cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rice Circle Debates: Two Voices

The Rice Circle, a forum for the discussion of themes of intellectual interest to its participants, consists of faculty members at Rice University and is sponsored by the social and cultural anthropologists there. We meet biweekly to discuss texts and also host visitors during the year. In our first year (1983-84), we focused on therapeutic discourse and its analogical implication for questions about rhetoric and representation in different academic disciplines including, for example, ethnography in anthropology and critical discourse in literary theory. During these discussions, we repeatedly felt compelled to reflect upon the problematic contemporary conditions of knowledge in our own work as well as in the disciplines we addressed. These conditions are being generally discussed under the admittedly elusive and vague rubric of postmodernism. Consequently, in our second year (1984-85; see Gillman's commentary below), we attempted to distil something from the current debates about postmodernism that would be relevant for the various research projects being pursued by Circle participants. In the current year (1985-86), the Circle is dealing with how the notion of "reason" is central to the constitution of concepts such as "self" and "society" within various Western social theories, particularly in their intention to serve as cultural critiques of specific historical conditions. The Rice Circle is not infected by an image of itself as an avant-garde or intellectual elite. Rather it is more like an informal group of working scholars, who are curious, and often perplexed, about the contemporary rich diversity and fragmentation of ideas that define the intellectual atmosphere in which they individually and collectively do their research. The disquietude brought about by postmodernity arises from a realization that academic discourse may have been forwarding the cause of rhetoric rather than that of knowledge, in the guise of our privileged discourses of science and politics. This postmodernist shock accompanies the collapse of well established edifices, such as our understanding of the scholarly enterprise as one based on discovery and progress. Postmodernity does not mark an intellectual camp or fashion identified with certain groups of scholars;
Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Surface Roughed Pt Nanowire Electrocatalyst for Methanol Oxidation

Abstract Surface roughed platinum (Pt) nanowires,which have been synthesized by a galvanostatic electrodeposition method in a nanoporous template, were applied as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation reaction. The experimental results showed that the surface roughness of the Pt nanowires (correspondingly the surface morphology and grain size) has a dramatic effect on their catalytic property. From cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric measurements, the surface roughed Pt nanowires presented better activity (109.5 mA mg -1 ) and higher stability for methanol oxidation than the surface smooth Pt nanowires. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, the surface roughed Pt nanowires showed higher electrical conductivity and more efficient electrochemical performance than the surface smooth nanowires. The experimental results indicated that both the increased surface area and larger crystal grain size of the surface roughed nanowires contributed to improved catalytic performance. The surface roughed Pt nanowires showed great promise in many important applications such as catalysis and fuel cells.
The Impact of Histological Reclassification during Pathology Re-Review—Evidence of a Will Rogers Effect in Bladder Cancer?

Purpose: We investigated the association of histological reclassification during pathology re-review of radical cystectomy specimens with clinicopathological outcomes in patients initially classified with urothelial carcinoma.Materials and Methods: We identified 1,211 patients initially diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma at radical cystectomy between 1980 and 2005. All pathological specimens were re-reviewed by a urological pathologist. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log rank test.Results: Of 1,211 cases previously recorded as pure urothelial carcinoma 406 (33%) were reclassified as variant histology. The most common variant histologies identified were squamous in 151 patients (37%) and micropapillary in 62 (15%). Variant histology on re-review was associated with a higher rate of extravesical disease (71%) than urothelial carcinoma at initial diagnosis (52%) or pure urothelial carcinoma on re-review (42%, p <0.0001). Median postoperative followup was 11.1 year...
Metaphors, Maxims, and Other Mischief The Freshfields Arbitration Lecture

This is an extended warning against mental shortcuts. For example, the metaphor of the 'separability' of arbitration clauses is merely a way to describe a conclusion, not a tool for reaching it . That involves the hard work of considering the vast array of conceivable alternative , hypotheses, which might, with much effort and sef-doubt, lead to things like the three dense sentences designed by the author as a series of over-arching presumptions to establish 'in the broadest possible way who should determine questions about arbitral authority, when they should do so, and with what degree of finality'. Three maxims are taken to task: that justice must be 'seen to be done' , ex nihilo nil fit,, and the 'unruly horse' of public policy defences. The first may supply comforting self-applause to a decision of censure, but is unlikely to be helpful in establishing that there has not been an impropriety. As for the second: if you are discussing something, it is obviously there, and you cannot decree it out of existence by calling it by a Latin name. And how does it help us to say that public policy is an unruly horse if we do not learn how to get off it? Somewhere in the middle, the 'mischief of formal logic, when used by amateurs, is exposed as yielding nothing but sterile arguments about the definition of terms .
Dual-controlled drug delivery across biodegradable copolymer. II. Delivery kinetics of levonorgestrel and estradiol from (matrix/matrix) laminate drug delivery system

