cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A parametric convex meshfree formulation for approximating the Helmholtz solution in circular coaxial waveguide

The application of convex meshfree approximation to the time-harmonic electromagnetic wave propagation analysis of a waveguide with non-convex cross section such as the circular coaxial waveguide remains unsolved. This paper introduces a parametric convex meshfree formulation for the circular coaxial waveguide analysis. The present method reformulates the convex meshfree approximation on the basis of a special parametric space-an extended parametric domain. The new parametric domain ensures a one-to-one geometric mapping using the convex meshfree approximation and allows the convex meshfree method to be applied to the oscillatory type of Helmholtz equation for circular coaxial waveguide analysis. Both transverse electric and transverse magnetic mode studies are conducted using the present method, and results are compared with the standard bilinear finite element method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of abiotic factors on gillnet catch rates of yellow perch in southern Lake Michigan, 1989–2006

The difference in yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), catch rates were evaluated for gillnets set on the bottom at 10- and 15-m depths in southern Lake Michigan during June, July and August from 1989 to 2006. More yellow perch were captured in gillnets set at 10 m than at 15 m. Differences in water temperature were significant in explaining variation in catch rates, but differences in Secchi depth and wave height were not significant. These results suggest that yellow perch may associate with habitat based on water temperature during the summer and move in response to thermal changes. In addition, this portion of the lake lacks noticeable heterogeneous structural habitat features that normally influence yellow perch behaviour. Fisheries managers should consider sampling based on temperature in addition to depth or other habitat features when designing sampling protocols.
Building social capital in the writing center by transferring skills at American Design University in Qatar

This study examines English faculty perceptions of the Writing Center at American Design University in Qatar (ADU-Q) from a social capital perspective. This was part of a larger study that took a sociocultural approach to English faculty perceptions of writing center work at ADU-Q. One of the emergent themes in that study was the lack of students’ language skill transfer from English courses to their disciplines. This finding has critical implications for the development of writing center and writing-across-the-disciplines work by uniting the fields of Composition, TESOL, and writing center research.
Clustering and Balancing Markets with Demographic Data

ABSTRACT Given the significant investment needed to bring new products to market, food marketers need accurate information to assess the risks involved with each potential introduction. By building a market classification based on demographic profiles and using correct clustering methods, this paper gives researchers improved information for balancing their new product experiments, for analyzing promotion responsiveness, and for forecasting sales in other areas. Some consequences from not following the good cluster analysis procedures are also illustrated.
The Route and Mechanism of Uncoupled Current Flow through Na/K-ATPase Pumps Lacking the Two COOH-Terminal Tyrosines

Na/K-ATPase pumps generate outward current during ATP-driven stoichiometric exchange of three intracellular Na ions for two extracellular K ions. At acidic pH, in the absence of extracellular Na and K ions, an uncoupled current flows through wild-type Na/K pumps at large negative membrane potentials, believed carried by protons. Both currents are abolished by the specific Na/K pump inhibitor ouabain. In Xenopusα1 pumps made less sensitive to ouabain by mutations Q120R/N131D or C113Y we observed a similar uncoupled current in the absence of extracellular Na and K ions even at physiological pH (7.6). After deletion of the last five (∈″KESYY), or two (∈″YY), COOH-terminal residues of those pumps, uncoupled current was recorded also in extracellular Na. We used two-microelectrode recording to measure uncoupled, and coupled Na/K transport, currents as those inhibited by 10-30 mM ouabain in Xenopus oocytes expressing C113Y or C113Y-∈″YY Na/K pumps. To investigate whether the uncoupled current traverses the same principal pathway followed by transported Na and K ions we used two methods to close that pathway. In one method, we formed stable BeFX-Na/K-pump complexes, trapped in an E2P-like state with closed cytoplasmic-side gates, by injecting oocytes with 1mM BeFX. In the other, we closed the extracellular access pathway by modifying a Cys substituted for T806, at the outer end of TM6, with 1 mM extracellular MTSET. Both methods abolished coupled Na/K pump transport current, as well as Na current flow through palytoxin-bound C113Y Na/K pump-channels. But neither method diminished uncoupled current at −180 mV, suggesting either that the responsible ions do not traverse the principal pathway shared by transported Na and K ions or, if they do follow that route, that they do not travel as hydrated cations. [NIH HL36783]
Optimal Grid Geometry of Diagrid Structures for Tall Buildings

Abstract The use of diagrid structural systems for tall building design has continued to increase. Characteristics and stiffness-based preliminary design methodology of diagrid structures are discussed. The design methodology is applied to a set of diagrid structures, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 stories tall. The diagrid structure of each storey height is designed with diagonals placed at various uniform angles as well as gradually changing angles along the building height in order to determine the optimal uniform angle for each structure with a different height and to investigate the structural potential of diagrids with changing angles. Based on these design studies, design guidelines are provided for the optimal configuration of the diagrid structure grid geometry within a certain height range.
The Economic Dimensions Of Rural Poverty

