cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose- Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been evaluated in numerous clinical trials. Although meta-analyses for this strategy have been performed in the past, recent trials add important information to results of the comparison and permit strategy-specific analyses, including evaluation of endoscopic evacuation and stereotactic thrombolysis. Methods- Major scientific databases including but not limited to Pubmed, the CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, the ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Internet Stroke Center, and the CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched in October of 2017 for randomized controlled trials of MIS treatment of supratentorial spontaneous ICH. The primary outcome was defined as death or dependence at the end of follow-up, and the secondary outcome was defined as death. Results- The initial search yielded 958 reports, which were reduced to 15 high-quality randomized controlled trials involving 2152 patients. We analyzed odds ratios for MIS overall, endoscopic surgery, and stereotactic thrombolysis compared with conventional treatment, including medical treatment and conventional craniotomy. The odds ratio and CIs of the primary and secondary outcomes were 0.46 (0.36-0.57) and 0.59 (0.45-0.76) for MIS versus conventional treatment; 0.40 (0.25-0.66) and 0.37 (0.20-0.67) for endoscopic surgery versus conventional treatment; 0.47 (0.34-0.65) and 0.76 (0.56-1.04) for stereotactic thrombolysis versus conventional treatment; and 0.44 (0.29-0.67) and 0.56 (0.37-0.84) for MIS versus craniotomy. We also conducted subgroup analyses focusing on time to evacuation for MIS versus conventional treatment and found 0.36 (0.22-0.59) and 0.59 (0.34-1.00) for evacuations performed within 24 hours and 0.49 (0.38-0.63) and 0.57 (0.43-0.76) for evacuations performed within 72 hours. Conclusions- This meta-analysis demonstrates that select patients with supratentorial ICH benefit from MIS over other treatments. This beneficial effect remains true when analyzing specific techniques and evacuation timing subgroups.
Political Science Articles on Chinese Politics

This is a bibliography of research articles on the People’s Republic of China published in peer-reviewed political science journals. It extends a bibliography compiled by Marie-Eve Reny, University of Toronto, for “What Happened to the Study of China in Comparative Politics?” Journal of East Asian Studies: January-April 2011, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 105-135. It has been updated and extended by Alexsia Chan, Jonathan Hassid, Jieun Kim, Sarah Lee, Daniel Mattingly, Sara Newland, Ting Ni, and Ariel Yun Tang under the supervision of Peter Lorentzen, and by Lincoln Hines under the supervision of Jessica Weiss.
Medical students as primary care providers: a novel curriculum enhancing understanding of chronic disease management.

The traditional model of medical education has been criticized for providing a fragmented learning experience that fails to engage students in patient-centered care.1-3 Because students rotate between specialties each month of their clinical year, they develop only brief therapeutic relationships with individual patients, rarely assume ownership of patient care, and are unable to contribute to chronic disease management or appreciate the long-term effects of medical interventions. We thus present a newly structured clerkship in which medical students, overseen by preceptors, function as long-term primary care providers (PCPs) for a personal panel of patients. Moreover, because the clerkship is integrated into the operation of our institution’s Primary Care Center (PCC), our model has several unique features that facilitate implementation of medical student education in the outpatient setting and the delivery of high-quality patient care. Clinic mission Wednesday Evening Clinic (WEC) is a student-staffed clinic recently integrated into the PCC of the Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH). It was established with the mission of providing an extensive primary care experience for senior Yale medical students, in which they manage their own cohort of approximately 30 adult patients as PCPs under supervision of attending physicians. Each year, up to 15 Yale medical students beyond their third year are selected to participate in WEC weekly for one year or more. Medical students take ownership of multiple aspects of patients’ care, including general health maintenance, chronic disease management, age-appropriate screening, counseling, and patient-care coordination. WEC primarily serves an underserved patient population mostly insured by Medicaid and Medicare.
Discoidin Domain Receptors in Cardiac Development

