cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schemes for efficient transmission of encoded video streams on high-speed networks

Abstract In this paper, we argue that significant performance benefits can accrue if integrated networks im-plement application-specific mechanisms that account for the diversities in media compression schemes.Towards this end, we propose a simple, yet effective, strategy called Frame Induced PacIcei Discarding,in which in which, upon detection of loss of a threshold number (determined by an application's videoencoding scheme) of packets belonging to a video frame, the network attempts to discard all the remain-ing packets of that frame. In order to analytically quantify the performance of FIPD so as to obtainfractional frame losses that can be guaranteed to video channels, we develop a finite state, discrete timemarkov chain model of the FIPD strategy. The fractional frame loss thus computed can serve as thecriterion for admission control at the network. Performance evaluations demonstrate the utility of theFIPD strategy. 1 Introduction The emergence of a variety of variable bit rate (VBR) video compression techniques (such as JPEGand MPEG) promise to drastically cut down the bandwidth requirements of video services. Whereasthe availability of high bandwidth networks make it feasible to support multiple video streams simul-taneously by reserving network resources (e.g., bandwidth and buffer space at the switches) to meetthe peak requirements of video streams, the statistical variations in video frame sizes yielded by thecompression schemes make such straightforward schemes highly inefficient. Consequently, schemes forefficient transmission of encoded video streams that rely on statistical multiplexing techniques to exploitthe variability in bandwidth requirements are gaining prominence.However, enhancing the network utilization by employing statistical multiplexing techniques mayyield occasional violations of the quality of service (QoS) requirements of video services (e.g., end-to-end delay, loss tolerance, etc.). In order to bound the magnitude of these violations, future integrated
Spectrum of pulmonary sequestration: Association with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infants

Pulmonary sequestration is a spectrum of related lesions, each of which may be absent or present: (1) bronchial sequestration of pulmonary parenchyma; (2) arterial supply from systemic circulation; (3) anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the right atrium; (4) communications between bronchus and esophagus; (5) defects of diaphragm; (6) gross lung anomalies, such as horseshoe lungs or hypoplasia. Any combination of these primary lesions can occur in an individual patient. Diagnosis should be directed towards each component of the spectrum. Of special importance is the venous connection, as anomalous pulmonary venous drainage can involve not only the sequestered segment but the entire ipsilateral lung, making surgical therapy far more complex. Treatment of choice is surgical resection, associated, if needed, with rerouting of the pulmonary venous return.
Dynamics of a Vicsek fractal: The boundary effect and the interplay among the local symmetry, the self-similarity, and the structure of the fractal.

The role of the boundary condition on the transverse vibrations of an nth-stage Vicsek fractal as n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} was studied using nearest-neighbor interactions. Our findings indicate that, although the interplay among the local symmetry, the self-similarity, and the structure is the underlying reason for the unusual properties of the Vicsek fractal, the boundary condition has definitely left its imprint on almost every feature of the dynamics of the system.
Superior vena cava compression during posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. A case report.

Known complications of prone positioning for spinal surgery include visual impairment, blindness, meralgia paresthetica, and elevated intra-abdominal pressure1-3. There are a plethora of positioning frames and tables available for spinal surgery. Much of the focus in positioning the patient is to leave the abdomen hanging freely in order to reduce intra-abdominal pressure. Elevated abdominal pressures have been shown to lead to elevated inferior vena cava pressure, which results in increased blood loss during surgery4,5. In this report, we discuss a patient who had temporary compression of the superior vena cava caused by prone positioning on the patient chest pad of the Jackson spinal table during surgery. The patient and her family were informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and they consented. A sixteen-year-old postmenarchal female had a 45° left lumbar curve and a 45° right thoracic curve that, despite bracing when the patient was younger, had continued to progress and were no longer balanced. The trunk had shifted to the left and the patient's head was no longer centered over the pelvis (Fig. 1-A). She was experiencing increasing lumbar back pain and reported having difficulties with balance. After discussion of the risks and benefits of operative compared with nonoperative treatment for idiopathic scoliosis, the patient and her family selected operative intervention. Fig. 1-A Preoperative posteroanterior radiograph. Fig. 1-B One-year postoperative posteroanterior radiograph. In the operating room, general endotracheal anesthesia was induced. Intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and motor evoked potentials commenced immediately after induction. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol and remifentanil intravenous infusions and low-dose sevoflurane (0.2 MAC [minimum alveolar concentration]). The maintenance anesthetic was adjusted and maintained at a constant rate prior to the onset of the critical surgical period. Invasive arterial pressure monitoring …
Regulation of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis by Dynamic Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination

