cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Densities Obtained by Liquid Crystallization of Thin Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Films

When poly(ethylene terephthalate) films arc crystallized by certain liquids, thin films exhibit abnormally low densities, in contrast to thick films which have the densities of semicrystalline polymer. Cavitation produced by the crystallizing liquid is considered responsible. Although thick films also undergo cavitation, any lasting effect is confined to the surface; the influence on density is not detected because the cavitated structure represents a relatively small fraction of the total film.
The Influence of Autoxidation on Wear Asymmetry with n-Hexadecane

Autoxidation of n-hexadecane had a profound effect on wear behavior as measured in a four-ball machine. For pure n-hexadecane, the wear of the stationary (continuously loaded) balls was very much greater than the wear of the rotating (cyclically loaded) ball under the test conditions employed. Mild autoxidation at 110-kPa oxygen pressure reversed this relationship. Mild autoxidation at low oxygen pressure gave intermediate results. This wear behavior can be related to differences in wear chemistry and contact kinematics for the apposing surfaces. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference in San Diego, California, October 22–24, 1984
High-adiabat high-foot inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments on the national ignition facility.

This Letter reports on a series of high-adiabat implosions of cryogenic layered deuterium-tritium (DT) capsules indirectly driven by a ``high-foot'' laser drive pulse at the National Ignition Facility. High-foot implosions have high ablation velocities and large density gradient scale lengths and are more resistant to ablation-front Rayleigh-Taylor instability induced mixing of ablator material into the DT hot spot. Indeed, the observed hot spot mix in these implosions was low and the measured neutron yields were typically 50% (or higher) of the yields predicted by simulation. On one high performing shot (N130812), 1.7 MJ of laser energy at a peak power of 350 TW was used to obtain a peak hohlraum radiation temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}300\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. The resulting experimental neutron yield was $(2.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ DT, the fuel $\ensuremath{\rho}R$ was $(0.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.063)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and the measured ${T}_{\text{ion}}$ was $(4.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$, corresponding to 8 kJ of fusion yield, with $\ensuremath{\sim}1/3$ of the yield caused by self-heating of the fuel by $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted in the initial reactions. The generalized Lawson criteria, an ignition metric, was 0.43 and the neutron yield was $\ensuremath{\sim}70%$ of the value predicted by simulations that include \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle self-heating.
Eating disorder and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a sample of bulimic women: Perfectionism as a mediating factor

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate whether perfectionism mediates the association between obsessive–compulsive (OC) and eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Analyses were conducted using data collected among a national sample of eating disordered women diagnosed with BN or a subclinical variant of BN (N = 204). Each participant completed a series of self-report inventories on perfectionism, as well as OC, ED, and depressive symptoms. Higher ED symptoms were significantly associated with greater levels of perfectionism (p
First principles effective electronic couplings for hole transfer in natural and size-expanded DNA.

Hole transfer processes between base pairs in natural DNA and size-expanded DNA (xDNA) are studied and compared, by means of an accurate first principles evaluation of the effective electronic coup...
Transfer of knowledge within the Lake Ontario salmonid sport fishery

This paper describes a new method which facilitates more focused and effective transfer of information among people using or influencing management of marine resources. A recently developed construct, Concept Mapping, is used to analyze primary scientific reports on Salmonid distribution and to assess the knowledge of charter boat captains' operations on Lake Ontario. This analysis revealed key concepts and important facts concerning the distribution of fish populations in Lake Ontario. These were then combined to form a comprehensive basis for future educational efforts in the area of sportfishing. The resulting Theory of Structure Fishing, derived from New York Sea Grant salmonid research and interviews with upstate New York charter boat captains, reveals extensive indigenous knowledge, based on scientific research, concerning the distribution of salmonids in Lake Ontario. This study provides a model for the generation of valid and reliable information about available scientific research and people's understandings and beliefs. This leads to the comprehensive design of natural resource programming and transfer of information through the fishery.
Dopaminergic regulation of secretory granule-associated proteins in rat intermediate pituitary.

Abstract: The biosynthesis of peptides requires the synthesis of the prohormone, several biosynthetic processing enzymes, and other granule constituents. We have investigated the regulated expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and five enzymes essential for the processing of POMC to smaller, bioactive peptides in intermediate pituitary melanotropes. Rats were treated with a dopaminergic agonist (bromocriptine) or antagonist (haloperidol) for periods ranging from 1 h to 5 days, followed by analyses of mRNA levels and protein biosynthetic rates. Multiplex RNase protection assays showed that bromocriptine treatment caused a striking decrease in POMC mRNA levels, and significant decreases in mRNA levels for prohormone convertase 2 (PC2), carboxypeptidase H (CPH), and peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). Smaller increases in mRNA levels were seen after haloperidol stimulation. Protein biosynthetic rates changed more profoundly than mRNA levels at short drug treatment times, indicating a role for translational effects after treatment with bromocriptine and with haloperidol. The homogeneous population of melanotropes in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary allows a quantitative analysis of transcript levels and biosynthetic rates. POMC mRNA levels are 200–1,000-fold higher than levels of any of the processing enzyme mRNAs, and POMC biosynthetic rates exceed those of PC2, PC1, and PAM by 1,000–10,000-fold.
Outcome predictors in the management of spinal myxopapillary ependymoma: an integrative survival analysis.

