cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution in size and morphology of diesel particulates along the exhaust system

The physical and morphological properties of the particulate matter emitted from a 1.7-liter light-duty diesel engine were characterized by observing its evolution in size and fractal geometry along the exhaust system. A common-rail direct-injection diesel engine, the exhaust system of which was equipped with a turbocharger, EGR, and two oxidation catalysts, was powered with a California low-sulfur diesel fuel at various engine-operating conditions. A unique thermophoretic sampling system, a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), and customized image processing/data acquisition systems were key instruments that were used for the collection of particulate matter, subsequent imaging of particle morphology, and detailed analysis of particle dimensions and fractal geometry, respectively. The measurements were carried out at four different positions along the exhaust pipe. The rapid insertion of sampling probe into the exhaust stream, whose residence time resolves as short as 10 msec, provided near interference-free sampling of diesel particulates. From analyses for the soot samples collected at 2500-rpm and 25%-load, it was revealed that the primary particle diameter decreased from 28.6 nm to 19.1 nm and the corresponding radius of gyration of aggregate particles also decreased from 101.6 nm to 49.6 nm along the exhaust pipe. This reduction of particle sizes implies that particle sizes are significantly affected by aftertreatment components in the exhaust system. The detailed fractal analysis supported this finding; a fractal dimension of particles was slightly higher right after the first catalyst than those evaluated at other sampling positions, which indicates that particles became more spherical in shape during passing through the first catalyst. The fractal dimensions varied in a range of 1.5 to 1.7 along the exhaust pipe. It is speculated that the catalytic oxidation and aerodynamics of exhaust streams were major parameters influencing the distributions of measured sizes and fractal geometry. A chemical analysis using energy dispersion spectroscopy revealed that diesel particulates consist of elemental carbons in most portions.
Equation for the Evaluation of Fracture Toughness by Chevron Notched Beam with Using JIS Type Bending Bar Specimen

The equations for the evaluation of fracture toughness by chevron notched beam, with using the bending bar whose shape is followed as JIS-R1601, are obtained analytically for five different shapes of the notch, with the method by Munz. The accuracy of the equations is tested experimentally with alumina specimens. Except one condition (stand-up type, θ=120°, α0>0.6), scattering of the average value obtained from the experiment with every equation is within ±8%, and this scattering is almost same as the relative standard deviation of the fracture toughness of the tested alumina itself, ±7%. Then, these equations are useful if we want to evaluate fracture toughness with about this accuracy, even if the specimen is used as either stand-up or lay-down type.
Abstract 36: The Importance of sticking together; Cdh1 loss in the gastric zymogenic lineage

Stomach Cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. The adult stomach is a renewing system with cells simultaneously differentiating and migrating along invaginations termed gastric units. One such lineage is the zymogenic lineage in which neck cells differentiate to form mature zymogenic cells at the base of the gastric units. The transcription factor Mist1 plays a key role in this differentiation and is lost in the formation of precancerous metaplasia. Another important protein in proper zymogenic cell formation is the cellular adhesion protein Cdh1. Cdh1 has been characterized as a tumor suppressor protein and is often lost in cancer cells allowing for metastasis. In some forms of Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer, loss of Cdh1 is thought to be an initiating event in tumor formation. I have genetically engineered mice in which I can temporally knock out Cdh1 within zymogenic cells both in the presence and absence of Mist1. It is my hypothesis that cells lacking both of these tumor suppressors will be more likely to develop gastric tumors. Preliminary immune-fluorescence analysis of these stomachs indicates that in absence of both MIST1 and CDH1, fully differentiated and normally post mitotic zymogenic cells show greatly reduced size and increased re-entry into the cell cycle. This data suggests that deletion of both MIST1 and CDH1 disrupts the terminal differentiation program of zymogenic cells and promotes metaplastic growth in a manner that could resemble the origins of gastric cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 36. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-36
Glycoprotein synthesized by cultured cells: effects of serum concentrations and buffers on sugar content.

SummaryA cell line derived from a murine teratocarcinoma was cultured in growth medium supplemented with either 10% or 1% fetal bovine serum or was grown in chemically-defined medium buffered with either a combination of HEPES and sodium bicarbonate or with bicarbonate alone. The sugar content of a particular glycoprotein secreted by these cells was markedly different in each case. No differences were noted in antigenicity or amino acid composition, including amino and carboxyl terminal amino acids. Differences in molecular weight were attributable to the difference in carbohydrate content. These data indicate that the level of glycosylation of proteins in vitro is dependent on the medium composition, including apparently unsuspected components such as buffers.
Selective Deposition of Ru Nanoparticles on TiSi2 Nanonet and Its Utilization for Li2O2 Formation and Decomposition

