cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-photon interference spectra at the sum-frequency generation of a bichromatic field interacting with a three-level atom

We have calculated the spectral functions for a number of induced excitations near the sum-frequency generation of a bichromatic field interacting with a three-level atom in the cascade configuration. Although the two-photon spontaneous emission is electric dipole forbidden, there are induced peaks whose subnatural line widths and spectral heights depend on the intensities of the bichromatic field. At low intensities of both laser fields, the maximum heights of the induced peaks take positive, zero, and negative values, indicating that the physical processes of absorption (attenuation), dark resonance (nonabsorbing state), and stimulated emission (amplification) are likely to occur at the sum-frequency generation of the two laser fields, respectively. The derived results are graphically presented and discussed.
Lifelong Preventative Health Care for Elderly Persons with Disabilities

Elderly persons with developmental disabilities are living longer, and a lifelong preventative aging program is essential to ensure a high quality of life during later years.Normal aging changes coupled with age-prevalent illness may lead to decreased physical functioning and increased dependency. Although normal aging is not preventable, these changes must not be accelerated; diseases must be noted early and treated promptly. This article proposes a lifelong preventative aging program for persons with developmental disabilities.
The scale of non-homogeneity as defined by diffusion measurements

Abstract The asymptotic behaviour of the permeation rate in non-homogeneous laminar slabs of increasing width l is studied. We show rigorously that for a wide class of slabs with nonhomogeneities distributed in a statistically homogeneous manner, the permeation rate approaches that of a homogeneous slab as 1/ l 2 . The result is compared with previous studies of this subject.
Narratives in Hand Therapy

Abstract This article reviews literature on Narrative Medicine and applies this knowledge to hand therapy using brief case examples in which the narrative message of each example is illustrated. The value of narratives in hand therapy is thereby described. Level of evidence: 5.
Part I Ignition temperatures and flame spread rates

Part I of this two-part report deals with the effects of oxygen enrichment on ignition temperatures and flame spread rates of materials that might be found in hospital hyperbaric chambers. Part II will be carried in the November issue.
Autoantibodies to the Human Thyrotropin Receptor Are Not Species Specific

To ascertain the clinical usefulness of nonhuman thyroid-dependent TSH radioligand-receptor assays, we have reexamined the species specificity of the human TSH receptorbinding site and the unique TSH binding-inhibiting activity (TBI) found in sera fro patients with Graves' disease. The human TSH receptor had a high affinity for nonprimate TSH (0.7 + 0.1 × 1010 M-1). However, porcine TSH receptors were of higher affinity and ovine TSH receptors were of lower affinity than the human binding site. A human TSH preparation had a similar potency against bovine TSH standard (NIH-B8) when assessed in both human and porcine radioligand-receptor assays (10 + 1.4 U/mg), suggesting that human TSH receptors showed no evidence of species preference. Although immunoglobulins from normal sera had enhanced nonspecific binding to human rather than porcine or ovine thyroid, the interaction of Graves'-specific immunoglobulin was most dependent on the affinity of the TSH receptor for TSH rather than the species from which the...
Efficient Probabilistic Calculation of a Thermal Transient on a 3D FE Model With Variable Heat Exchange Coefficient

Probabilistic calculations are often used to evaluate reliability in nuclear industry. One of their main difficulties is that failure probabilities are, in this domain, very low and therefore their computations are very long. The speed of the calculations depends on the probabilistic algorithm and the complexity of the physical problem (usually modeled by a finite element analysis). The optimization of the probabilistic algorithms benefits from a wealth of literature but the physical problem is often very simplified by a lot of approximations. This paper develops a methodology to avoid some approximations. The geometry of the problem is often brought back to a 1D or 2D problem. Here, large 3D mesh can still be used thanks to transfer functions. This requires the linearity of the problem and especially a constant heat transfer coefficient for a thermo-elastic analysis. This limitation has been removed.This article’s focus is on methodology but qualitative results of a probabilistic brittle fracture application of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in ferritic steel are given. Other kinds of analysis can benefit from similar methodology.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Heat shock protein 90 genes of two species of poultry Eimeria: Expression and evolutionary analysis

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is 1 of the most abundant and evolutionarily conserved proteins. In most species, Hsp90 is essential for proper cell function. In this study, we present the molecular analysis of Hsp90 from Eimeria species, the causative agents of avian coccidiosis. The full-length Eimeria acervulina Hsp90 complementary DNA was isolated from intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of Eimeria-infected chickens. From evolutionary analysis and sequence identity, it is likely that Eimeria Hsp90 sequences described thus far encode the cytosolic versions of the protein. Although at the nucleotide and amino acid levels Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina Hsp90 are highly similar, their expression profiles differ considerably. Although E. tenella transcripts were detected in all developmental stages tested, E. acervulina transcripts were not found in oocysts undergoing sporulation or in fully sporulated oocysts, suggesting that messenger RNA expression may be regulated quite differently between Eimeria species.
Synthesis and neutron diffraction study of Na3WN3 and Na3MoN3

