cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Author Correction: Dynamic actuation of glassy polymersomes through isomerization of a single azobenzene unit at the block copolymer interface

In the version of this Article originally published, multiple changes to the “Results and discussion” section were required. In paragraph 1, “(Supplementary Fig. 1)” should have read “(Fig. 1e–j and Supplementary Fig. 1)”; in the first sentence of paragraph 3, “(R6G)” should have read “(R6G, Fig. 2i)”; in paragraph 6 in the sentence beginning “Temporal release of hydrophilic...”, Supplementary Fig. 4 should have been cited after “360 nm”; in paragraph 9, in the sentence beginning “To test this...”, “Fig. 4e” should have read “Fig. 4a”; in paragraph 10, in the sentence beginning “When the irradiation...”, “(Fig. 4a–d)” should have read “(Fig. 4d,e)”; in paragraph 11, in the sentence beginning “Pristine PLA”, “P1” should have read “P2”; and in the penultimate paragraph, in the sentence beginning “Moreover, a control PEG-PLA...”, “block copolymer” should have been followed by (P5); Fig. 4g should have been Fig. 4c; “hydrophobic azobenzene small molecules” should have been followed by (12); and Fig. 4f should have been Fig. 4b. Finally, Supplementary Videos 1 and 2 were missing from the Article. All of these corrections have been made to the online versions.
Why Ukraine Surrendered Security: A Methodological Individualist Approach to Nuclear Disarmament

After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine found itself in possession of the world’s third largest nuclear arsenal. By 1994, Ukraine had surrendered its entire nuclear arsenal to its historical enemy, Russia. This phenomenon has largely escaped scrutiny. At a time in world history when the question of nuclear proliferation and disarmament has again come to the forefront of international politics, it is important to reexamine the case of Ukrainian disarmament in which standard paradigms of international relations fail to satisfactorily explain historical events. Only by applying the underutilized individual level of analysis can Ukrainian disarmament be clearly understood.
Exports and Economic Performance: Evidence from a Panel of Chinese Enterprises

This paper investigates whether firms "learn" from exporting, using a panel of 2105 Chinese industrial enterprises between 1988 and 1992. I find that, controlling for past performance and unobserved firm characteristics, past exports lead to significant improvements in enterprise performance. Interestingly, these "learning" effects are most pronounced among established exporters. For new entrants to export markets, "learning" effects are insignificant and occasionally negative. There is modest evidence that some of these "learning" effects are external to the firm.
Mathdoku projects: Monte-Carlo meets methodology: faculty poster

This poster presentation reports on classroom experience using the logic/math puzzles known by the generic name Mathdoku[1] for student programming projects in a Data Structures course. Using these puzzles encourages students to employ an object-oriented approach to the two major components of the project (1) a user or computer puzzle player component, and (2) a puzzle generation component. This project affords students the chance to develop a non-trivial application, to re-use data structures developed during the semester, and to leverage existing data structures from framework libraries. It also offers ample opportunity for customizations, so that no two projects should end up the same.
Improving versatility of generating recombinant adenovirus.

e24321Background: Adenovirus is a non-integrating DNA virus that inhibits tumor-suppressors and stabilizes oncogenes. Despite these interactions, infection causes mild illness. Recent studies using...
Skin dose estimation using virtual structures for Contura Multi-Lumen Balloon breast brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose To propose a workflow that uses ultrasound (US)-measured skin–balloon distances and virtual structure creations in the treatment planning system to evaluate the maximum skin dose for patients treated with Contura Multi-Lumen Balloon applicators. Methods and Materials Twenty-three patients were analyzed in this study. CT and US were used to investigate the interfractional skin–balloon distance variations. Virtual structures were created on the planning CT to predict the maximum skin doses. Fitted curves and its equation can be obtained from the skin–balloon distance vs. maximum skin dose plot using virtual structure information. The fidelity of US-measured skin distance and the skin dose prediction using virtual structures were assessed. Results The differences between CT- and US-measured skin–balloon distances values had an average of −0.5 ± 1.1 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.0 to 0.1 mm). Using virtual structure created on CT, the average difference between the predicted and the actual dose overlay maximum skin dose was −1.7% (95% CI = −3.0 to −0.4%). Furthermore, when applying the US-measured skin distance values in the virtual structure trendline equation, the differences between predicted and actual maximum skin dose had an average of 0.7 ± 6.4% (95% CI = −2.3% to 3.7%). Conclusions It is possible to use US to observe interfraction skin–balloon distance variation to replace CT acquisition. With the proposed workflow, based on the creation of virtual structures defined on the planning CT- and US-measured skin–balloon distances, the maximum skin doses can be reasonably estimated.
Inhibition of the gyrA promoter by transcription-coupled DNA supercoiling in Escherichia coli