The Li–O2 battery promises high capacity to meet the need for electrochemical energy storage applications. Successful development of the technology hinges on the availability of stable cathodes. The reactivity exhibited by a carbon support compromises the cyclability of Li–O2 operation. A noncarbon cathode support has therefore become a necessity. Using a TiSi2 nanonet as a high surface area, conductive support, we obtained a new noncarbon cathode material that corrects the deficiency. To enable oxygen reduction and evolution, Ru nanoparticles were deposited by atomic layer deposition onto TiSi2 nanonets. A surprising site-selective growth whereupon Ru nanoparticles only deposit onto the b planes of TiSi2 was observed. DFT calculations show that the selectivity is a result of different interface energetics. The resulting heteronanostructure proves to be a highly effective cathode material. It enables Li–O2 test cells that can be recharged more than 100 cycles with average round-trip efficiencies >70%.
Analysis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in childhood

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and the manifestations of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) in childhood Methods To summarize the clinical characteristics and imagine examines of seven cases of ARPKD with relative literitures Results The main manifestation of ARPKD in childhood is hepatosplenomegaly,but liver function is usually normal and the kidney is not usually involved The relative degrees of kidney and liver involvement tend to be inverse Conclusions With prolonged survival,hepatosplenomegaly and portal hypertension due to congenital hepatic fibrosis become the main clinical presentation and cause of death in ARPKD in childhood
Analysis of household consumption of iodized salt in Pingdingshan city from 2006 to 2010

Objective To find out household consumption of iodized salt in Pingdingshan city,and to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD).Methods From 2006 to 2010 in Pingdingshan,according to the direction of east,west,south,and north,nine counties were selected,in each county 4 administrative villages(committees) were selected,in each administrative village(committee) 8 household edible salts were collected each year,direct titration method was adopted to detect salt iodine.Results From 2006 to 2010 a total of 13 668 salt samples were collected,of which 12 685 were qualified iodized salt,510 unqualified,443 non-iodized salt;iodized salt coverage rate,qualified iodized salt and iodized salt consumption rates were 96.54%(13 225/13 668),96.94%(12 685/13 325) and 93.59%(12 685/13 668),respectively,and the rate of non-iodized salt was 3.24%(443/13 668).Conclusions The intake rate of qualified iodized salt in Pingdingshan city has reached the standard of eliminating IDD.The quality of iodized salt should be improved in few counties.In the future,we should also increase the use of various forms of advocacy of IDD prevention and treatment,and educate the masses to enhance self-protection awareness,so they can consciously resist the salt smuggling,and refuse to buy non-iodized salt.
Teenage pregnancy: the need for multiple casework services.

Teen-age pregnancy has become the subject of growing concern in the United States and a multiple casework services approach can better deal with the social problems raised by teen-age pregnancy. A multiple casework services approach focuses on 3 opportunities for social casework -primary prevention early intervention and postpartum services. Primary prevention is the single most important opportunity for casework services with teen-agers at risk for pregnancy. A broad developmental conceptualization of the problem identifies many factors -- situational social interpersonal and maturational -- that interact to lead adolescents into unprotected sexual activity. Casework services in primary prevention should help adolescents learn a repertoire of interpersonal skills necessary for responsible adult roles including appropriate sexual behavior. Casework with the pregnant adolescent should begin as soon as a positive result for the pregnancy test is established. Once social work contact is initiated the pregnant adolescent and her partner should both explore alternatives to carrying pregnancy to term. Finally focused outreach efforts to teen-age parents can ameliorate some of the untoward consequences of early childbearing.
Retrospective analysis of pulse oximeter alarm settings in an intensive care unit patient population

The cacophony of alerts and alarms in a hospital produced by medical devices results in alarm fatigue. The pulse oximeter is one of the most common sources of alarms. One of the ways to reduce alarm rates is to adjust alarm settings at the bedside. This study is aimed to retrospectively examine individual pulse oximeter alarm settings on alarm rates and inter- and intra- patient variability. Nine hundred sixty-two previously collected intensive care unit (ICU) patient records were obtained from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II Database (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA). Inclusion criteria included patient records that contained SpO2 trend data sampled at 1 Hz for at least 1 h and a matching clinical record. SpO2 alarm rates were simulated by applying a range of thresholds (84, 86, 88, and 90 %) and delay times (10 to 60 s) to the SpO2 data. Patient records with at least 12 h of SpO2 data were examined for the variability in alarm rate over time. Decreasing SpO2 thresholds and increasing delay times resulted in decreased alarm rates. A limited number of patient records accounted for most alarms, and this number increased as alarm settings loosened (the top 10 % of patient records were responsible for 57.4 % of all alarms at an SpO2 threshold of 90 % and 15 s delay and 81.6 % at an SpO2 threshold of 84 % and 45 s delay). Alarm rates were not consistent over time for individual patients with periods of high and low alarms for all alarm settings. Pulse oximeter SpO2 alarm rates are variable between patients and over time, and the alarm rate and the extent of inter- and intra-patient variability can be affected by the alarm settings. Personalized alarm settings for a patient’s current status may help to reduce alarm fatigue for nurses.
Signature of Responders—Lessons from Clinical Samples