Summary Background Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding yeast requires the regulated recruitment and disassociation of more than 60 proteins at discrete plasma membrane punctae. Posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination may play important regulatory roles in this highly processive and ordered process. However, although ubiquitination plays an important role in cargo selection, functions for ubiquitination of the endocytic machinery are not known. Results We identified the deubiquitinase (DUB) Ubp7 as a late-arriving endocytic protein. Deletion of the DUBs Ubp2 and Ubp7 resulted in elongation of endocytic coat protein lifetimes at the plasma membrane and recruitment of endocytic proteins to internal membranes. These phenotypes could be replicated by expressing a permanently ubiquitinated version of Ede1, the yeast Eps15 homolog, which is implicated in endocytic site initiation, whereas EDE1 deletion partially suppressed the DUB deletion phenotype. Both DUBs are capable of deubiquitinating Ede1 in vitro. Conclusions Deubiquitination regulates formation of endocytic sites and stability of the endocytic coat. This regulation appears to occur through Ede1, because permanently ubiquitinated Ede1 phenocopies deletion of UBP2 and UBP7 . Moreover, incomplete suppression of the ubp2Δ ubp7Δ phenotype by ede1Δ indicates that ubiquitination and deubiquitination are likely to regulate additional components of the endocytic machinery.
Listen with Your Heart: Listening to People with Disabilities

Abstract This four-year study investigated how a disability affects the listeners' ability to attend, perceive, interpret, remember and respond to a speaker with multiple sclerosis. Written evaluations indicated a more serious problem existed when listeners were not informed of the speaker's disability.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation The Interventionist Vision

Percutaneous catheter-based interventions are an emerging area in the treatment of valvular heart disease. Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty was initially introduced by Cribier et al1 in 1985 for patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis. This technique results in moderate hemodynamic improvement and significant clinical improvement, but it is associated with significant periprocedural morbidity and mortality and with a very high hemodynamic and clinical restenosis within 6 to 12 months after the procedure.2 Today, this technique is used mainly as a bridging technique to surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) or to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).2–4 The early results of percutaneous catheter-based valve replacement are promising. The first percutaneous heart valve replacement was performed by Bonhoeffer in 2002 in the pulmonary position5,6 and by Cribier in 2002 in the aortic position.7,8 Nowadays, TAVI has evolved to become a valid therapeutic option for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are inoperable or are at very high risk for surgical AVR.7–10 Recently, TAVI has been offered to select patients with good results. In Europe, TAVI is now an established, evidence-based alternative to open AVR in patients with aortic stenosis who are unsuitable for conventional cardiac surgery. Recent reported studies from the United States have demonstrated that for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are not candidates for surgery, TAVI with the Edwards SAPIEN valve significantly reduced mortality compared with standard treatment (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves [PARTNER] trial, cohort B).9,10 Currently, there are 2 first-generation percutaneous valves in clinical application, a balloon-expandable Edwards SAPIEN and a self-expandable valve (CoreValve), with several other second-generation new players achieving first-in-human application. Since 2002 when the first TAVI in a human was reported by Cribier et al,7 percutaneous heart …
Effects of drying, heating, annealing, and roasting on carbonate skeletal material, with geochemical and diagenetic implications

Abstract Carbonate skeletons subjected to drying, heating, annealing, or roasting at elevated temperatures as part of routine sample preparation for chemical analyses or geochemical experiments differ significantly from skeletal materials as they occur in nature. Heating of skeletal samples can degrade organic material, expel H2O and OH−, reduce the concentration of some trace elements, and change the mineralogy and texture of the material. Thermal degradation of organics and expulsion of water in inclusions, which can occur at temperatures of 100–105°C, cause fracturing and pitting of skeletal samples; areas of pitting reflect original concentrations of volatile phases within the skeleton. Coralline aragonites are partially or completely altered to calcite at temperatures of 150°C or higher; the degree of alteration varies with temperature and duration of heating, and genus of the coral. High Mg calcites (HMCs) tend to form calcian dolomite and multiple HMCs of lower Mg content on heating, but the rate of alteration is related to the taxonomic group rather than the Mg content; echinoids alter very rapidly (dolomite detectable by X-ray diffraction formed in Clypeaster heated for 6 h at 200°C), while the coralline red alga Neogoniolithon showed no alteration after heating at 400°C for 23 h. Mineralogical alteration of coralline aragonites and echinoid HMCs is positively correlated with water loss. Skeletal carbonates comprise a very diverse and heterogeneous suite of materials, and their diversity and heterogeneity are reflected in their responses to heating. Variations in rate and degree of alteration on heating, in many cases between different subsamples of material produced by the same organism, make it difficult to obtain a consistent product from heat treatment. Many workers have used high temperature experiments to model diagenetic processes, and the results of this study have implications for diagenetic alteration as well as for laboratory analyses and experiments.
Alkalic and Tholeiitic Basaltic Volcanism Related to the Rio Grande Depression, Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico

Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks in and near the northern Rio Grande depression, a major intracontinental tension-rift structure, vary systematically in petrology and chemistry with distance from the depression. Basalts and basaltic andesites of alkalic affinities, commonly showing evidence of crustal contamination, were erupted east and west of the depression concurrently with its formation, whereas little-contaminated tholeiitic basalts filled parts of the depression late in its history. Eruption of the contrasting basalt types was in part concurrent. The lateral change from alkalic to tholeiitic basaltic volcanism may reflect different conditions of magma generation in the mantle that are related to changes in crustal thickness and thermal gradient across the rift. Recent experimental studies suggest that the variations in magma composition may be due to differing depths of magma fractionation, the tholeiitic basalts originating at shallower depths than the alkalic basalts.
Application of aerosol hygroscopicity measured at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains site to examine composition and evolution

A Differential Mobility Analyzer/Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA/TDMA) was used to measure submicron aerosol size distributions, hygroscopicity, and occasionally volatility during the May 2003 Aerosol Intensive Operational Period (IOP) at the Central Facility of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains (ARM SGP) site. Hygroscopic growth factor distributions for particles at eight dry diameters ranging from 0.012 micrometers to 0.600 micrometers were measured throughout the study. For a subset of particle sizes, more detailed measurements were occasionally made in which the relative humidity or temperature to which the aerosol was exposed was varied over a wide range. These measurements, in conjunction with backtrajectory clustering, were used to infer aerosol composition and to gain insight into the processes responsible for evolution. The hygroscopic growth of both the smallest and largest particles analyzed was typically less than that of particles with dry diameters of about 0.100 micrometers. It is speculated that condensation of secondary organic aerosol on nucleation mode particles is largely responsible for the minimal hygroscopic growth observed at the smallest sizes considered. Growth factor distributions of the largest particles characterized typically contained a nonhygroscopic mode believed to be composed primarily of dust. A model was developed to characterize the hygroscopic properties of particles within a size distribution mode through analysis of the fixed size hygroscopic growth measurements. The performance of this model was quantified through comparison of the measured fixed size hygroscopic growth factor distributions with those simulated through convolution of the size-resolved concentration contributed by each of the size modes and the mode-resolved hygroscopicity. This transformation from sizeresolved hygroscopicity to mode-resolved hygroscopicity facilitated examination of changes in the hygroscopic properties of particles within a size distribution mode that accompanied changes in the sizes of those particles. This model was used to examine three specific cases in which the sampled aerosol evolved slowly over a period of hours or days.
Credit card fraud: awareness and prevention

Purpose – To make readers aware of the pervasiveness of credit card fraud and how it affects credit card companies, merchants and consumers.Design/methodology/approach – A range of recent publications in journals and information from internet web sites provide corroboration and details of how fraudsters are using credit cards to steal billions of dollars each year. Numerous schemes and techniques are described in addition to recommendations as to how to help control this growing type of fraud.Findings – Credit card fraud is a healthy and growing means of stealing billions of dollars from credit card companies, merchants and consumers. This paper offers current information to help understand the techniques used by fraudsters and how to avoid falling prey to them.Research limitations/implications – This fraud relies on technology currently available and the easy ability to obtain machinery to steal individual identities and account information, and to produce fraudulent credit cards. Information cited is cu...
Taurine: An overview of its role in preventive medicine

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), well known for its role in bile salt synthesis, is also involved in a number of crucial physiological processes including modulation of calcium flux and neuronal excitability, osmoregulation, detoxification, and membrane stabilization. With the exception of cow's milk, taurine is widely distributed in foods from many animal, but not plant, sources. Although taurine is synthesized from sulfur-containing amino acids, concern has been expressed about the adequacy of endogenous sources, especially in neonates. Accordingly, proprietary milk formulas are now supplemented with taurine. Retinal dysfunction occurs in taurine-deficient animals. A milder form of this condition has been observed in children on long-term total parenteral nutrition. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible role for taurine administration in congestive heart disease, acute hepatitis, cystic fibrosis, and myotonia. Further studies are required before taurine can be routinely advocated for use in these and other disorders. Recent discoveries concerning taurine's role in cellular proliferation and membrane protection underscore its physiological significance. In this context, taurine's interaction with other nutrients, biochemicals, and xenobiotics warrants extensive exploration. As a conditionally essential nutrient, taurine has several important preventive medical applications.
The MPEES Journal: 1997-2006.

The articles published in the Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (MPEES) journal over the first 10 volumes were categorized by content area and methodology. The authors have offered opinions here concerning the changes observed over the 10-year period, the areas that are well-represented, and other potential areas of research that were not included. The purpose and intent of the journal has been to publish measurement research in areas related to physical education and exercise science. Although the content areas included in the journal have broadened over the years, the original purpose of the journal has remained the same.
Immobilization of biomolecules on poly(vinyldimethylazlactone)-containing surface scaffolds.

