cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing an Optimal Intersection Control System for Automated Connected Vehicles

In recent years, automated vehicles (AVs) are emerging as a realistic and viable option. Consequently, substantial research efforts are being dedicated to the development of systems and technologies for the field implementation of AVs. One of the challenges researchers need to address is how to optimize the movement of AVs through roadway intersections. In this paper, an attempt to address this need is introduced. The developed model is an optimization problem subjected to dynamical constraints (i.e., ordinary differential equations governing the motion of a vehicle) and static constraints (i.e., maximum achievable velocities). By virtue of Pontryagin’s minimum principle, the solution that minimizes the trip time is obtained. Given the problem parameters, the solution to the formulated problem is expected to be the true optimum and delivers the lowest possible delay that satisfies the previously mentioned constraints. This logic is simulated and compared with the operation of a roundabout, a stop sign, and a traffic signal-controlled intersection. The results demonstrate that an 80% reduction in delay is achievable compared with the best of these three intersection control strategies, on average. An interesting byproduct of this new logic is a reduction in vehicular fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by 42.5% and 40%, respectively.
Personalized Goal Attainment in Dementia Care: Measuring What Persons with Dementia and Their Caregivers Want.

Author(s): Jennings, Lee A; Ramirez, Karina D; Hays, Ron D; Wenger, Neil S; Reuben, David B | Abstract: ObjectivesTo develop a process of goal-setting and measurement of goal attainment in a dementia care management program.DesignObservational.SettingDementia care management program in an urban academic medical center.ParticipantsPersons with dementia (N=101) and their caregivers; nurse practitioner dementia care managers (N=5).InterventionSpecification of a personalized health goal and action plan and measurement of goal attainment using goal attainment scaling in a clinical care visit.MeasurementsGoal attainment at 6 and 12 months; focus groups of 5 dementia care managers.ResultsEighty-four percent of participant goals were nonmedical, 47% were related to quality of life, and 29% were caregiver support goals. Eighty-eight percent of participants felt that the goal they set was meaningful and 74% that the goal-setting process captured something different from usual care, and 85% found the process helpful in planning for future care. At 6 months, 74% of dyads had achieved or exceeded their expected level of goal attainment. Dementia care managers felt that the goal-setting process improved their understanding of what was most important to the patient, helped set expectations about disease progression and care needs, and provided positive reinforcement when goals were accomplished and an opportunity for revision when goals were not met.ConclusionGoal setting using goal attainment scaling can be incorporated into the care of persons with dementia to establish and attain person-centered goals. Research is needed to further develop personalized goal attainment as an outcome measure for dementia care. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2120-2127, 2018.
28.2 A 220μW -85dBm Sensitivity BLE-Compliant Wake-up Receiver Achieving -60dB SIR via Single-Die Multi- Channel FBAR-Based Filtering and a 4-Dimentional Wake-Up Signature

Wake-up receivers (WuRXs) offer an attractive low-power means to synchronize low-average-throughput wireless devices without requiring energy-expensive periodic synchronization routines between primary radios. To achieve low-power operation, most prior-art WuRXs tend to utilize custom OOK or FSK modulation schemes that are not compliant with any standards, while also forgoing important capabilities present in more powerful radios, such as the ability to operate in the presence of potentially large interferers or dynamically switch between multiple channels - both of which are very important when operating in congested bands. Since Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the most popular standards for low-power IoT devices, prior work has endeavored to develop BLE-compliant WuRXs that achieve low-power operation through means of back-channel (BC) communication - signals that are generated by a standard-compliant BLE TX, yet encode information in a modality that can be demodulated by low-power means (e.g., direct energy detection [1], [2]). Unfortunately, the wideband energy detectors in [1], [2]not only directly demodulate interferers with no channel selectivity, they also introduce significant demodulated RF noise, limiting sensitivity to -56.5dBm at 236nW and -58dBm at $164 \mu \mathrm {W}$, respectively. To impart channel selectivity, a mixer-first architecture was demonstrated in [3], achieving a sensitivity of -80dBm at $230 \mu \mathrm {W}$, though this does not include the power of a PLL or FLL to stabilize the free-running single-channel VCO. To facilitate stabilized multichannel operation, $\mathrm {a}120 \mu \mathrm {W}$crystal-stabilized FLL-based LO generator was included in [4]with frequency hopping support, for a total WuRX power of $150 \mu \mathrm {W}$. While selective, the design achieved a sensitivity of only -57.5dBm.
Correction to: Safety of orogastric tubes in foregut and bariatric surgery.