Abstract Block copolymers of caprolactone (CL) and lactide (LA) with varying weight ratios were synthesized and used to fabricate disc- and cylinder-type (matrix/matrix) laminate systems to achieve a dual-controlled release of levonorgestrel (LNG) and estradiol-17β (E 2 ). The simultaneous release of LNG and E 2 from these laminate systems were studied under in vitro conditions. For the disc-type laminate systems, release of LNG from the outer matrix (loaded with LNG) was found to follow a matrix diffusion-controlled process, while release of E 2 from the inner (E 2 -loaded) matrix followed a membrane permeation-controlled process. The results demonstrated that the release profile of LNG from the outer matrix is affected by copolymer composition and drug loading, and that of E 2 from the inner matrix through the outer matrix is affected by copolymer composition and thickness. The outer matrix also acts as a rate-controlling barrier to modulate the permeation of E 2 from the inner matrix in this (matrix/matrix) laminate system. Several cylinder-type laminate systems were fabricated, based on this bilayer laminate design, by extrusion and coating processes. In vitro release profiles of E 2 and LNG from these cylinder systems were observed to depend on drug loading, copolymer composition and outer matrix thickness. Constant and desired daily dosage rates of LNG and E 2 could be obtained by selecting an appropriate combination of these parameters.
Immunotoxicology: An Overview:

It is now known that chemicals and drugs may induce selective toxicity which may alter the interactions between immunocompetent cells, especially if the toxicity occurs during proliferation and differentiation. Hence, a flexible panel of sensitive in vivo and in vim assays has been developed and validated to assess the immunotoxicity or immunopharmacology of suspect agents in rodents. The combined use of such sequential analysis methods with host resistance assays can effectively define immunomodulation following exposure to xenobiotics. Methods development, refinement and validation will be an ongoing requirement because of our rapidly expanding knowledge of the cell biology of the immune system. Classic studies of the comparative preclinical toxicology of several immunosuppressive drugs have substantiated species similarities and have contributed significantly to the development of predictive rodent models for extrapolation to humans. Studies of immunopharmacology and immunotoxicity of cyclosporin A, for example, produced both the desired pharmacology and the undesired toxicity at similar doses in both rodents and humans. When species differences are observed during toxicology studies they are most probably due to differences in absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion, or delivered dose at the target tissue, rather than major species differences in cellular targets or cell physiology. This assumption is the basis for using rodent species to predict the toxicity of chemicals and drugs under development. The next few years will present novel and exciting challenges to the field of toxicology as safety assessment issues emerge regarding the use‘of species-specific recombinant biologicals (e.g., growth hormones, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and defined vaccines), biological and biochemical pesticides (e.g., recombinant microbes), immunopharmacologically active drugs, and monoclonal antibody reagents designed as drug delivery or detoxification vehicles. These agents will require the thoughtful application of flexible toxicology protocols designed to reveal whether they are immunotoxic, immunopharmacologically active, or immunogenic. The design of such immunotoxicology studies will be based on an understanding of the potential targets within the immune system and the interactions of chemicals with immunocompetent cells.
Value of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan versus diagnostic contrast computed tomography in initial staging of pediatric patients with lymphoma

AbstractOur objective was to evaluate the value of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) versus diagnostic contrast CT in the initial staging of pediatric Hodgkin disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Thirty patients with HD and 21 patients with NHL were included in this retrospective study. On nodal lesion analysis, PET/CT detected 94.8% (HD) and 88.3% (NHL) of total lesions, respectively, in contrast to 82.6% (HD) and 69.1% (NHL), respectively, for diagnostic contrast CT. PET/CT also detected more extranodal lesions. On the patient level, PET/CT detected additional lesions in 50% of patients with HD and in 42.9% of patients with NHL. In contrast, diagnostic contrast CT detected additional lesions in 16.7% (HD) and 23.8% (NHL) of total cases. FDG PET/CT led to upstaging in seven cases of HD and seven cases of NHL, while diagnostic contrast CT upstaged two cases of NHL. We conclude that FDG PET/CT outperforms diagnostic contrast CT in the initi...
Effect of microcracking on ionic conductivity in LATP

Abstract Because of high thermal expansion anisotropy, lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) is prone to microcrack generation. While much attention has been given to the role of grain boundary phases on the ionic conductivity of LATP, the effect of microcracking is also expected to lower conductivity. While all LATP materials characterized had grains larger than the critical size for microcracking, fine-grained (1.7 ± 0.7 μm) Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 had twice the ionic conductivity of the same purity of coarse-grained (4.8 ± 1.9 μm) LATP at 323 K due to less extensive cracking at grain boundaries. While the increase in Young’s modulus (81–115 GPa) and biaxial strength (26 ± 2 MPa to 123 ± 17 MPa) is consistent with the reduction in grain size, the increase in conductivity is a strong driving force for avoiding large LATP grains. Lower purity degraded ionic conductivity for similar grain sizes, as expected. Single-edged precracked beam fracture toughness measurements showed that the fine-grained, high-purity LATP has a KIc value of 1.1 ± 0.3 MPa√m. Flexural strength measurements (147 ± 14 MPa) indicated that the critical flaw size was on the order of 30 μm, with processing flaws still limiting strength. It is expected that as grain size is further reduced, strength and ionic conductivity will continue to improve in tandem until microcracking is eliminated.
Glass-based coatings for titanium implant alloys.

