cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging ferroelectric transistors with nanoscale channel materials: the possibilities, the limitations

Combining the nonvolatile, locally switchable polarization field of a ferroelectric thin film with a nanoscale electronic material in a field effect transistor structure offers the opportunity to examine and control a rich variety of mesoscopic phenomena and interface coupling. It is also possible to introduce new phases and functionalities into these hybrid systems through rational design. This paper reviews two rapidly progressing branches in the field of ferroelectric transistors, which employ two distinct classes of nanoscale electronic materials as the conducting channel, the two-dimensional (2D) electron gas graphene and the strongly correlated transition metal oxide thin films. The topics covered include the basic device physics, novel phenomena emerging in the hybrid systems, critical mechanisms that control the magnitude and stability of the field effect modulation and the mobility of the channel material, potential device applications, and the performance limitations of these devices due to the complex interface interactions and challenges in achieving controlled materials properties. Possible future directions for this field are also outlined, including local ferroelectric gate control via nanoscale domain patterning and incorporating other emergent materials in this device concept, such as the simple binary ferroelectrics, layered 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, and the 4d and 5d heavy metal compounds with strong spin–orbit coupling.
C 12 on C 12 at 800 MeV/Nucleon: One Fireball or Two?

I demonstrate that a two-fireball model can explain the proton and pion inclusive spectra for collision between light ions at relativistic energies. For havier ions, the one-fireball model is recovered.
Elastic full-waveform inversion for VTI media: Methodology and sensitivity analysis

Most existing implementations of full-waveform inversion (FWI) are limited to acoustic approximations. In this paper, we present an algorithm for time-domain elastic FWI in laterally heterogeneous VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media. The adjoint-state method is employed to derive the gradients of the objective function with respect to the stiffness coefficients and then to a chosen set of VTI parameters. To test the algorithm, we introduce Gaussian anomalies in the Thomsen parameters of a homogeneous VTI medium and perform 2D FWI of multicomponent transmission data for two different model parameterizations. To analyze the sensitivity of the objective function to the model parameters, the Frechet kernel of FWI is obtained by linearizing the elastic wave equation using the Born approximation and employing the asymptotic Green’s function. The amplitude of the kernel (“radiation pattern”) yields the angle-dependent energy scattered by a perturbation in a certain model parameter. Then we convert the general expressions into simple approximations for the radiation patterns of P- and SV-waves in VTI media. These analytic developments provide valuable insight into the potential of multicomponent elastic FWI and help explain the numerical results for models with Gaussian anomalies in the VTI parameters.
Combined Application of Tracer Zero Length Column Technique and Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Studies of Diffusion of Small Sorbate Molecules in Mesoporous Silica SBA-15

Tracer zero length column (TZLC) and pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR techniques were used to study self-diffusion of toluene in two samples of SBA-15 silica. Analysis of the diffusion data allowed us to assign evaluated diffusivities to diffusion of toluene in pore systems of SBA-15 particles. It was observed that there is a large discrepancy between the values of the diffusivities obtained by the two techniques under very similar experimental conditions. The most likely reason of this discrepancy is related to the particular morphology of the SBA-15 particles, which form stringlike aggregates with lengths close to 20−30 μm. As a consequence of the formation of such aggregate structures some mesoporous channels can be as long as the length of these structures. These long channels are expected to have transport barriers at the points of intergrowth of primary particles. Other channels are much shorter and are not expected to exhibit any significant transport barriers. Under the experimental conditions used...
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy utilizing cascaded nonlinear optical interactions

We propose and experimentally validate a new technique for four wave mixing background suppression in coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy by utilizing the cascaded quadratic process in a nonlinear crystal.
Mixtures in Slit-Micropores with Pore-Walls Structured on Both the Atomic and Nanoscale

