cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
K-shell fluorescence yield of multiply ionized Ne

The $K$ fluorescence yields ${\overline{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{i}$ of Ne ions with 0-6 $L$-shell vacancies (charge states $K{L}^{i}$) have been calculated by computing term transition rates for initial multiplet states and statistically averaging individual multiplet fluorescence yields. We find ${\overline{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{i}=0.0159, 0.0176, 0.0199, 0.0248, 0.0390, 0.0862, \mathrm{and} 0.229$ for $i=0, \dots{}, 6$. Existing measurements are critically reviewed and found to agree with present theoretical results once proper account is taken of the $^{4}P(K{L}^{6})$ intensity contained in the $K{L}^{5}$ x-ray peak.
1: Conceptual Development and Instruction:

Conceptual development and the learning of concepts have become of interest as topics for research in psychology in the past two decades. During the same period, curriculum developers have focused on concepts, both in identifying the specific subject matter to be included in the curriculum and in designing methods of instruction. Thus a vast literature is accumulating on the topic of this chapter, conceptual development and instruction, which provides a readily available source of representative theory and research. We have identified two systematic viewpoints to be given detailed presentation in this chapter. One is Piagetian theory and the other a model of conceptual learning and development we will refer to as the Wisconsin Model. Piagetian theory was chosen because of its power and comprehensiveness and because it now appears to be on the threshold of application to concerns and problems of education. The Wisconsin Model has only recently been reported and is still under refinement (Klausmeier, 1971; Klausmeier, Ghatala & Frayer, 1972). It is intended to influence directly the design of curriculum materials, instructional strategies, and the related assessment tools and procedures. The Piagetian system, which has been under formulation and refinement
Hypertension associated with naloxone treatment for clonidine poisoning

1. Rich WM, Abdulhayoglu G, Disaia PJ. Methylprednisolone as an antiemetic during cancer chemotherapy: a pilot study. Gynecol Oncol 1980;9:193. 2. Aapro MS, Alberts DS. High dose dexamethasone for prevention of cisplatin induced vomiting. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1981 ;7:11. 3. Aapro MS, Alberts DS. Dexamethasone as an antiemetic in patients treated with cisplatin. N Engl J Med 198l; 305:520. 4. Aapro MS, Plezia PM, Alberts DS, et al. Double blind crossover study of the antiemetic efficacy of high-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose metoclopramide. J Clin Oncol 1984;2:466. 5. Lee BM. Methylprednisolone as an antiemetic. N Engl J Med 1981;305:486. 6. Cognetti F, Pinnaro P, Carlini P, et al. Randomized open cross-over trial between metoclopramide (MCP) and dexamethasone (DXM) for the prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. Eur J Cancer 1984;20:183. 7. Breau JL, Israel L, Pochmalicki G, Spaulding C. Efficacite de la methylprednisolone dans la prevention des vomissements dus aux chimiotherapies par sels de platine dans un essai randomise. Presse Med 1983;12:2058.
One-Dimensional Gas Flow Model for Horizontal Gas Collection Systems at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Extraction of biogas from horizontal layers above, below, and within municipal solid waste landfills is becoming more commonplace. A steady-state one-dimensional analytical landfill gas model was developed to assist in the assessment and design of such collection systems. The model simulates the distribution of gas pressure within a layer of landfill waste under a variety of operating conditions that include upper and lower boundaries specified at given fluxes or pressures. The model can be used to predict where maximum pressures will build up within the landfill and what vacuum pressures must be applied to achieve specific gas collection efficiency in a horizontal collection layer. The utility of the model was illustrated for several scenarios of interest. In the absence of gas collection from a landfill’s leachate collection system, considerable gas pressures can build up at the bottom of the landfill. The design of leachate collection systems for landfill gas removal should be considered from the outse...
On the validity and improvement of the ultrasonic pulse-echo immersion technique to measure real attenuation

A fundamental assumption embraced in conventional use of the ultrasonic pulse-echo immersion technique to measure attenuation in solid materials is revisited. The cited assumption relies on perfect and immutable adhesion at the water to sample interface, a necessary condition that allows calculating the reflection coefficient at any interface from elastic wave propagation theory. This parameter is then used to correct the measured signal and obtain the real attenuation coefficient of the sample under scrutiny. In this paper, cases in which the perfectly cohesive interfacial condition is not satisfied are presented. It is shown also that in those cases, the repeatability of the conditions at the interface is always uncertain. This implies that the reflection coefficients are unknown, even when density is known. A new method of simultaneously measuring the reflection coefficients for both exposed interfaces that are normal to the transducer, and the attenuation coefficient of the specimen is developed and is presented here. The robustness of the new method is proven, as we demonstrate that the proper value of attenuation is achieved independently of the continuously varying interfacial conditions of these non-ideal cases.
Intra‐ and inter‐population diversity at short tandem repeat loci in diverse populations of the world