Glass coatings on Ti6Al4V were prepared using a simple enameling technique. The composition of the glasses was tailored to match the thermal expansion of Ti6Al4V. By controlling the firing atmosphere, time, and temperature, it was possible to control the reactivity between the glass and the alloy and to fabricate coatings (25–150 μm thick) with excellent adhesion to the substrate. The optimum firing temperatures ranged between 800 and 840°C at times up to 1 min in air or 15 min in N2. The same basic technique was used to prepare multilayered coatings with graded composition or with hydroxyapatite (HA) particles embedded in the outer layer. Some of these coatings presented excellent adhesion to the substrate and were able to form HA during in vitro tests in simulated body fluid. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 46, 549–559, 1999.
SPIRITUALITY AMONG BACCALAUREATE NURSING STUDENTS AT A PRIVATE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY AND A PUBLIC STATE UNIVERSITY

A sample of approximately 150 undergraduate students from two baccalaureate schools of nursing completed the Spiritual Perspective Scale (SPS) and the Spiritual Care Inventory (SCI).
Quotas, markups and consumer gains from trade

It is widely recognized that trade restrictions on imported products result in higher domestic prices for the goods involved. Despite this, it is argued that the lower cost of imported apparel items is not passed on in the form of lower consumer prices [Library o f Congress Study on Imports and Consumer Prices, Government Printing Office, 1977]. Although the apparel industry is quite competitive it is said that "[t] o the extent that the retail 'mark-up' on foreign goods is greater than 'mark-up' on competing domestic goods, retailers gain the benefit of the lower priced foreign goods [Council on Wage and Price Stability, Textiles/AppareL Government Printing Office, 1978, pp. 53-74] ." This assertion is based on three general observations. The first is that the imported products cost less than equivalent domestic products. This is clearly true for many categories of apparel imports. Secondly, it is said that the imported items sell for approximately the same price as equivalent domestic substitutes on the U.S. market. No economist would argue that identical goods will sell for different prices in the same market. Finally, the implication is that there is a higher markup and profit on imported items. Again, it is quite likely that this is true for many apparel items. The combination of these factors is taken to imply that there is no price benefit to the U.S. consumer from lower-cost apparel imports. Clearly, if there were free trade in apparel goods, there would be no question of a differential markup or excess profits. Each firm would produce until marginal cost equalled the world price of the particular item. It is where trade restrictions exist that foreign manufacturers of apparel have lower marginal costs of production, and domestic retailers earn excess profits. The lower cost, identical price, and extra profits on imported apparel items do not establish that there is no gain to consumers from these imports. Suppose we accept the argument that the foreign marginal cost curve lies below the domestic marginal cost curve for the apparel goods. A quota on imported goods will restrict their importation below the free trade level. But the total supply schedule facing the United States is a horizontal summation of the domestic supply schedule and the quota-restricted imports. Thus the U.S. supply curve exceeds that with no trade. With a competitive market, the consumer does pay a lower price than if no trade were permitted. The argument that retailers simply mark up lower cost imported goods to the already established domestic price, ignores the most fundamental concepts of price determination in competitive markets.
Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

Abstract The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.
GLUCONEOGENESIS DURING MILD HYPOXEMIA ESTIMATED BY DEUTERIUM LABELING OF BODY WATER. ▴ 1901

GLUCONEOGENESIS DURING MILD HYPOXEMIA ESTIMATED BY DEUTERIUM LABELING OF BODY WATER. ▴ 1901
Large-Scale Patterns Associated with Severe Summertime Thunderstorms over Central Arizona

Abstract Severe thunderstorms are relatively rare over Arizona and occur most frequently during the summer monsoon period, that is, July, August, and early September. Forecasting in Arizona during the summertime is quite difficult and skill scores are low for both precipitation and severe thunderstorm watches and warnings. In the past, due to the sparse population of Arizona, severe thunderstorms usually impacted few people and were considered relatively insignificant events. However, over the last 20 years, the population of central Arizona has grown dramatically, and the impact of severe thunderstorm and flash flood occurrences has also increased. Synoptic conditions associated with 27 severe thunderstorm events that occurred in central Arizona during the summer monsoon have been examined systematically and compared to long-term mean July conditions. The period of study covered 1978 to 1990, and cases selected were limited to the high population area of central Arizona. McCollum subjectively identified ...
Possible role of IgE-mediated reaction in immunity