The article “Safety of orogastric tubes in foregut and bariatric surgery,” written by Kulvir Nandra and Richard Ing, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 32, issue 10, pages 4068–4070, the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2018 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Applying Deep-Q Networks to Target Tracking to Improve Cognitive Radar

In this paper we address radar-communication coexistence by modeling the radar environment as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), and then apply Deep-Q Learning to optimize radar performance. The radar environment includes a single point target and a communications system that will potentially interfere with the radar. We demonstrate that the Deep-Q Network (DQN) we construct is able to successfully avoid interfering with the communication system when necessary. We also show that the DQN method outperforms previous methods in terms of memory and handling new situations.
A Relaxed Projection Control in the Context of Inverse Optimal Control for Discrete Nonlinear Systems

We present a nonlinear discrete time feedback control design by searching over a family of controls and associated candidate quadratic control Lyapunov functions parameterized by the symmetric positive definite matrices using an ensemble Kalman search. Then we propose a novel relaxation of the control which can be used to tune for a particular implementation. We show that the proposed family of controls are globally exponentially stable for linear systems, and test the controls on both a linear and nonlinear example.
The impact of modeling-eliciting activities on high school student design performance

Modeling allows students to become more effective designers. High school technology and engineering students engage in engineering design challenges as part of traditional instructional practices. Model-eliciting activities (MEA) present students with opportunities to elicit mathematical thinking that facilitates modeling. Students (n = 266) from four high schools completed a MEA and design challenge procedure. The research design utilized a quasi-experimental method, post-test only, with homogenous matching comparison groups based on possible confounding variables. A rubric was used to measure student design performance. Students in the comparison group (n = 124) completed a traditional design challenge and were assessed on their design performance. Students in the treatment group (n = 142) completed a MEA, a traditional design challenge and were assessed on their design performance. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used in order to discover if the difference in average design challenge rubric score from comparison group (42.56) to the treatment group (45.18) was statistically significant. A one-way multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to indicate if the differences in student average scores in each rubric category were significant. The ANCOVA did not reveal evidence supporting the research question with regard to overall design performance. The Pillai’s Trace MANCOVA test results were significant. Four design rubric categories were found to be significantly different: Criteria, Proposal, Test/Evaluate, and Communicate. The findings in this study suggest that MEAs significantly support design-based classroom activities. While overall student design performance was reported to show no significant increase, aspects of design displayed significant improvement. Technology and engineering teachers should examine MEAs as potential curriculum enhancements in their design-based classrooms.
Automated Redistricting Simulation Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Legislative redistricting is a critical element of representative democracy. A number of political scientists have used simulation methods to sample redistricting plans under various constraints to...
Tunable assembly of hybrid colloids induced by regioselective depletion

Assembling colloidal particles using site-selective directional interactions into predetermined colloidal superlattices with desired properties is broadly sought after, but challenging to achieve. Herein, we exploit regioselective depletion interactions to engineer the directional bonding and assembly of non-spherical colloidal hybrid microparticles. We report that the crystallization of a binary colloidal mixture can be regulated by tuning the depletion conditions. Subsequently, we fabricate triblock biphasic colloids with controlled aspect ratios to achieve regioselective bonding. Without any surface treatment, these biphasic colloids assemble into various colloidal superstructures and superlattices featuring optimized pole-to-pole or centre-to-centre interactions. Additionally, we observe polymorphic crystallization, quantify the abundancy of each form using algorithms we developed and investigate the crystallization process in real time. We demonstrate selective control of attractive interactions between specific regions on an anisotropic colloid with no need of site-specific surface functionalization, leading to a general method for achieving colloidal structures with yet unforeseen arrangements and properties. Hybrid colloidal suprastructures and superlattices are assembled by exploring depletion forces to selectively control the interactions between colloidal particles.
Optimized Signal Flow through Photoreceptors Supports the High-Acuity Vision of Primates

The fovea is a neural specialization that endows humans and other primates with the sharpest vision among mammals. This performance originates in the foveal cones, which are extremely narrow and long to form a high-resolution pixel array. Puzzlingly, this form is predicted to impede electrical conduction to an extent that appears incompatible with vision. We observe the opposite: signal flow through even the longest cones (0.4-mm axons) is essentially lossless. Unlike in most neurons, amplification and impulse generation by voltage-gated channels are dispensable. Rather, sparse channel activity preserves intracellular current, which flows as if unobstructed by organelles. Despite these optimizations, signaling would degrade if cones were lengthier. Because cellular packing requires that cone elongation accompanies foveal expansion, this degradation helps explain why the fovea is a constant, miniscule size despite multiplicative changes in eye size through evolution. These observations reveal how biophysical mechanisms tailor form-function relationships for primate behavioral performance.
Studying the impact of online homework on the perceptions, attitudes, study habits, and learning experiences of chemistry students