The grand canonical Monte Carlo method is used to study a binary mixture of Lennard-Jones atoms confined to various corrugated slit-micropores which are in thermodynamic equilibrium with their bulk phase counterpart. The micropore walls have the structure of the (100) face of an fcc lattice. In addition to this atomic scale structure, one wall possesses nanoscale structure in the form of rectilinear grooves (corrugation). The grooved surface divides the confined fluid film into two strip shaped regions. The confined film is studied in each region as a function of groove width, bulk phase composition, and the size of the wall atoms.
The Radiation Oncologist's Perspective on Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Unfavorable gliomas: The basis for single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is largely historical in nature and rooted in conventional thinking. This is derived from the original use of SRS in the treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), where the benefit of single-fraction high-dose radiation is clearly optimal in terms of addressing AVM obliteration kinetics. However, tumor cell kinetics are not the same as AVM obliteration kinetics and therefore may not be optimally addressed by single-fraction SRS. In addition, fractionated (F) SRS, as compared to single-fraction SRS, should allow for sparing of normal tissue damage. The relatively noninvasive nature of SRS allows for the potential of exploiting the use of FSRS and also allows for consideration of delivering FSRS in a split-course fashion. This provides an additional advantage over what can normally be achieved by use of stereotactic brachytherapy, in that sterotactic brachytherapy is likely to be performed only once in the course of a patient's primary treatment. This strategy exploits tumor and/or normal tissue cell kinetics, inclusive of attempting to counteract the initial accelerated tumor growth phase pre-CEBRT(conventional external beam radiation therapy), thereby decreasing the rate of clinical tumor progression during CEBRT. This split-course design should also help to counteract the effect of accelerated tumor repopulation post-CEBRT. Our unique experience with this approach in patients with unfavorable gliomas will be reviewed. Brain metastases: While whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) remains a standard of care in patients with brain metastases, is potential neurocognitive morbidity remains a poorly understood concern. Despite this, and with an increasing role of surgery and/or SRS in the primary management of patients with brain metastasis, recently reported experiences withholding WBRT as part of primary therapy for brain metastases have not analyzed the potential effects on neurological functional status and/or neurocognition associated with the increased risk of brain tumor recurrence seen with such a strategy. We recently evaluated the risk of symptomatic brain tumor recurrence and associated neurologic deficit in 36 patients treated for newly diagnosed unresected brain metastases treated by Gamma Knife SRS alone followed by planned observation. Among the 17 patients (47%) developing brain tumor recurrence, 71% (12/17) were symptomatic and 59% (10/17) had an associated neurologic deficit. Also of interest, the author (WFR) performed a secondary analysis of a randomized phase III study of accelerated hyperfractionation (AH) versus standard accelerated fractionation (AF) in patients with unresected brain metastases. Control of brain metastases had a significant impact on MMSE. It is only among patients with 'uncontrolled" brain metastases that a drop in MMSE score is seen. Details of these studies, along with others, will be reviewed and implications with regards to the complementary role of WBRT in patients undergoing SRS for brain metastases will be discussed.
Type studies in the Hydnaceae - IV. The genus Phellodon

PHELLODON NIGER (Fries) P. Karst. Rev. Myc. 31: 19. i88i Hydnum nigrum Fries, Obs. Myc. I: I34. I815. No specimen was found at Upsala that could be regarded with certainty as the type of the species. Specimens under this name in the herbarium presented considerable diversity of characters. A specimen from Karsten collected in I866 may be considered from its date as having its determination at least approved by Fries. This specimen appears identical in every respect with the American forms which we have referred to the Friesian species2 and we, therefore, believe that we have rightly interpreted the species. Phellodon amicus (Quel.) Hydnum amicum Quel. Grev. 8: II5. I880. Hydnum vellereum Peck, Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 50: I o. I897. The type specimen of H. anicumn Quel. could not be located, but at Paris authentic specimens from Quelet were found which appeared to be identical in all characters with the American H. vellereum Pk. Phellodon pullus (Schaeff.) Hydnumn pullum Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. 4: 98. pi. 272. I774. Hydnum zonatum Gmelin, L. Syst. Nat. 2: I438. I796. Hydnum melaleucum Fries, Obs. Myc. I: 141. 1815. Hydnum leptopus Pers. Myc. Eur. 2: I70. 1825. Hydnum graveolens Delast. Fries, Epicrisis 509. I836-38. There is, of course, no type specimen of Hydnum pullum Schaeff., and our understanding of the species is based chiefly on
Prosperity or Hard Times in Renaissance Italy

Thirty-five years ago Robert Lopez, by his own description, “narrowly escaped lynching” at the hands of non-economic historians for proposing that economic depression was a fundamental cause of the cultural outpouring of the Renaissance (Lopez, 1953). Several years later, Lopez took heart that, despite “their occasional retard,” cultural historians were coming round to his view (Lopez and Miskimin, 408-09). Today, the situation is nearly reversed. A growing number of economic historians no longer subscribe to the depression thesis while most non-economic historians do. I will not speculate about whose “retardation” is to blame, but would like to take stock of some issues raised by the depression debate—a debate that transcends economic issues and raises important questions about definitions, periodization, and the cultural implications of economic conditions.
Archaeological Testing at Two Well Locations in New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas

In March 1989, archaeologists from the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted a subsurface testing program at two localities proposed for well drilling by the Edwards Underground Water District in New Braunfels, Texas. The testing was done to locate and evaluate any archaeological remains which might be affected by well drilling. Prehistoric archaeological remains were encountered at Well Locality 1, but Well Locality 2 was devoid of any cultural materials. No significant damage to archaeological resources is expected with the drilling of the proposed wells. However, monitoring the drilling operation at Well Locality 1 is recommended if subsurface disturbance by heavy equipment is expected in the area of site 41 CM 25.
Cost Analysis of Free Colonoscopies in an Uninsured Population at Increased Risk for Colorectal Cancer.