The E. coli gyrA promoter (PgyrA) is a DNA supercoiling sensitive promoter, stimulated by relaxation of DNA templates, and inhibited by (−) DNA supercoiling in bacteria. However, whether PgyrA can be inhibited by transient and localized transcription-coupled DNA supercoiling (TCDS) has not been fully examined. In this paper, using different DNA templates including the E. coli chromosome, we show that transient and localized TCDS strongly inhibits PgyrA in E. coli. This result can be explained by a twin-supercoiled domain model of transcription in which (+) and (−) supercoiled domains are generated around the transcribing RNA polymerase. We also find that fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, can substantially increase the expression of the firefly luciferase under the control of the PgyrA coupled to a divergent IPTG-inducible promoter in the presence of IPTG. This stimulation of PgyrA by fluoroquinolones can be also explained by the twin-supercoiled domain model of transcription. This unique property of TCDS may be configured into a high throughput-screening (HTS) assay to identify antimicrobial compounds targeting bacterial DNA gyrase.
Leveraging LoRaWAN to Support IoBT in Urban Environments

Continued advances in IoT technology have prompted new investigation into usage of Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) technologies for military operations. Key to these efforts have been expanded empirical research on the coverage of IoT communication protocols in the presence of dense urban infrastructure. Through use of a supporting COTS IoT architecture, a LoRaWAN data collect was conducted in the city of Montreal aimed at testing device coverage over roadways in the downtown area. For this data collect, LoRa performance was compared for different data rate values on the North American Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 915 MHz band. This work is seen as a key initial step in supporting expanded usage of civilian IoT communication protocols within tactical C2 systems for urban deployment.
Personalized Medicine Implementation with Non-traditional Data Sources: A Conceptual Framework and Survey of the Literature

Objectives: With the explosive growth in availability of health data captured using non-traditional sources, the goal for this work was to evaluate the current biomedical literature on theory- driven studies investigating approaches that leverage non- traditional data in personalized medicine applications. Methods: We conducted a literature assessment guided by the personalized medicine unsolicited health information (pUHl) conceptual framework incorporating diffusion of innovations and task-technology fit theories. Results: The assessment provided an oveiview of the current literature and highlighted areas for future research. In particular, there is a need for: more research on the relationship between attributes of innovation and of societal structure on adoption; new study designs to enable flexible communication channels; more work to create and study approaches in healthcare settings; and more theory-driven studies with data-driven interventions. Conclusion: This work introduces to an informatics audience an elaboration on personalized medicine implementation with non-traditional data sources by blending it with the pUHl conceptual framework to help explain adoption. We highlight areas to pursue future theory-driven research on personalized medicine applications that leverage non-traditional data sources.
62cuatsm and 62cuptsm PET is a useful imaging tool for hypoxia and perfusion in lung cancer.

e22166 Background: Hypoxia is a characteristic of many tumors and portends a worse prognosis in lung, cervical, prostate, and rectal cancers. Unlike the others, lung cancers present a unique challe...
Pre-twinning alters shock-induced microstructure evolution in magnesium

Abstract In this work we show that microstructure evolution in magnesium polycrystals pre-strained prior shock loading fundamentally differed from samples that were not pre-strained. The origin of these differences originates from the introduction of twins that act as nucleation and growth sites for other twins, which otherwise would not have time to form during shock loading. By introducing twins quasi-statically before shock loading, dynamic twinning transitions from a reversible to irreversible deformation mode. Never before in metals have such small levels of pre-strain been shown to give such drastic differences in shock loaded microstructures.
Evaluating human breast cancer cell metastasis potential using resonance Raman spectroscopy and machine learning (Conference Presentation)

This study evaluated breast cancer cells and metastasis potential using visible (532 nm) resonance Raman spectroscopy (VRRS). Three cell lines were investigated, MCF-10 (fibrocystic disease (benign)), MCF-7 (estrogen- and progesterone-receptive invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)), and MDA-MB-231 (triple negative IDC). Peak analysis and multivariate unmixing methods including principal component analysis, partial least squares and nonnegative matrix factorization along with support vector machines were used to classify the samples. The cell lines were accurately classified with leave-one-out cross-validation. Optimal features were selected using a wrapper feature selection algorithm which helped to identify key biomarkers related to metastasis potential of the cell lines.
Olivia Juliette Hooker (1915–2018).

Presents an obituary for Olivia Juliette Hooker (1915-2018). Olivia's capacity to overcome adversity began at age 6. During the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, the community that provided her affirmation and stability was destroyed. Olivia's father's store was a casualty. She, her family, and their entire community were traumatized. It was, nevertheless, a trauma she and her family overcame. In 1947, Olivia went on to earn a master's degree in psychological services from Teachers College at Columbia University. She earned a doctoral degree from the University of Rochester in 1961 and was one of two women to obtain a degree in clinical psychology. Olivia dedicated herself to the acceptance and understanding of developmental disabilities and was one of the founders of the American Psychological Association's Division 33, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. She was also director of the Kennedy Child Center in New York, where she continued to serve the profession and the community. Her electrifying smile and her witty and wise stories about her life narrative will be long remembered. As a psychology intern in 1958 she left a lovely note with a box of cookies to welcome me in her absence. This simple gesture sparked an enduring professional and personal relationship that lasted till her death on November 21 2018. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Abraded pyroclastic linear paleodunes in Syria and Daedalia Plana, Mars

