cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of fluoride on root caries progression may be dose-dependent

Article title and bibliographic information A randomized clinical trial of the anti-caries efficacy of 5000 compared to 1450 ppm fluoridated toothpaste on root caries lesions in elderly disabled nursing home residents. Ekstrand KR, Poulsen JE, Hede B, Twetman S, Qvist V, Ellwood RP. Caries Res 2013;47(5):391-98 . Reviewer Andre V. Ritter, DDS, MS, MBA Purpose/Question Is 5000 ppm fluoridated toothpaste used twice daily more efficacious than 1450 ppm fluoridated toothpaste used twice daily for controlling root caries progression in elderly disabled nursing home residents? Source of funding This study was supported by a donation from Colgate Palmolive, manufacturer of the two toothpaste interventions Type of study/Design This was a randomized clinical trial done with a convenience sample, with elements of comparative effectiveness design Level of evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of recommendation grade Not applicable
Torsional Impulse in Gun Launched Projectiles

An investigation of torsional impulse due to "free run" is described. "Free run" is characterized by positive forward motion of a projectile before reaching the origin of gun-tube rifling. This factor permits the projectile to reach an appreciable forward velocity before rotation begins. The instrumentation package for a hard wired experiment is shown and the experimental results are reviewed. The purpose of this investigation is to characterize the in-bore environment when a projectile is subjected to free run in the gun tube. The effect of this condition is important in projectiles which may be adversely affected by these dynamic load conditions. Two types of projectiles were analyzed. The investigation included analytical modeling which used the Super Sceptre computer program and experimental testing which used modified standard projectiles, respectively. The experiments were conducted with the use of a wire-in-bore technique. This procedure provides hard wire communication between the instruments on board the projectile and the recorder in the ground station. This paper is concerned primarily with the discussion of the experimental technique and the results of the tests. Accurate data retrieval during such testing is necessarily difficult since the instrumentation is subjected to the high setback forces along the axis of the projectile, that is, forward accelerations of many, many times gravity, and the extreme lateral forces due to balloting, etc., while at the same time sensing the angular motion about the projectile axis. Therefore, the recorded signals might well contain much extraneous information.
Bioimpedance analysis of total body water in hemodialysis patients.

The accurate measurement of total body water (TBW) is difficult, requiring isotopic dilution techniques not applicable to the clinical setting. The need for a simple and accurate measurement of TBW in dialysis patients is particularly important, as it directly relates to urea kinetic modeling (UKM) and has implications for the assessment of dry weight. Currently, TBW is calculated either with single pool analysis of two or three BUN samples or as a percentage of body weight. The former technique makes assumptions about intercompartmental transfer of urea and is confounded by access recirculation and post-dialysis urea rebound [1]. The latter method can be highly inaccurate in obese patients
Cardiac arrhythmias in infant pigtail monkeys following maternal separation.

The occurrence of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias was determined in 9 infant pigtail (M. nemestrina) monkeys during 3 baseline normal nights, 3 nights following maternal separation, and 3 nights following reunion with the mother. All infants lived in social groups where they had been raised by their natural mothers; heart rate data were collected by means of totally implantable biotelemetry systems. Marked individual differences were found in the mean frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in the baseline condition, and infants with lower heart rates had a greater mean number of arrhythmias. Maternal separation was accompanied by both increases in arrhythmias and decreases in heart rate. The relationship (slope of the regression line) between arrhythmias and heart rate changed in 8 of the 9 infants during separation, suggesting that the increase in arrhythmias was greater than could be accounted for by the decreases in heart rate alone. While both heart rate and arrhythmia values tended to return to baseline values following reunion with the mother, some infants exhibited prolonged separation-induced alterations.
Nanoindentation Round Robin on Thin Film Copper on Silicon

Nanoindentation is used in a variety of fields to measure material hardness and elastic modulus. This test technique is especially attractive for thin films because of the difficulty of conducting tensile or other conventional mechanical characterization tests on thin film specimens, and because it requires only a small surface area for testing. However, the standardization process for this new measurement method is still in progress. To test the ability of current measurement procedures to provide comparable results, a round robin was conducted. Invitations to participate were sent to over 100 laboratories. Two specimens, a copper film on a silicon substrate and an uncoated substrate, were distributed to each of 33 laboratories. The choice of measurement procedure was left to the performing organizations. By the end of the reporting period, 27 sets of results were received. While the average reported uncertainty (1 standard deviation) among the individual participants was 4 pct of the average hardness, the interlaboratory standard deviation of the hardness values was 15 pct. Similarly, the average reported uncertainty of the modulus was 5 pct of the average value, but the interlaboratory standard deviation of the modulus was 19 pct. None of the measurement variables examined in this round robin, including instrument type, analysis procedure, time since instrument calibration, chip mounting procedure, and tip condition, and neither of the potential covariant effects, chip location in the wafer and test date, were found to have a statistically significant effect on the reported hardness or modulus.
Existence of cross terms in the wavelet transform