We describe the successful development of a procedure for the step-by-step formation of a reactive, multilayer polymer scaffold incorporating polymers based on 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone (VDMA) ...
Linear Models for Cell Means and Reciprocal Within Cell Variances

Abstract The analysis of variance, fixed effects model, is a method for studying the effects of changes in the levels of several factors on the mean of a random variable. It fits a linear model to the cell means under the assumption that all cells have a common variance. When this assumption does not hold, it may be possible to fit a linear model to the reciprocal cell variances. Two such models, differing in their treatment of the mean, are presented here. Both are mathematically tractable and either may be sufficient to explain the variance pattern.
Aspect-oriented approach to early design modelling

Developers of modern software systems are often required to build software that addresses security, fault-tolerance and other dependability concerns. A decision to address a dependability concern in a particular manner can make it difficult or impossible to address other concerns in software. Proper attention to balancing key dependability and other concerns in the early phases of development can help developers better manage product risks through early identification and resolution of conflicts and undesirable emergent behaviours that arise as a result of interactions across behaviours that address different concerns. The authors describe an aspect-oriented modelling (AOM) approach that eases the task of exploring alternative ways of addressing concerns during software modelling. The paper focuses on use of the AOM approach to produce logical, aspect-oriented architecture models (AAMs) that describe how concerns are addressed in technology-independent terms. An AAM consists of a set of aspect models and a base architecture model called the primary model. An aspect model describes how a dependability concern is addressed, and a primary model describes how other concerns are addressed. Composition of the aspect and primary models in an AAM produces an integrated view of the logical architecture described by the AAM. Composition can reveal conflicts and undesirable emergent properties. Resolving these problems can involve developing and analysing alternative ways of addressing concerns. Localising the parts of an architecture that address pervasive and nonorthogonal dependability concerns in aspect models allows developers to more easily evolve and replace the parts as they explore alternative ways of balancing concerns in the early stages of development.
Normal coordinate ab initio force relaxation

Abstract A procedure for optimization of molecular geometries is presented, combining ab initio calculations with vibrational molecular data from spectroscopy or empirical force fields. Theoretical cartesian forces are transformed to vibrational normal coordinate forces from which geometry increments are calculated. Test results indicate that the method saves considerable effort compared to other optimization schemes.
Towards Gesture-Based User Authentication

Video cameras are extensively used in modern surveillance systems to detect, track, and recognize, objects, people, and anomalies. Their use in user authentication, however, has been limited primarily to close-range face recognition systems. In this paper, we explore user authentication based on gestures captured by a video camera. Unlike pure biometrics, such as fingerprints, iris scans, and faces, gesture-based authentication combines irrevocable biometric information, such as the shapes and relative sizes of body parts, with voluntary movements which can be revoked. Our authentication method applies the empirical feature covariance matrix framework that has previously been used for tracking, face localization, and action recognition, to features extracted from body silhouettes. We have tested the performance of our algorithm in both user classification and user authentication on a database of 20 individuals performing 8 different gestures. We have obtained a 93-99% Correct Classification Rate (CCR) for user classification and a 5-6% Equal Error Rate (EER) for user authentication on single gestures from this dataset. This is a very encouraging result suggesting that gesture-based user authentication may be feasible in scenarios with a limited number of users.
Myopotential interference with DDD pacemakers: endocardial electrographic telemetry in the diagnosis of pacemaker-related arrhythmias.

Abstract Skeletal myopotentials may inhibit the output of unipolar demand ventricular pacemakers, resulting in protracted episodes of asystole in susceptible patients. The new DDD-mode pacemakers have, in addition to a unipolar ventricular lead, a unipolar atrial lead to enable atrioventricular sequential or atrial synchronous function. During clinical investigation of a new dual-unipolar cardiac pacing system programmed to operate in the DDD mode (Pace-setter AFP models 281 and 283), 6 patients were noted (5 men and 1 woman, aged 22 to 68 years) who manifested paroxysmal acceleration of ventricular pacing rate approaching the maximal tracking rate. Two patients also had abrupt slowing or cessation of ventricular output. With the use of atrial electrographic recordings (obtained with telemetry), the following mechanisms of rate change were found: myopotential tracking, myopotential inhibition, interference-mode asynchronous operation, sudden increases in sinus rate, and pacemaker-mediated reentrant tachycardia. In all patients, reprogramming of the implanted devices, based on telemetered atrial electrography, resulted in disappearance of the arrhythmias and loss of symptoms while maintaining the DDD pacing mode. Thus, several mechanisms of rhythm disturbances are peculiar to dual-chamber cardiac pacing systems that use unipolar electrodes. Endocardial telemetry combined with extensive programming capability offers the best opportunity for proper diagnosis and management of these problems.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: An Unexpected Cause