The farm sector of the United States is fast approaching its equilibrium asymptote in relation to the rest of the economy. The facts are simple and even startling to one who last looked at them five years ago. By 1967, as Table 1 shows, the one million successful American farms produced all but 15 percent of the output and wound up with a total family income averaging $14,000. Both the intermediate group (sales $2,500-10,000) and the non-commercial group (sales less than $2,500) were averaging nearly $7,000 per farm family from all sources. It is very clear that these two groups, comprising over 2 million farms are no longer primarily engaged in farming. In seven years, the intermediate group switched its income dependence from farm to non-farm income, and the non-commercial group did more than twice as well as before in non-farm income. Moreover, even the lower end of the farm income distribution is no longer in dire poverty; these families prudently substitute enough non-farm income to replace on-farm opportunities. It should also be noted that in the whole of farming, non-farm sources of income are just as important as farm sources.
Changes in Protein Expression of U937 and Jurkat Cells Exposed to Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields

Application of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) to various biological cell lines has been to shown to cause many diverse effects, including poration of the plasma membrane, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, blebbing, apoptosis, and intracellular calcium bursts. The underlying mechanism(s) responsible for these diverse responses are poorly understood. Of specific interest in this paper are the long-term effects of nsPEF on cellular processes, including the regulation of genes and production of proteins. Previous studies have reported transient activation of select signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), protein phosphorylation and downstream gene expression following nsPEF application. We hypothesize that nsPEF represents a unique stimulus that could be used to externally modulate cellular processes. To validate our hypothesis, we performed a series of cuvette-based exposures at 10 and 600ns pulse widths using a custom Blumlien line pulser system. We measured acute changes in the plasma membrane structure using flow cytometry by tracking phosphatidylserine externalization via FITC-Annexin V labeling and poration via propidium iodide uptake. We then compared these results to viability of the cells at 24 hours post exposure using MTT assay and changes in the MAPK family of proteins at 8 hours post-exposure using Luminex assay. By comparing exposures at 10 and 600ns duration, we found that most MAPK family-protein expression increased in Jurkat and U937 cell lines following exposure and compared well with drops in viability and changes in plasma membrane asymmetry. What proved interesting is that some MAPK family proteins (e.g. p53, STAT1), were expressed in one cell line, but not the other. This difference may point to an underlying mechanism for observed difference in cellular sensitivity to nsPEFinduced stresses.
Hmong American Parents’ Views on Promoting Adolescent Sexual Health

Parents play an important role in the promotion of adolescent sexual health, but little is known about parents’ attitudes and beliefs in immigrant families. We examine Hmong American parents’ attitudes about adolescent sexual health using survey data from 202 parents of adolescents with attention to parental gender differences. Breaking from traditional views, Hmong American parents most often viewed teen pregnancy as challenging, not beneficial, and advocated the involvement of parents and community leaders in its prevention. The parents also strongly endorsed addressing comprehensive sex education topics for adolescents. Findings encourage proactive efforts to involve Hmong American parents in the promotion of adolescent sexual health, both directly by enhancing parental knowledge and communication with youth and indirectly through parents’ support of comprehensive sex education.
Three-dimensional keconstruction of ventricular septal defects: Validation studies and in vivo feasibility

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo three-dimensional reconstruction of ventricular septal defects and to validate its quantitative accuracy for defect localization in excised hearts (used to permit comparison of three-dimensional and direct measurements without cardiac contraction). Background. Appreciating the three-dimensional spatial relations of ventricular septal defects could be useful in planning surgical and catheter approaches. Currently, however, echocardiography provides only two-dimensional views, requiring mental integration. A recently developed system automatically combines two-dimensional echocardiographic images with their spatial locations to produce a three-dimensional construct. Methods. Surgically created ventricular septal defects of varying size and location were imaged and reconstructed, along with the left and right ventricles, in the beating heart of six dogs to demonstrate the in vivo feasibility of producing a coherent image of the defect that portrays its relation to surrounding structures. Two additional gel-filled excised hearts with defects were completely reconstructed. Quantitative localization of the defects relative to other structures (ventricular apexes and valve insertions) was then validated for seven defects in excised hearts. The right septal margins of the exposed defects were also traced and compared with their reconstructed areas and circumferences. Results. The three-dimensional images provided coherent images and correct spatial appreciation of the defects (two inlet, two trabecular, one outlet and one membranous Gerbode in vivo; one inlet and one apical in excised hearts). The distances between defects and other structures in the excised hearts agreed well with direct measures (y = 1.05x − 0.18, r = 0.98, SEE = 0.30 cm), as did reconstructed areas (y = 1.0x − 0.23, r = 0.98, SEE = 0.21 cm2) and circumferences (y = 0.97s + 0.13, r = 0.97, SEE = 0.3 cm). Conclusions. Three-dimensional reconstruction of ventricular septal defects can be achieved in the beating heart and provides an accurate appreciation of defect size and location that could be of value in planning interventions.
Reactions of NO, O2, H2O, and CO2 with the basal plane of graphite