Since the wavelet transform, a time-scale representation is linear by definition, it does not have any cross terms. However, since signal processors often use the plots of the quadratic square magnitude, i.e., the energy distribution of the WT, to represent a signal, there exists nonlinear cross terms which could cause problems while analyzing multicomponent signals. In this paper, we show that these WT cross terms do exist and discuss the nature and the geometry of these cross terms by deriving mathematical expressions for the energy distribution of the WT of a multicomponent signal. From the mathematical expressions for the WT cross terms, we can infer that the nature of these 'cross terms' are comparable with those found in the Wigner distribution (WD), a quadratic time-frequency representation, and the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), of closely spaced signals. The `cross terms' of the WT and the STFT energy distributions occur at the intersection of their respective WT and STFT spaces, whereas for the WD, cross terms occur midtime and midfrequency. The parameters of the cross terms are a function of the difference in frequency and time of the perpended signals. The amplitude of these cross terms can be twice as large as the product of the magnitudes of the transforms of the two signals in question in all the three cases. We also discuss the significance of the existence of WT cross terms while analyzing a multicomponent signal with representative examples.
Validity of the diffusion approximation in bio-optical imaging

Accurate numerical simulations based on rigorous radiative transfer theory are used to assess the validity of the diffusion approximation that is frequently used in bio-optical imaging. These simulations show that the error is large for a non-index-matched boundary between air and tissue. This weakness of the diffusion approximation underscores the need to understand how diffusion theory can be used to extract accurate values of tissue optical properties. A validity criterion for the diffusion approximation is established on the basis of the single-scattering albedo a and the asymmetry factor g for a slab with index-matched boundaries.
Atom probe tomography characterization of solute segregation to dislocations and interfaces

The level and extent of solute segregation to individual dislocations and interfaces may be visualized and quantified by atom probe tomography. The large volume of analysis and high data acquisition rate of the local electrode atom probe (LEAP®) enables the solute distribution in the region of and along the core of dislocations to be estimated. Solute segregation at precipitate-matrix interfaces of precipitates as small as 2-nm diameter may be quantified. Examples are presented of solute segregation to dislocations and clustering/precipitation in a neutron irradiated Fe–Ni–P model alloy and the neutron irradiated beltline weld from the Midland reactor.
Logical Description of Some Digital-Computer Adders and Counters

A number of adding and counting circuits which have a high degree of reliability are presented. Most of them have been used in a digital computer. A high-speed binary counter is described which can be cycled either forwards or backwards.
Groundwater dye tracing in central Missouri utilizing a multi-sensor fluorometer deployed in Hahatonka Spring

In the fall of 2009 and spring of 2010, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Land Survey’s Geological Survey Program (GSP) conducted an investigation to further delineate the groundwater recharge area of Hahatonka Spring at Lake of the Ozarks in central Missouri. The goal of the study was to determine the hydrologic connections of the karst system near the town of Montreal in Camden County, Missouri, to Hahatonka Spring utilizing fluorescent dye tracing techniques. Conventional charcoal receptor packets and spectro-fluorometric analysis were used in conjunction with a newly acquired multi-sensor submersible fluorometer. The primary purpose of the groundwater investigation was to assess the durability and capability of the fluorometer to continuously monitor for multiple fluorescent tracers and water quality parameters during an extended deployment. Camden County is located in central Missouri where considerable karst development has occurred from the dissolution of the underlying Ordovician Roubidoux Formation and Gasconade Dolomite. The terrain is characterized by sinkholes, losing streams, caves, and springs. The major source of discrete groundwater recharge in the area is from losing streams and, to a lesser extent, sinkholes. A hydrologic connection has been established using water tracing methods at Lancaster Road sinkhole in Laclede County to Hahatonka Spring (Vandike 1992). The travel time of the dye peak concentration, including the arrival of the leading edge and elapsed time of the trailing edge of the dye to Hahatonka Spring was delineated by the fluorometer using 4-h data collection intervals. Groundwater velocity was calculated from the resulting data and determined to be 3.1 km per day (1.98 miles per day). The fluorometer also shows relations in the data among long-term natural fluxes of spring discharge, temperature, and turbidity.
Adapting the Förster Theory of Energy Transfer for Modeling Dynamics in Aggregated Molecular Assemblies

The remarkable efficiencies of solar energy conversion attained by photosynthetic organisms derive partly from the designs of the light-harvesting apparatuses. The strategy employed by nature is to capture sunlight over a wide spectral and spatial cross section in chromophore arrays, then funnel the energy to a trap (reaction center). Nature's blueprint has inspired the conception of a diversity of artificial light-harvesting antenna systems for applications in solar energy conversion or photonics. Despite numerous, wide-ranging studies, truly quantitative predictions for such multichromophoric assemblies are scarce because Forster theory in its standard form often seems to fail. We report here a new framework within which energy transfer in molecular assemblies can be modeled quantitatively using a generalization of Forster's theory. Our results show that the principles involved in optimization of energy transfer in confined molecular assemblies are not revealed in a simple way by the absorption and emis...
Processing acrylic resin bases for removable partial dentures on a hydrocolloid cast.

