cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

Abstract Most natural (or biological) materials are complex composites whose mechanical properties are often outstanding, considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled. These complex structures, which have risen from hundreds of million years of evolution, are inspiring Materials Scientists in the design of novel materials. Their defining characteristics, hierarchy, multifunctionality, and self-healing capability, are illustrated. Self-organization is also a fundamental feature of many biological materials and the manner by which the structures are assembled from the molecular level up. The basic building blocks are described, starting with the 20 amino acids and proceeding to polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides–saccharides. These, on their turn, compose the basic proteins, which are the primary constituents of ‘soft tissues’ and are also present in most biominerals. There are over 1000 proteins, and we describe only the principal ones, with emphasis on collagen, chitin, keratin, and elastin. The ‘hard’ phases are primarily strengthened by minerals, which nucleate and grow in a biomediated environment that determines the size, shape and distribution of individual crystals. The most important mineral phases are discussed: hydroxyapatite, silica, and aragonite. Using the classification of Wegst and Ashby, the principal mechanical characteristics and structures of biological ceramics, polymer composites, elastomers, and cellular materials are presented. Selected systems in each class are described with emphasis on the relationship between their structure and mechanical response. A fifth class is added to this: functional biological materials, which have a structure developed for a specific function: adhesion, optical properties, etc. An outgrowth of this effort is the search for bioinspired materials and structures. Traditional approaches focus on design methodologies of biological materials using conventional synthetic materials. The new frontiers reside in the synthesis of bioinspired materials through processes that are characteristic of biological systems; these involve nanoscale self-assembly of the components and the development of hierarchical structures. Although this approach is still in its infancy, it will eventually lead to a plethora of new materials systems as we elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of growth and the structure of biological systems.
Normal reproductive and macrophage function in Pem homeobox gene-deficient mice.

Abstract Interaction between germ cells and the supporting somatic cells guides many of the differentiative processes of gametogenesis. The expression pattern of thePemhomeobox gene suggests that it may mediate specific inductive events in murine reproductive tissues. During gestation,Pemis expressed in migrating and early postmigratory primordial germ cells, as well as in all embryo-derived extraembryonic membranes.Pemexpression ceases in the germline after Embryonic Day 14 in both sexes and then reappears postnatally in the supporting cells of the gonad. In mature mice,Pemis produced by testicular Sertoli cells during stages VI–VIII of spermatogenesis and transiently by ovarian granulosa cells lining periovulatory follicles. Despite this tightly regulated reproductive expression pattern, mice with a targeted mutation inPemhave normal fecundity, with no detectable alteration in extraembryonic testicular or ovarian development or function. We also show thatPemis expressed throughout embryonic and adult development in a subset of a tissue-specific class of macrophages, Kupffer cells, as well as in a localized fraction of cells in macrophage cell lines. Although the number of Pem-positive Kupffer cells increases in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide, loss of Pem does not detectably interfere with the cells' ability to induce iNOS expression, demonstrating this Kupffer cell function does not requirePem.No differences were observed between Pem-knockout mice in 129, C57BL6/J, or mixed genetic backgrounds. Together, these data show thatPemis dispensable for embryonic and postnatal development, gonadal function, and Kupffer cell activation, perhaps due to compensatory expression of a similar homeobox gene.
Of private talk and public print: General pre-trial publicity and juror decision-making

The term 'general pre-trial publicity' refers to trial-related information that is prominently in the news, and that affects jurors in wholly unrelated cases. Two experiments explored the impact of general pre-trial publicity on juror decision-making. In Experiment 1 mock jurors who earlier read a newspaper article about a defendant mistakenly identified and subsequently convicted of a crime he did not commit were less likely to convict the defendant in an unrelated case than were jurors who read instead about a series of heinous crimes or who had no pre-trial publicity. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this effect is somewhat stronger when the general pre-trial publicity concerns a case that closely resembles the one jurors must decide than when the two cases are dissimilar. These data are discussed in terms of the availability of relevant information in memory. People may evaluate the probability of a defendant's guilt by the ease with which similar or relevant examples come to mind. Language: en
NUMERICAL ASPECTS OF MOMENTUM-SPACE SCATTERING EQUATIONS FOR PEAKED POTENTIALS.