Objectives The results in earlier studies have described a variable association with age, extent of resection, and radiotherapy (RT) correlating with the survival of myxopapillary ependymomas. The aim of our study is to perform a survival analysis on patient data gathered from a comprehensive review of the literature and determine the influence of these factors on progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods A PubMed search was performed to select the articles containing information about the critical events (recurrence/death), time to events, and treatment characteristics (extent of resection with or without RT) in the patients with spinal myxopapillary ependymomas. Results A total of 337 patients with information regarding the critical events, time to events, and treatment characteristics was selected for the inclusion. Patients in gross-total resection group had better PFS and OS ( P = 0.001, P = 0.000 respectively). The patients in older age group (>35 years) had better PFS ( P = 0.008). Overall PFS did not improve if RT was combined with surgery compared with surgery alone; however, the adjuvant RT benefitted the patients age ≤35 years. RT dose >50 Gy had significant influence on the PFS ( P = 0.034). Conclusion Gross-total resection plays the most important role in improving PFS and OS. Older patients had better PFS; however, the influence of adjuvant RT was significant in younger age groups. A dose of >50 Gy improves the results, but a randomized controlled study is warranted to arrive at a definite conclusion.
STAT transcription factors in normal and cancer stem cells

Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs) play vital roles in the regulation of cellular proliferation and survival in normal hematopoietic cells, including hematopoietic stem cells. However, aberrant activation of STATs is commonly observed in a number of hematologic malignancies, and recent studies indicate that targeting of STATs may have therapeutic benefit in these diseases. Additional studies have provided greater understanding of the cells responsible for leukemia initiation, referred to as leukemia stem cells. Emerging evidence indicates that STATs are important in maintaining leukemia stem cells and represent a promising target for eradication of this dangerous cell population. Here we summarize what is known about normal hematopoietic stem cells and the origin of leukemic stem cells. We further describe the roles of STAT proteins in these cell populations, as well as current progress toward the development of novel agents and strategies for targeting the STAT proteins.
Time-resolved x-ray-scattering study of ordering kinetics in bulk single-crystal Cu 3 Au

Time-resolved x-ray scattering has been used to study ordering kinetics in single-crystal bulk ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au. After annealing at high temperatures, the sample is rapidly quenched to fixed temperatures below the order-disorder transition temperature. The development of order is monitored in real time with use of scattering techniques. The data clearly showed three regimes: nucleation, ordering, and coarsening. The anisotropic superlattice peaks that reflect the domains structure are investigated in connection with the ordering kinetics. The line shape of the scattering function exhibits a crossover from a Gaussian to a Lorentzian squared as the system goes from the ordering regime to the coarsening regime. The line shape of S(Q) is analyzed by fitting the data with a variety of functions. The resolution is accounted for during the fitting. The coarsening in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au is consistent with curvature-driven growth.
Research and development roadmaps for nondestructive evaluation of cables, concrete, reactor pressure vessels, and piping fatigue

The purpose of the Materials Aging and Degradation (MAaD) Pathway is to develop the scientific basis for understanding and predicting long-term environmental degradation behavior of materials in nuclear power plants and to provide data and methods to assess the performance of systems, structures, and components (SSCs) essential to safe and sustained nuclear power plant operations. The understanding of aging-related phenomena and their impacts on SSCs is expected to be a significant issue for any nuclear power plant planning for long-term operations (i.e., service beyond the initial license renewal period). Management of those phenomena and their impacts during long-term operations can be better enabled by improved methods and techniques for detection, monitoring, and prediction of SSC degradation. Elements of research necessary to produce the improved methods and techniques include the following: Integration of materials science understanding of degradation accumulation, with nondestructive measurement science for early detection of materials degradation. Development of robust sensors and instrumentation, as well as deployment tools, to enable extensive condition assessment of passive nuclear power plant components. Analysis systems for condition assessment and remaining life estimation from measurement data. It is likely that pursuing research for each of these elements in parallel will be necessary to address anticipated near-term deadlines for decision-making by plant owners and regulators (i.e., the first of the "second-round" license renewal announcements will likely start to be made in the 2015 to 2020 timeframe by the nuclear power plant owners). To address these research needs, the MAaD Pathway supported a series of workshops in the summer of 2012 for the purpose of developing R&D roadmaps for enhancing the use of Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) technologies and methodologies for detecting aging and degradation of materials and predicting the remaining useful life. The workshops were conducted to assess requirements and technical gaps related to applications of NDE for cables, concrete, reactor pressure vessels (RPV), and piping fatigue for extended reactor life. An overview of the outcomes of the workshops is presented here. Details of the workshop outcomes and proposed R&D also are available in the R&D roadmap documents cited in the bibliography and are available on the LWRS Program website (http://www.inl.gov/lwrs).
Degrees of Real Wronski Maps

