cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): Validation and Replication in Adolescent and Adult Samples

Emotion dysregulation often emerges early in development and is a core feature of many psychological conditions. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a well validated and widely used self-report measure for assessing emotion regulation problems among adolescents and adults. The DERS has six subscales with five to eight items each (36 total), suggesting multiple questions may assess similar underlying constructs. In an effort to reduce respondent burden and streamline this widely-used instrument, we created a short-form version of the DERS (DERS-SF) using confirmatory factor analysis on data from three adolescent (n = 257) and two adult samples (n = 797). Scores on the DERS-SF yielded similar correlation patterns relative to the full measure, ranging from .90 to .98 and reflecting 81–96 % shared variance. This instrument maintains the excellent psychometric properties and retains the total and subscale scores of the original measure with half the items.
Using Information Disclosure to Achieve Policy Goals: How Experience with the Toxics Release Inventory Can Inform Action on Natural Gas Fracturing

In one of the most striking developments in recent years, the fracturing of shale deposits has transformed the U.S. energy economy by sharply increasing the supply of natural gas and lowering its cost. Shale fracturing, or fracking, also poses significant challenges for state governments as they design and adopt public policies to respond both to changes in the shale gas industry and rising public concern over health and environmental risks associated with fracturing. This paper focuses on the potential of mandatory information disclosure policies to meet public demands for knowledge of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing. It draws from an extensive study of the use of information disclosure in the federal Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program to illustrate how such policies operate; the effects they have on businesses and the public; the way in which the information is used by public officials; the potential and limitations of such policies; and how they can be designed and implemented in a way that helps to assure their effectiveness.What is the connection between the TRI program and natural gas fracturing? The TRI program began with a widely shared belief that people have a right to know about toxic chemicals released to the environment that might pose a risk to their health or well-being. Indeed, recognition of this right to know was instrumental in federal creation of the TRI program in the mid-1980s, and in many similar state and local programs adopted during the 1970s and 1980s. As it operates today, the TRI program mandates that industrial facilities releasing any of about 650 specific chemicals that are above threshold amounts provide that information to state and local governments and through them to the federal government, which compiles the national database. The data are then made available to the public through several Web-based services.
99mTc-peptide-peptide nucleic acid probes for imaging oncogene mRNAs in tumours.

Imaging oncogene mRNA in tumours would provide a powerful tool for the early detection of occult malignant lesions. The goal was to prepare a chimera consisting of a dodecamer antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) specific for c-MYC oncogene overexpressed in human breast cancer cells and a chelating moiety that facilitates quantitative radiolabelling with 99m Tc and evaluate it for hybridization and tissue distribution in laboratory animals. The pentapeptide chelator-PNA dodecamer specific for c-MYC mRNA was extended from a solid support by 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) coupling. Similarly, a chelator-PNA chimera with four central mismatches was also prepared which served as a control. The chimeras were purified, characterized and evaluated for hybridization to c-MYC mRNA by fluorescent, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The chimeras were labelled with 99 m Tc and their tissue distribution was examined in athymic nude mice bearing experimental human breast tumours. 99m Tc radiolabelling was quantitative and presented a single peak in reversed phase liquid chromatography. Fluorescent real-time polymerase chain reactions using primer and fluorescent probe sets previously calculated for c-MYC mRNA demonstrated inhibition of reverse transcription by the c-MYC specific chimera as compared to that of the control. Tissue distribution studies of antisense and mismatch chimeras at 4 h and 24 h after administration displayed modest accumulation in the liver, and appreciable levels in tumours. These observations suggest that 99m Tc-peptide-PNA probes might be useful for imaging gene expression in tumours, and the approach is worthy of further investigation.
Performance Evaluation of Pavement Preservation Using Long-Term Pavement Performance Data

This paper investigated the effectiveness of pavement preservation on preventing different pavement distresses and identified the factors significantly affecting the effectiveness of preservation. Twenty-one specific sites with only one preservation treatment applied in the monitoring period were selected from the Specific Pavement Studies-3 (SPS-3) experiment of the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. The SPS-3 focuses on the effect of four preservation treatments (thin overlay, chip seal, crack seal, and slurry seal) on pavement performance under five design factors (traffic, precipitation, temperature, existing pavement condition, and subgrade type). The pavement distresses considered in the analysis include fatigue cracking, longitudinal cracking, transverse cracking, and rutting. The effectiveness of pavement preservation was quantified using the distress ratio concept, which is associated with the areas under the distress curves after treatments and the distress curves with do-nothing. Statistical analysis results show that the effectiveness of preservation varies with the type of treatment and the target pavement distress. Among five design factors, precipitation shows the most noticeable influence on the effectiveness of preservation. The analysis results can aid highway agencies better select preservation treatments based on local conditions. 855 Airfield and Highway Pavement 2013: Sustainable and Efficient Pavements © ASCE 2013
Story Appraisal Theory From Story Kernel Appraisals to Implications and Impact

