cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of remineralization depth on the air–sea carbon balance

The depth at which particulate organic carbon sinking from the surface ocean is converted back to carbon dioxide is known as the remineralization depth. A three-dimensional global ocean biogeochemistry model suggests that a modest change in remineralization depth can have a substantial impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. As particulate organic carbon rains down from the surface ocean it is respired back to carbon dioxide and released into the ocean’s interior. The depth at which this sinking carbon is converted back to carbon dioxide—known as the remineralization depth—depends on the balance between particle sinking speeds and their rate of decay. A host of climate-sensitive factors can affect this balance, including temperature1, oxygen concentration2, stratification, community composition3,4 and the mineral content of the sinking particles5. Here we use a three-dimensional global ocean biogeochemistry model to show that a modest change in remineralization depth can have a substantial impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. For example, when the depth at which 63% of sinking carbon is respired increases by 24 m globally, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations fall by 10–27 ppm. This reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration results from the redistribution of remineralized carbon from intermediate waters to bottom waters. As a consequence of the reduced concentration of respired carbon in upper ocean waters, atmospheric carbon dioxide is preferentially stored in newly formed North Atlantic Deep Water. We suggest that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are highly sensitive to the potential changes in remineralization depth that may be caused by climate change.
AIDS-Related Stigma and Attitudes toward Injecting Drug users among Black and White Americans:

Research has indicated that stigmatizing AIDS attitudes are associated with negative attitudes toward gay men. Because injecting drug users (IDUs) are also stigmatized and injecting drug use is an important exposure category for HIV infection, the authors hypothesized that AIDS stigma might also be related to attitudes toward IDUs and that the proportionately higher level of HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in the African American community would produce different patterns of stigma between Blacks and Whites. National probability samples of U.S. adults were interviewed by telephone. Respondents with more negative attitudes toward IDUs held more stigmatizing AIDS attitudes. Among Blacks, such attitudes explained more variance than did attitudes toward gay men, a pattern opposite to that found among Whites. Moreover, knowing someone who injected illegal drugs was associated with less AIDS stigma for Blacks, but not for Whites. The results suggest that Blacks' and Whites' attitudes toward peopl...
Well Control Aspects of Riserless Drilling

Riserless drilling is a term used to describe an unconventional technique using a relatively small diameter pipe as a mud return line from the sea floor instead of a large diameter marine riser. The scheme also balances internal and external pressures at the sea floor by reducing the internal pressure to make a dual pressure gradient possible. This paper presents basic concepts of riserless drilling and a brief review of problems associated with conventional marine riser drilling for deep water applications. The paper also presents hydraulics, kick detection methods, and well control aspects of riserless drilling with comparison to conventional riser drilling. Other operational considerations are given briefly.
Pioneer Venus Orbiter contributions to a revised Venus reference ionosphere

Abstract The original Venus International Reference Atmosphere (VIRA) included an empirical model of the Venusian ionosphere (Bauer et al. 1985) which was based primarily on in situ and radio occultation measurements made by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) in 1979 and 1980, a time of very high solar activity. The solar cycle variations of in situ parameters could not be determined because periapsis rose out of the main ionosphere toward the end of 1980 and remained there for the next 11 years. During this period, in situ measurements of the upper nightside ionosphere were made each time periapsis swept through the umbra. Radio occultation measurements continued to provide detailed information on the solar cycle variations of electron density, N e , in the main ionosphere. In situ measurements of the main ionosphere resumed briefly in the Summer and Fall of 1992 as periapsis returned to low altitudes. At that time, the remaining fuel supply was used to delay the inevitable atmospheric entry in order to obtain extensive in situ measurements down to altitudes in the vicinity of 140 km. In this paper we present N e models for solar maximum and solar minimum, and we call attention to what has been learned from the in situ measurements made since the time of the original VIRA model, focusing primarily on the solar cycle variations. These results are offered as a PVO contribution to a planned future revision of the VIRA ionosphere model.
Puppies, Pigs, and Potency: A Response to Galvin and Harris

First, my thanks to John Harris and Richard Galvin (2012, pp. 368–383 this issue) for their careful attention to my argument. The last time I responded to a paper pressing the causal impotence argu...
Effect of soy protein isolate resin modifications on their biodegradation in a compost medium

Abstract This study presents the effect of Phytagel® and stearic acid modification of soy protein isolate (SPI) based ‘green’ resins on their biodegradation in composting environment. The composting process was monitored for up to 10 weeks and the degradation of the resins was characterized by weight loss, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and sol–gel analysis. The changes in the resin surface topography and microstructure during composting were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gel fraction in SPI resin reduced significantly as a function of composting time indicating its fast degradation within 21 days. The stearic acid modified SPI resin (SAM-SPI) degraded at a slower rate than the SPI resin and Phytagel® modified SPI (PM-SPI) resin degraded at the slowest rate. Based on the spectroscopic analysis and differential scanning calorimetric studies, it was found that stearic acid was among the main residue in the case of SAM-SPI resin after composting and Phytagel® in the case of PM-SPI resin. The results of this study suggest that the biodegradation and hence, the service life of the SPI based resins can be controlled by changing the concentration of stearic acid or Phytagel® in the SPI resin.
Looking Beyond Retirement: Patterns and Predictors of Formal End-of-Life Planning Among Retirement Age Individuals

