cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subsistence fishing in a 21st century capitalist society: From commodity to gift

Abstract In this paper, we examine the extent, range, and diversity of noncommercial wild ocean seafood subsistence harvests among commercial operators in Washington and California, USA and test the relationship between subsistence drivers and market behavior. Analyzing data from Pacific Fisheries Information Network between 1990 and 2010, we show that over 17 million kg of fish and shellfish were kept for personal use. We used general additive models to examine patterns in proportion of personal use versus price for the top 10 species retained over the 20-year period for each of the three population groups: Washington commercial tribal (indigenous) fishing operators, Washington commercial nontribal operators, and California commercial fishing operators. Out of the 26 species-price relationships tested, only one fits the market relationship with statistical significance and the model failed to predict personal use patterns for any of the other species. We conclude that market sensitivity is not a reliable predictor for subsistence behavior. Although a nominal figure in the overall seafood catch, the presence of subsistence practices among 21st century market-based commercial fishing operators reveals a more diverse array of economic systems than previously imagined. We suggest that alternative economies, including subsistence and associated community share systems, function to improve human wellbeing and strengthen community resilience by increasing food security and community food systems, engaging in a quality of life practice, and supporting social networks through seafood gifting and sharing.
THE INSTITUTIONS OF CULTURAL STUDIES

An account of the disciplinary problematic of cultureal studies. How does a theoretical and analytic enterprise take on an institutional form? Special reference to the establishment of a program in cultural studies at the University of Oklahoma.
Abstract A77: Targeting lymphocyte exclusion in metastatic osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in pediatric and adolescent/young adult patients. Over the past three decades, significant improvements in the survival rates or therapeutic approaches for these patients have not been made, especially in the context of metastatic disease. While immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape in various adult malignancies, its impact in OS has been largely underwhelming. Currently, it is unknown whether the lack of therapeutic benefit of immune checkpoint inhibition observed in patients with OS is truly due to treatment inefficacy rather than a limited understanding of the tumor microenvironment that supports this aggressive disease. To address this knowledge gap, we have performed targeted gene expression profiling of metastatic and nonmetastatic osteosarcoma specimens. Our data demonstrate that T cells are largely excluded from the metastatic specimens and that this exclusion significantly correlates with markers of vascular instability. In a pathologic setting, such as that of cancer, VEGF and ANG2 signaling promote vascular instability, which limits leukocyte extravasation and subsequent tumor infiltration. Our data suggest that vascular destabilization mediated by VEGF/ANG2 signaling impedes T-cell infiltration specifically in metastatic OS and identify these molecules as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Laurie Sorenson, Troy A. McEachron. Targeting lymphocyte exclusion in metastatic osteosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A77.
Commentary on Reardon, Kalogrides, and Ho’s “Validation Methods for Aggregate-Level Test Scale Linking: A Case Study Mapping School District Test Score Distributions to a Common Scale”:

The studies presented by Reardon, Kalogrides, and Ho provide preliminary support for a National Assessment of Educational Progress–based aggregate linking of state assessments when used for researc...
12-Lead Electrocardiograms Acquired and Transmitted by Emergency Medical Technicians are of Diagnostic Quality and Positively Impact Patient Care.

Introduction: Existing peer-reviewed literature describing emergency medical technician (EMT) acquisition and transmission of 12-lead electrocardiograms (12L-ECGs), in the absence of a paramedic, is largely limited to feasibility studies. Study Objective: The objective of this retrospective observational study was to describe the impact of EMT-acquired 12L-ECGs in Suffolk County, New York (USA), both in terms of the diagnostic quality of the transmitted 12L-ECGs and the number of prehospital percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-center notifications made as a result of transmitted 12L-ECGs demonstrating a ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: A pre-existing database was queried for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) calls on which an EMT acquired a 12L-ECG from program initiation (January 2017) through December 31, 2019. Scanned copies of the 12L-ECGs were requested in order to be reviewed by a blinded emergency physician. Results: Of the 665 calls, 99 had no 12L-ECG available within the database. For 543 (96%) of the available 12L-ECGs, the quality was sufficient to diagnose the presence or absence of a STEMI. Eighteen notifications were made to PCI-centers about a concern for STEMI. The median time spent on scene and transporting to the hospital were 18 and 11 minutes, respectively. The median time from PCI-center notification to EMS arrival at the emergency department (ED) was seven minutes (IQR 5-14). Conclusion: In the event a cardiac monitor is available, after a limited educational intervention, EMTs are capable of acquiring a diagnostically useful 12L-ECG and transmitting it to a remote medical control physician for interpretation. This allows for prehospital PCI-center activation for a concern of a 12L-ECG with a STEMI, in the event that a paramedic is not available to care for the patient.
Understanding the Conductance Dispersion of Single-Molecule Junctions