Story Appraisal Theory posits that reduced memory representations of stories, or story kernels, are appraised in a three-dimensional story appraisal space. Stories deemed to have a point (pointedness), to be plausible (plausibility), and to be generalizable to society (probative value) are more likely to provoke implications than stories found wanting on one or more of these appraisal parameters. Story kernel–prompted implications, in turn, produce attitudinal and behavioral effects. Stories may have implications for the self, others (family and friends), and society. Four experiments found general support for the proposition that favorable appraisals promote implication generation. Experiments 2 to 4 revealed that implications partially mediate between the story appraisal dimensions and estimates of behavior change in response to the stories.
Long-Term Effect of Flow Diversion on Large and Giant Aneurysms: MRI-DSA Clinical Correlation Study

Background The long-term effect of flow diversion (FD) on aneurysms has not been well studied. Objective We aimed to assess the effect of the Pipeline embolization device (Covidien, Irvine, California, USA) on large and giant intracranial aneurysms with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and then correlate with clinical follow-up. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of aneurysms treated solely with Pipeline without adjunctive therapy. The largest aneurysm diameters were compared with pretreatment and post treatment MRI and correlated with DSA and clinical symptoms. Results Twelve patients harboring large and giant saccular unruptured aneurysms, treated with Pipeline, were included. Mean follow-up times were as follows: MRI 22.8 months (range 1−57), DSA 18.2 months (range 1−33), and clinical 29 months (range 1−48). Ten (83%) of 12 treated aneurysms decreased in size on MRI, which was first seen at an average of 17 months (range 4−57). In 70% of patients the change was noted on MRI ≤1 year after treatment, at an average of 9.1 months (range 4−12). MRI reduction was more likely in angiographically occluded aneurysms. Five aneurysms with complete occlusion on early angiogram showed size reduction on MRI only at ≥12 months. Mean aneurysm size reduction was 57% (range 19.6−94.2), which correlated well with improvement of cranial neuropathies in 75% and headaches in 100% of patients. Conclusion Most aneurysms treated with Pipeline decreased in size, correlating with clinical improvement. Some aneurysms remained unchanged on MRI until a later time point despite early DSA occlusion. It may be reasonable to eliminate early postprocedural imaging and start follow-up only as late as 1 year after FD treatment in clinically stable, asymptomatic patients.
A transportation approach to universality in random matrix theory

In this note we discuss a new recent approach, based on transportation techniques, to obtain universality results in random matrix theory.
Emerging Technology in Refractive Cataract Surgery

Technology in cataract surgery is constantly evolving to meet the goals of both surgeons and patients. Recent major advances in refractive cataract surgery include innovations in preoperative and intraoperative diagnostics, femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS), and a new generation of intraocular lenses (IOLs). This paper presents the latest technologies in each of these major categories and discusses how these contributions serve to improve cataract surgery outcomes in a safe, effective, and predictable manner.
Aruna Pariti, Genealogy, Time and Identity: Historical Consciousness in the Deccan, Sixth Century CE–Twelfth Century CE

Pariti’s analysis of the genealogical portions of inscriptions as a form of historical narrative both corrects the traditional positivist historiographical emphasis on inscriptions as primarily a s...
Femtosecond Dynamics of Molecular Iodine in Rare Gas Solids

A molecular level of understanding the many-body interactions that govern chemical dynamics in condensed media remains one of the main challenges to modern chemical physics. The major impediment to the development of such an understanding in the past has been the lack of detailed experimental observables against which theories can be tested and refined. Ultrafast spectroscopies, such as femtosecond pump-probe studies, promise to change this situation. This has been demonstrated most dramatically in recent studies of the model system of molecular iodine isolated in cryogenic rare gas solids, where by taking advantage of the reduction of initial phase space distribution, it has been possible to follow the most elementary of chemical processes, namely: the breaking and remaking of a chemical bond, in its entirety, in real-time.1 In contrast with frequency domain spectroscopies, where the available time window for observations is limited by dephasing times of states prepared in a bath, in the case of ultrafast pump-probe measurements, the observation times are limited by the duration of the classical population coherences created by the pump pulse. Such times are typically many picoseconds, and therefore long enough to be meaningful on time scales relevant to chemical change. The information content of such measurements is clearly determined by the extent of the created coherences. Understanding the system parameters that determine the extent of coherences, and developing the tools necessary to extract the information content from observables, are the necessary developments in dynamical spectroscopy which is uniquely suited for characterization of condensed media on an atomistic level of detail. We exemplify this aspect through an exposition of the vibrational coherences and predissociation in the bound B(3Π0u) state of I2 in solid Kr. While real-time observations of condensed phase dynamics is an important development, its successful execution suggests as a natural second step the possibilities of controlling dynamics by the coherence of the laser field. We have demonstrated this possibility using chirped laser pulses.2, 3 In particular, we consider the effect of chirped pulses on both preparation and interrogation of the highly nonlinear dynamics involved in the caging of photoproducts after photodissociation in a matrix.
Should We Pay Mothers Who Receive WIC to Breastfeed