Hyperbilirubinemia is a common cause for newborn hospital admission. Although the cause of hyperbilirubinemia is usually benign and self-limited, there is always a large differential diagnosis. Atypical presenting signs and symptoms, such as significant anemia or bleeding, should encourage further evaluation for underlying disorders, such as inherited coagulation defects. This article describes the case of a 5-day-old infant who presented to the emergency department with hyperbilirubinemia, anemia, and ecchymoses from birth trauma. His hospital course is described, along with a review on the background, evaluation, management, and complications of hemophilia A.
Identification of multiple promoters within the N-ras proto-oncogene.

Abstract N- ras possesses a ‘housekeeping’ promoter, being G + C-rich and devoid of a TATA-box. Transcription initiates at a number of locations within this gene, a phenomena that is generally attributed to the absence of a TATA-box. In this report we investigate the possibility that multiple promoters, which could potentially contribute to the observed 5′ end heterogeneity, exist within the murine N- ras gene. The 5′ region of the gene was subdivided into several fragments, each corresponding to a region in which one or more transcription initiation site(s) had been mapped, and the ability of each fragment to express a reporter gene was assessed. Promoter activity was found associated with three independent, non-overlapping fragments, two of which were located entirely within transcribed regions of the gene. We found that these intragenic promoters were able to express the N- ras gene itself, as well as the reporter gene. In addition, we found that the activity of an intragenic promoter fragment was dependent upon the presence of regions encompassing initiation sites, and that a small fragment (∼ 40 bp) encompassing several initiation sites possessed promoter activity. These data support the existence of an ‘initiator’ element within the N- ras gene. Overall, our results demonstrate that multiple promoters reside within N- ras and suggest that they may play a role in generating the observed mRNA 5′ end heterogeneity. The identification of multiple promoters within N- ras may have important implications regarding the regulation of expression of this gene in normal and malignant tissues. In addition, since a number of other genes with housekeeping promoters also initiate transcription at multiple locations, it is possible that the utilization of multiple promoters may represent a common feature of this class of genes.
Study of In Vivo Plaque Formation

A technique was developed by which plaque accumulations on intraoral artificial surfaces could be viewed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Micrographs of two plaque specimens from a given individual appeared similar; however, plaque specimens from different individuals encompassed a wide range of variation in terms of content and thickness.
Reproduction in Western forms of the Spotted Skunk (Genus Spilogale)

The reproductive cycle of four western forms of Spilogale is de¬scribed and compared with that of eastern forms of the genus. Most adult males possess spermatozoa in their testes and epididymides by June. Some juvenile males attain sexual maturity by September. Copulation occurs in September, at which time both juvenile and adult females are bred. The zygote undergoes cleavage to form a blastula in a normal manner. Further development of the blastocyst is greatly retarded and the embryos float freely in the uterine lumen for approximately 180 to 200 days. Nidation occurs in April. Most litters are born in May after a gestation period of 210 to 230 days. The physiological, cytological, and morphological data presented suggest that the two (eastern and western) populations of Spilogale are distinct species.
Phase transtions in frustrated two-dimensional XY models

We study the fully frustrated $\mathrm{XY}$ model on a square lattice with the use of Monte Carlo simulations. We find a phase transition at a finite temperature ${T}_{I}$ with the specific-heat data being consistent with a logarithmic divergence. The helicity modulus $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ jumps to zero with a value $\frac{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}{{k}_{B}T}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}\frac{2}{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ at a $T\ensuremath{\lesssim}{T}_{I}$. The application of frustrated $\mathrm{XY}$ models to the behavior of coupled Josephson junction arrays is discussed.
Control designs for the nonlinear benchmark problem via the state-dependent Riccati equation method

A nonlinear control problem has been posed by Bupp et al. to provide a benchmark for evaluating various nonlinear control design techniques. In this paper, the capabilities of the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique are illustrated in producing two control designs for the benchmark problem. The SDRE technique represents a systematic way of designing nonlinear regulators. The design procedure consists of first using direct parameterization to bring the nonlinear system to a linear structure having state-dependent coefficients (SDC). A state-dependent Riccati equation is then solved at each point x along the trajectory to obtain a nonlinear feedback controller of the form u=−R-1(x)BT(x)P(x)x, where P(x) is the solution of the SDRE. Analysis of the first design shows that in the absence of disturbances and uncertainties, the SDRE nonlinear feedback solution compares very favorably to the optimal open-loop solution of the posed nonlinear regulator problem, the latter being obtained via numerical optimization. It is also shown via simulation that the closed-loop system has stability robustness against parametric variations and attenuates sinusoidal disturbances. In the second design it is demonstrated how a hard bound can be imposed on the control magnitude to avoid actuator saturation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-Management of Classroom Behavior with Retarded/Disturbed Children