Heart development is a complex process, involving temporally and spatially restricted morphogenic events that ultimately give rise to a multichambered heart. Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) 1 and 2 are receptor tyrosine kinases which bind and are activated by multiple types of collagen, a structural protein found within the myocardium and valves of the heart. Both DDR1 and DDR2 are expressed in the developing heart, with DDR1 expression detected on both cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, whereas DDR2 was only detected on fibroblasts. To date most studies examining DDRs during heart development have focused on the role of DDR2 in this process. DDR2 is upregulated on activated endothelial cells of cardiac cushions during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation associated with valve development. Inhibition of DDR2 results in incomplete transformation and a lack of mesenchymal cell formation in vitro; however, in vivo there appears to be a compensatory mechanism which allows for mesenchymal cell formation. DDR1 and DDR2 have both been implicated in fibroblast-mediated collagen remodeling. Additional studies are necessary to characterize the consequences of DDR1 or DDR2 deletion on cardiac function and to examine how these receptors may participate in matrix remodeling in cardiovascular disease.
Apoptotic capacity and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Abstract Background Tobacco smoke and alcohol drinking are the major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Smoking and drinking cause DNA damage leading to apoptosis, and insufficient apoptotic capacity may favour development of cancer because of the dysfunction of removing damaged cells. In the present study, we investigated the association between camptothecin (CPT)-induced apoptotic capacity and risk of SCCHN in a North American population. Methods In a case–control study of 708 SCCHN patients and 685 matched cancer-free controls, we measured apoptotic capacity in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to in vitro exposure to CPT by using the flow cytometry–based method. Results We found that the mean level of apoptotic capacity in the cases (45.9 ± 23.3%) was significantly lower than that in the controls (49.0 ± 23.1%) ( P = 0.002). When we used the median level of apoptotic capacity in the controls as the cutoff value for calculating adjusted odds ratios, subjects with a reduced apoptotic capacity had an increased risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.13–1.78, P = 0.002), especially for those who were age ≥57 (1.73, 1.25–2.38, 0.0009), men (1.76, 1.36–2.27, P interaction = 0.015, 0.005 and 0.009, respectively). A further fitted prediction model suggested that the inclusion of apoptotic capacity significantly improved in the prediction of SCCHN risk. Conclusion Individuals with a reduced CPT-induced apoptotic capacity may be at an increased risk of developing SCCHN, and apoptotic capacity may be a biomarker for susceptibility to SCCHN.
RUDY Attack: Detection at the Network Level and Its Important Features

Compared to common DoS/DDoS attacks that are destructive and generate massive traffic, the application layer DoS attacks can be slow-and-low which means they occur at a slow rate and do not generate a massive amount of traffic. These attacks appear legitimate in terms of the protocol rules and rates. These characteristics make the detection of these attacks difficult. In this paper, we study the RUDY (R-U-Dead- Yet) attack which is one of the slow-and-low application layer attack types. RUDY attacks can bring down a server by creating long POST HTTP form submissions to the server at a very slow rate which results in application threads at the server side becoming stuck. The mitigation methods against RUDY attacks are mostly host-based. In this paper, we use a machine learning approach for the detection of RUDY attacks as well as determining the important features for their detection at the network level. The network level detection is scalable and it provides detection for hosts that do not have their own detection mechanism.We extract features from bi-directional instances of the network traffic.We then use an ensemble feature selection approach containing 10 different feature ranker methods in order to extract the most important features for the detection of RUDY attacks at the network level.
The risk analysis debate

Many of the issues raised in this book are relevant to the debate about the analysis of risks, such as those of nuclear power, radon, smoking, pesticides, hazardous waste, auto travel, and air travel. In this debate it has become common to contrast two kinds of “rationality,” one technical, the other intuitive (e.g., Gillette & Krier, 1990; MacLean, 1986). Technical rationality looks at “body counts.” It. implies that we spend too much money to reduce some risks, or too little to reduce other risks, or both. Bernard Cohen (1983), for example, estimated that the cost per life saved through increased immunizations in Indonesia was $120, while the cost per life saved through stricter regulation of nuclear power plants was over $8,000,000. By implication, we ought to spend more on immunization before we spend more on regulation of nuclear power. Technical rationalists have been accused of being utilitarians by their critics (Gillette and Krier, 1990).
Procedures for in Vitro Immunization and Monoclonal Antibody Production

In this paper, procedures are described for immunization of mouse spleen cells in culture and their subsequent fusion with myeloma cells to produce antibody-secreting hybridomas, and for screening antibody reactivity with cellular and soluble antigens using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)1. Using these procedures, we have produced monoclonal antibodies reactive with with small haptens, with highly conserved proteins such as actin and calmodulin (Pardue, et al., 1981)., carbohydrates (Reading, 1981), metastatic murine tumor cells (Miner, et al. 1981), and human leukemic cells (Dicke, et al, 1981). In addition, methods for characterizing monoclonal antibody reactivity with cells and with tissue sections and cytocentrifuge preparations using an immunogold technique, for cell separation based on monoclonal antibody binding using immunogold reagents, and for identification of cell surface antigens using a high-pressure liquid chromatography ELISA assay are described. In addition, a new process for biologically producing bi-functional antibody molecules is discussed. The new process involves production of two separate hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to distinct antigens and their hybridization to form a “quadroma” which secretes monoclonal antibodies which are formed by intercellular recombination of the parental heavy and light chains. The construction of “recombinant monoclonal antibodies” may allow new immunological reagents for diagnosis and therapy.
Does the Noise Matter? Exploring Salient Audio Components in Video Prompting Interventions

