cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Otologic findings in a pediatric cohort with sickle cell disease.

Abstract Objective: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) has been associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) in older children and adults. Few studies have investigated this association in younger children. Design: In a cohort of pediatric patients followed at our sickle cell clinic, with a mean age of 7.8 years, 154 audiograms were completed on 84 patients. Results: This produced 22 subjects with abnormal audiograms. Middle ear effusion was the etiology of 19 subjects’ audiometric findings. Three children were found to have mild SNHL. None of the subjects had hearing loss of severity which would warrant amplification. The prevalence rate for SNHL in our cohort of pediatric patients was 3.5%. Conclusion: This differs from past reports, and may reflect an age dependent prevalence of SNHL in this disease.
M-Zeroids: Structure and Categorical Equivalence

In this note we develop a method for constructing finite totally-ordered m-zeroids and prove that there exists a categorical equivalence between the category of finite, totally-ordered m-zeroids and the category of pseudo ?ukasiewicz-like implicators.
Smart materials optical mirrors

We report the fabrication of imaging quality optical mirrors with smooth surfaces using carbon nanotubes embedded in an epoxy matrix. CNT/epoxy is a multifunctional or ‘smart’ composite material that has sensing capabilities and can be made to incorporate self-actuation as well. Moreover, since the precursor is a low density liquid, large and lightweight mirrors can be fabricated by processes such as replication, spincasting, and 3D printing. The technology therefore holds promise for development of a new generation of lightweight, compact ‘smart’ telescope mirrors with figure sensing and active or adaptive figure control. We report on measurements made of optical and mechanical characteristics. We discuss possible paths for future development.
Abstract 3779: ARHI-induced autophagy is mediated through activation of FoxO3a and induction of its target genes to promote the formation of autophagic complexes

The role of autophagy in oncogenesis remains ambiguous and the mechanisms that induce autophagy and regulate its outcome in human cancer are poorly understood. ARHI (DIRAS3), a Ras-related tumor suppressor, is downregulated in >60% of ovarian cancers. Re-expression of ARHI in ovarian cancer cells induces autophagy in culture and in xenografts, by blocking Ras activation and inhibiting PI3 kinase activity. ARHI also participates directly in the formation of autophagosomes by upregulating Atg4 and co-localizing with processed LC-3 II. Here we show that inhibition of PI3 kinase/Akt signaling and Ras activation by ARHI is mediated, in part, by down regulation of EGFR expression and EGFR phosphorylation. Inhibition of these signaling pathways reduced phosphorylation of FoxO3a and enhanced nuclear accumulation of FoxO3a transcription factor, resulting in increased transcription of Atg4, MAP-LC-3, and PUMA. Knockdown of FoxO3a by siRNA reduced ARHI- and rapamycin-induced autophagy. Whereas ARHI inhibits Class I PI3K activity, its expression induces Class III PI3K activity and contributes to the enhanced autophagy. Thus, ARHI-induced autophagy is through activation of the transcription factor FoxO3a, which increases the expression of several autophagy-related genes that contribute to the formation of the autophagic complexes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3779. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3779
Effects of Particle Size Distribution on Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Signal Intensity during Laser Ablation of Glass Samples

The relation between laser-generated particles and ICPMS signal intensity was investigated using single-pulse laser ablation sampling of solids. The particle size distribution of glass samples was measured using an optical particle counter for different laser ablation conditions. Ablation of a new surface produced fewer particles and lower ICPMS signal intensity than a preablated surface. Laser power density of 0.4−0.5 GW/cm2 was found to be a threshold value, across which particle size distribution changed. Laser beam diameter was a more influential parameter than power density in efficient particle generation. Particle loss during transport from the ablation chamber to the ICPMS was significant for a low carrier gas flow rate of 0.1 L/min, while almost no loss was observed for a higher flow rate of 0.26 L/min. The onset of ICPMS intensity time profiles decreased as more large particles were generated. ICPMS intensity data were calibrated with respect to the particle mass entering the ICPMS. Particle ent...
Lateral current injection photonic crystal emitters

We report the first lateral current injected photonic crystal light emitting diodes. The devices utilize a transverse junction that is created using selective ion implantation. Electrical and spectral properties showing the influence of the photonic crystal are reported.
COX-2 Up-regulation and vascular smooth muscle contractile hyperreactivity in spontaneous diabetic db/db mice