We study the map which sends vectors of polynomials into their Wronski determinants. This defines a projection map of a Grassmann variety which we call a Wronski map. Our main result is computation of degrees of the real Wronski maps. Connections with real algebraic geometry and control theory are described.
Radiative falloff in the background of rotating black holes

We study numerically the late-time tails of linearized fields with any spin s in the background of a spinning black hole. Our code is based on the ingoing Kerr coordinates, which allow us to penetrate through the event horizon. The late time tails are dominated by the mode with the least multipole moment $\mathcal{l}$ which is consistent with the equatorial symmetry of the initial data and is equal to or greater than the least radiative mode with s and the azimuthal number m.
Extremal properties of contraction semigroups onc 0

For any complex Banach spaceX, letJ denote the duality mapping ofX. For any unit vectorx inX and any (C 0) contraction semigroup (T t ) t>0 onX, Baillon and Guerre-Delabriere proved that ifX is a smooth reflexive Banach space and if there isx *∈J(x) such that ÷〈(T(t)x, J(x)〈÷→1 ast→∞, then there is a unit vectory∈X which is an eigenvector of the generatorA of (T t ) t>0 associated with a purely imaginary eigenvalue. They asked whether this result is still true ifX is replaced byc 0. In this article, we show the answer is negative
FORMATION OF THYMINE DIMERS IN MAMMALIAN SKIN BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN VIVO

— Ultraviolet radiation of 220–300 nm is known to produce cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in extracellular DNA, in bacteria, and in mammalian cells in culture. The formation in vivo of such dimers in mammalian skin has remained inferential. We report that one of the important and recognizable biologic events that occurs in mammalian skin during irradiation is the formation of thymine dimers. [3H]-labelled thymidine was applied to the epilated skin of guinea pigs to label their DNA. Animals were irradiated individually, using wavelengths of either 254, 285–350, or 320–400 nm. Immediately after irradiation, epidermis was separated from the rest of the skin and homogenized; DNA and RNA were isolated. Irradiation with wavelengths of 285–350 nm, which included the sunburn-producing spectrum (i.e., 290–320 nm), produced thymine dimers (1·7–2·6 per cent of the total [3H]-thymine incorporated into DNA). Irradiation with 254nm also produced fewer dimers (0·46–1·2 percent); and 320–400 nm produced none. The dimer could be cleaved by 250 nm radiation to form thymine. The epidermal cell damage by ultraviolet radiation, particularly by the sunburn-producing spectrum (290–320 nm), may be related to the formation of such dimers.
A GaAs receiver module for optoelectronic computing and interconnection

A GaAs gigahertz optical receiver module was designed and fabricated through a MESFET technology. Design techniques were used to increase the bandwidth of the receiver circuit. Basic digital circuits were also fabricated to extract technology parameters and to provide information for higher levels of integration. This receiver and the associated laser diode based transmitter are suitable for integrated optoelectronic signal processing and optical neurocomputing. >
Reflections on building capacity as a supervisor in college student services

This chapter explores the roles one's personal attributes play in determining one's style and beliefs about supervision.
Robust State Estimation with Imperfect Sensors

Robustness properties of extended Kalman-type filters are investigated for time-varying plants when nonlinearities or linear dynamics are present at the plant input and output. Sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability (of the state estimation error) in the absence of noise are obtained when the nonlinearities or the linear dynamics are perfectly known. When the nonlinearities are known only within bands of uncertainty, the estimation error is shown to be ultimately bounded under certain conditions. The results obtained highlight the robustness properties of such filters, which are similar to, but not exact duals of those of linear quadratic regulators.
Using overlays for efficient data transfer over shared wide-area networks

Data-intensive applications frequently transfer large amounts of data over wide-area networks. The performance achieved in such settings can often be improved by routing data via intermediate nodes chosen to increase aggregate bandwidth. We explore the benefits of overlay network approaches by designing and implementing a service-oriented architecture that incorporates two key optimizations -- multi-hop path splitting and multi-pathing - within the GridFTP file transfer protocol. We develop a file transfer scheduling algorithm that incorporates the two optimizations in conjunction with the use of available file replicas. The algorithm makes use of information from past GridFTP transfers to estimate network bandwidths and resource availability. The effectiveness of these optimizations is evaluated using several application file transfer patterns: one-to-all broadcast, all-to-one gather, and data redistribution, on a wide-area testbed. The experimental results show that our architecture and algorithm achieve significant performance improvement.
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Graphite Under Complex Stress Conditions

The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of linear-elastic fracture mechanics to graphite under multiaxial stress conditions. Earlier studies have demonstrated the applicability of fracture mechanics to graphite under a limited range of biaxial states of stress where one principal stress was tensile and the other was compressive.1 In this paper, the study was extended to consider other combined stress states.
Epicutaneous Immunotherapy in Grass-Induced Allergic Rhinitis