Abstract Several programming techniques are suggested for solving partial wave scattering equations in momentum space when the potential matrix, as a function of momentum variables, is strongly peaked about the scattering singularity. In particular, an algorithm is described that makes use of the second Born approximation to estimate error in performing principal value quadratures. For a given required accuracy, one obtains a region of integration about the singularity and a Gauss-Legendre quadrature on this region whose truncation error equals the error due to discarding the region away from the singularity and whose order is much lower than that required by full region quadrature to get the same accuracy. Considerable saving in computer time is achieved.
Transfer of tumor‐specific immunity with syngeneic spleen cells and serum from mice that have large tumors and metastases

Experiments were designed to assess 1) relative immunity after adoptive transfer of spleen cells or serum from tumor-bearing mice to untreated syngeneic mice, and 2) the degree of tumor-specific transplantation immunity imparted by cells or serum relative to tumor size and the presence of metastases in the donor at the time of spleen cell or serum transfer or after in situ necrosis of the primary tumor by cryosurgery in a CDF1-sarcoma system. Viable lymphoid spleen cells or serum from normal mice had no effect on tumor growth. Serum from mice that had large tumors and gross metastases induced a protective effect similar to that found after cryosurgery of the primary tumor. Serum from mice with small tumors and spleen cells from animals bearing either small or large tumors failed to induce immunity consistently. In no instance did serum from tumor-bearing mice induce enhancement of tumor growth.
Pharmacoadherence: A new term for a significant problem

In 2003, the World Health Organization declared nonadherence to medical treatment a major public health concern, particularly among patients with chronic conditions.[1][1] Research has found that adherence to long-term treatment regimens associated with chronic conditions is problematic,[2][2]–[6
405: Human umbilical vein endothelium: Calcium responses and nitrous oxide production in normal pregnancy and in preeclampsia

PRODUCTION IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND IN PREECLAMPSIA JENNIFER KRUPP, IAN BIRD, DINESH SHAH, FU-XIAN YI, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin OBJECTIVE: Normal pregnancy is associated with endothelial cell changes in calcium signaling and nitrous oxide production which lead to vasodilation. Direct imaging of the umbilical vein endothelium demonstrates calcium response and nitrous oxide production. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate, in preeclampsia, there is a decreased ability of the endothelial cell to signal calcium responses and nitrous oxide production, therefore diminishing normal vasodilation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, translational, human bench research study. Umbilical veins from 15 normal pregnancies and 15 preeclamptic pregnancies will be imaged. RESULTS: These graphs depict the changes in calcium (Ca2 ) and nitrous oxide (NO) in the endothelium of the human cord umbilical vein. Recordings show, while normal and preeclamptic (PE) subjects both respond to ATP with an acute Ca2 response, the normal cord includes a sustained secondary phase associated with sustained NO production. In contrast, the preeclamptic cord shows no Ca2 secondary phase and a blunted NO response.
Duodenogastroesophageal reflux: relationship to pH and importance in Barrett's esophagus

Abstract Background/Aims: Several reports suggest that duodenogastroesophageal reflux may produce esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this study was to understand better the relationship of pH ( Methods: Using a spectrophotometric technique to measure bile reflux, four groups were studied: healthy subjects, reflux patients, patients with Barrett's esophagus, and patients with esophageal symptoms after partial gastrectomy. Results: Simultaneous 24-hour pH and bile monitoring of distal esophagus found close association between total percent of time pH r = 0.78; P r = −0.06) with total percent of time pH7, suggesting that the term alkaline reflux is a misnomer. Duodenogastroesophageal reflux increased significantly with the severity of reflux disease, being greatest in patients with Barrett's esophagus and comparable with that in patients with partial gastrectomy. Fasting bile acid concentrations did not distinguish patients with Barrett's esophagus from those with reflux. Rather, increased quantity of acid reflux was the single factor most characterizing patients with Barrett's esophagus. Omeprazole (20 mg twice daily) normalized acid reflux parameters (13.8% ± 1.6% to 0.8% ± 0.6%) and significantly ( P Conclusions: Acid reflux is the primary factor in the development of Barrett's esophagus. Bile reflux parallels acid reflux and, at best, may have a synergistic role. Aggressive acid suppression with omeprazole markedly decreases both.
Robustness-Strength Performance of Hierarchical Alpha-Helical Protein Filaments

The origin of how naturally occurring biological protein materials (e.g. cellular protein filaments, spider silk, bone, tendon, skin) are capable of unifying disparate mechanical properties such as strength (ability to sustain large stresses without fracture) and robustness (ability to undergo deformation without fracture, despite the presence of defects, equivalent to toughness) is of significant interest (Figure 1). However, the molecular basis of these properties remains largely unknown [1–3].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Patterns of gammaridean amphipod abundance and species composition associated with dominant subtidal macroalgae from the western Antarctic Peninsula

The communities of gammaridean amphipods associated with eight dominant macroalgal species were examined near Palmer Station, Western Antarctic Peninsula. A total of 78,415 individuals belonging to 32 amphipod taxa were identified with mean densities ranging up to 20 individuals/g algal wet wt. The most abundant amphipod taxon, Metaleptamphopus pectinatus, was found to associate predominately with the brown alga Desmarestia menziesii, while the second most common taxon, Jassa spp. occurred primarily on the red alga Gigartina skottsbergii. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis demonstrated that the population densities of each amphipod species and amphipod species composition were similar on the same algal species but dissimilar on different species of algae. Comparisons of amphipod communities associated with a given algal species but from different sampling sites indicated that although the structure of species-specific macroalgal-associated amphipod communities can vary across spatial scales of 3 km, 50% of the macroalgal species examined showed no significant inter-site differences in associated amphipod community structure. Spearman rank correlation analyses showed that higher abundances of amphipods occurred on the macroalgae with the highest number of branches. As many Antarctic amphipods are known consumers of macroalgae, their remarkable abundances are likely to play a significant role in mediating energy and nutrient transfer in nearshore Antarctic Peninsular macroalgal communities.
Congenital disseminated malignant rhabdoid tumor: a distinct clinicopathologic entity demonstrating abnormalities of chromosome 22q11.

The clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features of a widely disseminated tumor with rhabdoid phenotype are described in nine infants ≤3 months of age. Five neonates had tumor evident at birth, two of which had placental metastases. The average survival following diagnosis was <6 weeks. No
Infrared spectroscopic studies on metal carbonyl compounds. XII. 13CO isotopic studies with iron pentacarbonyl

Abstract The 13 CO-content of Fe(CO) 5 has been increased by exchange reaction and the CO stretching frequencies of the two isomeric Fe( 12 CO) 4 ( 13 CO) molecules have been determined and assigned. The infrared inactive a′ 1 CO stretching frequencies of Fe( 12 CO) 5 have been calculated and found in very good agreement with previous Raman data. The approximate force constants in the factored CO stretching force field have been determined as well as the CO stretching frequencies of the complete series of Fe( 12 CO) 5−n ( 13 CO) n molecules (n = 2 … 5) calculated.
Copper + Nickel-in-Charcoal (Cu−Ni/C): A Bimetallic, Heterogeneous Catalyst for Cross-Couplings

Transition metal based heterogeneous catalysis offers attractive opportunities in “green” chemistry. Aside from features commonly highlighted in this regard, including simplicity of workup, recyclability, and minimization of metallic waste,1 solid supports have the potential to house more than one metal and hence, catalyze multiple types of bond constructions. Such “multifunctional” catalysts (Figure 1) are very few in number, as Felpin and Fouquet have discussed in their timely review on this subject.2 Our contributions in heterogeneous catalysis have focused on the use of carbon as the matrix into which metals are readily impregnated. Both activated charcoal and less costly graphite can be used en route to nickel-in-charcoal (Ni/C),3a nickel-on-graphite (Ni/Cg),3b and copper-in-charcoal (Cu/C).3c Base metals such as copper and nickel, in the form of their nitrate salts, are readily adsorbed; the resulting catalysts mediate a variety of ‘name’ reactions typically associated with groups 10 and 11 transition metals. Figure 1 Prospects for heterogeneous multi-functional metal catalysts Heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts, on the other hand, may exploit three additional elements of practicality: (1) reduction of the mass of solid support otherwise involved for each metal if used individually; (2) application to reactions that either require, or are aided by, a second metal (e.g., Sonogashira or Stille couplings, respectively), and (3) utility in tandem processes that enlist each metal independently in a 1-pot sequence. While reports on Pd-Co/Si,4a Pd-Os/LDH,4b and Rh-Pd/Gel4c have appeared, to the best of our knowledge, no examples of multi-metals on carbon are known, nor are there any catalysts of this type offering the chemistry of either copper or nickel (let alone both in one reagent). In this Letter we describe the preparation as well as several applications of the new catalyst copper + nickel-in-charcoal (Cu-Ni/C).
Maturation-induces endothelial dysfunction via vascular inflammation in diabetic mice

We hypothesized that maturation-induced vascular inflammation produces endothelial dysfunction in type II diabetes and TNFα plays a key role in triggering inflammation in the development of diabetes. In control (Db/db) mice aged 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and acetylcholine (ACh) induced dose-dependent vasodilation, and dilation to ACh was blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor N G-monomethyl-l-arginine. In type II diabetic (db/db) mice at age of 12, 18 and 24 weeks, ACh or flow-induced dilation was blunted compared to Db/db; endothelial function is normal at 6 weeks of age in db/db Vs. control mice, but SNP produced comparable dilation at age of 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks. Decrements in endothelial function in db/db mice progressively increased from 6–12 to 18–24 weeks. Administration of neutralizing antibodies to TNFα ameliorated endothelial dysfunction in db/db mice aged 12, 18 and 24 weeks. The effect was most prominent in the younger animals. Plasma concentration, expression of TNFα and TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) were elevated in coronary arterioles, even at the age of 6 weeks before the development of diabetes in db/db mice compared to control mice. Superoxide production was lower in Db/db mice compared to db/db mice and increments in superoxide production in db/db mice progressively increased from 6–12 to 18–24 weeks. NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin attenuated superoxide production in db/db mice at 12 weeks of age, mitochondria respiratory chain inhibitor rotenone attenuated superoxide production at 24 weeks in db/db and Db/db mice, but the combination of apocynin and rotenone reduced superoxide production at 18 weeks for db/db and Db/db mice. The expression of TNFα and its receptors increase progressively with maturation in concert with the development of diabetes. Incremental increases in TNFα/TNFR1 expression induces activation and production of superoxide via NAD(P)H oxidase and/or mitochondria respiratory chain, leading to endothelial dysfunction progressing to the development of type II diabetes.
A Study of the Variable-Temperature Magnetic Susceptibility of Two Ti(III) Oxalate Complexes.

