cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of external and neutrally buoyant acoustic transmitters for juvenile salmon turbine passage evaluation

Abstract Fish can sustain injury or mortality when they pass through hydroelectric facilities. To develop a method to monitor the passage and survival of juvenile salmonids without bias through turbines within the Federal Columbia River Power System, we developed and fabricated two designs of neutrally buoyant transmitters: Type A (sutured to the dorsal musculature of the fish anterior to the dorsal fin) and Type B (two-part design attached with wire pushed through the dorsal musculature, ventral to the dorsal fin). To determine the efficacy of the two designs under non-turbine passage-related conditions, fish had one of the tags attached and were held for 14 days to determine any potential effects of the tags on growth, survival and tissue damage. We also evaluated the attachment method by monitoring tag retention. These two neutrally buoyant tag designs were compared to nontagged individuals and those surgically implanted with current Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) transmitters and passive integrated responder (PIT) tags. In addition, two suture materials (Monocryl and Vicryl Rapide) were tested for attachment of Type A tags. When compared with non-tagged individuals, fish tagged with Type A tags did not differ significantly with respect to growth or mortality over a 14-d holding period. However, fish tagged with Type B transmitters had lower growth rates than the nontagged controls or other tag treatments. The efficacy of two designs was also compared to nontagged individuals under shear exposure. Fish were exposed to a submerged, 6.35-cm-diameter water jet at velocities ranging from 3.0 to 12.2 m/s in a water flume to simulate turbine conditions within the Columbia River basin. Throughout the shear exposure study, no mortalities or tag loss were observed. There was also no significant difference in the rates of shear injury between untagged fish and fish tagged with Type A or Type B tags. When tissue damage was assessed for tagged individuals exposed to shear forces, those tagged with Type A tags showed lower rates and severity of injury when compared to Type B-tagged fish. Overall, Type A tags may be a viable tag design for juvenile Chinook salmon passing through hydropower facilities.
Designing Interactive Instructional Software: Students as Educators

This paper reviews a project conducted as part of a general chemistry course. The primary goal of the assignment was to involve our students in the process of teaching chemistry. Our work is part of STEMTEC, the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Teacher Education Collaborative, which has been developed to improve the preparation of preservice teachers, stimulate the interest of undergraduate science and mathematics majors in the teaching profession, and increase the educational effectiveness of science and mathematics courses. The assigned project required students to create an interactive computer module that could be used to educate other students about concepts taught in general chemistry. The paper includes examples of these modules and evaluates this method of instruction. The software programs designed by the students are available for download from the Internet (http://soulcatcher.chem.umass.edu).
Templated fabrication of sub-100 nm periodic nanostructures.

Periodic polymer nanoposts and metal nanohole arrays with tunable size have been fabricated by templating from spin-coated two-dimensional non close-packed colloidal crystal–polymer nanocomposites.
Observations of acoustic surface waves in outdoor sound propagation.

Acoustic surface waves have been detected propagating outdoors under natural conditions. Two critical experimental conditions were employed to ensure the conclusive detection of these waves. First, acoustic pulses rather than a continuous wave source allowed an examination of the waveform shape and avoided the masking of wave arrivals. Second, a snow cover provided favorable ground impedance conditions for surface waves to exist. The acoustic pulses were generated by blank pistol shots fired 1 m above the snow. The resultant waveforms were measured using a vertical array of six microphones located 60 m away from the source at heights between 0.1 and 4.75 m. A strong, low frequency “tail” following the initial arrival was recorded near the snow surface. This tail, and its exponential decay with height (z) above the surface (∼e−αz), are diagnostic features of surface waves. The measured attenuation coefficient α was 0.28 m−1. The identification of the surface wave is confirmed by comparing the measured waveforms with waveforms predicted by the theoretical evaluation of the explicit surface wave pole term using residue theory.
progressiveMauve: Multiple Genome Alignment with Gene Gain, Loss and Rearrangement

Background Multiple genome alignment remains a challenging problem. Effects of recombination including rearrangement, segmental duplication, gain, and loss can create a mosaic pattern of homology even among closely related organisms.
Papillary Eccrine Adenoma: An Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study

A 45-year-old African American man presented with a small, solitary, nonulcerated cutaneous lesion of the right thigh of many years duration, which was excised. Light microscopically, the lesion consisted of an oval, well-circumscribed, intradermal proliferation of tubules, which were often dilated and lined by a double layer of tumor cells with conspicuous intraluminal papillations. Ultrastructurally, there was evidence of both intradermal eccrine duct and eccrine secretory coil differentiation. Although the majority of tumor cells resembled cells of the intradermal eccrine duct, occasional myoepithelial tumor cells and rare tumor cells having secretory granules and resembling dark mucous cells were indicative of eccrine secretory coil differentiation. The positive immunoshistochemical staining for S-100 protein, CEA, EMA, and vimentin supported these ultrastructural findings.
Calculation of Mineral Properties with the Electron Gas Model

