cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rolling Contact Fatigue Life and Spall Propagation of AISI M50, M50NiL, and AISI 52100, Part II: Stress Modeling

This is the second part of a three-part series that investigates the rolling contact fatigue initiation and spall propagation characteristics of three bearing materials, namely, AISI 52100, VIM-VAR M50, and VIM-VAR M50NiL steels. A systematic investigation of the effects of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) on the evolution of material properties and microstructural changes resulting in spall propagation rate has not been conducted. As a first step toward understanding spall propagation, we present stress distribution in the neighborhood of a spall initiated by RCF by an indent on a hybrid 40-mm ball bearing. Elastic and elastic-plastic subsurface stress fields are computed using finite element models that incorporate the full three-dimensional (3D) ball-raceway geometry. The stress fields predicted indicate extensive yielding around the spall edges. The spall is shown to widen first axially across the width of the raceway, causing the ball to unload as it enters the spall. The effect of the potential impact ...
Comparison of rectal balloon expulsion test in seated and left lateral positions.

Background Defecatory disorders can be diagnosed by rectal balloon expulsion (BE) and anorectal manometry, which are traditionally evaluated in the seated and left lateral (LL) positions, respectively. The aims of this study were to compare BE in the LL and seated positions and to compare anorectal manometric parameters to BE performed in the seated and LL positions. Methods 220 women [healthy (62), chronic constipation (158)] had anorectal high-resolution manometry and BE, summarized by time required (seated position, normal ≤60 s) or external traction to facilitate expulsion (LL position, normal ≤100 g). Key Results Balloon expulsion results in both positions were either concordant [normal (141) or abnormal (32)] or discordant [only LL abnormal (30), only seated abnormal (17)]. There was modest agreement [κ = 0.44 (95% CI 0.30–0.57)] between seated and LL BE. Compared with subjects with normal BE in both positions, anal pressure during simulated evacuation (SE) was higher, and the rectoanal gradient (rectal-anal pressure) during SE was more negative in the other 3 categories (i.e., abnormal LL only, abnormal seated only, and both abnormal). High anal pressure during SE (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04) and high rectal sensory threshold for desire to defecate (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02) were associated with increased risk of abnormal BE in both positions, whereas high rectal pressure during SE (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.98) was associated with lower risk. Conclusions & Inferences There is modest agreement between rectal BE in LL and seated positions. In addition to abnormal seated BE, which is considered indicative of pelvic floor dysfunction, high resolution manometry findings suggest that even some patients with abnormal BE in the LL position have pelvic floor dysfunction.
Undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus: a clinicopathological study of 16 cases

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus is a rare histologic variant of esophageal carcinoma. Using criteria based on studies of undifferentiated carcinomas arising at other sites, we have collected 16 cases of resected esophageal undifferentiated carcinomas. Patients ranged in age from 39 to 84 years (mean, 65.5 years) and were predominantly male (94%). The tumors were characterized by an expansile growth pattern of neoplastic cells organized in solid sheets and without significant glandular, squamous, or neuroendocrine differentiation. The neoplastic cells had a syncytial-like appearance, little intervening stroma, and patchy tumor necrosis. In a subset of cases, the tumor cells adopted a sarcomatoid (n = 2), rhabdoid (n = 1), or minor component (<5%) of glandular morphology (n = 3). In 1 case, reactive osteoclast-like giant cells were found interspersed among the neoplastic cells. Lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and lymph node metastases were identified in 88%, 56%, and 81% of cases, respectively. In 12 (75%) specimens, the background esophageal mucosa was notable for Barrett esophagus. Consistent with the epithelial nature of these neoplasms, cytokeratin positivity was identified in all cases. In addition, SALL4 expression was present in 8 (67%) of 12 cases. Follow-up information was available for 15 (94%) of 16 patients, all of whom were deceased. Survival after surgery ranged from 1 to 50 months (mean, 11.9 months). Before death, 67% patients had documented locoregional recurrence and/or distant organ metastases. In summary, esophageal undifferentiated carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms and associated with a high incidence of recurrence and/or metastases and a dismal prognosis.
Perceptual Salience and Reward Both Influence Feedback-Related Neural Activity Arising from Choice

