cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
World oil: Hotelling depletion or accelerating use?

In theoretical Hotelling-type models of resource depletion, oil use declines monotonically over time to depletion. However, world oil use has been increasing for several years. Can theory and reality be reconciled? The answer is affirmative, if theory is modified to accommodate outward-shifting demand functions that are rising in response to growth in world population and income. Under this assumption, a Hotelling depletion model projects a 50-year period of increasing world oil use before the decline to exhaustion. This holds for both competitive and monopolistic regimes. Hotelling theory has been criticized by Adelman and others, in part because of the unreality of the theoretical projections. By combining the modified Hotelling theory with U.S. Geological Survey resource estimates, the numerical projections seem congruent with Adelman's near-term expectations. Finally, a backstop technology, such as renewable biomass ethanol, introduces a new dimension. Assuming a $2-per-gallon cost for the ethanol, the modified Hotelling theory projects accelerating use of conventional oil until depletion or substitution. Consequently, it does not seem unreasonable to believe that a finite, limited resource of conventional oil is consistent with growing use for several decades. A projected exhaustion in 100 years is consisten with increasing use for 50 years.
Re-examining inflation and inflation uncertainty in developed and emerging countries

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty for both developed and emerging countries. We find new evidence that suggests positive inflationary shocks have stronger impacts on inflation uncertainty for mainly Latin American countries.
Preparation of Esters of Certain Substituted 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-4-oxo-2-quinazolineacetic Acids from Isatoic Anhydrides, Substituted Hydrazines, and Acetylene Diesters

Abstract Substituted anthraniloylhydrazines, prepared by opening isatoic anhydrides by treatment with substituted hydrazines, were condensed with acetylene diesters to afford, after a two-fold conjugate addition, a variety of new substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-oxo-2-quinazolineacetic acid esters.
Topological entropy of quadratic polynomials and dimension of sections of the Mandelbrot set

Abstract A fundamental theme in holomorphic dynamics is that the local geometry of parameter space (e.g. the Mandelbrot set) near a parameter reflects the geometry of the Julia set, hence ultimately the dynamical properties, of the corresponding dynamical system. We establish a new instance of this phenomenon in terms of entropy. Indeed, we prove an “entropy formula” relating the entropy of a polynomial restricted to its Hubbard tree to the Hausdorff dimension of the set of rays landing on the corresponding vein in the Mandelbrot set. The results contribute to the recent program of W. Thurston of understanding the geometry of the Mandelbrot set via the core entropy.
Swallowing a cellular automaton pill: Predicting drug release from a matrix tablet

Matrix tablets are drug delivery devices designed to release a drug in a controlled manner over an extended period of time. We develop a cellular automaton (CA) model for the dissolution and release of a water-soluble drug and excipient from a matrix tablet of water-insoluble polymer. Cells of the CA are occupied by drug, excipient, water or polymer and the CA updating rules simulate the dissolution of drug and excipient and the subsequent diffusion of the dissolved substances. In addition we simulate the possible fracture of brittle drug and excipient powders during the tablet compression and the melting of the polymer during a possible thermal curing process. Different stirring mechanisms that facilitate the transport of dissolved drug in the fluid in which the tablet is immersed are modeled in the water cells adjacent to the boundary of the tablet. We find that our simulations can reproduce experimental drug release profiles. Our simulation tool can be used to streamline the formulation and production of sustained release tablets.
Nozzle Thrust Optimization While Reducing Jet Noise

A Bluebell nozzle design concept is proposed for jet noise reduction with minimal thrust loss or even thrust augmentation. A Bluebell nozzle has a sinusoidal lip-line edge (chevrons) and a sinusoidal cross-section shape with linear amplitude increasing downstream in the divergent nozzle part (corrugations). The experimental tests of several Bluebell nozzle designs have shown noise reduction relative to a convergent-divergent round nozzle with design exhaust Mach number M e = 1.5. The best design provides an acoustic benefit near 4 dB with about 1% thrust augmentation. For subsonic flow (M e = 0.6), the tests indicated that the present method of design for Bluebell nozzles produces increased levels of jet noise. The proposed designs incorporate analytical theory and two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations. Full Navier-Stokes and Euler solvers were utilized. Boundary layer effects were used. Several different designs were accounted for in the Euler applications.
Revival: A Variation-Tolerant Architecture Using Voltage Interpolation and Variable Latency

Process variations will significantly degrade the performance benefits of future microprocessors as they move toward nanoscale technology. Device parameter fluctuations can introduce large variations in peak operation among chips, cores on a single chip, and microarchitectural blocks within one core. The revival technique combines the post-fabrication tuning techniques voltage interpolation (VI) and variable latency (VL) to reduce such frequency variations.
Metaphor, computing systems, and active learning