Background Uninsured patients have poor access to screening colonoscopy and subsequently present with advanced stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) that beget worse outcomes and higher total costs. Providing pro bono colonoscopies to uninsured patients at high risk for CRC can detect early stage disease and be cost-effective. Study Design Patients considered at increased risk for CRC were offered free screening colonoscopies. Patient data from these colonoscopies were collected during a 12-month period, and the incidence of CRC was compared with a control group of uninsured patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. Published estimates derived from SEER Medicare data of health expenditures by CRC stage were used to develop a cost model. To compare overall costs between our cohort and the SEER control, the mean initial cost of care (up to 1 year) was weighted by the stage-specific CRC incidence in each group. Results There were 682 uninsured patients screened, with 9 cancers identified (stage 0, n = 1; stage I, n = 3; stage II, n = 2; and stage III, n = 3) for an incidence of 1.3%. A total cost of $388,137 was estimated to be incurred during the initial phase of care. Compared with the SEER control, our cohort included more early stage cancers and subsequently had a marginally lower per-patient initial cost ($43,126 vs $43,736). Conclusions Our screening criteria successfully identified a high-risk population with an overall 1.3% incidence of CRC. For these patients, the provision of free screening colonoscopies identified earlier-stage tumors and appears to be cost-neutral.
Use of the Transpubic Approach for Urethroplasty in Children

The management of traumatic strictures of the posterior urethra in children poses several problems owing to the limitations of perineal exposure, and the small size and delicacy of the structures involved. We have used a transpubic approach in the repair of strictures of the posterior urethra in 5 children, 4 of whom had previously undergone unsuccessful attempts at repair by other routes. In 2 of the transpubic repairs a patch graft technique was used, and 3 consisted of excision and primary reanastomosis. Two repairs were accompanied by concomitant closure of a failed first-stage Turner-Warwick scrotal inlay. The transpubic approach offered excellent exposure and visualization of the involved anatomy, and facilitated accurate suture placement and tissue realignment in all 5 patients. Final results have been satisfactory in 4 patients. There have been no clinically detectable effects on gait and there have been no significant complications or morbidity associated with this approach.
Collaborative Systems Modeling for Complex Energy Infrastructure: The Case of the Cape and Islands Collaborative Regional Energy Planning.

Large-scale energy planning processes involve a large number of stakeholders with varying technical backgrounds, who nevertheless need to be involved. Given the complexity of the decision-support models that could take into consideration both the technical design of the energy system as well as its impacts on the regional economy, environment and social system, there is a need for a systems methodology that can serve as a collaborative modeling platform that can both capture stakeholder knowledge and concerns and at the same time lend itself to quantification. Using a Stakeholder Assisted Modeling and Policy Design (SAM-PD) methodology, the author facilitated the collaborative planning process for the energy future of the Cape and the Islands together with representatives of 22 stakeholder organizations. The resulting systems model has helped the participants in the planning process to gain a holistic view of the complex system and its inherent feedback loops and behavioral dynamics and can serve as a basis for exploring different options with regards to a variety of attributes of concern to the stakeholders. Stakeholder Involvement in Modeling
Alloimmunisation rates of sickle cell disease patients in the United States differ from those in other geographical regions.

SUMMARY Objectives Comparison of the alloimmunisation rates of patients with sickle cell disease in the Unites States versus other countries. Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients treated with chronic transfusion therapy are at a high risk of red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunisation. Materials and Methods We reviewed published literature describing alloimmunisation rates of SCD patients. Average alloimmunisation rates and number of alloantibodies per transfused patient in the United States and other countries were evaluated. Results Twenty-four studies on alloimmunisation of SCD patients were found, 15 studies with 3,708 patients in the US and 10 studies with 2203 patients from other regions, including South America, the Caribbean, Middle East, Africa and Europe. The United States has a higher alloimmunisation rate (22·33 ± 0·13% versus 16·25 ± 0·35%, p < 0·0001) and a higher number of alloantibodies per transfused patient (0·45 ± 0·003 versus 0·20 ± 0·005, p < 0·0001) than other countries. Brazil with a higher proportion of multi-ethnic donors demonstrated a lower alloimmunisation rate compared to the United States (14·60 ± 0·40% versus 22·33 ± 0·13%, p < 0·0001) and fewer alloantibodies per transfused patient (0·20 ± 0·02 versus 0·45 ± 0·003, p < 0·0001) than the United States. Conclusion SCD patients in the United States had a higher alloimmunisation rate, which could be reduced by a more ethnically diverse donor pool and a more conservative transfusion strategy in non-critical conditions.
Successful percutaneous epicardial catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia arising from the crux of the heart in a patient with prior coronary artery bypass grafting