For day-to-day decisions, multiple factors influence our choice between alternatives. Two dimensions of decision making that substantially affect choice are the objective perceptual properties of the stimulus (e.g., salience) and its subjective value. Here we measure EEGs in human subjects to relate their feedback-evoked EEG responses to estimates of prediction error given a neurally derived expected value for each trial. Unlike in traditional reinforcement learning paradigms, in our experiment the reward itself is not probabilistic; rather, it is a fixed value, which, when combined with the variable stimulus salience, yields uncertainty in the choice. We find that feedback-evoked event-related potentials (ERPs), specifically those classically termed feedback-related negativity, are modulated by both the reward level and stimulus salience. Using single-trial analysis of the EEG, we show stimulus-locked EEG components reflecting perceived stimulus salience can be combined with the level of reward to create an estimate of expected reward. This expected reward is used to form a prediction error that correlates with the trial-by-trial variability of the feedback ERPs for negative, but not positive, feedback. This suggests that the valence of prediction error is more important than the valence of the actual feedback, since only positive rewards were delivered in the experiment (no penalty or loss). Finally, we show that these subjectively defined prediction errors are informative of the riskiness of the subject's choice on the subsequent trial. In summary, our work shows that neural correlates of stimulus salience interact with value information to yield neural representations of subjective expected reward. Significance statement: How we make perceptual decisions depends on sensory evidence and the value of our options. These two factors often interact to yield subjective decisions; i.e., individuals integrate sensory evidence and value to form their own estimates of expected reward. Here, we use electroencephelography to identify trial-by-trial neural activity of perceived stimulus salience, showing that this activity can be combined with the value of choice options to form a representation of expected reward. Our results provide insight into the neural processing governing the interaction between salience and value and the formation of subjective expected reward and prediction error. This work is potentially important for identifying neural markers of abnormal sensory/value processing, as is seen in some cases of psychiatric illnesses.
A Feedback Regulatory Module Formed by LITTLE ZIPPER and HD-ZIPIII Genes

The Arabidopsis thaliana REVOLUTA (REV) protein is a member of the class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIPIII) proteins. REV is a potent regulator of leaf polarity and vascular development. Here, we report the identification of a gene family that encodes small leucine zipper-containing proteins (LITTLE ZIPPER [ZPR] proteins) where the leucine zipper is similar to that found in REV, PHABULOSA, and PHAVOLUTA proteins. The transcript levels of the ZPR genes increase in response to activation of a steroid-inducible REV protein. We show that the ZPR proteins interact with REV in vitro and that ZPR3 prevents DNA binding by REV in vitro. Overexpression of ZPR proteins in Arabidopsis results in phenotypes similar to those seen when HD-ZIPIII function is reduced. We propose a negative feedback model in which REV promotes transcription of the ZPR genes. The ZPR proteins in turn form heterodimers with the REV protein, preventing it from binding DNA. The HD-ZIPIII/ZPR regulatory module would serve not only to dampen the effect of fluctuations in HD-ZIPIII protein levels but more importantly would provide a potential point of regulation (control over the ratio of inactive heterodimers to active homodimers) that could be influenced by other components of the pathway governing leaf polarity.
Infrared Absorptance of Carbon Monoxide at Low Temperatures

IR absorptance of CO below room temperature, determining strength and half widths of lines in R branch of fundamental band
Expression of flagella and motility by Shigella

Since the discovery of Shigella as the aetiologic agent of acute dysentery almost 100 years ago, this organism has been described as a non-motile and nonflagellated organism that invades the human colonic mucosa. In this study, the production of flagella by prototypic strains of all four Shigella species and, moreover, by fresh clinical isolates was demonstrated by electron microscopy. The flagellum of Shigella (flash) is approximately 10 microns long and 12-14 nm in diameter and is typically seen emanating from one pole of the bacterium. Flash is composed of a putative structural polypeptide subunit of 33-38 kDa that shares immunological similarities with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Proteus mirabilis flagellins, and with the recently described recombinant Shigella flagellins (FliCSS and FliCSF) expressed in E. coli K-12. A fliCSS-specific oligo probe hybridized with all four Shigella species, while a fliCSF probe hybridized with all Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae strains, but not with all Shigella sonnei or Shigella boydii strains, indicating genetic divergence among their flagellin genes. Shigella exhibits motility in low-concentration motility agar under physiological growth conditions. The expression of flash and motility appears to be strictly regulated by unidentified genetic and environmental factors. These heretofore undescribed features may allow the bacteria to circumvent the natural intestinal mucosal defences leading to bacterial colonization and disease. The motility of shigellae may represent an evolutionary adaptation important for bacterial survival.
Explicit versus implicit conclusions and audience commitment

(1968). Explicit versus implicit conclusions and audience commitment. Speech Monographs: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 14-19.
Long-term community dynamics of aphidophagous coccinellids in response to repeated invasion in a diverse agricultural landscape