The authors have used an ambient pressure method for the synthesis of ternary alkali metal nitrides to synthesize a new class of nitrides, Na[sub 3]MN[sub 3] (M = Mo or W). These compounds were synthesized from the metal nitride and NaNH[sub 2] at 500[degrees]C under flowing ammonia at atmospheric pressure. The structures were examined using X-ray powder diffraction and neutron powder diffraction and were found to be identical with that obtained from the single crystal prepared at high pressure by Ostermann, Zachwieja, and Jacobs.
The Utilization of Choline and Acetyl Coenzyme A for the Synthesis of Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine synthesis in rat brain synaptosomes was investigated with regard to the intracellular sources of its two precursors, acetyl coenzyme A and choline. Investigations with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate transport, indicated that pyruvate must be utilized by pyruvate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondria, rather than in the cytoplasm, as recently proposed. Evidence for a small, intracellular pool of choline available for acetylcholine synthesis was obtained under three experimental conditions. (1) Bromopyruvate competitively inhibited high-affinity choline transport, perhaps because of accumulation of intracellular choline which was not acetylated when acetyl coenzyme A production was blocked. (2) Choline that was accumulated under high-affinity transport conditions while acetyl coenzyme A production was impaired was subsequently acetylated when acetyl coenzyme A production was resumed. (3) Newly synthesized acetylcholine had a lower specific activity than that of choline in the medium. These results indicate that the acetyl coenzyme A that is used for the synthesis of acetylcholine is derived from mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase and that there is a small pool of choline within cholinergic nerve endings available for acetylcholine synthesis, supporting the proposal that the high-affinity transport and acetylation of choline are kinetically coupled.
Reconceptualizing and Theorizing “Omnivorousness” Genetic and Relational Mechanisms

Scores of sociological studies have provided evidence for the association between broad cultural taste, or omnivorousness, and various status characteristics, such as education, occupation, and age...
Co‐expression of native and introduced genes reveals cryptic regulation of HMG CoA reductase expression in Arabidopsis

In eukaryotes, all isoprenoid compounds share a common precursor, mevalonic acid, whose synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase. As one step towards a better understanding of the role that this enzyme plays in coordinating isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants, Arabidopsis thaliana HMG CoA reductase was ectopically expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. By using this molecular genetic approach, several novel and fundamental observations have been made regarding isoprenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. First, it was demonstrated that the overexpression of authentic Arabidopsis HMG CoA reductase is not sufficient to alter the bulk synthesis and accumulation of the abundant end products of the plant isoprenoid pathway. Second, active transcription of the transgene appears to co-activate and deregulate expression of the native gene, resulting in a striking elevation of HMG CoA reductase mRNA levels. Finally, although very high levels of HMG CoA reductase mRNA were expressed in these transgenic plants, only modest increases in enzyme activity could be detected. Taken together, these data suggest that HMG CoA reductase expression is regulated at multiple levels in plants as well as animals, and they provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms for mevalonate regulation in A. thaliana.
Decreased platelet deposition and smooth muscle cell proliferation after intramural heparin delivery with hydrogel-coated balloons.

BACKGROUNDIn vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated both anticoagulant and antiproliferative effects of heparin. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of local intramural delivery of heparin, using heparin-coated hydrogel balloons, on platelet deposition and early smooth muscle cell proliferation after in vivo balloon angioplasty.METHODS AND RESULTSThe effects of local heparin delivery were assessed during balloon angioplasty of porcine peripheral arteries. All balloon dilatations were performed with oversized hydrogel balloons coated with a known quantity of heparin. Balloon dilatations in contralateral vessels with uncoated hydrogel balloons served as study controls. The pharmacokinetics of heparin delivery were assessed using 3H-heparin to quantitate heparin wash-off from the balloon surface, heparin delivery to the arterial wall, and intramural persistence of drug. Platelet deposition at 1 hour after balloon injury was quantified using 111In-labeled platelets. Smooth muscle cell prol...
Turbine Burners: Performance Improvement and Challenge of Flameholding

Nomenclature A = preexponential chemical rate constant a, b = mass fraction exponents in chemical rate law C = correction factor D = cavity depth E = activation energy f = frequency h = enthalpy L = cavity length M = Mach number, mixedness parameter n = Rossiter mode number p = pressure Q = fuel heating value R = universal gas constant Re = Reynolds number St = Strouhal number T = temperature t = time U = flow velocity over cavity x = position along mixing layer Y = mass fraction y = transverse position in mixing layer = ratio of specific heats = burning efficiency = ratio of convective velocity of vorticity to freestream velocity = Rossiter variable = density ! = chemical reaction rate
Personality determinants of the use of tobacco products

