cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory and the Real-Time Dynamics of Fermi Superfluids

I describe the time-dependent superfluid local density approximation, which is an adiabatic extension of the density functional theory to superfluid Fermi systems and their real-time dynamics. This new theoretical framework has been used to describe several phenomena in cold atomic gases and nuclear collective motion: excitation of the Higgs modes in strongly interacting Fermi superfluids, generation of quantized vortices, crossing and reconnection of vortices, excitation of the superflow at velocities above the critical velocity, excitation of quantum shock waves and domain walls in the collisions of superfluid atomic clouds, and excitation of collective states in nuclei.
DAVs: Red Edge and Outbursts

As established by photometric surveys, white dwarfs with hydrogen atmospheres and surface gravity, log(g) ≈ 8.0 pulsate as they cool across the temperature range of 12,500 K ≳ T_(eff) ≳ 10,800 K. Known as DAVs or ZZ Ceti stars, their oscillations are attributed to gravity modes excited by convective driving. Overstability requires convective driving to exceed radiative damping. Previous works have demonstrated that ω ≳ max(τ_c^( −1), L_(l,b)) is a necessary and sufficient condition for overstability. Here τ_c and L l,b are the effective thermal timescale and Lamb frequency at the base of the surface convection zone. Below the observational red edge, L(l,b) » τ_c^( −1), so overstable modes all have ωτ_c » 1. Consequently, their photometric amplitudes are reduced by that large factor rendering them difficult to detect. Although proposed previously, the condition ω ≳ L_(l,b) has not been clearly interpreted. We show that modes with ω < L_(l,b) suffer enhanced radiative damping that exceeds convective driving rendering them damped. A quasi-adiabatic analysis is adequate to account for this enhancement. Although this approximation is only marginally valid at the red edge, it becomes increasingly accurate toward both higher and lower T_(eff). Recently, Kepler discovered a number of cool DAVs that exhibit sporadic flux outbursts. Typical outbursts last several hours, are separated by days, and release ~10^(33) – 10^(34) erg. We attribute outbursts to limit cycles arising from sufficiently resonant 3-mode couplings between overstable parent modes and pairs of radiatively damped daughter modes. Limit cycles account for the durations and energies of outbursts and their prevalence near the red edge of the DAV instability strip.
Internal wave pressure, velocity, and energy flux from density perturbations

A Green's-function-based method for computing the instantaneous velocity, pressure, and baroclinic energy flux strictly from measurements of the density perturbation field represents an important improvement with respect to existing techniques. Energy flux measurements are vital to interpreting the contribution of internal waves to the ocean's energy budget.
A Correction for GALEX Spectroscopic UV Flux Distributions from Comparisons with CALSPEC and IUE

The CALSPEC database of absolute spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is based on pure hydrogen model atmosphere calculations for three unreddened white dwarf (WD) stars and represents the current UV flux calibration standard with a precision approaching 1% for well observed stars. Following our previous work to correct IUE fluxes, this paper provides an average correction for the GALEX spectral database that places GALEX fluxes on the current CALSPEC scale. Our correction is derived by comparing GALEX spectroscopic flux distributions with CALSPEC and corrected IUE SEDs. This re-calibration is relevant for any project based on GALEX archival spectroscopic data, e.g. UV or multi-wavelength analyses, correlating GALEX spectra with other existing or future databases, and planning of new observations. The re-calibration will be applied to our planned catalog of corrected GALEX SEDs.
Gauged six-dimensional supergravity from warped IIB reductions

We find a family of complete non-linear Kaluza-Klein reduction ansatze from type IIB supergravity to Romans’ 6D F (4) gauged supergravity in the bosonic sector. The reduction is over a sphere S2 and a Riemann surface Σ, and depends on a pair of arbitrary locally holomorphic functions $$ {\mathcal{A}}_{\pm } $$ on Σ. This family of reductions is inspired by the recent construction of 1/2 BPS supersymmetric warped AdS6 solutions of IIB supergravity that depend on these same functions $$ {\mathcal{A}}_{\pm } $$ .
Steady-state properties of coupled hot and cold Ising chains

Recently, the present author and Zia (2011 Europhys. Lett. 91 50003) reported on exact results for a far-from-equilibrium system in which two coupled semi-infinite Ising chains at temperatures Th and Tc, with Th > Tc, establish a flux of energy across their junction. This paper provides a complete derivation of those results, more explicit expressions for the energy flux, and a more detailed characterization of the system at arbitrary Tc and Th. We consider the two-point correlation functions and the energy flux F(x) between each spin, located at integer position x, and its associated heat bath. In the Th ? ? limit, the flux F(x) decays exponentially into the cold bath (spins with x = 1, 2, ?) for all Tc > 0 and transitions into a power-law decay as Tc ? 0. We find an asymptotic expansion for large x in terms of modified Bessel functions that captures both of these behaviors. We perform Monte Carlo simulations that give excellent agreement with both the exact and asymptotic results for F(x). The simulations are also used to study the system at arbitrary Th and Tc.
Satellite operators with distinct iterates in smooth concordance