A 63-year-old man with a history of remote inferior myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) underwent catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Epicardial catheter ablation of the VT was successful at the crux of the heart despite limited mapping within the pericardial space due to pericardial adhesion. Percutaneous subxiphoidal pericardial approach is usually impossible in patients with a history of open heart surgery due to pericardial adhesions. This report suggested that epicardial VT arising from the crux of the heart could be successfully treated by catheter ablation via subxiphoidal pericardial approach despite pericardial adhesions complicated by prior CABG.
Market-Cautious Feminism

Abstract This paper poses the question of whether the mainstream feminist movement in the United States, in concentrating its efforts on achieving gender parity in the existing workplace, is selling women short. In it, I argue that contemporary U.S. feminism has not adequately theorized the problems with the relatively unregulated market system in the United States. That failure has contributed to a situation in which women’s participation in the labor market is mistakenly equated with liberation, and in which other far-ranging effects of the market system on women’s lives inside and outside of work – many of them negative – are overlooked. To theorize the effects of the market system on women’s lives in a more nuanced manner, I borrow from the insights of earlier Marxist and socialist feminists. I then use this more nuanced perspective to outline an agenda for feminism, which I call “market-cautious feminism,” that seeks to regulate the market to serve women’s interests.
An Amino Acid Code to Protein Quaternary Structure

Cellular functions are mediated by protein-protein interactions. How proteins bind interaction partners is largely an open problem. The state of our understanding in protein-protein interactions could benefit greatly from a simple model to probe the complexities of the subject. The knob-socket model has been shown to be an important motif for protein tertiary structure packing. The knob-socket is a four residue tetrahedral motif calculated using Voronoi Polyhedra, where the knob from one secondary structure element packs into a socket formed by three residues from another secondary structure element. It has been shown that the knob-socket model naturally leads to an amino acid code for protein structure. The work presented extends the knob-socket analysis of protein tertiary structure to quaternary structure packing. Using the 3D Complex database of protein-protein interactions, the amino acid composition of knob-sockets at the interface between proteins is described. The extent to which protein tertiary and quaternary structure are similar is described in terms of the knob-socket construct. Furthermore, this work illustrates how knob-socket data can design helices that homodimerize in solution. In conclusion, knob-socket approaches to protein-protein interactions provide a clear and concise classification of protein-protein interactions into three separate classes. Class 1 is defined through peptide-protein interactions. Here, the peptide provides knobs that pack into the already established free sockets of the protein interaction surface. Class 2 is characterized by knobs-sockets shared between the two protein interaction partners. Class 3 is characterized by structure formation upon interaction. Class 3 exhibits induction of protein structure with knob-socket packing from both chains. This can occur for both protein-protein interactions as well as peptide-protein interactions. This knob-socket analysis provides unique insights into the complexity of protein-protein interactions.
Cultivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the Human Spaceflight Environment Leads to Alterations in the Frequency and Spectrum of Spontaneous Rifampicin-Resistance Mutations in the rpoB Gene.

Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are persistent inhabitants of human spaceflight habitats and represent potential opportunistic pathogens. The effect of the human spaceflight environment on the growth and the frequency of mutations to antibiotic resistance in the model organism Staphylococcus epidermidis strain ATCC12228 was investigated. Six cultures of the test organism were cultivated in Biological Research in Canisters-Petri Dish Fixation Units (BRIC-PDFUs) for 122 hours on orbit in the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the SpaceX-3 resupply mission. Asynchronous ground controls consisted of identical sets of cultures cultivated for 122 hours in the ISS Environmental Simulator at Kennedy Space Center. S. epidermidis exhibited significantly lower viable counts but significantly higher frequencies of mutation to rifampicin (Rif) resistance in space vs. ground control cultures. The spectrum of mutations in the rpoB gene leading to RifR was altered in S. epidermidis isolates cultivated in the ISS compared to ground controls. The results suggest that the human spaceflight environment induces unique physiologic stresses on growing bacterial cells leading to changes in mutagenic potential.
Technimanagement: The Human Side of the Technical Organization

Technical organizations are different, the author argues, and anyone who tries to manage them without understanding those differences will fail. Most managers will need to change not just their own approach but their entire organization's. The necessary techniques are grounded firmly in human nature, and it is possible to build a technical environment that's not only productive but also healthy and enjoyable. In "Technimanagement", Brown synthesises thinking in technical management, and puts forward ideas on what works and what does not in Theory Y, Theory X, The Peter Principle, TQM, Deming's 14 Obligations of Management, and other approaches. Brown outlines a step-by-step transition strategy that offers immediate payoffs and leads to long-term change.
Longitudinal waves through the Earth's Core