According to Eysenck's Diathesis-Stress Theory, individual differences in personality contribute to the persistent use of tobacco products. In previous research, users of smokeless tobacco (SLT-Users) scored significantly higher than Non-Users on the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Psychoticism scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. SLT-Users also scored higher on Spielberger's trait anxiety and trait anger measures, and were described as more impulsive, aggressive and quick-tempered than Non-Users. Consistent with Eysenck's Theory and previous research, SLT-Users in the present study had significantly higher mean scores than Non-Users of tobacco products on trait anxiety and the NEO-FFI Neuroticism scale. The SLT-Users also had significantly higher trait anger, angry temperament, and angry reaction scores than Smokers and Non-Users, and reported that they were more likely to express rather than control their angry feelings. However, in contrast with previous research, no differences were found between SLT-Users, Smokers and Non-Users on the NEO Extraversion scale. An important and unique finding of the present study was that SLT-Users had significantly lower NEO-FFI Agreeableness and Conscientiousness scores than Smokers and Non-Users.
Photovoltage inversion effect and its application to semiconductor surface studies: CdS

Experimental results on the surface states of the basal plane of CdS are presented and discussed in the light of a model of the photovoltage inversion effect. It is found that the surface states associated with this effect are in poor communication with the bulk and under normal conditions may require long periods of time to reach equilibrium. A combination of photovoltage inversion, photovoltage quenching, and photovoltage spectroscopy is believed to constitute a very effective tool for the study of surfaces of wide energy gap semiconductors.
SU‐FF‐J‐99: MR Imaging for Improving IMRT Targeting of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging(MR) in improving prostate and seminal‐vesicles (SV) target localization as well as penile bulb (PB) tissue avoidance in IMRT for prostate cancer.Method and Materials:CT and MR planning data for 16 patients treated with IMRT were analyzed retrospectively. The prostate, SV, and PB volumes were delineated on both the CT and MRimages while rectum, bladder, femurs and other normal tissue volumes were delineated only on CTimages.CT and MR scans were acquired over a 4 hour interval and, the MR scans were registered with the 3D planning CT scans, and consequently the IMRT dose distributions. Dosimeteric parameters and DVHs for the prostate, SV, and PB volumes based on CT‐outlined and MR‐outlined contours were compared. Furthermore, the areas for potential geometric target underdosing based on MR information were calculated to evaluate the quality of the CT‐based plans. Results: Analysis revealed that the prostate MR‐delineated volumes were smaller than the CT‐delineated volumes by 10%–40%. The SV‐MR‐delineated volumes were larger than the SV‐CT‐delineated volumes by 25%–100% and, PB‐volumes in CT and MR varied up to +/−50%. The prostate mean‐dose for CT‐ and MR‐based volumes was within 3%. However, in 4 patients, the minimum‐dose to 4–10% of the MR prostate‐volume was lower by up to 15% when compared to the CT plan. In 3 of these patients, there was an anterior movement of the prostate because of rectal expansion. The SV‐CT‐volumes mean‐ and minimum‐dose were lower than the MR‐volumes by a maximum of 5%. The PB‐CT‐volume mean‐dose was higher than the PB‐MR‐volume by a maximum of 10%. Conclusion: The quality of the dose delivery can be improved by identifying patient‐specific margins based on the CT and MRimaging data thereby potentially allowing further gain in the therapeutic ratio for prostate cancer.
Nuclear stopping power at ~15 GeV/nucleon

Fireball, firestreak, and hadronic string models are shown to overpredict recent central 15{ital A} GeV Si+Au E802 spectrometer data. Claims in the literature about full nuclear stopping in Si+Au reactions are therefore not supported by these data. In fact, fits to the spectrometer data indicate that up to half of the projectile nucleons may lose less than one unit of rapidity after traversing 5--10 fm of nuclear matter, implying an unexpected long stopping length of {similar to}20 fm. On the other hand, E810, E814, and preliminary E802 {ital dN}{sub ch}/{ital d}{eta} data are more consistent with the expected degree of stopping.
Cloning and biochemical characterization of BglC, a β-glucosidase from the cellulolytic actinomycete Thermobifida fusca.

An operon, bglABC, that encodes two sugar permeases and a β-glucosidase was cloned from a cellulolytic actinomycete, Thermobifida fusca, into Escherichia coli and sequenced. The bglC gene encoding an intracellular β-glucosidase (β-d-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 1 was subcloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified enzyme (MW 53,407 Da; pI 4.69) hydrolyzed substrates containing both β 1 → 4 and β 1 → 2 glycosidic bonds, and was most active against cellobiose (Vmax= 29, K m = 0.34 mm), cellotriose, cellotetraose, and sophorose. The enzyme also showed aryl-β-glucosidase activity on p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-cellobioside. BglC had a pH optimum of 7.0 and a temperature optimum of 50°C. The enzyme was stable at 60°C, but was rapidly inactivated at 65°C. BglC was inhibited by low concentrations of gluconolactone, but was insensitive to end-product inhibition by glucose and was not affected by Ca or Mg ions or EDTA. Its properties are well suited for use in a process to hydrolyze biomass cellulose to glucose.
Retinal and visual cortical projection to the superior colliculus of the rabbit