Molecular junctions have emerged as a powerful tool to investigate chemistry and physics at the single-molecule limit. However, their utility as a platform to develop spectroscopies and construct m...
Cost Effectiveness of Fish Skin Grafts Versus Standard of Care on Wound Healing of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Retrospective Comparative Cohort Study

Introduction Health care policy decision makers seek the highest quality products at the lowest cost for their patients. Cost-benefit analysis is a helpful tool and can be used together with other sources of information to ensure the most efficient use of medical resources. Objective The objective of this retrospective comparative cohort study is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of fish skin therapy compared with standard of care (SOC) on chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Methods Retrospective patient data collected in a single wound care setting from 2014 to 2017 were included. In total, 59 DFUs treated with fish skin were used to calculate transition probabilities for a Markov model in which a hypothetical patient cohort treated with fish skin was compared with an identical hypothetical patient cohort treated with SOC. Cost was from the perspective of the payer, and the time horizon was set at 1 year. Results The model indicated that fish skin treatment could result in lower costs ($11 210 vs. $15 075 per wound), more wounds healing (83.2% vs. 63.4%), fewer amputations (4.6% vs. 6.9%), and a higher quality of life (0.676 vs. 0.605 quality-adjusted life year [QALY]) than the SOC. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis, based on a Monte Carlo simulation, indicated that the fish skin treatment (on DFUs) would be 93.6% likely to be cost effective for a willingness to pay at $100 000 per QALY and 71.4% likely to be cheaper than SOC. Conclusions Including fish skin grafts in the SOC for DFU treatment has the potential to reduce costs while improving patient outcomes.
Advances in vaccine development for human trichuriasis

Trichuriasis known as whipworm infection caused by Trichuris trichiura, is a highly prevalent soil-transmitted helminthiasis in low- and middle-income countries located in tropical and subtropical areas and affecting approximately 360 million people. Children typically harbour the largest burden of T. trichiura and they are usually co-infected with other soil-transmitted helminth (STH), including Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm. The consequences of trichuriasis, such as malnutrition and physical and cognitive growth restriction, lead to a massive health burden in endemic regions. Despite the implementation of mass drug administration of anthelminthic treatment to school-age children, T. trichiura infection remains challenging to control due to the low efficacy of current drugs as well as high rates of post-treatment re-infection. Thus, the development of a vaccine that would induce protective immunity and reduce infection rate or community faecal egg output is essential. Hurdles for human whipworm vaccine development include the lack of suitable vaccine antigen targets and animal models for human T. trichiura infection. Instead, rodent whipworm T. muris infected mouse models serve as a major surrogate for testing immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize recent advances in animal models for T. trichiura antigen discovery and testing of vaccine candidates, while providing an overall view of the current status of T. trichiura vaccine development.
Collaboration between Multiple UAVs for Fire Detection and Suppression

This paper presents the use of two UAVs to detect and suppress fires. The first UAV is the detection system and begins the mission by autonomously flying a predetermined route while scanning an area of interest. The UAV is equipped with an infrared sensor for fire detection and a LiDAR for obstacle detection. The fire intensity and fire location information collected by the detection UAV is then relayed to the suppression UAV to start the next phase of the mission. The second UAV features a suppression system capable of suppressing localized fires using a bucket carrying a retardant appropriate for the mission. It will then navigate autonomously to the desired location, and deploy the suppressant. Development of UAV platforms and experimental results including flight test results are shown.
A theoretical perspective of the physical properties of different RNA modifications with respect to RNA duplexes

Abstract Epitranscriptomic variations include >140 different RNA modifications, many of which can serve as disease biomarkers. Owing to the challenges on synthesizing modified RNA oligos, majority of earlier studies on the effects of RNA modifications to RNA duplexes focused on selected individual epitranscriptomic variation. There are also limited development on the computational modeling of RNA duplexes containing a specific epitranscriptomic variation. This study aims to theoretically estimate the physical properties of different modified ribonucleosides and compare their variations with respect to altering the molecular structure of an RNA duplex.
In the Company of Diamonds: De Beers, Kleinzee, and the Control of a Town

In the Company of Diamonds: De Beers, Kleinzee, and the Control of. Town. Peter Carstens. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001. 258 pp.
Nature of the cone ON-pathway dysfunction in melanoma-associated retinopathy.