This study evaluates the impact background noise has on teaching functional skills to six adults with disabilities using video prompting. A single-subject multiple probe across behaviors with an embedded alternating treatment design was used to implement this study. Two versions of the video were created and alternated during intervention: one with significant auditory distractors, and one without. The independent variable was the iPad video prompting intervention, which involved the instruction of four functional skills. The dependent variable was the percentage of steps completed by the student correctly and independently. Tau-U effect sizes showed a large effect size for the overall VP intervention with a very small difference between conditions. All six participants showed immediate and significant growth after the video intervention. Results showed the presence of audio distractions did not affect the efficacy of the intervention.
Protecting Imperiled Wildlife Species on Private Lands: Forest Owner Values and Response to Government Interventions

Abstract Forest owners in Florida are often natural advocates of wildlife conservation. Unfortunately, some landowners choose to remain silent about imperiled species on their lands, which challenges government efforts to track species recovery. It is often assumed that landowner resistance towards wildlife regulations is economic in nature. However, when motivations for certain management behaviors are not economic in nature, the effectiveness of governmental regulations and incentives are not well understood. This paper is the first to investigate the economic and intrinsic motivations of family forest owners to protect imperiled wildlife species by defining landownership as a cultural ecosystem service, giving rise to personal identity benefits. We used a choice experiment format and Likert scale questions to characterize the personal identity constructs of family forest owners and their response to wildlife policies. We found many family forest owners are skeptical of government involvement, despite offers of a cost-share and a regulatory assurance. We conclude that when costs are low, or not well understood, forest owners' are more often motivated by the cultural values that uphold their personal identity constructs. Key in explaining changes in forest owner welfare was the importance placed on autonomy in making management decisions.
The Relations between School and Social Structure

Two quite different orientations toward schooling can be found throughout its history. These two orientations have created a dilemma for educational policy that has never been satisfactorily resolved. First, schools have been seen as the society’s instrument to release a child from the blinders imposed by accident of birth into this family or that family. They have been designed to open broad horizons to the child, transcending the limitations of the parents. They have taken children from disparate cultural backwaters into the mainstream of a nation’s culture. They have been a major element in social mobility, freeing children from the poverty of their parents and the low status of their social origins. They have been a means of stripping away identities of ethnicity and social origin and implanting a common identity.
Network Visualization Literacy: Novel Approaches to Measurement and Instruction

Network visualizations, a particular kind of data visualization, can be a useful way to visually represent the relationships in real or theoretical social, physical, or biological systems. Network data can be generated and analyzed without being visualized, but the visualizations are often more compelling and may be more easily understood than numbers that summarize network properties. With the growth of network science research across a variety of domains, there is an increased call for basic literacies in networks and the ability to use network visualization as a powerful tool to understand interactions in complex systems. In this chapter, we discuss the current status of the research on network visualization literacy (NVL), how it is measured, what the current research says about NVL across a variety of contexts, ways experts are teaching to develop NVL, and recommendations based on our current understanding of best ways to improve NVL.
On the Edge: How to Provide Course- and Program-Integrated Library Support Without Being Embedded

Distance librarians working with an online doctoral program at Johns Hopkins University are asked by both students and faculty to provide a large amount of library support – without being embedded ...
My Career and Contributions

I started my career earning a BA in Mathematics in 1965 from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology. I then served a mandatory service in the military for an extended period of time so I could serve at the newly established computer center as a computer programmer. The first computer, Philco 212, had a 32K memory and its machine language was TAC. Later on the computer language ALTAC (Algebraic TAC) was designed. Some years later ALTAC was modified to FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) which is still widely used today. Most of my programs nowadays I code in Fortran.
Data-driven Approximate Edge Detection using Flow-based Computing on Memristor Crossbars

Detection of edges in images is an elementary operation in computer vision that can greatly benefit from an implementation with a low power-delay product. In this paper, we propose a new approach for designing nanoscale memristor crossbars that can implement approximate edge-detection using flow-based computing. Instead of the traditional Boolean approach, our methodology uses a ternary logic approach with three outcomes: True representing an edge, False that representing the absence of an edge, and Don’t Care that represents an ambivalent response. Our data-driven design approach uses a corpus of human-labeled edges in order to learn the concept of an edge in an image. A massively parallel simulated annealing search algorithm over 96 processes is used to obtain the design of the memristor crossbar for edge detection. We show that our approximate crossbar design is effective in computing edges of images on the BSD500 benchmark.
Ominous Occurrence of Spinal Intradural Primary Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Four Decades following Radiation Therapy for Testicular Seminoma