We found that competitive exclusion from agricultural habitats by invading species is likely playing a major role in the decline of several formerly-dominant native species. Several native species (Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella trifasciata) persist at low numbers in seminatural forest habitats embedded in agricultural landscapes but are no longer observed in cultivated habitat (Fig 6). This finding provides support to Evans’3 habitat compression hypothesis, a consequence of competitive exclusion in which native coccinellid species ‘retreat’ to ancestral habitats when resources in croplands become depleted by exotic species that have co-evolved with cultivated habitats. We found that the herbivore suppression potential of the ladybeetle community remained roughly constant since the initiation of the study (Fig. 7), and Shannon diversity of the community increased slightly (Fig 8). These results suggest that, despite invasions, the coccinellid community is still capable of providing the same level of pest suppression ecosystem service. However, declines in biodiversity are likely to occur if semi-natural habitats within the agricultural matrix are lost. Future work will explore niche interactions for species within the community and examine population cycling of individual species in the context of resource availability
Brief mindfulness training alters causal brain connections in mTBI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of disability in the United States and the mild TBI (mTBI) is the most prevalent. Previous research indicates the positive effect of mindfulness training on symptoms of chronic mTBI such as cognitive functioning and emotion [1]. However it remains unclear which brain regions play a crucial role in mTBI recovery and the causal relationship among these regions. Here we apply a dynamic causal modeling (DCM) in resting state fMRI [2] to demonstrate the causal relationships among the core regions involved in mTBI. Fourteen veteran students with mTBI were recruited through campus advertisements. We used 2 weeks of integrative body-mind training as mindfulness intervention, previously reported in our series of randomized studies [3,4]. All data were collected using a 3-Telsa Siemens Skyra scanner. Functional data were processed using the Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI, which is based on SPM and Resting-State fMRI Data Analysis Toolkit. Based on literature, we specified four regions of interest within default mode network (DMN) - medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (Left IPL and Right IPL), same regions and coordinates as in previous sDCM studies [2,5]. Based on SPM12, we estimated and specified the DCM for each subject and later compared the differences of effective connectivity before and after mindfulness. Our results suggest the different causal relationships following mindfulness training. Specifically, after training there was a significant decrease in the strength of excitatory input from mPFC to PCC, and a significant increase in the strength of inhibitory input from mPFC to LIPL (all p<0.05).
COMPARATIVE PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CRICETINE RODENTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ONTOGENY.

The quantitative description of growth curves for morphometric traits provides a basis for assessing the ontogenetic patterns underlying differences in morphological struc- ture, as demonstrated with comparisons among neotomine-peromyscine rodents. Morpho- metric differences among contemporary rodent species are shown to result from relatively simple changes in relative growth rates and timing. Quantitative ontogenetic studies add a dynamic component to the assessment of morphological similarity, thus providing a more robust procedure for detecting homoplasy than static comparison of adult morphology. Applying the principles of phylogenetic systematics to studies of developmental timing among closely related taxa may be a useful and informative complement to studies based on molecular similarity or static comparison of adult morphology. Interspecific and intra- specific differences in allometric scaling of anatomical structures may reflect differences in growth patterns among the taxa compared; caution is warranted in inferring patterns of genetic correlation from data on phenotypic scaling.
Ice Crystal Accretion Test Rig Development For A Compressor Transition Duct

Ingestion of ice crystals into aircraft gas turbine engines have been shown to trigger partial or complete power loss. Although the ice crystal phenomenon has been recognized since the early 1950’s, it was not until the mid-1990’s that significant attention had been given to it with a key event being a flight campaign conducted with a small commuter aircraft which demonstrated ice crystals to be responsible for engine power loss. Although flight and engine testing have revealed ice crystals to be detrimental to gas turbine engine operation, these are not ideal test platforms to observe the ice crystal phenomenon due to limited access for instrumentation and visual observations. This paper discusses the development of an ice crystal test system used to simulate the ice crystal environment seen in a gas turbine compressor while maintaining visual accessibility and ease of instrumentation. This test system consists of a method to produce a range of ice crystal environments, the ability to vary airflow conditions in the rig and a static test section which simulates a gas turbine compressor transition duct. This system has been successful in producing a wide range of ice crystal test conditions and has shown significant ice accretion can occur on surfaces above 0 o C while allowing for visual observations and recording of temperature data during the accretion phenomenon.
Barcode Sequencing Screen Identifies SUB1 as a Regulator of Yeast Pheromone Inducible Genes