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for myocardial repair. Characterization of cellular phenotype and function of different stem cell populations have been used and provided a better understanding of cellular regenerative properties that could advance cardiovascular cell therapy outcomes. In this chapter, we will discuss the unique characteristics of adult stem/progenitor cell populations and the mechanisms underlying cell-based cardiac repair.
A Markov Decision Modeling Approach to a Multi-Objective Maintenance Problem

This article discusses a Markov decision modeling approach to the solution of a large-scale multi-objective problem--the maintenance of a statewide network of roads. This approach integrates management objectives for public safety and comfort, and preservation of the considerable investment in highways with State and Federal budgetary policies and engineering considerations. The Markov decision model captures the dynamic and probabilistic aspects of the maintenance problem and considers the influence of environmental factors, the type of roads, traffic densities and various engineering factors influencing road deterioration. The model recommends the best maintenance action for each mile of the network of highways, and specifies the minimum funds required to carry out the maintenance program.
Helping Novices Avoid the Hazards of Data: Leveraging Ontologies to Improve Model Generalization Automatically with Online Data Sources

The infrastructure and tools necessary for large-scale data analytics, formerly the exclusive purview of experts, are increasingly available. Whereas a knowledgeable data-miner or domain expert can rightly be expected to exercise caution when required (for example, around fallacious conclusions supposedly supported by the data), the nonexpert may benefit from some judicious assistance. This article describes an end-to-end learning framework that allows a novice to create models from data easily by helping structure the model building process and capturing extended aspects of domain knowledge. By treating the whole modeling process interactively and exploiting high-level knowledge in the form of an ontology, the framework is able to aid the user in a number of ways, including in helping to avoid pitfalls such as data dredging. Prudence must be exercised to avoid these hazards as certain conclusions may only be supported if, for example, there is extra knowledge which gives reason to trust a narrower set of hypotheses. This article adopts the solution of using higher-level knowledge to allow this sort of domain knowledge to be used automatically, selecting relevant input attributes, and thence constraining the hypothesis space. We describe how the framework automatically exploits structured knowledge in an ontology to identify relevant concepts, and how a data extraction component can make use of online data sources to find measurements of those concepts so that their relevance can be evaluated. To validate our approach, models of four different problem domains were built using our implementation of the framework. Prediction error on unseen examples of these models show that our framework, making use of the ontology, helps to improve model generalization.
Assessing the Adequacy of Absorbable Braided Suture for Laparoscopic High Ligation in Rabbits

Abstract Purpose: Our previous work demonstrated that intentional peritoneal injury reduces the incidence of recurrence of a patent processus vaginalis even after removal of the suture. Therefore, the necessity of permanent suture has been brought into question because of the risk of suture granuloma formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of absorbable, braided versus permanent, braided suture in a rabbit survival model of laparoscopic percutaneous ligation of the processus vaginalis with intentional peritoneal injury. Materials and Methods: Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits underwent bilateral subcutaneous endoscopically assisted ligation (SEAL) of the internal ring. Before SEAL, peritoneal injury was caused with endoscopic shears. Each animal was randomized to receive absorbable braided suture on one side and permanent braided suture on the contralateral side. The rabbits were survived for 8 weeks to allow for complete hydrolysis of the absorbable suture. Necropsy was perform...
Effects of Compost Amended Lead-Arsenate Contaminated Soils on Total and Inorganic Arsenic Concentrations in Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a staple crop for over 50% of the world's population, is also a source of dietary arsenic (As) because of it's efficiencyat accumulating As. Lead–arsenate pesticide was used...
Fluorescence Enhancement Through Incorporation of Chromophores in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Incorporation of a pyrene chromophore on the surface of polymeric nanoparticles results in its fluorescence enhancement. Quantum yield and lifetime measurements suggest that the enrichment in fluorescent signal is due to the increase in the rigidity of the environment surrounding the fluorophores and that it is dependent on the particle size.
On Integrating Students in the Development and Review of IT Undergraduate Curriculum: (Abstract Only)

