cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term nutritional function of orthotopic small bowel autotransplants.

Abstract Nutritional function following autografting of the entire small bowel was followed in 11 dogs for 12 months. Although positive nitrogen balance was recovered within a few weeks, the animals did not achieve their preoperative body weight for up to 6 months. Fat and d -xylose absorption remained depressed and never fully recovered. Hematocrit and serum iron did not normalize until the second postoperative month or later. Abnormal serum albumin and albumin/globulin ratio persisted for 12 months. When the mesenteric vein was anastomosed to the vena cava rather than to the portal vein, this group had more severe abnormalities in body weight, hematocrit, total protein, and serum albumin, in addition to a significant rise in liver enzymes. These findings represent a discouraging portent for the functional utility of small bowel transplants.
Model for the generation of leptonic mass. II

A self-consistent model for the generation of leptonic mass is developed. In this model it is assumed that bare masses are zero, all of the (charged) leptonic masses being generated by the QED self-interaction. A perturbation expansion for the QED self-mass is formulated, and contact is made between this expansion and the work of Landau and his collaborators. In order to achieve a finite result using this expansion, it is assumed that there is a cutoff at the Landau singularity and that the functional form of the (self-mass) integrand is the same beyond that singularity as it is below. Physical interpretations of these assumptions are discussed. Self-consistency equations are obtained which show that the Landau singularity is in the neighborhood of the Planck mass. This result implies that, as originally suggested by Landau, gravitation may play a role in an ultraviolet cutoff for QED. These equations also yield estimates for the (effective) number of additional pointlike particles that electromagnetically couple to the photon. This latter quantity is consistent with present data from e/sup +/e/sup -/ storage rings.
Effects of rotational doubling on the anomalous photodetachment thresholds resulting from electron-dipole interaction

The effect of $K$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, or $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ doubling on the threshold scaling is examined for molecular photodetachment. Anomalous power-law scaling, observed for molecules possessing internal angular momentum about the dipole axis, is found to break down on an energy scale comparable to that of the rotational doubling that quenches this internal angular momentum. The case of OH in $J=\frac{1}{2}$, $\ensuremath{\Omega}=\frac{1}{2}$ is examined by explicit calculation.
Mechanism of fracture in glassy polymers. III. Direct observation of the craze ahead of the propagating crack in poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene

Observation of optical interference fringes at the tip of a crack in a glassy polymer allows the construction of the configurations of the crack tip and the craze that precedes it. The craze extends 25 μ beyond the crack tip in poly(methyl methacrylate) and 550 μ beyond the tip in the polystyrene studied. The craze at the crack tip in PMMA may be seen to deform elastically as much as 100% under stress before crack propagation recommences. Such deformation is estimated to account for as much as 40% of the nominal Griffith energy of crack propagation.
Thermal waves in NH3 oxidation on a Pt wire

A one-dimensional array of photodiodes has been employed to monitor temperature fluctuations in NH3 oxidation on Pt wires in a 1-atm flow reactor. Travelling thermal waves of wavelengths between 1 and 5 cm and wavespeeds between 0 and 5 cm/s were observed for gas compositions ranging from 15 to 40% NH3 in air. These depend sensitively on gas composition, velocity and preheat, as well as geometry. At lower gas preheats, the waves were observed to emanate from a single stationary point on the wire, travelling with equal speeds in both directions away from the source. Wave behavior was quite stable, enduring without significant changes in waveform or speed for up to several days. At gas preheats above ≈115°C the waveforms became increasingly complex, with more than one waveform and source point on the wire. At higher preheats chaotic behavior ensued. While this system is too complex for detailed modelling because of coupled reaction, heat and mass transfer, unknown surface kinetics, clues to the underlying cause of the waves have been acquired through experiments involving periodic electrical heating of all or part of the wire, as well as experiments examining the birth or death of the thermal wave response as system parameters are varied.
eHealth communication and behavior change: promise and performance

Traditional health communication interventions have often failed to show significant changes in people's behaviors. Guidance from social semiotic frameworks suggests that health communication interventions can be improved by incorporating greater participation by the intended audiences of users, paying greater attention to social contexts, and increasing broad use of integrated multimedia dissemination strategies. The use of eHealth communication has great promise to influence behavioral health outcomes, given its enhanced features of interactivity, multimodality, mass customization, and the opportunity for users to also be producers. The first 15 years of scientific evidence about the use of eHealth interventions suggests that, overall, such strategies are gaining rapid acceptance worldwide, improve user engagement, and often show significant positive effects on health behaviors in diverse populations and across a wide range of health conditions. Challenges remain, however, to learn how to best use eHeal...
Planning viewpoint: Top management

