cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solvent-accessible cysteines in human cystathionine beta-synthase: crucial role of cysteine 431 in S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding.

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a tetrameric heme protein that catalyzes the PLP-dependent condensation of serine and homocysteine to cystathionine. CBS occupies a crucial regulatory position between the methionine cycle and transsulfuration. Human CBS contains 11 cysteine residues that are highly conserved in mammals but completely absent in the yeast enzyme, which catalyzes an identical reaction, suggesting a possible regulatory role for some of these residues. In this report, we demonstrate that in both the presence and absence of the CBS allosteric regulator S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet), only C15 and C431 of human CBS are solvent accessible. Mutagenesis of C15 to serine did not affect catalysis or AdoMet activation but significantly reduced aggregation of the purified enzyme in vitro. Mutagenesis of C431 resulted in a constitutively activated form of CBS that could not be further activated by either AdoMet or thermal activation. We and others have previously reported a number of C-terminal CBS p...
Confocal microscopy via a fiber optic imaging bundle

The design of a confocal microscope including a fiber-optic imaging bundle is discussed, and experimental results are presented. The imaging bundle extends the range of the confocal microscope to image samples inaccessible to a conventional confocal system. The main advantage of this design over the single-fiber confocal microscope is the simplified mechanism required in the sample region. Applications of this design include biological research, industrial inspection, and potentially in-vivo medical systems.
The Political Mobilisation of Women's Interest Issues: The Failure of Childcare:

The Women's Liberation Movement achieved political success with several issues - but not with childcare. This article addresses the reasons for the success and failure of various WII's, examining the nature of pressure politics, methods of organising, public and private debates before focusing on women's attitudes to the childcare issue. The conclusion drawn here is that the more successful feminist issues' do not challenge gender roles to the same extent as childcare does - which could explain the nonmobilisation of childcare as an issue.
Temporal Relationship Between Antitumor Necrosis Factor-α Antibody Therapy and Recrudescence of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma†

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors have been used effectively to treat rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Although the role of TNF-alpha in tumor development is not well understood, an increased risk of malignancies with anti-TNF-alpha therapy has been suggested. We report an instructive case of a patient, treated for Crohn's disease with infliximab, who presented with a neck abscess diagnosed to be head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The patient's clinical course illustrates a temporal relationship between reappearance of his cancer after a complete response to therapy and the resumption of infliximab for worsening Crohn's disease.
Automatic nonblocking communication for partitioned global address space programs

Overlapping communication with computation is an important optimization on current cluster architectures; its importance is likely to increase as the doubling of processing power far outpaces any improvements in communication latency. PGAS languages offer unique opportunities for communication overlap, because their one-sided communication model enables low overhead data transfer. Recent results have shown the value of hiding latency by manually applying language-level nonblocking data transfer routines, but this process can be both tedious and error-prone. In this paper, we present a runtime framework that automatically schedules the data transfers to achieve overlap. The optimization framework is entirely transparent to the user, and aggressively reorders and aggregates both remote puts and gets. We preserve correctness via runtime conflict checks and temporary buffers, using several techniques to lower the overhead. Experimental results on application benchmarks suggest that our framework can be very effective at hiding communication latency on clusters, improving performance over the blocking code by an average of 16% for some of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks, 48% for GUPS, and over 25% for a multi-block fluid dynamics solver. While the system is not yet as effective as aggressive manual optimization, it increases programmers' productivity by freeing them from the details of communication management.
EPR studies on high-spin (Fe(III) tetraphenylporphine having rhombic character. Spin hamiltonian and crystal field analysis of g values

Abstract An improved method of analysis is presented for EPR g values of high-spin Fe(III) porphines having rhombic distortions. By extensive use of the perturbation method, equations are derived which relate the observed g values with the parameters of the spin hamiltonian in its most general form, which includes the quartec zero-field terms and also allows the go (in the Zeeman term) to deviate from the free spin value 2.0023. The spin hamiltonian parameters are then expressed in terms of the crystal field parameters in order to derive information concerning the energy level scheme of the Fe(III) porphines with rhombic distortions. The method is applied to analyze the g values of a species in the mixed crystal system (TPPH2(FeX)) reported previously. In spite of the insufficient number of available experimental data, most of the parameters determining the crystal field splittings can be almost fixed, and the rest of them confined within narrow ranges, by using a set of reasonable constraints. The role of the 6T1 state in shifting go from the free spin value is emphasized, and the possibility is pointed out of observing an apparently axial EPR signal even in the presence of some rhombic crystal field.
Physical anthropology and the dental and medical specialties.