Abstract The reactions of NO, O 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 with graphite between 400 and 900°C have been studied by STM to obtain quantitative kinetics by measuring the number and size of monolayer pits on the basal plane versus temperature and time. At low temperature, reactions initiate exclusively from point defect sites on the basal plane of graphite, forming circular or hexagonal pits one monolayer deep of uniform radius which varies linearly with time and can be used to obtain quantitative kinetics. The activation energies of the monolayer reactions on graphite vary from 89 kJ/mol with NO to 205 kJ/mol with H 2 O. At higher temperature, these gases also react with carbon atoms in the basal plane, creating new defect sites which nucleate monolayer pit formation. This was examined quantitatively by counting the number of pits versus time and temperature. Activation energies of basal plane attack vary from 164 kJ/mol with NO to 370 kJ/mol with H 2 O.
Performance in Music Therapy: Experiences in Five Dimensions

Constructing a procedure to assess, evaluate and treat psychopathology as it relates to the process of performing music addresses a link that is missing in contemporary music therapy practice and research. Conversely, no current explanation exists on how performing music can consistently promote health and human wellbeing. This article attempts to do both. It will apply the research findings of a study conducted with ten adult mental health consumers in 2004 and examine how the procedures developed in that study were then employed in a music psychotherapy group conducted over the course of a two and a half year period. That group process yielded a textured description of the meaning that performing held for the participants and how their relationship to performing music changed their lives. The data will then be interpreted through a system of analysis that examines the performance process through a five dimensional system. A case study will be presented to illustrate this process.
Area and performance tradeoffs in floating-point divide and square-root implementations

Floating-point divide and square-root operations are essential to many scientific and engineering applications, and are required in all computer systems that support the IEEE floating-point standard. Yet many current microprocessors provide only weak support for these operations. The latency and throughput of division are typically far inferior to those of floating-point addition and multiplication, and square-root performance is often even lower. This article argues the case for high-performance division and square root. It also explains the algorithms and implementations of the primary techniques, subtractive and multiplicative methods, employed in microprocessor floating-point units with their associated area/performance tradeoffs. Case studies of representative floating-point unit configurations are presented, supported by simulation results using a carefully selected benchmark, Givens rotation, to show the dynamic performance impact of the various implementation alternatives. The topology of the implementation is found to be an important performance factor. Multiplicative algorithms, such as the Newton-Raphson method and Goldschmidt's algorithm, can achieve low latencies. However, these implementations serialize multiply, divide, and square root operations through a single pipeline, which can lead to low throughput. While this hardware sharing yields low size requirements for baseline implementations, lower-latency versions require many times more area. For these reasons, multiplicative implementations are best suited to cases where subtractive methods are precluded by area constraints, and modest performance on divide and square root operations is tolerable. Subtractive algorithms, exemplified by radix-4 SRT and radix-16 SRT, can be made to execute in parallel with other floating-point operations.
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION AND MARKET EMPLOYMENT: DUAL AVENUES OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

A theoretical model of the economics of production and consumption within the household is developed into an empirical path model. With data from a representative Iowa sample the impact of household production on expenditure patterns is examined with estimates of the implied income equivalence or marginal value of nonmarket production.
Introduction to special section on Analysis of Zooplankton Distributions Using the Optical Plankton Counter

[1] We briefly introduce the optical plankton counters (OPCs) currently in use and summarize major themes and conclusions of papers from this special section. These collected papers demonstrate that the OPC and the new laser OPC (LOPC) are useful tools for mapping fine-scale distributions of zooplankton over broad expanses of space and for examining patterns in the size structure of zooplankton communities, which give insights into the top-down and bottom-up forces affecting them. The LOPC or OPC are particularly valuable sensors when used in conjunction with an array of other sensors on a tow body so that investigators can synoptically measure physical and biotic variables. Caution must be exercised in using the OPC or LOPC because there are times when nonzooplankton particles comprise a significant portion of the particles counted. The contribution of nonzooplankton particles to the total seston varies with system and conditions.
Including a second inward conductance in Morris and Lecar dynamics