In an ever changing and globalizing work environment, Educational institutions in the field of Information Technology (IT) face a constant challenge in developing relevant and competitive courses and curricula that stay up to date with changes in technology. Developing curriculum should go beyond the supply-centered educational approach where institutions and faculty alone are responsible for the design of curricula and instead, should be from end-to-end a collaborative effort from all stakeholders. However, the current collaborative efforts in developing curricula only involve industry and academia. Even though students are the raison d'etre of the curriculum, they are still perceived as merely consumers of knowledge. Students are kept out of the curriculum development process and their expectations, perceptions, and opinions often are not taken into consideration. In this poster, the author proposes a distributed and collaborative curricula design framework that promotes a closer integration of all stakeholders namely academia, industry, and students. Similar to the PIECE (Partnering Industry and Education for Curricular Enhancement) model, the proposed framework prescribes a multi-stage curriculum design process from initial analysis to final assessment. In addition, the author plans to conduct an anonymous survey of CS/IT major students at WNEU and explores the benefits of integrating students in the curriculum development process. Preliminary investigation suggests that the integration of students in the curriculum development process would improve students' engagement in classes, and create an atmosphere of trust and a sense of ownership for students. Ultimately, this would enable institutions to create consumer-friendly curriculum and programs.
Tea Leaf Age, Shade and Characteristic Levels of l-Theanine, Caffeine, (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), (−)-Epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-Epicatechin (EC), and (−)-Epicatechin Gallate (ECG)

Abstract In this review the reported effects of shade levels on the amounts of reputed biologically active potential key chemical markers l -theanine and caffeine, and the four catechin-polyphenols, (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) found in the bud and first two leaves during development of tea ( Camellia sinensis ) grown on a Hawaiian plantation are discussed. Also discussed is the antioxidant activity of the overall extract of the tea leaf bud, and first and second leaves, together with the importance of employing 1 H NMR spectroscopy as an analytical tool for the determination of the validity of reference materials.
The Effects of Suicide on the Private Practitioner: A Professional and Personal Perspective

A patient's suicide has a profound effect on the therapist and psychotherapy with a chronically suicidal patient is particularly troubling. Guilt over one's failure to recognize the warning signs, fear of one's incompetence or irresponsibility, shame that one has failed, and fear of being blamed by the patient's loved ones and by colleagues are feelings that frequently surface and that can result in isolating a practitioner from the very sources of peer support that are necessary in order to resolve the trauma. This article explores the effects of suicide on the private practitioner. It discusses how burnout and vicarious traumatization impact upon the therapist who treats the chronically suicidal patient. Two clinical examples illustrate the impact of working with imminent suicide and the aftermath of a patient's death from a personal perspective. Recommendations are made to help private practitioners maintain equilibrium when working with these overwhelming case situations.
Fabrication and Characterization of Mechanically Durable Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Superliquiphobic surfaces are of interest for liquid repellent, self-cleaning, anti-icing, anti-smudge, and antifouling applications. The surfaces should be mechanically durable for commercial applications.
Dronecrypt - An Efficient Cryptographic Framework for Small Aerial Drones

Aerial drones are becoming an integral part of application domains including but not limited to, military operations, package delivery, construction, monitoring and search/rescue operations. It is critical to ensure the cyber security of networked aerial drone systems in these applications. Standard cryptographic services can be deployed to provide basic security services; however, they have been shown to be inefficient in terms of energy and time consumption, especially for small aerial drones with resource-limited processors. Therefore, there is a significant need for an efficient cryptographic framework that can meet the requirements of small aerial drones. We propose an improved cryptographic framework for small aerial drones, which offers significant energy efficiency and speed advantages over standard cryptographic techniques. (i) We create (to the best of our knowledge) the first optimized public key infrastructure (PKI) based framework for small aerial drones, which provides energy efficient techniques by harnessing special precomputation methods and optimized elliptic curves. (ii) We also integrate recent light-weight symmetric primitives into our PKI techniques to provide a full-fledged cryptographic framework. (iii) We implemented standard counterparts and our proposed techniques on an actual small aerial drone (Crazyflie 2.0), and provided an in-depth energy analysis. Our experiments showed that our improved cryptographic framework achieves up to $\mathit{35}\times$ lower energy consumption than its standard counterpart.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecologic disorder typified by the symptoms associated with chronic oligo- or anovulation (irregular or absent menses and infertility) and evidence of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism). It is often, but not exclusively, associated with obesity. PCOS is the most common cause of irregular menses and anovulation among women of reproductive age.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Findings in Patients Diagnosed with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency by Low Fecal Elastase-1.