The rise of two sub-specialties in Physical Anthropology traces back to the Anatomy Departments of Schools of Medicine in Germany and France during the nineteenth century. The study of human diversity in bones and bodies was largely by medically-trained anatomists. There developed Medical Anthropology and Dental Anthropology, employing osteometry and craniometry on the skeleton, somatometry and cephalometry on the living body. As a result cross-sectional studies gave way to longitudinal studies and X-ray techniques were added to purely mensurational procedures. In Medical Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pediatrics, plastic surgery, endocrinology, and orthopaedics. In Dental Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pedodontics, orthodontics, oral surgery, and prosthodontics. The contributions of Physical Anthropology to each is discussed.
Latency to first spike in the EEG of epilepsy patients.

Summary Background Routine EEGs in individuals with epilepsy have interictal spikes in 56% of cases. The availability of prolonged EEG has changed the use of EEG in the assessment of epilepsy. Objective To determine the time to first epileptiform activity on EEG in patients with epilepsy. This data will help optimize the duration of electrographic assessment for interictal activity in epileptic individuals. Methods 46 consecutive patients aged 10 years or older with epilepsy were evaluated. Individuals with seizures in the prior 24h or with acute symptomatic seizures were excluded. Continuous EEG (for 1–7 days) was analyzed to find the first definite epileptiform activity and the latency assessed. Results 37% of the patients had epileptiform activity in the first 20min of the continuous recording (duration of a routine EEG). 89% had epileptiform activity within 24h. The yield drops beyond 24h. 8% of the individuals had no epileptiform activity even after 72h. Conclusions The study suggests the need to consider a change in EEG strategy to assess interictal epileptiform activity. The greatest probability of capturing an interictal abnormality within 20min was in individuals with generalized epilepsy. In individuals with suspected epilepsy in whom electrographic interictal spike confirmation is deemed necessary, after a first nonspecific or normal routine EEG, a 24h EEG should be the next step in the electrographic assessment. This study suggests that there may not be much benefit in monitoring for durations longer than 24h, unless capturing a seizure is the intent.
Visualizing changes over time: A history of information retrieval through the lens of descriptor tri-occurrence mapping

This study provides an historical analysis of the discipline of information retrieval (IR) for three time periods: 1980â1984, 1990â1994 and 2000â2004. This analysis is done through the use of a novel bibliometric technique called tri-occurrence analysis, in which the descriptor âinformation retrievalâ is used as a filter term within the traditional technique of co-occurrence analysis. The resulting data is visualized by means of Pathfinder Network analysis. The findings provide evidence of an evolution in the IR landscape over the three decades from an emphasis on systems-, storage- and education-related research in the 1980s to database-, user interface- and information service-related research in the 1990s and to web-related research in the 2000s. This work provides additional validation of the use of tri-occurrence analysis as a useful bibliometric technique.
Dairy goat performance with different dietary concentrate levels in late lactation.

Alpine yearling doelings (22; 44+/-1.0kg) and mature does (25; 59+/-1.7kg) were used in an experiment with 16 weeks in late lactation, 8-13 weeks dry and 12 weeks in the subsequent lactation. Diets of 20, 35, 50 or 65% concentrate and 2.18, 2.34, 2.49 and 2.62Mcal/kg ME, respectively (20C, 35C, 50C and 65C treatments, respectively), were consumed ad libitum in late lactation, with a 35% concentrate diet (2.18Mcal/kg ME) in the first 4 weeks of the dry phase and 50% concentrate (2.65Mcal/kg ME) until kidding. Other goats consuming 20 or 35% concentrate in late lactation received 65 (2.65Mcal/kg ME) or 50% concentrate, respectively, in the dry phase (20A and 35A treatments, respectively). All goats consumed a 50% concentrate diet (2.42Mcal/kg ME) in the subsequent early lactation. DM intake in late lactation was similar among treatments (1.95, 2.21, 2.17, 2.10, 1.99 and 2.00kg per day for 20C, 35C, 50C, 65C, 20A and 35A, respectively; S.E.=0.098) and greater (P<0.05) for does versus doelings (2.16 versus 1.98kg per day; S.E.=0.058); DM intake in the dry phase was similar among treatments. Relative to BW, DM intake was greater (P<0.05) for doelings than for does in late lactation (4.16 versus 3.43% BW) and early lactation (4.56 versus 3.80% BW). The effect of dietary treatment on milk production in late lactation varied with parity (P<0.05); milk production by doelings was 1.39, 1.49, 1.43, 1.57, 1.29 and 1.52kg per day and by does was 1.01, 1.89, 2.38, 1.63, 1.17 and 1.34kg per day for 20C, 35C, 50C, 65C, 20A and 35A, respectively; S.E.=0.200). BW change during the entire 16 weeks late lactation phase was greater (P<0.05) for 65C than for other treatments except 50C (6.9, 5.6, 9.1, 10.4, 5.8 and 4.0kg for 20C, 35C, 50C, 65C, 20A and 35A, respectively; S.E.=1.28), although BW at kidding and litter weight were similar among treatments. BW, DM intake and milk production in the first 12 weeks of the subsequent lactation were not affected by dietary treatment or parity. In conclusion, with moderate to high quality forage in late lactation and a moderate level of concentrate in the dry period, the level of concentrate fed in late lactation and in the dry period may not affect subsequent lactation performance regardless of parity. Milk production by doelings in late lactation appears relatively less responsive to dietary concentrate level than that by does.
Peroxide and ultraviolet radiation effects