This study uses the 2004 wave of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to examine the patterns and predictors of formal End-of-Life (EOL) planning strategies among retirement age individuals and whether EOL health and financial planning are highly correlated planning behaviors. Using logistic regressions and multinomial logistic regressions, findings show that EOL health plans appear to be done in combination with financial plans. Females, higher educated persons, and those with higher net worth are more likely to have integrated EOL plans containing both EOL health and EOL financial plans. It is suggested that policy makers, health and financial professionals, and educators concerned about the consequences of the absence of EOL health plans should facilitate the joint planning with finances, especially among those at higher risk of not having such plans (e.g., males, less educated persons, and those who have little net worth).
An enzymatic activity in uninfected cells that cleaves the linkage between poliovirion RNA and the 5' terminal protein.

Abstract The 5′ terminal protein (VPg) on poliovirion RNA can be removed by cell-free extracts from a variety of uninfected cells. This soluble enzymatic activity is found in both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts of HeLa cells and is activated by Mg ++ . The enzyme activity cleaves the tyrosine-phosphate bond that links the protein to the RNA. In a partially purified form it has insufficient nonspecific protease or nuclease activity to account for its action. The existence of this enzyme implies that poliovirus RNA is translated in cell-free extracts in a form that lacks the 5′ terminal protein. The role of this enzyme in the uninfected cell is not known.
New Tests for Syphilis: Rational Design of a PCR Method for Detection of Treponema pallidum in Clinical Specimens Using Unique Regions of the DNA Polymerase I Gene

A sensitive and specific PCR method to detect Treponema pallidum in clinical specimens was developed. PCR primers were designed based on two unique features of the DNA polymerase I gene (polA). The first distinctive characteristic is that the region codes for a high cysteine content and has low homology with similar regions of DNA polymerase I gene from known microorganisms. The second unique feature is the presence of four insertions in the gene. PCR tests using primers designed on the basis these regions reacted with various pathogenic T. pallidum subspecies but did not react with nonpathogenic treponemal species or other spirochetes. An additional 59 species of bacteria and viruses, including those that cause genital ulcers, tested negative. This PCR method is extremely robust and sensitive. The detection limit is about 10 to 25 organisms when analyzed on gel. However, the analytic sensitivity can be increased by at least 1 log, to a detection limit of a single organism, when the ABI 310 Prism Genetic Analyzer is used to detect fluorescence-labeled amplicons. We further used this test in a clinical setting and compared the results with results from a previously reported multiplex-PCR test (for T. pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, and herpes simplex virus). We tested 112 genital ulcer specimens by the polA PCR, obtaining a sensitivity of 95.8% and a specificity of 95.7%. These results suggest that the polA PCR is applicable as a routine clinical diagnostic test for syphilis.
Removal, by Vegetated Biofilter, of Medium and Low Concentrations of Pollutants from Simulated Highway Runoff

The removal of pollutants by a prototype of a vegetated biofilter was investigated at medium and low concentrations. The biofilter was 4 ft (1.2 m) wide by 14 ft (4.3 m) long and was tilted at slopes of 8:1, 4:1, and 2:1. Artificial runoff, formulated with metals, native soil, and oil at medium concentration, was delivered at a rate equivalent to a simulated 2-year storm event (medium flow) at each slope; an additional experiment using a 10-year storm event (high flow) was conducted at the 2:1 slope. The flow rates at the low concentration represented 10-year storm events. During each simulated storm event, samples were obtained from the inlet, surface runoff, and underdrain and analyzed for total and dissolved metals, total suspended solids (TSS), and oil and grease. Before and after all tests, specimens were extracted from the bed and analyzed for metal content in soil, roots, and grass. Results indicated that all constituents (seven total metals and TSS) were removed at levels above 75% (event mean con...
Pulmonary carcinoid tumors in tissue and organ culture

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors arise from cells whose function is yet to be defined. Conditions for maintenance of cells of these tumors for prolonged periods of time in tissue and organ cultures were established in order to gain insight into their supposed endocrine activity. We succeeded in growing explants of these tumors in organ culture for as long as 5 months without the cells losing their ability to produce large numbers of neurosecretory-type granules.
Gogol’s Artistry

Christopher Colbath has done an enormous service for the student of the works of Nikolai Gogol and of Russian literature in general with this carefully edited and annotated translation of Andrei Be...
Olfactory bulbectomy prevents the gonadal regression associated with short photoperiod in male golden hamsters