Recent discussion has resolved the question of how prior knowledge organizes new learning into the technical definition and study of “metaphor”. Some theorists have adopted an “operational” approach, focusing on the manifest effects of suggesting metaphoric comparisons to learners. Some have resolved the question formally into a “structural” definition of metaphor. However, structural and operation approaches typically ignore the goal-directed learner-initiated learning process through which metaphors become relevant and effective in learning. Taking this process seriously affords an analysis of metaphor that explains why metaphors are intrinsically open-ended and how their open-endedness stimulates the construction of mental models.
The effect of titanium content on the pinning force in Nb44wt.%Ti to Nb62wt.%Ti

The authors have been studying high Ti alloys to establish whether they offer higher low-field J/sub c/ values than Nb46.5wt.%Ti and find that they do, with values, as high as 7500 A/mm/sup 2/ at 2 T, 4.2K. They have established that the pinning centers are alpha -Ti precipitates for all alloys from Nb44wt.%Ti to Nb62wt.%Ti, but find a steady shift in the pinning curve peak to lower reduced fields at 4.2 K. Recently, it was shown that both Delta H/sub c/ and Delta kappa pinning can be recognized in Nb47wt.%Ti. Since T/sub c/ and H/sub c/ vary rapidly in the high Ti alloys, Delta H/sub c/ pinning should be proportionately stronger in the high Ti alloys, leading to a displacement of the peak in the pinning force curves to lower fields. The authors present pinning force data at 1.8 K and 4.2 K across the alloy range and find that while lower Ti alloys do exhibit b(1-b) behavior, the higher Ti alloys never realize b/sup 1/2/(1-b)/sup 2/ behavior. >
Confidence sets for the date of a single break in linear time series regressions

This paper considers the problem of constructing confidence sets for the date of a single break in a linear time series regression. We establish analytically and by small sample simulation that the current standard method in econometrics for constructing such confidence intervals has a coverage rate far below nominal levels when breaks are of moderate magnitude. Given that breaks of moderate magnitude are a theoretically and empirically relevant phenomenon, we proceed to develop an appropriate alternative. We suggest constructing confidence sets by inverting a sequence of tests. Each of the tests maintains a specific break date under the null hypothesis, and rejects when a break occurs elsewhere. By inverting a certain variant of a locally best invariant test, we ensure that the asymptotic critical value does not depend on the maintained break date. A valid confidence set can hence be obtained by assessing which of the sequence of test statistics exceeds a single number.
Interacting Loads in an Orthogonally Stiffened Composite Cylindrical Shell

The distributions of the interacting loads between orthogonal stiffeners and the shell wall are computed for a long circular cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure. Identical stringers are equally spaced around the circumference, and identical frames, or rings, are equally spaced along the length. Both the stringers and frames are on the inside of the shell wall. Closed-end pressure vessel effects are included. A comparison is made between linear elastic response and geometrically nonlinear elastic response. The example problem has dimensions of the fuselage of a typical transport aircraft and has a composite material shell wall and symmetric stiffeners. The inclusion of geometric nonlinearity is found to increase the loads carried by the stiffeners and to decrease the pillowing, or bending, of the shell. However, the nonlinear response exhibits the most severe bending in a narrow boundary layer adjacent to the stringer midway between the frames, resulting in a larger transverse shear resultant in the shell compared with the linear response. The interacting normal load intensity exhibits singular behavior at the stiffener intersection for both linear and nonlinear analyses.
Photorefractive integrator characterization

We describe the recent results of our efforts to characterize a photorefractive crystal to be used as a time-integrating device in an optically implemented null-steering adaptive processor for phased-array radar. We review frequency response data for the Bi12SiO20 crystals, measured with an acousto-optic apparatus, and we present measured dynamic range data for the candidate Bi12SiO20 crystals.
Predicting malignant potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors using endoscopic ultrasound.

Background The aim of this study was to determine which EUS characteristics correlate with malignant potential of GISTs. Methods All patients with a diagnosis of GIST based on surgical resection and preoperative EUS at our institution from January 2000 to July 2006 were identified. Pathology reports were used to determine NIH classification of each GIST and EUS exams were reviewed. EUS features were compared to NIH classification of very low/low risk malignant potential or intermediate/high risk malignant potential. Results Fourteen patients had lesions of very low or low risk malignant potential, and 12 patients had lesions of intermediate or high-risk malignant potential. EUS features of tumor size (P = 0.002), irregular extraluminal border (P = 0.005), local invasion (P = 0.02), and heterogeneity (P = 0.02) were statistically significant correlates of intermediate or high risk malignant potential. Conclusions EUS characteristics of tumor size, extraluminal border, depth, and heterogeneity can be used to predict malignant potential of GISTs.
Effect of Rib-Angle Orientation on Local Mass Transfer Distribution in a Three-Pass Rib-Roughened Channel

In this experimental investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of turbulent air flow in a three-pass square channel, the test section consisted of three straight square channels jointed by two 180 deg turns, modeling the internal cooling passages of gas turbine airfoils. Naphthalene-coated ribs were attached to the top and bottom walls of the naphthalene-coated, three-pass channel
Characterization of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase 3TC Specificity By Conformationally Sensitive Fluorescence Reveals New Insights Into the Kinetic Basis of Inhibitor Discrimination

HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (HIV-RT) is the target of nine Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI's) currently approved by the FDA. Polymerase specificity is best quantified by analysis of the concentration dependence of the rate using single turnover rapid Quench-Flow methods which provide a rate of polymerization (kpol) and an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) such that kpol/Kd = kcat/Km. Analysis of nucleoside analog RT inhibitors (NRTIs) has led to the surprising conclusion that most appear to bind more tightly than normal nucleotides. For example, 3TC-triphosphate binds 10-fold tighter than the correct nucleotide (dCTP). Using a conformationally sensitive fluorophore attached to the fingers domain of the enzyme, we show that nucleotide binding is a two step process involving weak nucleotide ground state binding, followed by a conformational change from an “open” to “closed” state. These steps together define the true Kd for nucleotide binding at equilibrium. Examining the kinetics of 3TC incorporation, we show that contrary to previously reported findings, the dCTP analog binds 8-fold more weakly to the enzyme than the correct nucleotide. Further, we show that the enzyme's conformational change to the “closed” state is capable of sensing dCTP versus 3TC and results in an increased or decreased binding affinity, respectively. The result is a specificity constant (kcat/Km) of 9.7μM−1s−1 for dCTP and 0.7μM−1s−1 for 3TC. The specificity constant for dCTP is determined solely by the rate of nucleotide binding (kcat/Km = K1k2 in the two-step sequence), whereas the slower chemical reaction (k3) for 3TC incorporation allows the binding and isomerization to reach equilibrium so that kcat/Km = kpol/K1K2. This work provides mechanistic basis for discrimination of 3TC, and corrects how Km, Kd, and Kd,appmust be assigned for NRTIs.
High-gain small-signal modes of the free-electron laser

Abstract The small-signal regime of the free-electron laser is analyzed for single-frequency, uniform-wiggler operation, taking diffraction into account. Exponentially growing modes are found with profiles independent of the longitudinal coordinate. Maximum gain occurs for a positive value of the energy detuning, though the gain on resonance is nearly maximal. If the current transverse distribution is uniform and sharp-edged, analytic solutions are obtained in terms of Bessel and Hankel functions with complex arguments. Positive energy detuning broadens the laser modes, while negative detuning concentrates them within the electron beam.
Convenient syntheses of 2-, 5- and 6-fluoro- and 2,6-difluoro-l-DOPA

Abstract Alkylation under phase transfer conditions of the chiral glycine synthon 2 (prepared from the commercially available Oppolzer chiral sultam) with fluorinated analogues of 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl chloride proceeded with high diastereoselectivity. Hydrolysis of the Schiff base, removal of the chiral auxiliary and HBr demethylation produced 2-, 5-, 6-fluoro- and 2,6-difluoro- l -DOPA in e.e. of >99%.
In-Situ Wettability Determination in Gas Reservoirs

Gas reservoirs are generally assumed to be water-wet. This is probably true in most shallow reservoirs where gas has migrated, partially replacing water in a porous and permeable trap. Gases normally do not contain impurities that are likely to alter the affinity of the grain surface for water. In deep reservoirs, oil may have been trapped first and then transformed into gas because of pressure and temperature changes. In this case, residues of bitumen and occasionally sulfur may coat the grains with a non-water-wet film. Water ganglia, then, are free in the pores, and water can flow even at a relatively low saturation. Laboratory work has been done to define and measure the pressure profile in oil- and water-wet sandpacks at the oil/air or water/air contact. Pressure profile measurements are used to determine the free-oil or free-water level, the liquid capillary rise or fall, and fluid densities. Laboratory results show that even with the high porosity and permeability of the sandpacks, the pressure pattern at the gas/water contact is typical of rock wettability, which can be quantified. At the gas/oil contact (GOC), all sands exhibit an oil-wet behavior regardless of the wettability and residual water saturation. A field example ofmore » a pressure profile run in a gas/water transition zone is presented and interpreted in terms of wettability.« less
The Roles of Youth in Society: A Reconceptualization

(1988). The Roles of Youth in Society: A Reconceptualization. The Educational Forum: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 113-133.
Some more identities of the Rogers-Ramanujan type

In this we paper we prove several new identities of the Rogers-Ramanujan-Slater type. These identities were found as the result of computer searches. The proofs involve a variety of techniques, including series-series identities, Bailey pairs, a theorem of Watson on basic hypergeometric series, generating functions and miscellaneous methods.
Firm-specific evidence on racial wage differentials and workforce segregation in Hawaii's sugar industry

Abstract We examine firm-specific data from 38 sugar plantations in Hawaii during 1900–1901 to study the magnitude and source of racial and ethnic wage differentials. Substantial differences in the average wages received by members of different ethmic groups were found, with Americans and Europeans at the top of the average wage ranking and Chinese and Japanese at the bottom. While a substantial portion of the wage differences was caused by concentration of non-Caucasians in low-wage jobs, Americans and Europeans were also paid higher wages than non-Caucasians for the same job. The differences were not necessarily due to discrimination. Evidence from outside the sample suggests that there were productivity differences between and within ethnic groups.
An atlas of photospheric magnetic field observations and computed coronal magnetic fields: 1976-1985