The importance of providing students with opportunities to solve problems and providing them with feedback on their learning cannot be underscored. Providing individualized feedback to students in large enrollment classes, such as general chemistry, is an impossible task for instructors. Online homework provides a solution to this problem. College faculty have overall been supportive of online homework and learning resources because it reduces the time they spend grading, entering grades, and returning paper-based homework especially that the class sizes have been steadily increasing over the past several years. The purpose of this paper is to study students’ perceptions about the usefulness of online homework, the role it plays in improving their problem solving skills and study habits, and the effect it has on their attitudes and learning. Data was collected using a Likert-type and open-ended questionnaire from students enrolled in general chemistry courses. Our data suggests that online homework had a positive impact on students’ perceptions, attitudes, learning experiences, understanding, and learning outcomes. It also increased the amount of time on tasks for students which has the benefit of meaningful learning, engagement in the content, and achievement. Finally, our data suggests that online homework contributed to students’ improved active engagement in the course, study habits, and understanding.
Effectiveness of Pediatric Asthma Pathways in Community Hospitals: A Multisite Quality Improvement Study.

Author(s): Desai, Mansi; Caldwell, Katherine; Gupta, Nisha; Bekmezian, Arpi; Cabana, Michael D; Auerbach, Andrew D; Kaiser, Sunitha V | Abstract: Pathways guide clinicians through evidence-based care of specific conditions. Pathways have been demonstrated to improve pediatric asthma care, but mainly in studies at tertiary children's hospitals. Our global aim was to enhance the quality of asthma care across multiple measures by implementing pathways in community hospitals.MethodsThis quality improvement study included children ages 2-17 years with a primary diagnosis of asthma. Data were collected before and after pathway implementation (total 28 mo). Pathway implementation involved local champions, educational meetings, audit/feedback, and electronic health record integration. Emergency department (ED) measures included severity assessment at triage, timely systemic corticosteroid administration (within 60 mins), chest radiograph (CXR) utilization, hospital admission, and length of stay (LOS). Inpatient measures included screening for secondhand tobacco and referral to cessation resources, early administration of bronchodilator via metered-dose inhaler, antibiotic prescription, LOS, and 7-day readmission/ED revisit. Analyses were done using statistical process control.ResultsWe analyzed 881 ED visits and 138 hospitalizations from 2 community hospitals. Pathways were associated with increases in the proportion of children with timely systemic corticosteroid administration (Site 1: 32%-57%, Site 2: 62%-75%) and screening for secondhand tobacco (Site 1: 82%-100%, Site 2: 54%-89%); and decreases in CXR utilization (Site 1: 44%-29%), ED LOS (Site 1: 230-197 mins), and antibiotic prescription (Site 2: 23%-3%). There were no significant changes in other outcomes.ConclusionsPathways improved pediatric asthma care quality in the ED and inpatient settings of community hospitals.
Rescuing medical education in times of COVID-19

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused widespread disruptions in various sectors of medicine, including medical education. Although the necessary focus has been on patient care and public safety and the long-lasting impact of COVID-19 remains to be determined, the impact on medical education warrants further attention and action. While it seems minuscule compared with the toll the global pandemic has caused worldwide, the impact on medical education, including graduate medical education, carries the potential to alter career progression and outcomes. We have assessed the effects of COVID-19 on dermatology clinics, residency education, and medical education, exploring recommendations and actions taken by governing bodies and offering additional suggestions of our own.
Age-dependent changes in hormonal stress reactivity following repeated restraint stress throughout adolescence in male rats.

Stress-related psychological dysfunctions show a marked increase during adolescence, yet the mechanisms that mediate these vulnerabilities are unknown. Notably, however, adolescence is associated w...
Specific populations of basal ganglia output neurons target distinct brain stem areas while collateralizing throughout the diencephalon

Basal ganglia play a central role in regulating behavior, but the organization of their outputs to other brain areas is incompletely understood. We investigate the largest output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and delineate the organization and physiology of its projection populations in mice. Using genetically targeted viral tracing and whole-brain anatomical analysis, we identify over 40 SNr targets that encompass a roughly 50-fold range of axonal densities. Retrograde tracing from the volumetrically largest targets indicates that the SNr contains segregated subpopulations that differentially project to functionally distinct brain stem regions. These subpopulations are electrophysiologically specialized and topographically organized and collateralize to common diencephalon targets, including the motor and intralaminar thalamus as well as the pedunculopontine nucleus and the midbrain reticular formation. These findings establish that SNr signaling is organized as dense, parallel outputs to specific brain stem targets concurrent with extensive collateral branches that encompass the majority of SNr axonal boutons.
Transient Monocular Vision Loss