Abstract In male rats, pre-pubertal olfactory bulbectomy (BX) unmasks photoperiodic responsiveness so that maintenance of BX animals on short photoperiod results in a pineal gland mediated gonadal regression (Nelson and Zucker, Neuroendocrinology, 32 (1981) 266). The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of BX in Syrian hamsters, a species where short photoperiod alone induces a pineal gland induced testicular regression. Pre-pubertal (25-days old) Syrian hamsters underwent either sham BX, BX, or pinealectomy (PX) plus BX. One half of each group was then placed on an LD14:10 photoperiod and the other half on LD6:18. Thirteen weeks later all animals were decapitated. In the animals on LD14:10, BX resulted in a slight but highly significant increase in testes weight but had no effect on other parameters examined. Sham BX hamsters on LD6:18 had regressed testes and reduced serum testosterone levels, but these effects of short photoperiod were reversed in BX hamsters, so that the testes and seminal vesicles remained large. In addition, serum LH and testosterone levels were elevated following BX of the animals on LD6:18. These results indicate that the olfactory bulbs tonically inhibit the reproductive system even in male hamsters maintained on long photoperiod and that olfactory bulbectomy prevents gonadal regression in male Syrian hamsters on short photoperiod, an effect which is the opposite of results obtained in rats on short photoperiod. Elucidation of the neural pathways involved and the nature of the relationship between the olfactory bulb and the pineal gland or photoperiodism remains for further investigation.
Genomic substitutions of centromeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The centromere region of yeast chromosome III has been investigated by altering it in vivo. Deleting the functional centromere (CEN3) sequence leads to extreme instability of the resulting acentric chromosome. Inversion of CEN3, or its replacement by chromosome XI centromere DNA (CEN11) has no measurable effect on the mitotic and meiotic behaviour of chromosome III, suggesting that yeast centromeres are not chromosome-specific, and are fully functional in either orientation.
alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency and susceptibility to lung disease.

This subject concerns the complex interrelationship of a genetically determined protein deficiency, enzymes which are inhibited by that protein, environmental challenges such as cigarette smoke and...
1006-42 What Beyond Aspirin and Anticoagulation Improves Outcome in Unstable Angina? Effect of Medical Therapy

Medical treatment consisting of beta-blockers (BB), calcium blockers (CB) and nitrates (N) is recommended and frequently employed in patients (pts) before and during hospitalization with unstable coronary syndromes (UA), but the benefit is unclear in the setting of combined aspirin and anticoagulation. To study the effect of each of these drugs on in-hospital events, we examined 410 pts with UA entered in the TIMI-7 trial in which all pts received aspirin and one of 4 doses of the direct thrombin inhibitor, hirulog. Prior to hospitalization, 44% of pts received BB, 50% CB, and 51% N. Compared to pts not on these drugs, pts on each medication were older (average 62 vs 59 yrs), had a higher incidence of prior MI(BB, CB, N), revascularization (CB, N), hypertension (BB, CB, N), and diabetes (CB, N), and were more likely to be receiving aspirin IBB, CB, N). Stepwise regression showed that prior treatment with any of the 3 drugs was not predictive of in-hospital death, MI or documented recurrent ischemia. After enrollment and during hospitalization, 71% of pts received BB, 66% CB, and 95% N at the discretion of their physicians. The in-hospital occurrence of death (4%). Ml (6%), recurrent ischemia (8%) or their combined incidence (14%), the number or severity of in-hospital anginal episodes, or the incidence of catheterization (64%) or revascularization (38%) were not significantly related to treatment with any of the 3 drugs. The combined incidence of in-hospital death, MI or recurrent ischemia was best predicted by the presence of ECG changes on admission (multivariate adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.83, p l 0.01) and advanced age (OR 2.38, P l 0.01) but not by other factors. Prior or newly instituted anti-ischemic medical therapy, administered in a nonrandomized fashion in this trial, may have contributed to clinical stability. During hospitalization for UA, aspirin and anticoagulation playa primary role in determining clinical outcome.
Theory of microemulsions with spherical drops II. Effect of gravity

Abstract The theory of microemulsions utilized in Part I is extended to include the effect of a gravitational or centrifugal field. It predicts variation with position of drop size, drop volume fraction, and area per molecule in the surfactant films within a microemulsion phase. Variation in volume fraction is greatest and occurs in such a way that oil content increases with increasing elevation, as has been found experimentally. Large composition variations are predicted within a middlephase microemulsion near optimal conditions because inversion from the water-continuous to the oil-continuous arrangement occurs with increasing elevation. Generally speaking, gravity reduces solubilization within microemulsions and promotes separation of excess phases. Compositional paths, which can be located on ternary phase diagrams using the theory, provide a convenient method for visualizing composition gradients within microemulsion phases and the changes produced by gravity in the compositions of the interfaces between the microemulsion and excess oil or water.
The Impedance Property of Electrode Used in Electrical Bio-Impedance Measurement

The object of electrical bioimpedance measurement is the impedance or impedance changes of biologic tissue. The electrode used in electrical bioimpedance measurement works under AC stimulation, the electrode impedances of both DC and AC, the stability of them are much important. AC and DC impedance properties of four kinds of one-off Ag/AgCl ECG electrodes produced by different manufactories, and the variability of them have been studied in this paper. It turns out that the AC and DC impedance and the variability of different kinds of electrode are different significantly. After stimulated for a long time by AC current, the electrode resistance value between positive direction and negative direction have a notable difference. It suggests that the DC resistance character of the measured electrode changes greatly when the electrode used in impedance measurement.
Asymmetric triglycerides from Impatiens edgeworthii seed oil.