Abstract The rabbit superior colliculus was examined using a variety of light- and electron-microscopic techniques. Golgi study showed that there is one principal type of neuron whose axon leaves the superficial gray—the vertical cell. The remaining varieties of neurons possess heavily spine-studded dendrites and local axons. Among these types are the marginal cell, the stellate cell, and the pyriform cell. Using ultrastructural techniques, we found contralateral optic input is confined to a zone 100 to 350 μm below the surface of the colliculus. Terminals are presynaptic to both axons and dendrites and enter into serial synapses. They degenerate by passing through a filamentous to a dense phase. Visual cortical axon terminals are 300 to 600 μm below the surface and usually contact only one postsynaptic profile. They do not participate in serial synapses. F axon terminals (symmetric thickening, flattened vesicles) are also numerous in the upper collicular layers, but do not degenerate after enucleation or visual cortex ablation. We conclude that considerable evidence exists for a large degree of horizontal and vertical organization in the upper layers of the superior colliculus. These data are compared to the tectum in other species and to our ongoing experiments on the development of the superior colliculus.
Qualitative analysis of input parameters for satellite-based quantification of airborne volcanic ash

Satellite remote sensing data is an important tool to analyze and quantify volcanic ash emissions. However, the algorithms used require a range of input parameters not always known accurately enough for precise calculations. Based on the eruption of Sarychev Peak in the Kuriles, eastern Russia, during June 2009, we analyzed the sensitivity of each of the variables used operationally to evaluate their contributions to the derived mass loading. It is shown that the derived cloud top and surface brightness temperatures, the refractive indices of air and ash, the particle density and the amount of water in the cloud are the dominant factors influencing the retrieval. It is further outlined, how a combination of over- and underestimates of different parameters can yield the same output.
Altered exercise performance and abnormal sympathetic responses to exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa

We evaluated the cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa to determine whether their bradycardia results from a high level of physical fitness. Twenty adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa underwent maximal exercise tests, and the results were compared with those in 15 age-matched adolescent girls. In the patients with anorexia, maximal values were heart rate 174±2.8 pbm, systolic blood pressure 127±3.4 mm Hg, oxygen consumption 31±1.1 ml/kg/min, and plasma norepinephrine concentration 1581±238 pg/ml ( n =16). In the controls, corresponding values were significantly higher ( P n =10). Anaerobic threshold occurred at the same percent of maximal work in patients and controls. Results of exercise ECGs in all controls were normal, but five patients with anorexia nervosa developed significant ST segment depression. Thus, in patients with anorexia nervosa there is abnormal working capacity and cardiovascular responses to exercise and abnormal sympathetic responses to the stimulus of exercise, and a myocardial abnormality manifested as ST segment depression during exercise in some.
Symbol-rate detection by a power-series-nonlinear envelope detector receiver

The use of a nonlinear envelope detector followed by a bandpass filter for detection of the symbol rate of a digitally modulated signal (AM) is investigated. The intent is to give a better approximation to the maximum-likelihood symbol rate estimator than that of the delay-and-multiply receiver. The case of low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is considered. Under this assumption, the detector output spectrum is found and the output SNR is then used as a measure of detectability, The effect of signal pulse shape. i.e. bandlimiting, on performance is studied. >
Multiple Disease Associations in Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type II.

ABSTRACT Objective Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II (APS II) is characterized by adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease), autoimmune thyroid disease, and/or type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). Multiple other autoimmune diseases have been associated with APS II. Here we report a case of a patient with APS II who over the course of 10 years developed Addison’s disease, hypothyroidism, DM1, Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, vitiligo, celiac disease, seronegative arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. This is a particularly aggressive course of APS II, and this combination of autoimmune diseases has not been previously reported. Methods A 25-year-old female with a history of ulcerative colitis (UC), celiac disease, and DM1 presented to our institution with mental status changes. She was diagnosed with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and treated with high-dose steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). She recovered well from her encephalopathy but her posthospitalization course was complicated due to the development of Addison’s disease, vitiligo, seronegative arthritis, and hypothyroidism. Results The current understanding of APS II and its autoimmune disease associations are briefly summarized. Submitted for publication April 10, 2014 Accepted for publication July 10, 2014 The association of UC and Hashimoto’s encephalopathy with APS II is novel and discussed in detail. Conclusion A case of a patient with APS II with a dramatic development of 8 autoimmune diseases over 10 years is described. The novel APS II developments of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and UC are discussed. This case highlights the potential complexity and severity of the clinical course of APS II. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:e250-e255)
Acoustic Limit for the Boltzmann equation in Optimal Scaling