Abstract 1. 1. The action of ultraviolet radiations (UV) and peroxide are compared on viability and division rate of protozoans and sea urchin gametes and on common chemical constituents of cells. The literature pertinent to interpretation of UV action by peroxide formation is briefly reviewed. 2. 2. The order of susceptibility of a number of protozoans to UV and hydrogen peroxide is compared. A different order is observed for the two agents. 3. 3. Catalase fails to protect Colpidium colpoda from UV damage although it protects protozoans from peroxide externally applied. Catalase also fails to protect sperm of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, from UV injury as judged by the rate of division of untreated eggs fertilized with the treated sperm. Catalase (crystalline) in high concentrations is toxic to protozoa and gametes of the sea urchin. 4. 4. Over a narrow concentration range hydrogen peroxide has a graded effect upon division of colpidia and eggs of the sea urchin. In contrast UV has a graded effect over a wide range. 5. 5. Peroxide does not further injure UV treated colpidia as judged by division rate. 6. 6. UV and peroxide often have opposite action on the absorption spectra of cell constituents such as proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, etc. 7. 7. Enough difference in action between UV and peroxide exists to cast doubt on interpreting UV action by peroxide formation. Enough similarity exists in their action on some biological phenomena to make further pointed experiments desirable.
The preliminary analysis of emergent social structure in groups

The problem of detecting emergent social structure in small groups is examined in terms of establishing a baseline or expected structure. The standard proposed here is equalitarianism; that is to say, every member is equally likely to interact with every other member. Using information theory, a formal statement of the equalitarian argument is possible. In addition to detecting a deviation by a single group, the structural tendency of several groups assigned to some experimental condition is discussed. This technique is designed for the preliminary analysis of structure; it deals only with the general character of the total structure.
Spacelab Mission Implementation Cost Assessment (SMICA)

A total savings of approximately 20 percent is attainable if: (1) mission management and ground processing schedules are compressed; (2) the equipping, staffing, and operating of the Payload Operations Control Center is revised, and (3) methods of working with experiment developers are changed. The development of a new mission implementation technique, which includes mission definition, experiment development, and mission integration/operations, is examined. The Payload Operations Control Center is to relocate and utilize new computer equipment to produce cost savings. Methods of reducing costs by minimizing the Spacelab and payload processing time during pre- and post-mission operation at KSC are analyzed. The changes required to reduce costs in the analytical integration process are studied. The influence of time, requirements accountability, and risk on costs is discussed. Recommendation for cost reductions developed by the Spacelab Mission Implementation Cost Assessment study are listed.
Small round cell neoplasms: can electron microscopy and immunohistochemical studies accurately classify them?

The answer to the question posed in the title, "Small Round Cell Neoplasms: Can Electron Microscopy and Immunohistochemical Studies Accurately Classify Them?", is obviously "yes"; but a qualified yes--generally yes, perhaps with expertise usually yes, but never just plain yes. Some cases certainly will defy the best attempts even of the most expert in the application of these "special" techniques. And embarrassing as it may be for those of us infatuated with the latest technology to admit, it is with the difficult case especially that old-fashioned technology so often must be depended upon. In his excellent recent appraisal of the role of a variety of special techniques in this application, Triche offers the following comment: "Overall, electron microscopy is probably the most universally useful of all diagnostic techniques other than light microscopy in round cell tumors." The data from our studies certainly point to the same conclusion. With each of the tumors, electron microscopy demonstrated itself to be more reliable than immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy offers not only greater sensitivity and specificity, but also greater versatility. Immunohistochemistry allows hypothesis testing only. Electron microscopy, on the other hand, can provide answers even when the right questions are not being asked. For example, if a particular small round cell tumor under investigation happens in actuality to represent something other than the neuroblastoma which it is being considered (e.g., a granulocytic sarcoma, liposarcoma, Wilm's tumor, etc.), electron microscopy can reveal this fact, but a neuron-specific enolase stain cannot. Parenthetically, it should also be said that electron microscopy has proven particularly well suited to the examination of fine-needle aspiration specimens. The two spare many patients in our institution the need for a major operative procedure to establish a secure tissue diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry does have a role to play but it is, at least in our opinion, clearly secondary to that of electron microscopy. The concept of replacing electron microscopy with a battery of immunostains has often been advocated as an economic measure, but this argument begins quickly to lose its weight as the number stains included in the battery is increased to cover the diagnostic possibilities. Giving consideration to the capriciousness of some of these stains, there exists with this also an increasing possibility of a spurious or misinterpreted result leading to an errant diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Energy Efficiency and Stability of a Nonlinear Coupled-Oscillator Model of Hopping With Elastically-Suspended Loads