Objective : Abnormalities in vascular constriction and dilatation are associated with early diabetes and contribute to diabetic vascular complications. However, mechanisms underlying such vascular dysfunction remain to be fully elucidated. The current study tests the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in diabetic vascular smooth muscle dysfunction. Methods : Small mesenteric artery and aorta are isolated from type 2 diabetic db / db and control mice. Isometric contractions in response to serotonin, angiotensin II, phenylephrine and high potassium are determined in small spiral mesenteric arterial or aortic strips. COX-2 mRNA and protein levels are analyzed by using DNA microarray, real-time PCR and immunoblot. Results : Contractions induced by serotonin, angiotensin II, phenylephrine and high potassium are significantly higher in endothelium-denuded smooth muscle strips isolated from db / db mice than in those isolated from control mice. The contractile hyperreactivity is observed in aortic and third-order branch small mesenteric arterial smooth muscle strips. DNA microarray, real-time PCR and immunoblot analysis show that compared with control mice, COX-2 mRNA and protein are significantly increased in db / db mice aortic smooth muscle. The COX-2 up-regulation is temporally associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and vascular smooth muscle contractile hyperreactivity. Inhibition of COX-2 with NS-398 or SC-58125 partially–but significantly–alleviates agonist-induced but not potassium-induced contractile hyperreactivity. In addition, serum isolated from db / db mice induces COX-2 expression and increases thromboxane A2 production in primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). SQ-29548, a TP receptor antagonist, diminished the db / db mice vascular smooth muscle contractile hyperreactivity. Conclusions : COX-2 is up-regulated and contributes at least in part to the vascular smooth muscle contractile hyperreactivity in db / db mice.
MODEL FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC UNITARITY CORRECTIONS TO FIXED POLES AND HIGH- ENERGY COMPTON SCATTERING.

Corrections to the linear unitarity approximation of Abarbanel et al. in Reggeizing Compton scattering are made by consideration of weakly coupled photons in the intermediate state of the annihilation channel with the help of a cutoff-dependent Bethe-Salpeter model. This model displays a "weak" trajectory localized near $J=1$, and strong-interaction trajectories shifted by quantities of order ${e}^{2}$. The correction to the asymptotic cross section is of the form ${e}^{4}\mathrm{ln}s$.
Solar neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande-I

Abstract Results from the entire 1496 live days of solar neutrino data from Super-Kamiokande-I's 1996–2001 run are presented. These results include our measurements of the Sun's absolute Boron-8 neutrino flux and energy spectrum, as well as studies of their variation with respect to the solar zenith angle (day/night asymmetry) and Earth's distance to the Sun. The possibility of neutrino oscillations is discussed in light of these results and those of other experiments, and the MSW Large Mixing Angle solution is found to be strongly favored.
Lithium ion conductivity of sol-gel synthesized LiCl containing ZnOSiO2 xerogels

Abstract LiClZnOSiO2 xerogels synthesized by the sol-gel method are shown by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and 7Li and 29Si NMR spectra to be composites of microcrystalline LiCl and ZnOSiO2 xerogel. Ionic conductivity measurements of the xerogels show extrinsic and intrinsic behavior. Below 280°C, Li+ motion is dominated by a space charge mechanism (significant for 0.40LiCl-0.12ZnO-0.48SiO2), which is indicative of composite character. Above 280°C the conductivity is attributed to the intrinsic conductivity of LiCl in the pores of the xerogel. The increased ionic conductivity with increasing Zn/Si ratio (up to 1 4 ) in the high temperature regime (> 280°C) is ascribed to the decrease of activation energy due to the dissolution of LiCl in the xerogel. The highest Li+ ion conductivity is found to be ∼ 10−3 S/cm at 450°C in the composition 0.40LiCl-0.12ZnO-0.48SiO2, which is half an order of magnitude higher than that of the same composition melt-quenched glass.
Isolation of a Mammalian Sequence Capable of Conferring Cell Cycle Regulation to a Heterologous Gene

A hybrid gene containing the 5' sequence of a hamster histone H3 gene and the coding sequence of the bacterial neomycin-resistance gene (neo) was constructed. Upon transfection into the hamster fibroblast cell line K12, the hybrid gene exhibited cell cycle-dependent regulation, as evidenced by the maximal accumulation of the neo transcripts during synthesis of DNA in the cell cycle. In addition, cells arrested in the prereplicative phase, as a consequence of the K12 temperature-sensitive mutation, produced significantly less neo messenger RNA.
Studies of membrane receptors and phagocytosis in subpopulations of rat alveolar macrophages

Recent data suggest that alveolar macrophages may be a heterogeneous group of cells with several subpopulations. This study was undertaken to determine if there is heterogeneity among rat alveolar macrophages with respect to receptors for zymosan, immunoglobulin, and complement. In addition, avidity for the immunoglobulin IgG was defined by opsonizing sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with different amounts of IgG. Alveolar macrophages were harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage and separated into 18 density-defined fractions by centrifugation through a continuous iso-osmotic gradient of colloidal silica. All density-defined alveolar macrophages exhibited similar abilities to attach zymosan and SRBC opsonized with a high level of IgG. In contrast, macrophages of a density of 1.046 g/ml to 1.075 g/ml exhibited high receptor activity capable of attaching and phagocytizing SRBC opsonized with small amounts of IgG. Similarly, attachment indices for complement-coated SRBC exhibited a peak activity among fractions exhi...
Microinjections of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone into the nucleus ambiguus of the rat elicit vagally mediated bradycardia