Daily magnetogram observations of the large-scale photospheric magnetic field have been made at the John M. Wilcox Solar Observatory at Stanford since May of 1976. These measurements provide a homogeneous record of the changing solar field through most of solar cycle 21. Using the photospheric data, the configuration of the coronal and heliospheric fields can be calculated using a Potential Field-Source Surface model. This provides a three-dimensional picture of the heliospheric field evolution during the solar cycle. This paper announces the publication of UAG Report No. 94, an Atlas containing the complete set of synoptic charts of the measured photospheric magnetic field, the computed field at the source surface, and the coefficients of the multipole expansion of the coronal field. The general underlying structures of the solar and heliospheric fields, which determine the environment for solar-terrestrial relations and provide the context within which solar activity related events occur, can be approximated from these data.
Surface-tension-driven nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator

Because of its linear dependence on length scale, surface tension can be a dominant force for small systems. Properly harnessed, this force is uniquely suited for nanomechanical applications. We have developed a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator with a surface-tension-driven power stroke. The oscillator consists of two liquid metal droplets exchanging mass, and its frequency is directly controlled with a low-level dc electrical voltage. © 2005 American Institute of Physics. fDOI: 10.1063/1.1887827g
Post-oral infusion sites that support glucose-conditioned flavor preferences in rats

Abstract Rats learn to prefer a flavored solution (CS+) paired with a gastrointestinal glucose infusion over an alternate flavor (CS−) paired with a non-caloric infusion. Prior work implicates a post-gastric site of glucose action, which is the focus of this study. In Exp. 1, male rats (8–10/group) were infused in the duodenum (ID), mid-jejunum (IJ), or distal ileum (II) with 8% glucose or water as they drank saccharin-sweetened CS+ and CS− solutions, respectively, in one-bottle 30-min sessions. Two-bottle tests (no infusions) were followed by a second train–test cycle. By the second test, the ID and IJ groups preferred the CS+ (69%, 67%) to the CS− but the II group did not (48%). Satiation tests showed that ID and IJ infusions of glucose reduced intake of a palatable solution similarly, while II infusions were ineffective. In Exp. 2, rats (10/group) drank CS solutions in one-bottle, 30-min sessions and were given 2-h ID or hepatic portal vein (HP) infusions. The CS+ and CS− were paired with 10 ml infusions of 10% glucose and 0.9% saline, respectively. Following 8 training sessions, the ID group preferred the CS+ (67%) to the CS− but the HP group did not (47%) in a two-bottle test. The similar CS+ preferences displayed by ID and IJ, but not II groups implicate the jejunum as a critical site for glucose-conditioned preferences. A pre-absorptive glucose action is indicated by the CS+ preference displayed by ID but not HP rats in Exp. 2. Our data were obtained with non-nutritive CS solutions. HP glucose infusions are reported to condition preferences for a flavored food that itself has pre- and post-absorptive actions. Thus, there may be multiple sites for glucose conditioning with the upper or mid-intestines being the first site of action.
The appearance, apparent speed, and removal of optical effects for relativistically moving objects

Because various parts of an object are different distances from an observer, and light takes a finite time to reach the observer, the appearance of a relativistically moving object will be very different from that given by the Lorentz contraction. We derive equations that can be applied to a photographic image so that the Lorentz contraction can still be observed. We also give equations that quantify the apparent deformation of the object and plots that show the apparent speed of the object as a function of time. In particular, as an object approaches, its apparent speed can be much greater than the speed of light. In addition, we derive equations that can be applied to photographic images to show how a relativistically moving image will appear. This transformation is applied to photographic images that demonstrate the changes in appearance of a relativistically moving object. The dominate effect is that of appearing to be rotated, that is, the Terrell effect.
The Spectrum of the Night Sky Over Kitt Peak: Changes Over Two Decades

New absolute spectrophotometry of the Kitt Peak night sky has been obtained in 2009-2010, which we compare to previously published data obtained in 1988 and 1999, allowing us to look for changes over the past two decades. A comparison of the data between 1988, 1999, and 2009-2010 reveals that the sky brightness of Kitt Peak has stayed remarkably constant over the past 20 yr. Compared to 1988, the 2009-2010 data show no change in the sky brightness at zenith though, as expected, the sky glow has increased most dramatically in the direction of Tucson. Comparison between the 1999 and 2009-2010 data suggests that the sky has actually decreased in bright- ness compared to 10 yr ago. However, both of the older data sets were taken during times of increased solar activity. When we correct the measurements for the solar irradiance fluctuations, we find that compared to 20 yr ago, the sky is ∼0:1 mag brighter at zenith and ∼0:3 mag brighter toward Tucson. But even after these corrections, we still find that the sky over Kitt Peak is comparable to what it was 10 yr ago at zenith and ∼0:1 mag darker toward Tucson. This suggests that the strengthened lighting ordinances established by the city of Tucson and Pima County in the early 2000s have been quite effective. With some care, the Kitt Peak night sky will remain this dark many years into the future.
Computational Sample Complexity and Attribute-Efficient Learning