Abstract The effect of a local IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction on the neutralization of diphtheria, toxin at skin sites was studied in monkeys passively immunized with human IgG antitoxin. When a mixture of toxin with ragweed allergen was injected intracutaneously into skin sites that had been sensitized with serum from ragweedsensitive patients, the sensitized sites tolerated a significantly greater dose of toxin than did unsensitized sites. An injection of anti-IgE, which induced reversed-type reaginic hypersensitivity reaction, together with the challenging toxin, similarly increased the toxin-neutralizing capacity of the skin sites. In nonimmunized animals, however, IgE-mediated reactions did not show any effect on local resistance. The results indicated that an increased toxin-neutralizing capacity of the local skin sites in passively immunized animals was due to translocation of serum IgG antibody into the skin sites rather than a possible dilution of the toxin by edema fluid. A possible "gatekeeper" role of IgE antibody system in local immunity of mucosal systems was discussed.
The use of recursive bisection in the mapping of sample New York state electoral districts

In this paper, we describe the use of open, linked data with the utilization of recursive bisection in the mapping of sample New York State Electoral Districts. The use of data in a novel way provides a solution to complications caused from the creation of electoral districts.
The Spectrum Auction: Big Money and Lots of Unanswered Questions

Since 1994, the US Federal Communications Commission has conducted 82 auctions of radio-frequency spectrum. Of these, 14 have been for microwave spectrum (above 1,000 MHz), which can be used for fixed and mobile broadband services. Often postponed, the upcoming 700-MHz auction is finally scheduled to begin on 24 January 2008. On the block will be the largest amount of mobile, broadband UHF spectrum ever auctioned in the US. The FCC hopes this latest auction will net at least US$10 billion, but it will probably bring in billions more.
Accurate Calibration of Low-Speed Wind Tunnels, Including Humidity and Compressibility

Introduction IMPROVEMENTS in instrumentation and sensors have the improved measurement accuracy of wind-tunnel data to the 0.1% level.The assumptionsand limitsunderlyingthemodelsof the physical processes must be clearly understood to ensure the additional digits in the output are meaningful. Historically, a steady incompressible working  uid has been the model for steady, low-speed  ow, and so the relationbetweendynamic pressure,stagnationpressure, and static pressure is
Subsequent pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma after pneumonectomy.

Abstract Background . Patients who have undergone a pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma are at risk of cancer in the contralateral lung. Little information exists regarding the outcome of subsequent lung operation for lung cancer after pneumonectomy. Methods . The records of all patients who underwent lung resection after pneumonectomy for lung cancer from January 1980 through July 2001 were reviewed. Results . There were 24 patients (18 men and 6 women). Median age was 64 years (range, 43 to 84 years). Median preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 1.47 L (range, 0.66 to 2.55 L). Subsequent pulmonary resection was performed 2 to 213 months after pneumonectomy (median, 23 months). Wedge excision was performed in 20 patients, segmentectomy in 3, and lobectomy in 1. Diagnosis was a metachronous lung cancer in 14 patients and metastatic lung cancer in 10. Complications occurred in 11 patients (44.0%), and 2 died (operative mortality, 8.3%). Median hospitalization was 7 days (range, 2 to 72 days). Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged between 6 and 140 months (median, 37 months). Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 87%, 61%, and 40%, respectively. Five-year survival of patients undergoing resection for a metachronous lung cancer (50%) was better than the survival of patients who underwent resection for metastatic cancer (14%; p = 0.14). Five-year survival after a solitary wedge excision was 46% compared with 25% after a more extensive resection ( p = 0.54). Conclusions . Limited pulmonary resection of the contralateral lung after pneumonectomy is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Long-term survival is possible, especially in patients with a metachronous cancer. Solitary wedge excision is the treatment of choice.
Plasma transport in a new cathodic arc ion source: theory and experiment

Abstract We have developed a plasma transport code based upon the “flux tube” model and applied it to the ion transport in a recently developed metal-ion source based on the cathodic vacuum arc. This model is compared with ion current measurements made at various locations within the source. The agreement is sufficient to justify use of this model for future arc source design.
NONCOMMUTATIVE GRÖBNER BASES FOR THE COMMUTATOR IDEAL

Let I denote the commutator ideal in the free associative algebra on m variables over an arbitrary field. In this article we prove there are exactly m! finite Grobner bases for I, and uncountably many infinite Grobner bases for I with respect to total division orderings. In addition, for m = 3 we give a complete description of its universal Grobner basis.
New species and combinations in Calvitimela and Tephromela from the southern subpolar region.