Transient monocular vision loss (TMVL) is a common presenting symptom in both primary care and ophthalmology clinics. The differential diagnosis is broad, and a physician must properly triage patients with TMVL to ensure adequate workup and prompt treatment. On initial evaluation, important questions include confirming monocular vision loss, episode length, progression over time, inciting factors, pattern of visual loss, and associated symptoms such as headache, pain, or double vision. Given the inherent transient nature of the vision loss, the physical exam can be normal when the patient presents to the clinic, underscoring the importance of a detailed history of presenting symptoms and review of medical history. Timing and necessity of further ophthalmic testing, neuroimaging, and serological analyses are guided by the patient’s presenting symptoms and examination, with emphasis placed on life-saving measures for those patients at risk for developing a stroke and/or permanent vision loss.
Reconstitution of the kidney glomerular capillary wall

Abstract Podocytes play an important role in maintaining the function of the glomerulus, and their loss or dysfunction contribute to the initiation and progression of kidney disease. The tissue interface consisting of podocytes and fenestrated endothelial cells constitute the kidney’s glomerular capillary wall, which is the primary site for blood filtration. The development of in vitro models that can closely recapitulate the structure and function of the glomerulus can help advance current understanding of the mechanisms of organ development and disease progression and facilitate therapeutic development. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are an attractive source of specialized cells for the development of patient-specific in vitro models owing to their remarkable ability to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into almost any cell type when provided appropriate cues. Additionally, microfluidic devices provide a dynamic tissue culture environment for reconstituting glomerular tissue-tissue interface. In this chapter, we first provide an overview of some of the essential features that an engineered microphysiological system must possess in order to accurately model the glomerular capillary wall in vitro. We also present some of the challenges that must be addressed when integrating stem cell biology with microengineered systems including organ-on-a-chip devices. We then present our method for directing the differentiation of human iPS cells into functional podocytes with characteristics associated with the mature phenotype. Furthermore, we describe integration of the stem cell-derived podocytes into endothelium-lined microfluidic organ-on-a-chip device to reconstitute the structure and function of the kidney glomerulus. We highlight application of this organ engineering strategy to study the roles of mechanical forces and the role of podocyte-endothelium interface in tissue development and function, as well as modeling of disease phenotypes. Finally, we highlight some engineering approaches that could help progress toward regenerative medicine, disease modeling, toxicity testing, and drug discovery using organ-on-a-chip microphysiological systems.
The relationship between disordered eating behaviors and injury rates in adolescent athletes.

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between disordered eating (DE) and significant sport injury in adolescent athletes. METHOD Responses to one item of the Disordered Eating Screen for Athletes and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) items, administered to n = 308 adolescent athletes, were analyzed with data on injury. Nonparametric statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to examine differences in DE rates amongst known injured adolescent athletes. RESULTS The EAT-26 scores of injured females, median score of 9, were significantly higher than all other groupings with H(3) = 17.26 p < .001, η2 = .047. Using regression analyses, injury significantly predicted a rise in EAT-26 score by five points in females, p = .01, R2 = .052. DISCUSSION This evidence suggests a relationship between adolescent female sport injury and DE, but no relationship between adolescent male sport injury and DE. These results demonstrate a need to screen for DE in athletes. Given a positive screen, athletes should be educated on the risks associated with relative energy deficiency and potentially referred to a practitioner with knowledge of the associated complications.
Hegel and Aristotle

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction Part I. The History of Philosophy and its Place within the System: 1. The idea of a history of philosophy 2. The arrangement of the Lectures on Aristotle: architectonic and systematic presuppositions of Hegel's interpretation Part II. Logic and Metaphysics: 3. The Lectures on the Metaphysics 4. The Aristotelian heritage in the Science of Logic 5. Aristotelian questions 6. Essence and concept Part III. Aristotle and the Realphilosophie: 7. Aristotelian and Newtonian models in Hegel's philosophy of nature 8. Aristotle's De anima and Hegel's philosophy of subjective spirit 9. The political realization of ethics Part IV. Conclusions: 10. Truth, holism and judgement 11. The pictures of Aristotle in Hegel's formative years Bibliography Index.
Abstract W P374: Coated-Platelet Levels Correlate With HAS-BLED Scores in Stroke Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Coated-platelets are a subset of procoagulant platelets observed upon dual agonist stimulation with collagen and thrombin. Coated-platelet levels are increased in non-lacunar ischemic stroke compared to controls; however, patients with early hemorrhagic transformation have lower coated-platelet levels than those without. In contrast to brain infarction, coated-platelet levels are decreased in intracerebral hemorrhage and inversely correlated with the size of the bleed. Because anticoagulation is a key preventive treatment in cardioembolic stroke, we investigated the existence of a relationship between coated-platelets and bleeding risk in stroke patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: Coated-platelet levels, reported as percent of platelets converted to coated-platelets, were determined in 45 consecutive patients with acute stroke and atrial fibrillation. Exclusion criteria consisted of dementia, stroke due to other causes than atrial fibrillation, > 96 hours between onset of symptoms and ...
Critical-state scaling and weak links in Ag-sheathed Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O z