The inclusion of non-spherical distortions of the ions, or equivalently covalent bonding effects, in the electron gas model leads to improved results for the properties of minerals. For crystals which have open structures, the structures, energies and compressibilities calculated with the distorted ion model are in much better agreement with experiment than those calculated with spherical ion model; the improved structures are due mainly to smaller and more accurate cation-anion-cation bond angles and the improved energies are due to the stronger bonds formed when charge density moves into the bonding regions. For crystals which have close-packed structures, the structures and compressibilites are modeled well with the spherical ion model, but the energies are calculated more accurately with the distorted ion model. The distorted ion model leads to improved modeling of pressure-induced phase transitions, due to the more accurate calculation of the crystal structures, compressibilities and energies.
Improved Threshold Logic Synthesis Using Implicant-Implicit Algorithms

Existing threshold logic synthesis methods decompose larger input functions into smaller input functions and perform synthesis for them. It is shown that significantly larger input functions can be synthesized by implementing the existing methods in an implicant-implicit manner. Experimental results on the ISCAS 85 benchmarks show that this impacts the synthesis cost, which drops significantly. More specifically, as the size of the functions that can be handled by the synthesis algorithm increases, the number of threshold logic gates required to implement very large input functions decreases. In addition, the total weight decreases and the performance is improved.
Student Characteristics, Practice, and Achievement in Physical Education

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if students of differing initial skill levels and boys and girls receive different amounts and types of practice, and if correlations between appropriate and inappropriate trials and achievement were different for the various subgroups. Students (N = 202) and teachers in 10 middle school/junior high school physical education classes were the subjects for this study. Students in the classes were pretested, received instruction, and then were posttested on the forearm pass and underhand serve volleyball skills. Instruction was videotaped for subsequent coding of practice variables. Multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance were used to determine differences in appropriate, inappropriate, and total practice trials and the appropriate-to-inappropriate trial ratio for gender and skill-level combinations. Correlations of frequency of appropriate trials and inappropriate trials with achievement and differences in these correlations for skill gr...
Designing ensembles in conformational and sequence space to characterize and engineer proteins

Computational protein design - the search for amino acids that adopt defined structures and functions - has achieved significant successes in recent years. Design is often approached from the perspective of targeting the design objective one structure-sequence pair at a time. Here we summarize studies that take an alternate approach, considering design solutions from the perspective of conformational and sequence ensembles. We argue that this strategy both more closely mimics the properties of naturally occurring proteins and drives progress in engineering. We discuss benchmarks for evaluating design methods, highlight recent advances, and project how the evolving capabilities of gene sequencing, gene synthesis, and genome editing may change the design field.
Isolation of beta-alanine from Iris tingitana (var. Wedgewood).

BETA-ALANINE has often been reported (for example, Hulme and Arthington1) in plants on the basis of chromatographic evidence and is now considered to be a common plant constituent2.
A search for strong coupling superconductivity

Abstract The specific heats of Mo0.6Re0.4 (BCC-phase), Mo0.4Re0.6 (Sigma-Phase), Mo0.18Tc0.82 (HCP-phase), and W0.65Re0.35 (BCC-phase) have been measured as part of the investigation of the basis for the extreme strong coupling previously found in the BCC and A-15 phase of Mo0.4Tc0.6. The normalized energy gaps, 2Δ kT c , of the four compounds are found to be, respectively, 5.0, 3.4, 3.6, and 3.1. Thus, of these four compounds between VIB and VIIB elements, only the BCC phase, Mo.6Re.4 has strong coupling similar to the Mo.4Tc.6 materials. The implications of this result for defining the important parameters that cause strong coupling in Mo0.4Tc0.6 are discussed.
The dynamic labor force: findings from the 2009 annual meeting of the Southern Management Association

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the highlights of research on gender and diversity that was presented at the recent 2009 annual meeting of the Southern Management Association in Asheville, North Carolina.Design/methodology/approach – The papers covering topics relevant to gender and diversity are summarized. The papers vary in terms of research design and methodology. There was a mix of conceptual papers and empirical studies using both quantitative and qualitative analysis.Findings – Overall, the emerging trend of an increase in minority and women employees is becoming greater. Owing to this trend it is necessary for organizations to prepare themselves in order to accommodate and properly manage this workforce. Minority and women employees should also prepare themselves with strategies to combat discrimination at work in order to benefit fully from this emerging trend. Gender impacts the perceptions of both men and women employees, and associated outcomes may vary based on the type of jo...
The Fragmented Proximal Pole Scaphoid Nonunion Treated With Rib Autograft: Case Series and Review of the Literature