Neurons that immunostain for alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) have been identified in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb). The presence of mRNA for melanocortin type 4 receptors (MC4Rs) has also been reported in this nucleus. On the basis of this information, it was hypothesized that activation of MC4Rs in the nAmb may play a role in the regulation of cardiac function. This hypothesis was tested in urethane-anesthetized, artificially ventilated, adult male Wistar rats. Microinjections (30 nl) of α-MSH (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mM) into the nAmb of anesthetized rats elicited decreases in heart rate (HR; 1.3 ± 0.6, 3 ± 1, 11 ± 2, 46.3 ± 3, and 43.3 ± 7 bpm, respectively) and no changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Maximum decreases in HR were elicited by 0.8 mM concentration of α-MSH. Bradycardic responses to α-MSH were similar in unanesthetized midcollicular decerebrate rats. Microinjections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (30 nl) into the nAmb did not elicit a HR response. Bilateral vagotomy completely abolished α-MSH-induced bradycardia. The decreases in HR elicited by α-MSH (0.8 mM) were completely blocked by a selective MC4R antagonist. Direct application of α-MSH on the nAmb neurons increased their firing, which was blocked by prior applications of the MC4R antagonist. Microinjections of the MC4R antagonist into the nAmb did not alter reflex bradycardic responses elicited by intravenous infusions of phenylephrine, suggesting that MC4Rs did not play a role in mediating the parasympathetic component of baroreflex-induced bradycardia. These results indicated that α-MSH microinjections into the nAmb exert excitatory effects on parasympathetic preganglionic nAmb neurons via MC4Rs, leading to bradycardic responses.
Particle-shape monitoring and control in crystallization processes

We present a simple technique that can identify suitable data from a noisy signal produced on-line by commercially available image-analysis software. A controller successfully uses this signal to regulate the flow rate of a habit modifier stream to maintain a desired crystal habit. We demonstrate these methods on a simple chemical system: sodium chlorate (NaClO 3 ) crystallization using sodium dithionate (Na 2 S 2 O 6 ) as a habit modifier.
DEFCON one! Imaging under attack.

S i h e are facing a most serious chalenge to quality imaging. Literally, xpert imaging, with dedicated speialists, is under attack. Radioloists are sleeping as the attack beins. It is time to awaken and efend what is right, proper, and oral. Self-referral is no longer an cademic discussion or a potential ifficulty. Rather, it is a nuclear exlosion ready to be energized. Our iffidence will be our downfall. Beome knowledgeable about self-reerral. Explain it to your family, riends, patients, hospital adminisrators, health insurers, and busiess community, and to the media. nowledge is power. Complacency s our demise. Read this primer and ecome assertive regarding the rong that is being thrust on the ealth care system. The time to act s now.
Serving the news

News is a demanding area of operation with its own set of priorities and requirements. Serving the news is all about accepting the source information, rushes, text and archives, and playing the edited results to the programme output. Over the years there have already been a number of technical revolutions, ENG made the change from film to tape while newsroom computers streamlined text-based operations and many aspects of production. Now the advent of video servers offers many possibilities and raises as many complex questions. Video servers can handle pictures and sound from the recorded rushes through to transmission into the final programme up to now activities that have centred on the use of tape and associated VTRs, cart machines and automation systems. Switching to a server-based operation is not a one-for-one swap-out and the change impinges on many aspects of the whole operation. At the same time, although video servers still come under the heading of 'new technology', there are already widely differing designs, specifications and proposed system configurations. So working out how to make the most of this latest 'news revolution' is a complex task.
Rapid method for epidemiological evaluation of gram-positive cocci by field inversion gel electrophoresis.

We report a rapid method for the isolation of intact chromosomal DNA from gram-positive cocci that is suitable for in situ restriction endonuclease digestion in agarose blocks. When combined with a rapid field inversion gel electrophoresis protocol, this approach allows the preparation and electrophoretic analysis of chromosomal restriction fragments produced by rare-cutting enzymes in a total time period of 2 days from start to finish. The utility of the method is demonstrated in the epidemiological evaluation of Staphylococcus epidermidis clusters from two hospitals as well as of additional representative staphylococci and enterococci. Images
Effects of Offenders' Age and Attractiveness on Sentencing by Mock Juries

Pictures of physically attractive or unattractive women, who were either young or old, were attached to case reports of either a swindle or a burglary. “Juries” of three female college students each were then asked to sentence the “defendants” to between 1 and 10 yr. in jail. It was hypothesized that the young, attractive defendant would be sentenced less harshly than the old, unattractive defendant and that this effect would be more evident in a crime of burglary than a crime of swindle, as the attractiveness of the con artist might be viewed as an integral component of the crime of swindle. Older defendants were judged more harshly than young defendants and, for the burglary condition, attractive people were judged less harshly than unattractive people. However, in the swindle condition, attractiveness had no influence on the sentencing by the jury.
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter infections: diagnosis and management

