cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laminar distribution of neuron degeneration in posterior cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease.

The laminar distribution of neuron losses in posterior cingulate cortex were evaluated in 25 clinically and neuropathologically diagnosed cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). The layer of maximal neuron loss in area 23a for each DAT case was determined by comparison with mean neuron densities for each layer of 17 neurologically intact control cases. The DAT cases were separated into five classes: class 1, 12% of all DAT cases, no or less than 40% neuron loss in any layer; class 2, 24%, maximal neuron losses in layers II or III; class 3, 28%, losses mainly in layer IV; class 4, 12%, losses mainly in layers V or VI; class 5, 24%, severe losses in all layers. An analysis of large and small neurons showed that in class 2 there was an equal loss of both in layer IIIa−b, in class 3 mostly small neurons were lost in layer IV, in class 4 mostly large neurons were lost in layers III, IV and V, while in class 5 there was no selectivity. The age of disease onset and length of the disease were the same for all classes, although classes 4 and 5 tended to have an earlier onset. No measures of thioflavin S-stained neuritic plaque (NP) or neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) density discriminated among these classes. In 64% of all DAT cases there was a progressive shift in NFT from ventral area 30 where most were in layer II to areas 23a−b where there was a balance between those in superficial and deep layers to dorsal area 23c where most were in layers V and VI. There were four cases with massive numbers of NFT in area 23a (1802±477 versus 261±44 for all other cases). Since one of these cases was in each of classes 1, 2, 3 and 5, it is unlikely that this form of amyloid deposition is related to laminar specificities in neuron degeneration. Finally, neuron and NFT densities in the hippocampal formation were the same for each class. In conclusion, differential laminar changes in neuron density provide a basis for neuropathological subtyping of DAT which is more sensitive than measures of thioflavin S-stained NP and NFT densities either in neocortex or the hippocampus.
Dilute solution properties of poly(p-t-butylstyrene)

Abstract The dilute solution properties of poly( p -t-butylstyrene) (PtBS) in cyclohexane, a good solvent, and 2-octanol, a theta solvent, are reported. The polymers are narrow-molecular-weight-distribution samples produced by an anionic polymerization process and span more than two orders of magnitude of molecular weight. The techniques used to study solutions of PtBS include static and dynamic light scattering, solution viscometry, and size exclusion chromatography. The results are compared with those obtained from other polymer/solvent systems and with predictions from various theories.
Rapid Spectral Analysis for Spectral Imaging

Spectral imaging requires rapid analysis of spectra associated with each pixel. A rapid algorithm has been developed that uses iterative matrix inversions to solve for the absorption spectra of a tissue using a lookup table for photon pathlength based on numerical simulations. The algorithm uses tissue water content as an internal standard to specify the strength of optical scattering. An experimental example is presented on the spectroscopy of portwine stain lesions. When implemented in MATLAB, the method is ~100-fold faster than using fminsearch().
RESIDUAL DIPOLAR COUPLING DERIVED ORIENTATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON LIGAND GEOMETRY IN A 53 KDA PROTEIN-LIGAND COMPLEX

The geometric relationships between ligands and the functional groups that bind ligands in soluble ligand-protein complexes have traditionally been deduced from distance constraints between pairs of NMR active nuclei spanning the ligand-protein interface. Frequently, the steep inverse distance dependence of the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), from which the distance constraints are derived, makes identification of sufficient numbers of constraints difficult. In these cases the ability to supplement NOE-derived information with distance-independent angular information can be very important. Here, the observation of residual dipolar couplings from alpha-methyl mannose bound to mannose binding-protein in a dilute liquid crystalline medium has allowed the determination of a bound ligand's average orientation. The 3-fold rotational symmetry of mannose-binding protein defines its orientational tensor and obviates the need to determine experimentally the protein's average orientation. Through superimposition of ligand and protein orientational tensors we describe the binding geometry of alpha-methyl mannose bound to mannose-binding protein. This new method is of general applicability to the study of ligands bound to proteins, and it is of particular interest when neither X-ray crystallography nor NOE techniques can provide sufficient information to describe binding geometries.
Cooperative distributed dynamic load balancing

This paper explores and applies the concept of cooperation to the load balancing problem in a computer network. We discuss an analytical model and propose a scheme which can be classified as distributed, dynamic, and stochastic. In the case of a homogeneous network, we guarantee that the load is balanced and no communication cost or information exchange is necessary.
Alcohol Consumption with Age: A Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Study of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987–1995

Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies assessing the association between age and drinking are inconsistent. Evaluating 15,425 Black and White men and women from four communities, this study sought to determine whether there was a consistent relation between age and drinking in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses and to determine change in drinking status and level of consumption (occasional, light to moderate, and heavier drinkers) at follow-up. Cross-sectional analyses of drinking were performed for Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities examinations 1 (1987-1989) and 3 (1993-1995). The changes in drinking status and level were determined for the 12,565 persons with information at both examinations. Prevalence of drinking was generally inversely associated with age in the cross-sectional analyses for all ethnic/gender groups, and drinking prevalence decreased over the 6 years of follow-up for all except Black women. Only among Black drinkers was younger age associated with a higher level of alcohol consumption in both cross-sectional and prospective analyses. Thus, whether drinking prevalence declines, the amount consumed by drinkers is decreased, or whether both factors contribute to the decrease appears to vary with ethnicity and gender. The change in drinking level was substantial with more than 40% of baseline drinkers reporting drinking cessation or a different level of consumption at follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:1102-11.
Characterization of vomeronasally-mediated response-eliciting components of earthworm wash-II.

Garter snakes reliably spend more time and tongue flick more frequently at a dish containing surface washings of earthworm (EW) than at a control dish containing water or sodium chloride. In a series of experiments EW was examined to further characterize and purify the snake-attracting component(s). Earthworm wash boiled for up to two hours did not lose its snake-attracting activity, but EW boiled for four hours was not discriminated from a control substance. The active components of EW were completely precipitated by 90 and 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solutions. The molecular weight of the active components, as determined by dialysis, is larger than 67,000 daltons. Earthworm wash was separated into two peaks on either G-75 or AcA 44. The larger peak (F 2 ) contains snake-attracting material of molecular weight greater than 67K. The smaller peak material (F 4 ) is inactive as a snake-attractant and contains material of approximate molecular weight of 3K. Biological activity of EW covaried with Lowry (protein) assay and Dubois (carbohydrate) assay values and 280 nm absorbance. The response eliciting components of EW are not extractable from earthworms at temperatures below 60°C, but can be extracted at 60°C (for one minute) from the worms or the soil that forms the bedding for the earthworms.
Experimental comparison of broadband rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and broadband vibrational CARS in a flame

Broadband rotational coherent and anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and vibrational CARS measurements have been performed to determine the N2 temperature in a flame (1800–2000 K). Comparisons between these two CARS approaches indicate that, despite loss of signal strength with increasing temperature, rotational CARS is a potentially viable technique for flame-temperature measurements.
Thoracoscopic pulmonary surgery

Thoracoscopy in infants and children has undergone a dramatic evolution in the last 30 years. From its infancy in the mid-1970s, limited procedures such as biopsy and pleural lysis, were pioneered by Rogers and others, and in the late 1990s, the most delicate of procedures, a tracheo-esophageal fistula repair, was performed thoracoscopically for the first time. During the last 20 years, it has become clear that the most commonly performed thoracic procedures in the pediatric age group, lung biopsy and resection, are clearly best performed using these advanced thoracoscopic techniques. New instrumentation and advanced skills now make thoracoscopic lung resection the preferred approach and help avoid the significant morbidity associated with thoracotomy in the pediatric age group.
Pattern-based discrimination of organic acids and red wine varietals by arrays of synthetic receptors

Modern instrumental analytical techniques pervade chemical analyses in the authentication, quality control and research in wines. A potential alternative approach that does not involve the use of expensive analytical equipment, though dependent on availability of suitable chemical receptors, is array sensing. A 3 × 3 array of sensing ensembles that function via indicator displacement assays, and are composed of previously explored boronic acid receptors and indicators, was used for the discrimination of three organic acids commonly found in wine. This array, after finding it suitable for discriminating malate, tartrate and citrate, was used for the pattern-based discrimination of six wine varietals. Linear discriminant analysis of spectroscopic data obtained from the addition of the organic acids and wines to the array showed satisfactory discrimination of all analytes. Such a sensor array is envisioned to ultimately be able to classify wine varietals.
Mobility enhancement in strained Si NMOSFETs with HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics

Integration of strained Si and high-K gate dielectric is demonstrated for the first time. While providing a >1000/spl times/ gate leakage reduction, strained Si NMOSFETs with HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric exhibit 60% higher mobility than the unstrained Si device with HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics, and 30% higher mobility than the conventional Si NMOSFETs with SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectric (universal MOSFET mobility).
Effects of Sediment Fertility and Initial Plant Density on Growth of Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle and Potamogeton nodosus Poiret