Based on a recent L 2 -L 1 framework, we establish the acoustic limit of the Boltzmann equation for general collision kernels. The scaling of the fluctuations with respect to Knudsen number is optimal. Our approach is based on a new analysis of the compressible Euler limit of the Boltzmann equation, as well as refined estimates of Euler and acoustic solutions.
Partnering with and assisting community partners in service-learning projects to tailor and articulate project requirements

In a software engineering course, service-learning software projects for real-world clients help motivate students, provide them with opportunities to work on complex problems, and expose them to the difficult but important problem of communicating with clients. The diverse backgrounds and needs of the community partners in these service-learning projects, however, entail that careful preparation be done to ensure that students have a rich, exciting, challenging, fulfilling, and educating experience. One key aspect of this preparation is to work with and assist community partners to tailor and articulate project requirements that are concrete and appropriate for a software engineering course. We developed a systematic approach to classify community partners, and to select and organize requirements. Outcomes of our student service-learning projects showed that our approach was effective
Laurentian Sources for Detrital Zircon Grains in Turbidite and Deltaic Sandstones of the Pennsylvanian Haymond Formation, Marathon Assemblage, West Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract U–Pb ages of individual detrital zircon grains from deltaic and turbidite sandstones of the lower to middle Pennsylvanian Haymond Formation (Marathon basin, west Texas) range from 320 Ma to 3 Ga, indicating a mixed provenance broadly similar to that of Ouachita Carboniferous turbidites and related fluvio-deltaic facies of Arkansas–Oklahoma. Differences with the Ouachita assemblage are attributed to the unique depositional setting of the Haymond Formation, which records final closure of a Hercynian-age remnant ocean basin at the western termination of the Ouachita–Marathon suture zone. Tectonic and sedimentary recycling along subduction zones separating Gondwanan (upper plate) and Laurentian (lower plate) blocks likely contributed to the Laurentia-dominated distribution of age provinces observed in the zircon population. Detrital-zircon age spectra are nearly identical for both facies of the Haymond Formation, reinforcing the hypothesis that subaerial fan or braid delta sandstones, and foredelta submarine-ramp turbidites, were part of an integrated depositional system fed by the same sources.
Hugo Münsterberg's attack on the application of scientific psychology.

No individual in the early history of American psychology is more identified with the promotion of applied psychology than Hugo Munsterberg, whose books and articles on applied topics such as industrial psychology, forensic psychology, psychotherapy, and educational psychology made him one of the most visible psychologists of his day. But there is an earlier chapter to Munsterberg's life that tells a very different story of a Munsterberg opposed to application. The story begins in 1898 when he wrote an article for an American magazine in which he told teachers that the findings of experimental psychology had no relevance for education, setting off a firestorm of controversy among his colleagues in psychology and education. This article describes Munsterberg's early denigration of applied psychology and his subsequent transformation as applied psychologist. Reasons for that transformation are discussed as well as issues involving the stigma associated with applied psychology and the popularization of psychology.
Estimating an Optimal Correlation Structure from Replicated Molecular Profiling Data Using Finite Mixture Models

Estimating the correlation structure of a gene set is an ubiquitous problem in many pattern analyses of replicated molecular profiling data. However, the commonly used Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE) approaches, do not automatically accommodate replicated measurements. Often, an ad hoc step of preprocessing e. g. averaging, either weighted, un-weighted or something in between is needed, which might wipe out important patterns of low magnitude and/or cancel out patterns of similar magnitude. We treat each replicate individually as a random variable and design a finite mixture model to estimate an optimal correlation structure from replicated molecular profiling data. Assuming that the measurements are independently, identically distributed (i. i. d.) samples from a mixture of two multivariate normal distributions, one with a constrained set of parameters and the other with an unconstrained parameter structure, we employ an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate component parameters. We carry out a comparative study, including both simulations and real-world data analysis, to assess the estimation of correlation structure using the proposed model and the constrained model given by the first component of the mixture. The two models were further tested for their performances in clustering real-world data. The mixture model approach is shown to have an overall better performance.
Short paper: location privacy: user behavior in the field

Current smartphone platforms provide ways for users to control access to information about their location. For instance, on the iPhone, when an application requests access to location information, the operating system asks the user whether to grant location access to this application. In this paper, we study how users are using these controls. Do iPhone users allow applications to access their location? Do their decisions differ from application to application? Can we predict how a user will respond for a particular application, given their past responses for other applications?We gather data from iPhone users that sheds new light on these questions. Our results indicate that there are different classes of users: some deny all applications access to their location, some allow all applications access to their location, and some selectively permit a fraction of their applications to access their location. We also find that apps can be separated into different classes by what fraction of users trust the app with their location data. Finally, we investigate using machine learning techniques to predict users' location-sharing decisions; we find that we are sometimes able to predict the user's actual choice, though there is considerable room for improvement. If it is possible to improve the accuracy rate further, this information could be used to relieve users of the cognitive burden of individually assigning location permissions for each application, allowing users to focus their attention on more critical matters.
Optimal stopping rules for correlated random walks with a discount