PurposeTo develop diagnostic and treatment strategies for peritoneal dialysis catheter exit-site and tunnel infections.PopulationAll consenting peritoneal dialysis patients performing home dialysis...
Enhancing aggregate QoS for video streaming

The IETF's Differentiated Services architecture is designed to provide different types or levels of service for Internet traffic. One of its key features is that traffic flows are aggregated so that routers in the core network only need to distinguish a relatively small number of aggregate flows, even if those flows consist of hundreds or thousands of individual flows. However, network-level QoS differentiation may not satisfy the requirements of many QoS-sensitive applications such as live video streaming, where end-to-end delay and reliability must be guaranteed. This paper investigates application-level service differentiation for MPEG video streaming in a Diff-Serv-aware MPLS network infrastructure, along with routing support at the network layer. Based on the fact that MPEG video has become one of the most popular formats for Internet (wired and wireless) users, our approach enhances aggregate QoS for video streaming by employing existing application-level knowledge of the MPEG video structure; therefore it requires neither a new video compression algorithm nor additional bandwidth. Several MPEG video dispersion models are proposed and analyzed. Simulation results show that two such strategies are superior to the other tested. In addition, a new routing scheme is proposed to support searching the 'best' paths for efficient multi-path video streaming. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that our approaches improve the aggregate QoS of MPEG video streams, as well as overall network efficiency.
Explanation in science trade books recommended for use with elementary students

Given concerns with the low levels of explanation in science education classrooms, it has been suggested that text may supply a higher percentage of explanatory discourse than do classroom teachers. However, given that textbooks have been shown to differ little from teacher discourse in percentages of explanation, the present study sought to examine explanatory aspects of highly recommended trade books teachers might use in their science instruction. To that end, we examined a total of 43 trade books, 24 life science and 19 physical science, 7182 clauses in all, for the presence of explanation. We found significantly higher percentages (32.87) of explanatory clauses in physical science trade books than in life science (23.34) trade books. This trend was particularly pronounced in the physical science trade books targeted for the primary-grade audience. Our results suggest that trade books may represent an option for infusing more focus on explanation in the science classroom. However, we also caution that teacher background may limit the effectiveness of this larger presence of explanation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed93:587–610, 2009
Delayed Learning Effects with Erroneous Examples: a Study of Learning Decimals with a Web-Based Tutor

Erroneous examples – step-by-step problem solutions with one or more errors for students to find and fix – hold great potential to help students learn. In this study, which is a replication of a prior study (Adams et al. 2014), but with a much larger population (390 vs. 208), middle school students learned about decimals either by working with interactive, web-based erroneous examples or with more traditional supported problems to solve. The erroneous examples group was interactively prompted to find, explain, and fix errors in decimal problems, while the problem-solving group was prompted to solve the same decimal problems and explain their solutions. Both groups were given correctness feedback on their work by the web-based program. Although the two groups did not differ on an immediate post-test, the erroneous examples group performed significantly better on a delayed test, given a week after the initial post-test (d = .33, for gain scores), replicating the pattern of the prior study. Interestingly, the problem solving group reported liking the intervention more than the erroneous examples group (d = .21 for liking rating in a questionnaire) and found the user interface easier to interact with (d = .37), suggesting that what students like does not always lead to the best learning outcomes. This result is consistent with that of desirable difficulty studies, in which a more cognitively challenging learning task results in deeper and longer-lasting learning.
A New Genus And Species Of Late Miocene Pontoporiid Dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti) From The St. Marys Formation In Maryland

Abstract Stenasodelphis russellae, a new genus and species of extinct dolphin in the odontocete family Pontoporiidae, is based on a partial cranium of Late Miocene age (Tortonian), circa 9 to 10 Ma, from the Little Cove Point Member of the St. Marys Formation, Maryland, USA. Pontoporiidae are amongst the smallest cetaceans, and this dolphin is one of the smallest reported pontoporiids, being probably less than 1.5 m long. It is also the second oldest named pontoporiid in the world. Stenasodelphis russellae shares with late Middle Miocene Brachydelphis mazeasi (eastern South Pacific) and the latest Miocene and Pliocene species of Parapontoporia (North Pacific) left-skew asymmetry of the cranial vertex. Thus, all of the earliest known Pontoporiidae have cranial asymmetry, in contrast to symmetrical crania in the Pliocene pontoporiids, Pontistes rectifrons and Pliopontos littoralis, and the Recent Franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei. This suggests that cranial asymmetry may be the primitive character state a...
Gifted education and common core: Accepting the challenge by making connections with the general education curriculum.