PURPOSE. To establish the basis for an ON-pathway abnormality of the cone system in melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) through analysis of the electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP). METHODS. Two patients with MAR syndrome whose sera produced immunolabeling of retinal bipolar cells participated in the study. Full-field ERGs were recorded in response to brief flashes, to rapid-on and rapid-off sawtooth stimuli at a temporal frequency of 8 Hz, and to sine-wave stimuli at temporal frequencies ranging from 8 to 96 Hz. Fundamental responses to the sine-wave stimuli were evaluated within the context of a vector-summation model of the depolarizing bipolar cell (DBC) and hyperpolarizing bipolar cell (HBC) contributions to the response fundamental. VEPs were recorded to the onset of luminance increments and decrements that had contrasts of 10%, 20%, and 50%. The patients' results were compared with those of age-similar control subjects. RESULTS. The patients with MAR showed abnormal ERG responses to luminance increments consisting of a marked attenuation of the initial portion of the b-wave, but their ERG responses to luminance decrements were normal in amplitude and timing. The ERG temporal response functions of the patients with MAR had normal amplitudes at frequencies of 32 Hz and higher, with a constant phase lag across these frequencies, but larger-than-normal amplitudes at frequencies below 32 Hz. and a phase lead at 8 Hz. Their VEP responses showed a marked delay to increments but only a minimal delay to decrements. CONCLUSIONS. Within the context of the vector-summation model, the ERG findings in the patients with MAR are more consistent with an attenuation of the DBC contribution to the ERG response than with a DBC response delay. The delayed VEP responses of the patients with MAR to luminance increments may represent a late response of the OFF system to increment onset.
Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs to multiple neurotransmitter receptors.

Publisher Summary As antipsychotic drugs appear to act mainly via blockade of central D2 dopamine (DA) receptors, the hypothesis that DA is primarily involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia has gained wide acceptance. In recent times atypical antipsychotic drugs, exemplified by clozapine, have been developed. These drugs do not have many of the toxic side effects of typical antipsychotic drugs such as tardive dyskinesia, Parkinsonism, dystonias, akathisia, and elevation of serum prolactin levels. Clozapine remains the prototype of atypical antipsychotic drugs, and no currently available atypical antipsychotic drug appears to have the spectrum of efficacy of clozapine. A large number of putative atypical antipsychotic drugs have been developed that include risperidone, olanzepine, sertindole, ziprasidone, seroquel, melperone, and others. The fact that atypical antipsychotic drugs, as a group, have relatively high affinity for a number of different receptors suggests that ascribing the unique effects of any one member of this group to a particular receptor is likely to be unproductive. It is more likely that the unique effects of clozapine, for instance, are because of a spectrum of binding to several receptors. This chapter investigates the spectrum of drug binding of clinically available atypical antipsychotic drugs to multiple DA and 5HT receptors and compares their binding spectrums with typical antipsychotic drugs. It is discovered that atypical antipsychotic drugs are, in general, characterized by low D2 dopamine receptor affinity and relatively high affinities for various 5HT receptors (5HT2A, 5HT2C, 5HT6, and 5HT7).
Cost-Benefit Analysis of an Otolaryngology Emergency Room Using a Contingent Valuation Approach.

ObjectivesDedicated otolaryngology emergency rooms (ERs) provide a unique mechanism of health care delivery. Relative costs and willingness to pay (WTP) for these services have not been studied. Th...
Fusarium polycaprolactone depolymerase is cutinase.

Polycaprolactone (PCL), a synthetic polyester, is degraded by a variety of microorganisms, including some phytopathogens. Many phytopathogens secrete cutinase, a serine hydrolase that degrades cutin, the structural polymer of the plant cuticle. We compared wild-type strains and a cutinase-negative gene replacement mutant strain of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (D. J. Stahl and W. Schafer, Plant Cell 4:621-629, 1992) and a wild-type strain of Fusarium moniliforme to show that Fusarium cutinase is a PCL depolymerase. The wild-type strains, but not the mutant strain, (i) degraded PCL and used it as a source of carbon and energy, (ii) showed induction of secreted PCL depolymerase and an esterase activity of cutinase when grown in the presence of cutin, and (iii) showed induction of PCL depolymerase and an esterase activity of cutinase when grown in the presence of a hydrolysate of PCL, which contains PCL oligomers that are structurally similar to the natural inducers of cutinase. These results together with other details of regulation and conditions for optimal enzyme activity indicate that the Fusarium PCL depolymerase, required for degradation and utilization of PCL, is cutinase.
What patients are reading about noninvasive prenatal testing: an evaluation of Internet content and implications for patient-centered care.