Abstract The increased repertoire of dynamical behavior available to an excitable membrane modeled by extending the Morris–Lecar system to four dimensions, adding another independent noninactivating inward conductance, is analyzed. The physiological plausibility and utility of such an extension is discussed. The investigation is accomplished through a numerical study which varies combinations of the new parameters using path continuation software developed to follow codimension one and codimension two bifurcations of equilibria. A rich bifurcation structure is uncovered, and bifurcation diagrams identify several singularities of codimension three which serve as organizing centers for diverse new oscillatory activity and three-dimensional dynamics.
Optimal operation of energy-efficiency building: A robust optimization approach

The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and inaccurate load forecast bring up great uncertainties in the operation of power systems, which consequently increases the risk of inadequate energy supply especially during the peak load hours. This paper proposes a robust optimization model taking into account the randomness of electric and thermal loads, as well as solar power production. The robust energy supply is determined from various energy sources including electric grid, battery, and combined heat and power (CHP) with boiler unit. The operation of energy-efficiency building becomes more robust against these uncertainties. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the CHP unit and battery in alleviating the influence of uncertainties in the operation of the energy-efficiency building.
Relationship Between Self-report and an Objective Measure of Television-viewing Time in Adults

This study compared self-reported television (TV)-viewing time with an objective measure obtained by an electronic TV monitor. As part of a larger study, 40 overweight and obese adults (BMI: 31.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2; 53% obese; mean age 41.4 ± 13.0) self-reported TV-viewing time at study entry as the response to the question, “How many hours do you watch TV per day, on average?” Objective TV-viewing time was measured in min/day over 3 weeks/subject using electronic monitors. Self-reported viewing time was 4.3 ± 1.3 h/day (mean ± s.d.) (range: 3.0–8.0 h/day) vs. 4.9 ± 2.6 h/day (0.8–13.3 h/day) recorded by the electronic TV monitor. Subjects underestimated their viewing time by 0.6 ± 2.3 h/day (95% confidence interval = −1.34, 0.13), or 4.3 h/week. Slightly over half of the subjects (58%) underestimated their viewing time; 47.5% were within 1 h/day, and 72.5% were within 2 h/day of self-reported viewing time. Large errors were rare in this group, suggesting that a simple self-report measure of TV time may be useful for characterizing viewing behavior, although objective measurement adds precision that may be useful in certain settings.
Pre-K Physical Education: Universal Initiatives and Teacher Preparation Recommendations

The National Physical Activity Plan, as well as professional and government agencies (NASPE, 2008a; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000) acknowledge pre-kindergarten (pre-K) children should be part of comprehensive school physical activity initiatives anchored in quality physical education programming. These recommendations come at a time when (a) state funded pre-K enrollments in 2010 exceeded more than 1.2 million children, (b) states are granting universal access to pre-K educational programming, and (c) there is a rapid increase in obesity among our nation's youngest children. Accordingly, physical education teacher education faculty may need to re-evaluate the extent to which graduates are prepared for delivering physical education programming to a younger group of learners. The article will examine the increasing prevalence of pre-K children in public schools, teacher preparation initiatives and concerns, and provide recommendations for preparing preservice physical education teachers.
Engagement in Primary Care Treatment by Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness

Even when primary care provider relationships exist, persons with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) are more likely to be undertreated and seek care from emergency room settings. The purpose of this study was to describe the social process of engagement in primary care treatment from the perspective of persons with SPMI. Using grounded theory and semistructured interviews, 32 adults were interviewed. The process of engagement includes mattering, being perceived as credible and capable, and working together. Clinical, education, and research implications are discussed. Future studies should explore engagement in primary care with this population from the perspective of providers.
Psychometric properties of the PROMIS ® pediatric scales: precision, stability, and comparison of different scoring and administration options

Objectives The objectives of the present study are to investigate the precision of static (fixed-length) short forms versus computerized adaptive testing (CAT) administration, response pattern scoring versus summed score conversion, and test–retest reliability (stability) of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) pediatric self-report scales measuring the latent constructs of depressive symptoms, anxiety, anger, pain interference, peer relationships, fatigue, mobility, upper extremity functioning, and asthma impact with polytomous items.
Cell turnover: flexible coupling meets the needs of development.

Abstract The identification of Drosophila genes that inhibit proliferation while simultaneously promoting apoptosis – decreasing cell number – or that promote proliferation while simultaneously inhibiting apoptosis – increasing cell number – has revealed new ways that cell birth and death may be coupled to meet the needs of development.
Nuclear medicine studies of aging--I. Procedure utilization in the oldest old.