Planning is action laid out in advance. It is a central, essential function of management, because a manager must lay out some pattern of action in order to direct effectively the functioning of the organization. While managers plan, by habit and by instinct, the functioning of large modern organizations requires that plans be shared, so that groups of managers act in coordinated patterns toward accomplishment of agreed objectives. Thus, planning has become an organizational process in addition to the individual process of each manager.
Zirconium and Hafnium Complexes that Contain the Electron-Withdrawing Diamido/Donor Ligands [(2,6-X2C6H3NCH2)2C(2-C5H4N)(CH3)]2- (X = Cl or F). An Evaluation of the Role of Ortho Halides in 1-Hexene Polymerization

The pyridyldiamines [(2,6-X 2 C 6 H 3 NHCH 2 ) 2 C(CH 3 )(2-C 5 H 4 N)] (X = Cl or F) can be prepared in good yield through the Pd-catalyzed coupling between 2,6-dihalobromobenzene and (H 2 -NCH 2 ) 2 C(CH 3 )(2-C 5 H 4 N). Zirconium and hafnium complexes that contain these ligands were prepared through traditional routes; they include [Ar C l 2 Npy]M(NMe 2 ) 2 (M = Zr or Hf), [Ar C l 2 -Npy]MCl 2 , [Ar C l 2 Npy]MMe 2 , [Ar C l 2 Npy]Hf(i-Bu) 2 , [Ar F 2 Npy]Hf(i-Bu) 2 , and [Ar F 2 Npy]HfMe 2 . Attempts to prepare [Ar F 2 Npy]Hf(NMe 2 ) 2 in a reaction between Hf(NMe 2 ) 4 and free ligand led to compounds in which one or two dimethylamino groups had been exchanged with one or two ortho fluorides on the 2,6-difluorophenyl rings. Compounds whose structures were determined in X-ray studies include [Ar C l 2 Npy]Hf(i-Bu) 2 , [ArF 2 Npy]Hf(i-Bu) 2 , and [Ar ( F N M e 2 ) 2 -Npy]Hf(F)Cl, a compound that contains 2-fluoro-6-dimethylaminophenyl rings. In the first compound one chloride is weakly bonded to the metal, in the second two fluorides are weakly bonded to the metal, and in the third two dimethylamino groups are strongly bonded to the metal. Activation of dimethyl species with [Ph 3 C] [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] in bromobenzene led initially to the formation of dimeric monocations such as {[Arx2Npy] 2 M 2 Me 3 }[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ], which are inactive for polymerization of 1-hexene. The {[Ar X 2 Npy] 2 M 2 Me 3 }[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] compounds react further with [Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] to give {[Ar X 2 Npy]MMe}[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] species, which are active for polymerization of 1-hexene. Activation of [Ar X 2 Npy]Hf(i-Bu) 2 complexes with [Ph 3 C]-[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] in bromobenzene led to the formation of {[Arx2Npy]Hf(i-Bu)}[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] species that are also active for the polymerization of 1-hexene. The rate of consumption of 1-hexene followed a first-order dependence on 1-hexene (and hafnium), although the rates were substantially slower compared to those for the known catalyst with mesityl substituents on the amido nitrogens and slower when X = F than when X = Cl. The ease of preparation of the cations also followed the order aryl = mesityl > 2,6-Cl 2 C 6 H 3 > 2,6-F 2 C 6 H 3 . Finally, the quality of the polymerization, in terms of its living characteristics, deteriorated markedly when the aryl was 2,6-F 2 C 6 H 3 . We conclude that the introduction of ortho chlorides or fluorides decreases the rate of polymerization and also encourages β hydride elimination and formation of shorter polymer chains, therefore compromising the living characteristics of the polymerization.
Atherosclerosis in the mesenteric circulation. Observations and correlations with aortic and coronary atherosclerosis

Abstract The mesenteric arterial bed of 88 adults was analyzed for atherosclerosis according to the number of vessels affected, the extent of involvement of the intimal surface, and the number and degree of stenoses. The mesenteric bed, defined as comprising the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arborizations, was divided into 23 named arteries comprising the 3 main stems and their major branches. The series had a nearly equal number of men and women, with an age range of from 28 to 86 years. Atherosclerosis in one or more of the 23 named arteries was found in 68 (77 per cent) of the cases. The vessels most frequently affected were the three main stems and the splenic artery. Also quite frequently involved were the gastrohepatic, superior hemorrhoidal, and gastroduodenal arteries. Among the 68 subjects with mesenteric atherosclerosis the disease was associated with luminal stenosis in 49. The majority of the stenoses were of mild to moderate degree. The propensity of atherosclerosis to be associated with stenosis varied considerably among the named arteries. Stenosing disease was particularly common in the main stems, occurring in 44 subjects, i.e., in 50 per cent of the total series or in 65 per cent of those with mesenteric atherosclerosis. Even though the aortic ostia of the main-stem arteries were often involved, it was rare for the stenoses to be confined to the aortic ostia. The incidence of myocardial infarction rose significantly with the severity of mesenteric atherosclerosis, and this was true also, although to a lesser extent, for peripheral vascular disease. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was exceptionally high in the group with severe mesenteric atherosclerosis and was quite low in all other groups. Hypertension, although occurring rather frequently with mesenteric atherosclerosis, did not clearly correlate with the severity of the latter. There was a good correlation between the severity of atherosclerosis in the mesenteric circulation and that in the abdominal aorta. The correlation, however, was one sided, in that severe atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta occurred not infrequently with little or no mesenteric atherosclerosis, whereas the reverse was not observed. A fairly good but similarly one-sided correlation was found between mesenteric and coronary atherosclerosis, in that the chance of servere mesenteric atherosclerosis being associated with severely stenosing or occlusive atherosclerosis of the coronary bed was 2 to 2 1 2 times greater than the reverse. Finally, there was a fairly good correlation between coronary and (abdominal) aortic atherosclerosis.
Optimization of a Parallel Plate Heat Sink Using Volume Averaging Theory