Objective Patients' use of the Internet as a source of health information is increasing. The objective of this study was to describe and evaluate Internet-based information about noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT), an important new genetic test currently available to high-risk women in early pregnancy. Methods Websites were sampled using leading search engines to mirror Internet-based search patterns of individuals seeking information about NIPT. Content analysis was conducted to assess website reading level, quality, and content. Results Basic information about NIPT use as a screening test was accurately described. Overall, sampled websites lacked balance and comprehensive information about NIPT and the complexity of decision making involved in electing for its use. All websites were written at reading levels higher than currently recommended levels for public health information. Conclusion While online resources should be used with reservation, they can be an important tool to support effective communication and patient-centered care. Online information can help both health care providers and pregnant patients who face a growing number of fetal genetic testing options. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of ethanol from infant food formulas by common yeasts

Four common yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Torulopsis glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were combined with five infant food formulas and/or supplements (Isomil, Nutramigen, 5% glucose, Coca Cola and Similac) and incubated at 37 degrees C. Gas chromatography was used to measure ethanol production after 24 and 48 h incubation. The quantities of ethanol produced suggest a possible explanation for patients exhibiting the 'Auto-Brewery Syndrome' and raises interest in the role auto-produced ethanol could have in explaining the etiology of Sudden Infant Death.
Negotiated transitions to democracy: Israel and the Palestinians as a case study

This article applies the Huntingtonian framework used by Jung and Shapiro to study South Africa's democratic transition to the Israeli‐Palestinian case. While leaders’ incentives pushed negotiators towards a highly inclusive constitutional order in South Africa, in the Israeli‐Palestinian case they pushed negotiators towards a highly exclusive order, crafted by means of a unique and bizarre but as yet unstudied electoral system. While the Palestinian entity may develop into a full‐fledged democracy in the long run, in the medium term it will not be truly democratic because political life affords no room for legitimate opposition. The findings suggest that transplacements in which the outgoing power does not plan to participate in the new political system may generally lead to highly exclusive political orders.
Reflections on Landin's J-operator: a partly historical note

Abstract Landin's J-operator was the first attempt to extend the λ-calculus with a non-functional control facility. We show in this note how the extended language can be embedded in Scheme. This finally clarifies the relationship between the J- and the call/cc-operator. Beyond the historical perspective the note simultaneously provides insight into the programming with continuations and the construction of language embeddings for the clarification of semantic issues.
A variational characterization of the equation of transfer

Abstract A variational principle is presented which allows one to obtain a variational estimate of an arbitrary functional of the solution to the equation of radiative transfer. It is shown that this functional can be derived, in contrast to the usual variational procedure of guessing a functional and then proving correctness. It is further shown that if this functional is viewed in the Lagrangian sense, all reference to the adjoint equation can be eliminated. Hence to derive approximate descriptions of radiative transfer one only requires a trial function for the specific intensity. A generalization of the Eddington approximation based on this formalism is suggested.
Effects of hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and muscle shortening on cell death in the sheep ductus arteriosus.

After birth, constriction of the full-term ductus arteriosus produces ischemic hypoxia, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation (>70% of cell nuclei are positive by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling [TUNEL] technique), and permanent ductus closure. In contrast, the preterm ductus frequently fails to develop these changes. We used the TUNEL technique to examine rings of fetal ductus arteriosus (incubated for 24 h at different oxygen and glucose concentrations) to determine the roles of 1) constriction and shortening, 2) hypoxia, and 3) hypoglycemia in producing cell death. Under controlled conditions, late-gestation ductus rings had a low rate of TUNEL-positive staining (0.6 ± 0.9%) that did not change during muscle shortening. Although hypoxia (6.9 ± 3.5%) and hypoglycemia (2.4 ± 1.9%) increased the incidence of TUNEL-positive staining, only the combination of hypoxia-plus-hypoglycemia increased the incidence to the range found in vivo (83 ± 9.5%). The combination of hypoxia-plus-hypoglycemia was associated with an oligonucleosomal pattern of DNA fragmentation. Under the same experimental conditions, the preterm ductus was capable of developing a similar degree of TUNEL-positive staining as found at term. Although caspase-3 and caspase-7 were activated in rings exposed to hypoxia-plus-hypoglycemia, a nonselective caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD.FMK (which inhibited caspase-3 and caspase-7 cleavage in the rings), did not diminish the degree of TUNEL-positive staining. We hypothesize that the preterm ductus is capable of developing an extensive degree of cell death, if it can develop the same degree of hypoxia and hypoglycemia found in the full-term newborn ductus. We also hypothesize that cell death in the ductus wall may involve pathways that are not dependent on caspase-3 or -7 activation.
Subnational Economic Nationalism? The contradictory effects of decentralization in Peru

Abstract Across the third world, transnational corporations (TNCs) and subnational governments (SNGs) are coming into new forms of contact as a result of liberalization and decentralization. Despite scholarly expectations that subnational governments will respond by seeking out foreign direct investment, in much of Latin America these governments are confronting rather than courting transnational corporations. Conceptualizing this phenomenon as ‘subnational economic nationalism’, the article explores both how subnational governments are challenging neoliberalism and why these challenges often fail to subvert neoliberal outcomes. By examining two struggles against transnational capital that had different outcomes but that took place within a single subnational jurisdiction (Arequipa, Peru), the article argues that decentralization can work at cross purposes. While voters are increasingly demanding that elected subnational officials adopt nationalist positions vis-a-vis TNCs, these same officials often seek...
Survivorship: finding a new balance.