Two fundamental measures of the efficiency of a learning algorithm are its running time and the number of examples it requires (its sample complexity). In this paper we demonstrate that even for simple concept classes, an inherent tradeoff can exist between running time and sample complexity. We present a concept class of 1-decision lists and prove that while a computationally unbounded learner can learn the class from O(1) examples, under a standard cryptographic assumption any polynomial-time learner requires almost ?(n) examples. Using a different construction, we present a concept class of k-decision lists which exhibits a similar but stronger gap in sample complexity. These results strengthen the results of Decatur et al. (1997, in “Proc. Tenth Ann. Conf. Comput. Learning Theory,” pp. 130?142) on distribution-free computational sample complexity and come within a logarithmic factor of the largest possible gap for concept classes of k-decision lists. Finally, we construct a concept class of decision lists which can be learned attribute-efficiently and can be learned in polynomial time but cannot be learned attribute-efficiently in polynomial time. This is the first result which shows that attribute-efficient learning can be computationally hard. The main tools used are one-way permutations, error-correcting codes and pseudorandom generators.
Dimer-induced stabilization of H adsorbate cluster on BN(0001) surface.

Using first-principles calculations, we have studied successive adsorption of hydrogen atoms on a sp2-bonded boron nitride graphitic sheet. Our calculations show that clustering proceeds through the creation of contiguous H–H orthodimer structures stabilizing the H adsorbate cluster on the BN(0001) surface, leading eventually to the formation of hydrogen-contiguous boat-shaped quartets.
Hermeneutic Range in Church-State Deliberation: Cross Meanings in the Los Angeles County Seal Controversy

The removal of a cross from the Los Angeles County seal created an intense local controversy in 2004. Hearings between the region's Board of Supervisors and different publics demonstrated how individuals can make similar judgments through hermeneutic range—or the various configurations of interpretive openness and closure that can be enacted in deliberation. Specifically, the interpretive leeway that audiences use in controversies constitutes one approach for understanding how discursive alliances may be formed. In this case, I constructed three different groups in the controversy, each corresponding to particular attributions of the monosemy or polysemy of history, religious symbols, and politics. Implications are charted for communication research and pedagogy.
Magnetic Monopoles and Evaporating Black Holes

If heavy magnetic monopoles exist, then extreme magnetically charged black holes (${P}^{2}={M}^{2}$) with masses as small as 150${[({10}^{17}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}]}^{2}$ g will be stable against evaporation over periods of ${10}^{10}$ yr or longer, where $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is the mass of the lightest monopole. It appears unlikely that such black holes exist in the present universe, but this conclusion depends strongly on the details of the first ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ sec of the universe. Such long-lived small holes will exist in the late universe if there is at least 1 monopole per ${10}^{50}$${[({10}^{17}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}]}^{6}$ baryons in the universe.
Comparison of the three classes (rare earth, refractory and near-noble) of silicide contacts

Abstract It is well established that near-noble metals and refractory metals form two distinct classes of silicide contacts with silicon. Rare earth metals have been studied in the same manner and found to form a new class that is very distinct from the other two in terms of properties and characteristics. Some of these characteristics are the formation of a disilicide phase, as an apparently first and last phase, at a surprisingly low temperature (250–400 °C). Marker motion study using implanted krypton and argon showed silicon to be the dominant diffusing species for ErSi 2 . The Schottky barrier height to n-Si is 0.40 ± 0.04 e V and to p-Si is 0.70 ± 0.04 e V for all six of the metals studied. The surface morphology after reaction indicates the formation of a tensile stress by the silicide reaction. Oxidation of the rare earth metals is a severe problem although a variety of passivation schemes have been shown to work.
Adenomyosis a variant, not a disease? Evidence from hysterectomized menopausal women in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Objective Our study evaluates the symptoms commonly attributed to adenomyosis in women undergoing the menopausal transition. We hypothesized that adenomyosis is more commonly seen in women with fibroids, pelvic pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, and in the presence of endometriosis. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Multisite community-based study. Patient(s) Enrollees in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation who had hysterectomies. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Relationship of adenomyosis to presenting symptoms and other patient characteristics. Result(s) Adenomyosis was found in 48% of 137 patients. Frequencies of presenting symptoms were similar in those with and without evidence of adenomyosis. The same prevalence of fibroids was seen in the presence or absence of adenomyosis: 37% versus 43%, endometriosis, 3% versus 5%, abnormal bleeding, 27% versus 33%, or chronic pelvic pain in the presence of fibroids 12% versus 17%. Conclusion(s) Adenomyosis is a common diagnosis seen in hysterectomized specimens from women undergoing the perimenopausal transition. Adenomyosis is equally common in women who also have fibroids, endometriosis, pelvic pain, or abnormal uterine bleeding, and women who do not. Therefore, adenomyosis is an incidental finding, not the source of the symptomatology. It appears not to be a "disease" per se but rather a normal variant.
Chelation-assisted, copper(II)-acetate-accelerated azide-alkyne cycloaddition