Abstract In the aeolian-dominated conditions of modern Mars, wind-driven sediment deposition and erosion produce a wide range of enigmatic landforms on the planet's surface. In this work, we explore a widespread occurrence of paleodunes on the surface of Mars. These fossilized bedforms preserve morphologies consistent with transverse dunes, implying an approximately unimodal ancient sediment transport azimuth and abundant sediment supply. These bedforms have previously been interpreted as layered dust deposits, and their bland, dust-like reflectance spectra are consistent with volcanic ash. Additionally, these paleodunes have undergone induration and have been significantly eroded by recent winds, causing a superimposed yardang-like erosional texture on the older dune morphology. We propose that these unusual bedforms most likely occurred as wind-mobilized pyroclastics that welded or were cemented in place after deposition and have since eroded into a field of hybrid paleobedform/proto-yardangs.
Die tiefgründigste Entdeckung der Wissenschaft

Als John und Mary Bell in Kalifornien landeten, kamen sie in ein trauerndes Land. Am Tag zuvor war Prasident Kennedy in Dallas erschossen worden. Die beiden waren Spezialisten fur Teilchenbeschleuniger und als solche eingeladen, ein Jahr als Gastwissenschaftler am SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) zu verbringen. John nutzte den Tapetenwechsel, um Ideen zu erkunden, die er schon seit uber einem Jahrzehnt im Hinterkopf trug. Seit er 1952 die Artikel von David Bohm gelesen hatte, wusste Bell, dass mit von Neumanns beruhmten Beweis, der angeblich zeigte, dass Theorien wie Bohms Steuerwellen-Interpretation nicht funktionieren konnen, etwas nicht stimmte
The link between lexical semantic features and children’s comprehension of English verbal be-passives

Children seem to be relatively delayed in their comprehension of the verbal be-passive in English, compared to their acquisition of other constructions of object-movement such as wh-questions and u...
Fetal Tachycardia in the Setting of Maternal Intrapartum Fever and Perinatal Morbidity.

Objective: The fetal consequences of intrapartum fetal tachycardia with maternal fever or clinical chorioamnionitis are not well studied. We evaluated the association between perinatal morbidity and fetal tachycardia in the setting of intrapartum fever. Study Design: Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized control trial that enrolled 5341 healthy laboring nulliparous women ≥36 weeks’ gestation. Women with intrapartum fever ≥ 38.0°C (including those meeting criteria for clinical chorioamnionitis) after randomization were included in this analysis. Isolated fetal tachycardia was defined as fetal heart rate ≥160 beats per minute for at least 10 minutes in the absence of other fetal heart rate abnormalities. Fetal heart rate abnormalities other than tachycardia were excluded from the analysis. The primary outcome was a perinatal composite (5-minute Apgar ≤3, intubation, chest compressions, or mortality). Secondary outcomes included low arterial cord pH (pH <7.20), base deficit ≥12, and cesarean delivery. Results: 986 (18.5%) of women in the trial developed intrapartum fever, and 728 (13.7%) met criteria to be analyzed; of these 728 women 336 (46.2%) had MFM reviewer-defined fetal tachycardia, and 349 of the 550 (63.5%) women during the final hour of labor had validated software (PeriCALM) -defined fetal tachycardia. After adjusting for confounders, isolated fetal tachycardia was not associated with a significant difference in the composite perinatal outcome (aOR 3.15 (0.82-12.03)) compared with absence of tachycardia. Fetal tachycardia was associated with higher odds of arterial cord pH <7.2, aOR 1.48 (1.01-2.17) and of infants with a base deficit ≥12, aOR 2.42 (1.02-5.77), but no significant difference in the odds of cesarean delivery, aOR 1.33 (0.97-1.82). Conclusion: Fetal tachycardia in the setting of intrapartum fever or chorioamnionitis is associated with significantly increased fetal acidemia defined as a pH 12, but not with a composite perinatal morbidity.
Pilot Intervention to Improve Medication Adherence among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Pharmacy Refill Data.

Objective Despite high rates of medication non-adherence among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), effective interventions to improve adherence in SLE are limited. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a pilot intervention and explore its effect on adherence (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03738826). Methods The intervention used pharmacy refill data to monitor non-adherence and prompt discussions surrounding SLE medications during clinic encounters. Over 12 weeks, the intervention was delivered through routine clinic visits by providers to patients with SLE who take SLE-specific medications. We measured acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility using provider surveys. We also measured acceptability by patient surveys and feasibility by medical record documentation. We explored change in adherence by comparing percent of patients with medication possession ratio (MPR) ≥80% three months before and after the intervention visit using the McNemar's test. Results Six rheumatologists participated; 130 patients were included in the analysis (median age 43, 95% female, and 59% racial-ethnic minorities). Implementation of the intervention was documented in 89% of clinic notes. Provider surveys showed high scores for feasibility (4.7/5), acceptability (4.4/5), and appropriateness (4.6/5). Among patient surveys, the most common reactions to the intervention visit were feeling determined (32%), empowered (32%), and proud (19%). Proportion of patients with MPR ≥80% increased from 48% to 58% (p=0.03) after the intervention visit. Conclusion Our intervention showed feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness, and led to a statistically significant improvement in adherence. Future work should refine the intervention, assess its efficacy in a controlled setting, and adapt its use among other clinic settings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A comparison of three methods of identifying reliable and clinically significant client changes: commentary on Hageman and Arrindell.