Let P be a knot in an unknotted solid torus (i.e. a satellite operator or pattern), K a knot in S 3 and P (K) the satellite of K with pattern P. For any satellite operator P , this correspondence gives a function P : C ! C on the set of smooth concordance classes of knots. We give examples of winding number one satellite operators P and a class of knots K, such that the iterated satellites P i (K) are distinct as smooth concordance classes, i.e. if i 6 j 0, P i (K) 6 P j (K), where each P i is unknotted when considered as a knot in S 3 . This implies that the operators P i give distinct functions onC, providing further evidence for the fractal nature ofC. There are several other applications of our result, as follows. By using topologically slice knots K, we obtain innite families fP i (K)g of topologically slice knots that are distinct in smooth concordance. We can also obtain innite families of 2{component links (with unknotted components and linking number one) which are not smoothly concordant to the positive Hopf link. For a large class of L{space knots K (including the positive torus knots), we obtain innitely many prime knots fP i (K)g which have the same Alexander polynomial as K but are not themselves L{space knots.
Axion misalignment driven to the hilltop

The QCD axion serves as a well-motivated dark matter candidate and the misalignment mechanism is known to reproduce the observed abundance with a decay constant fa ≃ $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (1012) GeV for a misalignment angle θmis ≃ $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (1). While fa ≪ 1012 GeV is of great experimental interest, the misalignment mechanism requires the axion to be very close to the hilltop, i.e. θmis ≃ π. This particular choice of θmis has been understood as fine-tuning the initial condition. We offer a dynamical explanation for θmis ≃ π in a class of models. The axion dynamically relaxes to the minimum of the potential by virtue of an enhanced mass in the early universe. This minimum is subsequently converted to a hilltop because the CP phase of the theory shifts by π when one contribution becomes subdominant to another with an opposite sign. We demonstrate explicit and viable examples in supersymmetric models where the higher dimensional Higgs coupling with the inflaton naturally achieves both criteria. Associated phenomenology includes a strikingly sharp prediction of 3 × 109 GeV ≲ fa ≲ 1010 GeV and the absence of isocurvature perturbation.
Personal Food Computer: A New Device for Controlled-Environment Agriculture

Due to their interdisciplinary nature, devices for controlled-environment agriculture have the possibility to turn into ideal tools not only to conduct research on plant phenology but also to create curricula in a wide range of disciplines. Controlled-environment devices are increasing their functionalities as well as improving their accessibility. Traditionally, building one of these devices from scratch implies knowledge in fields such as mechanical engineering, digital electronics, programming, and energy management. However, the requirements of an effective controlled-environment device for personal use brings new constraints and challenges. This paper presents the OpenAg™ Personal Food Computer (PFC); a low cost desktop size platform, which not only targets plant phenology researchers but also hobbyists, makers, and teachers from elementary to high-school levels (K-12). The PFC is completely open-source and it is intended to become a tool that can be used for collective data sharing and plant growth analysis. Thanks to its modular design, the PFC can be used in a large spectrum of activities.
Statistical design considerations for trials that study multiple indications

Breakthroughs in cancer biology have defined new research programs emphasizing the development of therapies that target specific pathways in tumor cells. Innovations in clinical trial design have f...
Mobile Phone Ownership and Welfare: Evidence from South Africa’s Household Survey

Digitalization is accelerating as countries fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the impact of mobile phone ownership on welfare (represented by consumption) is estimated for South Africa using rich household survey data in a panel format, the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) with 5 waves spanning 2008–17. The literature argues mobile phone ownership facilitates greater and more affordable access to information and generate welfare gains. We attempt to disentangle the two-way relationship between consumption and mobile phone ownership, which is inherently difficult, and add to the literature by investigating distributional effects. Estimated results suggest that consumption of mobile phone owners tends to be 10–20 percent above that of non-owners. Benefits tend to accrue more on individuals with relatively low levels of consumption, potentially as a greater number of new users, likely with higher marginal positive effects on consumption, and a faster rate of user cost reduction help reap greater gains.
Transformative science from the lunar farside: observations of the dark ages and exoplanetary systems at low radio frequencies

The farside of the Moon is a pristine, quiet platform to conduct low radio frequency observations of the early Universe's Dark Ages, as well as space weather and magnetospheres associated with habi...
How much does schooling disutility matter