Background and Aims. Fecal elastase-1 (FE-1) as a screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is gaining popularity in clinical practice. The role of imaging in patients with FE-1-related suspicion of EPI remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) findings for patients with low FE-1. Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in 40 patients who had low FE-1 and underwent EUS to evaluate the pancreas. We obtained data on demographic and lifestyle factors, EUS findings, and histopathology results. We compared these variables between patients with mcg/g vs. 100-200 mcg/g. Results. Most patients (82.5%) established one or more new diagnoses from EUS. Diagnoses included: definitive chronic pancreatitis ( , 72.5%), fatty pancreas ( , 22.5%), and pancreatic solid mass or cyst ( , 22.5%). Half ( ) of the solid or cystic lesions were neoplastic. All patients with a solid pancreatic mass also had concurrent chronic pancreatitis. There were no significant differences in EUS findings or demographic or lifestyle factors between groups with mcg/g vs. 100-200 mcg/g. Conclusion. Chronic pancreatitis is the most common EUS finding in patients with low FE-1 levels. EUS appears helpful in determining the cause of EPI in most patients with low FE-1 and may detect unsuspected pancreatic neoplasia.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR APICAL ANEURYSM

Left ventricular apical aneurysm (LVAA) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a rare subset of this disease. It is associated with regional scarring/fibrosis, a higher risk for arrhythmic sudden death, and thromboembolic events. Surgical resection is often considered in severely symptomatic
Challenging Cases: How Do We Intervene With Pediatric Med/Psych Issues?

This article focuses on pediatric patients whose difficult medical presentation includes both physical and psychological components. These patients do not have a known psychiatric diagnosis and often have had previous hospitalizations for presumed organic illness. Results of diagnostic testing are generally uninformative, and management is time-intensive, involving multiple health care providers and significant medical resources. Antagonism in the relationship between the physician and parent frequently develops.1 Although diverse in presentation and outcome, conceptualization of these “med-psych” cases into general categories may result in early recognition of these patients, decreased hospital length of stay and expense, improved quality of the physician–parent relationship, and increased treatment effectiveness. We describe 2 different types of cases, outline effective and ineffective interventions, and discuss unresolved difficulties with management. Due to a paucity of relevant research, this article is based primarily on clinical experience. A 15-year-old male was hospitalized after 3 weeks of tachycardia, syncope, tingling in his hands, and subjective fevers. Medical history included an irregular heartbeat. His mother also has mitral valve prolapse and panic attacks. The family initially did not report school or behavioral difficulties. He and his parents indicated significant fear about something “being seriously wrong with him.” After results of initial diagnostic testing were unrevealing, further interviews elicited that the patient had recently been expelled from school due to a fight. He was assigned to an alternative school, which limited his school-related activities and eliminated contact with previous classmates. He also expressed sadness regarding the death of his grandmother ~18 months prior. His affect was generally flat, he cried easily when talking about his grandmother, and he had lost interest in previously satisfying activities. This case is typical of pediatric patients who present with medically unexplained somatic complaints such as fatigue, abdominal pain, musculoskeletal pain, syncope, and/or headache. Nausea and …
Left ventricular cavity obliteration: Mechanism of the intracavitary gradient and differentiation from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Controversy surrounds the cause of the pressure gradient in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Left ventricular cavity obliteration (LVCO) was first described as the cause of the gradient but subsequently systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve has been established as the cause. Nevertheless, the two gradients, though different in origin and significance, share similar characteristics. They both have a similar "dagger" profile, are obtained from the cardiac apex, are associated with a hyperdynamic left ventricle, and the gradients are worsened by Valsalva. The distinction has clinical relevance, because treating the intracavitary gradient (ICG) of LVCO as if it were a SAM-associated gradient associated with HOCM would be inappropriate and possibly harmful. MATERIALS AND METHODS To clarify the cause and characteristics of the ICG in patients with LVCO in patients without HOCM, we assessed the extent and duration of cavity obliteration, and for differentiation, we compared the spectral profiles with patients with HOCM and severe aortic stenosis (AS). RESULTS Higher ICG is associated with a greater extent and more prolonged apposition of LV walls, and smaller left ventricular cavity size. The spectral profile of patients with AS, HOCM, and LVCO is differentiated by the peak/mean gradient ratios of 2 or less, 2-3, and 3 or greater, respectively, in >90% of patients. Most patients with LVCO without HOCM or severe LVH have an ICG < 36 mm Hg. CONCLUSION The magnitude of ICG is quantitatively associated with the extent and duration of LVCO. Spectral profiles of severe AS, HOCM, and LVCO can be differentiated by the peak/mean gradient ratio.
Integrating remote sensing and jurisdictional observation networks to improve the resolution of ecological management