Transport and magnetization measurements are compared for ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{z}}$/Ag tapes with critical current densities approaching ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$=${10}^{4}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 77 K, and at zero field. Upon subdivision of the sample, the magnetic hysteresis is found to scale approximately with the sample dimension, indicating that persistent currents flow throughout the superconducting core. The ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ determined using the critical-state analysis is a factor of \ensuremath{\sim}2--3 higher than that obtained in transport. A weak magnetic-field dependence of ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is demonstrated at low temperatures, and yet, a comparison with data for powder samples indicates that the transport ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is limited by weak intergranular coupling. At low temperature, the transport ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is 2 orders of magnitude below the intragranular ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$. At high temperatures, weak intragranular flux pinning appears to be the dominant limiting mechanism. The degree to which transport properties might be enhanced through the introduction of pinning centers and better intergranular coupling is explored.
An Engineering Application of Earthquake Early Warning: ePAD-Based Decision Framework for Elevator Control

In a medium-to-large earthquake, there are often reports of people being trapped or injured in elevators. This study investigates using an earthquake early warning (EEW) system, which provides seconds to tens of seconds warning before seismic waves arrive at a site, to help people escape from the elevators before a strong shaking arrives. However, such an application remains as a major engineering challenge due to the uncertainty of the EEW information and the short lead time available. A recent study presented an earthquake probability-based automated decision-making (ePAD) framework to address these issues. This paper focuses on studying the influence of two commonly ignored factors, uncertainty of warning and lead time, on the decision of stopping the elevators and opening the doors when an EEW message is received. Application of the ePAD framework requires using the performance-based earthquake engineering methodology for elevator damage prediction, making decision based on a cost-benefit model and reducing computational time with a surrogate model. The authors’ results show that ePAD can provide rational decisions for elevator control based on EEW information under different amounts of lead time and uncertainty level of the warning.
MIM capacitance efficiency study for high speed I/O power integrity network design: MIM and MIMless high speed I/O performance characterization

Capacitance is very important in High Speed I/O power integrity network design. There are different form of capacitors being used on the High Speed I/O Power Integrity Network to ensure the performance of the circuit. In this paper, the effectiveness of MIM capacitance and MOS capacitance is compared. MIM capacitance comes in bulk quantity but placed further away from the HSIO circuits. While MOS capacitance comes in considerably lower quantity but placed closer to the HSIO circuits. As such, there is a performance trade-off during the power integrity design considering the two different capacitances. While MOS capacitance is the preferred choice, the introduction of MIM capacitance has become an attractive option; as it offers much more capacitance at lower price. Can MOS capacitance be replaced by the MIM capacitance? The discussion will focus on PDN analysis to describe the change in behavior and the validation results to show the gap when MIM capacitance is completely removed.
Magnetic Field Spectroheliograms from the San Fernando Observatory

Zeeman spectroheliograms of photospheric magnetic fields (longitudinal component) in the CaI 6102.7 A line are being obtained with the new 61-cm vacuum solar telescope and spectrohelio- graph, using the Leighton technique. The structure of the magnetic field network appears identical to the bright photospheric network visible in the cores of many Fraunhofer lines and in CN spectroheliograms, with the exception that polarities are distinguished. This supports the evolving concept that solar magnetic fields outside of sunspots exist in small concentrations of essentially vertically oriented field, roughly clumped to form a network imbedded in the otherwise field-free photosphere. A time- lapse spectroheliogram movie sequence spanning 6 hr revealed changes in the magnetic fields, including a systematic outward streaming of small magnetic knots of both polarities within annular areas surrounding several sunspots. The photospheric magnetic fields and a series of filtergrams taken at various wavelengths in the Hα profile starting in the far wing are intercompared in an effort to demonstrate that the dark strands of arch filament systems (AFS) and fibrils map magnetic field lines in the chromosphere. An example of an active region in which the magnetic fields assume a distinct spiral structure is presented.
Activation of Transcription by PU.1 Requires both Acidic and Glutamine Domains