Abstract Impatiens edgeworthii Hook F. seed oil, which contains acetate, parinarate, and the more common fatty acyl groups, was hydrogenated to give mainly α-acetodistearin. The hydrogenated oil produced a plain negative optical rotatory dispersion curve. Comparison of the dispersion curve with those of α-acetodiacyl triglycerides synthesized by stereoselective methods indicates that the triglycerides of Impatiens edgeworthii seed oil have the ( S )-configuration.
Quantitation of 4-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-(3-methylsulfanyl-2-{2- [(morpholine-4-carbonyl)amino]-3- phenylpropionylamino}propionylamino)butyric acid isopropyl ester (CP-80, 794), a renin inhibitor, and its hydrolytic cleavage metabolite 2-[(morphine-4-carbonyl)amino]-3-phenylpropionic acid (CP-84,364) in dog and human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

Simple and precise high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assays were developed and validated for the determination of a renin inhibitor (RI), 4-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-3-(3-methylsulfanyl-2-{2-[(morphine-4-carbonyl)amino]- 3-phenylpropionylamino}propionylamino)butyric acid isopropyl ester (CP-80, 794, I), and its hydrolytic cleavage metabolite, 2-[(morpholine-4-carbonyl)amino]-3-phenylpropionic acid (CP-84, 364, II) in dog and human plasma. The internal standard for I, CP-83,092 (III, a carbon-substituted derivative of I) and analyte were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using n-butyl chloride, cleaved to form a fragment containing a primary amine, and subsequently fluorescently derivatized for measurement by HPLC. Samples were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC using a Waters C18 column with fluorescence detection at 390 nm excitation/440 nm emission. The quantitation limit of I was 10 ng/ml and the calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.01–1.0 μg/ml (r2>0.99). In dog and human plasma, intra-and inter-assay precision ranged from 2.3 to 16% and 3.0 to 18%, respectively. The average recoveries were similar (≥63%) for both I and III and the upper limit of quantification of I can be as high as 4 μg/ml. The internal standard for II, CP-96,452 (IV, a methoxy derivative of II) and analyte were extracted by anion-exchange solid-phase extraction and subsequent liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert.-butyl ether. Samples were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC using a Waters C18 column with ultraviolet detection at 214 nm. The quantification limit of II was 20 ng/ml and the calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.02–2.0 μg/ml (r2>0.99). In dog and human plasma, intra- and inter-assay precision ranged from 2.6 to 13.0% and 1.8 to 2.0%, respectively. The average recoveries were similar (≥75%) for both II and IV and the upper limit of quantification of II can be as high as 20 μg/ml. The methods described have been successfully applied to the quantification of II can dog and human plasma samples over a 2 year period.
Failure of physiologic doses of pure UVA or UVB to induce lesions in photosensitive cutaneous lupus erythematosus: implications for phototesting.

Background: Phototesting studies in cutaneous lupus erythematosus have yielded variable results, with most trials reporting photo-induction of lesions by both UVA and UVB in substantial numbers of patients. Objectives: To determine the minimal erythema dose in patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) and controls. Patients/methods: We phototested nine patients with SCLE and 14 skin type-matched controls, using repetitive dosing of UVA1 and UVB, but with filters that removed most of the shorter UVC and longer infrared and visible light. In addition, DNA was isolated from anticoagulated blood to genotype the TNF-α 308 region in each patient and control. Results: We were unable to demonstrate a difference in minimal erythema dose (MED) between patients and controls, or any correlation of MED with either TNF genotype or systemic drug therapy for SCLE. In addition, no SCLE skin lesions were induced in the nine patients with either UVA or UVB, and one patient cleared a skin lesion after low-dose UVA1 irradiation. Conclusions: The potential role of wavelengths outside the UVA and UVB range in the photo-induction of cutaneous lupus skin lesions needs to be investigated, and there is a need to standardize phototesting equipment and procedures for patients with cutaneous lupus erythematous.
Fracture characterization of short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyester in mixed mode (I, II) by the J-integral

Abstract The crack initiation ( J c ) of short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyester (polybutylene terephthalate) under a mixed mode (I, II) loading condition was characterized by the J-integral. Tensile tests were performed with center cracked specimens having angle β between the crack plane and the direction of loading. J c values for different values of β were obtained from the slopes of least square fitted lines relating the strain energy to initial crack length. The strain energy was obtained by subtracting the remotely dissipated energy from the total energy. J I and J II values are estimated from the experimentally obtained J-integral value of a mixed mode crack. Based on such an estimation, it is shown that the J c of a mixed mode crack can be evaluated from J Ic , J IIc and β.
Hereditary Haemolytic Anaemia due to an Abnormal Haemoglobin (Haemoglobin Kings County)