The emergence of citizen science, passive sensors (e.g., trail cameras and acoustic monitoring), and satellite remote sensing have enabled biological data to be collected at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. There is growing interest in networking these data streams to expedite the collection and synthesis of environmental and biological data to improve broad-scale ecological monitoring, but there are no examples of such networks being developed to directly inform decision-making by managing agencies. Here, we present the implementation of one such jurisdictional observation network (JON), Snapshot Wisconsin (SW), that links satellite remote sensing (RS) with a volunteer-based trail camera network to generate new insights into wildlife distributions and improve their management by the state agency. SW relies on citizen scientists to deploy trail cameras across the state and classify images of wildlife. As of early 2020 SW comprises nearly 1800 volunteers hosting >2100 active cameras recording >37 million images across a sampling effort of >2000 combined trap-years at >3300 distinct camera locations. We use a set of case studies to demonstrate the potential power of a JON to monitor wildlife with unprecedented combinations of spatial, temporal, and biological resolution and extent. Specifically, we demonstrate that SW markedly improves the spatial and temporal resolution with which black bear distributions can be monitored or forecast, in turn improving the resolution of decision-making. Enhancing the biological resolution of monitoring (e.g., monitoring the distribution of species traits or behaviors) may provide new insights into population drivers, such as the connection between vegetation productivity and white-tailed deer foraging behaviors. Enhanced taxonomic extent provided by trail cameras and other passive sensor networks provide managers new information for a wide range of species and communities that are not otherwise monitored. Our cases further show that JONs synergize existing monitoring practices by serving as a complementary and independent line of evidence or as a tool to enhance the extent and precision of existing models through integrated modeling approaches. SW and other JONS are a powerful new tool for agencies to better achieve their missions and reshape the nature of environmental decision-making.
Sex differences in the inflammatory consequences of stress: Implications for pharmacotherapy

Women are at significantly greater risk of developing stress related disorders such as depression. The increased risk begins during puberty and continues throughout life until menopause, suggesting a role for ovarian hormones in this increased susceptibility. Importantly, inflammation has been gaining momentum in its role in the pathogenesis of depression. Herein, clinical and preclinical studies have been reviewed to better understand how sex differences within the immune system may contribute to exaggerated risk of depression in females. First, studies that investigate the ability of psychological stress episodes to engage the inflammatory systems both in the brain and periphery are reviewed with a special focus on sex-specific effects. Moreover, studies are discussed that identify whether imbalanced inflammatory milieu contributes to the development of depression in males versus females, and if these effects are regulated by estradiol. Importantly, we propose a locus coeruleus-norepinephrine-cytokine circuit as a conduit through which stress could increase stress susceptibly in females. Finally, the anti-inflammatory capacity of traditional and non-traditional antidepressants is investigated with the goal of providing a better understanding of pharmacotherapeutics to enhance strategies to personalize antidepressant treatments between the sexes. The studies reviewed herein strongly support the need for further studies to elucidate if females are exquisitely sensitive to anti-inflammatory compounds as adjuvants to traditional therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Women are at significantly increased risk of developing stress-related disorders such as depression. In this review, literature from clinical and preclinical studies are integrated to define sex differences in stress-induced inflammatory responses as a potential source for the etiology of sex differences in depressive disorders. Moreover, anti-inflammatory capacity of traditional and non-traditional antidepressants are reviewed to inform on potential pharmacotherapeutic strategies to personalize antidepressant therapy in a sex-dependent manner.
Detection Threshold Estimates for InSAR Time Series: A Simulation of Tropospheric Delay Approach

We present a method for estimating the detection threshold of InSAR time-series products that relies on simulations of both vertical stratification and turbulence mixing components of tropospheric delay. Our simulations take into account case-specific parameters, such as topography and wet delay. We generate the time series of simulated data with given intervals (e.g., 12 and 35 days) for temporal coverages varying between 3 and 10 years. Each simulated acquisition presents the apparent noise due to tropospheric delay, which is constrained by case-specific parameters. As the calculation parameters are randomized, we carry out a large number of simulations and analyze the results statistically and we see that, as temporal coverage increases, the amount of propagated error decreases, presenting an inverse correlation. We validate our method by comparing our results with ERS and Envisat results over Socorro Magma Body, New Mexico. Our case study results indicate that Sentinel-1 can achieve ≈1 mm/yr detection level with regularly sampled data sets that have temporal coverage longer than 5 years.
Multitask Learning Method for Detecting the Visual Focus of Attention of Construction Workers

AbstractThe visual focus of attention (VFOA) of construction workers is a critical cue for recognizing entity interactions, which in turn facilitates the interpretation of workers’ intentions, the ...
Culture That Facilitates Change: A Mixed Methods Study of Hospitals Engaged in Reducing Cesarean Deliveries.