Abstract Studies on structural education choice models are often inconsistent in choosing whether and how to include a disutility of education, especially in an environment with risk and wealth inequality. We show that adding a disutility term to the education decision, a human capital investment option, is equivalent to assuming a relationship between wealth, risk, and education. Utility gain from education is increasing in the riskiness of future consumption. A riskier environment further propels an agent to choose the human capital investment option that maximizes future income. If the degree of risk increases heterogeneously across multiple human capital investment options, risk aversion and the precautionary savings motive can compound or negate each other depending on which option has a greater increase in risk.
An explicit mean-covariance parameterization for multivariate response linear regression

We develop a new method to fit the multivariate response linear regression model that exploits a parametric link between the regression coefficient matrix and the error covariance matrix. Specifica...
Extending the Domain of the Value of a Statistical Life

The value of a statistical life (VSL) establishes the money-risk tradeoff that U.S. government agencies have used for four decades to monetize the mortality reduction benefits of proposed regulations. This article advocates the adoption of the VSL more generally both for policy evaluation purposes and for setting the magnitude of regulatory sanctions involving fatalities. Agencies currently employ the inconsistent practice of using the VSL to set the stringency of regulations, while at the same time, reverting to very low monetary values of sanctions for violations that result in fatalities. Reform of penalty levels to reflect the VSL will require increasing the current statutory limits on regulatory penalties. Revamping the penalty structure also will incentivize private companies to incorporate the VSL in their corporate risk analyses. Government agencies, including those concerned with national defense, similarly could profit from greater expansion of the use of the VSL in policy decisions.
The NASA langley challenge on optimization under uncertainty

Abstract This paper presents an Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) challenge focusing on key aspects of model calibration, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty reduction, and reliability-based design in the presence of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty.
Section problems for configurations of points on the Riemann sphere

This paper contains a suite of results concerning the problem of adding $m$ distinct new points to a configuration of $n$ distinct points on the Riemann sphere, such that the new points depend continuously on the old. Altogether, the results of the paper provide a complete answer to the following question: given $n \ne 5$, for which $m$ can one continuously add $m$ points to a configuration of $n$ points? For $n \ge 6$, we find that $m$ must be divisible by $n(n-1)(n-2)$, and we provide a construction based on the idea of cabling of braids. For $n = 3,4$, we give some exceptional constructions based on the theory of elliptic curves.
List-Decodable Subspace Recovery: Dimension Independent Error in Polynomial Time

In list-decodable subspace recovery, the input is a collection of $n$ points $\alpha n$ (for some $\alpha \ll 1/2$) of which are drawn i.i.d. from a distribution $\mathcal{D}$ with a isotropic rank $r$ covariance $\Pi_*$ (the \emph{inliers}) and the rest are arbitrary, potential adversarial outliers. The goal is to recover a $O(1/\alpha)$ size list of candidate covariances that contains a $\hat{\Pi}$ close to $\Pi_*$. Two recent independent works (Raghavendra-Yau, Bakshi-Kothari 2020) gave the first efficient algorithm for this problem. These results, however, obtain an error that grows with the dimension (linearly in [RY] and logarithmically in BK) at the cost of quasi-polynomial running time) and rely on \emph{certifiable anti-concentration} - a relatively strict condition satisfied essentially only by the Gaussian distribution. In this work, we improve on these results on all three fronts: \emph{dimension-independent} error via a faster fixed-polynomial running time under less restrictive distributional assumptions. Specifically, we give a $poly(1/\alpha) d^{O(1)}$ time algorithm that outputs a list containing a $\hat{\Pi}$ satisfying $\|\hat{\Pi} -\Pi_*\|_F \leq O(1/\alpha)$. Our result only needs $\mathcal{D}$ to have \emph{certifiably hypercontractive} degree 2 polynomials. As a result, in addition to Gaussians, our algorithm applies to the uniform distribution on the hypercube and $q$-ary cubes and arbitrary product distributions with subgaussian marginals. Prior work (Raghavendra and Yau, 2020) had identified such distributions as potential hard examples as such distributions do not exhibit strong enough anti-concentration. When $\mathcal{D}$ satisfies certifiable anti-concentration, we obtain a stronger error guarantee of $\|\hat{\Pi}-\Pi_*\|_F \leq \eta$ for any arbitrary $\eta > 0$ in $d^{O(poly(1/\alpha) + \log (1/\eta))}$ time.
Message Passing Least Squares Framework and its Application to Rotation Synchronization