ABSTRACT In a six-week greenhouse investigation, variations in the growth of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Potamogeton nodosus Poiret (- P.. americanus) were examined separately under high and low levels of sediment fertility and plant density. For both species, diminished biomass production and shoot lengths accompanied increased root-to-shoot ratios on infertile sediment. In corresponding density/fertility treatments, Potamogeton consistently produced greater total biomass and root-to-shoot ratios than Hydrilla. Shoot production was similar between species on infertile sediment, but on fertile sediment, Potamogeton produced nearly twice as many shoots as Hydrilla. High plant density, combined with high sediment fertility, resulted in a significant reduction in aboveground biomass of individual Hydrilla plants. However, at neither level of sediment fertility did the biomass of individual Potamogeton plants show significant density effects. Growth responses under nutrient-poor sediment conditions...
Enhancements in micellar electrokinetic chromatographic separations with decanonyl-N-methylalkanamide micelles through the addition of alkyl sulfates

Abstract Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) are effective additives for improving the efficiency of the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with micelle forming solutions of decanonyl-N-methylglucamide (MEGA 10) with boric acid, pH 10. MEGA 10, a nonionic surfactant, is one of a series of micelle forming compounds for which the surface charge density of the micelle and electrophoretic migration behavior can be varied through the extent of complexation with a charged species, i.e., borate or boronate ions. Using aniline and a series of 11 substituted anilines as model solutes, the addition of 0–10 m M concentrations of SDS or 0–8 m M STS to buffers containing 20 m M or 40 m M MEGA 10 and boric acid (1:4 concentration ratio) results in an increase in the solute capacity factors and an improvement in separation efficiencies with only small changes in the rate of electroosmotic flow and size of the elution range. Further addition of the sodium alkyl sulfate surfactants results in a large expansion of the elution range. The effects of SDS and STS are attributed to changes in the structure of the MEGA 10/borate micelles resulting in a mixed surfactant micelle structure which is more permeable for the solutes.
Co-administration of ABT-737 and SAHA induces apoptosis, mediated by Noxa upregulation, Bax activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in PTEN-intact malignant human glioma cell lines

We previously observed that glioma cells are differentially sensitive to ABT-737 and, when used as a single-agent, this drug failed to induce apoptosis. Identification of therapeutic strategies to enhance the efficacy of the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 in human glioma is of interest. Histone deacetylation inhibitors (HDACI) are currently being assessed clinically in patients with glioma, as regulation of epigenetic abnormalities is expected to produce pro-apoptotic effects. We hypothesized that co-treatment of glioma with a BH3-mimetic and HDACI may induce cellular death. We assessed the combination of ABT-737 and HDACI SAHA in established and primary cultured glioma cells. We found combination treatment led to significant cellular death when compared to either drug as single agent and demonstrated activation of the caspase cascade. This enhanced apoptosis also appears dependent upon the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c and AIF into the cytosol. The upregulation of Noxa, truncation of Bid, and activation of Bax caused by this combination were important factors for cell death and the increased levels of Noxa functioned to sequester Mcl-1. This combination was less effective in PTEN-deficient glioma cells. Both genetic and pharmacologic inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway sensitized PTEN-deleted glioma cells to the combination. This study demonstrates that antagonizing apoptosis-resistance pathways, such as targeting the Bcl-2 family in combination with epigenetic modifiers, may induce cell death. These findings extend our previous observations that targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway may be additionally necessary to promote apoptosis in cancers lacking PTEN functionality.
Photochemically Induced Nuclear Spin Polarization in Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers: Assignments of the 15N SSNMR Spectra†,‡

We report proposed chemical assignments of polarized nitrogen NMR signals from photosynthetic reaction centers of Rb. sphaeroides. These signals, which we previously described, are observed with so...
Traveling Waves Due to Lightning

The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the origin and formation of traveling waves on a transmission line induced by lightning discharges, and to investigate their behavior at a transition point where there is an abrupt change of circuit constants. Some of the ground covered is necessarily old and well known, but has been included in the interests of completeness and continuity of treatment. The effect of the rate of cloud discharge and the initial distribution of bound charge on the shape and amplitudes of the traveling waves is brought out. General methods of analysis are formulated and illustrated by practical cases. The assumptions and approximations involved are discussed, and the probable direction of their deviation from fact indicated. Exact and approximate mathematical expressions are derived, and therefrom graphical and tabular methods are outlined. For all of the examples given, line attenuation and distortion are neglected and only the first reflection from a transition point is considered.
Ocular immune privilege: a review.