Two patients in an American Negro family with a hereditary non-spherocytic haemolytic Heinz-body anaemia, mesobilifuscinuria, and an abnormal haemoglobin have been studied. The absence of any abnormality in the red cell metabolism and the presence of a thermolabile fraction of the haemoglobin constituting 10 per cent of the patients’total haemoglobin make us believe that the cause of the haemolysis is the abnormal haemoglobin. Since this haemoglobin appears to differ from all the other abnormal haemoglobins described in patients having congenital non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia, a new name (haemoglobin Kings County) is proposed for it.
Axonal transport and the delivery of pre-synaptic components.

The mechanisms for delivering components to nerve terminals are diverse and highly regulated. The diversity of kinesin motors alone is insufficient to account for the specificity of delivery. Additional specificity and control are contributed by adaptor proteins and associated regulatory molecules. The interaction of cargos with these complexes can confer distinct behaviors on the transport of synaptic organelles. The rich regulatory mechanisms of transport that are only now emerging as the cargo–motor complexes are defined and subsequent local events that regulate their dynamic relationship are examined. Here we review recent studies of kinesin-related axonal transport of three crucial synaptic components, Piccolo-bassoon Transport Vesicles (PTVs), Synaptic Vesicle Precursors (SVPs), and mitochondria, and the mechanisms that modulate their transport.
SERUM GLYCOSYLATED PROTEINS (GP): PREDICTORS OF MATERNAL-FETAL HYPERGLYCEMIA AND FETAL B.WT.?

The usefulness of serum GP in detection of subtle hyperglycemia was studied in 3 groups of mother/infant pairs: 20 normal/20 AGA(GrI): 20 normal/20 MACRO, > 4.0kg (GrIII) and 9 diabetic mothers/10 neonates (GrIII). Two diabetics were class A, 4 class B and 3 class C. Maternal serum HbA1c and GP and cord GP were measured at delivery. Maternal age, gravidity, parity and gest. age were similar. GrII mothers gained more wt(p<0.01) than GrI(mean±SD, 41±13 vs 28±7 lbs resp.) but not sig. diff. than GrIII mothers (33±12 Ibs). B.Wt. and B.Wt.ratios were greater (p<0.01) in GrII (4.4±.3kg; 1.39±.1 resp.) than in GrI (2.9±.3kg; 0.9±.08) or GrIII(3.3±.9kg; 1.08±.25) neonates. HbA1c and GP were: GP values were above the 95th %ile in 44% of moms and 80% of newborns in GrIII as compared to 5% in GrII or GrI patients (p<0.01). Maternal GP correlated sig. (p<0.001) with cord GP in GrI (r=.87) and GrII (r=.77) but not in GrIII pairs. B.Wt., B.Wt.ratio and plasma glucose at 1hr correlated poorly with HbA1c and maternal or cord GP; however, B.Wt. and B.Wt.ratio correlated sig. (p<0.01) with maternal wt. gain. In summary, 1) GP are more useful than HbA1c in detecting short term hyperglycemia in diabetic mothers and infants at delivery; 2) glucose intolerance in macrosomic newborns and their mothers may be too subtle for detection by serum GP; 3) B.Wt. can be sig. correlated with maternal wt. gain but not with serum GP. ** p < 0.001
Myeloid cell lines: Tools for studying differentiation of normal and abnormal hematopoietic cells

Acute myeloid leukemia is caused by one or several transforming events which usually result in a block of myeloid precursor cell maturation. Human cell lines can serve as model for hematopoietic cells arrested at different stages of myeloid differentiation. These homogeneous populations help to dissect the cellular and molecular events involved in leukemogenesis, such as proto-oncogene activation. Furthermore, the efficacy and mechanism of action of compounds inducing differentiation of leukemic cells can be studied. Finally, these lines can permit the analysis of proliferation and differentiation of normal myeloid precursor cells.
More Than an Answer: Information Relationships for Actionable Knowledge

Research on information processing, managerial cognition, and social networks demonstrates that people rely on other people for information. However, this work has not specified how seeking information from others results in actionable knowledge--knowledge directed at making progress on relatively short-term projects. This research employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate how personal sources of information contribute to actionable knowledge. Our qualitative study found that people cultivate different kinds of information relationships that are the source of 5 components of actionable knowledge: (1) solutions (both know-what and know-how), (2) referrals (pointers to other people or databases), (3) problem reformulation, (4) validation, and (5) legitimation. Our quantitative study revealed that, while source expertise predicted receipt of these components of actionable knowledge, so too did expertise of the seeker and features of the relationship between the seeker and source. We draw implications from these findings for the study of social capital and organizational learning.
Job change: A study of an acute job stressor

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between job entry and job stress. Skill uncertainty, defined as having inadequately developed job skills, was thought to be associated with the stress reaction. In a longitudinal study of 62 transferred employees, skill uncertainty was associated with both negative emotional arousal 1 month after job entry and with positive emotional arousal 3 months after job entry.
Setting up a crisis recovery plan.