Objectives To offer personal and professional perspectives on survivorship. Data Sources Personal experience, publications, government resources. Conclusion Challenges experienced by the cancer patient are influenced by numerous factors, including age, type and extent of cancer, treatment schedule and effects, financial well-being, access to support and follow-up, information needs, and family reactions. Challenges are eased through a kind word and guidance from those whom patients lean on the most and respect, the nurse. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses play an important role in preparing the patient and their families to have realistic expectations and balance the demands along the journey of survivorship.
Semen studies on phenylketonurics

Abstract Semen ejaculates of adult phenylketonurics (PKUs) were studied. Four adult classical PKUs had significantly decreased volumes of semen and sperm counts compared to four controls. A significant inverse relationship was found between serum phenylalanine concentrations and volumes of semen as well as serum phenylalanine concentrations and sperm counts of the PKUs. Amino acid analyses and light and electron microscopic studies of the semen did not reveal any specific abnormality in the PKUs. These findings suggest that the severity of the metabolic derangement in male PKUs manifested in serum phenylalanine concentration correlates with decreased volumes of semen and sperm count.
An Accurate and Stable Numerical Method for Solving a Micro Heat Transfer Model in a One-Dimensional N-Carrier System in Spherical Coordinates

We consider the generalized micro heat transfer model in a 1D microsphere with N-carriers and Neumann boundary condition in spherical coordinates, which can be applied to describe nonequilibrium heating in biological cells. An accurate Crank–Nicholson type of scheme is presented for solving the generalized model, where a new second-order accurate numerical scheme for the Neumann boundary condition is developed so that the overall truncation error is second order. The scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable and convergent. The present scheme is then tested by three numerical examples. Results show that the numerical solution is much more accurate than that obtained based on the Crank–Nicholson scheme with the conventional method for the Neumann boundary condition. Furthermore, the convergence rate of the present scheme is about 1.8 with respect to the spatial variable, while the convergence rate of the Crank–Nicholson scheme with the conventional method for the Neumann boundary condition is only 1.0 with respect to the spatial variable. The scheme is ready to apply for thermal analysis in N-carrier systems.
Spectra of smash products

LetT=R #H be a smash product whereH is a finite dimensional Hopf algebra. We show that ideals ofT invariant under the dualH* ofH are extended fromH-invariant ideals ofR. This allows us to transport the study of ideals inT to invariant ideals. When the Hopf algebra is pointed the relationship between an ideal and its invariant ideal is shown to be manageable. Restricting to prime ideals, this yields results on the prime spectra ofR andT. We obtain Krull relations forR ⊆T for someH, including Incomparability wheneverH is commutative (or more generally whenH* is pointed after base extension). The results generalize and unify a number of results known in the context of group and restricted Lie actions.
In the Company of Geneticists

This is a book about the history of genetics, mostly focusing on classical aspects. This historical work provides a more detailed look into the history of genetics that will benefit anyone studying or teaching the subject, particularly undergraduate instructors who could then provide various angles about pivotal discoveries. James Schwartz, an independent scholar, begins his detailed and well-researched book dealing with Charles Darwin and Francis Galton—slowly treading into pivotal discoveries that took place mostly in Europe. The second part of the book takes the reader to the United States and concentrates on the work done on chromosomes using the fruit fly in Thomas Hunt Morgan's lab and the significant applications that emerged from such work. Only the Epilogue deals with advances in molecular genetics.
Profiles of Personal Resiliency in Youth Who Have Experienced Physical or Sexual Abuse

To determine whether children and adolescents (7-17 years old) who had experienced physical, sexual, or both types of abuse reflected distinct profiles of personal resiliency, we administered the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA) to 250 youth. We performed cluster analyses with T scores for the RSCA Self-Mastery, Relatedness, and Emotional Reactivity scales, and four profiles of resiliency representing high (20%), average (28%), and slightly below-average (30%) resiliency, and high vulnerability (22%) were identified. The youth with the high vulnerability profile described themselves as more depressed and were rated by their parents as having more internalizing and externalizing problems than the youth with high resiliency. We propose different treatment approaches that might be used with youth representing each of the four different profiles. Language: en
Does value-at-risk encourage diversification when losses follow tempered stable or more general Lévy processes?