The yeast pheromone response pathway serves as a valuable model of eukaryotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and transcription of their downstream targets. Here, we describe application of a screening method combining two technologies: fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and barcode analysis by sequencing (Bar-Seq). Using this screening method, and pFUS1-GFP as a reporter for MAPK pathway activation, we readily identified mutants in known mating pathway components. In this study, we also include a comprehensive analysis of the FUS1 induction properties of known mating pathway mutants by flow cytometry, featuring single cell analysis of each mutant population. We also characterized a new source of false positives resulting from the design of this screen. Additionally, we identified a deletion mutant, sub1Δ, with increased basal expression of pFUS1-GFP. Here, in the first ChIP-Seq of Sub1, our data shows that Sub1 binds to the promoters of about half the genes in the genome (tripling the 991 loci previously reported), including the promoters of several pheromone-inducible genes, some of which show an increase upon pheromone induction. Here, we also present the first RNA-Seq of a sub1Δ mutant; the majority of genes have no change in RNA, but, of the small subset that do, most show decreased expression, consistent with biochemical studies implicating Sub1 as a positive transcriptional regulator. The RNA-Seq data also show that certain pheromone-inducible genes are induced less in the sub1Δ mutant relative to the wild type, supporting a role for Sub1 in regulation of mating pathway genes. The sub1Δ mutant has increased basal levels of a small subset of other genes besides FUS1, including IMD2 and FIG1, a gene encoding an integral membrane protein necessary for efficient mating.
Colloidal properties of nucleus; effect of temperature on nuclear viscosity in the starfish egg.

SummaryBy means of the falling nucleolus method it was determined that a 10°C increase in temperature lowers nuclear viscosity in the Asterias egg by approximately 2.7 centipoises. Thixotropic properties disappear at temperatures above 25°C and coagulation occurs at about 35°C.
CORFs (comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities): an emerging healthcare system for brain-injured patients.

This paper follows the development of Comprehensive Outpatient Rehabilitation Facilities (CORFs) as they emerged from the Day Hospital concept to a new healthcare delivery system. The structure requirements for stature., reimbursement considerations and potential problems associated with CORFs are discussed. Issues relating to the care of patients with brain injuries are presented and an innovative model of an institute that individualizes a program of techniques to arouse comatose patients and trains and supports families during the process of arousal from coma., are described, The paper goes on to explore the problems and potentials for CORFs to serve as a cost effective, efficient health service delivery system for brain-injured patients with long-term rehabilitative needs.
Sensory Components of the Phrenic Nerve of the Cat

SummaryBy degeneration of the somatic motor and sympathetic fibers in the phrenic nerve, it has been shown histologically that this nerve contains myelinated sensory fibers of different sizes and unmyelinated ones. The ratio of unmyelinated to myelinated sensory fibers is relatively high in 2 of the 3 phrenic nerves studied as compared to that reported for a motor branch of the femoral nerve.
Tracheobronchial particle deposition and clearance. A study of the effects of cigarette smoking in monozygotic twins.

Particle deposition and tracheobronchial clearance were measured in six pairs of male monozygotic twins, four of which were discordant for cigarette smoking. The fraction of an inhaled aerosol that deposited on the ciliated airways showed variations within twin pairs comparable with variations in repeated tests on a single subject, and significantly smaller (P less than .001) than among tests on different subjects. Variations that did occur were consistent with differences in forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) values. The proximal shift of aerosol deposition and reduced FEV1.0 values in smokers indicated that they had some degree of bronchoconstriction. Mucociliary clearance characteristics are qualitatively and quantitatively similar for nonsmoking and smoking concordant monozygotic twins, ie, comparable with repeated tests on a single individual, reflecting their constitutional similarity. With one exception, clearance curves for twin pairs discordant with respect to smoking were also qualitatively indistinguishable. Nonsmokers, however, had greater upper bronchial clearance rates than their smoking twins.
René Descartes' Curve-Drawing Devices: Experiments in the Relations Between Mechanical Motion and Symbolic Language

By the beginning of the seventeenth century it had become possible to represent a wide variety of arithmetic concepts and relationships in the newly evolved language of symbolic algebra [19]. Geometry, however, held a preeminent position as an older and far more trusted form of mathematics. Throughout the scientific revolution geometry continued to be thought of as the primary and most reliable form of mathematics, but a continuing series of investigations took place that examined the extent to which algebra and geometry might be compatible. These experiments in compatibility were quite opposite from most of the ancient classics. Euclid, for example, describes in Book 8-10 of the Elements a number of important theorems of number theory cloaked awkwardly in a geometrical representation [16].1 The experiments of the seventeenth century, conversely, probed the possibilities of representing geometrical concepts and constructions in the language of symbolic algebra. To what extent could it be done? Would contradictions emerge if one moved freely back and forth between geometric and algebraic representations? Questions of appropriate forms of representation dominated the intellectual activities of seventeenth century Europe, not just in science and mathematics but perhaps even more pervasively in religious, political, legal, and philosophical discussions [13, 24, 25]. Seen in the context of this social history it is not surprising that mathematicians like Rene Descartes and G. W. von Leibniz would have seen their new symbolic mathematical representations in the context of their extensive philosophical works. Descartes' Geometry [11] was originally published as an appendix to his larger philosophical work, the Discourse on Method. Conversely, political thinkers like Thomas Hobbes commented extensively on the latest developments in physics and mathematics [25, 4]. Questions of the appropriate forms of scientific symbolism and discourse were seen as closely connected to questions about the construction of the new apparatuses of the modern state. This is particularly evident, for example, in the work of the physicist Robert Boyle [25].
Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus

This chapter discusses the malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus. It belongs to the Herpesviridae family. The virus causes vasculitis and lymphoproliferation resulting in the inflammation of mucous membranes and leads to enteritis, pneumonia, nervous signs, and death. Outside of Africa, there is a similar clinicopathological condition known as malignant catarrhal fever, the etiology of which has not been established. Sheep, cattle, buffalo, and deer are the hosts to MCF. Wildebeest, hartebeest, and topi have inapparent infections for this disease. Most of the countries outside of Africa have reported the non-wildebeest-associated disease. This is sometimes referred to as the sheep-associated MCF. Wildebeest-associated MCF is restricted to Africa and zoological collections. Non-wildebeest-associated MCF is diagnosed only by clinicopathological evidence. The wildebeest-associated MCF is diagnosed by virus isolation and serology. Other diagnostic methods include indirect immunofluorescent assay, complement fixation, virus neutralization, and agar gel immunodiffusion. No diagnostic reagents of MCF are commercially available.
The Application of Marketing Concepts to Fund Raising for the Independent College (Synopsis of Paper)

Raising money has become “big business,” and must be approached in a rational and systematic manner. Institutions cannot simply rely on historically comfortable sources of contributions, but must adopt a marketing approach to development.
Associations Between Ventilator Bundle Components and Outcomes

Importance Ventilator bundles, including head-of-bed elevation, sedative infusion interruptions, spontaneous breathing trials, thromboprophylaxis, stress ulcer prophylaxis, and oral care with chlorhexidine gluconate, are ubiquitous, but the absolute and relative value of each bundle component is unclear. Objective To evaluate associations between individual and collective ventilator bundle components and ventilator-associated events, time to extubation, ventilator mortality, time to hospital discharge, and hospital death. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included all 5539 consecutive patients who underwent mechanical ventilation for at least 3 days from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2013, at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Exposures Head-of-bed elevation, sedative infusion interruptions, spontaneous breathing trials, thromboprophylaxis, stress ulcer prophylaxis, and oral care with chlorhexidine. Main Outcomes and Measures Hazard ratios (HRs) for ventilator-associated events, extubation alive vs ventilator mortality, and hospital discharge vs hospital death. Effects were modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression and Fine-Gray competing risk models adjusted for patients’ demographic characteristics, comorbidities, unit type, severity of illness, recent procedures, process measure contraindications, day-to-day markers of clinical status, and calendar year. Results Of 5539 consecutive patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, 3208 were male (57.9%), 2331 female (42.1%), and the mean (SD) age was 61.2 (16.1) years. Sedative infusion interruptions were associated with less time to extubation (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.54-2.12; P P P P = .001). Spontaneous breathing trials were also associated with lower hazards for ventilator-associated events (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40-0.76; P P = .001) and thromboembolism prophylaxis (HR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.80-3.66; P P = .006), and stress ulcer prophylaxis was associated with an increased risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (HR, 7.69; 95% CI, 1.44-41.10; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Standard ventilator bundle components vary in their associations with patient-centered outcomes. Head-of-bed elevation, sedative infusion interruptions, spontaneous breathing trials, and thromboembolism prophylaxis appear beneficial, whereas daily oral care with chlorhexidine and stress ulcer prophylaxis may be harmful in some patients.
Interconnections Between My Research and Experience as a Caregiver: Impacts on Empirical and Personal Perspectives

Shortly after I received my first R01 grant to study the health effects of caregiving, my sister and I became caregivers to our father. For the next 13 years, we helped him with activities of daily living (ADLs), accompanied him to doctors' appointments, arranged for home health care, and finally for home hospice. At first, I was able to connect our assistance with ADLs, frustration with coordinating his care, and our psychological stress with my epidemiologic studies. My familiarity with the language of caregiving and long-term care helped us to navigate the medical and home care systems, and to be advocates for my father. However, as my father's health declined, I felt an increasing disconnect between my research and my experience: communicating with physicians and other care providers, responding to crises and conversations with my sister about placing our father in a nursing home were greater sources of stress than my father's dementia. These discrepancies made me realize that I could help caregivers more by helping them to negotiate these challenges than through performing quantitative research. So I enrolled in a counseling psychology program. My manuscript will chronicle the ways that caregiving changed me; how my professional work did and did not help me as a caregiver; how the developmental and family theories that I am learning in my psychology classes have expanded my understanding of stressors facing adult child caregivers, and how this entire experience ties into generativity and Third Chapter careers that build on midlife experiences.
Ecology—Rage and Reason

A Critique is given of various sides of the ecology discussion. Impatient youth has reason for complaint against big business because of its lack of interest in ecology. In the future, sane, progressive leaders will learn to distinguish between practical antipollutants and environmental precautions on the one hand, and extreme, economically unfeasible, millenial ideals on the other. The rules eventually adopted must both protect the countryside and enable business to operate a profit. Such rules are hard to formulate and immensely difficult to enforce, but there is no alternative.
Electrolyte-Sensing Transistor Decals Enabled by Ultrathin Microbial Nanocellulose.