Objectives of this commentary are to (1) note major similarities and differences of three methods of identifying reliable and clinically significant client changes, (2) demonstrate how graphs can be used to identify reliable and clinically significant client changes with each method, (3) describe uses and interpretations of overlaid graphs, (4) draw attention to an alternative to the Hageman and Arrindell method of estimating true score changes, and (5) caution users of the three methods against interpreting reliable and/or clinically significant changes which occur in psychotherapy as evidence of therapy 'efficacy' or 'effectiveness'.
Natural Gas Hydrate: Background and History of Discovery

Interest in natural gas hydrate is increasing rapidly as the multiple implications of its presence in the shallow geosphere are being recognized. The large amount of hydrate methane that is sequestered in shallow terrestrial and marine sediments makes this methane an attractive target for those concerned about future energy requirements and resources. The fact that natural gas hydrate is metastable and affected by changes in pressure and temperature makes any released methane an attractive agent that could globally affect oceanic and atmospheric chemistry and ultimately global climate. And finally this characteristic of metastability could explain ma or seafloor instabilities resulting in submarine slides and slope failures. Thus these ramifications of natural gas-hydrate occurrence all have potential effects on future human welfare, and hence explain the increasing worldwide interest. This chapter introduces natural gas hydrate, provides a background for understanding its occurrence, relates the early history of discovery, and describes the hydrate gas compositions that have been found. Following chapters will deal with the important aspects of natural gas hydrate as a potential (a) energy resource, (b) factor in global change, and (c) submarine geohazard.
Air Travel and Contact Lenses: A Laboratory Study

The cabin of an inflight aircraft contains approximately 10% relative humidity (rh). To investigate the impact of this environment on eye comfort, an inflight humidity profile was simulated in a controlled laboratory setting. The experiment was replicated 3 times using a group of 4 subjects (2 males; 2 females) per test. Participants served in both control and experimental roles by wearing a hydrophilic contact lens on one eye and no lens on the other. Subjects provided evaluations of “eye comfort” for both eyes (contact and naked) at specified intervals during the 10 hour test. The results indicated that at 10% rh, there was no significant difference in eye comfort for either wearers or nonwearers of soft contact lenses. However, comfort decreased with the length of exposure (flight time), and for durations of six hours or longer a significant annoyance was reported.
Time's Arrow: Violence and Ethnohistorical Surrealism in the Lost Colony

SUMMARY Standard ethnohistorical accounts of colonial encounters downplay violence and genocide in the interest of holistic ethnographic accounts. In particular, “upstreaming” is a technique that attempts to sublimate violence into interpretations of ethnological understanding. An argument is made for “ethnohistorical surrealism” as a methodology for preserving the ruptures of colonial contact. The principle of incommensurability is an important driver for the transformation of contact zone exchange systems into structures of violence. Drawing on Bataille's reading of the potlatch, exchange systems based on unreturnable gifts produce abjection in the recipient, which results in cycles of violence and ultimately subjection.
OOXsearch: a search engine for answering loosely structured XML queries using OO programming

There has been extensive research in XMLkeyword-based and loosely structured querying. Some frameworks work well for certain types of XML data models and fail in others. The reason is that the proposed techniques are based on finding relationships between solely individual nodes while overlooking the context of these nodes. The context of a leaf node is determined by its parent node, because it specifies one of the characteristics of its parent node. Building relationships between individual leaf nodes without consideration of their parents may result in relationships that are semantically disconnected. Since leaf nodes are nothing but characteristics of their parents, we observe that we could treat each parent-children set of nodes as one unified entity.We then find semantic relationships between the different unified entities. Based on those observations, we propose an XML semantic search engine called OOXSearch, which answers loosely structured queries. The recall and precision of the engine were evaluated experimentally and compared with two recent proposed systems [1, 2] and the results showed marked improvement.
Crossing numbers and parameterized complexity

The odd crossing number of G is the smallest number of pairs of edges that cross an odd number of times in any drawing of G. We show that there always is a drawing realizing the odd crossing number of G that uses at most 9k crossings, where k is the odd crossing number of G. As a consequence of this and a result of Grohe we can show that the odd crossing number is fixed-parameter tractable.
Fracture load of ceramic restorations after fatigue loading.