Abstract Analyses of procedure utilization are of importance if accurate projections are to be made of local and national needs as the population ages. Nuclear Medicine records of a general hospital were analyzed for 1986, to determine utilization patterns in the oldest old (age 85 years and greater) as compared with younger patients. The most elderly comprised 1.3% of the population of this state, but “consumed” 3.9% of the studies carried out in Nuclear Medicine (or a rate 3 times greater than expected). The average number of procedures/patient during the year was 1.56 in the oldest old vs 1.57 in younger individuals. The sex ratio of procedure utilization was 65% female (slightly lower than state wide national estimates of the female portion of the population). A far lower percentage of studies were performed as outpatients in the oldest old (12.2%) than in the younger population (44.9%); contributing factors were discussed. Of the procedures, several had the same percentage utilization in the oldest old and younger groups (gated cardiac blood pool, liver plus hepatobiliary, and radiogallium imaging). Bone scans were slightly less common in the very elderly. However, thyroid studies and radiothallium cardiac imaging were performed significantly less frequently in the more elderly. Procedures carried out more frequently in the very elderly were gastrointestinal bleeding examinations and lung imaging. Possible reasons for this were pointed out.
Toward a Refinement of Purpose in Comparative Criminological Research: Research Site Selection in Focus

This paper draws on a distinction between two purposes of comparative research: (1) testing the universality of a proposition (theory testing) and (2) specification of a proposition (theory construction). These two distinct activities have been inadvertently mixed in comparative criminology thereby causing a great deal of confusion. The present paper argues that attention by comparative researchers to this distinction between theory testing and theory construction will contribute to the resolution of one major methodological problem: that of research site selection. We suggest that in light of the distinction drawn, the testing of the universality of a proposition is most appropriately done in research comparing Western and non-Western nations (“dissimilar design”). But comparative research aimed at the specification of a proposition is best conducted by comparing Western nations (“similar design”).
VAX Online System - A Modular Approach

An approach to developing Online Systems for the VAX, under VMS, is described. A framework for integrating separate and diverse programs into a unified whole is described. Included in this is a scheme which permits multiple VAX processes to share the same terminal in an organized way. This makes use of a menu package, (MENCOM), which also permits a command line mode of operation, with dynamic switching between menu and command line mode. A single DISPLAY program can display the histograms of any program in the system, both the in-memory histograms and those previously stored on disk. A centralized message system is designed to handle all error and status messages. A general buffer scheme used to enter data from any input stream and to access data selectively, is briefly described. This buffer scheme is covered in more detail, by D. Quarrie in his CDF Data Acquisition System paper, given at this conference.
Metabolic flux analysis of the mixotrophic metabolisms in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum.

The photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum assimilates CO2 and organic carbon sources (acetate or pyruvate) during mixotrophic growth conditions through a unique carbon and energy metabolism. Using a 13C-labeling approach, this study examined biosynthetic pathways and flux distributions in the central metabolism of C. tepidum. The isotopomer patterns of proteinogenic amino acids revealed an alternate pathway for isoleucine synthesis (via citramalate synthase, CimA, CT0612). A 13C-assisted flux analysis indicated that carbons in biomass were mostly derived from CO2 fixation via three key routes: the reductive tricarboxylic acid (RTCA) cycle, the pyruvate synthesis pathway via pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and the CO2-anaplerotic pathway via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. During mixotrophic growth with acetate or pyruvate as carbon sources, acetyl-CoA was mainly produced from acetate (via acetyl-CoA synthetase) or citrate (via ATP citrate lyase). Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase converted acetyl-CoA and CO2 to pyruvate, and this growth-rate control reaction is driven by reduced ferredoxin generated during phototrophic growth. Most reactions in the RTCA cycle were reversible. The relative fluxes through the RTCA cycle were 80∼100 units for mixotrophic cultures grown on acetate and 200∼230 units for cultures grown on pyruvate. Under the same light conditions, the flux results suggested a trade-off between energy-demanding CO2 fixation and biomass growth rate; C. tepidum fixed more CO2 and had a higher biomass yield (YX/S, mole carbon in biomass/mole substrate) in pyruvate culture (YX/S = 9.2) than in acetate culture (YX/S = 6.4), but the biomass growth rate was slower in pyruvate culture than in acetate culture.
Shock propagation in supernovae: Concept of net ram pressure

Abstract In this paper we discuss circumstances under which shock waves, formed in the collapse of large stars, will propagate outwards, blowing off the mantle and envelope of these stars. This is a mechanism for the formation of neutron stars. We introduce the concept of “net ram pressure”; in terms of this quantity our book-keeping is conveniently carried out. The formation of a “dense pack”, a region at the center of the collapsed stellar core at densities above nuclear matter density, is essential for successful shock formation and propagation. Effects of nuclear excited states and nuclear dissociation are conveniently expressed in terms of the net ram pressure. We construct pre-supernova cores of 1.25M⊙ and 1.35M⊙, and perform hydrodynamical calculations using them as input, which give marginally successful and unsuccessful results, respectively. Low entropy for the initial core and the thinning out of matter falling through the shock wave turn out to be essential for success.
Methods to estimate solar radiation dosimetry in coral reefs using remote sensed, modeled, and in situ data.