Primary intradural malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an extremely rare diagnosis and is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. A 77-year-old man diagnosed with an intradural MPNST, more than 40 years after radiation for a testicular seminoma, is reported. Intradural MPNSTs of the spine outside the setting of neurofibromatosis is extremely rare and can masquerade as common benign nerve sheath tumors, on imaging. An older age at presentation with short duration of symptoms and prior regional radiation treatment encompassing the spine in the treatment field regardless of remoteness should alert the oncologists and neurosurgeons to the possible existence of this rare and aggressive tumor, as the management, and overall prognosis of this tumor is distinctly different compared to the usual intradural spinal tumors.
Origami-based deployable structures made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

Abstract Deployable structures are typically made of thin membranes and slender elements, which often require foldable – yet stiff – mechanical properties. The use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites for such deployable structures has been limited due to the their rigid and unfoldable nature in general. Here, we design, fabricate, and demonstrate foldable – yet stiff – structures made of CFRP composites. To achieve this, we leverage origami design principles based on the Tachi-Miura-Polyhedron (TMP) architecture. To manufacture TMP structures, we devise a unique vacuum-bag-only composite fabrication method by using compliant urethane epoxies impregnated into woven glass fiber layers on which pre-made CFRP tiles are positioned. We show the resulting structures feature self-deployability, high compactness, and deterministic force–displacement characterization. Potential applications of the proposed composite origami are abundant, including deployable habitats for space exploration and disaster relief, deployable solar arrays and antennas, actively-controlled aerodynamic surfaces, and impact mitigation structures.
Bereavement is associated with reduced systemic inflammation: C-reactive protein before and after widowhood

Abstract Background Bereavement is associated with poorer health and early mortality. Increased systemic inflammation is one pathophysiological pathway thought to explain this health risk. However, few studies have examined systemic inflammation before and after widowhood. Purpose The current study examined the associations between inflammation and widowhood status before and after bereavement in a sample of married adults who became widowed between assessments in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Methods We examined levels and change over time in systemic inflammation, as assessed by C-reactive protein (CRP), among participants who became bereaved (n = 199). We then compared these results to a sample of participants whose spouse remained living, selected using a propensity score matching algorithm (n = 199). Results Contrary to expectations, widowed participants’ CRP decreased following bereavement, d = −0.29, p Conclusions Widowed adults’ systemic inflammation decreased significantly following bereavement, both as a group and compared to people who remained married. We discuss possible explanations for this counterintuitive finding, including the measure of inflammation used in the study and the timing of the study measurements.
Genetic diversity of Asian rice gall midge based on mtCOI gene sequences and identification of a novel resistance locus gm12 in rice cultivar MN62M

The rice gall midge (RGM), Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice, and it causes significant yield losses annually in Asian countries. The development of resistant rice varieties is considered as the most effective and economical approach for maintaining yield stability by controlling RGM. Identification of resistance genes will help in marker-assisted selection (MAS) to pyramid the resistance genes and develop a durable resistance variety against RGM in areas with frequent outbreaks. In this study, a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) was used to analyze the genetic diversity among Thai RGM populations. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the Thai RGM populations were homogeneously distributed throughout the country. The reactions of the resistant rice varieties carrying different resistance genes revealed different RGM biotypes in Thailand. The Thai rice landrace MN62M showed resistance to all RGM populations used in this study. We identified a novel genetic locus for resistance to RGM, designated as gm12, on the short arm of rice chromosome 2. The locus was identified using linkage analysis in 144 F2 plants derived from a cross between susceptible cultivar KDML105 and RGM-resistant cultivar MN62M with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and F2:3 phenotype. The locus was mapped between two flanking markers, S2_76222 and S2_419160. In conclusion, we identified a new RGM resistance gene, gm12, on rice chromosome 2 in the Thai rice landrace MN62M. This finding yielded DNA markers that can be used in MAS to develop cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance to RGM. Moreover, the new resistance gene provides essential information for the identification of RGM biotypes in Thailand and Southeast Asia.
Partnerships and Network Governance for Urban Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus

Few studies have examined the critical role of policy and network governance mechanism in addressing sustainability and FEW nexuses. This study aims to examine the efforts in meeting the UN Sustain...
High-power screening (HPS) empowered by DNA-encoded libraries