When companies, institutions, or for that matter even nations suddenly find themselves face to face with a disaster, more often than not the necessary forces can be quickly marshaled to deal with the matter at hand. However, when the dust begins to settle, the aftershocks are often more devastating and costly to the organization over the long term than the original crisis. That is why crisis recovery planning should be a part of any strategic planning process.
Hepatocellular Ubiquitin Expression in α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Studies of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in α1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency have been performed using only biochemical and molecular biology techniques on human cells as well as on AAT-deficient transduced cell lines. The objective of our study was to assess the immunohistochemical and topographic features of ubiquitin in the livers of AAT-deficient children with and without active liver disease. Fourteen cases of AAT deficiency were retrieved from our archives, along with 10 control liver specimens obtained from autopsies of age-matched children with no clinical, gross anatomic, or histologic evidence of liver disease. Twelve of 14 cases of AAT deficiency were cirrhotic explanted livers from transplantations procedures. Two cases were noncirrhotic liver biopsies from asymptomatic patients. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) histochemistry and AAT immunostains were performed on all AAT-deficient liver specimens to verify the diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry with polyclonal ubiquitin antibodies was performed on all specimens. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity was present in all AAT livers while control livers were consistently negative or weakly reactive. In cirrhotic livers, ubiquitin immunoreactivity was strongest in the cytoplasm whereas the characteristic PAS-positive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules appeared nonreactive. However, not all cirrhotic livers showed this pattern. Some were only focally positive (<5% of hepatocytes). In asymptomatic patients, ubiquitin staining was diffuse and moderate to prominent, and evenly distributed within individual hepatocytes and lobules. We therefore conclude that the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway is operative in the hepatocytes of AAT-deficient livers, as illustrated by the study of ubiquitin immunoreactivity. However, some AAT-deficient livers are only focally immunoreactive for ubiquitin. This may indicate an intrinsic defect of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in some patients.
The prediction of the viscosity of liquid hydrocarbons and their mixtures as a function of temperature and pressure

On presente des modeles empiriques pour le calcul de la viscosite des hydrocarbures et de leurs melanges, y compris ceux qui comportent du gaz carbonique, pour une large gamme de temperatures et de pressions. La procedure est simple, fournit toujours une reponse raisonnable et est etonnamment precise pour les fluides et les conditions que l'on a etudiees. Le modele est effectivement plus precis que les autres modeles actuellement utilises, telles les methodes des etats correspondants qui sont beaucoup plus compliquees. En outre, dans de nombreux cas, le modele est entierement predictif, ne requerant que le point d'ebullition normal comme donnee d'entree. La capacite predictive du modele est egalement verifiee avec plusieurs melanges de petrole
Relaxation of extrinsic and intrinsic stresses in germanium substrates with silicon films

Abstract Si films were deposited on Ge substrates at 400 °C by two different Physical Vapor Deposition techniques: (A) ion beam sputtering and (B) magnetron sputtering. The intrinsic stresses in the as-deposited films were measured to be compressive and much greater in samples (A), about −1500 to −2000 MPa than in samples (B), about −300 to −500 MPa. The substrates were subsequently exposed to thermal treatments for varying times at 800 °C. In the lower stressed (B) samples, the films had relaxed and reduced the overall curvature of the structure whereas in the high stresses (A) samples, an irreversible large increase in the substrate curvature was found to occur. This indicated that plastic deformation in the Ge substrates itself had occurred.
Pharmacological modulation of phosphorylation mechanisms in heart and vasculature