In this paper, we address the question of when portfolio selection based on Value-at-risk encourages diversification [in the sense of Ibragimov (Quant Financ 9(5):565–580, 2009)]. Specifically, we give sufficient conditions for the case when losses follow a Levy process. When the process has finite variation, these conditions are also necessary. We then specialize our results to the case when losses have tempered stable distributions.
The Differential Emission Measure of Nested Hot and Cool Magnetic Loops

The detailed thermal structure of the magnetized solar transition region, as measured by itsdeferential emission measure [DEM(T)], is poorly known. Building on the fact that the solar surface is strongly magnetized and thereby structured, proposals have been made that envision a significant lower-temperature contribution to the energy balance from (ion) heat fluxacross an arcade of different temperature loops. In this paper, we describe aself-consistent, 2-D, MHD simulation, which includes the full thermal effects of parallel stability and anisotropic conduction, of a nested-loop model of the thermal and magnetic structure of the transition region. We then demonstrate that the predicted DEM agrees with observations in the conceptually elusiveT < 105K regime.
Schwellenphänomen, Paradigmenwechsel, Popularitätserfolg: Hybridisierung und Konkretisierung des spätmittelalterlichen Liebeslieds als Erfolgsrezept beim Mönch von Salzburg

Einigkeit herrscht daruber, dass der weiterhin nicht anders als Monch von Salzburg zu bezeichnende Liebesdichter der unumstritten popularste Liederproduzent seiner Zeit gewesen ist. Seine geistlich...
From dhow culture to the diaspora: ZIFF, film, and the framing of transnational imaginaries in the western Indian Ocean

Coastal East Africa has been dramatically re-imagined in recent years. Popular culture and mass media have played a central role in sparking new visions of how Zanzibar in particular “connects” with the wider world. For more than a decade now, both the Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF) and the Sauti za Busara music festival have worked to resituate Zanzibar regionally and within a wider diasporic and transnational Indian Ocean milieu. Through the staging and promotion of these annual festivals, culture has become a key tool for development, linked to tourism, media networking, and the growth of culture industries. ZIFF and Busara attempt to refigure Zanzibar with regard to space and temporality, emphasising certain visions of history and collective identity that are anything but uncontested. In practice and performance, ZIFF and Busara invoke transnational continuities across the Indian Ocean world; pan-Africanism and continental solidarities; the black diaspora; regional connections; and local ...
Non-organic symptom reporting in patients with chronic non-malignant pain

Patients with chronic non-malignant pain are often suspected of reporting medical symptoms that have non-organic as opposed to purely organic origins. According to the somatization hypothesis, non-organic reporting occurs when affective or other benign physical sensations are misconstrued as symptoms of physical disease [corrected]. Psychological tests purporting to assess somatization are limited by their self-report format and may be confounded in patients with physical disease or injury. Measures of somatization may also be influenced or biased by underlying differences in depression or anxiety. In order to obtain an unbiased estimate of somatization, therefore, it is necessary to control for the influence of extraneous variables. In the present study, symptom report scales designed to assess somatization, symptom amplification, and disease conviction were administered to a group of 100 patients with chronic non-malignant pain. The strategy was to determine whether any of these tests could account for individual differences in illness behavior. Specifically, the set of dependent measures included: length of disability; frequency of medical visitation; activity level; and level of domestic functioning. The most successful predictor of patient behavior was the Somatization Scale (Derogatis et al. 1974) which correlated positively and significantly with each dependent measure. In order to examine the possibility that scores on this test were biased by differences in organic pathology, three physician pain specialists were asked to rate the morbidity of each item on the scale. A multiple regression analysis was then performed to examine whether differences in symptom morbidity, depression, or anxiety could account for the correlation between symptom ratings and illness behavior. The analysis showed that while depression and anxiety were significantly correlated with measures of illness behavior, the Somatization Scale still accounted for a significant amount of unique variance in three out of five dependent variables. Symptom morbidity was significantly correlated with only one measure of illness behavior (Activity Level). In view of these findings, scores on the Somatization Scale were used to classify 25 patients as Symptom Minimizers and another 25 as Symptom Amplifiers. When compared to Minimizers, Amplifiers were disabled for a significantly greater number of days, reported significantly more impairment in domestic functioning, were significantly less active, visited the doctor significantly more often, and were significantly more distressed. The results suggest that substantial differences in disability and medical visitation may exist among patients who may not differ appreciably in their level of organic pathology. Instead, differences in illness behavior may, to some extent, be mediated by differences in somatization.
The Buschke-Loewenstein tumor.