Optimal stopping rules are developed for the correlated random walk when future returns are discounted by a constant factor per unit time. The optimal rule is shown to be of dual threshold form: one threshold for stopping after an up-step, and another for stopping after a down-step. Precise expressions for the thresholds are given for both the positively and the negatively correlated cases. The optimal rule is illustrated by several numerical examples.
Security in Advanced Optical Communication Networks

The increased demand of data services within the last few years has prompted a commensurate explosion in transportable bandwidth, most of which contain sensitive information, personal data, bank accounts, credit card numbers, proprietary documents, and more. As a result, there are two types of security in communications, securing user data and securing the physical network. The first is addressed with encryption algorithms, the unbreakability of which does not depends so much on the sophistication of the algorithm but on the difficulty to break it using a sequential computer; that is, it capitalizes on the inability of the attacker to use a fast supercomputer. The second is not a well addressed topic, particularly in modern fiber-optic networks. One attempt to create an unbreakable cipher-text is quantum cryptography that emanated from quantum mechanics; this method capitalizes on the no-cloning principle of particular characteristics of photons, such as polarization. In this paper, we examine the security of advanced optical networks, fiber-optic and free space optical (FSO). We describe quantum cryptography and the quantum key distribution, including the principle of teleportation, we identify vulnerabilities and we discuss detection mechanisms and countermeasure strategies against attacks on the physical network.
HyperSafe: A Lightweight Approach to Provide Lifetime Hypervisor Control-Flow Integrity

Virtualization is being widely adopted in today’s computing systems. Its unique security advantages in isolating and introspecting commodity OSes as virtual machines (VMs) have enabled a wide spectrum of applications. However, a common, fundamental assumption is the presence of a trustworthy hypervisor. Unfortunately, the large code base of commodity hypervisors and recent successful hypervisor attacks (e.g., VM escape) seriously question the validity of this assumption. In this paper, we present HyperSafe, a lightweight approach that endows existing Type-I bare-metal hypervisors with a unique self-protection capability to provide lifetime control flow integrity. Specifically, we propose two key techniques. The first one, non-bypassable memory lockdown, reliably protects the hypervisor’s code and static data from being compromised even in the presence of exploitable memory corruption bugs (e.g., buffer overflows), therefore successfully providing hypervisor code integrity. The second one, restricted pointer indexing, introduces one layer of indirection to convert the control data into pointer indexes. These pointer indexes are restricted such that the corresponding call/return targets strictly follow the hypervisor control flow graph, hence expanding protection to control-flow integrity. We have built a prototype and used it to protect two open-source Type-I hypervisors: BitVisor and Xen. The experimental results with synthetic hypervisor exploits and benchmarking programs show HyperSafe can reliably enable the hypervisor self-protection and provide the integrity guarantee with a small performance overhead.
Virus detection using filament-coupled antibodies.

Two attractive features of ELISA are the specificity of antibody–antigen recognition and the sensitivity achieved by enzymatic amplification. This report describes the development of a non-enzymatic molecular recognition platform adaptable to point-of-care clinical settings and field detection of biohazardous materials. This filament-antibody recognition assay (FARA) is based on circumferential bands of antibody probes coupled to a 120 μm diameter polyester filament. One advantage of this design is that automated processing is achieved by sequential positioning of filament-coupled probes through a series of 25–60 μL liquid filled microcapillary chambers. This approach was evaluated by testing for the presence of M13KO7 bacterial virus using anti-M13KO7 IgG1 monoclonal antibody coupled to a filament. Filament motion first positioned the antibodies within a microcapillary tube containing a solution of M13KO7 virus before moving the probes through subsequent chambers, where the filament-coupled probes were washed, exposed to a fluorescently labeled anti-M13K07 antibody, and washed again. Filament fluorescence was then measured using a flatbed microarray scanner. The presence of virus in solution produced a characteristic increase in filament fluorescence only in regions containing coupled antibody probes. Even without the enzymatic amplification of a typical ELISA, the presence of 8.3 × 108 virus particles produced a 30-fold increase in fluorescence over an immobilized negative control antibody. In an ELISA comparison study, the filament-based approach had a similar lower limit of sensitivity of ~1.7 × 107 virus particles. This platform may prove attractive for point-of-care settings, the detection of biohazardous materials, or other applications where sensitive, rapid, and automated molecular recognition is desired.
Characteristics of block by Pb2+ of function of human neuronal L-, N-, and R-type Ca2+ channels transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells.