Abstract Statement of problem A clinician must decide what ceramic coping and veneer material to prescribe based on the amount of tooth reduction possible and the desired esthetic outcome of the restoration. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture strength of monolithic and bilayered lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) and zirconia (LAVA) crowns at clinically relevant thicknesses after load cycling. Material and methods Crowns (n=8) were fabricated from 6 groups: 1.2-mm monolithic lithium disilicate, 1.5-mm monolithic lithium disilicate, 1.5-mm bilayered lithium disilicate with hand-layered veneer, 0.6 mm monolithic zirconia, 1.2-mm bilayered zirconia with hand-layered veneer, and 1.2-mm bilayered zirconia with milled veneer (dimension represents thickness at the occlusal pit). Crowns were cemented to identical milled resin dies with resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Cemented crowns were stored at 37°C for 24 hours and load cycled for 200000 cycles at 25 N at a rate of 40 cycles/minute. The ultimate fracture load for each specimen was measured in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with a 1-way ANOVA and Tukey honest significant difference post hoc analysis (α=.05). Results Mean ±SD fracture load values were 1465 ±330 N for monolithic lithium disilicate (1.2-mm thickness) and 2027 ±365 N (1.5-mm thickness) and 1732 ±315 N for bilayered hand-veneered lithium disilicate (1.5-mm thickness). Fracture loads were 1669 ±311 N for monolithic zirconia crowns (0.6mm thickness), 2625 ±300 N for zirconia milled-veneered (1.2-mm thickness), and 2655 ±590N for zirconia hand-veneered crowns (1.2mm thickness). One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference among the groups ( P Conclusions Crowns of 1.2-mm bilayered zirconia had higher fracture loads than 0.6-mm zirconia or 1.2-mm lithium disilicate monolithic crowns.
Inorganic carbon limitation and chemical composition of two freshwater green microalgae.

Two freshwater chlorophytes, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, were grown in inorganic carbon-limited continuous cultures in which HCO3− was the sole source of inorganic carbon. The response of the steady-state growth rate to the external total inorganic carbon concentration was reasonably well described by the Monod equation; however, the response to the internal nutrient concentration was only moderately well represented by the Droop equation when the internal carbon concentration was defined on a cellular basis. The Droop equation was totally inapplicable when total biomass (dry weight) was used to define internal carbon because the ratio of carbon to dry weight did not vary over the entire growth rate spectrum. In batch cultures, maximum growth rates were achieved at the CO2 levels present in atmospheric air and at HCO3− concentrations of 3 mM. No growth was observed at 100% CO2. Both nitrogen uptake and chlorophyll synthesis were tightly coupled to carbon assimilation, as indicated by the constant C/N and C/chlorophyll ratios found at all growth rates. The main influence of inorganic carbon limitation appears to be not on the chemical structure of the biomass, but rather on cell size; higher steady-state growth rates lead to bigger cells.
A novel aspirin prodrug inhibits NFκB activity and breast cancer stem cell properties

Activation of cyclooxygenase (COX)/prostaglandin and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathways can promote breast tumor initiation, growth, and progression to drug resistance and metastasis. Thus, anti-inflammatory drugs have been widely explored as chemopreventive and antineoplastic agents. Aspirin (ASA), in particular, is associated with reduced breast cancer incidence but gastrointestinal toxicity has limited its usefulness. To improve potency and minimize toxicity, ASA ester prodrugs have been developed, in which the carboxylic acid of ASA is masked and ancillary pharmacophores can be incorporated. To date, the effects of ASA and ASA prodrugs have been largely attributed to COX inhibition and reduced prostaglandin production. However, ASA has also been reported to inhibit the NFκB pathway at very high doses. Whether ASA prodrugs can inhibit NFκB signaling remains relatively unexplored. A library of ASA prodrugs was synthesized and screened for inhibition of NFκB activity and cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties, an important PGE2-and NFκB-dependent phenotype of aggressive breast cancers. Inhibition of NFκB activity was determined by dual luciferase assay, RT-QPCR, p65 DNA binding activity and Western blots. Inhibition of CSC properties was determined by mammosphere growth, CD44+CD24−immunophenotype and tumorigenicity at limiting dilution. While we identified multiple ASA prodrugs that are capable of inhibiting the NFκB pathway, several were associated with cytotoxicity. Of particular interest was GTCpFE, an ASA prodrug with fumarate as the ancillary pharmacophore. This prodrug potently inhibits NFκB activity without innate cytotoxicity. In addition, GTCpFE exhibited selective anti-CSC activity by reducing mammosphere growth and the CD44+CD24−immunophenotype. Moreover, GTCpFE pre-treated cells were less tumorigenic and, when tumors did form, latency was increased and growth rate was reduced. Structure-activity relationships for GTCpFE indicate that fumarate, within the context of an ASA prodrug, is essential for anti-NFκB activity, whereas both the ASA and fumarate moieties contributed to attenuated mammosphere growth. These results establish GTCpFE as a prototype for novel ASA-and fumarate-based anti-inflammatory drugs that: (i) are capable of targeting CSCs, and (ii) may be developed as chemopreventive or therapeutic agents in breast cancer.
New Near-Infrared Cyanine Dyes for Labelling of Proteins