To study the level of intra- and inter-population variation at hypervariable DNA loci, we have characterized 15 human populations of diverse ethnic and geographic origins at six short tandem repeat loci by using the polymerase chain reaction. Even though the spectrum of allelic variation is quite broad and there are substantial differences in allele frequency distributions among populations, in general, population within a major racial group show a greater degree of similarity. This observation is reflected in the analysis of gene diversity. When the total diversity is apportioned, the maximum variation becomes attributable to inter-individual differences within a population; of the variation that is attributed to differences between populations within a racial group and differences between racial groups, namely, African, Caucasian, and Mongoloid, than the American Indians and the Pacific Islanders. As expected, a reciprocal relationship between gene diversity and FST levels is observed. Higher values of FST in the American Indian and the Pacific Islanders may reflect smaller population size and a higher level of isolation. An analysis of genetic distance encompassing the populations belonging to the three major racial groups recognizes three distinct clusters - all the populations of African affiliation cluster together, as do the Caucasian affiliated and the Mongoloid groups, in two distinct clusters. Interestingly, three broadly classified cosmopolitan US populations, namely, US White, US Black and US Asian, cluster with their ancestrally related populations. This study dispels some of the concerns regarding the applicability of DNA typing data for forensic use.
Decision and Risk Analysis Study of the Injection of Desalination By-products into Oil-and Gas-Producing Zones

When reverse osmosis (RO) is used to desalinate brackish water feed streams, a small but significant amount of the brine is discharged as a “reject” stream from the RO unit. This brine contains concentrated dissolved salts and other materials. Disposing of this brine concentrate for traditional RO processes can represent a significant fraction of the cost of operating the unit to recover fresh water. Coincidently, in the oil and gas industry, high salinity brines are routinely injected into formations for pressure maintenance and secondary recovery by water flooding. If water from desalination operations could be injected into these oil- and gas-containing formations, the estimated cost savings could be as much as 30% of the cost of operating the desalination unit. This represents a significant cost savings for RO technology that would make fresh water available to communities in need of this valuable resource. To provide a comprehensive assessment of the perceived benefits compared to the possible hazards of this practice, we use risk analysis theory to define this process in more detail. The potential for formation damage, reduced injectivity, produced water scaling, and environmental impact is evaluated through comparison with traditional waterflood compatibility studies. We also provide an analysis of how state and federal Underground Injection Control (UIC) rules may be used to regulate injection of RO reject brines. The risk analysis study goes beyond classical decision analysis theory to address the “triple bottom line” economic, environmental, and societal benefits afforded by the process and provides a roadmap to gather quantifiable information for regulators, businesses, and community leaders who might consider this technology.
Nonlinear Switching and Filtering Dynamics in Double-Loop Fiber Sagnac Filter

We investigated all-optical nonlinear switching and filtering dynamics of double-loop fiber Sagnac filter due to the nonlinear polarization rotation in the polarization maintaining (PM) fibers forming the Sagnac loops.
Spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope

Fundus imaging has become an essential clinical diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. Current generation scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (SLO) offer advantages over conventional fundus photography and indirect ophthalmoscopy in terms of light efficiency and contrast. As a result of the ability of SLO to provide rapid, continuous imaging of retinal structures and its versatility in accommodating a variety of illumination wavelengths, allowing for imaging of both endogenous and exogenous fluorescent contrast agents, SLO has become a powerful tool for the characterization of retinal pathologies. However, common implementations of SLO, such as the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (CSLO) and line-scanning laser ophthalmoscope (LSLO), require imaging or multidimensional scanning elements which are typically implemented in bulk optics placed close to the subject eye. Here, we apply a spectral encoding technique in one dimension combined with single-axis lateral scanning to create a spectrally encoded confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SECSLO) which is fully confocal. This novel implementation of the SLO allows for high contrast, high resolution in vivo human retinal imaging with image transmission through a single-mode optical fiber. Furthermore, the scanning optics are similar and the detection engine is identical to that of current-generation spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) systems, potentially allowing for a simplistic implementation of a joint SECSLO-SDOCT imaging system.
Quality Effects of Rye (Secale cerealeL.) Chromosome Arm 1RL Transferred to Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)

Abstract Quality effects of rye (Secale cerealeL.) chromosome arm 1RL transferred to wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were characterised by comparison of a group 1R(1B) substitution lines and 1BL.1RS translocation lines. The experimental materials were sister lines derived from the mating Mironovskaya10/NE7060//NE80413. 1R(1B) substitution lines were identified by the presence of ryeomega- andgamma-secalins among 70% ethanol soluble proteins, combined with the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) secalin proteins in total grain protein extracts. Genes on 1RL reduced grain weight, grain hardness, Mixograph time, Mixograph tolerance and SDS sedimentation volumes. 1RL had no effect on flour yield or grain and flour protein concentrations. The HMW secalin proteins encoded by genes on 1RL most probably caused the decline in dough strength seen in 1R(1B) lines relative to that of 1BL.1RS sister lines. Reduced grain hardness might also be related to the presence of HMW secalins, although a role for additional, unidentified genes on 1RL could not be discounted.
Retroactive inhibition as a function of set during the interpolated task

