and Itoplectis quadricingulatus (Provancher). Parasite progeny emerged from approximately 75% of the pupae attacked either once or twice by either species. A. Ontario emerged from the majority of multiparasitized pupae where successive attacks occurred less than 10 min apart, regardless of which species attacked first. When the 2nd attack of multiparasitized hosts was delayed until 3 days after the 1st attack, the species which attacked first was successful in the majority of the cases. Observations of parasite attack behavior showed that A. Ontario but not I. quadricingulatus tended to reject hosts containing a developing parasite. It is concluded that A. Ontario is intrinsically superior and tends to avoid multiparasitism.
Cardiac risk factors in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Cardiac risks of noncardiac surgery are associated with some noncardiac risk factors but are primarily a function of the patient's underlying cardiac disease. Elective surgery should only be performed when the patient is in optimal condition--i.e., with no evidence of heart failure, at least 6 months after a previous myocardial infarction, and so forth. Careful monitoring of fluid status should lead to reduced cardiac morbidity and mortality after surgery in these patients.
How student behavior and reflective learning impact grades in online business courses

Purpose – Many universities now offer courses online using learning management systems (LMS). Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of the LMS but few studies have examined how student online behavior within the course, or what they think about the online course, are related to their actual learning outcomes. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, student activity in an online business course was captured though learning analytics and assignments to determine if online activity and reflective learning impact final grade. A post-positivist ideology was employed. The dependent variable was the grade resulting from five assignments assessed using rubrics. Correlation, t-tests, multiple regression, surface response regression, General Linear Model (GLM)/F-tests, text analytics, analysis of means (ANOM), and cluster analysis were used to test the hypotheses. Findings – Four statistically significant predictors of online student learning performance were identified: course logins, lesson reading, lesson quiz activity, and lesson quiz scores. This four factor model captured 78 percent of variance on course grade which is a strong effect and larger than comparative studies using learning analytics with online courses. Text analytics and ANOM conducted on student essays identified 17 reflective learning keywords that were grouped into five clusters to explain online student behavior. Research limitations/implications – First, from a pedagogy standpoint, encouraging students to complete more online lessons including quizzes, generally promotes learning, resulting in higher grades, which is a win:win for students and for the university. Second, from an IT perspective, the student pre and post testing resulted in statistically significant increase of IT-course knowledge, which puts students on a solid foundation to begin an online business course. Additionally, the link between students voicing IT problems but nonetheless scoring very well on the course certainly implies the development of IT self-efficacy, developed partly through the pre and post testing process. A clear link was established between course learning objectives and student learning performance by using a unique text analytics procedure. Originality/value – The mixed-methods research design started with hypothesis testing using parametric and nonparametric techniques. Once a statistically significant predictive GLM was developed, qualitative data were collected from what the students thought as expressed in their last essay assignment. Text analytics was used to identify and statistically weight the 17 most frequent reflective learning keywords from student essays. A visual word cloud was presented. Parametric statistics were then used to partition the reflective learning keywords into grade boundaries. Nonparametric cluster analysis was used to group similar reflective keyword-grade associations together to form five clusters. The five clusters helped to explain student online behavior.
Extracting Information Seeking Intentions for Web Search Sessions

We present a method for extracting the self-reported intentions of users engaged in an information seeking episode. We recruited participants to conduct search sessions and subsequently asked them to self-report their intentions. A total of 27 users participated in a lab study, during which they worked on two search tasks. After each search session, participants indicated their intentions during that session while viewing a video replay. Results indicate that the set of search intentions provided to participants was sufficient to account for intentions in four journalism-related information seeking tasks: a copy editing task, interview preparation task, relationships task, and story pitch task. The results also suggest regular patterns in intentions that can be exploited for identification of task type as well as potential applications to personalization and recommendation during a search episode.
Activity Patterns, Home Range Size, and Intergroup Encounters in Cebus albifrons Support Existing Models of Capuchin Socioecology

Variation in ranging behavior, social organization, and feeding ecology among capuchins (Cebus spp.) is a classic example of how closely related species may be differentially adapted to their local environments. Marked differences in all 3 areas occur among Cebus spp. between the untufted capuchins (Cebus capucinus, C. olivaceous, and C. albifrons) and the tufted capuchins (C. apella, C. xanthosternos, C. nigritus, and C. libidinosus). The key socioecological distinction between the 2 groups has traditionally been that, compared with the tufted group, untufted capuchins eat more ripe foods, as befits their more gracile masticatory system; range more broadly in search of high-quality foods; and live in larger groups with more males and more agonistic interactions between groups. Here I assess how well the basic socioecological characteristics —activity budget, ranging— of previously unstudied Ecuadorian Cebus albifrons fit within this model. Few researchers have conducted studies on Cebus albifrons, despite its prominent role in the initial development of the model for socioecology of Cebus. The results of my 1-yr study of a single social group support the model’s general characterization of untufted capuchins in ranging and feeding behaviors, but also suggest that direct ecological and demographic effects, in addition to adaptation to local conditions, may explain additional variation in group size across species of Cebus.
Die Wirkung von intragastrischem Calcium auf die Magensäuresekretion beim Menschen

Fordtran [1] und Barreras [2] haben als Erste gezeigt, das orales Calciumcarbonat in pharmakologischen Dosen die Magensauresekretion in Patienten mit Duodenalulcus stimuliert.
Who do we think of as good judges? Those who agree with us about us

Abstract The present research considered what leads perceivers to evaluate someone as a good or poor judge of people. In general, we found a substantial role for agreement: perceivers evaluated another person as a good judge when he or she agreed with their perception of someone's characteristics. Importantly, the effect of agreement depended on who this “someone” was. We found that perceivers' evaluation of another individual as a good judge was more heavily shaped by agreement about their own characteristics than by agreement about a third-party target's characteristics. This effect emerged across a range of samples and research designs, including multi-rater evaluations among developing business professionals, experimentally controlled settings, and a survey in which US adults reported on existing relationships. Moderation analyses suggested that the effect of agreement was particularly strong in situations where the agreement could more effectively satisfy perceivers' motives to (a) feel relational connectedness and (b) verify the accuracy of their perception.
A postgraduation follow-up of social work students trained in “SBIRT”: Rates of usage and perceptions of effectiveness

ABSTRACTScreening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based modality that can help social workers work with substance-using clients as part of an integrated health care approach. This study reports the findings of a post-graduation one-year follow-up survey of 193 master’s and bachelor’s social work students trained in SBIRT in practice courses at a Northeast urban college. Forty-three percent of the trainees who were practicing social work after graduation were using SBIRT. A content analysis of participants’ comments found that the vast majority found SBIRT to be a valuable practice modality, with barriers to utilization of SBIRT identified.