Amplitudes, periods, and travel times of the longitudinal P′ or PKP core waves have been investigated. Results indicate that the epicentral distance of the main focal point and the travel time of P′ phases vary with the periods of the waves. This variation would seem reasonably explained in terms of dispersion. The point of reversal in the travel-time curve of the waves through the outer core is believed to lie near 157°. Data suggest a discontinuity between 120° and 125° rather than 110°. Anomalies existing in energy, period, and travel-time relationships of the P′ phases indicate that current concepts of velocity distribution and of propagation paths within the core are in need of modification.
Spatial selectivity of photodeposition reactions on polar surfaces of centrosymmetric ferroelastic γ-WO3

Two of three levels of hierarchical ferroelastic domains of γ-WO3 ceramics are shown to be piezo-responsive (polar) for surfaces of any general orientation. Importantly, the surface activity for the photocathodic reduction of Ag+ and photoanodic oxidation of Pb2+/Mn2+ ions is correlated to those same two levels of ferroelastic domains for all orientations.
Opioid Consumption After Rotator Cuff Repair.

Purpose Rising perioperative opioid use in the United States is of increasing concern. The purposes of this study were (1) to define opioid consumption after rotator cuff repair (RCR) in the United States and (2) to evaluate patient factors that may be associated with prolonged opioid use after arthroscopic RCR. Methods All arthroscopic RCRs performed between 2007 and 2014 were identified by use of Current Procedural Terminology code (29,827). Patients who filled opioid prescriptions preoperatively were divided into those who filled prescriptions at 1 to 3 months preceding RCR and those who filled opioid prescriptions only in the 1 month preceding RCR. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated by dividing the cumulative incidence of opioid prescriptions in patients with each patient factor by the cumulative incidence in those without each patient factor. Results During the study period, 35,155 arthroscopic RCRs were performed. Of the patients, approximately 43% had filled an opioid prescription in the 3 months before RCR. At 3 months after RCR, patients who filled opioid prescriptions at 1 to 3 months before RCR were 7.45 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.95-7.98) times more likely to be filling opioid medication prescriptions than those who had not been prescribed opioid medications before surgery; patients who filled opioid prescriptions in the month before RCR were 3.04 (95% CI, 2.8-3.29) times more likely to be filling opioid prescriptions at 3 months after RCR. Patients with psychiatric diagnoses (RR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.85-2.04), myalgia (RR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.6-1.75), and low-back pain (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 2-2.2) were also found to be at risk of filling opioid prescriptions at 3 months postoperatively. Conclusions We found approximately 43% of patients undergoing RCR received opioid medications before RCR. Patients who are prescribed narcotics before RCR are at increased risk of postoperative opioid demand. Patients with psychiatric diagnoses, myalgia, and low-back pain may be at increased risk of prolonged opioid use after surgery. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective case-control study.
Photochemical formation of chitosan-stabilized near-infrared-absorbing silver Nanoworms: A “Green” synthetic strategy and activity on Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria

A facile, single-step, non-seeded photochemical protocol for producing a new type of anisotropic silver nanostructure, "nanoworms", with curved longer dimensions and smooth, rounded edges. The nanoworms exhibit surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption in the near-infrared window (NIRW) region and are stabilized using biocompatible polymer chitosan, rendering biocompatibility and amplified safety for biological utility of the composition. Both NIRW-absorbing nanoworms and visible-absorbing nanospheres herein are attained exclusively by employing green chemistry principles. Contrary to seed-mediated or polyol techniques, the protocol demonstrates the feasibility to selectively synthesize NIRW-absorbing silver nanostructures in a single step and in complete absence of any known reducing agent. The effect of irradiation, pH, and concentration of starting materials on the formation of nanoworms vs nanospheres is investigated in detail and analyzed by optical spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The dominant SPR obtained in the NIRW region of the nanoworms results from anisotropic AgNPs, as opposed to agglomeration. From TEM images, it is also very clear that a strong correlation exists between the SPR peak maximum and the size distribution of the anisotropic nanoworm structures, with SPR peak maximum exhibiting red shift with the increase in the size of the nanoworm population. Although there is significant size variation of different nanoworms of a given population, all samples exhibit remarkable stability. The nanoworms retained their NIRW-absorbing features even at physiological pH and at a constant ionic strength. The nanodispersions also retained their SPR features in King's B medium. Antipathogenic assays reveal that the anisotropic NIRW-absorbing nanoworms exhibit the highest growth inhibition compared to other spherical nanosilver and molecular silver forms on Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. These results underscore shape effects of AgNPs and suggest that nanoworms favor the adhesion to (curved) rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in the highest inhibition compared to isotropic AgNPs (smaller spheres), sulfa antibiotics (silver sulfadiazine), and silver ions (AgNO3).
Untangling uncertainty with common random numbers: a simulation study