Forty-five states, the District of Columbia, and four territories have adopted or partially adopted the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). States are working to develop plans for implementation of CCSS. On the state of Mississippi website resources related to math, English Language Arts, English Language Learners, and for parents, teachers, and curriculum developers are available. What is missing is how the CCSS will affect students served in gifted programs. This paper is an attempt to investigate conceptually and practically how implementation of the CCSS will influence gifted programming for students identified as intellectually gifted in the state of Mississippi. Ways in which teachers of the gifted, advocates for the gifted, and school districts can use adoption and implementation of CCSS to improve the quality of programming for gifted students and change the nature of the relationship between the gifted education program and the general education program are proposed. Though focused on education in the state of Mississippi, this process is one that should occur in all states and can serve as a model for CCSS and gifted education integration.
Retiming, Repipelining and C-Slow Retiming

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the concepts of retiming, repipelining, and C-slow retiming. It describes the basic retiming operation and the retiming algorithm and its semantics. It discusses repipelining and C-slowing: two different techniques for adding registers. Repipelining improves feed-forward designs by adding additional pipelining stages, while C-slowing creates an interleaved design by replacing every register with a sequence of C registers. Both of these transformations increase throughput but also increase latency. This study surveys the various implementations, beginning with Leiserson's original algorithm and concluding with both academic and commercial tools. It discusses implementing retiming for fixed-frequency arrays. Unlike general FPGAs, fixed-frequency FPGAs require retiming to match user designs with architectural constraints. It discusses an interesting side effect of C-slowing: the creation of interleaved, multi-threaded architectures. It discusses the reasons retiming is not a ubiquitous optimization in FPGA tool flows. Retiming is an automatic process to relocate pipeline stages to balance a design. Their algorithm rebalances a design so that the critical path is optimally pipelined. Two modifications, repipelining and C-slow retiming, can add additional pipeline stages to a design to further improve the critical path. Retiming attempts to solve two primary constraints: All paths longer than the desired critical paths are registered; the number of registers around every cycle is unchanged. Retiming operates by determining an optimal placement for existing registers, while repipelining and C-slowing add registers before the retiming process begins. After retiming, the design should be optimally (or near-optimally) balanced, with no pipeline stage requiring significantly more time than any other stage.
The Feminine Subject by Hekman, Susan

The Feminine Subject is a compact synthesis of Susan Hekman’s past projects and a sweeping tour of the corpus of feminist theory encased in a new frame: “the question of ‘woman’” as the central con...
Achromatic Magnetic Focusing of an Atomic Beam

In atomic beam polarized ion sources, such as the type produced by ANAC1), rf transitions are induced in the atomic beam before it is ionized in a strong magnetic field. A space of approximately 25 cm is required between the separating magnet (e.g. a sextupole) and the ionizer to incorporate the rf transition units. In this region the neutral atomic beam drifts freely and diverges, thus reducing the density at the ionizer.
Earthquake Hydrodynamic Forces on Arch Dams

Expressions for hydrodynamic pressures acting on rigid arch dams during earthquakes are presented. The influence of surface waves on the hydrodynamic pressures is studied and it is concluded that surface waves can be ignored for most practical earthquakes. Hydrodynamic forces are evaluated for several reservoir-dam systems due to the Taft earthquake. The numerical results obtained demonstrate that: (1) the assumption of incompressible water significantly underestimates the hydrodynamic forces; and (2) the use of gravity dam analyses to determine the hydrodynamic forces on arch dams may result in large unsafe errors.
Interprofessional debriefing: A novel synthesis of the 3D model and Systems Centered Therapy

Abstract Interprofessional education (IPE) is emerging as an important mode of health professionals' education. Defined as learners from "two or more professions learning with, from, and about each other to improve collaboration and quality of care," IPE integrates understanding of different health care providers' roles and educational cultures with clinical care experiences. Debriefing, or facilitated reflection and discussion of these experiences, can develop learners' critical thinking, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills, potentially establishing a foundation for lifelong learning and effective interprofessional, collaborative practice. This article describes an interprofessional model of debriefing adapted from Zigmont's "3D" debriefing model with additional concepts and theory from the "System-Centered Therapy" framework of Yvonne Agazarian. A description of the model, its application to small group and simulated learning encounters, and faculty evaluation ( n = 26) of the model will be described.
Beryllium ignition target design for indirect drive NIF experiments