We propose an efficient algorithm for solving group synchronization under high levels of corruption and noise, while we focus on rotation synchronization. We first describe our recent theoretically guaranteed message passing algorithm that estimates the corruption levels of the measured group ratios. We then propose a novel reweighted least squares method to estimate the group elements, where the weights are initialized and iteratively updated using the estimated corruption levels. We demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm over state-of-the-art methods for rotation synchronization using both synthetic and real data.
White matter fascicles and cortical microstructure predict reading-related responses in human ventral temporal cortex

Reading-related responses in the lateral ventral temporal cortex (VTC) show a consistent spatial layout across individuals, which is puzzling, since reading skills are acquired during childhood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that white matter fascicles and gray matter microstructure predict the location of reading-related responses in lateral VTC. We obtained functional (fMRI), diffusion (dMRI), and quantitative (qMRI) magnetic resonance imaging data in 30 adults. fMRI was used to map reading-related responses by contrasting responses in a reading task with those in adding and color tasks; dMRI was used to identify the brain's fascicles and to map their endpoint densities in lateral VTC; qMRI was used to measure proton relaxation time (T1), which depends on cortical tissue microstructure. We fit linear models that predict reading-related responses in lateral VTC from endpoint density and T1 and used leave-one-subject-out cross-validation to assess prediction accuracy. Using a subset of our participants (N=10, feature selection set), we find that i) endpoint densities of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF) are significant predictors of reading-related responses, and ii) cortical T1 of lateral VTC further improves the predictions of the fascicle model. In the remaining participants (N=20, validation set), we show that a linear model that includes T1, AF, ILF and VOF significantly predicts i) the map of reading-related responses across lateral VTC and ii) the location of the visual word form area, a region critical for reading. Overall, our data-driven approach reveals that the AF, ILF, VOF and cortical microstructure have a consistent spatial relationship with an individual's reading-related responses in lateral VTC.
Retailing with 3D Printing

Given the promise of three‐dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, some innovative consumer goods companies have started to experiment with such a technology for on‐demand production. In this study, we consider two adoption cases of 3D printing in a dual‐channel (i.e., online and in‐store) retail setting, and evaluate its impact on a firm’s product offering, pricing, and inventory decisions. Our analysis uncovers the following effects of 3D printing. First, 3D printing at the factory has the substitution effect of technological innovation for online demands, as 3D printing replaces the traditional mode of production. Such technology substitution not only leads to increased product variety offered online, which allows the firm to charge a price premium for online customers, but also induces the firm to offer a smaller product variety and a reduced price in‐store. There is an additional environmental benefit when more customers are steered from the in‐store channel to the online channel. Second, when 3D printing is used in‐store as well, in addition to the substitution effect, the firm also achieves a structural effect due to the fundamental change in the supply chain structure. Since the in‐store demand is served in a build‐to‐order fashion, the firm achieves postponement benefits in inventory management. The environmental benefit is the most significant in this case. Moreover, using 3D printing in‐store will require a new supplier–retailer relationship. We find that cost‐sharing contracts can coordinate the supply chains where 3D printing is used in‐store and the supplier controls the raw material inventory.
Medicare Part D and the Financial Protection of the Elderly

We examine the impact of the expansion of public prescription drug insurance coverage from Medicare Part D on the elderly and find evidence of substantial crowd-out. Using detailed data from the 2002-7 waves of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we estimate that the extension of Part D benefits resulted in 75% crowd-out of both prescription drug insurance coverage and prescription drug expenditures of those 65 and older. Part D is associated with sizeable reductions in out-of-pocket spending, although most of those reductions have accrued to a small proportion of the elderly. On average, we estimate a welfare gain from Part D which is comparable to the deadweight loss cost of program financing.
Cost of Experimentation and the Evolution of Venture Capital

We study how technological shocks to the cost of starting new businesses have led the venture capital model to adapt in fundamental ways over the prior decade. We both document and provide a framework to understand the changes in the investment strategy of venture capitalists (VCs) in recent years — an increased prevalence of a “spray and pray” investment approach — where investors provide a little funding and limited governance to an increased number of startups that they are more likely to abandon, but where initial experiments significantly inform beliefs about the future potential of the venture. This adaptation and related entry by new financial intermediaries has led to a disproportionate rise in innovations where information on future prospects is revealed quickly and cheaply, and reduced the relative share of innovation in complex technologies where initial experiments cost more and reveal less.
The Effect of Descriptive Representation on Latinos' Views of Government and of Themselves*