Abstract Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data have been obtained for polycrystalline samples of two Ti(III) oxalate complexes, Ti2(C2O4)3(H2O)6·4H2O and Ti2(C2O4)3(H2O)5. The bridging oxalate dianion in the former complex (a seven-coordinate dimer with D5h symmetry) provides an effective path for magnetic exchange between the two Ti(III) ions as evidenced by a rather large intramolecular exchange parameter J = −60 cm−1. The partially dehydrated complex, by contrast, exhibits weak intradimer magnetic exchange interactions. Indeed, the variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data for Ti2(C2O4)3(H2O)5 were fit to a distorted-octahedral, single-ion, spin-orbit coupling magnetic model with Δ (ground term splitting) = 300 cm−1 and k (orbital reduction factor) = 0.7 with γ′ = 155 cm−1. Room-temperature optical spectra of Ti2(C2O4)3(H2O)6·4H2O and Ti2(C2O4)3(H2O)5 were recorded and the resulting band assignments are consistent with D5h and distorted octahedral ligand-field symmetries, respectively.
The Multi-Item Capacitated Lot Size Problem: Error Bounds of Manne's Formulations

We discuss an approximation scheme for the multi-item lot size problem. It is based on an optimal basic solution of a linear programming problem derived from the original problem. The approximate solution is obtained by taking a linear convex combination of the optimal solution of the linear programming problem. We express error bounds of the approximation as a function of some parameters that can be easily estimated in practice. When set-up times are positive, the approximation may result in an infeasible solution. We take the same approach to show that the infeasibility of the approximation is small. The analysis is extended to a variable capacity problem with overtime. As an auxiliary result, we provide a bound on the duality gap of the Lagrangian dual problem.
Physical and geometrical modeling for image-based recovery of left ventricular deformation

Information about left ventricular (LV) mechanical performance is of critical importance in understanding the etiology of ischemic heart disease. Regional measurements derived from non-invasive imaging to assist in assessing this performance have been in use for decades, and certain parameters derived from these measurements often are useful clinically, as they correlate to some extent with gross physiological hypotheses. However, relatively little work has been done to date to carefully understand the relationship of regional myocardial injury to the local mechanical performance of the heart as derived from image data acquired non-invasively for a particular patient in 3 spatial dimensions over time. This paper describes efforts to take advantage of recent developments in 3D non-invasive imaging and biomechanical modeling to design an integrated computational platform capable of assembling a variety of displacement and velocity data derived from each image frame to deform a volumetric model representation of a portion of the myocardium. A brief description of the reasoning behind this strategy an overview of the approach and some initial results are described.
Stimulated raman amplification and lasing in silicon photonic band gap nanocavities

Abstract The concept and design of L5 photonic band gap nanocavities in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhCs) slabs for enhancement of stimulated Raman amplification and lasing in monolithic silicon is suggested for the first time. Specific high quality factor (Q) and small modal volume nanocavities are designed which supports the required pump–Stokes modal spacing in silicon, with ultra-low lasing thresholds.
Wallace H. Coulter: Decades of Invention and Discovery

Only a few inventors can be said to have made as great an impact on mankind as Wallace Coulter. His inquisitive mind and ability to see well beyond what existed served him well for 40 years of inventing. So many of the fundamental tools that exist today in the area of hematology were derived from or driven by Coulter’s inventions that he could be called the most technological innovator in the field of modern hematology. In achieving these discoveries Wallace Coulter was clearly capable of visualizing future opportunities that few others recognized. His vision was combined with an uncanny ability to translate his ideas into products. He developed a large number of tools that shaped the fields of cytometry, image analysis, and industrial materials. His understanding of the future power of computation drove him to link these technologies in a unique way. In the end, Coulter shaped the technologies that ultimately drove hematology in a new direction, one that remains on a critical pathway linking technology innovation all the way to true translational impact. It was said of Henry Ford that ‘‘[h]e has no notion that wealth has made him great, and any one who is imprest merely by his wealth bores him. In his personal contacts he likes to dodge the subject. He would prefer to talk with a machinist about machinery, or with somebody who likes birds about birds. In these contacts, he asks no deference; and if he gets it, he suspects it is mere deference to wealth, and that ends his interest.’’ 1 The same could be said of Wallace Coulter, who, like Ford, understood the concepts of mass production and customer service. Coulter had the ability to recognize the opportunity and fulfill the need for development of a blood-cell counter that could be placed in every pathology laboratory, and in so doing transformed a field from a qualitative to a quantitative environment. Every person who has ever entered a medical lab, hospital, or doctor’s office has felt the impact of Coulter’s discovery. ' 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Disability, direct cost, and payment issues in injuries involving woodworking and wood-related construction