Nonunions of the proximal pole of the scaphoid are a challenge to treat given the limited vascular supply. This challenge is potentiated when the proximal pole is unsalvageable. When the proximal pole of the scaphoid is fragmented or otherwise unsalvageable, traditional reconstructive procedures such as vascularized or nonvascularized bone grafting are not possible. Salvage procedures such as proximal row carpectomy or scaphoid excision and partial wrist fusion would not be ideal in the case of an unsalvageable proximal pole scaphoid nonunion in the absence of radiocarpal arthrosis. In this relatively uncommon circumstance, we favor the use of rib osteochondral autograft reconstruction of the proximal pole of the scaphoid. We report 3 cases with greater than 2-years of follow-up evaluation and also review the literature.
An evaluation of recruitment methods utilized for a clinical trial with periodontal and diabetes enrollment criteria: the Diabetes and Periodontal Therapy Trial.

Background: Diabetes and its complications are a major United States public health concern. Methods: The Diabetes and Periodontal Therapy Trial (DPTT) evaluated whether non-surgical treatment of periodontal disease influenced diabetes management among persons with Type 2 diabetes and periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate DPTT's many recruitment strategies in terms of enrollment success. Results/Conclusion: Targeted recruitment strategies were more effective in identifying individuals who met periodontal and diabetes eligibility criteria. Individuals eligible for a baseline visit/enrollment were more often male, had a younger age at diabetes diagnosis, a longer diabetes duration, more often Hispanic and less often African–American. Tracking and evaluating recruitment sources during study enrollment optimized recruitment methods to enroll a diverse participant population based upon gender, race and ethnicity.
Three-lead test rig with built-in neon condenser for field-dependent critical current measurements of high Tc superconductors at 27 K

Abstract A three-lead test rig with a built-in neon condenser has been constructed to measure fielddependent critical currents of high T c superconductors (HTSs) at 27 K. The test rig can accommodate two test samples and the current leads are good up to ≈ 250 A. This paper describes the test rig assembly and the experimental procedure for producing small quantities (≈ 100 cm 3 ) of liquid neon. The test rig has been used successfully to measure 27 K critical currents of HTS coils and short samples in background magnetic fields up to 20 T.
Sexual Desire in Couples Living with Chronic Medical Conditions

When chronic disease strikes a couple, both the ill and well spouse are affected. A literature review of chronic disease reveals that an overlooked area of concern for couples living with a chronic disease is sexual desire. Diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and breast cancer result in long periods of medical treatment and interfere with the couple’s normal routines. This can result in a loss of sexual desire. Specific causes of loss of desire in these couples include fatigue, changes in body image, concerns about fulfilling gender roles, fear, caregiving duties, sexual dysfunction, disease severity, and medical treatment. Counselors can design treatment plans that address loss of desire in couples living with a chronic disease by considering the underlying causes of loss of desire.
Type (II) regions between curves of the Fucik spectrum

The Fucik spectrum for a semilinear problem with asymptotic linearities has been shown to consist, at least locally, of curves emanating from a sequence of points in the plane. Regions between curves emanating from different points (referred to as type (I) regions in this paper) have a different nature than those between curves emanating from the same point (referred to as type (II) regions). Problems for which asymptotic limits fall in regions of type (I) have been solved by several authors, but not those for which the limits fall in a type (II) region. In the present paper we solve problems in which the asymptotic limits fall in type (II) regions.
Anti-curare effect of plasma from patients with thermal injury

Following severe thermal injury, patients are resistant to non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Although this resistance has been well documented clinically, little is known about its etiology. We have tested the hypothesis that circulating factors contribute to the decreased potency of neuromuscular blockers following burns. The potencies of d-tubocurarine (2 microM) or pancuronium (2 microM) dissolved in plasma from either burned or control human subjects were tested on the indirectly stimulated (0.2 Hz) rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. The muscle relaxants produced less neuromuscular blockade when dissolved in plasma from burned patients than when they were dissolved in plasma from controls. Thus, circulating factors are involved in the decreased potency of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs.
Heterogeneity of left ventricular segmental wall thickening and excursion in 2-dimensional echocardiograms of normal human subjects

Abstract Regional abnormalities of left ventricular (LV) wall thickening and excursion have been demonstrated by 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography. However, the variability of normal segmental contraction has not previously been defined. We performed 2-D echocardiography in 12 normal men aged 19 to 27 years. We obtained short-axis images at the level of the mitral valve, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and apex at end-diastole and end-systole. A computer-based system divided each short-axis image into 12 cavity and wall segments, and analyzed percent systolic wall thickening along each radius and percent area change of each cavity segment. Overall variability of contraction as well as the contributions of several sources of variability were determined. The overall range of cavity segment area change was 0 to 100% and of segmental wall thickening was 0 to 150% in these normal subjects. Average contraction was similar at different ventricular levels. Significant differences were found between adjacent segments at each level as well as between subjects. Intrathoracic cardiac rotation and motion were minimal; correction for these movements did not significantly alter the variability of contraction as calculated from 2-D echocardiograms. Temporal asynergy of contraction did contribute to variability; correction resulted in a significant alteration in mean segmental area change (from 59 ± 20% [standard deviation] uncorrected to 66 ± 16% corrected, p
In vitro/in vivo correlations of sustained-release coated multiparticulate formulations of doxazosin