P a n t o g r a p h t r a n s f e r o f t e r m i n a l h i n g e a x i s , e f f e c t s o n o c c l u s a l m o r p h o l o g y M. J. Jaarda, ]. A. Clayton, and G. E. Myers University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. The importance of the terminal hinge axis (THA) in pantography has been viewed as a basic assumption, but the significance and effect is unproven with only limited research. Previous studies have indicated that the transference of the THA does affect articulator settings, however, the effect on occlusai morphology has not been sufficiently shown. Instrumentation was developed whereby "ridge and groove direction" and cusp height could be measured in the form of co-ordinates of an x-y-z co-ordinate system. The instrumentation consisted basically of a precision linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) that could be rotated through all three Reprinted from the Journal of Dental Research with permission of the author and editor. planes and mounted within the first molar area on a Denar D5A articulator. Two subjects were investi- gated by means of pantographic surveys performed relative to the THA. This was repeated with the survey relative to the arbitrary hinge axis (AHA). The DSA articulator was correspondingly programmed and the LVDT mounted in the maxillary first molar area. Cusp height and "ridge and groove" directions were then measured respective to each pantograph survey. The measuring error of the entire procedure was + .05 mm. along any given axis of the coordinate system. Statistical difference (p = .05) was shown for "ridge and groove" and cusp height. Magnitude of the difference was .2 mm. in protrusive excursion and .1 mm. in lateral excursion at the edge to edge position. 696 JUNE 1978 VOLUME 39 NUMBER 6
Role of the entero-hepatic cycle of indomethacin on its metabolism, distribution in tissues and its excretion by rats, dogs and monkeys.

Abstract Dogs excrete most of an i.v. dose of 14 C-indomethacin unchanged in their feces. Monkeys extensively metabolize the drug to deschlorobenzoylindomethacin and excrete it in urine, and rats, without coprophagy, excrete the major metabolite, desmethylindomethacin, equally in urine and feces. 14 C-indomethacin constitutes the major radioactive species in plasma, liver and kidney of rats and monkeys. In both species, a new lipid-soluble metabolite of indomethacin was observed. The half-life of the drug in plasma varied among the three species ranging from minutes in monkeys and dogs to hours in rats. In rats, plasma clearance of indomethacin by liver, although low, was thirty times the clearance rate by kidney, and the reabsorption of indomethacin from the intestine was extensive. Desmethylindomethacin, the major metabolite, was cleared from plasma equally by liver and kidney and was not reabsorbed from the intestine of rats. Consequently, this metabolite was distributed equally in urine and feces. Indomethacin was extensively and rapidly secreted in bile by dogs, eventually excreted as unchanged drug in their feces, and minimally metabolized to deschlorobenzoylindomethacin, which was excreted in urine. Monkeys were similar to dogs in that the liver was more than ten times as effective as the kidneys in clearing total radioactivity from plasma. However, they differed from dogs in that all drug species were maximally reabsorbed from the intestine. These differences in the plasma clearance of indomethacin and its metabolites by liver and kidney and in the entero-hepatic circulation of these drug species were sufficient to account for the species differences in the distribution and excretion of indomethacin.
Dissipation in Atmospheres: The Thermal Structure of the Martian Lower Atmosphere With and Without Viscous Dissipation

Abstract The energy relationships for an atmosphere are reviewed and it is pointed out that the role of viscous dissipation can be examined from either a mechanical or a thermodynamic point of view. An entropy integral is derived which represents a constraint on the thermal structure of an atmosphere in the case of zero viscous dissipation. The size of dissipation in actual atmospheres is not very well known. Calculations of thermal structure are performed for the Martian atmosphere, with the results depending greatly on whether high or low dissipation is assumed; better information, therefore, is highly desirable. In the case of low dissipation, the Martian tropopause is high and cold; so cold that C02 clouds form.
The normal vectorcardiogram of children.