The B-lymphocyte- and macrophage-specific transcription factor PU.1 is a member of the ets family of proteins. To understand how PU.1 functions as a transcription factor, we initiated a series of experiments to define its activation domain. Using deletion analysis, we showed that the activation domain of PU.1 is located in the amino-terminal half of the protein. Within this region, we identified three acidic subdomains and one glutamine-rich subdomain. The deletion of any of these subdomains resulted in a significant loss in the ability of PU.1 to transactivate in cotransfection studies. Amino acid substitution analysis showed that the activation of transcription by PU.1 requires acidic residues between amino acids 7 and 74 and a group of glutamine residues between amino acids 75 and 84. These data show that PU.1 contains two types of known activation domains and that both are required for maximal transactivation.
Free Trade in Agriculture and Global Poverty

This paper assesses the potential impacts of the removal of agriculture trade distortions using a newly developed data set and methodological approach for evaluating the global poverty and inequality effects of policy reforms. It finds that liberalisation of agriculture and food could increase global extreme poverty by 0.2 per cent and lower moderate poverty by 0.3 per cent. Beneath these small aggregate changes, most countries witness a substantial reduction in poverty, while South Asia – where half of the world’s poor reside – experiences an increase in extreme poverty incidence owing to high rates of protection afforded to unskilled-intensive agricultural sectors. The distributional changes are likely to be mild but exhibit a strong regional pattern. Inequality is likely to fall in regions such as Latin America, which are characterised by high initial inequality, and rise in regions like South Asia, characterised by low initial inequality.
The gene for familial juvenile polyposis maps to chromosome 18q21

Familial juvenile polyposis (FJP) is a hamartomatous polyposis syndrome in which affected family members develop upper and lower gastrointestinal juvenile polyps and are at increased risk for gastrointestinal cancer. A genetic locus for FJP has not yet been identified by linkage; therefore, the objective of this study was to perform a focused genome screen in a large family segregating FJP. No evidence for linkage was found with markers near MSH2, MLH1, MCC, APC, HMPS, CDKN2A, JP1, PTEN, KRAS2, TP53, or LKB1. Linkage to FJP was established with several markers from chromosome 18q21.1. The maximum LOD score was 5.00, with marker D18S1099 (recombination fraction of .001). Analysis of critical recombinants places the FJP gene in an 11.9-cM interval bounded by D18S1118 and D18S487, a region that also contains the tumor-suppressor genes DCC and DPC4. These data demonstrate localization of a gene for FJP to chromosome 18q21.1 by linkage, and they raise the possibility that either DCC or DPC4 could be responsible for FJP.
Katalytische, regiospezifische Funktionalisierung von Alkanen in terminaler Position: photochemisch induzierte, rheniumkatalysierte Borierung

Auf dem Weg zum „Heiligen Gral”? Die regioselektive Funktionalisierung von Alkanen gelingt mit kommerziell erhaltlichen Rheniumkatalysatoren und Boranreagentien unter photochemischen Bedingungen [Gl. (1)]. Mechanistische Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, das die Regioselektivitat auf die direkte thermische Reaktion eines photochemisch gebildeten 16-Elektronen-Borylkomplexes mit dem Alkan zuruckzufuhren ist.
Effects of ice on the flow of the upper Mississippi River

During the past winter the engineers of the St. Paul district of the United States Geological Survey had the opportunity of making a detailed study of ice-conditions on the upper Mississippi River at the gaging-stations at Prescott, Wisconsin, and Winona, Minnesota, 30 and 116 miles respectively downstream from St. Paul. In the course of this study two facts of general interest were ascertained. It was found that during the frozen period the discharge at both stations fluctuated in remarkable unison with the fluctuations of temperature, and that the natural reservoirs, Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin, helped to produce these fluctuations.
Science and technology with nuclear tracks in solids

Fission track dating has greatly expanded its usefulness to geology over the last 40 years. It is central to thermochronology—the use of shortened fission tracks to decipher the thermal history, movement, and provenance of rocks. When combined with other indicators, such as zircon color and (U–Th)/He, a range of temperatures from 40∘C to 400∘C can be studied. Combining fission track analysis with cosmogenic nuclide decay rates, one can study landscape development and denudation of passive margins. Technological applications have expanded from biological filters, radon mapping, and dosimetry to the use of ion track microtechnology in microlithography, micromachining by ion track etching, microscopic field emission tips, magnetic nanowires as magnetoresistive sensors, microfluidic devices, physiology of ion channels in single cells, and so on. In nuclear and particle physics, relatively insensitive glass detectors have been almost single-handedly responsible for our knowledge of cluster radioactivity, and plastic track detectors together with automated measuring systems have been used at the Bevalac, Brookhaven, CERN, and GSI, mainly to study fragmentation of high-energy heavy nuclei. Almost everything we know about the ultraheavy cosmic rays has been learned using Lexan on the Long Duration Exposure Facility and BP-1 phosphate glass on the Mir Station. New topics include development of calorimetric aerogels capable of measuring kinetic energies of hypervelocity interstellar and interplanetary dust grains in space and research on identification of strains of Bacillus spores by measurements of their size and swelling rates when humidified.
What Is News? Audiences May Have Their Own Ideas