A parallel plate heat sink is optimized using a model based on the volume average theory (VAT). VAT is briefly developed and the numerical scheme is described. The numerical simulation is carried out in FORTRAN. The resulting VAT solutions are verified by comparison to experimental results via a Nusselt number correlation. The procedure for optimization is described and, as an example, a heat sink of a size appropriate for cooling a CPU is optimized for minimum thermal resistance, maximum effectiveness, and maximum heat transfer rate per unit volume. Seven parameters are included in the simulations: fin thickness, fin length, fin height, fin pitch to thickness ratio, base width, base thickness, and pore Reynold’s number. Three are chosen for optimization: fin height, fin pitch, and pore Reynolds number. The responses are optimized for an aluminum heat sink.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Inciting Social Change through Film: Using Marcus Banks’s Definition of Ethnographic Film to Discuss the Films of Participant Productions

This article examines films produced by Participant Productions: Murderball, Good Night, and Good Luck, North Country, Syriana, and An Inconvenient Truth, using the three aspects—Intention, Event, and Reaction as outlined by Marcus Banks (1992) to define an ethnographic film.
Convulsant activity of Naja naja venom and its phospholipase A component

Abstract Naja naja (hooded cobra) venom and its purified components were injected intraventricularly into rats. Purified cobrotoxin (50 μg) and cardiotoxin (125 μg) caused piloerection, lacrimation and death but no convulsive activity. Crude cobra venom (5 μg) and a partially purified phospholipase A (2·5 μg) isolated from Naja naja venom induced convulsions. Analysis of brain phospholipids after injection of 330 μg phospholipase A demonstrated an increase in lysophosphatides. Hydrolysis of phospholipids was greater at the onset of convulsions than 1 2 hr before onset. Lysolecithin (100 μg) and stearic acid (500 μg), hydrolysis products of phospholipase A action, did not induce convulsions after intraventricular injection. Phospholipase C in doses as low as 1 μg caused convulsions when injected intraventricularly. Examination of brain phospholipids at the onset of convulsant activity after injection of 250 μg of the enzyme showed a reduction in total lipid phosphorus and a corresponding increase in total aqueous phosphorus and diglyceride as a result of the enzyme's action. The possible involvement of phospholipase A in convulsant activity is discussed.
The effects of low concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the growth, surface architecture, and glycoprotein metabolism of P388 lymphoma cells.

Summary Exposure of P388 lymphoma cells to a concentration of 50 μM 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dglc) resulted in inhibition of growth only after exposure for several generations. Prior to inhibition of growth, radioactive dglc was maximally incorporated into cellular glycoprotein, surface architecture was altered as measured by plant lectin induced agglutination, and cellular fucose content was significantly increased. These phenomena were obtained in the absence of changes in the cellular content of ATP which decreased at levels of dglc greater than 200 μM. Following removal of dglc from cell cultures, radioactivity from dglc incorporated into glycoprotein was lost at a rate significantly greater than the loss of radioactivity from either glucosamine or fucose, cell growth resumed at a normal rate, and the susceptibility to plant lectin induced agglutination returned to the pattern present in untreated cells.
Exposure to Ethics Education and the Perception of Linkage between Organizational Ethical Behavior and Business Outcomes

This study focused on the effects of individual characteristics and exposure to ethics education on perceptions of the linkage between organizational ethical practices and business outcomes. Using a stratified sampling approach, 817 students were randomly selected from a population of approximately 1310 business students in an AACSB accredited college of business. Three hundred and twenty eight of the subjects were freshmen, 380 were seniors, and 109 were working managers and professionals enrolled in a night-time MBA program. Overall, the respondents included 438 male students and 379 female students. Exposure to ethics in the curriculum had a significant impact on student perceptions of what should be the ideal linkages between organizational ethical practices and business outcomes. Gender based differences were found with female students having a higher expectation regarding what should be the “ethics practices and business outcomes” link. Exposure to ethics in the curriculum had a positive moderating influence on the gender-based effects on perceptions of ideal ethical climate. The interaction effect showed that exposure to ethical education may have a positive impact on males and allow them to catch up with females in their ethical sensitivities concerning the ideal linkage between organizational ethical behavior and business outcomes. Further, consistent with the literature, the study found that gender differences in ethical attitudes regarding the ideal ethical climate, while significant for undergraduates, appeared to narrow considerably for the working professionals who were part-time MBA students.
The bathymetric mapping program of the national ocean survey