Lead (Pb 2+ ) is a well-known inhibitor of voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels in their native environments in several types of cells. However, its effects on discrete Ca 2+ channel phenotypes in isolation have not been well studied. We compared how specific subtypes of human neuronal high-voltage–activated Ca 2+ channels were affected by acute exposure to Pb 2+ . Expression cDNA clones of human α 1C , α 1B , or α 1E subunit genes encoding neuronal L-, N-, and R-subtypes of Ca 2+ channels, respectively, along with a constant α 2 δ and β 3 subunits were transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Currents through the respective transiently expressed channels were measured using whole-cell recording techniques with Ba 2+ (20 mM) as charge carrier. Extracellular bath applications of Pb 2+ significantly reduced current amplitude through all three types of Ca 2+ channels in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of potency was: α 1E (IC 50 = 0.10 μM), followed by α 1C (IC 50 = 0.38 μM) and α 1B (IC 50 = 1.31 μM). Pb 2+ -induced perturbation of function of α 1C and α 1B containing Ca 2+ channels was more easily reversed than for α 1E -containing Ca 2+ channels after washing with Pb 2+ free solution. The current-voltage relationships were not altered after 3-min exposure to Pb 2+ for any of the three types. However, the steady-state inactivation relationships were shifted to more negative potentials for channels containing α 1B and α 1E subunits, but not for those containing α 1C subunits. Pb 2+ accelerated the inactivation time of current in all three subtypes of Ca 2+ channels in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner. Therefore, different subtypes of Ca 2+ channels exhibit differential susceptibility to Pb 2+ even when expressed in the same cell type. Current expressed by α 1E -containing channels is more sensitive to Pb 2+ than that expressed by α 1C - or α 1B -containing channels. Several Ca 2+ channel phenotypes are quite sensitive to the inhibitory action of Pb 2+ . Furthermore, it seems that Pb 2+ is more likely to combine with Ca 2+ channels in the closed state.
Near-Optimal MAP Inference for Determinantal Point Processes

Determinantal point processes (DPPs) have recently been proposed as computationally efficient probabilistic models of diverse sets for a variety of applications, including document summarization, image search, and pose estimation. Many DPP inference operations, including normalization and sampling, are tractable; however, finding the most likely configuration (MAP), which is often required in practice for decoding, is NP-hard, so we must resort to approximate inference. This optimization problem, which also arises in experimental design and sensor placement, involves finding the largest principal minor of a positive semidefinite matrix. Because the objective is log-submodular, greedy algorithms have been used in the past with some empirical success; however, these methods only give approximation guarantees in the special case of monotone objectives, which correspond to a restricted class of DPPs. In this paper we propose a new algorithm for approximating the MAP problem based on continuous techniques for submodular function maximization. Our method involves a novel continuous relaxation of the log-probability function, which, in contrast to the multilinear extension used for general submodular functions, can be evaluated and differentiated exactly and efficiently. We obtain a practical algorithm with a 1/4-approximation guarantee for a more general class of non-monotone DPPs; our algorithm also extends to MAP inference under complex polytope constraints, making it possible to combine DPPs with Markov random fields, weighted matchings, and other models. We demonstrate that our approach outperforms standard and recent methods on both synthetic and real-world data.
Suppression of malignant phenotype of human neuroblastoma by thrombospondin-1 peptide in combination with valproic acid

B1 Background: More effective treatment strategies are desperately needed for children with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). Anti-angiogenic agents and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are capable of suppressing the growth of many types of adult cancer, but little is known about the efficacy of these agents in pediatric malignancies. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of the angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) peptide (ABT-510), in combination with the HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA) on NB proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumor growth.Methods: Two MYCN-amplified NB cell lines (SMS-KCNR and NMB) were used to test ABT-510 and VPA anti-tumor efficacy, alone or combination. ABT-510, is a modified nonapeptide based on a heptapeptide sequence from the second type-I repeat of TSP-1. MTT assays, TUNEL assays and flow cytometry were used to measure proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle respectively. Nude mice bearing subcutaneous NB tumors were treated one time per day with ABT-510 (IP, 40mg/kg) or VPA (IP, 400mg/kg) alone or in combination, once tumors were palpable or tumor size reached a volume larger than 380 mm3. Mice with less advanced tumors or with larger tumors at the start of treatment were sacrificed after 20 or 10 days, respectively. Tumors were excised and analyzed for apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis.Results: Our studies showed that VPA at a minimum concentration of 1 mM inhibited NB cell proliferation. Cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis were seen at a minimum concentration of 2.5 mM VPA. However, ABT-510 at a maximum concentration of 1 μM had no effect. VPA concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 1 mM and ABT-510 ranging from 0.1 nM to 100 nM markedly inhibited endothelial cell migration. NB xenograft growth was inhibited with either single agent therapy, and enhanced effects were seen with combination therapy. After 20 days of combination therapy, tumor volume was reduced by 91% (p 380 mm3 in size. The increase (>3 fold) in tumor volumes was reduced by 33% and 44%, over 10 days of treatment respectively (p
Comparative anticonvulsant efficacy in the corneal kindled mouse model of partial epilepsy: Correlation with other seizure and epilepsy models