Cost-effectiveness analysis microsimulation for low- and middle-income countries can guide decision makers in allocating limited health budgets. But in order to compare alternative options, estimates of cost and effect must account for a high level of uncertainty in input parameters (parameter uncertainty) and also include an appropriate amount of stochastic uncertainty. It can be a challenge to incorporate the stochastic uncertainty appropriately, particularly when there is a lot of parameter uncertainty, due to large variance in the quantities of interest (such as incremental cost and health of an intervention scenario as compared to a baseline scenario). We investigated the utility of the common-random-numbers approach to variance reduction in simulation and found it very useful. We found that without variance reduction our intervention erroneously appeared unacceptable at any threshold, but with variance reduced using common random numbers it was cost effective.
Writing for Fun and Profit: An Author’s Longitudinal Study

Abstract Publications and publishing projects have been an important part of my professional career path. Publishing research, reviewing manuscripts, and serving on various journal editorial boards are components of every academic clinician's life. In addition, many of us serve on publications committees of the learned societies in our fields, which allow us to play a role in shaping the journals where we and our colleagues publish. As I moved from academia to industry, I learned about the different approaches one uses to publish as part of an academic job compared with how this is done in pharma. Both are important for the effective and responsible dissemination of clinical research. During my career, I also took on large book projects that have gone on to multiple editions and continue to be very successful. It gives me great pride to see those books continue to serve a role in educating younger colleagues and those entering my fields from other disciplines. As I wrote this memoir about my publishing experiences, I became even more aware of how important it is to publish one's work, both in peer-reviewed primary journals and as timely and authoritative reviews in journals and books. By taking on leadership roles in publishing projects, we are able to develop the ways that scholarly and medical information can be disseminated with maximal effectiveness.
Systematic Review of Physical Education-Based Physical Activity Interventions Among Elementary School Children

Physical education (PE)-based interventions are a popular method to target children's physical activity (PA) and fitness; however, little is known about their effectiveness or what factors lead to successful interventions. This paper: (1) systematically reviews studies examining PE interventions designed to impact PA, fitness, and/or body composition; and (2) makes recommendations for new research directions based upon these findings. Our systematic review was limited to experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted in elementary schools. We conducted literature searches using predetermined keywords in 3 databases, identified a total of 4964 potentially relevant studies, and screened their abstracts and full texts for eligibility. This resulted in 12 relevant studies. We used criteria established by Downs and Black (1998) to assess each study's methodological quality. PE interventions consistently showed increases in moderate-to-vigorous PA or vigorous PA during PE class but were less consistent in impacting leisure-time PA. PE interventions affected body composition differentially, depending on the assessment used (i.e., body mass index or skinfold thickness). Half of the studies assessing fitness did not show a significant impact; however, those that did were designed to influence fitness outcomes. Few studies assessed psychosocial determinants regarding PA, and no study demonstrated significant impacts on constructs other than knowledge. Interventions often contained multiple components (e.g., diet, family) implemented alongside PE interventions. Identifying effective intervention components was difficult due to lack of process evaluation. We identify the need for future research to use more objective and accurate PA measurements and adiposity, incorporate measurement of psychological constructs, expand interventions' theoretical basis, and include strong process evaluation.
Marketing with tobacco pack onserts: a qualitative analysis of tobacco industry documents

Background Cigarette packs are a form of advertising that distributes brand information wherever smokers go. In the 21st century, tobacco companies began using onserts on cigarette packs to communicate new advertising messages to smokers. Methods We reviewed tobacco industry documents dated 1926 to 2017 to identify how the tobacco industry developed and used onserts in marketing and to serve the industry’s political and legal objectives. Results Onserts added to cigarette packs became a more cost-effective way for brands to market in the year 2000. Manufacturers then began studying them, finding that new messages were appealing, while repeated messages were ignored. By 2005, tobacco companies were using onserts to effectively communicate about new tobacco products and packaging changes. They also used repeated ‘corporate responsibility’ messages that were, according to the industry’s own research, likely to be ignored. Conclusions Tobacco companies have expanded on cigarette pack-based advertising. Twenty-first century onserts simultaneously seek to increase sales using materials that are novel, attractive and provide independent value, while undercutting public health messages about the risks of tobacco use using materials that repeat over time and are comparatively unattractive. Health authorities can use this industry research to mandate onserts to communicate effective health messages.
Analytics Through an Institutional Lens: Definition, Theory, Design, and Impact

Only about a decade after initial projects emerged, learning analytics have already had a profound effect on how institutions view the combination and use of multiple data sets and their subsequent analysis on learners and instructors. The success or failure of these institutional projects lay in the confluence of the data that is available, the extent to which analysis is conducted on that data, and the ensuing action taken on the results. Some higher education institutions have begun using the power of analytics to affect positive outcomes in critical areas like learning, pedagogy, student retention, and institutional decision-making (Long and Siemens 2011). But what does analytics mean to an institution and how might an institution implement some form of analytics? Further, what can institutions expect from the successful implementation of analytics?
Wie sich das Wasserstoffion verteilt