Abstract The normal vectorcardiogram, as analyzed by the Grishman technic, has been described in 135 normal children, aged two through fourteen years. The normal patterns in all three planes are very specific. Minor variations of the normal are many, but seems to be easily recognized as such and put into the framework of the normal. Qualitatively, there appears to be no significant difference in the vectorcardiograms of these older children from those of adults.
DIFFERENTIAL N-P SCATTERING CROSS-SECTION FOR 220 MEV NEUTRONS

The differential neutron-proton scattering cross section as a function of angle has been investigated for neutron energies of 220 Mev and 180 Mev. A \textonehalf{}-inch Be target at the 58\textonequarter{}-inch radius in the University of Rochester 130-in. cyclotron was used to produce a beam of neutrons. This neutron beam scattered protons from a polyethylene scatterer which were detected by a four scintillation counter coincidence telescope. A measurement of the pulse height from the last counter was used to determine the energy of the scattered proton. The effect of the carbon in the polyethylene was subtracted by taking runs with a carbon scatterer calculated to have the same number of carbon atoms per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ as had the polyethylene. Runs were taken from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the proton angle in the laboratory coordinate system. A comparison is made of the 220-Mev angular distribution with the Berkeley 260-Mev data which indicates essential agreement of the shapes.
Reliability of a dynamic random access memory (dram)

The occurrence of electronic failures during high temperature stress testing, and their recovery at ambient, represents one of the most difficult problems of reliability assessment. This paper examines one such failure on a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) module and gives an analysis of its nature. In addition, a suggestion as to how to assess the impact of such failures in the field situation is given and its specific application to this problem used to make a field reliability prediction.
Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century

Reducing tropical deforestation is at present considered a cost-effective option for mitigating climate change. Satellite-based estimates of forest loss suggest that urban population growth and urban and international demand for agricultural products are key drivers of deforestation in the tropics. Reducing atmospheric carbon emissions from tropical deforestation is at present considered a cost-effective option for mitigating climate change. However, the forces associated with tropical forest loss are uncertain1. Here we use satellite-based estimates of forest loss for 2000 to 2005 (ref. 2) to assess economic, agricultural and demographic correlates across 41 countries in the humid tropics. Two methods of analysis—linear regression and regression tree—show that forest loss is positively correlated with urban population growth and exports of agricultural products for this time period. Rural population growth is not associated with forest loss, indicating the importance of urban-based and international demands for agricultural products as drivers of deforestation. The strong trend in movement of people to cities in the tropics is, counter-intuitively, likely to be associated with greater pressures for clearing tropical forests. We therefore suggest that policies to reduce deforestation among local, rural populations will not address the main cause of deforestation in the future. Rather, efforts need to focus on reducing deforestation for industrial-scale, export-oriented agricultural production, concomitant with efforts to increase yields in non-forested lands to satisfy demands for agricultural products.
Evidence-based parent involvement interventions with school-aged children.

This paper reviewed 24 studies of parent involvement for school-aged children conducted between 1980 and 2002 and evaluated them according to the criteria developed by the Task Force on Evidence-Based Interventions in School Psychology. The parent involvement component of all studies had parents helping children learn at home, with most targeting a change in academic performance, including reading skills, mathematics skills, spelling, and homework completion. Results yielded a wide range of treatment effectiveness. The strongest evidence for parent involvement was provided for programs that implemented parent tutoring in the home and targeted a single academic problem of the elementary school-aged child, primarily reading and mathematics skills. Despite promising evidence for the effectiveness of parent home tutoring, it was concluded that the evidence base for the effectiveness of parent involvement as an intervention for children's academic problems is inconclusive due to methodological weaknesses in the studies reviewed. Recommendations for future empirical research are provided.
Retention of corticosterone by cell nuclei from brain regions of adrenalectomized rats.

Adrenalectomized rats were injected with [1,2-3H]corticosterone and highly-purified cell nuclei were isolated from 6 brain regions. Nuclear retention of the labeled hormone was found to be highest in hippocampus, where a tissue retention mechanism has been previously demonstrated, but is also evidence in amygdala and cerebral cortex. An average of 36% of the radioactive hormone in the hippocampus is present in cell nuclei. The retention mechanism in hippocampal nuclei is highly specific for corticosterone and shows an interesting time dependence.
Elizabeth Bowen's war gothic

Elizabeth Bowen's fiction from World War II is among the most celebrated of the era. As most readers know, her remarkable collection of wartime short fiction, The Demon Lover and Other Stories, joins war writing with the gothic. This odd conjuncture has produced two dominant modes of reading Bowen's stories: either the immediate historical context of World War II guides interpretation or Bowen's deployment of gothic tropes and imagery invokes a longer tradition of Anglo-Irish gothic fiction, thereby restoring a specifically Irish historical context to these stories. Rather than privilege one form of reading over the other, I suggest that the defining features of Bowen's war gothic – disorderly temporalities, alternating narratives, hauntings – formally mediate between these two historical moments. On my reading, Bowen's stories transfer the anxieties of Anglo-Irish gothic fiction – the erosion of property rights, wealth distribution, and inheritance – to the scene of the People's War. Bowen's gothic ficti...
Respiratory Failure Complicating Rubeola