Treatment cost and payment patterns and disability for work, home, and recreation activities were examined for 495 consecutive persons seen as primary care patients over one year in Northern Vermont with injuries associated with woodworking, wood related construction, and home repair activities and materials. These primary care patients were from a larger sample of 601 persons with such injuries who received either primary or tertiary care. Mean total charges were $530 and $342 respectively for work and nonwork related injuries, with highest costs for back and arm injuries, and injuries involving powered equipment and elevations. At six months post injury, patients averaged 11.6 days of disability for work, 10.3 days for home activities, and 13.1 days for recreation. Overwhelmingly, this disability was experienced by nonhospitalized patients. Median charges and disability days were far lower, reflecting the fact that the majority of injuries were minor and only 6% resulted in hospitalization. Only 29% of hospital charges for injuries at work were paid by workmen's compensation, and a third either were unpaid or were paid by the injured party. Self-employed contractors and carpenters, in particular, lacked coverage by workmen's compensation.
Observations on Calculus in the Business Curriculum

Authors observations about the role and extent to which calculus should be taught in business schools. Many controversies raised by others involved in business schools curricula are discussed.
Organic and ceramic SoP solutions and modules for mmW applications

In this paper, fully integrated filter and antenna functions are demonstrated as a system-on-package (SOP) compact front-end solutions for the low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) and for Liquid-Crystal Polymer (LCP) based millimeter-wave modules. The compact and easy-to-design integrated passive functions of filter and antenna have been hereby experimentally validated. The above proposed designs can be easily combined, leading to the complete passive integration with high level of selectivity over the band of interest.
Federal Grants, Earmarked Revenues, and Budget Crowd-Out: State Highway Funding

This paper examines the potential for budget crowd-out in state highway financing. Highway projects are funded primarily through state earmarked tax revenues and federal highway grants. Theoretically, these two sources of revenues could crowd-out state general funds, freeing up these funds for other uses. Previous studies of highway funding show little evidence of significant crowd-out, providing support for the “flypaper effect.” The empirical model of this paper better controls for the endogeneity of federal highway grants and state earmarked highway revenues than previous studies and results suggest little to no crowd-out. Also, our study concludes that state budgeting decisions in the post-Intermodal Surface and Transporation Efficiency Act era still support the “flypaper effect.”
White Racial and Ethnic Identity in the United States

This review examines research on white racial and ethnic identity, paying special attention to developments in whiteness studies during the past decade. Although sociologists have long focused on white ethnic identity, considerations of white racial identity are more recent. White racial identity is commonly portrayed as a default racial category, an invisible yet privileged identity formed by centuries of oppression of nonwhite groups. Whiteness has become synonymous with privilege in much scholarly writing, although recent empirical work strives to consider white racial identity as a complex, situated identity rather than a monolithic one. The study of white racial identity can greatly benefit from moving away from simply naming whiteness as an overlooked, privileged identity and by paying closer attention to empirical studies of racial and ethnic identity by those studying social movements, ethnic identity, and social psychology.
First result from Qweak

Initial results are presented from the recently-completed Qweak experiment at Jefferson Lab. The goal is a precise measurement of the proton's weak charge Q p ,t o yield a test of the standard model and to search for evidence of new physics. The weak charge is extracted from the parity-violating asymmetry in elasticp scattering at low momentum transfer, Q 2 = 0.025GeV 2 . A 180 A longitudinally-polarized 1.16 GeV electron beam was scattered from a 35 cm long liquid hydrogen at small angles, 6 ◦ < < 12 ◦ . Scattered electrons were analyzed in a toroidal magnetic field and detected using an array of eight Cerenkov detectors arranged symmetrically about the beam axis. The initial result, from 4% of the complete data set, is Q p = 0.064 ± 0.012, in excellent agreement with the standard model expectation. Full analysis of the data is expected to yield a value for the weak charge to about 5% precision.
Verifiable encryption of digital signatures and applications

This paper presents a new simple schemes for verifiable encryption of digital signatures. We make use of a trusted third party (TTP) but in an optimistic sense, that is, the TTP takes part in the protocol only if one user cheats or simply crashes. Our schemes can be used as primitives to build efficient fair exchange and certified e-mail protocols.
Mass spectrometric analysis of the kinetics of in vivo rhodopsin phosphorylation