Abstract The Buschke-Loewenstein tumor, clinically indistinguishable from squamous cell carcinoma, is probably a well-differentiated carcinoma from the beginning and should be treated as such. Areas of anaplastic change that develop subsquently probably represent loss of differentiation in a previously well-differentiated malignancy and not the malignant degeneration of a benign lesion. Because of the malignant behavior of this lesion, early aggressive extirpative therapy is recommended.
THE EEG IN DETERMINATION OF BRAIN DEATH

Summary The values and limitations of electroencephalography in the determination of brain death have been reviewed. Electrocerebral silence per se does not necessarily mean total or irreversible brain dysfunction. In the state of brain death the EEG is always silent; however, ECS does not always mean brain death. Electroencephalography, when properly used, can be a most helpful aid to the physician. Clinical criteria alone for the establishment of brain death may lack specificity, and occasional cases with potentially remediable lesions may be overlooked. The diagnosis of brain death cannot be made by only one test. The physician has to make his decision based on the entire clinical picture and results of the studies that are available to him.
Sex-role contradictions: Self-perceptions and ideal perceptions

College students' perceptions of the ideal female, ideal male, and self-portrayal were studied using the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Males and females described themselves and their ideals with regard to sex-typed masculine and feminine characteristics. Females described an androgynous model for themselves and their ideal. Males described an androgynous model for their self-portrayal, but sex-typed portrayals for their ideal male and ideal female. The implication of males' inconsistent pattern of responding is discussed.
Soap Froths and Crystal Structures

We discuss the physics and mathematics of sphere packing and minimal surfaces and use these to explain the crystal symmetries found in macromolecular and supramolecular micellar materials and charged colloids. In the case of molecular assemblies, we argue that the packing entropy of the hard micellar cores is frustrated by the entropic interaction of their brush-like coronas. The observed crystal structures correspond to the Kelvin and Weaire-Phelan minimal foams. We show that these structures are stable for reasonable areal entropy densities.
Gestational weight gain in obese women by class of obesity and select maternal/newborn outcomes: A systematic review

Abstract Background Obesity and gestational weight gain impact maternal and fetal risks. Gestational weight gain guidelines are not stratified by severity of obesity. Aim Conduct a systematic review of original research with sufficient information about gestational weight gain in obese women stratified by obesity class that could be compared to current Institute of Medicine guidelines. Evaluate variance in risk for selected outcomes of pregnancy with differing gestational weight gain in obese women by class of obesity. Methods A keyword advanced search was conducted of English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles using 3 electronic databases, article reference lists and table of content notifications through January 2015. Data were synthesized to show changes in risk by prevalence. Findings Ten articles met inclusion criteria. Outcomes assessed were large for gestational age, small for gestational age, and cesarean delivery. Results represent nearly 740,000 obese women from four different countries. Findings consistently demonstrated gestational weight gain varies by obesity class and most obese women gain more than recommended by Institute of Medicine guidelines. Obese women are at low risk for small for gestational age and high risk for large for gestational age and risk varies with class of obesity and gestational weight gain. Research suggests the lowest combined risk of selected outcomes with weight gain of 5–9 kg in women with class I obesity, 1 to less than 5 kg for class II obesity and no gestational weight gain for women with class III obesity. Conclusions Gestational weight gain guidelines may need modification for severity of obesity.
Toxic effects of various penicillins and cephalosporin derivatives on human amnion cell cultures.

SummaryThe cytotoxicity of a number of penicillin and cephalosporin congeners for cultures of human amnion was determined. The least injurious compounds were found to be 7-aminocephalosporanic and 6-aminopeni-cillanic acids. Addition of a side chain to position 6 of the basic nucleus of penicillin or to position 3 or 7 of cephalosporanic acid appeared to be associated with an increase in capacity to injure cultured cells. Destruction of the antimicrobial activity of penicillin by treatment with penicillinase resulted in an increase in toxicity, while inactivation of cephalothin by exposure to cephalosporinase decreased the tissue damaging effect. These observations suggest a lack of relation between antibacterial effects and the potential for producing cellular injury. Addition of tetracycline to penicillin or cephalothin reduced the cytotoxicity of these agents.
AAAS and public policy: speaking softly and carrying a medium-sized stick

Abstract The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) combines elements of a membership organization, a federation of science and engineering societies, a think tank, and an action organization. The unique nature of AAAS and its history have influenced the shape of its public policy activities. Although the Association was active in policy as far back at the mid-19th century, its current programs were initiated in the post-World War II era, mainly since the mid-1970s, in response to the growing role of science and technology in society and public policy and the increased funding available both from internal and external sources. Lacking a formal policy development process, AAAS seeks to influence the policy climate with activities that engage scientists and engineers in policy, provide information to those involved in policy making, and serve as forums for discussion of S&T issues. Examples include the Policy Fellowship programs and the R&D Budget and Policy Program. From time to time, the Association also conducts studies and expresses its views on important but controversial S&T issues. Recent examples are the report and statement on embryonic stem cell research. Opportunities for expanding AAAS’s policy role to meet the challenges of the 21st century will need to be balanced against risks to established programs.
Ion Trapping for Ion Mobility Spectrometry Measurements in a Cyclical Drift Tube