Elastically suspending a load with a compliant suspension system can increase the energy efficiency of legged locomotion and load carrying in humans, animals, and robots. In prior work, we developed a simple linear model from first principles and showed that elastically-suspended loads reduce the energy cost and stability of locomotion. In this paper, we expand on this model by adding flight phases, transforming it into a nonlinear hybrid system that is a more realistic representation of human hopping and high-speed locomotion more generally. The addition of flight phases causes a counterintuitive shift in the behavior of the double-mass coupled-oscillator system. With the addition of flight phases, the tuning of the elastic load suspension becomes more critical in order to reduce the energy cost of human hopping. Elastically-suspended loads also increased the overall system stability compared to rigidly-attached loads when the system exhibits flight phases. Therefore, under certain conditions, a human hopping with an elastically-suspended load can exhibit increased energy efficiency and stability compared to a rigidly-attached load. This study will help improve our understanding of elastically-suspended loads and could enable the design of tuned suspension systems for load carrying.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Morphine-induced antinociception in the rat: Supra-additive interactions with imidazoline I2 receptor ligands

Abstract Pain remains a significant clinical challenge and currently available analgesics are not adequate to meet clinical needs. Emerging evidence suggests the role of imidazoline I2 receptors in pain modulation primarily from studies of the non-selective imidazoline receptor ligand, agmatine. However, little is known of the generality of the effect to selective I2 receptor ligands. This study examined the antinociceptive effects of two selective I2 receptor ligands 2-BFI and BU224 (> 2000-fold selectivity for I2 receptors over α2 adrenoceptors) in a hypertonic (5%) saline-induced writhing test and analyzed their interaction with morphine using a dose-addition analysis. Morphine, 2-BFI and BU224 but not agmatine produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect. Both composite additive curve analyses and isobolographical plots revealed a supra-additive interaction between morphine and 2-BFI or BU224, whereas the interaction between 2-BFI and BU224 was additive. The antinociceptive effect of 2-BFI and BU224 was attenuated by the I2 receptor antagonist/α2 adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan but not by the selective α2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, suggesting an I2 receptor-mediated mechanism. Agmatine enhanced the antinociceptive effect of morphine, 2-BFI and BU224 and the enhancement was prevented by yohimbine, suggesting that the effect was mediated by α2 adrenoceptors. Taken together, these data represent the first report that selective I2 receptor ligands have substantial antinociceptive activity and produce antinociceptive synergy with opioids in a rat model of acute pain. These data suggest that drugs acting on imidazoline I2 receptors may be useful either alone or in combination with opioids for the treatment of pain.
Virtual Simulations across Curriculum Prepare Nursing Students for Patient Interviews

Abstract A multiyear evolution of the use of virtual environment simulations to improve communication and subjective assessment skills of prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students is detailed. A virtual clinic constructed in the world of Second Life, with student nurse and patient avatars, provided the setting for unfolding, multicultural, mutigenerational case studies. Selected case studies developed for the sophomore health assessment course were further developed with psychiatric symptoms. Junior-level students interviewed avatars using a psychiatric tool. Experience with 800 students' substantiated virtual worlds provide an effective, nonthreatening environment for developing interview skills across courses. Implications for nurse educators are included.
Genesis of the Weipa Bauxite deposits, N. E. Australia

Mineralogical variations both in vertical profile and bulk sized samples at Weipa are similar in broad outline, but show significant variations in detail. Surface planation has been limited and confined mainly to the limbs of a broad synclinal warp at Andoom and Pera Head. Whereas the proportional increase in boehmite within the upper levels of the pisolitic bauxite may in part be correlated with the degree of subsequent surface planation, other factors such as thickness of profile, size fraction distribution, and quartz sand content also play an essential role. The significance of underlying rock porosity is emphasised together with the special geomorphic conditions induced by warping here. It is concluded that leaching conditions were less dynamic than at Gove and that this accounts in large part for both the high boehmite content and lithological relationships of the Weipa bauxite.
An Energy-Efficient Multiwire Error Control Scheme for Reliable On-Chip Interconnects Using Hamming Product Codes

We propose an energy-efficient error control scheme for on-chip interconnects capable of correcting a combination of multiple random and burst errors. The iterative decoding method, interleaver, using two-dimensional Hamming product codes and a simplified type-II hybrid ARQ, achieves several orders of magnitude improvement in residual flit-error rate for multiwire errors and up to 45% improvement in throughput in high noise environments. For a given system reliability requirement, the proposed error control scheme yields up to 50% energy improvement over other error correction schemes. The low overhead of our approach makes it suitable for implementation in on-chip interconnect switches.
Flight muscle contraction in relation to ambient temperature in some species of desert bats