* Abbreviation: WIC — : The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children Make no mistake: Dr Washio and colleagues1 have courageously conducted a trial about which many have whispered but few have dared to have open discussions. Paying women to breastfeed is a strategy that most investigators have assiduously avoided. It is, however, a completely logical intervention because breastfeeding is a profoundly positive public health strategy with enormous health benefits for mothers and infants and huge economic benefits for families and society.2 This small, unique, proof-of-concept pilot study deserves to be well understood. The authors enrolled 36 Puerto Rican WIC (The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children) recipients living in Philadelphia who had already initiated breastfeeding. Their aim was to determine if monthly financial incentives contingent on directly observed breastfeeding increased rates of any breastfeeding at 6 months. Half of the group received WIC breastfeeding support, and the other half received this support plus a cash incentive. Novel aspects of the study included both the direct monthly escalating cash payments ($270 maximum possible) and an observed breastfeeding as the outcome (audible swallowing, a … Address correspondence to Lydia Furman, MD, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Room 784, MS 6019, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44016. E-mail: Lydia.Furman{at}uhhospitals.org
Discovery of highly selective κ-opioid receptor agonists: 10α-Hydroxy TRK-820 derivatives

κ-Opioid receptor agonists with high selectivity over the μ-opioid receptor are attractive targets in the development of drugs for pain and pruritus. We previously reported the synthesis of 10α-hydroxy TRK-820 (1). In this study, we elucidated the biological properties of 1 and optimized its 6-acyl unit by modifying our synthetic route. Among the 10α-hydroxy TRK-820 derivatives prepared, 26 showed the most potent κ-opioid agonist activity (EC50=0.00466nM) and excellent selectivity and 22 was the most κ-selective agonist.
Process evaluation of a culturally-tailored physical activity intervention in African-American mother-daughter dyads

The purpose of this study was to describe process evaluation data including intervention fidelity, dosage, quality, participant responsiveness, and program reach for the Mothers And dauGhters daNcing togEther Trial (MAGNET) in Springfield, MA, in Spring 2013 and 2014. Seventy-six mother-daughter dyads were randomized to the mother-daughter group (CH-M, n = 28), the child-only group (CH, n = 25), or the health education group (CON, n = 23). CH-M consisted of 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous culturally-tailored dance classes for dyads. CH consisted of dance classes for the child. All groups received homework tutoring and weekly health newsletters. Process evaluation data were assessed at each intervention session (three days/week, 6-months) with semi-structured questionnaires by researchers. CH dance classes were slightly longer (58.2 ± 3.5 min) than CH-M (54.4 ± 5.5 min). In both groups, participants spent the majority of the dance intervention in light intensity physical activity (PA). Participants in the CH-M group enjoyed participating in MAGNET > 90% of the time. Mothers (92%) indicated that they wanted to continue dance as a form of PA. Mothers expressed that transportation, time commitment, and assessments were barriers to participation. Participants suggested future interventions should include longer intervention length and more communications between research staff and mothers. The MAGNET intervention matched the originally intended program in most aspects. A lower intervention dose was delivered to the CH-M group potentially due to barriers described by mothers. Because mother-daughter interventions have shown minimal effects on increasing PA, it is imperative that researchers utilize process evaluation data to shape future studies.
The Great Physician: mainline Protestant ministers’ expectations of doctors, 1840–1900

I argue that mainline Protestant clergymen adapted to the scientific and cultural developments of the post-Darwin era by encouraging a separation of bodily healing and spiritual healing that was unprecedented in Christianity. I use ministers’ depictions of Jesus in their addresses to physicians to illustrate this change. In 1840 ministers insisted that doctors’ value lay in their willingness to mimic Jesus’s example by healing both bodies and souls. As doctors gained authority in the late 1800s, the clergyman’s new ideal doctor stayed abreast of scientific developments and stuck to healing bodies. Ministers increasingly portrayed Jesus as an exclusively spiritual healer.
Something Borrowed, Something Blue: Repurposing NASA’s Spacecraft