Abstract The definition of the term ‘immune privilege’ has evolved over the last century. Current usage refers to a state within a particular organ or tissue in which elements of normal immunity are absent. The fact that this deficiency is thought to be generally beneficial has compelled others to go a step further and venture that immune privilege acts to minimize expression of immunopathology. The purpose of this article is to review which parts of the eye hold immune privileged status, what mechanisms contribute to it, and what clinical benefits may have driven the development of these unique immune environments. The article ends with an examination of recent studies which have sought to use components of ocular immune privilege to prevent systemic autoimmune disease.
Switching transients in high-frequency high-power converters using power MOSFET'S

The use of metal-oxide-semiconductor field­ effect transistors in de-to-de converters as the controlled switch has become practical with the development of power MOSFET's. The use of these devices in parallel in a high-frequency high­ voltage high-power converter is investigated. Stray circuit inductances in a two-winding volt­ age-or-current step-up converter have a pronounced effect on some of the currents and voltages during the turning-on and turning-off intervals.
Excessive Charge Time Delaying Ventricular Tachycardia Therapy

ICD Hardware Malfunction. A 70-year-old man with a single-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed for ventricular tachycardia presented with syncope. He was found to have ventricular flutter/fibrillation with capacitor charge time in excess of 1 minute before defibrillation. The excessive charge time was secondary to ICD capacitor malfunction. The generator was explanted and replaced, and the patient recovered uneventfully.
Distance-Adaptive Path Allocation in Elastic Optical Path Networks

We describe a concept and realization of distance-adaptive (DA) resource allocation in spectrum-sliced elastic optical path network (SLICE). We modify the modulation format and cross-connection bandwidth of individual fixed-bit rate optical paths to optimize performance with respect to transmission distance. The shorter paths are allocated a smaller amount of resources which allows reducing the spectrum occupied by the channel. We show in calculation a reduction in required spectral resources of more than 60% when compared to the traditional traffic allocation schemes based on ITU-T grid. The concept is verified experimentally.
Structures Important in NAD(P)(H) Specificity for Mammalian Retinol and 11-Cis-Retinol Dehydrogenases

Mammalian retinol and 11-cis retinol dehydrogenases catalyze the formation of retinaldehyde from retinol and 11-cis retinaldehyde from 11-cis retinol, respectively. Although their amino acid sequences are 54% identical, these enzymes have different cofactor specificities: rat retinol dehydrogenase uses NADP+, while cow 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase uses NAD+. We used their close sequence similarity and the availability of 3D structures of their homologs to construct a 3D model of the two retinol dehydrogenases to investigate the determinants for cofactor specificity. The structure of rat retinol dehydrogenase shows that lysine-64 is important in stabilizing binding of 2'-phosphate on NADP+ in two ways: lysine's positively charged side chain has a coulombic attraction to the 2'-phosphate and partially compensates for the negative charge of aspartic acid-38. Cow 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase has threonine-61 at the position homologous to lysine-64. Threonine-61 does not have a stabilizing coulombic interaction with NADP+, nor can threonine-61 counteract the repulsive interaction between NADP+ and aspartic acid-37 in 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase. This suggests that aspartic acid-37 and threonine-61 are important in the specificity of 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase for NAD+.
Approximate solution of axially symmetric problems

A variety of physical problems in such diverse fields as electrostatic field theory, heat and ideal fluid flow, and stress concentration theory reduce, under the assumption of axial symmetry, to the study of the elliptic partial differential equation ∂2u/∂x2 + ∂2u/∂y2 + k/y(∂u/∂y) = 0. Dirichlet-type problems associated with this equation are studied on regions whose boundaries include a nondegenerate portion of the x-axis and exceedingly accurate numerical methods are given for approximating solutions.
Exploiting Online Potential: Information, National Development, and Libraries

Economic and social development can be greatly accelerated by libraries that create online databases composed of research conducted within their own institutions. At universities and research centres in developing nations, bodies of new information are abundant, relevant, and close at hand. Yet most of this information will never find its way into conventional channels of information dissemination, such as print publications or vendor-produced databases. But this information can become the content for original, library-based databases and other online resources that will stimulate further research and promote national development, and give libraries a new and important role as points of information provenance.
Myocardial infarction associated with phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine is a sympathomimetic agent widely used in over-the-counter and prescription decongestant medications. We describe a young woman without cardiac risk factors who sustained myocardial infarction after unintentional overuse of a nasal decongestant containing phenylpropanolamine. The pathophysiology of myocardial injury and current management strategies as related to this agent are discussed. Although serious adverse reactions to phenylpropanolamine are uncommon, potentially serious harm may be caused by this widely available drug in healthy individuals.
Immune-mediated animal models of Tourette syndrome.

An autoimmune diathesis has been proposed in Tourette syndrome (TS) and related neuropsychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism and anorexia nervosa. Environmental triggers including infection and xenobiotics are hypothesized to lead to the production of brain-directed autoantibodies in a subset of genetically susceptible individuals. Although much work has focused on Group A Streptococcus (GAS), the role of this common childhood infection remains controversial. Animal model studies based on immune and autoantibody findings in TS have demonstrated immunoglobulin (Ig) deposits and stereotypic movements and related behavioral disturbances reminiscent of TS following exposure to GAS, other activators of host anti-microbial responses, soluble immune mediators and anti-GAS or anti-neuronal antibodies. Demonstration of the ability to recreate these abnormalities through passive transfer of serum IgG from GAS-immunized mice into naive mice and abrogation of this activity through depletion of IgG has provided compelling evidence in support of the autoimmune hypothesis. Immunologically-based animal models of TS are a potent tool for dissecting the pathogenesis of this serious neuropsychiatric syndrome.
The concentration and purification of poliomyelitis virus by the use of nucleic acid precipitation.