Systematic mapping is a prerequisite for any major activity contemplated, be it on land or in the ocean. This realization motivated the National Ocean Survey (NOS) to establish a systematic mapping program for its area of responsibility in the ocean environment. Mounting national pressure for accelerated development of gas and oil reserves on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) and the protection and development of the land and water resources of the country's coastal zone mandates a systematic series of maps varying in scale and detail. NOS is making significant progress in producing such a series of maps in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Feasibility of imaging myelin lesions in multiple sclerosis

The goal of this study was to provide a feasibility assessment for PET imaging of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions based on their decreased myelin content relative to the surrounding normal-appearing brain tissue. The imaging agent evaluated for this purpose is a molecule that binds strongly and specifically to myelin basic protein. Physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling combined with PET image simulation applied to a brain model was used to examine whether such an agent would allow the differentiation of artificial lesions 4-10mm in diameter from the surrounding normal-looking white and gray matter. Furthermore, we examined how changes in agent properties, model parameters, and experimental conditions can influence imageability, identifying a set of conditions under which imaging of MS lesions might be feasible. Based on our results, we concluded that PET imaging has the potential to become a useful complementary method to MRI for MS diagnosis and therapy monitoring.
The development of the imaginal abdomen of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The development of the imaginal Drosophila melanogaster was investigated by an analysis of clones of cells marked by somatic crossing-over. The results showed that each abdominal half tergite is initiated by about 11 cells which fail to divide during late embryonic and larval stages. Cell division commences only at the time of pupariation, and continues for the next 32 hr. The spatial pattern of marked clones indicated that each tergite consists of a left and right side—marked cells do not cross the midline. Twin spots were examined and indicated that two daughter cells are aligned preferentially in the transverse orientation. These results are contrasted to data obtained for other imaginal anlage, particularly with regard to the time of cessation of cell division.
Total bounded variation regularization as a bilaterally constrained optimization problem

It is demonstrated that the predual for problems with total bounded variation regularization terms can be expressed as a bilaterally constrained optimization problem. Existence of a Lagrange multiplier and an optimality system are established. This allows us to utilize efficient optimization methods developed for problems with box constraints in the context of bounded variation formulations. Here, in particular, the primal-dual active set method, considered as a semismooth Newton method, is analyzed, and superlinear convergence is proved. As a by-product we obtain that the Lagrange multiplier associated with the box constraints acts as an edge detector. Numerical results for image denoising and zooming/resizing show the efficiency of the new approach.
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Articular Chondrocyte Deformation: Calibration of a Multiscale Finite Element Model

Mechanical loading of chondrocytes in isolation [1] and of articular cartilage in culture [2] has been reported to be a potent regulator of chondrocyte metabolism. Experimental studies have related tissue-level and cell-level strains in mechanically loaded cartilage explants [3], but cannot be readily extended to address more physiologic loading cases. Numerical models, which might address this need, have primarily been axisymmetric [4, 5] or two-dimensional [6] and have idealized chondrocyte geometry. Given the complexity of the mechanism of the load transfer between the tissue and cell, however, there remains a lack of information regarding the in vivo level of cell stresses and strains. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a multiscale experimental/numerical approach to calibrate a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of a chondrocyte based on experimentally derived chondrocyte morphology and deformation data. The method was than applied to determine the modulus of a chondrocyte located in the superficial zone.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Ecological Analysis of Species Introductions into Aquatic Systems

Abstract The introduction of new species into aquatic communities to increase fish production is a management technique that often has created more problems than it has solved. In large measure, this is due to the inability to correctly predict impact. Loop analysis is a tool of systems analysis and may be useful in predicting systems behavior of an aquatic community once an introduction is made, using the limited information usually available. Case histories of two lake systems examined by loop analysis suggest that nutrient-poor systems are most sensitive and become unstable after exotics become established. Rules developed by entomologists to guide selection of predators for biological control systems can be adapted for fisheries management. The “ideal” candidate for aquatic introduction is coadapted with some members of the new system, has a narrow niche breadth, is easily controlled if it escapes from the system, and is free of exotic diseases and parasites.
The Distribution of Mobilities of Ions in Moist Air