Abstract Sustained-release coated multiparticulates of doxazosin were prepared by layering the drug onto nonpareil seeds and then coating these drug-layered beads with a rate-controlling membrane made from a mixture of ethylcellulose (EC) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC). The in vitro doxazosin release rates were dependent on the external medium and increased with the ratio of HPC/EC in the final coat. The in vivo doxazosin release rates in beagle dogs an healthy humans were linearly dependent on the HPC/EC ratio in the final coat. Although drug exposure after administration of the multiparticulate formulations was reduced compared to an immediate-release control preparation, there was good correlation between the initial in vitro and in vivo release rates.
WE‐E‐M100F‐05: Evaluation of Respiration‐Correlated Digital Tomosynthesis in the Thorax and Abdomen for Soft Tissue Visualization and Patient Positioning

Purpose: To find optimal parameters for digital tomosynthesis (DTS) image reconstruction, to evaluate ability of respiration correlated DTS to reduce blur caused by respiratory motion, and to assess DTS imaging for soft tissue localization and patient positioning. Methods and Materials:Image acquisition for DTS used a gantry‐mounted kV on‐board imaging system (Varian Medical Systems). We did not acquire DTS separately, but instead simulated DTS acquisition by using projection images acquired for CBCT. DTS reconstruction consisted of backprojection followed by a deblurring operation removing out‐of‐plane objects. For tumors subject to respiratory motion we selected projection images according to an external respiratory monitor signal (Real‐time Position Management System, Varian Medical Systems). Reconstruction and registration of DTS images used vender research software. Results: Optimal DTS quality is achieved with a 6–9 cm long deblurring volume in the direction perpendicular to the image and 20–30° reconstruction arc lengths. Image blur increases with longer arc lengths, while for shorter arcs out of plane objects become more pronounced. RC DTS reconstruction from disjoint arcs containing 2–3 respiratory cycles is feasible, yields images with less motion blur, and allows visualization of tumor movement. Generally, DTS was capable to visualize lungtumors, bronchi, liver, kidneys and abdominal lymph nodes. Estimated 3D registration error of DTS to reference DTS generated from the plan CT DRRs was 3 mm, relative to cone‐beam CT as a standard. Registration of RC DTS of lungtumors was possible to within 2 mm. Conclusions: DTS is capable of soft tissue visualization and patient positioning, including tumors subject to respiratory motion. With several advantages over full rotation CBCT scan, such as much shorter acquisition time, smaller dose and relaxed clearance requirement, DTS can become an efficient imaging modality for image‐guided radiotherapy. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by NCI Grant P01‐CA59017 and Varian Medical Systems.
Upper-air circulation of the Southern Oscillation from the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis

¶The upper-air circulation characteristics of the Southern Oscillation (SO) are studied from the 1958–97 NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis. The low/high phase of the SO is defined by anomalously small/large values of the Tahiti minus Darwin surface pressure difference. For the fields of 200 mb topography, divergence and divergent flow, 500 mb vertical motion, and 1000 mb topography, during January, April, July and October, differences are computed between ensembles of years of extremely low versus high SO phase, and tested for statistical significance. The 1000 mb topography bears out SO characteristics consistent with earlier work on surface pressure, such as the seesaw between the western and eastern Pacific in all seasons, and in the low SO phase in the boreal winter a northward displaced near-equatorial trough over the Atlantic. In addition, the new dataset afforded documentation of functional upper-air processes. Thus, overall positive/negative 1000 mb topography anomalies tend to be associated with enhanced/reduced subsidence or reduced/enhanced ascending motion. Ensemble differences in mid-tropospheric vertical motion are coherent with those in upper-tropospheric divergence and divergent flow. Characteristic of the low SO phase are significant positive anomalies of upper-tropospheric topographies especially in the tropics and most prominently over the eastern Pacific, reflecting the anomalously warm atmospheric column, and during the boreal winter a train of centers with alternatingly positive and negative topography differences extending from the tropical Pacific across North America to the Atlantic.
B-scan ultrasonography following open globe repair.