This study examines what young adults consider to be news, comparing that with traditional news values as espoused by journalists and taught in journalism schools. Employing an online survey, we compared those views with the participants' assessment of whether 42 headlines are “news.” Findings indicated that traditional values of prominence, impact, and controversy were important to participants but that timeliness and proximity were less so. Opinion also emerged as a value.
Spatial and Temporal Behavior of a Plasma Bullet Launched by a Pulsed Cold Plasma Device

Summary form only given. Because of their ability to achieve enhanced plasma chemistry at low temperatures, pulsed plasmas are very attractive in applications that require a rich chemical environment, such as combustion. Here, we report on a cold plasma jet launched by a pulsed plasma device (the plasma pencil). The plasma pencil can generate relatively long plasma plumes at atmospheric pressure. It exhibits plasma controllability and stability, room temperature and atmospheric pressure operation, as well as low power consumption. These are desirable features of a plasma source that can be used reliably in material processing, including biomedical applications. In this work, we present the correlation between current-voltage characteristics and fast photography of the plasma plume that is in feet a small bullet -like volume of plasma traveling at unusually high velocities. A mechanism of the plasma bullet traveling under very low electric field conditions will be discussed. This is based on a streamer model where photoionization plays an important role to explain the plume dynamical behavior.
Demodulation Schemes For Fibre Optic Sensors

The purpose of the demodulation scheme in fibre optic interferometers is to transform the optical output of the interferometer into an electrical signal proportional to the amplitude of the relative phase shift. Typical requirements of the detection scheme1,20,4 are: to be able to resolve signals corresponding to 10-6 rad phase shift, to have a linear response and to have a large dynamic range (106 107). Specific requirements such as packaging and low power consumption are also important. In this talk, four types of detection schemes will be discussed, two active homodyne techniques using a) a piezoelectric fibre stretcher) and b) laser tuning2 and two passive homodyne techniques using a) phase modulation3 and b) a (3x3) directional coupler.4 Each of these schemes have achieved prad performance, however, each scheme has specific advantages and disadvantages which will be briefly described below and discussed at the conference.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of Accuracy and Efficiency of Directed Scanning and Group-Item Scanning for Augmentative Communication Selection Techniques With Typically Developing Preschoolers

Purpose Directed scanning and group-item scanning both represent options for increased scanning efficiency. This investigation compared accuracy and speed of selection with preschoolers using each scanning method. The study’s purpose was to describe performance characteristics of typically developing children and to provide a reliable assessment protocol to evaluate scanning skills. Method Investigators examined within-participant performance on an identity matching-to-sample task using directed and group-item scanning with 13 typically developing preschoolers. Children selected line-drawn symbols from a 36-symbol display configured for each scanning method. Results Children were more accurate using directed than group-item scanning. They required a greater number of cursor movements to accurately select symbols with group-item than with directed scanning; however, no differences in actual selection time were apparent. Further analyses comparing performance using group-item scanning for selections requiri...
Food Intake Patterns and Plate Waste Among Community Meal Center Guests Show Room for Improvement

Food insecure individuals often consume nutritionally inadequate diets. Using a weighted plate waste analysis, we examined whether adult guests of 2 independently operated meal centers were served and consumed Food and Drug Administration–recommended serving sizes (reference amount customarily consumed; RACC) of protein, starch, fruit, vegetables, and bread for the dinner meal. In both centers, guests were served and consumed more than 100% of RACC for protein. Regardless of amount served and independent of whether guests took seconds, consumption of fruit and vegetables was less than RACC. Larger servings of vegetables, but not of protein or starch, resulted in more plate waste. Guest surveys and informal interviews indicated that amounts served and preparation methods influenced food consumption and waste patterns. In order to provide adequate nutrition and to reduce food waste, meal centers may need to further examine food preparation and serving practices.
Trends in optical biomedical imaging

Recent progress in the development of optical techniques for non-invasive imaging in biology and medicine is reviewed. We start with some fundamental considerations of light propagation in random media. We then discuss imaging using coherent unscattered light and diffuse light. Microscopic techniques based on one- and two-photon fluorescence are described and several types of nonlinear and time-resolved microscopy are explained. We conclude with some application examples and an outlook.
An iterative method for solving a non-stationary radiation diffusion system