The world is totally dependent on medications. As science progresses, new, better, and cheaper drugs are needed more than ever. The pharmaceutical industry has been predominantly dependent on high-throughput screening (HTS) for the past three decades. Considering that the discovery rate has been relatively constant, can one hope for a much-needed sudden trend uptick? DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) and similar technologies, that have several orders of magnitude more screening power than HTS, and that we propose to group together under the umbrella term of high-power screening (HPS), are very well positioned to do exactly that. HPS also offers novel screening options such as parallel screening, ex vivo and in vivo screening, as well as a new path to druggable alternatives such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). Altogether, HPS unlocks novel powerful drug discovery avenues.
Constitutive Equations and Model Validation

Of the four basic biomechanics modeling steps outlined in the Introduction, determining the constitutive equations for cardiovascular tissue is often the most difficult step, especially when the tissue properties vary with time and sarcomere length history, as is the case with contracting myocardium. Using a cylindrical model to study transmural variations in stress and strain rather than a finite element model of the entire left ventricle allows for the implementation of a time- and sarcomere length history-dependent constitutive equation. The cylindrical model simulations can then be repeated with progressively simpler constitutive equations and the resulting transmural stress and strain distributions compared to determine under what conditions the most computationally efficient constitutive equations are valid. This chapter is primarily concerned with an instructive review of the constitutive equations we have implemented in cylindrical and finite element models of the passive and beating left ventricle, including that of diseased and surgically treated hearts. The last section of this chapter is concerned with experimental measurements that we have used to validate these models.
Efficient construction of low weight bounded degree planar spanner

Given a set V of n points in a two-dimensional plane, we give an O(n log n)-time centralized algorithm that constructs a planar t-spanner for V, for t le; max{π/2, π sin α/2 + 1} ċ Cdel, such that the degree of each node is bounded from above by 19 + ⌈2π/α⌉, and the total edge length is proportional to the weight of the minimum spanning tree of V, where 0 < α < π/2 is an adjustable parameter. Here Cdel is the spanning ratio of the Delaunay triangulation, which is at most 4√3/9 π. Moreover, we show that our method can be extended to construct a planar bounded degree spanner for unit disk graphs with the adjustable parameter α satisfying 0 < α < π/3. This method can be converted to a localized algorithm where the total number of messages sent by all nodes is at most O(n) (under broadcasting communication model). These constants are all worst case constants due to our proofs. Previously, only centralized method [1] of constructing bounded degree planar spanner is known, with degree bound 27 and spanning ratio t ≃ 10.02. The distributed implementation of this centralized method takes O(n2) communications in the worst case.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE DENSITY AND COMPOSITION ON MIXTURES DURING NONELECTROSTATIC AND ELECTROSTATIC POWDER COATING

Nonelectrostatic and electrostatic coating processes cause the proportion of each powder in a mixture to be different on the target than in the initial mixture. First, some loss of powder occurs during the targeting step; thus, not all of the powder lands on the target. This targeting loss is caused by the individual powder characteristics and interactions that occur between powders in the mixture. Also, an uneven distribution is produced on the target because of the way the powder is dispersed. Finally, adhesion loss occurs on the target, also because of individual and mixture characteristics. During nonelectrostatic coating, a mixture of fine NaCl and starch particles changed in proportion due to the differences between individual targeting, and mixture adhesion, losses. Little change in proportion occurred in the coarse NaCl and starch mixture. During electrostatic coating of both mixtures, proportions changed because of differences between individual adhesion losses. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Food coatings usually consist of mixtures of powders with different densities and compositions, which cause separation of the powders. For maximum consumer acceptance, the powder should be evenly coated on the surface, with the same proportion of ingredients as in the original powder. In fine powder mixtures, during nonelectrostatic coating, targeting loss is the biggest cause of separation. Therefore, when mixtures of different density and composition are used, the coating systems need to be designed to minimize the targeting loss difference between the powders. Electrostatic coating reduced targeting loss of the fine powders by a large amount; therefore, it is one way to decrease separation. Electrostatic coating of both mixtures had high adhesion loss; therefore, the electrostatic coating system needs to be designed to minimize adhesion loss, such as by addition of oil or other tack agents, when powder mixtures are coated.
Paraprofessionals: Gatekeepers of Authentic Art Production