A current trend in classroom behavior analysis is the exploration of self-management procedures. Few studies have used mentally retarded children. This investigation successfully demonstrates the self-management on-task behavior of four mentally retarded/emotionally disturbed children. A series of verbal and gestural cues were used to teach self-assessment and self-reinforcement. The prompts were gradually faded until complete self-management was attained. In addition, the effect upon task performance, accuracy, and disruptive behavior was examined when on-task behavior was reinforced. Results of the study found performance and accuracy to increase for most subjects while disruptive behavior declined. Implications for future research are discussed.
Predicting Buyer-Seller Pricing Disparities

Numerous studies have shown that compensation demanded CD to give up a commodity often greatly exceeds willingness to pay WTP to obtain the same commodity, even in incentive compatible experiments that penalize strategic misrepresentation. Observed CD/WTP disparities are too large to be reconciled with traditional assumptions of economic rationality. A prospect theory-based behavioral framework for predicting CD and WTP is proposed which produces five distinct transaction encoding rules, any one of which can in principle apply to a buyer or a seller. According to this framework, CD/WTP gaps occur when buyers and sellers encode the prospective transaction differently, and gaps can occur in multiple ways, and vary in size, depending on encoding. The transaction encoding framework was tested in two experiments. In Experiment 1, model fits to subjects' CD and WTP for lottery tickets were consistent with the hypothesis that buyers and sellers encode transaction problems differently. Moreover, the quite large observed CD/WTP gaps were explained fully by encoding: When differences between buyers' and sellers' encoding processes were taken into account, their estimated utility value and probability weighting functions did not differ. The present framework and results show that the widely cited endowment effect is but one of several ways in which loss aversion can give rise to CD/WTP gaps. Consistent with this broadened perspective, Experiment 2 demonstrated CD/WTP gaps in the absence of an endowment effect and in the absence of rational economic causes. The transaction encoding framework 1 provides a structured approach for predicting and testing the effects of a variety of task factors on pricing behavior and transaction outcomes, and 2 reveals the useful property that, in many cases, the ratio CD/WTP can be interpreted as a direct measure of the degree of loss aversion.
Disasters, Railway Workers, and the Law in Avalanche Country, 1880–1910

AbstractThis essay examines how skilled Mountain West railway workers in Canada and the United States incorporated environmental problems into their work culture. Through experience they developed ...
Techniques for improved heavy particle searches with jet substructure

We present a generic method for improving the effectiveness of heavy particle searches in hadronic channels at the Large Hadron Collider. By selectively removing, or pruning, protojets from the substructure provided by a k{sub T}-type jet algorithm, we improve the mass resolution for heavy decays and decrease the QCD background. We show that the protojets removed are typical of soft radiation and underlying event contributions, and atypical of accurately reconstructed heavy particles.
A Qualitative Study of Barriers to the Utilization of HIV Testing Services Among Rural African American Cocaine Users

This qualitative study is about barriers to the utilization of HIV testing as perceived by African Americans who have recently used cocaine and who live in the rural Delta region of Arkansas. Affordability, physical accessibility, and geographic availability were not perceived as barriers to HIV testing in this sample, yet acceptability was still perceived as poor. Acceptability due to social mores and norms was a major barrier. Many said testing was unacceptable because of fear of social costs. Many were confident of being HIV-negative based on risky assumptions about testing and the notification process. Small-town social and sexual networks added to concerns about reputation and risk. System approaches may fail if they focus solely on improving access to HIV services but do not take into consideration deeply internalized experiences of rural African Americans as well as involvement of the community in developing programs and services.
A comparison of oral health in spinal cord injury and other disability groups

A controlled pillot study determined oral heallth in persons with quadriplegia due to spinal cord injury, and compared dental disease rates in spinal cord injury and other disability groups. Seventeen adults with spinal cord injury and 17 controls were assessed for dental/medical/social history; manual function; head, neck, and oral lesions; salivary flow; DMFS; and gingivitis, periodontal pockets, plaque, and calculus. Findings were compared with those from prior studies according to the same protocol, for groups of similar age with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, and chronic mental illness. No significant differences between spinal cord injury and control subjects were noted, except that fewer spinal cord injury subjects brushed daily or flossed (p < 0.05); dependent subjects tended to have more plaque and gingivitis than those brushing independently. Subjects with spinal cord injury and mental illness had less gingivitis than those with mental retardation and cerebral palsy (p < 0.001); on calculus, subjects with spinal cord injury ranked lower than subjects with mental illness (p < 0.05). On DFS, mentally ill subjects and those with traumatic brain injury ranked higher than mentally retarded and cerebral palsy groups, with spinal cord Injury subjects intermediate. Mentally retarded and traumatic-brain-injured subjects had fewer teeth than other groups (p < 0.05). The findings suggest differences in oral health status and oral care for various disabled populations.
The 6-DOF Dynamic Model and Simulation of the Tri-Turbofan Remote-Controlled Airship