On stimulation, rhodopsin, the light-sensing protein in the rod cells of the retina, is phosphorylated at several sites on its C terminus as the first step in deactivation. We have developed a mass spectrometry–based method to quantify the kinetics of phosphorylation at each site in vivo. After exposing either a freshly dissected mouse retina or the eye of an anesthetized mouse to a flash of light, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions are terminated by rapidly homogenizing the retina or enucleated eye in 8 M urea. The C-terminal peptide containing all known phosphorylation sites is cleaved from rhodopsin, partially purified by ultracentrifugation, and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LCMS). The mass spectrometer responds linearly to the peptide from 10 fmole to 100 pmole. The relative sensitivity to peptides with zero to five phosphates was determined using purified phosphopeptide standards. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) was used to distinguish the three primary sites of phosphorylation, Ser 334, Ser 338, and Ser 343. Peptides monophosphorylated on Ser 334 were separable from those monophosphorylated on Ser 338 and Ser 343 by reversed-phase HPLC. Although peptides monophosphorylated at Ser 338 and Ser 343 normally coelute, the relative amounts of each species in the single peak could be determined by monitoring the ratio of specific daughter ions characteristic of each peptide. Doubly phosphorylated rhodopsin peptides with different sites of phosphorylation also were distinguished by LCMS/MS. The sensitivity of these methods was evaluated by using them to measure rhodopsin phosphorylation stimulated either by light flashes or by continuous illumination over a range of intensities.
LC‐MS Data Processing with MAVEN: A Metabolomic Analysis and Visualization Engine

MAVEN is an open-source software program for interactive processing of LC-MS-based metabolomics data. MAVEN enables rapid and reliable metabolite quantitation from multiple reaction monitoring data or high-resolution full-scan mass spectrometry data. It automatically detects and reports peak intensities for isotope-labeled metabolites. Menu-driven, click-based navigation allows visualization of raw and analyzed data. Here we provide a User Guide for MAVEN. Step-by-step instructions are provided for data import, peak alignment across samples, identification of metabolites that differ strongly between biological conditions, quantitation and visualization of isotope-labeling patterns, and export of tables of metabolite-specific peak intensities. Together, these instructions describe a workflow that allows efficient processing of raw LC-MS data into a form ready for biological analysis.
A 400-Ms/s frequency translating bandpass sigma-delta modulator

A bandpass /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ modulator is described in this paper that uses frequency translation inside the /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ modulator loop to take advantage of the attributes of both continuous-time and discrete-time circuits. A CMOS direct-conversion modulator digitizes a 200 kHz intermediate-frequency signal centered at 100 MHz and produces baseband I/Q outputs with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 54 dB. Images due to I/Q mismatches are suppressed by 50 dB. This 0.35-/spl mu/m digital CMOS chip operates from a 2.7/3.3-V supply, dissipates 330 mW, and occupies 3.2 mm/sup 2/.
FGF23 is a novel regulator of intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility in addition to cardiac hypertrophy

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone released primarily by osteocytes that regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. Recent observational studies in humans suggest that circulating ...
Are We Successfully Adapting Science to Climate Change

AMeRICAn MeTeOROLOGICAL SOCIeTY | 723 AffiliAtion: Averyt—University of Colorado at Boulder, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Western Water Assessment, Boulder, Colorado Corresponding Author: Kristen Averyt, University of Colorado at Boulder, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Western Water Assessment, 325 Broadway, DSRC/PSDI, Boulder, CO 80305 E-mail: kristen.averyt@noaa.gov
Tissue Culture-induced Novel Epialleles of a Myb Transcription Factor Encoded by pericarp color1 in Maize

Plants regenerated from tissue culture often display somaclonal variation, that is, somatic and often meiotically heritable phenotypic variation that can result from both genetic and epigenetic modifications. To better understand the molecular basis of somaclonal variation, we have characterized four unique tissue culture-derived epialleles of the pericarp color1 (p1) gene of maize (Zea mays L.). The progenitor p1 allele, P1-wr, is composed of multiple head-to-tail tandemly arranged copies of the complete gene unit and specifies brick-red phlobaphene pigmentation in the cob glumes. The novel epialleles identified in progeny plants regenerated from tissue culture showed partial to complete loss of p1 function indicated by pink or colorless cob glumes. Loss of pigmentation was correlated with nearly complete loss of p1 steady-state transcripts. DNA gel-blot analysis and genomic bisulfite sequencing showed that silencing of the epialleles was associated with hypermethylation of a region in the second intron of P1-wr. Presence of Unstable factor for orange1 (Ufo1), an unlinked epigenetic modifier of p1, restored the cob glume pigmentation in the silenced alleles, and such reactivation was accompanied by hypomethylation of the p1 sequence. This observation confirmed that silencing of the epialleles is indeed due to epigenetic modifications and that the p1 epialleles were capable of functioning in the presence of the correct trans-acting factors. While the low-copy regions of the genome generally undergo hypomethylation during tissue culture, our study shows that the tandemly repeated genes are also prone to hypermethylation and epigenetic silencing.
Development of individual growth curve standards for estimated fetal weight. I: Weight estimation procedure