PURPOSE Large-scale efforts to reduce cesarean deliveries have shown varied levels of impact; yet understanding factors that contribute to hospitals’ success are lacking. We aimed to characterize unit culture differences at hospitals that successfully reduced their cesarean rates compared with those that did not. METHODS A mixed methods study of California hospitals participating in a statewide initiative to reduce cesarean delivery. Participants included nurses, obstetricians, family physicians, midwives, and anesthesiologists practicing at participating hospitals. Hospitals’ net change in nulliparous, term, singleton, and vertex cesarean delivery rates classified them as successful if they achieved either a minimum 5 percentage point reduction or rate of fewer than 24%. The Labor Culture Survey was used to quantify differences in unit culture. Key informant interviews were used to explore quantitative findings and characterize additional cultural barriers and facilitators. RESULTS Out of 55 hospitals, 37 (n = 840 clinicians) meeting inclusion criteria participated in the Labor Culture Survey. Physicians’ individual attitudes differed by hospital success on 5 scales: best practices (P = .003), fear (P = .001), cesarean safety (P = .014), physician oversight (P CONCLUSIONS Successful hospitals’ culture and context was measurably different from nonresponders. Leveraging these contextual factors may facilitate success.
P243 Time-to-clearance of N. gonorrhoeae (NG) RNA at the pharynx following treatment with ceftriaxone and azithromycin

Background The time to RNA-based nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) clearance following treatment of NG at the pharynx remains undefined. Methods Between March 2019–2020, we enrolled 55 men who have sex with men (MSM) with untreated pharyngeal gonorrhea detected ≤14 days to self-collect daily pharyngeal swabs at home for 21 days after treatment. All men received ceftriaxone 250mg intramuscularly plus 1g azithromycin orally once at enrollment. We used Kaplan Meier estimates to determine the median days of positive NAAT following treatment and the number of positive NAAT days when >95% of the cohort cleared, with clearance defined as 2 consecutively negative tests and censoring for loss-to-follow-up. We categorized men into groups by time-to-clearance and used chi-square and t-test (categorical and continuous variables respectively) to assess for differences by demographics, clinical history and sexual behavior. Results Of 55 men enrolled, 7 (13%) were NAAT-negative at enrollment (pretreatment) and 8 (15%) did not return any home self-collected swabs. Of the remaining 40 MSM (NAAT-positive at baseline and returned swabs), all cleared between 0 and 17 days. The median time-to-clearance was 5 days (95% CI: 3–8 days); >95% of men cleared NG RNA at 12 days (95% CI: 10 – undefined days) following treatment. Compared to men in the slowest to clear group (median 9 days, range 8–16, n=7), men who cleared NG RNA most rapidly ( Conclusions Test-of-cure for pharyngeal gonorrhea should not be performed before 12 days following treatment when using an RNA-based NAAT. The time-to-clearance may be shorter in persons with a history of gonorrhea.
In Pursuit of My Book

I want a copy of my book. I once had print copies. My publisher kindly sent me 10 gratis. I gave most to friends and family. None of those recipients—but for my loyal father and earnest brother-in-law—read them. Yet demand exists in more remote and specialized realms. I recall the destitute graduate student in Siberia who, several years ago, wrote me asking for an electronic copy of my previous book. Having none, I shelled out $60 to Amazon for a print copy and then shipped that copy at my expense across the Urals.
An Integral Equation Formulation for the Boundary-Finite Element Model in Stiffened Plate Bending

An integral equation formulation and a numerical procedure for a boundary-finite element technique are developed for the static analysis of a stiffened plate with concentric stiffeners. This formulation employs the fundamental solution associated with unstiffened plate bending and this creates not only integrals along the perimeter of the stiffened plate but additional integrals along the stiffeners and the interface between the plate and its stiffeners. Thus the domain of the plate has to be divided into zones between the stiffeners. Each zone is modeled by boundary elements and stiffeners by finite elements. The zone technique which permits coupling of the unstiffened plate boundary elements with the beam (stiffener) finite elements is presented. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Education About Tsunami Risks

The Caribbean Tsunami History contains 11 events with deaths reported due to tsunamis. Many events of catastrophic proportions make no mention of fatalities. Most reports have estimates for earthquake fatalities, and deaths from tsunamis are lumped in with them or no account is taken of them. Countless others were injured, unaccounted for, or left homeless. In the 1780 Savanna-laMar account, about 300 people perished from a dreadful wave in Jamaica. The 3.2-meter wave surged 805 meters beyond the shore, and “so sudden and unavoidable was the destruction, although it took place at noon-day, that at one gentleman’s house, consisting of 10 whites and 40 Negroes, not a soul escaped.” Elsewhere this was reported as 10 deaths.
A Note on the Importance of Real Estate Course Titles

It is indisputable that in any competitive market, the key words used to describe a product, service, or even an idea can influence people's initial impressions of it. Thus, it may be so for the ti...
Expression of adenylate cyclase subtypes II and IV in the human outflow pathway.