Beryllium (Be) ablator offers multiple advantages over carbon based ablators for indirectly driven NIF ICF ignition targets. These are higher mass ablation rate, ablation pressure and ablation velocity, lower capsule albedo, and higher thermal conductivity at cryogenic temperatures. Such advantages can be used to improve the target robustness and performance. While previous NIF Be target designs exist, they were obtained a long time ago and do not incorporate the latest improved physical understanding and models based upon NIF experiments. Herein, we propose a new NIF Be ignition target design at 1.45 MJ, 430 TW that takes all this knowledge into account.
Awareness rate of urban and rural adult residents on drinking water knowledge in Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the knowledge levels of drinking water among 18-60 years aged adults in Beijing City,and provide evidence for its health education.[Methods]A total of 401 urban and rural 18-60-year aged adults from Xicheng District and Huairou District of Beijing City were selected by using multiple-stage random sampling method.The information was collected by face-to-face interview.[Results]The unawareness rate of the daily minimum amount of drinking water was 28.9%,Huairou District respondents(40.3%) was significantly higher than Xicheng District(17.5%),female(34.3%) higher than male(23.5%),people of below secondary school education(37.3%) higher than the people of high school and higher education(17.5%),the differences were statistically significant(urban and rural area:χ2=25.3,P0.01 gender:χ2=5.7,P0.05;education level:χ2=5.1,P0.05).The awareness rate of the harm of dehydration was 10.0%,male(13.5%) higher than female(6.5%),people of below secondary school education(19.1%) higher than the people of the high school and higher education(6.5%),the differences were statistically significant(gender:χ2=5.5,P0.05,education level:χ2=14.02,P0.01).The people who considered drinking water when they felt thirsty as healthy behavior accounted for 39.4%,Huairou District(46.0%) higher than Xicheng District(32.8%),the differences were statistically significant,(χ2=7.3,P0.01),14.2% don't know that water drinking before breakfast in morning was most conducive to health,Huairou District(18.9%) higher than Xicheng District(9.5%),people of below secondary school education(21.8%) higher than the people of the high school and higher education(11.3%),male(18.5%) higher than female(10.0%),differences were statistically significant,(urban and rural area:χ2=7.3,P0.01;gender:χ2=6.0,P0.05;educational level:χ2=7.2,P0.05).The unawareness rate of plain water being the best accounted for 16.2%,while 84.6% of them considered tea making as the best,and 18.5% of them considered milk as the best.[Conclusion]
Sharpening the ends for repair: mechanisms and regulation of DNA resection

DNA end resection is a key process in the cellular response to DNA double-strand break damage that is essential for genome maintenance and cell survival. Resection involves selective processing of 5' ends of broken DNA to generate ssDNA overhangs, which in turn control both DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. DNA resection is the first step in homologous recombination-mediated repair and a prerequisite for the activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR)-dependent checkpoint that coordinates repair with cell cycle progression and other cellular processes. Resection occurs in a cell cycle-dependent manner and is regulated by multiple factors to ensure an optimal amount of ssDNA required for proper repair and genome stability. Here, we review the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms and regulation of the DNA end resection process and their implications for cancer formation and treatment.
Ethnic Differences in Relationship Orientation, Marital Quality and Ambulatory Blood Pressure

Mexican Americans typically have better cardiovascular health than Caucasians, despite being relatively economically disadvantaged. Given research indicating the importance of relationship quality on one’s health, our study examined whether certain relationship orientations (eg, communal or exchange) differed between Caucasians and Mexican Americans and if these orientations could help explain the Hispanic Paradox. We recruited 582 adults from a community being primarily Caucasian (40%) and foreign-born Mexican Americans (55%). Participants wore 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitors and completed self-report measures of relationship satisfaction and relationship orientation. Results indicated that Caucasians tended to have more of a communal relationship orientation compared to foreign-born Mexican Americans. Communal orientation was predictive of higher relationship satisfaction and while higher relationship satisfaction predicted lower systolic blood pressure when ethnicity was added into the model this relationship was eliminated and foreign-born Mexican Americans had higher ABP compared to Caucasians. Even though communal and exchange relationship orientation don’t seem to give us any more information to unravel the Hispanic Paradox, there are important ethnic differences in how we engage in marriage relationships and future research will need to examine the health effects of these differences. (Ethn Dis. 2013;23[2]:175–181)
The Effects of Clinically Relevant Hypertonic Saline and Conivaptan Administration on Ischemic Stroke

Cerebral edema after stroke is associated with poor neurological outcomes. Current therapies are limited to osmotic agents, such as hypertonic saline (HS), which reduce intracranial pressure. Although studies have demonstrated edema reductions following HS, tissue survival has not been thoroughly examined. Additionally, the efficacy of promising pharmacological agents has not been evaluated for synergy with osmotic agents. Conivaptan is an FDA-approved vasopressin receptor antagonist that may exert both osmotic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion prior to treatment with 5 % HS bolus +5 % HS maintenance (HS), conivaptan alone (Con), conivaptan +5 % HS maintenance (Con + HS), or conivaptan +5 % HS bolus +5 % maintenance (Con + HSb). Treatments were initiated at six (Early) or 24 h (Late) following stroke and rats were euthanized at 48 h to evaluate infarct volume, brain edema, and microglia/macrophage activation. Infarct volume and brain edema in the Early HS, Early Con, and Late HS groups were significantly reduced compared with controls. Interestingly, only the Early Con group demonstrated reduced microglia/macrophage activation. These data suggest an anti-inflammatory mechanism for conivaptan and provide support for a multipronged approach combining osmotic agents with compounds that inhibit the neuroinflammatory response to stroke.
Waters Columns for Size Exclusion Chromatography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the packing types used in different applications. It discusses the selection of the particle size and the column dimensions. The chapter then discusses waters products for size exclusion chromatography: the Styragel line for general size exclusion chromatography (SEC) applications using organic solvents, the Ultrahydrogel line for water-soluble polymers using aqueous mobile phases, and finally the silica-based Protein-Pak line of columns for proteins and related compounds. Every section covers product selection, a few application examples, and some aspects of the care and maintenance of the products. Additional information is available from Waters Corporation, including the principles used to select the column type as well as a discussion of the properties and use of different columns.
Program Testing: A Problem