We described in a previous communication a variant of the popular Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) process where 5 mol % of Cu(OAc)(2) in the absence of any added reducing agent is sufficient to enable the reaction. 2-Picolylazide (1) and 2-azidomethylquinoline (2) were found to be by far the most reactive carbon azide substrates that convert to 1,2,3-triazoles in as short as a few minutes under the discovered conditions. We hypothesized that the abilities of 1 and 2 to chelate Cu(II) contribute significantly to the observed high reaction rates. The current work examines the effect of auxiliary ligands near the azido group other than pyridyl for Cu(II) on the efficiency of the Cu(OAc)(2)-accelerated AAC reaction. The carbon azides capable of binding to the catalytic copper center at the alkylated azido nitrogen in a chelatable fashion were indeed shown to be superior substrates under the reported conditions. The chelation between carbon azide 11 and Cu(II) was demonstrated in an X-ray single-crystal structure. In a limited set of examples, the ligand tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA), developed by Fokin et al. for assisting the original Cu(I)-catalyzed AAC reactions, also dramatically enhances the Cu(OAc)(2)-accelerated AAC reactions involving nonchelating azides. This observation leads to the hypothesis of an additional effect of chelating azides on the efficiencies of Cu(OAc)(2)-accelerated AAC reactions, which is to facilitate the rapid reduction of Cu(II) to highly catalytic Cu(I) species. Mechanistic studies on the AAC reactions with particular emphasis on the role of carbon azide/copper interactions will be conducted based on the observations reported in this work. Finally, the immediate utility of the product 1,2,3-triazole molecules derived from chelating azides as multidentate metal coordination ligands is demonstrated. The resulting triazolyl-containing ligands are expected to bind with transition metal ions via the N(2) nitrogen of the 1,2,3-triazolyl group to form nonplanar coordination rings. The Cu(II) complexes of bidentate T1 and tetradentate T6 and the Zn(II) complex of T6 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure of [Cu(T1)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4))(2) reveals the interesting synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking interactions, and metal coordination in forming a one-dimensional supramolecular construct in the solid state. The tetradentate coordination mode of T6 may be incorporated into designs of new molecule sensors and organometallic catalysts.
PERMANENT MAGNET UNDULATORS

Pure Rare Earth Cobalt (REC) undulators and hybrid undulators, using both REC and steel, are described and compared with each other and with conventional and superconducting undulators.
Highly stereoselective radical addition to a trisubstituted alkene by low temperature photolysis of thiohydroxamic esters

Abstract Low temperature carbon radical addition to α,β-unsaturated amides of trans-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine was achieved in high yield with high diastereoselectivity by photolysis of Barton esters. Use of an olefin substituted with three electron withdrawing groups provides synthetic versatility and regiospecificity.
Plasmonic nano-structures for optical data storage

We propose a method of optical data storage that exploits the small dimensions of metallic nano-particles and/or nano-structures to achieve high storage densities. The resonant behavior of these particles (both individual and in small clusters) in the presence of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light may be used to retrieve pre-recorded information by far-field spectroscopic optical detection. In plasmonic data storage, a femtosecond laser pulse is focused to a diffraction-limited spot over a small region of an optical disk containing metallic nano-structures. The digital information stored in each bit-cell modifies the spectrum of the femtosecond light pulse, which is subsequently detected in transmission (or reflection) using an optical spectrum analyzer. We present theoretical as well as preliminary experimental results that confirm the potential of plasmonic nano-structures for high-density optical storage applications.
Will discrete symmetries help solve the hierarchy problem

Abstract We explore the idea that massless Higgs doublets at the GUT scale can be the natural result of a discrete symmetry. Such a mechanism will not require elaborate fine-tuning or complicated particle content. The same discrete symmetry will also protect against proton decay and flavor changing neutral currents. Unfortunately, we find that this mechanism is not compatible with the minimal supersymmetric standard model if generic couplings are assumed. In typical string models, however, some couplings can vanish without VIOLATING any symmetries. Therefore, the possibility of a similar mechanism having relevance to the real world is still open.
Low Friction Hydrophilic Surface for Medical Devices

A hydrophilic polymer surface with low friction has been devel oped. A coating can be attached by the reaction of an epoxy containing poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) with the polyamino compound formed on the surface of the substrate. The epoxy containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) was obtained by the copolymerization of vinyl pyrrolidone, glycidyl acrylate, and vinyl acetate. A molecular weight of 400,000 or more is essential to achieve low surface friction. Polyurethane catheters in rabbit models, both with and without the hydro philic low friction coating, were evaluated for surface friction coefficient and blood compatibility. The coated catheters produced no lesions of the intima of the blood vessels and no thrombus formation on the catheter surface, while the non-coated catheters injured the intima of the blood vessels and severe throm bus formation was found on their surfaces.
Solution processing of transparent conductors: from flask to film