Abstract Isothiocyanato-functionalized cyanine dyes 7 and 11 for labelling of proteins at amino groups have been synthesized. The dyes and their adducts with amines show strong absorbance and fluorescence in the near-infrared region of 750-850 nm.
Development Phase of Systematic Training: New Technology Lends Assistance:

The problem and the solution. The field of human resource development (HRD) has long ascribed to the analysis, design, develop, implement, and evaluate (ADDIE) model for the systematic creation and...
Facilitating Transdisciplinary Research in an Evolving Approach to Science

Transdisciplinary research is changing the way research is conducted and supported by incorporating linkages between disciplinary fields, across geographic boundaries, and among scientists and broader societal stakeholder groups. There is a compelling opportunity and important role for social scientists to participate in both transdisciplinary projects addressing societal challenge issues and in research projects focused on the development of transdisciplinary project methodology and management. A shift in approach to scientific inquiry requires adjustments in institutional support structures as well as individual research projects and specific programs. US funding agencies, including the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) have clearly built trans-disciplinarity into their portfolio of research programs.
Indecomposable parallel maps in tessellation structures

For any neighborhood interconnection pattern on a one-dimensional binary tessellation structure, we establish the existence of indecomposable (prime) parallel maps, i.e., parallel maps that cannot be composed from a sequence of parallel maps on a one-dimensional binary tessellation structure with a simpler neighborhood interconnection pattern. The result is established for a natural and general definition of the concept of a simpler neighborhood interconnection.
Development of Methodology and Apparatus for the Bioassay of Oil

ABSTRACT Bioassay of petroleum or its components presents technical problems not encountered in testing of soluble and less volatile materials. The literature includes numerous accounts of toxicity for both crude and refined oil. In most instances, the indices of toxicity are based on metered inflow. Few such studies, however, consider the concentrations of oil in the water column to which the test organism is exposed. Essentially oil and water form a two-phase system. Even on a continuous flow basis, oil cannot be maintained as a homogeneous oil-water mixture within a bioassay test system. Homogenization techniques produce a totally artificial environment dissimilar to natural conditions characterized by a slick of floating oil. Furthermore, since subsurface oil concentrations may represent a small fraction of the metered inflow, currently applied indices of toxicity based on metered inflow may be erroneous. This presentation summarizes techniques that may be applied in the bioassay of oil and other non-...
With God on One's Side: The Social Geometry of Death Row Apologies

Apology is an increasingly prominent form of conflict management in many areas of social life. Yet there are few systematic studies of apology as a dependent variable. Analyzing the last statements of Texas death row prisoners, we find that the best predictor of apology is affiliation with God. Under traditional Western conceptions, God is an actor endowed with extraordinarily high status. Drawing on the theoretical paradigm known as pure sociology, we argue that death row prisoners who invoke God as a third party in their conflict thereby elevate their own status. Greater vertical closeness to the victim's side generates more social assertiveness and a greater willingness to apologize publicly. In addition, affiliation increases prisoners' relational closeness to God, enhancing their probability of adopting God's modern message of reconciliation. God's status has, however, declined somewhat over the past several centuries—a trend that helps to explain the modern religious emphasis on reconciliation over punishment, apology over defiance.
Immunoglobulin RNA processing

Abstract Recent studies indicate that, in addition to generating messenger RNA, RNA processing plays an important role in controlling the expression of immunoglobulin genes in the development of the immune response.
Effect of cold storage of bean leaves on photosynthetic reactions of isolated chloroplasts

Abstract Chloroplasts from bean leaves stored in the dark at 0–4 °C. have low Hill activity but good photosynthetic phosphorylation activity. Hill activity can be restored by incubating leaves in the light at 20 °C. Comparison of photosynthetic activities of chloroplasts from cold-stored and fresh leaves suggests that cold-stored leaves have lost the ability to remove photosynthetically produced photooxidant by the process of oxygen evolution.
Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor.

The aims of this study were to determine whether endoluminal ultrasound (ELUS) could identify various layers of the normal anal canal and to evaluate whether a 10-MHz probe provided better image resolution than a 7-MHz probe. Sonographic anatomy of the anal canal on ELUS was directly correlated with anatomic dissection of various layers (mucosa-submucosa, internal anal sphincter, and external anal sphincter) in cadavers. Sonographic appearance of the anal sphincters was further evaluated in patients by “tagging” various layers using sonodense needles. A higher frequency 10-MHz ultrasound probe (focal length, 1–4 cm) provides improved sonographic images of the anal canal, compared with the 7-MHz probe (focal length, 2–5 cm). ELUS can also successfully identify various structures of the pelvic floor including the puborectalis, urethral sphincter, vagina, and outlines of the pelvis and ischiorectal fossae. Its role in the evaluation of anorectal disorders appears promising.
Width-modulated microgas chromatography separation columns with silica nanoparticles stationary phase