Changes in the extent of phosphorylation of key regulatory proteins/enzymes that are intimately involved in either intermediary metabolism or contraction/relaxation in both cardiac and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) are regulated by cyclic nucleotides (cAMP/cGMP) or Ca2+. Ca2+ regulates phosphorylation by stimulation of kinase activity through two regulatory cofactors: the calcium-binding protein calmodulin (which activates myosin light chain kinase—MLCK) or phosphatidylserine plus diacylglycerol (which activates protein kinase C—PKC). MLCK is different in VSM vs. cardiac muscle; it is larger and present in higher concentrations in VSM. Myosin light chain phosphorylation is requisite for rapid force generation in VSM and may also be related to stress maintenance. The primary regulatory mechanism in cardiac muscle is thin-filament linked; myosin light chain phosphorylation is relatively slow and is not related to rapid changes in inotropy. PKC activation in VSM may be related to non-rapid stress development via phosphorylation of a unique 25-kDa substrate. Two isozymic forms of cAMP-dependent protein kinase exist in both cardiac and VSM. Activation of cAMP protein kinase in response to cAMP-related cardiotonic or vasodilator agents has been reported. However, differences in subsequent phosphorylation of selected substrates exists in cardiac muscle for agents such as PGE and isoproterenol. Activation of cGMP protein kinase has also been demonstrated in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. A positive relationship appears to exist between kinase activation and relaxation of the latter tissue by ANF. Several substrates for cAMP protein kinase that may be linked to positive inotropy have been identified in cardiac muscle. Phosphorylation of phospholamban increases Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Phosphorylation of a 15-kDa protein in the sarcolemma may be related to an increase in opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. On the contractile proteins, phosphorylation of the troponin I subunit as well as phosphorylation of C-protein may contribute to the increased rate of relaxation observed with β-agonists. In VSM, phosphorylation of MLCK by cAMP protein kinase decreases affinity of MLCK for Ca2+ -calmodulin and inhibits light chain phosphorylation and subsequent actin-myosin interactions. However, while MLCK phosphorylation has been demonstrated in intact smooth muscle, functional loss of Ca2+ -calmodulin binding and the relationship to relaxation by β-agonists have not been apparent. Other substrates for cAMP and cGMP protein kinase have been identified in intact VSM and membranous preparations. Recently, naphthalene and isoquinoline sulfonamide protein kinase inhibitors have been disclosed, which demonstrate different relative potencies for these protein kinases. Moreover, some of these agents are vascular relaxants or platelet aggregation inhibitors. These agents may aid in the search for specific modulators of protein phosphorylation systems and also delineate the role of these systems in cardiovascular function.
A Model of Linear Arm Movements with Preview Constraints

This study extends Fitts's law for linear and serial arm movements to incorporate constraints on the preview (distance) for each movement. A simple first-order linear model relating mean movement time to Fitts's index of difficulty (ID) variable and a preview-constraint ID variable was found to explain 92% of the variation in movement time. The results, which were based on a sample of 12Ss, showed that the preview-constraint variable contributed more to the movement time than did Fitts's ID variable. The information rate generated was 6·2 bits/sec, which was about half that produced by similar tasks involving no preview constraints and about 60% higher than that produced by rotary arm movements with preview constraints. The relatively large error rates generated were predominantly overshoot errors. The highest error rates occurred for the more difficult tasks as reflected by large ID values. Both movement times, error rates and parameter estimates showed large variations between individual Ss. The mean mo...
On the structural sensitivity of purely strained planar premixed flames to strain rate variations

Abstract The effects of aerodynamic straining on the structure and response of adiabatic, unrestrained, equidiffusive, planar premixed flames were experimentally and computationally studied via the counterflow, twin-flame configuration formed by oppositely directed identical jets of nitrogen-diluted, near-stoichiometric methane/air mixtures. Experimentally, the velocity, temperature and major species concentration profiles were determined as functions of the applied strain rate by using LDV and spontaneous Raman scattering. Computationally, the experimental situation was simulated with detailed reaction mechanisms and transport properties. Both the experimental and computational results show that the temperature and species structure of the flame in the direction normal to the flame surface remains largely similar in response to variations in strain rate as long as the flame is sufficiently far away from the stagnation surface so that incomplete reaction is minimal. These results substantiate the concepts that the scalar structure of the flame, and thereby the flame thickness, are insensitive to strain rate variations for these purely strained flames, and that these flames cannot be extinguished by straining alone. The computed results are further shown to agree quantitatively with the experimental data, hence supporting the usefulness of the computational model for the simulation of strained flames. Implications of present findings on the concept of the local flow time, the extinction of strained flames, the modelling of turbulent flames through the concept of laminar flamelets, and flame stabilization and blowoff, are discussed.
Cardiovascular risks and elevation of serum DHT vary by route of testosterone administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Potential cardiovascular (CV) risks of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) are currently a topic of intense interest. However, no studies have addressed CV risk as a function of the route of administration of TRT. Two meta-analyses were conducted, one of CV adverse events (AEs) in 35 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TRT lasting 12 weeks or more, and one of 32 studies reporting the effect of TRT on serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). CV risks of TRT: Of 2,313 studies identified, 35 were eligible and included 3,703 mostly older men who experienced 218 CV-related AEs. No significant risk for CV AEs was present when all TRT administration routes were grouped (relative risk (RR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76 to 2.13, P = 0.34). When analyzed separately, oral TRT produced significant CV risk (RR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.45 to 3.55, P = 0.015), while neither intramuscular (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.28 to 1.56, P = 0.32) nor transdermal (gel or patch) TRT (RR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.62, P = 0.48) significantly altered CV risk. Serum testosterone/DHT following TRT: Of 419 studies identified, 32 were eligible which included 1,152 men receiving TRT. No significant difference in the elevation of serum testosterone was present between intramuscular or transdermal TRT. However, transdermal TRT elevated serum DHT (5.46-fold, 95% CI: 4.51 to 6.60) to a greater magnitude than intramuscular TRT (2.20-fold, 95% CI: 1.74 to 2.77). Oral TRT produces significant CV risk. While no significant effects on CV risk were observed with either injected or transdermal TRT, the point estimates suggest that further research is needed to establish whether administration by these routes is protective or detrimental, respectively. Differences in the degree to which serum DHT is elevated may underlie the varying CV risk by TRT administration route, as elevated serum dihydrotestosterone has been shown to be associated with CV risk in observational studies.
Role of the N- and C- terminal dimer interfaces of 434 repressor in recognizing sequence-dependent DNA structure.