We report an ultra-thin electronic decal that can simultaneously collect, transmit and interrogate a bio-fluid. The described technology effectively integrates a thin-film organic electrochemical transistor (sensing component) with an ultrathin microbial nanocellulose wicking membrane (sample handling component). As far as we are aware, OECTs have not been integrated in thin, permeable membrane substrates for epidermal electronics. The design of the biocompatible decal allows for the physical isolation of the electronics from the human body while enabling efficient bio-fluid delivery to the transistor via vertical wicking. High currents and ON-OFF ratios were achieved, with sensitivity as low as 1 mg·L−1.
Risk factors of premature behavioral neurological assessment

Objective To analyze the characteristic of twenty-item premature behavioral neurological assessment,and to assess the risk factors of neonatal behavioral neurological assessment(NBNA) in premature infants. Methods Total two hundred and seventy-four premature infants hospitalized in Guangzhou Children's Hospital were assessed with the NBNA after correcting age 40 weeks,premature infants were divided into two groups:normal group (n =221 ) and abnormal group (n =53) according to NBNA. The birth history, mother pregnancy situation, the disease during neonatal period and results in hospital were reviewed,and the risk factors of NBNA in premature infants were assessed. Results There were significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, body height, Apgar score, resuscitation time, hospitalization time and total gastrointestinal nutrition time between the two groups( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The incidences of superfoetation,hyaline membrane disease, hemorrhagic and hypoxic brain injury, severe infection, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia and chronic lung disease were different between the two groups( P ＜ 0. 05 ). There were no differences in gender, antenatal hormone use, anaemia, hypotension and evoked potential abnormality (P ＞0. 05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of NBNA score in premature infants would include low Apgar score, low birth weight, hyaline membrane disease, hemorrhagic and hypoxic brain injury, severe infection, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia and chronic lung disease. Conclusion Although the premature infants corrected age 40 weeks,but the capability and initiative muscular tension are still lower than term infant. Low Apgar score, low birth weight, hyaline membrane disease, hemorrhagic and hypoxic brain injury ,severe infection ,hyperbilirubinemia,hypoglycemia and chronic lung disease are important risk factors related to premature behavioral neurological assessment. Key words: Behavioral neurological assessment; Risk factors; Infant,premature
Attitudes and experiences with secondhand smoke and smoke-free policies among subsidised and market-rate multiunit housing residents living in six diverse communities in the USA

Background Given that higher smoking rates persist among lower socioeconomic populations, multiunit housing (MUH) environments may result in higher secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures among subsidised MUH residents. This cross-sectional assessment compares experiences with SHS and smoke-free policies among subsidised and market-rate MUH residents living in six US communities. Methods MUH residents (n=1565) were surveyed regarding their smoke-free rules (home and building), SHS exposures and preferences towards smoke-free policies. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of each outcome, focusing on differences by subsidised housing status (subsidised vs market rate). Results Among residents enforcing smoke-free home rules (76%, overall), 50% reported SHS incursions into their unit. Only 23% reported living in a smoke-free building; 56% of those living in smoking-allowable buildings reported preferences towards smoke-free building policies. Among market-rate housing residents, smoke-free home (OR=4.18) and building (OR=2.26) rules were significantly higher when children were present. Smoke-free building rules reduced the odds of SHS incursions among market-rate housing residents (OR=0.50), but no association was observed among subsidised housing residents. Non-smoking subsidised housing residents exhibited stronger preferences for smoke-free policies compared with those in market-rate housing. Discussion Smoke-free home rules may not protect MUH residents from SHS exposures, particularly in subsidised MUH. Although strong preferences towards smoke-free policies were present overall, subsidised MUH residents may have fewer alternative smoke-free housing options available. Therefore, all publicly funded housing should be smoke free to protect these vulnerable populations. However, continued efforts to encourage privately owned MUH operators to adopt smoke-free policies are also necessary.
Low energy electron attenuation lengths in core-shell nanoparticles.