Objective. This article investigates the relationship between descriptive representation and the political attitudes of Latino citizens in the United States. We specifically test the impact of both panethnic and national-origin specific representation on Latino citizens' attitudes toward government and their individual-level identity. Methods. Original data on the ethnicity and national origin of Latino mayors in 2005 and 2006 was merged with the Latino National Survey (2006) to analyze the impact of descriptive representation on four specific outcomes: perceptions of political alienation, efficacy, political commonality, and linked fate. Results. We find a meaningful relationship between descriptive representation and the political attitudes of Latino citizens. However, the impact of representation varies by level (panethnic vs. national origin) and the particular outcome of interest. Conclusions. By developing a Latino-specific model of descriptive representation, this investigation improves our knowledge of how recent increases in the number of Latinos elected to public office have impacted the Latino electorate.
Anatomy of Financial Distress: An Examination of Junk-Bond Issuers

This paper analyzes the ways in which financially distressed firms try to avoid bankruptcy through public and private debt restructurings, asset sales, mergers, and capital expenditure reductions. Our main finding is that a firm's debt structure affects the way financially distressed firms restructure. The combination of secured private debt and numerous public debt issues seems to impede out-of-court restructurings and increases the probability of a Chapter 11 filing. In addition, we find that, while asset sales are a way of avoiding Chapter 11, they are limited by industry factors: firms in distressed and highly leveraged industries are less prone to sell assets.
The Cognitive Revolution and the Political Psychology of Elite Decision Making

Experimental evidence in cognitive psychology and behavioral economics is transforming the way political science scholars think about how humans make decisions in areas of high complexity, uncertainty, and risk. Nearly all those studies utilize convenience samples of university students, but in the real world political elites actually make most pivotal political decisions such as threatening war or changing the course of economic policy. Highly experienced elites are more likely to exhibit the attributes of rational decision-making; and over the last fifteen years a wealth of studies suggest that such elites are likely to be more skilled in strategic bargaining than samples with less germane experience. However, elites are also more likely to suffer overconfidence, which degrades decision-making skills. We illustrate implications for political science with a case study of crisis bargaining between the US and North Korea. Variations in the experience of US elite decision-makers between 2002 and 2006 plausibly explain the large shift in US crisis signaling better than other rival hypotheses such as “Iraq fatigue.” Beyond crisis bargaining other major political science theories might benefit from attention to the attributes of individual decision-makers.
Transparency With(out) Accountability: Open Government in the United States

Regulatory transparency is traditionally regarded as the primary means for strengthening the public accountability of administrative agencies. However, the effectiveness of transparency policies is undermined by agencies’ resistance to public exposure and lack of public engagement. The introduction of technology into regulatory transparency policies is often envisioned as a powerful game-changer that could overcome these past hurdles. This Article challenges this common perspective, complicating the marriage between transparency, technology, and public accountability. First, the Article develops a new analytic typology of online transparency policies: a) mandatory transparency (e.g., e-rulemaking and online disclosure of federal spending), b) discretionary transparency (online release of governmental databases), and c) involuntary transparency (regulatory reaction to online leaks of information). Analyzing the effects of these policies on the public accountability of federal agencies, the Article demonstrates that both their design and implementation are flawed. They do not account for agencies’ resistance to exposure, reinforce traditional pitfalls of transparency policies, and fail to strengthen public accountability. Against this backdrop, the Article advocates a major reappraisal of online regulatory transparency in the United States. It argues that transparency policies should be goal-oriented and more narrowly tailored to target accountability-related information. As part of this, agencies should be required to release structured information on their decision-making processes and performance. This transparency regime should be complemented with effective institutional and civil society-oriented enforcement measures - an element which is currently missing from the architecture of regulatory transparency. The Article examines the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed transparency regime and discusses the role of the internet in this framework.
Breadth, depth, and competition ☆

Abstract We consider the trade-offs in the choice between depth (a narrow high quality position) and breadth (a wide low quality range). In particular, the extent of depth or breadth in a market can be non-monotonic in the strength of competition.
Informational externalities in settlement bargaining: confidentiality and correlated culpability

We explore informational externalities that arise when multiple plaintiffs are harmed by the behavior or product of a single defendant. An early plaintiff is likely to raise the awareness of a later plaintiff, and the later plaintiff will be able to learn something about the defendant's culpability by observing the disposition of the early suit: the presence of an early plaintiff provides a benefit to a later plaintiff. The presence of the later plaintiff also confers a potential benefit on the early plaintiff: the early plaintiff has the opportunity to charge the defendant for controlling the flow of information (e.g., through confidential settlement).
Indirect network effects and the quality dimension: A look at the gaming industry