Now that we know how to solve simple functional equations, we will start the discussion of another computer science area where these equations are useful: the problem of software reliability. In this lesson, we will briefly describe the problem, and describe its current (semi-heuristic) solutions.
An efficient Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm

Finding minimum spanning trees (MST) in various types of networks is a well-studied problem in theory and practical applications. A number of efficient algorithms have been already developed for this problem. In this paper we present an efficient algorithm, namely Edge Pruned Minimum Spanning Tree (EPMST) algorithm, which combines ideas from randomized selection, Kruskal's algorithm and Prim's algorithm. The algorithm has a superior performance relative to the best-known algorithms especially when the graph is not very sparse. Specifically, EPMST outperforms a recently devised efficient algorithm on a wide range of input graphs.
Introduction to Long-Range Dependence

The history of long-range dependence as a concrete phenomenon believed to be important in its own right should be regarded as beginning in the 1960s with a series of papers by Benoit Mandelbrot and his coworkers, such as Mandelbrot (1965) and Mandelbrot and Wallis (1968).
Investigating the prognostic value of KOC (K homology domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer) overexpression after curative intent resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is now the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. More than 80% of patients present with distant metastasis precluding surgical eligibility. Even among patients with localized disease deemed eligible for surgical resection, the median survival is only 22.8 months due to high recurrence rates. Identification of a biomarker correlated with patient specific prognosis upon initial diagnosis can serve as a way to individualize treatment options. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study analyzing pathology of patients who underwent curative intent surgery for PDAC at Geisinger Medical Center from 1998–2011 to identify whether the expression of KOC can be predictive of patient specific prognosis. Tissue microarrays of specimens were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: A total of 62 patients are included. Comparisons between groups on overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) are estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Each biomarker was represented as low and high expression by categorizing the expression score at 4+, based on intensity and extent of cells stained. 40 deaths occurred in the sample. Distant metastasis and differentiation (well/moderate vs . poor) were related to OS (P=0.0120, P=0.0086). Twenty-nine patients progressed in their disease. High/low KOC expression were significantly related to PFS (P=0.0556). Patients with a high KOC expression were more than 2 times more likely to progress compared to those with a low KOC expression (HR =2.04; 95% CI: 0.97, 4.29). Conclusions: Our data is suggestive of KOC being a useful prognostic biomarker for identifying those patients with PDAC who have a high risk for early progression and distant metastasis. Larger studies are needed to determine whether KOC can be a therapeutic target in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, considering high KOC expressers had a worse PFS than their counterparts, investigation regarding the use of KOC expression as a biomarker to preselect patients who may benefit most from neoadjuvant chemotherapy is warranted.
Complexity verification using guided theorem enumeration

Determining if a given program satisfies a given bound on the amount of resources that it may use is a fundamental problem with critical practical applications. Conventional automatic verifiers for safety properties cannot be applied to address this problem directly because such verifiers target properties expressed in decidable theories; however, many practical bounds are expressed in nonlinear theories, which are undecidable. In this work, we introduce an automatic verification algorithm, CAMPY, that determines if a given program P satisfies a given resource bound B, which may be expressed using polynomial, exponential, and logarithmic terms. The key technical contribution behind our verifier is an interpolating theorem prover for non-linear theories that lazily learns a sufficiently accurate approximation of non-linear theories by selectively grounding theorems of the nonlinear theory that are relevant to proving that P satisfies B. To evaluate CAMPY, we implemented it to target Java Virtual Machine bytecode. We applied CAMPY to verify that over 20 solutions submitted for programming problems hosted on popular online coding platforms satisfy or do not satisfy expected complexity bounds.
Evolution and Functional Information

“Functional Information”---estimated from the mutual information of protein sequence alignments---has been proposed as a reliable way of estimating the number of proteins with a specified function and the consequent difficulty of evolving a new function. The fantastic rarity of functional proteins computed by this approach emboldens some to argue that evolution is impossible. Random searches, it seems, would have no hope of finding new functions. Here, we use simulations to demonstrate that sequence alignments are a poor estimate of functional information. The mutual information of sequence alignments fantastically underestimates of the true number of functional proteins. In addition to functional constraints, mutual information is also strongly influenced by a family9s history, mutational bias, and selection. Regardless, even if functional information could be reliably calculated, it tells us nothing about the difficulty of evolving new functions, because it does not estimate the distance between a new function and existing functions. Moreover, the pervasive observation of multifunctional proteins suggests that functions are actually very close to one another and abundant. Multifunctional proteins would be impossible if the FI argument against evolution were true.
At the Frontier Between Local and Global Interactions in Regional Sciences