Chronic electrical stimulation via corneal electrodes can rapidly yield large numbers of kindled mice with a seizure phenotype reflective of secondarily generalized partial seizures. The corneal kindled mouse model has been found to be a highly sensitive and efficient screening model for antiepileptic drug (AED) discovery. The present study further evaluates the utility of the corneal kindled mouse model as a tool for rapid screening of investigational AEDs. Results obtained with nine AEDs (valproic acid, lamotrigine, phenytoin, carbamazepine, levetiracetam, vigabatrin, topiramate, tiagabine, and ezogabine) with varying mechanisms of action and clinical spectrums, as well as six investigational compounds were evaluated in the corneal kindled mouse. ED(50) values are compared to those obtained in the hippocampal kindled rat, the mouse maximal electroshock (MES) model, the 6Hz partial psychomotor seizure model, and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) test. The results obtained in the corneal kindled mouse demonstrate a positive correlation with those attained employing established preclinical models: MES (r² = 0.9511), scPTZ (r² = 0.9697), 6Hz (r² = 0.9519), and hippocampal kindling (r² = 0.9037). The demonstrated predictive ability of the corneal kindled mouse model supports its use in the early evaluation of investigational AEDs.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE PELLETS1,2

INGLE, GINTHEK AND NEZAMIS (1943) have demonstrated that the level of carbohydrate in the diet has no significant effect on growth or duration of survival of adrenalectomized rats either untreated or given 1 per cent sodium chloride in the drinking water. However, Swann (1937) found that the addition of bread to the diet of adrenalectomized rats greatly prolonged their survival. Long and his co-workers (1940, 1942) have presented much evidence that the C 11 oxygenated steroids promote the production of liver glycogen in the fasted, adrenalectomized rat but that large amounts of desoxycorticosterone acetate do not lead to glycogen deposition in their animals. The various aspects of this problem have recently been reviewed by Swingle and Remington (1944) and by Ingle (1944).
Powerful Institutional Levers to Reduce College Student Departure

This article classifies 47 recommendations gleaned from the articles appearing in this special issue of the Journal of College Student Retention. These recommendations are classified according to their consistency with Tinto's three principles of effective retention. These 47 are ordered by the institutional domain most likely to implement a given recommendation. These recommendations are viewed as multiple, powerful levers to reduce college student departure.
Engaging community change: the critical role of values in asset mapping

Asset mapping has emerged as a promising tool for mobilizing and sustaining positive changes related to community health and wellbeing. In contrast to approaches that focus on communities’ needs or deficits, asset mapping harnesses community resources in order to foster transformation and growth. In this article, the authors analyze asset mapping workshops, which focused on access to food and safe places to be active, that were conducted in two North Carolina (USA) study communities. The authors highlight the results of the workshops and show how they demonstrate the underlying values expressed by participants. Community members differ in what they value within existing community structures and what their priorities are in determining the direction of future efforts. This article argues that an understanding of why organizations are named as exemplary in their improvement of access to healthy foods or places to be active allows community members and leaders to connect assets in ways that are rooted in com...
Crystal Structure Determination. I: Cubic Structures

To index the x-ray diffraction pattern, identify the Bravais lattice, and calculate the lattice parameters of some common materials with a cubic structure.
Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Organic Semiconductor Sandwich Devices

We describe a recently discovered magnetoresistance (MR) effect in semiconducting polymer and small molecule sandwich devices. The MR effect reaches up to 10% in a magnetic field of 10mT at room temperature. This MR effect is therefore amongst the largest of any bulk material. We characterize this effect and discuss its dependence on voltage, film thickness, temperature, electrode materials and (unintentional) impurity concentration in three different organic semiconductors. We found that the MR effect is only weakly temperature dependent and does not depend on sign and direction of the applied magnetic field. To the best of our knowledge, the discovered MR effect is not adequately described by any of the mechanisms known to date.
Proceedings of the international symposium on Memory management

It is with great pleasure that we welcome you to the ACM SIGPLAN 2011 International Symposium on Memory Management. This is the first time that the conference is held as part of FCRC, the Federated Computing Research Conference, allowing attendees to sample a variety of other related conferences and workshops, including PLDI, ISCA, SIGMETRICS, MSPC, and others, during the same week. This year ISMM received 36 abstracts and 24 full paper submissions, of which 13 were accepted. A single-blind reviewing system was used, and the full Program Committee met in person to facilitate thorough discussion of the papers. In addition to three reviews by Program Committee members, each paper received one review by a member of the External Review Committee, which increased the range and depth of reviewer expertise. Authors were provided an opportunity to submit rebuttal responses to initial reviews, which helped ensure that decisions were not based on faulty interpretations. Program and Review Committee members were allowed to be authors of submitted papers, but Papers co-authored by members of the Program Committee were held to a higher standard to receive consideration; one such paper was accepted.