Abstract The properties of motor activity over a wide range of temperatures for 5 species of bats compared to a homeotherm and poikilotherm revealed the following: 1. 1. Force contraction of poikilotherms increase with a decrease in temperature. For homeotherms, force contraction remains relatively constant, losing contractability between 12° and 5°C. For bats, force contraction remains relatively constant over the entire test range of temperatures. 2. 2. Twitch duration increased for all species of animals tested, but for bats, the magnitude of duration was greater as temperatures were reduced. 3. 3. There was an inverse relationship between muscle size and force contraction for the bat species tested. 4. 4. The adaptive significance of motor activity at various temperatures is discussed with regard to known ecological behavior.
The tragedy of the political commons: Evidence from U.S. Senate roll call votes on environmental legislation

When the costs of regulation are borne by individuals outside of their political jurisdiction, an elected politician arguably will vote in favor of socially costly regulations because from his/her narrow perspective even small marginal benefits outweigh zero marginal costs. Our empirical analysis of the environmental voting records of U.S. Senators from 1991 to 2002 reveals a pronounced tendency for Senators to vote against (in favor of) environmental bills that impose costs in their (other) states. The straightforward implication is that elected politicians overgraze the regulatory pasture.
Transverse-momentum distribution from the Bloch-Nordsieck method

The transverse-momentum distribution is studied using the Bloch-Nordsieck method. An approximate analytic form for the above distribution is found, which maintains the normalization as well as reproduces the exact result for the average (squared) transverse momentum, $〈{{k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}〉$. For large ${k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, our proposed approximation gives an exponential damping in ${k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ which is independent of the coupling constant. The discontinuous nature of the four-momentum distribution is examined to make comparison with perturbation theory.
Saturn's satellites: Nuar-infrared spectrophotometry (0.6–2.5 μm) of the leading and trailing sides and compositional implications

Water ice absorptions at 2.0, 1.5, and 1.25 microns are noted in near-IR spectra of Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Iapetus, and Hyperion, and the weak 1.04-micron ice absorption, which is detected for Rhea and Dione, is studied to establish band depth upper limits. The leading-trailing side 1.04-micron ice band depth differences on Saturn's satellites are similar to those for the Galilean satellites, indicating possible surface modification by magnetospheric charged particle bombardment. Limits are obtained for the amounts of particulates, trapped gases, and ammonium hydroxide on the surface. With the exception of the dark side of Iapetus, the surfaces of all of Saturn's satellites are nearly pure ice water.
Perceptually based techniques for image segmentation and semantic classification

We present a new approach for semantic image analysis that combines knowledge of human perception with an understanding of signal characteristics to segment natural scenes into perceptually uniform regions, and then uses the region statistics to extract semantic information. Applications include content-based image retrieval and region of interest extraction for efficient compression/transmission over heterogeneous networks
ELAV mediates 3′ UTR extension in the Drosophila nervous system

Post-transcriptional gene regulation is prevalent in the nervous system, where multiple tiers of regulatory complexity contribute to the development and function of highly specialized cell types. Whole-genome studies in Drosophila have identified several hundred genes containing long 3′ extensions in neural tissues. We show that ELAV (embryonic-lethal abnormal visual system) is a key mediator of these neural-specific extensions. Misexpression of ELAV results in the ectopic synthesis of long messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in transgenic embryos. RNA immunoprecipitation assays suggest that ELAV directly binds the proximal polyadenylation signals of many target mRNAs. Finally, ELAV is sufficient to suppress 3′ end formation at a strong polyadenylation signal when tethered to a synthetic RNA. We propose that this mechanism for coordinating 3′ UTR extension may be generally used in a variety of cellular processes.
Positron 2D-Acar Experiments and Electron-Positron Momentum Density in YBa2Cu307−x

We discuss positron annihilation (2D-ACAR) measurements in the c-projection on an untwinned metallic single crystal of YBa2Cu3O7−x as a function of temperature, for five temperatures ranging from 30K to 300K. The measured 2D-ACAR intensities are interpreted in terms of the electron-positron momentum density obtained within the KKR-band theory framework. The temperature dependence of the 2D-ACAR spectra is used to extract a ’background corrected’ experimental spectrum which is in remarkable accord with the corresponding band theory predictions, and displaysin particular clear signatures of the electron ridge Fermi surface.
The Diversity and Evolution of Batesian Mimicry in Papilio Swallowtail Butterflies