Abstract The precipitation of poliovirus by nucleic acid at low pH represents a new, highly satisfactory method for the concentration of virus from large volumes of tissue culture filtrate. This method has been used as a first step in a procedure for the purification of poliovirus. Virtually pure preparations so obtained have permitted the redetermination of the extinction coefficient of poliovirus (E260190 = 81.6) and the determination of the specific refractive increment of the virus (Δn = 0.00174). Sufficient quantities of the virus became available through the use of this procedure for the determination of the elementary composition of the virus. Purified preparations of poliovirus obtained by the use of this method were inactivated with formaldehyde and were found to induce neutralizing antibodies in animals and man.
An aerosol resuspension model for MELCOR for fusion

Abstract Dust is generated in fusion reactors from plasma erosion of plasma facing components within the reactor's vacuum vessel (VV) during reactor operation. This dust collects in cooler regions on interior surfaces of the VV. Because this dust can be radioactive, toxic, and/or chemically reactive, it poses a safety concern, especially if mobilized by the process of resuspension during an accident and then transported as an aerosol though out the reactor confinement building, and possibly released to the environment. A computer code used at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to model aerosol transport for safety consequence analysis is the MELCOR code. A primary reason for selecting MELCOR for this application is its aerosol transport capabilities. The INL Fusion Safety Program (FSP) organization has made fusion specific modifications to MELCOR. Recent modifications include the implementation of aerosol resuspension models in MELCOR 1.8.5 for Fusion. This paper presents the resuspension models adopted and the initial benchmarking of these models.
Solution and econometric estimation of spatial dynamic models in continuous space and continuous time

This paper presents and demonstrates a general approach to solving spatial dynamic models in continuous space and continuous time that characterize the behaviour of intertemporally and interspatially optimizing agents and estimating from discrete data the parameters of such models. The approach involves the use of a projection method to solve the models and a quasi-Newton algorithm to update quasi-FIML parameter estimates.
Photomask patterning: the influence of substrate bulk heating on placement accuracy

Abstract To create precise patterns on a photomask, it is necessary to identify every source of patterning error and strive to reduce each one. In the current work, the effects of system hardware (typical of MEBES ® systems) on the bulk heating of a SiO 2 substrate have been closely investigated using numerical finite element (FE) analysis and laboratory experiments. Direct temperature measurements of a thermally loaded substrate were performed to determine the thermal response of the photomask substrate. The current exclusive set of simulation work is distinguished from the previous set, as it includes the thermal coupling between the substrate and its surroundings to accurately determine the radiation heat transfer on the photomask, which induces distortion during patterning. Given the electron-beam parameters of 40 μC/cm 2 dose at 50 kV used in raster-beam writing, the FE simulations of a 6-inch mask predicted a maximum temperature rise of 0.913 K for 75% uniform pattern coverage. The corresponding maximum in-plane distortion and 3 σ pattern placement error were found to be 21.9 and 14.2 nm, respectively.
Prediction of fatigue crack initiation life from cumulative damage tests

Abstract Using previously derived bounds [M. Ben-Amoz, Engng Fracture Mech.37, 341–347 (1990)], it is shown that the fatigue life fraction spent in crack initiation can be predicted from suitable two-stage cumulative damage tests.
Social play among juvenile bighorn sheep: structure, development, and relationship to adult behavior

A 27-mo study of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) was conducted to examine the structure and development of social play among lambs, and to compare that behavior with the behavior of yearlings and adults. Male lambs played more than females and exhibited a larger repertoire. The behavior patterns used by lambs in social play were the same as those used by adults in intrasexual conflict and courtship. However, the repertoire of lambs was more limited than that of adults. Lambs chose partners closest in age to interact with, regardless of sex. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that play serves to develop physical skills and strength.
Third-degree burn from cooled radiofrequency ablation of medial branch nerves for treatment of thoracic facet syndrome.