AbstractPurpose To examine the accuracy andpredictive ability of B-scan ultrasonographyin the post-repair assessment of anopen globe injury.Methods In all, 965 open globe injuriestreated at the Massachusetts Eye and EarInﬁrmary between 1 January 2000 and 1 June2010 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of427 ultrasound reports on 210 patients wereanalyzed. Ultrasound reports were examinedfor the following characteristics: vitreoushemorrhage, vitreous tag, retinal tear, RD(including subcategories total RD, partialRD, closed funnel RD, open funnel RD, andchronic RD), vitreous traction, vitreousdebris, serous choroidal detachment,hemorrhagic choroidal detachment, kissingchoroidal detachment, dislocated crystallinelens, dislocated intraocular lens (IOL),disrupted crystalline lens, intraocular foreignbody (IOFB), intraocular air, irregularposterior globe contour, disorganizedposterior intraocular contents, posteriorvitreous detachment, choroidal vs retinaldetachment, vitreal membranes, andchoroidal thickening. The main outcomemeasure was visual outcome at ﬁnalfollow-up.Results Among 427 B-scan reports, therewere a total of 57 retinal detachments,19 retinal tears, 18 vitreous traction,59 serous choroidal detachments,47 hemorrhagic choroidal detachments, and10 kissing choroidal detachments. Of patientswith multiple studies, 26% developed retinaldetachments or retinal tears on subsequentscans. Ultrasound had 100% positivepredictive value for diagnosing retinaldetachment and IOFB. The diagnoses ofretinal detachment, disorganized posteriorcontents, hemorrhagic choroidal detachment,kissing choroidal detachment, and irregularposterior contour were associated with worsevisual acuity at ﬁnal follow-up. Disorganizedposterior contents correlated with particularlypoor outcomes.Conclusions B-scan ultrasonography is aproven, cost-effective imaging modality inthe management of an open globe injury.This tool can offer both diagnostic andprognostic information, useful for bothsurgical planning and further medicalmanagement.Eye advance online publication, 10 January 2014;doi:10.1038/eye.2013.289Keywords: ultrasound; ultrasonography; openglobe; ocular traumaIntroductionOne of the most important roles for B-scanultrasonography remains diagnosis and follow-upof ocular trauma. Ultrasonography can functionto diagnose intraocular pathology immediatelyfollowing ocular trauma when no additionalimaging is possible,
Zur elektrostatischen Aufladung von CdS-Einkristallen unter Wirkung hoher elektrischer Felder

Es wird gezeigt, das sich unbelichtete CdS-Einkristalle beim Stromdurchgang unter Verletzung der Quasineutralitatsbedingung negativ oder positiv aufladen. Diese Aufladungen werden durch die Annahme einer raumlich inhomogenen Leitfahigkeit der CdS-Einkristalle gedeutet und als ein Teil der bekannten dielektrischen Nachwirkungen aufgefast. Es wird gezeigt, das der Leitungsvorgang von CdS-Einkristallen bei hohen Feldern nicht durch Raumladungsbegrenzung infolge Elektroneninjektion aus der Kathode nach Rose und Smith gedeutet werden kann.
France in the Cold War

During the Cold War France fashioned its foreign policy first in con-junction with, and then in opposition to, the United States. In the immediate post-war era the French diverted American monies intended for economic growth and military defence against the USSR to colonial struggles in Indochina and Algeria. In the 1960s, France dissented from American policy in Vietnam, withdrew from NATO's integrated com-mand, and pursued its own agenda in the hope of achieving detente. This policy foundered due to the May 1968 upheaval, but it was picked up by Willie Brandt's Ostpolitik and contributed to bringing about the end of the Cold War.
Comparison of selective agars for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli from environmental drinking water samples

Various selective media were assessed for their ability to detect and differentiate Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli in environmental water samples. Only two, Membrane Lauryl Sulphate agar and Deoxycholate Agar, could differentiate the two coliforms from each other and from the 'background' heterotrophs in water and this was a consequence of E. coli's ability to grow at 44 degrees C and 37 degrees C whereas Kl. oxytoca could only grow at 37 degrees C. Modified M-FC medium effectively differentiated Kl. oxytoca but not E. coli in environmental samples. Other media characterized the different coliforms in pure culture but failed to do likewise in environmental samples. For example, pure cultures of E. coli fluoresced when MUG was added to the medium but single colonies on a mixed species plate failed to do so. MT7 agar distinguished the two coliforms from water heterotrophs but not from each other.
Two keratins MW 50,000 and 56,000 are synthesized by psoriatic epidermis