Regional economists are increasingly adopting spatial analytical and spatial econometric perspectives to study questions related to local versus global spatial spillover effects. Recent studies have shown that blindly adopting traditional spatial econometric models to measure those externalities might not be relevant. Explicitly accounting on how closely related groups of economic agents such as individuals or firms interact across space can be of great benefit for researchers working at the interface of social economics and geography. Recent development in economic theory has provided new ways to incorporate a range of spillover effects into a variety of economic models (Bramoulle et al., Am Econ Rev 104:898–930, 2014). The newly redefined concept of local spillover in the socio-economic literature involves a more complex interaction structure that includes feedback effects, resulting from impact passing through neighboring observations and coming back to the original location, as typically observed for global interaction models. However, the spatial magnitude of those local externalities is more limited across space.
Steady-State Delamination of Bilayers

A significant fraction of the insight and understanding needed to understand mixedmode fracture can be obtained by considering a simple elastic bilayer consisting of two thin layers bonded together, with a semi-infinite crack lying on the interface. The concepts and results generated for the bilayer in this chapter are extended to multilayers consisting of many layers in Chapter 5. Additional aspects of interface fracture in bilayers are discussed throughout subsequent chapters, but notably Chapter 7 (kinking out of the interface), Chapter 9 (finite-sized edge flaws) and Chapter 12 (temperature gradients). A Basic Solution A basic solution for a crack on the interface of a bilayer presented in this section illustrates a number of aspects of the mechanics of interface cracks. The solution for the stress intensity factors and energy release to the problem depicted in Figure 4.1 will be presented and applied in this section. The solution was obtained within the context of linear elasticity for an infinitely long bilayer with a semi-infinite crack emerging from the left by Suo & Hutchinson (1990). In this section, we focus on the key results of the bilayer system and their implications: though not shown here, the derivation of the results in this section is identical to that presented in Chapter 5 for a multilayer with many layers. For the equilibrated load system shown, the stress intensity factors and energy release rate are independent of the position of the crack tip–what is often referred to as steadystate cracking. Within the context of plane stress or plane strain, the energy release rate can be computed exactly using simple energy arguments accounting for the energy difference of the bilayer system far ahead and behind the crack tip. (Here, we focus on the solution for the bilayer and its implications, leaving the underlying derivation for the more general multilayer treatment in Chapter 5.) Determination of the mode mix requires a sophisticated elasticity analysis, which was carried out in the reference cited above and tabulated. Software accompanying this text generates the full solution for any material combination, using these tabulated values. Alternatively, one can compute the needed results via the finite element code provided with this book, as described in Chapter 16.
Energetic derivatives of 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2H,2′H-3,3′-bipyrazole (TNBP): synthesis, characterization and promising properties

4,4′,5,5′-Tetranitro-2H,2′H-3,3′-bipyrazole (TNBP, 1) is an excellent precursor to new energetic derivatives (3 and 5–14). The monotrinitromethyl substituted compound (3) was obtained by alkylation with bromoacetone and subsequent nitration. Nitration of the aminated compound (4) with nitronium tetrafluoroborate (NO2BF4) in the presence of potassium acetate results in the monopotassium salt (5). Dianionic salts of 1 with potassium and nitrogen rich cations (6–14) were prepared by neutralization. These compounds were fully characterized using NMR and infrared spectra and elemental analyses as well with single crystal X-ray diffraction for 3, 5, 8 and 10. The detonation properties, determined from the calculated heats of formation and measured densities, show that some (3, 7 and 13) are superior to those of 1,3,5-trinitrotriazacyclohexane (RDX). In addition, given the high thermal stability (323 °C) and good detonation performance of 6, it could be a promising green primary explosive.
Intellectual Property Valuations for License and Other Transfer Purposes Part 1

Intellectual property is often licensed in arm’s-length transactions between independent third parties. Intellectual property is often licensed as part of a joint venture, development, commercialization, manufacturing, distribution, or other agreement. And, intellectual property is often licensed as part of a litigation settlement agreement or as the result of a judicial order. These types of licenses can result from either tort litigation matters or breach of contract litigation matters. Intellectual property can be licensed as part of a corporate financing arrangement. This structure often occurs in a sale and licenseback financing facility. In addition, commercial intellectual property can serve as the collateral security interest in a secured corporate financing raise.
"No Pumps Allowed": The "Problem" With Gender Expression and the Morehouse College "Appropriate Attire Policy".

Within higher education literature, historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have been lauded for their exceptional ability to provide African American students with culturally engaging...