As we approach the 100th anniversary of the first use of subcutaneous immunotherapy, a robust literature has demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma, its ability to provide lasting efficacy following discontinuation, as well as its ability to potentially deter the allergic march. Despite these positive findings, it is obvious that most recent research has focused on alternative routes of immunotherapy, the most frequent being sublingual. Such alternative routes have become a focus of interest for several reasons, including removing the need for needles, the possibility of home application, and a reduction in adverse events. Here we examine a recent study by Senti and colleagues that explored the utility of epicutaneous immunotherapy in grass-induced allergic rhinitis.
The New 'U.'.

versity" are cracking, so it is time to talk about change.1 But change is not necessarily reform, and resisting change probably will not keep things the way they are, so academics must understand the forces reshaping the university. Whenever I listen to colleagues defend the status quo by saying that the United States has a university system that is the envy of the world, I hear echoes of the Detroit automobile industry's casual dismissal of foreign competitors in the early 1960s. The decision not to change did not preserve the auto industry, and it is unlikely to preserve public universities as we know them. The current debates about tenure
Middle ear pressure during sleep and the effects of continuous positive airway pressure

Abstract Purpose Prior studies evaluating Eustachian tube physiology, baseline middle ear pressure (MEP), and the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) have been performed on awake patients. No study to date has specifically investigated MEP during sleep despite the fact that the average individual spends a third of their lifetime sleeping. The primary objectives of the current study are to quantify normal physiologic MEP during sleep and to evaluate the effects of escalating CPAP levels. Materials and methods Prospective observational study at a tertiary academic referral center evaluating serial tympanometry on sleeping adult patients during polysomnography. MEP was recorded awake, at 1-hour intervals during diagnostic polysomnography, and at all CPAP levels during titration. Changes in MEP with duration of sleep and escalating CPAP levels were analyzed. Results Ten adults were included (4 females; 6 males; mean age 58 years). The mean MEP while awake was 3 decapascals (daPa). The mean MEP during sleep without CPAP rose steadily from 14 daPa at 1 hour to 41 daPa at 4 hours ( r = 0.52; p r = 0.82; p 2 O ( p Conclusions MEP naturally increases with duration of sleep. CPAP therapy causes a supraphysiologic elevation in MEP that rises with increasing pressure levels. These findings may help guide future studies examining the safety of CPAP following otologic surgery and the potential therapeutic benefit in patients with chronic middle ear disease.
Negotiating Site-Based Management and Expanded Teacher Decision Making A Case Study of Six Urban Schools

Purpose: This article presents findings from a study of six schools in the Together Initiative (TI), which facilitates increased school autonomy from districts and expands teacher decision-making authority. This study aims to understand how TI’s theory of action changed structures, cultures, and agency as the concepts of site-based management and expanded teacher decision making were interpreted and implemented by district and school leaders and teachers. Research Design: Data were collected over the first 2 years of the initiative using a concurrent mixed-methods design. Field notes from more than 200 hours of observations and transcripts of 231 semistructured interviews with stakeholders were coded using the constant-comparative method. Findings from qualitative data were triangulated with annual teacher survey findings. Findings: Implementation of TI varied across the six schools and depended greatly on school staffs’ existing relationships the district, principal support 1
Using optical measurements to improve electronic models of bismuth nanowires

The optical properties of nanowires are studied because the singularities in their electronic density of states enhance the Seebeck coefficient without much decrease in the electrical conductivity, thus relaxing the trade-off between a high electrical conductivity and a high Seebeck coefficient, which is usually found in bulk materials. Filling a porous anodic alumina template with bismuth forms aligned, self-assembled arrays of bismuth nanowires. The previously measured strong optical absorption feature is compared to the simulated absorption spectrum resulting from an indirect electronic transition. The simulated and measured absorption spectra are similar in spectral shape and in their dependence on wire diameter and polarization. However, the simulated absorption peak occurs at 420 cm/sup -1/ higher than the measured absorption peak. This difference could result from inaccurate values of the L and T point masses or of the band overlap in bulk bismuth at room temperature. Since the large optical absorption at /spl sim/1000 cm/sup -1/ which is observed in bismuth nanowires is not observed in bulk bismuth, the optical properties of bismuth nanowires are also shown to provide an important tool for determining the band properties of bulk bismuth, which sensitively affect the thermoelectric properties of bulk bismuth and bismuth nanowires.
Delayed diagnoses in the spectrum of gluten-averse conditions