A search was made in undried air for groups of ions having different mobilities and no such distinct groups were found among ions two or more seconds after their formation. A critical study was made of the effects of diffusion upon the distribution of ions moving in an electric field. Experimental results obtained for $N$, the volume density of ions which after a time $t$ are located at a distance $r$ from the origin agree fairly well with the theoretical formula $N=\frac{{N}_{0}}{{(4\ensuremath{\pi}Dt)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{{r}^{2}}{4Dt}},$ where $D$ is the coefficient of diffusion. The mobilities and the spreading of the ions were measured by a modification of the author's method in which ions passing between two concentric cylinders under an electric field are simultaneously carried axially by a slow, non-turbulent current of air of known velocity. The ions entered the air stream through small openings in the walls of the outer cylinder and their distribution at the central cylinder was measured by catching them on a narrow insulated section of that cylinder which was connected to an electrometer. The ions were found to be confined to one group covering a range of mobilities in which the fastest ions have mobilities about 45 percent larger than the slowest for positive ions and about 30 percent larger for negative ions. The distribution would be explained if a number of unresolved permanent distinct groups exist, but a more probable explanation rests on the assumption that the ions are clusters which change in size under the influence of molecular bombardment, the life of each stage being sufficiently long so that the number of changes occurring during the time of passage of the ions is not very great. No certain change in the distribution was noted for changes of the time of passage of the ions between 0.05 sec. and 0.67 sec. The mobilities of the ions were determined under widely different conditions in air ranging in water content between 1.5 mg/liter and 7.6 mg/liter. Without weighting the observations, the average mobility found for the negative ions is 2.00 cm/sec\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}volt/cm for an average water content of 3.2 mg per liter of air, and the average for the positive ions is 1.22 cm/sec\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}volt/cm for an average water content of 2.7 mg per liter of air, the most probable error in each case being about one percent.
“O death, where is thy sting?” Historical perspectives on the relationship of human postmortem anatomical dissection to medical education and care

From an historical perspective, great intellectual effort and struggle were required to secure the privilege of human postmortem anatomical dissection. It represents one expression of the validity and value of the patient-physician relationship. The latter contributes to the welfare of mankind, if through that involvement the knowledge and wisdom of each is enhanced. “… Death rejoices to come to the aid of life” only if patients and physicians are committed to the educational and functional value of postmortem analysis, organ/tissue donation, and cadaveric anatomical dissection. Physicians must be willing to communicate to the individuals they encounter the usefulness of these opportunities for the continued enhancement of patient care and medical science. I would argue that it should be perceived as an expression of an interdependence among all sentient beings, and as such should be promoted as the zeitgeist of all interpersonal relationships within contemporary society.
Cartography and Connectomes

The past 25 years have seen great progress in parcellating the cerebral cortex into a mosaic of many distinct areas in mice, monkeys, and humans. Quantitative studies of interareal connectivity have revealed unexpectedly many pathways and a wide range of connection strengths in mouse and macaque cortex. In humans, advances in analyzing "structural" and "functional" connectivity using powerful but indirect noninvasive neuroimaging methods are yielding intriguing insights about brain circuits, their variability across individuals, and their relationship to behavior.
Turbo recognition: a statistical approach to layout analysis

Turbo recognition (TR) is a communication theory approach to the analysis of rectangular layouts, in the spirit of Document Image Decoding. The TR algorithm, inspired by turbo decoding, is based on a generative model of image production, in which two grammars are used simultaneously to describe structure in orthogonal (horizontal and vertical directions. This enables TR to strictly embody non-local constraints that cannot be taken into account by local statistical methods. This basis in finite state grammars also allows TR to be quickly retargetable to new domains. We illustrate some of the capabilities of TR with two examples involving realistic images. While TR, like turbo decoding, is not guaranteed to recover the statistically optimal solution, we present an experiment that demonstrates its ability to produce optimal or near-optimal results on a simple yet nontrivial example, the recovery of a filled rectangle in the midst of noise. Unlike methods such as stochastic context free grammars and exhaustive search, which are often intractable beyond small images, turbo recognition scales linearly with image size, suggesting TR as an efficient yet near-optimal approach to statistical layout analysis.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comments on “Biot model of sound propagation in water-saturated sand” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 199–214 (1995)]

Input parameters to the Biot theory, used by N. P. Chotiros [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 199–214 (1995)] in an effort to claim that a slow wave propagating at 1200 m/s was experimentally observed in near-bottom sand, are shown to be inconsistent with generally accepted results from prior theoretical and experimental studies of granular media.
Predictors of Psychological Adjustment in Early Placed Adopted Children With Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parents

Little research has focused on predictors of psychological adjustment among early placed adopted children. Additionally, the research on adopted children in lesbian or gay parent-families is sparse. The current study examined 40 female same-sex, 35 male same-sex, and 45 different-sex parent families with adopted children, all of whom were placed in their adoptive homes under the age of 18 months. We explored aspects of children’s preadoptive and postadoptive contexts (measured at 3 months postplacement) in relation to children’s externalizing and internalizing symptoms (measured at 2 years postplacement; M age 2.33 years). Findings revealed that lack of parental preparation for the adoption, and parental depressive symptoms, were associated with higher parent-reported levels of both externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Additionally, parents’ relationship conflict was associated with higher levels of parent- and partner-reported internalizing symptoms. Children’s adjustment outcomes did not differ by family type. Our findings point to the importance of considering the adoptive family context (including parent and couple subsystems) in predicting later adjustment in early placed adopted children, in diverse family contexts.
ON THE TRANSITION FROM NEAR‐THRESHOLD TO INTERMEDIATE GROWTH RATES IN FATIGUE