The keratin polypeptide composition of uninvolved psoriatic epidermis is the same as normal epidermis. In contrast, involved epidermis from psoriasis contains significant amounts of two keratin polypeptides, molecular weight (MW) 56 and 50 kilodaltons (KD). Involved epidermis contains decreased amounts of keratins MW 69, 66.5 and 65.2 KD. Slices of involved psoriatic epidermis incorporate [35S]methionine into all the keratins including those of MW 56 and 50 KD. Unexpectedly, we found that [35S]methionine is incorporated into 56 and 50 KD keratins in uninvolved epidermis even though these keratins are not abundant enough to be seen in Coomassie stained gels. The two-dimensional patterns of iodinated tryptic peptide digests of keratin MW 50 KD from uninvolved, involved and normal epidermis are identical. We conclude that keratins of MW 56 KD and 50 KD are abundant in involved psoriatic epidermis. They are not present in normal or uninvolved psoriatic epidermis, but are rapidly synthesized when normal epidermis (neonatal foreskin) or uninvolved psoriatic epidermis are removed and placed in organ culture. The two keratins may be markers of increased cell proliferation or injury.
A jointly optimized subband coder

The mainstream approach to subband coding has been to partition the input signal into subband signals and to code those signals separately with optimal or near-optimal quantizers and entropy coders. A more effective approach, however, is one where the subband coders are optimized jointly so that the average distortion introduced by the subband quantizers is minimized subject to a constraint on the output rate of the subband encoder. A subband coder with jointly optimized multistage residual quantizers and entropy coders is introduced and applied to image coding. The high performance of the coder is attributed to its ability to exploit statistical dependencies within and across the subbands. The efficiency of the multistage residual quantization structure and the effectiveness of the statistical modeling algorithm result in an attractive balance among the reproduction quality, rate, and complexity.
An embedded wavelet video coder using three-dimensional set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT)

The SPIHT (set partitioning in hierarchical trees) algorithm by Said and Pearlman (see IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, no.6, p.243-250, 1996) is known to have produced some of the best results in still image coding. It is a fully embedded wavelet coding algorithm with precise rate control and low complexity. We present an application of the SPIHT algorithm to video sequences, using three-dimensional (3D) wavelet decompositions and 3D spatio-temporal dependence trees. A full 3D-SPIHT encoder/decoder is implemented in software and is compared against MPEG-2 in parallel simulations. Although there is no motion estimation or compensation in the 3D SPIHT, it performs measurably and visually better than MPEG-2, which employs complicated motion estimation and compensation.
Using Origin-Destination Centrality to Estimate Directional Bicycle Volumes

A new method estimates directional bicycle volumes throughout a street network. The method is based on a modified form of centrality, a measure from graph theory used to quantify the relative importance of each link and node in a network. One common formulation of centrality calculates the number of times a link in a network is used along the path of all shortest paths between all nodes. The equation was modified to represent bicycle travel better. The new metric is called origin-destination (O-D) centrality. For this case study, the new metric exhibited high correlation (R2 = .45 to .73) with observed bicycle counts at intersections. Use of O-D centrality to interpolate field observations spatially is demonstrated. Unlike other bicycle demand estimation methods, this approach requires commonly available data, is easy to use, and produces directional volumes (some methods only estimate nondirectional aggregate counts). The new method was programmed as a tool for geographic information systems by using mod...
Current issues in achievement goal theory and research

Abstract This article focuses on three general areas of research on achievement goal theory, including the definition and role of achievement goals, the role of contextual goals and factors, and the measurement and induction of goals. Issues regarding the definition of achievement goals include the generality of the approach/avoid dimension and the consequences of adopting multiple goals. Contextual issues center around the processing of classroom information related to goal adoption and the role of goals in collaborative learning groups. Measurement issues include questions about the measurement of achievement goal orientations, measuring goals in context, and the validity of contextual goal measures.
CONVERSION OF THICKNESS DATA OF THIN FILMS WITH VARIABLE LATTICE PARAMETER FROM MONOLAYERS TO ANGSTROMS: AN APPLICATION OF THE EPITAXIAL BAIN PATH

A procedure for the conversion of film thicknesses from monolayers to angstroms is presented. It is applicable to thickness data experimentally obtained from strained epitaxial films and based on the concept of the epitaxial Bain path. In particular, the in-plane lattice spacing of the film, such as that obtained with LEED on wedge-shaped samples, is used to determine the perpendicular lattice spacing, which serves for the conversion into angstroms. Omission of the implications of the Bain path concept would yield erroneous results. This conversion was successfully applied to compare experimental data, (given in monolayers), with data found in the literature (given in angstroms).
Inelastic light scattering from terahertz standing waves in a slab waveguide

Second order, χ(2) nonlinear mixing of optical and terahertz (THz) radiation is enhanced by phase matching by the spatial distribution of THz standing waves in a slab waveguide. The interference pattern due to selectively excited waveguide modes is thus detected and modeled along a crystal slab waveguide.
THE ROLE OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