This paper presents the results of a modeling and research program for the tri-turbofan remote-controlled airship. The purpose of this research is to develop a dynamic model for the purpose of guidance, navigation, and control techniques of autonomous airships. The tri-turbofan simulation environment is a first principle force-based model which makes use of a 6-degree of freedom nonlinear equation of motion of an airship. Also, the tri-turbofan simulation environment calculates the linear longitudinal and lateral-directional models around the velocity trim points. A graphical user interface was developed in MATLAB and an open loop nonlinear Simulink model was integrated into the graphical interface. Finally, the Tri-Turbofan simulation was verified against flight test data acquired using the VICON optical measurement system. This paper illustrates the use of the Tri-Turbofan simulation environment by integrating a simple velocity hold autopilot into a linear longitudinal model of the airship.
Analysis of Safe Operating Area of NLDMOS and PLDMOS Transistors Subject to Transient Stresses

Transient safe operating area (TSOA) of n-type and p-type laterally diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS) subject to transient stresses is presented for electrostatic discharge applications. LDMOS devices connected in the gate-grounded and gate-biased configurations are stressed with 1-, 2-, 5-, 10-, and 100-ns duration transmission line pulses, and a methodology to develop an effective and accurate TSOA based on these measurements is discussed. Two-dimensional technology computer-aided design simulations are also used to discuss critical physical mechanisms governing the current conduction during the transients and the condition that finally leads to device failure beyond the TSOA.
/spl delta/-clusters: capturing subspace correlation in a large data set

Clustering has been an active research area of great practical importance for recent years. Most previous clustering models have focused on grouping objects with similar values on a (sub)set of dimensions (e.g., subspace cluster) and assumed that every object has an associated value on every dimension (e.g., bicluster). These existing cluster models may not always be adequate in capturing coherence exhibited among objects. Strong coherence may still exist among a set of objects (on a subset of attributes) even if they take quite different values on each attribute and the attribute values are not fully specified. This is very common in many applications including bio-informatics analysis as well as collaborative filtering analysis, where the data may be incomplete and subject to biases. In bio-informatics, a bicluster model has recently been proposed to capture coherence among a subset of the attributes. We introduce a more general model, referred to as the /spl delta/-cluster model, to capture coherence exhibited by a subset of objects on a subset of attributes, while allowing absent attribute values. A move-based algorithm (FLOC) is devised to efficiently produce a near-optimal clustering results. The /spl delta/-cluster model takes the bicluster model as a special case, where the FLOC algorithm performs far superior to the bicluster algorithm. We demonstrate the correctness and efficiency of the /spl delta/-cluster model and the FLOC algorithm on a number of real and synthetic data sets.
On Living During the Reformation of Science: Comment

Opposition to science is always with us, but Jacques Ellul is a phenomenon of our time and is therefore an item with which I, as an investigator and a teacher, must reckon. The standard reaction, which has been followed by ninety-nine per cent or more of the fraternity, is to respond with the ‘silent treatment’. Anyone who speaks so imprecisely about science and its applications must not be serious. Arguments are tossed off in Ellul's books which have no explicit referents. No knowledgable person can use his own experience, or his capacity for constructing hypothetical experiments, to test the propositions.
The relationship between beta-endorphin and the growth hormone (GH) response to GH releasing hormone in prepubertal children

Endogenous opioids are thought to participate in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) release through the mediation of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). This study was intended to investigate whether the endogenous opioid beta-endorphin could modulate the GH response to GHRH and if this hypothesis could be demonstrated in children with familial short stature with or without constitutional growth delay. Seventeen children (6 female and 11 male) with stature below the fifth percentile were studied to rule out disorders in growth hormone dynamics. All had normal growth velocities, had appropriate predicted heights for their families and had normal GH levels on standard testing. Eight were prepubertal and 9 were Tanner II. All were given 0.1 mcgm/kg (1-44)hpGHRH-NH2 IV. Blood for growth hormone was obtained at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Blood for beta-endorphin and cortisol was obtained at 0 and 60 minutes. The basal beta-endorphin level significantly correlated with the peak GH level (r = 0.868, p less than 0.05) in the prepubertal group only. In the same group of children, the degree of the negative feedback on the beta-endorphin level correlated significantly with the rise in GH level (r = 0.912, p less than 0.01). However, there was no correlation between the basal beta-endorphin and the peak GH level nor between the rise in GH level and the change in beta-endorphin in the pubertal children. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that beta-endorphin levels affect the GH response to GHRH in prepubertal children, but have no discernible effect on the GH response to GHRH in pubertal children.
An Experimental Study of Thermophoretic Deposition of Aerosol Particles in Laminar Tube Flow with Mixed Convection