Paraprofessionals are increasingly utilized in inclusive art classrooms to support the art production of students with disabilities. For this descriptive qualitative study, we observed 18 paraprofessionals across elementary, middle, and high school inclusive art classrooms in Central New York. The findings suggest that these support staff act as gatekeepers, either denying or allowing access to authentic art production by facilitating or impeding access to the art curriculum. Implications for practicing art teachers and art teacher preparation programs are included. An increasingly diverse population of learners with varying abilities, diverse languages, and cultural backgrounds have been present in the inclusive art classroom (Weibe-Zederayko & Ward, 1999). The art classroom has been a place of creative expression and a place where students with various backgrounds, abilities, strengths, gifts, and talents have been successful as they produce and respond to art. An increasing number of students with more significant disabilities have been attending art classes due to a national effort to educate more children within inclusive environments. These efforts have stemmed from legislative mandates including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), most recently reauthorized in 2004 (U.S. Department of Education, 2004). Parents, educators, and administrators have carried out these mandates with a philosophical belief in inclusive education. The U.S. Department of Education (2004) reported in the National Report to Congress that almost half of all school-age children receiving special education services are in general education classrooms for at least 89% of the day. Therefore, classroom teachers have seen an increase in the number of students with disabilities. The experiences of art teachers have mirrored this trend (Guay & Gerlach, 2006). Today, the placement of students with disabilities in the art classroom has increased as schools strive to meet the legislative mandates of IDEA for educating students in the least restrictive environment alongside of typical peers. Historically, the art classroom was one of the first places that students with more significant disabilities were placed. Special educators began to recognize the opportunities the art room provided to support curricular goals for individuals with disabilities. Art was seen as a teaching strategy (Anderson, 1978; Arnheim, 1983; Brubeck, 1981; Zamierowski, 1980). Dalke (1984) stated that participation in the visual arts for students with disabilities was a way to “train and reinforce deficient perceptual, motor and
Earnings Momentum Strategies and the Macroeconomy

This paper documents that earnings momentum strategies are systematically related to the macroeconomy. The returns to these strategies are predictable by standard macroeconomic and aggregate financial market variables. What's more, a significant fraction of the variation in the profits to these strategies appears to be negatively associated with news about macroeconomic aggregates such as industrial production growth and consumption growth. Existing explanations for the earnings momentum phenomenon, whether rational or behavioral, have difficulty explaining all of these facts.
African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality

Although studies have described work processes among employed African American women, few have examined the influence of these processes on job outcomes. This study examined relationships between African American women's exposure to a range of occupational stressors, including two types of racial bias—institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice—and their evaluations of job quality. Findings indicated that institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice were more important predictors of job quality among these women than were other occupational stressors such as low task variety and decision authority, heavy workloads, and poor supervision. Racial bias in the workplace was most likely to be reported by workers in predominantly white work settings. In addition, Black women who worked in service, semiskilled, and unskilled occupations reported significantly more institutional discrimination, but not more interpersonal prejudice, than did women in professional, managerial, and technical occupations or those in sales and clerical occupations.
Mixed objective control synthesis: optimal l/sub 1///spl Hscr//sub 2/ control

In this paper we consider the problem of minimizing the l/sub 1/ norm of the transfer function from the exogenous input to the regulated output over all internally stabilizing controllers while keeping its /spl Hscr//sub 2/ norm under a specified level. The problem is analysed for the discrete-time, SISO, linear time invariant case. It is shown that an optimal solution always exists. Duality theory is employed to show that any optimal solution is a finite impulse response sequence and an a priori bound is given on its length. The problem is reduced to a finite dimensional convex optimization problem with an a priori determined dimension. Finally it is shown that, in the region of interest of the /spl Hscr//sub 2/ constraint level the optimal is unique and continuous with respect to changes in the constraint level.
Genomic divergences among cattle, dog and human estimated from large-scale alignments of genomic sequences.

Approximately 11 Mb of finished high quality genomic sequences were sampled from cattle, dog and human to estimate genomic divergences and their regional variation among these lineages. Optimal three-way multi-species global sequence alignments for 84 cattle clones or loci (each >50 kb of genomic sequence) were constructed using the human and dog genome assemblies as references. Genomic divergences and substitution rates were examined for each clone and for various sequence classes under different functional constraints. Analysis of these alignments revealed that the overall genomic divergences are relatively constant (0.32–0.37 change/site) for pairwise comparisons among cattle, dog and human; however substitution rates vary across genomic regions and among different sequence classes. A neutral mutation rate (2.0–2.2 × 10(-9) change/site/year) was derived from ancestral repetitive sequences, whereas the substitution rate in coding sequences (1.1 × 10(-9) change/site/year) was approximately half of the overall rate (1.9–2.0 × 10(-9) change/site/year). Relative rate tests also indicated that cattle have a significantly faster rate of substitution as compared to dog and that this difference is about 6%. This analysis provides a large-scale and unbiased assessment of genomic divergences and regional variation of substitution rates among cattle, dog and human. It is expected that these data will serve as a baseline for future mammalian molecular evolution studies.
Skilled Immigration and Innovation: Evidence from Enrolment Fluctuations in US Doctoral Programmes