We reviewed the charts of 19 patients with the diagnosis of measles who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Patients studied were admitted during the period June 1989 to June 1990. The mean age was 19 months (range, 3 to 51 months). The cause for respiratory failure fell into two groups: 47 percent developed pneumonitis and refractory hypoxemia. Patients with pneumonitis and hypoxemic respiratory failure had a 56 percent mortality. An oxygenation index of greater than 40 for 4 h separated survivors from nonsurvivors (oxygenation index = [mean airway pressure × FIo 2 /PaO 2 × 100]). Patients with tracheitis alone all survived. In these patients the organism primarily responsible was Staphylococcus aureus (70 percent). Two of the seven patients with S aureus tracheitis had signs and symptoms of toxic shock syndrome and we subsequently demonstrated toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in both patients.
Cephalosporin-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile.

Recent studies have shown considerable progress in the diagnosis, etiology, and therapy of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Previous work has implicated a number of antimicrobial agents, but there are relatively few reports concerning the role of cephalosporins. The subject of the present report is 17 patients with pseudomembranous colitis associated with cephalosporin use. Tissue cultures of stools from all patients showed a cytotoxin that is neutralized by C sordellii antitoxin. Bacterial cultures of these specimens yielded strains of C difficile that produced a similar cytotoxin in vitro. Nine of the patients were treated orally with vancomycin hydrochloride and all responded. This experience illustrates the importance of considering the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis in patients in whom diarrhea develops in association with cephalosporin use. ( JAMA 242:2683-2685, 1979)
Electrocatalytic reactions in organized assemblies Part II. Electrocatalytic reduction of allyl chloride by tris(2,2′-biypridyl)cobalt(II) in micelles of dodecyclsulfate

Donnees sur un systeme electrocatalytique micellaire, contenant du tris(bipyridyle-2,2')-Co(II) et du laurylsulfate de sodium, qui catalyse la reduction du chlorure d'allyle. Etudes, par voltammetrie cyclique, en presence d'une electrode de carbone vitreux
The impact of petroleum shortages on inter-city travel and modal choice

Abstract This study is an empirical investigation of the long-run sensitivity of inter-city travel behavior to petroleum shortages. It tests the sensitivity of both modal choice and total travel volume to increases in the prices of petroleum-based fuels and restrictions on highway speeds for the four basic inter-city modes: auto, air, rail and bus for 22 city-pairs in the “Northeast Corridor” region of the United States. Estimates are made of the operating costs per passenger-mile accounted for by petroleu-based fuels for a base period. These will be varied according to alternative assumptions concerning increases in the price of petroleum-based fuels. Also, speeds will be varied to simulate the effect of lower highway speed limits. These alternative cost and speed assumptions are used as input to one of several candidate models embodying “abstract mode” properties estimated on Northeast Corridor data and whose properties have recently been investigated by Crow, Young and Cooley. Solutions of the model are presented for each mode and total travel volume for a “control” solution. Each alternative scenario involving different assumptions on petroleum-based fuel prices and highway speed restrictions will then be used to derive a different solution, to be compared to the control solution. These comparisons then yield reasonably concrete information on the impact of petroleum shortage on inter-city travel behavior.
Significant linkage at chromosome 19q for otitis media with effusion and/or recurrent otitis media (COME/ROM).

In previous analyses, we identified a region of chromosome 19 as harboring a susceptibility locus for chronic otitis media with effusion and/or recurrent otitis media (COME/ROM). Our aim was to further localize the linkage signal and ultimately identify the causative variant or variants. We followed up our previous linkage scan with dense SNP genotyping across in a 5 Mb region. A total of 607 individuals from 139 families, including 159 affected sib pairs and 62 second-degree affected relative pairs, were genotyped at 1,091 SNPs. We carried out a nonparametric linkage analysis, modeling marker-to-marker linkage disequilibrium. The maximum log of the odds (LOD) score increased to 3.75 (P = 1.6 × 10-5) at position 63.4 Mb, with a LOD-1 support interval between 61.6 Mb and 63.8 Mb, providing significant evidence of linkage between this region and COME/ROM. The support interval contains over 90 known genes, including several genes involved in the inflammasome protein complex, a key regulator of the innate immune response to harmful exogenous or endogenous stimuli. Parametric linkage analysis suggests that for a sib of an affected individual, the recurrence risk of COME/ROM due to this linkage region is twice the recurrence risk in the population. We examined potential associations between the SNPs genotyped in this region and COME/ROM, however none provided evidence for association. This study has refined the 19q region of linkage with COME/ROM, and association results suggest that the linkage signal may be due to rare variants.
Using Brunswikian theory and a longitudinal design to study how hierarchical teams adapt to increasing levels of time pressure.