Abstract Two-sided markets consist of platforms that need to bring both retail consumers and complementary goods producers on board to be successful. Consumer adoption of these platforms can often hinge on the presence and magnitude of indirect network effects — the positive feedback loop where a larger base of adopters of a primary product (“hardware”) creates a larger market for complementary goods (“software”), which in turn increases the value of the primary good. Prior work attempting to measure indirect network effects often uses aggregate counts of software variety to do so. In this paper, we illustrate the importance of accounting for variation in software quality — a feature present in many markets — when conducting this measurement, and provide the conditions under which not doing so results in over- or underestimation of the actual indirect network effect. We apply our framework to the 7th-generation video game console market with quality-differentiated titles and show that in this market the use of aggregate software measures underestimates the indirect network effects by approximately 30%.
Technology, Property Rights in Information, and Securities Regulation

This paper argues that the implications of information technology for the regulation of securities are more limited than has often been claimed. It examines two areas (mandatory disclosure and market structure) in which commentators have contended that regulatory change is needed to accommodate technological change. The cost of transmitting, storing and manipulating data, however, is a relatively minor component of the costs associated with corporate disclosure and as a result the optimal level of disclosure is not very sensitive to changes in technology. Similarly, decisions about market structure are attempts to economize on a large set of transaction costs, including credit risks, default risks, and information risks, which are only weakly related to the cost of communicating between buyers and sellers. The paper then observes that a more subtle shift in regulatory philosophy is occurring in response to technology and internationalization. The shift is away from a consumer protection model of securities regulation and toward a model in which the principal task of the regulatory system is to specify and enforce property rights in information.
Disobeying Power Laws: Perils for Theory and Method

The “norm of normality” is a myth that organization design scholars should believe only at their peril. In contrast to the normal (bell-shaped) distribution with independent observations and linear relationships assumed by Gaussian statistics, research shows that nearly every input and outcome in organizational domains is power-law (Pareto) distributed. These highly skewed distributions exhibit unstable means, unlimited variance, underlying interdependence, and extreme outcomes that disproportionally influence the entire system, making Gaussian methods and assumptions largely invalid. By developing more focused research designs and using methods that assume interdependence and potentially nonlinear relationships, organization design scholars can develop theories that more closely depict empirical reality and provide more useful insights to practitioners and other stakeholders.
THE EFFECT OF MOST‐FAVORED CUSTOMER CLAUSES ON PRICES*

We study the effects of introducing a Most-Favored Customer (MFC) clause on price competition among major consumer electronics retailers. Our data spans the periods before and after the introduction of an MFC clause by Best Buy, which occurred between April 1, 2003 and March 31, 2004. After controlling for various factors (including product life-cycle and seasonality effects), we find that, on average, Best Buy lowered its prices by 1.6% after introducing the MFC clause. Its competitors responded by cutting prices further: Buy.com by 3.5%, Circuit City by 2.2%, CompUSA by 3.2%, and Sears by 0.4%. We conclude that Best Buy's MFC adoption reduced prices.
Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication

I. Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication: The Distinction and Its Implications 730 II. Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication in Current Doctrine 733 A. The Distinction Applied to Current Doctrine.. 733 1. Objective elements of an offense 733 2. Secondary prohibitions ........ 734 3. State of mind elements ........ 736 4. Culpability mental states vs. criminalization mental states 739 5. Omission rules and the voluntary act requirement 739 6. Justification defenses ......... 740 7. Result elements and causation requirements 742 8. Imputation of culpability mental elements. 743 9. Excuse defenses 744 B. Examples of the Problematic Mixture of Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication .... 745 1. Risk-creation vs. risk-taking 745 2. Justification vs. mistake as to justification . 749 C. Some Classification Challenges . .752 1. The consent defense .753 2. De minimis violations .754 D. Summary . .755 III. The Need for Different Drafting Strategies for Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication ....... . 758 A. Drafting Strategies 758 B. Drafting Rules of Conduct . 759 C. Drafting Principles of Adjudication . ........ 761 IV. Proposals ...... . 765
A Perspective on Human Dignity, the First Amendment and the Right of Publicity

The right of publicity is a legal theory that enables individuals to protect themselves from unauthorized, commercial appropriations of their personas. Allowing the unauthorized use of an individual’s persona potentially poses the maximum harm when the persona is being appropriated in an objectionable context or for an objectionable purpose. In these instances, neither an award of injunctive relief nor monetary damages will erase the damage to the persona. These are situations involving dignity, as opposed to economic, harms. Much ink has been spilled over the intersection between the right of publicity and the First Amendment generally. To date, however, neither courts nor commentators have focused specifically on how the existence of dignity harms should impact the analysis in these cases. This Article attempts to open a dialogue on
Jean Hampton on Immorality, Self-Hatred, and Self-Forgiveness