A velocity map imaging spectrometer is used to measure photoemission from free core-shell nanoparticles, where a salt core is coated with a liquid hydrocarbon shell (i.e. squalane). By varying the radial thickness of the hydrocarbon shell, electron attenuation lengths (EALs) are determined by measuring the decay in photoemission intensity from the salt core. In squalane, electrons with kinetic energy (KE) above 2 eV are found to have EALs of 3-5 nm, whereas electrons with smaller KE ( 15 nm. These results (in the context of other energy-resolved EAL measurements) suggest that the energy dependent behavior of low energy electrons is similar in dielectrics when KE > 2 eV. At this energy the EALs do not appear to exhibit strong energy dependence. However, at very low KE (<2 eV), the EALs diverge and appear to be extremely material dependent.
A global wetland methane emissions and uncertainty dataset for atmospheric chemical transport models (WetCHARTs version 1.0)

Abstract. Wetland emissions remain one of the principal sources of uncertainty in the global atmospheric methane (CH4) budget, largely due to poorly constrained process controls on CH4 production in waterlogged soils. Process-based estimates of global wetland CH4 emissions and their associated uncertainties can provide crucial prior information for model-based top-down CH4 emission estimates. Here we construct a global wetland CH4 emission model ensemble for use in atmospheric chemical transport models (WetCHARTs version 1.0). Our 0.5° × 0.5° resolution model ensemble is based on satellite-derived surface water extent and precipitation reanalyses, nine heterotrophic respiration simulations (eight carbon cycle models and a data-constrained terrestrial carbon cycle analysis) and three temperature dependence parameterizations for the period 2009–2010; an extended ensemble subset based solely on precipitation and the data-constrained terrestrial carbon cycle analysis is derived for the period 2001–2015. We incorporate the mean of the full and extended model ensembles into GEOS-Chem and compare the model against surface measurements of atmospheric CH4; the model performance (site-level and zonal mean anomaly residuals) compares favourably against published wetland CH4 emissions scenarios. We find that uncertainties in carbon decomposition rates and the wetland extent together account for more than 80 % of the dominant uncertainty in the timing, magnitude and seasonal variability in wetland CH4 emissions, although uncertainty in the temperature CH4 : C dependence is a significant contributor to seasonal variations in mid-latitude wetland CH4 emissions. The combination of satellite, carbon cycle models and temperature dependence parameterizations provides a physically informed structural a priori uncertainty that is critical for top-down estimates of wetland CH4 fluxes. Specifically, our ensemble can provide enhanced information on the prior CH4 emission uncertainty and the error covariance structure, as well as a means for using posterior flux estimates and their uncertainties to quantitatively constrain the biogeochemical process controls of global wetland CH4 emissions.
Hardware-Efficient Logic Camouflaging for Monolithic 3-D ICs

Circuit camouflaging is a layout-level technique to thwart image analysis-based reverse engineering attacks. An efficient dummy contact-based camouflaging method for monolithic 3-D integrated circuits (ICs) is proposed. 3-D ICs achieve ultra-high density device integration enabled by fine-grained monolithic inter-tier vias. Standard cell libraries are developed to evaluate the effects of circuit camouflaging on large-scale 2-D and monolithic 3-D ICs. These libraries are used to design a camouflaged SIMON (lightweight block cipher) and several academic benchmarks. Simulation results demonstrate that the monolithic 3-D technology is highly effective to facilitate the utilization of the camouflaging technique against reverse engineering attacks. At the expense of a slight degradation in timing characteristics, monolithic 3-D technology eliminates not only the area but also the power overhead related to camouflaging.
Critical Play: An Introduction

The Introduction, “Critical Play,” is staged as a conversation between the editors; in dialogic form, weaving personal narrative with scholarship, we provide the project’s backstory and situate the book within a broader history of innovative and/or personal criticism. The play also establishes the primary questions that Critical Innovations poses, and characterizes the incredibly varied and fluid responses from its contributors. Given the subject matter of the book, we believe it is imperative to begin to model alternate critical methods from the beginning; our particular approach, blocked as a three-act play with changing scenes, allows us to confront head-on the central issue of polyphony as well as the institutional politics surrounding the production of innovative criticism.
Identification of critical buses based on betweenness-centrality in a smart grid

This paper explores several reliability indices to quantify the importance of buses in IEEE-118 and IEEE-300 bus test systems and determine which buses are key to operations of a simulated smart grid. A list of Critical Bus Indices (CBI) were formulated using principles of graph theory. Several parameters such as betweenness-centrality (BC), degree, demand, generation, and their combinations for each bus with in the test systems were explored. Efficiency of these indices in quantifying the importance of buses to the operation of the systems was validated by a node (bus) removal process. Node removal measures the disruption of the system under failure scenarios. System disruption was quantified by changes in normalized expected geodesic distance (NEGD) and normalized expected electric distance (NEED). Preliminary results provide promising insight in identifying the utility of betweenness-centrality in quantifying the importance of buses.
A Sub-Cycle Approach to Dynamic Phasors With Application to Dynamic Power Quality Metrics