This critical review focuses on the solution deposition of transparent conductors with a particular focus on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin-films. TCOs play a critical role in many current and emerging opto-electronic devices due to their unique combination of electronic conductivity and transparency in the visible region of the spectrum. Atmospheric-pressure solution processing is an attractive alternative to conventional vacuum-based deposition methods due to its ease of fabrication, scalability, and potential to lower device manufacturing costs. An introduction into the applications of and material criteria for TCOs will be presented first, followed by a discussion of solution routes to these systems. Recent studies in the field will be reviewed according to their materials system. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for further enabling research will be discussed in terms of emerging oxide systems and non-oxide based transparent conductors (341 references).
Preparation and functionalization of an alkenylcopper reagent formed by the syn addition of (dialkoxyphosphinyl)difluoromethylcopper to hexafluoro-2-butyne

Abstract (Dialkoxyphosphinyl)difluoromethylcopper, readily prepared from dialkyl bromodifluoromethylphosphonate, undergoes facile, stereospecific, syn addition to hexafluoro-2-butyne, to form the cis alkenylcopper reagent in good yield. This intermediate can be functionalized with electrophiles, such as aryl, alkyl, and alkenyl halides.
The hybrid solutions of an N-person game

Abstract We introduce a solution concept intermediate between the cooperative and noncooperative solutions of an n-person game in normal form. Consider a partition p of the players, with each s ϵ p a coalition. A joint strategy x = {xs | s ϵ p} is a hybrid solution for the partition p if, for each s ϵ p, xs is a core solution of the corresponding parametric subgame, where this game is played by the players in s and is parameterized by x−s, the strategies played by all outside players. This assumes that players behave cooperatively within each coalition and competitively across coalitions. Sufficient conditions are given for a general n-person game to have hybrid solutions for any partition.
Predicted Signatures at the Lhc from U(1) Extensions of the Standard Model

We discuss the U(1)X extensions of the standard model with focus on the Stueckelberg mechanism for mass growth for the extra U(1)X gauge boson. The assumption of an axionic connector field which carries dual U(1) quantum numbers, i.e. quantum numbers for the hypercharge U(1)Y and for the hidden sector gauge group U(1)X, allows a nontrivial mixing between the mass growth for the neutral gauge vector bosons in the SU(2)L × U(1)Y sector and the mass growth for the vector boson by the Stueckelberg mechanism in the U(1)X sector. This results in an extra Z′ which can be very narrow, but still detectable at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The U(1)X extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model is also considered and the role of the Fayet–Illiopoulos term in such an extension discussed. The U(1)X extensions of the SM and of the MSSM lead to new candidates for dark matter.
The Effect of Changes in Regulation and Competition on Firms' Demand for Accounting Information

This paper examines whether the type of competition in a market influences the association between the intensity of competition and demand for accounting information. Empirical analysis using a sample of 1,578 hospital‐year observations from hospitals in California finds no association between the intensity of competition and demand for accounting information in the presence of quality competition; however, when firms compete on price, the need to control costs leads to a positive association between the two. In addition, the change in the unit of analysis in the hospital industry from the payer to the ailment increased the demand for accounting information for all California hospitals. This study suggests that competition intensity increases the demand for accounting information under one type of competition (price), but not another (quality competition), and thereby contributes to our understanding of the reasons for the mixed evidence in prior literature on the relation between competition and the dema...
Implicit solution of the unsteady Euler equations for high-order accurate discontinuous Galerkin discretizations

Efficient solution techniques for high-order accurate time-dependent problems are investigated for solving the two-dimensional non-linear Euler equations in this work. The spatial discretization consists of a high-order accurate discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approach. Implicit time-integration techniques are considered exclusively in order to avoid the stability restrictions of explicit methods. Standard backwards differencing methods (BDF1 and BDF2) as well as a second-order Crank-Nicholson (CN2) and a fourth-order implicit Runge-Kutta (IRK4) scheme are considered in an attempt to balance the spatial and temporal accuracy of the overall approach. The implicit system arising at each time step is solved using a p-multigrid approach, which is shown to produce h independent convergence rates, while remaining relatively insensitive to the time-step size. The Crank-Nicholson methodology, although not L-stable, demonstrates superior performance compared to the BDF2 scheme for the problems chosen in this work. However, the fourth-order accurate implicit Runge-Kutta scheme is found to be the most efficient in terms of computational cost for a given accuracy level as compared to the lower-order schemes, in spite of the added cost per time step, and the benefits of this scheme increase for tighter error tolerances.
FHA restructuring proposals: Alternatives and implications