Celiac Disease (CD), gluten allergy (GA), and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) represent a highly varied disease grouping that affects individuals to varying degrees in response to the ingestion of certain cereal proteins (wheat, barley, rye, and sometimes oats). Generally, epidemiologic data on food allergy and intolerance is severely lacking; given current trends of under-diagnosis, prevalence of overt CD alone is estimated at 1-2% of European populations. There is a large and growing body of scientific literature that ascribes the complexity of various gluten-sensitive symptomology to multiple developmental pathways. This complexity translates largely in to delayed clinical diagnosis by medical professionals. Furthermore, public awareness of glutenaverse reactions as a serious medical condition remains low; there likely exists a sizable amount of the population that displays symptoms but does not pursue a gluten free diet due to a lack of knowledge. These delayed diagnoses result in an extremely decreased quality of life for those affected and for those with undiagnosed CD, there exists an increased risk for the development of refractory celiac with fatal Tcell lymphoma. The goal here is two-fold: (1) to conduct an epidemiologic pilot survey geared toward the characterization of contemporary paths to diagnosis of a small sample of individuals with CD, NCGS and GA and (2) to use the results of this survey to make suggestions for decreasing time to diagnosis for this widespread contemporary health issue.
Slotline Switch Based on a Lattice Circuit

Slotline switches are required for many slotline applications, such as tunable slot antennas and slotline antenna feed networks. The current practice is to place a pin diode or MEMS device across the slot to create a short circuit when the switch is in the OFF state. In this letter, a slotline short circuit series stub is incorporated into a lattice circuit to achieve a switch with a theoretical 0 dB insertion loss, infinite isolation and infinite return loss over a narrow bandwidth. Measured results demonstrate a near zero insertion loss, approximately 40 dB of isolation and greater than 15 dB return loss at 4.25 GHz, with an approximate 40% bandwidth defined by return loss and isolation greater than 10 dB.
Finding the optimal parameters for the steam explosion process of hay.

Combining biochemical principles and mathematical methods were defined optimal extrusion (steam explosion) process conditions for pelleted hay resulting in maximal cumulative production of biogas (CBGP). Operating experiments were conducted on a continuous modifiable extruder. Variable parameters, the reaction time, pressure and dry mass were compared and optimized. An assumption that longer reaction time, lower dry mass and higher operating pressure results in higher yields of biogas were confirmed only in defined pressure range. Critical conditions, from where the yield starts to decrease due to inhibitors formations were also modeled. It was found that the optimal process conditions were in the neighborhood of pressure 1.3 MPa, reaction time 7 minutes and 8% of dry mass resulting in 405 m3 of biogas (52.3% CH4) per ton of dry mass.
Influence of Light and Growth Regulators on Cranberry Seed Dormancy

SummaryThe influence of light (intensity and duration), GA, ABA and kinetin on the germination of photoblastic Early Black cranberry seeds was studied. No germination was observed after exposure of five days to 10 800 lx but considerable germination took place after 10 days under 1 080 or 10 800 lx. At least 15 days’ exposure to 10·8 or 108 lx was necessary to induce some germination. G A stimulated dark germination and ABA inhibited light germination. The two growth regulators were found to be mutually antagonistic, ABA inhibiting GA stimulation of dark germination and GA counteracting ABA inhibition of light germination. Kinetin was able to induce some dark germination but was much less active than GA in this respect.
Polymorphisms of interleukin-1 Beta and interleukin-17Alpha genes are associated with restless legs syndrome.

Objective Dopamine, iron, and inflammatory pathways are considered important to the development of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Recent genetic studies support involvement of dopamine and iron; however, cytokine gene variation in the inflammatory component remains unexplored. A recent study reported a high prevalence of RLS among HIV-infected adults. We estimate occurrence of RLS in an ethnically diverse sample of HIV-infected adults and examine differences in demographic factors, clinical characteristics, and biomarkers relating to dopamine, iron, and inflammation between adults with and without RLS symptoms. Design A prospective longitudinal study aimed at identifying biomarkers of RLS symptom experience among HIV-infected adults. Method 316 HIV-positive adults were evaluated using International RLS Study Group criteria. Genes were chosen for hypothesized relationships to dopamine (NOS1, NOS2), iron (HFE) or inflammation-mediated by cytokine genes (interferon [IFN], interleukin [IL], nuclear factor kappa-B [NFKB], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFA]). Results Similar to general population estimates, 11% of the sample met all four RLS diagnostic criteria. Controlling for race, gender, and hemoglobin, carrying two copies of the minor allele for IL1B rs1143643, rs1143634, or rs1143633 or carrying the minor allele for IL17A rs8193036 was associated with increased likelihood of meeting RLS diagnostic criteria. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence of a genetic association between IL1B and IL17A genes and RLS.
Epiphytic nitrogen fixation associated with standing dead shoots of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora

N2 fixation associated with the epiphytic community on standing dead Spartina alterniflora shoots was examined in both a natural and transplanted salt marsh in North Carolina. Acetylene reduction (AR) assays were conducted over a 24-mo period to estimate N2 fixation rates on standing dead stems and leaves. In the natural salt marsh, mean AR rates ranged from 0.5 nmol C2H4 cm−2 h−1 to 14 nmol C2H4 cm−2 h−1, while in the transplanted marsh mean AR rates ranged from 1 nmol C2H4 cm−2 h−1 to 33 nmol C2H4 cm−2 h−1. Diel AR activity of epiphytic communities in both marshes varied seasonally. Midday incubations yielded higher AR rates than nighttime incubations in the spring, while midday incubations in late summer and fall generally yielded AR rates equal to or lower than nighttime incubations. Desiccation during low tides occasionally repressed AR activity, although AR rates quickly rebounded with wetting. AR activity was localized in the epiphytic community, rather than in the underlying Spartina stem material. Based on the measured AR rates and the density of standing dead stems, the annual input of new N to the natural salt marsh via epiphytic N2 fixation is estimated to be 2.6 g N m−2 yr−1. The estimate of annual input of new N to the transplanted marsh is 3.8 g N m−2 yr−1. These estimates should be added to previous estimates of N2 fixation in marsh sediments to estimate the total contribution of new nitrogen to salt marsh nitrogen budgets.
Influence of stress on distribution of endotoxin in RES determined by fluorescein antibody technic.

Summary1. Deposition of endotoxin of Salmonella typhosawas followed in normal and stressed rabbits by the fluorescein tagging technic. 2. Pretreatment with cortisone and x-irradiation did not affect initial phagocytosis of toxin but inhibited degradation and elimination of toxin by the RES. 3. Pretreatment with thorotrast and preliminary injection of toxin caused depression of initial phagocytic functioning of the RES to a subsequent injection of toxin. 4. Our findings in their possible relation to the generalized Shwartzman reaction were discussed.
Benzoyl chloride derivatization with liquid chromatography???mass spectrometry for targeted metabolomics of neurochemicals in biological samples

Widely targeted metabolomic assays are useful because they provide quantitative data on large groups of related compounds. We report a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method that utilizes benzoyl chloride labeling for 70 neurologically relevant compounds, including catecholamines, indoleamines, amino acids, polyamines, trace amines, antioxidants, energy compounds, and their metabolites. The method includes neurotransmitters and metabolites found in both vertebrates and insects. This method was applied to analyze microdialysate from rats, human cerebrospinal fluid, human serum, fly tissue homogenate, and fly hemolymph, demonstrating its broad versatility for multiple physiological contexts and model systems. Limits of detection for most assayed compounds were below 10nM, relative standard deviations were below 10%, and carryover was less than 5% for 70 compounds separated in 20min, with a total analysis time of 33min. This broadly applicable method provides robust monitoring of multiple analytes, utilizes small sample sizes, and can be applied to diverse matrices. The assay will be of value for evaluating normal physiological changes in metabolism in neurochemical systems. The results demonstrate the utility of benzoyl chloride labeling with HPLC-MS/MS for widely targeted metabolomics assays.
New transitions and feeding of the J π = ( 8 + ) isomer in Re 186

The spallation neutron source at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Weapons Neutron Research facility was used to populate excited states in $^{186}\mathrm{Re}$ via $(n,2n\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reactions on an enriched $^{187}\mathrm{Re}$ target. Gamma rays were detected with the GErmanium Array for Neutron Induced Excitations spectrometer, a Compton-suppressed array of 18 HPGe detectors. Incident neutron energies were determined by the time-of-flight technique and used to obtain $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray excitation functions for the purpose of identifying $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays by reaction channel. Analysis of the singles $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrum gated on the neutron energy range $10\ensuremath{\le}{E}_{n}\ensuremath{\le}25\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ resulted in five transitions and one level added to the $^{186}\mathrm{Re}$ level scheme. The additions include the placement of three $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays at 266.7, 381.2, and 647.7 keV which have been identified as feeding the $2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{yr}$, ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=({8}^{+})$ isomer and yield an improved value of $148.2(5)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$ for the isomer energy. These transitions may have astrophysical implications related to the use of the Re-Os cosmochronometer.
Integral Transform Methods

In this chapter, we discuss the integral transform methods for solving linear partial differential equations. Although there are several types of transforms available, the methods that are most often used are the Laplace transform methods and the Fourier transform methods. Basically, an integral transform is used to map the differential equation domain to another domain in which one of the dimensions is reduced from derivative operations to algebraic operations. This means that if we begin with an ordinary differential equation, the integral transform will map the equation to an algebraic equation (cf. Section 6.7). For a 2D problem, the integral transforms should map the partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation, and so on. We begin in Section 12.1 with a very brief introduction to general integral transforms. Then, in Section 12.2, we discuss the details of Fourier transforms, its definition, some particular examples, and then the properties. Surprisingly, the initial developments of Fourier transforms are unable to be applied to some of the most useful functions, including step function and sinusoidal functions. Although there were several ad hoc approaches to overcome these problems, it was not until the introduction of the theory of distributions that the various ad hoc approaches were unified and gained a solid mathematical grounding. This theory allows the extension of classical Fourier transform to handle the problematic functions.
Iron Core Formation in Ferritins