The new species Calvitimela austrochilenis Fryday and Tephromela superba Fryday are described: the former from several collections from southern Chile and one from Marion Island, and the latter from southern South America (including the Falkland Islands), Campbell Island, (New Zealand), and Antarctica. Four new combinations are also made in Tephromela: T. atrocaesia (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Fryday from Iles Kerguelen, Heard Island, South Georgia, and southern South America; T. atroviolacea (Flot.) Fryday from southern South America and Iles Kerguelen; T. lirellina (Darb.) Fryday from only southern South America; and T. skottsbergii (Darb.) Fryday, which is shown to be an earlier name for T. austrolitoralis (Zahlbr.) Kalb & Elix, from throughout the region. Lectotypes are selected for Lecanora atrocaesia and L. atroviolacea. The systematic placement of Tephromela eatonii (Cromb.) Hertel from Kerguelen, Marion Island and Bouvetoya is also discussed but the species is retained in Tephromela.
Rate Adaptation for 802.11 Multiuser MIMO Networks

In multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) networks, the optimal bit rate of a user is highly dynamic and changes from one packet to the next. This breaks traditional bit rate adaptation algorithms, which rely on recent history to predict the best bit rate for the next packet. To address this problem, we introduce TurboRate, a rate adaptation scheme for MU-MIMO LANs. TurboRate shows that clients in an MU-MIMO LAN can adapt their bit rate on a per-packet basis if each client learns two variables: Its SNR when it transmits alone to the access point, and the direction along which its signal is received at the AP. TurboRate also shows that each client can compute these two variables passively without exchanging control frames with the access point. A TurboRate client then annotates its packets with these variables to enable other clients to pick the optimal bit rate and transmit concurrently to the AP. A prototype implementation in USRP-N200 shows that traditional rate adaptation does not deliver the gains of MU-MIMO WLANs, and can interact negatively with MU-MIMO, leading to low throughput. In contrast, enabling MU-MIMO with TurboRate provides a mean throughput gain of 1.7× and 2.3×, for 2-antenna and 3-antenna APs, respectively.
Cloning and characterization of the vasopressin-regulated urea transporter

UREA is the principal end product of nitrogen metabolism in mammals1. Movement of urea across cell membranes was originally thought to occur by lipid-phase permeation, but recent studies have revealed the existence of specialized transporters with a low affinity for urea (Km > 200 mM)2. Here we report the isolation of a complementary DNA from rabbit renal medulla that encodes a 397-amino-acid membrane glycoprotein, UT2, with the functional characteristics of the vasopressin-sensitive urea transporter previously described in in vitro-perfused inner medullary collecting ducts3,4. UT2 is not homologous to any known protein and displays a unique pattern of hydrophobicity. Because of the central role of this transporter in fluid balance1,3–7 and nitrogen metabolism8, the study of this protein will provide important insights into the urinary concentrating mechanism and nitrogen balance.
Orientation of human semicircular canals measured by three-dimensional multiplanar CT reconstruction.

Analysis of vestibulo-ocular reflex experiments requires knowledge of the absolute orientations (with respect to skull landmarks) of semicircular canals (SCC). Data relating SCC orientations to accessible skull landmarks in humans are sparse, apart from a classic study of 10 skulls, which concluded that the horizontal and anterior SCC are not mutually orthogonal (111 ± 7.6°). Multiple studies of isolated labyrinths have shown the inter-SCC angles are close to 90°. We hypothesized that a larger sample would yield mean absolute SCC orientations closer to the mutual orthogonality demonstrated for isolated labyrinths. We measured canal orientations with respect to accessible skull landmarks using 3-D multiplanar reconstructions of computerized tomography scans of the temporal bones of 22 human subjects. Images were acquired with 0.5-mm thickness and reconstructed with in-plane resolution of 234 μm. There was no significant difference between the left and a mirror image of the right (p > 0.57 on multiway ANOVA of orientation vector coefficients), so data were pooled for the 44 labyrinths. The angle between the anterior and posterior SCC was 94.0 ± 4.0° (mean ± SD). The angle between the anterior and horizontal SCC was 90.6 ± 6.2°. The angle between the horizontal and posterior SCC was 90.4 ± 4.9°. The direction angles between a vector normal to the left horizontal SCC and the positive Reid's stereotaxic X (+nasal), Y (+left), and Z (+superior) axes were 108.7 ± 7.5°, 92.2 ± 5.7°, and 19.9 ± 7.0°, respectively. The angles between a vector normal to the left anterior SCC and the positive Reid's stereotaxic X, Y, and Z axes were 125.9 ± 5.2°, 38.4 ± 5.1°, and 100.1 ± 6.2°, respectively. The angles between a vector normal to the left posterior SCC and the positive Reid's stereotaxic X, Y, and Z axes were 133.6 ± 5.3°, 131.5 ± 5.1°, and 105.6 ± 6.6°, respectively. The mean anterior SCC–contralateral posterior SCC angle was 15.3 ± 7.2°. The absolute orientations of human SCC are more nearly orthogonal than previously reported.
Simulation of large scale networks III: an improved computational algorithm for round-robin service