The purpose of this paper is to give a systematic treatment for a non-stationary radiation diffusion problem which involves a coupled system of integro-differential equations and some initial and boundary conditions. Using an iterative scheme we obtain a recursion formula for the calculation of approximate solutions as well as their error estimates. It is shown that the sequence of approximations converges to a unique classical solution which also leads to an existence-uniqueness theorem. In addition, we show that the solution is positive and depends continuously on the external source and the initial-boundary data. The latter property together with the existence-uniqueness theorem insure that the system is well-posed in the sense of Hadamard.
Design and Performance of an Optimized Dispersive Infrared Dichrograph

The design of a spectrometer for the observation of infrared vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is reported. This instrument utilizes f/4 aperture, a minimum of optical elements, and a new electronic data acquisition method to improve the sensitivity of previous dispersive units. The instrument described exhibits a level of sensitivity comparable to that of present Fourier transform (FT) VCD instruments, while avoiding some problems which still persist in FT-VCD.
Generalization of self-instruction: The effect of strategy adaptation training as a function of cognitive level

Abstract In an examination of the factors involved in the generalization of self-instruction training, 48 preoperational and concrete operational first- and second-grade children received either self-instruction training or no training on the Matching Familiar Figures Test. In subsequent training using a perceptual perspective-taking task, half of the children in the self-instruction group received training in the specific adaptation of the previously learned strategy, the remainder received training in the general adaptation of the strategy. All groups were posttested on these two tasks and a generalization task (Tower of Hanoi). Preoperational and concrete operational children in both adaptation groups improved significantly at posttest on both training tasks. On the generalization task, only concrete operational children in the specific adaptation group showed significant improvement. These findings support the view that the format of instructions interacts with the child's cognitive capacities. The need is emphasized for a more individualized intervention context which considers the developmental status of child.
Brain damage and the ordering of two temporally successive stimuli

Abstract Pairs of auditory and visual stimuli were presented to brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged subjects who were asked to indicate which member of the stimulus pair came first. The interstimulus interval between members of the stimulus pair was varied. Results demonstrated that performance depends upon sensory modality, spatial location of stimuli, features by which the stimuli differ, and type of aphasia present.
Agent based modeling of blood coagulation system: Implementation using a GPU based high speed framework

The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems are complex, inter-connected biological systems with major physiological roles. The complex, nonlinear multi-point relationships between the molecular and cellular constituents of two systems render a comprehensive and simultaneous study of the system at the microscopic and macroscopic level a significant challenge. We have created an Agent Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) approach for simulating these complex interactions. As the scale of agents increase, the time complexity and cost of the resulting simulations presents a significant challenge. As such, in this paper, we also present a high-speed framework for the coagulation simulation utilizing the computing power of graphics processing units (GPU). For comparison, we also implemented the simulations in NetLogo, Repast, and a direct C version. As our experiments demonstrate, the computational speed of the GPU implementation of the million-level scale of agents is over 10 times faster versus the C version, over 100 times faster versus the Repast version and over 300 times faster versus the NetLogo simulation.
Adenosine deaminases— some evolutionary trends among vertebrates☆

Abstract 1. 1. Previous studies have shown that the chicken has adenosine deamines with high activation energies as compared to enzymes from the cow and from one species of frog ( Rana grylio ). Also, adenosine deaminases from the livers of this species of frog have low relative substsrate specificities as compared to those from the chicken and cow. 2. 2. These differences could represent characteristics of all amphibians, birds and mammals respectively or they could be du e to wide variation between species. Results presented in this paper indicate that high activation energies are characteristic of birds in general and that most amphibians have liver adenosine deaminases with low relative substrate specificities. The exceptions are Amphiuma and Siren . 3. 3. An evolutionary interpretation of these results is suggested.
Electronic properties of noble metal alloys

Abstract Residual resistivity and electronic specific heat measurements have been made on alloys of the type Ag α (AuxCu1- x)1-α. The results are consistent with the perturbation theory of such alloys due to Stern, assuming that the difference in effective scattering potential between silver and copper is much smaller than that between silver and gold. Poor agreement is obtained with the phonon-enhancement model of Haga.
Palliative Care in the Intensive Care Unit

Most patients who receive terminal care in the intensive care setting die after withdrawing or limiting of life-sustaining measures provided in the intensive care setting. The integration of palliative care into the intensive care unit (ICU) provides care, comfort, and planning for patients, families, and the medical staff to help decrease the emotional, spiritual, and psychological stress of a patient's death. Quality measures for palliative care in the ICU are discussed along with case studies to demonstrate how this integration is beneficial for a patient and family. Integrating palliative care into the ICU is also examined in regards to the complex adaptive system.