While much of the study of invention and innovation in space exploration focuses on the creation of new technologies, some of NASA’s most ambitious efforts and important technical and budgetary successes have surrounded efforts to modify existing spacecraft to serve new functions. Examples of creative reuse include technologies associated with the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project and the Skylab space station (which drew heavily from the 1960s’ Project Apollo and Project Gemini), as well as ambitious efforts to extend Skylab’s life into the space shuttle era of the 1980s. Rather than being a footnote to the history of NASA innovation, these efforts reflected a remarkable degree of engineering flexibility and inventive skill within the agency, and continued a longstanding tradition of bricolage in aviation innovation. (Matthew H. Hersch)
Understanding Problems of Practice

Classroom practitioners are often asked to adopt continually changing standards, to be collaborators and reflective practitioners, and to make new and evolving technologies an integral part of their practice. Understanding Problems of Practice: A Case Study in Design Research describes a process for thinking about and reflecting on innovative practice – the design research process. Each of the five phases of the design research process is exemplified by a discussion of how the authors used this process to create a technology education course for perspective secondary educators. In Chap. 2, the authors explore the central role understanding a problem of practice plays as the first phase in the design research process. They present the need to establish and understand the magnitude, importance, and urgency of the problem before investing time and energy to solve the problem. They present strategies useful for understanding a problem of practice including asking a series of questions to establish the need for a solution and to contextualize the problem by identifying possibilities and constraints. Next, they briefly explore techniques used by design researchers to gather information to construct a rigorous and viable understanding of the problem. They conclude the chapter by presenting the first design research phase of a case study to create a technology education course for perspective secondary educators, focusing on the ways in which they as classroom practitioners used a literature review and a review of their personal knowledge to understand the problem and derive initial design decisions.
Children's Place in the New Forms of Church: An Exploratory Survey of Their Ministry with Children and Families:

In recent years, the spiritual formation of children has received considerable attention from scholars in the fields of theology, church history, and practical theology. In what ways, if any, are t...
Periodic cracks and temperature-dependent stress in Mo/Si multilayers on Si substrates

This work examines formation of the peculiar periodic crack patterns observed in the thermally loaded Mo/Si multilayers. Using the substrate curvature measurements, the macroscopic film stress evol...
Computational modeling of finite deformation piezoelectric material behavior coupling transient electrical and mechanical fields

Abstract This paper develops a finite element formulation and computational model for coupling electric and finite strain dynamic fields with widely discrepant frequencies, governing the behavior of piezoelectric materials. The piezoelectric materials are defined by time-dependent nonlinear constitutive laws. A fully coupled, total Lagrangian finite element formulation is developed for modeling the electric and mechanical fields. A challenge in computational modeling of piezoelectric devices arise due to large discrepancy in the frequencies of the electrical signal and mechanical vibrations, especially when a large number of mechanical cycles need to be simulated. A wavelet transformation induced multi-time scaling (WATMUS) algorithm is developed for dynamic piezoelectric simulations. The WATMUS algorithm projects the high frequency electric fields on to the lower frequency of displacement and velocity fields, on which time integration is performed. The method significantly enhances the computational efficiency in comparison with single time scale integration methods. The accuracy and efficiency of the WATMUS algorithm are validated through piezo-electric applications.
Color vision measured with pseudoisochromatic plates at five-and-a-half years in eyes of children from the CRYO-ROP study.

Purpose To investigate the prevalence of color deficits at age 5 1/2 years in preterm children with birth weights of less than 1251 g who participated in the multicenter Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study. Methods Two cohorts of CRYO-ROP participants served as subjects: 1055 children who participated in a long-term study of the natural history of ROP at 5 of the 23 CRYO-ROP centers, and 187 children (from all 23 study centers) who had threshold ROP in both eyes and who were randomized to receive cryotherapy in 1 eye. Monocular color vision was tested at age 5 1/2 years, using the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates, part 2 (SPP2) for acquired color vision defects. Results In the Natural History cohort, prevalence of red-green (R-G) color deficits was 6.6% for males and 1.0% for females, similar to that of the general adult population. Prevalence of blue-yellow (B-Y) color deficits was 2.8% for males and 2.2% for females, more than 200 times that in the general adult population. Prevalence of B-Y deficits was not related to birth weight, gestational age, acute-phase ROP, optic atrophy, or retinal residua of ROP, but was related to visual acuity. In the Threshold ROP cohort, color vision deficits were no more likely in eyes that had received cryotherapy than in control eyes. Conclusions The results confirm an increased prevalence of B-Y deficits in children born before term, and provide evidence that the increased prevalence is not related to birth weight, gestational age, or severity of ROP within this group of preterm children. No evidence was found to indicate that cryotherapy increased the rate of color vision deficits in eyes with threshold ROP.
Energy Leverage in Conditions of External Shock: The Case of Russian Energy Relations with Ukraine and Belarus, 2006-2009