We present an efficient algorithm for effecting round-robin service in discrete-event simulation systems. The approach generalizes and improves upon a previous approach in which a single arrival and a single departure event is considered and handled at a time; further, the previous approach is already an improvement over naive round-robin scheduling currently in use in simulation libraries. The prior proposal offered a run-time complexity of O(n2), because the processing of each event required an entire traversal of the job pool. We propose a generalized algorithm which includes the previous case and also accommodates burst arrivals and batch departures, further reducing run-time complexity to O (n log n). This is achieved through a detailed but efficient computation of multiple departure times, while simultaneously obviating the need for a job pool update with each departure. Empirical results are presented to compare performance with previously proposed algorithms.
Growth and Yield of Grain Sorghum Infested in the Whorl with Fall Armyworm

In tests conducted during 1957, 1960, and 1962 to determine the effect on yield of RS 610 sorghum when plants were infested during the whorl stage with the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), reductions in yield of 19.6, 5.4, and 10.4%, respectively, were obtained for the 3 years. During 1962 a combined infestation of the fall armywonn and southwestern corn borer, Zeadiatraea grandiosella (Dyar), resulted in a reduction in sorghum yield of 27.2%. Yield losses from the fall armyworm alone apparently were caused by smaller, rather than fewer, kernels per head in the infested plants. When plants were infested by both species, the heads contained fewer as well as smaller kernels. The reduction in kernel size, and in the number of kernels per head, was apparently associated with delayed emergence of the head from the boot, which prevented normal growth, especially at the base of the head. It is possible that this condition is entirely associated with late planting, but the fall armyworm in this area usually reaches economic numbers on sorghum only in late plantings.
Participation of natural killer cells in the recovery of mice from visceral leishmaniasis

After infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, C57BL/6J bg/bg (beige) mice, which are deficient in natural killer (NK) activity, were unable to control splenic parasite loads relative to phenotypically normal C57BL/6J bg/+ and +/+ mice, particularly beyond 21 days of infection. When beige mice were injected intravenously with 2 or 3 X 10(6) syngeneic, cloned NK cells (NKB61B10 cell line), they displayed splenic parasite burdens which did not differ significantly from those of normal controls. In C57BL/6 +/+ mice rendered NK deficient by split-dose irradiation (four weekly, 200-rad doses of gamma irradiation beginning at 4 weeks of age) splenic and hepatic parasite levels were significantly higher than those in nonirradiated controls at 15 days of infection and beyond. In both sets of experiments, relative degrees of hepato- and splenomegaly were not sufficient to account for differences in parasite burdens among NK-deficient and normal mice. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that NK cells may contribute to parasite elimination during the acquired-resistance phase of L. donovani infection in mice.
Modeling optically generated focused stress waves

Stress waves generated at the end of optical fibers through thermoelastic expansion have been used for several purposes, including the destruction of blood clots, the destruction of kidney and gallstones, and the induction of cell permeability changes for drug delivery. We have undertaken the modeling of stress wave propagation in an effort to optimize the stress wave effects in these therapies. In particular, we have studied techniques to focus the stress wave in order to increase the pressure magnitude for a given pulse energy and to alter the compressive/tensile pressure ratio. This study includes the effects of acoustic wavelength and focusing fiber tip shape.
Imaging Surface Atomic Structure by Means of Auger Electrons

Measurements of the complete angular distribution of Auger electrons emitted from well-defined platinum[111] single-crystal surfaces have led to the discovery that the distributions are composed of "silhouettes" of surface atoms "back lit" by emission from atoms deeper in the solid. Theoretical simulations of Auger electron angular distributions based upon atomic point emitters and spherical atomic scatterers of uniform cross section are in close agreement with these experimental results, but opposite to previous theoretical predictions. In view of the definitive results obtained and the straightforward agreement between theory and experiment, angular distribution Auger microscopy (ADAM) is useful for direct imaging of interfacial structure and investigation of electron-solid interactions in the physical and biological sciences and engineering. Applicability of ADAM is illustrated by images obtained for monolayers of silver and iodine on platinum[111].
Nickel oxide interlayer films from nickel formate-ethylenediamine precursor: Influence of annealing on thin film properties and photovoltaic device performance