A new ion trapping technique, involving the accumulation of ions in a cyclical drift tube, as a means of enhancing ion signals for scanning ion cyclotron mobility measurements has been modeled by computational simulations and demonstrated experimentally. In this approach, multiple packets of ions are periodically released from a source region into the on ramp region of the cyclical drift tube and these pulses are accumulated prior to initiation of the mobility measurements. Using this ion trapping approach, it was possible to examine ions that traversed between 1.83 and 182.86 m (from 1 to 100 cycles). Overall, we observe that instrumental resolving power improves with increasing cycle numbers; at 100 cycles, a resolving power in excess of 1000 can be achieved. The utility of this method as a means of distinguishing between analytes is demonstrated by examining the well-characterized model peptides substance P, angiotensin II, and bradykinin.
Theoretical and empirical assessment of a seed mix refuge in corn for southwestern corn borer

Abstract Larval movement in seed mixes of Bt and non- Bt corn ( Zea mays L.) can potentially increase the rate at which resistance evolves compared to a structured refuge. Pyramided Bt crops with multiple efficacious Bt toxins make it less likely that interplant larval movement will be successful within a seed mix field but high levels of larval movement may decrease refuge value as larvae moving from non- Bt plants die on neighboring Bt plants. Estimates of refuge productivity obtained from multi-site field studies evaluating larval movement and survival of the southwestern corn borer (SWCB), Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, in MON 89034 seed mix refuge fields were compared to predictions from model simulations of larval movement within a seed mix refuge. Results from field studies and modeling simulations of interplant movement show that seed mix refuge was a productive source of susceptible SWCB and that successful interplant movement by larvae within a seed mix refuge was unlikely to occur at frequency that would increase the fitness of resistant heterozygotes or low level resistance mechanisms. Combined, these results indicate that MON 89034 with a 5% seed mix refuge is a durable IRM tactic for SWCB across a range of larval movement and refuge assumptions and show that a 5% seed mix refuge can delay resistance longer than a similar-sized structured refuge given the nature of grower compliance with refuge requirements.
The effects of surface compliance on foot pressure in stance

Abstract The purposes of this study are to quantify the changes in pressure distribution and contact area under subjects' feet with respect to the compliance of the supporting surface and to investigate the effect of these changes on center of pressure displacement (COP) during static and dynamic stances. Peak pressure (PP), maximum contact area (maxA) and maximum center of pressure displacement (maxCOP) were quantitatively measured in ten young, healthy subjects standing on a firm surface and on several thicknesses of compliant foam. The results showed a significant reduction in PP and an increase in maxA while standing on foam. There was good correlation between PP and maxCOP only in static stance and on a hard surface.
On the efficiency and optimality of random allocations

Abstract Allocations in a random economy described by an integrably bounded, closed and convex valued, measurable consumption multifunction and a monotone, continuous utility function are studied. The notions of efficiency and optimality of allocations are introduced and compared. Through the use of price systems belonging to L X ∗ ∞ = (L X 1 ) ∗ , a necessary and sufficient condition for optimality is obtained. Also for the case where the allocation belongs to LX∞, it is shown that the efficiency prices can be chosen to be in L X ∗ 1 , although (L X ) ∞ ∗ L X ∗ 1 . Finally, approximate optimality and efficiency are considered and also some stability results are proven when the consumption multifunction or the utility function vary in a certain sense. This work is based on the theory of normal integrands of Rockafellar.
Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO2 in a general circulation model: Part 1: Surface carbon fluxes

The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems due to photosynthesis and respiration has been simulated using a new version of the simple biosphere model (SiB2) and the Colorado State University (CSU) general circulation model (GCM). Parameters associated with the extent and seasonality of vegetation were derived from satellite observations. The fluxes were calculated at the GCM time step of 6 min, so that the diurnal cycle of photosynthesis is well resolved. Annual net primary productivity simulated by the coupled model agrees well with previous estimates in most regions of the world. In some regions (central North America, southeastern South America, southeast Asia), the precipitation simulated by the CSU GCM is less than observed, and in those regions the simulated NPP is less than previous estimates. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle of the simulated net flux is quite similar to previous estimates, but the phase is significantly earlier in the northern temperate and boreal zones, both as simulated by the GCM and when SiB2 is driven off-line using observed meteorological forcing. At the few locations for which observational data are available, the phase of the simulated seasonal cycle of net carbon fluxes agrees well with the data, but at one temperate forest grid cell the amplitude is too low. The phase of the simulated diurnal cycle reproduces observations from a temperate forest, temperate grassland, and tropical forest. The amplitude of the simulated diurnal cycle is close to the observed amplitude early in the season at the temperate grassland site, but deteriorates by late summer because of drought stress due to the less-than-observed simulated precipitation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1996.t01-2-00009.x