Microgas chromatography separation columns typically employ channels with fixed cross sections. In this article, we demonstrate unidirectional microfabricated width-modulated columns (μWMC) that afford improved chromatographic efficiency, resolution and retention times compared to corresponding constant width bidirectional columns. The width of 1m-long, 250 μm-deep μWMC is gradually reduced from 120 μm to 20 μm at 1 μm/cm. The effect of inlet selection (120 μm or 20 μm) on chromatographic performance is also evaluated. Moreover, with our improved fabrication process, multiple serially connected devices are simultaneously coated for the first time with highly-stable silica nanoparticles utilizing layer-by-layer technique thus enabling constant film thicknesses.
An experimental evaluation of the tensile strength of impact ice

The evaluation of the tensile strength of impact built-up ice on structural components has been prompted by such problems as electrical transmission line losses and catastrophic failures in Arctic regions, deicing problems with fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, etc. It is demonstrated that the conventional tensile-testing technique furnishes adequate data on artificially refrigerated ice, and helps establish the influence of extrinsic factors on ice tensile strength.
Interaction between otolith organ and semicircular canal vestibulo-ocular reflexes during eccentric rotation in humans

Controversy remains about the linearity of the interaction between horizontal semicircular canal and otolith organ vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) in the generation of horizontal eye movements during head movements including both rotational and translational components. We used three eccentric rotation techniques to investigate this interaction in human subjects: (1) the tangential interaural acceleration was varied using three head positions (on-axis, 25 and 40 cm ahead of the rotational axis), while angular head velocity remained unchanged; (2) the magnitude of the angular head velocity was varied with head eccentricity to keep the tangential interaural acceleration unchanged; (3) the subject’s head was oriented either upright or 90° forward from upright (nose-down). Experiments were performed in complete darkness with the subjects remembering a close earth-fixed target (20 cm distant) while being rotated at 1.2 and 1.8 Hz. Our data showed that the translational component of the VOR evoked during eccentric yaw rotation increased proportionally with an increase in head eccentricity, i.e. with tangential acceleration. We also found that the translational component of the VOR was equal for motion stimuli producing identical interaural tangential accelerations even when angular velocities differed. In addition, we found that the translational component of the VOR evoked during head upright eccentric rotation was equal to the translational VOR evoked during nose-down rotation for a given stimulus and head eccentricity. We conclude that these three findings are in agreement with what would be expected from a linear interaction (i.e. algebraic summation) between otolith organ and horizontal canal VORs for the generation of horizontal compensatory eye movements during head motion.
Methodologies for the practical determination and use of method detection limits

Method detection limits have often been misunderstood and misused. The basic definitions developed by Lloyd Currie and others have been combined with assumptions that are inappropriate for many types of radiochemical analyses. A practical way for determining detection limits based on Currie's basic definition is presented that removes the reliance on assumptions and that accounts for the total measurement uncertainty. Examples of proper and improper use of detection limits are also presented, including detection limits reported by commercial software for gamma spectroscopy and neutron activation analyses.
A rapid colorimetric assay for heparinase activity

A rapid, sensitive, assay for enzymes that degrade heparin is described. The procedure is based on the interference of heparin with color development during the interaction of protein with the dye Coomassie brilliant blue. The loss of this property when the glycosaminoglycan is degraded by heparinase can be used to quantify activity of the enzyme in pure form, or in complex biological samples such as tissue homogenates or serum. The assay is also suitable for studying dependence of heparinase activity under conditions such as varying pH and temperature.
Construction of a Tn7-lux system for gene expression studies in gram-negative bacteria.

Abstract A Tn7- lux system was developed for gene expression studies in Gram − bacteria. The plasmids constructed, pHSK.728 and pHSK.729, have the following features: (1) a promoterless Vibrio fischeri lux operon as a reporter system; (2) multiple cloning sites (MCS) ahead of the lux operon, in opposite orientation for the cloning of promoter fragments; (3) a transcriptional terminator ahead of the MCS and translational stop codons in all reading frames before the translational start of the luxC gene; (4) a streptomycin/spectinomycin-resistance encoding gene as a selection marker; and (5) Tn7 border sequences flanking the above elements, permitting the transposition of lux fusion constructs into bacterial genomes. The system was tested using the Escherichia coli lac promoter as well as the differentially regulated promoters of the avrD gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and the pelE gene of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. Southern blot analysis showed that all fusion constructs had integrated into the host genomes in a single-copy, site-specific manner. The promoters of the avrD and pelE genes resulted in little or no light production when bacteria were grown in rich culture media, but high levels of induction were observed when the bacteria were grown in plant tissues. These results demonstrated that the T'a7- lux system provided a simple, sensitive assay of promoter activity in Gram − bacteria.
Editorial: toward the next-generation peer-to-peer services

1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351824, Nashville, TN 37235-1826, USA 2Department of Computer Science, University of California-Santa Barbara, 1123 Harold Frank Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9560, USA 3Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, CSE Building, Room 460, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
Tularemia as a cause of fever in a squirrel monkey.