— Evidence is presented that the cyclic stress intensity threshold for fatigue crack growth in A1 2219-T851 is associated with a critical maximum value of stress intensity, Kc. This relationship is discovered by measuring the local value of stress intensity at the crack tip which is less than the applied stress intensity because of fatigue induced compressive residual stresses in the plastic zone. Crack growth rates and values of the crack tip residual stress are measured as functions of load ratio. For local stress intensities greater than Kc, the growth rate follows a power-law relationship, increasing monotonically with δK. For local stress intensities below Kc, growth rates are also sensitive to the cyclic stress range, δσ. If the stress range is small, a threshold to growth, typical of long cracks, is seen. When the cracks are short and δσ exceeds a critical value, growth rates are a complex function of both δσ and δK. This behavior is attributed to the effect of δσ on the propagation of the crack front past obstacles such as grain boundaries.
Spatial characteristics of visual-auditory summation in human saccades.

Abstract Bimodal (auditory+visual) stimuli reduce saccade latencies in human observers to a degree that exceeds levels predictable by probabilistic summation between parallel, independent unimodal pathways. These interactions have been interpreted in terms of converging visual and auditory afferents within the oculomotor pathways, specifically within the superior colliculus (SC). The present work describes the spatial tuning of auditory-visual summation in human saccades, using diagnostics derived from stochastic models of information processing. Consistent with expectations based on the electrophysiology of the SC, the magnitude of facilitation varied with the degree of spatial correspondence, and the spatial tuning was quite coarse.
Mechanism of the nitrous acid-induced dealkylation of trisubstituted (terminal isopropylidene) olefins to form acetylenes

Abstract Evidence is presented that the conversion of olefins of the type RCHC(CH 3 ) 2 to acetylenes of structure RCCCH 3 by the action of sodium nitrite in aqueous acetic acid proceeds by a sequence involving two nitrations, Nef conversion of one nitro group to carbonyl, ring closure to an isoxazolone N-oxide and fragmentation to carbon dioxide, NO and the acetylene.
Dermatologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection

The human immunodeficiency virus is the etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which currently infects more than 30 million people. Heterosexual transmission of the virus has become the leading route of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus both in the United States and worldwide. Cutaneous diseases are common manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection, developing in more than 80% of patients at some time during their illness. HIV-infected persons have impairment of cell-mediated immunity and may have infectious or neoplastic syndromes develop that are specific for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and rarely seen in persons not infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Many serious or life-threatening illnesses may be seen initially with cutaneous findings. Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus may also have unusual manifestations of common dermatologic diseases and frequent cutaneous eruptions from medications develop. Cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage often possess CD4 receptors and are targets of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Epidermal Langerhans cells are abnormal in both number and function in vitro and probably in vivo, also contributing to the frequency of skin involvement in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The incidence of skin disease increases with the progression of immunodeficiency.
Reconfigurable ultra-wide band see-through-wall imaging radar system

An 8–10 GHz imaging radar system has been presented, demonstrating excellent experimental results when implementing STW applications on drywall material. As an extension, a reconfigurable ultra-wide band STW radar system is proposed to be employed in conjunction with various types of building materials. The reconfigurable system can be reconfigured using four SPDT switches to operate at either a 1–3 GHz or 8–10 GHz, while utilizing the same ADC and FPGA board. Preliminary results are encouraging and will be presented in detail.
A Smart Angular Rate Sensor System

This paper reports on the development of a smart angular rate sensor system for short range navigation applications. The smart-sensor system comprises of a high-Q, in plane mode-matched silicon tuning fork microgyroscope interfaced with a CMOS ASIC. A dedicated software algorithm interfaces with the sensor and IC to electronically control the bandwidth of the micro-sensor, thereby allowing for reconfigurability. The microgyroscope along with the interface IC and dedicated control algorithm form an angular rate sensor system with a maximum scale factor of 66 m V/deg/s and bias drift of less than 0.57deg/hr.
Liberal Ends, Illiberal Means National Security, ‘Environmental Conflict’ and the Making of the Cairo Consensus*

The field of environmental security, and in particular Thomas Homer-Dixon's model of environmental conflict, were heavily influenced by neo-Malthusian degradation narratives, which disproportionately blame population pressures for generating poverty, environmental degradation, migration and political violence. In turn, the presence of these degradation narratives provided an avenue through which population actors and interests could intersect with the emerging environmental security agenda in the 1990s. As part of a political strategy to engage the foreign policy establishment in the 1994 UN Population Conference in Cairo, private population funders supported environmental conflict research and its dissemination at a variety of venues. There was a general willingness to deploy racially-charged demographic alarmism, particularly concerning population and migration, in the representation of Third World threats. The result was a kind of ideological schizophrenia within the population community as some actors...
Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on urinary tract infection treatment in the ED.