Radiofrequency ablation of medial branch nerves is considered a safe and effective treatment for chronic facet joint pain in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral spine. Cooled radiofrequency ablation (C-RFA) is gaining popularity over conventional thermal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in pain management. However, complications of C-RFA have not been reported in the literature. We present a first report of third-degree skin burn resulting from C-RFA electrode use for the treatment of facet syndrome. A 61-year-old woman (BMI of 21.8 kg/m2) with thoracic facet syndrome underwent C-RFA of the T1–4 medial branch nerves (Thoracool System, Baylis Medical Company, Montreal, QC, Canada). Lesioning at the superior-lateral aspect of the thoracic transverse processes at each level was performed. During lesioning of the T2 MBN on the T3 transverse process, skin blanching 15 mm in diameter was noted around the introducer needle with patient complaints of severe, localized pain. Postprocedurally the skin injury at this level worsened in appearance, with a 20 mm × 4 mm skin defect, which took nearly 5 months to heal. With C-RFA, internally cooled electrodes are capable of creating large volume spherical lesions, a size advantage over conventional RFA. Although C-RFA lesion size may overcome the anatomic variability of target nerve location and potentially improve pain outcomes, added vigilance is required in thin patients and in anatomic regions of minimal subcutaneous tissue between the lesion target and the dermis. Skin burns at the site of the RF electrode are a potential risk under such conditions.
Growth Rates of Microbes in the Oceans

A microbe's growth rate helps to set its ecological success and its contribution to food web dynamics and biogeochemical processes. Growth rates at the community level are constrained by biomass and trophic interactions among bacteria, phytoplankton, and their grazers. Phytoplankton growth rates are approximately 1 d−1, whereas most heterotrophic bacteria grow slowly, close to 0.1 d−1; only a few taxa can grow ten times as fast. Data from 16S rRNA and other approaches are used to speculate about the growth rate and the life history strategy of SAR11, the most abundant clade of heterotrophic bacteria in the oceans. These strategies are also explored using genomic data. Although the methods and data are imperfect, the available data can be used to set limits on growth rates and thus on the timescale for changes in the composition and structure of microbial communities.
Some Responses of the Malaria Mosquito to Light

Methods of accurately sampling relative densities of species in local mosquito populations often trouble persons interested in mosquito abatement. With the present expansion of interest in reducing annoyance from mosquitoes in many widely distributed areas, evidence relating to the limitations of the methods is needed. At the present time, no one of the sampling devices alone is generally acceptable for accurately stating the quantitative relations of species in a local mosquito population, but those with light as the attracting principle have been widely used in the United States.
A novel observer based sensing scheme for the displacement of electrostatically actuated microcantilevers

We present the design and implementation of a novel sensing scheme to reconstruct the displacement of electrostatically actuated microcantilevers that are used in atomic force microscopy. Our approach proposes to estimate rather than measure directly the displacement, by means of an observer that uses the current through the capacitive cantilever as an input. In particular, we formulate the observer problem as an H/sub /spl infin// optimal filtering problem for periodic systems. We show here our first experimental results regarding the implementation of this sensing scheme, which includes a custom made off-chip circuit to measure very small currents (few pA) at high frequencies (/spl ap/ 100 kHz).
Clonal growth in vitro of epithelial cells from normal human tissues.

Tissue culture strains of cells from four different normal human tissues—liver, conjunctiva, kidney, and appendix—have been grown by the plating procedure previously developed for the HeLa strain of cervical carcinoma cells. This technique results in colony formation from isolated single cells, in a manner completely analogous to the plating of bacteria in semisolid nutrient media. Clonal cell strains have been isolated from each cell type. All behaved exactly alike in all properties studied except that some differences in plating efficiency were displayed in some of the growth media employed. The cells from normal human tissues resembled the HeLa S3 carcinomatous cell in the following properties:— (a) Single cells displayed a plating efficiency close to 100 per cent in an appropriate medium. (b) They all grew as an epithelial sheet on glass, the cells being closely packed and polygonal in shape. (c) They had mean generation times of 20 to 23 hours in the nutrient media employed, (d) The mitotic frequency was constant, and therefore the duration of mitosis was the same for all the strains studied, (e) The incidence of multinuclearity and giant formation was very low and similar in both types of cells. (f) Both classes of cells had the same total volume, and the same nuclear cross-sectional area. (g) Both also showed a tendency to spread more in the presence of human serum (concentration of 20 per cent or more) than in porcine serum. However, this differential morphological response was much more marked in the HeLa cell than in those from normal tissues. The only difference noted in the behavior of these two groups of cells lay in the tendency of the cells from normal tissues always to exhibit a greater cross-sectional area when spread on glass than the HeLa cell in the same medium. The frequency of occurrence of different types of multinuclearity in the HeLa cell and cells from normal tissues has been measured. The data suggest that multinuclearity depends on two factors: a necessary, predisposing state in the cell, and a random, independent event causing the appearance of an additional nucleus in such a prepared cell.
THE EFFECTS OF SECRETAGOGUES ON THE INCORPORATION OF [2-3H]MYOINOSITOL INTO LIPID IN CYTOLOGICAL FRACTIONS IN THE PANCREAS OF THE GUINEA PIG IN VIVO