The thermophoretic deposition of aerosol particles in mixed-convection, laminar tube flow with a cooled wall is considered. The presence of free convection alters the velocity and temperature profiles for laminar tube flow relative to the constant-properties case. Previous modeling results (Walsh, Weimer, and Hrenya, in press), show that the modified flow fields lead to changes in the cumulative deposition-efficiency profiles (i.e., deposition as a function of axial distance). In particular, deposition in vertical, downward flow is higher at short axial distances as compared to the upward counterpart, while overall deposition efficiencies (i.e., total deposition in the tube) for both cases are closer in magnitude. In this study, experimental data is obtained in an attempt to qualitatively and quantitatively validate the model predictions for the effects of free convection on cumulative deposition efficiencies. To explore the effects of free convection, two cases are considered: (1) comparison of systems w...
Digital phase modulation using polynomial phase functions

A new digital phase modulation format is proposed which uses polynomial functions of time to phase modulate a sinusoidal carrier. Information bits from the source are mapped to the coefficients of the polynomial. The receiver decodes information by estimating the coefficients of the polynomial and mapping the estimates back to the corresponding bits. A transmitter and receiver structure for the polynomial phase modulation format is given. An example of the decoding algorithm is given for a quadratic polynomial phase signal. Compared to conventional phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats with the same rate (in bits/symbol), a significant gain in the error performance over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels is observed. The normalized effective bandwidth of is computed and compared for a quadratic and cubic polynomial phase modulated signal. The effective bandwidth shows the dependence of the spread of the power spectrum on the coefficients and the order of the polynomial.
Drug Interaction Potential with Inhibitors of HIV Protease

We conducted a retrospective chart review to estimate the potential for drug interactions in subjects infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 when a protease inhibitor was added to existing therapy. Medical records of 50 patients in each of three immunologic strata (CD4 cell counts/microl < 100, 100-199, 200-500) were randomly selected from records of all patients receiving care at the clinic; 114 records were evaluable. The probabilities of one interaction or more were 31%, 42%, and 77% of patients if treated with indinavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir, respectively, across all CD4 groups; when the CD4 count was below 100 cells/microl, the probabilities were 55%, 63%, and 93%. Many of these interactions, however, resulted from administration of rifabutin, a drug likely to decrease in importance as less toxic alternatives become more widely administered. The potential for drug interactions is high when starting protease inhibitor therapy, especially in patients with low CD4 cell counts who receive ritonavir. Concurrent therapy must be evaluated before treatment, as many agents are either contraindicated or require dosage modification.
Review of the Physiological Effects of Amyl, Butyl, and Isobutyl Nitrites

(1980). Review of the Physiological Effects of Amyl, Butyl, and Isobutyl Nitrites. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 317-329.
Unusual thyroid tumors: a review of pathologic and molecular diagnosis.

The most common thyroid neoplasms are either follicular derived (papillary, follicular and Hurthle cell lesions) or C-cell derived (medullary carcinoma). The diagnosis of these tumors can usually be made at the histologic level, with immunohistochemical stains necessary in some circumstances. Specific molecular mutations have been described that can be diagnostically useful or explain, in part, their pathogenesis, including the well-known Ret/PTC and PPARγ-PAX8 translocations, point mutations in the Ret, Ras and BRAF genes, and loss of heterozygosity of multiple different tumor suppressor genes. Some unusual tumors of the thyroid gland are more difficult to diagnose. In examining these lesions, the pathologist may use the hematoxylin and eosin-stained morphology, coupled with an analysis of the immunohistochemical staining profiles and possibly analysis of the underlying molecular mutational patterns. These less common thyroid tumors include tall cell and cribriform-morular variants of papillary carcinoma...
Improved strained HEMT characteristics using double-heterojunction In/sub 0.65/Ga/sub 0.35/As/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As design

The DC and microwave properties of strained In/sub 0.65/Ga/sub 0.35/As/In/sub 052/Al/sub 0.48/As HEMTs (high electron-mobility transistors) with double-heterojunction design are presented. The high sheet carrier density and good carrier confinement give rise to excellent device performance with very low output conductance. For 1*150- mu m/sup 2/ long-gate HEMTs, the measured cutoff frequency f/sub T/ and maximum frequency of oscillation f/sub max/ are as high as 37 and 66 GHz, respectively. >