Summary This experiment investigates retroactive inhibition in paired-associate learning as a function of S's set during the interpolated task. The A-B, A-C paradigm was used, with two-syllable nouns as stimuli and responses in List 1 (A-B). There were two Work Groups and two Rest Groups in Part I of the experiment. The Work Groups learned a second list of paired associates (A-C), with each S generating his own set of interpolated responses. The Rest Groups were engaged in a series of mathematical problems. For purposes of manipulating set during the interpolated activity, one Rest Group and one Work Group were given explicit instructions about the later test of recall on List 1. The Instructed Work Group was also warned about the interfering effects of interpolated learning on recall. In Part II of the experiment two additional Work Groups, one Instructed and one Uninstructed, were required to learn the List 2 associations generated by the corresponding Ss in Part I. There were some systematic differences between the distributions of associations generated by the two Work Groups in Part I, with the Instructed Group favoring stimulus associates of a lower rank than the Uninstructed Group. Degree of List 2 learning was, however, nearly perfect under all conditions of interpolation. The amount of RI was significantly lower for the Instructed than the Uninstructed Work Groups, and this difference was greater when List 2 responses were prescribed than when they were generated by S. It is suggested that instructions lead to increased rehearsal which is more beneficial under conditions of work than of rest. Comparison of Parts I and II indicates that the effectiveness of instructions in reducing RI increases with the contextual similarity between successive tasks.
The ultrastructure of polyploid B-cells in the islets of normal mice

Light and electron microscopic studies of diploid, tetraploid and octaploid B-cells in the islets of normal C57BL/KsJ mice revealed that polyploid cells were characterized by a wider range of granulated states than diploid B-cells. The maximum granule densities were similar for polyploid and diploid cells; however, some polyploid cells were almost devoid of granules, while the least granulated diploid cells contained intermediate granule densities. The tetraploid cells also appeared to be characterized by an increased mitochondrial stage which suggests compensation for the greater degree of degranulation. These observations were confirmed by morphometric analysis. Two interpretations of the apparent polyploidy are discussed; that polyploid B-cells may be more responsive to insulin releasing stimuli than diploid B-cells and that tetraploid cells may only be diploid cells in the G2 phase of the mitotic cycle.
A Cross-Validation Study of the Victoria Revision of the Category Test

Short form versions of the Category Test have been shown to be effective tools for assessing brain injury in relatively short amounts of time. The purpose of the current study was to compare the Victoria Revision of the Category Test with the full booklet version. The Victoria Revision short form was administered as part of a neuropsychological battery to two sets of participants matched for diagnosis. Results showed that the Victoria Revision is as effective in identifying brain injury as the full Category Test. The authors conclude that the Victoria Revision is a viable alternative to the full Category Test. In this time of managed health care, and in consideration of the fatigability of brain injured subjects, a valid short version of the Category Test is clinically relevant and useful.
Taxonomy and morphology of a new species of Hypocrea on Marasmius

A new species ofHypocrea,H. avellanea Rogerson & Carey, parasitizingMarasmius subnudus (Ellis) Peck, is described. The development of its imperfect state, perithecia, and asci was studied in culture and compared with that of previously studied species ofHypocrea,Hypomyces andNectria.
Involvement of Protein Serine and Threonine Phosphorylation in Human Sperm Capacitation

The involvement of serine and threonine phosphorylation in human sperm capacitation was investigated. Anti-phosphoserine monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognized six protein bands in the 43-55-kDa, 94 +/- 2-kDa, 110-kDa, and 190-kDa molecular regions, in addition to a faint band each in the 18-kDa and 35-kDa regions. Anti-phosphothreonine mAb recognized protein bands in six similar regions, except that the 18-kDa, 35-kDa, and 94 +/- 2-kDa protein bands were sharper and thicker, and an additional band was observed in the 110-kDa molecular region. In the 43-55-kDa molecular region, there was a well-characterized glycoprotein, designated fertilization antigen, that showed a further increase in serine/threonine phosphorylation after exposure to solubilized human zona pellucida. In a cell-free in vitro kinase assay carried out on beads or in solution, four to eight proteins belonging to similar molecular regions, namely 20 +/- 2 kDa, 43-55 kDa, 94 +/- 2 kDa, and 110 +/- 10 kDa, as well as in 80 +/- 4 and 210 +/- 10 kDa regions, were phosphorylated at dual residues (serine/tyrosine and threonine/tyrosine). Capacitation increased the intensity of serine/threonine phosphorylation per sperm cell, increased the number of sperm cells that were phosphorylated, and induced a subcellular shift in the serine/threonine-specific fluorescence. These findings indicate that protein serine/threonine phosphorylation is involved and may have a physiological role in sperm capacitation.
Effects of electrophysiologic studies resulting in electrical countershock or burst pacing on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function