PURPOSE. It has been demonstrated that low doses of pilocarpine and other muscarinics substantially increase outflow facility in the isolated human outflow system devoid of ciliary muscle. These cholinergic-induced facility responses were thought possibly to be due to elevation of cAMP as a result of the presence of adenylate cyclases II (AC-II) and IV (AC-IV). Therefore, whether these isoforms are present in outflow tissues was examined. METHODS. Human anterior segments were perfused with carbachol (10 29 ‐10 25 M), and outflow facility and cAMP levels in the perfusate were measured simultaneously. Isolated trabecular meshwork (TM) were incubated with carbachol (10 27 M), and the subsequent changes in cAMP were measured by radioimmunoassay. AC-II and AC-IV were characterized in ocular tissue with reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. RESULTS. Outflow facility increased, in a dose‐ dependent manner, by 10%, 16%, and 27% in response to 10 29 ,1 0 27 , and 10 25 M carbachol, respectively. Similarly, cAMP increased by 9%, 70%, and 210% in response to 10 29 ,1 0 27 , and 10 25 M carbachol, respectively. In addition, cAMP levels significantly increased by 39% in isolated TM strips incubated with 10 27 M carbachol. AC-II was detected in most normal tissue examined, but not in any cultured cell lines or any glaucomatous tissue. AC-IV was also widely expressed in most normal tissues, faintly detected in some glaucoma tissue, but not detected in most cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS. The presence of AC-II and AC-IV in outflow tissues supports the hypothesis that cholinergics may indeed exert an effect on outflow facility, mediated by cAMP, which is independent of muscle contraction. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:998 ‐1005)
Developmental Generalizability of the HOME Inventory.

A generalizability study was conducted to examine the consistency and stability of scores on a measure of environmental stimulation over the first two years of life. Total scores on the HOME inventory were quite consistent over time, but subscales were less so. Examination of subscales by canonical correlation and principal components factor analysis indicated that the organization of the environment changes over the first two years of life, and it is the amount of stimulation, rather than the particular type of stimulation, which is relatively stable. SINCE its introduction in the mid 196Os, the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory (Caldwell, Heider, and Kaplan, Note 1) has proved a useful tool for researchers in a variety of studies. The HOME itself consists of a checklist of 45 environmental factors (both physical and psychological) which may or may not be found in the homes of young children, and which are presumed to foster cognitive development. The inventory is administered by a home visitor who interviews the mother (or other caregiver) and observes the interaction between the mother and
Association of serum leptin with future left ventricular structure and function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Abstract Background/objectives Earlier studies differ on whether serum leptin is associated with adverse or beneficial cardiac structure. We determined the association between serum leptin with subsequent cardiac structure and function. Methods MESA is a multicenter longitudinal study of Black, White, Hispanic and Asian-American men and women. Cardiac MRI (CMR) was completed 6 to 8years after leptin was measured. Left ventricular (LV) mass and volumes were indexed to body surface area. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed to assess the associations between leptin and risk factor adjusted (age, race, gender, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive usage, LDL, HDL, hyperlipidemia medication usage, diabetes, diabetic medication usage, chronic kidney disease, alcohol and tobacco use, adiponectin and BMI) CMR variables. Results Relative to participants in the lowest quintile of leptin concentration, participants in the highest quintile had a lower risk factor adjusted LV mass (−14g), LV mass index (−9g/m 2 ), LV end diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) (−7ml/m 2 ), LV end systolic volume index (LVESVi) (−3ml/m 2 ) and stroke volume (−5ml) (all p≤0.05). On regression analysis, a doubling of leptin concentration was associated with lower LV mass (−2.5g±0.7g), LV mass index (−1.7±0.3g/m 2 ), LVEDVi (−1.5±0.4ml/m 2 ), LVESVi (−0.7±0.2ml/m 2 ) and stroke volume (−1.0±0.5ml) (all p≤0.05). Conclusions Higher leptin was associated with more favorable subsequent cardiac structure. Further study is needed to assess the prognostic and therapeutic implications of these observations.
Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and multiple-wavelength ultraviolet detection of aldicarb and its soil degradation products : Optimization of stationary phase selectivity

The unique selectivities which can be generated through optimization of stationary/mobile phase combinations have been applied to the development of an isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation of aldicarb and its primary soil degradation products. The method utilizes a cyanopropyl bonded stationary phase and water-acetonitrile mobile phase and is capable of separating aldicarb and its various sulfoxide, sulfone and oxime derivatives in less than 10 min. When combined with multiple-wavelength UV detection and an appropriate preconcentration step, this method can in principle be applied to the routine monitoring of aldicarb and its soil derivatives in water at concentrations less than 1 microgram/l.