In this investigation the weight estimation procedure of Rossavik was reassessed with particular emphasis on parameter estimation and performance over a wide weight range. Using a cross-sectional data set (193 patients), a longitudinal data set (20 patients), and an iterative procedure, parameter estimates were obtained based solely on regression analysis. Comparison of weight estimates obtained using a function based on these parameter values with actual birth weights indicated virtually no systematic errors over a 250-g to 4750-g weight range and random errors (+/- 1 SD) of 10% to 13% below 200 g and 6% to 8% above 2000 g. The weights of small- and large-for-gestational age fetuses were systematically overestimated (4.1%) and underestimated (-3.0%), respectively, but systematic errors were not found in average-for-gestational age fetuses. No differences in random errors were seen in these three growth categories. Comparison with other weight estimation procedures indicated that the Rossavik procedure gives weight estimates that are at least as accurate as those obtained with other methods over a wide range of weight and growth categories. However, the Rossavik procedure can be used to generate individual growth curve standards for weight estimates, a characteristic not shared with other weight estimation procedures.
How do ecological journals stack-up? Ranking of scientific quality according to the h index

ABSTRACT The competitive nature of today's scientific environment requires the availability of ranking indicators that are both fair and easy to compute. An ecologist's publication record is the paper-trail that defines his/her scientific output, and assessment of that record hinges heavily on the popularity and prestige of the journal(s) where the research is published. Although highly criticized, the ISI® Impact Factor is still recognized as the primary measure of journal “quality”. In this study, I apply a recent bibliometric measure, Hirsch's h index, to rank the scientific quality of 111 journals in the ecological sciences and to track changes in journal performance over the past 25 y. Among the top-ranked ecological journals, I found that Trends in Ecology and Evolution has the highest h index, followed closely by journals including Ecology, Molecular Ecology, Evolution, and American Naturalist. A moderate positive relationship between a journal's ISI® Impact Factor versus h index (54% explained var...
Where adolescents and young adults with cancer receive their care: does it matter?

During the last 25 years, improvement in survival for young children with cancer has been striking. Survival has also increased for older adults; however, 5-year survival rates have fallen for older adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients. 1 Reasons for this decline, termed the “AYA Cancer Survival Gap,” remain unknown. Bleyer et al 2 suggested that a lower participation rate on clinical trials in this age group may partially account for poorer survival, but the reasons why remain unclear. The type of practice where cancer care is delivered may also influence clinical trial participation and outcome. Two articles in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology analyzed where older adolescents and young adults received their cancer care. 3,4 Both utilized statewide, population-based cancer registries to describe the referral patterns for older AYAs with cancer. Newly diagnosed AYAs with cancer were categorized by whether or not they received their care at institutions that participate in the Children’s Oncology Group (COG). Albritton et al 3 identified characteristics predictive of receiving care at a pediatric oncology versus medical oncology treatment program. Whether care was delivered at Utah’s only pediatric cancer treatment program, the Primary Children’s Medical Center (PCMC; Salt Lake City), was determined for all incident cancer cases aged 0 to 24 years from the Utah Cancer Registry. Overall, 34% of older adolescents aged 15 to 19 years were seen at PCMC, whereas 97% of children age 0 to 9 years and 82% of children 10 to 14 years were seen at PCMC. The rate at which older adolescents were cared for at a pediatric center varied by diagnosis: 29% for lymphoma, 34% for brain tumors, and 53% for leukemias. Howell et al 4 found that 87% of young patients 0 to 14 years in Georgia were seen at one of the five COG-affiliated institutions in the state. Compared with younger patients, only 36% of 15- to 19-year-olds were seen at COG institutions. In an earlier analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cases from
"Girl Power!": The Relationship between Women's Autonomy and Children's Immunization Coverage in Ethiopia.

Background Although immunizations are efficient and cost effective methods of reducing child mortality, worldwide, approximately 2 million children die yearly of vaccine-preventable diseases. Researchers and health organizations have detailed information on the positive relationship between women’s autonomy and children’s health outcomes in developing countries.
A Biomathematical Approach to HIV and AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is medically devastating to its victims, and wreaks financial and emotional havoc on everyone, infected or not. The purpose of this chapter is to model and understand the behavior of the causative agent of AIDS—the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This will necessitate discussions of viral replication and immunology. By the end of this chapter, the student should have a firm understanding of the way that HIV functions and be able to apply that understanding to a mathematical treatment of HIV infection and epidemiology. Viruses are very small biological structures whose reproduction requires a host cell. In the course of viral infection the host cell is changed or even killed. The host cells of HIV are specific and very unique: They are cells of our immune system. This is of monumental importance to the biological and medical aspects of HIV infection and its aftermath. HIV infects several kinds of cells, but perhaps its most devastating cellular effect is that it kills helper T-lymphocytes. Helper T-lymphocytes play a key role in the process of gaining immunity to specific pathogens; in fact, if one’s helper T-lymphocytes are destroyed, the entire specific immune response fails. Note the irony: HIV kills the very cells that are required by our bodies to defend us from pathogens, including HIV itself! The infected person then contracts a variety of (often rare) diseases to which uninfected persons are resistant, and that person is said to have AIDS.
Combining natriuretic peptides and necrosis markers in the assessment of acute coronary syndromes.