Brunswikian theory and a longitudinal design were used to study how three-person, hierarchical teams adapted to increasing levels of time pressure and, thereby, try to understand why previous team research has not necessarily found a direct relationship between team processes and performance with increasing time pressure. We obtained four principal findings. First, team members initially adapted to increasing time pressure without showing any performance decrements by accelerating their cognitive processing, increasing the amount of their implicit coordination by sending more information without being asked and, to a lesser extent, filtering (omitting) certain activities. Second, teams began and continued to perform the task differently with increasing time pressure, yet often achieved comparable levels of performance. Third, time pressure did affect performance because there was a level of time pressure beyond which performance could not be maintained, although that level differed for different teams. And, fourth, some adaptation strategies were more effective than others at the highest time pressure level. Taken together, these findings support the Brunswikian perspective that one should not necessarily expect a direct relationship between team processes and performance with increasing time pressure because teams adapt their processes in different, yet often equally effective ways, in an effort to maintain high and stable performance.
Efficient synthesis of oligonucleotide-peptide conjugates on large scale.

The conjugation of oligonucleotide phosphorothioates with antennapedia peptide was studied in detail to allow efficient preparation of the conjugates on up to 15 μmol scale. Under optimized conditions, the use of oligonucleotides and the peptide in an equimolecular ratio gave the desired conjugates in more than 60% isolated yield.
From Ethnic to Interethnic: The Case for Identity Adaptation and Transformation

The academic literature for the past several decades suggests an increased tendency to conceive “ethnic identity” as an a priori and morally inviolable human condition exclusively attributed to a social group identified by birth or ascription. Paralleling this trend is a gradual shift toward a more pluralistic ideology of interethnic relations and toward a greater emphasis on political activism in social research. In this historical context, the article identifies two interrelated problematics in the prevailing pluralistic conceptions of ethnic identity: positivity bias and oversimplification. These problematic aspects are examined against the well-documented individual and situational variations in ethnic identity. As a way to counterbalance and complement the pluralistic conceptions, a theoretical account for the process of identity transformation is offered. This dynamic theory highlights the experiences of many individuals who, through their communication activities of crisscrossing ethnic boundaries,...
SLAC Scanner Processor Applications in the Data Acquisition System for the Upgraded Mark II Detector

The SLAC Scanner Processor is a general purpose, programmable FASTBUS crate/cable master/slave module. This device plays a central role in the readout, buffering and preprocessing of data from the upgraded Mark II detector's new central drift chamber. In addition to data readout, the SSPs assist in a variety of other services, such as detector calibration, FASTBUS system management, FASTBUS system initialization and verification, and FASTBUS module testing.
Toward an engineering science of knowledge-based design☆

Abstract In this paper, we present a framework for organizing, evaluating, and developing knowledge-based models of the design process. We argue that evaluation of a design process model can be carried out from three usefully distinguished perspectives: the knowledge it embodies; the functionality of the design process, from a problem-solving viewpoint; and the implementation of the design process as an actual program. This paper focuses on the first two perspective. We systematically introduce a set of basic functional components, and show how existing approaches or systems can be viewed as configurations of these components, in which domain knowledge has been incorporated. As we lay out this framework, we illustrate it in a simple way by using it to describe knowledge-based house floorplanners. We then complete our presentation by analysing a more complex knowledge-based system (DONTE) that designs circuits.
Assessing Variability of In Vivo Tissue Raman Spectra

Raman spectroscopy (RS) has received increasing attention as a potential tool for clinical diagnostics. However, the unknown comparability of multiple tissue RS systems remains a major issue for technique standardization and future multisystem trials. In this study, we evaluated potential factors affecting data collection and interpretation, utilizing the skin as an example tissue. The effects of contact pressure and probe angle were characterized as potential user-induced variability sources. Similarly, instrumentation-induced variability sources of system stability and system-dependent response were also analyzed on skin and a nonvolatile biological tissue analog. Physiologically induced variations were studied on multiple tissue locations and patients. The effect of variability sources on spectral line shape and dispersion was analyzed with analysis-of-variance methods, and a new metric for comparing spectral dispersion was defined. In this study, in vivo measurements were made on multiple sites of skin from five healthy volunteers, with four stand-alone fiber optic probe-based tissue RS systems. System stability and controlled user-induced variables had no effects on obtained spectra. By contrast, instrumentation and anatomical location of measurement were significant sources of variability. These findings establish the comparability of tissue Raman spectra obtained by unique systems. Furthermore, we suggest steps for further procedural and instrumentation standardization prior to broad clinical applications of the technique.
Development of a Multilayer Mesoscale Burner Array for Gas Turbine Reheat