This paper looks at the interrelationship between external shocks and integration processes in the relationship between two relatively small states (Belarus and Ukraine) and their much larger neighbor (Russia). It contrasts Russia’s willingness and ability to use energy as a soft-power instrument in both states within the context of the global financial crisis. Using the Ukrainian and Belarusian cases as examples, this paper will offer some preliminary thoughts on two issues: First, how is the global crisis, especially in terms of its effects on energy markets, affecting Belarus’s and Ukraine’s relationship with Russia? Second, how are the dynamics of the Russian-Belarusian and Ukrainian-Russian political relationship being affected by this new global context? By looking at these issues, this paper will help us gain a better understanding of the interrelationship between attempts at political integration and external economic pressures in the post-Soviet area, and of the ways in which the political constraints implicit in a certain model of integration may affect the tools available to state leaders to deal with external economic shock.
Gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatic parenchymal cells.

Abstract A pure preparation of rat liver parenchymal cells was prepared by collagenase digestion of livers from fasted (24 hours) Sprague-Dawley rats, and the general features of gluconeogenesis in these cells have been elucidated. Rates of gluconeogenesis by a 5% suspension of cells were studied over a range of concentrations (0 to 11.3 mm) of different substrates. Rates were most rapid with concentrations of d-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone up to 1.5 mm and d-fructose up to 3.7 mm. d-Glyceraldehyde inhibited gluconeogenesis at 1.5 to 2.0 mm. At greater than 1.5 mm, dihydroxyacetone continued to be converted but at a slower rate. At 3.7 to 7.6 mm, fructose was converted at a constant maximal rate; slight inhibition occurred at 11.3 mm. The maximal rate of gluconeogenesis from glycerol was observed at 0.75 mm and was half the maximal rate observed for fructose. Alanine and serine were converted to glucose very slowly; pyruvate and lactate were converted at rates between those from glycerol and from the amino acids. When lactate or pyruvate was incubated with the liver cells at 2 to 3 mm or greater, the rate of gluconeogenesis became approximately constant. When lactate and pyruvate were incubated together in ratios varying from 2 to 6, gluconeogenesis occurred rapidly and in proportion to the substrate concentration. In contrast to perfused liver, isolated cells subjected to the extreme oxidized or reduced state caused by incubation with pyruvate alone or lactate alone, respectively, were incapable of rapid carbohydrate synthesis. The liver cells were responsive to glucagon stimulation of gluconeogenesis from d-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone: with d-glyceraldehyde as substrate, glucagon caused a 50 % increase, but the effect was not reproducible. The effects of monobutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) on metabolism of dihydroxyacetone and a mixture of lactate and pyruvate (3:1) also were studied. The nucleotide caused a 30% increase in gluconeogenesis from dihydroxyacetone but much less of a change in gluconeogenesis from lactate-pyruvate. Thus, the properties of our cell system permitted a discrimination between a readily demonstrable cyclic AMP effect on dihydroxyacetone metabolism and an effect (reported by others) on pyruvate metabolism which was not as demonstrable. These results are consistent with the view that the actions of glucagon on the gluconeogenic pathway are not unifocal.
Case report and systematic review of pulmonary embolism mimicking ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

BackgroundTo study trends in the clinical presentation, electrocardiograms, and diagnostic imaging in patients with pulmonary embolism presenting as ST segment elevation.MethodsWe performed a syste...
Human Semen Contains Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), a TRH‐homologous Peptide, and TRH‐binding Substances

High levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and TRH-homologous peptide, with the general structure pGlu-X-Pro-NH2 where X is either Histidine (His) or a neutral amino acid residue, have been identified in rat and human prostate (Pekary et al, 1980, 1981a, 1982c). Because of the secretory nature of prostatic tissue, it was considered likely that these peptides would be measurable in human semen. The mean (± SD) TRH immunoreactivity (TRH IR) in semen from 26 normal donors, aged 26 to 41 years, was found to be 12.2 ± 5.2 ng/ml. TRH and TRH-homologous peptide, which constitute most of the TRH IR of human semen, were undetectable in unconcentrated human serum. TRH IR levels in semen from azoospermic donors were in the normal range. The level of TRH IR in semen from vasectomized donors was significantly less (P < 0.01) than in semen from normal subjects. Evidence for at least two TRH-binding substances, which coextract and bind to added synthetic TRH, was obtained by exclusion and cation exchange chromatography. Purification of extracts of human semen by TRH affinity chromatography or gradient, reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed two major TRH immunoreactive peptides, one corresponding to the TRH-homologous peptide previously reported in rat and human prostate and one cochromatographing with synthetic TRH.
SpinBot: An Autonomous, Externally Actuated Robot for Swarm Applications.