To determine the acute effects of electrophysiologic study on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients requiring termination of induced tachyarrhythmias by either electrical countershock or burst pacing, we examined 16 patients (11 men and five women), aged 43 to 78 years (mean 58 +/- 13), undergoing programmed electrical stimulation. Indices of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function were measured by M-mode echocardiography before and within 1 minute after termination of 22 episodes of induced tachyarrhythmias by defibrillation (n = 16) and burst pacing (n = 6). The left ventricular septal and posterior endocardial surfaces were digitized immediately below the mitral valve leaflets, and indices of systolic and diastolic function were calculated. The results showed a significant impairment in both systolic and diastolic function after termination of tachyarrhythmias by defibrillation, as seen by a decrease in the shortening fraction (23.7 +/- 7.6% to 19.8 +/- 7.8%; p less than 0.005) and a decline in the peak rate of increase in left ventricular diameter during diastole called dD/dtmax (87.4 +/- 36.1 mm/sec to 71.5 +/- 28.9 mm/sec; p less than 0.01), respectively. In addition, indices of systolic and diastolic function measured at baseline were predictive of impairment in diastolic function, as seen by modest but highly significant correlations between the absolute change in dD/dtmax after defibrillation versus the peak velocity of fiber shortening (r = -0.69; p less than 0.005) and dD/dtmax (r = -0.60; p less than 0.02) measured at baseline. Left ventricular function after termination of tachyarrhythmias by burst pacing was not significantly altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abdominal pregnancy: Magnetic resonance identification with ultrasonographic follow-up of placental involution

Abdominal pregnancy is a rare event and preoperative diagnosis may be difficult. Recently, sonographic examination and magnetic resonance imaging have proved helpful in the preoperative diagnosis in a patient who presented with advanced abdominal pregnancy after tubal sterilization. As well, ultrasound was of benefit in the follow-up of placental involution after delivery.
Statistical Discrimination of Footwear: A Method for the Comparison of Accidentals on Shoe Outsoles Inspired by Facial Recognition Techniques

In the field of forensic footwear examination, it is a widely held belief that patterns of accidental marks found on footwear and footwear impressions possess a high degree of "uniqueness." This belief, however, has not been thoroughly studied in a numerical way using controlled experiments. As a result, this form of valuable physical evidence has been the subject of admissibility challenges. In this study, we apply statistical techniques used in facial pattern recognition, to a minimal set of information gleaned from accidental patterns. That is, in order to maximize the amount of potential similarity between patterns, we only use the coordinate locations of accidental marks (on the top portion of a footwear impression) to characterize the entire pattern. This allows us to numerically gauge how similar two patterns are to one another in a worst-case scenario, i.e., in the absence of a tremendous amount of information normally available to the footwear examiner such as accidental mark size and shape. The patterns were recorded from the top portion of the shoe soles (i.e., not the heel) of five shoe pairs. All shoes were the same make and model and all were worn by the same person for a period of 30 days. We found that in 20-30 dimensional principal component (PC) space (99.5% variance retained), patterns from the same shoe, even at different points in time, tended to cluster closer to each other than patterns from different shoes. Correct shoe identification rates using maximum likelihood linear classification analysis and the hold-one-out procedure ranged from 81% to 100%. Although low in variance, three-dimensional PC plots were made and generally corroborated the findings in the much higher dimensional PC-space. This study is intended to be a starting point for future research to build statistical models on the formation and evolution of accidental patterns.
Federal Taxation in the 1920s: A Re-exmination

(1971). Federal Taxation in the 1920s: A Re‐exmination. The Historian: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 415-435.
Turbulent mixed convective heat transfer in the entrance region of a curved pipe with uniform wall-temperature

Abstract A fully elliptic numerical study was performed to investigate the buoyancy-affected, three-dimensional turbulent flow and heat transfer in the entrance region of a curved pipe. The renormalization group (RNG) k–e model was used to simulate the turbulent flow and heat transfer in the pipe. A dimensionless ratio parameter, Gr \D n 1+Pr , was employed to characterize the relative magnitude of buoyancy and centrifugal effect on the secondary flow in the curved pipe. The computed results for forced convective flow and heat transfer show agreement with previous experimental data. It was found that the distribution of axial velocity and temperature rotated clockwise to a different extent depending on the ratio of Gr \D n 1+Pr . At higher Grashof numbers, the developing secondary flow field showed the existence of three vortices. The peripherally averaged Nusselt number and friction factor exhibit oscillatory behavior along the streamwise direction. The augmentation of the average Nusselt number and friction factor resulting from buoyancy was prominent at the entrance region of the pipe, but gradually became weaker further downstream.
The exact thermal rotational spectrum of a two‐dimensional rigid rotor obtained using Gaussian wave packet dynamics