Mesoscale burner arrays allow combustion to be conducted in a distributed fashion at the millimeter (meso) scale. At this scale, diffusive processes are fast, but not yet dominant, such that a number of advantages over conventional burners can be achieved without giving up the possibility to use fluid inertia to advantage. Since the scale of the reaction zone follows from the scale at which the reactants are mixed, very compact flames result. We expect that this compact, distributed form of combustion can provide not only the opportunity of inter-turbine reheat, but also the potential for lean premixed or highly vitiated combustion to suppress NOX emissions. In previous work, a 4×4 array, with burner elements on 5-mm centers, was fabricated in silicon nitride using shape deposition manufacturing. Results from both fully premixed (mixing prior to the array) and partially premixed (mixing in the array) configurations demonstrated the degree to which premixed performance can be achieved with this design and pointed to ways in which the array design could be improved. In the present work, a next-generation 6×6 array has been developed and tested. Major design changes in this array include use of a combination of bluff-body and swirl flame stabilization and a multilayer architecture with a separate fuel manifold for more uniform fuel distribution. In this multilayer design, the array is fabricated in three separate pieces, one of which is a vaporization layer designed for use with liquid fuels. Results using gaseous fuel (methane) in a fully premixed operating condition, including pressure drop, flame stability, temperature distribution in the burned gas, and NOx emissions, are reported for both bluff-body and no-bluff-body configurations. Tests for a partially premixed configuration are being carried out to evaluate the potential of the design modifications.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Craniofacial resection for ethmoid carcinoma in children

Abstract The combined craniofacial resection is a well-established method of managing invasive primary malignant nasoethmoidal disease in adults, and serves as an excellent surgical technique for the en bloc eradication of these lesions [6]. The nasoethmoid region is a relatively uncommon site for the development of primary carcinoma. Less than 3% of cancers involving the adult upper aerodigestive system arise in this area [11,13]. Because similar lesions occur in the pediatric population even less frequently, there has been little opportunity to gain the knowledge necessary to develop a standardized treatment of this disease in children. We report the use of a combined therapeutic regimen consisting of cobalt-60 radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy, to manage a primary malignant undifferentiated carcinoma of the ethmoid complex in an adolescent. Since the initiation of treatment at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital, the child has remained free of tumor for 24 months. The techniques of craniofacial resection for the removal of certain tumors in the nasoethmoid complex of adults may be easily adapted for use in the pediatric population, and should be included in the surgical armamentarium of the otolaryngologist providing this type of health care for children.
Ejection chain and filter-and-fan methods in combinatorial optimization

The design of effective neighborhood structures is fundamentally important for creating better local search and metaheuristic algorithms for combinatorial optimization. Significant efforts have been made to develop larger and more powerful neighborhoods that are able to explore the solution space more effectively while keeping computation complexity within acceptable levels. The most important advances in this domain derive from dynamic and adaptive neighborhood constructions originating in ejection chain methods and a special form of a candidate list design that constitutes the core of the filter-and-fan method. The objective of this paper is to lay out the general framework of the ejection chain and filter-and-fan methods and present applications to a number of important combinatorial optimization problems. The features of the methods that make them effective in these applications are highlighted to provide insights into solving challenging problems in other settings.
Stable Isotopes in Pocket Gopher Teeth as Evidence of a Late Matuyama Climate Shift in the Southern Rocky Mountains

Previous work in the San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado and northern New Mexico at the Hansen Bluff and SAM Cave localities has allowed reconstruction of the paleoclimate in the region during the interval from ∼0.6 myr to ∼2.6 myr. Surface exposures at Hansen Bluff have been correlated to deep-sea oxygen isotope core stages 18–23 and one of the glacial periods contained therein to the oldest “Nebraskan” till in southwestern Iowa. Deposits in SAM Cave correlate to Hansen Bluff on the basis of paleomagnetics, climate interpretation, and microtine rodent biochronology. In this paper, carbon and oxygen stable isotope data of herbivorous rodent teeth are used as indicators of change in the predominance of C3, C4, and CAM plants and of changes in temperature and precipitation. Taken together with other previously analyzed data from these localities, the evidence indicates a shift in the severity of glacial events that is mainly related to the hydrologic characteristics of the climate. This shift may have been caused by broad regional uplift that may have been instrumental in shifting global climate cycles from the 41,000-yr Matuyama cycles to the Brunhes 100,000-yr-dominated cycles.
Adjustment of patients after hip surgery.