Abstract This article evaluates problems of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) under its current structure, develops criteria for judging alternative structures, and suggests one alternative—an assigned risk pool—that encourages efficiency in the insurance function while still promoting low‐ and moderate‐income housing. A historical introduction explains how the current institutional relationships came about and created FHA's problems. FHA's decline resulted from the mixing of a heavy social agenda with the basic insurance objective, a destructive reorganization of the Department of Housing and Urban Development that caused FHA to lose control and focus, and government's inherent inability to respond to market signals. Yet the economic rationale for government involvement in FHA functions is strong. An FHA organized as an independent government agency, a government‐sponsored enterprise, or even a privatized entity structured as an assigned risk pool could improve efficiency of underwriting, pricing,...
Approaches to improvement of metal ion selectivity by cryptands

Abstract Several approaches to improvement of metal ion selectivity by mixed oxygen–nitrogen donor cryptands are discussed. Because of the relatively rigid structures of cryptands, thermodynamic stabilities of the cryptate complexes strongly depend on the match of the cation size and cryptand cavity diameters. Symmetry is an important factor influencing the properties of cryptand complexation. One rule to improve metal ion selectivity by oxygen–nitrogen donor cryptands is to obtain the ligand that has the best size-match cavity with the cation while keeping a symmetric spherical-coordination array. High selectivity for a small cation can be obtained when the cryptand is able to form a number of six-membered chelate rings with the metal ion while the requirements of the high-symmetric donor atom array and size-matched cavity are met. On the other hand, introduction of benzene rings and other groups to cryptands usually decreases metal ion binding and selectivity.
Multigrid methods for propagators in lattice gauge theories

Multigrid methods were invented for the solution of discretized partial differential equations in ordered systems. The slowness of traditional algorithms is overcome by updates on various length scales. In this overview article we discuss generalizations of multigrid methods for disordered systems, in particular for propagators in lattice gauge theories. A discretized nonabelian gauge theory can be formulated as a system of statistical mechanics where the gauge field degrees of freedom are SU(N) matrices on the links of the lattice. These SU(N) matrices appear as random coefficients in Dirac equations. We aim at finding an efficient method by which one can solve Dirac equations without critical slowing down. If this could be achieved, Monte Carlo simulations of Quantum Chromodynamics (the theory of the strong interaction) would be accelerated considerably. In principle, however, the methods discussed can be used in arbitrary space-time dimension and for arbitrary gauge group. Moreover, there are applications in multigrid Monte Carlo simulations, and for the definition of block spins and blocked gauge fields in Monte Carlo renormalization group studies. As a central result it was found that the geometric multigrid method works in principle in arbitrarily disordered gauge fields. Finally, an overview is given of other approaches to the propagator problem in lattice gauge theories.
Characters of unipotent groups over finite fields

Let G be a connected unipotent group over a finite field \({\mathbb F_q}\). In this article, we propose a definition of L-packets of complex irreducible representations of the finite group \({G(\mathbb F_q)}\) and give an explicit description of L-packets in terms of the so-called admissible pairs for G. We then apply our results to show that if the centralizer of every geometric point of G is connected, then the dimension of every complex irreducible representation of \({G(\mathbb F_q)}\) is a power of q, confirming a conjecture of Drinfeld. This paper is the first in a series of three papers exploring the relationship between representations of a group of the form \({G(\mathbb F_q)}\) (where G is a unipotent algebraic group over \({\mathbb F_q}\)), the geometry of G, and the theory of character sheaves.
The Contribution of Financial Management Training and Knowledge to Dairy Farm Financial Performance

Cooperative Extension and other institutions (e.g., technical colleges, on-line self study programs, university short courses, etc.) frequently stress the importance of financial management education for successful farming operations. The research reported in this paper attempts to quantify the contributions of such training to the financial performance of dairy farms in Wisconsin. Our results suggest a link between a deeper understanding of financial concepts and greater financial returns but that it is a relatively weak one. Moreover, simple exposure to farm management training programs and self-confidence in farm financial decision-making ability are not significantly related to farm financial outcomes.
Quantum zonal spherical functions and Macdonald polynomials

Abstract A unified theory of quantum symmetric pairs is applied to q -special functions. Previous work characterized certain left coideal subalgebras in the quantized enveloping algebra and established an appropriate framework for quantum zonal spherical functions. Here a distinguished family of such functions, invariant under the Weyl group associated to the restricted roots, is shown to be a family of Macdonald polynomials, as conjectured by Koornwinder and Macdonald. Our results place earlier work for Lie algebras of classical type in a general context and extend to the exceptional cases.
¿Hay que eliminar el sistema binominal?Una propuesta alternativa

This article develops a proposal of reform to the current binominal electoral system in Chile, presenting an alternative for transforming its main disadvantages without its total replacement. Therefore this alternative implies a less drastical change than moving to proportional representation (PR), which makes it unnecessary to revise the distribution of the representative's numbers by unit of representation. Furthermore, by maintaining the basic aspect of the binominal formula, this reform does not alter the conditions under which the current legislators were elected as such. Then less reluctance should arise on its behalf.