Das Saure-Basen-Gleichgewicht wird oft fur eine schwierige Angelegenheit gehalten, was wahrscheinlich bedeutet, das irgendein einfaches, zugrundeliegendes Prinzip nicht recht verstanden wurde. Die nachstliegende Erklarung dafur ist die, das wir das Verhalten schwacher Sauren und des Wasserstoffions nicht begriffen haben. Wenn wir nun versuchen sollen herauszufinden, welche Grundvorstellung fehlt, dann mussen Sie auch einer Entwicklung des Gegenstandes von Grund auf zustimmen. Selbst ausfuhrlichste Erorterungen uber klinische Aspekte des Saure-Basen-Gleichgewichtes konnen eine fehlende, gedankliche Voraussetzung nicht aufwiegen.
Environment induced crack growth of ceramics and glasses

Publisher Summary This paper reviews the behavior of glasses in water and water vapor, and ceramics and ceramic composites in high temperature gas environments. The exposure of glass and ceramics to water can produce subcritical crack growth, which can result in the development of a critical-sized flaw and catastrophic failure. Fiber optics, bone implants, dental porcelain, and glass fiber reinforced composite materials are examples where the stress corrosion of glass and ceramic materials is technologically significant. Failures of fiberglass-reinforced plastics (RMP) are reported in applications in which the material is stressed and in contact with an aqueous environment. Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are developed to take advantage of the high-temperature properties of ceramics while overcoming the low fracture toughness of monolithic ceramics. Toughening mechanisms, such as matrix cracking, crack deflection, interface debonding, crack-wake bridging, and fiber pullout, are incorporated in CMCs to reduce the tendency for catastrophic failure found in monolithic ceramics. Ceramics reinforced with particulate, whiskers, and continuous fibers exhibit varying aspects of the toughening mechanisms; however, reinforcement with continuous fibers offers the greatest improvements in toughness. Composites with carbide, oxide, glass, and carbon matrices are utilized in the development of CMCs.
An Analysis of a Resource-Focused Framework of Performance Feedback and Organizational Changes

Most of the performance feedback literature has treated different types of organizational change as interchangeable, often assuming that performance below aspiration levels triggers problemistic se...
The Wretched of the Occupation: Sartre, Fanon, and the Experience of Violence

Though it is well known that Frantz Fanon was influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre, and that Sartre was a supporter of Fanon, little attention has been paid to the conflict that existed between their respective views on the violence they lived through and wrote about. In "Paris under the Occupation", Sartre tries to explain to the reader what it felt like to live under the rule of an enemy whose omnipresence forced the aggression and hostility of the French back against themselves, leaving them both defeated and ashamed. Yet in "The Wretched of The Earth", to prove to the world that the suffering of the Algerians was so great as to not only create their murderous rage but to justify its use, Fanon makes an example of the occupation to show that it was nothing compared to colonialism. By exploring this tension between these accounts, this paper will study Sartre's existential analyses of occupation and Fanon's psychiatric diagnoses of colonization so that we can see where these accounts actually intersect. This will allow us to better understand what violence can do to anyone forced to live under its rule.
Evidence of feasting in the Southern Plains: Maintenance and reinforcement of the Toyah social field, 1250–1650 AD

Feasting is an important socio-economic system adopted by diverse groups worldwide. Feasting traditions among mobile groups, however, have been difficult to recognize archaeologically. Using region...
Credible champions? Transatlantic relations and human rights in refugee crises

The United States and Europe have sustained one of the most durable alliances in the post war period. A central facet of the transatlantic relationship has been the joint commitment to human rights, demonstrated by the enshrinement of human rights in founding documents such as the U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of European Union, the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Living up to the ideals of universal human rights is another matter, and that has been sorely tested with the Syrian refugee crisis. This paper examines the impact of crisis on US-EU relations and transatlantic support for human rights. By comparing the Kosovo refugee crisis of 1999 with the contemporary Syrian refugee crisis of 2015, I show how transatlantic cooperation in this area has weakened owing to the withdrawal of US leadership and fragmentation within the EU
Cache blocking

Over the past five years almost all computer manufacturers have dramatically changed their computer architectures to Multicore (MC) processors. We briefly describe Cache Blocking as it relates to computer architectures since about 1985 by covering the where, when, how and why of Cache Blocking as it relates to dense linear algebra. It will be seen that the arrangement in memory of the submatrices Aij of A that are being processed is very important.
A Supply Fluctuation Resilient SRAM