Iron is the most abundant transition metal in biology. Proteins containing iron are important for DNA synthesis, respiration, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and the transport and activation of dioxygen. Two properties of Fe(III) in aqueous solution lead to the formation of large, insoluble aggregates of iron and oxygen: first, the pKa of a proton in water coordinated to Fe(III) is ca 3; second, after proton loss, the conjugate bases form stable oxygen bridges to each other with the elimination of water. Thus unless ligands other than water are coordinated to Fe(III), the solubility of Fe(III) is very low under physiological conditions (ca 10−18 M) (Biedermann and Schindler, 1957). Animals, plants and microorganisms use ferritin, an iron protein complex, to accumulate reserves of iron sufficently high for the synthesis of proteins that have iron at the active center. Ferritin also provides a site for the detoxification of excess iron which enters an organism or cell when the normal barriers to controlled iron uptake are breached.
On the Homology of Haefliger's Classifying Space

Let Z be a topological space. If γ is a germ of a diffeomorphism of Z, we let s(γ), t(γ) ∈ Z denote the source and target of γ, respectively. By a groupoid of germs of homeomorphisms of Z is meant a set Γ having the following properties: 1) Each γ ∈ Γ is a germ of a homeomorphism of Z. 2) For each z ∈ Z, idz ∈ Γ. 3) If γ ∈ Γ, then γ−1 ∈ Γ. 4) If γ, γ′ ∈ Γ and s(γ′) = t(γ), then γ′γ ∈ Γ. 5) (Sheaf Property) If γ ∈ Γ, then there is a representative g : U → V of γ (where U, V are open in z) such that gz ∈ Γ for each z ∈ U.
The Contribution of Novel CP Violating Operators to the nEDM using Lattice QCD

In this talk, we motivate the calculation of the matrix elements of novel CP violating operators, the quark EDM and the quark chromo EDM operators, within the nucleon state using lattice QCD. These matrix elements, combined with the bound on the neutron EDM, would provide stringent constraints on beyond the standard model physics, especially as the next generation of neutron EDM experiments reduce the current bound. We then present our lattice strategy for the calculation of these matrix elements, in particular we describe the use of the Schrodinger source method to reduce the calculation of the 4-point to 3-point functions needed to evaluate the quark chromo EDM contribution. We end with a status report on the quality of the signal obtained in the lattice calculations of the connected contributions to the quark chromo EDM operator and the pseudoscalar operator it mixes with under renormalization.
Degradation of Biodegradable Plastic Buried in Sand

This study aims to investigate the degradation of biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA) buried in sand, to verify the behaviour of these polymers in habitat where plastic waste can be stranded when carried by the sea.
How do SAT-Solvers Operate?

The purpose of this chapter is to explain how SAT-solvers operate (at least at the time of the writing of this book, late 2008). Two major families will be described in this section. The family of SAT-solvers used by the author are based on the Chaff Algorithm [182], culminating in MINISAT, a popular SAT-solver [104] [6]. This gives insight into Chapter 13 on Page 245 in particular, by highlighting why the number of variables per clause, number of clauses, and number of variables, are taken as the three general barometers of difficulty for a particular SAT problem. As a contrast, we will first describe Walk-SAT, a very different type of solver, to show how these methods and approaches differ and are similar. At this time, many SATsolvers are in use, most of them of the Chaff/MINISATtype. However, that could someday change, perhaps even soon.
A Visually Interpretable, Dictionary-Based Approach to Imaging-Genomic Modeling, With Low-Grade Glioma as a Case Study:

Radiomics is a rapidly growing field in which sophisticated imaging features are extracted from radiology images to predict clinical outcomes/responses, genetic alterations, and other outcomes relevant to a patient's prognosis or response to therapy. This approach can effectively capture intratumor phenotypic heterogeneity by interrogating the "larger" image field, which is not possible with traditional biopsy procedures that interrogate specific subregions alone. Most models in radiomics derive numerous imaging features (eg, texture, shape, size) from a radiology data set and then learn complex nonlinear hypotheses to solve a given prediction task. This presents the challenge of visual interpretability of radiomic features necessary for effective adoption of radiomic models into the clinical decision-making process. To this end, we employed a dictionary learning approach to derive visually interpretable imaging features relevant to genetic alterations in low-grade gliomas. This model can identify regions of a medical image that potentially influence the prediction process. Using a publicly available data set of magnetic resonance imaging images from patients diagnosed with low-grade gliomas, we demonstrated that the dictionary-based model performs well in predicting 2 biomarkers of interest (1p/19q codeletion and IDH1 mutation). Furthermore, the visual regions (atoms) associated with these dictionaries show association with key molecular pathways implicated in gliomagenesis. Our results show that dictionary learning is a promising approach to obtain insights into the diagnostic process and to potentially aid radiologists in selecting physiologically relevant biopsy locations.
Solving Banking's 'Too Big to Manage' Problem