Solar irradiance has been increasingly recognized as an important determinant of bleaching in coral reefs, but measurements of solar radiation exposure within coral reefs have been relatively limited. Solar radiation dosimetry within multiple coral reef areas of South Florida was assessed using remote sensed, modeled, and measured values during a minor bleaching event during August 2005. Coral reefs in the Dry Tortugas and Upper Keys had similar diffuse downwelling attenuation coefficients (Kd, m−1), whereas Kd values were significantly greater in the Middle and Lower Keys. Mean 1% attenuation depths varied by reef region for ultraviolet B (UVB; 9.7 to 20 m), ultraviolet A (UVA; 22 to 40 m) and visible (27 to 43 m) solar radiation. Solar irradiances determined from remote sensed data were significantly correlated with measured values, but were generally overestimated at the depth of corals. Solar irradiances modeled using an atmospheric radiative transfer model parameterized with site specific approximations of cloud cover showed close agreement with measured values. Estimated daily doses (W h/m2) of UVB (0.01–19), UVA (2–360) and visible (29–1,653) solar radiation varied with coral depth (2 to 24 m) and meteorological conditions. These results indicate large variation in solar radiation dosimetry within coral reefs that may be estimated with reasonable accuracy using regional Kd measurements and radiative transfer modeling.
The gap number of the T-tetromino

Abstract A famous result of D. Walkup (1965) states that the only rectangles that may be tiled by the T -Tetromino are those in which both sides are a multiple of four. In this paper we examine the rest of the rectangles, asking how many T -tetrominos may be placed into those rectangles without overlap, or, equivalently, what is the least number of gaps that need to be present. We introduce a new technique for exploring such tilings, enabling us to answer this question for all rectangles, up to a small additive constant. We also show that there is some number G such that if both sides of the rectangle are at least 12, then no more than G gaps will be required. We prove that G is either 5, 6, 7 or 9.
Effect of temperature on corky root disease of lettuce and growth of the pathogen Rhizomonas suberifaciens

(1993). Effect of temperature on corky root disease of lettuce and growth of the pathogen Rhizomonas suberifaciens. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 85-90.
Beyond police crisis intervention: Moving “upstream” to manage cases and places of behavioral health vulnerability

Law enforcement officers continue to serve on the front lines as mental health interventionists, and as such have been subject to a wave of "first generation" reform designed to enhance their crisis response capabilities. Yet, this focus on crisis intervention has not answered recent calls to move "upstream" and bolster early intervention in the name of long-term recovery. This paper reports on findings from an action research project in Philadelphia aimed at exploring opportunities for enhanced upstream engagement. Study methods include spatial analyses of police mental health transportations from an eight year period (2004-2011) and qualitative data from twenty-three "framing conversations" with partners and other stakeholders, seven focus groups with police and outreach workers, five key informant interviews as well as document reviews of the service delivery system in Philadelphia. Recommendations include the need to move beyond a focus on what police can do to a wider conception of city agencies and business stakeholders who can influence vulnerable people and vulnerable spaces of the city. We argue for the need to develop shared principles and rules of engagement that clarify roles and stipulate how best to enlist city resources in a range of circumstances. Since issues of mental health, substance use and disorder are so tightly coupled, we stress the importance of establishing a data-driven approach to crime and disorder reduction in areas of the city we term "hotspots of vulnerability". In line with a recovery philosophy, such an approach should reduce opportunities for anti-social behavior among the "dually labeled" in ways consistent with "procedural justice". Furthermore, crime and disorder data flowing from police and security to behavioral health analysts could contribute to a more focused case management of "repeat utilizers" across the two systems. Our central argument is that a twin emphasis on "case management" and "place management" may provide the pillars needed to move upstream and strengthen interventions along a continuum of engagement.
Aeroelastic Divergence of a Randomly Cracked Thin-Walled Beam

Aeroelastic divergence, which strongly depends on the torsional stiffness of the aircraft wings, is of concern in the design of aircraft. This paper examines the effect of a discrete damage, such as a crack, on the divergence dynamic pressure of a wing. The wing is represented by a simple model of a thin-walled beam with a crack with random characteristics. Two approaches are used to calculate the divergence dynamic pressure: an iterative approach when the mathematical model is difficult to analyze, and the direct approach, which can only be used if the response for the model can be expressed in closed form. For the assumed simple model of a thin-walled beam with a longitudinal crack, both approaches could be applied. The effects of the location and the size of the crack on the divergence dynamic pressure are examined. The effect of the uncertainties in the crack location and size on the divergence dynamic pressure is examined probabilistically.
Isoelectric focusing of peripheral lymphocytes.