The exact thermal rotational spectrum of a two‐dimensional rigid rotor is obtained using Gaussian wave packet dynamics. The spectrum is obtained by propagating, without approximation, infinite sets of Gaussian wave packets. These sets are constructed so that collectively they have the correct periodicity, and indeed, are coherent states appropriate to this problem. Also, simple, almost classical, approximations to full wave packet dynamics are shown to give results which are either exact or very nearly exact. Advantages of the use of Gaussian wave packet dynamics over conventional linear response theory are discussed.
Path planning for machine vision assisted, teleoperated pavement crack sealer

During the last few years, several teleoperated and machine-vision-assisted systems have been developed in construction and maintenance areas such as pavement crack sealing, sewer pipe rehabilitation, excavation, surface finishing, and materials handling. This paper presents a path-planning algorithm used for a machine-vision-assisted automatic pavement crack sealing system. In general, path planning is an important task for optimal motion of a robot whether its environment is structured or unstructured. Manual path planning is not always possible or desirable. A simple greedy path algorithm is utilized for optimal motion of the automated pavement crack sealer. Some unique and broadly applicable computational tools and data structures are required to implement the algorithm in a digital image domain. These components are described, then the performance of the algorithm is compared with the implicit manual path plans of system operators. The comparison is based on computational cost versus overall gains in crack-sealing-process efficiency. Applications of this work in teleoperation, graphical control, and other infrastructure maintenance areas are also suggested.
Perturbation analysis of the canonical correlations of matrix pairs

Abstract We present a perturbation analysis of the canonical correlations of matrix pairs. Absolute perturbation bounds for normwise as well as componentwise perturbations are derived. We demonstrate by way of examples that small relative perturbation of a matrix pair does not necessarily imply small relative perturbation in its canonical correlations, and we identify a class of matrix pairs for which good relative perturbation bounds can be derived under certain conditions.
Making infrastructure visible for nomadic work

In this study we revisit Weiser's (1991) [5] vision of seamlessly integrated computing. We focus on nomadic workers who rely extensively on mobile technologies to conduct work. Using Star and Ruhleder's (1996) [10] properties of infrastructure, we discuss how nonroutine users of infrastructure face particular challenges. We conducted an ethnographic investigation of nomadic workers in a large distributed organization. We examined strategies that they use to assemble their mobile office, to seek resources, and to synchronize with others across time zones. We discuss how their strategies are challenged by their lack of local knowledge of infrastructure. Our results suggest that until the field of pervasive computing can attain Weiser's vision, the very users of ubiquitous computing need infrastructure to be visible. We discuss the implications for a design to support nomadic work.
Memory for flip-flopping: Detection and recollection of political contradictions

During political campaigns, candidates often change their positions on controversial issues. Does changing positions create confusion and impair memory for a politician’s current position? In 3 experiments, two political candidates held positions on controversial issues in two debates. Across the debates, their positions were repeated, changed, or held only in the second debate (control). Relative to the control condition, recall of the most recent position on issues was enhanced when change was detected and recollected, whereas recall was impaired when change was not recollected. Furthermore, examining the errors revealed that subjects were more likely to intrude a Debate 1 response than to recall a blend of the two positions, and that recollecting change decreased Debate 1 intrusions. We argue that detecting change produces a recursive representation that embeds the original position in memory along with the more recent position. Recollecting change then enhances memory for the politician’s positions and their order of occurrence by accessing the recursive trace.
An Experimental Study of the Site and Mode of Action of Platonizers in Double Base Propellants

Abstract : Certain metal organic salts (e.g., lead or copper salicylate) when used in double base propellants induce desirable insensitivities of burning rate to pressure and initial temperature. To understand this, the combustion wave zones (luminous flame, dark, fizz, and surface reaction zones) were examined by means of photography and fine thermocouples (4 micron bead). The metal salts significantly alter the surface and fizz zones. The surface zone accumulates carbonaceous material coincident with the appearance of an accelerated burning rate in the catalyzed case. No attendant change in surface heat release is detected. Coinciding with this carbonaceous layer occurrence are substantial (50 to 100%) increases in conductive feedback from the fizz zone. This latter effect is believed directly responsible for the altered burning behavior though its origin may lie in the altered surface chemistry. (Author)
Disparity Between Resident and Faculty Surgeons' Perceptions of Preoperative Preparation, Intraoperative Teaching, and Postoperative Feedback