My relationship with Jean Hampton was generally that of friendly adversary.1 We disagreed on a great deal—her Christianity against my then militantly secular worldview, her assumptions of trust and love against my more cautious and even cynical assumptions, her refusal to endorse the vindictive feelings that seemed (at least in some circumstances) so very right to me. And yet we agreed on a great deal as well—a tendency to get philosophical inspiration from Kant and the Kantian tradition and the belief that some form of retribution has an important role to play in the practice of criminal punishment. We were engaged by each other’s perspective and would frequently argue with each other—most extensively in the dialogue we conducted in our co-authored book Forgiveness and Mercy, published in 1988.2
Cloudy with a Chance of Open Source: Open Source Integrated Library Systems and Cloud Computing in Academic Law Libraries

Integrated library systems (ILSs) have been fundamental to library workflow in both technical services and public services for decades. However, many of the proprietary ILSs currently on the market do not provide law libraries with the flexibility and adaptability necessary to keep pace with advances in technology. Some law libraries are considering abandoning proprietary ILSs and implementing one of the nascent open source ILSs that have sprung up in the last few years. As the lines blur between hardware and software, many organizations are trading in-house information technology infrastructure and personnel for full-service cloud hosting. This article examines these trends for those contemplating a move to an open source ILS and/or cloud computing.
Contingent Capital with a Capital-Ratio Trigger

Contingent capital in the form of debt that converts to equity when a bank faces financial distress has been proposed as a mechanism to enhance financial stability and avoid costly government rescues. Specific proposals vary in their choice of conversion trigger and conversion mechanism. We analyze the case of contingent capital with a capital-ratio trigger and partial and ongoing conversion. The capital ratio we use is based on accounting or book values to approximate the regulatory ratios that determine capital requirements for banks. The conversion process is partial and ongoing in the sense that each time a bank's capital ratio reaches the minimum threshold, just enough debt is converted to equity to meet the capital requirement, so long as the contingent capital has not been depleted. We derive closed-form expressions for the market value of such securities when the firm's asset value is modeled as geometric Brownian motion, and from these we get formulas for the fair yield spread on the convertible debt. A key step in the analysis is an explicit expression for the fraction of equity held by the original shareholders and the fraction held by converted investors in the contingent capital. This paper was accepted by Gerard P. Cachon, stochastic models and simulation.
Are Better Security Breach Notification Laws Possible

Security breach notification laws (SBNLs) may have succeeded in bringing the issue of inadequate information security to the attention of American consumers, but do not appear to be having much impact on the way that American businesses store and use sensitive personal information. This failure is not surprising in light of the extremely limited scope of American SBNLs, which generally do not reinforce an underlying right to privacy but instead only mandate disclosure of information that is confusing and difficult for consumers to make use of. While receiving repeated notices of security breaches might someday galvanize American public opinion to support stronger information privacy laws, that would be a remote and uncertain benefit from legislation that appears in the short term to penalize responsible businesses while being disregarded by unsophisticated and irresponsible ones. Although businesses in possession of sensitive personal information are exposed to something like strict liability for security breaches, the vendors of the information technology systems that are vulnerable to breaches remain exempt from liability. SBNLs generally commit no public resources to ensuring compliance, reducing the risk that non-compliance will be detected to near zero for many businesses. Under such circumstances, most businesses have no economic incentive to comply with a law when compliance would be very costly. Even though litigation claiming damages following a security breach notification has not been successful to date, the risk of being exposed to such litigation as a result of compliance further increases incentives for non-compliance. This paper reviews the development of new governance approaches to regulation, including “responsive regulation,” “smart regulation” and “better regulation” and then applies new governance criteria to SBNLs to show why they are unlikely to have much impact on the information security policies of many American businesses. This paper reviews the practical problems that any business faces when trying to secure large quantities of sensitive personal information, and outlines what a “better regulation” approach to information security regulation targeting sensitive personal information might include.
Fundamentally Wrong About Fundamental Rights

If there is one phrase that every student of constitutional law learns, it is that fundamental rights trigger strict scrutiny. As Justice William Brennan Jr. wrote, "a government practice or statute which restricts 'fundamental rights' or which contains 'suspect classifications' is to be subjected to 'strict scrutiny' and can be justified only if it furthers a compelling government purpose and, even then, only if no less restrictive alternative is available." 1 According to Justice Clarence Thomas, "strict scrutiny" is the "appropriate standard" for "infringements of fundamental rights. " Justice Antonin Scalia has recognized that "strict scrutiny will be applied to the deprivation of whatever sort of right we consider 'fundamental."' There is one small problem with this well-worn adage. It is simply not true. Fundamental rights do not trigger strict scrutiny, at least not all of the time. In fact, strict scrutiny-a standard of review that asks if a challenged law is the least restrictive means of achieving compelling government objectives-is actually applied quite rarely in fundamental rights cases. Some fundamental rights trigger intermediate scrutiny, while others are protected only by reasonableness or rational basis review. Other fundamental rights are governed by categorical rules, with no formal "scrutiny" or standard of review whatsoever. In fact, only a small subset of fundamental rights triggers strict scrutinyand even
Sovereigntism's Twilight