The binding of proteins to specific DNA sequences plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression. Crucial to understanding how these proteins exert their effects is insight into the stru...
Evolutionary Bilevel Optimization for Complex Control Tasks

Most optimization algorithms must undergo time consuming parameter adaptation in order to optimally solve complex, real-world control tasks. Parameter adaptation is inherently a bilevel optimization problem where the lower level objective function is the performance of the control parameters discovered by an optimization algorithm and the upper level objective function is the performance of the algorithm given its parametrization. In this paper, a novel method called MetaEvolutionary Algorithm (MEA) is presented and shown to be capable of efficiently discovering optimal parameters for neuroevolution to solve control problems. In two challenging examples, double pole balancing and helicopter hovering, MEA discovers optimized parameters that result in better performance than hand tuning and other automatic methods. Bilevel optimization in general and MEA in particular, is thus a promising approach for solving difficult control tasks.
The Temporal Cascade of Neural Processes Underlying Target Detection and Attentional Processing During Auditory Search

The posterior visual event-related potential (ERP) component, the N2pc, has been widely used to study lateralized shifts of attention within visual arrays. Recently, Gamble and Luck (2011) reported an auditory analog of this activity (the fronto-central "N2ac"), reflecting the lateralized focusing of attention toward a Target sound among 2 simultaneous auditory stimuli. Here, we directed an electrophysiological approach toward understanding auditory Target search within a more complex auditory environment in which rapidly occurring sounds were distributed across both time and space. Trials consisted of ten 40-ms monaural sounds rapidly presented to the 2 ears: 8 medium-pitch tones and 2 deviant sounds (one high and one low). For each block, one deviant type was designated as the Target, which participants needed to identify within each trial to discriminate its tonal quality. The extracted electrophysiological results included a very early enhancement, starting at approximately 50 ms, of a bilateral negative-polarity auditory brain response to the designated Target Deviant (compared with the Nontarget Deviant), followed at approximately 130 ms by the N2ac activity reflecting the lateralized focusing of attention toward that Target. The results delineate the tightly orchestrated sequence of neural processes underlying the detection of, and focusing of attention toward, Target sounds in complex auditory scenes.
Dumping Syndrome, a Cause of Acquired Glycogenic Hepatopathy:

A 2-year-old boy, having undergone fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease and fed by gastrostomy, presented with recurrent emesis, syncope with hypoglycemia, and persistently elevated serum liver transaminase levels. Liver biopsy revealed hepatocellular glycogenosis by light and electron microscopy. Further evaluation showed no evidence of diabetes mellitus, glycogen storage disease, or corticosteroid use. Since the hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic state of dumping syndrome would provide a mechanism for hepatocellular glycogenosis, the biopsy findings prompted consideration of dumping syndrome. Metabolic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of dumping syndrome, and appropriate dietary management led to sustained resolution of symptomatology and hypertransaminasemia. Dumping syndrome is proposed to be a cause of hepatocellular glycogenosis, the latter representing a form of acquired glycogenic hepatopathy.
Research commentary-challenges for parents and families: demands of caregiving of children with chronic conditions.

The challenge for parents and families is to balance the caregiving demands of the ir ch i ld ' s chronic condition while maintaining their health and quality of life. GROWING UP WITH a chronic condition or physical disability is challenging for both children and their families (Christian, 2003). Families manage their child's care and the complex treatment regimen associated with the child's chronic condition on a daily basis. It is important to note that families provide the majority of care for children with chronic conditions at home. This shift in caregiving of children with chronic conditions to home care has created additional demands on parent caregivers and families. Managing the child's chronic condition at home may create stress and burden related to the child's daily care, coordinating specialty health care, and interfacing with a variety of systems, such as schools, insurance companies, and government agencies, in the family's environment (Christian, 1998). There is evidence that parents of children with chronic conditions and physical disabilities are in poorer emotional and physical health than parents of healthy children due to the demands of caregiving (Murphy, Christian, Caplin, & Young, 2007). Indeed, child behavior, caregiving demands, and family functioning are the most important predictors of health and well-being for parents of children with cerebral palsy (Raina et al., 2005). Moreover, families adapt to their child's chronic condition by reframing their perspectives about family health and learning to balance the caregiving demands with the demands of everyday life (Christian, 1993). With advances in health care and technology, children with chronic conditions are living longer, and conditions that were once acute and life-threatening, such as cancer, have become