This paper addresses signal processing aspects of dynamic power quality monitoring in ac energy systems. The widespread use of high-bandwidth sensors enables a characterization of both steady-state and transient operation. However, the volume of so generated data is such that it necessitates extensive preprocessing and extraction of events of interest in estimation and control. We review approaches based on single (vector) samples, and compare them with methods that require full-period information, such as standard dynamic phasors. In this paper, we propose a sparse alternative to the standard (fast Fourier transform based) evaluation of dynamic phasors, thus bridging the gap between the two classes of techniques. We also outline the computational cost tradeoffs among different variants of sparse Fourier transform customized for electric energy system data.
Vascular wall von Willebrand factor in human diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose. To reconstruct the role played by vascular endothelium in the elevation of circulatingvon Willebrand factor (vWf) in diabetic patients with microangiopathy and, specifically, todetermine whether storage and synthesis o isf altere vWfd in diabetic retinal vessels.Methods. Trypsin digests were prepared form retinas obtained post mortem from 11 patients(age 62 ± 9 years, mean ± SD) with 9 ± 5 years of diabetes and 12 nondiabetic control subjectsmatched for age and sex. Trypsin digests were inspected for the presenc lesione of s of diabeticretinopathy; vWf protein was localized by indirect immunofluorescence; and vWf mRNA levelswere studied by in situ hybridization.Results. vWf immunofluorescence was present in vessels al ofl sizes. The granular fluorescencewas localized to the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Pattern and intensity of staining in diabeticmicrovessels and large vessels were similar to those observed in the vessels of nondiabeticsubjects. The amount of vWf mRNA detected by in situ hybridization in retinal endothelialcells was similar in diabetic (0.92 ± 0.32 grains/cell) and control (0.91 ± 0.42 grains/cell)microvessels. Likewise, no differences were observed in vWf mRNA levels in the large vesselsof diabetic (0.073 ± 0.034% grain area) and control (0.069 ± 0.018 grain area) subjects.Conclusions. These observations are compatible with the occurrence in diabetes of the slowrelease of endothelial vWf through the pathway of vWf secretion not linked to synthesis, ie, theregulated pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:600-607.Several features of diabetic microangiopathy indicateor suggest that vascular endothelium is affected in dia-betes mellitus,
Post-transplant Molecular Monitoring

This chapter discusses the types of length and sequence variation encountered in the human genome that can be used to distinguish donor from recipient cells in stem cell transplantation monitoring. The development of chimerism assays based on short tandem repeats (STRs), and the recent use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to detect microchimerism are summarized.
Civil Litigation Survey of Chief Legal Officers and General Counsel Belonging to the Association of Corporate Counsel

This Report sets forth the results of the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System’s civil litigation survey of Chief Legal Officers and General Counsel belonging to the Association of Corporate Counsel. This survey explored the opinions of those who lead corporate legal departments – one per company – in an effort to capture how businesses experience the American civil justice process. The survey’s goal was to achieve a better understanding of the litigant’s perspective. While businesses are certainly a specific category of litigants, they are an important one, and their often repeat contact with the civil justice system is relevant to obtaining a complete picture of the status of that system. The global research questions included: - What does civil litigation in U.S. courts currently look like for companies? - Are there inefficiencies in the system that can or should be addressed? - What are the benefits and drawbacks of the current discovery process? - What is the impact of electronic discovery? - Does alternative dispute resolution provide a satisfactory alternative to litigation? - How can the American civil justice system be improved?
A case study on homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoir porous media reconstruction by using generative adversarial networks

Abstract The advancing of modern X-ray computer tomography technology provides a powerful tool for us to illustrate the details inside the reservoir rock in three-dimensional space. Pore-scale rock characterization, modeling, and related fluid flow simulation can be challenging due to the high complexity of various rock samples. Conventional pore scale structure modeling methods such as various stochastic methods were developed for reservoir rock 3D microscopic structure reconstruction in order to generate representative realizations for numerical simulations and property upscaling approaches. In this work, generative adversarial networks (GANs) is used for generating the synthetic micro representations of porous rock by acquiring non-linear statistical information from the real 3D rock images in an unsupervised learning scheme. The related 3D image pre-processing, network training and adjusting as well as data post-processing procedures are addressed. The network prediction results from a homogeneous Berea sandstone and a heterogeneous Estaillades carbonate demonstrated the capability of GANs for high-resolution porous rock image representations reconstruction, generated and real images are compared via various visualizations and inspections. The study also illustrated the importance of the training image preprocessing, which indicating the data augmentation techniques can be one of the promising improvements in terms of capturing the sparsely distributed features from heterogenous 3D images and reconstructing the synthetic realizations, meanwhile, the robustness of the model during training process is enhanced when limited real data is available.
Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State

Hou Li’s new book Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State examines the development of Daqing, China’s most prominent oil field in Mao’s era. Daqing was much more t...