Stimulation of enzyme secretion in the pancreas on injection of a single dose of the cholinergic drug, pilocarpine, was associated with an increased incorporation of [2-3H]myoinositol into a lipid, which was previously characterized as phosphatidylinositol. Stimulation of enzyme secretion by hourly injection of the pancreozymin congener, caerulein, led to more increased phosphatidylinositol synthesis than with a single injection of pilocarpine. The amylase level of the pancreas remained at a low level as long as caerulein was injected, indicating continued stimulation of enzyme secretion even though increased phosphatidylinositol synthesis ceased after 6 h. Feeding gave the same stimulation of phosphatidylinositol synthesis as caerulein. The major synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in controls and the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol synthesis by pilocarpine was entirely confined to the microsome fraction throughout the experiments (up to 18 h). This shows that there is no flow of microsomal membrane (smooth- or rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum) to other membranous structures throughout the secretory cycle and beyond. It is concluded that the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol synthesis by pancreatic secretagogues is confined to microsomal elements and does not play any role in membrane flow.
Safety, Efficacy, and Utility of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix in Facial Plastic Surgery

Objective To evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of the use of autologous platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM) in facial plastic surgery. Methods Medical charts of the last 50 patients with at least 3 months of follow-up who were treated by the author with PRFM for aesthetic purposes were reviewed for patient satisfaction, objective clinical results, and adverse events. Results The study cohort of patients was followed up for a mean (SD) of 9.9 (8.0) months (range, 3-30 months). Most patients were treated for deep nasolabial folds, while the volume-depleted midface region, superficial rhytids, and acne scars were other commonly treated areas. The patients underwent an average of 1.6 treatments (range, 1-5 treatments). No patients reported any swelling lasting longer than 5 days, and most noted only minimal bruising lasting for 1 to 3 days. Most patients were satisfied with the results of their treatments, although 1 patient felt that there was limited or no improvement after 2 treatments. Conclusions Autologous PRFM treatment is a well-tolerated, excellent choice for use in the face. Further studies on the precise mechanism of action of PRFM are ongoing.
Surgical Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

The surgical treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) nearly always culminates in the complete removal of the colon and rectum. Although not a cure in the traditional sense, this effectively removes the principal target organ of the disease and, with creation of a neorectum, allows the majority of children and young adults with medically refractory disease to achieve a very high quality of normal function, growth, and development. Colectomy, proctectomy, and ileoanal reconstruction have evolved from the earlier operations that included appendicostomy, which allowed colonic irrigation, and ileostomy, which diverted the fecal stream. These simpler operations allowed some patients relief of their symptoms, but because the diseased colon remained an ongoing source of symptoms and a significant risk of malignant degeneration, they were eventually treated with total colectomy and permanent ileostomy, the standard of care for many decades. More recent advancements have included the ability to create a functional neorectum using the ileum and minimally invasive techniques that have improved recovery and cosmesis. There is increasing emphasis on achieving normal bowel function, minimizing complications, and improving overall quality of life; however, despite such dramatic technical advances, minimal postoperative complications, and overall excellent functional outcomes, the surgical therapy of UC remains less than ideal, principally due to the ongoing and poorly understood tribulations associated with undiagnosed Crohn disease, chronic pouchitis, and, in a significant minority of patients, pouch failure necessitating pouch removal and permanent ileostomy.
The number and choice of muscles impact the results of muscle synergy analyses

One theory for how humans control movement is that muscles are activated in weighted groups or synergies. Studies have shown that electromyography (EMG) from a variety of tasks can be described by a low-dimensional space thought to reflect synergies. These studies use algorithms, such as nonnegative matrix factorization, to identify synergies from EMG. Due to experimental constraints, EMG can rarely be taken from all muscles involved in a task. However, it is unclear if the choice of muscles included in the analysis impacts estimated synergies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the number and choice of muscles on synergy analyses. We used a musculoskeletal model to calculate muscle activations required to perform an isometric upper-extremity task. Synergies calculated from the activations from the musculoskeletal model were similar to a prior experimental study. To evaluate the impact of the number of muscles included in the analysis, we randomly selected subsets of between 5 and 29 muscles and compared the similarity of the synergies calculated from each subset to a master set of synergies calculated from all muscles. We determined that the structure of synergies is dependent upon the number and choice of muscles included in the analysis. When five muscles were included in the analysis, the similarity of the synergies to the master set was only 0.57 ± 0.54; however, the similarity improved to over 0.8 with more than ten muscles. We identified two methods, selecting dominant muscles from the master set or selecting muscles with the largest maximum isometric force, which significantly improved similarity to the master set and can help guide future experimental design. Analyses that included a small subset of muscles also over-estimated the variance accounted for (VAF) by the synergies compared to an analysis with all muscles. Thus, researchers should use caution using VAF to evaluate synergies when EMG is measured from a small subset of muscles.
Visualization of dopamine nerve terminals by positron tomography using [18F]fluoro-β-fluomethylene-m-tyrosine