An organometallic ink based on the nickel formate–ethylenediamine (Ni(O2CH)2(en)2) complex forms high performance NiOx thin film hole transport layers (HTL) in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Improved understanding of these HTLs functionality can be gained from temperature-dependent decomposition/oxidation chemistries during film formation and corresponding chemical structure-function relationships for energetics, charge selectivity, and transport in photovoltaic platforms. Investigations of as-cast films annealed in air (at 150 °C–350 °C), with and without subsequent O2-plasma treatment, were performed using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry to elucidate the decomposition and oxidation of the complex to NiOx. Regardless of the anneal temperature, after exposure to O2-plasma, these HTLs exhibit work functions greater than the ionization potential of a prototype donor polymer poly(N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT), thereby meeting a primary requirement of energy level alignment. Thus, bulk-heterojunction (BHJ), OPV solar cells made on this series of NiOx HTLs all exhibit similar open circuit voltages (Voc). In contrast, the short circuit currents increase significantly from 1.7 to 11.2 mA cm−2 upon increasing the anneal temperature from 150 °C to 250 °C. Concomitantly, increased conductivity and electrical homogeneity of NiOx thin films are observed at the nanoscale using conductive tip-AFM. Similar Voc observed for all the O2-plasma treated NiOx interlayers and variations to nanoscale conductivity suggest that the HTLs all form charge selective contacts and that their carrier extraction efficiency is determined by the amount of precursor conversion to NiOx. The separation of these two properties: selectivity and conductivity, sheds further light on charge selective interlayer functionality.
From Sea to Tree: Saga of a Land Crab

There are advantages to be gained when an animal abandons its ancestral home, the ocean, and advances across the littoral zone to the land. But along with the advantages come the inevitable problems. How a land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis , has solved its problems of life on land is the subject of this paper. Its use of dew as a source of moisture and of its burrow as a refuge from predators and a hostile environment; its ability to collect moisture from a damp substrate and conduct this moisture to its branchial chambers and its gills; its capacity to retain large amounts of water before ecdysis and to use this water to stretch its new soft exoskeleton and attain its proper shape after ecdysis are only a few of the crab's special adaptations for terrestrial life. Its feeding and reproductive behavior are equally adaptive, as is its propensity for tree-climbing when danger threatens–or at other times. During the past several decades, much interesting and important research has been done on G. lateralis , as well as on other land crabs–but much remains to be done. Land crabs are and will undoubtedly continue to be promising objects of scientific research.
The dynamics of melt and shear localization in partially molten aggregates

The volcanoes that lie along tectonic boundaries on Earth are fed by melt generated in the mantle deep below, but how the melt gets from the mantle to the volcanoes remains unknown. Driven by recent experiments demonstrating stress-driven segregation in partially molten rocks, Katz et al. propose a new theory to explain the behaviour of this system. The theory predicts the spontaneous emergence of bands of concentrated melt and shear in deforming, partially molten aggregates. This suggests that rapid extraction of molten rock from the mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges may occur via a connected network of highly permeable, melt-rich bands, instead of by slower, uniformly distributed porous flow. The volcanoes that lie along the Earth's tectonic boundaries are fed by melt generated in the mantle. How this melt is extracted and focused to the volcanoes, however, remains an unresolved question. Here we present new theoretical results with implications for melt focusing beneath mid-ocean ridges. By modelling laboratory experiments1,2, we test a formulation for magma dynamics and provide an explanation for localized bands of high-porosity and concentrated shear deformation observed in experiments. These bands emerge and persist at 15°–25° to the plane of shear. Past theoretical work on this system predicted the emergence of melt bands3,4 but at an angle inconsistent with experiments. Our results suggest that the observed band angle results from a balance of porosity-weakening and strain-rate-weakening deformation mechanisms. Lower band angles are predicted for greater strain-rate weakening. From these lower band angles, we estimate the orientation of melt bands beneath mid-ocean ridges and show that they may enhance magma focusing toward the ridge axis.
Immunocytochemical localization of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat oligodendrocytes.

Abstract In this study, two indirect immunoperoxidase staining procedures were used to investigate the cellular localization of rat brain glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8; GPDH). At the light and electron microscopic level, we found that the use of monospecific rabbit antibodies to GPDH consistently resulted in the specific staining of only one glial cell population. GPDH-positive cells in perineuronal, interfascicular and perivascular positions were identified as oligodendrocytes by classical morphological criteria. The specificity of GPDH antigen-antibody reaction was determined by qualitative and quantitative immunochemical methods and by immunocytochemical controls for immunologic and methodologic sources of non-specific reaction product. The illustrative data from this study serve to qualitatively define GPDH as a biochemical marker for oligodendrocytes in rat central nervous tissue. In view of the fact that the synthesis of rat brain GPDH is specifically regulated by glucocorticoids, the positive results obtained in this study further warrant the interpretation that rat oligodendrocytes are target cells for glucocorticoids.
Adirondack Mafic Granulites and a Model Lower Crust