Abstract The technique of isoelectric focusing has been applied to the differential separation of peripheral lymphocytes of both human and rabbit origin. It has been shown to provide subpopulations of lymphocytes that may be used for further biological and immunochemical studies.
Ultimobranchial gland of the trout (Salmo gairdneri). I. Immunohistology and radioimmunoassay of calcitonin.

Abstract Histological and immunohistological studies were performed on the ultimobranchial gland (UBG) of the trout, Salmo gairdneri . Histological studies of the UBG from these fish revealed that the gland is usually cystic. Peroxidase labeled antibodies used in an indirect immunohistological procedure showed that the hormone was primarily located in the epithelium and not in the cystic contents. Radioimmunoassay of dissected specimens indicated that 1–3% of the glandular protein was calcitonin. When the gland was fragmented by trypsinization cellular fractions could be obtained which contained 4–5% of their protein as calcitonin. These studies demonstrate the unique histological features of the trout UBG and show it to be a calcitonin-rich organ.
New cellular automaton model for magnetohydrodynamics

A new type of two-dimensional cellular automation method is introduced for computation of magnetohydrodynamic fluid systems. Particle population is described by a 36-component tensor referred to a hexagonal lattice. By appropriate choice of the coefficients that control the modified streaming algorithm and the definition of the macroscopic fields, it is possible to compute both Lorentz-force and magnetic-induction effects. The method is local in the microscopic space and therefore suited to massively parallel computations.
Dependence of growth temperature on carrier gas velocity in open tube transport

Abstract The apparent supercooling (ΔT  Ts − Te, where Ts is the saturation temperature and Te is the equilibr ium growth temperature) of ZnTe crystals was measured in an open tube transport experiment as a function of carrier gas velocity. For four growth tubes with diameters from 0.1 to 0.84 cm, a minimum in ΔT of ∼ 0 °C is observed at a Reynolds number of about 50. At lower Reynolds numbers the temperatures required for nucleation and growth were as much as 100 °C below Ts, although it might have been expected that equilibrium would be approached most closely at the lowest gas velocities. At higher Reynolds numbers growth also occurs many degrees below Ts. On the other hand, crystals sometimes grow near the axis of the growth tube at temperatures above Ts. It is suggested that these unexpected results may be due to concentration gradients in the gas phase resulting from thermal diffusion of the heavier atoms and molecules to the cooler regions of the system. Whatever the explanation, the carrier gas velocity performs an important role in crystal growth by open tube transport.
Exposure of periodontal ligament cells to methyl mercaptan reduces intracellular pH and inhibits cell migration.

Volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan have been associated with adult periodontitis as well as with healing surgical wounds. To examine the effects of these compou...
INHIBITION OF GROWTH IN GUAYULE AS AFFECTED BY TOPPING AND DEFOLIATION

THE PRACTICE of pruning woody transplants at the time of transplanting is very old. Bailey (1939, p. 2818) states that all woody transplants should be cut back to at least one-half their height. The samne authority states (p. 1637) that the removal of all or part of the leaves of the evergreen forms of holly is essential for success in transplanting. It has usually been assumed that removal of a portion of the top and leaves is important solely as a means of reducing water loss. The leaves are assumed to transpire water to such an extent that the root systein is dehydrated and new root growth fails to occur. Controlled experiments with transplants of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) show that a consideration of the water relations alone.of this plant is insufficient to account for all of the responses which result after transplanting occurs. Some of the findings are presented in the present paper. Lloyd (1911, p. 209) states that survival was enhanced when transplanted guayule was cut back to the root. His experiments, however, showed poor survival at best and the plants used were apparently native shrubs of larger size than the nursery stock which has been used since in field culture. Topping to approximately one-half (3 to 5 inches) the stem height has been used for some years for one or more of the following reasons: (1) resumption of growth was quicker and usually resulted in a higher survival percentage than when topped to a lesser degree;2 (2) to accommodate the planting machine, and (3) to facilitate disease control in the nursery beds during damp or foggy periods of weather. Untopped guayule plants, when transferred to the greenhouse in mid-winter (1942-43), failed to resume growth for several weeks. When these plants were clipped to remove about one-half the top, and in addition all the remaining leaves were removed, the plants showed both root and stem sprouts within the next five or six days.3 This experiment was designed for other purposes than to show the effect of topping and leaf removal. It did, however, indicate certain facts that had an important bearing on future topping studies. These plants had the majority of their roots removed when transplanted into the sand culture. Yet, there was no indication of wilting over this period of several weeks in the greenhouse. The leaves were continuously erect and turgid. In most of the later experiments this also was true. In some tests with highly succulent plants, wilting did occur. In all tests, some of the plants that failed to
Patterned liquid-crystal laser film for multi-dimensional multi-color emissive film technology