Complexity, cost, and power requirements of individual robots are large factors in limiting the size of robotic swarms. In this paper, we present a prototype robot, the SpinBot, that is externally actuated via an orbital table and has only one infrared sensor pair for communication and sensing. The SpinBot can move autonomously in 2D by activating and de-activating its only onboard actuator, an electro-permanent magnet, and can communicate and sense the angles between its neighbors. The angle sensing is accomplished by adding a bearing to the robot chassis and offsetting the center of mass from the point of attachment between the SpinBot and the table surface, so that the upper part of SpinBot rotates about itself at the same frequency as the orbital table. We describe the design of the SpinBot in detail, and present results from our implementation of a centering algorithm for a group of four SpinBots which utilizes the SpinBot’s unique sensing and locomotion abilities.
Soft-assembled human–machine perceptual systems:

Cognitive systems are highly adaptable and flexible, such that action and perception capabilities can be achieved with the body in various ways, and incorporate features of the environment and nonb...
Civilian Air Medical Transport

In the United States, civilian air medical transport began developing in the 1960s. It grew from the US military medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) aeromedical evacuation (AE) systems, stimulated by the need to improve care for civilian trauma. Since then civilian air medical transport has grown into a major industry, with 1411 aircraft operating out of 1065 bases. Civilian air medical transport provides a full spectrum of transport services from neonatal, to high-risk obstetric, to pediatric and adult patients with severe trauma and critical illnesses requiring advanced life-support equipment, up to and including cardiopulmonary bypass. The size and scope of civilian air medical transport, and the fact that it operates at a high clinical volume every day, mean that this industry can keep pushing the boundaries of crew training and qualification, clinical procedures, and equipment. The civilian air medical transport environment is also more permissive of clinical research than the military system, which is operating in and out of combat zones. These civilian advances can be applied to military AE as they become mature. At the same time, military AE has evolved as a component of a highly integrated system of care, distributed around the globe. This casualty care system operates with a unity of purpose not seen in the civilian community, where issues of ownership and profitability prevent the same degree of mission alignment. This chapter describes the history and current status of civilian helicopter and fixed-wing air medical transport. It will also briefly describe special considerations that should be taken into account when transporting patients with various conditions by air.
Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) has been the single best predictor of outcome of the progression of cirrhosis. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) has been proposed as an alternative path in the natural history of cirrhosis. ACLF occurs in patients with chronic liver disease and is characterized by a precipitating event, resulting in acute deterioration in liver function, multiorgan system failure, and high short-term mortality. In this review, the natural course of patients with ACLF, especially as it relates to management of cirrhotic patients on the transplant waiting list, and its impact on liver transplantation outcomes are defined.
Do Patents Foster International Technology Transfer? Evidence from Spanish Steelmaking, 1850-1930

Why do developing countries protect the intellectual property rights (IPR) of foreign inventors? Does this facilitate technology transfer from the industrial frontier? This paper addresses those questions by telling the story of when and how technology was transferred through patent licensing to Spanish iron and steelmakers from the rest of Europe. It focuses on the period between 1850 and 1929, during which foreigners’ IPR were relatively well protected. Modern steelmaking was a quantum leap over previous techniques vis-a-vis scale and sophistication. In turn, this required a revolution in technology, knowledge, and skills. However, the transition to modern steelmaking was marked by a challenging process that has gone largely unrecognized by researchers: inventors had to find ways to transfer tacit knowledge to adopters that was inordinately difficult to codify, as it was arrived at via intuition and learning-by-doing. Patents played a key role in broadcasting new steelmaking techniques to Spaniards working in that industry. They also helped Spaniards connect with original, foreign inventors and establish enduring relationships with them. The latter shared their knowhow and expertise with the former under the aegis of licensing agreements and brought them into their networks of suppliers and technicians. Moreover, when disruptive steelmaking innovations were patented in Spain, this spurred second generation foreign inventors to patent improvements. It also induced Spanish inventors to contribute their own add on innovations, which they themselves patented.
Calling Your Bluff: How Prosecutors and Defense Attorneys Adapt Plea Bargaining Strategies to Increased Formalization

This ethnographic work examines the inner workings of a highly formalized plea bargaining unit in a large urban prosecutor’s office from the lawyers’ point of view. Observations of forty two plea negotiations between prosecutors and defense attorneys along with both formal and informal interviews reveal how the legal actors adapt to institutional rules in the pursuit of the both efficiency and justice. In the face of ever increasing prosecutorial power, defense attorneys find ways to equalize the balance when cases do not fit the “normal crimes” model. Examination of negotiating strategy and discourse give further insight into whether prosecutors and defense attorneys behave differently under highly rationalized systems of plea‐bargaining compared with traditional models previously studied.
Hybrid Systems, Iterative Learning Control, and Non-minimum Phase