Abstract Management of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is becoming more complex as the array of treatment options available to patients and physicians continues to expand. Cardiac biomarkers play an important role in risk stratification in ACS, and results of cardiac biomarker tests can be used to help guide choices between alternative therapies. In addition to biomarkers of myocyte necrosis, markers of neurohormonal activation, such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), provide important prognostic information in ACS. In the future, multimarker strategies that incorporate panels of cardiac biomarkers are likely to be used for risk stratification and for pathophysiology-guided treatment in patients with ACS.
Optical Nonlinearities Enhanced by Carrier Transport

A non-local nonlinearity results when optically excited carriers move within the internal electric fields of depletion regions, causing field-dependent changes in absorption and/or refractive index. This paper will review some recent experimental results which use these concepts in heter-Schottky barriers and hetero-nipi structures. It will be shown that large, extremely sensitive nonlinearities result.
Ambivalent sexism at home and at work: How attitudes toward women in relationships foster exclusion in the public sphere.

According to ambivalent sexism theory (AST; Glick & Fiske, 1996; 2001), sexism combines complementary gender ideologies, held by both men and women worldwide, which serve to justify social hierarchy. This chapter reviews how benevolent and hostile attitudes toward women operate in concert, ultimately maintaining gender inequity. Research specifi cally targets the relationship between sexism and system justifi cation, as endorsed and enacted by men and women. Hostile and benevolent beliefs map onto widely held prescriptions and proscriptions for men and women; these beliefs shape men’s and women’s interactions in the private sphere (i.e., the home, close relationships). Finally, these system justifying beliefs extend to the workplace and impede women from progressing in the public sphere. We yield to none in our admiration, veneration, and respect for woman. We recognize in her admirable and adorable qualities and sweet and noble infl uence which make for the betterment of mankind and the advancement of civilization. . . . We would take from women none of their privileges as citizens but we do not believe that women are adapted to the political work of the world. . . .
Topics in massive data summarization

We consider three problems in this thesis. Two of them are about building near optimal histograms in non-uniform workload model and in probabilistic data streaming model respectively. The former has an associated weight vector with each streaming data vector, while the latter has a density function instead of a deterministic value as each data entry in the streaming data vector. The third one is to find approximate heavy hitters between two parties in a private model, in which, for every party no information is leaked unless necessary. More specifically, first, we want to construct a nearly workload-optimal histogram. Given B, we want to find the near optimal B bucket histogram under associated workload w within 1 + e error tolerance. In the cash register model where data is streamed as a series of updates, we can build a histogram using polylogarithmic space, polylogarithmic time to process each item, and polylogarithmic post-processing time to build the histogram. All these results need the workload to be explicitly stored since we show that if the workload is summarized in small space lossily, algorithmic results such as above do not exist. Then, we consider the problem of private computation of approximate Heavy Hitters. Alice and Bob each hold a vector and, in the vector sum, they want to find the B largest values along with their indices. We show how to solve the problem privately with polylogarithmic communication, polynomial work and constantly many rounds in the sense that nothing is learned by Alice and Bob beyond what is implied by their input, the ideal top-B output, and goodness of approximation (equivalently, the Euclidean norm of the vector sum). We give lower bounds showing that the Euclidean norm must leak by any efficient algorithm. In the third problem, we want to build a near optimal histogram on probabilistic data streams. Given B, we want to find the near optimal B bucket histogram on probabilistic data streams under both L1 measurement and L2 measurement. We give deterministic algorithms without sampling. We can build histograms using poly-logarithmic space, polylogarithmic time to process each item, and polylogarithmic post-processing time to build the histogram. The result we give under L2 measurement is within (1 + e)-error tolerance, and the result under L1 measurement is heuristic. We also give a direction to give guarantees to the heuristic.
Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and its Tributaries VI. Trichocladium Achrasporum, The Imperfect State of Halosphaeria Mediosetigera, A Marine Ascomycete

(1977). Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and its Tributaries VI. Trichocladium Achrasporum, The Imperfect State of Halosphaeria Mediosetigera, A Marine Ascomycete. Mycologia: Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1218-1223.
Supervised learning for brain MR segmentation via fusion of partially labeled multiple atlases

Fully labeled manual segmentation — a cornerstone of neuro-anatomical structure segmentation, is known to be a tedious, time-consuming and error-prone task even for trained experts. In this paper, we propose a novel partially labeled multiple atlas-based segmentation algorithm which can simultaneously segment multiple structures from a given image. Intra- and Inter-structural constraints are imposed to preserve spatial relationships and to propagate the segmentation from the labeled regions to the unlabeled regions. We present several experiments on real data sets which show that our approach yields accurate segmentations of the test data even in the absence of a large percentage of the atlas labels. Further, our approach has the ability to refine the given partially labeled atlases via a supervised learning stage.