([18F]FFMMT) was evaluated as a potential imaging agent for dopamine nerve terminals using positron emission tomography (PET). Biodistribution and time course of this tracer in mice after i.p. injection was consistent with the distribution of dopamine. PET imaging studies involving rhesus macaques showed specific uptake in the dopamine-rich caudate-putamen region. This specific localization was blocked by inhibiting the enzyme l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and the transport of the tracer into brain was shown to be stereospecific. These results show the promise of l-[18F]FFMMT as a PET tracer in monitoring degeneration of the CNS dopamine system.
Usable live programming

Programming today involves code editing mixed with bouts of debugging to get feedback on code execution. For programming to be more fluid, editing and debugging should occur concurrently as live programming. This paper describes how live execution feedback can be woven into the editor by making places in program execution, not just code, navigable so that evaluation results can be probed directly within the code editor. A pane aside the editor also traces execution with entries that are similarly navigable, enabling quick problem diagnosis. Both probes and traces are refreshed continuously during editing, and are easily configured based on debugging needs. We demonstrate the usefulness of this live programming experience with a prototype.
Improving Toughness of Polypropylene with Thermoplastic Elastomers in Injection Molding

To improve the toughness of polypropylene, two thermoplastic elastomers were blended with polypropylene separately. Tensile tests, impact tests, three point bending tests, thermal analysis and SEM analysis were performed. Tensile test results give an increase in energy at break which is the toughness of the material. Impact tests showed an increase of impact strength while three-point bending tests showed a decrease in flexural strength of elastomer blended samples. Thermal analysis results prove that crystallinity of blend samples are lower than pure PP sample. Rubber particles were observed to be roughly round on SEM analysis.
Panel workload assessment in US primary care: accounting for non-face-to-face panel management activities.

Purpose: An. understanding of primary care provider (PCP) workload is an important consideration in establishing optimal PCP panel size. However, no widely acceptable measure of PCP workload exists that incorporates the effort involved with both non–face-to-face patient care activities and face-to-face encounters. Accounting for this gap is critical given the increase in non–face-to-face PCP activities that has accompanied electronic health records (EHRs) (eg, electronic messaging). Our goal was to provide a comprehensive assessment of perceived PCP workload, accounting for aspects of both face-to-face and non–face-to-face encounters. Methods: Internal medicine, family medicine, and pediatric PCPs completed a self-administered survey about the perceived workload involved with face-to-face and non–face-to-face panel management activities as well as the perceived challenge associated with caring for patients with particular biomedical, demographic, and psychosocial characteristics (n = 185). Survey results were combined with EHR data at the individual patient and PCP service levels to assess PCP panel workload, accounting for face-to-face and non–face-to-face utilization. Results: Of the multiple face-to-face and non–face-to-face activities associated with routine primary care, PCPs considered hospital admissions, obstetric care, hospital discharges, and new patient preventive health visits to be greater workload than non–face-to-face activities such as telephone calls, electronic communication, generating letters, and medication refills. Total workload within PCP panels at the individual patient level varied by overall health status, and the total workload of non–face-to-face panel management activities associated with routine primary care was greater than the total workload associated with face-to-face encounters regardless of health status. Conclusions: We used PCP survey results coupled with EHR data to assess PCP workload associated with both face-to-face as well as non–face-to-face panel management activities in primary care. The non–face-to-face workload was an important contributor to overall PCP workload for all patients regardless of overall health status. This is an important consideration for PCP workload assessment given the changing nature of primary care that requires more non–face-to-face effort, resulting in an overall increase in PCP workload.
Comparison of simulation modeling techniques that use preemption to capture design uncertainty

This paper describes a process, implemented using two simulation engines that adopt, respectively, the event scheduling paradigm and the activity scanning paradigm. The process being modeled is design development in an unpredictable environment. Unpredictability means that criteria are prone to change during design, thereby interrupting ongoing work and causing design iteration. Probability density curves, input to the simulation, capture uncertainties regarding design criteria during the development of R & D semiconductor fabrication facilities. The simulation of process changes calls for preempting tasks or events, and scheduling new tasks or events. The implementations in alternative modeling paradigms illustrates the use of a top-down vs. a bottom-up approach in process modeling. The two engines that were used, SIGMA and STROBOSCOPE, both, are programmable so that the model could be implemented without difficulty in either one.