Papilio swallowtail butterflies exhibit a remarkable diversity of Batesian mimicry, manifested in several sex-limited and polymorphic types. There is little understanding of how this diversity is distributed within Papilio, and how different mimicry types have evolved in relation to each other. To answer these questions, I present a graphical model that connects various mimicry types by hypothetical character state changes within a phylogenetic framework. A maximum likelihood analysis of evolution of mimicry types on the Papilio phylogeny showed that sexually monomorphic mimicry and female-limited mimicry have evolved repeatedly but predominantly independently in different clades. However, transitions between these mimicry types are rarely observed. The frequency distribution of character state changes was skewed in favor of the evolution of mimicry, whereas many theoretically plausible character state changes, especially evolutionary loss of mimicry, were not evident. I discuss these findings in relation to studying the tempo of evolutionary change, loss of traits, and directionality and connectivity among character states. The pathway approach and phylogenetic patterns of mimicry demonstrated in Papilio are useful to test novel hypotheses regarding the diversity and evolutionary directionality of Batesian mimicry in other systems.
Effect of Coulomb Barrier on Meson Production by Nucleon-Nucleus Collisions

The effect of the Coulomb barrier on charged meson production by nucleon-nucleus collisions is studied by a classical and qualitative treatment of the Coulomb interaction between the emitted meson and the residual nucleus. Especially, the discrepancy in the behavior of positive and negative meson production cross sections as functions of atomic number can be understood qualitatively by this simple argument.
A Read-Disturb-Free, Differential Sensing 1R/1W Port, 8T Bitcell Array

We propose a read-disturb-free, 1-read/1-write port, 8-transistor (8T) bitcell utilizing differential sensing. The conflicting design requirement of read versus write operation in a conventional 6T SRAM bitcell is eliminated using separate read/write access transistors. A distributed read-access transistor shared across the bitcells of every row enables read-disturb-free differential sensing operation with eight transistors per bitcell. Write-access transistors are upsized to form a diffusion-notch-free layout which would result in improved manufacturability. 1R/1W port nature of the proposed 8T bitcell makes it an attractive choice for the high speed, dense register file (RF) designs. Bitcell failure measurements on 20 test-chips fabricated in 90-nm CMOS technology demonstrate that the proposed differential 8T bitcell shows 220 mV lower read-Vmin, 40 mV lower hold-Vmin, 25 mV higher weak-write voltage compared to the iso-area 6T bitcell at iso-performance. At 600 mV, the proposed 8T bitcell array operates up to 67.2 MHz.
E–government implementation challenges in the UK: a case study at the Trading Standards Department

Governments in many countries have invested significantly in building electronic infrastructures to support e–government initiatives. However, there is mixed evidence about the success of e–government initiatives. In this paper, we report the findings of a case study of e–government implementation undertaken recently at a local government authority in the UK. Despite the success of such efforts at National Health Services Direct (NHSD) in the UK, local authorities in the UK have not been able to replicate the success of e–government initiatives at NHSD. Consequently, local authorities in the UK have largely failed to meet the expectations of the UK government. We use the framework proposed by Heeks to understand the underlying reasons for the failure of local authorities to implement e–government. Using a case study at a local authority in the UK, this paper contributes to our understanding about successful implementation and adoption of e–government initiatives at the local level.
Cross-Sensitivity Elimination in a 3-Dimensional Magnetic Sensor

In a 3-dimensional integrated magnetic sensor cross-axis sensitivities among the various components of the magnetic field have been a practical design problem. This paper describes the elimination of any cross-sensitivity if a 3-dimensional magnetic sensor is implemented in BiCMOS technology. A device is designed and fabricated by placing a split-collector magnetotransistor and a split-drain MOSFET adjacent to each other to detect the three components of the magnetic field vector.
Slope walking causes short-term changes in soleus H-reflex excitability.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that downslope treadmill walking decreases spinal excitability. Soleus H-reflexes were measured in sixteen adults on 3 days. Measurements were taken before and twice after 20 min of treadmill walking at 2.5 mph (starting at 10 and 45 min post). Participants walked on a different slope each day [level (Lv), upslope (Us) or downslope (Ds)]. The tibial nerve was electrically stimulated with a range of intensities to construct the M-response and H-reflex curves. Maximum evoked responses (Hmax and Mmax) and slopes of the ascending limbs (Hslp and Mslp) of the curves were evaluated. Rate-dependent depression (RDD) was measured as the % depression of the H-reflex when measured at a rate of 1.0 Hz versus 0.1 Hz. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during walking. Ds and Lv walking reduced the Hmax/Mmax ratio (P = 0.001 & P = 0.02), although the reduction was larger for Ds walking (29.3 ± 6.2% vs. 6.8 ± 5.2%, P = 0.02). The reduction associated with Ds walking was correlated with physical activity level as measured via questionnaire (r = −0.52, P = 0.04). Us walking caused an increase in the Hslp/Mslp ratio (P = 0.03) and a decrease in RDD (P = 0.04). These changes recovered by 45 min. Exercise HR and BP were highest during Us walking. RPE was greater during Ds and Us walking compared to Lv walking, but did not exceed “Fairly light” for Ds walking. In conclusion, in healthy adults treadmill walking has a short-term effect on soleus H-reflex excitability that is determined by the slope of the treadmill surface.
EFFECTS OF X-RAYS ON ZEA MAYS.