Case Description—A 3-year-old female squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus sciureus) was examined because of sudden onset of lethargy and fever. Clinical Findings—On initial examination, the monkey was weak and febrile and had petechiae on both thoracic limbs. Following collection, blood samples were slow to clot. During the next week, the monkey developed anemia and thrombocytopenia; Francisella tularensis was isolated from blood samples. Treatment and Outcome—Treatment with gentamicin resulted in the monkey's gradual return to health, but inguinal lymphadenopathy developed after drug administration was discontinued. Francisella tularensis was isolated from a fine-needle aspirate of an enlarged lymph node. Treatment with streptomycin resulted in resolution of infection. By use of biochemical and molecular tests, the microbial isolate was characterized as F tularensis subsp holarctica. Results of a microagglutination assay confirmed that the monkey had developed serum antibodies against F tularensis. Clinical...
Dorisiella arizonensis n.sp., a Coccidium from the Desert Woodrat, Neotoma lepida

SUMMARY. Dorisiella arizonensis n. sp. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) is described from oocysts in the feces of a desert woodrat, Neotoma lepida, from Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. The oocysts are spherical to subspherical, measure 20.8–21.8 × 20.8–22.9 μ, with a mean of 21.0 × 21.8 μ, and have a two-layered wall. They contain 1 to 3 refractile granules but no residual body. The two lemon-shaped sporocysts have a Stieda body, 8 sporozoites, and a few to many scattered, round, clear residual granules or bodies.
Regulation of anxiety by GABAA receptors in the rat amygdala

Blockade of GABAergic inhibition in the region of the anterior basolateral amygdala (BLA) of rats elicits physiologic changes associated with a defense reaction. The present study was undertaken to determine whether GABA receptors in the BLA might be involved in regulating experimental anxiety using the social interaction (SI) and conflict test. Guide cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally in the BLA of rats for intracerebral microinjections. In the BLA, injection of the GABAA receptor antagonists bicuculline methiodide (BMI) and picrotoxin (PIC) produced anxiogenic-like effects in the SI paradigm, as did BMI injection using the conflict paradigm. Injection of the GABAA agonist muscimol (MUS) into the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) produced anxiolytic-like effects in the SI test. Microinjection of MUS, baclofen (GABAB agonist), 2OH-saclofen (GABAB antagonist) or strychnine (glycine antagonist) into the BLA or BMI into the Ce elicited no change in experimental anxiety as measured by the SI test. These results suggest that endogenous GABA acts tonically at GABAA receptors in the BLA to inhibit anxiety responses.
Studies of nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine binding in primary cultures of rat brain.

Primary cultures of enzymatically dispersed cells from 17-day-old fetal rat cerebral hemispheres were used to detect the presence of nuclear T3 receptors. Cells grown in Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum were grown in parallel with cytosine-arabinoside (ARA-C)-treated counterparts which had been exposed to the antimetabolite for 18 h on culture days 3 and 5 or 4 and 6. Five days after the second ARA-C treatment, phase contrast photomicrographs showed substantial loss of the proliferating basal cells, corresponding to an 85% decrease in cell number. Immunocytochemical studies using antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP) and antineurofilament (anti-NF) antisera demonstrated loss of GFAP-positive cells (astrocytes) and preservation of NF-positive cells (neurons), the latter considered to be a nondividing population under the culture conditions. Nuclei obtained from the brain cell cultures at this time by Triton washing bound T3 with properties similar to those observe...
Field-dependence and voluntary control of EEG alpha rhythm.

The relationship of Witkin's dimension of field-dependence to the ability voluntarily to enhance the EEG alpha rhythm was investigated. Field-dependence was assessed by latencies on the Embedded-figures Test. To replicate the finding that feedback of one's alpha rhythm leads to self-regulation of its production, 21 male undergraduates were randomly divided into 2 groups, one receiving alpha biofeedback training for 1 hr., the other group resting under similar conditions but given different instructions and no feedback. Ss in the feedback group were given the embedded-figures 1 wk. prior to training. After training, Ss demonstrated more alpha than controls (p < .05), with percentage alpha produced being negatively related to EFT latencies (p < .05). Data show ability to differentiate environmental cues generalized to internal cues.
Cell of Origin and Microenvironment Contribution for NF1-Associated Dermal Neurofibromas

The tumor predisposition disorder neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is one of the most common genetic disorders of the nervous system. It is caused by mutations in the Nf1 tumor-suppressor gene, which encodes a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that negatively regulates p21-RAS. Development of malignant nerve tumors and neurofibromas occurs frequently in NF1. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating the initiation and progression of these complex tumors, or the identity of the specific cell type that gives rise to dermal or cutaneous neurofibromas. In this study, we identify a population of stem/progenitor cells residing in the dermis termed skin-derived precursors (SKPs) that, through loss of Nf1, form neurofibromas. We propose that SKPs, or their derivatives, are the cell of origin of dermal neurofibroma. We also provide evidence that additional signals from nonneoplastic cells in the tumor microenvironment play essential roles in neurofibromagenesis.