We study the contribution of foreign science and engineering talent to the creation of new knowledge in the U.S. economy using panel data on 2300 science and engineering (S&E) departments at 100 large American universities from 1973 to 1998. We use macroeconomic shocks and policy changes in source countries that differentially affect enrollments across fields and universities to isolate exogenous variation in the supply of students at specific departments. Both foreign and domestic graduate students are central inputs into knowledge creation, and the marginal foreign student contributes more to the production of scientific publications and citations. A 10% decrease in the foreign share of doctoral students lowers S&E research output at U.S. universities by 5-6%. A theoretical model of university admissions and scholarships helps us infer the productivity effects of student quality, and econometric results indicate that any visa restrictions limiting entry of highquality foreign students is most costly for U.S. innovation. Increased diversity appears to be the primary mechanism by which foreign students improve research outcomes. The impact of more restrictive immigration policies depends on how they affect the quality margin and diversity of incoming foreigners.
INSTABILITY OF THE DISORDERED CRITICAL POINTS OF DIRAC FERMIONS

Recently, in an attempt to study disordered criticality in quantum Hall systems and $d$-wave superconductivity, it was found that two-dimensional random Dirac-fermion systems contain a line of critical points that is connected to the pure system. We use bosonization and current algebra to study properties of the critical line and calculate the exact scaling dimensions of all local operators. We find that the critical line contains an infinite number of relevant operators with negative scaling dimensions.
A West Nile virus NS4B P38G mutant induces a differential innate cytokine response in human cell lines. (VAC8P.1005)

West Nile virus (WNV)-induced neurological disease has become a public health concern. No vaccines have been approved for human use. We have previously shown that an attenuated WNV, the nonstructural(NS)4B-P38G mutant, induced stronger innate cytokine and T cell responses than wild-type WNV. Mice immunized with this mutant were all protected from subsequent lethal wild-type WNV infection. Furthermore, TLR7 and MyD88 expression is required for host protection from NS4B P38G infection. Here, we have examined innate cytokine response in THP-1 cells (human monocytic cells) and THP-1 derived macrophages following with NS4B P38G infection. We have found that NS4B P38G induced stronger type 1 IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in THP-1 cells than those infected by wild-type WNV. Interestingly, we noted that there was a higher production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not IFN-b in NS4B P38G infected THP-1 derived macrophages. Our results also showed an upregulation of TLR4, TLR7 and RIG-I expression in THP-1 cells following NS4B P38G infection, whereas TLR2 expression was significantly increased in mutant infected THP-1 derived macrophages. Similar as our findings in mice, NS4B P38G mutant had a very low replication rate in both types of human cells. Overall, these results suggest that NS4B P38G induced a differential innate cytokine response in human monocytic cells and macrophages, possibly via different pathogen recognition receptor signaling pathways in these cells.
Early-stage Central Lung Cancer and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy: A Dosimetric Case Study with Literature Review

Background/Aim: In the present article we review on the use of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) for a small lung nodule that was centrally located in close proximity to the mediastinal structures. Case Report: An inoperable patient with central, clinical stage IA adenocarcinoma of the right lung was treated with external- beam radiation therapy of 52.5 Gy in 15 factions. A single 360˚ coplanar arc VMAT plan (360-VMAT) was used for treatment and compared to step-and-shoot Intensity Modulation Radiotherapy (IMRT) and a single 180˚ ipsilateral partial arc VMAT plan (180-VMAT). Results: Planning Target Volume (PTV) coverage was not different, and 360-VMAT had the highest dose homogeneity. Both 360- VMAT and 180-VMAT reduced esophageal dose compared to IMRT. While IMRT had the lowest lung dose, all 3 plans achieved acceptable sparing of the lung. 180-VMAT had the highest dose conformity. Both 360-VMAT and 180-VMAT improved esophageal sparing compared to IMRT. Conclusion: Use of VMAT in early-stage, centrally located NSCLC is a promising treatment approach and merits additional investigation. Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) is a novel technique of rotational radiotherapy that achieves dose modulation by simultaneous variation of arc speed, position of multi-leaf collimator (MLC) leaves and dose rate (1). Planning studies of VMAT for various disease sites have demonstrated favorable dose distribution and short treatment delivery time (2). Definitive external-beam radiation therapy is the primary treatment modality used for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are not candidates for surgical
Satisfaction of disabled rural elders and adults with the quality of community‐based long‐term care services

This study estimates the probability of being satisfied with community-based health care services in a rural area and compares the formation of satisfaction for elders and younger disabled adults. Using data from a state in New England, USA, a multivariate binomial logit model was used to estimate the probability of being satisfied. The formation of satisfaction differs for rural disabled adults and elders. Two out of five need characteristics were found to influence satisfaction with quality of care, and four out of six enabling characteristics were found to influence satisfaction. The impact of these characteristics differs for disabled elders and adults, pointing to the need to differentiate the disabled population when developing systems of home-based care.
Reductive allylation of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)