In the study of many general problems, plants are ideal material because of the large numbers which can be used and the ease with which environmental conditions can be modified or kept constant as occasion demands. Samples can be taken for cytological studies as the experiment progresses without detracting from the final results. Numerous reports on plant experiments have come from hospital laboratories where the work has been done with the conviction that many of the results will be applicable to problems of animal x-ray technique. The work reported here was started for the purpose of finding out how Zea mays would react to x-ray treatment in various aspects of its growth and appearance, in order to use it eventually as a test material for studying effects of irradiation as they might be influenced by changing environmental conditions. Zea mays has been used occasionally for special radiation problems. Stadler (14) found it valuable for studies of mutations produced by x-rays because its genes had been more thoroughly mapped than those of many other plants. Bersa (2) reported Zea mays to be relatively more resistant to irradiation than many plants which he tested. He used it extensively for cytological examination of irradiated root tips.
Who Are the Uninsured

The Andersons are a family of four. Jim Anderson is 35 years old and works for a local taxi company. The company offers health insurance only to full-time employees (minimum of 40 hours per week), but Jim could not afford the 40% employee premium contribution, so he decided not to purchase the company’s health insurance plan. Liz Anderson is 33 years old and works part time (20 hours per week) for a local gift shop that does not offer health insurance benefits to their employees. Jim and Liz have two children; Sally, 13 years old, and Bud, 10 years old. The Andersons are an uninsured family who are not eligible for the Medicaid program because their family income is too high. Although the children would be eligible for the State Children’s Health Insurance Program, Jim and Liz decided not to enroll the children because of the costly monthly premiums.
A Controlled Azimuth Avoidance Manœuvre

The advantages of a standardized avoidance manoeuvre as distinct from a late collision avoidance manoeuvre are discussed with reference to passenger comfort. The general use of plan type displays suggests the possibility of having a standard manoeuvre based upon turning one aircraft on to a new heading. An analysis of this manœuvre was undertaken in order to obtain data as to the closest permissible approach between pairs of aircraft on various collision courses. Results show that the permissible closure is smallest if the faster of the two aircraft is manœuvred, and that little is gained by changing the heading by more than 30°. The results of this type of analysis can assist also in the programming of the computer in a future automated A.T.C. system.
Ca2+ Nanosparks Shining Light on the Dyadic Cleft But Missing the Intensity of Its Signal

Since the classical, many years ignored, and by current standards haphazard experiments of Sidney Ringer1 on isolated rat hearts, we have come a long way in understanding the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of cardiac muscle. Ringer1 found that suspending the hearts in a saline solution prepared with tap water (which contained high amounts of calcium carbonate from limestone) sustained robust contractions for a long time; but in an attempt to professionalize his art, Ringer1 replaced tap water for distilled water, only to observe that in this clean medium, heart contractions declined quickly after only a few beats. By systematically adding different salts to the distilled saline medium, Ringer1 discovered that calcium, until then considered exclusively a structural element of bones and teeth, was essential for cardiac muscle contraction. Since this serendipitous discovery, many others, in smaller or greater scale, kept adding to the inescapable notion that calcium ions (Ca2+) play a critical role as a relay signal (a messenger) in many biological processes not only of cardiac myocytes, but also of virtually every living cell. Continuing with the story of Ca2+ in the heart, technically challenging experiments by Alexander Fabiato2 defined, almost singlehandedly, the process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in cardiac cells, whereby a small amount of Ca2+ (in his case injected by a microsyringe on skinned cardiac tissue) caused a much larger release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), inducing vigorous contractions. Fabiato’s experiments, therefore, set the basis for a functional coupling between the sarcolemma (and its invaginations, the t-tubules) which injected Ca2+ by the voltage-induced opening of L-type Ca2+ channels (dihydropyridine receptors [DHPRs]) and the SR, which elicited massive Ca2+ release on binding of the incoming Ca2+ to …
The Effects of Family Versus Career Role Salience on the Performance of Family and Nonfamily Firms

This study investigated how the relative salience of business owners' family and career roles might influence performance outcomes in family versus nonfamily firms. Using data from 156 family and n...
Renal protective effects of α-calcitonin gene-related peptide in deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension.

Deoxycorticosterone salt (DOC-salt) hypertension-induced renal damage is enhanced in α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) knockout (KO) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. However, since the α...
Testicular apoptosis is down-regulated during spontaneous recrudescence in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).