Risk factor intervention is a useful strategy for prevention of poorly understood diseases. Fifteen studies have examined the relation of glucocorticoid and nonsteroid antiinflammatory treatments and onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Fourteen of these studies suggest that such treatments (especially nonsteroidal agents) prevent or ameliorate symptoms of AD. Abundant circumstantial evidence implicates inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Inhibition of cyclooxygenases, the central action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (but not a prominent effect of steroids), limits inflammation, but it may also alter neural metabolic pathways, resulting in cell death from excitotoxicity or oxidative stress. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether steroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or both can prevent or treat the symptoms of AD.
Isosmotic Regulation in Various Tissues of the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1. Osmotic adjustment is achieved by blood and intracellular fluids in the diamond-back terrapin when acclimatized either to fresh water or to sea water. 2. The muscle adjusts its composition to a higher blood osmotic pressure by greater concentrations in ammonia, in taurine and in urea and to a lesser extent in all amino acids (aspartate excepted). The inorganic ion content is not affected. 3. In the bladder mucosa ammonia, taurine and all amino acids are more concentrated in sea-water animals. But essentially urea is responsible for the higher osmotic pressure. Of the inorganic ions only potassium shows a (slight) increase in sea-water animals. 4. In the colon mucosa there is a slight increase in the total amino acid content, in the concentrations of sodium and chloride, and a larger increase in urea. 5. In the jejunum mucosa the concentrations of amino acids, urea and K are much higher in sea-water animals. 6. The results are discussed within the framework of isosmotic regulation of intracellular fluids. Supported by grant No. HE-12157 from the National Institutes of Health and grant No. 790 of the Fonds de la Recherche Fondamentale Collective to Professor E. Schoffeniels.
Phylogeographic analysis of the threatened and endangered superconglutinate‐producing mussels of the genus Lampsilis (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Several species of freshwater unionid mussels in the genus Lampsilis exhibit a remarkable reproductive strategy. Female mussels of these species enclose their larvae in a minnow-like lure, called a ‘superconglutinate’, to attract piscivorous fishes. When a fish attempts to ingest the superconglutinate the lure ruptures and the larvae are released to parasitize the fish. Of the four species of mussel which exhibit this strategy and are endemic to the Gulf Coast drainages of the southeastern United States, three are protected under the Endangered Species Act, and one is recognized as imperilled. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and the first subunit of the cytochrome oxidase c genes was conducted on 18 individual specimens representing these four species and six outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of these data support the monophyly of the superconglutinate-producing mussels, and indicates a strong geographical component to the data. The zoogeographic patterns of the four taxa included in the study are congruent with those seen in freshwater vertebrates, and are consistent with a vicariant pattern resulting from fluctuations in sea level during the Pleistocene. Despite the strong geographical structuring of the data, only one species, Lampsilis subangulata , was recovered as monophyletic. The authors attribute the lack of support for the monophyly of the remaining species to insufficient sequence variation and the recent origin of the ancestor of these taxa. Based on these data, any future captive breeding projects aimed at augmenting or re-establishing populations should do so only from the appropriate source populations so as to maintain the genetic integrity of these nascent species.
New binary sequence sets with favourable correlations

We construct new families of pseudorandom binary sequences from Legendre sequences and MDS codes. We obtain, for p=4k-1 prime and t an integer with 1/spl les/t/spl les/(p-1)/2, a set of p/sup t/ binary sequences of period p/sup 2/ whose peak correlation is bounded by 1+2t(p+1). The sequences are balanced, have high linear complexity and are easily generated.
Sol-Gel Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics for Microelectronic Packaging

In recent years considerable progress has been made in electronic packaging substrate technology. The future need of miniaturization of devices to increase the signal processing speeds calls for an increase in the device density requiring the substrates to be designed for better thermal, mechanical and electrical efficiency.Fast signal propagation with minimum delay requires the substrate to possess very low dielectric constant. Several glasses and glass-ceramic materials have been identified over the years which show good promise as candidate substrate materials. Among these borophosphate and borophosphosilicate glass-ceramics have been recently identified to have the lowest dielectric constant (3.8). Sol-gel processing has been used to synthesize borosilicate, borophosphosilicate and borophosphate glasses and glass-ceramics using inexpensive boron oxide and phosphorus pentoxide precursors. Preliminary results of the processing of these gels and the effect of volatility of boron alkoxide and its modification on the gel structure are described. X-ray diffraction, Differential thermal analyses and FTIR have been used to characterize the as-prepared and heat treated gels.
The predictive pregnancy: what complicated pregnancies tell us about mother's future cardiovascular risk.