Purpose The education occurring within the operating room is fundamental to the development of a surgical resident. The purpose of this study was to investigate differing perceptions of surgical residents and faculty in regard to preoperative preparation, intraoperative teaching, and postoperative feedback. Methods A validated survey tool was slightly adapted, piloted, and then administered to the surgical residents and faculty of a university-based general surgery residency program. The wording of the survey was specific to either residents or faculty and consisted of similar questions with responses on a 5-point Likert scale (1: strongly disagree to 5: strongly agree). The responses of the 2 groups for each question were averaged and compared using Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test to determine significant differences. Results In all, 27 residents and 30 faculty members completed the survey for a response rate of 100%. With respect to preoperative preparation, significant differences were found in perceptions about reading (4.22 vs 2.59; p Conclusions Although there is agreement on the need to improve intraoperative education, there is significant disparity in perceptions of preoperative preparation as well as intraoperative and postoperative feedback between residents and surgical faculty.
Alternative models for estimating influenza-attributable P&I deaths in the US

Abstract Introduction: This study examined alternative models for estimating influenza-attributable pneumonia and influenza (P&I) deaths in the United States which included influenza specific measures of viral activity as well as measures of RSV activity. Materials and methods: P&I deaths in the United States were modeled from 1976 to 1997. Predictors in the models included influenza subtypes A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B and RSV. We analyzed data from 1976 to 1997. RSV data was available from 1990 through 1997 and therefore separate models were fit that included and excluded RSV measures. Results: Influenza accounted for an average of 4773 P&I deaths per year from 1976 to 1997. The results were highly correlated with previous estimates of P&I deaths in the United States (r=0.74, p
Twin study of the etiology of comorbidity between reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

This study utilized a sample of 313 eight- to sixteen-year-old same-sex twin pairs (183 monozygotic, 130 dizygotic) to assess the etiology of comorbidity between reading disability (RD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RD was assessed by a discriminant function score based on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, a standardized measure of academic achievement. The DSM-III version of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents was used to assess symptoms of ADHD, and separate factor scores were computed for inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity (hyp/imp). Individuals with RD were significantly more likely than individuals without RD to exhibit elevations on both symptom dimensions, but the difference was larger for inattention than hyp/imp. Behavior genetic analyses indicated that the bivariate heritability of RD and inattention was significant (h(2)(g(RD/Inatt)) = 0.39), whereas the bivariate heritability of RD and hyp/imp was minimal and nonsignificant (h(2)(g(RD/Hyp)) = 0.05). Approximately 95% of the phenotypic covariance between RD and symptoms of inattention was attributable to common genetic influences, whereas only 21% of the phenotypic overlap between RD and hyp/imp was due to the same genetic factors.
Analysis of an Online Match Discussion Board Improving the Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Match

Objective“The Match” has become the accepted selection process for graduate medical education. Otomatch.com has provided an online forum for Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) Match-related questions for over a decade. Herein, we aim to delineate the type of posts on Otomatch to better understand the perspective of medical students applying for OHNS residency.Study DesignRetrospective review of an OHNS Match-related online forum.Subjects and MethodsSubjects were contributors to an OHNS Match-related online forum. Posts on Otomatch between December 2001 and April 2014 were reviewed. The title of each thread and number of views were recorded for quantitative analysis. Each thread was organized into 1 of 6 major categories and 1 of 18 subcategories. National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data were utilized for comparison.ResultsWe identified 1921 threads corresponding to over 2 million page views. Over 40% of threads were related to questions about specific programs, and 27% were discussions abou...
Soil and herbaceous plant responses to summer patch burns under continuous and rotational grazing

This paper examines if post-fire deferment and periodic rests provided by rotational grazing allowed for more rapid recovery of soil cover, soil chemical and physical parameters, and vegetation composition after summer patch burning than continuous grazing. We evaluated the recovery of native rangeland vegetation and soils subjected to summer patch burns in continuously and rotationally grazed pastures in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Each year, 12% of each treatment replicate was burned as a single patch in a different, non-adjacent area under continuous grazing, and as a single paddock of a rotationally grazed 8pasture-1-herd system. Recovery of vegetation and soils on burned patches were measured annually until the summer of 2006 and compared to those in immediately adjacent unburned areas in both grazing treatments. Herbaceous cover and biomass took 2 years to recover to control levels on soils with greater mesquite cover and more C3 grasses, and 3 years on soils with more C4 grasses. The rotational grazing treatment had less bare ground and lower soil temperatures on both unburned and burned areas than the continuously grazed treatment, which has significant implications for infiltration rates, runoff and erosion in favor of the rotational management. Soil C and C to N ratios were also higher with rotational grazing. Soil physical parameters were not affected by either the burn or grazing treatments but the presence of trees reduced soil temperature, improved soil physical parameters and infiltration rate relative to open grassland.
Theory of high-resolution single molecule size determination using a solitary nanopore