INTRODUCTION In mafic and ultramafic rocks that appear to have equilibrated under largely anhydrous conditions at temperatures and pressures appropriate for the lower crust and upper mantle, evidence for the reactions (GAR) olivine + plagioclase = spinel + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene, (OL) spinel + orthopyroxene + plagioclase = garnet ± clinopyroxene, and (PLAG) orthopyroxene + spinel ± clinopyroxene = garnet + olivine is commonly recorded in reaction rims or corona structures (see Fig. 1). Even before the celebrated work of Sederholm (1916), these features fascinated petrologists because of their common occurrence in such rocks, but it was not until the advent of high-pressure experimental petrology (Birch and LeComte, 1960; Boyd and England, 1960) that their petrogenetic significance could be addressed with any certainty. Recently, experimental investigations (for example, Evans, 1977) have focused on the univariant analogs of these reactions in model end-members systems CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (CMAS) and MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (MAS). However, because of their sluggishness, reversal of these reactions at temperatures of principal geological interest (500 to 800 °C) for lower crustal metamorphism has yet to be demonstrated. Application of experimental results to delineate phase relations in natural systems is thus limited by uncertainties introduced by extrapolating model end-member univariant reactions to lower temperatures as well as those involved in accounting for displacements of these reactions due to the extra components found in natural systems. The recent application of differential scanning calorimetry and high-temperature solution calorimetry (for example, Perkins and others, 1977; Newton and other, 1977; Newton and others, 1977; Navrotsky and Coons, 1976) has reduced uncertainties involved in the low-temperature extrapolation of the experimental data. However, residual uncertainties in end-member thermodynamic data and, more particularly, in the thermodynamic mixing properties of the mineral phases are still too large to permit accurate prediction of phase relations at these temperatures. In this work, the phase relations of rocks composed of these minerals are examined for conditions of equilibration characteristic of the clinopyroxene granulite facies for metamorphism (DeWaard, 1965); the development of these relations is based on analysis of mineral assemblages defined by mineral contacts in the core of a layered metagabbro body from the eastern edge of the Precambrian rocks of the Adirondack Highlands near Westport, New York (for example, Kemp, 1894; Buddington and Whitcomb, 1941).
ASEPS-0 Testbed Interferometer

The ASEPS-O Testbed Interferometer is a long-baseline infrared interferometer optimized for high-accuracy narrow-angle astrometry. It is being constructed by JPL for NASA as a testbed for the future Keck Interferometer to demonstrate the technology for the astrometric detection of exoplanets from the ground. Recent theoretical and experimental work has shown that extremely high accuracy narrow-angle astrometry, at the level of tens of microarcseconds in an hour of integration time, can be achieved with a long-baseline interferometer measuring closely-spaced pairs of stars. A system with performance close to these limits could conduct a comprehensive search for Jupiter- and Saturn-mass planets around stars of all spectral types, and for short-period Uranus-mass planets around nearby M and K stars. The key features of an instrument which can achieve this accuracy are long baselines to minimize atmospheric and photon-noise errors, a dual-star feed to route the light from two separate stars to two beam combiners, cophased operation using an infrared fringe detector to increase sensitivity in order to locate reference stars near a bright target, and laser metrology to monitor systematic errors. The ASEPS-O Testbed Interferometer will incorporate these features, with a nominal baseline of 100 m, 50- cm siderostats, and 40-cm telescopes at the input to the dual- star feeds. The fringe detectors will operate at 2.2 micrometers , using NICMOS-III arrays in a fast-readout mode controlling high-speed laser-monitored delay lines. Development of the interferometer is in progress, with installation at Palomar Mountain planned to begin in 1994.
Analytic models of cyclic service systems and their application to token-passing local networks

Using the framework of cyclic-service systems with a single server, two different token-passing models are investigated. The first model is approximate, obtaining the free-tokens cycle-time distribution on an asymmetric system with infinite capacity buffers and single-token operation. The second model is exact, yielding the cycle-time distribution of the free token on an asymmetric system with unit-capacity buffers, and single-token operation. The latter result is verified using known results for symmetric, unit-capacity buffer systems. To demonstrate the positive effects of buffering, a small variation of the unit-capacity buffering scheme is introduced. Computational results include performance measures such as throughput, utilization, loss probabilities, mean cycle times, cycle-time distributions, and a comparison of two buffering schemes. >
Atomic hydrogen reactions with Pb centers at the (100) Si/SiO2 interface.

We have investigated the reaction of atomic hydrogen with defects at the (100) Si/${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface. Similar to previous results on the (111) interface, we find that the two paramagnetic defects at the (100) interface, ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ and ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}1}$, are either passivated or produced by atomic hydrogen, depending on the starting density. However, the two defects possess quantitative differences in behavior. The ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ center can be produced more readily than ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}1}$ and it is also much harder to passivate by atomic hydrogen. These differences between ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ and ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}1}$ help to explain previous observations of ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}0}$ center generation by radiation and by electrical stress.