Abstract Study objective The study objective is to assess changes in treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) after implementation of recommendations based on national guidelines and local resistance rates. Methods This preintervention and postintervention study included patients discharged home from the emergency department (ED) with an uncomplicated UTI at a 439-bed teaching hospital. Emergency department prescribers were educated on how local antimicrobial resistance rates impact UTI practice guidelines. Empiric treatment according to recommendations was assessed as the primary outcome. Agreement between chosen therapy and isolated pathogen susceptibility was compared before and after education. Reevaluation in the ED or hospital admission within 30 days for a UTI was also evaluated. Results A total of 350 patients were studied (174 before and 176 after education). Of those, 255 had cystitis, and 95 had pyelonephritis. After education, choice of therapy consistent with recommendations increased from 44.8% to 83% (difference, 38.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 33%-43%; P P P = .05), and no change occurred in 30-day repeat ED visits for a UTI. Conclusions After implementation of treatment recommendations for uncomplicated UTIs based on local resistance, empiric antibiotic selection improved in the ED. To further meet goals of antimicrobial stewardship, additional interventions are needed.
Patterns of diversity in marine phytoplankton

Spatial diversity gradients are a pervasive feature of life on Earth. We examined a global ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem model that indicated a decrease in phytoplankton diversity with increasing latitude, consistent with observations of many marine and terrestrial taxa. In the modeled subpolar oceans, seasonal variability of the environment led to competitive exclusion of phytoplankton with slower growth rates and lower diversity. The relatively weak seasonality of the stable subtropical and tropical oceans in the global model enabled long exclusion time scales and prolonged coexistence of multiple phytoplankton with comparable fitness. Superimposed on the decline in diversity seen from equator to pole were "hot spots" of enhanced diversity in some regions of energetic ocean circulation, which reflected lateral dispersal.
Discriminative Input Stream Combination for Conditional Random Field Phone Recognition

In recent studies, we and others have found that conditional random fields (CRFs) can be effectively used to perform phone classification and recognition tasks by combining non-Gaussian distributed representations of acoustic input. In previous work by I. Heintz (latent phonetic analysis: Use of singular value decomposition to determine features for CRF phone recognition, Proc. ICASSP, pp. 4541-4544, 2008), we experimented with combining phonological feature posterior estimators and phone posterior estimators within a CRF framework; we found that treating posterior estimates as terms in a ldquophoneme information retrievalrdquo task allowed for a more effective use of multiple posterior streams than directly feeding these acoustic representations to the CRF recognizer. In this paper, we examine some of the design choices in our previous work, and extend our results to up to six acoustic feature streams. We concentrate on feature design, rather than feature selection, to find the best way of combining features for introduction into a log-linear model. We improve upon our previous work to find that several different dimensionality reduction techniques (SVD, PARAFAC2, KLT), followed by a nonlinear transform provided by a multilayer perceptron, provides a significant gain in phone recognition accuracy on the TIMIT task.
Comparison of ultrasound imaging in patients undergoing transperineal and transrectal prostate ultrasound

Abstract Objectives. Prostatic evaluation in men who have undergone prior abdominoperineal resection pose an unusual challenge for the urologist. Neither digital rectal examination nor transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) can be performed. Transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) has been suggested as an alternative means of imaging. This imaging modality was compared directly with the standard TRUS method. Methods. TPUS was performed with a 4-MHz abdominal probe or biplane multiple frequency probe at a frequency of 5 to 7 MHz followed by TRUS at 7 MHz in 50 consecutive men referred for prostate ultrasound and biopsy who had not undergone prior abdominoperineal resection. Dimensions of the prostate and ultrasound findings such as hypoechoic, anechoic, or hyperechoic areas were noted for each sonographic approach. Volume calculation was performed by the prolate spheroid method. Results. There was good TPUS visualization of the prostate in the transverse plane in 48 (96%) of 50 patients and in the sagittal plane in 45 (90%) of 50 patients. Prostate volume calculation by TPUS correlated well with the volume calculated by TRUS ( r = 0.876). Twenty-nine patients (58%) were found to have suspicious hypoechoic lesions by TRUS; none were seen by TPUS. Prostatic calcifications were present in 12 patients and were visualized by both TPUS and TRUS in all 12 patients. Six prostate glands demonstrated cystic lesions on TRUS imaging; three of these cystic lesions were also seen with TPUS imaging. Conclusions. TPUS allows visualization of the prostate with volume determination that is comparable to the volume determination by TRUS. Some intraprostatic findings such as calcifications and cysts can be identified; however, suspicious hypoechoic lesions were not identified by TPUS imaging of the prostate.
Questions for assessing higher-order cognitive skills: it's not just Bloom's.