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, optical tweezers, and atomic force microscopy are several modern tools used to probe the physical properties of polymers (e.g., intramolecular forces, structural changes and dynamics). Nanopore-based techniques were developed to detect, characterize, and quantify a wide-range of polymer types (e.g., single-stranded RNA/DNA, proteins, biowarfare agents, therapeutic agents against anthrax toxins, and chemically synthesized molecules). For example, it was recently shown that a single nanometer-scale pore permits the discrimination of polymers whose lengths differ by approximately 0.15 nm5. We will discuss the physical basis of this method and its high resolving power.
Experimental Study of Breakaway Highway Sign Connections

Highway signs require breakaway base connections. These connections will slip under impact, therefore preventing injuries to the occupants of an impacting vehicle. The breakaway connection works as long as the tension of the bolts is maintained between an allowable range. A method to ensure that the bolts are tensioned to the proper value is presented. It is based on the use of Belleville spring washers. Laboratory and field tests were performed to verify the adequacy of the new method. Seven signs were selected along Florida highways. At each sign, the variations of tension in bolts installed with flat washers and with spring washers were monitored over a period of 1 year. The measurements showed that, at the time of installation, the new method was significantly more effective in ensuring the proper tension in the bolts. Similarly, over the long term, the bolts installed with spring washers maintained the tension in the bolt more effectively and without any loosening. The effectiveness of the breakaway connection with spring washers was also demonstrated during an actual car accident.
Loss of T-lymphocyte clonal dominance in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome responsive to immunosuppression

Evidence suggests that T lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) contributes to cytopenia in some patients and can be reversed by treatment with immunosuppression. We examined the T-cell repertoires of 12 patients with MDS before and after antithymocyte globulin (ATG)-based treatment by T-cell receptor Vbeta (TCR-Vbeta) spectratype analysis. The average number of TCR-Vbeta families with skewed spectratypes, representative of clonal or oligoclonal T-cell populations, was 7.6 in MDS patients before treatment and 3.2 in healthy controls (P =.02). Four patients who recovered effective hematopoiesis after treatment lost prominent, skewed peaks on their spectratypes, suggesting loss or diminution of overrepresented clonal T-cell populations. In contrast, patients who did not recover effective hematopoiesis showed persistently skewed repertoires 3 to 6 months after treatment. In 3 patients with skewed repertoires, cDNA from the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of 4 TCR-Vbeta families was cloned and repetitively sequenced, confirming clonal T-cell dominance in each family. In one nonresponder, 16 of 19 CDR3 sequences were identical, demonstrating that 9.3% of the total T-cell population was made up of a single clone. By 6 months after treatment, this clone persisted on both spectratype and DNA sequence complementarity and when analyzed by flow cytometry was shown to be CD8(+)/CD45RA(+)/HLA-DR(-). T-cell clones were not anergic because they could be expanded 4-fold in vitro. Our results demonstrate that predominant clonal T cells that appear to be antigen-driven persist in patients with MDS unresponsive to immunosuppression, but predominant clones regress in responders to immunosuppression.
BIREME: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information Center.

Abstract In the twenty years of its existence, BIREME has grown and evolved to meet the increasing information needs of health professionals in Latin America and the Caribbean. Recent emphasis has been on the adoption of new methods based on information technologies (including microcomputers, CD-ROMs, and advanced telecommunications) to improve and enhance services. Services discussed are bibliographic control, bibliographic searches, document delivery, selective dissemination of information (SDI), training, and publications.
Articulatory Synthesis of French Connected Speech from EMA Data

This paper reports an experiment in synthesizing French connected speech using Maeda’s digital simulation of the vocaltract system. The dynamics of the vocal-tract shape are estimated from the dynamics of Electromagnetic Articulograph (EMA) sensors via Maeda’s geometrical articulatory model. Time-varying characteristics of the glottis and the velopharyngeal port are set using empirical rules, while the fundamental frequency pattern is copied from the concurrently recorded audio signal. A subjective experiment was performed online to assess the perceived intelligibility and naturalness of the synthesized speech. Results indicate that a properly driven simulation of the vocal tract has the potential to provide a scientifically grounded alternative to the development of text-to-speech synthesis systems. Index Terms: articulatory synthesis, speech production, electromagnetic articulography, vocal-tract simulation
Social Work Education and Disability

Social work has a long history in the areas of rehabilitation and work with people with disabilities, at least as far as medical social work is concerned. During the 1960s, funding and opportunities in the area of disability and rehabilitation provided opportunities for an increased involvement of social workers. in the last two decades, however, social work has virtually relinquished its place to rehabilitation professionals, counselors, and the medical profession. Education and research have not focused on these areas. A 1992 survey of graduate schools of social work revelaed that, even with the impetus of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, few school have content on disability and rehabilitation. As a step toward upgrading curriculum enhancement are described.
Decreased resistance of riboflavin-deficient rats to cold stress.