— A two-dimensional array consisting of dye-doped reflection-mode holographic-polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) lasers with alternating pitch lengths is presented. These post structures each reflect at a narrow bandwidth of light. The addition of laser dye to the H-PDLC system allows for the generation of laser emission at the edge of the reflection band, or photonic band gap. In patterning these H-PDLC post structures, a narrow-linewidth patterned emissive color film is realized. The potential of such films and their implication in the display industry is discussed. In creating a three-color array, an active emissive color film could replace the backlight and color filter components within the display. Such a patterned system would possess a wide color gamut, through spatial color synthesis, formed by narrow-linewidth lasing structures with well-defined wavelengths of emission.
Lipid injectable emulsions: Pharmacopeial and safety issues.

Lipid injectable emulsions have been routinely used in patients worldwide for over 40 years as a nutritional supplement in patients requiring parenteral nutrition. They can be given as a separate infusion or added into total parenteral nutrition admixtures. Despite such broad use, no pharmacopeial standards exist with respect to the optimal pharmaceutical characteristics of the formulation. Several attempts to establish standard physical and chemical attributes have been attempted by various pharmacopeias around the world, but without success largely due to technical issues regarding the creation of globule size limits. Recently, the United States Pharmacopeia has revised its previous efforts and developed two methods and criteria (under Chapter ) to measure the mean droplet size (Method I), and the large-diameter tail > 5 μm (Method II) of the globule size distribution to verify the stability of lipid injectable emulsions. Importantly, it is the latter size limits of Method II that have the greatest implications for infusion safety. The major safety issues involving lipid injectable emulsions include impairments in plasma clearance in susceptible patients, and the infusion of an unstable emulsion containing large quantities of potentially embolic fat globules. Recent animal studies investigating the toxicity from the infusion of unstable lipid injectable emulsions have shown evidence of oxidative stress and tissue damage to the liver when recommended globule size limits determined by Method II of the USP are exceeded. Adoption of Chapter of the USP seems appropriate at this time.
Theoretical Study of the Dynamic Response of Bars Composed of Dissimilar Materials

We study the one-dimensional process of propagation of waves in a composite bar whose components have different cross sections and are made of dissimilar materials. The initial-boundary-value problem is posed for the key system of nonlinear equations for an arbitrary nonlinear elastic behavior of the materials. The developed numerical scheme is based on iterations and the finite-difference method. The shock compression of the split Hopkinson bar extensively used for the experimental investigation of the dynamic properties of materials is studied in detail.
Preoperative statin intake and morbid events after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting.

Abstract Study Objective To examine the effect of statins on morbidity and mortality in patients after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Design Observational cohort study. Setting Tertiary-care teaching hospital. Measurements Data from 2497 adult patients who underwent isolated CABG between January 2002 and June 2004 were studied. Patient characteristics and intraoperative variables were prospectively collected. End points were major morbid events and in-hospital mortality. A propensity score was estimated for each patient using logistic regression on the probability of statin use. Patients were also classified into 5 quintile groups according to their propensity score. Outcome variables were compared for propensity-matched pairs and quintile groups between those who received and did not receive statin therapy. Main Results Propensity matching resulted in a similar distribution of variables among the 654 matched pairs. Similar perioperative mortality was found between matched pairs with statin therapy vs no statin therapy, 5 (0.76%) and 8 (1.2%), ( P = 0.40), respectively. Cardiac, neurologic, renal and respiratory morbidity, occurrence of atrial fibrillation, and length of hospital stay were similar between the matched pairs and among quintiles of propensity scores. Conclusions Preoperative statin intake did not reduce the frequency of major perioperative morbid events after isolated CABG.
Numerical study of thermal convection in tall laterally heated cavities

Abstract Two-dimensional convective flows in tall cavities with adiabatic or conducting horizontal boundaries and driven by differential heating of the two vertical sidewalls, are studied numerically over a range of Rayleigh numbers and Prandtl numbers. By using a Dufort-Frankel-Multigrid method, numerical results for the relevant end-zone problems in the limit of large aspect ratio are obtained for a range of Rayleigh numbers from A = 500 to 70000 and for different Prandtl numbers σ. The flow patterns show that the parallel flow in the core region is destroyed at A c ≈ 7880σ , in good agreement with stability analysis. Nusselt number predictions are compared with those of previous numerical and experimental studies of the overall cavity flow.