Sovereigntism is having a good run in the academy and the courts. Scholars skeptical of international law succeeded in prompting a searching reexamination of the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law and the conventional wisdom it had come to represent. Sovereigntist positions have found a receptive audience in recent decisions of the Roberts Court, with additional victories just over the horizon. But sovereigntism is bound to fail. Massive material changes in the nature of global interaction will overwhelm sovereigntist defenses, which (notwithstanding their constitutional pedigree and apparent gravity) are in the end incapable of stemming the tide. International law is insinuating itself into U.S. law through multiple channels. In the end, globalization is not a quantity to be rejected, accommodated, or accepted as a policy option. The Constitution will not be able to plug the gaps. This essay considers four clusters of cases that appear to evidence sovereigntism’s continued ascendancy, relating to self-execution, the Alien Tort Statute, the detention of terror suspects, and the use of international law in constitutional interpretation. Although these clusters appear to vindicate sovereigntist perspectives, short-term victories are likely to be reversed by material forces of globalization. The Constitution will inevitably and radically adapt to the changed international context.
Order Imbalance, Liquidity, and Market Returns

Traditionally, volume has provided the link between trading activity and returns. We focus on a hitherto unexplored but intuitive measure of trading activity: the aggregate daily order imbalance on the New York Stock Exchange. Signed order imbalances increase (decrease) following market declines (rises), which reveals that investors are contrarians on aggregate. Order imbalances in either direction, either excess buy or sell orders, reduce liquidity. Market-wide returns are strongly affected by contemporaneous and lagged order imbalances. Market-wide returns reverse themselves after high negative imbalance, large negative return days; the magnitude of this reversal is partially predictable from the level of the imbalance and return. Even after controlling for aggregate market volume and liquidity, market returns are affected by order imbalance.
Scientists Negotiate Boundaries Between Religion and Science

Analysis of interviews with 275 natural and social scientists at 21 elite U.S. research universities suggests that only a minority of scientists see religion and science as always in conflict. Scientists selectively employ different cultural strategies with regards to the religion-science relationship: redefining categories (the use of institutional resources from religion and from science), integration models (scientists strategically employ the views of major scientific actors to legitimate a more symbiotic relationship between science and religion), and intentional talk (scientists actively engage in discussions about the boundaries between science and religion). Such results challenge narrow conceptions of secularization theory and the sociology of science literature by describing ways science intersects with other knowledge categories. Most broadly the ways that institutions and ideologies shape one another through the agency of individual actors within those institutions is explored.
Taxes and Corporate Finance: A Review

This article reviews tax research related to domestic and multinational capital structure, payout policy, compensation policy, risk management, and organizational form. For each topic, the theoretical arguments explaining how taxes can affect corporate decision making and firm value are reviewed, followed by a summary of the related empirical evidence and a discussion of unresolved issues. Tax research generally supports the hypothesis that high tax rate firms pursue policies that provide tax benefits. Many issues remain unresolved, however, including understanding whether tax effects are of first-order importance, why firms do not pursue tax benefits more aggressively, and whether corporate actions are affected by investor-level taxes. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
The (Futile) Search for a Common Law Right of Confrontation: Beyond Brasier's Irrelevance to (Perhaps) Relevant American Cases

Recent interpreters of the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause have “Frankensteined” Rex v. Brasier back into new life. For over two centuries, no one seems to have thought the 1779 English case important for understanding the U.S. Constitution, but now some see Brasier as infusing fresh content into the Sixth Amendment’s right of confrontation. Crawford v. Washington first breathed the life back into Brasier. Even though the Framers of the Constitution hardly discussed it, Crawford asserted that the Confrontation Clause “is most naturally read as a reference to the right of confrontation at common law, admitting only those exceptions established at the time of the founding.” This assertion assumes
Durable goods and conformity

A consumer's demand for a durable good is governed not only by his individual preferences but also by preferences of other market participants. This interdependence of preferences arises from the inevitable resale of durable goods. If most people prefer goods with certain features, original buyers conform and choose goods with these features even if they do not like them. Using a matching model, we show there is always conformity in equilibrium. The incentive to conform is strongest for long-lived durables and for people who trade frequently. If average preferences are sufficiently strong, there is always too little conformity in equilibrium.