SummaryExperiments were conducted on the effects of graded doses of riboflavin on the growth and survival of rats maintained under cold room and room temperature conditions. Weanling rats were fed for 3 weeks on diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.5, 10, and 50 mg of riboflavin per kg of diet. After 3 weeks of feeding (at which time rats on the riboflavin-free diet had plateaued in weight) animals were divided into 2 groups. One group was placed in a cold room maintained at 2°C; the other was maintained at room temperature (23°C). Adjustment to cold (as measured by length of survival) was significantly impaired in rats fed diets containing 0.5 mg of riboflavin per kg of diet or less.
Tucuman Sugar Politics and the Generation of Eighty

One of the major obstacles preventing Argentine national unificacation in the 1870s was the hostility of the poor interior provinces, victims of the ravages of civil wars and economic stagnation, toward the richer and more powerful coastal area dominated by export-oriented merchants and cattlemen. From 1874 until the first decade of the twentieth century, a major attempt was made to resolve longstanding grievances. A definitive political compromise and program of economic integration emerged in 1880 when a group of politicians, representing both the interior and the littoral, joined together and made their slogan a reality: Peace and administration. This group, known as the Generation of Eighty, brought a national capital and a modicum of peace to Argentina in 1880. Eventually they helped create a new Argentina linked by networks of transportation, communication, banking facilities and other trappings of modernity. They courted regional industries with protective tariffs and political favors in hopes of providing an economic stimulus to the interior which would complement rapid growth in the littoral. But even though Buenos Aires and surrounding areas flourished, by the turn of the century most interior provinces remained as destitute as they had been thirty years earlier.
Structural and Electronic Transitions in AgReO4 Under Pressure

The behavior of AgReO 4 under pressure has been studied in a diamond anvil cell. The equation of state determined by synchrotron radiation shows considerable change in compressibility with increasing pressure. X-ray and Raman scattering show a first-order phase transition from the scheelite to an as yet undetermined structure at 13 GPa. Changes in both the internal and external Raman active modes suggest a change in Re coordination. Optical transmission experiments demonstrate that the energy gap in the scheelitephase decreases at the rate of 75 meV/GPa. There is a small jump in the energy gap at 13 GPa, probably related to the structural transition. AgReO 4 remains aninsulator to at least 47 GPa.
Discussion about normal failures of compression refrigeration system and solutions to them

The principle and development status of compression refrigeration systems are introduced. Their normal failures are summarized,the reasons are analyzed,and the solutions recommended. Some experiences of dealing with the failures in practical operation are offered,and suggestions are made on the optimization of control on their running.
Collective Responsibility for War Crimes

One of the greatest achievements in 20th century international law is the establishment of individual criminal responsibility for the most serious international crimes. However, discussions on collective responsibility for such crimes rise again and again. The present article seeks to examine the notion and rationale of collective responsibility solely from the viewpoint of war crimes. It first examines whether wars are collective in nature and whether there is a collective element required for war crimes. The article demonstrates through a case study that weighing the legality of acts committed during an armed conflict based on the collective feature of wars instead of relying on the terms of international humanitarian law and examining actions individually is a wrong approach. The article then demonstrates that proving what the will of the collective is and whether an individual committed acts under the pressure or will of the collective raises serious doubts. It further argues that although discussions on collective responsibility do have their places in the moral, sociological or philosophical sense, the acceptance of diminishing the individual’s criminal responsibility by the responsibility of the collective is counter-effective in that it inevitably leads to a weakening of individual criminal responsibility, stigmatization of nations, groups or collectives and consequently makes no contribution to the prevention or repression of war crimes.
Experimental chemotherapy of neuroblastoma. II. Increased thymidylate synthetase activity in a 5-fluorodeoxyuridine-resistant variant of mouse neuroblastoma.

Mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents have been investigated using mouse neuroblastoma cells grown in tissue culture as an experimental model. We report the characterization of a variant which can grow in the presence of 2000 times more 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) than the sensitive parent strain. This mutant displays an 8-fold elevation in thymidylate synthetase, but its drug retention and pyrimidine kinase, phosphorylase, and phosphoribosyltransferase activities are identical with those of sensitive cells. Drug retention is temperature-dependent, inhibited by thymidine, and blocked by dinitrophenol but not ouabain, suggesting a need for cytoplasmic phosphorylation. Thymidylate synthetase isolated from either sensitive or resistant cells is strongly inhibited by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine 59-phosphate, and thymidine protects cells against the toxic effects of FUdR. Both the resistance of the variant to FUdR and its elevated thymidylate synthetase specific activity are unstable, largely disappearing after 9 weeks (63 generations) without drug. Thymidine kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation of FUdR in this cell. Thus our FUdR-resistant neuroblastoma line differs from all corresponding mutants in other tumor cell lines.