Hybrid systems have steadily grown in popularity over the last few decades because they ease the task of modeling complicated nonlinear systems. Legged locomotion, robotic manipulation, and additive manufacturing are representative examples of systems benefiting from hybrid modeling. They are also prime examples of repetitive processes; gait cycles in walking, product assembly tasks in robotic manipulation, and material deposition in additive manufacturing. Thus, they would also benefit substantially from Iterative Learning Control (ILC), a class of feedforward controllers for repetitive systems that achieve high performance in output reference tracking by learning from the errors of past process cycles. However, the literature is bereft of ILC syntheses from hybrid models. The main thrust of this dissertation is to provide a boradly applicable theory of ILC for deterministic, discrete-time hybrid systems, i.e. piecewise defined (PWD) systems. In summary, the three main gaps addressed by this dissertation are (1) the lack of compatibility between existing hybrid modeling frameworks and ILC synthesis techniques, (2) the failure of ILC based on Newton's method (NILC) for systems with unstable inverses, and (3) the lack of inversion and stable inversion theory for piecewise affine (PWA) systems (a subset of PWD systems). These issues are addressed by (1) developing a closed-form representation for PWD systems, (2) developing a new ILC framework informed by NILC but with the new ability to incorporate stabilizing model inversion techniques, and (3) deriving conventional and stable model inversion theories for PWA systems.
Next generation of adhesion enhancement system for high speed substrate manufacturing

Improving adhesion between copper and lamination resin is one of the biggest challenges in micro-electronic manufacturing, such as IC substrate. Bonding enhancement process by surface roughening is predominant use method, due to providing the highest possible mechanical interlocking. In this process typically $\mathrm{1}-\mathrm{2}\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ of copper need to be removed for reliable adhesion of dielectrics to the copper surface. Follow rapid development of electronics industry, where fine $\mathrm{L}/\mathrm{S}\, ( and good signal propagation at higher speed are required. The conventional approach to ensure good adhesion of the conductor to the dielectrics by increasing surface roughness to achieve adhesion is no longer applicable. This work demonstrates the development of a novel surface treatment method of copper which can meet all the challenges of IC substate manufacturing for high speed function. The developed surface treatment system adopted subsequent treatment of organic coating so called “adhesion promoter (AP)” on top of copper surface to provide the strongest possible bond strength via chemical adhesion. As a result, significant improvement of adhesion of conductor to dielectrics can be obtained at ultra-low copper surface roughness.
Evaluation of Airspace Complexity and Dynamic Density Metrics Derived from Operational Data

Mental workload experienced by air traffic controllers cannot be measured directly but may be inferred from observable performance or task load imposed on them by volume and complexity of traffic. This research evaluated several measures used to quantify the aforementioned variables. Data were obtained from Indianapolis (ZID) and Kansas City (ZKC) centers and processed by a modified objective activity and task load assessment program, POWER. We compared sectors with different characteristics to measures of pilot-controller communications and to sector complexity metrics, derived from the POWER output. Results from ZKC data were evaluated against subjective workload ratings. The ZID results were consistent with the different characteristics of the selected sectors. Dynamic density correlated with subjective workload estimates and controller transmission durations, known to be a workload indicator. This research demonstrated the viability of extracting metrics relevant to controller task load from operational data and the practicability of implementing additional algorithm st o the POWER program for derivation of new metrics.
Genome Plasticity of Influenza Viruses

This chapter on genome plasticity of influenza viruses discusses the current knowledge of viral factors. Influenza viruses have caused devastating pandemics and epidemics in the past, and they continue to be a major health problem causing a huge economic burden worldwide. Thus, it is important to understand the characteristics of influenza viruses and to elucidate the extensive interplay between virus and host. Besides the eight structural proteins, influenza A virus encodes the three nonstructural proteins NS1, NEP, and PB1-F2. Influenza viruses pose a major problem for human health and thereby cause a substantial economic burden. The influenza pandemics which occurred in the past century share the fact that new subtypes of influenza A viruses were introduced into the human population. There are two classes of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs against influenza: inhibitors of the ion channel M2 and NA inhibitors. The first group comprises the adamantanes, rimantadine and amantadine, which act by inhibiting the viral ion channel M2 and thereby block the step of uncoating during virus entry. It becomes clear that circulating influenza viruses need to be closely monitored for resistance to the available drugs. Within the same host species genetic polymorphisms may occur and influence the ability of the virus to use the host proteins. For influenza viruses to survive, they need to be transmitted from host to host. The development of reverse genetics techniques has greatly advanced understanding of the virus and its replication cycle.
Reestablishing the Researcher-Patient Compact