We present an exploratory study of biologists’ ideas about higher-order cognition questions. We documented the conversations of biologists who were writing and reviewing a set of higher-order cognition questions. Using a qualitative approach, we identified the themes of these conversations. Biologists in our study used Bloom's Taxonomy to logically analyze questions. However, biologists were also concerned with question difficulty, the length of time required for students to address questions, and students’ experience with questions. Finally, some biologists demonstrated an assumption that questions should have one correct answer, not multiple reasonable solutions; this assumption undermined their comfort with some higher-order cognition questions. We generated a framework for further research that provides an interpretation of participants’ ideas about higher-order questions and a model of the relationships among these ideas. Two hypotheses emerge from this framework. First, we propose that biologists look for ways to measure difficulty when writing higher-order questions. Second, we propose that biologists’ assumptions about the role of questions in student learning strongly influence the types of higher-order questions they write.
The Impact of a New Capital City: Madrid, Toledo, and New Castile, 1560-1660

The economic development and decline of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Castile has been the subject of considerable research in the last few years, and it has long been assumed that the rise of Madrid played an important role in dislocating the economy of the region. Yet little direct attention has been paid to the actual processes whereby a distinctive type of urban growth, the development of a political capital, undermined the relationship between town and country which was the basis of the economic activity of sixteenth-century Castile. The rapid growth of Madrid, in fact, coincides with the equally spectacular decline of Toledo, the largest urban center in the region until 1600. The interaction between the two cities, and between the urban sector and the countryside, during the period of prolonged economic stress at the close of the sixteenth century, helps to explain the severity of the crisis which Spain experienced in the seventeenth century.
Degrees Coded in Jumps of Orderings

All structures to be considered here have universe ω, and all languages come equipped with Godel numberings. If is a structure, then D ( ), the open diagram of , can be thought of as a subset of ω , and it makes sense to talk about the Turing degree deg( D ( )). This depends on the presentation as well as the isomorphism type of . For example, consider the ordering = ( ω , B ⊆ ω , it is possible to code B in a copy of as follows: Let π be the permutation of ω such that for each n ∈ ω , π leaves 2 n and 2 n + 1 fixed if n ∈ B and switches 2 n with 2 n + 1 if n ∉ B . Let be the copy of such that ≃ π . Then n ∈ B iff the sentence 2 n n + 1 is in D ( ). In §4, this idea will be used to show that for any structure that is not completely trivial, {deg( D ( )): ≃ } is closed upwards. It would be satisfying to have a way of assigning Turing degrees to structures such that the degree assigned to a given structure measured the recursion-theoretic complexity of the isomorphism type and was independent of the presentation. Jockusch suggested the following.
Developing Ethnic Tourism in a Diaspora Community: The Indonesian Village on Hainan Island, China

This paper explores the complex interplay between ethnic tourism and the Chinese-Indonesians, a diaspora community, on Hainan Island, China. It traces the history of the displacement from Indonesia and the resettlement in Xinglong located on the eastern Hainan. The aim is to describe to what degree and in what ways ethnic tourism is constitutive for the Chinese-Indonesian identity, authenticity and community participation. It focuses on the tensions between the Indonesian Village and the community in terms of the manipulation and the consumption of the diasporic identity. The diasporic identity, perception of authenticity and community involvement in the Village were ascertained in order to understand the concerns of ethnic presentations in the process of tourism development. The findings suggest that the mismanagement of the Indonesian Village can be attributed to short-term profit-taking and disregard of the importance of community involvement.
Effect of the leaving group on the alkylation diastereoselectivity of the schöllkopf chiral auxiliary

Tosylates, diphenylphosphates and bromides were employed to study the effect of the leaving group on the alkylation diastereoselectivity of the Schollkopf chiral auxiliary 1 at aliphatic, benzylic, propargylic and allylic electrophilic centers. The diastereoselectivity generally follows the pattern: diphenylphosphate > tosylate > bromide. In terms of both diastereoselectivity and yield, each leaving group possesses a different advantage.
Digital forensics laboratory projects

The pervasiveness of information technology and the ever-increasing dependence of society on the availability of computers and network systems present a new frontier for business enterprises and law enforcement agencies. Attacks on these systems become an everyday occurrence. As such, every organization should assume responsibility in establishing a reasonably secure system to protect its own interests as well as those of its customers. And as computer crime steadily grows, so does the need for computer security professionals trained in gathering, correlating and analyzing digital forensic evidence. This paper presents the various digital forensics laboratory projects that are designed to be implemented in a controlled Computer Security and Forensic Analysis (CSFA) laboratory. The principal objective of the projects is to provide future computer security professionals the necessary hands-on training in digital forensics investigation.