Treatment of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) with allyltin reagents results in the clean replacement of chlorine by the allyl group under free-radical–chain conditions (AIBN, allyltributyltin), affording about a 10% degree of functionalization. An improved method using one-electron reduction of the polymer with cobalt(II) (generated by reduction of chloro(pyridine)bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(III) with Mg) and allyltributyltin gives 50% functionalization. Further modification of the allyl group is realized through hydroboration-oxidation to the alcohol and subsequent Cr(VI) oxidation to the acid. A mechanistic discussion is provided. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frequency and Characteristics of Anxiety Among Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias

The purpose of this study was to assess the cross-sectional prevalence and characteristics of anxiety among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as compared with patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), patients with vascular dementia (VaD), and normal control subjects. The authors used the anxiety subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), an instrument with established reliability and validity, to compare patients. Patients were identified in a query of the UCLA Alzheimer's Disease Center database and included 115 patients with probable AD, 43 patients with VaD, 33 patients with FTD, and 40 normal, elderly control subjects. Descriptive statistics were generated, and partial correlations, controlling for Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, were performed between the anxiety subscale and other behavioral features as measured by the NPI and the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). Relationships between cognitive status (as indicated by MMSE score) and anxiety were explored. Anxiety was reported more commonly in patients with VaD and FTD than in patients with AD. These differences remained significant (P<0.01) in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) after adjusting for age, age at onset, educational level, and MMSE score. In AD, anxiety was inversely related to MMSE score (i.e., worse with more severe dementia), was more prevalent among patients with a younger age at onset (under age 65), and correlated with disability as measured by the FAQ score. These data suggest that anxiety is common among patients with diverse forms of dementia. In AD, anxiety is most common in those with more severe cognitive deterioration and an earlier age at onset.
Comparison of scatterometry, atomic force microscope, dual beam system, and XSEM to measure etched via depths

Open vias can be a significant yield loss due to the difficulty in detecting them. In-line monitoring of via depths on product wafers is one approach to minimize this problem. Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) have been the primary choice for this, but using the AFM to measure the depths of the high aspect ratio vias of today’s advanced chips is extremely difficult in production. Scatterometers are another in-line choice for measuring product wafers, but the many underlayers and 3D nature of vias make implementation of this metrology challenging and, so far, largely untested. A different way to detect open vias is through the use of patterned etch tool monitor wafers containing a thick layer of inter-level dielectric (ILD). Destructive XSEM measurements can be used to measure via depths on such wafers. But between transfer of the wafer from the fab to the lab, sample preparation time, imaging time, and communication of the final results from the lab back to the fab, several hours are lost. During this time the etch tool is not qualified to process wafers, and so productivity is reduced. Because of this long delay and the cost of performing XSEMs, three in-line methods were evaluated as potential candidates to replace XSEM metrology. These methods used state-of-the-art equipment and included scatterometry, AFM, and a dual beam system (a combination of an SEM and a Focused Ion Beam (FIB)). A new type of Reference Measurement System (RMS), combining results from multiple measurement systems, is introduced. This new method is used to evaluate the quality of the results from the different systems. Results show that the scatterometer, AFM, and dual beam system performed well. XSEM metrology was found to be more inaccurate than expected at measuring via depths.
Scalable Thread Scheduling in Asymmetric Multicores for Power Efficiency

The emergence of asymmetric multicore processors(AMPs) has elevated the problem of thread scheduling in such systems. The computing needs of a thread often vary during its execution (phases) and hence, reassigning threads to cores(thread swapping) upon detection of such a change, can significantly improve the AMP's power efficiency. Even though identifying a change in the resource requirements of a workload is straightforward, determining the thread reassignment is a challenge. Traditional online learning schemes rely on sampling to determine the best thread to core in AMPs. However, as the number of cores in the multicore increases, the sampling overhead may be too large. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to dynamically assess the current thread to core assignment and determine whether swapping the threads between the cores will be beneficial and achieve a higher performance/Watt. This decision is based on estimating the expected performance and power of the current program phase on other cores. This estimation is done using the values of selected performance counters in the host core. By estimating the expected performance and power on each core type, informed thread scheduling decisions can be made while avoiding the overhead associated with sampling. We illustrate our approach using an 8-core high performance/low-power AMP and show the performance/Watt benefits of the proposed dynamic thread scheduling technique. We compare our proposed scheme against previously published schemes based on online learning and two schemes based on the use of an oracle, one static and the other dynamic. Our results show that significant performance/Watt gains can be achieved through informed thread scheduling decisions in AMPs.