Well-intentioned regulations protecting privacy are denying important information to patient subjects. Advances in information technology mean that a better approach to clinical research is possible.
Assessing the Imagery of Cancer

Initial reliability and validity data are presented for the Cancer Metaphors Test (CMT), designed to assess the imagery of cancer. The results of a factor analysis suggested four meaningful factors with adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability: Terminal Pessimism, Future Optimism, Natural Disaster, and Foreign Intruder. A sample of oncology patients scored lower than controls on Future Optimism and higher on the other three scales, but no gender or socioeconomic differences were observed. Patients with colorectal cancer scored higher than lung cancer patients did on Terminal Pessimism and Foreign Intruder. Modest but significant correlations were obtained between CMT scores and locus of control scores, interview ratings of perceived control, quality-of-life indexes, and physicians' ratings of symptom severity.
Flaw Detection in Formal Specifications

In verification of finite domain models (model checking) counterexamples help the user to identify, why a proof attempt has failed. In this paper we present an approach to construct counterexamples for first-order goals over infinite data types, which are defined by algebraic specifications. The approach avoids the implementation of a new calculus, by integrating counterexample search with the interactive theorem proving strategy. The paper demonstrates, that this integrations requires only a few modifications to the theorem proving strategy.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Arachnoid Cysts

Investigators at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain, assessed the prevalence and characteristics of arachnoid cysts in a cohort of 220 patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).
Managing multi-configurable terminals

The advent of software defined architecture allowing flexible software configuration of terminals demands an increased capability for the management applications in charge of configuring such equipment. We address in this paper an architecture for the configuration of software defined radio, which allows the configuration of multi-technology terminals.
Using MEDLINE Elemental Similarity to Assist in the Article Screening Process for Systematic Reviews

Background: Systematic reviews and their implementation in practice provide high quality evidence for clinical practice but are both time and labor intensive due to the large number of articles. Automatic text classification has proven to be instrumental in identifying relevant articles for systematic reviews. Existing approaches use machine learning model training to generate classification algorithms for the article screening process but have limitations. Objective: We applied a network approach to assist in the article screening process for systematic reviews using predetermined article relationships (similarity). The article similarity metric is calculated using the MEDLINE elements title (TI), abstract (AB), medical subject heading (MH), author (AU), and publication type (PT). We used an article network to illustrate the concept of article relationships. Using the concept, each article can be modeled as a node in the network and the relationship between 2 articles is modeled as an edge connecting them. The purpose of our study was to use the article relationship to facilitate an interactive article recommendation process. Methods: We used 15 completed systematic reviews produced by the Drug Effectiveness Review Project and demonstrated the use of article networks to assist article recommendation. We evaluated the predictive performance of MEDLINE elements and compared our approach with existing machine learning model training approaches. The performance was measured by work saved over sampling at 95% recall (WSS95) and the F-measure (F 1 ). We also used repeated analysis over variance and Hommel’s multiple comparison adjustment to demonstrate statistical evidence. Results: We found that although there is no significant difference across elements (except AU), TI and AB have better predictive capability in general. Collaborative elements bring performance improvement in both F 1 and WSS95. With our approach, a simple combination of TI+AB+PT could achieve a WSS95 performance of 37%, which is competitive to traditional machine learning model training approaches (23%-41% WSS95). Conclusions: We demonstrated a new approach to assist in labor intensive systematic reviews. Predictive ability of different elements (both single and composited) was explored. Without using model training approaches, we established a generalizable method that can achieve a competitive performance. [JMIR Med Inform 2015;3(3):e28]
Computer Simulations of Patellofemoral Joint Surgery: Patient-Specific Models for Tuberosity Transfer

BackgroundVariable clinical outcomes of tibial tuberosity transfer surgery have been reported.HypothesesThe biomechanical outcome of surgery is patient-specific; no single procedure produces superior results for all patients. Use of patient-specific computer models can optimize choice of procedure.Study DesignComputer simulation study using clinical data.MethodsWe used patient-specific multibody models of the patellofemoral joints of 20 patients with a diagnosis of patellar subluxation and osteoarthritis. Four tibial tuberosity transfer procedures (two anterior and two anteromedial) were simulated for each patient and compared with their preoperative model.ResultsWhen results for all patients were averaged, all simulated operations produced a statistically significant decrease in surface-wide mean contact stress, although no significant difference was found among them.ConclusionsThe simulated surgical outcomes were patient-specific: no single procedure was consistently superior at decreasing peak or mean ...