The United States’ banking system has a problem: some financial conglomerates are so vast and complex that their executives, directors, and shareholders cannot oversee them effectively. Recognizing this “too big to manage” (TBTM) dilemma, both major political parties have endorsed breaking up the banks, and bipartisan coalitions in Congress have introduced bills to shrink the largest firms. Despite this apparent consensus, however, policymakers have not agreed on a solution to the TBTM problem. Thus, a decade after the financial crisis, the biggest U.S. banks are significantly larger today than they were in 2008. This Article contends that the most prominent proposals to break up the banks—by reinstating the Glass-Steagall Act, capping banks’ size, or imposing onerous capital rules—each suffer from critical policy and political shortcomings. This Article then proposes a better way to solve the TBTM problem: using the Federal Reserve’s existing authority to compel divestitures when a financial conglomerate falls out of compliance with minimum regulatory requirements. In contrast to existing break-up proposals, this never-before-used approach would increase big banks’ incentives to comply with the law, reduce the systemic footprint of problematic firms, preserve economies of scale and scope for most financial institutions, and not require new legislation. This Article asserts that the Federal Reserve should use its divestiture authority in appropriate circumstances, and it proposes a novel framework to end the TBTM problem by putting this authority into practice.
Atmospheric pressure plasma activation of water droplets

Low temperature plasma treatment of water is being investigated due to its use in pollution abatement, wound treatment and agriculture. Plasma produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are formed in the gas phase and solvate into the liquid. Activation of the liquid is often limited by transport of these RONS species to the liquid surface. Micrometer scale droplets immersed in the plasma have a large surface to volume ratio (SVR), which increases the interaction area for a given volume of water, and can increase the rates of transport from the gas to liquid. In this paper, results from 0- and 2-dimensional modeling of air-plasma activation of water micro-droplets are discussed. The solvation dynamics are sensitive to the Henry's law constant (h) of each species, which describes its hydrophobicity (low h) or hydrophilicity (high h). The liquid densities of stable species with high h values (e.g. H2O2, HNOx) are sensitive to droplet diameter. For large droplets, hydrophilic species may deplete the gas-phase inventory of RONS before liquid-phase saturation is reached, limiting the total in liquid density for species with high h. For smaller droplets, higher average in-droplet densities of these species can be produced. Liquid concentrations of stable species with low h (e.g. O3, N2O, H2) had a weak dependence on droplet size as droplets are quickly saturated and solvation does not deplete the gas phase. An analysis of this behavior is discussed which represents the well-stirred reactor (0-dimensional) approximation. Spatial non-uniformity of the plasma also has an impact on the solvation rates and kinetics. Gas phase depletion of high-h species leads to a decrease in solvation rates. Low-h species that saturate the surface of the droplets during plasma-on periods can quickly de-solvate in the afterglow.
A Rainbow Wave? LGBTQ Liberal Political Perspectives During Trump’s Presidency: an Exploration of Sexual, Gender, and Queer Identity Gaps

Negativity toward LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, transgender, genderqueer/non-binary, asexual, and queer) people and rights during Trump’s presidency ushered in a “rainbow wave” of LGBTQ voters. Yet the particulars of LGBTQ political perspectives remain underexplored. The current study examines sexual, gender, and queer identity gaps in liberalism among a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 18+ stratified by US census categories of age, gender, ethnicity, and census region (N = 3104; LGBTQ non-heterosexual: n = 1555) collected from Survey Sampling International (SSI) online panelists in the weeks after the November 2018 polls. Specifically, sexual identity (heterosexual, lesbian/gay, bisexual, pansexual, and asexual), gender identity (cis man, cis woman, trans man, trans woman, and non-binary), and queer identity are explored as they relate to liberal perspectives (liberal ideology; law/policy support of those in poverty, racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, and women; feminist identity). Building from Worthen’s (2018) social justice/empathic concern theoretical framework, liberal perspectives among LGBTQ people were theorized as constructed from personal experiences with stigma and empathic concern for other stigmatized people. Findings demonstrate tensions between trans individuals and liberalism while also confirming lesbian/gay liberalism and illuminating three additional groups of liberals in the LGBTQ community: pansexual, non-binary, and queer individuals. Together, these patterns support the existence of “luminous lavender liberalism” among the political perspectives of LGBTQ people.
Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry: Applications to Analytical Chemistry

Before the applications can be discussed for which the use of FT—IR spectrometers give the greatest advantage over grating spectrometers, we will first discuss the various factors leading to differences in the performance of the two types of spectrometer. Obviously the performance of any type of spectrometer is dependent on the nature of its components, but in this section we shall only compare typical commercially available mid-infrared spectrometers. Thus for the purpose of illustration, the FT—IR spectrometer will contain a rapid-scanning Michelson interferometer with 2-in.-diameter mirrors, a Ge: KBr beamsplitter and a TGS detector. The grating spectrometer will be an optical null instrument with 5.2 × 5.2 cm interchangeable gratings and a thermocouple detector.