For the first time, the American Heart Association 2011 Guidelines on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women named pregnancy complications as risk factors for cardiovascular disease.1 The committee recommended that clinicians query a detailed history of gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, or delivery of a small-for-gestational age-neonate as part of routine clinical intake. They urged obstetricians to refer women with complicated pregnancies to primary care or cardiology for monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors. This novel recommendation is based largely on recent discoveries emerging from the big epidemiology of linked national birth and death registry databases in Europe. These studies have shown consistent statistical associations between history of pregnancy complications and significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the decades after complex pregnancy.2–9 Yet, based as they are on administrative records, these studies are largely silent on the clinical course from complicated pregnancy to CVD event. What, exactly, is a clinician to do with the knowledge that a history of pregnancy complications doubles CVD risk as a woman matures? To fulfill the promise of the American Heart Association recommendation, we need data to determine appropriate prevention strategies, screening schedules, clinical targets, and treatment regimens for the large proportion of women who bear a telling history of complicated pregnancy.10 Article see p 1367 In this issue of Circulation , Fraser and colleagues provide findings that begin to put clinical flesh on the statistical associations between complicated pregnancy and CVD risk.11 In their 18-year follow-up of 3416 women originally enrolled during pregnancy in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Fraser and colleagues document that 36% of mothers had index pregnancies complicated by hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, or macrosomia. Because most women bear >1 …
Radar-Derived Estimates of Latent Heating in the Subtropics

Abstract Atmospheric warming from cloud heating has a major affect on worldwide atmospheric circulations and climate. Studies have shown that the dominant source for cloud heating is the phase change of water. The location and magnitude of cloud heating has a substantial impact on atmospheric circulations. Therefore, identifying the location of phase changes provides information necessary for accurate modeling of atmospheric circulations and climate. Radar reflectivity is a signature predominantly produced from rain formed from condensation, the primary process that produces heating. Through the application of principal component analysis on a nonhydrostatic cloud model, heating, and derived reflectivity data, a technique to illustrate a future heating algorithm capable of estimating cloud heating from reflectivity data is examined. Formative, intensifying, and mature stages of a Convection and Precipitation Electrification Experiment squall-type convective system were used to demonstrate these results. T...
Parasitization of the Red Sunflower Seed Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by its Larval Parasitoid Triaspis aequoris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Cultivated Sunflower

The red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, is a pest of sunflower in the northern and central Plains sunflower production regions. Weevil larvae feed and develop in the sunflower achene dropping to the soil to overwinter. A total of 630 parasitoids emerging from seed weevil larvae recovered from North and South Dakota and Minnesota from 1991 to 1995 was identified as Triaspis aequoris Martin, a solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid. The mean parasitization rate for the red sunflower seed weevil by T. aequoris ranged from 2.5 to 24.2% per year. There was an increase in the percentage parasitization as overall weevil populations decreased over years. In Nebraska, percent parasitization by T. aequoris, the only species recovered, increased with increasing densities of S. fulvus between 1993 and 1995. Patterns of emergence for both red sunflower seed weevil and T. aequoris were similar in two locations in North Dakota. Oviposition pattern in seeds in the sunflower head showed decreasing density toward the center, but T. aequoris parasitization was equal throughout the head. Triaspis aequoris, an egg-larval parasitoid, effectively searched for and attacked weevil eggs as soon as weevil oviposition had begun in the field. Date of planting studies showed that damage from weevils increased as seeding of fields was delayed, but parasitization of weevil larvae was similar among all dates. Activity by T. aequoris may have contributed to the decline of the red sunflower seed weevil from North and South Dakota and Minnesota. Lower densities of weevils also may account for the reduction in the diversity of parasitoid species of this weevil. The parasitoid appears to be well adapted to its host, efficiently parasitizes the red sunflower seed weevil and is amenable for use with some pest management strategies in cultivated sunflower.
Cold Weather Construction Costs and Accidents

The results of a study designed to determine the cost of working during the winter months in a typical northern state are presented. The data indicates that contractors perceive an 11.3 percent increase in costs due to cold weather work. This additional expense is approximately equal to the cost, neglecting the effect of inflation and interest, of delaying the work until the following summer months. In addition, the financial impact of winter construction accidents was found to be roughly in the same range as that of the benefits paid to unemployed construction workers.
Comparative Effects of Rest, Exercise, and Cold Spray upon Performance in Spot-Running

Abstract The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of rest, exercise, and cold applications upon physical performance. Eighteen college men students served as subjects. They performed five bouts of spot-running, with ten-second intervals between the bouts. After they rested, exercised, or received cold applications for ten minutes, they performed another series of five bouts of spot-running. The best performance followed the application of the cold spray to the lower half of the abdomen.
Effects of Phosphorus Exposure on Arsenic-Stabilized GaAs 2×4 Surface

Phosphorus exposed GaAs (100) surfaces during a Chemical Beam Epitaxy growth process are studied using in-situ Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction and ex-situ High Resolution X-ray Diffraction. It is shown that the phosphorus exposure of a GaAs (100) surface in the 500 - 580 °C temperature range results in the formation of one GaP monolayer.