Among individuals of many nontropical species, seasonal breeding is timed by tracking changes in the daily photoperiod. Transfer of rodents to short (< 12 h of light/day) day lengths for 6 to 14 weeks can induce regression of the testes mediated by apoptosis. After 16 to 20 weeks of short day exposure, reproductive function is “spontaneously” initiated, and testicular recrudescence is observed. The gonadal mechanisms that underlie testicular recrudescence are not fully understood. If the onset of testicular regrowth that occursduring spontaneous recrudescence reflects a down-regulation of apoptotic signals, then a decline in apoptosis should be noted concurrent with increased testis mass. This experiment sought toassess the role of apoptosis in the restoration of reproductive capacity to photoperiod-inhibited white-footed mice. Males were assigned to long (16:8 LD) or short (8:16 LD) photoperiods for0, 14, 18, 22, 26, or 30 weeks. At each of these time points, testis mass and testosterone concentrations w...
Dyspnea and pulmonary infiltrates in a 53-year-old woman with common variable immunodeficiency.

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS A 53-year-old woman had been diagnosed 19 years ago with common variable immunodeficiency and started on intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), but was lost to specialty care for many years. In the interim, she discontinued IVIg because of an infusion-related systemic reaction and was treated prophylactically with daily amoxicillin. Since that incident, she has had more than 30 infections requiring hospitalization, including joint sepsis, meningitis, and multiple roentgenologically proven episodes of pneumonia. She has suffered from mild chronic dyspnea and subacutely developed fever, malaise, weight loss, and worsening breathlessness. She was hospitalized at an outside facility, given broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotic therapy, and then transferred to our institution. Past medical history was notable only for multiple sinus surgeries; she had no history of asthma. Her medications included albuterol as needed, estrogen, analgesics, and an expectorant for cough. Antibiotic treatment was held after transfer, in an attempt to obtain a positive sputum culture. She reported a history of “anaphylaxis to immunoglobulin (Ig),” characterized by chills and sweats during an infusion many years earlier, as well as allergy to sulfa-containing medications. Family history was notable in that her mother died at age 45 of meningitis. She had never smoked and has lived in Colorado with no recent travel.
Aquaculture of paddlefish in the United States

Paddlefish are endemic to most rivers and tributaries of the Mississippi basin and are found in 22 states of the United States. In 1989, US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listed paddlefish as a category 2 species because data were lacking on its population status. In 1992, USFWS added paddlefish to the list of Appendix II of the Convention on International trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) primarily due to concerns about illegal poaching in the international caviar trade. Therefore, paddlefish aquaculture will provide alternative fish sources for the marketplace in the era of strict federal and state regulations on wild populations. Aquaculture of paddlefish is in a research and developmental phase. Most broodstock are obtained from wild sources, though some mature fish have been developed in captivity. Artificial propagation techniques are resulting in > 80 % egg fertility. Larval paddlefish are initially raised in organically fertilized, zooplankton-rich (i.e. Daphnia sp.) ponds, and then trained on extruded trout/salmon diets until the juvenile fish are > 30 cm in total length. Tank culture is also an alternative for raising juvenile fish. Juvenile paddlefish, a filter feeder that requires zooplankton as its primary food, are being grown in reservoirs and in polyculture with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri and Alabama. Production yields are 200–400 kg·ha–1 in polyculture and in reservoirs ranching resulted in 55–175 kg·ha–1. Reservoir ranching is ideal for caviar production; whereas, paddlefish (1.5 to 4.0 kg) cultured with catfish is for meat production. A system to produce all-female progeny through artificial propagation with sex-inverted, gynogenetic broodstock and attempting to develop optimal cryopreservation techniques for the milt of these unique broodstock is currently being tested. Value-added products such as hot and cold smoked paddlefish are the major effort being developed for the marketplace. Consumer acceptability of value-added products from paddlefish has been better than channel catfish.
Genetic Differences in Endothelial Cells May Determine Atherosclerosis Susceptibility

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a complex genetic disorder that involves many genes and has significant gene-environment interactions. The extensive study of candidate genes in pathways relevant to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors has had limited success in explaining the population’s susceptibility to this disease. With the advent of the Genome Program, it is now becoming possible to use positional cloning techniques to reveal new genes involved in atherosclerosis susceptibility. Studies in human populations are underway, but they may be difficult because of the heterogeneity of human populations and the very real possibility that large numbers of genes are involved, each with very small effects. The probable difficulties of human genetic studies strongly suggest that parallel approaches should be undertaken to identify genes for atherosclerosis susceptibility by positional cloning in animal models. Genes identified through the study of animal models can be used to identify human homologues. These can be used to search for mutations associated with disease in human populations and/or to identify important pathways involved in atherogenesis that might lend themselves to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The most ideal mammal for such studies is the laboratory mouse.1 Mice are small (25 to 40 g) and have short generation times (9 to 10 weeks) and large litter sizes (5 to 10 pups); in addition, there are many inbred strains available. However, laboratory strains of mice fed the normal chow diet do not develop atherosclerotic lesions. To circumvent this problem, Paigen et al2 proposed a model in which mice are fed …