The relationship between intellectual functioning and postoperative adaptation was investigated in 25 geriatric patients who required surgery for hip fracture. One year after operation, two groups were formed on the basis of responses to a structured interview questionnaire. The two groups were: A) 10 well-adjusted patients, and B) 10 poorly-adjusted patients. The poorly-adjusted patients with decreased general and psychosocial functioning showed impairments with respect to remote memory, simple calculation, and abstract thinking. They also had more cardiovascular disease in comparison to the well-adjusted group. Three alternative interpretations of the data are discussed: 1) the impairment in intellectual and social functioning in group B may have represented postoperative deterioration and thus caused the poor adjustment; 2) subtle signs of intellectual impairment may have escaped detection before surgery in group B; and 3) the baseline intellectual functioning of group A may have been higher preoperatively and consequently the better adjustment may have reflected the same trend post-operatively. An interview form (KDS™—10) is presented which can facilitate testing both before surgery and at various intervals during the follow-up period.
MULTIMODAL MRI CONTRAST AGENTS

The advent of powerful new imaging tools such as confocal and two-photon microscopy, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound have provided scientists and clinicians with the ability to acquire in vivo images of anatomy and physiology in whole animals and humans [1–3]. Each of these in vivo imaging techniques possesses unique strengths and weaknesses with varying spatial and temporal resolution limits [4]. Further, the development of sophisticated reporter probes for cell tracking, gene expression, and gene monitoring therapeutic paradigms is rapidly changing the way these techniques are being applied. For example, advances in optical microscopy have revolutionized the way living cells and intact tissues are studied [5]. As a result, cellular events, biochemical processes, and tissue morphogenesis can be followed in developing embryos at submicron resolution. MRI employs nonionizing radiation and has become an integral tool in clinical radiology, and more recently in experimental settings [6–8]. The intensity of the signal in each voxel is dependent on several intrinsic parameters, such as the proton density, longitudinal (R1) and transverse (R2) NMR relaxation rates, and extrinsic parameters, such as magnetic field strength, pulse sequence, and the presence of contrast agents (CAs). CAs for a variety of imaging methods have been in use for decades in diagnostic radiology and developmental biology [9–13]. The application of these CAs is well documented and the fundamental chemical principles for the synthesis and characterization of these complexes are known [14–16]. A rapidly growing body of literature documents the clinical effectiveness of paramagnetic CAs [17–19]. Currently, eight such CAs are in clinical use or clinical trials and more than 30% of all clinical MRI examinations employ CAs [20]. Paramagnetic metal ions, as a result of their unpaired electrons, act as potent relaxation-enhancement agents and decrease the T1 and T2 relaxation times of nearby spins [21]. Some paramagnetic ions decrease T1 without causing substantial line broadening [T1 agents; e.g., Gd(III)], while others induce drastic line broadening (T2 agents; e.g., superparamagnetic iron oxide) [22]. The lanthanide ion Gd(III) has generally been chosen as the metal ion for CAs because it has a high magnetic moment (l = 63 lB ) and a symmetric electronic ground state (S) [23]. Transition metal ions such as high-spin Mn(II) and Fe(III) are candidates owing to their high magnetic moments. The mechanism of T1 relaxation is generally a through-space dipole–dipole interaction between the unpaired electrons of the paramagnetic metal ion and the protons of coordinated or diffusing water molecules. The longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates (Ri) of a CA solution are proportional to the CA’s relaxivity rip (Eq. 1) [20, 23]:
The Determination of Protein Sulfhydryl Groups with Iodine and O-Iodosobenzoate by an Amperometric Titration

Summary An amperometric adaptation of the “dead stop” titration technique has been applied to determine the sulfhydryl groups of proteins with o-iodosobenzoate and iodine. As applied to native proteins, the oxidation is largely produced by the iodine liberated in the course of determining the excess o-iodosobenzoate. The method appears to be specific and quantitative for sulfhydryl groups, since any very reactive groups which might be overoxidized by iodine react first with the o-iodosobenzoate.
Provision of high-protein supplement for patients recovering from hip fracture.

Abstract Objective We compared clinical outcomes with a standard (Ensure) or a high-protein (Boost HP) liquid nutritional supplement for older adults recovering from hip fracture surgery in a rehabilitation hospital. Methods This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study compared the clinical effectiveness of a standard (Ensure) with a high-protein (Boost HP) liquid nutritional supplement among patients (n = 46) 60 y or older who recently underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture. Patients were encouraged to drink at least two 8-oz cans (17.8 g/d protein for Ensure versus 30 g/d protein for Boost HP) per day for 28 d. Study measurements included change in Functional Independence Measure between rehabilitation admission and discharge, length of rehabilitation stay, laboratory measures (i.e., serum albumin, prealbumin, and C-reactive protein), physical activity energy expenditure by 7-d triaxial accelerometry, and dietary intake by three random, telephonic, 24-h dietary recalls. Results There were no significant group differences with respect to age, sex, acute hospital days, hip fracture assessment parameters, or surgical treatment. Consumption of supplement (260 oz/28 d of Ensure versus 239 oz/28 d of Boost HP) was comparable. There were no differences in complication or adverse event rates during the study. The Boost HP group consumed more protein than the Ensure group (63 versus 50 g, P Conclusions Supplementation was well tolerated in this population and contributed significantly to total dietary intake. Consumption of a high-protein liquid nutritional supplement may offer some benefits by improving visceral protein status.