This paper presents a novel SRAM architecture that holds the data when the supply voltage is disrupted or lost for about one second. This SRAM architecture introduces a new category of memories that are resilient to supply fluctuations. This can be beneficial in many applications that rely on power harvesting to operate. The functionality of this memory cell is verified by performing yield analysis and simulating its behavior in a commercial TSMC 180nm process.
Accuracy of surgeon prediction of appendicitis severity in pediatric patients

Abstract Purpose Clinical prediction of disease severity is important as one considers nonoperative management of simple appendicitis. This study assesses the accuracy of surgeons' prediction of appendicitis severity. Methods From February to August 2016, pediatric surgeons at a single institution were asked to predict whether patients had simple or complex appendicitis preoperatively based on clinical data, imaging, and general assessment. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to determine area under the curve (AUC) and optimal cutoff points of clinical findings for diagnosing simple appendicitis. Outcomes included sensitivity and specificity of variables to identify simple appendicitis. Predictions were compared to operative findings using χ2. A p-value Results Of 125 cases (median age 9 years [IQR 7–13], 58% male), simple appendicitis was predicted in 77 (62%) and complex appendicitis in 48 (38%). Predictions were accurate in 59 (77%) simple cases and 45 (94%) complex cases. Although surgeon prediction was more accurate than individual imaging or clinical findings and was highly sensitive (95%) for diagnosing simple appendicitis, specificity was only 71%. Lower WBC ( Conclusion While surgeon prediction of simple appendicitis is more accurate than ultrasound or clinical data alone, diagnostic accuracy is still limited. Type of study Prospective survey. Level of evidence II
Temperature impact on GDP growth is overestimated.

I am writing about the PNAS article entitled “Global warming has increased global economic inequality” by Diffenbaugh and Burke (1). I believe that all of the numerical results cited in this article are wrong, because the methodology is not valid. The abstract says this research yields “a ratio between the top and bottom deciles that is 25% larger than in a world without global warming,” determined over the period 1961 to 2010. Any experienced peer reviewers should say to themselves, “This is far too big a difference to be correct—what is wrong?,” since average global warming over this period is less than 1.0 … [↵][1]1Email: rrosen10435{at}gmail.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Strategies in stochastic transport

Various smoothing procedures in stochastic transport leading to deterministic equations for the mean flux and its variance are presented, and the connections between them are discussed. Particular attention is paid to Volterra 's functional calculus, which generates an algorithm, referred to as functional derivative algorithm (FDA), that produces deterministic equations describing the effects of stochasticity. These equations, which describe the effects of stochasticity to leading order, involve only the two-point correlation function of the spatial fluctuations. The utility of FDA is demonstrated by treating particular models of transport in unbounded media, and its general features are discussed in steady-state stochastic transport with suggestions for numerical solutions.
A morphological, molecular, and histopathological redescription of Henneguya nyongensis Fomena & Bouix, 1996 (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) infecting the gills of Peter’s elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii (Günther) (Osteoglossiformes: Mormyridae), imported from Nigeria

A Henneguya sp., morphologically resembling Henneguya nyongensis Fomena & Bouix, 1996, was isolated from the gills of Peter’s elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii Gunther, imported from Nigeria. Plasmodia were located between lamellae and within the gill epithelium, often leading to lamellar fusion. Although slightly smaller, the myxospores from these fish were morphologically consistent with H. nyongensis. In valvular view, spores are elongate, pyriform with a rounded posterior and tapering caudal processes. Myxospore bodies are 9.6–12.3 (mean 11.2) µm long and 4.0–4.7 (mean 4.3) µm wide. Polar capsules are pyriform, elongate, 4.5–5.2 (4.7) µm long and 1.3–1.6 (1.4) µm wide, with a characteristic neck-like structure at the apical end. Sequence generated for the 18S small subunit rRNA gene did not directly match any sequences available on GenBank, but demonstrated 91% nucleotide similarity to an unpublished Henneguya sp. infecting Mormyrus kannume Forsskal. Herein, the description of H. nyongensis is supplemented with new data on histopathology, molecular characterisation, and expanded host and geographical range.
Series Solution of Stochastic HJB Equations

We consider infinite horizon, stochastic, smooth optimal control problems in continuous time where the coefficients of the white Gaussian noise terms in the dynamics vanish at the origin. We show how the Taylor polynomials of the optimal cost and the optimal feedback can be computed degree by degree. This is a generaliztion of the work of Al’brekht who showed how the Taylor polynomials of the optimal cost and the optimal feedback for deterministic problems can be computed degree by degree.
Thermodynamics, Dynamics, and Rheology of Fuel Surrogates: Application of the Time–Temperature Superposition Principle in Molecular Dynamics Simulations

All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to determine the thermodynamics and rheological properties of fuel surrogates, which are modeled as a mixture of n-hexadecane and methyl laurate....